file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #dbgfd-;h4htm or #dbgfd-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #dbgfd_/pg#dbgfd-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#dbgf d_/dbgfd-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive_/,canadian ,libr>ies4 ,see http3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/!e?ics(m$i c#jjomalu(t ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,small capital text has be5 replac$ ) all capitals4 ,! text 7page #bcd7 conta9s "o *emical =mula 9 :i* ! numb]s enclos$ 9 curly braces are subscript$ 7,c#ag;,h#ba,,no#d74 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,m$ical ,,homicide ,,& ,,mutilation by ,,au/9 ,o',,malley1 ,m4,d41 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,illu/ration3 pr9t] logo ,new ,york ,! ,dev9-,adair ,company #aibb ,nihil ob/at ,ar?ur ,j4 ,scanlan1 ,s4,t4,d4 ,c5sor ,librorum ,imprimatur see ,transcrib]'s note bel[ ,,john ,,c>d9al ,,f>ley ,ar*bi%op ( ,new ,york ,copyright1 #aiai1 by ,! ,dev9-,adair ,company ,all ,rights ,res]v$ by ,! ,dev9-,adair ,company ,?ird ,pr9t+ ,pr9t$ 9 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,,conc]n+ ,,suicide ,,& ,,homicide ,,page ,!re is a ,supreme ,be+ :o alone is ma/] ( life4 ,! ,natural ,law4 ,! nature & det]m9ants ( morality4 ,probabilism4 ,p]missive suicide4 ,suicide is illicit4 ,consci5ce4 ,homicide1 direct & indirect4 ,self-def5ce4 ,=mal & mat]ial aggressors4 ,legaliz$ homicide4 ,bibliography #a-bb ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,,conc]n+ ,,mutilation ,mutilation4 ,canonical irregul>ity4 ,self-mutilation4 ,! d\ble effect 9 morality4 ,direct & indirect mutilation4 ,! ,/ate & mutilation4 ,! dom9ion ( ! ,/ate #bc-cb ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,:5 ,,does ,,human ,,life ,,beg98 ,anci5t & mod]n op9ions4 ,! fetus is animat$ at ! mom5t ( conception4 ,! s+le cell z ! primal life-organ4 ,cell gr[? & division4 ,g]m cells4 ,! developm5t ( ! embryo4 ,fetal viability4 ,!ories ( developm5t4 ,! ,ari/otelian & ,?omi/ic op9ions4 ,! =mal pr9ciple4 ,a s\l exi/s4 ,! primordial cell is a suffici5t organ = ! s\l4 ,metabolism 9 ! cell4 ,cell motion4 ,animal heat & en]gy4 ,life 9 sep>at$ tissues4 ,! s\l 9 mon/]s #cc-hb ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,:5 ,,does ,,human ,,life ,,end8 ,! he>t & life4 ,resuscitation aft] app>5t dea?4 ,! la/ sacram5ts 9 app>5t dea?4 ,susp5d$ animation4 ,! liv+ fetus 9 ! womb ( a dy+ or dead "m4 ,me?ods ( resuscitation4 ,signs ( dea? #hc-ia ,,*apt] ,v ,,abortion ,abortion & misc>riage4 ,causes ( abortion1 fetal1 mat]nal & pat]nal4 ,surgical op]ations & abortion4 ,! debitum 9 pregnancy4 ,premature labor4 ,?reat5$1 inevitable1 & incomplete abortions4 ,treatm5t4 ,! use ( ! tampon4 ,precautions aga9/ abortion4 ,!rapeutic abortion4 ,me?ods ( induc+ abortion4 ,artificial abortion ( an inviable fetus is nev] licit4 ,decrees ( ! *ur* conc]n+ abortion4 ,! civil law on abortion #ib-abc ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,ectopic ,,ge/ation ,ectopic ge/ation or extraut]9e pregnancy4 ,anatomy ( ! ut]us & its adnexa4 ,place ( fecundation4 ,! abnormal ut]us4 ,tubal rupture & tubal abortion4 ,diagnosis4 ,decrees ( ! *ur* on ectopic ge/ation4 ,removal ( an inviable ectopic fetus except 9 pres5t p]il ( life is illicit #abd-acb ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,ces>ean ,,deliv]y ,indications = ces>ean deliv]y4 ,abnormal pelves4 ,symphyseotomy4 ,v>ieties ( ces>ean deliv]y4 ,morality4 ,amputation ( ! ut]us aft] ces>ean deliv]y4 ,precaution>y /]ilization ( a ces>ean case is illicit #acc-adb ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,plac5ta ,,praevia ,,& ,,abruptio ,,plac5tae ,nature & effects ( plac5ta praevia4 ,treatm5t4 ,morality & me?ods ( treatm5t4 ,abruptio plac5tae4 ,morality ( fetal removal #adc-adf ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,abdom9al ,,tumors ,,9 ,,pregnancy ,tumors block+ p>turition4 ,fibroids or myomata4 ,ov>ian tumors4 ,canc]4 ,effects & morality ( op]ation #adg-aeb ,,*apt] ,x ,,app5dicitis ,,9 ,,pregnancy ,occurr5ce4 ,"t ( op]ation4 ,diagnosis #aec-aed ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,pu]p]al ,,insanity ,,& ,,/]ilization ,causes4 ,v>ieties4 ,prognosis4 ,precaution>y /]ilization ( pu]p]al psy*opa?s is illicit #aee-aeg ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,nephritis ,,9 ,,pregnancy ,frequ5cy4 ,effects4 ,abortion z a treatm5t4 ,v>ieties ( nephritis4 ,pyelitis4 ,catalepsy #aeh-afa ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,eclampsia ,,p>turi5tium ,def9ition4 ,symptoms4 ,prognosis4 ,causes4 ,precautions aga9/ eclampsia4 ,=c$ deliv]y4 ,! expectant treatm5t4 ,relative mortality & morality ( ! me?ods4 ,ces>ean deliv]y z a treatm5t4 ,! expectant treatm5t is app>5tly ! be/ #afb-afi ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,he>t ,,diseases ,,9 ,,pregnancy ,factors 9 abnormal ge/ation4 ,! use ( pituitr94 ,weak pa9s & ! diseas$ he>t4 ,! diseas$ he>t 9 actual p>turition4 ,op]ative risk 9 c>diopa?s4 ,he>t block & mitral regurgitation 9 labor4 ,prognosis #agj-agf ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,hyp]emesis ,,gravid>um ,p]nici\s vomit+4 ,occurr5ce4 ,symptoms4 ,/ages4 ,effects4 ,causes4 ,!rapeutic abortion 9 p]nici\s vomit+4 ,treatm5t #agg-aha ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,*orea ,,gravid>um ,,& ,,hy/]ia ,v>ieties ( *orea4 ,diff]5tiation4 ,prognosis4 ,hy/]ia4 ,causes4 ,epidemics ( hy/]ia4 ,symptoms4 ,prognosis #ahb-ahf ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,acute ,,yell[ ,,atrophy ,,( ,,! ,,liv] ,,9 ,,pregnancy ,ict]us gravis4 ,causes4 ,symptoms4 ,prognosis #ahg-ahh ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,infecti\s ,,diseases ,,9 ,,pregnancy ,effects on "m & fetus4 ,abortions 9 infecti\s diseases4 ,plac5tal p]meability4 ,typhoid4 ,smallpox4 ,pneumonia4 ,influ5za4 ,sc>lat9a4 ,measles4 ,*ol]a4 ,tub]culosis4 ,artificial abortion 9 tub]culosis #ahi-bjj ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,syphilis ,,9 ,,pregnancy ,,& ,,m>riage ,prognosis4 ,abortion4 ,infection ( "m & fetus4 ,colles' ,law4 ,errone\s notions on ! curability ( syphilis4 ,once a syphilitic probably always a syphilitic4 ,! pr(essional secret 9 syphilis4 ,nature ( secrets4 ,! physician may w>n an innoc5t p]son #bja-baa ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,gonorrhoea ,,9 ,,m>riage ,! cause ( gonorrhoea4 ,te/s ( cure4 ,effects on a woman4 ,*ronicity4 ,preval5ce4 ,surgical treatm5t 9 wom54 ,morality ( ! surgical treatm5t4 ,cons]vative surg]y4 ,salp+otomy4 ,ov>iotomy4 ,evil effects ( ov>iotomy4 ,int]nal secretion ( ! ov>y4 ,results ( v>i\s op]ations4 ,pregnancy aft] op]ation4 ,morality ( infection4 ,g5]al effects ( gonorrhoea4 ,oph?almia neonatorum & gonorrhoea #bab-bbi ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,diabetes ,,9 ,,pregnancy ,fatality ( diabetes 9 pregnancy4 ,diagnosis4 ,/]ility ( diabetics4 ,prognosis4 ,h]$ity 9 diabetes4 ,!rapeutic abortion 9 diabetes #bcj-bca ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,*ildbir? ,,9 ,,twilight ,,sleep ,twilight sleep to av]t pa9 9 p>turition4 ,/ages ( labor4 ,drugs us$4 ,scopolam9e & morph9e4 ,dang] 9 ! use ( ^! drugs 9 labor4 ,contradictory report ( physicians on twilight sleep4 ,em95t au?orities oppos$ to ! me?ods4 ,ba]'s report on ! evil effects4 ,! me?ods are morally illicit & useless #bcb-bdd ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,vasectomy1 ,,or ,,/]ilization1 ,,by ,,/ate ,,law ,! ,/ates t h ?is law4 ,reasons = ! law4 ,h]$it>y transmission ( c]ta9 diseases4 ,! op]ation4 ,its effects4 ,re/oration ( ! function ( ! int]rupt$ vas def]5s4 ,vasectomy & impot5ce4 ,onanism4 ,vasectomy effects impot5ce f ! moral po9t ( view4 ,o!r conditions 9 ! male t effect moral impot5ce4 ,immorality ( artificial impregnation4 ,vasectomy a grave mutilation4 ,vasectomy z ord9>ily practis$ is illicit4 ,! ,/ate & vasectomy4 ,! limitations ( ! ,/ate's dom9ion4 ,! ,/ate surgeon & vasectomy4 ,bibliography #bde-bfh ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,bir? ,,control #bfi ,index #bha ,,preface ,9 ?is book is discuss$ ! morality involv$ 9 ! ord9>y cases ( m$ical homicide & mutilation4 ,craniotomy has be5 omitt$ because ?is op]ation on ! liv+ *ild is nev] morally licit1 & :5 done on ! dead fetus x has no moral quality t requires explanation4 ,! articles may seem to be int5d$ = ,ca?olic physicians & spiritual directors alone1 b ! desire 9 writ+ !m 0 to rea* all practition]s1 to ! end t ! ,natural ,law :i* b9ds e man may be obs]v$4 ,morality is n made su* 9 its fundam5tal pr9ciples by any religi\s cre$1 b by ! requirem5ts ( ,div9e ,ord]1 :i* f9ally prevails no matt] :at ! opposition4 ,kill+ & maim+ )\t suffici5t ext5uation did n become unlawful solely by ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,practically1 h[ev]1 physicians :o h no religion1 or a religion :i* is s illogical z to pay no att5tion to dogma1 or ev5 to rail at x z obtrusive1 necess>ily gravitates to ! emotional 9 morality1 & ! pr9ciples ( ?is book w n ev5 int]e/ !m4 ,dogmas are ab/ract propositions1 & all human society re/s on ab/ract propositions4 ,! mo/ vital facts 9 morality1 ! basic di/9ction betwe5 crime & all t is virtu\s or indiff]5t morally1 is 9 ab/ract pr9ciple alone1 b physicians & pa/ors :o are n tra9$ 9 philosophy & rational religion _c appreciate an ab/ract pr9ciple--!y are influ5c$ only by ! concrete4 ,ob/etrical text-books1 un=tunately1 are writt5 by su* emotional m52 by m5 :o lack all tra9+ 9 e?ics o!r ?an t inculcat$ 9 *ildhood out ( ! m5tal vag>ies ( ! wom5 9 ! h\sehold2 & ^! au?ors prescribe !rapeutic homicide z if x 7 a drug 9 ! ,am]ican ,ph>macopia4 ,! read] is told t if ! pati5t is a ,ca?olic he is to respect h] religi\s prejudices2 if %e is n a ,ca?olic "o ne$ n bo!r ab\t moral scruples :5 x is necess>y to take a life to /op fits4 ,s9ce ! civil law does n prosecute a physician = !rapeutic abortion on an inviable *ild1 mo/ physicians deem su* an act n only p]missible b sci5tific1 & !y hold t if a man's consci5ce w n let him kill a fetus to alleviate mat]nal di/ress he is guilty ( malpractice4 ,decrees ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* are cit$ 9 ^! pages1 n because morality is an asset ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* alone1 b because x alone pron\nces (ficially on ^! m$ical subjects aft] c>eful consid]ation by compet5t speciali/s4 ,?is ,*ur* has made decisions 9 comp>atively few m$ico-moral cases1 & ! que/ions /ill undecid$ au?oritatively are v num]\s4 ,!y are q difficult1 too1 because judgm5t supposes a k ( bo? m$ic9e & e?ics1 a comb9ation seldom f\nd 9 "o p]son4 ,z physicians d n "k e?ics1 & morali/s d n "k m$ic9e1 !re is (t5 tr\ble 9 gett+ at ev5 a /atem5t ( ! que/ions at issue betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! preface to ,essays 9 ,pa/oral ,m$ic9e1 9 #aijf1 ,i m5tion$ a not$ case ( ?is k9d1 & 9 #aiaa a simil> incid5t occurr$ 9 a discussion ( ! morality involv$ 9 ! /]ilization ( crim9als & ! defective by ! /ate4 ,?is dispute 0 tak5 up by ! lead+ canoni/s & moral !ologians 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,belgium1 ,holl&1 ,au/ria1 ,spa91 ,italy & ,france1 & = ne>ly two ye>s ^! m5 wrote article aft] article bas$ ^u utt]ly errone\s physical data4 ,! books we h on m$ico-moral subjects are ei!r obsolete at pres5t1 or insuffici5t2 or1 m commonly1 !y are ! "w ( amateurs 9 m$ic9e4 ,^! la/ are wor?less :5 !y are n h>mful4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,i may judge f ! que/ions s5t to me = answ] by cl]gym5 & physicians f all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 our !ological sem9>ies & m$ical s*ools are 9 grave ne$ ( c\rses on ! morality ( m$ical practice4 ,9 ?is book1 to ! prep>ation ( :i* ,i h giv5 ye>s ( anxi\s ?\ght because ( ! extreme responsibility involv$ 9 its decisions1 ! data = ! mo/ important p>ts ( su* c\rses are pres5t$4 ,,au/9 ,o',,malley4 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,m$ical ,,homicide ,,& ,,mutilation ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,m$ical ,,homicide ,,& ,,mutilation ,,*apt] ,i ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,,conc]n+ ,,suicide ,,& ,,homicide ,a ,discussion ( eu?anasia ?r\gh ! use ( n>cotics 9 cases ( incurable diseases p]iodically recurs1 & ! op9ions ( ^? 9 favor ( putt+ ! pati5t out ( 8 mis]y are expressions ( m]e s5tim5tality1 z 9 ,maet]l9ck's essay1 ,our ,et]nity4 ,!y ?9k ei!r t ! pass+ ( a law by a legislature removes all moral difficulty1 or t morality is a trifle :i* %\ld nev] /& 9 ! way ( exp$i5cy4 ,^? :o oppose ?is me?od ( eu?anasia base _! argum5t1 fir/1 on ! fact t _m pati5ts suppos$ by ev5 clev] diagno/icians to be incurable recov] heal?2 &1 secondly1 on ! fact t ! giv+ p[] ( life & dea? to physicians is liable to grave abuse4 ,?is side misses ! c5tral tru? & argues f accid5tal & second>y premises4 ,:e!r x is exp$i5t1 humane1 or impolitic to kill incurable pati5ts are almo/ irrelevant consid]ations3 ! fundam5tal "q to be answ]$ "h is1 ,is !re a ,supreme ,be+ :o alone is ma/] ( life1 to give x or to take x8 ,by its v def9ition su* a ,be+ is necess>y 7z oppos$ to cont+5t71 self-exi/5t2 its ess5ce always has be5 & always w be actualiz$ into exi/5ce1 & t f itself alone2 x is an individual sub/ance ( an intellig5t nature1 & !re=e a p]son4 ,a cont+5t be+ is "o t happ5s to be 7cont+]e72 x is ( necessity nei!r exi/5t nor non-exi/5t2 x has no logical av]sion to exi/5ce1 b 9 itself x has no m ?an a possibility ( actuality4 ,a necess>y ,be+1 on ! contr>y1 ess5tially mu/ be2 x _c n be2 x is absolutely & ess5tially its own exi/5ce4 ,!re mu/ be su* a ,necess>y ,be+4 ,if !re 7 n1 all ?+s w\ld be cont+5t1 :i* is an absurdity4 ,! absurdity arises f ! fact t if all ?+s 7 cont+5t no?+ w\ld be actual1 no?+ c\ld ev] come into exi/5ce1 because !re w\ld be no?+ to br+ ! primitive pot5tiality ( ! cont+5t be+s into actual exi/5ce4 ,! suffici5t reason = ! exi/5ce ( cont+5t be+s is ei!r 9 !mselves or 9 some?+ outside !mselves4 ,x _c be 9 !mselves1 because z !y d n yet exi/ !y are no?+2 !re=e x is 9 a ,be+ :i* is n cont+5t1 b :atev] is n cont+5t is necess>y4 ,!re=e ! exi/5ce ( cont+5t be+s absolutely requires ! exi/5ce ( a ,necess>y ,be+1 :i* always 0 9 exi/5ce4 ,! ord9>y "n = ?is ,necess>y ,be+ is ,god4 ,cont+5t be+s are all creatures1 all organic & inorganic be+s )\t exception4 ,!re is1 !n1 a ,god1 ! fir/ cause or creator ( all cont+5t be+s1 among :om is man2 & s9ce ,god creat$ man :olly1 ?is creature is :olly subs]vi5t to ,god1 "u ! dom9ion ( ,god1 & 8 life is own$ solely by ,god2 ,god alone is ! ma/] ( life & dea?1 & he alone c delegate su* ma/]y4 ,f ! relation betwe5 ! ,creator & ! creatures arises ! natural law4 ,violation ( ?is law is ! s\rce ( all moral evil 9 ! _w1 & ( mu* ( ! physical evil4 ,reason %[s u ?is law1 & ! me?od ( obs]v+ x2 & reason & unreason1 obs]vance or disreg>d1 ( ! ord] fix$ by ! natural law are ! f\ndation ( happ9ess & unhapp9ess4 ,:atev] a human be+ is or does1 he mu/ seek happ9ess2 t is an ess5tial quality ( 8 be+4 ,happ9ess is ! satisfy+ ( our desires2 b z our desires are limitless1 only inf9ite good c satisfy !m4 ,! sole suffici5t good t sates all human long+ is ! inf9ite ,necess>y ,be+1 & to be happy we mu/ be unit$ ) t ,be+4 ,obvi\sly ! only possible me?od ( possess+ ?is inf9ite ,god is ?r\gh m5tal union1 by undi/urbable contemplation ( 8 inf9ite tru?1 goodness1 be+1 beauty1 & 8 o!r attributes4 ,if p]fect1 ev]la/+ happ9ess is n 9 t1 9 :at c x be8 ,is x 9 human fame1 honor1 ri*es1 sci5ce1 art1 man1 woman1 or *ild8 ,none ( ^! c give la/+ happ9ess1 & no o!r happ9ess is real happ9ess4 ,n[1 ! only means we h to obta9 union ) inf9ite good is to foll[ out ! condition inexorably plac$ by ,god1 :i* is to act 9 life 9 keep+ ) "r reason1 to obey ! law4 ,man's supreme honor is 9 fre$om f ! tyranny ( unreason1 & 9 a full ob$i5ce to ext]nal & immovable ord]1 ) ! belief t 8 *ief duty is to appreh5d & to con=m !reto4 ,?is is morality4 ,f ! beg9n+ m5 h held t c]ta9 acts are wrong & to be avoid$1 & t o!rs are to be done4 ,:at is wrong1 moreov]1 is su* ( its own nature1 n f our w3 we deem ! fulfillm5t ( duty1 ob$i5ce to law1 ! fir/1 highe/1 & la/ necessity ( life4 ,if we d5y ?is tru? we let 9 *aos4 ,:at is "r or wrong is "o or ! o!r on its own m]its1 presc9d+ f its pleasurabl5ess or pa94 ,we mu/ seek good :e!r we w or n4 ,good is ! sole object ^u :i* ! w op]ates1 x is ! raw mat]ial ( ! w's bus9ess4 ,! ultimate /&>d ( ?is good is ,god himself z its exempl>y cause1 b proximately ! /&>d ( moral good is our rational nature4 ,?r\gh our reason we judge :e!r a ?+ is good or bad2 t is1 :e!r x p]fects or injures u2 & z x is good or bad = u our w's t5d5cy t[>d x is good or bad4 ,_m acts are indiff]5t 9 !mselves1 b take on a good or bad quality f our int5tion2 o!rs are good or bad 9 !mselves ap>t f our volition3 *>ity is good1 ly+ is bad1 :e!r !y are will$ by u or n4 ,! morality ( any action is det]m9$ 7#a7 by ! object ( ! action2 7#b7 by ! circum/ances t accompany ! action2 7#c7 by ! end ! ag5t _h 9 view4 #a4 ,! t]m object has v>i\s mean+s1 b "h x means ! de$ p]=m$ 9 ! action1 ! ?+ :i* ! w *ooses4 ,t de$ by its v nature may be good1 or x may be bad1 or x may be indiff]5t morally4 ,to help ! afflict$ is 9 itself a good action1 to blaspheme is a bad action1 to walk is an indiff]5t action4 ,"s bad actions are absolutely bad2 !y nev] c become good or indiff]5t--blasphemy or adult]y1 = example2 o!rs1 z /eal+1 are evil because ( a lack ( "r 9 ! ag5t3 ^! may become indiff]5t or good by acquir+ ! miss+ "r4 ,o!rs are evil because ( ! dang] necess>ily connect$ ) _! p]=mance1--! dang] ( s9 connect$ ) !m1 or ! unnecess>y p]il to life4 ,an action1 to h a moral quality1 mu/ be volunt>y1 delib]ate2 & m]e repugnance 9 do+ an act does n 9 itself make ! act involunt>y4 #b4 ,circum/ances sometimes1 ?\gh n always1 may add a new elem5t ( good or evil to an action4 ,! circum/ances ( an action are ! ,ag5t1 ! ,object1 ! ,place 9 :i* ! action is done1 ! ,means us$1 ! ,end 9 view1 ! ,me?od obs]v$ 9 us+ ! means1 & ! ,"t 9 :i* ! de$ is done4 ,if a judge 9 8 (ficial capacity tells a %]iff to hang a crim9al1 & a private citiz5 gives ! same comm&1 ! actions are v diff]5t morally because ( ! circum/ance ( ! ag5t giv+ ! comm&4 ,! object--x *anges ! morality ( ! de$ :e!r "o /eals a c5t or a ?\s& doll>s4 ,! place--:at might be an (f5sive action 9 a resid5ce might be a sacrilege 9 a *ur*4 ,! means--to support a family by labor or ?iev]y4 ,! end 9 view--to give alms 9 ob$i5ce to div9e comm& or to give !m to buy votes4 ,! me?od us$ 9 employ+ ! means--k9dly1 say1 or cruelly4 ,! "t--to d manual labor on ,sunday or on ,monday4 ,"s circum/ances aggravate ! evil 9 a de$1 o!rs excuse or att5uate x4 ,o!rs may s color ! de$ t !y specify x1 make x "s special virtue or vice4 ,! circum/ance t a murd]] is ! son ( ! man he kills specifies ! de$ z p>ricide4 #c4 ,! end also det]m9es ! morality ( an action4 ,s9ce ! end is ! fir/ ?+ 9 ! int5tion ( ! ag5t1 he passes f ! object wi%$ = 9 ! end to *oos+ ! means = obta9+ x4 ,)\t ! end ! means _c exi/ z su*4 ,!re are occasions :5 an end is only a circum/ance3 = example1 if x is a concomitant or extr9sic end4 ,:5 ?is extr9sic end is 9 keep+ ) "r reason or :5 x is discordant !reto1 x may become a det]m9ant ( morality4 ,9 e volunt>y1 or human1 act !re is an int]ior & ext]ior act ( ! w1 & ea* ( ^! acts has its own object4 ,! end is ! prop] object ( ! int]ior act ( ! w2 ! ext]ior object act$ ^u is ! object ( ! ext]ior act ( ! w2 bo? specify ! morality1 b ! int]ior object or end specifies m importantly1 z a rule1 ?an ! ext]ior object does4 ,! w uses ! body z an in/rum5t on ! ext]nal object1 & ! action ( ! body is connect$ ) morality only ?r\gh ! w4 ,we judge ! morality ( a bl[ n by ! physical /roke1 b f ! int5tion ( ! /rik]4 ,! ext]ior object ( ! w is1 9 a way1 ! matt] ( ! morality1 & ! int]ior object ( ! w1 or ! end1 is ! =m4 ,ari/otle said3 ,he t /eals to be able to commit adult]y is m ( an adult]] ?an a ?ief4#a ,! ?iev]y is a means to ! pr9cipal end1 & ?is pr9cipal end *iefly specifies or in=ms ! action4 #a ,e?ics1 v1 c4 #b4 ,! means us$ to obta9 an end are v important 9 a consid]ation ( ! morality ( an act4 ,!re are f\r classes ( means--! good1 bad1 indiff]5t1 & excusable4 ,good means may be absolutely good1 b commonly !y are liable to become vitiat$ by circum/ances1--almsgiv+ is an example4 ,"s means are bad always & inexcusable--ly+1 = in/ance4 ,! excusable means are ^? :i* are bad1 b ju/ifiable ?r\gh circum/ances4 ,to save a man's life by cutt+ (f 8 leg is an excusable means4 ,! end sometimes may vitiate or hall[ indiff]5t means1 b x does n 9 itself ju/ify all means4 ,means1 l o!r circum/ances1 are accid5ts ( an action1 b !y are 9 ! action j z mu* z color is 9 a man4 ,color is n ( a man's ess5ce1 b we _c h a man )\t color4 ,! effect ( an action1 ! result or product ( an effective cause or ag5cy1 may 9 itself be an end or an object or a circum/ance1 & x has influ5ce 9 ! det]m9ation ( morality4 ,sometimes an act has two imm$iate effects1 "o good & ! o!r bad4 ,= example1 ligat+ ! blood-vessels go+ to ! ut]us to /op a hemorrhage & s save a woman's life1 a good effect1 has also 9 ectopic ge/ation :ile ! fetus is liv+ ano!r imm$iate effect1 namely1 to %ut (f ! blood supply f ! fetus & s kill x1 a bad effect4 ,to make su* a d\ble-effect action licit !re are f\r conditions :i* are expla9$ 9 ! *apt] on ,mutilation4 ,! doctr9e ( ,probabilism is v important 9 morality4 ,any law mu/ be promulgat$ be=e x really becomes a law1 & promulgation 9 a rational consci5ce is suffici5t4 ,sometimes !re is rational d\bt ( ! exi/5ce1 ! int]pretation1 or ! application ( a law 9 a giv5 case4 ,"h probability is ! only rule we c foll[4 ,a law :i* is d\btful aft] hone/ & capable inve/igation has n be5 suffici5tly promulgat$1 & !re=e x _c impose a c]ta9 obligation because x lacks an ess5tial elem5t ( a law4 ,:5 we h us$ su* moral dilig5ce z ! gravity ( ! matt] calls =1 b /ill ! applicability ( ! law is d\btful 9 ! action 9 view1 ! law does n b9d2 & :at a law does n =bid x leaves op54 ,probabilism is n p]missible :]e !re is "q ( ! wor? ( an action z comp>$ ) ano!r1 or ( issues l ! physical consequ5ces ( an act4 ,if a physician kn[s a rem$y = a disease t is c]ta9ly efficaci\s & ano!r t is d\btfully efficaci\s1 he may n *oose ?is probable cure4 ,probabilism has to d only ) ! exi/5ce1 int]pretation1 or applicability ( a law1 n ) ! diff]5tiation ( actions4 ,! t]m probable means provable1 n guess$ at1 n jump$ at )\t reason4 ,! d\bt mu/ be positive1 f\nd$ on reason1 n a matt] ( m]e ignorance1 suspicion1 emotional bias4 ,! op9ion aga9/ a law to p]mit probabilism mu/ be solid4 ,x mu/ re/ ^u an intr9sic reason f ! nature ( ! case1 or an extr9sic reason f au?ority1 always suppos+ ! au?ority is really an au?ority4 ,! probability is to be comp>ative also4 ,:at seems to be a v good reason :5 /&+ alone may be weak :5 comp>$ ) reasons on ! o!r side4 ,:5 we h weigh$ ! argum5ts on bo? sides1 & we /ill h a good reason = hold+ our op9ion 9 a d\btful case1 our op9ion is probable4 ,! probability is1 moreov]1 to be practical4 ,x mu/ h consid]$ all ! circum/ances ( ! case4 ,!re is1 !n1 a ,supreme ,be+ :om we mu/ obey1 :o creat$ & owns human life prim>ily2 !re is also a moral law4 ,on ^! facts re/s ! argum5t relat+ to ! de/ruction ( human life4 ,h[ f>1 !n1 has a human be+ dom9ion ov] 8 own life1 &1 secondly1 ov] ! life ( any "o else8 ,/4 ,?omas1#b ,lessius1#c & o!rs (f] z "o argum5t to prove suicide is n licit1 t x is an injury to society or ! /ate ( :i* ! suicide is "p1 & to :i* ! use & pr(it ( 8 s]vice rightly belong4 ,lessius1 :ile develop+ ?is pro(1 ackn[l$ges its weakness4 #b ,summa ,!ologica1 #a1 #b1 q4 #fd1 a4 #e4 #c ,de ,ju/itia et ,jure1 lib4 #b1 cap4 #i4 ,if !re 7 only "o man 9 ! _w1 & no society or /ate1 suicide w\ld /ill be illicit1 because its basic deord9ation lies deep] ?an society or ! /ate4 ,if suicide 7 a moral evil solely because x deprives ! /ate ( ! suicide's life1 !n = ! same reason no "o might become a citiz5 ( ano!r /ate1 emigrate1 nor might man ab&on society & live z a recluse4 ,moreov]1 if a man 7 detrim5tal to ! /ate r ?an b5eficial1 9 ?is po9t ( view t fact alone w\ld ju/ify suicide1 & ! /ate w\ld !n be ju/ifi$ 9 p]mitt+ or ev5 comm&+ suicide2 & we %all %[ lat] t ! /ate has n ?is p[]4 ,x is true t ! injury done ! /ate or society by loss ( use & pr(it1 by sc&al & simil> evils1 is a solid argum5t aga9/ suicide1 z su* injury aggravates ! deord9ation ( suicide1 b 9 itself ! injury done to ! /ate & society is n ! fundam5tal reason aga9/ suicide4 ,/4 ,?omas#d argues aga9/ suicide because x is contr>y to ! *>ity a human be+ %\ld h = himself4 ,?is is true ord9>ily1 & suicide takes on "p ( its guilt j because x is an (f5ce aga9/ ! rational reg>d a p]son %\ld h = himself2 yet ?is argum5t is n basic4 ,we are told t if "o s9s aga9/ *>ity 9 kill+ 8 neighbor1 a =tiori he s9s 9 kill+ himself4 ,yet suppose j :at ! advocates ( eu?anasia sugge/1 viz41 t a neighbor is 9 great agony & incurable3 !n ! act ( kill+ him takes on a quality ( *>ity r ?an ( un*>ity4 ,& s = ! suicide3 if ! pati5t is will+ to be kill$1 !re w\ld be no un*>ity2 if he 7 unwill+1 !n homicide 9 any =m w\ld be un*>itable & unju/4 ,! argum5t f *>ity1 !re=e1 is too n>r[ to fit ! :ole case2 & its v weakness is a s\rce ( error = ! advocates ( eu?anasia4 #d ,ibid4 ,/ill ano!r argum5t is (t5 advanc$ aga9/ suicide1 viz41 t a man is oblig$ to love 8 own life1 s9ce x is ! f\ndation1 or ! necess>y condition1 to him1 ( all good & e virtue1 & ?is circum/ance makes ! de/ruction ( t life unlawful4 ,t argum5t has solid tru?1 b if x held absolutely x w\ld prev5t u f desir+ dea? 9 any case1 & no "o d5ies t !re are conditions 9 :i* a desire = dea? is fully legitimate4 ,no desire = dea?1 h[ev]1 c give ! slighte/ ju/ification = ! de/ruction ( life4 ,aga91 ! argum5t t suicide is c[>dice is n broad en\gh4 ,=titude is a mean betwe5 fe> & ra%ness1 & ?is argum5t ma9ta9s t ! suicide s9s aga9/ =titude by ra%ness4 ,if we h good reason x is n ra% to expose ourselves to dea?2 ! soldi] may d s1 ! p]son /ruggl+ to save a neighbor's life1 & s on2 x may be ! highe/ =m ( =titude ?us to expose oneself to dea?4 ,if ! suicide c p]suade himself t by 8 act he is seek+ great] good ?an ! life he possesses he w\ld h reason = 8 act1 & at lea/ be above c[>dice4 ,?is argum5t is "o t c be turn$ at times s z to cut ! f+]s ( ! man t uses x4 ,! fundam5tal reason t suicide is n lawful is t man _c be ma/] ( 8 own life1 & !re=e he may n dispose ( x z he pleases4 ,suicide is ! direct kill+ ( oneself on "o's own au?ority4 ,a kill+ is direct :5 dea? is int5d$ z an end1 or *os5 z a means to an end4 ,direct kill+ is positive by commission1 or negative by omission4 ,9 su* cases ! w directly re/s 9 ! dea? z a volunt>y & free act4 ,a kill+ is indirect :5 ! act ( :i* dea? is ! effect by its nature & ! int5t ( ! ag5t is direct$ t[>d ano!r end1 b concomitantly1 or z a consequ5ce1 results 9 dea?4 ,9 su* case dea? is an accid5tal effect1 & comes indirectly f ! activity ( ! w--x is n necess>ily volunt>y4 ,if "o has a "r to d t o!r de$1 or if x is 8 duty to d x1 & !re is a proportion betwe5 x & 8 life1 he may d ! de$ & p]mit ! consequ5t dea?4 ,a direct homicide may be done on "o's own au?ority1 or on t ( ano!r p]son4 ,x is done on "o's own au?ority if ! ag5t assumes a natural individual dom9ion ov] life1 & by virtue ( su* dom9ion directly kills himself or ano!r2 x is done on ! au?ority ( ano!r :5 a man directly kills himself or ano!r by ! m&ate ( a positive div9e or human law1 & 9 ! "n & on ! au?ority ( a positive div9e or human legislator4 ,x is evid5t t ,god1 z ,creator1 has supreme dom9ion ov] human life1 & !re=e by 8 positive au?ority he may comm& a man directly to kill himself4 ,god1 h[ev]1 does n by ! natural law conf] on man ! "r ?us to kill4 ,! "q "h is ( ! natural duty or "r :i* comes f ! natural law alone4 ,direct suicide on "o's own au?ority may happ5 9 two ways3 positively1 t is1 by do+ an act :i* is directly homicidal2 or negatively1 by omitt+ an act necess>y = ! pres]vation ( life4 ,t a negative homicide be direct1 dea? mu/ be int5d$ z an end or means4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "o volunt>ily int5ds an end or a means1 b = ! sake ( antec$5t good or evil omits "s act necess>y to pres]ve life1 8 suicide is indirect1 p] accid5s1 & n always illicit unless !re is a precept aga9/ j su* an omission4 ,man has no dom9ion ov] 8 own life1 he has only ! use ( x2 & ! natural law obliges u :ile us+ a ?+ :i* is "u ! dom9ion ( ano!r n to omit ord9>y means = its pres]vation4 ,we are n1 h[ev]1 held to extraord9>y means4 ,8 own dea? is crim9ally imputable to him :o negatively & indirectly kills himself by omitt+ ! ord9>y means = pres]v+ 8 life1 because ! precept he is "u to pres]ve 8 own life makes 8 act volunt>y4 ,if he omits extraord9>y means1 ! dea? is n crim9ally imputable to him because !re is no precept oblig+ su* means4 ,c]ta9 circum/ances may by accid5t oblige "o to use extraord9>y means to pres]ve "o's own life--a dep5d5t family1 a public (fice 9 p]il\s times1 or ! l4 ,! proposition1 !n1 is3 ,! natural law does n give a man absolute dom9ion ov] 8 own life4 ,i4 ,! natural law gives no rights except su* z are f9ally f\nd$ 9 human nature itself2 b human nature _c give a title to dom9ion ov] "o's own life2 !re=e ! natural law does n give man su* a "r4 ,e natural "r is ei!r cong5ital or acquir$4 ,! title to a cong5ital "r is human nature itself2 ! title to an acquir$ "r is "s act consequ5t to ! ex]cise ( human activity4 ,! "r to su* ex]cise is1 9 turn1 cong5ital & f\nd$ 9 human nature4 ,if nature e/abli%$ ! title to dom9ion ov] "o's own life x w\ld !reby e/abli% ! p[] ( de/roy+ t life1 & ?us ( remov+ ! fundam5tal title to all rights2 b nature exi/s z ! f\ndation = rights1 n = ! subv]sion ( rights2 !re=e human nature _c give a f9al title to dom9ion ov] our own life4 ,aga91 ?is m9or ( ! fir/ argum5t is confirm$ by ! fact t if nature ev5 remotely e/abli%$ ! p[] ( self-de/ruction !re %\ld be 9 nature itself "s natural t5d5cy to su* de/ruction1 b ! direct contr>y is ! fact4 ,,ii4 ,! natural law _c grant a "r to man :i* is n a means to ! common end ( human life2 b absolute dom9ion ov] "o's own life is n su* a means1 !re=e ! natural law _c give "o dom9ion ov] 8 own life4 ,! natural law is only an ord9ation ( man to t common end ( human life & to ! means t[>d t end4 ,z reg>ds ! m9or ( ?is second argum5t1 an absolute dom9ion ov] 8 own life w\ld give man p[] to /op all 8 human activity1 yet ! common end ( human life is atta9able only by man's activity4 ,! /opp+1 or ! p[] ( /opp+1 all activity _c be a means to t end4 ,,iii4 ,! natural law _c give man a p[] :i* is oppos$ to ! ess5tial ne$s ( human nature itself2 b t a man %\ld h absolute dom9ion ov] 8 own life is oppos$ to an ess5tial ne$ ( human nature itself1 !re=e ! natural law _c give su* a p[]4 ,dom9ion ov] 8 own life implies ! p[] 9 man ( rebell+ aga9/ ! subjection :i* he owes to ,god2 b human nature ess5tially dem&s t man be 9 subjection to ,god1 s9ce dom9ion ov] "o's own life & subjection to ,god are contradictory4 ,aga91 if man _h absolute dom9ion ov] 8 own life he c\ld /& alo( f all influx ( ! natural law & avoid e duty aris+ f t law4 ,a law1 h[ev]1 _c give a p[] :i* nullifies itself4 ,! objection t suicide is licit because no injury c be done a man by an act if ! man is will+ to submit to ! act1 is irrelevant4 ,! injury 9 suicide is n to man at all1 b to ,god4 ,!re is also no?+ 9 ! objection t a gratuit\s gift may be r5\nc$4 ,life is n a gratuit\s gift2 x is an on]\s gift ) obligations insep>ably affix$ !reto :i* =bid ! de/ruction ( ! gift4 ,,iv4 ,de/ruction is an act prop] to a ma/] alone4 ,man _c be ma/] ( 8 own life2 he c h dom9ion ( ?+s t are outside himself1 di/+ui%able f himself1 b n ( ! v exi/5ce ( himself1 :i* is n really di/+ui%able f himself4 ,! def9ition ( dom9ion supposes relation4 ,! (fices ( ma/]1 fa!r1 magi/rate1 are relative conditions :i* suppose sup]iority ov] ano!r p]son1 n ov] oneself4 ,ev5 ,god is n a sup]ior ov] himself1 al?\gh he has all p]fection4 ,= ?is reason a man _c sell himself2 he c sell only 8 labor4 ,god1 :o %\ld h absolute dom9ion ov] all creatures1 & :o has1 wills to conf9e ^! creatures to c]ta9 l9es ( action 9 keep+ ) ! creature's nature4 ,?is is ! law und]ly+ ev5 ! moral law :5 x t\*es humanity2 x is ! et]nal law coet]nal ) ,god's decree ( creation1 b n necess>y z ,god is4 ,:5 ?is law exi/s 9 ! m9d ( ,god x is ! et]nal law2 :5 x exi/s 9 ! m9ds ( creatures x is ! natural law1 gov]n+ ! free acts ( intellectual creatures4 ,:5 ! natural law becomes a motive to ! human w1 oblig+ b n =c+ x1 a law ?r\gh k )9 ! consci\sness ( a man regulat+ 8 behavior1 x is call$ ! law ( consci5ce4 ,consci5ce is an act1 a practical judgm5t on "o's own action 9 "s p>ticul> case4 ,x te/ifies1 accuses1 excuses1 re/ra9s1 urges4 ,x is a rational faculty1 n an emotional1 s5tim5tal p[]4 ,emotion bl9ds its judgm5ts4 ,yet m]e emotion1 & t fooli% deord9ation ( emotion call$ s5tim5tality1 are prompt+s :i* ! ignorant mi/ake = consci5ce & obey4 ,consci5ce is ! enlight5$ eye ( ! he>t1 n ! vag>y ( any appetite t blund]s into action4 ,x mu/ be educat$2 left to itself1 x is guilty ( all ! p]v]sions ( ! /reets4 ,! natural law is immutable1 n subject to recall by e rascal "u ! goad ( ! fle%4 ,9 morality :at 01 is2 :at 0 once "r because reasonable1 always w be "r & reasonable4 ,s9ce opposition to ! natural law z appli$ to man is repugnant to human nature1 no p[] c make opposition to t law licit4 ,= ! same reason ?is law is n subject to evolution4 ,tru? 9 morality is et]nal4 ,:at is ugly n[ 0 ugly a mill5nium ago2 :at 0 immoral ye/]day 0 immoral 9 ! six? c5tury4 ,if our ance/ors ?\ght p]missible :at we "k to be illicit1 our ance/ors 7 ignorant2 ! fact has n *ang$4 ,x 0 z immoral to /eal1 lie1 or murd] 9 ! day ( ,abraham z x is to-day4 ,! ultimate t5d5cy ( man is t[>d happ9ess1 &1 ( c\rse1 happ9ess1 or any o!r p]fection1 is impossible )\t exi/5ce2 h5ce ! in/9ctive recoil f ! de/ruction ( our life1 :i* is ! requisite condition = happ9ess4 ,ev5 ^? t abnormally de/roy _! own life d s ) horror = ! de/ruction itself1 & act ?us unreasonably to escape evil1 n to escape life2 or !y seek :at !y ?9k w be a bett] life4 ,we c d no o!r injury to a man s great z ! depriv+ him ( 8 life1 = t deprivation de/roys e "r & possession he has4 ,he c recov] f all o!r evil1 or hold 8 s\l above e o!r evil1 b dea? is ! absolute conqu]or4 ,no matt] h[ debas$ or h[ diseas$ a man's body may be1 no "o may dissociate t body f its s\l1 except 9 def5ce ( individual or social life "u peculi>ly abnormal conditions2 b ev5 su* def5ce is p]missible only :ile ! def5d] respects o!r human life & ! social life1 :ile he is innoc5t1 has done no h>m to society comm5surate ) ! loss ( 8 own life4 ,! we>ie/ & mo/ loa!d worldly life ,t age1 a*e1 p5ury1 & imprisonm5t ,c lay on nature is a p>adise ,to :at we fe> ( dea?4 ,exi/5ce1 no matt] h[ sordid1 is immeasurably bett] ?an non-exi/5ce1 = non-exi/5ce is no?+2 & :5 we consid] et]nal life aft] sep>ation f ! body1 ev5 z a probability1 t raises exi/5ce to inf9ite possibilities above ! void ( non-exi/5ce4 ,a human life1 ev5 9 an ,au/ralian ,bu%man1 9 a tub]cul\s paup]1 9 ! vile/ crim9al1 is 9 itself s /up5d\sly noble a ?+ t ! :ole univ]se exi/s = its uphold+ t[>d bett]m5t4 ,! rais+ ( human life t[>d a high] condition has be5 ! sole t5d5cy ( all ! magnific5t *>ity1 sacrifice1 patriotism1 & h]oism ! be/ m5 & wom5 ( ! _w s9ce "t began h /riv5 94 ,! necess>y fir/ cause itself is life1 & life is by f> ! mo/ sacr$ ?+ possible = ! fir/ cause to effect4 ,et]nal life is ! greate/ rew>d ( ! j4 ,x is n p]missible "u any possible circum/ance directly to kill an innoc5t human be+4 ,by kill+ directly is meant ei!r 7#a7 z an end desirable 9 itself1 z :5 a man is kill$ = rev5ge2 or 7#b7 z a means to an end4 ,by an innoc5t human be+ is meant a p]son :o has n by any volunt>y act ( 8 own done h>m comm5surate ) ! loss ( 8 own life4 ,to kill a human be+ is to de/roy human nature1 by sep>at+ ! vital pr9ciple f ! body2 to de/roy any?+ is to subord9ate & sacrifice t ?+ absolutely to ! purposes ( ! slay]2 b 7#a7 no "o has a "r s to subord9ate ano!r human be+1 because man & 8 life are solely "u ! dom9ion ( ,god4 ,if a man may n kill himself1 z we prov$ above1 because he is n ma/] ( 8 own life1 he surely may n kill ano!r to :om he is no m closely relat$ z ma/] ?an he is to himself4 7#b7 ,no man has a "r to subord9ate ano!r human be+ z is done 9 slay+ him1 because ?is o!r human be+ is a p]son1 an intellig5t nature1 & consequ5tly free1 indep5d5t1 ref]r+ its op]ations solely to itself z to _! c5tre4 ,?is v fre$om diff]5tiates man f brutes & inanimate ?+s4 ,^! are n indep5d5t2 !y are rightly possess$ by man2 b man may be possess$ by no "o except ,god4 ,ev5 extr9sic human slav]y is abhorr5t to u z a coroll>y ( ! intr9sic fre$om ( man1 :i* is absolute4 ,?is intr9sic fre$om is su* t we may n "u any circum/ances lawfully resign x to ano!r's possession4 ,?is is "o ( ! *ief moral objections to oa?-b\nd secret societies :i* exact bl9d ob$i5ce4 ,all morality dep5ds on t fre$om1 all peace 9 life1 all civilization1 & society itself4 ,! end ( our /ruggles1 toil1 =titude1 temp]ance1 ?rift1 is fre$om1--fre$om to d & to hold1 fre$om f ! ?raldom ( vice & b>b>ity4 ,! rational endeavor ( e civiliz$ nation is t x be free2 & ?is means solely t e citiz5 !re(1 f ! highe/ to ! l[e/1 is made secure 9 8 rights z a human be+4 ,x int5ds t ju/ice %\ld prevail4 ,ne>ly all ! unhapp9ess1 crime1 moral mis]y1 & mu* ( ! physical mis]y 9 ! _w are due to a disreg>d = lib]ty1 = ! safegu>d+ ( m5 9 _! inali5able rights4 ,give e man 8 b>e rights z a man & all tr\bles ( capital & labor1 all race problems w\ld cease1 ! prisons w\ld be empty1 w> w\ld be unkn[n4 ,our /ruggle t[>d ju/ice1 t[>d ! protection ( ! rights ( man1 t[>d lib]ty1 mu/ g on1 or an>*y & social de/ruction w ensue4 ,n[1 z !re is no?+ great] & nobl] ?an lib]ty1 ! fre$om ( ! sons ( ,god to d :at !y h a "r to d1 & z e human be+ has a "r to t lib]ty1 s !re is no?+ bas] ?an its contr>y1 ! de/ruction ( t lib]ty2 & no de/ruction is s f9al z t ( kill+ ! man1 no usurpation s abhorr5t to human nature & all lib]ty4 ,abhorr5ce = su* a de/ruction is ! primal in/9ct ( all human be+s2 ev5 ! irrational reflexes ( our bodies react quicke/ 9 protect+ u f t de/ruction4 ,ju/ice & ord] mu/ prevail2 t is a fundam5tal natural law to :i* all o!r laws are subord9ate4 ,ju/ice1 moreov]1 is a moral equation1 & :5ev] "o "r transc5ds ano!r x mu/ be sup]ior to ! "r x holds 9 abeyance4 ,! "r an innoc5t human be+ has to 8 life1 h[ev]1 is s great t no o!r human "r c be sup]ior to x :ile he rema9s innoc5t4 ,subv]sion ( ?is "r by creatures is intr9sically evil1 z blasphemy & p]jury are evil1 al?\gh n 9 exactly ! same degree4 ,!re are occasions ^u :i* x is p]missible to kill1 indirectly1 innoc5t p]sons4 ,an effect is br\ght ab\t indirectly :5 x is nei!r int5d$ z an end = its own sake1 nor *os5 z means t[>d an end1 b is atta*$ z a circum/ance to ! end or ! means4 ,means help to an end1 circum/ances (t5 d n1 al?\gh !y may affect ! morality ( an act4 ,suppose two swimm]s1 ,pet] & ,paul1 are try+ to save ,?omas1 :o dies 9 ! wat]2 z he dies ,?omas grips ,pet] & ,paul s tightly t !y _c %ake ! corpse (f4 ,pet] is weak1 & he w soon s9k & dr[n1 ow+ to 8 weakness & ! weight ( ! corpse2 ,paul also w g d[n lat]1 ow+ to ! weight ( ,pet] & ,?omas4 ,pet]1 h[ev]1 cuts 8 own clo?+ loose f ! grip ( ! corpse & is sav$2 b ,paul imm$iately is dr[n$1 ow+ to ! fact t ! full weight ( ! corpse comes ^u him4 ,is ,pet] ju/ifi$ 9 cutt+ himself loose8 ,c]ta9ly he is4 ,?is is an example ( indirect kill+1 a case ( d\ble effect1 "o good1 ! sav+ ( ,pet]'s life1 ! o!r evil1 ! loss ( ,paul's life1 bo? proce$+ imm$iately & equally f ! causal act1 ! cutt+ loose ( ! clo?+4 ,! good effect is int5d$1 ! bad effect is reluctantly p]mitt$4 ,aga91 let u set ! same condition = ,pet]1 ,paul1 & ,?omas2 b ,pet] is n able to cut himself loose4 ,john1 a f\r? p]son1 c cut ,pet] loose & save him1 b c d no m2 he mu/ let ,paul g d[n ) ! corpse ( ,?omas4 ,may ,john cut ,pet] loose8 ,c]ta9ly he may1 on ! pr9ciple quod liceat p] se licet p] alium4 ,?is is ano!r case ( d\ble effect1 ) ! ext5uat+ circum/ances z above4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 ,pet] repres5ts a liv+ infant 9 ! womb ( ,ann1 & t %e is 9 labor2 fur!r1 ?is infant _c be deliv]$ ow+ to ! contraction ( ,ann's pelvis4 ,may ,john1 a physician1 cut away ,pet] by craniotomy & s save ,ann's life8 ,c]ta9ly he may n4 ,john "h directly bra9s ,pet] to save ,ann1 al?\gh ,pet] is n an unju/ aggressor2 he does a murd] to get a good effect1 & ! end does n ju/ify ! means4 ,!re are two effects1 b ! good effect foll[s f ! bad "o1 & n imm$iately f ! causal act4 ,take ano!r example3 ,pet] is a swimm] disabl$ by cramps & ab\t to dr[n2 ,paul1 go+ to save ,pet]1 is seiz$ by ,pet]1 & bo? are n[ 9 dang] ( dr[n+2 ,john goes to help ,pet] & ,paul4 ,he _c get ,pet]'s grip loose by ord9>y means1 & he sees he c save only "o man1 ei!r ,pet] or ,paul4 ,may ,john knock ,pet] s5seless to loos5 8 grip f ,paul1 br+ 9 ,paul1 & ?us leave ,pet] to dr[n8 ,c]ta9ly he may4 ,y h ! d\ble effect "h also4 ,moreov]1 ,pet] is a mat]ially unju/ aggressor2 he is l a maniac try+ to kill ,paul4 ,9 ! craniotomy case ! *ild is n a mat]ially or =mally unju/ aggressor1 x is n do+ any?+ at all4 ,x is :]e ! "m put x1 & x has a full "r to its position & its life4 ,john mo/ probably might also knock ,paul s5seless & save ,pet]1 if ?r\gh affection or simil> motive he pref]r$ ?is c\rse4 ,he w\ld !n be ju/ifi$ by ! d\ble-effect pr9ciple alone1 al?\gh ,paul is 9 no s5se an aggressor4 ,! int5tion ( ! bl[ w\ld h to be solely to loos5 ,paul's hold4 ,9 a j w> a comm&] may %ell an enemy's works & indirectly !reby kill non-combatants4 ,! gunn]s t cause ! dea? ( ! non-combatants d n int5d ?is dea?2 !y p]mit x z ! evil effect :i* comes imm$iately ) ! good effect 7! capture ( ! works7 f ! causal act ( fir+ ! guns4 ,if we keep )9 ! b\nds ( a j def5ce we may protect ourselves aga9/ an unju/ aggressor to ! effusion ( 8 blood1 or ev51 if ne$ be1 to kill+ him4 ,an aggressor is any "o :o does injury to u contr>y to our rights & ! ord9ation ( "r4 ,a =mally unju/ aggressor is a sane intellig5t p]son :o int5tionally attacks u2 a mat]ially unju/ aggressor is "o :o is n intellig5t1 n responsible1 z an insane p]son1 a *ild1 or a sane p]son :o is injur+ u un9t5tionally4 ,?is "q is important 9 m$ic9e because ! fetus 9 ut]o is (t5 errone\sly call$ an unju/ aggressor4 ,x is a prim>y law ( nature t e human be+ %\ld & w /rive to resi/ injury & de/ruction4 ,ju/ice requires a moral equation1 & if "o "r prevails ov] ano!r x mu/ be sup]ior to ! "r x sup]s$es4 ,at ! outset bo? ! aggressor & ! int5d$ victim h equal rights to life1 b ! fact t ! aggressor uses 8 own life = ! de/ruction ( a fell[ man sets ! aggressor 9 a condition ( juridic inf]iority to ! victim4 ,! moral p[] ( ! aggressor "h is equal to 8 inborn "r to life1 less ! unrighte\s use he makes ( x2 :ile ! moral p[] ( ! int5d$ victim rema9s 9 its integrity1 & has !re=e a high] juridic value4 ,! "r ( self-def5ce is n annull$ by ! fact t ! aggressor is irresponsible4 ,! abs5ce ( k saves him f moral guilt1 b x does n alt] ! "* ( ! act consid]$ objectively2 x is yet an unju/ aggression1 & 9 ! conflict ! life assail$ has /ill a sup]ior juridic value4 ,9 any case ! "r ( w\nd+ or ( kill+ 9 self-def5ce is n bas$ on ! ill w ( ! aggressor1 b on ! illegitimate "* ( ! aggression4 ,! condition's ( a blameless def5ce 7mod]am5 inculpatae tutelae7 are3 7#a7 t ! aggressor really ?reat5s ! def5d]'s life1 & !re is no means ( (fsett+ t viol5ce except l viol5ce2 7#b7 t no m viol5ce is us$ ?an is adequately requir$3 if ! aggression c be /opp$ by w\nd+ ! aggressor ! def5d] is n to kill him2 7#c7 t ! viol5ce 9 ! def5ce is us$ ) ! int5tion ( def5ce1 n 9 rev5ge1 hatr$1 ang]1 or ! l motives4 ,we may d an act good 9 itself f :i* a d\ble effect imm$iately foll[s1 "o good1 to :i* ! ag5t has a "r1 & ! o!r bad1 :i* ! ag5t is n oblig$ to omit if p]mitt$ by him & n int5d$2 b 9 ! case ( a necess>y def5ce ( life aga9/ an unju/ aggressor1 made ev5 ) ! dea? ( ! aggressor1 ! def5ce is su* an act1 provid$ ! mod]ation ( a blameless def5ce is obs]v$4 ,! evil effect "h is n a means to ! good effect1 nor does x m imm$iately foll[ f ! act done4 ,! evil effect is an effect p] accid5s1 & ?us n directly volunt>y1 ei!r 9 itself1 because x is n int5d$1 or 9 its cause4 ,x lacks ! condition necess>y to make x volunt>y 9 cause z reg>ds ! accid5tal effect s9ce ! act is n prohibit$ precisely because ?is accid5tal effect foll[s4 ,! act 9 ! case is good 9 itself2 x is an application ( physical =ce 9 def5ce ( a prop] "r1 & any "r supposes a compulsive p[]4 ,! two effects ( ?is d\ble-effect act are3 7a7 ! pres]vation ( ! def5d]'s life1 & 7b7 ! dea? ( ! aggressor4 ,! fir/ effect is good because ! def5d] has a "r to 8 own life2 ! o!r effect is evil1 n only physically = ! "o :o dies1 b morally inasmu* z ! dea? conflicts ) ! dom9ion ( ,god4 ,?is dea?1 h[ev]1 is an accid5tal effect ( ! act1 because 9 g5]al ! def5sive act is n direct$ by its nature to t dea? b to ! pres]vation ( ! def5d]'s life2 nor does ! dea? foll[ m imm$iately ?an ! pres]vation4 ,?us x is n a means ( ! def5ce4 ,f9ally1 ! def5sive act is n prohibit$ precisely le/ t dea? foll[3 n 9 ju/ice1 = !re is no ju/ice 9 any "r ( ! aggressor :i* requires f ! def5d] an omission ( def5ce unto ! loss ( life2 !re is no obligation 9 *>ity1 s9ce *>ity does n oblige u to love ano!r m ?an ourselves1 or to exalt ! good ( ano!r above our own4 ,9 an aggression :i* is m]ely mat]ial--say1 9 an attack by an insane man--! def5d] has a "r to ! infliction ( su* damage z is necess>y & proportionate to an efficaci\s def5ce4 ,! "r ( ! aggressor yields to ! sup]ior "r ( ! def5d]1 n ?r\gh ! fault ( ! aggressor b ?r\gh 8 mis=tune4 ,!re is a collision :]e bo? rights _c be ex]cis$ at ! same "t1 & !re is no reason oblig+ ! def5dant to =ego 8 own "r4 ,we may def5d ano!r aga9/ an unju/ aggressor because we c assume t ! attack$ p]son communicates to u ! use ( 8 own coactive "r4 ,if ! aggressor is our own fa!r1 "m1 son1 or daught]1 or 9 g5]al any "o to :om *>ity obliges u m ?an to ! p]son attack$1 we are n p]mitt$ to kill our own k9 because *>ity does n oblige u to pref] ! good ( an ali5 to ! good ( "o ( our blood4 ,ord9>ily we are n oblig$ 9 ju/ice or *>ity to def5d ano!r at ! risk ( our own life4 ,we may kill an unju/ aggressor1 s]vatis s]v&is1 9 def5ce ( good equival5t 9 value to life3 = example1 to prev5t life imprisonm5t1 ! loss ( reason1 a mutilation :i* w\ld r5d] u useless1 ! loss ( a woman's *a/ity4 ,!re are cases ( accid5tal homicide1 9 m$ic9e & else:]e1 :i* h an elem5t ( guilt 9 !m4 ,if a dea? foll[s accid5tally ^u an act :i* 9 itself is licit1 & ! ag5t uses all prop] precautions1 he is n morally guilty 9 case ( an accid5tal dea? foll[+ 8 act4 ,?is is true ev5 if ! ag5t =esaw a probable dea? b did n int5d x4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! ag5t's prim>y act is illicit 9 itself1 & an accid5tal dea? foll[s f ?is act1 ! ag5t may be guilty ( homicide1 provid$ ! fir/ act 9 itself is naturally likely to cause homicide4 ,%\ld ! fir/ act be always dang]\s1 su* t dea? commonly foll[s f x1 l rock+ a r[-boat1 aim+ a suppos$ly unload$ gun at a p]son & pull+ ! trigg]1 /rik+ a pregnant woman1 dr9k+ :iskey & !n ov]ly+ an infant 9 ! b$1 ?r[+ build+ mat]ial f a ro( to a /reet1 rac+ an automobile ?r\gh a cr[d$ ?or\ghf>e1 s5d+ a crew out 9 a rott5 %ip1 & s on1 ! accid5tal homicide t foll[s is imputable to ! ag5t no matt] h[ mu* precaution he may say he has us$ to av]t su* a dea?4 ,suppose1 secondly1 ! orig9al act ( ! ag5t is illicit b su* t accid5tal dea? r>ely foll[s f x2 !n if he takes due precaution he is n ord9>ily guilty ( homicide4 ,he has1 say1 /ol5 an automobile1 & is go+ along ! /reet leisurely1 :5 a c>eless *ild runs (f ! sidewalk "u ! ma*9e & is kill$4 #a4 ,no p]son1 !n1 may ha/5 8 own dea? or p]mit any "o else to ha/5 x4 #b4 ,no physician may 9 any possible condition kill a pati5t m]ely to effect eu?anasia4 #c4 ,! /ate has no m "r ?an ! physician to p]mit ! kill+ ( pati5ts to br+ ab\t eu?anasia4 ,7 su* p]mission giv5 to physicians x w\ld imm$iately be abus$ by m5 ) ev5 ! be/ int5tions4 ,9 all c\ntries & 9 ! l>ge/ cities ! m$ical pr(ession is sw>m+ ) quacks4 ,:at is done 9 crass ignorance by lic5s$ physicians & speciali/s e day 9 ! "n ( m$ic9e is appall+4 ,pr(essor ,or? ( ! ,pa?ologic ,in/itute 9 ,b]l9 makes ! /atem5t t ( all ! app5dices t h be5 submitt$ to him = microscopic exam9ation aft] removal by cons]vative & suppos$ly skill$ physicians1 #ag p] c5t4 %[$ no disease at all1 & %\ld n h be5 remov$4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! p]c5tage ( normal app5dices remov$ because ( vague abdom9al pa9s is mu* l>g]4 ,! ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association 7,june #g1 #aiac7 gave a li/ ( po/-mortem exam9ations :]e ! diagnosis made by m5 ) a reputation = fair "w _h be5 correct 9 only ! foll[+ ratios3 ,diagnosis ,diagnosis correct4 incorrect4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,diabetes ,mellitus #ie #e ,typhoid ,fev] #ib #h ,aortic ,regurgitation #hd #af ,canc] ( ,colon #gd #bf ,lob> ,pneumonia #gd #bf ,*ronic ,glom]ul> ,nephritis #gd #bf ,c]ebral ,tumor #gb4h #bg4b ,tub]cul\s ,m5+itis #gb #bh ,ga/ric ,canc] #gb #bh ,mitral ,/5osis #fi #ca ,bra9 ,hemorrhage #fg #cc ,septic ,m5+itis #fd #cf ,aortic ,/5osis #fa #ci ,ph?isis1 ,active #ei #da ,mili>y ,tub]culosis #eb #dh ,*ronic ,int]/itial ,nephritis #ej #ej ,?oracic ,aneurism #ej #ej ,hepatic ,cirrhosis #ci #fa ,acute ,endoc>ditis #ci #fa ,peptic ,ulc] #cf #fd ,suppurative ,nephritis #ce #fe ,r5al ,tub]culosis #cc4c #ff4g ,bron*opneumonia #cc #ff ,v]tebral ,tub]culosis #bc #gg ,*ronic ,myoc>ditis #bb #gh ,hepatic ,abscess #bj #hj ,acute ,p]ic>ditis #bj #hj ,acute ,nephritis #af #hd ,pneumonia is a v common disease1 extremely dang]\s1 & by skilful treatm5t x is v (t5 cur$1 yet ( ^! #ajj cases #ff 7 n diagnos$4 ,i rec5tly saw a sev]e case ( d\ble pneumonia :i* a physician 0 treat+ z indige/ion1 & he 0 giv+ peps9 tablets = ! suppos$ indige/ion4 ,!re is su* a ?+ z extraord9>y sci5tific precision 9 m$ical "w1 b x is r>e2 ! ord9>y physician treats symptoms )\t kn[+ ! cause ( ! symptoms2 t is1 ! symptom-treat] is a quack1 & if eu?anasia 7 legaliz$ ?\s&s ( su* quacks w\ld be p]mitt$ to murd] ) an ov]dose ( morph9e any qu]ul\s old man or woman :o might fall into _! h&s4 ,o/eopa?s & *iropractors are masseurs1 & !y "k v little ( massage1 b !y are lic5s$ by legislatures to practise m$ic9e1 & "s ( !m ev5 try ob/etrical malpractice4 ,!y1 too1 w\ld be lic5s$ to inflict eu?anasia4 ,pure homeopa?y is little m ?an a "n at pres5t2 x is fai?-heal+ )\t pray]4 ,x att5uates its drugs #ajj p] c5t4 = ?irty repetitions1 to a degree expressible by "o ) sixty ciph]s4 ,consequ5tly x gives sug> ( milk or alcohol 9 m9ute quantities plus a label1 & "o _c make mu* ( an impression on any disease ) a label4 ,su* practition]s also w\ld come "u ! eu?anasia act4 ,,bibliography ,c>d9al ,john de ,lugo4 ,disputationes ,s*ola/icae et ,morales1 vol4 vi2 ,de ,ju/itia et ,jure1 disputatio x4 ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,i ,contra ,petilianum1 cap4 #bd2 ,ad ,m>cellianum ,comitem1 cap4 #ba2 ,de ,civitate ,dei1 cap4 #ag to #bh4 ,ari/otle4 ,,iii ,e?icorum1 cap4 #g1 & lib4 v1 cap4 ii4 ,plato4 ,pha$o4 ,cic]o4 ,quae/iones ,tusculanae4 ,i1 lib4 v2 ,de ,somno ,scipionis4 ,lessius4 ,de ,ju/itia et ,jure1 lib4 ii1 c4 #i1 dub4 #f1 #g4 ,mol9a4 ,de ,ju/itia et ,jure1 vol4 i1 tr4 #b1 disp4 #aai2 vol4 iv1 tr4 #c1 disp4 #a & #i4 ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,summa ,!ologica1 #b1 #b1 q4 #fd1 a4 #e1 #g4 ,/4 ,alphonsus ,liguori4 ,!ologia ,moralis1 vol4 iv1 tr4 #d4 ,see ?is book = oppos$ op9ions & a bibliography4 ,co/a-,rossetti4 ,philosophia ,moralis1 !sis #abj4 ,f]retti4 ,philosophia ,moralis1 !ses xci1 xciv4 ,macksey4 ,de ,e?ica ,naturali1 !ses xxxiv et seq4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,,conc]n+ ,,mutilation ,! memb]s ( ! human body may be injur$ 7#a7 by a bl[1 :i* )\t blood%$ causes pa9 or a bruise2 7#b7 by a w\nd1 :i* breaks ! cont9uity ( ! tissues2 7#c7 by mutilation1 :i*1 )\t kill+1 removes "s memb] requisite = ! integrity ( ! body4 ,! t]m ,mutilation z appli$ to ! human body has v>i\s mean+s4 ,9 ! civil law mutilation ( a p]son is call$ ,mayhem1 an old =m ( ! ^w ,maim1 & is def9$ by ,black/one#e z su* hurt ( any "p ( a man's body z r5d]s him less able 9 fight+ to def5d himself or annoy 8 adv]s>y4 ,by /atute 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great ,brita9 ! scope ( ! (f5ce has be5 s ext5d$ z to include injuries to a p]son :i* m]ely disfigure or disable4 ,mutilation 9 ! civil law n[ implies ! tak+ away ( "s "p ( a legal in/rum5t1 z a w1 contract1 or ! l1 by any "o :o has no "r to make ?is alt]ation4 #e ,comm5t>y1 bk4 iv1 p4 #bje4 ,9 canon law mutilation is l malici\s or accid5tal mayhem 9 ! civil law1 & x has also a te*nical phase 9 relation to irregul>ity z affect+ ! reception ( ecclesia/ical ord]s4 ,! mutilation requisite to irregul>ity z affect+ ! reception ( ,holy ,ord]s may diff] f mutilation 9 its purely moral & accid5tal aspects4 ,broadly1 an irregul>ity is a canonical & p]man5t imp$im5t to ! reception & ex]cise ( ecclesia/ical ord]s4 ,x does n exi/ unless x is actually promulgat$ 9 "s canon1 & x is n necess>ily gr\nd$ on corporal de=mity4 ,defects ( ! body t cause canonical irregul>ity are su* z w\ld r5d] ! public m9i/ration ( a cl]gyman ei!r impossible or indec5t4 ,mol9a1 treat+ ( mutilation1 says#f x does n exi/ unless !re is an amputation or %ort5+ 7detruncatio7 ( a memb]4 ,:5 a foot or h& is s weak5$ )\t amputation t x _c ex]cise its function ! p]son is said to be maim$ or lame1 n mutilat$4 ,he holds t a f+]1 & a =tiori a phalanx ( a f+]1 are n prop]ly memb]s4 ,9 def9+ mutilation z a cause ( canonical irregul>ity#g he cont5ds t ! weak5+ ( a memb] s t x _c p]=m its function is n a true mutilation canonically4 ,he does n agree#h ) ,cajetan1 de ,soto1 & o!rs :o hold t an important "p ( a :ole memb] is equival5t to a memb] s f> z te*nical canonical mutilation is conc]n$4 ,mol9a says t a "p ( ! body z a memb] to fulfil ! requirem5ts ( ! law on mutilation z a cause ( irregul>ity mu/ h a di/9ct1 complete function ( its own1 n be a m]e "p conduc+ to ! function4 ,ball]9i#i agrees ) ,mol9a1 b he draws att5tion to a decretal ( ,innoc5t ,i4 :i* makes an amputation by oneself ( ev5 a "p ( "o's own f+] a full canonical irregul>ity1 because ( ! unnatural quality ( ! act4 #f ,de ,ju/itia et ,jure1 disp4 #ai1 tr4 #c4 #g ,ibid41 disp4 #fh1 tr4 #c4 #h ,ibid41 n4 #fi4 #i ,!ol4 ,moral4 vol4 vii4 ,su>ez def9es mutilation ?us3 ,mutil>e significat proprie membrum aliquod absc9d]e#aj--to mutilate means1 /rictly speak+1 to cut (f any memb]4 ,he holds ) ,cajetan t an important "p ( a memb] is 9 itself equival5t to a memb]4 ,a reason he (f]s = 8 op9ion is t a eunu* is enum]at$ among ^? :o are canonically mutilat$1 b ! eunu*1 he tells u1 does n lack any memb] :i* 9 itself has a function 9 ! body indep5d5t ( all o!r organs4 ,?is is n true4 ,! te/icles1 :i* ! eunu* lacks1 h two di/9ct functions1 indep5d5t ( o!r organs--!y make ! sp]matozoa & an important int]nal gl&ul> secretion4 ,^! facts 7 n kn[n 9 ,su>ez's "t 7#aedh-afag74 ,su>ez adds ?is rem>k3 ,!re c be a grave s9 9 a m>r+ dim9utio ( any *ief memb]1 al?\gh !re may be no grave mutilation2 z1 = example1 to cut (f a "p ( a f+] is und\bt$ly a mortal s91 yet1 9 ! op9ion ( all morali/s1 x is n en\gh to cause irregul>ity4 #aj ,de ,c5suris1 etc41 disp4 #dd1 sec4 #b1 #b4 ,/4 ,alphonsus ,liguori def9es mutilation ?us3 ,mutilation "h signifies t "s pr9cipal memb] be sep>at$ f ! body2 t is1 a "p ( ! body t has 9 itself a di/9ct function1 z a foot1 h&1 eye1 e>1 etc4#aa ,he says#ab canonical irregul>ity z a puni%m5t is n incurr$ by a p]son :o cuts (f ano!r man's f+]1 ?umb1 lips1 nose1 auricle1 or :o knocks out tee?1 because ^! are suppos$ by canoni/s n to be prop]ly memb]s ( ! body1 b p>ts ( memb]s4 ,to bl9d a man 9 "o eye is n en\gh to cause canonical irregul>ity2 ! eye mu/ be tak5 out4#ac ,all ^! injuries are ( c\rse mutilations 9 ! moral s5se ( ! t]m4 ,to bl9d a man )\t remov+ ! eye1 to cut out 8 sple5 9 ! treatm5t ( ,banti's disease1 to remove a woman's ov>y or ut]us1 to cut (f "p ( ! po9t ( a f+]1 to crop ! top ( an auricle1 to knock out a too?1 & any o!r p]man5t m>r+ ( ! body1 ev5 to cause an unsightly sc> across ! face1 are all mutilations 9 ! moral s5se ( ! t]m4 ,a physician1 midwife1 nurse1 or p>5t :o neglects an infant's eyes1 & s p]mits oph?almia neonatorum to bl9d ! *ild1 is guilty ( grave mutilation4 ,9 ! ye> #aiad1 9 ! ,*icago s*ools1 #de1agf *ildr5 7 f\nd suff]+ f v>i\s defects1 & #ce1dbe 7 advis$ by ! exam9+ physicians to seek treatm5t2 9 ea* ( ^! cases ! p>5ts 7 in=m$ ( ! nature ( ! disease & ! necessity = treatm5t1 b only #dj p] c5t4 ( ! p>5ts paid any att5tion to ! notices4 ,( #eged cases ( diseas$ tonsils1 :i* are likely to affect ! he>t p]man5tly1 only #d p] c5t4 7 treat$2 ( #abed cases ( dis*>g+ e>s only #aj p] c5t4 7 treat$1 al?\gh su* a condition may g on to deafness if n att5d$ to4 ,^! p>5ts 7 crim9ally guilty ( grave neglect 9 p]mitt+ ! mutilation ( ! he>t & e>s4 #aa ,!ol4 ,moral41 lib4 #g1 cap4 #e1 disp4 #d1 n4 #cfe4 #ab ,ibid41 n4 #cgh4 #ac ,ibid41 n4 #chb4 ,any notable mutilation inflict$ ^u oneself is ak9 to ! malice ( suicide1 & :5 p]petrat$ on ano!r x is relat$ to homicide4 ,! dom9ion ov] ! memb]s ( ! body1 z ov] ! :ole body1 belongs to ,god alone4 ,man is con/itut$ by 8 p>ts1 memb]s1 tak5 toge!r1 & if he 7 ma/] ( 8 memb]s he w\ld be ma/] ( himself4 ,aga91 ea* memb] ( ! body is naturally unit$ to t body & orda9$ = det]m9$ organic functions2 s x is wrong to r5d] ^! memb]s unfit = _! natural function or to sep>ate !m f ! body1 unless su* actions are necess>y = ! pres]vation ( life itself4 ,al?\gh man is n ma/] ( himself1 he is ! adm9i/rator ( himself2 & !re=e :5 ! amputation ( any memb] is necess>y = ! pres]vation ( ! life ( ! :ole body x is licit to subord9ate ?is "p to ! good ( ! :ole4 ,a direct mutilation is "o int5d$ z an end1 or z a means to an end2 x is a volunt>y & free act4 ,an indirect mutilation is "o 9 :i* ! mutilation is ! natural effect ( ! act1 b ! int5tion ( ! ag5t is direct$ t[>d ano!r end4 ,! mutilation foll[s indirectly f ! activity ( ! w1 b !re is a satisfy+ proportion betwe5 ! accid5tal effect 7! mutilation7 & ! end int5d$4 ,9 su* an act !re are two effects :i* foll[ ! causal act aeque imm$iate1 or directly 7n indirectly1 t is1 n all f ! o!r effect1 b ea* imm$iately f ?is cause73 "o effect is good 7to save life1 avoid unbe>able pa91 or ! l71 & ! o!r evil 7! mutilation71 b ! good effect is ! end int5d$1 ! evil effect is reluctantly p]mitt$4 ,su* an act is licit provid$ ! usual conditions ( ! d\ble effect are pres5t1 t is3 #a4 ,! action t is ! cause ( ! good & bad effects mu/ be itself good or indiff]5t morally4 #b4 ,! good & ! bad effects mu/ ea* be an imm$iate result ( ! causal act2 ! good effect may be n s subord9at$ to ! evil effect z to be obta9able only ?r\gh ! evil effect4 #c4 ,! bad effect mu/ n be int5d$1 ei!r imm$iately or remotely2 x may at mo/ be tol]at$ z unavoidable4 #d4 ,!re mu/ be a suffici5tly grave reason = ! act4 ,indirect mutilation may be licit :5 ! evil to be avoid$ is proportional to ! mutilation4 ,direct mutilation1 :]e !re is "o direct effect (1 say1 ! surgical op]ation1 namely1 to remove ! somatic organ1 is n licit1 except = ! good ( ! :ole body2 & t good to ! :ole body mu/ be juridically equival5t to ! damage done ! body by ! mutilation4 ,!re is to be a direct effect 9 su* mutilation1 :i* is ! good ( ! :ole body4 ,x is n p]mitt$ to kill directly to save ! life ( ano!r1 b x is p]missible to mutilate directly to save ! :ole body4 ,direct mutilation1 h[ev]1 is nev] unavoidable because ! ag5t c always correctly ord] 8 int5tion be=e ! op]ation4 ,all direct mutilation1 unless = ! good ( ! :ole body1 implies deord9ation3 x (f5ds aga9/ ! supreme dom9ion ( ,god1 :o res]ves to himself1 z ,creator1 own]%ip ( human life & its organs4 ,z we may n de/roy life1 :i* belongs to ,god1 we may n amputate a memb] to suppress any vital function4 ,! exception :i* p]mits u to mutilate a memb] or organ is1 z has be5 said1 ! adequate good ( ! :ole body4 ,! reason = ?is is t man is ! adm9i/rator ( 8 memb]s1 to ! good ( ! :ole p]son4 ,ea* memb] is n = itself b = ! :ole body4 ,! good ( ! body is ! sole cause t r5d]s direct mutilation licit4 ,! memb]s ( ! body by _! nature are n imm$iately subord9ate to any?+ except ! cons]vation ( ! total natural good1 or t ( ! body4 ,!re=e direct mutilation is n p]missible to effect imm$iately spiritual good1 or ! good ( ! s\l4 ,we may n ca/rate a man1 or d vasectomy on him1 to pres]ve 8 cont95ce1 because !re is no imm$iate subord9ation & connection betwe5 ! memb]s ( ! body & ! salvation ( ! s\l4 ,moreov]1 z ,/4 ,?omas says1#ad ,spiritual heal? c always be pres]v$ by means o!r ?an amputation ( bodily memb]s1 t is1 ?r\gh mod]at+ by ! w ! use ( ^! memb]s4 ,if a mutilation t imm$iately conduces to ! good ( ! :ole body1 happ5s also to d good to ! s\l1 ?is second effect is !n legitimate4 7,! v>i\s mutilations ( ! body by surgical op]ations w be consid]$ sep>ately h]eaft]47 #ad #b1 #b1 q4 lxv1 a4 #a1 ad #c4 ,may ! /ate1 !n1 /]ilize crim9als1 & p]sons afflict$ ) dang]\s h]$it>y diseases1 to prev5t ! propagation ( moral & physical defectives8 ,?is "q is consid]$ specially 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,!re is an error gradually infect+ all nations ( late :i* is t ! /ate1 z su*1 is above morality2 t :at ! civil au?ority p]mits or ord]s is by t fact alone made licit or obligatory4 ,h5ce ! int]f]5ce ) individual lib]ty1 ) ! rights ( man1 %[n by laws = ! mutilation ( ! physically deg5]ate1 laws conf]r+ privileges on "o "p ( ! community to ! detrim5t ( ano!r1 m$dl+ 9 p>5tal rights1 & s on4 ,political error has come to su* a pass t ! m5 on ! /reet ?9k any majority is ju/ifi$1 solely because x is a majority1 9 recall+ a judge or a law1 9 ov]rid+ au?ority = ! satisfaction ( appetite4 ,! sov]eign p tries to be subject & sov]eign at ! same "t1 & x deems its rul]s m]e hir$ m5 :o may be dis*>g$ at w l cooks4 ,a law is a rule & /&>d ( action2 a j1 p]man5t1 & rational ord9ation = ! good ( ! community1 promulgat$ by "o :o has *>ge ( t community4 ,dom9ion is ! p[] ( claim+ a ?+ z "o's own1 ! "r ( own]%ip2 & if ?is possessor has creat$ ! object1 8 dom9ion may be absolute4 ,a gov]nor1 lawgiv]1 judge1 has p[] or jurisdiction = ! good ( ! gov]n$4 ,! bus9ess ( gov]nm5t1 ( ! /ate1 is to protect ea* citiz5 9 ! pursuit ( temporal happ9ess1 to develop 8 natural faculties1 e/abli% & pres]ve social ord]1 :]e9 ea* citiz5 is secur$ 9 8 natural & legal rights1 & is held up to ! fulfilm5t ( 8 own duties s f> z !y be> on ! good ( ! community z su*2 & also to put )9 ! rea* ( all citiz5s1 z f> z possible1 a fair all[ance ( means to acquire temporal happ9ess1 or ext]nal peace & prosp]ity4 ,?is is ! :ole bus9ess ( ! /ate4 ,! /ate is = ! p1 & x may n transgress an in* beyond its prop] limits1 :i* are z h>d & fa/ z ^? t b9d ! individual citiz54 ,! citiz5 is n to be treat$ solely z an indu/rial or milit>y unit2 nor are mat]ial progress & milit>y p[]1 or ev5 %e] intellectual civilization1 to be ! sole aim ( ! /ate4 ,! /ate %\ld develop a man's entire nature1 physical1 m5tal1 & moral4 ,we mu/ obey civil au?ority1 b we are n slaves or *attels ( t au?ority4 ,! /ate's au?ority ov] u is n dom9ative2 x is only a p[] = our good & utility4 ,! civil au?ority has no m "r to invade ! rights ( its meane/ citiz5 ?an x has to lie or to blaspheme4 ,god gives civil au?ority to ! e/abli%$ community1 & ! community entru/s ?is to its rul]2 au?ority is a div9e in/itution1 rul]s are directly a human in/itution & only indirectly div9e4 ,:5 ! rul] has once be5 set up1 has _h au?ority entru/$ to him1 ob$i5ce mu/ be giv5 to him :ile he acts 9 keep+ ) 8 contract4 ,kant & 8 foll[]s errone\sly sep>ate ! juridic f ! moral ord]2 !y d5y t beyond ! /ate !re are any rights preem95t to ! /ate's rights1 yet !y say !re is an innate lib]ty :i* belongs to e human be+ equally & inali5ably4 ,! moral ord] compreh5ds all factors t are necess>y to make ! free activity ( man 9 e respect well dispos$1 & among ^! factors is ! juridic ord] itself4 ,man is naturally social1 & :atev] means are necess>y to pres]ve human society are also naturally befitt+ man4 ,su* means are to pres]ve = ea* man :at are 81 & to ab/a9 f injur+ o!r m54 ,n[1 s to act1 t is1 to ab/a9 f murd]1 !ft1 & ! l1 to fulfil contracts1 are /rictly juridic duties1 & at ! same "t moral duties4 ,!re=e ! moral ord] compreh5ds ! juridic ord]4 ,! end ( ! /ate1 !n1 is n ! public good consid]$ z an end 9 itself4 ,! individual citiz5 is n 8 own end 9 life1 & s no m]e multitude ( m5 ev] c become _! own end4 ,if ! end ( ! /ate is ! public good1 !n private good is subord9ate to ?is1 & ! public good becomes man's f9al end1 :i* is subv]sive ( human dignity & is despotism4 ,a cle> def9ition ( ! p[] ( ! /ate to int]f]e ) ! rights to life & limb ( ! individual citiz5 is v important1 because1 z has be5 said1 ( late !re is an al>m+ t5d5cy on ! "p ( ! civil au?ority to ov]ride ! rights ( private citiz5s1 ev5 9 ! mo/ democratic =ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,encroa*m5t on ! lib]ty ( ! individual is *>act]i/ic ( un*ri/ian political societies1 & all /ates are n[ rec$+ f ,*ri/ianity4 ,a /rik+ example ( ?is tyranny is ! laws rec5tly pass$ 9 t5 ,am]ican /ates = ! mutilation ( deg5]ates4 ,?is def9ition is m readily made by consid]+ concrete examples ( public conduct4 ,suppose an enemy dem&s f a city ! surr5d] = execution ( an innoc5t man on pa9 ( ! burn+ ( ! city & ! de/ruction ( its inhabitants4 ,may ! city cut (f t memb] = ! safety ( ! :ole body politic1 z a p]son may cut (f 8 own h& to save 8 life8 ,! /ate has n dom9ion ov] ! life ( a citiz51 nev]!less x may kill a citiz5 9 puni%m5t ( crime1 because ! puni%m5t is useful to ! :ole p1 is = ! common good1 is pres]vative ( ! social life4 ,:y1 h[ev]1 %\ld ! /ate be p]mitt$ to kill a crim9al r ?an an innoc5t man1 s9ce x has no dom9ion ov] ! life ( ei!r1 & we suppose ! dea? ( ea* is necess>y = ! public good8 ,if y answ] by say+ a man may cut (f a diseas$ memb] b n a s\nd "o to save 8 body1 & ! /ate 9 l mann] may cut (f a crim9al1 uns\nd memb]1 b n an innoc5t "o1 ?is answ] does n remove ! difficulty3 we may cut (f ev5 a s\nd memb] to save ! body4 ,suppose1 = example1 a man caught by ! arm & 9 dang] ( dea? f a flood2 he might sev] a s\nd arm to escape dea? if no o!r means pres5t$4 ,9 l mann] ! /ate might cut (f an innoc5t1 s\nd memb] to save its life f ! enemy1 z describ$ above4 ,?is reason+1 h[ev]1 is op5 to objection4 ,! /ate has no dom9ion ov] ! life ( its memb]s1 & !re is a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! memb]s ( ! human body & ^? ( a body politic4 ,a memb] ( a human body has no "r 9 itself aga9/ ! o!r memb]s2 nor is x capable ( natural injury1 s9ce x is n sep>able f ! :ole suppositum1 or p]son4 ,! suppositum1 or p]son1 has a "r to ! use ( ! memb]s2 x alone is injur$ :5 a memb] is amputat$2 & ! memb]s are solely = ! utility ( ! suppositum4 ,!re=e we may licitly de/roy a memb] to save ! suppositum = :i* ?is memb] exi/s4 ,! /ate1 h[ev]1 is n a suppositum 9 ?is s5se2 x may n wre/ ! life ( its memb]s to its own utility1 because ! citiz5s are n = ! /ate2 on ! contr>y1 ! /ate is = !m & _! utility4 ,t a rational be+ %\ld be = ! utility ( ano!r p]son or a society makes him a slave & supposes dom9ion 9 ! us]4 ,a slave is diff]5tiat$ f a subject by ! fact t ! subject is only politically gov]n$--t is1 gov]n$ = 8 own utility & good2 ! slave is gov]n$ despotically--t is1 = ! utility & good ( 8 ma/]4 ,! /ate may n1 z a ma/]1 use ! life ( a subject = its own utility alone4 ,al?\gh ! suppositum does n own its memb]s1 yet s9ce ! memb]s are n sep>able f ! man1 are n self-c5tr$ z are ! citiz5s 9 a /ate1 ! man may use !m = 8 own utility4 ,!y are z slaves "u a ma/]1 n z subjects 9 a body politic2 !re=e !y may be sacrific$ = ! good ( ! suppositum4 ,?is is ! argum5t us$ by ,de ,lugo2 ,mol9a foll[s ! same l9e ( ?\ght2 b bo? au?orities f9ally rea* ! conclusion1 9 ! case ( ! enemy & ! citiz5 ^: life is requir$1 t ! /ate may at lea/ drive ?is citiz5 out ( ! city to save its own exi/5ce4 ,mol9a also draws att5tion to ! fact t !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 a memb] ( a body politic & a memb] ( ! human body2 ?is id5tification1 if pu%$ f> en\gh1 becomes an analogical quibble4 ,"s hold t a judge or ! civil au?ority 9 g5]al may kill or maim a crim9al by gub]natorial p[] alone1 presc9d+ f dom9ative p[]1 & ?is n to ! utility ( ! crim9al b = ! utility ( society4 ,! kill+ ( a crim9al1 ^! objectors say1 is n = ! good ( ! crim9al2 x is a det]r5t1 a protective act1 = ! good ( society4 ,?is is n true4 ,! p5al law :i* ! crim9al breaks 0 n made solely = society2 x 0 int5d$ also = ! utility ( ! p]son :o becomes a crim9al4 ,! law 0 made & ! puni%m5t e/abli%$ t all subjects indiscrim9ately %\ld be help$ to live hone/ly & blamelessly1 & to ?is end x 0 necess>y to decree & inflict puni%m5t z affect+ all (f5d]s4 ,! obligation to receive puni%m5t is 9 a mann] ess5tial to man4 ,z he naturally requires direction & gov]nm5t unto virtue 9 8 political & social life1 he has a connatural obligation to endure puni%m5t :5 he violates ! law made = 8 advantage--"o condition _c exi/ )\t ! o!r4 ,h5ce puni%m5t really is to ! utility ( ! crim9al4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,:5 ,,does ,,human ,,life ,,beg98 ,by ! embryologi/s f ! mom5t ! sp]matozon jo9s ! nucleus ( ! ovum until ! end ( ! second week ( ge/ation ! product ( conception is call$ ! ,ovum2 f ! end ( ! second week to ! end ( ! f\r? week x is ! ,embryo2 f ! end ( ! f\r? week to bir? x is ! ,fetus4 ,at :at mom5t dur+ ^! ?ree /ages does ! human s\l1 ! sub/antial =m ( a man 9 ! full compreh5sion ( ! t]m1 ent] ! product ( conception8 ,:5 does ! ?+ become a human be+8 ,! "q is evid5tly "o ( ! greate/ importance4 ,if ! rational s\l does n ent] until ! ovum has develop$ into an embryo1 or only aft] ! embryo has pass$ on into ! fetal condition1 ! de/ruction ( ?is ovum1 by artificial abortion or o!rwise1 w\ld be a v diff]5t act morally f su* de/ruction aft] ! s\l _h turn$ ! new gr[? into a liv+ man4 ,if ! product ( conception has fir/ only a vegetative vital pr9ciple1 & ?is is lat] replac$ by a vital pr9ciple t is m]ely s5sitive1 & ?is aga9 is f9ally sup]s$$ by a rational vital pr9ciple1 ! de/ruction by abortion or o!rwise ( ! vegetative or s5sitive life w\ld n be a de/ruction ( a rational life4 ,9 ?is hypo!sis ! kill+ ( ! embryo w\ld be a great crime1 because ! embryo w\ld be 9 pot5cy = ! reception ( human life1 b ! act w\ld n be murd]4 ,! discussion conc]n+ ! mom5t ! human s\l ent]s ! body is old] ?an ,*ri/ianity1 & x 0 tak5 up by _m ( ! e>ly ,greek & ,lat9 ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 & reviv$ aga9 & aga9 d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,plato ?\ght ! s\l ent]s at bir?2 ,asclepias1 ,h]aclites1 & ! ,/oics held x is n infus$ until ! "t ( pub]ty2 ,ari/otle#ae said ! s\l is infus$ 9 ! male fetus ab\t ! =tie? day aft] conception1 & into ! female fetus ab\t ! eightie? day4 #ae ,,ix1 ,de ,animalibus4 ,t]tullian1#af ,apoll9>is1 & a few o!rs advocat$ ,traducianism1#ag or a transmission ( ! spiritual s\l by ! p>5ts4 ,he said s\ls are c>ri$ ov] by conception & by ! p>5ts1 s t ! s\l ( ! fa!r is ! s\l ( ! son1 & f "o man comes ! :ole ov]fl[ ( s\ls4 ,/4 ,augu/9e us$ ! metaphor1 "o s\l lit f ano!r z flame f flame1 )\t decay 9 ei!r4 ,augu/9e 0 9 d\bt z to ! orig9 ( ! s\l1 & incl9$ to traducianism1 because x seem$ to him bett] to expla9 ! doctr9e ( ! transmission ( orig9al s94 ,tell me1 he wrote to ,/4 ,j]ome 9 #dae1ah if s\ls are creat$ s+ly = ea* p]son born to-day1 :5 d infants s9 s t !y ne$ remission 9 ! sacram5t ( ,*ri/1 s9 9 ,adam f :om ! fle% ( s9 is propagat$8444 ,s9ce we _c say t ,god makes ( s\ls s9n]s1 or puni%es ! innoc5t1 nor may we hold t s\ls ev5 ( infants :i* )\t baptism leave ! body are sav$1 ,i ask y h[ t op9ion c be def5d$ :i* ?9ks t all s\ls are n made f ! s+le s\l ( ! fir/ man1 yet z t s\l 0 "o to "o man1 ^! are p>ticul> to p>ticul> individuals4 #af ,de ,anima1 cap4 #bg4 #ag ,f tradux1 a plant$ v9e-%oot made to take root4 #ah ,migne1 vol4 xxxiii1 col4 #gbj4 ,aga91 ,/4 ,augu/9e said3#ai ,i d n "k h[ ! s\l came into my body2 he kn[s :o gave x1 :e!r he drew x trax]it f my fa!r1 or creat$ x new z 9 ! fir/ man4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,retractions1#bj speak+ ( ! articles he _h writt5 aga9/ ! ,academicians be=e he 0 a bi%op1 he says3 ,z to ! orig9 ( ! s\l1 h[ x is set 9 ! body--:e!r x is f t "o man :o fir/ 0 creat$ 444 or1 z 9 8 case1 is made p>ticul>ly = ea* p>ticul> individual1 ,i did n !n "k1 & ,i d n "k n[4 ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great also said he c\ld n tell :e!r ! human s\l desc5ds f ,adam or is giv5 p>ticul>ly to ea* man4 #ai ,de ,anima et ejus ,orig9e1 i1 xv4 #bj ,i1 cap4 i1 n4 #c4 ,/4 ,gregory ( ,nyssa1 h[ev]1 :o di$ ab\t #che1 ?irty ye>s be=e ,/4 ,augu/9e wrote ! lett] to ,/4 ,j]ome1 held t ! s\l is infus$ into ! body at ! mom5t ( conception1 & he argues ) absolute precision = 8 op9ion4#ba ,/4 ,maximus ! ,!ologian1 :o 0 m>tyr$ 9 #ffb1 inveighs#bb aga9/ ! notion t ! s\l is vegetative at fir/1 !n s5sitive1 & f9ally intellectual1 & he ?9ks ! ass]tion ( ,ari/otle t ! fetus is n animat$ be=e ! =tie? day is altoge!r untrue4 #ba ,migne1 ,patrologia ,graeca1 vols4 xliv & xlvi4 #bb ,migne1 ,ibid41 vol4 xci1 col4 #acce4 ,/4 ,anselm1 :o di$ 9 #aaji1 v dogmatically d5i$ t ! fetus is animat$ at conception1#bc & aft] 8 "t ! doctr9e ( ,ari/otle1 :i* is commonly call$ ! ,?omi/ic op9ion1 became almo/ g5]al4 ,v9c5t ( ,beauvais1 h[ev]1 a contempor>y ( ,/4 ,?omas1 oppos$ ! ,?omi/ic doctr9e4 ,alb]tus ,magnus#bd _h ! same op9ion z ,/4 ,?omas1 & probably taught x to ,/4 ,?omas4 ,9 ! middle ages all held t ea* s\l is directly creat$ by ,god1 & is infus$ into ! embryo1 n at ! in/ant ( conception1 b :5 ! embryo is suffici5tly =m$ to receive x1 :i*1 z ,ari/otle said1 happ5s at ab\t ! =tie? day 9 males & ! eightie? day 9 females4 ,! ,?omi/s ma9ta9$ ! succession ( ! ?ree s\ls2 _m o!rs oppos$ ?is p>ticul> op9ion4 #bc ,de ,conceptione ,virg9is1 cap4 xii4 #bd ,summa1 ,de ,hom9e1 q4 xvi1 art4 #c4 ,?omas ,fi5us1 a physician & a pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,l\va91 9 #afbj publi%$ a book#be 9 :i* he held t ! s\l is infus$ ab\t ! ?ird day aft] conception1 & 8 argum5t = ! e>ly adv5t ( ! s\l is v s\nd4 ,z a result ( ,fi5us's revolution>y argum5t1 ,flor5t9us 9 #afeh br\ght out a book at ,lyons1 call$ ,de ,hom9ibus ,dubiis ,baptiz&is1 9 :i* he held t no matt] :at ! age ( ! abort$ fetus1 if x c\ld be diff]5tiat$ f a mole x %\ld be baptiz$4 ,?is book 0 br\ght be=e ! ,congregation ( ! ,index4 ,! congregation did n condemn ! book1 b ! au?or 0 =bidd5 to tea* t 8 doctr9e holds sub gravi4 ,! book w5t ?r\gh _m editions & 0 approv$ by ! faculties ( ! pr9cipal univ]sities & ! !ologians ( ! lead+ religi\s ord]s4 #be ,de ,vi ,=matrice ,foetus ,lib]4 ,zac*ias1 *ief physician to ,innoc5t ,x41 9 #affa publi%$ 8 ,que/iones ,m$ico-,legales1 & 9 ?is he ma9ta9$ t ! human fetus has n at any "t any k9d ( s\l o!r ?an a rational1 & ?is is creat$ by ,god at ! fir/ mom5t ( conception1 & is !n infus$4#bf ,by #agde ! op9ion ( ,zac*ias z to ! mom5t life beg9s 0 virtually g5]al among physicians1 & has s9ce rema9$ ! doctr9e ( physici/s4 ,mod]n discov]ies by biologi/s h confirm$ ! fact t human life exi/s 9 ! impregnat$ ovum exactly z x does 9 all /ages ( life1 & no sci5ti/ holds any o!r op9ion4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a few morali/s at ! pres5t day :o incl9e to ! old ,?omi/ic doctr9e or to modifications ( x4 #bf ,tom4 ii1 lib4 ix1 tr4 #a4 ,/4 ,alphonsus ,liguori#bg 0 a foll[] ( ! ,?omi/ic op9ion4 ,he affirm$3 ,!y are wrong t say ! fetus is animat$ at ! in/ant ( conception1 because ! fetus c]ta9ly is n animat$ be=e x is =m$1 z is prov$ f ,exod4 xxi3 #bb1 :]e 9 ! ,septuag9t v]sion we f9d3 ',he t /rikes a gravid woman & causes abortion1 w give life = life if ! *ild 0 =m$2 if x 0 n =m$1 he w be f9$4' ,?is argum5t by ,/4 ,alphonsus is invalid ap>t f any facts t may be> ^u ei!r ! ,?omi/ic or ! mod]n op9ion conc]n+ ! quick5+ ( ! fetus4 ,! text f ! ,septuag9t ,exodus is 7#a7 too d\btful 9 itself to be ! basis ( any argum5t2 b 7#b7 ev5 if x 7 au!ntic j z x /&s1 ! conclusion ,/4 ,alphonsus draws f x is n w>rant$ by ! premises4 ,! ,septuag9t text diff]s f ! ,vulgate & ! ,hebrew texts4 ,! ,vulgate has x ?us3 ,si rixati fu]9t viri et p]cuss]it quis muli]em praegnantem1 et abortum quidem f]c]it1 s$ ipsa vix]it1 subjacebit damno quantum m>itus muli]is expeti]it et arbitri judicav]9t2 s9 autem mors fu]it subsecuta1 r$dit animam pro anima1 oculum pro oculo1 d5tem pro d5te1 manum pro manu1 p$em pro p$e1 adu/ionem pro adu/ione1 vulnus pro vuln]e1 livorem pro livore4#bh ,?is v]sion has no?+ :atev] to say ab\t ! foetus =matus or non =matus2 x is m]ely an application ( ! ,semitic ,lex ,talionis1 & ! =m ( ! law is cle>ly corrupt & inaccurate4 #bg ,!ologia ,moralis1 lib4 iv1 tr4 #d1 n4 #eid4 #bh ,if m5 qu>rel1 & "o /rike a woman ) *ild1 & %e misc>ry inde$1 b live h]self1 he %all be answ]able = s mu* damage z ! woman's husb& %all require & z arbit]s %all aw>d4 ,b if h] dea? ensue !reupon1 he %all r5d] life = life1 eye = eye1 too? = too?1 h& = h&1 foot = foot1 burn+ = burn+1 w\nd = w\nd1 /ripe = /ripe4 ,! passage quot$ by ,/4 ,alphonsus z t ( ! ,septuag9t is n exact ev5 z ! ,septuag9t has x4 ,! full text is3 ,if two m5 fight1 & "o /rike a woman t ha? a *ild 9 ! womb1 & h] babe come =? n yet fully =m$1#bi 9 a f9e he %all be mulct$2 :atsoev] ! husb& laye? ^u him he %all give accord+ to decision i4e41 ( ! judges4 ,b if x ! babe be fully =m$ he w give life = life1 eye = eye1 too? = too?1 h& = h&1 foot = foot1 burn+ = burn+1 w\nd = w\nd1 /ripe = /ripe4 #bi --n m\ld$ out into =m2 1 to m\ld out into =m3 1 an icon1 image1 lik5ess4 ,?is is 7#a7 evid5tly no?+ b an application ( ! ,lex ,talionis1 ) no ?\ght :atev] ( ! biological animation1 z su*1 ( ! fetus4 ,x means t if a fully =m$ fetus be abort$1 ei!r no real damage is done1 z su* a *ild is viable2 or ! =m$ *ild may be maim$1 & !n ! ,lex ,talionis is to be appli$4 ,if ! fetus is n fully =m$ x is n a fit subject ( ! ,lex ,talionis s9ce x _c lose an eye1 a too?1 & s on1 because x lacks ^! organs & !re=e ! law ( retaliation is n to be en=c$4 7#b7 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 ! writ] ( ! text z ! ,septuag9t has x did ?9k ) ,/4 ,alphonsus t ! =m$ fetus is animat$1 & ! un=m$ is n animat$1 ev5 !n ! conclusion drawn by ,/4 ,alphonsus is n w>rant$ by ! text4 ,! laws ( ,exodus d n tea* embryology1 physiology1 or any o!r "p ( physical sci5ce2 & no au?ority wor? a he>+ holds t ! ,scriptures 7 int5d$ to be infallible treatises on ob/etrics or a/ronomy4 ,l ! o!r p>ts ( ! ,bible1 ! laws ( ,exodus presuppose ! unsci5tific biological1 a/ronomical1 & o!r physical notions ( ! "t 9 :i* !y 7 writt5--! moral tru? is ! matt] ! ,scripture is deal+ )2 !re no inaccuracy is to be f\nd4 ,/4 ,john 7#a3ac7 speaks ( ^? :o believe 9 ,*ri/'s "n1 ,qui non ex sangu9ibus1 neque ex voluntate c>nis1 neque ex voluntate viri1 s$ ex ,deo nati sunt4 ,"h he expresses ! contempor>y notion1 :i* is also ! ,?omi/ic op9ion1 t m5 are g5]at$ f ! specializ$ blood ( _! p>5ts4 ,he 0 int]e/$ solely 9 convey+ ! tru? t ^? :o receiv$ ,*ri/ 7 reg5]at$ by him1 n ?r\gh h]$ity2 & he does s1 al?\gh ! biology is inexact4 ,if ,/4 ,alphonsus's conclusion is valid z f ! text ( ,exodus1 !n m5 are g5]at$ ex sangu9ibus1 & s on indef9itely4 ,! ,massoretic text ( ?is passage seems to be ! be/ pres]v$3 ,if m5 fight1 & "o hurt a woman :o is ) *ild1 & h] *ild come =?1 yet !re is no mis*ief1 he :o /ruck h] %all be mulct$ 9 a f9e2 :atsoev] ! husb& ( ! woman laye? ^u him he %all pay accord+ to ! judges4 ,b if !re be mis*ief1 !n he %all give life = life1 eye = eye1 too? = too?1 h& = h&1 foot = foot1 burn+ = burn+1 w\nd = w\nd1 /ripe = /ripe4 ,"h ! ,hebrew text foll[s ! ,lex ,talionis exactly4 ,if1 9 a brawl1 a man's pregnant wife is /ruck & abortion results1 ! (f5d] pays ! p5alty4 ,if ! abortion does n kill or maim ! *ild1 ! culprit is f9$ by ! ,sanh$rim2 if ! *ild is kill$ or maim$1 !n ! p5alty is accord+ to ! ,lex ,talionis4 ,9 ! ,hebrew text also !re is no m5tion ( a di/9ction betwe5 a foetus =matus & non =matus4 ,:e!r ! fetus is animat$ at conception or "s "t lat]1 !re is no f\ndation :atev] = ! notion t ! female is quick5$ lat] ?an ! male4 ,z 0 said be=e1 ,ari/otle held t ! human male fetus is animat$ at ! =tie? day1 ! female at ! n9etie? day1 & ! old morali/s accept$ 8 /atem5t4 ,at ! =tie? day1 h[ev]1 no "o c diff]5tiate sex unless ! microscope is us$1 & ?is p>ticul> use ( ! microscope is altoge!r mod]n--! k requisite = su* use 0 n 9 exi/5ce sixty ye>s ago4 ,at ! tw5tie? day1 ) ! microscope & a /a9$ specim51 a biologi/ c recognize :e!r ! primordial ova are pres5t or abs5t & ?us det]m9e sex4 ,only at ! eighty-f\r? day c sex n[ be diff]5tiat$ )\t ! aid ( ! microscope1 b !n ! embryo mu/ be dissect$3 no?+ c be told f its ext]nal appe>ance4 ,sex c fir/ be di/+ui%$ by ! ext]nal appe>ance only at ab\t ! "o hundr$ & twelf? day1 ! end ( ! f\r? mon? ( ge/ation4 ,!re=e :5 ,ari/otle said ! male fetus is animat$ at ! =tie? day1 & ! female at ! eightie? or n9etie? day1 he 0 romanc+4 ,! "q1 !n1 n>r[s to ?is3 ,is any human fetus animat$ imm$iately at conception1 or f =ty to eighty days aft] conception8 ,! reason giv5 by ! foll[]s ( ,ari/otle = def]r+ animation is t ! vital pr9ciple requires organs 9 ! receptive mat]ial1 b ! embryo 9 ! e>ly /ages1 !y say1 lacks ^! organs4 ,?is notion1 h[ev]1 z to ! lack ( organs is altoge!r errone\s1 & ! rational s\l ent]s ! embryo 9 ! oval /age1 imm$iately aft] ! pronuclei unite3 !re is organization 9 t /age ( human life suffici5t to receive ! sub/antial =m or s\l4 ,we d n "k h[ long aft] insem9ation ! pronuclei unite1 b ! proposition "h is t z soon z !y unite ! human s\l ent]s4 ,fecundation usually occurs aft] a m5/ruation1 b n necess>ily s2 ! sp]matozon may live 9 ! tube = sev5te5 days await+ ! ovum4 ,! human body is made up ( billions ( microscopic liv+ cells1 all ( :i* are d]iv$ by fission & diff]5tiation f ! two orig9al s+le g]m-cells1 ! ovum & ! sp]matozon4 ,"s n]ve-cells h long processes runn+ along ! :ite fibres ?r\gh ! entire l5g? ( ! body1 b !y _c be diff]5tiat$ except by ! microscope4 ,9 ! body are also v>i\s liquids :i* are n cellul>1 z wat]1 saliva1 te>s1 ur9e1 blood & lymph plasma1 & ! ga/ric1 inte/9al1 & gl&ul> juices1 & ^! are secret$ or excret$ by ! somatic cells4 ,! cells assimilate nutritive mat]ial c>ri$ to !m by ! blood1 excrete refuse sub/ances1 secrete gl&ul> products1 & are ! m$ia = all human op]ations bel[ c]ta9 acts ( ! intellect4 ,a typical animal cell is commonly sph]ical 9 %ape1 b x may take a great v>iety ( =ms ?r\gh compression4 ,x has a cell-body or protoplasm1 :i* is call$ also cytoplasm1 especially :5 contra/$ ) ! nucle> k>yoplasm1 & a nucleus4 ,a few cells1 l fat-cells & ! human ovum1 h an ext]nal cov]+ membrane1 or cell-wall4 ,!re is a "p call$ ! ,c5trosome obs]vable 9 _m cells1 & ?is is made up ( "o or two m9ute dots surr\nd$ by a radiat+ a/] call$ ! ,attraction-,sph]e4 ,! c5trosome is conc]n$ 9 ! process ( cell-division & 9 ! f]tilization ( ! ovum2 x is an important organ 9 ! production ( cell f cell1 ?\gh its full nature & function are n yet kn[n4 ,! ,pla/id1 or ,protopla/1 is ano!r less important "p f\nd 9 c]ta9 cells2 & 9 ?is by enl>gem5t & diff]5tiation are =m$ />*1 pigm5t1 & 9 "s cases *lorophyl4 ,vacuoles are se5 9 cells2 & !re is an op9ion t ^! may be a special k9d ( pla/id3 "s vacuoles pulsate4 ,! ,nucleus is ! mo/ important "p ( a cell1 ! c5tre ( its activity4 ,! specific qualities ( organism 9 orig9 & developm5t are bas$ ^u nuclei1 s f> z ! mat]ial elem5t ( ! liv+ cells is conc]n$4 ,vital /imuli pass ?r\gh ! nucleus into ! surr\nd+ protoplasm1 & ^! /imuli control metabolism4 ,! nutritive cytoplasm assimilates1 b ! vital pr9ciple en]gizes ?is assimilation ?r\gh ! nucleus1 = a "p ( a cell depriv$ ( ! nucleus may live = a "t1 b x _c repair itself4 ,con/ructive metabolism ceases :5 ! nucleus is lo/4 ,a toxic disease l diph!ria kills by dis9tegrat+ cellul> nuclei4 ,9 ! nucleus are sev]al elem5ts1 ! *ief among :i* is ,*romat94 ,*romat9 takes v>i\s =ms1 b commonly x is an irregul> network4 ,f ! *romat9 are d]iv$ ! ,*romosomes 9 ! prophases ( indirect cell-division :i* is ! process ( cell-division 9 ! human body1 except 9 lymph-cells & :ite blood-corpuscles1 :i* split directly1 or by ,amitosis4 ,indirect cell-division is call$ ,mitosis or ,k>yok9esis4 ,9 ! male & female *romosomes1 accord+ to a common op9ion ( biologi/s1 all ! elem5ts ( p>5tal & phyletic physical h]$ity are transmitt$ to ! embryo4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,i ,a ,,cell4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,cytoplasm is a me% conta9+ num]\s m9ute granules call$ ,microsomes4 ,! production ( cell f cell is accompli%$ ei!r by direct splitt+ ( ! nucleus & cytoplasm into two new cells1 or by indirect division ?r\gh a s]ies ( /ages4 ,9 a typical direct1 or amitotic1 division ! nucleus is con/rict$ 9 ! middle & divides into two daught]-nuclei4 ,^! by amoeboid movem5ts )draw to ! poles ( ! cell2 ! cell f9ally divides betwe5 !m1 & ?us two cells are =m$4 ,^!1 aga91 split into f\r1 ! f\r into eight1 & s on4 ,an amoeba by direct division c sep>ate into two di/9ct new animals 9 t5 m9utes4 ,h]$ity "h is simple4 ,9 unicellul> organisms1 su* z ,rhizopoda & ,infusoria1 ea* individual gr[s to a c]ta9 /age1 & !n divides into two p>ts1 :i* are exactly alike 9 size & /ructure1 s t x is n possible to decide :e!r "o is old] or y\ng] ?an ! o!r4 ,^! organisms r$uce ! size ( _! ov]gr[n bodies by division4 ,ea* individual ( any su* unicellul> species is a "p split (f s]ially f an organism :i* />t$ into life ages ago4 ,"s ( !m h come d[n 9 un9t]rupt$ life f geological epo*s t pass$ away eons be=e ! fir/ man 0 creat$4 ,_m ( ^! unicellul> plants & animals h immeasurably ! mo/ anci5t =m ( life on e>?4 ,h]$ity ) !m dep5ds ^u ! fact t ea* (fspr+ is m]ely half ( its p>5t4 ,9 "s cases ! division has a sexual quality3 two cells 9 ,p>amecium1 &1 l ,infusoria fuse & !n divide if !y come into contact2 !y c1 h[ev]1 split )\t ?is sexual process4 ,multicellul> plants & animals d n reproduce by simple division1 & ! half ( ! p>5tal body does n pass ov] into ! prog5y4 ,sexual reproduction is ! *ief means ( multiplication 9 multicellul> organisms1 & 9 no case is x completely want+2 9 mo/ x is ! only me?od ( reproduction4 ,9 multicellul> animals ! p[] ( reproduction is 9 ! g]m-cells1 :i* diff] f ! somatic cells4 ,g]m-cells d n ma9ta9 individual life z ! body-cells d1 b ! g]m-cells alone pres]ve ! species4 ,f two ( ^! g]m-cells "u c]ta9 conditions is develop$ a complete bodily organism ( ! same species z ! p>5ts4 ,^! two cells are 9 a s5se ! undy+ cells2 ! somatic cells die4 ,multicellul> animals--,man1 = example--gr[ embryologically by ,mitosis or ,indirect ,division4 ,z 9 ,direct ,division1 typically1 ! nucleus 9 mitosis splits fir/ & ! cytoplasm secondly2 b be=e ! nucleus divides its cont5t und]goes a s]ies ( *anges4 ,! *romat9 loses its reticul> arrangem5t & gives rise to a def9ite numb] ( sep>ate bodies1 usually rod-%ap$1 kn[n z ,*romosomes4 ,9 ?is process ! *romat9 becomes a convolut$ ?read1 call$ ! ,ske9 or ,spireme4 ,! ?read ?ick5s & op5s out some:at1 & f9ally breaks transv]sely to =m ! *romosomes1 :i* may be rods1 /raight1 curv$1 ovoid1 & sometimes annul>4 ,commonly ! nucle> mat]ial fades away & leaves ! *romosomes 9 ! cell-plasm4 7,fig4 ,,ii1 #b & #c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,,ii ,,diagram ,,( ,,mitosis4 #a4 ,cell ) re/+ ,nucleus4 #b4 ,prophase3 ,*romat9 9 ?ick5$ convolut$ ?reads1 beg9n+ ( ,sp9dle4 #c4 ,prophase3 ,*romosomes4 #d4 ,prophase3 ,sp9dle 9 long axis ( ! ,nucleus1 ,*romosomes divid+4 #e4 ,anaphase3 ,*romosomes mov+ t[>d ! ,c5trosomes4 #f4 ,*romosomes at ! poles =m+ ! ,dia/]1 beg9n+ splitt+ ( ! ,cell-body4 #g4 ,telophase1 ,daught]-,nuclei return+ to re/+ /ate4 #h4 ,daught]-,nuclei %[+ ,mona/] bel[4 #i4 ,! two new ,cells4 ,x is almo/ an e/abli%$ fact t ea* species ( animal & plant has a fix$ & *>act]i/ic numb] ( *romosomes1 :i* regul>ly recurs 9 ! division ( all its cells4 ,9 =ms aris+ by sexual production ! numb] is ev54 ,! numb] ( *romosomes 9 ! human cell is said to be =ty-eight4 ,!re are1 accord+ to "s obs]v]s1 =ty-sev5 *romosomes 9 man & =ty-eight 9 woman4 ,!re seem to be twice z _m *romosomes 9 :ite m5 z 9 negroes4 ,wilson gives ! numb]#cj ( specific *romosomes = sev5ty-f\r animals & plants4 ,g]m-cells z diff]5tiat$ f ! somatic cells h 9 ! p]fect$ cell always half ! numb] ( *romosomes f\nd 9 a somatic cell4 #cj ,! ,cell 9 ,developm5t & ,inh]itance1 p4 #bjg4 ,:ile ^! *anges are go+ on 9 ! *romat9 ! ,amphia/] =ms4 ,?is consi/s ( a fibr\s sp9dle-%ap$ body1 ! ,sp9dle1 at ei!r pole ( :i* is an ,a/] made up ( rays4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ea* a/] is a ,c5trosome1 & ?is may h a ,c5trosph]e ab\t x4 ,z ! amphia/] gr[s ! c5trosomes are gr\p$ 9 a plane at ! equator ( ! sp9dle1 =m+ ! ,equatorial ,plate4 7,fig4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #d47 ,! process s f> makes up ! ,prophases ( ! ,mitosis4 ,9 ! ,metaphases ( ! ,k>yok9esis beg9s ! actual division ( ! cell4 ,ea* *romosome splits l5g?wise into exactly simil> halves1 & ^!1 9 ! ,anaphases ( ! mitosis1 drift out to ! opposite poles ( ! sp9dle to =m ! daught]-nuclei ( ! new cells4 ,! daught]-nuclei receive precisely equival5t portions ( *romat9 f ! "m-nucleus1 & ?is is an important fact 9 mitosis4 ,z ! *romosomes g t[>d ! poles ! cell-body beg9s to con/rict at ! equator4 ,9 ! f9al phases1 ! ,telophases1 ! cell divides 9 a plane pass+ ?r\gh ! equator ( ! sp9dle1 & ea* daught]-cell receives half ! *romosomes1 half ! sp9dle1 & "o ( ! a/]s ) its c5trosome4 ,a daught]-nucleus is recon/ruct$ 9 ea* cell f ! *romosomes4 ,! a/] commonly disappe>s & ! c5trosome p]si/s1 usually outside ! new nucleus1 b sometimes )9 x4 ,e phase ( mitosis is subject to v>iation 9 diff]5t k9ds ( cells1 b ! outl9e ( ! division giv5 "h is ! fundam5tal me?od4 ,! g]m-cells diff] f ! body-cells 9 g5]al by conta9+ half ! numb] ( *romosomes *>act]i/ic ( a giv5 animal or plant4 ,if ! body-cell has1 say1 tw5ty-f\r *romosomes1 ! sp]matozon ( ! animal or plant f :i* ! cells are tak5 w h twelve *romosomes & ! ovum w h twelve4 ,:5 ! nuclei ( ^! two cells unite 9 f]tilization ! result+ primordial cell w h ! tw5ty-f\r *romosomes re/or$1 ! specific numb] = ?is plant or animal4 ,9 og5esis & sp]matog5esis ! phases ( ,r$uction1 :]e9 ! ovum & sp]matozon get rid ( half ! *romosomes dur+ ! /ages ( maturation ( ^! g]m-cells1 are some:at simil> = bo? sexes4 ,! process is v complicat$1 b x is ( importance 9 ! !ories ( inh]itance4 ,all ! physical *>act]i/ics 9 a human be+ t come to him f 8 p>5ts & remot] ance/ors are suppos$1 by ! biologi/s1 to rea* him ?r\gh ! *romosomes 9 ! nuclei ( ! s+le p>5tal g]m-cells4 ,! mat]nal physical h]$ity is h&$ on ?r\gh ! *romosomes 9 ! ovum4 ,! fetus 9 ! womb is a p>asite1 autoc5tric1 fe$+ at ! />t f ! deutoplasm1 or yolk1 9 ! ovum1 & lat] f ! supplies br\ght to x by ! mat]nal blood4 ,! physical mat]ial x gets directly f ! "m is v probably all 9 ! *romosomes ( ! fecundat$ ovum4 ,"s weeks elapse1 & ! embryo is q advanc$ be=e x beg9s to draw food f ! "m at all4 ,s f> z ! fa!r is conc]n$1 !re is no d\bt :atev] t e physical & pa?ological *>act]i/ic t c be h&$ d[n--& !re are _m su* qualities--mu/ come ?r\gh ! *romosomes ( ! pat]nal sp]matozon4 ,c]ta9 physical *>act]i/ics are pass$ on = c5turies 9 a family--! ,norseman's body 9 nor!a/]n ,irel&1 ! sk9-pigm5t 9 ! ,am]ican negro1 & s on indef9itely--& ^! qualities _c come d[n except ?r\gh ! *romosomes4 ,! g]m-plasm has come to u f ! fir/ man1 & x w be pass$ on to ! la/ p]son ( ! race--we are all lit]ally ut]9e bro!rs4 ,9 ! r$uction ( ! g]m-cells1 if ! primordial cell t f9ally produces ! ovum has1 say1 f\r *romosomes1 ^! f\r *romosomes fir/ split longitud9ally & r$uce into two tetrads1 or two gr\ps ( f\r *romosomes4 ,outside ! nucleus is a sp9dle t[>d :i* ! two tetrads move2 !y pass out ( ! nucleus & become ! equatorial plane ( ! sp9dle2 ea* tetrad divides into dyads 7pairs ( *romosomes71 & "o pair ( ^! dyads rema9s 9 ! ovum1 :ile ! o!r pair leaves ! ovum entirely & becomes ! nucleus ( an abortive cell1 call$ ! ,fir/ ,pol> ,body4 ,lat] a second pol> body =ms & c>ries ano!r dyad 7two *romosomes7 out ( ! ovum1 leav+ only "o dyad1 or two *romosomes1 9 ! g]m-cells2 t is1 half ! numb] ( *romosomes t 7 9 ! primordial cell4 ,! r$uction-division 9 sp]matozoa is simil>1 b ! end process leaves f\r active sp]matozoa1 :]eas 9 ! ovum ! f9al result is "o ovum & ?ree practically in]t & ca/-(f pol> bodies4 ,! r$uction-division 9 bo? ovum & sp]matozon is 9 reality f> m complicat$ ?an ! broad summ>y giv5 "h4 ,9 p>!nog5etic insects & animals a pol> body takes ! place ( ! sp]matozon1 & fuses ) ! egg-nucleus to />t mitosis4 ,9 g5]al1 ! new nuclei 9 ! cells =m$ by division are n made de novo1 b arise f ! splitt+ ( ! nucleus 9 ! "m-cell4 ,! new nucleus assimilates mat]ial1 gr[s to maturity1 & divides aga9 into two daught]-nuclei4 ,:atev] be ! numb] ( *romosomes t ent] a new nucleus z x =ms1 ! same numb] issues f x 9 mitosis4 ,bov]i said1#ca ,we may id5tify e *romatic elem5t aris+ f a re/+ nucleus ) a def9ite elem5t t ent]s into ! =mation ( t nucleus1 f :i* ! rem>kable conclusion foll[s t 9 all cells d]iv$ 9 ! regul> c\rse ( division f ! f]tiliz$ egg1 "o half ( ! *romosomes are ( /rictly pat]nal orig91 ! o!r half ( mat]nal4 ,x is n /rictly true to say t ! g]m-nuclei fuse3 !y s5d 9 two sets ( *romosomes t lie side by side1 z has be5 frequ5tly demon/rat$ s9ce #ahibcb 9 _m ( ! l[] =ms ( life1 & ?is law almo/ c]ta9ly ext5ds also to man4 #ca ,j5ais*e ,zeits*rift1 #ahia1 p4 #daj4 #cb ,see ,wilson1 op4 cit41 p4 #bii4 ,! primordial g]m-cells appe> 9 ! human fetus ab\t ! tw5tie? day & f9ally mature at pub]ty4 ,!n an ovum at m5/ruation breaks out ?r\gh ! surface ( ! ov>y1 & is tak5 by ! fimbriae ( ! ,fallopian tube into ! lum5 ( ?is tube4 ,fecundation happ5s ne> ! out] or ov>ian end ( ! ,fallopian tube1 & ! fecundat$ ovum f9ally is pass$ on to fa/5 on ! wall ( ! ut]us4 ,! sp]matozon is a ciliat$ cell ) ! p[] ( locomotion1 ?r\gh ! movem5t ( ! tail ( ! cell4 ,x c move #j4je to #j4jf mm41 or its own l5g?1 9 a second4 ,x ?us passes up ?r\gh ! ut]us & out ?r\gh ! ,fallopian tube1 aga9/ ! cil>y motion ( ! tubal cells1 until x meets ! ovum4 ,a human ovum is a typical cell1 b x has a cov]+ membrane1 & a m9ute quantity ( deutoplasm or yolk1 :i* is n alive1 & is food = ! gr[+ embryo be=e ! embryo beg9s to draw su/5ance ?r\gh ! plac5ta4 ,! eggs ( birds h a l>ge quantity ( food /or$ 9 ! yolk1 s9ce _! embryos live 9 ! ovum & draw food !refrom dur+ ! entire p]iod :i* corresponds to ! "t ( ge/ation 9 mammals4 ,! :ite & ! calc>e\s %ell ( a h5's egg are adv5titi\s p>ts1 add$ 9 ! oviduct aft] ! egg leaves ! ov>y4 ,! sp]matozon is a complicat$ organism4 ,! head is p>tly cov]$ ) a ?9 protoplasmic cap1 & x conta9s ! nucleus ) ! *romat94 ,9 ! neck are two c5trosomes4 ,! tail is 9 ?ree p>ts ) an axial filam5t ?r\gh\t1 :i* is a bundle ( extremely m9ute fibrils4 ,9 ! middle "p ! axial filam5t is surr\nd$ by an inn] %ea?2 outside ?is %ea? is a spiral filam5t ly+ 9 a cle> sub/ance2 & outside ! spiral filam5t is a f9ely granul> lay] ( protoplasm1 call$ ! ,mito*ondria4 ,?is organism is a liv+ animal cell1 & x c live 9 an incubator1 or 9 ! ,fallopian tube = two or ?ree weeks1 altoge!r remov$ f ! liv+ male body t produc$ x4 ,sir ,john ,lubbock#cc says he kept a que5 ant alive = ?irte5 ye>s4 ,?is ant1 :i* di$ 9 #ahhh1 _h be5 f]tiliz$ 9 #ahgd1 & nev] aft]w>d4 ,%e laid f]tile eggs = ?irte5 ye>s2 t is1 ! sp]matozoa 9 h] oviduct reta9$ _! vitality = ?irte5 ye>s4 #cc ,j\rnal ( ! ,l9nean ,society1 vol4 xx1 p4 #acc4 ,! human sp]matozon is a liv+ cell3 x has 7#a7 ! requisite /ructure2 7#b7 ! *emical composition ( an organic be+2 7#c7 a figure 9 keep+ ) its species2 7#d7 an orig9 f a liv+ prog5itor2 7#e7 ! explicatio naturae2 7#f7 ! p[] ( assimilation2 7#g7 ! duratio viv5tium2 7#h7 ! p[] ( reproduction2 7#i7 motion & locomotion4 ,z soon z ! ovum breaks ?r\gh ! surface ( ! ov>y x has all ! qualities ( ! sp]matozon except locomotion4 ,^! two cells are animal cells1 n vegetable2 j z s+le-cell$ protozoa1 l ,act9ophrys1 ,act9ospha]ium1 ,clo/]ium1 ,/5tor1 & ! ,amoebas are animals1 n plants4 ,x is n possible 9 our pres5t k %>ply to diff]5tiate ultimate =ms ( plants f animals4 ,to say t animals h ! qualities ( plants plus a s5ti5t vital pr9ciple is n en\gh4 ,x is v d\btful t ev5 ! s-call$ s5sitive plants feel1 & x is practically c]ta9 t _m l[ =ms ( animal life d n feel--!y h no s5ti5t me*anism4 ,plants h ! qualities enum]at$ above plus ! p[] ( draw+ nutrim5t directly f inorganic mat]ial1 :ile animals c draw nutrim5t directly only f organic mat]ial2 yet "s fungi1 bact]ia = example1 w gr[ & ?rive only on organic mat]ial1 & animals w take up m9]al drugs4 ,x is que/ionable1 h[ev]1 t m9]als :i* ?us f9d a way into animal cells are really assimilat$4 ,!y excite or irritate ^! cells into int5s] action1 & ?us cause gr[?1 r ?an affect developm5t by direction4 ,! s-call$ m9]al tonics us$ 9 m$ic9e act by irritation4 ,?is irritation or /imulation by drugs c 9 c]ta9 v l[ =ms ( animal life />t mitosis 9 ! unf]tiliz$ ovum1 & ?us build up "p1 at ! lea/1 ( a specific embryo p>!nog5etically3 "h probably a pol> body takes ! place ( ! sp]matozon4 ,loeb1 by treat+ ! unf]tiliz$ egg ( ,arbacia 7a sea-ur*97 ) magnesium *loride1 />t$ mitosis t result$1 x is said1 9 a p]fect ,pluteus l>va4#cd #cd ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,physiology1 #ahii1 iii1 #c4 ,! human ovum is ab\t half ! size ( a p]iod 9 ! type ( ?is page1 & two hundr$ & fifty sp]matozoa w fit side by side along ! horizontal diamet] ( ! l[]case lett] o "h4 ,! nuclei ( ^! cells are extremely m9ute3 !y mu/ be /a9$ & be obs]v$ ) a high-p[] objective on ! microscope be=e !y become visible4 ,?is small nucleus ( ! sp]matozon p5etrates ! cov]+ membrane ( ! ovum1 enl>ges1 & becomes ! male pronucleus4 ,! pronucleus unites p]man5tly ) ! pronucleus ( ! ovum1 & toge!r !y =m ! ,cleavage or ,segm5tation ,nucleus ( ! f]tiliz$ ovum4 ,?is new nucleus gives rise by division to ! innum]able myriads ( nuclei 9 ! gr[+ body4 ,h5ce e nucleus ( ! *ild app>5tly conta9s nucle> mat]ial d]iv$ f bo? p>5ts1 z has be5 said4 ,! two p]fect$ g]m-cells be=e fecundation are 9 a /ate ( nucle> re/ aft] ! num]\s mitotic *anges t h tak5 place 9 ! maturation ( ^! cells4 ,:5 ^! nuclei unite 9 ! ovum an int5se activity at once is set up4 ,biologi/s (f] v _m !ories to expla9 ?is awak5+ =ce4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,h]t+1 & o!rs held t protoplasm :5 p]fect$ t5ds to pass into a /ate ( /able equilibrium & consequ5t less5$ activity1 b f]tilization re/ores x to a labile /ate4 ,?is & simil> !ories are v]bose amplifications ( ! obvi\s fact t ! cells />t to divide & ! biologi/s d n "k ! cause4 ,! s\l1 ( c\rse1 _c h any?+ to d ) ! matt]1 because y _c smell a s\l4 ,s5esc5ce & rejuv5esc5ce is ano!r sonor\s explanation t does n expla91 us$ by ,m9ot1 ,engelmann1 & ,hans54 ,weismann rejects ^! !ories = 8 own ,f]tilization z a ,s\rce ( ,v>iation4 ,anyh[1 ! f]tiliz$ cell />ts to divide reg>dless ( ! biologi/s4 ,adult cells may be /imulat$ to divide by *emical irritation1 by me*anical pressure z 9 ! =mation ( calluses1 traumatism1 by any ag5cy t br+s ab\t an abnormal condition ( ! body1 b ?is fact does n expla9 ! normal fission ( ! fecundat$ ovum4 ,9 ab\t fifte5 days f ! date ( f]tilization ! ovum passes ?r\gh ! foll[+ /ages3 #a4 ,! ovum1 ) a full s]ies ( mitotic *anges ( ! ord9>y somatic type describ$ above1 divides1 subdivides1 & gr[s )9 ! cell-wall until a r\nd$ mass ( cells is =m$1 :i* is call$ ! ,morula or ,bla/ula--! orig9al cell-wall1 ( c\rse1 /ret*es to hold ^! new cells4 ,!y are ( unequal size1 & !y divide at unequal rates4 #b4 ,an album9\s fluid collects )9 ! morula1 & ?us ! ,vesicle or ,bla/ocy/ is =m$4 ,! bla/ocy/ is call$ m commonly ! ,cleavage ,cavity or ! ,segm5tation ,cavity4 ,z ?is cavity wid5s ! cells are se5 to be arrang$ 9 two gr\ps--7a7 an envelop+ lay]1 ! epibla/1 f ! out]mo/ plate ( :i* develops lat] ! ,trophobla/1 or ! n\ri%+ & protect+ cov]+ ( ! embryo2 7b7 an ,inn] ,cell ,mass1 made up ( granul> cells1 atta*$ to ! epibla/ic lay] at ! ,embryonic ,pole ( ! ,vesicle4 ,^! two /ages probably take place 9 ! ,fallopian tube1 & !reaft] ! embryo is 9 ! cavity ( ! ut]us4 #c4 ,9 ! ?ird /age ! ,inn] ,cell-,mass sep>ates into two lay]s d]iv$ f ! inn] cell-plate ( ! bla/ula4 ,! mass flatt5s & spreads p]iph]ally1 until f9ally x is divid$ into two lay]s4 ,! out] is ! ,ectod]m & ! inn] is ! ,endod]m or ,hypobla/4 ,! ?ree /eps j describ$ h n yet be5 se5 9 ! human species by any "o1 b !y are inf]r$ v confid5tly f :at is well kn[n ( ! developm5t 9 mammals mo/ closely resembl+ man 9 physical =mation4 #d4 ,by ! conv]sion ( ! "o-lay]$ bla/ula into two lay]s ( cells1 ! ,ga/rula /age ( ! embryo is atta9$4 ,! ,ga/rula consi/s ( two lay]s ( cells surr\nd+ a c5tral cavity1 :i* is ! ,ar*5t]on1 or ! body-cavity t w hold ! inte/9es4 ,dur+ ! pa/ twelve ye>s _m specim5s ( human ga/rulas h be5 obs]v$4 ,! e>lie/ =m 0 t se5 9 #aijh by ,tea*] & ,boyce4#ce ,?is embryo 0 #a4ie mm4 9 l5g? by #j4ie mm4 9 wid?1 ab\t twice ! size ( a p9-head4 ,x %[$ on section ! endod]m1 ! ectod]m1 & ! beg9n+ mesod]m1 enclos$ 9 a sph]ical mass ( trophobla/ic cells4 ,! mesod]m is a plate ( cells ly+ betwe5 ! endod]mic & ectod]mic plates4 ,:5 ! mesod]m develops into two plates1 a cavity1 call$ ! ,primitive ,coelom1 appe>s betwe5 ! plates4 ,! ,coelom becomes ! space betwe5 ! visc]a & ! body-walls 9 lat] developm5t4 #ce ,contributions to ! ,/udy ( ! ,e>ly ,developm5t & ,emb$d+ ( ! ,human ,embryo4 ,glasg[1 #aiaa4 ,f ! prim>y embryonic lay]s ( cells1 ! ectod]m1 ! endod]m1 & mesod]m1 all ! p>ts ( ! body are built up4 ,f ! ectod]m are produc$ ! sk91 nails1 hair1 ! epi!lium ( ! sebace\s1 sweat1 & mamm>y gl&s1 ! epi!lium ( ! m\? & saliv>y gl&s1 ! tee?-enamel1 ! epi!lium ( ! nasal tract1 ( ! e>1 ( ! front ( ! eye1 & ! :ole sp9al cord & ! bra91 ) _! outgr[?s4 ,f ! endod]m come ! epi!lium ( ! respiratory tract1 ( mo/ ( ! dige/ive tract ) ! liv] & pancreas1 ! epi!lium ( ! ?yroid body1 ! bladd]1 & o!r m9or p>ts4 ,f ! mesod]m are develop$ bone1 d5t9e1 c>tilage1 lymph1 blood1 fibr\s & alveol> tissues1 muscles1 all endo!lial cells1 z ( jo9t-cavities1 blood-vessels1 ! pleura & p]itoneum1 ! sple51 kidneys & uret]s1 & ! reproductive bodies4 ,! epibla/ n[ ) its mesobla/ic l9+ beg9s to =m ! ,*orion1 an embryonic intraut]9e app5dage2 & ! endod]m encloses ! ,ar*5t]on or primitive gut4 ,be=e ! end ( ! second week ( ge/ation ! he>t is indicat$ z two tubes 9 ! mesod]m1 & ! blood-vessels beg9 to be produc$ 9 ! yolk-sac4 ,ab\t ! twelf? day ! m\?-pit %[s1 & ! gut-tract is p>tly sep>at$ f ! yolk-sac4 ,! m$ull>y plate ( ! n]v\s sy/em is laid d[n ab\t ! f\rte5? day1 & ! nasal area is obs]vable4 ,! mat]nal blood escapes into spaces ab\t ! embryo enclos$ by masses ( embryonic cells1 :i* h n sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 b :i* are kn[n collectively z ,syncytium4 #e4 ,) ! ?ird week ! /age ( ! embryo1 te*nically s call$1 beg9s4 ,dur+ ?is week ! body ( ! embryo is indicat$4 ,!re are ?ree lay]s ( cells1 already m5tion$1 ! ectod]m1 mesod]m1 & endod]m1 & ^! lie on ! floor ( ! envelop+ ,amnion4 ,! amnion is a loose fluid-fill$ sac 7! caul7 envelop+ ! fetus to protect x f j>r+4 ,! fluid 9 x is ! wat]s t escape 9 p>turition :5 ! infant breaks ?r\gh ! caul4 ,! ar*5t]on 9 ! ?ird week %[s ! beg9n+ ( a division into two p>ts3 ! "p t w g to ! body prop] ( ! embryo1 & ! "p outside ! body ( ! embryo :i* w =m ! yolk-sac1 or umbilical vesicle1 f :i* ! embryo w draw su/5ance until ! plac5tal vessels h be5 =m$4 ,! "p ( ! ar*5t]on t rema9s )9 ! embryo prop] beg9s 9 ?is ?ird week to be m\ld$ into ! head-cavity4 ,! =ep>t ( ! ar*5t]on w lat] make ! alim5t>y tract f ! m\? to ! middle ( ! duod5um1 or small inte/9e beyond ! /oma*4 ,! o!r "p ( ! ar*5t]on wall make ! ,allantois1 ! h9d gut & ! bladd]4 ,! allantois becomes a "p ( ! fetal umbilical cord aft] ! =mation ( ! plac5ta4 ,dur+ ?is ?ird week ! dorsal outl9e ( ! embryo is concave2 ! he>t has a s+le cavity1 :i* w beg9 to divide dur+ ! f\r? week2 ! vitell9e blood circulation beg9s1 & ! blood-vessels ( ! visc]al ar* are laid d[n4 ,! dige/ive sy/em is advanc$ to a gut-tract1 :i* is a /raight tube connect$ ) ! yolk-sac4 ,! liv] evag9ation is pres5t & ! oral pit is a five-sid$ fossa4 ,! respiratory sy/em is repres5t$ by ! anlage ( ! lungs1 a longitud9al protrusion ( ! v5tral wall ( ! esophagus4 ,! g5ito-ur9>y sy/em beg9s z ! ,wolffian bodies4 ,! mesod]m />ts to segm5t to =m ! sk91 & ! neural canal 7f :i* develop ! sp9al cord & bra97 = ! n]v\s sy/em =ms4 ,! f\r? v5tricle ( ! bra9 is indicat$1 & ! vesicles ( ! =e bra91 mid bra91 & h9d bra9 are recognizable4 ,! e>s1 nose1 & eyes1 muscul> sy/em1 skeleton1 & limbs are also beg9n+ to be recognizable4 ,at ab\t ! sixte5? or eighte5? day ( ge/ation ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! embryo rapidly diff]5tiate4 ,9 ! f\r? week all ^! p>ts advance4 ,! atrium cavity ( ! he>t beg9s to divide2 ! alim5t>y tract %[s ! ph>ynx & esophagus1 /oma*1 & gut2 ! pancreas />ts1 ! liv] div]ticulum divides1 & ! bile-ducts appe>4 ,! lung anlage bifurcates & ! primitive tra*ea is se54 ,! v5tral roots ( ! sp9al n]ves appe>1 ! int]ior e> is indicat$1 & ! eye is deep]4 ,! buds ( ! legs & arms appe> ab\t ! tw5ty-fir/ day--by ! ?irty-second day ev5 ! f+]s are pres5t4 ,! f\r he>t-cavities are =m$1 ! inte/9al canal is ne>ly clos$1 ! fir/ indications ( ! liv] & kidneys appe>4 ,! *ild n[ has rea*$ ! fetal /age1 & its liv+ body is made up ( myriads ( cells all d]iv$ f ! orig9al f]tiliz$ ovum4 ,! fetus is !n "o c5timetre1 or two-fif?s ( an in*1 9 l5g?--ab\t ! l5g? ( ! ^w fetus "h4 ,at ! end ( ! second mon? ! fetus is two & a half c5timetres long4 ,! e>s appe>1 & ! tail-l process at ! l[] end ( ! sp9e disappe>s4 ,! arms %[ ! ?ree p>ts1 arm1 =e>m1 & h&2 & a little lat] ! ?igh1 leg1 & foot are diff]5tiat$4 ,! navel beg9s to close1 ! liv] develops1 ! abdom5 is yet p>tly op54 ,at ! end ( ! ?ird lun> mon? ! fetus is sev5 to n9e c5timetres long4 ,! inte/9al canal is =m$ & conta9s bile4 ,! body resembles t ( a human be+1 b ! head is proportionately v l>ge4 ,bony tissue beg9s to appe>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,,iii4 ,! ,developm5t ( ! ,fetus4 ,at ! end ( ! f\r? lun> mon? ! fetus is t5 to sev5te5 c5timetres long4 ,"s muscles are movable4 ,! he>t-beat is /rong4 ,sex is di/+ui%able ext]nally4 ,! sk9 is bright r$1 & s transp>5t t ! blood-vessels are visible ?r\gh x4 ,t[>d ! close ( ! fif? lun> mon? ! head is ab\t ! size ( a h5's egg4 ,! sk9 is some:at less transp>5t4 ,!re are indications ( hair & nails4 ,! eyelids are clos$4 ,p>ts ( ! bra9 & sp9al cord are =m$4 ,su* a fetus may live = five or t5 m9utes if remov$ f ! womb1 & x may make attempts at respiration4 ,at ! end ( ! six? lun> mon? ! fetus1 if born1 may live = sev]al h\rs "u favorable circum/ances4 ,its respiratory1 dige/ive1 & relat$ organs are n develop$1 & no artificial fe$+ w keep su* a *ild alive4 ,! bra9 cortex1 ! organ ( consci\sness1 beg9s to lam9ate into ?ree /rata ( n]ve-cells at ! beg9n+ ( ! six? mon?4 ,"h ! "t ( fetal viability outside ! womb may be consid]$4 ,lang/e91 ( ! ,augu/a ,victoria ,hospital 9 ,b]l91 report$#cf a /udy ( ! gr[? & nutrition ( #bej prematurely born infants1 & he f\nd t a weight ( #ajjj grammes 7#b-a_/e p\nds7 & a full body l5g? ( #cd c5timetres 7#ac-c_/e in*es7 are ! l[e/ limits = viability "u prop] circum/ances4 ,a fetus #ajjj grammes 9 weight & #cd c5timetres 9 l5g? has complet$ ! six? sol> mon?1 or ! six? & a half lun> mon?2 t is1 x is viable at ! beg9n+ ( its sev5? mon?1 s]vatis s]v&is4 #cf ,b]l9] kl9is*e ,wo*5s*rift1 ,june #ad1 #aiae4 ,! *ild at t]m1 z a r\gh av]age1 is f #dh to #eb c5timetres 7#ai to #bj-a_/b in*es7 9 l5g?1 & x weighs f ab\t #f-c_/e to #g-a_/b p\nds4 ,x is impossible1 h[ev]1 to obta9 ! sizes & weights ( infants 9 ut]o ) sci5tific accuracy1 because ! date ( conception _c be det]m9$ ) absolute c]ta9ty1 & individual fetuses v>y z d infants aft] bir?4 ,a full-t]m infant sometimes may weigh only #c-a_/b p\nds :5 ! "m is diseas$1 & aga9 an eight-mon? fetus w weigh z mu* z #h p\nds4 ,l>ge muscul> & fat wom5 h l>ge babies2 wom5 ( ! well-to-d classes h l>g] babies ?an d ! poor2 wom5 :o "w dur+ ge/ation be> small] babies ?an d ^? wom5 t re/4 ,mo!rs :o "w 9 tobacco1 lead1 or phosphorus h puny babies2 :ite *ildr5 are l>g] at bir? ?an negro *ildr52 boys at t]m are #c to #e ounces heavi] ?an girls4 ,lang/e9 says t prematurely born infants weigh+ f #ijj grammes 7#ca-a_/b ounces7 to #aejj grammes 7#c-a_/b p\nds7--t is1 all born be=e ! sev5? sol> mon?--mu/ be kept 9 hot-wat] incubators 9 a room ) ord9>y v5tilation4 ,babies weigh+ #bjjj grammes 7#d-a_/b p\nds7 or m get along 9 an ord9>y crib if !y are kept surr\nd$ ) hot-wat] bags4 ,su* *ildr5 are to be f$ ) human milk ?r\gh a ca!t] pass$ into ! m\? or !y die ( inanition4 ,only a few ( !m are /rong en\gh to suck f a bottle1 & ^! give up ! ef=t aft] a few days & die4 ,!y _c utilize fat1 ev5 f milk2 & all artificial food is dang]\s4 ,mo/ ( ! prematurely born become ra*itic1 & ev5 human milk is n prev5tive ( ?is condition4 ,ra*itis is a con/itutional disease1 *>act]iz$ by impair$ nutrition ( ! bones & *anges 9 _! %ape4 ,9 ! ?ird or f\r? mon? craniotabes is frequ5t--t is1 an atrophy ( ! skull bones ) ! =mation ( small conical pits4 ,^! infants %[ also a morbid t5d5cy to convulsions--spasmophilia4 ,su* diseases are caus$ by a lack ( m9]al salts1 :i* normally are c>ri$ to ! fetus by ! plac5tal blood dur+ ! la/ two mon?s ( ge/ation4 ,because ( ?is lack premature infants require ! adm9i/ration ( lime salts 9 _! food2 !y also ne$ iron because !y are anemic4 ,a fetus1 !n1 ( six cal5d>1 or sol>1 mon?s 7n lun>7 is viable if treat$ 9 a hospital by compet5t physicians4 ,o!rwise x is n viable1 except 9 a /rictly te*nical s5se2 x w n live m ?an a few days or weeks4 ,reports ( infants y\ng] ?an six mon?s z hav+ be5 successfully re>$ are n cr$ible--x is easy to make an error 9 ! reckon+4 ,a full sev5-mon?s infant may be re>$ ) prop] fe$+ & skill$ c>e2 a six-mon?s infant may be re>$ 7) difficulty7 9 a hospital ) skill$ c>e4 ,if x is c]ta9 t ! removal ( a six-mon?s fetus w "h & n[ save ! life ( a "m 7a v difficult matt] to judge by ! be/ diagno/icians71 ?is removal may be done1 provid$ ! infant is deliv]$ 9 circum/ances :]e skill$ c>e1 incubator1 & prop] food are obta9able2 o!rwise ! removal is n ju/ifiable4 ,t ! ord9>y physician says x is necess>y to empty ! ut]us is n a suffici5t reason1 z he is likely to act f ill-dige/$ in=mation set =? by pr(essorial pagans1 :o place no value :atev] on human life 9 an infant4 ,a mo/ important & ess5tial circum/ance 9 ! matt] ( induc+ abortion at ! end ( ! six? mon? ( ge/ation to save a "m's life is t 9 practically e case requir+ su* int]f]5ce ! diseas$ condition ( ! "m has *eck$ ! gr[? ( ! fetus1 & ! fetus !re=e is really n a six-mon?s *ild 9 developm5t4 ,su* an undevelop$ fetus is n viable4 ,eclamptic wom51 & ^? :o h nephritis1 are mo/ likely to h undevelop$ fetuses4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d ! sev5? mon? %\ld be complet$ be=e int]f]5ce4 ,h[ is ?is human body 9 all its complexity develop$ f ! microscopic g]m-cells8 ,!re has be5 a va/ deal ( ink spill$ 9 /riv+ to solve ?is my/]y1 b we come out empty by ! same door :]e9 we w5t4 ,! e>ly ,pre=mationi/s guess$ t ! ovum conta9s an embryo fully =m$ 9 m9iature1 & developm5t is a m]e unfold+ ( :at _h already exi/$4 ,! biologi/s ( to-day m5tion ! ,pre=mationi/s ) sup]ior scorn1 & !n pres5t ,pre=mationism "u o!r names4 ,weismann's !ory is ! mo/ fa%ionable at pres5t4 ,9 a pap] read at ! ,d>w9ian ,memorial ,congress 9 #aiji1 ,weismann said3 ,) o!rs ,i reg>d ! m9imal am\nt ( sub/ance :i* is conta9$ )9 ! nucleus ( ! g]m-cells 9 ! =m ( rods1 b&s1 or granules1 z ! g]m-sub/ance1 or g]m-plasm1 & ,i call ! individual granules#cg ids4 ,!re is always a multiplicity ( su* ids pres5t 9 ! nucleus1 ei!r occurr+ individually or unit$ 9 ! =ms ( rods & b&s 7*romosomes74 ,ea* id conta9s ! prim>y con/itu5ts ( ! :ole individual1 s t sev]al ids are conc]n$ 9 ! developm5t ( a new individual4 ,actually !re are su* ?+s z *romosomes1 & :5 ^! are /a9$ & are "u ! highe/ p[] ( ! microscope !y appe> to be granul>4 ,^! granules ,weismann calls ids4 ,beyond ! fact t !re are su* granules1 all else is %e] guess+4 #cg ,id is a ^w d]iv$ f ,ngeli's t]m idioplasm1 :i* means ! *romosome granule4 ,he says fur!r3 ,9 e complex /ructure ?\s&s ( prim>y con/itu5ts mu/ g to make up a s+le id2 ^! ,i call det]m9ants1 & ,i mean by ?is "n v small individual p>ticles1 f> beyond ! limit ( microscopic visibility1 vital units1 :i* fe$1 gr[1 & multiply by division4 ,^! det]m9ants control ! p>ts ( ! develop+ embryo1--9 :at mann] ne$ n "h conc]n u4 ,!re is "s tru? "h4 ,! id is made up ( molecules & atoms1 ions & electrons1 & 9 "s mann]1 ( c\rse1 ^! h to d ) ! developm5t ( ! embryo2 b z to ! mann] we h n ! slighte/ k1 & j ?is k is :at we ne$ to make ! !ory any?+ m dignifi$ ?an a *ild's game at guess+4 ,!re is a /ructural diff]5tiation 9 ! unsegm5t$ ovum1 ) all ! embryonal axes =e%ad[$ 9 x1 b ?is tells u no?+ m ?an t ! egg conta9s ! man 9 g]m4 ,he goes on3 ,! det]m9ants diff] among !mselves2 ^? ( a muscle are diff]5tly con/itut$ f ^? ( a n]ve-cell or a gl&ul> cell1 etc41 & ea* det]m9ant is 9 its turn made up ( m9ute vital units1 :i* ,i call biophors1 or ! be>]s ( life4 ,t ^! s-call$ det]m9ants diff] among !mselves may be true1 if !y exi/ at all1 :i* is j ! po9t to be prov$4 ,giv+ ,greek names to inv5tions does n turn inv5tion into fact4 ,^! suppos$ det]m9ants1 he says1 may v>y quantitatively if ! elem5ts ( :i* !y are compos$ v>y2 !y 444 & _! v>iations may give rise to correspond+ v>iations ( ! organ1 cell1 or cell-gr\p :i* !y det]m9e4 ,pr(essor ,dwight said3#ch ,?is is :at is palm$ (f on u = sci5ce6 ,weismann assures u we mu/ admit ?is f>rago ( clumsy fiction1 o!rwise we %\ld be =c$ to assume ! help ( a pr9ciple ( design4#ci ,9 ! "n ( common s5se1 !n1 admit a pr9ciple ( design1 & be done ) x6 #ch ,?\ghts ( a ,ca?olic ,anatomi/1 p4 #dh4 #ci ,contempor>y ,review1 ,septemb]1 #ahic4 ,d>w9's ,gemmule ,!ory is ! same guess+2 & ,weismann rejects x because he did n ?9k ( x fir/4 ,z a !ory ! gemmule plot is j z good & j z bad sci5tifically z ,weismann's4 ,! *ief objection to su* imag9+ is t aft] its au?ors h put x into pr9t a few times !y lose all s5se ( humor1 & mi/ake phantasms = facts4 ,up to ! pres5t "t we h discov]$ no liv+ organism l[] 9 grade ?an ! cell4 ,if life ev] orig9at$ f inorganic matt]1 x appe>$ 9 an organiz$ cell4 ,! ,weismann ids1 biophors1 & ! re/1 suppos+ !y exi/$ outside 8 own imag9ation1 are n m capable ( indep5d5t life ?an is a *romat9 granule4 ,9 any ev5t1 ^! biophors c\ld n h orig9at$ spontane\sly 9 ! fir/ liv+ be+2 & if !y c\ld n s h come into exi/5ce1 life c\ld nev] h begun4 ,h[ev] primitive any organism is1 x mu/ be able to n\ri% itself & to develop into a high] specific =m2 b su* a v>iety ( functions supposes diff]5tiat$ /ructure1 compos$ ( un/able *emical sub/ances1 a correlation ( p>ts1 a purposeful anticipation ( ends4 ,inorganic sub/ances1 cry/als1 & ! l are *>act]i/ically /able1 n un/able2 & ^! c\ld n h be5 br\ght into ! organic /ate on an e>? burnt to a c9d] & devoid ( *lorophyl1 :i* itself presupposes organic cells4 ,:5ce came also ! absolutely ess5tial =m ( en]gy1 directive ( vegetative life8 ,! only possible explanation is t life 0 creat$1 n evolv$ by a /rang] miracle f a lump ( lava4 ,we "k ! successive /eps 9 ! gr[? ( ! embryo f ! "t ( f]tilization to ! end ( ge/ation1 b h[ ?is vital process is effect$ is n s evid5t4 ,:at we are c]ta9 ( is t !re is a vital pr9ciple ( "s k9d f ! beg9n+1 & ?is is ! matt] ( real importance 9 ! pres5t discussion4 ,! old morali/s held t ?is pr9ciple 9 ! human be+ is at fir/ vegetative2 aft] a :ile t vegetative vital pr9ciple is expell$ by a s5sitive pr9ciple2 & f9ally ?is s5sitive s\l is expell$ by ! rational vital pr9ciple1 or human s\l4 ,/4 ,?omas#dj says3 ,"s tell u ! vital acts t appe> 9 ! embyro are n f its s\l1 b f ! s\l ( ! "m1 or f ! primitive =ce 9 ! sem54 ,bo? ^! /atem5ts are false4 ,vital op]ations1 z s5sation1 nutrition1 gr[?1 _c come f an extr9sic pr9ciple2 !re=e x mu/ be admitt$ t a s\l prexi/$ 9 ! embryo1 nutritive at fir/1 !n s5sitive1 & f9ally intellectual4 ,aft] %[+ t an intellectual s\l _c be evolv$ f l[] =ms1 he concludes3 ,!re=e we say t s9ce ! g5]ation ( "o ?+ is always ! corruption ( ano!r1 9 man z 9 o!r animals1 :5 a m p]fect =m comes 9 ?is supposes ! corruption ( any prec$5t =m2 s1 h[ev]1 t ! sequ5t =m has all p]fection t 0 9 ! de/roy$ =ms1 & some?+ 9 addition3 & ?us ?r\gh _m g5]ations & corruptions ! f9al sub/antial =m is atta9$ 9 man & o!r animals4 ,?is is app>5t to ! s5ses 9 animals g5]at$ f putrefaction4 ,!re=e ! intellectual s\l is creat$ by ,god at ! end ( human g5]ation1 & ?is s\l is bo? s5sitive & nutritive1 all prec$5t =ms hav+ be5 de/roy$4 #dj ,i1 q4 #aah1 a4 #b1 ad #b4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z ! g5]ation ( any animal or o!r liv+ be+ f putrefaction2 b t is irrelevant4 ,/4 ,?omas's argum5t proves conclusively t if man has fir/ a m]ely vegetative s\l1 & secondly a m]ely s5sitive s\l1 :i* includes ! p[] ( ! vegetative s\l1 & ?irdly an intellectual s\l1 :i* does ! "w ( all ?ree1 t ?is f9al intellectual s\l is n an evolution ( ! fir/ two1 b a new =m t replaces ^! aft] !y h s]v$ _! purpose & h be5 annihilat$4 ,x does n ev5 attempt to prove t man really has fir/ a m]ely vegetative s\l1 & secondly a s5sitive1 & la/ly an intellectual s\l2 x supposes all ?is4 ,x />ts out ) ! errone\s ,ari/otelian !ory & takes x = grant$4 ,! reason = ?is /atem5t is t ! rational sub/antial =m requires dispos$ matt] to "w ^u1 & ! ,?omi/s suppose 7aga9 errone\sly7 t 9 ! human embryo dur+ ! p]iod imm$iately aft] conception !re is n en\gh matt] to be a receptacle = ! rational s\l4 ,! s\l accord+ to ! ,?omi/s1 :o use ! ,ari/otelian def9ition1 is ! fir/ entele*y ( a natural organic body t has life 9 pot5cy4#da ,x is ! det]m9ation t gives ! body its specific & sub/antial be+2 ! primal actuation ( a body or matt]1 s9ce only 9 matt] is !re a di/9ction betwe5 pot5cy = sub/antial be+ & sub/antial actuality4 ,an entele*y is a realization1 actuality1 full p]fection2 sight1 = example1 is ! entele*y ( ! eye4 ,?is body is natural1 n m]ely in/rum5tal2 x is en]giz$ by an imman5t pr9ciple1 n mov$ by an ext]nal =ce l a tool4 ,! body is also organic2 x mu/ h organs1 faculties1 p>ts de/9$ to p]=m def9ite functions4 ,to say ! entele*y has life 9 pot5cy means t s9ce life1 or ! op]ation ( ! s\l1 is an imman5t act1 !re mu/ be a receptacle )9 :i* x c be imman5t1 & ! s\l is ! primal actualization ( t organic body1 :i* is 9 pot5cy to produce ^? imman5t actions 9 :i* life consi/s4 ,a body might be 9 pot5cy :ile x /ill has no pr9ciple ( op]ation1 or1 secondly1 :ile x has su* a pr9ciple b is n us+ x4 ,9 ! second condition ! human body is 9 pot5cy = life at ! mom5t ( actualization4 #da 7,de ,anima1 ii1 #a74 ,a =m fixes a ?+ 9 its prop] species1 & ! rational s\l is su* a =m = ! human body4 ,?is sub/antial =m is ! completion1 p]fection1 9 op]ability & exi/5ce1 ( ! matt] t receives x4 ,x is ! =mal cause ( man1 n ! effici5t cause1 al?\gh x is ! effici5t cause ( subsequ5t vital op]ations4 ,an effici5t cause makes some?+ num]ically diff]5t f itself by its own real & physical action2 a =mal cause & a mat]ial cause d n make any?+ diff]5t f !mselves num]ically1 b !y intr9sically con/itute ! effect--!y are intr9sic causes4 ,! human s\l z ! sub/antial =m virtually conta9s vegetative & s5sory faculties1 & ?r\gh ^! l[] organic capacities x in=ms & animates ! body4 ,t =m1 toge!r ) ! matt]1 ! body1 does ! vital acts ( ! composite human nature4 ,! rational s\l ent]s ! body at ! beg9n+1 & fir/ uses its vegetative faculty until ! fetus is f> en\gh advanc$ to be a subject = ! action ( ! s5sory faculty ( ! s\l4 ,lat]1 "s "t aft] ! bir? ( ! *ild1 :5 ! body is suffici5tly =m$1 ! intellectual faculty comes into use4 ,! nature ( a vital pr9ciple is t 9 :i* x normally issues4 ,if x issues z a rational sub/antial =m1 z 9 man1 x 0 rational f ! beg9n+4 ,if x 0 n rational f ! beg9n+1 a rational pr9ciple replac$ a s5sory vital pr9ciple1 & t s5sory vital pr9ciple replac$ a vegetative vital pr9ciple4 ,! only reason = ^! replacem5ts w\ld be t ! e>ly human embryo1 z has be5 said1 lacks organization suffici5t to su/a9 a =m high] ?an a vegetative pr9ciple4 ,if ?is 7 suffici5t reason = def]r+ ! adv5t ( ! rational s\l1 !n a baby six mon?s aft] bir? w\ld h no rational s\l because x c]ta9ly lacks ! suppos$ly requisite organs4 ,h[ev]1 z ! rational s\l is :ole 9 ea* "p ( ! adult body 9 ! totality ( its ess5ce & p]fection1 b n 9 ! totality ( its virtue1 because c]ta9 organs are lack+ 9 p>ticul> p>ts ( ! body1 x is 9 ! embryo :ole 9 ! totality ( its ess5ce & p]fection1 b n 9 its virtue because c]ta9 organs are n yet =m$1 & x is ?us f ! mom5t ( conception4 ,z to ! s\l itself1 ,kant held t ! s\l is n a real1 b only a logical sub/ance4 ,! ,pan!i/s1 ,transc5d5tali/s1 & ,neo-,hegelians try to id5tify ! s\l ) ! div9e consci\sness4 ,! ,associationi/s 7,hume1 ,davis1 ,hffd+1 ,sully7 say t ! s\l is a m]e gr\p ( s5sations4 ,! ,agno/ics & ,positivi/s 7,locke1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,james1 ,comte7 write volume aft] volume on ! s\l to prove t !y "k no?+ ab\t x4 ,!n ! ,mat]iali/s ass]t t !re is no s\l ( any k9d2 t we secrete ?\ght z a mule secretes sweat4 ,yet ! vital op]ations ( man are inexplicable z resultants ( ! physical & *emical prop]ties ( matt]4 ,!re is an intr9sic en]gy t unifies ! actions ( man1 directs processes1 controls ! t5d5cy ( organic matt] to pass into ! fixity ( ! inorganic1 & effects metabolism4 ,?is intr9sic en]gy is ! entele*y1 sub/antial =m1 or :at is popul>ly call$ ! s\l4 ,9 any organic body !re is a =mal pr9ciple4 ,we "k t !re are activities t proce$ f organic bodies1 & a =mal pr9ciple ( su* activity is a sub/antial entity :5ce ! organism d]ives basically its own k9d ( action1 :i* det]m9es & ord]s ! activity4 ,!re are acts ( p]ception 9 animals su* t an ext]nal object becomes s int]nal to ! organism ( ^! animals t x is kn[n by "o express$ & imman5t image1 n only z some?+ objectively exi/+ b z good or hurtful to ! p]ceiv+ animal4 ,! innate & elicit$ appetites by :i* ! animal t5ds t[>d or away f ! object are recogniz$1 z are ! spontane\s motions :i* are direct$ by t k4 ,!re mu/ be a pr9ciple :5ce ^! actions proce$1 & ?is is ei!r an accid5t ( matt] or some?+ sub/antial4 ,x is n an accid5t ( matt]1 because action c nev] arise f an accid5t2 x mu/ proce$ f a sub/ance4 ,if y say ?is pr9ciple :5ce ^! actions arise is n an accid5t ( matt]1 b matt] itself1 y w\ld h an ext5d$1 composite1 in]t mass act+2 b ev5 if su* ?+ c\ld act1 x c\ld nev] effect a simple imman5t image ( an object or gr\p ( objects ext]nal to itself4 ,no m]e ma*9e c build up itself1 c make any remote approa* to metabolism z an organiz$ body c2 & ! pr9ciple ( ?is imman5t action is n matt] itself1 because x uses1 makes1 subord9ates matt] to itself4 ,t pr9ciple is positively "o1 n "o by cont9uity z matt] is4 ,matt] z 9 a cry/al gr[s by m]e aggregation1 an organism gr[s by assimilation2 a cry/al loses =ce 9 =mation & gr[?1 an organism accumulates =ce4 ,! !ory t d5ies ! exi/5ce ( ?is =mal pr9ciple does n expla9 ! ph5om5a ( life 9 organic be+s4 ,uni=mity ( t5d5cy t[>d an end is n a *>act]i/ic ( m]e matt]2 nei!r is a h>moni\s int]action ( p>ts1 nor ! dep5d5ce ( p>ts on ! unit1 nor motion1 nor ! reproduction ( ! species4 ,moreov]1 mo/ ( ! greate/ physical sci5ti/s /rongly ma9ta9 t !re mu/ be a =mal sub/antial pr9ciple 9 all liv+ ?+s4 ,among ^! are ,wallace1 ,ngeli1 ,ask5asy1 ,prey]1 ,fe*n]1 ,agassiz1 von ,ba]1 ,e4 de ,beaumont1 ,blan*>d1 ,a4 ,braun1 ,brongni>t1 ,bronn1 ,burmei/]1 ,delff1 ,milne-,edw>des1 ,fl\r5s1 ,goepp]t1 ,griesba*1 ,he]1 ,koellik]1 ,miv>t1 ,quatrefages1 ,qu5/$t1 ,spi]s1 ,volg]1 ,r4 ,wagn]1 ,liebig1 & ,joseph ,hyrtl4 ,! =mal pr9ciple :i* coexi/s ) matt] 9 ! organic body is really ?\gh n p]fectly di/+ui%$ f matt]4 ,a =mal pr9ciple :i* is necess>y = s5sation %\ld be ei!r p]fectly simple1 or at ! lea/ s "o t its p>ts toge!r make up "o ess5ce3 matt]1 h[ev]1 _c h su* unity1 & z a consequ5ce ! =mal pr9ciple mu/ be di/9ct f matt]4 ,any?+ is l its op]ation1 & ! p>ts ( any s5sitive activity always result 9 an activity t is ess5tially "o4 ,if we t\* a table1 by t s+le t\* we at once "k t ! object is "o1 wood51 h>d1 angul>1 smoo?1 ext5d$1 & s on1 & we also "k t "o subject p]ceives all ^! v>i$ qualities4 ,"o eye c convey k at once ( a ?\s& objects miles ap>t1 & ^! objects c be br\ght into "o p]ception only by a simple subject4 ,an ext5d$ complex subject l matt] w\ld get "o impression 7if x c\ld p]ceive any impression7 on "o side1 "o on ano!r1 & s on1 b x c\ld n unite ^!4 ,! =mal pr9ciple :i* is 9 organic bodies is a true sub/antial =m1 actuat+ ! body bo? z to its nature & sub/ance4 ,toge!r ) ! body1 ?is pr9ciple makes a be+ "o 9 itself1 su* t ! matt] & ! =m sep>ably are incomplete z reg>ds op]ation & be+4 ,n[1 a =m is t pr9ciple ?r\gh :i* any?+ is e/abli%$ 9 its own species2 light1 = example1 is ! =m ( a lum9\s body1 heat ( a hot sub/ance4 ,a body1 h[ev]1 is e/abli%$ 9 ! human species by receiv+ a rational s\l1 & ?is s\l1 !n1 is its =m4 ,x is also a sub/antial =m because ! s\l itself is a sub/ance1 n an accid5t dep5d5t ^u ano!r subject4 ,moreov]1 f its union ) ! body ano!r sub/ance--man--arises1 & n a ?+ add$ to a sub/ance4 ,man's body is alive1 !re=e x is a liv+ sub/ance2 b life 9 its second>y actuality is an op]ation2 9 its prim>y actuality x is an ess5ce4 ,! body is made a liv+ sub/ance1 n f itself1 b f ! s\l :i* is add$ to x4 ,:5 ! s\l dep>ts ! body is no long] alive4 ,n[1 a pr9ciple :i* by a communication ( itself det]m9es ! body 9 its ess5ce & diff]5tiates x z a liv+ sub/ance f ev]y?+ else1 is a sub/antial =m4 ,a sub/antial =m1 !n1 or a s\l1 exi/s4 ,! s\l1 h[ev]1 mu/ h dispos$ matt] = mo/ ( its op]ations2 x _c exi/ z a sub/antial =m bomb9ans 9 vacuo2 b x does n ne$ a human organism complete 9 all its p>ts z a necess>y condition = its indwell+4 ,!re is organiz$ matt] en\gh 9 ! fir/ cell t comes into exi/5ce aft] ! fusion ( ! g]m-nuclei to hold ?is rational =m1 or s\l1 z p]fectly z x ne$s to be held 9 ?is fir/ /age ( human life4 ,to in=m ! embryo any pr9ciple1 :e!r x is ! rational s\l or a =ce d]iv$ f ! p>5tal organism1 mu/ h organs2 & if organs are pres5t1 !n ! embryo is fit to receive ! human s\l1 z ! only objection to its pres5ce is a suppos$ lack ( organs4 ,to use o!r pr9ciples :5 ! human s\l itself c\ld be pres5t w\ld be a multiplicatio entium s9e necessitate1 :i* is a condition repugnant to ! univ]sal me?od ( ! ,creator4 ,x has be5 said t ! vital activity 9 ! f]tiliz$ ovum does n proce$ f ! rational s\l because1 9 ! fir/ place1 x results f ! fusion ( two vital activities1 nei!r ( :i* is rational2 secondly1 x results 9 ! =mation1 by fission1 & diff]5tiation1 ( two di/9ct & sep>ate liv+ cells1 ea* conta9+ )9 itself a pr9ciple ( vital activity4 ,n[ ?is pr9ciple ( vital activity _c be a rational s\l1 = ea* cell has its own pr9ciple ( activity1 & 9 man !re is b "o s\l4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 t vital activity does n result f ! fusion ( two vital activities nei!r ( :i* is rational4 ,x results aft] ! nuclei come toge!r1 by p>ticul> creation1 & replaces _! activity--! g5]ation ( ! la/ vital =ce is ! corruption ( ! fir/ t exi/$ 9 ! sep>ate nuclei1 n a d]ivative ( t fir/ =ce4 ,aga91 :5 ! embryo is 9 ! two1 f\r1 eight cell /age1 & s on1 !re are n two1 f\r1 eight vital pr9ciples pres5t1 b "o4 ,sub/antial unity is ess5tial to life ( any k9d1 no matt] h[ l[ its grade2 & if ea* cell _h an indep5d5t vital pr9ciple1 any =m ( resultant life 9 ! mass w\ld be impossible4 ,an aggregation has no unity ( sub/ance2 !re w\ld be z _m sub/ances or natures z !re are individual be+s 9 ! aggregate1 no matt] :e!r ord]$ or 9 a mob1 consequ5tly no life at all z a life4 ,! embryo 9 ! two-cell /age is n made up ( two indep5d5t organisms1 any m ?an ! "r & left halves ( an adult man are two indep5d5t organisms4 ,! cells 9 ! two-cell /age ( ! embryo are ! "r & left halves ( ! body1 n two individuals1 z has be5 prov$ repeat$ly by biologi/s4 ,r\x#db punctur$ ) a hot ne$le "o ( ! cells 9 ! two-cell /age ( a frog embryo )\t kill+ ! embryo1 & x grew into a half-frog l>va4 ,analog\s results 7 obta9$ by op]at+ 9 ! f\r-cell /age4 ,lat]1 ,pflg]1 ,s*ultze1 ,end]s1 & ,morgan corroborat$ ! "w ( ,r\x4 ,newport#dc discov]$ ?is fact sixty ye>s ago4 #db ,vir*['s ,ar*iv 7#ahhh71 #aad4 #dc ,phil4 ,trans41 #ahed4 ,9 analyz+ ! /ructure & functions ( ! individual cell we reg>d x z an indep5d5t elem5t>y organic unit1 b ?is view is solely a matt] ( conv5i5ce1 almo/ a conv5tion4 ,all ! billions ( cell's 9 an adult man are insep>able p>ts ( ! s+le liv+ p]son4 ,no cell exi/s z an indep5d5t organism 9 multicellul> animals1 except ! g]m-cells1 & ^! only aft] sep>ation f ! gl& ( orig94 ,inde$1 ! biological !ory ( h]$ity1 already m5tion$ "h1 :]e9 ! g]m-cell is suppos$ to c>ry =w>d ! entire h]$ity1 is n[ *ang+ t[>d ! view :i* makes all ! somatic cells influ5ce ! g]m-cells2 t is1 ! body-mass ( cells s5ds on h]$ity ?r\gh ! g]m-cell z ! in/rum5t4 ,adult organisms d n make cells de novo4 ,new cells are =m$ by division f prexi/+ cells1 b "s biologi/s ?9k ! body-cells s affect ! new g]m-cells z to influ5ce h]$ity4 ,! cells are organs1 nodal po9ts1 ( a s+le =mative p[] :i* p]vades ! mass ( cells z a :ole4 ,! protoplasm ( ea* cell is n only 9 direct apposition ) its neighbors1 b ne>ly all biologi/s are n[ incl9+ to ! op9ion1 :i* ,heitzmann propos$ 9 #ahgc1 t division ( cell f cell is incomplete 9 ne>ly all =ms ( tissue2 & t ev5 :]e cell-walls are pres5t 7an exceptional condition 9 mammals7 !y are trav]s$ by /r&s ( protoplasm1 by means ( :i* ! cells are 9 organic cont9uity4 ,! :ole body1 he cont5d$1 is ?us a syncytium 7a mass ( cont9u\s protoplasm /ippl$ ) nuclei71 ) ! cells z m]e nodal po9ts 9 an almo/ homog5e\s protoplasmic mass4 ,!re are cell-bridges betwe5 ! sieve-tubes ( plants4 ,9 #ahgi ,tangl discov]$ su* connection betwe5 ! endosp]m cells ( plants1 & lat] ,g>d9]1 ,ki5itz-,g]l(f1 ,a4 ,mey]1 & _m o!rs demon/rat$ t 9 ne>ly all plant tissues ! cell-walls are connect$ by intracellul> bridges4 ,ranvi]1 ,bizzoz]o1 ,retzius1 ,flem+1 ,pfitzn]1 & _m o!r obs]v]s h f\nd ^! protoplasmic bridges 9 animal epi!lium4 ,9 ! sk9 ( a l>val salam&] !y are q conspicu\s4 ,!y are kn[n to occur also 9 smoo? muscle-fibre1 9 c>tilage cells1 9 connective-tissue cells1 & 9 "s n]ve-cells4 ,h>rison f\nd1 9 #aijh1 t 9 frogs ! n]ve-fibres develop out ( ^! intracellul> bridges4 ,d5dy 9 #ahhh1 ,retzius 9 #ahhi1 & ,pallad9o 9 #ahij h %[n t ! follicle cells ( ! ov>y are connect$ by protoplasmic bridges1 n only ) "o ano!r1 b also ) ! ovum2 & simil> connection betwe5 somatic cells & g]m-cells has be5 f\nd 9 a numb] ( plants4 ,?us ev5 ! g]m-cell is n indep5d5t until x has actually brok5 away f ! gl&4 ,a4 ,mey] holds t bo? ! plant & animal individual are cont9u\s masses ( protoplasm1 9 :i* ! cytoplasmic sub/ance =ms a morphological unit1 no matt] :at ! cell is4 ,t op9ion is n f9ally settl$ z reg>ds ! animal aft] ! fetal /age1 b x is mu* /rong] z reg>ds embryos4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( _m ar?ropods x is c]ta9 t ! :ole embryo is at fir/ an unmi/akable syncytium4 ,?is is almo/ e/abli%$ also = ,amphioxus1 ! ,e*9od]m ,volvox1 & o!r animals4 ,adam ,s$gwick holds t x is true = v]tebrates up to a late embryonic /age4 ,mitosis1 !n1 is a =m ( gr[? ( a mass1 n a g5]ation ( new individuals4 ,:e!r *romat9 or any o!r elem5t 9 ! g]m-cell be ! idioplasm 9 :i* h]$ity inh]es1 diff]5tiation is a progressive trans=mation1 ?r\gh physical & *emical *anges1 ( ! sub/ance ( ! ovum1 & ?is trans=mation occurs 9 a def9ite ord] & a def9ite di/ribution 9 ! ovum4 ,! *anges result 9 a cleavage ( ! egg into cells1 ! b\nd>ies ( :i* %>ply m>k ! areas ( diff]5tiation4 ,^! cells take on specific *>act]s4 ,9 ! f\r-cell$ /age ( an annelid egg ^! f\r cells contribute equally to ! =mation ( ! alim5t>y canal & ! cephalic n]v\s sy/em1 b only "o ( !m1 ! left-h& po/]ior cell1 gives rise to ! n]v\s sy/em ( ! trunk & to ! muscles1 connective tissues1 & g]m-cells4 ,! relation betwe5 ! f\r orig9al cells1 or bla/om]es1 & ! adult p>ts aris+ f !m1 is n fix$1 because 9 "s eggs ^! relations may be artificially *ang$4 ,a portion ( ! egg :i* normally w\ld develop into a fragm5t ( ! body w1 if split (f f ! o!rs1 give rise to an entire body ( a dim9i%$ size4 ,conkl9 says#dd t 9 ! ascidian ,/yela !re are f\r or five sub/ances 9 ! egg :i* diff] 9 color1 s t _! di/ribution to diff]5t regions ( ! egg & to diff]5t cleavage cells may be easily foll[$1 & ev5 photograph$1 :ile 9 ! liv+ condition4 ,! p]iph]al lay] ( protoplasm is yell[ & x ga!rs at ! l[] pole ( ! egg1 :]e ! sp]m ent]s1 =m+ a yell[ cap4 ,?is yell[ sub/ance !n moves1 foll[+ ! sp]m nucleus1 up to ! equator ( ! egg on ! po/]ior side1 & !re =ms a yell[ cresc5t ext5d+ ar\nd ! po/]ior side ( ! egg4 ,on ! ant]ior side ( ! egg a gray cresc5t is =m$ 9 a some:at simil> mann]1 & at ! l[] pole betwe5 ^! two cresc5ts is a slate-blue sub/ance1 :ile at ! upp] pole is an area ( colorless protoplasm4 ,! yell[ cresc5t goes into cleavage cells :i* become muscle & mesod]m1 ! gray cresc5t into cells :i* become n]v\s sy/em & noto*ord1 ! slate-blue sub/ance into endod]m cells1 & ! colorless sub/ance into ectod]m cells4 ,?us )9 a few m9utes aft] ! f]tilization ( ! egg1 & be=e or imm$iately aft] ! fir/ cleavage1 ! ant]ior & po/]ior1 dorsal & v5tral1 "r & left poles are cle>ly di/+ui%able1 & ! sub/ances :i* w give rise to ectod]m1 endod]m1 mesod]m1 muscles1 noto*ord1 & n]v\s sy/em are pla9ly visible 9 _! *>act]i/ic positions4 ,conkl9 foll[$ ^! cells 9 e division until ! embryo 0 develop$1 mak+ a complete g5ealogy up to ! ovum prop]4 #dd ,h]$ity & ,environm5t1 p4 #abc1 ,ox=d ,press4 ,de ,vries#de assum$ t ! "* ( ea* cell is det]m9$ by ,pang5s t migrate f ! nucleus into ! protoplasm4 ,dries* & ,osc> ,h]twig held t ! peculi> developm5t ( a giv5 bla/om]e is a result ( its relation to ! rema9d] ( ! cell-mass1 an outcome ( ! action ^u x by ! :ole sy/em ( cells ( :i* x is a "p4 ,h]twig said3#df ,ea* ( ! fir/ two bla/om]es conta9s ! =mative & diff]5tiat+ =ces n simply = ! production ( a half-body1 b = ! entire organism2 ! left bla/om]e develops into ! left half ( ! body only because x is plac$ 9 relation to a "r bla/om]e4 ,wilson#dg & ,dries*#dh came to ! same conclusion ab\t ! "t ,h]twig wrote4 ,dries* said3#di ,! relative position ( a bla/om]e 9 ! :ole det]m9es 9 g5]al :at develops f x2 if its position be *ang$ x gives rise to some?+ diff]5t2 9 o!r words1 its prospective value is a function ( its position4 #de ,intracellulre ,pang5esis4 ,j5a1 #ahhi4 #df ,j5ais*e ,zeits*rift1 #ahib1 #a4 #dg ,j\rnal ( ,morphology1 #ahic1 #ahid4 #dh ,/udi51 iv1 p4 #be4 #di ,ibid41 p4 #ci4 ,a discussion ( ?is matt] w be f\nd 9 ,wilson1#ej b ! _m exp]im5ts made 9 ! /udy ( ?is subject %[ conclusively t ! cells1 s+ly1 gr\p$1 & 9 mass1 are a morphological unit1 n an aggregation ( di/9ct individuals4 ,!y are n1 ( c\rse1 absolutely homog5e\s1 because su* a body c\ld n h organs4 ,! sub/antial =m1 !re=e1 is n conf9$ to ! fir/ cell4 #ej ,! ,cell 9 ,developm5t & ,inh]itance1 pp4 #dac et seq4 ,new ,york1 #aijf4 ,! cell-mass1 !n1 has a unity suffici5t to be ! receptacle ( a human vital pr9ciple2 aga91 ! basic vital op]ation ( ! human body at any age is metabolism1 & ?is is actually c>ri$ on 9 ! fir/ somatic cell ( ! embryo z 9 ! cells ( ! adult man4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ! human body 9 ! embryonal /age ! en]gy ( cell-division is mo/ int5se 9 ! e>ly cleavage /age1 & ?is dim9i%es z ! limit ( gr[? approa*es because fur!r division is n ne$$4 ,:5 t limit is atta9$ a m or less def9ite equilibrium is e/abli%$4 ,"s ( ! cells 9 ! fully =m$ body cease to divide1 ! n]ve-cells1 = example2 o!rs divide "u special conditions1 z ! blood-cells1 ! connective-tissue cells1 gl&-cells1 epi!lial & muscle cells2 o!rs cont9ue to divide ?r\gh\t life & ?us replace worn-out cells ( ! same tissue1 z ! ,malpighian lay] ( ! sk94 ,cells gr[1 divide1 function1 reproduce !mselves1 & s on1 all ?r\gh _! vital activity1 su/a9$ by ! mat]ial br\ght to !m by ! blood4 ,weismann#ea & o!r biologi/s ?9k t ! vital processes ( ! high] animals are accompani$ by a r5ewal ( ! morphological elem5ts 9 mo/ tissues4 ,! mat]ial is c>ri$ to ! fetus 9 ! womb by v>i\s ag5ts1 b mo/ly by ! mat]nal blood aft] ! embryo uses up ! yolk2 & :5 ! fetal circulation has be5 e/abli%$ ! nutritive mat]ial is tak5 f ! mat]nal blood into ! fetal circulation ?r\gh ! plac5ta1 & !n c>ri$ to ! cells by ! fetal circulation itself4 ,aft] ! *ild has be5 born ! /oma* & inte/9es take 9 ! food4 ,! /oma* does v little ) x except 9 a prep>atory mann]2 ! inte/9es fur!r prep>e x1 pass x into ! body1 :]e x is aga9 modifi$ by o!r organs1 & f9ally x is c>ri$ by ! blood to ! cells4 ,! cells really use x2 ! o!r organs are ! f>m]s1 groc]s1 railways1 & ! l2 ! cells are ! consum]s4 ,s f> z ! ess5tial processes are conc]n$1 ! embryological cells act z d ! adult cells4 #ea ,! ,duration ( ,life4 ,! fir/ cell has contractility1 protoplasmic motion2 x c absorb p]fectly all food-/uffs necess>y = x f ! deutoplasm ( ! ovum1 & ! wat] t passes 9 f )\t to ! ovum4 ,9 a few days ! embryonic cells h us$ up ! deutoplasm & are tak+ up food f ! mat]nal blood z p]fectly z any adult cell does1 & are ex]cis+ _! function ( build+ up & su/a9+ :atev] "p ( ! body !y are de/9$ =2 & ?is ) all ! complicat$ metabolism ( ! adult cell4 ,cell metabolism is ! fundam5tal1 *ief1 organic act ( any human body at any age4 ,t ! embryo does ?is impell$ by ! virtus =mativa transmitt$ f ! p>5ts is a m]e gratuit\s assumption to fit ! !ory t ! embryonic cell lacks organic p[]4 ,! fundam5tal organ t cons]ves ! body 9 its v exi/5ce "u ! gov]nm5t ( ! s\l is ! app>atus :i* effects metabolism4 ,incessant *emico-vital *ange is a *>act]i/ic ( all liv+ sub/ances1 f ! s+le cell up to ! adult man2 & 9 all cases ?is activity has to d ) a trans=mation ( ! complex molecules :i* build up ! protoplasm or are associat$ ) its op]ations4 ,! totality ( ! *emical *anges1 or ex*anges1 9 liv+ cells1 ! trans=mation ( unorganiz$ food mat]ials s t ^! may be assimilat$1 & ! *emical processes 9 ! tissues !mselves1 all are metabolism4 ,gr[? & repair 7anabolism7 occur side by side ) ! de/ruction ( elem5t>y tissue sub/ance 7katabolism71 & ! duration ( life re/s on ^! processes2 & all are m]e cell activities4 ,food-/uffs 7wat]1 inorganic salts1 proteids1 album9oids1 c>bohydrates1 & fats7 und]go m or less combu/ion or oxidation4 ,oxyg5 unites ) c>bon to =m c>bon dioxide1 & ) hydrog5 to =m wat]2 ! nitrog5 ( ! highly complex proteid sub/ances reappe>s 9 comb9ation ) c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg5 z urea1 uric acid1 & o!r comp\nds2 & o!r +e/a are ?us trans=m$ ?r\gh oxidation4 ,all ma9ta9 ! temp]ature ( ! body1 replace outworn p>ts1 & accompli% ! body's "w4 ,oxidation occurs to a slight ext5t 9 ! blood1 b ! specific reactions are intracellul>4 ,ev5 :5 no?+ exi/s b ! cells & ! blood1 z 9 ! beg9n+ embryo1 ! cells really d ! "w1 & !y d ! "w z !y d 9 ! adult4 ,! cells also f ! v beg9n+ are ! organs t make ! animal heat necess>y = life4 ,rubn]#eb prov$ t ! s\rce ( at lea/ #ij p] c5t4 ( ! animal heat 9 ! body is a result ( ! *emical *anges--oxidation--9 ! food +e/$3 ! o!r #aj p] c5t4 is caus$ by muscul> contractions1 ! fl[ ( blood1 ! friction ( jo9ts1 & l motions4 ,?is oxidation is m active 9 "y animals ?an 9 adults1 & 9 ea* x is1 ( c\rse1 a cellul> process4 #eb ,zeits*rift f4 ,biologie1 #ahic1 bd4 #cj1 p4 #gc4 ,liv+ matt] conta9s hydrog51 oxyg51 sulphur1 *lor9e1 iod9e1 fluor9e1 nitrog51 phosphorus1 c>bon1 silicon1 potassium1 sodium1 calcium1 magnesium1 & iron4 ,! removal ( "o ( ^! elem5ts causes ! dea? ( ! body4 ,!y mu/ be arrang$ 9 a def9ite1 prescrib$ ord] to con/itute cellul> protoplasm1 & any dis>rangem5t ( ?is ord] causes intoxication1 disease1 or dea?4 ,hydrog5 is a con/ant product 9 ! putrefaction ( animal matt]1 ( animal food1 & is pres5t 9 ! inte/9al tract4 ,oxyg5 is f\nd dissolv$ 9 wat] & loosely comb9$ 9 blood z oxyhemoglob94 ,all ! elem5ts1 except fluor9e1 comb9e ) oxyg51 =m+ oxides1 & ! process is call$ oxidation4 ,! production ( heat & all vital motion dep5d on oxidation1 decomposition ( matt]4 ,9 ! nuclei ( cells !re is a s-call$ oxyg5-c>ri]1 a nucleo-proteid1 :i* conta9s iron1 & ?is appe>s to be ! *ief oxidiz+ ag5t 9 ! body4 ,*lor9e1 :i* 9 hydro*loric acid is ess5tial to dige/ion1 is +e/$ z *loride1 & leaves ! body *iefly ?r\gh ! ur9e & sweat4 ,iod9e is a necess>y "p ( ! ?yroid gl&1 an indisp5sable vital organ4 ,fluor9e is f\nd 9 all cells4 ,nitrog5 goes into ! body comb9$ 9 proteids2 & phosphorus1 comb9$ 9 ! alkalies & alkal9e e>?s ( ! foods4 ,c>bon occurs 9 all cells & leaves !m ?r\gh ! lungs z c>bon dioxide4 ,! am\nt ( en]gy set 9 action 9 ! body 9 ! decomposition ( any food is equal to ! en]gy t _h be5 exp5d$ 9 ! syn!sis ( t food f its organic elem5ts1 & ! lib]at$ en]gy set free 9 ! body appe>s z heat1 "w1 & n]v\s impulse4 ,9 a plant ! *lorophyl & ! sun's rays comb9e wat] & ! c>bon dioxide ( ! air into sug> & free oxyg54 ,?is sug> is *ang$ 9 a plant into />*1 cellulose1 & fat1 & also1 :5 comb9$ ) "s nitrog51 into proteid4 ,an animal eats ?is plant1 :i* conta9s />*1 cellulose1 fat1 & proteid1 & x ei!r adds ^! +r$i5ts to its own sub/ance or oxidizes !m s z to prev5t ! de/ruction ( its own sub/ance4 ,^! are ! ends ( all food4 ,broadly speak+1 plants syn!size elem5ts2 animals analyze !m1 r$uce !m into simpl] bodies4 ,su* processes1 & ^? ( ! o!r elem5ts ( ! body1 :i* h to d ) ! *ang+ con/itu5ts ( ! human organism1 are all cellul> processes--metabolism4 ,h5ce ! *ief organic act ( ! body is metabolic2 ! basic organ ( man is ! cell4 ,arms1 legs1 he>t1 bra91 /oma*1 & simil> organs are second>y1 ?\gh "s ( ! latt] are ess5tial = c]ta9 op]ations4 ,n[1 "o cell is an organ amply suffici5t = metabolism1 = ! *ief organic act ( ! body2 h5ce x is a fitt+ receptacle = a sub/antial =m1 a s\l4 ,!re=e !re is no reason :y ! s\l may n be pres5t 9 ! "o-cell /age ( ! embryo2 & s9ce !re is no reason :y x %\ld n be pres5t1 b _m :y x %\ld1 x is pres5t4 ,conkl9 says3#ec ,! f]tiliz$ egg ( a />-fi%1 or frog1 or man is n a diff]5t individual f ! adult =m into :i* x develops1 r x is a />-fi%1 a frog1 or a human be+ 9 ! "o-cell$ /age4 ,?is f]tiliz$ egg fuses ) no o!r cells1 x takes into itself no liv+ sub/ance1 b manufactures its own protoplasm f food sub/ances2 x receives food & oxyg5 f )\t & x gives out c>bonic acid & o!r wa/e products2 x is s5sitive to c]ta9 alt]ations 9 ! environm5t1 su* z !rmal1 *emical1 & electrical *anges--x is1 9 %ort1 a di/9ct liv+ ?+1 an individuality4 ,"u prop] environm5tal conditions ?is f]tiliz$ egg-cell develops1 /ep by /ep1 )\t ! addition ( any?+ f ! outside except food1 wat]1 oxyg51 & su* o!r raw mat]ials z are necess>y to ! life ( any adult animal1 into ! imm5sely complex body ( a />-fi%1 a frog1 or a man4 ,at ! same "t1 f ! relatively simple reactions & activities ( ! f]tiliz$ egg !re develop1 /ep by /ep1 )\t ! addition ( any?+ f )\t except raw mat]ials & environm5tal /imuli1 ! multif>i\s activities1 reactions1 in/9cts1 habits1 & intellig5ce ( ! mature animal4 #ec ,h]$ity & ,environm5t4 ,an objection to ! op9ion t ! s\l is 9 ! embryo f ! beg9n+ is made f a consid]ation ( ! facts t !re appe>s to be an aptitude = life 9 c]ta9 animal cells & tissues aft] removal f ! orig9al ho/1 or aft] ! dea? ( ! ho/2 &1 secondly1 t 9 o!r sep>at$ tissues life is und\bt$ly made evid5t "u prop] conditions4 ,"s p>ts ( ! human body c be graft$ ^u ano!r human body1 & human s>comat\s cells h be5 made to gr[ 9 vitro4 ,hair (t5 l5g!ns aft] ! dea? ( a p]son1 if no embalm+ fluid has be5 inject$4 ,dr4 ,alexis ,c>rel#ed sub/itut$ a piece ( a popliteal art]y1 tak5 f an amputat$ human leg & kept 9 cold /orage = tw5ty-f\r days1 = a "p ( ! aorta ( a small bit*1 & ! dog liv$ = f\r ye>s aft]w>d & di$ 9 p>turition4 ,magitot ( ,p>is1 9 #aiaa1 took a piece ( ! cornea f an extirpat$ human eye1 & ) x replac$ a "p ( an opaque cornea on ano!r man1 & ?is second man c\ld see ?r\gh ! new cornea4 ,surgeons n[ remove sk91 bone1 & o!r tissues f /ill-born infants & accid5t cases1 pres]ve ^!1 = weeks if necess>y1 9 petrolate & ,r+]'s solution 9 cold /orage1 & !n graft !m on pati5ts to repair lesions 9 sk91 bone1 c>tilage1 or o!r p>ts ( ! body4 #ed ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association1 vol4 lix1 n4 #g1 p4 #ebc4 ,if ^! sep>at$ tissues are alive1 :at is ! orig9 & nature ( ! life8 ,aga91 if !re is a l[ =m ( life 9 ^! sep>at$ tissues1 rema9+ aft] ! dep>ture ( ! human s\l1 :y c\ld n su* a l[ =m ( life prec$e 9 ! embryo ! adv5t ( ! human s\l8 ,:at is ! nature ( ! life 9 ! p>asitic s>comat\s tissue :i* has be5 se5 to prolif]ate = a %ort "t 9 vitro8 ,we d n "k1 nor is x relevant to ! "q4 ,t !re is life ( any k9d 9 ! cold-/orage graft ( bone & sk9 is c]ta9ly n evid5t2 r e evid5ce po9ts to ! abs5ce ( all life4 ,:5 tak5 out ( cold /orage1 & ! ord9>y =ces :i* corrupt a dead body are p]mitt$ to "w1 ^! grafts corrupt exactly z any "p ( a corpse does4 ,t !re is life ( any k9d 9 ^! grafts is a gratuit\s assumption4 ,9 cold /orage !y are kept ready = assimilation into ! body z food may be kept4 ,bone & sk9 graft+ is m]ely a peculi> =m ( assimilation4 ,food tak5 into ! body ?r\gh ! /oma* & entrails is prep>$ 9 ! body & assimilat$ into ! sub/ance ( ! bones or sk9 or o!r tissues2 ! graft is ready = assimilation )\t ?is prep>ation because x is already bone or sk94 ,! vital pr9ciple 9 a man1 or 9 any?+ else1 is at ! end1 :5 x normally issues1 ( ! same nature z x 0 9 ! beg9n+4 ,if x is at p]fection a sub/antial prim>y =m1 x always 0 su*--a sub/antial =m _c issue f an accid5tal =m4 ,if ! sub/antial =m is ! =m ( ! cells 9 ! complet$ organism1 x 0 su* be=e t organism 0 p]fect$1 unless x replac$ a l[] sub/antial =m2 b !re is1 we repeat1 absolutely no ne$ = su* a second>y =m at ! beg9n+4 ,if ! cells ( ! embryo 7n ! infus$ g]m-cells1 :i* are n ! embryo7 _h a =ma corporeitatis1 or cellul>is1 or :atev] y wi% to call x1 ! human s\l :5 x did come w\ld n conf] primal exi/5ce1 w\ld n be a =ma sub/antialis1 b an accid5tal =m4 ,9 pro( ( :i*1 says ,/4 ,?omas1#ee we mu/ consid] t a sub/antial =m diff]s f an accid5tal =m 9 ?is1 t an accid5tal =m does n give be+ simply1 b su* or su* be+2 z heat does n give be+ simply1 b heat$ be+4 ,s :5 an accid5tal =m comes 91 a ?+ is n said to come into exi/5ce or to be g5]at$1 simply1 b to become su* or su* an object1 or to f9d itself 9 su* or su* a condition4 ,s1 also1 :5 an accid5tal =m disappe>s1 a ?+ is n said to be de/roy$ simply1 b only to a c]ta9 degree4 ,a sub/antial =m1 h[ev]1 gives be+ simply2 & !re=e by its adv5t a ?+ is said to be g5]at$ simply1 & by its recession to be de/roy$ simply4 ,if1 !re=e1 x happ5$ t any sub/antial =m o!r ?an ! intellectual s\l prexi/$ 9 matt]1 by :i* ! subject ( t s\l w\ld come into actual be+1 x w\ld foll[ t ! s\l w\ld n conf] be+ simply1 & !re=e w\ld n be a sub/antial =m2 also t ! com+ ( ! s\l w\ld n be a g5]ation simply1 b only secundum quid--all ( :i* is evid5tly false4 ,aga91 ,/4 ,?omas says3#ef ,"s tell u ! vital acts t appe> 9 ! embryo are n f ! s\l1 b f ! s\l ( ! "m1 or f ! primitive =ce 9 ! sem54 ,bo? ^! /atem5ts are false4 #ee ,i1 q4 #gf1 corp4 #ef ,ia1 q4 #aah1 a4 #b1 ad #b4 ,an application ( ! op9ion (f]$ "h--t is1 t ! human s\l is infus$ at ! in/ant ( conception--to multiple & mon/r\s embryos (f]s no real difficulty4 ,!re are two k9ds ( human tw9s--^? f two di/9ct ova & ^? f "o ovum4 ,two ova may come f "o or diff]5t ov>ies1 or ev5 f "o ,graafian follicle1 be f]tiliz$ at ! same "t & develop syn*ron\sly4 ,if ! ova are plac$ at "s di/ance ap>t 9 ! ut]us1 two plac5tas appe>2 if ! ova are ne> ea* o!r ! plac5tas may fuse1 b _! circulations d n4 ,ea* *ild w h its own fetal envelope4 ,9 tw9s f two di/9ct ova !re is no difficulty 9 see+ t ! s\ls are plac$ 9 ^! 9 ! same mann] z ! s\l is put 9 ! normal s+le embryo4 ,:5 ! tw9s come f "o ovum ! condition is n s simple4 ,! oval nucleus is ! ess5tial "p t goes f ! mat]nal side1 & human ova at times conta9 two nuclei1 z occasionally h5s' eggs d2 a d\ble-yok$ h5's egg has two nuclei1 & two nuclei h be5 f\nd 9 a s+le yolk4 ,kllik]1 ,/ckel1 & von ,franque h obs]v$ d\ble g]m9al vesicles 9 s+le human ova4 ,9 su* a condition two sp]matozoa c\ld fecundate ! two nuclei & ! developm5t g on z 9 ! case ( tw9s f di/9ct ova4 ,!re is a !ory :i* holds t homolog\s tw9s 7uni-oval7 c develop f a s+le g]m9al vesicle :i* splits into two primitive /reaks & two ga/rulas4 ,accord+ to ?is op9ion1 if ! g]m9al vesicle divide entirely1 two fetuses develop :i* are always ( ! same sex1 & :i* resemble ea* o!r s closely 9 appe>ance t x is v difficult to diff]5tiate !m4 ,?is !ory holds also t %\ld ! g]m9al vesicle n split fully1 ! lack ( fission causes ! v>i\s k9ds ( d\ble mon/]s4 ,! g]m9al vesicle t suppos$ly splits into two is n fecundat$ by two sp]matozoa1 !y say1 because :]e !re is only "o nucleus 9 ! beg9n+1 ! entrance ( a second sp]matozon commonly kills ! ovum4 ,?is la/ ass]tion has be5 disprov$ ( late4 ,"s foll[]s ( ! splitt+ !ory hold t d\ble mon/]s arise f ! union ( two orig9ally sep>ate primitive traces 7,v]wa*sung/heorie74 ,o!rs say t a s+le primitive trace ( bla/od]m cleaves m or less ?or\ghly & makes ! d\ble mon/] 7,spaltung/heorie74 ,! e>lie/ human d\ble mon/] 7,ahlfeld's case7 0 9 ! f\r? week ( ge/ation2 !re=e :atev] is held 9 ^! !ories z reg>ds human mon/]s is only ?r\gh analogy ) l[] animals4 ,g]la*#eg saw bifurcation at ! cephalic end ( a *ick5 embryo sixte5 h\rs old4 ,9 ?is case ! fir/ *ange 0 a broad5+ ( ! ant]ior end ( ! primitive /reak2 next a =k$ div]g5ce appe>$1 & by ! tw5ty-six? h\r ! bifurcation 0 half z long z ! undivid$ po/]ior "p4 ,:e!r ?is 0 a case ( two nuclei or n is n kn[n4 #eg ,u4 d4 ,ent/*ungsweise d] vord]n ,v]doppelung4 ,deuts*4 ,ar*iv4 f4 kl94 ,m$41 #ahhg4 ,:at seems to make = ! fission !ory is t 9 non-p>asitic d\ble t]ata1 no matt] h[ unequally n\ri%$ or h[ v>iable 9 ext5t1 ! union betwe5 ! halves ( d\ble mon/]s is symmetric1 & ! same "p ( ea* tw9 is jo9$4 ,?is fact is us$ z a reason to exclude a =tuit\s gr[+ toge!r ( dissimil> areas ( cell-masses1 at lea/ 9 non-p>asitic cases4 ,born1#eh 9 a /udy ( fi% ova1 f\nd t eggs :i* produce d\ble mon/]s beg9 ) a segm5tation l t ( ! simple normal ovum4 ,composite sp]matozoa h be5 obs]v$ ) two & ?ree heads & "o body & tail-piece1 b ! significance ( ^! abnormal cells is n kn[n4 #eh;a ,u4 d4 ,fur*ung des ,eies bei ,doppelbildung54 ,breslau] ,a]tzli*e ,zeits*rift1 #ahhg4 ,embryos ( sea-ur*9s 9 ! two-cell & f\r-cell /ages c be sep>at$ by %ak+ into isolat$ bla/om]es1 & ! segm5ts w gr[ into full ?\gh dw>f$ l>vae4 ,! same division ) ! gr[? ( dw>f$ l>vae has be5 made 9 ,amphioxus1 9 ! teleo/ ,fundulus1 9 ,triton1 9 a numb] ( ,hydrom$usae & sev]al o!r l[ =ms ( life4 ,:5 ! division is n made completely d\ble mon/]s result4 ,up to a c]ta9 /age ( developm5t ! bla/om]es ( ! ,m$usa embryo are totipot5t1 or capable ( develop+ into any "p ( ! body4 ,! limitation ( developm5t 9 a p>ticul> case lies 9 ! cytoplasm r ?an 9 ! nuclei ( ! cells4 ,if frogs' eggs are fa/5$ 9 abnormal positions1 inv]t$ or on ! side1 a re>rangem5t ( ! egg mat]ial results1 :]e9 ! nucleus & cytoplasm rise & ! deutoplasm s9ks4 ,?is *ange ( axis %ifts ! embryo4 ,if an egg is turn$ upside d[n 9 ! two-cell /age1 a :ole embryo1 or half a d\ble embryo1 may arise f ea* ( ! two bla/om]es1 in/ead ( a normal half-embryo4 ,a half-embryo or a :ole dw>f may arise accord+ to ! artificial position ( ! bla/om]e4 ,ea* ( ! two bla/om]es conta9s all ! mat]ials pot5tially = ! =mation ( ! :ole body1 & ^! mat]ials build up a :ole body or a half body accord+ to ! gr\p+ !y take on4 ,prim>ily ! egg cytoplasm1 9 l[ =ms ( animal life1 is totipot5t2 x has no fix$ relation ) ! p>ts to :i* x gives rise1 & may be artificially modifi$ or diff]5tiat$4 ,^! effects1 f position & traumatic dislocation1 sugge/ explanations = t]atic =ms 9 high] animals4 ,human t]ata are n[ commonly classifi$ 9 f\r gr\ps3 7#a7 ,hemit]atic2 7#b7 ,het]otaxic2 7#c7 ,h]maphroditic2 & 7#d7 ,mon/r\s4 ,hemit]ata are giants1 dw>fs1 p]sons %[+ anomalies 9 %ape1 color1 closure ( embryonal clefts1 9 abs5ce or excess ( digits1 or l defects4 ,! ,het]otaxic gr\p are p]sons ^: left or "r organs are rev]s$ 9 position4 ,a true ,h]maphrodite w\ld h ! complete reproductive organs ( bo? sexes1 b su* an individual has n be5 obs]v$4 ,!re is nev] any "q ( d\ble p]sonality 9 h]maphrodites4 ,t]ata m prop]ly s call$ may be s+le1 d\ble1 or triple2 & s+le mon/]s may be autositic or indep5d5t ( ano!r fetus1 or !y may be omphalositic1 dep5d5t ^u ano!r :i* is commonly well develop$ & :i* supplies blood = bo? ?r\gh ! umbilical vessels4 ,!re are f\r g5]a ( autositic s+le mon/]s1 ) eight species & ?irty-f\r v>ieties4 ,( ! mon/ra p] defectum ! commone/ are caus$ by a failure ( closure 9 ! embryonal m$ull>y canal1 :i* leaves "p ( ! bra9 & sp9al cord or _! bony cov]+ lack+4 ,"s t]ata1 z ! ,acephalia1 h no bra9 or sp9al cord1 b !y die 9 ! fetal /age4 ,! ,an5cephalia may h a sp9al cord1 a m$ulla oblongata1 & p>ts ( ! basal ganglia1 b ! c]ebral hemisph]es are want+4 ,su* mon/]s are sometimes born at t]m & live = sev]al days3 !y cry1 suckle1 %[ "s reflexes & a s5se ( pa91 & move ! arms & legs4 ,i describ$ ! v>i\s k9ds ( t]ata 9 ,essays 9 ,pa/oral m$ic9e1#eh;b & ( ^! ! mo/ important 9 ! matt] "u discussion "h are ! d\ble & triple mon/]s4 ,_m ( ! d\ble mon/]s evid5tly 7 two p]sons4 ,!re is only "o well au!nticat$ case ( a triple human mon/]1 & ?is happ5$ 9 ,italy 9 #ahca4 ,x _h a s+le broad body ) ?ree di/9ct heads & two necks1 & 0 kill$ 9 deliv]y4 ,!re is no pro( z to :e!r x 0 "o or m p]sons4 ,! /&>d ( judgm5t 9 su* cases z reg>ds ! pres5ce ( "o or two s\ls 9 ! mon/] is ! evid5ce ( "o or m di/9ct consci\snesses4 ,a mon/] d\ble f ! navel or brea/ d[nw>d 7t]ata anadidyma7 is1 ,i ?9k1 "o p]son4 ,!re 0 an example ( a mon/] 9 ?is gr\p :i* 0 divid$ f ! =eheads d[nw>d2 or bett]1 ! di/9ct tw9s 7 unit$ by _! =eheads only2 b su* a =m is v exceptional4 ,9 my article on ,human ,t]ata & ! ,sacram5ts1 9 ,essays 9 ,pa/oral ,m$ic9e1 9 #aijf1 ,i express$ ! op9ion t a mon/] :i* is s+le to ! navel & d\ble bel[ is compos$ ( two p]sons1 b ,i n[ am ( ! op9ion t su* a mon/] is only "o p]son1 because !re is app>5tly only "o consci\sness4 ,!re are ab\t eight cases ( two-head$ mon/]s kn[n :i* 7 evid5tly two p]sons 9 ea* case1 & sev]al t]ata kata-anadidyma1 divid$ above & bel[ b jo9$ at ! /]num1 abdom5 or sacrum4 ,sev]al is*iopagic tw9s1 jo9$ at ! pelvis ) ! heads at ! opposite ends ( ! d\ble body1 are gr\p$ ) ei!r ! katadidyma or kata-anadidyma4 ,x is commonly n difficult to recognize individuality or duality ( p]sonality 9 mon/]s1 b x is n easy to expla9 ! orig9 ( life1 to po9t out ! mom5t ! second s\l ent]s ^! fus$ or undivid$ tw9s4 #eh;b ,*ap4 vi1 p4 #fi4 ,new ,york1 #aijf4 ,we c artificially obta9 d\ble embryos ( frogs by inv]t+ ! bla/om]es 9 ! two-cell /age4#eh;c ,we ?us get unit$ tw9s ) heads turn$ 9 opposite directions1 tw9s unit$ back to back l ! ,blazek ,si/]s1 tw9s unit$ by _! v5tral sides1 & d\ble-head$ tadpoles1 b we h no k ( h[ simil> d\bl+ 9 human mon/]s takes place2 we mu/ guess vaguely f analogy4 ,!re 0 "o s\l1 at lea/1 pres5t f ! "o-cell /age ( ! human mon/]2 :5 ! second s\l is creat$ & infus$ we d n "k1 b ! mom5t ( ! creation ( ?is second s\l has no practical significance 9 ?is discussion4 #eh;c ,see ,wilson1 op cit441 p4 #dba4 ,! pres5ce ( c]ta9 k9ds ( mon/]s 9 ! ut]us c be diagnos$ be=e labor1 b d\ble mon/]s are mi/ak5 = ord9>y tw9s4 ,a woman :o has giv5 bir? to a mon/] is likely to h subsequ5t mon/r\s fetuses4 ,:]e ! intraut]9e exi/5ce ( a s+le mon/] is suspect$ ! ,x-ray w at times cle> up ! diagnosis4 ,wom5 gravid ) mon/]s commonly abort e>ly 9 pregnancy1 b ev5 unit$ tw9s may g on to t]m4 ,^? mon/]s t (f] an ob/acle to deliv]y by ! abnormal bulk ( "o or ! o!r end are mo/ly tw9s jo9$ above or bel[ ! navel2 ^? jo9$ at ! middle are easi] ( deliv]y4 ,mon/]s t are jo9$ at ! pelves are commonly 9 a /raight l9e1 & may n be difficult to deliv]4 ,mo/ d\ble mon/]s _c be deliv]$ alive except by ces>ean section1 & ! fact t ! cont5t ( ! ut]us is mon/r\s is1 z a rule1 n diagnos$ until x is impossible to attempt ces>ean section )\t kill+ ! "m ?r\gh infection4 ,9 su* a condition ! d\ble mon/] w\ld1 9 ! ord9>y m$ical practice1 be deliv]$ by craniotomy1 ex5t]ation1 cleidotomy1 or ! l op]ation4 ,! ,rituale ,romanum ,pauli ,v#ei gives ! foll[+ directions = ! baptiz+ ( human t]ata3 #ah4 ,9 mon/ris v]o baptiz&is1 si casus ev5iat1 magna cautio1 adhib5da e/1 de quo si opus fu]it1 ord9>ius loci1 vel alii p]iti consulantur1 nisi mortis p]iculum imm9eat4 #ai4 ,mon/rum1 quod humanam speciem non praesef]at baptiz>i non debet2 de quo si dubium fu]it1 baptizatur sub hac conditione2 ,si tu es homo ego te baptizo1 etc4 #bj4 ,illud v]o1 de quo dubium e/1 una ne1 aut plures s9t p]sonae non baptizetur1 donee id disc]natur3 disc]ni autem pote/ si habeat unum vel plura capita1 unum vel plura pectora2 tune enim totidem erunt corda et animae1 hom9esque di/9cti1 et eo casu s+uli seorsim sunt baptiz&i1 unicuique dic5do3 ,ego te baptizo1 etc4 ,si v]o p]iculum mortis imm9eat1 tempusque non suppetat1 ut s+uli sep>atim baptiz5tur1 pot]it m9i/] s+ulorum capitibus aquam infund5s omnes simul baptiz>i1 dic5do3 ,ego vos baptizo 9 nom9e ,patris1 et ,filii1 et ,spiritus ,sancti4 ,quam tam5 =mam 9 iis solum1 et 9 aliis similibus mortis p]iculis1 ad plures simul baptiz&os1 et ubi tempus non patitur1 ut s+uli sep>atim baptiz5tur1 aliis nunquam1 licet adhib]e4 #ba4 ,qu&o v]o non e/ c]tum 9 mon/ro duas esse p]sonas1 ut quia duo capita et duo pectora non habet di/9cta2 tune debet primus unus absolute baptiz>i1 et po/ea alt] sub conditione1 hoc modo3 ,si non es baptizatus1 ego te baptizo 9 nom9e ,patris1 et ,filii1 et ,spiritus ,sancti4 #ei ,tit4 ii1 cap4 #a1 nn4 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba4 ,any k9d ( mon/] com+ f ! human womb1 if x is only a head & lacks a body 7,ac>diacus ,acormus71 or is a body & lacks a head & he>t 7,ac>diacus ,acephalus71 or is a ,foetus ,anideus1 :i* is a %apeless mass ( fle% cov]$ ) sk91 %\ld be baptiz$1 provid$ x %[s signs ( life4 ,numb] #ai 9 ! ,ritual w\ld be liable to an int]pretation :i* is too n>r[ if x 7 n t v mon/r\s fetuses1 :i* appe> to a lay obs]v] to be n human1 are z a rule deliv]$ dead4 ,"h x may be wor? :ile to m5tion t a hybrid betwe5 a human be+ & a l[] animal is impossible4 ,z to numb] #bj1 ! rule = diff]5tiat+ unity or duality ( p]sonality is n ! numb] ( heads1 b ! numb] ( evid5t consci\snesses1 & ?is diff]5tiation commonly _c be made at bir?4 ,!re h be5 examples ( two-head$ mon/]s deliv]$ alive1 :i* 7 s+le z to s\l because ! consci\sness evid5tly 0 "o4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,:5 ,,does ,,human ,,life ,,end8 ,! mom5t human life beg9s 9 ! human fetus is a subject ( dispute1 b ! mom5t human life ends is a my/]y--we h no me?od ( det]m9+ exactly j :5 ! s\l leaves ! body4 ,daily ?r\gh\t ! _w ! prie/ rea*es a pati5t :o has j di$4 ,conditional absolution1 extreme unction1 baptism might h be5 adm9i/]$ if !re 7 signs ( life1 b ! he>t & lungs are /ill1 ! pati5t is dead1 & ! prie/ leaves )\t do+ any?+4 ,yet x is always probable t ! pati5t does n die at once ev5 9 a case ( decapitation4 ,bi*at1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury1 call$ ! bra91 lungs1 & he>t ! tripod ( life1 & f "t immemorial we h bas$ our judgm5t ( ! pres5ce ( somatic dea? on ! lack ( consci\sness1 respiration1 & circulation 9 ! pati5t4 ,! he>t1 h[ev]1 beats aft] consci\sness & respiration cease 7& sometimes respiration cont9ues aft] ! pulse _c be felt71 & ?is c>diac activity may g on = m ?an a half h\r aft] all ! normal cl9ical signs ( dea? h appe>$--aft] respiration has quit1 :5 no he>t-s\nds c be he>d by ! /e?oscope & muscul> relaxation indicates dea?4 ,! /imulus ( ! he>t-beat probably />ts at ! juncture ( ! sup]ior v5a cava ) ! "r auricle ( ! he>t4 ,"s biologi/s ?9k t 9 ?is spot life takes its la/ /& be=e ! f9al retreat1 b t fact is disput$ ( late4 ,9 ! hospital ( ! ,rockefell] ,in/itute = ,m$ical ,rese>* 9 ,new ,york1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,canby ,rob9son#fj made records f ab\t eight pati5ts be=e & dur+ ! actual /opp+ ( ! he>t1 us+ ! electroc>diograph1 :i* c be employ$ )\t di/urb+ ! pati5t4 ,he ?us f\nd--only 9 "o case1 h[ev]--t ! he>t may beat = a half h\r aft] all vascul> & circulatory s\nds h ceas$ to be audible4 ,9 a lett] to me ,dr4 ,rob9son said3 ,und\bt$ly ! he>t cont9ues to %[ activity suffici5t to be record$ by ! /r+ galvanomet] v frequ5tly aft] respiration has ceas$1 bo? 9 man & ! l[] animals2 b ?is does n necess>ily mean t x cont9ues to be an effici5t pump1 ma9ta9+ ! circulation4 ,und\bt$ly also 9 o!r in/ances ! c>diac activity ceases be=e ! respiration1 b ,i h nev] obta9$ electroc>diographic records ( su* cases4 #fj ,a ,/udy ) ! ,electroc>diograph ( ! ,mode ( ,dea? ( ! ,human ,he>t4 ,j\rnal ( ,exp]im5tal ,m$ic9e1 #aiab1 xvi1 #bia4 ,crile's exp]im5ts ^u dogs %[ t x is possible to resuscitate ^! animals aft] !y h be5 app>5tly dead = p]iods ( "t up to sev5 & a half m9utes4 ,! cessation ( ! blood circulation causes deg5]ations 9 ! n]ve cells & fibres1 & ^! lesions may la/ ev5 if ! animal has be5 resuscitat$4 ,crile ?9ks ! human respiratory c5tre may survive anemia f ?irty to fifty m9utes2 ! vasomotor & c>diac c5tres1 ab\t tw5ty to ?irty m9utes2 ! sp9al cord1 eight to t5 m9utes2 ! motor cortex1 eight to t5 m9utes2 ! portion ( ! bra9 us$ 9 consci\s activity z su*1 six to sev5 m9utes4 ,! high] neurons h be5 /imulat$ into reflex activity tw5ty-five m9utes aft] complete cl9ical c>diac cessation ( activity4 ,9 any attempt to resuscitate a p]son app>5tly dead ! ma9t5ance ( ! blood circulation is ! *ief end4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! blood is n oxyg5at$ ! circulation w n g on automatically4 ,artificial respiration is us$1 & ! active pr9ciple ( ! adr5al gl& is inject$ to /imulate ! he>t4 ,if ! he>t has /opp$ 9 dia/ole1--t is1 :5 di/5d$ ) blood1--?is di/5tion mu/ be reliev$ by c>diac massage1 commonly ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! ?oracic wall4 ,intratra*eal insufflation ( oxyg5 is also to be employ$1 z a rule4 ,9 ,essays 9 ,pa/oral ,m$ic9e#fa ,i m5tion$ sev]al cases ( resuscitation aft] :at _h appe>$ to be c]ta9 dea?4 ,two ( ^! _h be5 dead = =ty-five m9utes be=e !y 7 reviv$ tempor>ily4 ,wayne ,babcock#fb report$ a numb] ( new cases ( 8 own4 ,"o 0 a resuscitation :i* la/$ = =ty-?ree h\rs1 & :i* 0 begun tw5ty-five m9utes aft] respiration _h ceas$4 ,! pati5t 0 a v fat negress :o _h collaps$ aft] ! use ( scopolam9e4 ,a man ^: arm _h be5 torn (f di$ f %ock 9 ! op]at+-room4 ,aft] fifte5 m9utes ( artificial respiration ! circulation />t$ aga91 & he 0 kept alive = six h\rs 9 ?is mann]1 b he di$ z soon z ! artificial respiration 0 discont9u$4 ,an exactly simil> case 0 kept alive = sev5 h\rs by artificial respiration4 ,"o ( ,babcock's cases 0 a woman ( eighty-sev5 ye>s ( age1 :o app>5tly di$ on ! table dur+ an op]ation = /rangulat$ h]nia4 ,aft] t5 m9utes ( c>diac & respiratory cessation %e 0 reviv$4 ,%e di$ f\r days lat] ( p]itonitis4 ,a man fifty-six ye>s ( age und]go+ ! same op]ation ceas$ brea?+ & 8 he>t /opp$4 ,he 0 completely reviv$ & cur$4 #fa ,new ,york1 #aijf1 p4 #afd4 #fb ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,!rapeutic ,society1 #aiab4 ,fa!r ,juan ,f]r]es#fc holds t abort$ & newly born *ildr5 %\ld be baptiz$1 al?\gh !y give no sign ( life1 if !y %[ no cle> evid5ce ( putrefaction4 ,?is op9ion is m9e also1 b ! ^w mac]ation %\ld be sub/itut$ z m exact4 ,es*ba*#fd says3 ,infantes rec5t] natos et 9 vitae discrim9e positos1 aut foetus abortivos plane =matos1 cum vel levissimus 9 eis motus appreh5ditur1 absolute baptiz>i oportet3 cum autem s9e motu et s5su iidem videantur neque tam5 adhuc corrupti aut putrefacti s9t1 s9e mora baptiz5tur conditionate3 ,si vivis1 ego te baptizo1 etc4 ,^! quotations give ! common op9ion ( morali/s at pres5t1 & ?is op9ion is fully safe4 ,es*ba*1 h[ev]1 w\ld h ! fetus plane =matus1 :i* is errone\s & an e*o ( ! old ,ari/otelian notion4 ,if ! fetus is visible at all1 op5 ! membranes & baptize x conditionally1 ev5 if x is n z big z a pea4 #fc ,la ,mu]te ,real y ,app>5te1 #d? ed41 p4 #ba4 ,madrid1 #aiaa4 #fd ,quae/iones ,physiologicae-,!ologicae1 disp4 #c1 p4 #b1 c4 #c1 a4 #c4 ,an infant born app>5tly dead may be resuscitat$ aft] a delay v mu* long] ?an w\ld be possible 9 an old] p]son1 provid$ always ! infant has n begun to brea!4 ,f]r]es mi/akes cases ( catalepsy :i* h recov]$ consci\sness = cases ( app>5t somatic dea?4 ,9 ^! cataleptic conditions ! blood circulation does n completely cease--if x did ! n]v\s c5tres w\ld be dis9tegrat$4 ,! case he reports on p4 #bf1fe ( ! woman resuscitat$ by ,rigaudeaux 9 #agdh1 0 "o ( catalepsy1 if x ev] happ5$4 ,! same is true ( ! case f ,gasp> de los ,reyes1#ff :i* probably _h "s f\ndation 9 a condition ( catalepsy1 b :i* m probably is a %e] inv5tion by ,reyes4 ,x looks l an anecdote f a m$ieval ,flor5t9e novella4 #fe ,p4 #cj 9 ! ,engli% translation4 #ff ,p4 #ce2 p4 #ci1 ,engli% translation4 ,old writ]s speak ( cessation ( ! pulse = long p]iods4 ,ballonius#fg m5tions a p]son 9 :om !re 0 no pulse = f\rte5 days be=e dea?2 ,ramazz9i#fh describes a cessation ( ! pulse = f\r days be=e dissolution2 ,s*5ck#fi tells ( a disappe>ance ( ! pulse = ?ree days1 ) recov]y4 ,^! all 7 app>5tly cataleptic cases1 :]e ! circulation 0 v feeble & ! radial pulse 0 n palpable4 ,*eyne gives an acc\nt ( a ,colonel ,t[ns5d :o _h ! p[] ( app>5tly dy+ at w4 ,he c\ld s susp5d ! he>t action t no pulse c\ld be felt1 & aft] a %ort :ile ! circulation w\ld become normal aga94 ,! longe/ p]iod 9 :i* he rema9$ 9 ?is condition 0 ab\t ?irty m9utes4 ,/4 ,augu/9e m5tions a prie/ nam$ ,rutilutus :o _h a p[] l t ( ,colonel ,t[ns5d1 & ,caill#gj report$ a simil> case4 #fg ,op]a ,m$ica ,omnia4 ,g5eva1 #agfb4 #fh ,epi/olae1 #afib4 #fi ,obs]vationum ,m$ic>um1 etc4 ,frank=t1 #afjj4 #gj ,new ,orleans ,m$ical & ,surgical ,j\rnal1 xvi4 ,! fakirs ( ,india c>ry ?is p[] to great l5g?s4 ,braid1#ga on ! au?ority ( a ,sir ,claude ,wade1 says a fakir 0 buri$ unconsci\s at ,lahore 9 #ahcg1 & ! grave 0 gu>d$ day & night by s5t9els f an ,engli% regim5t4 ,six weeks aft] ! burial ! man 0 dug up & he pres5t$ all ! appe>ance ( a corpse4 ,! legs & arms 7 %runk5 & /iff1 & ! head recl9$ on ! %\ld]1 z happ5s 9 corpses4 ,!re 0 no p]ceptible circulation any:]e1 yet he reviv$4 #ga ,treatise on ,human ,hib]nation1 #ahej4 ,honigb]g]1 a ,g]man physician 9 ! s]vice ( ,runjeet ,s+h1 describ$#gb a fakir ( ! ,punjaub :o 0 put into a seal$ vault = =ty days1 & ! seal ( ,runjeet ,s+h 0 on ! c(f94 ,gra9 0 s[n above ! vault & x 0 well above ! gr\nd :5 ! man 0 tak5 out ( ! vault & resuscitat$4 ,sir ,h5ry ,lawr5ce te/ifi$ to ! tru? ( ?is /ory4 ,! fakir's *9 0 %av$1 ,honigb]g] says1 be=e ! burial1 & ! be>d did n gr[ :ile he 0 9 ! vault4 #gb ,m$ical ,times & ,gazette1 vol4 i4 ,london1 #ahgj4 ,9 keep+ ) ^! /ories are _m curi\s acc\nts ( recov]y aft] hang+4 ,^! are frequ5t 9 writ+s ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 :5 hang+ 0 almo/ an e-day occurr5ce4 ,^! n>ratives are mu* m au!ntic ?an ! anecdotes told ( recov]y aft] premature burial1 :i* are z old z lit]ature4 ,paul ,zac*ias#gc tells ( a "y man :o di$ ( ! plague & 0 set out ) ! corpses = burial4 ,he reviv$ & 0 tak5 back to ! pe/-h\se4 ,he di$ aga9 & 0 aga9 prep>$ = ! grave1 b he came to a second "t4 ,! /ock /ory 9 ^! premature burial cases is t ( ! woman :o is reviv$ by a ?ief :o cuts h] f+] 9 an ef=t to /eal ! r+s buri$ ) h]4 #gc ,quae/iones ,m$ico-,legales1 #agja4 ,! important fact1 h[ev]1 is t 9 any case ( dea? ! exact mom5t 9 :i* ! s\l leaves ! body is n kn[able by any means we h at pres5t1 & :]e !re is "q ( giv+ ! sacram5ts ! p]son app>5tly dead %\ld h ! b5efit ( ! d\bt4 ,he is to receive conditional baptism1 absolution1 or extreme unction 7pref]ably by ! %ort me?od71 9 case ^! sacram5ts are requir$4 ,= a :ole h\r aft] app>5t dea? ! probability t ! s\l has n dep>t$ is s /rong t1 9 my op9ion1 a prie/ :o does n give ! necess>y sacram5ts is virtually z guilty z if he neglect$ to adm9i/] !m to a p]son evid5tly alive4 ,crile1 "o ( ! be/ m$ical au?orities on ?is matt] ( somatic dea?1 holds t ! human respiratory sy/em may survive anemia = f ?irty to fifty m9utes4 ,h[ long aft] ! h\r a prie/ may adm9i/] ! sacram5ts is n kn[n1 b a second h\r1 or ev5 a ?ird1 are n unreasonable p]iods ( "t dur+ :i* ! sacram5ts may be adm9i/]$ conditionally4 ,! sacram5ts are = man1 & !re is no irrev]5ce if !y are adm9i/]$ conditionally & ! prie/ expla9s to ! by/&]s ! reason he has = 8 action4 ,if a pregnant woman dies sl[ly1 ! fetus 9 h] womb is likely to die ow+ to lack ( oxyg52 if %e dies sudd5ly1 ! *ild may live = v>iable p]iods 9 v>i\s cases4 ,bro!rton report$ a case :]e a liv+ *ild 0 tak5 f a woman tw5ty-?ree m9utes aft] ! dea? ( ! "m4 ,t>ni]1 ! not$ ,fr5* ob/etrician1 told ( a rem>kable incid5t :i* happ5$ 9 ,p>is dur+ ! riot+ by ! ,commune aft] ! w> ( #ahgj4 ,! riot]s fir$ on a mat]nity hospital1 & a pregnant woman sitt+ on a b$ 9 a w>d 0 in/antly kill$ by a bullet ?r\gh h] head4 ,aft] a :ile %e 0 discov]$ dead1 & ,t>ni] 0 s5t = to save ! fetus1 z its he>t-s\nds c\ld be he>d ?r\gh ! abdom9al wall4 ,:5 he began ! op]ation ! hospital 0 fir$ ^u aga91 & x 0 necess>y to c>ry ! corpse to ! cell> ( ! build+4 ,!re ,t>ni]1 an h\r & ?ree qu>t]s at lea/ aft] ! dea? ( ! wom51 extract$ a liv+ *ild f ! corpse4 ,hir/#gd tells ( ano!r case :i* 0 n>rat$ to him by an ,am]ican naval surgeon :o saw x 9 ! h>bor ( ,rio ,janeiro dur+ ! revolution at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t republic ( ,brazil4 ,a woman ne> t]m 0 kill$ in/antly by a piece ( %ell4 ,z soon z %e fell to ! gr\nd a ,brazilian surgeon1 :o 0 /&+ ne> by1 cut op5 h] abdom5 ) a p5knife & drew out ! *ild1 b x 0 already dead4 #gd ,a ,textbook ( ,ob/etrics1 #g? ed41 p4 #fdc4 ,philadelphia1 #aiab4 ,mack#ge 0 call$ to a pregnant woman1 & he f\nd %e _h di$ sudd5ly ab\t five m9utes be=e he arriv$4 ,he at once op5$ ! ut]us ) a small lancet & extract$ a *ild :i* 0 beyond ! livid /age & _h no he>t-s\nd4 ,he work$ on ! *ild = =ty m9utes1 us+ ! ord9>y me?ods = reviv+ asphyxiat$ *ildr51 b got no sign ( life4 ,!n he inject$ a hypod]mic syr+eful ( a #a3ajjj ep9ephr9 solution ?r\gh ! umbilical cord into ! abdom5 & cont9u$ ! reviv+ motions4 ,9 t5 m9utes ! *ild 0 cry+ vigor\sly1 & x 0 a heal?y baby aft]w>d4 #ge ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association1 ,augu/ #bh1 #aiae4 ,gunn & ,m>t91#gf 9 exp]im5ts on rabbits poison$ by *lor(orm & app>5tly dead1 f\nd !y c\ld resuscitate ab\t #gj p] c5t4 ( ! animals if treatm5t 0 begun )9 t5 m9utes aft] ! he>t ceas$ beat+4 ,!y />t$ artificial respiration ?r\gh a tube 9 ! tra*ea1 !n inject$ ep9ephr9 into ! p]ic>dium1 & aft]w>d massag$ ! he>t ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! abdom54 ,! rate ( compression ( ! he>t 9 ?is massage mu/ be some:at less ?an half t ( ! normal beat1 & at %ort int]vals ! massage is to be /opp$ to all[ ! spontane\s beats to develop4 ,compression %\ld be gradual & ! relaxation abrupt4 ,! massage is appli$ by "o ( ^! f\r me?ods1 & !y are arrang$ "h 9 ! ord] ( _! effici5cy3 7#a7 by direct compression ( ! he>t ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! ?orax2 7#b7 by compression above ! diaphragm ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! belly-wall2 7#c7 by simple compression ( ! abdom52 7#d7 by simple compression ( ! ?orax4 ,ep9ephr91 or pituit>y extract1 is us$ z an adjuvant intrav5\sly to increase ! c>diac movem5t aft] x has be5 />t$4 ,! same me?ods w probably be effective 9 man1 & h be5 us$ successfully4 #gf ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macology & ,exp]im5tal ,!rapeutics4 ,baltimore1 ,july1 #aiae4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 a woman is 9 articulo mortis ) a liv+ fetus 9 h] womb1 "o %\ld n wait = h] dea?4 ,if "o waits1 he w ne>ly always lose ! *ild4 ,! c]vix %\ld be dilat$ =cibly1 ! *ild turn$ & deliv]$4 ,ev5 if ?is =cible deliv]y %\ld happ5 to ha/5 some:at ! "m's dea?1 ! action w\ld be morally licit4 ,x w\ld be a d\ble-effect action2 ! two effects w\ld proce$ imm$iately & equally f ! act1 :i* is indiff]5t morally2 "o effect1 ! good "o1 is to save ! *ild = baptism at lea/1 & possibly p]man5tly2 ! second1 evil b reluctantly p]mitt$1 is ! possible ha/5+ ( ! mat]nal dea?4 ,i %\ld be will+ ev5 to slit ! c]vix1 if necess>y1 provid$ ! diagnosis 7 c]ta91 ) ! possibility ( te>+ ! ut]us1 9 a case :]e ! dilatation ( ! c]vix w\ld be too sl[ a me?od2 b ?is supposition is sc>cely practical4 ,zsako#gg gives a me?od = det]m9+ ! int]val s9ce dea? by muscul> ph5om5a4 ,tapp+ ) a p]cussion hamm] on c]ta9 muscles ( ! body excites a reflex contraction up to f an h\r & a half to two h\rs aft] dea?4 ,! contraction may be elicit$ 9 ! same mann] on ! liv+1 b x is m evid5t on a cadav] ow+ to ! abs5ce ( antagoni/ic tonus 9 ! muscles4 ,"s muscles may move = f\r h\rs aft] dea?4 ,tapp+ along ! radius f ! elb[ d[nw>d1 he says1 a po9t is f\nd :]e ! /roke causes ext5sion ( ! h&2 tapp+ along ! radius above ! wri/ makes ! ?umb b5d2 tapp+ on ! spaces betwe5 ! bones ( ! h& closes up ! correspond+ f+]s2 tapp+ on ! back ( ! foot ext5ds ! toes1 on ! leg adducts ! foot1 on ! tibia along ! middle ?ird ext5ds ! leg4 ,:5 ! l[] ?ird ( ! ?igh is tapp$ across ! muscles move1 & if ! back is /ruck betwe5 ! scapula & ! sp9e ! %\ld] blades move t[>d ea* o!r4 ,if !re is no response ! p]son mu/ be dead f two to f\r h\rs4 ,i h _h no exp]i5ce ) ?is me?od4 #gg ,mn*5] m$iz9is*e ,wo*5s*rift1 ,janu>y #ah1 #aiaf4 ,satre#gh report$ t _m soldi]s br\ght into ! dress+-/ations app>5tly dead f %ock1 head or sp9al w\nds1 or gas asphyxiation1 7 reviv$ aft] artificial respiration _h be5 appli$1 sometimes = ev5 six h\rs be=e results 7 obta9$4 ,two te/s 7 us$ to f9d out :e!r ! pati5t 0 alive or n4 ,9 su* cases t5 c4c4 ( a #bj p] c5t4 alkal9e solution ( fluoresc9e is inject$ subcutane\sly1 & if !re is any circulation ?is dye w be c>ri$ to ! eye & turn ! conjunctiva gre54 ,! second te/ is to pu% a f9e puncture-ne$le into ! sple5 or liv] & ?us remove a p>ticle ( ! pulp4 ,?is pulp is put on blue litmus-pap] & drawn free f blood4 ,if ! litmus-pap] turns r$ ! man is dead2 if x rema9s blue he is alive4 ,! reaction ( ! liv+ pulp is alkal9e1 blue2 ?is becomes acid1 r$1 a half-h\r aft] dea?2 an h\r aft] dea? ! acid reaction is q m>k$4 #gh ,presse ,mdicale1 ,p>is1 xxiv1 #ff4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,abortion ,abortion1 z ! t]m is us$ by physicians1 9 its wide/ s5se is ! ejection or extraction ( a fetus f ! womb at any "t be=e t]m4 ,! ^w is popul>ly contra/$ ) misc>riage1 :]e ! fetus is eject$ ?r\gh disease or accid5t2 abortion 9 ! lay s5se supposes artificial1 & commonly crim9al1 extraction ( ! fetus4 ,abortion 7f aboriri1 to p]i%7 etymologically has an association ) de/ruction ( life1 b ! "n is giv5 by physicians to a removal ( any premature fetus1 ev5 if x is viable4 ,/rictly1 h[ev]1 abortion is an int]ruption ( pregnancy be=e ! fetus is viable1 & premature labor is su* an int]ruption aft] ! fetus is viable4 ,?r\gh\t ?is *apt] ! words are us$ 9 ?is s5se4 ,abortion z a m$ical & moral consid]ation may be consid]$ f sev]al po9ts ( view4 ,fir/1 involunt>y pa?ologic & accid5tal int]ruptions ( pregnancy are to be av]t$1 if x is possible to d s1 to save ! life ( ! *ild2 & :5 ! abortion is inevitable ! treatm5t has moral qualities :i* involve ! physician & ! "m4 ,secondly1 volunt>y & !rapeutic abortion has peculi> moral & m$ical qualities aris+ 7a7 f ! p]iod ( ge/ation or ! viability ( ! *ild2 7b7 f ! tru? or error 9 ! diagnosis z reg>ds ! necessity = int]f]5ce1 & ! advantage or damage result+ f ! int]f]5ce4 ,?irdly1 ! te*nical skill or ignorance ( ! physician1 & ! me?ods he employs may 9 !mselves 9 any case av]t or cause ! dea? ( ! "m or grave injury to h]1 & 9 ! =c$ deliv]y ( premature infants may save1 kill1 or maim ! *ild4 ,f\r?ly1 volunt>y crim9al abortion has a special malice ( its own1 :i* makes x some:at m crim9al ?an ! !rapeutic removal ( an inviable infant4 ,fif?ly1 !re are positive canonical & civil p5alties aga9/ abortion z x affects ! inviable infant4 ,pa?ologic abortions1 & ^? aris+ f accid5t or c>elessness1 are extremely common4 ,heg> e/imat$ t !re is "o ( ^! abortions to e eight normal p>turitions1 & speciali/s 9 ob/etrics f9d z _m z "o abortion to f\r deliv]ies at t]m4 ,^! abortions are mo/ frequ5t f ! eigh? to ! twelf? week ( ge/ation1 because ! ovum is !n n firmly atta*$ to ! ut]us1 & x readily succumbs to ext]nal influ5ce4 ,moreov]1 ! woman is n c]ta9 %e is pregnant & neglects precautions4 ,_m wom51 aga91 are "u ! error t !re is no moral evil 9 gett+ rid ( ! ovum be=e quick5+1 & !y ?9k quick5+ occurs only :5 !y feel ! fetal movem5ts4 ,o!rs1 errone\sly aga91 fancy t abortion 9 ! e>ly mon?s is n dang]\s or injuri\s to !mselves4 ,! causes ( pa?ologic & accid5tal abortion are v num]\s & (t5 int]active4 ,!y may arise f ! fetus1 ! "m1 ! fa!r1 or f viol5ce4 ,! dea? ( ! fetus1 or diseases ( ! fetus itself or ( its app5dages1 cause abortion4 ,weakness ( ! fetus f alcoholism 9 ! p>5ts1 anemia1 c>bon monoxide & lead poison+1 tobacco poison+ 9 wom5 :o are cig>-mak]s1 & simil> conditions 9 "o or bo? p>5ts1 w br+ on abortion4 ,mon/]s r>ely g on to t]m4 ,acute or *ronic affections 9 ! "m1 z typhoid1 mal>ia1 smallpox1 *ol]a1 sc>lat9a1 measles1 tub]culosis1 & ! l1 & syphilis 9 ! "m or fa!r1 effect abortion4 ,o!r abnormal /ates t br+ on abortion are l[ blood-pressure 9 mat]nal anemia1 %ock1 syncope2 hemorrhages into ! plac5ta 9 mat]nal nephritis2 hemorrhages betwe5 ! plac5ta & ut]us f diseases ( ! plac5ta & decidua1 or f traumatism1 :i* deta* ! plac5ta2 sun or heat /roke2 sudd5 high temp]ature 9 fev]2 toxemias1 z 9 "s =ms ( hyp]emesis gravid>um1 eclampsia1 *orea1 hepatic autolysis1 & impetigo h]peti=mis4 ,*ronic endometritis1 or inflammation ( ! l9+ membrane ( ! ut]9e cavity1 is ! commone/ mat]nal cause ( abortion1 especially ( habitual abortion4 ,9 ?is condition hemorrhages 9 ! decidua1 or ut]9e fold t holds ! fetus1 kill ! fetus1 or =ce ! ovum (f ! ut]9e wall1 or excite expulsive ut]9e contractions4 ,)\t hemorrhage endometritis prev5ts a firm fixation ( ! ovum1 or x may br+ ab\t a malposition ( ! plac5ta1 call$ plac5ta praevia4 ,endometritis at ! decidua may cause hydrorrhoea gravid>um1 & ! accumulat$ s]\s secretions f ?is s\rce are likely to />t ut]9e contraction4 ,*ronic metritis1 or inflammation ( ! deep] tissues ( ! ut]us1 is commonly f\nd ) endometritis1 & x prev5ts ! expansion ( ! ut]9e muscle4 ,?is condition is m likely to cause abortion ?an endometritis alone4 ,acute gonorrhea1 inflammations ( ! ,fallopian tubes1 & app5dicitis sometimes int]rupt pregnancy4 ,o!r causes are mal=mations & diseases ( ! ut]us1 infantilism1 fibroids1 polyps1 ut]9e horns1 lac]ations & amputation ( ! c]vix1 & retrov]sions & retr(lexions ( ! ut]us4 ,at times a replacem5t ( ! ut]us w av]t an abortion4 ,:5 ! "m has an infecti\s disease l typhoid1 smallpox1 *ol]a1 or typhus1 ! infection may rea* ! fetus & kill x1 or may cause an endometritis ) a hemorrhagic t5d5cy4 ,mat]nal sepsis may kill ! fetus directly or second>ily1 & ?is is true also ( mat]nal syphilis4 ,a sudd5 rise 9 temp]ature may excite expulsive ut]9e contraction4 ,9 pneumonia ! excess ( c>bon dioxide 9 ! blood may br+ on abortion4 ,l pneumonia1 ane/hesia may kill ! fetus if kept up = a long "t1 or if m>k$ by cyanosis4 ,prolong$ nitr\s-oxide ane/hesia is especially dang]\s to a fetus1 b a brief nitr\s-oxide ane/hesia = ! extraction ( a too? may n br+ on abortion4 ,! wor/ too? /ump c be extract$ pa9lessly aft] local injection ( novoca91 ) no dang] to ! fetus4 ,! gums rema9 some:at sore = a day or two aft] novoca9 infiltration1 b ?is inconv5i5ce is a mu* less evil ?an total ane/hesia1 ev5 :5 !re is no pregnancy4 ,x is probable t total ane/hesia is morally unju/ifiable = ! extraction ( a s+le too? if ! too? is n w$g$ 94 ,viol5ce1 accid5tal or int5tional1 is a frequ5t prim>y or second>y cause ( abortion4 ,sometimes a slight j>1 a mis/ep on a /airway1 a n]v\s %ock1 a jump f a c>riage-/ep1 lift+ weights1 runn+ sew+-ma*9es1 sea-ba?+1 a r\gh automobile ride1 w br+ on an abortion :]e !re is a pr$isposition4 ,(t5 9 heal?y wom51 on ! o!r h&1 extreme viol5ce does n int]rupt pregnancy4 ,surgical op]ations are class$ "h ) viol5ce4 ,9 a neurotic woman a slight op]ation on an organ n directly connect$ ) ! ut]us w />t expulsive contractions4 ,aga91 #ff p] c5t4 ( op]ations on ov>ian tumors dur+ pregnancy h left ! ut]us undi/urb$4 ,de ,lee says he has remov$ fibroids f ! pregnant ut]us1 once ev5 expos+ ! *orion1 & has amputat$ ! c]vix ( a gravid ut]us1 )\t int]rupt+ pregnancy4 ,sev]al cases h occurr$ :]e bo? ov>ies h be5 remov$ dur+ pregnancy )\t abortion4 ,! brea/ has be5 amputat$ & a kidney remov$ f a pregnant woman#gi )\t di/urb+ ! pregnancy4 ,wi5]#hj did elev5 op]ations = ov>ian tumors dur+ pregnancy ) only two abortions4 ,von ,hol/#ha remov$ a myoma weigh+ two & a half p\nds f ! ut]us at ! sev5? mon? ( ge/ation )\t abortion4 ,davis ( ,birm+ham1 ,alabama1 report$#hb t a woman ?ree & a half mon?s pregnant 0 %ot 9 ! abdom54 ,! rifle bullet made tw5ty-five p]=ations 9 h] inte/9es4 ,%e 0 tak5 eighty-five miles1 & !n ,davis cut out five feet ( ! inte/9e4 ,%e recov]$ & gave bir? to a liv+ *ild at t]m4 #gi ,cronk1 ,oklahoma ,/ate ,m$4 ,assoc4 ,j\r41 ,july1 #ahaf4 #hj ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,ob/et41 ,augu/1 #aiae4 #ha ,upsala ,lk>e=5+s ,frh&l+>1 xxi1 #h4 #hb ,j\rnal ,am]4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 ,octob] #bh1 #aiaf4 ,d\ble ov>iotomy br+s on abortion 9 ! e>ly mon?s ( pregnancy (t5] ?an 9 ! lat]1 probably f ! loss ( ! corpus luteum1 :i*1 x appe>s1 is necess>y = ! gr[? ( ! ut]us4 ,app5dicitis & app5dectomy are especially likely to int]rupt ge/ation1 app>5tly z a result ( infection & because pregnant wom5 are prone to def] op]ation4 ,! traumatism ( crim9al abortion1 punctures & lac]ations f b\gies & curettes1 & ! exhibition ( drugs l ergot & can?>ides1 are s\rces & results ( abortion4 ,drugs w n empty ! ut]us unless !y are giv5 9 poison\s doses :i* endang] ! woman's life4 ,9 ! fa!r1 syphilis1 tub]culosis1 g5]al p>esis1 g5]al debility f alcoholism1 un*a/ity1 & s5ility1 & septic conditions ( ! g5]ative tract1 may cause abortion4 ,_m m5 :o "w ) lead1 phosphorus1 m]cury1 or ,x-rays are /]ile1 & be=e !y become totally /]ile _! condition appe>s to cause debility 9 ! fetus :i* leads to abortion4 ,9 pat]nal lead poison+ !re is a r$uction ( ab\t #bj p] c5t4 9 ! weight ( ! infants at bir?1 & a g5]al weakness & ret>dation ( ! *ild4 ,! *ildr5 ( lead-poison$ fa!rs are frequ5tly p]man5tly "u weight4 ,coition dur+ ge/ation is a cause ( abortion1 & ! fault "h1 z a rule1 lies ) ! husb&4 ,/4 ,?omas#hc said3 ,/4 ,j]ome prote/s aga9/ ! sexual approa* ( ! husb& to 8 gravid wife1 n t 9 ?is condition su* an act is always a mortal s91 unless !re is probable dang] ( abortion4 ,/4 ,alphonsus#hd says if !re is dang] ( abortion ! use ( ! debitum is a grave s94 ,9 n4 #ibd he aga9 tea*es t :ile x is true t if by ! use ( ! debitum ! life or =mation ( ! fetus is endang]$ or *eck$ ! "r to ! use ( ! debitum is1 9 su* circum/ances1 lo/1 yet he ?9ks t 9 pregnancy !re is little dang] ( abortion f ?is cause1 especially ne> t]m4 #hc ,94 #d1 di/4 #ha4 #hd ,!ologia ,moralis1 n4 #idc4 ,sabetti-,b>rett#he says ! wife is excus$ f ! debitum conjugale if ! husb& is drunk1 or if !re is a rational dread ( grave injury1 or grave dang] to heal?4 ,g5icot#hf ?9ks t 9 pregnancy x c sc>cely be %[n t !re is a notable dang] ( abortion4 ,lehmkuhl#hg holds t a m>ri$ p]son is n oblig$ to grant ! debitum if !re is great dang] ( abortion2 b1 he adds1 ,ev5 !n1 if !re is a grave dang] ( incont95ce ,i d n ?9k x c]ta9 t !re is an absolute obligation to ab/a94 #he ,!ologia ,moralis1 n4 #icf4 #hf ,!ologiae ,moralis ,in/itutiones1 vol4 ii1 n4 #edd4 #hg ,comp5dium ,!ologiae ,moralis1 n4 #aaad4 ,unlike ,lehmkuhl1 morali/s agree t if !re is real dang] ( abortion f m>ital congress1 su* an act is illicit1 b !y are incl9$ to ?9k t !re is little or no dang] ( abortion1 especially at ! end ( ge/ation4 ,au?orities on ob/etrics1 on ! contr>y1 say t "o ( ! causes ( abortion 9 ! e>ly mon?s ( pregnancy is m>ital congress2 & "o ( ! s\rces ( sepsis 9 wom51 :i* may result 9 ! dea? ( bo? "m & *ild1 is c]ta9ly congress at ! end ( ge/ation4 ,?is causation ( abortion is f\nd especially 9 neurotic irritable wom51 9 su* z h diseases ( ! g5]ative tract1 or a t5d5cy to habitual abortion4 ,:5ev] a woman %[s any t5d5cy to ble$+ dur+ ge/ation ! use ( ! debitum is und\bt$ly contra9dicat$1 because ( ! proximate dang] ( bo? abortion & septic infection4 ,t[>d ! end ( pregnancy ! dang] f sexual comm]ce is ! risk ( infect+ ! woman's vag9a ) bact]ia :i* may br+ on sepsis ?r\gh ! abrasions incid5t to p>turition4 ,! /aphylococcus pyog5es albus1 a dang]\s septic microrganism1 exi/s z a saprophyte 9 #ej p] c5t4 ( male ure?ras1 & ! bacillus coli communis is ano!r s\rce ( infection f ! fa!r dur+ pregnancy4 ,de ,lee saw two cases ( sepsis t kill$ bo? "m & *ild f su* an infection %ortly be=e t]m4 ,if a physician n[ exam9es a woman be=e deliv]y )\t us+ all ! precautions kn[n to prev5t sepsis1 su* z we>+ a /]ile rubb] glove1 he is guilty ( malpractice2 yet c]ta9 morali/s are incl9$ to let a husb& d :at he likes4 ,morali/s talk ab\t ! fetus z protect$ 9 ! membranes4 ,t is nons5se1 because x has no relevancy to ! "q4 ,x c h ! slight relevancy ( untru? :5 ! woman is r5d]$ septic1 because !n ! membranes are no protection at all4 ,! mortality /ati/ics ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus ,bureau %[ t a little m ?an #db p] c5t4 ( ! infants :o di$ 9 ! regi/ration area 9 #aiaa did n la/ ?r\gh\t ! fir/ mon? ( extraut]9e life1 & ( ^! babies almo/ sev5-t5?s di$ ( pr5atal & deliv]y abnormalities4 ,9 #aiab1 9 ! regi/ration area1 :i* !n took 9 #fc4b p] c5t4 ( our population1 ! total dea?-rate ( infants "u a ye> old 0 #ijce1 & ( ^! #cije di$ ( pu]p]al infection4 ,9 ! entire c\ntry a v cons]vative e/imate ( ! annual numb] ( dea?s ( infants f pu]p]al sepsis is #ejjj2 & ab\t #ae1jjj wom5 die "h ye>ly f ?is etiology alone4 ,( c\rse mo/ ( ^! dea?s are caus$ by unclean midwives & quacks1 b a l>ge numb] ( !m are br\ght ab\t by incont95t husb&s4 ,invalidism f pu]p]al sepsis happ5s _m times #ae1jjj4 ,moreov]1 "o-?ird ( all ! bl9dness 9 ! _w is caus$ by septic infection ( ! eyes at bir? & virtually all ?is septic infection ( ! eyes is c>ri$ 9 by diseas$ husb&s1 al?\gh n necess>ily by coitus dur+ ge/ation4 ,coition dur+ pregnancy is unnatural because x necess>ily fails ( ! end ( coition1 :i* is procreation4 ,curi\sly1 too1 all ! l[] animals in/9ctively appe> to avoid ?is act dur+ pregnancy4 ,m5 %\ld be told t m>riage has re/ra9ts z well z celibacy4 ,wom5 are rem9d$ ( ! law ( ! debitum1 b n ( ! occasions :5 !y are ev5 oblig$ to d5y x4 ,if a man _c keep cont95t 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 pregnant wife1 let him live 9 ano!r "p ( ! h\se4 ,reg>d = ! woman is lack+ 9 _m ways4 ,"y girls (t5 m>ry )\t hav+ ! fa9te/ notion ( sexual life1 & !y are panic-/rick5 :5 assault$4 ,i h kn[n two :o 7 fright5$ into insanity4 ,prie/s %\ld tell "y m>ri$ m5 t !y are human be+s1 n animals2 t !y %\ld act l rational be+s :5 !y are fir/ m>ri$2 & t aft] ! wife has become pregnant ! husb& %\ld n be ! cause ( abortion 9 ! fir/ ?ree mon?s1 nor ( pu]p]al sepsis 9 ! la/ ?ree mon?s4 ,prie/ley1#hh 9 #bcbe pregnancies1 f\nd "o abortion 9 e f\r pregnancies2 ,guillemot & ,devilli]s 9 ,france1 ,hir/ 9 ,philadelphia1 & o!rs report ! same proportion4 ,^! are natural1 n crim9al1 abortions4 ,if1 !n1 9 normal pregnancies ab\t "o *ild 9 five is lo/ be=e bir?1 husb&s %\ld be taught a cont95ce :i* w\ld to "s degree av]t ?is calamity4 ,sup]fetation has occurr$ by coition dur+ pregnancy1 & ?is results commonly 9 abortion & ! dea? ( bo? fetuses4 #hh ,pa?ology ( ,intraut]9e ,dea?4 ,london1 #ahhg4 ,premature labor 9 cases :]e ! *ild is viable is produc$ by ! same ag5cies t int]rupt ge/ation 9 ! e>ly mon?s4 ,ob/etricians ?9k t syphilis is ! commone/ cause ( premature labor1 & !y e/imate t f #ej to #hj p] c5t4 ( ^! premature bir?s are due to syphilis4 ,9 a s]ies ( #gje fetal dea?s 9 ,johns ,hopk9s ,hospital1 #bf4d p] c5t4 7 due to syphilis4 ,aft] syphilis ! cause ( premature labor next 9 frequ5cy is nephritis ) plac5tal hemorrhages & inf>cts4 ,tw9s are n seldom deliv]$ prematurely because ( lack ( room 9 ! ut]us4 ,= ! same reason any tumor ( ! ut]us or abdom5 may cause an abortion4 ,:5 successive pregnancies are int]rupt$ prematurely ! abortion is said to be habitual1 & aga9 ! commone/ cause is syphilis4 ,9 ?is disease1 z ! virul5ce ( ! infection decreases1 ! ge/ation is prolong$ until a *ild is born infect$ ) cong5ital syphilis4 ,?is *ild commonly dies1 & lat] a *ild /rong en\gh to live appe>s4 ,correct treatm5t ( ! p>5ts w av]t ?is slaught] ( ! innoc5ts4 ,sometimes ! syphilis is lat5t s f> z cl9ical symptoms are conc]n$1 b we may f9d a positive ,wass]mann reaction4 ,hub]t report$#hi t #h4h p] c5t4 ( #hfeb pati5ts 9 a cl9ic at ,muni* :]e all 7 subject$ to ! ,wass]mann te/ _h lat5t syphilis1 & 9 #eb p] c5t4 ( ^! cases 9 m51 & #ge p] c5t4 9 wom51 ! infection 0 altoge!r unkn[n to ! pati5ts4 #hi ,mn*5] m$iz9is*e ,wo*5s*rift1 lxii1 #ci4 ,*ronic endometritis1 :]e !re is no syphilis1 w p]mit habitual abortion1 & ea* abortion makes ! condition worse4 ,nephritis1 diabetes1 & o!r con/itutional diseases cause habitual abortion4 ,9 ! fir/ two mon?s ( ge/ation ! decidual fold :i* holds ! ovum aga9/ ! ut]9e wall is ?ick1 vascul>1 & friable4 ,! contract+ ut]us 9 abortion expels ! decidua ) consid]able difficulty1 b ! ovum conta9+ ! fetus may slip out easily & be lo/4 ,a fetus two mon?s old is ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,if a physician1 nurse1 or o!r p]son f9ds ! ovum1 no matt] h[ small x is1 !y %\ld op5 x at once ) a scalpel or scissors & baptize ! fetus conditionally1 ev5 if no sign ( life is p]ceptible4 ,if ! fetus is unmi/akably dead--a diagnosis n easily made--!re is no use 9 attempt+ baptism2 b always give ! fetus ! b5efit ( ! d\bt4 ,9 ! fir/ six or eight weeks ! :ole ovum is usually born develop$ 9 decidual tissue2 sometimes ! ovum w slip out ( ! decidua & be cov]$ only ) %aggy villi1 sugge/ive ( a *e/nut burr4 ,dur+ ! ?ird & f\r? mon?s !re may be 7#a7 an abortion ( ! :ole ovum2 or 7#b7 ! membranes may rupture1 ! fetus be expell$1 & ! secund9es rema9 9 ! ut]us1 & ^! may h to be remov$ by in/rum5t or f+]2 or 7#c7 ! decidua reflexa & ! *orion may split & let out ! fetus into ! amniotic sac3 "h aga9 ! rema9+ secund9es1 if !y d n come away spontane\sly1 mu/ be remov$4 ,abortion aft] ! fif? mon? is l a regul> labor at t]m1 b n s en]getic4 ,an abortion may be ?reat5$1 inevitable1 or incomplete4 ,9 ea* ( ^! conditions !re is ut]9e pa9 & hemorrhage4 ,9 inevitable & incomplete abortions we f9d s(t5+ & dilatation ( ! c]vix1 & a pres5tation or expulsion ( "p or all ( ! ovum4 ,9 pregnancy ut]9e hemorrhage & ut]9e pa9 are symptoms ( a ?reat5$ abortion1 b n c]ta9 symptoms4 ,fromme f\nd t #ag4i p] c5t4 ( #aeg wom5 :o _h ^! signs 9 ! e>ly mon?s w5t on to t]m4 ,if ! fact ( pregnancy is n kn[n x is n always easy to diff]5tiate a ?reat5$ abortion f o!r ut]9e conditions1 l *ronic metritis1 ectopic ge/ation1 a fibroid or o!r tumor1 hemorrhage f c]vical erosions or v>ices1 or malposition ( ! ut]us4 ,if ! abortion is inevitable ! diagnosis is made m readily4 ,! c]vix is !n m or less dilat$ & ! ovum is palpable4 ,!re is r pr(use hemorrhage1 flood+1 & pa9ful ut]9e contractions are evid5t4 ,! rupture ( ! bag ( wat]s may be simulat$ by ! escape ( secretions 9 hydrorrhoea gravid>um1 or ! escape ( wat]s may be a prim>y symptom ( graviditas exo*orialis4 ,hydrorrhoea gravid>um is an int]mitt5t dis*>ge ( cle> or bloody fluid f a cat>rhal endometritis "u ! decidua4 ,x occurs 9 anemic1 weak wom51 especially multip>ae4 ,9 graviditas exo*orialis ! fetus is left )9 ! womb b outside ! ruptur$ *orion1 & x may rema9 !re = "s "t4 ,:5 an abortion is incomplete x is absolutely necess>y to le>n :e!r ! entire ovum & decidual tissue h be5 expell$ or n4 ,:5 a "p or all ( ! dead ovum is reta9$ ! consequ5ces are s grave t !y may result 9 ! dea? ( ! woman or cause *ronic invalidism4 ,sepsis may result1 a plac5tal polyp may =m1 & ev5 syncytioma malignum may />t--?is fatal tumor1 h[ev]1 is n s common aft] incomplete abortion z aft] hydatid mole =mation4 ,! prognosis z reg>ds heal? is worse aft] abortion ?an aft] normal pregnancy4 ,! involution ( ! ut]us is sl[] ?an 9 full-t]m cases1 & if infection has occurr$ !re is great likelihood ( a *ronic endometritis & metritis4 ,! woman may be r5d]$ /]ile1 or %e may become a *ronic invalid to be cur$ only by capital op]ations4 ,9 ?reat5$ abortion exam9ation is to be avoid$ unless x is absolutely necess>y = diagnosis1 & !n great g5tl5ess is requir$ s z n to excite ut]9e contractions4 ,! woman is to re/ 9 b$1 n s mu* z rais+ h] head to take a dr9k ( wat] 7:i* is giv5 to h] ?r\gh a tube71 & %e is morally oblig$ to submit to ?is inconv5i5ce4 ,if %e refuses %e is acc\ntable = ! dea? ( ! fetus4 ,if !re is ble$+ ! foot ( ! b$ %\ld be elevat$ z 9 hemorrhage 9 typhoid fev]4 ,! r\t9e practice is to quiet ! woman & ! ut]9e irritability ) morph9e & o!r opium d]ivatives4 ,*ildr5 are readily ov]:elm$ by opium because _! circulation is n suffici5t to neutralize ! deoxidiz+ effects ( ! drug up to safety4 ,:ile ! embryo is connect$ ) ! mat]nal circulation ?r\gh ! plac5ta ! "m's circulation (t5 safegu>ds ! fetus f ! effects ( ! opium4 ,! dang] to ! *ild 9 su* cases beg9s f ! opium rema9+ 9 its circulation aft] ! *ild has be5 sep>at$ f ! "m4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 fetuses 9 cases :]e scopolam9e & morph9e h be5 us$ on ! "m dur+ labor are born badly1 & ev5 fatally n>cotiz$1 despite ! connection ) ! mat]nal circulation4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 if !re is "s real dang] to ! fetus f ! use ( morph9e 9 a ?reat5$ abortion1 ! cauti\s use ( ?is drug w\ld be morally ju/ifiable4 ,%\ld ! ?reat5$ abortion g on to actual abortion1 ! fetus w c]ta9ly be kill$1 b ! use ( morph9e on ! woman is ! be/ & virtually ! only means we h to av]t a ?reat5$ abortion & s save ! fetal life4 ,! imm$iate d\ble effect f ! morally indiff]5t act ( giv+ a dose ( morph9e is1 on ! good side1 ! sav+ ( ! fetal life1 & on ! o!r1 ! evil side1 ! dang] ( fetal n>cosis1 :i* is n at all c]ta9 to foll[4 ,evid5tly1 ! good int5d$ effect f> ov]balances ! evil & some:at hypo!tical effect4 ,aft] ab\t five days1 if ! ble$+ ceases1 ! woman may be p]mitt$ to g back to h] ord9>y r\t9e ( life1 b ) extreme caution1 & %e mu/ return to b$ at ! slighte/ %[ ( blood4 ,morph9e is us$ at ! beg9n+ to quiet ! pati5t & ! irritable ut]us4 ,if ! c]vix is erod$1 applications ( a #aj p] c5t4 nitrate ( silv] solution are made4 ,! b[els are kept lock$ = ?ree days & a s(t5+ enema ( olive-oil is us$ be=e empty+ ! b[el4 ,if ! ble$+ />ts aga9 e "t ! woman goes ab\t h] duties1 ! abortion may be inevitable4 ,:5 ! c]vix is %ort5$ & dilat$ s t ! ovum is palpable & pieces ( ! decidua or ovum are expell$1 ! hemorrhage is m or less pr(use1 & especially if ! bag ( wat]s has ruptur$ & ut]9e contractions %[1 ! abortion is deem$ inevitable4 ,9 su* a case ! fetus may be alive1 or x may be dead2 &1 aga91 conditions :i* %[ all ! classic symptoms ( inevitable abortion sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 d n g on to abortion4 ,x is extremely difficult1 & (t5 impossible1 to tell :e!r an e>ly fetus is dead or alive4 ,a high1 la/+ fev] sometimes kills ! *ild2 s d l[ blood-pressure1 pr(use hemorrhages1 deoxidation ( ! blood 9 pneumonia1 sep>ation ( ! plac5ta1 fatty deg5]ation ( ! plac5ta1 & ! sev]e infections--9 su* cases !re is always /rong probability t ! *ild is dead :5 ! abortion %[s its symptoms4 ,if ! fetal tissues t appe> indicate mac]ation1 or if ! dis*>ge is fetid or purul5t1 ! fetus is dead4 ,%\ld ! fetus be alive1 tampon+ ! vag9a to *eck ! hemorrhage (t5 sep>ates ! fetus f ! ut]us by ! dissect+ =ce ( ! blood damm$ back1 or 9 any case tampon+ is almo/ c]ta9 to excite ut]9e contractions2 ?us !re is an indirect kill+ ( ! fetus4 ,! treatm5t ( inevitable abortion aft] ! fif? mon? diff]s v mu* f ! me?ods us$ 9 ! e>ly mon?s4 ,! prime pr9ciple is1 nev] int]f]e until =c$ to d s4 ,:5 ! hemorrhage is dang]\sly pr(use1 s t ! woman's life is endang]$ 7an exceptional condition71 ! ut]9e c]vix & ! vag9a mu/ be tampon$ ) /]ile gauze & cotton to *eck ! ble$+1 b ?is is a la/ resort4 ,if ! fetus is alive1 or probably alive1 no?+ %ort ( a necessity to save ! woman's life by ?is means ju/ifies ! use ( ! tampon4 ,de ,lee advises ! r\t9e use ( ! tampon 9 ?reat5$ abortion1 b ?is doctr9e is errone\s m$ically & altoge!r false morally4 ,if ! physician kn[s ! fetus is dead1 he %\ld1 ( c\rse1 tampon at once to get rid ( ! fetus4 ,! tampon excites ut]9e contractions & causes de/ruction ( a liv+ fetus by dissect+ x loose f ! ut]9e wall ?r\gh ! damm$ blood4 ,elevation ( ! foot ( ! b$ & ! use ( morph9e w1 z a rule1 *eck ! ble$+4 ,:5 ! woman is ble$+ to ! risk ( h] life1 ! tampon is put 9 to *eck ! ble$+ & s save h] life4 ,! d\ble effect imm$iately foll[+ ?is indiff]5t act is on "o side good1 ! sav+ ( h] life2 on ! o!r side evil1 ! kill+ ( ! fetus4 ,! good effect is int5d$1 ! evil effect is reluctantly p]mitt$4 ,su* a proc$ure is morally licit4 ,:]e a tampon mu/ be put 91 x is left 9 f sixte5 to tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ev5 if ! temp]ature goes up4 ,dur+ ?is "t !re are pa9ful contractions ( ! ut]us1 z a rule1 & ^! are expulsive4 ,no drug is to be giv5 to allay ^! pa9s if ! int5tion is to h a dead or viable fetus expell$4 ,if ! pa9s cease sudd5ly1 ?is is usually a sign t ! fetus has be5 expell$ above ! tampon4 ,:5 ! tampon is remov$ & ! entire ovum is f\nd1 x is be/ = ! ord9>y physician n to m$dle ) ! ut]us 9 any mann]4 ,"s advise t ! physician %\ld g ov] ! ut]9e l9+ ) a half-%>p curette to make c]ta9 t no?+ has be5 left beh9d1 b ?is is dang]\s advice to any "o :o is n an exp]t ob/etrician4 ,%\ld ! temp]ature rema9 above #ajj degrees1 ! ut]us mu/ be clean$ out1 & flu%+ ) ut]9e ca!t]s is n en\gh3 if ! glov$ f+] _c remove ! secund9es1 ! curette is ne$$4 ,if1 :5 ! tampon has be5 remov$1 no ovum is f\nd & ! c]vix is /ill clos$1 ano!r tampon is to be put 9 = ano!r tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 suppos+ ! removal ( ! ovum is licit4 ,=cible dilatation ( ! c]vix is always a dang]\s op]ation1 & %\ld nev] be employ$ :5 avoidable4 ,/eel dilators h ruptur$ ! ut]us & kill$ ! pati5ts aga9 & aga9 ev5 :5 us$ by exp]ts4 ,lam9>ia t5ts are n to be recomm5d$2 ! tamponade is en\gh4 ,:5 ! reta9$ ovum _c be remov$ by ! f+] or squeez$ out1 ! free portion ( ! ovum is to be grasp$ by an ovum =ceps & g5tly drawn out4 ,! op]ator %\ld be sure he has a "p ( ! ovum 9 ! =ceps & n a "p ( ! ut]9e wall4 ,if he bites into ! ut]9e wall 7a common cata/rophe71 he may pull a hole 9 t wall1 & !n ! woman w probably die unless ! r5t c be clos$ imm$iately aft] op5+ ! belly4 ,:5 ! abdom9al cavity has be5 op5$ 9 su* an ev5t1 ! ut]us is also to be op5$1 cleans$1 & sutur$4 ,?is me?od is saf] ?an curett+ :]e !re is a r5t4 ,if "o is c]ta9 ! gut has n be5 injur$--& x is extremely difficult to be c]ta9--vag9al ant]ior hy/]otomy may be sub/itut$4 ,sometimes p]=ations1 :5 ! ut]us is n septic & ! in/rum5ts are clean1 are n dang]\s4 ,re/ 9 b$1 ice-bags1 ergot1 & opium cure )\t op]ation4 ,physicians :o are call$ into an abortion case %\ld always be c]ta9 t no "o has attempt$ to pass s\nds1 curettes1 or simil> in/rum5ts1 because a p]=ation may h be5 made by ! m$dl] :i* w be *>g$ to ! second man himself4 ,if a ut]us is flex$ x is easy to poke a curette or l in/rum5t ?r\gh x at ! b5d1 especially if ! ut]us is ?9 or friable f sepsis4 ,aga91 ! plac5tal site is rais$1 x feels r\gh1 & ! furr[s 9 x lead "o to ?9k "p ( ! plac5ta is /ill adh]5t1 :]eas all has be5 remov$4 ,repeat$ scrap+1 due to ?is error1 may dig a hole ?r\gh ! ut]9e wall4 ,p]=ation 9 a septic case is practically always fatal to ! woman4 ,! use ( ! curette supposes a special te*nic1 & no physician %\ld presume to try its use unless he has be5 c>efully & practically in/ruct$4 ,9 inevitable abortion aft] ! ?ird mon? x may be v difficult to get ! embryo out4 ,! c]vix1 9 primip>ae especially1 may be long1 ?ick1 & h>d4 ,if ! fetus is dead1 x may !n be remov$ by morcellem5t--i4 e41 by cutt+ & break+ x into pieces1 & !n tak+ out ^! pieces ) an ovum or /one =ceps4 ,sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 ! op]ator may f9d x impossible to get ! entire fetus away4 ,!n ! ut]us is pack$ ) weak iod9e gauze1 & aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs ! fetal rema9s are expell$4 ,9 e abortion ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( extraut]9e pregnancy is to be made out4 ,if !re is an extraut]9e pregnancy1 curettage w cause rupture ( ! sac4 ,:5 ! int]ior ( ! abort+ ut]us has become septic ! old treatm5t 0 to empty ! ut]us at once1 b n[ ! treatm5t is expectant1 because ! traumatism ( ! curett+ makes ! sepsis worse4 ,! commone/ & wor/ infections are ( ! /reptococcus putridus1 a pus /aphylococcus1 & ! bact]ium coli communis4 ,curettage lets ^! microrganisms ent] ! circulation4 ,! cause ( ?is condition is (t5 unskilful attempts at artificial abortion4 ,:5 ! womb conta9s decompos+ mat]ial ble$+ usually obliges tampon+1 & ?us (t5 ! ut]9e cont5ts come away 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs ) ! gauze4 ,if !re is no hemorrhage !re %\ld be no tampon+3 x is !n bett] to get dilatation by pack+ & dra9 ! ut]us ) gauze4 ,! curette %\ld n be us$ at all4 ,:]e !re is habitual abortion ! cause mu/ be f\nd4 ,dur+ ge/ation syphilis & displacem5ts ( ! ut]us1 z causes1 may be treat$4 ,endometritis c be cur$ only :5 ! ut]us is empty4 ,re/ 9 b$ at ! "t :5 ^! abortions usually occur1 & at ! "t :5 m5/ruation cu/om>ily appe>s1 is requir$4 ,treatm5t ( ! husb& is (t5 necess>y1 z he is virtually always ! s\rce ( luetic infection4 ,att5tion or inatt5tion to ! "m's own hygi5e dur+ pregnancy has great effect on ! fetus1 & c>e ( hygi5e may av]t abortion4 ,! woman's dress %\ld be simple & w>m en\gh to prev5t conge/ion f *anges 9 temp]ature4 ,conge/ions are likely to affect ! kidneys1 & c>e ( ! r5al function is always "o ( ! mo/ important facts connect$ ) pregnancy4 ,no circul> con/rictions ( ! trunk by lac+ or /iff corsets %\ld be attempt$4 ,! corset =ces ! ut]us & *ild d[nw>d into ! pelvis & aga9/ ! l[] abdom9al wall1 caus+ conge/ion ( ! pelvic ve9s & /ra9 on ! abdom9al muscles4 ,tight corsets1 prev5t+ ! expansion ( ! ut]us & ! gr[? ( ! fetus1 may cause mutilations l club-foot & wry-neck1 or ev5 kill ! *ild4 ,! woman :o w\ld pres]ve h] figure by corsets1 to ! mutilation1 weak5+1 or kill+ ( h] unborn infant1 & ?is is an e-day evil1 is ei!r a crim9al fool or an unmitigat$ sc\ndrel4 ,tight lac+ to conceal pregnancy is a me?od ( murd]4 ,high-heel$ %oes are some:at injuri\s because ( ! con/ra9$ position into :i* !y ?r[ ! woman4 ,x-ray photograph+ ( pregnant wom5 is v likely to cause abortion4 ,! woman's diet %\ld be simple4 ,%e mu/ ab/a9 f all alcoholic liquors ev5 if %e has be5 accu/om$ to _! use at meals4 ,%e %\ld n ov]eat on ! supposition t %e has to fe$ two p]sons4 ,"s popul> books advise a special diet to r$uce ! bone-salts & ?us get a small] baby & "o m easily deliv]$4 ,su* advice is crim9al4 ,! con/ipation ( pregnancy is n to be treat$ by /rong ca?>tics l ,epsom salt4 ,! kidneys are to be wat*$2 !re=e ! ur9e %\ld be exam9$ e ?ree weeks up to ! sev5? mon?1 !n (t5]4 ,if !re is any suspicion ( toxemia or nephritis1 ! ur9e %\ld be exam9$ daily4 ,ob/etricians :o h any reg>d = _! own consci5ce & reputation w h no?+ to d ) a woman :o refuses to take ?is precaution4 ,physical ex]cise %\ld be g5tle--say1 walk+1 up to two miles 9 ! daytime4 ,! va/ majority ( wom5 are too lazy to take physical ex]cise z a hygi5ic duty at any "t1 & dur+ pregnancy _! av]sion to all ef=t to ov]come indol5ce is s great !y make ev5 !mselves believe !y _c4 ,j z mo/ pr(essional m5 ?9k !y ?9k1 mo/ wom5 ?9k !y "w4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( wom5 :o h s]vants1 yet make n only _! families & fri5ds b !mselves believe !y are work$ to dea?1 & _! "w is ! spread+ ( f\r or five b$s1 & ! ord]+ ( groc]ies ov] ! telephone4 ,:5 ^! wom5 are pregnant !y quit ev5 ! b$-mak+4 ,cold & hot ba?s1 ,turki% & ,russian ba?s1 hot sitz-ba?s & ocean ba?+ are n p]missible dur+ ge/ation4 ,tepid ba?s & spong+s are to be sub/itut$4 ,ne> t]m ! ba?-tub is n safe because ( dang] ( ut]9e infection f unclean wat]4 ,!n %[]-ba?s are bett]1 b ^! are dang]\s if ! woman mu/ /ep ov] an enamel$ ba?-tub side to take !m1 because %e may slip & fall4 ,vag9al d\*es are n to be us$ 9 pregnancy except 9 c]ta9 diseas$ conditions1 "u ! direction ( a compet5t physician4 ,!rapeutic abortion & !rapeutic induction ( premature labor are employ$ 9 five *ief gr\ps ( conditions3 7#a7 contract$ pelvis2 7#b7 diseases caus$ by pregnancy2 7#c7 diseases co9cid5t ) pregnancy2 7#d7 habitual dea? ( ! *ild aft] viability b be=e t]m2 7#e7 prolong$ pregnancy4 ,!re is no su* act z !rapeutic abortion ( an inviable *ild2 all abortions ( inviable *ildr51 :5 direct1 are crim9al1 & no?+ crim9al is !rapeutic4 ,! consid]ation ( n>r[ pelvis1 & ! diseases caus$ by pregnancy & co9cid5t !re)1 w be treat$ 9 detail4 ,:5 ! *ild dies aft] viability b be=e t]m ! cause is mo/ commonly syphilis4 ,9 su* cases a ,wass]mann reaction %\ld be made f bo? p>5ts2 & ev5 if x is negative1 & no o!r def9ite cause = ! fetal dea? c be f\nd1 syphilitic treatm5t %\ld be tri$ on ! fa!r & "m4 ,bright's disease1 ev5 :5 sc>cely diagnosable1 anemia1 diabetes1 adiposity1 & hypo?yroidism are o!r le?al causes ( habitually /ill-born infants4 ,n seldom ! cause is 9 ! husb&4 ,if he is an alcoholic 7& two or ?ree dr9ks ( :iskey a day make any man an alcoholic71 if he is especially susceptible to ! tox9 ( tobacco 7& tobacco alone may r5d] "s m5 n only /]ile b impot5t71 if he is a work] 9 poison\s metals1 an ,x-ray op]ator1 a us] ( n>cotics1 exhau/$ ) ov]work & worry1 affect$ ) weak5+ sy/emic disease1 8 g]m-cells are unfit = _! function4 ,su* m5 are n te*nically /]ile1 b !y are practically /]ile4 ,"s wom5 c>ry ! *ild beyond t]m1 ) ! effect t ! baby is ov]gr[n = normal deliv]y4 ,! head is h>d] & m angul> ?an x %\ld be1 ! long bones /iff] & less pliable1 ! muscles t5s]4 ,all ^! *anges make ! deliv]y s difficult t ! ov]gr[n *ild may be fatally injur$ at bir?4 ,physicians mu/ be cauti\s 9 believ+ hi/ories ( enorm\s *ildr5 at previ\s bir?s at :i* !y 7 n pres5t4 ,mo!rs & nurses are likely to exagg]ate ! size ( infants4 ,9 cases :]e ! *ildr5 die at a p>ticul> "t be=e t]m1 premature labor %\ld be induc$ to save ! *ild1 & :5 ! *ild has be5 c>ri$ ov] t]m x may be necess>y to induce labor4 ,9 ! fir/ condition labor is n to be induc$ a week e>li] ?an is necess>y4 ,we talk s mu* ( a sev5 mon?s' *ild z viable t we =get t any *ild born be=e ! ?irtie? week ( ge/ation has v small *ance = survival4 ,f #cj to #fj p] c5t4 ( all prematurely deliv]$ infants die4 ,! mat]nal passages d n dilate normally & ! *ild is un=m$2 its bones fracture readily2 x _c su/a9 pressures & /ra9s4 ,all induc$ labors are dang]\s to ! "m by %ock & possible infection1 & only v grave necessity ju/ifies any su* proc$ure4 ,9 induc+ necess>y premature labor ! te*nical me?od may take on a moral quality4 ,!re are ov] a score ( me?ods1 & _m ( ^!1 al?\gh us$1 are dang]\s & %\ld be obsolete4 ,a v common me?od1 begun 9 #ahee1 is to ins]t "o or two ela/ic solid b\gies into ! ut]us betwe5 ! membranes & ! ut]9e wall4 ,?is is a dang]\s me?od & %\ld be obsolete4 ,o!r dang]\s & obsolete me?ods are ! puncture ( ! membranes ) a troc> high up 9 ! ut]us2 intraut]9e injections ( hot or cold wat]1 glyc]9e1 milk1 & o!r liquids2 vag9al tamponade alone2 irrigation ( ! vag9a ) c>bon-dioxide wat]2 a /ream ( hot wat] direct$ aga9/ ! c]vix1 electricity1 ,x-ray1 dilatation ( ! vag9a ) a rubb] bag1 irritation ( ! nipples1 ! use ( drugs l qu99e1 cimicifuga1 ergot1 or can?>ides4 ,if ha/e is n necess>y1 pack+ ! c]vical canal & ! l[] ut]9e segm5t antiseptically ) a /rip ( gauze ?ree to five y>ds long & ?ree in*es wide & leav+ x 9 = ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs is "o ( ! be/ me?ods4 ,:]e rapid deliv]y is requir$1 ces>ean section mu/ be employ$4 ,9 cases ( some:at less urg5cy ! membranes are fir/ punctur$ & balloon dilators are us$4 ,9 any case puncture ( ! membranes is ! mo/ c]ta9 me?od to />t labor1 b x has _m bad disadvantages4 ,a dry labor 9 a primip>a ) an undilat$ c]vix is a grave condition4 ,if ! fetal head is n engag$ 9 ! pelvis1 puncture mu/ n be attempt$4 ,:5 ! head is n engag$ 9 ! pelvis l a ball-valve1 ! cord w prolapse1 be p9*$1 & ?us ! blood supply w be cut (f f ! *ild & ! loss w kill x4 ,= ! same reason1 ! wat]s mu/ n be run (f too quickly4 ,_m op]ators ins]t a bag1 dilate1 & s />t ! labor1 )\t punctur+ ! membranes1 :]e !re is no reason = ha/e4 ,!rapeutic abortion1 z has be5 said1 is nev] p]missible1 "u any circum/ances1 if ! *ild is n viable4 ,9 c]ta9 conditions1 say1 :5 a ut]9e tumor cle>ly ?reat5s ! life ( ! pregnant woman1 or if 9 extraut]9e ge/ation !re is a rupture ( ! tube1 an op]ation may be p]missible1 or ev5 obligatory1 :i* has = its direct end ! removal ( ! tumor or ! /opp+ ( ! hemorrhage4 ,if su* a removal or ligation1 "u ^! conditions1 indirectly causes ! abortion ( ! inviable fetus1 or its dea? f a lack ( blood1 ^! indirect effects may be reluctantly p]mitt$4 ,!y are cases ( an equally imm$iate d\ble effect1 "o good & "o evil1 :]e all ! requirem5ts are fulfill$4 ,a direct abortion ( an inviable fetus1 h[ev]1 is nev] licit ev5 to save ! "m's life1 & 9 abortion ! kill+ is direct because x is us$ z a means to an end4 ,9 a ruptur$ ectopic ge/ation ! prim>y effect ( ! physical op]ation is to ligate ! torn art]ies to save ! woman's life "h & n[2 ! second>y effect is ! p]mitt$ dea? ( ! fetus f ! %utt+ (f ( ! blood supply4 ,9 ! abortion ( a premature fetus ! prim>y effect ( ! op]ation is to sep>ate ! plac5ta f ! ut]us1 to cut (f ! *ild's blood supply1 & z a direct consequ5ce ( ?is act1 :i* is ess5tially evil1 ! woman's life is sav$4 ,! orig9al act 9 ?is abortion is evil1 & evil may n be done ev5 if good foll[s4 ,ev5 9 self-def5ce aga9/ an unju/ aggressor "o may n kill a man to save 8 own life--he tries to save 8 own life & reluctantly p]mits ! dea? ( ! aggressor4 ,9 a kill+ 9 self-def5ce !re are two di/9ct effects2 9 abortion !re is only "o effect1 & ! kill+ is a means to ?is "o effect4 ,t y may kill an irresponsible insane man :o is attack+ y\r life1 or ! life ( "o entru/$ to y\r c>e1 is no reason t y may attack a fetus 9 ! womb4 ,!re is no p>ity4 ,! insane man is a mat]ially unju/ aggressor2 ! fetus is n an aggressor at all4 ,! "m plac$ x :]e x is2 & if any "o is an aggressor1 %e is4 ,9 ! abortion y directly kill ! fetus & indirectly save ! woman's life1 & ?is indirection uses ! dea? ( ! fetus z a means to ! end ( sav+ ! woman's life4 ,9 kill+ ! insane aggressor y directly save ! life ( y\rself or y\r w>d1 & reluctantly p]mit ! dea? ( ! aggressor4 ,! pro(s ( ! ess5tial immorality ( direct homicide h already be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! g5]al *apt] on ,homicide4 ,! ass]tion t an undevelop$ fetus 9 ! womb is n z valuable z ! "m ( a family is beside ! "q1 & 9 c]ta9 vital di/9ctions x is untrue4 ,any human life1 z su*1 :e!r 9 a fetus or an adult1 is z valuable z ano!r1 inasmu* z no "o b ,god has any au?ority to de/roy x1 except :5 x has lo/ its "r to exi/5ce ?r\gh culpable action4 ,secondly1 ! quality ( mo!rhood is an accid5tal addition to a "m's life1 n sub/antial z is ! life itself4 ,?is quality ( mo!rhood does n create any juridic imbalance ( values :i* ju/ifies ! de/ruction ( ! rights inh]5t 9 ! fetus4 ,t ! fetus may n be able to enjoy ^! rights if ! "m dies is1 aga91 an irrelevant consid]ation4 ,!re is no "q ( a comp>ison ( values4 ,a life is a life1 :e!r 9 "m or fetus1 & ! de/ruction ( an innoc5t life by any "o except its creator1 ,god1 is ess5tially an evil ?+1 l blasphemy4 ,an innoc5t fetus an h\r old may n be directly kill$ to save ! lives ( all ! mo!rs 9 ! _w4 ,insi/+ on su* comp>isons supposes ignorance & s5tim5tal opposition to tru?4 ,x is a good de$ to save a "m's life2 b su* sav+ by kill+ an innoc5t human be+ ceases to be good & becomes indescribably evil1 an enorm\s subv]sion ( ! ord] ( ! natural law1 z x is a usurpation ( ! dom9ion ov] life possess$ by ,god alone4 ,if ,i owe a man a va/ sum ( money & ! paym5t ( ?is debt w ru9 me & my *ildr51 x w\ld be a good ?+ = me & !m to h ?is cr$itor put out ( ! way by dea?1 b t fact is no ju/ification :atev] = me to kill ! man4 ,! fetus 9 ! womb 9 a case :]e !re is "q ( !rapeutic abortion is l ?is cr$itor3 x w\ld be well = ! "m to h ?is fetus out ( ! way1 b t is no ju/ification :atev] = h] to kill ! fetus1 or to let x be kill$ by a physician4 ,! physician :o kills su* a fetus is exactly l a hir$ bravo :o assass9ates a tr\blesome cr$itor = a fee1 except t ! physician does ! na/y job = less money4 ,to ha/5 ev5 an inevitable dea? is homicide1 & t quality ( m]ely ha/5+ adds no?+ = ext5uation3 e murd] is m]ely a ha/5+ ( inevitable dea?4 ,to give a dy+ man a fatal dose ( morph9e to put him out ( mis]y is z crim9al a murd] z to bl[ out 8 bra9s :ile he is walk+ ! /reets 9 heal?2 to ease pa9 is n comm5surate ) ! horrible deord9ation ( tak+ a human life4 ,?is subv]sion ( ! moral law 9 ! int]e/ ( mawki% s5tim5tality is "o ( ! grave/ evils ( mod]n social ignorance4 ,physicians are con/antly mi/ak+ incl9ation1 or ! m5tal vag>ies ( ! nurses :o influ5c$ _! *ildhood1 = rules ( moral conduct4 ,a physician is n a public execution]1 nor a judge ) ! p[] ( life & dea?3 8 bus9ess is solely to save human life1 nev] to de/roy x4 ,if !re 7 any?+ 9 ! objection t refusal to d abortion opposes ! life ( a useless fetus to t ( a useful "m ( a family1 :]e w\ld su* false logic /op8 ,if x held = ! tak+ ( life 9 an unpleasant condition1 x w\ld hold a =tiori 9 e o!r less unpleasant condition :]e a life w\ld n be at /ake4 ,:5 a note t y _h giv5 falls due & x w\ld bankrupt y to pay x1 does ?is inconv5i5ce let y out ( ! difficulty 9 honor1 9 ! moral law1 or 9 ! civil law8 ,x c]ta9ly does n2 b x %\ld if ! doctr9e ( ! s5tim5tali/s on abortion 7 true4 ,an eclamptic woman1 or "o ) hyp]emesis gravid>um1 conceiv$ ! *ild1 got into ! difficulty1 & %e & h] physician h no "r to te> up ! note !y h giv5 to ! ,creator1 especially :5 su* te>+ implies murd]4 ,suppose1 aga91 a woman has done a de$ = :i* %e has 9 due process ( j law be5 condemn$ to dea?2 suppose1 also1 !re is only "o man available to put h] to dea?1 & if ?is man 7 kill$ %e c\ld escape4 ,w\ld h] physician be p]mitt$ to %oot t execution] to let h] out ( ! difficulty8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is j :at ! physician does :o empties an eclamptic ut]us ( an unviable fetus4 ,y may n d ess5tial evil t any?+ "u ! sun1 good1 bad1 or indiff]5t1 may come ( x4 ,if ,i may kill a s-call$ useless fetus to save a useful "m1 d gross evil to effect great good1 :y %\ld ,i /op !re8 ,:y1 !n1 may ,i n rob a *ur* to make my *ildr5 ri*1 murd] a useless mis] to employ 8 money 9 f\nd+ orphanages1 %oot any oppressor ( ! poor1 kick out ( doors my s5ile & bo!rsome fa!r1 reject all my mo/ sacr$ promises :5ev] _! obs]vance makes me suff]8 ,:]e w ! s5tim5tal morali/ draw ! l9e8 ,t ! civil law p]mits !rapeutic abortion is no excuse at all2 x is m]ely a disgrace ( ! civil law4 ,! ,am]ican civil law p]mits _m ?+s t are contr>y to morality & ! law ( ,god3 x absolves bankrupts ev5 if !y aft]w>d become solv5t2 x p]mits ! m>riage ( divorc$ p]sons2 x levies unju/ s*ool taxes2 x gives unju/ privileges2 x squ&]s ! money ( ! citiz5s2 & s on4 ,if a woman m>ries 9 good fai? a man %e deem$ a g5tleman1 b :o turns out to be a syphilitic sot :o disgraces h] & makes h] life a p]petual mis]y1 immeasurably worse ?an ! condition ( any eclamptic woman1 no great] bless+ c\ld come to h] & h] *ildr5 ?an 8 dea?4 ,w\ld %e !re=e be ju/ifi$ be=e any tribunal ( ,god or man 9 murd]+ him to get rid ( h] tr\ble8 ,no2 %e mu/ be> ) h] evil = ! sake ( social ord] & ( et]nal "r4 ,s mu/ ! eclamptic woman4 ,if x is murd] to kill a *ild outside ! womb1 & m]e !rapeutics to kill x inside ! womb1 !n x is murd] to %oot a man on ! /reet1 & m]e good m>ksman%ip to %oot him to dea? inside 8 h\se1 especially if he is an undesirable citiz54 ,all reputable physicians deem a fetus 9 a normal pregnancy s good t !y w n dream ( de/roy+ ?is fetus4 ,!y absolutely refuse to effect an abortion to get rid ( a fetus :i* may disgrace an unm>ri$ woman & h] family1 & !y are p]fectly "r 9 ?is refusal4 ,!y talk & write ) g5u9e indignation ( race suicide4 ,! only reason !y h = ! refusal to d :at !y call crim9al abortion is t ! disgrace or inconv5i5ce ( ! woman is n comm5surate ) ! de/ruction ( a human life4 ,!y obs]ve ! natural human in/9ctive repugnance to murd] 9 ?is special spee* & writ+1 & !n g home & get _! ob/etrical bags & complac5tly murd] ! fir/ baby !y f9d 9 ! womb ( a m>ri$ matron :o has a di/urb$ /oma* or kidneys4 ,!y %[ "h ! f9e intellectual acum5 & reason+ ability ( a *ronic lunatic4 ,! fir/ fact 9 ! social ord] is t ju/ice1 law1 ord]1 %\ld prevail1 no matt] :at ! co/4 ,x might be bett] t ! fetus %\ld die ?an t ! "m %\ld die1 ?\gh t is n always true4 ,x is n bett] t an unbaptiz$ fetus %\ld die ?an t a "m 9 ! /ate ( grace %\ld die4 ,b ^! are irrelevant consid]ations4 ,x is nev] bett] t ! fetus %\ld be kill$ ?an t ! "m %\ld die4 ,t is a v diff]5t matt]4 ,! ,mignonette case 9 #ahhd1 tri$ 9 ,engl& by ,"l ,col]idge1 is a good example ( evaluation ( lives z 9 !rapeutic abortion1 :i* came to grief4 ,a %ip call$ ! ,mignonette f\nd]$ #afjj miles f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & ?ree ( its crew1 ) a boy1 7 = a long "t at sea 9 an op5 boat )\t provisions4 ,:5 !y 7 almo/ />v$ ! boy lay on ! bottom ( ! boat1 asleep or half consci\s f weakness4 ,two ( ! m5 plott$ to kill ! boy = !rapeutic purposes2 !y ne$$ 8 fle% to save _! own lives4 ,!y kill$ ! poor lad j z ! !rapeutic abortioni/ kills a fetus4 ,!y got 8 uncook$ fle% = f\r days4 ,lat] ,"l ,col]idge got !m & he s5t5c$ bo? ( !m to dea?4 ,ano!r ,"l w get ! !rapeutic abortioni/s4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! physician to d :o meets a case t imp]atively calls = !rapeutic abortion accord+ to ! common m$ical practice8 ,he c d no?+4 ,! law may seem h>d 9 c]ta9 circum/ances to ^? :o _c see beyond ! physical2 yet t fact does n abrogate ! law1 :i* is "o ( ess5tial morality4 ,may ! physician call 9 a physician :o1 he kn[s1 w n scruple to p]=m ! !rapeutic abortion on an unviable fetus8 ,if he does1 he is z mu* a murd]] z if he did ! de$ himself4 ,he may n s mu* z sugge/ ! "n ( "s "o :o w d ! de$4 ,he simply tells ! family he c d no?+4 ,if !y insi/ on ! abortion he )draws f ! case4 ,9 ?is connection x is necess>y to m5tion aga9 ! "q ( viability4 ,lang/e9 report$#ij a /udy ( ! gr[? & nutrition ( #bej prematurely born infants1 & he f\nd a confirmation ( :at 0 already kn[n1 t a weight ( #ajjj grammes 7#b-a_/e p\nds7 & a full body l5g? ( #cd c5timetres 7#ac-c_/e in*es7 are ! l[e/ limits = viability "u prop] circum/ances4 ,a fetus #ajjj grammes 9 weight & #cd c5timetres 9 l5g? has complet$ ! six? sol> or cal5d> mon?1 or ! six? & a half lun> mon?--x is beg9n+ its sev5? mon?1 n end+ x1 yet x is viable "u prop] conditions4 #ij ,b]l9] kl9is*e ,wo*5s*rift1 ,june #ad1 #aiae4 ,! *ild at t]m1 on a r\gh av]age1 is f #dh to #eb c5timetres 7#ai to #bj-a_/b in*es7 9 l5g?1 & x weighs f ab\t #f-c_/e to #g-a_/b p\nds4 ,x is impossible1 h[ev]1 to obta9 ! sizes & weights ( infants 9 ut]o ) sci5tific accuracy1 because ! date ( conception _c be det]m9$ ) absolute c]ta9ty1 & infants 9 ut]o v>y z !y d aft] bir?4 ,a full-t]m infant sometimes may weigh only #c-a_/b p\nds :5 ! "m is diseas$1 & at times an eight-mon?s fetus w weigh z mu* z #h p\nds4 ,z 0 said 9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 a fetus ( six complet$ cal5d> or sol> mon?s 7n lun>--! duration ( ge/ation is (t5 reckon$ 9 lun> mon?s by ob/etricians7 is viable provid$ x is c>$ = by compet5t physicians 9 a hospital4 ,o!rwise x is n viable1 except 9 a /rictly te*nical s5se2 x w n live m ?an a few days or weeks4 ,a full sev5-mon?s infant may be re>$ ) prop] fe$+ & skill$ c>e2 a six-mon?s infant may be re>$ 7) difficulty7 9 a hospital ) skill$ c>e4 ,if x is c]ta9 t ! removal ( a six-mon?s fetus w "h & n[ save ! life ( a "m 7a v difficult matt] to judge by ! be/ diagno/icians71 ?is removal may be done1 provid$ ! infant is deliv]$ 9 circum/ances :]e skill$ c>e1 incubator1 & prop] food are obta9able2 o!rwise ! removal is n ju/ifiable4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,l]ida1 9 ,catalonia1 9 ! ye> #ebd1 decre$ t abortioni/s ( any k9d mu/ d p5ance all _! lives1 & if !y are cl]ics !y are to be susp5d$ p]petually f all ecclesia/ical m9i/ration4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,worms1 "u ,hadrian ,,ii41 9 ! ye> #hfh1ia also judg$ wom5 :o procure abortion z c]ta9ly guilty ( murd]4 #ia ,cap4 #ce4 ,9 ! ,corpus ,juris1#ib among ! decretals ( ,gregory1 !re is ! foll[+ law3 ,if any "o1 ?r\gh lu/ or hatr$1 does any?+ to a man or woman1 or gives !m any drug1 s t !y _c ei!r g5]ate or conceive1 or be> *ildr51 he is to be treat$ z a murd]]4 #ib ,lib4 v1 tit4 xii1 c4 #e4 ,sixtus ,v41 9 ! ,con/itution ,effra5atam1 ,octob] #bi1 #aehh1 m5tions a decree ( ! ,six? ,synod ( ,con/ant9ople1 9 session 9 #fhj & #fha1 :i* subjects ^? :o p]=m abortion1 or kill a fetus1 to ! puni%m5t inflict$ on murd]]s4 ,sixtus !n decre$ t any "o :o effects ! abortion1 directly or indirectly1 ( an immature fetus1 :e!r ! fetus is animat$1 =m$1 or n1 ei!r by bl[s1 poison1 drugs1 or potions1 or tasks ( h>d labor impos$ on pregnant wom51 or any o!r me?od1 h[ev] subtle or obscure x be1 is guilty ( murd]1 & is to be puni%$ accord+ly4 ,he recalls all ecclesia/ical privileges f cl]ics :o cause abortion1 & says t !y are to be reckon$ z murd]]s accord+ to ! decree ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1#ic & he makes a law t abortioni/s may nev] be promot$ to ord]s4 #ic ,session xiv1 ,de ,re=matione1 cap4 #g4 ,9 ! fif? p>agraph he says3 ,moreov]1 we decree t ! same p5alties are incurr$ 7#a7 by ^? :o give potions & poisons to wom5 to induce /]ility or prev5t conception1 or :o cause ^! drugs to be adm9i/]$1 & 7#b7 by ! wom5 !mselves :o freely & consci\sly take ^! dr9ks4 ,9 p>agraph sev5? he decrees t any "o1 man or woman1 cl]ic or lay1 :o procures abortion by c\nsel1 favor1 dr9ks1 lett]s ( advice1 signs1 or 9 any way :atev]1 are ipso facto excommunicat$1 & ! excommunication is res]v$ to ! ,pope himself4 ,gregory ,,xiv41 9 ! con/itution ,s$es ,apo/olica1 ,may #ca1 #aeia1 gave to prie/s :o h special faculties = ! purpose f ! bi%op1 p]mission to absolve f ?is excommunication1 b only 9 =o consci5tiae4 ,sixtus ,v4 & ,gregory ,,xiv4 us$ ! t]m foetus animatus1 9 keep+ ) ! old ,ari/otelian notion ( animation4 ,pius ,,ix41 9 ! con/itution ,apo/olicae ,s$is ,mod]ationi1 delet$ ! epi!t animatus1 & ext5d$ ! excommunication to all abortions1 no matt] at :at "t ( ! ge/ation !y occur4 ,he ord]$ t only ! actual physical abortioni/ is to be excommunicat$1 n ^? :o c\nsel ! crime4 ,"s morali/s hold t ^? :o ord] abortion are direct abortioni/s & fall "u ?is excommunication2 o!r morali/s oppose ?is op9ion4 ,pius ,,ix4#id excommunicates procurators ( abortion if actual abortion is effect$1 & ?is excommunication is res]v$ to ! bi%ops1 n to ! ,pope4 #id ,sect1 iii1 cap4 ii4 ,9 ?is decree occur ! words ,procurantes abortum1 effectu secuto1 & !re has be5 consid]able discussion ( ! "q :o are ! procurantes1 ! ag5ts :o fall "u ! excommunication8 ,aga91 are craniotomy1 cephalotrypsis1 decapitation1 embryotomy1 & ex5t]ation1 :5 p]=m$ on ! liv+ *ild1 abortions 9 ! s5se ( ! decree1 & ?us matt] ( ! excommunication8 ,^? :o d abortion are ! pr9cipal ag5ts :o physically1 imm$iately1 ( !mselves1 9 _! own "n1 or :o morally1 ?r\gh o!rs1 p]=m an abortion4 ,! common op9ion ( morali/s is t all ^? :o ( !mselves or ?r\gh o!rs br+ on an abortion are excommunicat$1 b t assi/ants1 al?\gh guilty ( crime1 are n excommunicat$4 ,_m em95t morali/s are ( ! op9ion t ! "m h]self :o seeks an abortion does n fall "u ! excommunication because ,sixtus ,v4 does n explicitly m5tion h] 9 ?is p5al law1 & a p5al law is to be int]pret$ lit]ally4 ,if a pregnant woman goes to an abortioni/ & p]suades him by spee* & pay to d an abortion1 %e is ! direct moral cause ( t abortion4 ,if x 7 n = h]1 ! abortion w\ld n take place4 ,virtually all abortions done on m>ri$ wom5 are effect$ morally by ! woman h]self4 ,9 my op9ion1 & ! new canon law /ates ?is explicitly1 ! woman :o procures an abortion on h]self or on ano!r woman is excommunicat$4 ,sabetti-,b>rett#ie holds t craniotomy on a liv+ *ild & ! removal ( an inviable extraut]9e fetus are n abortion 9 ! scope ( ?is excommunication1 because z a p5al law ^! op]ations are n specifically m5tion$4 ,all mutilat+ op]ations1 l craniotomy & ! o!rs enum]at$ above1 fir/ kill ! fetus1 !n extract its body f ! womb2 abortion fir/ extracts ! fetus & !n lets its die4 ,! result is ! same1 b ! op]ations diff] te*nically1 & a p5al law is ad lit]am4 ,a cl]ic :o procures abortion ( an inviable fetus at any "t ( ge/ation falls "u ! excommunication & susp5sion a sacris p]petually1 al?\gh he probably is n te*nically irregul> canonically if he procures ! abortion be=e ! ,ari/otelian date ( animation4 ,! bull ,effra5atam makes ! canonical irregul>ity at ! ,ari/otelian date obsolete practically4 #ie ,comp5dium ,!ologiae ,moralis1 #aiae1 n4 #ajji4 ,9 ! *ur* ! ,holy ,(fice 7t is1 ! ,inquisitors-,g5]al 9 matt]s ( fai? & morals7 is ! (ficial au?ority :i* int]prets1 "u ! approval ( ! ,pope1 ! morality ( acts l abortion & relat$ op]ations4 ,9 #ahie ! foll[+ difficulty 0 propos$ to ! ,holy ,(fice = solution3 ,a physician is treat+ a woman ) a disease :i* w c]ta9ly be fatal to h] unless cur$ m$ically1 & ! disease is due to ! pres5ce ( a fetus 9 h] womb4 ,to save h] x is necess>y to empty ! ut]us1 b ! fetus is n yet viable4 ,! "q is1 ,may ! physician p]=m !rapeutic abortion 9 su* circum/ances8 ,on ,july #bd1 #ahie1 ! ,holy ,(fice answ]$3 ,! ,inquisitors-,g5]al 9 matt]s ( fai? & morals1 ) ! vote ( _! ,consultors1 decree3 ,negatively1 9 accord ) ! o!r decrees ( ,may #bh1 #ahhd1 & ,augu/ #ai1 #ahhh4 ,9 ,may1 #ahih1 ! foll[+ que/ions 7 propos$ to ! ,holy ,(fice3 ,i4 ,is ! induction ( premature labor licit :5 a contract$ mat]nal pelvis prev5ts ! bir? ( a *ild at t]m8 ,,ii4 ,if ! mat]nal pelvis is s n>r[ t premature deliv]y is impossible1 is x licit to p]=m abortion1 or to effect ces>ean deliv]y at ! prop] "t8 ,,iii4 ,is lap>otomy 9 extraut]9e ge/ation licit8 ,may #d1 #ahih1 ! ,holy ,(fice answ]$1 ) ! ass5t ( ,leo ,,xiii3 ,i4 ,premature labor 9 itself is n illicit1 provid$ x is done = suffici5t reason1 & at ! "t & by su* me?ods z w "u ord9>y circum/ances pres]ve ! life ( ! "m & ! fetus4 ,,ii4 ,z to ! fir/ "p1 ! answ] is negative1 accord+ to ! decree ( ,july #bd1 #ahie1 on ! unlawfulness ( abortion4 ,z to ! second "p1 !re is no objection to ! ces>ean deliv]y at ! prop] "t4 ,,iii4 ,9 a case ( necessity1 a lap>otomy to remove an ectopic fetus f ! "m is licit1 provid$ ! lives ( bo? "m & fetus are1 s f> z is possible1 c>efully & opportunely pres]v$4#if #if ,dummodo et foetus et matris vitae s]io et opportune provideatur4 ,m>* #e1 #aijb1 ?is "q 0 ask$ ! ,holy ,(fice3 ,is x ev] licit to remove an ectopic fetus f ! "m :ile ! fetus is "u six mon?s ( age f ! "t ( conception8 ,! answ] 03 ,negatively1 9 accord ) ! decree ( ,may #d1 #ahih1 by :i* ! lives ( ! fetus & "m1 z f> z possible1 are c>efully & opportunely pres]v$4 ,z to ! "t1 ! que/ion] is rem9d$ by ! same decree t no premature deliv]y is licit unless effect$ at ! "t & by ! me?ods :i*1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 w pres]ve ! lives ( "m & fetus4 ,! ,engli% civil law conc]n+ abortion#ig is3 ,:oev] %all unlawfully supply or procure any poison or o!r noxi\s ?+1 or any in/rum5t or ?+ :atsoev]1 kn[+ t ! same is int5d$ to be unlawfully us$ or employ$ ) int5t to procure ! misc>riage ( any woman1 :e!r %e be or be n ) *ild1 %all be guilty ( a misdemeanor1 & be+ convict$ !re( %all be liable1 at ! discretion ( ! c\rt1 to be kept 9 p5al s]vitude = ! t]m ( ?ree ye>s1 or to be imprison$ = any t]m n exce$+ two ye>s1 ) or )\t h>d labor4 #ig ,/atutes #bd & #be1 ,victoria1 cap4 #ajj1 sec4 #ei4 ,alfr$ ,susa9e ,taylor1#ih comm5t+ on ?is law1 said3 ,/rictly speak+1 !re is no su* ?+ z ju/ifiable abortion2 ! law recognizes no su* possibility4 ,a m$ical man mu/ always rememb] ?is :5 he contemplates empty+ a pregnant ut]us4 #ih ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce4 ,london1 #aije4 ,x is obvi\s t ! only reasons t c be ?\ght ( by an honorable man z ju/ify+ ! induction ( labor are 7#a7 to save ! life ( ! "m2 7#b7 to save ! life ( ! *ild4 7,"s religions w n contemplate ! fir/ reason1 b t we are n n[ conc]n$ )47 ,x _c be done = ! sake ( family honor nor = any simil> e?ical reason4444 ,! gold5 rule is nev] to empty a ut]us )\t fir/ hav+ a second pr(essional op9ion z to its necessity2 if ?is op9ion be adv]se1 d n d x2 if x be favorable1 x is well to get x 9 writ+1 & x is well also to get ! writt5 or atte/$ cons5t ( ! woman & h] husb&1 & !n proce$ to d x ) all ! skill & c>e possible4 ,! dea? ( ! fetus is at any "t ! mo/ c]ta9 means ( caus+ ! womb to empty itself1 b aft] ! six? mon? ! op]ation is p]=m$ necess>ily ) a view to pres]v+ ?is life1 & /eps mu/ be tak5 accord+ly4 ,coke1 ab\t #afae1 judg$ t to kill a *ild 9 ! womb is n murd]1 b if x is expell$ by viol5ce & dies aft] x leaves ! womb1 t is murd]4 ,! law 9 ,p5nsylvania#ii is3 ,if any p]son1 ) int5t to procure ! misc>riage ( any woman1 %all unlawfully adm9i/] to h] any poison1 drug1 or sub/ance :atsoev]1 or %all unlawfully use any in/rum5t1 or o!r means :atsoev]1 ) ! l int5t1 su* p]son %all be guilty ( felony1 & be+ !re( convict$1 %all be s5t5c$ to pay a f9e n exce$+ five hundr$ doll>s1 & und]go an imprisonm5t1 by sep>ate or solit>y conf9em5t at labor1 n exce$+ ?ree ye>s4 ,x makes no diff]5ce 9 ,p5nsylvania law :e!r ! *ild is quick5$ or n4 #ii ,laws ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,act ( ,m>* #ca1 #ahfj1 sec4 #hh4 p4 #djd4 ,! ,new ,j]sey1 ,massa*usetts1 & ,wiscons9 laws are l ! ,p5nsylvania law4 ,! law 9 ,i[a#ajj is3 ,if any p]son1 ) int5t to procure ! misc>riage ( any pregnant woman1 wilfully adm9i/] to h] any drug or sub/ance :atev]1 or1 ) su* int5t1 use any in/rum5t or o!r means :atev]1 unless su* misc>riage %all be necess>y to save h] life1 he %all be imprison$ 9 ! p5it5ti>y = a t]m n exce$+ five ye>s1 & be f9$ 9 a sum n exce$+ "o ?\s& doll>s4 ,to ! same effect are ! laws 9 ,connecticut1 ,ma9e1 ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 ,mi*igan1 ,m9nesota1 ,colorado1 ,texas1 & ,m>yl&4 #ajj ,laws ( #ahig1 ,i[a ,code1 #dgei4 ,frank ,w9?rop ,drap]1 pr(essor ( legal m$ic9e 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1#aja comm5t+ on ! ,massa*usetts law ( ,octob]1 #aijc1 cap4 #bab1 secs4 #ae1 #af1 says3 ,x is important to recognize ! fact t ! law does n make any exception or =mal recognition 9 favor ( ju/ifiable op]ations to procure premature labor4 ,! /atute is g5]al 9 its application4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 obvi\s t ! be/ s5tim5t ( ! m$ical pr(ession & ( ob/etric tea*]s is favorable to int]f]5ce ( pregnancy1 7#a7 :5ev] !re is su* anatomical deviation or me*anical ob/ruction 9 ! "m's pelvis t ! bir? ( a *ild is impossible2 or 7#b7 :5ev] ! "m is suff]+ f su* grave disease t h] life is 9 imm95t p]il & c be sav$ only by ! arre/ ( ge/ation4 ,"u su* conditions ! physician is n only w>rant$ 9 induc+ premature labor1 b is requir$ to d s by a s5se ( duty to 8 pati5t1 ) a view !reby to save "o life at lea/1 &1 if possible1 ! lives ( bo? "m & (fspr+4 #aja ,legal ,m$ic9e1 #aije4 ,nev]!less1 z ! law n[ /&s1 a prud5t practition] w n expose himself to any risk1 if a few precautions w save him4 ,9 ! ev5t ( ! dea? ( ! "m & *ild 9 su* an em]g5cy1 ! att5d+ physician might f9d himself 9 jeop>dy1 ) ! imputation ( gross c>elessness & crim9al neglect hang+ ov] him1 an imputation :i* requires ye>s to remove4 ,s ! att5d+ physician %\ld nev] und]take to d an in/rum5tal op]ation )\t ^! precautions3 #a4 ,! cons5t ( ! pati5t1 ) t ( h] husb& or family4 #b4 ,especially1 a consultation ) "s o!r physician or physicians 9 :om !re is full confid5ce4 ,att5tion to ^! simple & s5sible safegu>ds1 by mak+ ! conduct appe> by its c&or & op5ness 9 ! /ronge/ possible contra/ ) ! secret me?ods ( ! abortioni/1 may save great emb>rassm5t4 ,! e?ics ( ?is doctr9e is1 ( c\rse1 absurd1 z has be5 %[n1 & x is cit$ "h only to %[ h[ ! civil law consid]s abortion4 ,:>ton & ,/ille#ajb give ! same in=mation 9 a m te*nical mann]4 ,x is a g5]al rule1 !y say1 indep5d5t ( /atute1 t ! act ( a physician 9 aid+ a misc>riage is n unlawful1 :]e ! misc>riage 0 ! inevitable result ( o!r causes4 ,& ! act is ju/ifi$ :]e ! circum/ances 7 su* z to induce 9 ! m9d ( a compet5t p]son ! belief t a misc>riage 0 necess>y to pres]ve ! life ( ! "m4 ,& ! /atutes ( _m ( ! ,/ates p5alize ! caus+1 or attempt+ to cause1 an abortion1 unless necess>y to pres]ve ! life ( ! woman1 or unless advis$ by a designat$ numb] ( physicians to be necess>y = su* purpose1 ! abs5ce ( bo? ! necessity & ! advice be+ an ess5tial +r$i5t 9 ! crime4 ,! physician by :om ! de$ is done1 h[ev]1 _c act z 8 own advis] 9 ! matt]4 ,& an indictm5t "u ! /atute mu/ n only allege t ! act 0 n necess>y to pres]ve ! woman's life1 b mu/ also negative ! advice ( physicians2 & su* av]m5ts _c be ins]t$ z an am5dm5t aft] demurr]4 #ajb ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce1 vol4 iii1 sec4 #ebf4 ,! burd5 ( pro( re/s ) ! /ate to %[ t ! means us$ 7 n necess>y to pres]ve ! life ( ! woman 9 "q2 & ! abs5ce ( necessity may be det]m9$ f circum/antial evid5ce4 ,b ! burd5 ( pro( z to ! advice ( physicians w\ld n fall )9 ! rule controll+ ! production ( pro( z to negative matt]s 9 g5]al1 & w\ld re/ ) ! accus$2 ?\gh x may be prov$ by a prepond]ance ( ! evid5ce & ne$ n be e/abli%$ beyond a reasonable d\bt4 ,b ei!r t ! act 0 necess>y to pres]ve ! life ( ano!r1 or t x 0 advis$ by physicians to be necess>y = t purpose1 is ( equally good def5ce2 & ! de/ruction ( ! *ild ne$ n h be5 bo? necess>y & advis$ by physicians4 ,& /atutes ( ?is class apply only 9 cases 9 :i* ! dea? ( ! "m c\ld reasonably be expect$ to result f natural cause1 unless ! *ild 0 de/roy$1 & d n apply to a case 9 :i* ! "m ?reat5$ suicide unless %e 0 reliev$ f h] tr\ble4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,ectopic ,,ge/ation ,ectopic ,ge/ation1 call$ also extraut]9e pregnancy1 is ge/ation outside ! ut]us 9 ! adnexa or ! p]itoneal cavity4 ,pregnancy 9 ! horn ( an abnormal or rudim5t>y ut]us is class$ ) ectopic ge/ation because ! effects are simil>1 al?\gh pregnancy at times 9 a rudim5t>y ut]us goes on to t]m normally4 ,! ut]us is 9 ! pelvic cavity1 betwe5 ! bladd] & ! rectum1 & above ! vag9a1 into :i* x op5s4 ,x is a holl[1 pe>-%ap$1 muscul> organ1 some:at flatt5$1 & ab\t ?ree in*es long1 two in*es broad1 & an in* ?ick4 ,! fundus or base is upw>d1 & ! neck is d[nw>d4 ,pass+ horizontally out f ! corn]s or horns ( ! ut]us1 :i* are at ! fundus1 are ! two ,fallopian tubes1 "o on ei!r side4 ,^! are ab\t five in*es 9 l5g? & some:at convolut$4 ,!y are true tubes1 op5+ into ! ut]us1 & !y are ab\t "o-sixte5? ( an in* 9 diamet] ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( _! ext5t4 ,! ends f>!/ f ! ut]us are fr+$ & funnel-%ap$2 & ?is funnel end1 call$ ! ,infundibulum or ,fimbriat$ ,extremity1 op5s into ! abdom9al or p]itoneal cavity4 ,ne> ! ,fimbriat$ ,extremity ( ea* tube is an ,ov>y1 an oval body ab\t "o & a half in*es long by ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 wid?4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 description1 ea* tube is divid$ into f\r p>ts3 7#a7 ! ,ut]9e ,portion1 :i* is t "p includ$ 9 ! wall ( ! ut]us itself3 x ext5ds f ! out] end ( ! horn into ! upp] angle ( ! ut]9e cavity1 & its lum5 is s small t x w admit only a v f9e probe2 7#b7 ! ,i/hmus1 or ! n>r[ "p ( ! tube :i* lies ne>e/ ! ut]us3 x gradually wid5s into ! broad] "p call$ 7#c7 ! ,ampulla2 7#d7 ! ,infundibulum1 or ! funnel-%ap$ end ( ! ,ampulla4 ,"o ( ! fimbriae1 ! ,fimbria ,ov>ica1 is long] ?an ! o!rs1 & x =ms a %all[ gutt] :i* ext5ds to ! ov>y4 ,! ut]us1 tubes1 & ov>ies lie 9 a septum :i* rea*es across ! pelvis f hip to hip4 ,?is septum is call$ ! ,broad ,ligam5t4 ,if a man's s(t hat1 ( ! /yle call$ ,f$ora1 is inv]t$1 ! fold along ! cr[n com+ up into ! cavity ( ! hat is l ! broad ligam5t4 ,z ! cr[n is held d[nw>d ! ut]us w\ld be 9 ! middle1 its fundus upw>d1 & outside ! hat1 repres5t+ ! pelvic cavity1 b 9 ! cr[n fold4 ,! tubes & ov>ies w\ld also be 9 ! cr[n fold1 or broad ligam5t1 & ! fimbriat$ extremities w\ld op5 into ! int]ior ( ! pelvic cavity ?r\gh holes4 ,! ovum breaks ?r\gh ! surface ( ! ov>y into ! pelvic cavity1 passes1 probably on a capill>y lay] ( fluid1 into ! fimbria ov>ica & !nce into ! infundibulum1 :5ce x moves along sl[ly into ! ut]us4 ,ovulation & m5/ruation occur ab\t ! same "t ord9>ily1 & if ! ovum produc$ is n fecundat$ x gradually %rivels & passes (f ?r\gh ! ut]us & vag9a4 ,fecundation ( ! ovum r>ely occurs 9 ! ut]us1 b ord9>ily 9 ! ,fallopian tube4 ,aft] fecundation ! ovum is pu%$ on ?r\gh ! ,fallopian tube into ! ut]us 9 f five to sev5 days1 :]e x fa/5s to ! wall & develops normally4 ,hyrtl describ$ an ovum :i* appe>$ to rea* ! ut]us 9 ?ree days4 ,if f "s abnormal condition ( ! ,fallopian tube ! fecundat$ ovum is block$ & held 9 ! tube1 ! embryo gr[s :]e ! ovum /opp$1 & we h a case ( ,ectopic ,ge/ation4 ,9 normal pregnancy 9 ! ut]us1 ! ut]us gr[s ) ! embryo1 b a tube does n4 ,9 ! latt] condition1 :5 ! ovum is big en\gh x bur/s ! tube or slips out ?r\gh ! ampulla1 caus+ hemorrhage or o!r pa?ological symptoms4 ,!re are c]ta9 r>e abnormalities ( ! ut]us ?r\gh imp]fect embryological developm5t1 & pregnancy 9 su* a ut]us may result 9 symptoms l ^? ( ectopic ge/ation4 ,normally ! ut]us & vag9a are =m$ by ! fusion ( ! two ,mll]ian ducts4 ,:5 ^! ducts d n fuse p]fectly1 or :5 "o develops p>tly1 ! v>i\s k9ds ( abnormal wombs & vag9as are ! results4 ,!re may be a d\ble ut]us ) a s+le or d\ble vag9a1 a ut]us ) a complete or p>tial septum d[n ! middle1 a ut]us ) "o horn1 a ut]us ) a develop$ horn & a rudim5t>y horn1 & ! rudim5t>y horn may be op5 or %ut1 & s on4 ,9 _m ( ^! conditions ! ovum becomes block$ & rupture foll[s z 9 ectopic ge/ation4 ,:5 ! ectopic ovum beg9s to develop 9 ! ,fallopian tube ! plac5tal villi erode ! tubal wall & ! blood-vessels4 ,at l5g? ! ovum slips out ( ! ampulla--! common result--or ! tube bur/s4 ,! break may be traumatic 9 orig91 f j>r+ or a l accid5t1 or x may be spontane\s4 ,if ! rupture is ?r\gh ! tube !re is hemorrhage into ! pelvic cavity2 if ! ovum slips out ( ! ampulla ! tubal abortion causes hemorrhage z 9 ut]9e abortion4 ,9 ei!r case ! blood ) p]itoneal fibr9 =ms a hematocele1 & ?is1 ) ! ovum1 may be f9ally absorb$2 or ! woman may ble$ to dea? unless ! hemorrhage is *eck$ surgically2 or ! *ild may live = v>y+ p]iods up to t]m4 ,! tube r>ely ruptures into ! fold ( ! broad ligam5t4 ,! fetus usually dies aft] rupture or tubal abortion1 & if x has n advanc$ beyond ! eigh? week x is absorb$4 ,sometimes x lives4 ,:5 ! rupture or abortion does n te> ! plac5tal site ! fetus may develop 9 ! abdom9al cavity4 ,betwe5 #ahhi & #ahif ,ha9es#ajc f\nd #dj op]ations = ectopic ge/ation done aft] ! sev5? mon? ( pregnancy ) #aj mat]nal dea?s4 ,( ! *ildr51 #bg surviv$ ! op]ation f a few mom5ts to fifte5 ye>s4 ,sittn]1 9 #aijc1 compil$ f ! m$ical reports #adb cases ( viable ectopic fetuses1 & ,ess5 f\nd #be additional cases4 ,s9ce ,ess5's article m h be5 report$1 ab\t #agc to my k1 b ! numb] is consid]ably l>g]4 #ajc ,kelly's ,op]ative ,gynaecology4 ,new ,york1 #ahih4 ,hir/ says an exp]i5c$ ob/etrical speciali/ sees f #ab to #bd cases ( ectopic pregnancy annually4 ,k/n] himself op]at$ on #aje cases 9 five ye>s4 ,ab\t #gh p] c5t4 ( all ectopic ge/ations result 9 tubal abortion & #bb p] c5t4 9 rupture4 ,_m speciali/s n[ are ( ! op9ion t ! diagnosis ( ectopic ge/ation ord9>ily is n difficult1 b mo/ physicians f9d x v difficult4 ,be=e rupture ( ! tube or a hemorrhage diagnosis is h>dly ev] made by any "o1 & no pelvic condition gives rise to m diagno/ic errors4 ,:5 !re is rupture or tubal abortion ! symptoms may lead ! physician to mi/ake ! condition = ut]9e abortion4 ,9 ut]9e abortion ! onset ( ! symptoms is quiet1 ) gradually int5sify+ & regul> pa9s1 resembl+ labor1 9 ! l[] abdom54 ,9 ectopic pregnancy ! symptoms ( a rupture or tubal abortion arise quickly1 ) irregul> & colicky or v viol5t pa9s1 localiz$ on "o side4 ,9 ut]9e abortion ! ext]nal hemorrhage is m or less pr(use1 ) clots2 9 ectopic ge/ation ! ext]nal hemorrhage is slight or abs5t2 ! %ock 9 ! latt] case is out ( proportion to ! visible blood loss4 ,p>ts ( ! ovum1 or ! pres5ce ( ! :ole ovum1 z ut]9e1 are f\nd 9 ord9>y abortion1 b 9 ! ectopic condition ! ovum prop] does n appe>4 ,an intraut]9e angul> pregnancy1 or pregnancy 9 a ut]9e horn1 caus+ ! upp] corn] ( ! womb to bulge sidewise1 may be mi/ak5 = ectopic ge/ation4 ,pregnancy 9 a retr(lex$ ut]us1 tumors ( ! adnexa1 ! twi/$ p$icle ( an ov>ian tumor1 a bur/ pyosalp9x1 an app5dicitis 9 pregnancy1 or a comb9$ intraut]9e & ectopic ge/ation1 also may confuse ! diagnosis4 ,:5 !re is a dang]\s hemorrhage f rupture or tubal abortion ! diagnosis is usually made )\t difficulty f ! collapse & o!r signs4 ,! diagnosis z to :e!r ! fetus 9 ! pelvis is dead or alive may be made 7#a7 f ! abs5ce or pres5ce ( symptoms ( tubal rupture dur+ ! second & ?ird mon?s1 or ( mild symptoms indicat+ only slight ble$+2 7#b7 f ! cont9uation & progress ( ! evid5ces ( pregnancy1 z nausea1 mamm>y *anges1 fetal movem5ts1 or audibility ( ! fetal he>t2 7#c7 f ! pres5ce ( a l\d ut]9e blood s\ffle2 7#d7 f ! abs5ce ( toxemia or suppuration2 7#e7 f a gr[? ( ! ut]us & a s(t5+ ( ! c]vix2 7#f7 f a gradual increase 9 ! size ( ! suspect$ ectopic fetal tumor4 ,9 mak+ ! diagnosis great caution mu/ be obs]v$1 z r\ghness 9 manipulation may />t hemorrhage or rupture a ?9n$ tube4 ,! diagnosis may be made3 7#a7 t ectopic ge/ation exi/s )\t symptoms ( mat]nal hemorrhage1 & ! fetus is n viable2 7#b7 t ! same mat]nal condition may be pres5t1 b ! fetus is viable2 7#c7 t !re may be symptoms ( slight ble$+1 & ! fetus is inviable2 7#d7 t !re may be symptoms ( grave mat]nal hemorrhage at any /age ( ! ge/ation4 ,! ord9>y m$ical doctr9e 9 ! text-books is t z soon z a diagnosis ( ectopic ge/ation is made lap>otomy %\ld be done & ! sac ) ! ectopic fetus remov$4 ,if ! fetus is alive & inviable ?is proc$ure w1 ( c\rse1 kill x4 ,only a few ob/etricians ( au?ority advise an expectant treatm5t4 ,s*auta f\nd #ge recov]ies & #aff mat]nal dea?s 9 #bda cases treat$ expectantly--a mortality ( #fi p] c5t4 ,if !re are no symptoms ( mat]nal hemorrhage b ! fetus is evid5tly dead1 ! fetus is to be remov$4 ,if x is evid5tly alive1 or d\btfully alive1 ! treatm5t mu/ be expectant4 ,! woman is to be remov$ to a hospital & kept "u con/ant wat*1 day & night1 ) ev]y?+ prep>$ = imm$iate op]ation4 ,any woman :ile be>+ an ectopic fetus is 9 con/ant grave dang] ( dea?1 b ! morali/s hold t h] dang] is n s imm95t be=e actual rupture z to ju/ify ! dea? ( ! fetus by precaution>y removal4 ,9 #ahhf ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cambrai propos$ ! foll[+ li/ ( que/ions to ! ,holy ,(fice = decision3 #a4 ,may a pregnant woman 9 dang] ( dea? f eclampsia or hemorrhage be prematurely deliv]$ ( a viable *ild8 #b4 ,may a woman 9 ! same condition be deliv]$ 9 urg5cy by means :i* w kill ! infant8 #c4 ,may a woman 9 articulo mortis be deliv]$ ( a viable *ild if ! deliv]y w some:at ha/5 h] dea?8 #d4 ,may ! woman 9 "q #a be deliv]$ ( an inviable fetus8 #e4 ,may ! woman 9 "q #c be deliv]$ ( an inviable fetus8 #f4 ,may a woman :o is ab\t to become bl9d1 p>alytic1 or insane f h] pregnancy be prematurely deliv]$ ( a viable *ild8 #g4 ,may ! woman 9 "q #f be deliv]$ by means :i* w kill ! fetus8 #h4 ,may ! woman 9 "q #f be deliv]$ ( an inviable *ild8 #i4 ,may ! woman 9 "q #f be deliv]$ ( an inviable *ild1 suppos+ ! *ild to be 9 articulo mortis8 #aj4 ,may an ectopic fetus be kill$ by op]ation1 electricity1 or poison1 to av]t possible dang] ( dea? f ! "m8 #aa4 ,may a surgeon :o has op5$ ! abdom5 = "s condition n ut]9e incid5tally remove a viable ectopic fetus8 #ab4 ,) conditions l ^? 9 "q #aa1 except t ! fetus is n viable1 may ! surgeon remove ! inviable ectopic fetus8 ,?ree ye>s lat]1 ,augu/ #ai1 #ahhi1 ! ,holy ,(fice answ]$ ^! que/ions compreh5sively3 ,9 ,ca?olic s*ools x may n be safely taught t craniotomy is licit1 z 0 decid$ ,may #bh1 #ahhd1 or any o!r surgical op]ation :i* directly kills ! fetus or ! pregnant "m4 ,safely taught "h is a some:at te*nical expression :i* has be5 int]pret$ by ! ,holy ,(fice 9 ano!r connection z mean+ t ! act is illicit morally4 ,! ,holy ,(fice1 ,may #d1 #ahih1 aga9 decre$3 ,necessitate cog5te1 licitam esse lap>otomiam ad extrah5dos e s9u matris ectopicos conceptus1 dummodo et foetus et matris vitae1 quantum fi]i pote/1 s]io et opportune provideatur4#ajd ,?is decision 0 n cle>ly und]/ood1 & on ,m>* #e1 #aijb1 ! same congregation report$ ! foll[+ "q3 ,is x ev] licit to remove f ! mat]nal pelvis an ectopic fetus :i* is /ill immature2 t is1 :i* has n yet complet$ ! six? mon? aft] conception8 ,! answ] 01 ,no2 accord+ to ! decree ( ,may #d1 #ahih1 :i* prescribes t ! life ( ! fetus & ! "m mu/ z f> z possible be c>efully safegu>d$4 ,z to ! "t1 accord+ to ! same decree1 ! que/ion] w rememb] t no premature deliv]y is p]missible unless x is effect$ at su* a "t & by ^? me?ods :i* 9 ord9>y circum/ances safegu>d ! life ( ! "m & fetus4#aje #ajd ,9 a case ( necessity1 x is licit to d a lap>otomy = ! removal ( an ectopic ge/ation sac f ! mat]nal pelvis1 provid$ ! life ( bo? fetus & "m be c>efully safegu>d$4 #aje ,negative1 juxta decretum #d ,maii1 #ahih1 vi cujus1 foetus et matris vitae1 quantum fi]i pote/ s]io et opportune provid5dum e/3 quod v]o tempus1 juxta idem decretum1 orator mem9]it1 nullam p>tus accel]ationem licitam esse1 nisi p]ficiatur tempore et modis1 quibus ex ord9>ie cont+5tibus1 matris ac foetus vitae consulatur4 ,if ! fetus is remov$ & s kill$ to av]t a ?reat5$ dang] to ! mat]nal life1 b n an actually op]ative de/ruction ( h] life1 ?is removal or homicide is an evil means us$ to av]t ! dang]4 ,!re is no "q ( a d\ble effect1 t is1 ( two effects1 "o good & ! o!r evil1 com+ ) equal directness f ! cause1 :i* is ! removal or kill+ ( ! fetus2 b ( a good effect1 ! av]t+ ( ! dang] to ! "m1 issu+ f an evil cause1 ! removal & dea? ( ! fetus4 ,a good effect does n ju/ify ! use ( evil means2 x is n p]mitt$ morally directly to kill ! fetus1 z 9 ?is case1 to save ! "m f a ?reat5$ grave dang]4 ,! case is n l t ( ! woman :o has an op]able c]vical canc] :ile %e is be>+ an inviable fetus4 ,if ! canc]\s ut]us is n remov$ ! woman w surely die2 if x is remov$ %e has a reasonable *ance ( cure2 b if ! inviable ectopic fetus is n remov$ x is by no means c]ta9 t ! woman w die4 ,9 ! canc] ! ut]us is directly remov$1 ! fetus is indirectly kill$2 9 ! ectopic case ! fetus is directly kill$1 & ! dang] to ! woman's life is remov$ z a direct effect ( ! kill+4 ,aga91 ! kill+ ( ! inviable ectopic fetus _c be ju/ifi$ by ma9ta9+ t ! fetus is an unju/ aggressor aga9/ ! life ( ! "m4 ,an aggressor aga9/ life may be su* =mally or mat]ially4 ,a =mally unju/ aggressor consci\sly & volunt>ily attacks ! life ( ! victim unju/ly4 ,?is p]v]sion1 or evil1 9 ! aggressor's consci\sly actuat$ w sets 8 own "r to life 9 juridic inf]iority to t ( ! victim's "r to life1 & ! victim may def5d 8 own life1 ev5 unto ! indirect dea? ( ! aggressor 9 necessity4 ,! mat]ially unju/ aggressor attacks ! victim's life unju/ly1 b :e!r ! aggressor is sane or insane1 ! attack is n volunt>y4 ,:5 an insane aggressor appe>s to use 8 w1 su* use lacks all moral quality because ( ! abs5ce ( intellect & reason2 he wills improp]ly1 z a brute is said to w4 ,9 ei!r case1 nev]!less1 !re is active aggression direct$ aga9/ ! victim's life1 :i* also sets ! aggressor 9 juridic inf]iority to ! victim1 & p]mits ! victim to def5d 8 own life to extremes4 ,z great an au?ority z ,de ,lugo holds t 9 su* def5ce1 :e!r ! aggressor is =mally or only mat]ially su*1 ! victim may directly kill1 b direct kill+ is nev] necess>y1 z x is all a matt] ( int5tion4 ,! ectopic fetus _c1 ( c\rse1 be a =mal aggressor because x _c ex]cise ei!r intellig5ce or w4 ,x is n a mat]ially unju/ aggressor1 because ! only action x is capable ( is to increase 9 size 9 ob$i5ce to ! natural law ( gr[?4 ,x is n try+ 9 any mann] to te> ! mat]nal blood-vessels4 ,x has a "r to its own life & a "r to gr[4 ,its gr[? may f9ally br+ ab\t a mat]nal hemorrhage1 b j n[ x is n caus+ t hemorrhage4 ,an aggressor is su* only :ile !re is an actual attack go+ on "h & n[1 direct$ aga9/ ! victim's life4 ,! fetus is necess>ily passive always1 nev] aggressive 9 any s5se ( ! t]m1 until ! actual rupture occurs4 ,if x may be deem$ mat]ially aggressive :5 ! actual rupture is tak+ place1 ! "q becomes irrelevant1 because at t "t ! fetus may be remov$ = o!r reasons altoge!r4 ,if an insane man is 9 a room ) a load$ revolv] :i* he may n use aga9/ me1 b :i* he probably w1 ,i may n kill him 9 self-def5ce until he actually beg9s ! aggression4 ,! op9ion express$ "h is ! contr>y ( ! op9ion ,i express$1 9 #aijf1 9 ,essays 9 ,pa/oral ,m$ic9e4 ,! second condition propos$ is t ! ectopic ge/ation exi/s )\t symptoms ( mat]nal hemorrhage1 b ! *ild is viable4 ,9 su* a case x is probably bett] to remove ! fetus at once1 b only a skill$ abdom9al surgeon %\ld attempt ! op]ation because x is likely to be difficult f adhesions4 ,a viable ectopic fetus is usually de=m$4 ,w9ckel f\nd #ej p] c5t4 ( !m de=m$--! head 9 #ge p] c5t41 ! pelvic end 9 #ej p] c5t41 ! arms 9 #dj p] c5t4 ,compression1 infraction1 hydrocephalus1 & m5+ocele are common4 ,! long] ! fetus is left 91 ! worse = ! "m s f> z p]itoneal adhesions & dang] & difficulty 9 remov+ ! fetus are conc]n$4 ,! ?ird case suppos$ t ! fetus is n viable b ! symptoms ( mat]nal hemorrhage are slight4 ,! dang] to ! "m 9 wait+ is great] "h ?an 9 case "o1 & ! decision mu/ be made 9 keep+ ) evid5ces 9 ! p>ticul> case4 ,! surgeon :o assumes responsibility is oblig$ to rema9 ready = in/ant op]ation4 ,:]e !re are symptoms ( grave hemorrhage 9 ! "m at any /age ( ectopic ge/ation ! surgeon mu/ op]ate at once1 & ligate ! ble$+ vessels to save ! woman's life4 ,! ligation w %ut (f ! blood supply to ! fetus1 & ?us indirectly1 p]missively1 ! fetus mu/ be unavoidably all[$ to die4 ,?is is a cle> case ( d\ble effect imm$iately issu+ f ! same cause1 & ! op]ation is morally licit4 ,no matt] h[ "y ! fetus is1 ! surgeon or an assi/ant is to baptize x2 if x is v "y x may be necess>y to split ! envelopes to get at ! fetus4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,ces>ean ,,deliv]y ,9 ! ces>ean deliv]y 7p>tus ces>eus1 celiohy/]otomy7 ! infant is br\ght out ?r\gh an op5+ made 9 ! abdom9al & ut]9e walls4 ,! *ief indications = ?is op]ation may be a contract$ mat]nal pelvis1 an abnormally l>ge fetal head or body1 dea? ( ! pregnant "m be=e deliv]y1 c]ta9 =ms ( rigidity ( ! c]vix ut]i1 "s cases ( /5osis ( ! vag9a1 relative vag9al n>r[ness1 block+ tumors1 or a v5tr(ix$ ut]us4 ,sometimes abruptio plac5tae1 eclampsia1 plac5ta praevia1 & o!r accid5ts ( pregnancy are tak5 z indications = ces>ean deliv]y4 ,an abnormal bony pelvic girdle is ! mo/ frequ5t ob/ruction to deliv]y ( ! fetus4 ,! l[] "p ( ! pelvis1 call$ ! pelvis m9or or true pelvis1 supports ! muscles ( ! pelvic floor1 & gives %ape & tr5d to ! p>turi5t canal4 ,! inlet & outlet ( ! true pelvis are n>r[] ?an its middle portion & are call$ ! sup]ior & inf]ior /raits4 ,! inlet is some:at cordate 9 outl9e1 & normally f front to back1 at its s-call$ conjugata v]a1 x av]ages #aa c5timetres 7#d-e_/af in*es7 9 dep?2 f side to side x measures #ac c5timetres 7#e-a_/h in*es72 obliquely f ! "r po/]iorly to ! left ant]iorly x is #ab-a_/b c5timetres 7ne>ly #e in*es71 & ! o!r oblique conjugate is #ab c5timetres 7#d-c_/d in*es7 long4 ,! transv]se diamet] ( ! outlet1 f "r to left1 is #aa c5timetres2 ! diamet] f front to back1 because ! coccyx c be pu%$ back 9 labor1 is f #i-a_/b 7#c-c_/d in*es7 to #ab cm4 ,normal fetal head measurem5ts av]age f side to side at ! wide/ "p1 #i-a_/b cm4 7#c-c_/d in*es72 f ! root ( ! nose to ! occiput1 #aa cm42 f ! *9 to ! occiput1 #ac cm42 f ! v]tex to ! neck beh9d1 #i-a_/b cm4 ,! size ( ! fetal head is ! mo/ important factor 9 deliv]y1 s f> z ! *ild is conc]n$1 because1 z a rule1 :5 ! head is deliv]$ ! compressible trunk foll[s readily4 ,normally ! *ild pres5ts 9 deliv]y ) ! v]tex ( ! head fir/2 o!r pres5tations are transitional1 abnormal or pa?ologic4 ,9 #dh1dii cases ,k>l ,braun f\nd v]tex pres5tations 9 #ie4i p] c5t41 & ,s*ro$] 9 #bej1jjj cases f\nd an av]age ( #ie p] c5t4 ,! *ild's head is engag$ :5 its l>ge/ diamet] has pass$ ! plane ( ! inlet4 ,an abnormal pelvis may be g5]ally contract$1 dw>f$1 9 all its diamet]s2 x may be flat or n>r[ f front to back2 x may be contract$ f side to side2 x may be g5]ally contract$ & flat at ! same "t2 x may be obliquely contract$ 7,ngeli's pelvis72 or x may be cr[d$ toge!r irregul>ly4 ,ra*itis1 o/eomalacia1 curvature ( ! sp9e1 habit scoliosis1 hip dislocation1 & simil> pa?ologic /ates cause ^! di/ortions & contractions4 ,contraction ( ! pelvis affects ! "m & *ild 9 p>turition 9 proportion to ! degree ( ! n>r[+4 ,besides ?is1 ! prognosis dep5ds on ! size ( ! *ild1 its pres5tation1 position1 & attitude1 ! /r5g? ( ! pa9s1 ! skill & surgical cleanl9ess ( ! op]ator1 & ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( complications4 ,ob/ruction may br+ ab\t rupture ( ! ut]us1 septicemia1 exhau/ion & %ock1 pressure n>cosis1 or te>s ( ! c]vix or vag9a4 ,if ! *ild's head becomes impact$ ! vag9a & vulva may become ev5 gangr5\s4 ,pressure may cause areas ( necrosis result+ 9 fi/ulas into ! bladd]1 rectum1 or betwe5 ! ut]us & ! vag9a4 ,:5 ! contracture is suffici5t to let ! fetus j engage1 pressure may int]f]e ) ! plac5tal circulation & kill ! *ild4 ,compression ( ! vagus n]ve may sl[ ! *ild's pulse & asphyxiate x ?r\gh lack ( oxyg5 9 ! blood4 ,! cord may prolapse4 ,! pressure on ! *ild's head may cause fatal intracranial hemorrhage1 or effect p]man5t injury to ! bra94 ,(t5 x is extremely difficult to f9d out ! be/ plan = deliv]+ a woman :o has a contract$ pelvis4 ,:]e ! conjugata v]a is #i4e cm4 7#c-e_/h in*es7 or above1 ,ludwig & ,savor f\nd t #ge p] c5t4 7 deliv]$ )\t in/rum5tal help4 ,at #i cm4 7#c-a_/b in*es71 #eh p] c5t4 s end2 at #h cm4 7#c-c_/af in*es71 #be p] c5t4 ,%\ld ! conjugata v]a be less ?an #e-a_/b cm4 7#b-c_/af in*es7 9 a flat pelvis1 or #f cm4 7#b-c_/h in*es7 9 a g5]ally contract$ pelvis1 ?is is an absolutely contract$ pelvis accord+ to ! old /&>d1 & ! deliv]y mu/ be by ces>ean section1 :e!r ! *ild is liv+ or dead4 ,! m9imal requirem5ts h be5 gradually ext5d$4 ,9 #aija ,williams ( ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity advocat$ t ! absolute indication = ces>ean section be *ang$ to #g cm4 9 ! g5]ally contract$ pelvis1 & to #g4e cm4 9 ! simple flat pelvis4 ,8 op9ion 0 accept$ by ,web/]1 ,jewett1 ,edg>1 & o!rs4 ,n[ "s ob/etricians ( au?ority ext5d ! measurem5ts to #h cm4 ,if ! woman is se5 be=e labor1 or e>ly 9 labor1 ces>ean deliv]y alone is done4 ,:5 ! ut]us is infect$ x is usually necess>y to remove x aft] tak+ away ! *ild1 because an infect$ ut]us left 9 place causes dea? by sepsis1 z a rule4 ,text-books on ob/etrics h a s]ies ( rules1 bas$ on pelvic measurem5ts1 conc]n+ ! indications = ces>ean or o!r me?ods ( deliv]y 9 cases ( contract$ pelvis1 b ! problems are n s simple & uni=m z to be always accurately solv$ by ! data d]iv$ f measurem5ts4 ,"o woman ) a contract$ pelvis may require ces>ean deliv]y2 ano!r woman ) ! same measurem5ts may h a normal p>turition because ! *ild happ5s to be small or its skull compressible4 ,! be/ pelvic measurem5t is made ) ! fetal head4 ,a difficult decision z to :e!r a ces>ean deliv]y is necess>y or n comes up 9 ! majority ( cases 9 primip>ae2 9 multip>ae ! physician has ! exp]i5ce f =m] bir?s to guide him4 ,9 ov] #ij p] c5t4 ( primip>ae ! fetal head normally is f\nd engag$ 9 ! pelvis 9 ! la/ week ( ge/ation1 & c be felt by a vag9al exam9ation4 ,9 multip>ae ! head usually is n engag$ until labor beg9s4 ,if ! fetal head does n engage 9 a primip>a1 ?is fact at once sugge/s an absolutely or relatively n>r[ pelvis4 ,:5 labor has begun1 if ! fetal head _c be pu%$ into ! true pelvis ( a primip>a1 especially aft] ane/hesia1 ! necessity = ces>ean deliv]y may be cle>ly evid5t4 ,9 ! cases :]e !re is d\bt t ! *ild c get ?r\gh ! pelvis1 b good reason to ?9k t x c1 _m ob/etrical exp]ts try ! effect ( labor = two h\rs or a little m1 & if !re is no real progress !y deliv] ?r\gh lap>otomy4 ,!re is consid]able objection n[ to v]sion or ! application ( high =ceps1 b _m skilful m5 pref] ^! me?ods at times4 ,:5 v]sion has be5 done & x fails !re is no *ance to save ! *ild's life4 ,9 ! trial ( labor1 ! expectant treatm5t1 extraord9>y wat*fulness is requir$ & a full k ( ! special proc$ure t may be necess>y4 ,9 m9or degrees ( pelvic contraction ! ob/etrical practice is ei!r to induce premature labor at ! ?irty-second week1 or to deliv] by a ces>ean op]ation1 or to delay & try labor4 ,9 ! la/ ev5t !re may be "o ( ! foll[+ issues3 spontane\s deliv]y1 v]sion & deliv]y1 extraction by high =ceps1 ces>ean deliv]y1 symphyseotomy1 hebo/eotomy1 or craniotomy4 ,craniotomy on a liv+ *ild is nev] to be consid]$ "u any circum/ances4 ,symphyseotomy is a cutt+ ( ! mat]nal pelvic girdle ?r\gh ! symphysis pubis1 ! rigid jo9t at ! front middle "p ( ! pelvis1 & ?us lett+ ! bony girdle dilate4 ,hebo/eotomy or pubiotomy is a saw+ ?r\gh ! pelvis ne> t jo9t to get ! dilatation4 ,symphyseotomy has be5 replac$ by hebo/eotomy because ! mat]nal mortality & morbidity are some:at less5$ by ! latt] me?od4 ,s*lfli 9 #aijh report$ #gjj hebo/eotomies ) a mat]nal mortality ( #d4if p] c5t4 & a fetal ( #i4ah p] c5t4 ,o!r op]ators h a bett] av]age2 /ill o!rs a worse4 ,?is op]ation is done v seldom ( late except 9 a case :]e ! fetal head is caught l[ 9 ! pelvis1 or !re is a *9-po/]ior or br[ or face pres5tation1 & ! ces>ean op]ation w\ld n deliv] ! *ild4 ,! v>ieties ( ! ces>ean deliv]y z practis$ at pres5t are ! classic ces>ean1 call$ also celiohy/]otomy1 ! ,porro ces>ean1 or celiohy/]ectomy1 :]e ! ut]us is remov$ aft] ! extraction ( ! *ild1 & ! two sections 9 ! c]vical end ( ! ut]us1 viz41 ! extrap]itoneal ces>ean & ! transp]itoneal c]vical ces>ean4 ,be=e ! days ( antiseptic surg]y ces>ean deliv]y 0 practically always fatal to ! "m4 ,t>ni] c\ld n f9d "o successful outcome = ! "m 9 ,p>is dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury up to 8 own "t1 & ,spae? said ! same = ,vi5na up to #ahgg4 ,9 #ahgg ,porro ( ,pavia advis$ ! supravag9al amputation ( ! ut]us aft] ! *ild 0 deliv]$ to avoid hemorrhage & p]itoneal infection4 ,?is op]ation replac$ ! classic ces>ean until #ahhb1 :5 ,sng] inv5t$ a suture :i* w\ld keep ! ut]9e incision %ut1 & appli$ antisepsis4 ,sng]'s op]ation has be5 improv$ s mu* t ces>ean deliv]y1 :5 p]=m$ by skill$ ob/etricians1 has an extremely l[ mortality 9 cases :i* h n be5 infect$4 ,r\?1 9 #aiaj1 collect$ ! /ati/ics ( ,great ,brita91 compris+ #abhb cases1 :i* may be tak5 z a /&>d = all civiliz$ c\ntries1 & he f\nd a /eady decrease 9 ! mortality until n[ x is ne> #b p] c5t4 9 un9fect$ cases4 ,! dang]s 9 ! op]ation increase ) e h\r ! woman is 9 labor1 b ev5 !n ! g5]al mortality is n[ d[n to ab\t #h4a p] c5t4 ,?is1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 is ! rate :5 compet5t m5 op]ate4 ,:5 ! ord9>y practition] 9 small cities1 t[ns1 & c\ntry places op]ates ! mortality is v high4 ,newell#ajf said t 9 f\r cities ( f #be1jjj to #dj1jjj inhabitants )9 =ty miles ( ,bo/on he collect$ ! foll[+ data3 9 ,a no pati5t on :om ces>ean section _h be5 done is kn[n to h recov]$--a mortality ( #ajj p] c5t4 ,9 ,b ! mortality is f #fj to #gj p] c5t4 ,9 ,c ! op]ation is inv>iably fatal :5 done by ! local surgeons4 ,9 ,d ! fatality is f #aj to #bj p] c5t4 9 av]age cases1 b s9ce ces>ean section has become popul> z a me?od ( treatm5t = eclampsia ! mortality is ov] #ej p] c5t4 #ajf ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 ,febru>y #bd1 #aiag4 ,9 spite ( p]fect te*nic by ! be/ ob/etricians1 ! op]ation has a high morbidity3 fev]1 p]itonitis1 pneumonia1 dilatation ( ! /oma*1 & o!r bad results are common4 ,be=e antiseptic surg]y began1 op5+ ! abdom9al cavity 0 almo/ always fatal1 & "s ob/etricians tri$ to get ! *ild out ( ! ut]us 9 cases :]e ces>ean deliv]y is indicat$ by go+ 9 above ! pelvis )\t op5+ ! p]itoneum4 ,! ut]us 0 incis$ ne> its c]vical end4 ,?is me?od1 call$ extrap]itoneal ces>ean deliv]y1 has be5 re/or$ = use 9 cases :]e !re is "s infection ( ! ut]us & ! op]ator wi%es to save ! *ild )\t remov+ ! womb4 ,! te*nic is m difficult ?an 9 ! classic ces>ean1 & ! op]ation 0 n k9dly receiv$1 b ( late "s m5 are hav+ s mu* success ) x t x is reviv+1 & rightly s4 ,bais*#ajg says t ! fir/ elev5 wom5 he deliv]$ by extrap]itoneal ces>ean section recov]$ m readily ?an !y w\ld f an ord9>y lap>otomy4 ,9 n9ete5 cases ( transp]itoneal b c]vical section he _h no tr\ble1 & six ( ^! 7 infect$ cases4 ,! te*nic ( ?is l[ incision protects ! p]itoneal cavity bett] ?an ! classic incision1 app>5tly4 ,two ( ! n9ete5 wom5 7 9 slight fev] & ! ut]9e fluids 7 fetid4 ,two primip>ae =ty ye>s ( age _h be5 9 labor sev5ty h\rs4 ,eight ( ! wom5 7 able to leave ! cl9ic on ! t5? day4 ,only "o *ild 0 lo/1 & t 0 a delay$ case4 ,h(mei]#ajh compil$ #aid cases ( transp]itoneal c]vical ces>ean section ) ?ree dea?s4 ,k/n] did #aaj extrap]itoneal ces>ean sections ) no mortality4 ,?is makes #cjd cases ( ces>ean c]vical section1 n ! classic op]ation1 ) only ?ree dea?s1 less ?an #a p] c5t4 mortality2 & fully #ej p] c5t4 ( ^! cases 7 n surgically clean4 ,f ^! /ati/ics x is evid5t t ! c]vical op]ation 9 ! h&s ( compet5t surgeons %\ld be ! op]ation ( *oice4 #ajg ,z5tralblatt f4 ,gynkologie4 ,leipsic1 ,octob] #cj1 #aiae4 #ajh ,mn*5] m$iz9is*e ,wo*5s*rift1 ,janu>y #d1 #aiaf4 ,! ord9>y practition]1 h[ev]1 is utt]ly unfitt$ to d a ces>ean section ( any k9d4 ,9 l>ge cities x is easy to f9d a tra9$ surgeon to d ! op]ation1 b 9 small t[ns & 9 c\ntry places !re is seldom any "o available4 ,! physician :o *ooses to practise m$ic9e 9 an isolat$ place kn[s t he w almo/ c]ta9ly be call$ ^u to d a ces>ean section "s day1 & he %\ld n take up ! responsibility ( ! g5]al practition] 9 su* a place until he is compet5t to d t op]ation :5 life dep5ds ^u him4 ,?is is z ?+s %\ld be2 b un=tunately a man :o is tra9$ well en\gh to d major surg]y w n live 9 a small t[n if he c get into a l>ge city4 ,! physician 9 any case %\ld be able at lea/ to make ! diagnosis 9 "t1 be=e labor sets 91 & h ! woman s5t to ! ne>e/ city1 if possible4 ,dr4 ,bull#aji report$ t he _h travel$ sev5ty-five miles to see a woman :o 0 hav+ sev]e hemorrhages at t]m4 ,he f\nd h] 9 a log cab91 ) a c5trally implant$ plac5ta 7i4e41 "r across ! op5+ ( ! c]vix ut]i71 & %e _h _h ?ree hemorrhages be=e 8 arrival4 ,he n>cotiz$ h]1 took h] 9 a tra9 to a hospital1 deliv]$ h] by ces>ean section1 & sav$ h] & ! *ild4 ,if he _h deliv]$ h] by v]sion 9 ! log cab91 he w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly h lo/ bo? ! "m & ! *ild4 #aji ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 ,septemb] #cj1 #aiaf4 ,! "q ( remov+ ! ut]us comes up :5 ! ut]us is infect$1 or z a me?od ( /]iliz+ ! woman to avoid ! dang] ( a subsequ5t ge/ation4 ,:5ev] a ut]us is gravely infect$ & a ces>ean deliv]y is f9ally necess>y1 ! infection is commonly due to ignorance or c>elessness1 & ! physician or midwife is guilty4 ,!re %\ld be no su* bus9ess z t ( ! midwife :o actually deliv]s ! pati5t4 ,! /ate %\ld provide physicians = ! poor4 ,ev5 ! midwife :o calls h]self a practical nurse1 b :o is n a lic5s$ tra9$ nurse1 is commonly a public dang]1 al?\gh "s s-call$ practical nurses are bett] ?an ! ord9>y tra9$ nurses4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t ! ut]us is infect$ unavoidably4 ,if ?is infection has be5 done by a compet5t ob/etrician work+ 9 a hospital ) /]ile in/rum5ts1 x may be safe to deliv] ! woman by an extrap]itoneal or c]vical trans-p]itoneal ces>ean section4 ,if ! practition] has tri$ to deliv] ! woman at h] home ) =ceps & has fail$1 especially if repeat$ attempts h be5 made by ! physician & an assi/ant or consultant1 ! ut]us %\ld be amputat$4 ,x w n d to deliv] by a l[ ces>ean & await developm5ts1 because if ! infection is s]i\s no subsequ5t removal ( ! ut]us w save ! woman's life4 ,! grave mutilation ( remov+ ! ut]us is1 ( c\rse1 licit1 z x is ! only means ( sav+ ! woman's life4 ,"s morali/s hold t a woman f :om ! ut]us has be5 remov$ is impot5t1 b ?is "q has nev] be5 decid$ au?oritatively1 z we %all %[ 9 ! *apt] on ,vasectomy2 & until x has be5 s decid$ ! woman mu/ be giv5 ! b5efit ( ! d\bt4 ,! "q ( remov+ ! ut]us solely to prev5t ! dang] ( subsequ5t deliv]ies diff]s f ! condition j consid]$4 ,if ! woman has _h a ces>ean deliv]y = an absolutely n>r[ pelvis1 h] subsequ5t deliv]ies mu/ be by ! same me?od4 ,aft] a ces>ean section !re is m or less dang] ( rupture at ! sc> 9 o!r labors4 ,"s ?9k ! dang] is great] if ! plac5ta becomes implant$ on ! sc>2 o!rs ?9k ?is implantation does n weak5 a good sc>4 ,if ! convalesc5ce aft] ! ces>ean section already done has be5 abnormal1 ! prognosis = rupture is n good4 ,:]e !re has be5 an abnormal convalesc5ce1 ea* new pregnancy mu/ be wat*$ closely1 & (t5 an e>ly subsequ5t ces>ean is indicat$ to prev5t rupture4 ,no matt] h[ well ! section has be5 done1 lat5t gonorrhea may prev5t p]fect heal+ ( ! w\nd4 ,tw9s1 hydramnios1 & ov]time ge/ation are o!r causes ( rupture4 ,! t5d5cy ) ob/etricians 9 ! future w probably be to d ! section t[>d ! c]vical end ( ! ut]us2 & z ! ut]us is ?9ne/ !re1 x might be ?\ght t x w be m likely to break1 b ,spald+#aaj f\nd ! contr>y true--! ruptur+ 0 usually 9 ! ?ick "p ( ! ut]us4 ,v]sion1 high =ceps1 ut]9e tampons1 hydro/atic bags1 & pituit>y extract %\ld be avoid$ :]e an old ces>ean sc> exi/s1 b ,vogt & ,kroback h done v]sion a few times )\t rupture4 ,vogt _h "o pati5t ) a true conjugate ( #f-c_/d cm4 7#b-h_/af in*es7 to #g cm4 7#b-c_/d in*es74 ,%e 0 deliv]$ 9 ! fir/ ?ree labors by craniotomy2 9 ! f\r? by v]sion2 9 ! fif? & six? by ces>ean section2 9 ! sev5? %e _h tw9s "o ( :i* 0 born spontane\sly2 9 ! eigh? by v]sion & p]=ation ( ! aft]-com+ head2 9 ! n9? %e refus$ op]ation & 0 deliv]$ spontane\sly4 ,skilful op]ators h ! fewe/ ruptures aft] ces>ean deliv]y4 ,ol%aus5 _h "o 9 #abj cases1 ,leopold none 9 #bcb cases1 ,s*auta none 9 #agg cases1 ,k/n] none 9 #ajj cases4 ,ol%aus51 9 a s]ies ( #bi cases1 op]at$ on two pati5ts twice & ^u ?ree pati5ts ?ree times4 ,z e>ly z #ahge1 ,nancr$e ( ,philadelphia _h op]at$ ! six? "t on ! same woman4 ,9 su* cases ! ut]us is commonly s broadly atta*$ by adhesions to ! belly-wall t x is op5$ )\t gett+ into ! p]itoneal cavity4 ,9 #aej cases ( repeat$ section collect$ by ,polak 9 #aiji ! mortality 0 only #e p] c5t4 #aaj ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 ,decemb] #a1 #aiag4 ,a woman may n be /]iliz$ by hav+ ! ut]us remov$1 by fallectomy1 or o!rwise1 solely to obviate dang] or morbidity f subsequ5t pregnancies & ces>ean deliv]ies4 ,su* a /]ilization w\ld be a grave mutilation )\t a pres5t excus+ dang]1 & x w\ld r5d] ! prim>y end ( m>riage always impossible4 ,su* /]ilization ( a woman is 9 contrav5tion to ! decretal ( ,gregory#aaa z giv5 9 ! *apt] on ,vasectomy4 ,x is also aga9/ ! bull ,effra5atam ( ,sixtus ,v41 :o ext5d$ all p5alties prescrib$ = abortioni/s to ^? :o give wom5 drugs :i* cause /]ility1 & to ^? :o purposely prev5t ! developm5t ( ! fetus or 9 any mann] abet ! de$2 & ! p5alties are to be appli$ to ! wom5 !mselves :o will+ly use ^! means4 ,^! p5alties are enum]at$ 9 ! *apt] on ,abortion4 ,! ,congregation ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 ,may #bb1 #ahie1 answ]$ negatively ! foll[+ "q3 ,si sia lecita la practica sia attiva sia passiva di un proc$im5to il quale si propone int5zionalm5te come f9e espresso la /]ilizatione della donne8#aab #aaa ,corpus ,juris1 lib4 v1 tit4 xii1 c4 #e4 #aab ,is any active or passive proc$ure licit :i* is und]tak5 ) ! express end ( /]iliz+ a woman8 ,! reason = ^! laws is t any act :i* deprives "o ( ! p[] to g5]ate1 & :i* prev5ts conception & makes ! sem5 fail ( its end1 is aga9/ ! *ief intr9sic end ( m>riage & any b5efit t arises !refrom1 :i* is ! good ( (fspr+4 ,! act is also aga9/ ! intr9sic end ( ! sem51 :i* is to g5]ate2 & s9ce ! sem5 _c possibly effect its end1 ! conjugal act deg5]ates into an equival5t ( onanism4 ,?is act ( /]ilization1 done n to save ! :ole body f imm$iate dang]1 is intr9sically evil1 & !re=e unju/ifiable4 ,to say t m>riage is also a licit rem$y ( concupisc5ce is no excuse4 ,m>riage is su* only 9 a second>y s5se1 & ?is second>y end is necess>ily subord9ate to ! prim>y end1 & coexi/5t ) t prim>y end1 :i* is ! g5]ation ( *ildr54 ,ev5 :5 a surgeon is do+ a ,porro op]ation1 8 ma9 int5tion may n be to /]ilize ! woman4 ,he mu/ directly int5d to save h] life by remov+ ! infect$ ut]us1 & reluctantly p]mit ! /]ilization z an evil "p ( ! d\ble effect com+ f ! causal amputation4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,plac5ta ,,praevia ,,& ,,abruptio ,,plac5tae ,ces>ean deliv]y is us$ frequ5tly ( late 9 plac5ta praevia4 ,x may be necess>y also 9 abruptio plac5tae1 gun%ot w\nds ( ! abdom5 dur+ pregnancy1 sometimes 9 app5dicitis complicat+ ge/ation1 r>ely 9 prolapse ( ! cord to save ! *ild1 & :5 tw9s become int]lock$ 9 deliv]y4 ,plac5ta praevia is a developm5t ( ! plac5ta 9 t "p ( ! ut]us :i* dilates at ! end ( ge/ation or dur+ deliv]y4 ,?is dilatation1 ) ! me*anical pressure ( ! *ild1 deta*es ! plac5ta en\gh to cause a hemorrhage :i* may be fatal to ! woman if n *eck$4 ,! hemorrhages beg9 sometimes z e>ly z ! six? mon? ( ge/ation1 b mo/ frequ5tly 9 ! eigh? mon?4 ,premature labor is a common effect4 ,! position ( ! plac5ta may cause malposition ( ! fetus1 prolapse ( ! cord1 weak pa9s1 air embolism into ! blood1 rupture ( ! ut]us1 sepsis1 pr(\nd anemia1 & o!r evils4 ,! *ild may be premature1 puny1 h collaps$ lungs1 hemorrhages1 & x is v likely to be kill$ 9 deliv]y4 ,! mortality ( ! wom5 v>ies1 b x av]ages ab\t #g p] c5t2 t ( ! *ildr5 av]ages #fa p] c5t4 ,! t5d5cy ) ob/etricians is to deliv] ! *ild z soon z ! diagnosis has be5 made4 ,:5 ! ble$+ is slight1 & ! *ild is viable1 "o may delay deliv]y provid$ ! woman w rema9 9 b$ 9 a good mat]nity hospital )\t mov+4 ,at home ! woman may flood & ble$ to dea? be=e a physician c rea* h]4 ,if ! woman refuses to g to a hospital1 & to p]mit ! induction ( labor1 any physician :o has reg>d = 8 own reputation w drop ! case & leave ! woman to h] own devices4 ,!re are v>i\s me?ods ( treatm5t1 & mu* dep5ds on ! position ( ! abnormally plac$ plac5ta4 ,! treatm5ts all consi/ 9 /opp+ ! hemorrhage = ! in/ant1 empty+ ! ut]us1 insur+ p]man5t hemo/asis1 & meet+ ! anemia4 ,! ,braxton-,hicks v]sion is "o me?od4 ,! *ild is quickly turn$ s t ! head is upw>d 9 ! ut]us1 & a leg is pull$ d[n to plug ! c]vix ut]i until !re is en\gh dilatation to extract ! *ild4 ,v _m *ildr5 are lo/ by ?is me?od4 ,:5 ! plac5ta praevia is m>g9al to ! c]vix or lat]al 9 ! ut]us ! *ild has a bett] *ance :5 a colpeurynt]1 or inflatable rubb] bag1 is ins]t$ 9 ! c]vix z a plug4 ,mu* skill & discrim9ation is requir$ 9 ! managem5t ( ?is bag until ! *ild is deliv]$4 ,! ob/etrician may be oblig$ to sit by ! b$ & hold on to ! bag = f ?ree to twelve h\rs4 ,ha/y extraction ?r\gh a poorly dilat$ c]vix is a v dang]\s process1 z a te> _c be repair$ quickly en\gh1 z a rule1 to *eck ! hemorrhage1 :i* w be fatal4 ,:5 v]sion has be5 done ha/e may compress ! head 9 ! tight c]vix & asphyxiate ! *ild4 ,:5 ! *ild is viable a ces>ean section is by f> ! be/ me?od = ! *ild1 z x l[]s ! fetal mortality f #fa to ab\t #e p] c5t4 ,! "m1 too1 has a bett] *ance by ! ces>ean section1 provid$ x is done by a compet5t man1 e>ly 9 labor be=e infection has set 91 & 9 a hospital4 ,if ! *ild is n viable ! hemorrhage mu/ be /opp$ to save ! woman's life4 ,z a rule1 ! hemorrhages are n dang]\s be=e ! sev5? mon?4 ,9 ! #abh dea?s ( ,mll]'s /ati/ics !re 0 n "o be=e ! sev5? mon? ( ge/ation4 ,hir/1 h[ev]1 says he has be5 oblig$ to empty ! ut]us at ! fif? mon? = plac5ta praevia4 ,! woman mu/ be kept 9 b$1 ! foot ( ! b$ elevat$1 s$atives us$1 & s on1 z 9 ?reat5$ abortion1 & ! vag9a tampon$ securely ) cotton4 ,if x is evid5t t ! fetus is dead1 x mu/ be extract$ z 9 ! case ( a viable fetus4 ,if x is probable t ! fetus is alive1 x is to be treat$ z 9 a case ( inevitable abortion z describ$ 9 ! *apt] on ,abortion4 ,! tampon+ ( ! vag9a to /op ! hemorrhage w cause ! abortion ( ! fetus indirectly4 ,?is is ano!r d\ble-effect case1 & ! tampon+ is morally p]missible provid$ ! int5tion is correct4 ,abruptio plac5tae is a te>+ loose ( a plac5ta :i* is situat$ 9 ! normal position1 n abnormally z 9 plac5ta praevia4 ,! cause may be a disease ( ! plac5ta or decidua2 = example1 syphilis1 *ronic metritis1 traumatism f a bl[ or fall1 jump+ f a c>riage-/ep1 & s on4 ,nephritis is (t5 f\nd :]e !re is abruptio plac5tae4 ,9 labor ! plac5ta may be torn loose by a v]sion1 by ! deliv]y ( ! fir/ ( a pair ( tw9s1 or because ! cord is too %ort4 ,!re is always pr(use hemorrhage1 :i* is usually conceal$ at fir/1 b f9ally ext]nal4 ,x is possible at times = a woman to ble$ to dea? into h] own ut]us1 :5 x is di/5sible4 ,! mortality is ab\t #ej p] c5t4 = ! wom51 & :]e !re is conceal$ hemorrhage ab\t #ie p] c5t4 ( ! *ildr5 are lo/4 ,a diff]5tial diagnosis is to be made to exclude plac5ta praevia1 rupture ( ! ut]us1 extraut]9e pregnancy1 rupture ( an app5dical abscess1 gall-/one colic1 or intrabdom9al injury4 ,if ! *ild is viable x mu/ be deliv]$ z quickly z possible4 ,if x is dead & ! head is develop$1 craniotomy %\ld be done to ha/5 extraction4 ,:5 ! abruptio takes place be=e ! sev5? mon? ( ge/ation ! fetus w die 9 ab\t t5 m9utes1 :e!r 9 ! ut]us or outside x2 no matt] :at me?od might be adopt$ to empty ! ut]us1 ! *ild w\ld be dead be=e deliv]y4 ,! diagnosis w\ld h to be made & in/rum5ts prep>$1 & ?is w\ld take up m ?an ! t5 m9utes ( life left to ! fetus4 ,x is necess>y to get ! fetus out to /op ! ble$+ ( ! op5 s9uses by contraction ( ! ut]us4 ,! removal ( ! fetus "h is n l an artificial abortion4 ,9 abortion ! abortioni/ sep>ates ! plac5ta f ! ut]9e s9uses & s kills ! fetus2 ! removal f ! ut]us is second>y to t sep>ation :i* kills4 ,! common notion ( morali/s t dea? is caus$ 9 abortion by tak+ ! *ild out ( ! ut]us is inexact--te>+ loose ! plac5ta is ! real cause4 ,9 a removal ( ! fetus aft] an abruptio plac5tae ! dea? ( ! fetus is n caus$ by ! physician at all1 b by ! =ce t effect$ ! abruptio4 ,z ! *ild w be dead be=e suffici5t dilatation ( ! c]vix to deliv] x c be atta9$1 !re is no objection to beg9n+ ! deliv]y z soon z ! diagnosis is cle>4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,abdom9al ,,tumors ,,9 ,,pregnancy ,tumors 9 or ne> ! ut]us may be ob/acles to deliv]y or !y may ?r\gh malignancy endang] ! woman's life4 ,! commone/ tumors complicat+ pregnancy are fibroids1 canc]s1 & ov>ian tumors1 especially cy/s & d]moids1 b tumors ( o!r k9ds are n frequ5tly met4 ,s*auta1 9 #aaa1aab pregnant wom51 f\nd fibroids 9 #hf1 "o 9 #abib cases2 ,p9>d1 9 #ac1iae1 f\nd #hd1 "o 9 #afe cases2 ,pozzi1 9 #ab1jej1 _h #hc1 "o 9 #acc cases2 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 9 #ac1jgf deliv]ies1 !re 7 only #d1 "o 9 #cbfi cases2 & 9 ! ,*>it 9 ,b]l91 #f 9 #ai1jeb bir?s1 "o 9 #cage cases4 ,! ov>ian cy/ 9 pregnancy is r>] ?an ! fibroid--#e 9 #ag1hcb bir?s1 "o 9 #ceff cases1 9 ! ,b]l9 ,frau5kl9ik4 ,canc] ( ! c]vix also seldom appe>s--once 9 ab\t #bjjj cases4 ,o!r v r>e conditions1 relat$ to ^!1 are polyps ( ! c]vix1 enl>g$ & prolaps$ kidneys1 extraut]9e pregnancy comb9$ ) intraut]9e1 e*9ococcus cy/s1 p>ametric abscesses1 canc]s ( ! rectum1 rectal /rictures1 tumors ( ! bladd]1 /ones 9 ! bladd]1 tumors ( ! pelvic bones or c>tilages1 & tumors ( ! vag9a or vulva4 ,fibroids1 call$ also fibromyomata1 fibromata1 & myomata1 9 ! ut]9e muscle or adnexa commonly enl>ge dur+ pregnancy1 & if !y are big en\gh & l[ 9 ! pelvis may block ! p>turi5t canal4 ,^! tumors may suppurate1 gr[ gangr5\s1 or take on r$ deg5]ation2 !y may cause abortion1 p]itoneal adhesions1 pa91 or hemorrhage2 simulate ?reat5$ abortion2 br+ on retr(lexion ( ! ut]us1 plac5ta praevia1 abnormal pres5tations1 sometimes weak pa9s or pa9s s /rong z to rupture ! ut]us1 & !y may *eck contraction aft] deliv]y s z to />t hemorrhage4 ,!y may s k9k ! ut]us z to inc>c]ate ! plac5ta & cause sepsis4 ,! p]c5tage ( deg5]ation 9 fibroids tak5 g5]ally is #bb1 accord+ to ,william ,mayo4#aac #aac ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 ,m>* #bd1 #aiag4 ,myomata (t5 obscure ! diagnosis 9 pregnancy4 ,! tumor may be mi/ak5 = a tw9 *ild1 or vice v]sa4 ,a l>ge symmetrical int]/itial myoma may be mi/ak5 = pregnancy1 or vice v]sa4 ,sometimes1 ev5 aft] ! belly has be5 op5$1 x is difficult to be sure :e!r ! condition is pregnancy or a tumor4 ,z em95t a surgeon z ,deav] says ?is diagnosis _c always be made by any "o no matt] :at 8 exp]i5ce4 ,we _c give a g5]al mortality av]age = myomata 9 pregnancy because only bad cases are report$1 b 9 bad cases ! mortality is v high--#ej p] c5t4 = ! "m & ab\t #fj p] c5t4 = ! *ildr51 ) almo/ #cj p] c5t4 ( abortions4 ,! majority ( wom5 :o h myomata g on to deliv]y )\t tr\ble4 ,9 "s !re is mu* pa9 or hemorrhage1 & ^! conditions may f9ally oblige ! ob/etrician to op]ate1 b ! op]ation %\ld be def]r$ z long z possible4 ,:]e !re are signs ( necrosis ( ! tumor1 op]ation is necess>y at once to prev5t sepsis4 ,removal ( a myoma dur+ pregnancy does n always cause abortion4 ,! /ati/ics are t ab\t #hc p] c5t4 ( ^? op]at$ ^u are remov$ )\t abortion4 ,9 ! ,mayo ,cl9ic#aad f\rte5 cases ( deg5]at+ fibroids 9 pregnant wombs 7 remov$ & ! majority w5t on to t]m4 ,! removal is always a v bloody op]ation1 & x requires great surgical skill4 ,:]e enucleation ( ! tumor alone 0 int5d$ x may f9ally become necess>y to amputate ! ut]us to /op hemorrhage4 #aad ,ibid4 ,:5 ! case has gone on to labor at t]m ! diagnosis z to position & size ( ! tumor is to be made1 & :at ! effects w be z to block+ ! canal or cru%+ ! tumor s z to br+ on sl\gh+4 ,if a tumor block+ ! canal _c be pu%$ up out ( ! way ( ! *ild1 a ces>ean section %\ld be done imm$iately4 ,9 su* an outcome z section ! exp]i5ce ( ! op]ator mu/ decide :e!r ! tumor is to be remov$ !n or at a m favorable opportunity4 ,x may be necess>y to d ces>ean section to lib]ate an inc>c]at$ plac5ta4 ,sometimes ! fetus is s involv$ ) a gangr5\s myoma t enucleation ( ! tumor w kill or ha/5 ! dea? ( ! fetus4 ,:51 9 su* a complication1 x is evid5t t ! life ( ! woman dep5ds on ! imm$iate removal ( ! tumor1 yet a second b evil effect foll[s f ! op]ation1 namely1 ! unavoidable dea? ( ! fetus1 ! removal is morally licit provid$ ! op]ator has ! prop] int5tion4 ,! dea? ( ! *ild z an effect 9 ?is case is only indirectly volunt>y f ! physical po9t ( view1 & only p]missively volunt>y f ! moral aspect4#aae #aae ,cf4 ,f]r]es1 ,n\velle ,revue ,?ologique1 ,septemb] & ,octob]1 #aiab1 & ! app5dix ( 8 book ,de ,vasectomia ,duplici1 ,madrid1 #aiac4 ,ov>ian tumors 9 pregnancy are1 z has be5 said1 r>] ?an myomata4 ,su* tumors are mo/ly cy/s & d]moids4 ,9 #hfb cases collect$ by ,mac,kerron1 #fh p] c5t4 7 cy/s1 #bc p] c5t4 d]moids1 #e p] c5t4 malignant tumors1 & a few 7 myomata4 ,cy/s & d]moids d n1 l ! myomata1 gr[ bigg] dur+ pregnancy1 b !y may h9d] deliv]y or gr[ gangr5\s & septic4 ,:5 treat$ e>ly ! mortality 9 pregnancy is f #b4a to #e4i p] c5t = ! wom51 b delay gives a mat]nal mortality ( f #ca to #ci p] c5t4 ,! fetal mortality 9 ,heib]g's /ati/ics ( #bga cases 0 #ff p] c5t4 ,mo/ ob/etricians advise ! removal ( an ov>ian tumor 9 pregnancy z soon z diagnos$1 provid$ x is ( a size to cause difficulty 9 p>turition1 b su* a removal causes abortion 9 ov] #bj p] c5t4 ( ! cases4 ,! expectant treatm5t causes abortion 9 ab\t #ag p] c5t4 ,if ! *ild is viable1 ,fehl+1 ,m>t91 ,norris1 & ,de ,lee are 9 favor ( ! expectant treatm5t4 ,late op]ators leave weak sc>s at labor4 ,:5 !re are symptoms ( torsion ( ! p$icle ( ! tumor1 infection1 inc>c]ation 9 ! pelvis1 involvem5t ( ! ut]9e broad ligam5t1 or ov]di/5tion ( ! belly1 ! tumor mu/ be remov$ imm$iately4 ,:e!r vag9al puncture or lap>otomy is ! bett] me?od is to be decid$ p>ticul>ly4 ,d]moid cy/s are likely to br+ on sepsis if !y are brok5 9 enucleation1 & ! diagnosis & op]ation mu/ be c>efully made4 ,:5 x is necess>y to save ! life ( ! woman to remove an ov>ian tumor1 ! risk ( abortion may be tak5 p]missively4 ,canc]s ( ! c]vix ut]i are always malignant & cause dea? if !y are n remov$ be=e !y h gone on to meta/asis4 ,z ?is tumor commonly appe>s aft] ! *ild-be>+ age1 x is r>e 9 pregnancy2 ! ord9>y ratio is "o 9 #bjjj deliv]ies1 b ,de ,lee saw only "o 9 ,*icago 9 #af1jjj consecutive labors4 ,abortion occurs 9 f #cj to #dj p] c5t4 ( ! cases4 ,spontane\s rupture ( ! ut]us may happ51 & plac5ta praevia is frequ5t relatively4 ,pregnancy ha/5s ! gr[? & spread ( canc] v mu*4 ,eight p] c5t4 ( ! wom5 die undeliv]$1 & #dc p] c5t4 die dur+ labor or imm$iately aft]w>d4 ,( all ut]9e canc]s1 #hj p] c5t4 are c]vical4 ,! diagnosis %\ld be z c]ta9 z possible4 ,r>ely nodules :i* are n canc]\s appe> 9 ! c]vix dur+ pregnancy1 & ^! are to be exam9$ microscopically4 ,snipp+ out ( a piece ( ! nodule = exam9ation does n cause abortion4 ,vaughan ( ,mi*igan ,univ]sity1 :o is a skilful & c>eful obs]v]1 said#aaf t 9 an inve/igation ( #bjj cases ( canc]1 ^u :i* m ?an #cj1jjj diff]5tial blood-c\nts 7 made1 he discov]$ a me?od ( diagnos+ ! op]ability ( a canc] z foll[s3 ,he makes a blood-c\nt & !n injects intrap]itoneally "o c4c4 ( plac5tal residue4 ,! next day he beg9s a s]ies ( blood-c\nts1 & if ! numb] ( polymorphonucle> cells decreases ! case is op]able1 no meta/asis has occurr$2 if !re is no *ange 9 ! numb] ( ! polymorphonucle>s1 or an increase ) a correspond+ decrease ( ! l>ge mononucle>s1 ! case is inop]able1 meta/asis has begun4 #aaf ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 ,decemb] #h1 #aiag4 ,9 canc] ( ! c]vix op]ability does n mean curability always4 ,inop]ability signifies t ! woman has no *ance at all = life & t x is useless to d any?+2 op]ability means t %e has "o *ance 9 f\r & t x is wor? :ile tak+ ! *ance4 ,! foll[+ conditions may be met3 #a4 ,! case may be op]able & ! *ild inviable4 #b4 ,! case may be op]able & ! *ild viable4 #c4 ,! case may be inop]able & ! *ild inviable4 #d4 ,! case may be inop]able & ! *ild viable4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! supposition is t ! case is op]able b ! *ild inviable4 ,to save ! woman ! ut]us1 ) its adnexa1 mu/ be remov$1 & ?is1 ( c\rse1 kills ! fetus4 ,! case diff]s f ! enucleation ( a gangr5\s myoma :i* involves ! dea? ( an inviable fetus4 ,9 ! myoma case ! woman has practically e *ance = h] life ?r\gh op]ation2 9 ?is canc] case ! woman has only "o *ance 9 f\r1 z #ge p] c5t4 ( su* op]ations fail ?r\gh recurr5ce ( ! canc]4 ,! *ild has ab\t "o *ance 9 two ( go+ on to viability1 ow+ to ! t5d5cy to abortion1 if no op]ation is done2 b ! "m loses h] *ance = life if ! op]ation is n done at once1 z ! canc] w spread beyond cure4 ,zweifel has se5 su* a gr[? ext5d a f+]'s bread? 9 "o week4 ,! "o *ance 9 f\r 9 imm$iate op]ation gives ! "m a solid gr\nd = hope1 & ! probability is suffici5t1 9 my op9ion1 to p]mit ! op]ation ) a p]missive loss ( ! fetus4 ,9 ! second case ! canc] is op]able & ! *ild is viable4 ,! *ild %\ld at once be deliv]$ by ces>ean section1 & ! ut]us ) its adnexa remov$4 ,! ?ird case is t ( an inop]able canc] & an inviable *ild4 ,!re ! op]ation %\ld be def]r$1 if possible1 until ! *ild becomes viable4 ,! f\r? case supposes ! canc] is inop]able b ! *ild viable4 ,9 ! int]e/ ( ! *ild1 imm$iate ces>ean section is ! be/ ?+ to d2 x is mu* bett] ?an wait+ until t]m4 ,at t]m ?is op]ation w h to be done anyh[1 & ! e>li] x is done1 ! bett] ! woman c /& ! /ra94 ,!re is a risk t %e w die f ! fir/ op]ation done to deliv] ! viable *ild1 b %e may licitly take ?is risk1 z %e might licitly run into a burn+ h\se to save a *ild1 ev5 if n h] own4 ,%e may also licitly refuse ! fir/ op]ation4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,app5dicitis ,,9 ,,pregnancy ,prim>y app5dicitis 9 pregnancy is v r>e2 recurr5t app5dicitis is n s r>e4 ,:5 app5dicitis goes on to suppuration & p]=ative p]itonitis ! condition is worse 9 pregnant wom5 ?an 9 ! non-pregnant4 ,9 pregnancy protective adhesions1 wall+ (f1 are less likely to occur2 ! inflammation is m int5se ow+ to increas$ vascul>ity2 ?rombosis & phlebitis are m frequ5t2 dra9age may be ob/ruct$ & ! burr[+ ( pus widespread2 tympany1 too1 causes dyspnoea e>li]4 ,ab\t #ge p] c5t4 ( ! cases occur aft] ! ?ird mon?1 & ! e>li] ! app5dicitis appe>s1 ! bett] ! prognosis4 ,dur+ labor ! contract+ ut]us sometimes te>s op5 an adhesive app5dix1 or ruptures a pus sac & />ts a g5]al p]itonitis4 ,?is condition may be mi/ak5 = a g5]al sepsis :i* is pu]p]al4 ,acute app5dicitis is likely to be confus$ ) an inflammation ( a ,fallopian tube4 ,:5 ! app5dicitis is p]=ative abortion1 infection ( ! ut]9e cont5ts & dea? ( ! *ild happ5 9 mo/ cases4 ,labor is v pa9ful :5 app5dicitis is pres5t1 & ! ut]9e contractions are (t5 weak4 ,aft] deliv]y _m =ms ( infection ( ! ut]us & its adnexa are possible4 ,op]ation is mu* less difficult 9 ! fir/ half ( ge/ation ?an 9 ! latt] mon?s4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ge/ation ! op]ation does n1 z a rule1 cause abortion4 ,late 9 pregnancy app5dicitis rapidly goes on to suppuration & p]=ation1 ) a high mortality4 ,hir/ says t :]e !re is reason to suspect suppuration a m$ian incision %\ld be made & ! pelvic cavity exam9$ = possible areas ( infection4 ,john ,deav] says1 ,always cut d[n on ! sore spot & d n h&le ! ut]us4 ,an infect$ ut]us aft] ces>ean section complicat$ ) app5dicitis has to be amputat$4 ,! diagnosis betwe5 app5dicitis1 ectopic ge/ation1 twi/$ ov>ian tumors1 uret]itis1 & uret]al /one is to be made4 ,9 a discussion ( a pap] by ,f9ley on ,app5dicitis 9 ,pregnancy1#aag ,dr4 ,john ,murphy ( ,*icago1 a great au?ority1 advis$ op]ation z soon z ! diagnosis is made1 & he 0 ( ! op9ion t ?is diagnosis is n difficult to make 9 pregnancy4 ,deav] said a diagnosis ( cat>rhal app5dicitis is n seldom v difficult to make4 ,?is =m is v r>e 9 pregnancy4 ,deav] is n ( ! same op9ion z ,murphy z to op]at+ z soon z ! diagnosis is made 9 all cases4 ,:]e !re is a g5]al p]itonitis1 op]ation commonly only makes matt]s worse by spread+ infection4 ,! mortality ( cases ( app5dicitis 9 pregnancy left )\t op]ation is z high z #gg p] c5t42 :]e ! cases are op]at$ ^u )9 =ty-eight h\rs aft] diagnosis ! mortality is #f4g p] c5t4 & x w\ld be bett] if ! op]ation 7 done )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,f9ley says t 9 ! fifte5 cases review$ 9 8 pap] ! op]ation did n cause abortion4 ,deav] tells u ! muscul> rigidity 9 ! "r gro9 *>act]i/ic ( app5dicitis is (t5 miss+ 9 pregnancy1 & t sometimes ! pa9 is on ! left side ( ! belly4 #aag ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 ,decemb] #bd1 #aiab4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,pu]p]al ,,insanity ,,& ,,/]ilization ,f #h to #aj p] c5t4 ( all insanity 9 wom5 develops dur+ ! pu]p]ium--! incid5ce is ab\t "o case to #djj bir?s4 ,pu]p]al insanity 9 ne>ly #gj p] c5t4 ( ! cases beg9s )9 ! fir/ two weeks aft] p>turition4 ,next 9 frequ5cy ( occurr5ce is ! p]iod ( lactation1 especially 9 multip>ae4 ,insanity dur+ pregnancy itself is relatively r>e1 & x beg9s usually aft] ! f\r? mon?4 ,z 9 o!r =ms ( insanity1 h]$it>y pr$isposition is f\nd 9 f #be to #cj p] c5t4 ( ! cases4 ,alcoholism1 sepsis1 & neuroses l hy/]ia1 *orea1 & epilepsy1 are ! pr$ispos+ elem5ts4 ,! mo/ common imm$iate excit+ cause dur+ pregnancy is toxemia f faulty metabolism & excretion4 ,o!r frequ5t direct excitants are m5tal worry f pov]ty1 des]tion1 s$uction1 & ! l tr\bles4 ,prolongation ( ! lactation p]iod beyond ! usual "t = wean+1 f ! n9? to ! twelf? mon?1 is common among ignorant & lazy wom54 ,"s wom5 prolong lactation 9 ! errone\s notion t x prev5ts r5ew$ impregnation4 ,su* lactation is injuri\s to ! *ild1 z a rule4 ,ploss says hyp]lactation is frequ5t 9 ,spa91 & t "s ,japanese1 ,*9ese1 & ,arm5ian wom5 may nurse _! *ildr5 = ye>s1 b ?is practice is und\bt$ly injuri\s1 especially among ,european races4 ,! wom5 get tabes lactea ) emaciation1 a/h5ia1 anemia1 backa*e1 pa9 9 ! brea/s1 neura/h5ia1 cramps1 & bl9dness4 ,! ut]us atrophies 9 "s cases & may be p]man5tly injur$4 ,insanity is n unusual4 ,! =ms ( m5tal di/urbance commone/ 9 pu]p]al insanity are mania ) or )\t delirium1 melan*olia1 & dem5tia4 ,dem5tia is ! f9al /age 9 ! cases t become *ronic4 ,mania is ! prevail+ type 9 insanity aft] labor1 & melan*olia 9 insanity dur+ ge/ation4 ,! melan*oly ( insanity dur+ ge/ation is (t5 suicidal1 & mu/ always be wat*$4 ,religi\s & erotic symptoms are also obs]v$4 ,! onset may be v sudd5 dur+ labor4 ,an outbreak aft] labor may be suicidal or homicidal4 ,maniacal pu]p]al wom5 are dang]\s4 ,!y h delusions & halluc9ations1 ) v rapid & incessant *anges t range f obsc5ity to pray]4 ,melan*oly 9 ! pu]p]ium is likely to be suicidal4 ,ab\t #ge p] c5t4 ( pu]p]al insanity cases recov] )9 five or six mon?s4 ,f #b to #aj p] c5t4 die f sepsis1 exhau/ion1 or int]curr5t diseases2 ! rema9d] become p]man5tly insane4 ,! ne>] ! deliv]y ! insanity appe>s1 ! bett] ! prognosis4 ,m5zies f\nd t ( cases :i* began dur+ ge/ation #ef4g p] c5t4 rema9$ insane2 ( ^? t began dur+ ! pu]p]ium #be p] c5t4 did n recov]2 ( ^? t began dur+ lactation #dc4e p] c5t4 rema9$ insane4 ,melan*olia is m favorable ?an mania 9 pregnancy1 b aft] labor mania gives ! bett] prognosis4 ,! maniacal pati5t is m likely to die1 b ! melan*olic is m likely to rema9 insane4 ,! old] ! woman1 ! great] ! numb] ( h] pregnancies1 ! m ! depression1 & ! high] ! temp]ature1 ! worse ! prognosis4 ,alcoholism is an add$ risk always4 ,all pu]p]al insanities %\ld be treat$ 9 sanatoria or asylums & n at home4 ,:5 a woman ) pu]p]al insanity is all[$ to rema9 at home %e _c get prop] treatm5t1 & is a con/ant m5ace to h] own life & ! lives ( h] family4 ,a woman :o has _h pu]p]al insanity & has recov]$ h] m5tal heal? is likely to h a recurr5ce ( h] malady at subsequ5t pregnancies4 ,! "q has be5 ask$ me a few times1 ,w\ld x n be ju/ifiable to /]ilize su* a woman to prev5t ?is recurr5ce1 ) its dang]s & t]rors8 ,x w\ld n be ju/ifiable3 #a4 ,because x is n licit to inflict a grave mutilation to av]t a possible or probable future evil4 #b4 ,!re are o!r means to escape ! dang]3 a woman ) ?is t5d5cy is ju/ifi$ 9 d5y+ ! debitum4 #c4 ,once crazy1 always crazy1 is an aphorism ) mu* tru? 9 x1 & x is d\btful t /]ilization 9 itself w prev5t ultimate insanity4 #d4 ,! conjugal relation ( a /]iliz$ woman w\ld be no bett] ?an onani/ic4 #e4 ,! /]ilization w\ld fall "u ! decrees & p5alties describ$ at ! end ( ! *apt] on ,ces>ean ,section4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,nephritis ,,9 ,,pregnancy ,9 pregnancy ! kidneys always give evid5ce ( a con/ant conge/ion1 & ! *ief symptom ( ?is is ! great quantity ( r5al epi!lium %$ ) ! ur9e4 ,?is engorgem5t has giv5 rise to ! t]m kidney ( pregnancy4 ,!re has be5 mu* discussion ( ?is condition1 especially z to ! possibility ( diff]5tiat+ x f beg9n+ nephritis4 ,9 #bbg consecutive cases ( pregnancy 9 :i* ! ur9e 0 exam9$ at %ort int]vals by myself ?r\gh\t ! entire ge/ation1 !re 0 always an enorm\s quantity ( epi!lium1 & ?is pres5ce ( epi!lium is s con/ant t its abs5ce is a pro( t pregnancy does n exi/4 ,x is z physiological z any o!r somatic *ange 9 ! pu]p]ium4 ,von ,leyd5 & o!r ,g]man obs]v]s look ^u ! deg5]ative alt]ation 9 ! epi!lium ( ! r5al tubules z pa?ological1 b app>5tly m def9ite symptoms are necess>y to make a diagnosis ( significant nephritis4 ,williams#aah says t 9 ! exam9ation ( #ajjj pregnant wom5 at ,johns ,hopk9s ,hospital 9 ,baltimore traces ( album9 7 f\nd 9 #ej p] c5t4 )\t subsequ5t s]i\s di/urbance1 b :]e consid]able album9 ) ca/s o!r ?an hyal9e 0 se5 !re 7 symptoms ( toxemia lat]1 & sev]al ( ^! w5t on into eclampsia4 ,fi%]#aai held t r$ blood-corpuscles 9 ^! cases indicate acute nephritis2 & granul> & epi!lial ca/s1 *ronic nephritis4 ,l ! ,johns ,hopk9s cases1 he f\nd album9 9 #ej p] c5t4 ( 8 pati5ts4 ,album9 9 slight quantities is f\nd to be extremely common t[>d ! end ( pregnancy4 ,mey]1#abj 9 an ext5sive /udy ( ! kidney 9 pregnancy1 made at ,cop5hag51 f\nd album9 9 #e4d p] c5t4 ( ! wom54 ,dur+ ! la/ mon? ( ge/ation #ga p] c5t4 ( ! wom5 %[$ album94 ,premature bir?s occurr$ 9 #h p] c5t4 ( ! pati5ts :o _h _h album9uria1 b 9 #ba4e p] c5t4 ( ! wom5 :o _h _h ca/s4 ,delicate te/s = album9 are us$ by m5 :o f9d ^! high av]ages1 z a few leucocytes f leucorrhoea w give ! reaction4 ,mo/ ( ^! cases h no cl9ical significance4 #aah ,ob/etrics1 p4 #def4 #aai ,praeg] m$iz9is*e ,wo*5s*rift1 #ahib n4 #ag4 #abj ,zeits*rift fr ,geburt%lfe1 bd4 #af1 n4 #b4 ,x is usually impossible to diff]5tiate 9 pregnancy a light+ up ( an old nephritis f a toxemia4 ,:]e !re is a hi/ory ( nephritis be=e ! pregnancy1 ?is (t5 cle>s up ! diagnosis4 ,nephritis is likely to manife/ itself 9 pregnancy e>li] ?an toxemia2 album9uric ret9itis is common] 9 nephritis1 b ^! facts are no real help 9 diff]5tiation4 ,! position ( ! ut]us may be a cause ( nephritis1 accord+ to ! ,am]ican ,text-,book ( ,ob/etrics2 b ,de ,lee & o!rs hold t ! gr[+ womb _c possibly be a cause4 ,_m o!r orig9s h be5 sugge/$1 b )\t suffici5t pro(4 ,! treatm5t ( ! nephritides ( pregnancy is t describ$ 9 *ap4 xiii = eclamptic symptoms4 ,:5 album9uric ret9itis occurs1 ! m$ical t5d5cy is to empty ! ut]us4 ,all text-books c\nsel ?is proc$ure1 b !y give no conv9c+ reasons = ! advice4 ,if ! *ild is viable ! !rapeutic abortion might be done :5 necess>y2 if ! *ild is n viable ! op]ation is1 ( c\rse1 n licit4 ,9 ! nephritis ( pregnancy x is n c]ta9 t empty+ ! ut]us artificially1 ) ! entail$ %ock1 is ! be/ me?od ( treatm5t2 b1 z a rule1 nephritis is made worse by pregnancy1 & ! irritation less5s ) ! t]m9ation ( ge/ation 9 "s cases1 b n 9 true *ronic nephritis4 ,eclampsia is m toxic ?an nephritis1 & ! treatm5t may diff] 9 important details3 x c]ta9ly is d\btful t artificial abortion 9 eclampsia is ! me?od ( *oice at pres5t4 ,i saw a case ( album9uric ret9itis t5 ye>s ago1 :i* c\ld n h be5 worse4 ,! woman 0 9 ! sev5? mon? ( ge/ation2 %e 0 ne>ly bl9d & half comatose4 ,! album9 9 h] ur9e always 0 s great t x w\ld n fully precipitate 9 a c5trifuge tube1 & e field "u ! microscope 0 cov]$ ) l>ge ca/s 9 su* enorm\s quantities t !y 7 felt$ toge!r4 ,yet ! woman 0 c>ri$ on to t]m by ,dr4 ,joseph ,o',malley & deliv]$ ( a fully develop$ *ild4 ,%e s9ce has _h two o!r *ildr5 at t]m :o are p]fectly heal?y1 & %e h]self c\ld pass a life insurance exam9ation4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 only "o case1 & x is exceptional2 b x is impossible to say :at w happ5 9 any p>ticul> case--:e!r x w g on to dea? or recov]y4 ,bo? subacute & *ronic p>5*ymat\s nephritis %[ cl9ically mu* album91 _m ca/s1 m>k$ edema 7except 9 v emaciat$ cases71 abs5ce ( high blood-pressure1 & ! he>t is n enl>g$4 ,?is condition is caus$ commonly by *ronic tub]culosis1 syphilis1 sepsis1 & malignant tumors4 ,) ^! cl9ical symptoms & ! hi/ory1 we may diff]5tiate ! nephritis ( pregnancy f ,bright's disease4 ,aga91 acute inte/9al nephritis or glom]ulonephritis has ur9>y f9d+s l ! nephritides j describ$1 & !re may be edema4 ,! he>t & ! blood-vessels are normal4 ,! cause is usually a pus microrganism1 & !re may be anemia f ! sepsis4 ,9 subacute glom]ulonephritis1 or inte/9al nephritis1 ! ur9>y f9d+s are m>k$ 7mu* album9 & _m ca/s71 anemia is r con/ant1 ! blood-pressure gradually goes up to #ahj or #bjj1 edema may be m>k$ or abs5t4 ,! cause is usually a pus microrganism4 ,*ronic glom]ulonephritis %[s mu* epi!lium & _m ca/s 7sometimes 9 %[]s71 ! blood-pressure is high1 ! he>t is usually some:at enl>g$1 !re is polyuria & "s blood1 edema is common 7b !re are dry cases71 album9uric ret9itis is r>e1 & anemia is m>k$ & second>y4 ,x may be difficult to f9d ! cause ( ?is *ronic glom]ulonephritis1 b !re is1 z a rule1 a hi/ory ( tonsillitis1 septic rheumatism1 endoc>ditis1 a true influ5za1 or ! l infection4 ,prim>y art]ioscl]otic contract$ kidney %[s hyp]t5sion & second>y circulatory di/urbance4 ,! ur9>y f9d+s are comp>atively slight & transi5t1 & !re is little or no anemia4 ,! developm5t is insidi\s1 & ! etiology is n kn[n4 ,!re is evid5ce ( late to f9d a septic cause = mo/ ( ! nephritides1 su* z infecti\s fev]s1 pyorrhea ( ! tee?1 & l bact]ial intoxications2 9 pregnancy ! nephritis may be toxemic f s\rces t are n bact]ial4 ,x is extremely difficult1 & n seldom impossible1 to make any diff]5tiation1 z has be5 said4 ,:5 ! *ild is viable1 :e!r ! ut]us %\ld be empti$ or n mu/ be decid$ = ! individual case2 no g5]al rule c be set d[n to cov] all conditions4 ,"o ( ! kidneys may be dislocat$ dur+ pregnancy--usually ! "r kidney4 ,if a float+ kidney becomes twi/$ on its p$icle1 abortion may be a consequ5ce4 ,! torsion may compress ! r5al blood-vessels & br+ on acute hydronephrosis ) high fev]1 great abdom9al t5d]ness1 & a p]itonic facial expression4 ,pyelitis ( ! r5al pelvis is n seldom met 9 pregnancy4 ,! gonococcus1 colon bacillus1 or "s o!r pyog5ic bact]ium gets a nidus aft] pressure & l[]$ p[] ( resi/ance4 ,?is condition is sometimes mi/ak5 = app5dicitis4 ,catalepsy is a r>e complication ( pregnancy1 9 :i* ! woman lies 9 an unconsci\s condition4 ,! disease is a neurosis1 b x might be mi/ak5 = a toxic or uremic condition by a sup]ficial obs]v]4 ,! infants ( su* wom5 may be cataleptic1 & may die z a consequ5ce ( ! condition4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,eclampsia ,,p>turi5tium ,! t]m ,eclampsia 0 fir/ us$ to describe ! sudd5 exaltation1 fla%+ =? 7eklampsis71 ( ! vital faculties at pub]ty2 lat] x 0 appli$ to convulsions1 b n[ x is re/rict$ to convulsions 9 pregnancy :i* sometimes beg9 sudd5ly1 z 9 a fla%4 ,! disease is *>act]iz$ by a s]ies ( viol5t convulsive movem5ts1 loss ( consci\sness1 & coma1 & is "o ( ! mo/ dang]\s complications ( ge/ation4 ,all convulsions & comas 9 pregnancy1 n due to hy/]ia1 epilepsy1 c]vical tub]culosis1 apoplexy1 pneumonia1 phosphorus1 /ry*nia & l poisons1 uremia1 & m5+itis1 are commonly class$ z eclamptic4 ,:5 ! symptoms ( eclampsia are pres5t ) ! exception ( ! convulsions1 a r>e condition1 ?is /ate also is said to be eclampsia4 ,re9eke#aba report$ a case l ?is4 ,aft] dea? ! he>t1 kidneys1 & liv] %[$ all ! signs ( eclampsia4 #aba ,mn*5] m$iz9is*e ,wo*5s*rift1 ,july #cj1 #aijg4 ,! eclamptic attack may occur )\t w>n+1 b almo/ always !re are premonitory symptoms = f a few h\rs to "s weeks4 ,! preclamptic symptoms are heada*e 7commonly frontal71 nausea & vomit+1 v]tigo1 n]v\s excitem5t or somnol5ce1 muscle twit*+1 occasional delirium1 cramps 9 ! calves1 di/urbances ( sight1 t9nitus1 & pa9 9 ! epiga/rium4 ,epiga/ric pa91 heada*e1 & di/urbances ( ! optic tract are important symptoms4 ,if ^! la/ signs are pres5t 9 a woman :o has "s edema & nephritis1 ! eclampsia w c]ta9ly occur1 if prop] means to relieve ! condition are n promptly tak54 ,:5 ! prodromata appe> !re is nephritis1 z a rule1 b exceptions are obs]v$4 ,:5 ! attack comes1 if ! pati5t is /&+ %e falls unconsci\s4 ,! pupils dilate1 ! eyes & head are turn$ to ! side4 ,%e op5s h] m\?1 & ! jaw is pull$ lat]ally4 ,! woman /iff5s1 h] face is di/ort$1 h] arms b5t1 & ! :ole body curves sidewise 9 a tonic spasm4 ,aft] a few seconds h] jaws *op1 & if h] tongue is betwe5 ! tee? x is lac]at$2 twit*+ runs d[n f ! face & ends 9 a viol5t convulsion ( ! :ole body1 :i* may toss ! pati5t f ! b$1 & %e may ev5 fracture h] skull or long bones 9 ! fall4 ,! brea?+ /ops1 ! blood%ot eyes /ick out1 ! face swells & d>k5s1 ! lips become purple4 ,gradually ! convulsions wane1 & ! woman appe>s to be dy+2 b aft] deep sigh+ %e beg9s to brea! /]tor\sly2 !n %e s9ks into a coma1 or1 9 favorable cases1 revives4 ,aft] a few m9utes to an h\r or m ano!r convulsion may befall h]1 or %e may h no m ?an "o4 ,9 v grave cases consci\sness may nev] return aft] ! fir/ fit4 ,! convulsions may run up into extraord9>y numb]s--a hundr$ or m4 ,!re is a pseudoeclampsia :]e ! convulsions h be5 z _m z two hundr$4 ,if !re are _m attacks 9 ! fir/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs ) no cle> evid5ce ( subsid5ce1 ! woman ne>ly always dies4 ,fev] beg9s 9 su* cases1 & goes up to #ajc or ev5 #ajg degrees4 ,9 an untreat$ case ,black f\nd a temp]ature ( #aaj degrees be=e dea?4 ,! av]age numb] ( attacks 9 ^! cases is f five to fifte51 & ! convulsions are f a half m9ute to two or ?ree m9utes ap>t4 ,ol%aus5 _h six pati5ts :o recov]$ aft] hav+ _h f tw5ty-two to ?irty-six convulsions1 b ^? :o h above fifte5 commonly die4 ,if ! convulsions are sev]e ! woman z a rule aborts1 & (t5 rapidly4 ,aft] ! *ild is deliv]$ ! eclamptic symptoms may subside1 or !y may come on aga91 ev5 a week aft] labor4 ,(t5 ! fetus dies dur+ ! attack2 r>ely x survives & is c>ri$ to t]m2 aga91 x may die & ! eclampsia may subside1 b ! fetus rema9s 9 ! ut]us = "s "t4 ,if ! woman is to die ! eclamptic attacks usually increase 9 frequ5cy & viol5ce2 ! temp]ature runs up v high1 or x s9ks2 ! pulse becomes weak & runn+1 edema ( ! lungs comes on1 ) rattl+ & cyanosis1 & ! ur9e ceases to fl[4 ,! woman may die 9 a convulsion f apoplexy or he>t p>alysis4 ,at times ! *ild is deliv]$1 b ! coma deep5s & ! woman dies4 ,9 o!r cases !re are coma & dea? )\t convulsions4 ,r>ely !re is a condition ak9 to acute yell[ atrophy ( ! liv]1 ) delirium1 twit*+s1 coma1 & dea?4 ,wom5 :o h *ronic nephritis seldom h convulsions 9 pregnancy unless !re happ5s to be c]ebral hemorrhage z an effect1 b !y suff] ! o!r results ( *ronic ,bright's disease--dropsy1 uremia1 edema ( ! lungs1 p>alysis ( ! he>t1 & album9uric ret9itis2 !y also are incl9$ to premature labor1 & to hemorrhages t loos5 ! plac5ta4 ,:5 acute nephritis happ5s 9 pregnancy convulsions are q common1 & :5 !re are convulsions z a result ( ei!r *ronic or acute nephritis x is v difficult to diff]5tiate betwe5 ^! convulsions & g5u9e eclampsia4 ,! real cause ( eclampsia is unkn[n1 b ! mo/ plausible explanation ( ?is disease ( !ories1 z ,zweifel ( ,leipsic call$ x1 is t x is a toxemia :i* attacks ! liv]1 & directly or indirectly ! kidneys1 & br+s on convulsions by toxic action on ! ant]ior c]ebral cortex4 ,! great difficulty is to expla9 h[ ^! tox9s orig9ate4 ,"o au?ority sugge/s t ! poison comes f ! liv]2 ano!r1 f ! fetus2 a ?ird1 f ! plac5ta1 ! inte/9es1 ! g5]al metabolism1 di/urb$ gl&ul> balance1 bact]ia1 & s on1 b no?+ is c]ta9 z to ! etiology except t x is an intoxication4 ,on an av]age1 #bj p] c5t4 ( ! wom5 :o h eclampsia die1--b /ati/ics v>y f #e4ca p] c5t4 to #de4g = ! "m & f #cj to #db p] c5t4 = ! *ild4 ,eclampsia occurr+ ante-p>tum has ! wor/ mortality2 intra-p>tum1 less2 po/-p>tum1 lea/4 ,ab\t half ! *ildr5 die f prematurity1 toxemia1 asphyxiation1 n>cotics adm9i/]$ to ! "m1 or injuries at bir?4 ,if ! pati5t's pulse rema9s full & h>d & bel[ #abj1 !re is no imm$iate dang] ( dea?2 b if fa/]1 weak]1 & runn+1 ! prognosis is bad4 ,high fev] is n necess>ily fatal to ! "m1 b x is v dang]\s to ! fetus4 ,edema ( ! lungs is a v grave symptom1 b recov]y is possible4 ,:5 ! convulsions h gone beyond tw5ty ! prognosis is bad1 b !re h be5 recov]ies4 ,deep cyanosis1 m>k$ re/lessness1 anuria1 & int5se album9uria are all bad symptoms4 ,apoplexy is ne>ly always fatal4 ,aft] deliv]y ! recov]y ( ! woman is by no means c]ta94 ,%e may get pneumonia1 sepsis1 or ano!r eclamptic attack4 ,hir/ f9ds t if ! dia/olic pressure does n rise above a ratio ( #a to #c times ! pulse pressure 7i4 e41 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! sy/olic & dia/olic pressures71 ! prognosis is good4 ,e pregnant woman %\ld be wat*$ to prev5t eclampsia1 if possible1 because all are liable to ?is outcome4 ,! hygi5ic me?ods m5tion$ 9 ! *apt] on ,abortion are mo/ important "h4 ,! family hi/ory is ( weight--if ! wom5 ( ! pati5t's family h be5 eclamptic1 if h] p>5ts 7 alcoholic or insane1 ^! facts increase h] liability to ! disease4 ,if %e has _h eclampsia be=e1 if h] kidneys are acutely diseas$1--especially if injur$ by infections1--if %e is incl9$ to dige/ive di/urbance1 %e is dispos$ to eclampsia4 ,album9uria1 dim9i%+ am\nts 9 ! daily excretion ( ur9e1 & decrease 9 ! total solids ( ! ur9e1 ca/s or blood 9 ! ur9e1 are s]i\s symptoms4 ,if album9 increases & urea decreases1 ?is is a grave sign4 ,! blood %\ld be exam9$ = ! v>i\s anemias4 ,if ! ?yroid gl& is defici5t or alt]$ 9 activity1 ?yroid extract may be indicat$--?is acts also z a diuretic4 ,ut]9e malpositions %\ld be correct$4 ,treatm5t %\ld be giv5 :]e !re is any evid5ce ( toxemia1 z heada*e1 alt]$ secretion & excretion1 neuralgia1 m5tal ecc5tricity1 increas$ vasomotor /imulation1 high t5sion1 di/urbance 9 ! s5sory app>atus1 ob/9ate con/ipation & jaundice4 ,toxemia is n necess>ily r5al 9 orig94 ,9 any ( ^! conditions ! proteids %\ld be kept l[ 9 ! diet1 s t ! kidneys may n be ov]tax$4 ,to ?r[ (f tox9s1 ! emunctories %\ld be /imulat$ by laxatives1 wat] = diuresis1 tepid ba?+4 ,if ! symptoms gr[ ?reat5+1 & ! kidneys are involv$1 ! woman %\ld be put to b$1 on wat] alone4 ,aft] ?ree days an absolute milk diet %\ld be begun4 ,z %e improves1 />*es are add$1 !n ! vegetables conta9+ proteid1 vegetable oils1 & butt]4 ,z ! improvem5t goes on1 ! diet may be vegetables1 fruit easy ( dige/ion1 & "o egg a day4 ,lat] fi% & *ick5 are us$1 b nev] a full meat diet4 ,beef1 mutton1 veal1 & simil> heavy meats are n to be eat54 ,! dr9k is to be wat]1 butt]milk1 or k\miss4 ,:5 ! eclampsia is inevitable ! "q ( induc+ labor arises4 ,if ! *ild is n viable1 abortion is out ( ! "q1 z has be5 prov$ 9 ! *apt] on ,abortion & ! g5]al *apt] on ,homicide4 ,if ! *ild is viable1 !re are ?ree op9ions3 "o1 t ! premature deliv]y %\ld be effect$ z soon z possible2 a second1 t ?is deliv]y %\ld be delay$ z long z possible2 & a ?ird1 t x %\ld n be attempt$ at all4 ,^? :o hold t ! ut]us %\ld be empti$ z soon z possible1 induce labor at ! fir/ convulsion1 rapidly & "u deep n>cosis4 ,*lor(orm is dang]\s to ! he>t 9 su* cases = full ane/hesia2 e!r is bett]4 ,braun fir/ obs]v$ t ! convulsions cease or are less5$ aft] deliv]y4 ,dhrss5 f\nd ^! results 9 #ic4gb p] c5t41 ,ol%aus5 9 #he p] c5t41 ,zweifel 9 #ff p] c5t4 ,pet]son said t 9 #fae cases ( e>ly deliv]y--z soon z possible aft] ! fir/ convulsion--! mat]nal mortality 0 #ae4i p] c5t41 b #bh4i p] c5t4 9 ! same mat]nities "u ! expectant me?od4 ,ol%aus5 0 n 9 favor ( =c$ deliv]y4 ,*>p5ti]#abb held t =c$ deliv]y is dang]\s & %\ld be absolutely proscrib$4 ,8 /ati/ics ( mortality are3 aft] spontane\s labor1 #ah4if2 aft] artificial labor1 #cj4jd2 aft] =c$ deliv]y1 #dj4gd4 #abb ,n\velle ,ar*ives d',ob/trique et de ,gyncologie1 #ahic4 ,li*t5/e9#abc report$1 f ,zweifel's cl9ic 9 ,leipsic1 ! results ( #djj cases ( eclampsia1 & he f\nd t ! eclamptic convulsions cease 9 only "o-?ird ( ! cases aft] any =m ( deliv]y4 ,he says ! mortality ( induc$ labor is no bett] ?an t aft] =c$ deliv]y1 & t ! mortality ( bo? me?ods does n mat]ially diff] f ! mortality ( a long s]ies ( cases :]e !re 0 no su* int]v5tion4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! mortality betwe5 eclampsia )\t deliv]y or ) deliv]y seems to dep5d on ! relative loss ( blood4 ,9 #dj p] c5t4 ( eclamptic cases op]at$ ^u1 ! loss ( blood 0 #ejj c4c4 above ! loss 9 cases ( spontane\s deliv]y4 ,! loss ( blood t5ds to produce collapse :5 ! blood comes f ! ut]us1 al?\gh x may be b5eficial if remov$ by v5esection be=e deliv]y4 ,five hundr$ c4c4 ( blood is "o-eigh? to "o-n9? ( ! entire blood supply ( ! body 9 a woman ( av]age size4 ,if #ejj c4c4 ( blood is )drawn be=e ! %ock ( =c$ deliv]y & replac$ by an equal quantity ( normal salt solution1 ! tox9 is ?us r$uc$ by "o-f\r? or "o-?ird & !n dilut$ by ! normal salt solution1 s t x has less poison\s effect4 #abc ,ar*iv fr ,gynkologie1 #aiaa1 xcv1 #a4 ,li*t5/e9#abd describes ! expectant treatm5t by phlebotomy & n>cotics to replace op]ative int]f]5ce1 & ?is me?od has revolutioniz$ ! mortality ( ! treatm5t ( eclampsia4 ,9 n9ety-f\r cases ( eclampsia 8 mortality 0 only #e4c p] c5t41 & none ( ! dea?s c\ld be ascrib$ to ! treatm5t4 ,! infant mortality 0 #cg4c p] c5t41 z aga9/ 8 #ch4h p] c5t4 9 active op]ative int]f]5ce dur+ prec$+ ye>s4 ,w]n]1 9 ! ,second ,gynecological ,cl9ic 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,vi5na1#abe by ?is new me?od 9 ?irty-eight cases ( eclampsia _h a mat]nal mortality ( #e4b1 z ,li*t5/e9 _h1 b 8 infant mortality 0 only #ad4fe p] c5t41 an enorm\s advance = ! bett]4 ,=m]ly ! mortality 9 ! ,vi5nese cl9ic 0 #ae4h = ! wom5 & #dd4c = ! *ildr51 9 a s]ies ( #abj cases ( eclampsia4 ,a mortality ( #ej p] c5t4 9 ! *ildr5 is common 9 ! old me?od4 ,9 ,li*t5/e9's cases !re 7 m5tal di/urbances 9 #b4a p] c5t4 ( ! wom51 z aga9/ #f4ge p] c5t4 9 ! old me?od4 ,eclamptics may g insane & kill ! *ild aft] deliv]y4 ,li*t5/e9 treat$ #gd consecutive cases )\t a s+le dea?4 ,9 #ed p] c5t4 ( 8 cases ! convulsions ceas$ aft] "o v5esection1 & #db p] c5t4 ( ! wom5 ) ante-p>tum attacks recov]$ be=e labor came on4 ,engelmann#abf report$ a case :]e a woman :o _h _h #ahh convulsions recov]$ aft] ! ?ird v5esection4 #abd ,monatss*rift fr ,geburt%lfe und ,gynkologie1 xxxviii1 #b4 ,b]l94 #abe ,mn*5] m$iz9is*e ,wo*5s*rift1 ,novemb] #bc1 #aiae4 #abf ,c5tralbl4 f4 ,gynk4 xxxi1 #aa4 ,9 ?is me?od ! woman is put 9 a d>k1 quiet room2 #djj to #fjj c4c4 ( blood are )drawn by v5esection1 & #j4jjb gm4 morph9e is inject$2 two h\rs lat] #c gm4 *loral is giv5 9 an enema4 ,if ! fetus pres5ts 9 a position = prompt deliv]y x is remov$ ) =ceps1 or by expression to sp>e ! "m2 b expression is a dang]\s process always4 ,z9ke#abg ( ,c9c9nati has a me?od :i* r$uces ! mat]nal mortality1 b x has an enorm\s infantile mortality4 ,he depresses ! mat]nal pulse by v]atrum viride1 & ?is depression is probably ! cause ( ! infantile mortality ?r\gh asphyxia4 ,veit introduc$ ! use ( morph9e 9 eclampsia1 & ,w9ckel ! use ( *loral4 ,x has be5 f\nd t n>cotics *eck ! action ( tox9s on ! nuclei ( cells1 & 9 eclampsia ! action ( n>cotics may be ( ?is nature4 ,bak] ( ,alabama 9 #ahei fir/ gave v]atrum viride 9 eclampsia4 ,! drug l[]s art]ial t5sion by depress+ ! vasomotor c5tres & ! he>t itself4 ,9 eclampsia x div]ts blood f ! bra9 & depresses ! motor neurons ( ! sp9al cord4 ,aconite has ! same effect 9 acute c]ebral conge/ion )\t depress+ ! vasomotor c5tres or irritat+ ! /oma* z v]atrum viride does4 #abg ,new ,york ,/ate ,j\rnal ( ,m$ic9e1 xiii1 #h4 ,ces>ean deliv]y is us$ frequ5tly ( late 9 eclampsia4 ,! mortality ( ! *ildr5 is l[]$ some:at by a ces>ean section1 b ! mortality ( ! mo!rs is mu* worse ?an 9 ! expectant me?od describ$ by ,li*t5/e94 ,eclamptic wom5 usually h badly affect$ kidneys1 & ! ane/hetic us$ 9 ! section may be a cause ( ! rais$ mortality4 ,pet]son review$ #ejj cases ( ces>ean section = eclampsia#abh done by #bei op]ators 9 v>i\s c\ntries4 ,up to #aijh ! mat]nal mortality 0 #dg4ig p] c5t4 9 #aih cases2 f #aijh to #aiac x 0 #be4gi p] c5t4 9 #bhc cases4 ,convulsions ceas$ 9 only #ed4ib p] c5t4 ( ! wom5 aft] ces>ean deliv]y1 & 9 ^? cases 9 :i* ! convulsions cont9u$ ! mortality 0 #ca4ec p] c5t4 ,9 #adf cases :]e ! convulsions ceas$ ! mortality 0 /ill #ai4h p] c5t4 = ! mo!rs4 ,! fetal mortality 0 #aj4fi p] c5t41 c\nt+ all *ildr5 :o di$ )9 ?ree days aft] deliv]y by section4 ,! mat]nal mortality aft] ces>ean section increases ) ! age ( ! pati5t4 ,! ces>ean deliv]y1 !n1 has a mat]nal mortality ( late ( #be4gi1 ) a t5d5cy to increase z unskill$ m5 attempt x2 ! expectant me?od has a mat]nal mortality ( only #e4c p] c5t4 ,! ces>ean deliv]y has a fetal mortality ( #aj4fi p] c5t42 ! expectant1 #ad4fe p] c5t4 ,! expectant me?od is pref]able4 #abh ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,ob/etrics & ,diseases ( ,wom5 & ,*ildr51 lxix1 #f4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,he>t ,,diseases ,,9 ,,pregnancy ,ov] #bj1jjj wom5 die 9 *ildbir? ea* ye> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ab\t #ajj1jjj infants1 & m or less p]man5t injury f p>turition is almo/ g5]al 9 mo!rs4 ,! mortality 9 ! tr5*es dur+ ! pres5t great w> is #b p] c5t42 ! mortality ( infants dur+ ! fir/ ye> is #ad p] c5t4 ,v mu* ( ?is mortality & invalidism is attributable to lack ( skill 9 ! lic5s$ unfit4 ,we commonly deem p>turition m]ely a physiological process1 & = t reason ! /ate p]mits ignorant midwives & quacks to take ^u !mselves ) impunity ! responsibility & ! risks ( deliv]y4 ,x is difficult to draw ! l9e betwe5 normal & abnormal p>turition1 b e labor1 z wom5 n[ are 9 civiliz$ c\ntries1 %\ld be reg>d$ z a grave surgical op]ation1 & ! indications t mu/ be met 9 a surgical op]ation are likely to occur 9 almo/ any p>turition4 ,! /r5g? ( ! pati5t1 ! condition ( ! he>t1 lungs1 kidneys1 & blood1 sepsis & antisepsis1 ! nature & te*nic ( ! v>i\s op]ations t may be requir$1 & ! complications t may arise1 are all to be und]/ood & met consci5ti\sly4 ,no physician :o has any reg>d = morality & 8 own reputation n[ w accept an ob/etrical case unless he has _h ! woman "u frequ5t obs]vation = mon?s be=e deliv]y4 ,if ! "m or *ild dies because ( ! bungl+ or surgical uncleanness ( ! physician or midwife1--& un=tunately su* dea?s occur almo/ h\rly1--?is physician or midwife is guilty ( murd]4 ,!re may be an abnormality ( ! ut]9e or abdom9al muscles us$ 9 p>turition1 a disproportion betwe5 ! p>turi5t canal & ! *ild1 or v>i\s accid5ts ( labor2 & ^! conditions are s frequ5t 9 occurr5ce & s grave t _! removal requires great m$ical skill1 f9e disc]nm5t1 quick & exact judgm5t1 & (t5 decid$ly c\rage\s purpose4 ,new me?ods ( treatm5t frequ5tly appe>1 & ! quack is likely to be among ! fir/ by :i* ! new is tri$4 ,! use & abuse ( pituitr9 is an example ( su* a me?od4 ,ab\t #aiji1 pituit>y extract z a ut]9e /imulant 0 fir/ describ$ & x 0 imm$iately tak5 up by compet5t m5 & m frequ5tly1 p]haps1 by ! quack4 ,! extract is f ! po/]ior lobe ( ! pituit>y gl&1 & :5 inject$ subcutane\sly or into a muscle x is a v p[]ful oxytocic4 ,9 a few m9utes ! injection m>k$ly increases ! int5sity & duration ( ! pa9s4 ,! effect la/s = an h\r or an h\r & a half4 ,:itridge ,williams#abi says a judici\s adm9i/ration ( ! drug w d away ) ! use ( l[ =ceps 9 f "o-?ird to "o-half ( ! cases1 b its ignorant use places ! life ( ! "m & *ild 9 jeop>dy4 ,mundell#acj f\nd twelve cases ( rupture ( ! ut]us1 ?irty-f\r cases ( fetal dea?1 & =ty-"o cases ( fetal asphyxia pallida 9 :i* resuscitation 0 effect$ only aft] prolong$ & vigor\s ef=ts1 sometimes = ov] an h\r4 #abi ,ob/etrics1 #d? ed4 ,new ,york1 #aiag4 #acj ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 ,june #b1 #aiag4 ,if !re is any s]i\s ob/acle at all to deliv]y 9 ! p>turi5t canal or 9 ! fetal position1 or ! l1 pituitr9 is likely to cause rupture ( ! ut]us & asphyxiation ( ! *ild4 ,x %\ld nev] be us$ :5 !re is ! slighte/ dang] ( rupture ( ! ut]us2 or :5 ! *ild is suff]+2 or 9 a %\ld] & mo/ pelvic pres5tations2 or 9 eld]ly primip>ae ) rigid muscles2 or :5 ! c]vix is n fully dilat$1 le/ ! undilat$ c]vix be torn (f2 or :]e !re is in]tia aft] prolong$ ef=t to ov]come an ob/acle to deliv]y4 ,x is nev] to be us$ 9 a normal deliv]y m]ely to ha/5 ! bir?4 ,ob/etrical cases are t$i\s1 & an impati5t physician ) an atonic consci5ce is likely to use pituitr9 s t he c get back to 8 b$4 ,comp>isons betwe5 ! fetal mortality aft] ! use ( pituitr9 or ! =ceps are errone\s4 ,quigley#aca contra/$ ! fetal mortality 9 ^! conditions4 ,9 #adg pituitr9 cases x 0 #b4g p] c5t41 9 ab\t five or six times ! numb] ( =ceps cases x v>i$ f #e4g to #ae4fc p] c5t42 b :]ev] !re is any real ne$ at all = ! =ceps1 pituitr9 at once is contra9dicat$ except 9 easy l[ =ceps deliv]ies1 :]e 9 ! h&s ( a skill$ man pituitr9 may safely replace ! =ceps to avoid possible in/rum5tal infection ( ! ut]us4 ,!re are contractions ( ! ut]us t[>d ! end ( ge/ation1 be=e labor prop] sets 91 :i* cause :at are call$ ,false ,pa9s1 & ^! mu/ n be mi/ak5 = ! beg9n+ ( labor1 z unnecess>y exam9ations & m$dlesome int]f]5ce may br+ on great h>m4 ,ut]9e atony1 or weak pa9s1 may affect ! pati5t 9 ! fir/ /age ( labor1 9 :i* ! c]vix ( ! ut]us %\ld be dilat$2 or ! second /age1 9 :i* ! *ild is deliv]$2 or ! ?ird /age1 ! po/-p>tum p]iod1 :5 ! plac5ta is ?r[n (f4 ,contractions ( ! ut]9e muscle cause pa91 & ^! contractions !mselves are call$ ! ,pa9s4 ,9 ! fir/ /age weak pa9s may prolong ! dilatation ( ! c]vix = days & expose ! "m to sepsis or exhau/ion1 & ! *ild to consequ5t dang]4 #aca ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 ,april #aj1 #aiae4 ,9 ! second /age ! abdom9al muscles1 :i* pu% ! *ild out ( ! ut]us1 fail to "w if ! pa9s are weak4 ,causes ( unsuccessful pa9s 9 ! second /age are3 an infantile ut]us1 fibroids or o!r tumors 9 or ne> ! ut]us1 p]itoneal adhesions1 a full rectum or bladd]1 abnormal position ( ! ut]us1 a p5dul\s abdom51 diseases ( ! ut]9e wall1 sc>s f pa/ op]ations1 *ronic metritis or endometritis1 primip>ity 9 relatively advanc$ age1 tw9s1 di/5tion ( ! bag ( wat]s1 gas 9 ! ut]us1 abnormal position ( ! *ild1 contract$ pelvis1 adhesions ( ! membranes ab\t ! os ut]i1 fatigue ( ! woman1 & tetany or /ricture ( ! ut]us4 ,! ob/etrician mu/ be able to diagnose ! special cause & treat ! indications4 ,"o ( ! causes ( weak pa9s is a diseas$ he>t4 ,sy/olic murmurs at ! base ( ! he>t & an acc5tuat$ second aortic s\nd are q common 9 pregnancy & may n be ( grave importance4 ,if !re is a g5u9e c>diac lesion ) good comp5sation1 ! labor is usually successful & )\t notable damage to ! woman1 al?\gh ob/etricians l ,de ,lee ?9k t su* pati5ts appe> to develop decomp5sation soon] ?an d wom5 :o are n pregnant4 ,if ! he>t disease is advanc$ & ! he>t is 9 un/able equilibrium1 especially if !re is myoc>ditis or fatty deg5]ation1 ! he>t is likely to break d[n 9 pregnancy or labor4 ,9 *ronic c>diac lesions1 pregnancy1 ?r\gh v5\s conge/ion1 t5ds to r5al & hepatic di/urbance1 or to dyspnoea & c>bonic acid n>cosis4 ,! uplift+ ( ! diaphragm by ! enl>g$ ut]us increases ! respiratory difficulty4 ,!re may be edema ( ! lungs1 hypo/atic pneumonia1 dropsy1 insomnia1 album9uria1 & o!r s]i\s symptoms4 ,dur+ labor a diseas$ he>t may fail & cause sudd5 dea?1 especially if ! second /age is prolong$4 ,at times !re is collapse & dea? %ortly aft] deliv]y4 ,! mortality ( he>t disease 9 pregnancy v>ies 9 ! reports on v>i\s s]ies f #d to #he p] c5t4 ,babcock#acb says t ! mortality 9 mitral disease 9 pregnancy is #ej p] c5t42 t 9 disease ( ! aortic valve is #bc p] c5t4 ,^! figures are f> above ^? giv5 by lat] ob/etricians ( skill4 ,felln] & ,demel91 9 n9ety-f\r & =ty-"o cases respectively1 _h a mortality ( only #f4c & #e p] c5t4 ,hir/ says he nev] lo/ a case4 ,jas*ke#acc f\nd a mortality ( only #d p] c5t4 9 #aedh cases ( pregnant c>diopa?s4 ,a great dang] is 9 treat+ he>t conditions by g5]al rules1 & 9 giv+ digitalis & o!r drugs )\t discrim9ation4 ,9 uncomp5sat$ he>t conditions _m ( ! *ildr5 die f prematurity1 abruptio plac5tae1 diseases ( ! plac5ta1 or asphyxiation4 #acb ,diseases ( ! ,he>t4 ,new ,york1 #aije4 #acc ,m$iz94 ,kl9ik1 ,febru>y #be1 #aiab4 ,ev5 ^? ob/etricians :o induce abortion at any /age ( ge/ation :5 !y deem ! woman's life 9 dang] say t he>t disease 9 itself is n an indication = abortion unless !re is *ronic decomp5sation ) myodeg5]ation & r5al or hepatic insuffici5cy4 ,expectancy is ! rule4 ,lusk advises abortion z soon z mitral /5osis is discov]$4 ,surgeons ( ! ,mayo ,cl9ic1 9 a report#acd on ,op]ative ,risk 9 ,c>diac ,disease1 hold t a valvul> lesion is n a rational basis = judg+ a c>diopa? s f> z prognosis 9 a surgical op]ation is conc]n$1 b ?is /atem5t is n true = an ob/etrical case4 ,if we except ang9a pectoris & relat$ diseases1 ! f\r disord]s ( ! he>t's me*anism t surgeons deem ! wor/ risks 9 op]ation are auricul> fibrillation1 auricul> flutt]1 impair$ auriculov5tricul> conduction1 & impair$ intrav5tricul> conduction4 ,^! conditions are usually accompani$ by ext5sive lesions ( ! he>t muscle4 #acd ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 lxix1 #bd4 ,9 auricul> fibrillation !re are rapid incord9ate contractions1 twit*+s 9 individual muscle bundles ( ! auricul> wall4 ,! auricle loses its p[] to pump ! blood & dilates4 ,! pulse is commonly arhy?mic & rapid4 ,a p]man5t fibrillation is worse ?an a p>oxysmal /ate4 ,! condition is f\nd especially 9 advanc$ cases ( exoph?almic goitre4 ,9 ! ,mayo ,cl9ic ! op]ative mortality 9 sev5ty cases ( exoph?almic goitre ) auricul> fibrillation 0 only #b4h p] c5t4 ,9 auricul> flutt]1 or he>t block1 !re are foci ( irritation 9 ! auricul> wall :i* cause rapid cord9ate contractions4 ,! auricle may contract twice z (t5 z ! v5tricle1 & ! pulse may be regul> or m>k$ly irregul>4 ,! /imulus = he>t contraction normally rea*es ! v5tricle f ! auricle by pass+ along ! bridge ( primitive tissue :i* connects ! auricle & v5tricle4 ,?is bridge may be s affect$ t ! /imulus is delay$1 or prev5t$ at times f cross+ ov]1 or completely block$4 ,"o pati5t ) complete he>t block 0 op]at$ ^u at ! ,mayo ,cl9ic ?ree times 9 elev5 ye>s = app5dicitis1 canc] ( ! brea/1 & ! excision ( recurr+ sk9 nodules1 & is /ill alive & reasonably well4 ,9 intrav5tricul> block ! risk ( op]ation is wor? tak+1 accord+ to ! op9ion at ! ,mayo ,cl9ic1 :]e !re is exoph?almic goitre or tonsillitis4 ,9 g5]al1 :]e !re is "q ( surgical op]ation on a c>diopa?1 no su* op]ation %\ld be done unless !re is def9ite gr\nd to believe t ! op]ation is ess5tial to improve ! he>t condition or re/ore reasonable heal?4 ,extremely sev]e c>diac disease c be reliev$ or ev5 completely cur$ by ! surgical removal ( infecti\s1 me*anical1 or toxic s\rces ( he>t deg5]ation1 especially goitre4 ,:5 ! myoc>dial insuffici5cy is s m>k$ t no m$ical treatm5t re/abli%es a reasonable comp5sation1 no surgical op]ation is p]missible4 ,! m$ical treatm5t is ! only te/ to le>n :e!r ! he>t c be put into a condition :]e9 x w )/& ! ane/hesia & ! op]ation4 ,life dep5ds on v5tricul> action1 n on auricul>1 & ! v5tricul> res]ve is ! /&>d = judgm5t 9 ^! cases4 ,fibrillation & he>t block are grave conditions :5 f\nd 9 pregnancy1 b disease ( ! mitral valve because ( frequ5cy is m important1 & :5 comp5sation is un/able mitral lesions are dang]\s4 ,9 mitral /5osis ! enl>g$ ut]us 9 ! la/ mon?s ( ge/ation1 by cr[d+ ! inte/9es & diaphragm1 emb>rasses ! he>t4 ,z ! diaphragm _c desc5d well1 ! fl[ ( blood out ( ! "r v5tricle is n aid$ by respiration z 9 normal conditions4 ,pressure on ! abdom9al ve9s increases ! blood t5sion & ?r[s great] "w on ! left v5tricle4 ,9 ! expulsive /age ( labor !re is dang] ( ! "r v5tricle giv+ way "u ! add$ /ra94 ,9 mitral regurgitation ! left v5tricle is dilat$1 & 9 pregnancy ! regurgitation is increas$ by ! p]iph]al resi/ance or ob/ruction4 ,if ! dilat$ v5tricle is also hyp]trophi$ x /&s ! /ra9 mu* bett]4 ,9 ! second /age ( labor ! dang] is ! same z 9 mitral /5osis4 ,9 disease ( ! aortic valve ! /ra9 ( *ild-be>+ is on ! left v5tricle1 b pati5ts 9 ?is condition und]go labor m successfully ?an d ^? ) mitral disease4 ,labor 9 any c>diac disease requires close wat*+ ev5 :5 ! comp5sation is good4 ,!re is always a possibility ( collapse 9 ! ?ird /age or dur+ ! pu]p]ium4 ,! ob/etrician mu/ /ay by ! b$side1 & he is to h ev]y?+ ready = a sudd5 em]g5cy1 :i* is likely to result 9 dea? if n in/antly met4 ,all ! in/rum5ts = op]ative deliv]y are to be kept /]iliz$ & ready = imm$iate use4 ,:5 symptoms ( imm95t collapse appe>1 deliv]y is to be done at once4 ,if a c>diopa? collapses 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ge/ation1 be=e ! *ild is viable1 ! rule expla9$ 9 ! *apt] on ,abortion holds--! *ild may n be kill$ by removal to save ! woman's life4 ,jas*ke1#ace 9 8 consid]ation ( #aedh pregnant c>diopa?s1 f\nd t sev5-eigh?s w5t to t]m1 & t ! wom5 7 prematurely deliv]$ 9 only ab\t #i p] c5t4 ( ! total numb] ( cases4 ,!rapeutic int]ruption ( pregnancy 0 necess>y 9 only ab\t #a p] c5t4 ,! high mortality report$ by _m good ob/etricians is a pro( t ! treatm5t ( c>diac conditions requires an exp]i5ce 9 cl9ical m$ic9e & a skill lack+1 z a rule1 9 speciali/s :o are n int]ni/s4 #ace ,loc4 cit4 ,a comb9$ mitral & aortic disease ) great enl>gem5t ( ! he>t1 heav+ ( ! *e/ wall1 & "s protrusion makes pregnancy v dang]\s4 ,osl] ?9ks mitral insuffici5cy 9 itself n v dang]\s4 ,he _h "o pati5t ) su* a condition1 a l\d apex sy/olic murmur1 & "s enl>gem5t1 :o bore n9e *ildr5 & liv$ to pa/ sixty ye>s ( age4 ,mitral /5osis is n s favorable1 b ev5 9 extreme /5osis "s wom5 be> sev]al *ildr5 )\t collapse4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,hyp]emesis ,,gravid>um ,hyp]emesis ,gravid>um1 ! ,p]nici\s ,vomit+ ( ,pregnancy1 is commonly classifi$ among ! toxemias2 b z ! etiology is n kn[n def9itely1 ?is classification is "o ( conv5i5ce m ?an exactness4 ,nausea & vomit+ occur s frequ5tly 9 ! e>ly mon?s ( ge/ation t !y are deem$ almo/ physiological1 b :5 ^! symptoms become v grave & p]si/5t !y are und\bt$ly pa?ologic1 & are said to be p]nici\s1 z !y may lead to abortion1 or to ! dea? ( ! woman4 ,9 #ahac1 ,simmond fir/ successfully employ$ artificial abortion to save ! woman 9 ?is condition1 & ?us add$ a possible moral quality to ! disease4 ,!rapeutic abortion 0 us$ 9 #afjh1 & ,soranus ( ,ephesus1 9 ! second c5tury1 m5tions x4 ,! p]nici\s nausea commonly beg9s 9 ! second mon? ( pregnancy1 less frequ5tly 9 ! f\r? mon?1 b x may be delay$ until ! six? mon?2 if x occurs aft] ! six? mon? x is1 almo/ z a rule1 an evid5ce ( nephritis4 ,x may la/ f ab\t a mon? & a half to ?ree mon?s1 b 9 toxemic cases x may result 9 dea? 9 two weeks4 ,sometimes remissions occur4 ,9 #aheb1 ,paul ,dubois describ$ ! disease1 & 8 division into ?ree /ages is /ill us$ 9 articles on p]nici\s vomit+1 al?\gh ^! /ages are n cle>ly m>k$ cl9ically4 ,9 ! e>ly mon?s ( ge/ation ! /oma* may become unable to reta9 food1 & !re is notable loss ( appetite2 ! condition is !n grave4 ,!re may be ret*+ at ! sight ( food1 at any *ange ( position1 or at ! entrance ( a p]son into ! room4 ,! emesis may recur s (t5 at night z to cause exhau/ion f insomnia4 ,hicc\gh1 ?ir/1 pa9 9 ! /oma*1 & sor5ess ( ! ?oracic muscles are frequ5t & tr\blesome symptoms4 ,9 "s cases !re is salivation4 ,! vomitus is food1 mucus1 & "s bile at fir/2 lat] mucus & bile2 f9ally x conta9s blood4 ,! blood may come f ! m\?1 ph>ynx1 or /oma*1 & x is s]i\s if x is ga/ric4 ,! ur9e is scanty1 & %[s nephritic irritation4 ,at times x conta9s blood1 bile1 acetone1 diacetic acid1 indican1 & r>ely sug>4 ,9 ! second /age ( ! disease all symptoms are aggravat$1 & ! /oma* w n reta9 any?+4 ,!re is extreme ?ir/2 ! pati5t fa9ts (t51 & loses weight rapidly4 ,9 *ronic cases !re is mu* emaciation4 ,! m\? is l t 9 a case ( typhoid4 ,sometimes !re is a l[ fev]2 aga91 ! temp]ature is subnormal1 ) a rise be=e dea?4 ,! pulse is rapid & weak1 & ! po/-mortem he>t %[s fatty deg5]ation z 9 a fatal sepsis4 ,9 ! ?ird /age ! m9d is affect$1 !re is delirium1 /upor1 & coma2 ! vomit+ ceases1 ! pulse gr[s m rapid & feebl]1 & ! weakness becomes m & m ov]:elm+ until ! pati5t dies4 ,?is ?ird /age is commonly %ort4 ,9 ^! conditions x is too late to empty ! ut]us1 & any attempt to d s !n only ha/5s dea?4 ,9 "s cases ! fetus is app>5tly n affect$2 9 toxic cases x is affect$1 & !n !re may be misc>riage4 ,if ! fetus dies ! vomit+ ceases1 z a rule4 ,! liv] enl>ges 9 ! fir/ /age & lat] dim9i%es4 ,!re may be a g5]al hemorrhagic hepatitis & acute yell[ atrophy1 or p>tial fatty deg5]ation ar\nd ! c5tral lobul> ve9s4 ,necrosis also occurs4 ,acute p>5*ymat\s nephritis & hemorrhages into ! kidneys are (t5 obs]v$4 ,neurotic & hy/]ic wom5 are m liable to ?is disease ?an ! n]v\sly /able4 ,!re is a direct communication by ! sympa!tic & vagus n]ves betwe5 ! /oma* & ! ut]us & its adnexa1 & ?us reflex irritations readily pass to ! /oma*4 ,?r\gh ?is pa? vomit+ is caus$ by any unusual di/5tion ( ! ut]us1 z :5 ! fetus gr[s too rapidly2 or :5 ! size ( ! ovum is l>g] ?an normal1 z 9 tw9 pregnancies2 or 9 irritations l hydramnios1 displacem5t ( ! ut]us1 acute antev]sions1 retrov]sions1 or flexions :i* p9* & /ret* ! n]ves4 ,inflammations1 z metritis1 endrometritis1 & c]vicitis2 tumors ( ! ut]us2 diseases ( ! adnexa or ( ! pelvic connective tissue or p]itoneum are o!r s\rces ( reflex vomit+4 ,! pro( t su* are causes is t ! vomit ceases :5 ! conditions m5tion$ are cur$4 ,su* conditions exi/1 h[ev]1 9 wom5 :o are n pregnant )\t caus+ vomit2 !re is !re=e "s special disposition 9 ! pregnant4 ,diseases :i* 9 !mselves h vomit+ z a symptom w 9 pregnancy make ! vomit p]nici\s4 ,su* are *ronic ga/ritis1 ga/ric ulc]1 ent]itis1 canc]1 helm9?iasis1 l>ge fecal concretions1 ent]optosis1 tub]cul> p]itonitis1 & gall-/ones4 ,:at is app>5tly p]nici\s vomit+ 9 pregnancy may be ! beg9n+ ( acute mili>y tub]culosis4 ,diseases ( ! air passages--hyp]trophi$ turb9ates1 septal spurs1 l>yngeal & apical tub]culosis--seem to cause ! vomit+ or to dispose to x4 ,:5 vomit is associat$ ) uremia1 ?is occurs1 z a rule1 9 ! la/ mon?s ( pregnancy4 ,! cause1 aga91 may be 9 ! n]v\s sy/em1 f ei!r a demon/rable lesion or a functional imbalance--p>esis1 locomotor ataxia1 tumors or tub]cle ( ! bra91 m5+itis1 polyneuritis4 ,ev5 :5 ! n]v\s sy/em is n directly ! cause ( ! emesis1 ! remote irritant may "w ?r\gh ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,a bad neurotic inh]itance1 z f alcoholic1 insane1 or weak p>5ts1 disposes to neurotic hyp]emesis4 ,tox9s f ! fetal syncytium appe> to be ano!r cause ( ! vomit4 ,! syncytium is a mass ( protoplasm )\t cell dem>kation b ) nuclei scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! sub/ance4 ,sometimes ?is embryological cellul> mat]ial />ts to gr[ aft] ! mann] ( a canc]1 & !n x is v malignant 7syncytioma malignum71 b its connection ) ! p]nici\s vomit ( pregnancy is m !oretical ?an e/abli%$4 ,9 physiological conditions ! tox9s 9 ! blood are neutraliz$ by ! secretions ( ! ductless gl&s ( ! body1 & 9 pregnancy probably ^! same gl&s by int5sifi$ activity effect ! same result4 ,injection ( blood s]um tak5 f heal?y pregnant wom5 has cur$ cases ( toxemic p]nici\s vomit1 & ?is makes ! !ory mu* m probable4 ,to diagnose ! etiology ( p]nici\s vomit+ is n always easy4 ,we mu/ decide fir/ :e!r ! emesis is really p]nici\s or n2 secondly1 we h to det]m9e :e!r or n x is due to ! pres5ce ( ! fetus2 ?irdly1 we are to diff]5tiate ! prim>y & adjuvant causes = intellig5t treatm5t4 ,! age ( ! fetus mu/ be kn[n to det]m9e :e!r we may licitly int]f]e s z to remove ! fetus f ! ut]us if necess>y1 9 m$ical op9ion1 to d s4 ,tr\sseau empti$ ! ut]us ( a woman to /op h] p]nici\s vomit1 b %e di$1 & at ! autopsy he f\nd a canc] ( ! /oma*4 ,caseaux discov]$ tub]cul> p]itonitis 9 a woman :o _h di$ aft] a diagnosis ( hyp]emesis gravid>um2 ,beau1 tub]cul> m5+itis 9 a l case4 ,williams ( ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity /opp$ a v grave case ( p]nici\s vomit+ 9 a neurotic woman m]ely by tell+ h] ( ! dang]s ( artificial abortion4 ,!re is no settl$ mortality p]c5tage 9 hyp]emesis gravid>um because s mu* dep5ds on diagnosis & treatm5t4 ,braun1 9 #aej1jjj ob/etrical cases1 nev] _h a dea? f p]nici\s vomit2 o!rs h a mortality ( #dj p] c5t4 ,! treatm5t is te*nical1 & is giv5 9 detail 9 books l ,de ,lee's ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,ob/etrics4#acf ,sugge/ion & ! environm5t are important elem5ts 9 ! treatm5t4 ,local ane/hetics1 me*anical drugs l c]ium oxalate & bismu?1 depressomotors1 ext]nal applications1 & ga/ric lavage are indicat$ 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! disease1 b are r h>mful ?an useful 9 lat] /ages4 ,adr5al91 t5 drops ( a #a3ajjj solution by m\?1 or ?ree drops hypod]mically z doses1 (t5 cures4 ,s]g5t & ,lian report$ six su* cases 9 "o pap] 9 #aiac4 ,hypod]mic injection ( ! extract ( corpus luteum 9 #a c4c4 doses has be5 effective 9 "s cases4 ,s has ! injection ( defibr9at$ s]um f a heal?y pregnant woman4 ,curtis describes ! te*nic 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association1 ,febru>y #bh1 #aiad4 ,! gynecologi/ mu/ adju/ ut]9e displacem5ts & heal c]vical erosions4 ,! oculi/1 l>yngologi/1 & otologi/ are to rem$y refractive errors & remove irritants 9 ! air passages & ! e>4 #acf ,philadelphia1 #aiac4 ,! treatm5t ( la/ resort is to empty ! ut]us4 ,?is w cure all cases ( neurotic & reflex orig9 if done e>ly en\gh4 ,9 ^! cases1 if ! !rapeutic abortion is def]r$ until v late1 ! pati5t w die ( exhau/ion4 ,toxemic cases d n react well aft] !rapeutic abortion because ( ! damage previ\sly done by ! circulat+ poison1 especially 9 ! liv]4 ,a positive diagnosis ( toxemia _c always be made1 & _m pati5ts 9 :om ! diagnosis has be5 made correctly recov] )\t abortion4 ,ap>t f moral consid]ations1 x is v difficult to det]m9e ! prop] "t to empty ! ut]us4 ,a te/ is made ( ! glycolytic p[] ( ! liv] by giv+ two ounces ( levulose int]nally2 & if sug> %[s 9 ! ur9e1 ?is means t ! liv] is unable to act normally1 t x has be5 attack$ & disabl$ by ! tox91 & !re=e ! !rapeutic abortion %\ld be done4 ,aga91 a m>k$ conc5tration ( ! blood1 %[n by ery?rocytosis & leucocytosis1 indicates />vation4 ,"s ob/etricians p]=m abortion :5 ! pulse rema9s above #ajj1 at ! appe>ance ( fev]1 blood f ! /oma*1 jaundice1 album9uria1 mellituria1 acetonuria1 indicanuria1 or m>k$ loss ( weight4 ,polyneuritis1 ) ict]us & bile 9 ! ur9e1 is ano!r indication = abortion2 a pati5t may die f polyneuritis alone aft] ! hyp]emesis has ceas$4 ,n "o b all ^! facts mu/ be consid]$1 toge!r ) "o's own cl9ical exp]i5ce4 ,9 hyp]emesis gravid>um1 z else:]e1 !rapeutic abortion is nev] p]missible1 "u any circum/ances1 if ! *ild is n viable4 ,if ! "m _c be sav$ )\t empty+ ! ut]us1 ! "m mu/ die2 !re is no way out ( ! difficulty4 ,! pro( t ?is doctr9e is correct has be5 giv5 9 ! introductory *apt] on ,homicide & :5 consid]+ abortion 9 g5]al4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,*orea ,,gravid>um ,,& ,,hy/]ia ,recurr+1 p]man5t1 localiz$ spasms ( facial or o!r gr\ps ( muscles1 :i* are (t5 call$ *orea1 are tics1--convulsive tic1 pa9ful tic1 accessorius spasm1 & s on4 ,*orea is also *>act]iz$ by v>i\s recurr5t spasmodic movem5ts1 b ! orig9 ( ! disease is commonly an infecti\s endoc>ditis1 rheumatism1 tonsillitis1 or ! l disease4 ,?is is ,*orea ,m9or1 ,/4 ,vitus's ,dance1 or ,infecti\s ,*orea4 ,!re is also a common *orea1 :i* is n f an infection b f "s n]v\s irritation1 usually eye-/ra91 & disappe>s ) ! removal ( ! irritation4 ,! *orea ( pregnancy is (t5 an infecti\s *orea1 & !n x is an extremely dang]\s condition3 ! mortality 9 "s collections ( toxic cases is z high z #bb p] c5t4 ,we meet1 too1 9 pregnancy hy/]ical *orea1 & a =m :i* is p>tly hy/]ical & p>tly infecti\s 9 orig94 ,primigravidae are m susceptible to infecti\s *orea 9 pregnancy ?an multigravidae4 ,if a woman has n _h true rheumatism %e v r>ely gets *orea aft] ! fir/ ge/ation4 ,rheumatism 9 ! pati5t or 9 h] imm$iate ance/ors1 epilepsy1 fright & o!r emotions1 & anemia are pr$ispos+ causes4 ,! pati5ts are all v neurotic2 & if !y _h *orea 9 *ildhood1 ! condition is likely to recur 9 pregnancy4 ,mild cases may be cur$ )\t damage to ! woman or fetus1 b _m cases g on to abortion & dea? 9 coma & fev]4 ,"s sev]e cases result 9 a mania :i* may la/ = mon?s2 aga91 !re is p>alysis & delirium4 ,! e>li] 9 pregnancy ! attack1 ! great] ! dang] to ! fetus4 ,x is v important to diff]5tiate infecti\s *orea f hy/]ical *orea--! latt] may or may n be dang]\s2 *orea always is dang]\s4 ,9 hy/]ical *orea ! movem5ts are sudd51 isolat$1 & sometimes rhy?mical1 especially 9 ! f+]s2 !re are zones ( ane/hesia1 & ! p]v]sity ( ! hy/]ic soon manife/s itself4 ,! movem5ts 9 hy/]ia are nev] s int5se z to exhau/ ! pati5t4 ,9 true *orea ! movem5ts are irregul>1 spasmodic1 & increas$ by motion & volunt>y ef=t1 especially if ! ef=t is su/a9$2 !y exhau/ ! pati5t4 ,maniacal *orea diff]s f ! mania ( ! pu]p]ium f o!r causes3 9 maniacal *orea ! woman is n s sull51 & is m g>rul\s ?an ! pati5t ) pu]p]al mania4 ,! prognosis is bett] 9 maniacal *orea z to recov]y ( reason4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! mania ( pu]p]al *orea p]si/s = mon?s1 or x may become ev5 p]man5t4 ,if ! fetus is viable & ! *oreic woman1 ) a cle> toxic *orea1 %[s signs ( exhau/ion f ! spasms & insomnia1 or if h] mania is becom+ fix$ & h] delusions are dang]\s 7su* wom5 are likely to kill ! infant71 or if %e has endoc>ditis1 ! ut]us %\ld be empti$1 z a rule4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! symptoms %[ a recession on treatm5t1 ! ut]us %\ld n be empti$4 ,albre*t#acg report$ a case ( *orea cur$ by an injection ( s]um f a normal pregnant woman4 ,ea* case mu/ be judg$ by its own *>act]i/ics4 ,! la/ sacram5ts %\ld be giv5 z soon z ! symptoms gr[ grave4 #acg ,zeits*r4 f4 ,geburt%lfe u4 ,gynk41 lxxvi1 #c1 p4 #fgg4 ,/uttg>t4 ,hy/]ia 9 a woman1 ev5 :5 mild1 may gr[ s]i\s 9 pregnancy :5 x takes ! =m ( melan*olia2 b x is dang]\s :5 x passes into maniacal excitem5t4 ,9 mania !re may be exhau/ion f a refusal to take food1 & 9 labor maniacal hy/]ia may wreak grave injury on bo? "m & *ild4 ,hy/]ical wom5 %\ld be treat$ be=e pregnancy2 inde$1 ! process ( avoid+ hy/]ia %\ld h begun 9 ! pati5t's gr&p>5ts4 ,! t]m hy/]ia has be5 h&$ d[n f ! days :5 physicians ?\ght !re 0 a connection betwe5 ut]9e disord]s & ! set ( n]v\s symptoms gr\p$ ab\t ! title hy/]ia4 ,x is n[ etymologically mean+less--m5 also gr[ hy/]ical4 ,briquet f\nd #aa male to #bjd female hy/]ics1 & lat] /ati/ics increase ! numb] ( males4 ,! disease is n readily def9able4 ,! pati5t is usually a "y emotional woman1 (t5e/ betwe5 fifte5 & tw5ty ye>s ( age4 ,%e commonly has ane/hetic spots on h] body1 conc5tric limitations ( ! fields ( vision & rev]sals 9 ! color fields1 hy/]og5etic zones1 or t5d] po9ts1 :i* :5 press$ appe> to inhibit ! hy/]ical fit4 ,! symptoms enum]at$ "h are n1 h[ev]1 f\nd 9 e case ( hy/]ia1 & x is difficult at times to diagnose ! case4 ,!re is a popul> notion t hy/]ia is a disease ( mal+]]s1 b x is z real z typhoid fev] or a brok5 leg1 & a mu* great] affliction ?an ei!r ( ^! conditions4 ,mal+]+ is only a symptom ( ! disease4 ,! conditions t br+ ab\t hy/]ia are hy/]ia 9 a p>5t1 or insanity1 alcoholism1 or "s simil> neurotic ta9t 9 an ance/or4 ,imm$iate causes are acute depressive emotions1 %ocks f dang]1 sudd5 grief1 sev]e revulsions ( feel+1 z f disappo9tm5t 9 love or ab&onm5t by a husb&2 &1 secondly1 cumulative emotional di/urbance1 z f worry1 pov]ty1 ill treatm5t1 unhappy m>riage1 or religi\s revivals4 ,c]ta9 diseas$ conditions1 z anemia1 *ronic intoxications1 pelvic tr\ble1 />t x into activity :5 x is lat5t4 ,x is also communicat$ by imitation & x may become epidemic4 ,aft] ! great plague1 ! ,black ,dea?1 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 !re 7 v rem>kable epidemics ( imitative hy/]ia 9 ,g]many & else:]e4 ,9 #acgd1 at ,aix-la-,*apelle1 cr[ds ( m5 & wom5 danc$ toge!r 9 ! /reets until !y fell exhau/$ 9 a cataleptic /ate4 ,^! dances spread ov] ,holl& & ,belgium & ext5d$ to ,cologne & ,metz4 ,! ,danc+ ,plague broke out aga91 9 #adah1 at ,/rasburg & 9 ,belgium & along ! l[] ,rh9e4 ,9 #abcg !re 0 a simil> outbreak among *ildr5 at ,erfurt & _m di$ f exhau/ion4 ,! t>antism 9 ,italy f ! fifte5? to ! eighte5? c5tury is ano!r example ( epidemic hy/]ia4 ,!re 7 epidemics ( hy/]ia 9 ,t5nessee1 ,k5tucky1 & a "p ( ,virg9ia1 :i* began 9 #ahjj & recurr$ = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,^! outbreaks />t$ 9 revivals & camp meet+s4 ,! majority ( ! cases 7 9 y\?s f fifte5 to tw5ty-five ye>s ( age1 b ! hy/]ia 0 obs]v$ 9 p]sons f six to sixty ye>s old4 ,! muscles affect$ 7 ^? ( ! neck1 trunk1 & arms1 & ! convulsions 7 s /rong t ! pati5ts 7 ?r[n to ! gr\nd & (t5 leap$ ab\t l a live fi% toss$ out ( ! wat] on a bank4 ,convulsions1 tremors1 p>alyses ( v>i\s =ms & degrees are common 9 hy/]ia4 ,9 major hy/]ia ! pati5t falls into a convulsion g5tly4 ,!re is *eck$ brea?+1 up to app>5t dang] ( suffocation4 ,!n foll[s a furi\s convulsion1 ev5 ) a bloody fro? at ! m\?1 b !re is a trace ( wilfulness or purpose 9 ! movem5ts4 ,next may come a /age ( opi/hotonos1 9 :i* ! body is b5t back 9 a rigid ar* until ! pati5t re/s on h] head & heels only1 l a wre/l]2 & ?is is foll[$ by relaxation & a recurr5ce ( ! contortions4 ,an ec/atic phase succe$s ?is at times1 ! s-call$ crucifix position1 ) outbur/s ( v>i\s emotions1 & a f9al rega9+ ( ! normal /ate4 ,any ( ^! /ages1 h[ev]1 may con/itute ! entire fit4 ,"s major hy/]ics c simulate demoniacal possession ) extraord9>y +5uity4 ,9 m9or hy/]ia !re is commonly a s5sation ( a ris+ ball 9 ! ?roat--! globus hy/]icus4 ,!re may be uncontrollable laught] or weep+1 & muscul> rigidity is frequ5t4 ,! pati5t1 especially if %e is a *ild1 may mimic dogs & o!r animals4 ,! sn>l+1 bit+1 & b>k+ ( false rabies are hy/]ical2 su* symptoms d n occur at all 9 real hydrophobia4 ,!re are innum]able physical symptoms ( ! disease1 b ! m5tal phases h mo/ to d ) ! treatm5t4 ,! hy/]ical p]son is *>act]iz$ by an ov]ma/]+ desire to be an object ( sympa?y1 int]e/1 admiration1 r ?an by a t5d5cy to bas] in/9cts4 ,! w is weak1 ! emotions explosive1 ! pati5t is impulsive & lack+ 9 self-control4 ,%e readily goes f absurd laught] into floods ( te>s4 ,%e simulates pa9s & o!r symptoms ( disease1 & %e is always a li>1 no matt] :at h] /ate 9 life1 f nurse-girl to nun4 ,acquir$ hy/]ia may be cur$1 b ! cong5ital =m is virtually hopeless2 yet ev5 ) ?is latt] k9d mu* c be done by pati5t tra9+4 ,su* a girl or boy mu/ be re>$ c>efully & ) a firm h&4 ,a m>k$ cong5ital hy/]ic %\ld n m>ry4 ,m>riage makes !m worse1 & !y beget o!r hy/]ics4 ,:5 a hy/]ical girl gets "o ( h] fits ! *ief ob/acle to cure is sympa!tic visits f relatives & fri5ds4 ,if a pati5t 9 ! vapors is tak5 f s*ool & wept ov]1 %e w nev] come d[n to e>? aga94 ,! girl :o fa9ts at ! communion-rail regul>ly is always a hy/]ic1 & ! cure = h] is a bucket ( cold wat] 9 ! sacri/y1 or a ?reat to turn h] ov] to ! police4 ,y w f9d ^! fa9t]s ) a p]fect pulse despite ! fa9t4 ,b !re are o!r cases 9 :i* r\gh treatm5t is h>mful1 & ! only me?od is pati5t tact4 ,su* p]sons are objects ( great pity & %\ld be dealt ) z "o w\ld deal ) any defici5t m9d4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,acute ,,yell[ ,,atrophy ,,( ,,! ,,liv] ,,9 ,,pregnancy ,acute yell[ atrophy ( ! liv] 9 pregnancy 0 =m]ly call$ ,ict]us ,gravis4 ,! disease is n necess>ily connect$ ) pregnancy1 b half ! cases are 9 pregnant wom51 & ) !m x may appe> at any "t 9 ge/ation or %ortly aft] deliv]y4 ,p]nici\s vomit+1 eclampsia1 sepsis1 *lor(orm poison+1 typhoid1 o/eomyelitis1 diph!ria1 erysipelas1 alcoholism1 or phosphorus poison+ 9 pregnant wom5 may end 9 ?is acute yell[ atrophy4 ,b5dig#ach report$ two cases1 bo? fatal1 :i* 7 caus$ by syphilis4 #ach ,mn*5] m$iz9is*e ,wo*5s*rift1 ,augu/1 #aiae4 ,! liv] less5s 9 size1 is friable1 yell[-/reak$1 mottl$ ) r$2 ! he>t deg5]ates1 & all tissues are /a9$ ) bile1 ict]ic4 ,if ! hepatic atrophy is a consequ5ce ( ! diseases enum]at$ above1 ! symptoms ( ^! diseases prec$e ^? ( ! atrophy4 ,9 *lor(orm poison+ ! attack may end fatally )9 six h\rs1 or x may la/ = five or six days be=e dea?4 ,if a pregnant woman has _h ga/ric cat>rh ) weakness & heada*e1 & !n sudd5ly becomes deliri\s1 beg9s to toss ab\t ! b$ ) roll+ ( ! head f side to side1 is jaundic$1 %[s epiga/ric t5d]ness1 & a dim9ution ( ! liv] dullness1 ! diagnosis is almo/ c]ta94 ,! reflexes are exagg]at$1 !re are m9ute pete*iae on ! trunk1 arms1 & legs1 ! tongue is dry & br[n1 ! brea? is f\l1 ! pulse is fa/ & weak1 ! temp]ature is usually high 7#ajb-ajd degrees71 & ! ur9e %[s nephritis4 ,! prognosis is always bad4 ,! fetus ne>ly always dies4 ,if ! fetus is viable ! ut]us %\ld be empti$ at once ev5 if ! woman is s ne> dea? t ! proc$ure appe>s useless3 x may at lea/ give a *ance to baptize ! infant4 ,suppose 9 a p>ticul> case a consultant or ! physician 9 *>ge holds t ! "m is s ill t !rapeutic abortion w only ha/5 h] dea?1 yet ! fetal he>t-s\nds c be he>d ?r\gh h] abdom9al wall4 ,9 t case ,i %\ld be 9 favor ( p]=m+ ! abortion to baptize ! infant1 reluctantly p]mitt+ ! *ance ( ha/5+ ! "m's dea?4 ,b ?is ha/5+ is by no means c]ta94 ,:5 a diagnosis ( acute yell[ atrophy has be5 made ! pati5t %\ld receive ! la/ sacram5ts z soon z possible4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,infecti\s ,,diseases ,,9 ,,pregnancy ,any ( ! acute infections1 z typhoid1 typhus1 smallpox1 measles1 sc>lat9a1 & ! o!rs1 attacks a pregnant woman z readily z "o :o is n pregnant4 ,pregnancy1 z a rule1 less5s ! resi/ance to ! infection1 & ! infection is likely to cause abortion4 ,! tox9 ( ! infection is add$ to ! physiological tox9s ( pregnancy1 ! kidneys (t5 are ov]:elm$1 & !re is a t5d5cy to hemorrhage4 ,aft] ! exhau/ion f ! disease1 deliv]y1 :e!r premature or at t]m1 is liable to end 9 collapse1 especially if ! he>t or lungs h be5 injur$4 ,pu]p]al sepsis1 ei!r g5]al or local1 is a common effect ( ^! bact]ial diseases4 ,9 smallpox !re is infection f ! pu/ules & ! virus itself2 9 typhoid ! typhoid bacillus & ! /reptococci 9 ,pey]'s pat*es get into ! blood2 9 influ5za1 pneumonia1 erysipelas1 & diph!ria ! bact]ia directly cause sepsis1 & 9 sc>lat9a ! pus organisms f ! ?roat are f\nd 9 ! septic foci4 ,9 ^! infections ! fetus may be kill$ by ! high temp]ature2 x may die f asphyxia br\ght on by feeble mat]nal blood-pressure & consequ5t /agnation ( ! circulation 9 ! ut]9e s9uses2 x may be ov]:elm$ by mat]nal hemorrhage2 by deoxidation ( ! mat]nal blood1 z 9 pneumonia2 by a hemorrhage 9 ! plac5ta1 & a consequ5t sep>ation ( ! plac5ta itself f ! ut]9e wall2 by fatty deg5]ation ( ! fetal villi1 :i* r5d]s respiration ( gases impossible4 ,aga91 ! *ild may be infect$ by ! disease ( ! "m1 or x may be kill$ by ! tox9s 9 ! mat]nal circulation4 ,! communication betwe5 ! fetal & ! mat]nal blood sy/ems is z indirect z t betwe5 ! air 9 a man's lungs & 8 blood4 ,! communication betwe5 "m & fetus is by osmosis1 b c]ta9 tox9s1 drugs1 & bact]ia may also pass f ! mat]nal to ! fetal circulation ?r\gh ! plac5ta4 ,/ry*nia inject$ directly into ! embryos ( animals by ,savory & ,guss>[ kill$ ! "m aft] pass+ to h] ?r\gh ! plac5ta4 ,!re is no direct communication 7except by osmosis7 betwe5 ! fetal *orionic villi & ! mat]nal int]vill\s blood spaces4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( pregnancy fetal & mat]nal blood are sep>at$ by ! syncytium1 ,langhan's lay] ( cells1 ! /roma ( ! villi1 & ! walls ( ! fetal capill>ies2 9 ! second half ( ge/ation ,langhan's lay] gradually disappe>s4 ,9 ! fetal blood-vessels are f\nd _m nucleat$ r$ corpuscles1 b ^! are lack+ 9 ! mat]nal int]vill\s spaces4 ,sng] also discov]$ t 9 p]nici\s leucemia ! leucocytes ( ! "m are n pres5t 9 ! fetal circulation4 ,t gase\s sub/ances pass ?r\gh ! fetal b>ri] ( tissues 0 prov$ by ,zweifel1 ,cohn/e91 & ,zuntz4 ,zweifel %[$ t *lor(orm adm9i/]$ to ! "m rapidly rea*es ! fetus4 ,z e>ly z #ahag1 ,may] prov$ ! passage ( cyanide ( potassium4 ,s9ce !n we h be5 made c]ta9 ( ! transmission ( iodide & f]rocyanide ( potassium1 salicylic acid1 bi*loride ( m]cury1 me?yl5e blue1 & _m o!r sub/ances4 ,krnig & ,fu?1 9 #aija1 det]m9$ t ! mat]nal & ! fetal blood freeze at ! same temp]ature1 :i* indicates t !y possess equal osmotic p[]1 & t osmosis may occur 9 ei!r direction4 ,"s bact]ia d n get ?r\gh to ! fetus1 b a few d get 94 ,tub]cle bacilli 7 f\nd 9 ! fetus by ,bir*-,hirs*feld#aci 9 #ahia1 & ,s*morl#adj demon/rat$ !m 9 #ej p] c5t4 ( ! plac5tas 9 "o s]ies ( exam9ations4 ,b> & ,r5on#ada f\nd !m 9 ! blood ( ! umbilical cord 9 two ( five cases4 ,actual cong5ital tub]culosis is possible1 ?\gh v exceptional3 ! bact]ia ei!r pass ?r\gh ! wall betwe5 "m & fetus1 or de/roy ?is wall & !n get 94 ,smallpox1 measles1 & sc>lat9a1 ! causes ( :i* h n yet be5 demon/rat$2 typhoid1 *ol]a ,asiatica1 pneumonia1 bubonic plague1 erysipelas1 pus infection1 an?rax1 syphilis1 febris recurr5s1 & mal>ia h already be5 demon/rat$ 9 ! fetus4 ,lyn* ( ,johns ,hopk9s collect$ sixte5 cases ( typhoid 9 ! fetus4 ,i f\nd ! typhoid bacillus 9 ! liv] & kidneys ( a /ill-born fetus ^: "m 0 ill ) typhoid fev]2 ?is case 0 n among ^? collect$ by ,lyn*4 #aci ,arbeit5 d4 pa?ologis*4 ,in/it4 zu ,leipsig4 ,j5a1 #ahia4 #adj ,mn*5] m$iz9is*e ,wo*5s*rift1 #aijd1 vol4 li1 p4 #afgf4 #ada ,l',ob/trique1 vol4 i1 p4 #fi4 ,! majority ( writ]s give unfavorable prognoses = typhoid 9 pregnancy4 ,abortion or premature labor is extremely common1 ) great dang] to ! "m's life4 ,:5 labor beg9s 9 ^! cases ! la/ sacram5ts %\ld be adm9i/]$ e>ly4 ,!rapeutic abortion 9 typhoid is v likely to cause dea?1 yet a numb] ( wom5 recov] aft] abortion4 ,z reg>ds ! woman's life1 cases ( premature labor h a worse prognosis ?an e>ly abortion4 ,! greate/ dang] is :ile ! fev] is high1 & abortion is common] 9 ! fir/ week ( fev] ?an 9 ! second or ?ird4 ,9 protract$ typhoid abortion is likely to occur 9 ! f\r? week or lat]4 ,aft] def]vesc5ce ! prognosis is bett]1 b !re is always dang]4 ,diff]5t physicians h m>k$ly v>y+ results4 ,!re is no m$ical condition :]e skill 9 ! physician c\nts m ?an 9 typhoid2 x is ! supreme te/ ( ! !rapeuti/4 ,sacqu9#adb collect$ f v>i\s s\rces ! /ati/ics ( #bcc cases ( pregnancy dur+ typhoid1 & abortion or premature labor occurr$ 9 #aej ( ^!1 ) dea? 9 #af p] c5t4 ,_m skilful m5 h a mortality z l[ z #c p] c5t4 9 typhoid n complicat$ ) pregnancy4 #adb ,?se4 ,nancy1 #ahhe4 ,! subject ( typhoid is too va/ = complete treatm5t "h3 ! article on ,typhoid 9 ! ,am]ican edition ( ,no?nagel's ,encyclop$ia ( ,practical ,m$ic9e cov]s #dgb l>ge octavo pages4 ,a v important po9t is n to mi/ake typhoid = a septicemia 9 its e>ly /age4 ,a ,widal reaction %\ld be made 9 app>5tly septic cases to exclude typhoid4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 a /reptococcic infection w give a positive ,widal1 & !re may be a mix$ typhoid & /reptococcic infection4 ,smallpox 9 pregnancy causes abortion or premature labor 9 ! majority ( cases1 & ! *ild usually dies4 ,! *ild may be born 9 ! eruptive /age1 or pockm>k$4 ,frankl9 report$ a case :]e a vacc9at$ woman 0 deliv]$ ( a *ild :ile h] husb& 0 9 ! h\se ill ) smallpox4 ,! "m did n take ! infection1 b ! *ild 0 born dead ( smallpox3 ! contagion _h pass$ to ! *ild ?r\gh ! unaffect$ "m4 ,vacc9at$ wom5 at times be> *ildr5 :i* are aft] bir? immune to vacc9ia & smallpox--vacc9ia1 9 ! commonly held op9ion at pres5t1 is an att5uat$ smallpox4 ,pregnant wom5 %\ld be vacc9at$1 :5 !re is smallpox 9 _! neighborhood1 to protect !mselves & _! *ildr51 unless !y h be5 successfully vacc9at$ )9 f\r or five ye>s4 ,vacc9ation prev5ts smallpox 9 m ?an #ij p] c5t4 ( ! exposures to ! disease4 ,! dea?-rate 0 #eh p] c5t4 9 ! unvacc9at$ cases & #af p] c5t4 9 ! vacc9at$ 9 a gr\p ( #ejjj cases ( smallpox /udi$ by ,wel* 9 #ahid4 ,dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 accord+ to ,b]n\illi's calculation1 "o-twelf? ( all ! *ildr5 born succumb$ to ?is disease4 ,9 #agjg1 9 ,icel&1 #ah1jjj ( ! entire population ( #ej1jjj di$ ( smallpox4 ,z late z #ahhe1 #cafd p]sons di$ ( ! disease 9 ,montreal 9 "o epidemic br\ght on at a "t :5 vacc9ation _h be5 neglect$4 ,9 ,prussia1 f #ahea to #ahfj1 )\t compulsory vacc9ation = civilians1 !re 7 #cf1egg dea?s f smallpox2 9 ! ,prussian army dur+ ! same "t1 ) compulsory vacc9ation1 !re 7 only f\rte5 dea?s4 ,dur+ ! w> ( #ahgj ! ,fr5* armies1 )\t vacc9ation1 lo/ #bc1dfi m5 f smallpox2 ! ,g]man armies lo/ only #dei m5 & !re 0 a great epidemic ( ! disease 9 ,g]many at ! "t4 ,! effici5cy & necessity ( vacc9ation aga9/ smallpox1 :i* is z virul5t n[ z x ev] 01 is s c]ta9ly e/abli%$ t a p>5t or gu>dian :o neglects or refuses to h *ildr5 vacc9at$ :5 expos$ to ! disease is guilty ( homicide ?r\gh neglect if an unvacc9at$ *ild "u 8 c>e dies ( smallpox4 ,revacc9ation is necess>y e eigh? ye> if smallpox reappe>s4 ,agitation aga9/ vacc9ation is n m]e ignorance3 x is a dang]\s crime1 exactly l loos+ a mad dog2 & x is comb9$ ) ! insol5ce ( ignorance4 ,p]sons :o h se5 smallpox are v mu* afraid ( x1 because x is "o ( ! mo/ dreadful afflictions humanity is expos$ to2 ^? :o h n se5 x1 yet say !y are n afraid ( x1 are m]e fools4 ,a pregnant woman :o is infect$ ) smallpox %\ld receive ! la/ sacram5ts z soon z possible4 ,if %e aborts %e may die v quickly 9 collapse4 ,if %e is evid5tly 9 articulo mortis & ! fetal he>t c be he>d1 h] c]vix %\ld be =cibly dilat$1 ! *ild turn$1 & deliv]$ = baptism4 ,if ! physician waits = dea?1 ! *ild w be dead also1 & sectional deliv]y w be too late = any good4 ,pneumonia 9 pregnancy is a r>e b v dang]\s disease4 ,9 "o s]ies ( #ac1faa pregnancies !re 7 #abj cases ( pneumonia--eight-t5?s ( "o p] c5t42 9 ano!r s]ies ( #ahdb pregnancies two & ?ree-t5?s _h pneumonia4 ,walli*1#adc 9 a /udy ( ! mortality ( ?is condition1 f\nd t pneumonia causes abortion 9 "o-?ird ( ! cases t occur dur+ ! fir/ six mon?s ( ge/ation1 & 9 two-?irds ( ! cases t happ5 betwe5 ! six? mon? & t]m4 ,on ! ?ird day ( ! pneumonia ! abortions are mo/ likely to occur4 ,! mat]nal mortality v>ies betwe5 #ej & #ajj p] c5t4 9 ! gr\ps /udi$1 & ! fetal mortality is #hj p] c5t4 9 g5]al1 b ab\t #dj p] c5t4 = viable fetuses4 ,! l>ge size ( ! ut]us 9 ! la/ mon?s ( pregnancy int]f]es ) ! desc5t ( ! diaphragm 9 respiration1 & ! he>t is likely to fail4 ,! m advanc$ ! pregnancy1 ! great] ! dang] to bo? "m & *ild f pneumonia4 ,among ! dang]s to ! *ild is ! imp]fect oxyg5ation ( its blood1 & 9 a few cases ! pneumococci rea* ! fetus4 #adc ,annales de ,gyncologie4 ,june1 #ahhi ,r&all1 9 a /udy ( #aij pregnant wom5 :o _h pneumonia1 f\nd a some:at l[] mortality ?an t obs]v$ by ,walli*4 ,9 ,r&all's s]ies #gj di$ 7#cf4g p] c5t472 ( #aah :o did n abort1 only #ab di$ 7#aj4g p] c5t474 ,9 a second gr\p ( #ceb cases abortion happ5$ 9 #eh4h p] c5t4 ,( #add pati5ts 9 ! fir/ six mon?s ( ge/ation1 #bb4jh p] c5t4 di$1 b ( ^? t abort$ #eb4jh p] c5t4 di$4 ,aga91 ( #afd cases 9 ! la/ ?ree mon?s1 #cj4di p] c5t4 di$1 b #gj4ab p] c5t4 di$ ( ^? t abort$ dur+ ^! ?ree mon?s4 ,( #hb t abort$1 #hg4h p] c5t4 di$4 ,! mortality 9 wom5 "u #be ye>s ( age 0 #ac4cc p] c5t42 9 wom5 f #be to #ce ye>s1 #bc4b p] c5t42 ov] #ce1 #bb p] c5t4 ,pneumonia 9 pregnancy is made worse by ! me*anical int]f]5ce ) respiration br\ght ab\t by ! enl>gem5t ( ! ut]us1 & ! he>t1 :i* is ov]burd5$ 9 ord9>y pneumonia1 is /ill m exhau/$ by ! additional /ra9 ( pregnancy 9 ! pneumonia ( ge/ation2 moreov]1 ! lungs1 :i* are oblig$ to d enhanc$ labor 9 pregnancy 9 elim9at+1 are clogg$ by ! pneumonia2 x w\ld seem1 !n1 t1 if ! fetus is viable1 ! womb %\ld be empti$ to give ! "m a bett] *ance = recov]y4 ,/ati/ics1 h[ev]1 are aga9/ !rapeutic abortion4 ,! evacuation ( ! ut]us det]m9es blood to ! inflam$ lungs1 :i* are already ov]burd5$4 ,! exhau/ion ( labor weak5s ! pati5t1 & makes h] liable to g5]al septic infection4 ,matton#add f\nd t 9 eighte5 cases :]e pregnancy 0 artificially int]rupt$1 n9e wom5 di$ 7#ej p] c5t472 :ile 9 tw5ty cases :]e no int]f]5ce 0 attempt$1 only "o woman di$4 ,?is comp>ison is n exact1 p]haps1 because we d n "k ! gravity ( ! infection 9 ea* gr\p1 b 9 any consid]ation ! diff]5ce is rem>kable4 ,9 a gr\p /udi$ by ,*atela9#ade ! results 9 natural & artificial deliv]y 7 virtually ! same4 ,inasmu* z !rapeutic abortion at ! be/ is no bett] ?an non-int]f]5ce1 !re is no ju/ification = !rapeutic abortion1 unless 9 unusual circum/ances4 #add ,j\r4 de ,md4 de ,bruxelles1 #ahgb1 p4 #dab4 #ade ,ibid41 #ahgj1 vol4 l1 pp4 #dcj1 #eaf1 & vol4 li1 p4 #aa4 ,pneumonia is an infecti\s disease1 & a pregnant woman %\ld1 = h] own sake & ! sake ( ! fetus1 avoid exposure to infection4 ,:5 ! disease is pres5t ! la/ sacram5ts %\ld n be def]r$1 z x may be impossible to make a confession :5 ne> dea?4 ,influ5za 9 pregnancy is m sev]e ?an x is 9 ! non-gravid /ate4 ,by ! laity1 & sometimes ev5 by physicians1 influ5za is confus$ ) la grippe1 b !re is an influ5za v]a & an influ5za no/ras1 or la grippe1 & ?is latt] is n ne>ly s s]i\s a disease4 ,! real influ5za is caus$ by a specific bacillus2 x appe>s 9 epidemics :i* h a t5d5cy to become p&emic1 & !n ! disease disappe>s = a g5]ation4 ,la grippe is a bron*itis or coryza ) "s fev] & muscle-sor5ess4 ,true influ5za 7! "n is ,italian1 influ5za di fr$do7 is v infecti\s4 ,! p&emic ( #ahhi-ij />t$ 9 ,turke/an 9 ,june1 #ahhi1 & by ,octob]1 #ahij1 influ5za _h gone we/w>d & encircl$ ! e>? along ! trade r\tes4 ,! prec$+ p&emic occurr$ 9 #ahdg-dh4 ,!re is no cle> pro( t pregnant wom5 are especially liable to infection by influ5za1 b !re is always a notable fall 9 ! bir?-rate aft] m>k$ epidemics ( ! disease4 ,?is has be5 obs]v$ 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,switz]l&4 ,:5 x does occur 9 pregnancy x is likely to cause abortion4 ,pasqui]1 z e>ly z #adaj1 notic$ ?is fact4 ,! disease is likely to cause hemorrhage f ! ut]us 9 non-gravid wom51 especially 9 ^? :o are pa/ ! climact]ic1 & m5orrhagia 9 y\ng] wom5 :o are n pregnant4 ,moell]#adf f\nd abortion or premature labor 9 #bh4c p] c5t4 ( tw5ty-"o sev]e cases4 ,9 sev]e influ5za :]e !re is diffuse capill>y bron*itis1 pleuropneumonia1 or spasmodic c\gh1 abortion is mo/ likely to occur1 & su* abortion is always dang]\s4 ,! hemorrhages 9 abortions f influ5za are (t5 al>m+ly pr(use4 #adf ,deuts*4 m$4 ,wo*5s*41 #aijj1 ,no4 #bh4 ,9 ?reat5$ respiratory or c>diac failure 9 influ5za complicat+ pregnancy !re may be "q ( !rapeutic abortion1 b 9 su* an ev5t great c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid exhau/ion & %ock4 ,! *ild %\ld be extract$2 ! woman %\ld n be made to labor4 ,"o ( ! important moral consid]ations 9 ?is matt] ( influ5za & pregnancy is t ! woman commits grave s9 if %e ne$lessly exposes h]self to infection1 because ( ! dang] to ! *ild's life & ! risk ( its loss )\t baptism1 & also because ( ! dang] to h] own life4 ,sc>lat9a 7,italian sc>latt9a1 ,l[ ,lat9 febris sc>lat9a71 or ,sc>let ,fev]1 is v r>e 9 pregnancy4 ,popul>ly1 sc>lat9a is us$ = a light =m ( sc>let fev]1 z v>ioloid is us$ = a light attack ( smallpox2 b physicians d n make ?is di/9ction betwe5 sc>lat9a & sc>let fev]3 !y use ! t]ms synonym\sly4 ,9 ,no?nagel's ,encyclop$ia ( ,practical ,m$ic9e ,ju]g5s5 has an elaborate discussion on ! diff]5tiation betwe5 g5u9e sc>let fev] 9 ! pu]p]ium & ! relatively frequ5t septic ery!ma f\nd 9 t /ate1 b ! receiv$ op9ion n[ is t real sc>let fev] is v r>e 9 pregnancy4 ,^? :o report l>ge numb]s ( sc>let fev] cases 9 pregnancy err 9 diagnosis4 ,! mortality 9 ! sc>lat9a ( pregnancy may be v high--#eb p] c5t4 9 "s epidemics2 & if ! infection happ5s imm$iately aft] deliv]y1 ! mortality is /ill high]4 ,a septic ra% is sometimes mi/ak5 = sc>lat9a1 b :]e ! g5u9e disease is pres5t ! pregnant woman is gravely oblig$ to avoid exposure to x1 bo? = h] own sake & = t ( ! fetus4 ,9 ! e>ly mon?s ( ge/ation sc>lat9a commonly causes abortion4 ,measles 9 pregnancy is also v r>e1 b :5 x does occur x is a s]i\s disease4 ,ge/ation is int]rupt$ 9 #ee p] c5t4 ( ! cases1 & ! mortality is #ae p] c5t4 = ! wom54 ,! same moral & relat$ conditions t obta9 9 sc>lat9a are f\nd 9 measles4 ,!re is a m>k$ t5d5cy to hemorrhage & pneumonia4 ,( elev5 cases report$ by ,klotz1#adg n9e abort$4 #adg ,ar*iv4 f4 ,gyn41 vol4 xxix1 p4 #ddh4 ,9 epidemics ( ,asiatic *ol]a ! mortality among pregnant wom5 is extremely high4 ,9 ! ,hamburg epidemic ( #ahig1 fifty-sev5 p] c5t4 ( ! pregnant wom5 affect$ di$4 ,abortion is v frequ5t because ( ! hemorrhagic endometritis4 ,! mortality = all pati5ts 9 ,asiatic *ol]a is v great--almo/ #ej p] c5t4 at ! beg9n+ ( ! epidemic4 ,typhus fev] is ! %ip or fam9e fev] ( #ahdg4 ,x is v r>e n[4 ,:5 x does occur x is ab\t ?ree times z fatal z typhoid4 ,x is a disease ( pov]ty & w>1 & is spread l>gely by ! body-l\se1 z happ5$ 9 ,s]bia 9 #aiae4 ,skill$ hygi5e1 h[ev]1 soon ga9s control ( ! epidemic4 ,erysipelas 9 pregnancy is r>e1 b n infrequ5t aft] deliv]y4 ,9 ! pu]p]ium x appe>s commonly z a septic infection 9 abrasions ab\t ! p>turi5t canal4 ,:5 x />ts on ! face1 scalp1 or brea/ ! prognosis is relatively favorable1 b ev5 !n x causes dea?2 :5 x />ts on ! g5italia x has a mortality ( #dc p] c5t4 ,erysipelas causes abortion4 ,z x beg9s f pus bact]ia1 x is n se5 s frequ5tly n[ z =m]ly1 ow+ to great] att5tion to asepsis4 ,9 ! pu]p]ium x is (t5 an infection br\ght on by dirty midwives or physicians4 ,mal>ia1 if sev]e1 may int]rupt ge/ation ?r\gh fev] or ca*exia4 ,dur+ labor 9 su* cases ! ut]9e action is feeble1 & hemorrhages are common aft] deliv]y4 ,by prop] treatm5t dur+ pregnancy ^! evils c be av]t$4 ,! infection is spread f "o mal>ia pati5t to ano!r by a mosquito 7,anopheles71 z yell[ fev] is spread by ano!r mosquito 7,/egomyia fasciata74 ,pulmon>y tub]culosis 9 pregnancy is some:at frequ5t2 ! e/imate is t ab\t #cb1jjj tub]cul> wom5 become pregnant annually 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & ob/etricians incl9e to ! op9ion t pregnancy commonly1 ?\gh n always1 makes ! tub]culosis worse4 ,ne>ly all agree t ! comb9$ effect ( pregnancy1 ! pu]p]ium1 & lactation is a grave burd5 on ! consumptive & l[]s ! p[] ( resi/ance4 ,trembley ( ! ,s>anac ,lake ,sanit>ium report$ t #fc p] c5t4 ( #bdj tub]cul> m>ri$ wom5 "u 8 obs]vation gave a hi/ory :i* %[$ t ! disease 0 fir/ recogniz$ dur+ pregnancy or ! pu]p]ium4 ,s*auta's cl9ic f\nd su* orig9s 9 #bi p] c5t4 ,fisb]g1 ,funk1 ,jacob1 ,panwitz1 & o!r obs]v]s1 9 a s]ies ( #aajj cases1 said #ci p] c5t4 ( ^! wom5 ?\ght ! disease began dur+ pregnancy or ! pu]p]ium4 ,"s tub]cul> wom5 dur+ pregnancy give no cl9ical evid5ce ( an aggravation ( ! pulmon>y disease1 b ^! cases are exceptional4 ,tub]cul> wom5 :o app>5tly improve dur+ pregnancy are likely to h a subsequ5t detrim5tal reaction4 ,z tub]cul> cases1 h[ev]1 are prone to %[ exac]bations ev5 if n pregnant1 x is n possible to say t pregnancy is ! sole cause ( ! progressive lesions 9 p>ticul> in/ances4 ,:]e !re are no wide or deep areas ( infection1 !re may be no recognizable damage f pregnancy1 b advanc$ & active tub]culosis1 ) fev] or cavity =mation1 does badly1 especially if ! ?roat is involv$4 ,! pressure ( ! enl>g$ ut]us causes dyspnoea2 ! c\gh & fev] may br+ on misc>riage4 ,misc>riage1 h[ev]1 is r>e 9 tub]culosis2 x is m common 9 c>diac & r5al diseases4 ,b]nheim1 9 a s]ies ( #cae tub]cul> pregnancies1 f\nd t abortion occurr$ 9 #bc p] c5t4 ,! lat] 9 ge/ation ! tub]culosis becomes florid1 ! m likely x is t abortion w happ54 ,conception may take place at any /age ( ! tub]culosis1 al?\gh wom5 9 ! f9al /age are commonly /]ile4 ,sometimes a woman w give bir? to a s\nd *ild & die h]self ( tub]culosis a few days aft] ! p>turition4 ,pregnancy 9 consumptive wom5 is n necess>ily detrim5tal to ea* p>ticul> pati5t1 nor is x1 z a rule1 a ju/ification = empty+ ! ut]us ( ev5 ! viable fetus4 ,ev5 :5 ! tub]cul> condition gr[s worse dur+ pregnancy x is n always possible to prove t ! pregnancy itself is ! cause ( ! det]ioration4 ,if ! woman conceives 9 ! f9al /age ( pulmon>y tub]culosis %e w die1 :e!r %e goes on to t]m or n4 ,bonney#adh describes ?ree cases ( advanc$ pulmon>y tub]culosis :i* 7 cur$ dur+ pregnancy1 by ! bodily *anges peculi> to t condition1 b su* results are altoge!r exceptional4 #adh ,pulmon>y ,tub]culosis1 p4 #eej4 ,philadelphia1 #aijh4 ,artificially induc$ premature labor sometimes causes m damage ?an normal p>turition at t]m4 ,mu* dep5ds ^u ! me?ods us$ = ! induction ( ! abortion4 ,! ins]tion ( b\gies1 ca!t]s1 or s\nds is always contra9dicat$ 9 advanc$ tub]culosis4 ,hir/ ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania#adi ?9ks ! notion t tub]cul> wom5 improve 9 pregnancy is a sup]/ition1 & t su* wom5 %\ld nei!r m>ry nor h *ildr54 ,de ,lee#aej holds t tub]cul> wom5 %\ld n m>ry because ! woman is likely to infect h] husb& & *ildr54 ,he ?9ks ! disease gr[s worse 9 pregnancy1 & t hemorrhage is frequ5t except 9 *ronic ulc]ative tub]culosis4 ,9 ?is la/ condition pregnancy does n ord9>ily aggravate ! condition4 ,9 tub]cul> l>yngitis complicat+ pregnancy1 ,kttn] f\nd ! mortality to be #ij p] c5t4 ,su* l>yngitis is usually fatal1 :e!r pregnancy is pres5t or n4 ,:5 !re is a misc>riage 9 tub]culosis1 ! infection (t5 becomes florid & resembles pneumonia4 ,advanc$ cases h a t$i\s & dang]\s labor1 ) dyspnoea & occasionally hemorrhage or c>diac exhau/ion4 ,edema ( ! lungs is n infrequ5t4 #adi ,a ,text-book ( ,ob/etrics1 p4 #dbg4 ,philadelphia1 #aiab4 #aej ,! ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,ob/etrics1 p4 #dhj4 ,philadelphia1 #aiac4 ,williams ( ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 9 ! #aijc edition ( 8 ,ob/etrics1 tells ( a woman :o di$ ( tub]cul\s p]itonitis a %ort "t aft] p>turition4 ,! ut]us 0 /udd$ ) tub]cles & its int]ior 0 cov]$ ) tub]cul\s ulc]s4 ,! tub]cle bacillus _h be5 f\nd 9 cultures tak5 f ! int]ior ( ! ut]us dur+ life4 ,h] *ild 0 born p]fectly heal?y & rema9$ s4 ,williams says 9 ! same place t ! induction ( premature labor because ( tub]culosis is ju/ifiable only 9 ! int]e/s ( ! *ild1 & ?is only 9 ^? r>e cases 9 :i* ! woman is s ill t %e probably w die be=e t]m4 ,norris#aea ( ,philadelphia agrees ) ,williams t induction ( premature labor is useless1 & he says all au?orities unite 9 ?is op9ion4 #aea ,p5nsylvania ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 ,febru>y1 #aiaf4 ,a tub]cul> woman %\ld n nurse h] infant because %e w infect x & exhau/ h]self4 ,infants are v susceptible to tub]culosis4 ,bir*-,hirs*feld1 9 #ahia1 fir/ demon/rat$ tub]culosis 9 ! fetus1 & ,s*morl f\nd x 9 ! plac5ta 9 #ej p] c5t4 ( a s]ies ( cases t he exam9$4 ,infection ( ! *ild 9 ut]o1 h[ev]1 is extremely r>e ev5 by ! plac5tal way4 ,!re is a high dea?-rate f tub]culosis among infants1 b ! infection is po/natal4 ,dietri* ( ,b]l9 f\nd t ! dea?-rate f tub]culosis among *ildr5 9 ,prussia is high] dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( life ?an 9 any o!r ye>4 ,! moral conclusion is t artificial abortion 9 pregnancy complicat$ ) tub]culosis is nev] indicat$ except :5 ! good ( ! *ild is at /ake 9 ! la/ /age ( ge/ation4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,syphilis ,,9 ,,pregnancy ,,& ,,m>riage ,syphilis 9 pregnancy at times assumes peculi> malignancy4 ,! virul5ce dep5ds on ! pati5t's p[] ( resi/ance1 & :e!r or n !re are septic microrganisms mix$ ) ! syphilitic spiro*etes4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 v>y+ /ra9s ( spiro*etes :i* diff] 9 virul5ce1 or !re are familial idiosyncrasies4 ,tropical syphilis is worse ?an nor!rn infections1 & syphilis ( ! n]v\s sy/em is (t5 incurable4 ,f\rni] 0 ( ! op9ion t a syphilitic woman :o becomes pregnant is m likely to abort ?an a pregnant woman :o becomes syphilitic4 ,! p]c5tage ( fetal dea?s is also great] 9 ! fir/ class ?an 9 ! second4 ,! long] a woman has be5 syphilitic1 provid$ %e has n be5 treat$ = ! disease1 ! worse ! prognosis = ! duration ( ! pregnancy & ! life ( ! fetus4 ,! e>li] 9 pregnancy ! syphilis appe>s1 ! worse ! prognosis = ge/ation4 ,g5]al fetal mortality 9 syphilis "u ! be/ circum/ances is #ge p] c5t4 ,syphilis %\ld be look$ = 9 e case :]e ! cause ( an abortion is n evid5t4 ,ruge holds t 9 #hc p] c5t4 ( repeat$ abortions syphilis is at fault2 late abortions are *>act]i/ic ( ?is disease4 ,inoculation ) syphilis be=e conception almo/ always results 9 abortion4 ,9 #acj wom5 /udi$ by ,le ,pileur !re 7 #c4h p] c5t4 /ill-bir?s be=e infection by syphilis1 b #gh p] c5t4 aft] infection4 ,9 premature labor ! *ild is1 z a rule1 born dead2 less frequ5tly x is born syphilitic2 /ill less frequ5tly x is born app>5tly s\nd1 b ! syphilis appe>s lat]2 9 a few cases1 :5 ! mat]nal syphilis is old1 ! *ild may be born normal4 ,int]ruption ( ge/ation is ! commone/ symptom 9 syphilis complicat+ pregnancy4 ,! labor itself is affect$3 ! pa9s are weak & t>dy4 ,abnormal pres5tations occur frequ5tly :5 ! fetus is dead4 ,*ancres on ! c]vix may cause ob/ruction1 & !re may be indurations s d5se z to necessitate ces>ean deliv]y4 ,! p]9eum may become s friable z to te>1 z ,de ,lee says1 l wet pap]4 ,:5 ! "m is infect$ at ! "t ( conception ! *ild is always syphilitic4 ,if ! "m is infect$ e>ly 9 pregnancy ! *ild is almo/ always infect$4 ,if %e is infect$ late 9 pregnancy ! *ild may escape infection4 ,m5 ) t]ti>y syphilis h begott5 *ildr5 )\t1 to all cl9ical appe>ance1 inoculat+ ! wife4 ,9 su* a case ! "m may nurse ! *ild ) safety to h]self1 b ! *ild w infect a wet nurse o!r ?an its own "m1 & 9 v r>e in/ances mo!rs 9 ?is condition h be5 floridly infect$4 ,! condition "h describ$ is call$ ,colles's ,law4#aeb ,! doctr9e ( ,colles's ,law has fall5 into disuse because we c n[ demon/rate by ! ,wass]mann reaction t almo/ all app>5tly heal?y mo!rs ( ?is class are 9 reality infect$4 ,! t]m n[ us$ is ,syphilis by ,conception4#aec ,! virus passes ?r\gh ! fetal plac5ta to ! "m1 al?\gh immuniz+ sub/ances are held back by ! plac5ta4 ,a fetus _c make immuniz+ bodies be=e its eigh? mon?1 & on t acc\nt ! e>li] ! fetus is infect$1 ! m likely x is to die4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 "s scanty te/imony has be5 collect$ :i* su/a9s ,colles's ,law 9 a few cases4 ,l$]mann report$ ?ree cases1 & ,nonne o!rs1 9 :i* ! wives ( m5 ) tabes or p>alysis bore syphilitic *ildr5 & yet nev] respond$ positively !mselves to ! ,wass]mann te/1 or %[$ any symptoms sugge/+ syphilis4 ,to ?is li/ ,kroon#aed adds a case correspond+ fully to ! requirem5ts ( ,colles's ,law4 ,a woman ( tw5ty-eight ye>s :o _h _h eight abortions 0 deliv]$ ( a *ild ) und\bt$ cong5ital syphilis4 ,! *ild's fa!r _h be5 infect$ ) syphilis twelve ye>s be=e4 ,! woman %[$ no signs ( syphilis1 two ,wass]mann te/s 7 negative1 & %e nurs$ ! *ild )\t injury to h]self4 #aeb ,f ,abraham ,colles1 ,dubl91 #ahcg4 #aec ,wolff1 #ahgi4 #aed ,n$]l&is* ,tijds*rift voor ,g5eeskunde1 i1 #i4 ,%\ld ! husb& h florid prim>y or second>y syphilis1 & infect 8 wife at impregnation1 abortion is ! rule4 ,! commone/ cases are ^? :]e ! husb& has be5 treat$ = syphilis m or less ?or\ghly be=e m>riage4 ,ev5 if at ! "t ( impregnation ! husb& has no app>5t infective lesion1 ! *ild is usually syphilitic1 or x may %[ signs ( ! disease lat] 9 life4 ,ibs5's ,gho/s is f\nd$ on a case l ?is4 ,if ! syphilis is rec5t1 or uncur$1 ! *ild dies1 mac]ates1 & is expell$4 ,^! conditions recur 9 pregnancy aft] pregnancy1 until ! virus is remov$ by "t or drugs4 ,z ! nucleus ( ! sp]matozon is too small to c>ry ! spiro*ete ( syphilis1 ! infection is ?r\gh ! sem5 9 a mann] n yet cle> to u4 ,wolff#aee /udi$ a gr\p ( n9e syphilitic wom5 & _! *ildr54 ,!re 7 sixty-six pregnancies1 b only ?irty-?ree viable *ildr5 7 born4 ,( ^! la/ f\rte5 di$ 9 *ildhood1 ?ree committ$ suicide at twelve1 tw5ty1 & tw5ty-eight ye>s ( age2 & ( ! ?irte5 /ill liv+ only two 7 normal4 ,! o!rs are all feeble-m9d$1 epileptic1 hy/]ic1 or o!rwise neurotic4 ,po/#aef tabulat$ ! mortality 9 ?irty syphilitic families 9 :i* !re 7 #afh pregnancies4 ,( ^! fifty-?ree end$ 9 /ill-bir? or misc>riage & !re 7 =ty-f\r e>ly dea?s--a total loss ( #eg p] c5t4 ,( ! *ildr5 t 7 born alive #ch p] c5t4 are n[ dead1 & ( ! sev5ty-"o t are alive only ?irty-n9e are app>5tly heal?y4 ,!re are v _m cases ( diseas$ *ildr5 & adults ) s]i\s lesions ( obscure etiology1 & 9 a great numb] ( in/ances ( anemia1 malnutrition1 extreme n]v\sness1 aortitis1 bone diseases1 vague pa91 & simil> conditions1 ! orig9 is cong5ital syphilis4 ,/oll1#aeg 9 sixty-eight su* cases1 f\nd a positive luet9 syphilitic reaction1 & a positive ,wass]mann 9 #ag p] c5t4 #aee ,zeits*r4 f4 kl9is*4 ,m$41 vol4 lxxvi4 ,b]l94 #aef ,bo/on ,m$4 & ,surg4 ,j\r41 vol4 clvii1 n4 #d4 #aeg ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 ,octob] #ca1 #aiad4 ,got!il1#aeh pr(essor ( d]matology & syphilography 9 ,=dham ,univ]sity1 holds t if a man has gone ?r\gh a mod]n treatm5t = syphilis1 giv5 by a compet5t physician & ext5d$ ov] ?ree ye>s1 & if dur+ ! f\r? ye>1 )\t treatm5t1 he repeat$ly %[s a negative ,wass]mann reaction1 he may m>ry4 ,t is ! common op9ion ( physicians1 b x is decid$ly errone\s4 #aeh ,=*heim]'s ,!rapeusis ( ,int]nal ,diseases1 vol4 ii1 p4 #dba4 ,new ,york1 #aiac4 ,9 "o s]ies ( #efb cases ( h]$it>y syphilis obs]v$ by ! great syphilograph] ,f\rni]1 sixty *ildr51 or ov] #aj p] c5t41 7 infect$ m ?an six ye>s aft] ! prim>y p>5tal inoculation4 ,he tells ( "o woman :o _h n9ete5 consecutive /ill-bir?s f syphilis4 ,g[]s#aei says3 ,!re is no evid5ce t ! disease ev] is or ev] has be5 cur$1 ! ^w 'disease' be+ "h us$ to designate t :i* causes ! v>i\s manife/ations ( ! malady4 ,?is /atem5t is too sweep+1 b x is v ne> ! tru?4 #aei ,syphilis & ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em1 #ahib4 ,bruhns rec5tly report$ ! outcome ( ! ,wass]mann te/ repeat$ ab\t ye>ly f #aijh to #aiae 9 "o hundr$ private cases infect$ ) syphilis t5 or m ye>s be=e ! "t ( ! report4 ,9 =ty-two ! te/ 0 con/antly negative2 9 ?irty-two1 positive at fir/ b negative lat]2 9 sev51 con/antly positive not)/&+ repeat$ c\rses ( treatm5t2 9 ?ree1 positive at fir/1 !n long negative1 b f9ally *ang+ to positive aga92 9 eight1 negative at fir/1 !n positive1 & f9ally negative2 & 9 eight1 negative at fir/ b f9ally positive4 ,! la/ ?ree gr\ps are p>ticul>ly significant4 ,9 "s ! long negative reaction1 = five or six ye>s1 indicat$ cure1 & physicians w\ld pron\nce su* cases positively cur$2 b sudd5ly !y *ang$ to a positive reaction )\t any cl9ical manife/ations %[+ at ! "t4 ,aft] r5ew$ c\rses ( treatm5t 9 ! foll[+ two ye>s ! reaction became negative4 ,among ! cases ) con/ant negative reaction !re 7 "s :o develop$ bra9 syphilis1 or tabes1 prov+ t !y 7 n cur$ despite ! abs5ce ( cl9ical manife/ations ( ! disease & ! negative ,wass]mann reactions4 ,pr(essor ,blas*ko ( ,b]l91 at ! sev5te5? ,int]national ,m$ical ,congress 9 #aiac1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,ehrli*1 ,wass]mann & ,hata1 said no "o c\ld ev5 talk ( a cure ( syphilis until an int]val ( t5 ye>s )\t symptoms _h occurr$4 ,:]e a blood ,wass]mann is negative a sp9al fluid reaction may be positive4 ,9 f #fj to #ge p] c5t4 ( all cases ( tabes or p>esis memb]s ( ! family o!r ?an ! pati5t h %[n infection4 ,! proportion ( infections 9 ! families ( tabetics & p>etics is f> l>g] ?an t f\nd 9 families 9 :i* ! syphilis does n g on to ^! extremes4 ,tabes is also call$ locomotor ataxia4 ,x is a deg5]ation ( a "p ( ! sp9al cord1 ) un/ead9ess & incord9ation ( motion1 lightn+ pa9s1 disord]s ( vision1 & o!r symptoms4 ,p>esis is s(t5+ ( ! bra91 ) insanity & dea?4 ,^! & o!r facts /rongly indicate t ! =m ( syphilis :i* ends 9 tabes or p>esis rema9s infecti\s ov] a mu* long] "t ?an ord9>y syphilis does4 ,no "o has cur$ ei!r tabes or p>esis4 ,rav5 report$ 9 #aiad an inve/igation ( n9ety families 9 ea* ( :i* a case ( metalues _h develop$4 ,! int]val betwe5 ! date ( infection & ! m>riage 0 kn[n 9 ab\t half ( ^!1 & x 0 f\r ye>s 9 two families1 five ye>s 9 "o1 & f six to tw5ty-"o ye>s 9 t56 ,f\rni]1 9 #ddjj cases ( syphilis1 saw ?ree cases :]e ! t]ti>y symptoms appe>$ fifty ye>s aft] infection1 & 9 "o case fifty-five ye>s aft] infection4 ,bonnet#afj report$ su* a case :i* came to him = treatm5t fifty-f\r ye>s aft] infection4 ,! man _h no *ildr54 #afj ,lyon ,m$41 ,novemb] #g1 #aijg4 ,syphilis t affects ! n]v\s sy/em z 9 tabes & p>esis is an incurable syphilis1 & !re is no means :]eby any physician1 no matt] h[ skilful he may be1 c tell :e!r or n a giv5 pati5t has su* an infection4 ,! physician1 !n1 :o tells a syphilitic t he or %e is cur$ & lets su* a p]son m>ry is responsible = all ! evils t result f 8 ra%ness4 ,once a syphilitic1 n necess>ily always a syphilitic2 b once a syphilitic1 possibly & probably always a syphilitic1 & t no matt] :at ! treatm5t or ! lack ( cl9ical symptoms4 ,damag$ goods ( ?is k9d are to be look$ ^u z damag$ goods =ev]4 ,any man or woman1 !n1 :o has ev] _h a cle> case ( syphilis 7& ! diagnosis is easy1 z a rule7 is likely to be = ! rema9d] ( life a s\rce ( syphilitic infection4 ,!re is ev5 "q ( late ( spiro*ete-c>ri]s1 z !re are typhoid-c>ri]s & diph!ria-c>ri]s1 :o may infect o!rs :ile n suff]+ !mselves4 ,if "o :o has be5 a syphilitic m>ries )\t in=m+ ! o!r p>ty to ! contract ( ! condition1 ! inju/ice is1 )\t d\bt1 v grave4 ,i %\ld call su* concealm5t a mortal s91 & a condition expos+ ! sacram5t to sacrilege4 ,suppose ! second p>ty is in=m$ ( ! old infection & is !n fooli% en\gh to risk ! m>riage4 ,no "o b an exp]i5c$ physician has any notion ( ! indescribable horror t may come ( tak+ ?is risk1 & no "o has ! "r to expose 8 own body to infection by syphilis = ! advantage ( m>riage4 ,!re is no approa* to a juridic equilibrium betwe5 ^! two conditions4 ,if 9 su* a m>riage *ildr5 are begott5 & infect$1 7#a7 embryos w die )\t baptism2 7#b7 lat] possible *ildr5 w be born :o w die ( cong5ital syphilis2 7#c7 possible *ildr5 :o w escape syphilis2 7#d7 *ildr5 :o may h to pass ?r\gh tabes or p>esis to dea?1 aft] begett+ o!r deg5]ates4 ,a syphilitic embryo :i* dies )\t baptism is bett] ?an no *ild at all4 ,x w live 9 a /ate ( natural happ9ess aft] abortion4 ,a baptiz$ *ild :i* has cong5ital syphilis is immeasurably bett] (f ?an a s\nd *ild t lacks baptism4 ,eug5ics z a prud5t inve/igation ( conditions be=e m>riage is a good ?+2 eug5ics z ! drivel ( agitators1 :o _c tell ! diff]5ce betwe5 a g5tleman & a corn-f$ hog1 is q ano!r ?+4 ,! m>riage1 !re=e1 ( a p]son :o has be5 syphilitic to "o :o kn[s or does n "k ( ?is condition gets its mortality *iefly f ! damage to "o ( ! contract+ p>ties :i* is imm95t4 ,x is difficult to e/imate ! morality ( ! act z x ref]s to ! *ildr5 infect$ cong5itally1 & to society4 ,! natural ord]1 *>ity1 ju/ice1 & relat$ pr9ciples give e *ild ! "r to be born ) bodily heal?1 if su* an ev5t is possible4 ,if x is n possible 9 p>ticul> circum/ances1 !n melius esse quam non esse1 & ! decision 9 ea* case dep5ds on its own qualities4 ,if a physician kn[s t a p]son :o has be5 infect$ ) syphilis is ab\t to m>ry1 %\ld ! physician w>n ! innoc5t p>ty8 ,!re are sev]al conditions3 7#a7 ! infect$ p]son ab\t to m>ry may be actively infecti\s2 7#b7 ! p]son may be probably infective1 z any "o is :o has once _h syphilis2 7#c7 ! physician may "k ! fact ( ! infection (ficially or un(ficially2 7#d7 ! infective p]son may h gone to ! physician = treatm5t = a condition n connect$ ) ! syphilis--say1 = a bron*itis or a brok5 bone--& ! physician 9 ! exam9ation discov]s syphilis4 ,aga91 !re are v>i\s k9ds ( secrets4 ,/4 ,alphonsus ,liguori#afa classifies secrets 9 ?ree gr\ps3 7#a7 natural2 7#b7 promis$2 7#c7 entru/$ secrets4 ,a natural secret is "o :i* obliges u 9 ju/ice to obs]ve x if divulg+ x w gravely injure any "o 9 reputation or possessions4 ,we are n oblig$ to obs]ve a secret ( ?is k9d at ! risk ( our lives unless ! damage f ! divulg+ w\ld affect ! community gravely4 ,a promis$ secret obliges to sil5ce ei!r gravely or lightly1 accord+ to ! int5tion ( ! promis]4 ,:]e reasonable d\bt exi/s z to grave obligation1 su* obligation does n exi/4 ,a promise to secrecy made ev5 "u oa? is n b9d+ if "o is oblig$ 9 ju/ice to reveal ! secret2 !re=e we mu/ te/ify to ! crime ( ano!r :5 a judge legitimately dem&s our te/imony1 ev5 if we h promis$ n to tell any?+4 ,if a secret is entru/$ to "o1 & divulg+ w\ld cause grave damage1 b ju/ice1 or simil> circum/ances1 d n oblige u to reveal x1 we are b\nd to obs]ve x ev5 :5 que/ion$ by legitimate au?ority4 ,!n we may answ] we "k no?+ ab\t x1 at lea/ = revelation4 ,/4 ,alphonsus's text is3 ,potes respond]e te nihil scire1 scilicet ad revel&um4 ,8 mean+ seems to be3 ,y may say y "k no?+ ab\t ! matt] inquir$ into4 ,any o!r signification w\ld be futile4 ,to say lit]ally1 ,i d n "k any?+ ,i may tell1 w\ld only expose "o to puni%m5t = contempt4 ,he seems to make ! answ] a conv5tional d5ial1 l ! n guilty ( a crim9al4 ,a judge may n abrogate ! natural "r by :i* an entru/$ secret is protect$1 unless ! secret is already kn[n 9 "s o!r way1 or !re is a j cause = reveal+ x4#afb #afa ,!ologia ,moralis1 iv1 n4 #igj et seq4 #afb ,cf4 ,de ,lugo1 ,de ,ju/itia et ,jure1 disp4 #ad1 n4 #ada4 ,:5 an entru/$ secret1 h[ev]1 :i* is also call$ a /rict or absolutely natural secret1 is imp>t$ expressly or tacitly1 say1 to physicians1 lawy]s1 or prie/s1 & becomes a pr(essional secret1 x obliges m /rictly ?an any o!r4 ,!re are f\r conditions "u :i* su* an entru/$ secret may be reveal$1 at lea/ )\t mortal s9 7except by a confessor73 7#a7 ,if we h ! presum$ cons5t ( ! pr9cipal4 7#b7 ,if ! mat]ial ( ! secret is trivial1 or if x is kn[n f ano!r s\rce1 or is already public4 ,is x a mortal s9 to divulge a grave entru/$ secret to a responsible p]son :o is "u ! same bond8 ,/4 ,alphonsus1 ,de ,lugo1 & o!rs say probably x is n1 provid$ ! secret is n divulg$ to ! p>ticul> p]son f :om ! pr9cipal wi%$ x to be conceal$4 ,! t]m probably "h is te*nical & ref]s m to ! absolute tru? ( an ass]tion ?an to its practical application4 7#c7 ,"o might reveal su* a secret )\t mortal s91 ?r\gh inadv]t5ce or ?\ghtlessness1 or "u ! supposition t x is n a grave secret4 ,"s morali/s hold1 h[ev]1 t to excuse f mortal s91 ! reveal] mu/ be c]ta9 t ! matt] ( ! secret is n grave4 7#d7 ,su* a secret may be reveal$ if keep+ x w\ld cause public injury1 or injury to an innoc5t p]son1 or injury to ! p]son to :om ! secret has be5 entru/$2 !n ! law ( *>ity dem&s t x be reveal$4 ,!re=e1 ev5 if "o has b\nd himself "u oa?1 he may reveal ! secret--always except+ a prie/ or confessor4 ,?is is ! common doctr9e ( moral !ologians4 ,x is = ! common good ( human society t entru/$ secrets be absolutely kept unless s grave a damage befalls ano!r f su* obs]vance t x becomes m conducive to ! public good to reveal ?an to conceal4 ,to let an infective syphilitic1 = example1 spread 8 contagion m]ely because an entru/$ secret %\ld be kept is a mu* great] damage to ! public ?an a good4 ,b>rett#afc says a physician may n divulge ! diseases ( a family to an insurance company unless ! family ass5ts2 he may n tell ! man be=e m>riage t ! woman _h be5 op]at$ ^u1 say1 = ov>iotomy1 unless ! woman gives p]mission2 nor may he let ! woman "k1 be=e m>riage1 ( ^? diseases ( ! man :i* are n contagi\s4 ,ho says fur!r t if a man has _h syphilis & is n[ completely cur$1 ! physician may n reveal ?is previ\s condition to ! woman4 #afc ,sabetti-,b>rett1 ,comp5d4 ,!ol4 ,moral41 n4 #efe4 ,new ,york1 #aiae4 ,t doctr9e ab\t ov>iotomy1 if x includes d\ble ov>iotomy1 is disput$ by physicians because1 !y say1 su* a woman is /]ile & %e kn[+ly is go+ to deprive ! man ( 8 *ances ( hav+ *ildr52 secondly1 a woman ^u :om d\ble ov>iotomy has be5 p]=m$ is almo/ always a neura/h5ic invalid ) a m>k$ t5d5cy to insanity1 & x is a grave inju/ice to any man to saddle su* a deg5]ate ^u him = life by trea*]y4 ,! prospective injury to ! man is s great t ! physician %\ld fir/ try to induce ! woman to divulge h] condition1 & if %e does n1 ! physician at lea/ may divulge x4 ,secondly1 ,i d5y mo/ emphatically t any physician c tell t a man :o once has _h syphilis is completely cur$ & is n a s\rce ( infection4 ,! facts ,i h cit$ 9 ?is *apt] prove conclusively t once a syphilitic always probably a syphilitic1 & ! risk is always s great t ! physician is oblig$ fir/ to insi/ t ! man does n m>ry1 & if ! man p]si/s ! physician may let ! woman "k4 ,if prep>ations = ! m>riage h be5 made publicly1 ! physician w1 z a rule1 = 8 pa9s f ! woman & h] family get only a rebuff & ! woman w lat] get h] syphilis m or less c]ta9ly4 ,if ! man is actively infective ! physician is b\nd to let ! woman "k1 ?r\gh h] confessor if no o!r way pres5ts1 provid$ ! man _c be fright5$ out ( 8 sc\ndrelism4 ,if no?+ else avails1 ! physician w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 report+ su* a man to ! ,bo>d ( ,heal? or ! sanit>y police4 ,b>rett says ! physician may be excus$ f divulg+ t ! man has infective syphilis if su* a revelation w\ld cause ! physician to lose ! confid5ce ( 8 pati5ts4 ,x nev] does h su* an effect1 al?\gh physicians con/antly expose su* cases 9 ! int]e/s ( humanity4 ,because a man :o is app>5tly cur$ ( syphilis may or may n infect ! woman1 ?is d\bt probably excuses ! physician f ! /rict obligation ( divulg+ ! condition1 al?\gh he may tell h] if he wi%es to d s1 salvo meliore consilio1 z f> z ! release f /rict obligation to divulge is conc]n$4 ,if a pati5t ) syphilis goes to a physician = ! treatm5t ( "s o!r physical disability1 & ! physician discov]s ! syphilis 9 ! c\rse ( ! exam9ation1 ?is k ( ! syphilis w\ld be a tacitly entru/$ secret4 ,:e!r1 h[ev]1 a secret t a man is actively infective or v probably infective is entru/$ ei!r tacitly or directly1 x is n a privileg$ secret ow+ to ! dang] or c]ta9ty ( extraord9>y calamity to ! innoc5t second p>ty4 ,! fact t 9 ^! cases ( active or lat5t syphilis ! disease has be5 acquir$ crim9ally does n 9 itself affect ! /ate ( ! "q "o way or ano!r--a crim9al syphilitic has a "r to 8 reputation & goods despite 8 moral condition2 b ev5 :]e ! disease has be5 acquir$ )\t moral guilt ! syphilitic is always a =mally or mat]ially unju/ aggressor 9 a prospective m>riage to an innoc5t & un9fect$ woman1 & is to be treat$ accord+ly4 ,if a woman may kill an unju/ aggressor 9 def5ce ( h] *a/ity1 & if quod liceat p] se licet p] alium1 h] natural protectors1 k91 physician1 & s on1 may at lea/ divulge ! secret ( ! man's condition 9 def5ce ( h] f a fate :i* 9 _m respects is worse ?an rape4 ,9 keep+ ) ?is matt] ( entru/$ secrets x is wor? not+ t physicians %\ld rememb] t ! case hi/ories !y leave aft] !m at dea?1 or :i* !y leave ungu>d$ 9 _! (fices1 are likely to be read by "s ?ird p>ty :o has no "r to ! secrets !y conta94 ,case hi/ories :i* ! pati5ts w\ld n h divulg$ %\ld be kept 9 ciph] s f> z prop] names & addresses are conc]n$4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,gonorrhea ,,9 ,,m>riage ,gonorrhea is caus$ by ! gonococcus discov]$ by ,neiss] 9 #ahgi4 ,! "n 0 giv5 to ! disease 9 ! second c5tury by ,gal51 :o suppos$ t ! condition is a sp]matorrhea4 ,! infection beg9s z a surface inflammation & gradually p5etrates m or less deeply into ! und]ly+ tissues4 ,9 ! male1 gonorrhea may affect any "p ( ! body2 & :5 ! disease is *ronic x is a s\rce ( infection = ye>s4 ,if a man :o has _h gonorrhea wi%es to m>ry aft] c>eful treatm5t1 mo/ physicians w p]mit him to d s if he passes ! cu/om>y te/s :i* indicate cure1 b he is always dang]\s4 ,! te/s are3 7#a7 ! microscopic & cultural exam9ations ( ! c5trifugaliz$ morn+ ur9e--! wa%+s f ! ure?ra mu/ be negative aft] repeat$ trials & ov] a space ( mon?s2 7#b7 ! microscopic & cultural exam9ations ( ure?ral spontane\s & artificial dis*>ges mu/ be negative 9 ! same mann]2 7#c7 ! microscopic & cultural f9d+s ( ! secretion express$ f ! pro/ate & sem9al vesicles mu/ be negative 9 ! same mann]2 7#d7 ure?roscopic exam9ations ( ! ant]ior & po/]ior ure?ra mu/ %[ no unheal$ lesions2 7#e7 ! complem5t fixation te/ is to be repeat$ly negative4 ,! complem5t fixation te/ is l a ,wass]mann reaction1 b ! antig5 %\ld be polyval5t4 ,?is te/ does n give a positive reaction :]e no gonorrhea is pres5t1 b x is (t5 negative :]e ! gonococcus is pres5t4 ,h5ce a positive result has value1 b a negative result has little or no value4 ,all ^! te/s are to be tri$ repeat$ly1 & if negative = mon?s1 ! physician may say ! man is probably cur$1 b no physician c gu>antee ! cure s z to take ! responsibility ( ! decision4 ,n "o physician 9 five hundr$ c make ^! te/s himself1 because physicians 9 g5]al lack ! special tra9+ & ! means to make !m4 ,z ! effects ( gonorrheic infection 9 a woman are s appall+1 any woman :o witt+ly m>ries a man :o has _h gonorrhea is v ra%1 & ! man :o takes ! risk ( infect+ su* a woman is a rascal4 ,a physician is oblig$ to let a woman :o innoc5tly is ab\t to m>ry a cur$ gonorrheic "k ( ! man's condition1 z 9 a case ( suppos$ly cur$ syphilis4 ,tab] ,johnson1 ,noble1 & o!r au?orities1 say no "o c tell :5 a gonorrheic is absolutely cur$4 ,9 wom5 infection ( ! c]vix ut]i occurs 9 ab\t #hj p] c5t4 ( ! cases ( acute gonorrhea1 & 9 #ie p] c5t4 ( all *ronic cases4 ,! infection may ext5d up into ! ut]us at ! m5/rual p]iod or j aft] p>turition4 ,9 ! c]vix1 ow+ to ! hi/ologic =mation1 ! disease t5ds to *ronicity1 b ! inflammation )9 ! ut]us is mu* m likely to subside naturally4 ,*ronic gonorrhea ( ! endometrium is usually accompani$ by tubul> infection4 ,! infection ( ! ut]us may be sup]ficial or x may ext5d d[n into ! und]ly+ myometrium4 ,! inflammation ext5ds f ! endometrium to ! ,fallopian tubes & beyond1 caus+ salp+itis1 pyosalp9x1 hydrosalp9x1 tubov>ian abscess1 tubov>ian cy/s1 & pelvic p]itonitis4 ,! mo/ frequ5t =m ( tubal gonorrhea is pyosalp9x1 or pus tube4 ,9 ! acute /age ( tubal infection ! tubes become elongat$ & swoll51 & ! muc\s surfaces )9 are cov]$ ) a s]opurul5t exudate4 ,?is condition is call$ salp9x or salp+itis4 ,:5 ! condition advances s f> t ! ext]nal abdom9al o/ium ( ! tube is clos$1 a pyosalp9x =ms4 ,! pyosalp9x may be q l>ge4 ,a hydrosalp9x is l a pyosalp9x1 ) bo? tubal ends seal$1 except t its cont5t is a s]\s or wat]y fluid4 ,:5 infect$ mat]ial escapes ?r\gh ! di/al end ( ! tube1 p]iophoritis develops1 & ! ov>y becomes adh]5t to ! tube & o!r adnexa4 ,m commonly only ! surface ( ! ov>y is affect$1 b frequ5tly ! infection gets into ! body ( ! ov>y & causes ophoritis4 ,! ov>y !n swells & !re is a t5d5cy to ! =mation ( ret5tion & o!r cy/s1 or an abscess ( ! ov>y4 ,a tubov>ian cy/ is a hydrosalp9x 9 communication ) an ov>ian ret5tion cy/1 & a tubov>ian abscess is a l =mation4 ,gonorrhea1 especially 9 wom51 is likely to be v *ronic4 ,emil ,noegg]a?1 :o 9 #ahgb publi%$ a book#afd :i* *ang$ ! m$ical doctr9e on ! disease1 said ( wom51 ,once infect$1 always infect$4 ,norris#afe reports a case :]e ! gonococcus 0 lat5t 9 a man = tw5ty ye>s1 & he !n infect$ 8 wife & wi%$ to divorce h] until he f\nd t he himself 0 at fault4 ,sax#aff report$ an infection aft] f\rte5 ye>s2 ,mac,munn1#afg "o aft] fifte5 ye>s4 ,^! are exceptional durations 9 ! male = virul5ce1 ?\gh n = cont9uance ( ! diplococcus4 #afd ,die lat5te ,gonorrhoea 9 weib4 ,ges*lect4 ,bonn4 #afe ,gonorrhea 9 ,wom51 p4 #abc4 ,philadelphia1 #aiac4 #aff ,trans4 ,am]4 ,urological ,assoc41 vol4 iii4 #afg ,lancet1 ,novemb] #bd1 #aijf4 ,neiss]1 :o discov]$ ! cause ( gonorrhea1 holds t1 ) ! exception ( measles1 gonorrhea is ! mo/ widespread ( all maladies4 ,by /]iliz+ m5 & wom5 & by abortion x holds d[n ! bir?-rate m ?an any o!r disease4 ,! numb] ( dea?s f ! consequ5ces ( gonorrhea 7pelvic abscess1 p]itonitis1 septicemia1 endoc>ditis1 & s on7 is enorm\s4 ,norris ?9ks t #ab1jjj pro/itutes die annually f ! effects ( gonorrhea alone4 ,woodruff#afh holds t #fj1jjj is ne>] ! tru?4 ,! e/imate1 too1 is t #ej p] c5t4 ( all pelvic inflammatory diseases 9 wom5 is gonorrheic2 & ,neiss]1 ,bumm1 & ,frb+] hold t f #bj to #ej p] c5t4 ( *ildless m>riages are due to gonorrhea4 ,probably m ?an #bj p] c5t4 ( all ! bl9dness 9 ! _w is f ! same cause4 ,! ,committee ( ,sev51#afi 9 #aija1 aft] exam9+ mo/ ( ! hospital records 9 ,new ,york & he>+ f #dgej physicians1 e/imat$ t !re 7 m ?an #bbj1jjj v5]eal pati5ts 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,bi]h(f#agj reckon$ t 9 #aiaj !re 7 ab\t #hjj1jjj gonorrheics 9 t city4 ,9 #aijf1 9 ,baltimore1 !re 7 #ccaj cases ( ! infecti\s diseases l measles1 diph!ria1 sc>let fev]1 & tub]culosis comb9$1 b #idej cases ( v5]eal diseases4 ,9 ,new ,york ,city1 9 r\nd numb]s1 !re are annually ab\t #da1jjj cases ( infecti\s diseases1 exclud+ ! v5]eal gr\p1 b #bdc1jjj cases ( v5]eal diseases--ov] five times m cases ( v5]eal diseases ?an ( all ! o!r infecti\s diseases toge!r4 ,( #ab1jjj1jjj p]sons insur$ 9 ,g]many1 #gej1jjj annually are infect$ ) v5]eal diseases4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates navy betwe5 #aijd & #aijh1 ) an av]age ( #dc1afe m5 9 ! navy & m>9e corps1 !re 7 #cb1heb admissions to ! hospitals = v5]eal diseases1 & ( ^! #aa1ebf 7 cases ( gonorrhea4 ,?is report is f> bel[ ! actual numb]s1 z only m5 incapacitat$ = "w are includ$ 9 ! li/4 ,9 ! ,engli% navy 9 #aijf ! daily numb] ( m5 r5d]$ ineffici5t by v5]eal diseases 0 #hfg4 ,9 ! total relative numb] ( v5]eal diseases ! ,am]ican army & navy1 be=e ! pres5t w>1 7 ! wor/ 9 ! _w1 ! ,japanese navy next1 ! ,engli% army & navy next4 #afh ,expansion ( ,races4 ,new ,york1 #aiji4 #afi ,m$ical ,news1 ,decemb] #ba1 #aiji4 #agj ,new ,york ,m$4 ,j\r41 ,novemb] #ab1 #aiaj4 ,sullivan & ,spauld+#aga report$ on ! preval5ce & effects ( gonorrhea 9 #ebb wom5 & girls 9 a ,massa*usetts re=matory = wom54 ,( ^! wom5 #ge4g p] c5t4 _h gonorrhea by positive diagnosis4 ,! av]age l5g? ( "t ! infection _h exi/$ :5 diagnos$ 0 f\r ye>s & five mon?s1 b "o woman _h _h ! disease = tw5ty-six ye>s1 & sev5 _h _h x = ov] tw5ty ye>s4 ,9 #hb4g p] c5t4 !re _h be5 no cessation ( ! cl9ical symptoms f ! "t ( infection to ! "t ( diagnosis4 ,( ! total numb] #fh p] c5t4 _h pelvic inflammation on "o side1 & #bg p] c5t4 _h x on bo? sides4 ,!re 7 #da p] c5t4 ( ! cases :i* _h _h surgical op]ations or :i* requir$ su* treatm5t4 #aga ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 ,janu>y #h1 #aiaf4 ,( #fc wom5 committ$ = alcoholism #eb4d p] c5t4 _h gonorrhea1 #db4h p] c5t4 _h syphilis1 & #i4f p] c5t4 _h d\btful syphilis2 b ( #djj wom5 :o _h be5 at "s "t pro/itutes #ih4b p] c5t4 _h gonorrhea1 #fe4e p] c5t4 _h syphilis1 & #i4e p] c5t4 _h d\btful syphilis4 ,( #aai m5tal defectives among ^! wom51 #ij4h p] c5t4 _h gonorrhea1 #fa4c p] c5t4 _h syphilis1 & #f4g p] c5t4 _h d\btful syphilis4 ,dr4 ,?omas ,ha9es#agb report$ on #cfe cases ( boys & girls "u eighte5 ye>s ( age committ$ to an ,ohio re=matory1 & ( ^! #bj4h p] c5t4 _h syphilis1 & x 0 mo/ly acquir$ syphilis1 n cong5ital--ov] "o-f\r? ( ! boys 7 s affect$4 ,mc,neil#agc exam9$ #abjj adult negroes 9 ,galve/on1 ,texas1 = syphilis & f\nd ! disease 9 #cj p] c5t4 ( ! #abjj4 #agb ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 ,janu>y #h1 #aiaf4 #agc ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 ,septemb] #cj1 #aiaf4 ,h[>d ,kelly#agd e/imat$ t v5]eal diseases co/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?ree billion doll>s annually1 & ,norris ?9ks ?is e/imate too l[4 ,! ravages ( ! disease are s frightful1 physically & morally1 t any "o :o spreads x by infection1 especially ( an innoc5t woman1 is guilty ( ! grave/ moral inju/ice4 ,morr[#age ?9ks t #bej1jjj m>ri$ wom5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are suff]+ f gonorrhea4 ,z mo/ ( ^! un=tunate wom5 are infect$ by immoral husb&s1 & z ! invalidism & suff]+ !y und]go are indescribable & cure is (t5 impossible1 ! physician :o p]mits a gonorrheic to m>ry )\t a prote/ is responsible = ! evil z an accomplice2 &1 z has be5 said1 once a gonorrheic1 probably always a gonorrheic4 #agd ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 ,octob] #f1 #aiab4 #age ,social ,diseases & ,m>riage1 #aijd4 ,pelvic inflammatory disease includes 9 ! ut]us & its adnexa alone metritis1 salp+itis1 ophoritis1 pelvic p]itonitis1 cellulitis1 lymphangitis1 & p]imetritis4 ,pus may rupture into ! pelvic cavity & set up local or g5]al p]itonitis or septicemia4 ,x may burr[ ?r\gh f beh9d ! ut]us into ! vag9a1 rectum1 or o!r p>ts ( ! inte/9es1 or into ! bladd]1 & leave fi/ulas4 ,pus has be5 kn[n to get ?r\gh ! abdom9al wall itself4 ,:5 ! disease advances beyond ! tubes !re is1 z a rule1 invalidism until aft] ! m5opause1 al?\gh ! woman may be cur$ by surg]y4 ,ev5 skill$ surg]y does n always cure1 because x is practically impossible to get rid ( ! gonococcus once x has be5 fix$ 9 ! tissues4 ,9 cases :]e ! gonorrheic or o!r bact]ial infection has be5 *ronic 9 ! ut]9e adnexa1 palliative treatm5t w 9 a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( cases make surgical int]v5tion unnecess>y1 & :5 su* treatm5t does n avail we mu/ decide betwe5 ! total removal ( organs & ! p>tial removal4 ,p>tial removal is call$ cons]vative surg]y1 & ! t]m cons]vative is us$ z a synonym ( pres]vative4 ,pro*[nick#agf report$ #dbj cases :]e pus 9 ! tubes or ov>ies 0 let out extrap]itoneally1 & no organs 7 remov$4 ,( ^! cases1 "o hundr$ & sixty1 or #ch p] c5t41 7 p]man5tly cur$4 ,f\rte5 ( ! "o hundr$ & sixty :o _h receiv$ only "o treatm5t subsequ5tly gave bir? to *ildr51 & ?ree abort$4 ,aft] a second treatm5t tw5ty-sev5 rema9$ well & ?ree became pregnant1 ( :om "o abort$4 ,ol%aus51#agg a great au?ority 9 gynecology1 us$ ! palliative treatm5t1 & he commonly wait$ = n9e mon?s aft] ! infection & until ! temp]ature 0 normal4 ,go?#agh report$ excell5t results 9 sev5 hundr$ cases ( pelvic disease treat$ by ! palliative me?od4 ,! *ief objections to ?is me?od are ! "t requir$ to get ! result1 & ! difficulty ( controll+ ! pati5ts & _! *ronically diseas$ husb&s1 :o re9fect !m despite ! m$ical prohibition ( m>ital int]c\rse4 #agf ,monats*rift f4 ,geburt4 u4 ,gyn41 #aiji1 n4 #bj4 #agg ,zeits*r4 f4 ,geb4 u4 ,gyn41 #aijg1 vol4 lix1 n4 #a4 #agh ,ar*iv4 f4 ,gyn41 vol4 xcii1 n4 #b4 ,9 cases ( *ronic pelvic p]itonitis ! "q comes up frequ5tly :e!r ! womb & bo? tubes & ov>ies %\ld be remov$ :olly or 9 "p4 ,! text-books decide ! "q )\t any he$ :atev] to ! notion ( ! morality ( mutilation z su*4 ,!y take into acc\nt ! age ( ! pati5t1 :e!r %e has *ildr5 or is desir\s ( mat]nity1 :e!r or n %e supports h]self by manual labor1 h] temp]am5t & "*1 & ! results atta9$ by m5 :o h tri$ v>i\s me?ods ( op]at+4 ,! cons]vative surg]y ( ! ut]us & its adnexa 9 gonococcal pelvic p]itonitis 0 = _m ye>s look$ ^u ) disfavor by surgeons4 ,^! cons]vative op]ations (t5 fail$ or lat] requir$ second>y int]v5tion4 ,prelim9>y palliative treatm5t z n[ us$ greatly less5$ ! numb] ( failures4 ,op]ations 9 p]itonic conditions are dang]\s because !y may let loose ency/$ bact]ia & />t up a g5]al septic p]itonitis1 :i* may be fatal4 ,by delay & palliative treatm5t ! virul5ce ( ! bact]ia subsides1 except :]e ! woman is re9fect$ by h] husb&4 ,9 any case ! blood-c\nt %\ld h be5 normal = at lea/ a mon? & a half be=e any surgical int]f]5ce is attempt$4 ,ol%aus5 wait$ n9e mon?s to let nature dis9fect ! pus4 ,! removal ( a "p ( a tube is call$ salp+otomy2 ! tak+ out ( ! :ole tube is salp+ectomy2 ! op5+ up ( a %ut tube is salp+o/omy4 ,! pres5ce ( pus 9 a tube is absolute indication = removal accord+ to ! gynecologi/s at pres5t4 ,h[>d ,kelly & o!rs h succe$$ at times 9 su* cases ) cons]vative surg]y1 yet su* treatm5t is n[ deem$ obsolete--! dang]s & failures seem to ov]balance ! little good effect$4 ,! end ( cons]vative surg]y is to try to re/ore function )\t pa91 to pres]ve m5/ruation & ovulation1 to put ! organs 9 a condition to make pregnancy possible1 & to pres]ve ! int]nal secretion ( ! ov>ies4 ,! ov>ies1 s f> z ! woman's heal? is conc]n$1 are ! mo/ important ( h] g5]ative organs4 ,if a woman is at ! end ( h] *ild-be>+ age !re is no reason to pres]ve ! tubes :5 !y are affect$1 & cons]vation is likely to fail2 b ! ov>ies %\ld always be pres]v$1 :olly or 9 "p1 :5 possible4 ,if "o tube is infect$ f ! ut]us _m gynecologi/s are incl9$ to remove bo? tubes4 ,:5 a s+le tube is affect$ ! cause is seldom ! gonococcus1 b "s o!r bact]ia :i* are n p]si/5t4 ,:5 bo? tubes are affect$ ! cause is commonly ! gonococcus1 & attempts at pres]vation !n fail1 z a rule4 ,norris1 :o is a reliable au?ority1 holds t ! only cases 9 :i* a salp+o/omy is ju/ifiable is on old1 non-active hydrosalp+es1 & 9 ^? cases ( tubal occlusion or phimosis result+ f extratubal inflammation1 su* z sometimes result f app5dicitis or ectopic pregnancies4#agi ,:5 a tube is %ut1 if x c be op5$ ! op5+ t5ds to close aga94 ,a few cases ( subsequ5t pregnancy h occurr$ aft] salp+o/omy1 b su* a result is exceptional1 because ! orig9 is usually ! gonococcus1 :i* de/roys tissue & is v p]si/5t4 #agi ,gonorrhea 9 ,wom51 p4 #bhe4 ,philadelphia1 #aiac4 ,! ov>y corresponds to ! te/icle1 & ! ,fallopian tube to ! vas def]5s4 ,removal ( ! ov>ies1 or removal or closure ( ! ,fallopian tubes1 r5d]s ! woman /]ile1 b removal ( ! ov>ies has o!r pr(\nd effects beside /]ility4 ,loss ( ! ov>ies br+s on suppression ( ovulation1 m5/ruation1 pregnancy1 & ov>ian int]nal secretion1 v>i\s neuroses1 & a t5d5cy to insanity 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,! te/icles & pro/ate gl& produce an int]nal secretion conta9+ sp]m91 & ! ov>ies a simil> nitrog5\s base call$ ov>91 :i* acts l sp]m94 ,! supr>5al gl&s secrete ep9ephr92 ! ?yroid gl& & ! pituit>y body also make int]nal secretions1 & ^! secretions su/a9 ! tone ( ! blood-vessels & effect immunity aga9/ ^? tox9s t arise f metabolic wa/e sub/ances :ile ^! are 9 ! body be=e elim9ation4 ,if !re is a hyp]secretion f "o or m ( ^! gl&s1 ! excess causes conge/ion ( ! c]ebrum & c]ebellum & ( ! n]ve c5tres !re1 & "o effect may !n be a sexual ere?ism t leads to ma/urbation & simil> deord9ation4 ,ca/ration 9 ! male or ov>iotomy 9 ! female /ops all production ( sp]m9 & ov>94 ,9 man ! pro/ate gl& also ceases its function aft] ca/ration1 & vasectomy less5s ! production ( sp]m94 ,9 ca/ration or spay+1 aga91 :5 we remove ! p[] ( produc+ sp]m9 or ov>91 t function ( ! te/es & ov>ies :]eby ! body is immuniz$ aga9/ poison+ by its own effete mat]ial is also inhibit$1 & evil effects arise f ?is wa/e mat]ial4 ,^! tox9s act j z w\ld an excess ( sp]m9 or ov>9--!y conge/ ! cranial n]ve c5tres1 excite fev]1 neuroses1 or tempor>y sexual ere?ism4 ,?is excitem5t may gradually subside z equilibrium is re/or$ & neutralization effect$1 ?r\gh a comp5satory ov]production ( ! int]nal secretions by ! o!r gl&s rema9+ 9 ! body4 ,cimoroni#ahj f\nd aft] ov>iotomy an increase 9 size ( ! pituit>y body ) dilatation ( ! blood-vessels4 ,gold/e9#aha report$ a case ( gigantism f ov]activity ( ! pituit>y gl& aft] ca/ration4 ,acromegaly 9 cases :]e !re 0 no ca/ration has be5 accompani$ by atrophy ( te/icles & ov>ies4 ,cecca#ahb f\nd l effects 9 ! ?yroid1 & sev]al h obs]v$ ^! effects 9 ! adr5als4 ,all ^! results h also be5 produc$ exp]im5tally on animals4 #ahj ,policl9ico1 #aijg1 p4 #af4 #aha ,mn*5] m$iz9is*e ,wo*5s*rift1 ,april #h1 #aiac4 #ahb ,soc4 ,m$4-,*ir4 de ,bologne1 #aijd4 ,wom5 at ! m5opause frequ5tly are obs]v$ :o h become neura/h5ic f ! irritation ( wa/e mat]ial intoxication :i* is n neutraliz$ because ! ov>ies are ceas+ to function4 ,ov>iotomy 9 y\ng] wom5 produces ?is m5opause artificially & sudd5ly2 & wom5 f :om bo? ov>ies h be5 remov$1 z a rule1 become neurotic invalids ) a t5d5cy to insanity if !y are un/able 9 "* or h a bad inh]itance4 ,if ! :ole ?yroid gl& is remov$1 dea? results f intoxication4 ,extreme obesity is an effect ( und]secretion by ! gl&s & a consequ5t lack ( oxidation4 ,fat *ildr5 h defici5t gl&s1 z a rule1 & eunu*s gr[ fat z capons d4 ,removal ( ! ov>ies be=e pub]ty arre/s or prev5ts ! developm5t ( ! ut]us2 removal aft] pub]ty /ops m5/ruation1 ! brea/s atrophy1 & !re is an arre/ ( g5]al physical gr[?4 ,gordon#ahc report$ on #aab cases ( ophorectomy4 ,( ^! ?irty-f\r _h _h be=e op]ation v>i\s symptoms ( neura/h5ia1 hy/]ia1 or psy*a/h5ia1 & vague abdom9al di/urbances4 ,surgeons 9 ea* ( ^! ?irty-f\r cases blam$ ! ov>ies = ! symptoms2 & al?\gh ^! organs 7 n diseas$ 9 any degree1 ! surgeons remov$ !m4 ,9 tw5ty-five ( ^! cases !re 0 no improvem5t :atev]2 9 ! rema9+ n9e !re 0 improvem5t = a few weeks1 b complete relapse lat]1 & f9ally _! symptoms grew worse4 ,! obsessions became p]man5t & exp&$4 ,^? wom5 9 ! gr\p :o _h hy/]ical p>oxysms began to h /rong] & m frequ5t attacks4 ,sev]al psy*a/h5ics _h to be conf9$ 9 asylums = ! insane4 ,?ree ( ! wom5 :o _h compla9$ m]ely ( vague n]v\s symptoms1 z pa9 9 ! abdom51 head1 or back1 or ( con/ipation or di>rhea1 aft] ophorectomy grew irritable1 highly n]v\s1 qu>relsome1 fickle1 re/less1 %[$ a t5d5cy to travel ab\t1 to compla9 ( o!rs2 f9ally !re 0 insomnia1 & loss ( appetite or voracity4 ,9 ! rema9+ sev5ty-five cases "o or bo? ! ov>ies 7 diseas$1 b bo? ov>ies 7 completely remov$4 ,all ^! wom5 develop$ symptoms l ^? describ$ above1 b sev]al grew mu* worse 9 _! m5tal condition ?an ! psy*a/h5ics among ! fir/ ?irty-f\r wom54 ,! g5]ally obs]v$ symptoms are3 re/lessness ) a t5d5cy to move f place to place2 loss ( self-control2 dissatisfaction ) all p]sons & ?+s2 want ( int]e/ 9 "w2 indol5ce2 pessimism4 ,sometimes !re are outbur/s ( ang]1 ) a t5d5cy to attack4 ,! m5tal conditions d n1 z a rule1 become cle>ly develop$ melan*olias or manias1 al?\gh a few d gr[ def9itely insane4 ,! morbid symptoms1 h[ev]1 p]si/ ob/9ately4 ,aft] t5 ye>s' obs]vation ,gordon f\nd no improvem5t 9 "s ( ^! psy*a/h5ics4 #ahc ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 ,octob] #ag1 #aiad4 ,:5 ! ov>ies mu/ be remov$ = diseases l cy/ic deg5]ation or abscess1 ! surgeon leaves1 if possible1 "p ( an ov>y1 or he engrafts "p ( an ov>y 9 ! abdom9al w\nd1 "u ! sk91 or else:]e4 ,?is graft+ is b5eficial 9 _m cases1 b x has little or no effect 9 _m o!rs4 ,! graft is absorb$ & x disappe>s 9 a ye> or two1 b be=e x is absorb$ x makes ! onset ( ! surgical m5opause gradual & ?us prev5ts mu* suff]+4 ,9 ?irty-two cases report$ by ,*alfant#ahd ! graft gave evid5ce ( function+ 9 five ( sev5te5 wom5 f :om ! ut]us & ov>ies _h be5 remov$2 9 o!rs x act$ = mon?s & !n fail$2 9 o!rs x less5$ ! unfavorable symptoms2 9 o!rs x _h no effect at all4 ,/ock]#ahe report$ two successful implantations ( ov>ian grafts & "o te/icul> graft4 #ahd ,surg]y1 ,gynecology1 & ,ob/etrics1 ,novemb]1 #aiae4 ,*icago4 #ahe ,correspond5z-,blatt f4 ,s*weiz] ,a]zte1 ,febru>y #ab1 #aiaf4 ,giles#ahf says t 9 8 s]ies ( #aeg cases ( d\ble ophorectomy sev]e m5tal depression occurr$ 9 v>i\s gr\ps 9 f #aj to #cc p] c5t41 & two wom5 became insane4 ,sex in/9ct 0 aboli%$ 9 #af p] c5t4 ,dick9son#ahg f\nd1 9 #bjj cases :]e "o or bo? ov>ies _h be5 remov$1 t n m ?an #bj p] c5t4 fell into ! surgical m5opause ev5 :5 ! ut]us _h be5 tak5 out2 b ,giles1 9 #ej removals ( "o ov>y1 f\nd irregul>ity1 dim9ution1 or cessation ( ! m5ses 9 #af p] c5t4 ,c>mi*ael1 ,valtorta1 & ,mc,ilroy#ahh discov]$ 9 animals a comp5satory hyp]trophy ( ! rema9+ ov>y aft] "o ov>y _h be5 remov$4 ,! int]nal function & nutrition seem to dep5d ^u ! ov>ian secretion1 z atrophy occurs aft] bilat]al ophorectomy4 ,9 all op]ations ^u or ne> ! ov>ies !re is likelihood ( int]f]5ce ) ! blood supply ( ! ov>y1 ei!r by includ+ ov>ian art]ies 9 ! ligatures1 or by t5sion ( ^! vessels1 :i* occludes !m1 or by malposition & prolapse ( ! ov>y1 :i* k9ks !m3 ^! accid5ts result 9 deg5]ation or ret5tion cy/s4 ,9 mo/ cases ( pelvic p]itonitis ! ut]us is retrodisplac$1 & ?is position prev5ts cure until x is correct$4 #ahf ,j\r4 ,ob/et4 & ,gynecol4 ( ,brit4 ,empire1 ,m>* & ,april1 #aiaj4 #ahg ,trans4 ,am]4 ,gyn4 ,soc41 vol4 xxxvi1 p4 #cbd4 #ahh ,norris1 ,gonorrhea 9 ,wom51 p4 #bhi4 ,:5 !re is pus 9 ! ov>y1 resection1 9 ! op9ion ( gynecologi/s at pres5t1 is n an advisable op]ation2 ! ov>y %\ld be remov$4 ,watk9s1#ahi h[ev]1 says he resects small ov>ian abscesses 9 "y wom5 ) good results4 ,9 resection ! blood supply is1 z has be5 said1 usually di/urb$1 & ! cause = ! op]ation is1 z a rule1 ! gonococcus1 & bo? ^! circum/ances make ! prognosis bad4 ,! /it*es necess>ily us$ 9 resection op]ations are an additional s\rce ( irritation4 ,turetta#aij speaks 9 favor ( resection 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,a s+le ret5tion cy/ may be resect$1 especially :5 p$unculat$4 ,boldt#aia _h only "o bad result 9 =ty-five resections :]e a "p ( ! ov>y 0 sav$4 ,if ! blood supply aft] ! resection is evid5tly to be poor1 resection is useless4 ,skill 9 surgical te*nic has mu* to d ) success 9 all ^! cases4 ,:5 ! ut]us is remov$ because ( tumors1 ev5 ne> ! "t ( ! m5opause1 if "o or bo? ov>ies c be left 91 ?is %\ld be done4 ,9 su* cons]vative op]ations ,dick9son f\nd #hj p] c5t4 ( ! pati5ts free f n]v\s di/urbance at ! "t ( ! m5opause4 #ahi ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 ,janu>y1 #aiac4 #aij ,il ,policl9ico1 ,janu>y #c1 #aiai4 #aia ,trans4 ,am]4 ,gynecol4 ,soc41 vol4 xxxiv1 p4 #cbg4 ,philadelphia1 #aiji4 ,polak#aib describes an op]ation = ! pres]vation ( ! m5/rual function 9 d\ble suppurative disease ( ! tubes & *ronic metritis4 ,he ma9ta9s t ev5 if only "o tube is infect$1 bo? %\ld be remov$ because ?is app>5tly s\nd second tube w lat]1 almo/ z a rule1 %[ infection--probably by ext5sion f ! fundus ( ! ut]us inside4 ,ord9>ily inflammation ( ! tubes happ5s to be bilat]al4 ,ow+ to ! p]si/5ce ( ! gonococcus 9 ! ut]9e muscle1 surgeons are incl9$ to ! removal ( ! :ole ut]us & bo? tubes4 ,aft] su* an op]ation m5/ruation ceases1 & 9 ! removal ( ! ut]us ! blood supply to ! ov>y is int]f]$ ) s t ! ov>ies deg5]ate4 ,! consequ5t artificial m5opause has a decid$ly injuri\s effect on ! woman's g5]al physical & m5tal heal?4 ,! p>ts ( ! ut]us p]man5tly infect$ by *ronic gonorrhea are ! c]vical region1 ! fundus & ! p>tes int]/itiales ( ! ,fallopian tubes4 ,polak advises t 9 cases :]e surgeons usually remove ! tubes & ! :ole ut]us !y %\ld in/ead cure ! c]vical infection by ! caut]y & take out ! tubes1 b 9 place ( ! removal ( ! :ole ut]us !y %\ld cut out a w$ge includ+ ! fundus & ! p>tes int]/itiales ( ! tubes4 ,?is leaves ! body ( ! ut]us & does n injure ! circulation to ! ov>ies4 ,9 ! la/ sev5te5 cases ?us op]at$ ^u by him he _h success4 #aib ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 ,decemb] #h1 #aiag4 ,:5 x is necess>y to remove bo? ov>ies & tubes an op9ion v common n[ is t x is bett] to take out ! ut]us also1 because 9 su* cases ! ut]us & vag9a atrophy & ?is condition lat] causes tr\ble4 ,giles came ^u su* tr\ble 9 #aa p] c5t4 ( sixty-two cases4 ,z ! ut]us is useless aft] ! removal ( ! ov>ies & tubes1 !re is no reason :y x %\ld n be remov$4 ,! dang] ( atrophy is suffici5t reason = ! mutilation4 ,9 op]ations = pelvic p]itonitis x is well to remove also ! app5dix1 because x is ne>ly always diseas$1 or x w give tr\ble f adhesions lat] & cause a second>y op]ation4 ,x has no function we "k ( at pres5t4 ,9 cons]vative surg]y ( ! ut]us & adnexa = pelvic inflammatory diseases1 ! results atta9$ by f\r skill$ surgeons are3 ,giles cur$ #ij p] c5t4 ( #acb cases2 ,polak cur$ #ce p] c5t4 ( #cjj cases2 ,rob9s cur$ #ajj p] c5t4 ( #bj cases2 ,norris cur$ #gc p] c5t4 ( #aia cases4 ,polak's pati5ts became pregnant aft] op]ation mu* (t5] ?an ^? ( ! o!r op]ators4 ,sev5te5 p] c5t4 ( 8 pati5ts1 f :om he remov$ "o ov>y & resect$ ! o!r1 became pregnant4 ,giles f\nd t ( 8 m>ri$ pati5ts "u fifty ye>s ( age at ! "t ( ! op]ation #be p] c5t4 became pregnant & w5t to t]m4 ,!y bore tw5ty-five *ildr54 ,five ( ^! also misc>ri$4 ,9 sixty-eight ( ,morris's cases sev5te5 7 deliv]$ ( liv+ *ildr5 aft] ! op]ation2 ?ree _h two *ildr5 ea*1 "o _h ?ree *ildr51 & !re 7 sev5 misc>riages4 ,9 "o ( 8 cases :]e he remov$ "o ov>y & bo? tubes1 ! woman bore a heal?y full-t]m *ild two ye>s aft] ! op]ation4 ,dudley#aic f\nd t ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( #bafh cases ( resection became pregnant aft] op]ation4 ,ectopic ge/ation is likely to occur 9 a few cases aft] cons]vative op]ations4 ,giles _h sev5 su* cases 9 8 s]ies ( #acb op]ations1 ,polak "o1 & ,norris two4 #aic ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 vol4 xli1 n4 #bd4 ,:5 x is necess>y to remove ! ut]us1 ! *oice betwe5 supravag9al hy/]ectomy1 :]e ! c]vix is left 9 aft] ! de/ruction ( its mucosa1 & panhy/]ectomy1 :]e ! c]vix & ! body ( ! ut]us are remov$1 (f]s no moral problem except ! necessity ( decid+ ^u :at w be be/ = ! woman4 ,rupture ( a pus tube is a v dang]\s accid5t--all ! pati5ts suff]+ f su* a rupture die if n op]at$ ^u1 & fifty p] c5t4 die ev5 aft] op]ation4 ,a physician may d ?is damage by ignorant or c>eless exam9ation1 & he may be morally responsible = ! dea?4 ,! accid5t happ5s n unfrequ5tly f m>ital congress1 & if ! husb& has be5 w>n$ by a physician b does n he$ ?is w>n+1 he is guilty ( murd] if ! woman dies aft] rupture ( ! pus tube4 ,pregnant wom5 are m liable to infection by ! gonococcus ?an non-gravid wom51 because ( ! increas$ blood supply to ! g5]ative organs 9 ge/ation1 & ! s(t5+ ( ^! organs4 ,= ! same reason1 lat5t gonorrhea is likely to become active & to spread dur+ pregnancy4 ,a l activity & ext5sion ( lat5t gonorrhea (t5 occurs dur+ m5/ruation4 ,wom5 ) gonorrhea are commonly /]ile--?is is ! *ief reason :y pro/itutes are usually /]ile4 ,9 m>ri$ wom5 gonorrhea may cause dysp>eunia2 x may br+ on abortion ?r\gh endometritis2 x may %ut ! tubes & prev5t conception2 x may de/roy ! ov>ies4 ,! disease is extremely frequ5t dur+ pregnancy4 ,gurd#aid isolat$ ! gonococcus 9 #eb ( #aac pregnant wom5 :o came to 8 disp5s>y s]vice because ( pelvic pa94 ,leopold1 ,/eph5son1 ,fruh9holtz1 & _m o!rs e/imat$ t ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ( all pregnant wom5 h gonorrhea1 b m rec5t obs]v]s ?9k t f #e to #aj p] c5t4 is ne>] ! tru?4 #aid ,montreal ,m$4 ,j\r41 vol4 xxxvii4 ,:5 a pregnant woman has gonorrhea great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 treatm5t to prev5t abortion4 ,p[]ful antiseptics 9 ! c]vix1 or dilatation ( ! c]vix1 are n p]missible1 & op]ative int]f]5ce is to be delay$ z long z possible--9 ea* in/ance to avoid abortion4 ,! vag9al d\*e z a r\t9e treatm5t is n us$ n[ by ob/etricians 9 ^! cases4 ,:5 ! gonorrhea is 9 ! ut]us d\*es ( hot bi*loride solution1 #a to #aj1jjj1 are us$ twice daily dur+ ! la/ few weeks ( ge/ation1 ) ! int5tion ( sav+ ! infant's eyes f infection dur+ deliv]y4 ,aft] deliv]y ! cavity ( ! ut]us %\ld n be ent]$ ) in/rum5ts le/ infection be c>ri$ 91 unless absolute necessity requires ?is in/rum5tal proc$ure4 ,po/-p>tum gonorrheal sepsis is diff]5tiat$ f o!r septic conditions *iefly by ! hi/ory ( gonorrhea 9 ! husb&1 by bact]iological exam9ations1 & by ! te*nical diff]5tiation ( symptoms4 ,! moral guilt ( a p]son :o infects ano!r ) gonorrhea is affect$ by ! ext5t ( ! physical injury done4 ,gonorrhea causes1 besides ! effects already describ$3 7#a7 *ronic cy/itis1 ) all ! suff]+1 loss ( "w1 & dang] ( r5al infection 9 su* a condition2 7#b7 lymphad5itis ( ! +u9al canal1 & r>ely ( o!r places2 7#c7 proctitis1 or inflammation ( ! rectum1 especially 9 wom5 & "y *ildr52 7#d7 oph?almia1 vag9itis1 & proctitis 9 infants & *ildr51 & meta/atic conjunctivitis2 7#e7 /omatitis or inflammation ( ! m\? 9 adults & *ildr52 7#f7 nasal gonorrhea 7a d\btful condition72 7#g7 gonorrheal septicemia1 bact]emia1 or toxemia1 :i* may affect any organ 9 ! entire body2 7#h7 bone & jo9t lesions3 7a7 gonorrheal ar?ritis 9 any jo9t 9 ! body 7?is condition may be fatal1 or x may leave p]man5t disability1 or x may disappe>72 7b7 t5osynovitis1 or pa91 swell+1 & edema along affect$ t5don %ea?s2 7c7 gonorrheal p]io/itis1 :]e ! bone & p]io/eum ne> a jo9t are affect$2 7d7 p]i*ondritis & *ondritis1 a r>e condition1 :]e c>tilage is attack$2 7#i7 endoc>ditis1 or inflammation ( ! l9+ membrane ( ! he>t 7"o ( ! mo/ frequ5t second>y lesions ( gonorrhea72 7#aj7 p]ic>ditis1 or inflammation ( ! sac :i* conta9s ! he>t2 7#aa7 myoc>ditis1 an inflammation ( ! he>t muscle itself1 usually z an ext5sion ( endoc>ditis2 7#ab7 aortitis1 or inflammation ( ! aorta--a r>e condition2 7#ac7 phlebitis1 an inflammation ( ! ve9s--a v r>e condition2 7#ad7 ?rombosis1 or block+ ( a blood-vessel by exudate 7?is may be fatal72 7#ae7 sk9 lesions1 z ery!ma1 ery!ma nodosum1 bull\s & hemorrhagic eruptions1 hyp]c]atosis1 & ulc]s2 7#af7 gonorrhea ( ! lungs 9 septicemia2 7#ag7 gonorrheal pleurisy 9 septicemia2 7#ah7 gonorrheal nephritis1 :i* is frequ5t 9 gonorrheal septicemia--! condition is (t5 fatal2 7#ai7 p]9ephritis1 a v r>e condition2 7#bj7 gonorrhea ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 z neuritis or neuralgia1 or neuroses1 :i* v>y f slight melan*olia to sev]e m5tal di/urbances2 7#ba7 p>otiditis1 a v r>e condition2 7#bb7 otitis1 or inflammation ( ! middle e>1 a v r>e condition2 7#bc7 suppuration 9 muscles1 or "u ! sk92 7#bd7 w\nd septicemia2 7#be7 v5]eal w>ts2 & 7#bf7 epididymitis1 :i* (t5 causes n only /]ility b impot5ce4 ,campbell#aie report$ a gonorrheal infection ( a comp\nd fracture at ! ankle--x requir$ f\r mon?s to get ! w\nd free ( ! infection4 ,gonorrheal oblit]at+ epididymitis is q common4 ,delbet & ,*evassu#aif f\nd #aad cases ( male /]ility 9 #aca cases ( epididymitis4 ,m ?an half ( su* cases are left p]man5tly /]ile1 & if ! function ( ! te/icle _c be re/or$ by ! surgeon ! pati5t is impot5t1 & any m>riage he w\ld make1 444 is r5d]$ void4 ,^! two surgeons h re/or$ function 9 six su* cases by unit+ ! vas ) ! epididymis by ,m>t9's op]ation4 ,x is mu* easi] to re/ore function aft] vasectomy ?an aft] oblit]at+ epididymitis4 #aie ,new ,york ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 ,febru>y #bb1 #aijh4 #aif ,canadian ,presse ,mdic41 ,july1 #aijh4 ,!re are frequ5t cases ( ar?ritic rheumatism 9 :i* ! s\rce ( ! infection is a *ronic gonorrhea ( ! sem9al vesicles4 ,full]#aig has done #aja vesiculotomies = ?is condition1 & ( ^! tw5ty-?ree 7 gonorrheal4 ,9 ^! tw5ty-?ree ! excision ( ! infect$ vesicles cur$ ! rheumatism4 ,9 vesiculotomy great c>e mu/ be tak5 n to cut ! vas def]5s4 ,if x is cut ! man is impot5t until ! vas is re/or$1 & x w\ld be a v difficult op]ation to reunite ! vas if cut ne> ! vesicles4 #aig ,new ,york ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 ,may #cj1 #aijh4 ,( all ! gonorrheal affections ( ! body ! mo/ dang]\s & important are ! c>diac inflammations & oph?almia neonatorum4 ,?is oph?almia is a purul5t infection ( ! ext]nal p>ts ( ! eye 9 infants4 ,x may be caus$ by _m k9ds ( toxic bact]ia1 b ! wor/ cases are f ! diph!ria bacillus 7a v r>e condition7 & ! gonococcus 7a v frequ5t condition74 ,be=e #ahha1 :5 ,cr$ introduc$ prophylactic treatm5t = oph?almia neonatorum1 e mat]nity hospital _h a dep>tm5t isolat$ = ! c>e ( babies suff]+ ) ?is disease4 ,at ! pres5t day1 h[ev]1 despite ! precautions tak51 ?is disease is q common4 ,p5nsylvania & ,new ,york alone sp5t #bdb1jjj annually = ! support ( asylums = ! bl9d1 & ab\t #dj p] c5t4 ( ! *ildr5 9 ^! in/itutions 7 bl9d$ by gonorrheal oph?almia4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates sp5ds #a1hjj1jjj ye>ly on victims ( oph?almia neonatorum4 ,/eph5son#aih tells u t 9 ! practice ( =ty-"o oculi/s :o report$ to him ! gonococcus 0 f\nd 9 #fg4ad p] c5t4 ( _! #afeh cases ( oph?almia4 ,may\ f\nd ! gonococcus 9 #fc4e p] c5t4 ( #adhc cases4 #aih ,oph?almia ,neonatorum4 ,london4 #aijg4 ,!re is an infection ( ! *ild's eyes by gonococci possible ev5 :ile ! *ild is 9 ! womb1 b ?is is v exceptional2 ! infection happ5s 9 ! vag9a dur+ deliv]y1 z a rule4 ,:5 ! *ild's head is born its lids & eyela%es %\ld be cleans$ ) vasel9e1 or #a to #ejjj bi*loride1 or c>boliz$ oil1 be=e ! eyes are op5$ to put 9 ! silv] nitrate solution4 ,?is solution %\ld be made f a pure drug or x w injure ! eyes4 ,a "o p] c5t4 solution is /rong en\gh = r\t9e "w1 b if ! gonococcus is suspect$1 or if x is kn[n t ! "m has gonorrhea1 !n ! lids ( ! infant mu/ be ev]t$ & t\*$ ev]y:]e ) a five p] c5t4 solution ( silv] nitrate4 ,?is is neutraliz$ ) a salt solution & wa%$ out be=e ! lids are turn$ back4 ,x is ra% to tru/ any ( ! album9oid prep>ations ( silv]1 l argyrol1 silvol1 or prot>gol1 9 gonorrhea or suspect$ gonorrhea ( ! eyes4 ,if ! *ild develops oph?almia ! treatm5t %\ld be turn$ ov] to an oculi/ :5 possible4 ,:5 a *ild c h a day & a night nurse1 ?is me?od %\ld be adopt$1 b ord9>ily !re is no nurse except "s woman ab\t ! h\se or ! "m4 ,9 su* cases "o eye1 commonly ! "r1 does bett] ?an ! o!r because ! fir/ eye treat$ is op5$ readily1 b aft] ! infant has be5 irritat$ x %uts ! eyes s /rongly t x is difficult to op5 !m at all4 ,! fir/ eye treat$ is habitually ! same4 ,! nurse %\ld beg9 to treat ! eyes alt]nately on ?is acc\nt1 or wait to treat ! second eye until aft] ! baby has quiet$ d[n4 ,ic$ compresses %\ld be us$1 b n s long z to *ill ! eye v mu*--five to t5 m9utes at a "t is en\gh4 ,if ! physician himself makes ! applications ( silv] nitrate1 ! nurse %\ld use "s silv] salt l argyrol4 ,?ree to eight gra9s ( z9c sulphate to eight ounces ( boric solution is a good regul> eye-wa% 9 ^! cases4 ,atrop9e mu/ also be in/ill$ to protect ! iris4 ,if only "o eye is affect$1 ! o!r eye %\ld be protect$ "u a wat* glass seal$ ov] x4 ,all p]sons :o h gonorrhea1 or :o treat gonorrhea1 mu/ be w>n$ ( ! dang] !y are 9 ( infect+ _! own eyes4 ,a new treatm5t ( gonorrhea is describ$ by ,weiss4#aii ,! gonococci are kill$ by a temp]ature ( #ajg4f degrees ,fahr5heit1 & 9 elev5 cases ,weiss subject$ m5 to a hot ba? = =ty to fifty-five m9utes1 ) ! temp]ature ( ! wat] gradually increas$ f #ajd to #aaj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,9 "o in/ance ! body temp]ature 0 rais$ to #ajh4e degrees ,f4 9 a =ty-m9ute ba? & ! gonococci disappe>$ at once4 ,9 ! o!r cases ! body temp]ature did n g up s high1 b ! vitality ( ! gonococcus 0 evid5tly r$uc$1 & "u a few local injections !y all disappe>$4 #aii ,mn*5] m$iz9is*e ,wo*5s*rift1 ,novemb] #b1 #aiae4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,diabetes ,,9 ,,pregnancy ,diabetes ,mellitus is r>e 9 pregnancy1 b :5 x does occur ! disease is fatal 9 ?ree-f\r?s ( ! *ildr51 & x ha/5s ! dea? ( ! woman1 accord+ to ! common op9ion ( ob/etricians1 b ?is op9ion is disput$4 ,9 mak+ ! diagnosis we mu/ exclude lactosuria & o!r pseudodiabetic conditions4 ,a sug> reaction :i* is (t5 mi/ak5 = ! glycosuria ( true diabetes is f lactose 9 excessive milk secretion4 ,?is lactosuria is h>mless4 ,aga91 :5 wom5 are tak+ tonics or c\gh mixtures conta9+ d]ivatives ( wild *]ry _! ur9e may give a sug> reaction f ! phloridz9 ( ! wild *]ry4 ,! phloridz9 s acts on ! epi!lium ( ! kidneys t x lets ! blood-sug> escape into ! ur9e4 ,m$ical writ]s :o report diabetes 9 l>ge numb]s ( pregnant wom5 mi/ake ^! reactions = ! reaction ( true glycosuria4 ,9 ! g5u9e diabetes ( pregnancy !re is a high mortality4 ,(f]geld1#bjj 9 sixty cases1 f\nd t ! wom5 di$ )9 two & a half ye>s1 & t #gf p] c5t4 ( ! *ildr5 7 lo/4 ,diabetics commonly are /]ile f atrophy ( ! ut]us & ov>ies3 9 a s]ies ( #aad diabetic m>ri$ wom51 ,lacor* f\nd only sev5 pregnancies4 ,9 a ?ird ( su* z d become pregnant abortion or premature labor occurs4 ,coma happ5s 9 #cj p] c5t4 ( ^! pregnancies1 & x is almo/ always fatal4 ,deliv]y frequ5tly causes collapse1 coma1 or sudd5 dea?4 ,! liv] 9 any ge/ation has m "w ?an x has 9 ! unimpregnat$ /ate1 b a diabetic liv] is unfit = almo/ any normal function4 ,if album9uria is f\nd ! prognosis becomes v bad4 ,diabetic wom5 h poor resi/ance aga9/ a tub]cul> infection4 ,half _! *ildr5 are /ill-born1 & #aj p] c5t4 m die )9 a few days aft] bir? 7_m ( ^! *ildr5 are diabetic74 #bjj ,ar*iv4 f4 ,gyn41 bd4 #hf1 n4 #a4 ,!re is "s evid5ce ( h]$ity 9 diabetes--x is likely to run 9 a family4 ,heib]g#bja report$ "o family 9 :i* five ( ?irte5 *ildr5 _h diabetes2 9 ano!r1 f\r ( eight *ildr51 ! "m1 two ( ! "m's bro!rs1 & ! mat]nal gr&fa!r _h diabetes4 ,9 ano!r1 two bro!rs1 ! fa!r1 & gr&fa!r di$ ( x4 ,i "k ( a case :]e ! only two sons & ! fa!r 9 a family di$ ( x4 ,heib]g did n f9d any ess5tial diff]5ce 9 ! hi/ology betwe5 ! h]$it>y cases & ^? :i* 7 n h]$it>y4 #bja ,deuts*e m$iz9is*e ,wo*5s*rift1 xlii1 #i4 ,josl9#bjb report$ sev5 cases ( diabetes associat$ ) pregnancy4 ,f\r ( ! sev5 are n[ dead1 "o by suicide1 "o f uremia1 "o f coma1 "o f tub]culosis4 ,( ! ?ree liv+ "o is 9 good condition1 "o is n well & %e has lo/ two ( ?ree *ildr51 & "o is v ill ) diabetes4 ,9 p]sons beyond middle age diabetes ) prop] treatm5t may g on = f t5 to fifte5 ye>s be=e x is fatal1 b x quickly kills "y pati5ts4 ,a "y woman at ! m>riageable age :o has diabetes w die anyh[ 9 two or ?ree ye>s1 & if %e m>ries & becomes pregnant %e w die v probably 9 h] fir/ pregnancy4 #bjb ,bo/on ,m$ical & ,surgical ,j\rnal1 ,novemb] #be1 #aiae4 ,:5 ! *ild is viable1 & ! diabetic "m %[s album9uria1 progressive weakness1 or diacetic acid 9 m>k$ quantity1 x may be necess>y to p]=m !rapeutic abortion2 b if ?is is done no ane/hetic may be us$1 & great precautions %\ld be tak5 to av]t physical & m5tal %ock4 ,ev5 ergot acts badly ) ^! cases4 ,! la/ sacram5ts %\ld be giv5 9 good "t1 especially if coma ?reat5s4 ,:5 labor beg9s 9 a diabetic & ev]y?+ appe>s to be normal ! sacram5ts %\ld be giv51 because !re is always dang] ( sudd5 collapse & dea?4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,*ildbir? ,,9 ,,twilight ,,sleep ,a me?od ( effect+ pa9less *ildbir? ?r\gh ! use ( scopolam9e & morph9e 0 fir/ us$ 9 #aijb by ,/e9bue*el1 & 9 #aijf ,gauss1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,freiburg 9 ,bad51 report$ a s]ies ( five hundr$ ob/etrical cases 9 :i* scopolam9e & morph9e _h be5 us$4 ,! woman's condition 0 call$ 9 ,freiburg a ,dmm]s*laf1 a ,twilight ,sleep1 because %e is somnol5t & =getful ( pa94 ,9 #aijc ! *ief ob/etricians 9 sev]al ( ! lead+ ,am]ican & ,g]man univ]sities tri$ ! drugs1 b !y quickly ab&on$ ! me?od because !y f\nd x dang]\s & unsci5tific4 ,! process 0 exploit$ "h by ,mc,clure's ,magaz9e1#bjc ,! ,ladies' ,home ,j\rnal1 & o!r lay p]iodicals4 ,! articles 9 ^! magaz9es 7 writt5 by p]sons :o are n physicians1 & _! errone\s /atem5ts are mislead+4 ,! ,ladies' ,home ,j\rnal1 h[ev]1 :ile favor+ ! me?od1 publi%$ lett]s f sev]al lead+ ob/etricians 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 all ( :om are oppos$ to ! use ( ^! drugs dur+ p>turition because !y _h tri$ !m & f\nd !m unsci5tific4 ,! me?od is illicit morally1 & x is unsci5tific4 #bjc ,june1 #aiaa4 ,ob/etricians divide a p>turition into ?ree /ages4 ,9 mo/ primip>ae & _m multip>ae !re is a prodromal /age1 9 :i* false labor pa9s 7dolores praesagi5tes7 are ! mo/ evid5t symptom4 ,:5 ! real labor sets 9 !re are rhy?mic ut]9e contractions ab\t e fifte5 m9utes1 :i* cause pa9 to ! woman by ! pressure ( ! fetus on ! ut]9e n]ves--dolores praep>antes4 ,f ! "t ! pa9s become rhy?mic1 & are effective 9 dilat+ ! neck & m\? ( ! womb1 until ! m\? ( ! womb is completely /ret*$ & flu% ) ! vag9al wall1 ?us complet+ ! cont9u\s p>turi5t canal1 is ! fir/ /age ( labor4 ,! fetal envelop+ membranes 7! bag ( wat]s7 usually rupture at ! end ( ?is /age1 b sometimes ! bag bur/s be=e ! end1 or z late z ! second /age ( labor4 ,! fir/ p]iod is ! /age ( dilatation4 ,! second /age ext5ds f ! end ( ! dilatation until ! expulsion ( ! *ild is complet$4 ,?is is ! /age ( expulsion4 ,! ?ird /age la/s f ! deliv]y ( ! *ild until aft] ! expulsion ( ! plac5ta & membranes & ! retraction ( ! ut]us has end$--! p]iod ( ! aft]bir?4 ,normal p>turition is always pa9ful to ! woman4 ,z ! labor progresses ! pa9s gradually gr[ m int5se1 & ! int]val betwe5 !m %ort]4 ,aft] a few h\rs ! pa9 is /rong en\gh to cause ! woman to cry out1 b !re is a great v>iety 9 ! endurance ( ^! pa9s1 z ! wom5's *>act]s diff]4 ,neurotic wom5 beg9 to scream & act hy/]ically ev5 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! fir/ /age4 ,:5 ! pa9s are fully develop$ ea* la/s ab\t half a m9ute4 ,9 mo/ cases ! infant comes out head fir/1 b almo/ any "p ( its body may pres5t4 ,be=e ! advanc+ *ild "p ( ! liquor amnii )9 ! fetal envelop+ membranes is =c$ d[n into ! neck ( ! womb1 & causes dilatation4 ,9 primip>ae especially ! bag ( wat]s may rupture prematurely & ?us cause :at is call$ a dry labor1 :i* is commonly t$i\s & pa9ful4 ,(t5 op]ative int]f]5ce is requir$ 9 dry labors4 ,9 ! second /age ! pa9s are /rong]1 recur e two or ?ree m9utes1 & are expulsive4 ,! woman !n /rives to expel ! *ild4 ,%e /ra9s viol5tly ) ! abdom9al muscles--lit]ally labors2 h] pulse is high1 ! ve9s ( h] neck /& out1 h] face is turgid1 & h] body is cov]$ ) sweat4 ,:5 at la/ ! head ( ! *ild is driv5 out ! woman feels z if %e 7 be+ torn asund] 9 ! dolores conquassantes4 ,! pa9 is s great t ! woman may fa9t f x1 b t is n ! rule4 ,aft] a pause ! %\ld]s are =c$ out1 & !n ! trunk 9 "o long convulsive ef=t4 ,! umbilical cord is ti$ & cut1 & ! *ild is born4 ,aft] f five to tw5ty m9utes ! womb beg9s to contract aga91 b ! pa9s 7dolores ad secundum p>tum7 are n ne>ly s int5se z !y 7 dur+ labor4 ,!n 9 f fifte5 m9utes to ab\t ?ree h\rs ! plac5ta is expell$4 ,! pa9s ( labor are s evid5t t ! expulsive contractions ( ! ut]us1 ( :i* ! pa9s are symptoms1 are !mselves call$ ! pa9s4 ,^! pa9s 9 all sci5tific exactness ( /atem5t are1 z has be5 said1 agoniz+4 ,9 dolore p>ies filios is a v lit]al text4 ,! scopolam9e-morph9e me?od 0 devis$ ) ! int5tion ( mitigat+ !m1 or m]cifully r5d]+ ! woman unconsci\s ( !m dur+ at lea/ a "p ( ! labor4 ,if %e is unconsci\s ( pa9 %e is ?us sav$ also f %ock & depression1 :i* r5d] h] susceptible to infection4 ,su* results c]ta9ly are immeasurably valuable if atta9able )\t ta9t ( moral evil1 b z ! me?od /&s j n[1 !y are n free f t ta9t4 ,scopolam9e hydrobromide1 "o ( ! drugs us$ 9 ?is me?od1 is an alkaloid obta9$ f ! roots ( ,scopolia 7or ,scopola7 c>niolica1 & x _c be diff]5tiat$ *emically f hyosc9e hydrobromide1 :i* is made f h5bane & o!r plants ( ! ,solanaceae gr\p4 ,rusby 0 ( ! op9ion t scopolam9e is really a mixture ( hyosc9e1 hyoscyam9e1 & atrop9e3 "o-t5? hyosc9e & n9e-t5?s hyoscyam9e & atrop9e4 ,cu%ny & o!rs f9d diff]5t proportions ( ^! alkaloids4 ,z ! leaves ( ,scopolia are us$ to adult]ate ! belladonna leaves f :i* atrop9e is d]iv$1 hyosc9e & scopolam9e are sub/itut$ = ea* o!r--if1 inde$1 !re is an any real diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,"s ( ! l>ge/ drug-h\ses 9 ,g]many be=e ! w> suppli$ hyosc9e & scopolam9e f ! same /ock bottle--! "n dep5d$ on ! ask]4 ,ev5 9 a pure /ate hyosc9e & scopolam9e h ! same *emical =mula 7,c#ag;,h#ba,,no#d71 & _! physiological action is ! same4 ,ea* c exi/ 9 ?ree isom]ic =ms1 & 9 "o ( ^! =ms !y turn pol>iz$ light to ! left1 9 ano!r to ! "r1 :ile 9 a ?ird =m !y d n affect ! light at all4 ,! high] ! rotatory p[] ( ! drugs1 ! m active !y are physiologically4 ,! levorotatory scopolam9e has1 accord+ to ,cu%ny1 ,peebles1 & ,hug1 d\ble ! action ( ! inactive scopolam9e on ! c>diac inhibitory fibres ( ! vagus1 b ! levoactive & ! inactive scopolam9e produce ! same effect on ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em4 ,! drug on ! m>ket is usually compos$ ( a mixture ( ! levoactive & ! inactive =ms1 & z "o or ! o!r pr$om9ates ! results diff]3 ! rotatory p[] ( a giv5 specim5 %\ld be kn[n4 ,old solutions ( scopolam9e decompose & give rise to toxic sub/ances4 ,gauss attribut$ po/-p>tum hemorrhages 9 ! wom5 & asphyxia 9 infants to ^! decomposition products1 b he avoid$ ^! unt[>d effects some:at by cutt+ d[n ! morph9e dose4 ,he _h five infant dea?s be=e he cut d[n ! morph9e1 & #be p] c5t4 ( ! *ildr5 7 intoxicat$4 ,! *ief action ( scopolam9e or hyosc9e is ^u ! c]ebral cortex1 produc+ sleep1 :i* is accompani$ (t5 by a l[ delirium4 ,!y depress ! c5tre ( respiration1 & h a depressant effect also on t "p ( ! sp9al cord :i* gov]ns ! motions ( ! body4 ,!y int5sify ! action ( morph9e & o!r n>cotics4 ,morph9e1 :i* is us$ to prev5t pa91 is ! *ief drug 9 ! twilight sleep me?od1 & x is greatly int5sifi$ 9 action by ! pres5ce ( scopolam9e4 ,:51 h[ev]1 morph9e & scopolam9e are giv5 to a pregnant woman hypod]mically1 ^! drugs are at once c>ri$ by ! blood to ! fetus4 ,*ildr5 = ye>s aft] bir? all )/& ! action ( morph9e badly1 & a fetus 9 ut]o may be ov]:elm$ by x4 ,j 9 ?is fact lies ! *ief moral crux 9 ! use ( ! twilight sleep me?od ( ob/etrical deliv]y4 ,! woman may g on to ! end m or less safely 9 compet5t h&s1 b if con/ant wat* is n kept at ! b$side by a skill$ obs]v] ! infant is liable to be kill$1 & ! dang] comes to x n solely f ! drug directly--x may be dr[n$ 9 ! amniotic fluid1 its condition may be mask$ by ! re/lessness ( ! "m1 :i* prev5ts prop] obs]vation3 :5 a woman is plung+ all ov] ! b$1 z is extremely common 9 twilight sleep1 ! pulse-rate ( ! baby _c be prop]ly wat*$4 ,if ! "m happ5s to be p>ticul>ly susceptible to scopolam9e or morph9e1 ! fir/ w cause delirium & ! second coma2 or ! respirations may become arhy?mic & be r$uc$ to only five or six a m9ute4 ,! kidneys may be affect$ by ! morph9e s z to br+ on total suppression ( ur9e4 ,labor is prolong$1 & x may be v mu* prolong$4 ,9 "s wom5 ut]9e atony is induc$ by ! morph9e1 ) v dang]\s consequ5t po/-p>tum hemorrhage4 ,morph9e relaxes all musculature1 & x relaxes ! muscle ( ! art]ial walls & s disposes to hemorrhage4 ,!re is little or no premonitory symptom ( ^! idiosyncrasies 7except 9 ! case ( an injur$ kidney7 to in=m ! physician t he %\ld avoid ! scopolam9e-morph9e treatm5t4 ,dr4 ,polak1 pr(essor ( ob/etrics at ! ,long ,isl& ,college ,hospital1 report$#bjd on #aee cases ( ! twilight sleep me?od1 & he is 9 favor ( x "u sev]al re/rictions4 ,he uses ! drugs f ampules :i* conta9 "o two-hundr$? ( a gra9 ( scopolam9e & half a gra9 ( n>coph91 :i* is a propriet>y drug said to be compos$ ( ! meconate ( morph9e ) ! meconate ( n>cot9 9 molecul> proportion4 ,morph9e itself is a tribasic meconate1 & n>cot91 ( c\rse1 ano!r opium d]ivative4 ,! ,am]ican ,c\ncil on ,ph>macy & ,*emi/ry 0 unable to accept ! claims made = n>coph94#bje ,polak says he f9ds no diff]5ce betwe5 morph9e & n>coph94 #bjd ,long ,isl& ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 ,decemb]1 #aiad1 & ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ob/etrics1 ,may1 #aiae4 #bje ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 ,novemb] #ba1 #aiad4 ,9 ! twilight sleep treatm5t ! pati5t1 especially if %e is a primip>a1 %\ld be def9itely 9 labor be=e any injection is giv54 ,%e %\ld h pa9s occurr+ at regul> int]vals1 pref]ably e f\r or five m9utes1 be=e ! fir/ injection ( scopolam9e & morph9e is adm9i/]$2 t is1 ! fir/ /age ( labor %\ld be well advanc$4 ,gauss gives "o-six? ( a gra9 ( morph9e at ! fir/ injection1 & ,polak ne>ly ?ree-f\r?s ( a gra9 ( n>coph91 ) "o two-hundr$? ( a gra9 ( scopolam9e4 ,if ! woman is a multip>a1 ,polak beg9s ! treatm5t at ! v beg9n+ ( ! pa9s4 ,! pati5t is kept 9 b$1 9 a d>k5$ room1 remov$ f all noise & excitem5t4 ,"s /op ! e>s & bl9dfold ! pati5t1 &1 accord+ to ,ba] ( ,*icago1 ! wom5 are put into re/ra9+ %eets z a r\t9e practice 9 c]ta9 cl9ics to keep !m f infect+ !mselves4 ,! ord9>y practice is to give a half dose ( scopolam9e an h\r aft] ! fir/ dose & ab\t e two h\rs !reaft]1 accord+ to ! indications4 ,! morph9e may be discont9u$1 or us$ approximately e six h\rs 9 a long labor4 ,small] doses are requir$ if ! fir/ is giv5 e>ly 9 ! labor1 & l>g] if ! pa9s h be5 well develop$4 ,9 ^! latt] cases ! dang] to ! *ild is1 ( c\rse1 great]4 ,! condition ( ! pati5t's pulse1 respiration1 pupill>y reaction1 & ! frequ5cy & "* ( ! ut]9e contractions are con/antly wat*$1 to gu>d aga9/ poison+4 ,fonyo#bjf report$ two fatal poison+s by ! scopolam9e-morph9e me?od z us$ 9 surg]y4 ,bo? 7 op]ations = ! deliv]y ( wom5 by lap>otomy1 & 9 ea* case ! c5tre ( respiration 0 ov]:elm$4 ,9 ea* ( ^! op]ations only "o-hundr$? ( a gra9 ( scopolam9e & "o-?ird ( a gra9 ( morph9e _h be5 us$1 b *lor(orm 0 adm9i/]$ lat]4 ,rob9son rec5tly report$ ! fatal poison+ ( a negress by scopolam9e1 & ,*&l] ( ,philadelphia two m :]e "o ?irty-?ird ( a gra9 ( scopolam9e _h be5 us$4 ,"o-n9etie? ( a gra9 giv5 hypod]mically has caus$ sev]e toxic di/urbance :i* la/$ = tw5ty-eight h\rs1 & ,root#bjg report$ a case :]e "o ?ree-hundr$? ( a gra9 giv5 by m\? poison$ viol5tly4 #bjf ,z5tralblatt f4 ,gynkologie1 ,septemb] #ai1 #aiad4 ,leipsic4 #bjg ,!rapeutic ,gazette1 vol4 ii4 ,9 ,freiburg1 ,gauss te/s ! consci\sness ( ! wom5 ab\t e half h\r by %[+ !m "s object1 & if !y rememb] hav+ se5 ?is object he gives an additional dose ( scopolam9e4 ,polak says ?is memory te/ is n necess>y3 ev5 if ! pati5t gives outw>d evid5ce ( pa9 by cries & motion1 %e is app>5tly b v dimly consci\s 9 8 op9ion4 ,! progress ( ! deliv]y mu/ be con/antly wat*$ by repeat$ extrabdom9al or rectal exam9ations1 foll[+ ! fetal %\ld] z x rotates--& n by vag9al exam9ations--to avoid sepsis4 ,! fetal he>t mu/ be auscultat$ e half h\r at mo/1 betwe5 & dur+ ! pa9s4 ,if ! *ild's pulse gr[s arhy?mic or sl[ betwe5 pa9s1 ^! are bad progno/ic signs4 ,all use ( ! drugs is to be discont9u$1 & ! *ild is to be deliv]$ at once to save its life1 by ! mo/ suitable me?od & r\te4 ,polak holds t ! solutions ( ! drugs mu/ be absolutely pure1 & t hyosc9e _c be sub/itut$ = scopolam9e1 b t n>coph9 is no bett] ?an morph9e3 ! ,am]ican prep>ations h produc$ delirium4 ,z ,i h %[n1 no "o c possibly tell ! diff]5ce betwe5 hyosc9e & scopolam9e1 ev5 by *emical analysis4 ,all we c d is to take ! druggi/'s ^w t ! drug at h& 0 made f ,scopolia & n f ,hyoscyamus nig]4 ,x does n make any diff]5ce :i* is ! s\rce ( ! supply4 ,polak says ! morph9e %ort5s ! fir/ /age ( labor by s(t5+ ! c]vix1 b t ! treatm5t l5g!ns ! second /age4 ,o!r obs]v]s h n f\nd t x %ort5s ! fir/ p]iod4 ,he tells u t if ?is second /age--t is1 ! "t f ! full dilatation ( ! os until ! deliv]y ( ! *ild--la/s ov] an h\r 9 multip>ae1 or ov] two h\rs 9 primip>ae1 deliv]y mu/ be effect$ by ! ,kri/ell] expression or by l[ =ceps4 ,9 ! ,kri/ell] expression ! *ild is pu%$ out ( ! canal by ! h&s ( ! physician appli$ to ! fundus ut]i4 ,x %\ld be a me?od ( la/ resort1 because !re is dang] ( ruptur+ ! ut]us1 ( te>+ ! plac5ta loose1 or ( cru%+ an ov>y4 ,9 8 report ,polak says he has _h no failures2 ! pati5ts _h no recollection ( ! labor2 9 ! fir/ s]ies ( fifty-"o ! *ildr5 %[$ no sign ( asphyxiation or ev5 cyanosis except 9 two cases4 ,9 ?is fir/ s]ies "o pati5t _h a long second /age & ! *ild _h to be resuscitat$4 ,!re 71 he said1 no po/-p>tum hemorrhages2 no l[ =ceps2 ! plac5tas 7 deliv]$ )\t difficulty2 none ( ! wom5 %[$ signs ( tire or exhau/ion ! next day2 9 fact1 !y 7 bett] (f ?an ! wom5 :o h normal labor4 ,?is report is diff]5t f t made by o!r m5 j z compet5t1 & 9 exactly ! same circum/ances2 ev5 ,gauss confesses _m failures4 ,! lay j\rnals say ,gauss _h no failures1 b he himself %\ld "k4 ,9 ,april1 #aiae1 ,i 0 told 9 ,new ,york ,city t !re _h be5 no failures !re1 yet 9 ,may1 ,dr4 ,broadhead1 pr(essor ( ob/etrics at ! ,po/graduate ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e 9 t city1 aft] obs]v+ sev5ty-two cases confess$#bjh sev]al failures :]e ! *ild 0 conc]n$4 ,"o ,ca?olic woman1 a memb] ( ! executive committee 9 a ,twilight ,sleep ,league ( m>ri$ & unm>ri$ wom51 0 kill$ 9 ,brooklyn by ! me?od 9 ! summ] ( #aiae4 #bjh ,! ,po/graduate1 ,may1 #aiae4 ,dr4 ,*>les ,m4 ,gre51 pr(essor ( ob/etrics 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 tells u3#bji ,my own obs]vations1 publi%$ 9 #aijc1 l$ me at ! "t to favor ?is !rapeutic means ( produc+ ! ',twilight ,sleep1' & remov+ ! consci\sness ( pa91 or at lea/ prev5t+ all remembrance ( x4 ,i h long s9ce ab&on$ ?is ag5t1 h[ev]1 = two reasons3 ,fir/1 because x has app>5tly be5 ! cause1 occasionally1 ( fetal asphyxia4 ,second1 because ! effect ( ! drug on ! "m is (t5 unc]ta91 & unless us$ ) great c>e may cause unfavorable or dang]\s results4 ,moreov]1 we h o!r & saf] measures = ! relief ( pa9 9 labor4 ,s ,i h giv5 up tea*+ ! use ( scopolam9e 9 my lectures4 #bji ,ladies' ,home ,j\rnal4 ,dr4 ,williams1 pr(essor ( ob/etrics 9 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 & ! au?or ( a book on ob/etrics :i* is v valuable1 says3#baj ,we h us$ ! scopolam9e treatm5t ( *ildbir? 9 two sep>ate s]ies ( cases at ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,hospital1 b 9 nei!r s]ies 7 ! results satisfactory1 nor did !y 9 any way approa* ! claims made = ! treatm5t4 ,we expect to d m ) x next ye>4 ,9 ! f\r? edition ( 8 ,ob/etrics1 publi%$ 9 #aiag1 he ?9ks t ! twilight sleep me?od w fall into disuse1 or at lea/ t its use w be re/rict$ to a small gr\p ( neurotic pati5ts4 ,f 8 exp]i5ce1 he says1 ! me?od is n adapt$ = private practice4 #baj ,ibid4 ,dr4 ,hir/1 pr(essor ( ob/etrics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 tri$ ! scopolam9e treatm5t 9 ! mat]nity hospital ( ! univ]sity 9 ab\t #cjj cases at ?ree diff]5t times4 ,he tri$ x fir/ 9 #aijc1 b he f\nd t if suffici5t morph9e is giv5 to aboli% pa9 !re is dang] ( hemorrhage 9 ! "m & ( asphyxia 9 ! *ild4 ,at a meet+ ( ! ,ob/etrical ,society ( ,philadelphia#baa ,hir/1 comm5t+ on a pap] by ,polak1 said3 ,i am sorry to say ,i _c agree ) my fri5d ,dr4 ,polak 9 8 conclusions 444 ,i _h to discont9ue morphia & scopolam9e because !re 7 too _m cases ( po/-p>tum hemorrhage1 too _m cases 9 :i* =ceps _h to be us$1 too _m asphyxiat$ babies4 ,s ,i am n an en?usia/ = 'twilight sleep4' #baa ,proce$+s pr9t$ 9 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ob/etrics1 ,may1 #aiae4 ,dr4 ,joseph ,b4 ,de ,lee1 pr(essor ( ob/etrics 9 ! ,nor?we/]n ,univ]sity ,m$ical ,s*ool1 ,*icago1 & ! au?or ( a book on ob/etrics :i* is n[ "o ( ! be/ we h 9 ,engli%1 tells u#bab t ! impressions he receiv$ f /udy+ t5 cases ( *ildbir? 9 ,pr(essor ,krnig's cl9ic at ,freiburg 7 decid$ly unfavorable to ! me?od ( ',twilight ,sleep4' ,9 all ! t5 cases1 he te/ifies1 ! bir? pa9s 7 weak5$1 & labor prolong$--9 two in/ances = =ty-eight h\rs4 ,9 ?ree cases pituitr91 :i* is 9 itself a dang]\s drug to use be=e ! ut]us has be5 almo/ empti$1 _h to be giv5 to save ! *ild f imm95t asphyxia4 ,9 five ( ! cases =ceps _h to be us$ ow+ to ! p>alyz+ effects ( ! drug1 & all ^! =ceps cases 7 ext5sively lac]at$4 ,sev]al ( ! wom5 became s deliri\s & viol5t t e!r _h to be us$ to quiet !m1 ) ! result t ! infants 7 born n>cotiz$ & asphyxiat$ to a degree4 ,"o *ild _h convulsions = sev]al days4 #bab ,ladies' ,home ,j\rnal4 ,! complete failure 9 ^! t5 cases is s obvi\s z to be a sc&al1 al?\gh ,de ,lee does n say s4 ,he ab&on$ ! use ( ! me?od twelve ye>s ago1 & 9 #aiac he visit$ ! mat]nities at ,b]l91 ,vi5na1 ,muni*1 & ,heidelb]g1 & f\nd t all _h tri$ ! me?od & _h reject$ x4 ,sev]al s-call$ detoxicat$ sub/itutes = morph9e1 l tocanalg9e & analg9e1 h be5 tri$2 b ^! turn$ out to be morph9e1 & to be equal 9 /r5g? to morph9e z we ord9>ily h x4 ,^! 7 ! drugs t 7 advocat$ 9 ! ,cosmopolitan ,magaz9e z hav+ no?+ to d ) ! morph9e-scopolam9e treatm5t orig9at+ "s ye>s ago 9 ,freiburg4 ,!y are morph9e trea*]\sly disguis$1 & ! ass]tions 9 ! ,cosmopolitan 7 nev] retract$ :5 att5tion 0 call$ to ! untru? by ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ob/etrics = ,may1 #aiae1 is a full description ( ^! drugs 7page #ggb74 ,dr4 ,joseph ,ba] report$#bac sixty cases ( ! morph9e-scopolam9e treatm5t at ! ,mi*ael ,reese ,mat]nity ,hospital 9 ,*icago1 & 8 results 7 diametrically oppos$ to ^? ,dr4 ,polak himself obta9s4 ,! rooms us$ 7 l>ge1 & _h cork-l9$ s\nd-pro( walls & doors2 ob/etricians & specially tra9$ nurses 7 pres5t day & night4 ,! circum/ances1 !n1 7 ! be/ t c\ld be _h4 #bac ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 ,may #bb1 #aiae1 lxiv1 #ba1 p4 #agbc4 ,he us$ ,m]ck's scopolam9e at fir/1 & lat] a solution made up aft] ! =mula ( ,/raub ( ,freiburg1 :i* is m /able4 ,8 doses ( morph9e 7 f "o-eigh? to "o-f\r? ( a gra92 ,gauss uses "o-eigh? to "o-six? ( a gra92 ,polak1 z mu* z ?ree-f\r?s ( a gra9 ( n>coph9 = 8 fir/ dose4 ,ba]'s s]ies end$ on ,febru>y #e1 #aiae1 & ( 8 sixty cases only five 7 successful4 ,?ree ( ! successful cases receiv$ "o-fiftie? ( a gra9 ( scopolam9e 9 all1 & "s ( ! unsuccessful cases got z high z "o-sixte5? ( a gra91 ) only wild delirium z a result4 ,! labor 0 l5g!n$ by ab\t sev5 h\rs ov] untreat$ cases4 ,z to ! amnesia1 9 tw5ty-six cases ! memory 0 n dull$ at all1 al?\gh !y receiv$ m scopolam9e ?an ?irty-n9e cases 9 :i* ! memory 0 cl\dy4 ,?irty-two wom5 _h unbe>able ?ir/ ?r\gh\t ! labor1 & no?+ w\ld slake ?is ?ir/4 ,_! incessant cries = wat] 7 v di/ress+ to ! att5dants4 ,heada*e 0 pres5t 9 tw5ty-sev5 cases & v]tigo 9 ?irty-"o1 & ! heada*e1 :i* 0 v int5se 9 "s wom51 la/$ = sev]al days aft] deliv]y4 ,pa9 0 dim9i%$ 9 ?irty-n9e cases1 abs5t 9 "o1 z sev]e z 9 ! av]age untreat$ woman 9 n9ete51 & increas$ 9 "o4 ,t is1 only "o woman 9 sixty did n suff] ! pa9 = :i* ! treatm5t 0 devis$4 ,! reason evid5tly is t 8 dose ( morph9e 0 too small1 yet if he w5t above ?is dose he ran ! risk ( po/-p>tum hemorrhage & ( n>cotiz+ ! baby4 ,z x 01 he _h sev5 po/-p>tum hemorrhages1 b 9 a s]ies ( sixty unselect$ normal deliv]y cases he _h only "o hemorrhage4 ,re/lessness 0 pres5t 9 eighte5 cases1 & delirium 9 n9e2 six ( ^! wom5 _h to be wrapp$ 9 re/ra9+ %eets1 & "o _h to be %ackl$ = f\r days aft] %e _h ov]p[]$ a nurse 9 an ef=t to jump out ( a w9d[4 ,x took ?ree att5dants to get h] into ! /rait-jacket4 ,*&l] ( ,philadelphia saw a woman 9 a l delirium :o 0 %ackl$ only aft] six att5dants toge!r _h tackl$ h]4 ,two physicians 9 ! ,*icago mat]nity 7 sev]ely beat5 by wom5 9 a twilight sleep delirium4 ,ba] says ! s]i\s risk ( self-infection dur+ labor ?r\gh ! uncontrollable motion ( ^! wom5 is a s\rce ( con/ant anxiety4 ,!y sit cross-legg$1 & ! heel infects !m ) coli communis f ! express$ feces4 ,! daz$ wom5 con/antly try to get at ! vague pa9 ) _! h&s1 & on ?is acc\nt1 accord+ to ,ba]1 "s cl9ics t practise ! twilight sleep me?od keep all ! wom5 9 /rait-jackets1 b !y omit to publi% ?is fact4 ,"o ( ,ba]'s pati5ts di$ f a ruptur$ ut]us1 & h] dead baby 0 tak5 f h] belly-cavity4 ,! drug w mask symptoms 9 a case l ?is4 ,sudd5 cessation ( pu]p]al pa9 z a symptom ( rupture1 & ! peculi> pa9 ( a premature loos5+ ( ! plac5ta1 are bo? cov]$ f obs]vation by ! drugs1 ! d>k5+ ( ! room1 & ! toss+ ( ! pati5t1 :i* prev5t prop] exam9ations4 ,"o pati5t _h a mitral insuffici5cy & myoc>ditis4 ,?is %\ld be an ideal case = ! treatm5t1 accord+ to ! twilight sleep m54 ,! woman1 h[ev]1 aft] ?ree doses ( ! scopolam9e develop$ pulmon>y edema4 ,h] *ild 0 deliv]$ 9 asphyxia pallida & resuscitat$ ) difficulty4 ,?irte5 ( ! *ildr5 did n brea! at deliv]y1 six 7 asphyctic1 & two cases relaps$ into asphyxia4 ,"o *ild 0 kill$1 z we said1 :5 ! "m's ut]us ruptur$4 ,av>ffy#bad _h "o fatal case 9 fifty1 & ,*robak "o 9 "o hundr$ & sev54 #bad ,gynkol4 ,runds*au1 #aiji1 iii4 ,eight ( ! wom5 _h blurr$ vision aft] deliv]y1 :i* la/$ = ov] tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 two _h m>k$ delirium = f two to f\r days aft] *ildbir?4 ,z to exhau/ion aft] labor1 ,ba] says he f\nd no diff]5ce betwe5 ! twilight sleep wom5 & ! normal cases4 ,"s advocates ( ! twilight sleep me?od say t !re is less use ( ! =ceps 9 ?is me?od ?an 9 normal deliv]y4 ,at ,freiburg1 = example1 op]ative deliv]y has be5 r$uc$ to six or sev5 p] c5t4 ,six p] c5t41 z a matt] ( tru?1 is two p] c5t4 above ! normal av]age = =ceps deliv]y 9 eighte5 ,g]man mat]nities4 ,9 #ie1jbe deliv]ies 9 ^! hospitals ! av]age =ceps deliv]y 0 #d4e p] c5t41 & "s 7 small tea*+ hospitals :]e ! =ceps 7 us$ on any provocation = class demon/ration4 ,! twilight sleep me?od has a mu* high] op]ative deliv]y1 & ?is v>ies1 ( c\rse1 accord+ to ! skill & judgm5t ( ! op]ators4 ,holmes1 "o ( ! fir/ 9 ,*icago to try ! newly reviv$ me?od1 says#bae t 9 ,july1 #aiad1 be=e ! great w> broke out1 !re 7 tw5ty-five malpractice suits p5d+ 9 "o ,g]man city z a result ( ! morph9e-scopolam9e fad4 ,he quotes a not$ ob/etrician on ?is subject3 ,if y w use ! me?od1 h ! pati5t 9 ! be/ hospital possible1 ) all ! appurt5ances requisite = ! revival ( ! *ild2 if y d n "k1 le>n at once ! diff]5ces betwe5 asphyxia1 oligoapneia1 & n>cotic poison+1 & ! me?ods ( treat+ !m2 get ! be/ & ! mo/ reliable product call$ scopolam9e2 & !n be sure y are 9 a position to be adequately def5d$ by a lawy] v]s$ 9 malpractice suits4 #bae ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ob/etrics1 ,may1 #aiae4 ,?is is ! /ate ( ! "q4 ,two or ?ree m5 9 ! be/ circum/ances say !y get "o hundr$ p]fect results2 o!r m51 equally or f> m skill$ & 9 equally favorable circum/ances1 get "o hundr$ results :i* are any?+ b successful1 (t5 a disgrace to sci5ce1 & und\bt$ly immoral4 ,!y are immoral because !y risk human life 9 an attempt to ease a physiological pa91 & ?is is n a suffici5t reason2 moreov]1 ^! attempts fail (t5] ?an !y succe$4 ,! second gr\p ( practition]s h no motive except hone/y to induce !m to make _! unfavorable reports ( failure4 ,! reports ( ! two gr\ps are directly contradictory1 & ! judgm5t is ?us a matt] ( motives4 ,te/imony f wom5 :o h gone ?r\gh ! process is n to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,!y 7 daz$1 & 9 any case !y are n compet5t to judge a matt] :i* is :olly te*nical4 ,we "k ! limitation ( morph9e & scopolam9e & we _c improve _! use4 ,if en\gh is giv5 to /ill pa91 we take a crim9al risk2 if we d n give en\gh to remove ! s5se ( pa91 :y n use ! saf] nitr\s oxide1 e!r1 & *lor(orm8 ,if en\gh morph9e & scopolam9e are adm9i/]$ e>ly 9 labor to a multip>a1 ! labor is commonly /opp$2 if ?is dosage is giv5 aft] ! pa9s are develop$1 ! baby is born1 z a rule1 be=e !y take effect4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,vasectomy1 ,,or ,,/]ilization1 ,,by ,,/ate ,,law ,! ,/ate ( ,indiana 9 #aijg enact$ a vasectomy law :i* obliges ! sup]9t5d5ts ( "s prisons & asylums to appo9t two surgeons ^: (fice is to /]ilize sexually crim9als1 idiots1 imbeciles1 & simil> p]sons1 if ^! surgeons1 9 consultation ) ! *ief physician ( ! in/itution1 deem ! propagation ( *ildr5 by su* s-call$ deg5]ates detrim5tal to society4 ,! same law has be5 incorporat$ 9 ! /atutes by ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,wa%+ton1 ,i[a1 ,nevada1 ,wiscons91 ,connecticut1 ,cali=nia1 ,utah1 ,kansas1 ,oregon1 & ,m9nesota4 ,! law has be5 propos$ sev]al times 9 ! ,legislature ( ,p5nsylvania1 b x 0 veto$ twice & held up once 9 ! ,assembly4 ,9 ,new ,j]sey !re 0 "q ( /]iliz+ an epileptic girl1 & ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( t ,/ate#baf decid$ 9 #aiac t ! law is contr>y to ! ,/ate & ,f$]al con/itutions4 ,9 #aiaf ,probate ,judge ,lape] ( ,mi*igan decl>$ ! law z pass$ 9 8 ,/ate 9 #aiac uncon/itutional1 b ! ,/ate appeal$ aga9/ ?is decision4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,wa%+ton#bag decid$ 9 favor ( ! law 9 a case :]e a man convict$ ( rape 0 s5t5c$ by ! trial judge to life imprisonm5t & to vasectomy z a puni%m5t4 ,! con/itutionality ( ! ,i[a law is on appeal to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt aft] a ,f$]al judge _h decl>$ x uncon/itutional4 ,! law 9 ,indiana 0 put into effect 9 hundr$s ( cases1 b ,gov]nor ,m>%all set ! law 9 abeyance4 ,two ,f$]al judges 9 ,kansas said ! law is uncon/itutional & grant$ an injunction aga9/ its application 9 a p>ticul> case4 ,9 #ahjh ! sup]9t5d5t ( a ,kansan in/itution = ! feeble-m9d$ ca/rat$ =ty-eight boys4 ,up to ,april1 #aiaf1 ab\t tw5ty-five feeble-m9d$ boys 9 ! ,wiscons9 in/itution at ,*ippewa ,falls 7 /]iliz$1 & ! au?orities !n said !y int5d$ to /]ilize ! girls4 ,! law has be5 advocat$ by ali5i/s 9 ,switz]l&1 & ,fr5* & ,engli% physicians h advocat$ x4 #baf ,smi? vs4 ,bo>d ( ,exam9]s ( ! ,feeble-m9d$1 #hh alt4 ,r4 #ifc4 #bag ,/ate vs4 ,feil51 #abf ,pac4 ,r4 #ge4 ,! reason giv5 by ! advocates ( ?is law is ! al>m+ preval5ce ( feeble-m9d$ness ) its t5d5cy to crim9ality2 & z1 !y say1 h]$ity acc\nts = #fe p] c5t4 ( feeble-m9d$ness1 ! feeble-m9d$ %\ld be prev5t$ f propagat+ _! k9d4 ,sw$51 ) #e1ejj1jjj inhabitants1 has #ah1jjj insane1 #ad1jjj idiots1 #bj1jjj imbeciles1 & #g1jjj epileptics4 ,mu* ( ?is deg5]acy is due to ! notori\s alcoholism ( ! ,sw$es1 :i* only lately has be5 br\ght "u "s control4 ,p5nsylvania _h ab\t #ag1jjj feeble-m9d$ 9 #aiac4 ,9 a s+le c\nty alm%\se 9 t ,/ate 7 #aje wom5 :o _h giv5 bir? to #aja defective *ildr54 ,"o feeble-m9d$ c\ple 9 ! same ,/ate _h #ai defective *ildr52 two o!r families _h #i imbeciles & #g idiots4 ,9 ,new ,j]sey ! hi/ory ( #dhj individuals ( ! fam\s ,kallikak family 7a pseudonym71 desc5d$ f a feeble-m9d$ woman :o liv$ at ! "t ( ! ,revolution>y ,w>1 has be5 trac$ out1 & ( ^! desc5dants only #dj 7 normal4 ,new ,york ,/ate has #cb1jjj kn[n feeble-m9d$ p]sons4 ,"o ,/ate s*ool = ! feeble-m9d$ 9 ,indiana 9 #aijh _h #ajed inmates4 ,!re are #fjjj m5tally defective *ildr5 9 ! s*ools ( ,*icago4 ,an inve/igation made 9 ,ill9ois ab\t #aijg br\ght out ! conclusion t all ! defectives & del9qu5ts 9 t ,/ate at ! "t c\ld be trac$ to #aej families4 ,poehlmann ( ,bonn trac$ ! desc5dants ( "o female drunk>d ?r\gh six g5]ations 9 #hjj individuals1 & ( ^! #ajg 7 illegitimate1 #ajb 7 begg>s1 #aha 7 pro/itutes1 #gf 7 crim9als 9 a grave degree1 #g 7 murd]]s1 & !y _h co/ ! ,/ate #a1bjf1jjj4 ,! ,jukes si/]s1 two illegitimate pro/itutes 9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 9 five g5]ations br$ #gji crim9als4 ,fifty-two p] c5t4 ( ! wom5 7 pro/itutes1 :]eas ! ord9>y ratio ( pro/itutes to o!r wom5 is #a4ff p] c5t4 ,alcoholics eng5d] deg5]ates4 ,9 ?ree g5]ations ( #bae ,fr5* alcoholic families1 ,legr& f\nd t #fj p] c5t4 ( ! *ildr5 7 deg5]ates4 ,b\rneville f\nd t #fb p] c5t4 ( #ajjj idiotic1 epileptic1 & feeble-m9d$ *ildr5 9 ,p>is _h alcoholic p>5ts4 ,h]$it>y transmission is c]ta9ly a cause also ( _m diseases ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,fri$ri*'s ataxia is h]$it>y4 ,x is an incurable progressive incord9ation ( ! limbs1 tongue1 l>ynx1 & eyes1 :i* attacks commonly betwe5 ! t5? & ! tw5tie? ye>1 & ! pati5t dies f "s int]curr5t disease1 usually an infection4 ,progressive muscul> dy/rophy is also h]$it>y & incurable4 ,! legs & trunk atrophy1 & dea? comes f an int]curr5t disease4 ,relat$ to ?is malady are h]$it>y progressive neurotic muscul> atrophy1 progressive sp9al muscul> atrophy 9 infants1 & progressive sp9al amyotrophy 9 adults4 ,amaurotic 7amaurosis1 bl9dness7 family idiocy is h]$it>y1 & ! *ild dies at ab\t two ye>s ( age4 ,hunt+ton's *orea appe>s 9 e g5]ation ( an affect$ family4 ,its symptoms %[ betwe5 ! ages ( ?irty & =ty ye>s1 & x progresses f *oreic & ataxic signs to dem5tia & dea?4 ,! dea? is (t5 by suicide4 ,9 ea/]n ,long ,isl&1 s\?we/]n ,connecticut1 & ea/]n ,massa*usetts #ifb cases 7 all trac$ back to six p]sons1 ?ree ( :om 7 probably bro!rs1 :o came to ,am]ica 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,9 ! #cjjj relatives ( ^! *oreics 7 #ci cases ( epilepsy1 #ea cases ( c]ebral inflammation1 #da cases ( hydrocephaly1 #gc feeble-m9d$ *ildr51 & o!r evid5ces ( neuroses4 ,! h]$ity 9 ?is disease is app>5tly ,m5delian4 ,besides ! diseases enum]at$ "h1 !re are sev]al pa?ologic conditions ( ! eyes :i* are h]$it>y--pres5ile cat>act1 /ation>y night bl9dness1 & ret9itis pigm5tosa4 ,if ! p]sons :o h ^! diseases are sexually /]ile1 evid5tly ! h]$ity s f> z !y are conc]n$ w be cut across2 h5ce ! advocates ( legal /]ilization wi% to h ^! pati5ts /]iliz$ to protect society4 ,! surgical op]ation by :i* ! man is /]iliz$ accord+ to ! ,/ate laws m5tion$ above is an int]ruption ( ! cont9uity ( ! vasa def]5tia ne> ! te/icles4 ,?is int]ruption may be a sev]+ ( ea* vas1 a cutt+ out ( a "p ( ea* vas1 or a ligation ( ! vasa4 ,! t]m vasectomy is n[ us$ loosely to cov] all ^! me?ods4 ,! vas def]5s1 or sem9al duct1 passes f ! te/icle up along ! gro9 on ea* side1 9 ?r\gh ! belly-wall by ! +u9al canal1 d[n along ! pelvis & "u ! bladd]1 :]e x op5s into ! bottom ( ! ure?ra a %ort di/ance 9 front ( ! bladd] exit4 ,ea* vas is ab\t two feet 9 l5g?1 & x has a diamet] ( "o-t5? ( an in* ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( its l5g?1 b its lum5 is extremely n>r[4 ,!re are two ess5tial p>ts 9 ! sem51 ! sp]matozoa & ! c>ry+ liquid4 ,! sp]matozoa1 :i* fructify ! ovum1 are =m$ 9 ! te/icle2 ! liquid1 :i* is ! ess5tial vehicle ( ! sp]matozoa1 & )\t :i* ! sp]matozoa are in]t & /]ile1 is secret$1 except a few drops f ! te/icles1 at ! di/al end ( ! vasa def]5tia "u ! base ( ! bladd]1 9 ! sem9al vesicles1 ! pro/ate gl&1 & ,c[p]'s & ,littr's gl&s4 ,! sem5 is made up ( #ij p] c5t4 wat] & #aj p] c5t4 solids1 & 9 ^! solids is ! nitrog5\s base call$ sp]m91 :i* is produc$ by ! int]/itial cells ( ! te/icles & ! pro/ate gl&4 ,ov>91 secret$ f ! ov>ies1 corresponds 9 ! woman to sp]m9 9 ! man4 ,! ductless gl&s1 & "s t h ducts1 produce secretions :i* su/a9 ! tone ( ! blood-vessels & neutralize ! tox9s f wa/e sub/ances :ile ^! are 9 ! body be=e excretion4 ,an excess ( sp]m9 or ov>9 causes conge/ion ( ! c]ebrum & c]ebellum & ! n]ve c5tres !re1 ) consequ5t sexual ere?ism4 ,:5 !re is a pa?ologic sexual ere?ism f an excess ( sp]m9 or ov>91 vasectomy1 ca/ration1 spay+1 or ! m5opause cuts (f ?is excess & ! ere?ism disappe>s4 ,sometimes ! wa/e product tox9s excite ! pati5t :5 ! sp]m9 or ov>9 has be5 elim9at$1 j z ! excess ( sp]m9 or ov>9 excites1 & ! neurotic di/urbance or sexual ere?ism cont9ues until comp5sation by o!r gl&s neutralizes ! irritat+ sub/ance4 ,! te/icles 9 man are by no means ! sole organ ( g5]ation4 ,!re are at lea/ sev5te5 di/9ct organs 9 ! male g5]ative sy/em4 ,! sem9al vesicles ) ! pro/ate gl& are z necess>y 9 g5]ation z ! te/icles1 z _! removal /]ilizes ! sp]matozoa & prev5ts ! =mation ( ! liquid vehicle4 ,ca/ration effects an atrophy ( sev]al p>ts ( ! g5]ative tract1 & an irrem$iable deg5]ation2 vasectomy cuts (f ! sp]matozoa b causes no atrophy or deg5]ation1 & ! condition is rem$iable4 ,dr4 ,edw>d ,m>t9 ( ,philadelphia f\nd active liv+ sp]matozoa 9 a te/icle t _h be5 ligat$ (f = tw5ty ye>s4 ,runn+ along ! vasa def]5tia1 )9 ! %ea? ( ! two sp]matic cords1 are ! sp]matic art]ies1 ! pamp9i=m plexus ( ve9s1 & ! def]5tial art]ies4 ,^! vessels1 ) ! vas def]5s & ! %ea? envelop+ ! bundle1 make up ! sp]matic cord4 ,9 vasectomy1 "u local ane/hesia1 a slit is made ?r\gh ! sk9 ( ! scrotum beh9d1 ! %ea? ( ! sp]matic cord is op5$1 & ! vas is isolat$ & ti$ or cut4 ,! sk9 w\nd is left to heal4 ,?is op]ation is repeat$ on ! second vas4 ,if ! blood-vessels 9 ! cord are ligat$ or cut ) ! vas1 ! te/icle w atrophy2 if ! vas alone is op]at$ ^u1 ! te/icle is n injur$4 ,! p]son ^u :om vasectomy has be5 done is consci\s ( no *ange4 ,! sem5 is dis*>g$ z be=e ! op]ation1 b 9 a slightly less quantity1 & x is1 ( c\rse1 /]ile f ! lack ( sp]matozoa4 ,dr4 ,c>r+ton ( ,virg9ia report$1 9 #aiaj1bah twelve cases ( vasectomy on convicts4 ,he said t5 ( ?is doz5 _h be5 confirm$ ma/urbators1 & all 7 cur$ by vasectomy4 ,"o ma/urbat+ epileptic 0 cur$ ( bo? conditions4 ,two dang]\s homicides 7 r5d]$ h>mless & peaceable4 ,"o ( ^! two homicides 0 a negro "u a long s5t5ce = murd]4 ,he grew insane 9 prison1 & :ile insane kill$ a second p]son4 ,a confirm$ ma/urbator & sodomi/1 & a dang]\s savage1 he became lucid & relaps$ into insanity sev]al times4 ,a ye> aft] vasectomy he 0 a sleek1 fat1 docile1 intellig5t fell[1 a tru/y ab\t ! y>d4 #bah ,virg9ia ,m$ical ,semi-mon?ly1 vols4 xiv1 xv4 ,dr4 ,%>p ( ,indianapolis1 aft] t5 ye>s' exp]i5ce ) ! op]ation1 dur+ :i* "t he did #def vasectomies1 says3#bai ,!re is no atrophy ( ! te/icle1 no cy/ic deg5]ation1 no di/urb$ m5tal or n]v\s condition foll[+4 ,he says1 fur!r1 t #agf m5 9 ! ,indiana ,re=matory ask$ him to p]=m ! op]ation on !m4 ,vasectomy t5ds to *eck ma/urbation1 & ! m9ds ( ! ma/urbators frequ5tly improve aft] ! op]ation4 #bai ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 ,decemb] #d1 #aiji4 ,if a man has be5 /]iliz$ by vasectomy1 re/oration ( function & removal ( ! /]ility seems practically always possible4 ,if a ligature has be5 us$1 releas+ ! ligature re/ores function4 ,dr4 ,william ,t4 ,belfield ( ,*icago#bbj re/or$ function fully by remov+ ! ligature eight weeks aft] x _h be5 appli$4 ,9 a lett] to me1 ,dr4 ,belfield said3 ,my obs]vation accords ) ! g5]al exp]im5tal & cl9ical exp]i5ce t ! re/oration ( ! lum5 aft] vasectomy or ligation1 or bo?1 is m c]ta9 ?an ! la/+ occlusion ( ! vasa by ^! measures4 ,! p]sev]ance ( natural =ces 9 re/or+ ! lum5 ( ! vas--& ! success a*iev$ ov] su* ob/acles z silk ligatures--is surpris+ until "o reflects ^u ! natural factors favor+ su* re/oration4 ,9 "o case ,i ti$ a wax$ 7to avoid cutt+ ?r\gh7 silk ligature tightly ar\nd ! %ea? ( ea* vas2 a specim5 exam9$ a mon? lat] 0 devoid ( sp]ms2 "o six mon?s lat] conta9$ pl5ty ( !m4 ,i cut d[n ^u ! ligatures1 f\nd !m 9 place & neatly ency/$1 & remov$ !m4 ,evid5tly ! pressure f beh9d _h squeez$ a passage on at lea/ "o side4 ,! gynecologi/s h le>n$ t ligatures ar\nd ! ,fallopian tubes are apt to cut ?r\gh1 :]eupon ! tubal lum5 is re/or$1 ?\gh pressure mu/ be less ?an 9 ! vas4 ,ev5 :5 a piece ( ! vas has be5 excis$ cases ( spontane\s re/oration h be5 obs]v$ 9 m5 & dogs4#bba #bbj ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 ,octob] #ai1 #aiab4 #bba ,belfield1 loc4 cit4 ,:5 ! ends ( a cut vas are releas$ f cicatricial tissue1 ^! ends may be sutur$ toge!r2 b z ! lum5 ( ! vas is extremely small1 !re is sometimes oblit]ation by occlusion at ! juncture4 ,*ri/ian & ,s&]son#bbb describ$ a me?od ( prev5t+ ?is oblit]ation4 ,a piece ( ,no4 #j tw5ty-day catgut is ins]t$ ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* into ea* end ( ! vas1 & ^! ends are br\ght toge!r by two catgut sutures1 leav+ ! ins]t$ catgut 9 ! canal4 ,! ends heal toge!r & ! catgut 9 ! canal is absorb$4 ,?is me?od has be5 us$ successfully to jo9 ! cut end ( a ,fallopian tube4 #bbb ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 ,decemb] #ac1 #aiac4 ,gemelli#bbc did vasectomy on elev5 dogs & sev5 cats2 ab\t six mon?s lat] he reunit$ ! cut ends1 & on dissection f\nd re/oration p]fect1 anatomically & functionally1 9 ! eighte5 animals4 ,! vas def]5s 9 ^! animals is small] ?an 9 man2 & !re=e (f]s great] difficulty 9 ! sutur+4 ,he us$ no ins]t$ catgut1 b told me he employ$ ! me?od ,c>rel applies 9 jo9+ cut art]ies4 ,9 "o case1 :]e ! dissection 0 broad1 he successfully ins]t$ a piece ( a vas tak5 f ano!r animal4 ,:e!r !re is occlusion or n aft] end-to-end sutur+ dep5ds l>gely on ! skill ( ! surgeon4 #bbc ,la ,scuola ,cattolica1 ,novemb]1 #aiaa4 ,dr4 ,edw>d ,m>t9 ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,univ]sity#bbd & ,delbet#bbe h remov$ /]ility by effect+ a patul\s ana/omosis betwe5 ! vas & ! epididymis1 & ?is me?od is applicable aft] vasectomy by cutt+1 b x is n successful1 z a rule4 ,x has be5 done effectively :]e ! vas _h no /ricture4 ,mc,kenna1#bbf 9 five attempts on m51 succe$$ once4 ,frbr+]#bbg said t 9 8 exp]i5ce ) a ?\s& cases ( d\ble epididymis1 ! condition is incurable 9 #hj p] c5t4 ( ! gonorrheal infections4 #bbd ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania ,m$ical ,bullet91 #aijb1 p4 #chh2 #aijc1 xv1 #b2 ,!rapeutic ,gazette1 ,decemb] #ae1 #aiji4 #bbe ,revue de ,?rapeutique ,mdico-*irurgicale1 ,janu>y #ae1 #aiab4 #bbf ,j\rnal ,am]4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 ,janu>y #bf1 #aiae4 #bbg ,deuts*e m$4 ,wo*5s*rift1 xxxix1 #bi4 ,ap>t f ! s-call$ vasectomy law1 gynecologi/s q frequ5tly /]ilize wom5 :o h *ronic he>t disease1 tub]culosis1 nephritis1 diabetes1 or h]$it>y m5tal ta9ts4 ,"s m51 l ,sp9elli1 ,cram]1 ,polak1 & o!rs1 w\ld /]ilize also 9 *ronic anemia1 p]si/5t album9uria1 epilepsy1 syphilis1 contract$ pelvis1 diseases ( metabolism1 infections1 & cirrhosis ( ! liv]4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods ( /]iliz+ wom5--removal ( ! ov>ies1 ligation ( ! ,fallopian tubes1 resection ( portions ( ! tubes1 resection ( ! :ole tube on ea* side1 cutt+ ! tubes & bury+ ! cut end 9 ! tissues by v>i\s me?ods1 & de/ruction ( ! l9+ ( ! ut]us by vaporization or ! !rmocaut]y4 ,de ,t>n[sky#bbh describes ! v>i\s me?ods4 ,"s ligations & %ort resections h fail$ to /]ilize4 ,:5 ! ov>ies or ut]us are remov$1 or ! major "p ( ! tubes are resect$1 or ! l9+ ( ! ut]us has be5 de/roy$1 ! /]ilization is p]man5t4 ,almo/ c]ta9ly function c\ld be re/or$ :]e ! resection ( ! tubes is n too de/ructive4 ,ap>t f ! matt] ( mutilation1 ! effects ( d\ble ophorectomy are v grave1#bbi & removal ( ! ut]us or ! ov>ies m]ely = /]ilization is n only immoral1 b altoge!r unju/ifiable sci5tifically4 #bbh ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 ,april #ai1 #aiac4 #bbi ,see ! *apt] on ,gonorrhea4 ,a phase ( ?is subject :i* is important & has occasion$ mu* discussion is :e!r vasectomy causes sexual impot5ce or n4 ,f a m$ical po9t ( view1 !re is no "q ( impot5ce2 physicians w\ld say x causes /]ility only4 ,mo/ canoni/s1 h[ev]1 hold t ! condition aft] vasectomy is te*nically impot5ce 9 ! canonical s5se4 ,f]r]es ( ,tortosa1 a lead+ ,spani% canoni/1 9 sev]al articles 9 ! ,ecclesia/ical ,review1 9 ,razon y ,fe 7xxviii1 #cgf2 xxxi1 #dif71 & 9 8 book ,de ,vasectomia ,duplici 7,madrid1 #aiac71 oppos$ my op9ion publi%$ 9 #aiab & #aiac1 :i* !n 0 t vasectomy does n cause canonical impot5ce4 ,de ,smet ( ,bruges#bcj holds t x causes impot5ce4 ,s d ,ojetti1#bca ,r5 ,mi*aud1#bcb ,w\t]s1#bcc ,es*ba*1#bcd ,capello1#bce ,/uc*i1#bcf ,de ,beck]1 ,v]me]s*1 ,de ,vill]s1 & ,salsmans ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,l\va91 & o!rs4 ,gemelli ( ,milan#bcg agre$ ) me4 ,! weight ( au?ority is c]ta9ly 9 favor ( ! notion ( impot5ce1 b ! argum5ts are by no means conv9c+1 z virtually e canoni/ :o has discuss$ ! "q has made gross mis/atem5ts ( ! physical facts 9 ! case4 #bcj ,ecclesia/ical ,review1 ,septemb]1 #aiab4 #bca ,synopsis ,r]um ,moralium et ,juris ,pontificii1 #ca/ ed41 n4 #bdbe4 #bcb ,n\velle ,revue ,?ologique4 #bcc ,n$]l&is*e ,ka?olis*e ,/emm51 ,janu>y #ae1 #aiaa4 #bcd ,analecta ,ecclesia/ica1 ,septemb]1 #aiaa1 & ,la ,scuola ,cattolica1 ,febru>y1 #aiab4 #bce ,la ,scuola ,cattolica1 ,febru>y1 #aiab4 #bcf ,ibid41 ,novemb]1 #aiaa4 #bcg ,ibid41 ,novemb]1 #aiaa4 ,if a man or woman is impot5t1 ! disability is an imp$im5tum juris naturalis1 & z su* x w\ld nullify any m>riage1 no matt] :at ! disp5sation4 ,!re are two op9ions among morali/s z to ! ess5ce ( canonical impot5ce4 ,i4 ,"s hold t any p]man5t ob/ruction to fecundation1 no matt] 9 :at /age ( ! physiological process or 9 :at "p ( ! g5ital tract x occurs1 con/itutes impot5ce4 ,!y ma9ta9 t a woman ^: ov>ies or ut]us h be5 remov$ is impot5t4 ,roman ,congregations h promulgat$ sev]al decrees 9 peculi> cases p]mitt+ ! m>riage ( spay$ wom52 b1 ^! morali/s say1 x is n cle> t 9 ^? special cases ! entire ov>y on ea* side ( ! :ole ut]us 0 tak5 out2 !y hold !re is d\bt z to ! fact4 ,&1 s9ce !re is disagreem5t ( morali/s1 ! ,holy ,(fice or o!r congregations w\ld give ! same decision because ( ! dubium juris4 ,april #b1 #aiji1 ! ,congregation on ! ,discipl9e ( ! ,sacram5ts decre$ t ! m>riage ( a ,spani% woman1 f :om1 accord+ to ! physician 9 *>ge ( ! case1 ! ut]us & bo? ov>ies _h c]ta9ly be5 remov$1 %\ld n be prev5t$4 ,febru>y #c1 #ahhg1 ! ,holy ,(fice made ! same decree 9 ! case ( a woman f :om ! ut]us & bo? ov>ies _h be5 remov$4 ,july #bc1 #ahij1 ! ,holy ,(fice made ! l decree "u ! same conditions4 ,july #ca1 #ahie1 ! ,holy ,(fice p]mitt$ ! m>riage ( a woman f :om bo? ov>ies _h be5 remov$4 ,ano!r case1 9 #aijb1 9 :i* ! physician 0 n c]ta9 t ! :ole ov>y on ea* side _h be5 remov$1 0 decid$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,!re h be51 !n1 f\r decisions s f> p]mitt+ ! m>riage ( wom5 :o lack$ bo? ov>ies1 & ?ree ( ^! wom5 lack$ ! ut]us also4 ,! ,congregation ( ! ,c\ncil has made f\r decisions 9 rec5t "t =bidd+ ! m>riage ( wom5 because ( impot5ce2 ,m>* #ba1 #ahfc1 a case 9 :i* !re 0 nei!r vag9a nor ut]us2 ,janu>y #bd1 #ahga1 a case 9 :i* ! vag9a 0 only two in*es 9 dep?2 ,septemb] #g1 #ahie1 a case 9 :i* ! vag9a 0 oblit]at$ 9 great] "p2 ,decemb] #af1 #ahii1 a case 9 :i* ! vag9a 0 only five c5timetres 9 dep?4 ,t a woman :o c]ta9ly lacks bo? ov>ies is canonically impot5t is ! op9ion ( ,antonelli1#bch ,lehmkuhl1#bci ,rosset1#bdj ,alb]ti1#bda ,bucc]oni1#bdb & o!rs4 ,^! m5 meet ! decisions ( ! congregations conc]n+ ! spay$ wom5 by say+ x is n c]ta9 ! :ole ov>ian tissue or ! entire ut]us 0 remov$1 al?\gh z a matt] ( fact ! physician 9 "o case te/ifi$ explicitly t bo? ov>ies & ! :ole ut]us 7 und\bt$ly remov$4 ,t a woman lack+ bo? ov>ies is n impot5t is ! op9ion ( ,gasp>ri1 ,d',annibale1 ,gnicot1 ,b]>di1 ,a]tnys1 ,tanqu]ey1 ,ojetti1 ,de ,smet1 & o!rs4#bdc #bch ,m$ic9a ,pa/oralis1 vol4 ii1 n4 #dc4 #bci ,!ologia ,moralis1 #h? ed41 ii1 n4 #gdd4 #bdj ,de ,matrimonio4 #bda ,!ologia ,pa/oralis1 p4 iv1 n4 #hh4 #bdb ,!ologia ,moralis1 ii1 n4 #iid4 #bdc ,see ,f]r]es1 ,de ,vasectomia ,duplici necnon de ,matrimonio ,muli]is ,excisae1 p4 #aaj4 ,madrid1 #aiac4 ,,ii4 ,! second op9ion on impot5ce is t ?is condition is caus$ exclusively by ^? p]man5t disabilities :i* exi/ 9 ! copula itself4 ,if ! sexual act conta9s 9 itself all t is ess5tial to g5]ation1 if ! copula is de se apta ad g5]ationem1 presc9d+ f all antec$5t & subsequ5t1 tempor>y or p]man5t1 ob/ructions to g5]ation1 !re is no impot5ce4 ,9 ?is op9ion ! woman )\t ov>ies is n impot5t1 b ! vasectomiz$ man is2 9 ! fir/ op9ion bo? ! muli] excisa & ! vasectomiz$ man are impot5t4 ,! second gr\p says ! vasectomiz$ man is incapable ( p]=m+ an act de se apta ad g5]ationem because 8 sem5 lacks ! ess5tial sp]matozoa4 ,if "o objects t ! spay$ woman1 :o is n impot5t accord+ to "s morali/s t s int]pret ! decisions ( ! congregations1 lacks ! ess5tial ovum1 s t %e _c p]=m an act de se apta ad g5]ationem because %e has no?+ to g5]ate )1 !y answ] t h] copula is p] se apta1 t !re happ5s 9 x ev]y?+ :i* takes place 9 a copula f :i* g5]ation actually foll[s4 ,! vasectomiz$ man _c g ?r\gh ! =m ( ! act ) all ! elem5ts :i*1 s f> z ! act is conc]n$1 are requir$ & suffici5t = g5]ation because he lacks ! sp]matozoa1 b ! muli] excisa c4 ,8 inability is intr9sic to ! act1 x vitiates ! v sub/ance ( ! act2 h] inability to pres5t ova is n intr9sic to ! act1 !y say4 ,all t is necess>y 9 h] case is t %e be capable ( receiv+ ! sem54 ,m>riage 0 in/itut$ to beget *ildr52 t is ! prop] end ( ! contract1 its basic ju/ification4 ,:5ev] ! debitum is us$ x mu/ be ) ! int5tion ( g5]at+ *ildr54 ,ev5 ! use ( m>riage z a rem$y ( concupisc5ce is s second>y an end t x alone is n en\gh to legitimize m>riage4 ,because a woman does n always h ova pres5t 9 ! tubes1--& !re is no means ( kn[+ j :5 ! ova are pres5t1--x is ju/ifiable to repeat ! conjugal act until ! woman is impregnat$2 second>ily & dep5d5tly1 ! repetition may be a rem$y ( concupisc5ce4 ,! sexual act does n =m ei!r ! sp]matozoa or ! ova2 ^! pre-exi/4 ,! sp]matozoa are always releas$ 9 a normal sexual act2 ! ova are n always pres5t :5 ! sp]matozoa are releas$4 ,a copula :i* is p]fectly de se apta ad g5]ationem supposes n at ! "t ! pres5ce ( bo? sp]m & ovum1 b x does suppose ! possibility ( ! ovum1 o!rwise g5]ation is utt]ly impossible2 & e copula becomes ju/ifiable solely because !re is a hope t x may be pres5t4 ,x is a m]e quibble to say t an act is de se apta ad g5]ationem if by no possibility g5]ation ev] c take place2 nev]!less ! congregations 9 f\r cases h app>5tly judg$ to ! contr>y4 ,9 ^! special decisions1 h[ev]1 ,rosset1 ,antonelli1 ,bucc]oni1 & ,palmi]i hold !re 0 a d\bt 9 ! m9ds ( ! memb]s ( ! congregation z to ! complete removal ( ! ov>ies or ut]us4 ,bucc]oni expressly /ates#bdd t ! ,c>d9al ,secret>y ( ! ,holy ,(fice told him p]sonally ! memb]s ( ! congregation suppos$ 9 ! p>ticul> cases t g5]ation c\ld foll[4 ,!re=e ^! decisions d n say t ! muli] excisa 9 g5]al is n impot5t or pot5t2 !y m]ely gave ! wom5 ( ^! cases ! b5efit ( ! d\bt4 ,?o "q is entirely op5 s f> z ^! decisions are conc]n$4 #bdd ,!ologia ,moralis1 #e? ed41 vol4 ii1 p4 #cia1 n4 #iid4 ,^? :o hold t vasectomy causes canonical impot5ce say also ! con/itution ( ,sixtus ,v4 =bidd+ ! m>riage ( eunu*s is applicable necess>ily to ! vasectomiz$ man1 because ! sem5 f ! vasectomiz$ man1 inasmu* z x lacks sp]matozoa1 is n g5u9e sem51 & ,sixtus ,v4 said eunu*s _c produce true sem54 ,! relevant passage 9 ! con/itution is3 ,cum frequ5t] 9 i/is regionibus eunu*i et spadones1 qui utroque te/e c>5t1 et ideo c]tum ac manife/um e/ eos v]um sem5 emitt]e non posse2 quia impura c>nis t5tig9e atque immundis complexibus cum muli]ibus se comisc5t1 et humorem =san quemdam similem sem9i1 licet ad g5]ationem et ad matrimonii causam m9ime aptam1 effundunt1 matrimonium 444 contrah]e praesumant 444 m&amus ut conjugia p] dictos et alios quoscumque eunu*os 444 contrahi prohibeas4 ,sixtus ,v4 says "h3 7#a7 t eunu*s :o lack bo? te/icles c]ta9ly & evid5tly _c emit true sem52 7#b7 t al?\gh eunu*s may p]haps produce a k9d ( liquid resembl+ sem51 ?is is by no means fit = g5]ation or m>riage2 7#c7 !re=e eunu*s are =bidd5 to m>ry4 ,! effects ( ca/ration 9 ! eunu* are3 7a7 t all sp]matozoa are abs5t2 7b7 t1 z a consequ5ce ( ! abs5ce ( ! te/icles1 ! p[] ( p5etration is lo/2 7c7 t1 z ano!r consequ5ce1 ! liquor sem9is1 :i* normally is =m$ 9 ! sem9al vesicles1 ! pro/ate & o!r gl&s1 is no long] secret$4 ,! eunu*1 !n1 is completely impot5t1 9 ! full s5se ( ! t]m4 ,f]r]es is ( ! op9ion1 errone\sly1 t eunu*s1 z a rule1 h ! p[] ( p5etration & ( emitt+ a humor sem9i similis1 & t amputation ( ! p5is is requisite to cause impot5ce 9 eunu*s4 ,!re are only five au!ntic cases ( tempor>y app>5t pot5ce 9 eunu*s 9 mod]n m$ical records1 & ^! are explicable z cases ( ere?ism f wa/e-product intoxication4 ,! canoni/s :o hold t ! vasectomiz$ man is impot5t int]pret ! words ( ,sixtus ,v4 to fit _! op9ion1 al?\gh ! vasectomiz$ man has all ! sexual pot5cy ( ! normal man except t 8 sp]matozoa are occlud$4 ,! pote/as coeundi is n lo/ 9 any degree2 nei!r he nor ! woman is consci\s ( any *ange :atev]4 ,only ! microscope c tell t ! sp]matozoa are abs5t if ! fact t he has be5 vasectomiz$ is n told4 ,moreov]1 if vasectomy has be5 done by m]e cutt+ )\t consid]able resection1 & especially if ! vasa h be5 %ut by ligation alone1 no "o c be c]ta9 t ! occlusion is ei!r c]ta9 or p]man5t4 ,!re is always d\bt t ! sp]matozoa are pres5t if ! microscope is n us$1 & ^! canoni/s all disclaim ! use ( ! microscope 9 su* circum/ances4 ,! argum5t ,f]r]es uses1 to ! effect t ! abs5ce ( sp]matozoa is s]i\sly injuri\s to ! woman1 is a supposition ( 8 own aris+ f an errone\s notion ( pot5cy 9 ! vasectomiz$4 ,?is abs5ce is n injuri\s to h]1 b x is probably injuri\s to ! vasectomiz$ man because ( ! p>tial ejaculation4 ,onanism1 :i* is diff]5t1 is decid$ly injuri\s to bo? ! man & ! woman4 ,onanism1 coitus int]ruptus1 or )drawal be=e ejaculation1 :i* takes place extra vas1 is int5d$ to prev5t impregnation4 ,9 ! normal sexual act ! male g5ital tract sudd5ly becomes conge/$ ) blood ?r\gh n]v\s action ( c5tres 9 ! lumb> cord & ! c]ebrum4 ,c[p]'s & ,littr's gl&s secret an alkal9e fluid :i* neutralizes ! acid ur9e 9 ! ure?ra & ?us prev5ts kill+ ( ! sp]matozoa4 ,muscul> p]i/altic action presses out ! sp]matozoa & ! secretions ( ! sem9al vesicles & ! pro/ate4 ,:5 ! act is normal !re is a complete empty+ ( ! tract ( sem5 & ( ! blood engorgem5t2 9 coitus int]ruptus !re is incomplete ejaculation & only p>tial deple?orization4 ,! sem9al vesicles rema9 di/5d$1 & ?is di/5tion1 ) ! conge/ion ( ! pro/ate1 causes cont9ual excitation ( ! sexual c5tres )\t relief4 ,!re is irritability & exhau/ion ( ! c5tres1 & ?is /ate br+s on premature ejaculation & f9al impot5tia coeundi4 ,o!r common effects are t5esmus ( ! ur9>y bladd]1 incont95ce ( ur9e1 nocturnal pollutions1 sexual neura/h5ia1 pa9 9 ! legs1 ov] ! eyes1 & 9 almo/ any "p ( ! body1 g5]al weakness1 heada*e1 v]tigo1 c>diac palpitation1 neurotic dyspepsia1 & a tra9 ( psy*ic symptoms :i* n seldom end 9 suicide4 ,9 ! woman !re is ! l blood engorgem5t & a p\r+ out ( ! secretions ( ,b>?ol9's & ! o!r gl&s1 b deple?orization takes place lat] 9 ! woman ?an 9 ! man1 & = ?is reason ! woman suff]s m f coitus int]ruptus ?an ! man does4 ,9 onanism1 z 9 ma/urbation1 aft] ! diseas$ conditions h be5 e/abli%$ x is extremely difficult to induce ! pati5t to resi/ ! almo/ ov]:elm+ irritation4 ,! canoni/s h int]pret$ ! text ( ,sixtus ,v4 to ! effect t ! eunu* is impot5t precisely & solely because he _c produce sem5 elaboratum 9 te/ibus4 ,no man produces sem5 elaboratum 9 te/ibus--m ?an #ic p] c5t4 ( ! sem5 is produc$ entirely outside ! te/icle2 no?+ b ! sp]matozoa & two or ?ree drops ( a lubricat+ fluid are produc$ 9 ! te/icles4 ,! eunu* really is impot5t because ! removal ( ! te/icles & _! n]v\s sy/em s breaks ! g5ital circuit1 :i* consi/s ( at lea/ sev5te5 di/9ct p>ts1 t erection is prev5t$1 ! =mation ( sp]matozoa is impossible1 ! secretion ( ! ess5tial vehicle ( ! sp]m & ( ! fluids :i* r5d] x f]tile is cut (f4 ,! eunu* _c p5etrate & he _c =m any sem52 he is impot5t2 ! vasectomiz$ man c p5etrate1 & he =ms a sem5 :i* is /]ile4 ,i ?9k n[ ! vasectomiz$ man is really impot5t = ! reason t ,i ?9k ! muli] excisa is impot5t1 b he is n impot5t because ( ! con/itution ( ,sixtus ,v41 :i* is n relevant at all to 8 case4 ,if ! vasectomiz$ man is impot5t1 ! foll[+ cases are also impot5t3 #a4 ,a man ^: g]m-cells h be5 de/roy$ by ! action ( ! ,x-ray4 #b4 ,a man ) d\ble p]man5t occlud+ epididymitis4 #c4 ,a man ^: vasa def]5tia op5 into ! uret]s & n into ! ure?ra4 #d4 ,a man ^: vasa are %ut by surgical op]ations = /one1 or cy/s ( ! pro/ate1 or sem9al vesicles4 #e4 ,a man ^: sem9al vesicles are %ut by concretions1 cy/s1 or tumors4 #f4 ,a man ) bilat]al cryptor*idism4 #g4 ,a man ) a tub]cul\s condition ( ! te/icles4 #h4 ,a man ) absolute neurotic asp]mia4 #i4 ,a man ) cong5ital lack ( developm5t ( ! te/icles or vasa4 ,/]ility 9 ! male w\ld exi/ only 9 advanc$ diabetes1 g5]al tub]culosis1 s5ility1 or 9 cases ( abs5t or diseas$ pro/ate gl& or sem9al vesicles4 ,"h x is wor? not+ t s9ce ! copula mu/ be natural1 fit = g5]ation 9 ! natural mann]1 artificial impregnation by ! use ( in/rum5ts is immoral1 & =bidd5 by a decree ( ! ,holy ,(fice1 promulgat$ ,m>* #bd1 #ahig4 ,artificial impregnation does n effect a copula :i* is by its nature prop] to g5]ation1 b is an act contr>y to nature1 "o f :i* g5]ation does n foll[ 9 a natural mann]1 secundum communem speciem actus4 ,x supposes delib]ate pollution & sem9ation outside ! vag9a1 bo? ( :i* actions are intr9sically evil4 ,9 discuss+ ! morality ( vasectomy ! foll[+ po9ts mu/ be consid]$3 #a4 ,9 :at degree ( mutilation is vasectomy8 #b4 ,vasectomy may be done ei!r at ! reque/ or by ! p]mission ( ! vasectomiz$ p]son2 or by ord] ( ! ,/ate4 7a7 ,if done by ! reque/ or p]mission ( ! vasectomiz$ p]son1 x may be ei!r 7#a7 z a means to use ! debitum )\t ! inconv5i5ce ( hav+ *ildr52 or 7#b7 z a !rapeutic measure to cure "s malady4 7b7 ,if done by ord] ( ! ,/ate1 x may be 7#a7 a puni%m5t2 or 7#b7 a prophylactic measure to av]t physical or moral evil 9 society4 ,if vasectomy causes canonical impot5ce1 t fact adds a special moral quality4 ,! weight ( au?ority is on ! side t x does cause canonical impot5ce1 z has already be5 m5tion$4 ,a slight mutilation1 9 ! s5se ( ! t]m z commonly us$1 c be any p]man5t effect ( a w\nd1 bruise1 or simil> cause1 f a m]e sc> to an amputation or o!r injury :]eby any memb] ( ! body is r5d]$ unfit = normal action4 ,t ! causal w\nd or injury is trivial 9 itself1 ap>t f its effect1 z 9 vasectomy1 has little or no direct be>+ on ! morality ( ! mutilation4 ,x is possible to h a v gross mutilation )\t ext5sive w\nd+4 ,we c bl9d a man p]man5tly by putt+ ! po9t ( a f9e cambric ne$le "o-tw5tie? ( an in* )9 ! pupil4 ,vasectomy is a grave mutilation because 7#a7 x removes f ! man ! p[] ( g5]ation2 7#b7 x inhibits ! function ( ! te/icle1 :i* is an important organ ( ! body4 ,al?\gh !y are n ! entire organ ( g5]ation1 ! te/icles are toge!r a complete organ 9 !mselves1 ! function ( :i* is to produce ! sp]matozoa ess5tial to ! procreation ( ! human species4 ,if by a w\nd "o inhibits ! function ( ! te/icles1 he gravely mutilates ! human body1 = a grave mutilation is no?+ b an inhibition ( ! function ( a di/9ct organ ?r\gh a w\nd4 ,a mutilation ( ?is k9d1 s9ce x fru/rates ! production & action ( ! human g5]ative sem5 & prev5ts g5]ation1 is :at is te*nically call$ a mortal s9 aga9/ nature1 unless !re is suffici5t cause to necessitate ! fru/ration1 su* z to save life1 to re/ore z a sole means ! heal? ( ! :ole body1 to protect society1 or a simil> reason4 ,:at is said "h ( vasectomy is true = fallectomy or o!r me?ods ( /]iliz+ ! woman4 ,fallectomy1 h[ev]1 is 9 itself a dang]\s op]ation1 & ophorectomy is nev] ju/ifiable z a m]e me?od ( /]ilization because ( its v injuri\s effects on ! :ole body & m9d ( ! woman4 ,among ! decretals ( ,gregory 9 ,corpus ,juris 7lib4 v1 tit4 xii1 c4 #e7 is ! foll[+ canon3 ,if any "o1 = ! sake ( indulg+ lu/1 or ?r\gh rev5ge1 does any?+ to a man or woman1 or gives !m any?+ to dr9k1 :]eby !y _c g5]ate1 or conceive1 or be> *ildr51 he is to be treat$ z a homicide4 ,any "o :o /]ilizes a man by vasectomy or a woman by fallectomy or ophorectomy1 = an improp] motive1 ipso facto falls "u ?is decree1 & is be=e ! canon law class$ 9 ! same category z a murd]]2 t is1 ! ag5t is deem$ guilty ( a grave crime aga9/ nature4 ,if a man has vasectomy done ^u himself1 8 int5tion may be 7#a7 to use ! debitum )\t ! inconv5i5ce ( hav+ *ildr52 or 7#b7 to av]t f a wife ) a n>r[ pelvis ! dang]s ( ! ces>ean section or o!r ob/etrical op]ation to h]self & ! *ild2 or 7#c7 to avoid ! transmission to possible (fspr+ ( a h]$it>y disease l ,hunt+ton's *orea or "o ( ! o!rs m5tion$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]2 or 7#d7 to cure himself ( "s malady4 #a4 ,if vasectomy is done m]ely to be able to use ! debitum )\t ! inconv5i5ce ( hav+ *ildr51 x is evid5tly illicit4 ,x is 9 t condition ! same z onanism2 x is contr>y to ! basic ju/ification ( m>riage2 x is a fru/ration ( nature2 & s on4 #b4 ,if x is done to safegu>d a wife ) a n>r[ pelvis x is a means1 evil 9 itself1 us$ directly to effect a good end2 & a good end1 or any end or effect1 nev] ju/ifies a direct evil means or cause4 ,!re is 9 reality no su* ?+ z a good effect f an evil means or cause2 ! evil means or cause ess5tially & sub/antially vitiates ! effect4 ,!re is no "q "h ( a d\ble effect1 "o good & "o evil1 :]e9 ! good effect is int5d$ & ! evil p]mitt$1 bo? com+ ) equal directness f ! s+le causal act4 ,on ! contr>y1 f ! vasectomy "h !re is ! s+le direct effect t ! man is /]iliz$1 & !n directly f ?is /]ility comes ! desir$ effect1 ! protection ( ! wife4 ,= exactly ! same reason1 vasectomy done to prev5t ! transmission ( a h]$it>y disease is illicit2 x is an evil means us$ directly to effect an end int5d$4 ,9 artificial abortion :5 ! fetus is inviable ! act done is to empty ! ut]us1 & ?is act itself kills ! fetus1 :i* is n an unju/ aggressor1 & is murd]4 ,?is murd] may save ! "m's life1 b ! end does n ju/ify ! means4 ,! vasectomy to protect ! "m's life or to av]t an evil h]$ity is a p>allel case4#bde #bde ,see ! *apt] on ,g5]al ,pr9ciples conc]n+ ,mutilation = an explanation ( ! act ) a d\ble effect4 ,! f\r? case supposes t ! vasectomy 0 done to cure ! man ( "s malady4 ,if !re 7 a malady t endang]$ ! pati5t's life1 or de/roy$ ! heal? ( ! body & x c\ld be cur$ by vasectomy1 ! op]ation w\ld ( c\rse be licit = ! reasons giv5 9 ! *apt] on ,g5]al ,pr9ciples conc]n+ ,mutilation4 ,dr4 ,c>r+ton tells u#bdf t he did vasectomy on an epileptic convict & cur$ him4 ,su* a cure is d\btful z to p]man5ce4 ,he describes two dang]\s insane negro homicides :o 7 r5d]$ h>mless by vasectomy4 ,9 cases l ^? ( ! homicides any "o responsible = !m w\ld probably be ju/ifi$ 9 hav+ ! op]ation done1 al?\gh ^! two cases are ! only direct ones on record4 ,epileptics sometimes %[ a homicidal t5d5cy1 b x is d\btful t vasectomy w\ld help !m4 ,! op]ation ( vasectomy z a cure = bodily ill has a v limit$ field4 ,!re are v _m conditions 9 wom5 :]e x is necess>y to remove ! ov>ies or ! tubes to save life1 or to cure *ronic invalidism ( an unbe>able nature4 ,^! conditions are discuss$ 9 ! *apt] on ,gonorrhea4 ,!re is no objection to ! removal ( a tube or an ov>y :5 su* removal is absolutely necess>y1 b ! necessity mu/ be cle>ly evid5t4 ,!re is a t5d5cy 9 "s surgeons to mutilate wom5 9 ?is mann] )\t suffici5t reason or to foll[ out a !rapeutic !ory4 #bdf ,virg9ia ,m$ical ,semi-mon?ly1 vols1 xiv1 xv4 ,m51 l ,%>p1 :o h done hundr$s ( vasectomies1 say ! op]ation commonly removes ! incl9ation to ma/urbation4 ,ma/urbation is1 z a rule1 a moral condition1 b x c1 l alcoholism1 come to h a l>ge physical elem5t4 ,idiots almo/ unexceptionally h ?is vice1 & 9 !m !re is no morality possible4 ,if by vasectomy !y c be cur$ ( ?is vice1 :i* injures _! heal? & is a social indec5cy & a s\rce ( s9 9 obs]v]s1 ! op]ation w\ld be licit 9 _! case4 ,:5 ! pati5t is morally responsible vasectomy w\ld n be licit1 z !re is no adequation betwe5 a physical evil l /]ilization & a moral vice4 ,!re are cases ( pa?ological sexual ere?ism :i* are s viol5t t ! pati5ts mu/ be put into /rait-jackets to prev5t con/ant ma/urbation4 ,! sem5 ( su* pati5ts is usually devoid ( sp]matozoa4 ,if ! pati5t is conf9$ 9 a /rait-jacket he w die1 & vasectomy1 accord+ to ,%>p1 w quiet su* a man4 ,vasectomy w\ld be p]missible 9 ^! circum/ances4 ,! "q has aris5 9 ! case ( a sane ma/urbator :o is neurotic1 weak-will$1 & a confirm$ addict to 8 vice1 :e!r or n 8 vasa might be ti$ (f by ligatures1 tempor>ily1 ) ! int5tion ( remov+ ! ligature lat] & re/or+ function4 ,i ?9k n4 ,ev5 tempor>y /]ilization is /]ilization1 a grave mutilation1 :ile x la/s1 & ! condition is really moral fundam5tally1 & !re=e n a fitt+ object = physical rem$ies4 ,:5 vasectomy is done by ! ,/ate1 x is done ei!r z a p5al or z a prophylactic measure4 ,z a g5]al /atem5t we c say ! ,/ate 9 c]ta9 conditions has ! "r to kill or mutilate a crim9al 9 def5ce ( ! social ord]2 b ev5 !n any puni%m5t1 to be ju/ifiable1 mu/ be effective & necess>y1 & x has to be ei!r re=mative1 exempl>y1 or rep>ative 9 reg>d to ! crime = :i* x is inflict$4 ,capital puni%m5t & mutilation are effective usually1 & are necess>y = ! pres]vation ( society4 ,! natural law p]mits ! ,/ate to pres]ve itself aga9/ ! unju/ encroa*m5ts ( individuals by curtail+ _! rights 9 s f> z t curtailm5t is effective & necess>y3 s9ce ! natural law requires ! exi/5ce ( civil society1 x mu/ all[ :at is necess>y = ! pres]vation ( t society4 ,!re is no "q "h ( a good end ju/ify+ evil means2 ! means :i* o!rwise w\ld be evil 9 ^! conditions become good4 ,homicide & mutilation are n m]e kill+ or m]e maim+1 b unju/ kill+ or unju/ maim+4 ,kill+ or maim+ is n intr9sically wrong "u all circum/ances1 z ly+1 blasphemy1 & "s o!r crimes are2 nev]!less1 z a puni%m5t by maim+1 vasectomy is ord9>ily wrong1 & !re=e a law mak+ x an ord9>y mode ( puni%m5t = c]ta9 :ole classes ( crim9als1 or all crim9als1 is unju/4 ,x is wrong because z a puni%m5t x is nei!r effective nor necess>y nor re=matory nor exempl>y nor rep>ative--x lacks e quality ( a ju/ifiable puni%m5t4 ,9 ,dr4 ,%>p's li/ ( vasectomies done 9 ,indiana prisons1 #agf op]ations 7 done on m5 :o volunt>ily ask$ = vasectomy4 ,!re is no pa91 no inconv5i5ce caus$ by ! op]ation1 no sexual *ange p]ceptible1 b a fitt+ ( ! crim9al to indulge 8 lu/ )\t ! v>i\s inconv5i5ces ( impregnation4 ,in/ead ( be+ re=matory1 x is conducive to crime4 ,i f9d only "o man :o object$ to vasectomy4#bdg ,9 ?is man vasectomy 0 add$ to life imprisonm5t z a puni%m5t = rape4 #bdg ,/ate ( ,wa%+ton vs4 ,feil51 #abf ,pac4 ,r4 #ge4 ,! legislators 9 ! ,/ates :i* h pass$ ! vasectomy law all seem to h be5 influ5c$ by ! pseudosci5tific notion t crim9ality is a h]$it>y condition1 a physical disease1 & n a matt] ( volition4 ,?is ,lombrosan absurdity is n[ held by no physical sci5ti/1 & f an e?ical po9t ( view x is nons5se4 ,moreov]1 if ! ,/ate vasectomiz$ all ! crim9als 9 ! jails1 ?is me?od w\ld n appreciably affect ! supply ( crim9als1 nor rea* an appreciable m9ority ( ! crim9al class1 z ! mo/ dang]\s crim9als are n 9 jails4 ,! op]ation is n a puni%m5t to ! m5 ^u :om x is done1 b x is an unnecess>y deprivation ( an ess5tial "r ( ^! m51 an excessive1 ill-ord]$ attack on a prim>y "r ( man1 & an act ( viol5ce aga9/ human nature & its ,au?or )\t adequate reason4 ,! law is aga9/ ! natural ord] because x directly deprives a man1 & t aga9/ 8 w1 ( functions :i* are at times a moral necessity to him1 & puts him into ! occasion ( s94 ,vasectomy does n remove 8 v5]eal desires1 b gives opportunity to lu/2 x turns ! conjugal relation into m]e onanism & degrades m>riage into a crime4 ,o!r conditions1 l milit>y s]vice1 9 :i* necessity obliges ! ,/ate to place its citiz5s & ?us prev5t ! conjugal relation1 cause an indirect tempor>y prev5tion1 reluctantly p]mitt$1 n directly int5d$4 ,vasectomy is an evil directly int5d$4 ,x is to ! int]e/ ( ! ,/ate to prev5t ! transmission ( h]$it>y disease1 & 9 do+ s x may to a c]ta9 degree curtail ! natural lib]ty ( its citiz5s4 ,:5 ! p]il is great1 z 9 a plague1 ! ,/ate may isolate infect$ individuals1 & ?us indirectly1 b tempor>ily1 prev5t a natural "r--namely1 ! conjugal relation4 ,x may ev5 p]petually isolate1 z 9 leprosy4 ,vasectomy1 h[ev]1 is a direct prev5tion )\t reason1 & x is done z a direct evil means to effect a s-call$ end :i* x nev] atta9s4 ,a man ) ,hunt+ton's *orea1 if m>ri$ & if he has *ildr51 w surely transmit ! disease to "s ( ^! *ildr51 & !y to _! *ildr54 ,vasectomy on him w prev5t a propagation ( 8 k9d b w cure no disease4 ,moreov]1 he is n a crim9al & n am5able to puni%m5t4 ,! bad effect1 /]ilization1 mu/ be p]petual 9 8 case or x is fooli%1 b ! /]ilization is n a puni%m5t1 nor a means ( sav+ ! heal? ( ! pati5t4 ,:atev] good comes ( ! act comes out ( an evil cause4 ,if su* a man p]si/s 9 m>ry+1 8 m>riage might be prev5t$1 b t is diff]5t f mutilat+ him4 ,! ,/ate has no direct dom9ion ov] ! lives or memb]s ( its citiz5s1 nor are citiz5s naturally m]e in/rum5ts = ! good ( ! gov]nm5t2 on ! contr>y1 ! gov]nm5t exi/s solely = ! good & utility ( ! citiz54 ,! ,/ate may n take ! life ( an innoc5t p]son1 nor mutilate him1 unless ^! acts are necess>y ei!r 7#a7 to protect ! life or rights ( individuals2 or 7#b7 to pres]ve ! social life ( ! commonweal?4 ,n[1 nei!r ( ^! two requisites is pres5t :5 !re is "q ( vasectomiz+ a man4 ,! "r or life ( no individual is at /ake4 ,! rights ( ! possible *ildr51 yet unborn1 are n injur$1 because1 z ^! *ildr5 are n 9 exi/5ce1 !y h no rights4 ,%\ld !y come into be+1 x is always bett] to be1 ev5 ?\gh diseas$1 ?an n to be4 ,! me?ods ( cattle-bre$]s 9 deal+ ) human be+s is n a virtue 9 ! ,/ate1 b an outrage & a degradation ( human nature4 ,! rights ( ! wife are n injur$1 because %e p]sonally receives no injury2 & if h] possible *ildr5 h *orea1 = example1 %e ei!r volunt>ily took t risk :5 %e m>ri$1 or if %e did n1 ?r\gh ignorance1 !re are o!r means to avoid ! tr\ble ?an ! evil ( /]ilization1 :i* 9 itself w\ld r5d] ! use ( m>riage onani/ic4 ,if ! husb& has syphilis1 gonorrhea1 leprosy1 tub]culosis1 or any o!r infecti\s disease1 vasectomy is no protection = ! wife4 ,may a physician employ$ by ! ,/ate 9 a prison1 an in/itution = ! feeble-m9d$1 or a l place1 d vasectomy at ! comm& ( ! law8 ,c]ta9ly he may n1 except 9 ^? r>e cases :]e vasectomy is p]missible z describ$ above4 ,! advocates ( freaki% legislation h>p on ! ass]tion t insanity & imbecility are increas+ al>m+ly1 & z a consequ5ce ! entire nation is deg5]at+4 ,to cure ?is evil we are to mutilate c]ta9 crim9als & ! m5tally defective4 ,x is n true t insanity & m5tal imbecility are increas+ 9 a v m>k$ degree 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! numb] ( inhabitants 9 ?is c\ntry is increas+ rapidly1 & z !re are m p "h ?an !re 7 a few ye>s ago1 ! numb] ( ! insane & ! m5tally defective has increas$ p>i passu1 b ! p]c5tage does n increase to any degree t calls = immoral & ineffective legislation4 ,only ( late ye>s h ! ,/ate gov]nm5ts begun to classify1 diagnose1 & ga!r up ! insane & ! imbecile1 :om we always h _h ) u1 & ^! processes h br\ght ! defectives into ! light4 ,our late immigrants are n equal 9 race1 9 m5tal & moral /r5g?1 to ! old nor!rn ,european immigrants4 ,9 ,philadelphia ! =eign-born population is #bd4g p] c5t4 ( ! :ole1 b t =eign-born population gives u #dd p] c5t4 ( ! indig5t insane4 ,9 ,new ,york ,/ate #bg p] c5t4 ( ! regi/]$ insane are n ,am]ican citiz5s4 ,:at we ne$ "h is n /]ilization1 b a bett] control ( ! immigrant1 a keep+ out ( ! unfit4 ,aga91 our insanity p]c5tage is increas$ avoidably by ! und\bt$ increase ( insanity among negroes4 ,we are acc\ntable = ?is because we d n c>e = our helpless negroes4 ,^! p are prev5t$ by trades-unions f le>n+ & work+ at elevat+ trades1 & !y are ?us =c$ unju/ly into a pov]ty & degradation :i* lead to vice & m5tal det]ioration4 ,! cure is n a jail surgeon's scalpel1 evid5tly4 ,a sy/em ( education t ignores ! w1 ^u :i* morality & virtue are bas$1 & sub/itutes a %am intellectuality z elaborat$ by ignorant bo>ds ( education & adm9i/]$ by emotional1 half-educat$ wom51 toge!r ) a lack ( g5u9e religion1 is a prolific s\rce ( m5tal & moral det]ioration & consequ5t deg5]acy 9 ! physical & moral ord]s4 ,our ,am]ican public-s*ool sy/em is su*1 & its deity is ! unwa%$ & crassly deprav$ god ,demos1 ^: bible is ! ev5+ newspap]4 ,if we c\ld civilize our s*ools1 we %\ld h no m5tion ( legislation by vag>y4 ,,bibliography ,ecclesia/ical ,review1 vols1 xlii1 xliii1 xliv1 xlvi1 xlvii1 xlviii1 passim4 ,philadelphia4 ,gemelli4 ,la ,scuola ,cattolica1 ,novemb]1 #aiaa4 ,milan4 ,/uc*i4 ,ibid4 ,es*ba*4 ,ibid41 ,febru>y1 #aiab2 ,analecta ,ecclesia/ica1 ,septemb] & ,octob]1 #aiaa4 ,capello4 ,la ,scuola ,cattolica1 ,febru>y1 #aiab4 ,mi*aud4 ,n\velle ,revue ,?ologique4 ,p>is1 #aiad4 ,s*midt4 ,zeits*rift fr ka?olis*e ,!ologie1 nn4 #a & #d1 #aiaa4 ,f]r]es4 ,de ,vasectomia ,duplici necnon de ,matrimonio ,muli]is ,excisae4 ,madrid1 #aiac4 ,de ,smet4 ,collationes ,brug5ses1 ,decemb]1 #aiaj4 ,w\t]s4 ,n$]l&is*e ka?ol4 ,/emm51 ,janu>y #ae1 #aiaa4 ,waffela]t4 ,de ,virtutibus ,c>d9alibus1 vol4 ii4 ,bruges1 #ahhi4 ,%>p4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association1 ,decemb] #d1 #aiji4 ,?is is ! article :i* />t$ ! entire vasectomy controv]sy4 ,b>k]4 ,m>yl& ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 ,april1 #aiaj4 ,bell4 ,h]$it>y ,crim9ality4 ,m$ico-,legal ,j\rnal1 vol4 xvii4 ,new ,york4 ,desfosses4 ,presse ,md41 vol4 xviii4 ,r5t\l4 ,/4 ,?omas ,hospital ,gazette1 vol4 xx4 ,london4 ,swift4 ,ma9e ,m$ical ,association ,j\rnal1 ,decemb]1 #aiad4 ,lyd/on4 ,m$ical ,record1 ,novemb] #h1 #aiac4 ,new ,york4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,bir? ,,control ,a coroll>y ( ! doctr9e :i* treats ( ! de/ruction 9 m$ical practice ( exi/5t human life1 is a consid]ation ( :at is call$ ,bir? ,control1 or ! crim9al prev5tion ( possible human life by onani/ic contraceptive me?ods4 ,!re has be5 an agitation = sev]al ye>s pa/ 9 we/]n & nor?we/]n ,europe & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to br+ ab\t ! repeal ( laws :i* =bid ! spread+ ( in=mation on ! me?ods ( prev5t+ conception4 ,! laws :i* ! agitators wi% to h abrogat$ decl>e t contraceptive in=mation is indec5t & %\ld be class$ ) ! circulation ( obsc5e lit]ature1 pornographic pictures1 & in/ruction 9 abortion4 ,! bir? control advocates pay no att5tion to accusations l ^? express$ 9 ! laws1 or to ^? made by p]sons :o h accurate notions ( morality & common dec5cy1 b ass]t t ! spread ( contraceptive in=mation t5ds to b5efit ! individual & human society4 ,bir? control z advocat$ by its p]petrators is intr9sically contr>y to ! natural law1 & !re=e immoral2 x m5tally & physically debases ^? t are guilty ( ! practice2 x does n b5efit ! poor z its advocates claim x does2 ! argum5ts urg$ by its support]s are fooli% & frequ5tly delib]ate untru?s2 & x is de/ructive ( society & ! /ate4 ,broadly speak+ ! natural law re/s on ! pr9ciple t ord]1 reason1 ju/ice1 :at is congru\s ) ! nature ( a be+ or faculty & t5ds to its p]fection 9 be+ or action1 %\ld prevail1 & t disord]1 unreason1 inju/ice1 ! unnatural1 mu/ be avoid$4 ,! "r ord] ( nature z e/abli%$ by ! ,supreme ,creator ( nature is ! /&>d ( action2 :at is contr>y to t ord] is evil1 wrong1 de/ructive1 crim9al1 injuri\s1 or ! l1 9 diff]5t circum/ances1 b altoge!r ^! deord9ate conditions mu/ be remov$1 n accept$4 ,morality also dep5ds on ^! facts4 ,morality is m]ely ! obs]vance ( ! natural law1 & immorality is revolt aga9/ t law4 ,s9ce ! natural law evid5tly prescribes t man mu/ live 9 society & t ! human race :i* con/itutes ?is society1 is to be pres]v$ by ! g5]ation ( new human be+s :o w replace ^? t die1 or are made useless by disease or o!r accid5t1 :atev] t5ds to ?is su/5tion ( humanity accord+ to ! natural law1 & 9 ! prop] conditions1 is good1 & :atev] t5ds to ! de/ruction ( humanity is evil & to be avoid$4 ,! g5]ation ( new replac+ human be+s mu/ take place only 9 ! /ate ( m>riage1 because ?us solely ! wife & ! *ild are protect$1 ! *ildr5 are educat$ physically1 m5tally & morally1 & ! degradation & be/iality ( promiscu\s sexual relation%ip are av]t$4 ,! fir/ & pr9cipal end ( m>riage is ! procreation ( *ildr54 ,t end ( m>riage mu/ be ! end on :i* is f\nd$ prim>ily ! natural necessity = ?is contract1 b ! natural necessity = ! contract is ! propagation ( ! human k9d ?r\gh lawful g5]ation & education4 ,m>riage1 too1 9 its v nature is fitt$ = t *ief end1 & = t end x 0 in/itut$ by ! ,au?or ( nature--a /able1 p]petual association ( ! sexes = ! atta9m5t ( :at is requisite = ! propagation ( mank9d4 ,!re are second>y ends ( m>riage1 su* z a reciprocal love & help ( ! husb& & wife1 & also t aspect ( m>riage :i* makes x a re/ra9t ^u promiscu\s lu/4 ,^! la/1 h[ev]1 are n en\gh to ju/ify m>riage 9 !mselves )\t ! fir/ or *ief end1 :i* is ! procreation ( *ildr54 ,:atev] is subv]sive ( ! end ( m>riage1 & t is ! propagation ( mank9d1 is subv]sive ( ! v f\ndation ( human society1 is contr>y to ! nature ( man1 fru/rates ! primal function ( nature1 & is !re=e ess5tially & always evil1 z be/iality1 sodomy1 or ince/ are evil4 ,su* is bir? control z ord9>ily practis$4 ,bir? control if x is effective ?r\gh a reciprocal cons5t ( a w$d$ c\ple1 = grave reason1 & solely by mutual ab/5tion f ! debitum may be 9 c]ta9 conditions an indiff]5t act morally4 ,if1 h[ev]1 bir? control is effect$ by contraceptive drugs1 or l me?ods1 x is a crime aga9/ nature1 & always a crime :i* no circum/ance c excuse1 no m ?an no circum/ance c excuse be/iality1 sodomy1 or ince/4 ,secondly1 m>riage1 :i* 0 in/itut$ prim>ily to p]petuate ! creative act ( ,god1 :5 su* practices prevail deg5]ates to m]e concub9age1 a gratification ( lu/ protect$ f ! police4 ,su* practices1 moreov]1 l[] man & woman bel[ ! brutes1 because brutes d n fru/rate ! natural law except 9 ! case ( ! male rat & a few o!r l[ grade rod5ts & bo> pigs4 ,onan is ! patron ( ,bir? ,control advocates4 ,! ,book ( ,g5esis said ,onan1 ! son ( ,judah1 did a dete/able ?+1 !re=e ! ,"l slew him4 ,^! are ! fundam5tal reasons ^? ( u recognize :o d n wi% t ! ignorant & vici\s %\ld be taught to act contr>y to ! natural law4 ,fur!rmore1 !re is always ano!r way out ( ! difficulties1 mo/ly imag9>y1 ! bir? control advocates conjure up4 ,grant+ t all ! difficulties f multiple bir?s are real1 no end ju/ifies ess5tially evil means1 & a subv]sion ( ! natural law is always ess5tially evil4 ,w>1 homicide1 & l acts are n always evil2 "u c]ta9 circum/ances bo? w> & homicide may be holy de$s2 b to act contr>y to nature is nev] ju/ifiable 9 any condition4 ,if ,i owe a man a l>ge sum ( money x may be to ! advantage ( myself or my *ildr5 t ?is man be remov$1 b t good end does n ju/ify murd]2 no m does any condition ( pov]ty ju/ify a contraceptive act aga9/ nature1 especially :5 su* an act is nev] ! sole means ( evasion4 ,we mu/ protect ! m>ri$ /ate1 b 9 ,am]ica we are de/roy+ x4 ,human society _h its orig9 9 m>riage1 & x dep5ds on m>riage = its pres]vation1 b our ,am]ican divorce laws h made m>riage a trave/y4 ,9 ,new ,york alone 9 #aiaf !re 7 #gd1hic wom5 divorc$1 ne>ly tw5ty-eight times z _m z 7 divorc$ 9 ,engl& & ,wales 9 t ye>1 & ov] =ty-n9e p] c5t4 ( ^! wom5 7 *ildless1 v significantly4 ,probably n9ety-five p] c5t4 ( ! *ildless wom5 _h us$ contraceptive me?ods1 yet !re are few =ces bett] able to hold ! m>riage knot ti$ z x %\ld be ti$ ?an a *ild's f+]s4 ,9 ,engl& & ,wales1 too1 9 #aiaf1 =ty p] c5t4 ( ! divorc$ c\ples 7 also bir? controll]s1 at lea/ !y _h no *ildr54 ,p5nsylvania is mu* m %ameless ?an ,new ,york 9 grant+ divorces = no reason at all4 ,among ! argum5ts us$ by ^? 9 favor ( spread+ contraceptive in=mation is t l>ge families keep ! labor+ classes d[n to l[ liv+ /&>ds1 & x w\ld be bett] = ^? families & ! /ate t ^! *ildr5 7 n born4 ,l>ge families z su* d n keep ! labor+ classes d[n to l[ /&>ds ( liv+2 bad legislation :i* all[s pr(ite]+1 :i* crim9ally p]mits extortion 9 ! prices ( food1 clo?+1 9 taxes1 r5ts1 ! co/ ( coal1 & ! l1 :i* does n =ce employ]s to give labor]s an hone/ price = labor1 or *eck ! extortions ( monopoli/s1 & a hundr$ simil> economic de$s ( inju/ice1 toge!r ) a p>5tal %iftlessness1 un?rift1 alcoholism1 lack ( education ?r\gh neglect1 & s on indef9itely1 are ! causes4 ,big families h m wages ?an small families1 & z a rule !y d bett] ?an ! small families :5 ! *ildr5 are old en\gh to "w4 ,society is at fault1 n ! size ( ! family2 ! active & ! passive selfi% are at fault1 n ! babies2 ! li>s1 hypocrites1 & ! button$ pockets are at fault1 n ! holy innoc5ts2 ! pr(essional m$dl]s 9 ! bus9ess ( bett] folk are ! nuisance1 n ! bless$ *ildr51 :o are ! brighte/ ?+s 9 ?is d>k5$ _w until we spoil !m1 & make !m l ourselves in/ead ( bett]4 ,"o dec5t "m is wor? a hundr$ %irk]s :o raise no?+ b lap dogs4 ,! *ildr5 ( l>ge families1 ! bir? controll]s say1 are m afflict$ by infecti\s diseases ?an ^? ( small families4 ,i 0 = ye>s 9 *>ge ( ! infecti\s diseases ,bureau ( ! ,wa%+ton ,heal? ,dep>tm5t1 & ,i h _h ample opportunity "h & 9 ,europe to /udy ?is matt]4 ,l>ge families 9 prop] economic positions are n diff]5t f small families z reg>ds ! infecti\s diseases4 ,^! diseases spread among ! poor because ! h\ses ( ! poor are commonly own$ by l& %>ks & politicians :o laugh at heal? regulations2 our heal? dep>tm5ts c n get en\gh money away f ! political r+lead]s 9 p[] to employ capable sanit>y exp]ts2 our laws = ! regulation ( m$ical practice & education are a disgrace to our civilization1 & e t[n is sw>m+ ) quacks :o c n recognize ev5 smallpox :5 !y see x4 ,! fault "h is 9 ourselves n 9 ! l>ge families4 ,control ! pr(essional politicians & quacks & !re w be no occasion = fooli% talk ab\t bir? control4 ,aga91 ! *ildr5 ( poor b l>ge families1 we are told1 h slight or no *ance to rise 9 ! social ord]4 ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 h[ev]1 "o ( ! greate/ m5 ,am]ica has produc$1 0 ! y\nge/ ( sev5te5 *ildr5 9 a poor family2 ,lyman ,bee*]1 a poor man1 _h elev5 *ildr51 & e man & woman among !m became fam\s2 ,!odore ,s*wann1 ! fa!r ( ! cell doctr9e & ( all mod]n biology1 0 "o ( ?irte5 poor *ildr52 ,john ,muell]1 "o ( ! greate/ ( mod]n sci5ti/s1 & ! ,fa!r ( ,g]man m$ic9e1 0 "o ( five *ildr5 ( a v poor family2 ,em]son 0 "o ( five sons1 s 0 ,f>ragut2 ,john ,wesley ! f\nd] ( ,me?odism1 0 ! eighte5? *ild ( 8 p>5ts2 ,ignatius ,loyola 0 ! eigh?2 ,sa9t ,ca!r9e ( ,si5na1 among ! greate/ wom5 intellectually & morally t ,europe ev] produc$1 0 ! tw5ty-f\r? *ild ( h] p>5ts4 ,?is li/ c be ext5d$ indef9itely f ! biographical diction>ies4 ,e enorm\s =tune made 9 ,am]ica 0 built up orig9ally by a man :o arose f ! dep?s--,rockefell]1 ,c>negie1 ,v&]bilt1 ,a/or1 ,ryan1 ,havemey]1 ,s*wab1 ,=d1 ,g\ld1 & s on4 ,pov]ty is a necess>y f\ndation = a great =tune4 ,! great soldi]s ( ! _w almo/ )\t exception rose f ! ranks ( pov]ty--,napoleon1 ,wa%+ton1 ,%]idan1 ,grant1 ,%]man1 ,p]%+1 ,de ,lacy 9 ,russia1 ,prim 9 ,spa91 ,o',higg9s 9 ,*ili1 ,/onewall ,jackson1 & o!rs4 ,! p[]ful ,dukes ( ,tetuan 9 ,spa9 came f an ,iri% adv5tur]1 ! fif? ( eight sons ( a poor man4 ,big families make = /r5g? ( "* 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce2 ! solit>y *ild 9 a family is pamp]$1 spoil$4 ,advocates ( bir? control say t ,holl& has _h a ,neomal?usian ,league op5ly op]ative s9ce #ahha1 ) fifty-two cl9ics :]e contraceptive in=mation is publicly giv54 ,z a direct consequ5ce1 & solely f ! "w ( ?is ,league1 ,holl& has a dropp+ dea? rate & an increase 9 population1 & ev5 ! /ature ( ! ,dut* has increas$ f\r in*es s9ce #ahha4 ,! ma9 objection to ^! /atem5ts ab\t ,holl& is t !y are absolutely false 9 e p>ticul> except t ! population ( ,holl& has increas$--f o!r causes4 ,be=e ! great w> e civiliz$ nation _h a dropp+ dea? rate & an increase 9 population except ,france :]e bir? control work$ aga9/ ! increase made by ! progress ( prev5tive m$ic9e & a diffusion ( sanit>y me?ods4 ,! ass]tion ab\t ! fifty-two cl9ics 9 ,holl& 0 inve/igat$4 ,an army (fic] s5t out by ! committee se>*$ f\rte5 days be=e he c\ld f9d ev5 "o secret bir? control propag&a /ation4 ,! pres5t prime m9i/] ( ,holl&1 de ,be]5br\k1 is an e>ne/ ,ca?olic man1 & if anyone talks bir? control 9 ,holl& dur+ 8 adm9i/ration he gu>antees !m a long t]m 9 jail4 ,!re 0 really a ,neomal?usian ,league ) #f1gjd memb]s1 n[ greatly decreas$ 9 numb]1 9 ! nor!rn ,prote/ant prov9ces ( ,holl&4 ,z a matt] ( fact j :]e ?is league exi/s ! bir? rate decreas$ & ! dea? rate increas$ & :]e x did n exi/ ! direct opposite is true4 ,z to ! increase ( f\r in*es 9 /ature--s9ce ?is is a physical impossibility ! sp9n] ( ! orig9al y>n 0 an ignorant romanc]1 lack+ plausibility 9 8 untru?4 ,:]e !re is bir? control !re are no *ildr5 to increase or ma9ta9 ! population1 b ! ,new ,york bir? controll] :o inv5t$ ! ,dut* /ory says t 9 ,holl& :]e !re are no *ildr5 born ?r\gh bir? control ! population increases ?r\gh bir? control4 ,! bir? control movem5t assumes t ! _w suff]s f ov]population4 ,x does n2 x suff]s f incorrect di/ribution ( populations1 & no doctr9e ( bir? control w ev] affect ?is fact4 ,all ! au?orities on ! /ati/ics ( population tell u x requires an av]age ( f\r *ildr5 to ea* family to keep ! population ev5 /ation>y1 n to talk ( ov]cr[d+4 ,two *ildr5 rea*+ maturity replace _! p>5ts1 & because ( ! high mortality 9 infancy1 & ! l>ge numb] ( ! unm>ri$ & ! bir? controll]s & abortioni/s1 f\r *ildr5 are ne$$ to a family to make a new g5]ation z l>ge z ! old4 ,an av]age ( "o1 two1 or ev5 ?ree *ildr5 to a family means a loss 9 population1 unless ! loss is suppli$1 z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by immigration4 ,an av]age ( five or six *ildr5 means an increase 9 ! population4 ,hav+ none or two *ildr5 to a family & rely+ on immigration to pres]ve ! nations means political annihilation1 z c be readily %[n4 ,9 ,new ,york ,/ate 9 #aiai in/ead ( ! requir$ f\r *ildr5 to keep ! population /ation>y1 z f> z ! native ,am]icans are conc]n$1 !re 0 "o *ild to e t5 families4 ,! ,am]ican nation 0 f\nd$ & built up :olly by ,nordic races1 immigrants f ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 ,g]many1 & a few f ,france1 ,holl& & ,sw$54 ,all our national traditions are f ^! ,nordic immigrants1 our notions ( self gov]nm5t1 our peculi> democracy1 our con/itution1 our language & lit]ature4 ,^! ,nordic peoples are dy+ out "h 9 appall+ numb]s = two *ief reasons1 "o ( :i* is bir? control & ! o!r is ! ,am]ican climate4 ,! civilization :i* affects u has always exi/$ along a geographical belt rea*+ f ! ,briti% ,isles to above ,rome1 & cov]+ ,great ,brita91 ,irel&1 ,france1 ,spa91 middle & we/]n ,g]many1 & ,italy to bel[ ,flor5ce4 ,! ,grecian civilization 0 n indig5\s1 b ! result ( a ,nordic occupation1 & x ceas$ c5turies be=e ,*ri/4 ,hunt+ton ( ,yale & sev]al o!rs h %[n1 by /udy+ ! production ( ?\s&s ( piece work]s & /ud5ts ov] a long "t1 t man does 8 be/ "w physically & m5tally "u f\r climatic conditions3 a mean temp]ature ( ab\t sixty-two degrees ,fahr5heit = physical "w & ab\t =ty degrees = m5tal "w2 secondly1 !re mu/ be a humidity ( ab\t sev5ty-five p] c5t42 ?irdly1 ! climate mu/ be v>iable1 be t ( ! belt ( cyclonic /orms2 f\r?ly1 !re mu/ be a quantity ( sunlight su* z t f\nd 9 ! ,european racial habitat ( ! p]son consid]$4 ,^! conditions are f\nd curi\sly 9 exactly ^! degrees 9 ! civiliz$ p>ts ( ,europe & n else:]e4 ,above & bel[ t area !y are lack+ & !re has nev] be5 any civilization :]e !y are want+4 ,! reason physical & m5tal productivity less5 annually ) u 9 ,decemb]1 ,janu>y1 & ,febru>y is because ^! climatic conditions are abs5t dur+ ^! ?ree mon?s4 ,aga91 m5 are diff]5tiat$ into races1 ?rive1 develop1 & rea* & ma9ta9 m5tal & physical p]fection )9 well def9$ climatic areas4 ,nature pres]ves ! race t has acquir$ ?r\gh c\ntless ages acclimatization 9 a giv5 environm5t1 & kills (f v quickly immigrants com+ f f> nor? or s\? ( ! giv5 latitudes4 ,! natural geographical position = ! black man is f ! equator to ! ?irtie? p>allel ( nor? or s\? latitude4 ,! ?irtie? p>allel 9 ,am]ica runs ?r\gh upp] ,florida1 s\!rn ,l\isiana1 & ! l[e/ ?ird ( ,texas4 ,f ! ?irtie? to ! ?irty-fif? p>allel is ! zone ( ! br[n man1 l ! ,malay4 ,! ?irty-fif? p>allel runs along ! s\!rn bord] ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,t5nessee1 ?r\gh ! middle ( ,arkansas1 ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 & ! l[e/ ?ird ( ,cali=nia4 ,f ! ?irty-fif? to ! =ty-fif? p>allel is ! zone ( ! brune ,m$it]ranean races4 ,! =ty-fif? p>allel passes ne> ,halifax1 ,bangor 9 ,ma9e1 ,ogd5sburg1 ,ottawa1 & ,/4 ,paul4 ,9 ,europe x runs ne> ,bordeaux1 ,tur91 ,bosnia1 & ! ,crimea4 ,new ,york is z f> s\? z ,naples1 ,philadelphia is sixty miles s\? ( ,naples1 & has ! sun ( s\!rn ,italy4 ,! ,nordic races t we are int]e/$ 9 z our orig9s all live above ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! summ] temp]atures !y h be5 accu/om$ to are above ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,an immigrant com+ f nor!rn ,irel& to ,philadelphia moves s\?w>d a ?\s& miles2 a ,norwegian go+ to ,texas moves s\?w>d two ?\s& miles1 & 8 family disappe>s z a rule 9 two g5]ations4 ,9 hi/oric times !re h be5 sudd5 movem5ts s\?w>d ( ,european races = ab\t sev5 hundr$ miles & all end$ disa/r\sly4 ,! ,lomb>ds w5t s\? f upp] ,prussia to middle ,italy at ! level ( ,bo/on & disappe>$ 9 two hundr$ ye>s4 ,! ,teutonic ,go?s w5t f ! ,baltic to ,italy & ,spa94 ,!y la/$ sixty-two ye>s 9 ,italy4 ,eighty ?\s& ,v&als ) _! families w5t d[n f ,br&5burg to ,nor? ,africa at ! level ( ,virg9ia4 ,!y 7 annihilat$ by ! climate 9 "o hundr$ & eight ye>s4 ,! ,burgundians disappe>$ 9 sixty ye>s f ,greece1 z ! ,celts :o _h c>ri$ ! ,hom]ic sagas to ,greece also disappe>$4 ,rome 0 great :ile ! ,nordic ,cisalp9e ,celt rul$ x1 & di$ =ev] ) ! ,celt4 ,italian art end$ at ,flor5ce1 ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ,cisalp9e ,gaul4 ,! ,slav disappe>$ ! same way f s\!a/]n ,europe & left only language traces to ! ,turanian & ,semite !re4 ,no ,european race ( pure blood has ev] _h gr&*ildr5 9 ! tropics4 ,! nor!rn races ( ,europe die out ) amaz+ rapidity 9 ! nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,iri% dea? rate at ! level ( ,new ,york is d\ble ! dea? rate 9 ,irel& "u mu* worse economic conditions2 ! dea? rate ( ! s\!rn ,italian & ! s\!rn ,russian is mu* bett] 9 ,new ,york ?an x is 9 _! ,european racial habitats4 ,9 #aiaj our ,engli% immigration 0 only six p] c5t4 ( ! :ole1 & ! ,iri% immigration is n[ negligible because !re are no m p 9 ,irel& to leave x1 b we h sev5 million ,slavs :o came 9 dur+ ! t5 ye>s be=e ! w>4 ,we h ?ree million s\!rn ,italians1 ?ree million ,poles1 & hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( nondescript folk f all ! back alleys ( ! old _w4 ,at an army camp 9 ,massa*usetts dur+ ! late w> !re 7 ?irty languages o!r ?an ,engli% spok51 & sev5 ?\s& m5 !re nev] _h he>d ! t]m ,anglo-,saxon4 ,! extreme s\!rn1 ea/]n1 & s\!a/]n ,european hordes are ov]:elm+ u1 & ^! hordes nev] knew a s+le political pr9ciple t ev5 remotely resembles :at we und]/& z ,am]ican pr9ciples4 ,!y come ( races :o 7 rul$1 if !y _h any rule at all1 by despots1 b we %all make ,anglo-,saxons1 ,am]icans1 or :atev] y l to call ! f9al metamorphosis we effect1 out ( ^! b>b>ians4 ,nev]6 ,ev5 9 a mill5ium4 ,c5turies f today ! ,slav "h w be a ,slav1 ! ,sicilian a ,sicilian1 ! ,russian a ,russian1 all ) a v5e] ( ,am]ican slang on ! tongue ( an et]nal racial "*4 ,:ole c\nties ( ,p5nsylvania are fill$ ) ,g]mans :o h be5 "h s9ce be=e ! ,revolution & !y h n s mu* z le>n$ ,engli% yet4 ,! ,nordic peoples die out "h4 ,only ! d>k-sk9n$ s\!rn ,g]mans la/ ) u2 ! sun kills out ! r$ & blond 9 two or ?ree g5]ations4 ,i rec5tly w5t ov] fifty ,iri% families :i* ,i knew p]fectly1 & !y h deg5]at$ eighty-six p] c5t4 num]ically & o!rwise 9 my own lifetime3 kill$ (f by ! climate :i* keeps our s\!rn /ates empty ( :ite m54 ,by two ,am]ican c5suses & "o ,engli% we "k t fifty p] c5t4 ( ,wa%+ton's army 0 born 9 ,irel&1 b !re are no ,iri% 9 ! revolution>y societies because ! ,revolution>y ,iri% h disappe>$4 ,if !re is any *ance at all = our civilization1 flimsy z x is1 ?is _w mu/ be rul$ by ! ,nordic ,european races1 n by ! s\!rn1 ea/]n & s\!a/]n ,european b>b>ian ,semite4 ,we mu/ rule = our own sake & = _! sake2 !y c n rule any?+4 ,if we d n rule !m1 !n welcome ! f9al curta9 z soon z possible4 ,h[ c we rule ,am]ica1 n to ?9k ( ! re/ ( ! _w1 unless we h ,nordic *ildr5 to take our place1 & h[ c we h su* *ildr5 if we let sex-bra9$ misfits run ab\t spread+ contraceptive drivel8 ,! rascal t prea*es su* doctr9e is a traitor to ,am]ica1 ! wor/ enemy our c\ntry ev] has _h1 m trea*]\s ?an any spy t sneak$ 9 among u dur+ ! w> j pa/4 ,! ,fr5* h _h _! lesson 9 bir? control1 & we %\ld le>n f _! mis=tune4 ,9 ! fir/ six mon?s ( #aiad :5 ,europe 0 /ill at peace ! total numb] ( bir?s 9 ,france 0 #cha1cih2 a decrease ( #d1jjj on ! ye> #aiac4 ,at ! same "t ! dea?s increas$ #bj1hde4 ,?us ! population ( ,france dur+ ! fir/ six mon?s ( #aiad decreas$ #bd1haf4 ,= ! pa/ ?irty ye>s ! bir? rate ( t c\ntry has /eadily decreas$ by contraceptive me?ods1 :ile ! dea? rate has increas$ proportionately to ! numb] ( inhabitants4 ,janu>y1 #aiaf1 f\nd ,france ) ab\t sev5 hundr$ ?\s& less p ?an %e _h 9 ,janu>y1 #aiad1 & !n came ! horrible c>nage ( ! great w>4 ,no matt] :at *ange ( he>t w> may br+ to ,france no increase 9 h] population c be expect$ = _m ye>s yet to come4 ,%e is daily cry+ out to ! _w = treaties to protect h] f ,g]many1 despite ! pro/ration ( ,g]many1 because %e kn[s ,g]many _h a bir? rate ( two males = h] "o1 & = tw5ty ye>s to come ,g]many probably c put twice z _m m5 into ! field z ,france c4 ,if ,france w give ov] h] unclean bir? control %e w n ne$ to :9e = protection4 ,! advocates ( bir? control ass]t t x less5s v5]eal diseases4 ,x does n2 x increases ! spread ( v5]eal disease4 ,! m reasonable among ! bir? control propag&i/s are anxi\s le/ _! public talks sugge/ temptation to ! "y4 ,!re is at pres5t = y\? ! det]r5t ( ! natural consequ5ces ( lu/2 ) bir? control k spread broadca/ t *eck is remov$ & promiscuity w become m g5]al1 because saf] socially4 ,v5]eal diseases w spread also z incont95ce spreads4 ,n[h]e 9 ! _w has ! crime ( bir? control be5 practis$ z 9 ,france nor = a long] "t1 & 9 t c\ntry toge!r ) ! l[e/ bir? rate 9 ! _w !re is ! highe/ dea? rate f v5]eal diseases accord+ to ,dr4 ,dubl9 ! /ati/ician ( ! ,new ,york ,metropolitan ,life ,insurance ,company4 ,n long ago "o ( ! lead+ m$ical writ]s ( ,france1 ,doy51 said 9 ! ,academy ( ,m$ic9e 9 ,p>is t syphilis is ! *ief cause ( dea? 9 ,france4 ,france n[ ass]ts %e has giv5 ov] bir? control1 b t is a h>d disease to cure aft] x has be5 e/abli%$4 ,un*a/ity is its own puni%m5t1 & if ,france goes ! way ( ^? nations t h di$ along ! pa?way ( civilization1 & great w\ld be ! pity1 %e has no?+ to blame = x b ?is abom9able moral leprosy1 bir? control4 ,%e is z /rik+ an example ( ! insanity ( bir? control z ,russia is ( ! insanity ( communism4 ,,index ,abnormal pelves1 #acc1 #acd1 #ace ,abortion1 #ia aft] fif? mon?1 #ajb ag5ts (1 #aag ,am]ican law on1 #aai causes (1 #ib civil law on1 #aba ,c\ncil ( ,l]ida on1 #aae ,c\ncil ( ,worms on1 #aae decretal ( ,gregory on1 #aae direct1 #aji excommunication =1 #aaf1 #aag ,gregory ,,xiv on1 #aaf habitual1 #ih ,holy ,(fice decrees on1 #aah homicide 91 #aaj incomplete1 #aja inevitable1 #aja irregul>ity &1 #aag morality (1 #aji-aad morph9e 91 #aja pat]nal causes (1 #ie ,pius ,,ix on1 #aaf precautions aga9/1 #aje1 #ajf prognosis aft]1 #ajj sepsis aft]1 #aje ,sixtus ,v on1 #aae /ati/ics (1 #ig1 #ih symptoms (1 #ii syphilis &1 #ajg tampon1 use (1 #ajc !rapeutic1 #ajg1 #aji ?reat5$1 #ii treatm5t (1 #ajb viol5ce &1 #id ,abruptio plac5tae1 #add causes (1 #add effects (1 #add ,acute yell[ atrophy ( ! liv]1 #ahf ,aggressor1 #ag1 #ai ,amnion1 #eb ,amphia/]1 #dd ,anae/hesia & ! fetus1 #ic ,analg9e1 #bdj ,animal heat1 #ga ,animal life1 #dh ,animation1 #cc1 #ci ,ari/otle on1 #ci biologi/s on1 #di ,conkl9 on1 #gc ,fi5us on1 #ce ,greek fa!rs on1 #cc ,greek philosoph]s on1 #cc ,/4 ,alphonsus on1 #ci ,/4 ,anselm on1 #ce ,/4 ,augu/9e on1 #cd ,/4 ,gregory ( ,nyssa on1 #ce ,/4 ,?omas on1 #ce ,zac*ias on1 #cf ,aortic /5osis 9 pregnancy1 #age ,app>5t dea?1 #hb ,app5dicitis 9 pregnancy1 #aeb ,ar*5t]on1 #ej ,artificial impregnation1 #beh ,attraction sph]e1 #dj ,ba] on twilight sleep1 #bdj ,baptism ( mon/]s1 #hj ,beg9n+ ( life1 #cc ,blameless def5ce1 #ah ,bla/ocy/1 #ej ,bla/ulas1 #ej ,braxton-,hicks v]sion1 #adc ,bright's disease 9 pregnancy1 #aeg ,broad ligam5t1 #abd ,canc]s 9 pregnancy1 #adi morality ( op]ation1 #aej ,canonical irregul>ity1 #bc1 #bd1 #be ,capital puni%m5t1 #ca ,c>r+ton's vasectomies1 #bdh ,catalepsy1 #he 9 pregnancy1 #afj ,cell1 #dj bridges1 #fj diff]5tiation1 #fg1 #fh division1 #da1 #db h]$ity1 #de life1 #dh motion1 #gj r$uction1 #de union1 #fe1 #ff ,c5trosome1 #dj ,ces>ean deliv]y1 #acb amputation ( ! ut]us aft]1 #ach indications =1 #acb morality (1 #acf1 #acg repeat$ sections1 #adj /]ilizations &1 #aci1 #adj1 #ada ,*emico-vital *anges1 #gj1 #ga ,*ol]a 9 pregnancy1 #aie ,*orea gravid>um1 #aha ,*orion1 #ea ,*romosome1 #db numb]s (1 #dc ,*romat91 #da ,circum/ances1 #c ,citiz5 z memb] ( ! ,/ate1 #ca ,coelom1 #ea ,coition 9 ge/ation1 #ie1 #if1 #ig ,cong5ital tub]culosis1 #ahi ,consci5ce1 #ab ,con/itution ,effra5atam1 #aae ,cont+5t be+1 #a ,contract$ pelves1 #acc ,craniotomy & excommunication1 #aag ,dmm]s*laf1 #bca ,dea?1 signs (1 #hi1 #ij ,de ,lugo on ! ,/ate1 #ca ,developm5t ( ! body1 #ef ,diagnosis1 p]c5tage ( correct1 #ba ,diabetes 9 pregnancy1 #bbi ,diff]5tiation by position1 #fh1 #fi ,division1 direct & indirect1 #db ,d\ble effects1 #ah1 #bf ,d\ble mon/]s1 #gh1 #gi ,dry labor1 #aji ,eclampsia p>turi5tium1 #afa abortion 91 #afe expectant treatm5t (1 #aff =c$ deliv]y 91 #afe mortality1 #afc1 #afh ,li*t5/e9's me?od 91 #aff precautions aga9/1 #afd symptoms (1 #afa v]atrum viride 91 #afg ,ectod]m1 #ej d]ivatives (1 #ea ,ectopic ge/ation1 #abc decrees ( ! ,holy ,(fice on1 #abh1 #abi diagnosis (1 #abf1 #abg morality ( op]ations1 #abi1 #acj ,effects ( an action1 #f ,egg %ell1 #dg ,embryo1 #cc gr[? (1 #ej /ages (1 #eb ,end ( an action1 #d ,end ( life1 #hb ,endod]m1 #ej ,endometritis1 #ic ,entele*y1 #fj ,erysipelas 9 pregnancy1 #aif ,eunu*s1 #bee1 #bef ,eu?anasia1 #a ,fallopian tubes1 #abc ,fecundation1 #abd ,fetus1 #cc & ! dead "m1 #hg at t]m1 #ed mon?s1 #ec1 #ed1 #ee /ages1 #ec ,fibrillation1 #agd ,fibroids1 #adf ,fission !ory1 #gg ,=m1 #fj ,gemmule !ory1 #eh ,g]m cells1 #dd ,god's exi/5ce1 #b ,gonorrhoea 9 m>riage1 #baa abortion &1 #bbd bl9dness &1 #bbf cons]vative surg]y =1 #bag effects1 #bab1 #bac1 #bae1 #baf1 #bbe1 #bbf op]ations =1 #baf pr(essional secret &1 #bab te/s ( cure1 #baa treatm5t by heat1 #bbh ,good1 #c ,grippe1 #aid ,happ9ess1 #b ,ha/5+ ( dea?1 #aaa ,hebo/eotomy1 #ace ,he>t beat1 #hc ,he>t block1 #agc ,he>t diseases 9 labor1 #agb1 #agd ,he>t diseases 9 pregnancy1 #afi ,mayo cl9ic on1 #agc ,he>t1 orig9 (1 #eb ,homicide1 #ac accid5tal1 #ai argum5ts aga9/1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ag bibliography (1 #bb direct & indirect1 #ac self-def5ce &1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai ,human t]ata1 #gh ,hyp]emesis gravid>um1 #agf ,hy/]ia1 imitative1 #ahc major & m9or1 #ahd m>riage &1 #ahe 9 pregnancy1 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahc ,ict]us gravis1 #ahf ,impot5ce1 #beh op9ions on1 #beb ,infecti\s diseases 9 pregnancy1 #ahh ,influ5za 9 pregnancy1 #aid ,insanity1 pu]p]al1 #aed spread (1 #bff ,kant on morality1 #bi ,k>yok9esis1 #da ,la grippe 9 pregnancy1 #aid ,law1 def9ition (1 #bh ,life 9 sep>at$ tissues1 #gc1 #gd ,mal>ia 9 pregnancy1 #aif ,male g5]ative sy/em1 #bdh ,male pronucleus1 #di ,maniacal *orea1 #ahb ,m>riage1 end (1 #bed ,mayhem1 #bc ,means ( an action1 #e ,measles 9 pregnancy1 #aie ,mesod]m1 #ej ,metabolism ( ! cell1 #fi1 #gj1 #gb ,metaphases ( mitosis1 #dd ,midwives1 #ach ,mignonette case1 #aac ,mitosis1 #da ,misc>riage1 #ia ,mitral regurgitation 9 pregnancy1 #agd ,mon/]s1 #ge by displacem5t1 #gh multiple1 #gf ,morality1 #c det]m9ants (1 #c ,morph9e1 effects on fetus1 #bcd effects 9 labor1 #bcd1 #bce ,morula1 #ej ,mutilation1 #bc argum5t aga9/1 #bf1 #bg argum5t =1 #bg civil law on1 #bc direct & indirect1 #bf ,mol9a on1 #bd ,/4 ,alphonsus on1 #be ,/ate &1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb self-mutilation1 #bf ,su>ez on1 #bd ,myomata 9 pregnancy1 #adf effects (1 #adg fetus &1 #adh mortality (1 #adg ,natural law1 #b1 #ab ,necess>y be+1 #a ,nephritis 9 pregnancy1 #aeg treatm5t (1 #aeh v>ieties (1 #aeh ,n]v\s sy/em1 #ea ,nucleus1 #dj1 #df ,object ( an action1 #c ,onanism1 #bef ,op]ations dur+ pregnancy1 #id ,op]ative risk 9 c>diopa?s1 #agc ,oph?almia neonatorum1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bbh ,organs1 orig9 (1 #ea ( ! body1 #fd ,ov>ies1 removal (1 #bah1 #bbc resection (1 #bba ,ov>ian tumors 9 pregnancy1 #adh ,ov>ian1 #bdg ,ov>iotomy1 decrees ( ! 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