,! ,/ory ( ! ,e>? & ,man4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,dawson ,,diagram ,,( ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,hi/ory4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,animals ,,rock ,,=mations ,,plants ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,age ,n ,mod]n ,age ( ,e ,t ,po/-plioc5e ( ,man ,o i ,plioc5e ,angiosp]ms 7,upp] ,z m ,plioc5e & ,/rata7 ,o e ,mioc5e ,plants & ,i ,eoc5e ,mammals ,c ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,m ,age ,e ,cretace\s ,age ,s ,t ( ( ,o i ,jurassic ,cycads ,z m & ,reptiles ,o e ,triassic ,p9es ,i ,c ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,p]mian ,age ( ,age ( ,p ,amphibians ,a ,c>bonif]\s ,acrog5s & ,fi%es ,l ,t i ,erian or & ------ ,o m ,z e ,devonian ,gymnosp]ms ,age ( ,o ,mollusks ,i ,silurian ------ ,corals ,c & ,siluro- ,age ,cru/aceans ,cambrian ( ,cambrian ,alg ,huronian8 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,age ( ,e ,laur5tian ,plants ,protozoa ,o ,t ,z i n ,o m ,i e det]m9able ,c ,h>p] ,bro!rs ,new ,york4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,& ,,man1 ,,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,dawson1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,k4,s41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,,pr9cipal ,,& ,,vice-,,*ancellor ,,( ,mc,g,i,l,l ,,univ]sity1 ,,montreal1 ,,au?or ,,( ,,ar*aia1 ,,acadian ,,geology1 ,,etc4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs1 ,,publi%]s1 ,,frankl9 ,,squ>e ,,preface ,! sci5ce ( ! e>? z illu/rat$ by geological rese>*1 is "o ( ! noble/ outgr[?s ( our mod]n intellectual life4 ,con/itut+ ! sum ( all ! natural sci5ces 9 _! application to ! hi/ory ( our _w1 x af=ds a v wide & v>i$ scope = m5tal activity1 & deals ) "s ( ! gr&e/ problems ( space & "t & ( organic exi/5ce4 ,x invites u to be pres5t at ! orig9 ( ?+s1 & to ent] into ! v work%op ( ! ,creator4 ,x has1 besides1 mo/ important & intimate connection ) ! indu/rial arts & ) ! mat]ial res\rces at ! disposal ( man4 ,its educational value1 z a means ( cultivat+ ! p[]s ( obs]v+ & reason+1 & ( accu/om+ ! m9d to deal ) l>ge & intricate que/ions1 c sc>cely be ov]rat$4 ,b fully to s]ve ^! high ends1 ! /udy ( geology mu/ be bas$ on a ?or\gh k ( ! subjects :i* con/itute its elem5t>y data4 ,x mu/ be dive/$ z f> z possible ( m]ely local col\r+1 & ( ! prejudices ( speciali/s4 ,x mu/ be emancipat$ f ! control ( ! bald metaphysical speculations s rife 9 our "t1 & above all x mu/ be deliv]$ f t mat]iali/ic infidelity1 :i*1 by robb+ nature ( ! spiritual elem5t1 & ( its presid+ ,div9ity1 makes sci5ce dry1 b>r51 & repulsive1 dim9i%es its educational value1 & ev5 r5d]s x less effici5t = purposes ( practical rese>*4 ,t ! want ( ^! prelim9>y conditions m>s mu* ( ! popul> sci5ce ( our day is too evid5t2 & ,i confess t ! wi% to attempt some?+ bett]1 & !reby to revive ! int]e/ 9 geological /udy1 to attract att5tion to its educational value1 & to remove ! misappreh5sions :i* exi/ 9 "s qu>t]s respect+ x1 7 pr9cipal reasons :i* induc$ me to und]take ! s]ies ( pap]s = ! ,leisure ,h\r1 :i* are reproduc$1 ) "s am5dm5ts & ext5sion1 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,h[ f> ,i h succe$$1 ,i mu/ leave to ! intellig5t &1 ,i tru/1 indulg5t read] to decide4 ,9 any case ,i h pres5t$ ?is _m-sid$ subject 9 ! aspect 9 :i* x appe>s to a geologi/ ^: /udies h l$ him to comp>e ) ea* o!r ! two great cont95tal areas :i* are ! classic gr\nd ( ! sci5ce1 & :o reta9s 8 fai? 9 ^? unse5 realities ( :i* ! hi/ory ( ! e>? itself is b "o ( ! %ad[s project$ on ! field ( "t4 ,to geologi/s :o may glance at ! foll[+ pages1 ,i w\ld say t1 amid/ mu* t is famili>1 !y w f9d "h & !re "s facts :i* may be new to !m1 z well z "s orig9al sugge/ions & conclusions z to ! relations ( ?+s1 :i* ?\gh /at$ 9 famili> t]ms1 ,i h n advanc$ )\t due consid]ation ( a wide range ( facts1 ,to ! g5]al read] ,i h endeav\r$ to pres5t ! m important results ( geological inve/igation dive/$ ( te*nical difficulties1 yet ) a c>eful reg>d to accuracy ( /atem5t1 & 9 su* a mann] z to invite to ! f>!r & m precise /udy ( ! subject 9 nature1 & 9 works :i* ent] into te*nical details4 ,i h endeav\r$ z f> z possible to m5tion ! au?ors ( important discov]ies2 b x is impossible 9 a "w ( ?is k9d to quote au?ority = e /atem5t1 :ile ! omission ( mu* important matt] relat+ to ! topics discuss$ is also unavoidable4 ,%ortcom+s 9 ^! respects mu/ be rem$i$ by ! read] himself1 ) ! aid ( sy/ematic text-books4 ,^? :o may desire any f>!r explanation ( ! occasional allusions to ! record ( creation 9 ,g5esis1 w f9d ?is 9 my previ\sly publi%$ volume entitl$ ,ar*aia4 ,j4 ,w4 ,d1 ,mc,gill ,college1 ,montreal1 ,janu>y1 #ahgc4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,*apt] ,i4--,! ,g5esis ,( ,! ,e>?4 ,uni=mity & ,progress4--,int]nal ,heat4--,nebul> ,!ory4--,probable ,condition ( ! ,primitive ,_w #a ,*apt] ,,ii4--,! ,eozoic ,ages4 ,! ,laur5tian ,rocks4--,_! ,"* & ,di/ribution4--,! ,conditions ( _! ,deposition4--,_! ,metamorphism4--,eozoon ,canad5se4--,laur5tian ,vegetation #ag ,*apt] ,,iii4--,! ,primordial or ,cambrian ,age4 ,connection ( ! ,laur5tian & ,primordial4--,animals ( ! ,primordial ,seas4--,l+ula1 ,trilobites1 ,oldhamia1 etc4--,! t]ms ,cambrian & ,silurian4--,/ati/ics ( ,primordial ,life #cf ,*apt] ,,iv4--,! ,silurian ,ages4 ,geography ( ! ,cont95tal ,plateaus4--,life ( ! ,silurian4--,reign ( ,inv]tebrates4--,corals1 ,cr9oids1 ,mollusks1 ,cru/aceans4--,! ,fir/ ,v]tebrates4 ,silurian ,fi%es4--,l& ,plants #ef ,*apt] ,v4--,! ,devonian or ,erian ,age4 ,physical ,"* ( ! ,age4--,diff]5ce ( ,deposits 9 ,m>g9al & ,cont95tal ,areas4--,specialisation ( ,physical ,geography4--,corals1 ,cru/aceans1 ,fi%es1 ,insects1 ,plants #ha ,*apt] ,,vi4--,! ,c>bonif]\s ,age4 ,p]fection ( ,palozoic ,life4--,c>bonif]\s ,geography4--,col\rs ( ,s$im5ts4--,vegetation4--,orig9 ( ,coal4--,l& ,life4--,reptiles1 ,l& ,snails1 ,millip$es1 etc4--,oceanic ,life #aji ,*apt] ,,vii4--,! ,p]mian ,age4 ,movem5ts ( ! ,l&4--,plication ( ! ,cru/4--,*emical ,conditions ( ,dolomite1 etc4--,geographical ,results ( ,p]mian ,movem5ts4--,life ( ! ,p]iod4 ,summ>y ( ,palozoic ,hi/ory #afj ,*apt] ,,viii4--,! ,mesozoic ,ages4 ,*>act]s ( ! ,trias4--,summ>y ( ,*anges 9 ! ,triassic & ,cretace\s ,p]iods4--,*anges ( ! ,cont95tal ,plateaus4--,relative ,duration ( ! ,palozoic & ,mesozoic4--,mesozoic ,=e/s4--,l& ,animals4--,! reign ( ,reptiles4--,e>ly ,mammals & ,birds #ahh ,*apt] ,,ix4--,! ,mesozoic ,ages 7cont9u$74 ,animals ( ! ,sea4--,great ,sea ,liz>ds1 ,fi%es1 ,cephalopods1 etc4--,*alk & its ,hi/ory4--,tabul> ,view ( ! ,mesozoic ,ages #baa ,*apt] ,x4--,! ,neozoic ,ages4 ,physical ,*anges at ! end ( ,mesozoic4--,subdivisions ( ! ,neozoic4--,great ,eoc5e ,seas4--,l& ,animals & ,plants4 ,life ( ! ,mioc5e4--,reign ( ,mammals #bce ,*apt] ,,xi4--,! ,neozoic ,ages 7cont9u$74 ,lat] ,vegetation4--,! ,animals ( ! ,plioc5e ,p]iod4 ,approa* ( ! ,glacial ,p]iod4--,"* ( ! ,po/-plioc5e or ,glacial #beh ,*apt] ,,xii4--,close ( ! ,po/-plioc5e1 & ,adv5t or ,man4 ,connection ( ,geological & ,human ,hi/ory4--,! ,po/-glacial ,p]iod4--,its ,relations to ! ,pre-,hi/oric ,human ,p]iod4--,elevation ( ,po/-,plioc5e ,l&4--,introduction ( ,man4--,subsid5ce & ,re-elevation4--,calculations z to ,"t4--,tabul> ,view ( ! ,neozoic ,ages #bhb ,*apt] ,,xiii4--,adv5t ,( ,man 7cont9u$74 ,relations ( ,po/-plioc5e & ,mod]n ,animals4--,cav]n ,deposits4--,k5t's ,cave4--,g5]al ,rem>ks4 #bii ,*apt] ,,xiv4--,primitive ,man4 ,!ory ( ,evolution z appli$ to ,man4--,its ,dem&s4--,its ,defici5cies4--,fallaci\s ,"* ( ,argum5ts ( ,d]ivationi/s4 ,hypo!sis ( ,creation4--,its ,dem&s & ,advantages #caf ,*apt] ,,xv4--,primitive ,man 7cont9u$74 ,geological ,conditions ( ,man's ,introduction4--,8 ,mod]n ,date4--,8 ,isolat$ ,position4--,8 ,high] ,p[]s4--,pictures ( ,primitive ,man accord+ to ,evolution & ,creation4--,g5]al ,conclusion #cej ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,page ,ideal ,sections ,illu/rat+ ! ,g5esis or ! ,e>? #h ,am]ica ,9 ,! ,laur5tian ,p]iod #ah ,eozoon ,canad5se #bd ,life 9 ! ,primordial ,age #dj ,organic ,lime/one ( ! ,silurian #fc ,life 9 ! ,silurian #ff ,life 9 ! ,devonian #hh ,vegetation ( ! ,devonian #ajc ,c>bonif]\s ,plants #abf ,olde/ ,l& ,snails #aci ,c>bonif]\s ,reptiles #adf ,fold+s ( ! ,cru/ 9 ! ,p]mian ,p]iod #afb ,curves ( ,elevation & ,depression #agi ,culm9ation ( ,types ( ,palozoic ,animals #ahc ,l& ,animals ( ! ,mesozoic #aid ,aquatic ,animals ( ! ,mesozoic #bai ,=am9if]al ,rock-build]s #bdc ,mioc5e ,mammals #bec ,brita9 9 ! ,po/-plioc5e #cja ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,& ,,man4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,g5esis ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,! title ( ?is "w is int5d$ to indicate precisely its nature4 ,x consi/s ( r\gh1 broad sket*es ( ! aspects ( successive /ages 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory1 z disclos$ by geology1 & z !y pres5t !mselves to obs]v]s at ! pres5t "t4 ,! la/ qualification is absolutely necess>y1 :5 deal+ ) a sci5ce ^: goal to-day w be its />t+ po9t to-morr[1 & 9 ^: view e geological picture mu/ h its light & %ad$ portions1 its cle> =egr\nd & its dim di/ance1 v>y+ accord+ to ! lights ca/ on !m by ! progress ( inve/igation1 & accord+ to ! /&po9t ( ! obs]v]4 ,9 su* pictures results only c be giv51 n ! processes by :i* !y h be5 obta9$2 & ) all possible gradations ( light & di/ance1 x may be t ! arti/ w br+ into too di/9ct outl9e facts /ill only dimly p]ceiv$1 or w give too little prom95ce to o!rs :i*1 %\ld appe> 9 bold relief4 ,he mu/ 9 ?is judge = himself2 & if ! writ]'s impressions d n precisely correspond ) ^? ( o!rs1 he tru/s t !y w all[ some?+ = diff]5ce ( vision & po9t ( view4 ,! difficulty above ref]r$ to p]haps rises to its maximum 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 ,= h[ c any "o pa9t *aos1 or give =m & fill+ to ! =mless void8 ,p]haps no ^w-picture ( ?is p]iod ( ! fir/ phase ( mundane hi/ory c ev] equal ! two negative t\*es ( ! inspir$ p5man--)\t =m & void--a _w de/itute ( all its pres5t ord]1 & de/itute ( all t gives x life & animation4 ,?is x 01 & n a complete & f9i%$ e>?1 t sprang at fir/ f its ,creator's h&2 & we mu/ inquire 9 ?is fir/ *apt] :at in=mation sci5ce gives z to any su* condition ( ! e>?4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! geological hi/ory ( ! e>? pla9ly intimates a beg9n+1 by utt]ly negativ+ ! idea t all ?+s cont9ue z !y 7 f ! creation ( ! _w4 ,x traces back to _! orig9 n only ! animals & plants :i* at pres5t live1 b also _! pr$ecessors1 ?r\gh successive dyna/ies em]g+ 9 long procession f ! dep?s ( a primitive antiquity4 ,n only s2 x assigns to _! relative ages all ! rocks ( ! e>?'s cru/1 & all ! pla9s & m\nta9s built up ( !m4 ,?us1 z we g back 9 geological "t1 we leave beh9d u1 "o by "o1 all ! ?+s ) :i* we are famili>1 & ! inevitable conclusion ga9s on u t we mu/ be approa*+ a beg9n+1 ?\gh ?is may be veil$ f u 9 cl\ds & ?ick d>kness4 ,h[ is x1 !n1 t !re are ,uni=mit>ians 9 geology1 & t x has be5 said t our sci5ce %[s no traces ( a beg9n+1 no indications ( an end8 ,! "q des]ves consid]ation2 b ! answ] is n difficult4 ,9 all ! lapse ( geological "t !re has be5 an absolute uni=mity ( natural law4 ,! same gr& ma*9]y ( =ce & matt] has be5 9 use ?r\gh\t all ! ages1 work+ out ! great plan4 ,yet ! plan has be5 progressive & advanc+1 nev]!less4 ,! uni=mity has be5 9 ! me?ods1 ! results h pres5t$ a wondr\s div]sity & developm5t4 ,aga91 geology1 9 its olde/ p]iods1 fails to rea* ! beg9n+ ( ?+s4 ,x %[s u h[ c\rse aft] c\rse ( ! build+ has be5 laid1 & h[ x has gr[n to complet5ess1 b x conta9s z yet no record ( ! lay+ ( ! f\ndation-/ones1 /ill less ( ! qu>ry :5ce !y 7 dug4 ,/ill ! con/ant progress :i* we h se5 po9ts to a beg9n+ :i* we h n se52 & ! v uni=mity ( ! process by :i* ! edifice has be5 erect$1 implies a "t :5 x _h n be5 begun1 & :5 its /ones 7 /ill repos+ 9 _! native qu>ry4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! olde/ condition ( ! e>? actually %[n to u by geology1--t :i* prevail$ 9 ! ,eozoic or ,laur5tian p]iod1 :5 ! olde/ rocks kn[n1 ^? con/itut+ ! f\ndation-/ones ( our pres5t cont95ts1 7 =m$ & laid 9 _! places8 ,) reg>d to physical conditions1 x 0 a "t :5 our exi/+ cont95ts 7 yet 9 ! bosom ( ! wat]s1 :5 ! ocean 0 almo/ univ]sal1 yet :5 s$im5ts 7 be+ deposit$ 9 x z at pres5t1 :ile !re 7 also volcanic foci1 vomit+ =? molt5 matt] f ! e>?'s hidd5 int]ior4 ,!n1 z n[1 ! great physical ag5cies ( wat] & fire 7 cont5d+ ) "o ano!r = ! ma/]y1 do+ & undo+1 build+ up & break+ d[n4 ,b is ?is all8 ,has ! e>? no e>li] hi/ory8 t x mu/ h _h1 we may inf] f _m indications2 b z to ! nature ( ^! e>li] /ates1 we c le>n f conjecture & inf]5ce m]ely1 & mu/ h rec\rse to o!r witnesses !n ^? rocky monum5ts :i* are ! sure guides ( ! geologi/4 ,"o fact be>+ on ^! que/ions :i* has long excit$ att5tion1 is ! obs]v$ increase 9 temp]ature 9 desc5d+ into deep m9es1 & 9 ! wat] ( deep artesian wells--an increase :i* may be /at$ 9 r\nd numb]s at "o degree ( heat ( ! c5tigrade !rmomet] = e #ajj feet ( dep? f ! surface4 ,^! obs]vations apply ( c\rse to a v inconsid]able dep?1 & we h no c]ta9ty t ?is rate cont9ues = any great di/ance t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,we reg>d x z indicat+ ! actual law ( increase ( temp]ature1 x w\ld result t ! :ole cru/ ( ! e>? is a m]e %ell cov]+ a molt5 mass ( rocky matt]4 ,?us a v slight /ep ( imag9ation w\ld c>ry u back to a "t :5 ?is sl5d] cru/ _h n yet =m$1 & ! e>? roll$ ?r\gh space an inc&esc5t globe1 ) all its wat] & o!r vaporisable matt]s 9 a gase\s /ate4 ,a/ronomical calculation has1 h[ev]1 %[n t ! e>?1 9 its relation to ! o!r heav5ly bodies1 obeys ! laws ( a rigid ball1 & n ( a fluid globe4 ,h5ce x has be5 inf]r$ t its actual cru/ mu/ be v ?ick1 p]haps n less !n #b1ejj miles1 & t its fluid portion mu/ !re=e be ( small] dim5sions !n has be5 inf]r$ f ! obs]v$ increase ( temp]ature4 ,fur!r1 x seems to h be5 r5d]$ probable1 f ! d5sity ( rocky matt] 9 ! solid & liquid /ates1 t a molt5 globe w\ld solidify at ! c5tre z well z at ! surface1 & consequ5tly t ! e>? mu/ n only h a solid cru/ ( great ?ickness1 b also a solid nucleus1 & t any liquid portions mu/ be ( ! nature ( a %eet or ( deta*$ masses int]v5+ betwe5 ^!4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has rec5tly be5 ma9ta9$ t ! calculations :i* are suppos$ to h e/abli%$ ! great ?ickness ( ! cru/1 on ! gr\nd t ! e>? does n *ange its =m 9 ob$i5ce to ! attraction ( ! sun & moon1 are bas$ on a misconception1 & t a molt5 globe ) a ?9 cru/ w\ld atta9 to su* a /ate ( equilibrium 9 ?is respect z n to be di/+ui%able f a solid planet4 ,?is view has be5 ma9ta9$ by ! ,fr5* physici/1 ,delaunay1 & = "s "t x made geologi/s suppose t1 aft] all1 ! e>?'s cru/ may be v ?94 ,sir ,william ,?omson1 h[ev]1 & ,ar*deacon ,pratt1 h ably ma9ta9$ ! previ\s op9ion1 bas$ on ,hopk9s' calculations2 & x is n[ believ$ t we may re/ ^u ?is z repres5t+ ! mo/ probable condition ( ! int]ior ( ! e>? at pres5t4 ,ano!r fact be>+ on ?is po9t is ! =m ( ! e>?1 :i* is n[ actually a sph]oid ( rotation2 t is1 ( su* a %ape z w\ld result f ! action ( gravity & c5trifugal =ce 9 ! motion ( a huge liquid drop rotat+ 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! e>? rotates4 ,( c\rse x may be said t ! e>? may h be5 made 9 t %ape to fit x = its rotation2 b sci5ce pref]s to suppose t ! =m is ! result ( ! =ces act+ on x4 ,?is consid]ation w\ld ( c\rse corroborate ! d$uctions f t j m5tion$4 ,aga91 if we exam9e a map %[+ ! di/ribution ( volcanoes ^u ! e>?1 & trace ^! along ! volcanic belt ( ,we/]n ,am]ica & ,ea/]n ,asia1 & 9 ! ,pacific ,isl&s1 & 9 ! isolat$ volcanic regions 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w2 & if we add to ^! ! multitude ( volcanoes n[ ext9ct1 we %all be conv9c$ t ! s\rces ( int]nal heat1 ( :i* ^! are ! v5ts1 mu/ be pres5t almo/ ev]y:]e "u ! e>?'s cru/4 ,la/ly1 if we consid] ! elevations & depressions :i* l>ge portions ( ! cru/ ( ! e>? h und]gone 9 geological "t1 & ! actual crumpl+ & fold+ ( ! cru/ visible 9 great m\nta9 *a9s1 we arrive at a simil> conclusion1 & also become conv9c$ t ! cru/ has be5 n too ?ick to admit ( ext5sive fractures1 flexures1 & fold+s4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be admitt$1 !ories ( volcanic action1 /rongly support$ by ! *emical nature ( ! mat]ials eject$ by mod]n volcanoes1 :i* w\ld ref] all _! ph5om5a to ! s(t5+1 "u ! cont9u$ influ5ce ( heat & wat]1 ( mat]ials )9 ! cru/ ( ! e>? r !n "u x4,a ,/ill1 ! ph5om5a ( volcanic action1 & ( elevation & subsid5ce1 w\ld1 "u any explanation1 suppose int5se heat1 & !re=e probably an orig9al inc&esc5t condition4 ,a ,dr4 ,t4 ,/]ry ,hunt1 9 ,silliman'a ,j\rnal1 #ahgj4 ,la ,place long ago bas$ a !ory ( ! orig9ally gase\s condition ( ! sol> sy/em on ! relation ( ! planets to ea* o!r1 & to ! sun1 on _! planes ( revolution1 ! direction ( _! revolution1 & t ( _! satellites4 ,on ^! gr\nds he inf]r$ t ! sol> sy/em _h be5 =m$ out ( a nebul\s mass by ! mutual attraction ( its p>ts4 ,?is view 0 fur!r /r5g!n$ by ! discov]y ( nebulae1 :i* x might be suppos$ 7 und]go+ ! same processes by :i* ! sol> sy/em 0 produc$4 ,?is nebul> !ory1 z x 0 call$1 0 long v popul>4 ,x 0 subsequ5tly suppos$ to be damag$ by ! fact t "s ( ! nebul :i* _h be5 reg>d$ z sy/ems 9 progress ( =mation 7 f\nd by improv$ telescopes to be really clu/]s ( />s1 & x 0 inf]r$ t ! o!rs might be ( l "*4 ,! spectroscope has1 h[ev]1 m rec5tly %[n t "s nebul are actually gase\s2 & x has ev5 be5 attempt$ to demon/rate t !y are probably und]go+ *ange fitt+ !m to become sy/ems4 ,?is has s]v$ to revive ! nebul> hypo!sis1 :i* has be5 fur!r /r5g!n$ by ! kn[n fact t ! sun is /ill an inc&esc5t globe surr\nd$ by an imm5se lum9\s envelope ( vap\rs ris+ f its nucleus & cond5s+ at its surface4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :ile ! sun may be suppos$1 f its great magnitude1 to rema9 int5sely heat$1 & :ile x w n be appreciably less p[]ful = myriads ( ye>s1 ! moon seems to be a body :i* has _h "t to complete ! :ole hi/ory ( geological *ange1 & to become a dry1 dead1 & )]$ _w1 a type ( :at our e>? w\ld 9 process ( "t actually become4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #a to #e4--;,ideal sections illu/rat+ ! ,g5esis ( ! ,e>?4 ,fig4 #a4 ,a vapor\s _w4 ,fig4 #b4 ,a _w ) a c5tral fluid nucleus 7b7 & a photosph]e 7a74 ,fig4 #c4 ,! photosph]e d>k5$1 & a solid cru/ 7c7 & solid nucleus 7d7 =m$4 ,fig4 #d4 ,wat] 7e7 deposit$ on ! cru/1 =m+ a univ]sal ocean4 ,fig4 #e4 ,! cru/ crumpl$ by %r9kage1 l& elevat$1 & ! wat] occupy+ ! int]v5+ depressions4 ,! figures are all ( uni=m size2 b ! circle 7,a7 %[s ? diamet] ( ! globe :5 9 ! /ate ( fig4 #a1 & t m>k$ 7,b7 its diamet] :5 9 ! /ate ( fig4 #e4 ,9 all ! figures 7a7 repres5ts vap\r or air2 7b7 liquid rock2 7c7 solid rock z a cru/2 7d7 solid nucleus2 7e7 wat]4 ,su* consid]ations lead to ! conclusion t ! =m] wat]y condition ( our planet 0 n its fir/ /ate1 & t we mu/ trace x back to a previ\s reign ( fire4 ,! reasons :i* c be adduc$ 9 support ( ?is are no d\bt some:at vague1 & may 9 _! details be v>i\sly int]pret$2 b at pres5t we h no o!r int]pretation to give ( t *aos1 =mless & void1 t /ate 9 :i* nor aught nor n\ght exi/$1 :i* ! sacr$ writ+s & ! traditions & poetry ( anci5t nations concur ) mod]n sci5ce 9 indicat+ z ! primitive /ate ( ! e>?4 ,let our fir/ picture1 !n1 be t ( a vapor\s mass1 repres5t+ our n[ solid planet spread out ov] a space ne>ly two ?\s& times great] 9 diamet] !n t :i* x n[ occupies1 & :irl+ 9 its annual r\nd ab\t ! /ill vapor\s c5tre ( our sy/em1 9 :i* at an e>li] p]iod ! e>? _h be5 b an ext]ior lay]1 or r+ ( vap\r4 ,! atoms t n[ con/itute ! mo/ solid rocks are 9 ?is /ate z t5u\s z air1 kept ap>t by ! expansive =ce ( heat1 :i* prev5ts n only _! me*anical union1 b also _! *emical comb9ation4 ,b )9 ! mass1 sl[ly & sil5tly1 ! =ce ( gravitation is compress+ ! p>ticles 9 its giant h&1 & ga!r+ ! d5s] t[>d ! c5tre1 :ile heat is giv5 =? on all sides f ! cond5s+ mass into ! voids ( space )\t4 ,little by little ! d5s] & less volatile matt]s collect 9 ! c5tre z a fluid molt5 globe1 ! nucleus ( ! future planet2 & 9 ?is nucleus ! elem5ts1 obey+ _! *emical aff9ities hi!rto lat5t1 are arrang+ !mselves 9 comp\nds :i* are to con/itute ! future rocks4 ,at ! same "t1 9 ! ext]ior ( ! vapor\s envelope1 matt]s cool$ by radiation into ! space )\t1 are comb9+ ) ea* o!r1 & are be+ precipitat$ 9 e>?y ra9 or sn[ into ! see?+ mass )91 :]e !y are ei!r aga9 vaporis$ & s5t to ! surface or absorb$ 9 ! increas+ nucleus4 ,z ?is process advances1 a new brilliancy is giv5 to ! fa9t %9+ ( ! nebul\s matt] by ! inc&esc5ce ( ^! solid p>ticles 9 ! upp] lay]s ( its atmosph]e1 a condition :i* at ?is mom5t1 on a great] scale1 is t ( ! sun2 9 ! case ( ! e>?1 s mu* small] 9 volume1 & f>!r f ! c5tre ( ! sy/em1 x came on e>li]1 & has long s9ce pass$ away4 ,?is 0 ! glori\s />like condition ( our globe3 9 a physical po9t ( view1 its mo/ p]fect & beautiful /ate1 :51 if !re 7 a/ronom]s ) telescopes 9 ! />s1 !y might h se5 our n[ dull e>? fla% =?--a brilliant :ite /> second>y to ! sun4 ,b 9 process ( "t ?is passes away4 ,all ! m solid & less volatile sub/ances are cond5s$ & precipitat$2 & n[ ! atmosph]e1 /ill va/ 9 bulk1 & d>k & mi/y 9 texture1 conta9s only ! wat]1 *lor9e1 c>bonic acid1 sulphuric acid1 & o!r m volatile sub/ances2 & z ^! ga!r 9 d5se cl\ds at ! out] surface1 & p\r 9 fi]ce corrosive ra9s ^u ! heat$ nucleus1 comb9+ ) its mat]ials1 or fla%+ aga9 into vap\r1 d>kness d5se & gross settles ^u ! vapor\s deep1 & cont9ues = long ages1 until ! atmosph]e is f9ally cle>$ ( its acid vap\rs & its sup]flu\s wat]s4,b ,9 ! meantime1 radiation1 & ! heat ab/ract$ f ! liquid nucleus by ! %[]s ( cond5s+ mat]ial f ! atmosph]e1 h s f> cool$ its surface t a cru/ ( slag or c9d] =ms ^u x4 ,brok5 aga9 & aga9 by ! heav+s ( ! ocean ( fire1 x at l5g? sets p]man5tly1 & receives ^u its b>e & bli/]$ surface ! ev]-increas+ aque\s & acid ra9 ?r[n d[n f ! atmosph]e1 at fir/ s5d+ x all hiss+ & /eam+ back1 b at l5g? all[+ x to rema9 a univ]sal boil+ ocean4 ,!n began ! reign ( ! wat]s1 & ! dom9ion ( fire 0 conf9$ to ! abysses )9 ! solid cru/4 ,"u ! primeval ocean 7 =m$ ! fir/ /ratifi$ rocks1 f ! sub/ances precipitat$ f its wat]s1 :i* mu/ h be5 load$ ) solid matt]4 ,we mu/ n imag9e ?is primeval ocean l our own blue sea1 cle> & transp>5t1 b fill$ ) e>?y & sal9e matt]s1 ?ick & turbid1 until ^! 7 p]mitt$ to settle to ! bottom & =m ! fir/ s$im5ts4 ,! sev]al *anges above ref]r$ to are repres5t$ 9 diagrammatic =m 9 figs4 #a to #d4 ,b ,hunt1 ,*emi/ry ( ! ,primeval ,e>?1 ,silliman's ,j\rnal1 #aheh4 ,9 ! meantime all is n at re/ 9 ! int]ior ( ! new-=m$ e>?4 ,"u ! cru/ va/ oceans ( molt5 rock may /ill rema91 b a solid int]ior nucleus is be+ cry/allis$ 9 ! c5tre1 & ! :ole int]ior globe is gradually %r9k+4 ,at l5g? ?is process advances s f> t ! ext]ior cru/1 l a %eet ( ice f bel[ :i* ! wat] has subsid$1 is left unsupport$2 & ) t]rible e>?quake-?roes x s9ks d[nw>d1 wr9kl+ up into huge folds1 betwe5 :i* are va/ sunk5 areas into :i* ! wat]s subside1 :ile f ! int]v5+ ridges ! e>?'s p5t-up fires bel* =? a%es & molt5 rocks4 7,fig4 #e47 ,s arose ! fir/ dry l&3-- ,! m\nta9s huge appe> ,em]g5t1 & _! broad b>e backs upheave ,into ! cl\ds1 _! tops asc5d ! sky1 ,s high z heav$ ! tumid hills1 s l[ ,d[n sunk a holl[ bottom1 broad & deep1 ,capaci\s b$ ( wat]s4 ,! cl\d 0 its g>m5t1 x 0 swa!d 9 ?ick d>kness1 & pres5t$ b a rugg$ pile ( rocky precipices2 yet well might ! morn+ />s s+ toge!r1 & all ! sons ( ,god %\t ) joy1 :5 its f\ndations 7 settl$ & its corn]-/one laid1 = !n 7 inaugurat$ ! *anges :i* 7 to lead to ! introduction ( life on ! e>?1 & to all ! future developm5t ( ! cont95ts4 ,physical geograph]s h taught u t ! great cont95ts1 :e!r we reg>d _! coa/s or _! m\nta9 *a9s1 are built up on l9es :i* run nor?-ea/ & s\?-we/1 & nor?-we/ & s\?-ea/2 & x is also obs]v$ t ^! l9es are great circles ( ! e>? tang5t to ! pol> circle4 ,fur!r1 we f9d1 z a result ( geological inve/igation1 t ^! l9es det]m9$ ! deposition & ! elevation ( ! olde/ rocks kn[n to u4 ,h5ce x is fair to inf] t ^! 7 ! orig9al directions ( ! fir/ l9es ( fracture & upheaval4 ,:e!r ^! l9es 7 orig9ally drawn by ! influ5ce ( ( ! seasons on ! cool+ globe1 or by ! curr5ts ( its molt5 int]ior1 or ( ! sup]ficial ocean1 !y bespeak a mo/ uni=m & equable texture = ! cru/1 & a def9ite law ( fracture & upheaval2 & !y h modifi$ all ! subsequ5t action ( ! ocean z a depositor ( s$im5t1 & ( ! int]nal heat z a cause ( alt]ation & movem5t ( rocks4 ,aga9/ ^! e>lie/ belts ( l& ! ocean fir/ *af$ & foam$4 ,along _! m>g9s m>9e d5udation fir/ comm5c$1 & ! oceanic curr5ts fir/ deposit$ banks ( s$im5t2 & along ^! fir/ l9es h ! volcanic orifices ( all p]iods be5 mo/ pl5tiful1 & elevatory movem5ts mo/ p[]fully felt4 ,we mu/ n suppose t ! *anges ?us %ortly sket*$ 7 rapid & convulsive4 ,!y mu/ h requir$ p]iods ( enorm\s duration1 all ( :i* _h elaps$ be=e ! beg9n+ ( geological "t1 prop]ly s call$4 ,f ,sir ,william ,?omson's calculations1 x w\ld appe> t ! "t :i* has elaps$ f ! fir/ =mation ( a solid cru/ on ! e>? to ! mod]n p]iod may h be5 f sev5ty to "o hundr$ millions ( ye>s1 & ! :ole "t f ! vapor\s condition ( ! sol> sy/em to ! pres5t1 mu/ ( c\rse h be5 /ill great] !n ev5 ?is enorm\s s]ies ( ages4 ,su* a lapse ( "t is truly almo/ inconceivable1 b x is only a few days to ,him ) :om "o day is z a ?\s& ye>s1 & a ?\s& ye>s z "o day4 ,h[ _m & /range pictures does ?is s]ies ( processes call up6 ,fir/1 ! uni=m vapor\s nebula4 ,!n ! =mation ( a liquid nucleus1 & a brilliant photosph]e )\t4 ,!n ! congeal+ ( a solid cru/ "u d>k atmosph]ic vap\rs1 & ! ra9+ d[n ( acid & wat]y %[]s4 ,!n ! univ]sal ocean1 its waves roll+ unob/ruct$ ar\nd ! globe1 & its curr5ts foll[+ )\t h9drance ! lead+ ( heat & ( ! e>?'s rotation4 ,!n ! rupture ( ! cru/ & ! em]g5ce ( ! nuclei ( cont95ts4 ,"s p]sons seem to ?9k t by ^! long processes ( creative "w we exclude ! ,creator1 & w\ld r$uce ! univ]se into a m]e =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms4 ,to put x 9 m mod]n phrase1 giv5 a quantity ( deta*$ fragm5ts ca/ into space1 !n mutual gravitation & ! collision ( ! fragm5ts w\ld give u ! spangl$ heav5s4 ,b we h /ill to ask ! old "q1 ,:5ce ! atoms8 & we h to ask x ) all ! add$ weight ( our mod]n *emi/ry1 s m>vell\s 9 its revelations ( ! orig9al diff]5ces ( matt] & _! v>i$ p[]s ( comb9ation4 ,we h to ask1 ,:at is gravitation itself1 unless a mode ( action ( ,almighty p[]8 ,we h to ask = ! orig9 ( ( ?\s&s ( correlations1 b9d+ toge!r ! pa/ & ! future 9 t ord]ly *a9 ( causes & effects :i* con/itutes ! plan ( ! creation4 ,if x pleas$ ,god to create 9 ! beg9n+ an e>? =mless & void & to elaborate f ?is all t has s9ce exi/$1 :o are we1 to say t ! plan 0 n ! be/8 ,nor w\ld x detract f our view ( ! creative wisdom & p[] if we 7 to hold t 9 ages to come ! sun may exp]i5ce ! same *ange t has befall5 ! e>?1 & may become black z sackclo? ( hair1 prep>atory p]haps1 to *anges :i* may make him also ! abode ( life2 or if ! e>?1 cool+ /ill fur!r1 %\ld1 l our satellite ! moon1 absorb all its wat]s & gases into its bosom1 & become b>e1 dry1 & p>*$1 until !re %all be no m sea h[ d we "k b t !n !re %all be no m ne$ ( ! sun1 because a bett] light may be provid$8 ,or t !re may n be a new baptism ( fire 9 /ore = ! e>?1 :]eby1 be+ melt$ ) f]v5t heat1 x may r5ew its y\? 9 ! fre% & heav5ly lovel9ess ( a new heav5 & a new e>?1 free f all ! evils & imp]fections ( ! pres5t8 ,god is n slack 9 ^! ?+s1 z "s m5 c\nt slackness2 b ,8 ways are n l our ways4 ,he has et]nity :]e9 to d ,8 "w1 & takes ,8 own "t = ea* ( ,8 op]ations4 ,! ,div9e wisdom1 p]sonifi$ by a sacr$ writ]1 may well 9 ?is exalt 8 own (fice3-- ,jehovah possess$ me 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,8 way1 ,be=e ,8 "w ( old4 ,i 0 set up f ev]la/+1 ,f ! beg9n+1 or ev] ! e>? 04 ,:5 !re 7 no deeps1 ,t 0 br\ght =?2 ,:5 !re 7 no f\nta9s ab\nd+ 9 wat]4 ,be=e ! m\nta9s 7 settl$1 ,be=e ! hills1 0 ,i br\ght =?3 ,:ile z yet ,he _h n made ! e>?1 ,nor ! pla9s1 nor ! high] "p ( ! habitable _w1 ,:5 ,he gave ! sea ,8 decree1 t h] wat]s %\ld n pass ,8 limits2 ,:5 ,he det]m9$ ! f\ndations ( ! e>?4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,eozoic ,,ages4 ,! dom9ion ( heat has pass$ away2 ! excess ( wat] has be5 precipitat$ f ! atmosph]e1 & n[ cov]s ! e>? z a univ]sal ocean4 ,! cru/ has fold$ itself into long ridges1 ! b$ ( ! wat]s has subsid$ into its place1 & ! sea = ! fir/ "t beg9s to rave aga9/ ! %ores ( ! newly elevat$ l&1 :ile ! ra91 wa%+ ! b>e surfaces ( rocky ridges1 c>ries its contribution ( ! sl[ly wa/+ rocks back into ! wat]s :5ce !y 7 rais$1 =m+1 ) ! mat]ial worn f ! cru/ by ! surf1 ! fir/ oceanic s$im5ts4 ,d we "k any ( ^! e>lie/ aque\s b$s1 or are !y all hidd5 f view b5ea? new] deposits1 or h !y be5 !mselves worn away & de/roy$ by d5ud+ ag5cies8 ,:e!r we "k ! e>lie/ =m$ s$im5ts is1 & may always rema91 unc]ta92 b we d "k c]ta9 v anci5t rocks :i* may be at lea/ _! imm$iate successors4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--,! ,laur5tian nucleus ( ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,deepe/ & olde/ ( all ! rocks we are acqua9t$ ) 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 are c]ta9 b$s mu* alt]$ & metamorphos$1 bak$ by ! jo9t action ( heat & heat$ moi/ure--rocks once call$ ,azoic1 z conta9+ no traces ( life1 b = :i* ,i h else:]e propos$ ! "n ,eozoic1 or ^? t af=d ! traces ( ! e>lie/ kn[n liv+ be+s4 ,^! rocks are ! ,laur5tian ,s]ies ( ,sir ,william ,logan1 s nam$ f ! ,laur5tide hills1 nor? ( ! ,riv] ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 :i* are compos$ ( ^! anci5t b$s1 & :]e !y are m l>gely expos$ !n 9 any o!r region4 ,x may seem at fir/ sight /range t any ( ^! anci5t rocks %\ld be f\nd at ! surface ( ! e>?2 b ?is is a necess>y result ( ! mode ( =mation ( ! cont95ts4 ,! olde/ rocks1 ?r[n up 9 places into high ridges1 h ei!r n be5 aga9 br\ght "u ! wat]s1 or h lo/ by d5udation ! s$im5ts once re/+ on !m2 & be+ ( a h>d & resi/+ nature1 /ill rema92 & (t5 rise into hills ( consid]able elevation1 %[+ z x 7 portions ( ! skeleton ( ! e>? protrud+ ?r\gh its sup]ficial cov]+4 ,su* rocks /ret* along ! nor? side ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce riv] f ,labrador to ,lake ,sup]ior1 & !nce nor?w>dly to an unkn[n di/ance1 con/itut+ a wild & rugg$ di/rict (t5 ris+ into hills #djjj feet high1 & 9 ! deep gorge ( ! ,sagu5ay =m+ cliffs #a1ejj feet 9 %e] height f ! wat]'s edge4 ,s\? ( ?is great ridge1 ! isolat$ mass ( ! ,adirondack ,m\nta9s rises to ! height ( #f1jjj feet1 rivall+ ! new]1 ?\gh /ill v anci5t1 *a9 ( ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s4 ,along ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 a l[] ridge ( ,laur5tian rock1 only appe>+ "h & !re f "u ! ov]ly+ s$im5ts1 is se5 9 ,newf\ndl&1 9 ,new ,brunswick1 possibly 9 ,nova ,scotia1 & p]haps f>!r s\? 9 ,massa*usetts1 & z f> z ,m>yl&4 ,9 ! old _w1 rocks ( ?is age d n1 s f> z kn[n1 appe> s ext5sively4 ,!y h be5 recognis$ 9 ,norway & ,sw$51 9 ! ,hebrides1 & 9 ,bav>ia1 & may1 no d\bt1 be yet disc]n$ 9 o!r localities4 ,/ill1 ! gr&e/ & mo/ in/ructive developm5t ( ^! rocks is 9 ,nor? ,am]ica2 & x is !re t we may be/ inve/igate _! nature1 & endeav\r to re/ore ! conditions 9 :i* !y 7 deposit$4 ,x has be5 already /at$ t ! olde/ wr9kles ( ! cru/ ( ! globe take ! direction ( great circles ( ! e>? tang5t to ! pol> circle1 =m+ nor?-ea/ & s\?-we/1 & nor?-we/ & s\?-ea/ l9es4 ,to su* l9es are ! great exposures ( ,laur5tian rock con=m$1 z may be well se5 f ! map ( ,nor? ,am]ica 7fig4 #f71 tak5 f ,dana1 ) "s additions4 ,! great angul> ,laur5tian belt is evid5tly ! nucleus ( ! cont95t1 & consi/s ( two broad b&s or ridges meet+ 9 ! region ( ! great lakes4 ,! rema9+ exposures are p>allel to ^!1 & appe> to indicate a subord9ate coa/-l9e ( comp>atively little elevation4 ,x is kn[n t ^! ,laur5tian exposures con/itute ! olde/ "p ( ! cont95t1 a "p :i* 0 l& be=e any ( ! rocks ( ! %ad$ portion ( ! map 7 deposit$ 9 ! b$ ( ! ocean--all ?is %ad$ portion be+ compos$ ( rocks ( v>i\s geological ages re/+ on ! old] ,laur5tian4 ,x is fur!r to be obs]v$ t ! b$s occurr+ 9 ! ,laur5tian b&s are crumpl$ & fold$ 9 a mo/ rem>kable mann]1 & t ^! folds 7 impress$ ^u !m be=e ! deposition ( ! rocks next 9 geological age4 ,:at !n are ^! olde/ rocks deposit$ by ! sea--! fir/-born ( ! reign ( ! wat]s8 ,!y are v diff]5t 9 _! ext]nal aspect f ! silt & mud1 ! s& & gravel1 & ! %ell & coral rocks ( ! mod]n sea1 or ( ! m rec5t geological =mations4 ,yet ! diff]5ce is "o 9 condition r !n composition4 ,! memb]s ( ?is anci5t ari/ocracy ( ! rocks are made ( ! same clay ) _! fell[s1 b h be5 subject$ to a ref9+ & cry/alliz+ process :i* has greatly *ang$ _! condition4 ,!y h be51 z geologi/s say1 metamorphos$2 & are to ord9>y rocks :at a *9a vase is to ! lump ( clay f :i* x has be5 made4 ,deeply buri$ 9 ! e>? "u new] s$im5ts1 !y h be5 bak$1 until s&/ones1 gravels1 & clays came out bright & cry/all9e1 z gneiss1 mica-s*i/1 hornbl5de-s*i/1 & qu>tzite--all h>d cry/all9e rocks %[+ at fir/ sight no resemblance to _! orig9al mat]ial1 except 9 ! regul>ly /ratifi$ or b$d$ arrangem5t :i* s]ves to di/+ui% !m f igne\s or volcanic rocks4 ,9 l mann] c]ta9 f9]1 calc>e\s s$im5ts h be5 *ang$ into ,labrador feldsp>1 sometimes gay ) a beautiful play ( col\r1 & :at 7 once common lime/ones appe> z cry/all9e m>ble4 ,if ! evid5ce ( su* metamorphoses is ask$ =1 ?is is tw(old4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ^! rocks are simil> 9 /ructure to m mod]n b$s :i* h be5 p>tially metamorphos$1 & 9 :i* ! transition f ! unalt]$ to ! alt]$ /ate c be obs]v$4 ,secondly1 !re are limit$ areas 9 ! ,laur5tian itself1 9 :i* ! metamorphism has be5 s imp]fect z to p]mit traces ( ! orig9al "* ( ! rocks to rema94 ,x seems also q c]ta91 & ?is is a mo/ important po9t = our sket*1 t ! ,laur5tian ocean 0 n univ]sal1 b t !re 7 already elevat$ portions ( ! cru/ capable ( yield+ s$im5t to ! sea4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica ^! ,laur5tian rocks atta9 to an enorm\s ?ickness4 ,?is has be5 e/imat$ by ,sir ,w4 ,e4 ,logan at #cj1jjj feet1 s t ! b$s w\ld1 if pil$ on ea* o!r horizontally1 be z high z ! highe/ m\nta9s on e>?4 ,!y appe> to consi/ ( two great s]ies1 ! ,l[] & ,upp] ,laur5tian4 ,ev5 if we suppose t 9 ! e>li] /ages ( ! _w's hi/ory erosion & deposition 7 some:at m rapid !n at pres5t1 ! =mation ( su* deposits1 probably m widely spread !n any t succe$$ !m1 mu/ h requir$ an enorm\s l5g? ( "t4 ,geologi/s long look$ 9 va9 = evid5ces ( life 9 ! ,laur5tian p]iod2 b j z a/ronom]s' h suspect$ ! exi/5ce ( unkn[n planets f ! p]turbations due to _! attraction1 geologi/s h guess$ t !re mu/ h be5 "s liv+ ?+s on e>? ev5 at ?is e>ly "t4 ,dana & ,/]ry ,hunt especially h committ$ !mselves to su* speculations4 ,! reasons = ?is belief may be /at$ ?us3 7#a47 ,9 lat] =mations lime/one is usually an organic rock1 produc$ by ! accumulation ( %ells1 corals1 & simil> calc>e\s organisms 9 ! sea1 & !re are enorm\s lime/ones 9 ! ,laur5tian1 con/itut+ regul> b$s4 7#b47 ,9 lat] =mations coaly matt] is an organic sub/ance1 d]iv$ f vegetables1 & !re are l>ge quantities ( ,laur5tian c>bon 9 ! =m ( graphite4 7#c47 ,9 lat] =mations deposits ( iron ores are almo/ always connect$ ) ! deoxidis+ influ5ce ( organic matt]s z an effici5t cause ( _! accumulation1 & ! ,laur5tian conta9s imm5se deposits ( iron ore1 occurr+ 9 lay]s 9 ! mann] ( lat] deposits ( ^! m9]als4 7#d47 ,! lime/one1 c>bon1 & iron ( ! ,laur5tian exi/ 9 association ) ! o!r b$s 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! lat] =mations 9 :i* !y are kn[n to be organic4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,eozoon ,canad5se4 ,dawson4 ,! olde/ kn[n animal4 ,portion ( skeleton1 two-?irds natural size1 7a7 ,tabulat$ cell-wall1 magnifi$1 7b7 ,portion ( canal sy/em1 magnifi$4 ,9 addition to ?is inf]5tial evid5ce1 h[ev]1 "o well-m>k$ animal fossil has at l5g? be5 f\nd 9 ! ,laur5tian ( ,canada1 ,eozoon ,canad5se1 7fig4 #g71 a gigantic repres5tative ( "o ( ! l[e/ =ms ( animal life1 :i* ! writ] _h ! hon\r ( nam+ & describ+ 9 #ahfe--;its "n ( ,dawn-animal hav+ ref]5ce to its great antiquity & possible connection ) ! dawn ( life on our planet4 ,9 ! mod]n seas1 among ! multitude ( l[ =ms ( life ) :i* !y sw>m1 occur "s 9 :i* ! animal matt] is a m]e jelly1 almo/ )\t di/9ct p>ts or organs1 yet unque/ionably end[$ ) life ( an animal "*4 ,"s ( ^! creatures1 ! ,=am9if]a1 h ! p[] ( secret+ at ! surface ( _! bodies a calc>e\s %ell1 (t5 divid$ into num]\s *amb]s1 communicat+ ) ea* o!r1 & ) ! wat] )\t1 by pores or orifices ?r\gh :i*1 ! animal c ext5d s(t & delicate prolongations ( its gelat9\s body1 :i*1 :5 /ret*$ out into ! wat]1 s]ve = arms & legs4 ,9 mod]n times ^! creatures1 ?\gh extremely abundant 9 ! ocean1 are usually small1 (t5 microscopic2 b 9 a fossil /ate !re are o!rs ( some:at l>g] size1 ?\gh few equal+ ! ,eozoon1 :i* seems to be5 a sessile creature1 re/+ on ! bottom ( ! sea1 & cov]+ its gelat9\s body ) a ?9 cru/ ( c>bonate ( lime or lime/one1 add+ to ?is1 z x grew 9 size1 cru/ aft] cru/1 atta*$ to ea* o!r by num]\s p>titions1 & p]=at$ ) pores = ! emission ( gelat9\s filam5ts4 ,?is cont9u$ gr[? ( gelat9\s animal matt] & c>bonate ( lime w5t on f age to age1 accumulat+ great b$s ( lime/one1 9 "s ( :i* ! entire =m & mo/ m9ute /ructures ( ! creature are pres]v$1 :ile 9 o!r cases ! organisms h be5 brok5 up1 & ! lime/ones are a m]e cong]ies ( _! fragm5ts4 ,x is a rem>kable in/ance ( ! p]man5ce ( fossils1 t 9 ^! anci5t organisms ! m9ute/ pores ?r\gh :i* ! semi-fluid matt] ( ^! humble animals pass$1 h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! mo/ delicate p]fection4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* creatures supposes t ( o!r organisms1 probably microscopic plants1 on :i* !y c\ld fe$4 ,no traces ( ^! h be5 obs]v$1 ?\gh ! great quantity ( c>bon 9 ! b$s probably implies ! exi/5ce ( l>g] sea-we$s4 ,no o!r =m ( animal has yet be5 di/9ctly recogniz$ 9 ! ,laur5tian lime/ones1 b !re are fragm5ts ( calc>e\s matt] :i* may h belong$ to organisms di/9ct f ,eozoon4 ,( life on ! ,laur5tian l& we "k no?+1 unless ! great b$s ( iron ore already ref]r$ to may be tak5 z a pro( ( l& vegetation4,c ,c ,x is prop] to /ate "h t "s geologi/s & naturali/s /ill d\bt ! organic nature ( ,eozoon4 ,_! objections h[ev]1 s f> z /at$ publicly1 h be5 %[n to dep5d on misappreh5sion z to ! /ructures obs]v$ & _! /ate ( pres]vation2 & specim5s rec5tly f\nd 9 comp>atively unalt]$ rocks h indicat$ ! true "* ( ^? m alt]$ by metamorphism4 ,to an obs]v] 9 ! ,laur5tian p]iod1 ! e>? w\ld h pres5t$ an almo/ b\ndless ocean1 its wat]s1 p]haps1 /ill w>m$ ) ! int]nal heat1 & s5d+ up copi\s exhalations to be cond5s$ 9 ?ick cl\ds & precipitat$ 9 ra94 ,"h & !re might be se5 *a9s ( rocky isl&s1 _m ( !m volcanic1 or ranges ( bleak hills1 p]haps clo!d ) vegetation ! =ms ( :i* are unkn[n to u4 ,9 ! bottom ( ! sea1 :ile s& & mud & gravel 7 be+ deposit$ 9 successive lay]s 9 "s portions ( ! ocean floor1 9 o!rs great reefs ( ,eozoon 7 gr[+ up 9 ! mann] ( reefs ( coral4 ,if we c imag9e ! mod]n ,pacific1 ) its volcanic isl&s & reefs ( coral1 to be depriv$ ( all o!r =ms ( life1 'we %\ld h a some:at accurate picture ( ! ,eozoic "t z x appe>s to u n[4 ,i say z x appe>s to u n[2 = we d n "k :at new discov]ies rema9 to be made4 ,m especially ! imm5se deposits ( c>bon & iron 9 ! ,laur5tian w\ld seem to bespeak a pr(usion ( plant life 9 ! sea or on ! l&1 or bo?1 second to t ( no o!r p]iod t succe$$1 except t ( ! great coal =mation4 ,p]haps no remnant ( ?is primitive vegetation exi/s reta9+ its =m or /ructure2 b we may hope = bett] ?+s1 & *]i% ! expectation t "s =tunate discov]y may /ill reveal to u ! =ms ( ! vegetation ( ! ,laur5tian "t4 ,x is rem>kable t ! humbly organiz$ liv+ ?+s :i* built up ! ,laur5tian lime/ones h cont9u$ to exi/ un*ang$1 save 9 dim5sions1 up to mod]n times2 & "h & !re ?r\gh\t ! geological s]ies we f9d b$s ( ,=am9if]\s lime/one1 simil>1 except 9 ! species ( ,=am9if]a compos+ !m1 to t ( ! ,laur5tian4 ,x is true t o!r k9ds ( creatures1 ! coral animals m p>ticul>ly1 h be5 introduc$1 & h prov$ equally effici5t build]s ( lime/ones2 b 9 ! deep] p>ts ( ! sea ! ,=am9if]a cont9ue to ass]t _! pre-em95ce 9 ?is respect1 & ! dr$ge reveals 9 ! dep?s ( our mod]n oceans b$s ( calc>e\s matt] :i* may be reg>d$ z id5tical 9 orig9 ) ! lime/ones =m$ 9 ! p]iod :i* is to u ! dawn ( organic life4 ,_m inquiries sugge/ !mselves to ! zoologi/ 9 connection ) ! life ( ! ,laur5tian p]iod4 ,0 ,eozoon ! fir/ creature 9 :i* ! wondr\s =ces ( animal life 7 manife/$1 :51 9 ob$i5ce to ! ,div9e fiat1 ! wat]s fir/ sw>m$ ) sw>m]s1 z ! t]se & expressive language ( ! ,mosaic record phrases x8 ,if s1 9 contemplat+ ?is organism we are 9 ! pres5ce ( "o ( ! greate/ ( natural wond]s--br\ght ne>] !n 9 any o!r case to ! actual work%op ( ! ,almighty ,mak]4 ,/ill we _c affirm t o!r creatures ev5 m humble may n h prec$$ ,eozoon1 s9ce su* humble organisms are kn[n 9 ! pres5t _w4 ,attempts h (t5 be5 made1 & v rec5tly h be5 r5ew$ ) mu* affirmation ( success1 to prove t su* l[ =ms ( life may orig9ate spontane\sly f _! mat]ials 9 ! wat]s2 b s f> ^! attempts m]ely prove t ! invisible g]ms ( ! l[] animals & plants exi/ ev]y:]e1 & t !y h m>vell\s p[]s ( resi/+ extreme heat & o!r injuri\s influ5ces4 ,we ne$ n1 !re=e1 be surpris$ if ev5 l[] =ms !n ,eozoon may h prec$$ t creature1 or if "s ( ^! may be f\nd1 l ! organisms said to live 9 mod]n boil+ spr+s1 to h _h ! p[] ( exi/+ ev5 at a "t :5 ! ocean may h be5 almo/ 9 a /ate ( ebullition4 ,ano!r problem is t ( means ( subsi/5ce = ! ,eozoic ,=am9if]a4 ,a simil> problem exi/s 9 ! case ( ! mod]n ocean1 9 ^: dep?s live multitudes ( creatures1 :]e1 s f> z we "k1 vegetable matt]1 ord9>ily ! basis ( life1 _c exi/ 9 a liv+ condition4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 f ! rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,wyville ,?ompson1 t ?is is to be acc\nt$ = by ! abundance ( life at ! surface & 9 ! %all[] p>ts ( ! sea1 & by ! consequ5t diffusion ?r\gh ! wat] ( organic matt] 9 an extremely t5u\s /ate1 b yet suffici5t to n\ri% ^! creatures4 ,! same may h be5 ! case 9 ! ,eozoic sea1 :]e1 judg+ f ! va/ am\nt ( residual c>bon1 !re mu/ h be5 abundance ( organic matt]1 ei!r gr[+ at ! bottom1 or fall+ ^u x f ! surface2 & z ! ,eozoon lime/ones are usually free f su* mat]ial1 we may assume t ! animal life 9 !m 0 suffici5t to consume ! vegetable pabulum4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z deta*$ specim5s ( ,eozoon occur 9 graphitic lime/ones1 we suppose t 9 "s cases ! vegetable matt] 0 9 excess ( ! animal1 & ?is may h be5 ei!r because ( its too great exub]ance1 or because ! wat] 0 locally too %all[ to p]mit ,eozoon & simil> creatures to n\ri%4 ,^! details we mu/ = ! pres5t fill up conjecturally2 bu ! progress ( discov]y may give u fur!r light z to ! precise conditions ( ! beg9n+ ( life 9 ! great & wide sea :]e9 are mov+ ?+s innum]able & :i* is z mu* a wond] n[ z 9 ! days ( ! au?or ( ! ,hymn ( ,creation,d 9 reg>d to ! life t sw>ms 9 all its bread? & dep?1 ! va/ v>iety ( t life1 & its l[ & simple types1 ( :i* we c affirm little else !n t !y move4 ,d ,psalm civ4 ,! enorm\s accumulations ( s$im5t on ! /ill ?9 cru/ ( ! e>? 9 ! ,laur5tian p]iod--accumulations probably arrang$ 9 l9es p>allel to ! directions ( di/urbance already indicat$--weigh$ d[n ! surface1 & caus$ great masses ( ! s$im5t to come )9 ! influ5ce ( ! heat$ int]ior nucleus4 ,?us1 ext5sive metamorphism took place1 & at l5g? ! t5sion becom+ too great to be any long] ma9ta9$1 a second great collapse occurr$1 crumpl+ & di/urb+ ! cru/1 & ?r[+ up va/ masses ( ! ,laur5tian itself1 probably into l(ty m\nta9s--_m ( :i* /ill rema9 ( consid]able height1 ?\gh !y h be5 subject$ to erosion ?r\gh\t all ! ext5t ( subsequ5t geological "t4 ,! ,eozoic age1 ^: hi/ory we h ?us %ortly sket*$1 is f]tile 9 mat]ial ( ?\ght = ! geologi/ & ! naturali/4 ,until ! lab\rs ( ,mur*ison1 ,s$gwick1 ,hall1 & ,b>r&e _h develop$ ! va/ ?ickness & organic ri*ness ( ! ,silurian & ,cambrian rocks1 no geologi/ _h any idea ( ! ext5t to :i* life _h rea*$ backw>d 9 "t4 ,b :5 ?is new & primitive _w ( ,siluria 0 unveil$1 m5 felt assur$ t !y _h n[ at la/ rea*$ to ! beg9n+s ( life4 ,! argum5t on ?is side ( ! ,"q 0 ?us put by "o ( ! mo/ ?\ghtful ( ,engli% geologi/s1 ,pr(essor ,phillips3 ,x is asc]ta9$ t 9 pass+ d[nw>ds ?r\gh ! l[] ,palozoic /rata1 ! =ms ( life gr[ few] & few]1 until 9 ! l[e/ ,cambrian rocks !y vani% entirely4 ,9 ! ?ick s]ies ( ^! /rata 9 ! ,longmynd1 h>dly any traces ( life occur1 yet ^! /rata are ( su* a k9d z might be expect$ to yield !m4444 ,! mat]ials are f9e-gra9$ or ar5ace\s1 ) or )\t mica1 9 lam9ae or b$s q di/9ct1 & ( v>i\s ?icknesses1 by no means unlikely to reta9 impressions ( a delicate nature1 su* z ^? left by graptolites1 or mollusks1 or annulose crawl]s4 ,inde$1 "o or two su* traces are suppos$ to h be5 recognis$1 s t ! almo/ total abs5ce ( ! traces ( life 9 ?is enorm\s s]ies is be/ und]/ood by ! supposition t 9 ^! p>ts ( ! sea little or no life exi/$4 ,b ! same rem>k ( ! excessive r>ity ( life 9 ! l[] deposits is made 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 ,norway1 & 9 ,bohemia1 c\ntries well se>*$ = ?is v purpose1 s t all our obs]vations lead to ! conviction t ! l[e/ ( all ! /rata are q defici5t ( organic rema9s4 ,! abs5ce is g5]al--x appe>s due to a g5]al cause4 ,is x n probable t dur+ ^! v e>ly p]iods ! ocean & its s$im5ts 7 ne>ly devoid ( plants & animals1 & 9 ! e>lie/ "t ( all1 :i* is repres5t$ by s$im5ts1 q depriv$ ( su*8 ,^! words 7 writt5 t5 ye>s ago1 & ab\t ! same "t 7 publi%$ 9 ,am]ica ^? anticipations ( ! probability ( life 9 ! ,laur5tian already ref]r$ to1 & ,lyell 0 prote/+ aga9/ ! "n ,primordial1 on ! gr\nd t x impli$ t we _h rea*$ ! beg9n+ ( life1 :5 ?is 0 n prov$4 ,yet !re 7 elem5ts ( tru? 9 bo? views4 ,x is true n[1 z !n1 t ! ,primordial seems to be a morn+ h\r ( life1 hav+1 z we %all see 9 our next pap]1 unmi/akable signs ab\t x ( t approa* to ! beg9n+ to :i* ,phillips ref]s4 ,x is also true t x is n s e>ly a morn+ h\r z "o :o has n ris5 ) ! dawn might suppose1 s9ce ) its app>5tly small beg9n+s ( life x is almo/ z f> remov$ f ! ,eozoon reefs ( ! e>ly ,laur5tian on ! "o h&1 z x is f ! mod]n p]iod on ! o!r4 ,! dawn ( life seems to h be5 a v sl[ & protract$ process1 & x may h requir$ z long a "t betwe5 ! fir/ appe>ance ( ,eozoon & ! fir/ ( ^? primordial ,trilobites :i* ! next p]iod w introduce to our notice1 z betwe5 ^! & ! adv5t ( ,adam4 ,p]haps no lesson is m in/ructive !n ?is z to ! l5g? ( ! work+ days ( ! ,almighty4 ,ano!r lesson lies ready = u 9 ^! same facts4 ,!oretically1 plants %\ld h prec$$ animals2 & ?is also is ! ass]tion ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis2 b ! olde/ fossil c]ta9ly kn[n to u is an animal4 ,:at if !re 7 /ill e>li] plants1 ^: rema9s are /ill to be discov]$8 ,= my own "p1 ,i c see no reason to despair ( ! discov]y ( an ,eophytic p]iod prec$+ ! ,eozoic2 p]haps prec$+ x ?r\gh ages ( duration to u almo/ immeasurable1 ?\gh /ill )9 ! possible "t ( ! exi/5ce ( ! cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,x is ev5 possible t 9 a w>m & humid condition ( ! atmosph]e1 be=e x _h be5 caus$ to ra9 ^u ! e>? & :5 d5se mi/s asc5d$ f ! e>? & wat]$ ! :ole surface ( ! gr\nd1,e vegetation may h atta9$ to a pr(usion & gr&eur unequall$ 9 ! p]iods ^: flora is kn[n to u4 ,e ,g5esis ii4 #e4 ,= a description ( ?is ,eophytic p]iod ( ,g5esis1 see ! ,au?or's ,ar*aia1 pp4 #afj et seq4 ,b :ile ,eozoon ?us prea*es ( progress & ( developm5t1 x has a tale to tell ( unity & sam5ess ,j z ,eozoon liv$ 9 ! ,laur5tian sea1 & 0 pres]v$ = u by ! infiltration ( its canals ) silice\s m9]al matt]s1 s its successors & repres5tatives h gone on ?r\gh all ! ages accumulat+ lime/one 9 ! sea bottom4 ,to-day !y are z active z !y 7 !n1 & are be+ fossilis$ 9 ! same way4 ,! ,engli% *alk & ! *alky mod]n mud ( ! ,atlantic sea-b$1 are precisely simil> 9 orig9 to ! ,eozoic lime/ones4 ,!re is also a /range p>allelism 9 ! fact t 9 ! mod]n seas ,=am9if]a c live "u conditions ( deprivation ( light & vital air1 & ( enorm\s pressure1 "u :i* few organisms ( great] complexity c\ld exi/1 & t 9 l mann] ,eozoon c\ld live 9 seas :i* 7 p]haps z yet unfit = mo/ o!r =ms ( life4 ,x has be5 attempt$ to press ! ,eozoic ,=am9if]s into ! s]vice ( ^? !ories ( evolution :i* w\ld d$uce ! animals ( "o geological p]iod by desc5t ) modification f ^? ( ano!r2 b x mu/ be confess$ t ,eozoon proves some:at intractable 9 ?is connection4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! creature is ! gr&e/ ( 8 class1 bo? 9 =m & /ructure2 & if1 on ! hypo!sis ( d]ivation1 x has requir$ ! :ole lapse ( geological "t to dis9tegrate ,eozoon into ,orbul9a1 ,globig]9a1 & o!r comp>atively simple ,=am9if]s ( ! mod]n seas1 x may h tak5 z long1 probably mu* long]1 to develop ,eozoon f su* simple =ms 9 antec$5t p]iods4 ,"t fails = su* a process4 ,aga91 ! deep sea has be5 ! abode ( ,=am9if]s f ! fir/4 ,9 ?is deep sea !y h cont9u$ to live )\t improvem5t1 & ) little mat]ial *ange4 ,h[ little likely is x t 9 less cong5ial abodes !y c\ld h improv$ into high] grades ( be+2 especially s9ce we "k t ! result 9 actual fact ( any su* /ruggle = exi/5ce is m]ely ! production ( depaup]at$ ,=am9if]s8 ,fur!r1 !re is no l9k ( connection kn[n to u betwe5 ,eozoon & any ( ! animals ( ! succe$+ ,primordial1 :i* are ne>ly all ess5tially new types1 va/ly m diff]5t f ,eozoon !n x is f _m mod]n creatures4 ,any su* connection is altoge!r imag9>y & unsupport$ by pro(4 ,! laws ( creation actually illu/rat$ by ?is primeval animal are only ^!3 ,fir/1 t !re has be5 a progress 9 creation f few1 l[1 & g5]alis$ types ( life to m num]\s1 high]1 & m specialis$ types2 & secondly1 t e type1 l[ or high1 0 introduc$ at fir/ 9 its be/ & highe/ =m1 & 01 z a type1 subject to deg5]acy1 & to p>tial or total replacem5t by high] types subsequ5tly introduc$4 ,i d n mean t we c\ld le>n all ?is f ,eozoon alone2 b t1 rightly consid]$1 x illu/rates ^! laws1 :i* we ga!r f ! subsequ5t progress ( ! creative "w4 ,z to ! my/]y ( ! orig9 ( liv+ be+s f dead matt]1 or any *anges :i* !y may h und]gone aft] _! creation1 x is absolutely sil5t4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,primordial1 ,,or ,,cambrian ,,age4 ,betwe5 ! "t :5 ,eozoon ,canad5se fl\ri%$ 9 ! seas ( ! ,laur5tian p]iod1 & ! age :i* we h be5 9 ! habit ( call+ ,primordial1 or ,cambrian1 a great gap evid5tly exi/s 9 our k ( ! succession ( life on bo? ( ! cont95ts1 repres5t+ a va/ lapse ( "t1 9 :i* ! b$s ( ! ,upp] ,laur5tian 7 deposit$1 & 9 :i* ! ,laur5tian s$im5ts 7 alt]$1 contort$1 & upheav$1 be=e ano!r imm5se s]ies ( b$s1 ! ,huronian1 or ,l[] ,cambrian1 0 =m$ 9 ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,eozoon & its companions occur 9 ! ,l[] ,laur5tian4 ,! ,upp] ,laur5tian has af=d$ no evid5ce ( life2 & ev5 ^? conditions f :i* we c\ld inf] life are abs5t4 ,! ,l[e/ ,cambrian1 z we %all see1 pres5ts only a few traces ( liv+ be+s4 ,/ill1 ! physical hi/ory ( ?is int]val mu/ h be5 mo/ important4 ,! wide level bottom ( ! ,laur5tian sea 0 brok5 up & ?r[n into ^? bold ridges :i* 7 to con/itute ! nuclei ( ! exi/+ cont95ts4 ,along ! bord]s ( ^! new-made l&s int5se volcanic eruptions broke =?1 produc+ great quantities ( lava & scori & huge b$s ( conglom]ate & volcanic a%1 :i* are *>act]i/ic features ( ! old] ,cambrian 9 bo? hemisph]es4 ,su* conditions1 und\bt$ly n fav\rable to life1 seem to h prevail$1 & ext5d$ _! influ5ce v widely1 s t ! s$im5ts ( ?is p]iod are among ! mo/ b>r5 9 fossils ( any 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,if any quiet undi/urb$ spots exi/$ 9 :i* ! ,l[] ,laur5tian life c\ld be cont9u$ & ext5d$ 9 prep>ation = ! next p]iod1 we h yet discov]$ few ( !m4 ,! exp]i5ce ( o!r geological p]iods w\ld1 h[ev]1 entitle u to look = su* oases 9 ! ,l[] ,cambrian des]t1 & to expect to f9d !re "s connect+ l9ks betwe5 ! life ( ! ,eozoic & ! v dissimil> fauna ( ! ,primordial4 ,! we/]n hemisph]e1 :]e ! ,laur5tian is s well repres5t$1 is especially unproductive 9 fossils ( ! imm$iately succe$+ p]iod4 ,! only kn[n exception is ! occurr5ce ( ,eozoon & ( app>5t ca/s ( worm-burr[s 9 rocks at ,madoc 9 ,canada1 ov]ly+ ! ,laur5tian1 & believ$ to be ( ,huronian age1 & c]ta9 obscure fossils ( unc]ta9 aff9ities1 rec5tly detect$ by ,mr4 ,bill+s1 9 rocks suppos$ to be ( ?is age1 9 ,newf\ndl&4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! ,european s]ies comes 9 to give u "s small help4 ,gmbel has describ$ 9 ,bav>ia a great s]ies ( gneissic rocks correspond+ to ! ,laur5tian1 or at lea/ to ! l[] "p ( x2 above ^! are :at he calls ! ,h]cynian mica-slate & primitive clay-slate1 9 ! latt] ( :i* he f9ds a peculi> species ( ,eozoon1 :i* he names ,eozoon ,bav>icum4 ,9 ,engl& also ! ,longmynd gr\ps ( rocks 9 ,%rop%ire & 9 ,wales appe>s to be ! imm$iate successor to ! ,upp] ,laur5tian2 & x has af=d$ "s obscure worm-burr[s or1 p]haps1 ca/s ( sponges or fucoids1 ) a small %ell ( ! g5us ,l+ulella1 & also fragm5ts ( cru/aceans 7,paleopyge74 ,! ,fucoid ,s&/ones ( ,sw$51 believ$ to be ( simil> age1 af=d traces ( m>9e plants & burr[s ( worms1 :ile ! ,h>le* b$s ( ,wales h af=d$ to ,mr4 ,hicks a consid]able numb] ( fossil animals1 n v dissimil> f ^? ( ! ,upp] ,cambrian4 ,if ^! rocks are really ! next 9 ord] to ! ,eozoic1 !y %[ a m>k$ advance 9 life imm$iately on ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,primordial p]iod4 ,9 ,irel&1 ! curi\s ,oldhamia1 notic$ bel[1 appe>s to occur 9 rocks equally old4 ,z we asc5d1 h[ev]1 into ! ,middle & ,upp] p>ts ( ! ,cambrian1 ! ,m5evian & ,l+ula flag-b$s ( ,brita91 & _! equival5ts 9 ,bohemia & ,sc&9avia1 & ! ,acadian & ,potsdam gr\ps ( ,am]ica1 we f9d a ri* & increas+ abundance ( animal rema9s1 con/itut+ ! fir/ ,primordial fauna ( ,b>r&e4 ,! rocks ( ! ,primordial are pr9cipally s&y & argillace\s1 =m+ flags & slates1 )\t ?ick lime/ones1 & (t5 ?r\gh great ?icknesses1 v de/itute ( organic rema9s1 b pres5t+ "s lay]s1 especially 9 _! upw>d ext5sion1 cr[d$ ) fossils4 ,^! are no long] m]e ,protozoa1 b include repres5tatives ( all ! great gr\ps ( animals :i* yet exi/1 except ! v]tebrates4 ,we %all n attempt any sy/ematic classification ( ^!2 b1 ca/+ our dr$ge & t[-net into ! ,primordial sea1 exam9e :at we collect1 r 9 ! ord] ( relative abundance !n ( classification4 ,ov] great bread?s ( ! sea bottom we f9d va/ numb]s ( little bivalve %ells ( ! =m & size ( a f+]-nail1 fa/5$ by fle%y p$uncles imb$d$ 9 ! s& or mud2 & ?us an*or$1 collect+ _! food by a pair ( fr+$ arms f ! m9ute animals & plants :i* sw>m 9 ! surr\nd+ wat]s4 ,^! are ! ,l+ul1 f ! abundance ( :i* "s ( ! ,primordial b$s h receiv$ 9 ,engl& & ,wales ! "n ( ,l+ula flags4 ,9 ,am]ica1 9 l mann]1 9 "s b$s ne> ,/4 ,john1 ,new ,brunswick1 ! valves ( ^! %ells are s abundant z to con/itute at lea/ half ( ! mat]ial ( ! b$2 & alike 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 ,l+ula & alli$ =ms are among ! mo/ abundant ,primordial fossils4 ,! ,l+ul are usually reckon$ to belong to ! great sub-k+dom ( mollusks1 :i* includes all ! bivalve & univalve %ell-fi%1 & sev]al o!r gr\ps ( creatures2 b an able ,am]ican naturali/1 ,mr4 ,morse1 has rec5tly %[n t !y h _m po9ts ( resemblance to ! worms2 & ?us1 p]haps1 con/itute "o ( ^? curi\s old-fa%ion$ compreh5sive types1 z !y h be5 call$1 :i* pres5t resemblances to gr\ps ( creatures1 9 m mod]n times q di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,he has also f\nd t ! mod]n ,l+ul are v t5aci\s ( life1 & capable ( suit+ !mselves to diff]5t circum/ances1 a fact :i*1 p]haps1 has "s connection ) _! long p]si/5ce 9 geological "t4 ,!y are 9 any case memb]s ( ! gr\p ( lamp-%ells1 creatures specially num]\s & important 9 ! e>li] geological ages4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,primordial ,,sea4 ,on ! bottom are se51 proce$+ f left to "r1 ,oldhamia antiqua1 ,l+ul1 ,ar5icol1 ,oldhamia radiata1 ,p>adoxides1 ,hi/iod]ma1 ,agno/us1 ,oldhamia radiata1 ,alg1 & ,l+ul4 ,9 ! wat] are ,hym5oc>is1 diff]5t species ( ,trilobites1 & ,pt]opods4 ,! ,l+ul are especially int]e/+ z examples ( a type ( be+s cont9u$ almo/ f ! dawn ( life until n[2 = _! %ells1 z !y exi/ 9 ! ,primordial1 are sc>cely di/+ui%able f ^? ( memb]s ( ! g5us :i* /ill live4 ,:ile o!r tribes ( animals h run ?r\gh a great numb] ( diff]5t =ms1 ^! little creatures rema9 ! same4 ,ano!r int]e/+ po9t is a mo/ curi\s *emical relation ( ! ,l+ula1 ) ref]5ce to ! mat]ial ( its %ell4 ,! %ells ( mollusks g5]ally1 & ev5 ( ! ord9>y lamp-%ells1 are h>d5$ by common lime/one or c>bonate ( lime3 ! r>] sub/ance1 phosphate ( lime1 is 9 g5]al re/rict$ to ! =mation ( ! bones ( ! high] animals4 ,9 ! case ( ! latt]1 ?is relation dep5ds app>5tly on ! fact t ! album9\s sub/ances on :i* animals are *iefly n\ri%$ require = _! =mation ! pres5ce ( phosphates 9 ! plant4 ,h5ce ! animal naturally obta9s phosphate ( lime or bone-e>? ) its food1 & its sy/em is relat$ to ?is *emical fact 9 su* wise t phosphate ( lime is a mo/ appropriate & suitable mat]ial = its tee? & bones4 ,n[1 9 ! case ( ! l[] animals ( ! sea1 _! food1 n be+ ( ! nature ( ! ri*] l& plants1 b consi/+ ma9ly ( m9ute alg & ( animals :i* prey on ^!1 furni%es1 n phosphate ( lime1 b c>bonate4 ,an exception to ?is occurs 9 ! case ( c]ta9 animals ( l[ grade1 sponges1 etc41 :i*1 fe$+ on m9ute plants ) silice\s cell-walls1 assimilate ! fl9ty matt] & =m a silice\s skeleton4 ,b ?is is an exception ( d[nw>d t5d5cy1 9 :i* ^! animals approa* to plants ( l[ grade4 ,! exception 9 ! case ( ,l+ul is 9 ! o!r direction4 ,x gives to ^! humble creatures ! same mat]ial = _! h>d p>ts :i* is usually re/rict$ to animals ( mu* high] rank4 ,! purpose ( ?is arrangem5t1 :e!r 9 relation to ! cause ( ! deviation f ! ord9>y rule or its utility to ! animal itself1 rema9s unkn[n4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 asc]ta9$ by ,dr4 ,hunt1 :o fir/ obs]v$ ! fact 9 ! case ( ! ,primordial ,l+ul1 t _! mod]n successors co9cide ) !m1 & diff] f _! contempor>ies among ! mollusks 9 ! same p>ticul>4 ,?is may seem a trifl+ matt]1 b x %[s 9 ?is e>ly p]iod ! orig9ation ( ! diff]5ce /ill exi/+ 9 ! mat]ials ( :i* animals con/ruct _! skeletons1 & also ! wond]ful p]si/5ce ( ! ,l+ul1 ?r\gh all ! geological ages1 9 ! mat]ial ( _! %ells4 ,?is is ! m rem>kable1 9 connection ) our own v sl5d] acqua9tance ) ! ph5om5on1 9 relation ei!r to its effici5t or f9al causes4 ,be=e leav+ ! ,l+ul1 ,i may m5tion t ,mr4 ,morse in=ms me t liv+ specim5s1 :5 deta*$ f _! moor+s1 c creep l worms1 leav+ long furr[s on ! s&1 & t !y c also con/ruct s&-tubes :]e9 to %elt] !mselves4 ,?is %[s t "s ( ! abundant worm burr[s ( ! ,primordial may h be5 ! "w ( ^! curi\s little %ell-fi%es1 z well z1 p]haps1 "s ( ! m>k+s :i* h be5 describ$ "u ! "n ( ,eophyton1 & h be5 suppos$1 ,i ?9k incorrectly1 to be rema9s ( l& plants4 ,9 addition to ,l+ula we may obta91 ?\gh r>ely1 lamp-%ells ( ano!r type1 t ( ! ,or?ids1 ,^! h ! valves h+$ along a /raight l9e1 9 ! middle ( :i* is a not* = ! p$uncle1 & ! valves are (t5 m>k$ ) ribs or /riae4 ,! ,or?ids 7 cont5t ) lime/one = _! %ells1 & app>5tly liv$ 9 ! same circum/ances ) ! ,l+ul2 & 9 ! p]iod succe$+ ! ,primordial !y became f> m abundant4 ,yet !y p]i%$ at an e>ly /age ( ! _w's progress1 & h no repres5tatives 9 ! mod]n seas4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! ,primordial ocean ! muddy bottom sw>m$ ) cru/aceans1 relatives ( our %rimps & lob/]s1 b ( a =m :i* diff]s s mu* f ^! mod]n %ell-fi%es t ! "q ( _! aff9ities has long be5 an unsettl$ "o ) zoologi/s4 ,hundr$s ( species are kn[n1 "s almo/ microscopic 9 size1 o!rs a foot 9 l5g?4 ,all are provid$ ) a broad flat horse%oe-%ap$ head-plate1 :i*1 judg+ f its =m & a comp>ison ) ! mod]n k+-crabs or horse%oe-crabs1 mu/ h be5 int5d$ z a sort ( mud-pl\gh to enable !m to excavate burr[s or hide !mselves 9 ! slimy ooze ( ! ocean b$4 ,on ! sides ( ?is buckl] are plac$ ! prom95t eyes1 furni%$ ) _m sep>ate l5ses1 on precisely ! same plan ) ^? ( mod]n cru/aceans & insects1 & te/ify+1 z ,buckl& long ago po9t$ out1 to ! id5tity ( ! action ( light 9 ! anci5t & ! mod]n seas4 ,! body 0 compos$ ( num]\s segm5ts1 ea* divid$ transv]sely into ?ree lobes1 :5ce !y h receiv$ ! "n ( ,trilobites1 & ! :ole articulat$1 s t ! creature c\ld roll itself into a ball1 l ! mod]n slat]s or wood-lice1 :i* are n v di/ant relatives ( ^! old cru/aceans4,f ,! limbs ( ,trilobites 7 long unkn[n1 & x 0 ev5 d\bt$ :e!r !y _h any2 b rec5t discov]ies h %[n t !y _h a s]ies ( flat limbs useful bo? = swimm+ & creep+4 ,! ,trilobites1 "u _m specific & g5]ic =ms1 range f ! ,primordial to ! ,c>bonif]\s rocks1 b are altoge!r want+ 9 ! m rec5t =mations & 9 ! mod]n seas4 ,! ,trilobites liv$ on muddy bottoms1 & _! rema9s are extremely abundant 9 %aly & slaty b$s1 ?\gh f\nd also 9 lime/one & s&/one4 ,9 ! latt] !y h left mo/ curi\s traces ( _! pres5ce 9 ! trails :i* !y h produc$4 ,"s ( ! mo/ anci5t s&/ones h _! surfaces cov]$ ) r[s ( punctur$ impressions 7,proti*nites1 fir/ footpr9ts71 o!rs h /range s]ies ( transv]se grooves ) longitud9al ones at ! side 7,climacti*nites1 ladd] footpr9ts72 o!rs are oval burr[s1 m>k$ ) transv]se l9es & a ridge along ! middle 7,rusi*nites1 wr9kle footpr9ts74 ,all ( ^! s ne>ly resemble ! trails & tracks ( mod]n k+-crabs t !re c be little d\bt z to _! orig94 ,_m curi\s /riat$ grooves & bifid m>ks1 f\nd on ! surfaces ( ,primordial b$s1 & :i* h be5 describ$ z plants1 are probably only ! m>ks ( ! oral organs or feet ( ^! & simil> creatures1 :i* pass$ _! lives 9 grubb+ = food 9 ! s(t1 slimy ooze1 ?\gh !y c\ld1 no d\bt1 l ! mod]n k+-crabs1 swim :5 necess>y4 ,"s /ill m %rimp-l creatures1 ,hym5oc>is1 :i* are f\nd ) !m1 c]ta9ly _h ?is p[]4 ,f ,woodw>d has rec5tly sugge/$ aff9ities ( ,trilobites ) ! ,isopods or equal-foot$ cru/aceans1 on ! evid5ce ( a rem>kable specim5 ) rema9s ( feet describ$ by ,bill+s4 ,a l[] type ( annulose or r+$ animal !n t ( ! ,trilobites1 is t ( ! worms4 ,^! creatures _c be pres]v$ 9 a fossil /ate1 except 9 ! case ( ^? :i* inhabit calc>e\s tubes3 b ! m>ks :i* _! jo9t$ bodies & num]\s side-bri/les leave on ! s& & mud may1 :5 buri$ "u succe$+ s$im5ts1 rema92 & ext5sive surfaces ( v old rocks are m>k$ 9 ?is way1 ei!r ) cyl9drical burr[s or curi\s trails ) side scrat*es look+ l p9nate leaves4 ,^! con/itute ! g5us ,crusiana1 :ile o!rs ( m ord9>y =m belong to ! g5us ,ar5icolites1 s nam$ f ! common ,ar5icola1 or lobworm1 ^: burr[s !y are suppos$ to resemble4 ,m>k+s ref]able to seawe$ also occur 9 ! ,primordial rocks1 & also "s grotesque & almo/ inexplicable organisms kn[n z ,oldhamia1 :i* h be5 *iefly f\nd 9 ! ,primordial ( ,irel&4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common =ms consi/s ( a s]ies ( app>5tly jo9t$ ?reads dispos$ 9 fan-l clu/]s on a c5tral /em 7,oldhamia antiqua74 ,ano!r has a wid] & simpl] fan-l arrangem5t ( filam5ts4 ,^! h be5 claim$ by botani/s z alg1 & h be5 reg>d$ by zoologi/s z m9ute ,zoophytes1 :ile "s m sceptical h suppos$ t !y may be m]e inorganic wr9kl+s ( ! b$s4 ,?is la/ view does n1 h[ev]1 seem t5able4 ,!y are1 p]haps1 ! pr$ecessors ( ! curi\s ,graptolites1 :i* we %all h to repres5t 9 ! ,silurian4 ,s+ul>ly en\gh1 ,=am9if]a1 ! *>act]i/ic fossils ( ! ,laur5tian1 h be5 little recognis$ 9 ! ,primordial1 nor are !re any lime/ones kn[n s massive z ^? ( ! =m] s]ies4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a numb] ( rem>kable organisms1 :i* h usually be5 describ$ z sponges1 b are m probably p>tly ( ! nature ( sponges & p>tly ( t ( ,=am9if]a4 ,( ?is k9d are "s ( ! s+ul> conical fossils describ$ by ,bill+s z ,ar*ocya?us1 & f\nd 9 ! ,primordial lime/one ( ,labrador4 ,!y are holl[ )91 ) radiat+ pores & plates1 calc>e\s 9 "s1 & 9 o!rs ) silice\s spicules l ^? ( mod]n sponges4 ,"s ( !m are sev]al in*es 9 diamet]1 & !y mu/ h gr[n root$ 9 muddy bottoms1 9 ! mann] ( "s ( ! deep-sea sponges ( mod]n times4 ,"o species at lea/ ( ^! creatures 0 a true ,=am9if]1 alli$1 ?\gh some:at di/antly1 to ,eozoon4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ,primordial s&/ones1 curi\s funnel-%ap$ ca/s 9 s& occur1 sometimes m>k$ ) spiral l9es4 ,! "n ,hi/iod]ma has be5 giv5 to "s ( ^!1 & !y h be5 reg>d$ z m\?s ( worm-burr[s4 ,o!rs ( l>g] size h be5 comp>$ to inv]t$ /umps ( trees4 ,if !y 7 produc$ by worms1 "s ( ^! mu/ h be5 ( gigantic size1 b ,bill+s has rec5tly sugge/$ t !y may be ca/s ( sponges t liv$ l "s mod]n species imb$d$ 9 ! s&4 ,9 accordance ) ?is view ,i h repres5t$ ^! curi\s objects 9 ! engrav+1 ,on ! :ole1 ! life ( ^! olde/ ,palozoic rocks is n v abundant2 b !re are probably repres5tatives ( ?ree ( ! great subdivisions ( animals or1 z "s w\ld reckon !m1 ( f\r ! ,protozoa1 ! ,radiata 7,coel5t]ata71 ! ,mollusca1 & ! ,annulosa4 ,& x is mo/ int]e/+ ?us to f9d 9 ^! v old rocks ! mod]n subdivisions ( animals already repres5t$1 & ^! by types "s ( !m ne>ly alli$ to exi/+ inhabitants ( ! seas ,i h endeav\r$ 9 ! engrav+ to repres5t "s ( ! lead+ =ms ( m>9e life 9 ?is anci5t p]iod4 ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ discov]ies 9 ^! rocks is t ( ra9-m>ks & %r9kage-cracks1 9 "s ( ! v olde/ b$s--^? ( ! ,longmynd 9 ,%rop%ire4 ,on ! mod]n muddy bea* any ord9>y obs]v] is famili> ) ! cracks produc$ by ! action ( ! sun & air on ! dri$ surfaces left by ! tides4 ,su* cracks1 cov]$ by ! wat]s ( a succe$+ tide1 may be buri$ 9 new] silt1 & once pres]v$ 9 ?is way are imp]i%able4 ,9 l mann]1 ! pits left by pass+ %[]s ( ra9 on ! mud rec5tly left b>e by ! tide may1 :5 ! mud has dri$1 become suffici5tly firm to be pres]v$4 ,9 ?is way we h ra9-m>ks ( v>i\s geological ages2 b ! olde/ kn[n are ^? ( ! ,longmynd1 :]e !y are associat$ bo? ) ripple-m>ks & %r9kage-cracks4 ,we ?us h evid5ce ( ! action ( tides1 ( sun1 & ( ra91 9 ^! anci5t p]iods j z 9 ! pres5t day4 ,7 !re no l& animals to pr[l along ! l[ tidal flats 9 se>* ( food8 ,7 !re no h]bs or trees to dr9k 9 ! ra9s & fl\ri% 9 ! sun%9e8 ,if !re 71 no bone or footpr9t on ! %ore1 or drift$ leaf or bran*1 has yet reveal$ _! exi/5ce to ! eyes ( geologi/s ,! b$s ( ! ,primordial age exi/ 9 ,engl&1 9 ,bohemia1 9 ,sw$5 & ,norway1 & also 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,!y appe> to h be5 deposit$ along ! %ores ( ! old ,laur5tian cont95t1 & probably "s ( !m indicate v deep wat]4 ,! ,primordial rocks are 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w alt]$ & h>d5$4 ,!y h (t5 assum$ a slaty /ructure1 & _! b$d+1 & ! fossils :i* !y conta91 are bo? affect$ by ?is4 ,! usual view ent]ta9$ z to :at is call$ slaty /ructure is1 t x dep5ds on pressure1 act+ on m or less compressible mat]ial 9 "s direction usually diff]5t f t ( ! b$d+4 ,su* pressure has ! effect ( arrang+ all ! flat p>ticles z scales ( mica1 etc4 9 planes p>allel to ! compress+ surface4 ,h5ce1 if mu* mat]ial ( ?is k9d is pres5t 9 ! s$im5t1 ! :ole rock assumes a fissile "* caus+ x to split readily into ?9 plates4 ,t su* yield+ to pressure has actually tak5 place is se5 v di/9ctly 9 microscopic sections ( "s slaty rocks1 :i* (t5 %[ n only a lam9at$ /ructure1 b an actual crumpl+ on a small scale1 caus+ !m to assume almo/ ! aspect ( woody fibre4 ,su* rocks (t5 rem9d a casual obs]v] ( decay+ trunks ( trees1 & sections ( !m "u ! microscope %[ ! mo/ m9ute & delicate crumpl+4 ,x is also prov$ by ! condition ( ! fossils ! b$s conta94 ,^! are (t5 di/ort$1 s t "s ( !m are l5g!n$ & o!rs %ort5$1 & if specim5s 7 select$ )1 t view1 x w\ld be q easy to suppose t ^? l5g!n$ by di/ortion are ( diff]5t species f ^? di/ort$ s z to be %ort5$4 ,slaty cleavage & di/ortion are n1 h[ev]1 conf9$ to ,primordial rocks1 b occur 9 alt]$ s$im5ts ( v>i\s ages4 ,! ,primordial s$im5ts mu/ h at "o "t be5 v widely di/ribut$1 & mu/ h fill$ up _m ( ! inequalities produc$ by ! r5d+ & contortion ( ! ,laur5tian b$s4 ,_! ?ick] & m massive portions are1 h[ev]1 necess>ily along ! bord]s ( ! ,laur5tian cont95ts1 & z !y 9 _! turn 7 rais$ up into l&1 !y became expos$ to ! d5ud+ action fir/ ( ! sea1 & aft]w>ds ( ! ra9 & riv]s1 & 7 s ext5sively wa/$ away t only 9 a few regions d l>ge areas ( !m rema9 visible4 ,t ( ,bohemia has af=d$ to ,b>r&e a great numb] ( mo/ int]e/+ fossils4 ,! rocks ( ,/4 ,david's 9 ,wales1 ^? ( ,%rop%ire 9 ,engl&1 & ^? ( ,wickl[ 9 ,irel& are also ( great int]e/2 & next to ^! 9 importance are1 p]haps1 ! ,huronian & ,acadian gr\ps ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 :i* cont95t--z = example 9 ,nova ,scotia & 9 "s p>ts ( ,new ,engl&--!re are ext5sive areas ( old metamorphic rocks ^: age has n be5 det]m9$ by fossils1 b :i* may belong to ?is p]iod4 ,! "q ( division l9es ( =mations is "o mu* agitat$ 9 ! case ( ! ,cambrian rocks4 ,:e!r c]ta9 b$s are to be call$ ,cambrian or ,silurian has be5 a po9t greatly controv]t$2 & ! t]ms ,primordial & ,primordial ,silurian h be5 us$ z means to avoid ! rais+ ( ?is difficulty4 ,_m ( our division l9es 9 geology are arbitr>y & conv5tional1 & ?is may be ! case ) t betwe5 ! ,primordial & ,silurian1 ! "o age graduat+ into ! o!r4 ,!re appe>s to be1 h[ev]1 ! be/ reason to recognise a di/9ct ,cambrian p]iod1 prec$+ ! two great p]iods1 ^? ( ! second & ?ird faunas ( ,b>r&e1 to :i* ! t]m ,silurian is usually appli$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 s f> z our k ext5ds at pres5t1 a /rongly m>k$ l9e ( sep>ation exi/s betwe5 ! ,laur5tian & ,primordial1 ! latt] re/+ on ! edges ( ! =m]1 :i* seems !n to h be5 z mu* alt]$ z n[4 ,/ill a break ( ?is k9d may be1 p]haps mu/ be1 m]ely local2 & may v>y 9 am\nt4 ,?us1 9 "s places we f9d rocks ( ,silurian & lat] ages re/+ directly on ! ,laur5tian1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! ,primordial4 ,9 any case1 :]e a l9e ( coa/ is /eadily s9k+1 ea* succe$+ deposit w ov]lap t :i* w5t be=e2 & ?is seems to h be5 ! case ) ! ,laur5tian %ore :5 ! ,primordial & ,silurian 7 be+ deposit$4 ,h5ce ov] l>ge spaces ! ,primordial is abs5t1 be+ probably buri$ up1 except :]e expos$ by d5udation at ! m>g9 ( ! two =mations4 ,?is occurs 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,canada1 :ile ! ,laur5tian rocks h evid5tly be5 subject$ to metamorphism & long-cont9u$ wea!r+ be=e ! ,l[] ,silurian 7 deposit$2 & 9 "s cases ! latt] re/ on wea!r-worn & pitt$ surfaces1 & are fill$ ) angul> bits ( ! und]ly+ rock1 z well z ) drift-%ells :i* h be5 ca/ on ^! old ,laur5tian %ores2 :ile 9 o!r cases ! ,silurian re/s on smoo? wat]-worn ,laur5tian rocks1 & is fill$ at ! junction ) well-r\nd$ pebbles & gra9s ( s& :i* h evid5tly be5 subject$ to a m ?or\gh attrition !n ^? ( ! pres5t bea*4 ,) respect to ! l9e ( division betwe5 ! ,primordial & ! next succe$+ rocks1 x w be se5 t important movem5ts ( ! cont95ts occurr$ at ! close ( ! ,cambrian1 & 9 "s places ! ,cambrian rocks h be5 mu* di/urb$ be=e ! deposition ( ! ,l[] ,silurian4 ,seat$ on "s anci5t promontory ( ! ,laur5tian1 & look+ ov] ! pla9 :i*1 9 ! ,primordial & ,l[] ,silurian p]iods 0 ! sea1 ,i h (t5 wi%$ = "s %r$ ( vegetable matt] to tell :at liv$ on t l& :5 ! ,primordial surf beat ^u its %ore1 & wa%$ up ! ,trilobites & ,bra*iopods ( ^? old seas2 b no rock has yet tak5 up its p>able to reveal ! secret1 & ! ,primordial is vocal only ) ! old /ory3 ,& ,god said1 ,let ! wat]s sw>m ) sw>m+ liv+ ?+s1 & x 0 s4 ,s our picture ( ! p]iod may repres5t a sea-bottom sw>m+ ) animals ( l[ grade1 "s sessile1 "s locomotive2 & we may m]ely suppose a di/ant %ore ) vegetation dimly se51 & active volcanoes2 b a %ore on :i* no foot ( naturali/ has yet trod to scan its productions4 ,v diff]5t e/imates h be5 =m$ ( ! am\nt ( life 9 ?is p]iod1 accord+ to ! position giv5 to its late/ limit4 ,tak+ "s ( ! m mod]n views ( ?is subject1 we might h includ$ among ! ,primordial animals _m additional creatures1 :i* we pref] notic+ 9 ! ,silurian1 s9ce x may at lea/ be affirm$ t _! head-qu>t]s 7 9 t age1 ev5 if !y _h a beg9n+ 9 ! ,primordial4 ,x may be int]e/+ "h1 h[ev]1 to note ! actual am\nt ( life kn[n to u 9 ?is p]iod1 tak5 9 its l>ge/ scope4 ,9 do+ ?is1 ,i %all take advantage ( an int]e/+ table giv5 by ,dr4 ,bigsby1,g & repres5t+ ! /ate ( k 9 #ahfh1 & %all gr\p ! species 9 su* a mann] z to indicate ! relative abundance ( di/9ct types ( /ructure4 ,we f9d !n-- ,plants 7all1 or ne>ly all1 suppos$ to be sea-we$s1 & "s1 probably1 m]e tracks or trails ( animals7 #bb species4 ,sponges1 & simil> creatures #bg ,corals & _! allies #f ,/>fi%es & _! allies #d ,worms #bi ,trilobites & o!r cru/aceans #ddb ,lamp-%ells & o!r molluscoids #aic ,common bivalve mollusks #ab ,common univalve mollusks & _! allies #agb ,high] mollusks1 nautili1 cuttle-fi%es1 etc4 #fe --- ,9 all #igb ,g ,!saurus ,siluricus4 ,n[ 9 ?is enum]ation we obs]ve1 9 ! fir/ place1 a repres5tation ( all ! l[] or inv]tebrate gr\ps ( ! wat]s4 ,we h next ! rem>kable fact t ! ,radiata ( ,cuvi]1 ! l[e/ & mo/ plant-l ( ! m>9e animals1 are comp>atively sl5d]ly repres5t$1 yet t !re are examples ( _! high] z well z ( _! l[] =ms4 ,we h ! fur!r fact t ! cru/aceans1 ! highe/ m>9e animals ( ! annulose type1 are pr$om9ant 9 ! wat]s2 & t 9 ! mollusks ! highe/ & l[e/ gr\ps are mo/ pl5tiful1 ! middle less s4 ,! :ole numb] ( species is small1 & ?is may arise ei!r f our hav+ "h rea*$ an e>ly p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( life1 or f our in=mation be+ defective4 ,bo? are probably true4 ,/ill1 ( ! animals kn[n1 we _c say t ! proportions ( ! diff]5t k9ds dep5d on defective k4 ,!re is no reason1 = example1 :y corals %\ld n h be5 pres]v$ z well z ,trilobites1 or :y ,bra*iopods %\ld h be5 pres]v$ r !n ord9>y bivalves4 ,! proportions1 !re=e1 x may be m safe to reason f !n ! aggregate4 ,9 look+ at ^! proportions1 & comp>+ !m ) ^? ( mod]n seas1 we are /ruck ) ! great numb] ( species repres5t+ "s types ei!r n[ ext9ct or comp>atively r>e3 ! ,trilobites & ,bra*iopods m p>ticul>ly4 ,we are a/oni%$ at ! enorm\s prepond]ance ( ^! two gr\ps1 & especially ( ! ,trilobites4 ,fur!r1 we obs]ve t :ile "s =ms1 l ,l+ula & ,nautilus1 h p]si/$ d[n to mod]n times1 o!rs1 l ! ,trilobites & ,or?ids1 p]i%$ v e>ly4 ,9 all ?is we c dimly p]ceive a fitness ( liv+ ?+s to physical conditions1 a t5d5cy to utilise ea* type to ! limit ( its capacities = modification1 & !n to ab&on x = some?+ high]2 a t5d5cy ( l[ types to appe> fir/1 b to appe> 9 _! highe/ p]fection & v>iety2 a sudd5 app>ition ( totally div]se plans ( /ructure subs]v+ simil> ends simultane\sly ) ea* o!r1 z = in/ance ^? ( ! ,mollusk & ! ,cru/acean2 ! appe>ance ( optical & me*anical contrivances1 z = example ! comp\nd eyes ( ! ,trilobite & ! swimm+ float ( ! ,or?oc]as1 9 all _! p]fection at fir/1 j z !y cont9ue to ?is day 9 creatures ( simil> grade4 ,t ^! & o!r simil> ?+s po9t to a uni=m & f>-rea*+ plan1 no rational m9d c d\bt2 & if ! _w _h /opp$ %ort 9 ! ,primordial p]iod1 & atta9$ to no fur!r developm5t1 ?is w\ld h be5 abundantly app>5t2 ?\gh x %9es =? m & m conspicu\sly 9 ea* succe$+ page ( ! /ony record4 ,h[ f> su* unity & div]sity c be expla9$ by ! mod]n philosophy ( a necess>y & mat]ial evolution out ( m]e dea? & physical =ces1 & h[ f> x requires ! int]v5tion ( a ,creative m9d1 are que/ions :i* we may well leave ) ! ?\ghtful read]1 till we h trac$ ?is hi/ory some:at fur!r4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,l[] ,,& ,,upp] ,,silurian ,,ages4 ,by ,engli% geologi/s1 ! great s]ies ( =mations :i* succe$s to ! ,cambrian is usually includ$ "u ! "n ,silurian ,sy/em1 fir/ propos$ by ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison4 ,x c]ta9ly1 h[ev]1 consi/s ( two di/9ct gr\ps1 hold+ ! second & ?ird faunas ( ,b>r&e4 ,! old] ( ! two1 usually call$ ! ,l[] ,silurian1 is ! ,upp] ,cambrian ( ,s$gwick1 & may prop]ly be call$ ! ,siluro-,cambrian4 ,! new] is ! true ,silurian1 or ,silurian prop]--! ,upp] ,silurian ( ,mur*ison4 ,we %all 9 ?is *apt]1 = conv5i5ce1 consid] bo? 9 connection1 us+ occasionally ! t]m ,l[] ,silurian z equival5t to ,siluro-,cambrian4 ,! ,silurian pres5ts u ) a def9ite physical geography1 = ! nor!rn hemisph]e at lea/2 & ?is physical geography is a key to ! life conditions ( ! "t4 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t1 f its great unbrok5 area1 af=ds1 z usual1 ! be/ means ( appreciat+ ?is4 ,9 ?is p]iod ! nor!rn curr5ts1 act+ p]haps 9 h>mony ) old ,laur5tian outcrops1 _h deposit$ 9 ! sea two long subm>9e ridges1 runn+ to ! s\?w>d f ! extreme ends ( ! ,laur5tian nucleus1 & con/itut+ ! f\ndations ( ! pres5t ridges ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ! ,alleghanies4 ,betwe5 ^! ! ext5sive triangul> area n[ con/itut+ ! great] "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 0 a %all[ oceanic plateau1 %elt]$ f ! cold pol> curr5ts by ! ,laur5tian l& on ! nor?1 & sep>at$ by ! ridges already m5tion$ f ! ,atlantic & ,pacific4 ,x 0 on ?is great plateau ( w>m & %elt]$ ocean t :at we call ! ,silurian fauna liv$2 :ile ( ! creatures t inhabit$ ! dep?s ( ! great b\nd+ oceans1 ^: abysses mu/ h be5 f> deep] & at a mu* l[] temp]ature1 we "k little4 ,dur+ ! long ,silurian p]iods1 x is true1 ! great ,am]ican plateau und]w5t _m revolutions1 sometimes be+ m deeply subm]g$1 & hav+ cle> wat] t5ant$ by va/ numb]s ( corals & %ell-fi%es1 at o!rs ris+ s z to become %all[ & to receive deposits ( s& & mud2 b x 0 always di/9ct f ! oceanic area )\t4 ,9 ,europe1 9 l mann]1 !re seems to h be5 a great int]nal plateau b\nd$ by ! embryo hills ( ,we/]n ,europe on ! we/1 & h>b\r+ a v simil> assemblage ( creatures to ^? exi/+ 9 ,am]ica4 ,fur!r1 dur+ ^! long p]iods !re 7 great *anges1 f a fauna ( some:at primordial type up to a new ord] ( ?+s 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian1 t5d+ t[>d ! novelties :i* 7 introduc$ 9 ! succe$+ ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s4 ,we may1 9 ! fir/ place1 sket* ^! *anges z !y occurr$ on ! two great cont95tal plateaus1 not+ z we proce$ su* h9ts z c be obta9$ ) ref]5ce to ! m ext5sive oceanic spaces4 ,be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! age1 bo? plateaus seem to h be5 invad$ by s&y & muddy s$im5ts *>g$ at "s p]iods & places ) magnesian lime/one2 & ^! circum/ances 7 n fav\rable to ! exi/5ce or pres]vation ( organic rema9s4 ,su* are ! ,potsdam & ,calcif]\s b$s ( ,am]ica & ! ,tremadoc & ,ll&eilo b$s ( ,engl&4 ,! ,potsdam & ,tremadoc are by _! fossils includ$ 9 ! ,cambrian1 & may at lea/ be reg>d$ z transition gr\ps4 ,x is fur!r to be obs]v$1 9 ! case ( ^! b$s1 t if we beg9 at ! we/ side ( ,europe & proce$ ea/]ly1 or at ! ea/ side ( ,am]ica & proce$ we/]ly1 !y become progressively ?9n]1 ! great] am\nt ( mat]ial be+ deposit$ at ! edges ( ! future cont95ts2 j z on ! sides ( a muddy tideway ! flats are high]1 & ! m co>se s$im5t deposit$ ne> ! m>g9 ( ! *annel1 & f9e mud is deposit$ at a great] di/ance & 9 ?9n] b$s4 ,! cause1 h[ev]1 on ! great scale ( ! ,atlantic1 0 some:at diff]5t1 anci5t ridges det]m9+ ! bord] ( ! *annel4 ,?is /atem5t holds good n only ( ^! old] b$s1 b ( ! :ole ( ! ,silurian1 & ( ! succe$+ ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s1 all deposit$ on ^! same plateaus4 ,?us1 9 ! case ( ! ,silurian 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 ! :ole s]ies is m !n #bj1jjj feet ?ick1 b 9 ,russia1 x is less !n #a1jjj feet4 ,9 ! ea/]n "p ( ,am]ica ! ?ickness is e/imat$ at q z great an am\nt z 9 ,europe1 :ile 9 ! region ( ! ,mississippi ! ,silurian rocks are sc>cely ?ick] !n 9 ,russia1 & consi/ 9 great "p ( lime/ones & f9e s$im5ts1 ! s&/ones & conglom]ates ?9n+ out rapidly ea/w>d ( ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s4 ,9 bo? plateaus ! e>li] p]iod ( co>se accumulations 0 succe$$ by "o 9 :i* 0 cle> wat] deposit+ little e>?y s$im5t1 & ?is usually f9e2 & 9 :i* ! sea sw>m$ ) animal life1 f ! dbris ( :i* enorm\s b$s ( lime/one 7 =m$ ! ,tr5ton lime/one ( ,am]ica & ! ,bala lime/one ( ,europe4 ,! fossils ( ?is "p ( ! s]ies op5 up to u ! head-qu>t]s ( ,l[] ,silurian life1 ! second great fauna ( ,b>r&e1 t ( ! ,upp] ,cambrian ( ,s$gwick2 & 9 ,am]ica m especially1 ! ,tr5ton & its associat$ lime/ones c be trac$ ov] =ty degrees ( longitude2 & ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ?is space its pr9cipal b$s are compos$ entirely ( comm9ut$ corals1 %ells1 & cr9oids1 & /udd$ ) organisms ( ! same k9ds /ill reta9+ _! =ms4 ,out ( ^! seas1 9 ! ,european area1 arose 9 places volcanic islets1 l ^? ( ! mod]n ,pacific4 ,9 ! next succe$+ era ! cle> wat]s became aga9 invad$ ) muddy & s&y s$im5ts1 9 v>i\s alt]nations1 & ) occasional b&s ( lime/one1 con/itut+ ! ,c>adoc b$s ( ,brita9 & ! ,utica & ,hudson ,riv] gr\ps ( ,am]ica4 ,dur+ ! deposition ( ^!1 ! ab\nd+ life ( ! ,siluro-,cambrian plateaus di$ away1 & a middle gr\p ( s&/ones & %ales1 ! ,oneida & ,m$9a ( ,am]ica & ! ,mayhill ( ,engl&1 =m ! base ( ! ,upp] ,silurian4 ,b :at 0 tak+ place mean:ile 9 ! oceanic areas sep>at+ our plateaus8 ,^! 7 id5tical ) ! bas9s ( ! ,atlantic & ,pacific1 :i* already exi/$ 9 ?is p]iod z depressions ( ! e>?'s cru/1 p]haps n s deep z at pres5t4 ,z to ! deposits 9 _! deep] portions we "k no?+2 b on ! m>g9 ( ! ,atlantic area are "s rocks :i* give u at lea/ a little in=mation4 ,9 ! lat] "p ( ! ,cambrian p]iod ! enorm\s ?ickness ( ! ,quebec gr\p ( ,nor? ,am]ica appe>s to repres5t a broad /ripe ( deep wat] p>allel to ! ea/]n edge ( ! ,am]ican plateau1 & 9 :i* an imm5se ?ickness ( b$s ( s& & mud 0 deposit$ ) v few fossils1 except 9 p>ticul> b$s1 & ^! ( a m primordial aspect !n ^? ( ! plateau itself4 ,^! rocks no d\bt repres5t ! m>g9 ( a deep ,atlantic area1 ov] :i* cold curr5ts de/ructive ( life 7 con/antly pass+1 & 9 :i* great quantities ( s& & mud1 swept f ! icy regions ( ! ,nor?1 7 cont9ually be+ laid4 ,! rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,c>p5t] & ,dr4 ,wyville ,?omson %[ u t !re are at pres5t cold areas 9 ! deep] p>ts ( ! ,atlantic1 on ! ,european side1 z we h long kn[n t !y exi/ at less dep?s on ! ,am]ican side2 & ^! same rese>*es1 ) ! s\nd+s on ! ,am]ican banks1 %[ t s& & gravel may be deposit$ n m]ely on %all[s1 b 9 ! dep?s ( ! ocean1 provid$ t ^! dep?s are p]vad$ by cold & heavy curr5ts capable ( erod+ ! bottom1 & ( mov+ co>se mat]ial4 ,! ,quebec gr\p 9 ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! metallif]\s ,l[] ,silurian rocks ( ,nova ,scotia & ,newf\ndl&1 de/itute ( great m>9e lime/ones & coral reefs1 evid5tly repres5t deep & cold-wat] areas on ! bord] ( ! ,atlantic plateau4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,upp] ,silurian1 ! ri*ly fossilif]\s & exceptional deposits ( ! ,isl& ( ,antico/i1 =m$ 9 ! deep holl[ ( ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,laur5ce1 %[ t :5 ! plateau _h become %all[$ up by deposition & elevation1 & conv]t$ into desolate s&-banks1 ! area ( abundant life 0 transf]r$ to ! /ill deep ,atlantic bas9 & its bord]+ bays1 9 :i* ! =ms ( ,l[] ,silurian life cont9u$ to exi/ until !y 7 mix$ up ) ^? ( ! ,upp] ,silurian4 ,if we turn n[ to ^! latt] rocks1 & inquire z to _! conditions on our two great plateaus1 we %all f9d a repetition ( *anges simil> to ^? :i* occurr$ 9 ! times prec$+4 ,! s&y %all[s ( ! e>li] "p ( ?is p]iod give place to wide oceanic areas simil> to ^? ( ! ,l[] ,silurian2 ,9 ^! we f9d va/ & ?ick coral & %ell lime/ones1 ! ,w5lock ( ,engl& & ,niag>a ( ,am]ica1 z ri* 9 life z ! lime/ones ( ! ,l[] ,silurian1 & ) ! g5]ic & family =ms simil>1 b ! species = ! mo/ "p diff]5t4 ,9 ,am]ica ^! lime/ones 7 foll[$ by a s+ul>ly %all[ condition ( ! plateau1 9 :i* ! surface 0 s rais$ z at times to be conv]t$ into sep>ate salt lakes 9 :i* b$s ( salt 7 deposit$4 ,on bo? plateaus !re 7 alt]nations ( oceanic & %all[ conditions1 "u :i* ! ,l[] ,held]b]g & ,ludl[ b$s1 ! clos+ memb]s ( ! ,silurian1 7 laid d[n4 ,( ! ,atlantic b$s ( ?is p]iod we "k little1 except t ! great lime/ones appe> to be want+1 & to be replac$ by s&y & muddy deposits1 9 "s p>ts at lea/ ( ! m>g9s ( ! area4 ,9 "s portions also ( ! plateaus & _! m>g9s1 ext5sive volcanic outbur/s seem to h occurr$2 s t ! ,am]ican plateau pres5t$1 at lea/ 9 p>ts1 ! aspect ( a coral sea ) ar*ipelagos ( volcanic isl&s1 ! ejections f :i* became mix$ ) ! aque\s deposits =m+ ar\nd !m4 ,hav+ ?us trac$ ! int]e/+ s]ies ( geographical conditions indicat$ by ! ,silurian s]ies1 we may next take our /ation on "o ( ! subm]g$ plateaus1 & inquire z to ! new =ms ( life n[ introduc$ to our notice2 & 9 do+ s %all include ! life ( bo? ! ,l[] & ,upp] ,silurian4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--;,fragm5t ( ,l[] ,silurian ,lime/one1 slic$ & magnifi$ t5 diamet]s1 %[+ ! mann] 9 :i* x is made up ( fragm5ts ( corals1 cr9oids1 & %ells4 7,f a pap] oil ! ,microscopic ,/ructure ( ,canadian lime/one1 ,canadian ,naturali/47 ,fir/1 we may rem>k ! va/ abundance & v>iety ( corals4 ,! polyps1 close relatives ( ! common sea-anemone ( our coa/s1 :i* build up our mod]n coral reefs1 7 repres5t$ 9 ! ,silurian seas by a great numb] ( alli$ yet diff]5t =ms1 equally effectual 9 ! great "w ( secret+ c>bonate ( lime 9 /ony masses1 & !re=e 9 ! build+-up ( cont95ts4 ,let u note "s ( ! diff]5ces4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :]eas our mod]n coral-work]s c %[ u b ! topmo/ p9nacles ( _! creations1 peep+ above ! surface ( ! sea 9 coral reefs & isl&s1 ! "w ( ! coral animals ( ! ,silurian has be5 f9i%$1 by ^! lime/ones be+ cov]$ ) masses ( new s$im5t consolidat$ into h>d rock1 & rais$ out ( ! sea to con/itute a "p ( ! dry l&4 ,9 ! ,silurian lime/ones we ?us h1 n m]ely ! coral reefs1 b ! wide b$s ( comm9ut$ coral1 mix$ ) ! rema9s ( o!r animals1 :i* are necess>ily accumulat$ 9 ! ocean b$ ar\nd ! reefs & isl&s4 ,fur!r1 ^! b$s1 :i* we might f9d loose & unconsolidat$ 9 ! mod]n sea1 h _! fragm5ts closely cem5t$ toge!r 9 ! old lime/ones4 ,! nature ( ?is diff]5ce c be well se5 by comp>+ a fragm5t ( mod]n coral or %ell lime/one f ,b]muda1 ) a simil> fragm5t ( ! ,tr5ton lime/one1 bo? be+ slic$ = exam9ation "u ! microscope4 ,! old lime/one is black or greyi%1 ! mod]n "o is ne>ly :ite1 because 9 ! =m] ! organic matt] 9 ! animal fragm5ts has be5 c>bonis$ or conv]t$ into coaly & bitum9\s matt]4 ,! old lime/one is mu* m d5se & compact1 p>tly because its mat]ials h be5 m closely compress$ by sup]9cumb5t weight1 b *iefly because calc>e\s matt] 9 solution 9 wat] has p5etrat$ all ! int]/ices1 & fill$ !m up ) a deposit ( cry/all9e lime/one4 ,9 exam9+ a slice1 h[ev]1 "u ! microscope1 x w be se5 t ! fragm5ts ( corals & o!r organisms are z di/9ct & well pres]v$ z 9 ! crumbl+ mod]n rock1 except t !y are p]fectly imb$d$ 9 a pa/e ( cle> transp>5t lime/one1 or r calc>e\s sp>1 infiltrat$ betwe5 !m4 ,i h exam9$ great numb]s ( slices ( ^! lime/ones1 ev] ) new wond] at ! pack+ ( ! organic fragm5ts :i* !y pres5t4 ,! h>d m>ble-l lime/ones us$ = build+ 9 ! ,silurian di/ricts ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 are ?us 9 mo/ cases consolidat$ masses ( organic fragm5ts4 ,9 ! next place1 ! animals !mselves mu/ h diff]$ some:at f _! mod]n successors4 ,?is we ga!r f ! /ructure ( _! /ony cells1 :i* pres5t po9ts ( diff]5ce indicat+ correspond+ diff]5ce ( detail 9 ! s(t p>ts4 ,zoologi/s ?us sep>ate ! rugose or wr9kl$ corals & ! tabulate or floor$ corals ( ! ,silurian f ^? ( ! mod]n seas4 ,! =m] mu/ h be5 m l ! ord9>y coral animals2 ! latt] 7 v peculi>1 m especially 9 ! close union ( ! cells1 & 9 ! transv]se floors :i* !y 7 9 ! habit ( build+ across ^! cells z !y grew 9 height4 ,!y pres5t$1 h[ev]1 all ! =ms ( our mod]n corals4 ,"s 7 r\nd$ & massive 9 =m1 o!rs delicate & bran*+4 ,"s 7 solit>y or deta*$1 o!rs aggregative 9 communities4 ,"s _h ! individual animals l>ge & probably %[y1 o!rs _h !m ( microscopic size4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable ( all is ! ,am]ican ,beatricea1,h :i* grew l a great trunk ( a tree tw5ty feet or m 9 height1 its solit>y animal at ! top l a pill>-sa9t1 ?\gh no d\bt m appropriate & com=table2 & multitudes ( delicate & encru/+ corals cl++ l mosses or li*5s to its sides4 ,?is creature belongs to ! v middle ( ! ,silurian1 & mu/ h liv$ 9 great dep?s1 undi/urb$ by swell or break]s1 & %elt]+ va/ multitudes ( o!r creatures 9 its /ony colonnades4 ,h ,fir/ describ$ by ,mr4 ,bill+s4 ,x has be5 reg>d$ z a plant1 & z a cephalopod %ell2 b ,i believe x 0 a coral alli$ to ,cy/iphyllum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,silurian ,,age4 ,on ! bottom are se51 proce$+ f left to "r1 ,corals 7,/5opora & ,beatricea7 & a ,ga/]opod2 ,or?oc]as2 ,coral 7,patria72 ,cr9oids1 ,l+ul1 & ,cy/ideans2 a ,trilobite & ,cyrtolites4 ,9 ! wat] is a l>ge ,pt]ygotus1 & "u x a ,tr9ucleus4 ,fur!r on1 are ,cephalopods1 a ,het]opod1 & ,fi%es4 ,at ! surface1 ,phyllograptus1 ,graptoli?us1 & ,bell]ophon4 ,on ! ,l&1 ,lepidod5dron1 ,psilophyton1 & ,prototaxites4 ,la/ly1 ! ,silurian corals n\ri%$ 9 latitudes m boreal !n _! mod]n repres5tatives4 ,9 bo? hemisph]es z f> nor? z ,silurian lime/ones h be5 trac$1 well-develop$ corals h be5 f\nd4 ,on ! great plateaus %elt]$ by ,laur5tian ridges to ! nor?1 & expos$ to ! sun & to ! w>m] curr5ts ( ! equatorial regions1 !y n\ri%$ mo/ gr&ly & luxuriantly3 b !y liv$ also nor? ( ! ,laur5tian b&s 9 ! ,arctic ,sea bas9s1 ?\gh probably 9 ! %all[] & m %elt]$ p>ts4 ,und\bt$ly ! geographical arrangem5ts ( ! ,silurian p]iod contribut$ to ?is4 ,we h already se5 h[ peculi>ly adapt$ to an exub]ant m>9e life 7 ! subm]g$ cont95ts ( ! p]iod2 & !re 0 probably little ,arctic l& produc+ iceb]gs to *ill ! seas4 ,! great ,arctic curr5ts1 :i* !n z n[ fl[$ p[]fully t[>d ! equator1 mu/ h clung to ! deep] p>ts ( ! ocean bas9s1 :ile ! return wat]s f ! equator w\ld spread !mselves widely ov] ! surface2 s t :]ev] ! ,arctic ,seas pres5t$ areas a little elevat$ out ( ! cold wat] bottom1 !re might be suitable abodes = coral animals4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t 9 ! ,silurian p]iod ! sea might h d]iv$ "s appreciable heat f ! cru/ ( ! e>? bel[1 & a/ronomical conditions h be5 sugge/$ z t5d+ to produce *anges ( climate2 b x is evid5t t :atev] weight may be due to ^! causes1 ! obs]v$ geographical conditions are suffici5t to acc\nt = ! facts ( ! case4 ,x is also to be obs]v$1 t we _c safely inf] ! requirem5ts z to temp]ature ( ,silurian coral animals f ^? ( ! t5ants ( ! mod]n ocean4 ,9 ! mod]n seas _m =ms ( life ?rive be/ & gr[ to ! greate/ size 9 ! cold] seas2 & 9 ! lat] t]ti>y p]iod !re 7 elephants & rh9oc]oses suffici5tly h>dy to endure ! rig\rs ( an ,arctic climate4 ,s !re may h be5 9 ! ,silurian seas corals ( mu* less delicate con/itution !n ^? n[ liv+4 ,next to ! corals we may place ! cr9oids1 or /one-lilies--creatures ab\nd+ ?r\gh\t ! ,silurian seas1 & realiz+ a new creative idea1 to be exp&$ 9 subsequ5t geological "t into all ! multif>i\s types ( />-fi%es & sea-ur*9s4 ,a typical cr9oid1 su* z ! ,glyptocr9us ( ! ,l[] ,silurian1 consi/s ( a flexible jo9t$ /em1 sometimes sev]al feet 9 l5g?1 compos$ ( %ort cyl9drical discs1 curi\sly articulat$ toge!r1 a box-l body on top made up ( polygonal pieces atta*$ to ea* o!r at ! edges1 & five radiat+ jo9t$ arms furni%$ ) bran*es & bran*lets1 or fr+es1 all articulat$ & capable ( be+ flex$ 9 any direction4 ,su* a creature has m ! aspect ( a fl[] !n ( an animal2 yet x is really an animal1 & subsi/s by collect+ ) its arms & drift+ into its m\? m9ute creatures float+ 9 ! wat]4 ,ano!r gr\p1 less typical1 b abundantly repres5t$ 9 ! ,silurian seas1 is t ( ! ,cy/ideans1 9 :i* ! body is sack-l1 & ! arms few & sometimes atta*$ to ! body4 ,!y resemble ! "y or l>v ( cr9oids4 ,9 ! mod]n seas ! cr9oids are extremely few1 ?\gh dr$g+ 9 v deep wat] has rec5tly add$ to ! numb] ( kn[n species2 b 9 ! ,silurian p]iod !y _h _! bir?1 & atta9$ to a numb] & p]fection n aft]w>ds surpass$4 ,p]haps ! /one-lilies ( ! ,upp] ,silurian rocks ( ,dudley1 9 ,engl&1 are ! mo/ beautiful ( ,palozoic animals4 ,judg+ f ! imm5se quantities ( _! rema9s 9 "s lime/ones1 wide areas ( ! sea bottom mu/ h be5 cr[d$ ) _! long /alks & fl[]-l bodies1 pres5t+ va/ subm>9e fields ( ^! /ony wat]-lilies4 ,pass+ ov] _m tribes ( mollusks1 cont9u$ or ext5d$ f ! ,primordial--& m]ely rem>k+ t ! lamp-%ells & ! ord9>y bivalve & univalve %ell-fi%es are all repres5t$ l>gely1 m especially ! =m] gr\p1 9 ! ,silurian--we come to ! highe/ ( ! ,mollusca1 repres5t$ 9 our seas by ! cuttle-fi%es & nautili1 creatures :i*1 l ! cr9oids1 may be said to h _h _! bir? 9 ! ,silurian1 & to h !re atta9$ to "s ( _! gr&e/ =ms4 ,! mod]n pe>ly nautilus %ell1 well kn[n 9 e museum1 is beautifully coil$ 9 a disc-l =m1 & :5 slic$ longitud9ally %[s a s]ies ( p>titions divid+ x into *amb]s1 air-tight1 & s]v+ z a float to r5d] ! body ( ! creature indep5d5t ( ! =ce ( gravity4 ,z ! animal gr[s x retracts its body t[>d ! front ( ! %ell1 & =ms new p>titions1 s t ! buoyancy ( ! float always corresponds ) ! weight ( ! animal2 :ile by ! expansion & contraction ( ! body & removal ( wat] f a tube or syphon :i* trav]ses ! *amb]s1 or ! injection ( additional wat]1 slight diff]5ces c be effect$1 r5d]+ ! creature a v little light] or heavi] !n ! m$ium 9 :i* x swims4 ,?us practically deliv]$ f ! encumbrance ( weight1 & furni%$ ) long flexible arms provid$ ) suck]s1 ) great eyes & a horny beak1 ! nautilus becomes "o ( ! tyrants ( ! deep1 creep+ on ! bottom or swimm+ on ! surface at w1 & ev]y:]e prey+ on :atev] animals x c ma/]4 ,=tunately = u1 z well z = ! m feeble inhabitants ( ! sea1 ! nautili are n ( great size1 ?\gh "s ( _! allies1 ! cuttle-fi%es1 :i*1 h[ev]1 want ! float+ app>atus1 are suffici5tly p[]ful to be =midable to man4 ,9 ! ,silurian p]iod1 h[ev]1 !re 7 n only nautili l ours1 b a peculi> k9d ( /raight nautilus--! ,or?oc]atites--:i* sometimes atta9$ to gigantic size4 ,! %ells ( ^! creatures may be comp>$ to ^? ( nautili /raight5$ out1 ! *amb]s be+ plac$ 9 a direct l9e 9 front ( ea* o!r4 ,a great numb] ( species h be5 discov]$1 _m q insignificant 9 size1 b o!rs z mu* z twelve feet 9 l5g? & a foot 9 diamet] at ! l>g] end4 ,inde$1 acc\nts h be5 giv5 ( individuals ( mu* l>g] gr[?4 ,^! l>ge ,or?oc]atites 7 ! mo/ p[]ful m>9e animals kn[n to u 9 ! ,silurian1 & mu/ h be5 9 ^? days ! tyrants ( ! seas4,i ,i ,zoologi/s w obs]ve t ,i h1 9 ! illu/rations giv5 ! ,or?oc]as ! arms r ( a cuttle-fi% !n ( a nautilus4 ,! =m ( ! out] *amb] ( ! %ell1 ,i ?9k1 w>rants ?is view ( ! /ructure ( ! animal1 :i* mu/ h be5 =m$ on a v compreh5sive type4 ,among ! cru/aceans1 or s(t %ell-fi%es ( ! ,silurian1 we meet ) ! ,trilobites1 cont9u$ f ! ,primordial 9 great & increas+ =ce1 & repres5t$ by _m & beautiful species2 :ile an alli$ gr\p ( %ell-fi%es ( l[ organization b gigantic size1 ! ,eurypt]ids1 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,upp] ,silurian1 7 provid$ ) p[]ful limbs1 long flexible bodies1 & great eyes 9 ! front ( ! head1 & 7 sometimes sev]al feet 9 l5g?4 ,in/ead ( be+ mud grovell]s1 l ! ,trilobites & mod]n k+-crabs1 ^! ,eurypt]ids mu/ h be5 swimm]s1 c>e]+ rapidly ?r\gh ! wat]1 & probably active & pr$ace\s4 ,!re 7 also great multitudes ( ^? little cru/aceans :i* are inclos$ 9 two horny or %elly valves l a bivalve %ell-fi%1 & ! rema9s ( :i* sometimes fill c]ta9 b$s ( ,silurian %ale & lime/one4 ,no rema9s f\nd 9 ! ,silurian rocks h be5 m f]tile s\rces ( discussion !n ! s-call$ ,graptolites1 or writt5 /ones--a "n giv5 long ago by ,l9nu1 9 allusion to ! resemblance ( "s species hav+ r[s ( cells on "o side1 to m9ute l9es ( writ+4 ,^! little bodies usually appe> z black coaly /a9s on ! surface ( ! rock1 %[+ a sl5d] /em or /alk1 ) a r[ ( little project+ cells at "o side1 or two r[s1 "o on ea* side4 ,! m p]fect specim5s %[ t1 9 _m ( ! species at lea/1 ^! fragm5ts 7 bran*es ( a complex organism spread+ f a c5tre2 & at ?is c5tre !re is sometimes p]ceiv$ a sort ( membrane connect+ ! bases ( ! bran*es1 & = :i* v>i\s uses h be5 conjectur$4 ,! bran*es !mselves v>y mu* 9 diff]5t species4 ,!y may be simple or divid$1 n>r[1 or broad & leaf-l1 ) "o r[ ( cells1 or two r[s ( cells4 ,h5ce arise g5]ic di/9ctions into s+le & d\ble graptolites1 leaf & tree graptolites1 net graptolites1 & s on4 ,b :ile x is easy to recognise ^! organisms1 & to classify !m 9 species & g5]a1 x is n s easy to say :at _! aff9ities are ) mod]n ?+s4 ,!y are exclusively ,silurian1 disappe>+ altoge!r at ! close ( ?is p]iod1 &1 s f> z we "k1 n succe$$ by any simil> creatures s]v+ to connect !m ) mod]n =ms4 ,h5ce ! mo/ v>i\s conjectures z to _! nature4 ,!y h be5 suppos$ to be plants1 & h be5 successively ref]r$ to mo/ ( ! great divisions ( ! l[] animals4 ,mo/ rec5tly !y h be5 reg>d$ by ,hall1 ,ni*olson1,j & o!rs1 :o h /udi$ !m mo/ att5tively1 z zoophytes or hydroids alli$ to ! ,s]tul>ise1 or too?-corall9es & sea-fir-corall9es ( our coa/s1 to ! cell-be>+ bran*es ( :i* _! fragm5ts be> a v close resemblance4 ,9 ?is case1 ea* ( ! little cells or tee? at ! sides ( ! fibres mu/ h be5 ! abode ( a little polyp1 /ret*+ out its t5tacles into ! wat]1 & enjoy+ a common support & nutrition ) ! o!r polyps rang$ ) x4 ,/ill ! mode ( life ( ! community ( bran*+ /ems is unc]ta94 ,9 "s species !re is a little radicle or spike at ! base ( ! ma9 /em1 :i* may h be5 a means ( atta*m5t4 ,9 o!rs ! holl[ c5tral disk has be5 conjectur$ to h s]v$ z a float4 ,occurr+ z ! specim5s d usually 9 %ales & slates1 :i* mu/ h be5 muddy b$s1 !y c\ld n h be5 atta*$ to /ones or rocks1 & !y mu/ h liv$ 9 cle> wat]1 ei!r seat$ on ! surface ( ! mud1 atta*$ to sea-we$s1 or float+ freely by means ( holl[ disks fill$ ) air4 ,aft] mu* ?\ght on _! /ructure & mode ( occurr5ce1 ,i am incl9$ to believe t 9 _! y\ng] /ages !y 7 atta*$1 b by a v sl5d] ?read2 t at a m advanc$ /age !y became free1 & acquir+ a c5tral membran\s disk fill$ ) air1 float$ by means ( ?is at ! surface1 _! long bran*es trail+ 9 ! wat]s bel[4 ,!y w\ld ?us be1 ) ref]5ce to _! mode ( life1 ?\gh n to ! details ( _! /ructure1 prototypes ( ! mod]n ,portuguese man-(-w>1 :i* n[ drifts s gaily ov] ! surface ( ! w>m] seas4 ,i h repres5t$ !m 9 ?is attitude2 b 9 case ,i %\ld be mi/ak51 ! read] may imag9e x possible t !y may be adh]+ to ! l[] surface ( float+ tangle4 ,! head-qu>t]s ( ! ,graptolites seem to be 9 ! upp] "p ( ! ,cambrian1 & 9 ! ,siluro-,cambrian1 & !y are widely di/ribut$ 9 ,europe1 9 ,am]ica1 & 9 ,au/ralia4 ,?is v wide di/ribution ( ! species is probably connect$ ) _! float+ & oceanic habits4 ,j ,see also an able pap] by ,c>ru!rs1 9 ! ,geological ,magaz9e1 vol4 v41 p4 #fd4 ,la/ly1 j z ! ,silurian p]iod 0 pass+ away1 we f9d a new ?+ 9 ! e>?--v]tebrate animals1 repres5t$ by sev]al species ( %>k-l fi%es1 :i* came 9 "h z =]unn]s ( ! dyna/y ( ! v]tebrates1 :i* f t day to ?is h be5 ! ma/]s ( ! _w4 ,^! e>lie/ v]tebrates are especially int]e/+ z ! fir/ kn[n examples ( a plan ( /ructure :i* culm9ates only 9 man himself4 ,!y appe> to h _h c>tilag9\s skeletons2 & 9 ?is & _! %agre5-l sk91 /rong bony sp9es1 & tr5*ant tee?1 to h mu* resembl$ our mod]n %>ks1 or r ! dog-fi%es1 = !y 7 ( small size4 ,"o g5us 7,pt]aspis71 app>5tly ! olde/ ( ! :ole1 belongs1 h[ev]1 to a tribe ( mail$ fi%es alli$ to "s ( ^? ( ! old r$ s&/one4 ,9 bo? cases ! gr\ps ( fi%es repres5t+ ! fir/ kn[n appe>ance ( ! v]tebrates 7 alli$ to tribes ( some:at high organization 9 t class2 & !y ass]t$ _! claims to dom9ancy by be+ pr$ace\s & c>nivor\s creatures1 :i* mu/ h r5d]$ !mselves =midable to _! inv]tebrate contempor>ies4 ,coprolites1 or fossil masses ( excrem5t1 :i* are f\nd ) !m1 indicate t !y *as$ & dev\r$ or?oc]atites & sea-snails ( v>i\s k9ds1 & snapp$ ,l+ul & cr9oids f _! /alks2 & we c well imag9e t ^! creatures1 :5 once introduc$1 f\nd !mselves 9 ri* pa/ure & increas$ accord+ly4 ,space prev5ts u f foll[+ fur!r our pictures ( ! animal life ( ! great ,silurian era1 ! monum5ts ( :i* 7 fir/ discov]$ by two ( ,engl&'s greate/ geologi/s1 ,mur*ison & ,s$gwick4 ,h[ imp]fect su* a notice mu/ be1 may be le>n$ f ! fact t ,dr4 ,bigsby1 9 8 ,!saurus ,siluricus 9 #ahfh1 catalogues #h1hig ,silurian species1 ( :i* only #igb are kn[n 9 ! ,primordial4 ,our illu/ration1 c>efully /udi$1 may d m to pres5t to ! read] ! teem+ sw>ms ( ! ,silurian seas !n our ^w-picture1 & x includes _m animal =ms n m5tion$ above1 m especially ! curv$ & nautilus-l cuttle-fi%es1 ^? s+ul> mollusc\s swimm]s by f9 or float kn[n to zoologi/s z violet-snails1 w+$-snails or pt]opods1 & c>9>ias2 & :i*1 "u v>i\s =ms1 h exi/$ f ! ,silurian to ! pres5t "t4 ,! old ,l+ul are also !re z well z 9 ! ,primordial1 :ile ! fi%es & ! l& vegetation belong1 z f> z we yet "k1 exclusively to ! ,upp] ,silurian1 & po9t =w>d to ! succe$+ ,devonian4 ,we "k z yet no ,silurian animal t liv$ on ! l& or brea!d air4 ,b our k ( l& plants1 ?\gh v meagre1 is important4 ,)\t reg>d+ su* obscure & unc]ta9 =ms z ! ,eophyton ( ,sw$51 ,hook]1 ,page1 & ,b>r&e h notic$1 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian1 plants alli$ to ! ,lycopods or club-mosses4 ,i h f\nd 9 ! same deposits ano!r gr\p ( plants alli$ to ,lycopods & pill-worts 7,psilophyton71 & fragm5ts ( wood repres5t+ ! curi\s & primitive type ( p9e-l trees kn[n z ,prototaxites4 ,^! are probably only a small in/alm5t ( ,silurian l& plants1 su* z a voyag] might f9d float+ 9 ! sea on 8 approa* to "s unkn[n %ore1 :i* _h n yet ris5 above 8 horizon4 ,"t & c>eful se>* w1 no d\bt1 add l>gely to our k4 ,9 ! ,silurian1 z 9 ! ,cambrian1 ! head-qu>t]s ( animal life 7 9 ! sea4 ,p]haps !re 0 no animal life on ! l&2 b "h our k may be at fault4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 int]e/+ to obs]ve ! cont9u$ op]ation ( ! creative fiat1 ,let ! wat]s sw>m ) sw>m]s :i*1 beg9n+ to be obey$ 9 ! ,eozoic age1 passes d[n ?r\gh all ! p]iods ( geological "t to ! mov+ ?+s innum]able ( ! mod]n ocean4 ,c we inf] any?+ fur!r z to ! laws ( creation f ^! ,silurian multitudes ( liv+ ?+s8 ,"o ?+ we c see pla9ly1 t ! life ( ! ,silurian is closely relat$ to t ( ! ,cambrian4 ,! same g5]ic & ord9al =ms are cont9u$4 ,ev5 "s species may be id5tical4 ,does ?is indicate direct g5etic connection1 or only l conditions 9 ! ext]nal _w correlat$ ) lik5ess 9 ! organic _w8 ,x indicates bo?4 ,fir/1 x is 9 ! highe/ degree probable t _m ( ! animals ( ! ,l[] ,silurian are desc5dants ( ^? ( ! ,cambrian4 ,sometimes ^! desc5dants may be absolutely un*ang$4 ,sometimes !y may appe> z di/9ct v>ieties4 ,sometimes !y may h be5 reg>d$ z di/9ct ?\gh alli$ species4 ,! cont9uance 9 ?is mann] ( alli$ =ms ( life is necess>ily relat$ to ! cont9uance ( some:at simil> conditions ( exi/5ce1 :ile *anges 9 type imply *ang$ ext]nal conditions4 ,b is ?is all8 ,i ?9k n2 = !re are =ms ( life 9 ! ,silurian :i* _c be trac$ to ! ,cambrian1 & :i* relate to new & ev5 prospective conditions1 :i* ! unaid$ p[]s ( ! animals ( ! e>li] p]iod c\ld n h provid$ =4 ,^! new =ms require ! int]v5tion ( a high] p[]1 capable ( correlat+ ! physical & organic conditions ( "o p]iod ) ^? ( succe$+ p]iods4 ,:atev] p[]s may be attribut$ to natural selection or to any o!r conceivable cause ( m]ely g5etic evolution1 surely prophetic gifts _c be claim$ = x2 & ! life ( all ^! geological p]iods is full ( mute prophecies to be read only 9 ! light ( subsequ5t fulfilm5ts4 ,! fi%es ( ! ,upp] ,silurian are su* a prophecy4 ,!y c claim no p>5tage 9 ! old] rocks1 & !y appe> at once z k+s ( _! class4 ,) ref]5ce to ! ,silurian itself1 !y are ( little consequ5ce2 & 9 ! mid/ ( its gigantic =ms ( inv]tebrate life !y seem almo/ misplac$4 ,b !y pr$ict ! com+ ,devonian1 & t long & v>i$ reign ( v]tebrate life :i* culm9ates 9 man himself4 ,no su* prophetic ideas are repres5t$ by ! giant cru/aceans & cuttle-fi%es & sw>m+ graptolites4 ,!y _h already atta9$ _! maximum1 & 7 de/9$ to a spe$y & f9al grave 9 ! ,silurian1 or to be p]petuat$ only 9 decay+ families ^: pov]ty is r5d]$ m conspicu\s by ! contra/ ) ! bett] days gone by4 ,! law ( creation provid$ = new types1 & at once = ! elevation & degradation ( !m :5 introduc$2 & all ?is ) ref]5ce to ! physical conditions n ( ! pres5t only b ( ! future4 ,su* facts1 :i* _c be ignor$ save by ! wilfully bl9d1 are beyond ! rea* ( any m]ely mat]ial philosophy4 ,! little t we "k ( ,silurian plants is z eloqu5t ( plan & creation z t :i* we c le>n ( animals4 ,i saw n long ago a s]ies ( g5ealogies 9 geological "t r$uc$ to tabul> =m by t +5i\s b imag9ative physiologi/1 ,haeckel4 ,9 "o ( ^! appe>$ ! imag9>y d]ivation ( ! high] plants f ,alg or sea-we$s4 ,no?+ c\ld m curi\sly contradict actual facts4 ,alg 7 app>5tly 9 ! ,silurian nei!r m nor less elevat$ !n 9 ! mod]n seas1 & ^? =ms ( vegetable life :i* may seem to bridge ov] ! space betwe5 !m & ! l& plants 9 ! mod]n p]iod1 are want+ 9 ! old] geological p]iods1 :ile l& plants seem to />t at once into be+ 9 ! guise ( club-mosses1 a gr\p by no means ( l[ /&+4 ,our olde/ l& plants ?us repres5t "o ( ! highe/ types ( t cryptogam\s s]ies to :i* !y belong1 & moreov] are bett] develop$ examples ( t type !n ^? n[ exi/+4 ,we may say1 if we please1 t all ! connect+ l9ks h be5 lo/2 b ?is is begg+ ! :ole "q1 s9ce no ?+ 'b ! exi/5ce ( su* l9ks c\ld r5d] ! hypo!sis ( d]ivation possible4 ,fur!r1 ! occurr5ce ( any numb] ( successive yet di/9ct species w\ld n be ! k9d ( *a9 requir$1 or r w\ld n be a *a9 at all4 ,yet 9 "s respects developm5t is obvi\s 9 creation4 ,old =ms ( life are (t5 embryonic1 or resemble ! "y ( mod]n animals1 b enl>g$ & exagg]at$1 z if !y _h ov]gr[n !mselves & _h prematurely become adult4 ,old =ms are (t5 g5]aliz$1 or less specific 9 _! adaptations !n ^? ( mod]n times4 ,!re is less division ( lab\r among !m4 ,old =ms sometimes n only rise to ! high] places 9 _! gr\ps1 b usurp attributes :i* 9 lat] times are re/rict$ to _! bett]s4 ,old =ms are (t5 gigantic 9 size 9 comp>ison ) _! mod]n successors1 :i*1 if !y c\ld look back on _! pr$ecessors1 might say1 ,!re 7 giants 9 ^? days4 ,"s old =ms h gone onw>d 9 successive /ages ( elevation by a regul> & con/ant gradation4 ,o!rs h rema9$ z !y 7 ?r\gh all ! ages1 ,"s h no equals 9 _! gr\ps 9 mod]n days4 ,all ^! ?+s speak ( ord]1 b ( ord] along ) developm5t1 & ?is developm5t n evolution2 unless by ?is t]m we und]/& ! em]g5ce into mat]ial facts ( ! plans ( ! creative m9d4 ,^! plans we may hope 9 "s degree to und]/&1 ?\gh we may n be able to compreh5d ! mode ( action ( creative p[] any m !n ! mode 9 :i* our own ?\ght & w act ^u ! ma*9]y ( our own n]ves4 ,/ill1 ! p[] is n ! less real1 t we are ignorant ( its mode ( op]ation4 ,! w9d bl[e? :i!r x li/e?1 & we feel its /r5g?1 ?\gh we may n be able to calculate ! w9d ( to-morr[ or ! w9ds ( la/ ye>4 ,s is ! ,_s ( ,god :5 x brea!s into animals ! brea? ( life1 or ! ,almighty ^w :5 x says1 ,let ! wat]s br+ =?4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,devonian ,,age4 ,p>adoxical z x may appe>1 ?is p]iod ( geological hi/ory has be5 held z ( little acc\nt1 & has ev5 be5 by "s geologi/s reg>d$ z sc>cely a di/9ct age1 j because x 0 "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ & important ( ! :ole4 ,! ,devonian 0 an age ( *ange & transition1 9 bo? physical & organic exi/5ce2 & an age :i* introduc$1 9 ! ,nor!rn hemisph]e at lea/1 m v>i$ conditions ( l& & wat] & climate !n _h previ\sly exi/$4 ,h5ce1 ov] l>ge areas ( our cont95ts1 its deposits are irregul> & locally div]se2 & ! duration & importance ( ! p]iod are to be measur$ r by ! *anges & alt]ations ( previ\s =mations1 & ! ejection ( masses ( molt5 rock f b5ea?1 !n by a s]ies ( fossilif]\s deposits4 ,nev]!less1 9 "s regions 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & ,ea/]n ,europe1 ! =mations ( ?is era are ( va/ ext5t & volume1 ^? ( ,nor? ,am]ica be+ e/imat$ at ! enorm\s ?ickness ( #ae1jjj feet1 :ile !y are spread ov] areas ( almo/ cont95tal bread?4 ,at ! close ( ! ,upp] ,silurian1 ! va/ cont95tal plateaus ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e 7 almo/ :olly subm]g$4 ,no previ\s m>9e lime/one spreads m widely !n t ( ! ,upp] ,silurian1 & 9 no previ\s p]iod h we mu* less evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( dry l&2 yet be=e ! end ( ! p]iod we obs]ve1 9 a few fragm5ts ( l& plants scatt]$ "h & !re 9 ! m>9e lime/ones--evid5ce t isl&s rose amid ! wa/e ( wat]s4 ,z x is said t ! sailors ( ,columbus saw ! fir/ indications ( ! /ill unse5 ,we/]n ,cont95t 9 drift canes1 & fragm5ts ( trees float+ 9 mid ocean1 s ! voyag] ?r\gh ! ,silurian seas f9ds 8 approa* to ! v]dant %ores ( ! ,devonian presag$ by a few drift plants borne f %ores yet bel[ ! horizon4 ,! small rema9s ( l& 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian 7 app>5tly limit$ to c]ta9 clu/]s ( isl&s 9 ! nor?-ea/]n "p ( ,am]ica & nor?-we/]n "p ( ,europe1 ) p]haps "s 9 ! int]v5+ ,atlantic ,on ^! limit$ surfaces grew ! fir/ l& plants c]ta9ly kn[n to u--h]bs & trees alli$ to ! mod]n club-mosses1 & p]haps =e/s ( trees alli$ to ! p9es1 ?\gh ( humbl] type2 & ?is wide ,upp] ,silurian sea1 ) ar*ipelagos ( wood$ isl&s1 may h cont9u$ = a long "t4 ,b ) ! beg9n+ ( ! ,devonian1 indications ( an un/able condition ( ! e>?'s cru/ began to develop !mselves4 ,new l&s 7 upheav$2 great %all[1 muddy1 & s&y flats 7 deposit$ ar\nd !m ! doma9s ( corals & sea-we$s 7 contract$ & on banks1 & 9 %all[s & e/u>ies1 !re sw>m$ %oals ( fi%es ( _m species1 & "s ( !m ( mo/ rem>kable organization4 ,on ! m>g9s ( ^! wat]s /ret*$ va/ swamps1 cov]$ ) a rank vegetation4 ,b ! p]iod 0 "o ( p[]ful igne\s activity4 ,volcanoes p\r$ out _! molt5 rocks ov] sea & l&1 & inject$ huge dykes ( trap into ! newly-=m$ b$s4 ,! l& 0 %ak5 ) e>?quake ?roes1 & 0 subject to _m upheavals & subsid5ces4 ,viol5t waves desolat$ ! coa/s1 ?r[+ s& & gravel ov] ! flats1 & te>+ up newly-deposit$ b$s2 & poison\s exhalations1 or sudd5 *anges ( level1 (t5 prov$ fatal to imm5se %oals ( fi%es4 ,?is 0 ! "t ( ! ,l[] ,devonian1 & x is m>k$1 bo? 9 ! old _w & ! new1 by ext5sive deposits ( s&/ones & conglom]ates4 ,b ! *anges go+ on at ! surface 7 only symptomatic ( ^? occurr+ b5ea?4 ,! imm5se accumulations ( ,silurian s$im5t _h by ?is "t s ov]weight$ c]ta9 portions ( ! cru/1 t great quantities ( aque\s s$im5t _h be5 press$ d[nw>d into ! heat$ b[els ( ! e>?1 & 7 und]go+1 "u an enorm\s weight ( sup]9cumb5t mat]ial1 a process ( bak+ & semi-fusion4 ,?is process 0 ( c\rse extremely active along ! m>g9s ( ! old ,silurian plateaus1 & l$ to great elevation ( l&1 :ile 9 ! m c5tral p>ts ( ! plateaus ! oceanic conditions /ill cont9u$2 & 9 ! ,middle ,devonian1 9 ,am]ica at lea/1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable & int]e/+ coral lime/ones 9 ! _w--! cornif]\s lime/one--0 deposit$4 ,9 process ( "t1 h[ev]1 ^! cle> wat]s became %all[1 & 7 invad$ by muddy s$im5ts2 & 9 ! ,upp] ,devonian ! swampy flats & muddy %all[s return 9 full =ce1 & 9 "s degree anticipate ! /ill great] areas ( ?is k9d :i* exi/$ 9 ! succe$+ ,coal =mation4 ,su* is a brief sket* ( ! ,devonian1 or1 z x may be bett] call$ 9 ,am]ica1 f ! va/ developm5t ( its b$s on ! s\? side ( ,lake ,erie1 ! ,erian =mation4 ,9 ,am]ica ! m>9e b$s ( ! ,devonian 7 deposit$ on ! same great cont95tal plateau :i* support$ ! seas ( ! ,upp] & ,l[] ,silurian1 & ! b$s 7 ?ick] t[>ds ! ea/ & ?9n$ t[>ds ! we/1 z 9 ! case ( ! old] s]ies4 ,b 9 ! ,devonian !re 0 mu*1 l& 9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ,am]ica2 & on ! ea/]n m>g9 ( ?is l&1 z 9 ,gasp & ,new ,brunswick1 ! deposits ?r\gh\t ! :ole p]iod 7 s&/ones & %ales1 )\t ! great coral lime/ones ( ! c5tral plateau4 ,some?+ ( ! same k9d occurr$ 9 ,europe1 :]e1 h[ev]1 ! area ( ,devonian sea 0 small]4 ,!re ! fossilif]\s lime/ones ( ! ,middle ,devonian 9 ,devon1 9 ! ,eifel di/rict1 9 ,france & 9 ,russia1 repres5t ! great cornif]\s lime/one ( ,am]ica2 :ile ! s&/ones ( ,s\? ,wales1 ( ,irel&1 & ( ,scotl&1 resemble ! local conditions ( ,gasp & ,new ,brunswick1 & belong$ to a simil> area 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ,europe1 9 :i* %all[ wat] & l& conditions prevail$ dur+ ! :ole ( ! ,devonian1 & :i* 0 p]haps connect$ ) ! correspond+ region 9 ,ea/]n ,am]ica by a ,nor? ,atlantic ar*ipelago1 n[ subm]g$4 ,?is :ole subject is s important to ! k ( ! ,devonian1 & ( geology 9 g5]al1 t ,i may be p>don$ = introduc+ x "h 9 a tabul> =m1 tak+ ! ,european s]ies f ,e!ridge's excell5t & exhau/ive pap] 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society4 ,,devonian ,,( ,,erian4 ,,divisions4 ,,c5tral ,,areas4 ,devon4 ,rh54 ,prussia4 ,new ,york4 ,pilton gr\p3-- ,clym5ia1 ,cyprid9a1 ,*emung & ,portage4 ,br[n calc>e\s etc4 ,%ales1 ,s&/ones ,upp] %ales1 br[n & lime/ones1 & & %ales4 yell[ s&/one4 s&/ones4 ,plants & m>9e ,l& plants & ,plants & m>9e %ells4 m>9e %ells4 %ells4 ,ilfracombe gr\p3-- ,eifel lime/one1 ,hamilton %ales1 ,grey & r$ ,calceola %ales1 & ,cornif]\s ,middle s&/ones & etc4 or *]ty flags1 calc>e\s ,corals1 %ells1 lime/one4 slates & etc4 ,_m corals & lime/ones1 ) %ells1 also corals1 etc4 plants4 ,lynton gr\p3-- ,cobl5tz & ,s*oh>ie & ,b$ & purple ,wiss5ba* %ales1 ,caudagalli grits4 ,l[] s&/ones4 ,m>9e ,rh5i% greywacke1 ,oriskany %ells1 etc4 ,sp9i] s&/ones4 s&/one4 ,m>9e %ells4 ,m>9e %ells4 ,,divisions4 ,,m>g9al ,,areas4 ,scotl&4 ,irel&4 ,gasp & ,new ,brunswick4 ,yell[ & r$ ,yell[ & r$ ,r$ & grey s&/ones4 s&/ones1 etc4 s&/ones1 grits ,upp] ,fi%es & plants4 ,plants1 fi%es1 & %ales1 & etc4 conglom]ates ( ,gasp & ,mispeck4 ,plants4 ,r$ %ales & ,grits & ,grey & ,r$ s&/ones1 & s&/ones ( s&/ones1 & ,middle conglom]ates4 ,d+le4 grey & d>k ,cai?ness flags4 %ales4 ,gasp ,fi%es & plants4 & ,/4 ,john4 ,_m plants & fi%es4 ,flag/ones1 %ales ,gl5g>iff grits1 ,s&/one & & conglom]ates4 etc4 conglom]ate4 ,l[] ,fi%es & plants4 ,gasp & ,/4 ,john4 ,plants & fi%es4 ,a glance at ?is table suffices to %[ t :5 we read ,hugh ,mill]'s graphic descriptions ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,scotl&1 ) its num]\s & wond]ful fi%es1 we h be=e u a =mation altoge!r di/9ct f t ( ,devon%ire or ! ,eifel4 ,b ! "o repres5ts ! %all[1 & ! o!r ! deep] seas ( ! same p]iod4 ,we le>n ?is by c>eful trac+ ( ! b$s to _! junction )1 correspond+ s]ies1 & by ! occasional occurr5ce ( ! *>act]i/ic fi%es ( ! ,scotti% /rata 9 ! ,engli% & ,g]man b$s4 ,9 l mann] a geologi/ :o explores ! ,gasp s&/ones or ! ,new ,brunswick %ales has "u 8 consid]ation a gr\p ( b$s v dissimil> f t :i* he w\ld h to /udy on ! %ores ( ,lake ,erie4 ,b "h aga9 id5tity ( relations to ! ,silurian bel[ & ! c>bonif]\s above1 %[s ! contemporane\sness ( ! b$s1 & ?is is confirm$ by ! occurr5ce 9 bo? s]ies ( "s ( ! same plants & %ells & fi%es4 ,x w fur!r be obs]v$ t x is 9 ! middle t ! greate/ diff]5ce occurs4 ,s& & mud & pebble-banks 7 almo/ univ]sal ov] our two great cont95tal plateaus 9 ! ,old] & ,new] ,devonian4 ,b 9 ! ,middle !re 7 9 "s places deep] wat]s ) coral reefs1 9 o!rs %all[ flats & swamps ri* 9 vegetation4 ,h]e9 we see ! great] v>iety & ri*ness ( ! ,devonian4 ,_h we liv$ 9 t age1 we %\ld n h se5 great cont95ts l ^? t n[ exi/1 b we c\ld h roam$ ov] lovely isl&s ) breezy hills & d5se l[l& jungles1 & we c\ld h sail$ ov] blue coral seas1 gl[+ bel[ ) all ! fanciful =ms & brilliant col\rs ( polyp life1 & fill$ ) active & beautiful fi%es4 ,especially did all ^! conditions culm9ate 9 ! ,middle ,devonian1 :5 :at are n[ ! cont95tal areas ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e mu/ h mu* resembl$ ! pres5t insul> & oceanic regions ( ! ,s\? ,pacific4 ,out ( ! ri* & v>i$ life ( ! ,devonian ,i may select = illu/ration its corals1 its cru/aceans1 its fi%es1 its plants1 & its insects4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--;,,corals1 ,,fi%es1 ,,& ,,cru/aceans ,,( ,,! ,,devonian ,9 ! =egr\nd are ,corals ( ! g5]a ,favosites1 ,mi*el9a1 ,phillipsatrea1 ,zaphr5tis1 ,blo?rophyllum1 & ,syr+opora1 & ! seawe$ ,spirephyton2 also ,fi%es ( ! g5]a ,cephalaspis & ,pt]i*?ys4 ,above are ,pt]ygotus & ,d9i*tys1 ) ,fi%es ( ! g5]a ,diplacan?us1 ,o/eolepis1 ,holopty*ius1 ,pt]aspis1 ,cocco/eus1 etc4 ,! di/ant l& _h ,lepidod5dra1 ,p9es & ,tree-f]ns4 ,! c5tral lime/ones ( ! ,devonian may be reg>d$ z ! head-qu>t]s ( ! peculi> types ( coral *>act]i/ic ( ! ,palozoic age4 ,"h !y 7 n only va/ly num]\s1 b pres5t "s ( _! gr&e/ & also _! mo/ peculi> =ms4 ,edw>ds & ,haime1 9 _! ,monograph ( ,briti% ,fossil ,corals 9 #ahed1 enum]ate "o hundr$ & fifty well-asc]ta9$ species1 & ! numb] has s9ce be5 l>gely increas$2 ,i h no d\bt t my fri5d ,dr4 ,bigsby1 9 8 =?-com+ ,!saurus ,devonicus1 w m !n d\ble x4 ,9 ! ,devonian lime/ones ( ,engl&1 z = in/ance at ,torquay1 ! specim5s1 ?\gh abundant & well pres]v$ z to _! int]nal /ructure1 are too firmly imb$d$ 9 ! rock to %[ _! ext]nal =ms4 ,9 ! ,devonian ( ! cont95t ( ,europe mu* f9] specim5s occur2 b1 p]haps1 9 no "p ( ! _w is !re s cle> an exhibition ( !m z 9 ! ,devonian lime/ones ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell ?us expresses 8 admiration ( ! exposure ( ^! corals1 :i* he saw at ! falls ( ! ,ohio1 ne> ,l\isville4 ,he says1 ,al?\gh ! wat] 0 n at its l[e/1 ,i saw a gr& display ( :at may be t]m$ an anci5t coral-reef1 =m$ by zoophytes :i* fl\ri%$ 9 a sea ( e>li] date !n ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod4 ,! l$ges ( horizontal lime/one1 ov] :i* ! wat] fl[s1 belong to ! ,devonian gr\p1 & ! s(t] p>ts ( ! /one h decompos$ & wa/$ away1 s t ! h>d] calc>e\s corals /& out 9 relief4 ,_m bran*es ( ^! zoophytes project f _! erect /ems precisely z if !y 7 liv+4 ,among o!r species ,i obs]v$ l>ge masses1 n less !n five feet 9 diamet]1 ( ,favosites ,go?l&ica1 ) its beautiful honeycomb /ructure well display$4 ,!re 0 also ! cup-%ap$ ,cya?ophyllum1 & ! delicate network ( ,f5e/ella1 & t elegant & well-kn[n ,european species ( fossil1 ! *a9 coral1 ,cat5ipora es*>oides1 ) a pr(usion ( o!rs :i* x w\ld be t$i\s to all b ! geologi/ to enum]ate4 ,al?\gh hundr$s ( f9e specim5s h be5 deta*$ f ^! rocks to enri* ! museums ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 ano!r crop is con/antly work+ its way out "u ! action ( ! /ream1 & ( ! sun & ra9 9 ! w>m season :5 ! *annel is laid dry4,k ,^! lime/ones h be5 e/imat$ to ext5d1 z an almo/ cont9u\s coral reef1 ov] ! enorm\s area ( five hundr$ ?\s& squ>e miles ( ! n[ dry & inl& surface ( ! great ,am]ican cont95tal plateau4 ,! lime/ones describ$ by ,sir ,*>les are kn[n 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates z ! ,cliff lime/one4 ,9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york & 9 ,we/]n ,canada ! ,cornif]\s lime/one1 s call$ f ! masses ( horn/one1 l ! fl9t ( ! ,engli% *alk1 conta9$ 9 x1 pres5ts /ill m rem>kable features4 ,! corals :i* x conta9s h be5 replac$ by ! silice\s or fl9ty matt] 9 su* a mann] t1 :5 ! surr\nd+ lime/one wea!rs away1 !y rema9 project+ 9 relief 9 all ! beauty ( _! orig9al =ms4 ,n only s1 b on ! surface ( ! c\ntry !y rema9 z h>d silice\s /ones1 & may be f\nd 9 pl\gh+ ! soil & 9 /one f5ces & roadside heaps1 s t tons ( !m c\ld (t5 be collect$ ov] a v limit$ space4 ,:5 only p>tly dis5gag$ f ! matrix1 ! process may be complet$ by imm]s+ !m 9 a dilute acid4 ,! beauty ( ^! specim5s :5 ?us prep>$ is v great n at all inf]ior to t ( mod]n corals1 :i* !y (t5 mu* resemble 9 g5]al =m1 ?\gh diff]+ 9 details ( /ructure4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common =ms is t ( ! ,favosites1 or honeycomb coral1 pres5t+ regul> hexagonal cells ) transv]se floors or tabul4 ,( ^! !re are sev]al species1 usually flat or massive 9 =m2 b "o species1 ,f4 polymorpha1 bran*es out l ! mod]n /ag-horn corals4 ,ano!r curi\s =m1 ,mi*el9a1 looks exactly l a mass ( ! pap]y cells ( ! great ,am]ican hornet 9 a petrifi$ /ate1 & ! convex floors simulate ! cov]s ( ! cells1 s t x is q common to f9d !m call$ fossil wasps' ne/s4 ,"s ( ! l>ge/ belong to ! g5us ,phillipsa/rea or ,smi?ia1 :i* ,hugh ,mill] has immortaliz$ by comp>+ its cr[d$ />s1 ) conflu5t rays1 to ! once-popul> calico patt]n kn[n z ,lane's net--a s+ul> in/ance ( ! accid5tal concurr5ce ( a natural & artificial design4 ,ano!r v common type is t ( ! conical ,zaphr5tis1 ) a deep cut at top to lodge ! body ( ! animal1 ^: radiat+ *amb]s are fai?fully repres5t$ by x's delicate lamell4 ,p]haps ! mo/ delicate ( ! :ole is ! ,syr+opora1 ) its cyl9drical worm-l pipes b\nd toge!r by transv]se processes1 & :i* sometimes c be dissolv$ out 9 all its fragile p]fection by ! action ( an acid on a mass ( ,cornif]\s lime/one fill$ ) ^! corals 9 a silicifi$ /ate4 ,k ,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 second s]ies4 ,^! ,devonian corals1 l ^? ( ! ,silurian1 belong to ! great ext9ct gr\ps ( ,tabulate & ,rugose corals2 gr\ps :i* pres5t1 on ! "o h&1 po9ts ( resemblance to ! ord9>y coral animals ( ! mod]n seas1 &1 on ! o!r1 to ^? some:at exceptional corals1 ! ,millepores1 :i* are produc$ by ano!r k9d ( polyp1 ! ,hydroids4 ,"s ( !m obvi\sly comb9e prop]ties belong+ to bo?1 z1 = example1 ! radiat+ p>titions ) ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ts 9 multiples ( f\r1 ! horizontal floors1 & ! ext]nal solid wall2 & ?is fact c\nt5ances ! conclusion t 9 ^! old corals we h a gr\p ( high & complex organization1 comb9+ prop]ties n[ divid$ betwe5 two great gr\ps ( animals1 nei!r ( !m probably1 ei!r 9 _! /ony skeletons or ! s(t p>ts ( ! animal1 ( z high organization z _! ,paleozoic pr$ecessors4 ,?is sort ( dis9tegration ( composite types1 or dissolution ( old p>tn]%ips1 seems to h be5 no unusual occurr5ce 9 ! hi/ory ( life4,l ,l ,v]ril has sugge/$ t ! ,tabulata may be divid$ into two gr\ps1 "o ref]able to ,act9oids1 ! o!r to ,hydroids4 ,if ! ,devonian witness$ ! culm9ation ( ! ,palozoic corals1 its lat] /ages saw ! f9al decad5ce ( ! great dyna/y ( ! ,trilobites4 ,( ^! creatures !re are 9 ! ,devonian "s l>ge & ornate species1 rem>kable = _! sp9es & tub]cles2 z if 9 ?is1 ! latt] day ( _! dom9ion1 !y _h fall5 into habits ( luxuri\s decoration unkn[n to _! /]n] pr$ecessors1 & at ! same "t _h f\nd x necess>y to surr\nd _! n[ disput$ privileges ) new safegu>ds ( def5sive arm\r4 ,n improbably ! decad5ce ( ! ,trilobites may h be5 connect$ ) ! introduction ( ! num]\s & =midable fi%es ( ! p]iod4 ,b :ile ! v5]able race ( ! ,trilobites 0 prep>+ to fight its la/ & unsuccessful battle1 ano!r & sc>cely less anci5t tribe ( cru/aceans1 ! ,eurypt]ids1 already /rong 9 ! ,silurian1 0 arm$ ) new & =midable p[]s4 ,! ,pt]ygotus anglicus1 :i* %\ld h be5 nam$ scoticus1 s9ce its head-qu>t]s are 9 ,scotl&1 0 9 po9t ( size ! greate/ ( kn[n cru/aceans1 rec5t or fossil4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,h5ry ,woodw>d1 :o has publi%$ an admirable description & figures ( ! creature 9 ! ,palontographical ,society's ,memoirs1 x mu/ h be5 six feet 9 l5g?1 & ne>ly two feet 9 bread?4 ,its ant5n 71 unlike ! h>mless feel]s ( mod]n ,cru/acea1 arm$ ) p[]ful claws4 ,two great eyes /ood 9 ! front ( ! head1 & two small] ones on ! top4 ,x _h f\r pairs ( great s]rat$ jaws1 ! l>ge/ z wide z a man's h&4 ,at ! sides 7 a pair ( p[]ful paddles1 capable ( urg+ x swiftly ?r\gh ! wat] z x pursu$ its prey2 & :5 attack$ by any pr$ace\s fi%1 x c\ld /rike ! wat] ) its broad tail1 t]m9at$ by a great flat telson1 & retreat backw>d ) ! rapidity ( an arr[4 ,woodw>d says x mu/ h be5 ! %>k ( ! ,devonian seas2 r1 x 0 ! great *ampion ( ! m anci5t family ( ! lob/]s1 set to arre/1 if possible1 ! encroa*m5ts ( ! com+ %>ks4 ,! ,trilobites & ,eurypt]ids con/itute a h>d case = ! d]ivationi/s4 ,unlike ^? ,mel*is$eks1 ! fi%es ( ! ,silurian1 :i* are )\t fa!r or "m1 ! ,devonian cru/aceans may boa/ ( _! desc5t1 b !y h no desc5dants4 ,no di/9ct l9k connects !m ) any mod]n cru/aceans except ! ,limuli1 or horse-%oe crabs2 & "h ! connection is mo/ puzzl+1 = :ile !re seems "s intelligible resemblance betwe5 ! adult ,eurypt]ids & ! horse-%oe1 or k+-crabs1 ! latt]1 9 _! y\ng] /ate1 r resemble ,trilobites1 z ,dr4 ,pack>d has rec5tly %[n4 ,?us ! two great tribes ( ,eurypt]ids & ,trilobites h unit$ 9 ! small mod]n gr\p ( k+-crabs1 :ile on ! o!r h&1 !re are po9ts ( resemblance1 z already /at$1 betwe5 ,trilobites & ,isopods1 & ! k+-crabs _h already begun to exi/1 s9ce "o species is n[ kn[n 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian4 ,s puzzl+ are ^! v>i\s relation%ips1 t "o naturali/ ( ! d]ivationi/ s*ool has rec5tly attempt$ to solve ! difficulty by sugge/+ t ! ,trilobites are alli$ to ! spid]s6 ,?us nature sports ) our !ories1 %[+ u 9 "s cases1 z 9 ! corals & fi%es1 p>tn]%ips split up into individuals1 & 9 o!rs di/9ct l9es ( be+ conv]g+ & becom+ lo/ 9 "o sl5d] ?read4 ,b>r&e1 ! great palontologi/ ( ,bohemia1 has rec5tly1 9 an elaborate memoir on ! ,trilobites1 trac$ ^! & o!r po9ts ?r\gh all _! /ructures & _! :ole succession 9 geological "t !reby elaborat+ a mo/ p[]ful inductive argum5t aga9/ ! !ory ( evolution1 & conclud+ t1 s f> f ! hi/ory ( ^! creatures fav\r+ su* a !ory1 x seems z if expressly contriv$ to exclude its possibility4 ,b1 :ile ! gigantic ,eurypt]ids & ornate ,trilobites ( ! ,devonian 7 rapidly approa*+ _! end1 a few despis$ little cru/aceans1--repres5t$ by ! ,amphipeltis ( ,new ,brunswick & ,kampec>is ( ,scotl&1--7 obscurely lay+ ! f\ndation ( a new l9e ( be+s1 t ( ! ,/omapods1 de/9$ to culm9ate 9 ! ,squillas & _! allies1 :i*1 h[ev] diff]5t 9 /ructure1 are practically ! ,eurypt]ids ( ! mod]n ocean4 ,s *ange ! dyna/ies ( m5 & animals4 ,?\ take/ away _! brea?1 !y die1 ,!y return to _! du/2 ,?\ s5de/ =? ,?y ,_s1 ,!y are creat$2 ,?\ r5ewe/ ! =m ( ! e>?4 ,! reign ( fi%es began 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian1 = 9 ! rocks ( ?is age1 m especially 9 ,engl&1 sev]al species h be5 f\nd4 ,!y occur1 h[ev]1 only 9 ! new] b$s ( ?is =mation1 & are n ( l>ge size1 nor v abundant4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t1 9 s f> z ! fragm5ts discov]$ c be int]pret$1 !y indicate ! exi/5ce already ( two di/9ct types ( fi%es1 ! ,ganoids1 or g>-fi%es1 protect$ ) bony plates & scales1 & ! ,placoids1 or %>k-l fi%es2 & t 9 ! exi/+ _w ^! fi%es are reg>d$ z occupy+ a high place 9 _! class4 ,fur!r1 ^! two gr\ps ( fi%es are ^? :i* ?r\gh\t a l>ge portion ( geological "t cont9ue to prevail to ! exclusion ( o!r types1 ! ord9>y bony fi%es hav+ be5 introduc$ only 9 comp>atively rec5t p]iods4 ,) ! ,devonian1 h[ev]1 !re comes a va/ increase to ! f9ny armies2 & s *>act]i/ic are ^! t ! ,devonian has be5 call$ ! age ( fi%es p> excell5ce1 & we mu/ try1 ) ! help ( our illu/ration1 to pa9t ^! old inhabitants ( ! wat]s z di/9ctly z we c4 ,among ! mo/ anci5t & curi\s ( ^! fi%es are ^? s+ul> =ms cov]$ ) broad plates1 ( :i* ! ,pt]aspis ( ! ,upp] ,silurian is ! h]ald1 & :i* are repres5t$ 9 ! ,l[] ,devonian by sev]al di/9ct g5]a4 ,( ^!1 "o ( ! mo/ curi\s is ! ,cephalaspis1 or buckl]-head1 di/+ui%$ by its broad flat head1 r\nd$ 9 front & prolong$ at ! sides into two great sp9es1 :i* project f> beyond ! sides ( ! comp>atively sl5d] body4 ,?is fi%1 x may be m5tion$1 is ! type ( a family highly *>act]i/ic ( ! ,l[] ,devonian1 z well z ( ! ,upp] ,silurian1 & all ( :i* are provid$ ) l>ge plate-l cephalic cov]+s1 sometimes ) a long sn\t 9 front1 &1 9 s f> z is kn[n1 a comp>atively weak body & tail4 ,!y 7 all probably gr\nd-liv+ creatures1 fe$+ on worms & %ell-fi%es1 & root+ = ^! 9 ! mud1 or burr[+ !re9 = _! safety4 ,9 ^! respects !y h a mo/ curi\s analogy to ! ,trilobites1 :i* 9 habits !y mu/ h greatly resembl$1 ?\gh belong+ by _! /ructure to an entirely diff]5t & mu* high] class4 ,s close is ?is resemblance1 t _! head-%ields us$ to be mi/ak5 = ^? ( ,trilobites4 ,! case is "o ( ^? curi\s analogies :i* (t5 occur 9 nature1 & :i* mu/ always be di/+ui%$ f ! true aff9ities :i* re/ on /ructural resemblances4 ,ano!r gr\p ( small fi%es1 likewise cuirass$ 9 bony arm\r ( plates1 may be repres5t$ by ! ,pt]i*?ys1 ) its two /rong bony f9s at ! sides1 :i* may h s]v$ = swimm+1 b probably also = def5ce1 & = creep+ on or %ovell+ up ! mud at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,b1 besides ! ,ganoids :i* 7 arm$ 9 plat$ cuirasses1 !re 7 o!rs1 active & voraci\s1 clad 9 %9+ enamell$ scales1 l ! bony pikes ( ! ,am]ican riv]s & ! ,polypt]us ( ! ,nile4 ,"s ( ^!1 l ! ,diplacan?us1 or d\ble-sp9e 7 ( small size1 & *iefly rem>kable = _! %>p def5sive bony sp9es4 ,o!rs1 l ,holopty*ius 7wr9kl$-scale7 & ,o/eolepis 7bone-scale71 7 /rongly built1 & sometimes ( great size4 ,"o ,russian species ( ,a/]olepis 7/>-scale7 is suppos$ to h be5 tw5ty feet 9 l5g?1 & furni%$ ) /rong & tr5*ant tee? 9 two r[s4 ,^! great fi%es af=d a good reason = ! sp9es & arm\r-plates ( ! contempor>y trilobites & small] fi%es4 ,j z man has be5 endeav\r+ to inv5t arm\r imp5etrable to %ot1 = soldi]s & = %ips1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 %ot & %ells t c p5etrate any arm\ry s nature has always pres5t$ ! spectacle ( ! mo/ p]fect def5sive app>atus mat*$ ) ! mo/ p]fect weapons = de/ruction4 ,9 ! class ( fi%es1 no age ( ! _w is m em95t 9 ^! respects !n ! ,devonian4,m ,9 addition to ^! fi%es1 !re 7 o!rs1 repres5t$ pr9cipally by _! /rong bony sp9es1 :i* mu/ h be5 alli$ to "s ( ! families ( mod]n %>ks1 mo/ ( !m1 h[ev]1 probably to t comp>atively h>mless tribe :i*1 furni%$ ) flat tee?1 prey ^u %ell-fi%es4 ,!re are o!r fi%es difficult to place 9 our sy/ems ( classification2 & among ^! an em95t example is ! huge ,d9i*?ys ( ,newb]ry1 f ! ,hamilton gr\p ( ,ohio4 ,! head ( ?is creature is m !n ?ree feet long & eighte5 in*es broad1 ) ! bones extraord9>ily /rong & massive4 ,9 ! upp] jaw1 9 addition to /rong tee?1 !re 7 9 front two huge sabre-%ap$ tusks or incisors1 ea* ne>ly a foot long2 & correspond+ to ^! 9 ! massive l[] jaw 7 two closely jo9$ conical tusks1 fitt+ betwe5 ^? ( ! upp] jaw4 ,no o!r fi% pres5ts s frightful an app>atus = de/ruction2 & if1 z is probable1 ?is 0 atta*$ to a p[]ful body1 p]haps ?irty feet 9 l5g?1 & capable ( rapid motion ?r\gh ! wat]1 we _c imag9e any creature s /rong or s well arm$ z to cope ) ! mighty ,d9i*?ys4 ,m ,_m ( ^! 7 discov]$ & successfully display$ & describ$ by ,hugh ,mill]1 & are graphically portray$ 9 8 celebrat$ "w on ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 publi%$ 9 #ahda4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! fi%es ( ! ,devonian & ^? ( ! mod]n seas is well m>k$ by ! fact t1 :ile ! ord9>y bony fi%es n[ am\nt to probably #i1jjj species1 & ! ganoid fi%es to less !n ?irty1 ! f9ny tribes ( ! ,devonian are pr$om9antly ganoids1 & none ( ! ord9>y type are kn[n4 ,to :at is ?is relat$1 ) ref]5ce to conditions ( exi/5ce8 ,two explanations1 diff]5t yet mutually connect$1 may be sugge/$4 ,"o is t arm\r 0 especially useful 9 ! ,devonian z a means ( def5ce f ! l>g] pr$ace\s species1 & ! gigantic cru/aceans ( ! p]iod4 t ?is 0 ! case may be inf]r$ f ! conditions ( exi/5ce ( "s mod]n ganoids4 ,! common bony pike ( ,canada 7,lepido/eus71 frequ5t+ %all[ & /agnant wat]s1 seems to be especially expos$ to injury f its enemies4 ,consequ5tly1 :ile x is r>e to f9d an ord9>y fi% %[+ any traces ( w\nds1 a l>ge proportion ( ! specim5s ( ! bony pike :i* ,i h exam9$ h sc>s on _! scales1 indicat+ injuries :i* !y h exp]i5c$1 & :i* possibly1 to fi%es n s well arm$1 might h prov$ fatal4 ,aga91 9 ! mod]n ,amia1 or mud-fi%1 9 ! bony pike & ,polypt]us1 !re is an extremely l>ge air-bladd]1 amply suppli$ ) blood-vessels1 & ev5 divid$ into cells or *amb]s1 & communicat+ ) ! m\? by an air-duct4 ,?is organ is unque/ionably 9 function a lung1 & enables ! animal to disp5se 9 "s degree ) ! use ( its gills1 :i* ( c\rse dep5d = _! supply ( vital air on ! small quantity ( oxyg5 dissolv$ 9 ! wat]4 ,h5ce1 by ! p[] ( p>tially brea?+ air1 ^! fi%es c live 9 /agnant & badly a]at$ wat]s1 :]e o!r fi%es w\ld p]i%4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,amia1 ! grunt+ noises :i* x utt]s1 its habit ( frequ5t+ ! muddy creeks ( swamps1 & its possession ( gill-clean]s1 correspond ) ?is view4 ,x is possible t ! ,devonian fi%es possess$ ?is semi-reptilian respiration2 & if s1 !y w\ld be bett] adapt$ !n o!r fi%es to live 9 wat] contam9at$ ) organic matt] 9 a /ate ( decay1 or 9 wat]s ri* 9 c>bonic acid or defici5t 9 oxyg54 ,possibly ! palozoic wat]s1 z well z ! palozoic atmosph]e1 7 less ri* 9 pure oxyg5 !n ^? ( ! pres5t _w2 & x is c]ta9 t1 9 _m ( ! b$s 9 :i* ! small] ,devonian fi%es ab\nd1 !re 0 s mu* decay+ vegetable matt] z to make x probable t ! wat] 0 unfit = ! ord9>y fi%es4 ,?us1 ?\gh at fir/ sight ! possession ( ext]nal arm\r & means to respire air1 9 ! case ( ^! peculi> fi%es1 may seem to h no direct connection ) ea* o!r1 _! obvi\s correlation 9 "s mod]n ganoids may h _h its p>allel on a m ext5sive scale among _! anci5t relatives4 ,j z ! mod]n g>-fi%1 by virtue ( its lungs1 c live 9 /agnant %all[s & hunt frogs1 b on t acc\nt ne$s /rong arm\r to def5d x aga9/ ! foes t assail x 9 su* places2 s 9 ! ,devonian ! capacity to inhabit unarat$ wat] & def5sive plates & scales may h be5 alike necess>y1 especially to ! feebl] tribes ( fi%es4 ,we %all f9d t 9 ! succe$+ c>bonif]\s p]iod !re is equally good evid5ce ( ?is4 ,we h res]v$ little space = ! ,devonian plants & insects2 b we may notice bo? 9 a walk ?r\gh a ,devonian =e/1 9 :i* we may include ! vegetation ( ! sev]al subord9ate p]iods into :i* ?is great era 0 divisible4 ,! ,devonian woods 7 probably1 l ^? ( ! succe$+ c>bonif]\s p]iod1 d5se & d>k1 compos$ ( b few species ( plants1 & ^! some:at monoton\s 9 appe>ance1 & spread+ out into broad swampy jungles1 encroa*+ on ! %all[ bays & e/u>ies4 ,l&+ on "o ( ^! flats1 we may fir/ ca/ our eyes ov] a wide expanse1 cov]$ ) :at at a di/ance we might reg>d z re$s or ru%es4 ,b on a ne> approa* !y appe> v diff]5t2 ris+ 9 sl5d]1 graceful /ems1 !y =k aga9 & aga91 & _! ?9 bran*es are sp>sely cov]$ ) m9ute ne$le-l leaves1 :ile ! "y %oots curl ov] 9 graceful tresses1 & ! old] are cov]$ ) little oval fruits1 or spore-cases2 = ^! plants are cryptogam\s1 or fl[]less4 ,?is s+ul> vegetation /ret*es = miles along ! muddy flats1 & rises to a height ( two or ?ree feet f a knott$ mass ( cyl9drical roots or root-/ocks1 tw9+ l snakes ?r\gh & ov] ! soil4 ,?is plant may1 accord+ z we are influ5c$ by its fruit or /ructure1 be reg>d$ z alli$ to ! mod]n club-mosses or ! mod]n pill-worts4 ,x is ,psilophyton1 9 e c\ntry "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic plants ( ! p]iod1 ?\gh1 :5 imp]fectly pres]v$1 (t5 relegat$ by c>eless & unskill$ obs]v]s to ! all-engulf+ gr\p ( fucoids4 ,a little fur!r inl& we see a grove ( graceful trees1 =k+ l ,psilophyton1 b ( gr&] dim5sions1 & ) ! bran*es cov]$ ) l9e> leaves1 & sometimes t]m9at$ by cones4 ,^! are ,lepidod5dra1 gigantic club-mosses1 :i* 7 develop$ to /ill great] dim5sions 9 ! coal p]iod4 ,ne> ^! we may see a /ill m curi\s tree1 m erect 9 its gr[?1 ) r\nd$ & some:at rigid leaves & cones ( diff]5t =m1 & ) huge cable-l roots1 p5etrat+ ! mud1 & pitt$ ) ! m>ks ( long rootlets4 ,?is is ,cyclo/igma1 a plant ne> to ! ,lepidod5dron1 b di/9ct1 & peculi> to ! ,devonian4 ,"s ( its species atta9 to ! dim5sions ( consid]able trees2 o!rs are small & %rubby4 ,ano!r small tree1 some:at l ! o!rs1 b ) v long %aggy leaves1 & its b>k curi\sly m>k$ ) regul> diamond-%ap$ sc>s1 is ! ,leptophleum4 ,all ^! plants are probably alli$ to our mod]n club-mosses1 :i* are1 h[ev]1 also repres5t$ by "s l[ & creep+ species cleav+ to ! gr\nd4 ,a little fur!r1 & we rea* a d5se clump ( ,sigill>i1 ) tall sp>sely =k+ /ems1 & ribb$ ) ridges hold+ r[s ( leaf-sc>s a gr\p ( plants :i* we %all h fur!r occasion to notice 9 ! coal =mation2 & "h is an ext5sive jungle ( ,calamites1 gigantic & ov]gr[n m>es'-tails1 allies ( ! mod]n equisetums4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,,vegetation ,,( ,,! ,,devonian4 ,to ! left are ,calamites2 next to ^!1 ,leptophleum2 9 ! c5tre are ,lepidod5dron1 ,sigill>ia1 & a ,p9e4 ,bel[ are ,psilophyton1 ,cordaites1 ,f]ns1 & ,a/]ophyllites4 ,amid/ ^! trees1 e op5 glade is fill$ ) delicate f]ns ( m>vell\s grace & beauty2 & "h & !re a tree-f]n re>s its head1 cr[n$ ) its spread+ & graceful leaves1 & its trunk clad ) a %aggy mass ( arial roots--an old botanical device1 us$ 9 ^! anci5t times1 z well z n[1 to /r5g!n & protect ! /ems ( trees n fitt$ = lat]al expansion4 ,beyond ?is mass ( vegetation1 & ris+ on ! slopes ( ! di/ant hills1 we see great trees t look l p9es4 ,we _c approa* !m m ne>ly2 b "h on ! m>g9 ( a creek we see "s drift-trunks1 t h d\btless be5 c>ri$ d[n by a l& flood4 ,"o ( !m is c]ta9ly a p9e1 9 =m & /ructure ( its wood v l ^? n[ liv+ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e2 x is a ,dadoxylon4 ,ano!r is diff]5t1 its sides r\gh & gn>l$1 & m>k$ ) huge irregul> ridges2 its wood loose1 por\s1 & /r+y1 m l ! b>k ( mod]n p9es1 yet hav+ r+s ( gr[? & a true b>k ( its own1 & s5d+ =? l>ge bran*es & roots4 ,x is ! /range & my/]i\s ,prototaxites1 "o ( ! wond]s ( ! ,devonian l&1 & ^: leaves & fruits w\ld be wor? _! weight 9 gold 9 our museums1 c\ld we only procure !m4 ,a solit>y fragm5t fur!r indicates t 9 ! yet unp5etrat$ solitudes ( ! ,devonian =e/s !re may be o!r trees m l our ord9>y famili> fri5ds ( ! mod]n woods2 b ( ^! we "k z yet b little4 ,:at inhabitants h ^! =e/s8 ,all t we yet "k are a few l>ge insects1 relatives ( our mod]n ,may-flies1 flitt+ ) broad ve9$ w+s ov] ! /agnant wat]s 9 :i* _! worm-l l>v dwell1 & "o species at lea/ assum+ "o ( ! prop]ties ( ! gras%opp] tribe1 & enliv5+ ! o!rwise sil5t groves ) a cricket-l *irp1 ! olde/ music ( liv+ ?+s t geology z yet reveals to u2 & ?is1 n by ! he>+ ( ! s\nd itself1 b by ! poor rema9s ( ! in/rum5t atta*$ to a remnant ( a w+ f ! ,devonian %ales ( ,new ,brunswick4 ,a rem>kable illu/ration ( ! abundance ( c]ta9 plants 9 ! ,devonian1 & also ( ! sl[ & gradual accumulation ( "s ( its b$s1 is furni%$ by lay]s ( fossil spore-cases1 or ! m9ute sacs :i* conta9 ! microscopic g]ms ( club-mosses & simil> plants4 ,9 ! ,am]ican =e/s1 9 spr+1 ! yell[ poll5-gra9s ( spruces & p9es sometimes drift away 9 su* quantities 9 ! breeze t !y fall 9 d5se %[]s1 popul>ly call$ %[]s ( sulphur2 & ?is vegetable sulphur1 fall+ 9 lakes & ponds1 is drift$ to ! %ore 9 great %eets & swa!s4 ,! same ?+ appe>s to h occurr$ 9 ! ,devonian1 n ) ! poll5 ( fl[]+ plants1 b ) ! simil> light spores & spore-cases ( species ( ,lepidod5dron & alli$ trees4 ,9 a b$ ( %ale1 at ,kettle ,po9t1 ,lake ,huron1 f #ab to #ad feet ?ick1 n only are ! surfaces ( ! b$s dott$ ov] ) m9ute r\nd spore-cases1 b1 on mak+ a section = ! microscope1 ! sub/ance ( ea* lay] is se5 to be fill$ ) !m2 & /ill m m9ute bodies1 probably ! escap$ spores1 are se5 to fill up _! int]/ices4 ,! quantity ( ^! m9ute bodies is s great t ! %ale is combu/ible1 & burns ) mu* flame4 ,a b$ ( ?is nature mu/ h be5 =m$ 9 %all[ & /ill wat]1 on ! m>g9 ( an ext5sive jungle or =e/2 & z ! spore-cases are simil> to ^? ( ! ,lepidod5dra ( ! coal-measures1 ! trees 7 probably ( ?is k9d4 ,ye> aft] ye>1 z ! spores became ripe1 !y 7 waft$ away1 & fell 9 va/ quantities into ! wat]1 to be mix$ ) ! f9e mud !re accumulat+4 ,:5 we come to ! coal p]iod1 we %all see t su* b$s ( spore-cases occur !re also1 & t !y h ev5 be5 suppos$ to be ma9ly in/rum5tal 9 ! accumulation ( c]ta9 b$s ( coal4 ,_! importance 9 ?is respect may h be5 exagg]at$1 b ! fact ( _! occurr5ce 9 imm5se quantities 9 c]ta9 coals & %ales is indisputable4 ,?is is b a sl5d] sket* ( ! ,devonian =e/s3 b we %all f9d _m ( ! same =ms ( plants 9 ! c>bonif]\s p]iod :i* succe$s4 ,) "o ?\ght we may close4 ,we are prone to ask = reasons & uses = ?+s1 b sometimes we _c be satisfi$4 ,( :at use 7 ! ,devonian =e/s8 ,!y did n1 l ^? ( ! coal =mation1 accumulate ri* b$s ( coal = ! use ( man4 ,except possibly a few insects1 we "k no animals t subsi/$ on _! produce1 nor 0 !re any rational be+ to admire _! beauty4 ,_! use1 except z help+ u 9 ^! la/ days to complete ! ord] ( ! vegetable k+dom z x has exi/$ 9 geological "t1 is a my/]y4 ,we c b fall back on t ascription ( praise to ,him :o live? = ev] & ev]1 on ! "p ( ! heav5ly eld]s :o ca/ d[n _! cr[ns be=e ! ?rone & say1 ,?\ art wor?y1 ,"l1 to receive ! glory1 & ! hon\r1 & ! might2 because ,?\ did/ create all ?+s1 & by reason ( ,?y w !y are & 7 creat$4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,c>bonif]\s ,,age4 ,t age ( ! _w's hi/ory :i*1 f its ri*ness 9 accumulations ( vegetable matt] de/9$ to be conv]t$ into coal1 has be5 nam$ ! ,c>bonif]\s1 is 9 relation to liv+ be+s ! mo/ complete & noble ( ! ,palozoic p]iods4 ,9 x ^? v>i$ arrangem5ts ( l& & wat] :i* _h be5 increas+ 9 p]fection 9 ! previ\s p]iods1 atta9$ to _! highe/ developm5t4 ,9 x ! =ms ( animal & plant life t _h be5 becom+ m num]\s & v>i$ f ! ,eozoic onw>d1 culm9at$4 ,! ,p]mian :i* succe$$ 0 b ! decad5ce ( ! ,c>bonif]\s1 prep>atory to ! introduction ( a new ord] ( ?+s4 ,?us ! ,c>bonif]\s 0 to ! previ\s p]iods :at ! ,mod]n is to ! prec$+ ,t]ti>y & ,mesozoic ages ! summation & completion ( !m all1 & ! embodim5t ( _! highe/ excell5ce4 ,if ! _w's hi/ory _h clos$ ) ! ,c>bonif]\s1 a naturali/1 kn[+ no?+ fur!r1 w\ld h be5 oblig$ to admit t x _h already fulfill$ all ! promise ( its e>li] ye>s4 ,x is important to rememb] ?is1 s9ce we %all f9d ourselves ent]+ on an entirely new sc5e 9 ! ,mesozoic p]iod1 & s9ce ?is "* ( ! ,c>bonif]\s1 z well z its v>i$ conditions & products1 may excuse u = dwell+ on x a little long] !n on ! o!rs1 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! imm5se economic importance ( ! coal =mation1 & ! int]e/+ po9ts connect$ ) x1 h made ! ,c>bonif]\s m famili> to g5]al read]s !n mo/ o!r geological p]iods1 s t we may select po9ts less common & well-kn[n = illu/ration4 ,popul> expositions ( geology are1 h[ev]1 g5]ally s "o-sid$ & s di/ort$ by ! preval5t /ra9+ aft] effect1 t ! true aspect ( ?is age is p]haps n mu* bett] kn[n !n t ( o!rs less frequ5tly describ$4 ,let u fir/ consid] ! ,c>bonif]\s geography ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e2 & 9 do+ s we may beg9 ) a fact conc]n+ ! prec$+ age4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable features ( ! ,new] ,devonian is ! imm5se quantity ( r$ rocks1 p>ticul>ly r$ s&/ones1 conta9$ 9 x4 ,r$ s&/ones1 x is true1 occur 9 old] =mations1 b comp>atively r>ely2 _! great head-qu>t]s1 bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 9 s f> z ! ,palozoic is conc]n$1 are 9 ! ,upp] ,devonian4 ,n[ r$ s&/one is an infallible m>k ( rapid deposition1 & !re=e ( active physical *ange4 ,if we exam9e ! gra9s ( s& 9 a r$ s&/one1 we %all f9d t !y are /a9$ or coat$1 ext]nally1 ) ! p]oxide ( iron1 or iron ru/2 & t ?is coat+1 ) p]haps a portion ( ! same sub/ance 9 ! int]v5+ cem5t1 is ! cause ( ! col\r4 ,9 f9] s&/ones & r$ clays ! same condition exi/s1 ?\gh less di/9ctly p]ceptible4 ,consequ5tly1 if r$ s&s & clays are long abrad$ or sc\r$ 9 wat]1 or are subject$ to any *emical ag5t capable ( dissolv+ ! iron1 !y cease to be r$1 & resume _! natural grey or :ite col\r4 ,n[ 9 nature1 9 addition to me*anical abrasion1 !re is a *emical cause mo/ pot5t 9 blea*+ r$ rocks1 namely1 ! pres5ce ( vegetable or animal matt] 9 a /ate ( decay4 ,)\t ent]+ into *emical details1 we may cont5t ourselves ) ! fact t organic matt] decay+ 9 contact ) p]oxide ( iron t5ds to take oxyg5 f x1 & !n to dissolve x 9 ! /ate ( protoxide1 :ile ! oxyg5 set free aids ! decay4 ,c>ry+ ?is fact ) u1 we may next affirm t iron is s pl5tiful 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>? t ne>ly all s&s & clays :5 fir/ produc$ f ! wea!r+ ( rocks are /a9$ ) x1 & t :5 ?is wea!r+ takes place 9 ! air1 ! iron is always 9 ! /ate ( p]oxide4 ,m especially does ?is apply to ! great] numb] ( igne\s or volcanic rocks1 :i* ne>ly always wea!r br[n or r$4 ,n[ premis+ t ! orig9al condition ( s$im5t is t ( be+ r$d5$ ) iron1 & t x may lose ?is by abrasion1 or by ! action ( organic matt]1 x foll[s t :5 s& has be5 produc$ by decay ( rocks 9 ! air1 & :5 x is rapidly wa%$ into ! sea & deposit$ !re1 r$ b$s w result4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! ,bay ( ,fundy1 ^: rapid tides cut away ! r$ rocks ( its %ores & deposit _! mat]ials quickly1 r$ mud & s& con/itute ! mod]n deposit4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! r$ ,b& & mud are long wa%$ ab\t1 _! r$ matt] may disappe>2 & :5 ! deposition is sl[ & accompani$ ) ! pres5ce ( organic matt]1 ! r$ col\r is n only remov$1 b is replac$ by ! d>k t9ts due to c>bon4 ,?us1 9 ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 :]e r$ rocks simil> to ^? ( ! ,bay ( ,fundy are be+ m sl[ly wa/$1 & deposit$ 9 ! pres5ce ( sea-we$s & o!r vegetable sub/ances1 ! result+ s&s & clays are :ite & grey or black5$ 9 col\r4 ,an int]m$iate condition is sometimes obs]v$1 9 :i* r$ b$s are /a9$ ) grey spots & l9es1 :]e sea-we$s or l&-plants h re/$ on !m4 ,i h specim5s ( ,devonian r$ %ale ) ! =ms ( f]n leaves1 ! sub/ance ( :i* has entirely p]i%$1 trac$ mo/ delicately ^u !m 9 gre5i% m>ks4 ,x foll[s f ^! facts t ext5sive & ?ick deposits ( r$ b$s evid5ce sub-arial decay ( rocks1 foll[$ by comp>atively rapid deposition 9 wat]1 & t su* r$ rocks w usually conta9 few fossils1 n only because ( _! rapid deposition1 b because ! few organic fragm5ts deposit$ ) !m w probably h be5 de/roy$ by ! *emical action ( ! sup]abundant oxide ( iron1 :i*1 s to speak1 iron-m\lds !m1 j z /a9s ( iron eat holes out ( l954 ,n[ :5 ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison tells u ( #aj1jjj feet 9 ?ickness ( r$ iron-/a9$ rocks 9 ! old r$ s&/one ( ,engl&1 we c see 9 ?is ! evid5ce ( rapid aque\s deposition1 go+ on = a v long "t1 & b>+ va/ areas ( =m] l& surface4 ,consequ5tly we h pro( ( *anges ( level & imm5se & rapid d5udation--a conclusion fur!r confirm$ by ! app>5t uncon=mity ( diff]5t memb]s ( ! s]ies to ea* o!r 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 ! l[] b$s hav+ be5 tilt$ up be=e ! new] 7 deposit$4 ,su* 0 ! /ate ( affairs v g5]ally at ! close ( ! ,devonian1 & x appe>s to h be5 accompani$ ) "s degree ( subsid5ce ( ! l&1 succe$$ by re-elevation at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,c>bonif]\s1 :5 _m & p]haps l>ge isl&s & *a9s ( isl&s 7 rais$ out ( ! sea1 along ^: m>g9s !re 7 ext5sive volcanic eruptions1 evid5c$ by ! dykes ( trap trav]s+ ! ,devonian1 & ! b$s ( old lava int]/ratifi$ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! ,c>bonif]\s1 :]e also ! occurr5ce ( ?ick b$s ( conglom]ate or pebble-rock indicates ! tempe/u\s action ( ! sea4 ,b a c>eful /udy ( ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s b$s1 :]e _! m>g9s re/ ^u ! isl&s ( old] rocks1 %[s great v>ieties 9 ^! old %ores4 ,9 "s places !re 7 %+ly bea*es2 9 o!rs1 ext5sive s&-banks2 9 o!rs1 swampy flats clo!d ) vegetation1 & sometimes be>+ peaty b$s1 /ill pres]v$ z small seams ( coal4 ,! bays & creeks sw>m$ )1 fi%es4 ,a few sluggi% reptiles crept along ! muddy or s&y %ores1 & out sea-w>d 7 great banks & reefs ( coral & %ells 9 ! cle> blue sea4 ,! :ole aspect ( nature1 tak5 9 a g5]al view1 9 ! ,old] ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 mu/ h mu* resembl$ t at pres5t se5 among ! isl&s ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,& ! plants & animals1 ?\gh diff]5t1 7 m l ^? ( ! mod]n ,s\? ,pacific !n any o!rs n[ liv+4 ,z ! age wore on1 ! cont95ts 7 sl[ly lift$ out ( ! wat]1 & ! great cont95tal plateaus 7 *ang$ f coral seas into swampy flats or l[ upl&s1 /udd$ 9 _m places ) %all[ lakes1 & p5etrat$ ) num]\s creeks & sluggi% /reams4 ,9 ! ea/]n cont95t ^! l& surfaces prevail$ ext5sively1 m especially 9 ! we/2 & 9 ,am]ica !y spread bo? ea/w>d & we/w>d f ! ,appala*ian ridge1 until only a long nor? & s\? ,m$it]ranean1 runn+ p>allel to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 rema9$ ( ! =m] wide int]nal ocean4 ,on ?is new & l[ l&1 comp>able ) ! ,sylvas ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican cont95t1 fl\ri%$ ! wondr\s vegetation ( ! ,coal p]iod1 & 7 introduc$ ! new l& animals1 ^: pres5ce di/+ui%es ! close ( ! ,palozoic4 ,aft] a va/ lapse ( "t1 9 :i* only sl[ & gradual subsid5ce occurr$1 a m rapid settlem5t ( ! cont95tal areas br\ght ! great] "p ( ! once f]tile pla9s ( ! coal =mation aga9 "u ! wat]s2 & %ift+ s&-banks & muddy tides engulf$ & buri$ ! rema9s ( ! old =e/s1 & heap$ on !m a mass ( s$im5t1 :i*1 l ! weights ( a botanical press1 flatt5$ & compress$ ! vegetable dbris pres]v$ 9 ! leaves ( ! coal =mation /rata4 ,!n came on t /range & t]rible ,p]mian p]iod1 :i*1 l ! m mod]n b\ld]-=mation1 m>k$ ! dea? ( "o age & ! bir? ( ano!r4 ,! succession j sket*$ is ! normal "o2 b ! t]ms 9 :i* x has be5 describ$ %[ t x _c be univ]sal4 ,!re are _m places 9 :i* ! :ole ?ickness ( ! ,c>bonif]\s is fill$ ) fossils ( ! l&1 & ( e/u>ies & creeks4 ,!re are places1 on ! o!r h&1 :]e ! deep sea appe>s to h cont9u$ dur+ ! :ole p]iod4 ,9 ,am]ica ?is is se5 on ! gr&e/ scale 9 ! abs5ce ( ! m>9e memb]s along ! we/]n slopes ( ! ,appala*ians1 & ! almo/ exclusive preval5ce ( m>9e b$s 9 ! f> we/1 :]e ! great ,c>bonif]\s ,m$it]ranean ( ,am]ica spread itself1 & cont9u$ un9t]rupt$ly into ! succe$+ ,p]mian p]iod4 ,9 our survey ( ! ,c>bonif]\s age1 ?\gh !re are peculi>ities 9 ! life ( its old]1 middle1 & new] divisions1 we may take ! great coal measures ( ! middle portion z ! type ( ! l& life ( ! p]iod1 & ! great lime/ones ( ! l[] portion z t ( ! m>9e life2 & z ! =m] is 9 ?is p]iod by f> ! mo/ important1 we may beg9 ) x4 ,be=e do+ s1 h[ev]1 to prev5t misappreh5sion1 x is necess>y to rem9d ! read] t ! ,flora ( ! ,middle ,coal ,p]iod is b "o ( a succession ( relat$ floras t rea* f ! ,upp] ,silurian to ! ,p]mian4 ,! meagre flora ( club-mosses & _! allies 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian & ,l[] ,devonian 0 succe$$ by a comp>atively ri* & v>i$ assemblage ( plants 9 ! ,middle ,devonian4 ,! ,upp] ,devonian 0 a p]iod ( decad5ce1 & 9 ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s we h ano!r feeble beg9n+1 pres5t+ features some:at diff]5t f ^? ( ! ,upp] ,devonian4 ,?is 0 ! "t ( ! ,culm ( ,g]many1 ! ,twe$ian =mation ( ! ,nor? ( ,engl& & ,s\? ( ,scotl&1 & ! ,l[] ,coal =mation ( ,nova ,scotia4 ,x 0 a p]iod em95tly ri* 9 ,lepidod5dra4 ,x 0 foll[$ by ! magnific5t flora ( ! ,middle ,coal =mation1 & !n !re 0 a "t ( decad5ce 9 ! ,upp] ,coal =mation & only a slight revival 9 ! ,p]mian4 ,9 ! pres5t condition ( our civilization1 coal is ! mo/ important product :i* ! b[els ( ! e>? af=d to man4 ,& ?\gh !re are productive b$s ( coal 9 mo/ ( ! lat] geological =mations1 d[n to ! peats ( ! mod]n p]iod1 :i* are only unconsolidat$ coals1 yet ! coal ( ! ,c>bonif]\s age is ! e>lie/ valuable coal 9 po9t ( "t1 & by f> ! mo/ important 9 po9t ( quantity4 ,m9]al coal may be def9$ to be vegetable matt] :i* has be5 buri$ 9 ! /rata ( ! e>?'s cru/1 & !re subject$ to c]ta9 *emical & me*anical *anges4 ,! pro( ( its vegetable orig9 w gr[ ^u u z we proce$4 ,! *emical *anges :i* x has und]gone are n v mat]ial4 ,wood or b>k1 tak5 z an example ( ord9>y vegetable matt]1 consi/s ( c>bon or *>coal1 ) ! gases hydrog5 & oxyg54 ,coal has m]ely p>t$ ) a portion ( ^! +r$i5ts 9 ! c\rse ( a sl[ & imp]fect putrefaction1 s t x comes to h mu* less oxyg5 & consid]ably less hydrog5 !n wood1 & x has be5 black5$ by ! dis5gagem5t ( a quantity ( free c>bon4 ,! m bitum9\s flam+ coals h a l>g] am\nt ( residual hydrog54 ,9 ! an?racite coals ! process ( c>bonisation has proce$$ fur!r1 & little rema9s b *>coal 9 a d5se & compact =m4 ,9 cannel coals1 & 9 c]ta9 bitum9\s %ales1 on ! contr>y1 ! process seems to h tak5 place entirely "u wat]1 by :i* putrefaction has be5 modifi$1 s t a l>g] proportion !n usual ( hydrog5 has be5 reta9$4 ,! me*anical *ange :i* ! coal has exp]i5c$ consi/s 9 ! flatt5+ & h>d5+ effect ( ! imm5se pressure ( ?\s&s ( feet ( sup]9cumb5t rock1 :i* has cra%$ toge!r ! cell-walls ( ! vegetable matt]1 & r$uc$ :at 0 orig9ally a pulpy mass ( cellul> tissue to ! condition ( a h>d lam9at$ rock4 ,to und]/& ?is1 p]haps ! simple/ way is to comp>e "u ! microscope a transv]se section ( rec5t p9e-wood ) a simil> section ( a p9e trunk compress$ into br[n coal or jet4 ,9 ! "o ! tissue appe>s z a s]ies ( me%es ) ?9 woody walls & comp>atively wide cavities = ! transmission ( ! sap4 ,9 ! o!r ! walls ( ! cells h be5 =c$ into direct contact1 & 9 "s cases h altoge!r lo/ _! sep>ate =ms1 & h be5 consolidat$ into a p]fectly compact /ructureless mass4 ,) reg>d to its mode ( occurr5ce1 coal is f\nd 9 b$s rang+ 9 v]tical ?ickness f less !n an in* to m !n ?irty feet1 & ( wide horizontal ext5t4 ,_m su* b$s usually occur 9 ! ?ickness ( ! coal =mation1 or coal measures1 z ! m9]s call x1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by b$s ( s&/one & compress$ clay or %ale4 ,v (t5 ! coal occurs 9 gr\ps ( sev]al b$s1 some:at close to ea* o!r & sep>at$ f o!r gr\ps by b>r5 measures ( consid]able ?ickness4 ,9 exam9+ a b$ ( coal1 :]e x is expos$ 9 a cutt+ or %ore cliff1 we ne>ly always f9d t ! b$ bel[ x1 or ! und]clay1 z x is t]m$ by m9]s1 is a sort ( fossil soil1 fill$ ) roots & rootlets4 ,on ?is re/s ! coal1 :i*1 :5 we exam9e x closely1 is f\nd to consi/ ( successive ?9 lay]s ( h>d coal ( diff]5t qualities z to lu/re & purity1 & ) int]v5+ lam9ae ( a du/y fibr\s sub/ance1 l *>coal1 call$ "m coal by m9]s1 & sometimes m9]al *>coal4 ,?9 p>t+s ( d>k %ale also occur1 & ^! usually pres5t m>ks & impressions ( ! /ems & leaves ( plants4 ,above ! coal is its ro( ( h>d5$ clay or s&/one1 & ?is g5]ally holds great quantities ( rema9s ( plants1 & sometimes l>ge /umps ( trees ) _! b>k conv]t$ into coal1 & ! holl[ once occupi$ ) wood fill$ ) s&/one1 :ile _! roots spread ov] ! surface ( ! coal4 ,su* fossil =e/s ( erect /umps are also f\nd at v>i\s levels 9 ! coal measures1 re/+ directly on "u-clays )\t any coals4 ,a b$ ( coal w\ld ?us appe> to be a fossil bog or swamp4 ,?is mu* be+ premis$ ab\t ! g5]al nature ( ! sooty blocks :i* fill our coal-scuttles1 we may n[ transport ourselves into ! =e/s & bogs ( ! coal =mation1 & make acqua9tance ) ?is old vegetation1 :ile x /ill wav$ its foliage 9 ! breeze & drank 9 ! sun%9e & %[]s4 ,we are 9 ! mid/ ( "o ( ^? great l[ pla9s =m$ by ! elevation ( ! =m] sea b$4 ,! sun p\rs d[n its f]v5t rays ^u u1 & ! atmosph]e1 be+ load$ ) vap\r1 & probably m ri* 9 c>bonic acid !n t ( ! pres5t _w1 ! heat is z x 7 accumulat$ & kept ne> ! surface1 produc+ a close & /ifl+ atmosph]e l t ( a tropical swamp4 ,?is damp & oppressive air is1 h[ev]1 mo/ fav\rable to ! gr[? ( ! /range & grotesque trees :i* t[] ov] our heads1 & to ! millions ( delicate f]ns & club-mosses1 n unlike ^? ( our mod]n woods1 :i* c>pet ! gr\nd4 ,ar\nd u = hundr$s ( miles spreads a d5se & monoton\s =e/1 ) "h & !re op5 spaces occupi$ by ponds & sluggi% /reams1 ^: edges are bord]$ ) imm5se savannahs ( re$-l plants1 spr++ f ! wet & boggy soil4 ,ev]y?+ bespeaks a rank exub]ance ( vegetable gr[?2 & if we 7 to dig d[nw>d into ! soil1 we %\ld f9d a ?ick b$ ( vegetable m\ld evid5c+ ! preval5ce ( su* conditions = ages4 ,b ! "t w come :5 ?is imm5se flat w meet ) ! fate :i* 9 mod]n times befell a l>ge di/rict at ! m\? ( ! ,indus4 ,quietly1 or ) e>?quake %ocks1 x w s9k "u ! wat]s2 fi%es & mollusks w sw>m :]e trees grew1 b$s ( s& & mud w be deposit$ by ! wat]1 inclos+ & pres]v+ ! rema9s ( ! vegetation1 & 9 "s places surr\nd+ & imb$d+ ! /ill erect trunks ( trees4 ,_m feet ( su* deposits may be =m$1 & our =e/ surface1 ) its ri* b$ ( vegetable m\ld1 has be5 cov]$ up & is 9 process ( trans=mation into coal2 :ile 9 c\rse ( "t ! %all[ wat]s be+ fill$ up ) deposit1 or a slight re-elevation occurr+1 a new =e/ exactly l ! la/ w fl\ri% on ! same spot4 ,su* *anges w\ld be f> beyond ! compass ( ! life ev5 ( a ,me?uselah2 b _h we liv$ 9 ! ,coal p]iod1 we might h se5 all /ages ( ^! processes contemporane\sly 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ei!r ( ! great cont95ts4 ,b let u consid] ! actual =ms ( vegetation pres5t$ to u 9 ! ,coal p]iod1 z we c re/ore !m f ! fragm5ts pres]v$ to u 9 ! b$s ( s&/one & %ale1 & z we w\ld h se5 !m 9 our imag9>y excursion ?r\gh ! ,c>bonif]\s =e/s4 ,to d ?is we mu/ fir/ glance slightly at ! great subdivisions ( mod]n plants1 :i* we may arrange 9 su* a way z to give an easy means = comp>ison ( ! aspects ( ! vegetable k+dom 9 anci5t & mod]n times4 ,9 do+ ?is ,i %all avail myself ( an extract f a previ\s publication ( my own on ?is subject4 ,! mod]n flora ( ! e>? admits ( a gr& tw(old division into ! ,phnogam\s1 or fl[]+ & se$-be>+ plants1 & ! ,cryptogam\s1 or fl[]less & spore-be>+ plants4 ,9 ! =m] s]ies1 we h1 fir/1 ^? high] plants :i* />t 9 life ) two se$-leaves1 & h /ems ) di/9ct b>k1 wood1 & pi?--! ,exog5s2 secondly1 ^? simil> plants :i* beg9 life ) "o se$-leaf only1 & h no di/9ction ( b>k1 wood1 & pi?1 9 ! /em--! ,endog5s2 &1 ?irdly1 a peculi> gr\p />t+ ) two or sev]al se$-leaves1 & hav+ a /em ) b>k1 wood1 & pi?1 b ) v imp]fect fl[]s1 & wood ( mu* simpl] /ructure !n ei!r ( ! o!rs--! ,gymnosp]ms4 ,to ! fir/ ( ^! gr\ps or classes belong mo/ ( ! ord9>y trees ( temp]ate climates4 ,to ! second belong ! palms & alli$ trees f\nd 9 tropical climates4 ,to ! ?ird belong ! p9es & cycads4 ,9 ! second or ,cryptogam\s s]ies we h also ?ree classes1--7#a47 ,! ,acrog5s1 or f]ns & club-mosses1 ) /ems hav+ true vessels m>k$ on ! sides ) cross-b>s--! ,scal>i=m vessels4 7#b47 ,! ,anophytes1 or mosses & _! allies1 ) /ems & leaves1 b no vessels4 7#c47 ,! ,?allophytes1 or li*5s1 fungi1 sea-we$s1 etc41 )\t true /ems & leaves4 ,9 ! exi/+ climates ( ! e>? we f9d ^! classes ( plants v>i\sly di/ribut$ z to relative numb]s4 ,9 "s1 p9es pr$om9ate4 ,9 o!rs1 palms & tree-f]ns =m a consid]able "p ( ! =e/ vegetation4 ,9 o!rs1 ! ord9>y exog5\s trees pr$om9ate1 almo/ to ! exclusion ( o!rs4 ,9 "s ,arctic & ,alp9e regions1 mosses & li*5s prevail4 ,9 ! ,coal p]iod we h f\nd none ( ! high] ,exog5s1 ?\gh "o species is kn[n 9 ! ,devonian1 & only a few obscure indications ( ! pres5ce ( ,endog5s2 b ,gymnosp]ms ab\nd1 & are highly *>act]i/ic4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h no mosses or li*5s1 & v few alg1 b a great numb] ( f]ns & ,lycopodiace or club-mosses4 ,?us ! coal =mation p]iod is botanically a meet+-place ( ! l[] ,phnogams & ! high] ,cryptogams1 & pres5ts _m =ms :i*1 :5 imp]fectly kn[n1 h puzzl$ botani/s 9 reg>d to _! position 9 "o or o!r s]ies4 ,9 ! pres5t _w1 ! flora mo/ ak9 to t ( ! ,coal p]iod is t ( moi/ & w>m isl&s 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,x is n prop]ly a tropical flora1 nor is x ! flora ( a cold region1 b r indicative ( a moi/ & equable climate4 ,9 accordance ) ?is is ! fact t ! equable b n w>m climate ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e at pres5t 7:i* is ow+ pr9cipally to its small ext5t ( l&7 enables sub-tropical plants to ext5d into high latitudes4 ,9 ! ,coal p]iod ?is uni=mity 0 evid5tly /ill m m>k$1 s9ce we f9d simil> plants ext5d+ f regions )9 ! ,arctic circle to o!rs ne> to ! tropics4 ,/ill we mu/ be> 9 m9d t we may (t5 be mi/ak5 9 reason+ z to ! temp]ature requir$ by ext9ct species ( plants diff]+ f ^? n[ 9 exi/5ce4 ,fur!r1 we mu/ n assume t ! climatal conditions ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e 7 9 ! ,coal p]iod at all simil> to ^? :i* n[ prevail4 ,z ,sir ,*>les ,lyell has argu$1 a less am\nt ( l& 9 ! high] latitudes w\ld greatly modify climates1 & !re is e reason to believe t 9 ! ,coal p]iod !re 0 less l& !n n[4 ,x has be5 %[n by ,tyndall t a v small additional am\nt ( c>bonic acid 9 ! atmosph]e w\ld1 by ob/ruct+ ! radiation ( heat f ! e>?1 produce almo/ ! effect ( a glass ro( or cons]vatory1 ext5d+ ov] ! :ole _w4 ,!re is mu* 9 ! /ructure ( ! leaves ( ! coal plants1 z well z 9 ! va/ am\nt ( c>bon :i* !y accumulat$ 9 ! =m ( coal1 & ! *>act]i/ics ( ! animal life ( ! p]iod1 to indicate1 on indep5d5t gr\nds1 t ! ,c>bonif]\s atmosph]e diff]$ f t ( ! pres5t _w 9 ?is way1 or 9 ! pres5ce ( m c>bonic acid--a sub/ance n[ exi/+ 9 ! v m9ute proportion ( "o-?\s&? ( ! :ole by weight1 a quantity adapt$ to ! pres5t requirem5ts ( vegetable & animal life1 b probably n to ^? ( ! ,coal p]iod4 ,return+ f ?is digression to ! =e/s ( ! ,coal p]iod1 we may fir/ notice t :i* is ! mo/ conspicu\s & abundant tree 9 ! swampy levels--! ,sigill>ia or seal-tree1 s call$ f ! /amp-l m>ks left by ! fall ( its leaves--a plant :i* has caus$ mu* discussion z to its aff9ities4 ,"s reg>d x z a gymnosp]m1 o!rs z a cryptogam4 ,mo/ probably we h "u ?is "n trees alli$ 9 "p to bo? gr\ps1 & :i*1 :5 bett] kn[n1 may bridge ov] ! int]val betwe5 !m4 ,^! trees pres5t tall pill>-l trunks1 (t5 ribb$ v]tically ) rais$ b&s1 & m>k$ ) r[s ( sc>s left by ! fall5 leaves4 ,!y are sometimes bran*less1 or divide at top into a few ?ick limbs1 cov]$ ) long rigid grass-l foliage4 ,on _! bran*es !y be> long sl5d] spikes ( fruit1 & we may conjecture t quantities ( nut-l se$s scatt]$ ov] ! gr\nd ar\nd _! trunks are _! produce4 ,if we approa* "o ( ^! trees closely1 m especially a "y specim5 n yet furr[$ by age1 we are amaz$ to obs]ve ! accurate regul>ity & curi\s =ms ( ! leaf-sc>s1 & ! regul> ribb+1 s v diff]5t f t ( our ord9>y =e/ trees4 ,if we cut into its /em1 we are /ill fur!r a/oni%$ at its s+ul> /ructure4 ,ext]nally x has a firm & h>d r9d4 ,)9 ?is is a great ?ickness ( s(t cellul> inn] b>k1 trav]s$ by l>ge bundles ( t\gh fibres4 ,9 ! c5tre is a core or axis ( woody matt] v sl5d] 9 proportion to ! ?ickness ( ! trunk1 & /ill fur!r r$uc$ 9 /r5g? by a l>ge cellul> pi?4 ,?us a great /em f\r or five feet 9 diamet] is little else !n a mass ( cellul> tissue1 altoge!r unfit to =m a ma/ or beam1 b excell5tly adapt$1 :5 flatt5$ & c>bonis$1 to blaze ^u our w9t] he>? z a flake ( coal4 ,! roots ( ^! trees 7 p]haps m s+ul> !n _! /ems2 spread+ widely 9 ! s(t soil by regul> bifurcation1 !y ran out 9 long snake-l cords1 /udd$ all ov] ) ?ick cyl9drical rootlets1 :i* spread f !m 9 e direction4 ,!y resembl$ 9 =m1 & probably 9 function1 ^? cable-l root-/ocks ( ! pond-lilies :i* run ?r\gh ! slime ( lakes1 b ! /ructure ( ! rootlets 0 precisely t ( ^? ( "s mod]n ,cycads4 ,x 0 long be=e ^! s+ul> roots 7 kn[n to belong to a tree4 ,!y 7 suppos$ to be ! bran*es ( "s creep+ aquatic plant1 & botani/s object$ to ! idea ( _! be+ roots2 b at l5g? _! connection ) ,sigill>ia 0 obs]v$ simultane\sly by ,mr4 ,b9ney1 9 ,lanca%ire1 & by ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,br[n1 9 ,cape ,breton1 & x has be5 confirm$ by _m subsequ5tly obs]v$ facts4 ,?is connection1 :5 once e/abli%$1 fur!r expla9$ ! reason ( ! almo/ univ]sal occurr5ce ( ,/igm>ia1 z ^! roots 7 call$1 "u ! coal b$s2 :ile trunks ( ! same plants 7 ! mo/ abundant fossils ( _! p>t+s & ro(s4 ,! gr[? ( successive g5]ations ( ,sigill>i 01 9 fact1 f\nd to be ! pr9cipal cause ( ! accumulation ( a b$ ( coal4 ,two species =m ! c5tral figures 9 our illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--;,,gr\p ,,( ,,c>bonif]\s ,,plants1 ,,re/or$ ,,f ,,actual ,,specim5s4 7a7 ,calamites 7type ( ,c4 ,suckovii74 7b7 ,lepid(loios1 or ,ulod5dron4 7c7 ,sigill>ia 7type ( ,s4 r5i=mis74 7d7 7type ( ,s4 elegans74 7e7 ,lepidod5dron 7type ( ,l4 corrugatum74 7f7 ,megaphyton 7type ( ,m4 magnificum74 7g7 ,cordaites1 or ,py*nophyllum 7type ( ,c4 borassifolia74 ,along ) ! trees la/ m5tion$1 we obs]ve o!rs ( a m graceful & bran*+ =m1 ! successors ( ^? ,lepidod5dra already notic$ 9 ! ,devonian1 & :i* /ill ab\nd 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s1 & atta9 to l>g] dim5sions !n _! old] relations1 ?\gh !y are c]ta9ly m abundant & *>act]i/ic 9 ! l[] portions ( ! c>bonif]\s4 ,relatives1 z already /at$1 ( our mod]n club-mosses1 n[ repres5t$ only by comp>atively insignificant species1 !y con/itute ! culm9ation ( t type1 :i* ?us _h atta9$ its acme v long ago1 ?\gh x /ill cont9ues to exi/ "u depaup]at$ =ms4 ,!y all bran*$ by bifurcation1 sometimes into ! mo/ graceful & delicate sprays4 ,!y _h n>r[ sl5d] leaves1 plac$ 9 close spirals on ! bran*es4 ,!y bore _! spores 9 scaly cones4 ,_! roots 7 simil> to ,/igm>ia 9 g5]al appe>ance1 ?\gh diff]+ 9 details4 ,9 ! coal p]iod !re 7 sev]al g5]ic =ms ( ^! plants1 all atta9+ to ! dim5sions ( trees4 ,l ! ,sigill>i1 !y contribut$ to ! mat]ials ( ! coal2 & "o mode ( ?is has rec5tly attract$ "s att5tion4 ,x is ! accumulation ( _! spores & spore-cases already ref]r$ to 9 speak+ ( ! ,devonian1 & :i* 0 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s s consid]able z to con/itute an important feature locally 9 "s b$s ( coal4 ,a simil> mod]n accumulation ( spore-cases ( tree-f]ns occurs 9 ,tasmania2 b bo? 9 ! ,mod]n & ! ,c>bonif]\s1 su* b$s are exceptional2 ?\gh :]ev] spore-cases exi/ z a consid]able con/itu5t ( coal1 f _! composition !y give to x a highly bitum9\s "*1 an effect1 h[ev]1 :i* is equally produc$ by ! h>d scales support+ ! spores1 & by ! out] epid]mal tissues ( plants :5 ^! pr$om9ate 9 ! coal1 m especially by ! ?ick corky out] b>k ( ,sigill>ia4 ,9 %ort1 ! corky sub/ance ( b>k & simil> vegetable tissues1 f its highly c>bonace\s "*1 its inde/ructibility1 & its difficult p]meability by wat] c>ry+ m9]al matt] 9 solution1 is ! be/ ( all mat]ials = ! production ( coal2 & ! microscope %[s t ( ?is ! pr9cipal "p ( ! coal is actually compos$4 ,9 ! wide1 op5 =e/ glades1 tree-f]ns almo/ precisely simil> to ^? ( ! mod]n tropics re>$ _! leafy cr[ns4 ,b among !m 0 "o peculi> type1 9 :i* ! fronds 7 borne 9 pairs on opposite sides ( ! /em1 leav+ :5 !y fell two r[s ( l>ge horse%oe-%ap$ sc>s m>k+ ! sides ( ! trunk4 ,botani/s1 :o h be5 puzzl$ ) ^! plants almo/ z mu* z ) ! ,/igm>ia1 h suppos$ ^! sc>s to be m>ks ( bran*es1 ( cones1 & ev5 ( arial roots2 b specim5s 9 my collection prove conclusively t ! /em ( ?is g5us 0 a great caudex made up ( ! bases ( two r[s ( huge leaves cem5t$ toge!r probably by int]v5+ cellul> tissue4 ,z 9 ! ,devonian & 9 mod]n times1 ! /ems ( ! tree-f]ns ( ! ,c>bonif]\s /r5g!n$ !mselves by imm5se bundles ( cord-l arial roots1 :i* look l enorm\s fossil brooms1 & are kn[n "u ! "n ,ps>onius4 ,we h only "t to glance at ! va/ brakes ( tall ,calamites :i* fr+e ! ,sigill>ia woods1 & /ret* f> sea-w>d ov] tidal flats4 ,!y 7 alli$ to mod]n ,m>es' ,tails or ,equisetums1 b 7 ( gigantic size1 & mu* m woody /ructure ( /em4 ,! ,calamites grew on wet mud & s&-flats1 & also 9 swamps2 & !y appe> to h be5 especially adapt$ to take root 9 & clo! & mat toge!r s(t sludgy mat]ial rec5tly deposit$ or 9 process ( deposition4 ,:5 ! se$ or spore ( a ,calamite _h tak5 root1 x probably produc$ a little l[ :orl ( leaves surr\nd+ "o small jo9t1 f :i* ano!r & ano!r1 wid5+ 9 size1 arose1 produc+ a cyl9drical /em1 tap]+ to a po9t bel[4 ,to /r5g!n ! un/able base1 ! l[] jo9ts1 especially if ! mud _h be5 accumulat+ ar\nd ! plant1 %ot out long roots in/ead ( leaves1 :ile second>y /ems grew out ( ! sides at ! surface ( ! soil1 & 9 "t !re 0 a /ool ( ,calamites1 ) tufts ( long roots /ret*+ d[nw>ds1 l an imm5se bru%1 into ! mud4 ,:5 ,calamites ?us grew on inundat$ flats1 !y w\ld1 by caus+ ! wat] to /agnate1 promote ! elevation ( ! surface by new deposits1 s t _! /ems gradually became buri$2 b ?is only fav\r$ _! gr[?1 = !y cont9ually pu%$ out new /ems1 :ile ! old buri$ ones %ot out bundles ( roots in/ead ( regul> :orls ( leaves4 ,! ,calamites1 gr[+ 9 va/ fields along ! m>g9s ( ! ,sigill>ia =e/s1 mu/ h greatly protect$ ^! f ! effects ( inundations1 & by collect+ ! mud br\ght d[n by /reams 9 times ( flood1 mu/ h done mu* to prev5t ! intrusion ( e>?y deposits among ! vegetable matt]4 ,_! *ief (fice1 !re=e1 z coal-produc]s1 seems to h be5 to =m = ! ,sigill>ia =e/s ^? re$y fr+es :i*1 :5 inundations took place1 w\ld exclude mud1 & prev5t t mixture ( e>?y matt] 9 ! coal :i* w\ld h r5d]$ x too impure = use4 ,quantities ( fragm5ts ( _! /ems c1 h[ev]1 be detect$ by ! microscope 9 mo/ coals4 ,! mod]n ,m>es' ,tails h ?9-wall$ holl[ /ems1 & "s ( ! gigantic calamites ( ! coal resembl$ !m 9 ?is4 ,b o!rs1 to :i* ! "n ,calamod5dron1 or ,re$-tree1 has be5 giv51 _h /ems ) ?ick woody walls ( a rem>kable /ructure1 :i*1 :ile simil> 9 plan to t ( ! ,m>es' ,tails1 0 mu* m p]fect 9 its developm5t4 ,pr(essor ,williamson has %[n t !re 7 =ms int]v5+ betwe5 ^! extremes2 & ?us 9 ! calamites & calamod5drons we h ano!r example ( ! exaltation 9 anci5t times ( a type n[ ( humble /ructure2 or1 9 o!r words1 ( a compreh5sive type1 l[ 9 ! mod]n _w1 b 9 old] p]iods tak+ to itself by anticipation ! prop]ties aft]w>d conf9$ to high] =ms4 ,! gigantic club-mosses ( ! ,coal p]iod con/itute a simil> example1 & x is v curi\s t bo? ( ^! types h be5 degrad$ 9 ! mod]n _w1 ?\gh reta9+ precisely _! g5]al aspect1 :ile ! tree-f]ns contempor>y ) !m 9 ! ,palozoic /ill survive 9 all _! orig9al gr&eur4 ,b>ely 9 ! swampy flats1 p]haps m frequ5tly 9 ! upl&s1 grew great p9es ( sev]al k9ds2 trees capable ( do+ z good s]vice = planks & beams z _m ( _! mod]n successors1 b :i* liv$ be=e _! "t1 & d n appe> ev5 to h aid$ mu* 9 ! =mation ( coal4 ,^! p9es ( ! ,coal-p]iod seem to h closely resembl$ "s species /ill liv+ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e2 &1 l ! f]ns1 !y pres5t to u a vegetable type :i* has endur$ ?r\gh va/ p]iods ( "t almo/ un*ang$4 ,inde$1 9 ! ,middle ,devonian we h p9es almo/ z closely resembl+ ^? ( ! ,mod]n _w z d ^? ( ! ,coal p]iod4 ,x is 9 accordance ) ?is long duration ( ! f]ns & p9es1 t !y are plants n[ ( _w-wide di/ribution--suit$ to all climates & /ations4 ,capacity to exi/ "u v>i$ conditions is ne> ak9 to capacity to survive cosmical *anges4 ,a botani/ 9 ! /range & mon/r\s woods :i* we h tri$ to describe1 w\ld probably h f\nd _m curi\s ?+s among ! small] h]bace\s plants1 & might h ga!r$ sev]al precursors ( ! mod]n ,exog5s & ,endog5s :i* h n be5 pres]v$ to u z fossils1 or are kn[n only z obscure fragm5ts4 ,b incomplete ?\gh our picture necess>ily is1 & obscur$ by ! du/ ( "t1 x may s]ve 9 "s degree to r5d] gre5 to our eyes ^? truly primeval =e/s :i* treasur$ up = our long w9t] nights ! ,palozoic sun%9e1 & e/abli%$ = u ^? /oreh\ses ( heat-giv+ mat]ial :i* "w our eng9es & propel our %ips & c>riages4 ,truly !y liv$ n 9 va91 bo? z realiz+ = u a type ( vegetation :i* o!rwise we c\ld n h imag9$1 & z prep>+ ! mo/ important ( all ! sub/rata ( our mod]n arts & manufactures4 ,9 ?is la/ reg>d ev5 ! vegetable wa/e ( ! old coal swamps 0 mo/ preci\s to u1 z ! means ( produc+ ! clay iron ores ( ! coal measures4 ,i may close ?is notice ( ! ,c>bonif]\s =e/s ) a sugge/ive extract f a pap] by ,pr(essor ,huxley 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review3-- ,nature is nev] 9 a hurry1 & seems to h _h always be=e h] eyes ! adage1 ',keep a ?+ long en\gh1 & y w f9d a use = x4' ,%e has kept h] b$s ( coal = millions ( ye>s )\t be+ able to f9d mu* use = !m2 %e has s5t !m d[n b5ea? ! sea1 & ! sea-bea/s c\ld make no?+ ( !m3 %e has rais$ !m up into dry l& & laid ! black ve9s b>e1 & /ill = ages & ages !re 0 no liv+ ?+ on ! face ( ! e>? t c\ld see any sort ( value 9 !m2 & x 0 only ! o!r day1 s to speak1 t %e turn$ a new creature oat ( h] work%op1 :o by degrees acquir$ suffici5t wits to make a fire1 & !n to discov] t ! black rock w\ld burn4 ,i suppose t n9ete5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 :5 ,julius ,cs> 0 good en\gh to deal ) ,brita9 z we h dealt ) ,new ,zeal&1 ! primeval ,briton1 blue ) cold & woad1 may h kn[n t ! /range black /one1 ( :i* he f\nd lumps "h & !re 9 8 w&]+s1 w\ld burn1 & s help to w>m 8 body & cook 8 food4 ,saxon1 ,dane1 & ,norman sw>m$ into ! l&4 ,! ,engli% p grew into a p[]ful nation1 & ,nature /ill wait$ = a return = ! capital %e _h inve/$ 9 ! anci5t club-mosses4 ,! eighte5? c5tury arriv$1 & ) x ,james ,watt4 ,! bra9 ( t man 0 ! spore out ( :i* 0 develop$ ! /eam-eng9e1 & all ! prodigi\s trees & bran*es ( mod]n indu/ry :i* h gr[n out ( ?is4 ,b coal is z mu* an ess5tial condition ( ?is gr[? & developm5t z c>bonic acid is = t ( a club-moss4 ,want+ ! coal1 we c\ld n h smelt$ ! iron ne$$ to make our eng9es1 nor h work$ our eng9es :5 we _h got !m4 ,b take away ! eng9es1 & ! great t[ns ( ,york%ire & ,lanca%ire vani% l a dream4 ,manufactures give place to agriculture & pa/ure1 & n t5 m5 c\ld live :]e n[ t5 ?\s& are amply support$4 ,?us all ?is abundant weal? ( money & ( vivid life is ,nature's inve/m5t 9 club-mosses & ! l s long ago4 ,b :at becomes ( ! coal :i* is burnt 9 yield+ ! int]e/8 ,heat comes out ( x1 light comes out ( x1 & if we c\ld ga!r toge!r all t goes up ! *imney & all t rema9s 9 ! grate ( a ?or\ghly-burnt coal fire1 we %\ld f9d ourselves 9 possession ( a quantity ( c>bonic acid1 wat]1 ammonia1 & m9]al matt]s1 exactly equal 9 weight to ! coal4 ,b ^! are ! v matt]s ) :i* ,nature suppli$ ! club-moss :i* made ! coal4 ,%e is paid back pr9cipal & int]e/ at ! same "t2 & %e /raightway inve/s ! c>bonic acid1 ! wat]1 & ! ammonia 9 new =ms ( life1 fe$+ ) !m ! plants t n[ live4 ,?rifty ,nature6 surely no prodigal1 b mo/ notable ( h\sekeep]s6 ,all ?is is true & admirably put4 ,its "o weak po9t is ! poetical p]sonification ( ,nature z an effici5t plann] ( ! :ole4 ,su* an imag9>y goddess is a m]e sup]/ition1 unkn[n alike to sci5ce & !ology4 ,surely x is m rational to hold t ! m9d :i* c utilize ! coal & und]/& ! mann] ( its =mation1 is itself made 9 ! image & lik5ess ( ! ,supreme ,creative ,_s1 9 :om we live & move & h our be+1 :o kn[s ! end f ! beg9n+1 ^: p[] is ! orig9 ( natural =ces1 ^: wisdom is ! s\rce ( laws & correlations ( laws1 & ^: great plan is app>5t alike 9 ! ord] ( nature ( ! ,palozoic _w & ( ! mod]n _w1 z well z 9 ! relation ( ^! to ea* o!r4 ,9 ! ,c>bonif]\s1 z 9 ! ,devonian age1 insects exi/$1 & 9 great] numb]s4 ,! w+$ insects ( ! p]iod1 s f> z kn[n1 belong to ?ree ( ! n9e or t5 ord]s into :i* mod]n insects are usually divid$4 ,conspicu\s among !m are repres5tatives ( our well-kn[n dome/ic pe/s ! cockroa*es1 :i* ?us belong geologically to a v old family4 ,! ,c>bonif]\s roa*es _h n ! advantage ( haunt+ our l>d]s1 b !y _h abundance ( vegetable food 9 ! rank =e/s ( _! "t1 & no d\bt liv$ mu* z ! num]\s wild out-(-door species ( ?is family n[ d4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a curi\s fact t a gr\p ( insects creat$ s long ago1 %\ld prove !mselves capable ( ! k9d ( dome/ication to :i* ^! creatures atta9 9 our mod]n days2 & t1 _h we liv$ ev5 s f> back z ! coal p]iod1 we might h be5 liable to ! attacks ( ?is p>ticul> k9d ( pe/4 ,ano!r gr\p1 repres5t$ by _m species 9 ! coal =e/s1 0 t ( ! ,may-flies & %ad-flies1 or ephem]as1 :i* sp5d _! e>li] days "u wat]1 fe$+ on vegetable matt]1 & af=d+ food to _m fre%-wat] fi%es--a use :i* !y no d\bt s]v$ 9 ! coal p]iod also4 ,"s ( !m 7 giants 9 _! way1 be+ probably sev5 in*es 9 expanse ( w+1 & _! l>v mu/ h be5 *oice morsels to ! ganoid fi%es1 & w\ld h af=d$ abundant bait _h !re be5 angl]s 9 ^? days4 ,ano!r gr\p ( insects 0 t ( ! weevils1 a family ( beetles1 ^: grubs mu/ h f\nd pl5ty ( nuts & fruits to dev\r1 )\t attract+ ! wra?ful att5tions ( any g>d5] or or*>di/4 ,a curi\s & exceptional little gr\p ( creatures 9 ! pres5t _w is t ( ! galley-worms or millip$es2 w+less1 _m-jo9t$1 & _m-foot$ crawl]s1 resembl+ worms1 b m alli$ to insects4 ,^! animals seem to h sw>m$ 9 ! coal =e/s1 & p]haps atta9$ _! maximum numb]s & importance 9 ?is p]iod1 ?\gh !y /ill rema91 a relic ( an anci5t compreh5sive type4 ,i h myself f\nd specim5s ref]r$ by ,mr4 ,scudd]1 a mo/ compet5t entomologi/1 to two g5]a & five species1 9 a few decay$ fossil /umps 9 ,nova ,scotia1 & sev]al o!rs h be5 discov]$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,x is n wond]ful t animals l ^!1 fe$+ on decay$ vegetable matt]1 %\ld h fl\ri%$ 9 ! luxuriant ,sigill>ia swamps4 ,a few species ( scorpions & spid]s1 v l ^? ( ! mod]n _w1 h be5 f\nd 9 ! coal measures1 bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica2 s t :ile we "k ( no enemy ( ! ,devonian insects except ! fi%es1 we "k 9 addition to ^! 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s ! spid]s & _! allies1 & ! small] reptiles or batra*ians to be notic$ 9 ! sequel4 ,) ref]5ce to ! latt]1 x is a curi\s fact t "o ( ! fir/ fragm5ts ( a w+$ insect f\nd 9 ! coal-fields ( ,am]ica 0 a "p ( a head & "s o!r rema9s conta9$ 9 ! coprolites or excrem5titi\s matt] ( "o ( ! small] fossil reptiles4 ,x is p]haps equally int]e/+ t ?is head %[s "o ( ! comp\nd facett$ eyes z p]fectly develop$ z ^? ( any mod]n ,neuropt]1 a gr\p ( insects rem>kable ev5 9 ! pres5t _w = _! l>ge & complex organs ( vision4 ,we may pause "h to note t1 j z 9 ! ,primordial we already h ! ,trilobites pres5t+ all ! modifications ( :i* ! type is susceptible1 s 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s we h 9 ! case ( ! t]re/rial articulates a simil> fact--highly specialis$ =ms l ! beetles1 ! spid]s1 & ! scorpions1 already exi/+ along ) compreh5sive =ms l ! millip$es4 ,let u =mulate ! law ( creation :i* ! ,primordial trilobites1 ! ,devonian fi%es1 & ! ,c>bonif]\s club-mosses & insects h taught u3 x is1 t e new type rapidly atta9s its maximum ( developm5t 9 magnitude & v>iety ( =ms1 & !n rema9s /ation>y1 or ev5 retrogrades1 9 subsequ5t ages4 ,we may connect ?is ) o!r laws 9 ! sequel4 ,9 ! coal measures we also meet1 = ! fir/ "t 9 our asc5d+ progress1 ! l& snails s famili> n[ 9 e "p ( ! _w1 & :i* are repres5t$ by two little species f\nd 9 ! coal =mation ( ,nova ,scotia4 ,! figures ( ^! mu/ speak = !mselves2 b ! fact ( _! occurr5ce "h & ! mode ( _! pres]vation require "s detail$ m5tion4 ,! great prov9ce ( ! ,mollusks we h c>ri$ ) u s9ce we met ) ! ,l+ul 9 ! ,primordial1 b all its memb]s h be5 aquatic1 & probably m>9e4 ,= ! fir/ "t1 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 snails em]ge f ! wat]s1 & walk ^u ! gr\nd & brea! air2 =1 l ! mod]n l& snails1 ^! creatures no d\bt _h air-sacks in/ead ( gills4 ,!y come sudd5ly ^u u--two species at once1 & ^! repres5t+ two di/9ct =ms ( ! snail tribe1 ! elongat$ & ! r\nd$4 ,!y 7 v num]\s4 ,9 ! b$s :]e !y occur1 probably ?\s&s ( specim5s1 m or less p]fect1 c\ld be collect$4 ,7 !y ! fir/-born ( l& snails8 ,x w\ld be ra% to affirm ?is1 m especially s9ce 9 all ! coal-fields ( ! _w no specim5s h be5 f\nd except at "o locality 9 ,nova ,scotia2,n & 9 all ! succe$+ b$s we meet ) no m till we h rea*$ a comp>atively mod]n "t4 ,yet x is v unlikely t ^! creatures 7 9 ! coal p]iod limit$ to "o c\ntry1 & t1 aft] t p]iod1 !y dropp$ out ( exi/5ce = long ages1 & !n reappe>$4 ,/ill x may h be5 s4 ,n ,bradley has rec5tly ann\nc$ ! discov]y ( o!r species 9 ! coal-field ( ,ill9ois4 ,,! ,,two ,,olde/ ,,l& ,,snails4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,pupa ,vetu/a1 ,dawson4 7a7 ,natural size1 7b7 ,enl>g$1 7c7 ,apex1 enl>g$1 7d7 ,sculpture1 magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--;,conulus ,priscus1 ,c>p5t]4 7a7 ,specim5 enl>g$1 7b7 ,sculpture1 magnifi$4 ,!re are cases ( geographical limitation q z curi\s n[4 ,"h aga9 ano!r peculi>ity meets u4 ,if ^! are really ! olde/ l& snails1 x is curi\s t !y are s small1--s mu* inf]ior to _m ( _! mod]n successors ev5 9 ! same latitudes4 ,! climate ( ! coal p]iod mu/ h suit$ !m1 & !re 0 pl5ty ( vegetable food1 ?\gh p]haps n ! ri*e/ or mo/ t5d]4 ,!re is no excuse = !m 9 _! outw>d circum/ances4 ,:y1 !n1 unlike s _m o!r creatures1 d !y ent] on exi/5ce 9 ?is poor & sneak+ way4 ,we mu/ "h = _! b5efit modify 9 two ways ! /atem5t broadly made 9 a previ\s *apt]1 t new types come 9 "u =ms ( great magnitude4 ,fir/1 we (t5 h1 9 advance ( ! ma9 inroad ( a new horde ( animals1 a few insignificant /raggl]s z a sort ( prelude to ! re/--precursors intimat+ be=eh& :at is to foll[4 ,we %all f9d ?is to be ! case ) ! little reptiles ( ! coal1 & ! little mammals ( ! ,trias1 prec$+ ! great] =ms :i* subsequ5tly set 94 ,secondly1 ?is seems to be m applicable 9 ! case ( l& animals !n 9 ! case ( ^? ( ! wat]s4 ,to ! wat]s 0 ! fiat to br+ =? liv+ ?+s issu$4 ,!y h always kept to !mselves ! mo/ gigantic =ms ( life2 & x seems z if new =ms ( life ent]+ on ! l& _h to beg9 9 a small way & took m "t to culm9ate4 ,! circum/ances 9 :i* ! fir/ specim5s ( ,c>bonif]\s snails & gally-worms 7 f\nd are s peculi> & s *>act]i/ic ( ! coal =mation1 t ,i mu/ pause "h to notice !m1 & to make ( !m an introduction to ! next gr\p ( creatures we h to consid]4 ,9 ! coal =mation 9 all p>ts ( ! _w x is n unusual1 z /at$ already 9 a previ\s page1 to f9d erect trees or /umps ( trees1 usually ,sigill>i1 /&+ :]e !y grew2 & :]e ! b$s are expos$ 9 coa/ cliffs1 or road cutt+s1 or m9es1 ^! fossil trees c be extract$ f ! matrix & exam9$4 ,!y usually consi/ ( an out] cyl9d] ( coal repres5t+ ! out] b>k1 :ile ! space )91 once occupi$ by ! inn] b>k & wood1 is fill$ ) s&/one1 sometimes r\ghly arrang$ 9 lay]s1 ! l[e/ ( :i* is usually mix$ ) coaly matt] or m9]al *>coal d]iv$ f ! fall5 rema9s ( ! decay$ wood1 a k9d ( deposit :i* af=ds to ! fossil botani/ "o ( ! be/ modes ( inve/igat+ ! tissues ( ^! trees4 ,^! fossil /umps are n uncommon 9 ! ro(s ( ! coal-seams4 ,9 "s places !y are kn[n to ! m9]s z coal pipes1 & are dread$ by !m 9 consequ5ce ( ! accid5ts :i* occur f _! sudd5ly fall+ aft] ! coal :i* support$ !m has be5 remov$4 ,an old fri5d & help] ( m9e 9 ,c>bonif]\s explorations _h a lively remembrance ( ! fact t "o ( ^! old trees1 fall+ into ! m9e 9 :i* he 0 work+1 _h cru%$ 8 leg & giv5 him a limp = life2 & if he _h be5 a few in*es ne>] to x w\ld h brok5 8 back4 ,! mann] 9 :i* su* trees become fossiliz$ may be expla9$ z foll[s3--,imag9e a =e/ ( ,sigill>i gr[+ on a l[ flat4 ,?is becomes subm]g$ by subsid5ce or inundation1 ! soil is buri$ "u sev]al feet ( s& or mud1 & ! trees kill$ by ?is ag5cy /& up z b>e & lifeless trunks4 ,! wat]s subside1 & ! trees rapidly decay1 ! l>v ( wood-bor+ insects p]haps aid+ 9 ! process1 z !y n[ d 9 ! ,am]ican woods4 ,! d5se coaly out] b>k alone resi/s decomposition1 & /&s z a holl[ cyl9d] until pro/rat$ by ! w9d or by ! wat]s ( ano!r inundation1 :ile p]haps a second =e/ or jungle has sprung up on ! new surface4 ,:5 x falls1 ! "p buri$ 9 ! soil becomes an op5 hole1 ) a heap ( %r$s ( wood & b>k 9 ! bottom4 ,su* a place becomes a fit retreat = gally-worms & l&-snails2 & reptiles pursu+ su* animals1 or pursu$ by _! own enemies1 or he$lessly scrambl+ among ! fall5 trunks1 may easily fall into su* holes & rema9 z prison]s4 ,i rememb] to h obs]v$1 :5 a boy1 a r[ ( po/-holes dug across a pa/ure-field & left op5 = a few days1 & t 9 almo/ e hole "o or two toads 7 prison]s4 ,?is 0 ! fate :i* mu/ h (t5 befall5 ! small] reptiles ( ! coal =e/s 9 ! natural po/-holes left by ! decay ( ! ,sigill>i4 ,yet x may be readily und]/ood t ! comb9ation ( circum/ances :i* w\ld effect ?is result mu/ h be5 r>e1 & consequ5tly ?is curi\s fact has be5 z yet obs]v$ only 9 ! coal =mation ( ,nova ,scotia2 & 9 x only 9 "o locality1 & 9 ?is 9 "o only out ( m !n sixty b$s 9 :i* erect trees h be5 f\nd4 ,b ^! holl[ trees mu/ be fill$ up 9 ord] to pres]ve _! cont5ts2 & z inundation & subsequ5t decay h be5 ! grave-digg]s = ! reptiles1 s inundations fill$ up _! graves ) s&1 to be subsequ5tly h>d5$ into s&/one1 bury+ up at ! same "t ! new] vegetation :i* _h gr[n ^u ! =m] surface4 ,! idea t some?+ int]e/+ might be f\nd 9 ^! erect /umps1 fir/ occurr$ to ,sir ,c4 ,lyell & ! writ] :ile explor+ ! beautiful coa/ cliffs ( ,we/]n ,nova ,scotia 9 #ahea2 & x 0 9 exam9+ ! fragm5ts scatt]$ on ! bea* t we f\nd ! bones ( ! fir/ ,c>bonif]\s reptile discov]$ 9 ,am]ica1 & ! %ell ( ! olde/ kn[n l& snail4 ,^! 7 n1 h[ev]1 ! e>lie/ kn[n in/ances ( ,c>bonif]\s reptiles4 ,9 #ahda1 ,sir ,william ,logan f\nd footpr9ts ( a reptile at ,horton ,bluff1 9 ,nova ,scotia1 9 rocks ( ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s age4 ,9 #ahdd1 ,von ,de*5 f\nd reptilian bones 9 ! coal-field ( ,sa>bruck2 & 9 ! same ye> ,dr4 ,k+ f\nd reptilian footpr9ts 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,l ,rob9son ,crusoe on 8 des]t isl&1 we saw ! footpr9ts be=e we knew ! animals t produc$ !m2 & ! fact t !re 7 m>ks on a slab ( %ale or s&/one t mu/ h be5 made by an animal walk+ on feet1 0 z cle> & />tl+ a revelation ( ! adv5t ( a new & high] =m ( life1 z 7 ! footpr9ts ( ,man ,friday4 ,)9 ! ?irty ye>s s9ce ! discov]y ( ! fir/ slab ( footpr9ts1 ! k ( coal =mation reptiles has gr[n apace4 ,i c sc>cely at pres5t sum up exactly ! numb] ( species1 b may e/imate x at ?irty-five at lea/4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 "h crave p>don ( "s ( my fri5ds = ! use ( ! ^w reptile4 ,9 my y\ng] days frogs & toads & newts us$ to be reptiles2 n[ we are told t !y are m l fi%es1 & ought to be call$ ,batra*ians or ,amphibians1 :]eas reptiles are a high] type1 m ak9 to birds !n to ^! l[] & m grovell+ creatures4 ,! tru? is1 t ! old class ,reptilia bridges ov] ! space betwe5 ! fi%es & ! birds1 & x is 9 "s degree a matt] ( ta/e :e!r we make a /rong l9e at ! two ends ( x alone1 or add ano!r l9e 9 ! middle4 ,i object to ! latt] c\rse1 h[ev]1 9 ! p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory ( :i* ,i am n[ writ+1 s9ce ,i am sure t !re 7 animals 9 ^? days :i* 7 batra*ians 9 "s po9ts & true reptiles 9 o!rs2 :ile !re are "s ( !m 9 reg>d to :i* x is q unc]ta9 :e!r !y are ne>] to ! "o gr\p or ! o!r4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 naturali/s1 ) ! add$ light & p5etration :i* !y obta9 by /rid+ on to ! ,mesozoic & ,mod]n p]iods1 may despise my old-fa%ion$ grovell]s among ! mire ( ! coal-swamps1 ,i %all1 = conv5i5ce1 p]si/ 9 call+ !m reptiles 9 a g5]al way1 & %all br+ out :atev] claims ,i c to ju/ify ?is title = "s ( !m at lea/4 ,p]haps ! mo/ fi%-l ( ! :ole are ! curi\s creatures f ! coal measures ( ,sa>bruck1 fir/ f\nd by ,yon ,de*51 & :i* con/itute ! g5us ,ar*egosaurus4 ,_! l>ge heads1 %ort necks1 supports = p]man5t gills1 feeble limbs1 & long tails = swimm+1 %[ t !y 7 aquatic creatures pres5t+ _m po9ts ( resemblance to ! ganoid fi%es ) :i* !y mu/ h associat$2 /ill !y 7 high] !n ^! 9 possess+ lungs & true feet1 ?\gh p]haps bett] adapt$ = swimm+ !n ev5 = creep+4 ,f ^! creatures ! o!r coal reptiles div]ge1 & asc5d along two l9es ( progress1 ! "o lead+ to gigantic crocodile-l animals provid$ ) p[]ful jaws & tee?1 & probably haunt+ ! m>g9s ( ! wat]s & prey+ on fi%es2 ! o!r lead+ to small & delicate liz>d-l species1 ) well-develop$ limbs1 l>ge ribs1 & ornate horny scales & sp9es1 liv+ on l& & fe$+ on insects & simil> creatures4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--,,re/orations ,,( ,,baphetes1 ,,d5dr]peton4 ,,hylonomus1 ,,& ,,hyl]peton1 ,,) ,,c>bonif]\s ,,plants ,,9 ,,! ,,di/ance4 ,9 ! fir/ direction we h a consid]able numb] ( species f\nd 9 ! ,j>r[ coal-field 9 ,irel&1 & describ$ by ,pr(essor ,huxley4 ,"s ( !m 7 l snakes 9 _! g5]al =m1 o!rs m l liz>ds4 ,/ill high] /& su* animals z ,baphetes & ,eosaurus f ! ,nova ,scotia coal-field & ,an?racosaurus f t ( ,scotl&4 ,! /yle & habits ( ^! creatures x is easy to und]/&1 h[ev] mu* haggl+ ! comp>ative anatomi/s may make ov] _! bones4 ,!y 7 animals ( v>i\s size1 rang+ f a foot to at lea/ t5 feet 9 l5g?1 ! body g5]ally liz>d-l 9 =m1 ) /\t limbs & a flatt5$ tail useful 9 swimm+4 ,_! heads 7 flat1 /\t1 & massive1 ) l>ge tee?1 /r5g!n$ by ! ins]tion & convolution ( plates ( enamel4 ,! =e limbs 7 probably l>g] !n ! h9d limbs1 ! bett] to enable !m to raise !mselves out ( ! wat]4 ,! belly 0 /r5g!n$ by bony plates & closely imbricat$ scales1 to resi/1 p]haps1 ! attacks ( fi%es f b5ea?1 & to enable !m )\t injury to drag _! heavy bodies ov] trunks ( trees & bru%wood1 :e!r 9 ! wat] or on ! l&4 ,_! g5]al aspect & mode ( life 7 !re=e by no means unlike ^? ( mod]n alligators2 & 9 ! va/ swamps ( ! coal measures1 full ( ponds & sluggi% /reams sw>m+ ) fi%1 su* creatures mu/ h f\nd a mo/ suitable habitat1 & probably exi/$ 9 great numb]s1 bask+ on ! muddy banks1 surg+ ?r\gh ! wat]s1 & fill+ ! air ) _! bell[+s4 ,! mo/ curi\s po9t ab\t ^! creatures is1 t :ile rigid anatomy reg>ds !m z alli$ 9 /ructure m to frogs & toads & newts !n to true liz>ds1 x is obvi\s to common s5se t !y 7 practically crocodiles2 & ev5 anatomy mu/ admit t _! great ribs & brea/plates1 & p[]ful tee? & limbs1 indicate a respiration1 circulation1 & g5]al vitality1 q z high z ^? ( ! prop] reptiles4 ,h5ce1 x happ5s t v diff]5t views are /at$ z to _! aff9ities2 que/ions into :i* we ne$ n n[ ent]1 satisfi$ ) ! k ( ! g5]al appe>ance & mode ( life ( ^! h>b+]s ( ! reptilian life ( ! succe$+ geological p]iods4 ,9 ! o!r direction1 we f9d sev]al animals ( small size b bett] develop$ limbs1 lead+ to a gr\p ( graceful little creatures1 q z p]plex+ ) reg>d to aff9ities z ^? fir/ m5tion$1 b t5d+ t[>ds ! small] liz>ds ( ! mod]n _w4 ,at ! top ( ^! ,i may place ! g5us ,hylonomus f holl[ fossil trees ( ,nova ,scotia1 ( :i* two species are repres5t$ z re/or$ 9 our illu/ration4 ,9 ^! re/orations ,i h adh]$ z fai?fully z possible to ! proportions ( p>ts z se5 9 my specim5s4 ,imag9e a little animal six or sev5 in*es long1 ) small %ort head1 n s flat z ^? ( mo/ liz>ds1 b ) a rais$ =e-head1 giv+ x an aspect ( "s intellig5ce4 ,its g5]al =m is t ( a liz>d1 b ) ! h9d feet some:at l>ge1 to aid x 9 leap+ & /&+ erect1 & long & flexible toes4 ,its belly is cov]$ ) bony scales1 its sides ) bright & probably col\r$ scale arm\r ( horny consi/5cy1 & its neck & back adorn$ ) horny cre/s1 tub]cles1 & p5dants4 ,x runs1 leaps1 & glides ?r\gh ! h]bage ( ! coal =e/s1 int5t on ! pursuit ( snails & insects1 its eye glanc+ & its bright scales %9+ 9 ! sun4 ,?is is a picture ( ! be/ kn[n species ( ,hylonomus drawn f ! life4 ,yet ! anatomi/1 :5 he exam9es ! imp]fectly-ossifi$ jo9ts ( its backbone1 & ! d\ble jo9t at ! back ( its skull1 w tell y t x is aft] all little bett] !n a m]e newt1 an ass 9 a lion's sk91 a jackdaw ) borr[$ fea!rs1 & t x has no "r to h f9e scales1 or to be able to run on ! l&4 ,x may be s2 b ,i may plead 9 its behalf1 t 9 ! old coal times1 :5 reptiles ) prop]ly-made skeletons _h n be5 creat$1 ! next be/ animals may h be5 entitl$ to we> _! clo!s & to assume _! functions z well4 ,9 %ort1 functionally or (ficially1 our anci5t batra*ians 7 reptiles2 9 po9t ( rank1 z measur$ by type ( skeleton1 !y belong$ to a l[] grade4 ,to ?is view ( ! case ,i ?9k mo/ naturali/s w agree1 & !y w also admit t ! progress ( our views has be5 9 ?is direction1 s9ce ! fir/ discov]y ( ,c>bonif]\s air-brea?+ v]tebrates4 ,9 evid5ce ( ?is ,i may quote f ,pr(essor ,huxley's description ( 8 rec5tly f\nd species1,o ,aft] notic+ ! preval5t views t ! coal reptiles 7 ( l[ organization1 he says3 ,discov]ies 9 ! ,nova ,scotia coal-fields fir/ %ook ?is view1 :i* ceas$ to be t5able :5 ! great ,an?racosaurus ( ! ,scot* coal-field 0 f\nd to h well-ossifi$ biconcave v]tebrae4 ,o ,geological ,magaz9e1 vol4 iii4 ,! pres5t writ] may1 h[ev]1 be suspect$ ( a t5d5cy to ext5d =ms ( life backw>d 9 "t1 s9ce x has fall5 to 8 lot to be conc]n$ 9 ?is process ( /ret*+ backw>d 9 sev]al cases4 ,he has nam$ & describ$ ! olde/ kn[n animal4 ,he has describ$ ! olde/ true exog51 & ! olde/ kn[n p9e-tree4 ,he 0 conc]n$ 9 ! discov]y ( ! olde/ kn[n l& snails1 & f\nd ! olde/ millip$es4 ,he has j describ$ ! olde/ bitum9\s b$ compos$ ( spore-cases1 & he claims t 8 g5us ,hylonomus includes ! olde/ animals :i* h a fair claim to be consid]$ reptiles4 ,/ill ?is discov]y ( old ?+s comes r ( =tune & c>eful se>* !n ( a desire to innovate2 & a di/9ction %\ld be drawn betwe5 t k9d ( novelty :i* consi/s 9 ! developm5t ( new tru?s1 & t :i* consi/s 9 ! inv5tion ( new fancies1 or ! revival ( old ones4 ,!re is too mu* ( ?is la/ at pres5t2 & x w\ld be a m promis+ l9e ( "w = our y\ng] naturali/s1 if !y w\ld pati5tly & hone/ly "q nature1 in/ead ( try+ to extort a/\nd+ revelations by ?r[+ h] on ! rack ( _! own imag9ations4 ,we may pause "h a mom5t to contemplate ! greatness ( ! fact we h be5 /udy+ ! introduction into our _w ( ! e>lie/ kn[n v]tebrate animals :i* c\ld op5 _! no/rils & lit]ally brea! ! brea? ( life4 ,all previ\s animals t we "k1 except a few ,devonian insects1 _h respir$ 9 ! wat] by means ( gills or simil> app>atus1 ,n[ we n only h ! little l& snails1 ) _! imp]fect sub/itutes = lungs1 b animals :i* mu/ h be5 able to draw 9 ! vital air into capaci\s *amb]$ lungs1 & ) ?is p[] mu/ h enjoy$ a f> high] & m active /yle ( vitality2 & mu/ h possess$ ! faculty ( utt]+ truly vocal s\nds4 ,:at wondr\s possibilities unkn[n to ^! creatures1 p]haps only dimly p]ceiv$ by su* rational intellig5ces z may h wat*$ ! gr[? ( our "y _w1 7 impli$ 9 ^! gifts4 ,x is "o ( ! rem>kable po9ts 9 ! hi/ory ( creation 9 ,g5esis1 t ?is /ep ( ! creative "w is emphatically m>k$4 ,( all ! creatures we h notic$ up to ?is po9t1 x is /at$ t ,god said1 ,let ! wat]s br+ !m =?--b x is said t ,god creat$ great reptiles 7tann9im74,p ,no d\bt ^! great tann9im culm9ate 9 ! succe$+ ,mesozoic age1 b _! fir/ introduction dates z f> back z ! ,c>bonif]\s2 & ?is introduction 0 emphatically a creation1 z be+ ! comm5cem5t ( a new feature among liv+ be+s4 ,:at fur!r diff]5ces may be impli$ 9 ! =mul1 ,let ! wat]s produce & ,god creat$1 we d n "k2 v probably he :o wrote ! words did n fully "k4 ,b if we c\ld give a sci5tific expression to ?is diff]5ce1 & specify ! cases to :i* its t]ms apply1 we might be able to solve "o ( ! mo/ vex$ que/ions ( biology4 ,p ,n :ales1 z 9 our v]sion4 ,let u obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t ev5 "h1 :]e1 if any:]e1 we h actual creation1 especial pa9s are tak5 to bridge ov] ! gap1 & to prev5t any appe>ance ( discont9uity 9 ! "w4 ,! ganoid fi%es ( ! coal p]iod v probably _h1 l _! mod]n cong5]s1 well-develop$ air-bladd]s1 s]v+ to "s ext5t1 ?\gh v imp]fectly1 z lungs4 ,! humbl] & m aquatic reptiles ( ! p]iod reta9$ ! gills1 & also "s ( ! o!r features ( ! fi%es2 s t1 l "s mod]n creatures ( _! class1 !y /ood1 z to respiration1 on two /ools1 & seem$ unwill+ altoge!r to commit !mselves to ! new mode ( life 9 ! uncong5ial elem5t ( air4 ,ev5 ! l>g] & m liz>d-l ( ! coal reptiles may--?\gh ?is we d n c]ta9ly "k1 & 9 "s cases !re are reasons = d\bt+ x--h pass$ ! e>lie/ /age ( _! lives 9 ! wat] z gill$ tadpoles1 9 ! mann] ( our mod]n frogs4 ,?us at ! v po9t :]e "o ( ! greate/ advances ( animal life has its orig91 we h no sudd5 /op1 b an incl9$ plane2 & yet1 z ,i h else:]e endeav\r$ to %[ by argum5ts :i* _c be repeat$ "h1,q we h n a %ad[ ( reason to conclude t1 9 ! coal p]iod1 fi%es 7 transmut$ into reptiles4 ,q ,air-brea!rs ( ! ,coal ,p]iod1 p4 #gg4 ,b ! read] may be we>i$ ) our long soj\rn 9 ! pe/il5tial atmosph]e ( ! coal swamps1 & 9 ! company ( _! l[-br[$ & squalid inhabitants4 ,let u turn = a little to ! sea1 & notice ! animal life ( ! great coral reefs & %ell b$s pres]v$ = u 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s lime/one4 ,be=e do+ s1 "o po9t m]its att5tion4 ,! coal =mation = ! fir/ "t di/9ctly pres5ts to u ! n[ famili> diff]5ces 9 ! inhabitants ( ! op5 sea & ^? ( creeks1 e/u>ies & lakes4 ,su* di/9ctions are unkn[n to u 9 ! ,silurian4 ,!re all is sea4 ,!y beg9 to appe> 9 ! ,devonian1 9 ! %all[ fi%-banks & ! ,anodon-l bivalves f\nd ) fossil plants4 ,9 ! coal p]iod !y become v manife/4 ,! animals f\nd 9 ! %ales ) ! coal are all1 ev5 ! aquatic ones1 di/9ct f ^? ( ! op5 seas ( ! p]iod4 ,"s ( !m may h liv$ 9 salt or bracki% wat]1 b n 9 ! op5 sea4 ,!y are creatures ( /ill & %all[ wat]s4 ,x is true t 9 "s coal-fields m>9e b$s occur 9 ! coal measures ) _! *>act]i/ic fossils1 b ^! are q di/9ct f ! usual animal rema9s ( ! coal-fields1 & m>k occasional ov]fl[s ( ! sea1 ow+ to subsid5ce ( ! l&4 ,x is important to notice ?is geographical diff]5ce1 m>k+ ! great] specialisation & division ( lab\r1 if we may s speak1 t 0 9 ! process ( introduction4 ,! sea ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod pres5t$ 9 ! ma9 simil> great gr\ps ( animals to ^? ( ! ,devonian1 repres5t$ h[ev] by diff]5t species4 ,we may notice m]ely "s ( ! sali5t po9ts ( resemblance or diff]5ce4 ,! old types ( corals cont9ue 9 great =ce2 b x is _! la/ "t1 = !y rapidly decay 9 ! succe$+ ,p]mian & disappe>4 ,! ,cr9oids are z num]\s & beautiful z 9 any o!r p]iod1 & "h = ! fir/ "t we meet ) ! new & high] type ( ! sea-ur*91 9 l>ge & beautiful species4 ,"o curi\s gr\p1 t ( ! ,p5tremites1 a sort ( l>val =m1 is kn[n "h alone4 ,among ! lamp-%ells we may note1 z peculi>ly & abundantly ,c>bonif]\s1 ^? ) "o valve v convex & ! o!r v concave & an*or$ 9 ! mud by long sp9es in/ead ( a p$uncle atta*$ to /ones & rocks4,r ,!re are _m beautiful %ells alli$ to mod]n scallops1 & n a few sea-snails ( v>i\s sorts4 ,! gr& ,or?oc]atites ( ! ,silurian dim9i% 9 size prep>atory to _! disappe>ance 9 ! ,p]mian1 & ! m mod]n type ( ,nautilus & its allies becomes preval5t4 ,among ! ,cru/aceans we may notice ! appe>ance ( ! ,limulus1 or k+-crab1 ( :i* ! s+le little species describ$ by ,woodw>d f ! ,upp] ,silurian may be reg>d$ z m]ely a prophecy4 ,x is curi\s t ! ,c>bonif]\s k+-crabs are v small1 app>5tly ano!r case ( a new =m appe>+ 9 humble guise2 b z ! "y ( mod]n k+-crabs haunt creeks & swampy flats1 :ile ! adults live 9 ! sea1 x may be t only ! "y ( ! ,c>bonif]\s species are yet kn[n to u1 ! specim5s f\nd be+ mo/ly 9 b$s likely to be frequ5t$ by ! "y r !n by ! full-gr[n individuals4 ,r ,! ,productid4 ,! old ord] ( ! ,trilobites1 :i* has accompani$ u f ,primordial times1 "h fails u1 & a few depaup]at$ species alone rema91 ! sole survivors ( _! anci5t race--small1 unornam5t$1 & feeble repres5tatives ( a once num]\s & influ5tial tribe4 ,h[ /range t a gr\p ( creatures s num]\s & app>5tly s well adapt$ to conditions ( exi/5ce :i* /ill cont9ue 9 ! sea1 %\ld ?us die out1 :ile ! little bivalv$ cru/aceans1 :i* began life almo/ z f> back & liv$ on ! same sea-floors ) ! ,trilobites1 %\ld /ill ab\nd 9 all our seas2 & :ile ! k+-crabs1 ( precisely simil> habits ) ! ,trilobites1 %\ld app>5tly beg9 to prosp]4 ,equally /range is ! fate ( ! great swimm+ ,eurypt]ids :i* we saw 9 ! ,devonian4 ,!y also cont9ue1 b 9 dim9i%$ =ce1 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s1 & !re lay d[n = ev] _! well-jo9t$ cuirasses & =midable weapons1 :ile a few little %rimp-l creatures1 _! contempor>ies1 =m ! small po9t ( ! w$ge ( our great tribes ( squillas & crabs & lob/]s4 ,"s ye>s ago ! late lam5t$ palontologi/1 ,salt]1 a man :o sc>cely leaves 8 equal 9 8 dep>tm5t1 9 conjunction ) ,mr4 ,h5ry ,woodw>d1 prep>$ a sort ( g5ealogical *>t ( ! ,cru/acea on :i* ^! facts are exhibit$4 ,"s new species h s9ce be5 discov]$1 & a little additional light ab\t aff9ities has be5 obta9$2 b tak5 z x /&s1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,cru/acea z !re %[n 9 "o glance1 has 9 x m tea*+ on ! philosophy ( creation !n ,i h be5 able to f9d 9 _m pond]\s qu>tos ( t5fold its pret5sions4 ,_h ,salt] be5 enabl$1 ) ! aid ( o!r speciali/s l ,woodw>d1 to complete simil> *>ts ( o!r classes ( inv]tebrate animals1 sci5tific palaeontology 9 ,engl& w\ld h be5 fur!r advanc$ !n x is likely to be 9 ! next t5 ye>s4 ,to return to our ,trilobites3 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable po9ts 9 _! hi/ory is _! appe>ance 9 full =ce 9 ! ,primordial4 ,9 ^! rocks we h "s ( ! l>ge/ 9 size--"s species ( ,p>adoxides be+ ne>ly two feet long1 & "s ( ! v smalle/4 ,we h "s ) ! mo/ num]\s jo9ts1 o!rs ) ! fewe/2 "s ) v l>ge tails1 o!rs ) v small2 "s ) no ornam5tation1 o!rs v ornate2 "s ) l>ge eyes1 o!rs ) none t h be5 made out1 ?\gh x is sc>cely probable t !y 7 :olly bl9d4 ,!y increas$ 9 numb]s & v>iety ?r\gh ! ,silurian & ,devonian1 & !n sudd5ly drop (f at ! end ( ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s4 ,?r\gh\t _! :ole t]m ( exi/5ce !y kept rigidly to t type ( ! mud-pl\gh :i* ! k+-crab /ill reta9s1 & :i* r5d]s ! ant]ior extremity s diff]5t f t ( ! ord9>y ,cru/acea4 ,!y con/itute "o ( ! few cases 9 :i* we seem to see be=e u ! :ole hi/ory ( an animal type2 & ! m we look into t hi/ory1 ! m d we wond] at _! inscrutable introduction1 ! unity & v>iety m+l$ 9 _! progress1 & _! /range & app>5tly untimely end4 ,i h already ref]r$ 7page #ie7 to ! use :i* ,b>r&e makes ( ?is z an argum5t aga9/ !ories ( evolution2 b mu/ ref] to 8 "w = ! details4 ,"o ^w m ,i mu/ say be=e leav+ _! graves4 ,i h reason to believe t !y 7 n only ! digg]s ( ! burr[s1 & ( ! ladd]-tracks & pitt$ tracks,s ( ! ,silurian & ,primordial1 b t ) ! /rokes ( _! r\nd$ or sp9\s tails1 ! digg+ ( _! sn\ts1 & ! hoe-"w ( _! h>d upp] lips1 or ,hypo/omes1 !y made ne>ly all ^? /range m>ks 9 ! ,primordial mud :i* h be5 ref]r$ to fucoids1 & ev5 to high] plants4 ,! ,trilobites work$ ov] all ! mud bottoms ( ! ,primordial1 ev5 9 places :]e no rema9s ( !m occur1 & ! peculi>ities ( ! m>k+s :i* !y left are to be expla9$ only by a consid]ation ( ! /ructures ( individual species4 ,s ,climacti*nites & ,proti*nites4 ,i _h almo/ lo/ sight ( ! fi%es ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 b aft] say+ s mu* ( ^? ( ! ,devonian1 x w\ld be unfair to leave _! successors altoge!r unnotic$4 ,9 ! ,c>bonif]\s we lose ^? broad-sn\t$ plate-cov]$ species t =m s conspicu\s a feature 9 ! ,devonian2 & :atev] its mean+1 x is surely no accid5t t ^! mud-burr[+ fi%es %\ld decay along ) ^? cru/acean mud-burr[]s1 ! ,trilobites4 ,b sw>ms ( fi%es rema91 conf9$1 z 9 ! ,devonian1 :olly to ! two ord]s ( ! ,g>-fi%es 7,ganoids7 & ! %>ks 7,placoids74 ,9 ! =m] we h a multitude ( small & beautiful species haunt+ ! creeks & ponds ( ! coal swamps1 & leav+ va/ quantities ( _! rema9s 9 ! %aly & ev5 coaly b$s =m$ 9 su* places4 ,su* 7 ! pretty1 graceful fi%es ( ! g5]a ,paloniscus & ,amblypt]us4 ,pursu+ & fe$+ on ^! 7 l>g] ganoids1 arm$ ) /rong bony scales1 & =midable conical or %>p-edg$ tee?4 ,( ^! 7 ,rhizodus & ,acrolepis4 ,!re 7 besides multitudes ( %>ks ^: rema9s consi/ almo/ :olly ( _! tee? & sp9es1 _! c>tilag9\s skeletons hav+ p]i%$4 ,"o gr\p 0 alli$ to ! few species ( mod]n %>ks ^: m\?s are pav$ ) flat tee? = cru%+ %ells4 ,^! 7 ! mo/ abundant %>ks ( ! ,c>bonif]\s--sl[ & gre$y mon/]s1 haunt+ %ell banks & coral reefs1 & gr9d+ remorselessly all ! %ell-fi%es t came 9 _! way4 ,!re 7 also %>ks furni%$ ) %>p & tr5*ant tee?1 :i* mu/ h be5 ! foes ( ! small] mail$ fi%es1 pursu+ !m into creeks & muddy %all[s2 & if we may judge f ! quantity ( _! rema9s 9 "s ( ^! places1 sometimes p]i%+ 9 _! eag] ef=ts4 ,on ! :ole1 ! fi%es ( ! ,c>bonif]\s 71 9 reg>d to _! g5]al type1 a cont9uation ( ^? ( ! ,devonian1 b ! %>ks & ! scaly ganoids 7 relatively m num]\s4 ,!y diff]$ f our mod]n fi%es 9 ! abs5ce ( ! ord9>y horny-scal$ type to :i* all our m common fi%es belong1 & 9 ! preval5ce ( t /yle ( tail :i* has be5 t]m$ het]oc]cal1 9 :i* ! cont9uation ( ! backbone =ms ! upp] lobe ( ! tail1 a /yle :i*1 if we may judge f mod]n examples1 gives m p[] ( upw>d & d[nw>d movem5t1 & is especially suitable to fi%es :i* se>* = food only at ! bottom1 or only above ! surface ( ! wat]s4 ,mo/ reluctantly ,i mu/ "h leave "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable p]iods ( ! _w's hi/ory1 & res]ve to our next *apt] ! summation ( ! hi/ory ( ! old] _w ( life 9 its conclud+ /age1 ! ,p]mian4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,p]mian ,,age ,,& ,,close ,,( ,,! ,,pal,,ozoic4 ,! imm5se swamps & l[ =e/-clad pla9s :i* occupi$ ! cont95tal areas ( ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e1 & :i* we n[ "k ext5d$ also into ! regions s\? ( ! equator1 appe> at ! close ( ! ,c>bonif]\s age to h aga9 sunk b5ea? ! waves1 or to h relaps$ into ! condition ( s& & gravel banks2 = a great ?ickness ( su* deposits re/s on ! coal measures & con/itutes ! upp] coal =mation1 ! upp] b>r5 measures ( ! coal-m9]s4 ,!re is some?+ gr& 9 ! idea ( ?is subsid5ce ( a _w ( animal & vegetable life b5ea? ! wat]s4 ,! process 0 v sl[1 s sl[ t at fir/ vegetable gr[? & deposition ( silt kept pace ) x2 & ?is is ! reason ( ! imm5se s]ies ( deposits1 9 "s places ne>ly #ae1jjj feet ?ick1 :i* inclose or re/ ^u ! coal b$s2 b at l5g? x became m rapid1 s t =e/s & _! inhabitants p]i%$1 & ! wild surf drift$ s& & pebbles ov] _! =m] abodes4 ,s ! ,c>bonif]\s _w1 l t ( ,noah1 be+ ov]fl[$ ) wat]1 p]i%$4 ,b x 0 n a wick$ _w dr[n$ = its s9s1 b m]ely an old & necess>ily prelim9>y sy/em1 :i* _h fully s]v$ its purpose2 &1 l ! /ubble ( la/ ye>1 mu/ be turn$ "u by ! pl\gh t x may make way = a new v]dure4 ,! pl\gh pass$ ov] x1 & ! w9t] ( ! ,p]mian came1 & !n ! spr+ ( a new age4 ,! ,p]mian & ! succe$+ ,triassic are some:at *illy & desolate p]iods ( ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,! "o is ! twilight ( ! ,palozoic day1 ! o!r is ! dawn ( ! ,mesozoic4 ,yet to ! philosophical geologi/ no ages excel !m 9 int]e/4 ,!y are times ( transition1 :5 old dyna/ies & races pass away & are replac$ by new & vigor\s successors1 f\nd+ new empires & introduc+ new modes ( life & action4 ,?ree great lead+ po9ts m]it our att5tion 9 ent]+ on ! ,p]mian age4 ,! fir/ is ! e>?-movem5ts ( ! p]iod4 ,! second is ! result+ m9]al *>act]i/ics ( ! deposits =m$4 ,! ?ird is ! aspect ( ! animal & vegetable life ( ?is age 9 _! relation m especially to ^? :i* prec$$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,( ,,fold+s ,,( ,,! ,,cru/ ,,9 ,,! ,,p]mian ,,p]iod4 7,! v]tical scale ( heights & depressions exagg]at$ m !n six times47 ,! l[] figure %[s a portion ( fold$ /rata 9 ! ,appala*ians--aft] ,rog]s4 ,) respect to ! fir/ po9t above nam$1 ! e>?'s cru/ 0 subject$ 9 ! ,p]mian p]iod to "s ( ! gr&e/ movem5ts :i* h occurr$ 9 ! :ole c\rse ( geologic "t1 & we c fix ! limits ( ^!1 9 ,europe & ,am]ica at lea/1 ) "s di/9ctness4 ,if we exam9e ! ,p]mian rocks 9 ,engl& & ,g]many1 we %all f9d t ev]y:]e !y lie on ! upturn$ edges ( ! prec$+ ,c>bonif]\s b$s4 ,9 o!r words1 ! latt] h be5 ?r[n into a s]ies ( folds1 & ! tops ( ^! folds h be5 m or less worn away be=e ! ,p]mian b$s 7 plac$ on !m4 ,b if we pass on to ! ea/w>d1 9 ! great pla9 betwe5 ! ,volga & ! ,ural m\nta9s1 :]e1 9 ! anci5t k+dom ( ,p]m1 ! greate/ kn[n area ( ^! rocks is f\nd1 an area equal 9 ext5t to twice t ( ,france1 & :i* ,sir ,r4 ,i4 ,mur*ison1 :o fir/ propos$ ! "n1 took z ! typical di/rict1 we f9d1 on ! contr>y1 t ! ,p]mian & ,c>bonif]\s are con=mable to "o ano!r4 ,if n[ we cross ! ,atlantic & inquire h[ ! case /&s 9 ,am]ica1 we %all f9d x precisely ! same4 ,"h ! great succession ( e>?-waves con/itut+ ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s rises abruptly at ! ea/]n edge ( ! cont95t1 & becomes flatt] & flatt]1 until1 9 ! broad pla9s we/ ( ! ,mississippi1 ! ,p]mian b$s appe>1 z 9 ,russia1 re/+ ^u ! ,c>bonif]\s s quietly t x is n always easy to draw a l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 !m4 ,z ,dana has rem>k$1 we f9d at ! we/]n side ( ,europe & ! ea/]n side ( ,am]ica1 great di/urbances inaugurat+ ! ,p]mian p]iod2 & 9 ! int]ior ( bo?1 9 ! pla9s betwe5 ! ,volga & ! ,ural 9 "o1 & betwe5 ! ,mississippi & ,rocky ,m\nta9s 9 ! o!r1 an entire abs5ce ( ^! di/urbances4 ,! ma9 diff]5ce is1 t 9 ea/]n ,am]ica ! :ole ,c>bonif]\s areas h app>5tly be5 s rais$ up t no ,p]mian 0 deposit$ on !m1 :ile 9 ,europe consid]able pat*es ( ! di/urb$ areas became or rema9$ subm]g$4 ,ano!r ,am]ican geologi/ has l>gely illu/rat$ ! fact t ! movem5ts :i* ?rew up ! ,appala*ian folds 7 /ronge/ to ! ea/w>d1 & t ! ridges ( rock are /eepe/ on _! we/ sides1 ! =ce :i* caus$ !m act+ f ! direction ( ! sea4 ,x seems z if ! ,atlantic area _h want$ elb[-room1 & _h cru%$ up ! edges ( ! cont95ts next to x4 ,9 o!r words1 9 ! lapse ( ! ,palozoic ages ! nucleus ( ! e>? _h %runk away f its coat+ ( rocky lay]s1 :i* aga9 collaps$ into great wr9kles4 ,su* a process may seem difficult ( compreh5sion4 ,to und]/& x we mu/ be> 9 m9d "s ( its conditions4 ,fir/1 ! am\nt ( ?is wr9kl+ 0 extremely small relatively to ! mass ( ! e>?4 ,9 ! diagram on page #afb x is greatly exagg]at$1 yet is se5 to be q insignificant1 h[ev] gigantic 9 comp>ison ) microscopic weakl+s l ourselves4 ,secondly1 x 0 probably extremely sl[4 ,b$s ( solid rock _c be sudd5ly b5t into great folds )\t break+1 & ! abruptness ( "s ( ! folds may be se5 f our figure1 copi$ f ,rog]s 7page #afb71 ( "s ( ! fold+s ( ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s4 ,?irdly1 ! old] rocks bel[ ! ,c>bonif]\s & ! ,devonian mu/ h be5 9 a s(t5$ & pla/ic /ate1 & s capable ( fill+ up ! vacancies left by ! b5d+ ( ! h>d cru/ above4 ,9 evid5ce ( ?is1 we h 9 ! ,l[] ,p]mian imm5se volcanic ejections--lavas & o!r molt5 rocks spew$ out to ! surface f ! s(t5$ & molt5 masses bel[4 ,f\r?ly1 ! bas9 ( ! ,atlantic mu/ h be5 suffici5tly /rong to resi/ ! imm5se lat]al pressure1 s t ! yield+ 0 all conc5trat$ on ! weak] p>ts ( ! cru/ ne> ! old fractures at ! m>g9s ( ! great cont95ts4 ,9 ^! places also1 z we h se5 9 previ\s pap]s1 ! greate/ ?ickness ( deposits _h be5 =m$2 s t !re 0 great d[nw>d pressure1 & probably1 also1 great] s(t5+ ( ! l[] "p ( ! cru/4 ,fif?ly1 z sugge/$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 ! fold+ ( ! e>?'s cru/ may h result$ f ! cont9u$ %r9kage ( its int]ior 9 consequ5ce ( cool+1 lead+ aft] long int]vals to collapse ( ! surface4 ,a/ronom]s h1 h[ev]1 sugge/$ ano!r cause4 ,! e>? bulges at ! equator1 & is flatt5$ at ! poles 9 consequ5ce (1 or 9 connection )1 ! swiftness ( its rotation2 b x has be5 %[n t ! rotation ( ! e>? is be+ v gradually less5$ by ! attraction ( ! moon4,t ,pi]ce has rec5tly br\ght =w>d ! idea,u t ?is dim9ution ( rotation1 by caus+ ! cru/ to subside 9 ! equatorial regions & exp& 9 ! pol>1 might produce ! movem5ts obs]v$2 & :i*1 accord+ to ,lesley1 h am\nt$ 9 ! :ole c\rse ( geological "t to ab\t two p] c5t1 ( ! diamet] ( our globe4 ,we ?us h two causes1 ei!r ( :i* seems suffici5t to produce ! effect4 ,t ,sir ,william ,?omson1 :o quotes ,adams & ,delaunay4 ,u ,nature1 ,febru>y1 #ahga4 ,view$ 9 ?is way1 ! great di/urbances at ! close ( ! ,palozoic p]iod con/itute "o ( ! mo/ in/ructive examples 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ! e>? ( t process ( collapse to :i* ! cru/ 0 subject aft] long int]vals1 & ( :i* no equally great in/ance occurs except at ! close ( ! ,laur5tian & ! close ( ! ,mesozoic4 ,! m9]al peculi>ities ( ! ,p]mian are also acc\nt$ = by ! above consid]ations4 ,let u n[ notice "s ( ^!4 ,9 ne>ly all p>ts ( ! _w ! ,p]mian pres5ts ?ick b$s ( r$ s&/one & conglom]ate z m>k$ +r$i5ts4 ,^!1 z we h already se51 are indications ( rapid deposition accompany+ *anges ( level4 ,9 ! ,p]mian1 z else:]e1 ^! b$s are accompani$ by volcanic rocks1 indicat+ ! subt]ranean causes ( ! di/urbances4 ,aga91 ^! rocks are *iefly abundant 9 ^? regions1 l ,we/]n ,europe1 :]e ! physical *anges 7 at a maximum4 ,ano!r rem>kable feature ( ! ,p]mian rocks is ! occurr5ce ( great b$s ( magnesian lime/one1 or dolomite4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! ?ick yell[ magnesian lime/one1 ! outcrop ( :i* crosses 9 ne>ly a /raight l9e ?r\gh ,durham1 ,york%ire1 & ,nott+ham1 m>ks ! edge ( a great ,p]mian sea ext5d+ f> to ! ea/w>d4 ,9 ! m>ls & s&/ones ( ! ,p]mian p]iod !re is also mu* gypsum4 ,n[1 *emi/ry %[s u t magnesian lime/ones & gypsums are likely to be deposit$ :]e sea wat]1 :i* always conta9s salts ( magnesia1 is evaporat+ 9 limit$ or circumscrib$ areas into :i* c>bonate ( lime & c>bonate ( soda are be+ c>ri$ by /reams f ! l& or spr+s f bel[2,v & x is also to be obs]v$ t solutions ( sulphuric acid1 & probably also ( sulphate ( magnesia1 are *>act]i/ic products ( igne\s activity4 ,h5ce we f9d 9 v>i\s geological p]iods magnesian lime/ones occurr+ z a deposit 9 limit$ %all[ sea bas9s1 & also 9 connection ) volcanic breccias4 ,n[ ^! 7 obvi\sly ! new ,p]mian conditions ( :at _h once be5 ! wide flat areas ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod4 ,/ill fur!r1 we f9d 9 ,europe1 z *>act]i/ic ( ?is p]iod1 b$s impregnat$ ) metallic salts1 especially ( copp]4 ,( ?is k9d are v m>k$ly ! copp] slates ( ,?ur+ia4 ,su* b$s are n1 any m !n magnesian lime/ones1 limit$ to ?is age2 b !y are em95tly *>act]i/ic ( x4 ,to produce !m x is requir$ t wat] %\ld br+ =? f ! e>?'s cru/ l>ge quantities ( metallic salts1 & t ^! %\ld come into contact ) vegetable matt]s 9 limit$ subm]g$ areas1 s t sulphates ( ! metals %\ld be deoxidiz$ into sulphides4 ,a some:at diff]5t *emical process1 z already expla9$1 0 v active 9 ! coal p]iod1 & 0 connect$ ) ! production ( its iron ores2 b1 9 ! ,p]mian1 pr(\nd & ext5sive fractures op5$ up ! way to ! deep seats ( copp] & o!r metals1 to enri* ! copp] slate & its associat$ b$s4 ,x is also to be obs]v$ t ! alkal9e spr+s & wat]s :i* conta9 c>bonate ( soda1 v frequ5tly hold v>i\s metallic salts2 s t :]e1 ow+ to ! action ( su* wat]s1 magnesian lime/one is be+ deposit$1 we may expect also to f9d v>i\s metallic ores4 ,v ,hunt1 ,silliman's ,j\rnal1 #ahei & #ahfc4 ,let u sum up %ortly ?is hi/ory4 ,we h fold+s ( ! e>?'s cru/1 caus+ volcanic action & produc+ limit$ & %all[ sea-bas9s1 & at ! same "t caus+ ! evolution ( alkal9e & metallif]\s spr+s4 ,! union ( ^! me*anical & *emical causes expla9s at once ! conglom]ates1 ! r$ s&/ones1 ! trap rocks1 ! magnesian lime/ones1 ! gypsum1 & ! metallif]\s b$s ( ! ,p]mian4 ,! same consid]ations expla9 ! occurr5ce ( simil> deposits 9 v>i\s o!r ages ( ! e>?'s hi/ory2 ?\gh1 p]haps1 9 none ( ^! 7 !y s g5]al ov] ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e z 9 ! ,p]mian4 ,f ! size ( ! /ones 9 "s ( ! ,p]mian conglom]ates1 & _! scrat*$ surfaces1 x has be5 suppos$ t !re 7 9 ?is p]iod1 on ! m>g9s ( ! cont95ts1 m\nta9s suffici5tly high to h sn[-clad summits1 & to s5d d[n glaci]s1 be>+ rocks & /ones to ! sea1 on :i* may h float$1 z n[ 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 huge iceb]gs4,w ,?is w\ld be q 9 accordance ) ! great elevation ( l& :i* we "k actually occurr$2 & ! exi/5ce ( sn[-clad m\nta9s along ) volcanoes w\ld be a union ( fire & fro/ ( :i* we /ill h examples 9 "s p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface1 & ?is 9 proximity to =ms ( vegetable life v simil> to ^? :i* we "k exi/$ 9 ! ,p]mian4 ,w ,ramsay has ably illu/rat$ ?is 9 ! ,p]mian conglom]ates ( ,engl&4 ,) ! exception ( a few small & wor?less b$s 9 ,russia1 ! ,p]mian is n kn[n to conta9 any coal4 ,! great swamps ( ! coal p]iod _h disappe>$4 ,9 "p !y 7 rais$ up into rugg$ m\nta9s4 ,9 "p !y 7 sunk5 into %all[ sea areas4 ,?us1 :ile !re 0 mu* dry l&1 !re 0 little opportunity = coal production1 or = ! exi/5ce ( ^? rank =e/s :i* _h accumulat$ s mu* vegetable matt] 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s age4 ,9 l mann] ! fauna ( ! ,p]mian wat]s is poor4 ,accord+ to ,mur*ison1 ! ,p]mian lime/ones ( ,europe h af=d$ little m !n "o-?ird z _m species ( fossils z ! old] ,c>bonif]\s4 ,! fossils !mselves also h a /unt$ & depaup]at$ aspect1 indicat+ conditions ( exi/5ce unfav\rable to !m4 ,?is is curi\sly se5 9 contra/+ ,davidson's beautiful illu/rations ( ! ,briti% ,lamp-%ells ( ! ,p]mian & ,c>bonif]\s p]iods4 ,ano!r illu/rative fact is ! exceptionally small size ( ! fossils ev5 9 lime/ones ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod :5 ^! are associat$ ) gypsum1 r$ s&/ones1 & magnesian m9]als2 z1 = in/ance1 ^? ( "s p>ts ( ,nova ,scotia4 ,9 tru?1 ! peculi> *emical conditions conducive to ! production ( magnesian lime/ones & gypsum are n fav\rable to animal life1 ?\gh no d\bt compatible ) its exi/5ce4 ,h5ce ! ri* fauna ( ! ,c>bonif]\s seas di$ out 9 ! ,p]mian1 & 0 n r5ew$2 & ! ,atlantic areas ( ! p]iod are unkn[n to u4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 probably v deep & abrupt 9 slope1 & n ri* 9 life4 ,?is w\ld be especially ! case if !y 7 desolat$ by cold ice-lad5 curr5ts4 ,dur+ ! ,p]mian p]iod !re 0 9 ea* ( our cont95tal areas a some:at ext5sive inl& sea4 ,t ( ,we/]n ,am]ica 0 a nor?w>d ext5sion ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,t ( ,ea/]n ,europe 0 a nor?w>d ext5sion ( ! ,eux9e & ,caspian4 ,9 bo?1 ! deposits =m$ 7 v simil>--magnesian lime/ones1 s&/ones1 conglom]ates1 m>ls1 & gypsums4 ,9 bo?1 ^! alt]nate 9 su* a way z to %[ t !re 7 frequ5t oscillations ( level1 produc+ alt]nately %all[ & deep wat]s4 ,9 bo?1 ! animal rema9s are ( simil> species1 9 _m in/ances ev5 id5tical4 ,b 9 ! areas int]v5+ betwe5 ^! sea bas9s & ! ,atlantic ! conditions 7 some:at diff]5t4 ,9 ,europe ! l& 0 int]rupt$ by consid]able wat] areas1 n lakes1 b inl& sea bas9s2 sometimes probably connect$ ) ! op5 sea1 sometimes isolat$4 ,9 ^! 71 deposit$ ! magnesian lime/one & its associat$ b$s 9 ,engl&1 & ! ,ze*/e9 & ,ro!lieg5de ) _! associates 9 ,g]many4 ,9 ,am]ica ! case 0 diff]5t4 ,9 all t imm5se area :i* ext5ds f ! ,atlantic to ! pla9s ea/ ( ! ,mississippi1 we "k no ,p]mian rocks1 unless a portion ( ^? reckon$ z ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s1 or ,p]mo-c>bonif]\s 9 ,nor!rn ,nova ,scotia1 & ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl&1 %\ld be includ$ 9 ?is gr\p4 ,if su* exi/$1 !y may possibly be cov]$ up 9 "s places by m mod]n deposits1 or may h be5 swept away by d5udation 9 ! int]v5+ ages2 b ev5 9 ^! cases we %\ld expect to f9d "s visible rema9s ( !m4 ,_! entire abs5ce w\ld seem to indicate t a va/1 & 9 _m p>ts rugg$ & elevat$1 cont95t repres5t$ ,nor? ,am]ica 9 ! ,p]mian p]iod4 ,yet if s1 t great cont95t is an absolute blank to u4 ,we "k no?+ ( ! animals or plants :i* may h liv$ on x1 nor d we ev5 "k ) c]ta9ty t x _h active volcanoes1 or sn[-clad m\nta9s s5d+ d[n glaci]s4 ,our picture ( ! ,p]mian ,_w has n be5 invit+1 yet 9 _m respects x 0 a _w m l t 9 :i* we live !n 0 any previ\s "o4 ,x c]ta9ly pres5t$ m ( v>iety & gr& physical features !n any ( ! previ\s ages2 & we might h expect$ t on its wide & v>i$ cont95ts "s new & high] =ms ( life w\ld h be5 introduc$4 ,b x seems r to h be5 int5d$ to blot out ! old ,palozoic life1 z an arrangem5t :i* _h be5 fully tri$ & s]v$ its end1 prep>atory to a new beg9n+ 9 ! succe$+ age4 ,/ill ! ,p]mian has "s life features ( its own1 & we mu/ n[ turn to ^!4 ,! fir/ is ! occurr5ce "h1 n only ( ! repres5tatives ( ! great ,batra*ians ( ! coal p]iod1 b ( true reptiles1 ackn[l$g$ to be su* by all naturali/s4 ,! animals ( ! g5us ,protorosaurus1 f\nd 9 rocks ( ?is age bo? 9 ,engl& & ,g]many1 7 highly-organis$ liz>ds1 hav+ socket$ tee? l ^? ( crocodiles1 & well-develop$ limbs1 ) long tails1 p]haps adapt$ = swimm+4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 biconcave v]tebr l ! liz>d-l animals ( ! coal already m5tion$1 :i*1 inde$1 9 _! g5]al =m & appe>ance1 !y mu/ h v closely resembl$4 ,! ,protorosaurs 7 n ( great size2 b !y mu/ h be5 creatures ( m /ately gait !n _! ,c>bonif]\s pr$ecessors1 & !y s]ve to connect !m ) ! new & great] reptiles ( ! next p]iod4 ,ano!r int]e/+ feature ( ! ,p]mian is its flora1 :i*1 9 s f> z kn[n1 is closely relat$ to t ( ! coal p]iod1 ?\gh ! species are reg>d$ z diff]5t2 "s ( ! =ms1 h[ev]1 be+ s simil> z to be possibly id5tical4 ,9 a picture ( ! ,p]mian flora we %\ld p]haps place 9 ! =egr\nd ! tree-f]ns1 :i* seem to h be5 v abundant1 & furni%$ ) d5se clu/]s ( arial roots to enable !m to )/& ! /orms ( ?is boi/]\s age4 ,! tree-f]ns1 n[ s pl5tiful 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 %\ld be reg>d$ z "o ( ! p]man5t vegetable in/itutions ( our _w--^? ( ! f>-back ,l[] ,devonian1 & ( all int]v5+ ages up to ! pres5t day1 hav+ be5 v mu* alike4 ,! great re$-l ,calamites h _h a diff]5t fate4 ,9 _! gr&] =ms !y make _! la/ appe>ance 9 ! ,p]mian1 :]e !y culm9ate 9 great ribb$ /ems1 sometimes ne>ly a foot 9 diamet]1 & probably ( imm5se height4 ,! brakes ( ^! huge m>es'-tails :i* ov]spread ! l[] levels ( ! ,p]mian 9 ,europe1 w\ld h be5 to u :at ! hayfields ( ,brobd+nag 7 to ,gulliv]4 ,! ,lepidod5dra also sw>m$1 ?\gh 9 dim9i%$ =ce2 b ! great ,sigill>i ( ! coal are abs5t1 or only d\btfully pres5t4 ,ano!r feature ( ! ,p]mian woods 0 ! pres5ce ( _m p9e-trees diff]5t 9 aspect f ^? ( ! coal p]iod4 ,"s ( ^! are rem>kable = _! sl5d] & delicate bran*es & foliage4,x ,o!rs h m d5se & scaly leaves1 & ?ick %ort cones4,y ,bo? ( ^! /yles ( p9es are reg>d$ z di/9ct1 on ! "o h&1 f ^? ( ! coal =mation1 & on ! o!r f ^? ( ! succe$+ ,trias4 ,i h %[n1 h[ev]1 _m ye>s ago1 t 9 ! upp] coal =mation ( ,am]ica !re are bran*es ( p9e-trees v simil> to ,wal*ia1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,p]mian p9es are n v remote 9 =m & /ructure f "s ( _! mod]n relations4 ,! p9es ( ! fir/ ( ! above-m5tion$ types 7,wal*ia7 may inde$ be reg>d$ z allies ( ! mod]n ,arauc>ian p9es ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 & ( ! old conif]s ( ! ,c>bonif]\s4 ,^? ( ! second type 7,ulmannia7 may be ref]r$ to ! same gr\p ) ! magnific5t ,sequoias or ,r$woods ( ,cali=nia4 ,x ,wal*ia4 ,y ,ulmannia4 ,x is a curi\s indication ( ! d\bts :i* sometimes re/ on fossil botany1 t "s ( ! bran*es ( ^! ,p]mian p9es1 :5 imp]fectly pres]v$1 h be5 describ$ z sea-we$s1 :ile o!rs h be5 reg>d$ z club-mosses4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t ! resemblance ( "s ( !m to ! latt] class ( plants is v great2 & 7 !re no old] p9es1 we might be p>don$ = imag9+ 9 ! ,p]mian a transition f club-mosses to p9es4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 we h p9es ne>ly z f> back 9 geological "t z we h club-mosses2 &1 9 s f> z we "k1 no m l ! latt] !n are ! p9es ( ! ,p]mian1 s t ?is connection fails u4 ,9 all probability ! ,p]mian =e/s are mu* less p]fectly kn[n to u !n ^? ( ! coal p]iod1 s t we c sc>cely make comp>isons4 ,x appe>s c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ! ,p]mian plants are mu* m closely relat$ to ! coal plants !n to ^? ( ! next succe$+ epo*1 & t !y are n s mu* a transition f ! "o to ! o!r z ! f9i%+ ( ! old] p]iod to make way = ! new]4 ,b we mu/ res]ve "s space = a few rem>ks on ! progress & t]m9ation ( ! ,palozoic z a :ole1 & on ! place :i* x occupies 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,^! rem>ks we may gr\p ar\nd ! c5tral "q1 ,:at is ! mean+ or value ( an age or p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>?1 z ^! t]ms are und]/ood by geologi/s8 ,9 mo/ geological books t]ms ref]r+ to "t are employ$ v loosely4 ,p]iod1 epo*1 age1 sy/em1 s]ies1 =mation1 & simil> t]ms1 are us$ or abus$ 9 a mann] :i* only ! indef9it5ess ( our conceptions c excuse4 ,a great ,am]ican geologi/,z has made an attempt to rem$y ?is by atta*+ def9ite values to su* words z ^? above m5tion$4 ,9 8 sy/em ! great] divisions ( ! hi/ory 7 ,times3 ?us ! ,eozoic 0 a "t & ! ,palozoic 0 a "t4 ,! l>g] divisions ( ! times are ,ages3 ?us ! ,l[] & ,upp] ,silurian1 ! ,devonian1 & ! ,c>bonif]\s are ages1 :i* are equival5t 9 ! ma9 to :at ,engli% geologi/s call ,sy/ems ( ,=mations4 ,ages1 aga91 may be divid$ into ,p]iods3 ?us1 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian1 ! ,ludl[ ( ,engl&1 or ,l[] ,held]b]g ( ,am]ica1 w\ld con/itute a p]iod4 ,^! p]iods may aga9 be divid$ into ,epo*s1 :i* are equival5t to :at ,engli% geologi/s call ,=mations1 a t]m ref]r+ n directly to ! "t elaps$1 b to ! "w done 9 x4 ,n[ ?is mode ( reg>d+ geological "t introduces _m ?\ghts z to ! nature ( our *ronology & matt]s relat+ to x4 ,a "t 9 geology is an extremely long "t1 & ! ,palozoic 0 p]haps ! longe/ ( ! :ole4 ,by ! close ( ! ,palozoic n9e-t5?s ( all ! rocks we "k 9 ! e>?'s cru/ 7 =m$4 ,at lea/ ?is is ! case if we reckon m]e ?ickness4 ,= aught t we "k1 ! ,eozoic "t may h accumulat$ z mu* rock z ! ,palozoic2 b leav+ ?is out ( ! "q1 ! rocks ( ! ,palozoic are va/ly ?ick] !n ^? ( ! ,mesozoic & ,ca9ozoic unit$4 ,?us ! e>?'s hi/ory seems to h dragg$ sl[ly 9 its e>li] /ages1 or to h become accel]at$ 9 its latt] times4 ,to place x 9 ano!r po9t ( view1 life *anges 7 great] relatively to m]ely physical *anges 9 ! lat] !n 9 ! e>li] times4 ,z ,dana4 ,! same law seems to h obta9$ )9 ! ,palozoic "t itself4 ,its old] p]iods1 z ! ,cambrian & ,l[] ,silurian1 pres5t imm5se ?icknesses ( rock ) little *anges 9 life4 ,its lat] p]iods1 ! ,c>bonif]\s & ,p]mian1 h great] life-revolution relatively to less ?ickness ( deposits4 ,?is aga9 0 evid5tly relat$ to ! gr[+ complexity & v>iety ( geographical conditions1 :i* w5t on increas+ all ! way up to ! ,p]mian1 :5 !y atta9$ _! maximum = ! ,palozoic "t4 ,aga91 ea* age 0 signaliz$1 ov] ! two great cont95tal plateaus1 by a l s]ies ( elevations & depressions4 ,we may reg>d ! ,siluro-,cambrian1 ! ,silurian1 ! ,devonian1 ! ,c>bonif]\s1 & ,p]mian1 z ea* ( !m a di/9ct age4 ,ea* ( ^! began ) physical di/urbances & co>se %all[-wat] deposits4 ,9 ea* ?is 0 succe$$ by subsid5ce & by a sea area t5ant$ by corals & %ell-fi%es4 ,9 ea* case ?is 0 foll[$ by a re-elevation1 lead+ to a second b sl[ & p>tial subsid5ce1 to be foll[$ by ! great re-elevation prep>atory to ! next p]iod4 ,?us we h ?r\gh\t ! ,palozoic a s]ies ( cycles ( physical *ange :i* we may lik5 to gigantic pulsations ( ! ?ick hide ( "m e>?4 ,! f9al cata/rophe ( ! ,p]mian collapse 0 q diff]5t 9 k9d f ^! pulsations z well z mu* great] 9 degree4 ,! ,cambrian or ,primordial does n app>5tly pres5t a p]fect cycle ( ?is k9d1 p]haps because 9 t e>ly p]iod ! cont95tal plateaus 7 n yet def9itely =m$1 & ?us its b$s are r portions ( ! g5]al oceanic deposit4 ,9 ?is respect x is analog\s 9 geological relations to ! *alk =mation ( a lat] age1 ?\gh v diff]5t 9 mat]ial4 ,! ,cambrian may1 h[ev]1 yet v9dicate its claim to be reg>d$ z a def9ite cycle3 & ! rec5t discov]ies ( ,hicks 9 ,nor? ,wales1 h prov$ ! exi/5ce ( a ri* m>9e fauna f> d[n 9 ! l[] "p ( ?is sy/em4 ,x is also to be obs]v$ t ! peculi> "* ( ! ,cambrian1 z an oceanic bottom r !n a cont95tal plateau1 has =m$ an important elem5t 9 ! difficulties 9 e/abli%+ x z a di/9ct gr\p2 j z a simil> difficulty 9 ! case ( ! *alk has l$ to a rec5t controv]sy ab\t ! cont9uance ( ! conditions ( t p]iod into mod]n times4 ,b 9 ea* ( ! great successive heaves or pulsations ( ! ,palozoic e>?1 !re 0 a gr[+ balance 9 fav\r ( ! l& z comp>$ ) ! wat]4 ,9 ea* successive movem5t m & m elevat$ l& 0 ?r[n up1 until ! ,p]mian flexures f9ally fix$ ! =ms ( our cont95ts4 ,?is may be made evid5t to ! eye 9 a s]ies ( curves1 z 9 ! foll[+ diagram1 9 :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ ! recurr5ce ( simil> conditions 9 ea* ( ! great p]iods ( ! ,palozoic1 & ?us _! equival5cy to ea* o!r z cycles ( ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,!re is ?us 9 ^! great cont95tal *anges a law ( recurr5ce & a law ( progress2 b z to ! effici5t causes ( ! ph5om5a we h z yet little in=mation4 ,x seems t orig9al fractures & %r9kages ( ! cru/ 7 conc]n$ 9 =m+ ! cont95tal areas at fir/4 ,once =m$1 unequal burd5+ ( ! e>?'s /ill pla/ic mass by deposits ( s$im5t 9 ! wat]s1 & unequal expansion by ! heat+ & cry/allization ( imm5se ?icknesses ( ! s$im5t1 may h done ! re/2 b ! results are surpris+ly regul> to be produc$ by su* causes4 ,we %all also f9d t simil> cycles c be obs]v$ 9 ! geological ages :i* succe$$ ! ,palozoic4 ,geologi/s h hi!rto = ! mo/ "p be5 cont5t to assign ^! movem5ts to causes purely t]re/rial2 b x is difficult to avoid ! suspicion t ! succession ( geological cycles mu/ h dep5d$ on "s recurr+ a/ronomical =ce t5d+ to cause ! weak] p>ts ( ! e>?'s cru/ alt]nately to rise & subside at regul> int]vals ( "t4 ,h]s*el1 ,adhm>1 & m rec5tly ,croll1 h direct$ att5tion to a/ronomical cycles suppos$ to h important influ5ces on ! temp]ature ( ! e>?4 ,:e!r ^! or o!r *anges may h act$ on ! equilibrium ( its cru/ is a "q well wor?y ( att5tion1 z its solution might give u an a/ronomical measure ( geological "t4 ,?is "q1 h[ev]1 ! geologi/ mu/ ref] to ! a/ronom]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,curves ,,%[+ ,,! ,,successive ,,elevations ,,& ,,depressions ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,cont95t1 ,,9 ,,sev]al ,,cycles ,,( ,,! ,,pal,,ozoic ,,"t4 ,!re are two notes ( caution :i* mu/ "h be giv5 to ! read]4 ,fir/1 x is n int5d$ to apply ! doctr9e ( cont95tal oscillations to ! great oceanic areas4 ,:e!r !y became %all[] or deep]1 _! conditions w\ld be diff]5t f ^? :i* occurr$ 9 ! great %all[ plateaus1 & ^! conditions are little kn[n to u4 ,fur!r1 ?r\gh\t ! ,palozoic p]iod1 ! oscillations d n seem to h be5 suffici5t to rev]se ! positions ( ! oceans & cont95ts4 ,secondly1 x is n meant to affirm t ! great ,p]mian plications 7 s widespread 9 _! effects z to produce a univ]sal de/ruction ( life4 ,on ! contr>y1 aft] !y _h occurr$1 remnants ( ! ,c>bonif]\s fauna /ill fl\ri%$ ev5 on ! surfaces ( ! cont95ts1 & possibly ! inhabitants ( ! deep ocean 7 little affect$ by ^! great movem5ts4 ,true x is t ! life ( ! ,palozoic t]m9ates ) ! ,p]mian1 b n by a great & cataclysmic ov]?r[4 ,we "k some?+ at lea/ ( ! g5]al laws ( cont95tal oscillations dur+ ! ,palozoic4 ,d we "k any?+ ( law 9 ! case ( life8 ,! "q raises s _m & div]se consid]ations t x seems va9 to treat x 9 ! end ( a *apt]2 /ill we mu/ try to outl9e x ) at lea/ a few t\*es4 ,fir/1 !n1 ! life ( ! ,palozoic 0 rem>kable1 z comp>$ ) t ( ! pres5t _w1 9 pres5t+ a great preval5ce ( animals & plants ( syn!tic types1 z !y are call$ by ,agassiz t is1 ( creatures compreh5d+ 9 "o ! prop]ties ( sev]al gr\ps :i* 7 to exi/ z di/9ct 9 ! future4 ,su* types are also sometimes call$ embryonic1 because ! "y ( animals & plants (t5 %[ ^! compreh5sive features4 ,su* types 7 ! old corals1 pres5t+ po9ts ( alliance ) two di/9ct gr\ps n[ widely sep>at$2 ! old ,trilobites1 half k+-crabs & half ,isopods2 ! ,amphibians ( ! coal1 "p fi%1 "p newt1 & "p crocodile2 ! ,sigill>i1 "p club-mosses & "p p9es2 ! ,or?oc]atites1 half nautili & half cuttle-fi%es4 ,i propos$1 9 ! illu/ration 9 a =m] article1 to give a re/oration ( "o ( ! curi\s creatures la/ m5tion$1 ! ,or?oc]atites2 b on attempt+ ?is1 ) ! idea t1 z usually suppos$1 !y 7 /raight ,nautili1 x appe>$ t ! n>r[ ap]ture1 ! small out] *amb]1 ! ?9 out] wall1 (t5 app>5tly only membran\s1 & ! l>ge siphuncle1 w\ld sc>cely admit ( ?is2 & ,i f9i%$ by repres5t+ x z some?+ l a mod]n squid2 p]haps wrongly1 b x 0 evid5tly some:]e betwe5 !m & ! ,nautili4 ,secondly1 ^! syn!tic types (t5 belong$ to ! upp] "p ( a l[] gr\p1 or to ! l[] "p ( an upp] gr\p4 ,h5ce 9 "o po9t ( view !y may be reg>d$ z ( high grade1 9 ano!r z ( l[ grade1 & !y are (t5 l>ge 9 size or 9 vegetative developm5t4,,aa ,f ?is law h aris5 _m controv]sies ab\t ! grade & classification ( ! ,palozoic animals & plants4 ,,aa ,x seems1 inde$1 z if ! new syn!tic =ms int]m$iate betwe5 great gr\ps 7 (t5 l>ge 9 size1 :ile ! new special types came 9 z small species4 ,!re are "s rem>kable cases ( ?is 9 ! plant _w2 ?\gh "h we h su* examples z ! p9es & tree-f]ns cont9u+ almo/ un*ang$ f an e>ly ,palozoic p]iod until n[4 ,?irdly1 ext9ctions ( species occur 9 e great oscillation ( ! cont95tal areas1 b "s species reappe> aft] su* oscillations1 & ! same g5us (t5 recurs "u new specific =ms4 ,families & ord]s1 su* z ^? ( ! ,trilobites & ,or?oc]atites1 appe> to h a gr& & gradual culm9ation & decad5ce ext5d+ ov] sev]al successive p]iods1 or ev5 ov] ! :ole /ret* ( ! ,palozoic "t4 ,t[>d ! close ( ! ,palozoic1 :ile all ! species disappe>1 "s :ole families & ord]s are altoge!r dropp$1 &1 be+ *iefly syn!tic gr\ps1 are replac$ by m specialis$ types1 "s ( :i*1 h[ev]1 make small beg9n+s alongside ( ! m g5]al types :i* are pass+ away4 ,our diagram 7page #ahc7 illu/rates ^! po9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,! ,,advance1 ,,culm9ation1 ,,& ,,decad5ce ,,( ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,lead+ ,,types ,,( ,,pal,,ozoic ,,life4 ,f\r?ly1 ! progress 9 animal life 9 ! ,palozoic relat$ *iefly to ! l[] or inv]tebrate tribes1 & to ! two l[] classes ( ! v]tebrates4 ,! olde/ animal kn[n to u is n only a creature ( ! simple/ /ructure1 b also a repres5tative ( t great & on ! :ole l[ type ( animal life1 9 :i* ! p>ts are arrang$ ar\nd a c5tral axis1 & n on t plan ( bilat]al symmetry :i* con/itutes "o great lead+ di/9ction ( ! high] animals4 ,) ! ,cambrian1 bilat]al animals ab\nd & belong to two v di/9ct l9es ( progress--! "o1 ! ,mollusks1 %[+ ! nutritive organs m fully develop$--! o!r1 ! ,articulates1 hav+ ! organs ( s5se & ( locomotion m fully organiz$4 ,^! ?ree great types %>$ ! _w among !m ?r\gh\t ! e>li] ,palozoic "t1 & only 9 its lat] ages began to be dom9at$ by ! high] types ( fi%es & reptiles4 ,9 s f> z we "k1 x rema9$ = ! ,mesozoic to introduce ! birds & mammals4 ,9 plant life ! *anges 7 less m>k$1 ?\gh "h also !re is progress--l& plants appe> to beg91 n ) ! l[e/ =ms1 b ) ! highe/ types ( ! l[] ( ! two great s]ies into :i* ! vegetable k+dom is divid$4 ,f ?is !y rapidly rise to a full developm5t ( ! l[e/ type ( ! fl[]+ plants1 ! p9es & _! allies1 & !re ! progress ceases2 = ! kn[n repres5tatives ( ! high] plants are extremely few & app>5tly ( little importance4 ,fif?ly1 9 g5]al ! hi/ory tells ( a cont9u$ s]ies ( alt]nate victories & defeats ( ! species t _h _! bir? on ! l& & 9 ! %all[ wat]s1 & ^? :i* 7 born 9 ! ocean dep?s1 ,! =m] spread !mselves widely aft] e upheaval1 & !n by e subsid5ce 7 driv5 back to _! m\nta9 fa/nesses4 ,! latt] p]i%$ f ! cont95tal plateaus at e upheaval1 b climb$ aga9 9 new hordes & reoccupi$ ! gr\nd aft] e subsid5ce4 ,b j z 9 human hi/ory e victory or defeat urges on ! progress ( ev5ts1 & develops ! great plan ( ,god's provid5ce 9 ! elevation ( man2 s "h e succe$+ *ange br+s 9 new & high] actors on ! /age1 & ! s*eme ( creation moves on 9 a gr& & /eady progress t[>ds ! m v>i$ & elevat$ life ( ! ,mod]n ,_w4 ,b1 aft] all1 h[ little d we "k ( ^! laws1 :i* are only beg9n+ to dawn on ! m9ds ( naturali/s2 & :i* ! imp]fections ( our classification & nom5clature1 & ! defects 9 our k ( fossil species1 r5d] v dim & unc]ta94 ,all t appe>s settl$ is ! exi/5ce ( a def9ite plan1 work+ ov] long ages1 & connect$ ) ! mo/ rem>kable correlation ( physical & organic *ange3 go+ on ) regul> m>* ?r\gh\t ! ,palozoic1 & !n br\ght to a close to make room = ano!r great succession4 ,?is foll[+ ,mesozoic "t mu/ next engage our att5tion4 ,we may close = ! pres5t ) pres5t+ to ! eye 9 tabul> =m ! p]iods ov] :i* we h pass$4 ,! table on page #ahg1 & ! diagram 7page #agi71 mutually illu/rate ea* o!r2 & x w be se5 t ea* age con/itutes cycle1 simil> 9 its lead+ features to ! o!r cycles1 :ile ea* is di/+ui%$ by "s important fact 9 relation to ! introduction ( liv+ be+s4 ,9 ?is table ,i h1 ) ,mr4 ,hull1,,ab = simplicity1 arrang$ ! =mations ( ea* age "u ?ree p]iods--an old]1 middle1 & new]4 ,( ^!1 h[ev]1 ! la/ or newe/ is 9 ea* case s important & v>i$ z to m]it division into two1 9 ! mann] :i* ,i h sugge/$ 9 previ\s publications = ! ,palozoic rocks ( ,nor? ,am]ica4,,ac ,"u ea* p]iod ,i h endeav\r$ to give "s *>act]i/ic example f ,europe & ,am]ica1 except :]e1 z 9 ! case ( ! coal =mation1 ! same names are us$ on bo? cont95ts4 ,su* a table z ?is1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 is only t5tative1 & may admit ( important modifications4 ,! ,laur5tian m especially may admit ( division into sev]al ages2 & a sep>ate age may be f\nd to int]v5e betwe5 x & ! ,cambrian4 ,! read] w please obs]ve t ?is table ref]s to ! *anges on ! cont95tal plateaus2 & t on bo? ( ^! ea* age 0 introduc$ ) %all[ wat] & usually co>se deposits1 succe$$ by deep] wat] & f9] b$s1 usually lime/ones1 & ^! by a mix$ =mation return+ to ! %all[ wat] & co>se deposits ( ! old] p]iod ( ! age4 ,?is la/ k9d ( deposition culm9ates 9 ! great swamps ( ! coal =mation4 ,,ab ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,july1 #ahfi4 ,,ac ,acadian ,geology1 p4 #acg4 ,,cond5s$ ,,tabul> ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,ages ,,& ,,p]iods ,,( ,,! ,,pal,,ozoic ,,& ,,eozoic4 ,key to ,symbols ,tabulate & ,rugose ,corals1 abundant4 999999 ,age ( ,alg4 ,age ( ,acrog5s & ,gymnosp]ms4 ,& ,god said1 ,let ! wat]s br+ =? abundantly ! sw>m+ liv+ creatures4 --- ,& ,god creat$ great reptiles4 ,,times4 ,,ages4 ,,p]iods4 ,,animals ,,& ,,plants4 ,,pal,,ozoic ,new]4 ,r$ ,s&/ones1 ,rau*wacke1 etc4 ,beg9n+ - ,p]mian ,middle4 ,ze*/e91 or ( ,age - ,magnesian ,lime/one4 ( ,reptiles4 - ,old]4 ,conglom]ates1 etc41 - ,ro!lieg5des4 - - ,n4 ,coal ,=mation4 - ,c>bonif]\s ,m4 ,c>bonif]\s ,lime/one4 ,age ( - ,o4 ,l[] ,coal ,measures & ,batra*ians4 ,conglom]ates4 ,n4 ,upp] ,old ,r$1 ,*emung4 ,devonian ,m4 ,eifel & ,cornif]\s ,lime/ones4 ,age ( ,fi%es4 or ,erian ,o4 ,l[] ,old ,r$1 ,oriskany ,s&/one4 ,n4 ,ludl[1 ,l[] ,held]b]g4 ,upp] ,silurian ,m4 ,w5lock & ,niag>a ,lime/ones4 ,age ( ,o4 ,mayhill1 etc41 ,oneida ,mollusks4 ,conglom]ates4 ,n4 ,c>adoc1 ,hudson ,r4 ,l[] ,silurian ,m4 ,bala & ,tr5ton or ,lime/ones4 99 ,siluro-,cambrian ,o4 ,ll&ielo1 etc41 ,*azy4 99 99 ,n4 ,l+ula ,flags1 etc41 99 ,potsdam ,s&/one4 99 ,acadian1 etc48 ,age ( 99 ,cambrian ,m4 7,unc]ta97 ,cru/aceans4 99 ,m5evian8 99 ,o4 ,longmynd1 ,huronian8 ,,eozoic ,n4 ,anor?osite ,gneiss1 etc4 ,laur5tian ,m4 ,eozoon ,lime/ones1 etc4 ,age ( ,o4 ,l[] ,gneiss4 ,protozoa4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,mesozoic ,,ages4 ,physically1 ! transition f ! ,p]mian to ! ,trias is easy4 ,9 ! doma9 ( life a great gulf lies betwe52 & ! geologi/ ^: m9d is fill$ ) ! =ms ( ! ,palozoic p]iod1 on ris+ into ! next succe$+ b$s1 feels himself a sort ( ,rip ,van ,w9kle1 :o has slept a hundr$ ye>s & awakes 9 a new _w4 ,! geography ( our cont95ts seems inde$ to h *ang$ little f ! "t ( ! ,p]mian to t next succe$+ gr\p :i* all geologi/s recognise z ! beg9n+ ( ! ,mesozoic or ,middle ,age ( ! _w's hi/ory1 ! ,triassic p]iod4 ,:]e be/ develop$1 z 9 ,g]many1 x gives u ! usual ?reefold s]ies1 conglom]ates & s&/ones bel[1 a %elly lime/one 9 ! middle1 & s&/ones & m>ls above4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! ,g]mans1 recognis+ ?is trip>tite "* "h m di/9ctly !n 9 _! o!r =mations1 nam$ ?is ! ,trias or triple gr\p1 a "n :i* x /ill reta9s1 ?\gh z we h se5 x is by no means ! e>lie/ ( ! triple gr\ps ( /rata4 ,9 ,engl&1 :]e ! middle lime/one is abs5t1 x is a ,new ,r$ ,s&/one1 & ! same "n may be appropriately ext5d$ to ,ea/]n ,am]ica1 :]e bright r$ s&/ones are a *>act]i/ic feature4 ,9 ! ,trias1 z 9 ! ,p]mian1 ! cont95ts ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e pres5t$ l>ge l& areas1 & !re 7 lagoons & l&lock$ seas 9 :i* gypsum1 magnesian lime/ones1 & rock salt 7 ?r[n d[n1 a v em95t example ( :i* is af=d$ by ! great salt deposits ( ,*e%ire4 ,!re 7 also trem5d\s outbur/s ( igne\s activity along ! m>g9s ( ! cont95ts1 m especially 9 ,ea/]n ,am]ica4 ,b ) all ?is !re 0 a ri* l& flora & a wond]ful exub]ance ( new animal life on ! l&2 & 9 places !re 7 ev5 swamps 9 :i* pure & valuable b$s ( coal1 comp>able ) ^? ( ! old coal =mation1 7 deposit$4 ,! triple division ( ! ,trias z a cycle ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 & its local imp]fection1 are well se5 9 ! ,european developm5t ( ! gr\p1 ?us3-- ,g]man ,s]ies4 ,fr5* ,s]ies4 ,engli% ,s]ies4 ,keup]1 ,s&/one & ,m>nes ,irises ,salif]\s & gypse\s ,%ale ,%ales & ,s&/ones4 ,mus*elkalk1 ,lime/one ,calcaire ,coquilli] ,want+4 & ,dolomite ,bunt]1 ,s&/one & ,grs big>r ,s&/one & ,conglom]ate ,conglom]ate4 ,! ,trias is succe$$ by a great & complex sy/em ( =mations1 usually kn[n z ! ,jurassic1 f its admirable developm5t & exposure 9 ! range ( ! ,jura2 b :i* ! ,engli% geologi/s (t5 "n ! ,oolitic1 f ! occurr5ce 9 x ( b$s ( ,oolite or roe-/one4 ,?is rock1 ( :i* ! beautiful cream-col\r$ lime/one ( ,ba? is an illu/ration1 consi/s ( an inf9ity ( little sph]es1 l se$s or ! roe ( a fi%4 ,"u ! microscope ^! are se5 to pres5t conc5tric lay]s1 ea* ) a radiat+ fibr\s3 /ructure1 & (t5 to h a m9ute gra9 ( s& or fragm5t ( %ell 9 ! c5tre4 ,!y are1 9 %ort1 m9iature concretions1 produc$ by ! aggregation ( ! calc>e\s matt] ar\nd c5tres1 by a process ( molecul> attraction to :i* f9e s$im5ts1 & especially ^? conta9+ mu* lime1 are v prone4 ,?is /yle ( lime/one is v abundant 9 ! ,jurassic sy/em1 b x is n conf9$ to x4 ,i h se5 v p]fect ,oolites 9 ! ,silurian & ! ,c>bonif]\s4 ,! ,jurassic s]ies1 z develop$ 9 ,engl&1 may be divid$ into ?ree triplets or cycles ( b$s1 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,purbeck ,b$s4 ,upp] ,jurassic ,portl& ,lime/one4 ,portl& ,s&4 ,kimm]idge ,clay1 etc4 ,middle ,jurassic ,coral ,rag1 ,lime/one4 ,l[] ,calc>e\s ,grit1 ,ox=d ,clay1 etc4 ,cornbra% & ,=e/ ,m>ble4 ,l[] ,jurassic,,ad ,great & inf]ior ,oolite1 ,lime/one4 ,lias ,clays & ,lime/ones4 ,,ad ,?is la/ gr\p is v complex1 & might p]haps admit ( sub division1 locally at lea/1 into subord9ate cycles4 ,^! rocks occupy a l>ge space 9 ,engl&1 z ! names above giv5 w s]ve to %[2 & !y are also l>gely di/ribut$ ov] ! cont95t ( ,europe & ,asia :i* _h evid5tly ?ree great & long-cont9u$ dips "u wat]1 indicat$ by ! ?ree great lime/ones4 ,9 ,am]ica ! case 0 diff]5t4 ,! ,jurassic has n be5 di/9ctly recognis$ 9 any "p ( ! ea/]n coa/ ( t cont95t1 :i* !n p]haps ext5d$ f>!r into ! ,atlantic !n x does at pres5t2 s t no m>9e b$s 7 =m$ on its ea/]n bord]4 ,b 9 ! we/1 along ! base ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & also 9 ! ,arctic area1 !re 7 ,jurassic seas ( l>ge ext5t1 sw>m+ ) *>act]i/ic animals4 ,at ! close ( ! ,jurassic p]iod our cont95ts seem to h be5 ev5 m ext5sive !n at pres5t4 ,9 ,engl& & ! neighb\r+ p>ts ( ! cont95t ( ,europe1 accord+ to ,lyell1 ! fre%-wat] & e/u>9e b$s kn[n z ! ,weald5 h be5 trac$ #cbj miles f we/ to ea/1 & #bjj miles f nor?-we/ to s\?-ea/1 & _! ?ickness 9 "o "p ( ?is area is e/imat$ at no less !n #b1jjj feet4 ,su* a deposit is comp>able 9 ext5t ) ! deltas ( su* great riv]s z ! ,nig] or ev5 ! ,mississippi1 & implies ! exi/5ce ( a cont95t mu* m ext5sive & m uni=m 9 dra9age !n ,europe z x at pres5t exi/s4 ,lyell ev5 speculates on ! possible exi/5ce ( an ,atlantic cont95t we/ ( ,europe4 ,am]ica also at ?is "t _h1 z already /at$1 atta9$ to ev5 m !n its pres5t ext5sion ea/w>ds4 ,?us ?is lat] ,jurassic p]iod 0 ! culm9ation ( ! ,mesozoic1 ! p]iod ( its mo/ p]fect cont95tal developm5t1 correspond+ 9 ?is to ! ,c>bonif]\s 9 ! ,palozoic4 ,! next or clos+ p]iod ( ?is great ,mesozoic "t br\ght a wondr\s *ange4 ,9 ! ,cretace\s p]iod1 s call$ f ! va/ deposits ( *alk by :i* x is *>act]iz$1 ! cont95ts sunk z !y _h nev] sunk be=e1 s t va/ spaces ( ! great cont95tal plateaus 7 br\ght d[n1 = ! fir/ "t s9ce ! ,laur5tian1 to ! condition ( abyssal dep?s1 t5ant$ by su* creatures z live 9 ! deepe/ recesses ( our mod]n oceans4 ,?is great depression affect$ ,europe m sev]ely !n ,am]ica2 ! depression ( ! latt] be+ n only less1 b some:at lat] 9 date4 ,9 ,europe1 at ! p]iod ( greate/ subm]g5ce1 ! hills ( ,sc&9avia & ( ,brita91 & ! ,urals1 p]haps alone /ood out ( ! sea4 ,! ,alps & _! relat$ m\nta9s1 & ev5 ! ,himalayas1 7 n yet born1 = !y h on _! high summits deep-sea b$s ( ! ,cretace\s & ev5 ( lat] date4 ,9 ,am]ica1 ! ,appala*ians & ! old ,laur5tian ranges rema9$ above wat]2 b ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ! ,&es 7 9 great "p subm]g$1 & a great ,cretace\s sea ext5d$ f ! ,appala*ians we/w>d to ! ,pacific1 & s\?w>d to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 op5+ probably to ! ,nor? into ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,?is great depression mu/ h be5 ( v long cont9uance1 s9ce 9 ,we/]n ,europe x suffic$ = ! production ( ne>ly #a1jjj feet 9 ?ickness ( *alk1 a rock :i*1 be+ compos$ almo/ entirely ( microscopic %ells1 is1 z we %all see 9 ! sequel1 necess>ily ( extremely sl[ gr[?4 ,if we reg>d ! ,cretace\s gr\p z "o ( our great ages or cycles1 x seems to be incomplete4 ,! s&/ones & clays kn[n z ! ,gre5s& & ,gault con/itute its l[] or %all[-wat] memb]4 ,! *alk is its middle or deep-sea memb]1 b ! upp] %all[-wat] memb] is miss+1 or only v locally & imp]fectly develop$4 ,& ! olde/ ( ! succe$+ ,t]ti>y deposits1 :i* indicate mu* less cont9u\s m>9e conditions1 re/ on ! *alk1 z if ! great & deep sea ( ! ,cretace\s age _h be5 sudd5ly upheav$ into l&4 ,?is abrupt t]m9ation ( ! la/ cycle ( ! ,mesozoic is obvi\sly ! reason ( ! o!rwise inexplicable fact t ! preval5t life ( ! p]iod ceases at ! top ( ! *alk1 & is ex*ang$ imm$iately & )\t any transition = ! v diff]5t fauna ( ! ,t]ti>y4 ,?is fur!r accords ) ! fact t ! ,cretace\s subsid5ce end$ 9 ano!r great crumpl+ ( ! cru/1 l t :i* di/+ui%$ ! ,p]mian4 ,by ?is ! ,mesozoic "t 0 t]m9at$ & ! ,ca9ozoic inaugurat$2 :ile ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ! ,&es1 ! ,alps1 & ! ,himalayas1 rose to importance z great m\nta9 ranges1 & ! cont95ts 7 aga9 brac$ up to reta9 a condition ( comp>ative equilibrium dur+ t lat] p]iod ( ! e>?'s *ronology to :i* we ourselves belong4 ,illu/ration3 ,,life ,,on ,,l& ,,9 ,,! ,,mesozoic ,,p]iod4 ,9 ! =egr\nd are a ,p9e1 ,cycads1 & a ,p&anus2 also small ,mammals1 an h]bivor\s ,d9osaur1 & a ,labyr9?odont4 ,9 ! di/ance are o!r ,d9osaurs & ,crocodiles4 ,9 ! air are birds 7,ar*opt]ux7 & ,pt]odactyls4 ,0 ! l5g? ( ! ,mesozoic "t equal to t ( ! ,palozoic8 ,measur$ by recurr+ cycles x 04 ,9 ! latt] p]iod we f9d five great cycles1 f ! ,l[] ,silurian to ! ,p]mian inclusive4 ,s 9 ! ,mesozoic we h five also1 f ! ,trias to ! ,cretace\s inclusive4 ,we h a "r to reckon ^! cycles z ages or great ye>s ( ! e>?2 & s reckon+ !m1 ! ,mesozoic "t may h be5 z long z ! ,palozoic4 ,b if we take ano!r crit]ion ! result w be diff]5t4 ,! ?ickness ( ! deposits 9 ! ,palozoic z comp>$ ) ! ,mesozoic1 :]e ^! are sev]ally be/ develop$1 may be e/imat$ z at lea/ f\r or five to "o2 s t if we suppose ! b$s to h be5 =m$ ) equal rapidity 9 ! two great p]iods1 !n ! old] ( ! two 0 betwe5 f\r & five times z long z ! latt]1 :i* w\ld inde$ be only a little great] !n "o ( ! sep>ate ages ( ! ,palozoic4 ,ei!r1 !re=e1 ! deposits took place ) great] rapidity 9 ! ,palozoic1 or t p]iod 0 by mu* ! long] ( ! two4 ,?is x w be obs]v$1 is only ano!r aspect ( ! great laws ( geological sequ5ce ref]r$ to 9 our la/ pap]4 ,let u look into ?is "q a little m m9utely4 ,if ! sev]al pulsations ( our cont95ts dep5d$ ^u any regul>ly recurr+ a/ronomical or t]re/rial *ange1 !n !y mu/ repres5t1 at lea/ approximately1 equal portions ( "t1 & ?is1 if prov$1 w\ld settle ! "q 9 fav\r ( an equal duration ( ^! two great eras ( ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,b z we _c yet prove ?is1 we may consid] :at light we c d]ive f ! nature ( ! rocks produc$4 ,^! may be r\ghly classifi$ z ( two k9ds3 ,fir/1 ! b$s ( s$im5t1 s&1 clay1 etc41 accumulat$ by ! sl[ *emical decay ( rocks & ! me*anical ag5cy ( wat]4 ,secondly1 ! b$s =m$ by accumulation ( ! h>d] & less p]i%able p>ts ( liv+ be+s1 ( :i* ! lime/ones are ! *ief4 ,) ref]5ce to ! fir/ ( ^! k9ds ( deposit1 ! action ( ! atmosph]e & ra9s on rocks 9 ! e>li] times might h be5 some:at m p[]ful if !re 0 m c>bonic acid 9 ! atmosph]e1 t sub/ance be+ ! mo/ effici5t ag5t 9 ! *emical decay ( rocks4 ,x might h be5 some:at m p[]ful if !re 0 a great] ra9fall4 ,x mu/1 on ! o!r h&1 h be5 less5$ by ! app>5tly m equable temp]ature :i* !n prevail$4 ,^! diff]5ces might p]haps ne>ly balance "o ano!r4 ,!n ! rocks ( ! old] "t 7 q z intractable z ^? ( ! new]1 & !y 7 probably nei!r s high nor s ext5sive4 ,fur!r1 ! dips & em]g5ces ( ! great cont95tal plateaus 7 equally num]\s 9 ! two great p]iods1 ?\gh !y 7 probably1 ) ! exception ( ! late/ "o ( ea*1 m complete 9 ! old] p]iod4 ,9 s f>1 !n1 z deposition ( s$im5t is conc]n$1 ^! consid]ations w\ld sc>cely lead u to inf] t x 0 m rapid 9 ! ,palozoic4 ,b ! ,palozoic s$im5ts may be e/imat$ 9 ! aggregate at ab\t #ej1jjj feet 9 ?ickness1 :ile ^? ( ! ,mesozoic sc>cely rea* #h1jjj4 ,we might1 !re=e1 inf] t ! ,palozoic p]iod 0 p]haps five or six times z long z ! ,mesozoic4 ,if we take ! second class ( rocks1 ! lime/ones1 & suppose ^! to h be5 accumulat$ by ! sl[ gr[? ( corals1 %ells1 etc41 9 ! sea1 we might1 at fir/ sight1 suppose t ,palozoic animals w\ld n gr[ or accumulate lime/one fa/] !n _! ,mesozoic successors4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 consid] "h ! probability t ! old] oceans conta9$ m lime 9 solution !n ^? :i* n[ exi/1 & t ! equable temp]ature & ext5sive subm]g$ plateaus gave v fav\rable conditions = ! l[] animals ( ! sea1 s t x w\ld p]haps be fair to all[ a some:at m rapid rate ( gr[? ( lime/one = ! ,palozoic4 ,n[ ! actual proportions ( lime/one may be r\ghly /at$ at #ac1jjj feet 9 ! ,palozoic1 & #c1jjj feet 9 ! ,mesozoic1 :i* w\ld give a proportion ( ab\t f\r & a qu>t] to "o2 & z a foot ( lime/one may be suppos$ on ! av]age to require five times z long = its =mation z a foot ( s$im5t1 ?is w\ld give an ev5 great] absolute excess 9 fav\r ( ! ,palozoic on ! evid5ce ( ! lime/ones an excess probably f> too great to be acc\nt$ = by any m fav\rable conditions = ! secretion ( c>bonate ( lime by m>9e animals4 ,! data = su* calculations are v unc]ta91 & ?ree elem5ts ( additional unc]ta9ty closely relat$ to ea* o!r mu/ also be notic$4 ,! fir/ is ! unkn[n l5g? ( ! int]vals 9 :i* no deposition :atev] may h be5 tak+ place ov] ! areas op5 to our inve/igation4 ,! second is ! v>y+ am\nts 9 :i* mat]ial once deposit$ may h be5 swept away by wat]4 ,! ?ird is ! am\nt ( diff]5ce t may h result$ f ! progressive *ange ( ! geographical features ( our cont95ts4 ,^! unc]ta9ties w\ld all t5d to dim9i% our e/imate ( ! relative l5g? ( ! ,mesozoic4 ,la/ly1 ! *anges t h tak5 place 9 liv+ be+s1 ?\gh a good measure ( ! lapse ( "t1 _c be tak5 z a crit]ion "h1 s9ce !re is mu* reason to believe t m rapid *anges ( physical conditions act z an induc+ cause ( rapid *anges ( life4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 tak+ su* facts z we h1 & mak+ l>ge d$uctions = ! sev]al causes t5d+ to exagg]ate our conception ( ,palozoic "t1 we c sc>cely d\bt t ! ,palozoic may h be5 ?ree times z long z ! ,mesozoic4 ,if s1 ! cont95tal pulsations1 & ! *anges 9 animal & vegetable life1 mu/ h gone on ) accel]at$ rapidity 9 ! lat] p]iod1--a conclusion to :i* we %all aga9 h occasion to ref] :5 we arrive at ! consid]ation ( ! ,t]ti>y or ,neozoic "t1 & ! age ( man1 & ! probable duration ( ! ord] ( ?+s "u :i* we live4 ,i h giv5 ?is prelim9>y sket* ( ! :ole ,mesozoic "t1 because we _c "h1 z 9 ! ,palozoic1 take up ea* age sep>ately2 & n[ we mu/ try to picture to ourselves ! life & action ( ^! ages4 ,9 do+ s we may look at1 fir/1 ! plant life ( ?is p]iod2 second1 animal life on ! l&2 & ?ird1 animal life 9 ! wat]s & 9 ! ocean dep?s4 ,! ,mesozoic %ores 7 clo!d ) an abundant flora1 :i* *ang$ consid]ably 9 its =m dur+ ! lapse ( ?is long "t2 b yet x has a "* ( its own di/9ct f t ( ! previ\s ,palozoic & ! succe$+ ,t]ti>y4 ,p]haps no feature ( ?is p]iod is m *>act]i/ic !n ! great abundance ( ^? s+ul> plants1 ! cycads1 :i* 9 ! mod]n flora are plac$ ne> to ! p9es1 b 9 _! appe>ance & habit m resemble palms1 & :i* 9 ! mod]n _w are *iefly f\nd 9 ! tropical & w>m temp]ate zones ( ,asia & ,am]ica4 ,no plants c]ta9ly ( ?is ord] occur 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s1 :]e _! ne>e/ allies are p]haps "s ( ! ,sigill>i2 & 9 ! mod]n "t ! cycads are n s abundant1 nor d !y occur at all 9 climates :]e _! pr$ecessors appe> to h ab\nd$4 ,9 ! qu>ries ( ! isl& ( ,portl&1 we h a rem>kable evid5ce ( ?is 9 b$s ) num]\s /ems ( cycads /ill 9 situ 9 ! soil 9 :i* !y grew1 & associat$ ) /umps ( p9es :i* seem to h fl\ri%$ along ) !m4 ,9 fur!r illu/ration ( ?is po9t1 ,i may ref] to ! fact t ,c>ru!rs1 9 a rec5t pap]1 catalogues tw5ty-five ,briti% species belong+ to eight g5]a--a fact :i* m>k$ly *>act]izes ! ,briti% flora ( ! ,mesozoic p]iod4 ,^! plants w !re=e occupy a prom95t place 9 our re/oration ( ! ,mesozoic l&scape1 & we %\ld give especial prom95ce to ! beautiful species ,williamsonia gigas1 discov]$ by ! em95t botani/ ^: "n x be>s1 & re/or$ 9 8 pap] on ! plant 9 ! ,l9nan ,transactions4 ,^! plants1 ) p9es & gigantic equisetums1 prevail$ greatly 9 ! e>li] ,mesozoic flora1 b z ! "t wore on1 v>i\s k9ds ( endog5s1 resembl+ ! palms & ! screw-p9es ( ! tropical isl&s1 7 introduc$1 & t[>d its close "s repres5tatives ( ! exog5s v l our ord9>y trees4 ,among ^! we f9d = ! fir/ "t 9 our upw>d progress 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>?1 species ( our famili> oaks1 figs1 & walnut1 along ) "s trees n[ conf9$ to ,au/ralia & ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 z ! banksias & silv]-trees1 & _! allies4 ,9 ,am]ica a l>ge numb] ( ! g5]a ( ! mod]n trees are pres5t1 & ev5 "s ( ^? n[ peculi> to ,am]ica1 z ! tulip-trees & sweet-gums4 ,^! =e/s ( ! lat] ,mesozoic mu/ !re=e h be5 z gay ) fl[]s & z beautiful 9 foliage z ^? ( ! mod]n _w1 & !re is evid5ce t !y sw>m$ ) insect life4 ,fur!r1 ! ,mesozoic plants produc$ 9 "s places b$s ( coal comp>able 9 value & ?ickness to ^? ( ! old coal =mation4 ,( ?is k9d are ! coal b$s ( ,brora 9 ,su!rl&%ire1 ^? ( ,ri*mond 9 ,virg9ia1 & ,deep ,riv] 9 ,n4 ,c>ol9a1 ^? ( ,vanc\v]'s ,isl&1 & a l>ge "p ( ^? ( ,*9a4 ,to ! same age h be5 ref]r$ "s at lea/ ( ! coal b$s ( ,au/ralia & ,india4 ,s important are ^! b$s 9 ,*9a1 t _h geology orig9at$ 9 t c\ntry1 ! ,mesozoic might h be5 our age ( coal4 ,if ! =e/s ( ! ,mesozoic pres5t a great advance ov] ^? ( ! ,palozoic1 s d ! animals ( ! l&1 :i* n[ embrace all ! great types ( v]tebrate life4 ,"s ( ^! creatures h left /range evid5ce ( _! exi/5ce 9 _! footpr9ts on ! s& & clay1 n[ cem5t$ into b$s ( h>d rock excavat$ by ! qu>ryman4 ,if we _h l&$ on "s wide muddy ,mesozoic %ore1 we might h f\nd x m>k$ 9 all directions ) animal footpr9ts4 ,"s ( ^! are %ap$ mu* l a human h&4 ,! creature t made ?is m>k 0 a gigantic successor ( ! crocodilian newts or labyr9?odonts ( ! ,c>bonif]\s1 & ?is type seems to h atta9$ its maximum 9 ?is p]iod1 :]e "o species1 ,labyr9?odon giganteus1 _h great tee? ?ree or f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 & pres5t+ 9 _! cross section ! mo/ complicat$ fold+s ( enamel imag9able4 ,b we may see on ! %ores /ill m rem>kable footpr9ts4 ,!y indicate bip$ & ?ree-to$ animals ( gigantic size1 ) a /ride p]haps six feet 9 l5g?4 ,7 !y enorm\s birds8 ,if s1 ! birds ( ?is age mu/ h be5 giants :i* w\ld dw>f ev5 our o/ri*es4 ,b z we walk along ! %ore we see _m o!r impressions1 "s ( !m mu* small] & diff]5t 9 =m4 ,"s1 aga91 v simil> 9 o!r respects1 h f\r toes2 &1 m wond]ful /ill1 9 trac+ up "s ( ! tracks1 we f9d t "h & !re ! creature has put d[n on ! gr\nd a sort ( f\r-f+]$ h&1 :ile "s ( ^! animals seem to h trail$ long tails beh9d !m4 ,:at 7 ^! port5t\s creatures--bird1 bea/1 or reptile8 ,! answ] has be5 giv5 to u by _! bones1 z /udi$ by ,yon ,mey] & ,ow51 & m rec5tly by ,huxley & ,cope4 ,we ?us h br\ght be=e u ! ,d9osaurs--! t]rible ,saurians--( ! ,mesozoic age1 ! noble/ ( ! ,tann9im ( old4 ,^! creatures con/itute num]\s g5]a & species1 "s ( gigantic size1 o!rs comp>atively small2--"s h>mless br[s]s on plants1 o!rs t]rible r5d]s ( liv+ fle%2 b all rem>kable = pres5t+ a high] type ( reptile organization !n any n[ exi/+1 & approa*+ 9 "s respects to ! birds & 9 o!rs to ! mammalia4 ,let u take "o example ( ea* ( ! pr9cipal gr\ps4 ,& fir/ m>*es be=e u ! ,iguanodon or 8 relation ,hadrosaurus--a gigantic bip$1 tw5ty feet or m 9 height1 ) enorm\s legs %ap$ l ^? ( an o/ri*1 b ( elephant9e ?ickness4 ,x /rides along1 n by leaps l a kang>oo1 b ) sl[ & /ately tread1 occasionally re/+1 & support+ itself on ! tripod =m$ by its h9d limbs & a huge tail1 l ! inv]t$ trunk ( a tree4 ,! upp] "p ( its body becomes small & sl5d]1 & its head1 ( dim9utive size & mild aspect1 is furni%$ ) tee? = mun*+ ! leaves & fruits ( trees1 :i* x c easily rea* ) its small =e-limbs1 or h&s1 z x walks ?r\gh ! woods4 ,! outw>d appe>ance ( ^! creatures we d n c]ta9ly "k4 ,x is n likely t !y _h bony plates l crocodiles1 b !y may h %one respl5d5t 9 horny scale arm\r ( v>i$ hues4 ,b ano!r & m dreadful =m rises be=e u4 ,x is ,megalosaurus or p]haps ,llaps4 ,"h we h a creature ( equally gigantic size & bip$ habits2 b x is mu* m agile1 & runs ) great swiftness or advances by huge leaps1 & its feet & h&s are arm$ ) /rong curv$ claws2 :ile its m\? has a =midable armature ( %>p-edg$ & po9t$ tee?4 ,x is a type ( a gr\p ( bip$ bird-l liz>ds1 ! mo/ t]rible & =midable ( rapaci\s animals t ! e>? has ev] se54 ,"s ( ^! creatures1 9 _! %ort deep jaws & heads1 resembl$ ! great c>nivor\s mammals ( mod]n times1 :ile all 9 ! /ructure ( _! limbs _h a /range & grotesque resemblance to ! birds4 ,ne>ly all naturali/s reg>d !m z reptiles2 b 9 _! circulation & respiration !y mu/ h approa*$ to ! mammalia1 & _! g5]al habit ( body recalls t ( ! kang>oos4 ,!y 7 no d\bt ovip>\s2 & ?is1 ) _! bip$ habit1 seems to expla9 ! /rong resemblance ( _! h9d qu>t]s to ^? ( birds4 ,_h we se5 ! eagle-claw$ ,llaps ru%+ on 8 prey2 ?r[+ 8 huge bulk p]haps ?irty feet ?r\gh ! air1 & cru%+ to ! e>? "u 8 gigantic talons "s feebl] ,hadrosaur1 we %\ld h %udd]+ly pref]r$ ! companion%ip ( mod]n wolves & tig]s to t ( ^? savage & gigantic mon/]s ( ! ,mesozoic4 ,we mu/ n leave ! great l&-liz>ds ( ! reptilian age1 )\t "s notice ( t ,golia? ( ! race :i*1 by a s+ul> misnom]1 has receiv$ ! appellation ( ,ceteosaurus or ,:ale-,saurian4 ,x 0 fir/ introduc$ to naturali/s by ! discov]y ( a few enorm\s v]tebrae 9 ! ,engli% ,oolite2 & z ^! 9 size & =m seem$ be/ to fit an aquatic creature1 x 0 nam$ 9 accordance ) ?is view4 ,b subsequ5t discov]ies h %[n t1 incr$ible ?\gh ?is at fir/ appe>$1 ! animal _h limbs fitt$ = walk+ on ! l&4 ,pr(essor ,phillips has be5 mo/ successful 9 collect+ & re/or+ ! rema9s ( ,ceteosaurus1 & devotes to its hi/ory a long & int]e/+ section ( 8 ,geology ( ,ox=d4 ,! size ( ! animal may be e/imat$1 f ! fact t its ?igh-bone is sixty-f\r in*es long1 & ?ick 9 proportion4 ,f ?is & o!r fragm5ts ( ! skeleton1 we le>n t ?is huge mon/] mu/ h /ood t5 feet high :5 on all f\rs1 & t its l5g?1 c\ld n h be5 less !n fifty feet2 p]haps mu* m4 ,f a s+le too?1 :i* has be5 f\nd1 x seems to h be5 h]bivor\s2 & x 0 probably a sort ( reptilian ,hippopotamus1 liv+ on ! ri* h]bage by ! sides ( /reams & m>%es1 & p]haps sometimes tak+ to ! wat]1 :]e ! /rokes ( its p[]ful tail w\ld enable x to move m rapidly !n on ! l&4 ,9 /ructure1 x seems to h be5 a composite creature1 resembl+ 9 _m po9ts ! contempor>y ,d9osaurs2 b 9 o!rs1 approa*+ to ! crocodiles & ! liz>ds4 ,b ! wond]s ( ,mesozoic reptiles are n yet exhau/$4 ,:ile notic+ num]\s crocodiles & liz>d3 l creatures1 & sev]al k9ds ( tortoises1 we are />tl$ by :at seems a flight ( great bats1 :eel+ & scream+ ov]head1 p\nc+ on small] creatures ( _! own k9d1 z hawks seize sp>r[s & p>tridges1 & p]haps div+ into ! sea = fi%4 ,^! 7 ! ,pt]odactyles1 ! reptile bats ( ! ,mesozoic4 ,!y fly by means ( a membrane /ret*$ on a mon/r\sly enl>g$ little f+]1 :ile ! o!r f+]s ( ! =e limb are left free to be us$ z h&s or feet4 ,to move ^! w+s1 !y _h l>ge brea/-muscles l ^? ( birds4 ,9 _! g5]al /ructure1 !y 7 liz>ds1 b no d\bt ( f> high] organization !n any animals ( ?is ord] n[ liv+2 & 9 accordance ) ?is1 ! int]ior ( _! skull %[s t !y mu/ h _h a bra9 comp>able ) t ( birds1 :i*1 !y rivall$ 9 en]gy & intellig5ce4 ,"s ( !m 7 l>g] !n ! l>ge/ mod]n birds ( prey1 o!rs 7 l pigeons & snipes 9 size4 ,specim5s 9 ! ,cambridge ,museum indicate "o species tw5ty feet 9 ! expanse ( its w+s4 ,cope has rec5tly describ$ an equally gigantic species f ! ,mesozoic ( ,we/]n ,am]ica1 & fragm5ts ( mu* l>g] species are said to exi/4,,ae ,imag9e su* a creature1 a fly+ dragon1 ) va/ sk9ny w+s1 its body1 p]haps1 cov]$ ) scales1 bo? w+s & feet arm$ ) /rong claws1 & ) long jaws furni%$ ) %>p tee?4 ,no?+ c be conceiv$ m /range & frightful4 ,"s ( !m _h ! h9d limbs long1 l wad+ birds4 ,"s _h %ort1 legs1 adapt$ p]haps = p]*+4 ,!y c\ld probably fold up _! w+s1 & walk on all f\rs4 ,_! skeleton1 l t ( birds1 0 v light1 yet /rong2 & ! holl[ bones h pores1 :i* %[ t1 z 9 birds1 air c\ld be introduc$ into !m f ! lungs4 ,?is proves a circulation resembl+ t ( birds1 & w>m blood4 ,inde$1 9 _m respects1 ^! creatures bridge ov] ! space betwe5 ! birds & ! reptiles4 ,t !y liv$1 says ,seeley1 exclusively ^u l& or 9 ! air is improbable1 consid]+ ! circum/ances "u :i* _! rema9s are f\nd4 ,x is likely t !y haunt$ ! sea-%ores2 & :ile sometimes r[+ !mselves ov] ! wat] ) _! p[]ful w+s1 us$ ! w+ membrane1 z does ! bat1 to encloses ! prey & br+ x to ! m\?4 ,! l>ge ,pt]odactyles probably pursu$ a m sub/antial prey !n dragon-flies4 ,_! tee? 7 well suit$ = fi%2 b probably f[l & small mammal1 & ev5 fruits1 made a v>iety 9 _! food4 ,z ! "l ( ! cliff1 x may be suppos$ to h tak5 toll ( all animals t c\ld be conqu]$ ) too? & nail4 ,f its bra91 x might be reg>d$ z an intellig5t animal4 ,! jaws pres5t indications ( hav+ be5 %ea!d ) a horny cov]+1 & "s species %[ a rugose ant]ior t]m9ation ( ! sn\t1 sugge/ive ( fle%y lips l ^? ( ! bat1 & :i* may h be5 simil>ly us$ to /ret* & clean ! w+-membrane4 ,,ae ,seeley3 ,orni?osauria4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 p]*$ on ! trees1 we see true birds4 ,at lea/ !y h beaks1 & are clo!d ) fea!rs4 ,b !y h v /range w+s1 ! fea!rs all second>ies1 )\t any l>ge quills1 & sev]al f+]s ) claws at ! angle ( ! w+1 s t ?\gh less useful z w+s1 !y s]v$ ! d\ble purpose ( w+ & h&4 ,m /range /ill1 ! tail 0 long & flexible1 l t ( a liz>d1 ) ! fea!rs arrang$ 9 r[s along its sides4 ,if ! liz>ds ( ?is /range & unc]ta9 "t _h w+s l bats1 ! birds _h tails & h&s l liz>ds4 ,?is 0 9 %ort ! special age ( reptiles1 :5 animals ( t class usurp$ ! p[]s :i* rightfully belong$ to creatures yet 9 _! nonage1 ! true birds & mammals ( our mod]n days1 :ile ! birds 7 compell$ to assume "s reptilian traits4 ,yet1 /range to say1 repres5tatives ( ! high] creatures de/9$ to inh]it ! e>? at a lat] date actually exi/$4 ,t[>d ! close ( ! ,mesozoic we f9d birds approa*+ to ^? ( our own day1 & almo/ at ! beg9n+ ( ! "t !re 7 small mammals1 rema9s ( :i* are f\nd bo? 9 ! e>li] & lat] =mations ( ! ,mesozoic1 b :i* nev] seem to h ?riv52 at lea/ s f> z ! introduction ( l>ge & important species is conc]n$4 ,trav]s+ ! ,mesozoic woods1 we might see "h & !re little hairy creatures1 :i* w\ld /rike a naturali/ z allies ( ! mod]n b&icoots1 kang>oo rats1 & myrmecobius ( ,au/ralia2 & clos] /udy w\ld confirm ?is impression1 ?\gh %[+ diff]5ces ( detail4 ,9 _! tee?1 _! size1 & g5]al =m1 & probably 9 _! p\*$ or m>supial reproduction1 ^! animals 7 e>ly repres5tatives ( ! small] quadrup$s ( ! ,au/ral cont95t1 creatures :i* are n only small b ( l[ organisation 9 _! class4 ,"o ( ^! mammals1 kn[n to u only by its tee?1 & well nam$ ,microle/es1 ! little ?ief sneaks into exi/5ce1 s to speak1 9 ! ,trias ( ,europe1 :ile ano!r v simil>1 ,droma!rium1 appe>s 9 rocks ( simil> age 9 ,am]ica2 & ?is is ! small beg9n+ ( ! great class ,mammalia1 de/9$ 9 its quadrup$al =ms to culm9ate 9 ! elephants & _! contempor>ies 9 ! ,t]ti>y p]iod4 ,:o t saw !m trodd5 "u foot lay ! reptile ari/ocracy ( ! ,mesozoic c\ld h div9$ _! de/9y8 ,b1 not)/&+ ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ! weake/ does n always g to ! wall4 ,! weak ?+s ( ?is _w are (t5 *os5 to conf\nd ^? t are mighty2 & ! little quadrup$s ( ! ,mesozoic are an allegory4 ,!y may typify ! true1 ! good1 & ! hopeful1 mildly & humbly ass]t+ !mselves 9 ! _w t n[ is1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! dragon mon/]s ( pride & viol5ce1 :i* 9 ! days to come !y w ov]?r[4 ,physically ! ,mesozoic has pass$ away1 b /ill exi/s morally 9 an age ( evil reptiles1 ^: end is z c]ta9 z t ( ! great ,d9osaurs ( ! old _w4 ,! ,mesozoic mammals are among ! mo/ int]e/+ fossils kn[n to u4 ,9 a rec5t memoir by ,pr(essor ,ow51 ?irty-?ree species are indicat$--all1 or ne>ly all1 ,m>supial--all small--all closely alli$ to mod]n ,au/ralian animals2 "s h]bivor\s1 "s probably c>nivor\s4 ,ow5 in=ms u t ^! animals are n m]ely m>supials1 b m>supials ( l[ grade1 a po9t 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ,huxley diff]s some:at 9 op9ion4 ,!y are at lea/ n l[] !n "s t /ill exi/1 & n s l[ z ^? l[e/ ( mammals 9 ,mod]n ,au/ralia1 ! duck-bill$ platypus & ! e*idna4 ,ow5 fur!r supposes t !y 7 possibly ! fir/ mammals1 & n only ! pr$ecessors b ! prog5itors ( ! mod]n m>supials4 ,if s1 we h ! s+ul> fact t !y n only did n improve ?r\gh\t ! va/ ,mesozoic "t1 b t !y h be5 9 ! progress ( subsequ5t geological ages expell$ out ( ! great ea/]n cont95t1 &1 ) ! exception ( ! ,am]ican opossums1 bani%$1 l convicts1 to ,au/ralia4 ,yet1 not)/&+ _! multipli$ travels & long exp]i5ces1 !y h made little advance4 ,x ?us seems t ! ,mesozoic mammals 71 f ! evolutioni/ po9t ( view1 a decid$ failure1 & ! "w ( introduc+ mammals _h to be done ov] aga9 9 ! ,t]ti>y2 & !n1 z we %all f9d1 9 a v diff]5t way4 ,if no?+ m1 h[ev]1 ! ,mesozoic mammals 7 a mute prophecy ( a bett] "t1 a prote/ t ! age ( reptiles 0 an imp]fect age1 & t bett] ?+s 7 9 /ore = ! _w4 ,moses seems to h be5 m hopeful ( !m !n ,ow5 or ev5 ,huxley w\ld h be54 ,he says t ,god creat$ ! great ,tann9im1 ! ,d9osaurs & _! allies1 b only made ! mammals ( ! foll[+ creative day2 s t :5 ,microle/es & 8 companions quietly & unnotic$ pres5t$ !mselves 9 ! ,mesozoic1 !y w\ld appe> 9 "s way to h obviat$1 9 ! case ( ! t]ti>y mammals1 ! necessity ( a repetition ( ! great] int]v5tion impli$ 9 ! ^w create4 ,h[ t 0 effect$ none ( u "k2 b1 p]haps1 we may "k h]eaft]4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,mesozoic ,,ages 7cont9u$74 ,! wat]s ( ! ,mesozoic p]iod pres5t features q z rem>kable z ! l&4 ,9 our survey ( _! teem+ multitudes1 we inde$ sc>cely "k :]e to beg9 or :i!r to turn4 ,let u look fir/ at ! high] or m noble inhabitants ( ! wat]s4 ,& "h1 j z 9 ! case ( ! great] animals ( ! l&1 ! ,mesozoic 0 emphatically an age ( reptiles4 ,9 ! mod]n _w ! highe/ animals ! sea are mammals1 & ^! belong to ?ree great & some:at div]se gr\ps4 ,! fir/ is t ( ! seals & _! allies1 ! walruses1 sea-lions1 etc4 ,! second is t ( ! :ales & dolph9s & porpoises4 ,! ?ird is t ( ! manatees1 or dugongs4 ,all ^! creatures brea! air1 & br+ =? _! "y alive1 & n\ri% !m ) milk4 ,yet !y all live habitually or con/antly 9 ! wat]4 ,betwe5 ^! aquatic mammals & ! fi%es1 we h "s aquatic reptiles z ! turtles1 & a few sea-snakes & sea-liz>ds1 & crocodiles2 b ! numb] ( ^! is comp>atively small1 & 9 ! m temp]ate latitudes !re are sc>cely any ( !m4 ,all ?is 0 diff]5t 9 ! ,mesozoic4 ,9 s f> z we "k1 !re 7 no repres5tatives ( ! seals & :ales & _! allies1 b !re 7 va/ numb]s ( m>9e reptiles1 & _m ( ^! ( gigantic size4 ,brita9 at pres5t does n possess "o l>ge reptile1 & no m>9e reptile :atev]4 ,9 ! ,mesozoic1 9 addition to ! great ,d9osaurs & ,pt]odactyls ( ! l&1 x _h at lea/ fifty or sixty species ( aquatic reptiles1 besides _m turtles4 ,"s ( ^! 7 comp>able 9 size ) our mod]n :ales1 & arm$ ) trem5d\s p[]s ( de/ruction4 ,am]ica is n relatively ri* 9 rema9s ( ,mesozoic ,saurians1 yet :ile ! exi/+ fauna ( ! temp]ate p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica is ne>ly de/itute ( aquatic reptiles1 ) ! exception ( ! turtles1 x c boa/1 accord+ to ,cope's li/s1 ab\t fifty ,mesozoic species1 _m ( !m ( gigantic size1 & ! numb] ( kn[n species is increas+ e ye> ,:5 x is tak5 9 connection ) ^! /ati/ics1 t :ile we "k all ! mod]n species1 we "k b a small p]c5tage ( ! fossils1 ! discrepancy becomes /ill m />tl+4 ,fur!r1 f ! numb] ( specim5s & fragm5ts f\nd1 x is obvi\s t ^! great aquatic saurians 7 by no means r>e2 & t "s ( ! species at lea/ mu/ h be5 v abundant4 ,c\ld we h tak5 our po/ on ! ,mesozoic %ore1 or sail$ ov] its wat]s1 we %\ld h f\nd ourselves 9 ! mid/ ( sw>ms ( ^! /range1 (t5 hide\s1 & always grotesque creatures4 ,let u consid] = a little "s ( ! m conspicu\s =ms1 ref]r+ to our illu/ration = _! portraits4 ,e text-book figures ! well-kn[n types ( ! g5]a ,i*?yosaurus & ,plesiosaurus2 we ne$ sc>cely1 !re=e1 dwell on !m1 except to /ate t ! catalogues ( ,briti% fossils include elev5 species ( ! =m] g5us & eighte5 ( ! latt]1 ,we may1 h[ev]1 notice "s ( ! less famili> po9ts ( comp>ison ( ! two g5]a4 ,bo? 7 aquatic1 & probably m>9e4 ,bo? swam by means ( paddles2 bo? 7 c>nivor\s1 & probably f$ pr9cipally ^u fi%es2 bo? 7 prop] reptiles1 & brea!d air1 & _h l>ge & capaci\s lungs4 ,yet ) ^! po9ts 9 common1 no two animals c\ld h be5 m diff]5t 9 detail4 ,! ,i*?yosaurus _h an enorm\s head1 ) p[]ful jaws1 furni%$ ) num]\s & /rong tee?4 ,its great eyes1 /r5g!n$ by a circle ( bony plates1 exce$$ 9 dim5sions1 & probably 9 p[] ( vision "u wat]1 ^? ( any o!r animal1 rec5t or fossil4 ,its neck 0 %ort1 its trunk massive1 ) paddles or swimm+ limbs ( comp>atively small size1 & a long tail1 probably furni%$ ) a caudal f9 or paddle = propulsion ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,! ,plesiosaur1 on ! o!r h&1 _h a small & delicate head1 ) sl5d] tee? & small eyes4 ,its neck1 ( great l5g? & ) num]\s jo9ts1 resembl$ ! body ( a s]p5t4 ,its trunk1 %ort1 compact1 & inflexible1 0 furni%$ ) l>ge & /rong paddles1 & its tail 0 too %ort to be ( any s]vice except = /e]+4 ,comp>$ ) ! ,i*?yosaur1 x 0 :at ! giraffe is to ! rh9oc]os1 or ! swan to ! porpoise4 ,two fi%]m5 s v>i\sly & diff]5tly fitt$ = _! "w x w\ld be difficult to imag9e4 ,b ^! diff]5ces 7 obvi\sly relat$ to correspond+ diff]5ces 9 food & habit4 ,! ,i*?yosaur 0 fitt$ to /ruggle ) ! waves ( ! /ormy sea1 to roll !re9 l mod]n :ales & grampuses1 to seize & dev\r great fi%es1 & to dive = !m into ! dep?s2 & its great arm\r-plat$ eyes mu/ h be5 well adapt$ = vision 9 ! deep] wat]s4 ,! ,plesiosaur1 on ! contr>y1 0 fitt$ = comp>atively /ill & %all[ wat]s2 swimm+ ne> ! surface ) its graceful neck curv+ al(t1 x c\ld d>t at ! small] fi%es on ! surface1 or /ret* its long neck d[nw>d 9 se>* ( ^? ne> ! bottom4 ,! ,i*?yosaurs roll$ l porpoises 9 ! surf ( ! ,liassic coral reefs & ! waves beyond2 ! ,plesiosaurs c>e]$ gracefully 9 ! quiet wat]s )94 ,bo? _h _! beg9n+ at ! same "t 9 ! e>li] ,mesozoic1 & bo? f\nd a common & f9al grave 9 its lat] s$im5ts4 ,"s ( ! species 7 ( v mod]ate size1 b !re 7 ,i*?yosaurs tw5ty five feet long1 & ,plesiosaurs at lea/ eighte5 feet 9 l5g?4 ,ano!r /range & mon/r\s gr\p ( creatures1 ! ,elasmosaurs & _! allies1 comb9$ ! long neck ( ,plesiosaurs ) ! swimm+ tail ( ,i*?yosaurs1 ! latt] enorm\sly elongat$1 s t ^! ,creatures 7 sometimes fifty feet 9 l5g?1 & :ale-l 9 ! dim5sions ( _! bodies4 ,x is curi\s t ^! composite creatures belong to a lat] p]iod ( ! ,mesozoic !n ! typical ,i*?yosaurs & ,plesiosaurs1 z if ! *>act]s at "o "t sep>at$ 9 ^! g5]a _h unit$ 9 _! successors4 ,"o ( ! relatives ( ! ,plesiosaurs1 ! ,pliosaur1 ( :i* g5us sev]al species ( great size are kn[n p]haps realiz$ 9 ! highe/ degree possible ! idea ( a huge m>9e pr$ace\s reptile4 ,! head 9 "s ( ! species 0 eight feet 9 l5g?1 arm$ ) conical tee? a foot long4 ,! neck 0 n only long1 b massive & p[]ful1 ! paddles1 f\r 9 numb]1 7 six or sev5 feet 9 l5g? & mu/ h urg$ ! va/ bulk ( ! animal1 p]haps =ty feet 9 ext5t1 ?r\gh ! wat] ) prodigi\s spe$4 ,! capaci\s *e/ & great ribs %[ a p[]ful he>t & lungs4 ,imag9e su* a creature rais+ its huge head twelve feet or m out ( wat]1 & ru%+ aft] its prey1 impell$ ) p]haps ! mo/ p[]ful o>s ev] possess$ by any animal4 ,we may be ?ankful t su* mon/]s1 m t]rible !n ev5 ! fabl$ sea-s]p5t1 are unkn[n 9 our days4 ,buckl&1 ,i ?9k1 at "o "t indulg$ 9 ! jeu d'esprit ( suppos+ an ,i*?yosaur lectur+ on ! human skull4 ,y w at once p]ceive1 said ! lectur]1 t ! skull be=e u belong$ to "o ( ! l[] ord]s ( animals4 ,! tee? are v insignificant1 ! p[] ( ! jaws trifl+1 & altoge!r x seems wond]ful h[ ! creature c\ld h procur$ food4 ,we _c retort on ! ,i*?yosaur & 8 contempor>ies1 = we c see t !y 7 admirably fitt$ = ! "w !y _h 9 h&2 b we c see t _h man be5 s un=tunate z to h liv$ 9 _! days1 he might h be5 any?+ b ! "l ( creation4 ,b !re 7 sea-s]p5ts z well z o!r mon/]s 9 ! ,mesozoic seas4 ,_m ye>s ago ! ,l[] ,cretace\s b$s ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,m\nt1 ne> ,mae/ri*t1 af=d$ a skull ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 ( massive proportions1 & furni%$ ) /rong conical tee?1 to :i* ! "n ,mosasaurus ,camp]i 0 giv54 ,! skull & o!r p>ts ( ! skeleton f\nd ) x1 7 held to indicate a l>ge aquatic reptile1 b its precise position 9 its class 0 long a subject ( dispute4 ,faujas held x to be a crocodile2 ,camp]1 ,cuvi]1 & ,ow5 reg>d$ x z a gigantic liz>d4 ,m rec5tly1 additional specim5s1 especially ^? f\nd 9 ! ,cretace\s =mations ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 h ?r[n new light ^u its /ructure1 & h %[n x to pres5t a s+ul> comb9ation ( ! "* ( s]p5ts1 liz>ds1 & ( ! great sea saurians already ref]r$ to4 ,"s p>ts ( ! head & ! articulation ( ! jaws1 9 important po9ts resemble ^? ( s]p5ts1 :ile 9 o!r respects ! head is t ( a gigantic liz>d4 ,! body & tail are greatly l5g!n$ out1 hav+ m !n a hundr$ v]tebral jo9ts1 & 9 "o ( ! l>g] species atta9+ ! l5g? ( eighty feet4 ,! trunk itself is mu* elongat$1 & ) ribs l ^? ( a snake4 ,!re are no walk+ feet1 b a pair ( f9s or paddles l ^? ( ,i*?yosaurus4 ,cope1 :o has describ$ ^! great creatures z !y occur 9 ! ,cretace\s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?us sket*es ! ,mosasaur3 ,x 0 a long & sl5d] reptile1 ) a pair ( p[]ful paddles 9 front1 a mod]ately long neck1 & flat po9t$ head4 ,! v long tail 0 flat & deep1 l t ( a great eel1 =m+ a p[]ful propell]4 ,! ar*es ( ! v]tebral column 7 m ext5sively int]lock$ !n 9 any o!r reptiles except ! snakes4 ,9 ! relat$ g5us ,clida/es ?is /ructure is z fully develop$ z 9 ! s]p5ts1 s t we c picture to ourselves its well-kn[n consequ5ces2 _! rapid progress ?r\gh ! wat] by lat]al undulations1 _! li! motions on ! l&1 ! rapid /roke1 ! ready coil1 or ! elevation ( ! head & v]tebral column1 lit]ally a liv+ pill>1 t[]+ above ! waves or ! ?ickets ( ! %ore swamps4 ,z 9 s]p5ts1 ! m\? 0 wide 9 its gape1 & ! l[] jaw capable ( a c]ta9 sep>ation f ! skull to admit ( swall[+ l>ge prey4 ,besides ?is ! l[] jaw _h an additional peculi>ity1 se5 9 "s snakes1 namely1 a jo9t 9 ! middle ( ! jaw enabl+ its sides to exp&1 s t ! food might be swall[$ betwe5 ! bran*es ( ! jaw4 ,p]haps no creatures m fully realize 9 _! enorm\s l5g? & t]rible p[]s ! great ,tann9im 7! /ret*$-out or ext5d$ reptiles7 ( ! fif? day ( ! ,mosaic record1 !n ! ,mosasaurus & ,elasmosaurus4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,cope %[$ me1 a few ye>s ago1 a ne>ly complete skeleton ( ,elasmosaurus1 :i* = want ( space he _h /ret*$ on a gall]y along two sides ( a l>ge room1 ,i c\ld n help sugge/+ to him t ! "n ( ! creature %\ld be ,te9osaurus,,af in/ead ( t :i* he _h giv54 ,m>% has rec5tly asc]ta9$ t ! ,mosasaurs 7 cov]$ 9 "p at lea/ ) bony scales4 ,,af ,heb4 ,tanan2 ,gr4 ,te9o1 ,tanuo2 ,sansc4 ,tanu2 ,lat4 ,t5do4--,ges4 ,lex4 ,illu/ration3 ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,mesozoic ,,p]iod4 ,aquatic ,reptiles & ,cephalopods4 ,reptiles4--,plesiosaur & ,o/eopygis1 ,i*?yosaur1 ,teliosaur1 ,plesiosaur1 ,elasmosaur1 ,mosasaur 79 ord] ( ! heads f left to "r74--,cephalopods4--,ammonite1 ,crioc]as1 ,belemnites1 ,baculites1 & ,ammonites 79 ord] f left to "r74 ,! ,reptiles aft] ,hawk9s & ,cope's ,re/orations4 ,^! animals may s]ve z specim5s ( ! reptilian giants ( ! ,mesozoic seas2 b be=e leav+ !m we mu/ at lea/ invite att5tion to ! rem>kable fact t !y 7 contempor>y ) species :i* repres5t ! m common aquatic reptiles ( ! mod]n _w4 ,9 o!r words1 ! mon/]s :i* we h describ$ exi/$ ov] & above a f> m abundant population ( crocodiles & turtles !n ! mod]n wat]s c boa/4 ,! crocodiles 7 repres5t$ bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica by num]\s & l>ge species1 mo/ ( !m ) long sn\ts l ! mod]n ,gavials1 a few ) broad heads l ^? ( ! alligators4 ,! turtles aga9 pres5t$ n only _m species1 b mo/ ( ! aquatic subdivisions ( ! gr\p kn[n 9 mod]n times1 z = in/ance ! ,emydes or ord9>y fre%-wat] =ms1 ! snapp+ turtles1 & ! s(t-%ell$ turtles4 ,cope says t ! ,cretace\s ( ,new ,j]sey alone af=ds tw5ty species1 "o ( !m a snapp+ turtle six feet 9 l5g?4 ,ow5 records above a doz5 l>ge species f ! ,upp] ,mesozoic ( ,engl&1 & dates ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! turtles 9 ,engl& ab\t ! "t ( ! ,portl& /one1 or 9 ! upp] half ( ! ,mesozoic2 b footpr9ts suppos$ to be ^? ( turtles are f\nd z f> back z ! ,trias4 ,p]haps no type ( mod]n reptiles is m curi\sly specializ$ !n ^! animals1 yet we ?us f9d !m contemporane\s ) _m g5]aliz$ types1 & ent]+ into exi/5ce p]haps z soon z !y4 ,! turtles did n culm9ate 9 ! ,mesozoic1 b g on to be repres5t$ by m num]\s & l>g] species 9 ! ,t]ti>y & ,mod]n4 ,9 ! case ( ! crocodiles1 :ile !y atta9$ p]haps a maximum t[>d ! end ( ! ,mesozoic1 x 0 9 a peculi> =m4 ,! crocodiles ( ?is old "t _h v]tebrae ) a holl[ at ea* end l ! fi%es1 or ) a projection 9 ! front4 ,at ! end ( ! ,mesozoic ?is 0 *ang$1 & !y assum$ a bett]-knit back1 ) jo9ts hav+ a ball beh9d & a socket 9 front4 ,9 ! ,cretace\s age1 species hav+ ^! two k9ds ( backbone 7 contemporane\s4 ,p]haps ?is improvem5t 9 ! crocodilian back _h some?+ to d ) ! p]si/5ce ( ?is type aft] s _m o!rs ( ! sea-liz>ds ( ! ,mesozoic _h pass$ away4 ,( ! fi%es ( ! ,mesozoic we ne$ only say t !y 7 v abundant1 & consi/$ ( %>ks & ganoids ( v>i\s types1 until ne> ! close ( ! p]iod1 :5 ! ord9>y horny-scal$ fi%es1 su* z ab\nd 9 our pres5t seas1 appe> to h be5 introduc$4 ,"o curi\s po9t ( diff]5ce is t ! unequally lob$ tail ( ! ,palozoic fi%es is dropp$ 9 ! case ( ! great] "p ( ! ganoids1 & replac$ by ! squ>ely-cut tail preval5t 9 mod]n times4 ,9 ! sub-k+dom ( ! ,mollusca _m important revolutions occurr$4 ,among ! lamp-%ells a little ,lepta5a1 no bigg] !n a pea1 is ! la/ & depaup]at$ repres5tative ( a great ,palozoic family4 ,ano!r1 t ( ! ,spirif]s1 /ill %[s a few species 9 ! ,l[] ,mesozoic4 ,o!rs1 l ,rhyn*onella1 & ,t]ebratula1 cont9ue ?r\gh ! p]iod1 & ext5d into ! ,mod]n4 ,pass+ ov] ! ord9>y bivalves & sea-snails1 :i* 9 ! ma9 con=m to ^? ( our own "t1 we f9d p]haps ! mo/ wond]ful *anges among ! relatives ( ! cuttle-fi%es & ,nautili4 ,z f> back z ! ,silurian we f9d ! giant ,or?oc]atites contempor>y ) ,nautili1 v l ^? ( ! pres5t ocean4 ,) ! close ( ! ,palozoic1 h[ev]1 ! ,or?oc]atites & _! allies disappe>1 :ile ! ,nautili cont9ue1 & are re9=c$ by multitudes ( new =ms ( spiral *amb]$ %ells1 "s ( !m m wond]ful & beautiful !n any ( ^? :i* ei!r prec$$ or foll[$ !m4 ,supreme among ^! is ! great gr\p ( ! ,ammonites1--beautifully spiral %ells1 ?9 & pe>ly l ! ,nautilus1 & *amb]$ l x1 s z to s]ve z a float1 b f> m elaborately con/ruct$1 inasmu* z ! *amb]s 7 n simply curv$1 b crimp$ & convolut$1 s z to give ! out] wall mu* m effectual support4 ,?is out] wall1 too1 0 work$ into ornam5tal ribs & b&s1 :i* n only gave x exquisite beauty1 b contribut$ to comb9e /r5g? to resi/ pressure ) ! lightness necess>y to a float4 ,9 "s ( ^! po9ts x is true ! ,gyroc]as & ,goniatites ( ! ,palozoic p>tially anticipat$ !m1 b mu* less p]fectly4 ,! animals :i* inhabit$ ^! %ells mu/ h be5 simil> to t ( ,nautilus1 b some:at diff]5t 9 ! proportion ( p>ts4 ,!y mu/ h _h ! same p[] ( ris+ & s9k+ 9 ! wat]1 b ! me*anical con/ruction ( _! %ells 0 s mu* m p]fect relatively to ?is end1 t !y 7 probably m active & locomotive !n ! ,nautili4 ,!y mu/ h sw>m$ 9 ! ,mesozoic seas1 "s b$s ( lime/one & %ale be+ fill$ ) !m2 & z _m z eight hundr$ species ( ?is family are believ$ to be kn[n1 includ+1 h[ev]1 su* =ms z ! ,baculites or /raight ,ammonites1 be>+ to !m p]haps a relation simil> to t ( ,or?oc]as to ,nautilus4 ,fur!r1 "s ( ! ,ammonites are ( gigantic size1 "o species be+ ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 :ile o!rs are v m9ute4 ,! :ole family ( ,ammonitids1 :i* beg9s to be 9 =ce 9 ! ,trias1 disappe>s at ! end ( ! ,mesozoic1 s t ?is may be call$ ! special age ( ,ammonites z well z ( reptiles4 ,fur!r1 ?is "t 0 likewise di/+ui%$ by ! introduction ( true cuttle-fi%es1 ! mo/ rem>kable ( :i* 7 ^? furni%$ ) ! int]nal supports or bones1 kn[n z ,belemnites1 f a fanci$ resemblance to javel9s or ?und]-bolts1 a comp>ison at lea/ z baseless z t (t5 made 9 ,engl& ( ! ,ammonites to fossil snakes4 ,! %ell ( ! ,belemnite is a mo/ curi\s /ructure4 ,its usual g5]al %ape is a po9t$ cyl9d] or elongat$ cone4 ,at top x has a deep cavity = ! reception ( c]ta9 ( ! visc]a ( ! animal4 ,bel[ ?is is a conical s]ies ( *amb]s1 ! ,phragmacone2 & ! l[] half ( ! %ell is compos$ ( a solid %elly mass or gu>d1 :i*1 9 its /ructure ( radiat+ fibres & conc5tric lay]s1 resembles a /alactite1 or a petrifi$ piece ( exog5\s wood4 ,?is /ructure 0 an int]nal %ell or support l ^? ( ! mod]n cuttle-fi%es2 b x is difficult to acc\nt = its peculi>ities1 s mu* m complex !n 9 any exi/+ species4 ,! mo/ rational supposition seems to be t x 0 int5d$ to s]ve ! triple purpose ( a support1 a float1 & a s9k]4 ,unlike ! %ell ( a ,nautilus1 if ?r[n into ! wat] x w\ld no d\bt h1 sunk1 & ) ! po9t$ end fir/4 ,consequ5tly1 x 0 n a float simply1 b a float & s9k] comb9$1 & its effect mu/ h be5 to keep ! animal at ! bottom1 ) its head upw>d4 ,! ,belemnite 0 !re=e an exceptional cuttle-fi%1 int5d$ to /& erect on ! sea-bottom & probably to d>t upw>d 9 se>* ( its prey2 = ! suck]s & hooks ) :i* its arms 7 furni%$ %[ t1 l o!r cuttle-fi%es1 x 0 c>nivor\s & pr$ace\s4 ,! gu>d may h be5 less pond]\s :5 rec5t !n 9 ! fossil specim5s1 & 9 "s species x 0 ( small size or sl5d]1 & 9 o!rs x 0 holl[4 ,possibly1 also1 ! s(t tissues ( ! animal 7 n d5se1 & x may h _h swimm+ f9s at ! sides4 ,9 any case !y mu/ h be5 active creatures1 & no d\bt c\ld d>t backw>d by expell+ wat] f _! gill *amb]1 :ile we "k t !y _h ink-bags1 provid$ ) t wond]fully divid$ pigm5t1 inimitable by art1 ) :i* ! mod]n ,sepia d>k5s ! wat] to %elt] itself f its enemies4 ,! ,belemnites mu/ h sw>m$ 9 ! ,mesozoic seas2 & z squids & cuttles n[ af=d *oice morsels to ! l>g] fi%es1 s did ! ,belemnites 9 _! day4 ,!re is evid5ce t ev5 ! great sea-liz>ds did n disda9 to fe$ on !m4 ,we c imag9e a great %oal ( ^! creatures d>t+ up & d[n1 seiz+ ) _! t5 hook$ arms _! f9ny or cru/acean prey4 ,9 an in/ant a great fi% or saurian d>ts d[n among !m2 !y black5 ! wat] ) a ?ick cl\d ( inky secretion & disp]se on all sides1 :ile _! enemy1 bl9dly seiz+ a few m\?fuls1 returns sull5ly to ! surface4 ,a great numb] ( species ( ,belemnites & alli$ animals h be5 describ$2 b x is probable t 9 nam+ !m too little reg>d has be5 paid to di/9ctions ( age & sex4 ,! ,belemnites 7 = ! mo/ "p small creatures2 b !re is evid5ce t !re exi/$ ) !m "s l>g] & m =midable cuttles2 & x is wor?y ( note t1 9 sev]al ( ^!1 ! arms1 z 9 ! ,belemnites1 7 furni%$ ) hooks z well z suck]s1 an exceptional arrangem5t 9 _! mod]n allies4 ,x is probable t :ile ! f\r-gill$ or %ell-be>+ cuttles culm9at$ 9 size & p]fection 9 ! ,ammonitids ( ! ,mesozoic1 ! mod]n cuttles ( ! two-gill$ & %ell-less type are gr&] 9 dim5sions !n _! ,mesozoic pr$ecessors4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n a little s+ul> t a gr\p s peculi> & app>5tly s well provid$ ) means1 bo? ( (f5ce & def5ce1 z ! ,belemnites1 %\ld come 9 & g out ) ! ,mesozoic1 & t ! ,nautiloid gr\p1 aft] atta9+ to ! magnitude & complexity ( ! great ,ammonites1 %\ld retreat to a few species ( dim9utive & simply-con/ruct$ ,nautili2 & 9 do+ s %\ld return to "o ( ! old types dat+ z f> back z ! old] ,palozoic1 & cont9u+ un*ang$ ?r\gh all ! int]v5+ "t4 ,! ,cru/aceans ( ! ,mesozoic _h lo/ all ! antique peculi>ities ( ! old] "t1 & _h s mu* ( ! aspect ( ^? ( ! pres5t day1 t an ord9>y obs]v]1 if he c\ld be %[n a quantity ( ,jurassic or ,cretace\s crabs1 lob/]s1 & %rimps1 w\ld n readily recognise ! diff]5ce1 :i* did n exce$ :at occurs 9 di/ant geographical regions 9 ! pres5t day4 ,! same rem>k may be made z to ! corals ( ! ,mesozoic2 & ) "s limitations1 z to ! />-fi%es & sea-ur*9s1 :i* latt] are especially num]\s & v>i$ 9 ! ,cretace\s age4 ,9 %ort1 all ! inv]tebrate =ms ( life1 & ! fi%es & reptiles among ! v]tebrates1 _h already atta9$ _! maximum elevation 9 ! ,mesozoic2 & "s ( !m h subsequ5tly sunk consid]ably 9 absolute z well z relative importance4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! ,mesozoic1 z indicat$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 !re _h be5 sev]al great depressions & re-elevations ( ! ,cont95tal ,areas4 ,b ^! _h be5 ( ! same quiet & p>tial "* ) ^? ( ! ,palozoic1 & x 0 n until ! close ( ! ,mesozoic "t1 9 ! ,cretace\s age1 t a great & exceptional subsid5ce involv$ = a long p]iod ! areas ( our pres5t cont95ts 9 a subm]g5ce wid] & deep] !n any t _h previ\sly occurr$ s9ce ! dry l& fir/ rose out ( ! wat]s4 ,e "o kn[s ! great *alk b$s :i* appe> 9 ! s\? ( ,engl&1 & :i* h giv5 its "n to ! late/ age ( ! ,mesozoic4 ,?is great deposit ( light-col\r$ & usually s(t calc>e\s matt] atta9s 9 "s places to ! enorm\s ?ickness ( #a1jjj feet4 ,nor is x limit$ 9 ext5t4 ,accord+ to ,lyell1 its ,european di/ribution is f ,irel& to ! ,crimea1 a di/ance ( #a1adj geographical miles2 & f ! s\? ( ,france to ,sw$51 a di/ance ( #hdj geographical miles4 ,simil> rocks1 ?\gh n 9 all cases ( ! precise nature ( *alk1 occur ext5sively 9 ,asia & 9 ,africa1 & also 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,b :at is *alk8 ,x 01 ?\gh "o ( ! mo/ famili>1 "o ( ! mo/ inscrutable ( rocks1 until ! microscope reveal$ its /ructure4 ,! s(t] v>ieties1 g5tly grat$ or knead$ d[n 9 wat]1 or ! h>d] v>ieties cut 9 ?9 slices1 %[ a cong]ies ( microscopic *amb]$ %ells belong+ to ! humble & simple gr\p ( ,protozoa4 ,^! %ells & _! fragm5ts con/itute ! mat]ial ( ! ord9>y *alk4 ,) ^! are num]\s spicules ( sponges & silici\s cell-walls ( ! m9ute "o-cell$ plants call$ ,diatoms4 ,fur!r1 ! fl9ty matt] ( ^! organisms has by ! law ( molecul> attraction be5 collect$ into concretions1 :i* are ! fl9ts ( ! *alk4 ,su* a rock is necess>ily oceanic2 b m !n ?is1 x is abyssal4 ,labori\s dr$g+ has %[n t simil> matt] is n[ be+ =m$ only 9 ! deep b$ ( ! ocean1 :i!r no s& or mud is drift$ f ! l&1 & :]e ! c\ntless ho/s ( microscopic %ell-be>+ protozoa cont9ually drop _! little skeletons on ! bottom1 sl[ly accumulat+ a *alky mud or slime4 t su* a rock %\ld occur ov] va/ areas ( ! cont95tal plateaus1 t bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica x %\ld be f\nd to cov] ! tops ( hills sev]al ?\s& feet high1 & t its ?ickness %\ld am\nt to sev]al hundr$s ( feet1 are facts :i* evid5ce a revolution m /up5d\s p]haps !n t at ! close ( ! ,palozoic4 ,= ! fir/ "t s9ce ! ,laur5tian1 ! great cont95tal plateaus *ang$ places ) ! abysses ( ! ocean1 & ! successors ( ! ,laur5tian ,eozoon aga9 reign$ on surfaces :i* ?r\gh ! :ole lapse ( ,palozoic & ,mesozoic "t _h be5 sep>at$ m or less f t deep ocean out ( :i* !y rose at fir/4 ,?is great ,cretace\s subsid5ce 0 diff]5t f ! di/urbances ( ! ,p]mian age4 ,!re 0 at fir/ no crumpl+ ( ! cru/1 b m]ely a sl[ & long-cont9u$ s9k+ ( ! l& areas1 foll[$1 h[ev]1 by crumpl+ ( ! mo/ /up5d\s "*1 :i* l$ at ! close ( ! ,cretace\s & 9 ! e>li] ,t]ti>y to ! =mation ( :at are n[ ! greate/ m\nta9 *a9s 9 ! _w4 ,z examples may be m5tion$ ! ,himalaya1 ! ,&es1 & ! ,alps1 on all :i* ! deep-sea b$s ( ! ,cretace\s are se5 at great elevations4 ,9 ,europe ?is depression 0 almo/ univ]sal1 only v limit$ areas rema9+ out ( wat]4 ,9 ,am]ica a l>ge tract rema9$ above wat] 9 ! region ( ! ,appala*ians4 ,?is gives u "s clue to ! ph5om5a4 ,! great ,p]mian collapse l$ to ! crumpl+-up ( ! ,appala*ians & ! ,urals1 & ! old] hills ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,! ,cretace\s collapse l$ to ! crumpl+ ( ! great ,n4,w4 & ,s4,e4 *a9 ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ,&es1 & to t ( ! ea/ & we/ *a9s ( ! s\? ( ,asia & ,europe4 ,! cause 0 probably 9 bo? cases ! same2 b ! cru/ gave way 9 a diff]5t "p1 & ow+ to ?is !re 0 a great] am\nt ( subm]g5ce ( our famili> cont95tal plateaus 9 ! ,cretace\s !n 9 ! ,p]mian4 ,ano!r rem>kable indication ( ! nature ( ! ,cretace\s subsid5ce1 is ! occurr5ce ( b$s fill$ ) gra9s ( ! m9]al ,glauconite or gre5-s&4 ,^! gra9s are n prop]ly s&1 b little concretions1 :i* =m 9 ! bottom ( ! deep sea1 (t5 fill+ & tak+ ca/s ( ! int]ior & f9e tubes ( ,=am9if]al %ells4 ,n[ ?is ,glauconite1 a hydr\s silicate ( iron & pota%1 is ak9 to simil> mat]ials f\nd fill+ ! pores ( fossils 9 ,silurian b$s4 ,x is also ak9 to ! ,s]p5t9e fill+ ! pores ( ,eozoon 9 ! ,laur5tian4 ,su* mat]ials are =m$ only 9 ! deep] p>ts ( ! ocean1 & app>5tly mo/ abundantly :]e curr5ts ( w>m wat] are fl[+ at ! surface1 z 9 ! area ( ! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,?us1 n only 9 ! preval5ce ( ,=am9if]a1 b 9 ! =mation ( hydr\s silicates1 does ! ,cretace\s recall ! ,laur5tian4 ,su* mat]ials _h no d\bt be5 =m+1 & su* animals liv+ 9 ! ocean dep?s1 all ?r\gh ! int]v5+ ages1 b ) ! exception ( a few & m]ely local in/ances1 we "k no?+ ( !m1 till ! great subsid5ce & re-elevation ( ! ,cretace\s aga9 all[s !m to asc5d to ! cont95tal plateaus1 & aga9 introduces u to ?is bran* ( ! _w-mak+ process4 ,! att5tion rec5tly drawn to ^! facts by ! rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,c>p5t] & o!rs1 & especially ! simil>ity 9 m9]al "* & organic rema9s ( "s ( ! deposits n[ =m+ 9 ! ,atlantic & ^? ( ! *alk1 h caus$ x to be affirm$ t 9 ! b$ ( ! ,atlantic ^! conditions ( life & deposit h cont9u$ f ! ,cretace\s up to ! pres5t "t1 or z x has be5 express$1 t we are /ill liv+ 9 ! ,cretace\s epo*4 ,n[1 ?is is true or false j z we apply ! /atem5t4 ,we h se5 t ! di/9ction betwe5 abyssal areas1 cont95tal oceanic plateaus1 & l& surfaces has ext5d$ ?r\gh ! :ole lapse ( geological "t4 ,9 ?is broad s5se we may be said to be /ill liv+ 9 ! ,laur5tian epo*4 ,9 o!r words1 ! :ole plan ( ! e>?'s developm5t is "o & ! same1 & ea* class ( g5]al condition once introduc$ is p]man5t some:]e4 ,b 9 ano!r important s5se we are n liv+ 9 ! ,cretace\s epo*2 o!rwise ! pres5t site ( ,london w\ld be a ?\s& fa?oms deep 9 ! ocean2 ! ,i*?yosaurs & ,ammonites w\ld be disport+ !mselves 9 ! wat]1 & ! huge ,d9osaurs & /range ,pt]odactyls liv+ on ! l&4 ,! ,italian peasant is /ill 9 _m important po9ts liv+ 9 ! p]iod ( ! old ,roman ,empire4 ,! ,arab ( ! des]t rema9s 9 ! ,patri>*al p]iod1 & !re are "s tribes n yet beyond ! primitive age ( /one4 ,b ! _w moves1 nev]!less1 & ! era ( ,victoria is n t ( ! ,plantag5ets or ( ,julius ,cs>4 ,s :ile we may admit t c]ta9 ( ! conditions ( ! ,cretace\s seas /ill prevail 9 ! b$ ( ! pres5t ocean1 we mu/ ma9ta9 t ne>ly all else is *ang$1 & t ! v exi/5ce ( ! p>tial simil>ity is ( itself ! mo/ conclusive pro( ( ! g5]al want ( resemblance1 & ( ! ?or\gh "* ( ! *anges :i* h occurr$4 ,! duration ( ! ,cretace\s subsid5ce mu/ h be5 v great4 ,we d n "k ! rate at :i* ! ,=am9if]a accumulate calc>e\s mud4 ,9 "s places1 :]e curr5ts heap up _! %ells1 !y may be ga!r$ rapidly2 b on ! av]age ( ! ocean b$1 afoot ( su* mat]ial mu/ indicate ! lapse ( ages v long :5 comp>$ ) ^? ( mod]n hi/ory4 ,we ne$ n wond]1 !re=e1 t :ile "s =ms ( deep-sea ,cretace\s life1 especially ( ! l[] grades1 seem to h cont9u$ to our "t1 ! inhabitants ( ! %all[ wat]s & ! l& h p]i%$2 & t ! ,neozoic or ,t]ti>y p]iod introduces u to a new _w ( liv+ be+s4 ,i say we ne$ n wond]2 yet !re is no reason :y we %\ld expect ?is z a necess>y consequ5ce4 ,z ! ,cretace\s deluge rose ov] ! cont95ts ( ! ,mesozoic1 ! great sea saurians might h foll[$4 ,^? ( ! l& might h retreat$ to ! tracts /ill rema9+ out ( wat]1 & :5 ! dry l& aga9 appe>$ 9 ! e>li] ,t]ti>y1 !y might aga9 h repl5i%$ ! e>?1 & we might ?us h truly be5 liv+ 9 ! ,reptilian age up to ?is day4 ,b x 0 n s4 ,! old _w aga9 p]i%$1 & ! dawn ( ! ,t]ti>y %[s to u at once ! dyna/ies ( ! ,mammalian age1 :i* 0 to culm9ate 9 ! introduction ( man4 ,) ! great ,cretace\s subsid5ce ! curta9 falls ^u ! age ( reptiles1 & :5 x rises aga91 aft] ! va/ int]val occupi$ 9 ! deposition ( ! gre5-s& & *alk1 ! sc5e has entirely *ang$4 ,!re are new m\nta9s & new pla9s1 =e/s ( diff]5t type1 & animals su* z no previ\s age _h se54 ,h[ /range & inexplicable is ?is p]i%+ ( types 9 ! geological ages6 ,"s we c\ld well sp>e4 ,we w\ld n wi% to h our coa/s infe/$ by t]rible sea saurians1 or our =e/s by c>nivor\s ,d9osaurs4 ,yet :y %\ld ^! tyrants ( creation s utt]ly disappe> )\t wait+ = u to make w> on !m8 ,o!r types we m\rn4 ,h[ glori\s w\ld ! hundr$s ( species ( ,ammonites h %one 9 ! cases ( our museums1 _h !y /ill liv$6 ,:at images ( beauty w\ld !y h af=d$ to ! poets :o h made s mu* ( ! comp>atively humble ,nautilus6 ,h[ p]fectly1 too1 7 !y furni%$ ) all ^? me*anical appliances = _! ocean life1 :i* are be/[$ only ) a nigg>dly h& on _! successors6 ,nature gives u no explanation ( ! my/]y4 ,f sc>p$ cliff & qu>ri$ /one1 ,%e cries--',a ?\s& types are gone4' ,b :y or h[ "o 0 tak5 & ano!r left %e is sil5t1 & ,i believe mu/ cont9ue to be s1 because ! causes1 :e!r effici5t or f9al1 are beyond h] sph]e4 ,if we wi% = a full explanation1 we mu/ leave ,nature1 & asc5d to ! high] doma9 ( ! ,spiritual4 ,,cond5s$ ,,tabul> ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,ages ,,& ,,p]iods ,,( ,,! ,,mesozoic4 ,key to ,symbols ,duration ( ,ammonites & ,belemnites4 ,ages ( ,cycads & ,p9es4 --- ,beg9n+ ( ,age ( ,angiosp]m\s ,exog5s4 ,& ,god creat$ great reptiles1 & e liv+ mov+ ?+ :i* ! wat]s br\ght =? abundantly1 & e fly+ creature aft] its k9d4 ,"t4 ,ages4 ,p]iods4 ,animals & ,plants4 ,,mesozoic4 ,cretace\s ,new]4,mae/ri*t b$s2 ,fox ,hill - & ,pi]re ,gr\ps ( - ,we/]n ,am]ica2 ,gre5s& - ( ,new ,j]sey4 - - ,middle4,*alk2 ,b5ton & ,dakota ,close ( - ,gr\ps ( ,we/]n ,am]ica4 ,reptilian - ,ages4 - ,old]4,l[] ,gre5s& & ,gault2 - ,l[] ,clays ( ,new ,j]sey & ,alabama4 ,upp] ,n4 ,purbeck ,b$s4 ,jurassic ,culm9ation ,jurassic ,m4 ,portl& ,lime/one4 ,b$s ( ( ,o4 ,portl& ,s&/one4 ,nebraska ,reptilian & ,ages4 ,middle ,n4 ,kimm]idge ,clay1 etc4,colorado4 ,jurassic ,m4 ,corall9e ,lime/one4 ,o4 ,calc>e\s ,grit ,ox=d ,clay4 ,l[] ,n4 ,cornbra% ,=e/ ,l[] ,jurassic ,m>ble4 ,jurassic ,m4 ,great ,inf]ior ( ,oolites41 etc4 ,utah1 ,o4 ,lias ,clay & ,nevada1 ,lime/one4 etc4 ,n4 ,keup] ,upp] ,triassic ,appe>ance ( ,s&/one1 ,s&/ones ( ,mammals etc4 ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,i41 & ,m4 ,mus*elkalk4,connecticut1 etc4 ,birds4 ,triassic ,o4 ,bunt] ,l[] ,triassic ,beg9n+ ( ,s&/one4 ,s&/ones ( ,reptilian ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,i41 ,ages4 ,connecticut1 etc4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,neozoic ,,ages4 ,betwe5 ! ,mesozoic & ! next succe$+ "t :i* may be kn[n z ! ,neozoic or ,t]ti>y1,,ag !re is 9 ! arrangem5ts ( mo/ geologi/s a great break 9 ! succession ( life2 & und\bt$ly ! widespread & deep subsid5ce ( ! ,cretace\s1 foll[$ by ! elevation ( l& on a great scale at ! beg9n+ ( ! next p]iod1 is a physical cause suffici5t to acc\nt = va/ life *anges4 ,yet we mu/ n =get to consid] t ev5 9 ! ,cretace\s itself !re 7 new features beg9n+ to appe>4 ,let u note 9 ?is way1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! introduction ( ! famili> g5]ic =ms ( exog5\s trees4 ,next we may m5tion ! decid$ preval5ce ( ! mod]n types ( coral animals & ( a great numb] ( mod]n g5]ic =ms ( mollusks4 ,!n we h ! e/abli%m5t ( ! mod]n tribes ( lob/]s & crabs1 & ! appe>ance ( ne>ly all ! ord]s ( insects4 ,among v]tebrates1 ! ord9>y fi%es are n[ introduc$4 ,mod]n ord]s ( reptiles1 z ! crocodiles & *elonians1 _h already appe>$1 & ! fir/ mammals4 ,h5ce=? ! progress ( organic nature lies *iefly 9 ! dropp+ ( _m ,mesozoic =ms & 9 ! introduction ( ! high] tribes ( mammals & ( man4 ,,ag ,! =m] "n is relat$ to ,palozoic & ,mesozoic1 ! latt] to ! old] t]ms ,prim>y & ,second>y4 ,= ! sake ( euphony we %all use bo?4 ,! t]m ,neozoic 0 propos$ by ,edw>d ,=bes = ! ,mesozoic & ,ca9ozoic comb9$2 b ,i use x "h z a m euphoni\s & accurate t]m = ! ,ca9ozoic alone4 ,x is fur!r to be obs]v$ t ! new ?+s introduc$ 9 ! lat] ,mesozoic came 9 little by little 9 ! progress ( ! p]iod1 & anticipat$ ! great physical *anges occurr+ at its close4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :ile _m family & ev5 g5]ic types pass ov] f ! ,mesozoic to ! e>li] ,t]ti>y1 v few species d s4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 z if *anges ( species 7 m /rictly subord9ate to physical revolutions !n 7 *anges ( g5]a & ord]s--^! la/ ov]rid+ "u diff]5t specific =ms _m m9or vicissitudes1 & only 9 "p be+ ov]:elm$ 9 ! gr&] revolutions ( ! e>?4 ,bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica !re is evid5ce ( great *anges ( level at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,t]ti>y4 ,9 ! we/ ( ,europe b$s (t5 ( %all[-wat] or ev5 fre%-wat] orig9 fill ! holl[s 9 ! b5t ,cretace\s /rata4 ,?is is manife/ly ! case ) ! =mations ( ! ,london & ,p>is bas9s1 contemporane\s b deta*$ deposits ( ! ,t]ti>y age1 ly+ 9 depressions ( ! *alk4 ,/ill ?is does n imply mu* want ( con=mity1 & accord+ to ! be/ explor]s ( ^? ,alp9e regions 9 :i* bo? ! ,mesozoic & ,t]ti>y b$s h be5 ?r[n up to great elevations1 !y are 9 ! ma9 con=mable to "o ano!r4 ,some?+ ( ! same k9d occurs 9 ,am]ica4 ,on ! ,atlantic coa/ ! m>9e b$s ( ! ,old] ,t]ti>y cov] ! ,cretace\s1 & little elevation seems to h occurr$ ,f>!r we/ ! elevation increases1 & 9 ! upp] "p ( ! valley ( ! ,mississippi x am\nts to #agjj feet4 ,/ill f>!r we/1 9 ! region ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 !re is evid5ce ( elevation to ! ext5t ( z mu* z #gjjj feet4 ,?r\gh\t all ^! regions sc>cely any di/urbance ( ! old ,cretace\s sea-bottom seems to h occurr$ until aft] ! deposition ( ! old] ,t]ti>y1 s t !re 0 fir/ a sl[ & g5]al elevation ( ! ,cretace\s ocean bottom1 succe$$ by gigantic folds & fractures1 & ext5sive extravasations ( ! b[els ( ! e>? 9 molt5 rocks1 9 ! c\rse ( ! succe$+ ,t]ti>y age4 ,^! great physical *anges inaugurat$ ! new & high] life ( ! ,t]ti>y1 j z ! simil> *anges 9 ! ,p]mian did t ( ! ,mesozoic4 ,! beg9n+ ( ^! movem5ts consi/$ ( a great & gradual elevation ( ! nor!rn p>ts ( bo? ! ,old & ,new ,cont95ts out ( ! sea1 :]eby a mu* great] l& surface 0 produc$1 & su* *anges ( dep? & direction ( curr5ts 9 ! ocean z mu/ h v mu* modifi$ ! conditions ( m>9e life4 ,! effect ( all ^! *anges 9 ! aggregate 0 to cause a m v>i$ & v>iable climate1 & to conv]t va/ areas previ\sly t5ant$ by m>9e animals into ! abodes ( animals & plants ( ! l&1 & ( e/u>ies1 lakes1 & %all[ wat]s4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 v l>ge areas n[ cont95tal 7 "u ! sea4 ,z ! ,t]ti>y p]iod advanc$1 ^! latt] areas 7 elevat$1 & 9 _m cases 7 fold$ up into high m\nta9s4 ,?is produc$ fur!r *anges ( climate & habitat ( animals1 & f9ally br\ght our cont95ts into all ! v>iety ( surface :i* !y n[ pres5t1 & :i* fits !m s well = ! habitation ( ! high] animals & ( man4 ,! ?\ghtful read] w obs]ve t x foll[s f ! above /atem5ts t ! p>tial di/ribution & div]sity 9 diff]5t localities :i* apply to ! deposits ( su* ages z ! ,p]mian & ! ,trias apply also to ! e>li] ,t]ti>y2 & z ! cont95ts1 not)/&+ "s dips "u wat]1 h reta9$ _! pres5t =ms s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ,t]ti>y1 x foll[s t ^! b$s are m def9itely relat$ to exi/+ geographical conditions !n are ^? ( ! old] p]iods1 & t ! m ext5sive m>9e deposits ( ! ,t]ti>y are1 to a great ext5t1 unkn[n to u4 ,?is has naturally l$ to "s difficulty 9 ! classification ( ,neozoic deposits--^? ( "s ( ! ,t]ti>y ages be+ v pat*y & irregul>1 :ile o!rs spread v widely4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 to :om we owe v mu* ( our def9ite k ( ?is p]iod1 has propos$ a subdivision bas$ on ! p]c5tage ( rec5t & fossil animals4 ,9 o!r words1 he takes x = grant$ t a deposit :i* conta9s m num]\s species ( animals /ill liv+ !n ano!r1 may be judg$ on t acc\nt to be m rec5t4 ,su* a mode ( e/imation is1 no d\bt1 to "s ext5t arbitr>y2 b 9 ! ma91 :5 x c be te/$ by ! sup]position ( deposits1 x has prov$ itself reliable4 ,fur!r1 x br+s be=e u ?is rem>kable fact1 t :ile 9 ! old] p]iods all ! animals ^: rema9s we f9d are ext9ct z species1 s soon z we ent] on ! ,neozoic we f9d "s :i* /ill cont9ue to our "t--at fir/ only a v few1 b 9 lat] & lat] b$s 9 gradually increas+ p]c5tage1 till ! fossil & ext9ct :olly disappe> 9 ! rec5t & liv+4 ,! ,lyellian classification ( ! ,t]ti>y w !re=e /& z 9 ! foll[+ table1 be>+ 9 m9d t ! p]c5tage ( fossils is tak5 f m>9e =ms1 & ma9ly f mollusks1 & t ! sy/em has 9 "s cases be5 modifi$ by /ratigraphical evid5ce3-- ,po/-plioc5e1 includ+ t :i* imm$iately prec$es ! ,mod]n4 ,9 ?is ! %ells1 etc41 are rec5t1 ! ,mammalia 9 "p ext9ct4 ,plioc5e1 or m rec5t age4 ,9 ?is ! majority ( %ells f\nd are rec5t 9 ! ,t]ti>y1 or upp] b$s4 ,9 ! l[] b$s ! ext9ct ,neozoic ,"t4 become pr$om9ant4 ,mioc5e1 or less rec5t4 ,9 ?is ! l>ge majority ( %ells f\nd are ext9ct4 ,eoc5e1 ! dawn ( ! rec5t4 ,9 ?is only a few rec5t %ells occur4 ,if we attempt to divide ! ,t]ti>y "t into ages correspond+ to ^? ( ! old] times1 we are met by ! difficulty t z ! cont95ts h reta9$ _! pres5t =ms & *>act]s to a great ext5t ?r\gh\t ?is "t1 we fail to f9d ^? evid5ces ( long-cont9u$ subm]g5ces ( ! :ole cont95tal plateaus1 or v l>ge portions ( !m1 :i* we h f\nd s v valuable 9 ! ,palozoic & ,mesozoic4 ,9 ! ,eoc5e1 h[ev]1 we %all discov] "o v in/ructive case 9 ! great ,nummulitic ,lime/one4 ,9 ! ,mioc5e & ,plioc5e ! oscillations seem to h be5 slight & p>tial4 ,9 ! ,po/-plioc5e we h ! great subsid5ce ( ! glacial drift2 b t seems to h be5 a comp>atively rapid dip1 ?\gh ( long duration :5 measur$ by human hi/ory2 n all[+ "t = ! =mation ( great lime/ones1 b only ( fossilif]\s s&s & clays1 :i* require comp>atively %ort "t = _! deposition ,if !n we ask z to ! duration ( ! ,neozoic1 ,i answ] t we h n a def9ite measure ( its ages1 if x _h any2 & t x is possible t ! ,neozoic may h z yet _h b "o age1 :i* clos$ ) ! great drift p]iod1 & t we are n[ only 9 ! beg9n+ ( its second age4 ,"s geologi/s1 impress$ ) ?is comp>ative %ortness ( ! ,t]ti>y1 connect x ) ,mesozoic1 gr\p+ bo? toge!r4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is obvi\sly unnatural4 ,! ,mesozoic "t c]ta9ly t]m9at$ ) ! ,cretace\s1 & :at foll[s belongs to a di/9ct aeon4 ,b we mu/ n[ try to pa9t ! "* ( ?is new & peculi> "t2 & ?is may p]haps be be/ done 9 ! foll[+ sket*es3 #a4 ,! seas ( ! ,eoc5e4 #b4 ,mammals f ! ,eoc5e to ! ,mod]n4 #c4 ,t]ti>y floras4 #d4 ,! ,glacial p]iod4 #e4 ,! ,adv5t ( ,man4 ,! great elevation ( ! cont95ts :i* clos$ ! ,cretace\s 0 foll[$ by a p>tial & unequal subsid5ce1 affect+ pr9cipally ! m s\!rn p>ts ( ! l& ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,?us1 a wide sea area /ret*$ across all ! s\? ( ,europe & ,asia1 & sep>at$ ! nor!rn "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica f :at ( l& exi/$ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,?is is ! age ( ! great ,nummulitic ,lime/ones ( ,europe1 ,africa1 & ,asia1 & ! ,orbitoidal ,lime/ones ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! names are d]iv$ f ! preval5ce ( c]ta9 =ms ( ^? humble %ell-be>+ protozoa :i* we fir/ met ) 9 ! ,laur5tian1 & :i* we h f\nd to be in/rum5tal 9 build+ up ! *alk1 ! ,=am9if]a ( zoologi/s4 7,fig4 p4 #bdc47 ,b 9 ! ,eoc5e ! species ( ! *alk 7 replac$ by c]ta9 broad flat =ms1 ! appe>ance ( :i* is express$ by ! t]m nummulite1 or money-/one2 ! rock appe>+ to be made up ( fossils1 some:at resembl+ %ill+s1 sixp5ces1 or ?ree-p5ny pieces1 accord+ to ! size ( ! %ells1 ea* ( :i* includes a va/ numb] ( small conc5tric *amb]s1 :i* dur+ life 7 fill$ ) ! s(t jelly ( ! animal4 ,! nummulite lime/one 0 und\bt$ly oceanic1 & ! o!r %ells conta9$ 9 x are m>9e species4 ,aft] :at we h already se5 we d n ne$ ?is lime/one to conv9ce u ( ! cont95t-build+ p[]s ( ! oceanic protozoa2 b ! di/ribution ( ^! lime/ones1 & ! elevation :i* !y atta91 furni% ! mo/ /rik+ pro(s t we c imag9e ( ! *anges :i* ! e>?'s cru/ has und]gone 9 times geologically mod]n1 & also ( ! extreme newness ( man & 8 works4 ,l>ge portions ( ^? c\ntries :i* con/itute ! e>lie/ seats ( man 9 ,s\!rn ,europe1 ,nor!rn ,africa1 & ,we/]n & ,s\!rn ,asia1 are built ^u ! old nummulitic sea-bottom4 ,! ,egyptians & _m o!r anci5t nations qu>ri$ x = _! olde/ build+s4 ,9 "s ( ^! regions x atta9s a ?ickness ( sev]al ?\s& feet1 evid5c+ a lapse ( "t 9 its accumulation equal to t impli$ 9 ! *alk itself4 ,9 ! ,swiss ,alps x rea*es a height above ! sea ( #aj1jjj feet1 & x ent]s l>gely into ! /ructure ( ! ,c>pa?ians & ,pyr5ees4 ,9 ,?ibet x has be5 obs]v$ at an elevation ( #af1ejj feet above ! sea4 ,?us we le>n t at a "t no m geologically remote !n ! ,eoc5e ,t]ti>y1 l&s n[ ( ?is great elevation 7 9 ! bottom ( ! deep sea2 & ?is n m]ely = a little "t1 b dur+ a "t suffici5t = ! sl[ accumulation ( hundr$s ( feet ( rock1 made up ( ! %ells ( successive g5]ations ( animals4 ,if geology pres5t$ to u no o!r revelation !n ?is "o fact1 x w\ld alone con/itute "o ( ! mo/ /up5d\s pictures 9 physical geography :i* c\ld be pres5t$ to ! imag9ation4 ,i beg leave "h to pres5t to ! read] a little illu/ration ( ! lime/one-mak+ ,=am9if]a ( ! ,cretace\s & ,eoc5e seas4 ,9 ! middle above is a nummulite ( ! natural size4 ,bel[ is ano!r1 slic$ to %[ its int]nal *amb]s4 ,at "o side is a magnifi$ section ( ! common build+ /one ( ,p>is1 ! miliol9e lime/one ( ! ,eoc5e1 s call$ f its imm5se abundance ( microscopic %ells ( ! g5us ,miliol9a4 ,at ! o!r side is a magnifi$ section ( "o ( ! h>d] v>ieties ( *alk1 gr\nd s ?9 z to become transp>5t1,,ah & m\nt$ 9 ,canada balsam4 ,x %[s _m microscopic *amb]$ %ells ( ,=am9if]a4 ,^! may s]ve z illu/rations ( ! functions ( ^! humble inhabitants ( ! sea z accumulators ( calc>e\s matt]4 ,x is fur!r int]e/+ to rem>k t "s ( ! b$s ( nummulitic lime/one are s completely fill$ ) ^! %ells1 t we might f deta*$ specim5s suppose t !y belong$ to sea-bottoms :]eon no o!r =m ( life 0 pres5t4 ,yet "s b$s ( ?is age are rem>kably ri* 9 o!r fossils4 ,lyell /ates t z _m z six hundr$ species ( %ells h be5 f\nd 9 ! pr9cipal lime/one ( ! ,p>is bas9 alone2 & ! l[] ,eoc5e b$s af=d rema9s ( fi%es1 ( reptiles1 ( birds1 & ( mammals4 ,among ! latt] are ! bones ( gigantic :ales1 ( :i* "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable is ! ,zeuglodon ( ,alabama1 a creature sometimes sev5ty feet 9 l5g?1 & :i* replaces 9 ! ,t]ti>y ! great ,elasmosaurs & ,i*?yosaurs ( ! ,mesozoic1 m>k+ ! adv5t1 ev5 9 ! sea1 ( ! age ( ,mammals z di/+ui%$ f ! age ( ,reptiles4 ,,ah ,z = in/ance t ( ! ,giant's ,causeway1 ,antrim4 ,illu/ration3 ,,=am9if]al ,,rock-,,build]s4 ,a4 ,nummulites lvigata--,eoc5e4 ,b4 ,! same1 %[+ *amb]$ int]ior4 ,c4 ,miliol9e lime/one1 magnifi$--,eoc5e1 ,p>is4 ,d4 ,h>d ,*alk1 section magnifi$--,cretace\s4 ,?is fact leads u naturally to consid] 9 ! second place ! mammalia1 & o!r l& animals ( ! ,t]ti>y4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod we meet ) t high] gr\p ( mammals1 n p\*$1 :i* n[ prevails4 ,among ! olde/ ( ^! ,t]ti>y bea/s are ,coryphodon1 an animal relat$ to ! ,mod]n ,tapirs1 & ,arctocyon1 a creature relat$ to ! be>s & racoons4 ,^! animals repres5t respectively ! ,pa*yd]ms1 or ?ick-sk9n$ mammals1 & ! ord9>y ,c>nivora4 ,contempor>y ) or %ortly succe$+ ^!1 7 species repres5t+ ! ,rod5ts1 or gnaw+ animals1 & _m o!r creatures ( ! gr\p ,pa*yd]mata1 alli$ to ! ,mod]n ,tapirs & ,hogs1 z well z sev]al additional c>nivor\s quadrup$s4 ,?us at ! v beg9n+ ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod we ent] on ! age ( mammals1 ,x may be well1 h[ev]1 to take ^! animals some:at 9 *ronological ord]4 ,if ! old ,egyptian1 by qu>ry+ ! nummulite lime/one1 bore unconsci\s te/imony to ! rec5t orig9 ( man 7^: rema9s are :olly abs5t f ! ,t]ti>y deposits71 s did ! anci5t ,britons & ,gauls1 :5 !y laid ! fir/ rude f\ndations ( future capitals on ! banks ( ! !mes & ( ! ,se9e4 ,bo? cities lie 9 bas9s ( ,eoc5e ,t]ti>y1 occupy+ holl[s 9 ! *alk4 ,"u ,london !re is pr9cipally a ?ick b$ ( clay1 ! ,london clay atta9+ a ?ickness ( five hundr$ feet4 ,?is b$ is obvi\sly m>9e1 conta9+ num]\s species ( sea %ells2 b x mu/ h be5 deposit$ ne> l&1 z x also holds _m fossil fruits & o!r rema9s ( plants to :i* we %all ref] 9 ! sequel1 & ! bones ( sev]al species ( l>ge animals4 ,among ^! ! old reptiles ( ! ,mesozoic are repres5t$ by ! v]tebrae ( a suppos$ sea snake 7,palophis7 ?irte5 feet long1 & species ( crocodile alli$ bo? to ! alligators & ! gavials4 ,b besides ^! !re are bones ( sev]al animals alli$ to ! hog & tapir1 & also a species ( opossum1 ,^! rema9s mu/ be drift c>cases f neighb\r+ %ores1 & !y %[ fir/ ! elevation ( ! old deep-sea bottom repres5t$ by ! *alk1 s t "p ( x became dry l&2 next1 ! peopl+ ( t l& by tribes ( animals & plants unkn[n to ! ,mesozoic2 & la/ly1 t a w>m climate mu/ h exi/$1 enabl+ ,engl& at ?is "t to support _m types ( animals & plants n[ prop] to int]tropical regions4 ,z ,lyell well rem>ks1 x is mo/ int]e/+ to obs]ve t ^! b$s belong to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,t]ti>y1 t !y are old] !n ^? great nummulite lime/ones to :i* we h ref]r$1 & t !y are old] !n ! pr9cipal m\nta9 *a9s ( ,europe & ,asia4 ,!y %[ t no soon] 0 ! ,cretace\s sea dri$ f (f ! new l&1 !n !re 7 abundance ( animals & plants ready to occupy x1 & ^! n ! survivors ( ! flora & fauna ( ! ,weald51 b a new creation4 ,! m5tion ( ! deposit la/ nam$ places ?is 9 a /rik+ light4 ,we h se5 t ! ,weald5 b$s1 "u ! *alk1 repres5t a ,mesozoic e/u>y1 & 9 x we h ! rema9s ( ! animals & plants ( ! l& t !n 04 ,! great ,cretace\s subsid5ce int]v5$1 & 9 ! ,london clay we h an e/u>y ( ! ,eoc5e4 ,b if we pass ?r\gh ! gall]ies ( a museum :]e ^! =mations are repres5t$1 ?\gh we "k t bo? exi/$ 9 ! same locality "u a w>m climate1 we see t !y belong to two diff]5t worlds1 ! "o to t ( ! ,d9osaurs1 ! ,ammonites1 ! ,cycads1 & ! m9ute ,m>supials ( ! ,mesozoic1 ! o!r to t ( ! ,pa*yd]ms1 ! ,palms1 & ! ,nautili ( ! ,t]ti>y4 ,! ,london clay is l[] ,eoc5e2 b 9 ! b$s ( ! ,isle ( ,wight & neighb\r+ p>ts ( ! ,s\? ( ,engl&1 we h ! middle & upp] memb]s ( ! s]ies4 ,!y are n1 h[ev]1 s l>gely develop$ z 9 ! ,p>is bas91 :]e1 re/+ on ! equival5t ( ! ,london clay1 we h a ?ick m>9e lime/one1 ! ,calcaire ,grossi]1 ab\nd+ 9 m>9e rema9s1 & 9 "s b$s compos$ ( %ells ( =am9if]a4 ,! sea 9 :i* ?is lime/one 0 deposit$1 a portion no d\bt ( ! great ,atlantic area ( ! p]iod1 became %all[1 s t b$s ( s& succe$$ ^? ( lime/one1 & f9ally x 0 dri$ up into lake bas9s1 9 :i* gypsum1 magnesian s$im5ts1 & silice\s lime/one 7 deposit$4 ,^! lakes or ponds mu/ at "s p]iod h resembl$ ! ,am]ican salt-licks1 & 7 no d\bt resort$ to by animals f all ! surr\nd+ c\ntry 9 se>* ( ! sal9e mud & wat] :i* !y af=d$4 ,h5ce 9 "s m>ly b$s int]v5+ betwe5 ! lay]s ( gypsum1 num]\s footpr9ts occur1 exactly l ^? already notic$ 9 ! ,trias4 ,_h !re be5 a ,nimrod 9 ^? days to wat* ) b[ or boom]ang by ! muddy %ore1 he w\ld h se5 h]ds ( heavy %ort-legg$ & ?ree-ho($ mon/]s 7,palo!rium71 ) l>ge heads & long sn\ts1 probably scantily cov]$ ) sleek hair1 & closely resembl+ ! ,mod]n ,tapirs ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ,india1 labori\sly wad+ ?r\gh ! mud1 & grunt+ ) indol5t delight z !y roll$ !mselves 9 ! cool sal9e slime4 ,o!rs m light & graceful1 comb9+ "s features ( ! antelope ) ^? ( ! ,tapir 7,anoplo!rium7 ran 9 h]ds ov] ! dri] ridges1 or sometimes timidly approa*$ ! trea*]\s clay1 tempt$ by ! sal9e wat]s4 ,o!r creatures repres5t+ ! ,mod]n ,damans or ,conies--feeble folk :i*1 ) ! aspect ( h>es1 h ! /ructure ( ,pa*yd]ms--7 also pres5t4 ,creatures ( ^! types con/itut$ ! great majority ( ! animals ( ! ,p>isian ,eoc5e lakes2 b !re 7 also ,c>nivor\s animals alli$ to ! hyna1 ! wolf1 & ! opossum1 :i* pr[l$ along ! %ores by night to seize unw>y w&]]s1 or to prey on ! c>cases ( animals mir$ 9 ! sl\ghs4 ,wad+ birds equal 9 size to ! o/ri* also /alk$ ?r\gh ! %all[s1 & tortoises crawl$ ov] ! mud4 ,lyell m5tions ! discov]y ( "s bones ( "o ( ^! gigantic birds 7,ga/ornis7 9 a b$ ( ! roll$ *alk fl9ts :i* =m ! base ( ! ,p>is s]ies1 re/+ imm$iately on ! *alk2 "o ( ! fir/ inhabitants p]haps to p "s isl& ( *alk j em]g$ f ! wat]s1 & "u :i* lay ! bones ( ! mighty ,d9osaurs1 & 9 :i* 7 emb$d$ ^? ( sea birds t _h rang$1 l ! albatross & petrel1 ov] ! wide expanse ( ! ,cretace\s ocean4 ,^! wad]s1 h[ev]1 l ! tortoises & crocodiles & small m>supial mammals1 =m a l9k ( connection 9 type at lea/ betwe5 ! ,eoc5e & ! ,cretace\s1 = bones ( wad+ birds h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,gre5s&s indicat+ _! exi/5ce be=e ! close ( ! ,mesozoic4 ,! rese>*es ( ,b>on ,cuvi] 9 ! bones collect$ 9 ! qu>ries ( ,montm>tre 7 reg>d$ z an a/oni%+ triumph ( comp>ative anatomy2 & famili> z we n[ are ) simil> & yet m difficult a*ievem5ts1 we c yet af=d to reg>d ) admiration ! "w ( ! great ,fr5* naturali/ z x is record$ 9 its collect$ =m 9 8 ,re*]*es sur les ,ossem5s ,fossiles1 publi%$ 9 #ahab4 ,8 cle> & philosophical views z to ! plan p]ceptible 9 nature1 8 admirable p[]s ( classification1 8 acute p]ception ( ! correlation ( p>ts 9 animals1 8 nice discrim9ation ( ! resemblances & diff]5ces ( fossil & rec5t /ructures1 & ( ! uses ( ^!1--all m>k him z "o ( ! greate/ m9ds ev] devot$ to ! /udy ( natural sci5ce4 ,x is obvi\s1 t _h 8 intellect be5 occupi$ by ! evolutioni/ metaphysics :i* pass = natural sci5ce ) too _m 9 our day1 he w\ld h effect$ comp>atively little2 & in/ead ( ! magnific5t museum 9 ! ,rgne ,animal & ! ,ossem5s ,fossiles1 we might h _h we>isome speculations on ! d]ivation ( species4 ,x is reason = pr(\nd ?ankfulness t x 0 n s2 & also t s _m great obs]v]s & ?9k]s ( our day1 l ,s$gwick1 ,mur*ison1 ,lyell1 ,ow51 ,dana1 & ,agassiz1 h be5 all[$ to "w out _! rese>*es almo/ to completion be=e ! adv5t ( ^? poison$ /reams & mephitic vap\rs :i* ?reat5 ! intellectual obscuration ( ^? :o %\ld be _! successors4 ,if we pass f ! ,eoc5e to ! ,mioc5e1 /ill conf9+ ourselves ma9ly to mammalian life1 we f9d ?ree rem>kable po9ts ( diff]5ce--7#a7 ,:]eas ! ,eoc5e mammals are rem>kable = adh]5ce to "o g5]al type1 viz41 t gr\p ( pa*yd]ms mo/ regul> & complete 9 its d5tition1 we n[ f9d a great numb] ( m specialis$ & peculi> =ms2 7#b7 ,we f9d 9 ! latt] p]iod a f> great] proportion ( l>ge c>nivor\s animals2 7#c7 ,we f9d mu* great] v>iety ( mammals !n ei!r 9 ! ,eoc5e or ! ,mod]n1 & a rem>kable abundance ( species ( gigantic size4 ,! ,mioc5e is ?us app>5tly ! culm9at+ age ( ! mammalia1 9 s f> z physical developm5t is conc]n$2 & ?is1 z we %all f9d1 accords ) its rem>kably g5ial climate & exub]ant vegetation4 ,9 ,europe1 ! b$s ( ?is age pres5t1 = ! fir/ "t1 examples ( ! monkeys1 repres5t$ by two g5]ic types1 bo? ( !m app>5tly relat$ to ! mod]n long-arm$ species1 or ,gibbons4 ,among c>nivor\s animals we h cat-l creatures1 "o ( :i* is ! t]rible ,ma*airodus1 di/+ui%$ f all mod]n animals ( its gr\p by ! long sabre-%ap$ can9es ( its upp] jaw1 fitt+ x to pull d[n & de/roy ^? l>ge pa*yd]ms :i* c\ld h easily %ak5 (f a lion or a tig]4 ,"h also we h ! elephants1 repres5t$ by sev]al species n[ ext9ct2 ! ma/odon1 a great1 co>sely-built1 hog-l elephant1 "s species ( :i* _h tusks bo? 9 ! upp] & l[] jaw2 ! rh9oc]os1 ! hippopotamus1 & ! horse1 all ( ext9ct species4 ,we h also giraffes1 /ags1 & antelopes1 ! fir/ rum9ants kn[n to u1 & a great v>iety ( small] & less notewor?y creatures4 ,"h also1 = ! fir/ "t1 we f9d ! curi\s & exceptional gr\p ( ,ed5tates1 repres5t$ by a l>ge ant-eat]4 ,( all ! animals ( ! ,european ,mioc5e1 ! mo/ wond]ful & unlike any mod]n bea/1 is ! ,d9o!rium1 f\nd 9 ! ,mioc5e ( ,epple%eim 9 ,g]many2 & describ$ by ,kaup4 ,"s d\bt re/s on ! =m & aff9ities ( ! animal2 b we may reasonably take x1 z re/or$ by its describ]1 & curr5tly reproduc$ 9 popul> books1 to h be5 a quadrup$ ( some:at elephant9e =m4 ,"s ye>s ago1 h[ev]1 a huge haun* bone1 suppos$ to belong to ?is creature1 0 discov]$ 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france2 & f ?is x 0 inf]r$ t ! ,d9o!re may h be5 a m>supial or p\*$ animal1 p]haps alli$ 9 =m & habits to ! kang>oos4 ,! skull is ?ree feet f\r in*es 9 l5g?2 & :5 provid$ ) its s(t p>ts1 includ+ a sn\t or trunk 9 front1 x mu/ h be5 at lea/ five or six feet long4 ,su* a head1 if x belong$ to a quadrup$ ( ord9>y proportions1 mu/ repres5t an animal z l>ge 9 proportion to our elephant z an elephant to an ox4 ,b its size is n its mo/ rem>kable feature4 ,x has two l>ge tusks firmly implant$ 9 /rong bony sockets2 b !y are atta*$ to ! end ( ! l[] jaw & po9t d[nw>d at "r angles to x1 s t ! l[] jaw =ms a sort ( d\ble-po9t$ pickaxe ( great size & /r5g?4 ,?is might h be5 us$ z a weapon2 or1 if ! creature 0 aquatic1 z a grappl+ iron to hold by ! bank1 or by float+ timb]2 b m probably x 0 a grubb+-hoe = digg+ up roots or loos5+ ! bases ( trees :i* ! animal might aft]w>d pull d[n to dev\r !m4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! creature lab\r$ "u ! me*anical disadvantage ( hav+ to lift an imm5se weight 9 ! process ( ma/ication1 & ( be+ unable to br+ its m\? to ! gr\nd1 or to bite or grasp any?+ ) ! front ( its jaws4 ,to make up = ?is1 x _h muscles ( enorm\s p[] on ! sides ( ! head atta*$ to great project+ processes2 & x _h a ?ick b flexible proboscis1 to place 9 its m\? ! food grubb$ up by its tusks4 ,tak5 altoge!r1 ! ,d9o!re is p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable ( mammals1 fossil or rec5t2 & if ! re/ ( its frame 7 z extraord9>y z its skull1 we h probably z yet b a fa9t conception ( its peculi>ities4 ,we may apply to x1 ) add$ =ce1 ! admir+ ejaculation ( ,job1 :5 he describes ! /r5g? ( ! hippopotamus1 ,he is ! *ief ( ! ways ( ,god4 ,he :o made him1 gave him 8 sword4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mioc5e ,,mammals ,,( ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,cont95t4 ,9 ! =egr\nd ,elephas1 ,ganesa1 ,hydraco!rium1 ,d9o!rium1 ,ma*airodus1 ,ma/odon longiro/ris4 ,9 ! middle di/ance1 ,apes1 two ,anoplo!res1 ,palo!rium1 ,xiphodon1 & ,siva!rium4 ,sequoias & ,fan ,palm 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,9 ,asia1 ! ,siwalik hills af=d$ to ,falcon] & ,cautley "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable exhibitions ( ,mioc5e animals 9 ! _w4 ,^! hills =m a ridge subord9ate to ! ,himalayan *a92 & rise to a height ( #b1jjj to #c1jjj feet4 ,9 ! ,mioc5e p]iod1 !y 7 s&y & pebbly %ores & banks ly+ at ! foot ( ! !n infant ,himalayas1 :i*1 ) ! table-l&s to ! nor?1 probably =m$ a some:at n>r[ ea/ & we/ cont95tal mass or l>ge isl&4 ,z a m]e example ( ! m>vell\s fauna :i* inhabit$ ?is ,mioc5e l&1 x has af=d$ rema9s ( sev5 species ( elephants1 ma/odons1 & alli$ animals2 "o ( !m1 ! ,e4 ,ganesa1 ) tusks t5 feet & a half long1 & tw5ty-six in*es 9 circumf]5ce at ! base4 ,besides ^! !re are five species ( rh9oc]os1 ?ree ( horse & alli$ animals1 f\r or m ( hippopotamus1 & species ( camel1 giraffe1 antelope1 %eep1 ox1 & _m o!r g5]a1 z well z num]\s l>ge & =midable bea/s ( prey4 ,!re is also an o/ri*2 &1 among o!r reptiles1 a tortoise hav+ a %ell twelve feet 9 l5g?1 & ?is huge ro( mu/ h cov]$ an animal eighte5 feet long & sev5 feet high4 ,among ! m rem>kable ( ! ,siwalik animals is ! ,siva!rium1 a gigantic f\r-horn$ antelope or de]1 suppos$ to h be5 ( elephant9e size1 & ( great p[] & swiftness2 & to h pres5t$ features connect+ ! rum9ants & pa*yd]ms4 ,our re/oration ( ?is creature is to "s ext5t conjectural2 & a rem>kably arti/ic1 & probably m accurate1 re/oration ( ! animal has rec5tly be5 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,murie1 9 ! ,geological ,magaz9e4 ,we ju/ly reg>d ! ,mammalian fauna ( mod]n ,india z "o ( ! noble/ 9 ! _w2 b x is paltry 9 comp>ison ) t ( ! mu* m limit$ ,mioc5e ,india2 ev5 if we suppose1 contr>y to all probability1 t we "k mo/ ( ! animals ( ! latt]4 ,b if we consid] ! likelihood t we d n yet "k a t5? ( ! ,mioc5e animals1 ! contra/ becomes va/ly great]4 ,mioc5e ,am]ica is sc>cely beh9d ! ,old ,_w 9 ! developm5t ( its l& animals4 ,f "o locality 9 ,nebraska1 ,leidy describ$ 9 #aheb fifte5 species ( l>ge quadrup$s2 & ! numb] has s9ce be5 consid]ably increas$4 ,among ^! are species ( ,rh9oc]os1 ,palo!rium1 & ,ma*airodus2 & "o animal1 ! ,titano!rium1 alli$ to ! ,european ,anoplo!re1 is said to h atta9$ a l5g? ( eighte5 feet & a height ( n9e1 its jaws alone be+ five feet long4 ,9 ! illu/ration1 ,i h gr\p$ "s ( ! *>act]i/ic ,mammalian =ms ( ! ,mioc5e1 z we c re/ore !m f _! scatt]$ bones1 m or less conjecturally2 b c\ld we h se5 !m m>* be=e u 9 all _! maje/y1 l ! ,ed5ic animals be=e ,adam1 ,i feel p]suad$ t our impressions ( ?is wond]ful age w\ld h f> exce$$ any?+ t we c d]ive ei!r f words or illu/rations4 ,i insi/ on ?is ! m t ! ,mioc5e happ5s to be v sl5d]ly repres5t$ 9 ,brita92 & sc>cely at all 9 nor?-ea/]n ,am]ica2 & h5ce has n impress$ ! imag9ation ( ! ,engli% race s /rongly z its importance ju/ifies4 ,! next succe$+ p]iod1 t ( ! ,plioc5e1 cont9ues ! conditions ( ! la/1 b ) signs ( decad5ce4 ,_m ( ! old gigantic pa*yd]ms h disappe>$2 & 9 _! /ead "s famili> mod]n g5]a 7 introduc$4 ,! ,plioc5e 0 t]m9at$ by ! cold or glacial p]iod1 9 :i* a rem>kable l[]+ ( temp]ature occurr$ ov] all ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 accompani$1 at lea/ 9 a portion ( ! "t1 by a v g5]al & great subsid5ce1 :i* laid all ! l[] p>ts ( our cont95ts "u wat]4 ,?is t]m9at$ mu* ( ! life ( ! ,plioc5e1 & replac$ x ) boreal & ,arctic =ms1 "s ( !m1 l ! great hairy ,sib]ian mammo? & ! woolly rh9oc]os1 fit successors ( ! gigantic ,mioc5e fauna4 ,h[ x happ5$ t su* creatures 7 cont9u$ dur+ ! ,po/-plioc5e cold1 we _c und]/& till we h ! ,t]ti>y vegetation be=e u4 ,x mu/ suffice n[ to say1 t z ! temp]ature 0 modifi$1 & ! l& rose1 & ! ,mod]n p]iod 0 inaugurat$1 ^! animals pass$ away1 & ^? ( ! pres5t "t rema9$4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable fact connect$ ) ?is *ange1 is t /at$ by ,pictet1 t all ! mod]n ,european mammals are direct desc5dants ( ,po/-plioc5e species2 b t 9 ! ,po/-plioc5e !y 7 associat$ ) _m o!r species2 & ^!1 (t5 ( great dim5sions1 n[ ext9ct4 ,9 o!r words1 ! "t f ! ,plioc5e to ! ,mod]n1 has be5 a "t ( dim9ution ( species1 :ile t f ! ,eoc5e to ! ,mioc5e 0 a "t ( rapid introduction ( new species4 ,?us ! ,t]ti>y fauna culm9at$ 9 ! ,mioc5e4 ,yet1 /range ?\gh ?is may appe>1 ,man himself1 ! late/ & noble/ ( all1 w\ld seem to h be5 a product ( ! lat] /ages ( ! "t ( decad5ce4 ,i propose1 h[ev]1 to return to ! animals imm$iately prec$+ man & 8 contempor>ies1 aft] we h notic$ ! ,t]ti>y flora & ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,neozoic ,,ages 7cont9u$74 ,plant-life 9 ! ,t]ti>y approa*es v ne>ly to t ( ! ,mod]n ,_w1 9 s f> z its lead+ types are conc]n$2 b 9 its di/ribution geographically x 0 wond]fully diff]5t f t ) :i* we are at pres5t famili>4 ,= example1 9 ! ,isle ( ,%eppey1 at ! m\? ( ! !mes1 are b$s ( ,london clay1 fall ( fossil nuts2 & ^!1 in/ead ( be+ hazel nuts & acorns1 belong to palms alli$ to species n[ f\nd 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s & ,b5gal1 :ile ) !m are num]\s cone-l fruits belong+ to ! ,proteace 7banksias1 silv]-trees1 wag5booms1 etc471 a gr\p ( trees n[ conf9$ to ,au/ralia & ,s\? ,africa1 b :i* 9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e _h already1 z /at$ 9 a previ\s pap]1 made _! appe>ance 9 ! ,cretace\s1 & 7 abundant 9 ! ,eoc5e4 ,! /ate ( pres]vation ( ^! fruits %[s t !y 7 n drift$ f>2 & 9 "s b$s 9 ,hamp%ire1 also ( ,eoc5e age1 ! leaves ( simil> plants occur along ) species ( fig1 c9namon1 & o!r =ms equally ,au/ralian or ,indian4 ,9 ,am]ica1 especially 9 ! we/1 !re are ?ick & widely-di/ribut$ b$s ( lignite or imp]fect coal ( ! ,eoc5e p]iod2 b ! plants f\nd 9 ! ,am]ican ,eoc5e are m l ^? ( ! ,european ,mioc5e or ! ,mod]n ,am]ican flora1 a fact to :i* we mu/ rev]t imm$iately4 ,9 ,europe1 :ile ! ,eoc5e plants resemble ^? ( ,au/ralia1 :5 we asc5d into ! ,mioc5e !y resemble ^? ( ,am]ica1 ?\gh /ill reta9+ "s ( ! ,au/ralian =ms4 ,9 ! leaf-b$s ( ! ,isle ( ,mull1--:]e b$s ( vegetable m\ld & leaves 7 cov]$ up ) ! erupt$ matt] ( a volcano belong+ to a great s]ies ( su* eruptions :i* produc$ ! basaltic cliffs ( ,antrim & ( ,/affa1--& at ,bovey1 9 ,devon%ire1 :]e ,mioc5e plants h accumulat$ 9 _m ?ick b$s ( lignite1 ! prevail+ plants are sequoias or r$-woods1 v9es1 figs1 c9namons1 etc4 ,9 ! s&/ones at ! base ( ! ,alps simil> plants & also palms ( ,am]ican types occur4 ,9 ! ,upp] ,mioc5e b$s ( ,o5+5 9 ! ,rh9e valley1 ne>ly five hundr$ species ( plants h be5 f\nd1 & include su* famili> =ms z ! maples1 plane-trees1 cypress1 elm1 & sweet-gum1 m ,am]ican1 h[ev]1 !n ,european 9 _! aspect4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! ,mioc5e flora ( ,europe resembles t ( ,am]ica at pre s5t1 :ile ! ,eoc5e flora ( ,europe resembles t ( ,au/ralia1 & ! ,eoc5e flora ( ,am]ica1 z well z ! mod]n1 resembles ! ,mioc5e ( ,europe4 ,9 o!r words1 ! *anges ( ! flora h be5 m rapid 9 ,europe !n 9 ,am]ica & probably sl[e/ ( all 9 ,au/ralia4 ,! ,ea/]n ,cont95t has ?us tak5 ! lead 9 rapidity ( *ange 9 ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 & x has done s 9 animals z well z 9 plants4 ,! foll[+ description ( ! flora ( ,bovey is giv51 ) slight alt]ation1 9 ! words ( ,dr4 ,he]1 9 8 memoir on t di/rict4 ,! woods t cov]$ ! slopes consi/$ ma9ly ( a huge p9e-tree 7sequoia71 ^: figure resembl$ 9 all probability its highly-admir$ c\s91 ! giant ,well+tonia ( ,cali=nia4 ,! leafy trees ( mo/ frequ5t occurr5ce 7 ! c9namon & an ev]gre5 oak l ^? n[ se5 9 ,mexico4 ,! ev]gre5 figs1 ! cu/>d apples1 & allies ( ! ,cape jasm9e1 7 r>]4 ,! trees 7 fe/oon$ ) v9es1 beside :i* ! prickly rotang palm tw9$ its snake-l =m4 ,9 ! %ade ( ! =e/ ?rove num]\s f]ns1 "o species ( :i* =m$ trees ( impos+ gr&eur1 & !re 7 masses ( "u-wood belong+ to v>i\s species ( ,nyssa1 l ! tupelos & s\r-gums ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,?is is a true picture1 bas$ on actual facts1 ( ! vegetation ( ,engl& 9 ! ,mioc5e age4 ,b all ! o!r wond]s ( ! ,mioc5e flora are ?r[n into ! %ade by ! discov]ies ( plants ( ?is age :i* h rec5tly be5 made 9 ,gre5l&1 a region n[ b\nd up 9 :at we poetically call et]nal ice1 b :i* 9 ! ,mioc5e 0 a fair & v]dant l&1 rejoic+ 9 a mild climate & ri* vegetation4 ,! b$s conta9+ ^! specim5s occur 9 v>i\s places 9 ,nor? ,gre5l&2 & ! pr9cipal locality1 ,atane-,k]dluk1 is 9 lat4 #gj ,n4 & at an elevation ( m !n a ?\s& feet above ! sea4 ,! plants occur abundantly 9 s&/one & clay b$s1 & ! mann] 9 :i* delicate leaves & fruits are pres]v$ %[s t !y h n be5 f> wat]-borne1 a conclusion :i* is confirm$ by ! occurr5ce ( b$s ( lignite ( consid]able ?ickness1 & :i* are evid5tly peaty accumulations conta9+ trunks ( trees4 ,! collections made h enabl$ ,he] to catalogue #acg species1 all ( !m ( =ms prop] to temp]ate1 or ev5 w>m regions1 & mo/ly ,am]ican 9 "*4 ,z _m z =ty-six ( ! species already ref]r$ to z occurr+ at ,bovey ,tracey & ,o5+5 occur also 9 ! ,gre5l& b$s4 ,among ! plants are _m species ( p9es1 "s ( !m ( l>ge size2 & ! bee*es1 oaks1 planes1 popl>s1 maples1 walnuts1 limes1 magnolias1 & v9es are app>5tly z well repres5t$ z 9 ! w>m temp]ate zone ( ,am]ica at ! pres5t day4 ,?is wond]ful flora 0 n a m]ely local ph5om5on1 = simil> plants are f\nd 9 ,spitzb]g5 9 lat4 #gh #ef'4 ,x is to be fur!r obs]v$1 t :ile ! g5]al *>act]s ( ^! anci5t ,arctic plants imply a l>ge am\nt ( summ] heat & light1 ! ev]gre5s equally imply a mild w9t]4 ,fur!r1 ?\gh animal rema9s are n f\nd ) ^! plants1 x is probable t s ri* a supply ( vegetable food 0 n unutilis$1 & t we %all "s "t f9d t !re 0 an ,arctic fauna correspond+ to ! ,arctic flora4 ,h[ su* a climate c\ld exi/ 9 ,gre5l& & ,spitzb]g5 is /ill a my/]y4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 sugge/$ t ?is effect might result f ! concurr5ce ( su* a/ronomical conditions 9 connection ) ! ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit z w\ld give ! greate/ am\nt ( w>m? 9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e ) su* di/ribution ( l& & wat] z w\ld give ! lea/ am\nt ( cold nor!rn l& & ! mo/ fav\rable arrangem5t ( ! w>m surface curr5ts ( ! ocean4,,ai ,,ai ,croll & ,lyell4 ,be=e leav+ ^! ,mioc5e plants1 ,i mu/ ref] to a p>agraph :i* ,dr4 ,he] has ?\ght x necess>y to ins]t 9 8 memoir on ! ,gre5l& flora1 & :i* curi\sly illu/rates ! feebl5ess ( :at ) "s m5 passes = sci5ce4 ,he says3 ,9 conclusion1 ,i beg to (f] a few rem>ks on ! am\nt ( c]ta9ty 9 id5tification :i* ! det]m9ation ( fossil plants is able to af=d u4 ,we "k t ! fl[]s1 fruits1 & se$s are m important z *>act]i/ics !n ! leaves4 ,!re are _m g5]a ( :i* ! leaves are v>iable1 & consequ5tly w\ld be likely to lead u a/ray if we tru/$ 9 !m alone4 ,h[ev]1 _m *>act]s ( ! =m & v5ation ( leaves are well-kn[n to be *>act]i/ic ( c]ta9 g5]a1 & c !re=e af=d u *>act]s ( great value = _! recognition4 ,9 a simil> apologetic /yle he proce$s ?r\gh sev]al s5t5ces to plead ! cause ( 8 ,gre5l& leaves4 t he %\ld h to d s is /range1 unless inde$ ! botany kn[n to ^? = :om he writes is no m !n t :i* a s*ool-girl le>ns 9 h] few lessons 9 dissect+ a butt]cup or daisy4 ,x is easy = sci5tific trifl]s to exhibit collections ( plants 9 :i* species ( diff]5t g5]a & families are s simil> 9 _! leaves t a c>eless obs]v] w\ld mi/ake "o = ! o!r1 or to get up composite leaves 9 "p ( "o species & 9 "p ( ano!r1 & yet seem+ ! same1 & 9 ?is way to und]rate ! lab\rs ( pa9/ak+ obs]v]s l ,he]4 ,b x is nev]!less true t 9 any ( ^! leaves1 n only are !re good *>act]s by :i* !y c be recognis$1 b t a s+le brea?+ pore1 or a s+le hair1 or a few cells1 or a bit ( epid]mis n l>g] !n a p9's head1 %\ld enable any "o :o und]/&s 8 bus9ess to see z great diff]5ces z a m]ely sup]ficial botani/ w\ld see betwe5 ! fl[] ( a ranunculus & t ( a /rawb]ry4 ,he] himself1 & ! same applies to all o!r compet5t /ud5ts ( fossil plants1 has almo/ inv>iably f\nd 8 det]m9ations f m]e fragm5ts ( leaves confirm$ :5 m *>act]i/ic p>ts 7 aft]w>ds discov]$4 ,x is high "t1 9 ! int]e/s ( geology1 t botani/s %\ld le>n t con/ancy & correlation ( p>ts are laws 9 ! plant z well z 9 ! animal2 & ?is !y c le>n only by work+ m dilig5tly ) ! microscope4 ,i w\ld1 h[ev]1 g fur!r !n ?is1 & ma9ta9 t1 9 reg>d to "s ( ! mo/ important geological conclusions to be d]iv$ f fossils1 ev5 ! leaves ( plants are va/ly m valuable !n ! h>d p>ts ( animals4 ,= in/ance1 ! bones ( elephants & rh9oc]oses f\nd 9 ,gre5l& w\ld n prove a w>m climate2 because ! creatures might h be5 protect$ f cold ) hair l t ( ! musk-%eep1 & !y might h _h facilities = annual migrations l ! bisons4 ,! occurr5ce ( bones ( re9de] 9 ,france does n prove t its climate 0 l t ( ,lapl&2 b only t x 0 wood$1 & t ! animals c\ld rove at w to ! hills & to ! coa/4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! rema9s ( an ev]gre5 oak 9 ,gre5l& con/itute absolute pro( ( a w>m & equable climate2 & ! occurr5ce ( leaves ( ! dw>f bir* 9 ,france con/itutes a pro( ( a cool climate1 wor? m !n t :i* c be d]iv$ f ! bones ( millions ( re9de] & musk-%eep4 ,/ill fur!r1 9 all ^? great] & m difficult que/ions ( geology :i* relate to ! em]g5ce & subm]g5ce ( l& areas1 & to ! geographical conditions ( pa/ geological p]iods1 ! evid5ce ( plants1 especially :5 root$ 9 place1 is ( f> m value !n t ( animals1 ?\gh x has yet be5 v little us$4 ,?is digression prep>es ! way = ! "q3 ,0 ! ,mioc5e p]iod on ! :ole a bett] age ( ! _w !n t 9 :i* we live8 ,9 "s respects x 04 ,obvi\sly !re 0 9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e a va/ surface ( l& "u a mild & equable climate1 & clo!d ) a ri* & v>i$ vegetation4 ,_h we liv$ 9 ! ,mioc5e1 we might h sat "u our v9e & fig-tree equally 9 ,gre5l& & ,spitzb]g5 & 9 ^? m s\!rn climes to :i* ?is privilege is n[ re/rict$4 ,we might h enjoy$ a great v>iety ( ri* & nutritive fruits1 &1 if suffici5tly muscul>1 & able to cope ) ! gigantic mammals ( ! p]iod1 we might h engag$ 9 ei!r ! life ( ! hunt] or t ( ! agriculturi/ "u advantages :i* we d n n[ possess4 ,on ! :ole1 ! ,mioc5e pres5ts to u 9 ^! respects ! p]fection ( ! ,neozoic "t1 & its culm9ation 9 s f> z ! nobl] =ms ( brute animals & ( plants are conc]n$4 ,_h m5 exi/$ 9 ^? days1 h[ev]1 !y %\ld h be51 9 ord] to suit ! conditions surr\nd+ !m1 a race ( giants2 & !y w\ld probably h felt ! want ( _m ( ^? m mod]n species belong+ to ! flora & fauna ( ,europe & ,we/]n ,asia on :i* man has s mu* dep5d$ = 8 civilization4 ,"s reasons h be5 adduc$ = ! belief t 9 ! ,mioc5e & ,eoc5e !re 7 int]vals ( cold climate2 b ! evid5ce ( ?is may be m]ely local & exceptional1 & does n int]f]e ) ! broad *>act]i/ics ( ! age z sket*$ above4 ,! w>m climate & ri* vegetation ( ! ,mioc5e ext5d$ f> into ! ,plioc5e1 ) *>act]s v simil> to ^? already /at$2 b z ! ,plioc5e age w5t on1 cold & fro/ settl$ d[n ^u ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e1 & a rem>kable *ange took place 9 its vegetable productions4 ,= example1 9 ! some:at celebrat$ =e/ b$ ( ,crom]1 9 ,norfolk1 :i* is reg>d$ z ,new] ,plioc5e1 we h lo/ all ! =eign & w>m-climate plants ( ! ,mioc5e1 & f9d ! famili> ,scot* firs & o!r plants ( ! ,mod]n ,briti% flora4 ,! animals1 h[ev]1 reta9 _! =m] types2 = two species ( elephant1 a hippopotamus1 & a rh9oc]os are f\nd 9 connection ) ^! plants4 ,?is is ano!r evid5ce1 9 addition to ^? above ref]r$ to1 t plants are bett] !rmomet]s to indicate geological & climatal *ange !n animals4 ,?is ,plioc5e refrig]ation appe>s to h gone on increas+ into ! next or ,po/-plioc5e age1 & atta9$ its maximum 9 ! ,glacial p]iod1 :51 z _m geologi/s ?9k1 our cont95ts 71 ev5 9 ! temp]ate latitudes1 cov]$ ) a %eet ( ice l t :i* n[ clo!s ,gre5l&4 ,!n occurr$ a v g5]al subsid5ce1 9 :i* !y 7 subm]g$ "u ! wat]s ( a cold icy sea1 t5ant$ by m>9e animals n[ belong+ to boreal & arctic regions4 ,aft] ?is la/ great plunge-ba? !y rose to con/itute ! dry l& ( man & 8 contempor>ies4 ,let u close ?is "p ( ! subject ) "o /rik+ illu/ration f ,he]'s memoir on ,bovey ,tracey4 ,at ?is place1 above ! great s]ies ( clays & lignites conta9+ ! ,mioc5e plants already describ$1 is a ?ick cov]+ ( clay1 gravel1 & /ones1 evid5tly ( mu* lat] date4 ,?is also conta9s "s plants2 b in/ead ( ! figs1 & c9namons1 & ev]gre5 oaks1 !y are ! petty dw>f bir* ( ,sc&9avia & ! ,highl& hills1 & ?ree will[s1 "o ( !m ! little ,arctic & ,alp9e creep+ will[4 ,?us we h 9 ! s\? ( ,engl& a transition 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,plioc5e p]iod1 f a climate mu* mild] !n t ( ,mod]n ,engl& to "o almo/ ,arctic 9 its "*4 ,our next topic = consid]ation is "o ( ! mo/ vex$ que/ions among geologi/s1 ! ,glacial p]iod :i* imm$iately prec$$ ! ,adv5t ( ,man4 ,9 treat+ ( ?is x w be safe/ fir/ to sket* ! actual appe>ances :i* pres5t !mselves1 & !n to draw su* pictures z we c ( ! conditions :i* !y repres5t4 ,! mo/ rec5t & sup]ficial cov]+ ( ! e>?'s cru/ is usually compos$ ( rock mat]ial m or less gr\nd up & wea!r$4 ,?is may1 ) ref]5ce to its geological "* & orig91 be consid]$ z ( ?ree k9ds4 ,x may be m]ely ! rock wea!r$ & decompos$ to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 situ2 or x may be alluvial matt] c>ri$ or deposit$ by exi/+ /reams or tides1 or by ! ra9s2 or1 la/ly1 x may be mat]ial evid5c+ ! op]ation ( causes n n[ 9 action4 ,?is la/ con/itutes :at has be5 call$ drift or diluvial detritus1 & is t ) :i* we h n[ to d4 ,su* drift1 !n1 is v widely di/ribut$ on our cont95ts 9 ! high] latitudes4 ,9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e x ext5ds f ! ,arctic regions to ab\t #ej ( nor? latitude 9 ,europe1 & z l[ z #dj 9 ,nor? ,am]ica2 & x occurs s\? ( simil> p>allels 9 ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,f>!r t[>ds ! equator !n ! latitudes indicat$1 we d n f9d ! prop] drift deposits1 b m]ely wea!r$ rocks or alluvia1 or old sea bottoms rais$ up4 ,?is limitation ( ! drift1 at ! v outset gives x ! "* ( a deposit 9 "s way connect$ ) ! ,pol> cold4 ,besides ?is1 ! g5]al transport ( /ones & o!r mat]ial 9 ! nor!rn regions has be5 to ! s\?2 h5ce 9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e ?is deposit may be call$ ! ,nor!rn ,drift4 ,if n[ we take a typical locality ( ?is =mation1 su*1 = in/ance1 z we may f9d 9 ,scotl&1 or ,sc&9avia1 or ,canada1 we %all f9d x to consi/ ( ?ree memb]s1 z foll[s3-- #c4 ,sup]ficial ,s&s or ,gravels4 #b4 ,/ratifi$ ,clays4 #a4 ,till or ,b\ld] ,clay4 ,?is arrangem5t may locally be m complicat$1 or x may be defici5t 9 "o ( its memb]s4 ,! b\ld] clay may1 = example1 be und]laid by /ratifi$ s& or gravel1 or ev5 by peaty deposits2 x may be int]mix$ ) lay]s ( clay or s&2 ! /ratifi$ clay or ! b\ld] clay may be abs5t1 or may be uncov]$ by any upp] memb]4 ,/ill we may take ! typical s]ies z above /at$1 & inquire z to its *>act]s & tea*+4 ,! l[] memb]1 or b\ld] clay1 is a v rem>kable k9d ( deposit1 consi/+ ( a pa/e :i* may graduate f t\gh clay to loose s&1 & :i* holds l>ge angul> & r\nd$ /ones or b\ld]s confus$ly int]mix$2 ^! /ones may be ei!r f ! rocks f\nd 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( _! pres5t position1 or at great di/ances4 ,?is mass is usually de/itute ( any lam9ation or subord9ate /ratification1 :5ce x is (t5 call$ ,un/ratifi$ ,drift1 & is ( v v>iable ?ickness1 (t5 occurr+ 9 v ?ick b$s 9 valleys1 & be+ comp>atively ?9 or abs5t on int]v5+ hills4 ,fur!r1 if we exam9e ! /ones conta9$ 9 ! b\ld] clay1 we %all f9d t !y are (t5 scrat*$ or /riat$ & groov$2 & :5 we remove ! clay f ! rock surfaces on :i* x re/s1 we f9d ^! 9 l mann] /riat$1 groov$ & poli%$4 ,^! ph5om5a1 viz41 ( poli%$ & /riat$ rocks & /ones1 are simil> to ^? produc$ by ^? great slid+ masses ( ice1 ! glaci]s ( ,alp9e regions1 :i* 9 a small way & 9 n>r[ & elevat$ valleys1 act on ! rocks & /ones 9 ?is mann]1 ?\gh !y _c =m deposits precisely analog\s to ! b\ld] clay1 ow+ to ! wa/+ away ( mu* ( ! f9] mat]ial by ! torr5ts1 & ! heap+ ( ! co>s] detritus 9 ridges & piles4 ,fur!r1 we h 9 ,gre5l& a cont95tal mass1 ) all its valleys ?us fill$ ) sl[ly-mov+ ice1 & f ?is !re drift (f imm5se ice-isl&s1 :i* cont9ue at lea/ ! mud-&-/one-deposit+ process1 & possibly also ! gr9d+ process1 ov] ! sea bottom4 ,s f> all geologi/s are agre$2 b "h !y div]ge into two s*ools4 ,"o ( ^!1 !n ( ! ,glaci] !ori/s1 holds t ! b\ld] clay is ! product ( l&-ice2 & ?is requires ! supposition t at ! "t :5 x 0 deposit$ ! :ole ( our cont95ts nor? ( #dj or #ej 0 9 ! condition ( ,gre5l& at pres5t4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 a hypo!sis s inconv5i5t1 n to say improbable1 t _m hesitate to accept x1 & pref] to believe t 9 ! s-call$ ,glacial p]iod ! l& 0 subm]g$1 & t iceb]gs !n z n[ drift$ f ! nor? 9 ob$i5ce to ! ,arctic curr5ts1 & produc$ ! effects obs]v$4 ,x w\ld be t$i\s to g into all ! argum5ts ( ! advocates ( glaci]s & iceb]gs1 & ,i %all n attempt ?is1 m especially z ! only way to decide ! "q is to obs]ve c>efully ! facts 9 e p>ticul> locality1 & inquire z to ! conclusions fairly d$ucible4 ,) ! view ( aid+ su* a solution1 h[ev]1 ,i may /ate a few g5]al pr9ciples applicable to ! appe>ances obs]v$4 ,we may !n suppose t b\ld] clay may be =m$ 9 ?ree ways4 7#a7 ,x may be deposit$ on l&1 z :at is call$ ! bottom mora9e ( a l& glaci]4 7#b7 ,x may be deposit$ 9 ! sea :5 su* a glaci] ends on ! coa/4 7#c7 ,x may be deposit$ by ! melt+ or gr\nd+ on muddy bottoms ( ! iceb]g masses float$ (f f ! end ( su* a glaci]4 ,x is altoge!r likely1 f ! obs]vations rec5tly made 9 ,gre5l&1 t 9 t c\ntry su* a deposit is be+ =m$ 9 all ^! ways4 ,9 l mann]1 ! anci5t b\ld] clay may h be5 =m$ 9 "o or m ( ^! ways 9 any giv5 locality :]e x occurs1 ?\gh x may be difficult 9 _m in/ances to indicate ! precise mode4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 crit]ia :i* may be appli$ to ! det]m9ation ( its orig91 & ,i may /ate a few ( ^!1 :i* are ! results ( my own exp]i5ce4 7#a7 ,:]e ! b\ld] clay conta9s m>9e %ells1 or r\nd$ /ones :i* if expos$ to ! air w\ld h be5 crack$ to pieces1 decompos$1 or oxidiz$1 x mu/ h be5 =m$ "u wat]4 ,:]e ! conditions are ! rev]se ( ^!1 x may h be5 =m$ on l&4 7#b7 ,:5 ! /riations & transport ( mat]ials d n con=m to ! levels ( ! c\ntry1 & take t direction1 usually ,n4,e4 & ,s4,w41 :i* ! ,arctic curr5t w\ld take if ! c\ntry 7 subm]g$1 ! probability is t x 0 deposit$ 9 ! sea4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 ! /riation & transport take ! c\rse ( exi/+ valleys1 m especially 9 hilly regions1 ! contr>y may be inf]r$4 7#c7 ,:]e mo/ ( ! mat]ial1 m especially ! l>ge /ones1 has be5 c>ri$ to great di/ances f its orig9al site1 especially ov] pla9s or up slopes1 x has probably be5 sea-borne4 ,:]e x is mo/ly local1 local ice-action may be inf]r$4 ,o!r crit]ia may be /at$1 b ^! are suffici5t = our pres5t purpose4 ,_! application 9 e special case ,i d n presume to make2 b ,i am conv9c$ t :5 appli$ to ^? regions 9 ,ea/]n ,am]ica ) :i* ,i am famili>1 !y necessitate ! conclusion t 9 ! p]iod ( extreme refrig]ation1 ! great] "p ( ! l& 0 "u wat]1 & su* hills & m\nta9s z rema9$ 7 little ,gre5l&s1 cov]$ ) ice & s5d+ d[n glaci]s to ! sea4 ,9 hilly & brok5 regions1 !re=e1 & especially at consid]able elevations1 we f9d indications ( glaci] action2 on ! great pla9s1 on ! contr>y1 ! indications are ^? ( m>9e glaciation & transport4 ,?is la/ /atem5t1 ,i believe1 applies to ! m\nta9s & pla9s ( ,europe & ,asia z well z ( ,am]ica4 ,?is view requires n only ! supposition ( great refrig]ation1 b ( a great subsid5ce ( ! l& 9 ! temp]ate latitudes1 ) l>ge residual isl&s & hills 9 ! ,arctic regions4 ,t su* subsid5ce actually took place is prov$1 n only by ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( m>9e %ells 9 ! b\ld] clay itself1 b also by ! occurr5ce ( /ratifi$ m>9e clays fill$ ) %ells1 (t5 ( deep-wat] species1 imm$iately ov] t deposit4 ,fur!r1 ! %ells1 & also occasional l& plants f\nd 9 ^! b$s1 indicate a cold climate & mu* cold fre% wat] p\r+ into ! sea f melt+ ice & sn[4 ,9 ,canada ^! m>9e clays h be5 trac$ up to elevations ( #fjj feet1 & 9 ,great ,brita9 deposits ( ?is k9d occur on "o ( ! m\nta9s ( ,wales at ! height ( #acjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,nor is x to be suppos$ t ?is level m>ks ! extreme height ( ! ,po/-plioc5e wat]s1 = drift mat]ial n explicable by glaci]s1 & evid5ces ( m>9e erosion1 occur at /ill high] levels1 & x is natural t on high & expos$ po9ts few] rema9s ( fossilif]\s b$s %\ld be left !n 9 pla9s & valleys4 ,at ! pres5t day ! coa/s ( ,brita9 & o!r p>ts ( ,we/]n ,europe enjoy an exceptionally w>m temp]ature1 ow+ to ! w>m curr5ts ( ! ,atlantic be+ ?r[n on !m1 & ! w>m & moi/ ,atlantic air fl[+ ov] !m1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! prevail+ we/]ly w9ds4 ,^! advantages are n possess$ by ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 nor by "s deep *annels 9 ! sea1 along :i* ! cold nor!rn curr5ts fl[ "u ! w>m] wat]4 ,h5ce ^! la/-m5tion$ localities are inhabit$ by boreal %ells mu* f>!r s\? !n su* species ext5d on ! coa/s & banks ( ,great ,brita94 ,9 ! ,glacial p]iod ?is exceptional advantage 0 lo/1 & :ile ! ,am]ican seas1 z judg$ by _! m>9e animals1 7 some:at cold] !n at pres5t1 ! ,briti% seas 7 proportionally mu* m cool$ d[n4 ,no d\bt1 h[ev]1 !re 7 w>m] & cold] areas1 det]m9$ by dep? & prevail+ curr5ts1 & z ^! *ang$ _! position 9 elevation & subsid5ce ( ! l&1 alt]nations & ev5 mixtures ( ! inhabitants ( cold & w>m wat] result$1 :i* h (t5 be5 v puzzl+ to geologi/s4 ,i h tak5 ! s]ies ( drift deposits se5 9 ,brita9 & 9 ,canada z typical1 & ! previ\s discussion has _h ref]5ce to !m4 ,b x w\ld be unfair n to in=m ! read] t ?is succession ( deposits aft] all belongs to ! m>g9s ( our cont95ts r !n to _! great c5tral areas4 ,?is is ! case at lea/ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]e 9 ! region ( ! great lakes ! olde/ glaciat$ surfaces are ov]laid by ?ick b$s ( /ratifi$ clay1 )\t m>9e fossils1 & (t5 )\t ei!r /ones or b\ld]s1 ?\gh ^! sometimes occur1 especially t[>d ! nor?4 ,! clay1 h[ev]1 conta9s drift$ fragm5ts ( conif]\s trees4 ,above ?is clay are s& & gravel1 & ! pr9cipal deposit ( travell$ /ones & b\ld]s re/s on ^!4 ,i _c affirm t a simil> succession occurs on ! great inl& pla9s ( ,europe & ,asia3 b ,i ?9k x probable t to "s ext5t x does4 ,! explanation ( ?is inl& drift by ! advocates ( a great cont95tal glaci] is z foll[s3 7#a7 ,9 ! ,plioc5e p]iod ! cont95ts 7 high] !n at pres5t1 & _m deep valleys1 s9ce fill$ up1 7 cut 9 !m4 7#b7 ,9 ! ,po/-plioc5e ^! elevat$ cont95ts became cov]$ ) ice1 by ! movem5t ( :i* ! valleys 7 deep5$ & ! surfaces /riat$4 7#c7 ,?is ice-p]iod 0 foll[$ by a depression & subm]g5ce1 9 :i* ! clays 7 deposit$1 fill+ up old *annels1 & mu* *ang+ ! levels ( ! l&4 ,la/ly1 z ! l& rose aga9 f ?is subm]g5ce1 s& & gravel 7 deposit$1 & b\ld]s scatt]$ ov] ! surface by float+ ice4 ,! advocates ( float+ ice z di/+ui%$ f a cont95tal glaci]1 m]ely disp5se ) ! latt]1 & affirm t ! /riation "u ! clay1 z well z t connect$ ) ! lat] b\ld]s1 is ! effect ( float+ b]gs4 ,! occurr5ce ( s mu* drift wood 9 ! clay fav\rs _! view1 z x is m likely t !re w\ld be isl&s clo!d ) trees 9 ! sea1 !n t ^! %\ld exi/ imm$iately aft] ! c\ntry _h be5 mantl$ 9 ice4 ,! want ( m>9e %ells is a difficulty 9 ei!r view1 b may be acc\nt$ = by ! rapid deposition ( ! clay & ! sl[ spread+ ( m>9e animals ov] a subm]g$ cont95t "u unfav\rable conditions ( climate4 ,9 any case ! read] w please obs]ve t !ori/s mu/ acc\nt = bo? ! int]ior & m>g9al =ms ( ^! deposits4 ,let u tabulate ! facts & ! modes ( acc\nt+ = !m4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,facts ,,obs]v$4 ,,!oretical ,,views4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,inl& ,pla9s4 ,m>g9al ,areas4,glacial ,!ories4 ,float+ ,ice ,!ories4 ,t]races4 ,t]races & ,em]g5ce ( ,mod]n ,l&4,,aj ,rais$ ,bea*es4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,travell$ ,b\ld]s ,s& & ,gravel1 & ,glaciat$ ) ,sea ,%ells ,/ones & ,rocks & ,b\ld]s4 ,%all[ ,sea & ,float+ ,ice4 ,/ratifi$ ,s& & ,gravel4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,/ratifi$ ,clay ,/ratifi$ ,clay ,deep ,sea & ,float+ ,ice4 ) ,drift ,wood1 ) ,sea ,%ells4--------------------------------- -- & a few ,/ones4 ,b\ld] ,clay ,subm]g5ce ( ,mu* float+ ,ice & ,b\ld]s4 ) or )\t ! l&4 ,great & local ,glaci]s4 ,/riat$ ,rocks4 ,sea ,%ells4 cont95tal ,subm]g5ce ( ,/riat$ ,rocks4 mantle ( ,ice4 ,plioc5e ,l&4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,old *annels1 ,old *annels1 ,erosion by ,erosion by indicat+ a high]etc41 indicat+cont95tal atmosph]ic level ( ! l&4 previ\s dry ,glaci]4 ag5cies & l&4 accumulation ( decompos$ rock4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,aj ,! ph5om5a ( ?is p]iod1 ) ref]5ce to ra9fall1 melt+ sn[s1 & valley deposits1 mu/ be notic$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,?is table w suffice at lea/ to r$uce ! great glaci] controv]sy to its n>r[e/ limits1 :5 we h add$ ! "o fur!r consid]ation t glaci]s are ! p>5ts ( iceb]gs1 & t ! "q is n ( "o or ! o!r exclusively1 b ( ! relative pr$om9ance ( ! "o or ! o!r 9 c]ta9 giv5 times & places4 ,bo? !ories admit a great ,po/-plioc5e subsid5ce4 ,! abettors ( glaci]s c urge ! elevation ( ! surface1 ! suppos$ p[]s ( glaci]s z erod+ ag5ts1 & ! transport ( b\ld]s4 ,^? ^: !oretical views lean to float+ ice1 believe t !y c equally acc\nt = ^! ph5om5a1 & c urge 9 support ( _! !ory ! occurr5ce ( drift wood 9 ! inl& clay & b\ld] clay1 & ( sea-%ells 9 ! m>g9al clay & b\ld] clay1 & ! atmosph]ic decomposition ( rock 9 ! ,plioc5e p]iod1 z a s\rce ( ! mat]ial ( ! clays1 :ile to simil> causes !y c attribute ! erosion ( ! deep valleys pil$ ) ! ,po/-plioc5e deposits4 ,!y c also ma9ta9 t ! g5]al direction ( /riation & drift implies ! action ( sea curr5ts1 :ile !y appeal to local glaci]s to acc\nt = special cases ( glaciat$ rocks at ! high] levels4 ,h[ long our cont95tal plateaus rema9$ "u ! icy seas ( ! ,glacial p]iod we d n "k4 ,relatively to human *ronology1 x 0 no d\bt a long "t2 b %ort 9 comp>ison ) ^? old] subsid5ces 9 :i* ! great ,palozoic lime/ones 7 produc$4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 ! *ange came4 ,sl[ly & gradually1 or by int]mitt5t lifts1 ! l& rose3 & z x did s1 %all[-wat] s&s & gravels 7 deposit$ on ! surface ( ! deep-sea clays1 & ! sides ( ! hills 7 cut into inl& cliffs & t]races1 m>k+ ! /ages ( recession ( ! wat]s4 ,at l5g?1 :5 ! process 0 complete1 our pres5t cont95ts /ood =? 9 _! exi/+ proportions ready = ! occupancy ( man4 ,! picture :i* ^! *anges pres5t to ! imag9ation is "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y 9 all geological hi/ory4 ,we h be5 famili> ) ! idea ( worlds dr[n$ 9 wat]1 & ! primeval inc&esc5t e>? %[s u ! possibility ( our globe be+ melt$ ) f]v5t heat2 b "h we h a _w app>5tly froz5 out de/roy$ by cold1 or d\bly de/roy$ by ice & wat]4 ,let u endeav\r to realise ?is revolution1 z x may h occurr$ 9 any ( ! temp]ate regions ( ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e1 ?ickly peopl$ ) ! magnific5t animals t _h come d[n f ! gr& old ,mioc5e "t4 ,gradually ! w>m & equable temp]ature gives place to cold w9t]s & *illy wet summ]s4 ,! m t5d] animals die out1 & ! less h>dy plants beg9 to be w9t]-kill$1 or to fail to p]fect _! fruits4 ,z ! =e/s are ?us decimat$1 o!r & h>di] species replace ^? :i* disappe>4 ,! animals :i* h _h to conf9e !mselves to %elt]$ spots1 or :i* h p]i%$ ?r\gh cold or want ( food1 are replac$ by o!rs migrat+ f ! m\nta9s1 or f cold] regions4 ,"s1 p]haps1 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations1 become dw>f$ 9 /ature1 & cov]$ ) m %aggy fur4 ,p]man5t sn[ at l5g? appe>s ^u ! hill-tops1 & glaci]s pl\gh _! way d[nw>d1 deva/at+ ! =e/s1 encroa*+ on ! f]tile pla9s1 & at l5g? rea*+ ! heads ( ! bays & fiords4 ,:ile sn[ & ice are ?us encroa*+ f above1 ! l& is subsid+1 & ! sea is advanc+ ^u x1 :ile great iceb]gs drift+ on ! coa/s /ill fur!r r$uce ! temp]ature4 ,torr5ts & avalan*es f ! hills c>ry mud & gravel ov] ! pla9s4 ,peat bogs accumulate 9 ! holl[s4 ,glaci]s heap up confus$ masses ( mora9e1 & ! advanc+ sea piles up /ones & %+le to be imb$d$ 9 mud on its fur!r advance1 :ile boreal m>9e animals invade ! n[ subm]g$ pla9s4 ,at l5g? ! ice & wat] meet ev]y:]e1 or leave only a few gre5 /rips :]e h>dy ,arctic plants /ill survive1 & a few well-clad animals manage to protract _! exi/5ce4 ,p]haps ev5 ^! are ov]:elm$1 & ! curta9 ( ! ,glacial w9t] falls ov] ! fair sc5]y ( ! ,plioc5e4 ,9 e locality ?us invad$ by an app>5tly p]petual w9t]1 "s species ( laud animals mu/ h p]i%$4 ,o!rs may h migrat$ to m g5ial climes1 o!rs "u depaup]at$ & h>dy v>ietal =ms may h cont9u$ successfully to /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,! g5]al result mu/ h be5 greatly to dim9i% ! nobl] =ms ( life1 & to enc\rage only ^? fitt$ = ! mo/ rigor\s climates & lea/ productive soils4 ,c\ld we h visit$ ! _w 9 ?is dre>y p]iod1 & h witness$ ! decad5ce & dea? ( t brilliant & magnific5t flora & fauna :i* we h trac$ upw>d f ! ,eoc5e1 we might well h despair$ ( ! e>?'s de/9ies1 & h fanci$ x ! sport ( "s malignant demon2 or h suppos$ t 9 ! conte/ betwe5 ! p[]s ( de/ruction & ^? ( r5ovation ! =m] _h f9ally ga9$ ! victory4 ,we mu/ obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t ! suff]+ 9 su* a process is less !n we might suppose4 ,s long z animals c\ld exi/1 !y w\ld cont9ue to enjoy life4 ,! conditions unfav\rable to !m w\ld be equally or m s to _! natural enemies4 ,only ! la/ survivors w\ld meet ) :at might be reg>d$ z a tragical end4 ,z "o description ( animal became ext9ct1 ano!r 0 prep>$ to occupy its room4 ,if elephants & rh9oc]oses p]i%$ f ! l&1 c\ntless h]ds ( walruses & seals took _! places4 ,if gay insects di$ & disappe>$1 %ell-fi%es & sea-/>s 7 _! successors4 ,?us 9 nature !re is life ev5 9 dea?1 & con/ant enjoym5t ev5 :5 old sy/ems are pass+ away4 ,b c\ld we h surviv$ ! ,glacial p]iod1 we %\ld h se5 a reason = its app>5tly :olesale de/ruction4 ,out ( t *aos came at l5g? an ,ed52 & j z ! ,p]mian prep>$ ! way = ! ,mesozoic1 s ! glaci]s & iceb]gs ( ! ,po/-plioc5e 7 ! pl\gh%>e ( ,god prep>+ ! e>? = ! "t :51 ) a flora & fauna m beautiful & useful1 if less magnific5t !n t ( ! ,t]ti>y1 x became z ! g>d5 ( ! ,"l1 fitt$ = ! reception ( ,8 image & lik5ess1 immortal & intellig5t ,man4 ,we ne$ n1 h[ev]1 ) "o mod]n s*ool ( philosophy1 reg>d man himself z b a desc5dant ( ,mioc5e apes1 sc\rg$ into reason & humanity by ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,we may be cont5t to consid] him z a son ( ,god1 & to /udy 9 ! succe$+ *apt]s t r5ewal ( ! ,po/-plioc5e _w :i* prec$$ & h]ald$ 8 adv5t4 ,9 ! meantime1 our illu/ration1,,ak borr[$ 9 "p f ! magnific5t repres5tation ( ! ,po/-plioc5e fauna ( ,engl&1 by ! great re/or] ( ext9ct animals1 ,mr4 ,wat]h\se ,hawk9s1 may s]ve to give "s idea ( ! gr& & massive =ms ( animal life :i*1 ev5 9 ! high] latitudes1 surviv$ ! ,po/-plioc5e cold1 & only decay$ & disappe>$ "u t amelioration ( physical conditions :i* m>ks ! introduction ( ! human p]iod4 ,,ak ,page #cja4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,close ,,( ,,! ,,po/-,,plioc5e1 ,,& ,,adv5t ,,( ,,man4 ,9 clos+ ^! sket*es x may seem unsatisfactory n to l9k ! geological ages ) ! mod]n p]iod 9 :i* we live2 yet1 p]haps1 no?+ is m complicat$ or encompass$ ) great] difficulties or unc]ta9ties4 ,! geologi/1 em]g+ f ! /udy ( ! old] monum5ts ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 & work+ ) ! me?ods ( physical sci5ce1 "h meets face to face ! ar*ologi/ & hi/orian1 :o h be5 trac+ back 9 ! opposite direction1 & ) v diff]5t appliances1 ! /ream ( human hi/ory & tradition4 ,9 su* circum/ances conflicts may occur1 or at lea/ ! two pa?s ( inquiry may refuse to connect !mselves )\t concessions unpleasant to ! pursu]s ( "o or bo?4 ,fur!r1 x is j at ?is meet+-place t ! dim c&le ( traditional lore is almo/ burnt out 9 ! h& ( ! antiqu>y1 & t ! geologi/ f9ds 8 monum5tal evid5ce becom+ m scanty & less di/9ct4 ,we _c hope z yet to dispel all ! %ad[s t haunt ?is obscure doma91 b c at lea/ po9t out "s ( ! pa?s :i* trav]se x4 ,9 attempt+ ?is1 we may fir/ classify ! "t involv$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! e>li] ,po/-plioc5e p]iod ( geology may be call$ ! ,glacial era4 ,x is t ( a cold climate1 accompani$ by glaciation & b\ld] deposits4 7#b7 ,! lat] ,po/-plioc5e may be call$ ! ,po/-glacial era4 ,x is t ( re-elevation ( ! cont95ts & re/oration ( a mild temp]ature4 ,x connects itself ) ! pre-hi/oric p]iod ( ! ar*ologi/1 inasmu* z rema9s ( man & 8 works are app>5tly includ$ 9 ! same deposits :i* hold ! bones ( ,po/-glacial animals4 7#c7 ,! ,mod]n era is t ( secul> human hi/ory4 ,x may be /at$ ) c]ta9ty t ! ,plioc5e p]iod ( geology af=ds no trace ( human rema9s or implem5ts2 & ! same may ,i ?9k be affirm$ ( ! p]iod ( glaciation & subsid5ce :i* con/itutes ! e>li] ,po/-plioc5e4 ,) ! rise ( ! l& out ( ! ,glacial sea indications ( man are believ$ to appe>1 along ) rema9s ( sev]al mammalian species n[ 8 contempor>ies4 ,ar*ology & geology ?us meet some:]e 9 ! pre-hi/oric p]iod ( ! =m]1 & 9 ! ,po/-glacial ( ! latt]4 ,:]ev]1 !re=e1 human hi/ory ext5ds f>!/ back1 & geological =mations ( ! mo/ mod]n p]iods exi/ & h be5 explor$1 we may expect be/ to def9e _! junctions4 ,un=tunately x happ5s t our in=mation on ^! po9ts is /ill v incomplete & locally limit$4 ,9 _m ext5sive regions1 l ,am]ica & ,au/ralia1 :ile ! geological record is some:at complete1 ! hi/oric record ext5ds back at mo/ a few c5turies1 & ! pre-hi/oric monum5ts are ( unc]ta9 date4 ,9 o!r c\ntries1 z 9 ,we/]n ,asia & ,egypt1 :]e ! hi/oric record ext5ds v f> back1 ! geology is less p]fectly kn[n4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t1 !re=e1 ! ma9 battle-field ( ^! controv]sies is 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 :]e1 ?\gh hi/ory sc>ce ext5ds f>!r back !n ! "t ( ! ,roman ,republic1 ! geologic record is v complete1 & has be5 explor$ ) "s ?or\ghness4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t we ?us h to face ! "q at a po9t :]e ! pre-hi/oric gap is necess>ily v wide4 ,tak+ ,engl& z an example1 all be=e ! ,roman invasion is pre-hi/oric1 & ) reg>d to ?is pre-hi/oric p]iod ! evid5ce t we c obta9 is *iefly ( a geological "*4 ,! pre-hi/oric m5 are ess5tially fossils4 ,we "k ( !m m]ely :at c be le>n$ f _! bones & implem5ts emb$d$ 9 ! soil or 9 ! e>? ( ! cav]ns 9 :i* "s ( !m %elt]$ !mselves4 ,= ! orig9 & date ( ^! deposits ! antiqu>y mu/ g to ! geologi/1 & he imitates ! geologi/ 9 arrang+ 8 human fossils "u su* names z ! ,paleoli?ic1 or p]iod ( rude /one implem5ts2 ! ,neoli?ic or p]iod ( poli%$ /one implem5ts2 ! ,bronze ,p]iod1 & ! ,iron ,p]iod2 ?\gh inasmu* z high] & l[] /ates ( ! arts seem always to h coexi/$1 & ! "t involv$ is comp>atively %ort1 ^! p]iods are ( f> less value !n ^? ( geology4 ,9 ,brita9 ! age ( iron is 9 ! ma9 hi/oric4 ,t ( bronze goes back to ! times ( e>ly ,pho5ician trade ) ! s\? ( ,engl&4 ,t ( /one1 :ile locally ext5d+ f> into ! succe$+ ages1 rea*es back into an unkn[n antiquity1 & is1 z we %all see 9 ! sequel1 probably divid$ into two by a great physical *ange1 ?\gh n 9 ! abrupt & arbitr>y way sometimes assum$ by ^? :o base _! classification solely on ! rude or poli%$ "* ( /one implem5ts4 ,we mu/ n =get1 h[ev]1 t 9 ,we/]n ,asia ! ages ( bronze & iron may h begun two ?\s& ye>s at lea/ e>li] !n 9 ,brita91 & t 9 "s p>ts ( ,am]ica ! ,palaeoli?ic age ( *ipp$ /one implem5ts /ill cont9ues4 ,we mu/ also be> 9 m9d t :5 ! ar*ologi/ appeals to ! geologi/ = aid1 he !reby leaves t k9d ( inve/igation 9 :i* dates are settl$ by ye>s1 = t 9 :i* !y are m>k$ m]ely by successive physical & organic *anges4 ,turn+1 !n1 to our famili> geological me?ods1 & conf9+ ourselves ma9ly to ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e & to ,we/]n ,europe1 two pictures pres5t !mselves to u3 767 ,! physical *anges prec$+ ! adv5t ( man2 7#b7 ,! decad5ce ( ! l& animals ( ! ,po/-plioc5e age1 & ! appe>ance ( ^? ( ! mod]n4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] ,i _h to introduce ! read] to a great & t]rible revolution1 :]eby ! old ,plioc5e cont95ts1 ) all _! weal? ( animals & plants1 became seal$ up 9 a mantle ( ,gre5l& ice1 or1 sl[ly s9k+ b5ea? ! level ( ! sea1 7 trans=m$ into an ocean-bottom ov] :i* iceb]gs bore _! freight ( clay & b\ld]s4 ,we also saw t z ! ,po/-plioc5e age advanc$1 ! latt] condition prevail$1 until ! wat]s /ood m !n a ?\s& feet deep ov] ! pla9s ( ,europe4 ,9 ?is great glacial subm]g5ce1 :i* clos$ ! e>li] ,po/-plioc5e p]iod1 & ov] va/ areas ( ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e1 t]m9at$ ! exi/5ce ( _m ( ! noble/ =ms ( life1 x is believ$ t man _h no %>e4 ,we h1 at lea/ z yet1 no record ( 8 pres5ce4 ,out ( ^! wat]s ! l& aga9 rose sl[ly & int]mitt5tly1 s t ! rec$+ waves work$ ev5 out ( h>d rocks ranges ( coa/ cliff :i* ! fur!r elevation conv]t$ into inl& t]races1 & t ! clay & /ones deposit$ by ! ,glacial wat]s 7 9 _m places work$ ov] & re>rang$ by ! tides & waves ( ! %all[+ sea be=e !y 7 p]man5tly rais$ up to und]go ! action ( ! ra9s & /reams1 :ile long banks ( s& & gravel 7 /ret*$ across pla9s & ! m\?s ( valleys1 con/itut+ kames1 or esk]s1 only to be di/+ui%$ f mora9es ( glaci]s by ! /ratifi$ arrangem5t ( _! mat]ials4 ,fur!r1 z ! l& rose1 its surface 0 greatly & rapidly modifi$ by ra9s & /reams4 ,!re is ! ample/ evid5ce1 bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 t at ?is "t ! erosion by ^! means 0 enorm\s 9 comp>ison ) any?+ we n[ exp]i5ce4 ,! ra9fall mu/ h be5 excessive1 ! volume ( wat] 9 ! /reams v great2 & ! facilities = cutt+ *annels 9 ! old ,plioc5e valleys1 fill$ to ! brim ) mud & b\ld]-clay1 7 unprec$5t$4 ,:ile ! area ( ! l& 0 /ill limit$1 mu* ( x w\ld be high & brok51 & x w\ld h all ! dampness ( an insul> climate4 ,z x rose 9 height1 pla9s :i* _h1 :ile "u ! sea1 be5 load$ ) ! dbris swept f ! l&1 w\ld be rais$ up to exp]i5ce riv] erosion4 ,x 0 ! spr+-"t ( ! ,glacial era1 a spr+ em95t = its melt+ sn[s1 its ra9s1 & its riv] floods4,,al ,to an obs]v] liv+ at ?is "t x w\ld h seem$ z if ! sl[ process ( m\ld+ ! cont95ts 0 be+ pu%$ =w>d ) unexampl$ rapidity4 ,! valleys 7 pl\gh$ out & cleans$1 ! pla9s levell$ & ov]spread ) b$s ( alluvium1 giv+ new features ( beauty & utility to ! l&1 & prep>+ ! way = ! life ( ! ,mod]n p]iod1 z if to make up = ! "t :i* _h be5 lo/ 9 ! dre>y ,glacial age4 ,x w readily be und]/ood h[ puzzl+ ^! deposits h be5 to geologi/s1 especially to ^? :o fail to pres5t to _! m9ds ! true conditions ( ! p]iod2 & h[ difficult x is to sep>ate ! riv] alluvia ( ?is age f ! deposits 9 ! seas & e/u>ies1 & ^! aga9 f ! old] ,glacial b$s4 ,fur!r1 9 n a few in/ances ! animals ( a cold climate mu/ h liv$ 9 close proximity to ^? :i* belong$ to ameliorat$ conditions1 & ! fossils ( ! old] ,po/-plioc5e mu/ (t51 9 ! process ( sort+ by wat]1 h be5 mix$ ) ^? ( ! new]4 ,,al ,mr4 ,tylor has well designat$ ?is p]iod z ! ,pluvial age4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 #ahgj4 ,_m ye>s ago ! brilliant & p5etrat+ intellect ( ,edw>d ,=bes 0 direct$ to ! "q ( ! maximum ext5t ( ! lat] ,po/-plioc5e or ,po/-glacial l&2 & 8 inve/igations into ! di/ribution ( ! ,european flora1 9 connection ) ! ph5om5a ( subm]g$ t]re/rial surfaces1 l$ to ! belief t ! l& _h ris5 until x 0 bo? high] & m ext5sive !n at pres5t4 ,at ! "t ( greate/ elevation1 ,engl& 0 jo9$ to ! cont95t ( ,europe by a level pla91 & a simil> pla9 connect$ ,irel& ) its si/] isl&s4 ,ov] ^! pla9s ! plants con/itut+ ! ,g]manic flora spread !mselves into ! area ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 & h]ds ( mammo?1 rh9oc]os1 & ,iri% elk w&]$ & ext5d$ _! range f ea/ to we/4 ,! d$uctions ( ,=bes h be5 confirm$ & ext5d$ by o!rs2 & x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t 9 ! ,po/-glacial era1 ! l& rega9$ fully ! ext5t :i* x _h possess$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,plioc5e4 ,9 ^! circum/ances ! l(ti] hills might /ill rea* ! limits ( p]petual sn[1 b _! glaci]s w\ld no long] desc5d to ! sea4 ,:at are n[ ! b$s ( %all[ seas w\ld be va/ wood$ pla9s1 dra9$ by magnific5t riv]s1 ^: ma9 c\rses are n[ subm]g$1 & only _! bran*es rema9 z sep>ate & di/9ct /reams1 ,! cold b equable climate ( ! ,po/-plioc5e w\ld n[ be ex*ang$ = w>m summ]s1 alt]nat+ ) %>p w9t]s1 ^: sev]ity w\ld be mitigat$ by ! d5se =e/ cov]+1 :i* w\ld also contribute to ! due supply ( moi/ure1 prev5t+ ! surface f be+ burnt into arid pla9s4 ,x seems n improbable t x 0 :5 ! cont95ts _h atta9$ to _! greate/ ext5sion & :5 animal & vegetable life _h aga9 ov]-spread ! new l& to its utmo/ limits1 t man 0 introduc$ on ! ea/]n cont95t1 & ) him sev]al mammalian species1 n kn[n 9 ! ,plioc5e p]iod1 & "s ( :i*1 z ! %eep1 ! goat1 ! ox1 & ! dog1 h ev] s9ce be5 8 companions & humble allies4 ,^!1 at lea/ 9 ! we/ ( ,europe1 7 ! ,palaeoli?ic m51 ! mak]s ( ! olde/ fl9t implem5ts2 & arm$ ) ^!1 !y _h to ass]t ! ma/]y ( man ov] broad] l&s !n we n[ possess1 & ov] _m species ( great animals n[ ext9ct4 ,9 ?us writ+1 ,i assume ! accuracy ( ! inf]5ces f ! occurr5ce ( work$ /ones ) ! bones ( po/-glacial animals1 :i* mu/ h liv$ dur+ ! condition ( our cont95ts above ref]r$ to4 ,if ^! inf]5ces are well f\nd$1 n only did man exi/ at ?is "t1 b man n ev5 v>ietally di/9ct f mod]n ,european races4 ,b if man really appe>$ 9 ,europe 9 ! ,po/-glacial era1 he 0 de/9$ to be expos$ to "o great natural vicissitude be=e 8 p]man5t e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,! l& _h rea*$ its maximum elevation1 b its f\ndations1 /&+ 9 ! wat] & out ( ! wat]1 7 n yet securely settl$1 & x _h to take "o m plunge-ba? be=e atta9+ its mod]n fixity4 ,?is seems to h be5 a comp>atively rapid subsid5ce & re-elevation1 leav+ b sl5d] traces ( its occurr5ce1 b *ang+ to "s ext5t ! levels ( ! cont95ts1 & fail+ to re/ore !m fully to _! =m] elevation1 s t l>ge areas ( ! l[] gr\nds /ill rema9$ "u ! sea4 ,if1 z ! great] numb] ( geologi/s n[ believe1 man 0 !n on ! e>?1 x is n impossible t ?is con/itut$ ! deluge record$ 9 t rem>kable log book ( ,noah pres]v$ to u 9 ,g5esis1 & ( :i* ! memory rema9s 9 ! traditions ( mo/ anci5t nations4 ,?is is at lea/ ! geological deluge :i* sep>ates ! ,po/-glacial p]iod f ! ,mod]n1 & ! e>li] f ! lat] pre-hi/oric p]iod ( ! ar*ologi/s4,,am ,,am ,i h long ?\ght t ! n>rative 9 ,g54 vii4 & viii4 c be und]/ood only on ! supposition t x is a contempor>y j\rnal or log ( an eye-witness incorporat$ by ! au?or ( ,g5esis 9 8 "w4 ,! dates ( ! ris+ & fall ( ! wat]1 ! note ( s\nd+s ov] ! hill-tops :5 ! maximum 0 atta9$1 & _m o!r details1 z well z ! :ole tone ( ! n>rative1 seem to require ?is supposition1 :i* also removes all ! difficulties ( int]pretation :i* h be5 s mu* felt4 ,v important que/ions ( "t are involv$ 9 ?is idea ( ,po/-glacial man1 & mu* w dep5d1 9 ! solution ( ^!1 on ! views :i* we adopt z to ! rate ( subsid5ce & elevation ( ! l&4 ,if1 ) ! majority ( ,briti% geologi/s1 we hold t x is to be measur$ by ^? sl[ movem5ts n[ 9 progress1 ! "t requir$ w be long4 ,if1 ) mo/ ,cont95tal & "s ,am]ican geologi/s1 we believe 9 p>oxysmal movem5ts ( elevation & depression1 x may be mu* r$uc$4 ,we h se5 9 ! progress ( our inquiries t ! movem5ts ( ! cont95ts seem to h occurr$ ) accel]at$ rapidity 9 ! m mod]n p]iods4 ,we h also se5 t ^! movem5ts might dep5d on ! sl[ contraction ( ! e>?'s cru/ due to cool+1 b t ! effects ( ?is contraction might manife/ !mselves only at int]vals4 ,we h fur!r se5 t ! gradual ret>dation ( ! rotation ( ! e>? furni%es a cause capable ( produc+ elevation & subsid5ce ( ! l&1 & t ?is also might be manife/$ at long] or %ort] int]vals1 accord+ to ! /r5g? & resi/+ p[] ( ! cru/4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ?is ret>dation1 s long z ! cru/ ( ! e>? did n give way1 ! wat]s w\ld be driv5 t[>d ! poles1 & ! nor!rn l& w\ld be subm]g$2 b s soon z ! t5sion became s great z to rupture ! solid %ell1 ! equatorial regions w\ld collapse1 & ! nor!rn l& w\ld aga9 be rais$4 ,! subsid5ce w\ld be gradual1 ! elevation p>oxysmal1 & p]haps int]mitt5t4 ,let u suppose t ?is 0 :at occurr$ 9 ! ,glacial p]iod1 & t ! l& _h atta9$ to its maximum elevation4 ,?is might n prove to be p]man5t2 ! new balance ( ! cru/ might be liable to local or g5]al di/urbance 9 a m9or degree1 lead+ to subsid5ce & p>tial re-elevation1 foll[+ ! great ,po/-glacial elevation4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no?+ unreasonable 9 t view :i* makes ! subsid5ce & re-elevation at ! close ( ! ,po/-glacial p]iod some:at abrupt1 at lea/ :5 comp>$ ) "s m anci5t movem5ts4 ,b :at is ! evid5ce ( ! deposits =m$ at ?is p]iod8 ,"h we meet ) results mo/ div]se & contradictory1 b ,i ?9k !re c be little d\bt t on ?is k9d ( evid5ce ! "t requir$ = ! ,po/-glacial p]iod has be5 greatly exagg]at$1 especially by ^? geologi/s :o refuse to receive su* views z to subsid5ce & elevation z ^? above /at$4 ,! calculations ( long "t bas$ on ! gravels ( ! ,somme1 on ! cone ( ! ,t9ire1 on ! peat bogs ( ,france & ,d5m>k1 on c]ta9 cav]n deposits1 h all be5 %[n to be m or less at fault2 & possibly none ( ^! rea* fur!r back !n ! six or sev5 ?\s& ye>s :i*1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,&rews1 h elaps$ s9ce ! close ( ! b\ld]-clay deposits 9 ,am]ica4,,an ,i am aw>e t su* a /atem5t w be reg>d$ ) surprise by _m 9 ,engl&1 :]e ev5 ! popul> lit]ature has be5 p5etrat$ ) ! idea ( a duration ( ! human p]iod imm5sely long 9 comp>ison ) :at us$ to be ! popul> belief2 b ,i feel conv9c$ t ! sci5tific p5dulum mu/ sw+ backw>d 9 ?is direction ne>] to its old position4 ,let u look at a few ( ! facts4 ,mu* use has be5 made ( ! cone or delta ( ! ,t9ire on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 z an illu/ration ( ! duration ( ! ,mod]n p]iod4 ,?is little /ream has deposit$ at its m\? a mass ( dbris c>ri$ d[n f ! hills4 ,?is be+ cut ?r\gh by a railway1 is f\nd to conta9 ,roman rema9s to a dep? ( f\r feet1 bronze implem5ts to a dep? ( t5 feet1 /one implem5ts at a dep? ( n9ete5 feet4 ,! deposit ceas$ ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 & calculat+ #acjj to #aejj ye>s = ! ,roman p]iod1 we %\ld h #gjjj to #aj1jjj ye>s z ! age ( ! cone4 ,b be=e ! =mation ( ! pres5t cone1 ano!r _h be5 =m$ twelve times z l>ge4 ,?us = ! two cones toge!r1 a duration ( m !n #ij1jjj ye>s is claim$4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t ?is calculation has be5 made irrespective ( two ess5tial elem5ts 9 ! "q4 ,no all[ance has be5 made = ! fact t ! inn] lay]s ( a cone are necess>ily small] !n ! out]2 nor = ! fur!r fact t ! old] cone belongs to a di/9ct "t 7! pluvial age already ref]r$ to71 :5 ! ra9fall 0 mu* l>g]1 & ! transport+ p[] ( ! torr5t great 9 proportion4 ,mak+ all[ance = ^! conditions1 ! age ( ! new] cone1 t hold+ human rema9s1 falls betwe5 #djjj & #ejjj ye>s4 ,! peat b$ ( ,abbeville1 9 ! nor? ( ,france1 has gr[n at ! rate ( "o & a half to two in*es 9 a c5tury4 ,be+ tw5ty-six feet 9 ?ickness1 ! "t occupi$ 9 its gr[? mu/ h am\nt$ to #bj1jjj ye>s2 & yet x is probably new] !n "s ( ! gravels on ! same riv] conta9+ fl9t implem5ts4 ,b ! composition ( ! ,abbeville peat %[s t x's a =e/ peat1 & ! erect /ems pres]v$ 9 x prove t 9 ! fir/ in/ance x mu/ h gr[n at ! rate ( ab\t ?ree feet 9 a c5tury1 & aft] ! de/ruction ( ! =e/ its rate ( increase d[n to ! pres5t "t dim9i%$ rapidly almo/ to no?+4 ,its age is ?us r$uc$ to p]haps less !n #djjj ye>s4 ,9 #ahfe ,i _h an opportunity to exam9e ! n[ celebrat$ gravels ( ,/4 ,a*eul1 on ! ,somme1 by "s suppos$ to g back to a v anci5t p]iod4 ,) ! pap]s ( ,pre/wi* & o!r able obs]v]s 9 my h&1 ,i c\ld conclude m]ely t ! undi/urb$ gravels 7 old] !n ! ,roman p]iod1 b h[ mu* old] only detail$ topographical surveys c\ld prove2 & t tak+ into acc\nt ! probabilities ( a diff]5t level ( ! l&1 a wood$ condition ( ! c\ntry1 a great] ra9fall1 & a glacial fill+ ( ! ,somme valley ) clay & /ones subsequ5tly cut out by runn+ wat] ! gravels c\ld sc>cely be old] !n ! ,abbeville peat4 ,to h publi%$ su* views 9 ,engl& w\ld h be5 simply to h deliv]$ myself into ! h&s ( ! ,phili/9es4 ,i !re=e cont5t$ myself ) record+ my op9ion 9 ,canada4 ,tylor,,ao & ,&rews,,ap h1 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k1 subsequ5tly %[n t my impressions 7 correct4 ,9 l mann]1 ,i fail to p]ceive1 & ,i ?9k all ,am]ican geologi/s acqua9t$ ) ! pre-hi/oric monum5ts ( ! we/]n cont95t mu/ agree ) me1 any evid5ce ( great antiquity 9 ! caves ( ,belgium & ,engl&1 ! kit*5-midd5s ( ,d5m>k1 ! rock-%elt]s ( ,france1 ! lake habitations ( ,switz]l&4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i w\ld disclaim all attempt to resolve _! dates into precise t]ms ( ye>s4 ,i may m]ely add1 t ! elaborate & c>eful obs]vations ( ,dr4 ,&rews on ! rais$ bea*es ( ,lake ,mi*igan1 obs]vations ( a mu* m precise "* !n any :i*1 9 s f> z ,i "k1 h be5 made ( su* deposits 9 ,europe1 enable him to calculate ! "t :i* has elaps$ s9ce ,nor? ,am]ica rose out ( ! wat]s ( ! ,glacial p]iod z betwe5 #eejj & #gejj ye>s4 ,?is fixes at lea/ ! possible duration ( ! human p]iod 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ?\gh ,i believe !re are o!r l9es ( evid5ce :i*1 w\ld r$uce ! resid5ce ( man 9 ,am]ica to a mu* %ort] "t4 ,long] p]iods h1 x is true1 be5 d$uc$ f ! delta ( ! ,mississippi & ! gorge ( ,niag>a2 b ! deposits ( ! =m] h be5 f\nd by ,hilg>d to be 9 great "p m>9e1 & ! excavation ( ! latt] began at a p]iod probably long ,ant]ior to ! adv5t ( man4 ,,an ,transactions1 ,*icago ,academy1 #ahga4 ,,ao ,j\rnal ( ,geological ,society1 vol4 xxv4 ,,ap ,silliman's ,j\rnal1 #ahfh4 ,b ano!r "q rema9s4 ,f ! simil>ities exi/+ 9 ! animals & plants ( regions 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e n[ widely sep>at$ by ! ocean1 x has be5 inf]r$ t ,po/-plioc5e l& ( great ext5t exi/$ !re2 & t on ?is l& m5 may h liv$ be=e ! cont95ts ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e 7 ready = !m4 ,x has ev5 be5 suppos$ t1 inasmu* z ! flora & fauna ( ,au/ralia h an aspect l t ( ! ,eoc5e ,t]ti>y1 & v l[ =ms ( man exi/ 9 t "p ( ! _w1 ^! l[ races are ! olde/ ( all1 & may date f ,t]ti>y times4 ,positive evid5ce ( ?is1 h[ev]1 !re is none4 ,^! races h no monum5ts2 nor1 s f> z kn[n1 h !y left _! rema9s 9 ,po/-plioc5e deposits4 ,x dep5ds on ! assumptions t ! rud] races ( m5 are ! olde/2 & t man has no great] migratory p[]s !n o!r animals4 ,! fir/ is probably false1 z be+ contr>y to hi/ory2 & also to ! te/imony ( palaeontology ) ref]5ce to ! laws ( creation4 ,! second is c]ta9ly false2 = we "k t man has manag$ to associate himself ) e exi/+ fauna & flora1 ev5 9 mod]n times2 & t ! mo/ mod]n races h pit*$ _! t5ts amid tree-f]ns & ,proteace1 & h hunt$ kang>oos & emus4 ,fur!r1 :5 we consid] t ! productions ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e are n only m antique !n ^? ( ! nor!rn1 b1 on ! :ole1 less suit$ = ! com=table subsi/5ce ( man & ! animals mo/ useful to him2 & t ! ,po/-plioc5e animals ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e 7 ( simil> types ) _! mod]n successors1 we are ! less incl9$ to believe t ^! regions w\ld be select$ z ! cradle ( ! human race4 ,,cond5s$ ,,tabul> ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,ages ,,& ,,p]iods ,,( ,,! ,,neozoic4 ,key to ,symbols ,rec5t species ( ,aquatic ,inv]tebrates4 ,teleo/ian ,fi%es & ,squaloid %>ks prevail4 --- ,ages ( ,angiosp]ms & ,plants4 ,& ,god said--let ! l& br+ =? h]bivor\s bea/s & c>nivor\s bea/s1 aft] _! k9ds2 & x 0 s4 ,& ,god creat$ man 9 ,8 own image4 ,"t4 ,ages4 ,p]iods4 ,animals & ,plants4 ,,neozoic ,,or ,,ca9ozoic4 ,new]4 ,/ill future 787 ,age ( ,mod]n ,middle4 ,hi/oric4 ,man ,old]4 ,pre-hi/oric4 ,n4 ,po/-,glacial gravels & cave deposits4 ,saxicava s& & ,po/- t]races 7,am]ica74 ,plioc5e ,m4 ,m>9e ,clays4 ,l$a clays4 ,erie - clay 7,am]ica74 - ,o4 ,glacial ,drift4 ,b\ld] clay - 7,am]ica74 - - ,n4 ,norwi* crag2 ,sicilian & - ,val d',arno b$s4 - ,plioc5e ,m4 ,sumt] gr\p 7,am]ica74 - ,o4 ,r$ & ,corall9e crag2 ,sub-app59e - b$s4 - - ,n4 ,faluns ( ,lora9e2 ,upp] ,molasse2 - ,siwalik b$s2 ,o5+5 plant b$s4 - ,york-t[n b$s 7,am]ica74 - ,mioc5e ,m4 - ,o4 ,upp] ,p>is b$s2 ,hemp/ead & ,bovey - b$s2 ,l[] ,molasse4 ,nebraska b$s - 7,we/ ,am]ica74 ,mammals4 - - ,n4 ,gypse\s s]ies1 ,p>is4 ,vicksburg - gr\p 7,am]ica74 ,eoc5e ,m4 ,calcaire ,grossi]1 ,bag%ot & ,alum ,bay b$s4 ,jackson gr\p 7,am]ica74 ,o4 ,argile ,pla/ique2 ,london clay4 ,claiborne gr\p 7,am]ica74 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,close ,,( ,,! ,,po/-,,plioc5e1 ,,& ,,adv5t ,,( ,,man4 7,cont9u$47 ,turn+ f ^! difficult que/ions ( "t1 we may n[ look at ! assemblage ( l&-animals pres5t$ by ! ,po/-glacial p]iod4 ,"h1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! great s]ies ( cont95tal elevations & depressions1 we f9d ! newly-em]g+ l& peopl$ ) famili> =ms4 ,ne>ly all ! mod]n ,european animals h left _! bones 9 ! clays1 gravels1 & cav]n deposits :i* belong to ?is p]iod2 b ) !m are o!rs ei!r n n[ f\nd )9 ! limits ( temp]ate ,europe1 or altoge!r ext9ct4 ,?us ! rem>kable fact comes out1 t ! upris+ l& 0 peopl$ at fir/ ) a m abundant fauna !n t :i* x n[ su/a9s1 & t _m species1 & among ^! "s ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ p[]ful1 h be5 we$$ out1 ei!r be=e ! adv5t ( man or 9 ! *anges :i* imm$iately succe$$ t ev5t4 ,t 9 ! ,po/-glacial p]iod s _m noble animal species %\ld h be5 ov]?r[n 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 )\t leav+ any successors1 at lea/ 9 ,europe1 is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ph5om5a 9 ! hi/ory ( life on our planet4 ,accord+ to4 ,pictet1,,aq ! ,po/-glacial b$s ( ,europe af=d n9ety-eight species ( mammals1 ( :i* fifty-sev5 /ill live !re1 ! rema9d] be+ ei!r locally or :olly ext9ct4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,boyd ,dawk9s1,,ar 9 ,great ,brita9 ab\t twelve ,plioc5e species surviv$ ! ,glacial p]iod1 & reappe>$ 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s 9 ! ,po/-glacial4 ,to ^! 7 add$ =ty-"o species mak+ 9 all fifty-?ree1 ^: rema9s are f\nd 9 ! gravels & caves ( ! latt] p]iod4 ,( ^!1 9 ! ,mod]n p]iod tw5ty-eight1 or r m !n "o-half1 survive1 f\rte5 are :olly ext9ct1 & elev5 are locally ext9ct4 ,,aq ,palontologie4 ,,ar ,j\rnal ( ,geological ,society1 & ,palontographical ,society's publications4 ,illu/ration3 ,,brita9 ,,9 ,,! ,,po/-,,plioc5e ,,age4 ,musk-%eep1 ,hippopotamus1 ,ma*airodus1 ,mammo?1 ,wooly ,rh9oc]os1 ,long-front$ ,ox1 & ,iri% /ag4 ,! animals are tak5 f ,mr4 ,wat]h\se ,hawk9s's picture1 ,/ruggles ( ,life among ,briti% ,animals ( ! ,ant$iluvian ,times4 ,london3 #ahec4 ,! l&scape is t ( ! lat] "p ( ! cold ,po/-plioc5e p]iod4 ,among ! ext9ct bea/s1 7 "s ( v rem>kable "*4 ,!re 7 two or m species ( elephant1 :i* seem 9 ?is age to h ov]spread1 9 va/ h]ds1 all ! pla9s ( ,nor!rn ,europe & ,asia2 & "o ( :i* we "k1 f ! p]fect specim5 f\nd emb$d$ 9 ! froz5 soil ( ,sib]ia1 liv$ till a v mod]n p]iod2 & 0 clo!d ) long hair & fur1 fitt+ x = a cold climate4 ,!re 7 also ?ree or f\r species ( rh9oc]os1 "o ( :i* at lea/ 7! ,r4 ,ti*orh9us7 0 clad ) wool l ! great ,sib]ian mammo?4 ,) ^! 0 a huge hippopotamus 7,h4 major71 ^: head-qu>t]s w\ld1 h[ev]1 seem to h be5 f>!r s\? !n ,engl&1 or :i* p]haps inhabit$ *iefly ! swamps along ! l>ge riv]s runn+ ?r\gh areas n[ "u ! sea4 ,! occurr5ce ( su* an animal %[s an abundant vegetation1 & a climate s mild1 t ! riv]s 7 n cov]$ ) heavy ice 9 w9t]2 = ! supposition t ?is old hippopotamus 0 a migratory animal seems v unlikely4 ,ano!r animal ( ?is "t1 0 ! magnific5t de]1 kn[n z ! ,iri% elk2 & :i* p]haps _h its pr9cipal abode on ! great pla9 :i* is n[ ! ,iri% ,sea4 ,! t]rible ma*airodus1 or cymet>-too!d tig]1 0 cont9u$ f ! ,plioc5e2 & 9 addition to species ( be> /ill liv+1 !re 0 a species ( gigantic size1 probably n[ ext9ct1 ! cave be>4 ,evid5ces are accumulat+1 to %[ t all or ne>ly all ^! surviv$ until ! human p]iod4 ,if we turn n[ to ^? animals :i* are only locally ext9ct1 we meet ) "s /range1 & at fir/ sight puzzl+ anomalies4 ,"s ( ^! are creatures n[ limit$ to climates mu* cold] !n t ( ,brita94 ,o!rs n[ belong to w>m] climates4 ,conspicu\s among ! =m] are ! musk-%eep1 ! elk1 ! re9de]1 ! glutton1 & ! lemm+4 ,among ! latt]1 we see ! pan!r1 ! lion1 & ! ,cape hy5a4 ,t animals n[ s widely sep>at$ z ! musk-%eep ( ,arctic ,am]ica & ! hy5a ( ,s\? ,africa1 c\ld ev] h inhabit$ ! same =e/s1 seems a dream ( ! wilde/ fancy4 ,yet x is n difficult to f9d a probable solution ( ! my/]y4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 at ! pres5t day1 ! puma1 or ,am]ican lion1 comes up to ! same latitudes ) ! c>ib\1 or re9de]1 & moose2 & 9 ,asia1 ! tig] ext5ds its migrations into ! abodes ( boreal animals 9 ! pla9s ( ,sib]ia4 ,ev5 9 ,europe1 )9 ! hi/oric p]iod1 ! re9de] inhabit$ ! =e/s ( ,g]many2 & ! lion ext5d$ its range ne>ly z f> nor?w>d4 ,! explanation lies 9 ! co-exi/5ce ( a d5sely wood$ c\ntry ) a temp]ate climate2 ! =e/s af=d+ to s\!rn animals %elt] f ! cold or w9t]2 & equally to ! nor!rn animals protection f ! heat ( summ]4 ,h5ce our wond] at ?is association ( animals ( div]se habitudes z to climate1 is m]ely a prejudice aris+ f ! pres5t exceptional condition ( ,europe4 ,/ill x is possible t *anges unfav\rable to "s ( ^! animals1 7 9 progress be=e ! arrival ( man1 ) 8 cle>+s & =e/ fires & o!r di/urb+ ag5cies4 ,ev5 9 ,am]ica1 ! megalonyx1 or gigantic slo?1 ! mammo?1 ! ma/odon1 ! fossil horse1 & _m o!r creatures1 disappe>$ be=e ! ,mod]n p]iod2 & on bo? cont95ts ! great ,po/-glacial subsid5ce or deluge may h swept away "s ( ! species4 ,su* a supposition seems necess>y to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a ( ! gravel & cave deposits ( ,engl&1 & ,cope has rec5tly sugge/$ x 9 explanation ( simil> /oreh\ses ( fossil animals 9 ,am]ica4,,z ,,z ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 ,april #ahga4 ,among ! _m pictures :i* ?is f]tile subject calls up1 p]haps none is m curi\s !n t pres5t$ by ! ,po/-glacial cav]n deposits4 ,we may close our survey ( ?is p]iod ) ! exploration ( "o ( ^! /range repositories2 & may select ,k5t's ,hole at ,torquay1 s c>efully excavat$ & illum9$ ) ! magnesium light ( sci5tific inquiry by ,mr4 ,p5gelly & a committee ( ! ,briti% ,association4 ,! some:at ext5sive & ramify+ cav]n ( ,k5t's ,hole is an irregul> excavation1 evid5tly due p>tly to fissures 9 lime/one rock1 & p>tly to ! erosive action ( wat] enl>g+ su* fissures into *amb]s & gall]ies4 ,at :at "t x 0 orig9ally cut we d n "k1 b x mu/ h exi/$ z a cav]n at ! close ( ! ,plioc5e or beg9n+ ( ! ,po/-plioc5e p]iod1 s9ce :i* "t x has be5 receiv+ a s]ies ( deposits :i* h q fill$ up "s ( its small] bran*es4 ,fir/ & l[e/1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,p5gelly1 is a breccia or mass ( brok5 & r\nd$ /ones1 ) h>d5$ r$ clay fill+ ! int]/ices4 ,mo/ ( ! /ones are ( ! rock :i* =ms ! ro( & walls ( ! cave1 b _m1 especially ! r\nd$ ones1 are f m di/ant p>ts ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,9 ?is mass1 ! dep? ( :i* is unkn[n1 are num]\s bones1 all ( "o k9d ( animal1 ! cave be>1 a creature :i* seems to h liv$ 9 ,we/]n ,europe f ! close ( ! ,plioc5e d[n to ! mod]n p]iod4 ,x mu/ h be5 "o ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ p]man5t t5ants ( ,k5t's ,hole at a "t :5 its l[] *amb]s 7 /ill fill$ ) wat]4 ,next above ! breccia is a floor ( /alagmite or /ony c>bonate ( lime1 deposit$ f ! dripp+s ( ! ro(1 & 9 "s places ?ree feet ?ick4 ,?is also conta9s bones ( ! cave be>1 deposit$ :5 !re 0 less access ( wat] to ! cav]n4 ,mr4 ,p5gelly inf]s ! exi/5ce ( man at ?is "t f a s+le fl9t flake & a s+le fl9t *ip f\nd 9 ^! b$s2 b m]e flakes & *ips ( fl9t are too (t5 natural to w>rant su* a conclusion4 ,aft] ! old /alagmite floor above m5tion$ 0 =m$1 ! cave aga9 receiv$ deposits ( muddy wat] & /ones2 b n[ a *ange occurs 9 ! rema9s emb$d$4 ,?is /ony clay1 or cave e>? has yield$ an imm5se quantity ( tee? & bones1 includ+ ^? ( ! elephant1 rh9oc]os1 horse1 hy5a1 cave be>1 re9de]1 & ,iri% elk4 ,) ^! 7 f\nd weapons ( *ipp$ fl9t1 & h>poons1 ne$les1 & bodk9s ( bone1 precisely simil> to ^? ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians & o!r rude races4 ,! cave e>? is f\r feet or m 9 ?ickness1 ,x is n /ratifi$1 & conta9s _m fall5 fragm5ts ( rock1 r\nd$ /ones1 & brok5 pieces ( /alagmite4 ,x also has pat*es ( ! excrem5t ( hy5as1 :i* ! explor]s suppose to indicate ! tempor>y resid5ce ( ^! animals2 & 9 "o spot1 ne> ! top1 is a limit$ lay] ( burnt wood1 ) rema9s :i* indicate ! cook+ & eat+ ( repa/s ( animal food by man4 ,x is cle> t :5 ?is b$ 0 =m$ ! cav]n 0 liable to be inundat$ ) muddy wat]1 c>ry+ /ones & o!r heavy objects1 & break+ up 9 places ! old /alagmite floor4 ,"o ( ! mo/ puzzl+ features1 especially to ^? :o take an exclusively uni=mit>ian view1 is1 t ! entrance ( wat]-borne mud & /ones implies a level ( ! bottom ( ! wat] 9 ! neighb\r+ valleys ( ab\t #ajj feet above its pres5t height4 ,! cave e>? is cov]$ by a second cru/ ( /alagmite1 less d5se & ?ick !n t bel[1 & conta9+ only a few bones1 :i* are ( ! same g5]al "* ) ^? bel[1 b include a fragm5t ( a human jaw ) tee?4 ,evid5tly1 :5 ?is /alagmite 0 =m$1 ! influx ( wat]-borne mat]ials _h ceas$1 or ne>ly s2 b :e!r ! animals previ\sly occupy+ ! c\ntry /ill cont9u$ 9 x1 or only accid5tal bones1 etc41 7 introduc$ into ! cave or lift$ f ! b$ bel[1 does n appe>4 ,! next b$ m>ks a new *ange4 ,x is a lay] ( black m\ld f ?ree to t5 in*es ?ick4 ,its microscopic /ructure does n seem to h be5 exam9$2 b x is probably a =e/ soil1 introduc$ by gr[?1 by wat]1 by w9d1 & by +ress ( animals1 at a "t :5 ! cave 0 ne>ly 9 its pres5t /ate1 & ! surr\nd+ c\ntry d5sely wood$4 ,?is b$ conta9s bones ( animals1 all ( !m mod]n1 & works ( art rang+ f ! old ,briti% times be=e ! ,roman invasion up to ! port]-bottles & dropp$ halfp5ce ( mod]n visitors4 ,la/ly1 9 & ^u ! black m\ld are _m fall5 blocks f ! ro( ( ! cave4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ?is cave & ! neighb\r+ "o ( ,brixham h done v mu* to impress ! m9ds ( ,briti% geologi/s ) ideas ( ! great antiquity ( man1 & !y h1 m !n any o!r ,po/-glacial monum5ts1 %[n ! p]si/5ce ( "s animals n[ ext9ct up to ! human age4 ,( precise data = det]m9+ "t1 !y h1 h[ev]1 giv5 no?+4 ,! only measures :i* se$ to h be5 appli$1 namely1 ! rate ( gr[? ( /alagmite & ! rate ( erosion ( ! neighb\r+ valleys1 are1 f ! v sequ5ce ( ! deposits1 obvi\sly wor?less2 & ! only app>5tly available con/ant measure1 namely1 ! fall ( blocks f ! ro(1 seems n yet to h be5 appli$4 ,we are !re=e q unc]ta9 z to ! numb] ( c5turies involv$ 9 ! fill+ ( ?is cave1 & mu/ rema9 s until a sur] sy/em ( calculation is adopt$4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 attempt to sket* ! s]ies ( ev5ts :i* x indicates4 ,! animals f\nd 9 ,k5t's ,hole are all ,po/-glacial4 ,!y !re=e inhabit$ ! c\ntry aft] x rose f ! great ,glacial subm]g5ce4 ,p]haps ! fir/ coloni/s ( ! coa/s ( ,devon%ire 9 ?is p]iod 7 ! cave be>s1 migrat+ on float+ ice1 & subsi/+1 l ! ,arctic be>1 & ! black be>s ( ,antico/i1 on fi%1 & on ! g>bage ca/ up by ! sea4 ,!y f\nd ,k5t's ,hole a sea-side cav]n1 ) p]haps "s ( its gall]ies /ill full ( wat]1 & fill+ )1 breccia1 ) :i* ! bones ( dead be>s became mix$4 ,z ! l& rose1 ^! creatures = ! mo/ "p betook !mselves to l[] levels1 & 9 process ( "t ! cav]n /ood ^u a hill-side1 p]haps sev]al hundr$s ( feet above ! sea2 & ! m\nta9 torr5ts1 _! b$s n yet empti$ ( glacial detritus1 wa%$ into x /ones & mud & c>cases ( animals ( _m species :i* _h n[ sw>m$ across ! pla9s elevat$ out ( ! sea1 & multipli$ 9 ! l&4 ,?is 0 ! "t ( ! cave e>?2 & be=e its deposit 0 complet$1 ?\gh h[ long be=e1 a confus$ & (t5-di/urb$ b$ ( ?is k9d _c tell1 man himself seems to h be5 add$ to ! inhabitants ( ! ,briti% l&4 ,9 pursuit ( game he sometimes asc5d$ ! valleys beyond ! cav]n1 or ev5 p5etrat$ into its out] *amb]s2 or p]haps !re 7 ev5 9 ^? days rude & savage hill-m51 inhabit+ ! =e/s & w>r+ ) ! m cultivat$ d5iz5s ( pla9s bel[1 :i* are n[ deep "u ! wat]s4 ,_! weapons1 lo/ 9 hunt+1 or buri$ 9 ! fle% ( w\nd$ animals :i* crept to ! /reams to assuage _! ?ir/1 are ^? f\nd 9 ! cave e>?4 ,! abs5ce ( human bones may m]ely %[ t ! mighty hunt]s ( ^? days 7 too h>dy1 a?letic1 & intellig5t1 (t5 to p]i% f accid5tal causes1 & t !y did n use ?is cav]n = a place ( burial4 ,b ! l& aga9 subsid$4 ,! valley ( t n[ nameless riv]1 ( :i* ! ,rh9e ! !mes1 & ! ,sev]n may h alike be5 tribut>ies1 disappe>$ "u ! sea2 & "s tribe1 driv5 f ! l[] l&s1 took refuge 9 ?is cave1 n[ aga9 ne> ! encroa*+ waves1 & left !re ! rema9s ( _! la/ repa/s ere !y 7 driv5 f>!r inl& or engulf$ 9 ! wat]s4 ,= a "t ! cav]n may h be5 :olly subm]g$1 & ! *>coal ( ! ext+ui%$ fires became cov]$ ) its ?9 coat+ ( clay4 ,b ere long x re-em]g$ to =m "p ( an isl&1 long b>r5 & desolate2 & ! valleys hav+ be5 cut deep] by ! rec$+ wat]s1 x no long] receiv$ muddy deposits1 & ! cru/ =m$ by dripp+s f its ro( conta9$ only bones & pebbles wa%$ by ra9s or occasional l& floods f its own clay deposits4 ,f9ally1 ! mod]n =e/s ov]spread ! l&1 & 7 t5ant$ by ! mod]n animals4 ,man return$ to use ! cav]n aga9 z a place ( refuge or habitation1 & to leave !re ! relics conta9$ 9 ! black e>?4 ,?is seems at pres5t ! only intelligible hi/ory ( ?is curi\s cave & o!rs resembl+ x2 ?\gh1 :5 we consid] ! imp]fection ( ! results obta9$ ev5 by a l>ge am\nt ( lab\r1 & ! difficult & confus$ "* ( ! deposits 9 ?is & simil> caves1 too mu* value %\ld n be atta*$ to su* hi/ories1 :i* may at any "t be contradict$ or modifi$ by new facts or diff]5t explanations ( ^? already kn[n4 ,! "t involv$ dep5ds v mu*1 z already /at$1 on ! "q :e!r we reg>d ! ,po/-glacial subsid5ce & re-elevation z some:at sudd51 or z occupy+ long ages at ! sl[ rate at :i* "s p>ts ( our cont95ts are n[ ris+ or s9k+4,,at ,,at ,ano!r elem5t 9 ?is is also ! "q rais$ by ,dawk9s1 ,geikie1 & o!rs z to subdivisions ( ! ,po/-glacial p]iod & int]missions ( ! ,glacial cold4 ,aft] c>eful consid]ation ( ^! views1 h[ev]1 ,i _c consid] !m z ( mu* importance4 ,su* are ! glimpses1 obscure ?\gh /imulat+ to ! imag9ation1 :i* geology c give ( ! circum/ances att5d+ ! appe>ance ( man 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,h[ f> we are f be+ able to acc\nt = 8 orig91 or to give its circum/ances & relative dates = ! :ole _w1 ! read] w readily und]/&4 ,/ill x is some?+ to "k t !re is an intelligible meet+-place ( ! lat] geological ages & ! age ( man1 & t x is "o invit+ to _m & hopeful rese>*es4 ,x is curi\s also to f9d t ! few monum5ts dis9t]r$ by geology1 ! ant$iluvian record ( ,holy ,scripture1 & ! gold5 age ( hea!n tradition1 seem alike to po9t to simil> physical conditions1 & to t simple /ate ( ! arts ( life 9 :i* gold & wampum & fl9t /ones,,au con/itut$ ! *ief mat]ial treasures ( ! e>lie/ tribes ( m54 ,!y also po9t to ! immeasurable elevation1 !n z n[1 ( man ov] 8 brute rivals = ! dom9ion ( ! e>?4 ,to ! naturali/ ?is subject op5s up mo/ invit+ yet mo/ difficult pa?s ( rese>*1 to be ent]$ on ) caution & rev]5ce1 r !n 9 ! bold & da%+ _s ( _m mod]n attempts4 ,! ,*ri/ian1 on 8 "p1 may feel satisfi$ t ! scatt]$ monum5tal relics ( ! caves & gravels w tell no /ory v diff]5t f t :i* he has long believ$ on o!r evid5ce1 nor any?+ inconsi/5t ) ^? views ( man's heav5ly orig9 & de/9y :i* h be5 ! mo/ preci\s inh]itance ( ! greate/ & be/ m9ds ( e age1 f t e>ly pre-hi/oric p]iod :5 m51 palaeoli?ic m51 no d\bt1 began to invoke ! "n ( ,jehovah1 ! com+ ,savi\r1 d[n to ^? times :5 life & immortality are br\ght to light1 = all :o w see1 by ! ,savi\r already come4 ,,au ,s ,i read ! gold1 b$olah1 & %oham ( ! description ( ,ed5 9 ,g5esis ii4--! olde/ lit]>y record ( ! /one age4 ,9 complet+ ?is s]ies ( pictures1 ,i wi% emphatically to insi/ on ! imp]fection ( ! sket*es :i* ,i h be5 able to pres5t1 & :i* are less1 9 comp>ison ) ! gr& m>* ( ! creative "w1 ev5 z n[ imp]fectly kn[n to sci5ce1 !n ! r\ghe/ p5cill+ ( a *ild :5 comp>$ ) a f9i%$ picture4 ,if !y h any popul> value1 x w be 9 pres5t+ su* a broad g5]al view ( a great subject z may induce fur!r /udy to fill up ! details4 ,if !y h any sci5tific value1 x w be 9 remov+ ! m9ds ( ,briti% /ud5ts = a little f ! too exclusive /udy ( _! own limit$ m>g9al area1 :i* has be5 to !m too mu* ! cele/ial empire ar\nd :i* all o!r c\ntries mu/ be arrang$1 & 9 dive/+ ! subject ( ! special col\r+ giv5 to x by c]ta9 prom95t cliques & p>ties4 ,geology z a sci5ce is at pres5t 9 a peculi> & some:at exceptional /ate4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( a few m5 ( comm&+ g5ius belong+ to ! g5]ation n[ pass+ away1 x has made s gigantic conque/s t its armies h brok5 up into b&s ( speciali/s1 little bett] !n sci5tific b&itti1 liable to be beat5 9 detail1 & prone to commit outrages on common s5se & good ta/e1 :i* br+ _! o!rwise good cause into disrepute4 ,! lead]s ( ^! b&s are1 _m ( !m1 good soldi]s1 b few ( !m fitt$ to be g5]al (fic]s1 & none ( !m able to reunite our scatt]$ deta*m5ts4 ,we ne$ l>g] m9ds1 ( broad] culture & wid] sympa?ies1 to organise & rule ! l&s :i* we h subdu$1 & to lead on to fur!r conque/s4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( natural sci5ce 9 ,brita91 ?is evil is p]haps to be rem$i$ only by provid+ a wid] & deep] culture = our "y m54 ,few ( our pres5t work]s h enjoy$ t ?or\gh tra9+ 9 m5tal z well z physical sci5ce1 :i* is necess>y to enable m5 ev5 ( great p[]s to take l>ge & l(ty views ( ! s*eme ( nature4 ,h5ce we (t5 f9d m5 :o are fair work]s 9 limit$ dep>tm5ts1 reason+ mo/ illogically1 tak+ n>r[ & local views1 elevat+ ! exception into ! rule1 l$ away by baseless metaphysical subtleties1 qu>rell+ ) m5 :o look at _! specialties f a diff]5t po9t ( view1 & ev5 /riv+ & plott+ = ! advancem5t ( _! own hobbies4 ,su* defects c]ta9ly m> mu* ( ! sci5tific "w n[ be+ done4 ,9 ! m advanc$ walks ( sci5tific rese>*1 !y are to "s ext5t neutralis$ by t free discussion :i* true sci5ce always fo/]s2 ?\gh ev5 "h !y sometimes vexati\sly arre/ ! progress ( tru?1 or op5 floodgates ( error :i* x may require mu* lab\r to close4 ,b 9 public lectures & popul> publications !y run riot1 & are /imulat$ by ! mi/ak5 opposition ( n>r[-m9d$ good m51 by ! love ( ! new & s5sational1 & by ! rivalry ( m5 /ruggl+ = place & position4 ,to laun* a clev] & />tl+ fallacy :i* w float = a week & /ir up a h>d fight1 seems almo/ z great a triumph z ! discov]y ( an important fact or law2 & ! hone/ /ud5t is di/ract$ ) ! multitude ( doctr9es1 & hu/l$ aside by ! cr[d ( ambiti\s gr\ndl+s4 ,! only rem$y 9 ! case is a high] & m g5]al sci5tific education2 & yet ,i d n wond] t _m good m5 object to ?is1 simply because ( ! difficulty ( f9d+ hone/ & compet5t tea*]s1 !mselves well gr\nd$ 9 _! subjects1 & free f t too common insanity ( speciali/s & half-educat$ m51 :i* impels !m to run amuck at ev]y?+ t does n dep5d on _! own me?ods ( rese>*4 ,?is is a difficulty :i* c be met 9 our "t only by ! g5]al good s5se & "r feel+ ( ! community tak+ a firm hold ( ! matt]1 & insi/+ on ! organization & ext5sion ( ! high] sci5tific education1 z well z t ( a m elem5t>y "*1 "u ! managem5t ( able & sane m54 ,yet ev5 if n s c\nt]act$1 pres5t follies w pass away1 & a new & bett] /ate ( natural sci5ce w arise 9 ! future1 by its own int]nal developm5t4 ,sci5ce _c long successfully isolate itself f ,god4 ,its life lies 9 ! fact t x is ! expon5t ( ! plans & works ( ! great ,creative ,w4 ,x mu/1 9 spite ( itself1 s]ve ,8 purposes1 by dispell+ blight+ ignorance & sup]/ition1 by light+ ! way to successive triumphs ( human skill ov] ! p[]s ( nature1 & by gu>d+ m5 f ! evils t fl[ f infr+em5t ( natural laws4 ,& x _c fail1 z x approa*es ne>] to ! b\nd>ies ( t :i* may be kn[n by f9ite m9ds1 to be humbl$ by ! contemplation ( ! inf9ite1 & to recognise !re9 t intellig5ce ( :i* ! human m9d is b ! image & %ad[4 ,x may be t !ologians also are ne$$ :o %all be fit to take ! place ( ,moses to our g5]ation1 9 tea*+ x aga9 ! v elem5ts ( natural !ology2 b let !m n look ^u sci5ce z a cold & godless demon1 hold+ =? to ! _w a poison$ cup cunn+ly comp\nd$ ( tru? & falsehood2 b r z ! natural ally & associate ( ! gospel ( salvation4 ,! matt] is s put 9 "o ( ^? visions :i* close ! canon ( revelation1 :5 ! prophet sees a mighty angel hav+ ! ev]la/+ gospel to prea*2 b he beg9s 8 proclamation by call+ on m5 to wor%ip ,him t made heav5 & e>? & ! sea & ! f\nta9s ( wat]s4 ,m5 mu/ "k ,god z ! ,creator ev5 be=e !y seek ,him z a b5efactor & r$eem]4 ,?us religion mu/ g h& 9 h& ) all true & hone/ sci5ce4 ,9 ?is way only may we look =w>d to a "t :5 a m exact & l>ge-m9d$ sci5ce %all be 9 p]fect accord ) a m pure & spiritual ,*ri/ianity1 :5 ! natural & ! spiritual %all be se5 to be ! necess>y complem5ts ( ea* o!r1 & :5 we %all he> no m ( reconciliations betwe5 sci5ce & !ology1 because !re w be no qu>rels to reconcile4 ,already1 ev5 9 ! pres5t *aos ( sci5tific & religi\s op9ion1 indications c be se5 by ! obs]vant1 t ! ,div9e ,_s ( ord] is brea?+ on ! mass1 & w evolve f x new & beautiful worlds ( m5tal & spiritual exi/5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,primitive ,,man4 ,,consid]$ ,,) ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,mod]n ,,!ories ,,z ,,to ,,8 ,,orig94 ,! geological record1 z we h be5 read+ x1 introduces u to primitive man1 b gives u no di/9ct in=mation z to 8 orig94 ,tradition & revelation h1 x is true1 _! solutions ( ! my/]y1 b !re are1 & always h be51 _m :o w n take ^! on tru/1 b mu/ grope = !mselves ) ! tap] ( sci5ce or philosophy into ! d>k cav]ns :5ce issue ! spr+s ( humanity4 ,9 =m] times x 0 philosophic speculation alone :i* l5t its dim & unc]ta9 light to ^! bold inquir]s2 b 9 our day ! new & />tl+ discov]ies 9 physics1 *emi/ry1 & biology h fla%$ up ) an unexpect$ brilliancy1 & h at lea/ s]v$ to dazzle ! eyes & enc\rage ! hopes ( ! curi\s1 & to lead to explorations m bold & sy/ematic !n any previ\sly und]tak54 ,?us has be5 born among/ u1 or r r5ew$1 = x is a v old ?+1 t evolutioni/ philosophy1 :i* has be5 well *>act]is$ z ! balde/ ( all ! philosophies :i* h sprung up 9 our _w1 & :i* solves ! "q ( human orig9 by ! assumption t human nature exi/s pot5tially 9 m]e inorganic matt]1 & t a *a9 ( spontane\s d]ivation connects inc&esc5t molecules or />-du/ ) ! _w1 & ) man himself4 ,?is evolutioni/ doctr9e is itself "o ( ! /range/ ph5om5a ( humanity4 ,x exi/$1 & mo/ naturally1 9 ! olde/ philosophy & poetry1 9 connection ) ! crude/ & mo/ uncritical1 attempts ( ! human m9d to grasp ! sy/em ( nature2 b t 9 our day a sy/em de/itute ( any %ad[ ( pro(1 & support$ m]ely by vague analogies & figures ( spee*1 & by ! arbitr>y & artificial coh]5ce ( its own p>ts1 %\ld be accept$ z a philosophy1 & %\ld f9d able adh]5ts to /r+ ^u its ?read ( hypo!ses our va/ & weighty /ores ( k1 is surpass+ly /range4 ,x seems to indicate t ! accumulat$ facts ( our age h gone altoge!r beyond its capacity = g5]alisation2 & b = ! vig\r :i* "o sees ev]y:]e1 x might be tak5 z an indication t ! human m9d has fall5 into a /ate ( s5ility1 & 9 its dotage mi/akes = sci5ce ! imag9ations :i* 7 ! dreams ( its y\?4 ,9 _m respects ^! speculations are important & wor?y ( ! att5tion ( ?9k+ m54 ,!y seek to revolutionise ! religi\s beliefs ( ! _w1 & if accept$ w\ld de/roy mo/ ( ! exi/+ !ology & philosophy4 ,!y indicate t5d5cies among sci5tific ?9k]s1 :i*1 ?\gh probably tempor>y1 mu/1 be=e !y disappe>1 desc5d to l[] /rata1 & reproduce !mselves 9 gross] =ms1 & ) mo/ s]i\s effects on ! :ole /ructure ( society4 ,) "o class ( m9ds !y con/itute a sort ( religion1 :i* s f> satisfies ! crav+ = tru?s high] !n ^? :i* relate to imm$iate wants & pleasures4 ,) ano!r & p]haps l>g] class1 !y are accept$ z af=d+ a welcome deliv]ance f all scruples ( consci5ce & fe>s ( a h]eaft]4 ,9 ! doma9 ( sci5ce evolutionism has l t5d5cies4 ,x r$uces ! position ( man1 :o becomes a desc5dant ( inf]ior animals1 & a m]e t]m 9 a s]ies ^: end is unkn[n4 ,x removes f ! /udy ( nature ! ideas ( f9al cause & purpose2 & ! evolutioni/1 in/ead ( reg>d+ ! _w z a "w ( consummate plan1 skill1 & adju/m5t1 approa*es nature z he w\ld a *aos ( fall5 rocks1 :i* may pres5t =ms ( ca/les & grotesque pr(iles ( m5 & animals1 b !y are all =tuit\s & )\t significance4 ,x oblit]ates ! f9e p]ception ( diff]5ces f ! m9d ( ! naturali/1 & resolves all ! complicat$ relations ( liv+ ?+s into "s simple idea ( desc5t ) modification4 ,x ?us de/roys ! possibility ( a philosophical classification1 r$uc+ all ?+s to a m]e s]ies1 & leads to a rapid decay 9 sy/ematic zoology & botany1 :i* is already v manife/ among ! disciples ( ,sp5c] & ,d>w9 9 ,engl&4 ,! effect ( ?is w be1 if x proce$s fur!r1 9 a great degree to de/roy ! educational value & popul> int]e/ atta*+ to ^! sci5ces1 & to ?r[ !m d[n at ! feet ( a sy/em ( debas$ metaphysics4 ,z r$eem+ features 9 all ?is1 are ! c>eful /udy ( v>ietal =ms1 & ! inquiries z to ! limits ( species1 :i* h sprung f ^! discussions1 & ! h>ve/ ( :i* w be reap$ by ! true naturali/s ( ! future4 ,?us ^! !ories z to ! orig9 ( m5 & animals & plants are full ( pres5t significance1 & may be /udi$ ) pr(it by all2 & 9 no "p ( _! applications m usefully !n 9 t :i* relates to man4 ,let u !n inquire1--#a4 ,:at is impli$ 9 ! idea ( evolution z appli$ to man8 #b4 ,:at is impli$ 9 ! idea ( creation8 #c4 ,h[ ^! sev]al views accord ) :at we actually "k z ! result ( sci5tific inve/igation8 ,! fir/ & second ( ^! que/ions may well occupy ! :ole ( ?is *apt]1 & we %all be able m]ely to glance at _! lead+ aspects4 ,9 do+ s1 x may be well fir/ to place be=e u 9 g5]al t]ms ! sev]al alt]natives :i* evolutioni/s (f]1 z to ! mode 9 :i* ! hon\r ( an orig9 f apes or ape-l animals c be grant$ to u1 along ) ! opposite view z to ! indep5d5t orig9 ( man :i* h be5 ma9ta9$ ei!r on sci5tific or scriptural gr\nds4 ,all ! evolutioni/ !ories ( ! orig9 ( man dep5d prim>ily on ! possibility ( 8 hav+ be5 produc$ f "s ( ! animals m closely alli$ to him1 by ! causes n[ 9 op]ation :i* lead to v>ietal =ms1 or by simil> causes :i* h be5 9 op]ation2 & "s atta* m & o!rs less weight to c]ta9 ( ^! causes1 or gratuit\sly suppose o!rs n actually kn[n4 ,( su* causes ( *ange "s are int]nal & o!rs ext]nal to ! organism4 ,) respect to ! =m]1 "o s*ool assumes an innate t5d5cy 9 e species to *ange 9 ! c\rse ( "t4,,av ,ano!r believes 9 exceptional bir?s1 ei!r 9 ! c\rse ( ord9>y g5]ation or by ! mode ( p>!nog5esis4,,aw ,ano!r ref]s to ! kn[n facts ( reproductive accell]ation or ret>dation obs]v$ 9 "s humble creatures4,,ax ,new =ms aris+ 9 any ( ^! ways or =tuit\sly1 may1 x is suppos$1 be p]petuat$ & increas$ & fur!r improv$ by fav\r+ ext]nal circum/ances & ! ef=t ( ! organism to avail itself ( ^!1,,ay or by ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & ! survival ( ! fitte/4,,az ,,av ,p>sons1 ,ow54 ,,aw ,miv>t1 ,f]ris4 ,,ax ,hyatt & ,cope4 ,,ay ,lam>ck1 etc4 ,,az ,d>w91 etc4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o believe 9 ! indep5d5t orig9 ( man admit ! above causes z adequate only to produce m]e v>ieties1 liable to return into ! orig9al /ock4 ,!y may ei!r hold t man has appe>$ z a product ( special & miracul\s creation1 or t he has be5 creat$ m$iately by ! op]ation ( =ces also conc]n$ 9 ! production ( o!r animals1 b ! precise nature ( :i* is /ill unkn[n to u2 or la/ly1 !y may hold :at seems to be ! view fav\r$ by ! book ( ,g5esis1 t 8 bodily =m is a product ( m$iate creation & 8 spiritual nature a direct emanation f 8 ,creator4 ,! discussion ( all ^! rival !ories w\ld occupy volumes1 & to foll[ !m into details w\ld require inve/igations :i* h already bewild]$ _m m9ds ( "s sci5tific culture4 ,fur!r1 x is ! belief ( ! writ] t ?is plung+ into multitudes ( details has be5 fruitful ( error1 & t x w be a bett] c\rse to endeav\r to rea* ! root ( ! matt] by look+ at ! f\ndations ( ! g5]al doctr9e ( evolution itself1 & !n contra/+ x ) its rival4 ,tak+1 !n1 ?is broad view ( ! subject1 two great lead+ alt]natives are pres5t$ to u4 ,ei!r man is an indep5d5t product ( ! w ( a ,high] ,intellig5ce1 act+ directly or ?r\gh ! laws & mat]ials ( 8 own in/itution & production1 or he has be5 produc$ by an unconsci\s evolution f l[] ?+s4 ,x is true t _m evolutioni/s1 ei!r unwill+ to (f5d1 or n p]ceiv+ ! logical consequ5ces ( _! own hypo!sis1 endeav\r to /e] a middle c\rse1 & to ma9ta9 t ! ,creator has proce$$ by way ( evolution4 ,b ! b>e1 h>d logic ( ,sp5c]1 ! greate/ ,engli% au?ority on evolution1 leaves no place = ?is compromise1 & %[s t ! !ory1 c>ri$ out to its legitimate consequ5ces1 excludes ! k ( a ,creator & ! possibility ( ,8 "w4 ,we h1 !re=e1 to *oose betwe5 evolution & creation2 be>+ 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t !re may be a place 9 nature = evolution1 prop]ly limit$1 z well z = o!r ?+s1 & t ! idea ( creation by no means excludes law & second causes4 ,limit+ ourselves 9 ! fir/ place to !ories ( evolution1 & to ^! z expla9+ ! orig9 ( species ( liv+ be+s1 & especially ( man1 we naturally fir/ inquire z to ! basis on :i* !y are f\nd$4 ,n[ no "o pret5ds t !y re/ on facts actually obs]v$1 = no "o has ev] obs]v$ ! production ( ev5 "o species4 ,nor d !y ev5 re/1 l ! d$uctions ( !oretical geology1 on ! ext5sion into pa/ "t ( causes ( *ange n[ se5 to be 9 action4 ,_! probability dep5ds entirely on _! capacity to acc\nt hypo!tically = c]ta9 relations ( liv+ creatures to ea* o!r1 & to ! _w )\t2 & ! /ronge/ po9t ( ! argum5ts ( _! advocates is ! accumulation ( cases ( su* relations suppos$ to be acc\nt$ =4 ,su* be+ ! k9d ( argum5t ) :i* we h to deal1 we may fir/ inquire :at we are requir$ to believe z conditions ( ! action ( evolution1 & secondly1 to :at ext5t x actually does expla9 ! ph5om5a4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z evolutioni/s1 we are requir$ to assume c]ta9 =ces1 or mat]ials1 or bo?1 ) :i* evolution %all beg94 ,d>w91 9 8 ,orig9 ( ,species1 w5t s f> z to assume ! exi/5ce ( a few ( ! simpl] types ( animals2 b ?is view1 ( c\rse1 0 only a tempor>y re/+-place = 8 !ory4 ,o!rs assume a primitive protoplasm1 or physical basis ( life1 & arbitr>ily assign+ to ?is sub/ance prop]ties n[ divid$ betwe5 organis$ & unorganis$1 & betwe5 dead & liv+ matt]1 f9d no difficulty 9 d$uc+ all plants & animals f x4 ,/ill1 ev5 ?is _c h be5 ! ultimate mat]ial4 ,x mu/ h be5 evolv$ f some?+4 ,we are ?us br\ght back to c]ta9 molecules ( />-du/1 or c]ta9 conflict+ =ces1 :i* mu/ h _h self-exi/5ce1 & mu/ h pot5tially includ$ all subsequ5t creatures4 ,o!rwise1 if ) ,sp5c] we hold t ,god is unkn[able & creation un?9kable1 we are left susp5d$ on no?+ ov] a bottomless void1 & mu/ adopt z ! initial proposition ( our philosophy1 t all ?+s 7 made out ( no?+1 & by no?+2 unless we pref] to d\bt :e!r any?+ exi/s1 & to pu% ! doctr9e ( relativity to ! unsci5tific extreme ( believ+ t we c /udy ! relations ( ?+s non-exi/5t or unkn[n4 ,s we mu/ all[ ! evolutioni/ "s small capital to />t )2 obs]v+1 h[ev]1 t self-exi/5t matt] 9 a /ate ( endless evolution is some?+ ( :i* we _c possibly h any def9ite conception4 ,be+ grant$ ?us mu*1 ! evolutioni/ next proce$s to dem& t we %all also believe 9 ! indef9ite v>iability ( mat]ial ?+s1 & %all set aside all idea t !re is any diff]5ce 9 k9d betwe5 ! diff]5t sub/ances :i* we "k4 ,!y mu/ all be mutually conv]tible1 or at lea/ d]ivable f "s primitive mat]ial4 ,x is true t ?is is contr>y to exp]i5ce4 ,! *emi/ holds t matt] is ( diff]5t k9ds1 t "o elem5t _c be conv]t$ into ano!r2 & he w\ld probably smile if told t1 ev5 9 ! lapse ( enorm\s p]iods ( "t1 lime/one c\ld be evolv$ out ( silica4 ,he may ?9k t ?is is v diff]5t f ! idea t a snail c be evolv$ f an oy/]1 or a bird f a reptile4 ,b ! zoologi/ w in=m him t species ( animals are only v>iable )9 c]ta9 limits1 & are n transmutable1 9 s f> z exp]i5ce & exp]im5t are conc]n$4 ,!y h _! allotropic =ms1 b _c be *ang$ into "o ano!r4 ,b if we grant ?is second dem&1 ! evolutioni/ has a ?ird 9 /ore = u4 ,we mu/ also admit t by "s inevitable necessity ! *anges ( ?+s mu/ 9 ! ma9 take place 9 "o direction1 f ! m simple to ! m complex1 f ! l[] to ! high]4 ,at fir/ sight ?is seems n only to foll[ f ! previ\s assumptions1 b to accord ) obs]vation4 ,d n all liv+ ?+s rise f a simpl] to a m complex /ate8 has n ! hi/ory ( ! e>? display$ a gradually increas+ elevation & complexity8 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! complex organism becom+ mature1 resolves itself aga9 into ! simple g]m1 & f9ally is dissolv$ into its con/itu5t elem5ts4 ,! complex returns into ! simple1 & :at we see is n an evolution1 b a revolution4 ,9 l mann]1 9 geological "t1 ! t5d5cy seems to be ev] to dis9tegration & decay4 ,?is we see ev]y:]e1 & f9d t elevation occurs only by ! introduction ( new species 9 a way :i* is n obvi\s1 & :i* may r imply ! int]v5tion ( a cause f )\t2 s t "h also we are requir$ to admit z a g5]al pr9ciple :at is contr>y to exp]i5ce4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we grant ! evolutioni/ ^! po/ulates1 we mu/ next all[ him to take ! facts ( botany & zoology out ( _! ord9>y connection1 & ?read !m l a /r+ ( beads1 z ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has done 9 8 ,biology1 on ! ?reefold cord ?us fa%ion$4 ,?is done1 we next f9d1 z might h be5 expect$1 c]ta9 gaps or breaks :i* require to be cunn+ly fill$ ) artificial mat]ial1 9 ord] to give an appe>ance ( cont9uity to ! :ole4 ,! fir/ ( ^! gaps :i* we notice is t betwe5 dead & liv+ matt]4 ,x is easy to fill ?is ) su* a t]m z protoplasm1 :i* includes matt] bo? dead & liv+1 & s to ignore ?is di/9ction2 b practically we d n yet "k z a possible ?+ ! elevation ( matt]1 )\t ! ag5cy ( a previ\s liv+ organism1 f t plane 9 :i* x is subject m]ely to physical =ce1 & is unorganis$1 to t :]e x becomes organis$1 & lives4 ,"u t /range hypo!sis ( ! orig9 ( life f meteors1 ) :i* ,sir ,william ,?omson clos$ 8 address at a late meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 !re 0 conceal$ a cutt+ s>casm :i* ! evolutioni/s felt4 ,x rem9d$ !m t ! m5 :o evolve all ?+s f physical =ces d n yet "k h[ ^! =ces c produce ! ph5om5a ( life ev5 9 its humble/ =ms4 ,x is true t ! sci5tific _w has be5 aga9 & aga9 />tl$ by ! ann\ncem5t ( ! production ( "s ( ! l[e/ =ms ( life1 ei!r f dead organic matt]1 or f m]ely m9]al sub/ances2 b 9 e case h]et(ore ! ef=t has prov$ z va9 z ! analogies attempt$ to be set up betwe5 ! =mation ( cry/als & t ( organiz$ tissues are fallaci\s4 ,a second gap is t :i* sep>ates vegetable & animal life4 ,^! are necess>ily ! conv]se ( ea* o!r1 ! "o deoxidizes & accumulates1 ! o!r oxidizes & exp5ds4 ,only 9 reproduction or decay does ! plant simulate ! action ( ! animal1 & ! animal nev] 9 its simple/ =ms assumes ! functions ( ! plant4 ,^? obscure cases 9 ! humbl] sph]es ( animal & vegetable life :i* h be5 suppos$ to %[ a union ( ! two k+doms1 disappe> on inve/igation4 ,?is gap c1 ,i believe1 be fill$ up only by an appeal to our ignorance4 ,!re may be1 or may h be51 "s simple creature unkn[n to u1 on ! extreme v]ge ( ! plant k+dom1 t 0 capable ( pass+ ! limit & becom+ an animal4 ,b no pro( ( ?is exi/s4 ,x is true t ! primitive g]ms ( _m k9ds ( humble plants & animals are s mu* alike1 t mu* confusion has aris5 9 trac+ _! developm5t4 ,x is also true t "s ( ^! creatures c subsi/ "u v dissimil> conditions1 & 9 v div]se /ates1 & t "u ! speci\s "n ( ,biology1,,ba we sometimes f9d a mass ( ^! confusions1 inaccurate obs]vations & v>ietal diff]5ces made to d duty = sci5tific facts4 ,b all ?is does n invalidate ! gr& prim>y di/9ction betwe5 ! animal & ! plant1 :i* %\ld be ?or\ghly taught & illu/rat$ to all "y naturali/s1 z "o ( ! be/ antidotes to ! fallacies ( ! evolutioni/ s*ool4 ,,ba ,x is d\btful :e!r m5 :o d5y ! exi/5ce ( vital =ce h a "r to call _! sci5ce ,biology1 any m !n a!i/s h to call _! doctr9e ,!ology2 & x is c]ta9 t ! assumption ( a sci5ce ( ,biology z di/9ct f ,phytology & ,zoology1 or includ+ bo?1 is ( ! nature ( a pi\s fraud on ! "p ( ! m enlight5$ evolutioni/s4 ,! objections /at$ 9 ! text1 to :at h be5 call$ ,ar*ebiosis & ,het]og5esis seem p]fectly applicable1 9 s f> z ,i c judge f a fri5dly review by ,wallace1 to ! mass ( het]og5e\s mat]ial accumulat$ by ,dr4 ,ba/ian 9 8 rec5t volumes4 ,! conclusions ( ?is writ]1 w\ld also1 if e/abli%$1 involve evolution 9 a fatal emb>ras des ri*esses1 by ! h\rly production dur+ all geological "t1 ( millions ( new =ms all capable ( indef9ite developm5t4 ,a ?ird is t betwe5 any species ( animal or plant & any o!r species4 ,x 0 ?is gap1 & ?is only1 :i* ,d>w9 und]took to fill up by 8 great "w on ! orig9 ( species1 b1 not)/&+ ! imm5se am\nt ( mat]ial ?us exp5d$1 x yawns z wide z ev]1 s9ce x mu/ be admitt$ t no case has be5 asc]ta9$ 9 :i* an individual ( "o species has transgress$ ! limits betwe5 x & o!r species4 ,h[ev] ext5sive ! v>ieties produc$ by artificial bre$+1 ! ess5tial *>act]s ( ! species rema91 & ev5 its m9or *>act]s may be reproduc$1 :ile ! b>ri]s e/abli%$ 9 nature betwe5 species by ! laws ( _! reproduction1 seem to be absolute4 ,) reg>d to species1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t naturali/s are n agre$ z to :at con/itutes a species4 ,_m s-call$ species are probably races1 or v>ieties1 & "o b5efit ( ^! inquiries has be5 to direct att5tion to ! prop] discrim9ation ( species f v>ieties among animals & plants4 ,! loose discrim9ation ( species1 & ! t5d5cy to multiply names1 h done mu* to promote evolutioni/ views2 b ! rese>*es ( ! evolutioni/s !mselves h %[n t we mu/ ab&on transmutation ( true species z a ?+ ( ! pres5t2 & if we imag9e x to h occurr$1 mu/ ref] x to ! pa/4 ,ano!r gap is t betwe5 ! nature ( ! animal & ! self-consci\s1 reason+1 moral nature ( man4 ,we n only h no pro( t any animal c1 by any =ce 9 itself1 or by any m]ely physical influ5ces f )\t1 rise to su* a condition2 b ! ?+ is 9 ! highe/ degree improbable4 ,x is easy to affirm1 ) ! gross] mat]iali/s1 t ?\ght is a secretion ( bra91 z bile is ( ! liv]2 b a mom5t's ?\ght %[s t no real analogy obta9s betwe5 ! cases4 ,we may vaguely suppose1 ) ,d>w91 t ! cont9ual ex]cise ( su* p[]s z animals possess1 may h develop$ ^? ( man4 ,b our exp]i5ce ( animals %[s t _! intellig5ce diff]s ess5tially f t ( man1 be+ a clos$ circle ev] return+ into itself1 :ile t ( man is progressive1 inv5tive1 & accumulative1 & c no m be correlat$ ) t ( ! animal !n ! vital ph5om5a ( ! animal ) ^? ( ! plant4 ,nor c ! gap betwe5 ! high] religi\s & moral s5tim5ts ( man1 & ! in/9ctive affections ( ! brutes1 be fill$ up ) t mis]able ape imag9$ by ,lubbock1 :i*1 cross$ 9 love1 or p9+ ) cold & hung]1 conceiv$1 = ! fir/ "t 9 its poor addl$ pate1 ! dread ( evil to come1 & s became ! fa!r ( !ology4 ,?is conception1 :i* ,d>w9 gravely adopts1 w\ld be mo/ ludicr\s1 b = ! frightful picture :i* x gives ( ! aspect 9 :i* religion appe>s to ! m9d ( ! evolutioni/4 ,! read] w n[ readily p]ceive t ! simplicity & complet5ess ( ! evolutioni/ !ory entirely disappe> :5 we consid] ! unprov$ assumptions on :i* x is bas$1 & its failure to connect ) ea* o!r "s ( ! mo/ important facts 9 nature3 t1 9 %ort1 x is n 9 any true s5se a philosophy1 b m]ely an arbitr>y arrangem5t ( facts 9 accordance ) a numb] ( unprov$ hypo!ses4 ,su* philosophies1 falsely s call$1 h exi/$ ev] s9ce man began to reason on nature1 & ?is la/ ( !m is "o ( ! weake/ & mo/ p]nici\s ( ! :ole4 ,let ! read] take up ei!r ( ,d>w9's great books1 or ,sp5c]'s ,biology1 & m]ely ask himself z he reads ea* p>agraph1 ,:at is assum$ "h & :at is prov$8 & he w f9d ! :ole fabric melt away l a vision4 ,he w f9d1 h[ev]1 "o diff]5ce betwe5 ^! writ]s4 ,d>w9 always /ates facts c>efully & accurately1 & :5 he comes to a difficulty tries to meet x fairly4 ,sp5c] (t5 exagg]ates or ext5uates ) ref]5ce to 8 facts1 & uses ! arts ( ! dialectician :]e argum5t fails4 ,_m naturali/s :o %\ld "k bett] are puzzl$ ) ! great array ( facts pres5t$ by evolutioni/s2 & :ile _! bett] judgm5t causes !m to d\bt z to ! possibility ( ! /ructures :i* !y /udy be+ produc$ by su* bl9d & mat]ial processes1 are =c$ to admit t !re mu/ surely be some?+ 9 a !ory s confid5tly ass]t$1 support$ by s great names1 & by su* an impos+ array ( relations :i* x c expla94 ,!y w\ld be reliev$ f _! weak concessions 7 !y to /udy c>efully a few ( ! in/ances adduc$1 & to consid] h[ easy x is by a little +5uity to gr\p und\bt$ facts ar\nd a false !ory4 ,i c\ld wi% to pres5t "h illu/rations ( ?is1 :i* ab\nd 9 e "p ( ! works ,i h ref]r$ to1 b space w n p]mit4 ,"o or two mu/ suffice4 ,! fir/ may be tak5 f "o ( ! /rong po9ts (t5 dwelt on by ,sp5c] 9 8 ,biology4,,bb ,,bb ,pr9ciples ( ,biology1 #aah4 ,b ! exp]i5ces :i* mo/ cle>ly illu/rate to u ! process ( g5]al evolution are our exp]i5ces ( special evolution1 repeat$ 9 e plant & animal4 ,ea* organism exhibits1 )9 a %ort space ( "t1 a s]ies ( *anges :i*1 :5 suppos$ to occupy a p]iod indef9itely great & to g on 9 v>i\s ways in/ead ( "o1 may give u a tol]ably cle> conception ( organic evolution 9 g5]al4 ,9 an individual developm5t we h compress$ into a comp>atively inf9itesimal space a s]ies ( metamorphoses equally va/ ) ^? :i* ! hypo!sis ( evolution assumes to h tak5 place dur+ ^? unmeasurable epo*s t ! e>?'s cru/ tells u (4 ,a tree diff]s f a se$ immeasurably 9 e respect--9 bulk1 9 /ructure1 9 col\r1 9 =m1 9 specific gravity1 9 *emical composition3 diff]s s greatly t no visible resemblance ( any k9d c be po9t$ out betwe5 !m4 ,yet is ! "o *ang$ 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s into ! o!r2 *ang$ s gradually t at no mom5t c x be said1 ',n[ ! se$ ceases to be & ! tree exi/s4' ,:at c be m widely contra/$ !n a newly-born *ild & ! small gelat9\s sph]ule con/itut+ ! human ovum8 ,! infant is s complex 9 /ructure t a cyclopdia is ne$$ to describe its con/itu5t p>ts4 ,! g]m9al vesicle is s simple t x may be def9$ 9 a l9e4444 ,if a s+le cell "u appropriate conditions becomes a man 9 ! space ( a few ye>s1 !re c surely be no difficulty 9 und]/&+ h[1 "u appropriate conditions1 a cell may 9 ! c\rse ( untold millions ( ye>s give orig9 to ! human race4 ,x is true t _m m9ds are s unfurni%$ ) ^? exp]i5ces ( nature1 out ( :i* ?is conception is built1 t !y f9d difficulty 9 =m+ x4444 ,to su* ! hypo!sis t by any s]ies ( *anges a protozoan %\ld ev] give orig9 to a mammal seems grotesque--z grotesque z did ,galileo's ass]tion ( ! e>?'s movem5t seem to ! ,ari/oteleans2 or z grotesque z ! ass]tion ( ! e>?'s sph]icity seems n[ to ! ,new ,zeal&]s4 ,i quote ! above z a specim5 ( evolutioni/ reason+ f ! h& ( a ma/]1 & z ref]r+ to "o ( ! corn]-/ones ( ?is /range philosophy4 ,i may rem>k ) respect to x1 9 ! fir/ place1 t x assumes ^? conditions ( evolution to :i* ,i h already ref]r$4 ,9 ! second place1 x is full ( inaccurate /atem5ts ( fact1 all 9 a direction t5d+ to fav\r ! hypo!sis4 ,= example1 a tree does n diff] immeasurably f a se$1 especially if ! se$ is ( ! same species ( tree1 = ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! tree & its pr9cipal *emical con/itu5ts already exi/ & c be detect$ 9 ! se$1 & unless x 7 s1 ! developm5t ( ! tree f ! se$ c\ld n take place4 ,besides1 ! se$ itself is n a ?+ self-exi/5t or =tuit\s4 ,! production ( a se$ )\t a previ\s tree ( ! same k9d is q z difficult to suppose z ! production ( a tree )\t a previ\s se$ conta9+ its liv+ embryo4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! :ole argum5t is "o ( analogy4 ,! g]m becomes a mature animal1 pass+ ?r\gh _m int]m$iate /ages1 !re=e ! animal may h desc5d$ f "s creature :i* :5 mature 0 z simple z ! g]m4 ,! value ( su* an analogy dep5ds altoge!r on ! simil>ity ( ! conditions :i*1 9 su* a case1 are really ! effici5t causes at "w4 ,! g]m ( a mammal becomes develop$ by ! n\ri%m5t suppli$ f ! sy/em ( a p>5t1 :i* itself produc$ ! g]m1 & into ^: lik5ess ! "y animal is de/9$ to gr[4 ,^! are ! appropriate conditions ( its developm5t4 ,b :5 our au?or assumes f ?is o!r appropriate conditions1 by :i* an organism1 :i* on ! hypo!sis is n a g]m b a mature animal1 %all be develop$ into ! lik5ess1 ( some?+ diff]5t f its p>5t1 he ov]/eps ! b\nds ( legitimate analogy4 ,fur!r1 ! reproduction ( ! animal1 z obs]v$1 is a clos$ s]ies1 beg9n+ at ! embryo & return+ ?i!r aga92 ! evolution attempt$ to be e/abli%$ is a progressive s]ies go+ on f "o /age to ano!r4 ,a reproductive circle once e/abli%$ obeys c]ta9 def9ite laws1 b its orig91 or h[ x c leave its orbit & revolve 9 "s o!r1 we _c expla9 )\t ! introduction ( "s new effici5t cause4 ,! "o t]m ( ! analogy is a revolution1 & ! o!r is an evolution4 ,! revolution )9 ! circle ( ! reproduction ( ! species gives no evid5ce t at "s po9t ! body w fly (f at a tang5t1 & does n ev5 in=m u :e!r x is mak+ progress 9 space4 ,ev5 if x is s mak+ progress1 its orbit ( revolution may rema9 ! same4 ,b x may be said ! reproduction ( ! species is n 9 a circle b 9 a spiral4 ,)9 ! limit ( exp]i5ce x is n s1 s9ce1 h[ev] x may undulate1 x always returns into itself4 ,b suppos+ x to be a spiral1 x may asc5d or desc5d1 or exp& & contract2 b ?is does n connect x ) o!r simil> spirals1 ! sep>ate orig9 ( :i* is to be sep>ately acc\nt$ =4 ,i h quot$ ! latt] "p ( ! passage because x is *>act]i/ic ( evolutioni/s to decry ! intellig5ce ( ^? :o diff] f !m4 ,n[ x is fair to admit t x requires "s intellig5ce & "s k ( nature to produce or ev5 to und]/& su* analogies z ^? ( ,mr4 ,sp5c] & 8 foll[]s1 b x is no less true t a deep] insight into ! /udy ( nature may n only enable u to und]/& ^! analogies1 b to detect _! fallacies4 ,i am sorry to say1 h[ev]1 t at pres5t ! hypo!sis ( evolution is giv+ s /rong a col\r+ to mu* ( popul> & ev5 academic tea*+1 m especially 9 ! easy & flippant conv]sion ( ! facts ( embryology into in/ances ( evolution on ! plan ( ! above extract1 t ! ,sp5c]ians may n long h to compla9 ( want ( fai? & appreciation on ! "p ( ! improv$ apes :om !y are k9d en\gh to in/ruct z to _! l[ly orig94 ,! m5tion ( appropriate conditions 9 ! above extract rem9ds me ( ano!r fatal objection to evolution :i* its advocates cont9ually ov]look4 ,an animal or plant advanc+ f maturity to ! adult /ate is 9 e /age ( its progress a complete & symmetrical organism1 correlat$ 9 all its p>ts & adapt$ to surr\nd+ conditions4 ,suppose x to become modifi$ 9 any way1 to ev] s small an ext5t1 ! :ole ( ^! relations are di/urb$4 ,if ! modification is int]nal & spontane\s1 !re is no gu>antee t x w suit ! va/ly num]\s ext]nal ag5cies to :i* ! creature is subject$4 ,if x is produc$ by ag5cies f )\t1 !re is no gu>antee t x w accord ) ! int]nal relations ( ! p>ts modifi$4 ,! probabilities are incalculably great aga9/ ! occurr5ce ( _m su* di/urbances )\t ! break+ up altoge!r ( ! nice adju/m5t ( p>ts & conditions4 ,?is is no d\bt "o reason ( ! ext9ction ( s _m species 9 geological "t1 & also ( ! /rong t5d5cy ( e species to spr+ back to its normal condition :5 9 any way artificially caus$ to v>y4 ,x is also connect$ ) ! o!rwise my/]i\s law ( ! con/ant transmission ( all ! *>act]s ( ! p>5t4 ,sp5c] & ,d>w9 occasionally see ?is difficulty1 ?\gh !y habitually neglect x 9 _! reason+s4 ,sp5c] ev5 tries to turn "o "p ( x to acc\nt z foll[s3-- ,suppose ! head ( a mammal to become v mu* m weighty--:at mu/ be ! indirect results8 ,! muscles ( ! neck are put to great] ex]tions2 & ! v]tebr h to be> additional t5sions & pressures caus$ bo? by ! increas$ weight ( ! head & ! /rong] contraction ( muscles t support & move ! head4 ,he goes on to say t ! processes ( ! v]tebrae w h augm5t$ /ra9s put ^u !m1 ! ?oracic region & =e limbs w h to be enl>g$1 & ev5 ! h9d limbs may require modification to facilitate locomotion4 ,he concludes3 ,any "o :o comp>es ! outl9e ( ! bison ) t ( its cong5]1 ! ox1 w cle>ly see h[ pr(\ndly a heavi] head affects ! entire osse\s & muscul> sy/em4 ,we ne$ n /op to m5tion ! usual inaccuracies z to facts 9 ?is p>agraph1 z1 = example1 ! support ( ! head be+ attribut$ to muscles alone1 )\t ref]5ce to ! /rong ela/ic ligam5t ( ! neck4 ,we may fir/ notice ! assumption t an animal c acquire a head v mu* m weighty !n t :i* x _h be=e1 a v improbable supposition1 :e!r z a mon/r\s bir? ,dr z an effect ( ext]nal conditions aft] bir?4 ,b suppose ?is to h occurr$1 & :at is ev5 less likely1 t ! v mu* heavi] head is an advantage 9 "s way1 :at gu>antee c evolution give u t ! numb] ( o!r modifications requir$ w\ld take place simultane\sly ) ?is acquisition6 ,x w\ld be easy to %[ t ?is w\ld dep5d on ! concurr5ce ( hundr$s ( o!r conditions )9 & )\t ! animal1 all ( :i* mu/ co-op]ate to produce ! desir$ effect1 if inde$ !y c\ld produce ?is effect ev5 by _! conjo9t action1 a p[] :i* ! writ]1 x w be obs]v$1 quietly assumes1 z well z ! probability ( ! initial *ange 9 ! head4 ,f9ally1 ! naivete ) :i* x is assum$ t ! bison & ! ox are examples ( su* an evolution1 w\ld be refre%+ 9 ^! artificial days1 if in/ances ( x did n occur 9 almo/ e page ( ! writ+s ( evolutioni/s4 ,x w\ld only we>y ! read] to foll[ evolution any fur!r into details1 especially z my object 9 ?is *apt] is to %[ t g5]ally1 & z a !ory ( nature & ( man1 x has no good f\ndation2 b we %\ld n leave ! subject )\t not+ precisely ! d]ivation ( man accord+ to ?is !ory2 & = ?is purpose ,i may quote ,d>w9's summ>y ( 8 conclusions on ! subject4,,bc ,,bc ,desc5t ( ,man1 "p ii41 *4 #ba4 ,man1 says ,mr4 ,d>w91 is desc5d$ f a hairy quadrup$1 furni%$ ) a tail & po9t$ e>s1 probably arboreal 9 its habits1 & an inhabitant ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,?is creature1 if its :ole /ructure _h be5 exam9$ by a naturali/1 w\ld h be5 class$ among/ ! quadrumana1 z surely z w\ld ! common1 & /ill m anci5t1 prog5itor ( ! ,old & ,new ,_w monkeys4 ,! quadrumana & all ! high] mammals are probably d]iv$ f an anci5t m>supial animal2 & ?is1 ?r\gh a long l9e ( div]sifi$ =ms1 ei!r f "s reptile-l or "s amphibian-l creature1 & ?is aga9 f "s fi%-l animal4 ,9 ! dim obscurity ( ! pa/ we c see t ! e>ly prog5itor ( all ! v]tebrata mu/ h be5 an aquatic animal1 provid$ ) bran*i1 ) ! two sexes unit$ 9 ! same individual1 & ) ! mo/ important organs ( ! body 7su* z ! bra9 & he>t7 imp]fectly develop$4 ,?is animal seems to h be5 m l ! l>v ( our exi/+ m>9e ,ascidians !n any o!r =m kn[n4 ,! au?or ( ?is passage1 9 condesc5sion to our weakness ( fai?1 takes u no fur!r back !n to an ,ascidian1 or sea-squirt1 ! resemblance1 h[ev]1 ( :i* to a v]tebrate animal is m]ely analogical1 &1 ?\gh a v curi\s case ( analogy1 altoge!r tempor>y & belong+ to ! "y /ate ( ! creature1 )\t affect+ its adult /ate or its real aff9ities ) o!r mollusks4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to get ! ,ascidian itself1 he mu/ assume all ! conditions already ref]r$ to 9 ! previ\s "p ( ?is article1 & fill mo/ ( ! gaps4 ,he has1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,orig9 ( ,species & ,desc5t ( ,man1 attempt$ m]ely to fill "o ( ! breaks 9 ! evolution>y s]ies1 t betwe5 di/9ct species1 leav+ u to receive all ! re/ on m]e fai?4 ,ev5 9 respect to ! "q ( species1 9 all ! long *a9 betwe5 ! ,ascidian & ! man1 he has n c]ta9ly e/abli%$ "o l9k2 & 9 ! v la/ *ange1 t f ! ape-l ance/or1 he equally fails to satisfy u z to matt]s s trivial z ! loss ( ! hair1 :i*1 on ! hypo!sis1 clo!d ! pre-human back1 & on matt]s s weighty z ! dawn ( human reason & consci5ce4 ,we ?us see t evolution z an hypo!sis has no basis 9 exp]i5ce or 9 sci5tific fact1 & t its imag9$ s]ies ( transmutations has breaks :i* _c be fill$4 ,we h n[ to consid] h[ x /&s ) ! belief t man has be5 creat$ by a high] p[]4 ,aga9/ ?is supposition ! evolutioni/s try to create a prejudice 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 !y ma9ta9 ) ,h]b]t ,sp5c] t ! hypo!sis ( creation is inconceivable1 or1 z !y say1 un?9kable2 an ass]tion :i*1 :5 exam9$1 proves to mean only t we d n "k p]fectly ! details ( su* an op]ation1 an objection equally fatal to ! orig9 ei!r ( matt] or life1 on ! hypo!sis ( evolution4 ,secondly1 !y always ref] to creation z if x mu/ be a special miracle1 9 ! s5se ( a contrav5tion ( or dep>ture f ord9>y natural laws2 b ?is is an assumption utt]ly )\t pro(1 s9ce creation may be z mu* accord+ to law z evolution1 ?\gh 9 ei!r case ! precise laws involv$ may be v imp]fectly kn[n4 ,h[ absurd1 !y say1 to imag9e an animal creat$ at once1 fully =m$1 by a special miracle1 in/ead ( suppos+ x to be sl[ly elaborat$ ?r\gh1 c\ntless ages ( evolution4 ,to ,d>w9 ! doctr9e ( creation is b a curi\s illu/ration ( ! bl9dness ( preconceiv$ op9ion4 ,^! au?ors1 he says1 seem no m />tl$ at a miracul\s act ( creation !n at an ord9>y bir?2 b d !y really believe t at innum]able p]iods 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory1 c]ta9 elem5tal atoms h be5 comm&$ sudd5ly to fla% into liv+ tissues8 ,d>w91 ) all 8 philosophic fairness1 sometimes becomes almo/ ,sp5c]ian 9 8 loos5ess ( expression2 & 9 ! above extract1 ! t]ms miracul\s1 innum]able1 elem5tal atoms1 sudd5ly1 & fla%1 all express ideas 9 no respect necess>y to ! "w ( creation4 ,^? :o h no fai? 9 evolution z a cause ( ! production ( species1 may well ask 9 return h[ ! evolutioni/ c prove t creation mu/ be in/antane\s1 t x mu/ foll[ no law1 t x mu/ produce an animal fully =m$1 t x mu/ be miracul\s4 ,9 %ort1 x is a portion ( ! policy ( evolutioni/s to endeav\r to tie d[n _! oppon5ts to a purely gratuit\s & ignorant view ( creation1 & !n to attack !m 9 t position4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! actual /atem5t ( ! !ory ( creation z x may be held by a mod]n man ( sci5ce8 ,simply ?is2 t all ?+s h be5 produc$ by ! ,supreme ,creative ,w1 act+ ei!r directly or ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! =ces & mat]ials ( ,8 own production4 ,?is !ory does n necess>ily affirm t creation is miracul\s1 9 ! s5se ( be+ contr>y to or subv]sive ( law2 law & ord] are z applicable to creation z to any o!r process4 ,x does n contradict ! idea ( successive creations4 ,!re is no necessity t ! process %\ld be in/antane\s & )\t progression4 ,x does n imply t all k9ds ( creation are alike4 ,!re may be high] & l[] k9ds4 ,x does n exclude ! idea ( simil>ity or dissimil>ity ( plan & function z to ! products ( creation4 ,di/9ct products ( creation may be ei!r simil> to ea* o!r 9 diff]5t degrees1 or dissimil>4 ,x does n ev5 exclude evolution or d]ivation to a c]ta9 ext5t3 any?+ once creat$ may1 if suffici5tly flexible & ela/ic1 be evolv$ or involv$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,inde$1 creation & d]ivation may1 rightly und]/ood1 be complem5t>y to ea* o!r4 ,creat$ ?+s1 unless absolutely un*angeable1 mu/ be m or less modifi$ by influ5ces f )9 & f )\t1 & d]ivation or evolution may acc\nt = c]ta9 subord9ate *anges ( ?+s already made4 ,man1 = example1 may be a product ( creation1 yet 8 creation may h be5 9 p]fect h>mony ) ^? laws ( proc$ure :i* ! ,creator has set = ,8 own op]ations4 ,he may h be5 prec$$ by o!r creations ( ?+s m or less simil> or dissimil>4 ,he may h be5 creat$ by ! same processes ) "s or all ( ^!1 or by diff]5t means4 ,8 body may h be5 creat$ 9 "o way1 8 s\l 9 ano!r4 ,he may1 nay1 9 all probability w\ld be1 "p ( a plan ( :i* "s p>ts w\ld approa* v ne> to him 9 /ructure or functions4 ,aft] 8 creation1 spontane\s culture & outw>d circum/ances may h m\ld$ him into v>ieties1 & giv5 him _m diff]5t k9ds ( spee* & ( habits4 ,^! po9ts are s obvi\s to common s5se t x w\ld be q unnecess>y to insi/ on !m1 7 !y n habitually ov]look$ or mis/at$ by evolutioni/s4 ,! creation hypo!sis is also free f "s ( ! difficulties ( evolution4 ,x avoids ! absurdity ( an et]nal progression f ! less to ! m complex4 ,x provides 9 w1 ! only s\rce ( p[] actually kn[n to u by ord9>y exp]i5ce1 an intelligible orig9 ( nature4 ,x does n require u to contradict exp]i5ce by suppos+ t !re are no diff]5ces ( k9d or ess5ce 9 ?+s4 ,x does n require u to assume1 contr>y to exp]i5ce1 an inv>iable t5d5cy to diff]5tiate & improve4 ,x does n exact ! bridg+ ov] ( all gaps :i* may be f\nd betwe5 ! sev]al grades ( be+s :i* exi/ or h exi/$4 ,:y1 !n1 are s _m m5 ( sci5ce dispos$ to ignore altoge!r ?is view ( ! matt]8 ,ma9ly1 ,i believe1 because1 f ! tra9+ ( _m ( !m1 !y are absolutely ignorant ( ! subject1 & f _! habits ( ?\ght h come to reg>d physical =ce & ! laws regulat+ x z ! "o p[] 9 nature1 & to relegate all spiritual p[]s or =ces1 or1 z !y h be5 taught to reg>d !m1 sup]natural ?+s1 to ! doma9 ( ! unkn[able4 ,p]haps "s portion ( ! difficulty may be got ov] by ab&on+ altoge!r ! ^w sup]natural1 :i* has be5 mu* misus$1 & by hold+ nature to repres5t ! :ole cosmos1 & to include bo? ! physical & ! spiritual1 bo? ( !m 9 ! fulle/ s5se subject to law1 b ea* to ! law ( its own special nature4 ,i h read some:]e a /ory ( "s ignorant ori5tals :o 7 induc$ to keep a /eam-eng9e suppli$ ) wat] by ! fiction t x conta9$ a t]rible dj91 or demon1 :o1 if all[$ to become ?ir/y1 w\ld break out & de/roy !m all4 ,_h !y be5 enabl$ to disc>d ?is sup]/ition1 & to und]/& ! =ce ( /eam1 we c readily imag9e t !y w\ld n[ suppose !y knew ! :ole tru?1 & might believe t any "o :o taught !m t ! eng9e 0 a product ( intellig5t design1 0 only tak+ !m back to ! old doctr9e ( ! ?ir/y demon ( ! boil]4 ,?is is1 ,i ?9k1 at pres5t1 ! m5tal condition ( _m sci5ti/s ) ref]5ce to creation4 ,"h we come to ! fir/ dem& :i* ! doctr9e ( creation makes on u by way ( premises4 ,9 ord] t !re may be creation !re mu/ be a prim>y ,self-exi/5t ,_s1 ^: w is supreme4 ,! evolutioni/ _c refuse to admit ?is on z good gr\nd z t on :i* we hesitate to receive ! po/ulates ( 8 fai?4 ,x is no real objection to say t a ,god c be kn[n to u only p>tially1 &1 ) ref]5ce to ,8 real ess5ce1 n at all2 s9ce1 ev5 if we admit ?is1 x is no m !n c be said ( matt] & =ce4 ,i am n ab\t "h to repeat any ( ! ord9>y argum5ts = ! exi/5ce ( a spiritual ,fir/ ,cause1 & ,creator ( all ?+s1 b x may be prop] to %[ t ?is assumption is n inconsi/5t ) exp]i5ce1 or ) ! facts & pr9ciples ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,! /atem5t :i* ,i w\ld make on ?is po9t %all be 9 ! words ( a v old writ]1 n s well kn[n z he %\ld be to _m :o talk volubly en\gh ab\t antagonisms betwe5 sci5ce & ,*ri/ianity3 t :i* is kn[n ( ,god is manife/ 9 !m 79 m571 = ,god manife/$ x unto !m4 ,= s9ce ! creation ( ! _w ,8 invisible ?+s1 ev5 ,8 et]nal p[] & div9ity are pla9ly se51 be+ p]ceiv$ by means ( ?+s t are made4,,bd ,! /atem5t "h is v precise4 ,c]ta9 ?+s relat+ to ,god are manife/ )9 m5's m9ds1 & are prov$ by ! evid5ce ( ,8 works2 ^! prop]ties ( ,god ?us manife/$ be+ specially ,8 p[] or control ( all =ces1 & ,8 div9ity or possession ( a nature high] !n ours4 ,! argum5t ( ! writ] is t all hea!ns "k ?is2 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 ,i believe x mu/ be admitt$ ev5 by ^? mo/ sceptical on su* po9ts1 t "s notion ( a div9ity has be5 d]iv$ f nature by m5 ( all nations & tribes1 if we except1 p]haps1 a few enlight5$ positivi/s ( ?is n9ete5? c5tury :om excess ( light has made bl9d4 ,if ! light t is 9 man be d>kness1 h[ great is t d>kness4 ,b !n ?is notion ( a ,god is a v old & primitive "o1 & ,sp5c] takes c>e to in=m u t fir/ ?\ghts are ei!r :olly out ( h>mony ) ?+s1 or 9 v incomplete h>mony ) !m1 & consequ5tly t old beliefs & g5]ally diffus$ notions are presumably wrong4 ,,bd ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 *ap i4 ,is x true1 h[ev]1 t ! mod]n k ( nature t5ds to rob x ( a spiritual ,fir/ ,cause8 ,"o c conceive su* a t5d5cy1 if all our advances 9 k _h t5d$ m & m to id5tify =ce ) matt] 9 its gross] =ms1 & to remove m & m f our m5tal view ^? p[]s :i* are n mat]ial2 b ! v rev]se ( ?is is ! case4 ,mod]n discov]y has t5d$ m & m to atta* importance to c]ta9 univ]sally diffus$ m$ia :i* d n seem to be subject to ! laws ( ord9>y matt]1 & to prove at once ! ,protean "* & inde/ructibility ( =ces1 ! aggregate ( :i*1 z act+ 9 ! univ]se1 gives u our ne>e/ approa* to ! conception ( physical omnipot5ce4 ,?is is :at s _m ( our evolutioni/s mean :5 !y indignantly disclaim mat]ialism4 ,!y "k t !re is a b\ndless en]gy beyond m]e matt]1 & ( :i* matt] seems ! sport & toy4 ,c\ld !y conceive ( ?is en]gy z ! expression ( a p]sonal w1 !y w\ld become !i/s4 ,man himself pres5ts a microcosm ( matt] & =ce1 rais$ to a high] plane !n t ( ! m]ely *emical & physical4 ,9 him we f9d n m]ely t bra9 & n]ve =ce :i* is common to him & l[] animals1 & :i* exhibits "o ( ! mo/ m>vell\s en]gies 9 nature1 b we h ! high] =ce ( w & intellect1 enabl+ him to read ! secrets ( nature1 to seize & comb9e & utilize its laws l a god1 & l a god to atta9 to ! high] disc]nm5t ( good & evil4 ,nay1 m1 ?is p[] :i* resides )9 man rules ) omnipot5t en]gy ! mat]ial organism1 driv+ its n]ve =ces until cells & fibres are worn out & de/roy$1 tax+ muscles & t5dons till !y break1 impell+ its slave ! body ev5 to t :i* w br+ injury & dea? itself4 ,surely1 :at we ?us see 9 man mu/ be ! image & lik5ess ( ! ,great ,_s4 ,we c escape f ?is conclusion only by "o or o!r ( two assumptions1 ei!r ( :i* is r to be call$ a play ^u words !n a sci5tific !ory4 ,we may1 ) a c]ta9 class ( physici/s & physiologi/s1 conf9e our att5tion :olly to ! fire & ! /eam1 & ov]look ! eng9e]4 ,we may assume t ) protoplasm & animal electricity1 = example1 we c disp5se ) life1 & n only ) life b ) _s also4 ,yet he :o reg>ds vitality z an unmean+ ^w2 & yet speaks ( liv+ protoplasm1 & dead protoplasm1 & affirms t betwe5 ^! two /ates1 s diff]5t 9 _! ph5om5a1 no *emical or physical diff]5ce exi/s1 is surely ei!r laugh+ at u1 or committ+ himself to :at ! ,duke ( ,argyll calls a philosophical bull2 & he :o %[s u t electrical dis*>ges are conc]n$ 9 muscul> contraction1 has j z mu* prov$ t !re is no ne$ ( life or _s1 z ! electrician :o has expla9$ ! my/]ies ( ! telegraph has %[n t !re c be no ne$ ( an op]ator4 ,or we may1 turn+ to ! opposite extreme1 tru/ to ! metaphysical fallacy ( ^? :o affirm t nei!r matt]1 nor =ce1 nor _s1 ne$ conc]n !m1 = t all are m]ely /ates ( consci\sness 9 ourselves4 ,b :at ( ! consci\s self ?is self :i* ?9ks1 & :i* is 9 relation ) surr\nd+s :i* x did n create1 & :i* presumably did n create x8 & :at is ! unkn[n ?ird t]m :i* mu/ h be5 ! means ( sett+ up ^! relations8 ,"h aga9 our bl9d guides involve u 9 an absolute self-contradiction4 ,?us we are ?r[n back on ! gr& old tru? t man1 hea!n & savage1 or ,*ri/ian & sci5tific1 op5s 8 eyes on nature & reads !re9 bo? ! physical & ! spiritual1 & 9 connection ) bo? ( ^! ! p[] & div9ity ( an ,almighty ,creator4 ,he may at fir/ h _m wrong views bo? ( ,god & ( ,8 works1 b z he p5etrates fur!r into ! laws ( matt] & m9d1 he atta9s m j conceptions ( _! relations to ! ,great ,c5tre & ,s\rce ( all1 & in/ead ( be+ able to disp5se ) creation1 he hopes to be able at l5g? to und]/& its laws & me?ods4 ,if unhappily he ab&ons ?is high ambition1 & cont5ts himself ) m]e matt] & physical =ce1 he _c rise to ! highe/ developm5t ei!r ( sci5ce or philosophy4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be said t evolution may admit all ?is1 & /ill be held z a sci5tific doctr9e 9 connection ) a modifi$ belief 9 creation4 ,! "w ( actual creation may h be5 limit$ to a few elem5t>y types1 & evolution may h done ! re/4 ,evolutioni/s may /ill be !i/s4 ,we h already se5 t ! doctr9e1 z c>ri$ out to its logical consequ5ces1 excludes creation & !ism4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be %[n t ev5 9 its m modifi$ =ms1 & :5 held by m5 :o ma9ta9 t !y are n a!i/s1 x is practically a!i/ic1 because exclud+ ! idea ( plan & design1 & resolv+ all ?+s into ! action ( un9tellig5t =ces4 ,x is necess>y to obs]ve ?is1 because x is ! half-way evolutionism :i* pr(esses to h a ,creator some:]e beh9d x1 t is mo/ popul>2 ?\gh x is1 if possible1 m unphilosophical !n t :i* pr(esses to set out f absolute & et]nal non5tity1 or f self-exi/5t />-du/ conta9+ all ! possibilities ( ! univ]se4 ,absolute a!i/s recognise 9 ,d>w9ism1 = example1 a philosophy :i* r$uces all ?+s to a gradual summation ( innum]able m9ute & accid5tal mat]ial op]ations1 & 9 ?is !y are m logical !n ^? :o seek to reconcile evolution ) design4 ,huxley1 9 8 lay s]mons1 ref]r+ to ,paley's argum5t = design f\nd$ on ! /ructure ( a wat*1 says t if ! wat* c\ld be conceiv$ to be a product ( a less p]fect /ructure improv$ by natural selection1 x w\ld !n appe> to be ! result ( a me?od ( trial & error work$ by un9tellig5t ag5ts1 z likely z ( ! direct application ( ! means appropriate to t end1 by an intellig5t ag5t4 ,?is is a bold & true ass]tion ( ! actual relation ( ev5 ?is modifi$ evolution to rational & practical !ism1 :i* requires n m]ely ?is ,god af> (f1 :o has set ! /one ( nature roll+ & !n turn$ ,8 back ^u x1 b a pres5t ,god1 ^: w is ! law ( nature1 n[ z 9 times pa/4 ,! evolutioni/ is really 9 a position ( absolute antagonism to ! idea ( creation1 ev5 :5 held ) all due all[ance = ! v>iations ( creat$ ?+s )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,p]haps ,paley's old illu/ration ( ! wat*1 z appli$ by ,huxley1 may s]ve to %[ ?is z well z any o!r4 ,if ! imp]fect wat*1 useless z a "t-keep]1 is ! "w ( ! contriv]1 & ! p]fection ( x is ! result ( un9tellig5t ag5ts work+ =tuit\sly1 !n x is cle> t creation & design h a small & evanesc5t %>e 9 ! con/ruction ( ! fabric ( nature4 ,b is x really s8 ,c we attribute ! p]fection ( ! wat* to accid5tal mat]ial op]ations any m !n ! fir/ ef=t to produce su* an in/rum5t8 ,paley himself long ago met ?is view ( ! case1 b 8 argum5t may be ext5d$ by ! admissions & pleas ( ! evolutioni/s !mselves4 ,= example1 ! wat* is altoge!r a me*anical ?+1 & ?is fact by no means implies t x c\ld n be made by an intellig5t & spiritual design]1 yet ?is assumption t physical laws exclude creation & design turns up 9 almo/ e page ( ! evolutioni/s4 ,paley has well %[n t if ! wat* conta9$ )9 itself ma*9]y = mak+ o!r wat*es1 ?is w\ld n militate aga9/ 8 argum5t4 ,x w\ld be s if x c\ld be prov$ t a piece ( metal _h spontane\sly produc$ an imp]fect wat*1 & ?is a m p]fect "o1 & s on2 b ?is is precisely :at evolutioni/s /ill require to prove ) respect bo? to ! wat* & to man4 ,on ! o!r h& x is no argum5t = ! evolution ( ! wat* t !re may be diff]5t k9ds ( wat*es1 "s m & o!rs less p]fect1 & t rud] =ms may h prec$$ ! m p]fect4 ,?is is p]fectly compatible ) creation & design4 ,evolutioni/s1 h[ev]1 g5]ally fail to make ?is di/9ction4 ,nor w\ld x be any pro( ( ! evolution ( ! wat* to f9d t1 z ,sp5c] w\ld say1 x 0 9 p]fect h>mony ) its environm5t1 z1 = in/ance1 t x kept "t ) ! revolution ( ! e>?1 & conta9$ contrivances to regulate its motion "u diff]5t temp]atures1 unless x c\ld be %[n t ! e>?'s motion & ! *anges ( temp]ature _h be5 effici5t causes ( ! motion & ! adju/m5ts ( ! wat*2 o!rwise ! argum5t w\ld look altoge!r 9 ! direction ( design4 ,nor w\ld x be fair to %ut up ! argum5t ( design to ! idea t ! wat* mu/ h sudd5ly fla%$ into exi/5ce fully =m$ & 9 motion4 ,x w\ld be q z mu* a creation if sl[ly & labori\sly made by ! h& ( ! artific]1 or if m rapidly /ruck (f by ma*9]y2 & if ! latt]1 x w\ld n foll[ t ! ma*9e :i* produc$ ! wat* 0 at all l ! wat* itself4 ,x might h be5 some?+ v diff]5t4 ,f9ally1 :5 ,sp5c] tries to cut at ! root ( ! :ole ( ?is argum5t1 by affirm+ t man has no m "r to reason f himself ) reg>d to 8 ,mak] !n a wat* w\ld h to reason f its own me*anical /ructure & affirm ! l ( its mak]1 he signally fails4 ,if ! wat* _h su* p[] ( reason+1 x w\ld be m !n me*anical1 & w\ld be intellig5t l its mak]2 & 9 any case1 if ?us reason+ x came to ! conclusion t x 0 a result ( accid5tal mat]ial op]ations1 x w\ld be altoge!r mi/ak54 ,nor w\ld x be ne>] ! tru? if x held t x 0 a product ( spontane\s evolution f an imp]fect & comp>atively useless wat* t _h be5 made millions ( ye>s be=e4 ,we h tak5 ?is illu/ration ( ! wat* m]ely z giv5 to u by ,huxley1 & )\t 9 ! lea/ seek+ to ov]look ! di/9ction betwe5 a dead ma*9e & a liv+ organism2 b ! argum5t = creation & design is q z /rong 9 ! case ( ! latt]1 s long z x _c be prov$ by actual facts to be a product ( d]ivation f a di/9ct species4 ,?is has n be5 prov$ ei!r 9 ! c>e ( man or any o!r species2 & s long z x has n1 ! !ory ( creation & design is inf9itely m rational & sci5tific !n t ( evolution 9 any ( its =ms4 ,b all ?is does n relieve u f ! "q1 ,h[ c species be creat$8--! same "q put to ,paul by ! sceptics ( ! fir/ c5tury ) ref]5ce to ! resurrection--,h[ are ! dead rais$1 & ) :at bodies d !y come8 ,i d n wi% to evade ?is "q1 :e!r appli$ to man or to a microscopic animalcule1 & ,i w\ld answ] x ) ! foll[+ /atem5ts3-- #a4 ,! advocate ( creation is 9 ?is matt] 9 no worse position !n ! evolutioni/4 ,?is we h already %[n1 & ,i may ref] "h to ! fact t ,d>w9 himself assumes at lea/ "o primitive =m ( animal & plant life1 & he is confess$ly j z little able to imag9e ?is "o act ( creation z any o!r t may be dem&$ ( him4 #b4 ,we are n b\nd to believe t all gr\ps ( individual animals1 :i* naturali/s may call species1 h be5 sep>ate products ( creation4 ,man himself has by "s naturali/s be5 divid$ into sev]al species2 b we may well be cont5t to believe ! creation ( "o primitive =m1 & ! production ( exi/+ races by v>iation4 ,e zoologi/ & botani/ :o has /udi$ any gr\p ( animals or plants ) c>e1 kn[s t !re are num]\s relat$ =ms pass+ into ea* o!r1 :i* "s naturali/s might consid] to be di/9ct species1 b :i* x is c]ta9ly n necess>y to reg>d z di/9ct products ( creation4 ,e species is m or less v>iable1 & ?is v>iability may be develop$ by diff]5t causes4 ,individuals expos$ to unfav\rable conditions w be /unt$ & depaup]at$2 ^? 9 m fav\rable circum/ances may be improv$ & enl>g$4 ,important *anges may ?us take place )\t transgress+ ! limits ( ! species1 or prev5t+ a return to its typical =ms2 & ! practice ( conf\nd+ ^! m limit$ *anges ) ! wid] /ructural & physiological diff]5ces :i* sep>ate true species is mu* to be deprecat$4 ,animals :i* pass ?r\gh metamorphoses1 or :i*1 are develop$ ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( int]m$iate =ms or nurses,,be are n only liable to be sep>at$ by mi/ake into di/9ct species1 b !y may1 t9d] c]ta9 circum/ances1 atta9 to a premature maturity1 or may be fix$ = a "t or p]man5tly 9 an immature condition4 ,fur!r1 species1 l individuals1 probably h _! infancy1 maturity1 & decay 9 geological "t1 & may pres5t diff]5ces 9 ^! sev]al /ages4 ,x is ! rema9d] ( true specific types left aft] all ^! s\rces ( error are remov$1 t creation has to acc\nt =2 & to arrive at ?is rema9d]1 & to asc]ta9 its nature & am\nt1 w require a va/ exp5diture ( skilful & consci5ti\s lab\r4 ,,be ,mr4 ,mungo ,ponton1 9 8 book ,! ,beg9n+1 has bas$ a !ory ( d]ivation on ?is peculi>ity4 #c4 ,s9ce animals & plants h be5 introduc$ ^u our e>? 9 long succession ?r\gh\t geologic "t1 & ?is 9 a some:at regul> mann]1 we h a "r to assume t _! introduction has be5 9 accordance ) a law or plan ( creation1 & t ?is may h includ$ ! co-op]ation ( _m effici5t causes1 & may h diff]$ 9 its application to diff]5t cases4 ,?is is a v old doctr9e ( !ology1 = x appe>s 9 ! e>ly *apt]s ( ,g5esis4 ,!re ! fir/ aquatic animals1 & man1 are said to h be5 creat$2 plants are said to h be5 br\ght =? by ! l&2 ! mammalia are said to h be5 made4 ,9 ! m detail$ acc\nt ( ! introduction ( man 9 ! second *apt] ( ! same book1 he is said to h be5 =m$ ( ! du/ ( ! gr\nd2 & 9 reg>d to 8 high] spiritual life1 to h _h ?is brea!d into him by ,god4 ,^! are v simple expressions1 b !y are v precise & def9ite 9 ! orig9al1 & !y imply a div]sity 9 ! creative "w4 ,fur!r1 ?is is 9 accordance ) ! analogy ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,h[ div]se are ! modes ( production & developm5t ( animals & plants1 ?\gh all "u "o g5]al law2 & is x n likely t ! modes ( _! fir/ introduction on ! e>? 7 equally div]se8 #d4 ,our k ( ! conditions ( ! orig9ation ( species1 is s imp]fect t we may possibly appe> = "s "t to rec$e f1 r !n to approa* to1 a solution ( ! "q4 ,9 ! infancy ( *emi/ry1 x 0 ?\ght t *emical elem5ts c\ld be transmut$ into ea* o!r4 ,! progress ( k remov$ ?is explanation ( _! orig91 & has z yet fail$ to sub/itute any o!r 9 its place4 ,x may be ! same ) organic species4 ,! attempt to acc\nt = !m by d]ivation may prove fallaci\s1 yet x may be "s "t be=e we turn ! corn]1 %\ld ?is be possible1 & ent] ! pa? :i* actually leads up to _! orig94 ,la/ly1 9 ^! circum/ances our wise/ c\rse is to take individual species1 & to inquire z to _! hi/ory 9 "t1 & ! probable conditions ( _! introduction4 ,su* inve/igations are n[ be+ made by _m quiet work]s1 ^: lab\rs are comp>atively little kn[n1 & _m ( :om are sc>cely aw>e ( ! importance ( :at !y are do+ t[>d a k (1 at lea/1 ! conditions ( creation1 :i* is p]haps all t we c at pres5t hope to rea*4 ,9 ! next *apt] we %all try to sum up :at is kn[n z to man himself1 9 ! conditions ( 8 fir/ appe>ance on our e>?1 z made kn[n to u by sci5tific inve/igation1 & expla9$ on ! !ory ( creation z oppos$ to evolution4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,primitive ,,man4 ,,consid]$ ,,) ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,mod]n ,,!ories ,,z ,,to ,,8 ,,orig9 7cont9u$74 ,9 ! previ\s *apt] we h se5 t1 on g5]al gr\nds1 evolution z appli$ to man is unt5able2 & t ! !ory ( creation is m rational & less liable to objection4 ,we may n[ consid] h[ ! geological & zoological conditions ( man's adv5t on ! e>? accord ) evolution2 & ,i ?9k we %all f9d1 z might be expect$1 t !y oppose great if n fatal difficulties to ?is hypo!sis4 ,"o ( ! fir/ & mo/ important facts ) ref]5ce to ! appe>ance ( man1 is t he is a v rec5t animal1 dat+ no f>!r back 9 geological "t !n ! ,po/-glacial p]iod1 at ! close ( ! ,t]ti>y & beg9n+ ( ! ,mod]n era ( geology4 ,fur!r1 inasmu* z ! olde/ kn[n rema9s ( man occur along ) ^? ( animals :i* /ill exi/1 & ! majority ( :i* are probably n ( old] date1 !re is b sl5d] probability t any mu* old] human rema9s w ev] be f\nd4 ,n[ ?is has a be>+ on ! "q ( ! d]ivation ( man1 :i*1 ?\gh x has n altoge!r escap$ ! att5tion ( ! evolutioni/s1 has n met ) suffici5t consid]ation4 ,p]haps ! olde/2 kn[n human skull is t :i* has be5 t]m$ ! ,engis skull1 f ! cave ( ,engis1 9 ,belgium4 ,) ref]5ce to ?is skull1 ,pr(essor ,huxley has c&idly admitt$ t x may h belong$ to an individual ( "o ( ! exi/+ faces ( m54 ,i h a ca/ ( x on ! same %elf ) ! skulls ( "s ,algonqu9 ,indians1 f ! aborig9al ,ho*elaga1 :i* prec$$ ,montreal2 & any "o acqua9t$ ) cranial *>act]s w\ld readily admit t ! anci5t ,belgian may v well h be5 an ,am]ican ,indian2 :ile on ! o!r h& 8 head is n v dissimil> f t ( "s mod]n ,european races4 ,?is ,belgian man is believ$ to h liv$ be=e ! mammo? & ! cave be> _h pass$ away1 yet he does n belong to an ext9ct species or ev5 v>iety ( man4 ,fur!r1 z /at$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 ,pictet catalogues n9ety-eight species ( mammals :i* inhabit$ ,europe 9 ! ,po/-glacial p]iod4 ,( ^! fifty-sev5 /ill exi/ un*ang$1 & ! rema9d] h disappe>$4 ,n "o c be %[n to h be5 modifi$ into a new =m1 ?\gh "s ( !m h be5 oblig$1 by *anges ( temp]ature & o!r conditions1 to remove into di/ant & n[ widely sep>at$ regions4 ,fur!r1 x w\ld seem t all ! exi/+ ,european mammals ext5d$ back 9 geological "t at lea/ z f> z man1 s t s9ce ! ,po/-glacial p]iod no new species h be5 introduc$ 9 any way4 ,"h we h a s]ies ( facts ( ! mo/ pr(\nd significance4 ,fifty-sev5 p>allel l9es ( desc5t nave 9 ,europe run on along ) man1 f ! ,po/-glacial p]iod1 )\t *ange or mat]ial modification ( any k9d4 ,"s ( !m ext5d )\t *ange ev5 f>!r back4 ,?us man & 8 companion-mammals pres5t a s]ies ( l9es1 n conv]g+ z if !y po9t$ to "s common prog5itor1 b /rictly p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,9 o!r words1 if !y are d]iv$ =ms1 _! po9t ( d]ivation f a common type is pu%$ back inf9itely 9 geological "t4 ,! absolute duration ( ! human species does n affect ?is argum5t4 ,if man has exi/$ only six or sev5 ?\s& ye>s1 /ill at ! beg9n+ ( 8 exi/5ce he 0 z di/9ct f l[] animals z he is n[1 & %[s no signs ( gradation into o!r =ms4 ,if he has really endur$ s9ce ! great ,glacial p]iod1 & is to be reg>d$ z a species ( a hundr$ ?\s& ye>s' cont9uance1 /ill ! fact is ! same1 & is1 if possible1 less fav\rable to d]ivation4 ,simil> facts meet u 9 o!r directions4 ,i h = _m ye>s occupi$ a little ( my leisure 9 collect+ ! num]\s species ( molluscs & o!r m>9e animals exi/+ 9 a sub-fossil /ate 9 ! ,po/-plioc5e clays ( ,canada1 & comp>+ !m ) _! mod]n successors4 ,i d n "k h[ long ^! animals h liv$4 ,"s ( !m c]ta9ly g f> back into ! ,t]ti>y2 & rec5t computations w\ld place ev5 ! ,glacial age at a di/ance f u ( m !n a ?\s& c5turies4 ,yet aft] c>efully /udy+ ab\t two hundr$ species1 &1 ( "s ( ^!1 _m hundr$s ( specim5s1 ,i h arriv$ at ! conclusion t !y are absolutely un*ang$4 ,"s ( !m1 x is true1 are v>iable %ells1 pres5t+ z _m & great v>ieties z ! human race itself2 yet ,i f9d t 9 ! ,po/-plioc5e ev5 ! v>ieties ( ea* species 7 ! same z n[1 ?\gh ! great *anges ( temp]ature & elevation :i* h occurr$1 h remov$ _m ( !m to di/ant places1 & h made !m become locally ext9ct 9 regions ov] :i* !y once spread4 ,"h aga9 we h an absolute refusal1 on ! "p ( all ^! animals1 to admit t !y are d]iv$1 or h t5d$ to sport into new species4 ,?is is also1 x is to be obs]v$1 altoge!r indep5d5t ( t imp]fection ( ! geological record ( :i* s mu* is made2 s9ce we h abundance ( ^! %ells 9 ! ,po/-plioc5e b$s1 & 9 ! mod]n seas1 & no "o d\bts _! cont9u$ desc5t4 ,to :at does ?is po9t8 ,evid5tly to ! conclusion t all ^! species %[ no indication ( d]ivation1 or t5d5cy to improve1 b move back 9 p>allel l9es to "s unkn[n creative orig94 ,if x be object$ to ?is conclusion t abs5ce ( d]ivation 9 ! ,po/-plioc5e & ,mod]n does n prove t x may n previ\sly h occurr$1 ! answ] is1 t if ! evolutioni/ admits t = a v long p]iod 7& ?is ! only "o ( :i* we h any c]ta9 k1 & ! only "o :i* conc]ns man7 d]ivation has be5 susp5d$1 he 9 effect ab&ons 8 position4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be object$ t :at ,i h above affirm$ ( species may be affirm$ ( v>ieties1 :i* are admitt$ to be d]iv$4 ,= example1 x may be said t ! negro v>iety ( man has exi/$ un*ang$ f ! e>lie/ hi/oric times4 ,x is c>i\s t ^? :o s (t5 urge ?is argum5t z an evid5ce ( ! great antiquity ( man1 & ! sl[ developm5t ( races1 d n see t x proves too mu*4 ,if ! negro has be5 ! same id5tical negro z f> back z we c trace him1 !n 8 orig9 mu/ h be5 indep5d5t1 & ( ! nature ( a creation1 or else 8 duration z a negro mu/ h be5 indef9ite4 ,:at x does prove is a fact equally obvi\s f ! /udy ( ,po/-plioc5e molluscs & o!r fossils1 namely1 t new species t5d rapidly to v>y to ! utmo/ ext5t ( _! possible limits1 & !n to rema9 /ation>y = an indef9ite "t4 ,:e!r ?is results f an innate yet limit$ p[] ( expansion 9 ! species1 or f ! relations betwe5 x & ext]nal influ5ces1 x is a fact inconsi/5t ) ! gradual evolution ( new species4 ,h5ce we conclude t ! rec5t orig9 ( man1 z reveal$ by geology1 is1 9 connection ) ! above facts1 an absolute b> to ! doctr9e ( d]ivation4 ,a second datum furni%$ to ?is discussion by geology & zoology is ! negative "o t no l9k ( connection is kn[n betwe5 man & any prec$+ animal4 ,if we ga!r 8 bones & 8 implem5ts f ! anci5t gravel-b$s & cave-e>?s1 we d n f9d !m associat$ ) any creature ne> ( k91 nor d we f9d any su* creature 9 ^? ri* ,t]ti>y b$s :i* h yield$ s great h>ve/s ( mammalian bones4 ,9 ! mod]n _w we f9d no?+ ne>] to him !n su* an?ropoid apes z ! orangs & gorillas4 ,b ! apes1 h[ev] ne>ly alli$1 _c be ! ance/ors ( man4 ,if at all relat$ to him by desc5t1 !y are 8 bre?r5 or c\s9s1 n 8 p>5ts2 = !y mu/1 on ! evolutioni/ hypo!sis1 be !mselves ! t]m9al ends ( di/9ct l9es ( d]ivation f previ\s =ms4 ,?is difficulty is n remov$ by an appeal to ! imp]fection ( ! geological record4 ,s _m animals contempor>y ) man are kn[n1 bo? at ! beg9n+ ( 8 geological hi/ory & 9 ! pres5t _w1 t x w\ld be m !n m>vell\s if no v ne> relative _h ere ?is "t be5 discov]$ at "o extreme or ! o!r1 or at "s portion ( ! int]v5+ ages4 ,fur!r1 all ! animals contempor>y ) man 9 ! ,po/-glacial p]iod1 s f> z is kn[n1 are 9 ! same case4 ,discov]ies ( ?is k9d may1 h[ev]1 /ill be made1 & we may give ! evolutioni/ ! b5efit ( ! possibility4 ,we may affirm1 h[ev]1 t 9 ord] to ga9 a sub/ratum ( fact = 8 doctr9e1 he mu/ f9d some:]e 9 ! lat] ,t]ti>y p]iod animals mu* ne>] to man !n are ! pres5t an?ropoid apes4 ,?is dem& ,i make advis$ly--fir/1 because ! animals 9 "q mu/ prec$e man 9 geological "t2 & secondly1 because ! apes1 ev5 if !y prec$$ man1 in/ead ( be+ contempor>y ) him1 are n ne> en\gh to fulfil ! requir$ conditions4 ,:at is ! actual fact ) reg>d to ^! animals1 s confid5tly affirm$ to resemble "s n v remote ance/ors ( ours8 ,zoologically !y are n v>ieties ( ! same species ) man !y are n species ( ! same g5us1 nor d !y belong to g5]a ( ! same family1 or ev5 to families ( ! same ord]4 ,^! animals are at lea/ ord9ally di/9ct f u 9 ^? grades ( gr\ps 9 :i* naturali/s arrange animals4 ,i am well aw>e t an attempt has be5 made to gr\p man1 apes1 & lemurs 9 "o ord] ( ,primates1 & ?us to r$uce _! diff]5ce to ! grade ( ! family2 b z pat by its late/ & p]haps mo/ able advocate1 ! attempt is a decid$ failure4 ,"o has only to read ! conclud+ *apt] ( ,huxley's new book on ! anatomy ( ! v]tebrates to be p]suad$ ( ?is1 m especially if we c take into consid]ation1 9 addition to ! _m diff]5ces indicat$1 o!rs :i* exi/ b are n m5tion$ by ! au?or4 ,ord9al di/9ctions among animals are ma9ly dep5d5t on grade or rank1 & are n to be brok5 d[n by obscure resemblances ( int]nal anatomy1 hav+ no relation to ?is po9t1 b to physiological features ( v second>y importance4 ,man mu/1 on all gr\nds1 rank mu* high] above ! apes !n !y c d above any o!r ord] ( mammals4 ,ev5 if we refuse to recognise all high] gr\nds ( classification1 & condesc5d1 ) "s great zoologi/s ( our "t1 to reg>d nature ) ! eyes ( m]e anatomi/s1 or 9 ! same way t a brick-lay]'s appr5tice may be suppos$ to reg>d di/9ctions ( ar*itectural /yles1 we c arrive at no o!r conclusion4 ,let u imag9e an anatomi/1 himself nei!r a man nor a monkey1 b a be+ ( "s o!r grade1 & altoge!r ignorant ( ! high] ends & p[]s ( our species1 to contemplate m]ely ! skeleton ( a man & t ( an ape4 ,he mu/ necess>ily d$uce !refrom an ord9al di/9ction1 ev5 on ! "o gr\nd ( ! correlations & modifications ( /ructure impli$ 9 ! erect position4 ,x w\ld inde$ be suffici5t = ?is purpose to consid] m]ely ! balanc+ ( ! skull on ! neck1 or ! /ructure ( ! foot1 & ! consequ5ces fairly d$ucible f ei!r ( !m4 ,nay1 7 su* imag9>y anatomi/ a d]ivationi/1 & ignorant ( ! geological date ( 8 specim5s1 & z c>eless ( ! diff]5ces 9 respect to bra9 z "s ( 8 human confrres1 he might1 ref]r+ to ! loss specialis$ condition ( man's tee? & foot1 conclude1 n t man is an improv$ ape1 b t ! ape is a specialis$ & improv$ man4 ,he w\ld be oblig$1 h[ev]1 ev5 on ?is hypo!sis1 to admit t !re mu/ be a ho/ ( miss+ l9ks4 ,nor w\ld ^! be suppli$ by ! /udy ( ! liv+ races ( m51 because ^! want ev5 specific di/9ctness1 & diff] f ! apes ess5tially 9 ^? po9ts on :i* an ord9al di/9ction c be fairly bas$4 ,?is isolat$ position ( man ?r\gh\t ! :ole p]iod ( 8 hi/ory1 gr[s 9 importance ! m t x is /udi$1 & c sc>cely be ! result ( any accid5t ( defective pres]vation ( int]m$iate =ms4 ,9 ! meantime1 :5 tak5 9 connection )1 ! fact previ\sly /at$1 t man is equally isolat$ :5 he fir/ appe>s on ! /age1 x deprives evolution1 z appli$ to our species1 ( any precise sci5tific basis1 :e!r zoological or geological4 ,i d n atta* any importance :atev]1 9 ?is connection1 to ! lik5ess 9 type or plan betwe5 man & o!r mammals4 ,evolutioni/s are 9 ! habit ( tak+ = grant$ t ?is implies d]ivation1 & ( reason+ z if ! fact t ! human skeleton is con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciples z t ( an ape or a dog1 mu/ h "s connection ) a common ance/ry ( ^! animals4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 z is usual ) !m1 begg+ ! "q4 ,creation1 z well z evolution1 admits ( simil>ity ( plan4 ,:5 ,/eph5son con/ruct$ a locomotive1 he avail$ himself ( ! pr9ciples & ( _m ( ! contrivances ( previ\s eng9es2 b ?is does n imply t he took a m9e-eng9e1 or a m>9e-eng9e1 & conv]t$ x into a railroad-eng9e4 ,type or plan1 :e!r 9 nature or art1 may imply m]ely a m5tal evolution ( ideas 9 ! mak]1 n a d]ivation ( "o object f ano!r4 ,b :ile man is relat$ 9 8 type ( /ructure to ! high] animals1 8 contempor>ies1 x is und5iable t !re are c]ta9 po9ts 9 :i* he con/itutes a new type2 & if ?is consid]ation 7 prop]ly weigh$1 ,i believe x w\ld induce zoologi/s1 not)/&+ ! prov]bial humility ( ! true man ( sci5ce1 to consid] !mselves mu* m widely sep>at$ f ! brutes !n ev5 by ! ord9al di/9ction above ref]r$ to4 ,i w\ld /ate ?is view ( ! matt] ?us3--,x is 9 ! l[] animals a law t ! bodily frame is provid$ ) all necess>y means ( def5ce & attack1 & ) all necess>y protection aga9/ ext]nal influ5ces & assailants4 ,9 a v few cases1 we h p>tial exceptions to ?is4 ,a h]mit-crab1 = in/ance1 has ! h9d] "p ( its body unprotect$2 & has1 in/ead ( arm\r1 ! in/9ct ( us+ ! ca/-(f %ells ( molluscs2 yet ev5 ?is animal has ! usual /rong claws ( a cru/acean1 = def5ce 9 front4 ,!re are only a v few animals 9 :i* in/9ct ?us takes ! place ( physical contrivances = def5ce or attack1 & 9 ^! we f9d m]ely ! usual unv>y+ in/9cts ( ! irrational animal4 ,b 9 man1 t :i* is ! r>e exception 9 all o!r animals1 becomes ! rule4 ,he has no means ( escape f dang]1 comp>$ ) ^? enjoy$ by o!r animals no def5sive arm\r1 no natural protection f cold or heat1 no effective weapons = attack+ o!r animals4 ,^! disabilities w\ld make him ! mo/ helpless ( creatures1 especially :5 tak5 9 connection ) 8 sl[ gr[? & long immaturity4 ,8 safety & 8 dom9ion ov] o!r animals1 are secur$ by entirely new means1 con/itut+ a new dep>ture 9 creation4 ,contrivance & inv5tive p[]1 enabl+ him to utilise ! objects & =ces ( nature1 replace 9 him ! mat]ial p[]s be/[$ on l[] animals4 ,obvi\sly ! /ructure ( ! human be+ is relat$ to ?is1 & s relat$ to x z to place man 9 a diff]5t category altoge!r f any o!r animal4 ,?is consid]ation makes ! d]ivation ( man f brutes difficult to imag9e4 ,none ( ^! latt] appe> ev5 able to conceive or und]/& ! modes ( life & action ( man4 ,!y d n ne$ to attempt to emulate 8 p[]s1 = !y are !mselves provid$ = 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,!y h no progressive nature l t ( man4 ,_! relations to ?+s )\t are altoge!r limit$ to _! /ructures & in/9cts4 ,man's relations are limit$ only by 8 p[]s ( kn[+ & und]/&+4 ,h[ !n is x possible to conceive ( an animal :i* is1 s to speak1 a m]e liv+ ma*9e1 p>t+ ) ! physical contrivances necess>y to its exi/5ce1 & assum+ ! new role ( intellig5ce & free action8 ,?is becomes /ill m /rik+ if we adopt ! view usually tak5 by evolutioni/s1 t primitive man 0 a f]oci\s & c>nivor\s creature1 w>r+ ) & ov]com+ ! p[]ful animals ( ! ,po/-glacial p]iod1 & cont5d+ ) ! rig\rs ( a sev]e climate4 ,?is c\ld c]ta9ly n be inf]r$ f 8 /ructure1 int]pret$ by t ( ! l[] animals1 :i* w\ld inevitably lead to ! conclusion t he mu/ ,lave be5 a h>mless & frugivor\s creature1 fitt$ to subsi/ only 9 ! milde/ climates1 & :]e exempt f ! attacks ( ! m p[]ful c>nivor\s animals4 ,no "o reason+ on ! purely physical con/itution ( man1 c\ld inf] t he might be a creature m p[]ful & f]oci\s !n ! lion or ! tig]4 ,x is also wor?y ( m5tion t ! exi/5ce ( primitive man z a savage hunt] is1 9 ano!r po9t ( view1 absolutely oppos$ to ! ,d>w9ian idea ( 8 orig9 f a frugivor\s ape4 ,^! creatures1 :ile comp>atively in(f5sive1 con=m to ! g5]al law ( l[] animals 9 hav+ /rong jaws & p[]ful can9es = def5ce1 h&-l feet to aid !m 9 secur+ food1 & escap+ f _! enemies1 & hairy clo?+ to protect !m f cold & heat4 ,on ! hypo!sis ( evolution we might conceive t if ^! creatures 7 plac$ 9 "s ,ed5 ( g5ial w>m?1 peace1 & pl5ty1 :i* r5d]$ ^? appliances unnecess>y1 !y might gradually lose ^! n[ valuable /ructures1 f want ( necessity1 to use !m4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 if su* creatures 7 oblig$ to cont5d aga9/ p[]ful enemies1 & to fe$ on fle%1 all analogy w\ld lead u to believe t !y w\ld become 9 _! /ructures m l c>nivor\s bea/s !n m54 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! an?ropoid apes1 9 ! circum/ances 9 :i* we f9d !m1 are n only z unprogressive z o!r animals1 b little fitt$ to ext5d _! range1 & less gift$ ) ! p[] ( adapt+ !mselves to new conditions !n _m o!r mammals less resembl+ man 9 ext]nal =m4 ,on ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 su* primitive m5 z geology reveals to u w\ld be m likely to h orig9at$ f be>s !n apes1 & we w\ld be tempt$ to wi% t man %\ld become ext9ct1 & t ! *ance %\ld be giv5 to ! mild *impanzee or orang to produce by natural selection an improv$ & less f]oci\s humanity = ! future4 ,! only rational hypo!sis ( human orig9 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k ( ?is subject is1 t man mu/ h be5 produc$ "u "s circum/ances 9 :i* animal food 0 n necess>y to him1 9 :i* he 0 exempt f ! attacks ( ! m =midable animals1 & 9 less ne$ ( protection f ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r !n is ! case ) any mod]n apes2 & t 8 life z a hunt] & w>rior began aft] he _h by 8 k & skill secur$ to himself ! means ( subdu+ nature by =ce & cunn+4 ,?is implies t man 0 f ! fir/ a rational be+1 capable ( und]/&+ nature1 & x accords mu* m ne>ly ) ! old /ory ( ,ed5 9 ! book ( ,g5esis1 !n ) any mod]n !ories ( evolution4 ,x is due to ,mr4 ,wallace--:o1 next to ,d>w91 has be5 a lead] among ,engli% d]ivationi/s--to /ate t he p]ceives ?is difficulty4 ,z a believ] 9 natural selection1 h[ev]1 x pres5ts itself to 8 m9d 9 a peculi> =m4 ,he p]ceives t s soon z1 by ! process ( evolution1 man became a rational creature1 & acquir$ 8 social sympa?ies1 physical evolution mu/ cease1 & mu/ be replac$ by inv5tion1 contrivance1 & social organisation4 ,?is is at once obvi\s & und5iable1 & x foll[s t ! natural selection applicable to man1 z man1 mu/ relate purely to 8 m5tal & moral improvem5t4 ,wallace1 h[ev]1 fails to compreh5d ! full significance ( ?is feature ( ! case4 ,giv51 a man de/itute ( clo?+1 he may nev] acquire su* clo?+ by natural selection1 because he w provide an artificial sub/itute4 ,he w evolve n into a hairy animal1 b into a weav] & a tailor4 ,giv51 a man de/itute ( claws & fangs1 he w n acquire ^!1 b w manufacture weapons4 ,b !n1 on ! hypo!sis ( d]ivation1 ?is is n :at is giv5 u z ! raw mat]ial ( man1 b in/ead ( ?is a hairy ape4 ,admitt+ ! p[] ( natural selection1 we might und]/& h[ ?is ape c\ld become m hairy1 or acquire m =midable weapons1 z x became m expos$ to cold1 or m "u ! necessity ( us+ animal food2 b t x %\ld ( itself leave ?is natural l9e ( developm5t & ent] on ! entirely diff]5t l9e ( m5tal progress is n conceivable1 except z a result ( creative int]v5tion4 ,absolute mat]iali/s may make light ( ?is difficulty1 & may hold t ?is w\ld imply m]ely a *ange ( bra92 b ev5 if we admit ?is1 !y fail to %[ ( :at use su* bett] bra9 w\ld be to a creature reta9+ ! bodily =m & in/9cts ( ! ape1 or h[ su* bett] bra9 c\ld be acquir$4 ,b evolutioni/s are n necess>ily absolute mat]iali/s1 & ,d>w9 himself lab\rs to %[ t ! reason+ self-consci\s m9d1 & ev5 ! moral s5tim5ts ( man1 might be evolv$ f rudim5ts ( su* p[]s1 p]ceptible 9 ! l[] animals4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 he leaves ! c\rt ( natural sci5ce1 prop]ly s call$1 & summons u to appe> be=e ! judgm5t-seat ( philosophy2 & z naturali/s are (t5 bad m5tal philosoph]s1 & philosoph]s h (t5 small k ( nature1 "s advantage results1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to ! d\btful cause ( evolution4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 m5tal sci5ce makes mu* m ( ! di/9ctions betwe5 ! m9d ( man & ! in/9ct ( animals !n naturali/s1 accu/om$ to deal m]ely ) ! ext]nal organism1 c be expect$ to d1 ! d]ivationi/1 :5 8 plea is fairly und]/ood1 is q z c]ta9 to lose 8 cause z :5 tri$ by geology & zoology4 ,he might inde$ be left to be dealt ) by m5tal sci5ce on its own gr\nd2 & z our prov9ce is to look at ! matt] f ! /&po9t ( natural hi/ory1 we might "h close our inquiry4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be prop] to give "s slight notion ( ! wid? ( ! gulf to be pass$ :5 we suppose ! me*anical1 unconsci\s1 repetitive nature ( ! animal to pass ov] into ! condition ( an intellectual & moral be+4 ,if we take1 z ! mo/ fav\rable case = ! evolutioni/1 ! mo/ sagaci\s ( ! l[] animals--! dog1--= example & comp>e x ) ! lea/ elevat$ condition ( ! human m9d1 z obs]v$ 9 ! *ild or ! savage1 we %all f9d t ev5 "h !re is some?+ m !n t imm5se diff]5ce 9 degree :i* ,d>w9 himself admits4 ,mak+ e all[ance = simil>ities 9 ext]nal s5se1 9 c]ta9 in/9ctive p[]s & appetites2 & ev5 9 ! p[] ( comp>ison1 & 9 c]ta9 passions & affections2 & admitt+1 ?\gh we _c be q c]ta9 ( ?is1 t 9 ^! man diff]s f animals only 9 degree2 !re rema9 o!r & m important diff]5ces1 am\nt+ to ! possession1 on ! "p ( man1 ( p[]s n exi/+ at all 9 animals4 ,( ?is k9d are--fir/1 ! faculty ( rea*+ ab/ract & g5]al tru?1 ind consequ5tly ( reason+1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m2 secondly1 9 connection ) ?is1 ! p[] ( indef9ite increase 9 k1 & 9 d$uctions !refrom lead+ to practical results2 ?irdly1 ! p[] ( express+ ?\ght 9 spee*2 f\r?ly1 ! p[] ( arriv+ at ideas ( "r & wrong1 & ?us becom+ a responsible & free ag5t4 ,la/ly1 we h ! conception ( high] spiritual intellig5ce1 ( supreme p[] & div9ity1 & ! consequ5t feel+ ( religi\s obligation4 ,^! p[]s are evid5tly diff]5t 9 k9d1 r !n 9 degree1 f ^? ( ! brute1 & _c be conceiv$ to h aris5 f ! latt]1 m especially z "o ( ! di/9ctive *>act]s ( ^! is _! purely cyclical1 repetitive1 & unprogressive nature4 ,sir ,john ,lubbock has1 by a great accumulation ( facts1 or suppos$ facts1 be>+ on ! l[ m5tal condition ( savages1 endeav\r$ to bridge ov] ?is *asm4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 f 8 own data1 t ! rude/ savages are enabl$ to subsi/ only by ! ex]cise ( intellectual gifts f> high] !n ^? ( animals2 & t if ^! gifts 7 remov$ f !m1 !y w\ld inevitably p]i%4 ,x is equally cle> t ev5 ! l[e/ savages are moral ag5ts2 & t n m]ely 9 _! religi\s beliefs & conceptions ( good & evil1 b also 9 _! moral degradation1 !y %[ capacities n possess$ by ! brutes4 ,x is also true t mo/ ( ^! savages are q z little likely to be specim5s ( primitive man z are ! high] races2 & t _m ( !m h fall5 to s l[ a level z to be sc>cely capable1 ( !mselves1 ( ris+ to a condition ( culture & civilisation4 ,?us !y are m likely to be degrad$ races1 9 ! eddy & backwat] ( humanity !n examples ( ! s\rces f :5ce x fl[$4 ,& "h x mu/ n be lo/ sight (1 t a be+ l man has capacities = degradation comm5surate ) 8 capacities = improvem5t2 & t at any po9t ( 8 hi/ory we may h to seek ! analogues ( primeval man1 r 9 ! av]age1 !n ! extremes ( ! race4 ,be=e leav+ ?is subject1 x may be well to consid] ! fact1 t ! occurr5ce ( su* a be+ z man 9 ! la/ /ages ( ! _w's hi/ory is1 9 itself1 an argum5t = ! exi/5ce ( a ,supreme ,creator4 ,man is himself an image & lik5ess ( ,god2 & ! fact t he c e/abli% relations ) nature ar\nd him1 s z to und]/& & control its p[]s1 implies ei!r t he has be5 evolv$ z a s\l ( nature1 by its own bl9d developm5t1 or t he has orig9at$ 9 ! action ( a high] be+ relat$ to man4 ,! =m] supposition has be5 above %[n to be altoge!r improbable2 s t we are necess>ily ?r[n back ^u ! latt]4 ,we mu/ ?us reg>d man himself z ! highe/ kn[n "w ( a spiritual creator1 & mu/ inf] t he rightly uses 8 reason :5 he inf]s f nature ! p[] & div9ity ( ,god4 ,! la/ po9t t ,i ?9k necess>y to br+ =w>d "h1 is ! in=mation :i* geology gives z to ! locality ( ! introduction ( man4 ,!re c be no hesitation 9 affirm+ t to ! temp]ate regions ( ! old cont95t belongs ! hon\r ( be+ ! cradle ( humanity4 ,9 ^! regions are ! olde/ hi/orical monum5ts ( our race2 "h geology f9ds ! mo/ anci5t rema9s ( human be+s2 "h also seems to be ! bir?place ( ! fauna & flora mo/ useful & cong5ial to man2 & "h he atta9s to 8 highe/ pit* ( m5tal & physical developm5t4 ,?is1 x is true1 by no means accords ) ! me?ods ( ! d]ivationi/s4 ,on _! !ory we %\ld se>* = ! orig9 ( man r 9 ^? regions :]e he is mo/ depaup]at$ & degrad$1 & :]e 8 /ruggles = exi/5ce are mo/ sev]e4 ,b x is surely absurd to affirm ( any species ( animal or plant t x mu/ h orig9at$ at ! limits ( its range1 :]e x c sc>cely exi/ at all4 ,on ! contr>y1 common s5se z well z sci5ce requires u to believe t species mu/ h orig9at$ 9 ^? c5tral p>ts ( _! di/ribution :]e !y enjoy ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances1 & mu/ h ext5d$ !mselves !nce z f> z ext]nal conditions w\ld p]mit4 ,"o ( ! mo/ wret*$ v>ieties ( ! human race1 & z ne> z any to ! brutes1 is t :i* inhabits ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 a c\ntry :i* sc>cely af=ds any ( ! means = ! com=table su/5ance ( man4 ,w\ld x n be absolutely impossible t man %\ld h orig9at$ 9 su* a c\ntry8 ,is x n c]ta91 en ! contr>y1 t ! ,fuegian is m]ely a degrad$ v>iety ( ! aborig9al ,am]ican race8 ,precisely ! same argum5t applies to ! ,au/ral negro & ! ,hott5tot4 ,!y are all naturally ! mo/ ab]rant v>ieties ( man1 z be+ at ! extreme range ( 8 possible ext5sion1 & plac$ 9 conditions unfav\rable1 ei!r because ( unsuitable climatal or organic associations4 ,x is true t ! regions mo/ fav\rable to ! an?ropoid apes1 & 9 :i* !y may be presum$ to h orig9at$1 are by no means ! mo/ fav\rable to man2 b ?is only makes x ! less likely t man c\ld h be5 d]iv$ f su* a p>5tage4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 ! geological date ( ! appe>ance ( man1 ! want ( any l9k ( connection betwe5 him & any prec$+ animal1 & 8 dissimil> bodily & m5tal con/itution f any creatures contempor>y ) him1 r5d] 8 d]ivation f apes or o!r inf]ior animals 9 ! highe/ degree improbable1 ! locality ( 8 probable orig9 confirms ?is conclusion 9 ! /ronge/ mann]4 ,x also %[s t man & ! high] apes are n likely to h orig9at$ 9 ! same regions1 or "u ! same conditions1 & t ! conditions ( human orig9 are r ! co9cid5ce ( suitable climatal & organic surr\nd+s !n ! occurr5ce ( animals closely relat$ 9 /ructure to man4 ,*anges ( conditions 9 geological "t w n meet ?is difficulty4 ,!y might lead to migrations1 z !y h done 9 ! case ( bo? plants & animals1 b n to any?+ fur!r4 ,! hy5a1 ^: bones are f\nd 9 ! ,engli% caves1 has be5 driv5 by geological *anges to ,s\? ,africa1 b he is /ill ! same hy5a4 ,! re9de] :i* once roam$ 9 ,france is /ill ! re9de] 9 ,lapl&2 & ?\gh "u diff]5t geological conditions we might imag9e ! creature to h orig9at$ 9 ! s\? ( ,europe1 a c\ntry n n[ suitable to x1 ?is w\ld nei!r give reason to believe t any animal n[ liv+ 9 ! s\? ( ,europe 0 its prog5itor1 nor to d\bt t x /ill rema9s un*ang$ 9 its new habitat4 ,inde$1 ! abs5ce ( any?+ m !n m]ely v>ietal *ange 9 man & 8 companion-animals1 9 consequ5ce ( ! geological *anges & migrations ( ! ,mod]n p]iod1 furni%es1 z already /at$1 a /rong if n conclusive argum5t aga9/ d]ivation2 :i* "h1 z else:]e1 only increases our actual difficulties1 :ile pr(ess+ to extricate u f !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! argum5ts 9 ! prec$+ pages cov] only a small portion ( ! ext5sive field op5$ up by ?is subject4 ,!y relate1 h[ev]1 to "s ( ! prom95t & important po9ts1 & ,i tru/ are suffici5t to %[ t1 z appli$ to man1 ! !ory ( d]ivation m]ely trifles ) ! great "q ( 8 orig91 )\t approa*+ to its solution4 ,i may n[1 9 conclusion1 sket* ! lead+ features ( primitive man1 z he appe>s to u ?r\gh ! mi/ ( ! int]v5+ ages1 & comp>e ! picture ) t pres5t$ by ! olde/ hi/orical records ( our race4 ,two pictures ( primeval man are 9 our "t be=e ! _w4 ,"o repres5ts him z ! pure & happy inhabitant ( an ,ed51 free f all ! ills t h afflict$ 8 desc5dants1 & revell+ 9 ! bliss ( a gold5 age4 ,?is is ! repres5tation ( ,holy ,scripture1 & x is also ! dream ( all ! poetry & my? ( ! e>li] ages ( ! _w4 ,x is a beautiful picture1 :e!r we reg>d x z f\nd$ on hi/orical fact1 or d]iv$ f ,god ,himself1 or f ! ye>n+s ( ! high] spiritual nature ( man4 ,! o!r picture is a jo9t product ( mod]n philosophy & ( antiqu>ian rese>*4 ,x pres5ts to u a co>se & fil?y savage1 repulsive 9 feature1 gross 9 habits1 w>r+ ) 8 fell[-savages1 & w>r+ yet m remorselessly ) e liv+ ?+ he c\ld de/roy1 te>+ half-cook$ fle%1 & crack+ m>r[-bones ) /one hamm]s1 %elt]+ himself 9 damp & smoky caves1 ) no eye heav5w>d1 & ) only ! fir/ rude beg9n+s ( ! mo/ important arts ( life4 ,bo? pictures may conta9 elem5ts ( tru?1 = man is a _m-sid$ mon/]1 made up ( ?+s app>5tly incongru\s1 & pres5t+ "h & !re features out ( :i* ei!r picture may be compos$4 ,evolutioni/s1 & especially ^? :o believe 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & natural selection1 ignore altoge!r ! evid5ce ( ! gold5 age ( humanity1 & ref] u to ! rude/ ( mod]n savages z ! types ( primitive man4 ,^? :o believe 9 a ,div9e orig9 = our race1 p]haps dwell too mu* on ! high] spiritual features ( ! ,ed5ic /ate1 to ! exclusion ( its m practical aspects1 & its relations to ! condition ( ! m b>b>\s races4 ,let u exam9e m closely bo? repres5tations2 & fir/1 t ( creation4 ,! ,glacial p]iod1 ) its sn[s & ice1 _h pass$ away1 & ! _w rejoic$ 9 a spr+-"t ( r5ew$ v]dure & beauty4 ,_m great & =midable bea/s ( ! ,t]ti>y "t _h disappe>$ 9 ! revolutions :i* _h occurr$1 & ! exi/+ fauna ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e _h be5 e/abli%$ on ! l&4 ,!n x 0 t man 0 introduc$ by an act ( creative p[]4 ,9 ! prec$+ *anges a region ( ,we/]n ,asia _h be5 prep>$ = 8 resid5ce4 ,x 0 a table-l& at ! head wat]s ( ! riv]s t fl[ into ! ,eux9e1 ! ,caspian1 & ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,its climate 0 heal?y & brac+1 ) en\gh ( v>iety to secure vig\r1 & n s inclem5t z to exact any artificial provision = clo?+ or %elt]4 ,its flora af=d$ abundance ( edible fruits1 & 0 ri* 9 all ! m beautiful =ms ( plant life2 :ile its cle> /reams1 alluvial soil1 & undulat+ surface1 af=d$ e v>iety ( /ation & all t is beautiful 9 sc5]y4 ,x 0 n infe/$ ) ! m p[]ful & pr$aci\s quadrup$s1 & its geographical relations 7 su* z to r5d] ?is exemption p]man5t4 ,9 ?is p>adise man f\nd ample supplies ( :olesome & nutriti\s food4 ,8 requirem5ts z to %elt] 7 met by ! leafy b[]s he c\ld weave4 ,! /reams ( ,ed5 af=d$ gold :i* he c\ld fa%ion = use & ornam5t1 pe>ly %ells = vessels1 & agate = 8 few & simple cutt+ in/rum5ts4 ,he requir$ no clo?+1 & knew ( no use = x4 ,8 body 0 ! p]fection & ar*etype ( ! v]tebrate =m1 full ( grace1 vig\r1 & agility4 ,8 h&s enabl$ him to avail himself ( all ! products ( nature = use & pleasure1 & to modify & adapt !m accord+ to 8 incl9ation4 ,8 intellig5ce1 along ) 8 manual p[]s1 all[$ him to asc]ta9 ! prop]ties ( ?+s1 to plan1 inv5t1 & apply 9 a mann] impossible to any o!r creature4 ,8 gift ( spee* enabl$ him to imitate & r$uce to sy/ematic language ! s\nds ( nature1 & to connect !m ) ! ?\ghts aris+ 9 8 own m9d1 & ?us to express _! relations & significance4 ,above all1 8 ,mak] _h brea!d into him a spiritual nature ak9 to ,8 own1 :]eby he became diff]5t f all o!r animals1 & ! v %ad[ & lik5ess ( ,god2 capable ( ris+ to ab/ractions & g5]al conceptions ( tru? & goodness1 & ( hold+ communion ) 8 ,creator4 ,?is 0 man ,ed5ic1 ! man ( ! gold5 age1 z sket*$ 9 ! two %ort n>ratives ( ! e>li] "p ( ,g5esis1 :i* n only con=m to ! g5]al traditions ( our race on ! subject1 b be> to any naturali/ :o w read !m 9 _! orig9al dress1 int]nal evid5ce ( be+ contempor>y1 or v ne>ly s1 ) ! /ate ( ?+s to :i* !y relate4 ,& ,god said1 ',let u make man 9 our image1 aft] our lik5ess2 & let !m rule ov] ! fi% ( ! sea1 & ov] ! birds ( ! air1 & ov] ! h]bivora1 & ov] all ! l&4' ,& ,god bless$ !m1 & said unto !m1 ',be fruitful & multiply1 & fill ! e>? & subdue x4' ,& ! ,"l ,god =m$ ! man ( ! du/ ( ! gr\nd1 & brea!d into 8 no/rils ! brea? ( life1 & man became a liv+ be+4 ,& ! ,"l ,god plant$ a g>d51 ea/w>d 9 ,ed51 & !re ,he plac$ ! man :om ,he _h =m$4 ,& out ( ! gr\nd made ! ,"l ,god to gr[ e tree t is pleasant to ! sight & good = food4 ,& a riv] w5t out ( ,ed5 to wat] ! g>d51 & p>t$ f !nce1 becom+ f\r heads 7( great riv]s74 ,! "n ( ! fir/ is ,pison1 compass+ ! :ole l& ( ,*avila1 :]e !re is gold1 & ! gold ( t l& is good2 !re is 7also7 pe>l & agate4444 ,& ! ,"l ,god took ! man1 & put him into ! g>d5 ( ,ed51 to cultivate x & to take c>e ( x4 ,be=e leav+ ?is mo/ anci5t & mo/ beautiful hi/ory1 we may say t x implies sev]al ?+s ( mu* importance to our conceptions ( primeval man4 ,x implies a c5tre ( creation = man1 & a gr\p ( companion animals & plants1 & an int5tion to disp5se 9 8 case ) any /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,x implies1 also1 t man 0 n to be a lazy savage1 b a c>e-tak] & utilis]1 by 8 m9d & 8 bodily lab\r1 ( ! ?+s giv5 to him2 & x also implies an intellig5t submission on 8 "p to 8 ,mak]1 & spiritual appreciation ( ,8 plans & int5tions4 ,x fur!r implies t man 01 9 process ( "t1 f ,ed51 to colonise ! e>?1 & subdue its wildness1 s z to ext5d ! conditions ( ,ed5 widely ov] its surface4 ,la/ly1 a "p ( ! record n quot$ above1 b necess>y to ! consi/5cy ( ! /ory1 implies t1 9 virtue ( 8 spiritual nature1 & on c]ta9 conditions1 man1 ?\gh 9 bodily frame ( ! e>? e>?y1 l ! o!r animals1 0 to be exempt$ f ! common law ( mortality :i* _h all along prevail$1 & :i* cont9u$ to prevail1 ev5 among ! animals ( ,ed54 ,fur!r1 if man fell f ?is condition into t ( ! savage ( ! age ( /one1 x mu/ h be5 by ! obscuration ( 8 spiritual nature "u t :i* is m]ely animal2 9 o!r words1 by 8 ceas+ to be spiritual & 9 communion ) ,god1 & becom+ practically a s5sual mat]iali/4 t ?is actually happ5$ is ass]t$ by ! ,scriptural /ory1 b its details w\ld take u too f> f our pres5t subject4 ,let u n[ turn to ! o!r picture--t pres5t$ by ! !ory ( /ruggle = exi/5ce & d]ivation f l[] animals4 ,x introduces u fir/ to an ape1 ak9 p]haps to ! mod]n orang or gorilla1 b unkn[n to u z yet by any actual rema9s4 ,?is creature1 aft] liv+ = an indef9ite "t 9 ! ri* =e/s ( ! ,mioc5e & e>li] ,plioc5e p]iods1 0 at l5g? subject$ to ! gradually increas+ rig\rs ( ! ,glacial age4 ,its vegetable food & its leafy %elt] fail$ x1 & x le>n$ to ne/le among su* litt] z x c\ld collect 9 d5s & caves1 & to seize & dev\r su* weak] animals z x c\ld ov]take & ma/]4 ,at ! same "t1 its l[] extremities1 no long] us$ = climb+ trees1 b = walk+ on ! gr\nd1 ga9$ 9 /r5g? & size2 its arms dim9i%$2 & its developm5t to maturity be+ delay$ by ! int5sity ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 its bra9 enl>g$1 x became m cunn+ & sagaci\s1 & ev5 le>n$ to use weapons ( wood or /one to de/roy its victims4 ,s x gradually grew into a fi]ce & t]rible creature1 nei!r bea/ nor human1 comb9+ ! habits ( a be> & ! agility ( a monkey ) "s glimm]+s ( ! cunn+ & res\rces ( a savage4 ,:5 ! ,glacial p]iod pass$ away1 our nameless simian man1 or manlike ape1 might naturally be suppos$ to rev]t to its orig9al condition1 & to e/abli% itself z ( old 9 ! new =e/s ( ! ,mod]n p]iod4 ,= "s unkn[n reason1 h[ev]1 p]haps because x _h gone too f> 9 ! pa? ( improvem5t to be able to turn back1 ?is rev]sion did n take place4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ameliorat$ circum/ances & wid] range ( ! new cont95ts enabl$ x /ill fur!r to improve4 ,ease & abundance p]fect$ :at /ruggle & privation _h begun2 x add$ to ! rude arts ( ! ,glacial "t2 x p>t$ ) ! %aggy hair n[ unnecess>y2 its features became s(t]2 & x return$ 9 "p to vegetable food4 ,language sprang up f ! attempt to articulate natural s\nds4 ,fire-mak+ 0 inv5t$ & new arts arose4 ,at l5g? ! spiritual nature1 pot5tially pres5t 9 ! creature1 0 awak5$ by "s access ( fe>1 or "s gr& & t]rible physical ph5om5on2 ! idea ( a high] intellig5ce 0 /ruck out1 & ! desc5dant ( apes became a sup]/iti\s & idolatr\s savage4 ,h[ mu* tr\ble & discussion w\ld h be5 sav$1 _h he be5 aw>e ( 8 humble orig91 & nev] ent]ta9$ ! va9 imag9ation t he 0 a *ild ( ,god1 r !n a m]e product ( physical evolution6 ,x is1 inde$1 curi\s1 t at ?is po9t evolutionism1 l !ism1 has its fall ( man2 = surely ! awak5+ ( ! religi\s s5se1 & ( ! k ( good & evil1 mu/ on t !ory be s designat$1 s9ce x subv]t$ 9 ! case ( man ! previ\s regul> op]ation ( natural selection1 & introduc$ all t debas+ sup]/ition1 prie/ly dom9ation1 & religi\s controv]sy :i* h be5 among ! *ief curses ( our race1 & :i* are d\bly accurs$ if1 z ! evolutioni/ believes1 !y are n ! ru9s ( some?+ nobl] & holi]1 b ! m]e gratuit\s1 va91 & useless imag9+s ( a creature :o %\ld h be5 cont5t to eat & dr9k & die1 )\t hope or fe>1 l ! brutes f :i* he sprang4 ,^! are at pres5t our alt]native sket*es3 ! g5esis ( !ism1 & ! g5esis ( evolution4 ,aft] ! argum5t 9 previ\s pages1 x is unnecess>y "h to discuss _! relative degrees ( probability4 ,if we believe 9 a p]sonal spiritual ,creator1 ! fir/ becomes easy & natural1 z x is also t :i* be/ accords ) hi/ory & tradition4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 we reject all ^!1 & accept z natural laws ! po/ulates ( ! evolutioni/s :i* we h already discuss$1 we may become believ]s 9 ! latt]4 ,! only rema9+ po9t is to inquire z to :i* expla9s be/ ! actual facts ( humanity z we f9d !m4 ,?is is a view ( :i* mu* has be5 made by evolutioni/s1 & x !re=e m]its consid]ation4 ,b x is too ext5sive to be fully treat$ ( "h1 & ,i mu/ cont5t myself ) a few illu/rations ( ! failure ( ! !ory ( d]ivation to expla9 "s ( ! mo/ important features pres5t$ by ev5 ! rud] races ( m54 ,"o ( ^! is ! belief 9 a future /ate ( exi/5ce beyond ?is life4 ,?is belongs purely to ! spiritual nature ( man4 ,x is n taught by physical nature1 yet its exi/5ce is probably univ]sal1 & x lies ne> ! f\ndation ( all religi\s beliefs4 ,l>tet has describ$ to u ! sepul*ral cave ( ,aurignac1 9 :i* human skeletons1 believ$ to be ( ,po/-glacial date1 7 associat$ ) rema9s ( fun]al fea/s1 & ) indications ( c>eful burial1 & ) provisions laid up = ! use ( ! dead4 ,lyell well rem>ks on ?is1 ,if we h "h be=e u1 at ! nor!rn base ( ! ,pyr5ees1 a sepul*ral vault ) skeletons ( human be+s1 consign$ by fri5ds & relatives to _! la/ re/+-place if we h also at ! portal ( ! tomb ! relics ( fun]al fea/s1 & )9 x indications ( vi&s de/9$ = ! use ( ! dep>t$ on _! way to a l& ( spirits2 :ile among ! fun]al gifts are weapons :]e) 9 o!r fields to *ase ! gigantic de]1 ! cave-lion1 ! cave be>1 & woolly rh9oc]os--we h at la/ succe$$ 9 trac+ back ! sacr$ rites ( burial1 & m int]e/+ /ill1 a belief 9 a future /ate1 to times long ant]ior to ^? ( hi/ory & tradition4 ,rude & sup]/iti\s z may h be5 ! savage ( t remote era1 he /ill des]v$1 by *]i%+ hopes ( a h]eaft]1 ! epi!t ( 'noble1' :i* ,dryd5 gave to :at he seems to h pictur$ to himself z ! primitive condition ( our race4,,bf ,,bf ,antiquity ( ,man1 p4 #aib ,9 l mann]1 9 ! va/ ,am]ican cont95t1 all its long isolat$ & widely sep>at$ tribes1 _m ( !m 9 a /ate ( l[e/ b>b>ism1 & )\t any ext]nal ritual ( religi\s wor%ip1 believ$ 9 happy hunt+-gr\nds 9 ! _s-l& beyond ! grave1 & ! dead w>rior 0 buri$ ) 8 mo/ useful weapons & preci\s ornam5ts4 ,br+ "h ! la/ gifts2 & ) !m ,! la/ lam5t be said4 ,let all t pleas$ & yet may please1 ,be buri$ ) ! dead 0 no unmean+ fun]al song1 b involv$ ! sacrifice ( ! mo/ preci\s & priz$ objects1 t ! lov$ "o might ent] ! new & untri$ /ate provid$ = its ne$s4 ,ev5 ! babe1 ^: life is usually acc\nt$ ( s small value by savage tribes1 0 buri$ by ! c>eful "m ) preci\s /r+s ( wampum1 t _h co/ m mon?s ( pati5t lab\r !n ! days ( its %ort life1 t x might pur*ase ! fo/]+ c>e ( ! inhabitants ( t unkn[n yet surely believ$-9 region ( immortality4 ,?is --wi% t ( ! liv+ :ole ,no life may fail beyond ! grave1 ,d]ives x n f :at we h ,! like/ ,god )9 ! s\l8 ,is x likely to h g]m9at$ 9 ! bra9 ( an ape8 & if s1 ( :at possible use w\ld x be 9 ! /ruggle ( a m]ely physical exi/5ce8 ,is x n r ! remnant ( a bett] spiritual life--a remembrance ( ! tree ( life t grew 9 ! p>adise ( ,god1 a l9k ( connection ( ! spiritual nature 9 man )1 a high] ,div9e ,_s above8 ,life & immortality1 x is true1 7 br\ght to light by ,jesus ,*ri/1 b !y exi/$ z beliefs m or less obscure f ! fir/1 & =m$ ! basis = good & evil ( ! religions ( ! _w4 ,ar\nd ?is idea 7 ga!r$ multitudes ( collat]al beliefs & religi\s obs]vances2 fea/s & fe/ivals = ! dead2 wor%ip ( dead h]oes & ance/ors2 prie/ly int]cessions & sacrifices = ! dead2 co/ly rites ( sepulture4 ,va9 & )\t f\ndation _m ( ^! h no d\bt be51 b !y h =m$ a univ]sal & co/ly te/imony to an in/9ct ( immortality1 dimly glimm]+ ev5 9 ! brea/ ( ! savage1 & gl[+ ) high] brightness 9 ! s\l ( ! ,*ri/ian1 b sep>at$ by an impassable gulf f any?+ d]ivable f a brute ance/ry4 ,! !i/ic picture ( primeval man is 9 h>mony ) ! fact t m51 z a :ole1 are1 & always h be51 believ]s 9 ,god4 ,! evolutioni/ picture is n4 ,if man _h f ! fir/ n m]ely a physical & intellectual nature1 b a spiritual nature z well1 we c und]/& h[ he came into relation ) ,god1 & h[ ?r\gh all 8 vag>ies & corruptions he cl+s to ?is relation 9 "o =m or ano!r2 b evolution af=ds no l9k ( connection ( ?is k9d4 ,x holds ,god to be unkn[able ev5 to ! cultivat$ intellect ( philosophy1 & p]ceives no use 9 ideas ) relation to ,him :i*1 accord+ to x mu/ necess>ily be fallaci\s1 ,x leaves ! !i/ic notions ( mank9d )\t explanation1 & x w n s]ve its purpose to ass]t t "s few & exceptional families ( m5 h no notion ( a ,god4 ,ev5 admitt+ ?is1 & x is at be/ v d\btful1 x c =m b a trifl+ exception to a g5]al tru?4 ,x appe>s to me t ?is view ( ! case is v cle>ly put 9 ! ,bible1 & x is curi\sly illu/rat$ by a rec5t critique ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's ,critics1 by ,pr(essor ,huxley 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review4 ,mr4 ,miv>t1 himself a d]ivationi/1 b diff]+ 9 "s po9ts f ,d>w91 _h affirm$1 9 ! _s r ( a ,romi% !ologian !n ( a ,biblical /ud5t or philosoph]1 t acts unaccompani$ by m5tal acts ( consci\s w are absolutely de/itute ( ! mo/ incipi5t degree ( goodness4 ,huxley well replies1 ,x is to my und]/&+ extremely h>d to reconcile ,mr4 ,miv>t's dictum ) t noble summ>y ( ! :ole duty ( man1 ',?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) all ?y he>t1 & ) all ?y s\l1 & ) all ?y /r5g?2 & ?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself4' ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,miv>t's def9ition1 ! man :o loves ,god & 8 neighb\r1 &1 out ( %e] love & affection = bo?1 does all he c to please !m1 is nev]!less de/itute ( a p>ticle ( real goodness4 ,huxley's reply des]ves to be pond]$ by c]ta9 morali/s & !ologians ^: doctr9e sav\rs ( ! leav5 ( ! ,ph>isees1 b nei!r ,huxley nor 8 oppon5t see ! high] tru? t 9 ! love ( ,god we h a pr9ciple f> nobl] & m ,god-l & less animal !n t ( m]e duty4 ,man primeval1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ,g5esis1 01 by simple love & communion ) 8 ,god1 plac$ 9 ! position ( a spiritual be+1 a memb] ( a high] family !n t ( ! animal4 ,! k ( good & evil :i* he acquir$ lat]1 & on :i* is bas$ ! law ( consci\s duty1 0 a less happy atta9m5t1 :i* plac$ him on a l[] level !n t ( ! unconsci\s love & goodness ( primal innoc5ce4 ,no d\bt man's s5se ( "r & wrong is some?+ above ! atta9m5t ( animals1 & :i* c\ld nev] h sprung f !m2 b /ill m is ?is ! case ) 8 direct spiritual relation to ,god1 :i*1 :e!r x rises to ! inspiration ( ! prophet or ! piety ( ! ,*ri/ian1 or s9ks to ! rude sup]/ition ( ! savage1 c be no "p ( ! ,adam ( ! du/ b only ( ! brea? ( life brea!d into him f above4 ,t man %\ld love 8 fell[-man may n seem /range4 ,c]ta9 social & greg>i\s & family in/9cts exi/ among ! l[] animals1 & ,d>w9 v ably adduces ^! z ak9 to ! simil> affections ( man2 yet ev5 9 ! law ( love ( our neighb\r1 z en=c$ by ,*ri/'s tea*+1 x is easy to see t we h some?+ beyond animal nature4 ,b ?is becomes /ill m di/9ct 9 ! love ( ,god4 ,man 0 ! %ad[ & lik5ess ( ,god1 says ! old record 9 ,g5esis--! %ad[ t cl+s to ! sub/ance & is insep>able f x1 ! lik5ess t repres5ts x visibly to ! eyes ( m51 & ( ! animals t man rules ov]4 ,primeval man c\ld he> 9 ! ev5+ breeze ! voice ( ,god1 walk+ to & fro 9 ! g>d54 ,:at m]e animal ev] _h or c\ld atta9 to su* an exp]i5ce8 ,b if we turn f ! ,ed5ic picture ( man 9 h>mony ) ,heav5--own+ a fa!r1 :5 he own$ a ,god--to man z ! slave ( sup]/ition2 ev5 9 ?is t]rible d>kness ( mi/ak5 fai?1 ( :i* x may be said1 ,fe> mates h] devils1 & weak fai? h] gods1 ,gods p>tial1 *angeful1 passionate1 unju/1 ,^: attributes are rage1 rev5ge1 or lu/1 we see ! ru9s1 at lea/1 ( t sublime love ( ,god4 ,! animal cl+s to its "y ) a natural affection1 z great z t ( a human "m = h] *ild1 b :at animal ev] ?\ght ( ?r[+ its prog5y into ! ,ganges1 or into ! fires ( ,molo*'s alt>1 = ! sav+ ( its s\l1 or to obta9 ! fav\r or avoid ! wra? ( ,god8 ,no less 9 ! vag>ies ( feti*ism1 ritualism1 & idolatry1 & 9 ! horrors ( asceticism & human sacrifice1 !n 9 ! ,ed5ic communion ) & he>+ ( ,god1 or 9 ! joy ( ,*ri/ian love1 d we see1 9 h[ev] ru9$ or degrad$ condition1 ! high] spiritual nature ( man4 ,?is po9t leads to ano!r di/9ction :i*1 :5 prop]ly view$1 wid5s ! gap betwe5 man & ! animals1 or at lea/ de/roys "o ( ! frail bridges ( ! evolutioni/s4 ,lubbock & o!rs affect to believe t ! l[e/ savages ( ! mod]n _w mu/ be ne>e/ to ! type ( primeval man4 ,i h already attempt$ to %[ ! fallacy ( ?is4 ,i may add "h t 9 s hold+ !y ov]look a fundam5tal di/9ction1 well po9t$ out by ! ,duke ( ,argyll1 betwe5 ! capacity ( acquir+ k & k actually acquir$1 & betwe5 ! possession ( a high] rational nature & ! ex]cise ( t nature 9 ! pursuit ( me*anical arts4 ,9 o!r words1 primeval man mu/ n be held to h be5 utt]ly b>b>\s because he 0 ignorant ( m9+ or navigation1 or ( sculpture & pa9t+4 ,he _h 9 him ! p[] to atta9 to ^! ?+s1 b s long z he 0 n "u necessity to ex]cise x1 8 m9d may h exp5d$ its p[]s 9 o!r & happi] *annels4 ,z well might x be affirm$ t a delicately nurtur$ lady is an utt] b>b>ian because %e _c build h] own h\se1 or make h] own %oes4 ,no d\bt 9 su* "w %e w\ld be f> m helpless !n ! wife ( ! rude/ savage1 yet %e is n on t acc\nt to be held z an inf]ior be+1 or ne>] to ! animals4 ,our conception ( an angelic nature implies ! abs5ce ( all our social in/itutions & me*anical arts2 b does ?is necessitate our reg>d+ an angel z an utt] b>b>ian8 ,9 %ort1 ! :ole notion ( civilisation held by ,lubbock & ^? :o ?9k ) him1 is n only l[ & degrad+1 b utt]ly & absurdly wrong2 & ( c\rse x vitiates all _! conceptions ( primeval man z well z ( man's future de/9y4 ,fur!r1 ! !i/ic idea implies t man 01 )\t exhau/+ toil1 to regulate & control nature1 to rule ov] ! animals1 to cultivate ! e>?1 to ext5d himself ov] x & subdue x2 & all ?is z compatible ) moral innoc5ce1 & at ! same "t ) high intellectual & spiritual activity4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a /ill nic] & m beautiful di/9ction involv$ 9 ?is1 & includ$ 9 ! wond]ful n>rative 9 ,g5esis1 s simple yet s mu* m pr(\nd !n our philosophies2 & :i* crops out 9 ! same discussion ( ! critics ( ,d>w91 to :i* ,i h already ref]r$4 ,a writ] 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review _h attempt$ to di/+ui% human reason f ! intellig5ce ( animals1 z involv+ self-consci\sness & reflection 9 our s5sations & p]ceptions4 ,huxley objects to ?is1 in/anc+ ! m5tal action ( a greyh\nd :5 x sees & pursues a h>e1 z simil> to t ( ! gamekeep] :5 he lets slip ! h\nd4,,bg ,,bg ,contempor>y ,review1 ,novemb]1 #ahga1 p4 #dfa4 ,z x is v necess>y to keep up a cle> di/9ction betwe5 ^! two processes1 let ! "o be call$ neurosis & ! o!r psy*osis4 ,:5 ! gamekeep] 0 fir/ tra9$ to 8 "w1 e /ep 9 ! process ( neurosis 0 accompani$ by a correspond+ /ep 9 t ( psy*osis1 or ne>ly s4 ,he 0 consci\s ( see+ some?+1 consci\s ( mak+ sure x 0 a h>e1 consci\s ( desir+ to cat* x1 & !re=e to loose ! greyh\nd at ! "r "t1 consci\s ( ! acts by :i* he let ! dog out ( ! lea%4 ,b ) practice1 ?\gh ! v>i\s /eps ( ! neurosis rema9--= o!rwise ! impression on ! ret9a w\ld n result 9 ! loos+ ( ! dog--! great majority ( ! /eps ( ! psy*osis vani%1 & ! loos+ ( ! dog foll[s unconsci\sly1 or1 z we say1 )\t ?9k+ ab\t1 ^u ! sight ( ! h>e4 ,no "o w d5y t ! s]ies ( acts :i* orig9ally int]v5$ betwe5 ! s5sation & ! lett+ g ( ! dog 71 9 ! /ricte/ s5se1 intellectual & rational op]ations4 ,d !y cease to be s :5 ! man ceases to be consci\s ( !m8 t dep5ds ^u :at is ! ess5ce & :at ! accid5t ( ^! op]ations1 :i* tak5 toge!r con/itute ratioc9ation4 ,n[1 ratioc9ation is resolvable into pr$ication1 & pr$ication consi/s 9 m>k+1 9 "s way1 ! exi/5ce1 ! co-exi/5ce1 ! succession1 ! lik5ess & unlik5ess1 ( ?+s or _! ideas4 ,:atev] does ?is1 reasons2 & if a ma*9e produces ! effects ( reason1 ,i see no m gr\nd = d5y+ to x ! reason+ p[] because x is unconsci\s1 !n ,i see = refus+ to ,mr4 ,babbage's eng9e ! title ( a calculat+ ma*9e on ! same gr\nds4 ,"h we h 9 ! fir/ place1 ! fact t an action1 9 ! fir/ in/ance rational & complex1 becomes by repetition simple & in/9ctive4 ,does ! man !n s9k to ! level ( ! h\nd1 or1 :at is m to ! purpose1 does ?is 9 ! lea/ approa* to %[+ t ! h\nd c rise to ! level ( ! man8 ,c]ta9ly n2 = ! man is ! consci\s plann] & orig9ator ( a c\rse ( action 9 :i* ! in/9cts ( ! brute are made to take "p1 & 9 :i* ! read9ess t he atta9s by habit only enables him to disp5se ) c]ta9 processes ( ?\ght :i* 7 absolutely necess>y at fir/4 ,! man & ! bea/ co-op]ate1 b !y meet ea* o!r f entirely diff]5t planes2 ! =m] f t ( ! rational consid]ation ( nature1 ! latt] f t ( ! bl9d pursuit ( a m]e physical in/9ct4 ,! "o1 to use ,mr4 ,huxley's simile1 is ! consci\s inv5tor ( ! calculat+ ma*9e1 ! o!r is ! ma*9e itself1 &1 ?\gh ! ma*9e c calculate1 ?is fact is ! f>!/ possible f giv+ x ! p[] ( gr[+ into or produc+ its own inv5tor4 ,b ,moses1 or ! m anci5t au?ority f :om he quotes 9 ,g5esis1 knew ?is bett] !n ei!r ( ^! mod]n combatants4 ,8 special di/9ctive m>k ( ! sup]iority ( man is t he 0 to h dom9ion ov] ! e>? & its animal inhabitants2 & he repres5ts ?is dom9ion z inaugurat$ by man's exam9+ & nam+ ! animals ( ,ed51 & f9d+ among !m no help meet = him4,,bh ,man 0 to f9d 9 !m helps1 b helps "u 8 control1 & t n ! control ( brute =ce1 b ( high] skill & ( ?\ght & ev5 ( love--a control /ill se5 9 "s degree 9 ! relation ( man to 8 fai?ful companion1 ! dog4 ,^! old words ( ,g5esis1 simple ?\gh !y are1 place ! rational sup]iority ( man on a /able basis1 & imply a di/9ction betwe5 him & ! l[] animals :i* _c be %ak5 by ! sophi/ries ( ! evolutioni/s4 ,,bh ,lit]ally1 ,correspond+1 or ,simil>1 to him4 ,! !i/ic picture fur!r accords ) ! fact t ! geological "t imm$iately prec$+ man's appe>ance 0 a "t ( decad5ce ( _m ( ! gr&] =ms ( animal life1 especially 9 t area ( ! old cont95t :]e man 0 to appe>4 ,:atev] may be said ( ! imp]fection ( ! geological record1 !re c be no "q ( ! fact t ! ,mioc5e & e>li] ,plioc5e 7 di/+ui%$ by ! preval5ce ( gr& & gigantic =ms ( mammalian life1 "s ( :i* disappe>$ 9 or be=e ! ,glacial p]iod1 :ile o!rs fail$ aft] t p]iod 9 ! subsid5ce ( ! ,po/-glacial1 or 9 connection ) its amelioration ( climate4 ,! ,mod]n animals are also1 z expla9$ above1 a selection f ! gr&] fauna ( ! ,po/-glacial p]iod4 ,to speak = ! mom5t 9 ,d>w9ian language1 !re 0 = ! "t an evid5t t5d5cy to promote ! survival ( ! fitte/1 n 9 m]e physical developm5t1 b 9 intellig5ce & sagacity4 ,a simil> t5d5cy exi/$ ev5 9 ! vegetable _w1 replac+ ! flora ( ,am]ican aspect :i* _h exi/$ 9 ! ,plioc5e1 ) ! ri*] & m useful flora ( ,europe & ,we/]n ,asia4 ,?is n obscurely indicates ! prep>+ ( a place = man1 & ! removal out ( 8 way ( ob/acles & h9drances4 ,t ^! *anges _h a relation to ! adv5t ( man1 nei!r !i/ nor evolutioni/ c d\bt1 & x may be t we %all "s day f9d t ?is relation implies ! exi/5ce ( a creative law intelligible by u2 b :ile we fail to p]ceive any l9k ( direct causation betwe5 ! *anges 9 ! l[] _w1 & ! introduction ( our race1 we _c help see+ t correlation :i* implies a f>-rea*+ plan1 & an intellig5t design4 ,f9ally1 ! evolutioni/ picture wants "s ( ! faire/ l9eam5ts ( humanity1 & *eats u ) a semblance ( man )\t ! reality4 ,%ave & pa9t y\r ape z y may1 clo! him & set him up ^u 8 feet1 /ill he fails greatly ( ! human =m div9e2 & s x is ) him morally & spiritually z well4 ,we h se5 t he wants ! in/9ct ( immortality1 ! love ( ,god1 ! m5tal & spiritual p[] ( ex]cis+ dom9ion ov] ! e>?4 ,! v ag5cy by :i* he is evolv$ is ( itself subv]sive ( all ^! high] prop]ties4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce is ess5tially selfi%1 & !re=e degrad+4 ,ev5 9 ! l[] animals1 x is a false assumption t its t5d5cy is to elevate2 = animals :5 driv5 to ! utmo/ v]ge ( /ruggle = life1 become depaup]at$ & degrad$4 ,! dog :i* sp5ds its life 9 sn>l+ cont5tion ) its fell[-curs = insuffici5t food1 w n be a noble specim5 ( its race4 ,god does n s treat ,8 creatures4 ,!re is f> m tru? to nature 9 ! doctr9e :i* repres5ts him z li/5+ to ! "y rav5s :5 !y cry = food4 ,b z appli$ to man1 ! !ory ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & survival ( ! fitte/1 ?\gh ! mo/ popul> phase ( evolutionism at pres5t1 is no?+ less !n ! base/ & mo/ horrible ( sup]/itions4 ,x makes man n m]ely c>nal1 b devili%4 ,x takes 8 l[e/ appetites & prop5sities1 & makes !m 8 ,god & creator4 ,8 high] s5tim5ts & aspirations1 8 self-d5y+ philan?ropy1 8 en?usiasm = ! good & true1 all ! /ruggles & suff]+s ( h]oes & m>tyrs1 n to speak ( t self-sacrifice :i* is ! f\ndation ( ,*ri/ianity1 are 9 ! view ( ! evolutioni/ m]e loss & wa/e1 failure 9 ! /ruggle ( life4 ,:at does he give u 9 ex*ange8 ,an endless p$igree ( be/ial ance/ors1 )\t "o gleam ( high or holy tradition to enliv5 ! procession2 & = ! future1 ! prospect t ! poor mass ( protoplasm :i* con/itutes ! sum ( our be+1 & :i* is ! sole ga9 ( an indef9ite /ruggle 9 ! pa/1 mu/ soon be resolv$ aga9 into inf]ior animals or dead matt]4 ,t m5 ( ?\ght & culture %\ld advocate su* a philosophy1 argues ei!r a /range m5tal halluc9ation1 or t ! high] spiritual nature has be5 :olly qu5*$ )9 !m4 ,x is "o ( ! sadde/ ( _m sad spectacles t our age pres5ts4 ,/ill ^! m5 des]ve cr$it = _! bold pursuit ( tru?1 or :at seems to !m to be tru?2 & !y are1 aft] all1 nobl] s9n]s !n ^? :o w\ld practically l[] u to ! level ( bea/s by _! negation ev5 ( intellectual life1 or :o w\ld r$uce u to apes1 by mak+ u ! m]e p]=m]s ( rites & c]emonies1 z a sub/itute = religion1 or :o w\ld advise u to h& ov] reason & consci5ce to ! despotic au?ority ( fallible m5 dress$ 9 /range g>bs1 & call$ by sacr$ names4 ,! _w ne$s a philosophy & a ,*ri/ianity ( m robu/ m\ld1 :i* %all recognise1 z ! ,bible does1 at once body & s\l & _s1 at once ! sov]eignty ( ,god & ! lib]ty ( man2 & :i* %all br+ out into practical op]ation ! great tru? t ,god is a ,_s1 & !y t wor%ip ,him mu/ wor%ip ,him 9 _s & 9 tru?4 ,su* a religion might walk 9 ! sunlight ( tru? & free discussion1 h& 9 h& ) sci5ce1 education1 lib]ty1 & mat]ial civilisation1 & w\ld spe$ily consign evolution to ! tomb :i* has already receiv$ s _m sup]/itions & false philosophies4 ,,index4 ,a ,abbeville1 ,peat (1 #bid4 ,acadian ,gr\p1 #ch4 ,adv5t ( ,man1 #bhf4 ,agassiz on ,syn!tic ,types1 #aha4 ,ammonitid1 #bba4 ,amphibians ( ! ,coal ,p]iod1 #add4 ,&rews on ! ,po/-plioc5e1 #bic4 ,an?racosaurus1 #ade4 ,antico/i ,=mation1 #fa4 ,antiquity ( ,man1 #bib4 ,ar*ocya?us1 #dg4 ,ar*ebiosis1 #cbg4 ,ar5icolites1 #df4 ,a/]olepis1 #ih4 ,b ,baculites1 #bbb4 ,bala ,lime/one1 #ei4 ,baphetes1 #ade4 ,b>r&e on ,primordial1 #di4 ,ba/ian on ,l[] =ms ( ,life1 #cbg4 ,beatricea1 #fe4 ,belemnites1 #bbc4 ,bigsby on ,silurian ,fauna1 #ge2 on ,primordial ,life1 #eb4 ,bill+s on ,ar*ocya?us1 #df2 on ,feet ( ,trilobites1 #dd4 ,b9ney on ,/igm>ia1 #abg4 ,biology z a t]m1 #cbg4 ,b\ld] ,clay1 #bfh4 ,bra*iopods1 or ,lamp-%ells1 #hi4 ,breccia ( ,cav]ns1 #cjd4 ,br[n1 ,mr4 ,k41 on ,/igm>ia1 #abg4 ,c ,calamites1 #ajd1 #abi1 #agc4 ,calcaire ,grossi]1 #bdg4 ,cambrian ,age1 #cf2 "n def9$1 #di4 ,c>adoc ,rocks1 #fj4 ,c>bonic ,acid 9 ,atmosph]e1 #abc4 ,c>bonif]\s ,age1 #aji2 ,l& ,snails ( !1 #ach2 ,cru/aceans ( !1 #aed2 ,insects ( !1 #ace2 ,corals ( !1 #aec2 ,plants ( !1 #abj2 ,fi%es ( !1 #aeg2 ,footpr9ts 9 !1 #adc2 ,geography ( !1 #aaj2 ,reptiles ( !1 #adc4 ,c>p5t] on ,cretace\s ,sea1 #bcj4 ,c>ru!rs on ,graptolites1 #gb4 ,cave ,e>?1 #cje4 ,cav]n ,deposits1 #cjd4 ,cephalaspis1 #ig4 ,cephalopods ( ,silurian1 #fi4 ,ceteosaurus1 #bjd2 ,=am9if]a 9 !1 #bbg4 ,*alk1 ,nature (1 #bbg4 ,*aos1 #b4 ,climacti*nites1 #de4 ,coal1 ,orig9 (1 #aaf2 ( ! ,mesozoic1 #bja4 ,col\rs ( ,rocks1 #aaj4 ,cont95tal ,plateaus1 #eg4 ,cont95ts1 _! ,orig91 #ac4 ,conulus ,prisons1 #aci4 ,cope on ,d9osaurs1 #bjb2 on ,pt]odactyl1 #bjf2 on ,mososaurus1 #bag2 on ,cav]ns1 #cjc4 ,corals ( ! ,silurian1 #fc2 ag5cy (1 9 =m+ ,lime/one1 #fc1 #hi2 ( ! ,devonian1 #hi2 ( ! ,c>bonif]\s1 #aec4 ,cornif]\s ,lime/one1 #if4 ,coryphodon1 #bdd4 ,creation1 ,unity (1 #cc2 n by ,evolution1 #cc2 laws (1 #gh1 #aej2 /atem5t ( z a !ory1 #cdj2 requirem5ts (1 #cdc2 h[ treat$ by ,evolutioni/s1 #cci2 def9ition & explanation (1 #cdj2 its probable conditions1 #ceb4 ,creator1 evid5ce ( a p]sonal1 #cdd1 ,cretace\s ,p]iod1 #aib1 #bca2 ,sea ( !1 #bcj4 ,cr9oids ( ! ,silurian1 #fh4 ,croll on ! ,po/-plioc5e1 #bfb4 ,crusiana1 #de4 ,cru/aceans ( ! ,primordial1 #db2 ( ! ,silurian1 #ga2 ( ! ,mesozoic1 #bbe4 ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 #e2 ,fold+ (1 #afe4 ,cuvi] on ,t]ti>y ,mammals1 #bdi4 ,cy/ideans1 #fi4 ,d ,dana on ,geological ,p]iods1 #age4 ,d>w91 ,nature ( 8 ,!ory1 #cbg2 8 acc\nt ( ! ,orig9 ( ,man1 #ccg2 8 /atem5t ( ,desc5t ( ,man1 #ccg4 ,davidson on ,bra*iopods1 #afi4 ,dawk9s on ,po/-glacial ,mammals1 #cjj4 ,delaunay on ,solidity ( ! ,e>?1 #f4 ,deluge1 !1 #bij4 ,devonian1 or ,brian ,age1 #ha2 ,physical ,condition (1 #hb2 ,tabul> ,view (1 #he2 ,corals ( !1 #hi2 ,fi%es ( !1 #if2 ,plants ( !1 #ajb2 ,geography ( !1 #hb2 ,insects ( !1 #ajg4 ,d9i*?ys1 #ii4 ,d9osaurs1 #bjb4 ,droma!rium1 #bjh4 ,dudley1 ,fossils (1 #fi4 ,e ,e>?1 its e>lie/ /ate1 #i2 ,cru/ ( !1 #e2 fold+ (1 #afe2 gase\s /ate (1 #i4 ,ed5ic /ate ( ,man1 #caj1 #cgf4 ,edw>ds1 ,milne1 on ,devonian ,corals1 #hi4 ,elasmosaurus1 #bad4 ,elephants1 ,fossil1 #bed1 #cjj4 ,elevation & ,subsid5ce1 #ac1 #bi1 #hc1 #afe4 ,enaliosaurs1 #bac4 ,engis ,skull1 its *>act]s1 #ceg4 ,eoc5e ,seas1 #bda2 ,=am9if]a ( !1 #bda2 ,mammals ( !1 #bdg2 ,plants ( !1 #bch2 ,footpr9ts 9 !1 #bii4 ,eophyton1 #db4 ,eosaurus1 #ade1 ,eozoic ,p]iod1 #ag4 ,eozoon ,bav>icum1 #ch4 ,eozoon ,canad5se1 #bj1 #bd4 ,erian1 or ,devonian1 #ha2 ,reason ( ! ,"n1 #hd2 ,table ( ,erian ,=mations1 #he2 ,corals ( !1 #hi2 ,fi%es ( !1 #if2 ,plants ( !1 #ajb4 ,esk]s or ,kames1 #bhf4 ,e!ridge on ,devonian1 #he4 ,eurypt]us1 #ga1 #aae4 ,evolution z appli$ to ,eozoon1 #cc2 ,primordial ,animals1 #ee2 ,silurian ,animals1 #gg2 ,trilobites1 #id1 #aee2 ,reptiles1 #aej2 ,man1 #cai2 ,its ,"* z a ,!ory1 #cbj2 ,its ,difficulties1 #cbb2 ,its ,fall ( ,man1 #chb1 ,f ,falcon] on ,indian ,mioc5e1 #beb4 ,favosites1 #ia4 ,f]ns ( ! ,devonian1 #if2 ( ! ,c>bonif]\s1 #abj4 ,fi%es1 ,ganoid1 #ii2 ( ! ,silurian1 #gd2 ( ! ,devonian1 #if2 ( ! ,c>bonif]\s1 #aeg4 ,flora ( ! ,silurian1 #gf2 ( ! ,devonian1 #ajb2 ( ! ,c>bonif]\s1 #abj2 ( ! ,p]mian1 #agb2 ( ! ,mesozoic1 #aii2 ( ! ,eoc5e1 #bch2 ( ! ,mioc5e1 #bei4 ,footpr9ts 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s1 #adc2 9 ! ,trias1 #bjc2 9 ! ,eoc5e1 #big4 ,=am9if]a1 ,nature (1 #bd2 ,laur5tian1 #be2 ( ! ,*alk1 #bbg2 ( ! ,t]ti>y1 #bda4 ,=bes on ,po/-glacial ,l&1 #bhh4 ,=e/s ( ! ,devonian1 #ajb2 ( ! ,c>bonif]\s1 #abj4 ,g ,ganoid ,fi%es1 #if1 #ii4 ,gase\s /ate ( ! ,e>?1 #i4 ,g5esis1 ,book (1 its acc\nt ( ,*aos1 #b2 ( ,creation ( ,l&1 #ac2 ( ,palozoic ,animals1 #ahg2 ( ,creation ( ,reptiles1 #aej2 ( ,creation ( ,mammals1 #bcd1 #bih2 ( ! ,deluge1 #bij2 ( ,creation ( ,man1 #cgi2 ( ,ed51 #cgi4 ,g5esis ( ! ,e>?1 #a4 ,geography ( ! ,silurian1 #eg2 ( ! ,devonian1 #hb2 ( ! ,c>bonif]\s1 #aaj2 ( ! ,p]mian1 #afc4 ,geological ,p]iods1 #age1 #aie4 ,glacial ,p]iod1 #bfg1 #bgh4 ,glauconite1 #bbi4 ,glypto]9us1 #hh4 ,graptolites1 #gb4 ,gre5l&1 ,mioc5e ,flora (1 #bfj4 ,gre5s&1 #bbi4 ,gmbel on ,bav>ian ,eozoon1 #cg4 ,h ,hadrosaurus1 #bjb4 ,hall on ,graptolites1 #gb2 ,h>le* ,b$s1 #ch4 ,he] on ,t]ti>y ,plants1 #bfa4 ,held]b]g ,rocks1 #fb4 ,h]cynian ,s*i/s1 #cg4 ,het]og5esis1 #cbg4 ,hicks on ,primordial ,fossils1 #ch4 ,hilg>d on ,mississippi ,delta1 #bif4 ,hippopotamus1 ,fossil1 #cjj4 ,hi/iod]ma1 #df4 ,hopk9s on ,solidity ( ! ,e>?1 #f4 ,hudson ,riv] ,gr\p1 #fj4 ,hull on ,geological ,p]iods1 #ahf4 ,hunt1 ,dr4 ,t4 ,s41 on ,volcanic ,action1 #g2 on ,*emi/ry ( ,primeval ,e>?1 #aa2 on ,l+ul1 #da4 ,huronian ,=mation1 #cf4 ,huxley on ,coal1 #acb2 on ,c>bonif]\s ,reptiles1 #ade2 on ,d9osaurs1 #bjb2 on ,paley's ,argum5t f ,design1 #cdh2 on ,good & ,evil1 #cdi2 on ,intuitive & ,rational ,actions1 #cia2 on t5d5cy ( ,evolutioni/ views1 #cdh4 ,hylonomus1 #adh4 ,i ,ice-action 9 ,p]mian1 #afh2 9 ,po/-plioc5e1 #bgj4 ,i*?yosaurus1 #bac4 ,iguanodon1 #bjb4 ,insects1 ,devonian1 #ajg2 ,c>bonif]\s1 #ace4 ,intellig5ce ( ,animals1 ,nature (1 #cbh4 ,j ,jurassic1 subdivisions (1 #aij4 ,k ,kames1 #bhf4 ,kaup on ,d9o!rium1 #bea4 ,k5t's ,cav]n1 #cjd4 ,k+-crabs ( ,c>bonif]\s1 #aed4 ,k+ on ,c>bonif]\s ,reptiles1 #adc4 ,l ,labyr9?odon1 #bja1 ,llaps1 #bjc4 ,lamp-%ells1 #dj4 ,l&-snails ( ,c>bonif]\s1 #ach4 ,la ,place's ,nebul> ,!ory1 #g4 ,laur5tian ,rocks1 #ah2 ,life 9 !1 #bc2 ,plants ( !1 #cb4 ,lepidod5dron1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #abg4 ,leptophleum1 #ajd4 ,lime/one ,cornif]\s1 #if2 ,nummulitic1 #bda2 ,miliol9e1 #bdc2 ,silurian1 #fd2 ,orig9 (1 #bg1 #fc1 #hi4 ,limulus1 #aed4 ,l+ul1 #ci4 ,l+ula ,flags1 #ch4 ,logan1 ,sir ,w41 on ,laur5tian ,rocks1 #ah2 on ,reptilian ,footpr9ts1 #adc4 ,london ,clay1 #bdg4 ,longmynd ,rocks1 #ch1 #dg4 ,l[] ,held]b]g ,gr\p1 #fb4 ,ludl[ ,gr\p1 #fb4 ,lyell1 ,sir ,c41 on ,devonian ,lime/one1 #hi2 on ,weald51 #aia2 on ,classification ( ! ,t]ti>y1 #bch4 ,m ,ma*airodus1 #bej4 ,magnesian ,lime/ones1 #aff4 ,mammals ( ! ,mesozoic1 #bjh2 ( ! ,eoc5e1 #bdg2 ( ! ,mioc5e1 #bej2 ( ! ,plioc5e1 #bef2 ( ! ,po/-glacial1 #cjj4 ,man1 ,adv5t (1 #bhf4 ,man1 ,antiquity (1 #bib2 ,hi/ory (1 accord+ to ,!ory ( ,creation1 #cgg2 accord+ to ,evolution1 #cha2 widely diff]5t f ,apes1 #cfj2 a new type1 #cfe2 ,primitive1 n a ,savage1 #cfg2 8 ,spiritual ,nature1 #chd1 #cgj1 #chg2 ,locality ( 8 ,orig91 #cgc2 ,primeval1 accord+ to ,creation1 #cgg2 accord+ to ,evolution1 #cha4 ,mayhill ,s&/one1 #fj4 ,m$9a ,s&/one1 #fj4 ,megalosaurus1 #bjc4 ,m5evian ,=mation1 #ch4 ,mesozoic ,ages1 #ahh2 subdivisions (1 #ahi2 ,flora (1 #aii2 ,coal (1 #bja2 ,cru/aceans ( !1 #bbe2 ,reptiles ( !1 #bja1 #bab4 ,metallif]\s ,rocks1 #afg4 ,metamorphism1 #ba4 ,microle/es1 #bjh4 ,miliol9e ,lime/ones1 #bdc4 ,mill] on ,old ,b$ ,s&/one1 #hf4 ,millip$es1 ,fossil1 #acf4 ,mioc5e ,plants1 #bfj2 ,climate1 #bfd2 ,mammals (1 #bej4 ,mississippi1 ,delta ( !1 #bif4 ,mod]n ,p]iod1 #bhc4 ,mosasaurus1 #bjf4 ,morse on ,l+ula1 #ci4 ,mur*ison on ! ,silurian1 #ef4 ,n ,nebul> ,!ory1 #g4 ,neoli?ic ,age1 #bhd4 ,neozoic ,ages1 #bcf2 divisions (1 #bci4 ,newb]ry on ,d9i*?ys1 #ii4 ,ni*olson on ,graptolites1 #gb1 ,nummulitic ,lime/ones1 #bda4 ,o ,oldhamia1 #de4 ,old ,b$ ,s&/one1 #hf4 ,oneida ,conglom]ate4 #fi4 ,or?oc]atites1 #fi1 #aed4 ,oscillations ( ,cont95ts1 #agi4 ,ow5 on ,d9osaurs1 #bjb2 on ,m>supials1 #bji4 ,p ,paloli?ic ,age1 #bhd1 #bhi4 ,palophis1 #bde4 ,palozoic ,life1 #aha2 diagram (1 #ahf4 ,paley on ,design 9 ,nature2 8 illu/ration ( ! wat*1 #cdi4 ,peat ( ,abbeville1 #bid4 ,p5gelly on ,k5t's ,hole1 #cjd4 ,p5tremites1 #aec4 ,p]iods1 ,geological1 #aie1 #age4 ,p]mian ,age1 #afj2 ,geography ( !1 #afc2 ,ice-action 9 !1 #afh2 ,plants ( !1 #agb2 ,reptiles ( !1 #agb4 ,phillips on ,dawn ( ,life1 #cj2 on ,ceteosaurus1 #bjd4 ,pictet on ,po/-plioc5e ,mammals1 #bef2 on ,po/-glacial ,animals1 #ceg4 ,pictures ( ,primeval ,man1 #cgf4 ,pi]ce on ,dim9ution ( ,e>?'s ,rotation1 #afe4 ,p9es ( ! ,devonian1 #aje2 ( ! ,c>bonif]\s1 #aca2 ( ! ,p]mian1 #agc4 ,placoid ,fi%es1 #if4 ,plants ( ! ,laur5tian1 #cb2 ( ! ,silurian1 #gf2 ( ! ,devonian1 #ajb2 ( ! ,c>bonif]\s1 #abd2 ( ! ,p]mian1 #agb2 ( ! ,mesozoic1 #aii2 ( ! ,t]ti>y #beh2 classification (1 #abb4 ,plateaus1 ,cont95tal1 #eg4 ,plesiosaurus1 #bae4 ,plioc5e1 ,climate (1 #bff2 ,mammals (1 #bef4 ,pliosaurus1 #bae4 ,pluvial ,p]iod1 #bhg4 ,po/-glacial ,age1 #bhc1 #bib4 ,po/-plioc5e ,p]iod1 #bgd2 cold1 #bgh2 ,ice-action 9 !1 #bgj2 ,subsid5ce1 #bgi2 ,elevation1 #bhd2 ,%ells1 evid5ce (1 aga9/ ,d]ivation1 #ceh2 ,mammals1 evid5ce (1 aga9/ ,d]ivation1 #ceg4 ,potsdam ,s&/one1 #ch4 ,pre/wi* on ,/4 ,a*eul1 #bid4 ,primordial ,age1 #cf2 ,cru/acean ( !1 #db4 ,proti*nites1 #de4 ,protorosaurus1 #agb4 ,prototaxites1 #gf4 ,psilophyton1 #gf1 #ajc4 ,pt]aspis1 #gf4 ,pt]i*?ys1 #ih4 ,pt]odactyls1 #bjf4 ,pt]ygotus1 #ic4 ,pupa vetu/a1 #aci4 ,q ,quebec ,gr\p1 #fj4 ,r ,ra9-m>ks1 #dg4 ,ramsay on ,p]mian1 #afh4 ,r$ ,s&/ones1 _! ,orig91 #aaj1 #aff4 ,reptiles ( ! ,c>bonif]\s1 #adc2 ( ! ,p]mian1 #agb2 ( ! ,mesozoic1 #bja1 #bab4 ,rh9oc]os1 ,fossil1 #cjj4 ,rocks1 ,col\rs (1 #aaj4 ,rotation ( ! ,e>?1 its ,gradual ,dim9ution1 #afe4 ,s ,salt] on ,fossil ,cru/acea1 #aee4 ,s$gwick on ,cambrian1 #ef1 #ge4 ,seeley on ,pt]odactyls1 #bjf4 ,%r9kage-cracks1 #dg4 ,sigill>ia1 #ajd1 #abd4 ,silurian ,ages1 #ef2 ,cephalopoda ( !1 #fi2 ,corals ( !1 #fc2 ,cr9oids ( ! #fh2 ,cru/aceans ( !1 #ga2 ,fi%es ( !1 #gd2 ,plants ( !1 #gf4 ,siluro-,cambrian1 use ( ! t]m1 #ef4 ,slaty ,/ructure1 #dh4 ,solidity ( ! ,e>?1 #f4 ,somme1 ,r41 ,gravels (1 #bib4 ,species1 ,nature ( !1 #cbg2 h[ ,creat$1 #ceb4 ,sp5c]1 8 ,exposition ( ,evolution1 #cba1 #cca4 ,spiritual ,nature ( ,man1 #chd1 #cgj1 #chg4 ,spore-cases 9 ,coals & ,%ales1 #ajf4 ,/alagmite ( ,caves1 #cje4 ,/riat$ ,rock-surfaces1 #bfi4 ,/umps1 ,fossil ( ,c>bonif]\s1 #adj4 ,syn!tic ,types1 #aha4 ,t ,table ( ,devonian ,rocks1 #he2 ( ,palozoic ,ages1 #ahg2 ( ,mesozoic ,ages1 #bcd2 ( ,neozoic ,ages1 #bih2 ( ,po/-plioc5e1 #bgf4 ,temp]ature ( ,int]ior ( ! ,e>?1 #d4 ,t]ti>y ,p]iod1 #bcf2 ,mammals (1 #bdg1 #bej1 #bef2 classification ( its ,rocks1 #bch4 ,?omson1 ,sir ,w41 on ,solidity ( ! ,e>?1 #f4 ,"t1 ,geological ,divisions (1 #age4 ,t9ire1 ,cone (1 #bic4 ,tr5ton ,lime/one1 #ei1 #fc4 ,trias1 ,divisions (1 #ahi2 ,footpr9ts 9 !1 #bjc4 ,trilobites1 #dc1 #id1 #aed2 ,feet (1 #dc4 ,turtles ( ,mesozoic1 #bah4 ,tylor on ,pluvial ,p]iod1 #bhg4 ,tyndall on ,c>bonic ,acid 9 ,atmosph]e1 #abc4 ,u ,uni=mit>ianism 9 ,geology1 #h4 ,utica ,%ale1 #fj4 ,v ,volcanic ,action1 #g2 ( ,cambrian ,age1 #cf2 ( ,silurian ,age1 #fb2 ( ,devonian ,age1 #ha1 #hc4 ,von ,de*5 on ,reptiles ( ,c>bonif]\s1 #adc1 #ade4 ,von ,mey] on ,d9osaurs1 #bjb4 ,w ,wal*ia1 #agc4 ,wallace1 8 views on ,inapplicability ( ,natural ,selection to ,man1 #cfh4 ,weald51 #aia4 ,w5lock ,gr\p1 #fb4 ,williamsonia gigas1 #bjj4 ,williamson on ,calamites1 #aha4 ,woodw>d on ,pt]ygotus1 #ic4 ,z ,zaphr5tis #ib4 ,,valuable ,,& ,,int]e/+ ,,works ,,= ,,public ,,private ,,libr>ies1 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs1 ,,new ,,york4 ,illu/ration3 po9t+ f+] ,= a full ,li/ ( ,books suitable = ,libr>ies publi%$ by ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs1 see ,,h>p]',s ,,catalogue1 :i* may be _h gratuit\sly on application to ! publi%]s p]sonally1 or by lett] enclos+ ,n9e ,c5ts 9 ,po/age /amps4 ,illu/ration3 po9t+ f+] ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs w s5d _! publications by mail1 po/age pre-paid1 on receipt ( ! price4 ,,macaulay',s ,,engl&4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,engl& f ! ,accession ( ,james ,,ii4 ,by ,?omas ,bab+ton ,macaulay4 ,new ,edition1 f new ,electrotype ,plates4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 ) ,pap] ,labels1 ,uncut ,edges & ,gilt ,tops1 #e vols4 9 a ,box1 #aj #jj p] set4 ,sold only 9 ,sets4 ,*eap ,edition1 #e vols4 9 a ,box1 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #b #ej2 ,%eep1 #c #ge4 ,,macaulay',s ,,miscellane\s ,,works4 ,! ,miscellane\s ,works1 ( ,"l ,macaulay4 ,f ,new ,electrotype ,plates4 ,9 ,five ,volumes4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 ) ,pap] ,labels1 ,uncut ,edges & ,gilt ,tops1 9 a ,box1 #aj #jj4 ,sold only 9 ,sets4 ,,hume',s ,,engl&4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 f ! ,invasion ( ,julius ,cs> to ! ,abdication ( ,james ,,ii41 #afhh4 ,by ,david ,hume4 ,new & ,elegant ,libr>y ,edition1 f new ,electrotype ,plates4 #f vols4 9 a ,box1 #hvo1 ,clo?1 ) ,pap] ,labels1 ,uncut ,edges & ,gilt ,tops1 #ab #jj4 ,sold only 9 ,sets4 ,popul> ,edition1 #f vols4 9 a ,box1 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #c #jj2 ,%eep1 #d #ej4 ,,gibbon',s ,,rome4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,by ,edw>d ,gibbon4 ,) ,notes by ,dean ,milman1 ,m4 ,,guizot1 & ,dr4 ,william ,smi?4 ,new ,edition1 f new ,electrotype ,plates4 #f vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1 ) ,pap] ,labels1 ,uncut ,edges & ,gilt ,tops1 #ab #jj4 ,sold only 9 ,sets4 ,popul> ,edition1 #f vols4 9 a ,box1 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #c #jj2 ,%eep1 #d #ej4 ,,g$des',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,john ,,de ,,witt4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,adm9i/ration ( ,john ,de ,witt1 ,gr& ,p5sion>y ( ,holl&4 ,by ,james ,g$des4 ,vol4 ,i4--#afbc-afed4 ,) a ,portrait4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #b #ej4 ,,hildre?',s ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,fir/ ,s]ies3 ,f ! ,discov]y ( ! ,cont95t to ! ,organization ( ! ,gov]nm5t "u ! ,f$]al ,con/itution4 ,second ,s]ies3 ,f ! ,adoption ( ! ,f$]al ,con/itution to ! ,end ( ! ,sixte5? ,congress4 ,by ,ri*>d ,hildre?4 ,popul> ,edition1 #f vols4 9 a ,box1 #hvo1 ,clo?1 ) ,pap] ,labels1 ,uncut ,edges & ,gilt ,tops1 #ab #jj4 ,sold only 9 ,sets4 ,,motley',s ,,dut* ,,republic4 ,! ,rise ( ! ,dut* ,republic4 ,a ,hi/ory4 ,by ,john ,lo?rop ,motley1 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,) a ,portrait ( ,william ( ,orange4 ,*eap ,edition1 #c vols4 9 a ,box1 #hvo1 ,clo?1 ) ,pap] ,labels1 ,uncut ,edges & ,gilt ,tops1 #f #jj4 ,sold only 9 ,sets4 ,orig9al ,libr>y ,edition1 #c vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #aj #ej2 ,%eep1 #ab #jj2 ,half ,calf1 #agbe4 ,,motley',s ,,unit$ ,,ne!rl&s4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,ne!rl&s3 f ! ,dea? ( ,william ! ,sil5t to ! ,twelve ,ye>s' ,truce--#aehd-afji4 ,) a full ,view ( ! ,engli%-,dut* ,/ruggle aga9/ ,spa91 & ( ! ,orig9 & ,de/ruction ( ! ,spani% ,armada4 ,by ,john ,lo?rop ,motley1 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,portraits4 ,*eap ,edition1 #d vols4 9 a ,box1 #hvo1 ,clo?1 ) ,pap] ,labels1 ,uncut ,edges & ,gilt ,tops1 #h #jj4 ,sold only 9 ,sets4 ,orig9al ,libr>y ,edition1 #d vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #ad #jj2 ,%eep1 #af #jj2 ,half ,calf1 #bc #jj4 ,,motley',s ,,life ,,& ,,dea? ,,( ,,john ,,( ,,b>neveld4 ,! ,life & ,dea? ( ,john ( ,b>neveld1 ,advocate ( ,holl&3 ) a ,view ( ! ,prim>y ,causes & ,movem5ts ( ,! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,by ,john ,lo?rop ,motley1 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,illu/rat$4 ,*eap ,edition1 #b vols4 9 a ,box1 #hvo1 ,clo?1 ) ,pap] ,labels1 ,uncut ,edges & ,gilt ,tops1 #d #jj4 ,sold only 9 ,sets4 ,orig9al ,libr>y ,edition1 #b vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #g #jj2 ,%eep1 #h #jj2 ,half ,calf1 #aa #ej4 ,,sket*es ,,& ,,/udies ,,9 ,,s\!rn ,,europe4 ,by ,john ,add+ton ,symonds4 ,9 ,two ,volumes4 ,po/ #hvo1 ,clo?1 #d #jj4 ,,symonds',s ,,greek ,,poets4 ,/udies ( ! ,greek ,poets4 ,by ,john ,add+ton ,symonds4 #b vols41 ,squ>e #afmo1 ,clo?1 #c #ej4 ,,hudson',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,j\rnalism4 ,j\rnalism 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 f #afij to #ahgb4 ,by ,fr$]ic ,hudson4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #e #jj2 ,half ,calf1 #g #be4 ,,trevelyan',s ,,life ,,( ,,macaulay4 ,! ,life & ,lett]s ( ,"l ,macaulay4 ,by 8 ,nephew1 ,g4 ,otto ,trevelyan1 ,m4,p4 ,) ,portrait on ,/eel4 ,complete 9 #b vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1 ,uncut ,edges & ,gilt ,tops1 #e #jj2 ,%eep1 #f #jj2 ,half ,calf1 #i #ej4 ,popul> ,edition1 two vols4 9 "o1 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #a #ge4 ,,trevelyan',s ,,life ,,( ,,fox4 ,! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,*>les ,james ,fox4 ,by ,george ,otto ,trevelyan4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 ,uncut ,edges & ,gilt ,tops1 #b #ej2 #dto1 ,pap]1 #bj c5ts4 ,,b5jam9',s ,,contempor>y ,,art4 ,contempor>y ,art 9 ,europe4 ,by ,s4 ,g4 ,w4 ,b5jam94 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #c #ej4 ,,b5jam9',s ,,art ,,9 ,,am]ica4 ,art 9 ,am]ica4 ,by ,s4 ,g4 ,w4 ,b5jam94 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #d #jj4 ,,k+lake',s ,,crimean ,,w>4 ,! ,invasion ( ! ,crimea3 its ,orig91 & an ,acc\nt ( its ,progress d[n to ! ,dea? ( ,"l ,raglan4 ,by ,alex&] ,william ,k+lake4 ,) ,maps & ,plans4 ,f\r ,volumes n[ ready4 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #b #jj p] vol4 ,,lamb',s ,,complete ,,works4 ,! ,works ( ,*>les ,lamb4 ,compris+ 8 ,lett]s1 ,poems1 ,essays ( ,elia1 ,essays ^u ,%akspe>e1 ,hog>?1 etc41 & a ,sket* ( 8 ,life1 ) ! ,f9al ,memorials1 by ,t4 ,noon ,talf\rd4 ,) ,portrait4 #b vols41 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #c #jj4 ,,loss+',s ,,field-,,book ,,( ,,! ,,revolution4 ,pictorial ,field-,book ( ! ,revolution2 or1 ,illu/rations by ,p5 & ,p5cil ( ! ,hi/ory1 ,biography1 ,sc5]y1 ,relics1 & ,traditions ( ! ,w> = ,indep5d5ce4 ,by ,b5son ,j4 ,loss+4 #b vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #ad #jj2 ,%eep or ,roan1 #ae #jj2 ,half ,calf1 #ah #jj4 ,,loss+',s ,,field-,,book ,,( ,,! ,,w> ,,( #ahab4 ,pictorial ,field-,book ( ! ,w> ( #ahab2 or1 ,illu/rations by ,p5 & ,p5cil ( ! ,hi/ory1 ,biography1 ,sc5]y1 ,relics1 & ,traditions ( ! la/ ,w> = ,am]ican ,indep5d5ce4 ,by ,b5son ,j4 ,loss+4 ,) sev]al hundr$ ,engrav+s on ,wood by ,loss+ & ,b>ritt1 *iefly f ,orig9al ,sket*es by ! ,au?or4 #ajhh pages1 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #g #jj2 ,%eep1 #h #ej2 ,roan1 #i #jj2 ,half ,calf1 #ajjj4 ,,=/]',s ,,life ,,( ,,dean ,,swift4 ,! ,e>ly ,life ( ,jona?an ,swift 7#affg-agaa74 ,by ,john ,=/]4 ,) ,portrait4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 ,uncut ,edges & ,gilt ,tops1 #b #ej4 ,,lawr5ce',s ,,hi/orical ,,/udies4 ,hi/orical ,/udies4 ,by ,eug5e ,lawr5ce4 ,conta9+ ! foll[+ ,essays3 ,! ,bi%ops ( ,rome4--,leo & ,lu!r4--,loyola & ! ,jesuits4--,ecum5ical ,c\ncils4--,! ,vaudois4--,! ,hugu5ots4--,! ,*ur* ( ,j]usalem4--,dom9ic & ! ,inquisition4--,! ,conque/ ( ,irel&4--,! ,greek ,*ur*4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 ,uncut ,edges & ,gilt ,tops1 #c #jj4 ,,gre5',s ,,engli% ,,p4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p4 ,by ,john ,ri*>d ,gre51 ,m4,a4 ,f\r ,volumes4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #b #ej p] volume4 ,,%ort',s ,,nor? ,,am]icans ,,( ,,antiquity4 ,! ,nor? ,am]icans ( ,antiquity4 ,_! ,orig91 ,migrations1 & ,type ( ,civilization ,consid]$4 ,by ,,john ,t4 ,,%ort4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #c #jj4 ,,squi]',s ,,p]u4 ,p]u3 ,incid5ts ( ,travel & ,exploration 9 ! ,l& ( ! ,incas4 ,by ,e4 ,george ,squi]1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a41 late ,u4 ,s4 ,commission] to ,p]u4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #e #jj4 ,,blaikie',s ,,life ,,( ,,david ,,liv+/one4 ,dr4 ,liv+/one3 ,memoir ( 8 ,p]sonal ,life1 f 8 ,unpubli%$ ,j\rnals & ,correspond5ce4 ,by ,w4 ,g4 ,blaikie1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,) ,portrait & ,map4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #c #ej4 ,,maury',s ,,physical ,,geography ,,( ,,! ,,sea4 ,! ,physical ,geography ( ! ,sea1 & its ,meteorology4 ,by ,m4 ,f4 ,maury1 ,,ll4,d4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #d #jj4 ,,s*we9fur?',s ,,he>t ,,( ,,africa4 ,! ,he>t ( ,africa4 ,?ree ,ye>s' ,travels & ,adv5tures 9 ! ,unexplor$ ,regions ( ! ,c5tre ( ,africa--f #ahfh to #ahga4 ,by ,dr4 ,georg ,s*we9fur?4 ,translat$ by ,ell5 ,e4 ,frew]4 ,) an ,introduction by ,w4 ,w9wood ,reade4 ,illu/rat$4 #b vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #h #jj4 ,m',,cl9tock ,,/rong',s ,,cyclop,,dia4 ,cyclop$ia ( ,biblical1 ,!ological1 & ,ecclesia/ical ,lit]ature4 ,prep>$ by ! ,rev4 ,john ,m',cl9tock1 ,d4,d41 & ,james ,/rong1 ,s4,t4,d4 #i vols4 n[ ready4 ,royal #hvo4 ,price p] vol41 ,clo?1 #e #jj2 ,%eep1 #f #jj2 ,half ,morocco1 #h #jj4 ,,%akspe>e4 ,! ,dramatic ,works ( ,william ,%akspe>e4 ,) ,corrections & ,notes4 ,engrav+s4 #f vols41 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #i #jj4 #b vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #d #jj2 ,%eep1 #e #jj4 ,9 "o vol41 #hvo1 ,%eep1 #d #jj4 ,,mohamm$ ,,& ,,mohamm$anism3 ,lectures ,deliv]$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita9 9 ,febru>y & ,m>*1 #ahgd4 ,by ,r4 ,boswor? ,smi?1 ,m4 ,a4 ,) an ,app5dix conta9+ ,emanuel ,deuts*'s ,article on ,islam4 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #a #ej4 ,,liv+/one',s ,,s\? ,,africa4 ,mission>y ,travels & ,rese>*es 9 ,s\? ,africa3 includ+ a ,sket* ( ,sixte5 ,ye>s' ,resid5ce 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,africa1 & a ,j\rney f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope to ,lo&a on ! ,we/ ,coa/2 !nce across ! ,cont95t1 d[n ! ,riv] ,zambesi1 to ! ,ea/]n ,ocean4 ,by ,david ,liv+/one1 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,) ,portrait1 ,maps1 & ,illu/rations4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #d #ej2 ,%eep1 #e #jj2 ,half ,calf1 #f #ge4 ,,liv+/one',s ,,zambesi4 ,n>rative ( an ,exp$ition to ! ,zambesi & its ,tribut>ies1 & ( ! ,discov]y ( ! ,lakes ,%irwa & ,nyassa1 #aheh-ahfd4 ,by ,david & ,*>les ,liv+/one4 ,map & ,illu/rations4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #e #jj2 ,%eep1 #e #ej2 ,half ,calf1 #g #be4 ,,liv+/one',s ,,la/ ,,j\rnals4 ,! ,la/ ,j\rnals ( ,david ,liv+/one1 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 f #ahfe to 8 ,dea?4 ,cont9u$ by a ,n>rative ( 8 ,la/ ,mom5ts & ,suff]+s1 obta9$ f 8 ,fai?ful ,s]vants ,*uma & ,susi4 ,by ,horace ,wall]1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,rector ( ,twywell1 ,nor?ampton4 ,) ,portrait1 ,maps1 & ,illu/rations4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #e #jj2 ,%eep1 #e #ej2 ,half ,calf1 #g #be4 ,*eap ,popul> ,edition1 #hvo1 ,clo?1 ) ,map & ,illu/rations1 #b #ej4 ,,nordh(f',s ,,communi/ic ,,societies ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,! ,communi/ic ,societies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 f ,p]sonal ,visit & ,obs]vation2 includ+ ,detail$ ,acc\nts ( ! ,economi/s1 ,zo>ites1 ,%ak]s1 ! ,amana1 ,oneida1 ,be!l1 ,aurora1 ,ic>ian1 & o!r exi/+ ,societies4 ,) ,p>ticul>s ( _! ,religi\s ,cre$s & ,practices1 _! ,social ,!ories & ,life1 ,numb]s1 ,indu/ries1 & ,pres5t ,condition4 ,by ,*>les ,nordh(f4 ,illu/rations4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #d #jj4 ,,nordh(f',s ,,cali=nia4 ,cali=nia3 = ,heal?1 ,pleasure1 & ,resid5ce4 ,a ,book = ,travell]s & ,settl]s4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #b #ej4 ,,nordh(f',s ,,nor!rn ,,cali=nia ,,& ,,! ,,s&wi* ,,isl&s4 ,nor!rn ,cali=nia1 ,oregon1 & ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s4 ,by ,*>les ,nordh(f4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #b #ej4 ,,mo%eim',s ,,ecclesia/ical ,,hi/ory1 ,anci5t & ,mod]n2 9 :i* ! ,rise1 ,progress1 & ,v>iation ( ,*ur* ,p[] are consid]$ 9 _! ,connection ) ! ,/ate ( ,le>n+ & ,philosophy1 & ! ,political ,hi/ory ( ,europe dur+ t ,p]iod4 ,translat$1 ) ,notes1 etc41 by ,a4 ,macla9e1 ,d4,d4 ,cont9u$ to #ahbf1 by ,c4 ,coote1 ,,ll4,d4 #b vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #d #jj2 ,%eep1 #e #jj4 ,,h>p]',s ,,new ,,classical ,,libr>y4 ,lit]al ,translations4 ,! foll[+ volumes are n[ ready4 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #a #jj ea*4 ,cs>4--,virgil4--,sallu/4--,horace4--,ci c]o's ,orations4--,cic]o's ,(fices1 ,etc4--,cic]o ,on ,oratory ,& ,orators4--,tacitus 7#b vols474--,t]5ce4--,sophocles4--,juv5al4- -,x5ophon4--,hom]'s ,iliad4--,hom]'s ,odyssey4--,h]odotus4--,demo/h5es 7#b ,vols474--,?ucydides4--s*ylus4--,euripid es 7#b vols474--,livy 7#b vols474--,plato ,select ,dialogues4 ,,v9c5t',s ,,l& ,,( ,,! ,,:ite ,,elephant4 ,! ,l& ( ! ,:ite ,elephant3 ,sights & ,sc5es 9 ,s\!a/]n ,asia4 ,a ,p]sonal ,n>rative ( ,travel & ,adv5ture 9 ,f>!r ,india1 embrac+ ! ,c\ntries ( ,burma1 ,siam1 ,cambodia1 & ,co*9-,*9a 7#ahga-b74 ,by ,frank ,v9c5t1 ,jr4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ,clo?1 #c #ej4 ,,grote',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,greece4 #ab vols41 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #ah #jj2 ,%eep1 #bb #hj2 ,half ,calf1 #ci #jj4 ,,reclus',s ,,e>?4 ,! ,e>?3 a ,descriptive ,hi/ory ( ! ,ph5om5a ( ! ,life ( ! ,globe4 ,by lise ,reclus4 ,) #bcd ,maps & ,illu/rations1 & #bc ,page ,maps pr9t$ 9 ,colors4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #e #jj4 ,,reclus',s ,,ocean4 ,! ,ocean1 ,atmosph]e1 & ,life4 ,be+ ! ,second ,s]ies ( a ,descriptive ,hi/ory ( ! ,life ( ! ,globe4 ,by lise ,reclus4 ,pr(usely ,illu/rat$ ) #bej ,maps or ,figures1 & #bg ,maps pr9t$ 9 ,colors4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #f #jj4 ,,griffis',s ,,japan4 ,! ,mikado's ,empire3 ,book ,i4 ,hi/ory ( ,japan1 f #ffj ,b4,c4 to #ahgb ,a4,d4 ,book ,,ii4 ,p]sonal ,exp]i5ces1 ,obs]vations1 & ,/udies 9 ,japan1 #ahgj-ahgd4 ,by ,william ,elliot ,griffis1 ,a4,m41 late ( ! ,imp]ial ,univ]sity ( ,tokio1 ,japan4 ,copi\sly ,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #d #jj2 ,half ,calf1 #f #be4 ,,bak]',s ,,ismail,a4 ,ismaila3 a ,n>rative ( ! ,exp$ition to ,c5tral ,africa = ! ,suppression ( ! ,slave-trade1 organiz$ by ,ismail1 ,kh$ive ( ,egypt4 ,by ,sir ,samuel ,:ite ,bak]1 ,pa%a1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,) ,maps1 ,portraits1 & ,illu/rations4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #e #jj2 ,half ,calf1 #g #be4 ,,smiles',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,hugu5ots4 ,! ,hugu5ots3 _! ,settlem5ts1 ,*ur*es1 & ,indu/ries 9 ,engl& & ,irel&4 ,by ,samuel ,smiles4 ,) an ,app5dix relat+ to ! ,hugu5ots 9 ,am]ica4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ,clo?1 #b #jj4 ,,smiles',s ,,hugu5ots ,,aft] ,,! ,,revocation4 ,! ,hugu5ots 9 ,france aft] ! ,revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes2 ) a ,visit to ! ,c\ntry ( ! ,vaudois4 ,by ,samuel ,smiles4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ,clo?1 #b #jj4 ,,smiles',s ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,/eph5sons4 ,! ,life ( ,george ,/eph5son1 & ( 8 ,son1 ,rob]t ,/eph5son2 compris+1 also1 a ,hi/ory ( ! ,inv5tion & ,introduction ( ! ,railway ,locomotive4 ,by ,samuel ,smiles4 ,) ,/eel ,portraits & num]\s ,illu/rations4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #c #jj4 ,,norton',s ,,/udies ,,( ,,*ur*-,,build+4 ,hi/orical ,/udies ( ,*ur*-,build+ 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,v5ice1 ,si5a1 ,flor5ce4 ,by ,*>les ,eliot ,norton4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #cjj4 ,,alison',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,europe4 ,fir/ ,s]ies3 ,f ! ,comm5cem5t ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 9 #aghi1 to ! ,re/oration ( ! ,b\rbons 9 #ahae4 ,9 addition to ! ,notes on ,*apt] ,,lxxvi41 :i* correct ! errors ( ! orig9al "w conc]n+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a copi\s ,analytical ,index has be5 app5d$ to ?is ,am]ican ,edition4 ,second ,s]ies3 ,f ! ,fall ( ,napoleon1 9 #ahae1 to ! ,accession ( ,l\is ,napoleon1 9 #aheb4 #h vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #af #jj2 ,%eep1 #bj #jj2 ,half ,calf1 #cd #jj4 ,,samuel ,,johnson3 ,,8 ,,words ,,& ,,8 ,,ways2 :at he ,said1 :at he ,did1 & :at ,m5 ,?\ght & ,spoke conc]n+ him4 ,edit$ by ,e4 ,t4 ,mason4 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #a #ej4 ,,johnson',s ,,complete ,,works4 ,! ,works ( ,samuel ,johnson1 ,,ll4,d4 ,) an ,essay on 8 ,life & ,g5ius1 by ,a4 ,murphy4 #b vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #d #jj2 ,%eep1 #e #jj2 ,half ,calf1 #hej4 ,,s*liemann',s ,,ilios4 ,ilios1 ! ,city & ,c\ntry ( ! ,trojans4 ,a ,n>rative ( ! ,mo/ ,rec5t ,discov]ies & ,rese>*es made on ! ,pla9 ( ,troy4 ,) ,illu/rations repres5t+ ne>ly #bjjj ,types ( ! ,objects f\nd 9 ! ,excavations ( ! ,sev5 ,cities on ! ,site ( ,ilios4 ,by ,dr4 ,h5ry ,s*liemann4 ,maps1 ,plans1 & ,illu/rations4 ,imp]ial #hvo1 ,illum9at$ ,clo?1 #ab #jj4 ,,boswell',s ,,johnson4 ,! ,life ( ,samuel ,johnson1 ,,ll4,d41 includ+ a ,j\rnal ( a ,t\r to ! ,hebrides4 ,by ,james ,boswell4 ,edit$ by ,j4 ,w4 ,crok]1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,k4,s4 ,) a ,portrait ( ,boswell4 #b vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #d #jj2 ,%eep1 #e #jj2 ,half ,calf1 #h #ej4 ,,addison',s ,,complete ,,works4 ,! ,works ( ,joseph ,addison1 embrac+ ! :ole ( ! ,spectator4 #c vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #f #jj2 ,%eep1 #g #ej2 ,half ,calf1 #ab #ge4 ,,b\rne',s ,,locke4 ,! ,life ( ,john ,locke4 ,by ,h4 ,r4 ,fox ,b\rne4 #b vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1 ,uncut ,edges & ,gilt ,tops1 #e #jj4 ,,engli% ,,correspond5ce4 ,f\r ,c5turies ( ,engli% ,lett]s4 ,selections f ! ,correspond5ce ( ,"o ,hundr$ & ,fifty ,writ]s f ! ,p]iod ( ! ,pa/on ,lett]s to ! ,pres5t ,day4 ,edit$ by ,w4 ,bapti/e ,scoones4 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #b #jj4 ,,! ,,/ud5t',s ,,s]ies4 ,maps & ,illu/rations4 #abmo1 ,clo?4 ,france4--,gibbon4--,greece4--,rome 7,by ,liddell74--,old ,te/am5t ,hi/ory4--,new ,te/am5t ,hi/ory4--,/rickl&'s ,que5s ,( ,engl& 7,abridg$74--,anci5t ,hi/ory ,( ,! ,ea/4--,hallam's ,middle ,ages4--,hallam's ,con/itutional ,hi/ory ( ,engl&4--,lyell's ,elem5ts ( ,geology4--,m]ivale's ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ,rome4--,cox's ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ,greece4--,classical ,diction>y4 #a #be p] volume4 ,lewis's ,hi/ory ( ,g]many4--,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory4--,hume's ,engl&4 #a #ej p] volume4 ,,cam]on',s ,,across ,,africa4 ,across ,africa4 ,by ,v]ney ,lovett ,cam]on4 ,map & ,illu/rations4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #e #jj4 ,,bulw]',s ,,miscellane\s ,,prose ,,works4 ,! ,miscellane\s ,prose ,works ( ,"l ,lytton4 #b vols41 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #c #ej4 ,also1 9 uni=m /yle1 ,caxtoniana4 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #a #ge4 ,,c>lyle',s ,,fr$]ick ,,! ,,great4 ,hi/ory ( ,fri$ri* ,,ii41 call$ ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,by ,?omas ,c>lyle4 ,portraits1 ,maps1 ,plans1 etc4 #f vols41 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #ab #jj2 ,%eep1 #ad #dj2 ,half ,calf1 #bb #ej4 ,,c>lyle',s ,,fr5* ,,revolution4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution3 a ,hi/ory4 ,by ,?omas ,c>lyle4 #b vols41 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #c #ej2 ,%eep1 #d #cj2 ,half ,calf1 #g #jj4 ,,c>lyle',s ,,oliv] ,,cromwell4 ,oliv] ,cromwell's ,lett]s & ,spee*es1 includ+ ! ,supplem5t to ! ,fir/ ,edition4 ,) ,elucidations4 ,by ,?omas ,c>lyle4 #b vols41 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #c #ej2 ,%eep1 #d #cj2 ,half ,calf1 #g #jj4 ,,abbott',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,revolution4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution ( #aghi1 z view$ 9 ! ,light ( ,republican ,in/itutions4 ,by ,john ,s4 ,c4 ,abbott4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #e #jj2 ,%eep1 #e #ej2 ,half ,calf1 #g #be4 ,,abbott',s ,,napoleon4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,napoleon ,bonap>te4 ,by ,john ,s4 ,c4 ,abbott4 ,maps1 ,illu/rations1 & ,portraits4 #b vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #aj #jj2 ,%eep1 #aa #jj2 ,half ,calf1 #ad #ej4 ,,abbott',s ,,napoleon ,,at ,,/4 ,,hel5a4 ,napoleon at ,/4 ,hel5a2 or1 ,anecdotes & ,conv]sations ( ! ,emp]or dur+ ! ,ye>s ( 8 ,captivity4 ,collect$ f ! ,memorials ( ,las ,casas1 ,o',me>a1 ,mon?olon1 ,antomm>*i1 & o!rs4 ,by ,j4 ,s4 ,c4 ,abbott4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #e #jj2 ,%eep1 #e #ej2 ,half ,calf1 #g #be4 ,,abbott',s ,,fr$]ick ,,! ,,great4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,fr$]ick ! ,second1 call$ ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,by ,john ,s4 ,c4 ,abbott4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #e #jj2 ,half ,calf1 #g #be4 ,,drap]',s ,,civil ,,w>4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w>4 ,by ,john ,w4 ,drap]1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 #c vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1 ,bevell$ ,edges1 #aj #ej2 ,%eep1 #ab #jj2 ,half ,calf1 #ag #be4 ,,drap]',s ,,intellectual ,,developm5t ,,( ,,europe4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,intellectual ,developm5t ( ,europe4 ,by ,john ,w4 ,drap]1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,edition1 ,revis$4 #b vols41 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #c #jj2 ,half ,calf1 #f #ej4 ,,drap]',s ,,am]ican ,,civil ,,policy4 ,?\ghts on ! ,future ,civil ,policy ( ,am]ica4 ,by ,john ,w4 ,drap]1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ,clo?1 #b #jj2 ,half ,morocco1 #c #ge4 ,mc,c,a,r,t,h,y',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,engl&4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,our ,own ,times1 f ! ,accession ( ,que5 ,victoria to ! ,g5]al ,election ( #ahhj4 ,by ,ju/9 ,mc,carthy4 #b vols41 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #b #ej4 ,,p]ry',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,,engl&4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 f ! ,accession ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 to ! ,sil5c+ ( ,convocation4 ,by ,g4 ,g4 ,p]ry1 ,m4,a4 ,) a ,sket* ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,prote/ant ,episcopal ,*ur* 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by ,j4 ,a4 ,sp5c]1 ,s4,t4,d4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ,clo?1 #b #ej4 ,,abbott',s ,,diction>y ,,( ,,religi\s ,,k4 ,a ,diction>y ( ,religi\s ,k1 = ,popul> & ,pr(essional ,use2 compris+ full ,in=mation on ,biblical1 ,!ological1 & ,ecclesia/ical ,subjects4 ,) ne>ly #ajjj ,maps & ,illu/rations4 ,edit$ by ,lyman ,abbott1 ) ! ,co-op]ation ( ,t4 ,j4 ,conant1 ,d4,d4 ,royal #hvo1 ,clo?1 #f #jj2 ,%eep1 #g #jj2 ,half ,morocco1 #h #ej4 ,,p>ton',s ,,c>icature4 ,c>icature & ,o!r ,comic ,art1 9 ,all ,times & ,_m ,l&s4 ,by ,james ,p>ton4 #bjc ,illu/rations4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 ,uncut ,edges & ,gilt ,tops1 #e #jj2 ,half ,calf1 #g #be4 ,,mahaffy',s ,,greek ,,lit]ature4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,classical ,greek ,lit]ature4 ,by ,j4 ,p4 ,mahaffy4 #b vols41 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #d #jj4 ,,du ,,*aillu',s ,,equatorial ,,africa4 ,explorations & ,adv5tures 9 ,equatorial ,africa3 ) ,acc\nts ( ! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,p1 & ( ! ,*ase ( ! ,gorilla1 ,crocodile1 ,leop>d1 ,elephant1 ,hippopotamus1 & o!r ,animals4 ,by ,p4 ,b4 ,du ,*aillu4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #e #jj2 ,%eep1 #e #ej2 ,half ,calf1 #g #be4 ,,du ,,*aillu',s ,,a%ango ,,l&4 ,a ,j\rney to ,a%ango ,l&1 & ,fur!r ,p5etration into ,equatorial ,africa4 ,by ,p4 ,b4 ,du ,*aillu4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #e #jj2 ,%eep1 #e #ej2 ,half ,calf1 #g #be4 ,,dext]',s ,,congregationalism4 ,! ,congregationalism ( ! ,la/ ,?ree ,hundr$ ,ye>s1 z se5 9 its ,lit]ature3 ) ,special ,ref]5ce to c]ta9 ,recondite1 ,neglect$1 or ,disput$ ,passages4 ,) a ,bibliographical ,app5dix4 ,by ,h4 ,m4 ,dext]4 ,l>ge #hvo1 ,clo?1 #f #jj4 ,,trollope',s ,,cic]o4 ,life ( ,cic]o4 ,by ,an?ony ,trollope4 #abmo1 ,clo?4 ,,bayne',s ,,lessons ,,f ,,my ,,ma/]s4 ,lessons f ,my ,ma/]s3 ,c>lyle1 ,t5nyson1 & ,rusk94 ,by ,pet] ,bayne1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #a #ge4 ,,/anley',s ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,d>k ,,cont95t4 ,?r\gh ! ,d>k ,cont95t2 or1 ,! ,s\rces ( ! ,nile1 ,ar\nd ! ,great ,lakes ( ,equatorial ,africa1 & ,d[n ! ,liv+/one ,riv] to ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 #adi ,illu/rations & #aj ,maps4 ,by ,h4 ,m4 ,/anley4 #b vols41 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #aj #jj2 ,%eep1 #ab #jj2 ,half ,morocco1 #ae #jj4 ,,engli% ,,m5 ,,( ,,lett]s4 ,edit$ by ,john ,morley4 ,! foll[+ volumes are n[ ready4 ,o!rs w foll[4 ,johnson4 ,by ,l4 ,/eph54--,gibbon4 ,by ,j4 ,c4 ,morison4--,scott4 ,by ,r4 ,h4 ,hutton4--,%elley4 ,by ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds4--,goldsmi?4 ,by ,w4 ,black4--,hume4 ,by ,pr(essor ,huxley4--,defoe4 ,by ,w4 ,m9to4--,burns4 ,by ,pr9cipal ,%airp4--,sp5s]4 ,by ,r4 ,w4 ,*ur*4--,?ack]ay4 ,by ,a4 ,trollope4--,burke4 ,by ,j4 ,morley4--,milton4 ,by ,m4 ,pattison4 ,s\!y4 ,by ,e4 ,d[d54--,*auc]4 ,by ,a4 ,w4 ,w>d4--,bunyan4 ,by ,j4 ,a4 ,fr\de4--,c[p]4 ,by ,g4 ,smi?4--,pope4 ,by ,l4 ,/eph54--,byron4 ,by ,j4 ,ni*ols4--,locke4 ,by ,t4 ,f[l]4 ,wordswor?4 ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,h4 ,my]s4 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #ge c5ts p] volume4 ,haw?orne4 ,by ,h5ry ,james1 ,jr4 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #a #jj4 ,,/rickl&',s 7,miss7 ,,que5s ,,( ,,scotl&4 ,lives ( ! ,que5s ( ,scotl& & ,engli% ,pr9cesses connect$ ) ! ,regal ,succession ( ,great ,brita94 ,by ,agnes ,/rickl&4 #h vols41 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #ab #jj2 ,half ,calf1 #bf #jj4 ,,b>tlett',s ,,f ,,egypt ,,to ,,pale/9e4 ,f ,egypt to ,pale/9e3 ,?r\gh ,s9ai1 ! ,wild]ness1 & ! ,s\? ,c\ntry4 ,obs]vations ( a ,j\rney made ) ,special ,ref]5ce to ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,israelites4 ,by ,s4 ,c4 ,b>tlett1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,) ,maps & ,illu/rations4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #c #ej4 ,,cesnola',s ,,cyprus4 ,cyprus3 its ,anci5t ,cities1 ,tombs1 & ,temples4 ,a ,n>rative ( ,rese>*es & ,excavations dur+ ,t5 ,ye>s' ,resid5ce 9 t ,isl&4 ,by ,l4 ,p4 di ,cesnola4 ,) ,portrait1 ,maps1 & #djj ,illu/rations4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 ,extra1 ,gilt ,tops & ,uncut ,edges1 #g #ej4 ,,t5nyson',s ,,complete ,,poems4 ,! ,poetical ,works ( ,alfr$ ,t5nyson4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations by ,em95t ,arti/s1 & ,?ree ,*>act]i/ic ,portraits4 #hvo1 ,pap]1 #a #jj2 ,clo?1 #a #ej4 ,,newcomb',s ,,a/ronomy4 ,popul> ,a/ronomy4 ,by ,simon ,newcomb1 ,,ll4,d4 ,) ,"o ,hundr$ & ,twelve ,engrav+s1 & five ,maps ( ! ,/>s4 #hvo1 ,clo?1 #d #jj3 ,s*ool ,edition1 #abmo1 ,clo?1 #a #cj4 ,,van-,,l5nep',s ,,bible ,,l&s4 ,bible ,l&s3 _! 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