,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation & spell+ 9 ! orig9al docum5t h be5 pres]v$4 ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores & spac$ text by equal signs4 ,9 ! ads1 an sign d5otes bold text4 ,on page #dca1 #ahed %\ld possibly be #ahde4 ,on page #ecc1 ! page numb] ref]5c$ is miss+ on ! fir/ ,*apt] ,,xxxv citation4 ,on page #edd1 ! pages li/$ z pp #bbf-bbc are possibly a typo4 ,!ta repres5ts ! greek lett] nam$ 9 ! brackets4 ,,hs repres5ts ! *>act]s ,,hs ) a b> ov] ! top4 99 repres5ts ! ,roman ,d5>ius sign4 ,e repres5ts ! ,roman symbol = #b oz41 two /ack$ cs4 ,m repres5ts ! ,roman num]al #ajjj4 ,c repres5ts a backw>ds ,c4 ,b & ,f repres5t ,,vb & ,,vf ligatures4 ,9 ,figure #ed & ! subsequ5t text1 lett]s indicat$ by ,a repres5t small capital lett]s4 ,,pompeii ,,its ,,life ,,& ,,art ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4--,,view ,,( ,,! ,,=um1 ,,look+ ,,t[>d ,,vesuvius ,,pompeii ,,its ,,life ,,& ,,art ,,by ,,augu/ ,,mau ,,g]man ,,ar*aeological ,,in/itute ,,9 ,,rome ,translat$ into ,engli% ,,by ,,francis ,w4 ,,kelsey ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,mi*igan ,,) ,,num]\s ,,illu/rations ,,f ,,orig9al ,,draw+s ,,& ,,photographs ,,new ,,edition1 ,,revis$ ,,& ,,correct$ ,new ,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,london3 ,,macmillan ,,co41 ,,ltd4 #aijb ,all rights res]v$ ,,copyright1 #ahii1 #aijb1 ,,by ,,francis ,w4 ,,kelsey4 ,fir/ ,edition1 ,octob]1 #ahii4 ,new ,revis$ ,edition1 ) additions1 ,novemb]1 #aijb4 ,norwood ,press ,j4 ,s4 ,cu%+ ,co4--,b]wick ,smi? ,norwood ,mass4 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition ,= tw5ty-five ye>s ,pr(essor ,mau has devot$ himself to ! /udy ( ,pompeii1 sp5d+ 8 summ]s among ! ru9s & 8 w9t]s 9 ,rome1 work+ up ! new mat]ial4 ,he holds a unique place among ! s*ol>s :o h giv5 att5tion to ,pompeian antiquities1 & 8 contributions to ! lit]ature ( ! subject h be5 num]\s 9 bo? ,g]man & ,italian4 ,! pres5t volume1 h[ev]1 is n a translation ( "o previ\sly issu$1 b a new "w fir/ publi%$ 9 ,engli%1 ! lib]ality ( ! publi%]s hav+ made x possible to secure assi/ance = ! prep>ation ( c]ta9 re/orations & o!r draw+s :i* ,pr(essor ,mau desir$ to h made z illu/rat+ 8 int]pretation ( ! ru9s4 ,9 "o respect !re is an ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! rema9s ( ,pompeii & ^? ( ! l>ge & fam\s cities ( antiquity1 z ,rome or ,a!ns1 :i* h associat$ ) !m ! famili> names ( hi/orical *>act]s4 ,m>s' ,hill is clo!d ) human int]e/1 if = no o!r reason1 because ( its relation to ! "w ( ! ,apo/le ,paul2 :ile ! ,roman ,=um & ! ,palat9e1 b>r5 z !y seem to-day1 teem ) life z !re rise be=e ! m9d's eye ! sc5es pres5t$ 9 ! pages ( classical writ]s4 ,b ! ,campanian city play$ an unimportant "p 9 contempor>y hi/ory2 ! "n ( n a s+le great ,pompeian is record$4 ,! ru9s1 depriv$ ( ! int]e/ aris+ f hi/orical associations1 mu/ be int]pret$ ) little help f lit]>y s\rces1 & repeopl$ ) aggregate r ?an individual life4 ,a few ,pompeians1 ^: features h surviv$ 9 h]ms or /atues & ^: names are kn[n f ! inscriptions1 seem ne> to u1--su* are ,caecilius ,jucundus & ! g5]\s prie/ess ,euma*ia2 b ! *>act]s mo/ commonly associat$ ) ! city are ^? ( fiction4 ,"h1 9 a great] degree ?an 9 mo/ places1 ! "w ( recon/ruction involves ! h&l+ ( c\ntless bits ( evid5ce1 :i*1 :5 view$ by !mselves1 (t5 seem too m9ute to be ( importance2 ! bl5d+ ( ^! into a complete & fai?ful picture is a task ( inf9ite pa9/ak+1 ! difficulty ( :i* w be/ be appreciat$ by "o :o has work$ 9 ?is field4 ,x 0 at fir/ propos$ to place at ! end ( ! book a s]ies ( bibliographical notes on ! diff]5t *apt]s1 giv+ ref]5ces to ! m important treatises & articles deal+ ) ! matt]s pres5t$4 ,b on full] consid]ation x seem$ unnecess>y ?us to add to ! bulk ( ! volume2 ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! /udy ( a p>ticul> build+ or aspect ( ,pompeian culture w naturally turn to ! ,pompeian>um antiquitatum hi/oria1 ! reports 9 ! ,notizie degli ,scavi1 ! reports & articles by ,pr(essor ,mau 9 ! ,roman ,mit!ilung5 ( ! ,g]man ,ar*aeological ,in/itute1 ! ,ov]beck-,mau ,pompeji1 ! ,/udies by ,mau & by ,niss51 ! commemorative volume issu$ 9 #ahgi "u ! title ,pompei e la regione sott]rata dal ,vesuvio1 ! catalogues ( ! pa9t+s by ,helbig & ,sogliano1 toge!r ) ,mau's ,ges*i*te d] decorativ5 ,w&mal]ei 9 ,pompeji1 ,h4 von ,rohd5's ,t]racott5 von ,pompeji1 & ! old] illu/rat$ works1 z well z ! beautiful volume1 ,pompeji vor d] ,z]/o]ung1 publi%$ 9 #ahig by ,wei*>dt4 ,! titles ( m ?an five hundr$ books & pamphlets relat+ to ,pompeii are giv5 9 ,fur*heim's ,bibliografia di ,pompei 7second edition1 ,naples1 #ahia74 ,to ?is li/ %\ld be add$ an elaborate "w on ! temple ( ,isis1 ,a$is ,isidis ,pompeiana1 :i* is soon to appe>4 ,! copp]plates = ! engrav+s 7 prep>$ at ! exp5se ( ! old ,accademia ercolanese1 b only ! fir/ section ( ! "w 0 publi%$2 ! plates1 =tunately1 h be5 pres]v$ )\t injury1 & ! publication has at la/ be5 und]tak5 by ,pr(essor ,sogliano4 ,pr(essor ,mau wi%es to make grateful ackn[l$gm5t ( obligation to ,messrs4 ,c4 ,bazzani1 ,r4 ,koldewey1 ,g4 ,r&an9i1 & ,g4 ,tognetti = k9d assi/ance 9 mak+ ready = ! engrav] ! draw+s pres5t+ re/orations ( build+s2 to ! au?orities ( ! ,g]man ,ar*aeological ,in/itute = freely grant+ ! use ( a numb] ( draw+s 9 its collection2 & to ! photograph]1 ,giacomo ,brogi ( ,flor5ce1 = plac+ 8 collection ( photographs at ! au?or's disposal & mak+ special pr9ts = ! use ( ! engrav]4 ,9 addition to ! photographs obta9$ f ,brogi1 a small numb] 7 furni%$ = ! volume by ! translator1 & a few 7 d]iv$ f o!r s\rces4 ,! re/orations are n fanciful4 ,!y 7 made ) ! help ( c>eful measurem5ts & ( computations bas$ ^u ! exi/+ rema9s2 occasionally also evid5ce d]iv$ f reliefs & wall pa9t+s 0 utiliz$4 ,unc]ta9 details are g5]ally omitt$4 ,x is due to ,pr(essor ,mau to say t 9 prep>+ 8 manuscript = ,engli% read]s ,i h1 ) 8 p]mission1 made "s *anges4 ,! ord] ( pres5tation has occasionally be5 alt]$4 ,9 sev]al *apt]s ! ,g]man manuscript has be5 abridg$1 :ile 9 o!rs1 conta9+ po9ts 9 reg>d to :i* ,engli% read]s might desire a some:at full] /atem5t1 ,i h made slight additions4 ,! prep>ation ( ! ,engli% =m ( ! volume1 und]tak5 = reasons ( fri5d%ip1 has be5 less a task ?an a pleasure4 ,,francis ,w4 ,,kelsey4 ,,ann ,,arbor1 ,,mi*igan1 ,octob] #be1 #ahii4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition ,! au?or & ! translator unite 9 express+ _! deep appreciation ( ! k9d reception accord$ to ! fir/ edition ( ?is book4 ,! second edition has be5 revis$ on ! spot4 ,besides m9or additions1 x has be5 enl>g$ by a *apt] on ! rec5tly discov]$ temple ( ,v5us ,pompeiana1 & a ,bibliographical ,app5dix2 prep>$ 9 response to reque/s f v>i\s qu>t]s4 ,among ! new illu/rations 9 ! text are a re/oration ( ! temple ( ,vespasian & a reproduction ( ! bronze y\? f\nd 9 #aijj1 besides ! ,alex&ria pat]a & "o ( ! skeleton cups f ! ,boscoreale treasure2 9 ,plate ,,viii are pres5t$ two additional pa9t+s f ! h\se ( ! ,vettii4 ,! translator is alone responsible = ,*apt] ,,lix1 :i* 0 prep>$ = ! fir/ edition at ,pr(essor ,mau's reque/1 at a "t :5 he 0 press$ ) o!r "w2 = ! p>agraphs 9 reg>d to ! treasure ( ,boscoreale1 & = "o-half ( ! ref]5ces 9 ! ,bibliographical ,app5dix4 ,,augu/ ,,mau ,,francis ,w4 ,,kelsey ,,alb]go ,,del ,,sole1 ,,pompei ,augu/ #b1 #aija ,,cont5ts ,,introduction ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,! ,,situation ,,( ,,pompeii #a ,,ii4 ,,be=e #gi #h ,,iii4 ,,! ,,city ,,ov]:elm$ #ai ,,iv4 ,,! ,,une>?+ ,,( ,,! ,,city #be ,v4 ,a ,,bird',s-,,eye ,,view #ca ,,vi4 ,,build+ ,,mat]ials1 ,,con/ruction1 ,,& ,,ar*itectural ,,p]iods #ce ,,"p ,i ,,public ,,places ,,& ,,build+s ,,vii4 ,,! ,,=um #de ,,viii4 ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,build+s ,,ab\t ,,! ,,=um4--,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,jupit] #fa ,,ix4 ,,! ,,basilica #gj ,x4 ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,apollo #hj ,,xi4 ,,! ,,build+s ,,at ,,! ,,nor?we/ ,,corn] ,,( ,,! ,,=um1 ,,& ,,! ,,table ,,( ,,/&>d ,,measures #ia ,,xii4 ,,! ,,macellum #id ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,sanctu>y ,,( ,,! ,,city ,,l>es #ajb ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,vespasian #ajf ,,xv4 ,,! ,,build+ ,,( ,,euma*ia #aaj ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,comitium #aai ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,municipal ,,build+s #aba ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,v5us ,,pompeiana #abd ,,xix4 ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,=tuna ,,augu/a #acj ,,xx4 ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,public ,,build+s ,,ne> ,,! ,,/abian ,,gate4--,,! ,,=um ,,triangul>e ,,& ,,! ,,doric ,,temple #acc ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,l>ge ,,!atre #ada ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,small ,,!atre #aec ,,xxiii4 ,,! ,,!atre ,,colonnade ,,us$ ,,z ,,b>racks ,,= ,,gladiators #aeg ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,palae/ra #afe ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,isis #afh ,,xxvi4 ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,zeus ,,mili*ius #ahc ,,xxvii4 ,,! ,,ba?s ,,at ,,pompeii4--,,! ,,/abian ,,ba?s #ahf ,,xxviii4 ,,! ,,ba?s ,,ne> ,,! ,,=um #bjb ,,xxix4 ,,! ,,c5tral ,,ba?s #bjh ,,xxx4 ,,! ,,amphi!atre #bab ,,xxxi4 ,,/reets1 ,,wat] ,,sy/em1 ,,& ,,wayside ,,%r9es #bbg ,,xxxii4 ,,! ,,def5ces ,,( ,,! ,,city #bcg ,,"p ,,ii ,,! ,,h\ses ,,xxxiii4 ,,! ,,pompeian ,,h\se #bde ,i4 ,ve/ibule1 ,fauces1 & ,front ,door #bdh ,,ii4 ,! ,atrium #bej ,,iii4 ,! ,tabl9um #bee ,,iv4 ,! ,alae #beh ,v4 ,! ,rooms ab\t ! ,atrium4 ,! ,&ron #bei ,,vi4 ,g>d51 ,p]i/yle1 & ,rooms ab\t ! ,p]i/yle #bfj ,,vii4 ,sleep+ ,rooms #bfa ,,viii4 ,d9+ ,rooms #bfb ,,ix4 ,! ,kit*51 ! ,ba?1 & ! ,/or]ooms #bff ,x4 ,! ,%r9e ( ! ,h\sehold ,gods #bfh ,,xi4 ,second ,/ory ,rooms #bgc ,,xii4 ,! ,%ops #bgf ,,xiii4 ,walls1 ,floors1 & ,w9d[s #bgh ,,xxxiv4 ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,! ,,surgeon #bhj ,,xxxv4 ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,sallu/ #bhc ,,xxxvi4 ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,! ,,faun #bhh ,,xxxvii4 ,a ,,h\se ,,ne> ,,! ,,porta ,,m>9a #bih ,,xxxviii4 ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,! ,,silv] ,,w$d+ #cja ,,xxxix4 ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,epidius ,,rufus #cji ,,xl4 ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,! ,,tragic ,,poet #cac ,,xli4 ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,! ,,vettii #cba ,,xlii4 ,,?ree ,,h\ses ,,( ,,unusual ,,plan #cda ,i4 ,! ,h\se ( ,acceptus & ,euhodia #cda ,,ii4 ,a ,h\se )\t a ,compluvium #cdc ,,iii4 ,! ,h\se ( ! ,emp]or ,joseph ,,ii #cdd ,,xliii4 ,,o!r ,,notewor?y ,,h\ses #cdh ,,xliv4 ,,roman ,,villas4--,,! ,,villa ,,( ,,diom$es #cee ,,xlv4 ,,! ,,villa ,,ru/ica ,,at ,,boscoreale #cfa ,,xlvi4 ,,h\sehold ,,furniture #cfg ,,"p ,,iii ,,trades ,,& ,,occupations ,,xlvii4 ,,! ,,trades ,,at ,,pompeii4--,,! ,,bak]s #chc ,,xlviii4 ,,! ,,full]s ,,& ,,! ,,tann]s #cic ,,xlix4 ,,inns ,,& ,,w9e%ops #djj ,,"p ,,iv ,,! ,,tombs ,l4 ,,pompeian ,,burial ,,places4--,,! ,,/reet ,,( ,,tombs #dje ,,li4 ,,burial ,,places ,,ne> ,,! ,,nola1 ,,/abian1 ,,& ,,noc]a ,,gates #dbi ,,"p ,v ,,pompeian ,,art ,,lii4 ,,ar*itecture #dcg ,,liii4 ,,sculpture #dde ,,liv4 ,,pa9t+4--,,wall ,,decoration #def ,,lv4 ,,! ,,pa9t+s #dga ,,"p ,,vi ,,! ,,inscriptions ,,( ,,pompeii ,,lvi4 ,,importance ,,( ,,! ,,inscriptions4--,,monum5tal ,,inscriptions ,,& ,,public ,,notices #dhe ,,lvii4 ,,! ,,graffiti #dia ,,lviii4 ,,inscriptions ,,relat+ ,,to ,,bus9ess ,,affairs #dii ,,conclusion ,,lix4 ,,! ,,significance ,,( ,,! ,,pompeian ,,culture #eji ,,bibliographical ,,app5dix #eab ,,index #eea ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,plan ,,( ,,pompeii #eei ,,illu/rations ,,plates ,,plate ,i4 ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,=um1 ,,look+ ,,t[>d ,,vesuvius4 ,f a photograph ,frontispiece ,,fac+ ,,page ,,ii4 ,,c\rt ,,( ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,apollo4 ,f a photograph #hh ,,iii4 ,,! ,,greek ,,temple ,,& ,,! ,,=um ,,triangul>e1 ,,se5 ,,f ,,! ,,s\?4 ,re/oration 7,wei*>dt1 ,pompeji vor d] ,z]/o]ung1 ,tafel ,,ii7 #acd ,,iv4 ,,! ,,b>racks ,,( ,,! ,,gladiators4 ,f a photograph #afj ,v4 ,,/abian ,,ba?s3 ,,m5',s ,,apodyt]ium1 ,,) ,,! ,,ant]oom ,,lead+ ,,f ,,! ,,palae/ra4 ,f a photograph #ahh ,,vi4 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,! ,,amphi!atre1 ,,look+ ,,nor?we/4 ,f a photograph #baf ,,vii4 ,,int]ior ,,( ,a ,,h\se 7,,ix4 v4 #aa71 ,,look+ ,,f ,,! ,,middle ,,( ,,! ,,atrium ,,into ,,! ,,p]i/yle4 ,f a photograph #bfj ,,viii4 ,,two ,,wall ,,pa9t+s ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,! ,,vettii --,,apollo ,,aft] ,,! ,,slay+ ,,( ,,! ,,dragon1 ,,& ,,agamemnon ,,9 ,,! ,,sanctu>y ,,( ,,artemis4 ,f photographs #cbh ,,ix4 ,a ,,d9+ ,,room ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,! ,,vettii4 ,f a photograph #cch ,x4 ,,! ,,/reet ,,( ,,tombs1 ,,look+ ,,t[>d ,,! ,,h]culaneum ,,gate4 ,f a photograph #dbj ,,xi4 ,,artemis4 ,copy ( an ,ar*aic ,"w4 ,f a photograph #ddd ,,xii4 ,,specim5 ,,( ,,wall ,,decoration4 ,second or ,ar*itectural ,/yle 7,mau1 ,ges*i*te d] decorativ5 ,w&mal]ei 9 ,pompeji1 ,tafel ,v7 #dfb ,,xiii4 ,,specim5 ,,( ,,wall ,,decoration1 ,,9 ,,! ,,c\rt ,,( ,,! ,,/abian ,,ba?s4 ,f\r? or ,intricate ,/yle4 ,f a draw+ 9 ! ,naples ,museum #dgj ,,plans ,,plan ,i4 ,,outl9e ,,plan ,,( ,,pompeii prec$+ ,*ap4 ,v ,,ii4 ,,! ,,=um1 ,,) ,,adjo9+ ,,build+s ,,vii ,,iii4 ,,! ,,=um ,,triangul>e1 ,,) ,,adjac5t ,,build+s ,,xx ,,iv4 ,,! ,,villa ,,ru/ica ,,ne> ,,boscoreale ,,xlv ,v4 ,,! ,,/reet ,,( ,,tombs ,l ,,vi4 ,,! ,,excavat$ ,,portion ,,( ,,pompeii foll[+ ! ,index ,,illu/rations ,,9 ,,! ,,text ,,figure ,,page #a4 ,map ( ,anci5t ,campania #b #b4 ,vesuvius z se5 f ,naples4 ,f a photograph #c #c4 ,view f ,pompeii1 look+ s\?4 ,f a photograph 7,a4 ,m47 #e #d4 ,v5us ,pompeiana4 ,wall pa9t+4 ,h\se ( ,ca/or & ,pollux4 ,aft] ,monum5ti dell' ,in/ituto1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pl4 vi4 b #ab #e4 ,an amphora f ,boscoreale4 ,collection ( ,classical ,antiquities1 ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 ,f a draw+ #ae #f4 ,! ,judgm5t ( ,solomon4 ,wall pa9t+4 ,naples ,museum4 ,f a photograph #ag #g4 ,ca/ ( a man4 ,museum at ,pompeii4 ,f a photograph #bb #h4 ,an ,excavation4 ,atrium ( ! h\se ( ! ,silv] ,w$d+4 ,f a photograph #bh #i4 ,wall ) lime/one framework 7,ins4 ,,vii4 iii4 #ac74 ,f a photograph 7,f4 ,w4 ,k47 #cg #aj4 ,facade ( ,s>no lime/one1 h\se ( ! ,surgeon4 ,f a photograph #ci #aa4 ,quasi-reticulate fac+1 ) brick corn]1 at ! entrance ( ! ,small ,!atre4 ,f a photograph #db #ab4 ,reticulate fac+1 ) corn]s ( brick-%ap$ /one 7,i4 iii4 #bi74 ,f a photograph 7,f4 ,w4 ,k47 #dc #ac4 ,nor? end ( ! ,=um1 ) ! temple ( ,jupit]1 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+#a #di #ad4 ,remnant ( ! colonnade ( ,popidius1 at ! s\? end ( ! ,=um4 ,f a photograph 7,a4 ,m47 #ea #ae4 ,"p ( ! new colonnade1 ne> ! s\?we/ corn] ( ! ,=um4 ,f a photograph 7,a4 ,m47 #ec #af4 ,sc5e 9 ! ,=um--a deal] 9 ut5sils1 & a %oemak]4 ,wall pa9t+4 ,naples ,museum4 ,aft] ,pitture di ,ercolano1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pl4 #db #ee #ag4 ,sc5e 9 ! ,=um--citiz5s read+ a public notice4 ,wall pa9t+4 ,naples ,museum4 ,aft] ,pitture di ,ercolano1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pl4 #dc #ef #ah4 ,plan ( ! temple ( ,jupit] #fc #ai4 ,ru9s ( ! temple ( ,jupit]4 ,f a photograph #fd #bj4 ,section ( wall decoration 9 ! cella ( ! temple ( ,jupit]4 ,aft] ,mazois1 ,les ,ru9es de ,pompei1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pl4 #cf 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,pompeji1 ,fig4 #df7 #fe #ba4 ,bu/ ( ,zeus f\nd at ,otricoli4 ,vatican ,museum4 ,aft] ,tafel #acj ( ! ,brunn-,bruckmann ,d5kmael] #fh #bb4 ,bu/ ( ,jupit] f\nd at ,pompeii4 ,naples ,museum4 ,f a photograph #fi #bc4 ,plan ( ! ,basilica #ga #bd4 ,view ( ! ,basilica1 look+ t[>d ! tribunal4 ,f a photograph #gc #be4 ,ext]ior ( ! ,basilica1 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+ #ge #bf4 ,int]ior ( ! ,basilica1 look+ t[>d ! tribunal1 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+ #gf #bg4 ,front ( ! tribunal ( ! ,basilica4 ,plan & elevation4 ,f an orig9al draw+ #gg #bh4 ,corn] ( mosaic floor1 cella ( ! temple ( ,apollo4 ,aft] ,mazois1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #bc 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #ej7 #hj #bi4 ,plan ( ! temple ( ,apollo #ha #cj4 ,view ( ! temple ( ,apollo1 look+ t[>d ,vesuvius4 ,f a photograph #hc #ca4 ,section ( ! entablature ( ! temple ( ,apollo1 %[+ ! orig9al =m & ! re/oration aft] ! e>?quake ( #fc4 ,aft] ,mazois1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #ba 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #bfd7 #hd #cb4 ,temple ( ,apollo1 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+ #hf #cc4 ,plan ( ! build+s at ! nor?we/ corn] ( ! ,=um #ia #cd4 ,table ( ,/&>d ,measures4 ,aft] ,mazois1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pl4 #dj 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #bc7 #ic #ce4 ,plan ( ! ,macellum #id #cf4 ,view ( ! ,macellum4 ,f a photograph #ie #cg4 ,! ,macellum1 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+ #ig #ch4 ,/atue ( ,octavia1 si/] ( ,augu/us1 f\nd 9 ! *apel ( ! ,macellum4 ,naples ,museum4 ,f a photograph #ih #ci4 ,/atue ( ,m>cellus1 son ( ,octavia1 f\nd 9 ! *apel ( ! ,macellum4 ,naples ,museum4 ,f a photograph #aja #dj4 ,plan ( ! sanctu>y ( ! ,city ,l>es #ajb #da4 ,sanctu>y ( ! ,city ,l>es1 look+ t[>d ! re>1 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+499 7,cf4 ,roem4 ,mit?41 #ahif1 p4 #bhh7 #ajc #db4 ,nor? side ( ! sanctu>y ( ! ,city ,l>es1 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+499 7,cf4 ,roem4 ,mit?41 #ahif1 p4 #bhi7 #ajd #dc4 ,plan ( ! temple ( ,vespasian #ajf #dd4 ,front ( ! alt> 9 ! c\rt ( ! temple ( ,vespasian4 ,f a photograph #ajg #de4 ,view ( ! temple ( ,vespasian4 ,f a photograph #ajh #df4 ,! temple ( ,vespasian1 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+499 7,cf4 ,roem4 ,mit?41 #aijj1 p4 #acc7 #aji #dg4 ,plan ( ! build+ ( ,euma*ia #aaj #dh4 ,build+ ( ,euma*ia--front ( ! c\rt1 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+ #aad #di4 ,build+ ( ,euma*ia--re> ( ! c\rt1 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+ #aaf #ej4 ,f\nta9 ( ,concordia ,augu/a4 ,f a photograph 7,f4 ,w4 ,k47 #aag #ea4 ,plan ( ! ,comitium #aai #eb4 ,plan ( ! ,municipal ,build+s #aba #ec4 ,view ( ! s\? end ( ! ,=um4 ,f a photograph 7,a4 ,m47 #abb #ed4 ,plan ( ! ru9s ( ! temple ( ,v5us ,pompeiana99 #abe #ee4 ,view ( ! ru9s ( ! temple ( ,v5us ,pompeiana4 ,f a photograph #abf #ef4 ,plan ( ! temple ( ,v5us ,pompeiana1 re/or$99 #abh #eg4 ,plan ( ! temple ( ,=tuna ,augu/a99 #acj #eh4 ,temple ( ,=tuna ,augu/a1 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+ #aca #ei4 ,temple ( ,=tuna ,augu/a--re> ( ! cella ) ! /atue ( ! goddess1 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+499 7,cf4 ,roem4 ,mit?41 #ahif1 p4 #bhj7 #acb #fj4 ,portico at ! entrance ( ! ,=um ,triangul>e4 ,f a photograph #ace #fa4 ,view ( ! ,=um ,triangul>e1 look+ t[>d ,vesuvius4 ,f a photograph #acf #fb4 ,plan ( ! ,doric temple 9 ! ,=um ,triangul>e #acg #fc4 ,! ,doric temple1 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+ #ach #fd4 ,plan ( ! ,l>ge ,!atre #adc #fe4 ,view ( ! ,l>ge ,!atre4 ,f a photograph #ade #ff4 ,plan ( ! ,small ,!atre #aec #fg4 ,view ( ! ,small ,!atre4 ,f a photograph #aed #fh4 ,section ( a seat 9 ! ,small ,!atre4 ,aft] ,mazois1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #bi 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #aja7 #aee #fi4 ,a t]m9al ,atlas f ! ,small ,!atre4 ,aft] ,mazois1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #bi 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #ajj7 #aef #gj4 ,ornam5t at ! ends ( ! p>apet 9 ! ,small ,!atre--lion's foot4 ,aft] ,mazois1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #bi 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #ii7 #aef #ga4 ,plan ( ! ,!atre ,colonnade1 %[+ its relation to ! two !atres #aeg #gb4 ,a gladiator's greave4 ,naples ,museum4 ,f a photograph #afb #gc4 ,a gladiator's helmet4 ,naples ,museum4 ,f a photograph #afc #gd4 ,rema9s ( /ocks f\nd 9 ! gu>d-room ( ! b>racks4 ,naples ,museum4 ,f a photograph #afc #ge4 ,plan ( ! ,palae/ra #afe #gf4 ,view ( ! ,palae/ra1 ) ! p$e/al1 table1 & /eps4 ,f a photograph #aff #gg4 ,doryphorus4 ,/atue f\nd 9 ! ,palae/ra4 ,naples ,museum4 ,f a photograph #afg #gh4 ,plan ( ! temple ( ,isis #agj #gi4 ,view ( ! temple ( ,isis4 ,f a photograph #agb #hj4 ,! temple ( ,isis1 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+ #agc #ha4 ,sc5e f ! wor%ip ( ,isis--! adoration ( ! holy wat]4 ,wall pa9t+ f ,h]culaneum4 ,naples ,museum4 ,draw+1 aft] a photograph #agg #hb4 ,temple ( ,isis4 ,"p ( ! facade ( ! ,purgatorium4 ,aft] ,mazois1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #aa1 & ,piranesi1 ,antiquites de ,pompei ,vol4 ,,ii1 pl4 #fe #agi #hc4 ,decoration ( ! ea/ side ( ! ,purgatorium--,p]seus & ,&rom$a1 float+ ,cupids4 ,/ucco reliefs4 ,aft] ,mazois1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #aj #ahj #hd4 ,plan ( ! temple ( ,zeus ,mili*ius #ahc #he4 ,capital ( a pila/] ( ! temple1 ) ! face ( ,zeus ,mili*ius4 ,aft] ,mazois1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #f 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #fb7 #ahd #hf4 ,plan ( ! ,/abian ,ba?s #aij #hg4 ,/abian ,ba?s--int]ior ( ,frigid>ium4 ,draw+1 ) indebt$ness to ,niccol9i1 ,le ,case ed i ,monum5ti di ,pompei1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,t]me presso la porta /abiana1 pl4 #g #aia #hh4 ,ba? bas9 9 ! wom5's cald>ium--longitud9al & transv]se sections1 %[+ arrangem5ts = heat+4 ,draw+1 ) indebt$ness to von ,duhn und ,jacobi1 ,d] grie*is*e ,tempel 9 ,pompeji1 pl4 ,,ix #aid #hi4 ,colonnade ( ! ,/abian ,ba?s--capital ) section ( entablature4 ,draw+ #aih #ij4 ,s\?we/ corn] ( ! palae/ra ( ! ,/abian ,ba?s1 %[+ "p ( ! colonnade & wall decorat$ ) /ucco reliefs4 ,f a photograph #aii #ia4 ,plan ( ! ,ba?s ne> ! ,=um #bjb #ib4 ,ba?s ne> ! ,=um--,int]ior ( m5's tepid>ium4 ,f a photograph #bjd #ic4 ,ba?s ne> ! ,=um--,longitud9al section ( ! m5's cald>ium4 ,draw+1 aft] ,gell1 ,pompeiana1 edit4 ( #ahcg1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pl4 #cc1 fac+ p4 #ia #bje #id4 ,plan ( ! ,c5tral ,ba?s #bji #ie4 ,view ( ! ,c5tral ,ba?s1 look+ f ! ,palae/ra into ! tepid>ium4 ,f a photograph 7,f4 ,w4 ,k47 #baj #if4 ,! ,amphi!atre1 se5 f ! we/ side4 ,f a photograph #bac #ig4 ,prep>ations = ! combat4 ,wall pa9t+ 7no long] visible7 9 ! ,amphi!atre4 ,aft] ,mazois1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #dh 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #ajg7 #bad #ih4 ,plan ( ! ,amphi!atre #bae #ii4 ,transv]se section ( ! ,amphi!atre4 ,aft] ,mazois1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #df 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #ajd7 #bag #ajj4 ,plan ( ! gall]y ( ! ,amphi!atre #bah #aja4 ,conflict betwe5 ! ,pompeians & ! ,nuc]ians4 ,wall pa9t+4 ,naples ,museum4 ,aft] ,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #c #bba #ajb4 ,view ( ,abbondanza ,/reet1 look+ ea/4 ,f a photograph #bbg #ajc4 ,f\nta91 wat] t[]1 & /reet %r9e1 corn] ( ,/abian & ,nola /reets4 ,f a photograph 7,f4 ,w4 ,k47 #bca #ajd4 ,plan ( ! res]voir we/ ( ! ,ba?s ne> ! ,=um #bcb #aje4 ,anci5t alt> 9 new wall--s\!a/ corn] ( ! ,c5tral ,ba?s4 ,f a photograph 7,f4 ,w4 ,k47 #bcd #ajf4 ,plan ( a *apel ( ! ,l>es ,compitales 7,,viii4 iv4 #bd7 #bce #ajg4 ,l>ge /reet alt> 7,,viii4 ii4 #be74 ,f a photograph 7,f4 ,w4 ,k47 #bcf #ajh4 ,plan ( a section ( ! city wall1 ) a t[] & ) /airs lead+ to ! top4 ,aft] ,mazois1 ,vol4 ,i4 pl4 #ab 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #g7 #bch #aji4 ,view ( ! city wall1 inside4 ,f a photograph #bci #aaj4 ,t[] ( ! city wall1 re/or$4 ,aft] ,mazois1 ,vol4 ,i1 pl4 #ac 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #h7 #bda #aaa4 ,plan ( ! ,/abian ,gate #bdb #aab4 ,plan ( ! ,h]culaneum ,gate #bdc #aac4 ,view ( ! ,h]culaneum ,gate1 look+ d[n ! ,/reet ( ,tombs4 ,f a photograph #bdd #aad4 ,e>ly ,pompeian h\se1 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+ #bdf #aae4 ,plan ( a ,pompeian h\se #bdg #aaf4 ,plan & section ( ! ve/ibule1 ?re%old1 & fauces ( ! h\se ( ,pansa4 ,aft] ,ivan(f1 ,mon4 dell' ,in/41 ,vol4 ,,vi1 pl4 #bh1 #c 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #acf7 #bdi #aag4 ,a ,tuscan atrium--plan ( ! ro(4 ,aft] ,mazois1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pl4 #c 7,ov]beck ,mau1 ,fig4 #aci7 #bea #aah4 ,a ,tuscan atrium--section4 ,aft] ,mazois1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pl4 #c 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #adj7 #beb #aai4 ,corn] ( a compluvium ) wat]sp\ts & antefixes1 recon/ruct$4 7,recon/ruction1 ,ins4 ,,vii4 iv4 #af47 ,aft] ,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #adc #bec #abj4 ,a ,pompeian's /rong box1 arca4 ,naples ,museum4 ,f photograph #bee #aba4 ,atrium ( ! h\se ( ,cornelius ,rufus1 look+ ?r\gh ! tabl9um & &ron into ! p]i/yle4 ,f a photograph #bef #abb4 ,end ( a b$room 9 ! h\se ( ! ,c5taur1 decorat$ 9 ! fir/ /yle4 ,f an orig9al draw+ #bfb #abc4 ,plan ( a d9+ room ) ?ree c\*es #bfc #abd4 ,plan ( a d9+ room ) an ant]oom conta9+ an alt> = libations 7,,viii4 v4-vi4 #af7 #bfd #abe4 ,he>? ( ! kit*5 9 ! h\se ( ! ,vettii4 ,f a draw+ #bfg #abf4 ,ni*e = ! images ( ! h\sehold gods1 9 a corn] ( ! kit*5 9 ! h\se ( ,apollo4 ,f a photograph 7,f4 ,w4 ,k47 #bfi #abg4 ,%r9e 9 ! h\se ( ! ,vettii4 ,f a photograph #bga #abh4 ,int]ior ( a h\se 7,,vii4 xv4 #h7 ) a second /ory d9+ room op5+ on ! atrium1 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+ #bgd #abi4 ,longitud9al section ( ! h\se ) a second /ory d9+ room 7,,vii4 xv4 #h7 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+ #bge #acj4 ,plan ( a ,pompeian %op4 ,aft] ,mazois1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pl4 #h 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #ahb7 #bgf #aca4 ,a %op = ! sale ( edibles1 re/or$4 ,aft] ,mazois1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pl4 #h 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #ahc7 #bgg #acb4 ,plan ( ! h\se ( ! ,surgeon #bhj #acc4 ,a "y woman pa9t+ a h]m4 ,wall pa9t+ f ! h\se ( ! ,surgeon4 ,naples ,museum4 ,aft] ,pitture di ,ercolano1 ,vol4 ,v1 pl4 #a #bhb #acd4 ,plan ( ! h\se ( ,sallu/4 ,aft] ,mazois1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pl4 #ce 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #afe7 #bhd #ace4 ,atrium ( ! h\se ( ,sallu/1 look+ ?r\gh ! tabl9um & colonnade at ! re> into ! g>d51 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+ #bhf #acf4 ,longitud9al section ( ! h\se ( ,sallu/1 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+ #bhg #acg4 ,plan ( ! h\se ( ! ,faun #bhh #ach4 ,"p ( ! cornice ov] ! l>ge front door ( ! h\se ( ! ,faun4 ,f an orig9al draw+ #bhi #aci4 ,facade ( ! h\se ( ! ,faun1 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+ #bij #adj4 ,bord] ( mosaic ) tragic masks1 fruits1 fl[]s1 & g>l&s1 at ! inn] end ( ! fauces1 h\se ( ! ,faun4 ,naples ,museum4 ,aft] ,museo ,borb41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #ad 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #cae7 #bij #ada4 ,longitud9al section ( ! h\se ( ! ,faun1 %[+ ! l>ge atrium1 ! fir/ p]i/yle1 & a corn] ( ! second p]i/yle1 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+ #bib #adb4 ,detail f ! mosaic repres5t+ ! battle betwe5 ,alex&] & ,d>ius4 ,f a photograph #bid #adc4 ,transv]se section ( ! h\se ( ! ,faun1 %[+ ! two atriums ) adjo9+ rooms1 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+ #bif #add4 ,plan ( a h\se ne> ! ,porta ,m>9a 7,,vi4 ,,ins4 ,,occid4 #ac7 #bih #ade4 ,longitud9al section ( ! h\se ne> ! ,porta ,m>9a1 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+ #bii #adf4 ,plan ( ! h\se ( ! ,silv] ,w$d+ #cjb #adg4 ,longitud9al section ( ! h\se ( ! ,silv] ,w$d+1 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+ #cjd #adh4 ,transv]se section ( ! h\se ( ! ,silv] ,w$d+1 z x 0 be=e #fc4 ,f an orig9al draw+ #cjg #adi4 ,plan ( ! h\se ( ,epidius ,rufus #caj #aej4 ,facade ( ! h\se ( ,epidius ,rufus1 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+ #caa #aea4 ,transv]se section ( ! h\se ( ,epidius ,rufus4 ,f an orig9al draw+ #cab #aeb4 ,plan ( ! h\se ( ! ,tragic ,poet #cac #aec4 ,view ( ! h\se ( ! ,tragic ,poet1 look+ f ! middle ( ! atrium t[>d ! re>4 ,f a photograph #cad #aed4 ,longitud9al section ( ! h\se ( ! ,tragic ,poet1 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+ #caf #aee4 ,! deliv]y ( ,briseis to ! mess5g] ( ,agamemnon4 ,wall pa9t+ f ! h\se ( ! ,tragic ,poet4 ,naples ,museum4 ,aft] ,museo ,borb41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pl4 #eh 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #caa7 #cag #aef4 ,! sacrifice ( ,iphig5ia4 ,wall pa9t+ f ! h\se ( ! ,tragic ,poet4 ,naples ,museum4 ,f a photograph #cai #aeg4 ,ext]ior ( ! h\se ( ! ,vettii1 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+499 7,cf4 ,roem4 ,mit?41 #ahif1 p4 #d7 #cba #aeh4 ,plan ( ! h\se ( ! ,vettii99 #cbb #aei4 ,longitud9al section ( ! h\se ( ! ,vettii1 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+499 7,cf4 ,roem4 ,mit?41 #ahif1 pl4 #a7 #cbd #afj4 ,transv]se section ( ! h\se ( ,vettii1 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+499 7,cf4 ,roem4 ,mit?41 #ahif1 pl4 #b7 #cbd #afa4 ,base1 capital1 & section ( entablature f ! colonnade ( ! p]i/yle 9 ! h\se ( ! ,vettii4 ,f a draw+499 7,cf4 ,roem4 ,mit?41 #ahif1 p4 #ca7 #cbf #afb4 ,view ( ! p]i/yle ( ! h\se ( ! ,vettii1 look+ t[>d ! s\? end4 ,f a photograph #cbg #afc4 ,sy/em ( wall division 9 ! l>ge room op5+ on ! p]i/yle ( ! h\se ( ! ,vettii #cbi #afd4 ,psy*es ga!r+ fl[]s4 ,wall pa9t+ 9 ! h\se ( ! ,vettii4 ,f a photograph #ccj #afe4 ,cupids z mak]s & sell]s ( oil4 ,wall pa9t+ 9 ! h\se ( ! ,vettii4 ,f a photograph #ccb #aff4 ,press = olives4 ,f a wall pa9t+ f\nd at ,h]culaneum4 ,naples ,museum4 ,draw+ aft] ,pitture di ,ercolano1 ,vol4 ,i1 pl4 #ce #ccc #afg4 ,cupids z goldsmi?s4 ,wall pa9t+ 9 ! h\se ( ! ,vettii4 ,f a photograph #ccd #afh4 ,cupids ga!r+ & press+ grapes4 ,wall pa9t+ 9 ! h\se ( ! ,vettii4 ,f a draw+499 7,cf4 ,roem4 ,mit?41 #ahif1 p4 #ha7 #ccf #afi4 ,cupids z w9e deal]s4 ,wall pa9t+ 9 ! h\se ( ! ,vettii4 ,f a photograph #ccg #agj4 ,cupids celebrat+ ! fe/ival ( ,ve/a4 ,wall pa9t+ 9 ! h\se ( ! ,vettii4 ,f a draw+499 7,cf4 ,roem4 ,mit?41 #ahif1 p4 #hj7 #cch #aga4 ,! puni%m5t ( ,ixion4 ,wall pa9t+ 9 ! h\se ( ! ,vettii4 ,f a photograph #cdj #agb4 ,plan ( ! h\se ( ,acceptus & ,euhodia 7,,viii4 v4-vi4 #ci7 #cda #agc4 ,longitud9al section ( ! h\se ( ,acceptus & ,euhodia1 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+ #cdb #agd4 ,plan ( a h\se )\t a compluvium99 7,v4 v4 #b7 #cdc #age4 ,transv]se section ( ! h\se )\t a compluvium1 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+499 7,cf4 ,roem4 ,mit?41 #ahie1 p4 #adh7 #cdd #agf4 ,plan ( ! h\se ( ! ,emp]or ,joseph ,,ii 7,,viii4 ii4 #ci7 #cde #agg4 ,bake room ( ! h\se ( ! ,emp]or ,joseph ,,ii1 at ! "t ( excavation4 ,aft] ,mazois1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pl4 #cd 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #d7 #cdf #agh4 ,capital ( a pila/] at ! entrance ( ! h\se ( ! ,sculptur$ ,capitals 7,,vii4 iv4 #eg74 ,f a photograph #cdi #agi4 ,plan ( ! h\se ( ,pansa 7,,vi4 vi4 #a7 #cej #ahj4 ,section %[+ a "p ( ! p]i/yle ( ! h\se ( ! ,an*or 7,,vi4 x4 #g71 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+ #cea #aha4 ,plan ( ! h\se ( ! ,ci?>i/ 7,i4 iv4 #e7 #ceb #ahb4 ,ore/es & ,pylades be=e ,?oas4 ,wall pa9t+ f ! h\se ( ! ,ci?>i/4 ,naples ,museum4 ,f a photograph #cec #ahc4 ,plan ( ! villa ( ,diom$es #cef #ahd4 ,longitud9al section ( ! villa ( ,diom$es1 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+1 9 "p bas$ on ,ivan(f1 ,ar*itektonis*e ,/udi51 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pl4 #e1 #f #ceh #ahe4 ,hot-wat] tank & res]voir = supply+ ! ba? 9 ! ,villa ,ru/ica at ,boscoreale4 ,museo de ,prisco1 ,pompeii4 ,f a draw+499 7,cf4 ,roem4 ,mit?41 #ahid1 p4 #cec7 #cfb #ahf4 ,olive cru%] f\nd 9 ! ,villa ,ru/ica at ,boscoreale4 ,museo de ,prisco4 ,f a photograph #cfe #ahg4 ,silv] pat]a1 ) a repres5tation ( ! city ( ,alex&ria4 ,boscoreale treasure1 ,l\vre4 ,aft] ,h4 de ,villefosse4 ,le tresor de ,boscoreale1 pl4 #a #cff #ahh4 ,d9+ c\* ) bronze m\nt+s1 ! wood5 frame be+ re/or$4 ,naples ,museum4 ,aft] ,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #bbh #cfg #ahi4 ,r\nd m>ble table4 ,naples ,museum4 ,aft] ,museo ,borb41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #ef 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #bbi7 #cfh #aij4 ,c>v$ table leg1 f\nd 9 ! second p]i/yle ( ! h\se ( ! ,faun4 ,naples ,museum4 ,aft] ,museo ,borb41 ,vol4 ,,ix1 pl4 #dc 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #bbi7 #cfh #aia4 ,bronze /& ) an ornam5tal rim ar\nd ! top4 ,naples ,museum4 ,f a photograph #cfi #aib4 ,lamps ( ! simple/ =m1 ) "o nozzle4 ,naples ,museum4 ,aft] ,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #bca #cgj #aic4 ,lamps ) two nozzles4 ,naples ,museum4 ,aft] ,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #bca #cgj #aid4 ,lamps ) m ?an two nozzles4 ,naples ,museum4 ,aft] ,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #bca #cgj #aie4 ,bronze lamps ) ornam5tal cov]s atta*$ to a *a94 ,naples ,museum4 ,aft] ,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #bca #cga #aif4 ,bronze lamps ) cov]s ornam5t$ ) figures4 ,naples ,museum4 ,aft] ,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #bca #cga #aig4 ,?ree hang+ lamps4 ,naples ,museum4 ,aft] ,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #bca #cgb #aih4 ,a nurs+-bottle1 bib]on4 ,naples ,museum4 ,aft] ,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #bca #cgb #aii4 ,lamp /&>d ( bronze4 ,naples ,museum4 ,aft] ,museo ,borb41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #eg 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #bcd7 #cgc #bjj4 ,lamp hold] = a h& lamp4 ,naples ,museum4 ,aft] ,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #bcc #cgd #bja4 ,lamp hold] = hang+ lamps4 ,naples ,museum4 ,aft] ,museo ,borb41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pl4 #ac 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #bcc7 #cgd #bjb4 ,lamp hold] 9 ! =m ( a tree trunk4 ,naples ,museum4 ,aft] ,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #bcc #cgd #bjc4 ,lamp /&4 ,naples ,museum4 ,f a photograph #cgd #bjd4 ,bronze ut5sils4 ,naples ,museum4 ,aft] ,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #bda1 & ,museo ,borb4 #cge #bje4 ,mix+ b[l1 ( bronze1 9 "p inlaid ) silv]4 ,naples ,museum4 ,aft] ,museo ,borb41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pl4 #cb 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #bdh7 #cgf #bjf4 ,wat] heat] = ! table1 view & section4 ,naples ,museum4 ,aft] ,museo ,borb41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pl4 #fc 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #bdj7 #cgf #bjg4 ,wat] heat] 9 ! =m ( a brazi]4 ,naples ,museum4 ,aft] ,museo ,borb41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pl4 #df 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #bch7 #cgg #bjh4 ,wat] heat] 9 ! =m ( a brazi]1 repres5t+ a dim9utive =tress4 ,naples ,museum4 ,aft] ,museo ,borb41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pl4 #df 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #bch7 #cgg #bji4 ,appliances = ! ba?4 ,aft] ,museo ,borb41 ,vol4 ,,vii1 pl4 #af 7,ov]beck ,mau1 ,fig4 #bea7 #cgg #baj4 ,combs4 ,aft] ,museo ,borb41 ,vol4 ,,ix1 pl4 #ae 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #beb7 #cgg #baa4 ,hairp9s1 ) two small ivory toilet boxes4 ,aft] ,museo ,borb41 ,vol4 ,,ix1 pls4 #ad1 #ae 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #beb7 #cgh #bab4 ,glass box = cosmetics4 ,aft] ,museo ,borb41 ,vol4 ,,ix1 pl4 #ae 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #beb7 #cgh #bac4 ,h& mirrors4 ,aft] ,museo ,borb41 ,vol4 ,,ix1 pl4 #ad 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #beb7 #cgh #bad4 ,gr\p ( toilet articles4 ,aft] ,museo ,borb41 ,vol4 ,,ix1 pl4 #ae 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #beb7 #cgh #bae4 ,gold arm b&4 ,aft] ,museo ,borb41 ,vol4 ,,vii1 pl4 #df 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #cah7 #cgi #baf a-d4 ,silv] cups4 ,naples ,museum4 ,aft] ,museo ,borb41 ,vol4 ,,xi1 pl4 #de2 ,vol4 ,,xiii1 pl4 #di2 ,ov]beck-,mau1 pl4 fac+ p4 #fbd #cgi #baf e4 ,detail ( cup ) c5taurs #chj #bag4 ,silv] cup4 ,boscoreale treasure1 ,l\vre4 ,aft] ,h4 de ,villefosse1 ,le tresor de ,boscoreale1 pl4 #h #chb #bah4 ,ru9s ( a bak]y1 ) mill/ones 7,,vii4 ii4 #bb74 ,f a photograph #chf #bai4 ,plan ( a bak]y 7,,vi4 iii4 #c7 #chh #bbj4 ,a ,pompeian mill1 )\t ! framework #chi #bba4 ,section ( a mill1 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+ #chi #bbb4 ,a mill 9 op]ation4 ,relief 9 ! ,vatican ,museum4 ,aft] ,b]4 d] ,sae*s4 ,gesells*aft1 #ahfa1 pl4 xii4 #b #cij #bbc4 ,section ( a bake ov5 7,,vi4 iii4 #c74 ,aft] ,mazois1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pl4 #ah 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #aib7 #cia #bbd4 ,knead+ ma*9e1 re/or$ 7,,vi4 xiv4 #ce74 ,f an orig9al draw+ #cia #bbe4 ,sc5e 9 a full]y--tread+ vats4 ,wall pa9t+4 ,naples ,museum4 ,aft] ,museo ,borb41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #di 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #aie7 #cid #bbf4 ,sc5e 9 a full]y--inspection ( clo?1 c>d+1 blea*+ frame4 ,wall pa9t+4 ,naples ,museum4 ,aft] ,museo ,borb41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #di 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #aid7 #cid #bbg4 ,a full]'s press4 ,wall pa9t+4 ,naples ,museum4 ,aft] ,museo ,borb41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #ej 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #aif7 #cie #bbh4 ,plan ( a full]y 7,,vi4 xiv4 #bb7 #cif #bbi4 ,plan ( ! vat room ( ! tann]y 7,i4 v4 #b7 #cih #bcj4 ,mosaic top ( ! table 9 ! g>d5 ( ! tann]y4 ,naples ,museum4 ,f a photograph #cii #bca4 ,plan ( an inn 7,,vii4 xii4 #ce7 #dja #bcb4 ,plan ( ! inn ( ,h]mes 7,i4 i4 #h7 #djb #bcc4 ,plan ( a w9e%op 7,,vi4 x4 #a7 #djb #bcd4 ,sc5e 9 a w9e%op4 ,wall pa9t+ 7,,vi4 x4 #a74 ,aft] ,museo ,borb41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 ,a #djc #bce4 ,deliv]y ( w9e4 ,wall pa9t+ 7,,vi4 x4 #a74 ,aft] ,museo ,borb41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 ,a #djc #bcf4 ,sepul*ral b5*es ( ,veius & ,mamia2 tombs ( ,porcius & ! ,i/acidii4 ,f a photograph 7,a4 ,m47 #dji #bcg4 ,! tomb ( ! ,i/acidii1 re/or$4 ,f an orig9al draw+ #daa #bch4 ,view ( ! ,/reet ( ,tombs4 ,f a photograph #dad #bci4 ,glass vase1 ) v9tage sc5e1 f\nd 9 ! tomb ( ! ,blue ,glass ,vase4 ,naples ,museum4 ,f a photograph #daf #bdj4 ,bu/ /one ( ,ty*e1 slave ( ,julia ,augu/a4 ,aft] ,mazois1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ca 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #bbc71 ) ! correction 9 ! spell+ ( ! "n ,,ty*e #dah #bda4 ,relief1 symbolic ( grief = ! dead4 ,aft] ,mazois1 ,vol4 ,i1 pl4 #bi 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #bba7 #dba #bdb4 ,front ( ! tomb ( ,calv5tius ,quietus1 ) bisellium4 ,f a photograph #dbb #bdc4 ,end ( ! tomb ( ,naevoleia ,ty*e1 ) relief repres5t+ a %ip ent]+ port4 ,f a photograph #dbc #bdd4 ,c9]>y urn 9 a lead case4 ,aft] ,mazois1 ,vol4 ,i4 pl4 #bb 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #bac7 #dbd #bde4 ,sepul*ral enclosure1 ) tricl9ium funebre4 ,aft] ,mazois1 ,vol4 ,i1 pl4 #bj 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #baj7 #dbe #bdf4 ,plan ( ! tombs ea/ ( ! ,amphi!atre99 #dca #bdg4 ,view ( two tombs ea/ ( ! ,amphi!atre4 ,f a photograph 7,f4 ,w4 ,k47 #dcb #bdh4 ,view ( o!r tombs ea/ ( ! ,amphi!atre4 ,f a photograph 7,f4 ,w4 ,k47 #dcd #bdi4 ,f\r-fac$ ,ionic capital4 ,portico ( ! ,=um ,triangul>e4 ,aft] ,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #bgb #dci #bej4 ,capital ( pila/]4 ,casa del duca d',aumale4 ,aft] ,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #bgd #dci #bea4 ,alt> 9 ! c\rt ( ! temple ( ,zeus ,mili*ius4 ,aft] ,mazois1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pl4 #f 7,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #fc7 #ddj #beb4 ,capitals ( columns1 %[+ v>iations f typical =ms4 ,aft] ,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #bgd #ddb #bec4 ,capital ( pila/]1 modifi$ ,cor9?ian type4 ,aft] ,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #bgd #ddc #bed4 ,capitals ( pila/]s1 %[+ free adaptation ( ! ,cor9?ian type4 ,aft] ,ov]beck-,mau1 ,fig4 #bgd #ddc #bee4 ,/atue ( ! prie/ess ,euma*ia4 ,naples ,museum4 ,f a photograph #ddf #bef4 ,portrait h]m ( ,caecilius ,jucundus4 ,naples ,museum4 ,f a photograph #ddg #beg4 ,d\ble bu/1 ,bac*us & a bac*ante4 ,g>d5 ( ! h\se ( ! ,vettii4 ,f a photograph #ddh #beh4 ,danc+ ,satyr4 ,bronze /atuette f\nd 9 ! h\se ( ! ,faun4 ,naples ,museum4 ,f a photograph #dea #bei4 ,li/5+ ,dionysus1 wrongly id5tifi$ z ,n>cissus4 ,bronze /atuette 9 ! ,naples ,museum4 ,f a photograph #deb #bfj4 ,bronze y\?1 f\nd 9 ,novemb]1 #aijj4 ,naples ,museum4 ,f a photograph #ded #bfa4 ,wall decoration 9 ! atrium ( ! h\se ( ,sallu/4 ,fir/ or ,incru/ation ,/yle4 ,aft] ,tafel ,,ii ( ,mau's ,ges*i*te d] decorativ5 ,w&mal]ei 9 ,pompeji #dfj #bfb4 ,di/ribution ( colors 9 ! section ( wall repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bfa #dfa #bfc4 ,specim5 ( wall decoration 9 ! h\se ( ,spurius ,mesor 7,,vii4 iii4 #bi74 ,?ird or ,ornate /yle4 ,aft] ,tafel ,,xii ( ,mau's ,w&mal]ei #dff #bfd4 ,detail ( wall decoration4 ,f\r? /yle4 ,naples ,museum4 ,aft] ,pitture di ,ercolano1 ,vol4 ,,iv4 pl4 #eg #dfh #bfe4 ,specim5 ( wall decoration4 ,f\r? /yle4 ,f a copy 9 ! ,naples ,museum 7%[+ decoration t has disappe>$7 #dfi #bff4 ,a fruit piece1 ,x5ion4 ,wall pa9t+4 ,naples ,museum4 ,aft] ,pitture di ,ercolano1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pl4 #eh #dgd #bfg4 ,a l&scape4 ,wall pa9t+4 ,naples ,museum4 ,aft] ,pitture di ,ercolano1 ,vol4 ,v1 p4 #adi #dge #bfh4 ,a gr\p ( wom51 "o ( :om is s\nd+ two-/r+$ in/rum5ts4 ,wall pa9t+4 ,naples ,museum4 ,f a photograph #dgf #bfi4 ,paquius ,proculus & 8 wife4 ,wall pa9t+4 ,naples ,museum4 ,f a photograph #dgg #bgj4 ,! grief ( ,hecuba4 ,fragm5t ( a wall pa9t+4 ,h\se ( ,caecilius ,jucundus4 ,aft] ,ann4 dell' ,in/41 #ahgg1 ,tafel ,p #dgi #bga4 ,a!na's pipes & ! fate ( ,m>syas4 ,wall pa9t+ 7,v4 ii4 #aj74 ,naples ,museum4 ,f a draw+499 7,cf4 ,roem4 ,mit?41 #ahij1 p4 #bfg7 #dhb #bgb4 ,! fall ( ,ic>us4 ,wall pa9t+ 7,v4 ii4 #aj74 ,f a draw+499 7,cf4 ,roem4 ,mit?41 #ahij1 p4 #bfd7 #dhc #bgc4 ,zeus & ,h]a on ,mt4 ,ida4 ,wall pa9t+ f ! h\se ( ! ,tragic ,poet4 ,naples ,museum4 ,f a photograph #dhd #bgd4 ,tablet ) ?ree leaves1 op5$ s z to %[ ! receipt & "p ( ! memor&um1 re/or$4 ,aft] ,ov]beck-,mau1 pl4 fac+ p4 #dhi #ejj #bge4 ,tablet re/or$1 ) ! two leaves conta9+ ! receipt ti$ & seal$4 ,aft] ,ov]beck-,mau1 pl4 fac+ p4 #dhi #eja ,,footnote3 #a ,! orig9al draw+s are bas$ ^u sket*es by ,pr(essor ,mau4 ,! draw+s m>k$ ) an a/]isk are 9 ! collection ( ! ,g]man ,ar*aeological ,in/itute 9 ,rome4 ,,introduction ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,situation ,,( ,,pompeii ,f ,gaeta1 :]e ! s\? end ( ! ,volscian range bord]s abruptly ^u ! sea1 to ! p59sula ( ,sorr5to1 a broad gulf /ret*$ 9 remote ages1 cutt+ its way f> into ! l&4 ,its waves da%$ ^u ! base ( ! m\nta9s :i* n[1 ris+ ) /eep slope1 m>k ! ea/]n b\nd>y ( ! ,campanian ,pla9--,mt4 ,tifata above ,capua1 ,mt4 ,taburno back ( ,nola1 & ly+ across ! s\!a/ corn]1 ! huge mass ( ,monte ,sant' ,angelo1 ^: %>ply def9$ l9e ( elevation is cont9u$ 9 ! heights ( ,sorr5to4 ,?is gulf 0 trans=m$ by volcanic ag5cies into a f]tile pla94 ,"h two fissures 9 ! e>?'s cru/ cross ea* o!r1 ea* m>k$ by a s]ies ( ext9ct or active volcanoes4 ,"o fissure runs 9 ! direction ( ! ,italian ,p59sula2 along x lie ,monti ,b]ici ne> ,vic5za1 ,mt4 ,amiata bel[ ,*iusi1 ! lakes ( ,bols5a & ,bracciano fill+ ext9ct crat]s1 ! ,alban ,m\nta9s1 & f9ally ,/romboli & ,aetna4 ,! o!r runs f ea/ to we/2 its direction is indicat$ by ,mt4 ,vulture ne> ,v5osa1 ,mt4 ,epomeo on ! isl& ( ,is*ia1 & ! ,ponza ,isl&s4 ,at ?ree places 9 ! old sea bas9 ! subt]ranean fires bur/ =?4 ,ne> ! nor? %ore rose ! great volcano ( ,rocca ,monf9a1 :i* add$ itself to ! ,volscian ,m\nta9s1 & heap+ ! products ( its eruptions ^u ,mons ,massicus1--once an isl&1--=m$ ) ?is ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! pla94 ,t[>d ! middle ! num]\s small v5ts ( ! ,phlegraean ,fields ?rew up ! l[ heights1 to :i* ! nor? %ore ( ! ,bay ( ,naples--,posilipo1 ,baiae1 ,mis5um--is indebt$ = its incomp>able beauty ( l&scape4 ,f9ally1 ne> ! s\? %ore1 at ! int]section ( ! fissures1 ! massive cone ( ,vesuvius rose1 9 complete isolation--! only volcano on ! cont95t ( ,europe /ill rema9+ active4 ,its base on ! s\?we/ is wa%$ by ! sea1 :ile on ! o!r sides a /ret* ( level c\ntry sep>ates x f ! m\nta9s t hem 9 ! pla94 ,on ! side opposite f ! sea1 h[ev]1 ,vesuvius comes s ne> to ! m\nta9s t we may well say t x divides ! ,campanian pla9 into two p>ts1 ( :i* ! l>g]1 on ! nor?we/ side1 is dra9$ by ! ,volturno2 ! small s\!a/ section is ! pla9 ( ! ,s>no4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,map ( ,anci5t ,campania4 ,! ,s>no1 l ! ,umbrian ,clitumnus1 has no upp] c\rse4 ,at ! foot ( ,mt4 ,taburno1 b\nd+ ! pla9 on ! nor!a/1 are five copi\s spr+s t soon unite to =m a /ream4 ,s9ce #ahdc ! riv] has be5 drawn (f = purposes ( irrigation into ?ree *annels1 :i* are grad$ at diff]5t levels2 ! di/ribution ( wat] ?us assur$ makes ?is "p ( ,campania "o ( ! mo/ f]tile di/ricts 9 ,italy4 ,9 antiquity ! ,s>no mu/ h be5 conf9$ to a s+le *annel2 accord+ to ,/rabo x 0 navigable = %ips4 ,9 ,roman times ?ree cities %>$ 9 ! possession ( ! ,s>no pla94 ,fur!/ inl&1 fac+ ! pass 9 ! m\nta9s t op5s t[>d ! ,gulf ( ,sal]no1 lay ,nuc]ia1 n[ ,noc]a4 ,on ! sea%ore1 :]e ! coa/ road to ,sorr5to bran*es (f t[>d ! s\?we/1 0 ,/abiae1 n[ ,ca/ellamm>e4 ,nor? ( ,/abiae1 at ! foot ( ,vesuvius1 ,pompeii /ood1 on an elevation ov]look+ ! ,s>no1 =m$ by ! end ( a /ream ( lava t 9 "s pa/ age _h fl[$ f ,vesuvius d[n t[>d ! sea4 ,pompeii ?us unit$ ! advantages ( an easily =tifi$ hill t[n ) ^? ( a m>itime city4 ,x lies1 says ,/rabo1 on ! ,s>nus1 :i* accommodates a traffic 9 bo? imports & exports2 x is ! seaport ( ,nola1 ,nuc]ia1 & ,ac]rae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,vesuvius z se5 f ,naples4 ,a glance at ! map w %[ h[ conv5i5tly situat$ ,pompeii 0 to s]ve z a seaport = ,nola & ,nuc]ia2 b x seems h>dly cr$ible t ! inhabitants ( ,ac]rae1 :i* lay mu* ne>] ,naples1 %\ld h pref]r$ = _! m>9e traffic ! circuit\s r\te ar\nd ,vesuvius to ! ,s>no4 ,h[ev] t may h be51 ,pompeii 0 beyond d\bt ! mo/ important t[n 9 ! ,s>no pla94 ,pompeii =m]ly lay ne>] ! sea & ne>] ! riv] ?an at pres5t4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies alluvial deposits h pu%$ ! %ore l9e fur!r & fur!r away4 ,x is n[ ab\t a mile & a qu>t] f ! ne>e/ po9t ( ! city to ! sea2 9 antiquity x 0 less ?an a ?ird ( a mile4 ,! l9e ( ! anci5t coa/ c /ill be trac$ by means ( a cle>ly m>k$ depression1 beyond :i* ! /ratification ( ! volcanic deposits ?r[n out 9 #gi does n rea*4 ,! ,s>no1 too1 n[ fl[s ne>ly two ?irds ( a mile f ,pompeii2 9 antiquity1 accord+ to all indications1 x 0 n m ?an half s f> away4 ,9 po9t ( climate & outlook1 a fair] site = a city c\ld sc>cely h be5 *os54 ,! ,pompeian1 liv+ 9 cle> air1 c\ld look d[n ^u ! fogs :i* 9 ! wet season frequ5tly rose f ! riv] & spread ov] ! pla94 ,& :ile 9 w9t] ,/abiae1 ly+ on ! nor?we/ side ( ,monte ,sant' ,angelo1 enjoy$ ! sun = only a few h\rs1 ! elevation on :i* ,pompeii /ood1 slop+ g5tly t[>d ! ea/ & s\?1 m %>ply t[>d ! we/1 0 ba!d 9 sunlight dur+ ! entire day4 ,w9t] at ,pompeii is mild & %ort2 spr+ & autumn are long4 ,! heat ( summ]1 moreov]1 is n extreme4 ,9 ! e>ly morn+1 x is true1 ! heat is at times oppressive4 ,no brea? ( air /irs2 & we look long+ly (f ^u ! expanse ( sea :]e1 f> away on ! horizon1 9 ! direction ( ,capri1 a d>k l9e ( rippl+ waves becomes visible4 ,ne>] x comes1 & ne>]4 ,ab\t t5 o'clock x rea*es ! %ore4 ,! leaves beg9 to ru/le1 & 9 a few mom5ts ! sea breeze sweeps ov] ! city1 /rong1 cool1 & invigorat+4 ,! w9d bl[s till j be=e sunset4 ,! e>ly h\rs ( ! ev5+ are /ill2 ! pavem5ts & ! walls ( ! h\ses give out ! heat :i* !y h absorb$ dur+ ! day4 ,b soon--p]haps by n9e o'clock--! tree tops aga9 beg9 to murmur1 & all night long1 f ! m\nta9s ( ! int]ior1 a g5tle1 refre%+ /ream ( air fl[s d[n ?r\gh ! g>d5s1 ! roomy atriums & colonnades ( ! h\ses1 ! sil5t /reets1 & ! build+s ab\t ! ,=um1 ) an effect indescribably soo?+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,view f ,pompeii1 look+ s\?4 ,h[ %all ,i und]take to convey to ! read] :o has n visit$ ,pompeii1 an impression ( ! beauty ( its situation8 ,words are weak :5 confront$ ) ! reality4 ,sea1 m\nta9s1 & pla91--/rong & pleas+ backgr\nd1--great masses & brilliant yet h>moni\s colors1 spl5did =egr\nd effects & hazy vi/as1 undi/urb$ nature & ! h&iwork ( man1 all are bl5d$ into a l&scape ( ! gr& /yle1 ! l ( :i* ,i %\ld n "k :]e else to look =4 ,if we turn t[>d ! s\?1 we h at our feet ! level pla9 ( ! ,s>no1 9 antiquity z n[--we may suppose--n *eck]$ ) villages b dott$ "h & !re ) gr\ps ( f>m build+s1 surr\nd$ ) /ately trees4 ,beyond ! pla9 rises ! l(ty b>ri] ( ,monte ,sant' ,angelo1 ?ickly wood$ 9 places1 its summit /&+ out aga9/ ! sky 9 a long1 beautiful pr(ile1 :i*1 t[>d ! "r1 breaks up into bold1 rugg$ not*es2 ! side ( ! m\nta9 bel[ is ri*ly div]sifi$ ) deep valleys1 project+ ridges1 & t]races t 9 ! di/ance seem l /eps1 :]e among v9ey>ds & olive or*>ds /& two villages fair to look on1 ,gragnano & ,lett]e1 s ne> t individual h\ses c be cle>ly di/+ui%$4 ,fur!r we/ ! pla9 be=e u op5s out ^u ! sea1 :ile ! m\nta9s are cont9u$ 9 ! precipit\s coa/ ( ! p59sula ( ,sorr5to4 ,height cr[ds ^u height1 ) villages wrea!d 9 olive or*>ds ly+ betwe54 ,"h ! hills desc5d 9 t]races to ! sea1 cov]$ ) vegetation to ! wat]'s edge2 !re ! cov]+ ( soil has be5 ca/ (f f ! /eep slopes1 expos+ ! nak$ rock1 :i* %9es 9 ! aft]noon sun ) a r$di% hue t wond]fully accords ) ! d>k %ades ( ! foliage & ! brilliant blue ( ! sea4 ,fur!r on ! t9ts become dull]1 & ! sight is blurr$2 only ) ef=t c we di/+ui% ,sorr5to1 re/+ on cliffs t rise almo/ p]p5dicul>ly f ! l9e ( ! %ore4 ,fur!r /ill ! outl9e ( ! p59sula s9ks into ! sea & gives place to ,capri1 isl& ( fanta/ic %ape1 ^: crags ris+ %e] f ! wat] /& out %>ply 9 ! bright sunlight4 ,b we look t[>d ! nor?1 & ! spl5did v>iety ( =m & color vani%es2 !re /&s only ! va/1 sombre mass ( ! great de/roy]1 ,vesuvius1 t[]+ above ! city & ! pla94 ,! sun z x ne>s ! horizon veils ! b>e a%5 cone ) a mantle ( deep violet1 :ile ! cl\d ( smoke t rises f ! summit %9es ) a gold5 gl[4 ,f> above ! base ! sides are cov]$ ) v9ey>ds1 among :i* small gr\ps ( :ite h\ses c "h & !re be se54 ,we/ ( u ! outl9e ( ! m\nta9 desc5ds 9 a /rong1 simple curve to ! sea4 ,j be=e x bl5ds ) ! %ore !re rise beh9d x di/ant heights wrapp$ 9 blue haze1 ! fir/ ( mod]ate elevation1 !n o!rs m prom95t & fur!r to ! left4 ,!y are ! heights along ! nor? %ore ( ! ,bay ( ,naples--,gaurus cr[n$ ) ! mona/]y ( ,camaldoli1 fam\s = its magnific5t view2 ! cliffs ( ,baiae1 ! promontory ( ,mis5um1 & ! l(ty cone ( ,epomeo on ! isl& ( ,is*ia4 ,s ! eye trav]ses ! :ole expanse ( ! ,bay2 ,naples itself1 hidd5 f our view1 lies betwe5 ^? di/ant heights & ! base ( ,vesuvius4 ,b mean:ile ! sun has set beh9d ,mis5um2 its la/ rays are light+ up ! cl\d ( smoke above ,vesuvius & ! summit ( ,monte ,sant' ,angelo4 ,! brilliancy ( color+ has fad$2 ! we>y eye f9ds re/ 9 ! s(t aft]gl[4 ,we also may take leave ( ^! beautiful surr\nd+s1 & inquire into ! beg9n+s ( ! city :i* 0 f\nd$ "h4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,be=e #gi ,:5 ,pompeii 0 f\nd$ we d n "k4 ,x is m ?an likely t a site s well adapt$ = a city 0 occupi$ at an e>ly date4 ,! olde/ build+1 ! ,doric temple 9 ! ,=um ,triangul>e1 is ( ! /yle ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c42 we are safe 9 assum+ t ! city 0 !n already 9 exi/5ce4#b ,! f\nd]s 7 ,oscans4 ,!y belong$ to a widely scatt]$ bran* ( ! ,italic /ock1 ^: language1 closely relat$ ) ! ,lat91 has be5 imp]fectly recov]$ f a consid]able numb] ( inscriptions1 s imp]fectly t 9 ea* ( ! long] inscriptions !re /ill rema9 words ! mean+ ( :i* is obscure or d\btful4 ,f ?is language ! "n ( ! city came2 = pompe 9 ,oscan meant 'five4' ,! ^w does n1 h[ev]1 appe> 9 its simple =m2 we h only ! adjective d]iv$ f x1 pompaiians1 ',pompeian4' ,if we are "r 9 assum+ t ! "n appe>$ 9 ,oscan1 z x does 9 ,lat91 9 ! plural =m1 x 0 probably appli$ fir/ to a g5s1 or clan1 & !nce to ! city2 ! ,lat9 equival5t ( ,pompeii w\ld be ,qu9tii4 ,pompeii 0 ?us ! city ( ! clan ( ! ,pompeys1 z ,t>qu9ii 0 ! city ( ! ,t>qu9s1 & ,veii ! city ( ! ,veian clan4 ,! "n ,pompeius 0 common 9 ,pompeii d[n to ! de/ruction ( ! city1 & 9 o!r ,campanian t[ns1 notably ,puteoli1 to mu* lat] times4 ,9 ord] to foll[ ! c\rse ( ev5ts at ,pompeii1 x w be necess>y to pass briefly 9 review ! ma9 po9ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ,campania4 ,! ,campanian ,oscans1 sprung f a rude & h>dy race1 became civiliz$ f contact ) ! ,greeks1 :o at an e>ly p]iod _h settl$ 9 ,cumae1 9 ,dicae>*ia1 aft]w>d ,puteoli1 & 9 ,p>!nope1 lat] ,naples2 & ! coa/ climate _h an en]vat+ effect ^u !m4 ,:5 t[>d ! end ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ! ,samnites1 k9sm5 ( ! ,oscans1 left _! rugg$ m\nta9 homes 9 ! int]ior & press$ d[n t[>d ! coa/1 ! ,oscans 7 unable to cope ) !m4 ,9 #dbd ,b4,c4 ! ,samnites /orm$ & took ,capua1 9 #dbj1 ,cumae2 & ,pompeii likewise fell into _! h&s4 ,b !y 7 no m successful ?an ! ,oscans _h be5 9 resi/+ ! influ5ce ( ,greek culture4 ,h[ /rong ?is influ5ce 0 may be se5 9 ! rema9s at ,pompeii4 ,! ar*itecture ( ! p]iod 0 ,greek2 ,greek div9ities 7 honor$1 z ,apollo & ,zeus ,mili*ius2 & ! /&>d measures ( ! m5sa pond]>ia 7 inscrib$ ) ,greek names4 ,9 less ?an a hundr$ ye>s new /rifes arose betwe5 ! m cultur$ ,samnites ( ! pla9 & _! r\gh & w>like k9sm5 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,b ,rome took a "p 9 ! /ruggle1 & 9 ! ,samnite ,w>s 7#cdc-bij ,b4,c47 br\ght bo? ! m5 ( ! m\nta9s & ! m5 ( ! pla9 "u h] dom9ion4 ,al?\gh ! sov]eignty ( ,rome took ! =m ( a p]petual alliance1 ! cities 9 reality lo/ _! indep5d5ce4 ,! complete subjugation & ,romaniz+ ( ,campania1 h[ev]1 did n come till ! "t ( ! ,social ,w> 7#ij-hh ,b4,c47 & ! supremacy ( ,sulla2 ! ,samnites /ak$ all on ! success ( ! popul> p>ty1 & lo/4 ,9 ! n>rative ( ^! ev5ts ,pompeii is n (t5 m5tion$4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,second ,samnite ,w>1 9 ! ye> #caj ,b4,c41 we read t a ,roman fleet "u ,publius ,cornelius l&$ at ! m\? ( ! ,s>no1 & t a pillag+ exp$ition foll[$ ! c\rse ( ! riv] z f> z ,nuc]ia2 b ! c\ntry folk fell on ! m>aud]s z !y 7 return+1 & =c$ !m to give up _! booty4 ,we h no def9ite in=mation reg>d+ ! attitude ( ! ,pompeians aft] ! battle ( ,cannae 7#baf ,b4,c472 probably !y jo9$ ! side ( ,hannibal1 :o1 h[ev]1 0 defeat$ by ,m>cus ,m>cellus ne> ,nola 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 & 0 oblig$ to leave ,campania to ! ,romans4 ,9 ! ,social ,w>1 :51 9 ! summ] ( #ij ,b4,c41 ! ,samnite army m>*$ into ,campania1 ,pompeii alli$ itself ) ! insurg5ts2 z a consequ5ce1 9 #hi1 x 0 besieg$ by ,sulla1 b )\t success4 ,two ye>s lat]1 ,sulla w5t to ,asia to conduct ! w> aga9/ ,mi?ridates4 ,return+ victori\s 9 ! spr+ ( #hc ,b4,c41 he l$ 8 army into ,campania1 :]e he sp5t ! w9t] ( #hc-hb2 8 soldi]s1 gr[n brutal 9 ! ,asiatic w> & accu/om$ to e k9d ( lic5se1 may h prov$ unwelcome gue/s = ! ,pompeians4 ,! sequel came 9 ! ye> #hj1 :5 a colony ( ,roman vet]ans 0 settl$ 9 ,pompeii "u ! lead]%ip ( ,publius ,sulla1 a nephew ( ! ,dictator4 ,cic]o lat] made a spee* 9 behalf ( ?is ,sulla1 def5d+ him aga9/ ! *>ge t he _h tak5 "p 9 ! conspiracy ( ,catil9e & _h tri$ to induce ! old resid5ts ( ,pompeii to jo9 9 ! plot4 ,f ?is spee* we le>n t ,sulla's reorganization ( ! city 0 accompli%$ ) s great reg>d = ! int]e/s ( ! ,pompeians1 t !y ev] aft] held him 9 grateful remembrance4 ,we le>n1 also1 t soon aft] ! f\nd+ ( ! colony disputes arose betwe5 ! old resid5ts & ! coloni/s1 ab\t ! public walks 7ambulationes7 & matt]s connect$ ) ! vot+2 ! arrangem5ts = vot+ _h probably be5 s made z to ?r[ ! decision always into ! h&s ( ! coloni/s4 ,! controv]sy 0 ref]r$ to ! patrons ( ! colony1 & settl$ by !m4 ,f ?is "t on1 ! life ( ,pompeii seems n to h diff]$ f t ( ! o!r small cities ( ,italy4 ,z ! h>bor ( ,pompeii 0 on ! ,s>no1 :i* fl[$ at "s di/ance f ! city1 !re mu/ h be5 a small settlem5t at ! l&+ place4 ,to ?is probably belong$ a gr\p ( build+s1 p>tly excavat$ 9 #ahhj-ha1 ly+ j across ! ,s>no canal 7canale del ,bott>o71 ab\t a ?ird ( a mile f ! ,/abian ,gate4 ,"h 7 f\nd _m skeletons1 & ) !m a quantity ( gold jewell]y1 :i* 0 aft]w>d plac$ 9 ! ,museum at ,naples4 ,! mo/ reasonable explanation ( ! discov]y is1 t ! h>bor 0 "h1 & t ^! p]sons1 ga!r+ up _! valuables1 fl$ f ,pompeii at ! "t ( ! eruption ei!r 9 ord] to escape by sea or to take refuge 9 ,/abiae4 ,flight 9 ei!r case 0 cut (f4 ,if %ips 7 9 ! h>bor1 !y mu/ soon h be5 fill$ ) ! volcanic deposits2 if !re 0 a bridge across ! riv] x 0 probably ?r[n d[n by ! e>?quake4 ,a second suburb sprang up ne> ! sea1 9 connection ) ! salt works 7sal9ae7 ( ! city4 ,our k ( ! inhabitants1 ! ,sal95ses1 is d]iv$ f sev]al inscriptions pa9t$ ^u walls1 9 :i* !y recomm5d c&idates = ! municipal (fices1 & f an inscription scrat*$ ^u ! pla/] ( a column 9 :i* a full] by ! "n ( ,cresc5s s5ds !m a greet+3 ,crescens fullo ,sal9ensibus salutem4 ,f ano!r inscription we le>n t !y _h an assembly1 conv5tus1 possibly judicial 9 its functions2 = 9 connection ) a date1 x speaks ( a f9e ( tw5ty se/]ces1 :i* w\ld am\nt to ab\t #ca_/b %ill+s1 or #he c5ts3 ,,vii ,k4 dec4 ,sal9is 9 conv5tu multa ,,hs ,,xx1 ',f9e ( tw5ty se/]ces2 assembly at ,sal9ae1 ,novemb] #be4' ,/ill ano!r inscription speaks ( att5d+ su* a meet+ on ,novemb] #ai3 ,,xiii ,k4 dec4 9 conv5tu v5i4 ,! suburb mo/ frequ5tly m5tion$ 0 at fir/ call$ ,pagus ,felix ,suburbanus1 b aft] ! "t ( ,augu/us1 ,pagus ,augu/us ,felix ,suburbanus4 ,its location is unkn[n4 ,z x evid5tly took ! "n ( ,felix f ! ,dictator ,sulla1 :o us$ ?is epi!t z a surname1 we may assume t its orig9 dates f ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,roman colony2 x may h be5 f\nd$ to provide a place = ^? inhabitants ( ,pompeii :o _h be5 =c$ to leave _! homes 9 ord] to make room = ! coloni/s4 ,! exi/5ce ( a f\r? suburb is inf]r$ f two pa9t$ inscriptions 9 :i* c&idates = (fice are recomm5d$ by ! ,campani5ses2 ?is "n w\ld naturally be appli$ to ! inhabitants ( a ,pagus ,campanus1 :o1 p]haps1 _h orig9ally come f ,capua4 ,( ! gov]nm5t ( ,pompeii 9 ! e>lie/ times1 be=e ! ,samnite conque/1 no?+ is kn[n4 ,! names ( v>i\s magi/rates 9 ! ,samnite p]iod1 h[ev]1 p>ticul>ly ! p]iod ( alliance ) ,rome 7#bij-ij ,b4,c471 are le>n$ f inscriptions4 ,m5tion is made ( a *ief adm9i/rative (fic] 7m$iss1 m$iss tovtiks72 ( quae/ors1 :o1 probably1 l ! quae/ors 9 ,rome1 7 *>g$ ) ! f9ancial adm9i/ration & let ! contracts = public build+s2 & ( a$iles1 to :om1 no d\bt1 0 intru/$ ! c>e ( /reets & build+s1 toge!r ) ! polic+ ( ! m>kets4 ,! ,lat9 names ( ! la/ two (ficials sugge/ t _! (fices 7 introduc$ aft] #bij4 ,!re 0 also an assembly call$ komb5niom1 ) :i* we may comp>e ! ,lat9 conv5tus2 b :e!r x 0 an assembly ( ! p or a city c\ncil _c n[ be det]m9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,v5us ,pompeiana4 ,f a wall pa9t+4 ,aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,roman colony1 ,pompeii 0 nam$ ,colonia ,cornelia ,v5]ia ,pompeianorum1 f ! g5tile "n ( ! ,dictator ,sulla 7,lucius ,cornelius ,sulla ,felix7 & f ! goddess to :om he paid special honor1 :o n[1 z ,v5us ,pompeiana1 became ! tutel>y div9ity ( ! city4 ,?is goddess is repres5t$ 9 wall pa9t+s4 ,9 t f :i* our illu/ration is tak5 7,fig4 #d71 %e appe>s 9 a blue mantle /udd$ ) gold5 />s1 & we>s a cr[n set ) gre5 /ones4 ,h] left h&1 :i* holds a sceptre1 re/s ^u a rudd]2 9 h] "r is a twig ( olive4 ,a ,cupid /&s ^u a p$e/al beside h]1 hold+ up a mirror4 ,f ?is "t ! highe/ (ficial body1 z 9 ,roman colonies ev]y:]e1 0 ! city c\ncil1 compos$ ( decurions4 ,! adm9i/ration 0 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( two pairs ( (ficials1 ! duumvirs ) judici>y au?ority1 duumviri iuri dicundo1 & two a$iles1 :o 7 responsible = ! c>e ( build+s & /reets & ! ov]sight ( ! m>kets4 ,:5 ! duumvirs & ! a$iles jo9$ 9 (ficial acts !y 7 kn[n z ! ,bo>d ( ,f\r1 quattuorviri4 ,d[n to ! "t ( ! ,empire x appe>s t ! a$iles 7 n designat$ (ficially by t "n1 b by a title kn[n to u only 9 an abbreviat$ =m1 duumviri v4 a4 sacr4 p4 proc4 ,?is probably /&s = duumviri viis1 a$ibus1 sacris publicis procur&is1 'duumvirs 9 *>ge ( ! /reets1 ! temples1 & ! public religi\s fe/ivals4' ,! title ( a$ile seems to h be5 avoid$ because x _h be5 9 use 9 ! days ( autonomy1 & ! au?orities ?\ght x prud5t to suppress ev]y?+ t w\ld sugge/ ! =m] /ate ( indep5d5ce4 ,nev]!less1 ! ^w reta9$ its place 9 ord9>y spee*1 z is %[n by its use 9 ! inscriptions pa9t$ on walls recomm5d+ c&idates = (fice2 !nce x f9ally =c$ its way back into ! (ficial language4 ,! duumvirs ( e fif? ye> 7 call$ qu9qu5nial duumvirs1 duumviri qu9qu5nales1 & assum$ functions correspond+ ) ^? ( ! c5sors at ,rome2 !y gave att5tion to matt]s ( f9ance1 & revis$ ! li/s ( decurions & ( citiz5s4 ,all ^! (ficials 7 elect$ annually by popul> vote4 ,! c&idates (f]$ !mselves be=eh&4 ,if none came =w>d1 or !re 7 too few1--= ! city (ficials n only receiv$ no sal>y1 b 7 "u obligation to make g5]\s contributions = public purposes1 z !atrical repres5tations1 games1 & build+s1--! magi/rate :o presid$ at ! election nam$ c&idates = ! vacancies2 b ea* c&idate s nam$ _h ! "r to nom9ate a second = ! same vacancy1 ! second 9 turn a ?ird4 ,! vot+ 0 by ballot2 ea* vot] ?rew 8 vot+ tablet into ! urn ( 8 prec9ct4 ,no in=mation has come d[n to u reg>d+ ! prec9cts 7curiae7 into :i* ! city mu/ h be5 divid$ = electoral purposes4 ,! election ( a c&idate 0 valid only 9 case he receiv$ ! vote ( an absolute majority ( ! prec9cts4 ,if ! result 0 indecisive = all or a "p ( ! (fices1 ! city c\ncil *ose an extraord9>y (ficial :o bore ! title ( prefect ) judici>y au?ority1 praefectus iuri dicundo4 ,?is prefect took ! place ( ! duumvirs1 n only :5 an election 0 indecisive1 b also :5 vacancies arose 9 "s o!r way1 or :5 peculi> conditions seem$ to make x desirable to h an (fic] ( unusual p[]s1 a k9d ( dictator2 or f9ally1 :5 ! emp]or _h receiv$ ! vote2 9 ! la/ two cases1 ! prefect 0 und\bt$ly appo9t$ by ! emp]or4 ,?us1 9 ! ye>s #cd & #dj ,a4,d41 ! ,emp]or ,caligula 0 duumvir ( ,pompeii2 b ! duties ( ! (fice 7 dis*>g$ by a prefect4 ,a law pass$ 9 ,rome t[>d ! end ( ! ,republic on ! motion ( a c]ta9 ,petronius conta9$ provisions reg>d+ ! appo9tm5t ( prefects2 "o *os5 9 accordance ) !m 0 call$ praefectus ex lege ,petronia1 'prefect accord+ to ! law ( ,petronius4' ,!re 7 also 9 ,pompeii prie/s support$ by ! city1 b only a few ( !m are m5tion$ 9 ! inscriptions4 ,ref]5ces are f\nd to augurs & pontifices1 to a prie/ ( ,m>s1 & to prie/s 7flam51 sac]dos7 ( ,augu/us :ile he 0 /ill liv+2 ,n]o _h a prie/ ev5 be=e he asc5d$ ! ?rone4 ,m5tion is made ( prie/esses1 too1 a prie/ess ( ,c]es & ,v5us1 prie/esses ( ,c]es1 & o!rs1 ! div9ities ( :om are n nam$4 ,! suburbs c\ld sc>cely h _h a sep>ate adm9i/ration2 !y rema9$ )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! magi/rates ( ! city4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,pagus ,augu/us ,felix m5tion is made ( a magi/]1 'director1' m9i/ri1 'att5dants1' & pagani1 'pagus (ficials'2 b app>5tly ^! 7 all appo9t$ = religi\s functions only1 9 connection ) ! wor%ip ( ! emp]or4 ,! magi/] & ! pagani1 9 "p at lea/1 7 fre$m52 ! f\r m9i/ri1 fir/ appo9t$ 9 #g ,b4,c41 7 slaves4 ,ap>t f comm]ce1 an important s\rce ( income = ! ,pompeians lay 9 ! f]tility ( ! soil4 ,9 antiquity1 z n[1 grapes 7 cultivat$ ext5sively on ! ridge project+ f ! foot ( ,vesuvius t[>d ! s\?4 ,! evid5ce af=d$ by ! great numb] ( w9e j>s1 amphorae 7,fig4 #e71 t h be5 br\ght to light w\ld w>rant ?is conclusion2 & lately w9e presses also h be5 discov]$ ne> ,boscoreale1 above ,pompeii4 ,pl9y makes m5tion ( ! ,pompeian w9e1 b rem>ks t indulg5ce 9 x br+s a heada*e t w la/ till noon ( ! foll[+ day4 ,! olive too 0 cultivat$1 b only to a limit$ ext5t2 ?is we inf] f ! small capacity ( ! press & o!r appliances = mak+ oil f\nd 9 ! same villa 9 :i* ! w9e presses 7 discov]$4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! mak+ ( oil is n c>ri$ on ab\t ,pompeii4 ,9 ! pla9 bel[ ! city vegetables 7 rais$1 z at ! pres5t day2 ! cabbage & onions ( ,pompeii 7 highly priz$4 ,! work+ up ( ! products ( ! fi%]ies =m$ an important indu/ry4 ,! fi% sauces :i* s tickl$ ! palate ( anci5t epicures1 g>um1 liquam51 & muria1 7 produc$ "h ( ! f9e/ quality4 ,! mak+ ( !m seems to h be5 practically a monopoly 9 ! h&s ( a c]ta9 ,umbricius ,scaurus2 a great numb] ( e>!n j>s h be5 f\nd ) ! m>k ( 8 own]%ip 7p4 #ejf74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,an amphora f ,boscoreale4 ,! ,pompeians turn$ to acc\nt1 also1 ! volcanic products ( ,vesuvius4 ,pumice /one 0 an article ( export4 ,f ! lava mill/ones 7 made = bo? gra9 mills & oil mills1 :i* 7 app>5tly already 9 ext5sive use 9 ! "t ( ,cato ! ,eld]2 he twice m5tions ! oil mills ( ,pompeii4 ,9 ,pompeii itself ! mill/ones ( ! olde/ p]iod are ( lava f ,vesuvius2 lat] x 0 f\nd t ! lava ( ,rocca ,monf9a 0 bett] adapt$ = ! purpose1 & mill/ones ( t mat]ial 7 pref]r$4 ,small h&-mills ( ! lava f ,vesuvius 7 9 use at ,pompeii d[n to #gi2 b ! l>g] mill/ones ( ?is mat]ial f\nd 9 ! bak]ies _h be5 put "o side4 ,9 %ape & f9i% ! mills ( local make 7 sup]ior to ! m c>elessly work$ /ones f ,rocca ,monf9a2 ! pref]5ce = ! latt] 0 due to ! fact t !y conta9$ num]\s cry/als ( leucite1 :i* broke (f z ! mill wore away1 & s kept ! gr9d+ surfaces always r\gh4 ,mill/ones f ,rocca ,monf9a may be se5 at diff]5t places 9 ,rome1 z 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,ba?s ( ,diocletian4 ,to ! s\rces ( rev5ue :i* contribut$ to ! prosp]ity ( ,pompeii we may add ! pres5ce ( weal?y ,romans1 :o1 attract$ by ! delightful climate1 built c\ntry seats 9 ! vic9ity4 ,among !m 0 ,cic]o1 :o (t5 speaks ( 8 ,pompeian villa 7,pompeianum74 ,t ! imp]ial family also _h a villa "h is inf]r$ f a curi\s accid5t4 ,we read t ,drusus1 ! "y son ( ! ,emp]or ,claudius1 a few days aft] 8 betro?al to ! daught] ( ,sejanus1 0 *ok$ to dea? at ,pompeii by a pe> :i* he _h ?r[n up into ! air & caught 9 8 m\?4 ,^! c\ntry seats1 no d\bt1 lay on ! high gr\nd back ( ,pompeii1 t[>d ,vesuvius2 !y probably fac$ ! sea4 ,b ! id5tification ( a villa excavat$ 9 ! la/ c5tury1 & !n fill$ up aga91 z ! villa ( ,cic]o1 is :olly )\t f\ndation4 ,salve lucrum1 ',welcome1 ,ga96' ,su* is ! inscription :i* a ,pompeian plac$ 9 ! mosaic floor ( 8 h\se4 ,lucrum gaudium1 ',ga9 is pure joy1' we read on ! ?re%old ( ano!r h\se4 ,a ?rifty ,pompeian c]ta9ly did n lack opportunity to acquire weal?4 ,h[ l>ge a population ,pompeii possess$ at ! "t ( ! de/ruction ( ! city x is impossible to det]m9e4 ,a pa9/ak+ exam9ation ( all ! h\ses excavat$ w\ld af=d data = an approximate e/imate2 b ! results ?us f> obta9$ by ^? :o h giv5 att5tion to ! subject are unsatisfactory4 ,fiorelli assign$ to ,pompeii twelve ?\s& inhabitants1 ,niss5 tw5ty ?\s&4 ,und\bt$ly ! second e/imate is ne>] ! tru? ?an ! fir/2 accord+ to all indication ! population may v likely h exce$$ tw5ty ?\s&4 ,?is population 0 by no means homog5e\s4 ,! orig9al ,oscan /ock _h n yet lo/ its id5tity2 inscriptions 9 ! ,oscan dialect are f\nd scrat*$ on ! pla/] ( walls decorat$ 9 ! /yle preval5t aft] ! e>?quake ( ! ye> #fc4 ,f ! "t :5 ! ,roman colony 0 f\nd$ no d\bt additions cont9u$ to be made to ! population f v>i\s p>ts ( ,italy4 ,! ,greek elem5t 0 p>ticul>ly /rong4 ,?is is prov$ by ! numb] ( ,greek names 9 ! acc\nts ( ,caecilius ,jucundus1 = example1 & by ! ,greek inscriptions t h be5 f\nd on walls & on amphorae4 ,! ,greeks may h come f ! neighbor+ t[ns2 mo/ ( !m 7 probably fre$m54 ,9 a seaport we %\ld expect to f9d also ,greeks f trans-m>9e cities2 &1 9 fact1 an ,alex&rian appe>s 9 "o ( ! receipts ( ,jucundus4 ,!re 7 ,ori5tals1 too1 z we %all see :5 we come to ! temple ( ,isis4 ,?us f> !re has come to h& no tru/wor?y evid5ce = ! pres5ce ( ,*ri/ians at ,pompeii2 b traces ( ,jewi% influ5ce are n lack+4 ,! words ,sodoma1 ,gomora1 are scrat*$ 9 l>ge lett]s on ! wall ( a h\se 9 ,region ,,ix 7,,ix4 i4 #bf74 ,!y mu/ h be5 writt5 by a ,jew1 or possibly a ,*ri/ian2 !y seem l a prophecy ( ! fate ( ! city4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--,! ,judgm5t ( ,solomon4 ,wall pa9t+4 ,ano!r int]e/+ bit ( evid5ce is a wall pa9t+1 :i* appe>s to h z its subject ! ,judgm5t ( ,solomon 7,fig4 #f74 ,on a tribunal at ! "r sits ! k+ ) two advis]s2 ! pavilion is well gu>d$ ) soldi]s4 ,9 front ( ! tribunal a soldi] is ab\t to cut a *ild 9 two ) a cleav]4 ,two wom5 are repres5t$1 "o ( :om /&s at ! block & is already tak+ hold ( ! half ( ! *ild assign$ to h]1 :ile ! o!r ca/s h]self on h] knees z a suppliant be=e ! judges4 ,x is n c]ta9 t ! ref]5ce "h is to ,solomon2 su* tales pass f "o c\ntry to ano!r1 & a some:at simil> /ory is told ( ! ,egyptian k+ ,boc*oris4 ,! balance ( probability is 9 favor ( ! view t we h "h ! ,jewi% v]sion ( ! /ory1 because ?is is consi/5t ) o!r facts t po9t to ! exi/5ce ( a ,jewi% colony at ,pompeii4 ,! names ,m>ia & ,m>?a appe> 9 wall inscriptions4 ,! ass]tion t ,m>ia "h is n ! ,hebrew "n1 b ! fem99e =m ( ! ,roman "n ,m>ius1 is f> a/ray4 ,x appe>s 9 a li/ ( female slaves :o 7 work+ 9 a weav]'s e/abli%m5t1 ,vitalis1 ,flor5t9a1 ,am>yllis1 ,janu>ia1 ,h]acla1 ,m>ia1 ,lalage1 ,damalis1 ,doris4 ,! ,m>ian family 0 repres5t$ at ,pompeii1 b ! ,roman "n ,m>ia c\ld n h be5 giv5 to a slave4 ,t we h "h a ,jewi% "n seems c]ta9 s9ce ! discov]y ( ! "n ,m>?a4 ,9 inscriptions ^u w9e j>s we f9d m5tion ( a c]ta9 ,m4 ,val]ius ,ab9n]i*us1 a "n :i* is c]ta9ly ,jewi% or ,syrian2 b :e!r ,ab9n]i* 0 a deal]1 or ! own] ( ! e/ate on :i* ! w9e 0 produc$1 _c be det]m9$4 ,9 ?is connection x is wor? :ile to note t vessels h be5 f\nd ) ! inscrib$ labels1 g>um ca/um or ca/imoniale1 & muria ca/a4 ,z we le>n f ,pl9y 7,n4 ,h4 ,,xxxi4 viii4 #ie71 ^! fi% sauces1 prep>$ = fa/ days1 7 us$ especially by ! ,jews4 ,"s h ?\ght t ! ^w ,*ri/ianos c be read 9 an inscription writt5 ) *>coal1 & h fanci$ t !y f\nd a ref]5ce to ! p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians "u ,n]o4 ,b *>coal inscriptions1 :i* w la/ = c5turies :5 cov]$ ) e>?1 soon become illegible if expos$ to ! air2 su* an inscription1 trac$ on a wall at ! "t ( ! p]secutions "u ,n]o1 mu/ h disappe>$ long be=e ! de/ruction ( ! city4 ,! inscription 9 "q 0 indi/9ct :5 discov]$1 & has s9ce entirely fad$2 ! read+ is q unc]ta94 ,if x 7 prov$ t ! ^w ,*ri/ians appe>$ 9 x1 we %\ld be w>rant$ only 9 ! inf]5ce t ,*ri/ians 7 kn[n at ,pompeii1 n t !y liv$ & wor%ipp$ !re4 ,accord+ to ,t]tullian 7,apol4 #dj7 !re 7 no ,*ri/ians 9 ,campania be=e #gi4 ,,footnote3 #b ,x seems /range t traces ( o!r build+s ( ! same p]iod h n be5 discov]$2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is f> f probable t ! temple 0 fir/ erect$1 & t ! city aft]w>d grew up ar\nd x1 = 9 t case ! temple mu/ h be5 plac$ fur!r we/1 on ! highe/ po9t ( ! elevation1 ov]look+ ! sea4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,city ,,ov]:elm$ ,previ\s to ! t]rible eruption ( #gi1 ,vesuvius 0 consid]$ an ext9ct volcano4 ,above ^! places1 says ,/rabo1 writ+ 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us1 lies ,vesuvius1 ! sides ( :i* are well cultivat$1 ev5 to ! summit4 ,?is is level1 b q unproductive4 ,x has a c9d]y appe>ance2 = ! rock is por\s & ( a sooty color1 ! appe>ance sugge/+ t ! :ole summit may once h be5 on fire & h conta9$ crat]s1 ! fires ( :i* di$ out :5 !re 0 no long] any?+ left to burn4 ,e>?quakes1 h[ev]1 7 ( common occurr5ce 9 ,campania4 ,an especially viol5t %ock on ! fif? ( ,febru>y1 #fc ,a4,d41 gave w>n+ ( ! reawak5+ ( ,vesuvius4 ,great damage 0 done ?r\gh\t ! region ly+ betwe5 ,naples & ,nuc]ia1 b ! %ock 0 mo/ sev]e at ,pompeii1 a l>ge "p ( ! build+s ( ! city be+ ?r[n d[n4 ,! prosp]\s & ent]pris+ inhabitants at once set ab\t rebuild+4 ,:5 ! f9al cata/rophe came1 on ! tw5ty-f\r? ( ,augu/1 #gi ,a4,d41 mo/ ( ! h\ses 7 9 a good /ate ( repair1 & ! rebuild+ ( at lea/ two temples1 ^? ( ,apollo & ( ,isis1 _h be5 complet$4 ,?is r5ew+ ( ! city1 caus$ by ! e>?quake1 may be look$ ^u z a =tunate circum/ance = our /udies4 ,our *ief s\rce ( in=mation = ! ev5ts ( ,augu/ #bd-bf1 #gi1 is a c\ple ( lett]s ( ! ,y\ng] ,pl9y to ,tacitus1 :o purpos$ to make use ( !m 9 writ+ 8 hi/ory4 ,pl9y 0 /ay+ at ,mis5um ) 8 uncle1 ! ,eld] ,pl9y1 :o 0 9 comm& ( ! ,roman fleet4 ,9 ! fir/ lett] he tells ( 8 uncle's fate4 ,on ! aft]noon ( ! tw5ty-f\r?1 ! admiral ,pl9y set out ) %ips to rescue f imp5d+ dang] ! p at ! foot ( ,vesuvius1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! vic9ity ( ,h]culaneum4 ,he came too late2 x 0 no long] possible to effect a l&+4 ,s he direct$ 8 c\rse to ,/abiae1 :]e he sp5t ! night2 & !re on ! foll[+ morn+ he di$1 suffocat$ by ! fumes t 7 exhal$ f ! e>?4 ,! second lett] gives an acc\nt ( ! writ]'s own exp]i5ces at ,mis5um4 ,to ?is te/imony little is add$ by ! n>rative ( ,dion ,cassius1 :i* 0 writt5 a c5tury & a half lat] & is kn[n to u only 9 ab/ract2 ,dion dwells at great] l5g? on ! p[]ful impression :i* ! t]rible convulsion ( nature left ^u ^? :o 7 liv+ at t "t4 ,) ! help ( ! lett]s ( ,pl9y1 9 connection ) ! facts e/abli%$ by ! excavations1 x is possible to picture to ourselves ! progress ( ! eruption ) a fair degree ( cle>ness4 ,! subt]ranean fires ( ,vesuvius press$ upw>d to f9d an outlet4 ,! accumulations ( volcanic du/ & pumice /one t _h be5 heap$ up on ! m\nta9 by =m] eruptions 7 aga9 hurl$ to a great height1 & came d[n ^u ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,on ! we/ side ( ,vesuvius !y m+l$ ) torr5ts ( ra91 & fl[$ z a va/ /ream ( mud d[n ov] ,h]culaneum4 ,on ! s\? side1 driv5 by a nor?we/ w9d z !y desc5d$ f ! upp] air1 !y spread out into a ?ick cl\d1 :i* cov]$ ,pompeii & ! pla9 ( ! ,s>no4 ,out ( ?is cl\d fir/ brok5 fragm5ts ( pumice /one--! av]age size n l>g] ?an a walnut--ra9$ d[n to ! dep? ( eight to t5 feet2 !n foll[$ volcanic du/1 wet z x fell by a d[np\r ( wat]1 to ! dep? ( six or sev5 feet4 ,) ! /orm ( du/ came successive %ocks ( e>?quake4 ,su* 01 9 outl9e1 ! c\rse ( ! eruption4 ,x mu/ h begun e>ly 9 ! morn+ ( ! tw5ty-f\r?1 & ! /ream ( mud mu/ h comm5c$ imm$iately to move 9 ! direction ( ,h]culaneum2 = %ortly aft] "o o'clock on t day ! admiral ,pl9y at ,mis5um receiv$ lett]s f ! region ?reat5$1 say+ t ! dang] 0 imm95t1 & t escape 0 possible only by sea4 ,ev5 !n ! ,y\ng] ,pl9y saw1 high above ,vesuvius1 ! cl\d1 %ap$ l an umbrella p9e1 :i* 0 to ra9 d[n de/ruction on ,pompeii4 ,t[>d ev5+1 ! %ips (f ,h]culaneum ran into ! hail ( pumice /one1 :i*1 dur+ ! night1 rea*$ ,/abiae & s increas$ 9 viol5ce t ! admiral ,pl9y 0 oblig$ to leave 8 sleep+ room f fe> t ! door w\ld be block$ up by ! fall+ masses4 ,e>ly 9 ! morn+ ( ! tw5ty-fif? !re 0 a sev]e %ock ( e>?quake1 :i* 0 felt z f> z ,mis5um4 ,!n ! du/ began to fall1 & a cl\d ( fe>ful blackness1 pi]c$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) fla%es ( lightn+1 settl$ d[n ov] l& & sea4 ,at ,mis5um1 ev51 x became d>k2 n1 says ,pl9y1 z on a cl\dy night :5 !re is no moon1 b z 9 a room :i* has be5 completely clos$4 ,h[ long ! fall ( du/ la/$ we c only inf] f ?is1 t :5 x ceas$ ! sun _h n yet set4 ,9 ,mis5um1 :i* ! %[] ( pumice /one _h n rea*$1 ev]y?+ 0 cov]$ ) a ?ick lay] ( du/4 ,al?\gh ! e>?quake %ocks cont9u$1 ! inhabitants w5t back into _! h\ses4 ,b ,pompeii & ,/abiae _h be5 cov]$ s deep t only ! ro(s ( ! h\ses1 :]e ^! _h n fall5 91 project$ above ! surface2 & ,h]culaneum _h :olly disappe>$4 ,all ! pla9 ( ! ,s>no 0 buri$1 z 7 also ! slopes ( ! m\nta9s on ! s\?4 ,/abiae1 z we h se51 lay at ! foot ( ! m\nta9s1 on ! coa/4 ,x _h be5 de/roy$ by ,sulla 9 ! ,social ,w>2 its inhabitants1 =c$ to scatt]1 settl$ 9 ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,9 ! ye>s #agdi-hb num]\s build+s 7 excavat$ 9 ! vic9ity1 9 "p luxuri\s c\ntry seats1 9 "p pla9 f>m build+s2 b ! excavations 7 aft]w>d fill$ up aga94 ,! cov]+ ( ,/abiae 0 l t ( ,pompeii1 only n s deep4 ,h]culaneum 0 cov]$ ) ! same mat]ials2 !y 7 n1 h[ev]1 deposit$ 9 regul> /rata1 b 7 mix$ toge!r1 & be+ dr5*$ ) wat]1 h>d5$ into a k9d ( tufa :i* 9 places rea*es a dep? ( sixty-five feet4 ,excavat+ at ,h]culaneum is 9 consequ5ce extremely difficult2 & ! difficulty is fur!r increas$ by ! fact t a mod]n city1 ,res9a1 ext5ds ov] ! great] "p ( ! anci5t site4 ,! excavations ?us f> attempt$ h 9 mo/ cases be5 conduct$ by means ( und]gr\nd passageways4 ,! /atem5t t ,h]culaneum 0 ov]fl[$ by a /ream ( lava1 ?\gh frequ5tly repeat$1 is errone\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,ca/ ( a man4 ,! woodwork ( build+s 9 ,pompeii has 9 _m cases be5 pres]v$1 b 9 a completely *>r$ condition4 ,frequ5tly :]e walls 7 pa9t$ ) yell[ o*re x has turn$ r$1 especially :5 br\ght imm$iately into contact ) ! /ratum ( du/--a *ange :i* ?is color und]goes :5 x is expos$ to heat4 ,nev]!less1 ! inf]5ce w\ld be unw>rant$ t ! products ( ! eruption fell ^u ! city r$-hot & caus$ a g5]al conflagration4 ,! fragm5ts ( pumice /one c\ld sc>cely h reta9$ a great degree ( heat aft] hav+ be5 s long 9 ! air2 x is evid5t f ,pl9y's n>rative t !y 7 n hot4 ,) ! du/ a copi\s ra9 mu/ h fall52 = ! bodies ( ^? :o p]i%$ 9 ! /orm ( du/ left p]fect m\lds1 into a numb] ( :i* s(t pla/] ( ,p>is has be5 p\r$1 mak+ ^? ca/s ( human figures :i* l5d a melan*oly int]e/ to ! collections 9 ! little ,museum at ,pompeii 7,fig4 #g74 ,! extraord9>y fre%ness ( ^! figures1 )\t any sugge/ion ( ! wa/+ away aft] dea?1 is explicable only on ! supposition t ! envelop+ du/ 0 damp1 & s comm5c$ imm$iately to h>d5 into a p]man5t %ape4 ,if ! du/ _h be5 dry & _h pack$ d[n & h>d5$ aft]w>ds1 we %\ld be able to trace at lea/ ! beg9n+s ( decay4 ,nei!r ! pumice /one nor ! du/1 !n1 c\ld h set wood on fire4 ,! woodwork mu/ h become *>r$ gradually f ! effect ( moi/ure1 z 9 ! case ( coal1 & ! *ange 9 ! color ( ! yell[ o*re mu/ be due to "s o!r cause ?an ! pres5ce ( heat4 ,?is is all ! m evid5t f ! fact t ve/iges ( local conflagrations1 conf9$ )9 n>r[ limits1 c "h & !re be trac$1 k9dl$ by ! masses ( gl[+ slag :i* fell at ! same "t ) ! pumice /one1 or by ! fires left burn+ 9 ! h\ses4 ,f ! numb] ( skeletons discov]$ 9 ! pa/ few decades1 s9ce an accurate record has be5 kept1 x has be5 e/imat$ t 9 ,pompeii itself1 ab\t two ?\s& p]sons p]i%$4 ,z ! city conta9$ a population ( tw5ty ?\s& or m1 x is evid5t t ! majority ( ! inhabitants fl$2 s9ce ! eruption comm5c$ 9 ! morn+1 :ile ! hail ( pumice /one did n beg9 till aft]noon1 ^? :o appreciat$ ! greatness ( ! dang] _h "t to escape4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 impossible to say h[ _m fl$ :5 x 0 already too late1 & lo/ _! lives outside ! city4 ,m5tion has already be5 made ( "s :o p]i%$ at ! h>bor2 o!rs :o w5t out e>li] to ! ,s>no may h made good _! escape4 ,( ^? :o rema9$ 9 ! city "p 7 buri$ 9 ! h\ses--s ) tw5ty p]sons ^: skeletons 7 f\nd 9 ! cell> ( ! villa ( ,diom$es2 o!rs1 z ! hail ( pumice /one ceas$1 v5tur$ out into ! /reets1 :]e !y soon succumb$ to ! %[] ( du/ t imm$iately foll[$4 ,z ! bodies wa/$ away little except ! bones 0 left 9 ! holl[s =m$ by ! du/ t h>d5$ ar\nd !m1 & ! ca/s already ref]r$ to1 :i* h be5 made f "t to "t s9ce #ahfc1 give 9 "s cases a rem>kably cle> & %>p repres5tation ( ! victims4 ,! ,emp]or ,titus s5t a commission ( s5ators into ,campania to report 9 :at way help c\ld be/ be r5d]$4 ,a plan 0 =m$ to rebuild ! cities t _h be5 de/roy$1 & ! prop]ty ( ^? :o di$ )\t heirs 0 set aside = ?is purpose4 ,no?+ came ( x1 h[ev]1 s f> z our k goes4 ,pompeii is inde$ m5tion$ 9 ! ,peut+] ,table1 a map = travell]s made 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 b ! "n 0 app>5tly giv5 to a po/ /ation 9 memory ( ! =m] city4 ,conclusive evid5ce aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( a new city is ! abs5ce ( any inscriptions ref]r+ to x4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,une>?+ ,,( ,,! ,,city ,! fir/ excavations at ,pompeii 7 und]tak5 by ! survivors %ortly aft] ! de/ruction ( ! city4 ,z ! upp] p>ts ( ! h\ses t _h n fall5 9 project$ above ! surface1 x 0 possible to locate ! places "u :i* objects ( value 7 buri$4 ,m5 dug d[n f ! surface at c]ta9 po9ts & tunnell$ f room to room und]nea?1 break+ ?r\gh ! int]v5+ walls4 ,?is "w 0 facilitat$ by ! /ratification ( ! volcanic deposit2 ! loose bits ( pumice /one 9 ! l[] /ratum 7 easily remov$1 :ile ! /ratum ( du/ above 0 compact en\gh to furni% a fairly safe ro( = n>r[ passageways4 ,only infrequ5tly is a h\se discov]$ t 0 left undi/urb$2 f ?is we und]/& :y comp>atively little h\sehold furniture ( value has be5 f\nd4 ,n only 7 ri* h\se furni%+s 9 dem&1--! excavators c>ri$ away valuable build+ mat]ials z well4 ,s eag]ly 7 ^! s\ght aft] t l>ge build+s1 z ^? ab\t ! ,=um1 7 almo/ completely /ripp$ ( _! m>ble4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages ,pompeii 0 q =gott54 ,possibly "s rema9s ( ! anci5t build+s 7 yet to be se52 at any rate x seems to h be5 believ$ t a city once exi/$ !re1 = ! site 0 call$ ,la ,civita4 ,9 ! ye>s #aeid-afjj ,dom5ico ,fontana 0 br++ wat] f "o ( ! spr+s ( ! ,s>no to ,torre ,annunziata1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! "w cut an und]gr\nd *annel ?r\gh ! site ( ,pompeii & discov]$ two inscriptions2 b no fur!r inve/igations 7 made4 ,! indiff]5ce ( ,fontana may be expla9$ by ! fact t ! wat] *annel 0 n dug out f above1 l a railway cutt+1 & !n cov]$ ov]1 b 0 c>ri$ z a tunnel ?r\gh ! hill on :i* ! city /ood1 s t ! workm5 came to ! anci5t surface at only a few po9ts4 ,9 ! "p n[ excavat$1 ! orig9al level 0 di/urb$ 9 b "o place1 ne> ! temple ( ,zeus ,mili*ius2 "h ! inscriptions 7 probably f\nd4 ,! excavation ( ! buri$ ,campanian t[ns began1 n at ,pompeii1 b at ,h]culaneum1 :]e 9 #agji ! workm5 ( ! ,au/rian g5]al1 ,c\nt ,elbeuf1 sunk a %aft1 rea*+ ! anci5t level at ! re> ( ! /age ( ! !atre4 ,! curr5t /atem5t t ,elbeuf discov]$ ! site ( ,h]culaneum by accid5t1 8 workm5 be+ engag$ 9 digg+ a well1 is errone\s4 ,! location ( ! city 0 already kn[n1 & ,elbeuf 0 se>*+ = antiquities4 ,! error probably orig9at$ 9 a misund]/&+ ( ! ,italian ^w pozzo1 :i* has a d\ble mean+1 %aft1 & well4 ,at fir/ little 0 accompli%$1 b aft] #agch excavations 7 c>ri$ on by ,k+ ,*>les ,,iii 9 a m sy/ematic mann]4 ,! director ( ^! excavations1 ,rocco ,gioac*9o de ,alcubi]re1 9 ,m>*1 #agdh1 _h occasion to inspect ! wat] *annel m5tion$ above1 & le>n$ t at ! place call$ ,la ,civita--:i* he ?\ght 0 ,/abiae--objects ( antiquity 7 (t5 f\nd4 ,he came to ! conclusion t ?is site 0 m promis+ ?an t ( ,h]culaneum1 :]e ! excavations j !n 7 yield+ little ( value2 ! result ( 8 recomm5dation 0 t on ! ?irtie? ( ! same mon? excavations 7 comm5c$ at ,pompeii1 ) twelve workm54 ,! fir/ digg+ 0 done nor? ( ,nola ,/reet1 ne> ! ,casa del ,torello2 !n ! m5 7 set at "w on ! ,/reet ( ,tombs1 ne> ! ,h]culaneum ,gate2 & a "p ( ! ,amphi!atre also 0 cle>$4 ,9 #agej ! "w 0 /opp$1 because ! results 7 ?\ght to be unimportant4 ,att5tion 0 aga9 direct$ to ,pompeii 9 #aged1 :5 workm5 engag$ 9 con/ruct+ ! highway t runs j s\? ( ! city discov]$ a numb] ( tombs4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 we/ ( ! ,amphi!atre1 ! ext5sive e/abli%m5t ( ,julia ,felix1 arrang$ l a villa1 & "s build+s ly+ nor? ( x1 7 excavat$2 b !y 7 all cov]$ up aga91 z 0 also ! s-call$ villa ( ,cic]o1 :i* 0 uncov]$ 9 #agfc4 ,! p>ts excavat$ 7 n left cle> until aft] #agfc1 :5 ! discov]y ( ! inscription ( ,su$ius ,clem5s1 on ! ,/reet ( ,tombs1 _h e/abli%$ ! fact t ! site 0 t ( ,pompeii4 ,important discov]ies 7 made soon aft]4 ,9 ! ye>s imm$iately foll[+ #agfd ! !atres1 ) ! adjac5t build+s1 & ! ,/reet ( ,tombs1 toge!r ) ! villa ( ,diom$es1 7 laid b>e4 ,! excavations 7 conduct$ sl[ly & )\t sy/em1 yet ) sci5tific int]e/ fo/]$ by ! ,h]culaneum ,academy 7,accademia ercolanese71 :i* _h be5 f\nd$ 9 #agee4 ,"u ,joseph ,bonap>te & ,murat1 #ahjf-ae1 ! "w receiv$ l>g] appropriations1 & 0 prosecut$ ) great] en]gy1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! qu>t] ly+ betwe5 ! ,h]culaneum ,gate & ! ,=um4 ,9 ! same p]iod ! ,=um 0 approa*$ f ! s\? side also4 ,9 #agii1 at ! "t ( ! ,p>!nopean ,republic1 ! ,fr5* g5]al ,*ampionnet _h excavat$1 s\? ( ! ,basilica1 ! two h\ses :i* are /ill call$ by 8 "n4 ,f ^!1 9 #ahac1 ! excavators made _! way into ! ,basilica1 :5ce1 9 ,novemb] ( ! same ye>1 !y pu%$ =w>d into ! ,=um4 ,h[ev]1 ! excavation ( ! ,=um itself ) ! surr\nd+ build+s1 prosecut$ less vigor\sly & ) limit$ means 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,re/oration1 0 n complet$ till #ahbe2 by ?is "t ! temple ( ,=tuna & ! ,ba?s nor? ( ! ,=um _h also be5 uncov]$4 ,! foll[+ ye>s1 to #ahcb1 br\ght to light ! beautiful h\ses on ! nor? side ( ,nola ,/reet--! h\ses ( ,pansa1 ( ! ,tragic ,poet1 & ( ! ,faun--& ^? on ,m]cury ,/reet2 lat] came excavations s\? ( ,nola ,/reet & 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! city4 ,! di/urbances ( ! p]iod ( ,revolution caus$ a cessation ( "w = two ye>s1 f ,july #c1 #ahdh1 to ,septemb] #bg1 #ahej4 ,dur+ ! next n9e ye>s ef=t 0 exp5d$ *iefly 9 cle>+ ,/abian ,/reet & ! ,/abian ,ba?s4 ,! fall ( ! ,b\rbon dyna/y & ! pass+ ov] ( ,naples to ! ,k+dom ( ,italy caus$ ano!r int]ruption1 :i* la/$ a ye>1 f ,decemb] #e1 #ahei1 to ,decemb] #bj1 #ahfj4 ,on ! la/ date ! excavations 7 resum$ "u ! direction ( ,giuseppe ,fiorelli1 a man ( m>k$ individuality1 :o left a p]man5t impress ^u e "p ( ! "w4 ,to him is due ! pres5t admirable sy/em1 excell5t alike f ! te*nical & f ! adm9i/rative po9t ( view4 ,we owe x to him1 t bett] provision is made n[ ?an =m]ly = ! pres]vation & c>e ( excavat$ build+s & objects discov]$2 ! e>li] ef=ts 9 ?is direction naturally left room = improvem5t1 & ! pa9/ak+ ( ! pres5t adm9i/ration is especially wor?y ( comm5dation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,an excavation4 ,atrium ( ! h\se ( ! ,silv] ,w$d+1 cle>$ 9 ! autumn ( #ahib4 ,fiorelli put an end to haphaz>d digg+1 to excavat+ "h & !re :]ev] ! site seem$ mo/ promis+4 ,he fir/ set ab\t cle>+ ! undi/urb$ places ly+ betwe5 ! excavat$ portions2 & :5 9 ?is way ! we/ "p ( ! city _h be5 laid b>e1 he comm5c$ to "w sy/ematically f ! excavat$ "p t[>d ! ea/4 ,s9ce #ahfj only "o public build+ has be5 excavat$--! ba?s at ! corn] ( ,/abian & ,nola /reets2 b _m private h\ses h be5 uncov]$1 "s ( :i* are ( mu* int]e/4 ,fiorelli rema9$ 9 *>ge ( ! excavations until #ahge1 :5 he 0 call$ to ,rome to become ,g5]al ,director ( ,museums & ,excavations2 he di$ 9 #ahif1 at ! age ( sev5ty-two4 ,8 successors1 fir/ ,mi*ele ,ruggi]o1 !n ,giulio de ,petra1 h work$ accord+ to 8 plans1 & 9 full sympa?y ) 8 ideals4 ,up to ! pres5t "t ab\t ?ree-fif?s ( ,pompeii h be5 excavat$4 ,9 #ahgb ,fiorelli made ! calculation t if ! excavations %\ld cont9ue at ! rate !n foll[$ ! :ole city w\ld be laid b>e 9 #gd ye>s4 ,s9ce t "t ! "w has progress$ m sl[ly1 p>tly 9 consequ5ce ( ! great] c>e tak5 = ! pres]vation ( ! rema9s4 ,at ! pres5t rate ( progress we may believe t ! tw5tie? c5tury w h>dly witness ! completion ( ! excavations4 ,articles ( furniture & objects ( art t c easily be mov$1 z ! /atuettes (t5 f\nd 9 ! g>d5s1 are ord9>ily tak5 to ! ,museum 9 ,naples2 a few ?+s h be5 plac$ 9 ! little ,museum at ,pompeii4 ,n[ & !n small sculptures h be5 left 9 a h\se exactly z !y 7 f\nd2 b ! necessity ( keep+ su* h\ses lock$ & ( gu>d+ !m ) especial c>e prev5ts ! g5]al adoption ( ?is me?od ( pres]vation4 ,9 respect to ! pres]vation ( pa9t+s ! practice has v>i$ at diff]5t p]iods4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ! be/ pictures h be5 cut f ! walls & transf]r$ to ! ,museum1 :ile ! decorative framework has be5 left undi/urb$4 ,x is ke5ly to be regrett$ t 9 ?is way ! effect ( ! decorative sy/em z a :ole has be5 de/roy$1 = ! picture =ms ! c5tre ( a c>efully elaborat$ s*eme ( decoration :i* ne$s to be view$ z an arti/ic :ole 9 ord] to be fully appreciat$2 & ! removal ( a pa9t+ c h>dly be accompli%$ )\t "s damage to ! p>ts ( ! wall imm$iately 9 contact ) x4 ,a f> bett] me?od w\ld be to leave intact all walls conta9+ pa9t+s or decorative "w ( int]e/1 provid+ su* means ( protection aga9/ ! wea!r z may be necess>y4 ,a good beg9n+ 9 ?is respect has be5 made 9 ! case ( ! h\se ( ! ,vettii1 ! beautiful & well pres]v$ pa9t+s ( :i* h be5 left on ! walls & are pres]v$ ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,! treatm5t ( a mosaic floor is an altoge!r diff]5t problem4 ,:ile ! floor z a :ole1 ) its ornam5tal designs1 is left 9 place1 f9e mosaics repres5t+ pa9t+s1 :i* are delicate & easily de/roy$1 are wisely tak5 up & plac$ 9 ! ,museum4 ,,notes ,,to ,,plan ,i ,! ,regions are giv5 z !y 7 laid out by ,fiorelli 7p4 #cd71 ! b\nd>ies be+ m>k$ by brok5 l9es4 ,! ,insulae are designat$ by ,arabic num]als4 ,/abian ,/reet1 betwe5 ,/abian & ,vesuvius gates1 sep>at+ ,regions ,,viii1 ,,vii1 & ,,vi1 f ,i1 ,,ix1 & ,v1 is (t5 call$ ,c>do1 f analogy ) ! c>do maximus 7! nor? & s\? l9e7 ( a ,roman camp4 ,nola ,/reet1 lead+ f ! ,nola ,gate1 ) its cont9uations 7,/rada della ,=tuna1 s\? ( ,insulae #aj1 #ab1 #ac1 & #ad ( ,region ,,vi1 & ,/rada della ,t]me1 s\? ( ,,vi1 #d1 #f1 #h71 0 = simil> reasons designat$ z ! ,great] ,decuman1 ,decumanus ,maior2 :ile ! /reet runn+ f ! ,wat] ,gate to ! ,s>no ,gate 7,via ,m>9a1 ,abbondanza ,/reet1 ,/rada dei ,diadum5i7 is call$ ! ,less] ,decuman1 ,decumanus ,m9or4 ,! only ,regions :olly excavat$ are ,,vii & ,,viii2 b only a small portion ( ,region ,,vi rema9s cov]$4 ,! t[]s ( ! city wall are designat$ by numb]s1 z !y are suppos$ to h be5 at ! "t ( ! siege ( ,sulla1 9 #hi ,b4,c4 7p4 #bdj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,i4--,,outl9e ,,plan ,,( ,,pompeii4 ,,*apt] ,v ,a ,,bird',s-,,eye ,,view ,! outl9e ( ,pompeii1 ) its network ( /reets1 may be trac$ on ! accompany+ plan4 ,! city took its %ape f ! end ( ! old lava /ream on :i* x lay1 :i* ran s\!a/ f ,vesuvius4 ,x =m$ an irregul> oval a little less ?an f\r fif?s ( a mile 7#abjj metres7 long & a little m ?an two fif?s ( a mile 7#gbj metres7 wide 9 its greate/ dim5sions4 ,on ?ree sides1 we/1 s\?1 & ea/1 ! wall ( ! city ran along ! edge ( ! hill2 on ! nor?we/ side1 betwe5 ! ,h]culaneum & ,capua gates1 x pass$ directly across ! ridge =m$ by ! lava4 ,! eight gates are kn[n by ! mod]n names giv5 on our plan4 ,two ( !m1 ! ,h]culaneum & ,capua gates1 lie at ! po9ts :]e ! wall comes to ! edge ( ! lava b$ on ei!r side2 ! /reets t l$ f !m desc5d$ to ! pla94 ,at ! ,h]culaneum ,gate ! mu* travell$ highway f ,naples1 pass+ ?r\gh ,h]culaneum1 ent]$ ! city2 ! ,capua ,gate does n seem to h be5 built to accommodate a l>ge traffic4 ,betwe5 ^! two lay ! ,vesuvius ,gate1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,pompeians pass$ out ^u ! ridge t[>d ,vesuvius4 ,f ! ,h]culaneum ,gate ne>ly to ! ,/abian ,gate1 on ! s\? side1 ran a bluff1 ) a %>p desc5t4 ,nev]!less1 z a gate 0 ne$$ on ! side ne>e/ ! sea1 ! ,wat] ,gate1 ,porta ,m>9a1 0 plac$ "h2 ?r\gh x a /eep road l$ to ! ,=um1 s /eep t x c\ld n h be5 mu* us$ by vehicles2 b t may h matt]$ little to ! fi%]m5 br++ _! cat*es to ! m>ket4 ,! ,/abian ,gate lay 9 a depression at ! end ( ! lava b$ & af=d$ a m conv5i5t means ( access to ! city2 !nce a road ran to ! h>bor on ! ,s>no1 & to ,/abiae4 ,at ! left ano!r road app>5tly bran*$ (f f ?is 9 ! direction ( ,nuc]ia1 :i* c\ld be rea*$ also f ! conv5i5tly locat$ ,noc]a ,gate fur!r ea/2 "h also ! slope ( ! hill 0 less pron\nc$4 ,two gates1 f9ally1 gave access to ! city on ! some:at /eep] ea/ & nor!a/ sides1 ! ,s>no ,gate1 :i* takes its "n1 n f ! riv]1 b f ! mod]n t[n ( ,s>no1 & ! ,nola ,gate2 x is at lea/ probable t ! road pass+ ?r\gh ! latt] l$ to ,nola4 ,a glance at ! plan w make x pla9 t ! /reets ( ,pompeii mu/ h be5 laid out accord+ to a def9ite sy/em2 an arrangem5t on ! :ole s regul> & symmetrical w\ld sc>cely be f\nd 9 a city t _h develop$ gradually f a small beg9n+1 9 :i* ! location ( /reets _h be5 ! result ( accid5t4 ,two wide /reets t cross ! city v ne>ly at "r angles give ! direction = ! o!r /reets runn+ approximately nor? & s\? & ea/ & we/1 ,m]cury ,/reet ) its cont9uations1 & ,nola ,/reet4 ,! =m] probably s]v$ z a base l9e 9 lay+ out ! city2 ?is we inf] f ! fact t :ile x is exceptionally broad1 & ! ,=um lies on x1 !re is no gate at ei!r end1 & x c\ld h be5 little us$ = traffic4 ,nola ,/reet has a gate only at ! ea/ end2 ! we/ end op5s into ! ,/rada ,consol>e1 :i* foll[s ! l9e ( ! city wall & leads to ! ,h]culaneum ,gate at ! nor?we/ corn]4 ,t ! o!r /reets mu/ h tak5 _! direction f ^! two is cle>ly se5 9 ! case ( ^? 9 ! nor?we/ "p ( ! city2 on close exam9ation x w be f\nd t ! arrangem5t ( ! re/ also is 9 accordance ) ! same sy/em1 a fact :i* w\ld p]haps be /ill m obvi\s if ! unexcavat$ ea/]n portion ( ! city 7 laid b>e4 ,9 two in/ances1 h[ev]1 !re is a deviation f ?is sy/em4 ,"o is 9 ! qu>t] ne> ! ,=um4 ,= reasons :i* h n be5 satisfactorily expla9$1 ! ,porta ,m>9a 0 n plac$ on ! prolongation ( ! /reet com+ f ! ,s>no ,gate1 b fur!r nor?4 ,9 ord] to rea* ?is gate ! /reet1 z %[n on ! plan1 makes a b5d to ! nor? :i* is reproduc$ 9 ! o!r ea/ & we/ /reets ly+ s\? ( ,nola ,/reet2 we/ ( ! ,=um1 aga91 ! /reets conv]ge 9 ord] to give access to ?is gate4 ,! o!r deviation1 :i* affects ,/abian ,/reet1 c be expla9$ on gr\nds ( conv5i5ce4 ,?is /reet1 :i* runs f ! ,/abian to ! ,vesuvius ,gate1 ab&on$ ! l9e ( ! nor? & s\? /reets we/ ( x 9 ord] to take advantage ( a natural depression 9 ! hill1 by foll[+ :i* an easy grade c\ld be e/abli%$ to ! high] p>ts ( ! city2 t ! blocks along ?is important ?or\ghf>e might n be too irregul> 9 %ape1 ! ne>e/ p>allel /reets on ! ea/ 7 laid out 9 su* a way z to foll[ ! direction ( ,/abian ,/reet4 ,! /reet runn+ s\? f ! ,capua ,gate resumes1 ) slight v>iation1 ! nor? & s\? l9e ( ,m]cury ,/reet4 ,! public build+s ( ! city =m two ext5sive gr\ps4 ,"o gr\p lies ab\t ! ,=um 7,plan ,,ii72 ) ?is we may reckon ! ,ba?s 9 ! fir/ block nor?1 & ! temples ( ,=tuna ,augu/a & ,v5us ,pompeiana4 ,! nucleus ( ! o!r is =m$ by ! two !atres & ! l>ge quadrangul> colonnade :i*1 design$ orig9ally to af=d protection = !atre-go]s aga9/ ! ra91 0 lat] turn$ into b>racks = ! gladiators 7,plan ,,iii74 ,!re are 9 addition only f\r public build+s t ne$ to be m5tion$4 ,two are ba?+ e/abli%m5ts1 ! ,/abian ,ba?s1 & ^? at ! corn] ( ,/abian & ,nola /reets4 ,! ?ird is a small build+ ne> ! ,h]culaneum ,gate1 consi/+ ( a hall op5+ on ! /reet1 ) a base = a /atue ne> ! re> wall2 ?is on insuffici5t gr\nds has be5 call$ a cu/om-h\se4 ,! f\r?1 ! ,amphi!atre1 lies 9 ! s\!rn corn] ( ! city4 ,z ! public build+s 7 ?us locat$ 9 cle>ly def9$ gr\ps1 x is n probable t _m yet rema9 9 ! portion ( ! city :i* has n be5 excavat$4 ,we may expect to f9d only ba?+ e/abli%m5ts1 & p]haps "o or two temples4 ,!re 7 prie/esses ( ,c]es & ( ,v5us1 b ! sanctu>y ( ,c]es has n be5 discov]$4 ,m5tion is made also ( a prie/ ( ,m>s2 b ! temple ( ,m>s1 accord+ to ! precept ( ,vitruvius 7,i4 vii4 #a7 w\ld be outside ! city4 ,a ^w %\ld be add$ reg>d+ ! mod]n division ( ,pompeii into ,regions1 or w>ds1 & ,insulae4 ,by an ,insula is meant--9 accordance ) anci5t usage--a block ( h\ses surr\nd$ on all sides by /reets4 ,! division into ,regions 0 introduc$ by ,fiorelli1 & re/s ^u a misconception :i* has be5 correct$ by m rec5t excavations4 ,fiorelli ?\ght t ! ,capua ,gate & ! ,noc]a ,gate 7 connect$ by a /reet1 & t ! city 0 ?us divid$ by f\r /reets 7! assum$ /reet1 ,/abian ,/reet1 ,nola ,/reet1 & ,abbondanza ,/reet ) its cont9uations7 into n9e ,regions1 m>k$ on our plan ) ! num]als ,i-,,ix4 ,9 ea* ,region e block1 or ,insula1 has its numb]1 & 9 ! ,insula a sep>ate numb] is giv5 to e door op5+ on a /reet4 ,?is arrangem5t is conv5i5t because ea* h\se c be accurately designat$ by means ( ?ree numb]s4 ,on ! plans ! ,insulae are designat$ by ,arabic num]als1 b 9 ! text small ,roman num]als are us$ = ! sake ( cle>ness2 ?us1 ,ins4 ,,ix4 i4 #bf1 means ! fir/ ,insula ( ,region ,,ix1 ,no4 #bf4 ,! names ( sev]al ( ! m important /reets1 z ( ! bett] kn[n h\ses1 are giv5 9 ! text 9 ! ,engli% =m4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,build+ ,,mat]ials1 ,,con/ruction1 ,,& ,,ar*itectural ,,p]iods ,six c5turies lie betwe5 ! dates ( ! e>lie/ & ! late/ build+s at ,pompeii2 & 9 ord] to und]/& any /ructure rightly we mu/ fir/ ( all asc]ta9 to :at p]iod x belongs4 ,x is inde$ r>ely possible to fix dates ) exactness = ! e>li] "t2 b c]ta9 p]iods are s cle>ly diff]5tiat$ f "o ano!r1 t 9 mo/ cases !re is no room = d\bt to :i* ( !m a build+ is to be assign$4 ,be=e und]tak+ to *>act]ize ^! p]iods1 h[ev]1 x w be necess>y briefly to notice :at build+ mat]ials 7 us$1 & h[ !y 7 turn$ to acc\nt 9 con/ruction4 ,exclusive ( wood1 :i* 0 m freely us$ 9 ,pompeii ?an 9 ,campanian t[ns to-day1 ! pr9cipal build+ mat]ials 7 ,s>no lime/one1 two k9ds ( tufa 7gray & yell[71 lava1 a :iti% lime/one (t5 call$ trav]t9e wrongly1 m>ble1 & brick4 ,! ,s>no lime/one 7pietra di ,s>no7 is a deposit f ! wat] ( ! ,s>no1 & is f\nd 9 b$s along ! c\rse ( ! riv]4 ,x conta9s _m impressions ( ! leaves & /ems ( plants1 & v>ies greatly 9 compactness2 x closely resembles ! ,roman trav]t9e1 except t x has a m decid$ yell[i% t9t4 ,gray tufa is a volcanic du/ :i* has be5 h>d5$ by ! pres5ce ( wat] into rock4 ,x has a f9e gra91 & is easily work$2 x 0 qu>ri$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,noc]a4 ,! volcanic du/ :i* =m$ ! yell[ tufa 0 ?r[n out 9 an e>li] p]iod1 :5 ! ,s>no pla9 0 /ill a "p ( ! sea1 & s h>d5$ 9 salt wat]2 x is m friable ?an ! gray tufa1 & n s durable4 ,! lava1 :i* came orig9ally f ,vesuvius1 0 qu>ri$ at ,pompeii4 ,?ree v>ieties may be di/+ui%$1 diff]+ 9 d5sity accord+ z !y 7 tak5 f ! l[] or ! upp] /rata3 solid lava1 or basalt1 :i*1 be+ heavy & extremely h>d1 0 ext5sively us$ = pavem5ts & ?re%olds2 slag1 l ! scoriae f\nd on ! sides ( ,vesuvius to-day2 & cruma1 ! foam ( ! lava /ream1 :i* is light & por\s1 b on acc\nt ( its h>dness has good resi/+ qualities4 ,! :iti% lime/one has a f9e texture1 )\t impressions ( leaves1 & is ( an ev5 color2 x 0 to "s ext5t employ$ z a sub/itute = m>ble4 ,x 0 n qu>ri$ at ,pompeii1 & 0 n ext5sively us$2 ! mo/ important example ( its use is 9 ! lat] colonnade ab\t ! ,=um4 ,! :ite ,c>r>a m>ble 7m>mor lun5se7 0 pref]r$ = columns1 pila/]s1 & ar*itraves2 b color$ m>bles ( _m v>ieties1 cut into ?9 slabs & blocks1 7 us$ z a v5e]+ = walls & 9 ! mosaic floors4 ,bricks 7 us$ only = ! corn]s ( build+s1 = doorpo/s1 & 9 a few in/ances1 z 9 ! ,basilica & ! h\se ( ! ,labyr9?1 = columns2 brick walls are n f\nd 9 ,pompeii4 ,! bricks se5 9 corn]s & doorpo/s 7,figs4 #aa1 #ie7 are simply a fac+ = rubble "w4 ,!y are ord9>ily less ?an an in* ?ick2 !y h ! %ape ( a "r-angl$ triangle1 & are s laid t ! side repres5t+ ! hypo!nuse--ab\t six in*es long--appe>s 9 ! surface ( ! wall4 ,sometimes fragm5ts ( ro( tiles1 m or less irregul> 9 %ape1 7 us$ in/ead4 ,! bricks ( ! e>li] "t conta9 sea s& & h a granul> surface1 ) a less uni=m color2 ! lat] bricks are smoo? & ev5 9 appe>ance4 ,! flat oblong ro( tiles 7tegulae71 measur+ ord9>ily #bd by #ai or #bj in*es1 _h flanges at ! sides2 ov] ! jo9ts :]e ! flanges came toge!r1 jo9t tiles 9 ! =m ( a half-cyl9d] 7imbrices7 7 laid1 l ^? 9 use at ! pres5t day 7,figs4 #aad1 #aag74 ,! /yles ( masonry are *>act]i/ic & int]e/+4 ,we may di/+ui% !m z masonry ) lime/one framework1 rubble "w1 reticulate "w1 quasi-reticulate "w1 a%l> "w1 &1 9 ! case ( columns & entablatures1 massive con/ruction4 ,! masonry ) lime/one framework dates f ! e>lie/ p]iod4 ,! walls 7 built )\t mort>1 clay be+ us$ in/ead4 ,s9ce ?is s]v$ only z a fill+1 )\t /r5g? z a b9d+ mat]ial1 x 0 necess>y to arrange ! /ones !mselves 9 su* a way t ! wall w\ld /& firm4 ,?is result 0 accompli%$ by us+ l>ge1 oblong blocks1 n only = corn]s & doorpo/s1 b also = a framework 9 ! body ( ! wall2 z %[n 9 our illu/ration1 alt]nate v]tical & horizontal blocks 7 built up into pill>s :i* w\ld hold 9 place ! c\rses ( small] /ones t fill$ ! int]v5+ spaces4 ,! mat]ial ( ! l>g]1 hewn blocks1 z well z ( ! small] fragm5ts1 0 ,s>no lime/one1 ) occasional pieces ( cruma or slag4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--,wall ) lime/one framework4 ,! rubble "w1 opus inc]tum1 consi/s ( fragm5ts irregul> 9 %ape1 ( ! size ( ! fi/ & l>g]1 laid 9 mort>4 ,! mat]ial us$ 9 ! e>li] times 0 ord9>ily lava2 lat]1 ,s>no lime/one4 ,corn]s & doorpo/s at fir/ 7 built ( hewn blocks2 aft]w>ds bricks & blocks ( /one cut 9 ! =m ( bricks 7 us$ = ?is purpose1 & 9 ! late/ p]iod frequ5tly brick & /one comb9$1 opus mixtum or opus compositum--a c\rse ( /one alt]nat+ ) e two or ?ree c\rses ( brick4 ,an example ( ! opus mixtum is se5 9 ! entrances ( ! ,h]culaneum ,gate 7,fig4 #aac74 ,rubble "w is ! prevail+ masonry at ,pompeii2 9 comp>ison ! o!r k9ds describ$ may be consid]$ exceptional4 ,! reticulate "w1 opus reticulatum1 =m$ ! out] surface ( a wall1 ! inn] "p ( :i* 0 built up ) rubble4 ,x 0 compos$ ( small f\r-sid$ pyramidal blocks1 ( :i* only ! base1 cut squ>e & smoo?1 %[$ on ! surface2 ! tap]+ "p s]v$ z a key to b9d ! block into ! wall4 ,^! blocks1 :i* measur$ f ?ree to f\r in*es squ>e at ! base1 7 laid on _! corn]s1 s t ! edges ran diagonally to ! horizontal & v]tical l9es ( ! wall2 ! patt]n ?us =m$ _h ! appe>ance ( a net1 h5ce ! "n4 ,! mat]ial 0 9 mo/ cases gray1 occasionally yell[1 tufa4 ,! corn]s & doorpo/s 7 at fir/ made ( ! same k9d ( /one cut 9 ! %ape ( bricks2 lat] ( bricks4 ,?is /yle ( masonry 0 9 vogue at ,rome1 & app>5tly also at ,pompeii1 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us 7,fig4 #ab2 see also ! p$e/al 9 ! =egr\nd ( ,plate ,i74 ,! quasi-reticulate "w belongs to ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,roman colony4 ,9 appe>ance x lies betwe5 rubble & reticulate "w1 diff]+ f ! latt] 9 t ! small blocks are less c>efully f9i%$ & are laid ) less regul>ity4 ,! mat]ial is g5]ally lava1 b tufa & lime/one are also f\nd4 ,! corn]s & doorpo/s are ( brick1 or ( brick-%ap$ blocks ( tufa or lime/one 7,fig4 #aa74 ,a%l> "w1 ( c>efully hewn oblong blocks laid 9 c\rses1 is f\nd 9 ! old] portions ( ! city wall 7,fig4 #aji7 & 9 ! walls ( ! ,greek temple 9 ! ,=um ,triangul>e2 x 0 us$ o!rwise only = ! fronts ( h\ses 7,fig4 #aj74 ,! mat]ial 9 ! e>lie/ times 0 ,s>no lime/one1 lat] gray tufa4 ,) ! com+ ( ! ,roman colony a%l> "w w5t out ( use1 ev5 = ! corn]s ( h\ses & doorpo/s4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( columns & _m ar*itraves l>ge blocks 7 us$4 ,previ\s to ! "t ( ! ,roman colony ^! 7 ( gray tufa1 or1 9 r>e in/ances1 ( lime/one2 a coat+ ( :ite /ucco 0 laid on ! surface4 ,f ! adv5t ( ! colony to ! "t ( ! ,e>ly ,empire1 ! :iti% lime/one 0 us$2 aft] t1 ,c>r>a m>ble4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ! /yles ( con/ruction j describ$1 we may n[ turn to ! ar*itectural hi/ory ( ,pompeii1 :i*1 z we %all see1 falls naturally into six p]iods4 ,! fir/ p]iod is t to :i* ! ,doric temple 9 ! ,=um ,triangul>e & ! city walls belong4 ,f ! /yle ( ! temple1 we may safely conclude t x 0 built 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c42 ! evid5ce is too scanty to enable u def9itely to fix ! date ( ! walls4 ,! build+ mat]ials us$ 7 ! ,s>no lime/one & gray tufa4 ,! second p]iod may be designat$ z ! ,p]iod ( ! ,lime/one ,atriums1 s *>act]iz$ f ! peculi> con/ruction ( a numb] ( h\ses f\nd 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! city4 ,on ! side fac+ ! /reet ^! h\ses h walls ( a%l> "w ( ,s>no lime/one 7,fig4 #aj71 b ! inn] walls are ( lime/one framework 7,fig4 #i74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--;,facade ( ,s>no lime/one1 h\se ( ! ,surgeon4 ,almo/ no ornam5tal =ms belong+ to ?is p]iod h come d[n to u2 s f> only a s+le column has be5 f\nd1 built into ! wall ( a h\se4 ,x is ( ! ,doric /yle1 & once =m$ "p ( a portico t ran along ! we/ side ( ! small op5 space at ! nor?we/ corn] ( ,/abian & ,nola /reets2 x is ?us ! sole remnant ( a public build+4 ,9 ! only complete h\se t has surviv$ f ?is p]iod1 ! h\se ( ! ,surgeon1 !re 0 a portico 9 front ( ! g>d51 b ! ro( 0 support$ by squ>e pill>s1 n by columns4 ,!re is no trace ( wall pa9t+4 ,*>act]i/ic z ! con/ruction ( ! lime/one atriums is1 x is difficult to det]m9e to :at age !y belong4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod _c be det]m9$ ev5 approximately4 ,! end1 h[ev]1 is fix$ by ! e>li] limit ( ! next p]iod1 ! ,second ,punic ,w>4 ,we may1 !re=e1 assign ! h\ses ) ! lime/one atriums to a p]iod j prec$+ ?is w>2 reckon+ 9 r\nd numb]s1 !y 7 built be=e #bjj ,b4,c4 ,9 ! ?ird1 or ,tufa ,p]iod1 came ! climax ( ! developm5t ( ,pompeian ar*itecture prior to ! ,roman dom9ation4 ,! favorite build+ mat]ial 0 ! gray tufa4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,greek temple m5tion$ above1 all ! public build+s ( ,pompeii t d n belong to ! "t ( ! ,roman colony h a homog5e\s "*2 a li/ ( !m w\ld include ! colonnade ab\t ! ,=um1 ! ,basilica1 ! temples ( ,apollo & ( ,jupit]1 ! ,l>ge ,!atre ) ! colonnades ( ! ,=um ,triangul>e & ! ,b>racks ( ! ,gladiators1 ! ,/abian ,ba?s1 ! ,palae/ra1 & ! out] "p ( ! ,porta ,m>9a ) ! inn] p>ts ( ! o!r gates4 ,closely associat$ ) ^! public edifices is a l>ge numb] ( private h\ses2 z a specially *>act]i/ic example1 we may m5tion ! h\se ( ! ,faun4 ,all ^! build+s are simil> 9 /yle & con/ruction2 !y evid5tly date f a p]iod ( great build+ activity4 ,x mu/ also h be5 a p]iod ( peace & prosp]ity2 = ! :ole city1 f ! arti/ic & monum5tal po9t ( view1 und]w5t a trans=mation4 ,c]ta9 ,oscan inscriptions1 an e>ly ,lat9 monum5tal inscription1 & a few words1 dat+ f #gh ,b4,c41 scrat*$ ^u ! pla/] ( ! ,basilica1 oblige u to place ! ,tufa ,p]iod be=e ! "t ( ! ,roman colony2 yet n long be=e1 = ! next olde/ build+s date f ! fir/ ye>s ( ! colony4 ,! "t ( peace t furni%$ ! backgr\nd = ! p]iod c only h be5 t betwe5 ! ,second ,punic ,w> & ! ,social ,w>1 ab\t #bjj to #ij ,b4,c42 ! ,tufa ,p]iod 0 approximately ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,9 m>k$ contra/ ) ! ,p]iod ( ! ,lime/one ,atriums1 ! ,tufa ,p]iod has a pron\nc$ arti/ic "*4 ,x is preem95tly a p]iod ( monum5tal con/ruction4 ,build+s & public places are adorn$ ) colonnades ( ! ,doric1 ,ionic1 & ,cor9?ian ord]s4 ,! simple & beautiful =ms ( ! ,greek ar*itecture are us$1 sp>+ly inde$1 b )\t petty detail & ) evid5t fe> ( excessive ornam5tation4 ,columns & ar*itraves are :ite1 ) only slight sugge/ion ( ! e>li] ,greek poly*rome decoration4 ,a v>iety ( color1 h[ev]1 is laid on ! walls1 & ) ?is p]iod ! hi/ory ( ,pompeian wall decoration beg9s4 ,! ,tufa ,p]iod co9cides ?r\gh\t ) ! "t ( ! fir/ /yle ( decoration4 ,?is1 kn[n z ! ,incru/ation ,/yle1 aim$ to imitate 9 /ucco ! appe>ance ( a wall v5e]$ ) color$ m>bles4 ,wall pa9t+s are :olly lack+1 b pictures1 (t5 ( r>e beauty1 are f\nd 9 ! mosaics ( ! floors4 ,9 ?is p]iod1 we may truly say t ,pompeian ar*itecture 0 at its be/4 ,) x ! pure ,greek tradition dies out2 all ! build+s ( lat] times be> ! ,roman /amp4 ,! build+s ( ! ,tufa ,p]iod are easily recogniz$ by ! unobtrusiv5ess ( ! mat]ials us$ 9 _! con/ruction4 ,! rubble "w is mo/ly ( lava2 b gray tufa 0 us$ exclusively1 n only = a%l> "w 9 facades1 b also = columns & entablatures4 ,! surface ( ! tufa 0 coat$ ) a lay] ( f9e :ite /ucco1 :i* gave x ! appe>ance ( m>ble4 ,! use ( m>ble = build+ purposes1 h[ev]1 is =eign to ?is p]iod2 & x speaks well = ! culture ( ! ,oscan ,pompeians t !y _h pleasure 9 beauty ( =m above ri*ness ( mat]ial4 ,! f\r? p]iod cov]s ! e>li] decades ( ! ,roman colony1 f #hj ,b4,c4 to ne> ! end ( ! ,republic4 ,accord+ to inscriptions :i* are /ill extant1 soon aft] ! ye> #hj a weal?y coloni/1 ,gaius ,qu9ctius ,valgus1 :5 duumvir ) ,m>cus ,porcius z colleague1 built ! ,small ,!atre1 & aft]w>ds1 :5 qu9qu5nial duumvir ) ! same colleague1 ! ,amphi!atre also4 ,bo? /ructures h ! quasi-reticulate fac+ 7,fig4 #aa72 & sev]al o!r build+s 9 :i* ! same /yle ( masonry is f\nd )\t d\bt belong to ! same p]iod--! ,ba?s ne> ! ,=um1 ! temple ( ,zeus ,mili*ius1 a build+ j inside ! ,porta ,m>9a1 & app>5tly ! hall at ! s\!a/ corn] ( ! ,=um1 :i* we %all id5tify z ! ,comitium2 ) ^! %\ld be includ$ also ! orig9al temple ( ,isis1 :i* 0 de/roy$ by ! e>?quake ( #fc ,a4,d4 ,few h\ses dat+ f ?is p]iod h be5 discov]$2 ! provision made by ! prec$+ p]iod 9 ?is respect _h be5 s g5]\s t new h\ses 7 n ne$$4 ,f ! ae/hetic po9t ( view ! f\r? p]iod falls f> bel[ t j prec$+2 ! exhau/ion ( res\rces & ! decl9e ( ta/e due to ! long & t]rible w> are unmi/akable4 ,!atre1 ,amphi!atre1 & ,ba?s 7 alike built = imm$iate use1 ) crude & scanty ornam5tation2 & :]e ri*] ornam5t 0 appli$1 z 9 ! case ( ! temple ( ,isis1 x c\ld n = a mom5t be comp>$ ) t ( ! ,tufa ,p]iod 9 beauty & f9i%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,quasi-reticulate fac+1 ) brick corn]1 at ! entrance ( ! ,small ,!atre4 ,! wall decoration ( ! f\r? p]iod is ( ! second ,pompeian /yle1 :i* came into vogue j aft] ! f\nd+ ( ! colony1 & :i* we %all call ! ,ar*itectural ,/yle2 = 9 "p1 z ! fir/ /yle1 x imitat$ a v5e]+ ( m>ble1 n h[ev] ) ! help ( slabs or panels modell$ 9 /ucco1 b by ! use ( color only1 laid on walls f9i%$ to a plane surface2 9 "p x made use ( ar*itectural designs :i* 7 pa9t$ ei!r correctly or ) at lea/ "s reg>d = prop] proportions4 ,! fif? p]iod ext5ds f ! la/ decades ( ! ,republic to ! e>?quake ( ! ye> #fc ,a4,d4 ,9 ! entire p]iod1 cov]+ m ?an a c5tury1 we are unable to di/+ui% a s]ies ( build+s :i* may be class$ toge!r 9 /yle & con/ruction z con/itut+ a homog5e\s1 repres5tative gr\p4 ,"h & !re we c po9t out a piece ( masonry :i*1 f its simil>ity to t ( ! f\r? p]iod1 may be assign$ to ! end ( ! ,republic2 aga91 walls ) reticulate fac+ ( tufa & corn]s ( brick-%ap$ blocks ( ! same /one belong to ! "t ( ,augu/us 7,fig4 #ab71 :ile reticulate "w ) corn]s ( brick 7,fig4 #ie7 is ( lat] date2 b !re is a total lack ( ^? di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics :i* w\ld s]ve to set (f by !mselves all ! build+s belong+ to a p>ticul> "t4 ,consequ5tly 9 ! case ( ea* /ructure x is necess>y to take into acc\nt all ! circum/ances1 & !n to =m an indep5d5t judgm5t reg>d+ its /yle & date4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,reticulate fac+1 ) corn]s ( brick-%ap$ /one4 ,! fill$ ar* is probably to be> ! weight ( ! wall ov] a sew]4 ,! difficulty is fur!r enhanc$ by ! fact t ?ree /yles ( wall decoration fall )9 ! limits ( ! same p]iod4 ,! ,ar*itectural ,/yle1 already m5tion$1 rema9$ 9 vogue to ! "t ( ,augu/us2 x !n gave place to ! ?ird or ,ornate ,/yle1 :i* is *>act]iz$ by a fre] use ( ornam5t & ! introduction ( designs & sc5es sugge/ive ( an ,egyptian orig94 ,! f\r? or ,intricate ,/yle came 9 ab\t ! ye> #ej ,a4,d41 & repres5ts1 ) its involv$ & fanta/ic designs1 ! la/ /age 9 ! developm5t ( ,pompeian wall decoration4 ,9 ! fif? p]iod m>ble began to be employ$ z a build+ mat]ial2 ! e>lie/ dat$ example ( its use is ! temple ( ,=tuna ,augu/a1 erect$ ab\t #c ,b4,c4 ,! sixte5 ye>s betwe5 ! e>?quake ( #fc ,a4,d4 & ! de/ruction ( ! city =m ! six? p]iod 9 ! ar*itectural hi/ory ( ,pompeii4 ,! build+s belong+ to x c be easily recogniz$1 n only f _! simil>ity 9 /yle & ornam5t1 b also f c]ta9 ext]nal *>act]i/ics1 z newness ( appe>ance1 unf9i%$ condition1 & ! jo9+ ( new to brok5 walls4 ,! only important build+ :olly new is ! l>ge ba?+ e/abli%m5t1 ! ,c5tral ,ba?s1 at ! corn] ( ,/abian & ,nola /reets4 ,= ! re/1 ef=t seems to h be5 direct$ t[>d re/or+ ! ru9$ build+s z ne>ly z possible to _! orig9al condition4 ,! wall decoration ?r\gh\t is ( ! ,intricate ,/yle4 ,! measurem5ts ( build+s 9 ! ,roman ,p]iod con=m to ! scale ( ! ,roman foot1 :ile ! dim5sions ( /ructures ant$at+ ! ,roman colony 9 mo/ cases r$uce to ! scale ( ! ,oscan or old ,italic foot4 ,! ,roman foot 7#bif mm47 may be r\ghly reckon$ at #j4ig ( ! ,engli% foot 7#cjd4h mm472 ! ,oscan foot 7#bge mm47 is consid]ably %ort]4 ,z ! ,roman /&>d is ( ,greek orig91 we may p]haps f9d a /ructure con=m+ to x t 0 design$ by a ,greek ar*itect be=e ! ,roman ,p]iod4 ,,key ,,to ,,plan ,,ii ,a4 ,,! ,,=um4 #a4 ,p$e/al ( ! /atue ( ,augu/us4 #b4 ,p$e/al ( ! /atue ( ,claudius4 #c4 ,p$e/al ( ! /atue ( ,agripp9a4 #d4 ,p$e/al ( ! /atue ( ,n]o4 #e4 ,p$e/al ( ! /atue ( ,caligula4 #f4 ,p$e/als ( eque/rian /atues4 #g4 ,p$e/als ( /&+ figures4 #h4 ,p$e/al = ?ree eque/rian /atues4 #i4 ,speak]'s plat=m 7p4 #dh74 #aj4 ,table ( /&>d measures 7p4 #ib74 #aa4 ,room ( ! sup]visor ( measures4 ,b4 ,,! ,,basilica4 a4 ,entrance c\rt4 #a4 ,corridor4 #b4 ,ma9 room4 #c4 ,tribunal4 #d-d4 ,rooms at ! ends ( ! tribunal4 ,c4 ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,apollo4 #a4 ,colonnade4 #b4 ,podium4 #c4 ,cella4 #d4 ,alt>4 #e4 ,sundial4 #f4 ,sacri/an's room4 #g-g4 ,rooms made f e>li] colonnade4 ,d4 ,d'4 ,,m>ket ,,build+s4 ,e4 ,,latr9a4 ,f4 ,f4 ,,city ,,treasury4 ,g4 ,,commemorative ,,ar*4 ,h4 ,,temple ,,( ,,jupit]4 ,i4 ,,ar* ,,( ,,tib]ius4 ,k4 ,,! ,,provision ,,m>ket--,,macellum4 #a4 ,portico4 #b4 ,colonnade4 #c-c4 ,m>ket /alls4 #d4 ,m>ket = meat & fi%4 #e4 ,*apel ( ! imp]ial family4 #f4 ,banquet room4 #g4 ,r\nd /ructure ) wat] bas9--,?olus4 #h4 ,p54 ,l4 ,,sanctu>y ,,( ,,! ,,city ,,l>es4 #a4 ,ma9 room1 unro($1 ) an alt> 9 ! c5tre4 #b4 ,apse1 ) %r9e4 #c4 ,recesses ) p$e/als4 #d4 ,ni*e op5+ on ! ,=um4 ,m4 ,,temple ,,( ,,vespasian4 #a4 ,colonnade4 #b4 ,alt>4 #c4 ,cella4 #d4 ,portico4 ,n4 ,,! ,,build+ ,,( ,,euma*ia4 ,see plan on p4 #aaj4 ,o4 ,,! ,,vot+ ,,place--,,comitium4 #a4 ,recess op5+ on ! ma9 room4 #b4 ,recess op5+ on ! ,=um4 ,p-,r4 ,,municipal ,,build+s4 ,p4 ,(fice ( ! duumvirs4 ,q4 ,hall ( ! city c\ncil4 ,r4 ,(fice ( ! a$iles4 ,s4 ,,f\nta94 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,ii4--,,! ,,=um ,,) ,,! ,,adjo9+ ,,build+s4 ,,"p ,i ,,public ,,places ,,& ,,build+s ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,=um ,! ,=um is usually approa*$ f ! we/ side by ! %ort1 /eep /reet lead+ f ! ,porta ,m>9a4 ,ent]+1 we f9d ourselves ne> ! l[] end ( an oblong op5 space 7,plate ,i71 at ! upp] end ( :i*1 t[>d ,vesuvius1 /&s a high plat=m ( masonry ) ! ru9s ( a temple--! temple ( ,jupit]2 ! rema9s ( a colonnade are se5 on ea* ( ! o!r ?ree sides4 ,includ+ ! colonnade ! ,=um measures approximately #dig feet 9 l5g? by #aef 9 bread?2 )\t x ! dim5sions are #dfg & #abf feet4 ,! nor? side1 at ! left ( ! temple1 is enclos$ by a wall 9 :i* !re are two op5+s1 "o at ! end ( ! colonnade1 ! o!r betwe5 ?is & ! temple2 at ! "r ! wall b\nd+ ! op5 space has be5 replac$ by a /ately commemorative ar*1 :ile ! end ( ! colonnade is clos$ by a wall ) a passageway4 ,ano!r ar*1 ( mu* simpl] con/ruction1 /&s at ! left ( ! temple1 9 l9e ) ! facade2 x cuts (f ! area betwe5 ! temple & ! colonnade f ! re/ ( ! ,=um4 ,a ?ird ar* once /ood 9 a correspond+ position at ! "r4 ,! colonnade is n[h]e int]sect$ by a /reet passable = vehicles4 ,ev5 ! entrances on ! nor? side =m no exception4 ,at ! left y desc5d to ! area by sev]al /eps1 at ! "r by "o only2 yet "h ! exclusion ( c>ts & wagons 0 made d\bly sure by plac+ ?ree upright /ones 9 ! passageway4 ,only p$e/rians c\ld ent] ! ,=um1 & !y1 too1 c\ld easily be %ut out by means ( gates 9 ! entrances2 ! places :]e ! gates swung c /ill be se5 9 ! pavem5t1 & "o ( !m is %[n 9 a pa9t+ 7,fig4 #af74 ,no private h\ses op5$ on ?is area2 x 0 :olly giv5 up to ! public life ( ! city & 0 surr\nd$ by temples1 m>kets1 & build+s devot$ to ! civic adm9i/ration4 ,! colonnade 0 n uni=m 9 "* ^u all ! ?ree sides4 ,z w be se5 f our plan 7,plan ,,ii71 on ! s\? side1 & on ! adjo9+ portion ( ! ea/ side z f> z ,abbondanza ,/reet1 x 0 con/ruct$ ) two r[s ( columns & _h a d\ble dep?4 ,on ! ea/ side1 nor? ( ?is /reet1 ! porticos 9 front ( f\r successive build+s 7,k1 ,l1 ,m1 ,n7 took its place4 ,= ! great] "p ( its ext5t ! colonnade 0 built 9 two /ories1 ! l[] ( ! ,doric1 ! upp] ( ! ,ionic ord]4 ,! upp] gall]y 0 made accessible by ?ree /airways1 at ! s\!a/ & s\?we/ corn]s ( ! ,=um & at ! middle ( ! we/ side2 on ! ea/ side x did n ext5d beyond ,abbondanza ,/reet4 ,! portico 9 front ( ! fir/ ( ! f\r build+s ref]r$ to1 t ( ,euma*ia1 conta9$ a d\ble s]ies ( columns1 "o above ! o!r1 correspond+ 9 /yle & dim5sions ) ^? ( ! colonnade2 b !re 0 no upp] floor runn+ back f ! int]v5+ entablature4 ,! arrangem5t 9 front ( ! f\r? build+1 ! ,macellum1 0 simil>2 z ! rema9s ( ! porticos 9 front ( ! two int]v5+ build+s h :olly disappe>$1 x is impossible to det]m9e _! "*4 ,! area ( ! ,=um 0 pav$ ) rectangul> flags ( :iti% lime/one4 ,9 front ( ! colonnade1 ! pavem5t ( :i* 0 ab\t tw5ty in*es above t ( ! op5 space1 a broad /ep or l$ge project$1 cov]+ a gutt] = ra9 wat]2 ! wat] f\nd its way into ! gutt] ?r\gh semicircul> op5+s 9 ! out] edge ( ! /ep4 ,( ! _m /atues t once adorn$ ! ,=um n "o has be5 f\nd4 ,z may be se5 f ! p$e/als /ill 9 place1 !y 7 ( ?ree k9ds1 & v>i$ greatly 9 size4 ,fir/1 /atues ( citiz5s :o _h r5d]$ di/+ui%$ s]vices 7 plac$ 9 front ( ! colonnade on ! l$ge ov] ! gutt]4 ,f\r p$e/als t once support$ /atues ( ?is sort may be se5 on ! we/ side4 ,!n eque/rian /atues ( life size 7 set up 9 front ( ! l$ge1 ^! also 9 honor ( dignit>ies ( ! city 7,fig4 #ag74 ,on "o ( ! p$e/als ! v5e]+ ( color$ m>ble is /ill pres]v$1 ) an inscription %[+ t ! p]son repres5t$ 0 ,qu9tus ,sallu/ius1 ,duumvir1 ,qu9qu5nial ,duumvir1 ,patron ( ! ,colony4 ,f9ally1 on ! s\? side1 ! life size eque/rian /atues1 :i* seem at ! outset to h be5 arrang$ symmetrically1 7 almo/ all remov$ 9 ord] to make room = f\r mu* l>g] /atues1 ! p$e/als ( :i* /ill rema9 7,fig4 #ec1 p4 #abb74 ,^! mu/ h repres5t$ emp]ors1 or memb]s ( ! imp]ial families4 ,! p$e/al 9 ! middle1 :i* is 9 ! =m ( an ar* almo/ squ>e at ! base1 is mu* ! olde/4 ,^u x 0 probably plac$ a colossal /atue ( ,augu/us4 ,x is incr$ible t dur+ ! long & successful reign ( ! fir/ emp]or no /atue 9 8 honor %\ld h be5 erect$ 9 ,pompeii2 & ?is is ! mo/ suitable place4 ,! o!r ?ree p$e/als are simil> 9 con/ruction1 & cle>ly belong toge!r4 ,! "o at ! "r 7#b on ! plan7 support$ a colossal eque/rian /atue2 t at ! left 7#c7 a colossal /&+ figure2 on ! ?ird1 fur!r =w>d 7#d71 0 a small] eque/rian /atue4 ,"h /ood1 !n1 emp]or1 empress1 & cr[n pr9ce--,claudius1 ,agripp9a1 ,n]o4 ,a fif? p$e/al1 = an eque/rian /atue ( ! same size z t ( ,n]o1 is se5 fur!r to ! nor?1 9 front ( ! temple ( ,jupit] 7#e74 ,:ile unque/ionably lat] ?an ! "t ( ,augu/us1 x mu/ on ! o!r h& be old] ?an ! p$e/als ( memb]s ( ! ,claudian family2 = aside f himself1 no "o belong+ to ,n]o's "t c be tak5 into consid]ation1 & aft] 8 dea? ! ,=um lay 9 ru9s 9 consequ5ce ( ! e>?quake ( ! ye> #fc4 ,:o /ood "h1 h[ev]1 c sc>cely be ev5 conjectur$4 ,n necess>ily an emp]or2 ! y\ng] ,drusus1 = in/ance1 ,tib]ius's son1 or ,g]manicus might h be5 ?us honor$ if !y _h 9 any way come into relation ) ! ,pompeians4 ,b if an emp]or1 x mu/ h be5 ,caligula2 ano!r place 0 provid$ = ! /atue ( ,tib]ius4 ,9 ! s\? side ( ! ar* at ! nor!a/ corn] ( ! ,=um are two ni*es4 ,x is highly probable t /atues ( ! two olde/ sons ( ,g]manicus1 ,n]o & ,drusus1 7 plac$ 9 !m2 a fragm5t ( an inscription ref]r+ to ! =m] 0 f\nd ne> by4 ,^! became presumptive heirs to ! ?rone aft] ! dea? ( ,tib]ius's son ,drusus1 9 #bc ,a4,d42 b bo? aft]w>ds fell victims to ! morbid suspicions ( ! emp]or & ! plots ( ,sejanus1 ,n]o 9 #bi ,a4,d41 ,drusus f\r ye>s lat]4 ,on ! top ( ! ar* an eque/rian /atue ( ,tib]ius probably /ood4 ,t su* a /atue 0 plac$ "h seems cle> f analogy4 ,nor? ( ?is ar* 0 ano!r1 almo/ 9 l9e ) x1 at ! end ( ,m]cury ,/reet :]e x op5s into ,nola ,/reet2 & "h ! excavators f\nd fragm5ts ( a bronze eque/rian /atue :i* 7 put toge!r & set up 9 ! ,naples ,museum4 ,:e!r ?is /atue repres5t$ ,caligula or ,n]o has be5 a matt] ( dispute1 b ! =m] is really exclud$ f consid]ation by ! %ort1 heavy figure1 :i* is bett] suit$ to ,n]o4 ,!re is no decid$ resemblance to ,n]o ei!r2 b x is q possible t1 al?\gh z cr[n pr9ce he _h be5 honor$ ) a /atue 9 ! ,=um1 ! ,pompeians ?\ght x be/ to erect = him z emp]or a m impos+ monum5t4 ,be=e leav+ ! area we may raise ! "q :e!r x conta9$ a speak]s' plat=m1 l ! ,ro/ra 9 ! ,roman ,=um4 ,if we h ref]5ce to a special /ructure1 probably n2 no trace ( a sep>ate tribunal has be5 discov]$4 ,! orator :o wi%$ to address ! p1 h[ev]1 c\ld m\nt ! broad plat=m 9 front ( ! temple ( ,jupit]1 on :i* once an alt> /ood2 be=e him ! audi5ce c\ld ga!r 9 ! op51 on ! only side ( ! ,=um free f ! colonnade4 ,?is place well suit$ ! conv5i5ce ( bo? speak] & he>]s4 ,x is possible t we %\ld also id5tify z a tribune ! plat=m 9 a recess at ! s\!a/ corn] 7p4 #abj74 ,on ev5 a cursory inspection ! ,=um is se5 to lack unity 9 ! details ( its plan & 9 its ar*itecture2 ! fact soon becomes app>5t t x rea*$ its f9al =m only z ! result ( a long p]iod ( developm5t4 ,x w be wor? :ile briefly to trace ?is developm5t1 & to note at lea/ ! m important *anges :i* foll[$ "o ano!r 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies4 ,9 ! e>lie/ times ! ,=um 0 m]ely an op5 squ>e b\nd$ by f\r /reets4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,nor? end ( ! ,=um1 ) ! ,temple ( ,jupit]1 re/or$4 ,! pro( t ?is 0 ! orig9al =m is 9 "p bas$ ^u ! ori5tation ( ! temple ( ,apollo4 ,! sides ( ?is temple h ! same direction z ! nor? & s\? /reets 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! city1 & mu/ h be5 laid out p>allel ) a /reet t once ran betwe5 x & ! ,=um4 ,! temple is1 !re=e1 old] ?an ! colonnade ( ! ,=um1 :i* %[s a m>k$ deviation f ! l9e ( its axis2 ! div]g5ce1 z may be se5 on our plan1 0 9 "p conceal$ by mak+ a diff]5ce 9 ! ?ickness ( ! pill>s betwe5 ! c\rt ( ! temple & ! ,=um4 ,x is obvi\s t ! colonnade on ! we/ side takes ! place ( an old] /reet2 ! s\? side 0 probably def9$ by ! prolongation ( ,abbondanza ,/reet t[>d ! s\?we/4 ,ne> ! s\!a/ corn] an inscription 0 f\nd3 ,vibius ,popidius ,epidii filius quae/or porticus faci5das co]avit1 ',vibius ,popidius1 ! son ( ,epidius1 :5 quae/or caus$ ?is colonnade to be erect$4' ,no clew to ! date is giv51 b x mu/ h be5 be=e ! com+ ( ! ,roman colony1 = aft] t "t !re 0 no (fice ( quae/or 9 ,pompeii4 ,x mu/ also h be5 be=e ! ,social ,w>2 9 ^? ye>s ( tumult an ext5sive colonnade w\ld n h be5 built1 & :5 ! national _s 0 s vehem5tly ass]t+ itself1 we %\ld expect to f9d inscriptions ^u public works 9 ! ,oscan language1 c]ta9ly n 9 ,lat94 ,b ! use ( ,lat9 may v well date f ! latt] "p ( ! p]iod ( alliance ) ,rome2 we may !n ) mu* probability assign ! inscription to ! second half ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ,rema9s ( ! colonnade ( ,popidius are /ill to be se5 on ! s\? side1 & on ! adjo9+ "p ( ! ea/ side1 ext5d+ j across ,abbondanza ,/reet2 traces ( x are f\nd also on ! we/ side1 :]e x 0 aft]w>d replac$ by a new /ructure4 ,on ! ea/ side nor? ( ,abbondanza ,/reet no traces rema92 ! appe>ance ( ?is "p ( ! ,=um 0 entirely *ang$ :5 ! f\r build+s 7,k1 ,l1 ,m1 ,n7 ) _! porticos 7 erect$1 b we c h>dly d\bt t ! orig9al colonnade ext5d$ "h also4 ,our illu/ration 7,fig4 #ad7 %[s ! arrangem5t ( ! ,doric columns 9 ! l[] /ory2 ( ! ,ionic columns above only scanty fragm5ts h be5 recov]$4 ,! appe>ance ( ! :ole may be sugge/$ by our re/oration 7,fig4 #ac74 ,9 /yle & con/ruction ?is colonnade belongs to ! ,tufa ,p]iod 7p4 #dj74 ,:ile ! =ms are n ^? ( ! classical p]iod1 !y nev]!less manife/ ,greek feel+4 ,! l[ ratio 9 ! proportions ( ! ,doric columns1 ( :i* ! height is equal to five diamet]s1 well accords ) _! use z a support = an upp] gall]y2 else:]e 9 pre-,roman ,pompeii m sl5d] proportions are pref]r$1 ev5 = ! ,doric /yle4 ,! %aft is well %ap$1 ) a mod]ate swell+ 7entasis74 ,only ! upp] "p is flut$2 z ! %>p edges ( ! flut+s ne> ! bottom might easily be m>r$1 ! divisions ( ! surface on ! l[] ?ird ( ! %aft 7 left flat4 ,! ar*itrave is relatively l[1 ! result ( an int]e/+ peculi>ity 9 ! me?od ( con/ruction4 ,blocks ( tufa long en\gh to span ! int]columniations 7 too weak to su/a9 ! weight ( ! re/ ( ! entablature4 ,to meet ?is difficulty a l9e ( ?ick planks 0 plac$ 9 old ,italic fa%ion above ! capitals ( ! columns1 & on ^! 7 laid %ort tufa blocks4 ,?us 9 our illu/ration 7,fig4 #ad71 :ile ! upp] ( ! two b&s ( ! ar*itrave is se5 to be ( /one1 ! l[] %[s ! mod]n timb] suppli$ 9 ! place ( ! anci5t4 ,t ! planks 7 9 reality no ?ick] ?an has be5 assum$ 9 ! recon/ruction is prov$ beyond "q by ! lat] colonnade on ! we/ side1 :i*1 al?\gh entirely ( /one1 corresponds ?r\gh\t 9 its proportions ) ! old] "o2 ! ar*itrave is equally n>r[1 & is likewise divid$ into two p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,remnant ( ! colonnade ( ,popidius1 at ! s\? end ( ! ,=um4 ,?is explanation is curi\sly confirm$ by an ar*itectural pa9t+ on ! g>d5 wall ( "o ( ! f9e/ h\ses ( ! ,tufa ,p]iod1 ! h\se ( ! ,faun4 ,"h we f9d pila/]s & entablature1 except ! ar*itrave1 pa9t$ :ite2 b ! ar*itrave is pa9t$ 9 two b&s1 ( :i* ! l[] is yell[1 z if to repres5t wood4 ,no?+ w\ld h be5 easi] ?an to leave ! ar*itrave1 m\ld$ 9 /ucco1 ( "o color z if x 7 all ( "o mat]ial2 b special ef=t 0 made app>5tly to indicate ! appe>ance ( a l[] division ( timb]4 ,f ?is we may inf] t 9 actual con/ruction no pa9s 0 tak5 to conceal ! lack ( uni=mity 9 /ructural mat]ials by lay+ a coat ( :ite or color$ /ucco ov] wood & /one alike2 on ! contr>y1 ! diff]5ce 0 n only recogniz$ 9 ! decoration1 b ev5 acc5tuat$1 z ! timb]1 :e!r reta9+ its orig9al color or pa9t$ ) a suitable t9t1 pres5t$ a m>k$ contra/ ) ! /one ! surface ( :i* 0 cov]$ ) :ite /ucco4 ,if ! /rip ( timb] 9 ! ar*itrave _h be5 p]ceptibly ?ick] ?an t ( /one above x1 ! effect w\ld n h be5 good2 z ! e>li] ,greek poly*rome decoration 0 n[ no long] 9 vogue1 ! /ripe ( color above ! capitals made a pleas+ v>iation f ! prevail+ :it5ess ( ! /ructure4 ,! ,basilica at ! s\?we/ corn] & ! temple ( ,jupit] bo? con=m to ! same v>iation f ! direction ( ! e>ly nor? & s\? /reet t we h notic$ 9 ! case ( ! colonnade ( ,popidius2 !y belong1 !re=e1 to ! same remodell+ ( ! ,=um4 ,x is q possible t ! erection ( ! temple1 by limit+ ! area ( ! ,=um on ! nor? side1 caus$ its ext5sion t[>d ! s\? beyond ! e>li] b\nd>y4 ,orig9ally ! temple 0 isolat$1 ! nor? end ( ! ,=um on ei!r side be+ left op52 lat]1 b /ill 9 ! "t ( ! ,republic1 a high b\nd>y wall ) passageways 0 built on bo? sides ( x4 ,lat] /ill ! two ar*es 7 erect$ 9 a l9e ) its facade2 aft]w>ds1 9 ! "t ( ,tib]ius1 ! wall at ! "r ( ! temple 0 replac$ by ! commemorative ar* 7,i71 & ! small] ar* ne> ! facade at ! "r 0 remov$ 9 ord] t !re might be an unimp$$ view ( ! great ar* f ! area4 ,! colonnade ( ,popidius may h /ood = m ?an a c5tury2 ! necessity ( mak+ ?or\ghgo+ repairs no d\bt became urg5t4 ,9 ! meantime1 h[ev]1 ! ta/e ( ! ,pompeians _h und]gone a *ange1 & in/ead ( repair+ ! old colonnade !y began to replace x by a new "o1 a "p ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,bett] mat]ial1 ! :iti% lime/one1 0 us$1 & ! con/ruction 0 m sub/antial2 ! blocks ( ! entablature 7 fitt$ toge!r s z to =m a flat ar*4 ,?\gh ! new colonnade foll[$ closely ! proportions ( ! old1 effective details1 su* z ! flut+ ( ! columns1 & ! triglyphs ) ! guttae und]nea?1 7 omitt$4 ,! ref9$ s5se ( =m *>act]i/ic ( ! e>li] "t 0 no long] manife/2 all is co>se & in>ti/ic1 ! swell+ on ! %afts ( ! columns1 = example1 be+ c>ri$ too high4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,"p ( ! new colonnade1 ne> ! s\?we/ corn] ( ! ,=um4 ,! new colonnade _h a second /ory ( ! ,ionic ord]1 ( ! columns ( :i* 7?\gh n ( ! entablature7 consid]able fragm5ts h be5 f\nd4 ,! /ylobate on :i* ! columns re/$ 0 r5ew$ 9 lime/one1 & ab\t ! same "t ! ,=um 0 pav$ & ! l$ge ov] ! gutt] 0 laid ) flags ( ! same mat]ial4 ,?is second remodell+ ( ! ,=um comm5c$ 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,empire1 ! pavem5t hav+ be5 laid be=e ! p$e/al ( ! monum5t to ,augu/us 0 built4 ,x 0 nev] c>ri$ to completion4 ,on ! we/ side ! new colonnade 0 almo/ f9i%$ :5 ! e>?quake ( ! ye> #fc ?rew x ne>ly all d[n4 ,at ! "t ( ! eruption only ! columns at ! s\? end ( ?is side1 :i* _h safely pass$ ?r\gh ! e>?quake1 7 /ill /&+ ) _! entablature2 !y are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,! area 0 !n /rewn ) blocks1 :i* ! /onecutt]s 7 engag$ 9 mak+ ready = ! rebuild+4 ,! ,=um ( ,pompeii1 z ( o!r anci5t cities1 0 fir/ ( all a m>ket place4 ,e>ly 9 ! morn+ ! c\ntry folk ga!r$ "h ) ! products ( ! f>m2 "h all day long tradespeople ( e sort exhibit$ _! w>es4 ,9 lat] times ! pressure ( bus9ess l$ to ! erection ( sep>ate build+s ar\nd ! ,=um to relieve ! conge/ion2 su* 7 ! ,macellum1 us$ z a provision m>ket2 ! ,euma*ia build+1 erect$ to accommodate ! clo?+ trade2 ! ,basilica & ! m>ket h\se we/ ( ! temple ( ,jupit]1 devot$ to o!r bran*es ( trade4 ,yet 9 a lit]al s5se ! ,=um always rema9$ ! bus9ess c5tre ( ! city4 ,x s]v$1 too1 z ! favorite prom5ade & l\ng+ place1 :]e m5 met to discuss matt]s ( mutual int]e/1 or to indulge 9 gossip4 ,"h idl]s loit]$ & pli$ busi] m5 ) que/ions reg>d+ public affairs1 mak]s & deal]s came toge!r to talk ov] & settle po9ts ( diff]5ce1 & "y p pursu$ _! romantic adv5tures4 ,he c be/ =m an idea ( ?is bu/l+1 ceaseless1 v>i$ activity :o kn[s :at ! piazza means 9 ! life ( a mod]n ,italian city1 & /ops to consid] h[ mu* has be5 tak5 f ! life ( ! piazza by ! cafes & simil> places ( resort2 mod]n squ>es1 moreov]1 are usually n provid$1 z 7 ! anci5t1 ) invit+ colonnades1 af=d+ protection aga9/ bo? sun & ra94 ,! life ( ! ,=um seem$ s int]e/+ to "o ( ! citiz5s ( ,pompeii t he devot$ to ! portrayal ( x a s]ies ( pa9t+s on ! walls ( a room4 ,! pictures are light & sket*y1 b !y give a vivid repres5tation ( anci5t life 9 a small city4 ,fir/1 9 front ( ! eque/rian /atues ne> ! colonnade we see deal]s ( e k9d & description4 ,!re sits a sell] ( copp] vessels & iron ut5sils 7,fig4 #af71 s lo/ 9 ?\ght t a fri5d is call+ 8 att5tion to a possible pur*as] :o is j com+ up4 ,next come two %oemak]s1 "o wait+ on wom51 ano!r on m52 !n two clo? deal]s4 ,fur!r on a man is sell+ portions ( w>m food f a kettle2 !n we see a woman ) fruit & vegetables1 & a man sell+ bread4 ,ano!r deal] 9 ut5sils is engag$ 9 eag] b>ga9+1 :ile 8 son1 squatt+ on ! gr\nd1 m5ds a pot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--,sc5e 9 ! ,=um4 ,9 ! =egr\nd1 at ! left1 deal] 9 ut5sils2 at ! "r1 %oemak] wait+ on f\r ladies4 ,wall pa9t+4 ,! sc5es n[ *ange4 ,a man sitt+ ) a writ+ tablet & /ylus li/5s closely to ! words ( ano!r :o /&s ne> by2 he rem9ds u ( ! scribes :o1 "u ! portico ( ! !atre ( ,san ,c>lo1 at ,naples1 write lett]s = ^? t h be5 d5i$ ! privilege ( an education4 ,!n come m5 we>+ tunics1 engag$ 9 "s transaction1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* !y seem to pass judgm5t on ! cont5ts ( bottles :i* !y hold 9 _! h&s2 _! bus9ess p]haps involves ! te/+ ( w9e4 ,beyond ^!1 "s m5 are tak+ a walk2 a woman is giv+ alms to a begg>2 & two *ildr5 play hide & seek ar\nd a column4 ,! foll[+ sc5e is n easy to und]/&1 b app>5tly has ref]5ce to "s legal process2 a woman leads a little girl ) a small tablet be=e h] brea/ into ! pres5ce ( two seat$ m5 :o we> ! toga4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,sc5e 9 ! ,=um4 ,citiz5s read+ a public notice4 ,wall pa9t+4 ,9 ! next sc5e 7,fig4 #ag7 f\r m5 are read+ a notice po/$ on a long bo>d1 :i* is fa/5$ to ! p$e/als ( ?ree eque/rian /atues4 ,! sket*y "* ( ! pa9t+ is especially obvi\s 9 ! repres5tations ( ! horses1 :i* are nev]!less lifelike4 ,x is also int]e/+ to note t ! heads ( ! m5 9 ^! sc5es are uncov]$2 9 /ormy wea!r po9t$ hoods 7%[n 9 a tav]n sc5e1 ,fig4 #bcd7 7 sometimes worn4 ,! fe/oons sugge/ a trimm+ ( ! colonnade = "s fe/al occasion4 ,! la/ sc5e is f s*ool life4 ,a pupil is to receive a flogg+4 ,he is m\nt$ on ! back ( "o ( 8 s*oolmates1 :ile ano!r holds him by ! legs2 a slave is ab\t to lay on ! la%1 & ! tea*] /&s ne> by ) an air ( composure4 ,x w\ld n be safe to inf] f ?is1 h[ev]1 t !re 0 a s*ool 9 ! ,=um2 ! columns 9 ?is sc5e are diff]5t f ^? 9 ! o!rs & are fur!r ap>t4 ,possibly a "p ( ! small portico nor? ( ! c\rt ( ! temple ( ,apollo 0 at "o "t let to a s*oolma/]4 ,! mo/ important religi\s fe/ivals 7 celebrat$ 9 ! ,=um4 ,"h naturally fe/al honors 7 paid to ! highe/ ( ! gods--! :ole area enclos$ by ! colonnade 0 ! c\rt ( 8 temple2 b we le>n f an inscription1 m5tion$ bel[1 t celebrations 7 held "h 9 honor ( ,apollo also1 ^: temple adjo9$ ! ,=um1 & 0 at fir/ ev5 m closely connect$ ) x ?an 9 lat] times4 ,vitruvius in=ms u t 9 ,greek t[ns ! m>ket place1 agora1 0 laid out 9 ! =m ( a squ>e 7a /atem5t :i* is n confirm$ by mod]n excavations71 b t 9 ! cities ( ,italy1 on acc\nt ( ! gladiatorial combats1 ! ,=um %\ld h an oblong %ape1 ! bread? be+ two ?irds ( ! l5g?4 ,! purpose 9 giv+ a l5g!n$ =m to ! ,=um1 z also to ! ,amphi!atre1 0 no d\bt to secure1 at ! middle ( ! sides1 a great] numb] ( good seats1 f :i* a spectacle c\ld be witness$4 ,9 ! ,pompeian ,=um1 z may be se5 f ! dim5sions giv5 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 ! bread? is less ?an "o ?ird ( ! l5g?4 ,h[ev]1 !re c be little d\bt t gladiatorial exhibitions 7 frequ5tly held !re be=e ! build+ ( ! ,amphi!atre1 :i* dates f ! e>li] ye>s ( ! ,roman colony4 ,aft] ?is "t ! ,=um 0 /ill us$ = games & conte/s ( a less dang]\s "*4 ,! epitaph ( a c]ta9 ,a4 ,clodius ,flaccus1 :i* is n[ lo/1 b 0 copi$ by a s*ol> 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 tells u at l5g? h[ 9 8 fir/1 & aga9 9 8 second1 duumvirate 7he 0 duumvir = ! ?ird "t 9 #c ,b4,c471 9 connection ) ! fe/ival ( ,apollo1 he n only gave gladiatorial exhibitions 9 ! ,amphi!atre1 b also provid$ bullfights & o!r spectacles1 z well z musical ent]ta9m5ts & pantomimes1 9 ! ,=um4 ,speak+ ( ! ,=um z a place = gladiatorial combats1 ,vitruvius adds t ! spaces betwe5 ! columns %\ld be wide1--t ! view ( spectators might be z little z possible imp$$1--& t ! upp] /ory ( ! colonnade %\ld be arrang$ ) ref]5ce to ! collection ( an admission fee4 ,! latt] sugge/ion is ( special int]e/4 ,z we "k f o!r s\rces1 at public games c]ta9 places 7 res]v$ = ! (ficials & = ! fri5ds ( him :o gave ! spectacle2 o!rs 7 free to ! public1 :ile = /ill o!rs an admission fee 0 *>g$4 ,if ! exhibition 0 held 9 a m>ket place1 ) l[] & upp] colonnades1 ! =m] w\ld be op5 to ! p2 ! latt] 9 "p res]v$1 9 "p accessible on paym5t ( ! price ( admission4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :e!r on su* occasions at ,pompeii ! gates ( ! ,=um itself 7 %ut1 s t admission ev5 to ! free space c\ld be regulat$2 p]haps !y 7 9 e>li] times :51 z at ,rome1 slaves 7 =bidd5 to witness ! games4 ,h[ev]1 ,cic]o speaks ( ?is "t-honor$ regulation z 9 8 day already a ?+ ( ! pa/2 & s 9 ,roman ,pompeii ! gates ( ! ,=um may h rema9$ op5 ev5 on ! days ( ! games4 ,_! mo/ important use 0 probably 9 connection ) ! vot+4 ,! ,=um _h a "p also 9 spectacles :i* 7 n pres5t$ !re4 ,we are safe 9 assum+ t1 at lea/ 9 ! e>li] times1 :5ev] a gladiatorial combat 0 giv5 9 ! ,amphi!atre1 or a play 9 ! ,!atre1 ! city (ficials1 includ+ especially ! (ficial provid+ ! ent]ta9m5t1 =m$ 9 procession ) _! ret9ue & proce$$ 9 fe/al attire to ! place ( amusem5t4 ,^! processions c\ld sc>cely h =m$ any:]e else ?an 9 ! ,=um1 & !nce !y mu/ h />t$ out4 ,! fact t ! ,=um 0 n accessible = vehicles sugge/s a significant po9t ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! fe/al processions ( ! colony & ^? ( ! capital4 ,9 ! latt]1 vehicles _h a prom95t place4 ,?us at ,rome ! (ficial :o gave ! games 9 ! ,circus ent]$ ! edifice ) 8 ret9ue 9 *>iots 9 ! impos+ circus p>ade1 pompa circ5sis1 & a simil> usage prevail$ 9 ! case ( o!r processions2 prie/s1 too1 & prie/esses 7 on _m occasions all[$ to ride4 ,b ev5 9 ,rome c>riages 7 always consid]$ a matt] ( luxury2 & ! municipal regulations promulgat$ by ,caes> prohibit$ ! use ( vehicles1 except ^? requir$ = religi\s & civic processions1 on ! /reets ( ! city f sunrise till ! t5? h\r1 t is1 till f\r o'clock 9 ! aft]noon4 ,9 ,pompeii1 & )\t d\bt also 9 o!r cities ( ,italy & ! prov9ces1 ! clos+ ( ! ,=um to vehicles made x necess>y t religi\s & o!r processions %\ld proce$ on foot4 ,we h no evid5ce ( any exception to ?is rule4 ,we ought p]haps to recognize 9 x "o ( ^? devices by means ( :i* ,rome ma9ta9$ a position ( dignifi$ sup]iority ov] ! prov9cial t[ns2 to h] processions 0 all[$ an elem5t ( display :i* to !irs 0 d5i$4 ,x 0 n p]mitt$ to "n ! two *ief executive (fic]s ( a municipality consuls1 ?\gh _! functions1 )9 limits1 correspond$ ) ^? ( ! consuls at ,rome2 nor c\ld ! city c\ncil be call$ a s5ate1 ?\gh ! ,roman writ]s did n hesitate to apply ?is t]m to correspond+ bodies 9 /ates & cities outside ( ,rome's jurisdiction4 ,= l reasons1 x w\ld seem t on public occasions (ficials & prie/s ( a prov9cial t[n 7 n p]mitt$1 z 7 ^? 9 ,rome1 to ride4 ,0 ?is humiliat+ re/riction laid ^u ! ,pompeians :5 ! ,roman colony came1 or previ\sly :5 ! city 0 9 "n ! ally ( ,rome1 b 9 reality already subject8 ,! evid5ce is almo/ conclusive = ! latt] alt]native2 = ! colonnade ( ,popidius1 :i* z we h se5 0 erect$ 9 ! p]iod ( autonomy1 left no entrance = vehicles1 ?\gh 9 o!r ways x add$ greatly to ! attractiv5ess & conv5i5ce ( ! ,=um z a place = civic & religi\s celebrations4 ,no record ( ev5ts has surviv$ to help u =m a picture ( ! ,=um z ! seat ( delib]ative & judicial functions1 ! c5tre ( ! city's political life2 yet /irr+ sc5es pres5t !mselves to ! imag9ation z we recall ! critical p]iods 9 ! hi/ory ( ! city4 ,9 ! ,=um1 ab\t #djj ,b4,c41 ! valiant ,samnite m\nta9e]s1 hav+ tak5 ! city by /orm1 assembl$ & e/abli%$ _! civic organization2 "h1 9 lat] times1 )\t d\bt amid conflicts simil> to ^? at ,rome1 ! polity 0 put to ! te/ & und]w5t trans=mation4 ,fi]ce en\gh ! /rifes may h be5 dur+ ! ,samnite w>s1 & aga9 9 ! "t ( ,hannibal1--aft] ! battle ( ,cannae1--:5 ! ari/ocrats :o favor$ ,rome cont5d$ ) ! national p>ty = ! ma/]y4 ,"h1 on ! plat=m 9 front ( ! temple ( ,jupit]1 ! lead]s ( ! national p>ty /ood 9 #ij ,b4,c41 & ) flam+ words r\s$ ! p to revolt1 to jo9 ! movem5t :i*1 />t+ 9 ,asculum1 _h spread l wildfire ov] ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,!n t5 ye>s ( bloody w>1--siege1 campaigns1 surr5d]1--& aga9 ! sc5e *anges4 ,roman soldi]s /& ?ick 9 s]ri$ ranks ^u ! area4 ,!y are ! vet]ans ( ,sulla4 ,an (fic] be>+ a civil commission1 ! nephew ( ! ,dictator1 appe>s be=e !m4 ,/&+ 9 front ( ! temple ( ,jupit]1 he makes a proclamation reg>d+ ! f\nd+ & adm9i/ration ( ! colony4 ,! citiz5s cr[d back timidly into ! colonnade4 ,_m ( ! be/ ( ! ,pompeians h fall5 9 battle2 ( ! re/1 a "p at lea/ w be dispossess$ ( h\se & home to make room = ! intrud]s1 ^: arrogance !y w be compell$ submissively to endure4 ,?is is ! la/ tragic act 9 ! ,pompeian ,=um4 ,aft] ?is "t1 !re w be disputes reg>d+ ! rights ( ! old resid5ts & ! coloni/s1 public que/ions ( _m k9ds w call = settlem5t2 ! elections w come ea* ye>1 & ! ard5t s\!rn temp]am5t may ass]t itself 9 viol5t sc5es4 ,yet all ^! di/urbances w be only z ! ripples on ! surface2 ! dep?s w rema9 undi/urb$4 ,! life ( ,pompeii has become an integral "p ( ! life ( ! ,roman _w4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,build+s ,,ab\t ,,! ,,=um--,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,jupit] ,! ,=um 0 to ! anci5t city :at ! atrium 0 to ! e>ly ,italic h\se2 x 0 us$ = e purpose = :i* a special place 0 n provid$ else:]e4 ,& z sleep+ rooms1 d9+ rooms1 & /or]ooms 7 gr\p$ ab\t ! atrium & op5$ into x1 s ar\nd ! ,=um lay ! edifices :i* s]v$ ! requirem5ts ( ! public life1--! mo/ important temples1 ! municipal build+s1 & m>ket h\ses or ex*anges = diff]5t bran*es ( bus9ess4 ,?ree temples adjo9$ ! ,=um at ,pompeii4 ,9 addition1 !re 0 a sanctu>y ( ! ,city ,l>es2 & ! temples ( ,v5us ,pompeiana & ,=tuna ,augu/a 7 b a %ort di/ance away4 ,^! religi\s edifices are repres5tative ( ! diff]5t p]iods 9 ! hi/ory ( ! city4 ,9 v e>ly times ! ,oscans ( ,pompeii receiv$ f ! ,greeks :o _h settl$ on ! coa/ ! cult ( ,apollo1 & built = ! ,hell5ic god a l>ge1 f9e temple 7,c1 9 ,plan ,,ii7 adjo9+ ! ,=um on ! we/ side4 ,sev]al c5turies lat]1 ! div9ities ( ! ,capitol--,jupit]1 ,juno1 & ,m9]va--7 en?ron$ 9 ! temple t on ! nor? side t[]$ above ! area 7,h74 ,on ! ea/ or "r side foll[$1 9 ,roman times1 ! edifices erect$ = ! wor%ip ( ! emp]ors4 ,! olde/ is ! unro($ build+1 ) a broad1 op5 front1 d$icat$ to ! ,l>es ( ! ,city & to ! ,g5ius ( ,augu/us 7,l74 ,fur!r nor?1 9 ! fir/ block at ! "r beyond ! ,=um1 is ! temple ( ,=tuna ,augu/a1 ! goddess :o gu>d$ ! =tunes ( ,augu/us1 erect$ 9 #c ,b4,c4 ,a *apel = ! wor%ip ( ,claudius & 8 family 0 plac$ 9 ! ,macellum 7,k1 #e72 ?is seems to h suffic$ also = ! wor%ip ( ,n]o4 ,aft] ,n]o's dea? & aft] ! brief ,civil ,w>1 a temple 7,m7 0 built close to ! %r9e ( ! ,l>es 9 honor ( ,vespasian1 ! re/or] ( peace1 ! new ,augu/us4 ,?is 0 ! la/ temple erect$ 9 ,pompeii2 x 0 n entirely f9i%$ at ! "t ( ! eruption4 ,?ree build+s at ! s\? end ( ! ,=um 7 us$ = city (fices 7,p-,r74 ,!y 7 mu* alike1 ea* conta9+ a s+le l>ge hall4 ,!y 7 seem+ly built 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,empire1 & repair$ aft] ! e>?quake ( ! ye> #fc4 ,!re is also a /ructure at ! s\!a/ corn]1 s\? ( ,abbondanza ,/reet1 :i* we may id5tify z ! vot+ place1 ! ,comitium 7,o74 ,at ! nor?we/ corn] 0 app>5tly ! city treasury1 built 9 ! late/ ye>s ( ,pompeii1 p]haps on ! site ( an e>li] /ructure ( ! same k9d 7,f74 ,at a comp>atively e>ly p]iod ! area 0 f\nd to be too small = ! increas+ volume ( bus9ess2 & ! dem& = ro($ space made itself felt4 ,9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ! l>ge & spl5did ,basilica 7,b71 s]v+ ! d\ble purpose ( a c\rt & an ex*ange1 0 built at ! s\?we/ corn]4 ,diagonally opposite1 ne> ! temple ( ,jupit]1 a provision m>ket1 ! ,macellum 7,k71 0 con/ruct$2 ?is also at an e>ly date4 ,x 0 entirely rebuilt 9 ! "t ( ! ,empire1 p]haps 9 ! reign ( ,claudius4 ,previ\s to ?is rebuild+1 ! prie/ess ,euma*ia _h erect$ an ex*ange = ! full]s on ! same side ( ! ,=um1 fur!r s\? 7,n74 ,on ! we/ side1 f pre-,roman times1 /ood a small colonnade 9 two /ories1 ) its re> aga9/ ! re> ( ! colonnade on ! nor? side ( ! c\rt ( ! temple ( ,apollo2 only ! fir/ /ory1 ( ! ,doric ord]1 has be5 pres]v$4 ,probably ?is /ructure & ! small op5 space 9 front 7 at fir/ us$ z a m>ket2 lat]1 9 ! imp]ial p]iod1 %ops 7,d'7 7 built ^u ! op5 space1 & ! colonnade 0 made ov] into clos$ rooms1 ! purpose ( :i*1 except 9 ! case ( "o1 is unkn[n 7#f1 #g1 #g74 ,9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! city1 a l>ge m>ket build+ 7,d7 0 erect$ betwe5 ?is small place & ! ,=um4 ,x 0 connect$ bo? ) ! city treasury & ) a latr9a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! temple ( ,jupit] dom9ates ! ,=um1 & m ?an any o!r /ructure gives x "*4 ,z we h se51 its ori5tation accords ) t ( ! colonnade ( ,popidius4 ,x probably dates f ! pre-,roman p]iod1 ! columns be+ ( tufa cov]$ ) :ite /ucco4 ,! e>?quake ( ! ye> #fc left ! temple 9 ru9s1 & at ! "t ( ! eruption ! "w ( rebuild+ _h n yet comm5c$4 ,9 ! meantime1 x 0 us$ z a work%op = /onecutt]s4 ,! j\rnal ( ! excavations reports ! f9d+ "h ( ! torso ( a colossal /atue out ( :i* a small] /atue 0 be+ c>v$4 ,a place = ! wor%ip ( ! div9ities ( ! temple mu/ tempor>ily h be5 provid$ else:]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--,plan ( ! temple ( ,jupit]4 #a4 ,speak]'s plat=m4 #b4 ,portico4 #c4 ,cella4 ,! temple /&s on a podium #aj ,roman feet high1 & includ+ ! /eps1 #abe ,roman feet long 7,fig4 #ah74 ,v ne>ly a half ( ! :ole l5g? is giv5 to ! cella2 ( ! o!r half1 a little m ?an two ?irds is occupi$ by ! portico1 leav+ ab\t a ?ird 7#bj ,roman feet7 = ! /eps4 ,! p$im5t 0 su/a9$ by six ,cor9?ian columns ab\t #bh feet high4 ,?is arrangem5t--a deep portico 9 front ( ! cella--is ,etruscan1 ?\gh ! canon ( ,vitruvius1 t 9 ,etruscan temples ! dep? ( ! portico %\ld equal t ( ! cella1 is violat$4 ,! high podium also1 ) /eps 9 front1 is *>act]i/ic ( ,etruscan1 or at lea/ ( e>ly ,italic religi\s ar*itecture4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ar*itectural =ms ( ! sup]/ructure are ,greek1 & ^! 9 turn h _h _! influ5ce ^u ! plan2 ! int]columniations are n wide1 z 9 ! ,tuscan /yle ) its wood5 ar*itrave1 b n>r[]1 z 9 ! ,greek ord]s4 ,vitruvius speaks ( temples su* z ?is1 9 :i* ,greek & ,etruscan elem5ts are unit$1 at ! end ( 8 directions = ! build+ ( temples2 !y are a developm5t ( ,roman ar*itecture4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! /eps is peculi>4 ,above is a s]ies ( long /eps rea*+ ne>ly across ! front 7,fig4 #ai72 bel[ are two n>r[ flights ne> ! sides1 & betwe5 !m is ! project+ front ( ! podium1 us$ z a tribune1 :i* has already be5 m5tion$ 7p4 #dh74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--,ru9s ( ! temple ( ,jupit]4 ,t an alt> /ood at ! middle ( ?is plat=m is prov$ by a relief ) a repres5tation ( ! nor? side ( ! ,=um1 f\nd on ! base ( a *apel ( ! ,l>es 9 ! h\se ( ! weal?y ,pompeian1 ,l4 ,caecilius ,jucundus4 ,at ! left we see ! ar* ne> ! facade & a /rip ( wall connect+ x ) ! temple2 next a corn] ( ! plat=m ) an eque/rian /atue2 !n a flight ( /eps1 & ! front ( ! plat=m ) an alt> at ! middle2 f9ally ! o!r flight ( /eps & ano!r eque/rian /atue 9 a position correspond+ ) t ( ! fir/4 ,! columns %[n 9 ! relief d n agree 9 numb] or /yle ) ^? ( ! facade ( ! temple1 b su* inaccuracies are common 9 anci5t repres5tations ( build+s1 & !re c be no d\bt t ! temple ( ,jupit] is repres5t$2 ! relief has1 9 fact1 be5 us$ 9 mak+ our re/oration ( ! ar* at ! left 7,fig4 #ac74 ,bo? ! portico & ! cella no d\bt _h a c(f]$ ceil+4 ,j 9 front ( ! doorway1 :i* 0 fifte5 ,roman feet wide1 are ! l>ge /ones ) holes = ! pivots on :i* ! massive d\ble doors swung 7indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #ah72 ! doors "h 7 n plac$ 9 ! doorway1 b 9 front ( x1 & 7 besides some:at l>g]1 s t ! effect 0 r5d]$ m impos+ :5 !y 7 %ut4 ,! ornam5tation ( ! cella 0 especially ri*4 ,a r[ ( ,ionic columns1 ab\t fifte5 feet high1 /ood 9 front ( ea* ( ! long] sides2 ! entablature above !m probably s]v$ z a base = a simil> r[ ( ,cor9?ian columns1 ! entablature ( :i* 9 turn support$ ! ceil+4 ,on ! int]m$iate entablature1 betwe5 ! columns ( ! upp] s]ies1 /atues & votive (f]+s 7 d\btless plac$4 ,! floor ab\t ! sides 0 cov]$ ) :ite mosaic1 ( :i* scanty rema9s h be5 f\nd2 ! m>ble pavem5t ( ! c5tre 7inside ( ! dott$ l9e1 ,fig4 #ah7 has :olly disappe>$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--,section ( ! wall decoration 9 ! cella ( ! temple ( ,jupit]4 ,a section ( ! wall decoration1 9 ! second ,pompeian /yle1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,we notice "h ! *>act]i/ic elem5ts--imitation ( m>ble v5e]+1 ) l>ge r$ c5tral panels & a cornice above4 ,! base ) its simple divid+ l9es ^u a black gr\nd 0 pa9t$ ov] 9 ! ?ird /yle2 orig9ally x mu/ h be5 m sugge/ive ( real con/ruction1 ) a n>r[ pa9t$ bord] along ! upp] edge4 ,aga9/ ! re> wall ( ! cella /&s a l>ge p$e/al1 ?ree times z long z x is broad4 ,x 0 orig9ally divid$ by f\r pila/]s--two at ! corn]s & two on ! front betwe5 !m--into ?ree p>ts4 ,lat] ! pila/]s & ! entablature ov] !m 7 remov$1 & ! :ole 0 cov]$ ) m>ble v5e]+4 ,inside 7 ?ree small rooms1 ent]$ by sep>ate doors f ! cella4 ,! p$e/al 0 ?us built = ?ree images2 ?ree div9ities 7 wor%ipp$ "h1 & 9 ! little *amb]s und]nea? 7 p]haps kept ! trapp+s ) :i* on fe/al occasions ! images 7 deck$4 ,a head ( ,jupit]1 ( :i* we %all speak lat]1 0 f\nd 9 ! cella1 z 0 also an inscription ( ! ye> #cg ,a4,d41 conta9+ a d$ication to ,jupit] ,optimus ,maximus1 ! rul+ deity ( ! ,capitol at ,rome4 ,x is ?us prov$ beyond "q t ! ,capitol9e ,jupit] 0 wor%ipp$ "h2 & x w n be difficult to asc]ta9 :at o!r div9ities %>$ ) him ! honors ( ! temple4 ,z ! ,roman colonies /rove 9 all ?+s to be ,rome 9 m9iature1 ea* ?\ght x necess>y to h a ,capitolium--a temple = ! wor%ip ( ! gods ( ! ,roman ,capitol1 ,jupit]1 ,juno1 & ,m9]va2 & ?is naturally became ! mo/ important temple 9 ! city4 ,t ! wor%ip ( ! ?ree div9ities 0 e/abli%$ at ,pompeii is evid5t f ! discov]y ( ?ree images repres5t+ !m1 9 ! little temple conjecturally assign$ to ,zeus ,mili*ius4 ,^! are poor images ( t]ra cotta1 & ! temple itself 0 altoge!r unwor?y to be a place ( wor%ip = ! great gods t %ap$ ! de/9ies ( ,rome4 ,we are w>rant$ 9 ! conclusion t ! temple ( ,zeus ,mili*ius 0 us$ tempor>ily = ! wor%ip ( ! ?ree div9ities ( ! l>ge temple till ! latt] c\ld be rebuilt2 & t ,juno & ,m9]va /ood on ! great p$e/al beside ! k+ ( ! gods4 ,x seems /range t ! ,pompeians %\ld h erect$ a temple to ! gods ( ! ,capitol 9 ! pre-,roman p]iod4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! wor%ip ( ! ?ree div9ities 0 by no means limit$ to ,rome & h] colonies4 ,! ,etruscans1 z ,s]vius in=ms u 9 8 comm5t>y on ,virgil1 ?\ght t a city 0 n prop]ly f\nd$ unless x conta9$ sanctu>ies ( ,jupit]1 ,juno1 & ,m9]va4 ,vitruvius1 also1 9 8 directions = lay+ out a city1 makes ! g5]al /atem5t t ! mo/ prom95t site %\ld be set aside = ! temples ( ! same div9ities4 ,if we consid] fur!r t ! opposition ( ! ,italians to ,rome f\nd expression only 9 ! ,social ,w>1 & t previ\sly !y _h look$ ^u ! atta9m5t ( ,roman citiz5%ip z ! highe/ object ( ambition1 ! gradual adoption ( ,roman cu/oms at ,pompeii & ! erection ( a temple to ! ,capitol9e div9ities are se5 to be less rem>kable4 ,! build+ ( su* a temple 0 a natural expression ( political aspirations2 x 0 9 complete h>mony ) ! use ( ,lat9 9 ! inscription ( ,popidius 7p4 #ej74 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r possibility t may be /at$4 ,! remodell+ ( ! ,=um 0 c]ta9ly comm5c$ 9 ! pre-,roman p]iod2 b x is n impossible t ! "w 0 int]rupt$ by ! break+ out ( ! ,social ,w> & t ! coloni/s complet$ x1 d$icat+ ! temple to ! gods ( ! ,capitol4 ,! use ( sev]al brick-%ap$ blocks ( /one1--su* blocks are n f\nd 9 o!r build+s ( ! pre-,roman "t1--! lack ( any trace ( ! wall decoration ( ! fir/ /yle1 ! =m ( ! egg-&-d>t m\ld+ on ! capitals ( ! ,ionic columns 9 ! cella1 & ! correspond5ce ( c]ta9 dim5sions ) ! ,roman scale ( measurem5ts may be alleg$ 9 favor ( ?is hypo!sis4 ,! evid5ce at pres5t does n w>rant a positive decision aga9/ x4 ,! fact t we h "h a ,capitolium may expla9 ! special prom95ce ( ! alt> 9 front1 :i* might j z well h be5 plac$ 9 ! area ( ! ,=um at ! foot ( ! /eps4 ,9 ,rome ! ,capitol lay ^u a summit ( a hill2 p]haps ! aim 9 ?is case 0 to place n only ! temple b also ! alt> ^u an elevation s t "h1 z !re1 ! prie/ %\ld g up to (f] sacrifice4 ,! podium ( ! temple conta9s vault$ rooms :i* c be ent]$ f ! ,=um ?r\gh a n>r[ door on ! ea/ side4 ,_! use is unkn[n4 ,we are rem9d$ ( ! temple ( ,saturn 9 ! ,=um at ,rome1 ! podium ( :i* s]v$ z a treasury1 a]>ium4 ,! vaults1 favissae1 may h be5 us$ z a place ( safe keep+ = treasure1 or = furniture ( ! temple1 or = disc>d$ votive (f]+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! beautiful head ( ,jupit] f\nd 9 ! cella des]ves m ?an a pass+ m5tion4 ,9 ord] to appreciate its "* we may view x 9 contra/ ) ! ,otricoli ,zeus1 ) :i* x is closely relat$4 ,9 bo? heads we feel ! lack ( t maje/ic simplicity1 t ineffable & godlike calm1 :i* re/$ on ! features ( ! ,zeus ( ,phidias4 ,"h man has mu* m obvi\sly made ,god 9 8 own image2 ! face %[s less ( ! ideal1 ) m ( human en]gy & passion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--;,bu/ ( ,zeus f ,otricoli1 n[ 9 ! ,vatican ,museum4 ,aft] ,tafel #acj ( ! ,brunn-,bruckmann ,d5kmael]4 ,x is n = u to decide :e!r ! ,otricoli mask is f ! s*ool ( ,praxiteles1 or %[s m ( ! influ5ce ( ,lysippus2 x is suffici5t "h to notice t ! type 0 develop$ 9 ! second half ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 ! c5tury aft] ,phidias4 ,! simil>ity betwe5 ^! two examples ( ! type is app>5t at fir/ glance4 ,! %ape ( ! two heads is1 9 g5]al1 ! same1 & !re is ! same pr(usion ( hair & be>d1 symbolic ( p[]2 b ! diff]5ces 9 detail are /rik+4 ,9 ! ,otricoli ,zeus ! peculi> %ape ( ! =ehead--prom95t 9 ! middle up to ! roots ( ! hair & retreat+ at ! sides--seems to sugge/1 n s mu* ! p[] ( a _w-encompass+ & l(ty intellect1 z absorption 9 great1 unfa?omable ?\ghts4 ,9 ! l9es ( ! massive face irresi/ible =ce ( w is reveal$1 & ! capability ( fi]ce passion lurks b5ea? ! project+ l[] "p ( ! =ehead & unev5 eyebr[s1 ?reat5+ l a ?und]cl\d4 ,b = ! mom5t all is deep repose1 & ! lids seem p>tly clos$ ov] eyes t look d[nw>ds1 z if n conc]n$ ) see+4 ,! sculptor has conceiv$ ( ,zeus z ! occult p[] ( nature1 alike ! orig9 & law ( all ?+s1 or z ! p]sonification ( ! heav5s veil$ by imp5etrable mi/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--;,bu/ ( ,jupit] f\nd at ,pompeii4 ,naples ,museum4 ,great =ce ( w is se5 also 9 ! face ( ! ,pompeian god2 b x is w dom9at$ by al]t & all-embrac+ m9d4 ,! =ehead exp&s 9 a broad ar*2 ! eyes1 wide op51 look out ) full vision "u %>ply cut br[s4 ,"h we h no secret brood+2 a p[]ful yet cle>ly def9$ & compreh5sible p]sonality is /amp$ ^u features c>v$ 9 bold1 free l9es4 ,& ?is p]sonality is n lo/ 9 my/ical self-contemplation2 ! god is foll[+ ) close/ att5tion ! c\rse ( ev5ts 9 "s f> di/ant place1 affairs t 9 ! next mom5t may require 8 int]v5tion2 excitem5t & expectancy are se5 9 ! rais$ upp] lip4 ,! ideal ( ?is arti/ 0 ! wise & p[]ful k+1 ^: wat*ful & all-protect+ eye sees to ! fur!/ limits ( 8 k+dom4 ,surely ?is v>iation ( ! ,otricoli type mu/ h be5 conceiv$ 9 a mon>*ical p]iod1 ! p]iod :5 ! ,greek _w 0 rul$ by ! successors ( ,alex&]4 ,! ,pompeian god is m a sov]eign2 ! ,zeus ( ,otricoli is m poetic1 m div9e4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,basilica ,! ,basilica1 at ! s\?we/ corn] ( ! ,=um1 0 ! mo/ magnific5t & ar*itecturally ! mo/ int]e/+ build+ at ,pompeii4 ,its con/ruction & decoration po9t to ! pre-,roman "t2 & !re is also an inscription scrat*$ on ! /ucco ( ! wall1 dat+ f almo/ ! beg9n+ ( ! ,roman colony3 ,c4 ,pumidius ,dipilus heic fuit a4 d4 v4 nonas ,octobreis ,m4 ,lepid4 ,q4 ,catul4 cos41--',c4 ,pumidius ,dipilus 0 "h on ! fif? day be=e ! nones ( ,octob] 9 ! consul%ip ( ,m>cus ,lepidus & ,qu9tus ,catulus1' t is ,octob] #c1 #gh ,b4,c4 ,! purpose ( ! build+ is cle>ly indicat$ n only by its plan & ! details ( its arrangem5t b also by ! ^w ,bassilica scrat*$ a numb] ( times by idl]s on ! /ucco ( ! out] wall at ! "r ( ! s\? entrance4 ,?is sure id5tification l5ds to ! edifice a special significance2 x is )\t d\bt ! olde/ example t we h ( an important ar*itectural type ^: orig9 is lo/ 9 obscurity1 b ( :i* ! d]ivative =ms may /ill be recogniz$ 9 ! ar*itecture ( to-day4 ,:at ! temple develop$ by ! ,greeks 0 to pagan antiquity1 t ! basilica became to ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*--a type dom9at+ a sy/em ( religi\s ar*itecture4 ,pagan wor%ip 0 individual1--a n>r[ *amb] suffic$ = ! image ( ! god & ! requirem5ts ( religi\s s]vice2 b ,*ri/ian wor%ip 0 social1 & its functions dem&$ a l>g] room1 9 :i* a congregation c\ld be assembl$4 ,! religi\s ar*itecture ( ! ,*ur* !re=e broke ) ! religi\s ar*itecture ( pagan antiquity1 & turn$ = its model to ! basilica4 ,our k ( ! hi/ory ( ! basilica beg9s ) ! erection ( ! ,basilica ,porcia 9 ,rome by ,cato ! ,eld]1 9 #ahd ,b4,c42 o!r basilicas foll[$1 & 9 ,caes>'s day a numb] /ood ab\t ! ,=um4 ,reg>d+ its developm5t prior to ! "t ( ,cato only conjectures c be (f]$4 ,! "n basilica 7basilike /oa1 '! royal hall'7 po9ts to a ,greek orig92 we %\ld naturally look = ! prototype ( ! ,roman z well z ! ,pompeian /ructure 9 ! capitals ( ! ,alex&rian p]iod & 9 ! ,greek colonies ( ,italy4 ,b no ru91 no ref]5ce 9 lit]ature comes to our aid4 ,! supposition t ! ,k+'s ,hall 7basileios /oa7 9 ,a!ns1 ! (ficial resid5ce ( ! ,k+ ,ar*on1 0 ! prototype ( all basilicas1 has little to support x2 our in=mation 9 reg>d to ! =m ( ?is build+ is q inadequate1 & ! "n alone w>rants no positive conclusion4 ,x is m probable t bo? ! "n & ! ar*itectural type came f ! 'royal hall' ( "o ( ! successors ( ,alex&]4 ,a basilica 0 a spaci\s hall :i* s]v$ z an ext5sion ( a m>ket place1 & 0 itself 9 a c]ta9 s5se a cov]$ m>ket4 ,x 0 n limit$ to a specific purpose2 9 g5]al1 :atev] took place on ! m>ket squ>e might take place 9 ! basilica1 ! ro( ( :i* af=d$ protection aga9/ ! wea!r4 ,x 0 *iefly devot$1 h[ev]1 to bus9ess transactions & to ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,! =m is kn[n p>tly f ! rema9s ( ! basilicas 9 ,rome--,basilica ,julia1 ,basilica ,ulpia1 ! ,basilica ( ,con/ant9e--& 9 ,africa1 b m fully f ! treatise ( ,vitruvius & ! description ( a basilica :i* he himself erect$ at ,fano4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,plan ( ! ,basilica4 a4 ,entrance c\rt4 #a4 ,corridor4 #b4 ,ma9 room4 #c4 ,tribunal4 #d4 ,rooms at ! ends ( ! tribunal4 ,accord+ to ^! s\rces ! plan ( a typical basilica is ess5tially t ( ! build+ be=e u 7,fig4 #bc74 ,an oblong space is divid$ by columns into a broad c5tral hall & a corridor :i* runs ar\nd ! f\r sides4 ,! height ( ! columns1 9 ! typical basilica1 is equal to ! wid? ( ! corridor1 :i* is cov]$ by a flat ro(2 ! inn] edge ( ?is ro( is c>ri$ by ! entablature above ! columns4 ,! ma9 room is high] ?an ! corridor4 ,above ! entablature is a l[ wall on :i* !re is a second r[ ( columns2 ^! c>ry ! ma9 ro( & =m a cl]e/ory1 ! light be+ admitt$ ?r\gh ! int]columniations4 ,! ma9 hall & ! corridor 7 devot$ to trade2 ! deal]s p]haps occupi$ ! =m]1 :ile 9 ! latt] ! ?rong ( pur*as]s & idl]s mov$ freely ab\t4 ,! place set aside = ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 ! tribunal1 0 ord9>ily an apse project+ f ! re> end4 ,9 our ,basilica1 h[ev]1--& 9 "s o!rs z well1--x 0 a small oblong elevat$ room back ( ! c5tral hall1 t[>d :i* x op5$ 9 its :ole l5g?4 ,?is ideal plan w\ld answ] v well = t ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian basilicas1 except+ 9 "o respect2 in/ead ( a corridor on all f\r sides !y h only aisles p>allel ) ! nave1 an arrangem5t :i* _h already be5 adopt$ 9 "s basilicas design$ = m>kets4 ,! ,*ri/ian basilicas w\ld give u a /ill tru] idea ( ! arrangem5t & light+ ( ! pagan prototype if 9 mo/ cases a "p ( ! num]\s w9d[s _h n be5 wall$ up1 ?us produc+ a dimness 9 keep+ ) a religi\s b n a secul> edifice4 ,9 pagan /ructures ! ideal plan 0 by no means /rictly foll[$4 ,vitruvius himself at ,fano1 & ! ar*itects ( o!r basilicas ! rema9s ( :i* h be5 discov]$1 did n hesitate to dep>t f x4 ,s ! ,basilica at ,pompeii1 z we %all see1 pres5ts a modification ( ! g5]al plan 9 an important p>ticul>1 ! admission ( light2 & ?is deviation 0 c>ri$ out ) f9] arti/ic feel+ ?an 0 display$ by ,vitruvius 9 8 build+4 ,our ,basilica is und\bt$ly ( lat] date ?an ! ,basilica ,porcia1 b ! ,pompeians1 :o at ! "t :5 x 0 built 7 pupils ( ! ,greeks 9 matt]s ( art1 f\nd _! model n 9 ,rome b 9 a ,greek city1 p]haps ,naples4 ,five entrances1 sep>at$ by tufa pill>s1 lead f ! colonnade ( ! ,=um into ! ea/ end ( ! basilica4 ,fir/ comes a n>r[ entrance c\rt 7a71 ext5d+ across ! entire build+ & op5 to ! sky4 ,on ! walls1 z also on ! outside ( ! build+1 are rema9s ( a simple /ucco decoration2 bel[1 a yell[ base ) a project+ r$ bord] along ! upp] edge2 above1 a pla9 :ite surface4 ,at ! left outside ! entrance c\rt is a ci/]n = ra9 wat] collect$ f ! ro(2 ! /airway close by 7%[n on ! plan7 _h no?+ to d ) ! ,basilica1 b 0 connect$ ) ! upp] gall]y ( ! colonnade ab\t ! ,=um4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--,view ( ! ,basilica1 look+ t[>d ! tribunal4 ,m\nt+ f\r /eps ( basalt we pass f ! n>r[ c\rt into ! build+4 ,! five entrances "h are sep>at$ by f\r columns4 ,^? next to ! two sides on ! "r & on ! left 7 clos$ by a wall 9 :i* 0 a wide doorway2 ! ?ree at ! middle 7 left z op5 int]columniations4 ,! enclos$ space be=e u measures #ahj-a_/c ,engli% feet 7#bjj ,oscan feet7 9 l5g?1 #gh-c_/d feet 9 bread?4 ,tw5ty-eight massive brick columns1 #d ,oscan feet 9 diamet]1 sep>ate ! great c5tral hall f ! broad corridor runn+ ab\t x2 only ! l[] "p ( ! columns1 built ( small bricks evid5tly made specially = ?is purpose1 is pres]v$ 7,fig4 #bd74 ,atta*$ half-columns1 ) a diamet] a little m ?an ?ree f\r?s t ( ! o!rs1 project f ! walls2 ! wall decoration1 :i* imitates 9 /ucco a v5e]+ ( color$ m>bles1 is ( ! fir/ /yle 7p4 #da74 ,! columns ( ! entrance & ^? at ! re> h ! same diamet] z ! half-columns2 "p ( ! ,ionic capitals belong+ to !m h be5 f\nd1 b ! capitals ( ! l>ge columns h :olly disappe>$4 ,!re are only scanty rema9s ( ! floor1 :i* consi/$ ( bits ( brick & tile mix$ ) f9e mort> & p\nd$ d[n 7opus ,sign9um72 x ext5d$ 9 a s+le level ov] ! :ole enclos$ space1 & f ?is level our e/imates ( height are reckon$4 ,on ?ree sides ( ! ma9 hall ne> ! base ( ! columns "u ! floor is a squ>e wat] *annel1 indicat$ on our plan2 eight rectangul> bas9s lie along its c\rse1 b ! purpose ( x is n cle>4 ,! tribunal projects f ! re> wall1 its floor be+ six ,oscan feet above t ( ! re/ ( ! build+4 ,! l>ge columns ab\t ! ma9 hall1 ) a diamet] ( m ?an #ca_/b feet1 mu/ h be5 at lea/ #cb or #cc feet high2 ! atta*$ half-columns ) ! columns at ! entrance & at ! re>1 includ+ ! ,ionic capitals1 7 probably n m ?an #bj feet high4 ,b assum+ t ! ro( ( ! corridor 0 flat1 ! walls mu/ h be5 z high z ! entablature ( ! l>ge columns1 & s mu/ h ext5d$ above ! entablature ( ! half-columns2 consid]able portions ( ?is upp] division ( ! walls rema94 ,along ! walls on ! gr\nd are to be se5 a numb] ( capitals1 fragm5ts ( %afts & bases belong+ to a s]ies ( small] columns ) a diamet] ( #a4gd feet1 all f\nd 9 ! c\rse ( ! excavations4 ,!y are ( tufa1 coat$ ) :ite /ucco2 !y c belong only "h1 & by ! /udy ( _! =ms--columns1 half-columns1 & peculi>ly %ap$ ?ree-qu>t]-columns--! upp] division ( ! walls c be re/or$ ) "s degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,n to g into te*nical details1 9 ! upp] "p ( ! side walls a section ( wall conta9+ a w9d[ alt]nat$ ) a %ort s]ies ( columns 9 :i* ! columns1 = ! sake ( great] solidity1 7 set twice z close z ! half-columns 9 ! l[] division ( ! wall1 ! int]columniations be+ left entirely op5 7,fig4 #be72 ov] ! entrances at ! front ! wall 0 cont9u\s b 0 divid$ into sections by half-columns correspond+ ) ! columns bel[1 a w9d[ be+ plac$ betwe5 e two half-columns 9 ord] to conceal ! diff]5ce 9 wid? betwe5 ! sections ( wall at ! front & ^? at ! sides4 ,! arrangem5t 0 simil> at ! re>1 on ei!r side ( ! tribunal1 z may be se5 f ! section 7,fig4 #bg74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--;,ext]ior ( ! ,basilica1 re/or$4 ,) ?is re/oration ( ! out] walls complet$ we are able to =m a cle> idea ( ! appe>ance ( ! ma9 hall4 ,:e!r or n ! raft]s c\ld be se5 f bel[ is unc]ta91 b ! probability is t1 z assum$ 9 our re/oration 7,fig4 #bf71 !y 7 hidd5 by a c(f]$ ceil+4 ,! simple & beautiful int]ior ab\nd$ 9 f9e spatial effects4 ,! corridor & ma9 room 7 almo/ z high z ! ma9 room 0 wide1 t is betwe5 #ce & #dj feet4 ,! light /ream+ 9 ?r\gh ! op5+s 9 ! upp] portion ( ! walls 0 ev5ly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! hall2 we may assume t :5 ! sun became too hot on ! s\? side x c\ld be %ut out by curta9s4 ,9 our ,basilica1 !n1 we notice a wide div]g5ce f ! ideal or normal plan4 ,in/ead ( a cl]e/ory above ! ma9 hall a proportionally great] height is giv5 to ! corridor4 ,! normal height ( a basilica corridor is repres5t$ by ! l[] division ( ! walls ) ! atta*$ half-columns & _! entablature2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is "h treat$ simply z a l[] memb]1 & ^u x1 r ?an ^u ! entablature ( ! columns ab\t ! ma9 hall1 0 plac$ an upp] division ( wall admitt+ light & air ?r\gh int]columniations & w9d[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--;,int]ior ( ! ,basilica1 look+ t[>d ! tribunal1 re/or$4 ,! tribunal at ! re> is ! mo/ prom95t & ar*itecturally ! mo/ effective portion ( ! build+4 ,! base is treat$ 9 a bold1 simple mann]2 ^u x1 at ! front1 /&s a r[ ( columns ! l[] portions ( :i* %[ traces ( latticework4 ,! decoration ( ! walls1 l t ( ! re/ ( ! int]ior1 imitates a v5e]+ ( color$ m>bles4 ,! %ape & comp>atively n>r[ dim5sions ( ! elevat$ room indicate t we h "h a tribunal 9 ! /rict s5se1 a rais$ plat=m = ! judge & 8 assi/ants2 9 ! basilicas provid$ ) apses ! latt] 7 l>ge en\gh to make room bo? = ! judicial body & = ! litigants4 ,"h ! litigants /ood on ! floor 9 front ( ! tribunal1 & :5 c\rt 0 9 session ! g5]al public mu/ h be5 exclud$ f ?is "p ( ! corridor4 ,! arrangem5t 9 ?is respect 0 f> f conv5i5t1 b seem+ly conv5i5ce 0 sacrific$ to ae/hetic consid]ations2 ! build]s wi%$ to treat ! project+ front ( ! tribunal z an ornam5t to ! build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--;,front ( ! tribunal--plan & elevation4 ,"u ! tribunal 0 a vault$ *amb] half bel[ ! level ( ! gr\nd2 two r\nd holes1 indicat$ on ! plan1 op5$ into x f above4 ,x c\ld h>dly h be5 design$ z a place = ! conf9em5t ( prison]s2 escape w\ld h be5 easy by means ( two w9d[s 9 ! re>1 especially :5 help 0 r5d]$ f ! outside4 ,m likely x 0 us$1 9 connection ) ! bus9ess ( ! c\rt1 z a /or]oom1 9 :i* writ+ mat]ials & ! l1 or ev5 docum5ts1 might be kept2 !y c\ld easily h be5 pass$ up ?r\gh ! holes :5 ne$$4 ,! second /ory ( ! tribunal 0 n z completely op5 to ! ma9 hall z ! fir/4 ,its front1 ! rema9s ( :i* h = ! mo/ "p be5 recov]$1 0 divid$ (f by half-columns correspond+ 9 numb] & arrangem5t ) ! columns ( ! fir/ /ory1 b ea* half-column 0 flank$ by n>r[ pila/]s1 :ile a p>apet ( mod]ate height occupi$ ! int]v5+ spaces4 ,x 0 built app>5tly ) a view to ar*itectural effect r ?an practical use 7,fig4 #bg74 ,at ! "r & ! left ( ! tribunal are places = /airways4 ,ea* ( ^! conta9s a l&+ on ! same level ) ! floor ( ! tribunal1 f :i* x 0 cut (f by a door2 ! /eps connect+ ) ^! l&+s1 be+ ( wood1 h disappe>$4 ,9 bo? /air rooms1 h[ev]1 flights ( /one /eps lead d[n to ! vault$ *amb] bel[1 s t ?is c\ld n h be5 accessible if !re 7 wood5 /eps on bo? sides connect+ ! tribunal ) ! floor ( ! ,basilica4 ,probably on "o side ! wood5 /eps l$ f ! tribunal d[n to ! floor1 b on ! o!r asc5d$ f ! correspond+ l&+ to ! second /ory1 ?us leav+ ! /airway to ! l[] room unob/ruct$ on t side4 ,at "s lat] "t ! door at ! left betwe5 ! tribunal & ! l&+ 0 wall$ up1 p]haps because ! gall]y 0 no long] us$2 if /ill 9 use x c\ld to all appe>ances h be5 rea*$ only by a ladd]4 ,! two op5 rooms at ! re> on ei!r side ( ! tribunal agree 9 _! decoration ) ! entrance c\rt except t ! base ) its bord] is high]1 & ! :ite surface above is m\ld$ 9 /ucco s z to give ! appe>ance ( slabs ( :ite m>ble4 ,!y 7 no high] ?an ! fir/ division ( ! wall2 ! w9d[s se5 9 ,fig4 #bg above ! broad entrances op5$ into ! out] air4 ,p]haps !y 7 us$ z wait+ rooms = litigants4 ,opposite ! nor? entrance betwe5 two columns /ood a curb l ^? ov] ! m\?s ( ci/]ns2 only ! f\ndation /one ) a circul> op5+ is pres]v$4 ,! rema9s ( a lead pipe1 :i* br\ght ! wat] to x1 %[ t x mu/ h be5 connect$ ) an aqu$uct4 ,at ! fur!r end ( ! ma9 hall 0 an eque/rian /atue ( :i* no trace has be5 f\nd4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! ro( is a problem ( mu* difficulty4 ,)\t we>y+ ! read] by pres5t+ v>i\s possibilities1 x w be suffici5t = our purposes to sugge/ ! explanation :i*1 on ! :ole1 has ! mo/ 9 its favor4 ,z assum$ 9 our re/oration1 ! ro( ( ! ma9 hall 0 c>ri$ by ! entablature ( ! tw5ty-eight l>ge columns4 ,?us 9 g5]al ! arrangem5t correspond$ fairly well ) t ( o!r basilicas except t1 ow+ to ! lack ( a cl]e/ory1 ! ro( ( ! ma9 hall 0 n mu* if any high] ?an t ( ! corridor4 ,f ! flat ro( ( ! corridor1 at lea/ on ! s\? side1 ! ra9 wat] fl[$ into ! ci/]n ne> ! front "p ( ! build+4 ,! five entrances op5+ f ! ,=um into ! n>r[ c\rt c\ld be clos$ by lattic$ doors4 ,simil> doors hung also on ! wood5 jambs ( ! nor? & s\? entrances4 ,) su* doors a complete safegu>d+ c\ld n h be5 contemplat$4 ,tradespeople us+ ! ,basilica mu/ ei!r h remov$ _! w>es at ! close ( bus9ess h\rs or h made ! /alls suffici5tly secure = protection4 ,we c h>dly d\bt t ord9>ily a night wat*man 0 on duty ab\t ! build+4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,apollo ,9 "s respects ! /udy ( ! l>ge temple on ! we/ side ( ! ,=um is especially satisfactory4 ,! build+ _h be5 completely re/or$ aft] ! e>?quake ( #fc1 & 0 9 good ord] at ! "t ( its de/ruction4 ,?\gh anci5t excavators remov$ _m objects ( value1 includ+ ! /atue ( ! div9ity ( ! temple1 mu* 0 left undi/urb$1 z ! int]e/+ s]ies ( /atues 9 ! c\rt2 9 addition1 a numb] ( inscriptions h be5 recov]$4 ,on ! :ole1 m complete in=mation is at h& reg>d+ ?is sanctu>y ?an 9 ref]5ce to any o!r 9 ,pompeii4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--;,corn] ( mosaic floor1 cella ( ! temple ( ,apollo4 ,! id5tification ( ?is z ! temple ( ,apollo is c]ta94 ,! accompany+ illu/ration %[s a corn] ( ! floor laid ov] ! great] "p ( ! cella 7#c on ! plan72 ! p>ts along ! inn] walls 7 ( :ite mosaic4 ,?is floor 0 compos$ ( small1 loz5ge-%ap$ pieces ( gre5 & :ite m>ble & slate2 ( ! two n>r[ /ripes betwe5 ! loz5ge patt]n & ! bright mosaic fret along ! bord] "o is ( slate1 ! o!r ( r$ m>ble4 ,9 ! slate /ripe 0 an inscription4 ,! lett]s 7 outl9$ by means ( small holes fill$ ) metal1 e sev5 holes =m+ a v]tical l9e1 e f\r a horizontal4 ,! inscription1 :i* 0 9 ,oscan1 /at$ t ! quae/or ,oppius ,campanius1 by ord] ( ! c\ncil & ) money belong+ to ,apollo1 _h caus$ some?+ to be made2#c :at ?is 0 _c be det]m9$1 z ! important ^w is miss+1 b app>5tly x 0 ! floor4 ,9 ! cella1 moreov]1 /&s a block ( tufa1 hav+ ! %ape ( half an egg2 ?is is ! ,omphalos1 ! famili> symbol ( ,apollo4 ,9 ! c\rt on ! fir/ pila/] at ! "r z y ent] a tripod is pa9t$1 too l>ge = m]e decoration1 & explicable only z a symbol ( ! god4 ,la/ly1 9 ! design ( ! /ucco ornam5tation ) :i* ! entablature ( ! p]i/yle 0 adorn$ aft] ! e>?quake1 ! pr9cipal figures are griff9s4 ,! griff9 0 sacr$ to ,apollo1 & ?\gh x 0 (t5 us$ z a purely decorative !me1 9 ?is case a ref]5ce to ! div9ity ( ! temple is unmi/akable 7,fig4 #ca74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--,plan ( ! temple ( ,apollo4 #a4 ,colonnade4 #b4 ,podium4 #c4 ,cella4 #d4 ,alt>4 #e4 ,sundial4 #f4 ,sacri/an's room4 ,z previ\sly /at$ 7p4 #di71 ! deviation ( ! axis ( ?is build+ f t ( ! ,=um is und\bt$ly due to ! fact t x foll[$ ! direction ( a /reet :i* bord]$ x on ! ea/ side be=e ! colonnade ( ,popidius 0 built2 ?is is !re=e an evid5ce ( ! antiquity ( ! temple4 ,! /yle ( ar*itecture1 h[ev]1 is 9 no ess5tial p>ticul> diff]5t f t ( ! colonnade & ( o!r build+s ( ! ,tufa ,p]iod1 & gives no indication ( great age4 ,! mo/ probable explanation is t ! temple 0 rebuilt 9 ! ,tufa ,p]iod on ! site ( an e>li] /ructure1 ! ori5tation ( :i* 0 pres]v$4 ,! diff]5ce 9 direction is conceal$ by ! increas+ ?ickness1 f s\? to nor?1 ( ! pill>s betwe5 ! ,=um & ! c\rt ( ! temple4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! pill>s 7 orig9ally left op54 ,lat]1 at :at "t x is impossible to det]m9e1 !y 7 all wall$ up except ! ?ree opposite ! side ( ! temple2 s9ce ! temple 0 excavat$ ^! also h be5 clos$4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! entrances f ! ,=um1 at fir/ t5 9 numb]1 ! "o on ! s\? side1 op5+ on ! /reet lead+ f ! ,porta ,m>9a1 mu/ h be5 consid]$ unimportant4 ,o!rwise pa9s w\ld h be5 tak5 to give to ! colonnade on t side an ev5 numb] ( columns1 s t ! door ( ! temple %\ld face an int]columniation2 z x is ! numb] is unev5 & ! entrance to ! c\rt _h to be put a little to "o side t x might n op5 ^u a column4 ,! c\rt is ( oblong %ape4 ,! cont9u\s colonnade ab\t ! sides1 ! p]i/yle1 0 orig9ally 9 two /ories4 ,at ! re> ( ! p]i/yle on ! nor? side /ood ! small colonnade ( ! ,doric ord] already m5tion$ 7p4 #fb72 "o ( ! rooms into :i* 9 lat] times ?is 0 divid$ 7#f7 0 connect$ ) ! c\rt ( ! temple1 & 0 probably occupi$ by ! sacri/an 7a$ituus74 ,! temple /ood ^u a high podium1 9 front ( :i* is a broad flight ( /eps4 ,! small cella 0 evid5tly int5d$ = b "o /atue4 ,! columns at ! sides ( ! deep portico1 :i* 9 o!r respects foll[s ! ,etruscan plan 7p4 #fc71 are cont9u$ 9 a colonnade :i* is c>ri$ completely ar\nd ! cella4 ,9 ,plate ,,ii & ,fig4 #cj we give a view ( ! ru9s z !y are to-day2 9 ,fig4 #cb a view ( ! temple z x appe>$ be=e ! e>?quake ( #fc4 ,! height & diamet] ( ! ,cor9?ian columns se5 9 ! re/oration c be calculat$ ) approximate correctness2 ( ! entablature & p>ts above no?+ has be5 f\nd except a l>ge wat]sp\t ( t]ra cotta 9 ! =m ( a lion's head4 ,! colonnade ab\t ! c\rt 0 built ( tufa1 & coat$ ) :ite /ucco4 ,x pres5ts an odd mixture ( /yles1 ( :i* o!r examples also are f\nd at ,pompeii2 a ,doric entablature ) triglyphs 0 plac$ ^u ,ionic columns hav+ ! f\r-sid$ capital kn[n z ,roman ,ionic4 ,"h1 z 9 ! e>li] colonnade ab\t ! ,=um1 ! /one blocks ( ! entablature 7 set ^u beams2 & 9 ! blocks n[ 9 place we may see ! sockets made to receive ! ends ( ! joi/s ( ! second /ory floor4 ,evid5tly ) ! purpose ( support+ ?is second /ory1 :i* 0 probably ( ! ,cor9?ian ord]1 ! ,ionic columns bel[ 7 made relatively %ort4 ,no rema9s ( an upp] gall]y1 h[ev]1 h be5 f\nd2 & x is q possible t :5 ! colonnade 0 re/or$1 aft] ! e>?quake1 ! second /ory 0 omitt$4 ,! upp] floor c\ld be rea*$ f ! second /ory ( ! small colonnade nor? ( ! c\rt1 :i* 0 accessible by means ( a /airway lead+ f ! ,=um4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--,view ( ! temple ( ,apollo1 look+ t[>d ,vesuvius4 ,at ! left ( ! /eps1 ! column on :i* 0 ! sundial2 9 front ( ! /eps1 ! alt>4 ,:5 ! re/oration ( ! temple & its colonnade 0 und]tak51 ! feel+ = ! pure & simple =ms ( ! ,greek ar*itecture 0 no long] pres5t2 ! prevail+ ta/e dem&$ gay & fanta/ic designs1 ) ! use ( brilliant colors4 ,! ,pompeians improv$ ! opportunity af=d$ by ! rebuild+ to make ! temple & its colonnade con=m to ! ta/e ( ! times4 ,fir/ ! project+ portions ( ! ,ionic & ,cor9?ian capitals 7 cut (f2 !n %aft & capital alike 7 cov]$ ) a ?ick lay] ( /ucco4 ,new capitals 7 m\ld$ 9 ! /ucco1 ( a %ape 9 g5]al resembl+ ! ,cor9?ian1 & 7 pa9t$ 9 r$1 blue1 & yell[2 ! l[] "p ( ! %aft1 unflut$1 0 also pa9t$ yell[4 ,! entablature1 at lea/ 9 ! case ( ! colonnade1 0 9 l mann] cov]$ ) /ucco & ornam5t$ ) reliefs 9 ! same colors4 ,all ?is gaudy /ucco has n[ fall5 (f2 & our illu/ration 7,fig4 #ca7 is tak5 f ,mazois1 :o made ! draw+ soon aft] ! c\rt 0 excavat$4 ,! lat] capitals & /ucco ornam5tation ( ! temple itself _h :olly disappe>$ be=e ! excavations 7 made4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4--,section ( ! entablature ( ! temple ( ,apollo1 %[+ ! orig9al =m & ! re/oration aft] ! e>?quake4 ,! wall decoration ( bo? ! temple & ! colonnade 0 orig9ally 9 ! fir/ /yle2 a remnant ( x may /ill be se5 9 ! cella4 ,aft] #fc x 0 mod]niz$4 ,! walls ( ! temple bo? )9 & )\t 7 done ov] 9 /ucco1 s z to resemble a%l> "w ( :ite m>ble2 app>5tly x 0 ! int5tion to give ! appe>ance ( real m>ble4 ,! walls ( ! colonnade 7 pa9t$ 9 ! late/ ,pompeian /yle1 9 bright colors1 on a :ite gr\nd4 ,! decorative designs1 to judge f ! rema9s & f sket*es1 7 n ( special int]e/4 ,!re 0 a s]ies ( pictures repres5t+ sc5es f ! ,trojan ,w>1--! qu>rel betwe5 ,a*illes & ,agamemnon1 ! embassy ( ! ,greeks to ,a*illes1 ! battle betwe5 ,a*illes & ,hector 7! subject ( ?is1 h[ev]1 is d\btful71 ! dragg+ ( ,hector's body ab\t ! walls ( ,troy1 ,priam mak+ entreaty = ! body ( ,hector1 & ! rape ( ! ,palladium1--b !y h long s9ce p]i%$ & are kn[n only f unsatisfactory draw+s4 ,long be=e ?is mod]niz+ ( ! temple ! we/ side ( ! c\rt _h und]gone a complete trans=mation4 ,! peculi> b5d 9 ! /reet at ! nor?we/ corn] 7%[n 9 ,plan ,,ii71 ! diagonal l9e ) :i* ! small colonnade nor? ( ! c\rt ends1 & ! n>r[1 q inaccessible space betwe5 ! we/ wall ( ! c\rt & ! h\ses ly+ ne> x1 _c easily be expla9$ z a "p ( an orig9al plan1 b mu/ r be ! result ( lat] *anges4 ,! nor? & s\? /reet :i* n[ ends abruptly at ! nor?we/ corn] mu/ orig9ally h be5 cont9u$ ?r\gh ! we/ colonnade1 ! ends ( :i* 7 left op52 ?is colonnade 0 !n a public ?or\ghf>e1 on :i* ! w9d[s ( h\ses op5$1 & p]haps also doors4 ,we le>n f an inscription t ab\t ! ye> #aj ,b4,c4 ! city pur*as$ f ! resid5ts ^: prop]ty adjo9$ ! colonnade1 = ! sum ( #cjjj se/]ces 7ab\t #aee71 ! "r to build a wall 9 front ( _! w9d[s2 ?is expla9s h[ ! n>r[ space betwe5 ! wall on ! nor? side ( ! c\rt & ! h\ses came to be cut (f4 ,! inscription reads3 ,m4 ,holconius ,rufus duum vir iuri dicundo t]tium1 ,c4 ,egnatius ,po/umus d4 v4 i4 d4 it]um ex decurionum decreto ius lum9um op/ru5dorum ,,hs ,m ,m ,m r$em]unt1 p>ietemque privatum ,coloniae ,v5eriae ,corneliae usque ad tegulas faciundum co]>unt1--',m>cus ,holconius ,rufus1 duumvir ) judici>y au?ority = ! ?ird "t1 & ,gaius ,egnatius ,po/umus1 duumvir ) judici>y au?ority = ! second "t1 9 accordance ) a decree ( ! city c\ncil pur*as$ = #cjjj se/]ces ! "r to %ut (f light 7f adjo9+ build+s7 & caus$ to be con/ruct$ a wall belong+ to ! colony ( ,pompeii to ! height ( ! tiles1' t is1 z high z ! ro(s ( ! h\ses4 ,! wall ref]r$ to 0 no d\bt t on ! we/ side ( ! c\rt ( ! temple2 :5 x 0 built ! ends ( ! colonnade on t side mu/ h be5 clos$1 s t ?is ceas$ to be a ?or\ghf>e4 ,m>cus ,holconius 0 duumvir = ! f\r? "t 9 ! ye> #c-b ,b4,c42 z an int]val ( at lea/ five ye>s mu/ int]v5e betwe5 two duumvirates1 8 ?ird duumvirate mu/ h be5 n f> f #aj ,b4,c4 ,! p$e/al 9 ! cella1 on :i* ! /atue ( ,apollo /ood1 /ill rema9s1 b no trace ( ! /atue itself has be5 f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4--,temple ( ,apollo1 re/or$4 ,ne> ! foot ( ! /eps 9 front is a l>ge alt> ( trav]t9e1 hav+ ! same inscription on bo? sides3 ,m4 ,porcius ,m4 f41 ,l4 ,sextilius ,l4 f41 ,cn4 ,cornelius ,cn4 f41 ,a4 ,cornelius ,a4 f4 ,,iiii viri de decurionum sent5tia faciundum loc>unt1--',m>cus ,porcius ! son ( ,m>cus1 ,lucius ,sextilius ! son ( ,lucius1 ,gnaeus ,cornelius ! son ( ,gnaeus1 & ,aulus ,cornelius ! son ( ,aulus1 ! ,bo>d ( ,f\r1 9 accordance ) ! vote ( ! city c\ncil let ! contract 7= build+ ?is alt>74' ,! names ( ! f\r (ficials :o erect$ ! alt>1 ! two duumvirs & two a$iles 7= ! title see p4 #ab71 appe> )\t surnames2 ?is po9ts to a relatively e>ly "t1 at ! late/ ! age ( ,augu/us4 ,at ! left ( ! /eps is an ,ionic column ) ! inscription3 ,l4 ,sepunius ,l4 f4 ,s&ilianus1 ,m4 ,h]5nius ,a4 f4 ,epidianus duoviri iuri dicundo de sua pecunia faciundum cur>unt1--',lucius ,sepunius ,s&ilianus ! son ( ,lucius1 & ,m>cus ,h]5nius ,epidianus ! son ( ,aulus1 duumvirs ) judici>y au?ority1 caus$ 7?is7 to be erect$ at _! own exp5se4' ,old sket*es1 made soon aft] ! c\rt 0 excavat$1 repres5t ! column ) a sundial on ! top4 ,! probability t a sundial belong+ to ! column 0 actually f\nd is increas$ by ! fact t ^! same m5 plac$ "o on ! circul> b5* 9 ! ,=um ,triangul>e4 ,"h1 9 front ( ! temple ( ! ,sun-god1 su* a dial w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 9 place4 ,at ! "r ( ! /eps are "s blocks ( lava conta9+ holes1 9 :i*1 und\bt$ly1 ! supports ( a votive (f]+ 7 once set1 b ! holes give no clew to ! size or "* ( ! (f]+4 ,o!r div9ities besides ,apollo 7 honor$ 9 ?is sanctu>y1 :i* 9 ! e>li] "t 0 evid5tly ! mo/ important 9 ! city2 /atues & alt>s = _! wor%ip 7 plac$ 9 ! c\rt4 ,! p$e/als ( ! /atues /ill rema9 :]e !y 7 orig9ally plac$1 on ! /ep 9 front ( ! /ylobate ( ! colonnade2 ! /atues !mselves1 ) "o exception1 h be5 tak5 to ,naples4 ,!re 7 9 all six ( !m1 gr\p$ 9 ?ree relat$ pairs4 ,9 front ( ! ?ird column at ! left ( ! entrance1 /ood ,v5us1 at ! "r 0 a h]maphrodite--bo? m>ble figures ( ab\t "o half life size4 ,!y belong to ! pre-,roman p]iod & 7 orig9ally ( good workman%ip1 b ev5 9 antiquity !y _h be5 repeat$ly re/or$ & work$ ov]4 ,z a "w ( art1 ! h]maphrodite is ! m important4 ,an alt> /&s be=e ! /atue ( ,v5us4 ,9 pre-,roman times ?is may h be5 ! only %r9e 9 ! city at :i* wor%ip 0 (f]$ to ,h]5tas2 = by t "n ! goddess ( love 0 kn[n 9 ! native spee*4 ,v5us z goddess ( ! ,roman colony 7,fig4 #d71 0 repres5t$ 9 an altoge!r diff]5t guise1 & _h a special place ( wor%ip else:]e 7see pp4 #abd-abi74 ,?\gh ! /atues ( ,v5us & ( ! h]maphrodite "h =m a pair1 bo? arti/ically & 9 respect to arrangem5t1 ! latt] belongs n to ! cycle ( ,v5us b to t ( ,bac*us2 & 9 ord] to make ?is ! m evid5t1 ! e>s ( a satyr 7 giv5 to ! figure4 ,we may1 p]haps1 inf] t ! god ( w9e also 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ?is sanctu>y4 ,9 ! sacri/an's room 7#f on ! plan7 we f9d a pa9t+ 9 :i* ,bac*us is repres5t$ z lean+ ^u ,sil5us :o is play+ ! lyre1 mean:ile all[+ ! pan!r to dr9k out ( 8 cup4 ,?is seems /range en\gh 9 a temple ( ,apollo2 /ill x _c be consid]$ conclusive evid5ce t ,bac*us actually receiv$ wor%ip "h4 ,)\t d\bt ! ,w9e-god 0 honor$ 9 ,pompeii1 ! region ab\t :i* 0 ri* 9 v9es4 ,he appe>s c\ntless times 9 wall pa9t+s1 b no %r9e d$icat$ to him has yet be5 f\nd4 ,on ! "r side ( ! c\rt1 9 front ( ! ?ird column1 0 a /atue ( ,apollo2 on ! left directly opposite /ood ,artemis1 bo? life size figures 9 bronze4 ,an alt> /ood be=e ! /atue ( ,artemis2 ! alt> ( ,apollo 0 be=e ! temple4 ,bo? /atues 7 arm$ ) ! b[1 & x is evid5t t !y 7 n design$ to /& fac+ ea* o!r1 b side by side1 or "o beh9d ! o!r2 bo? may orig9ally h belong$ to a ,niobe gr\p4 ,z works ( art1 !y are n ( high m]it4 ,we recognize a c]ta9 elegance & nicety ( f9i%1 b ^! qualities _c comp5sate = sup]ficiality 9 ! treatm5t ( ! figure1 want ( expression 9 ! faces1 & lack ( en]gy 9 ! movem5t4 ,we h no o!r evid5ce ( ! wor%ip ( ,artemis 9 ,pompeii4 ,fur!r on1 9 front ( ! fif? column on ei!r side1 0 a m>ble h]m4 ,t on ! "r is /ill 9 place & is se5 9 ,plate ,,ii4 ,x is ( f9e workman%ip1 & cle>ly belongs to ! pre-,roman p]iod2 x repres5ts ,h]mes1 or ,m]cury4 ,! god appe>s z a y\? /&+ ) 8 mantle drawn ov] ! back ( 8 head2 ! face1 ) a placid1 s]i\s1 mild expression1 is incl9$ a little =w>d4 ,9 ?is =m ,m]cury 0 honor$ z ! presid+ div9ity ( ! palae/ra1 ! god ( gymna/ic ex]cises2 we %all f9d him 9 ! same guise lat] 9 ! c\rt ( ! ,/abian ,ba?s 7p4 #bjj74 ,h[ ?is type ( ,h]mes came to be *os5 = ! place ( honor 9 a?letic c\rts is by no means cle>2 x 0 c]ta9ly design$ orig9ally to repres5t him z a god ( dea?1 ! ,psy*opompus1 conductor ( s\ls to ! ,und]world4 ,! wor%ip ( ,m]cury "h z a god ( gymna/ic ex]cises w\ld n be 9 h>mony ) ! surr\nd+s2 we %\ld r believe t ! ,pompeians1 hav+ plac$ him 9 su* close relation ) ,apollo1 god ( ! dea?-deal+ %aft1 & ! e>? goddess1 ,maia1 associat$ m s]i\s ideas ) 8 image4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4--,,c\rt ,,( ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,apollo ,! h]m on ! opposite side ( ! c\rt probably repres5t$ ,maia4 ,no trace ( x has be5 f\nd2 ! female h]m 9 ! ,naples ,museum =m]ly assign$ to ?is place is n[ kn[n to h be5 br\ght f ,rome4 ,9 ,greek my?ology1 ! "m ( ,h]mes 0 ,maia1 ! daught] ( ,atlas2 & ?is relation%ip1 by a common confusion1 0 transf]r$ to ! ,italian ,maia1 :o 0 orig9ally goddess ( ! spr+1 & gave h] "n to ! mon? ( ,may4 ,! assignm5t ( ! h]m opposite ,m]cury to ,maia is bas$ ^u a numb] ( inscriptions :i* e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( a cult ( ,m]cury & ,maia 9 ,pompeii4 ,f ! same s\rce we le>n t ) ! wor%ip ( ^! two t ( ,augu/us 0 intimately associat$2 !re are few bett] illu/rations ( ! developm5t ( emp]or wor%ip 9 ! ,e>ly ,empire4 ,^! inscriptions 7 f\nd 9 diff]5t places1 none ( !m 9 _! orig9al location4 ,!y are d$ications once atta*$ to votive (f]+s1 ( :i* "o 0 set up ea* ye> by a college ( prie/s1 consi/+ ( slaves & fre$m51 "u ! g5]al direction ( ! city au?orities4 ,! (ficial title ( ?is college at fir/1 c]ta9ly to #ad ,b4,c41 0 ,m9i/ri ,m]curii ,maiae1 ',s]vants ( ,m]cury & ,maia'2 ! ^w m9i/] indicates a l[ ord] ( prie/hood4 ,! wor%ip ( ! emp]or 0 !n add$1 & ! prie/s 7 call$ ',s]vants ( ,augu/us1 ,m]cury1 & ,maia4' ,/ill lat]1 at lea/ z e>ly z #b ,b4,c41 ! names ( ! two div9ities 7 dropp$1 & ! prie/s 7 designat$ simply z ',s]vants ( ,augu/us4' ,! extant inscriptions ( ?is s]ies come d[n to ! ye> #dj ,a4,d4 ,z an example1 we give t ( #b ,b4,c41 9 :i* ! m9i/ri ,augu/i fir/ appe>3 ,n4 ,veius ,phylax1 ,n4 ,popidius ,mos*us1 ,t4 ,mesc9ius ,amphio1 ,primus ,arrunti ,m4 s41 m94 ,aug41 ex d4 d4 iussu ,m4 ,holconii ,rufi ,,iv1 ,a4 ,clodi ,flacci ,,iii d4 v4 i4 d41 ,p4 ,caeseti ,po/umi1 ,n4 ,t9tiri ,rufi d4 v4 v4 a4 s4 p4 p4 ,imp4 ,caes>e ,,xiii1 ,m4 ,plautio ,silvano cos1--',num]ius ,veius ,phylax1 ,num]ius ,popidius ,mos*us1 ,titus ,mesc9ius ,amphio & ,primus ! slave ( ,m>cus ,arruntius1 ,s]vants ( ,augu/us 7set ?is up71 9 accordance ) a decree ( ! city c\ncil1 on ! ord] ( ,m>cus ,holconius ,rufus1 duumvir ) judici>y au?ority = ! f\r? "t1 ,aulus ,clodius ,flaccus1 duumvir = ! ?ird "t1 & ( ,publius ,caesetius ,po/umus & ,num]ius ,t9tirius ,rufus1 duumvirs 9 *>ge ( ! /reets1 build+s1 & public religi\s fe/ivals 7! (ficial title ( ! a$iles1 p4 #ac7 9 ! ?irte5? consul%ip ( ! ,emp]or ,caes> 7,augu/us71 ! o!r consul be+ ,m>cus ,plautius ,silvanus4' ,x is n difficult to und]/& h[ ! wor%ip ( ,augu/us came to h a place 9 ?is sanctu>y4 ,! div9ities "h honor$ /ood 9 close relation to him4 ,apollo 0 8 tutel>y div9ity1 to :om he ?\ght t he ow$ ! victory at ,actium1 & 9 ^: honor he built ! magnific5t temple on ! ,palat9e4 ,v5us1 moreov]1 0 rev]$ z ! ance/ress ( ! ,julian family2 & f9ally ,m]cury 0 said to be inc>nate 9 ,augu/us himself4 ,?is la/ conception f\nd expression 9 "o ( ! f9e/ ( ! odes ( ,horace1 writt5 9 #bh ,b4,c4 ,fe>ful port5ts1 ! poet says1 are ?reat5+ ,rome2 ,jupit] ) flam+ "r h& has ev5 /ruck 8 own temple on ! ,capitol9e4 ,to :at god %all we turn = help--to ,apollo1 to ,v5us1 or to ,m>s8 or r to !e1 w+$ god1 ,maia's son1 t ev5 n[ doe/ walk ! e>? 9 ! =m ( a y\?1 ! av5g] ( ,caes>3-- ,sive mutata iuv5em figura ,ales 9 t]ris imit>is almae ,filius ,maiae1 pati5s voc>i ,caes>is ultor4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t evid5ce ( ! wor%ip ( ,augu/us z ,m]cury has come to light also 9 ,egypt4 ,9 an inscription f ,d5d]ah we f9d ,helmis ,kais>1 'belov$ ( ,ptah & ( ,isis'2 ,helmis ,kais> is app>5tly ',h]mes ,caes>1' & 9 ,egyptian inscriptions ,augu/us is else:]e ref]r$ to z '! belov$ ( ,ptah & ( ,isis4' ,,footnote3 #c ,o 4 ,,kampaniis 444 kva,,is/ur 4 ,,komb5nieis tang9ud 4 ,,apelluneis ,,eitiuvad 444 ops,,annu 4 ,,aamanaff,,ed4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,build+s ,,at ,,! ,,nor?we/ ,,corn] ,,( ,,! ,,=um1 ,,& ,,! ,,table ,,( ,,/&>d ,,measures ,! l>ge build+ at ! nor?we/ corn] ( ! ,=um 7,fig4 #cc1 #a1 #b1 #c7 0 erect$ aft] ! e>?quake ( ! ye> #fc4 ,we d n "k :e!r at ! "t ( ! eruption x _h yet be5 ro($2 ! inside at lea/ 0 9 an unf9i%$ /ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4--,plan ( ! build+s at ! nor?we/ corn] ( ! ,=um4 #a4 ,city treasury4 #b4 ,latr9a4 #c1 #d4 ,m>ket build+s4 ,?is build+ is divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 "o ( :i*1 t fur!/ nor?1 at ! corn]1 conta9s bo? l[] & upp] rooms4 ,bel[1 at ! level ( ! ,=um1 are two d>k vault$ *amb]s1 "o at ! re> ( ! o!r4 ,! front *amb] is dimly light$ by a slit 9 ! ceil+ & 0 ent]$ f ! ,=um by a n>r[ door2 !re are traces ( a /rong iron grat+ 9 ! doorway4 ,x has be5 suppos$1 n )\t probability1 t ^! 7 ! vaults ( ! city treasury1 ! a]>ium2 if !y _h be5 built = prison cells1 !y w\ld naturally h _h sep>ate entrances4 ,above ^! *amb]s are two rooms :i* op5 n on ! ,=um1 b on ! /reet t runs pa/ !m on ! nor? 7#a1 #a74 ,!y resemble %ops & w\ld be class$ z su* )\t fur!r "q b = ! fact t ! level ( ! floor is ne>ly five feet above ! sidewalk1 s t !y c\ld h be5 rea*$ only by means ( /eps4 ,if ! id5tification ( ! *amb]s bel[ z ! vaults ( ! city treasury is correct1 ^! rooms mu/ h be5 occupi$ by ! treasury (ficials1 :o c\ld "h transact bus9ess ) ! public )\t admitt+ ! latt] to _! (fices4 ,! middle room 7#b7 0 a public closet1 ) a small ant]oom4 ,z ! doors to & f ! ant]oom 7 n plac$ opposite ea* o!r1 ! int]ior 0 n visible f ! /reet4 ,! room 0 n entirely f9i%$2 nev]!less1 we c see ! wat] *annel runn+ along ?ree sides1 & above x ! /ones on :i* ! woodwork 0 to be plac$2 ! inlet pipe 0 9 position1 z well z ! outlet = c>ry+ ! wat] (f into a sew] at ! re>4 ,! la/ ( ! ?ree p>ts ( ! build+ 7#c7 is by f> ! l>ge/4 ,x 0 a high & spaci\s hall1 ) num]\s entrances f ! ,=um4 ,x 0 divid$ into two rooms by two %ort sections ( wall project+ f ! sides1 & 0 evid5tly a m>ket h\se1 p]haps = vegetables & f>m products4 ,! rooms =m$ by enclos+ ! small colonnade at ! re> ( ! c\rt ( ,apollo h already be5 m5tion$ 7p4 #fb74 ,at ! left ( ! /airway lead+ to ! second /ory 7%[n 9 ,plan ,,ii7 is a small room :i* op5s 9 its entire bread? ^u ! ,=um 7#aa74 ,close by is a recess 7#aj71 also op5 t[>d ! ,=um1 9 ! side ( ! fir/ ( ! ?ick pill>s :i* sep>ate ! ,=um f ! c\rt ( ! temple4 ,9 ?is recess /ood ! table ( /&>d measures1 m5sa pond]>ia 7,fig4 #cd71 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,naples ,museum1 un=tunately n entire2 a "p ( x has disappe>$4 ,! "p rema9+ consi/s ( a l>ge slab ( lime/one 7a little ov] #h feet long & #a4h1 or #b ,oscan feet1 wide71 9 :i* are n9e b[l-%ap$ cavities ) holes at ! bottom ?r\gh :i* ! cont5ts c\ld be drawn (f2 ?is slab re/$ on two /one supports1 & simil> supports above x c>ri$ ano!r slab1 :i* is n[ lo/1 ) ?ree cavities4 ,! table ?us conta9$ twelve /&>ds ( capacity = liquid & dry measure1 b only t5 are %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 z two are too f> back4 ,x is evid5t t ! table has come d[n f ! pre-,roman p]iod4 ,! names ( ! measures 7 orig9ally writt5 9 ,oscan1 beside ! five l>ge/ cavities1 & ?\gh ! lett]s 7 lat] eras$1 !y are /ill 9 "p legible4 ,only "o ^w1 h[ev]1 c be made out ) c]ta9ty1 beside ! next to ! smalle/ cavity2 t is ,ku9iks1 pla9ly ! same z ! ,greek ,*o9ix4 ,we naturally inf] t 9 ! pre-,roman "t ! ,pompeians us$ ,greek measures4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4--,table ( /&>d measures1 m5sa pond]>ia4 ,9 ! "t ( ,augu/us1 ab\t #bj ,b4,c41 ! cavities 7 enl>g$ & made to con=m to ! ,roman /&>d1 b ! new names 7 n put beside !m4 ,! inscription on ! front ( ! l>g] slab has ref]5ce to ^! *anges3 ',aulus ,clodius ,flaccus1 ! son ( ,aulus1 & ,num]ius ,arcaeus ,arellianus ,cal$us1 ! son ( ,num]ius1 duumvirs ) judici>y au?ority1 9 accordance ) a decree ( ! city c\ncil1 caus$ ! measures to be made equal' to ! ,roman measures4 ,a simil> adju/m5t ( measures to ! ,roman /&>d is indicat$ by ! use ( ! phrase metra exaequ>e on a table f\nd at ,m9turnae4 ,! adoption ( a uni=m /&>d 0 made a subject ( imp]ial regulation by ,augu/us1 :o1 by ?is means1 s\ght to promote ! unification ( ! ,empire4 ,simil> tables ( measures h be5 f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,roman _w1 z at ,sel9unto 9 ,sicily1 9 ! ,greek isl&s1 & at ,breg5z on ! ,lake ( ,con/ance4 ,x is probable t an (ficial *>g$ ) ! ov]sight ( ! measures _h 8 (fice 9 ! small room next to ! /airway 7#aa74 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,macellum ,! l>ge build+ at ! nor!a/ corn] ( ! ,=um 0 a provision m>ket1 ( ! sort call$ ,macellum4 ,! "n ,pan!on1 once appli$ to x1 is n[ ab&on$1 & !re is no long] ! slighte/ d\bt reg>d+ its purpose1 :i* is indicat$ by its g5]al plan1 ! rema9s f\nd 9 ! c\rse ( ! excavations1 & ! pa9t+s ^u ! walls4 ,su* m>kets1 :]e provisions1 especially ( ! f9] & m exp5sive k9ds1 7 sold & 9 :i* a cook also might be secur$1 )\t d\bt exi/$ 9 ! ,greek cities aft] ! "t ( ,alex&]2 f ! ,greeks1 z 9 ! case ( ! basilica1 ! ,romans took bo? ! "n & ! ar*itectural type4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4--,plan ( ! ,macellum4 #a4 ,portico4 #b4 ,colonnade4 #c1 #c1 #c4 ,r[s ( m>ket /alls4 #d4 ,m>ket room = meat & fi%4 #e4 ,*apel4 #f4 ,banquet room4 #g4 ,?olus4 #h4 ,p54 ,! fir/ macellum 9 ,rome 0 built 9 #agi ,b4,c4 9 connection ) ! enl>gem5t ( a fi% m>ket4 ,9 lat] times1 z we le>n f inscriptions1 o!rs 7 con/ruct$ 9 ,rome & 9 v>i\s cities ( ,italy & ! prov9ces4 ,a macellum built by ,n]o is %[n on "o ( ! co9s ( ?is emp]or4 ,x agrees 9 ess5tial po9ts ) our build+1 hav+ /alls or %ops ( m ?an "o /ory 9 height1 & at ! middle ( ! c\rt a /ructure ) a dome-l ro(4 ,! c5tral /ructure1 ! ?olus1 is m5tion$ by ,v>ro z an ess5tial "p ( a macellum1 b its use is kn[n to u only f ! rema9s f\nd at ,pompeii4 ,! plan ( our build+ is simple4 ,a c\rt 9 ! %ape ( a rectangle1 slightly long] ?an x is broad1 is surr\nd$ by a deep colonnade on ! f\r sides4 ,9 ! middle twelve bases1 arrang$ s z to =m a dodecagon1 support$ an equal numb] ( columns on :i* a ro( re/$2 und]nea? 0 a rectangul> bas9 9 ! pavem5t1 f :i* a cov]$ dra9 l$ t[>d ! s\!a/ corn]4 ,"u ?is ro( ! fi% t _h be5 sold 7 scal$1 ! scales be+ ?r[n into ! bas91 :]e !y 7 f\nd 9 great quantity4 ,beh9d ! colonnade on ! s\? side1 & op5+ into x1 0 a r[ ( m>ket /alls or small %ops 7#c on ! plan74 ,above ^! 7 upp] rooms1 9 front ( :i* 0 a wood5 gall]y1 b !re 0 no /airway1 & app>5tly ! %opkeep] :o wi%$ to use 8 second /ory _h to provide himself ) a ladd]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4--,view ( ! ,macellum4 ,9 ! =egr\nd1 "p ( ! /ylobate4 ,9 ! middle gr\nd1 rema9s ( ! ?olus4 ,9 ! backgr\nd1 at ! middle1 walls & p$e/al ( ! imp]ial *apel2 at ! "r1 m>ket room2 at ! left1 banquet room4 ,!re 7 %ops also on ! nor? side1 b !y op5$ ^u ! /reet b\nd+ ! ,macellum on ! nor?2 a s\!rn exposure = ! %op fronts seems to h be5 avoid$ on acc\nt ( ! damage t ! heat 9 summ] might cause to ! /ock4 ,9 ! %ops on ?is /reet--:e!r 9 ^? belong+ to ! build+ or ^? on ! opposite side is n /at$--! excavators f\nd *>r$ figs1 *e/nuts1 plums1 grapes1 fruit 9 glass vessels1 l5tils1 gra91 loaves ( bread1 & cakes4 ,a few %ops beh9d ! portico 9 front fac$ t[>d ! ,=um4 ,a l>ge m>ket room 7#d7 op5$ on ! colonnade at ! s\!a/ corn]1 ! entrance be+ divid$ by two columns4 ,along ?ree sides runs a c\nt] = meat & fi%1 ! surface ( :i* slopes t[>d ! middle ( ! room4 ,t fi% 7 sold on ! left side is pla9 f ! special arrangem5t made to c>ry (f ! wat]2 ! floor beh9d ! c\nt] "h 0 rais$ & slop$ t[>d ! re>1 :]e a gutt] connect+ ) x1 & pass+ across ! room1 l$ "u ! c\nt] on ! s\? side into ! /reet4 ,9 ! little room or p5 at ! nor!a/ corn] ( ! colonnade 7#h7 rema9s ( skeletons ( %eep 7 f\nd4 ,su* animals1 !n1 7 sold "h alive2 in/ead ( buy+ ! fle% ( slaught]$ animals1 _m pur*as]s no d\bt pref]r$ to obta9 a victim :i* c\ld be sacrific$ z an (f]+ to ! h\sehold gods be=e x 0 us$ = food4 ,! pa9t+s on ! walls ( ! colonnade are among ! be/ examples ( ! late/ ,pompeian /yle4 ,above ! base are l>ge black panels ) a broad r$ bord]2 betwe5 !m1 9 ! v]tical spaces sep>at+ ! bord] ( "o panel f t ( ! next1 are light & fanta/ic ar*itectural designs 9 yell[ on a :ite gr\nd1 ! p>ts design$ to appe> fur!/ f ! eye be+ 9 gre5 & r$4 ,9 ?is way a ri* developm5t ( ar*itectural =ms is unit$1 9 a consi/5t & effective decorative s*eme1 ) l>ge panels suitable = pa9t+s4 ,along ! edges ( ! black panels run conv5tional plant designs2 9 ! middle are pa9t+s symmetrically arrang$ 9 a s]ies 9 :i* a pair ( float+ figures alt]nates ) a my?ological sc5e enclos$ 9 a pa9t$ frame4 ,among ! my?ological pictures are ,ulysses be=e ,p5elope1 :o does n recognize him1 ,io gu>d$ by ,argus1 & ,m$ea plott+ ! murd] ( h] *ildr54 ,! :ole arrangem5t is 9 excell5t ta/e1 :ile ! execution is c>eful & delicate4 ,! treatm5t ( ! upp] "p ( ! wall is especially wor?y ( note4 ,g5]ally 9 walls ( ! f\r? /yle ! portion above ! l>ge panels is fill$ ) airy ar*itectural designs ^u a :ite or at lea/ a bright gr\nd4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! fanta/ic ar*itectural =ms 9 ! spaces betwe5 ! black panels are cont9u$ upw>ds to ! ceil+1 & 9 ! mid/ ( ea* gr\p a /&+ figure is pa9t$ on a blue gr\nd--a girl ) ut5sils = sacrifice1 a satyr play+ ! flute2 b ! spaces above ! panels are completely fill$ ) repres5tations ( ! ?+s expos$ = sale4 ,un=tunately only a few ( ^! pictures rema94 ,"o conta9s birds1 "s alive1 "s kill$ & dress$2 9 ano!r1 diff]5t k9ds ( fi% are se52 & a ?ird pres5ts a v>iety ( vessels 9 :i* w9e & o!r liquids c\ld be kept4 ,?is dep>ture f ! usual /yle ( decoration1 /rik+ly sugge/ive1 c be expla9$ only z hav+ a direct ref]5ce to ! purpose ( ! build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4--,! ,macellum1 re/or$4 ,9 two small pictures 9 ! black panels ( ! nor? entrance ,cupids took ! place ( m54 ,! ,pompeians 7 v fond ( ! repres5tation ( ,cupids z engag$ 9 human occupations2 x gave opportunity = ! poetic treatm5t ( ev]yday life1 :i* 0 ?us c>ri$ ov] into fairyl&4 ,s 9 "o picture sprightly1 w+$ little figures are celebrat+ ! fe/ival ( ,ve/a1 ! tutel>y div9ity ( mill]s & bak]s1 :o on ?is day1 j z appe>s 9 ! pa9t+1 wrea!d ) g>l&s _! mills & mu* belabor$ asses t once a ye> 7 ?us admitt$ to a %>e 9 ! fe/al celebrations ( _! ma/]s2 ! ref]5ce to trade 9 bread & fl\r is obvi\s4 ,9 ! o!r picture ! ,cupids are plait+ & sell+ wrea?s2 9 view ( ! ext5sive use ( g>l&s at banquets & on gala days ! inf]5ce is w>rant$ t !y1 too1 7 sold 9 ?is m>ket4 ,9 ! m>ket room = meat & fi% !re is ano!r int]e/+ picture repres5t+ ! local div9ities ( ,pompeii--p]sonifications ( ! ,s>no1 ( ! coa/1 & ( ! c\ntry r\nd ab\t1 sugge/+ t "h ! products ( ! sea1 ! riv]1 & ! l& might be obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--,/atue ( ,octavia1 si/] ( ,augu/us1 f\nd 9 ! *apel ( ! ,macellum4 ,%e is repres5t$ 9 an attitude ( wor%ip1 ) a libation sauc] 9 h] "r h&1 & a box ( inc5se 9 h] left4 ,besides ! rooms ?us f> consid]$1 :i* s]v$ a practical end1 we f9d 9 ! ,macellum two o!r rooms :i* gave to ! build+ a religi\s "* & plac$ x "u ! special protection ( ! imp]ial h\se4 ,"o1 at ! middle ( ! ea/ end 7#e71 is a *apel consecrat$ to ! wor%ip ( ! emp]ors4 ,! floor is rais$ above t ( ! re/ ( ! build+1 & ! entrance is rea*$ by five /eps lead+ up f ! re> ( ! colonnade4 ,on a p$e/al aga9/ ! re> wall1 & 9 f\r ni*es at ! sides1 7 /atues1 ( :i* only ! two 9 ! ni*es at ! "r h be5 f\nd2 ^! repres5t ,octavia1 ! si/] ( ,augu/us 7,fig4 #ch71 & ,m>cellus 7,fig4 #ci71 ! hope ( ,augu/us & ( ,rome1 ^: untimely dea? 0 lam5t$ by ,virgil 9 ^? t\*+ v]ses 9 ! six? book ( ! ,a5eid4 ,an arm ) a globe 0 also f\nd1 d\btless belong+ to ! /atue ( an emp]or t /ood on ! p$e/al at ! re>4 ,! *apel conta9s no alt>2 sacrifice 0 probably (f]$ on a portable bronze coal pan 9 ! =m ( a tripod4 ,sev]al beautiful examples ( ^! movable alt>s h be5 f\nd1 & !re are num]\s repres5tations ( !m 9 reliefs & 9 wall pa9t+s4 ,! ,macellum 9 its pres5t =m 0 at ! "t ( ! eruption by no means an anci5t build+4 ,:ile f9i%$ & no d\bt 9 use at ! "t ( ! e>?quake ( #fc1 x _h be5 built n _m ye>s be=e1 9 ! reign ( ,claudius or ( ,n]o1 9 ! place ( an old] /ructure :i* dat$ f ! pre-,roman p]iod4 ,! e>li] ,macellum1 ( :i* scanty b indubitable traces rema91 c\ld n h conta9$ a *apel = ! wor%ip ( ! emp]ors2 ?is 0 probably introduc$ into ! plan ( ! /ructure at ! "t ( ! rebuild+4 ,! mo/ reasonable supposition is t ! *apel 0 built 9 honor ( ,claudius1 & t 8 /atue ) ! globe z a symbol ( _w sov]eignty /ood on ! p$e/al at ! re>1 :ile 9 ! ni*es at ! left 7 8 wife ,agripp9a & adopt$ son ,n]o4 ,we c h>dly d\bt t ,claudius 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ,pompeii dur+ 8 lifetime2 x is kn[n f inscriptions t ev5 be=e ! dea? ( ,claudius ,n]o 0 honor$ ) ! s]vices ( a special prie/4 ,t ,octavia & ,m>cellus1 ano!r "m ) a son :o 0 heir to ! ?rone1 %\ld be plac$ opposite ,agripp9a & ,n]o1 0 q natural4 ,claudius1 :o ?r\gh 8 "m ,antonia 0 ! gr&son ( ,octavia1 _h great pride 9 ?is relation%ip1 ?r\gh :i* alone he 0 connect$ ) ! family ( ,augu/us2 & f ,octavia1 ,agripp9a & ,n]o also 7 desc5d$1 ! =m] z a daught] ( ,g]manicus1 ,claudius's bro!r1 & ! latt] ?r\gh 8 fa!r ,gnaeus ,domitius1 :o 0 a son ( ! old] daught] ( ,octavia1 also call$ ,antonia4 ,?is ?\ght 0 sugge/$ by ! gr\p+ ( ,octavia & ,m>cellus ) ,agripp9a & ,n]o3 ,octavia's desc5dants are n[ on ! ?rone1 z ,augu/us int5d$ t !y %\ld be2 & ,n]o is ! pride & hope ( ! emp]or & ! ,roman p1 z once ,m>cellus 04 ,! room at ! left ( ! imp]ial *apel1 ) a wide entrance divid$ by two columns 7#f71 0 also consecrat$ to ! wor%ip ( ! emp]ors4 ,x conta9s a l[ alt> 7%[n on ! plan7 ( peculi> %ape4 ,a slab ( black /one re/s on two m>ble /eps2 x has a rais$ rim ab\t ! edge ) a hole 9 "o corn]4 ,evid5tly ?is is an alt> = dr9k (f]+s2 9 ?is room sacrificial meals 7 p>tak5 (1 at :i* ! long e/rade at ! "r1 l a c\nt]1 ne>ly ?ree feet high1 0 p]haps us$ z a s]v+ table4 ,su* meals _h an important place among ! functions ( ! ,roman colleges ( prie/s1 & "s prie/hood connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! emp]ors app>5tly _h its place ( meet+ "h2 b :e!r ?is 0 ! college ( ! ,seviri ,augu/ales1 compos$ ( fre$m51 or a m ari/ocratic prie/hood modell$ aft] ! ,sodales ,augu/ales at ,rome1 _c be det]m9$4 ,! purpose ( ! ni*e 9 ! corn]1 ) ! plat=m 9 front ( x approa*$ by /eps1 is unkn[n4 ,9 ?is room1 also1 !re 7 two pictures conta9+ ,cupids4 ,9 "o !y 7 repres5t$ z dr9k+ w9e & play+ ! lyre2 9 ! o!r1 z engag$ 9 acts ( wor%ip--bo? appropriate decorative subjects = a room int5d$ = sacrificial banquets4 ,! ,macellum 0 ent]$ f ?ree sides4 ,at ! front1 fac+ ! ,=um1 0 a portico consi/+ ( two ord]s ( :ite m>ble columns1 "o above ! o!r1 support+ a ro(4 ,fragm5ts ( ! ,ionic or ,cor9?ian columns belong+ to ! l[] ord]1 & ( ! well proportion$ int]m$iate entablature1 h be5 pres]v$4 ,/atues /ood at ! foot ( ! columns1 z also at ! ends ( ! p>ty walls betwe5 ! %ops at ! re> ( ! portico1 & beside ! two columns ( ! little ve/ibule at ! entrance2 betwe5 ! two doors 0 a small %r9e1 & "h1 too1 0 a /atue4 ,! diff]5ce 9 direction betwe5 ! front ( ! ,macellum & ! side ( ! ,=um is conceal$ by increas+ ! dep? ( ! %ops f s\? to nor?1 s t ! dep? ( ! portico rema9$ ! same4 ,! room at ! extreme "r1 be+ s %all[ t x c\ld n be us$ z a %op1 0 made into a %r9e2 ! image or images set up 9 x mu/ h be5 v small4 ,:at div9ities 7 wor%ipp$ "h1 unless ! ,/reet ,l>es1 _c be conjectur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4--,/atue ( ,m>cellus1 son ( ,octavia1 f\nd 9 ! *apel ( ! ,macellum4 ,!re is ano!r entrance on ! nor? side1 & a ?ird ne> ! s\!a/ corn]4 ,9 ! latt] are /eps1 & at ! left z y come 9 is a small ni*e "u :i* two s]p5ts 7 pa9t$4 ,?is humble %r9e 0 probably d$icat$ to ! presid+ div9ity ( ! build+1 ! ,g5ius ,macelli4 ,! colonnade ( ! ,macellum 0 ?r[n d[n by ! e>?quake ( #fc4 ,at ! "t ( ! eruption ! /ylobate on :i* ! columns re/$1 & ! gutt] 9 front ( x1 _h be5 r5ew$2 b only ! columns on ! nor? side & a "p ( ^? on ! we/ side _h be5 set up aga94 ,bo? ! columns & ! entablature h entirely disappe>$1 9 consequ5ce ( excavations made 9 anci5t times4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,sanctu>y ,,( ,,! ,,city ,,l>es ,9 e>li] times a /reet op5$ into ! ,=um s\? ( ! ,macellum4 ,lat]1 app>5tly 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us1 x 0 clos$1 & ! end1 toge!r ) adjo9+ space at ! s\?1 0 occupi$ by a build+ :i* measures approximately sixty by sev5ty ,roman feet4 ,9 ri*ness ( mat]ial & ar*itectural detail ?is 0 among ! f9e/ edifices at ,pompeii4 ,its walls & floors 7 completely cov]$ ) m>ble4 ,n[ we see only r\gh masonry1 /ripp$ ( its v5e]+1 b en\gh ve/iges rema9 to enable u to recon/ruct ! :ole2 9 ,figs4 #da & #db bo? re> & side views ( ! int]ior are giv54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4--,plan ( ! sanctu>y ( ! ,city ,l>es4 #a4 ,ma9 room1 unro($1 ) an alt> 9 ! c5tre4 #b4 ,apse1 ) %r9e4 #c4 ,recesses--alae4 #d4 ,ni*e fac+ ! ,=um4 ,op5+ into ! ma9 room at ! re> is a l>ge apse 7,fig4 #dj1 #b71 :i* gives to ! build+ a peculi> "*4 ,9 ! inn] "p ( ! apse is a broad f\ndation ab\t six feet high1 on :i* /ood a %r9e 7a$icula71 conta9+ a p$e/al = ?ree /atues ( n m ?an life size2 ! f\ndation projects 9 front ( ! p$e/al1 =m+ a table = (f]+s4 ,a base ( ! same height z ! f\ndation ( ! %r9e runs along ! walls ( ! apse2 x support$ two columns & two atta*$ half-columns on ! "r1 & ! same numb] on ! left4 ,on ei!r side ( ! ma9 room is a recess1 ala1 conta9+ a p$e/al = a /atue ( m ?an life size4 ,! two entrances 7 flank$ by pila/]s ne>ly two ,roman feet squ>e1 :ile ea* entrance 0 divid$ into ?ree p>ts by two columns4 ,!re 7 ?ree ni*es ab\t six feet above ! floor 9 ea* ( ! side walls ( ! ma9 room1 & two m at ! re>2 all 7 orig9ally flank$ by small pila/]s :i* re/$ on a project+ base4 ,! rema9s ( an alt> may /ill be se5 9 ! middle ( ! room4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4--,sanctu>y ( ! ,city ,l>es1 look+ t[>d ! re>1 re/or$4 ,! height ( bo? side & re> walls c be approximately comput$ f ! exi/+ rema9s1 ! basis ( computation = ! side walls be+ ! ?ickness ( ! pila/]s at ! entrance4 ,! re> "p ( ! build+ 0 c]ta9ly n less ?an #de feet high1 exclusive ( ! gable1 :ile ! sides c\ld n h be5 m ?an #cj or at mo/ #ce4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 height1 tak5 ) o!r indications1 obliges u to conclude t ! c5tral room 0 treat$ z a pav$ c\rt op5 to ! sky2 only ! apse & ! w+s 7 ro($4 ,x is evid5t t we h "h a place ( wor%ip1 yet n1 prop]ly speak+1 a temple4 ,! %r9e 9 ! apse1 ) its broad p$e/al = sev]al relatively small images1 pres5ts a /rik+ analogy to ! %r9es ( ! ,l>es f\nd 9 s _m private h\ses4 ,cities1 z well z h\seholds1 _h _! gu>dian spirits4 ,! wor%ip ( ^! tutel>y div9ities 0 reorganiz$ by ,augu/us1 :o ord]$ t1 j z ! ,g5ius ( ! ma/] ( ! h\se 0 wor%ipp$ at ! family %r9e1 s 8 ,g5ius %\ld receive honor toge!r ) ! ,l>es ( ! diff]5t cities2 ?us 9 ea* city ! emp]or 0 to be look$ ^u z a fa!r1 ! head ( ! common h\sehold4 ,z ! h\se _h its %r9e = ! ,l>es1 s also _h ! city2 t 9 ,rome 0 ne> ! spot on :i* ! ar* ( ,titus 0 aft]w>ds erect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4--,nor? side ( ! sanctu>y ( ! ,city ,l>es1 re/or$4 ,und\bt$ly we %\ld recognize 9 ?is edifice ! sanctu>y ( ! ,l>es ( ! city1 ,l>>ium publicum4 ,on ! p$e/al ( ! %r9e 9 ! apse ! ,g5ius ( ,augu/us probably /ood1 repres5t$ by a /atue ( ! emp]or himself1 ) 8 toga drawn ov] ! back ( 8 head1 (f]+ a libation2 on 8 "r & on 8 left 7 ! two ,l>es1 l ^? repres5t$ 9 pa9t+s 7p4 #bga7 & 9 ! little bronze images s (t5 f\nd 9 h\se %r9es4 ,9 connection ) ! ,l>es ! memb]s ( a family honor$ o!r gods1 ,p5ates1 to ^: special protection ! head ( ! h\sehold _h committ$ himself & 8 int]e/s4 ,z we %all see lat]1 9 h\se %r9es dim9utive bronze figures repres5t+ ,h]cules1 ,m]cury1 ,=tuna1 & o!r div9ities are (t5 f\nd toge!r ) ^? ( ! ,l>es4 ,x is q possible t o!r gods 7 likewise associat$ ) ! ,l>es ( ! city2 & p]haps "h 9 ! two *apels at ! sides ( ! ma9 room images ( ,c]es & ( ,bac*us 7 plac$4 ,reg>d+ ! /atues t /ood 9 ! eight ni*es x is bett] to refra9 f conjecture4 ,on ! outside ( ! build+1 "u ! portico ( ! ,macellum1 0 a small plat=m 7#d71 ! rais$ floor ( :i* 0 rea*$ by /eps4 ,at ! edge ( ! ,=um 9 front ( ! build+ are eight squ>e blocks ( basalt1 :i* /ill h traces ( ! iron clamps by :i* m>ble v5e]+ 0 fa/5$ on4 ,^! support$ ! columns ( a portico :i* 0 jo9$ ) ! porticos ( ! ,macellum & ! temple ( ,vespasian & took ! place ( ! ,=um colonnade4 ,z ! ma9 room ( ! build+ 0 op5 to ! sky1 ! portico also mu/ h be5 )\t a ro(2 !re is no trace ( any support = ! ends ( ! raft]s at ! re>4 ,! columns 9 front1 probably ( two ord]s "o above ! o!r1 7 m]ely = ornam5t4 ,possibly awn+s 7 at times /ret*$ ov] ! area ( ! portico z a protection aga9/ sun & ra94 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,vespasian ,s\? ( ! sanctu>y ( ! ,city ,l>es is ano!r religi\s edifice ( an entirely diff]5t "*4 ,pass+ f ! ,=um across ! op5 space once occupi$ by ! portico--( :i* no rema9s h be5 f\nd--we ent] a wide doorway & f9d ourselves 9 a f\r-sid$ c\rt some:at irregul> 9 %ape 7,fig4 #dc74 ,! front "p is occupi$ by a colonnade 7#a74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4--,plan ( ! temple ( ,vespasian4 #a4 ,colonnade4 #b4 ,alt>4 #c4 ,temple4 #d4 ,portico1 =m+ "p ( ! colonnade ( ! ,=um4 ,at ! re> a small temple 7#c7 /&s ^u a high podium :i* projects 9 front ( ! cella & rea*$ by two flights ( /eps4 ,! p$e/al = ! image ( ! div9ity is built aga9/ ! re> wall4 ,9 ! middle ( ! c\rt is an alt> fac$ ) m>ble & adorn$ on all f\r sides ) reliefs ( mod]ately good workman%ip4 ,! sacrificial sc5e %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration 7,fig4 #dd7 is on ! front side1 fac+ ! entrance to ! c\rt4 ,a prie/ ) a toga drawn ov] 8 head 9 ! mann] prescrib$ = ^? (f]+ sacrifice1 p\rs a libation f a %all[ b[l1 pat]a1 ^u an alt> hav+ ! =m ( a tripod4 ,) him at ! left are two lictors ) _! bundles ( rods1 a fluteplay]1 two boys1 camilli1 c>ry+ ! ut5sils = ! sacrifice1 & an att5dant2 at ! "r a bull int5d$ = sacrifice is be+ br\ght to ! alt> by ! slay]1 victim>ius1 & an assi/ant4 ,9 ! backgr\nd is a tetra/yle temple1 d\btless ! temple be=e u2 ! sc5e repres5ts ! d$icatory ex]cises4 ,! middle int]columniation ( ! portico1 z indicat$ by ! relief & %[n 9 ! plan1 is wid] ?an ! o!r two4 ,on ! sides ( ! alt> "s ( ! ut5sils & c]emonial objects us$ 9 sacrific+ are repres5t$3 at ! left ! napk9 7mantele71 ! augural /aff 7lituus71 & ! box 9 :i* ! inc5se 0 kept 7ac]ra72 at ! "r ! libation b[l 7pat]a71 a ladle 7simpulum71 & a pit*]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4--;,front ( ! alt> 9 ! c\rt ( ! temple ( ,vespasian4 ,! reliefs on ! back ( ! alt>1 :i* consi/ simply ( a wrea? ( oak leaves ) a conv5tional laurel on ei!r side1 are ( special significance & give a clew to ! purpose ( ! edifice4 ,on ! ?irte5? ( ,janu>y1 #bg ,b4,c41 ! ,s5ate vot$ t a civic cr[n--t is1 "o made ( oak leaves1 ( ! k9d aw>d$ to a soldi] :o _h sav$ ! life ( a ,roman citiz5--%\ld be plac$ above ! door ( ! h\se 9 :i* ,augu/us liv$1 & t ! doorpo/s %\ld be wrea!d ) laurel4 ,f t "t ! civic cr[n & ! laurel 7 recogniz$ z attributes d5ot+ imp]ial rank4 ,?is temple1 !re=e1 0 built 9 honor ( an emp]or4 ,f ! inscriptions ( ! ,arval ,bre?r51 we le>n t 9 ! case ( a liv+ emp]or a bull 0 ! suitable victim1 b t an ox 0 sacrific$ to an emp]or :o _h be5 deifi$ aft] dea?4 ,z ! victim on our alt> is a bull1 ! temple mu/ h be5 d$icat$ to an emp]or dur+ 8 lifetime4 ,) ^! facts 9 m9d x w n be difficult to asc]ta9 to ^: wor%ip ! build+ 0 consecrat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4--,view ( ! temple ( ,vespasian4 ,! co9s ( ,augu/us h bo? ! civic cr[n & ! laurel1 b ^? ( 8 imm$iate successors h only ! =m]4 ,9 ! ye> #gd ! laurel aga9 appe>s ) ! cr[n on ! co9s ( ,vespasian & ,titus1 & we may suppose t ! di/9ction =m]ly conf]r$ on ,augu/us 0 ab\t ?is "t reviv$ 9 honor ( ,vespasian4 ,x 0 inde$ q natural t m5 %\ld ?9k ( ,vespasian & ,augu/us toge!r4 ,bo? re/or$ peace & ord] aft] disa/r\s civil w>s2 bo? adopt$ sev]e repressive measures aga9/ luxury & immorality1 & bo? adorn$ ,rome ) great public build+s4 ,! temple ( ,jupit] on ! ,capitol9e1 :i* ,augu/us _h repair$ & made m magnific5t1 ,vespasian rebuilt f ! f\ndation aft] x 0 burn$ 9 #fi4 ,! ,s5ate1 :i* _h suff]$ s s]i\sly at ! h&s ( ,n]o1 _h reason to be deeply grateful to ,vespasian1 :o treat$ x ) m>k$ respect1 9 ?is also foll[+ ! example ( ,augu/us4 ,if ! annals ( ! reigns ( ! ,flavian emp]ors 7 n s meagre1 we %\ld v likely f9d a decree ( ! ,s5ate honor+ ,vespasian ) ! civic cr[n & ! laurel4 ,su* a decree might well h sugge/$ ! f\nd+ ( a temple1 & ! plac+ ( ^! symbols ( peace & victory ^u its alt>4 ,! temple itself 0 built1 toge!r ) ! c\rt1 aft] ! e>?quake ( #fc1 & at ! "t ( ! eruption ! "w 0 n entirely complet$4 ,! walls ( ! cella & ( ! entrance f ! ,=um _h receiv$ _! v5e]+ ( m>ble & 7 9 a f9i%$ /ate2 b ^? ( ! c\rt1 divid$ (f into a s]ies ( deep panels above :i* small p$im5ts alt]nat$ ) ar*es 7,fig4 #de71 _h receiv$ only a r\gh coat ( /ucco & 7 /ill await+ completion4 ,! temple mu/ h be5 built 9 ! "t ( ,vespasian1 :o reign$ f #fh to #gi ,a4,d42 & z ?is emp]or possess$ too great simplicity ( "* to all[ m5 to wor%ip him z a god :ile he 0 /ill alive1 x 0 probably d$icat$ to 8 ,g5ius4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4--,! temple ( ,vespasian1 re/or$4 ,! rooms at ! re> ( ! temple 7%[n on ! plan7 7 ent]$ by a door at ! "r4 ,!y may h s]v$ z a habitation = ! sacri/an1 or z a place ( /orage = ! sacrificial ut5sils4 ,! nor? room 0 also connect$ ) rooms belong+ to ! sanctu>y ( ! ,l>es1 ! purpose ( :i* is unkn[n4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,build+ ,,( ,,euma*ia ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4--,plan ( ! build+ ( ,euma*ia4 #a4 ,portico1 =m+ "p ( ! colonnade ( ! ,=um4 #b1 #c4 ,small ni*es = /atues4 #d1 #d4 ,apsidal ni*es4 #e1 #e4 ,l>ge ni*es1 accessible by means ( /eps4 #f4 ,entrance4 #g4 ,passage room to /airway4 #h4 ,port]'s room4 #i1 #i4 ,colonnade4 #aj4 ,p$e/al ( ! /atue ( ,concordia ,augu/a4 #aa1 #aa4 ,light c\rts4 #ab1 #ab4 ,corridor4 #ac4 ,broad ni*e ) ! /atue ( ,euma*ia4 #ad4 ,passage lead+ f ,abbondanza ,/reet1 ) a door op5+ into ! corridor4 #ae4 ,/one ) r+4 #ag1 #ag4 ,rectangul> elevations4 #ah1 #ah4 ,rema9s ( masonry4 ,! plan ( ! l>ge build+ on ! ea/ side ( ! ,=um1 betwe5 ! temple ( ,vespasian & ,abbondanza ,/reet1 is simple & regul>4 ,9 front is a deep portico 7#a71 fac+ ! ,=um4 ,! int]ior consi/s ( a l>ge oblong c\rt ) ?ree apses at ! re> & a colonnade ab\t ! f\r sides 7#i72 on ?ree sides !re is a corridor beh9d ! colonnade1 ) num]\s w9d[s op5+ ^u x 7#ab74 ,! corridor c\ld be ent]$ by ?ree doors1 two at ! front end ( ! c\rt1 connect+ ) ! colonnade1 & a ?ird at ! re>1 ent]$ f ! end ( a passage lead+ up f ,abbondanza ,/reet 7#ad71 ! grade ( :i* at ?is po9t is consid]ably bel[ ! pavem5t ( ! build+ 7,fig4 #ej74 ,an inscription appe>s 9 l>ge lett]s on ! entablature ( ! portico1 & aga9 on a m>ble tablet ov] ! side entrance 9 ,abbondanza ,/reet3 ,euma*ia ,l4 f41 sac]dos publica1 nom9e suo et ,m4 ,numi/ri ,frontonis fili *alcidicum1 cryptam1 porticus ,concordiae ,augu/ae ,pietati sua pequnia fecit eademque d$icavit1--',euma*ia1 daught] ( ,lucius ,euma*ius1 a city prie/ess1 9 h] own "n & t ( h] son1 ,m>cus ,numi/rius ,fronto1 built at h] own exp5se ! portico1 ! corridor 7cryptam1 cov]$ passage71 & ! colonnade1 d$icat+ !m to ,concordia ,augu/a & ,pietas4' ,! ^w pietas1 9 su* connections1 has no ,engli% equival5t1 & is difficult to translate4 ,x sums up 9 a s+le concept ! qualities ( filial affection1 consci5ti\s devotion1 & ob$i5ce to duty :i* 9 ! ,roman view *>act]iz$ ! prop] conduct ( *ildr5 t[>d _! p>5ts & gr&p>5ts4 ,"h "m & son unit$ 9 d$icat+ ! build+ to p]sonifications1 or deifications1 ( ! p]fect h>mony & ! reg>d = eld]s t prevail$ 9 ! imp]ial family4 ,! ref]5ce ( ! d$ication c only be to ! relation betwe5 ! ,emp]or ,tib]ius & 8 "m ,livia2 x _c apply to ,n]o & ,agripp9a1 = ! reason t ! walls ( ! build+ 7 decorat$ 9 ! ?ird ,pompeian /yle1 :i* 9 ,n]o's "t 0 no long] 9 vogue4 ,9 #bb ,a4,d41 :5 ,livia 0 v ill1 ! ,s5ate vot$ to erect an alt> to ,pietas ,augu/a4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ,drusus1 ! son ( ,tib]ius1 gave expression to 8 reg>d = 8 gr&mo!r by plac+ h] lik5ess ^u 8 co9s1 ) ! ^w ,pietas4 ,on ! co9s ( colonies also--( ,s>agossa & ano!r ! "n ( :i* is n kn[n--! ,pietas ,augu/a appe>s1 app>5tly ab\t ! same "t4 ,n long aft]w>ds ! h>moni\s relations betwe5 ,tib]ius & 8 "m gave place to mutual suspicion & ho/ility2 ! d$ication !re=e po9ts to ! e>li] "p ( ! reign ( ,tib]ius1 & 9 ?is p]iod ! build+ 0 no d\bt erect$4 ,! /atue ( ,concordia ,augu/a1 a female figure ) a gild$ cornucopia1 0 f\nd 9 ! build+2 ! head1 :i* has n be5 pres]v$1 probably bore ! features ( ,livia4 ,by ?is d$ication ! build+ ( ,euma*ia1 z ! ,macellum lat]1 0 plac$ "u ! protection ( ! imp]ial h\se4 ,:ile ! p>ts are enum]at$ 9 ! d$icatory inscription1 nei!r ! "n ( ! build+ z a :ole1 nor ! purpose1 is m5tion$4 ,a h9t ( ! latt]1 h[ev]1 is f\nd 9 ano!r inscription4 ,a broad ni*e 7#ac7 op5s into ! corridor at ! re>1 directly beh9d ! l>ge/ apse4 ,"h /ood a m>ble /atue ( a beautiful woman 7,fig4 #bee71 n[ replac$ by a ca/2 ! orig9al is 9 ,naples4 ,^u ! p$e/al we read3 ,euma*iae ,l4 f41 sac]doti publicae1 fullones1--',d$icat$ to ,euma*ia1 daught] ( ,lucius ,euma*ius1 a city prie/ess1 by ! full]s4' ,?is build+1 9 :i* ! full]s _h set up1 9 a specially prom95t place1 a /atue ( ! p]son :o _h erect$ x1 mu/ 9 "s way h s]v$ ! purposes ( _! trade4 ,cle>ly en\gh x 0 n a full]y2 on ! o!r h&1 x 0 well adapt$ = a clo?i]'s ex*ange1 a baza> = ! sale ( clo? & articles ( clo?+4 ,tables & o!r furniture = ! conv5i5ce ( deal]s c\ld be plac$ 9 ! colonnade & ! corridor2 9 ! corridor1 especially1 goods expos$ = sale 9 front ( ! op5 w9d[s c\ld be conv5i5tly inspect$ by prospective buy]s1--n only by ^? 9 ! corridor itself1 b also by ^? look+ 9 f ! colonnade4 ,! small doors betwe5 ! corridor & ! colonnade c\ld be securely clos$1 & ! entrance f ,abbondanza ,/reet c\ld be easily gu>d$2 !re 0 only a n>r[ door at ! end ( ! passage op5+ into ! corridor1 & at ! /reet entrance 0 a port]'s room connect$ by doors bo? ) ! passage & ) ! /reet4 ,?is evid5ce ( unusual precaution sugge/s t possibly ! side entrance1 f its close connection ) ! corridor1 0 int5d$ especially = ! conveyance ( goods to & f ! build+1 9 ord] t ! front entrance might be left = ! exclusive use ( pur*as]s & deal]s4 ,on ! assumption t ! build+ 0 a clo? m>ket1 x is cle> t ! colonnade w\ld naturally be op5 at all times1 ! corridor only dur+ bus9ess h\rs2 aft] bus9ess h\rs ! corridor w\ld be clos$ = ! protection ( ! goods left !re ov] night4 ,! w9d[s may h be5 clos$ ) %utt]s z 9 ! ,ori5tal baza>s4 ,o!r peculi>ities ( arrangem5t also are cle>$ up by ?is explanation1 b we _c pres5t !m 9 detail4 ,x is n possible1 h[ev]1 to make out :at ! purpose 0 ( c]ta9 rema9s ( masonry f\nd on ! s\? side ( ! c\rt 7#ah7 :i* h n[ disappe>$1 or ( two rectangul> elevations at ! re> 7#ag71 or1 f9ally1 ( a l>ge /one 9 ! middle ( ! c\rt 9 :i* a movable iron r+ is fa/5$ 7#ae74 ,our in=mation is s scanty t we are unable to det]m9e 9 all p>ticul>s :at ! requirem5ts ( a full]'s ex*ange might h be54 ,at ! "t ( ! eruption m5 7 /ill engag$ 9 rebuild+ ! p>ts ( ! edifice t _h suff]$ 9 ! e>?quake ( #fc4 ,! front wall at ! re> ( ! portico 0 f9i%$ & _h receiv$ its v5e]+ ( m>ble2 z %[n by ! exi/+ rema9s1 x con=m$ to ! plan ( ! e>li] /ructure4 ,! columns & entablature ( ! portico _h n yet be5 set 9 place2 consid]able portions ( !m 7 f\nd 9 ! area ( ! ,=um4 ,! wall at ! re> ( ! c\rt1 ) ! ?ree apses1 _h be5 rebuilt1 & ! workm5 _h begun to add ! m>ble cov]+4 ,! o!r walls _h rema9$ /&+ at ! "t ( ! e>?quake2 b ! colonnade _h be5 ?r[n d[n & 0 n[ 9 process ( erection4 ,! rema9s ( ! colonnade 7 remov$ 9 anci5t times1 probably soon aft] ! de/ruction ( ! city2 yet f ! p>ts t rema91 bo? ( ! old build+ & ( ! re/orations1 we c det]m9e ! ar*itectural "* ) c]ta9ty4 ,we give two recon/ructions ( ! int]ior1 "o %[+ ! front 7,fig4 #dh71 ! o!r ! re> 7,fig4 #di74 ,! colonnade & ! portico 7 *>act]iz$ by ! same peculi>ity ( con/ruction3 !y 7 9 two /ories1 "o above ! o!r1 b !re 0 no upp] floor correspond+ ) ! int]m$iate entablature4 ,9 ! case ( ! portico ?is is c]ta9 f ! treatm5t ( ! wall at ! re>1 ! ornam5tation ( :i* is c>ri$ )\t int]ruption high above ! level ( ! entablature4 ,if ! appe>ance ( ?is build+ alone _h be5 tak5 into acc\nt1 x w\ld h be5 simpl] & m effective to place at ! front ( ! portico a s+le ord] ( l>ge columns ! height ( :i* %\ld correspond ) t ( ! facade2 b z ! colonnade ab\t ! ,=um 0 9 two /ories1 ! front ( ! portico 0 made to con=m to x4 ,! columns bel[ 7 ( ! ,doric1 ^? above ( ! ,ionic1 ord]4 ,! mat]ial--:iti% lime/one--0 ! same z t us$ 9 ! new colonnade ( ! ,=um4 ,nev]!less1 by ! skilful h&l+ ( details a c]ta9 individuality 0 giv5 to ! columns2 :ile 9 g5]al appe>ance !y h>moniz$ ) ^? ab\t ! ,=um1 ! portico z a :ole /ood out by itself z some?+ di/9ct & *>act]i/ic4 ,! columns ( ! portico 7 left unflut$1 z 7 ^? ( ! new ,=um colonnade1 & 7 ( ! same height2 b _! proportions 7 m sl5d]1 _! ornam5tal =ms 7 slightly diff]5t1 & !y 7 set clos] toge!r4 ,! pa9s & skill manife/$ 9 h>moniz+ ! p>ticul> ) ! g5]al ar*itectural effect reflect mu* cr$it ^u ! ,pompeian bo>d ( public works4 ,"u ! portico at ! foot ( ea* column 0 a /atue1 fac+ ! front ( ! build+2 ! p$e/als1 :i* /ill rema91 assi/ 9 det]m9+ ! places ( ! columns1 ( :i* only "o 0 f\nd 9 position4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! columns c\ld be clos$ by lattic$ gates1 z may be se5 f traces ( !m rema9+ 9 ! m>ble pavem5t at ! s\? end ( ! portico2 ! pavem5t else:]e has disappe>$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4--,! build+ ( ,euma*ia3 front ( ! c\rt1 re/or$4 ,! wall at ! re> ( ! portico1 fac+ ! ,=um1 0 ri*ly ornam5t$4 ,! broad entrance 9 ! middle 7#f7 0 bridg$ at ! top by a l9tel4 ,at ! ends are two l>ge ni*es m ?an f\r feet above ! pavem5t 7#e71 bo? rea*$ by flights ( /eps4 ,betwe5 ea* ( ^! & ! doorway is a l>ge apsidal ar*$ ni*e 7#d7 ext5d+ d[n to ! pavem5t4 ,la/ly 9 ! project+ portions ( ! wall are f\r small] ni*es = /atues4 ,! :ole facade 0 ov]laid ) v>i\s k9ds ( color$ m>bles4 ,none ( ! /atues h be5 f\nd1 b ! inscriptions belong+ to ! two t /ood 9 ! small ni*es at ! left are extant & ( special int]e/2 ! names ( ! p]sons repres5t$1 ,a5eas & ,romulus1 are giv51 toge!r ) a %ort enum]ation ( _! h]oic de$s4 ,^! /atues 7 evid5tly copies2 ! orig9als =m$ a "p ( a fam\s s]ies 9 ,rome4 ,augu/us set up 9 8 ,=um ! /atues ( r5[n$ ,roman g5]als ) inscriptions sett+ =? _! s]vices to ! ,/ate2 9 ?is way1 he said1 ! p might obta9 a /&>d ( comp>ison = himself & 8 successors4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! s]ies 7 ,a5eas1 ! k+s ( ,alba ,longa1 & ,romulus4 ,n "o ( ^! /atues has be5 pres]v$1 b "s ( ! inscriptions h be5 f\nd 9 ,rome1 :ile o!rs are kn[n f copies discov]$ 9 ,arezzo1 :]e )\t d\bt1 z at ,pompeii1 !y 7 set up ) copies ( ! /atues--a =cible illu/ration ( ! /riv+ ( ! small] cities to be l ,rome4 ,two o!r /atues1 p]haps repres5t+ ,julius ,caes> & ,augu/us1 /ood 9 ! ni*es at ! "r correspond+ ) ^? ( ,a5eas & ,romulus2 x is n probable t ! re/ ( ! s]ies 9 ,rome 0 duplicat$ "h1 because ! rema9+ p$e/als 9 ! portico 7 all design$ = figures ( l>g] size4 ,! colonnade ab\t ! c\rt 0 ( m>ble4 ,! front "p1 z "o ent]$ f ! portico1 0 high] ?an t on ! sides & re> 7,fig4 #dh72 x mu/ h pres5t$ a f9e ar*itectural effect4 ,! two s]ies ( ,cor9?ian columns1 "o above ! o!r1 rea*$ ! height ( #cj feet2 ! wall beh9d 0 div]sifi$ ) ni*es & completely cov]$ ) m>ble4 ,at ! "r & at ! left "o c\ld pass d[n ! sides "u ! colonnade1 or ?r\gh small doors into ! corridor4 ,! walls betwe5 ! colonnade & ! corridor1 pi]c$ ) l>ge w9d[s1 7 decorat$ bel[ ) a dado ( color$ m>bles & above ) pa9t+ ^u /ucco1 9 ! ?ird /yle4 ,! two small] apsidal ni*es at ! re> 7 no high] ?an ! colonnade1 b ! c5tral apse project$ above & t]m9at$ 9 a m>ble p$im5t 7,fig4 #di71 fragm5ts ( :i* are /ill to be se5 9 ! build+4 ,x 0 ent]$ ?r\gh ?ree ar*$ doorways1 above :i* app>5tly !re 7 w9d[s4 ,! image ( ,concordia ,augu/a1 ) ! features ( ,livia1 probably /ood on ! p$e/al at ! re> ( ! apse1 :ile ! /atues ( ,tib]ius & ,drusus may h adorn$ ! ni*es at ! sides4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4--,re> ( ! c\rt ( ! build+ ( ,euma*ia1 re/or$4 ,we c readily see :y ! colonnade 0 made s high1 & 9 two /ories1 :5 a l[] /ructure w\ld h af=d$ bett] protection aga9/ sun & ra94 ,_h x be5 limit$ to ! usual height ! corridor beh9d x w\ld h be5 too d>k2 & if in/ead ( a d\ble s]ies ( small columns1 "o above ! o!r1 !re _h be5 a s+le s]ies ( l>ge columns ( ! usual proportions1 ! ?ickness ( ! latt] w\ld h %ut out mu* light & h made ! colonnade seem less roomy4 ,! arrangem5t adopt$ _h ! fur!r advantage t x h>moniz$ ! aspect ( ! colonnade ) t ( ! portico1 ! "* ( :i*1 z we h se51 0 det]m9$ by t ( ! colonnade ab\t ! ,=um4 ,! small rooms ( irregul> %ape at ! sides ( ! apse 7#aa7 7 light c\rts1 left op5 to ! sky 9 ord] to furni% light to ! corridor at ! re>1 :i* 0 %ut (f f ! colonnade4 ,! corridor 0 ab\t f\rte5 feet 9 height2 its walls /ill h rema9s ( decoration 9 ! ?ird /yle4 ,at ! "r ( ! broad ni*e 7#ac71 9 :i* ! /atue ( ,euma*ia 0 f\nd1 a door op5$ into ! passage lead+ f ,abbondanza ,/reet2 9 ! correspond+ position at ! left1 :]e !re 0 no entrance1 a door 0 pa9t$ ^u ! wall4 ,?is is a fold+ door 9 ?ree p>ts1 ( a k9d q common at ,pompeii2 ! middle "p is hung by means ( h+es1 l ^? on doors ( ! pres5t day1 fa/5$ to "o ( ! leaves at ! sides1 :ile ^! are repres5t$ z sw++ on pivots at ! top & ! bottom4 ,a /airway at ! s\!a/ corn] ( ! corridor1 ov] ! entrance f ,abbondanza ,/reet1 l$ to an upp] room4 ,a simil> /airway 0 plac$ 9 ! la/ ( ! little rooms betwe5 ! c\rt & ! portico1 at ! left ( ! front entrance4 ,! upp] rooms1 difficult to rea*1 c\ld h>dly h be5 int5d$ = salesrooms4 ,!y mu/ h be5 l[1 probably no high] ?an ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! height ( ! colonnade & t ( ! corridor4 ,!y 7 mo/ likely us$ z tempor>y /or]ooms = ! goods ( ! deal]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4--;,f\nta9 ( ,concordia ,augu/a4 ,9 ! backgr\nd1 /eps 9 ! side entrance ( ! ,euma*ia build+4 ,9 front ( ! entrance f ,abbondanza ,/reet1 is a f\nta9 ( ! ord9>y ,pompeian =m2 z ! mat]ial is lime/one x is probably ( lat] date ?an ! o!r f\nta9s1 :i* are g5]ally ( basalt4 ,z may be se5 9 our illu/ration 7,fig4 #ej71 ! inlet pipe 0 c>ri$ by a broad /&>d project+ above ! edge ( ! bas91 on ! front ( :i* a bu/ ( a female figure ) a cornucopia is c>v$ 9 relief4 ,! "r side ( ! face has be5 worn away by eag] dr9k]s press+ _! m\?s aga9/ ! m\? ( ! figure1 :5ce ! jet issu$2 x rem9ds "o ( ! att5uat$ "r foot ( ! fam\s bronze ,/4 ,pet] 9 ,rome4 ,h&s also h worn deep1 poli%$ holl[s 9 ! /one on ei!r side ( ! /&>d4 ,! figure repres5ts ,concordia ,augu/a1 b ! "n ,abundantia1 giv5 to x :5 fir/ discov]$1 /ill l+]s 9 ! ,italian "n = ! /reet1 :i* might m appropriately h be5 call$ ,/rada della ,concordia4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,comitium ,! la/ build+ on ! ea/ side ( ! ,=um1 s\? ( ,abbondanza ,/reet1 _h und]gone a complete trans=mation a %ort "t be=e ! de/ruction ( ! city4 ,be=e ! rebuild+1 a r[ ( pill>s sep>at$ ! int]ior ( ! /ructure f ! ,=um & f ! /reet4 ,at ! edge ( ! sidewalk along ! latt] are squ>e holes opposite ! pill>s 7%[n on ! plan1 ,fig4 #ea71 evid5tly design$ = ! ins]tion ( po/s1 s t a tempor>y b>ri] ( "s sort c\ld be set up4 ,! end ( ! space )9 ! b>ri] :]e ?is came to ! ,=um1 & ( ! re/ ( ! /reet z well1 c\ld be %ut (f by lattic$ gates4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4--,plan ( ! ,comitium4 #a4 ,recess op5+ on ! ma9 room4 #b4 ,recess op5+ on ! ,=um4 ,if ! b>ri] 7 set up1 & ! lattic$ gate at ! ,=um end left op51 ! build+ & ! space )9 ! b>ri] w\ld be %ut (f f ,abbondanza ,/reet1 b closely connect$ ) ! ,=um by ! num]\s entrances4 ,aft] ! rebuild+ only two entrances f ! ,=um 7 left1 & "o f ,abbondanza ,/reet4 ,x is altoge!r unlikely t s l>ge a build+1 ( irregul> %ape & ) pill>s on two sides1 0 provid$ ) a ro(2 we h "h an op5 space r1 s]v+ z an ext5sion ( ! ,=um4 ,! walls 7 cov]$ ) m>ble & adorn$ ) ni*es1 9 :i*1 )\t d\bt1 /atues 7 plac$4 ,on ! s\? side is a l>ge recess ! floor ( :i*1 rea*$ by a flight ( /eps1 =ms a k9d ( plat=m or tribune ab\t f\r feet above ! pavem5t ( ! enclosure 7#a74 ,a small door at ! "r leads into a n>r[ room conta9+ a simil> plat=m op5+ on ! colonnade ( ! ,=um 7#b71 & to all appe>ances once accessible f x by /eps2 aft]w>ds bo? ! /eps & ! tribune 7 wall$ up4 ,! purpose ( ^! tribunes1 & ( ! build+ z a :ole1 is f> f cle>4 ,an analogy1 h[ev]1 sugge/s itself4 ,on "o side ( ! ,roman ,=um ne> ! upp] end 0 a small rectangul> op5 space call$ ! ,comitium1 us$ 9 e>ly times z a vot+ place4 ,betwe5 ! ,=um & ! ,comitium 0 orig9ally a speak]'s plat=m1 ! ,ro/ra1 s plac$ t orators by turn+ t[>d "o side c\ld address an audi5ce 9 ! ,comitium & fac+ ab\t c\ld h>angue ! ,=um4 ,?\gh ! lat] *anges h obscur$ ! orig9al =m ( our build+1 yet x is pla9 t at "o "t !re mu/ h be5 two connect$ tribunes1 "o fac+ ! ,=um1 ! o!r ! enclos$ op5 space2 we may at lea/ haz>d ! conjecture t ! coloni/s ( ,sulla1 tak+ ! arrangem5ts ( ! capital z _! patt]n 9 all ?+s1 design$ ?is place z _! ,comitium4 ,! enclosure 0 too small to admit ( its use = vot+ accord+ to ! anci5t fa%ion1 b g5]al elections 9 ! ,comitium _h long be5 a ?+ ( ! pa/2 only ! unimportant curiate elections 7 held !re1 at :i* ea* curia 0 repres5t$ by a lictor1 & at o!r times ! place 0 us$ = judicial proce$+s4 ,s our build+ 0 probably us$1 if n = elections1 = =malities prelim9>y to ! elections & = bus9ess connect$ ) ! c\rts4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,municipal ,,build+s ,at ! s\? end ( ! ,=um 7 ?ree build+s simil> 9 plan & closely connect$4 ,9 front !y pres5t$ a common facade1 ! n>r[ spaces betwe5 !m be+ ent]$ by l[ doors4 ,! build+ at ! "r 7,fig4 #eb1 #c7 0 at ! corn] ( ! ,=um1 :ile ! space sep>at+ ! o!r two lay on a l9e divid+ ! ,=um into two equal p>ts2 ea/ ( ! la/ build+ is ! ,/rada delle ,scuole4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4--,plan ( ! ,municipal ,build+s4 #a4 ,(fice ( ! duumvirs4 #b4 ,hall ( ! city c\ncil4 #c4 ,(fice ( ! a$iles4 ,! ?ree build+s 7 erect$ aft] ! e>?quake ( #fc1 on ! site ( old] build+s ( ! same "*4 ,9 ! walls ( t fur!/ ea/ 7#a71 consid]able rema9s ( ! e>li] walls are embodi$2 9 t ne> ! corn] ! orig9al pavem5t is pres]v$1 & 9 ! middle build+ !re are traces ( ! orig9al pavem5t4 ,previ\s to ?is rebuild+ ! inn] s]ies ( columns belong+ to ! colonnade ab\t ! ,=um _h 9 "p be5 remov$ & a b>ri] set up1 by :i* ! space 9 front ( ! middle build+ & t at ! left c\ld be %ut (f 7indicat$ on ! plan by brok5 l9es74 ,at ! "t ( ! eruption only ! build+ at ! left 7#a7 0 entirely f9i%$4 ,! o!rs /ill lack$ _! decoration on bo? inn] & out] walls4 ,^! ?ree spaci\s halls mu/ h s]v$ ! purposes ( ! city adm9i/ration4 ,! two at ! "r & ! left are alike 9 hav+ at ! end opposite ! entrance an apse l>ge en\gh to accommodate "o or m magi/rates ) _! att5dants2 !y 7 ! (ficial qu>t]s ( ! a$iles & ! duumvirs1 :ile ! middle hall 0 ! c\ncil *amb]1 curia1 :]e ! decurions met4 ,! middle room 0 obvi\sly int5d$ to be ! mo/ ri*ly ornam5t$ ( ! ?ree1 & 0 fur!r di/+ui%$ f ! o!rs by ! elevation ( its floor1 :i* 0 m ?an two feet above ! pavem5t ( ! colonnade4 ,9 front ( ! entrance is a plat=m rea*$ at ei!r end by an approa* h>dly wide en\gh = two p]sons1 ?us suit$ = a select r ?an a l>ge att5dance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4--,view ( ! s\? end ( ! ,=um4 ,9 ! backgr\nd1 ! ru9s ( ! municipal build+s2 9 front ( ^!1 ! rema9s ( ! colonnade4 ,9 ! middle gr\nd ! p$e/als ( ! /atues ( ! imp]ial family4 ,along ! sides )9 runs a l$ge a little m ?an five feet above ! floor1 on :i* re/$ a d\ble s]ies ( columns1 "o above ! o!r1 s]v+ bo? z ornam5t & z a support = a ceil+ l t ( ! temple ( ,jupit]4 ,if we picture to ourselves ! columns 9 place1 ! walls cov]$ ) m>ble1 & a ri* c(f]$ ceil+ above1 we are l$ to =m a favorable idea ( ! recup]ative p[]s ( ! city :i* set ab\t ! con/ruction ( su* co/ly & spl5did build+s s soon aft] ! t]rible e>?quake4 ,! recess at ! re> 0 design$ = a l>ge %r9e patt]n$ aft] ! small %r9es ( ! ,l>es & ,p5ates 9 private h\ses4 ,! ,p5ates ( ! city 7 above all ! emp]or & 8 family4 ,if ?is %r9e _h be5 f9i%$1 figures repres5t+ ,vespasian1 ,titus1 & ,domitian w\ld probably h be5 plac$ 9 x1 fac+ ! ?ree ,capitol9e div9ities 9 ! temple ( ,jupit] at ! o!r end ( ! ,=um4 ,! (fice ( ! a$iles1 situat$ at ! corn] ( ! colonnade & close to ! ,basilica1 & ) no b>ri] to prev5t ready access1 0 p>ticul>ly conv5i5t = magi/rates :o1 among o!r duties1 7 *>g$ ) ! ma9t5ance ( ord] & ! en=cem5t ( regulations 9 ! m>kets4 ,"o or p]haps bo? a$iles sat 9 ! apse2 :ile ! re> & middle p>ts ( ! room 7 res]v$ = ^? :o _h bus9ess ) !m4 ,! front "p1 l[] ?an ! re/ by two /eps 7%[n on ! plan71 may h s]v$ z a wait+ room4 ,at ! re> ( ! apse & 9 ! walls at ! sides 7 ni*es = ! /atues ( memb]s ( ! imp]ial family & ( ^? :o _h r5d]$ important s]vices to ! city4 ,z ! duumvirs n only sat z judges b also _h 9 _! h&s ! f9ancial adm9i/ration ( ! city1 we c see :y ! hall set aside = _! use 0 ! fir/ to be rebuilt aft] ! e>?quake4 ,! magi/rates1 ( c\rse1 sat 9 ! apse1 along ! wall ( :i* 0 a l$ge = /atues4 ,! /rong front doors 7 fa/5$ ) iron bolts1 & !re 0 also a lattic$ gate on ! /ep 9 front ( ! ?re%old2 probably ! ar*ives ( ! duumviral (fice 7 kept )94 ,! small side door at ! "r made x possible to ent] & leave ! build+ aft] bus9ess h\rs or at o!r times :5 ! l>ge doors 7 clos$4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,v5us ,,pompeiana ,= "s ye>s x _h be5 kn[n t a temple once /ood 9 ! rectangul> block s\? ( ! /rada della ,m>9a2 & 9 #ahih workm5 excavat+ "h began to uncov] ! massive f\ndations4 ,:5 ! volcanic deposits _h be5 remov$ x 0 se5 t ! c\rt ( ! temple1 ) ! surr\nd+ colonnade1 occupi$ ! :ole area betwe5 ! ,basilica & ! we/ wall ( ! long room n[ us$ z a ,museum4 ,on ! podium 7,fig4 #ee7 0 f\nd a "p ( a /atuette ( ,v5us1 ( ! famili> type :i* repres5ts ! goddess z prep>+ to ent] ! ba?2 x 0 probably a votive (f]+ set up by "s wor%ipp]4 ,9 ! subt]ranean passageway ent]$ ne> ! s\!a/ corn] 7,fig4 #ed1 ,,iv7 ! excavators f\nd ano!r votive (f]+1 a bronze /e]+ paddle ( ! k9d %[n 9 pa9t+s z an attribute ( ,v5us ,pompeiana2 an example may be se5 9 ,fig4 #d 7p4 #ab74 ,f ^! indications1 z well z f ! size ( ! temple & its location1 ne> ! ,=um & on an elevation comm&+ a wide view ( ! sea1 we are safe 9 assign+ ! sanctu>y to ,v5us ,pompeiana1 ! patron div9ity ( ,roman ,pompeii4 ,prior to ! f\nd+ ( ! ,roman colony ! site ( ! temple _h be5 occupi$ by h\ses1 built 9 sev]al /ories on ! edge ( ! hill1 :i* "h slopes %>ply t[>d ! s\?we/2 rema9s ( ! h\ses1 :i* mu/ h resembl$ ^? f>!r ea/ 7an example is ! h\se ( ! ,emp]or ,joseph ,,ii1 p4 #cdd71 h be5 br\ght to light 9 ! c\rse ( ! excavations4 ,9 less ?an a c5tury & a half ! temple 0 twice built1 twice de/roy$2 a ?ird build+ 0 9 progress at ! "t ( ! eruption4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4--,plan ( ! temple ( ,v5us ,pompeiana4 ,i1 ,,ii4 ,rema9s ( podium ( fir/ & second temples4 ,,iii4 ,alt>4 ,,iv4 ,entrance to und]gr\nd passage4 ,v1 ,,vi4 ,p$e/als4 ,a-,b1 ,c-,d-,e4 ,f\ndations ( walls ( c\rt ( fir/ temple4 ,f-,g-,g'1 ,g-,h-,i4 ,f\ndation ( /ylobate ( colonnade ( fir/ temple1 ) gutt]4 ,a'-,b'4 ,f\ndation ( re> wall ( rooms op5+ on colonnade ( fir/ temple4 a-b-c-d4 ,walls ( c\rt ( second temple4 e-f-g-h1 e'-f'1 g'-h'4 ,f\ndations ( colonnade ( second temple--two r[s ( columns on ea* side1 a s+le r[ at ! re>4 ,k4 ,ma9 entrance ( c\rt ( second temple4 ,l4 ,small] entrance ( c\rt ( second temple4 x1 y1 z4 ,old f\ndation walls hav+ no?+ to d ) ! temple4 ,a-,b-,c-,c'-,b'4 ,enl>gem5t ( podium = ?ird temple4 ,! fir/ temple 0 erect$ 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,roman colony4 ,an area approximately #ahe ,roman feet squ>e 0 prep>$ = x by levell+ (f & fill+ up1 t]race walls be+ built to hold 9 place ! e>? & rubbi% us$ = fill+4 ,! f\ndations ( ! walls ab\t ! c\rt 7,a-,b1 ,c-,d-,e7 c /ill be trac$ except on ! s\? side1 :]e1 p]haps 9 consequ5ce ( ! e>?quake at ! "t ( ! eruption1 e ve/ige has disappe>$1 & at ! s\?we/ corn]1 :]e excavations = build+ mat]ials 9 mod]n times h be5 c>ri$ bel[ ! ,roman level1 a "p ( ! f\ndation ( ! temple itself hav+ be5 remov$4 ,^! walls con=m$ to ! direction ( ! walls ( ! ,basilica1 ! corn]s1 z ^? ( ! ,basilica1 %[+ a noticeable div]g5ce f a "r angle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4--,ru9s ( ! temple ( ,v5us ,pompeiana1 view$ f ! s\!a/4 ,at ! "r1 f\ndation ( ! front r[ ( columns ( ! late/ 7unf9i%$7 colonnade2 !n f\ndation ( /ylobate ( e>li] colonnade1 ) gutt]4 ,9 =egr\nd1 entrance to subt]ranean passage4 ,on ! podium ( ! temple at ! f>!r end is se5 ! p$e/al ( ! /atue ( ! div9ity4 ,! wall at ! re> ( ! c\rt is on ! s\? side ( ! /rada della ,m>9a4 ,! front ( ! e>li] colonnade is outl9$ by ! gutt] 7,f-,g-,g'1 ,g-,h-,i71 con/ruct$ ( blocks ( tufa1 :i* %[ signs ( long use1 & ! f\ndation ( ! /ylobate beh9d ! gutt]1 :i* is pla9ly se5 7,fig4 #ee72 9 places 7z indicat$ 9 ! plan71 ! lay] ( mort> spread ov] ?is f\ndation %[s ! impressions made by ! blocks ( ! /ylobate :i* re/$ on x4 ,at ! middle ( ! nor? side 7,g'-,g7 bo? ! gutt] & ! wall "u ! /ylobate 7 remov$ :5 ! f\ndations ( ! ?ird temple 7 ext5d$ 9 t direction4 ,along ! gutt] 7 bas9s = wat] us$ 9 clean+ ! floor ( ! c\rt1 :i* 0 made ( f9e concrete4 ,! entrance to ! c\rt 0 at ! nor!a/ corn]4 ,on ! ea/ side ( ! c\rt 7 six rooms1 ! re> ( :i* 0 =m$ by ! wall ,a',b'4 ,two ( ^! op5$ on ! colonnade 9 _! :ole bread?1 & f\r ) n>r[ doors1 ! ?re%olds ( :i*1 ( :iti% lime/one1 are /ill 9 place4 ,_! purpose _c be det]m9$4 ,! cross walls %[n 9 ! plan on ! we/ side 7x1 y1 z7 belong$ to an e>li] build+1 & h no?+ to d ) ! temple4 ,9 front ( ! temple are rema9s ( a l>ge alt> ( :iti% lime/one 7,,iii74 ,on ! ea/ side ( ! c\rt is ! base ( an eque/rian /atue 7,v71 ( ! same mat]ial1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds v5e]$ ) m>ble2 ne> x is a p$e/al ( a /&+ figure 7,,vi71 ( masonry cov]$ ) /ucco1 & beh9d ?is is ! small base ( a f\nta9 figure4 ,ne> ! s\!a/ corn] is ! entrance 7,,iv7 to a subt]ranean passageway :i* runs t[>d ! s\?2 x probably l$ to rooms ( e>li] h\ses :i* 7 pres]v$1 :5 ! area 0 fill$ up1 = ! use ( ! att5dants ( ! temple4 ,! temple itself1 z ! o!r edifices1 religi\s & secul>1 ( ! fir/ ye>s ( ! ,roman colony1 mu/ h be5 built ( common mat]ials & coat$ ) /ucco4 ,( ! exi/+ rema9s only ! inn] "p ( ! podium 7,i1 ,,ii on ! ,plan7 c be assign$ to x2 a s]ies ( small blocks ( tufa at ! re> end is p]haps a remnant ( ! cornice :i* 0 c>ri$ ar\nd ! upp] edge ( ! podium4 ,to ! ,pompeians ( ! ,empire ! mode/ /ructure ( ,republican days seem$ unwor?y ( ! tutel>y div9ity ( _! city4 ,on ! same podium !y built a temple ( m>ble4 ,( ?is are pres]v$ ! f\ndations ( ! door po/s ( ! cella 7,fig4 #ef a7 & ! core ( ! p$e/al 7,d7 on :i* /ood ! /atue ( ! div9ity1 besides "s bits ( ! cella floor1 :i* consi/$ ( a bord] ( :ite mosaic 7b71 a broad /rip ( pavem5t ( small flags ( color$ m>ble 7c71 & an ornam5tal c5tre 7a7 n[ entirely de/roy$4 ,! only rema9s ( ! sup]/ructure t c be id5tifi$ are 9 a /or]oom nor? ( ! temple ( ,apollo4 ,!y consi/ ( fragm5ts ( l>ge m>ble columns1 ne>ly ?irty-two in*es 9 diamet]1 & ( an entablature ( correspond+ dim5sions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4--,plan ( ! second temple1 re/or$4 ,a4 ,/eps4 ,b4 ,portico4 ,c4 ,cella4 ,d4 ,p$e/al ( ! /atue ( ! div9ity4 a4 ,door ( cella4 b4 ,floor bord] ( :ite mosaic4 c4 ,pavem5t ( color$ m>bles4 d4 ,ornam5tal c5tre4 ,aft] ! completion ( ! temple ! ,pompeians set ab\t rebuild+ ! colonnade1 on a scale ( equal magnific5ce4 ,fir/ ( all !y enl>g$ ! c\rt by remov+ ! old walls to ! f\ndations1 & con/ruct$ new outside walls 7a-b-c-d71 ! corn]s ( :i* =m "r angles4 ,! wall on ! nor? side1 ( reticulate "w1 c be di/+ui%$ 9 ,fig4 #ee4 ,t on ! ea/ side is also well pres]v$1 b ( t on ! s\? side no trace rema9s4 ,! deep f\ndation ( ! wall on ! we/ side =ms ! f>!r wall ( ! pres5t ,museum1 ! ro( ( :i* v ne>ly repres5ts ! level ( ! floor ( ! anci5t c\rt4 ,! colonnade 0 to be s+le on ! nor?1 d\ble on ! ea/ & we/ sides4 ,! pr9cipal entrance 0 at ! nor!a/ corn] 7,k71 ) a small] entrance 7,l7 at ! end ( ! n>r[ /reet s\? ( ! ,basilica4 ,h[ f> ! "w _h progress$ be=e ! e>?quake ( ! ye> #fc x is n easy to det]m9e4 ,! new gutt] along ! front ( ! colonnade _h n yet be5 laid1 b ! f\ndations ( ! r[s ( columns 7e-f-g-h1 e'f'1 g'h'7 7 = ! mo/ "p ready4 ,f ! ,cor9?ian capital & fragm5ts ( %afts & entablature ly+ ab\t ! c\rt x is cle> t ^! memb]s 7 fitt$ & 9 place :5 !y 7 ?r[n d[n4 ,"p ( ! colonnade 0 !re=e f9i%$4 ,x 0 9 two /ories1 probably )\t an int]v5+ floor1 l ! porticoes 9 front ( ! ,macellum & ! build+ ( ,euma*ia4 ,n less ?an ?ree hundr$ m>ble columns mu/ h be5 requir$ to complete ! "w2 und\bt$ly ! wall back ( ! colonnade 0 divid$ (f by pila/]s bel[ & half columns above1 ! int]v5+ spaces be+ fill$ ) m>ble4 ,9 po9t ( size1 ! temple ) its c\rt =m$ ! l>ge/ sanctu>y1 9 ri*ness ( mat]ials ! mo/ spl5did edifice ( ! entire city4 ,! great e>?quake fell$ to ! gr\nd alike ! f9i%$ temple & ! unf9i%$ colonnade4 ,b ! ,pompeians1 9 _! "t ( tr\ble lea/ ( all dispos$1 we may assume1 to =sake _! patron goddess1 soon comm5c$ ! "w ( rebuild+4 ,po/pon+ ! r5ewal & completion ( ! colonnade z ( second>y importance1 !y cle>$ away ! debris ( ! temple1 & on ! podium :]e ! cella _h /ood con/ruct$ a tempor>y place ( wor%ip1 a small wood5 build+ /r5g!n$ at ! bottom by a l[ wall ar\nd ! outside4 ,!n !y proce$$ to enl>ge ! podium2 ! ?ird temple 0 to be ev5 m impos+ ?an its pr$ecessor4 ,! old /eps 7 remov$ f ! front4 ,! exi/+ podium 0 cut back five ,roman feet on ea* side1 & f\r in*es at ! re>1 to =m ! core ( ! new podium2 on all sides ( ?is a massive f\ndation wall 0 comm5c$1 five & a half ,roman feet ?ick1 made ( l>ge blocks ( basalt c>efully work$ & fitt$4 ,a simil> wall 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! old podium 7,b-,b'71 to s]ve z ! f\ndation = ! front wall ( ! cella4 ,! relative size ( ! compon5t p>ts ( ! new temple is ?us cle>ly indicat$4 ,! cella 0 to ext5d ov] ! space ,b-,c-,c'-,b'1 ! portico ov] t m>k$ ,a-,b-,b'2 h[ f> ! /eps 7 to project 9 front is unc]ta94 ,at ! "t ( ! eruption five c\rses ( basalt _h be5 laid1 rea*+ a height ( m ?an f\r feet1 ! space betwe5 ! core ( ! old podium & ! out] wall be+ fill$ ) concrete z ! "w progress$4 ,on ! nor? side ( ! c\rt are /ill to be se5 a numb] ( blocks ( basalt n yet trimm$ & fitt$1 j z !y 7 ab&on$ by ! workm5 :5 ! "w 0 /opp$ =ev]4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,=tuna ,,augu/a ,pass+ out f ! ,=um "u ! ar* at ! nor!a/ corn]1 we ent] ! broade/ /reet 9 ,pompeii4 ,on ! "r a colonnade ov] ! sidewalk runs along ! front ( ! fir/ block1 at ! fur!r corn] ( :i*1 :]e ,=um ,/reet op5s into ,nola ,/reet1 /&s ! small temple ( ,=tuna ,augu/a4 ,! front ( ! temple is 9 a l9e ) ! colonnade1 :i* seems to h be5 design$ z a cont9uation ( ! colonnade ab\t ! ,=um2 ! build]s app>5tly wi%$ to h x appe> t ! temple 0 locat$ on an ext5sion ( ! ,=um r ?an on a /reet4 ,! colonnade is c]ta9ly n old] ?an ! e>li] ye>s ( ! ,empire1 & ! temple dates f ! "t ( ,augu/us4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4--,plan ( ! temple ( ,=tuna ,augu/a4 ,a4 ,alt>4 ,b4 ,portico4 ,c4 ,cella4 ,d4 ,%r9e = ! /atue ( ! div9ity4 #a-d4 ,ni*es = /atues4 ,! div9ity ( ! temple & ! "n ( its build] are bo? kn[n to u f an inscription on ! ar*itrave ( ! %r9e at ! re> ( ! cella3 ,m4 ,tullius ,m4 f41 d4 v4 i4 d4 t]41 qu9qu5nalis1 augur1 tribunus militum a populo1 a$em ,=tunae ,augu/ae solo et pequnia sua1--',m>cus ,tullius ! son ( ,m>cus1 duumvir ) judici>y au?ority = ! ?ird "t1 qu9qu5nial duumvir1 augur1 & milit>y tribune by ! *oice ( ! p1 7erect$ ?is7 temple to ,=tuna ,augu/a on 8 own gr\nd & at 8 own exp5se4' ,su* inscriptions 7 ord9>ily plac$ on ! entablature ( ! portico4 ,! portico ( ?is temple1 h[ev]1 _h be5 ?r[n d[n by ! e>?quake ( #fc1 & _h n yet be5 rebuilt4 ,! cella may h be5 damag$ also1 b 9 ord] t ! wor%ip might n be int]rupt$ ! %r9e 0 re/or$2 ! inscription 0 tempor>ily plac$ ov] x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4--,temple ( ,=tuna ,augu/a1 re/or$4 ,! rema9s ( ! walls1 columns1 & entablature make x possible to recon/ruct ! edifice ) c]ta9ty 7,fig4 #eh74 ,! plan 7,fig4 #eg7 9 sev]al respects closely resembles t ( ! temple ( ,jupit]1 f :i* ! ar*itect copi$ ! project+ plat=m 9 front ( ! podium1 ) its alt> & d\ble s]ies ( /eps4 ,! eight columns su/a9+ ! portico _h ,cor9?ian capitals4 ,! walls ( ! cella 7 v5e]$ ) m>ble4 ,9 ! %r9e at ! re> /ood1 )\t d\bt1 ! image ( ,=tuna z gu>dian ( ! =tunes ( ,augu/us & protectress ( ! imp]ial family 7,fig4 #ei74 ,!re 7 also 9 ! walls ( ! cella f\r ni*es = /atues1 ( :i* two h be5 f\nd4 ,! face ( "o1 a female figure1 _h be5 saw$ (f 9 ord] to replace x ) ano!r1 :i* has n come to light2 ! features ( ! o!r /atue 7 said 9 ! reports ( ! excavations to resemble ^? ( ,cic]o1 b ! resemblance is purely fanciful1 sugge/$ by ! "n ,m>cus ,tullius 9 ! d$icatory inscription4 ,bo? /atues 7 ( p]sons connect$ ) ! prie/hood1 n ( memb]s ( ! imp]ial family4 ,probably /atues ( ! latt] 7 set up else:]e1 s t ! cella 0 left free = less important p]sonages4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4--,re> ( ! cella 9 ! temple ( ,=tuna ,augu/a1 ) ! /atue ( ! goddess1 re/or$4 ,! wor%ip ( ,=tuna ,augu/a 0 9 *>ge ( a college ( prie/s1 consi/+ ( f\r slaves & fre$m51 :o 7 call$ ,m9i/ri ,=tunae ,augu/ae1--',s]vants ( ,=tuna ,augu/a4' ,our in=mation 9 reg>d to !m is d]iv$ f five inscriptions1 ( :i* two 7 f\nd 9 ! temple1 ! o!rs 9 diff]5t places2 b none ( !m :]e !y orig9ally belong$4 ,^! all relate to ! small /atues1 signa1 ( :i* "o 0 set up by ! college e ye>4 ,"o inscription1 ( ! ye> #c ,b4,c41 speaks ( ! 'fir/ s]vants 7m9i/ri primi7 ( ,=tuna ,augu/a4' ,! prie/hood 0 !re=e e/abli%$ 9 t ye>1 & ! temple 0 probably built only a %ort "t be=e4 ,9 donat+ ! l& = ! temple ,tullius reta9$ ! own]%ip ( a n>r[ /rip ( irregul> %ape at ! "r4 ,"h a r\gh block ( basalt 0 set up ) ! inscription3 ,m4 ,tulli ,m4 f4 area privata1--',private prop]ty belong+ to ,m>cus ,tullius1 son ( ,m>cus4' ,,key ,,to ,,plan ,,iii ,a4 ,,portico ,,at ,,! ,,entrance ,,( ,,! ,,=um ,,triangul>e4 ,b4 ,,=um ,,triangul>e4 #a1 #a4 ,colonnade4 #b4 ,prom5ade4 #c4 ,doric temple4 #d4 ,semicircul> b5*1 ) sundial4 #e4 ,sepul*ral enclosure4 #f4 ,alt>s4 #g4 ,well h\se4 #h4 ,p$e/al ( ! /atue ( ,m>cellus4 ,c4 ,,op5-,,air ,,gymnasium--,,palae/ra4 #a4 ,colonnade4 #b4 ,p$e/al ) /eps beh9d x4 #c1 #c4 ,dress+ rooms4 ,d4 ,,tank ,,= ,,saffron ,,wat]4 ,e4 ,,l>ge ,,!atre4 #a4 ,dress+ room4 #b4 ,/age4 #c4 ,or*e/ra4 #d4 ,ima cavea4 #e4 ,m$ia cavea4 #f4 ,summa cavea1 ov] a corridor4 #g1 #g4 ,tribunals4 ,f4 ,,small ,,!atre4 #a4 ,dress+ room4 #b4 ,/age4 #c1 #c4 ,tribunalia4 ,g4 ,,!atre ,,colonnade1 ,,us$ ,,z ,,b>racks ,,= ,,gladiators4 #a4 ,passage lead+ f ,/abian ,/reet4 #b4 ,entrance4 #c4 ,doorkeep]'s room4 #d4 ,passage to ! ,l>ge ,!atre1 wall$ up4 #e4 ,/airway lead+ d[n f ! ,=um ,triangul>e4 #f4 ,a?letes' wait+ room--,ex$ra4 #g4 ,room ) rema9s ( weapons & clo?4 #h4 ,gu>d room4 #i4 ,/airs lead+ to ov]se]'s rooms4 #aj4 ,kit*54 #aa4 ,mess room4 ,h4 ,,temple ,,( ,,zeus ,,mili*ius4 #a4 ,colonnade4 #b4 ,alt>4 #c4 ,cella4 #d4 ,sacri/an's room4 ,i4 ,,temple ,,( ,,isis4 #a4 ,colonnade4 #b4 ,cella4 #c4 ,%r9e ( ,h>pocrates4 #d4 ,purgatorium4 #e4 ,hall ( initiation4 #f4 ,hall ( ! ,my/]ies4 #g4 ,prie/'s resid5ce4 ,k4 ,,city ,,wall4 ,l4 ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,/eps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,iii4--,,! ,,=um ,,triangul>e ,,) ,,adjac5t ,,build+s4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,public ,,build+s ,,ne> ,,! ,,/abian ,,gate--,,! ,,=um ,,triangul>e ,,& ,,! ,,doric ,,temple ,! end ( ! old lava /ream on :i* ,pompeii lay runs (f into two po9ts2 9 ! depression betwe5 !m1 z we h se51 0 ! ,/abian ,gate4 ,on ! edge ( ! spur at ! left a temple ( ! ,doric /yle 0 built 9 v e>ly times4 ,! desc5t "h1 t[>d ! s\?we/1 is s %>p & ! height s great t x 0 n necess>y to add a wall at ! top z a means ( def5ce4 ,! sides ( ! temple foll[$ 9 g5]al ! direction ( ! edge ( ! cliff4 ,rais$ ^u a high f\ndation1 x n only dom9at$ ! pla9 bel[ b 0 visible also f ! great] "p ( ! city2 gli/5+ 9 ! sun1 x became a l&m>k = m>9]s f> out at sea1 :o f a di/ance c\ld (f] greet+s to ! gods !re en%r9$4 ,9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ! nor?we/ corn] ( ! depression back ( ! ,/abian ,gate 0 select$ z ! site = a l>ge !atre 7,e on ,plan ,,iii72 previ\sly1 we may suppose1 tempor>y wood5 /ructures _h answ]$ ! purpose4 ,?is location 0 *os51 9 accordance ) ! ,greek cu/om1 because ! places = ! great] "p ( ! seats = ! spectators c\ld be easily cut 9 ! natural slope1 :i* "h _h ! %ape ( half a %all[ sauc]2 a sup]/ructure 0 necess>y only = ! upp] r[s ( seats4 ,! ar*itect1 if n a ,greek1 0 c]ta9ly ( ,greek tra9+4 ,s\? ( ! !atre an ext5sive colonnade 7,g7 0 erect$4 ,x 0 int5d$ z a %elt] = !atre-go]s1 b 0 aft]w>ds turn$ into b>racks = gladiators4 ,) a simil> purpose1 a colonnade ( ! ,doric ord] 0 built along two sides ( ! triangul> level space ab\t ! ,greek temple 7#a74 ,9 front ( ! nor? end1 :]e ! two arms ( ! colonnade meet1 a high portico ( ! ,ionic ord] 0 erect$ 7,a7 fac+ ! /reet1 ?us =m+ a monum5tal entrance to ! ,!atre4 ,! s\?we/ side ( ! area 0 left unob/ruct$1 & ! place1 by reason ( its %ape1 is call$ ! ,=um ,triangul>e1 ',?ree-corn]$ ,=um4' ,9 connection ) ! build+ ( ! ,!atre l& _h be5 expropriat$ & cle>$ z f> nor? z ! fir/ ea/ & we/ /reet4 ,"h1 ne> ! entrance ( ! ,=um ,triangul>e1 a ,palae/ra = gymna/ic ex]cises 7,c7 0 built1 ) funds left = public purposes by a b5evol5t citiz54 ,lat]1 probably n be=e ! "t ( ! ,roman colony1 a temple ( ,isis 7,i7 0 erect$1 adjo9+ ! ,!atre on ! nor!a/4 ,e>ly 9 ! ,roman ,p]iod1 n long aft] #hj ,b4,c41 a small ro($ !atre 7,f7 0 con/ruct$ ea/ ( ! /age ( ! ,l>ge ,!atre & ( ! area at ! re>4 ,/abian ,/reet nor? & s\? ( ! ,small ,!atre 0 l9$ ) private h\ses4 ,at ! nor!a/ corn] ( ! block 0 a temple ( ,zeus ,mili*ius 7,h71 seem+ly ( e>ly date1 b entirely rebuilt ab\t ! "t t ! ,small ,!atre 0 erect$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"p ( ! columns & entablature belong+ to ! beautiful portico at ! entrance ( ! ,=um ,triangul>e h be5 set up aga9 & are se5 9 our illu/ration 7,fig4 #fj74 ,! brackets project+ f ! re> wall 7 probably design$ = /atuettes or vases4 ,:5 ! wall 0 rebuilt1 aft] ! e>?quake ( #fc1 a *ange 0 made 9 at lea/ "o p>ticul>4 ,! small doorway at ! middle1 n[ at "r angles ) ! wall1 =m]ly pass$ obliquely ?r\gh x1 op5+ t[>d ! end ( ! prom5ade :i* 0 laid out 9 front ( ! colonnade at ! left4 ,?is prom5ade 7#b on ,plan ,,iii7 0 sep>at$ f ! area ( ! ,=um by a l[ wall2 on sunny w9t] days x mu/ h be5 ! mo/ frequ5t$ walk 9 ! city4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4--,,! ,,greek ,,temple ,,& ,,! ,,=um ,,triangul>e1 ,,se5 ,,f ,,! ,,s\?4 ,,re/oration ,,by ,,wei*>dt ,besides ! small doorway1 :i* 0 clos$ by a lattic$ gate hung f a wood5 jamb1 !re 0 at ! left a massive d\ble door ) /rong bolts1 inside ( :i* 0 /ill a second door4 ,x seems odd t "o entrance %\ld be s securely clos$1 :ile ! fa/5+s ( ! o!r 7 s light4 ,ord9>ily1 ! l>ge doors mu/ h be5 kept %ut1 :ile ! small entrance 0 left op5 = ev]yday use2 b :5 !re 0 to be a play 9 ! ,!atre1 & ! magi/rate :o gave ! ent]ta9m5t proce$$ f ! ,=um ) a ret9ue 9 fe/al attire1 !n ! great doors 7 swung back 9 honor ( ! occasion1 & ! op5+ ( !m =m$ "p ( an impressive c]emony4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4--,portico at ! entrance ( ! ,=um ,triangul>e4 ,! colonnade )9 conta9$ n9ety-five ,doric columns4 ,x 0 only "o /ory 9 height1 & ! columns = ?is reason are m sl5d] ?an ^? ( ! same ord] 9 ! ,=um4 ,! entablature v>ies f ! ,doric type only 9 respect to ! ar*itrave1 :i* consi/s ( two b&s4 ,! cont9uation ( ! colonnade along ! s\?we/ side 0 prev5t$ by ! ne>ness ( ! temple to ! edge ( ! cliff4 ,"h ! magnific5t view ov] ! pla9 to ! m\nta9s & across ! ,bay 0 unimp$$2 = ! enjoym5t ( x1 two duumvirs 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,empire built ne> ! we/ corn] ( ! temple a semicircul> /one seat1 s*ola 7#d on ,plan ,,iii71 l ^? f\nd 9 connection ) tombs4 ,on ! back !y plac$ a sundial ) ! inscription3 ,l4 ,sepunius ,l4 f4 ,s&ilianus1 ,m4 ,h]5nius ,a4 f4 ,epidianus duo viri i4 d4 scolam et horologium d4 s4 p4 f4 c4 7= de sua pecunia faciundum cur>unt71--',lucius ,sepunius ,s&ilianus ! son ( ,lucius1 & ,m>cus ,h]5nius ,epidianus ! son ( ,aulus1 duumvirs ) judici>y au?ority1 caus$ ! seat & ! sundial to be made at _! own exp5se4' ,! same duumvirs1 z we h se51 set up a sundial 9 ! c\rt ( ! temple ( ,apollo4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4--,view ( ! ,=um ,triangul>e1 look+ t[>d ,vesuvius4 ,at ! left1 rema9s ( ! ,doric temple & ( ! alt>s & well h\se 9 front ( x2 at ! "r1 ext]ior ( ! l>ge !atre4 ,at ! foot ( ! middle column at ! nor? end ( ! colonnade is a broad bas9 ( ,c>r>a m>ble re/+ on a f9ely proportion$1 flut$ /&>d2 a jet ( wat] fell into x f ! end ( a pipe :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! column above4 ,a little fur!r =w>d is a p$e/al 7#h7 v5e]$ ) m>ble on :i* is ! inscription3 ,m4 ,claudio ,c4 f4 ,m>cello patrono1--',to ,m>cus ,claudius ,m>cellus1 ! son ( ,gaius1 patron4' ,"h /ood a /atue ( ,m>cellus1 ! nephew ( ,augu/us1 a portrait /atue ( :om we h already f\nd 9 ! imp]ial *apel ( ! ,macellum4 ,! reason :y he 0 honor$ ) m ?an "o /atue is cle> f ! inscription be=e u3 he 0 patron ( ! colony4 ,! surface ( ! ,=um ,triangul>e 0 consid]ably high] ?an ! top ( ! city wall 7,k7 s\? ( ! b>racks ( ! ,gladiators4 ,x seems likely t a flight ( /eps l$ d[n to ! wall betwe5 ! b>racks & ! long colonnade1 z se5 9 ,wei*>dt's re/oration 7,plate ,,iii74 ,?is explanation acc\nts = ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 rema9s ( walls 7,l on ! plan71 ! purpose ( :i* is o!rwise obscure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,( ! anci5t ,doric temple b little rema9s3 only ! f\ndation1 :i* 0 high = a ,greek temple1 ) a flight ( /eps 9 front2 two /umps ( columns & traces ( a ?ird2 f\r capitals1 & portions ( ! "r wall ( ! cella4 ,! plan ( ! cella1 h[ev]1 has be5 trac$ by means ( excavations4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4--,plan ( ! ,doric temple 9 ! ,=um ,triangul>e4 #a4 ,colonnade4 #b4 ,out] *amb] ( cella4 #c4 ,inn] *amb] ( cella4 #d4 ,semicircul> b5*1 ) sundial4 #e4 ,sepul*ral enclosure4 #f4 ,alt>s4 #g4 ,well h\se4 ,! f\ndation1 unlike ! podiums ( ! o!r temples at ,pompeii1 0 built up 9 a s]ies ( broad1 high /eps4 ,! numb] ( ! columns1 elev5 on ! sides & sev5 9 front1 z 9 ! temple ( ,zeus at ,agrig5tum1 has be5 calculat$ f ! di/ances betwe5 ! /umps4 ,( ^? 9 front two 7 opposite ! corn]s ( ! cella1 :]e ! edges ( ! flight ( /eps come to ! /ylobate 7,fig4 #fb74 ,only a n>r[ space 0 ne$$ betwe5 ! walls ( ! cella & ! surr\nd+ columns1 b 9 ord] to make ! outw>d appe>ance m impos+ ! columns 7 set z f> out z !y w\ld h be5 if a second s]ies _h be5 plac$ )91 betwe5 !m & ! cella2 accord+ to ! classification ( ,vitruvius ! temple 0 a pseudodipt]al4 ,on acc\nt ( ! int]val ?us af=d$ betwe5 ! entrance ( ! cella & ! columns 9 front 7a little ov] sixte5 feet71 x 0 ?\ght prop] to leave ! numb] ( columns unev51 s t "o /ood ov] aga9/ ! middle ( ! doorway4 ,! temple 0 ( mix$ con/ruction1 "p /one & "p wood4 ,! entablature mu/ h be5 ( /one1 o!rwise ! int]columniations w\ld n h be5 s n>r[4 ,! space betwe5 ! entablature & ! cella1 h[ev]1 c\ld only h be5 bridg$ by means ( timb]s4 ,! /one us$ 0 ! gray tufa1 b ! capitals 7 ( ! m durable ,s>no lime/one4 ,! surface 0 coat$ ) /ucco1 :i* 9 "p at lea/ 0 pa9t$ 9 bright colors4 ,! project+ edge ( ! eaves tr\gh1 also cov]$ ) /ucco1 0 pa9t$ r$1 yell[1 & black1 & ornam5t$ ) wat]sp\ts 9 ! %ape ( lions' heads alt]nat+ ) rosettes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4--,! ,doric temple1 re/or$4 ,! proportions ( ! columns 7l[] diamet] #f4jg feet1 upp] diamet] #c4ab feet7 ) _! fl>+ capitals1 & ! n>r[ int]columniations 7,fig4 #fc71 po9t to an e>ly p]iod2 ! ar*aic "* ( ! capitals w be m fully appreciat$ if !y are comp>$ ) ^? ( ! colonnade ( ! ,=um ,triangul>e4 ,9 respect to age ?is temple ranks ) ! olde/ ( ^? at ,sel9unto2 x mu/ h be5 built 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! cella1 z our plan %[s1 0 divid$ into two *amb]s4 ,9 ! inn] *amb] 7#c7 a l>ge rectangul> flag is emb$d$ 9 ! floor at "o side s t a second 7indicat$ on ! plan by dott$ l9es7 mu/ h be5 ne> x2 ! supports ( a /one table 9 front ( ! image ( ! div9ity p]haps re/$ on !m4 ,on ! long p$e/al at ! "r ( ! cella /ood a de] ( t]ra cotta1 above life size1 ( :i* "s fragm5ts h be5 f\nd4 ,directly 9 front ( ! temple1 at ! foot ( ! /eps1 we f9d a monum5t ( an altoge!r unusual "*4 ,! respect ) :i* x 0 reg>d$ is evid5c$ by its location 9 ! place ord9>ily occupi$ by ! pr9cipal alt>4 ,x consi/s ( a small enclosure ( peculi> %ape1 f5c$ 9 by an out] wall & a l[ inn] wall4 ,to judge f its =m1 x mu/ h be5 a place ( burial2 we %all f9d a tomb lat] ! plan ( :i* is q simil> 7,plan ,v1 "r side1 #b71 & x is said t human bones 7 f\nd "h4 ,^! walls are n e>li] ?an ! imp]ial p]iod1 b !y mu/ h tak5 ! place ( an old] /ructure2 = ! alt>s 7 evid5tly put ov] ne> ! ea/ corn] ( ! temple 7#f on ! plan71 because ! place :i* !y w\ld naturally h _h 0 already occupi$4 ,= a "t--h[ long x w\ld be idle to conjecture--?is 0 beyond d\bt ! mo/ important temple ( ! city2 ! plac+ ( ! tomb 9 ! mo/ sacr$ spot 9 front ( x sugge/s t ! f\nd] or f\nd]s ( ! city may h be5 buri$ "h1 & aft]w>ds rev]$ z h]oes4 ,in/ead ( a s+le alt> 9 front ( ! temple !re are ?ree1 all made ( blocks ( tufa1 two ( !m re/+ on a s+le f\ndation2 ! ?ird is built on ! gr\nd )\t a f\ndation1 & is ( lat] date4 ,"o alt> is l>g] ?an ! o!r two1 & its surface is divid$ into ?ree p>ts4 ,n f> f ! alt>s are ! rema9s ( a small r\nd /ructure 7#g on ! plan1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #fa7 ab\t twelve feet 9 diamet]4 ,! ro(1 support$ by eight ,doric columns1 0 ov] ! m\? ( a well1 :i* _h be5 driv5 d[n ?r\gh ! old lava b$ till liv+ wat] 0 f\nd = clean+ ! temple & = religi\s rites4 ,accord+ to ! ,oscan inscription on ! ar*itrave ! well h\se 0 built by ,n4 ,trebius1 *ief adm9i/rative (fic] 7m$dix tuticus7 ( ! city4 ,x is impossible to det]m9e :at div9ities 7 wor%ipp$ "h4 ,! plac+ ( two alt>s toge!r1 "o be+ divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 & ! addition ( a ?ird1 seem to imply t ?ree div9ities receiv$ wor%ip 9 common1 & t besides ^! two o!r gods 7 honor$ 9 ?is sanctu>y4 ,! t]ra cotta de] furni%es a clew1 b is n decisive evid5ce2 de] 7 sacr$ to sev]al div9ities1 among o!rs to ,apollo & ,artemis4 ,a m>ble torso ( ab\t half life size1 f\nd on ! declivity s\? ( ! temple1 has be5 id5tifi$ ) "s degree ( probability z belong+ to a /atue ( ,apollo4 ,p]haps orig9ally ,apollo & ,artemis 7 honor$ "h1 & ) !m ,leto2 b 9 an ,oscan inscription discov]$ 9 #ahig ! temple seems to be designat$ z belong+ to ,m9]va 7p4 #bdj71 :o 0 p]haps also wor%ipp$ ) !m4 ,at ! "t ( ! eruption ! temple 0 9 ru9s4 ,x may h be5 9 ?is condition only s9ce ! e>?quake ( #fc1 or = a long] "t4 ,t ! wor%ip might n be ab&on$ a poor %r9e 0 built among ! ru9s1 small] ?an ! old cella & a little fur!r to ! "r2 a drum ( a column1 set up on ! flag 9 ! floor ( ! cella1 s]v$ z a p$e/al = ! image ( ! div9ity4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,! ,,l>ge ,,!atre ,p]=mances ^u ! /age 7 fir/ giv5 9 ,rome 9 ! ye> #cfd ,b4,c42 a pe/il5ce 0 rag+1 & ! ,romans ?\ght to appease ! gods by a new k9d ( celebration 9 _! honor4 ,! p]=m]s 7 br\ght f ,etruria1 & ! ex]cises 7 limit$ to danc+1 ) an accompanim5t on ! flute4 ,!re 0 z yet no ,lat9 drama4 ,! fir/ regul> play 0 pres5t$ m ?an a c5tury lat]1 9 #bdj ,b4,c41 & ! playwright 0 n a ,roman b a ,greek f ,t>5tum1 ,livius ,&ronicus1 :o translat$ bo? trag$ies & com$ies f 8 native tongue4 ,! next dramati/ 0 a ,campanian1 ,gnaeus ,naevius4 ,! build+ ( a !atre 0 n yet ?\ght (2 a tempor>y wood5 plat=m 0 erect$ = ! actors1 & ! spectators spread !mselves out on ! gre5 slope ( a hillside fac+ x4 ,:5 ! c5sor ,cassius ,long9us 9 #aed ,b4,c4 comm5c$ ! erection ( a !atre on ! ,palat9e hill ne> ! temple ( ,cybele1 at ^: fe/ivals plays 7 giv51 ! ex-consul ,scipio ,nasica rose 9 ! ,s5ate & 9 a spee* full ( feel+ w>n$ ! ,romans n to c\nt5ance ?is =eign amusem5t1 on ! gr\nd t x w\ld sap ! f\ndations ( ! national "*4 ,8 words produc$ s deep an impression t ! ,s5ate n only vot$ to pull d[n ! "p ( ! build+ already erect$1 & to refuse p]mission = ! erection ( simil> build+s 9 ! future1 b ev5 prohibit$ altoge!r ! r5t+ ( seats at !atrical repres5tations2 ,romans :o wi%$ to see a play mu/ rema9 /&+ dur+ a p]=mance1 or sit on ! gr\nd4 ,naturally s /r+5t measures c\ld n long rema9 9 =ce4 ,n9e ye>s lat] ,mummius1 ! de/roy] ( ,cor9?1 pres5t$ dramas 9 connection ) 8 triumph1 & put up wood5 seats = ! spectators4 ,! fir/ /one !atre 9 ,rome 0 built by ,pompey1 ! rival ( ,caes>1 9 #ee ,b4,c4 ,9 ,pompeii1 on ! contr>y1 a p]man5t !atre _h be5 erect$ at lea/ a hundr$ ye>s e>li]4 ,! ,oscan culture 0 s completely m]g$ 9 t ( ,rome t our k ( x z an indep5d5t developm5t is extremely slight2 & no in=mation has come d[n to u reg>d+ ! hi/ory ( ! native drama4 ,f lit]>y s\rces we "k only ( a crude =m ( popul> com$y 9 :i*1 z 9 ! ,italian ,comm$ia dell' arte1 !re 7 /ock *>act]s di/+ui%$ by _! masks1--,maccus a buffoon1 ,bucco a voraci\s1 talkative l\t1 ,pappus an old man :o is always *eat$1 & ,doss5nus a knave4 ,! sc5e ( ^! exhibitions 0 always ,atella1 ! ,go?am ( ,campania1 :5ce !y 7 call$ ,atellan f>ces4 ,! ,!atre at ,pompeii1 h[ev]1 is a pro( t z e>ly z ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 9 at lea/ "o ,campanian city1 dramatic repres5tations ( a high ord] 7 giv54 ,"h1 p]haps1 z at ,a!ns1 !y 7 associat$ ) ! wor%ip ( ,dionysus2 = ! satyrs 7 companions ( ! ,w9e-god1 & ! head ( a satyr1 c>v$ 9 tufa1 /ill projects f ! key/one ( ! ar* at ! out] end ( "o ( ! vault$ passages lead+ to ! or*e/ra4 ,greek v]se1 & native v]se modell$ aft] ! ,greek1 mu/ h ga9$ a he>+ at ,pompeii1 & ! works ( ,oscan poets--n a l9e ( :i* has come d[n to u--mu/ h /irr$ ! he>ts ( ! p long be=e ,livius ,&ronicus1 & ,naevius1 :o br\ght inspiration f 8 ,campanian home1 produc$ _! dramas at ,rome4 ,9 describ+ ! ,!atre x w be be/ to take up 9 ord] ! ?ree ma9 divisions common to ,greek & ,roman build+s ( ?is class3 ! cavea1 ! l>ge out] "p %ap$ some:at l half a funnel1 conta9+ seats = spectators2 ! or*e/ra1 ! small semicircul> portion enclos$ by ! cavea1 ) an entrance1 p>odos1 on ei!r side2 & ! /age1 fac+ ! or*e/ra & ! cavea4 ,! accompany+ illu/rations give a plan 7,fig4 #fd71 & a view ( ! ru9s 9 _! pres5t condition 7,fig4 #fe72 ! ext]ior z se5 f ! s\? is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fa4 ,! cavea af=d$ seats = ab\t five ?\s& p]sons4 ,! great] "p ( x1 f ! or*e/ra to ! vault$ corridor "u ! summa cavea 7,fig4 #fd1 #f71 lies on ! slope ( ! hill2 ! floor ( ! corridor is on a level ) ! ,=um ,triangul>e4 ,! seats are arrang$ 9 ?ree semicircul> sections4 ,! l[e/1 ima cavea 7#d71 next to ! or*e/ra1 conta9s f\r broad l$ges on :i*1 z well z 9 ! or*e/ra itself1 ! memb]s ( ! city c\ncil1 ! decurions1 c\ld place _! *airs1 ! 'seats ( d\ble wid?4' ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4--,plan ( ! ,l>ge ,!atre4 #a4 ,dress+ room4 #b4 ,/age4 #c4 ,or*e/ra4 #d4 ,ima cavea4 #e4 ,m$ia cavea4 #f4 ,summa cavea4 #g4 ,tribunalia4 #h4 ,tank = saffron wat]4 ,! middle section1 m$ia cavea 7#e71 0 mu* deep]1 ext5d+ f ! ima cavea to ! vault$ corridor4 ,x conta9$ tw5ty r[s ( m>ble seats arrang$ l /eps1 ( :i* only a small portion is pres]v$4 ,on a "p ( "o ( ^!1 individual places1 a little less ?an #af in*es wide1 are m>k$ (f by v]tical l9es 9 front1 & numb]$2 !y probably belong$ to "s corporation :i* f\nd x necess>y1 9 ord] to avoid confusion1 to assign places to its memb]s by numb]4 ,9 ,rome ! f\rte5 r[s ne>e/ ! bottom 7 res]v$ = ! knights4 ,:e!r a simil> arrangem5t prevail$ 9 ! municipalities & ! colonies is n kn[n1 b if s ! numb] res]v$ "h mu/ h be5 small]4 ,! upp] section1 summa cavea 7#f71 support$ by ! vault ov] ! corridor1 0 too n>r[ to h conta9$ m ?an f\r r[s ( seats4 ,! ima cavea 0 ent]$ f ! or*e/ra4 ,! m$ia cavea c\ld be ent]$ on ! l[] side f ! passage 7diazoma1 praec9ctio7 betwe5 x & ! ima cavea1 :i* at ! ends 0 connect$ by %ort flights ( /eps ) ! p>odoi lead+ outside2 on ! upp] side six doors op5$ into ! m$ia cavea f ! corridor1 f :i* flights ( /eps desc5d$ divid+ ! seats into five w$gelike blocks1 cunei1 ) a small oblong block 9 addition on ei!r side ne> ! end ( ! /age4 ,! corridor 0 accessible by f\r doors1 "o f ! ,=um ,triangul>e1 ano!r f ! op5 space betwe5 ?is & ! r\nd$ ext]ior ( ! ,!atre1 a ?ird at ! end ( an alley ea/ ( ! temple ( ,isis1 & a f\r? op5+ f a /eep passage lead+ up f ,/abian ,/reet4 ,! summa cavea1 :i* = conv5i5ce we may call ! gall]y1 0 ent]$ by sev]al doors 7! exact numb] is unc]ta97 f a n>r[ vault$ passage along ! outside4 ,?is passage1 h[ev]1 did n ext5d ! :ole l5g? ( ! gall]y1 b /opp$ :]e ! out] wall ( ! ,!atre jo9$ t ( ! ,=um ,triangul>e4 ,"h a /airway l$ to x2 !re 0 a second /airway at ! re> ( ! ,palae/ra1 & a ?ird lead+ f ! alley ea/ ( ! temple ( ,isis2 ! ?ree are %[n on ,plan ,,iii4 ,at ! edge ( ! ,=um ,triangul>e1 a n>r[ /airway1 built 9 ! ?ick wall1 l$ directly to ! gall]y 7,fig4 #fd74 ,! out] wall back ( ! gall]y rose to a consid]able height above ! la/ r[ ( seats4 ,on ! inside ne> ! top 7 project+ blocks ( basalt 7se5 9 ,fig4 #fe71 conta9+ r\nd holes 9 :i* /rong wood5 ma/s 7 set2 f ^! ! great awn+1 velum1 0 /ret*$ ov] ! cavea & or*e/ra to ! ro( ( ! /age1 protect+ ! spectators f ! sun4 ,?is sort ( cov]+ = ! !atre 0 a ,campanian inv5tion1 & "h1 :]e ! cavea op5$ t[>d ! s\?1 0 especially necess>y4 ,9 ! ,coliseum1 & ! well pres]v$ !atre at ,orange1 ! arrangem5ts = fa/5+ ! ma/s are on ! outside ( ! wall4 ,! upp] "p ( ! wall ( our ,!atre has be5 rebuilt 9 mod]n times1 & x has be5 d\bt$ :e!r ! blocks ( basalt & ! pieces ( cornice above ) correspond+ incisions are anci5t2 ! latt] surely are n mod]n1 & _! slightly w$g$ %ape %[s t f ! beg9n+ !y mu/ h be5 on ! inside ( ! wall4 ,ne> ! front ( ! or*e/ra at ! "r & ! left 7 small rectangul> plat=ms2 "o is %[n 9 ,fig4 #fe4 ,!y 7 support$ by ! vaults ov] ! entrances 7#g1 #g71 & 7 rea*$ by small /airways ne> ! ends ( ! /age4 ,!y 7 call$ tribunals1 & "h1 z 9 ,rome1 7 no d\bt res]v$ = ! seats ( ^? to :om special honor 0 paid4 ,"o 0 set aside = ! use ( ! magi/rate :o gave ! play2 9 ,rome ! ve/al virg9s1 9 accordance ) a decree ( ,augu/us1 occupi$ ! o!r1 & 9 ,pompeii _! place 0 v likely tak5 by ! city prie/esses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4--,view ( ! ,l>ge ,!atre4 ,! %ape ( ! or*e/ra is t ( a semicircle enl>g$ 9 ! direction ( tang5ts at "r angles ) ! diamet]2 a complete circle c\ld be inscrib$ 9 ! space4 ,x 0 probably nev] us$ = a *orus1 b 0 occupi$ by ! seats ( prom95t spectators1 p>ticul>ly ! city (ficials & _! fri5ds4 ,x 0 ent]$ by means ( ! vault$ passages "u ! tribunals4 ,! /eps lead+ f ! or*e/ra ^u ! /age 7,fig4 #fe7 c be expla9$ only on ! supposition t ev5 9 ! ,roman p]iod1 to :i* ! /eps 9 _! pres5t =m belong1 actors :o took ! "p ( p]sons arriv+ f di/ant places came ^u ! /age ?r\gh ! or*e/ra4 ,9 ! ni*es 9 front ( ! /age1 z we le>n f a wall pa9t+1 sat ^? *>g$ ) ! ma9t5ance ( ord] 9 ! ,!atre1 two p]haps 9 ! rectangul> ni*es1 or "o 9 ! semicircul> ni*e 9 ! middle4 ,! /age is long & n>r[1 measur+ #abj by #bd ,oscan feet2 ! floor is a little m ?an ?ree feet above ! level ( ! or*e/ra4 ,! re> wall1 z 9 anci5t !atres g5]ally1 0 built to repres5t ! front ( a palace1 ent]$ by ?ree doors1 & adorn$ ) columns & ni*es = /atues4 ,9 ea* ( ! %ort sections ( wall at ! ends ( ! /age is a broad doorway1 ext5d+ across almo/ ! entire space4 ,! long n>r[ room beh9d ! /age1 us$ z a dress+ room 7po/sca5ium71 0 ent]$ by a door at ! re>1 :i* 0 rea*$ by an incl9$ approa*4 ,no trace ( ! ro( ( ! /age rema9s1 b f ! bett] pres]v$ !atres at ,orange1 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 & at ,asp5dus1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 we inf] t x slop$ back t[>d ! re> wall4 ,! floor 0 ( wood4 ,! room und]nea? ! /age 0 divid$ into sev]al p>ts4 ,betwe5 ! front wall & t j back ( x 7se5 9 ,fig4 #fe7 0 ! place = ! curta91 :i*1 z 9 ,roman !atres1 0 let d[n at ! beg9n+ ( ! play1 & rais$ at ! end4 ,! space betwe5 ! p>allel walls mu/ h be5 cov]$1 leav+ only a n>r[ slit = ! curta92 o!rwise x w\ld n h be5 easy to g ^u ! /age f ! /eps 9 ! or*e/ra4 ,und]nea? ! place = ! curta9 is a l[ passage1 9 ! vault$ ro( ( :i* are two r[s ( holes1 a little m ?an a foot squ>e1 cut 9 blocks ( basalt1 & evid5tly design$ to hold upright timb]s4 ,?is passage has 9 rec5t ye>s be5 entirely cle>$4 ,9 ! floor1 directly "u ! op5+s 9 ! vault$ ro( & correspond+ ) !m1 7 squ>e holes4 ,9 ^? ne>] ! front ( ! /age 7 rema9s ( timb]s & ( squ>e pieces ( iron fitt$ to ! ends ( ^!1 a l>g] & a small] piece = ea* hole4 ,x seems likely t1 z ,mazois sugge/$1 holl[ upright beams 7 set 9 ! holes1 & 9 !m small] holl[ beams 7 plac$1 9 :i* 7 /ill small] poles or iron rods2 by ! slid+ ( ^! up & d[n1 ! long horizontal pole on :i* ! curta9 0 hung c\ld be rais$ or l[]$4 ,! use ( ! inn] r[ ( holes has n be5 satisfactorily expla9$4 ,! room "u ! "r ( ! /age is s l[1 ab\t ?ree feet1 t x c\ld n h be5 available = any purpose1 b t at ! left is high]1 & 0 us$ = !atrical ma*9]y1 ! scanty rema9s ( :i* ar\se our curiosity )\t satisfy+ x4 ,9 ! floor are set two oblong blocks ( lime/one1 ab\t f\r feet 9 l5g?4 ,ea* has 9 its upp] surface a r\nd hole1 betwe5 two & ?ree in*es deep1 ) an iron socket1 9 :i* !re are /ill rema9s ( an iron cap once fitt$ to ! l[] end ( a v]tical wood5 %aft t turn$ 9 x2 ! upp] end ( ! %aft--assum+ t ! blocks are 9 _! orig9al position--mu/ h revolv$ 9 a socket fix$ 9 "o ( ! joi/s ( ! /age floor4 ,!re is besides on ! upp] surface ( ea* block a rectangul> depression1 & on ei!r side a %all[ incision2 ! purpose is altoge!r obscure4 ,a ?ird /one1 simil> to ^! two1 is set 9 ! nor? wall ( ! same room1 & opposite x 0 fitt$ ano!r2 "h1 !n1 a horizontal %aft turn$2 !re 0 a simil> pair ( /ones at ! left end ( ! place = ! curta94 ,^! arrangem5ts sugge/ ! crane-l ma*9e by :i* float+ figures 7 br\ght ^u ! /age1 z ,m$ea 9 ! play ( ,euripides rid+ 9 a *>iot drawn by dragons1 & ! famili> deus ex ma*9a2 su* ma*9]y1 accord+ to ,pollux 7,onoma/4 ,,iv4 #abh71 0 plac$ on ! left side ( ! /age4 ,:5 plays 7 pres5t$1 ! front ( ! palace at ! back ( ! /age 0 conceal$ by pa9t$ sc5]y4 ,z sev]al pieces might be produc$ "o aft] ! o!r1 x 0 necess>y to arrange = ! %ift+ ( sc5es4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by draw+ "o set ( decorations (f to ! sides1 ?us br++ ! next set into view 7sca5a ductilis72 ! ends 7 *ang$ by turn+ ! p]iactoi1 huge ?ree-sid$ prisms1 ea* side ( :i* 0 suit$ to a diff]5t sc5e 7sca5a v]silis74 ,9 spite ( ! clums9ess ( ! arrangem5ts1 z contra/$ ) ^? ( ! be/ mod]n !atres1 ! m\nt+ ( plays 0 arti/ic & impressive1 & comp>es favorably ) t ( ,%akespe>e's "t4 ,! only allusions to matt]s connect$ ) !atrical repres5tations at ,pompeii are 9 inscriptions relat+ to actors1 z ,sorex 7p4 #agf74 ,a numb] ( graffiti scrat*$ on walls 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! city m5tion an ,actius ,anicetus1 ^: "n is giv5 9 full 9 an inscription f\nd at ,puteoli1 ,c4 ,ummidius ,actius ,anicetus4 ,he seems to h be5 a v popul> actor ( pantomime1 at ! head ( a tr\pe4 ,"o ( ! inscriptions reads3 ,acti1 amor populi1 cito r$i1--',actius1 d>l+ ( ! p1 come back quickly6' ,! !atre 9 antiquity 0 by no means res]v$ = sc5ic repres5tations alone4 ,x 0 a conv5i5t place = br++ ! p toge!r1 & 0 us$ = public ga!r+s ( ! mo/ v>i$ "*4 ,9 ! !atre at ,t>5tum ! memorable assembly met :i* heap$ insults ^u ! ,roman ambassadors & precipitat$ w> ) ,rome4 ,at ,p]gamos ,k+ ,mi?ridates 0 to be cr[n$ 9 ! !atre by a desc5d+ ,victory1 b by "s mi%ap ! wrea? fell to ! floor1 an om5 ( evil4 ,:5 ! ,ephesians1 /irr$ up by ,demetrius ! silv]smi?1 wi%$ to take measures aga9/ ,paul & 8 companions1 ,!y ru%$ ) "o accord into ! !atre4 ,on su* occasions we may suppose t ! front ( ! palace at ! re> ( ! /age s]v$ z a backgr\nd )\t o!r decoration4 ,?is use ( ! !atre = g5]al purposes 0 a ,greek r ?an a ,roman cu/om1 b ! !atre itself 9 ,italy 0 an importation f ,greece2 & we may suppose t ! !atre at ,pompeii 0 on m ?an "o occasion ! sc5e ( notable demon/rations4 ,our ,!atre1 z is evid5t f ! "* ( ! con/ruction1 9 its orig9al =m belong$ to ! ,tufa ,p]iod1 b 0 rebuilt 9 ,roman times4 ,"s p>ticul>s 9 reg>d to ! rebuild+ are giv5 9 an inscription3 ,m4 ,m4 ,holconii ,rufus et ,cel] cryptam1 tribunalia1 !atrum1--',m>cus ,holconius ,rufus & ,m>cus ,holconius ,cel] 7built7 ! crypt1 ! tribunals1 & ! "p design$ = spectators1' t is1 ! vault$ corridor "u ! gall]y1 ! plat=ms ov] ! entrances to ! or*e/ra1 & ! cavea4 ,! two ,holconii liv$ 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us4 ,! eld]1 ,rufus1 0 duumvir = ! f\r? t]m 9 #c-b ,b4,c4 ,! "w on ! ,!atre 0 probably done ab\t t "t2 = soon aft]w>ds1 be=e 8 fif? duumvirate1 a /atue 9 8 honor 0 erect$ 9 ! ,!atre1 z we le>n f an inscription4 ,lat]1 9 #ac-ad ,a4,d41 ! y\ng] ,holconius also1 :5 he _h be5 *os5 qu9qu5nial duumvir1 0 honor$ ) a /atue4 ,! masonry ( ! corridor & ( ! ext]ior ar*es support+ x1 z well z ( ! tribunals1 well agrees ) t 9 vogue 9 ! ,augu/an ,age2 we f9d brick-%ap$ blocks ( tufa & reticulate "w4 ,! m>ble seats 9 ! cavea may be assign$ to ! same p]iod2 9 ! orig9al /ructure ! b5*es mu/ h be5 ( tufa4 ,ab\t ! same "t ! pres5t wall at ! back ( ! /age 0 built1 9 ! place ( an old] & mu* simpl] facade1 b n by ! ,holconii2 if ?is also _h be5 rebuilt by !m1 x w\ld h be5 m5tion$ 9 ! inscription4 ,possibly ! tribunals 7 an addition due to ! ,holconii4 ,! corridor "u ! gall]y1 h[ev]1 mu/ h be5 built 9 ! place ( an e>li] corridor1 = ! pi]s on ! outside re/ on f\ndations simil> 9 "* to ! olde/ p>ts ( ! build+4 ,z ^! pi]s s]v$ no o!r purpose ?an to su/a9 ! passage op5+ into ! section ( seats above ! corridor1 ?is mu/ h =m$ a "p ( ! orig9al plan4 ,! /atues ( bo? ! ,holconii probably /ood 9 ni*es 9 ! wall at ! back ( ! /age4 ,holconius ,rufus 0 fur!r honor$ ) a monum5t ( "s sort 9 ! cavea4 ,! l[e/ seat ( ! m$ia cavea _h at ! middle1 directly opposite ! /age1 a d\ble wid? = a di/ance ( ab\t five feet1 ga9$ by remov+ a portion ( ! next seat above4 ,"h 0 an inscription 9 bronze lett]s3 ,m4 ,holconio ,m4 f4 ,rufo1 ,,ii4 v4 i4 d4 qu9qui5s1 it]um qu9qu5nali1 tribuno militum a populo1 flam9i ,augu/i1 patrono coloniae1 decurionum decreto1--',d$icat$ 9 accordance ) a decree ( ! city c\ncil to ,m>cus ,holconius ,rufus ! son ( ,m>cus1 five times duumvir ) judici>y au?ority1 twice qu9qu5nial duumvir1 milit>y tribune by ! *oice ( ! p1 prie/ ( ,augu/us1 & patron ( ! colony4' ,! object plac$ "h 0 ( bronze1 & 0 made secure by fa/5+s set 9 twelve holes2 :at x 0 is altoge!r unc]ta94 ,! anci5ts _h ! cu/om ( conf]r+ la/+ honor ^u a des]v+ man aft] dea? by plac+ 9 ! !atre a seat inscrib$ ) 8 "n4 ,we %\ld be glad to believe t a 'seat ( d\ble wid?1' bisellium1 ! use ( :i* 0 all[$ to memb]s ( ! city c\ncil1 0 plac$ "h1 b ! arrangem5t ( ! twelve holes is difficult to reconcile ) ?is explanation4 ,! ar*itect employ$ by ! ,holconii1 a fre$man1 0 n honor$ ) a /atue1 b 8 "n 0 transmitt$ to po/]ity 9 an inscription plac$ 9 ! out] wall ne> ! ea/ entrance to ! or*e/ra3 ,m4 ,artorius ,m4 lib]tus ,primus1 ar*itectus1--',m>cus ,artorius ,primus1 fre$man ( ,m>cus1 ar*itect4' ,! plan ( ! ,!atre c\ld n h be5 tak5 f a ,roman model2 x con=ms1 z we %\ld h expect$1 to ! ,greek type4 ,9 ! ,roman !atre ! or*e/ra 0 9 ! =m ( a semicircle1 ( :i* ! diamet] 0 repres5t$ by ! /age4 ,9 ,greek !atres1 on ! contr>y1 ! /age accord+ to ,vitruvius 0 laid out on "o side ( a squ>e inscrib$ 9 ! circle ( ! or*e/ra2 ! or*e/ra1 z %[n by exi/+ rema9s1 9 mo/ cases 0 ei!r a complete circle or 0 s ext5d$ by tang5ts at ! sides t a circle c\ld be inscrib$ 9 x4 ,! latt] is ! case 9 our ,!atre1 ( :i* ! or*e/ra has ess5tially ! same =m z t ( ! !atre ( ,dionysus at ,a!ns4 ,! /age falls "u ! limit ( height1--five feet1--all[$ by ,vitruvius = ! /age ( ! ,roman !atre1 n to m5tion ! height ( t5 to twelve feet specifi$ = t ( ! ,greek type4 ,! reason assign$ = ! mod]ate elevation ( ! ,roman /age is t ! or*e/ra 0 occupi$ by ! seats ( s5ators1 ^: view w\ld be ob/ruct$ if m ?an a mod]ate elevation %\ld be giv5 to ! front ( ! /age4 ,! or*e/ra ( our ,!atre 0 app>5tly f ! beg9n+ int5d$ = ! use ( spectators1 n = a *orus4 ,! conclusions rea*$ by ,dr4 ,william ,do]pfeld 9 reg>d to ! /age ( ! ,greek !atre1 if borne out by ! facts1 w\ld necessitate a complete ab&onm5t ( previ\s views on ! subject4 ,8 !ory1 9 brief1 is1 t n only ! *orus b also ! actors w5t ?r\gh _! p>ts n on ! /age b 9 ! or*e/ra1 :i* _h ! =m ( a circle1 & t :at we are accu/om$ to consid] ! front wall ( ! /age 0 r ! re> wall ( ! plat=m 9 ! or*e/ra on :i* ! actors & *orus /ood1 ?is wall be+ laid out on a tang5t ( ! circle & hav+ a height ( twelve feet1 z we may und]/& f ,vitruvius & f ! rema9s ( ! !atre at ,epidaurus4 ,! ma9 reasons advanc$ 9 support ( ?is !ory are t ! plat=m curr5tly reg>d$ z ! /age1 :i* accord+ to ,vitruvius & ! exi/+ rema9s 0 h>dly m ?an t5 feet wide1 mu/ h be5 too n>r[ to all[ free movem5t on ! "p ( ! actors1 & t ! height above ! or*e/ra 0 too great to admit ( ! close relation betwe5 ! actors & ! *orus1 ( :i* !re is abundant evid5ce 9 ! extant dramas4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,do]pfeld1 ! /age came into exi/5ce 9 ,italy fir/1 & 9 ! ,roman p]iod1 :5 !re 0 no long] any *orus2 a plat=m five feet high 0 built = ! actors1 ext5d+ to ! middle ( ! or*e/ra1 s t ?is n[ took ! =m ( a semicircle & c\ld be us$ = ! seats ( spectators4 ,to und]take ! exam9ation ( ,dr4 ,do]pfeld's !ory 9 detail w\ld n be p]t95t "h2 yet we _c br+ our description ( ! ,!atre at ,pompeii to a close )\t inquir+ :e!r ?is /ructure1 :i* is p]haps a c5tury old] ?an ! olde/ ,roman !atre1 %[s any trace ( ! arrangem5t :i* ! !ory assumes4 ,un=tunately1 ! evid5ce is n conclusive = ei!r a negative or an affirmative answ]4 ,j z ?is second edition goes to press a jo9t inve/igation ( ! :ole matt] has be5 und]tak5 by ! au?or & ,dr4 ,do]pfeld1 ^: "w is be+ facilitat$ by excavations4 ,x is yet too e>ly to anticipate ! conclusions to :i* ! evid5ce ?us ga9$ w lead2 we may haz>d a t5tative /atem5t 9 reg>d to only "o or two po9ts4 ,x n[ appe>s probable t ! pres5t /age 0 n con/ruct$ at ! same "t ) ! o!r p>ts ( ! ,!atre1 b t x is a lat] addition4 ,!re is no trace ( an e>li] /age1 & !re is no?+ to indicate t ?is 0 built aga9/ ! "p ( ! /ructure design$ = ! spectators4 ,we might assume t ?is e>li] /age 0 plac$ at a slight di/ance f ! o!r p>ts ( ! build+1 & t ! entrances ( ! or*e/ra1 ! p>odoi1 lay betwe51 7 x n = ! fact t ! out] doorways ( ! pres5t p>odoi--notably t on ! we/ side ) ! head ( a satyr on ! key/one--unque/ionably belong to ! orig9al /ructure2 & we %\ld n be w>rant$ 9 assum+ two entrances to ! or*e/ra on ea* side4 ,at ! same "t x is evid5t t ! con/ruction ( ! tribunalia mu/ h involv$ a rebuild+ ( ?is "p ( ! ,!atre1 & x is possible t orig9ally passages l$ f ! out] doors ( ! pres5t p>odoi1 n to ! or*e/ra1 b to ! ranges ( seats4 ,9 t case1 assum+ t ! /age 0 slightly remov$ f ! re/ ( ! /ructure1 we may freely grant t ! act+ may h gone on 9 front ( x r ?an ^u x1 & t ?is may h be5 a ,greek !atre accord+ to ,dr4 ,do]pfeld's view4 ,b we are "h deal+ only ) possibilities2 x is to be hop$ t fur!r inve/igation w br+ to light data = a f9al solution ( ! problem4 ,9 ! op5 space betwe5 ! ,!atre1 ! ,=um ,triangul>e1 & ! ,palae/ra !re is a deep res]voir = wat] 7,d71 squ>e on ! outside & r\nd )94 ,x 0 evid5tly us$ = ! spr9kl+s1 sp>siones1 ) saffron-color$ wat]1 by :i* on summ] days ! heat ( ! ,!atre 0 mollifi$4 ,t su* spr9kl+s 7 9 vogue 9 ,pompeii is kn[n f ann\ncem5ts ( gladiatorial combats1 pa9t$ on walls1 9 :i* !y are adv]tis$ toge!r ) an awn+ z "p ( ! attraction1--sp>siones1 vela erunt4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,! ,,small ,,!atre ,! names ( ! build]s ( ! ,small ,!atre are kn[n f an inscription :i* is f\nd 9 duplicate 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! build+3 ,c4 ,qu9ctius ,c4 f4 ,valgu1 ,m4 ,porcius ,m4 f4 duoviri decurionum decreto !atrum tectum faciundum loc>unt eidemque probarunt1--',gaius ,qu9ctius ,valgus ! son ( ,gaius & ,m>cus ,porcius ! son ( ,m>cus1 duumvirs1 9 accordance ) a decree ( ! city c\ncil let ! contract = build+ ! cov]$ !atre1 & approv$ ! "w4' ,lat] ! same (ficials1 :51 aft] ! cu/om>y int]val1 !y _h be5 elect$ qu9qu5nial duumvirs1 built ! ,amphi!atre 'at _! own exp5se' 7p4 #bab74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4--,plan ( ! ,small ,!atre4 #a4 ,dress+ room4 #b4 ,/age4 #c1 #c4 ,tribunals4 ,:5 two magi/rates set up an inscription 9 duplicate1 ord9>ily ! "n ( "o appe>s fir/ 9 "o copy1 :ile t ( ! second is put fir/ 9 ! o!r4 ,9 all f\r inscriptions1 h[ev]1 two at ! ,small ,!atre & two at ! ,amphi!atre1 ,valgus has ! fir/ place4 ,! reason 9 ! case ( ! ,amphi!atre is n f> to seek3 ,valgus 0 ! man ( means1 :o furni%$ ! money = ! build+1 b all[$ 8 colleague & fri5d to %>e 9 ! honor4 ,we may also believe t1 :ile ! ,small ,!atre 0 erect$ '9 accordance ) a decree ( ! city c\ncil1' & h5ce presumably at public exp5se1 a "p ( ! funds 0 contribut$ by ,valgus1 :o on ?is acc\nt receiv$ honor above 8 less opul5t colleague4 ,! son-9-law ( ?is ,valgus1 ,publius ,s]vilius ,rullus1 has be5 undes]v$ly immortaliz$ by a spee* ( ,cic]o 9 opposition to a bill br\ght =w>d by him 9 reg>d to ! division ( ! public l&s4 ,f ! same oration we le>n t ,valgus1 a man )\t scruples1 _h tak5 advantage ( ! reign ( t]ror in/itut$ by ,sulla to acquire va/ weal?1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! way ( l&$ prop]ty4 ,among 8 e/ates 0 "o 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,hirp9i1 ne> ! city ( ,aeclanum 7s\? ( ,b5ev5tum71 :i* made him its patron & = :i*1 z %[n by an inscription1 he repair$ ! walls de/roy$ 9 ! ,civil ,w>4 ,he 0 und\bt$ly "o ( ! lead+ m5 9 ! colony f\nd$ by ,sulla at ,pompeii1 & v likely s\ght by l>ge public b5efactions to ca/ 8 =m] life into oblivion4 ,! ,small ,!atre mu/ h be5 built 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,roman colony1 n long aft] #hj ,b4,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4--,view ( ! ,small ,!atre4 ,a cov]$ auditorium 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( a l>ge unro($ !atre 0 n uncommon4 ,ab\t ! "t ( ! de/ruction ( ,pompeii ! poet ,/atius1 prais+ ! magnific5ce ( 8 native city ,naples1 speaks ( 'tw9 !atres 9 a s+le /ructure1 "o op5 & "o ro($1'--gem9am molem nudi tectique !atri4 ,our only clew to ! special use ( su* a build+1 h[ev]1 is d]iv$ f ! "o erect$ at ,a!ns by ,h]odes ,atticus1 9 ! reign ( ,hadrian4 ,?is 0 call$ an ,odeum1 t is1 accord+ to ! d]ivation ( ! ^w1 a room = s++2 musical ent]ta9m5ts 7 held !re1 especially1 we may assume1 ^? musical conte/s :i* _h s important a place 9 anci5t fe/ivals4 ,! purpose ( ! ro( 0 d\btless to add to ! ac\/ic effect4 ,! plan ( ! ,l>ge ,!atre has be5 discuss$ at s great l5g? t a few words w suffice 9 relation to t ( ! small] /ructure 7,fig4 #ff74 ,t x might be possible to cov] ! enclos$ space ) a ro(1 ! upp] r[s ( seats 7 r$uc$ 9 l5g?1 & ! :ole build+--cavea1 or*e/ra1 & /age--0 br\ght into an oblong %ape2 only ! or*e/ra & ! l[] r[s ( seats 9 ! cavea =m a complete semicircle4 ,! pyramidal ro( 0 support$ by a wall on all f\r sides2 9 ! upp] "p ( ! wall1 betwe5 ! ro( & ! highe/ r[ ( seats1 !re 7 probably w9d[s4 ,! seat+ capacity ( ! build+ 0 ab\t fifte5 hundr$4 ,! l[e/ section ( ! cavea1 z 9 ! ,l>ge ,!atre1 consi/$ ( f\r l[1 broad l$ges on :i* ! *airs ( ! decurions c\ld be plac$4 ,above ^! is a p>apet1 beh9d :i* is a passage accessible at ei!r end by semicircul> /eps4 ,! broad range ( seats above 0 divid$ into five w$ge-%ap$ blocks by flights ( /eps2 only two ( ^!1 h[ev]1 ext5d$ z f> z ! passage runn+ along ! upp] side1 :i* c\ld be rea*$ f ! alley at ! re> ( ! build+ by means ( /airways connect+ ) outside doors4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4--,section ( a seat 9 ! ,small ,!atre4 ,! seats 7 ( masonry capp$ ) slabs ( tufa ab\t sev5 in*es ?ick4 ,!y _h depressions 9 ! side & 9 ! top1 z may be se5 9 ! accompany+ section 7,fig4 #fh74 ,!y 7 ?us made some:at m com=table1 ! p]son 9 front be+ less subject to di/urbance f ! feet ( "o sitt+ on ! next seat beh9d2 a sav+ ( room 0 also effect$--an important consid]ation 9 ! con/ruction ( a small auditorium4 ,! tribunals 7#c1 #c7 diff]$ f ^? 9 ! ,l>ge ,!atre 9 t !y 7 %ut (f entirely f ! seats ( ! cavea by a %>ply incl9$ wall1 & 7 ent]$ only f ! /age1 by means ( n>r[ /airways2 9 ?is way ! exclusive "* ( ! seats 0 made /ill m prom95t4 ,besides ! plat=m itself1 measur+ only ab\t #aa by #i feet1 ?ree seats above ea* tribunal 7 set (f ) x by ! same division wall & 7 available = ! occupants4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4--;,an ,atlas4 ,! slop+ wall betwe5 ! tribunal & ! cavea on ea* side ends ) a kneel+ ,atlas 7,fig4 #fi72 l>ge vases probably /ood on ! two brackets support$ by ^! figures4 ,! end ( ! p>apet on ei!r side is embelli%$ ) a lion's foot ( tufa 7,fig4 #gj74 ,^! r co>se sculptures illu/rate ! "* ( ! art t 0 br\ght to ,pompeii by ! ,roman colony4 ,! workman%ip is by no means f9e1 yet ! muscles ( ! figures are well r5d]$1 & ! effect is pleas+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4--,ornam5t at ! ends ( ! p>apet4 ,! pavem5t ( ! or*e/ra 7se5 9 ,fig4 #fg7 consi/s ( small flags ( color$ m>ble4 ,an inscription 9 bronze lett]s in=ms u t x 0 laid by ! duumvir ,m>cus ,oculatius ,v]us pro ludis1 t is in/ead ( ! games :i* he w\ld o!rwise h be5 expect$ to provide4 ,at ! ends ( ! /age1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,l>ge ,!atre1 !re 7 two broad entrances4 ,! wall at ! re>1 :i* 0 v5e]$ ) m>ble1 _h ! cu/om>y ?ree doors1 & 9 addition two small doors1 "o ne> ea* end4 ,! long dress+ room beh9d ! /age _h likewise two broad entrances at ! ends1 besides f\r at ! re>4 ,app>5tly ! two n>r[ doors ne> ! ends ( ! wall at ! re> ( ! /age1 & ! two doors correspond+ ) !m at ! back ( ! dress+ room1 7 = ! use ( ^? :o _h seats on ! tribunals2 !y c\ld ?us ent] & leave _! places ev5 :5 ! l>ge side doors ( bo? /age & dress+ room _h be5 %ut--z und\bt$ly happ5$ imm$iately aft] ! procession 7pompa7 _h pass$ across ! /age4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,! ,,!atre ,,colonnade1 ,,us$ ,,z ,,b>racks ,,= ,,gladiators ',beh9d ! /age1' says ,vitruvius 7,v4 ix471 speak+ ( ! arrangem5ts ( ! !atre1 'colonnades %\ld be built1 t %elt] may be af=d$ to spectators 9 case ( ra9 & a place provid$ = mak+ prep>ations = ! /age4' ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4--,plan ( ! ,!atre ,colonnade1 %[+ its relation to ! two !atres4 #a4 ,passage lead+ f ,/abian ,/reet4 #b4 ,entrance4 #c4 ,doorkeep]'s room4 #d4 ,passage to ,l>ge ,!atre1 wall$ up4 #e4 ,/airway f ! ,=um ,triangul>e4 #f4 ,ex$ra--a?letes' wait+ room4 #g4 ,room ) rema9s ( co/umes4 #h4 ,gu>d room4 #i4 ,/airway to ov]se]'s rooms4 #aj4 ,kit*58 #aa4 ,mess room4 ,?is maxim ( anci5t ar*itects 0 appli$ at ,pompeii 9 a g5]\s way2 9 connection ) ! !atres !re 0 an ext5sive sy/em ( colonnades4 ,to und]/& _! use x w be necess>y fir/ to view !m z !y 7 9 ! e>li] "t1 & !n to take acc\nt ( lat] *anges4 ,9 ! ,oscan ,p]iod1 & aft]w>ds to ! end ( ! ,republic1 :5 a p]=mance 9 ! ,l>ge ,!atre 0 int]rupt$ by a %[]1 ! spectators 9 ! upp] seats c\ld take refuge "u ! colonnade ( ! ,=um ,triangul>e2 ^? bel[ f\nd %elt] "u ! rectangul> colonnade at ! re>1 :i* 0 obvi\sly built = ! purpose1 & may be call$1 by way ( di/9ction1 ! ,!atre ,colonnade 7,fig4 #ga74 ,x conta9$ sev5ty-f\r ,doric columns1 & enclos$ a l>ge op5 area4 ,! ma9 entrance 7#b7 0 ne> ! nor!a/ corn]4 ,! entrance hall on ! side ( ! colonnade 0 support$ by ?ree ,ionic columns4 ,x 0 connect$ at ! nor? end ) a %ort colonnade on ! ea/ side ( ! area back ( ! /age ( ! ,!atre2 ?is l$ to ! l>ge door at ! ea/ end ( ! /age & ! correspond+ p>odos ( ! or*e/ra2 ! wall at #d on our plan is a lat] addition4 ,! ,!atre ,colonnade mu/ h be5 us$ also z a prom5ade on days :5 !re 0 no p]=mance2 x 0 connect$ by a broad passage 7#a7 ) ,/abian ,/reet4 ,?is colonnade seems too f> away to h s]v$ z a place = mak+ prep>ations = ! /age2 ano!r 0 erect$ = t purpose4 ,at ! nor?we/ corn] a broad /airway leads d[n f ! ,=um ,triangul>e 7#e2 cf4 ,fig4 #fe72 f ! foot a small & inconv5i5t flight ( /eps leads into ! area at ! re> ( ! /age4 ,9 a l9e ) ! /airway is a s]ies ( small rooms op5+ t[>d ! s\?4 ,^! d n belong to ! orig9al /ructure4 ,9 _! place !re 0 once a colonnade1 :i* fac$ ! nor? & connect$ ! l>ge /airway ) ! %ort colonnade1 ! rema9s ( :i* are /ill to be se5 on ! ea/ side ( ! area2 ! back ( x 0 at ! same "t ! back ( ! nor? division ( ! ,!atre ,colonnade4 ,!re 0 ?us a cov]$ passage ext5d+ f ! foot ( ! /airway along two sides ( ! area to ! ea/ entrance ( ! /age & ( ! or*e/ra1 :i* w\ld answ] v well to ! second "p ( ,vitruvius's dictum2 b x _h also ano!r important use4 ,! portico ( ! ,=um ,triangul>e1 z we h se51 0 at ! same "t ! monum5tal entrance ( ! ,!atre1 & ! l>ge doorway at ! left 0 us$ only = ! c]emoni\s admission ( ! city (ficials1 :o ) _! ret9ue =m$ a procession 9 ! ,=um & w5d$ _! way hi!r 9 fe/al attire 9 ord] to op5 ! p]=mance--a =mality t may be comp>$ ) ! p>ade ) :i* ! ,roman games 7 op5$ at ,rome4 ,! r\te ( su* a procession1 aft] ent]+ ! ,=um ,triangul>e1 is n[ cle>4 ,x pass$ along "u ! colonnade adjo9+ ! ,!atre1 beyond ! entrances to ! upp] portion ( ! cavea2 turn$ & desc5d$ ! broad /airway 7#e71 proce$$ "u ! colonnade along ! s\? & ea/ sides ( ! area beh9d ! /age1 & f9ally came ^u ! /age ?r\gh ! wide doorway at ! ea/ end4 ,x 0 inde$ possible to pass beyond ! /age entrance & proce$ ?r\gh ! p>odos directly to ! seats ( ! or*e/ra & ! l[e/ section ( ! cavea2 b x is m 9 accordance ) ! fondness ( ! anci5ts = display to suppose t ! procession mov$ across ! /age1 receiv+ z x pass$ ! plaudits ( ! great audi5ce1 & em]g$ f ! entrance opposite t by :i* x came 91 disb&+ 9 ! c\rt1 :5ce ! memb]s c\ld g to _! respective seats4 ,we ne$ n "h raise ! "q :e!r ! procession pass$ ^u ! /age beh9d ! triangul> side scre5s 7p]iactoi71 or :e!r ^! 7 set 9 place only aft] x _h already pass$4 ,:5 ! colonnade on ! s\? side ( ! c\rt _h be5 replac$ by rooms1 & ! ,!atre ,colonnade itself _h be5 trans=m$ into b>racks1 ?is r\te ( ! processions 0 block$4 ,!y c\ld /ill pass d[n ! /reet 9 front ( ! temple ( ,isis1 turn into ,/abian ,/reet1 & rea* ! /age ?r\gh ! passage at ! re> ( ! ,small ,!atre2 b x does n seem probable t !y foll[$ ?is c\rse1 = ! reason t !re are ?ree l>ge /epp+ /ones 9 ! /reet be=e "o comes to ! entrance ( ! passage2 ^! w\ld h prov$ a s]i\s ob/ruction1 & w\ld und\bt$ly h be5 remov$ _h ! processions gone ?is way4 ,we may r believe t be=e ! usual r\te 0 clos$ ! processions !mselves _h be5 giv5 up4 ,!y 7 /ill 9 vogue1 h[ev]1 :5 ! ,small ,!atre 0 built2 o!rwise ! purpose ( ! wide entrances at ! ends ( ! /age & ( ! room back ( x is n cle>4 ,moreov] ! sidewalk 9 front ( ! ,small ,!atre1 on ,/abian ,/reet1 is ( an altoge!r unusual wid?1 & 0 app>5tly cov]$ by a portico4 ,we inf] t ! procession to ?is !atre ent]$ at ! we/ end ( ! /age1 & pass$ out at ! ea/ end2 s9ce x c\ld n disp]se on ! /reet1 x w\ld turn :]e ! sidewalk 0 broade/1 g back ?r\gh ! room at ! re> ( ! /age into ! c\rt1 & !re disb&4 ,! discont9uance ( ! processions mu/ !n be assign$ to ! p]iod betwe5 ! build+ ( ! ,small ,!atre & ! *ang+ ov] ( ! ,!atre ,colonnade into b>racks1 :i*1 to judge f ! masonry & ! rema9s ( ! decoration1 did n take place be=e ! "t ( ,n]o4 ,! processions 7 ab&on$ ei!r 9 ! tr\bl$ p]iod ( ! ,civil ,w>s1 or 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,empire2 if 9 ! latt] p]iod1 _! discont9uance may h be5 due to legislation connect$ ) ! reorganization ( ! ,empire "u ,augu/us1 or to ! ov]%ad[+ ( !m by m impos+ c]emonies introduc$ 9 connection ) ! religi\s fe/ivals4 ,our in=mation 9 reg>d to ! lat] use ( ! ,!atre ,colonnade is inde$ meagre2 n a s+le inscription be>+ ^u x has be5 f\nd4 ,yet :5 we take into acc\nt ! *anges t 7 made 9 x1 & ! objects f\nd !re1 ! supposition t x 0 turn$ into b>racks = gladiators 9 ! "t ( ! ,e>ly ,empire1 & s us$ till ! de/ruction ( ! city1 is se5 to h>monize ) almo/ all ! facts4 ,fir/1 rooms 7 built on all sides beh9d ! colonnade2 on ! nor? side !y took ! place ( ! s\? arm ( ! colonnade 9 ! area back ( ! /age4 ,!y 7 9 two s]ies1 "o above ! o!r2 ! upp] rooms 7 ent]$ f a l[ wood5 gall]y accessible by ?ree /airways4 ,!y c\ld n h be5 int5d$ = %ops2 !y 7 too small1 measur+ on ! av]age h>dly m ?an twelve feet squ>e1 & ! doors 7 too n>r[4 ,!re 7 no doors op5+ f "o room into ! o!r4 ,bo? l[] & upp] rooms1 we may conclude1 7 us$ = m5's qu>t]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4--,,! ,,b>racks ,,( ,,! ,,gladiators1 ,,look+ ,,s\? ,9 ! middle ( ! s\? side a l>ge room 0 left1 ) ! front op5 t[>d ! area1 an ex$ra 7#f74 ,on ! ea/ side 0 a /ill l>g] room ! front ( :i* is divid$ (f by pill>s2 o!r rooms op5 f x1 & among !m is "o 7#aj7 ) sev]al he>?s1 evid5tly int5d$ = a mess kit*51 if ! he>?s are anci5t2 !y may be mod]n4 ,ov] ^! rooms 0 a second /ory1 rea*$ by a broad /airway 7#i74 ,! imm$iate connection ( ! colonnade ) ! area beh9d ! /age 0 n[ cut (f by a wall 7#d72 !re 0 left only a small door 9 ! corn]1 :i* c\ld be readily fa/5$4 ,! entrance f ! passage lead+ to ,/abian ,/reet 7#b7 0 provid$ ) doors & plac$ "u ! control ( a gu>d1 = :om a special room 0 built at "o side 7#c74 ,!re 0 a ?ird entrance1 n>r[ & easily clos$1 at ! nor?we/ corn]1 :]e a flight ( /eps connect$ ! foot ( ! broad /airway 7#e7 ) ! l&+ ( ! /airs lead+ to ! wood5 gall]y4 ,?us a complete trans=mation 0 effect$4 ,! prom5ade = !atre-go]s _h become b>racks1 ) a great numb] ( cell-l rooms1 a mess kit*51 & n>r[1 gu>d$ entrances4 ,soldi]s1 h[ev]1 c\ld n h be5 kept "h2 9 ! p]iod to :i* ! rebuild+ belongs1 g>risons 7 n /ation$ 9 ! cities ( ,italy except ! ,capital4 ,on ! o!r h&1 gladiatorial combats 9 ,pompeii 7 s frequ5t1 & on s l>ge a scale1 t a special build+ = ! h\s+ & gu>d+ ( gladiators w\ld seem to h be5 a necessity2 su* a build+ w\ld naturally h be5 erect$ by ! city & plac$ at ! disposal ( ^? :o gave ! games4 ,z e>ly z ! "t ( ,augu/us1 ,aulus ,clodius ,flaccus br\ght =w>d =ty pairs ( gladiators 9 a s+le day1 & on v>i\s occasions aft]w>ds z _m z ?irty pairs 7 engag$4 ,h[ well ! colonnade 0 n[ suit$ = gladiators' qu>t]s may be se5 f a glance at ! plan4 ,! area w\ld s]ve z a practice c\rt1 ! ex$ra on ! s\? side 7#f71 protect$ f ! sun1 z ! /ation = ! tra9]s & l\ng+ room = m5 await+ _! turn2 ! mess room w\ld be ! l>ge ap>tm5t adjo9+ ! kit*5 7#aa71 :ile ! qu>t]s ( ! *ief tra9]1 lani/a1 & 8 assi/ants1 w\ld be 9 ! second /ory1 rea*$ by ! broad /airway 7#i74 ,! small rooms 7 poorly decorat$1 9 ! f\r? /yle4 ,!re 7 bett] pa9t+s only 9 ! ex$ra4 ,on ! re> wall ( ?is room 0 ! (t repeat$ gr\p ( ,m>s & ,v5us2 on ! side walls1 gladiatorial weapons 7 repres5t$1 pil$ up 9 heaps1 aft] ! mann] ( trophies1 ab\t eight feet high4 ,! ref]5ce to ! purpose ( ! build+1 z 9 ! case ( ! pa9t+s 9 ! ,macellum1 is obvi\s4 ,! columns ab\t ! area 7 orig9ally :ite2 aft] ! rebuild+ ! unflut$ l[] "p 0 pa9t$ r$1 ! upp] "p yell[4 ,f\r columns1 h[ev]1 two at ! middle ( ! ea/ side1 & ! two opposite !m on ! we/ side1 7 pa9t$ blue1 probably to s]ve z b\nds 9 m>k+ (f ! area = a?letic ex]cises4 ,! objects f\nd 9 ! b>racks are record$ 9 ! j\rnal ( ! excavations4 ,!y indicate t at ! "t ( ! eruption ! rooms 7 occupi$4 ,ev]y?+ ( value 0 remov$ f ^? on ! nor? side by ! survivors1 b ! s\? half 0 app>5tly left undi/urb$1 & has yield$ a ri* h>ve/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4--;,a gladiator's greave4 ,9 t5 rooms ! excavators f\nd a great quantity ( weapons ( ! k9ds us$ by gladiators1 includ+ fifte5 helmets1 a %ield1 greaves 7,fig4 #gb71 sev]al broad belts trimm$ ) metal1 & a c\ple ( armlets2 !re 7 m ?an a hundr$ scales ( horn belong+ to a coat ( mail1 & a half doz5 %\ld] protectors1 gal]i1 :i* ! net fight]1 reti>ius1 :o c>ri$ no %ield & 0 arm$ only ) a net & a trid5t1 wore on 8 left %\ld]4 ,! weapons 7 mo/ly = def5ce1 b rema9s ( a few (f5sive weapons 7 f\nd1 z ! head ( a lance1 a sword1 & a c\ple ( dagg]s4 ,9 ! same room ) ! dagg]s & ! sword 7p]haps #g7 7 ! rema9s ( two wood5 *e/s conta9+ clo? ) gold ?read2 ?is may h be5 us$ 9 gladiators' co/umes4 ,! helmets are *>act]i/ic 7,fig4 #gc74 ,!y are furni%$ ) a visor1 & "p ( !m h a broad rim1 ri*ly ornam5t$ ) reliefs2 _! %ape corresponds exactly ) t ( ! helmets se5 9 pa9t+s & reliefs repres5t+ gladiatorial combats4 ,! %ield1 :i* is r\nd & only ab\t sixte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 w\ld h be5 q useless 9 milit>y s]vice4 ,9 a room "u ! /airs ! skeleton ( a horse 0 f\nd1 ) rema9s ( trapp+s ri*ly m\nt$ ) bronze2 "o class ( gladiators1 ! equites1 f\ght on horseback4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4--;,a gladiator's helmet4 ,"o ( ! small rooms on ! we/ side 7#h7 0 us$ z a gu>d room4 ,"h 7 ! /ocks1 ! rema9s ( :i* are %[n 9 ,fig4 #gd2 !y 7 fa/5$ to a bo>d4 ,at "o end ( ! "u piece 0 a lock1 by :i* ! b> pass$ ?r\gh ! r+s c\ld be made secure4 ,! m5 conf9$ _h ! *oice ( ly+ d[n or sitt+ 9 an uncom=table position4 ,! f\r p]sons ^: skeletons 7 f\nd 9 ?is room1 h[ev]1 7 n 9 ! /ocks at ! "t ( ! eruption4 ,t su* means ( discipl9e %\ld be employ$ 9 controll+ gladiators is entirely consi/5t ) anci5t me?ods4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4--,rema9s ( /ocks f\nd 9 ! gu>d room ( ! b>racks4 ,besides ^! f9ds1 !re 7 o!rs n s easily expla9$4 ,9 ! two rooms 9 :i* ! spe>head & ! o!r (f5sive weapons 7 f\nd1 !re 7 eighte5 skeletons1 among !m t ( a woman ri*ly adorn$ ) gold jewelry2 %e _h a necklace ) em]alds1 e>r+s1 & two armb&s1 besides r+s & o!r ornam5ts1 & 9 a casket a cameo1 ! elaborate sett+ ( :i* is 9 "p pres]v$4 ,9 a room ne> ! s\?we/ corn] ! bones ( a new-born infant 7 f\nd 9 an e>!n j>4 ,a numb] ( weights also 7 discov]$1 & vessels ( t]ra cotta & glass2 9 ?ree rooms !re 7 m ?an six doz5 small sauc]s4 ,7 ! b>racks :olly giv5 up to gladiators at ! "t ( ! eruption1 or 7 "s o!r p]sons all[$ to h qu>t]s "h1 p]haps "s ( ^? ^: h\ses _h be5 de/roy$ by ! e>?quake ( #fc & _h n be5 rebuilt8 ,a c]ta9 conclusion _c be rea*$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,! ,,palae/ra ,! oblong c\rt nor? ( ! ,l>ge ,!atre1 betwe5 ! entrance ( ! ,=um ,triangul>e & ! temple ( ,isis1 is ! ,palae/ra4 ,orig9ally1 ! enclos$ area 0 entirely surr\nd$ by a colonnade1 ) t5 columns on ! sides & five at ea* end2 b at a comp>atively late p]iod1 probably aft] ! e>?quake ( #fc1 ! columns at ! ea/ end 7 remov$ & ! space ?us ga9$ 0 add$ to ! temple ( ,isis4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4--,plan ( ! ,palae/ra4 #a4 ,colonnade4 #b4 ,p$e/al4 #c4 ,dress+ rooms4 ,a numb] ( ! columns on ! o!r ?ree sides are /ill /&+4 ,!y are ,doric b ( sl5d] proportions1 ! height1 #aja_/b feet1 be+ equal to eight diamet]s1 :ile ! int]columniations measure ab\t n9e feet4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! columns c>ri$ a complete entablature2 m likely ! ro( re/$ directly on a wood5 ar*itrave4 ,! build+ cle>ly dates f ! pre-,roman p]iod4 ,! columns are ( tufa coat$ ) /ucco1 ! dim5sions ( ! colonnade 7#ij by #cf ,oscan feet7 r$uce to ! e>ly /&>d ( measurem5t2 & an ,oscan inscription 0 f\nd "h :i* says t ! build+ 0 erect$ by ! ,quae/or ,vibius ,v9icius1 ) money :i* ,vibius ,adiranus _h left by w to ! ,pompeian y\?4 ,! translation ( ! ^w v]eiiai1 'to ! y\?1' o!rwise d\btful1 is confirm$ by v>i\s facts :i* indicate t ! build+ 0 int5d$ z a small palae/ra or op5-air gymnasium = boys4 ,:ile ! ,palae/ra _h its orig9al l5g?1 ! entrance1 :i* is n[ ne>] ! ea/ end1 0 at ! middle ( ! nor? side4 ,opposite x1 ne> ! colonnade on ! s\? side1 is a p$e/al ( tufa1 be=e :i* /&s a small table ( ! same /one 7,fig4 #gf74 ,! p$e/al is rea*$ by n>r[ /eps4 ,"h /ood a /atue ( ! patron div9ity ( ! ,palae/ra4 ,:5 an a?letic conte/ 0 held1 ! wrea? int5d$ = ! victor 0 laid on ! /one table be=e ! god2 aft] ! aw>d _h be5 made1 ! successful conte/ant took up ! wrea? & d$icat$ x to ! div9ity by m\nt+ ! /eps & plac+ x on ! head ( ! /atue4 ,x is evid5t f ! height ( ! /eps t ! conte/ants 7 boys1 n m54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4--,view ( ! ,palae/ra1 ) ! p$e/al1 table1 & /eps4 ,on ! p$e/al 0 und\bt$ly a /atue ( ,h]mes1 b n ( ! type :i* we h already met ) 9 ! c\rt ( ! temple ( ,apollo 7p4 #hh71 & %all f9d lat] 9 ! palae/ra ( ! ,/abian ,ba?s 7p4 #bjj72 a base ( ?is sort c h>dly h be5 int5d$ = a h]m4 ,no trace ( ! miss+ /atue has be5 discov]$4 ,ano!r /atue /ood at ! foot ( "o ( ! columns on ! s\? side4 ,x is a copy ( ! doryphorus ( ,polyclitus1 & is n[ 9 ! ,naples ,museum 7,fig4 #gg74 ,?\gh x has be5 re/or$1 !re seems no good reason to believe t ! re/oration is incorrect1 & t ! figure is really a ,h]mes1 hav+ orig9ally c>ri$ on ! left %\ld] a h]ald's /aff ) entw9$ snakes1 caduceus1 in/ead ( a spe>4 ,= ! adornm5t ( a place devot$ to a?letic ex]cises no?+ c\ld h be5 m appropriate ?an a copy ( ! doryphorus z an ideal ( y\?ful /r5g?1 ( h>moni\s physical developm5t2 & ! ,eld] ,pl9y be>s witness 7,n4 ,h4 ,,xxxiv4 v4 #ah71 t x 0 cu/om>y to set up su* /atues 9 a palae/ra4 ,?is figure _h no p$e/al2 x /ood on ! gr\nd1 a man among m54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4--;,doryphorus4 ,/atue f\nd 9 ! ,palae/ra4 ,at ! we/ end ( ! c\rt 7 dress+ rooms :]e ! boys1 be=e ex]cis+1 c\ld ano9t !mselves & aft]w>ds c\ld remove ! oil & dirt ) ! /rigil2 su* a dress+ room 9 connection ) a ba? 0 call$ a de/rict>ium4 ,wat] 0 br\ght into ! c\rt by a lead pipe1 :i* pass$ ?r\gh "o ( ! columns at ! "r ( ! entrance & ?rew a jet ei!r into a bas9 /&+ bel[ or into ! gutt] 9 front ( ! colonnade4 ,x w\ld be ( int]e/ to "k :at a?letic ex]cises 7 practis$ 9 ! ,palae/ra2 b ap>t f ! p$e/al ) its /eps & table no *>act]i/ic rema9s 7 f\nd "h4 ,! ex]cises 9 ! ,roman p]iod und\bt$ly diff]$ some:at f ^? practis$ at ! "t :5 ! build+ 0 erect$1 :5 ! ,greek sy/em 0 ev]y:]e 9 vogue4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,isis ,! l(tie/ & pure/ religi\s conceptions ( ! anci5t ,egyptians 7 embodi$ 9 ! my? ( ,isis & ,osiris1 :i* 9 ! ?ird mill5nium ,b4,c4 _h already become ! basis ( a firmly e/abli%$ cult4 ,^! conceptions approa*$ ! mono!i/ic idea ( an omnipres5t god1 & ) !m 0 associat$ a belief 9 a bless$ immortality4 ,isis 0 ! goddess ( heav51 & ,osiris 0 ! ,sun-god1 h] bro!r & husb&1 :o is sla9 at ev5+ by 8 bro!r ,set1--! ,greek ,typhon1--rul] ( d>kness4 ,_! *ild ,horus1 also call$ ,h>pocrates1 born aft] ! fa!r's dea?1 is ! fre% sun ( ! new day1 ! successor & av5g] ( 8 fa!r1 ! conqu]or ( ,set2 he becomes a new ,osiris1 :ile ! fa!r1 ev] bless$1 rules 9 ! realm ( ! dead1 ! k+dom ( ! ,we/4 ,man1 ! foll[]s ( ,isis taught1 is an inc>nation ( deity1 ^: de/9y is also 84 ,he is himself an ,osiris1 & w ent] ^u a bett] /ate ( exi/5ce beyond ! grave if a favorable judgm5t is pass$ ^u him 9 ! trial giv5 to ! dead4 ,! wor%ip ( ,isis1 associat$ ) ,my/]ies f an e>ly p]iod1 0 reorganiz$ by ! fir/ ,ptolemy ) ! help ( ,mane?o1 an ,egyptian prie/1 & ,timo!us1 a ,greek skill$ 9 ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies4 ,! purpose ( ! k+ 0 to unite 8 ,egyptian & ,greek subjects 9 "o fai?1 & ! ef=t 0 m successful ?an might h be5 anticipat$4 ,9 its new ,alex&rian =m ! wor%ip ( ,isis & ,osiris1 or ,s]apis1 z ! latt] div9ity 0 n[ call$1 spread1 n only ov] all ,egypt1 b also ov] ! o!r c\ntries 9 ! ,ea/ into :i* ,greek culture _h p5etrat$1 & soon made its way to ,italy & ! ,we/4 ,v>i\s causes contribut$ to ! rapid ext5sion ( ! cult4 ,x _h ! *>m ( some?+ =eign & full ( my/]y4 ,its doctr9e1 support$ by ! pre/ige ( immemorial antiquity1 successfully oppos$ ! mutually de/ructive op9ions ( ! philosoph]s1 :ile at ! same "t its conception ( deity 0 by no means inconsi/5t ) philosophic ?\ght2 & x br\ght to ! initiat$ t expectation ( a future life to :i* ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies ow$ _! attractive p[]4 ,! ascetic side ( ! wor%ip1 too1 ) its fa/+s & ab/95ce f ! pleasures ( s5se1 t ! s\l might lose itself 9 ! my/ical contemplation ( deity1 _h a fasc9ation = natures t 7 religi\sly susceptible2 & ! celebration ( ! ,my/]ies1 ! repres5tation ( ! my? ( ,isis 9 pantomime ) a musical accompanim5t1 appeal$ p[]fully to ! imag9ation4 ,! cult also possess$ elem5ts t br\ght x ne>] to ! ne$s ( ! multitude4 ,! activities ( ! ,egyptian div9ities 7 n conf9$ to ! o!r _w2 _! help might be s\ght 9 ! conc]ns ( ?is life4 ,?us ! *ief prie/ c\ld say to ,apuleius t ,isis summon$ h] elect to consecrate !mselves to h] s]vice only :5 ! t]m ( life allott$ to !m _h really expir$1 & t %e l5g!n$ _! tale ( ye>s1 s t all ( life rema9+ 0 a direct gift f ! h&s ( ! goddess4 ,! prie/s ( ,isis 7 look$ ^u z exp]ts 9 a/rology1 ! int]pretation ( dreams1 & ! conjur+ ( spirits4 ,a college ( ! ,s]vants ( ,isis1 ,pa/ophori1 0 f\nd$ 9 ,rome 9 ! "t ( ,sulla1 ab\t #hj ,b4,c4 ,9 va9 ! au?orities tri$ to drive out ! wor%ip ( ! ,egyptian gods4 ,?ree times _! temple1 9 ! mid/ ( ! city1 0 de/roy$ by ord] ( ! consuls1 9 #eh1 #ej1 & #dh ,b4,c4 ,b aft] ,caes>'s dea?1 9 #dd ,b4,c41 ! triumvirs built a temple 9 honor ( ,isis & ,osiris2 & a few decades lat]1 p]haps 9 ! reign ( ,caligula1 _! fe/ival 0 recogniz$ 9 ! public ,cal5d>4 ,9 ,campania ! ,alex&rian cult ga9$ a foo?old e>li] ?an 9 ,rome4 ,an inscription ( ! ye> #aje ,b4,c41 f\nd at ,puteoli1 proves t a temple ( ,s]apis 0 !n /&+ 9 t ent]pris+ city1 :i* _h close comm]cial relations ) ,egypt & ! ,ea/4 ,soon aft] ?is date ! e>li] temple ( ,isis at ,pompeii mu/ h be5 built4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4--,plan ( ! temple ( ,isis4 #a4 ,portico4 #b4 ,cella4 #c4 ,%r9e ( ,h>pocrates4 #d4 ,purgatorium4 #e4 ,hall ( initiation4 #f4 ,hall ( ! ,my/]ies4 #g1 #h1 #i4 ,dwell+ ( prie/4 a4 ,colonnade4 b4 ,pit = ! refuse ( sacrifices4 c4 ,ni*e = /atue ( ,bac*us4 d1 d4 ,ni*es at ! sides ( ! cella4 e4 ,l>ge alt>4 ,! entrance to ! c\rt ( ! temple 7,fig4 #gh7 is f ! nor?4 ,above ! door is an inscription :i* in=ms u t aft] an e>?quake 7t ( ! ye> #fc7 ,num]ius ,popidius ,cels9us1 at 8 own exp5se1 rebuilt ! temple ( ,isis f ! f\ndation1 & t 9 recognition ( 8 g5]osity1 ?\gh he 0 only six ye>s ( age1 ! memb]s ( ! city c\ncil1 ! decurions1 admitt$ him )\t co/ to _! rank3 ,num]ius ,popidius ,num]ii filius ,cels9us a$em ,isidis t]rae motu conlapsam a fundam5to pecunia sua re/ituit2 hunc decuriones ob lib]alitatem1 cum esset annorum sexs1 ord9i suo gratis adleg]unt4 ,! temple evid5tly belong$ to ! city2 & ! places = /atues 9 ! c\rt1 z ! inscriptions %[1 7 assign$ by vote ( ! city c\ncil4 ,o!r inscriptions give in=mation 9 reg>d to ! family ( ! *ild ,cels9us4 ,8 fa!r 0 ,num]ius ,popidius ,ampliatus1 8 "m ,corelia ,celsa2 a bro!r bore ! same "n z ! fa!r4 ,! real rebuild]s 7 ( c\rse ! p>5ts2 by associat+ _! munific5ce ) ! "n ( _! son1 !y op5$ ! way = him to ! city (fices1 = :i* ! fa!r1 a fre$man1 0 n eligible4 ,ampliatus p]petuat$ 8 own "n by sett+ up a /atue ( ,bac*us 9 a ni*e 9 ! outside ( ! re> wall ( ! temple 7at c on ! plan71 ) ! inscription3 ,n4 ,popidius ,ampliatus pat] p4 s41 ',num]ius ,popidius ,ampliatus ! fa!r 7set up ?is /atue7 at 8 own exp5se4' ,! names ( ! two sons appe> ) t ( _! "m 9 ! mosaic floor ( ! l>ge room 7#f7 beh9d ! colonnade at ! re>4 ,?\gh ! rebuild+ ( ,cels9us 0 'f ! f\ndation1' rema9s ( ! old temple 7 utiliz$1 z %afts ( columns & ,cor9?ian capitals coat$ ) :ite /ucco2 & ! plan ( ! new build+ 0 v ne>ly ! same z t ( ! old4 ,! /ylobate ( ! colonnade belongs to ! e>li] /ructure1 b ! columns orig9ally /ood ne>] toge!r1 eight in/ead ( sev5 at ! ends1 & t5 on ! sides4 ,! ar*itectural =ms & ! workman%ip ( ^! rema9s po9t to a "t j aft] ! f\nd+ ( ! ,roman colony2 nev]!less ! dim5sions ( ! colonnade1 approximately fifty by sixty ,oscan feet1 r$uce to ! pre-,roman /&>d ( measurem5t1 & ! build+ may h be5 comm5c$ e>li]4 ,9 lat] times ! increas+ numb] ( ! wor%ipp]s ( ,isis made necess>y an enl>gem5t ( ! sanctu>y4 ,! two rooms at ! we/ end 7#e & #f7 7 add$ at ! exp5se ( ! ,palae/ra1 probably at ! "t ( ! rebuild+4 ,9 ! middle ( ! c\rt1 :i* is surr\nd$ by ! colonnade1 is ! temple1 consi/+ ( an oblong cella 7#b71 ! ea/ side ( :i* is treat$ z a front1 ) a portico borne by six columns 7#a74 ,a pit = ! refuse ( sacrifices1 enclos$ by a wall 7b7 /&s 9 ! corn] ( ! c\rt ne> ! entrance f ! /reet2 9 ! opposite corn] !re is a l>g] enclosure hav+ ! appe>ance ( a small temple 7#d74 ,ne> ?is are two alt>s2 a ?ird alt> /ood close to ! temple1 & !re are five o!rs1 some:at small]1 betwe5 ! columns4 ,on ! s\? side1 betwe5 ! colonnade & ! ,!atre1 is a small area ( irregul> %ape1 ea/ ( :i* is a dwell+ conta9+ five rooms 7#g1 #h1 #i74 ,! accompany+ illu/rations %[ ! temple z x is to-day 7,fig4 #gi7 & z x 0 be=e ! eruption 7,fig4 #hj74 ,x has ar*itecturally no?+ sugge/ive ( ! ,egyptian /yle4 ,yet ! plan pres5ts a m>k$ deviation f ord9>y types1 z if ! build]s1 erect+ an edifice = ! wor%ip ( =eign gods1 /rove ) set purpose to produce a biz>re effect2 at ! "r & ! left ( ! front ( ! cella is a l>ge ni*e1 project+ beyond ! sides ( ! portico1 & inorganically connect$ ) ! ma9 "p ( ! temple by a pila/]4 ,9 ! ornam5tation ( ?is temple1 z 9 t ( ! temple ( ,apollo1 ! simple & *a/e =ms ( ! ,greek ar*itecture 7 replac$ by gaudy /ucco ornam5ts m 9 h>mony ) ! prevail+ ta/e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4--,view ( ! temple ( ,isis4 ,besides ! broad flight ( /eps 9 front1 a n>r[ /airway at ! left ( ! temple l$ to a side door op5+ into ! cella4 ,a base ( masonry ab\t six feet high ext5ds across ! re> ( ! cella1 on :i* 7 two p$e/als ( tufa1 ab\t sixte5 in*es squ>e1 = ! /atues ( ,isis & ,osiris4 ,9 ! two l>ge ni*es outside o!r div9ities /ood1 p]haps ,anubis & ,h>pocrates4 ,! latt] 0 app>5tly wor%ipp$ also at ! %r9e 9 ! wall on ! ea/ side ( ! c\rt 7#c71 fac+ ! doorway ( ! cella4 ,a pa9t+ f ?is %r9e1 n[ 9 ! ,naples ,museum1 repres5ts a /atue ( ,h>pocrates ( ! famili> type--a boy ) 8 f+] 9 8 m\? hold+ a cornucopia1 ) a lotus blossom re/+ on 8 =ehead2 be=e him /&s a prie/ 9 a long :ite robe1 hold+ a c&le/ick 9 ea* h&1 :ile 9 ! backgr\nd is a temple surr\nd$ by a colonnade1 evid5tly int5d$ = a free repres5tation ( ! temple be=e u4 ,9 front ( ! %r9e 7 ! *>r$ rema9s ( a wood5 b5*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4--,! temple ( ,isis1 re/or$4 ,9 ! backgr\nd1 ! ,l>ge ,!atre4 ,no /atue 0 f\nd 9 ! cella or 9 ! two ni*es 9 front4 ,we may suppose t ! images ( ! f\r div9ities1 be+ ( relatively small size1 7 c>ri$ (f by ! prie/s at ! "t ( ! eruption2 _h !y be5 remov$ aft]w>ds1 ! excavators w\ld h tak5 also ! o!r objects 9 ! cella us$ 9 ! s]vices ( ! temple4 ,among ^! 7 two skulls1 probably made use ( 9 ! c]emonies att5d+ initiation into ! ,my/]ies1 & a m>ble h&1 ab\t f\r in*es long1 b :e!r a "r or a left h&1 ! j\rnal ( ! excavations does n say4 ,a left h& 0 c>ri$ 9 ! procession 9 honor ( ,isis1 describ$ by ,apuleius2 z ! weak] ( ! two1 & s less ready to d evil1 x symboliz$ ! ev5 ju/ice 7aequitas7 ) :i* ! deity gov]ns ! _w4 ,!re 7 also two wood5 caskets1 "o ( :i* conta9$ a dim9utive gold cup1 measur+ less ?an an in* across ! top1 a glass vessel a trifle ov] an in* & a half 9 height1 & a /atuette ( a god ab\t half z high2 9 ! o!r 7 two bronze c&le/icks ab\t t5 in*es high1 ! use ( :i* may be inf]r$ f ! pa9t+ describ$ above1 & a bronze lamp ) places = two wicks4 ,! walls ( ! colonnade 7 pa9t$ 9 bright colors on a deep r$ gr\nd4 ,! l[] "p ( ! columns 0 r$1 b above !y 7 :ite2 ! temple also 0 :ite1 ! purpose obvi\sly be+ to give ! appe>ance ( m>ble4 ,nev]!less ! same decorative framework appe>s bo? 9 ! :ite /ucco ( ! temple & ! pa9t$ decoration ( ! colonnade3 a division ( ! body ( ! wall into l>ge panels1 ) a cont9u\s g>l& ( conv5tional plant =ms above4 ,9 ! colonnade !re 0 a yell[ base1 treat$ z a project+ ar*itectural memb]2 above x l>ge r$ panels alt]nat$ ) light1 fanta/ic ar*itectural designs 9 yell[ on a r$ gr\nd4 ,! frieze 0 black1 ) g>l&s 9 /rong contra/--gre51 blue1 & yell[--enliv5$ ) all sorts ( animal =ms4 ,9 ! middle ( ea* ( ! l>ge panels 0 a prie/ ( ,isis2 9 ! l[] "p ( ! int]v5+ ar*itectural designs 7 m>9e pictures1--galleys maneuv]+1 & seafights4 ,simil> pictures are f\nd 9 o!r build+s1 z ! ,macellum1 b m>9e views 7 especially appropriate "h1 because ,isis 0 a patron div9ity ( seam54 ,apuleius gives an int]e/+ description ( ! spr+ fe/ival1 by :i* ! navigation ( ! op5+ season 0 committ$ to h] gu>dian c>e4 ,opposite ! entrance ( ! temple ! colonnade pres5ts an int]e/+ peculi>ity ( con/ruction1 :i* is f\nd also 9 o!r build+s at ,pompeii1 z ! ,/abian ,ba?s4 ,! place ( ! ?ree middle columns on t side is tak5 by two l>ge pill>s1 high] ?an ! re/ ( ! colonnade1 ea* ( :i* is back$ by an atta*$ half-column4 ,?is arrangem5t made ! approa* to ! temple m impos+1 & also furni%$ an appropriate sett+ = ! %r9e ( ,h>pocrates aga9/ ! wall4 ,! pr9cipal alt>1 on :i* sacrifice 0 (f]$ to ! div9ities wor%ipp$ 9 ! temple1 is t ne> ! foot ( ! /eps 9 front 7e74 ,! (ficiat+ prie/ /ood on a block ( /one at ! side ( x1 ) ! temple at 8 "r2 on ?is alt> 7 f\nd a%es & fragm5ts ( calc9$ bones4 ,! two small] alt>s ne> by 7 probably consecrat$ to ! gods ^: images 7 plac$ 9 ! ext]ior ni*es4 ,two rectangul> pits 7 us$ z receptacles = ! refuse ( sacrifices4 ,"o 0 q small1 & no trace ( x c n[ be f\nd2 x 0 ne> ! l>ge alt>1 & conta9$ rema9s ( burnt figs1 p9e k]nels & cones1 nuts1 & dates1 ) fragm5ts ( two /atuettes repres5t+ div9ities4 ,! wall ab\t ! o!r 7b71 :5 excavat$1 0 built up at ea* end 9 ! =m ( a gable1 & evid5tly once support$ a wood5 ro(2 9 ?is pit also 7 *>r$ rema9s ( fruits4 ,:at div9ities 7 wor%ipp$ at ! alt>s betwe5 ! columns1 x is impossible to det]m9e4 ,! small base /&+ aga9/ ! corn] column ne> ! entrance 7se5 9 ,fig4 #gi7 0 probably a p$e/al1 n an alt>4 ,at ! left ( ! /eps lead+ up to ! temple1 & fac+ ! l>ge alt>1 is a small pill> ( masonry fifte5 in*es squ>e & ne>ly two & a half feet high4 ,a simil> pill>1 :i* =m]ly /ood at ! "r1 _h ?9 slabs ( /one on ?ree sides4 ,"o ( ^!1 t on ! front ( ! pill> 7n[ 9 ! ,naples ,museum71 0 cov]$ ) hi]oglyphics4 ,x is a memorial tablet1 :i* ,hat1 '! writ] ( ! div9e ^w1' hi]ogrammateus1 set up 9 honor ( 8 p>5ts & gr&p>5ts2 x conta9s symbolic repres5tations 9 ?ree divisions1 "o above ! o!r4 ,9 ! upp] division ,hat1 8 bro!r & colleague ,m]an1 _! fa!r & gr&fa!r1 are pray+ to ,osiris1 ',"l ( ! ,k+dom ( ! ,dead'2 bel[1 ,hat is br++ to 8 p>5ts & gr&p>5ts (f]+s = ! dead1 :ile 9 ! l[] division ,m]an & two si/]s unite ) him 9 pray] to ,osiris4 ,! tablet c\ld h>dly h be5 design$ = a temple1 b /ill1 by reason ( its cont5ts1 x 0 consid]$ appropriate = ?is place4 ,x 0 d\btless int5d$ t a simil> tablet %\ld be affix$ to ! pill> at ! left1 b p]haps none happ5$ to be available2 /atuettes ( div9ities 7 probably plac$ on ! pill>s4 ,! pres5ce ( a /atue ( ,bac*us 9 ! ni*e 9 ! re> wall ( ! cella is easily expla9$2 ?is div9ity 0 id5tifi$ ) ,osiris4 ,two e>s are m\ld$ 9 ! /ucco beside ! ni*e1 symbolic ( ! li/5+ ( ! god to ! pray]s ( 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,aga9/ ! we/ wall ( ! colonnade1 ne> ! corn]s1 7 two p$e/als1 ) /atues ( female div9ities ab\t "o half life size4 ,at ! "r 0 ,isis1 9 ar*aic ,greek co/ume1 ) ! inscription3 ,l4 ,caecilius ,phoebus posuit loco dato decurionum decreto1 ',set up by ,lucius ,caecilius ,phoebus1 9 a place grant$ by a decree ( ! city c\ncil'2 ! "n indicates t ! donor 0 a fre$man4 ,! o!r /atue1 at ! left1 repres5ts ,v5us dry+ h] hair aft] ! ba?2 x is ( a common type & possesses small value z a "w ( art1 yet is ( int]e/ because ( ! well pres]v$ pa9t+ & gild+4 ,v5us1 z _m o!r goddesses1 0 id5tifi$ ) ,isis4 ,9 ! same corn] ) ! /atue ( ,v5us1 aga9/ ! s\? wall1 /ood ! h]m ( ,gaius ,norbanus ,sorex1 a m>ble pill> ) a bronze head4 ,accord+ to ! inscription1 he 0 an actor :o play$ ! second "p 7secund>um1 sc4 p>tium71 & 0 also magi/] ( ! suburb ,pagus ,augu/us ,felix4 ,he 0 probably a g5]\s support] ( ! temple4 ,a duplicate ( ! h]m is f\nd 9 ! ,euma*ia build+1 to :i* also he may h made a contribution4 ,! l[ social /&+ ( ! v>i\s b5efactors ( ! temple is notewor?y2 x indicates 9 :at circles ! wor%ip ( ! ,egyptian div9ities f\nd its adh]5ts4 ,z yet ?is 0 by no means an ari/ocratic cult1 al?\gh x became su* lat]1 especially aft] ! "t ( ,hadrian4 ,:ile ! ,greek & ,roman gods 7 honor$ *iefly at _! fe/ivals1 ! ,egyptian div9ities dem&$ wor%ip e day1 inde$ sev]al times a day4 ,! e>ly s]vice1 ! 'op5+ ( ! temple1' is describ$ by ,apuleius1 :o 0 probably admitt$ to ! college ( ! ,s]vants ( ,isis 9 ,rome 9 ! "t ( ! ,anton9es1 & wrote ab\t #afj ,a4,d4 ,be=e daybreak ! prie/ w5t into ! temple by ! side entrance & ?rew back ! great doors1 :i* 7 fa/5$ on ! inside4 ,:ite l95 curta9s 7 hung across ! doorway1 %ield+ ! int]ior f view4 ,n[ ! /reet gate ( ! c\rt 0 op5$2 ! ?rong+ multitude ( ! dev\t /ream$ 9 & took _! places 9 front ( ! temple4 ,! curta9s 7 drawn aside & ! image ( ! goddess 0 pres5t$ to ! gaze ( h] wor%ipp]s1 :o greet$ h] ) pray]s & %ak+ ( ! si/rum1 a musical rattle1 ! use ( :i* 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! wor%ip ( ! ,egyptian gods4 ,= a "t !y rema9$ sitt+1 engag$ 9 pray] & 9 ! contemplation ( ! div9ity2 an h\r aft] daybreak ! s]vice 0 clos$ ) an invocation to ! newly ris5 sun4 ,?is description ?r[s light on ! purpose ( ! b5* 9 front ( ! %r9e ( ,h>pocrates4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4--,sc5e f ! wor%ip ( ,isis--! adoration ( ! holy wat]4 ,wall pa9t+ f ,h]culaneum4 ,! second s]vice 0 held at two o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 b we d n possess exact in=mation 9 reg>d to x4 ,x is1 p]haps1 depict$ 9 a fresco pa9t+ f ,h]culaneum 7,fig4 #ha71 ! subject ( :i* is a solemn act 9 ! wor%ip ( ,isis1 ! adoration ( ! holy wat]4 ,9 ! portico ( ! temple1 above ! /eps1 two prie/s & a prie/ess are /&+4 ,! prie/ 9 ! middle holds 9 front ( him1 9 ! folds ( 8 robe1 a vessel conta9+ ! holy wat]1 :i* 0 suppos$ to be f ! ,nile2 8 two associates are %ak+ ! si/rum4 ,!re is an alt> at ! foot ( ! /eps2 a prie/ is fann+ ! fire into flame4 ,on ! "r & ! left ( ! alt> are ! wor%ipp]s1 ) o!r prie/s1 "p ( :om are %ak+ ! si/rum1 :ile a fluteplay] sits 9 ! =egr\nd at ! "r4 ,ano!r pa9t+1 ! c\nt]p>t ( t j describ$1 seems to portray ! celebration ( a fe/ival2 ! surr\nd+s correspond fairly well ) ^? ( our temple4 ,! doors are ?r[n back2 a d>k-visag$ man1 we>+ a wrea?1 is danc+ 9 ! doorway4 ,beh9d him1 )9 ! temple1 are ! musicians1 among :om c be di/+ui%$ a girl /rik+ ! cymbals & a woman ) a tamb\r9e4 ,ab\t ! /eps are prie/s & o!r wor%ipp]s1 %ak+ ! si/rum & (f]+ pray]2 9 front /&s a burn+ alt>4 ,an important fe/ival ( ,isis occurr$ 9 ,novemb]4 ,x comm5c$ ) an impassion$ lam5tation ov] ! dea? ( ,osiris & ! se>* = 8 body4 ,on ! ?ird day1 ,novemb] #ab1 ! f9d+ ( ! body by ,isis 0 celebrat$ ) great rejoic+4 ,s1 p]haps1 9 ?is pa9t+ ! dance is a manife/ation ( ! joy ) :i* ! fe/ival end$1 ! :ole picture be+ a sc5e f ! obs]vance ( ! ,egyptian ,ea/]4 ,9 su* celebrations use w\ld be made ( ! small brazi] ( bronze f\nd 9 ! c\rt 9 front ( our temple1 on :i* inc5se c\ld be burn$4 ,! ablutions1 :i* play$ s important a "p 9 ,egyptian rites1 7 p]=m$ 9 ! re> ( ! c\rt1 :]e /ood a cyl9drical lead5 vessel1 adorn$ ) ,egyptian figures 9 relief2 a jet fell into x f a lead pipe connect$ ) ! city aqu$uct4 ,! small build+ at ! s\!a/ corn] ( ! c\rt1 :i* is kn[n z ! ,purgatorium1 0 op5 to ! sky4 ,x 0 made to look l a ro($ /ructure by ! addition ( gables at ! ends4 ,on ! inside1 at ! re>1 a flight ( /eps leads d[n t[>d ! "r to a vault$ und]gr\nd *amb]1 ab\t five feet wide & six & a half feet long4 ,! inn] "p ( ! *amb]1 divid$ (f by a l[ wall1 0 evid5tly int5d$ = a tank4 ,9 "o ( ! corn]s 9 ! front "p is a l[ base1 on :i* a j> c\ld be set :ile x 0 be+ fill$4 ,"h ! holy ,nile wat]--m or less g5u9e--0 kept = use 9 ! sacr$ rites4 ,! purpose ( ! tank is sugge/$ by c]ta9 ( ! /ucco reliefs on ! outside ( ! enclos+ wall4 ,9 ! gable1 above ! entrance1 is a vase1 /&+ out f a blue gr\nd1 ) a kneel+ figure on ei!r side4 ,! frieze conta9s ,egyptian prie/s & prie/esses1 also on a blue gr\nd1 ) _! faces turn$ t[>d ! vessel 7,fig4 #hb74 ,! figures are all wor%ipp+ ! sacr$ wat] 9 ! vase4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4--,"p ( ! facade ( ! ,purgatorium4 ,( ! o!r figures 9 relief1 only ! two goddesses 9 ! panels at ! sides ( ! entrance h an ,egyptian "*4 ,"u ea* ( !m 0 a small alt> ( tufa1 atta*$ to ! wall2 ! figure at ! left 7,fig4 #hb7 is pla9ly ,isis4 ,! side walls are decorat$ ) reliefs 9 ,greco-,roman /yle4 ,!y are divid$ into a l>ge middle panel1 conta9+ two figures1 & two side panels1 ea* ) a ,cupid4 ,9 ! middle panel1 on ! "r side1 ,m>s & ,v5us are repres5t$2 9 t at ! left1 ,p]seus rescu+ ,&rom$a 7,fig4 #hc74 ,! dwell+ back ( ! colonnade1 on ! s\? side1 consi/s ( a kit*5 7#h71 a d9+ room 7#g71 a sleep+ ap>tm5t 7#i71 & two small rooms at ! re>1 "u ! /airway lead+ to ! highe/ seats ( ! ,l>ge ,!atre4 ,! ritual ( ! ,egyptian gods 0 s exact+1 & ! s]vices ( wor%ip 7 s num]\s1 t x 0 necess>y = "o or m prie/s to reside )9 ! prec9cts ( ! temple4 ,^! rooms 7 ! habitation ( a prie/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4--;,decoration ( ! ea/ side ( ! ,purgatorium--,p]seus rescu+ ,&rom$a4 ,at ! "r & ! left float+ ,cupids1 ! "o at ! left be>+ a box ( inc5se4 ,"o ( ! rooms on ! we/ side 7#f7 is oblong 9 %ape1 ) five broad1 ar*$ entrances op5+ f ! colonnade4 ,! walls 7 ri*ly decorat$ 9 ! la/ ,pompeian /yle4 ,!re 7 sev5 l>ge pa9t+s1 five ( :i* 7 l&scapes ) %r9es1 "p be+ ,egyptian l&scapes2 ! o!r two repres5t ,io wat*$ by ,argus1 ) ,h]mes com+ to rescue h]1 & ,io 9 ,egypt1 receiv$ by ,isis4 ,aga9/ ! re> wall 0 a p$e/al1 on :i* probably /ood ! female figure1 above life size1 ! rema9s ( :i* 7 f\nd 9 "o ( ! entrances4 ,only ! head1 ! h&s1 & ! front p>ts ( ! feet 7 ( m>ble2 ! re/ 0 ( wood1 no d\bt conceal$ by drap]y4 ,! prie/s seem+ly _h />t$ to c>ry ! /atue ) !m :5 !y fl$1 b ab&on$ ! attempt at ! doorway4 ,9 ! same room a m>ble table1 a si/rum1 two pots ( t]ra cotta1 ?ree small glass bottles1 & a glass cup 7 f\nd4 ,we may safely conclude t "h ! common meals 7 s]v$1 ( :i*1 z we le>n f ,apuleius1 ! devotees ( ! cult p>took4 ,& :51 9 connection ) ! great fe/ivals1 ! ,my/]ies 7 celebrat$ ) a pres5tation ( ! my? ( ,isis & ,osiris 9 pantomime1 ?is l>ge room 0 well adapt$ = ! sacr$ exhibitions4 ,! adjo9+ room1 at ! s\?we/ corn] ( ! colonnade 7#e71 is irregul> 9 %ape & ( an entirely diff]5t "*4 ,x seems to h be5 reg>d$ z a sacr$ place1 & to h be5 us$ = secret c]emonies4 ,x 0 ent]$ f ! colonnade by a n>r[ door1 :i* c\ld be securely fa/5$4 ,l>ge1 sket*y pictures ( gods 7 pa9t$ on ! walls on a :ite gr\nd1--,isis1 ,osiris1 ,typhon1--) sacr$ animals & symbols relat+ to ! my? :i* to u are un9telligible4 ,! excavators f\nd "h ! rema9s ( f\r wood5 /atues ) m>ble heads1 h&s1 & feet1 "o ( a male figure1 ! o!r ?ree female2 !re 7 besides a /atuette ( an ,egyptian god made ( gre5 /one1 on :i* 7 hi]oglyphics2 a /atuette ( :ite clay1 cov]$ ) a gre5 glaze2 a sph9x ( t]ra cotta1 fragm5ts ( t]ra cotta /atuettes ( ,egyptian figures1 diff]5t k9ds ( vessels ( clay1 glass1 & lead1 & a bronze knife1 evid5tly int5d$ = use 9 sacrifices4 ,at ! left ne> ! entrance is a small res]voir1 rea*$ by ?ree /eps4 ,on ! nor? side is a ni*e t app>5tly =m$ "p ( a small %r9e4 ,a k9d ( alcove op5s (f f ! s\!a/ corn] ( ?is room1 ! entrance to :i* c\ld be clos$ by a curta94 ,f ?is a few /eps & a door l$ into a /or]oom1 9 :i* 7 f\nd ab\t ?ree doz5 vessels ( v>i\s %apes1 an iron tripod1 & no less ?an fifty-eight e>!n lamps4 ,! lamps 7 9 "p provid$ ) iron r+s1 s t !y c\ld be susp5d$2 !re 7 also iron rods1 :i* ! excavators suppos$ to be lamp hold]s4 ,a re> door connect$ ! /or]oom ) ! small area ( irregul> %ape betwe5 ! ,palae/ra & ! ,!atre4 ,^! arrangem5ts sugge/ ! celebration ( secret rites by night2 we may well believe t novices 7 "h initiat$ into ! ord] ( ! ,s]vants ( ,isis4 ,obscure h9ts 9 reg>d to ! c]emonies connect$ ) ! consecration to ! s]vice ( ! goddess are ?r[n out by ,apuleius4 ',! initiation1' said ! prie/ to him1 'is conduct$ "u ! image ( a volunt>y dea?1 ) ! r5ew+ ( life z a gift f ! deity4' ,( 8 own exp]i5ce he says m]ely3 ',i came to ! bord]s ( dea?1 ,i trod ! ?re%old ( ,pros]p9a1 !n came back ?r\gh all ! /ages to life4 ,9 ! middle ( ! night ,i saw ! sun %9e brightly2 ,i ent]$ into ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ! gods above & ! gods bel[1 & wor%ipp$ !m face to face4' ,r5unciation ( pa/ life1 & a second bir? to a new & purifi$ exi/5ce1 7 ! ma9 ideas und]ly+ ! c]emonies1 :i* z pres5t$ "h mu/ h be5 f> less spl5did & impressive ?an 9 ,rome1 :]e !y 7 witness$ by ,apuleius4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,zeus ,,mili*ius ,! small temple ne> ! nor!a/ corn] ( ! block conta9+ ! !atres is ent]$ f ,/abian ,/reet4 ,! c\rt 7,fig4 #hd1 #b71 l t ( ! temple ( ,vespasian1 has a colonnade across ! front2 only ! f\ndation & a ,doric capital ( lava are pres]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4--,plan ( ! temple ( ,zeus ,mili*ius4 #a4 ,colonnade4 #b4 ,c\rt1 ) l>ge alt>4 #c4 ,cella4 #d4 ,sacri/an's room4 ,at ! end ( ! colonnade on ! "r is ! room ( ! sacri/an 7#d74 ,! l>ge alt> 7,fig4 #bea7 /&s close to ! foot ( ! /eps lead+ up to ! temple4 ,x is built ( blocks ( tufa1 ) a frieze ( triglyphs & panels l ^? f\nd on walls 9 ! fir/ /yle ( decoration4 ,! /eps ext5d across ! front ( ! temple1 ! unusual elevation ( :i* is expla9$ by ! inequality ( ! gr\nd4 ,( ! six columns 9 ! tetra/yle portico no rema9s h be5 f\nd1 b ?ree capitals ( pila/]s are pres]v$1 two belong+ to ^? at ! corn]s ( ! cella1 & "o1 consid]ably small]1 to a doorpo/2 !y are ( tufa1 & 7 once cov]$ ) :ite /ucco4 ,! excell5t proportions & f9e workman%ip ( ! capitals po9t to ! p]iod ( ! fir/ /yle ( decoration2 !re 0 =m]ly a remnant ( t /yle on ! nor? wall ( ! cella1 copi$ be=e #ahcg4 ,nev]!less ! quasi-reticulate masonry ( ! cella1 closely resembl+ t ( ! ,small ,!atre1 dates f ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,roman colony4 ,9 ?is p]iod ! temple 9 its pres5t =m 0 built1 p]haps ) ! help ( native ,pompeian masons4 ,atta*$ to ! re> wall ( ! cella 0 an oblong p$e/al on :i* 7 plac$ two /atues1 repres5t+ ,jupit] & ,juno1 toge!r ) a bu/ ( ,m9]va1 all ( t]ra cotta & ( poor workman%ip4 ,! sugge/ion at once pres5ts itself t ?is 0 ! ,capitolium1 erect$ by ! ,roman coloni/s soon aft] !y settl$ 9 ,pompeii4 ,x is incr$ible1 h[ev]1 t coloni/s :o _h ! means to erect monum5tal build+s1 su* z ! ,amphi!atre & ! ,small ,!atre1 %\ld h h\s$ ! great gods ( ! ,capitol 9 s mode/ a temple1 9 s inconspicu\s a spot1 & %\ld n h provid$ m co/ly images4 ,all ! evid5ce is 9 favor ( ! explanation1 already propos$ 7p4 #ff71 t aft] ! e>?quake ! wor%ip ( ! gods ( ! ,capitol 0 transf]r$ hi!r tempor>ily f ! temple 9 ! ,=um1 until t %\ld be rebuilt4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4--;,capital ( pila/] ) ! face ( ,zeus ,mili*ius4 ,:at div9ity ?us became ! ho/ ( ! ,roman gods8 ,x w\ld be impossible to say b = ! =tunate recov]y ( an ,oscan inscription1 :i* 0 set up 9 ! passage ( ! ,/abian ,gate4 ,?is commemorates ! "w ( two a$iles1 ,m4 ,sittius & ,n4 ,pontius1 :o improv$ ! /reet lead+ out f ! ,/abian ,gate 'z f> z ! ,/abian ,bridge1 & ! ,via ,pompeiana z f> z ! temple ( ,zeus ,mili*ius2 ^! /reets1 z well z ! ,via ,jovia 7& ano!r1 ! "n ( :i* _c be made out7 !y plac$ 9 p]fect repair4' ,x is natural to suppose t ! ,via ,pompeiana1 m5tion$ 9 imm$iate connection ) ! road lead+ to ,/abiae1 0 ! cont9uation ( ! latt] )9 ! city1 or ,/abian ,/reet4 ,?is1 !n1 l$ to ! temple nam$ 9 ! inscription1 & z !re is no o!r temple on ! /reet1 ! small sanctu>y 9 :i* ! images ( ! ,capitol9e div9ities 7 plac$ 0 ! temple ( ,zeus ,mili*ius4 ,?is build+1 h[ev]1 is n old en\gh to h be5 m5tion$ 9 an ,oscan inscription4 ,x probably /&s 9 ! place ( a mu* e>li] edifice4 ,! masonry ( ! wall on ! s\? side ( ! c\rt is diff]5t f t ( ! o!r walls1 & old]2 z x %[s no trace ( a cross wall1 x mu/ always h /ood at ! side ( an op5 space1 su* z t ( ! pres5t c\rt4 ,to ! e>li] build+ ! capitals belong1 ! /yle ( :i*1 z rem>k$ above1 is pre-,roman4 ,9 view ( ?is explanation1 we %\ld probably recognize 9 ! head c>v$ on ! smalle/ ( ! pila/] capitals 7,fig4 #he7 a repres5tation ( ,zeus ,mili*ius1 a div9ity honor$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,greece1 especially by ! f>m]s2 ,zeus ! ,graci\s1 ! patron ( till]s ( ! soil4 ,! s]i\s1 k9dly face1 be>d$ & ) long locks1 0 m ?an a m]e ornam5t2 x 0 ! god himself look+ d[n ^u ! wor%ipp] :o ent]$ 8 sanctu>y4 ,z a repres5tation ( ,zeus x probably exemplifies an anci5t type4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,! ,,ba?s ,,at ,,pompeii4--,,! ,,/abian ,,ba?s ,9 comp>ison ) ! great ba?+ e/abli%m5ts ( ,rome1 ! ba?s at ,pompeii are ( mod]ate size4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 a special int]e/1 due 9 "p to _! excell5t pres]vation1 9 "p to ! c]ta9ty ) :i* ! purpose ( ! v>i\s rooms c be det]m9$2 & _! rema9s enable u to trace ! developm5t ( ! public ba? 9 a s+le city dur+ a p]iod ( almo/ two hundr$ ye>s4 ,f ?is s\rce1 moreov]1 mo/ ( our k ( ! arrangem5ts ( ! anci5t ba? is d]iv$1 )\t :i* ! impos+ b b>r5 rema9s ( ,rome itself w\ld be = ! mo/ "p un9telligible4 ,x is n easy = "o liv+ "u pres5t conditions to und]/& h[ important a place ! ba?s occupi$ 9 ! life ( antiquity1 p>ticul>ly ( ! ,romans "u ! ,empire2 !y (f]$1 )9 a s+le enclosure1 opportunities = physical c>e & com=t & leisurely int]c\rse ) o!rs1 n unlike ^? af=d$ 9 ! cities ( mod]n ,europe by ! club1 ! cafe1 & ! prom5ade4 ,?\gh ! ,roman ba?s diff]$ greatly 9 size & 9 details ( arrangem5t1 ! ess5tial p>ts 7 ev]y:]e ! same4 ,fir/ !re 0 a c\rt1 palae/ra1 surr\nd$ by a colonnade4 ,?is 0 devot$ to gymna/ic ex]cises1 & connect$ ) x 9 mo/ cases 0 an op5-air swimm+ tank4 ,! dress+ room1 apodyt]ium1 0 usually ent]$ f ! c\rt ?r\gh a passageway or ant]oom4 ,a bas9 = cold ba?s 0 sometimes plac$ 9 ! dress+ room2 9 l>ge e/abli%m5ts a sep>ate ap>tm5t 0 set aside = ?is purpose1 ! frigid>ium4 ,to avoid too sudd5 a *ange ( temp]ature = ! ba!rs1 a room mod]ately heat$1 tepid>ium1 0 plac$ betwe5 ! dress+ room & ! cald>ium1 9 :i* hot ba?s 7 giv54 ,at "o end ( ! cald>ium 0 a ba? bas9 ( masonry1 alveus2 at ! o!r 0 ord9>ily a semicircul> ni*e1 s*ola1 9 :i* /ood ! labrum1 a l>ge1 %all[1 circul> vessel re/+ ^u a support ( masonry1 & suppli$ ) lukew>m wat] by a pipe lead+ f a tank back ( ! furnace4 ,! m ext5sive e/abli%m5ts1 z ! ,c5tral ,ba?s at ,pompeii1 conta9$ also a r\nd room1 call$ ,laconicum f its ,sp>tan orig91 = sweat+ ba?s 9 dry air4 ,9 describ+ ba?s x is m conv5i5t to use ! anci5t names4 ,9 e>li] times ! rooms 7 heat$ by means ( brazi]s1 & 9 "o ( ! ,pompeian ba?s ! tepid>ium 0 w>m$ 9 ?is way to ! la/4 ,a m satisfactory me?od 0 devis$ ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 by ,s]gius ,orata1 a fam\s epicure1 ^: surname is said to h be5 giv5 to him because ( 8 fondness = gold5 tr\t 7auratae74 ,he 0 ! fir/ to plant artificial oy/] b$s 9 ! ,lucr9e ,lake1 & ! exp]im5t 0 s successful t he d]iv$ a l>ge income f !m2 we may assume t he turn$ an hone/ p5ny also by 8 inv5tion ( ! 'hang+ ba?s1' balneae p5siles1 ) :i* 8 "n has ev] s9ce be5 associat$4 ,^! 7 built ) a holl[ space "u ! floor1 ! space be+ secur$ by mak+ ! floor ( tiles1 two feet squ>e1 support$ at ! corn]s by small brick pill>s 7,fig4 #hh72 into ?is space hot air 0 introduc$ f ! furnace1 & z ! floor became w>m1 ! temp]ature ( ! room above 0 ev5ly modifi$4 ,?is improv$ me?od ( heat+ 0 n long re/rict$ to ! floors4 ,z e>ly z ! ,republican p]iod1 ! holl[ space 0 ext5d$ to ! walls by means ( small quadrangul> flues & by ! use ( nipple tiles1 tegulae mammatae1 l>ge rectangul> tiles ) conical projections1 ab\t two in*es high1 at ea* corn]2 ^! 7 laid on _! edges1 ) ! projections press$ aga9/ ! wall1 ?us leav+ an air space on ! inside4 ,9 ba?+ e/abli%m5ts design$ = bo? m5 & wom51 ! two cald>iums 7 plac$ ne> toge!r4 ,!re 0 a s+le furnace1 hypocausis1 :]e ! wat] = ! ba?s 0 w>m$2 f ?is also hot air 0 convey$ ?r\gh broad flues "u ! floors ( bo? cald>iums1 !nce circulat+ ?r\gh ! walls4 ,?r\gh simil> flues und]nea?1 ! w>m air1 already consid]ably cool$1 0 convey$ f ! holl[ spaces ( ! cald>iums into ^? ( ! tepid>iums4 ,9 ord] to ma9ta9 a draft /rong en\gh to draw ! hot air f ! furnace "u ! floors1 ! air spaces ( ! walls _h v5ts above1 rema9s ( :i* may /ill be se5 9 "s ba?s4 ,^! v5ts 7 no d\bt suffici5t to keep up ! draft aft] ! rooms _h once be5 heat$2 b 9 ord] to w>m !m at ! outset a draft fire 0 ne$$1--t is1 a small fire "u ! floor at "s po9t a consid]able di/ance f ! furnace & ne> ! v5ts1 ?r\gh :i* x w\ld cause ! escape ( w>m air1 & s />t a hot curr5t f ! furnace4 ,! place ( ! draft fire has be5 f\nd "u two rooms ( ! ,pompeian ba?s2 & a simil> arrangem5t has be5 not$ 9 ! case ( ,roman ba?s excavat$ 9 ,g]many4 ,! use ( ! ba?s v>i$ accord+ to individual ta/e & m$ical advice4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ba!rs avail$ !mselves ( "o ( ?ree me?ods4 ,! mo/ common =m ( ! ba? 0 t tak5 aft] ex]cise 9 ! palae/ra1--ball play+ 0 a favorite means ( ex]cise1--use be+ made ( all ! rooms4 ,! ba!r undress$ 9 ! apodyt]ium1 or p]haps 9 ! tepid>ium1 :]e he 0 rubb$ ) ungu5ts2 !n he took a sweat 9 ! cald>ium1 foll[+ x ) a w>m ba?4 ,return+ to ! apodyt]ium1 he gave himself a cold ba? ei!r 9 ?is room or 9 ! frigid>ium2 he !n pass$ into ! ,laconicum1 or1 if !re 0 no ,laconicum1 w5t back into ! cald>ium = a second sweat2 la/ly1 be=e go+ out1 he 0 ?or\ghly rubb$ ) ungu5ts1 z a safegu>d aga9/ tak+ cold4 ,"s ba!rs omitt$ ! w>m ba?4 ,!y pass$ ?r\gh ! tepid>ium directly into ! ,laconicum or cald>ium1 :]e !y _h a sweat2 !y !n took a cold ba?1 or _h cold wat] p\r$ ov] !m1 & 7 rubb$ ) ungu5ts4 ,9 ! simple/ =m ( ! ba? ! ma9 rooms 7 n us$ at all4 ,! ba!rs heat$ !mselves ) ex]cise 9 ! palae/ra1 !n remov$ ! dirt & oil ) scrap]s1 /rigiles1 & ba!d 9 ! swimm+ tank4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4--,,apodyt]ium ,,( ,,! ,,/abian ,,ba?s1 ,,) ,,! ,,ant]oom ,,lead+ ,,f ,,! ,,palae/ra ,up to ! pres5t "t ?ree public ba?s h be5 excavat$ 9 ,pompeii1 two = bo? m5 & wom51 "o = m5 only4 ,besides ^! !re are two private e/abli%m5ts 9 ! eigh? ,region 7,,viii4 ii4 #ag & #bc71 "o p]haps = m51 ! o!r = wom52 & ano!r1 app>5tly = m51 0 discov]$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ne> ! ,amphi!atre & cov]$ up aga91 be+ a "p ( ! villa ( ,julia ,felix4 ,x is q possible t two or ?ree m ba?+ e/abli%m5ts yet await excavation2 "o at lea/1 connect$ ) a w>m spr+1 is kn[n to u f an inscription--t ( ,m4 ,crassus ,frugi4 ,ab\t a doz5 h\ses also conta9 complete ba?s = private use4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! l>ge/ & olde/ ba?+ e/abli%m5t at ,pompeii is t to :i* ! "n ,/abian ,ba?s has be5 giv51 f its location on ,/abian ,/reet4 ,x 0 built 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 b 0 remodell$ 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,roman colony1 & aft]w>ds und]w5t ext5sive repairs4 ,x is ( irregul> %ape1 & occupies a l>ge "p ( a block1 hav+ /reets on ?ree sides2 on ! nor? side x is b\nd$ by ! h\se ( ,siricus4 ,op5+ ^u two ( ! /reets are %ops1 :i* h no?+ to d ) ! ba?s & are n numb]$ on ! plan 7,fig4 #hf74 ,ent]+ f ! s\? ?r\gh ! broad doorway at ,a1 we f9d ourselves 9 ! palae/ra1 ,c1 :i* has a colonnade on ?ree sides4 ,on ! we/ side ! place ( ! colonnade is tak5 by a /rip ( smoo? pavem5t ) a rais$ m>g92 two heavy /one balls 7 f\nd "h1 :i* 7 obvi\sly us$ 9 a game resembl+ ! mod]n n9ep9s2 at ! fur!r end is ! room = ! play]s1 ,k4 ,close to ! b[l+ c\rse1 at ! middle ( ! we/ side1 is ! swimm+ tank1 ,f1 ) rooms 7,e1 ,g7 adjo9+ x at ei!r end4 ,at ! corn] ne> ! fur!r room1 ,g1 is a side entrance1 ,l2 ,j is ! (fice ( ! director or sup]9t5d5t 9 *>ge ( ! build+4 ,on ! ea/ side ( ! c\rt are ! m5's ba?s1 rooms ,i-,,viii2 nor? ( ^! are ! wom5's ba?s1 rooms #a-f1 ) ! furnace room1 ,,ix1 betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! nor?we/ corn] ( ! build+ 7 small rooms 7e-e7 int5d$ = private ba?s4 ,!y _h n be5 provid$ ) ! improv$ heat+ arrangem5ts1 & 7 n 9 use at ! "t ( ! cata/rophe4 ,! l>g] room adjo9+ 7k7 0 a closet4 ,! ant]oom ( ! m5's ba?s 7,,iv71 op5s at "o end into ! dress+ room or apodyt]ium 7,,vi71 z se5 9 ,plate ,v4 ,x has a vault$ ceil+1 ri*ly decorat$4 ,a door at ! left leads into ! frigid>ium 7,v71 & ano!r at ! "r into a s]vants' wait+ room 7,i71 :i* is accessible f ! c\rt4 ,?is room 0 =m]ly ent]$ also f ! /reet1 ?r\gh a passage 7,,iii71 :i* 0 lat] clos$2 on "o side ( x is a b5* ( masonry = ! slaves 9 att5dance ^u _! ma/]s4 ,simil> b5*es are f\nd 9 ! wait+ room at ! o!r end ( ! apodyt]ium 7,x74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4--,plan ( ! ,/abian ,ba?s4 ,a4 ,ma9 ,entrance4 ,b4 ,colonnade4 ,c4 ,palae/ra4 ,f4 ,swimm+ tank4 ,i-,,viii4 ,m5's ,ba?s4 ,,iv4 ,ant]oom4 ,v4 ,frigid>ium4 ,,vi4 ,apodyt]ium4 ,,vii4 ,tepid>ium4 ,,viii4 ,cald>ium4 ,,ix4 ,furnace room4 #a-f4 ,wom5's ba?s4 #a1 #e4 ,entrances4 #b4 ,apodyt]ium4 #c4 ,tepid>ium4 #d4 ,cald>ium4 ,! apodyt]ium also 0 provid$ ) b5*es ( ! same sort1 z indicat$ on ! plan2 !y are %[n 9 ,plate ,v4 ,along ! walls at ! sides1 j "u ! edge ( ! vault$ ceil+1 0 a r[ ( small ni*es1 ! use ( :i* correspond$ ) t ( ! lock]s 9 a mod]n gymnasium4 ,^! ni*es are ab\t #e-c_/d feet above ! floor1 :ile ^? 9 ! o!r dress+ room 7#b7 are a little less ?an five feet2 f ?is diff]5ce 9 height x has be5 rightly inf]r$ t ! small] & simpl] division ( ! ba?s 0 set aside = wom54 ,! floor is pav$ ) rectangul> flags ( gray m>ble1 ) blocks ( basalt next to ! walls4 ,:ile ! walls 7 left simply :ite1 ) a r$ base1 ! ceil+ 0 elaborately decorat$ ) /ucco reliefs 9 ! /yle preval5t %ortly be=e ! de/ruction ( ! city2 !re are ve/iges ( simil> decoration 9 ! tepid>ium4 ,9 octagonal1 hexagonal1 & quadrangul> panels are rosettes1 ,cupids1 trophies1 & bac*ic figures4 ,! lunettes are adorn$ ) fanta/ic ar*itectural designs1 9 :i* we see bac*ic figures /&+ on p$e/als1 & ,cupids rid+ on dolph9s2 ! sides ( ! two ar*es support+ ! ceil+ 7"o ( !m is se5 9 ,plate ,v7 are decorat$ ) female figures m\nt$ on dolph9s1 :i* run out into arabesques4 ,! frequ5t sugge/ion ( wat] 9 ^! motives is 9 h>mony ) ! purpose ( ! room4 ,ev5 m effective is ! decoration ( ! small r\nd frigid>ium4 ,light is admitt$1 z 9 ! ,pan!on at ,rome1 ?r\gh a r\nd hole 9 ! apex ( ! dom$ ceil+4 ,at ! edge ( ! circul> ba? bas91 l9$ ) :ite m>ble1 0 a n>r[ /rip ( m>ble floor1 :i* is ext5d$ into ! f\r semicircul> ni*es4 ,wall & ni*es alike are pa9t$ to repres5t a beautiful g>d51 ) a blue sky above 7,fig4 #hg74 ,! eye w&]s among trees & %rubs1 cat*+ glimpses ( birds ov]head1 ( /atues & vases "h & !re 9 ! mid/ ( ! gre5 foliage1 & ( jets ( wat] fall+ into circul> bas9s4 ,! blue dome is /udd$ ) />s4 ,! ba!r c\ld sc>cely feel ! n>r[ness ( a room1 ! decoration ( :i* 0 s sugge/ive ( expanse & op5 air4 ,a jet ( wat] fell into ! bas9 f a small ni*e 9 ! upp] "p ( ! wall2 & ! place ( ! ov]fl[ pipe may be easily recogniz$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4--,/abian ,ba?s3 int]ior ( ! frigid>ium1 re/or$4 ,! tepid>ium 7,,vii7 & cald>ium 7,,viii7 7 heat$ by means ( holl[ floors & walls4 ,! =m] is mu* ! small]1 z we %\ld h expect$ f its use z an int]m$iate room1 9 :i* ! ba!rs w\ld ord9>ily n t>ry s long z 9 ! cald>ium4 ,! l>ge ba? bas9 at ! ea/ end 7indicat$ on ! plan7 is unusual2 x 0 seem+ly a lat] addition1 & 0 probably made to accommodate ^? :o 9 ! w9t] %rank f us+ ! frigid>ium1 b wi%$ nev]!less to take a mod]ately cold ba?4 ,ne> ! bottom ( ! wall back ( ?is bas91 a hole _h be5 made s t und]nea? a fire c\ld be k9dl$ f ! outside 79 ,x71 n 9 ord] to heat ! bas91 :i* c\ld be suppli$ ) w>m wat] by means ( a pipe1 b to />t ! circulation ( hot air f ! furnace2 at ! top ( ! wall above 7 two v5ts op5+ f ! w>m air *amb]4 ,!re 0 a place = ano!r draft fire "u ! wom5's cald>ium4 ,"o ( ! fragm5ts ( /ucco relief /ill rema9+ 9 ! tepid>ium pres5ts ! figure ( a man read+ f a roll ( manuscript4 ,x sugge/s ! /&+ compla9t ( ! anci5ts 9 reg>d to ! trials ( ba!rs1 :o c\ld n escape ! ev]-pres5t poet declaim+ 8 late/ production4 ,at "o end ( ! cald>ium we f9d ! ba? bas91 alveus2 at ! o!r is ! support ( ! labrum1 :i* has disappe>$4 ,9 ! ni*e above ! latt] are two v5ts = ! draft1 & above ! ni*e 0 a r\nd w9d[4 ,?is room1 z mo/ ( ! o!rs1 0 dimly light$4 ,! little r\nd w9d[ ( ! ant]oom is %[n 9 our plate4 ,!re 7 two simil> w9d[s 9 ! lunette ( ! apodyt]ium1 above ! ro( ( ! ant]oom2 !y are n se5 9 our plate1 hav+ at "o "t be5 entirely cov]$ up by ! con/ruction ( a wall to support ! ro(4 ,a simil> w9d[ 0 v likely plac$ at ! end ( ! tepid>ium1 ov] ! ro( ( ! frigid>ium2 & p]haps ^! 7 supplem5t$ by holes 9 ! cr[n ( ! ar*$ ceil+s1 z 9 ! wom5's apodyt]ium4 ,! wom5's ba?s are ent]$ f ! c\rt ?r\gh a long ant]oom 7#f72 ! dress+ room is connect$ also ) ! two side /reets by means ( corridors 7#a1 #e74 ,orig9ally !re 0 no communication betwe5 ! wom5's ba?s & ! palae/ra4 ,! apodyt]ium 7#b7 is ! be/ pres]v$ room ( ! entire build+1 & also ! mo/ anci5t4 ,x %[s almo/ no traces ( ! cata/rophe4 ,! vault$ ceil+ is intact4 ,! smoo?1 :ite /ucco on ! walls & ! simple cornice at ! base ( ! lunettes date f ! "t ( ! fir/ build]s4 ,n[1 z !n1 light is admitt$ only ?r\gh two small op5+s 9 ! cr[n ( ! vault & a w9d[ 9 ! we/ lunette4 ,to a mod]n visitor ! int]ior seems gloomy4 ,! pavem5t1 ( loz5ge-%ap$1 r$di% glaz$ tiles1 belongs to ! same e>ly p]iod4 ,!re is a /rip ( basaltic flags connect+ ! door ( "o ( ! corridors 7#a7 ) t ( ! tepid>ium4 ,?is mu* travell$ pa? seems to indicate t _m ladies--p>ticul>ly1 we may assume1 9 ! w9t]--w5t at once into ! m com=table tepid>ium )\t /opp+ 9 ! dress+ room4 ,along ! walls 7 b5*es1 & above !m ni*es1 z 9 ! m5's apodyt]ium4 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,empire ! fronts ( ! ni*es1 f9ely c>v$ 9 tufa1 7 ov]laid ) a ?ick coat+ ( /ucco1 ! upp] "p be+ ornam5t$ ) designs 9 relief4 ,! wom5 _h no frigid>ium4 ,a l>ge bas9 = cold ba?s 0 built at ! we/ end ( ! dress+ room1 b ?is also is a lat] addition2 be=e x 0 made1 ^? :o wi%$ = cold ba?s mu/ h cont5t$ !mselves ) portable ba? tubs4 ,! tepid>ium 7#c7 & cald>ium 7#d7 are 9 a bett] /ate ( pres]vation ?an ^? ( ! m5's ba?s1 :i* !y s closely resemble 9 all _! arrangem5ts t a detail$ description is unnecess>y4 ,9 _! pres5t =m !y are n s anci5t z ! apodyt]ium1 & ! decoration is less elaborate ?an t ( ! correspond+ rooms on ! o!r side4 ,! labrum is intact1 a r\nd1 %all[ bas9 ( :ite m>ble re/+ on a support ( masonry2 x has "h no sep>ate ni*e4 ,! ba? bas9 9 ! cald>ium also reta9s its v5e]+ ( :ite m>ble1 ) an ov]fl[ pipe ( bronze at ! upp] edge2 x is ab\t two feet deep4 ,9 su* bas9s ! ba!rs lean$ aga9/ ! slop+ back1 :i* = ?is reason 0 call$ a cu%ion 7pulv9us7 by ,vitruvius4 ,?is alveus w\ld accommodate eight ba!rs1 t 9 ! m5's cald>ium p]haps t54 ,places 7 probably assign$ 9 num]ical ord]1 ea* ba!r await+ 8 turn4 ,^? :o did n wi% to wait1 or pref]r$ to ba! by !mselves1 might use individual ba? tubs ( bronze4 ,rema9s ( su* a tub1 z well z ( bronze b5*es1 7 f\nd 9 ?is room4 ,ne> ! bottom ( ! alveus 9 front is an op5+1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] c\ld be let out2 :5 x 0 empti$1 ! wat] ran ov] ! :ite mosaic floor1 :i* 0 ?us clean$4 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,e>ly ,empire x became ! fa%ion to ba! ) v w>m wat]4 ',p want to be p>boil$1' ,s5eca exclaims4 ,! con/ruction ( ! alveus1 h[ev]1 0 n well adapt$ to cons]ve ! heat1 & an +5i\s contrivance 0 devis$ to rem$y ! difficulty1 :i* may be/ be expla9$ ) ! help ( our illu/ration1 %[+ ! arrangem5t ( ! ba? bas9 9 room #d 7,fig4 #hh74 ,a l>ge hot air flue1 ,d1 l$ directly f ! furnace to ! holl[ space1 ,c1 "u ! alveus1 ,a4 ,above ?is flue 0 a long bronze heat]1 ,b1 9 ! =m ( a half cyl9d]1 ) "o end op5+ into ! end ( ! alveus4 ,z ! bottom ( ! heat] 0 six in*es l[] ?an t ( ! alveus1 ! cool] wat] f ! bas9 w\ld fl[ d[n into x & be heat$ aga91 a circulation be+ ?us ma9ta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4--,! ba? bas9 9 ! wom5's cald>ium--longitud9al & transv]se sections1 %[+ ! arrangem5t = heat+ ! wat]4 ,a4 ,ba? bas91 alveus4 ,b4 ,bronze heat]4 ,c4 ,hot air *amb] "u ! floor4 ,d4 ,hot air flue4 ,a simil> arrangem5t 7call$ te/udo alvei by ,vitruvius7 probably exi/$ = ! alveus 9 ! cald>ium on ! o!r side2 b t "p ( ! m5's ba?s has be5 de/roy$4 ,only "o o!r heat] ( ?is k9d has be5 f\nd1--& t mu* small]1--9 a villa ne> ,boscoreale1 rec5tly excavat$2 b ! semicircul> op5+ made = ! heat] above ! hot air flue may be se5 9 ! ,c5tral ,ba?s1 9 a private e/abli%m5t at ,pompeii1 & g5]ally 9 ! rema9s ( ,roman ba?s4 ,9 ! furnace room 7praefurnium1 ,,ix7 betwe5 ! two cald>iums1 /ood ?ree l>ge cyl9drical tanks4 ,!y h disappe>$1 b _! outl9es c /ill be se5 9 ! masonry ( ! f\ndations1 & are %[n 9 our plan4 ,! "o fur!/ ea/ 0 = hot wat]4 ,x 0 directly ov] ! fire1 & connect$ ) ! ba? bas9s ( ! two cald>iums4 ,! next1 = lukew>m wat]1 /ood ov] a holl[ space op5+ into ! furnace4 ,a lead pipe lead+ f x to ! labrum ( ! wom5's cald>ium is /ill to be se52 ! wat] bubbl$ up 9 ! middle ( ! labrum4 ,! ?ird & l>ge/ res]voir1 = cold wat]1 0 plac$ on a f\ndation ( solid masonry4 ,! m important alt]ations made 9 ! ba?s dur+ ! two c5turies t !y 7 9 use _h to d ) ! arrangem5ts = heat+1 & may briefly be consid]$ "h be=e we proce$ to ano!r "p ( ! build+4 ,x w be be/ n to we>y ! read] ) details1 b to pres5t a brief summ>y ( conclusions1 :i* w p]haps be f\nd ( int]e/1 n only z ca/+ light on ! gradual developm5t ( ^! ba?s1 b also z illu/rat+ t adju/m5t ( public build+s to ! ne$s & ta/es ( successive g5]ations1 :i* 0 z *>act]i/ic ( anci5t z x is ( mod]n life4 ,= ! ext5sive *anges made 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 we h ! evid5ce ( an inscription1 :i* _h be5 ca/ aside & 0 f\nd 9 "o ( ! small] rooms4 ,x reads1 ,c4 ,uulius ,c4 f41 ,p4 ,an9ius ,c4 f41 ,,ii v4 i4 d41 ,laconicum et de/rict>ium faciund4 et porticus et palae/ram reficiunda loc>unt ex decurionum decreto ex ea pequnia quod eos e lege 9 ludos aut 9 monum5to consum]e oportuit faciunda co]>unt eidemque prob>unt4 ,! =m ( ! lett]s & ! spell+ po9t to ! "t ( ,sulla z ! p]iod 9 :i* ! inscription 0 cut4 ,! syntax is confus$1 b ! mean+ is cle>3 a ,laconicum & de/rict>ium 7 built1 ! colonnade & palae/ra repair$1 by ! duumvirs ,gaius ,ulius & ,publius ,an9ius1 9 accordance ) a vote ( ! city c\ncil2 & !y furni%$ ! means = ?is "w 9 fulfilm5t ( _! obligation1 incurr$ by ! acceptance ( ! duumviral (fice1 to sp5d a c]ta9 sum ^u ei!r games or build+s4 ,! de/rict>ium--a room = remov+ dirt & oil ) ! /rigil aft] gymna/ic ex]cises--is easily id5tifi$ 7,d71 z are also ! palae/ra & colonnade2 b 9 our survey ( ! ba?s1 we h f\nd no sep>ate *amb] to :i* ! t]m ,laconicum c\ld prop]ly be appli$4 ,9 ord] to arrive at a solution ( ! difficulty1 we mu/ note ! successive /eps by :i*1 z %[n by an exam9ation ( ! rema9s ( ! masonry1 ! heat+ arrangem5ts 7 ext5d$ & improv$4 ,at fir/1 9 ! ,ba?s z orig9ally con/ruct$1 !re 7 nei!r holl[ walls nor holl[ floors4 ,! heat+ 0 done by means ( brazi]s2 & !re 7 ni*es or lock]s 9 ! walls ( ! cald>iums & tepid>iums simil> to ^? n[ f\nd 9 ! dress+ rooms1 b 9 d\ble r[s1 ! upp] ni*es be+ l>g]1 ! l[] small]4 ,lat]1 a holl[ floor 0 built 9 ! m5's cald>ium4 ,lat] /ill1 ?is room 0 provid$ ) holl[ walls1 :i* 7 ext5d$ to ! cr[n ( ! ceil+s & ! lunettes1 ! tepid>ium be+ /ill heat$ ) brazi]s4 ,f9ally1 a holl[ floor & holl[ walls 7 con/ruct$ at ! same "t 9 ! m5's tepid>ium1 b ! hot air *amb] 0 n c>ri$ up into ! ceil+ or ! lunettes4 ,a simil> trans=mation 0 gradually accompli%$ 9 ! wom5's ap>tm5ts2 b ow+1 x w\ld seem1 to a desire = great] w>m? 9 ! tepid>ium1 ! hot air *amb] "h1 z 9 ! cald>ium1 0 ext5d$ to ! lunettes & ! ceil+4 ,s9ce ! me?od ( heat+ by means ( holl[ floors only came into vogue ab\t #ajj ,b4,c41 & s9ce ! duumvirate ( ,ulius & ,an9ius mu/ h occurr$ soon aft] #hj ,b4,c41 we are probably safe 9 suppos+ t !y built ! holl[ floors ( ! two cald>iums1 & t ! new heat+ arrangem5t 0 loosely call$ a ,laconicum4 ,at lea/ a p>tial w>rant = ?is int]pretation is f\nd 9 a passage ( ,dion ,cassius 7,,liii4 xxvii4 #a71 9 :i* he says t ,agrippa built ! ',sp>tan sweat+ ba?1' ,greek3 to pyriat]ion to ,lakonikon4 ,agrippa1 h[ev]1 built1 n a ,laconicum 9 ! n>r[ s5se1 b a complete ba?+ e/abli%m5t1 & ,dion1 d\btless foll[+ "s e>li] writ]1 uses ! ^w z g5]ally applicable to a sy/em ( w>m ba?s4 ,9 default ( a bett] explanation1 we mu/ accept a mean+ equally loose = our inscription4 ,x is n possible to date1 ev5 approximately1 ! o!r *anges by :i* ! ba?s 7 con=m$ to ! increas+ desire = w>m? & com=t2 b ! decoration ( ! great] "p ( ! build+1 ) its complicat$ designs & /ucco reliefs1 0 cle>ly appli$ to ! walls n _m decades be=e ! de/ruction ( ! city4 ,! unro($ swimm+ tank1 ,f1 0 sep>at$ f ! c\rt by a b>ri] ( masonry ab\t two feet high1 :i* 0 ext5d$ also 9 front ( ! rooms at ! ends1 ,e & ,g4 ,on ei!r side 0 a /ep1 bo? ! /eps & ! b>ri] be+ v5e]$ ) :ite m>ble4 ,! tank 0 suppli$ by a pipe ent]+ f ! nor!a/2 ! ov]fl[ pipe1 at ! s\!a/ corn]1 is indicat$ on ! plan4 ,! rooms ,e & ,g1 op5+ bo? on ! swimm+ tank & on ! c\rt ) high ar*$ doorways1 7 ro($ %all[ bas9s :]e ! a?letes c\ld give !mselves a prelim9>y clean+ be=e go+ into ! tank4 ,! walls are v5e]$ ) m>ble to a height ( #fa_/b feet2 above are pa9t$ plants1 birds1 /atues1 & nymphs1 "o ( :om holds a %ell to cat* a jet ( wat]2 ov] ^! ! blue sky4 ,"h1 z 9 ! frigid>ium1 ! arti/ /rove to convey ! impression ( be+ 9 ! op5 air1 9 a beautiful g>d51 adorn$ ) sculptures4 ,a jet ( wat] spurt$ f ! re> wall j above ! m>ble dado2 above x is a l>ge oblong ni*e1 app>5tly = a /atue4 ,aft] a "t ! bas9 9 ,g 0 fill$ up1 & cov]$ ) a mosaic floor ( ! same height z ! ?re%old2 :5 "o clean+ room 0 f\nd to be adequate1 t 0 reta9$ :i* _h a sep>ate dress+ room1 ,d4 ,on ! :ite walls ( ! dress+ room are traces ( ! wood5 w>drobes t once /ood aga9/ !m4 ,9 ?is room1 ! de/rict>ium1 ! a?letes disrob$1 & rubb$ !mselves ) oil be=e engag+ 9 gymna/ic ex]cises1 & to x !y return$ f ! palae/ra1 9 ord] to scrape !mselves 7se de/r+]e72 !n !y wa%$ !mselves 9 ! next room1 ,e1 & f9ally plung$ into ! tank4 ,! room ( ! (ficial 9 *>ge ( ! ba?s1 ,j1 _h w9d[s op5+ on ! c\rt & into ! b[l]s' room1 ,k4 ,a l>ge bronze brazi] 0 f\nd "h1 pres5t$1 accord+ to an inscription on x1 by ,m>cus ,nigidius ,vaccula1 :o1 z a symbol ( 8 "n1 _h ! figure ( a c[ 7vacca7 /amp$ 9 relief on ! brazi]4 ,we f9d a simil> brazi]1 toge!r ) b5*es1 9 ! tepid>ium ( ! ba?s ne> ! ,=um1 :i* _h no o!r means ( heat+2 we naturally inf] t ! furniture "h 0 int5d$ = "o ( ! tepid>iums1 & us$ !re be=e ! improv$ me?od ( heat+ 0 introduc$4 ,a ,nas5nius ,nigidius ,vaccula1 :o di$ be=e #ed ,a4,d41 is kn[n to u f ! receipts ( ,caecilius ,jucundus4 ,if he 0 ! donor1 & made ! gift :5 he 0 a "y man1 ! *ange ( ! sy/em ( heat+ 9 ! tepid>ium may h be5 made z e>ly z #bj ,a4,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4--;,colonnade ( ! ,/abian ,ba?s3 capital ) section ( entablature1 re/or$4 ,! colonnade 0 orig9ally uni=m on all ! ?ree sides4 ,! ,doric columns 7 ( tufa1 coat$ ) f9e :ite /ucco4 ,!y 7 ( sl5d] proportions1 ! height be+ a trifle ov] n9e feet1 ) a diamet] ( only sixte5 in*es4 ,!y 7 edg$1 n flut$1 & d\btless c>ri$ an entablature ) triglyphs1 ( :i* no trace rema9s4 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,empire1 app>5tly be=e ! e>?quake ( #fc1 ! colonnade 0 remodell$ 9 accordance ) ! prevail+ ta/e4 ,! columns receiv$ a ?ick coat+ ( /ucco1 ) flut+s indicat$ by incis$ l9es2 ! l[] ?ird ( ! %aft 0 pa9t$ r$1 ! upp] portion be+ left :ite4 ,ov] ! capitals1 m\ld$ 9 /ucco1 0 an entablature re/+ on ?ick planks1 & ornam5t$ ) light-color$ /ucco reliefs4 ,! g5]al effect may be se5 f our illu/ration 7,fig4 #hi74 ,9 ?is recon/ruction ! sam5ess ( ! e>li] colonnade 0 v>i$ ) pleas+ irregul>ities4 ,?us 9 front ( ! ma9 entrance 7,a71 & 9 a correspond+ position on ! opposite side ( ! c\rt1 ! place ( f\r columns 0 tak5 by two broad pill>s flank$ by half-columns1 & c>ry+ a ro( m ?an five feet high] ?an t ( ! re/ ( ! colonnade4 ,a simil> arrangem5t has already be5 not$ 9 ! colonnade ( ! temple ( ,isis 7p4 #agd74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4--,/abian ,ba?s3 s\?we/ corn] ( ! palae/ra1 %[+ "p ( ! colonnade & wall decorat$ ) /ucco reliefs4 ,! wall decoration ( ! c\rt has be5 p>ticul>ly well pres]v$ on ! out] wall ( ,d & ,e 7,fig4 #ij2 cf4 ,pl4 ,,xiii74 ,! surface is div]sifi$ by fanta/ic ar*itectural designs 9 two /ories1 made up ( sl5d] columns ) _! entablatures1 op5 doorways ) /eps lead+ up to !m1 & glimpses ( int]iors4 ,9 ! panels ?us outl9$1 figures ( all k9ds /& out 9 :ite relief on a bright r$ or blue gr\nd4 ,above ! ar*$ doorway ,jupit] sits1 re/+ 8 "r h& on 8 sceptre2 ne> by1 on a pill>1 is ! eagle4 ,fur!r to ! left a satyr (f]s ,h]cules a dr9k+ horn4 ,ano!r relief1 n s well pres]v$1 has a motive sugge/ive ( ! purpose ( ! build+--,hylas at ! spr+ seiz$ by ! nymphs4 ,) ?is we may associate two designs hav+ ref]5ce to ! ex]cises ( ! palae/ra3 a box]1 at ! left ( ! doorway ( ,e1 & at ! "r a man scrap+ himself ) a /rigil4 ,on ! out] wall ( ,g is ,da$alus1 mak+ w+s = himself & ,ic>us4 ,"u ! colonnade at ! re>1 a h]m /&s close to ! wall1 hav+ ! features ( a y\? ) a g>m5t drawn ov] 8 head & cov]+ ! upp] "p ( ! body4 ,= ! explanation ( x we are indebt$ to ,pausanias4 ',9 ! gymnasium at ,phigalia1 9 ,arcadia1' says ?is writ]1 'is an image ( ,h]mes4 ,x has ! appe>ance ( a man wrapp$ 9 a cloak1 & t]m9ates bel[ 9 a squ>e pill> 9 ! place ( feet4' ,?is is ,h]mes1 ! god ( ! ,palae/ra1 "h1 z 9 ,phigalia1 9 a guise sugge/ive ( 8 function ( ,psy*opompus1 ! conductor ( dep>t$ s\ls4 ,we h already met ) an example ( ! same type 9 ! c\rt ( ! temple ( ,apollo4 ,a sundial /ood on ! ro( ( ! frigid>ium & m5's cald>ium1 support$ by a f\ndation ( masonry /ill visible4 ,x bore an ,oscan inscription1 f :i* we le>n t x 0 set up by ! ,quae/or ,m>as ,at9ius1 9 accordance ) a decree ( ! c\ncil1 ! money = ! exp5diture be+ d]iv$ f f9es4 ,! f9es 7 v likely collect$ "h1 by ! (ficial 9 *>ge ( ! build+4 ,sundials 7 erect$ also 9 ! o!r ba?s at ,pompeii4 ,!y 7 a necessity1 = all su* e/abli%m5ts 7 conduct$ on a s*$ule ( h\rs4 ,hadrian ord]$ t ! ba?s 9 ,rome %\ld be op5 f ! eigh? h\r1 t is1 aft] two o'clock 9 ! aft]noon2 & a regulation 9 reg>d to ! "t ( op5+1 if n ( clos+1 0 probably 9 =ce at ,pompeii4 ,a motley & tumultu\s life once fill$ ! b>r5 c\rt1 ! rooms n[ ru9$ & des]t$4 ,! sc5e is well pictur$ by ,s5eca 7,ep4 #ef73 ',quiet is by no means s necess>y = /udy z m5 commonly believe1' ! philosoph] gravely argues4 ',i am liv+ ne> a ba?3 s\nds are he>d on all sides4 ,j imag9e = y\rself e conceivable k9d ( noise t c (f5d ! e>4 ,! m5 ( m /urdy muscle g ?r\gh _! ex]cises1 & sw+ _! h&s heavily weight$ ) lead3 ,i he> _! groans :5 !y /ra9 !mselves1 or ! :i/l+ ( labor$ brea? :5 !y brea! out aft] hav+ held 94 ,if "o is r lazy1 & m]ely has himself rubb$ ) ungu5ts1 ,i he> ! bl[s ( ! h& slapp+ 8 %\ld]s1 ! s\nd v>y+ accord+ z ! massagi/ /rikes ) flat or holl[ palm4 ,if a ballplay] beg9s to play & to c\nt 8 ?r[s1 x's all up = ! "t be+4 ,mean:ile !re is a sudd5 brawl1 or a ?ief is caught1 or !re is "s "o 9 ! ba? :o loves to he> ! s\nd ( 8 own voice2 & ! ba!rs plunge into ! swimm+ tank ) l\d spla%+4 ,^! noises1 h[ev]1 are n )\t "s semblance ( excuse2 b ! hair pluck] f "t to "t raises 8 ?91 %rill voice 9 ord] to attract att5tion1 & is only /ill himself :5 he is =c+ cries ( pa9 f "s "o else1 f ^: armpits he plucks ! hairs4 ,& above ! d9 y he> ! %\ts ( ^? :o are sell+ cakes1 sausages1 & sweetmeats1 besides all ! hawk]s ( /uff f ! cook%ops1 ea* ) a diff]5t & *>act]i/ic cry4' ,su* 7 ! di/ractions ( a ,roman ba?4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,! ,,ba?s ,,ne> ,,! ,,=um ,! ba?+ e/abli%m5t 9 ! block nor? ( ! ,=um is small] & simpl] 9 its arrangem5ts ?an t describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 b ! p>ts are ess5tially ! same4 ,"h also we f9d a c\rt1 ) a colonnade on ?ree sides2 a sy/em ( ba?s = m51 compris+ a dress+ room 7,i7 ) a small r\nd frigid>ium 7,,ii7 op5+ (f f x1 a tepid>ium 7,,iii71 & a cald>ium 7,,iv72 a simil> sy/em = wom51 ! place ( ! frigid>ium be+ tak5 by a tank = cold ba?s 7#b7 9 ! dress+ room2 & a long n>r[ furnace room betwe5 ! two ba?s 7,v74 ,on ?ree sides ( ! e/abli%m5t are %ops1 9 connection ) :i* are sev]al inns4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4--,plan ( ! ba?s ne> ! ,=um4 ,a1 ,a'4 ,/reet entrances to c\rt4 ,b4 ,colonnade4 ,i-,,iv4 ,m5's ba?s4 ,i4 ,apodyt]ium4 ,,ii4 ,frigid>ium4 ,,iii4 ,tepid>ium4 ,,iv4 ,cald>ium4 ,v4 ,furnace room4 ,c4 ,area4 ,d4 ,c\rt back ( wom5's ba?s4 #a-d4 ,wom5's ba?s4 #a4 ,apodyt]ium4 #b4 ,bas9 = cold ba?s4 #c4 ,tepid>ium4 #d4 ,cald>ium4 d4 ,sundial4 ,^! ba?s 7 built %ortly aft] #hj ,b4,c41 ab\t ! "t t ,ulius & ,an9ius repair$ ! ,/abian ,ba?s2 ! *>act]i/ic masonry1 ) quasi-reticulate fac+1 is simil> to t ( ! ,small ,!atre & ! ,amphi!atre4 ,! names ( ! build]s are kn[n f an inscription f\nd 9 duplicate3 ,l4 ,caesius ,c4 f4 duum vir iuri dicundo1 ,c4 ,occius ,m4 f41 ,l4 ,niraemius ,a4 f4 ,,ii viri de decurionum sent5tia ex pequnia publica faciundum cur>unt probarunt que4 ,?us we see t ! contract = ! build+ 0 let & ! "w approv$ by ,lucius ,caesius1 duumvir ) judici>y au?ority1--8 colleague _h probably di$ s9ce election & ! vacancy _h n yet be5 fill$1--& ! two a$iles1 ,occius & ,niraemius1 :o are "h /yl$ 'duumvirs1' = reasons already expla9$ 7p4 #ab72 ! co/ 0 defray$ by an appropriation f ! public treasury4 ,?\gh ^! ,ba?s are ( lat] con/ruction ?an ! ,/abian ,ba?s1 !y seem m anci5t because few] *anges 7 made 9 !m4 ,! c\rt "h 0 n a palae/ra2 x 0 small = gymna/ic ex]cises1 & 0 n provid$ ) a swimm+ tank & dress+ rooms4 ,! op5 space 0 occupi$ by a g>d54 ,! colonnade on ! nor? & we/ sides ( ! c\rt _h sl5d] columns /&+ f> ap>t1 ) a l[ & simple entablature2 on ! ea/ side ! columns 7 replac$ by pill>s c>ry+ l[ ar*es1 :i* s]v$ z a support = a gall]y af=d+ a pleasant view ( ! g>d54 ,?is gall]y 0 accessible f ! upp] rooms ( sev]al inns along ! /reet lead+ nor? f ! ,=um1 ^: gue/s no d\bt f\nd div]sion 9 wat*+ :at 0 go+ on bel[--an advantage t may h be5 tak5 into acc\nt by ! city (ficials 9 fix+ ! r5t4 ,!re are b5*es on ! nor? side ( ! c\rt1 & at ! middle a deep recess1 or ex$ra 7b71 mak+ a pleasant retreat = quiet conv]sation4 ,! entrance f ! frequ5t$ /reet at ! left 7,a7 is s arrang$ t pass]s-by c\ld n look 92 ne> ! entrance f ! /reet on ! opposite side 7,a'7 is a closet 7c74 ,! decoration ( ! c\rt 0 extremely simple4 ,columns & walls 7 unpa9t$2 on ! l[] p>ts1 /ucco ) bits ( brick 9 x2 above1 :ite pla/]4 ,f ! c\rt a corridor 7a7 l$ into ! m5's apodyt]ium1 :i* c\ld be ent]$ also on ! nor? side f ! ,/rada delle ,t]me4 ,?is room conta9$ b5*es1 z %[n on ! plan2 b !re 7 no ni*es1 z 9 ! dress+ rooms ( ! ,/abian ,ba?s1 & wood5 %elves or lock]s may h be5 us$ in/ead4 ,! small d>k *amb] at ! nor? end 7f7 may h be5 us$ z a /or]oom = ungu5ts1 su* z ! ,greeks call$ elaeo!sium4 ,x seems to h be5 ?\ght necess>y "h to connect ! dress+ room ) ! furnace room 7,v7 by a sep>ate passage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4--;,ba?s ne> ! ,=um3 int]ior ( ! m5's tepid>ium4 ,light 0 admitt$ to ! dress+ room ?r\gh a w9d[ 9 ! lunette at ! s\? end1 clos$ by a pane ( glass half an in* ?ick1 set 9 a bronze frame t turn$ on two pivots4 ,on ei!r side ( ! w9d[ are huge ,tritons 9 /ucco relief1 ) vases on _! %\ld]s1 surr\nd$ by dolph9s2 und]nea? is a mask ( ,oceanus1 & 9 ! same wall is a ni*e = a lamp1 simil> to t se5 9 ,fig4 #ib1 black5$ by ! soot4 ,! frigid>ium is well pres]v$4 ,9 all its arrangem5ts x is almo/ an exact c\nt]p>t ( ! "o 9 ! ,/abian ,ba?s1 b ! s*eme ( decoration1 sugge/ive ( a g>d51 is less reali/ically c>ri$ out1 ! gr\nd be+ yell[2 & ! r\nd w9d[ at ! apex ( ! dom$ ceil+ has a rectangul> ext5sion t[>d ! s\? 9 ord] to admit z mu* sunlight z possible4 ,! tepid>ium1 z w be se5 f our illu/ration 7,fig4 #ib71 is 9 ! condition ( ! tepid>iums ( ! ,/abian ,ba?s be=e ! improv$ arrangem5ts = heat+ 7 introduc$4 ,!re 7 no w>m air *amb]s 9 ! walls or ! floor4 ,at "o end we see ! rema9s ( ! l>ge bronze brazi] & b5*es 7! iron grat+ is mod]n7 pres5t$ by ,vaccula1 to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made 7p4 #aig74 ,! feet ( ! b5*es are modell$ to repres5t ho(s1 ea* ) a c['s head above4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4--,longitud9al section ( ! m5's cald>ium4 ,!re are ni*es 9 ! walls1 z =m]ly 9 ! tepid>iums ( ! ,/abian ,ba?s1 b sev]al ( !m = "s reason h be5 wall$ up4 ,wild-visag$1 muscul> ,atlantes /& out 9 bold projection on ! front ( ! p>titions betwe5 ! ni*es1 su/a9+ a cornice ^u _! uplift$ h&s4 ,! w9d[1 se5 9 ! illu/ration above ! lamp ni*e1 0 clos$1 z t 9 ! dress+ room1 by a pane ( glass 9 a bronze frame4 ,! decoration ( ! ceil+1 un=tunately only 9 "p pres]v$1 is well design$4 ,along ! l[] edge are arabesques1 int]wov5 9 a scroll patt]n1 9 :ite /ucco on a :ite backgr\nd4 ,above ^! are panels ( diff]5t sizes1 9 :i* rais$ :ite ornam5ts & figures appe> on a :ite1 blue1 or violet gr\nd2 among ! motives are ,cupid lean+ on 8 b[1 ,apollo rid+ on a griff91 ,ganym$e ) ! eagle1 & ,cupids on sea horses4 ,! cald>ium is well pres]v$2 only a "p ( ! vault$ ceil+ has be5 de/roy$4 ,! holl[ space = hot air 9 ! floor & walls is indicat$ 9 our section 7,fig4 #ic74 ,"h we see at ! "r1 ! ba? bas91 l9$ ) :ite m>ble1 ) its slop+ back af=d+ a com=table support = ! ba!rs2 at ! o!r end is ! apsidal ni*e 7s*ola7 ) ! labrum4 ,! direction ( ,vitruvius1 t ! labrum %\ld be plac$ "u a w9d[ 9 su* a way t ! %ad[s ( ^? /&+ ar\nd %\ld n fall on x1 is "h lit]ally obs]v$4 ,!re 7 ?ree o!r small w9d[s at ! same end ( ! room1 & a ni*e = a lamp4 ,we le>n f an inscription on ! labrum1 9 bronze lett]s1 t x 0 made "u ! direction ( ,gnaeus ,melissaeus ,ap] & ,m>cus ,/aius ,rufus1 :o 7 duumvirs 9 #c-d ,a4,d41 at a co/ ( #ebej se/]ces1 n f> f #bgj4 ,?is room seems to h receiv$ its f9al =m be=e ! new me?od ( heat+ ! wat] 9 ! alveus came into vogue2 !re is no trace ( a bronze heat]1 su* z t f\nd 9 connection ) ! ba? bas9 ( ! wom5's cald>ium at ! ,/abian ,ba?s4 ,! simple decoration is 9 m>k$ contra/ ) ! usual ornam5tation ( ! lat] /yles4 ,above a l[ m>ble base are yell[ walls divid$ by d>k r$ pila/]s1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ic4 ,^! support a project+ flat cornice ( d>k r$1 ^: surface is ri*ly ornam5t$ ) /ucco reliefs4 ,! ceil+ is m\ld$ 9 flut+s runn+ up to ! cr[n ( ! vault2 only 9 ! ceil+ ( ! s*ola d we f9d rais$ figures4 ,! rooms ( ! wom5's ba?s are small1 _! arrangem5t be+ det]m9$ 9 "p by ! irregul> %ape ( ! corn] ( ! build+ 9 :i* !y are plac$2 b ! sy/em ( heat+ is m complete ?an 9 ! m5's ba?s1 = bo? ! tepid>ium 7#c7 & ! cald>ium 7#d7 7 provid$ ) holl[ floors & hot air spaces 9 ! walls ext5d+ to ! lunettes & ! ceil+4 ,! vault$ ceil+s ( bo? ( ^! rooms1 z well z ( ! apodyt]ium1 are pres]v$2 b ! cald>ium has lo/ its holl[ floor & walls1 toge!r ) ! ba? bas91 :i* 0 plac$ 9 a l>ge ni*e at ! "r z "o ent]$2 only ! base ( ! labrum rema9s4 ,! condition ( ?is room may be due to ! e>?quake ( ! ye> #fc1 ! necess>y repairs n hav+ be5 made be=e ! eruption4 ,!re 0 no connection betwe5 ! wom5's ba?s & ! c\rt at ! re> 7,d71 :i* _h a sep>ate entrance f ! /reet4 ,at ! wom5's entrance !re 0 a n>r[ wait+ room = att5dants1 sep>at$ f ! /reet by a ?9 wall & protect$ by a ro(4 ,! furnace room c\ld be ent]$ at "o end f ! /reet4 ,! ?ree cyl9drical tanks = hot1 lukew>m1 & cold wat] 7 arrang$ z 9 ! ,/abian ,ba?s4 ,beyond ! tanks is a ci/]n 7g71 :i* 0 suppli$ 9 "p by ra9 wat] f ! ro(1 9 "p by a fe$ pipe connect$ ) ! wat] sy/em ( ! city4 ,! rais$ walk 7h7 on ! "r side ( ! furnace room is cont9u$ to ! small c\rt 7,d7 9 ! corn] ( :i* is a /airway lead+ to ! flat ro( ( ! m5's cald>ium4 ,f ?is po9t ( vantage1 ! view ov] ! l&scape & ! sea mu/ h be5 beautiful 9 antiquity1 z x is to-day4 ,a sundial d\btless /ood on ! l>g] ( ! two pill>s 9 ! c\rt 7d71 :i* is ab\t sev5te5 feet high & ne>ly five feet ?ick at ! base2 on ! small] pill> 0 p]haps a /atue or o!r ornam5tal object ( ! sort frequ5tly se5 9 wall pa9t+s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,! ,,c5tral ,,ba?s ,s5eca 9 an ent]ta9+ lett] 7,ep4 #hf7 gives an acc\nt ( a visit ab\t #fj ,a4,d4 to ! villa at ,lit]num 9 :i* ! ,eld] ,scipio _h liv$ 9 ! ye>s imm$iately prec$+ 8 dea?1 9 #ahc ,b4,c4 ,! philosoph] 0 p>ticul>ly /ruck ) ! ba?1 ! simplicity ( :i* he contra/s =cibly ) ! luxuri\s appo9tm5ts ( 8 own "t4 ,we _c foll[ him ?r\gh ! ext5d$ disquisition--he speaks ( v>i\s ref9em5ts ( luxury ( :i* we f9d no traces at ,pompeii2 b he m5tions z ! mo/ /rik+ diff]5ce ! lack ( light 9 ! old ba?1 ) its small ap]tures m l *9ks ?an w9d[s1 :ile 9 8 day ! ba?s 7 provid$ ) l>ge w9d[s protect$ by glass1 & p 'want$ to be p>boil$ 9 full daylight1' besides hav+ ! enjoym5t mean:ile ( a beautiful view4 ,"s su* feel+ z ?is we h 9 turn+ f ! two old] ba?s at ,pompeii--"o ( pre-,roman orig91 ! o!r dat+ f ! "t ( ,sulla--to ! ,c5tral ,ba?s1 :i* 7 9 process ( con/ruction at ! "t ( ! eruption1 & _h be5 design$ 9 accordance ) ! prevail+ mode ( life4 ,?is ext5sive e/abli%m5t1 at ! corn] ( ,/abian & ,nola /reets1 occupi$ ! :ole ( a block2 b a l>ge "p ( ! frontage on ! two /reets m5tion$ 0 utiliz$ = %ops4 ,not)/&+ ! size ( ! build+1 x _h only a s+le s]ies ( ap>tm5ts1 :i* 7 laid out on a correspond+ly l>ge scale4 ,x 0 d\btless built = m51 al?\gh ! use ( x at c]ta9 h\rs by wom5 may possibly h be5 contemplat$1 9 case ! wom5's ba?s at ! two o!r e/abli%m5ts %\ld be ov]cr[d$4 ,entrances f ?ree /reets lead to ! ample palae/ra1 f :i* ! rema9s ( ! h\ses demoli%$ to make room = x _h n yet be5 entirely remov$4 ,on ! nor!a/ side is ! excavation = a l>ge swimm+ tank 7h71 & = a wat] *annel lead+ to ! closet 7e74 ,9 ord] to h wat] at h& = build+ purposes1 ! masons _h built a l[ wall ar\nd an old impluvium on ! s\? side 7%[n on ! plan1 ,fig4 #id7 into :i* a fe$ pipe ran4 ,= a %ort di/ance on ! nor? side ! /ylobate _h be5 made ready = ! build+ ( ! colonnade2 else:]e only ! prelim9>y "w _h be5 done4 ,! rooms at ! s\!a/ corn] 7f1 g7 7 no d\bt int5d$ = dress+ rooms = ! palae/ra & ! plunge ba?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4--,plan ( ! ,c5tral ,ba?s4 d4 ,palae/ra4 h4 ,swimm+ tank4 i1 l4 ,/ores p4 ,apodyt]ium4 q4 ,tepid>ium4 r4 ,laconicum4 s4 ,cald>ium4 x1 y4 ,furnaces4 ,two small rooms 7b1 c7 op5 ^u ! nor? entrance ( ! palae/ra2 "o ( !m1 p]haps1 0 to be a ticket (fice1 = ! adju/m5t ( matt]s relat+ to admission1 ! o!r a cloak room1 9 :i* ! caps>ius w\ld gu>d ! valuables ( ! ba!rs4 ,two doors admit ! visitor f ! palae/ra to ! s]ies ( ba? rooms1 "o ( !m op5+ f ! nor? end ( ! colonnade4 ,! fir/ room 7i1 l7 0 design$ to answ] ! purpose ( a /ore1 ) f\r boo?s 7k1 m1 n1 o7 op5+ into x = ! sale ( edibles & ba!rs' conv5i5ces4 ,! apodyt]ium 7p71 tepid>ium 7q71 & cald>ium 7s7 _h ea* ?ree l>ge w9d[s op5+ on ! palae/ra2 two ( ^? belong+ to ! tepid>ium are se5 9 ,fig4 #ie4 ,none ( ! rooms 7 f9i%$1 ?\gh a holl[ floor & holl[ walls _h be5 built 9 ! tepid>ium1 cald>ium1 & ,laconicum4 ,! ba? bas9s yet lack$ _! m>ble l9+s1 & ! two furnaces 7at x & y7 _h n be5 built4 ,five small] w9d[s on ! s\!a/ side ( ! cald>ium look$ out on a n>r[ g>d51 ab\t :i* ! workm5 _h comm5c$ to build a wall to cut (f ! sight ( ! firem5 pass+ to & fro betwe5 ! two furnaces4 ,! cald>ium 0 s plac$ z to receive ! greate/ possible am\nt ( sunlight1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! aft]noon h\rs1 :5 x w\ld be us$2 ?is 0 9 accordance ) a recomm5dation ( ,vitruvius1 :o says t ! w9d[s ( ba?s ought1 :5ev] possible1 to face ! s\?we/1 o!rwise ! s\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4--,view ( ! ,c5tral ,ba?s1 look+ f ! palae/ra into ! tepid>ium4 ,! contra/ is inde$ m>k$ betwe5 ! num]\s l>ge w9d[s "h1 ) _! attractive outlook1 & ! small ap]tures1 high 9 ! walls & ceil+1 ?r\gh :i* light 0 admitt$ 9 ! old] ba?s4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,ba?s !re 0 no frigid>ium2 b a l>ge bas9 = cold ba?s1 ne>ly five feet deep1 0 plac$ 9 ! dress+ room opposite ! w9d[s4 ,supply pipes 7 s laid t jets w\ld spr+ into ! bas9 f ?ree small ni*es1 "o 9 ea* wall2 ! ov]fl[ 0 conduct$ by pipes "u ! floor to a cat* bas9 7w71 & !nce to ! /reet4 ,! tepid>ium 7q7--"h1 z usual1 relatively small--is connect$ ) ! apodyt]ium by two doors1 & simil>ly ) ! cald>ium4 ,! latt] room has a ba? bas9 at ea* end1 ?us af=d+ accommodations = tw5ty-six or tw5ty-eight ba!rs at once2 at ! middle ( ! s\!a/ side 0 a small] bas9 t took ! place ( ! labrum4 ,! hot air flues lead+ f ! furnaces "u ! ba? bas9s 7 already built1 & above !m op5+s 7 left = semi-cyl9drical heat]s l t 9 ! wom5's cald>ium ( ! ,/abian ,ba?s4 ,! r\nd sweat+ room1 ,laconicum1 0 made m ample by means ( f\r semicircul> ni*es1 & light$ by ?ree small r\nd w9d[s j above ! cornice ( ! dom$ ceil+4 ,!re 0 probably ano!r r\nd op5+ at ! apex1 design$ = a bronze %utt]1 :i* c\ld be op5$ or clos$ f bel[ by means ( a *a91 s z to regulate ! temp]ature4 ,doors l$ into ! ,laconicum f bo? ! tepid>ium & ! cald>ium4 ,! oblong c\rt betwe5 ! ba? rooms & ! /reet on ! nor!a/ side 0 app>5tly to be laid out z a g>d54 ,at ! nor? end ! workm5 _h begun to build pill>s = a %ort colonnade4 ,a l>ge squ>e f\ndation = a sundial /&s ne> ! opposite corn]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,,! ,,amphi!atre ,9 ! s\!a/ corn] ( ! city1 at a di/ance f ! o!r excavations1 lies ! ,amphi!atre1 ! sc5e ( gladiatorial combats4 ,! ,pompeians call$ x '! %[1' spectacula1 z 9 ! inscription1 pres]v$ 9 two copies1 t gives u ! names ( ! build]s3 ,c4 ,qu9ctius ,c4 f4 ,valgus1 ,m4 ,porcius ,m4 filius duo viri qu9qu5nales coloniai honoris caussa spectacula de sua pequnia faciunda co]arunt et coloneis locum 9 p]petuom d$]unt4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! ,amphi!atre 0 built by ! same m51 ,valgus & ,porcius1 :o are already kn[n to u z ! build]s ( ! ,small ,!atre 7p4 #aec72 & !y pres5t$ x to ! city 9 recognition ( ! honor conf]r$ ^u !m by _! reelection z duumvirs4 ,! ,amphi!atre may ?us h be5 f9i%$ half a decade lat] ?an ! ,!atre1 b 9 any case x belongs to ! e>lie/ ye>s ( ! ,roman colony1--z might be inf]r$1 9 default ( o!r evid5ce1 f ! ar*aic spell+ ( ! inscription1 & ! "* ( ! masonry1 :i* is l t ( ! ,small ,!atre & ! ba?s nor? ( ! ,=um 7p4 #da74 ,! coloni/s1 h[ev]1 did n receive f ,rome _! impulse to erect su* a build+4 ,! passion = gladiatorial combats 0 develop$ 9 ,campania e>li]1 & manife/$ itself m /rongly1 ?an 9 ,latium4 ,/rabo's /atem5t t gladiators 7 br\ght =w>d at ,campanian banquets1 9 l>g] or small] numb]s accord+ to ! rank ( ! gue/s1 has ref]5ce to ! p]iod be=e ! ,second ,punic ,w>2 b x 0 consid]$ a notewor?y ev5t 9 ,rome :51 9 #bfd ,b4,c41 gladiators engag$ 9 combat 9 ! ,=um ,bo>ium 9 celebration ( fun]al rites1 z also :51 on a simil> occasion 9 #baf ,b4,c41 tw5ty-two pairs f\ght 9 ! ,=um4 ,build+s 7 erect$ = gladiatorial %[s 9 ,campanian t[ns e>li] ?an at ! ,capital4 ,z late z ! ye> #df ,b4,c4 ! spectators :o witness$ ! games giv5 by ,julius ,caes> sat on wood5 seats support$ by tempor>y /ag+2 & ! fir/ /one amphi!atre 9 ,rome 0 built by ,/atilius ,taurus 9 #bi ,b4,c41 almo/ half a c5tury aft] ! qu9qu5nial duumvirate ( ,valgus & ,porcius4 ,! ,amphi!atre at ,pompeii is ! olde/ kn[n to u f ei!r lit]>y or monum5tal s\rces4 ,9 comp>ison ) lat] & m impos+ /ructures1 our ,amphi!atre seems inde$ unpret5ti\s4 ,its ext]ior elevation is relatively l[ 7,fig4 #if72 z our section %[s 7,fig4 #ii71 ! ar5a & ! l[] ranges ( seats are 9 a great holl[ excavat$ = ! purpose bel[ ! level ( ! gr\nd4 ,! dim5sions 7l5g? #dfj feet1 bread? #cde7 are small :5 comp>$ ) ^? ( ! ,coliseum 7#fae & #eaj feet1 respectively7 or ev5 ! amphi!atres at ,capua or ,pozzuoli2 & ! lack ( arti/ic =m is notewor?y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4--,! ,amphi!atre1 se5 f ! we/ side4 ,! exhibitions held "h mu/ also h be5 on a mode/ scale4 ,!re 7 no und]gr\nd *amb]s1 bel[ ! ar5a1 ) devices by means ( :i* wild bea/s c\ld be lift$ up into view & ! s& sudd5ly cov]$ ) new combatants4 ,! limit$ means ( ?is small city 7 n adequate to make provision = ! elaborate equipm5t & co/ly decoration f\nd 9 ! amphi!atres ( l>g] t[ns4 ,! ar5a1 a view ( :i* is giv5 9 ,plate ,,vi1 is surr\nd$ by a wall ab\t #fa_/b feet high4 ,?is wall 0 cov]$ ) frescoes :i*1 /ill fre% at ! "t ( excavation1 are n[ kn[n to u only f copies 9 ! ,naples ,museum4 ,!y consi/$ ( alt]nate broad & n>r[ panels1 ! latt] conta9+ ea* a h]m betwe5 two columns1 :ile ! l>g] spaces pres5t$ alt]nately a conv5tional patt]n & a sc5e connect$ ) ! games4 ,"o ( ! sc5es gives an int]e/+ glimpse ( ! prep>ations = ! combat 7,fig4 #ig74 ,9 ! middle we see ! ov]se] m>k+ out ) a long /aff ! r+ )9 :i* ! combatants mu/ fight4 ,at ! "r a gladiator /&s1 p>tly arm$2 two att5dants are br++ him a helmet & a sword4 ,a hornbl[]1 also p>tly arm$1 /&s at ! left2 & beh9d him two companions1 squatt+ on ! gr\nd1 make ready 8 helmet & %ield4 ,at ei!r end ( ! sc5e1 9 ! backgr\nd1 is an image ( a ,w+$ ,victory ) a wrea? & palm4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4--,prep>ations = ! combat4 ,wall pa9t+1 f ! ,amphi!atre4 ,! lime/one cop+ ( ! wall ab\t ! ar5a %[s traces ( iron 9 ! jo9ts betwe5 ! blocks1 app>5tly rema9s ( a grat+ design$ to protect ! spectators f attacks by ! infuriat$ wild bea/s4 ,! traces are n visible all ! way ar\nd1 b ?is may be acc\nt$ = on ! supposition t repairs 7 9 progress at ! "t ( ! eruption4 ,two broad corridors 7#c1 #c;,a7 connect ! ends ( ! ar5a ) ! outside ( ! build+4 ,! "o at ! nor? end1 t[>d ,vesuvius1 foll[s a /raight l9e2 ! o!r b5ds %>ply to ! "r 9 ord] to avoid ! city wall1 :i* b\nds ! /ructure on ! s\? & ea/ sides4 ,by ^! corridors ! gladiators ent]$ ! ar5a1 fir/ 9 fe/al array1 pass+ 9 /ately procession across ! s& f "o entrance to ! o!r1 !n com+ =? 9 pairs z !y 7 summon$ to mortal combat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4--,plan ( ! ,amphi!atre at diff]5t levels %[+1 above1 ! arrangem5t ( ! seats2 bel[1 ! arrangem5t ( ! vault$ passages "u ! seats4 #a4 ,podium4 #b4 ,gall]y4 #c1 #c;,a4 ,entrances to ar5a4 #d1 #d4 ,vault$ corridor4 #e4 ,passage to dea? gate4 #f4 ,ima cavea4 #g4 ,m$ia cavea4 #h4 ,summa cavea4 #i4 ,/airs ( balcony4 #aj4 ,t]race4 #aa1 #aa4 ,out] d\ble /airways to t]race4 #ab1 #ab4 ,s+le /airways to t]race4 #ac4 ,t[] ( city wall4 #ad4 ,city wall4 a4 ,fir/ praec9ctio4 b4 ,second praec9ctio4 c1 d4 ,side entrances4 e4 ,dea? ,gate4 f1 f1 f4 ,d5s4 ,at ! middle ( ! we/ side !re is a ?ird passage1 n>r[ & l[ 7e72 ?is is ! grewsome corridor ?r\gh :i* ! bodies ( ! dead 7 dragg$ by means ( hooks1 its entrance be+ ! ,porta ,libit95sis1 ',dea? ,gate4' ,ne> ! inn] end ( ea* ( ! ?ree corridors is a small1 d>k *amb] 7f7 ! purpose ( :i* is unkn[n4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t wild animals may h be5 conf9$ "h1 b l>g] & m easily accessible rooms w\ld h be5 requir$ = ?is purpose4 ,!y may h be5 /or]ooms = appliances ( v>i\s k9ds requir$ = ! exhibitions4 ,! seats1 ( :i* !re are ?irty-five r[s1 h ! same =m z ^? 9 ! ,small ,!atre1 & are ( ! same mat]ial1 gray tufa4 ,!y are arrang$ 9 ?ree divisions1--! l[e/1 ima cavea1 hav+ five r[s2 ! middle division1 m$ia cavea1 twelve2 & ! highe/1 summa cavea1 eighte5 7,figs4 #ih1 #ii74 ,9 ! middle section ( ! ima cavea on ea* side ! place ( ! seats is tak5 by f\r l[1 broad l$ges1 set aside = memb]s ( ! city c\ncil1 :o c\ld place ^u !m ! seats ( honor1 bisellia1 to ! use ( :i* !y 7 entitl$4 ,at ! middle ( ! ea/ side ! second l$ge is int]rupt$ = a di/ance ( t5 feet 7! break is %[n 9 ,plate ,,vi71 a d\ble wid? be+ ?us giv5 to ! l[e/4 ,?is place 0 design$ = seats ( special honor1 & 01 no d\bt1 res]v$ = ! (ficial :o provid$ ! games1 & 8 associates4 ,on ! same side ! l$ges are ext5d$ into ! next section on ! s\?1 ! cont9uity ( ! seats be+ int]rupt$ by a l[ b>ri]4 ,?is supplem5t>y section 01 p]haps1 int5d$ = c]ta9 fre$m51 z ! ,augu/ales 7p4 #ajj71 :o _h ! "r to use bisellia1 b :o nev]!less c\ld n become memb]s ( ! city c\ncil1 & 7 n rank$ on a social equality ) ! occupants ( ! middle section4 ,! seats ( ! ima cavea & m$ia cavea 7 rea*$ ?r\gh a vault$ passage 7#d71 :i*1 9 accordance ) anci5t usage1 we may call a crypt4 ,x ran "u ! fir/ seats ( ! second range1 & /airs l$ f x to bo? divisions4 ,x might be ent]$ ei!r f ! two broad corridors lead+ to ! ar5a1 or directly f ! we/ side by means ( two sep>ate passages 7c1 d1 on ! plan74 ,x is1 h[ev]1 int]rupt$ at ! middle on ea* side ( ! ,amphi!atre4 ,on ! we/ side ! prolongation ( ! crypt w\ld h int]f]$ ) ! use ( ! corridor lead+ to ! ,dea? ,gate2 b z no su* reason exi/$ = block+ ! ea/ bran*1 x is probable t ! design]s ( ! ,amphi!atre int]rupt$ bo? bran*es ( ! crypt 9 ord] to =ce ! spectators :o _h seats 9 ! l[] & middle divisions ( ! s\? half ( ! /ructure to ent] & leave by ! some:at inconv5i5t s\? entrances1 :i* are situat$ 9 an angle ( ! city wall4 ,_h ! crypt be5 c>ri$ completely ar\nd1 ! cr[d w\ld always h press$ into ! build+ ?r\gh ! nor? entrances1 :i* op5$ t[>d ! city1 ?us caus+ confusion1 if n dang]1 on occasions ( special int]e/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4--,,int]ior ,,( ,,! ,,amphi!atre1 ,,look+ ,,nor?we/ ,9 ! corridor lead+ f ! nor? entrance1 z may be se5 on ! plan1 a r[ ( /ones ) squ>e holes 9 !m 7 plac$ 9 ! pavem5t ne> ! left wall4 ,9 ^! /akes c\ld be set & connect$ by ropes1 ?us mak+ a n>r[ passageway along ! side4 ,! purpose ( ! arrangem5t is n difficult to und]/&4 ,?r\gh ! nor? corridor ! gladiators ent]$ & left ! build+1 & ! wild bea/s 7 br\ght 92 s provision _h to be made to give !m a passage sep>ate f t us$ by ! spectators4 ,be=e ! comm5cem5t ( an exhibition ! :ole entrance 0 accessible to ! populace1 :i* eag]ly cr[d$ =w>d to secure seats 9 good season4 ,:5 !y _h = ! mo/ "p f\nd _! places1 ! b>ri] 0 set up1 & only a n>r[ alley 0 left along ! ea/ wall = belat$ spectators :o wi%$ to pass into ! crypt on t side2 ! re/ ( ! passage 0 res]v$ = ! gladiators1 & ! spectators ^: seats 7 rea*$ f ! opposite bran*es ( ! crypt 7 oblig$ to use ! side entrance 7c74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4--,transv]se section ( ! ,amphi!atre4 ,! middle division 0 sep>at$ f ! summa cavea 7#h7 by a l[ p>apet ) a n>r[ passage 7praec9ctio1 b7 on ! upp] side4 ,! seats ( ! summa cavea c\ld be rea*$ 9 two ways1 by pass+ ?r\gh ! crypt & up ! long flights ( /airs t l$ ?r\gh ! middle division to ! top 7be/ se5 9 ,fig4 #ii71 or by m\nt+ ! /airs on ! outside ( ! build+ to ! t]race 7#aj71 :i* has ! same level z ! highe/ r[s ( seats2 x is also ( ! same height z ! city wall1 ) :i* x is m]g$ on ! s\? & ea/ sides4 ,! t]race 0 no d\bt ! pr9cipal means ( access2 ample provision 0 made = ! cr[d by build+ two l>ge d\ble /airways 7#aa71 ) small] s+le flights at ! corn]s :]e ! t]race jo9$ ! city wall 7#ab74 ,betwe5 ! t]race & ! seats ( ! summa cavea 0 an elevat$ gall]y1 divid$ up into small boxes1 ab\t f\r feet squ>e2 "u ! r[ ( boxes 7 vault$ vomitoria1 mak+ ! seats ( ! summa cavea accessible f ! t]race4 ,a passage ran along ! outside ( ! boxes1 ) /eps lead+ f ! t]race2 only e ?ird box 0 connect$ ) ?is passage1 h[ev]1 ! o!r two ( ! gr\p be+ ent]$ f a n>r[ ramp along ! front 7,fig4 #ajj74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4--,plan ( ! gall]y4 #a4 ,/eps4 #b4 ,boxes4 ,! ,amphi!atre _h a seat+ capacity ( ab\t tw5ty ?\s& p]sons4 ,we h no in=mation 9 reg>d to ! di/ribution ( seats1 b x may safely be assum$1 f ! arrangem5ts kn[n to h exi/$ else:]e1 t ! l[e/ division 0 res]v$ = ! city (ficials ) _! fri5ds & o!r prom95t p2 t an admission fee 0 *>g$ = ! seats ( ! middle division2 & t ! seats ( ! upp] division 7 free4 ,! gall]y 0 d\btless set aside = wom51 :o 7 p]mitt$ by a regulation promulgat$ 9 ! reign ( ,augu/us to h a place only 9 ! upp] portion ( ! ,amphi!atre4 ,besides ! inscription giv+ ! names ( ! build]s 7p4 #bab7 !re are sev]al o!rs ( int]e/ 9 connection ) ! build+4 ,f\r ( !m1 cut 9 l>ge lett]s 9 ! trav]t9e cop+ ( ! wall ab\t ! ar5a1 commemorate ! con/ruction ( seats4 ,"o reads3 ,l4 ,sag9ius ,,ii vir i4 d4 pro ludis lum9ibus ex decurionum decreto cuneum1--',lucius ,sag9ius1 duumvir ) judici>y au?ority1 9 accordance ) a resolution ( ! city c\ncil 7con/ruct$7 a section ( seats 9 ! place ( ! games & illum9ation1' t o!rwise he w\ld h be5 requir$ to provide4 ,ano!r ( ! s]ies is ev5 m abbreviat$1 b ! mean+ is cle>3 ,,mag 4 ,,pag 4 ,,aug 4 ,f 4 ,s 4 ,,pro 4 ,,lud 4 ,,ex 4 ,d 4 ,d1 t is1 ,magi/ri ,pagi ,augu/i ,felicis ,suburbani pro ludis ex decurionum decreto1--',! (ficials ( ! suburb ,pagus ,augu/us ,felix by au?ority ( a resolution ( ! city c\ncil 7con/ruct$ a section ( seats7 9 ! place ( provid+ games4' ,f an inscription 9 ! ,/abian ,ba?s1 to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made 7p4 #aie71 x is cle> t "s fre$om ( *oice 0 p]mitt$ to ! city (ficials reg>d+ ! disposition ( ! sum :i* !y 7 requir$ to contribute = public purposes 9 recognition ( ! honor conf]r$ ^u !m by _! election4 ,! ,amphi!atre 0 n provid$ ) seats at ! beg9n+1 & "o w$ge-%ap$ section 7cuneus7 aft] ano!r 0 add$ until ! divisions 7 complete2 mean:ile ! spectators made !mselves z com=table z !y c\ld on ! slop+ gr\nd4 ,z ! organization ( ! ,pagus ,augu/us ,felix did n take place till #g ,b4,c41 ! con/ruction ( ! seats c\ld n at t "t h be5 complet$2 b !y 7 all f9i%$ be=e ! ov]:elm+ ( ! city4 ,! nor? entrance to ! ar5a 0 adorn$ ) two portrait /atues ( ,gaius ,cuspius ,pansa1 fa!r & son1 plac$ 9 ni*es 9 ! walls fac+ ea* o!r4 ,! /atues h disappe>$1 b ! inscriptions und]nea? are /ill 9 place4 ,:at s]vices ! ,pansas _h r5d]$ 9 connection ) ! ,amphi!atre to m]it ?is di/9ction1 we d n "k2 b ! fa!r1 z ! inscription indicates1 0 'prefect 9 accordance ) ! law ( ,petronius' 7p4 #ad72 t is1 he 0 appo9t$ by ! city c\ncil to ex]cise ! functions ( ! two duumvirs :5 no valid election occurr$4 ,bulw] ,lytton1 by a natural error1 makes ,pansa a commission] to secure ! execution ( an altoge!r diff]5t ,lex ,petronia1 :i* =bade ! giv+ ( slaves to wild bea/s unless judicial s5t5ce _h be5 previ\sly pass$ ^u !m4 ,! attraction ( ! gladiatorial exhibitions1 toge!r ) ! ample seat+ capacity ( ! build+1 /imulat$ att5dance f neighbor+ cities1 & on "o occasion un=tunate results foll[$4 ,9 ! ye> #ei ,a4,d4 a ,roman s5ator1 ,liv9eius ,regulus1 :o _h be5 expell$ f ! ,s5ate1 & _h app>5tly tak5 up 8 resid5ce at ,pompeii1 gave an exhibition t attract$ a great conc\rse4 ,among ^? :o came to witness ! combats 7 _m inhabitants ( ,nuc]ia4 ,! p ( ! two t[ns may n h be5 on ! be/ ( t]ms previ\sly2 :atev] ! cause1 ! ,pompeians & ,nuc]ians comm5c$ ) mutual bant]+ & recrim9ations1 !n resort$ to /one-?r[+1 & f9ally engag$ 9 a free fight ) weapons4 ,! ,nuc]ians1 z c easily be und]/ood1 f>$ ! worse1 hav+ _m kill$ & w\nd$4 ,!y c>ri$ ! matt] to ,rome1 lodg+ a compla9t ) ,n]o2 ! emp]or ref]r$ ! case to ! ,s5ate1 :i* decre$ t ,regulus & ! lead]s ( ! di/urbance %\ld be s5t into exile1 t ! ,pompeians %\ld n be p]mitt$ to hold any gladiatorial exhibitions = ! space ( t5 ye>s1 & t ! illegal societies at ,pompeii--9 reg>d to :i*1 un=tunately1 we h no fur!r in=mation--%\ld be dissolv$4 ,f ! receipts ( ,caecilius ,jucundus we le>n1 fur!r1 t ! duumvirs ( ! ye> #ei 7 remov$ f (fice1 & t ) ! new duumvirs1 elect$ 9 _! places1 a magi/rate ) extraord9>y p[]s1 praefectus iuri dicundo1 0 associat$--measures t indicate h[ s]i\s ! di/urbance ( public ord] mu/ h be54 ,rem9isc5ces ( ?is bloody fray are f\nd 9 sev]al inscriptions scrat*$ on walls2 & a lively idea ( x is giv5 by a wall pa9t+ f\nd 9 #ahfi 9 a h\se ne> ! !atres1 n[ 9 ! ,naples ,museum 7,fig4 #aja74 ,! picture is ( special int]e/ z ?r[+ light on ! surr\nd+s ( ! ,amphi!atre & "s ( its arrangem5ts4 ,! op5 space ) ! trees 9 ! =egr\nd1 among :i* are v>i\s boo?s1 rem9d "o ( a p>k2 at ! "r is a s+le h\se4 ,x is cle> f ! pa9t+ t ! wom5's boxes1 9 ! gall]y1 7 ar*$ 9 front2 & we see h[ ! great awn+1 velum1 0 /ret*$ ov] ! s\? end to protect ! audi5ce f ! sun4 ,x 0 c>ri$ by ! two t[]s ( ! city wall 7"o ( !m is indicat$ on ! plan1 #ac7 & by ma/s t /ood 9 ! passage beh9d ! wom5's boxes1 :]e sev]al ( ! p]=at$ /ones 9 :i* !y 7 set may /ill be se54 ,t ! sports ( ! ,amphi!atre _h at all times ! ke5e/ int]e/ = ! ,pompeians is evid5t1 n only f ! numb] ( notices hav+ to d ) ! games1 :i* we see pa9t$ 9 r$ on walls along ! /reets or on tombs by ! roadside1 b also f ! c\ntless graffiti 9 bo? h\ses & public places hav+ ref]5ce to combats & favorite gladiators4 ,! limits ( space d n p]mit u to describe ! gladiatorial exhibitions z !y took place at ,pompeii & o!r ,roman cities2 b ! inscriptions br+ s ne> to u ! sc5es & excitem5t ( ^? days t x seems wor? :ile to quote & int]pret a few typical examples4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4--;,conflict betwe5 ! ,pompeians & ! ,nuc]ians4 ,wall pa9t+4 ,on a tomb ne> ! ,nuc]ia ,gate1 excavat$ 9 #ahhf1 is ! foll[+ notice1 pa9t$ 9 r$ lett]s3 ,gladiatorum p>ia ,,xx ,q4 ,monni ,rufi pugnabunt ,nola ,kal5dis ,mais1 ,,vi4 ,v4 ,nonas ,maias1 et v5atio erit1--',tw5ty pairs ( gladiators1 furni%$ by ,qu9tus ,monnius ,rufus1 w fight at ,nola ,may #a1 #b1 & #c1 & !re w be a hunt4' ,! =ms ( ! lett]s & ! num]\s ligatures po9t to a comp>atively e>ly p]iod1 p]haps ant$at+ ! reign ( ,augu/us4 ,! 'hunt1' v5atio1 0 an exhibition ( wild bea/s1 :i* sometimes 7 pitt$ aga9/ "o ano!r1 sometimes f\ght ) m54 ,ano!r tomb close by be>s a notice ( a gladiatorial combat to take place at ,nuc]ia4 ,a /ill l>g] numb] ( gladiators is ann\nc$ 9 ?is notice3 ,cn4 ,allei ,nigidi ,mai qu9qu5nalis gladiatorum p>ia ,,xxx et eorum suppositicii pugnabunt ,pompeis ,,viii ,,vii ,,vi ,kal5das ,decembres4 ,v5atio erit4 ,maio qu9qu5nali felicit]4 ,p>is vale1--',?irty pairs ( gladiators furni%$ by ,cn4 ,alleius ,nigidius ,maius1 qu9qu5nial duumvir1 toge!r ) _! sub/itutes1 w fight at ,pompeii ,novemb] #bd1 #be1 #bf4 ,!re w be a hunt4 ,hurrah = ,maius ! qu9qu5nial6 ,bravo1 ,p>is6' ,! sub/itutes 7 to take ! place ( ! kill$ or w\nd$1 t ! sport might n suff] int]ruption4 ,nigidius ,maius appe>s to h be5 a ri* ,pompeian ( ! "t ( ,claudius4 ,9 ano!r pa9t$ inscription1 he adv]tises a consid]able prop]ty = r5t 7p4 #dhi74 ,8 daught]1 z we "k f an inscription belong+ to a /atue erect$ 9 h] honor1 0 a prie/ess ( ,v5us & ,c]es4 ,p>is 0 probably a popul> gladiator4 ,o!r (ficials besides duumvirs provid$ exhibitions4 ,?us an a$ile3 ,a4 ,suetti ,c]ti a$ilis familia gladiatoria pugnabx ,pompeis pridie ,kal5das ,iunias2 v5atio et vela erunt1--',! gladiatorial troop ( ! a$ile ,aulus ,suettius ,c]tus w fight at ,pompeii ,may #ca2 !re w be a hunt1 & awn+s w be provid$4' ,! foll[+ notice c be dat$1 approximately3 ,d4 ,lucreti ,satri ,val5tis flam9is ,n]onis ,caes>is ,augu/i fili p]petui gladiatorum p>ia ,,xx1 et ,d4 ,lucreti ,val5tis fili gladiatorum p>ia ,x pugnabunt ,pompeis ,,vi ,v ,,iv ,,iii pridie ,idus ,apriles4 ,v5atio legitima et vela erunt4 ,scripsit ,aemilius ,cel] s+ulus ad lunam1--',tw5ty pairs ( gladiators furni%$ by ,decimus ,lucretius ,satrius ,val5s1 p]man5t prie/ ( ,n]o1 son ( ! emp]or1 & t5 pairs ( gladiators furni%$ by ,decimus ,lucretius ,val5s 8 son1 w fight at ,pompeii ,april #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 & #ab4 ,!re w be a big hunt1 & awn+s4 ,aemilius ,cel] wrote ?is1 all alone by ! light ( ! moon4' ,! ref]5ce to ,n]o z ! son ( ! emp]or1 %[s t ! inscription 0 writt5 aft] he 0 adopt$ by ,claudius1 9 #ej ,a4,d41 & be=e ,claudius's dea?1 9 #ed4 ,cel] 0 an ent]pris+ pa9t] ( notices1 ^: "n appe>s else:]e 9 a simil> connection4 ,besides ! g5]al ann\ncem5t ( a gladiatorial exhibition1 a detail$ programme1 libellus1 0 prep>$ 9 advance1 ( :i* copies 7 sold4 ,no su* copy has come d[n to u1 b ! "* ( ! cont5ts ( a programme may be inf]r$ f ! ord] ( ev5ts :i* a ,pompeian ) wa/e "t on 8 h&s scrat*$ on a wall2 ! memor&um cov]s two exhibitions1 :i* came ne> toge!r 9 ! e>ly "p ( ,may1 ! result ( ea* combat be+ c>efully not$4 ,un=tunately ! lett]s h n[ become almo/ illegible2 b we give ! sup]scription & ?ree ( ! n9e pairs ( combatants m5tion$ 9 ! second programme1 :i* is ! bett] pres]v$ ( ! two1 add+ 9 a sep>ate column ! full =ms ( ! abbreviat$ words2 ! figures indicate ! numb] ( combats 9 :i* ! diff]5t gladiators _h tak5 "p3-- ,,munus4,n 444 ,,iv4,,iii ,munus ,n 444 ,,iv4 ,,iii4 ,,prid4,,idus4,,idi,,bus4,,mai,s pridie ,idus1 ,idibus ,mais ,t ,m ,?rex1 ,myrmillo v4 ,,pugnax4,,n]4,,iii vicit4 ,pugnax1 ,n]onianus1 ,,iii p4 ,,murranus4,,n]4,,iii p]iit4 ,murranus1 ,n]onianus1 ,,iii ,o ,t ,hoploma*us1 ,?rex v4 ,,cycnus4,,iul4,,viiii vicit4 ,cycnus1 ,iulianus1 ,,viiii m4 ,,atticus4,,iul4,,xiv missus e/4 ,atticus1 ,iulianus1 ,,xiv ,,ess ,ess$>ii m4 ,p4,,o/orius4,,li missus e/4 ,publius ,o/orius1 ,,li4 v4 ,,scylax4,,iul4,,xxvi vicit4 ,scylax1 ,iulianus1 ,,xxvi ,! "n ( ! (ficial :o gave ! exhibition 7munus7 is oblit]at$4 ,! conte/s ext5d$ ov] f\r days1 ,may #ab-ae4 ,9 ! fir/ pair ( gladiators ,pugnax1 equipp$ ) ,?racian weapons--a small1 r\nd %ield & %ort1 curv$ sword or dagg]--0 mat*$ ) ! ,myrmillo ,murranus1 :o bore arms ( ! ,gallic fa%ion1 ) ! image ( a fi% on 8 helmet4 ,bo? 7 ,n]oniani2 t is1 f ! tra9+ s*ool = gladiators f\nd$ by ,n]o1 app>5tly at ,capua4 ,pugnax & ,murranus _h bo? be5 ?r\gh ?ree conte/s previ\sly4 ,! "n ( a gladiator ent]+ a combat = ! fir/ "t 0 n foll[$ by a numb]1 b by ! lett] ,t1 /&+ = tiro1 'novice4' ,at ! left we see ! record add$ to ! programme by ! writ] 9 ord] to give ! result ( ! combat4 ,pugnax 0 ! victor1 ,murranus 0 kill$4 ,9 ! second pair ,cycnus1 9 heavy armor1 0 pitt$ aga9/ ,atticus1 :o _h ! ,?racian arms4 ,bo? 7 f ! tra9+ s*ool f\nd$ by ,julius ,caes>1 probably at ,capua1 & h5ce are call$ ,iuliani4 ,cycnus won1 b ! audi5ce _h compassion on ,atticus1 & 8 life 0 sp>$4 ,! same t]m 0 appli$ to a defeat$ gladiator p]mitt$ to leave ! ar5a z to a soldi] hav+ an honorable dis*>ge--missus1 'let g4' ,! ?ird pair f\ght 9 *>iots1 be+ dress$ 9 ,briti% co/ume4 ,scylax 0 f ! ,julian s*ool4 ,su* e/abli%m5ts let out gladiators to ^? :o gave exhibitions1 & obta9$ 9 ?is way a consid]able income4 ,b ,publius ,o/orius1 z 8 "n implies1 0 a freeman2 presumably he 0 a gladiator1 :o1 hav+ s]v$ a full t]m1 _h secur$ 8 fre$om1 & 0 n[ fight+ on 8 own acc\nt4 ,?\gh beat51 he 0 p]mitt$ to live1 p]haps on acc\nt ( 8 cr$itable record2 he _h engag$ 9 fifty-"o combats4 ,! combatants f ! s*ools ( ,caes> & ,n]o 7 especially popul>1 & 7 g5]ally victori\s2 b gladiators belong+ to o!r proprietors are m5tion$1 z 9 ! inscriptions ( a h\se on ,nola ,/reet1 :i* w be m5tion$ aga9 pres5tly4 ,"h we f9d gladiators :o 7 evid5tly freem5 nam$ ) o!rs :o 7 slaves ( diff]5t ma/]s4 ,9 only "o ( ^! inscriptions1 h[ev]1 d we f9d ! "n ( an own] t is kn[n to u3 ,ess$arius ,auriolus ,sis5nae4 ,! *>iot fight] ,auriolus belong$ to a ,sis5na1 seem+ly ei!r ! ,sis5na ,/atilius ,taurus1 :o 0 consul 9 #af ,a4,d41 or 8 son ( ! same "n4 ,z we h se51 x 0 a ,/atilius ,taurus :o built ! fir/ p]man5t amphi!atre 9 ,rome1 9 #bi ,b4,c4 ,! control ( ?is build+ rema9$ 9 ! h&s ( ! family4 ,9 ! columb>ium 9 :i* ! a%es ( _! slaves & fre$m5 7 plac$1 we f9d inscriptions ( a 'gu>d ( ! amphi!atre1' & ( a 'doorkeep]'--cu/os de amphi!atro1 o/i>ius ab amphi!atro4 ,x is highly probable t ! family--! fir/ 9 ,rome aft] ! imp]ial h\se--possess$ a tra9+ s*ool1 & d]iv$ an income f furni%+ gladiators to ^? :o gave exhibitions4 ,9 view ( ^! facts1 we mu/ suppose t ! 'troop' 7familia gladiatoria7 ( ,suettius ,c]tus1 = example1 0 simply a b& ( gladiators br\ght toge!r = a p>ticul> engagem5t1 n a p]man5t organization4 ,! giv] ( an exhibition w\ld make a contract = ! gladiators t he might ne$4 ,at ! close ( ! combats ! dead w\ld be c\nt$1 ! surviv+ freem5 paid (f & dismiss$1 & ! surviv+ slaves return$ to _! ma/]s1 '! troop' ?us go+ out ( exi/5ce4 ,occasionally ! individual :o provid$ ! combats w\ld erect a monum5t to ! fall51 by way ( p]petuat+ ! memory ( 8 munific5ce4 ,a famili> example is ! memorial set up by ,gaius ,salvius ,capito at ,v5osa1 ( :i* ! inscription is extant4 ,! names are giv5 ( ! gladiators :o 7 kill$1 toge!r ) ! numb] ( _! previ\s combats & victories4 ,!y 7 slaves ( diff]5t ma/]s1 only "o ( !m1 ,optatus1 be+ own$ by ,capito himself4 ,optatus 0 a tiro1 :o fell ?us 9 8 fir/ conte/4 ,possibly 8 ma/] _h oblig$ him1 on acc\nt ( "s misdemeanor1 to ent] ! ar5a ) little previ\s tra9+4 ,besides ! classes ( inscriptions ( :i* examples h be5 pres5t$1 all sorts ( scrat*es ^u ! pla/]$ walls be> witness to ! g5]al en?usiasm = gladiatorial sports4 ,sometimes !re is simply ! "n ( a gladiator1 ) 8 s*ool & ! numb] ( combats1 z ,auctus1 ,iulianus1 ,,xxxxx2 sometimes we f9d a r\gh outl9e ( a figure ) a boa/ful leg5d1 z ,h]maiscus invictus hac1 ',"h's ! unconqu]$ ,h]maiscus4' ,!re are also memor&a 9 reg>d to p>ticul> combats1 illu/rat$ by rude sket*es4 ,?us on a wall 9 ! h\se ( ! ,c5t5>y we f9d a draw+ ( a gladiator 9 flight1 pursu$ by ano!r1 ) ! note3 ,(ficiosus fugit ,,viii ,idus ,novembres ,druso ,caes>e ,m4 ,iunio ,silano cos41--',(ficiosus fl$ on ,novemb] #f1 9 ! ye> #ae ,a4,d4' ,a simil> sket* has be5 f\nd 9 ano!r h\se1 ) ^! words writt5 beside ! flee+ gladiator1 ,q4 ,petronius ,octavu ,,xxxiii1 missus2 beside ! pursu]1 ,sev]us libertus1 ,,xxxxxv1 vicit4 ,sev]us 0 ?us a gladiator :o _h be5 a slave1 & _h ga9$ 8 fre$om3 he _h f\ght fifty-five combats4 ,petronius ,octavus may h be5 a freeman1 :o _h f\ght on 8 own acc\nt f ! beg9n+4 ,9 tav]ns a pa9t+ ( a gladiator ) an inscription l ! record ( a programme 0 a favorite subject ( decoration4 ,a?letes 9 all ages h won ! admiration ( ! g5tl] sex2 & x w\ld be surpris+ if among s _m gladiatorial graffiti !re 7 n "s conta9+ ref]5ces to female admir]s4 ,9 ! p]i/yle ( a h\se on ,nola ,/reet 7,v4 v4 #c7 ! names ( ab\t ?irty gladiators are f\nd2 ! k9ds ( weapons & ! own]s are designat$1 & ! numb] ( previ\s combats giv51 z 9 ! programmes1 :ile records ( ! results ( ! combats are entirely lack+4 ,t]ms ( ende>m5t are lavi%$ ^u two1 ,celadus1 ,?rex1 & ,cresc5s1 net fight]2 ,celadus is suspirium puell>um1 'maid5s' sigh1' & puell>um decus1 'glory ( girls'2 :ile ,cresc5s is pup>um dom9us1 '"l o' lassies1' & pup>um m$icus1 '! d>l+s' doctor4' ,ano!r graffito in=ms u t at "o "t--be=e ! ye> #fc--;a gladiator liv$ 9 ?is h\se3 ,samus _/ ,c _/ murmillo1 idem eques1 hic habitat1--',samus1 :o has f\ght once1 & once conqu]$ 7,c is = corona1 'cr[n'71 ,myrmillo1 & at ! same "t fight] on horseback1 lives "h4' ,o!r gladiators1 no d\bt1 %>$ ! dwell+ ) him2 & ! amatory graffiti may h be5 writt5 by "o & ano!r miles gloriosus1 ref]r+ to conque/s outside ! ar5a1 or by companions 9 bitt] scorn4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi ,,/reets1 ,,wat] ,,sy/em1 ,,& ,,wayside ,,%r9es ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4--,view ( ,abbondanza ,/reet1 look+ ea/4 ,at ! left1 f\nta9 ( ,concordia ,augu/a1 & side entrance ( ! ,euma*ia build+4 ,9 ! pavem5t1 ?ree /epp+ /ones4 ,! /reets ( ,pompeii v>y greatly 9 wid?4 ,! wide/ is ,m]cury ,/reet1 ! cont9uation ( :i* ne> ! ,=um has a bread? ( ne>ly #cb feet4 ,next come ,abbondanza & ,nola /reets1 ! greate/ wid? ( :i* is ab\t #bh feet2 ! o!r /reets & ?or\ghf>es v>y f #aj to #bj feet4 ,) unimportant exceptions1 broad & n>r[ /reets alike are pav$ ) polygonal blocks ( basalt1 :i* 9 lay+ 7 fitt$ to "o ano!r ) great c>e2 on bo? sides are rais$ sidewalks1 ) basalt or tufa curb+4 ,! sidewalks 9 "s places are pav$ ) small /ones1 else:]e are laid ) concrete1 or left ) a surface ( beat5 e>?4 ,z !re is no uni=mity1 ! sidewalk v>y+ 9 front ( adjo9+ h\ses1 x is cle> t ! *oice ( mat]ials 0 left to individual own]s ( abutt+ prop]ty4 ,! limits ( own]%ip are (t5 designat$ by b\nd>y /ones1 laid 9 ! surface ( ! walk4 ,broad ruts1 worn by :eels1 are se5 9 ! pavem5t1 %all[] 9 places :]e ! basalt flags1 cut f ! l[e/ /ratum ( ! /ream ( lava1 are p>ticul>ly h>d2 deep] :]ev] !re are blocks qu>ri$ ne>] ! surface4 ,only ! pr9cipal /reets 7 wide en\gh to all[ wagons to meet & pass2 else:]e driv]s mu/ h wait$ at a corn] = a com+ team to g by4 ,x seems likely t driv+ on ! /reets ( ! city 0 =bidd51 :eel$ vehicles be+ us$ only = traffic2 p :o wi%$ to ride avail$ !mselves ( litt]s4 ,at v>i\s places along ! ?or\ghf>es1 b p>ticul>ly at ! corn]s1 l>ge oblong /epp+ /ones ) r\nd$ corn]s 7 set 9 ! pavem5t at conv5i5t di/ances = ^? wi%+ to cross1 ! surface be+ on a level ) ! sidewalk4 ,! numb] v>i$ accord+ to ! wid? ( ! pavem5t2 9 ! broade/ /reets z _m z five 7 us$4 ,!y 7 arrang$ always 9 su* a way z to leave places = ! wagon :eels4 ,x is n difficult to und]/& h[ ,pompeian driv]s guid$ _! teams pa/ !m2 draft animals 7 atta*$ to ! wagon by means ( a yoke fa/5$ to ! end ( ! pole1 &1 z !re 7 no tugs or :ippletrees1 !y _h a great] fre$om ( movem5t ?an is all[$ to mod]n teams4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t s complete a sy/em ( pav+ exi/$ f ! beg9n+ ( ! city4 ,"s light is ?r[n on ! p]iod ( its lay+ by two inscriptions1--"o1 ,,ex 4 ,k 4 ,,qui1 cut 9 ! edge ( ! sidewalk we/ ( ,insula ,,ix4 iv42 ! o!r1 ,k 4 ,q1 9 ! pavem5t betwe5 ! second & f\r? ,insulae ( ,region ,,vii4 ,bo? are evid5tly dates1 & 9 full w\ld read ex ,kal5dis ,qu9ctilibus1 'f ! fir/ day ( ,july1' & ,kal5dis ,qu9ctilibus1 ',july #a4' ,app>5tly !y relate to ! lay+ ( ! pavem5t2 ?is 0 9 place1 ev5 9 ! unimportant side /reet ( ,region ,,vii1 :5 ! inscriptions 7 cut1 & s mu/ g back to ! "t be=e ! "n ( ! mon? ,qu9ctilis 0 *ang$ to ,iulius1 our ,july4 ,pompeii 0 pav$1 !re=e1 be=e #dd ,b4,c4 ,! /epp+ /ones 7 p>ticul>ly useful :5 !re 0 a heavy ra92 = ! wat] !n fl[$ 9 torr5ts d[n ! /reets1 z x does to-day 9 ,catania1 :]e ! inhabitants h light bridges :i* !y ?r[ ov] ! cross+s aft] a /orm4 ,!re 7 cov]$ conduits to c>ry (f ! surface dra9age ( ! ,=um1 "o ( :i* runs "u ! ,/rada delle ,scuole to ! s\?1 ! o!r "u ! ,via ,m>9a to ! we/4 ,else:]e ! wat] ru%$ d[n ! /reets till x came ne> ! city walls1 :]e x 0 collect$ & c>ri$ (f by l>ge /orm sew]s4 ,^! are /ill 9 successful op]ation1 z are also ! conduits at ! ,=um4 ,"o is at ! we/ end ( ! ,vico dei ,sopra/anti1 ano!r at ! we/ end ( ,nola ,/reet2 & a ?ird leads f ,abbondanza ,/reet1 :]e x is cross$ by ,/abian ,/reet1 t[>d ! s\?4 ,!re 7 o!r sew]s 9 ! city1 b !y 7 ( small dim5sions & h n be5 fully inve/igat$4 ,!y seem g5]ally to h be5 "u sidewalks4 ,!y 7 n design$ to receive surface wat]1 b ! dra9age ( h\ses4 ,!y _c h s]v$ ?is purpose fully1 h[ev]1 = mo/ ( ! closets 7 connect$1 n ) ! sew]s1 b ) cesspools4 ,aft] ! lapse ( m ?an eighte5 c5turies1 ! visitor at ,pompeii w di/+ui% at a glance ! bus9ess /reets f ^? less frequ5t$4 ,! sides ( ! =m] are l9$ ) %ops2 along ! latt] are blank walls1 brok5 only by h\se doors1 ) n[ & !n a small w9d[ high above ! pavem5t4 ,! greate/ volume ( bus9ess 0 transact$ on ! two ma9 ?or\ghf>es1 ,/abian & ,nola /reets2 next 9 importance 7 ,abbondanza ,/reet1 lead+ f ! ,=um t[>d ! ,s>no ,gate1 & ! cont9uation ( ,augu/ales ,/reet f ! nor? end ( ! ,=um t[>d ! ea/4 ,fir/ 9 ! li/ ( quiet ?or\ghf>es is ! broad ,m]cury ,/reet1 along :i* 7 _m homes ( weal?2 ! nor? end ( x is clos$ by ! city wall4 ,!re 7 _m f\nta9s along ! /reets ( ,pompeii1 mo/ ( !m at ! corn]s4 ,!y 7 f$ by pipes connect+ ) ! wat] sy/em ( ! city4 ,! con/ruction is simple4 ,a deep bas9 0 made by plac+ on _! edges f\r l>ge slabs ( basalt1 held toge!r at ! corn]s by iron clamps4 ,above "o ( ! long] sides1 usually ne> ! middle1 is a %ort1 ?ick /&>d1 ( ! same /one1 pi]c$ = ! lead fe$ pipe1 :i* ?rew a jet ( wat] =w>d into ! bas9 bel[2 on ! opposite side is a depression ?r\gh :i* ! sup]flu\s wat] ran (f into ! /reet4 ,mo/ ( ^! /&>ds are ornam5t$ ) reliefs1 r\ghly c>v$ b effective1--an eagle ) a h>e 9 its beak1 a calf's head1 a bu/ ( ,m]cury1 a head ( ,m$usa1 a drunk5 ,sil5us 7,fig4 #ajc71 or "s o!r suitable design1 arrang$ s t ! wat] w\ld spurt f ! m\? ( ! figure or f an amphora4 ,occasionally we f9d a f\nta9 ( f9] mat]ial4 ,t ( ,concordia ,augu/a1 ( lime/one1 has already be5 m5tion$ 7p4 #aag74 ,9 ! neighborhood ( ! ,porta ,m>9a !re is a f\nta9 ( :ite m>ble ) a relief %[+ a cock t has tipp$ ov] a j>1 f ! m\? ( :i* ! wat] fl[$4 ,bo? ^! m co/ly f\nta9s 7 probably ! gift ( private individuals1 "o pres5t$ to ! city by ,euma*ia1 ! o!r by ! own] ( ! ne>e/ h\se1 at ,,vii4 xv4 #a-b4 ,all ! f\nta9s be> witness to long use by ! depressions worn 9 ! /one by ! h&s ( ^? lean+ =w>d to dr9k4 ,wat] t[]s /& at ! sides ( ! /reets1 small pill>s ( masonry pres]v$ ord9>ily to ! height ( #bj feet4 ,usually on "o side !re is a deep p]p5dicul> groove 7%[n 9 ,fig4 #ajc7 9 :i* ran ! pipe t c>ri$ ! wat] to ! top ( ! t[]1 :]e x 0 receiv$ by a small op5 res]voir1 presumably ( metal1 & di/ribut$ ?r\gh num]\s small pipes lead+ to ! f\nta9s & to private h\ses4 ,! sides ( ! t[]s are (t5 cov]$ ) incru/ations ( lime deposit$ f ! wat]1 9 :i* ! impressions ( ! lead pipes are /ill to be se52 9 ! case ( "o t[]1 at ! nor!a/ corn] ( ,insula ,,vi4 xiii1 a numb] ( ! pipes h be5 pres]v$4 ,a res]voir 0 plac$ also on ! top ( ! commemorative ar* at ! l[] end ( ,m]cury ,/reet1 on :i* /ood ! bronze /atue ( ,n]o or ,caligula 7p4 #dh72 ! traces ( ! pipes lead+ f x are cle>ly se5 on ! surface ( ! ar*4 ,simil> wat] t[]s are 9 use n[ 9 ,con/ant9ople & ,pal]mo1 hav+ be5 introduc$ into ! latt] city1 x w\ld seem1 by ! ,s>ac5s1 :o v likely took _! wat] sy/em f t ( ! ,turki% capital4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4--;,f\nta91 wat] t[]1 & /reet %r9e1 corn] ( ,/abian & ,nola /reets4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! arrangem5ts1 ,pompeii 0 well suppli$ ) wat]4 ,!re 7 fl[+ jets 9 all h\ses except ! poore/1 & 9 "s ! am\nt us$ mu/ h be5 l>ge4 ,9 ! h\se ( ! ,vettii !re 7 no less ?an sixte5 jets1 9 ! h\se ( ! ,silv] ,w$d+1 sev52 & an equally g5]\s di/ribution is f\nd 9 _m o!r ( ! m ext5sive private e/abli%m5ts4 ,l>ge quantities ( wat] 7 us$ also 9 ! public ba?s4 ,! wat] pipes 7 made ( %eet lead fold$ toge!r1 a transv]se section %[+ ! %ape ( a pe>4 ,!y 7 ( all sizes1 accord+ to ! pressure2 ! fl[ ( wat] 0 regulat$ by means ( /opcocks1 mu* l ^? 9 use to-day4 ,across ! /reet f ! ,ba?s ne> ! ,=um1 on ! we/1 is a deep res]voir1 ( :i* we give ! plan 7,fig4 #ajd74 ,x is built p>tly bel[ ! level ( ! sidewalk1 & measures ab\t #ej feet 9 l5g? & #ac 9 wid?1 be+ cov]$ by a vault4 ,9 ! s\? end is a w9d[ 7c71 rea*$ f "o ( ! /airways2 :5 ! res]voir 0 fill$ to ! bottom ( ! w9d[1 x conta9$ n f> f n9ety-five ?\s& gallons4 ,!re 7 two outlets4 ,"o 0 at ! level ( ! floor1 clos$ by means ( a bronze slide2 ! grooves 9 :i* ! slide work$ are pres]v$4 ,?is mu/ h be5 us$ only :5 ! res]voir 0 clean$4 ,! o!r outlet 0 plac$ ab\t ?ree feet above ! floor1 s t ! wat] c\ld be drawn (f )\t di/urb+ ! bottom4 ,on ! flat ro( 7 rooms ! arrangem5t ( :i* _c be det]m9$4 ,simil> res]voirs are f\nd 9 ,con/ant9ople1 design$ to furni% a supply ( wat] 9 case ( siege4 ,su* may h be5 ! purpose ( our /ructure1 :i* seems to h be5 built 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,roman colony4 ,! resid5ts1 rememb]+ ! h>d%ips ( ! siege ( ,sulla1 may h ?\ght x necess>y to make provision aga9/ a simil> /rait 9 ! future4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4--,plan ( res]voir1 we/ ( ! ,ba?s ne> ! ,=um4 a1 b1 c4 ,w9d[s4 d1 e4 ,/airs4 ,! s\rce f :i* ! city receiv$ its wat] supply has n be5 discov]$4 ,evid5tly x did n draw ^u ! s\rces ( ! ,s>no2 ! wat] *annel con/ruct$ by ,fontana 7p4 #be7 runs ?r\gh ! city at a height ( less ?an sixty feet above ! level ( ! sea1 :ile ! anci5t aqu$uct t suppli$ ,pompeii _h s great a head t 9 ! highe/ p>ts ( ! city1 m ?an #acj feet above ! sea1 x =c$ ! wat] to ! top ( ! wat] t[]s1 at lea/ tw5ty feet m4 ,copi\s spr+s c nev] h exi/$ on ! sides ( ,vesuvius2 wat] mu/ h be5 br\ght to ! city f ! m di/ant m\nta9s b\nd+ ! ,campanian pla9 on ! ea/4 ,we c h>dly believe t ! con/ruction ( a wat] *annel = s great a di/ance lay )9 ! res\rces ( s small a t[n4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 ! rema9s ( a great aqu$uct :i*1 />t+ ne> ,avell9o1 a doz5 miles ea/ ( ,nola1 skirt$ ! base ( ,vesuvius on ! nor? & ext5d$ we/w>d1 furni%+ wat] n only to ,naples b also to ,puteoli1 ,baiae1 & ,mis5um4 ,?is anci5t /ructure drew f ! same spr+s1 & foll[$ sub/antially ! same r\te1 z ! new aqu$uct :i* s9ce #ahhe has be5 br++ wat] to ,naples4 ,no inscription 9 reg>d to x has be5 f\nd1 & !re is no ref]5ce to x 9 anci5t books4 ,! rema9s--( :i* ! longe/ section1 kn[n z ,ponti ,rossi1 ',r$ ,bridges1' may be se5 ne> ,naples--seem to indicate two /yles ( con/ruction1 ext5sive repairs hav+ be5 made aft] ! aqu$uct _h be5 p>tly de/roy$2 b up to ! pres5t "t x has n be5 possible to det]m9e ! p]iod to :i* !y belong4 ,! wat] sy/em ( ,pompeii goes back to ! "t be=e ! f\nd+ ( ! ,roman colony4 ,?is is evid5t1 n only f ! arrangem5ts ( ! old] ba?s1 :i* contemplat$ a fre] use ( wat] ?an c\ld well h be5 provid$ by ci/]ns1 b also f ! exi/5ce ( ?ree m>ble supports = f\nta9 bas9s1 :i*1 z %[n by _! /yle ( workman%ip1 ! use ( ,oscan lett]s z mason's m>ks1 & _! location 9 pre-,roman build+s--! temple ( ,apollo1 ! ,=um ,triangul>e1 & ! h\se ( ! ,faun--belong$ to ! e>li] p]iod4 ,if we may ascribe ! build+ ( ! great aqu$uct to ! "t ( peace & prosp]ity 9 ,campania betwe5 ! ,second ,punic ,w> & ! ,social ,w>1 & suppose t ,pompeii1 jo9+ ) o!r t[ns 9 its con/ruction1 0 suppli$ by a bran* f x1 we h a simple & highly probable solution ( ! problem4 ,no?+ 9 ! "* ( ! masonry requires u to assign ! aqu$uct to a lat] date4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! %r9es along ! /reets1 ) few exceptions1 7 d$icat$ to ! gu>dian deities presid+ ov] ?or\ghf>es1 p>ticul>ly ! gods ( /reet cross+s1 ,l>es ,compitales4 ,! wor%ip ( ^! div9ities 9 ,rome 0 reorganiz$ by ,augu/us & plac$ 9 *>ge ( ! prec9ct w>d5s1 vicorum magi/ri1 :o 7 to see t ! wor%ip ( 8 gu>dian _s1 ,g5ius1 0 associat$ ) t ( ! ,l>es at ea* %r9e4 ,! arrangem5ts at ! ,capital 7 naturally foll[$ by ! colonies & o!r cities "u ,roman rule4 ,at ,pompeii ! %r9es ( ! /reet gods diff] greatly 9 size & "*4 ,sometimes !re is a small alt> aga9/ ! side ( a build+1 ) two l>ge s]p5ts1 p]sonifications ( ! ,g5ius ( ! place1 pa9t$ on ! wall ne> x2 "o ( ! s]p5ts1 ) a conspicu\s cre/1 repres5ts a male1 ! o!r1 a female4 ,frequ5tly ! place ( ! alt> is tak5 by a ni*e1 9 :i* ! pass]-by c\ld deposit 8 (f]+4 ,9 our illu/ration 7,fig4 #aje7 we see an anci5t /reet alt> :i* 0 c>efully pres]v$ :5 ! ,c5tral ,ba?s 7 built1 a ni*e be+ made ov] x 9 ! new wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4--;,anci5t alt> 9 new wall1 s\!a/ corn] ( ! ,c5tral ,ba?s4 ,sometimes a l>ge alt> is f\nd1 & ! ,l>es1 ) _! (f]+s1 are pa9t$ on a wall above x4 ,su* a %r9e may be se5 at ! nor?we/ corn] ( ,/abian & ,nola /reets1 betwe5 ! f\nta9 & ! wat] t[] 7,fig4 #ajc74 ,back ( ! alt> is a wall t]m9at+ 9 a gable 7! tiles are mod]n7 on :i* 0 a pa9t$ alt> ) f\r wor%ipp]s clad 9 togas1 & a fluteplay]1 ! insep>able accompanim5t ( a ,roman sacrificial sc5e2 at ! sides 7 ! two ,l>es1 repres5t$ z y\?s1 9 loose tunics conf9$ by a girdle1 hold+ 9 "o h&1 high uplift$1 a dr9k+ horn 7rhyton71 f :i* a jet ( w9e fl[s into a small pail 7situla7 9 ! o!r h&4 ,x is rem>kable t we d n f9d 9 ?is or simil> pa9t+s at ,pompeii1 any figure repres5t+ ! ,g5ius ( ! emp]or1 :ile 9 private h\ses ! ,g5ius ( ! proprietor (t5 has a place ) ! ,l>es1 & sometimes ! ,g5ius ( ! emp]or also2 9 !ory at lea/1 z already rem>k$ 7p4 #ajd71 ! emp]or /ood to all m5 9 ! relation t ! ma/] ( a h\se bore to ! h\sehold4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4--,plan ( a *apel ( ! ,l>es ,compitales4 ,!re is also a small *apel = ! wor%ip ( ! /reet gods on ! we/ side ( ,/abian ,/reet1 ne> ,abbondanza ,/reet4 ,z may be se5 f ! accompany+ plan 7,fig4 #ajf71 at ! left z y ent] is a b5* ( masonry 7#a71 at ! re> a long alt> 7#b74 ,9 ! wall at ! "r is a ni*e = ! bronze or t]ra cotta figures ( ! ,l>es & ! ,g5ius1 :ile ! surface ( ! alt> is divid$ into two p>ts1 = ! sep>ate wor%ip ( ! same div9ities4 ,a simil> *apel is situat$ on ! we/ side ( ,m]cury ,/reet 7,,vi4 viii4 #ad74 ,"h also we f9d a b5* ( masonry1 ) two ni*es above x2 9 ! middle 0 a block ( lime/one :i* may h be5 us$ z an alt>4 ,at ! re> is a door lead+ into a small back room4 ,?is *apel 0 =m]ly ?\ght to be a b>b] %op4 ,x has be5 cu/om>y to assign to ! /reet gods all ( ! %r9es at ! side ( ! /reet4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 o!r div9ities 7 ?us honor$2 & ! only /reet alt> f\nd ) an inscription is consecrat$ to a diff]5t deity4 ,?is alt> is ne> ,nola ,/reet1 on ! ea/ side ( ,insula ,,ix4 vii4 ,on ! wall above two cornucopias are pa9t$ ! words ,salutei sacrum1 ',sacr$ to ,salus'2 ! goddess ( heal? 0 wor%ipp$ "h4 ,ne> ! upp] end ( ! ,=um1 on ! nor? side ( ,insula ,,vii4 vii1 is ano!r alt>1 above :i* is a /ucco relief repres5t+ a sacrifice2 at ! sides ( ! relief are pila/]s1 & ov] x a gable1 9 :i* an eagle is se54 ,?is indicates t ! %r9e 0 d$icat$ to ,jupit]4 ,! l>ge/ ( ! /reet alt>s1 ( tufa1 /&s free 9 a vault$ ni*e on ! nor? side ( ,insula ,,viii4 ii1 b no traces ( pa9t+ are to be se5 ne> x 7,fig4 #ajg74 ,v>i\s div9ities are pa9t$ on ! outside ( h\ses4 ,! l>ge/ picture ( ?is k9d is at ! corn] ( ,abbondanza ,/reet1 on ! ea/ side ( ,insula ,,viii4 iii4 ,x conta9s figures ( ! twelve gods1 di/+ui%$ by _! attributes--,ve/a1 ,diana1 ,apollo1 ,c]es1 ,m9]va1 ,jupit]1 ,juno1 ,vulcan1 ,v5us ,pompeiana1 ,m>s1 ,neptune1 & ,m]cury4 ,und]nea? are ! two s]p5ts1 fac+ ea* o!r1 on ei!r side ( a pa9t$ alt>2 ne> ! alt> are o!r figures t _c be pla9ly di/+ui%$1 probably ( m5 (f]+ sacrifice4 ,?is is n a %r9e--!re is no place = ! (f]+s4 ,! own] ( ! prop]ty 7h\se ( ! ,bo>71 desir$ to place 8 h\sehold "u ! protection ( ^! gods1 p]haps also to pres]ve ! corn] f defilem5t4 ,we (t5 f9d r\ghly sket*$ figures ( s+le gods1 to ! gu>dian c>e ( :om ! ma/] ( a h\se wi%$ to commit 8 int]e/s--mo/ frequ5tly ,m]cury1 ! patron div9ity ( trad]s1 & ,bac*us2 b also ,jupit]1 ,m9]va1 & ,h]cules4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4--,l>ge /reet alt>4 ,sometimes m]ely a pair ( s]p5ts are pa9t$ on a wall1 9 ord] to give a religi\s association to ! place1 z a means ( protection4 ,9 "o case 7ea/ side ( ,insula ,,vii4 xi4 #ab7 an explicit w>n+ 0 pa9t$ on ! pla/] beside !m3 ,otiosis locus hic non e/2 disc$e1 morator1--',no place = loaf]s "h2 move along6' ,,*apt] ,,xxxii ,,! ,,def5ces ,,( ,,! ,,city ,f ! milit>y po9t ( view1 ,pompeii at ! "t ( ! eruption did n possess a sy/em ( def5ces4 ,= _m ye>s previ\sly ! city wall _h be5 kept 9 repair only z a conv5i5ce 9 matt]s ( civil adm9i/ration1 & ! gates _h long s9ce lo/ all appe>ance ( prep>$ness to resi/ attack4 ,! =tifications are n1 h[ev]1 )\t int]e/4 ,!y =m a massive & conspicu\s portion ( ! ru9s1 & z a survival f an e>li] p]iod !y h record$ _m evid5ces ( ! successive *anges ?r\gh :i* ! city pass$4 ,! relation ( ! wall to ! configuration ( ! height on :i* ,pompeii /ood 0 po9t$ out 9 connection ) our g5]al survey ( ! city 7p4 #ca74 ,along ! s\?we/ side1 at ! "t ( ! eruption1 x _h almo/ completely disappe>$4 ,"h1 :]e ! slope 0 /eepe/ & ! city be/ def5d$ by nature1 ! wall _h be5 remov$1 & its place occupi$ by h\ses1 at a comp>atively e>ly date1 probably 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c42 en\gh fragm5ts rema91 h[ev]1 to enable u to det]m9e its location ) c]ta9ty4 ,else:]e ! great] "p ( ! wall is 9 a fair /ate ( pres]vation4 ,! t[]s did n belong to ! orig9al /ructure1 & "o ( ! gates 9 its pres5t =m is ( /ill m rec5t orig94 ,! con/ruction ( ! wall w be readily und]/ood ) ! help ( ! accompany+ illu/rations4 ,fir/1 two p>allel /one walls 7 built1 ab\t #ae feet ap>t & #bh in*es ?ick2 bo? walls 7 /r5g!n$ on ! side t[>d ! city by num]\s buttresses1 ! inn] wall be+ fur!r support$ by massive abutm5ts project+ into ! space betwe5 7,fig4 #ajh74 ,?is space 0 fill$ ) e>?4 ,:5 ! desir$ height1 #bf or #bh feet1 0 rea*$1 a brea/work ( p>apets 0 con/ruct$ on ! out] wall2 ! inn] wall 0 c>ri$ up ab\t #af feet above ! broad passageway on ! top 7,fig4 #aaj7 z a %ield aga9/ ! weapons ( ! enemy1 prev5t+ ! missiles f go+ ov] into ! t[n & caus+ !m to fall :]e ! g>rison c\ld easily pick !m up to hurl back aga94 ,ra9 wat] fall+ on ! top fl[$ t[>d ! outside1 & 0 c>ri$ beyond ! face ( ! masonry by /one wat]sp\ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4--,plan ( a section ( ! city wall4 ,a4 ,inn] wall ) buttresses & abutm5ts4 ,b4 ,out] wall4 ,c4 ,fill+ ( e>? betwe5 ! /one walls4 ,d4 ,t[]4 ,e4 ,/airs lead+ to ! top ( ! wall4 ,= additional /r5g? !re 0 heap$ aga9/ ! inn] wall an embankm5t ( e>?1 :i* /ill rema9s on ! nor? side1 betwe5 ! t5? & twelf? t[]s4 ,at ! "r ( ! ,h]culaneum ,gate ! place ( ! embankm5t & ( ! inn] wall 0 tak5 by a massive /airway 7,e 9 ,fig4 #ajh7 lead+ to ! top4 ,orig9ally1 ! /airs ext5d$ ea/ ab\t #bgj feet1 b aft]w>ds !y 7 demoli%$ = ! great] "p ( ! di/ance1 & h\ses 7 built close to ! wall4 ,!re is a small] /airway ( ! same k9d ea/ ( ! ,/abian ,gate 7,fig4 #aaa74 ,9 ! orig9al /ructure bo? out] & inn] walls 7 built ( hewn blocks ( tufa & lime/one2 b we f9d portions ( ! out] wall1 & all ! t[]s1 ( lava rubble1 ! surface ( :i* 0 cov]$ ) /ucco4 ,! t[]s 7 already /&+1 z %[n by inscriptions1 at ! "t ( ! ,social ,w>4 ,we are !re=e safe 9 believ+ t 9 ! p]iod ( peace foll[+ ! ,second ,punic ,w> ! walls 7 n kept 9 repair1 "s p>ts ( ! out] wall be+ utiliz$ z a qu>ry = build+ /one2 t ) ! adv5t ( ! ,social ,w> !y 7 ha/ily repair$ on ! nor?1 ea/1 & s\? sides1 & /r5g!n$ by t[]s1 b t no attempt 0 made to r5ew ! =tifications on ! /eep s\?we/ side1 betwe5 ! ,h]culaneum ,gate & ! ,=um ,triangul>e1 :]e ! l9e ( ! old wall 0 cov]$ ) build+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4--,view ( ! city wall1 inside1 :]e ! embankm5t has be5 remov$4 ,! door 9 ! t[] at ! left m>ks ! height ( ! embankm5t4 ,:5 ! t[]s 7 add$--probably n long be=e #ij ,b4,c4--!y 7 n di/ribut$ ev5ly along ! wall1 b 7 plac$ :]e !y seem$ to be mo/ ne$$4 ,! we/]n portion ( ! ridge betwe5 ! ,h]culaneum & ,capua ,gates 0 p>ticul>ly favorable = ! approa* ( an enemy2 h5ce ?ree t[]s 7 built ne> toge!r "h1 numb]$ #aj1 #aa1 & #ab on ,plan ,i4 ,ano!r "p ( ! wall especially expos$ 0 on ! s\!a/ side1 :]e ! height cov]$ by ! city slopes gradually d[n to ! pla92 & we f9d five t[]s )9 a comp>atively %ort di/ance1 two ea/ ( ! ,amphi!atre1 ! o!r ?ree fur!r s\?4 ,on ! nor? side1 betwe5 ! ,capua & ,s>no gates1 ! slope is /eep] & two t[]s 7 ?\ght to be suffici5t4 ,t !re 7 once two additional t[]s1 besides ! t5 t h be5 enum]at$1 is evid5t f sev]al ,oscan inscriptions1 pa9t$ 9 r$ lett]s on ! /reet walls ( h\ses4 ,"o ( !m1 ne> ! s\?we/ corn] ( ! h\se ( ! ,faun1 reads ?us3 ',?is way leads betwe5 ,t[]s #aj & #aa1 :]e ,titus ,fisanius is 9 comm&4' ,! /reet ref]r$ to runs betwe5 ! t5? & twelf? ,insulae ( ,region ,,vi1 direct to ! city wall4 ,two o!rs ref] to a ',t[] #ab' ne> ! ,h]culaneum ,gate1 ?is "p ( ! =tifications be+ 9 *>ge ( ,m>as ,adirius4 ,9 a f\r? inscription we read3 ',?is way leads betwe5 ! h\ses ( ,m>as ,ca/ricius & ( ,m>as ,spurnius1 :]e ,vibius ,seximbrius is 9 comm&4' ,9 #ahig1 a fif? inscription became visible on ! nor? side ( ,insula ,,viii4 v-vi1 :]e x _h be5 conceal$ by a coat ( pla/]3 ',?is way leads to ! city build+ 7&7 to ,m9]va4' ,! /reet ref]r$ to is seem+ly ! bl9d alley :i* =m]ly ran ?r\gh ! insula 7,plan ,i74 ,if ?is is correct1 ! sanctu>y ( ,m9]va is ! ,doric temple 9 ! ,=um ,triangul>e2 b ! 'city build+' _c be id5tifi$4 ,! five inscriptions evid5tly date f ! siege ( ,sulla2 !y 7 int5d$ = ! in=mation ( ! soldi]s1 belong+ to ! army ( ! ,allies1 :o 7 qu>t]$ 9 ! city to assi/ 9 its def5ce4 ,at ?is "t !re mu/ h be5 twelve t[]s1 t ne> ! ,h]culaneum ,gate be+ reckon$ la/ 9 ! enum]ation1 z 9 ,plan ,i2 b ! location ( ! two t h disappe>$ has n be5 det]m9$4 ,ano!r sugge/ive rem9d] ( ! same siege is ! "n ,l 4 ,,svla1 scrat*$ by a soldi] 9 ! /ucco on ! inside ( ,t[] #aj1 ne> a loophole4 ,! t[]s1 :i* measure approximately #ca by #be feet1 7 built 9 two /ories1 ) /rong vault$ ceil+s4 ,! floor ( ! second /ory 0 on a level ) ! top ( ! wall1 & ov] ?is /ory 0 a t]race ) battlem5ts1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aaj2 ! ro( se5 on ! two t[]s 9 ,fig4 #aja 0 a lat] addition1 made :5 ! city walls 7 no long] ne$$ z a means ( def5ce4 ,/airways on ! inside gave ready access to ! l[] "p ( ! t[]s1 :i* c\ld be ent]$ f ! city by a door 7,fig4 #aji7 op5+ on ! embankm5t4 ,on ! outside 7 loopholes4 ,bel[1 at ! "r1 0 a sally port1 plac$ ?us 9 ord] t ! soldi]s :5 ru%+ =? might pres5t _! %ields to ! enemy1 leav+ ! "r h& free to use ) (f5sive weapons2 :5 return+ to ! wall !y w\ld1 if possible1 cut _! way to ! sally port 9 ! next t[] to ! "r1 s z to avoid ! dang] ( expos+ _! "r sides to ! enemy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4--,t[] ( ! city wall1 re/or$4 ,f\r ( ! gates h be5 excavat$1 ! ,porta ,m>9a & ! ,/abian1 ,nola & ,h]culaneum gates2 two o!rs1 ! ,vesuvius & ,s>no gates1 h be5 p>tly expos$ to view4 ,! rema9+ two are /ill completely cov]$4 ,all be> evid5ce ( ext5sive repairs1 & "o ( !m1 ! ,h]culaneum ,gate1 0 entirely rebuilt at a comp>atively late p]iod2 ) ?is exception1 h[ev]1 !y seem to h assum$ _! pres5t =m 9 ! ,tufa ,p]iod4 ,?ree ( !m /ill reta9 traces ( decoration ( ! fir/ /yle on ! inn] p>ts4 ,! diff]5t gateways ent] ! walls at v>i\s angles4 ,! ,/abian ,gate may be tak5 z typical4 ,ent]+ f ! outside1 at ,a1 "o came ?r\gh a vault$ passage1 ,b1 ab\t twelve feet wide1 to a broad middle passage1 or vantage c\rt1 op5 to ! sky1 into :i* missiles & boil+ pit* c\ld be hurl$ f above ^u ! heads ( an enemy attempt+ to =ce ! gates2 !n foll[$ a second vault$ passage1 a little wid] ?an ! o!r1 9 :i* 7 hung ! heavy d\ble doors1 op5+ outw>d4 ,! project+ po/s ( ! doors are pres]v$1 z are also ! /ones on :i* !y re/$ :5 !y 7 swung back aga9/ ! wall2 ! vault+ has be5 re/or$4 ,! gateway 0 pav$ ?r\gh\t1 ) a rais$ walk on ! "r side4 ,on "o side ( ! inn] entrance is a well 7a71 ! ,gorgon's head ^u ! curb rem9d+ "o ( ! protectress ( ! gate2 on ! o!r1 ! flight ( /eps already m5tion$ 7b7 leads to ! top ( ! wall4 ,j beyond ! /eps are ! rema9s ( a small build+1 p]haps ! lodge ( ! gate keep] 7c74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4--,plan ( ! ,/abian ,gate4 ,b4 ,out] passage4 ,c4 ,vantage c\rt4 ,d4 ,doors4 a4 ,well4 b4 ,/eps lead+ to ! top ( ! wall4 c4 ,gatekeep]'s lodge4 d4 ,oscan inscription4 e4 ,lat9 inscription4 ,! patron div9ity ( city gates1 ,m9]va1 0 probably honor$ ) a small /atue 9 ! ni*e /ill to be se5 9 ! wall ( ! vantage c\rt4 ,two inscriptions commemorate ! mak+ ( repairs on ! ?or\ghf>e pass+ "u ! gateway4 ,"o ( !m 7at d7 is ! ,oscan inscription record+ ! "w ( ! a$iles ,sittius & ,pontius1 to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made 7p4 #ahd74 ,! o!r 7at e7 is 9 ,lat91 & ( mu* lat] date4 ,x in=ms u t ! duumvirs ,l4 ,avianius ,flaccus & ,q4 ,sp$ius ,firmus at _! own exp5se pav$ ! road 'f ! mile/one1' :i* mu/ h be5 ne> ! gate1 'to ! /ation ( ! gig driv]s 7cisi>ios71 at ! limits ( ! t]ritory ( ! ,pompeians4' ,! ,roman gigs1 cisia1 7 v light1 & adapt$ = rapid travell+2 !y 7 drawn by horses or mules1 & 7 kept = hire at /ations along ! highways4 ,! site ( ! /ation betwe5 ,pompeii & ,/abiae is n kn[n4 ,! ,nola ,gate1 & ! p>tially excavat$ ,vesuvius & ,s>no gates1 foll[ ! plan j describ$ 9 all ess5tial p>ticul>s4 ,! inn] key/one ( ! ,nola ,gate1 fac+ ! city1 is ornam5t$ ) a helmet$ head ( ,m9]va1 9 high relief1 :i* be+ ( tufa has suff]$ f exposure to ! wea!r4 ,!re 0 once an ,oscan inscription ne> by1 :i* /at$ t ! *ief executive (fic] ( ! city1 ,vibius ,popidius1 let ! contract = build+ ?is gate1 & accept$ ! /ructure f ! contractor4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4--,plan ( ! ,h]culaneum ,gate4 ,a4 ,/eps lead+ to ! top ( ! city wall4 ,b4 ,room belong+ to ! h\se at ! left ( ! ,gate4 ,! front ( ! ,porta ,m>9a has ! appe>ance ( a t[] project+ f ! wall4 ,! gateway consi/s simply ( two vault$ entrances1 ( unequal wid?2 "o = vehicles1 ! o!r1 at ! left1 = p$e/rians4 ,bo? 7 clos$ by doors4 ,9 ! ni*e at ! "r ( ! wid] passage ! l[] "p ( a t]ra cotta /atue ( ,m9]va 0 f\nd4 ,!re 0 no vantage c\rt1 no inn] passage2 b 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,roman colony ! /eep l[] end ( ! ,via ,m>9a = a di/ance ( #gj feet 0 cov]$ ) a vault$ ro(1 :i* /ill rema9s4 ,op5+ into ?is corridor on ! "r is a long n>r[ room1 :i* =m$ a "p ( ! f\ndations ( ! c\rt ( ! temple ( ,v5us ,pompeiana1 & is n[ us$ z a ,museum4 ,?is gate 9 its pres5t =m c\ld h>dly h be5 int5d$ = def5ce2 x 0 adapt$ r = adm9i/rative purposes1 & mu/ h be5 built--probably 9 ! place ( an e>li] /ructure--9 a p]iod :5 ! possibility ( w> seem$ remote4 ,su* a "t1 z previ\sly rem>k$1 0 ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 p>ticul>ly ! latt] half1 aft] ! de/ruction ( ,c>?age4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4--;,h]culaneum ,gate1 look+ d[n ! ,/reet ( ,tombs4 ,! corn]s ( ! entrances are opus mixtum1 a c\rse ( brick-%ap$ blocks ( /one alt]nat+ ) ?ree c\rses ( bricks4 ,a /ill m peaceful aspect is pres5t$ by ! ,h]culaneum ,gate4 ,! /yle ( masonry--rubble "w ) opus mixtum at ! corn]s--po9ts to ! end ( ! ,republic1 r ?an to ! ,empire1 z ! p]iod ( con/ruction4 ,"h we f9d ?ree vault$ passages1 ! middle "o = vehicles1 ^? on ei!r side = p$e/rians4 ,! vault+ ov] ! middle "p ( ! gate has disappe>$2 b accord+ to appe>ances a vantage c\rt 0 left "h1 9 ! middle passage1 if n 9 ^? at ! sides2 at ! inn] end ( ?is c\rt ! gates 7 plac$4 ,! great] "p ( ! /ructure s]v$ no purpose ( utility2 x 0 obvi\sly design$ z a monum5tal entrance to ! city4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,! ,,h\ses ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii ,,! ,,pompeian ,,h\se ,our *ief s\rces ( in=mation reg>d+ ! dome/ic ar*itecture ( anci5t ,italy are two1--! treatise ( ,vitruvius1 & ! rema9s f\nd at ,pompeii4 ,! ,pompeian h\ses pres5t _m v>iations f ! plan describ$ by ! ,roman ar*itect2 yet 9 ess5tial p>ticul>s !re is no disagreem5t1 & x is n difficult to =m a cle> conception ( _! arrangem5ts4 ,! h\ses ( ,greco-,roman antiquity diff]$ f ^? ( mod]n times 9 sev]al respects4 ,!y took _! light & air f ! inside1 ! ap>tm5ts be+ gr\p$ ab\t a c\rt or ab\t a l>ge c5tral room :i* ord9>ily _h an op5+ 9 ! ceil+2 ! di/ribution ( space be+ ?us made on a diff]5t pr9ciple1 ! l>ge rooms 7 (t5 l>g]1 ! small rooms small] & m num]\s ?an 9 mod]n dwell+s ( correspond+ size2 & 9 ! bett] h\ses ! decoration ( bo? walls & floors 0 m p]man5t ?an is usual 9 our day4 ,! anci5t h\ses 7 relatively l[1 9 mo/ cases1 if we except ! cr[d$ t5em5ts ( imp]ial ,rome1 n exce$+ two /ories4 ,! w9d[s 9 ! outside walls 7 g5]ally few & small1 & ! ext]nal appe>ance 0 n unlike t ( ,ori5tal h\ses ( ! pres5t "t4 ,9 ! city h\se ! l>ge front entrance 0 frequ5tly ornam5t$ ) c>v$ po/s & l9tel4 ,! developm5t ( ! ,italic h\se c be trac$ at ,pompeii ov] a p]iod ( almo/ f\r hundr$ ye>s4 ,! e>li] =m consi/$ ( a s+le s]ies ( ap>tm5ts1--a c5tral room1 atrium1 ) small] rooms op5+ into x1 & a g>d5 at ! re>2 an example is ! h\se ( ! ,surgeon 7p4 #bhj74 ,a re/oration ( su* a h\se ) its high atrium1 wide front door1 & g>d5 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4--;,e>ly ,pompeian h\se1 re/or$4 ,lat]1 "u ,greek influ5ce1 a c\rt ) a colonnade & surr\nd+ rooms 0 add$4 ,?is 0 call$ p]i/ylium1 'p]i/yle'2 x is simply ! m elaborate inn] "p ( ! ,greek h\se1 &ronitis1 jo9$ to ! dwell+ ( ,italic orig94 ,we f9d ! union ( atrium & p]i/yle ) _! respective gr\ps ( ap>tm5ts fully accompli%$ 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 ! ,tufa ,p]iod2 ! type ( dwell+ ?us develop$ rema9$ 9 vogue dur+ ,roman times & is (t5 call$ ! ,roman h\se4 ,! d\ble orig9 is cle>ly indicat$ by ! names ( ! rooms4 ,^? ( ! front "p are designat$ by ,lat9 words1--atrium1 fauces1 ala1 tabl9um2 b ! ap>tm5ts at ! re> be> ,greek names1--p]i/ylium1 tricl9ium1 oecus1 ex$ra4 ,9 l>ge h\ses bo? atrium & p]i/yle 7 sometimes duplicat$4 ,! h\ses ( ,pompeii impress ! visitor z hav+ be5 design$ prim>ily = summ] use4 ,! arrangem5ts contemplate ! sp5d+ ( mu* "t 9 ! op5 air1 & pa9s 0 tak5 to furni% protection f ! heat1 n f ! cold4 ,! great] "p ( ! area is tak5 up by colonnades1 g>d5s1 & c\rts2 f ?is po9t ( view ! atrium may be class$ z a c\rt4 ,! liv+ rooms _h high ceil+s4 ,9 summ] !y 7 cool & airy1 9 w9t] difficult to heat2 !y 7 d>k & close :5 ! door 0 %ut1 cold :5 x 0 op54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4--,plan ( a ,pompeian h\se4 ,) a s+le exception ! arrangem5ts = heat+ s (t5 met ) 9 ! rema9s ( h\ses discov]$ 9 nor!rn c\ntries are f\nd at ,pompeii only 9 connection ) ba?-rooms2 ! cold 0 ineffectively combat$ by means ( brazi]s4 ,we are l$ to believe t ! ,pompeians 7 extremely s5sitive to heat1 b endur$ cold ) great pati5ce4 ,"o :o makes himself famili> ) ! arrangem5ts ( ,italian h\ses to-day w receive a simil> impression1 al?\gh ! peculi>ity is p]haps less obvi\s ?an 9 ! case ( ! anci5t dwell+s4 ,9 describ+ ! ,pompeian h\ses x is m conv5i5t to designate ! pr9cipal rooms by ! anci5t names4 ,9 ,fig4 #aae we pres5t an ideal plan2 9 x ! names are giv5 to ! p>ts ( ! h\se1 ! relative location ( :i* is subject to comp>atively little v>iation4 ,^! p>ts w fir/ be discuss$2 !n ^? w be tak5 up :i* pres5t a great] div]sity 9 _! arrangem5ts4 ,i4 ,,ve/ibule1 ,,fauces1 ,,& ,,front ,,door ,! ve/ibulum 0 ! space betwe5 ! front door & ! /reet4 ,! d]ivation ( ! ^w 7ve- ! root ( />e1 'to /& aside'7 sugge/s ! purpose2 ! ve/ibule 0 a place :]e "o c\ld /ep aside f ! bu/le & confusion ( ! /reet4 ,9 _m h\ses !re 0 no ve/ibule1 ! front door op5+ directly on ! sidewalk2 & :]e ve/ibules did exi/ at ,pompeii1 !y 7 mu* m mode/ ?an ^? belong+ to ! h\ses ( weal?y ,romans1 to :i* ref]5ce is s frequ5tly made 9 classical writ]s4 ,roman ve/ibules 7 (t5 support$ by columns ( co/ly m>bles1 & adorn$ ) /atues & o!r works ( art4 ,only "o ve/ibule at ,pompeii 0 treat$ z a portico1 t ( ! h\se ( ! ,ve/als ne> ! ,h]culaneum ,gate4 ,?is 0 once z wide z ! atrium1 ! ro( be+ c>ri$ by f\r columns2 b be=e ! de/ruction ( ! city two p>titions 7 built p>allel ) ! sides divid+ x into ?ree p>ts1 a n>r[ ve/ibule ( ! ord9>y type1 ) a %op at ! "r & at ! left4 ,! passage inside ! front door 0 call$ fauces1 or pro?yron4 ,accord+ to ,vitruvius ! wid? ( x 9 ! case ( l>ge atriums %\ld be half1 9 small] atriums two ?irds1 t ( ! tabl9um2 at ,pompeii ! wid? is g5]ally less ?an half4 ,9 ! h\ses ( ! ,tufa ,p]iod ! corn]s ( ! fauces :]e x op5s into ! atrium 7 ornam5t$ ) pila/]s connect$ at ! top by an entablature4 ,! ve/ibule & fauces 7 ord9>ily ( ! same wid?1 & 7 sep>at$ by project+ doorpo/s ) a slightly rais$ ?re%old 7,fig4 #aaf7 & heavy d\ble doors4 ,sometimes1 z 9 ! h\se ( ,epidius ,rufus1 !re 0 9 addition a small door at ! side ( ! ve/ibule op5+ into a n>r[ passage connect+ ) ! fauces 7,fig4 #adi74 ,9 su* cases ! fold+ doors1 :i* on acc\nt ( _! size & ! me?od ( hang+ mu/ always h be5 h>d to op51 7 g5]ally kept %ut4 ,!y w\ld be ?r[n back e>ly 9 ! morn+ = ! reception ( cli5ts1 & on special occasions2 at o!r times ! m conv5i5t small door w\ld be us$4 ,9 sev]al in/ances ! volcanic du/ s h>d5$ ab\t ! l[] "p ( a front door t x has be5 possible to make a ca/ by p\r+ s(t pla/] ( ,p>is into ! cavity left by ! crumbl+ away ( ! wood2 !re are sev]al ( ^! ca/s 9 ! little ,museum at ,pompeii4 ,) _! help1 & ) ! well pres]v$ /one ?re%olds be=e u1 x is possible to picture to ourselves ! appe>ance ( ! doorway4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4--,plan & section ( ! ve/ibule1 ?re%old1 & fauces ( ! h\se ( ,pansa4 ,! doorpo/s 7 protect$ by wood5 cas+s1 antepagm5ta1 :i* 7 made fa/ at ! bottom by means ( holes 9 ! ?re%old 7alpha1 alpha 9 ,fig4 #aaf74 ,! fold+ doors swung on pivots1 :i* 7 fitt$ into sockets 9 ! ?re%old 7beta1 beta7 & 9 ! l9tel4 ,! pivots 7 ( wood1 b 7 provid$--at lea/ ! l[] ones--) a cyl9drical cap ( iron or bronze1 & ! socket _h a protective l9+ ( ! same metal4 ,bo? caps & sockets1 especially ^? ( bronze1 are f\nd 9 ! ?re%olds 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation4 ,x seems /range t anci5t build]s did n use small] pivots ( solid metal1 on :i* ! doors w\ld h turn$ mu* m easily2 b a cons]vative tradition 9 ?is reg>d prevail$ aga9/ innovation4 ,! fa/5+s 7 elaborate4 ,ne> ! inn] edge ( ea* door 0 a v]tical bolt1 :i* %ot into a hole 9 ! ?re%old 7gamma1 gamma72 !re 0 probably a correspond+ bolt at ! top1 z 9 ! case ( l>ge mod]n doors4 ,sometimes !re 0 a heavy iron lock1 turn$ ) a key1 & also an iron b> :i* 0 fa/5$ across ! crack 9 su* a way z to tie ! two folds toge!r4 ,9 _m h\ses !re are holes 9 ! walls ( ! fauces1 j back ( ! door1 9 :i* at night a /rong wood5 b>1 s]a1 0 plac$2 h>dly less (t5 we f9d a hole 9 ! floor a few feet back1 9 :i* "o end ( a slant+ prop 0 set1 ! o!r end be+ brac$ aga9/ ! middle ( ! door4 ,^! arrangem5ts br+ to m9d ,juv5al's vivid picture ( ! di/urbances & dang]s ( ! /reets ( ,rome at night4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,atrium ,an atrium completely cov]$ by a ro( 0 extremely r>e4 ,) few exceptions1 !re 0 a l>ge rectangul> op5+ ov] ! middle1 compluvium1 t[>d :i* ! ro( slop$ f all sides 7,figs4 #aad1 #aah74 ,9 ! floor1 directly "u ! compluvium1 0 a %all[ bas91 impluvium1 into :i* ! ra9 wat] fell 7h 9 ,fig4 #aah74 ,! impluvium _h two outlets4 ,"o 0 connect$ ) ! ci/]n2 a r\nd ci/]n m\?1 puteal1 ornam5t$ ) c>v+1 (t5 /ood ne> ! edge ( ! bas91 z 9 ! h\se ( ! ,tragic ,poet 7,fig4 #aec74 ,! o!r outlet l$ "u ! floor to ! /reet 9 front1 c>ry+ (f ! ov]fl[ :5 ! ci/]n 0 full1 & also ! wat] us$ 9 clean+ ! floor4 ,9 ! bett] h\ses a f\nta9 0 (t5 plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! impluvium4 ,vitruvius 7,,vi4 iii4 #a et seq47 m5tions five k9ds ( atriums1 ! basis ( classification be+ ! con/ruction ( ! ro(--,tuscan1 tetra/yle1 ,cor9?ian1 displuviate1 & tortoise atriums4 ,! fir/ ?ree are well illu/rat$ at ,pompeii4 ,! ,tuscan atrium1 suppos$ by ! ,romans to h be5 d]iv$ f ! ,etruscans1 0 app>5tly ! native ,italic =m4 ,two heavy gird]s 7 plac$ across ! room1 above ! ends ( ! impluvium 7,fig4 #aag1 b74 ,on ^!1 two %ort] crossbeams 7 laid 7c71 ov] ! sides ( ! impluvium4 ,! corn]s ( ! rectangul> frame ?us made 7 connect$ ) ! walls at ! corn]s ( ! atrium by f\r /rong slant+ beams 7,figs4 #aag1 #aah1 e74 ,on ^! & on ! frame 7 plac$ ! l[] ends ( ! slop+ raft]s 7,fig4 #aag1 f71 c>ry+ ! tiles1 ! arrangem5t ( :i* c be se5 9 ,figs4 #aad1 #aag1 & #aah4 ,?is 0 ! mo/ common arrangem5t ( ! ro( at ,pompeii4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4--;,a ,tuscan atrium3 plan ( ! ro(4 a1 a4 ,side walls4 b4 ,"o ( ! two gird]s support+ ! ro(4 c4 ,crossbeam1 re/+ on ! two gird]s4 d4 ,%ort beam ( ! ?ickness ( c4 e4 ,corn] beam4 f4 ,raft]s1 slop+ t[>d ! inside4 g4 ,compluvium4 #a4 ,flat tiles1 tegulae4 #b4 ,semicyl9drical tiles = cov]+ ! jo9ts1 imbrices4 #c4 ,gutt] tiles4 ,! edge ( ! compluvium 0 frequ5tly ornam5t$ ) t]ra cotta wat]sp\ts1 repres5t+ ! heads ( animals4 ,9 a h\se ne> ! ,porta ,m>9a ! project+ =ep>ts ( dogs & lions 7 us$ 9 place ( ! heads2 ! rema9s ( a "p ( ! compluvium h be5 put toge!r aga91 & are se5 9 ,fig4 #aai4 ,! lions 7 plac$ ov] ! l>g] sp\ts at ! f\r corn]s2 ! "u side ( ! sp\ts surm\nt$ by ! dogs & lions 0 ornam5t$ ) acan?us leaves 9 relief4 ,! same illu/ration pres5ts an example ( ! antefixes sometimes f\nd4 ,! tetra/yle atrium diff]$ f ! ,tuscan 9 only "o respect3 !re 7 f\r columns support+ ! ro(1 "o at ea* corn] ( ! impluvium4 ,9 mo/ cases ^! supports1 :i* int]f]$ ) ! view ( ! int]ior1 c h>dly h be5 int5d$ prim>ily = ornam5t2 !y simplifi$ ! con/ruction1 mak+ ! ceil+ & ro( firm )\t ! use ( ! heavy & exp5sive gird]s4 ,! ,cor9?ian atrium _h a l>g] compluvium ?an ! o!r k9ds1 ! ro( be+ support$ by a numb] ( columns4 ,!re are ?ree examples at ,pompeii1 ! h\ses ( ,epidius ,rufus ) sixte5 columns 7p4 #caj71 ( ,ca/or & ,pollux ) twelve1 & ( ! ,fullonica ) six4 ,! ro( ( ! displuviate atrium slop$ f ! middle t[>d ! sides1 ! wat] be+ c>ri$ (f by lead pipes4 ,! ap]ture = ! admission ( light & air 0 relatively mu* high] above ! floor ?an 9 ! k9ds previ\sly describ$4 ,no example ( ?is type has be5 f\nd at ,pompeii4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4--;,a ,tuscan atrium3 section4 b4 ,gird]4 e4 ,corn] raft]4 h4 ,impluvium4 #a4 ,flat tiles4 #b4 ,semicyl9drical tiles4 ,! tortoise atrium1 atrium te/ud9atum1 0 small & )\t a compluvium4 ,! ro( _h a pyramidal %ape4 ,!re 7 possibly a few examples at ,pompeii1 z we may inf] f ! occasional abs5ce ( an impluvium2 9 ! only in/ance1 h[ev]1 9 :i* x is possible to det]m9e ! =m ( ! ro( 7,v4 v4 #a-b71 ?is mu/ h be5 v diff]5t f t ref]r$ to by ! ,roman writ] 7p4 #cdc74 ,vitruvius says fur!r t ! atrium %\ld h an oblong %ape1 ! wid? be+ ?ree fif?s or two ?irds ( ! l5g?1 or measur$ on ! side ( a squ>e1 ! hypo!nuse ( :i* is tak5 = ! l5g?4 ,! design 0 obvi\sly to br+ ! sides ne>] toge!r1 ?us less5+ ! /ra9 on ! two gird]s :i* 9 ! commone/ =m 7 us$ to su/a9 ! ro(4 ,! height1 to ! frame ( ! compluvium1 %\ld be ?ree f\r?s ( ! wid?4 ,9 ! case ( ! tetra/yle & ,cor9?ian atriums at ,pompeii ! height is indicat$ by t ( ! columns1 b !re are r>ely adequate data = det]m9+ ! height ( ! o!rs ) exactness4 ,9 reg>d to l5g? & bread? ! proportions h>monize fairly well ) ^? recomm5d$ by ,vitruvius2 b ! height1 9 ! cases 9 :i* x c be asc]ta9$1 is (t5 great] ?an t contemplat$ by ! rules ( ! ar*itect4 ,look+ at ! ,pompeian atriums 9 _! pres5t condition 7,plate ,,vii1 ,figs4 #aba1 #aec7 "o might easily receive ! impression t !y 7 prim>ily c\rts r ?an rooms4 ,9 ?is respect ! re/orations ( ,roman h\ses 9 ! old] books are (t5 at fault1 ! atrium be+ g5]ally repres5t$ z too l[ 9 comp>ison ) ! rooms ar\nd x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4--;,corn] ( a compluvium ) wat]sp\ts & antefixes1 recon/ruct$4 ,! ref]5ces 9 ! anci5t writ]s uni=mly po9t to ?is z ! pr9cipal room ( ! h\se4 ,9 ! e>lie/ times ! he>? /ood "h2 a hole 9 ! ro( s]v$ z a *imney4 ,! accumulation ( soot on ! ceil+ & ! walls sugge/$ ! *>act]i/ic "n 'black room'2 = atrium comes f at]1 'black4' ,"h ! h\sehold ga!r$ at mealtime2 "h !y work$1 or re/$ f _! labors4 ,9 ! atrium ,lucretia sat ) h] maids sp9n+ late at night :5 h] husb& ent]$ unexpect$ly ) 8 fri5ds4 ,su* ! atrium rema9$ 9 f>mh\ses to ! late/ times4 ,! "n mean:ile 0 transf]r$ to ! correspond+ ap>tm5t ( elegant city homes1 :ile 9 ! c\ntry x w5t out ( use1 be+ replac$ by cul9a1 'kit*51' on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( ! he>?4 ,9 su* a room 9 8 ,sab9e villa ,horace lov$ to d9e1 conv]s+ on topics grave or gay ) 8 ru/ic neighbors1 & p>tak+ ( ! simple f>e ) reli%2 :ile 8 slaves1 fre$ f ! re/ra9ts ( city life1 7 p]mitt$ to eat at ! same "t1 sitt+ at a sep>ate table4 ,! rema9s ( an atrium ( ?is k9d1 ) its he>? & ni*e = ! images ( ! h\sehold gods1 may be se5 9 ! villa rec5tly excavat$ ne> ,boscoreale 7p4 #cfa74 ,)\t d\bt "s h\ses ( ! anci5t type might be f\nd 9 cities1 ev5 9 ,rome1 z late z ! end ( ! ,republic4 ,we read ( "o 9 ,cic]o's "t 9 ! atrium ( :i* sp9n+ 0 done4 ,b at ,pompeii ! he>? _h be5 bani%$ f ! atrium at a comp>atively e>ly date1 9 ! ,tufa ,p]iod if n be=e2 & ! room 0 made uncom=table to sit 91 = a consid]able "p ( ! ye>1 by ! broad op5+ ( ! compluvium4 ,f ! ar*itectural po9t ( view1 h[ev]1 ! atrium nev] lo/ its significance z ! c5tral ap>tm5t4 ,9 all its dim5sions1 b p>ticul>ly 9 height1 x pres5ts s great a contra/ ) ! rooms ar\nd x z to rem9d u ( ! relation ( a ,roman ,ca?olic *ur* to ! *apels at ! sides4 ,! impression ( spaci\sness 0 p]haps deep5$ :5 ! atrium 0 provid$ ) a ceil+4 ,few traces ( su* ceil+s are f\nd at ,pompeii1 & 9 ! small] h\ses ! inside ( ! ro( seems g5]ally to h be5 visible4 ,! atrium ( ! ,cor9?ian type mo/ ne>ly resembl$ a c\rt1 on acc\nt ( ! size ( ! op5+ to ! sky & ! use ( _m columns4 ,a sugge/ion ( ! un-,italic "* ( ?is type appe>s 9 ! "n2 = "o c sc>cely suppose t atriums 9 ! /rict s5se exi/$ at ,cor9?4 ,al?\gh ! ,pompeian atriums %[ no traces ( a he>?1 !re is possibly a rem9isc5ce ( ! anci5t arrangem5t 9 ! g>tibulum1 a table :i* we frequ5tly f9d at ! re> ( ! impluvium4 ,v>ro says t s9ce 8 boyhood ^! tables1 on :i* vessels ( bronze 7 plac$1 _h gone out ( use2 at ,pompeii !y rema9$ 9 fa%ion mu* long]4 ,! g>tibulum ) its bronze vases may symbolize ! anci5t he>? ) ! cook+ ut5sils4 ,possibly1 h[ev]1 x repres5ts ! kit*5 table ne> ! he>? on :i* ! di%es 7 wa%$2 t x may h s]v$ a simil> purpose 9 lat] times is evid5t f ! fact t 9 front ( x a m>ble p$e/al 0 (t5 plac$ = a /atuette :i* ?rew a jet ( wat] into a m>ble bas9 at ! edge ( ! impluvium4 ,?is gr\p ( table1 f\nta9 figure1 & bas9 appe>s 9 _m ,pompeian atriums4 ,9 ,plate ,,vii we see ! g>tibulum & ! supports ( ! m>ble-bas91 b ! base ( ! f\nta9 figure has disappe>$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4--;,a ,pompeian's /rong box1 arca4 ,! /rong box ( ! ma/] ( ! h\se1 arca1 (t5 /ood 9 ! atrium1 usually aga9/ "o ( ! side walls4 ,x 0 sometimes adorn$ ) reliefs1 z ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #abj1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,naples ,museum4 ,x /ood on a heavy block ( /one1 or l[ f\ndation ( masonry1 to :i* x 0 atta*$ by an iron rod pass+ d[n ?r\gh ! bottom4 ,a weal?y ,pompeian sometimes _h m ?an "o ( ^! *e/s4 ,9 ?ree atriums ! h]m ( ! proprietor /&s at ! re>4 ,"o1 ) ! portrait ( ,cornelius ,rufus1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aba4 ,:5 !re 7 two atriums 9 a h\se1 ! l>g] 0 m elaborately furni%$ ?an ! o!r1 & 0 set aside = ! public or (ficial life ( ! proprietor2 ! small] "o 0 us$ = dome/ic purposes4 ,typical examples are f\nd 9 ! h\ses ( ! ,faun & ( ! ,labyr9?4 ,9 ! =m] ! pr9cipal atrium is ( ! ,tuscan type1 ! o!r tetra/yle2 9 ! latt] ! l>ge atrium is tetra/yle1 ! small] ,tuscan4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,tabl9um ,! tabl9um 0 a l>ge room at ! re> ( ! atrium1 op5+ into ! latt] ) its :ole wid?2 ! connection ( ! two rooms is cle>ly %[n 9 ,plate ,,vii & ,fig4 #aba4 ,accord+ to ,vitruvius1 :5 ! atrium 0 #cj to #dj feet 9 wid?--z 9 ! l>g] ,pompeian h\ses--! tabl9um %\ld be half z wide2 :5 ! atrium 0 small]1 ! wid? ( ! tabl9um %\ld be two ?irds t ( ! atrium1 :ile ! height at ! entrance %\ld be n9e eigh?s1 & inside f\r ?irds ( ! wid?4 ,^! proportions w n hold good = ,pompeii1 :]e ! tabl9um is g5]ally n>r[] & high] 7,vitr4 ,,vi4 iv4 #e1 #f74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4--;,atrium ( ! h\se ( ,cornelius ,rufus1 look+ ?r\gh ! tabl9um & &ron into ! p]i/yle4 ,9 ! =egr\nd1 ! impluvium1 ) ! c>v$ supports ( a m>ble table2 at ! left1 betwe5 ! entrances to ! &ron & ! tabl9um1 ! h]m ( ,rufus4 ,! po/s at ! entrance 7 usually treat$ z pila/]s1 jo9$ above by a cornice2 ar*itecturally ! front ( ?is room =m$ ! mo/ impressive feature ( ! atrium4 ,betwe5 ! pila/]s hung porti]es1 :i* might be drawn back & fa/5$ at ! sides4 ,9 ! h\se ( ! ,silv] ,w$d+ ! fa/5+s 7 f\nd 9 place1--bronze disks f :i* a %ip's beak project$1 atta*$ to ! pila/]s4 ,9 e>ly times ! tabl9um ord9>ily _h an op5+ at ! re> also1 b ?is 0 n s high z t 9 front1 & c\ld be clos$ by broad fold+ doors4 ,9 w9t] ! doors 7 probably kept %ut4 ,9 summ] !y 7 left op5 & ! room1 cool & airy1 s]v$ z a d9+ room1 a use :i* h>monizes well ) a passage ( ,v>ro expla9+ ! d]ivation ( ! "n4 ,9 ! old5 "t1 says ?is writ]1 p us$ to take _! meals 9 ! w9t] by ! he>?2 9 summ] !y ate out ( doors1 c\ntry folk 9 ! c\rt1 city p 9 ! tabul9um1 :i* we und]/& to h be5 a summ] h\se built ( bo>ds4 ,! d]ivation ( tabul9um1 ( :i* tabl9um is a %ort5$ =m1 f tabula1 'a bo>d1' is obvi\s4 ,! p]iod to :i* ,v>ro ref]s ant$ates t ( ! olde/ h\ses at ,pompeii4 ,! room :i* we call tabl9um 0 !n a deep recess at ! re> ( ! atrium1 op5 at ! front1 z n[1 b enclos$ by a wall at ! re>2 aga9/ ?is wall 0 a v]&a op5+ into ! g>d51 t[>d :i* ! bo>d ro( slop$4 ,p took _! meals 9 ! v]&a 9 summ]1 & to x ! "n tabl9um 0 naturally appli$4 ,9 ! recess at ! re> ( ! atrium1 correspond+ to ! lat] tabl9um1 0 ! b$ ( ! ma/] ( ! h\se1 call$ lectus adv]sus because 'fac+' "o :o ent]$ ! front door4 ,z late z ! reign ( ,augu/us1 long aft] x became ! cu/om to set aside a clos$ ap>tm5t = ! family room1 a rem9isc5ce ( ! anci5t arrangem5t /ill rema9$ 9 ! c\* :i* /ood at ! re> ( ! atrium or 9 ! tabl9um1 :i* 0 call$ lectus adv]sus1 or ev5 lectus g5ialis4 ,! removal ( ! he>? & ! b$ f ! atrium mu/ h tak5 place :5 ! small hole 9 ! ro( 0 replac$ by ! compluvium4 ,a broad op5+ 0 made 9 ! re> wall1 & ! place :]e ! b$ _h be5 0 turn$ into a light1 airy room2 ?is 0 n[ us$ z a summ] room in/ead ( ! v]&a1 ! "n ( :i* 0 9 consequ5ce transf]r$ to x4 ,ev5 9 lat] times1 :5 ! h\ses 7 ext5d$ by ! addition1 at ! re>1 ( a p]i/yle ) its gr\p ( ap>tm5ts1 ! tabl9um may (t5 h be5 us$ z a summ] d9+ room2 b ! t5d5cy n[ 0 to )draw ! family life into ! m seclud$ rooms ab\t ! p]i/yle4 ,! tabl9um1 ly+ betwe5 ! front & ! re> ( ! h\se1 0 us$ z a reception room = gue/s :o 7 n admitt$ into ! privacy ( ! home2 & "h und\bt$ly ! ma/] ( ! h\se receiv$ 8 cli5ts4 ,9 ! h\se ( ! ,vettii ! tabl9um is omitt$ on acc\nt ( ! abundance ( room2 b at ! re> ( ! atrium !re are wide op5+s into ! p]i/yle 7,fig4 #aeh74 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,alae ,! alae1 ! 'w+s' ( ! atrium1 7 two deep recesses 9 ! sides 7,fig4 #aae74 ,!y 7 ord9>ily at ! re>1 b 7 sometimes plac$ at ! middle1 z 9 ! h\se ( ,epidius ,rufus 7,fig4 #adi74 ,vitruvius 7,,vi4 iv4 #d7 says t :]e ! atrium is f #cj to #dj feet long1 "o ?ird ( ! l5g? %\ld be tak5 = ! bread? ( ! alae2 9 ! case ( l>g] atriums ! bread? ( ^! rooms %\ld be proportionally less1 be+ fix$ at "o fif? ( ! l5g? = atriums f #hj to #ajj feet long2 ! height at ! entrance %\ld be equal to ! bread?4 ,at ,pompeii ! alae1 z ! tabl9um1 are n>r[] & high] ?an requir$ by ^! proportions4 ,9 ! ,tufa ,p]iod ! entrances 7 ornam5t$ ) pila/]s1 & treat$ l ! broad entrance ( ! tabl9um4 ,) ref]5ce to ! purpose & uses ( ^! rooms we h no in=mation beyond a rem>k ( ,vitruvius 9 reg>d to plac+ ! images ( ance/ors 9 !m4 ,?is ?r[s no light ^u _! orig92 = only a few noble families c\ld h possess$ a suffici5tly l>ge numb] ( ance/ral bu/s or masks to make x necess>y to provide a special place = ^!1 :ile ! alae =m an ess5tial & *>act]i/ic "p ( ! ,pompeian h\se4 ,n[ & !n an ala 0 us$ z a d9+ room2 m frequ5tly1 p]haps1 "o 0 utiliz$ = a w>drobe1 z may be se5 f ! traces ( ! woodwork4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ! rema9s only deep5s ! impression t at ,pompeii ! alae s]v$ no def9ite purpose1 b 7 a survival f a previ\s p]iod1 9 :i* !y respond$ to diff]5t conditions ( life4 ,an int]e/+ p>allel pres5ts itself 9 ! arrangem5ts ( a type ( peasants' h\se f\nd 9 ,l[] ,saxony4 ,! ma9 entrance1 z 9 ! e>ly ,italic h\se1 leads into a l>ge & high c5tral room2 at ! sides ( ?is & ( ! ma9 entrance are ! liv+ rooms & /alls4 ,at ! back ! c5tral room is wid5$ by two recesses correspond+ ) ! alae2 ! he>? /&s aga9/ ! re> wall4 ,9 ! side walls1 at ! re> ( ea* recess1 are a w9d[ & a door4 ,! two w9d[s admit light to ! "p ( ! c5tral room fur!/ f ! entrance2 ! doors op5 into ! f>my>d & ! g>d54 ,! ,italic h\se 9 ! beg9n+ 0 n a city resid5ce %ut 9 by p>ty walls1 b ! isolat$ habitation ( a c\ntryman4 ,! design ( ! alae1 z ( ! recesses 9 ! ,l[ ,saxon f>mh\se1 0 to furni% light to ! atrium1 :i*1 z we h se51 0 completely cov]$ by a ro(1 !re be+ only a small hole to let out ! smoke4 ,! l>ge w9d[s 9 ! re> ( ! alae ( ! h\se ( ,sallu/ may be look$ ^u z a survival2 b 9 city h\ses g5]ally light c\ld n be tak5 9 ?is way f ! sides4 ,aft] ! compluvium _h come into g5]al use1 a cons]vative tradition /ill reta9$ ! alae :5ev] possible1 ?\gh !y no long] answ]$ _! orig9al purpose4 ,v4 ,,! ,,rooms ,,ab\t ,,! ,,atrium4 ,,! ,,&ron ,9 front !re 7 rooms at ei!r side ( ! entrance1 ord9>ily fitt$ up z %ops & op5+ on ! /reet1 b sometimes us$ z d9+ rooms or sleep+ rooms1 or = o!r dome/ic purposes4 ,on ea* side ( ! atrium 7 two or ?ree small sleep+ rooms2 9 n>r[ h\ses ^!1 z well z "o or bo? ( ! alae1 7 occasionally omitt$4 ,at ! re> 7 "o or two rooms ( ! same dep? z ! tabl9um1 us$ 9 mo/ cases z d9+ rooms4 ,!y frequ5tly _h a s+le broad entrance on ! side ( ! p]i/yle or ! g>d5 7,fig4 #acd1 #bb71 b 7 sometimes ent]$ by a door f ! atrium or f "o ( ! alae 7,figs4 #aae1 #aba74 ,! door on ! side ( ! atrium seems g5]ally to h be5 made :5 ! h\se 0 built2 if ! own] did n wi% to use x1 x 0 wall$ up & treat$ z a bl9d door1 an ornam5t ( ! atrium4 ,! rooms ab\t ! atrium 9 ! pre-,roman p]iod 7 made high1 ^? 9 front & at ! sides (t5 measur+ fifte5 feet to ! edge ( ! ceil+1 :i* _h ! =m ( a gro9$ vault4 ,! re> rooms 7 /ill high]1 ! cr[n ( ! vaults be+ z f> above ! floor z ! flat ceil+ ( ! tabl9um4 ,a correspond+ height 0 giv5 to ! doors2 ^? 9 ! h\se ( ! ,faun measure ne>ly f\rte5 feet4 ,! upp] "p ( ! doorway 0 d\btless pi]c$ = ! admission ( light 9 ! mann] indicat$ by wall pa9t+s1 & %[n 9 our re/oration ( "o side ( ! atrium 9 ! h\se ( ,sallu/ 7,figs4 #bfa1 #bfb74 ,! &ron 0 a passage at ! "r or ! left ( ! tabl9um1 connect+ ! atrium ) ! p]i/yle 7,figs4 #aae1 #aba74 ,! "n 0 us$ orig9ally to designate an ap>tm5t 9 ! ,greek h\se1 b 0 appli$ by ! ,romans to a corridor4 ,9 mod]n times ! passage has (t5 be5 errone\sly call$ fauces4 ,! &ron is lack+ only 9 small h\ses1 or 9 ^? 9 :i* a diff]5t connection is made betwe5 ! front & re> portions by means ( a second atrium1 or o!r rooms4 ,,vi4 ,,g>d51 ,,p]i/yle1 ,,& ,,rooms ,,ab\t ,,! ,,p]i/yle ,a few ,pompeian h\ses1 l ^? ( ! old5 "t1 are )\t a p]i/yle1 hav+ a g>d5 at ! re>4 ,9 su* cases !re is a colonnade at ! back ( ! h\se1 fac+ ! g>d52 ?is is ! arrangem5t 9 ! h\ses ( ! ,surgeon1 ( ,sallu/1 & ( ,epidius ,rufus4 ,9 ! l>ge h\se ( ,pansa 7,fig4 #agi71 we f9d bo? a p]i/yle & a g>d51 ! latt] be+ at ! re> ( ! p]i/yle2 & 9 _m h\ses a small g>d5 0 plac$ :]ev] available space c\ld be f\nd4 ,! p]i/yle is a g>d5 enclos$ by a colonnade1 or hav+ a colonnade on two or ?ree sides4 ,:5 ?is 0 high] on ! nor? side ?an on ! o!r ?ree1 z 9 ! h\se ( ! ,silv] ,w$d+1 ! p]i/yle 0 call$ ,rhodian4 ,9 ! ,tufa ,p]iod ! colonnade 0 frequ5tly 9 two /ories1 on all f\r sides or on ! front alone4 ,fragm5ts ( columns belong+ to ! second /ory h be5 f\nd 9 _m h\ses1 b 9 only "o in/ance1 t ( ! h\se ( ! ,c5t5>y1 are !y ( su* a "* z to enable u to make an accurate re/oration2 "h ! d\ble s]ies ( columns ext5d$ only across ! front4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4--,,int]ior ,,( ,a ,,h\se1 ,,look+ ,,f ,,! ,,middle ,,( ,,! ,,atrium ,,t[>d ,,! ,,re> ,a sep>ate entrance1 po/icum 7,fig4 #aae71 usually connect$ ! p]i/yle ) a side /reet4 ,at ! re> !re 0 (t5 a broad1 deep recess1 ex$ra1 correspond+ ) ! tabl9um4 ,! location ( ! o!r rooms 9 ?is "p ( ! h\se is det]m9$ by s _m conditions1 & manife/s s great a div]sity t x may be spok5 ( m conv5i5tly 9 connection ) _! use4 ,,vii4 ,,sleep+ ,,rooms ,! small1 high rooms ab\t ! atrium 7 9 ! e>li] times us$ z b$rooms2 & su* !y rema9$ 9 "s h\ses1 z t ( ! ,faun1 d[n to ! de/ruction ( ! city4 ,! sleep+ rooms ab\t ! p]i/yle 7 mu* l[]1 & ! front op5$ by means ( a broad door 9 its :ole1 or almo/ its :ole1 wid? ^u ! colonnade4 ,^! rooms c\ld frequ5tly be ent]$ also ?r\gh a small side door f a d9+ room1 or a n>r[ recess op5+ on ! p]i/yle 7,fig4 #adf1 x74 ,! design ( ! arrangem5t is obvi\s4 ,9 summ] ! inconv5i5t l>ge door c\ld be left op5 day & night1 a curta9 be+ /ret*$ across ! space2 9 w9t] x w\ld be op5$ only = air+ & clean+1 ! small door be+ us$ at o!r times4 ,! place = ! b$ 0 sometimes indicat$ 9 ! plan ( ! room4 ,9 a b$room ( ! h\se ( ! ,c5taur1 ( :i* an end view is giv5 9 ,fig4 #abb1 a n>r[ alcove 0 made = ! b$ at ! left side2 ! floor ( ! alcove is slightly rais$1 & ! ceil+1 z (t51 is 9 ! =m ( a vault1 :ile ! ceil+ ( ! room is high] & only slightly ar*$4 ,a simil> arrangem5t is f\nd 9 sev]al o!r rooms decorat$ 9 ! fir/ /yle4 ,9 sev]al h\ses1 z 9 ! h\se ( ,apollo1 !re is a sleep+ room ) alcoves = two b$s4 ,9 b$rooms ) a mosaic floor ! place = ! b$ is ord9>ily :ite1 be+ sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! room by a /ripe sugge/ive ( a ?re%old4 ,a simil> division is (t5 indicat$ 9 ! wall decoration1 p>ticul>ly t ( ! second /yle2 ! "p designat$ = ! b$ is set (f by pila/]s on ! end walls1 & diff]5tly treat$ bo? 9 respect to ! decorative design & 9 ! arrangem5t ( colors4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4--;,end ( a b$room 9 ! h\se ( ! ,c5taur1 decorat$ 9 ! fir/ /yle4 ,at ! left1 alcove = ! b$2 above1 two w9d[s4 ,,viii4 ,,d9+ ,,rooms ,z long z x 0 cu/om>y to sit at meals any fair-siz$ ap>tm5t c\ld be us$ z a d9+ room4 ,:5 ! e>ly ,italic h\se 0 ext5d$ by ! addition ( a p]i/yle1 & ! ,greek cu/om ( recl9+ at table 0 introduc$1 x became necess>y to provide a special ap>tm5t1 & ! ,greek "n = su* a room ) ! ?ree c\*es1 tricl9ium1 came into use4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 s]v+1 ! l5g? ( a d9+ room1 accord+ to ,vitruvius1 %\ld be twice ! wid?4 ,at ,pompeii1 h[ev]1 ! dim5sions are less g5]\s2 ) an av]age wid? ( #ab or #ac feet ! l5g? r>ely exce$s #bj feet4 ,9 _m cases "o end ( ! room op5$ on ! p]i/yle1 b c\ld be clos$ by means ( broad doors or %utt]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4--,plan ( a d9+ room ) ?ree c\*es4 ,a4 ,upp] c\*1 lectus summus4 ,b4 ,middle c\*1 lectus m$ius4 ,c4 ,l[] c\*1 lectus imus4 ,d4 ,table1 m5sa4 ,! plan ( a typical d9+ room is giv5 9 ,fig4 #abc4 ,! c\* at ! "r ( ! table 0 call$ ! upp] c\*2 t at ! left1 ! l[]2 & t betwe51 ! middle c\*4 ,) few exceptions ea* c\* 0 made to accommodate ?ree p]sons2 ! d9] re/$ on 8 left arm on a cu%ion at ! side ne>] ! table1 & /ret*$ 8 feet out t[>d ! "r4 ,h5ce1 ! fir/ on ! upp] c\* _h :at 0 call$ '! highe/ place4' ,! "o next 0 said to recl9e 'bel[' him1 because ly+ on ! side t[>d :i* ! fir/ p]son ext5d$ 8 feet2 ! man at ! out] end ( ! l[] c\* 0 said to be 'at ! foot1' imus4 ,:5 9 ! ,gospel ( ,john we read ( a disciple ly+ on ,jesus' brea/1 ! mean+ is easily expla9$ by ref]5ce to ,roman usage2 ,john 0 recl9+ 9 ! place next bel[ ! ,ma/]4 ,?is arrangem5t makes cle> to u ! reason :y ! c\*es 7 s plac$ t ! l[] "o project$ fur!r beyond ! table ?an ! upp] "o2 ! feet ( ^? on ! l[] c\* 7 ext5d$ t[>d ! end fur!/ f ! table4 ,to ! c\*es gr\p$ 9 ! mann] indicat$ ! same "n 0 appli$ z to ! d9+ room1 tricl9ium4 ,( ^? 9 ! d9+ rooms only scanty rema9s are f\nd4 ,9 summ] ! ,pompeians1 z ! ,italians ( to-day1 7 fond ( d9+ 9 ! op5 air4 ,9 ord] to save ! tr\ble ( mov+ heavy furniture c\*es ( masonry 7 n infrequ5tly con/ruct$ 9 ! g>d51 & h be5 pres]v$2 su* a tricl9ium is t 9 ! g>d5 ( ! tann]y 7p4 #cih74 ,! arrangem5t is 9 mo/ cases precisely t indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #abc1 ! out] end ( ! l[] c\* project+ beyond ! correspond+ end ( ! upp] "o4 ,9 ! middle /&s ! base ( ! table1 also ( masonry2 ! top is r>ely pres]v$4 ,ne> by is a little alt> = ! (f]+s made 9 connection ) ea* meal4 ,! appe>ance ( su* a tricl9ium may be inf]r$ f t ( ! tricl9ium funebre %[n 9 ,fig4 #bde1 :i* has a squ>e table & r\nd alt>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4--,plan ( a d9+ room ) an ant]oom conta9+ an alt> = libations4 ,a4 ,room = ! table & c\*es4 ,b4 ,ant]oom ) alt>4 ,9 _m g>d5s we f9d ab\t ! tricl9ium ! rema9s ( f\r or six columns4 ,^! support$ a frame ( timb] or lattice-"w1 ^u :i* v9es 7 tra9$1 mak+ a %ady b[]1 z 9 ! g>d5 ( ! tav]n 9 ! fir/ ,region1 ref]r$ to bel[ 7p4 #djd74 ,! c\*es 7 ord9>ily n provid$ ) backs1 b ! out] ends ( ! upp] & l[] c\*es sometimes _h a frame to hold ! cu%ions1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #abc & %[n m cle>ly 9 our re/oration1 ,fig4 #ahh4 ,9 ! d9+ rooms small movable alt>s mu/ h be5 us$ = ! (f]+s1 su* z ^? ( t]ra cotta or bronze n infrequ5tly met ) 9 ! c\rse ( excavation4 ,a fix$ alt> has be5 f\nd 9 only "o in/ance1 9 a small d9+ room 9 ! eigh? ,region 7,,viii4 v-vi4 #af74 ,"h1 z our plan 7,fig4 #abd7 %[s1 ! front ( ! ap>tm5t is set (f z an ant]oom1 & 9 ?is 0 plac$ an alt> ( tufa4 ,9 accordance ) an anci5t cu/om ! *ildr51 ev5 ^? ( ! imp]ial family1 sat on l[ /ools at a table ( _! own on ! op5 side ( ! l>ge table4 ,9 an op5-air tricl9ium 9 ! n9? ,region 7,,ix4 v4 #aa7 ! *ildr5's seat is pres]v$1 a l[ b5* ( masonry ab\t =ty in*es long connect$ ) ! project+ arm ( ! l[] c\* 7,plate ,,vii474 ,! inn] "p ( ! d9+ room1 design$ = ! table & c\*es1 0 (t5 di/+ui%$ f ! free space 9 ! same way t ! place = ! b$ 0 indicat$ 9 b$rooms1 sometimes by a diff]5ce 9 ! design ( ! mosaic floor1 m frequ5tly by ! division ( ! wall decoration & ! arrangem5t ( ! ceil+4 ,9 ! ?ird & f\r? decorative /yles ! division is less pla9ly m>k$ ?an 9 ! second2 b (t5 ! side walls back ( ! c\*es & ! inn] end ( ! room h ea* a s+le l>ge panel ) a small panel at ! "r & left1 :ile on ea* side wall 9 front are only two panels1 ( ! same size4 ,9 "o respect ! ord9>y d9+ room 0 f> f conv5i5t2 ^? :o _h ! inn] places c\ld n leave ! table or return to x 9 ! c\rse ( a meal )\t di/urb+ "o or m ( ^? recl9+ ne>] ! outside4 ,l>ge rooms1 9 :i* an op5 space 0 left betwe5 ! c\*es & ! wall1 or 9 :i* sev]al tables ) _! sets ( c\*es c\ld be plac$1 7 unkn[n 9 pre-,roman ,pompeii4 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,empire a few ( ^! l>ge d9+ rooms 7 built 9 old] h\ses4 ,!re is "o measur+ ab\t #be by #cc feet 9 ! h\se ( ,pansa2 ano!r1 ( :i* ! dim5sions are #bc by #cj feet1 9 ! h\se ( ,ca/or & ,pollux2 & a ?ird1 #cf feet long1 9 ! h\se ( ! ,ci?>i/4 ,9 a numb] ( h\ses we f9d a l>ge1 f9e ap>tm5t--designat$ by ! ,greek ^w oecus--:i* seems (t5 to h be5 us$ = a d9+ room1 especially on notable occasions4 ,a p>ticul>ly elegant =m 0 ! ,cor9?ian oecus1 :i* _h a r[ ( columns ab\t ! sides a %ort di/ance f ! walls1 ! room be+ ?us divid$ into a ma9 "p ) a vault$ ceil+ & a corridor ) a flat ceil+4 ,! c\*es w\ld be plac$ 9 ! ma9 "p2 ! gue/s c\ld pass to _! places along ! corridor1 beh9d ! columns4 ,! rema9s ( su* an oecus may be se5 9 ! h\ses ( ,meleag] & ( ! ,labyr9?4 ,a specially int]e/+ example--un=tunately n yet :olly excavat$--is 9 ! h\se ( ! ,silv] ,w$d+4 ,9 ?is case only ! inn] "p1 design$ = ! c\*es1 is set (f by columns4 ,we may assume t !re 0 a vault$ ceil+ ov] ! middle1 re/+ on ! entablature ( ! columns2 t ! ceil+ ( ! corridor betwe5 ! columns & ! wall 0 flat1 & ( ! same height z ! entablature2 & t ! front "p ( ! room _h a flat or slightly ar*$ ceil+ ( ! same height z ! cr[n ( ! vault ov] ! middle4 ,9 ! m pret5ti\s ,roman h\ses !re 0 sometimes a d9+ room = ea* season ( ! ye>2 :5 ,trimal*io 9 ,petronius's novel boa/s t he has f\r d9+ rooms1 we are to und]/& t he _h "o ea* = w9t]1 summ]1 autumn1 & spr+4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,pompeian h\ses we are w>rant$ 9 assum+ t d9+ rooms op5+ t[>d ! s\? 7 = w9t] use1 ^? t[>d ! nor? = use 9 summ]4 ,o!r airy ap>tm5ts1 ) a l>ge w9d[ 9 addition to ! wide door1 may well h be5 int5d$ = summ] tricl9ia4 ,fur!r ?an ?is x is h>dly possible to classify ,pompeian d9+ rooms accord+ to ! seasons4 ,,ix4 ,,! ,,kit*51 ,,! ,,ba?1 ,,& ,,! ,,/or]ooms ,9 ! ,pompeian h\se ! kit*5 _h no fix$ location4 ,x 0 g5]ally a small room1 & 0 plac$ :]ev] x w\ld lea/ int]f]e ) ! arrangem5t ( ! re/ ( ! h\se4 ,! mo/ important "p ( ! kit*5 0 ! he>?4 ,?is 0 built ( masonry1 aga9/ "o ( ! walls4 ,x 0 oblong1 & ! fire 0 made on ! top4 ,! cook+ ut5sils sometimes re/$ on rectangul> projections ( masonry1 z 9 ! kit*5 ( ! h\se ( ,pansa1 sometimes on small iron tripods1 z 9 ! h\se ( ! ,vettii 7,fig4 #abe74 ,! he>? ( ! latt] h\se 0 f\nd undi/urb$1 ) a vessel 9 place ready to be heat$4 ,9 "o h\se ! place ( an iron tripod 0 tak5 by ?ree po9t$ ends ( amphorae set upright on ! he>?4 ,und]nea? !re 0 (t5 a holl[ place1 l t %[n 9 our illu/ration1 9 :i* fuel 0 kept1 z 9 simil> op5+s "u ! he>?s ( ,campanian kit*5s to-day4 ,sometimes we f9d ne> ! he>? a bake ov51 n l>ge en\gh to h be5 us$ = bread1 & evid5tly int5d$ = pa/ry2 bread mu/ ord9>ily h be5 obta9$ f ! bak]s4 ,9 "o ( ! cell>s ( ! h\se ( ! ,c5t5>y !re is a l>g] ov51 :i* may h be5 us$ to bake co>se bread = ! slaves2 ! heat 0 utiliz$ 9 w>m+ a ba? above4 ,ov] ! he>? 0 a small w9d[ to c>ry (f ! smoke4 ,z ! kit*5 0 ord9>ily high !re may h be5 a hole 9 ! ro( also1 b ! upp] p>ts h be5 de/roy$1 & _! arrangem5t _c be det]m9$4 ,f ! small size ( ! kit*5s & ( ! he>?s 9 ev5 ! l>ge/ & f9e/ h\ses1 we may inf] t ! luxury ( ! table preval5t 9 ! ,e>ly ,empire _h made only slight progress at ,pompeii4 ,close by ! kit*51 frequ5tly =m+ a "p ( x & next to ! he>?1 0 ! closet2 a sep>ate closet ( good size is f\nd 9 ! h\ses ( ! ,faun & ( ,ca/or & ,pollux4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4--;,he>? ( ! kit*5 9 ! h\se ( ! ,vettii4 ,! ar*$ place und]nea? is = ! /orage ( fuel4 ,9 _m l>ge h\ses !re is a ba?1 g5]ally too small to h be5 us$ by m ?an "o p]son at a "t4 ,^! ba?s ord9>ily include only a tepid>ium & a cald>ium1 b occasionally !re is an apodyt]ium1 less frequ5tly /ill a small frigid>ium2 9 mo/ cases a bas9 9 ! apodyt]ium or tepid>ium mu/ h be5 us$ = ! cold ba?4 ,! heat+ arrangem5ts are simil> to ^? f\nd 9 ! public ba?s1 & m or less complete accord+ to ! p]iod 9 :i* ! ba? 0 fitt$ up1 & ! ta/e ( ! proprietor2 a progressive ref9em5t 9 ! appo9tm5ts ( ! private ba?s c be trac$ simil> to t :i* we h already not$ 9 ! case ( ! ,/abian ,ba?s4 ,! close relation g5]ally exi/+ betwe5 ! ba?-rooms & ! kit*5 is well illu/rat$ 9 ! h\ses ( ! ,faun & ( ! ,silv] ,w$d+4 ,9 connection ) ?is gr\p ( rooms we may m5tion ! /or]ooms1 :i* are f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! h\ses & may be id5tifi$ by ! traces ( ! %elves t 7 fa/5$ to ! walls4 ,comp>atively few h\ses 7 provid$ ) cell>s4 ,9 ! h\se ( ! ,c5t5>y1 h[ev]1 !re are two4 ,"o1 ent]$ f ! atrium by a /airway1 ext5ds "u ! tabl9um & ! front colonnade ( ! p]i/yle2 ! o!r is accessible f a side atrium & is divid$ into sev]al rooms1 9 "o ( :i* is ! ov5 m5tion$ above4 ,! cell> belong+ to ! h\se ( ,caecilius ,jucundus is "u ! g>d52 t ( ! villa ( ,diom$es w be describ$ lat]4 ,x4 ,,! ,,%r9e ,,( ,,! ,,h\sehold ,,gods ,9 anci5t ,italy ea* h\sehold wor%ipp$ its gu>dian spirits & tutel>y div9ities1 :i* =m$ a triple gr\p1 ! ,l>es1 ! ,p5ates1 & ! ,g5ius4 ,9 ,pompeii ! rema9s associat$ ) dome/ic wor%ip are num]\s & important4 ,_m ,pompeians pa9t$ repres5tations ( ! h\sehold gods ^u an inn] wall1 (t5 ^u a wall ( ! kit*51 ne> ! he>?4 ,!re 0 usually a pa9t$ alt> und]nea?1 ) a s]p5t on ei!r side com+ to p>take ( ! (f]+s4 ,9 a l>ge numb] ( h\ses a small ni*e 0 made 9 ! wall1 9 :i* 7 plac$ little images ( ! gods1 ! ,l>es & ! ,g5ius be+ also pa9t$ on ! back ( ! cavity or on ! wall at ! sides or bel[4 ,su* a ni*e may be se5 9 a corn] ( ! kit*5 9 ! h\se ( ,apollo 7,fig4 #abf72 ! pictures ( ! gods are almo/ oblit]at$1 b t ( ! s]p5t--9 ?is case !re is b "o--& ( ! alt> c be cle>ly se54 ,9 front is a small alt> ( masonry2 ! f]ns & grasses ) :i* ! floor is c>pet$ make ?is kit*5 9 summ] an attractive nook4 ,sometimes ! ni*es 7 ornam5t$ ) dim9utive half-columns or pila/]s at ! sides & a p$im5t above4 ,frequ5tly a m elaborate %r9e 0 provid$1 a dim9utive temple rais$ on a f\ndation1 plac$ aga9/ a wall ( ! atrium or ( ! g>d54 ,an example is ! "o at ! re> ( ! p]i/yle 9 ! h\se ( ! ,tragic ,poet 7,fig4 #aec74 ,9 r>e in/ances a small1 sep>ate *apel 0 devot$ to ! dome/ic wor%ip1 z 9 ! h\se ( ! ,c5t5>y4 ,9 a h\se ( ! n9? ,region 7,,ix4 viii4 #g7 !re is su* a *apel 9 ! g>d51 a ni*e = ! images be+ plac$ 9 ! wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4--,ni*e = ! images ( ! h\sehold gods1 9 a corn] ( ! kit*5 9 ! h\se ( ,apollo4 ,und]nea?1 a pa9t$ s]p5t repres5t$ z ab\t to take (f]+s f a r\nd alt>4 ,9 front is a squ>e alt> = ! dome/ic wor%ip4 ,! ,l>es are ! gu>dian spirits ( ! h\sehold4 ,orig9ally b "o 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ea* h\se2 !y began to be honor$ 9 plurality aft] ! "t ( ,cic]o1 & at ,pompeii we inv>iably f9d !m 9 pairs4 ,!y are repres5t$ z y\?s clad 9 a %ort tunic conf9$ by a girdle 7,fig4 #abg71 /epp+ lightly or danc+1 ) "o h& high uplift$ 9 :i* a dr9k+ horn1 rhyton1 is se52 f ! end ( ! horn a jet ( w9e spurts 9 a graceful curve1 fall+ into a small pail1 situla1 or into a libation sauc]1 pat]a1 held 9 ! o!r h&4 ,simple (f]+s 7 made to ^! b5efic5t spirits1--fruits1 sacrificial cakes1 g>l&s1 & inc5se1--& at e meal a portion 0 set aside = !m 9 little di%es4 ,:5 a sacrifice 0 (f]$ to ! ,l>es1 ! victim 0 a pig4 ,) ! wor%ip ( ! ,l>es 0 associat$ t ( ! ,g5ius1 ! tutel>y div9ity ( ! ma/] ( ! h\se4 ,he is repres5t$ z a /&+ figure1 ! face be+ a portrait ( ! ma/]4 ,! toga is drawn ov] 8 head1 aft] ! mann] ( "o sacrific+2 9 ! left h& !re is usually a cornucopia1 sometimes a box ( inc5se1 ac]ra2 ) ! "r h& he p\rs a dr9k (f]+ f a pat]a4 ,v r>ely we f9d a repres5tation ( ! ,g5ius ( ! mi/ress ( ! h\se4 ,9 "o pa9t+ %e appe>s ) ! attributes ( ,juno2 ! ,g5ius ( a woman 0 (t5 call$ ,juno1 z 9 ! inscription on ! bu/ /one ( ,ty*e1 ! slave ( ,julia ,augu/a 7p4 #dah74 ,z a man might swe> 9 ! "n ( 8 ,g5ius1 s a woman's oa? might be ',by my ,juno4' ,! ,l>es & ! ,g5ius are (t5 f\nd toge!r bo? 9 ! he>? pa9t+s1 & 9 ! gr\ps ( little bronze images frequ5tly plac$ 9 ! %r9es4 ,!y are associat$ also 9 an inscription on ! %r9e 9 ! h\se ( ,epidius ,rufus3 ,g5io ,marci no/ri et ,l>ibus duo ,diadum5i lib]ti1--',to ! ,g5ius ( our ,m>cus & ! ,l>es2 7d$icat$ by7 8 two fre$m5 ) ! "n ( ,diadum5us4' ,m>cus 0 ! fir/ "n ( ! head ( ! h\sehold4 ,9 a few cases ! ,g5ius ( ! emp]or seems to h be5 rev]$ at a h\se %r9e4 ,horace 7,od4 ,,iv4 v4 #cd7 speaks di/9ctly ( ! wor%ip ( ! tutel>y div9ity ( ,augu/us 9 connection ) t ( ! ,l>es1--et ,l>ibus tuum ,miscet num54 ,on ! re> wall ( a little *apel 9 a g>d5 is a pa9t$ alt> at ! "r ( :i* /&s ,jupit]1 at ! left a ,g5ius1 ea* p\r+ a libation4 ,we c sc>cely believe t ! ,g5ius ( an ord9>y man w\ld ?us be plac$ z x 7 on an equality ) ! rul] ( heav52 m likely ! ,g5ius ( an emp]or is repres5t$1 p]haps t ( ,claudius4 ,! face is n unlike ! face ( ,claudius1 & ! pa9t+ is on a wall decorat$ 9 ! ?ird /yle 7,ins4 ,,vii4 xi4 #d74 ,9 ano!r h\se 7,,ix4 viii4 #ac7 two ,g5ii are pa9t$1 & "u "o ( !m is scrat*$ 9 l>ge lett]s ,,ex ,,sc1 und\bt$ly = ex s5atus consulto1--'9 accordance ) a decree ( ! ,s5ate4' ,we are probably safe 9 assum+ t ! decree ref]r$ to is t ( ! reign ( ,augu/us1 by :i* ! wor%ip ( ! ,l>es 0 regulat$ 7,dio ,cass4 ,,li4 xix4 #g72 if s1 ! figure is int5d$ to repres5t ! ,g5ius ( t emp]or4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4--,%r9e 9 ! h\se ( ,vettii4 ,9 ! middle ! ,g5ius1 ) libation sauc] & box ( inc5se2 at ! sides1 ! two ,l>es1 ea* ) a dr9k+ horn & pail2 bel[1 a cre/$ s]p5t ab\t to p>take ( ! (f]+s4 ,! face ( ! ,g5ius 9 ! h\se ( ! ,vettii 7,fig4 #abg7 be>s a decid$ resemblance to t ( ,n]o4 ,"h ! %r9e 0 plac$ 9 ! re> wall ( ! small] atrium4 ,x consi/s ( a broad1 %all[ ni*e1 ! front ( :i* is elaborately ornam5t$ to give ! appe>ance ( a little temple1 :ile on ! back are pa9t$ ! h\sehold div9ities4 ,! ,g5ius /&s ) veil$ head betwe5 ! two ,l>es1 hold+ 9 8 left h& a box ( inc5se & p\r+ a libation ) ! "r4 ,9 ! orig9al pa9t+ ! features 7 unusually di/9ct4 ,! ,p5ates 7 ! protect+ div9ities ( ! provisions or /ores1 p5us1 & ! /or]ooms ( ! h\se2 "u ?is "n 7 includ$ v>i\s gods to :om ! ma/] & ! h\sehold (f]$ special wor%ip4 ,at ,pompeii ! ,p5ates1 z ! ,l>es & ! ,g5ius1 appe> 9 pa9t+s1 & are also repres5t$ by bronze images plac$ 9 ! %r9es4 ,9 ! %r9e ( ! h\se ( ,lucretius 7 dim9utive bronze figures ( ! ,g5ius & ( ,jupit]1 ,h]cules1 ,=tuna1 & ano!r div9ity t has n be5 id5tifi$4 ,/atuettes ( ,apollo1 ,aesculapius1 ,h]cules1 & ,m]cury 7 f\nd1 toge!r ) ^? ( ! two ,l>es1 9 ano!r h\se2 9 a ?ird1 ,=tuna alone ) ! ,l>es4 ,jupit] & ,=tuna are frequ5tly met ) 9 %r9e pa9t+s1 z well z ,v5us ,pompeiana 7,fig4 #d71 ,h]cules1 ,m>s1 & ,vulcan z a p]sonification ( ! he>? fire2 ,ve/a1 ! patron goddess ( bak]s1 usually appe>s 9 ! he>? pa9t+s ( bake %ops4 ,und]nea? ! repres5tations ( ! ,l>es & ,p5ates ord9>ily are pa9t$ two s]p5ts1 "o on ei!r side ( an alt>1 :i* !y are approa*+ 9 ord] to p>take ( ! (f]+s2 ^! consi/ ( fruits1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* an egg or a p9e cone c usually be di/+ui%$4 ,z e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ! ,empire ! significance ( ! s]p5t 9 ! ,roman wor%ip _h ceas$ to be cle>ly und]/ood2 ,virgil repres5ts ,a5eas z 9 d\bt :e!r ! s]p5t :i* came out f ! tomb ( ,an*ises 0 ! att5dant ( 8 fa!r or ! ,g5ius ( ! place 7,a54 ,v4 #ie74 ,9 ! ,pompeian pa9t+s1 :5 a pair ( s]p5ts occurs1 "o may usually be recogniz$ z a male by ! prom95t cre/4 ,!y 7 und\bt$ly look$ ^u z p]sonifications ( ! ,g5ii ( ! ma/] & mi/ress ( ! h\se4 ,:5 a s+le cre/$ s]p5t appe>s1 z 9 ! %r9e pa9t+s ( bo? ! h\se ( ! ,vettii 7,fig4 #abg7 & ! h\se ( ,apollo 7,fig4 #abf71 we are to und]/& t ! head ( ! h\sehold 0 unm>ri$4 ,,xi4 ,,second ,,/ory ,,rooms ,) few exceptions ! h\ses ( pre-,roman ,pompeii 7 built 9 only "o /ory2 :]e ! p]i/yle 0 9 two /ories1 !re mu/ h be5 rooms op5+ ^u ! upp] colonnade4 ,9 ,roman times1 z ! population ( ! city increas$ & m space 0 ne$$1 x became a common practice to make ! rooms ab\t ! atrium l[] & build *amb]s ov] !m4 ,a complete second /ory 0 r>e2 small rooms 7 add$ "h & !re1 frequ5tly at diff]5t levels & rea*$ by diff]5t /airways4 ,sometimes ! second /ory on ! front side project$ a few feet ov] ! /reet2 an example may be se5 9 a h\se 9 ! sev5? ,region 7casa del ,balcone ,p5sile71 ! front ( :i*1 ) ! "p project+ ov] ! sidewalk1 has be5 c>efully rebuilt by replac+ ! *>r$ rema9s ( ! anci5t beams ) new timb]s4 ,h\ses ) ?ree /ories 7 q exceptional1 & ! rooms ( ! ?ird floor mu/ h be5 unimportant4 ,along ! /eep slope ( ! hill1 on ! we/ & s\?we/ sides ( ! city1 a numb] ( h\ses are f\nd t pres5t ! appe>ance ( sev]al /ories2 !y are n prop]ly class$ ) ^? j m5tion$1 h[ev]1 = ! reason t ! floors are on t]races1 ! highe/ at ! level ( ! /reet1 ! o!rs l[] d[n & fur!r back1 be+ adju/$ to ! desc5t ( ! gr\nd4 ,f ! "t ( ,plautus1 second /ory rooms 7 designat$ z 'd9+ rooms1' c5acula4 ,v>ro says t aft] x became cu/om>y to d9e up/airs1 all upp] rooms 7 call$ c5acula4 ,?is explanation is n altoge!r satisfactory1 because o!r lit]>y evid5ce = ! preval5ce ( su* a cu/om is lack+4 ,p]haps 9 e>ly times1 :51 on acc\nt ( ! introduction ( ! compluvium & impluvium1 ! atrium ceas$ to be conv5i5t & com=table = ! s]v+ ( meals1 a d9+ room 0 frequ5tly con/ruct$ on an upp] floor1 &1 be+ ! pr9cipal second /ory ap>tm5t1 gave its "n to ! re/4 ,9 "s places ! anci5t cu/om may /ill h l+]$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,e>ly ,empire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4--;,int]ior ( a h\se ) a second /ory d9+ room op5+ on ! atrium1 re/or$4 ,! upp] p>ts ( ! ,pompeian h\ses 9 mo/ cases h be5 completely de/roy$2 9 a few1 h[ev]1 !re are traces ( a second /ory ap>tm5t t 0 probably us$ z a d9+ room4 ,"o ( ^! h\ses is 9 ,insula ,,xv ( ,region ,,vii1 ne> ! temple ( ,apollo4 ,x is pa9t$ 9 ! second /yle1 & dates app>5tly f ! end ( ! ,republic4 ,at ! re> ( ! atrium are two rooms & a passageway lead+ to ! back ( ! h\se4 ,ov] ^! 0 a s+le l>ge ap>tm5t1 clos$ at ! sides & re>1 b op5+ on ! atrium 9 its entire l5g?2 along ! front1 z se5 9 our re/oration 7,fig4 #abh71 ran a balu/rade connect+ ! pila/]s--ornam5t$ ) half-columns--:i* support$ ! ro(4 ,9 a corn] ( ! atrium at ! re> a n>r[ /airway l$ to ! second floor4 ,at ! "r1 z our section %[s 7,fig4 #abi71 0 a n>r[ gall]y re/+ on brackets1 :i* connect$ ! upp] room at ! re> ) "o 9 ! front ( ! h\se4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4--,longitud9al section ( ! h\se ) a second /ory d9+ room4 ,at ! "r1 ve/ibule1 door1 & fauces1 ) front room above2 !n ! atrium1 ) ! gall]y connect+ ! front room ) ! d9+ room2 la/ly1 ! ap>tm5ts at ! re> ( ! h\se4 ,9 ?is h\se !re 0 no p]i/yle4 ,! l>ge upp] room 0 s well fitt$ = a d9+ room1 especially 9 summ]1 t we c h>dly resi/ ! conclusion t x 0 design$ = ?is purpose4 ,!re is no trace ( a kit*5 on ! gr\nd floor2 & = great] conv5i5ce ?is also 0 probably plac$ 9 ! second /ory1 beh9d ! d9+ room4 ,9 ! fif? ,region !re 0 a small dwell+1 :i* aft]w>ds became a "p ( ! h\se ( ! ,silv] ,w$d+2 ! arrangem5t ( ! two /ories at ! re> ( ! atrium 0 simil> to t j describ$1 except t columns 7 us$ 9 place ( ! pila/]s1 & !re 0 only ! "o upp] room 9 ! back "p ( ! h\se4 ,9 su* cases z ?is 'd9+ room' & 'upp] /ory' might easily h come to be us$ z synonym\s t]ms4 ,:]e !re 0 a l>ge upp] room at ! re> ( ! atrium1 no place 0 left = ! high tabl9um2 9 a h\se 9 ! sev5? ,region 7casa dell' ,amore ,punito1 ,,vii4 ii4 #bc7 ! c5aculum 0 9 front4 ,on ! front wall ( ! atrium "o may /ill see "p ( ! c>efully hewn /ones on :i* ! columns ( ! second /ory re/$1 & fragm5ts ( ^! columns 7 f\nd on ! floor bel[4 ,,xii4 ,,! ,,%ops ,! out] p>ts ( ! h\ses front+ on ! pr9cipal ?or\ghf>es 7 utiliz$ z %ops4 ,on ! m retir$ side /reets !re 7 few] %ops1 & we (t5 f9d a facade ( masonry unbrok5 except = ! front door & an occasional w9d[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4--,plan ( a ,pompeian %op4 #a4 ,entrance4 #b4 ,c\nt]4 #c4 ,place = a fire4 #d4 ,/airway to upp] floor4 #e1 #e4 ,back rooms4 ,! %op fronts 7 op5 to ! /reet4 ,! c\nt]1 frequ5tly ( masonry1 has 9 mo/ cases ! %ape indicat$ on our plan 7,fig4 #acj1 #b71 be+ s arrang$ t cu/om]s c\ld make _! pur*ases1 if !y wi%$1 )\t go+ inside ! %op4 ,l>ge j>s 7 (t5 set 9 x1 to s]ve z receptacles = ! w>es & edibles expos$ = sale4 ,sometimes on ! end next to ! wall !re are little /eps1 on :i*1 z se5 9 our re/oration 7,fig4 #aca71 measur+ cups & o!r small vessels 7 plac$4 ,at ! inn] end we see n[ & !n a depression 7#c7 ov] :i* a vessel c\ld be heat$1 a fire be+ k9dl$ und]nea? z on a he>?4 ,9 ! w9e%ops a sep>ate he>? is sometimes f\nd1 & occasionally a lead5 vessel = heat+ wat]4 ,9 ! h\ses ( ! ,tufa ,p]iod ! %ops1 z ! front doors & ! rooms ab\t ! atrium1 7 relatively high4 ,^? ( ! h\se ( ,caecilius ,jucundus measur$ ne>ly #af feet2 ^? ( ! h\se ( ! ,faun1 #ai feet2 ! appe>ance ( ! latt] may be sugge/$ by our re/oration 7,fig4 #aci74 ,! height 0 divid$ by an upp] floor1 p]gula1 #aj or #ab feet above ! gr\nd1 along ! op5 front ( :i* 0 a balu/rade2 ! /airs lead+ to x 7 inside ! %op4 ,on su* a p]gula ,apelles1 accord+ to ,pl9y 7,n4 ,h4 xxxv4 #hd71 0 accu/om$ to display 8 pa9t+s2 & 9 ! ,dige/ ref]5ce is m ?an once made to cases 9 :i* a p]son pass+ along ! /reet 0 injur$ by an object fall+ ^u him f ! second /ory ( a %op4 ',%ops ) _! upp] floors' are adv]tis$ = r5t 9 "o ( ! pa9t$ inscriptions f\nd at ,pompeii 7p4 #dhi74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4--;,a %op = ! sale ( edibles1 re/or$4 ,9 ,roman times ! %ops1 z ! inn] rooms ( ! h\se1 7 built l[]1 & ov] !m small clos$ rooms 7 made1 :i* 7 call$ by ! same "n z ! op5 floor1 p]gula4 ,^! rooms 7 frequ5tly accessible f ! /reet by a /airway1 & 9 su* cases c\ld be r5t$ sep>ately4 ,9 colloquial language1 a man ^: e>ly life _h be5 pass$ amid unfavorable surr\nd+s 0 said to h be5 'born 9 a room ov] a %op1'--natus 9 p]gula4 ,%ops 7 ent]$ by means ( small doors2 ! front 0 clos$ ) %utt]s4 ,^! consi/$ ( ov]lapp+ bo>ds set upright 9 n>r[ grooves at ! top & ! bottom4 ,a sep>ate set ( %utt]s 0 provid$ = ! op5 p]gula4 ,,xiii4 ,,walls1 ,,floors1 ,,& ,,w9d[s ,! walls 7 cov]$ ) a ?ick lay] ( pla/] & pa9t$2 ! prep>ation ( ! /ucco1 ! processes employ$ 9 pa9t+1 & ! /yles ( decoration are res]v$ = discussion 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,! floors 7 frequ5tly made ( an inexp5sive concrete1 consi/+ ( bits ( lava or o!r /one p\nd$ d[n into common mort>4 ,a mu* bett] floor 0 ! ,signia pavem5t1 opus ,sign9um1 s nam$ f a t[n 9 ,latium4 ,?is 0 compos$ ( v small fragm5ts ( brick or tile p\nd$ into f9e mort>4 ,! surface 0 c>efully f9i%$1 & 0 sometimes ornam5t$ ) geometrical or o!r patt]ns trac$ 9 outl9e by means ( small bits ( :ite /one4 ,9 ! ,tufa ,p]iod a floor 0 (t5 made by fitt+ toge!r small pieces ( /one or m>ble1 & b$d+ !m well 9 mort>4 ,! colors are :ite & black1--slate is us$ 9 ! floor ( ! atrium 9 ! h\se ( ! ,faun2 sometimes also violet1 yell[1 gre51 & r$ appe> ) :ite & black4 ,pavem5ts ( squ>e or loz5ge-%ap$ & triangul> pieces ( color$ m>ble & slate1 l t 9 ! cella ( ! temple ( ,apollo 7,fig4 #bh71 are occasionally f\nd 9 h\ses4 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,e>ly ,empire floors pav$ ) l>g] slabs 7 n uncommon4 ,! mosaics ( ! ,pompeian floors--us+ ! t]m mosaic 9 a re/rict$ s5se--may be divid$ into two classes1 co>se & f9e4 ,9 ! =m] ! cubes1 tess]ae1 are on ! av]age a little less ?an half an in* squ>e4 ,! patt]ns are sometimes %[n 9 black on a :ite surface1 sometimes work$ 9 colors4 ,! f9] v>iety1 9 :i* ! pictures appe>1 is n (t5 ext5d$ ov] a :ole room1 b is usually conf9$ to a rectangul> section 9 ! middle1 co>se mosaic be+ us$ = ! re/ ( ! floor4 ,! w9d[s at ! front ( ! h\se1 z we h se51 7 ord9>ily few & small4 ,f ! ,tufa ,p]iod1 h[ev]1 l>ge w9d[s 7 (t5 made 9 ! rooms ar\nd ! p]i/yle2 9 ! h\se ( ! ,faun !y range 9 wid? f #aj to #bc feet1 & are s l[ t "o sitt+ inside c\ld look out ?r\gh !m4 ,upp] rooms1 also1 7 provid$ ) w9d[s ( good size1 sometimes measur+ #ba_/b by #d feet2 b ! rema9s are scanty4 ,9 lat] times occasionally a l[] w9d[ op5+ on ! /reet 0 made almo/ z l>ge1 & 0 protect$ by an iron grat+4 ,w9d[s 7 ord9>ily clos$ by means ( wood5 %utt]s4 ,small panes ( glass 7 f\nd 9 ! op5+s ( ! ,ba?s ne> ! ,=um2 _h ! ,c5tral ,ba?s be5 f9i%$1 glass w\ld und\bt$ly h be5 us$ = ! w9d[s ( ! cald>ium4 ,! w9d[ ( ! tepid>ium 9 ! villa ( ,diom$es 0 clos$ by f\r glass panes set 9 a wood5 frame 7p4 #ceg72 9 ! o!r h\ses a n>r[ pane is occasionally f\nd1 b inv>iably set 9 masonry4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,! ,,surgeon ,! h\se ( ! ,surgeon 7casa del ,*irurgo7 is ! olde/ ( ! ,pompeian h\ses t reta9$ to ! la/1 ) b slight modifications1 its orig9al plan & appe>ance4 ,x lies at ! "r ( ! ,/rada ,consol>e 7,,vi4 i4 #aj71 ab\t fifty paces inside ! ,h]culaneum ,gate4 ,! "n 0 sugge/$ by ! discov]y ( sev]al surgical in/rum5ts 9 "o ( ! rooms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4--,plan ( ! h\se ( ! ,surgeon4 #a4 ,fauces4 #e4 ,atrium4 #g4 ,tabl9um4 #h1 #h4 ,alae4 #i1 #aj4 ,d9+ rooms4 #ac4 ,kit*51 ) he>? 7a74 #ad4 ,po/icum4 #af4 ,colonnade4 #ah4 ,/airway to rooms ov] ! re> ( ! h\se4 #ai4 ,room ) w9d[ op5+ on ! g>d54 #bj4 ,g>d54 ,?is h\se 0 und\bt$ly built be=e #bjj ,b4,c4 ,! facade 7,fig4 #aj7 & ! walls ( ! atrium are ( l>ge hewn blocks ( ,s>no lime/one2 o!r inn] walls are ( lime/one framework 7p4 #cg74 ,! plan con=ms to ! simple ,italic type1 be=e ! addition ( ! p]i/yle2 yet x does n illu/rate ! olde/ =m ( ! native h\se1 = ! tabl9um 7,fig4 #acb1 #g7 has already displac$ ! recess = ! b$ opposite ! front door4 ,! measurem5ts ( ! rooms are accord+ to ! ,oscan /&>d 7p4 #dd71 ! atrium be+ ab\t #cj by #ce ,oscan feet4 ,we pass directly f ! /reet ?r\gh ! fauces 7#a7 into ! ,tuscan atrium 7#e7 at ! sides ( :i* are sleep+ rooms 7#f7 & ! two alae 7#h74 ,back ( ! tabl9um is a colonnade 7#af7 op5+ on ! g>d5 7#bj71 :i* orig9ally _h a great] l5g?2 ! room at ! "r 7#ai7 is a lat] addition1 z also ! small] room at ! o!r end 7#ba74 ,! ro( ( ! colonnade 0 c>ri$ by squ>e lime/one pill>s1 "o ( :i* has be5 pres]v$ 9 its orig9al =m4 ,! oblong room at ! "r ( ! tabl9um 7#aj7 0 once squ>e1 z 7#i74 ,bo? 7 well adapt$ = w9t] d9+ rooms2 9 summ]1 meals 7 und\bt$ly s]v$ 9 ! tabl9um4 ,! room at ! left ( ! entrance 7#b7 0 a %op1 at lea/ 9 lat] times4 ,! correspond+ room on ! o!r side 7#f'7 0 reta9$ = dome/ic use4 ,! %op at ! "r 7#c7 & ! back room 7#d71 z well z ! kit*5 ) ! adjo9+ rooms at ! re>1 us$ z /ore closets & qu>t]s = slaves1 7 a lat] addition2 #bb is a light c\rt1 to :i* ! ra9 wat] 0 conduct$ f diff]5t p>ts ( ! ro(4 ,ov] ^! rooms 0 a second /ory rea*$ by /airs lead+ f ! colonnade 7#ah74 ,x may be t ?is "p ( ! h\se took ! place ( a g>d5 9 :i* previ\sly !re 0 an outside kit*52 t ! gr\nd belong$ to ! h\se f ! beg9n+ is cle> f ! exi/5ce ( a door betwe5 ! rooms #f' & #c1 aft]w>ds wall$ up1 & ! appe>ance ( ! unbrok5 p>ty wall on ?is side4 ,! rooms ab\t ! atrium _h no upp] floor1 & 7 relatively high2 ! doors measur$ ne>ly twelve feet 9 height1 & ! ceil+ ( ! tabl9um 0 n f> f tw5ty feet above ! floor4 ,9 respect to height1 ?is h\se 0 n unlike ^? ( ! next p]iod4 ,9 ! lat] ye>s ( ! city1 b be=e #fc1 ! decoration 0 r5ew$ 9 ! f\r? /yle4 ,!re are pa9t+s ( int]e/1 h[ev]1 only 9 ! room at ! re> 7#ai71 :i* _h a l>ge w9d[ op5+ on ! g>d54 ,9 "o ( ! panels "h we see a man sitt+ ) a writ+ tablet 9 8 h&2 opposite him are two girls1 "o sitt+1 ! o!r /&+2 ! latt] holds a roll ( papyrus4 ,?is k9d ( g5re picture is n uncommon2 ! type is spok5 ( else:]e 7p4 #dgg74 ,9 ano!r panel1 :i* 0 transf]r$ to ! ,naples ,museum1 a "y woman is repres5t$ z pa9t+ a h]m ( ,dionysus 7,fig4 #acc72 a ,cupid is hold+ ! unf9i%$ picture :ile %e mixes colors on h] palette4 ,two o!r maid5s are wat*+ ! arti/ ) unfeign$ int]e/4 ,^u ! pill> beh9d ! h]m hangs a small pa9t+2 9 ! vi/a ano!r h]m is se51 toge!r ) a vase /&+ on a pill>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4--;,a "y woman pa9t+ a h]m4 ,wall pa9t+ f ! h\se ( ! ,surgeon4 ,! room conta9$ a ?ird picture :i* is n[ almo/ oblit]at$4 ,p]haps ?is pleasant ap>tm5t 0 once ! b\doir ( a favorite daught]1 :o busi$ h]self ) pa9t+ & v]se4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,sallu/ ,! h\se ( ,sallu/ 7,,vi4 ii4 #d7 receiv$ its "n f an election notice1 pa9t$ on ! outside1 9 :i* ,gaius ,sallu/ius 0 recomm5d$ = a municipal (fice4 ,x has no p]i/yle1 & its orig9al plan closely resembl$ t ( ! h\se ( ! ,surgeon4 ,x 0 built 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c42 ! ar*itecture is t ( ! ,tufa ,p]iod1 & ! well pres]v$ decoration ( ! atrium1 tabl9um1 alae1 & ! d9+ room at ! left ( ! tabl9um 7,fig4 #acd1 #bb7 is ( ! fir/ /yle4 ,! pila/]s at ! entrances ( ! alae & ! tabl9um are also unusually well pres]v$2 ! h\se is among ! mo/ important = our k ( ! p]iod to :i* x belongs4 ,! rooms on ! left side 7#f-i7 7 us$ z a bak]y4 ,^? 9 front 7#b-e7 7 %ops2 two ( !m 7#b1 #c71 at ! "t ( ! de/ruction ( ! city1 op5$ into ! fauces 7#a7 & ano!r 7#e7 _h two re> rooms1 "o ( :i* 0 ent]$ f a side /reet4 ,! rooms at ! "r 7#ca-cf7 7 private ap>tm5ts add$ lat] & connect$ ) ! re/ ( ! h\se only by means ( ! corridor 7#bi71 :i* ) ! cell design$ = ! port] 7#cj7 0 made ov] f "o ( ! side rooms ( ! atrium4 ,if we leave ^! gr\ps ( rooms out ( consid]ation1 x is easy to see t ! ,tuscan atrium & ! ap>tm5ts connect$ ) x--! tabl9um 7#ai71 ! alae 7#ag71 & ! rooms at ! sides--once =m$ a symmetrical :ole4 ,at ! re> 0 a g>d5 on two sides 7#bd1 #bd'71 ) a colonnade4 ,a broad w9d[ 9 ! re> ( ! left ala op5$ into ?is colonnade 7p4 #bei71 a "p ( :i* 0 aft]w>ds enclos$1 mak+ two small rooms 7#bc1 #ah74 ,at ! end ( ! latt] room a /airway 0 built lead+ to *amb]s2 9 ! beg9n+ ! h\se _h no second floor4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4--,plan ( ! h\se ( ,sallu/4 #a4 ,fauces4 #b1 #c4 ,%ops op5+ on ! fauces4 #d1 #e4 ,%ops4 #f-i4 ,bak]y 7#f4 ,millroom ) ?ree mills 7a71 & /airway to upp] floor4 #g4 ,ov54 #h4 ,knead+ room47 #i4 ,kit*54 #aj4 ,tuscan atrium1 ) impluvium 7#aa74 #ab4 ,ant]oom lead+ to d9+ room 7#ac74 #ag1 #ag4 ,alae4 #ai4 ,tabl9um4 #bj4 ,&ron1 ) doors at bo? ends4 #ba4 ,colonnade op5+ on ! g>d5 7#bd1 #bd'74 #be4 ,g>d5 tricl9ium4 #bi-cf4 ,private ap>tm5ts1 add$ 9 ,roman times to ! old] dwell+ 7#ca4 ,colonnade4 #cb4 ,g>d54 #cc1 #cd4 ,sleep+ rooms4 #ce4 ,d9+ room4 #cf4 ,kit*547 ,! &ron 7#bj71 ! w>drobe 7#ag'7 at ! side ( ! "r ala1 & ! small room back ( x 7#bh7 7 made out ( a squ>e room correspond+ 9 dim5sions ) t at ! o!r end ( ! tabl9um 7#bb74 ,! latt] 0 orig9ally ent]$ f ! atrium by a door at e1 :i* 0 clos$ :5 ! wide door 0 made at ! re> op5+ ^u ! colonnade4 ,at ! re> ( ! tabl9um is a broad w9d[4 ,9 ! corn] ( ! g>d5 is an op5 air tricl9ium 7#be71 ov] :i* v9es c\ld be tra9$2 !re 0 a small alt> 7l7 ne> by4 ,at n a jet ( wat] spurt$ f an op5+ 9 ! wall ^u a small plat=m ( masonry2 ! wat] 0 p]haps conduct$ into ! rectangul> bas9 7k7 opposite1 ! inside ( :i* 0 pa9t$ blue4 ,only ! edges ( ?is portion ( ! g>d51 :i* is high] ?an ! floor ( ! colonnade1 7 plant$2 /eps l$ up to x at f & g4 ,a he>? 7p7 0 plac$ 9 ! colonnade at ! left1 = ! prep>ation ( ! vi&s s]v$ 9 ! tricl9ium4 ,! room at ! o!r end ( ! g>d5 7#bg7 0 connect$ ) ! /reet at ! re> by a po/icum2 back ( x 0 an op5 space 7#bf7 ) rema9s ( masonry 7m71 ! purpose ( :i* is n cle>4 ,! l>ge d9+ room 7#ac7 may once h belong$ to ! bak]y2 ! ant]oom 7#ab7 lead+ to x 0 made f "o ( ! side rooms ( ! atrium4 ,! arrangem5t recalls t ( ! d9+ room ( :i* ! plan is giv5 9 ,fig4 #abd4 ,! appe>ance ( ! atrium 9 its orig9al =m may be sugge/$ by our re/oration 7,fig4 #ace74 ,! proportions are monum5tal4 ,! treatm5t ( ! entrances to ! tabl9um & ! alae1 ) pila/]s jo9$ by project+ entablatures1 ! sev]e & simple decoration 7illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bfa71 & ! admission ( light ?r\gh ! compluvium increas$ ! app>5t height ( ! room & gave x an aspect ( dignity & res]ve4 ,at ! re> we cat* glimpses ( ! v9es & %rubs at ! edge ( ! g>d52 pa9t$ trees & bu%es 7 also se5 ^u ! g>d5 wall4 ,! s]ies ( ap>tm5ts ent]$ ?r\gh ! room at ! "r ( ! atrium 7#bi7 pres5t a m>k$ contra/ ) ! re/ ( ! h\se4 ,!y are l[1 ! eight-sid$1 d>k-r$ columns ( ! colonnade 7#ca71 ) _! :ite capitals1 be+ less ?an t5 feet high2 & ! d>k %ades ( ! decoration1 :i* is 9 ! f\r? /yle ^u a black gr\nd1 give a gloomy impression to "o com+ f ! atrium ) its masses ( brilliant color4 ,!re 0 a small f\nta9 9 ! middle ( ! little g>d5 7#cb71 ! re> wall ( :i* is cov]$ by a pa9t+ repres5t+ ! fate ( ,actaeon1 torn to pieces by 8 own h\nds z a p5alty = hav+ se5 ,diana at ! ba?4 ,at fir/ ! colonnade _h a flat ro(1 ) an op5 walk above on ! ?ree sides2 b :5 ! l>ge d9+ room 7#ce7 0 con/ruct$1 ! flat ro( & prom5ade on ?is side 7 replac$ by a slop+ ro( ov] ! broad entrance to ! d9+ room4 ,on ! out] walls ( ! two sleep+ rooms 7#cc1 #cd7 7 two pa9t+s ( simil> design1 ,europa ) ! bull1 ,phrixus & ,helle ) ! ram4 ,! re> inn] wall ( #cd conta9$ two pairs ( lov]s1 ,p>is & ,hel5 9 ! h\se ( ,m5elaus1 & ,ares & ,aphrodite4 ,! room at ! corn] ( ! colonnade 7#cf7 is ! kit*52 ! /airway 9 x l$ to ! flat ro( ( ! colonnade4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ace4--;,atrium ( ! h\se ( ,sallu/1 look+ ?r\gh ! tabl9um & colonnade at ! re> into ! g>d51 re/or$4 ,?is portion ( ! h\se probably dates f ! latt] "p ( ! ,republic2 x und]w5t m9or *anges 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5tury dur+ :i* x 0 us$4 ,previ\sly !re 0 9 all probability a g>d5 on ?is side1 into :i* op5$ a l>ge w9d[ 9 ! re> wall ( ! "r ala1 aft]w>ds clos$4 ,! *anges made 9 ! /ately h\se ( ! pre-,roman "t are mo/ easily expla9$ on ! supposition t ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! ,empire x 0 turn$ into a hotel & re/aurant4 ,! %op at ! left ( ! entrance 7#c7 op5s ^u ! atrium z well z on ! /reet2 ! pr9cipal c\nt] is on ! side ( ! fauces1 & ne> ! inn] end is a place = heat+ a vessel ov] ! fire4 ,l>ge j>s 7 set 9 ! c\nt]1 & !re 0 a /one table 9 ! middle ( ! room4 ,"h edibles & hot dr9ks 7 sold to ^? inside ! h\se z well z to pass]s-by4 ,! %op at ! "r ( ! entrance 0 connect$ ) ! fauces1 ! atrium1 & a side room 7#af74 ,! numb] ( sleep+ rooms _h be5 increas$ by *anges 9 sev]al ( ! e>li] ap>tm5ts1 & by ! addition ( a second floor rea*$ by ! /airway 9 room #ah4 ,! private ap>tm5ts 7 = ! use ( ! proprietor1 & 7 gu>d$ aga9/ ! intrusion ( ! gue/s ( ! inn by ! port] /ation$ at ! entrance 79 #cj74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acf4--,longitud9al section ( ! h\se ( ,sallu/1 re/or$4 ,at ! left1 ! fauces ) ! c\nt] ( ! %op2 !n ! nor? side ( ! atrium ) ! entrance ( ! left ala1 ! nor? side ( ! tabl9um1 ) "o ( ! pila/]s at ! entrance f ! atrium2 la/ly1 ! colonnade at ! back & ! v9e-cov]$ tricl9ium 9 ! corn] ( ! g>d54 ,?is explanation is confirm$ by ! close connection ( ! bak]y ) ! h\se2 & ! use ( ! op5-air tricl9ium is entirely consi/5t ) x 7p4 #djd74 ,! arrangem5t ( ! h\se aft] x _h become an inn may be se5 9 our section 7,fig4 #acf74 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,! ,,faun ,! h\se ( ! ,faun1 s nam$ f ! /atue ( a danc+ satyr f\nd 9 x 7,fig4 #beh71 0 among ! l>ge/ & mo/ elegant 9 ,pompeii4 ,x illu/rates = u ! type ( dwell+ t weal?y m5 ( cultivat$ ta/es liv+ 9 ! ?ird or second c5tury ,b4,c4 built & adorn$ = !mselves4 ,! mosaic pictures f\nd on ! floors 7n[ 9 ! ,naples ,museum7 are ! mo/ beautiful t h surviv$ to mod]n times4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acg4--,plan ( ! h\se ( ! ,faun4 ,a4 ,fauces ( ,tuscan atrium4 ,b4 ,tuscan atrium4 ,c1 ,c'4 ,alae4 ,d4 ,tabl9um4 ,e1 ,f4 ,d9+ rooms4 ,g4 ,fir/ p]i/yle4 ,h4 ,ex$ra ) mosaic ( ! battle ( ,alex&]4 ,i1 ,j4 ,d9+ rooms4 ,k4 ,second p]i/yle4 ,l4 ,l>ge room us$ a w9e-cell>4 ,m4 ,kit*54 ,n4 ,b$room4 a4 ,ve/ibule4 b4 ,tetra/yle atrium4 c1 c'4 ,alae ( tetra/yle atrium4 e4 ,/or]oom4 f1 f'4 ,sleep+ rooms4 o1 o'4 ,ba?4 q4 ,g>d5]'s room4 r4 ,doorkeep]'s room4 v4 ,broad ni*e = ?ree /atues4 #a-d4 ,%ops4 ,! wall decoration1 :i* is ( ! fir/ /yle1 9 ! m important rooms 0 left unalt]$ to ! la/1 & is well pres]v$4 ,?is decoration1 h[ev]1 does n date f ! build+ ( ! h\se4 ,9 ord] to protect ! pa9t$ surfaces aga9/ moi/ure1 ! walls 9 ! beg9n+ 7 c>efully cov]$ ) %eets ( lead be=e !y 7 pla/]$4 ,lat] two doorways 7 wall$ up1 & ! pla/]+ ov] ! ap]tures1 :i* 0 appli$ directly to ! wall surface )\t ! use ( lead %ea?+1 =ms ) its decoration an insep>able "p ( t f\nd on ei!r side4 ,:5 ! orig9al decoration 0 replac$ by t :i* we see on ! walls to-day x is impossible to det]m9e1 b ! *ange mu/ h be5 made be=e ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 ,a few unimportant rooms are pa9t$ 9 ! second & f\r? /yles4 ,an entire block 7,,vi4 xii471 measur+ approximately #cae by #aae feet1 is giv5 to ! h\se2 !re are no %ops except ! f\r 9 front 7,fig4 #acg74 ,! ap>tm5ts are arrang$ 9 f\r gr\ps3 a l>ge ,tuscan atrium1 ,b1 ) liv+ rooms on ?ree sides2 a small tetra/yle atrium1 b1 ) rooms = dome/ic s]vice ar\nd x & ext5d+ on ! "r side t[>d ! re> ( ! h\se2 a p]i/yle1 ,g1 ! dep? ( :i* equals ! wid? ( ! l>ge & half t ( ! small atrium2 & a second p]i/yle1 ,k1 occupy+ m ?an a ?ird ( ! block4 ,at ! re> ( ! second p]i/yle is a s]ies ( small rooms 7q-u7 ! dep? ( :i* v>ies accord+ to ! deviation ( ! /reet at ! nor? end ( ! insula4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4--,"p ( ! cornice ov] ! l>ge front door4 ,9 front ( ! ma9 entrance we read ! ^w ,,h 7m commonly writt5 ave71 ',welcome6' spell$ 9 ! sidewalk ) bits ( gre51 yell[1 r$1 & :ite m>ble4 ,! /reet door "h1 q exceptionally1 0 at ! out] end ( ! ve/ibule4 ,x consi/$ ( ?ree leaves 7se5 9 ,fig4 #aci7 & op5$ t[>d ! inside1 :ile ! d\ble door betwe5 ! ve/ibule & ! fauces 7,a on ! plan7 op5$ t[>d ! outside2 ! clos$ ve/ibule 0 n unlike ^? ( _m mod]n h\ses4 ,fragm5ts ( ! l9tel ov] ! out] door1 ) its project+ d5til cornice1 are pres]v$ 9 "o ( ! %ops 7,fig4 #ach74 ,! %ops ) _! upp] floors1 p]gulae1 7 n9ete5 feet high4 ,:5 ! %utt]s 7 up !y pres5t$ a monoton\s appe>ance 7,fig4 #aci71 b on sunny days1 :5 ! articles (f]$ = sale 7 attractively display$1 & buy]s & idl]s 7 loit]+ 9 front or leisurely pass+ f "o to ! o!r1 %ops & /reet alike 7 full ( color & animation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci4--;,facade ( ! h\se ( ! ,faun1 re/or$4 ,at ! left1 ! front ( a %op 7#a on ! plan7 ) its upp] floor2 !n ! l>ge front door1 two %ops1 ! entrance ( ! small] atrium & ! f\r? %op1 :i*1 l ! second1 is completely clos$ by %utt]s4 ,! floor ( ! fauces1 z ( _m ( ! o!r rooms1 is ri* 9 color4 ,x is made ( small triangul> pieces ( m>ble & slate--r$1 yell[1 gre51 :ite1 & black4 ,at ! inn] end x 0 m>k$ (f f ! floor ( ! atrium by a /ripe ( f9ely execut$ mosaic1 sugge/ive ( a ?re%old 7,fig4 #adj71 n[ 9 ! ,naples ,museum4 ,two tragic masks are reali/ically outl9$1 appe>+ 9 ! mid/ ( fruits1 fl[]s1 & g>l&s1 ! details ( :i* are work$ out ) mu* skill4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4--;,bord] ( mosaic ) tragic masks1 fruits1 fl[]s1 & g>l&s1 at ! inn] end ( ! fauces4 ,! walls ( ! fauces are ornam5t$ 9 an unusual mann]4 ,! ord9>y decoration ( ! fir/ /yle is c>ri$ to ! height ( eight feet4 ,above ?is on ei!r side projects a tufa %elf ab\t sixte5 in*es wide1 on :i* is plac$ ! facade ( a dim9utive temple2 t on ! left is se5 9 ,fig4 #ada4 ,! front ( ! cella1 ) clos$ doors1 is pres5t$ 9 relief1 b ! f\r columns ( ! portico /& free4 ,! %elf is support$ und]nea? by a cornice :i* re/$ orig9ally on /ucco brackets 9 ! %ape ( dogs2 ! und]side is c>v$ to repres5t a ri*ly ornam5t$ c(f]$ ceil+4 ,! atrium 0 a room ( impos+ dim5sions4 ,! l5g? is approximately #ec feet1 ! bread? #cc2 ! height1 z indicat$ by ! rema9s ( ! walls & ! pila/]s1 0 c]ta9ly n less ?an #bh feet4 ,above 0 a c(f]$ ceil+4 ,! sombre %ade ( ! floor1 pav$ ) small pieces ( d>k slate1 =m$ an effective contra/ ) ! :ite lime/one edge & brilliant inn] surface ( ! %all[ impluvium1 cov]$ ) pieces ( color$ m>bles simil> to ^? 9 ! fauces4 ,/ill m m>k$ 0 ! contra/ 9 ! /rong colors ( ! walls4 ,bel[ 0 a broad surface ( black2 !n a project+ :ite d5til cornice1 & above ?is1 masses ( d>k r$1 blui% gre51 & yell[4 ,! decoration1 z usual 9 ! fir/ /yle1 0 n c>ri$ to ! ceil+1 b /opp$ j above ! side doors2 ! upp] "p ( ! wall 0 left 9 ! :ite4 ,z "o /epp$ across ! mosaic bord] at ! end ( ! fauces1 a beautiful vi/a op5$ up be=e ! eyes4 ,f ! ap]ture ( ! compluvium a diffus$ light 0 spread ?r\gh ! atrium brilliant ) its ri* color+4 ,at ! re> ! l(ty entrance ( ! tabl9um attract$ ! visitor by its /ately dignity4 ,n[ ! porti]es are drawn aside1 & beyond ! l>ge w9d[ ( ! tabl9um ! columns ( ! fir/ p]i/yle are se5 7,fig4 #ada74 ,! %rubs & fl[]s ( ! g>d5 are bright ) sun%9e1 & fragrant odors are waft$ ?r\gh ! h\se2 9 ! mid/ a sl5d] f\nta9 jet rises 9 ! air & falls ) a murmur pleasant to ! e>4 ,if ! vegetation 0 n too luxuriant1 "o might look into ! ex$ra1 on ! fur!r side ( ! colonnade1 & ev5 cat* glimpses ( ! trees & bu%es 9 ! g>d5 ( ! second p]i/yle4 ,( ! rooms at ! side ( ! atrium1 "o 7f'7 0 app>5tly ! family sleep+ room2 places = two b$s 7 set (f by slight elevations 9 ! floor4 ,?is room _h be5 c>efully r$ecorat$ 9 ! second /yle2 ! room opposite1 ! decoration ( :i* 0 inf]ior to t ( ! re/1 0 p]haps us$ by ! port] 7atri5sis74 ,! tabl9um 7,d71 l t ( ! h\se ( ,sallu/1 _h a broad w9d[ op5+ on ! colonnade ( ! p]i/yle4 ,9 ! middle ( ?is room is a rectangul> section pav$ ) loz5ge-%ap$ pieces ( black1 :ite1 & gre5 /one2 ! re/ ( ! floor is ( :ite mosaic4 ,! floor ( ea* ala 0 ornam5t$ ) a mosaic picture4 ,9 t at ! left 7,c7 are doves pull+ a necklace out ( a casket--a "w ( slight m]it4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4--,longitud9al section ( ! h\se ( ! ,faun1 %[+ ! l>ge atrium1 ! fir/ p]i/yle1 & a corn] ( ! second p]i/yle1 re/or$4 ,ve/ibule ,door ,fauces ,tuscan atrium ) compluvium & impluvium 7,b7 ,ala 7,c7 ,tabl9um 7,d7 ,fir/ p]i/yle ) colonnade & f\nta9 bas9 7,g7 ,ex$ra 7,h7 ,corn] ( ! second p]i/yle 7,k7 ,! mosaic picture f\nd 9 ! "r ala is *>act]iz$ by delicacy ( execution & h>moni\s color+4 ,x is divid$ into two p>ts2 above is a cat ) a p>tridge2 bel[1 ducks1 fi%es1 & %ellfi%4 ,a l>ge w9d[ 9 ! re> wall ( ?is ala op5s into ! small atrium1 n = ! admission ( light1 b = v5tilation2 9 summ] !re w\ld be a circulation ( air betwe5 ! two atriums4 ,two doors1 at ! "r & ! left ( ! tabl9um 7se5 9 ,fig4 #adc71 op5$ into l>ge d9+ rooms1 "o 7,e7 ne>ly squ>e1 ! o!r 7,f7 oblong4 ,bo? _h l>ge w9d[s on ! side ( ! p]i/yle1 & ! "o at ! left also a door op5+ ^u ! colonnade4 ,! mosaic pictures 9 ! floors h>moniz$ well ) ! purpose ( ! rooms4 ,9 "o 7 fi%es ( v>i\s k9ds1 & sea mon/]s2 9 ! o!r 0 ! picture--(t5 reproduc$--9 :i* ! ,g5ius ( ! autumn is repres5t$ z a v9e-cr[n$ boy sitt+ on a pan!r & dr9k+ out ( a deep gold5 b[l4 ,! colonnade ( ! fir/ p]i/yle 0 ( "o /ory 7,fig4 #ada74 ,! entablature ( ! well proportion$ ,ionic columns pres5t$ a mixture ( /yles (t5 met ) 9 ,pompeii1 a ,doric frieze ) a d5til cornice4 ,! wall surfaces 7 divid$ by pila/]s & decorat$ 9 ! fir/ /yle4 ,9 ! middle ( ! g>d5 ! delicately c>v$ /&>d ( a m>ble f\nta9 bas9 may /ill be se54 ,! op5 front ( ! broad ex$ra 7,h7 0 adorn$ ) two columns1 & at ! re> 0 a w9d[ ext5d+ almo/ f side to side1 op5+ ^u ! second p]i/yle4 ,betwe5 ! columns ( ! entrance 7 mosaic pictures ( ! creatures ( ! ,nile1--hippopotamus1 crocodile1 i*neumon1 & ibis2 & 9 ! room1 fill+ almo/ ! entire floor1 0 ! mo/ fam\s ( anci5t mosaic pictures1 ! battle betwe5 ,alex&] & ,d>ius4 ,?is great composition has s (t5 be5 reproduc$ t we ne$ n pres5t x "h2 z illu/rat+ ! /yle & treatm5t1 h[ev]1 we give a small section1 9 :i* ! face ( ,alex&] appe>s 7,fig4 #adb74 ,! mosaic is a reproduction ( a pa9t+ made ei!r 9 ! lifetime ( ,alex&]1 or soon aft] 8 dea?4 ,! battle is p]haps t ( ,issus4 ,! left side ( ! picture is un=tunately only 9 "p pres]v$4 ,at ! head ( ! ,greek horsem5 rides ,alex&]1 fe>less1 unhelmet$1 lead+ a *>ge aga9/ ! pick$ gu>d ( ,d>ius4 ,! long spe> ( ! t]rible ,mac$onian is pi]c+ ! side ( a ,p]sian noble1 ^: horse s9ks "u him4 ,! driv] ( ,d>ius's *>iot is putt+ ! la% to ! horses1 b ! flee+ k+ turns ) an expression ( angui% & t]ror to witness ! dea? ( 8 c\rti]1 ! m\nt$ noblem5 ab\t him be+ panic-/rick5 at ! resi/less onset ( ! ,greeks4 ,! gr\p+ ( ! combatants1 ! *>act]ization ( ! individual figures1 ! skill ) :i* ! expressions ^u ! faces are r5d]$1 & ! delicacy ( color+ give ?is picture a high rank among anci5t works ( art4 ,! colors 9 ! mosaic are necess>ily m subdu$ ?an 9 ! orig9al pa9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4--;,detail f ! mosaic picture repres5t+ a battle betwe5 ,alex&] & ,d>ius4 ,alex&]1 hav+ ?r[n aside 8 helmet1 is lead+ ! *>ge ^u ! gu>d ( ,d>ius1 :o is already 9 flight4 ,a corridor 7p71 bo? ends ( :i* c\ld be clos$1 l$ f ! fir/ to ! second p]i/yle4 ,! columns "h1 ( ! ,doric ord]1 7 ( brick1 ) tufa capitals1 ! %afts be+ edg$1 n flut$4 ,! entablature re/$ on a l9e ( timb]s1 z (t5 9 ! build+s ( ! ,tufa ,p]iod4 ,9 our re/oration 7,fig4 #ada7 an upp] colonnade ( ! ,ionic ord] is assum$1 ext5d+ ab\t ! f\r sides4 ,! re/oration is "h possibly at fault2 ! colonnade may h be5 9 two /ories only on ! s\? side1 ) twice z _m columns above z bel[4 ,on ei!r side ( ! ex$ra 7 two d9+ rooms 7,i1 ,j71 "o op5 9 its entire bread? ^u ! second p]i/yle1 ! o!r hav+ a n>r[ door ) two w9d[s4 ,! f9e mosaic picture 9 ,i 0 f\nd 9 s damag$ a condition t ! subject--a lion /&+ ov] a pro/rate tig]--c\ld n be made out1 until a duplicate 0 discov]$ 9 #ahhe4 ,9 ! sleep+ room on ! o!r side ( ! corridor 7,n71 :i* _h be5 r$ecorat$ 9 ! second /yle1 rema9s ( two b$s 7 f\nd4 ,! room next to x 7,l7 0 ! l>ge/ 9 ?is "p ( ! h\se2 at ! "t ( ! eruption x 0 )\t decoration & 0 us$ z a w9e cell>4 ,a great numb] ( amphorae 7 f\nd 9 x1 z also 9 bo? p]i/yles4 ,"o ( ! small rooms at ! re> 7q7 0 p]haps occupi$ by ! g>d5]2 ! "o next to x 7r7 0 ! doorkeep]'s room4 ,at v is a long1 %all[ ni*e1 design$ = /atues4 ,ne>] ! corn] 7 two small] ni*es1 ea* ( :i* 0 ornam5t$ 9 front ) pila/]s & a gable4 ,^! 7 ! %r9es ( ! h\sehold gods2 9 front ( !m 7 f\nd two bronze tripods1 two bronze lamp /&s1 two pairs ( iron tongs1 a c\ple ( common lamps1 & ! rema9s ( a bran* ( laurel ) ! bones & eggs ( a dove t _h ne/$ 9 x4 ,a bronze /atuette ( a ,g5ius 0 f\nd seem+ly 9 "o ( ! ni*es4 ,! dome/ic ap>tm5ts 7 ent]$ by a front door betwe5 ! two %ops at ! "r 7,fig4 #aci74 ,! ve/ibule1 unlike t ( ! o!r entrance1 is op5 to ! /reet1 ! fauces be+ n>r[] & deep]4 ,! relation ( ! tetra/yle to ! ,tuscan atrium is indicat$ 9 our transv]se section 7,fig4 #adc74 ,! alae 7c1 c'7 are "h at ! middle ( ! sides2 ! "o at ! left s]v$ z a passageway betwe5 ! two atriums4 ,! f\r tufa ,cor9?ian columns1 ne>ly tw5ty feet high1 are well pres]v$1 z well z ! pila/]s at ! entrances ( ! alae4 ,a tabl9um 0 n ne$$ 9 ?is "p ( ! h\se1 & ! space :i* x might h occupi$ 0 giv5 to ! &ron 7k7 & a sleep+ room op5+ on ! fir/ p]i/yle 7l74 ,?is "p ( ! h\se 0 mu* damag$ by ! e>?quake ( #fc1 & !re are _m traces ( repairs1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! upp] rooms4 ,! walls 7 simply pa9t$ 9 ! f\r? /yle4 ,two money *e/s /ood on l>ge flat /ones 9 ! re> corn]s ( ?is atrium4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc4--,transv]se section ( ! h\se ( ! ,faun1 %[+ ! two atriums ) adjo9+ rooms4 ,sleep+ room 7f7 ,tuscan atrium 7,b7 ) entrance ( tabl9um 7,d7 ,left ala 7c7 ( tetra/yle atrium ,tetra/yle atrium 7b7 ,"r ala 7c'7 ,9 "o ( ! rooms at ! front 7e7 !re are traces ( %elves2 /airs at "o side l$ to ! upp] rooms at ! left ( ! atrium1 ! %ape & size ( :i* are indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #adc4 ,on ! "r1 also1 !re 7 small *amb]s ov] g1 h1 & h'1 on ! same level z ! second floor ( ! %op 9 front 7#d71 & accessible only by means ( ! /airway 9 ?is %op2 !re 7 no o!r /airs 9 ?is corn] ( ! h\se1 & ^! rooms c\ld n h be5 connect$ ) *amb]s ov] o!r p>ts ( ! atrium1 because !re 7 no upp] rooms ov] ! fauces & ! "r ala 7c'74 ,ano!r /airway 9 d1 p>tly ( wood1 l$ to *amb]s ov] i1 d'1 n'1 n1 o1 o'1 & "p ( ! kit*51 ,m4 ,bronze vessels & rema9s ( ivory feet belong+ to a b$/ead 7 f\nd 9 ! d\ble room h1 h'2 b x is m likely t ?is 0 us$ z a /or]oom = disc>d$ furniture ?an t memb]s ( ! family slept "h4 ,a long corridor at ! end ( ! fir/ p]i/yle 7m7 connect$ ! rooms at ! "r ( ! small atrium ) ! closet 7n71 ! ba? 7o1 o'71 ! kit*5 7,m71 & ! l>ge b$room 7,n7 op5+ on ! second p]i/yle4 ,! two rooms ( ! ba?1 tepid>ium & cald>ium1 7 provid$ ) holl[ floors & walls1 & 7 heat$ f ! kit*51 into :i* ! draft v5ts 7p4 #ahh7 op5$2 9 ord] to make ! smoke less objectionable1 ! kit*5 0 built v high1 ) sev]al w9d[s4 ,! kit*5 is ( unusual size4 ,a ni*e = ! images ( ! h\sehold gods 0 plac$ 9 ! wall at ! left1 s high up t x c\ld only h be5 rea*$ by means ( a ladd]4 ,! front is %ap$ to resemble ! facade ( a small temple1 & 9 x is a small alt> ( t]ra cotta = ! burn+ ( inc5se4 ,! fir/ room at ! "r ( ! corridor 7n'7 0 completely excavat$ 9 #aijj1 & f\nd to be a /all4 ,9 x 7 br\ght to light ! skeletons ( two c[s & ( f\r human be+s1 an adult & ?ree *ildr54 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii ,a ,,h\se ,,ne> ,,! ,,porta ,,m>9a ,! height ( ! important rooms c be accurately det]m9$ 9 s few h\ses ( ! ,tufa ,p]iod1 t special importance atta*es to a h\se on ! edge ( ! city nor? ( ! ,porta ,m>9a 7,no4 #ac71 9 :i* n m]ely ! ?ree-qu>t] columns at ! entrance ( ! tabl9um1 b also ! pila/]s at ! corn]s ( ! fauces & alae & "p ( ! ,ionic columns ( ! p]i/yle are se5 9 _! full height4 ,! atrium is ! be/ pres]v$ ( any 9 ! l>ge pre-,roman h\ses1 & ! height ( ! ceil+ 9 sev]al ( ! adjo9+ rooms is cle>ly indicat$4 ,! h\se lies ab\t sev5ty paces nor? ( ! ,/rada della ,m>9a1 on ! la/ /reet lead+ to ! "r4 ,x is )\t a "n & is seldom visit$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4--,plan ( ! h\se ne> ! ,porta ,m>9a4 ,nei!r ! decoration1 r5ew$ 9 ! second /yle & )\t pa9t+s1 nor ! arrangem5t ( ! rooms 7,fig4 #add7 requires ext5d$ comm5t4 ,!re are two atriums1 ! small] ) ! dome/ic ap>tm5ts be+ at ! left & ent]$ directly f ! /reet4 ,! fauces ( ! o!r are ( unusual wid?1 be+ ab\t two fif?s ( ! wid? ( ! atrium4 ,! alae are at ! middle ( ! sides1 z 9 ! h\se ( ,epidius ,rufus & ! small] atrium ( ! h\se ( ! ,faun4 ,at ! sides ( ! tabl9um are l>ge w9d[s op5+ into two d9+ rooms1 :i* are ent]$ f ! p]i/yle4 ,m ?an a ?ird ( ! plot enclos$ by ! p]i/yle is tak5 up by a deep rectangul> bas9 = fi%4 ,at ! re> are app>5tly o!r rooms1 adju/$ to ! slope ( ! gr\nd1 :i*1 h[ev]1 h n yet be5 excavat$4 ,x w1 p]haps1 be easi] to appreciate ! /ately "* ( ! pre-,roman atriums if we give a few ( ! dim5sions :i* 7 us$ 9 mak+ our re/oration 7,fig4 #ade74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade4--,longitud9al section ( ! h\se ne> ! ,porta ,m>9a4 ,ve/ibule ,fauces ,ala ,atrium ,tabl9um ,p]i/yle ,fi% pond ,! atrium is #da by #bi feet4 ,! tabl9um measures #ac feet #i in*es betwe5 ! ?ree-qu>t] columns :i* /&1 9 place ( ! usual pila/]s1 at ! entrance2 x is ?us half z wide z ! atrium4 ,! height ( ! tabl9um at ! entrance is #ah feet #f in*es2 accord+ to ! proportions giv5 by ,vitruvius x %\ld be #ae feet #d in*es4 ,! alae & fauces also exce$ ! dim5sions pres5t$ by ! ,roman ar*itect1 ! =m] be+ #ab-b_/c feet wide & #af-a_/d feet high1 :ile ! height ( ! broad fauces1 #ag-a_/b feet1 is only a trifle less ?an t ( ! tabl9um4 ,! height ( ! walls ( ! atrium is easily det]m9$ ) ! help ( ! data be=e u2 & ! arrangem5t ( ! ro( ov] ! fauces1 atrium1 tabl9um1 & colonnade ( ! p]i/yle mu/ h be5 v simil> to t %[n 9 our re/oration4 ,! entablature se5 ov] ! entrance ( ! left ala is re/or$ 9 accordance ) ! ar*itectural =ms commonly us$ 9 ! p]iod :5 ! h\se 0 built4 ,bo? ! ?ree-qu>t] columns & ! pila/]s pres5t a peculi>ity ( con/ruction f\nd also 9 o!r h\ses1 b n easy to expla94 ,! =m] appe> z half-columns on ! side ( ! tabl9um1 b pres5t fully ?ree f\r?s ( _! bread? on ! side ( ! atrium4 ,! pila/]s at ! entrances ( ! alae & fauces h1 on ! inside1 a good proportion1 ! bread? be+ ab\t "o eigh? ( ! height2 b on ! outside1 t[>d ! atrium1 !y are mu* m sl5d]4 ,a well design$ scroll patt]n appe>s 9 ! black & :ite mosaic floor ( ! fauces1 :i*1 z (t5 9 ,pompeian h\ses1 slopes g5tly t[>d ! /reet4 ,! floor ( ! atrium is made ( black mosaic ) pieces ( color$ m>ble arrang$ 9 r[s1 & :ite /ripes at ! edges4 ,! base ( a %r9e = ! h\sehold gods /&s aga9/ ! "r wall4 ,9 ! fir/ room at ! "r 0 an alcove = a b$ opposite ! door2 ! ceil+ ( ! alcove1 9 ! =m ( a vault1 0 l[] ?an t ( ! re/ ( ! room4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,! ,,silv] ,,w$d+ ,among ! m int]e/+ ( ! l>ge h\ses excavat$ 9 ! la/ decade is ! h\se ( ! ,silv] ,w$d+1 :i* m>ks ! limit ( excavation 9 ! fif? ,region 7,v4 ii4 a on ,plan ,,vi74 ,! ma9 "p 0 cle>$ 9 #ahib 7,fig4 #h72 & 9 ,april1 #ahic1 9 connection ) ! fe/ivities ) :i* ! ,silv] ,w$d+ ( ! ,k+ & ,que5 ( ,italy 0 celebrat$1 a special excavation 0 made 9 "o ( ! rooms1 9 ! pres5ce ( _! ,maje/ies & ( _! imp]ial gue/s1 ! ,emp]or & ,empress ( ,g]many4 ,portions ( ! h\se are /ill cov]$1 ! facade1 ! inn] end ( ! oecus1 & ! great] "p ( an ext5sive g>d5 on ! left side4 ,not)/&+ ! ext5t ( ! h\se--! greate/ l5g? is n f> f #aej feet1 ! bread? ( ! excavat$ portion #acj--;& ! numb] ( ap>tm5ts1 ! plan is simple 7,fig4 #adf74 ,f ! fauces 7a7 we pass into a tetra/yle atrium 7d71 ! l>ge/ ( its k9d yet discov]$1 ) alae on ei!r side & a high tabl9um 7o74 ,back ( ?is is a ,rhodian p]i/yle1 at ! re> ( :i* is an ex$ra 7y7 ) sleep+ rooms at ! "r & ! left 7x1 z74 ,op5+ into ! re> ( ! p]i/yle on "o side is ! oecus 7#d71 on ! o!r a long d9+ room 7w74 ,ano!r s]ies ( ap>tm5ts lay betwe5 ! p]i/yle & ! g>d5 at ! "r 7#b71 a kit*5 7s71 & a ba? 7t-v74 ,9 front ( ! g>d5 & ext5d+ to ! /reet is a small h\se 7alpha-iota7 :i* _h be5 jo9$ to ! l>g] e/abli%m5t2 x 0 connect$ ) ?is by a small door "u ! /airs 9 ! corn] ( ! atrium 7beta71 :i* op5$ into a side room 7e7 ( ! l>ge atrium4 ,! ess5tial p>ts ( ! h\se date f ! ,tufa ,p]iod4 ,alt]ations 7 made f "t to "t 9 ! c\rse ( ! two c5turies dur+ :i* x 0 occupi$1 b !y 7 n s ext5sive z to obscure ! orig9al plan4 ,! mo/ obvi\s *anges 7 ^? affect+ ! wall decoration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4--,plan ( ! h\se ( ! ,silv] ,w$d+4 a4 ,fauces4 d4 ,tetra/yle atrium4 n4 ,d9+ room4 o4 ,tabl9um4 p4 ,&ron4 r4 ,p]i/yle4 s4 ,kit*54 t-v4 ,ba?4 7v4 ,apodyt]ium4 u4 ,tepid>ium4 t4 ,cald>ium47 w4 ,summ] d9+ room4 x1 z4 ,sleep+ rooms4 y4 ,ex$ra4 #a4 ,op5-air swimm+ tank1 9 a small g>d5 7#b74 #c4 ,corridor lead+ to ano!r h\se & to a side /reet4 #d4 ,oecus4 #f4 ,g>d51 p>tially excavat$4 #g4 ,op5-air tricl9ium4 alpha-iota4 ,fauces1 atrium1 & o!r rooms ( sep>ate dwell+ connect$ ) ! l>g] h\se4 ,9 ! small rooms at ! "r ( ! atrium are traces ( ! decoration ( ! fir/ /yle1 :i* 0 9 vogue :5 ! h\se 0 built4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! ,republic almo/ ! :ole int]ior 0 r$ecorat$ 9 ! second /yle1 b )\t pa9t+s4 ,brilliant blocks & panels dat+ f ?is r5ovation may /ill be se5 ^u ! upp] "p ( ! walls ( ! atrium & on ^? ( ! oecus1 ! ex$ra1 ! two b$rooms next to ! ex$ra1 & ! front "p ( ! long apodyt]ium4 ,aft]w>ds a few rooms 7 done ov] 9 ! ?ird /yle1 ( :i* scanty rema9s are f\nd4 ,la/ly1 aft] ! f\r? /yle _h come into vogue1 b be=e #fj ,a4,d4--z %[n by an inscription on a column ( ! p]i/yle--a l>ge "p ( ! h\se 0 r$ecorat$ 9 ! f\r? /yle1 includ+ ! tabl9um1 ! &ron & ! room at ! "r 7q71 ! p]i/yle1 ! long d9+ room 7w71 & ! inn] portion ( ! apodyt]ium4 ,! l[] "p ( ! walls ( ! atrium 7 also pa9t$ ov]1 b ) designs & color+ t h>moniz$ well ) ! decoration ( ! second /yle above4 ,9 ?is h\se ! hi/ory ( ,pompeian wall decoration c be foll[$ f ! c5tury aft] ! ,second ,punic ,w> to ! middle ( ! fir/ c5tury ( our era1 f ! "t ( ,cato ! ,eld] to t ( ,claudius & ,n]o4 ,!re are few pa9t+s1 h[ev]1 & !y are n ( special int]e/4 ,9 m>k$ contra/ ) ! atriums 9 ! h\se ( ! ,faun & ! o!r h\ses :i* we h exam9$1 ! atrium "h _h a relatively l>ge compluvium 7,fig4 #adg72 all p>ts ( ! room mu/ h be5 brilliantly light$4 ,9 summ] "s k9d ( protection aga9/ ! sun 0 a necessity4 ,x 0 probably af=d$ by hang+ curta9s betwe5 ! columns2 on ! side ( ea* column1 fac+ ! corn] ( ! atrium1 is a bronze r+ ?r\gh :i* a cord might h be5 pass$ to use 9 draw+ ! curta9s back & =?4 ,! l>ge compluvium ) its support+ columns sugge/s ! arrangem5t ( ! ,cor9?ian atrium4 ,! dim5sions ( ! atrium are monum5tal4 ,! l5g? is approximately #ed feet1 ! bread? #dj2 & ! ,cor9?ian columns ( tufa coat$ ) /ucco1 are #bb-c_/d feet high4 ,at ! re> ( ! impluvium is a flut$ ci/]n curb ( :ite m>ble 7se5 9 ,fig4 #h74 ,9 ! impluvium ne> ! edge is ! squ>e p$e/al ( a f\nta9 figure1 :i* ?rew a jet into a r\nd m>ble bas9 9 front4 ,! doors ( ! rooms at ! sides ( ! atrium 7 orig9ally m ?an ?irte5 feet high2 ^? :i* we n[ see are comp>atively l[4 ,! height 0 r$uc$ because a second floor 0 plac$ 9 ! rooms1 ?us mak+ l[ *amb]s1 :i* 7 rea*$ by ?ree /airways1 "o 7g7 at ! "r ( ! atrium1 ! o!r two 7k & m7 on ! opposite side4 ,! upp] rooms 7 light$ by small w9d[s1 "p ( :i* op5$ into ! atrium1 o!rs ^u ! g>d5 on ! left side ( ! h\se4 ,^! *anges 7 complet$ be=e ! atrium receiv$ its decoration 9 ! second /yle4 ,!re 0 no second /ory ov] ! alae1 ! tabl9um1 or ! rooms ab\t ! p]i/yle4 ,9 ! left ala 0 once a l>ge w9d[ op5+ on ! g>d51 b x 0 aft]w>ds wall$ up 7p4 #bei74 ,! curta9 fa/5+s on ! pila/]s at ! front ( ! tabl9um h be5 ref]r$ to 9 ano!r connection 7p4 #bef74 ,! arrangem5t ( ! rooms at ! sides is n unlike t 9 ! h\se ( ,sallu/2 "o1 n1 reta9$ its orig9al =m2 ! o!r 0 divid$ up into an &ron 7p71 ) a b$room 7q7 at "o side4 ,! p]i/yle is rem>kably well pres]v$4 ,we f9d n only ! columns 9 _! full height1 b also1 except on ! nor? side1 l>ge portions ( ! entablature1 ) its /ucco ornam5tation intact1 support$ on a l9e ( planks plac$ ^u ! columns at ! "t ( excavation2 & ! decoration ( ! walls reta9s mu* ( its brilliancy ( color+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4--,longitud9al section ( ! h\se ( ! ,silv] ,w$d+4 ,fauces ,tetra/yle atrium ,ala ,tabl9um ,rhodian p]i/yle ,entrance to oecus ,ex$ra ,! colonnade ( ?is p]i/yle has be5 m5tion$ else:]e z illu/rat+ ! ,rhodian =m 7p4 #bfj74 ,! diff]5ce 9 height betwe5 ! colonnade 9 front & on ! o!r ?ree sides 0 acc5tuat$ 9 ! decoration4 ,on ! walls 9 front are l>ge r$ panels sep>at$ by ar*itectural designs on a yell[ backgr\nd2 ! walls "u ! l[] "p ( ! colonnade 7 pa9t$ ) black panels1 ! designs ( ! n>r[ int]m$iate sections be+ on a :ite backgr\nd4 ,! l[] ?ird ( ! columns 9 front 0 yell[2 at ! sides & re>1 d>k r$1 l t on ! l[] "p ( ! high columns 9 ! atrium4 ,?us a pleas+ contra/ 0 made betwe5 ! portions ( ! colonnade design$ to receive ! sun%9e1 p>ticul>ly 9 w9t]1 & ! %adi] p>ts2 & ! high] front s]v$ z an int]m$iate memb] betwe5 ! l(ty atrium ) its /ately tabl9um & ! l[] re> division ( ! h\se4 ,! ornam5tation ( ! ar*itrave reta9s no trace ( ! decorative =ms 9 vogue at ! "t :5 x 0 con/ruct$4 ,! surface1 m\ld$ 9 /ucco1 is divid$ into sections1 correspond+ ) ! capitals & int]columniations1 z 9 ! colonnade ( ! ,/abian ,ba?s 7,fig4 #hi72 9 ^! sections are small figures ( birds & animals & o!r suitable designs1 ! effect be+ height5$ by ! use ( color4 ,t ! decoration ( ! p]i/yle receiv$ its pres5t =m be=e ! e>?quake is evid5t f an inscription scrat*$ ^u ! pla/] ( "o ( ! columns on ! nor? side3 ,n]one ,caes>e ,augu/o ,cosso ,l5tulo ,cossi filio consulibus ,,viii ,idus ,februarias ,dies ,solis1 ,luna ,,xiiiix1 nund9ae ,cumis1 ,v nun4 ,pompeis1-- ',9 ! consul%ip ( ,n]o & ( ,cossus ,l5tulus ! son ( ,cossus1' t is #fj ,a4,d4 ,! dates giv5 9 ! re/ ( ! inscription are difficult to expla91 & ! read+ ( ! numb] aft] ,luna is unc]ta94 ,! memor&um seems to indicate t ! eigh? day be=e ! ,ides ( ,febru>y 9 ?is ye> 0 ! m>ket day at ,cumae1 be+ ,sunday & ! sixte5? day aft] ! ,new ,moon2 & t ! m>ket day at ,pompeii came ?ree days lat]4 ,! inscription is ! e>lie/ yet f\nd 9 :i* a day ( ! week is nam$ 9 connection ) a date4 ,! g>d5 plot enclos$ by ! p]i/yle 0 wat]$ by means ( two jets at ! front corn]s1 f$ by pipes "u ! floor4 ,9 ! middle 0 a slight elevation on :i* 7 f\nd two crocodiles1 a huge toad1 & a frog ( a :iti% glaz$ e>!nw>e1 app>5tly made 9 ,egypt4 ,! figures are ab\t sixte5 in*es long4 ,ea* ( ! b$rooms at ! re> _h an alcove = a b$1 ! ceil+ be+ vault$ ov] ! alcove1 flat betwe5 ?is & ! door2 a di/9ction betwe5 ! two p>ts ( ! room 0 made also 9 ! wall decoration & 9 ! floor1 ( black & :ite mosaic4 ,! fresco+ on ! walls ( ! sleep+ rooms pres5ts a brilliant v>iety ( colors2 ! decoration ( ! ex$ra is 9 yell[4 ,"o ( ! b$rooms has a small side door 7p4 #bfa74 ,9 ! l>ge d9+ room at ! "r 7w7 ! place = ! table is indicat$ by an ornam5tal design 9 ! mosaic floor2 9 ! oecus 7#d7 ! "p ( ! room design$ = ! table & c\*es is di/+ui%$ f ! re/ by a diff]5ce 9 ! decoration bo? ( ! floor & ( ! wall4 ,9 ! oecus1 ! excavation 0 made f :i* ! h\se receiv$ its "n4 ,! p]i/yle _h already be5 cle>$1 & ! volcanic debris _h be51 = ! mo/ "p1 remov$ f ! front "p ( ! oecus1 leav+ a lay] at ! bottom ab\t two feet deep4 ,! ,k+ & ,que5 ( ,italy1 ) ! ,emp]or & ,empress ( ,g]many & a small suite1 /ation$ !mselves 9 ! corn] ( ! p]i/yle opposite ! op5+ ( ! oecus2 :5 all 0 ready a l9e ( workm5 proce$$ to draw back ! loose fragm5ts ( pumice /one1 expos+ ! floor to view4 ,"h no?+ 0 f\nd except ! bronze fa/5+s ( ! l>ge doors2 b a m fruitful outcome foll[$ a simil> se>* 9 a room ( a small h\se adjo9+ ! oecus on ! s\?1 9 :i* sev]al vessels ( bronze 7 br\ght to light4 ,! ba? is unusually complete = a private h\se1 compris+ a long1 n>r[ apodyt]ium 7v71 an op5-air swimm+ tank 9 ! g>d5 7#a71 a tepid>ium 7u71 & a cald>ium 7t74 ,/eps l$ d[n into ! swimm+ tank at ! corn] ne>e/ ! door ( ! apodyt]ium1 & also on ! side fur!/ f ! h\se2 on ! same side a jet fell into x f a m>ble /&>d adorn$ ) a lion's head4 ,if we imag9e a ?ick gr[? ( %rubs & fl[]s ab\t ! tank1 we h ! sett+ :i* expla9s ! ta/eful decoration ( ! frigid>ium 9 ! ,/abian ,ba?s 7p4 #aia7 & 9 ! ,ba?s ne> ! ,=um4 ,! pavem5t ( ! apodyt]ium is especially effective1 be+ compos$ ( small bits ( black1 :ite1 d>k r$1 gre51 & yell[ m>ble & /one2 ne> ! re> wall a place = a c\* is left :ite4 ,! cald>ium & ! side ( ! tepid>ium next to x 7 provid$ ) holl[ walls2 a holl[ floor ext5d$ "u bo? rooms4 ,9 ! left wall ( ! tepid>ium is ! bronze m\? ( a wat] pipe2 p]haps 9 w9t] a cold ba? 0 tak5 "h r ?an 9 ! swimm+ tank4 ,9 ! cald>ium ! ni*e = ! labrum rema9s2 ! ba? bas9 probably /ood opposite ! entrance1 :]e x c\ld be easily heat$ f ! kit*54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh4--,transv]se section ( ! h\se ( ! ,silv] ,w$d+1 z x 0 be=e #fc4 ,g>d5 ) colonnade ,tetra/yle atrium ,small atrium ,above ! broad he>? ( ! kit*5 7s71 :i* /&s aga9/ ! wall adjo9+ ! g>d51 are ! ve/iges ( a pa9t+ ( ! two ,l>es2 ne> !m a s]p5t is se5 coil$ ar\nd an alt>1 on :i* is a l>ge p9e cone4 ,at ! end next ! cald>ium is a depression 9 ! floor1 = conv5i5ce 9 build+ a fire to heat ! ba? rooms4 ,9 ! corn] is a f\ndation ( masonry to support ! vessel1 ( lead1 9 :i* wat] 0 kept = ! ba?4 ,! colonnade at ! left ( ! h\se 7#f on ! ,plan2 see ,fig4 #adh71 ) its sl5d] eight-sid$ columns1 seems to h be5 ?r[n d[n by ! e>?quake ( #fc1 & remov$4 ,9 ! place ( f\r ( ! columns an op5-air tricl9ium 0 made1 l t 9 ! h\se ( ,sallu/4 ,x is well pres]v$1 & %[s an int]e/+ peculi>ity ( con/ruction4 ,:5 ! table 0 n 9 use1 a jet ( wat] w\ld spr+ f ! f\ndation ( masonry support+ ! r\nd top4 ,! wat] 0 convey$ by a lead pipe1 & at ! re> ( ! colonnade "o may /ill see ! /opcock by :i* ! fl[ 0 regulat$4 ,! /airway at ! left ( ! small atrium 7beta7 l$ to rooms ov] ! front ( ! h\se4 ,ov] ! rooms at ! re>1 a b$room 7gamma71 a c5tral room 7delta7 tak+ ! place ( ! tabl9um1 & a corridor 7epsilon71 0 a d9+ room1 ! front ( :i* 0 support$ by columns 7p4 #bge71 ! /airway be+ 9 ! corridor2 fragm5ts ( ! tufa columns are ly+ on ! floor4 ,at ! back ( ! h\se 0 orig9ally only ! small sleep+ room 7zeta7 ) a simple decoration 9 ! fir/ /yle1 & a colonnade 7eta7 ) ,doric columns op5+ on ! g>d5 7kappa74 ,lat] ! colonnade 0 turn$ into an ap>tm5t1 & two rooms 7 built at ! left1 a d9+ room 7!ta7 & a b$room 7iota74 ,9 ! front ( "o ( ! rooms 7lambda7 is an unusually well pres]v$ ni*e = ! images ( ! h\sehold gods1 ornam5t$ ) /ucco reliefs & pa9t$ 9 ! la/ /yle4 ,on ! re> wall /&s ,h]cules1 ) ! lion's sk9 hang+ f 8 left arm1 8 club on ! left %\ld]4 ,9 8 "r h& he holds a l>ge b[l above a r\nd alt>2 at ! left is a hog ready to be (f]$ z a victim4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,epidius ,,rufus ,! h\se ( ,epidius ,rufus1 built1 l ^? previ\sly describ$1 9 ! pre-,roman "t1 pres5ts a pleas+ example ( a ,cor9?ian atrium4 ,9 "o respect x resembles ! olde/ ,pompeian h\ses1 su* z t ( ! ,surgeon2 9 ! place ( ! p]i/yle is a g>d5 ext5d+ back f a colonnade at ! re> ( ! tabl9um4 ,9 a p]iod :5 l>ge p]i/yles 7 ! fa%ion1 a ,pompeian ( weal? & ta/e1 ^: build+ lot 0 ample en\gh to admit ( an ext5sion ( 8 h\se t[>d ! re>1 cont5t$ himself ) a s+le gr\p ( rooms arrang$ ab\t "o c5tral ap>tm5t4 ,! arrangem5t ( rooms is se5 at a glance 7,fig4 #adi74 ,! ve/ibule1 l t ( ! pr9cipal entrance 9 ! h\se ( ! ,faun1 _h a triple door at ! end t[>d ! /reet 7%[n 9 ,fig4 #aej71 :i* 0 no d\bt left op5 9 ! daytime4 ,ent]+1 "o w\ld pass into ! fauces ord9>ily ?r\gh ! small door at ! "r 7p4 #bdh71 ! l>ge d\ble doors betwe5 ! ve/ibule & ! fauces only be+ op5$ = ! reception ( cli5ts or on special occasions4 ,! front ( ea* ala 7#g1 #ac7 is adorn$ ) two ,ionic columns4 ,at ! corn]s ( ! entrances are pila/]s1 ! ,cor9?ian capitals ( :i* h a /rik+ ornam5t1 a female head1 m\ld$ 9 /ucco1 look+ out f ! mid/ ( ! acan?us leaves4 ,! eyes & hair are pa9t$1 & 9 "o in/ance ! features ( a bac*ante c be recogniz$4 ,9 ! "r ala is an elaborate h\se %r9e1 built l a temple ) a facade support$ by columns1 rais$ on a podium five feet high 7,fig4 #aea74 ,on ! front ( ! podium is a d$icatory inscription to ! ,g5ius ( ! ma/] 7p4 #bgj74 ,! tabl9um orig9ally op5$ on ! atrium 9 its full wid?1 ! entrance be+ set (f by pila/]s at ! corn]s4 ,x 0 !n high]2 :5 ! entrance 0 *ang$ ! height 0 r$uc$ to ab\t twelve feet4 ,! sixte5 ,doric columns ab\t ! impluvium1 well pres]v$ = ! mo/ "p1 are only a trifle ov] f\rte5 feet high4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adi4--,plan ( ! h\se ( ,epidius ,rufus4 #a4 ,rais$ sidewalk4 #b4 ,ve/ibule1 ) side door4 #g1 #ac4 ,alae3 9 "o 7#g7 a h\se %r9e4 #ae4 ,/airway to rooms ov] #ag1 #ba4 #ag4 ,sleep+ room1 ) alcove4 #ah4 ,&ron4 #ai4 ,tabl9um4 #bj4 ,d9+ room4 #ba4 ,kit*54 #ba b4 ,he>?4 #bb4 ,colonnade4 #bc4 ,g>d5]'s room4 #bd4 ,vegetable g>d54 #be4 ,fl[] g>d54 ,! contra/ betwe5 ?is atrium & ! l(ty halls ( ! h\ses ( ,sallu/ & ! ,faun 0 inde$ m>k$4 ,"h ! atrium _h become m l a c\rt ?an a hall2 yet ! impluvium1 pav$ ) tufa1 0 reta9$1 & we f9d ! same arrangem5t = ! fl[ ( wat] z 9 _m h\ses ) ,tuscan & tetra/yle atriums4 ,on ! edge ( ! impluvium at ! re> is ! p$e/al ( a f\nta9 figure :i* ?rew a jet into a bas9 re/+ on two rectangul> /&>ds2 ! places ( ^!1 z well z ! c\rse ( ! fe$ pipe1 are indicat$ on ! plan4 ,beh9d ! p$e/al is a r\nd ci/]n curb2 ano!r jet rose 9 ! middle ( ! impluvium4 ,! ap>tm5t at ! "r ( ! tabl9um 7#bj7 0 a d9+ room4 ,( ! small] rooms ab\t ! atrium1 ?ree 7#f1 #h1 & #ab7 7 sleep+ rooms = memb]s ( ! family2 "s ( ! o!rs 7 s poorly decorat$ z to prompt ! sugge/ion t !y 7 int5d$ = slaves4 ,t next ! /airs 7#ad7 0 a /or]oom2 ! traces ( ! %elv+ are easily di/+ui%$4 ,"u ! /airs 0 a l[ room 7#af71 p]haps us$ = a simil> purpose2 ! small d\ble room 7#ag7 0 also l[1 & us$ z a sleep+ room4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aej4--;,facade ( ! h\se ( ,epidius ,rufus1 re/or$4 ,! dome/ic ap>tm5ts 7 rea*$ by ! &ron 7#ah74 ,9 ! kit*5 7#ba7 is a broad he>? 7b72 a dim light 0 furni%$ by n>r[ w9d[s4 ,! little room at ! entrance ( ! kit*5 7a7 0 p]haps a /or]oom2 ! closet1 z (t51 0 9 ! corn] ( ! kit*54 ,at ! opposite end ( ! colonnade is ! g>d5]'s room 7#bc74 ,! ma9 "p ( ! g>d5 7#bd71 z indicat$ by ! arrangem5t ( ! gr\nd1 0 us$ = vegetables2 ! small fl[] g>d5 at ! re> 7#be7 0 on a high] level4 ,9 ! h\se orig9ally !re 0 no second floor4 ,9 ! ,roman p]iod1 app>5tly ne> ! end ( ! ,republic1 a l>ge upp] room--probably a d9+ room--0 built ov] ! kit*52 & !re may h be5 "o or two small /or]ooms at ! head ( ! /airway :i* 0 built 9 "o ( ! side rooms ( ! atrium4 ,traces ( ! fir/ & ?ird decorative /yles are f\nd 9 ! atrium2 b ! mo/ int]e/+ rema9s are ^? ( ! la/ /yle4 ,! alae & sev]al rooms 7 r$ecorat$ %ortly be=e ! de/ruction ( ! city4 ,! d9+ room 7#bj7 conta9s a s]ies ( pa9t+s illu/rat+ ! conte/ betwe5 ,apollo & ,m>syas2 !y are skilfully display$ 9 a light ar*itectural framework on a :ite gr\nd4 ,on ! wall at ! left 7at a7 ,apollo is se5 ) left foot advanc$1 /rik+ ) 8 "r h& a l>ge ci?>a :i* re/s aga9/ 8 left %\ld]4 ,opposite him 7at b7 is ,m>syas1 play+ ! d\ble flute2 on ! int]v5+ panels 7d1 e7 are ! ,muses1 :o are act+ z judges 9 ! conte/ ( skill4 ,! pa9t+ at c seems to relate to ,apollo1 b ! subject has n be5 expla9$4 ,! *oice ( subjects su* z ^! may h be5 influ5c$ by ! cult ( ! e>ly div9ity ( ! city2 b x probably implies a ta/e = poetry & music on ! "p ( ! proprietor4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4--,transv]se section ( ! h\se ( ,epidius ,rufus1 re/or$4 ,ala ,door ( ,&ron ,front ( ,tabl9um ,door ( ,d9+ room ,ala ) ,%r9e ,!re 7 no %ops 9 ! front ( ?is h\se1 b 9 "o respect our re/oration ( ! facade 7,fig4 #aej7 c n be tak5 z indicat+ ! appe>ance ( su* h\ses 9 g5]al4 ,"h ! front l9e 0 set back sev]al feet f t ( ! adjo9+ h\ses on ei!r side1 & ! space ?us ga9$ 0 giv5 to a t]race or ramp ab\t f\r feet high1 m\nt$ by /eps at ei!r end4 ,! elevation ( ! front entrance above ! sidewalk & ! plac+ ( ! approa*es at ! ends ( ! ramp gave ! h\se an appe>ance ( seclusion4 ,,*apt] ,,xl ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,! ,,tragic ,,poet ,9 ! ,la/ ,days ( ,pompeii ! h\se ( ! ,tragic ,poet is pres5t$ to u z ! home ( ,glaucus4 ,?\gh n l>ge1 x 0 among ! mo/ attractive 9 ! city4 ,x receiv$ its pres5t =m & decoration n _m ye>s be=e ! eruption1 app>5tly aft] ! e>?quake ( #fc1 & well illu/rates ! arrangem5ts ( ! ,pompeian h\se ( ! la/ ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb4--,plan ( ! h\se ( ! ,tragic ,poet4 #a4 ,fauces4 #b1 #b4 ,%ops4 #c4 ,atrium4 #d1 #d4 ,/airways to upp] floor4 #e4 ,port]'s room4 #f1 #f4 ,sleep+ rooms4 #f'4 ,/or]oom4 #g4 ,ala4 #h4 ,tabl9um4 #i4 ,&ron4 #aj4 ,p]i/yle4 #aa4 ,h\se %r9e4 #ab1 #ad4 ,sleep+ rooms4 #ac4 ,kit*54 #ae4 ,d9+ room4 #af4 ,po/icum4 ,! h\se receiv$ its "n at ! "t ( excavation1 9 consequ5ce ( a curi\s mis9t]pretation ( a pa9t+--n[ 9 ! ,naples ,museum--:i* 0 f\nd 9 ! tabl9um4 ,! subject is ! deliv]y to ,admetus ( ! oracle :i* decl>$ t he mu/ die unless "s "o %\ld volunt>ily meet dea? 9 8 place4 ,on "o side sits ,admetus1 ) 8 devot$ que5 ,alce/is2 opposite !m is ! mess5g] :o is read+ ! oracle f a roll ( papyrus4 ,! excavators ?\ght t ! sc5e repres5t$ a poet recit+ 8 v]ses2 & s9ce !y f\nd1 9 ! floor ( ! tabl9um1 a mosaic picture 9 :i* an actor is se5 mak+ prep>ations = ! /age1 !y conclud$ t ! figure ) ! papyrus 9 ! wall pa9t+ mu/ be a tragic poet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aec4--,view ( ! h\se ( ! ,tragic ,poet1 look+ f ! middle ( ! atrium ?r\gh ! tabl9um t[>d ! %r9e at ! end ( ! p]i/yle4 ,at ! "r1 ! &ron4 ,9 ! =egr\nd1 a ci/]n curb1 at ! re> ( ! impluvium4 ,! plan 7,fig4 #aeb7 pres5ts slight irregul>ities2 yet 9 ess5tial po9ts ! arrangem5t ( rooms does n diff] mat]ially f t :i* we h f\nd 9 ! h\ses ( ! pre-,roman "t4 ,z our section 7,fig4 #aed7 %[s1 all ! p>ts ( ! h\se are comp>atively l[2 ! ceil+ ( ! atrium & ( ! l>ge d9+ room at ! re> 7#ae7 7 only a few feet high] ?an ! colonnade ( ! p]i/yle4 ,! entrances ( ! ala--"h !re is b "o--& ( ! tabl9um are n adorn$ ) pila/]s2 pla9 wood5 cas+s 7 us$ in/ead4 ,! second /ory rooms are n an aft]?\ght b a "p ( ! ar*itect's design2 ! /airways 7#d7 lead+ to !m are symmetrically plac$ at ! sides ( ! atrium4 ,!re 0 no upp] floor1 h[ev]1 ov] ! fauces1 ! atrium1 or ! tabl9um4 ,to a mod]n visitor ?is dwell+ w\ld h seem$ m homelike & com=table ?an ! monum5tal h\ses ( ! e>li] "t4 ,! l>ge %ops 7#b7 are bo? connect$ ) ! h\se by doors op5+ into ! fauces 7#a74 ,!y 7 d\btless ! proprietor's place ( bus9ess4 ,9 "o ( !m gold ornam5ts 7 f\nd1 b we %\ld sc>cely be w>rant$ 9 assum+ f ?is fact t ! ma/] ( ! h\se 0 a goldsmi?4 ,9 ! floor ( ! fauces1 imm$iately beh9d ! d\ble front door1 is a dog1 atta*$ to a *a91 outl9$ 9 black & :ite mosaic1 ) ! inscription1 cave canem1 ',bew>e ( ! dog6' ,! picture 0 = _m ye>s 9 ! ,naples ,museum4 ,! black & :ite mosaic is well pres]v$ 9 ! atrium1 ! tabl9um 7,fig4 #aec71 & ! d9+ room op5+ on ! p]i/yle1 z well z 9 ! fauces4 ,! purpose ( ! v>i\s rooms is 9 mo/ cases easy to det]m9e4 ,! fir/ at ! left ( ! atrium 7#e7 0 ! room ( ! port]1 atri5sis4 ,! ?ree rooms m>k$ #f 7 sleep+ rooms1 z 7 also #ab & #ad op5+ on ! p]i/yle2 #f' 0 a /or]oom1 #ac ! kit*54 ,!re 0 a colonnade on ?ree sides ( ! p]i/yle2 aga9/ ! wall at ! re> /&s ! %r9e ( ! h\sehold gods 7se5 9 ,fig4 #aec7 9 :i* 0 f\nd a m>ble /atuette ( a satyr c>ry+ fruits 9 ! fold ( a sk9 hang+ 9 front ( him4 ,! decoration ( ! l>ge d9+ room 7#ae7 is especially effective4 ,9 ! front ( ! room is a broad door op5+ into ! colonnade ( ! p]i/yle2 ea* ( ! ?ree sides conta9s ?ree panels1 9 ! mid/ ( a light b c>efully f9i%$ ar*itectural framework4 ,9 ! c5tral panels are l>ge pa9t+s3 at r1 a "y c\ple look+ at a ne/ ( ,cupids2 at q1 ,!seus go+ on bo>d %ip1 leav+ beh9d him ! beautiful ,ariadne2 & at p a composition 9 :i* ,artemis is ! pr9cipal figure4 ,9 f\r ( ! small] panels are ! ,seasons1 repres5t$ z graceful female figures hov]+ 9 ! air2 ! o!rs pres5t y\?ful w>riors ) helmet1 %ield1 sword1 & spe>1 all well conceiv$ & execut$ ) mu* delicacy4 ,! atrium1 unlike mo/ ( ^? at ,pompeii1 0 ri* 9 wall pa9t+s4 ,six panels1 m ?an f\r feet high1 pres5t$ a s]ies ( sc5es f ! /ory ( ! ,trojan w>1 z told 9 ! ,iliad4 ,^! 7 unit$ ) ! decorative framework 9 su* a way z to make a h>moni\s & pleas+ :ole2 ! ma9 divisions ( ! "r wall ( ! atrium1 z well z ( ! fauces & tabl9um1 are indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #aed4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aed4--,longitud9al section ( ! h\se ( ! ,tragic ,poet1 re/or$4 ,l>ge d9+ room ,p]i/yle ,kit*5 ,tabl9um ,ala ,atrium ,impluvium ,/airs ,fauces ,9 arrang+ ! pictures1 ! decorators _h little reg>d = ! ord] ( ev5ts4 ,! subjects 7 ! ,nuptials ( ,zeus & ,h]a 7at a on ! plan72 ! judgm5t ( ,p>is 7b7--?\gh ?is is d\btful1 z ! picture is n[ entirely oblit]at$2 ! deliv]y ( ,briseis to ! mess5g] ( ,agamemnon 7c72 ! dep>ture ( ,*ryseis 7d71 & seem+ly ,!tis br++ arms across ! sea to ,a*illes 7f74 ,( ! pa9t+ at e only a fragm5t rema9$1 too small to make x possible to recognize ! subject4 ,! fragm5t at f1 9 :i* 7 se5 a ,triton1 two figures rid+ on a sea horse1 & a ,cupid on a dolph91 is n[ entirely fad$4 ,half ( ! pa9t+ 9 :i* ,*ryseis appe>s 0 already ru9$ at ! "t ( excavation2 ! o!r half 0 transf]r$ to ! ,naples ,museum1 toge!r ) ! pa9t+s t 7 be/ pres]v$1 ! ,nuptials ( ,zeus & ,h]a1 & ! s5d+ away ( ,briseis4 ,! two pictures la/ m5tion$ are among ! be/ kn[n ( ! ,pompeian pa9t+s1 & h (t5 be5 reproduc$4 ,9 "o 7,fig4 #bgc7 we see ,zeus sitt+ at ! "r1 :ile ,hypnos pres5ts to him ,h]a1 ^: left wri/ he g5tly grasps 9 8 "r h& z if to draw h] to him4 ,h]a seems half reluctant1 & h] face1 :i* ! arti/1 9 ord] to enhance ! effect1 has direct$ t[>d ! behold] r ?an t[>d ,zeus1 is que5ly 9 its maje/y & p[]4 ,! sc5e is locat$ on ,mt4 ,ida4 ,9 ! backgr\nd /&s a pill>1 on :i* are ?ree small figures ( lions2 bel[ at ! side are two pipes1 cymbals1 & a tamb\r9e1 all sacr$ to ! pot5t div9ity ( ,mt4 ,ida1 ,cybele4 ,?ree y\?s1 cr[n$ ) g>l&s1 appe> 9 ! l[] "r h& corn] ( ! picture2 !y are p]haps ! ,dactyli1 demons skill$ 9 ! work+ ( metals :o foll[$ 9 ! tra9 ( ,cybele4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aee4--,! s5d+ away ( ,briseis4 ,wall pa9t+ f ! h\se ( ! ,tragic ,poet4 ,a high] degree ( dramatic int]e/ is manife/$ 9 ! o!r pa9t+1 :i* we pres5t 9 outl9e 7,fig4 #aee74 ,9 ! =egr\nd at ! "r1 ,patroclus leads =w>d ! weep+ ,briseis4 ,9 ! middle ,a*illes1 seat$1 looks t[>d ,patroclus ) an expression ( ang]1 & ) an impati5t ge/ure ( ! "r h& directs him to deliv] up ! beautiful captive to ! mess5g] ( ,agamemnon1 :o /&s at ! left wait+ to receive h]4 ,beh9d ,a*illes is ,pho5ix1 8 fai?ful companion1 :o tries to s(t5 8 ang] ) com=t+ words4 ,fur!r back ! helmet$ heads ( w>riors are se51 & at ! re> ! t5t ( ,a*illes4 ,! sc5e is well conceiv$4 ,yet 9 bo? ?is picture & ! "o previ\sly describ$1 ! composition seems to lack dep? & p]spective4 ,! arti/ is rem>kably skilful 9 portray+ facial expression1 & =egr\nd details2 8 limitations are app>5t 9 ! h&l+ ( gr\ps4 ,we h ! feel+ t ! fir/ designs 7 n made freely ) bru% or p5cil1 b t ! arti/ 0 "h translat+ into pa9t+ designs :i* he f\nd already work$ out 9 reliefs4 ,! orig9al pa9t+s1 ( :i* ^! are copies1 v likely g back to ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,ano!r pa9t+ wor?y ( m ?an pass+ m5tion 0 f\nd on a wall ( ! p]i/yle 7at o71 & remov$ to ! ,naples ,museum4 ,! subject is ! sacrifice ( ,iphig5ia1 :o 0 to be (f]$ up to ,artemis t a favorable dep>ture f ,aulis might be grant$ to ! ,greek fleet assembl$ = ! exp$ition aga9/ ,troy 7,fig4 #aef74 ,at ! "r /&s ,cal*as1 deeply tr\bl$1 8 %ea? 9 8 left h&1 8 un%ea!d sword 9 8 "r1 8 f+] ^u 8 lips4 ,! hapless maid ) arms out/ret*$ 9 supplication is held by two m51 "o ( :om is p]haps ,ulysses4 ,at ! left is ,agamemnon1 ) face av]t$ & veil$ head1 ov]come ) grief4 ,beside him leans 8 sceptre1 & on a pill> ne> by we see an ar*aic /atue ( ,artemis ) a tor* 9 ea* h&1 a dog on ei!r side4 ,j z ! girl is to be sla91 ,artemis appe>s 9 ! sky at ! "r1 & f ! cl\ds opposite a nymph em]ges br++ a de]1 :i* ! goddess accepts z a sub/itute4 ,9 ?is pa9t+1 also1 ?\gh ! /yle is entirely diff]5t f t ( ! o!rs1 we p]ceive ! limitations ( ! arti/ 9 ! treatm5t ( ! backgr\nd4 ,nev]!less ! boldness ( ! conception1 & ! skill manife/$ 9 ! h&l+ ( sev]al ( ! figures1 seem to po9t to an orig9al ( m ?an ord9>y m]it4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aef4--,! sacrifice ( ,iphig5ia4 ,wall pa9t+4 ,n f> f #djj ,b4,c4 ! sacrifice ( ,iphig5ia 0 made ! subject ( a pa9t+ by ,timan!s1 9 :i* ! maid5 0 repres5t$ z /&+ beside ! alt>4 ,we are told t ! arti/ pa9t$ ,cal*as sorr[ful1 ,ulysses m sorr[ful1 ,ajax lam5t+1 & ,m5elaus 9 sorr[ s deep t deep] sorr[ c\ld n be express$2 f9d+ x impossible to portray ! grief ( ! fa!r1 ,agamemnon1 ,timan!s repres5t$ him ) veil$ head4 ,! veil$ ,agamemnon appe>s 9 our pa9t+1 & ! figure ( ,cal*as p]haps reflects ! conception ( ,timan!s4 ,= ! re/1 x is difficult to e/abli% a relation betwe5 ! two pictures2 ev5 if we did n "k t ,iphig5ia1 9 ! pa9t+ ( ,timan!s1 /ood beside an alt>1 we c\ld sc>cely believe t a great pa9t] w\ld h repres5t$ h] ?us awkw>dly c>ri$4 ,und\bt$ly ! ,pompeian pa9t+1 or its orig9al1 is indebt$ to ! ma/]piece ( ! ,greek arti/2 b ! decorative pa9t] has adapt$ ?is to suit 8 purpose1 omitt+ ! figures1 ! facial expression ( :i* 0 mo/ difficult to reproduce1 & at ! same "t attempt+ to height5 ! effect by mak+ m prom95t ! helplessness & t]ror ( ! victim4 ,,*apt] ,,xli ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,! ,,vettii ,! h\se ( ! ,vettii1 excavat$ 9 ! ye>s #ahid-ahie1 be>s ! same relation to ! o!r h\ses built 9 ! ,roman p]iod t ! h\se ( ! ,faun does to ^? ( ! e>li] "t2 x is ! mo/ important repres5tative ( its class4 ,x 0 situat$ 9 a quiet "p ( ! city1 & 0 n conspicu\s by reason ( its size2 its int]e/ = u lies *iefly 9 its pa9t+s & 9 ! adornm5t ( ! well pres]v$ p]i/yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeg4--;,ext]ior ( ! h\se ( ! ,vettii1 re/or$4 ,! relation%ip betwe5 ! two own]s1 ,aulus ,vettius ,re/itutus & ,aulus ,vettius ,conviva 7p4 #ejh7 is n kn[n4 ,!y 7 p]haps fre$m51 manumitt$ by ! same ma/]2 ,conviva1 z we le>n f a pa9t$ inscription1 0 a memb] ( ! ,bro!rhood ( ,augu/us1--,vetti ,conviva1 ,augu/alis4 ,! ext]ior ( ! h\se 7,fig4 #aeg7 0 unpret5ti\s4 ,! ma9 entrance 0 on ! ea/ side1 & !re 0 a side door ne> ! s\!a/ corn]2 else:]e ! /reet walls 7 unbrok5 except by small1 squ>e w9d[s1 "p ( :i* 7 9 l[ second /ory rooms4 ,! ve/ibule 7,fig4 #aeh1 a71 z 9 ! h\se ( ,epidius ,rufus 7p4 #bdh71 0 connect$ ) ! fauces 7b7 by a l>ge d\ble door & also by a small door at ! "r4 ,! atrium 7c7 is )\t a tabl9um2 at ! re> x op5s directly on ! p]i/yle4 ,"o ( ! alae 7h7 at ! "t ( ! eruption 0 us$ z a w>drobe4 ,at ! sides ( ! atrium 7 two money *e/s2 ! "o at ! "r is se5 9 ,fig4 #aei4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeh4--,plan ( ! h\se ( ! ,vettii4 a4 ,ve/ibule4 b4 ,fauces4 c4 ,atrium4 h1 i4 ,alae4 l4 ,colonnade ( ! p]i/yle4 m4 ,g>d54 n1 p4 ,d9+ rooms4 q4 ,room ) ! ,cupids & ,psy*es4 s4 ,small p]i/yle4 t4 ,d9+ room4 u4 ,b$room4 v4 ,side atrium4 w4 ,kit*54 x'4 ,cook's room4 gamma4 ,corridor lead+ to side 7beta1 delta7 & po/icum4 ,op5+ on ! p]i/yle are ?ree l>ge ap>tm5ts 7n1 p1 q71 & two small] rooms 7o1 r74 ,a door at ! "r leads into a small side p]i/yle 7s1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #afj71 ) a quiet d9+ room 7t7 & b$room 7u74 ,! dome/ic ap>tm5ts 7 ne> ! front ( ! h\se4 ,at ! "r ( ! pr9cipal atrium is a small side atrium 7v7 )\t a sep>ate /reet entrance4 ,gr\p$ ab\t x 7 rooms = ! slaves & ! kit*5 7w7 ) a l>ge he>? 7,fig4 #abe74 ,beyond ! kit*5 is a room = ! cook 7x'74 ,at ! re> ( ! small atrium is ! ni*e = ! h\sehold gods 7,fig4 #abg74 ,! corridor at ! left ( ! pr9cipal atrium 7gamma7 l$ to an unimportant room 7beta7 ) a door op5+ on a side /reet4 ,9 ?is corridor !re 0 a /airway to ! second /ory1 :i* ext5d$ ov] ?is corn] ( ! h\se 7above e1 f1 h1 n1 o1 beta1 delta74 ,along ! front also 7 l[ *amb]s1 ov] ! fauces & ! small rooms on ei!r side 7d1 k71 & ov] ! rooms adjo9+ ! small atrium 7x1 y1 z74 ,9 ! accompany+ sections two re/orations ( ! int]ior are giv54 ,9 ! fir/ 7,fig4 #aei7 we are look+ t[>d ! "r side ( ! atrium & ! inn] end ( ! p]i/yle2 ! dep? ( ! p]i/yle m ?an equals t ( ! atrium1 toge!r ) ! ve/ibule & fauces4 ,! diff]5ce 9 height betwe5 ! atrium & ! p]i/yle1 z 9 ! h\se ( ! ,tragic ,poet1 is mu* less ?an 9 ! h\ses built 9 ! pre-,roman p]iod2 & ! corn]s ( ! alae 7 protect$ by simple wood5 cas+s1 altoge!r unlike ! /ately pila/]s ( ! old5 "t4 ,! transv]se section 7,fig4 #afj7 pres5ts ! long side ( ! p]i/yle next to ! atrium1 ) ! side ( ! small p]i/yle at ! nor? end4 ,! ext5t ( ! h\se is great] measur$ across ! two p]i/yles 7along ! l9e ,c-,d on ! plan7 ?an f front to re>4 ,( ! ?ree entrances f ! atrium into ! p]i/yle1 t 9 ! middle is broad] & high] ?an ! o!r two1 :i* are n mu* wid] ?an ord9>y doors2 ! arrangem5t ( ! op5+s is simil> to t 9 h\ses hav+ a tabl9um op5 t[>d ! p]i/yle ) an &ron on "o side1 & on ! o!r a room ) a door correspond+ ) ! door ( ! &ron4 ,! columns ( ! p]i/yle are well pres]v$ 7,fig4 #afa74 ,!y are :ite1 ) ornate capitals m\ld$ 9 /ucco & pa9t$ ) a v>iety ( colors4 ,"p ( ! entablature also rema9s2 ! ar*itrave is ornam5t$ ) an acan?us arabesque 9 :ite /ucco relief on a yell[ backgr\nd4 ,! ro( ( ! great] "p ( ! colonnade has be5 re/or$1 & ! g>d5 has be5 plant$ ) %rubs 9 accordance ) ! arrangem5t indicat$ by ! appe>ance ( ! gr\nd at ! "t ( excavation4 ,n[h]e else 9 ,pompeii w ! visitor s easily ga9 an impression ( ! aspect pres5t$ by a p]i/yle 9 anci5t times4 ,! ma9 "p ( ! h\se 0 se>*$ = objects ( value aft] ! eruption1 b ! g>d5 0 left undi/urb$1 & we see 9 x to-day ! f\nta9 bas9s1 /atuettes1 & o!r sculptures plac$ !re by ! proprietor4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aei4--,longitud9al section ( ! h\se ( ! ,vettii1 re/or$4 ,colonnade 7l7 ,l>ge ,room 7q7 ,g>d5 ) f\nta9s & sculptures 7m7 ,p]i/yle ,colonnade 7l7 ,ala 7i7 ,impluvium ,atrium ,money *e/ ,door ( side atrium ,fauces 7b7 ,ve/ibule 7a7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afj4--,transv]se section ( ! h\se ( ! ,vettii1 re/or$1 %[+ ! two p]i/yles4 ,small p]i/yle 7s7 ,end ( small d9+ room ,end ( d9+ room 7p7 ,colonnade ,w9d[ 9 "r ala 7i7 ,op5+s into ! atrium ,l>ge p]i/yle ,end ( d9+ room 7n7 ,door ( room 7o7 ,colonnade ,9 ea* corn] ( ! colonnade is a r\nd f\nta9 bas9 7indicat$ on ! plan71 at ea* side an oblong bas91 all ( m>ble4 ,jets fell into !m f /atuettes /&+ on p$e/als beside ! columns2 !re 7 two figures = ea* side bas91 "o ea* = ^? at ! corn]s4 ,! two /atuettes at ! inn] end ( ! colonnade 7,fig4 #afb7 are ( bronze2 !y repres5t a boy ) a duck1 f ! bill ( :i* ! wat] spurt$4 ,! re/ are ( m>ble1 & n ( special int]e/4 ,among !m are a ,bac*us & two satyrs4 ,! wat] pipes 7 s well pres]v$ t x has be5 f\nd possible to place !m 9 repair1 & !y are n[ ready = use4 ,!re 7 also two f\nta9s 9 ! g>d54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afa4--;,base1 capital1 & section ( ! entablature f ! colonnade ( ! p]i/yle4 ,ne> ! middle ( ! g>d5 is a r\nd1 m>ble table4 ,?ree o!rs /& "u ! colonnade1 "o ( :i*1 at ! "r ne> ! inn] end1 is p>ticul>ly elegant4 ,! ?ree feet are c>v$ to repres5t lions' claws2 ! heads above are well execut$1 & !re are traces ( yell[ color on ! manes4 ,on two pill>s 9 ! g>d5 are d\ble bu/s1 ! subjects ( :i* are tak5 f ! bac*ic cycle4 ,"o repres5ts ,bac*us & a bac*ante 7,fig4 #beg71 ! o!r ,bac*us & ,ariadne2 !re are traces ( pa9t+ on ! hair1 be>d1 & eyes4 ,! wall pa9t+s ( ?is h\se are ! mo/ rem>kable yet discov]$ at ,pompeii4 ,al?\gh ! decoration ( :i* !y =m a "p is ?r\gh\t ( ! f\r? /yle1 !y fall into two gr\ps1 an e>li] & a lat]1 di/+ui%$ by diff]5ces 9 composition & h&l+ t are easily p]ceiv$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afb4--,p]i/yle ( ! h\se ( ! ,vettii1 look+ s\? f ! colonnade at ! nor? end4 ,! e>li] pa9t+s are f\nd 9 ! atrium 7c71 ! alae 7h1 i71 & ! l>ge room at ! end ( ! p]i/yle 7q74 ,at ! "t :5 !y 7 pa9t$ ! left ala 7h7 0 connect$ ) ! room beh9d x 7n7 by a door1 & _h a l>ge w9d[ op5+ on ! p]i/yle l t 9 ! o!r ala 7se5 9 ,fig4 #afj74 ,aft]w>ds bo? w9d[ & door 7 wall$ up & ! ala 0 turn$ into a w>drobe4 ,aft] ?is *ange _h be5 made1 z ! rema9s ( ! masonry %[1 ! e>?quake ( #fc ?rew d[n a "p ( ! wall betwe5 ! ala & ! p]i/yle4 ,! e>li] pa9t+s1 !n1 mu/ h be5 plac$ ^u ! walls be=e ! ye> #fc1 9 ! reign ( ,claudius or ! e>li] "p ( ! reign ( ,n]o4 ,! lat] pictures are on ! walls ( ! fauces 7b71 ! l>ge ap>tm5t at ! left ( ! atrium 7e71 ! colonnade ( ! p]i/yle 7l71 ! two d9+ rooms op5+ on ! p]i/yle 7n1 p71 & ! small p]i/yle 7s7 ) ! adjo9+ rooms 7t1 u72 to ! same class belongs also ! pa9t+ ( ! ,g5ius ) ! ,l>es 9 ! side atrium 7v71 :i*1 aside f ?is1 conta9s no pictures4 ,! rema9+ rooms pres5t no?+ ( int]e/4 ,! pa9t+s ( ! fir/ gr\p are *>act]iz$ by ref9em5t 9 ! *oice ( subjects1 f]tility 9 ! composition1 firmness ( t\* 9 ! draw+1 & exquisite f9i% 9 ev5 ! smalle/ details4 ,! colors us$ are simple & h>moni\s1 viol5t contra/s be+ avoid$4 ,a numb] ( ^! pictures %[ ! h& ( a true arti/1 ^: "w has be5 f\nd 9 no o!r h\se1 & ! sy/em ( decoration is ! mo/ effective ( its k9d 9 ,pompeii4 ,! decoration ( ! walls pa9t$ aft] ! e>?quake is n unlike t f\nd 9 o!r h\ses ^u walls ( ! f\r? /yle4 ,! designs are sket*y & )\t pa9/ak+ 9 ! h&l+ ( details2 ! l9es are co>se1 ! colors sometimes crude4 ,! pictures 9 ! panels are by diff]5t pa9t]s1 "s ( :om 7 n )\t skill1 yet none f> above ! av]age4 ,"o ( ! decorators _h a fondness = repres5t+ my?ological dea? sc5es1 manife/+ a ta/e little %ort ( b>b>\s4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! e>li] & ! lat] decoration is s m>k$ t x seems impossible to expla9 except on ! assumption ( a *ange ( own]s4 ,we may well believe t ab\t ! middle ( ! fir/ c5tury ?is 0 ! home ( a family ( culture & /&+1 :o secur$ = ! decoration ( x ! be/ arti/ t c\ld be obta9$1 br++ him p]haps f ,rome or f a ,greek city4 ,b )9 a score ( ye>s aft]w>ds ! h\se pass$ into ! h&s ( ! ,vettii1 fre$m51 p]haps1 ^: ta/e 9 matt]s ( art 0 f> inf]ior to t ( ! =m] occupants1 & a numb] ( rooms 7 r$ecorat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4--,,two ,,wall ,,pa9t+s ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,! ,,vettii ,,apollo ,,aft] ,,! ,,slay+ ,,( ,,! ,,dragon ,,agamemnon ,,9 ,,! ,,%r9e ,,( ,,artemis ,! excell5t pres]vation ( a l>ge "p ( bo? ! e>li] & ! lat] decoration gives ! h\se ! appe>ance ( an art gall]y4 ,to describe fully & int]pret all ! pa9t+s w\ld require a small volume4 ,! limitations ( space make x possible to pres5t "h only ! m important2 we comm5ce ) ^? 9 ! l>ge room at ! "r ( ! p]i/yle1 :i* are ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! entire s]ies4 ,?is ap>tm5t 7q7 may h be5 us$ ei!r z a d9+ room or z a sitt+ room4 ,! s*eme ( decoration is indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #afc1 :i* pres5ts ! division ( ! end wall2 ! side walls _h five l>ge panels in/ead ( ?ree4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afc4--,s*eme ( wall division 9 ! l>ge room op5+ on ! p]i/yle4 ,! gr\nd ( ! base is black4 ,! /ripe sep>at+ ! base f ! ma9 "p ( ! wall is r$1 except ! small sections 7#d1 #d71 :i* h a black gr\nd2 ! v]tical /ripes betwe5 ! panels are black1 & ! same color =ms ! backgr\nd ( ! bord] above4 ,! gr\nd ( ! panels is c9nab> r$4 ,! pa9t+ 9 ! c5tral panel 7#a7 has n be5 pres]v$2 9 ^? at ! sides 7#b7 are float+ figures4 ,! upp] division ( ! wall 7#f7 is fill$ ) an ar*itectural framework ^u a :ite backgr\nd1 aga9/ :i* _m figures1 skilfully dispos$1 /& out ) unusual di/9ctness4 ,! float+ figures 9 ! side panels diff] f ^? f\nd else:]e 9 ! *oice ( subjects4 ,"h in/ead ( satyrs & bac*antes we f9d gods & h]oes4 ,9 "o panel is ,poseidon ) a female figure1 p]haps ,amymone2 9 ano!r1 ,apollo ) ,daphne4 ,bac*us & ,ariadne also appe>1 & ,p]seus ) ,&rom$a4 ,! figures 9 ! upp] "p ( ! wall at ! end ( ! room belong to ! bac*ic cycle1--,sil5us1 satyrs1 & bac*antes4 ,( ^? at ! sides1 "o1 ne> ! "r-h& corn]1 repres5ts a poet ) a roll ( papyrus aga9/ 8 *91 ! op5 manuscript case1 scr9ium1 at 8 feet2 opposite him sits a maid5 clo!d 9 :ite1 dr9k+ 9 8 words4 ,a comic mask on ! left wall seems to sugge/ a writ] ( com$y1 & ! sc5e rem9ds "o ( ! lett] ( ,glyc]a to ,m5&]1 9 ,alciphron3 ,:at is ,a!ns )\t ,m5&]1 :at ,m5&] )\t ,glyc]a8 ,)\t me1 :o make ready y\r masks1 :o lay out y\r co/ume1 & !n /& beh9d ! sc5es press+ my f+] tips into ! palms ( my h&s till ! applause breaks =?4 ,!n all a-trembl+ ,i brea! aga91 & enfold y1 godlike poet1 9 my arms4 ,! figures 9 :i* we are specially int]e/$1 h[ev]1 are n ^? 9 ! upp] or middle division ( ! wall1 b ^? 9 ! black /ripes 7#c71 n9e & t5 in*es wide1 "u ! panels1 9 ! n>r[ sections 7#d7 & 9 ! correspond+ sections ( ! base4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afd4--,psy*es ga!r+ fl[]s4 ,wall pa9t+ 9 ! h\se ( ! ,vettii4 ,9 ea* ( ! sections at ! bottom is a /&+ figure4 ,9 ^? ( ! end wall 7#e7 are a satyr & a bac*ante2 9 ! two ne>e/ ! middle ( ea* side wall are ,amazons1 9 ! re/ female figures ) implem5ts ( sacrifice4 ,! ,amazons1 arm$ ) battle-axe & %ield1 are full ( life2 !y are di/+ui%$ by ! colors ( _! mantles & _! ,phrygian caps4 ,9 ! n>r[ sections on ! end walls 7#d71 & all b f\r ( ! o!rs1 7 ,psy*es ga!r+ fl[]s4 ,only a "p ( ! sc5es are pres]v$2 9 ea* are ?ree figures1 gr\p$ ) a pleas+ v>iety & r5d]$ ) s+ul> delicacy ( t\*4 ,9 "o1 ! ,psy*es are sprightly *ildr5 7,fig4 #afd72 9 ano!r1 "y girls2 & 9 a ?ird we see a lady sitt+ at ease & pluck+ ! fl[]s close at h&1 :ile two maids ga!r ! blossoms beyond h] rea*4 ,! two n>r[ sections ne>e/ ! middle panel ( ea* side wall conta9$ my?ological sc5es1 ( :i* ?ree are pres]v$4 ,! subjects are tak5 f ! cycle ( my?s relat+ to ,apollo & ,artemis4 ,9 "o ( ! pictures bo? ! div9ities appe>4 ,apollo has j sla9 ! ,py?on1 :i* lies coil$ ab\t ! ,omphalos1 ! sacr$ symbol ( ! god z ! giv] ( oracles at ,delphi4 ,8 b[ & quiv] are hang+ ^u a column 9 ! backgr\nd1 & he moves =w>d ) vigor\s /ep s++ ! ,paean ) an accompanim5t ^u ! ci?>a4 ,at ! "r1 ,artemis1 ) a quiv] & long hunt+ spe>1 leans ^u a pill> look+ at h] bro!r4 ,ne>] ! ,omphalos are a prie/ & a female att5dant1 ) a bull int5d$ = sacrifice2 ! relation ( ^! to ! re/ ( ! sc5e is n cle> 7,plate ,,viii474 ,! companion picture takes u to a sanctu>y d$icat$ to ,artemis4 ,at ! left a gilt bronze image ( ! goddess1 9 hunt+ co/ume1 /&s ^u a pill>1 to ! side ( :i* a b[1 quiv]1 & bo>'s head are fa/5$4 ,on "o side ( ! r\nd alt> 9 ! middle is a :ite h9d1 sacr$ to ! goddess2 on ! o!r1 mov+ t[>d x ) a sword 9 ! uplift$ "r h&1 is a k+ly figure1 ! face turn$ ) a wild & ?reat5+ look t[>d a fright5$ att5dant2 ano!r att5dant1 back ( ! h9d1 seems n yet to h notic$ ! sacrilegi\s intrud]4 ,! composition is full ( dramatic p[]2 ! subject c be none o!r ?an ! slay+ ( ! h9d ( ,artemis by ! impi\s ,agamemnon 7,plate ,,viii474 ,! ?ird ( ^! small pa9t+s pres5ts a sc5e n infrequ5tly met ) on ,pompeian walls1 ,ore/es & ,pylades at ,tauris 9 ! pres5ce ( ,k+ ,?oas1 & ( ,iphig5ia1 :o is n[ a prie/ess ( ,artemis4 ,! conception is ak9 to t ( ! pa9t+ 9 ! h\se ( ! ,ci?>i/ 7,fig4 #ahb71 b ! picture is p>tially oblit]at$4 ,! long /ripe bel[ ! panels is pres]v$ 9 m ?an half its l5g?1 on ! end wall 7#c71 on t at ! "r1 & on ! %ort sections ( ! front wall2 !re is also a fragm5t on ! left side4 ,x conta9s a s]ies ( *>m+ pictures repres5t+ ,cupids & ,psy*es4 ,"s ( ! little creatures are engag$ 9 sports1 o!rs are celebrat+ a fe/ival1 :ile o!rs /ill are busy+ !mselves ) ! manifold "w ( ev]yday life4 ,! execution is less c>eful ?an 9 ! small my?ological pictures2 yet ! figures are s full ( life1 _! movem5ts are s purposeful1 & _! be>+ s sugge/ive t we seem to cat* ! expression ( ! t9y faces4 ,! ,cupids & ,psy*es1 :e!r play+ ! "p ( *ildr5 or ( m5 & wom5 9 elegant attire1 :e!r g>l& mak]s or v9$ress]s or smi?s1 are always ,cupids & ,psy*es /ill2 we in/9ctively recognize !m z su*1 n by reason ( outw>d attributes s mu* z by _! be>+4 ,prosaic daily toil has n[h]e be5 m happily idealiz$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afe4--;,cupids mak+ & sell+ oil4 ,wall pa9t+ 9 ! h\se ( ! ,vettii4 ,! ,cupids at ! left ( ! entrance are play+ ) a duck4 ,"o holds ! duck "u 8 arm ready to let x g2 ! o!r /ret*es out 8 h&s to cat* x z x tries to escape4 ,! gr\p on ! o!r side are ?r[+ at a wood5 m>k4 ,"o is sett+ up ! t>get4 ,two are mak+ ready to ?r[1 "o ( !m be+ m\nt$ on ! back ( a companion2 ! successful conte/ant 9 su* games 0 call$ ! k+1 ! los]1 ! ass1 because he _h to c>ry ! o!rs ^u 8 back4 ,a fif? /&s ruefully beside ! t>get1 await+ 8 turn to c>ry ! victor4 ,among ! mo/ attractive gr\ps are ^? ( ! fl[] deal]s1 at ! end ( ! "r wall ne> ! entrance4 ,fir/ we see ! g>d5] lead+ to m>ket a goat lad5 ) roses2 8 little son trudges along beh9d ! animal1 c>ry+ a basket ( roses susp5d$ f a /ick on ! left %\ld]4 ,next is ! deal]1 :o /&s beh9d a broad m>ble table cov]$ ) g>l&s2 he is h&+ two to a y\? :o already has sev]al1 :ile a ,psy*e ne> by is plac+ ! g>l&s 9 a basket4 ,beyond ^!1 workm5 are mak+ g>l&s1 :i* hang 9 pr(usion f a wood5 frame4 ,at ! extreme left is a lady ask+ ! price4 ,"o ( ! workm5 holds up two f+]s1 signify+ two asses4 ,! price ( a wrea? is giv5 9 a graffito z ?ree asses 7p4 #dig74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aff4--,oil press4 ,f a wall pa9t+ f\nd at ,h]culaneum4 ,9 ! foll[+ sc5e ,cupids appe> z mak]s & sell]s ( oil 7,fig4 #afe74 ,at ! "r is ! oil press4 ,x /&s ^u a squ>e /one1 ! upp] surface ( :i* conta9s a semicircul> incision to cat* ! oil & c>ry x to a r\nd vessel /&+ 9 front4 ,! two sides1 ea* ) a broad v]tical op5+1 are securely fa/5$ by a crosspiece at ! top4 ,! ends ( f\r horizontal bo>ds are fitt$ to ! op5+s1 9 :i* !y move up & d[n4 ,! olives are plac$ "u ! l[e/ bo>d2 9 ! spaces betwe5 ! o!rs1 & betwe5 ! upp] bo>d & ! crosspiece1 ?ick wood5 w$ges are driv54 ,z ! workm5 drive 9 ! w$ges ) heavy mallets1 ! pressure ^u ! olives is increas$1 & ! oil is =c$ out4 ,! arrangem5t may be m pla9ly se5 9 ,fig4 #aff1 f a wall pa9t+ at ,h]culaneum1 9 :i* a simil> press appe>s4 ,at ! left ( ! press is a l>ge kettle re/+ on a tripod4 ,! oil is be+ /irr$ z x is heat$2 a simil> kettle appe>s 9 ! sc5e 9 a %op pres5t$ 9 ! o!r "p ( ! picture4 ,fur!r on are two figures beside a deep vessel1 b ! process repres5t$ is n cle>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afg4--;,cupids z goldsmi?s4 ,wall pa9t+ 9 ! h\se ( ! ,vettii4 ,! re/ ( ! picture relates to ! sell+ ( oil4 ,9 ! backgr\nd is a cupbo>d1 ) a /atuette--possibly an ,aphrodite--on ! upp] %elf4 ,9 front is an op5 *e/ re/+ on f\r legs4 ,bo? ! cupbo>d & ! box conta9 bottles & j>s ( v>i\s %apes & sizes = hold+ oil2 a ,cupid has j tak5 "o up4 ,on ! top ( ! *e/ is a roll ( papyrus ) a pair ( scales2 oil 0 sold by weight4 ,a memor&um on ! wall ( an adjo9+ h\se reads3 ,,xiii4 ,k4 ,fe4 oli4 p4 ,,dcccxxxx1--',janu>y #bj1 #hdj p\nds ( oil4' ,! c5tral figure ( ! gr\p at ! left is ! lady :o has come to make a pur*ase4 ,a cu%ion$ seat has be5 plac$ = h]1 ) a foot/ool2 ! maid /&s motionless beh9d1 a l>ge fan re/+ on ! "r %\ld]4 ,! proprietor holds 9 8 "r h& a spoon conta9+ a sample :i* he has j tak5 f ! j> "u 8 arm2 ! lady seems to be te/+ ! quality on ! back ( h] wri/4 ,! article sold is d\btless ! f9e p]fum$ oil1 n ! common v>iety4 ,h>dly less animat$ are ! sc5es 9 :i* ,cupids take ! place ( goldsmi?s 7,fig4 #afg74 ,at ! "r is ! furnace1 adorn$ ) ! head ( ,hephae/us1 ! patron div9ity ( work]s 9 metals4 ,9 front is a ,cupid ) a bl[pipe & p9c]s4 ,beh9d x ano!r is work+ ) a grav]'s tool ^u a l>ge gold vessel4 ,! pose1 sugge/+ at ! same "t ex]tion & p]fect /ead9ess1 is r5d]$ ) rem>kable skill4 ,next is a figure at a small anvil2 !n ! c\nt] = ! sale ( jewell]y1 :i* is display$ 9 ?ree op5 draw]s4 ,beh9d ! case conta9+ ! draw]s a l>ge & a small] pair ( scales are se54 ,! fir/ two figures 9 ! o!r half ( ! picture repres5t a lady pur*as]1 seat$1 & ! proprietor1 :o weighs out an object ) a small pair ( scales4 ,! left h&s ( bo? po9t to ! balance2 !y are deeply int]e/$ 9 ! weigh+4 ,la/ly1 we see two figures at an anvil4 ,no?+ c\ld be m natural ?an ! pose ( ! "o at ! left1 hold+ ! metal ^u ! anvil = 8 companion to /rike1 yet draw+ back z f> z possible 9 ord] to avoid ! sp>ks4 ,! processes ( ! full]y also are illu/rat$1--tread+ ! clo!s 9 vats1 c>d+1 inspection ( ! clo? to see if ! "w is prop]ly done1 & fold+ ! f9i%$ g>m5ts = deliv]y to ! own]s4 ,?ree ( ! pictures--two on ! end wall & "o on ! left side--relate to w9e4 ,! fir/ is a v9tage sc5e 7,fig4 #afh71 ( :i* only a "p is di/9ct4 ,at ! left is a ,cupid ga!r+ grapes1 f v9es tra9$ to run f tree to tree4 ,! press is work$ on a diff]5t pr9ciple f ! "o %[n 9 ,fig4 #afe4 ,"h two ,cupids are turn+ a w9dlass by means ( long lev]s4 ,! w9dlass is connect$ by a pulley ) a press beam above2 z ! end ( ?is is gradually l[]$1 ! pressure ^u ! grapes und]nea? is increas$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afh4--,v9tage sc5e3 ,cupids ga!r+ & press+ grapes4 ,wall pa9t+ 9 ! h\se ( ! ,vettii4 ,! triumph ( ,bac*us is pres5t$ 9 ano!r picture1 :i* is =tunately 9 a bett] /ate ( pres]vation4 ,at ! head ( ! procession is a bac*ante1 rid+ on a pan!r4 ,bac*us sits 9 a f\r-:eel$ *>iot drawn by goats2 ! coa*man is a satyr4 ,beh9d ! triumphal c> is ,pan1 danc+ & play+ ! d\ble flute2 la/ comes a v9e-cr[n$ ,cupid1 danc+1 ) a l>ge mix+ b[l ^u 8 %\ld]4 ,! skill %[n 9 ! pose ( ! danc+ figures is especially notewor?y2 !y /& lightly erect1 seem+ n to feel _! weight or ! ex]tion ( rapid movem5t4 ,9 ! la/ ( ?is s]ies1 ^u ! left wall1 ,cupids appe> z w9e deal]s2 ! "p ( ! picture t has be5 pres]v$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #afi4 ,! ru/ic be>+ ( ! sell]1 at ! left1 is 9 pleas+ contra/ ) ! free & graceful c>riage ( ! well-br$ buy]1 to :om he is h&+ a sample ( ! w9e 9 a cup4 ,at ! "r two s]vants are draw+ ano!r sample f an amphora2 "o tips ! amphora s cauti\sly t ! o!r1 :o is hold+ ! b[l1 presses ! neck g5tly ) 8 left h& 9 ord] to make ! sl5d] /ream fl[ fa/]4 ,rapidity ( movem5t rea*es a climax 9 ! middle picture ( ! "r wall1 :i* repres5ts ! games ( ! ,circus4 ,! sc5e is laid 9 ! c\ntry2 ea* goal is m>k$ by ?ree trees4 ,antelopes take ! place ( horses1 & ! gr\ps are conceiv$ ) wond]ful realism4 ,! t9y1 flutt]+ g>m5ts ( ! driv]s display ! colors ( ! f\r p>ties1--gre51 r$1 :ite1 & blue4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afi4 ,cupids z deal]s 9 w9e4 ,wall pa9t+ 9 ! h\se ( ! ,vettii4 ,two ( ! pictures on ! end wall are s damag$ t x is n easy to make out ! details4 ,"o ( !m1 l t j describ$1 pres5ts a purely ,roman subject--! fe/ival ( ,ve/a 7,fig4 #agj74 ,cupids & ,psy*es are recl9+ at ease ab\t a s]v+ table 9 ! %ape ( a deep platt] ) two h&les1 on :i* dr9k+ vessels are se52 9 ! backgr\nd are two asses1 sacr$ to ,ve/a 7p4 #ih74 ,"s1 at lea/1 ( ! ,cupid pictures c\ld n h be5 tak5 f ,greek orig9als4 ,9 ! atrium also !re 0 a black /ripe conta9+ ,cupids simil> to ^? already describ$1 b ! figures are n s well pres]v$4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ sc5e repres5ts a sacrifice to ,=tuna4 ,cupids appe> also rid+ & driv+4 ,"s are m\nt$ on goats & engag$ 9 a conte/4 ,"o /&s on a crab1 guid+ ! unga9ly creature ) re9s & ply+ ! :ip2 ano!r is simil>ly m\nt$ on a lob/]4 ,a few are 9 *>iots1 ! *>iot 9 "o case be+ drawn by two dolph9s4 ,9 ea* division ( ! wall ( ! atrium ne> ! bottom is ! half-l5g? figure ( a *ild1 pa9t$ on a d>k r$ gr\nd4 ,! *ildr5 are busi$ ) vessels ( all k9ds1 app>5tly int5d$ = sacrifice4 ,! s]i\sness ( _! task1 ! importance :i* !y atta* to _! helpfulness1 is f9ely express$ 9 ! faces1 :i* are individualiz$ 9 ! mann] ( a true arti/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agj4--;,cupids celebrat+ ! fe/ival ( ,ve/a4 ,wall pa9t+ 9 ! h\se ( ! ,vettii4 ,we may dismiss ! lat] pa9t+s ( ! h\se ) few words4 ,9 ! fauces 7b7 are small mono*rome panels conta9+ a pair ( de]1 a cock fight1 vases1 & a wallet ) a h]ald's /aff1 attributes ( ,m]cury1 :o p]haps _h a place among ! ,p5ates ( ! h\se4 ,9 ! room at ! left ( ! atrium 7e7 is a pa9t+ ( ,cyp>issus1 ! y\? belov$ ( ,apollo1 ) 8 w\nd$ de] on ! gr\nd ne> him2 9 ano!r "p ( ! room is ! wre/l+ mat* betwe5 ,pan & ,eros4 ,among ! figures se5 9 ! ar*itectural framework ( ! upp] division ( ! wall is ,zeus1 sitt+ on 8 ?rone1 repres5t$ z a y\?1 unbe>d$2 ,l$a ) ! swan also appe>s1 & ,danae hold+ out h] robe to cat* ! gold5 ra94 ,! direction ( ! own]'s ta/es is p]haps indicat$ by a pa9t+ 9 ! p]i/yle1 at ! middle ( ! wall "u ! colonnade at ! left4 ,x conta9s a portrait1 probably ( an au?or2 ne> by is a manuscript case ) rolls ( papyrus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix4--,a ,,d9+ ,,room ,,9 ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,! ,,vettii ,! pa9t+s 9 ! two d9+ rooms op5+ on ! p]i/yle1 n & p1 are 9 a bett] /ate ( pres]vation ?an ^? ( any o!r "p ( ! h\se4 ,9 ! fir/ room1 n1 ! simple & re/ful decoration surr\nd+ ! l>ge pictures is 9 /rik+ contra/ ) ! pictures !mselves1 "o ( :i* is plac$ at ! middle ( ea* ( ! ?ree walls4 ,"h we see ! infant ,h]cules /rangl+ ! s]p5ts1 !re ,p5!us & ! ,ma5ads ab\t to te> him 9 pieces2 ! subject ( ! ?ird pa9t+ is ! puni%m5t ( ,dirce1 ! treatm5t be+ n unlike t ( ! sculptur$ ,f>nese gr\p 9 ! ,naples ,museum4 ,! decorative effect ( ! o!r room1 p1 is m h>moni\s4 ,! divisions ( ! wall space1 ! relation ( ! ?ree pr9cipal pa9t+s to ! decorative design1 & ! di/ribution ( ornam5t are indicat$ 9 our illu/ration 7,plate ,,ix72 b no reproduction c d ju/ice to ! ri*ness ( ! color+4 ,! pa9t+ 9 ! middle panel at ! "r br+s be=e u ,bac*us ) 8 tra9 z !y come ^u ! sleep+ ,ariadne4 ,on ! left wall opposite is ,da$alus1 po9t+ out ! wood5 c[ t he has made to ,pasiphae1 :o h&s to him a gold5 arm b&4 ,! subject ( ! ?ird picture is "h met ) = ! fir/ "t at ,pompeii--! puni%m5t ( ,ixion4 ,! trag$y ( ! sc5e 7,fig4 #aga7 is pla9ly sugge/$1 b n =c$ ^u ! behold]2 we see1 at ! left1 only half ( ! ev] revolv+ :eel to :i* ! wret*$ victim is b\nd4 ,! o!r figures are m prom95t &1 ) "o exception1 convey no sugge/ion ( pa9 or sympa?y 9 ei!r pose or expression ( face4 ,ne>e/ ! :eel is ,hephae/us1 :o has j fa/5$ ,ixion ^u x2 8 p9c]s1 hamm]1 & anvil are ly+ ^u ! gr\nd 9 ! corn]4 ,9 front ( him is ,h]mes1 :o1 9 ob$i5ce to ! comm& ( ,zeus1 br\ght ! (f5d] to ! place ( puni%m5t4 ,a sad-fac$ female figure ) veil$ head sits 9 ! =egr\nd--a p]sonification ( ! _s ( "o :o has di$1 a %ade introduc$ to indicate t ! place ( puni%m5t is ! ,und]world4 ,! left h& is involunt>ily rais$ ) ! %ock t ! ?\ght ( ! victim's suff]+ br+s2 ! face has be5 ?\ght by "s to resemble t (t5 giv5 to ! ,madonna4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aga4--,! puni%m5t ( ,ixion4 ,wall pa9t+ 9 ! h\se ( ! ,vettii4 ,! two figures at ! "r ( ! picture are ( ! upp] _w1 n directly connect$ ) ! ma9 action1 yet well conceiv$ & skilfully introduc$4 ,ne>] ! =egr\nd ,h]a sits en?ron$1 h] sceptre 9 h] left h&2 beh9d h] /&s ,iris1 fai?ful mess5g]1 :o po9ts out to h] ! well des]v$ fate ( him :o d>$ to (f] an affront to ! que5 ( heav54 ,,*apt] ,,xlii ,,?ree ,,h\ses ,,( ,,unusual ,,plan ,9 ! h\ses describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s ! di/ribution ( ! rooms is *>act]iz$ by a c]ta9 regul>ity1 :i* makes x possible to indicate ! arrangem5ts by ref]5ce to an ideal or normal plan4 ,a wide dep>ture1 h[ev]1 is occasionally not$2 & by way ( illu/ration ?ree h\ses ( unusual plan w be briefly pres5t$ "h1 fir/ a h\se )\t an atrium1 !n "o hav+ an atrium b no compluvium1 &1 la/ly1 a l>ge e/abli%m5t built on t]races at diff]5t levels4 ,i4 ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,acceptus ,,& ,,euhodia ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agb4--,! ,h\se ( ,acceptus & ,euhodia4 a4 ,colonnade4 b4 ,g>d54 c4 ,kit*54 d4 ,b$room4 f4 ,d9+ room4 g4 ,g>d54 i4 ,b$room ) places = two b$s4 ,sometimes a few rooms ( a l>ge h\se 7 cut (f f ! atrium & us$ z a sep>ate dwell+2 ! orig9al plan 9 su* cases is easily det]m9$4 ,! numb] ( h\ses built )\t an atrium 9 ! beg9n+ is exce$+ly small4 ,among ! pleasante/ 0 ! mode/ dwell+ ( ,acceptus & ,euhodia1 on ! s\? side ( ! d\ble ,insula 9 ! eigh? ,region 7,,viii4 v4-vi4 #ci72 ! names are tak5 f a c\ple ( election notices pa9t$ on ! front1 9 :i* !y appe> toge!r4 ,f ! /reet "o pass$ directly "u a colonnade 7,fig4 #agb1 a7 9 two /ories1 fac+ a small g>d5 7b71 f :i* x 0 sep>at$ by a l[ wall4 ,at "o end ( ! g>d5 0 an op5-air tricl9ium 7k71 :i* /ill rema9s4 ,! re/ ( ! plot1 us$ z a fl[] g>d51 0 pr(usely ornam5t$2 five heads ( h]ms1 a frog & o!r objects ( m>ble 7 f\nd 9 x1 besides a c\ple ( alaba/] bas9s & five /atuettes ( ,egyptian div9ities made ( glaz$ pott]y4 ,9 ! corn] ( ! colonnade1 betwe5 ! g>d5 & ! entrance1 is a small he>?1 conv5i5tly plac$ = s]v+ ! op5-air tricl9ium2 9 ! opposite corn] at ! left ! excavators f\nd ! rema9s ( a cupbo>d1 toge!r ) vessels ( bronze1 glass1 & clay4 ,at ! fur!r end ( ! colonnade "o pass$ into ano!r small g>d5 7g74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agc4--,longitud9al section ( ! h\se ( ,acceptus & ,euhodia1 re/or$4 ,a b$room 7d7 op5$ on ! colonnade ne> ! entrance4 ,a corridor 7e7 l$ to ! kit*5 7c7 beh9d x4 ,beyond ! corridor is ! d9+ room 7f74 ,ano!r sleep+ room 7i7 ) places = two b$s is ent]$ ?r\gh a k9d ( ant]oom 7h7 at ! re> ( ! h\se4 ,! rooms ( ! second /ory correspond$ closely ) ^? und]nea?1 & 7 ent]$ f ! second /ory ( ! colonnade2 ! /airs1 p>tly ( wood1 />t$ 9 ! kit*54 ,! appe>ance ( ! h\se z "o look$ f ! g>d5 at ! "r t[>d ! colonnade may be inf]r$ f our re/oration1 :i* gives a longitud9al section 7,fig4 #agc72 ! lett]s "u ! section ref] to ! rooms z !y are indicat$ 9 ! plan4 ,! h\se 0 decorat$ 9 ! f\r? /yle4 ,on ! s\? wall ( ! kit*5 !re is a pa9t+ ( ,=tuna1 ) ! usual attributes1 a cornucopia & a rudd] re/+ on a ball4 ,! ,g5ius & ! ,l>es n[h]e appe>1 & z a lotus blossom is pa9t$ on ! =ehead ( ! goddess1 :o is ?us conceiv$ ( z a =m ( ,isis1 we may suppose t ,acceptus & 8 wife 7 adh]5ts ( ! ,egyptian cult4 ,besides ! /atuettes ( ,egyptian div9ities !re 0 f\nd 9 ! g>d5 ! foot ( a m>ble table ) a ,greek inscription ( ,s]apion1 an ,egyptian "n4 ,acceptus & ,euhodia may h come f ,alex&ria & !nce h introduc$ into ,pompeii ?is type ( h\se1 s unlike ! native =m4 ,! ,lat9 "n ( ,acceptus does n /& 9 ! way ( ?is explanation1 = he 0 probably a fre$man1 :o 9 ,egypt may h _h a ,roman ma/]4 ,,ii4 ,a ,,h\se ,,)\t ,a ,,compluvium ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agd4--,plan ( a h\se )\t a compluvium 7,v4 v4 #b74 a4 ,%op4 b4 ,fauces4 e4 ,atrium4 f4 ,light c\rt4 k4 ,d9+ room4 #a4 ,he>?4 #b4 ,ci/]n curb4 ,! accompany+ plan 7,fig4 #agd7 %[s ! arrangem5t ( a small h\se on ! nor? side ( ,nola ,/reet 9 ! fif? ,region 7,v4 v4 #b74 ,! problem ( light+ ! atrium 7e71 ! ro( ( :i* slop$ t[>d ! back1 0 met 9 a simple way4 ,at ! re> a light c\rt 7f7 0 con/ruct$1 :i* furni%$ light & air by means ( broad w9d[s1 n only to ! atrium1 b also to ! adjo9+ room g & indirectly to ! d9+ room k1 :i* _h a w9d[ op5+ on g4 ,?is arrangem5t1 h[ev]1 is 9 "p ! result ( lat] *anges4 ,orig9ally ! room m>k$ g belong$ to ! c\rt1 f1 & ! h\se consi/$ ( two p>ts1 sep>at$ by a n>r[ area4 ,! kit*5 0 !n 9 ! l[ room 7i7 above :i* 0 a correspond+ly l[ *amb]1 ! height ( ! two rooms be+ only equal to t ( ! d9+ room 7k74 ,9 lat] times1 h[ev]1 ! he>? 0 mov$ to ! corn] ( ! atrium 7#a71 ! smoke be+ let out ?r\gh a small w9d[ 9 ! wall4 ,a /airway1 p>tly ( wood1 l$ to ! upp] rooms at ! front ( ! h\se4 ,along ! /reet ran a /one b5*1 protect$ by a ro( project+ ov] x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #age4--,transv]se section ( ! h\se )\t a compluvium4 ,at ! left1 light c\rt 7f71 ) /airs 7h7 lead+ to an upp] room ov] i4 ,at ! "r1 room g1 ) ! w9d[ op5+ into ! d9+ room k4 ,! wat] f ! ro(s fell into ! light c\rt f1 & 0 collect$ 9 a ci/]n4 ,we give a transv]se section across f & g 7,fig4 #age71 %[+ ! arrangem5t ( ! ro(s1 doors1 & w9d[ at ! re>4 ,on ! wall ( g is scrat*$ ! inscription1 ,fures =as1 frugi intro1--',let ?ieves keep out1 let hone/ folk come 96' ,,iii4 ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,! ,,emp]or ,,joseph ,,ii ,a good example ( a h\se ext5d$ ov] t]races at diff]5t levels may be se5 on ! edge ( ! hill we/ ( ! ,=um ,triangul>e 7,,viii4 ii4 #ci71 t ( ! ,emp]or ,joseph ,,ii1 casa dell' ,imp]atore ,giuseppe ,,ii4 ,! "n 0 giv5 9 commemoration ( a visit ( ?is emp]or to ,pompeii1 9 #agfi1 :5 a special excavation 9 8 honor 0 made 9 a "p ( ! h\se4 ,! upp]mo/ ( ! ?ree t]races on :i* ! h\se is built 7,fig4 #agf1 #a7 is at ! level ( ! /reet 7,vico della ,reg9a1 ,plan ,,vi71 ! l[e/ 7#c7 9 "p occupies ! place ( ! old city wall2 ! middle t]race is adju/$ to ! int]v5+ slope4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! /airways betwe5 ! t]races & ! di/ribution ( ! rooms may be m easily und]/ood f an inspection ( ! plan 9 connection ) ! key bel[ ?an f description4 ,!re 0 a second /ory ov] a "p ( ! rooms on ! upp] t]race1 z indicat$ by ! /airways at e & n & 9 ! corn] ( u1 b ! ext5t ( x is n easy to det]m9e4 ,! traces ( ! upp] rooms ( ! middle t]race1 h[ev]1 are cle>ly se51 & _! arrangem5t is indicat$ on ! plan 7#d72 ! height ( !ta & kappa1 :i* 7 9 "o /ory1 0 equal to t ( ! small] rooms ) ! *amb]s above4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agf4--,plan ( ! h\se ( ! ,emp]or ,joseph ,,ii4 #a4 ,upp] t]race at ! level ( ! /reet4 a4 ,fauces4 b4 ,atrium4 c4 ,h\se *apel4 g1 h4 ,alae1 ) a w>drobe 7i7 at ! re> ( h4 u4 ,room ) two /airways1 lead+ up to second floor & d[n to middle t]race4 w4 ,middle room op5+ on a colonnade 7y7 :i* faces ! re> ( ! t]race 7z74 x1 v4 ,d9+ rooms1 op5+ on ! colonnade4 #b4 ,middle t]race4 alpha4 ,corridor1 ent]$ f /airway 9 u above4 beta4 ,corridor4 gamma1 delta4 ,l[ vault$ rooms4 epsilon4 ,/airway lead+ to l[] t]race4 eta4 ,middle room4 !ta4 ,d9+ room1 ) a w9d[ op5+ on ! t]race at ! re>4 kappa4 ,small d9+ room4 iota1 lambda1 zeta4 ,sleep+ rooms4 #c4 ,l[] t]race4 #a4 ,corridor lead+ d[n f ! foot ( ! /airway 9 epsilon4 #c1 #d4 ,bak]y4 #f-h4 ,ba?4 7#f4 ,tepid>ium4 #g4 ,cald>ium4 #h4 ,frigid>ium47 #d4 ,upp] rooms ( ! middle t]race4 ,i4 ,excavat$ room us$ z a cell>4 ,,ii1 ,,iii4 ,rooms ov] iota1 lambda4 ,,vi4 ,room ov] zeta1 connect$ ) ,v 7ov] gamma1 delta7 by a gall]y ov] ! /airway epsilon1 & ) eta by a ladd] or /airway4 ,! front ( ! h\se1 ! l>ge ,tuscan atrium ) ! adjo9+ rooms1 dates f ! ,tufa ,p]iod2 ! atrium 0 orig9ally "o ( ! mo/ ri*ly decorat$ at ,pompeii4 ,! rooms back ( ! atrium op5+ t[>d ! re>1 & ^? ( ! middle & l[] t]races1 are a lat] addition1 built aft] ! city wall at ?is po9t _h be5 remov$1 p]haps n long be=e ! end ( ! ,republic2 traces ( ! second /yle ( decoration are f\nd 9 "o ( ! l[e/ rooms1 ! tepid>ium ( ! ba?4 ,rema9s ( ! fir/ /yle are f\nd 9 ! fauces1 b ! great] "p ( ! h\se is decorat$ 9 ! la/ /yle4 ,"o ( ! small rooms 7c7 op5+ on ! atrium1 orig9ally a b$room1 0 9 lat] times turn$ into a h\se *apel4 ,9 ! "r wall is a small ni*e1 on ! back ( :i* a ,g5ius ( ! ord9>y type is pa9t$4 ,ne> him & also (f]+ a libation is a female figure ) ! attributes ( ,juno1 a diadem1 & a sceptre4 ,! two figures repres5t ! ,g5ii ( ! ma/] & mi/ress ( ! h\se 7p4 #bgj74 ,"u ! ni*e1 & at ! sides are iron nails1 driv5 into ! pla/] to hold wrea?s & g>l&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agg4--;,corn] ( bake room 9 ! l[e/ /ory ( ! h\se ( ! ,emp]or ,joseph ,,ii1 at ! "t ( excavation4 ,on ei!r side ( ! broad middle room 7w7 is a d9+ room 7v1 x71 connect$ ) x by two l>ge w9d[s4 ,all ?ree rooms op5 ^u ! colonnade 7y71 & ?is aga9 op5s out ^u a t]race 7z74 ,! pr9cipal room ( ! middle /ory 7#b4 eta1 "u z7 takes ! place ( an atrium2 x is light$ by a door & two w9d[s op5+ ^u a t]race 7mu74 ,connect$ ) x are two d9+ rooms 7!ta1 kappa71 consid]ably high] ?an ! o!r ap>tm5ts ( ?is /ory1 & ?ree sleep+ rooms 7iota1 lambda1 zeta74 ,a d>k corridor 7beta7 sep>at$ ^! rooms f ! solid e>? at ! re>1 & furni%$ access1 by means ( ladd]s1 to two l[ upp] rooms 7ov] iota & lambda2 see #d4 ,,ii1 ,,iii71 p]haps us$ z /or]ooms4 ,f beta "o c\ld also rea*1 9 ! same way1 an oblong *amb] excavat$ 9 ! e>? 7,i71 design$ orig9ally z a ci/]n1 b us$ z a cell> at ! "t ( ! eruption4 ,( ! rema9+ upp] rooms "o 7,,iv7 0 built on ! solid gr\nd at ! side ( ! /airway lead+ f ! upp] floor 7alpha72 ! o!r two 7,v1 ov] gamma1 delta & ,,vi1 ov] zeta7 7 connect$ by a gall]y or bridge ov] ! /airway lead+ to ! l[] floor 7epsilon72 ?is gall]y c\ld be rea*$ also by a ladd] or wood5 /airway 9 ! l>ge middle room 7eta74 ,! out]mo/ room 7,,vi7 0 p]haps a wa%room2 !re is a rectangul> bas9 9 "o corn]4 ,! l[] floor 0 giv5 up to a ba? 7frigid>ium1 #h2 tepid>ium1 #f2 cald>ium1 #g7 & to a bak]y 7#c1 #d74 ,9 ! vault$ ceil+ ( ! frigid>ium 7#h7 & "o ( ! rooms ( ! bak]y 7#c7 is a r\nd hole = v5tilation1 op5+ ^u ! t]race above ?r\gh a k9d ( *imney4 ,! holl[ walls ( ! cald>ium 7#g7 are c>ri$ to ! cr[n ( ! vault1 at ! middle ( :i* is a simil> op5+ = ! v5t4 ,! places ( ! ?ree op5+s 9 ! floor ( ! t]race are se5 9 ! plan 7#b1 mu74 ,at "o end ( ! l>g] room ( ! bak]y 7#c7 is ! ov52 at ! o!r two rectangul> bas9s ( masonry4 ,9 ! corn] ne> ! bas9s 0 f\nd ! skeleton ( a man :o at ! "t ( ! eruption _h tak5 refuge 9 ?is room & probably di$ ( hung]4 ,! appe>ance ( ! room at ! "t ( excavation is %[n 9 a sket* publi%$ by ,mazois 7,fig4 #agg74 ,! door ne> ! corn]1 se5 9 ! illu/ration1 l$ outside ! city4 ,! proprietor ( ! h\se p]haps _h a special p]mit enabl+ him to leave or ent] ! city at any "t )\t surveillance2 none ( ! o!r h\ses along ! edge ( ! city h a private entrance ( ?is k9d4 ,,*apt] ,,xliii ,,o!r ,,notewor?y ,,h\ses ,! h\ses accord$ a detail$ description 9 ! previ\s *apt]s are few 9 comp>ison ) ! numb] ( ^? wor?y ( special /udy4 ,he alone :o has w&]$ day aft] day among ! ru9s1 return+ aga9 & aga9 to explore ! p>ts ( ! city :i* are r>ely se5 by ! ha/y visitor1 c realize :at a weal? ( int]e/+ mat]ial lies beh9d ! b>r5 walls l9+ ! /reets on ei!r side4 ,! location ( ! h\ses m5tion$ incid5tally is giv5 9 ,plan ,,vi1 at ! end ( ! volume4 ,su* are1 ! h\se ( ,caecilius ,jucundus1 on ,/abian ,/reet 7,v4 i4 #bf71 ! tabl9um ( :i* conta9s "o ( ! mo/ beautiful specim5s ( wall decoration yet discov]$1 9 ! ?ird /yle2 ! h\se ( ,lucretius1 on ! same /reet 7,,ix4 iii4 #e71 ) a little g>d5 beh9d ! tabl9um adorn$ ) qua9t sculptures2 ! h\se ( ! ,hunt on ,nola ,/reet 7,,vii4 iv4 #dh71 s nam$ f ! l>ge hunt+ sc5e on ! wall at ! re> ( ! g>d52 & fur!r d[n on ,nola ,/reet 7,,ix4 vii4 #f7 ! ext5sive h\se ) ?ree atriums & a l>ge p]i/yle1 excavat$ 9 #ahgi1 eighte5 c5turies aft] ! de/ruction ( ! city1 & h5ce call$ ! h\se ( ! ,c5t5>y1 casa del ,c5t5>io4 ,9 ! same block ) ! h\se ( ! ,hunt1 opposite t ( ! ,faun1 is ! h\se ( ! ,sculptur$ ,capitals1 casa dei ,capitelli ,figurati 7,,vii4 iv4 #eg74 ,x receiv$ its "n f ! figures c>v$ 9 ! tufa capitals ( ! pila/]s at ! entrance1 "o ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #agh2 ! /ucco ) :i* ! surface 0 coat$ has n[ fall5 (f4 ,su* figures are n infrequ5tly met ) 9 pila/] capitals ( ! ,tufa ,p]iod1 ! subjects be+ always tak51 z "h1 f ! bac*ic cycle2 ! satyr at ! left is well r5d]$4 ,! plan ( ! h\se is simple1 l t ( o!r h\ses ( mod]ate size dat+ f ! pre-,roman "t4 ,ne> ! we/ end ( ,nola ,/reet is ! h\se ( ,pansa1 :i* occupies ! :ole ( ! six? ,insula ( ,region ,,vi4 ,al?\gh ( approximately ! same size z ! h\se ( ! ,faun1 & built 9 ! same p]iod1 x conta9$ few] l>ge rooms2 its proportions 7 less impressive1 its f9i% less elegant4 ,! walls pres5t _m evid5ces ( repairs & alt]ations1 b ( ! wall decoration no?+ rema9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agh4--;,capital ( pila/] at ! entrance ( ! h\se ( ! ,sculptur$ ,capitals4 ,! plan 7,fig4 #agi7 is ( int]e/ on acc\nt ( its regul>ity4 ,x well illu/rates ! ext5t to :i*1 at ,pompeii1 rooms n requir$ = h\sehold purposes 7 utiliz$ z %ops & small sep>ate dwell+s1 :i* 7 r5t$ to t5ants1 & d\btless =m$ an important s\rce ( income4 ,! ve/ibule & fauces h be5 m5tion$ previ\sly 7p4 #bdi74 ,! liv+ rooms are gr\p$ ab\t a s+le atrium 7#b7 & a l>ge p]i/yle 7#i74 ,a colonnade at ! re> ( ! h\se faces ! g>d51 :i*1 z indicat$ by ! appe>ance ( ! gr\nd at ! "t ( excavation1 0 us$ = vegetables4 ,op5+ on ! colonnade is ! g>d5]'s room 7a74 ,9 ! front 7 %ops1 "o ( :i* 7#ce7 0 connect$ ) ! h\se & s]v$ z ! proprietor's place ( bus9ess2 ano!r 7#cc7 0 us$ z a salesroom = ! bak]y1 :i* occupi$ ! rooms numb]$ #bh-cd4 ,on ! same side ( ! h\se 7 ?ree small two-/ory dwell+s1 "o ( :i* 7#bb-bc7 conta9$ w9d[s op5+ into an adjo9+ room 7#ab7 ( ! h\se & into ! p]i/yle2 x 0 d\btless occupi$ by "s "o connect$ ) ! h\sehold4 ,! dwell+s on ! o!r /reet 7,a1 ,b1 ,c7 7 l>g]4 ,fiorelli ?\ght t ?is ,insula belong$ to ,alleius ,nigidius ,maius 7p4 #dhi72 ! "n ( ,pansa 0 giv5 to x f an election notice pa9t$ on ! front4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agi4--,plan ( ! h\se ( ,pansa4 #a4 ,fauces4 #b4 ,atrium4 #d1 #d4 ,alae4 #e4 ,tabl9um4 #f4 ,&ron4 #i4 ,p]i/yle4 #aj4 ,passage lead+ to po/icum4 #ac4 ,d9+ room4 #ae4 ,oecus4 #ai4 ,kit*54 #bj4 ,room = a wagon4 #ba4 ,colonnade op5+ on ! g>d54 #bb-bc4 ,small dwell+ ) second /ory1 connect$ ) ! h\se4 #bd-be1 #bf-bg4 ,two small sep>ate dwell+s4 #bh-cd4 ,bak]y4 7#bi4 ,mill room1 #cj4 ,ov547 #ce1 #cg-dj4 ,%ops4 #da4 ,%op ) back rooms4 #db4 ,room ) bake ov54 ,a1 ,b1 ,c4 ,sep>ate dwell+s4 ,!re is a rem>kable gr\p ( h\ses ne> ! nor? end ( ,m]cury ,/reet4 ,! fir/ 9 importance is ! h\se ( ,ca/or & ,pollux 7,,vi4 ix4 #f71 :i* is s nam$ f ! figures ( ! ,dioscuri1 hold+ _! horses by ! bridle1 pa9t$ on ! walls ( ! pr9cipal fauces4 ,betwe5 ! two atriums1 "o ( :i* is ( ! ,cor9?ian type1 lies a l>ge p]i/yle2 & beh9d ! ,cor9?ian atrium is a g>d5 ) a colonnade 9 front4 ,! decoration ( ! h\se is especially effective2 t ( ! l>g] tabl9um 0 by "o ( ! be/ arti/s :o work$ at ,pompeii4 ,! pa9t+s 9 ! two c5tral panels ( ?is room are (t5 m5tion$2 on ! "r wall1 ! recognition ( ,a*illes among ! daught]s ( ,lycom$es2 on ! left1 ! qu>rel betwe5 ,a*illes & ,agamemnon4 ,! repres5tation ( ,v5us ,pompeiana %[n 9 ,fig4 #d is f ! p]i/yle4 ,beyond ! h\se ( ,ca/or & ,pollux is t ( ! ,c5taur 7,,vi4 ix4 #c71 :i* receiv$ its "n f a pa9t+ 9 :i* ,h]cules1 ,deianira1 & ,nessus appe>2 ! end ( a b$room 9 ?is h\se is %[n 9 ,fig4 #abb4 ,! re/ ( ! insula belongs to ! l>ge h\se ( ,meleag]1 nam$ f a picture repres5t+ ,meleag] & ,atalanta4 ,! walls conta9$ num]\s my?ological pictures1 "p ( :i* 7 transf]r$ to ! ,naples ,museum2 ^? left on ! walls h suff]$ f exposure to ! wea!r4 ,! h\se ( ,apollo also 7,,vi4 vii4 #bc71 on ! opposite side ( ! /reet1 is notewor?y on acc\nt ( its decoration1 9 ! la/ /yle2 ! god appe>s 9 a s]ies ( pa9t+s4 ,two h\ses 9 ! next insula1 on ! s\?1 h 9 _! g>d5s f\nta9 ni*es v5e]$ ) bright mosaics1 ! casa della ,fontana ,gr&e 7,,vi4 viii4 #bb7 & ! casa della ,fontana ,piccola 7,,vi4 viii4 #bc74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahj4--,section %[+ a "p ( ! p]i/yle ( ! h\se ( ! ,an*or1 re/or$4 ,at ! middle ( ! t5? ,insula1 9 ! same ,region1 is ! h\se ( ! ,an*or 7,,vi4 x4 #g71 s call$ f an an*or outl9$ 9 ! black & :ite mosaic ( ! fauces4 ,! p]i/yle "h pres5ts an int]e/+ peculi>ity ( con/ruction4 ,! level ( ! /reet at ! re> ( ! h\se 0 bel[ t ( ,m]cury ,/reet4 ,in/ead ( fill+ up ! lot s z to raise ! g>d5 to ! height ( ! front "p1 ! build] con/ruct$ a k9d ( basem5t "u ! colonnade ( ! p]i/yle1 ! floor ( :i* 0 ?us adju/$ to ! level ( ! floors 9 ! front rooms2 ! g>d5 & ! floor ( ! basem5t 7 on ! same level z ! /reet at ! re>4 ,! colonnade 0 high] on ! nor? ?an on ! o!r ?ree sides 7,fig4 #ahj74 ,! effect ( ! :ole 0 f> f unpleas+4 ,:e!r ! projections se5 9 ! ni*es bel[1 at ! level ( ! g>d51 are p$e/als or small alt>s _c be det]m9$4 ,! ni*es at ! front end 7 made l>g]1 & 7 ?ree 9 numb]4 ,9 ! middle ni*e 0 a dim9utive temple2 ! o!r two _h ! =m ( an apse1 & conta9$ f\nta9 figures4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aha4--,plan ( ! h\se ( ! ,ci?>i/4 #f4 ,we/ atrium ) connect+ rooms1 ent]$ f ,/abian ,/reet4 #ag1 #cb4 ,p]i/yles belong+ ) ! we/ atrium4 #dj1 #da4 ,ba?--tepid>ium & cald>ium4 #db4 ,kit*54 #dg4 ,nor? atrium1 ent]$ f ! cont9uation ( ,abbondanza ,/reet4 #ef4 ,p]i/yle belong+ ) ! nor? atrium4 ,h\ses 7 sometimes enl>g$ at ! exp5se ( neighbor+ dwell+s1 :i*1 9 "s cases1 7 de/roy$ to ! f\ndations1 9 o!rs remodell$ or incorporat$ ) slight *ange4 ,an example is ! h\se ( ! ,ci?>i/1 :i* fills ! great] "p ( ! f\r? ,insula 9 ,region ,i1 on ! ea/ side ( ,/abian ,/reet4 ,a bronze /atue ( ,apollo play+ ! ci?>a1 f\nd 9 ! middle p]i/yle 7,fig4 #aha1 #ag71 gave its "n to ! h\se4 ,x is app>5tly a fai?ful copy ( a ,greek ma/]piece at ,sp>ta1 & is n[ 9 ! ,naples ,museum4 ,! h\se is sometimes ref]r$ to z t ( ,popidius ,secundus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahb4--,ore/es & ,pylades be=e ,k+ ,?oas4 ,wall pa9t+ f ! h\se ( ! ,ci?>i/4 ,!re are two atriums 7#f1 #dg7 & ?ree p]i/yles 7#ag1 #cb1 #ef74 ,a l>ge "p ( ! h\se1 ! we/ atrium 7#f71 ) ! connect+ rooms & ! two p]i/yles1 #ag & #cb1 0 built 9 ! ,tufa ,p]iod1 9 ! place ( sev]al old] h\ses4 ,! rooms ea/ ( ! two p]i/yles1 & ! nor? atrium 7#dg7 & p]i/yle 7#ef71 ) ! adjo9+ rooms1 7 add$ 9 ,roman times1 probably ne> ! end ( ! ,republic2 ! h\se 0 aft]w>ds decorat$ 9 ! second /yle4 ,rema9s ( ! ?ird & f\r? /yles also are f\nd 9 "s p>ts ( ! h\se4 ,! bett] ap>tm5ts are gr\p$ ab\t ! p]i/yles2 ! rooms ab\t ! atriums 7 turn$ ov] to ! slaves or us$ = dome/ic purposes4 ,9 ! l>ge room 7#ce7 op5+ on ! s\? p]i/yle 7 two pa9t+s ( unusual m]it1 bo? ( :i* 7 transf]r$ to ! ,naples ,museum4 ,! subject ( "o 0 ! f9d+ ( ! des]t$ ,ariadne by ,bac*us2 9 ! o!r ,ore/es & ,pylades appe> z captives be=e ,?oas1 ! k+ ( ,tauris 7,fig4 #ahb74 ,at ! "r ( ! picture sits ,?oas1 look+ at ! captives1 8 sword ly+ across 8 knees1 8 h&s re/+ ^u ! end ( 8 sceptre4 ,beh9d him /&s a gu>d ) a long spe> 9 ! "r h&4 ,ano!r gu>d ) two spe>s /&s beh9d ,ore/es & ,pylades1 ^: h&s are b\nd4 ,ore/es1 ^u ^: head is a wrea? ( laurel1 looks d[nw>d1 an expression ( sadness & resignation ^u 8 f9ely *isell$ features4 ,pylades is n )\t anxiety1 b is al]t & hopeful4 ,betwe5 ! two gr\ps is an alt> on :i* inc5se is burn+4 ,9 ! backgr\nd ,iphig5ia is se5 mov+ sl[ly =w>d2 ! head is entirely oblit]at$4 ,x is un=tunate t ! pa9t+ is s badly pres]v$4 ,! faces ( ! two y\?s are individualiz$ ) rem>kable skill1 & ! picture "h us$ z ! c5tre ( a decorative framework ( ! f\r? /yle is evid5tly a copy ( a ma/]piece4 ,on ! s\? side ( ,abbondanza ,/reet1 opposite ! ,/abian ,ba?s1 is ! h\se ( ,cornelius ,rufus 7,,viii4 iv4 #ae71 a view ( ! int]ior ( :i* has already be5 giv54 ,! "n ( ! proprietor is kn[n f ! d$ication on ! h]m 7se5 9 ,fig4 #aba71 ,c4 ,cornelio ,rufo2 ! c>v$ table supports beh9d ! impluvium are among ! f9e/ yet discov]$4 ,9 ! same block is ! h\se ( ,m>cus ,holconius 7,,viii4 iv4 #d71 a good example ( a h\se completely re/or$ & decorat$ aft] ! e>?quake ( #fc4 ,! "r ala 0 fitt$ up ) %elves1 on :i* at ! "t ( ! eruption 7 kit*5 vessels ( bronze1 iron1 & t]ra cotta4 ,! colonnade ab\t ! p]i/yle 0 9 two /ories4 ,f ! columns at ! front six jets ( wat]1 at a height ( ab\t f\r feet1 fell =w>d into ! gutt]2 & !re 0 an equal numb] at ! re>4 ,!re 0 also a little f\nta9 9 ! ex$ra at ! re> ( ! p]i/yle4 ,,*apt] ,,xliv ,,roman ,,villas4--,,! ,,villa ,,( ,,diom$es ,two classes ( villas 7 di/+ui%$ by ! ,romans1--! c\ntry seat1 villa pseud\rbana1 & ! f>mh\se1 villa ru/ica4 ,! =m] 0 a city h\se1 adapt$ to rural conditions2 ! arrangem5ts ( ! latt] 7 det]m9$ by ! requirem5ts ( f>m life4 ,! c\ntry seats manife/$ a great] div]sity ( plan ?an ! city resid5ces4 ,!y 7 relatively l>g]1 conta9+ spaci\s colonnades & g>d5s2 z ! proprietor 0 unre/rict$ 9 reg>d to space1 n be+ conf9$ to ! limits ( a lot1 full] opportunity 0 af=d$ = ! display ( individual ta/e 9 ! arrangem5t ( rooms4 ,we c und]/& f ! lett]s ( ,pl9y ! ,y\ng]1 describ+ 8 two villas at ,laur5tum & ,tif]num ,tib]9um 7n[ ,citta di ,ca/ello71 & f ! rema9s ( ! villa ( ,hadrian at ,tivoli1 h[ f> individuality might ass]t itself 9 ! plann+ & build+ ( a c\ntry home4 ,! ma9 entrance ( a c\ntry seat1 accord+ to ,vitruvius1 %\ld lead directly to a p]i/yle2 "o or m atriums might be plac$ fur!r back4 ,! liv+ rooms w\ld be gr\p$ ab\t ! c5tral spaces 9 ! way t w\ld be/ suit ! configuration ( ! gr\nd & meet ! wi%es ( ! own]4 ,9 f>mh\ses !re w\ld naturally be a c\rt ne> ! entrance2 & ! he>?1 z we h se51 d[n to ! late/ times1 0 plac$ 9 ! room t correspond$ ) ! atrium ( ! city h\se4 ,9 mo/ p>ts ( ,italy a l>ge f>mh\se w\ld conta9 appliances = mak+ w9e & oil4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! two types ( c\ntry h\se 9 ! vic9ity ( ,pompeii may be briefly illu/rat$ by ref]5ce to an example ( ea*1 ! villa ( ,diom$es & ! f>mh\se rec5tly excavat$ at ,boscoreale4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahc4--,plan ( ! villa ( ,diom$es4 #a4 ,/eps4 #c4 ,p]i/yle4 #h4 ,tabl9um4 #aj4 ,ex$ra4 #ab4 ,d9+ room4 #ad4 ,sleep+ room1 ) ant]oom 7#ac74 #ae4 ,passage lead+ to a g>d5 at ! level ( ! /reet4 #ag4 ,small c\rt1 ) he>? 7epsilon7 & swimm+ tank 7zeta74 #ah4 ,/or]oom4 #ai-ba4 ,ba?4 7#ai4 ,apodyt]ium4 #bj4 ,tepid>ium4 #ba4 ,cald>ium47 #bb4 ,kit*54 #bf4 ,colonnade1 fac+ a t]race 7#bh7 ov] ! front rooms ( ! l[] "p4 e1 f1 g1 h4 ,colonnade enclos+ a l>ge g>d54 i1 k1 l1 m4 ,rooms4 r4 ,fi% pond4 s4 ,arbor4 ,! location ( ! villa ( ,diom$es1 beyond ! la/ gr\p ( tombs at ! left ( ! road lead+ f ! ,h]culaneum ,gate1 is indicat$ 9 ,plan ,v4 ,an ext5sive e/abli%m5t simil> 9 "*1 ! s-call$ villa ( ,cic]o1 lies ne>] ! ,gate on ! same side ( ! road2 on ! "r !re is a ?ird villa1 ( :i* only a small "p has be5 uncov]$4 ,! ?ree seem to h belong$ to a s]ies ( c\ntry seats situat$ on ! ridge t ext5ds back f ,pompeii 9 ! direction ( ,vesuvius4 ,! villa ( ,diom$es1 excavat$ 9 #agga-gd1 receiv$ its "n f ! tomb ( ,m>cus ,arrius ,diom$es1 fac+ ! entrance1 on ! opposite side ( ! ,/reet ( ,tombs 7,plan ,v1 #db74 ,! front ( ! villa =ms a %>p angle ) ! /reet4 ,! ori5tation ( ! build+ 0 det]m9$ by an abrupt desc5t 9 ! gr\nd1 :i* runs across ! middle & divides x into two p>ts4 ,! front "p1 ! rooms ( :i* are numb]$ on ! plan 7,fig4 #ahc71 is a few feet above ! level ( ! /reet at ! entrance4 ,! re> portion1 z may be se5 f our section 7,fig4 #ahd71 is consid]ably l[]2 on ! plan ! rooms ( ?is portion are designat$ by lett]s4 ,f traces ( ! second /yle ( decoration f\nd 9 two ( ! rooms1 & f ! "* ( ! masonry1 we inf] t ! villa 0 built 9 ,roman times1 b be=e ! reign ( ,augu/us4 ,9 front ( ! door 0 a n>r[ por* 7,fig4 #ahd74 ,! door op5$ directly into ! p]i/yle 7#c on ! plan71 9 ! middle ( :i* 0 a g>d54 ,at ! left is a small triangul> c\rt 7#ag7 conta9+ a swimm+ tank 7zeta7 & a he>? 7epsilon7 on :i* a kettle & sev]al pots 7 f\nd2 ! ,romans p>took ( w>m refre%m5ts aft] a ba?4 ,! wall back ( ! swimm+ tank 0 9 "p decorat$ ) a g>d5 sc5e1 n unlike ^? 9 ! frigid>iums ( ! two old] public ba?s4 ,ov] ! tank 0 a ro( support$ by two columns1 & on ! o!r two sides ( ! c\rt !re 0 a l[ b well proportion$ colonnade4 ,! arrangem5ts ( ! ba? 7 unusually complete1 compris+ an apodyt]ium 7#ai71 a tepid>ium 7#bj71 & a cald>ium 7#ba71 f :i* ! tepid>ium 0 w>m$ by means ( an op5+ 9 ! wall2 ! cald>ium _h a holl[ floor & walls1 & 0 heat$ f ! kit*5 7#bb74 ,9 ! tepid>ium 7 f\nd f\r panes ( glass ab\t #aja_/b in*es squ>e1 toge!r ) ! rema9s ( ! wood5 frame 9 :i* !y 7 set4 ,! cald>ium1 l ^? ( ! public ba?s1 _h a ba? bas9 & a semicircul> ni*e = ! labrum4 ,a small ov5 /&s on "o end ( ! he>? 9 ! kit*51 & a /one table is built aga9/ ! wall on ! long side4 ,! room 9 ! corn] 7#bc7 0 us$ z a res]voir = wat]1 :i* 0 br\ght into x by means ( a fe$ pipe & !nce di/ribut$ ?r\gh small] pipes lead+ to ! ba? rooms & o!r p>ts ( ! h\se4 ,at ! left ( ! p]i/yle is a passage 7#ae7 lead+ to a g>d5 :i* has n yet be5 excavat$4 ,! only ap>tm5t ( special int]e/ 9 ?is portion ( ! h\se is ! semicircul> sleep+ room 7#ad7 built out into ! g>d54 ,x fac$ ! s\?1 & _h ?ree l>ge w9d[s2 x 0 sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! h\se by an ant]oom1 procoeton 7#ac71 at "o end ( :i* is a small division 7beta7 design$ = ! b$ ( an att5dant4 ,9 ! semicircul> room are an alcove = a b$ 7gamma7 & a /ation>y wa% b[l ( masonry 7delta74 ,! plan is simil> to t ( a b$room 9 ,pl9y's villa at ,laur5tum4 ,ano!r sleep+ room 7#i7 0 provid$ ) bo? a l>ge & a small door 7p4 #bfa74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahd4--,longitud9al section ( ! villa ( ,diom$es1 re/or$4 ,prom5ade on ! ro( ( ! colonnade ,t]race ,colonnade fac+ ! t]race ,"r arm ( colonnade 7g1 h7 ,front ( colonnade 7d7 ,room "u ! t]race 7i7 ,tabl9um ,p]i/yle ,entrance ,! l>ge room 7#h7 at ! re> ( ! p]i/yle may be loosely call$ a tabl9um2 x c\ld be clos$ at ! re>4 ,back ( ! tabl9um 0 orig9ally a colonnade 7#bf71 :i* 0 lat] turn$ into a corridor1 ) rooms at ei!r end2 ! orig9al =m is assum$ 9 our re/oration4 ,beyond ! colonnade 0 a broad t]race 7#bh7 ext5d+ to ! edge ( ! g>d54 ,x comm&$ a magnific5t view ( ,/abiae1 ! coa/ 9 ! direction ( ,sorr5to1 & ! ,bay4 ,connect$ ) x 0 an unro($ prom5ade ov] ! colonnade 7e1 f1 g1 h7 surr\nd+ ! l>ge g>d5 bel[4 ,a rectangul> room 7#bg1 indicat$ on ! plan b n 9 ! re/oration7 0 aft]w>ds built on ! t]race4 ,memb]s ( ! family c\ld pass into ! l[] portion ( ! villa by means ( a /airway1 at b2 ! slaves c\ld use a long corridor 7a71 :i* 0 m directly connect$ ) ! dome/ic ap>tm5ts4 ,! flat ro( ( ! quadrangul> colonnade 7e1 f1 g1 h7 0 c>ri$ on ! outside by a wall1 on ! inside by squ>e pill>s 7,fig4 #ahd74 ,! rooms 7i1 k7 op5+ into ! front ( ! colonnade 7 vault$1 & ! decoration1 9 ! la/ /yle1 is well pres]v$2 ! ceil+ ( ! corn] rooms 7l1 m7 is flat1 & ! decoration ( "o ( !m 7l7 is notewor?y2 gre5 & r$ />s are pa9t$ on a :ite gr\nd4 ,9 ! n>r[ space betwe5 i & c a ci/]n 0 built1 f :i* wat] c\ld be drawn by means ( a faucet 9 front4 ,at ! opposite corn]s ( ! colonnade 7 two airy g>d5 rooms 7n1 o74 ,outside ( ! left arm 7e1 f7 0 a broad walk 7u71 at ! upp] end ( :i* 7 /eps lead+ to ! g>d5 above4 ,! g>d5 enclos$ by ! colonnade 0 plant$ ) trees1 *>r$ rema9s ( :i* 7 f\nd at ! "t ( excavation4 ,9 ! middle 0 a fi% pond 7r71 9 :i* 0 a f\nta94 ,back ( x 0 a plat=m1 ov] :i* v9es 7 tra9$ on a framework support$ by six columns1 mak+ a pleasant arbor 9 :i* meals 7 d\btless (t5 s]v$4 ,! door at ! re> ( ! g>d5 l$ into ! fields4 ,ne> x 7 f\nd ! skeletons ( two m54 ,"o ( !m _h a l>ge key1 d\btless ! key ( ?is door2 he wore a gold r+ on 8 f+]1 & 0 c>ry+ a consid]able sum ( money--t5 gold & eighty-eight silv] co9s4 ,he 0 probably ! ma/] ( ! h\se :o _h />t$ out1 accompani$ by a s+le slave1 9 ord] to f9d means ( escape4 ,! floor ( ! ?ree sides ( ! colonnade 0 a few feet high] ?an t ( ! front4 ,und]nea? 0 a w9e cell>1 light$ by small w9d[s 9 ! wall on ! side ( ! g>d52 x conta9$ a l>ge numb] ( amphorae4 ,at ! "t ( ! eruption _m memb]s ( ! family took refuge 9 ! cell>4 ,"h 7 f\nd ! skeletons ( eighte5 adults & two *ildr53 at ! "t ( excavation ! impressions ( _! bodies1 & 9 "s in/ances traces ( ! clo?+1 c\ld be se5 9 ! h>d5$ a%es4 ,among ! wom5 0 "o adorn$ ) two necklaces & two arm b&s1 besides f\r gold r+s & two ( silv]4 ,! victims 7 suffocat$ by ! damp a%es t drift$ 9 ?r\gh ! small w9d[s4 ,accord+ to ! report ( ! excavations1 f\rte5 skeletons ( m5 7 f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ! h\se1 toge!r ) ! skeletons ( a dog & a goat4 ,,key ,,to ,,plan ,,iv ,a4 ,,c\rt4 #a1 #e4 ,ci/]n curbs4 #b4 ,wa% bas9 ( masonry4 #c4 ,lead res]voir f :i* wat] 0 conduct$ to ! res]voir 9 ! kit*5 supply+ ! ba?4 #d4 ,/eps lead+ to ! res]voir4 ,b4 ,,kit*54 #a4 ,he>?4 #b4 ,res]voir conta9+ wat] = ! ba?4 #c4 ,/airway to rooms ov] ! ba?4 #d4 ,entrance to cell> "u ! inn] end ( ! fir/ w9e press1 9 :i* 7 ! fa/5+s ( ! /&>d ( ! press beam4 ,c-,f4 ,,ba?4 ,c4 ,furnace room4 ,d4 ,apodyt]ium4 ,e4 ,tepid>ium4 ,f4 ,cald>ium4 ,h4 ,,/able4 ,j4 ,,tool ,,room4 ,k1 ,l4 ,,sleep+ ,,rooms4 ,n4 ,,d9+ ,,room4 ,m4 ,,ant]oom4 ,o4 ,,bak]y4 #a4 ,mill4 #b4 ,ov54 ,p4 ,,room ,,) ,,two ,,w9e ,,presses4 #a1 #a4 ,f\ndations ( ! presses4 #b1 #b1 #b4 ,receptacles = ! grape juice1 dolia4 #c4 ,ci/]n = ! product ( ! second press+1 lacus4 #d4 ,holes = ! /&>ds ( ! press beams4 #e1 #e4 ,holes = ! po/s at ! ends ( ! two w9dlasses us$ 9 rais+ & l[]+ ! press beams4 #f4 ,pit af=d+ access to ! framework by :i* ! w9dlass po/s 7 ti$ d[n4 ,q4 ,,corridor4 #a4 ,r\nd vats1 dolia4 ,r4 ,,c\rt ,,= ,,! ,,f]m5tation ,,( ,,w9e4 #a4 ,*annel = ! fre% grape juice com+ f ,p4 #b4 ,f]m5tation vats1 dolia4 #c4 ,lead kettle ov] a fireplace4 #d4 ,ci/]n curb4 ,s4 ,,b>n1 nubil>ium 7874 ,t4 ,,?re%+ ,,floor1 area4 ,u4 ,,op5 ,,ci/]n ,,= ,,! ,,wat] ,,fall+ ,,on ,,! ,,?re%+ ,,floor4 ,v-,v4 ,,sleep+ ,,rooms4 ,w4 ,,entrance ,,to ,,cell> ,,"u ,,! ,,inn] ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,w9e ,,press2 see ,b4 #d4 ,x4 ,,room ,,) ,,h& ,,mill4 ,y4 ,,room ,,) ,,oil ,,press4 #a4 ,f\ndation ( ! press4 #b4 ,hole = ! /&>d ( ! press beam4 #c4 ,entrance to cell> ) appliances = secur+ ! press beam4 #d4 ,holes = ! w9dlass po/s4 #e4 ,hole af=d+ access to ! fa/5+s ( ! w9dlass po/s4 #f4 ,receptacle = ! oil1 gemell>4 ,z4 ,,room ,,conta9+ ,,! ,,olive ,,cru%]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,iv4--,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,villa ,,ru/ica ,,at ,,boscoreale ,,*apt] ,,xlv ,,! ,,villa ,,ru/ica ,,at ,,boscoreale ,less ?an two miles nor? ( ,pompeii1 ne> ! village ( ,boscoreale1 a f>mh\se 0 excavat$ 9 #ahic-id on ! prop]ty ( ,v9c5zo de ,prisco4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury simil> build+s 7 br\ght to light 9 ! vic9ity ( ,ca/ellamm>e1 b !y 7 cov]$ up aga94 ,especial importance atta*es to ?is villa ru/ica1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! extreme r>ity ( examples ( ! type & because ( ! "* ( ! rema9s1 :i* makes x possible to det]m9e ! arrangem5ts ) c]ta9ty4 ,! liv+ rooms1 ! /able1 & ! rooms us$ = ! mak+ ( w9e & oil 7 all "u "o ro(4 ,! size ( ! build+ is n s great z might h be5 assum$ f ! v>iety ( purposes :i* x s]v$2 ! enclos$ area1 exclusive ( ! ?re%+ floor1 measures ab\t #acj by #hb feet4 ,! plan 7,plan ,,iv7 is regul>1 ! pr9cipal entrance be+ ne> ! middle ( ! s\?we/ side4 ,! entrance 0 wide en\gh = c>ts & wagons1 :i* 7 kept 9 ! c\rt 7,a74 ,along ?ree sides ( ! c\rt ran a colonnade1 ov] :i* at ! front 7 upp] rooms2 ! ro( on ! left side & ! re> re/$ on columns connect$ by a p>apet4 ,"u ! colonnade at ! fur!r corn] is a ci/]n curb 7#a71 on "o side ( :i* is a l>ge wa% bas9 ( masonry 7#b72 on ! o!r is a pill> support+ a small res]voir ( lead 7#c74 ,! res]voir1 rea*$ by means ( /eps 7#d71 0 fill$ f ! ci/]n4 ,9 a ,roman f>mh\se ! kit*5 0 ! l>ge1 c5tral room 7p4 #bec74 ,vitruvius recomm5ds t x be plac$ on ! w>me/ side ( ! c\rt2 & 9 our villa ru/ica x lies at ! nor? corn] 7,b7 :]e1 9 w9t]1 x w\ld receive ! full b5efit ( ! sun%9e4 ,! he>? 7#a71 on :i* rema9s ( fire 7 f\nd1 /&s 9 ! middle ( ! room2 9 ! wall at ! re> is a ni*e1 ornam5t$ to resemble ! facade ( a dim9utive temple1 9 :i* 7 plac$ ! images ( ! h\sehold gods4 ,a l>ge door 9 ! "r wall ( ! kit*5 op5$ into ! /able 7,h74 ,ne> x 0 a /airway 7#c7 lead+ to upp] rooms2 9 ! corn] 0 a pit 7#d7 af=d+ access to a small cell> 9 :i* ! /&>d ( ! press beam 9 ! adjo9+ room 7,p1 #d7 0 made fa/4 ,9 ! opposite corn] 0 a res]voir ( lead 7#b7 /&+ on a f\ndation ( masonry2 x receiv$ wat] f ! res]voir 9 ! c\rt 7,a1 #c7 & suppli$ ! ba?4 ,on ! same side ( ! room is ! entrance to ! ba? & to ! closet 7,g74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahe4--;,hot wat] tank & res]voir = supply+ ! ba? 9 ! villa ru/ica at ,boscoreale4 ,! arrangem5ts ( ?is ba? are 9 a bett] /ate ( pres]vation ?an ^? ( any o!r ,roman ba? yet discov]$2 ! tank & res]voir ) ! connect+ pipes may n[ be se5 at ,pompeii 9 ! little ,museum ne> ! ,=um fitt$ up = ! exhibition ( ! objects f\nd 9 ?is villa4 ,! ba? rooms compris$ an apodyt]ium 7,d71 a tepid>ium 7,e71 & a cald>ium 7,f7 ) a ba? bas9 at "o end & a labrum 9 a semicircul> recess at ! o!r4 ,! ba? 0 heat$ f a small furnace room 7,c74 ,ov] ! hot air flue lead+ f ! furnace into ! holl[ space "u ! floor ( ! cald>ium 0 a wat] heat] 9 ! =m ( a half cyl9d] simil> to ! "o f\nd 9 ! ,/abian ,ba?s 7p4 #aid74 ,! tepid>ium1 z well z ! cald>ium1 _h a holl[ floor & walls4 ,ov] ! furnace /ood a r\nd lead tank1 ! l[] "p ( :i* 0 encas$ 9 masonry2 ! pipes connect+ x ) ! res]voir 9 ! corn] ( ! kit*5 & ) ! ba? rooms 7 f\nd 9 place1 & are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahe4 ,! middle pipe suppli$ ! tank ) cold wat]2 ! fl[ c\ld be regulat$ by means ( a /opcock4 ,! l[] pipe />t$ f ! res]voir1 b be=e rea*+ ! tank 0 divid$1 ! left arm lead+ into ! tank1 ! o!r into ! ba? bas94 ,z !re 7 /opcocks 9 ! ma9 pipe & 9 ! arm ent]+ ! tank1 by adju/+ ^! ! ba? bas9 c\ld be suppli$ ) ei!r hot or cold wat] ?r\gh a s+le pipe4 ,! upp] pipe 0 divid$ 9 ! same way1 "o arm lead+ to ! labrum4 ,9 ! public ba?s !re 0 a sep>ate tank = lukew>m wat]2 "h a mod]ate temp]ature 0 obta9$ by mix+ hot & cold wat]4 ,at ! bottom ( ! tank 7se5 at ! "r7 is a %ort bibcock us$ :5 ! wat] 0 drawn (f4 ,on ! side ( ! res]voir we see ! end ( ! fe$ pipe lead+ f ! res]voir 9 ! c\rt2 at ! "r is a supply pipe :i* conduct$ to ! /able 7,h7 wat] n ne$$ = ! ba?4 ,on ! same side ( ! c\rt is a tool room 7,j71 9 :i* 7 f\nd rema9s ( tools2 sev]al sickles 7 hang+ on ! walls4 ,next are two sleep+ rooms 7,k1 ,l72 a passage betwe5 !m leads to ! bak]y1 ) a s+le mill 7#a7 & ov5 7#b74 ,9 ! corn] is a d9+ room 7,n7 9 :i* ! rema9s ( ?ree c\*es 7 f\nd2 x 0 sep>at$ f ! c\rt by an ant]oom 7,m74 ,ov] ! colonnade on ! front side ( ! c\rt 0 a sleep+ room ) a l>ge room adjo9+1 p]haps ! b$room ( ! ov]se]1 villicus1 :i*1 accord+ to ,v>ro %\ld be ne> ! entrance4 ,! oblong room at ! nor!a/ side ( ! c\rt conta9$ appliances = mak+ w9e4 ,at ea* end 0 a l>ge press ) a rais$ floor 7=um1 #a74 ,! presses 7 op]at$ on ! same pr9ciple z t previ\sly describ$ 7p4 #ccf1 ,fig4 #afh74 ,at ! re> ( ea* press 0 a /rong /&>d 7arbor1 #d71 to :i* ! inn] end ( ! press beam 7prelum7 0 atta*$4 ,9 front /ood two po/s 7/ipites1 #e-e71 to :i* 7 fitt$ ! ends ( a horizontal w9dlass4 ,by means ( a pulley & a rope pass$ ar\nd ! w9dlass1 ! out] end ( ! press beam c\ld be rais$ or l[]$4 ,:5 x 0 l[]$ 9 ord] to increase ! pressure on ! grapes1 bo? /&>d & w9dlass po/s w\ld be pull$ out ( ! gr\nd unless firmly brac$4 ,"u ! re> ( ea* press 0 a small cell>1 9 :i* 0 plac$ a framework = hold+ ! /&>d 9 place4 ,"o 0 ent]$ f a pit 9 ! corn] ( ! kit*5 7,b1 #d71 ! o!r f a simil> depression 9 a small sep>ate room 7,w72 at #f 0 a pit = fa/5+ ! w9dlass po/s4 ,! grape juice ran into r\nd vats 7#b1 #b7 sunk 9 ! gr\nd4 ,9 front ( ! fir/ press are two1 9 front ( ! second only "o2 a ci/]n ( :i* ! curb 7#c7 is indicat$ on ! plan1 "h takes ! place ( ! o!r vat4 ,! ci/]n c\ld be fill$ also f ! fir/ press by means ( a lead pipe "u ! floor4 ,! r\nd vats 7 = ! pure juice ( ! fir/ press+4 ,into ! o!r 0 conduct$ ! product ( ! second press+2 ! rema9s ( ! grapes1 aft] ! juice _h ceas$ to fl[1 7 dr5*$ ) wat] & aga9 subject$ to pressure4 ,9 ,pl9y's ,natural ,hi/ory 7,,xiv4 xxi4 #acf7 we read t 9 ,campania ! be/ w9e und]w5t f]m5tation 9 ! op5 air1 expos$ to sun1 ra91 & w9d4 ,?is villa supplies an int]e/+ confirmation ( ! /atem5t2 ! r\nd f]m5tation vats fill a l>ge c\rt 7,r71 ! walls ( :i* are pi]c$ ) op5+s 9 ord] to give readi] access to ! w9d4 ,along "o side runs a *annel ( masonry ab\t ?ree feet above ! gr\nd 7#a71 protect$ by a n>r[ ro(2 !nce ! grape juice 0 di/ribut$ ?r\gh lead pipes to ! vats4 ,dur+ ! v9tage season1 ! inn] end ( ! *annel 0 connect$ ) ! press room by means ( a tempor>y pipe or *annel ent]+ ! wall above ! ci/]n 7,p1 #c74 ,! surface ( ?is c\rt is high] ?an t ( ! re/ ( ! build+2 in/ead ( excavat+ 9 ord] to set ! l>ge e>!n vats 9 ! gr\nd1 ! proprietor fill$ 9 ) e>? ar\nd !m4 ,9 "o corn] is a lead kettle 7#c7 ) a place = build+ a fire und]nea?2 p]haps w9e 0 heat$ 9 x4 ,! vats 9 ! c\rt seem n to h be5 us$ exclusively = w9e4 ,9 "o 7 f\nd rema9s ( :eat1 9 ano!r ( millet4 ,o!r vats /ood 9 ! passageway on ! side ( ! c\rt 7,q1 #a74 ,?ree ( ! small rooms t[>d ! re> 7 sleep+ rooms 7,v-,v74 ,9 ano!r 7,x7 0 f\nd a h& mill4 ,at ! end ( ! passageway 0 a d\ble room conta9+ ! appliances = mak+ oil1 a press 79 ,y7 & a cru%] 79 ,z74 ,! press 0 l ! w9e press describ$ above1 only mu* small]1 ) a rais$ floor 7#a71 a /&>d = ! press beam 7#b71 a pit = brac+ ! /&>d ( ! press beam 7#c71 two po/s at ! ends ( ! w9dlass 7#d1 #d71 a pit f :i* a crosspiece connect+ ^! po/s c\ld be rea*$1 & a vat 7#f7 at "o side = receiv+ ! oil4 ,?is vat1 = "s reason n und]/ood1 0 divid$ into two p>ts by a p>tition 9 ! middle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahf4--,olive cru%]4 ,! olive cru%]1 trapetum1 n[ 9 ! ,museum at ,pompeii m5tion$ above1 is %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration 7,fig4 #ahf74 ,x 0 design$ to sep>ate ! pulp ( ! olives f ! /ones1 :i* 7 ?\ght to impair ! flavor ( ! oil4 ,x consi/s ( a deep circul> bas9 ( lava1 s holl[$ out z to leave 9 ! c5tre a /rong /&>d ( ! /one1 mili>ium4 ,9 ! top ( ?is /&>d 0 set an iron p91 on :i* 0 fitt$ a revolv+ wood5 crosspiece 7%[n 9 ,fig4 #ahf1 re/or$74 ,?is c>ri$ two :eels ( lava1 hav+ ! %ape ( half a l5s1 :i* travell$ 9 ! bas94 ,! :eels 7 c>efully balanc$ s t !y w\ld n press aga9/ ! side ( ! bas9 & cru% ! /ones ( ! olives4 ,9 ! long room ,s rema9s ( bean /raw & p>ts ( a wagon 7 f\nd4 ,s\? ( x is ! ?re%+ floor 7,t71 ! surface ( :i* is rais$ above ! gr\nd & cov]$ ) ,signia pavem5t4 ,! wat] t fell ^u ! ?re%+ floor 0 conduct$ to a small op5 ci/]n 7,u74 ,= at lea/ a "p ( ! ye> ! proprietor ( ! villa probably liv$ 9 x4 ,s elaborate a ba? w\ld n h be5 built = ! use ( slaves2 & 9 ! second /ory 0 a mode/ b com=table s]ies ( ap>tm5ts 7ov] ,v1 ,w1 ,x1 & "p ( ,q71 app>5tly design$ = ! ma/]'s use1 z 0 also ! d9+ room 7,n7 ) ,k & ,l4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahg4--,silv] pat]a ) a repres5tation ( ! city ( ,alex&ria 9 high relief4 ,f ! ,boscoreale treasure4 ,9 a place :]e su* a f9d w\ld lea/ h be5 anticipat$--! ci/]n 9 ! room ( ! w9e presses--0 made a rem>kable discov]y ( treasure4 ,"h a man _h tak5 refuge1 & ) 8 skeleton 7 f\nd ab\t a ?\s& gold co9s1 f\r gold bracelets1 e>-r+s1 a gold *a91 & ! beautiful collection ( silv] w>e 7p4 #chj7 aft]w>ds pres5t$ by ,b>on ,ro?s*ild to ! ,l\vre4 ,,*apt] ,,xlvi ,,h\sehold ,,furniture ,mu* less l>ge furniture has be5 f\nd at ,pompeii ?an is ord9>ily suppos$4 ,9 n a s+le sleep+ room has a b$ be5 pres]v$2 & 9 only "o ( all ! d9+ rooms h suffici5t rema9s ( ! d9+ c\*es be5 f\nd to make x possible to recon/ruct !m4 ,b$s1 c\*es1 *airs1 & tables 7 ord9>ily ( wood1 :i* crumbl$ away1 leav+ slight traces4 ,ref]5ce has be5 made else:]e to ! m>ble tables /&+ 9 ! atrium1 & occasionally 9 o!r p>ts ( ! h\se4 ,tables ( bronze are infrequ5tly met )1 :ile bronze *airs are almo/ z r>e z bronze c\*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahh4--;,d9+ c\* ) bronze m\nt+s1 ! wood5 frame be+ re/or$4 ,wood 0 n a suitable mat]ial = _m classes ( small] articles1 & ^!1 made ( bronze1 clay1 glass1 or /one1 are f\nd 9 great numb]s4 ,su* are ! lamps1 ! bronze lamp /&s1 ! kit*5 ut5sils1 ! table furni%+s1 & ! toilet articles ( bronze1 ivory1 or bone4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahi4--,r\nd m>ble table4 ,! wood5 frame & end bo>d ( "o ( ! d9+ c\*es j m5tion$ 0 completely *>r$1 b ! =m 0 cle>ly indicat$1 & ! woodwork has be5 re/or$ 7,fig4 #ahh74 ,! c\* is n[ 9 ! ,naples ,museum1 z are also ! o!r articles ( furniture illu/rat$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,! half figures on ! front ( ! end bo>d1 %[n m pla9ly 9 ! detail at ! left ( ! illu/ration1 7 ca/2 ! re/ ( ! m\nt+ 0 rep\sse "w4 ,! bronze on ! side t[>d ! table 0 inlaid ) silv]4 ,! end bo>ds 7 plac$ at ! head ( ! upp] c\* & ! foot ( ! l[] "o 7p4 #bfc72 ! middle c\* did n h a rais$ end4 ,! mattress re/$ on /raps /ret*$ across ! frame4 ,! d9+ room 9 :i* ! c\*es 7 f\nd adjo9s ! tabl9um ( a h\se 9 ! sev5? ,region 7,,vii4 ii4 #ah74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aij4--;,c>v$ table leg1 f\nd 9 ! second p]i/yle ( ! h\se ( ! ,faun4 ,! c>v$ m>ble supports ( a g>tibulum are %[n 9 ,fig4 #aba2 a complete table ( a pla9] type is se5 9 ,plate ,,vii4 ,an example ( a r\nd m>ble table1 f\nd 9 #ahbg 9 a h\se ne> ! ,=um1 is pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,! ?ree legs are c>v$ to repres5t ^? ( lions1 a lion's head be+ plac$ at ! top ( ea*4 ,a table ( simil> design 0 f\nd 9 ! p]i/yle ( ! h\se ( ! ,vettii1 ) traces ( yell[ color on ! manes ( ! lions 7p4 #cbf74 ,among ! be/ examples ( ornam5tal c>v+ is ! m>ble table leg 9 ! =m ( a sph9x1 f\nd 9 ! second p]i/yle ( ! h\se ( ! ,faun 7,fig4 #aij74 ,effective also is ! bold c>v+ ( ! g>tibulum 9 ! nor? atrium ( ! h\se ( ,siricus 7,,vii4 i4 #be74 ,small tables or /&s ( bronze support$ by ?ree sl5d] legs 7 call$ tripods4 ,! top 0 flat1 b n infrequ5tly surr\nd$ by a deep rim1 mak+ a conv5i5t receptacle = light objects4 ,! rim ( ! example %[n 9 ,fig4 #aia is ornam5t$ ) fe/oons & bucrania1 :ile ! upp] p>ts ( ! legs are modell$ to repres5t w+$ sph9xes4 ,?is /& 0 n f\nd 9 ! temple ( ,isis1 z is (t5 /at$1 b probably 9 ,h]culaneum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aia4--;,bronze /& ) an ornam5t$ rim ar\nd ! top4 ,! bisellium1 ! 'seat ( d\ble wid?1' 0 a *air ( simple design )\t a back1 us$ 9 ! ,!atre & ,amphi!atre by memb]s ( ! city c\ncil & o!rs ^u :om ! honor ( ! bisellium _h be5 conf]r$4 ,! rema9s ( "o ) bronze m\nt+s h be5 re/or$4 ,! re/oration1 h[ev]1 does n seem to be correct 9 all p>ticul>s1 & in/ead ( pres5t+ x we may ref] ! read] to ! some:at conv5tional bisellium c>v$ on ! tomb ( ,calv5tius ,quietus 7,fig4 #bdb74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aib4--,lamps ( ! simple/ =m1 ) "o nozzle4 ,! lamps are f\nd 9 a great v>iety ( =ms4 ,! ess5tial p>ts are ! body1 conta9+ ! oil1 :i* 0 p\r$ 9 ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! top1 & ! nozzle ) a hole = ! wick 7,fig4 #aib74 ,h& lamps 7 usually provid$ ) a h&le1 hang+ lamps ) projections conta9+ holes ?r\gh :i* ! *a9s c\ld be pass$4 ,! op5+ = ! admission ( oil 0 (t5 clos$ by an ornam5tal cov] 7,figs4 #aie1 #aif74 ,9 front ( x1 ne> ! base ( ! nozzle1 0 frequ5tly a mu* small] orifice ?r\gh :i* a l>ge ne$le c\ld be ins]t$ to pick up ! wick :5 x _h burn$ out & sunk back into ! oil1 & air c\ld be admitt$ :5 ! cov] 0 clos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aic4--,lamps ) two nozzles4 ,at ! left1 a hang+ lamp2 at ! "r1 a h& lamp4 ,! mat]ial ( ! lamps 0 clay or bronze4 ,! bronze lamps 7 m co/ly & ord9>ily m freely ornam5t$4 ,^? ( clay 7 left unglaz$1 or cov]$ ) a r$ glaz+ l t ( ! ,arretian w>e2 lamps ) a gre5i% glaze are occasionally f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aid4--,lamps ) m ?an two nozzles4 ,! light furni%$ by ! wicks 0 dim & smoky4 ,a m brilliant light 0 obta9$ by increas+ ! numb] ( nozzles4 ,lamps ) two nozzles are (t5 f\nd4 ,^! 7 sometimes plac$ at "o end1 ! h&le be+ at ! o!r2 sometimes 9 ! case ( hang+ lamps1 at opposite ends1 z 9 ! example %[n 9 ,fig4 #aic4 ,lamps ) sev]al nozzles are n infrequ5tly met )4 ,! %ape is (t5 circul>1 z 9 two ( ! examples pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #aid1 "o ( :i* _h six wicks1 ! o!r twelve4 ,sometimes a m ornam5tal =m 0 adopt$4 ,lamps hav+ ! %ape ( a boat are n uncommon2 ! "o repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #aid 0 provid$ ) nozzles = f\rte5 wicks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aie4--;,bronze lamps ) ornam5tal cov]s atta*$ to a *a94 ,! hang+ lamps 7 sometimes made ) a s+le nozzle1 z ! curi\s "o hav+ ! %ape ( a mask %[n 9 ,fig4 #aig1 at ! left2 sometimes ) two nozzles 7,fig4 #aic74 ,bronze hang+ lamps ) ?ree arms1 ea* ( :i* conta9$ a place = a wick1 are occasionally f\nd2 an example is giv5 9 ,fig4 #aig1 at ! "r4 ,/ill m elaborate are ^? ) a l>ge numb] ( nozzles1 z ! "o repres5t$ 9 ! same illu/ration1 :i* _h n9e wicks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aif4--;,bronze lamps ) cov]s ornam5t$ ) figures4 ,! "n ( ! mak] is (t5 /amp$ ^u ! bottom ( ! lamp1 sometimes 9 ! nom9ative case1 z ,,pul*]1 9 ! example giv5 9 ,fig4 #aib1 m (t5 9 ! g5itive & 9 an abbreviat$ =m4 ,! v>iety display$ 9 ! ornam5tation ( lamps 0 z great z t manife/$ 9 ! =ms4 ,ornam5t 0 appli$ to all p>ts1--! body1 ! h&le1 ! cov]1 & ev5 ! nozzle4 ,! cov]s ( ! two bronze lamps %[n 9 ,fig4 #aif are adorn$ ) figures4 ,on "o is a ,cupid /ruggl+ ) a goose4 ,! *a9 atta*$ to ! "r h& ( ! figure on ! o!r is fa/5$ to a hook$ ne$le = pull+ out ! wick4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aig4--,?ree hang+ lamps4 ,! "o at ! left & ! middle "o are pres5t$ 9 two views4 ,! object ( :i* we give a repres5tation 9 ,fig4 #aih1 (t5 errone\sly class$ z a lamp1 is a nurs+ bottle1 bib]on4 ,! mat]ial is clay1 & ! figure ( a gladiator is /amp$ on x1 symboliz+ ! hope t ! infant w develop /r5g? & vigor4 ,on "s bottles ( ?is k9d ! figure ( a ?riv+ *ild is se51 on o!rs a "m suckl+ a *ild4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aih4--;,a nurs+ bottle4 ,?ree k9ds ( supports = lamps may be di/+ui%$ accord+ to _! size3 lamp /&>ds1 :i* /ood on ! floor & rang$ 9 height f #ba_/b to #e feet2 lamp hold]s1 n f> f #bj in*es high1 :i* 7 plac$ on tables2 & small lamp /&s1 also us$ on ! table4 ,! g5]al t]m c&elabrum 0 orig9ally appli$ to c&le hold]s conta9+ sev]al c&les 7c&elae74 ,su* c&le hold]s h be5 f\nd 9 ,etruscan graves1 b ! c&elabra met ) at ,pompeii 7 all design$ to c>ry lamps4 ,! lamp /&>ds1 ( bronze1 are (t5 ( graceful proportions & ornam5t$ 9 good ta/e4 ,! feet are modell$ to repres5t ! claws 7,fig4 #aii7 or ho(s ( animals4 ,! sl5d] %aft rises sometimes directly f ! union ( ! ?ree legs at ! c5tre1 sometimes f a r\nd1 ornam5t$ disk re/+ on ! legs4 ,above ! %aft is usually an ornam5tal =m1 a sph9x1 z 9 our illu/ration1 a head1 or a vase-l capital su/a9+ ! r\nd flat top on :i* ! lamp re/$4 ,occasionally ! %aft is replac$ by a conv5tional plant =m4 ,adju/able /&>ds also occur2 ! upp] "p slides up & d[n 9 ! holl[ %aft ( ! l[] "p1 s t ! height c be *ang$ at w4 ,! bronze lamp hold]s 7 sometimes design$ to support a s+le lamp 7,fig4 #bjj74 ,frequ5tly ! ma9 "p divides into two bran*es1 ea* ( :i* su/a9s a small r\nd disk = a lamp2 (t5 ! arms or bran*es 7 design$ to c>ry hang+ lamps4 ,! example %[n 9 ,fig4 #bja is f ! villa ( ,diom$es4 ,9 ! lamp hold]s conv5tional plant =ms are m frequ5tly met ) ?an 9 ! /&>ds4 ,! trunk ( a tree ) spread+ bran*es is especially common 7,fig4 #bjb74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aii4--,lamp /&>d1 ( bronze4 ,! lamp /&s1 :i* resemble dim9utive bronze tables1 are f\nd 9 a pleas+ v>iety ( =m & ornam5t4 ,! top is sometimes a r\nd disk re/+ on a s+le leg support$ by ?ree feet2 sometimes1 z 9 ! example pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bjc1 ! legs are c>ri$ to ! top1 & ! int]v5+ spaces are utiliz$ = ornam5tation4 ,! lamp se5 9 ?is illu/ration is ! same z t %[n m cle>ly 9 ,fig4 #aif1 at ! "r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjj4--,lamp hold] = a h& lamp4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bja4--,lamp hold] = hang+ lamps4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjb4--,lamp hold] 9 ! =m ( a tree trunk4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjc4--,lamp /&1 ( bronze4 ,kit*5 ut5sils ( bronze & r$ e>!nw>e h be5 f\nd 9 great quantity2 table furni%+s m r>ely4 ,a gr\p ( typical examples is pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bjd4 ,! =ms are s simil> to ^? ( ! ut5sils f\nd 9 mod]n h\seholds t few words ( explanation are ne$$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjd4--;,bronze ut5sils4 a4 ,kettle m\nt$ on a tripod ready to be plac$ on ! fire4 b1 g1 h1 l4 ,cook+ pots4 c1 d4 ,pails4 e4 ,ladle4 f4 ,dipp]4 i1 t4 ,bak+ pans = small cakes4 k4 ,pit*]4 m4 ,kit*5 spoon4 n1 v4 ,table spoons4 o1 p4 ,fry+ pans4 s4 ,pa/ry m\ld4 q1 u4 ,w9e ladles4 r4 ,two-h&l$ pan4 ,! pa/ry m\ld 7s7 is ( good size & neatly f9i%$1 & mu/ h left a cle> impression4 ,besides ! two types ( table spoons illu/rat$ "h 7n1 v7 a ?ird is repres5t$ by examples f\nd at ,pompeii1 ! co*le>1 :i* _h a b[l at "o end & ran out into a po9t at ! o!r4 ,! po9t 0 us$ 9 pick+ %ellfi% out ( _! %ells1 ! b[l 9 eat+ eggs4 ,! two long ladles 7 us$ 9 dipp+ w9e out ( ! mix+ b[l into ! cups4 ,! anci5ts ord9>ily drank _! w9e m+l$ ) wat]2 = mix+ ! liquids !y us$ a l>ge b[l ( e>!nw>e or metal1 :i* 0 (t5 ri*ly ornam5t$4 ,! mix+ b[l pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bje 0 f\nd 9 a h\se on ,abbondanza ,/reet1 ne> ! entrance ( ! build+ ( ,euma*ia4 ,x is 9 "p inlaid ) silv]1 & ne>ly tw5ty-two in*es high4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bje4--,mix+ b[l1 ( bronze 9 "p inlaid ) silv]4 ,hot wat] 0 (t5 pref]r$ = mix+ ) w9e1 & small heat]s ( ornam5tal design 7 sometimes us$ ^u ! table4 ,! anci5t "n = ^! ut5sils is au!psa1 'self-cook]'2 ! appropriat5ess ( x is app>5t f an example f\nd at ,pompeii1 9 :i* ! coals ( fire 7 entirely conceal$ f view4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjf4--,wat] heat] = ! table1 view & section4 ,?is heat] 7,fig4 #bjf7 has ! =m ( an urn4 ,9 ! middle is a tube1 ! bottom ( :i* is clos$ by a dim9utive grate2 ! arrangem5t is %[n 9 ! section at ! "r4 ,9 ?is tube ! coals 7 plac$1 & :5 ! wat] 9 ! urn 0 hot1 x c\ld be drawn (f by means ( a faucet at ! side4 ,back ( ! faucet is a small v]tical v5t tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjg4--,wat] heat] 9 ! =m ( a brazi]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjh4--,wat] heat] 9 ! =m ( a brazi] repres5t+ a dim9utive =tress4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baj4--;,combs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bji4--;,appliances = ! ba?4 ,9 "s cases ! appe>ance ( a heat] 0 m sugge/ive ( its purpose4 ,"o 7,fig4 #bjg7 has ! =m ( an ord9>y brazi]1 ! wat] be+ heat$ 9 ! holl[ space ab\t ! fire pan4 ,9 ano!r in/ance 7,fig4 #bjh7 ! brazi] is ornam5t$ ) t[]s & battlem5ts l ^? ( a dim9utive =tress2 ! faucet c be se5 9 our illu/ration1 on ! left side4 ,an int]e/+ gr\p ( toilet appliances = ! ba? 0 f\nd 9 ! ,ba?s nor? ( ! ,=um 7,fig4 #bji74 ,hang+ f a r+ 7 an ungu5t flask1 f\r scrap]s 7/rigiles71 & a %all[ sauc] ) a h&le 9 :i* ! ungu5t 0 p\r$ out :5 x 0 to be appli$4 ,"o ( ! scrap]s is repeat$ 9 a side view at ! "r1 & bo? side & front views ( ! ungu5t sauc] are giv54 ,small articles ( toilet are discov]$ 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation4 ,! =ms 9 mo/ cases d n diff] greatly f ^? to :i* we are accu/om$4 ,! f9e comb se5 9 ,fig4 #baj a is ( bone2 ! two co>se combs 7,fig4 #baj b & ,fig4 #bad d7 are ( bronze4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baa4--;,hairp9s4 ,und]nea?1 two small ivory toilet boxes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bab4--;,glass box = cosmetics4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bac4--;,h& mirrors4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bad4--;,gr\p ( toilet articles4 a4 ,/&+ mirror4 b4 ,e> clean]4 c4 ,ivory box = cosmetics4 d4 ,bronze comb4 ,! ends ( ! hairp9s 7 (t5 ornam5t$ ) figures4 ,! specim5s %[n 9 ,fig4 #baa are ( ivory4 ,! designs 9 :i* female figures appe> are 9 keep+ ) ! use1 b ! ornam5tation = ! mo/ "p seems excessive4 ,! toilet boxes1 ( glass or ivory1 7 us$ = a v>iety ( purposes4 ,( ^? pres5t$ 9 our illu/rations1 "o 7,fig4 #baa1 at ! "r7 probably conta9$ p]fum$ oil4 ,! r\nd glass box 7,fig4 #bab7 0 us$ = cosmetics1 z 0 also ! ivory box se5 9 ,fig4 #bad1 ! outside ( :i* is c>v$ 9 l[ relief4 ,! mirrors 7 ( metal1 highly poli%$4 ,! "o se5 9 ,fig4 #bad 0 design$ to /& ^u a dress+ case2 ! o!r ?ree 7,fig4 #bac7 are h& mirrors4 ,! frame ( ! rectangul> mirror is mod]n2 :e!r or n ?is _h a h&le is n cle>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bae4--;,gold arm b&4 ,jewell]y ( gold & silv] & o!r small objects wr\ght 9 ! preci\s metals h n[ & !n be5 f\nd4 ,a *>act]i/ic example ( ! jewell]y is ! l>ge gold arm b& 9 ! =m ( a s]p5t1 ) eyes ( rubies1 f\nd 9 ! h\se ( ! ,faun 7,fig4 #bae74 ,x weighs tw5ty-two ounces2 to judge f ! size1 x mu/ h be5 int5d$ = ! upp] arm4 ,mu* m important1 f ! ae/hetic po9t ( view1 are ! cups & o!r articles ( silv] design$ = table use4 ,z ^! d n diff] ess5tially f objects ( ! same class f\nd else:]e1 we %\ld n be w>rant$ 9 ent]+ ^u an ext5d$ discussion ( !m "h2 a few examples mu/ suffice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baf4--,silv] cups4 ,( ! ?ree cups ) rep\sse reliefs %[n 9 ,fig4 #baf1 "o 7a7 has a simple b effective decoration ( leaves4 ,ano!r 7c7 pres5ts ! apo!osis ( ,hom]2 ! b>d is be+ c>ri$ to heav5 by an eagle1 :ile on ei!r side 7detail 9 b7 sits an allegorical figure--! ,iliad ) helmet1 %ield1 & spe>1 & ! ,odyssey ) a sailor's cap & a /e]+ paddle4 ,on ! ?ird 7d1 detail 9 ,fig4 #baf e7 we see a male & a female ,c5taur1 ) ,bac*ic emblems1 conv]s+ ) ,cupids pos$ gracefully on _! backs4 ,?is la/ is "o ( a pair f\nd 9 #ahce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baf4--;,detail ( cup ) ,c5taurs4 ,! ,boscoreale treasure conta9$ a hundr$ & ?ree specim5s ( silv] w>e1 und\bt$ly ! collection ( an amateur4 ,( ! purely decorative pieces ! f9e/ is ! %all[ b[l 7phiala1 pat]a7 #h-g_/h in*es 9 diamet]1 ) an allegorical repres5tation ( ! city ( ,alex&ria1 9 high relief 7,fig4 #ahg74 ,! city is p]sonifi$ z a female div9ity--al]t1 p[]ful1 maje/ic4 ,^u h] head are ! spoils ( an elephant2 ! trunk & tusks project above1 :ile ! huge e>s1 hang+ d[n beh9d1 are skilfully adju/$ to ! outl9e ( ! goddess's neck4 ,9 ! fold ( h] *iton1 held by ! "r h&1 & 9 ! cornucopia re/+ on ! left arm1 are fruits ( ,egypt1 among :i* grapes & pomegranates are easily di/+ui%$4 ,a repres5tation ( ,helios appe>s 9 l[ relief ^u ! upp] "p ( ! cornucopia2 bel[ is ! eagle1 emblem ( ! ,ptolemies4 ,a lion is m\nt$ on ! "r %\ld] ( ! goddess2 9 h] "r h& %e holds an asp1 sacr$ to ,isis1 ) head uplift$ z 9 ! repres5tation describ$ by ,apuleius 7,met4 ,,xi4 #d72 fac+ ! asp is a female pan!r4 ,ar\nd ! gr\p 9 l[ relief are ! attributes 7n all di/+ui%able 9 our illu/ration7 ( v>i\s div9ities--! b[ & quiv] ( ,artemis1 ! club ( ,h]cules1 ! si/rum ( ,isis1 ! =ceps ( ,vulcan1 ! s]p5t ( ,aesculapius entw9$ ar\nd a /aff1 ! sword ( ,m>s 9 a scabb>d1 & ! lyre ( ,apollo4 ,a dolph9 9 ! mid/ ( waves 7"u ! "r h&7 symbolizes ! m>itime relations ( ! city4 ,! c5tral m$allion 7emblema7 0 made sep>ately & atta*$ to ! bottom ( ! pat]a4 ,betwe5 x & ! out] edge ( ! b[l is a b& ( pleas+ ornam5t1 compos$ ( sprays ( myrtle & laurel4 ,! surface ( ! m$allion 0 all gild$ except ! undrap$ portions ( ! goddess4 ,! e>s ( ! goddess 7 pi]c$ = e>-r+s1 :i* 7 n f\nd4 ,! date ( ! pat]a c n be det]m9$2 x is p]haps z old z ! reign ( ,augu/us4 ,among ! cups1 sixte5 9 numb]1 two are especially notewor?y4 ,!y are f\r in*es high1 & =m a pair2 !y are ornam5t$ ) skeletons 9 high relief1 s gr\p$ t ea* cup pres5ts f\r sc5es satiriz+ human life & its int]pretation 9 poetry & philosophy4 ,two sc5es f "o ( ! cups are %[n 9 ,fig4 #bag4 ,at ! left ! ,/oic ,z5o appe>s1 /&+ /iffly ) 8 philosoph]'s /aff 9 8 left h&1 8 wallet hang+ f 8 neck2 ) "r h& ext5d$ he po9ts ! index f+] 9 indignation & scorn at ,epicurus1 :o1 pay+ no he$ to him1 is tak+ a piece ( a huge cake ly+ on ! top ( a small r\nd table4 ,beside ,epicurus an eag] pig ) sn\t & left =eleg uplift$ is dem&+ a %>e4 ,ov] ! cake is ! inscription3 ,greek3 to telos h$one1 '! end ( life is pleasure4' ,! lett]s ( ! inscription1 z ( ! names ( ! philosoph]s1 are too small to be %[n di/9ctly 9 our illu/ration4 ,no names are giv5 ) ! figures 9 ! o!r sc5e2 a k9d ( g5re picture is pres5t$4 ,! skeleton 9 ! middle is plac+ a wrea? ( fl[]s ^u 8 head4 ,! "o at ! "r holds 9 "o h& a skull :i* he exam9es contemplatively--we are rem9d$ ( ,hamlet 9 ! sc5e ) ! grav$igg]2 9 ! o!r h& 7n se5 9 ! illu/ration7 is a wrea? ( fl[]s4 ,! ?ird ( ! pr9cipal figures holds 9 8 "r h& a bag exce$+ly heavy1 z indicat$ by ! adju/m5t ( ! bones ( ! "r arm & leg2 ov] ! bag is ! ^w ,greek3 ph?onoi1 'envy+s4' ,! object 9 ! left h& is s light t its weight is n felt2 x is a butt]fly1 held by ! w+s1 & above x is inscrib$ ,greek3 psy*ion1 a dim9utive ( ,greek3 psy*e1 's\l'2 we %all lat] f9d ano!r in/ance ( ! repres5tation ( a disembodi$ s\l z a butt]fly 7p4 #cih74 ,x 0 p]haps ! design ( ! arti/ to repres5t ! figure z hold+ ! bag beh9d him :ile pres5t+ ! butt]fly to ! "o :o is putt+ on ! wrea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bag4--,silv] cup ) skeleton gr\ps4 ,f ! ,boscoreale treasure4 ,on ei!r side ( ! middle figure are two o!rs less ?an half z l>ge4 ,"o1 "u ! butt]fly1 is play+ ! lyre2 ov] 8 head is ! ^w ,greek3 t]psis1 'pleasure4' ,! second is clapp+ 8 h&s1 & above him is a ,greek inscription :i* gives ! ?\ght ( ! :ole design3 ',s long z y live take y\r full %>e' ( life1 '= ! morr[ is unc]ta94' ,bo? cups _h evid5tly long be5 9 use2 !re are /ill "s traces ( gild+1 :i*1 h[ev]1 seems n to h be5 appli$ to ! skeletons4 ,:ile ! explanatory inscriptions are 9 ,greek1 a ,lat9 "n1 ,gavia1 is inscrib$ on ! "u side ( ! second cup1 9 ! same k9d ( lett]s z ! record ( weight 7p4 #ejh74 ,! ,gavii 7 a family ( "s prom95ce at ,pompeii2 we are p]haps w>rant$ 9 conclud+ t ! cups 7 made by a ,greek = ?is ,pompeian lady1 & t aft]w>d !y came into ! possession ( ano!r lady1 ,maxima1 :o =m$ ! collection4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,trades ,,& ,,occupations ,,*apt] ,,xlvii ,,! ,,trades ,,at ,,pompeii4--,,! ,,bak]s ,9 antiquity !re 0 no su* di/9ction betwe5 trades & pr(essions z exi/s to-day4 ,9 ! ,e>ly ,empire all activity outside ! field ( public s]vice1 civil & milit>y1 or ! managem5t ( e/ates1 0 consid]$ b5ea? ! dignity ( a ,roman2 ! practice ( law1 :i* _h receiv$ its impulse l>gely f ! obligation ( patrons to protect _! cli5ts1 0 includ$ among public duties4 ,! ord9>y "w ( life 0 left ma9ly to slaves & fre$m54 ,n only ! trades1 z we und]/& ! t]m1 b ar*itecture & eng9e]+1--9 antiquity two bran*es ( "o occupation1--! practice ( m$ic9e1 & tea*+1 7 look$ ^u z m5ial4 ,a ,roman ( lit]>y or practical b5t might manife/ an int]e/ 9 su* vocations1 b x 0 consid]$ h>dly respectable actively to engage 9 !m4 ,?is attitude ( m9d1 especially t[>d ! high] occupations1 is only explicable 9 ! light ( ! social conditions !n exi/+4 ,m5 :o kept slaves ( e degree ( intellig5ce & tra9+1 & 7 at all times accu/om$ to comm&1 7 n dispos$ to hold !mselves 9 read9ess to d ano!r's bidd+1 except+ 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,/ate alone2 & "w committ$ to slaves & fre$m5 naturally came to be consid]$ unwor?y ! employm5t ( a g5tleman4 ,! freem5 ( ! same craft 7 (t5 unit$ 9 guilds or corporations1 = ! adm9i/ration ( c]ta9 matt]s ( mutual int]e/2 b no?+ is kn[n 9 reg>d to ! activities ( su* organizations at ,pompeii4 ,9 a city z l>ge z ,pompeii1 all ! occupations correspond+ to ! ne$s ( daily life mu/ h be5 repres5t$4 ,! rema9s ( ! appliances & products ( labor are ( ! mo/ v>i$ "*1 sometimes f> f satisfactory1 rais+ m difficulties ?an !y solve2 yet (t5 reveal+ at a glance ! anci5t me?ods ( "w1 & ca/+ light ^u ! economic backgr\nd ( ,greek & ,roman culture4 ,! excavations h br\ght be=e u ?ree s\rces ( in=mation1 inscriptions1 pa9t+s1 & ! rema9s ( build+s or rooms us$ z work%ops4 ,! inscriptions ref] to m ?an a score ( occupations2 f f>m+ to innkeep+1 & f hairdress+ to goldwork+4 ,mo/ ( !m are election notices1 9 :i* ! memb]s ( a craft unite1 or are exhort$ to unite1 9 recomm5d+ a c]ta9 c&idate = a municipal (fice4 ,^! are pa9t$ 9 r$ lett]s on ! walls along ! /reets1 & are mu* alike1 ?\gh "s are full] ?an o!rs4 ,! simple/ =m conta9s only ?ree words1 z ,trebium a$4 tonsores1--',! b>b]s recomm5d ,trebius = ! (fice ( a$ile4' ,! m elaborate recomm5dations may be illu/rat$ by ! foll[+3 ,v]um a$4 o4 v4 f4 7= a$ilem1 oro vos1 facite71 ungu5t>i1 facite1 rogo1--',d make ,v]us a$ile1 p]fum]s1 elect him1 ,i beg ( y4' ,! :ole craft ( goldsmi?s favor$ ! election ( ,pansa3 ,c4 ,cuspium ,pansam a$4 aurifices univ]si rogant1--',all ! goldsmi?s recomm5d ,gaius ,cuspius ,pansa = ! a$ile%ip4' ,! recomm5dations ( ! fruit sell]s are p>ticul>ly conspicu\s4 ,on "o occasion !y jo9$ ) a prom95t individual 9 ! support ( a ticket3 ,m4 ,holconium ,priscum ,,ii vir4 i4 d4 pom>i univ]si cum ,helvio ,ve/ale rog41--',all ! fruit sell]s1 toge!r ) ,helvius ,ve/alis1 urge ! election ( ,m4 ,holconius ,priscus z duumvir ) judici>y au?ority4' ,!re may h be5 "s special reason :y ! fruit]]s wi%$ to keep 9 favor ) ! city au?orities1 & s took an active "p 9 ! elections2 ! deal]s 9 g>lic 7ali>i7 also _h a c&idate4 ,among ! repres5tatives ( o!r employm5ts t jo9$ 9 ! support ( c&idates 7 ! dy]s 7(fectores71 cloak-cutt]s 7sag>ii71 pack-c>ri]s 7sacc>ii71 mule-driv]s 7muliones71 & fi%]m5 7piscicapi74 ,! inscription 9 :i* ref]5ce is made to ! gig-driv]s is m5tion$ else:]e 7p4 #bdc74 ,! pa9t+s 9 :i* we see "w go+ on are num]\s4 ,by f> ! mo/ pleas+ are ^? 9 :i* ! workm5 are ,cupids1 busy+ !mselves ) ! affairs ( m54 ,sev]al pictures ( ?is k9d h already be5 describ$ 7pp4 #ig1 #ccb-ccg72 b we ought to add to ^? m5tion$ two sc5es f ,h]culaneum1 (t5 reproduc$1 9 :i* ,cupids are repres5t$ z c>p5t]s & z %oemak]s4 ,among ! m important pa9t+s 9 :i* ! figures ( m5 appe> are ^? :i* picture ! life ( an inn & ^? t pres5t ! processes ( clean+ clo?2 bo? gr\ps are res]v$ = lat] discussion4 ,9 a h\se 9 ! n9? ,region 7,,ix4 v4 #i7 a /ucco] is pictur$ at "w putt+ ! f9i%+ t\*es on a wall ) a smoo?+ tool1 & 9 ! h\se ( ! ,surgeon an arti/ is se5 pa9t+ a h]m 7,fig4 #acc74 ,9 only a few in/ances are ! rema9s ( work%ops suffici5tly *>act]i/ic to indicate _! purpose4 ,among ! mo/ impressive1 to ! visitor at ,pompeii1 are ! ru9s ( ! bak]ies1 ) _! l>ge mill/ones 7,fig4 #bah74 ,equally important1 also1 are ! rema9s ( ! full]ies1 & ( a l>ge tann]y1 :i*1 z well z ^? ( ! inns & w9]ooms1 w be discuss$ 9 sep>ate *apt]s4 ,a few out ( ! hundr$s ( %ops op5+ on ! /reets conta9 rema9s ( ! articles expos$ = sale4 ,! discov]y ( *>r$ nuts1 fruits1 & loaves ( bread 9 ! m>ket /alls nor? ( ! ,macellum has already be5 not$ 7p4 #if74 ,we "k ! use ( o!r %ops f ! rema9s ( pa9ts f\nd 9 !m4 ,! arrangem5ts ( su* places ( bus9ess 7 discuss$ 9 connection ) ^? ( ! ,pompeian h\se4 ,sev]al e/abli%m5ts :i* conta9 l>ge lead kettles set 9 masonry1 ) a place = a fire und]nea?1 h be5 id5tifi$ z dyeh\ses4 ,9 ! case ( "o on ,/abian ,/reet 7,,vii4 ii4 #aa71 ! id5tification seems complete4 ,n9e su* kettles /ood 9 ! p]i/yle1 :i* has a direct connection ) ! /reet2 9 a closet 7 num]\s bottles1 "p ( :i* conta9$ color+ mat]ials4 ,!re 0 =m]ly a pa9t+ on ! wall ( ! entrance1 repres5t+ a man c>ry+ on a pole an object :i* _h ! appe>ance ( a g>m5t fre% f ! dye4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bah4--,ru9s ( a bak]y1 ) mill/ones4 ,on ! opposite side ( ! /reet is ! election notice3 ,po/umium ,proculum a$4 (fectores rogant1--',! dy]s reque/ ! election ( ,po/umius ,proculus z a$ile4' ,! h\se on :i* ?is inscription is pa9t$ 7,,ix4 iii4 #b7 conta9$ ?ree kettles simil> to ^? already m5tion$2 ! dy]s ( bo? e/abli%m5ts may h unit$ 9 support+ ! c&idacy ( ,proculus4 ,a pott]'s work%op1 ) two ov5s1 is locat$ outside ! ,h]culaneum ,gate1 :]e ! /reets divide opposite ! villa ( ,diom$es 7,plan ,v1 #bi-cj74 ,! ov5s1 :i* are n l>ge1 h an upp] division1 9 :i* 7 plac$ ! vessels to be bak$1 & a firebox und]nea?1 ! floor above be+ pi]c$ ) holes to let ! heat ?r\gh4 ,! vault ( "o ( ! ov5s 0 con/ruct$ ( p>allel r[s ( j>s fitt$ into "o ano!r4 ,!re 0 a %oemak]'s %op on ! nor?we/ corn] ( ,insula ,,vii4 i op5+ ^u two /reets4 ,x is connect$ ) ! entrance hall ( ! adjo9+ h\se 7,no4 #dj71 & ne> ! middle is a small /one table4 ,! id5tification re/s ^u ! discov]y "h ( c]ta9 tools1 p>ticul>ly lea!r-cutt]s' knives ) a cresc5t-%ap$ blade2 !re 0 also an inscription on ! wall1 mak+ record ( "s repair+ done ',july #ad1 ) a %>p-corn]$ knife 7scalpro angulato7 & an awl4' ,app>5tly ! port] ( ! h\se 7o/i>ius7 0 at ! same "t a cobbl]1 z frequ5tly 9 ,italy to-day4 ,on ! same wall is ano!r scribbl+3 ,m4 ,nonius ,campanus mil4 coh4 ,,viiii pr4 ,caesi1--',m>cus ,nonius ,campanus1 a soldi] ( ! n9? praetorian cohort1 ( ! c5tury l$ by ,caesius4' ,! "n ( ! c5turion1 ,m4 ,caesius ,bl&us1 is scrat*$ twice on ! columns ( ! p]i/yle 9 ! same h\se4 ,capta9 & private may h come f ,rome 9 ! escort ( an emp]or4 ,p]haps ! c5turion 0 qu>t]$ 9 ?is h\se2 ! soldi]1 wait+ to h 8 %oes m5d$1 scrat*$ 8 "n ^u ! wall4 ,! bett] h\ses 7 s freely adorn$ ) /atuettes & o!r ornam5ts ( m>ble t !re mu/ h be5 m>ble-work]s 9 ! city4 ,! work%op ( "o 0 f\nd1 9 #agih1 on ,/abian ,/reet1 ne> ! ,l>ge ,!atre4 ,x conta9$ v>i\s pieces ( c>v+1 z h]ms1 table feet1 & table tops2 !re 0 also an unf9i%$ mort>1 toge!r ) a slab ( m>ble p>tly saw$1 ! saw be+ left 9 ! cut4 ,signs ( %ops are n (t5 se5 9 ,pompeii1 b two or ?ree may be m5tion$4 ,9 ! wall ( a %op-front 9 ! block conta9+ ! ,ba?s nor? ( ! ,=um1 !re is a t]ra cotta plaque ) a goat 9 relief1 to indicate ! place ( a milk deal]2 & n f> away we f9d a sign ( a w9e%op1 a tufa relief ( two m5 c>ry+ betwe5 !m an amphora hung f a pole support$ on _! %\ld]s4 ,n all su* reliefs1 h[ev]1 are signs ( %ops4 ,ne> ! ,porta ,m>9a 7at ! nor?we/ corn] ( ,insula ,,vii4 xv71 a tufa block may be se5 ne> ! top ( ! wall1 %[+ a mason's tools 9 relief2 above x is ! inscription1 ,diog5es /ructor1 ',diog5es ! mason4' ,?is is n a sign--! inscription c h>dly be read f bel[2 x is1 moreov]1 on ! outside ( a g>d5 wall1 ) no h\se or %op entrance ne> x4 ,x is r a workman's signature2 ,diog5es _h built ! wall1 & wi%$ to leave a record ( 8 skill4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 antiquity ! mill] & ! bak] 7 "o p]son4 ,we r>ely f9d 9 ,pompeii--& !n only 9 private h\ses--an ov5 )\t mills "u ! same ro(4 ,!re 7 _m bak]ies 9 ! city4 ,! portion already excavat$ conta9s m ?an tw5ty1 ea* ( !m ) ?ree or f\r mills2 bread 0 furni%$1 !re=e1 by a numb] ( small bak]ies r ?an by a few l>ge e/abli%m5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bai4--,plan ( a bak]y4 #h4 ,atrium4 #ae4 ,mill room4 #af4 ,/able4 #ag4 ,ov54 #ah4 ,knead+ room4 #ai4 ,/or]oom4 ,! appe>ance ( a bak]y to-day1 ) its mills & its l>ge ov51 may be se5 9 ,fig4 #bah4 ,! arrangem5ts c m easily be expla9$1 h[ev]1 f ! plan ( ano!r e/abli%m5t1 "o ( ! l>ge/1 9 ! ?ird ,insula ( ,region ,,vi4 7,fig4 #bai74 ,ent]+ f ! /reet ?r\gh ! fauces1 we f9d ourselves 9 an atrium ( simple =m 7#h7 ) rooms on ei!r side2 ! tabl9um 7#ad7 is "h m]ely an entrance to ! mill room 7#ae74 ,9 ! corn] ( ! atrium is a /airway lead+ to a second /ory1 :i* 0 p>ticul>ly ne$$ "h1 because ! liv+ rooms at ! re> 7 requir$ = ! bak]y2 ! floor ( ! second /ory 0 support$ by brick pill>s at ! corn]s ( ! impluvium1 jo9$ by flat ar*es4 ,! f\r mills 7b71 7 turn$ by animals2 ! floor ar\nd !m is pav$ ) basalt flags l ^? us$ = ! /reets4 ,9 ! same room1 at d1 7 ! rema9s ( a l[ table2 at c !re is a ci/]n curb1 ) a l>ge e>!n vessel = hold+ wat] on ei!r side1 :ile ! wall above 0 ornam5t$ ) a pa9t+ repres5t+ ,ve/a1 ! patron goddess ( bak]s1 betwe5 ! two ,l>es4 ,on "o side ( ! ov5 7#ag7 is ! knead+ room 7#ah71 on ! o!r ! /or]oom 7#ai74 ,! room at ! left 7#af7 is ! /all = ! donkeys t turn$ ! mills4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbj4--;,a ,pompeian mill1 )\t its framework4 ,! mills ( ,pompeii1 ) slight v>iations1 are all ( "o type2 if !re 7 wat]mills on ! ,s>no1 no trace ( !m has be5 f\nd4 ,! mill/ones are ( lava 7p4 #ae74 ,! l[] /one1 meta1 has ! %ape ( a cone re/+ on ! end ( a cyl9d]1 b ! cyl9drical "p is 9 mo/ cases p>tially conceal$ by a ?ick hoop ( masonry1 ! top ( :i* 0 =m$ into a tr\gh to receive ! fl\r1 & 0 cov]$ ) %eet lead 7,fig4 #bbj74 ,a squ>e hole1 five or six in*es across1 0 cut 9 ! top ( ! cone1 9 :i* 0 ins]t$ a wood5 /&>d2 ?is support$ a v]tical iron pivot on :i* ! frame ( ! upp] mill/one turn$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bba4--,section ( a mill1 re/or$4 ,! %ape ( ! upp] mill/one1 catillus1 may be/ be se5 9 ,fig4 #bba4 ,x 0 l a d\ble funnel1 ! l[] cavity be+ fitt$ to ! cone ( ! l[] mill/one1 :ile t 9 ! upp] "p answ]$ ! purpose ( a hopp]4 ,! two cavities 7 connect$ at ! c5tre by an op5+ simil> to t ( an h\rglass1 :i* left room = ! /&>d & all[$ ! gra9 to run d[n sl[ly1 :5 ! catillus 0 turn$1 to be gr\nd betwe5 ! two /ones4 ,! fl\r ran out at ! base ( ! cone & fell into ! tr\gh1 ready to be sift$ & made into bread4 ,! upp] mill/one 0 nicely balanc$ ov] ! l[]1 ! surface ( :i* x t\*$ b lightly2 x c\ld n h re/$ on ! "u /one ) full weight1 = 9 t case ! /r5g? ( a draft animal w\ld n h suffic$ to move x4 ,! /ones c\ld be set = f9] or co>s] gr9d+ by *ang+ ! l5g? ( ! /&>d4 ,! arrangem5t = turn+ ! mill 0 simple4 ,9 %ap+ ! upp] mill/one1 /rong %\ld]s 7 left 9 ! n>r[e/ "p 7,fig4 #bbj71 on opposite sides4 ,9 ^! squ>e sockets 7 cut1 9 :i* ! ends ( %afts 7 ins]t$ & firmly fa/5$ by r\nd bolts pass+ ?r\gh ! %\ld]s 7,fig4 #bba74 ,! %afts 7 ti$ to ! ends ( ! crossbeam above by curv$ v]tical pieces ( wood1 or by /raps ( iron1 :i* 7 let into grooves 9 ! /one & s made firm4 ,! crosspiece above1 :i* turn$ on ! pivot 9 ! end ( ! /&>d1 0 sometimes ( iron1 sometimes ( wood ) an iron socket fitt+ ! pivot4 ,! framework mu/ necess>ily h be5 exce$+ly /rong4 ,"o ( ! mills at ,pompeii 7,,ix4 iii4 #aj7 has lately be5 set up ) new woodwork1 & gr9ds v well4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbb4--;,a mill 9 op]ation4 ,relief 9 ! ,vatican ,museum4 ,! small] mills 7 turn$ by slaves1 ! l>g] by draft animals4 ,m5 pu%$ on ! project+ %afts1 b animals wore a coll> :i* 0 atta*$ by a *a9 or rope to ! end ( ! crosspiece at ! top4 ,! l9ks ( ! *a9 runn+ to ! crossbeam are di/9ctly %[n 9 a relief 9 ! ,vatican ,museum 7,fig4 #bbb71 9 :i* a horse is repres5t$ turn+ a mill4 ,bl9d]s are ov] ! eyes ( ! horse1 :i* seems also to be *eck$ up 9 ord] to prev5t eat+4 ,a squ>e hopp] re/s on ! crossbeam1 & ! mill] is br++ a measure ( :eat to p\r into x4 ,on a %elf 9 ! corn] ( ! room is a lamp4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbc4--,section ( bake ov54 ,! ov5s 7 n unlike ^? /ill 9 use 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe4 ,!y 7 %ap$ l a l[ beehive1 g5]ally ) "s k9d ( a flue 9 front to make ! fire burn inside :ile !y 7 be+ heat$4 ,! ov5 9 ! bak]y describ$ above1 h[ev]1 has a special device = sav+ z mu* heat z possible 7,fig4 #bbc72 x is entirely enclos$ 9 a smoke *amb] 7b71 ) two op5+s above 7d7 = ! draft4 ,fires 7 k9dl$ 9 su* ov5s ) wood or *>coal2 ! latt] 0 probably us$ "h4 ,:5 ! prop] temp]ature = bak+ _h be5 rea*$1 ! a%es 7 rak$ out 79 ,fig4 #bbc1 e is an a%pit71 ! loaves ( bread %ov$ 91 & ! m\? clos$ to reta9 ! heat4 ,a receptacle = wat] /&s 9 front ( our ov5 7f71 a conv5i5ce = moi/5+ ! surface ( ! loaves :ile bak+4 ,! front ( ! ov5 7at c7 0 connect$ ) ! rooms on ei!r side1 z may be m cle>ly se5 by ref]r+ to ,fig4 #bai4 ,9 ! knead+ room 7#ah71 :]e 7 f\nd rema9s ( a l>ge table & %elves1 ! loaves 7 made ready1 & c\ld be pass$ ?r\gh "o op5+ to ! front ( ! ov52 ! hot loaves c\ld be conv5i5tly pass$ ?r\gh ! o!r op5+ into ! /or]oom 7#ai74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbd4--,knead+ ma*9e1 plan & section4 ,9 _m e/abli%m5ts a ma*9e 0 us$ = knead+2 ! be/ example is 9 a bak]y on ! nor? side ( ,insula xiv 9 ,region ,,vi4 ,su* knead+ ma*9es are se5 also 9 anci5t repres5tations ( ! bak]'s trade1 z 9 ! reliefs ( ! tomb ( ,eurysaces1 ne> ! ,porta ,maggiore at ,rome4 ,! d\gh 0 plac$ 9 a r\nd pan ( lava a foot & a half or two feet 9 diamet]4 ,9 ?is a v]tical %aft revolv$1 to ! l[] "p ( :i* two or ?ree wood5 arms 7 atta*$ 7?ree 9 ,fig4 #bbd72 ! "o at ! bottom 0 /r5g!n$ by an iron crosspiece on ! "u side1 ! project+ c5tre ( :i* turn$ 9 a socket bel[4 ,! side ( ! pan 0 pi]c$ 9 two or ?ree places = ! ins]tion ( wood5 tee?1 s plac$ z n to int]f]e ) ! revolution ( ! arms4 ,z ! %aft 0 turn$1 ! d\gh 0 pu%$ =w>d by ! arms & held back by ! tee?1 be+ ?us ?or\ghly knead$4 ,mod]n knead+ ma*9es are con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciple1 b h two sets ( tee? on horizontal cyl9d]s revolv+ t[>d ea* o!r4 ,,*apt] ,,xlviii ,,! ,,full]s ,,& ,,! ,,tann]s ,! "w ( ! anci5t full] 0 tw(old1 to make ready = use ! clo? fre% f ! loom1 & to cleanse g>m5ts t _h be5 worn4 ,z ! g>m5ts us$ by ! ,romans 7 ma9ly ( wool1 & ne$$ skilful manipulation to reta9 _! size & %ape1 !y 7 ord9>ily s5t out ( ! h\se to be cleans$2 9 consequ5ce ! trade ( ! full] 0 relatively important4 ,9 ! "p ( ,pompeii ?us f> excavat$ we f9d two l>ge full]ies & "o small] e/abli%m5t t c be id5tifi$ ) c]ta9ty2 & !re 7 d\btless _m laundries1 ) less ample facilities1 ! purpose ( :i* is n cle>ly indicat$ by ! rema9s4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! processes employ$ relates exclusively to wooll5 fabrics4 ,at ! "t ( ! de/ruction ( ,pompeii1 soap1 a ,gallic inv5tion1 0 only beg9n+ to come into use2 ! commone/ sub/itute 0 full]'s e>?1 creta fullonia1 a k9d ( alkal9e m>l4 ,= rais+ ! nap1 teasel does n seem to h be5 us$1 z ) u1 b a species ( ?orn 7sp9a fullonia7 ! sp9es ( :i* 7 m\nt$ 9 a c>d+ tool resembl+ a bru% 7a5a72 ! sk9 ( a h$gehog also 0 sometimes utiliz$ = ?is purpose4 ,! full+ ( new clo? involv$ sev5 or eight di/9ct processes1--wa%+ ) full]'s e>?1 or o!r cleans+ ag5ts1 to remove ! oily matt]2 beat+ & /ret*+1 to make ! surface ev52 wa%+ & dry+ a second "t1 = clean+ & %r9k+2 comb+ ) a c>d+ tool to raise ! nap1 bru%+ 9 ord] to make x ready = clipp+1 & %e>+ to r$uce ! nap to prop] l5g?2 !n1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( ! :ite wooll5s s commonly us$1 blea*+ ) sulphur fumes2 & f9ally1 smoo?+ 9 a l>ge press4 ,! process ( clean+ soil$ g>m5ts 0 m simple4 ,a s]ies ( pa9t+s 9 ! l>ge/ ( ! full]ies1 on ! we/ side ( ,m]cury ,/reet1 picture sev]al ( ^! processes ) great cle>ness4 ,!y 7 on a l>ge pill> at ! front end ( ! p]i/yle1 f :i* !y 7 remov$ to ! ,museum at ,naples2 !y supplem5t admirably ! sc5es ( ! ,cupids' full]y 9 ! h\se ( ! ,vettii1 m5tion$ 9 a previ\s *apt] 7p4 #cce74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbe4--,sc5e 9 a full]y3 tread+ vats4 ,9 ! fir/ picture 7,fig4 #bbe71 ! clo!s are be+ wa%$4 ,!y are 9 f\r r\nd tread+ vats1 :i* /& 9 ni*es =m$ by a l[ wall4 ,"o ( ! workm5 is /ill tread+ 8 allotm5t1 /eady+ himself by re/+ 8 arms on ! walls ( ! ni*e at bo? sides2 ! o!r ?ree h f9i%$ tread+ & are /&+ on ! bottom ( _! tubs1 r9s+ ! g>m5ts be=e wr++ !m out4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbf4--,sc5e 9 a full]y3 inspection ( clo?2 c>d+2 blea*+ frame4 ,! next sc5e 7,fig4 #bbf7 is ?reefold4 ,9 ! =egr\nd at ! left sits a ri*ly dress$ lady1 to :om a girl br+s a g>m5t t has be5 clean$2 t ! woman is n "o ( ^? employ$ 9 ! full]y is evid5t f h] elaborate headdress1 necklace1 & bracelets4 ,9 ! backgr\nd a workman dress$ 9 a tunic is c>d+ a l>ge piece ( clo?4 ,ne> by ano!r workman c>ries on 8 %\ld]s a blea*+ frame1 ov] :i* g>m5ts 7 spread to receive ! fumes ( ! sulphur2 he holds 9 8 left h& ! pot 9 :i* ! brim/one 0 burn$4 ,an owl1 symbol ( ,m9]va1 :o 0 wor%ipp$ by full]s z _! patron div9ity1 sits ^u ! frame2 & ! man und]nea? has on 8 head a wrea? ( leaves f ! olive tree1 :i* 0 sacr$ to ! same goddess4 ,9 ! ?ird picture a "y man h&s a g>m5t to a girl2 at ! "r a woman is clean+ a c>d+ tool4 ,! f\r? 7,fig4 #bbg7 gives an excell5t repres5tation ( a full]'s press1 work$ by two upright screws2 x is s mu* l our mod]n presses z to ne$ no explanation4 ,! fe/oons ) :i* x is adorn$ are ( olive leaves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbg4--;,a full]'s press4 ,) ^! pictures be=e u1 x w be easy to und]/& ! plan ( ! full]y on ! we/ side ( ,/abian ,/reet1 opposite ! h\se ( ,caecilius ,jucundus 7,fig4 #bbh74 ,x 0 excavat$ 9 #ahge4 ,! build+ 0 n orig9ally design$ = a full]'s e/abli%m5t1 b = a private h\se1 & "p ( ! rooms 7 reta9$ = dome/ic use1 z ! well pres]v$ kit*5 7d71 & "s ( ! o!r rooms op5+ (f f ! atrium 7b74 ,! furniture ( ! atrium--a table 9 front ( ! impluvium1 ) a p$e/al = a f\nta9 figure1 & a m>ble bas9 to receive ! jet--is l t ( ! h\se ! int]ior ( :i* is %[n 9 ,plate ,,vii4 ,! full]'s appliances are f\nd 9 ! %op next to ! entrance 7#ba71 & 9 ! p]i/yle 7q74 ,9 ! =m] are ! f\ndations ( ?ree tread+ vats1 & on ! opposite side an oblong depression 9 :i* ! press 0 plac$4 ,! p]i/yle conta9s ?ree l>ge bas9s ( masonry = soak+ & r9s+ ! clo!s4 ,a jet ( wat] fell into ! "o next ! re> wall 7#c71 f :i* x ran into ! o!r two ?r\gh holes 9 ! sides4 ,along ! wall is a rais$ walk 7#d7 on a level ) ! top ( ! bas9s1 into :i* ! workm5 desc5d$ by means ( /eps4 ,at ! ends ( ?is walk are places = sev5 tread+ vats1 five 9 "o gr\p1 two 9 ! o!r4 ,! wall above is decorat$ ) a long sket*y pa9t+1 9 :i* ! full]s are se5 engag$ 9 ! celebration ( a fe/ival1--d\btless ! ,qu9quatrus1 ! fea/ ( ,m9]va2 ! celebration is foll[$ by a sc5e be=e a magi/rate1 result+ f a fight engag$ 9 by ! celebrants4 ,a mass ( full]'s e>? 0 f\nd 9 ! passage at m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbh4--,plan ( a full]y4 ,f ! receipts f\nd 9 ! h\se ( ,caecilius ,jucundus1 x appe>s t ?is ?rifty ,pompeian1 9 ! ye>s #ef-fj ,a4,d41 r5t$ a full]y belong+ to ! city4 ,9 view ( ! ne>ness ( ?is e/abli%m5t to 8 h\se1 x seems likely t he 0 9 *>ge ( ! bus9ess "h4 ,at ! "t ( ! eruption1 h[ev]1 ! ent]prise 0 9 ! h&s ( ,m>cus ,vesonius ,primus1 :o liv$ 9 ! h\se next door 7,no4 #bj71 :]e a portrait h]m1 d$icat$ to him by 8 ca%i] 7arc>ius71 /&s 9 ! atrium2 ! h\se is (t5 call$ ! h\se ( ,orpheus1 f ! l>ge pa9t+ on ! re> wall ( ! g>d54 ,to judge f ! election notices pa9t$ on ! front ( ! full]y & on ! h\ses at ei!r side1 ,primus mu/ h tak5 an active int]e/ 9 local politics4 ,he 0 an ard5t p>tisan1 z witness ?is inscription3 ,cn4 ,helvium a$4 d4 r4 p4 7= a$ilem1 dignum re publica7 ,vesonius ,primus rogat1--',vesonius ,primus urges ! election ( ,gnaeus ,helvius z a$ile1 a man wor?y ( public (fice4' ,! endorsem5t ( ,gavius ,rufus is ev5 /rong]3 ,c4 ,gavium ,rufum ,,ii vir4 o4 v4 f4 utilem r4 p4 7duumvirum1 oro vos1 facite1 utilem rei publicae7 ,vesonius ,primus rogat1--',vesonius ,primus reque/s ! election ( ,gaius ,gavius ,rufus z duumvir1 a man s]viceable to public int]e/s2 d elect him1 ,i beg ( y4' ,9 "o ( ! %ort] recomm5dations1 ,primus names 8 occupation3 ,l4 ,ceium ,secundum ,,ii v4 i4 d4 ,primus fullo rogat1--',primus ! full] asks ! election ( ,lucius ,ceius ,secundus z duumvir ) judici>y au?ority4' ,on "o occasion he unit$ ) 8 employees 9 favor+ a c&idate = ! a$ile%ip3 ,cn4 ,helvium ,sab9um a$4 ,primus cum suis facx1--',primus & 8 h\sehold are work+ = ! election ( ,gnaeus ,helvius ,sab9us z a$ile4' ,! full]y on ,m]cury ,/reet1 l t j describ$1 _h be5 made ov] f a private h\se1 built 9 ! pre-,roman p]iod4 ,among o!r *anges1 ! columns ( ! l>ge p]i/yle 7 replac$ by massive pill>s ( masonry support+ a gall]y above = ! dry+ ( clo!s4 ,at ! re> are f\r squ>e bas9s1 ! two l>g] ( :i* are m ?an sev5 feet across2 ! wat] pass$ f "o to ! o!r z 9 ! bas9s ( ,primus's full]y4 ,9 ! corn] ne> ! la/ bas9 are six rectangul> ni*es = tread+ vats1 sep>at$ by a l[ wall1 ! purpose ( :i* is cle> f ,fig4 #bbe4 ,!re is a vault$ room at ! "r ( ! p]i/yle1 ) a ci/]n curb1 a l>ge bas9 ( masonry1 & a /one table4 ,"h a sub/ance 0 f\nd :i* ! excavators suppos$ to be soap1 b :i* 0 d\btless full]'s e>?1 l t f\nd 9 ! e/abli%m5t on ,/abian ,/reet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re 7 naturally few] tann]s ?an full]s2 & s f> only "o tann]y has be5 discov]$4 ,t is a l>ge e/abli%m5t1 h[ev]1 fill+ almo/ an entire block ne> ! ,/abian ,gate 7,ins4 ,i4 v71 excavat$ 9 #ahgc4 ,l ! two l>g] full]ies1 x occupi$ a build+ design$ = a h\se4 ,! appliances ( ! craft are f\nd 9 only a small "p ( ! /ructure2 !y relate to two processes1--! prep>ation ( ! fluids us$ = tann+1 & ! manipulation ( ! hides4 ,! mixture = ! tan vats 0 prep>$ 9 a tank "u a colonnade op5+ on ! g>d54 ,x c\ld be drawn (f ?r\gh two holes 9 ! side into a small] bas9 bel[1 or conduct$ by means ( a gutt] runn+ along ! wall to ?ree l>ge e>!n vessels4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbi4--,plan ( ! vat room ( ! tann]y4 ,! vats1 fifte5 9 numb]1 are 9 a room =m]ly us$ z an atrium 7,fig4 #bbi74 ,!y are ab\t #e feet 9 diamet]1 & f #d to ab\t #ea_/b feet deep2 !y 7 built ( masonry1 & pla/]$2 two holes 7 made 9 ! side ( ea* to s]ve z a conv5i5ce 9 climb+ 9 & out4 ,betwe5 adjac5t pairs ( pits 0 an oblong bas9 ab\t tw5ty in*es deep1 l9$ ) wood4 ,on ei!r side ( ?is 0 a l>ge e>!n j>1 sunk 9 ! e>?2 a small1 r\nd hole betwe5 ! bas9 & ea* j> seems to m>k ! place ( a pipe tile1 connect$ ) ! =m] at ! bottom4 ,! l>ge pits 7 = ord9>y tann+2 ! oblong bas9s 7 probably us$ 9 mak+ f9e lea!r 7aluta71 a process 9 :i* alum 0 ! pr9cipal ag5t1 ! *emicals be+ plac$ 9 ! j>s on ei!r side1 & suppli$ to ! bas9s ?r\gh ! pipe tiles4 ,9 ! same build+ f\r tools 7 f\nd1 simil> to ^? us$ by tann]s at ! pres5t "t4 ,"o 0 a knife1 ( bronze1 ) a *>r$ wood5 h&le on ! back ( ! blade2 two 7 scrap+ irons1 ) a h&le on ea* end2 & !re 0 ano!r iron tool ) a cresc5t-%ap$ blade4 ,! g>d5 on :i* ! colonnade op5$ conta9s an op5-air tricl9ium4 ,! table 0 ornam5t$ ) a mosaic top1 n[ 9 ! ,naples ,museum1 ) a *>act]i/ic design 7,fig4 #bcj74 ,! pr9cipal motive is a skull2 bel[ is a butt]fly on ! rim ( a :eel1 symbols ( ! flutt]+ ( ! disembodi$ s\l & ( ! flight ( "t4 ,on ! "r & on ! left are ! spoils t %ort-liv$ man leaves beh9d him1--"h a w&]]'s /aff1 a wallet1 & a begg>'s tatt]$ robe2 !re1 a sceptre1 ) a mantle ( royal purple4 ,ov] all is a level1 ) ! plumb l9e hang+ /raight1 symbolic ( ,fate1 t soon] or lat] equalizes ! lots ( all mank9d4 ,! ?\ght ( ! tann]1 or ( ! e>li] proprietor ( ! h\se1 is easy to div9e3 ,mors aurem vell5s1 ,vivite1 ait1 v5io1 ',dea? plucks my e>1 & says1 ,live6 = ,i come4' ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcj4--,mosaic top ( ! table 9 ! g>d5 ( ! tann]y4 ,,*apt] ,,xlix ,,inns ,,& ,,w9e%ops ,w9e%ops1 cauponae1 7 num]\s 9 ,pompeii1 & ! rema9s are easily id5tifi$4 ,l ! ,italian o/]ie1 !y 7 at ! same "t eat+ h\ses1 b ! arrangem5ts = dr9k+ 7 ! m conspicu\s1 & give "* to ! ru9s4 ,! ,roman inn1 hospitium1 or simply caupona1 0 a w9e%op ) accommodations = ! night1 provision be+ also made 9 mo/ cases = ! c>e ( animals4 ,keep]s ( inns1 caupones1 are frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ,pompeian inscriptions1 sometimes 9 election notices1 m (t5 9 graffiti4 ,sev]al inns h be5 id5tifi$ f signs & f scribbl+s on ! walls )94 ,at ! entrance ( "o 7we/ side ( ,ins4 ,,ix4 vii7 is pa9t$ ,hospitium ,hyg9i ,firmi1 ',inn ( ,hyg9ius ,firmus4' ,! front ( ! ',elephant ,inn' 7we/ side ( ,ins4 ,,vii4 i7 0 ornam5t$ ) ! pa9t+ ( an elephant 9 ! coils ( a s]p5t1 def5d$ by a pygmy4 ,! "n ( ! proprietor is p]haps giv5 at ! side3 ,sittius re/ituit elephantum1 ',sittius re/or$ ! elephant1' ref]r+ no d\bt to ! repa9t+ ( ! sign4 ,evid5tly ! own]1 :e!r ,sittius or "s "o else1 0 anxi\s to r5t ! premises2 bel[ ! elephant is ! pa9t$ notice3 ,hospitium hic locatur--tricl9ium cum tribus lectis1--',inn to let4 ,tricl9ium ) ?ree c\*es4' ,! re/ ( ! inscription is illegible4 ,! plan ( ano!r inn 9 ! same region 7we/ side ( ,,vii4 xii7 well illu/rates ! arrangem5ts ( ^! ho/elries 7,fig4 #bca74 ,! ma9 room 7a71 :i* probably s]v$ z a d9+ room1 is ent]$ directly f ! /reet4 ,at "o side is ! kit*5 7h72 six sleep+ rooms 7b-g7 op5 ^u ! o!r sides4 ,b ! l&lord did n provide m]ely = ! ent]ta9m5t ( gue/s f out ( t[n2 he endeavor$ to attract local patronage also1 by means ( a w9e%op 7n71 :i* op5$ ^u ! /reet & _h a sep>ate d9+ room 7o74 ,a %ort passage 7i7 l$ f ! ma9 room to ! /alls 7k71 9 front ( :i* 0 a wat]+ tr\gh4 ,! vehicles 7 probably cr[d$ into ! recess at m1 or ! front ( a4 ,! two side rooms 7l & p7 7 closets4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bca4--,plan ( an inn4 ,! walls ( sev]al ( ! rooms conta9 records ( ! soj\rn ( gue/s4 ,c4 ,val]ius ,v5u/us1 'a pretorian ( ! fir/ cohort1 enroll$ 9 ! c5tury ( ,rufus1' scrat*$ 8 "n on ! wall ( c1 to :i* also an affectionate husb& confid$ 8 lonel9ess3 ',"h slept ,vibius ,re/itutus all by himself1 8 he>t fill$ ) long+s = 8 ,urbana4' ,f\r play]s1 "o ( !m a ,m>tial1 pass$ a night toge!r 9 ! same ap>tm5t4 ,9 ! next room 7d7 a patriotic citiz5 ( ,puteoli left a greet+ = 8 native t[n3 ',well be x ev] ) ,puteoli1 colony ( ,n]o1 ( ! ,claudian l9e2 ,c4 ,julius ,sp]atus wrote ?is4' ,?is city1 z we le>n f ,tacitus1 receiv$ p]mission f ,n]o to call itself ,colonia ,claudia ,n]on5sis4 ,lucif] & ,primig5ius1 two fri5ds1 sp5t a night 9 room f1 ,lucceius ,albanus ( ,abell9um 7,avell9o7 9 g4 ,! arrangem5t ( rooms "h is s unlike t ( an ord9>y h\se t ! build+ mu/ h be5 design$ at ! beg9n+ = a tav]n4 ,sometimes a dwell+ 0 turn$ into an inn1 z 9 ! case ( ! h\se ( ,sallu/1 :i*1 z we h se51 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! city mu/ 9 "p at lea/ h be5 us$ z a ho/elry4 ,inns ne> ! gates _h a pav$ entrance = wagons1 int]rupt+ ! sidewalk4 ,a good example is ! inn ( ,h]mes1 9 ! fir/ block on ! "r z "o came into ! city by ! ,/abian ,gate 7,fig4 #bcb74 ,on ei!r side ( ! broad entrance 7a71 are w9]ooms 7b1 d74 ,beh9d ! /airway at ! "r1 :i* leads f ! /reet to ! second /ory1 is a he>? ) a wat] heat]4 ,on ! wall at ! left 0 =m]ly a pa9t+ ) ! two ,l>es & ! ,g5ius (f]+ sacrifice2 bel[ 0 ! figure ( a man p\r+ w9e f an amphora into an e>!n hog%ead 7dolium71 & beside x 0 writt5 ,h]mes1 app>5tly ! "n ( ! proprietor4 ,! wagons /ood 9 ! l>ge room at ! re> 7f71 ) :i* ! n>r[ /able 7k7 is connect$2 9 "o corn] is a wat]+ tr\gh ( masonry4 ,on ! gr\nd floor 7 only ?ree sleep+ rooms 7e1 g1 & h71 b !re 7 upp] rooms at ! re>1 rea*$ by a flight ( /airs 9 f2 ^! 7 probably n connect$ ) ! upp] rooms ( ! front "p1 :i* 7ov] a1 b1 c1 d1 e71 hav+ a /reet entrance1 may h be5 r5t$ sep>ately4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcb4--,plan ( ! inn ( ,h]mes4 ,! ,pompeian inns 7 d\btless fair repres5tatives ( _! class 9 ! diff]5t ,roman cities4 ,^? ( ,rome mu/ h be5 num]\s1 b are r>ely m5tion$1 & innkeep]s are g5]ally ref]r$ to 9 t]ms ( disrespect4 ,! ord9>y *>ges seem to h be5 l[1 & ! accommodations 7 ( a correspond+ "*4 ,ow+ to ! univ]sal cu/om ( furni%+ private ent]ta9m5t to all ) :om !re exi/$ any gr\nd ( hospitality1 places ( public ent]ta9m5t t5d$ to become ! resorts ( ! vici\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcc4--,plan ( a w9e%op4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! w9e%op ( :i* ! plan is "h giv5 7,fig4 #bcc7 is on ! ea/ side ( ,m]cury ,/reet1 at ! nor?we/ corn] ( ,ins4 ,,vi4 x4 ,x 0 design$ n only = ! accommodation ( gue/s :o w\ld g inside to p>take ( refre%m5ts1 b also = ! sale ( dr9ks ov] ! c\nt] to ^? :o might /op a mom5t 9 pass+4 ,?is is evid5t f ! arrangem5t ( ! ma9 room 7a71 :i* has a long c\nt] 9 front1 ) a s]ies ( small m>ble %elves arrang$ l /airs on "o end ( x1 = ! display ( cups & glasses2 on ! o!r is a place = heat+ a vessel ov] a fire4 ,l>ge j>s are set 9 ! c\nt]1 9 :i* liquids & eatables c\ld be kept4 ,9 ! corn] ( ! room1 at ! "r z "o ent]s1 a he>? is plac$4 ,9 view ( ! provision = heat+ wat]1 we are safe 9 call+ ?is a !rmopolium1 a w9e%op :i* made a specialty ( furni%+ hot dr9ks4 ,! passage at ! re> ( ! he>? 7c7 is connect$ ) a small room 7d7 & also ) ! adjo9+ h\se1 :i* may h be5 ! resid5ce ( ! proprietor1 or may h be5 us$ = lodg+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcd4--,sc5e 9 a w9e%op4 ,wall pa9t+4 ,! long room ) an entrance f ! side /reet 7b1 n[ wall$ up7 0 int5d$ = ! use ( ^? :o pref]r$ to eat & dr9k at _! leisure4 ,! walls are decorat$ ) a s]ies ( pa9t+s pres5t+ reali/ic sc5es f ! life ( su* places4 ,we see ! gue/s eat+1 dr9k+1 & play+ ) dice4 ,"s are /&+1 o!rs sitt+ on /ools2 x is ! k9d ( public h\se t ,m>tial calls a '/ool-ridd5 cook%op1' 9 :i* c\*es 7 n provid$1 b only seats )\t backs 7,m>t4 ,ep4 ,v4 lxx4 #c74 ,9 "o ( ! sc5es 7,fig4 #bcd7 f\r m5 are dr9k+1 ab\t a r\nd table1 :ile a boy waits on !m2 two ( ! figures h po9t$ hoods l ^? se5 to-day 9 ,sicily & "s p>ts ( ,italy4 ,/r+s ( sausage1 hams1 & o!r eatables hang f a pole susp5d$ "u ! ceil+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bce4--;,deliv]y ( w9e4 ,wall pa9t+4 ,"s ( ! figures 9 ! pictures are accompani$ by inscriptions4 ,?us by ! side ( a gue/ = :om a wait] is p\r+ out a glass ( w9e is writt53 ,da fridam pusillum1 ',add cold wat]--j a little4' ,9 a simil> connection we read1 ,adde calicem ,set9um1 ',ano!r cup ( ,setian6' ,! ,setian w9e came f a t[n 9 ,latium at ! foot ( ! hills bord]+ ! ,pont9e ,m>%es1 n[ ,sezze2 we inf] t our w9e%op sold n m]ely ! products ( neighbor+ v9ey>ds1 b *oice br&s f o!r regions z well4 ,w9es f ! locality 7 probably br\ght to t[n 9 amphorae2 ! deliv]y ( a consignm5t f a di/ance is %[n 9 a sep>ate sc5e 7,fig4 #bce71 9 :i* amphorae are be+ fill$ f a l>ge sk9 on a wagon2 ! team ( mules is mean:ile re/+1 unh>ness$1 ! yoke hang+ on ! end ( ! pole4 ,! pictures pres5t ! life ( a tav]n f ! po9t ( view ( ! l&lord2 b occasionally we h a sugge/ion ( ! o!r side1 z 9 ! foll[+ c\plet1 ! faulty spell+ ( :i* we c =give on acc\nt ( its pi?9ess3 ,talia te fallant ut9am mendacia1 copo1 ,tu vendes acuam et bibes ipse m]um1-- ',l&lord1 may y\r lies malign ,br+ de/ruction on y\r head6 ,y y\rself dr9k unmix$ w9e1 ,wat] sell y\r gue/s in/ead4' ,! w9e%op 9 :i* ?is graffito is f\nd 7,i4 ii4 #bd7 is l>g] ?an t on ,m]cury ,/reet1 & has sev]al d9+ rooms4 ,connect$ ) x is a g>d5 ) a tricl9ium1 once %ad$ by v9es1 :i* calls to m9d ! invitation ( ! b>maid 9 ! ,copa3-- ',"h a g>d5 y w f9d1 ,cool retreat1 ) cups & roses1 ,lute & pipe1 = mir? design$1 ,b[] t mask ( re$s encloses4 ',come1 we>y travell]1 lie & re/ ',nea? ! %ade ( v9es o'er-spread+4 ,wrea? ( roses fre%ly press$ ,on y\r head its fragrance %$d+4' ,all ! pictures f\nd 9 ,pompeian w9e%ops be> out ! inf]5ce1 bas$ ^u num]\s allusions 9 classical writ]s1 t su* places ev]y:]e 7 9 ! ma9 frequ5t$ by ! l[] classes2 among ! adjectives appli$ to tav]ns by ! poets are 'dirty1' 'smoky1' & 'black4' ,!y 7 haunt$ by gambl]s & crim9als1 & ! life 0 notori\sly immoral4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,v4--,,! ,,/reet ,,( ,,tombs4 ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,left ,,side #bd4 ,,villa ,,( ,,diom$es4 #af-bc4 ,,tombs--,,gr\p ,,iii4 #af4 ,unf9i%$ tomb4 #ag4 ,tomb ( ,umbricius ,scaurus4 #ah4 ,r\nd tomb4 #ai4 ,sepul*ral enclosure4 #bj4 ,tomb ( ,calv5tius ,quietus4 #ba4 ,sepul*ral enclosure ( ,i/acidius ,hel5us4 #bb4 ,tomb ( ,naevoleia ,ty*e4 #bc4 ,tricl9ium ,funebre4 #e-ae4 ,,s-,,call$ ,,villa ,,( ,,cic]o4 #a-d a4 ,,tombs--,,gr\p ,i4 #a4 ,sepul*ral ni*e ( ,c]r9ius ,re/itutus4 #b4 ,sepul*ral b5* ( ,a4 ,veius4 #c4 ,tomb ( ,m4 ,porcius4 #d4 ,sepul*ral b5* ( ,mamia4 #d a4 ,tomb ( ! ,i/acidii4 ,a4 ,,h]culaneum ,,gate4 ,c4 ,,bay ,,road4 ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,"r ,,side #cc-dc4 ,,tombs--,,gr\p ,,iv4 #cc4 ,unf9i%$ tomb4 #cd4 ,tomb ) ! m>ble door4 #ce4 ,unf9i%$ tomb4 #cf4 ,sepul*ral enclosure ) small pyramids4 #cg4 ,tomb ( ,luccius ,libella4 #ch4 ,tomb ( ,ceius ,labeo4 #ci4 ,tomb )\t a "n4 #dj4 ,sepul*ral ni*e ( ,salvius4 #da4 ,sepul*ral ni*e ( ,velasius ,gratus4 #db4 ,tomb ( ,m4 ,arrius ,diom$es4 #dc4 ,tomb ( ,arria4 #ca-cb4 ,,samnite ,,graves4 #aj-cj4 ,,villa4 #aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #ad4 ,%ops4 #ab4 ,g>d5 belong+ to ,tombs #h & #i4 #ae4 ,/reet entrance ( ,inn4 #af-bh4 ,rooms belong+ to ! ,inn4 #bi-cj4 ,pott]'s e/abli%m5t4 #a-i4 ,,tombs--,,gr\p ,,ii4 #a4 ,tomb )\t a "n4 #b4 ,sepul*ral enclosure ( ,t]5tius ,felix4 #c1 #d4 ,tombs )\t names4 #e4 ,sepul*ral enclosure4 #f4 ,g>l& tomb4 #g4 ,sepul*ral enclosure4 #h4 ,tomb ( ! ,blue ,glass ,vase4 #i4 ,sepul*ral ni*e4 ,a4 ,,h]culaneum ,,gate4 ,b4 ,,city ,,wall4 ,d4 ,,road ,,along ,,city ,,wall4 ,e-,e4 ,,vesuvius ,,road4 ,,"p ,,iv ,,! ,,tombs ,,*apt] ,l ,,pompeian ,,burial ,,places4--,,! ,,/reet ,,( ,,tombs ,! tombs ( ,pompeii1 l ^? ( ,rome1 7 plac$ 9 close array along ! sides ( ! roads t l$ f ! city gates4 ,only a few h be5 uncov]$2 h[ _m /ill lie conceal$ "u ! mantle ( volcanic debris t re/s ^u ! pla91 no "o has yet v5tur$ to conjecture4 ,! tomb/one ( a magi/rate ( "o ( ! suburbs 0 f\nd at ,scafati1 a mile & a half ea/ ( ! anci5t t[n2 & o!rs h be5 br\ght to light on ! ea/1 s\?1 & we/ sides4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ & be/ kn[n tombs are ^? ( ! ,/reet ( ,tombs1 9 front ( ! ,h]culaneum ,gate2 b important rema9s h be5 f\nd also ne> ! ,/abian & ,noc]a gates1 & burial places ( a humbl] sort lie along ! city wall ne> ! ,nola ,gate4 ,mo/ ( ! tombs ?us f> excavat$ belong to ! ,e>ly ,empire1 hav+ be5 built betwe5 ! reign ( ,augu/us & #gi ,a4,d4 ,two or ?ree date f ! end ( ! ,republic2 & a small corn] ( an ,oscan cemet]y has be5 uncov]$ on ! nor?we/ side ( ! city4 ,rema9s ( skeletons 7 f\nd only 9 ! ,oscan graves2 ! ,roman burial places 7 all arrang$ ) ref]5ce to ! practice ( cremation1 ! a%es be+ deposit$ 9 urns4 ,! tombs pres5t s great a v>iety ( =m & con/ruction t x is impossible to classify !m 9 a summ>y way1 or to dismiss !m ) ! pres5tation ( two or ?ree typical examples4 ,! "* ( ! monum5t v>i$ n m]ely accord+ to ! ta/e & means1 b also accord+ to ! po9t ( view or religi\s feel+ ( ! build]4 ,"s deem$ x m fitt+ t ! a%es ( ! dead %\ld be cov]$ ov] ) e>?2 o!rs pref]r$ to place !m 9 a conspicu\s tomb t w\ld please ! eye & impress ! imag9ation ( ! behold]4 ,to _m ! matt] ( p>am\nt importance seem$ to be ! provision = ! wor%ip ( ! dead1 ! arrangem5t ( ! tomb s t (f]+s c\ld easily be made to ! a%es4 ,o!rs /ill desir$ to h ! sepul*re conv5i5t = ! liv+1 :o at times w\ld ga!r !re1 & t>ry ne> ! re/+ place ( ! dep>t$4 ,& !re 7 n a few :o attempt$1 9 ! con/ruction ( a monum5t1 to accompli% at ! same "t sev]al ( ^! ends4 ,! ar*itectural designs 7 sugge/$ by ! =m ( an alt>1 a temple1 a ni*e1 a commemorative ar*1 or a semicircul> b5*1 s*ola4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is div]sity ( aim & ( type1 x w be mo/ conv5i5t to /udy ! tombs 9 topographical gr\ps1 comm5c+ ) ^? at ! nor?we/ corn] ( ! city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! highway t passes "u ! ,h]culaneum ,gate runs almo/ directly we/1 desc5d+ ) a g5tle grade4 ,above x on ! nor? side is ! ridge =m$ by ! /ream ( lava on ! end ( :i* ! city lay2 "h1 be=e ! eruption1 7 sightly villas4 ,bel[1 to ! s\?1 0 ! sea1 n s f> away z n[1 ov] ! %imm]+ surface ( :i* ! travell]1 z he rode along1 c\ld cat* *>m+ glimpses ( ! heights above ,sorr5to & ( ,capri4 ,a %ort di/ance f ! gate on ! left1 a bran* road1 :i* = conv5i5ce we may call ! ,bay ,road1 l$ directly to ! sea4 ,ano!r bran*1 on ! "r1 foll[$ ! direction ( ! city wall2 fur!r f ! gate on ! same side1 a ?ird1 :i* may be designat$ z ! ,vesuvius ,road1 ran (f f ! highway 9 ! direction ( ! m\nta94 ,! highway itself1 s f> z excavat$1 has be5 nam$ ! ,/reet ( ,tombs4 ,! tombs t h be5 uncov]$ "h are di/ribut$ 9 f\r gr\ps4 ,! fir/1 on ! left side1 ext5ds f ! gate to ! ,bay ,road2 x comprises ,nos4 #a-d;a on ,plan ,v4 ,! second1 on ! "r 7,nos4 #a-i71 includes ! tombs betwe5 ! gate & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,vesuvius ,road4 ,! ?ird gr\p1 on ! left1 lies betwe5 ! ru9s ( ! villa to :i* ! "n ( ,cic]o has be5 atta*$ & ! villa ( ,diom$es2 ! tombs are numb]$ on ! plan #af-bc4 ,! monum5ts ( ! f\r? gr\p occupy ! tongue ( gr\nd at ! "r betwe5 ! highway & ! ,vesuvius ,road 7#cc-dc74 ,! out] p>ts ( ! two villas by :i* ! cont9uity ( ! s]ies ( tombs on bo? sides is int]rupt$1 appe> to h be5 us$ z inns2 along ! /reet 9 front ( ea* !re 0 a colonnade support$ by pill>s1 beh9d :i* 7 small rooms op5+ t[>d ! /reet4 ,at ! fur!r end ( ! villa on ! "r 7#aj-bi7 is ! pott]'s work%op 7#bi-cj71 m5tion$ 9 a previ\s *apt] 7p4 #chf74 ,beyond ?is are ! ,oscan graves 7#ca-cb71 sev]al ( :i* h be5 explor$4 ,9 !m 7 f\nd r\gh /one c(f9s1 made ( slabs & fragm5ts ( lime/one1 conta9+ rema9s ( skeletons toge!r ) small pa9t$ vases1 ( ! sort manufactur$ 9 ,campania 9 ! ?ird & second c5turies ,b4,c4 ,two co9s 7 f\nd1 9 sep>ate graves1 ) ,oscan leg5ds t h n yet be5 deciph]$2 app>5tly !y 7 f ,nola4 ,! burial places lie close toge!r1 & evid5tly belong to a cemet]y = p ( humble /ation2 !re are no head/ones to m>k ! graves4 ,?is is ! only place at ,pompeii 9 :i* pa9t$ vases h be5 f\nd4 ,a n>r[ /rip ( l& on ea* side ( ! road belong$ to ! city1 & burial lots !re9 7 grant$ by ! municipal c\ncil to citiz5s :o _h r5d]$ public s]vice4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 might obta9 lots by pur*ase2 private own]%ip may be assum$ unless ! gift ( ! city is indicat$ 9 ! inscription4 ,! location ( sev]al tombs--#a1 #c1 #d1 #f on ! "r1 #c on ! left--%[s t ! direction ( ! /reet ne> ! gate 0 *ang$ aft] sepul*ral monum5ts _h begun to be erect$4 ,an int]e/+ inscription ref]r+ to ! municipal own]%ip ( l& 0 f\nd at ! fur!r corn] ( ! ,bay ,road3 ,ex auctoritate imp4 ,caes>is ,vespasiani ,aug4 loca publica a privatis possessa ,t4 ,su$ius ,clem5s tribunus causis cognitis et m5suris factis rei publicae ,pompeianorum re/ituit1--',by virtue ( au?ority conf]r$ ^u him by ! ,emp]or ,vespasian ,caes> ,augu/us1 ,titus ,su$ius ,clem5s1 tribune1 hav+ inve/igat$ ! facts & tak5 measurem5ts1 re/or$ to ! city ( ,pompeii plots ( gr\nd belong+ to x :i* 7 9 ! possession ( private individuals4' ,to judge f ! location ( ! inscription1 ! l& :i* ! milit>y tribune s5t z commission] by ,vespasian gave back to ! city1 mu/ h be5 at ! sides ( ! ,bay ,road4 ,a m>ble /atue ( a man dress$ 9 a toga & hold+ a scroll 9 8 h&1 0 f\nd ne> by4 ,x 0 probably a portrait ( ,su$ius ,clem5s1 & may h /ood 9 a ni*e 9 ! villa ( ,cic]o4 ,!re is an impli$ ref]5ce to ! ,bay ,road also 9 ano!r inscription :i* 0 f\nd out ( its prop] place1 9 ! c\rt ( ! adjo9+ inn3 ,,!rmae 4 ,m 4 ,,crassi 4 ,,frvgi 4 ,,aqva 4 ,,m>9a 4 ,,et 4 ,,baln 4 ,,aqva 4 ,,dvlci 4 ,,ianv>ivs 4 ,l--',ba?+ e/abli%m5t ( ,m>cus ,crassus ,frugi4 ,w>m sea ba?s & fre%wat] ba?s4 7,sup]9t5d5t7 ! fre$man ,janu>ius4' ,we le>n f ,pl9y ! ,eld] t ,m4 ,lic9ius ,crassus ,frugi1 :o 0 consul 9 #fd ,a4,d41 & 0 aft]w>ds 79 #fh7 put to dea? by ,n]o1 own$ a hot spr+ :i* gu%$ up out ( ! sea4 ,?is spr+1 !n1 0 at ,pompeii1 & 0 utiliz$ = ba?s4 ,! inscription is at ! same "t an adv]tisem5t & a sign direct+ p d[n ! ,bay ,road to ! ba? h\se4 ,a g5]al view ( ! ,/reet ( ,tombs is giv5 9 ,plate ,x4 ,x is tak5 f ! high gr\nd beyond ! f\r? gr\p1 z "o looks t[>d ! ,h]culaneum ,gate4 ,! rugg$ mass ( ,monte ,sant' ,angelo looms up 9 ! di/ance2 at ! "r ! trees skirt+ ! edge ( ! excavations =m an effective backgr\nd4 ,! beauty ( ! surr\nd+s1 especially on a summ] morn+1 ! associations ( ! /reet1 its des]t$ appe>ance1 & ! unbrok51 oppressive /illness give rise to m+l$ feel+s ( pleasure & sadness 9 ! visitor4 ,we comm5ce our survey ) ! fir/ gr\p ( tombs at ! left z "o passes out f ! ,h]culaneum ,gate4 ,close by ! gate is ! tomb ( ,c]r9ius ,re/itutus 7#a on ! plan1 left side74 ,x is simply a l[ vault$ ni*e1 hav+ seats at ! sides4 ,aga9/ ! re> wall /ood a m>ble tomb/one1 ) a place = a c>v$ portrait2 9 front ( x 0 a small alt> "u :i* d\btless 0 plac$ ! urn conta9+ ! a%es4 ,bo? alt> & tomb/one 7n[ 9 ! ,naples ,museum7 h ! inscription3 ,m4 ,c]r9ius ,re/itutus1 ,augu/alis1 loc4 d4 d4 d4 7= locus datus decurionum decreto71--',m>cus ,c]r9ius ,re/itutus1 memb] ( ! bro!rhood ( ,augu/us4 ,place ( burial grant$ by vote ( ! city c\ncil4' ,! tomb "h 0 design$ z a /ructure to :i* relatives might repair on anniv]s>y days 9 ord] to make (f]+s to ! dead4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcf4--,sepul*ral b5*es ( ,veius & ,mamia2 tombs ( ,porcius & ! ,i/acidii4 ,! rema9s ( ! o!r tombs 9 ! fir/ gr\p are %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration 7,fig4 #bcf74 ,we notice fir/ two l>ge semicircul> b5*es4 ,t at ! left 7#b on ! plan7 m>ks ! re/+-place ( ,veius4 ,x is ( tufa1 & ne>ly tw5ty feet wide at ! front4 ,! ends are modell$ to repres5t w+$ lion's paws1 ! c>v+ ( :i* is full ( vigor & may be comp>$ ) t ( ! lion's paws 9 ! ,small ,!atre 7,fig4 #gj74 ,! /atue t once /ood at ! re>1 on a high p$e/al1 has disappe>$1 b ! inscription rema9s3 ,a4 ,veio ,m4 f4 ,,ii vir4 i4 d4 it]4 qu9q4 trib4 milit4 ab populo ex d4 d41--',to ! memory ( ,aulus ,veius1 son ( ,m>cus1 twice duumvir ) judici>y au?ority1 qu9qu5nial duumvir1 milit>y tribune by ! *oice ( ! p4 7,erect$7 by ord] ( ! city c\ncil4' ,! city n only gave a burial place1 b built ! tomb z well4 ,! c9]>y urn 0 probably plac$ 9 ! e>? 9 ! n>r[ unwall$ space beh9d ! b5*4 ,?is monum5t 0 int5d$ at ! same "t to d honor to ! dead & r5d] s]vice to ! liv+4 ,"h1 on fea/ days ( ! dead1 relatives c\ld ga!r & p>take ( a commemorative meal2 b at all times ! invit+ seat & conspicu\s /atue s]v$ to ma9ta9 t fri5dly relation ) ! liv+1 ! desire = :i* s (t5 f9ds expression 9 ,roman epitaphs4 ,! portrait & inscription made x seem z if ,veius himself (f]$ a fri5dly greet+ to ^? t pass$ by1 & 0 greet$ by !m 9 turn z !y look$ ^u 8 face & read 8 "n4 ,! o!r b5* 7#d7 0 evid5tly built by ! heirs ( a prie/ess1 ,mamia1 ^u a lot giv5 by ! city4 ,! inscription appe>s 9 l>ge lett]s on ! back ( ! seat3 ,mamiae ,p4 f4 sac]doti publicae2 locus sepulturae datus decurionum decreto1--',to ! memory ( ,mamia1 daught] ( ,publius ,mamius1 prie/ess ( ! city4 ,place ( burial grant$ by ord] ( ! municipal c\ncil4' ,9 ?is in/ance1 also1 ! c9]>y urn 0 probably buri$ 9 ! e>? beh9d ! b5*4 ,a c]ta9 delicacy 9 ! modell+ ( ! lion's paws seems to indicate = ?is monum5t a some:at lat] date ?an t ( ! monum5t to ,veius1--possibly ! end ( ! reign ( ,augu/us1 or ! reign ( ,tib]ius4 ,! date ( erection is n giv5 9 ! case ( any ,pompeian tomb4 ,betwe5 ! two b5*es we see a lava base & ! core ( a sup]/ructure2 !y belong to ! tomb ( ,m>cus ,porcius4 ,! "n is kn[n f a b\nd>y inscription :i* appe>s on two small blocks ( lava at ! corn]s ( ! lot 9 front3 ,m4 ,porci ,m4 f4 ex dec4 decret4 9 frontem p$4 xxv1 9 agrum p$4 xxv1--'7,lot7 ( ,m>cus ,porcius son ( ,m>cus1 grant$ by ord] ( ! city c\ncil2 tw5ty-five feet front1 tw5ty-five feet deep4' ,?is ,porcius may h be5 "o ( ! build]s ( ! ,small ,!atre & ! ,amphi!atre1 or a son ( t ,porcius1 ^: "n appe>s on ! alt> ( ! temple ( ,apollo4 ,! tomb 0 9 ! =m ( an alt>2 ! t]m9al volutes at ! top1 ( trav]t9e1 h be5 pres]v$4 ,! sides 7 ( tufa blocks1 :i* may h be5 c>ri$ (f = build+ purposes aft] ! tomb 0 damag$ by ! e>?quake ( #fc4 ,! int]ior 0 made holl[ to save exp5se2 !re 0 no sepul*ral *amb]1 ! a%es be+ plac$ 9 ! e>? "u ! monum5t4 ,?is tomb is ! olde/ ( ! gr\p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcg4--,! tomb ( ! ,i/acidii1 re/or$4 ,! conspicu\s monum5t ( ! 7#d;a7 /&s beh9d ! tombs ( ,mamia & ,porcius1 at ! left ( ! ,bay ,road4 ,x is rais$ ^u a n>r[ t]race1 enclos$ by a balu/rade ( masonry1 & has ! appe>ance ( a temple1 ) half-columns at ! sides4 ,! rema9s ( ! l[] /ory alone are se5 9 ,fig4 #bcf2 above ?is 0 a circul> /ructure =m$ by columns support+ a ro(1 "u :i* 7 plac$ /atues ( memb]s ( ! family 7,fig4 #bcg74 ,! l[] /ory conta9s a sepul*ral *amb]1 ent]$ by a door at ! re>2 9 ! middle ( ! *amb] is a massive pill> rea*+ to ! vault$ ceil+4 ,! decoration ( ! room is simple1 ( ! ?ird /yle4 ,on "o side is a l>ge ni*e1 = two urns1 ^? ( ! head ( ! family & 8 wife2 ! o!r ?ree sides conta9 t5 small] ni*es4 ,! pr9cipal inscription ( ! tomb has n be5 f\nd1 b a numb] ( names are pres]v$ on ! commemorative /ones set up 9 ! plot ( gr\nd ab\t x4 ,^! /ones are ( a peculi> type1 met ) else:]e only at ,capua & ,sorr5to2 we %all call !m bu/ /ones4 ,! outl9e resembles t ( a human head & neck t]m9at+ bel[ 9 a pill>1 b ! front 0 left smoo?1 & an inscription 0 cut or pa9t$ on ! bu/4 ,diff]5ce ( sex 0 indicat$ by ! treatm5t ( ! hair2 an example maybe se5 9 ,fig4 #bdj4 ,! bu/ /ones ( m5 are g5]ally l>g] ?an ^? ( wom52 ^? ( *ildr5 are /ill small]1 ! size p]haps v>y+ ) ! age4 ,! bu/ /ones "h may ref] to ^? ^: a%es 7 deposit$ 9 urns 9 ! tomb1 or to o!rs ^: urns 7 buri$ 9 ! plot ( gr\nd 9 :i* x /&s4 ,f !m we le>n t ! head ( ! family 0 ,num]ius ,i/acidius1 & t he _h a daught]1 ,i/acidia ,rufilla1 :o 0 a prie/ess4 ,repres5tatives ( two o!r families1 ! ,melissaei & ! ,buccii1 are nam$ on simil> /ones f\nd 9 a plot connect$ ) t ( ! ,i/acidii at ! re>4 ,! ?ree families 7 p]haps closely connect$ by int]m>riage4 ,! bu/ /one ( "o ( ! ,melissaei1 ,gnaeus ,melissaeus ,ap]1 duumvir 9 #c-d ,a4,d41 /ood 9 ! same enclosure ) ^? ( ! ,i/acidii4 ,only "o ( ! n9e tombs 9 ! second gr\p 7#b7 be>s a "n4 ,9 ! case ( two 7#c & #d7 ! sup]/ructure has completely disappe>$1 leav+ only ! lava bases 9 place4 ,ano!r 7#e7 has n be5 excavat$2 ! front ( ! burial lot has be5 cle>$1 b ! monum5t1 ly+ fur!r back1 is /ill cov]$4 ,! fir/ tomb lies 9 ! angle betwe5 ! highway & ! bran* road along ! wall1 :i* 0 evid5tly laid out aft] ! monum5t 0 erect$4 ,x has ! =m ( an alt>1 & mu/ h resembl$ 9 appe>ance ! tomb ( ,porcius on ! opposite side ( ! /reet4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 !re is a sepul*ral *amb] 9 ! base1 ent]$ by a l[1 n>r[ passage1 :i* 0 clos$ until #ahhg by a block ( /one4 ,9 corn]s ( ?is *amb] two c9]>y urns1 9 lead cases1 7 f\nd cov]$ ) e>? & ) ! rema9s ( a fun]al pyre--bits ( wood & iron nails us$ 9 build+ ! pyre1 toge!r ) pieces ( a ri*ly c>v$ ivory casket & brok5 p]fume vials ( t]ra cotta4 ,among ! fragm5ts ( bone 9 ea* urn 0 a co9 ( ,augu/us4 ,?\gh ! a%es ( ! dead 7 "h plac$ 9 a burial vault1 x 0 nev]!less consid]$ important to cov] !m ) e>?4 ,x 0 n ?\ght necess>y1 h[ev]1 to leave ! vault accessible = ! p]=mance ( sacr$ rites 9 honor ( ! dead2 ! entrance1 securely clos$1 0 only to be unseal$ = ! admission ( new urns4 ,! next tomb 7#b7 is ( an entirely diff]5t type f any ( ^? previ\sly describ$4 ,x is an unro($ enclosure1 ent]$ by a door at "o end4 ,z we le>n f ! inscription1 x 0 built 9 honor ( ,t]5tius ,felix by 8 wid[1 ! city furni%+ ! burial lot & a contribution ( two ?\s& se/]ces 7ab\t #ij7 t[>d ! exp5se3 ,t4 ,t]5tio ,t4 f4 ,m54 ,felici maiori a$ili2 huic publice locus datus et ,,hs ,m ,m4 ,fabia ,probi f4 ,sab9a uxor1--',to ! memory ( ,titus ,t]5tius ,felix ! ,eld]1 son ( ,titus1 ( ! tribe ,m55ia1 a$ile4 ,! place ( burial 0 giv5 by ! city1 ) two ?\s& se/]ces4 ,8 wife1 ,fabia ,sab9a1 daught] ( ,fabius ,probus 7built ?is monum5t74' ,pompeians :o 7 ,roman citiz5s 7 enroll$ 9 ! tribe ,m55ia4 ,! c9]>y urn ( ,felix 0 ( glass4 ,x 0 protect$ by a lead case & plac$ 9 an e>!n j>1 :i* 0 buri$ 9 ! e>? "u a small alt> or table ( masonry aga9/ ! wall on ! left z "o ent]s4 ,"h also 0 a tomb/one1 ) ! inscription1 ',to ! eld] ,t]5tius'2 he probably left a son ) ! same "n4 ,9 ! urn1 or ne> x1 7 f\nd two co9s1 "o ( ,augu/us1 ! o!r ( ,claudius1 deposit$ to pay ! f>e ( ,*>on4 ,! "r side ( ! enclosure 0 set (f by a l[ wall2 "h sev]al urns belong+ to o!r memb]s ( ! h\sehold 7 buri$4 ,%ells ( oy/]s & o!r %ellfi% 7 f\nd 9 ! ma9 room1 rema9s ( a banquet 9 honor ( ! dead2 ! libations 7 p\r$ ^u ! e>? above ! urns4 ,! plan ( ?is tomb closely resembles t ( ! enclosure 9 front ( ! ,doric temple 9 ! ,=um ,triangul>e 7p4 #aci74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bch4--,view ( ! ,/reet ( ,tombs4 ,at ! left1 ! ,bay ,road & rema9s ( ! s-call$ villa ( ,cic]o2 at ! "r1 ,g>l& tomb1 f\ndation ( ! tomb ( ! ,blue ,glass ,vase1 & semicircul> ni*e4 ,( ! rema9+ tombs ( ! second gr\p1 two are prom95t1 & may readily be di/+ui%$ 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration 7,fig4 #bch71 ! s-call$ ,g>l& tomb 7#f on ! plan71 & ! ro($ semicircul> ni*e at ! end 7#i74 ,! ,g>l& tomb has ! %ape ( a temple1 ) pila/]s in/ead ( columns1 betwe5 :i* hang fe/oons ( leaves & fl[]s4 ,x is solid2 ! c9]>y urn 0 probably plac$ und]nea?4 ,! =m ( ! second /ory _c be det]m9$4 ,! mat]ial is tufa1 coat$ ) :ite /ucco1 & ! monum5t is "o ( ! olde/ 9 ! s]ies1 dat+ f ! end ( ! ,republic4 ,adjo9+ ! ,g>l& tomb is a simple sepul*ral enclosure 7#g7 ) an entrance f ! /reet4 ,betwe5 ?is & ! ro($ ni*e we see 9 ,fig4 #bch ! lime/one base ( a tomb1 l ^? se5 9 ,plate ,x1 at ! "r2 ! alt>-%ap$ sup]/ructure has disappe>$ 7#h74 ,?is is call$ ! tomb ( ! ,blue ,glass ,vase4 ,! base conta9s a sepul*ral *amb]1 ent]$ by a door at ! re>4 ,"h ?ree urns1 two ( glass & "o ( t]ra cotta1 7 f\nd1 /&+ 9 ni*es4 ,on ! floor 7 sev]al /atuettes1 a c\ple ( small figures ( animals1 & a mask ) a ,phrygian cap1--all ( t]ra cotta4 ,9 beauty ( mat]ial1 h>mony ( design1 & skill ( workman%ip1 "o ( ! glass urns1 :i* gave ! "n to ! tomb & is n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,naples ,museum1 ranks ) ! f9e/ examples ( its class 9 ! _w4 ,among specim5s ( anci5t glass x /&s second only to ! fam\s ,portl& vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i* 0 f\nd 9 a tomb ne> ,rome4 ,! urn has ! =m ( an amphora2 ! support se5 at ! bottom 7,fig4 #bci7 is mod]n4 ,x is decorat$ ) reliefs cut 9 a lay] ( pure :ite on a backgr\nd ( d>k blue4 ,ne> ! bottom is a n>r[ b&1 %[+ goats & %eep 9 pa/ure4 ,re/+ on ?is are two bac*ic masks1 on opposite sides ( ! vase2 v9es lad5 ) clu/]s rise 9 graceful arabesques above ! masks1 divid+ ! body ( ! vase into two fields1 :i* pres5t sc5es f ! v9tage4 ,"o ( ^! sc5es is reproduc$ 9 ,fig4 #bci4 ,! v9tage is int]pret$ z a fe/ival ( ,bac*us4 ,above is a fe/oon ( fruits & fl[]s4 ,at ! sides are two boys on elevat$ seats1 "o play+ ! d\ble flute1 ! o!r hold+ a ,pan's pipe 9 8 h&s1 ready to take 8 turn2 ! grapes are ga!r$ & press$ to an accompanim5t ( ,bac*ic airs1 ! two play]s foll[+ ea* o!r ) alt]nate /ra9s4 ,a ?ird boy1 tread+ ! grapes 9 a r\nd vat1 %akes ! ?yrsus 9 honor ( ! ,w9e-god1 :ile a companion empties 9 fre% bun*es4 ,! sc5e is full ( action2 no reproduction c d ju/ice to ! delicacy & f9i% ( ! orig9al4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bci4--;,glass vase ) v9tage sc5e1 f\nd 9 ! tomb ( ! ,blue ,glass ,vase4 ,a b5* ( masonry runs along ! inn] wall ( ! semicircul> ni*e 7#i71 :i* is cov]$ by a ro( 9 ! =m ( a half dome & op5s ^u ! /reet z d ! l>ge unro($ monum5ts ( ,veius & ,mamia4 ,a blank m>ble tablet 0 plac$ 9 ! gable2 ! build] ( ! monum5t1 :o 0 d\btless liv+ at ! "t ( ! eruption1 pref]r$ to leave x to 8 heirs to add ! memorial inscription1 b ! disa/] int]f]$ ) ! fulfilm5t ( 8 wi%es4 ,x 0 probably int5d$ to bury ! c9]>y urn ei!r 9 ! floor ( ! ni*e or 9 ! gr\nd at ! re>4 ,! effect ( ! d\ble s]ies ( pila/]s at ! corn]s1 plac$ "o ^u ! o!r )\t an int]v5+ entablature1 & ( ! fanta/ic /ucco decoration ( ! gable1 is n unpleas+1 al?\gh ! designs are f> f classical2 ! tiles %[n 9 ! illu/ration are mod]n4 ,! inn] wall is pa9t$ 9 r$ & black panels2 ! vault$ ceil+1 f :i* ! /ucco has n[ fall51 0 m\ld$ to repres5t a %ell4 ,bo? ! ni*e & ! tomb ( ! ,blue ,glass ,vase seem to h belong$ to ! adjo9+ villa4 ,! /ucco decoration ( ! villa 9 its ma9 features is id5tical ) t ( ! ni*e2 & ! plot ( gr\nd beh9d ! tombs is connect$ by a gateway ) a g>d5 ( ! villa 7#ab on ! plan71 :i* 0 too ri*ly adorn$ to h be5 int5d$ = ! use ( ! occupants ( ! inn4 ,9 ! middle ( ! g>d5 0 a pavilion support$ by f\r mosaic columns 7n[ 9 ! ,naples ,museum71 simil> to t 9 ! g>d5 ( ! villa ( ,diom$es1 & to o!rs belong+ to city h\ses4 ,a mosaic f\nta9 ni*e 0 made 9 ! re> wall fac+ ! entrance f ! /reet1 & 9 two corn]s 7 %ort columns on :i* 7 plac$ small figures1--on "o a boy ) a h>e1 9 m>ble1 on ! o!r a frog ( glaz$ t]ra cotta4 ,nev]!less1 ! g>d5 seems to possess a di/9ctly sepul*ral "*4 ,besides ! entrances f ! tombs & f ! /reet1 !re 0 a ?ird1 :i* l$ into a c\rt ( ! villa1 ) :i* ! p]i/yle & liv+ rooms 7 connect$ by a passageway2 9 ! corn] ( ! c\rt ne>e/ ! g>d51 & fac+ ! entrance f ! /reet 7#ae71 0 an elaborate dome/ic %r9e1 d$icat$1 z %[n by ! symbolical decoration1 to ,apollo1 ,bac*us1 ,h]cules1 & ,m]cury4 ,! relation ( ! g>d5 ) ! liv+ rooms ( ! villa 0 only indirect2 & we conclude t x 0 int5d$ = ga!r+s & sacr$ rites 9 honor ( ! dead4 ,relatives c\ld p>take ( ! sepul*ral banquet "u ! pavilion4 ,! tombs ( ! ?ird gr\p1 z may be se5 f ,plate ,x1 =m a /ately s]ies4 ,! prevail+ type is t :i* 0 9 vogue at ! "t ( ! de/ruction ( ! city--a high base1 ) m>ble /eps at ! top lead+ up to a massive sup]/ructure 9 ! =m ( an alt>1 fac$ ) m>ble4 ,! burial plot 0 enclos$ by a l[ wall4 ,9 ! base ( ! tomb 0 a sepul*ral *amb]1 ent]$ by a door 9 ! re> or at "o side2 x 0 n[ ! cu/om = relatives to ent] ! burial vault :5 !y wi%$ to p\r libations on ! a%es4 ,! fir/ ( ! s]ies 7#af on ! plan1 se5 9 ,plate ,x next to ! cypress7 0 unf9i%$ at ! "t ( ! eruption4 ,"p ( ! m>ble v5e]+ _h n yet be5 add$1 ! walls ( ! sepul*ral *amb] 7 9 ! r\gh1 & !re 7 no urns 9 ! five ni*es design$ = _! reception4 ,9 ! burial plot surr\nd+ ! tomb1 h[ev]1 a m>ble bu/ /one 0 f\nd 7,fig4 #bdj7 ) ! inscription1 ,iunoni ,ty*es ,iuliae ,augu/ae ,v5]iae1--',to ! ,g5ius ( ,ty*e1 slave ( ,julia ,augu/a1--( ! cult ( ,v5us4' ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdj4--;,bu/ ,/one ( ,ty*e1 slave ( ,julia ,augu/a4 ,! ref]5ce is pla9ly to a female slave ( ,livia1 ! wife ( ,augu/us2 h[ h] a%es came to be deposit$ "h x is n wor? :ile1 9 default ( in=mation1 to conjecture4 ,9 sepul*ral inscriptions ( wom5 ,iunoni sometimes takes ! place ( g5io 9 m5's epitaphs4 ,ty*e 0 seem+ly a memb] ( a si/]hood = ! wor%ip ( ,v5us1 to :i*1 z to ! organization ( ! ',s]vants ( ,m]cury & ,maia1' & ( ! ',s]vants ( ,=tuna ,augu/a1' slaves 7 admitt$4 ,! tomb ( ,umbricius ,scaurus 7#ag7 is conspicu\s by reason ( its size & notewor?y on acc\nt ( its decoration4 ,! inscription on ! front ( ! alt>-%ap$ sup]/ructure gives int]e/+ details 9 reg>d to ! man ! memory ( :om is "h p]petuat$3 ,a4 ,umbricio ,a4 f4 ,m54 ,scauro1 ,,ii vir i4 d42 huic decuriones locum monumento et ,,hs ,m ,m 9 fun]e et /atuam eque/rem 9 foro pon5dam c5su]unt4 ,scaurus pat] filio1--',to ! memory ( ,aulus ,umbricius ,scaurus son ( ,aulus1 ( ! tribe ,m55ia1 duumvir ) judici>y au?ority4 ,! city c\ncil vot$ ! place = a monum5t to ?is man & two ?\s& se/]ces t[>d ! co/ ( ! fun]al2 !y vot$ also t an eque/rian /atue 9 8 honor %\ld be set up 9 ! ,=um4 ,scaurus ! fa!r to ! memory ( 8 son4' ,:y ^! honors 7 conf]r$ ^u ,scaurus1 :o probably became a duumvir e>ly 9 life & di$ soon aft] 8 t]m ( (fice1 is n cle>4 ,! upp] "p ( ! base ( ! tomb 9 front 0 adorn$ ) /ucco reliefs--n[ = ! mo/ "p gone--9 :i* gladiatorial combats & a v5atio 7 depict$2 b a pa9t$ inscription along ! edge ( "o ( ! sc5es indicates t ! %[ ?us commemorat$ 0 giv5 by ano!r man1 ,n4 ,fi/ius ,ampliatus2 ,mun]e ,n4 ,fisti ,ampliati die summo4 ,p]haps ! la/ two words mean t 'on ! la/ day' ! y\ng] ,scaurus1 a relative or fri5d ( ,ampliatus1 %>$ ! co/ ( ! exhibition "u "s su* arrangem5t z t betwe5 ,lucretius ,val5s & 8 son 7p4 #bbb74 ,if ?is be ! correct explanation1 x is evid5t t ,scaurus c\ld h giv5 no %[s 9 ! ,amphi!atre dur+ 8 duumvirate1 else ! fa!r w\ld h tak5 pa9s to m5tion ! fact 9 ! inscription4 ,8 t]m ( (fice may h come aft] ! ye> #ei1 :5 su* exhibitions 7 prohibit$ at ,pompeii = t5 ye>s 7p4 #bbj74 ,! gladiatorial sc5es1 if space p]mitt$1 w\ld m]it a detail$ pres5tation--!y are s full ( human int]e/4 ,two gladiators are fight+ on horseback1 ! re/ on foot4 ,! vanqui%$ ) uplift$ ?umbs are mutely begg+ = m]cy4 ,! plea ( "s ( !m is he$$ by ! populace2 9 o!r gr\ps we see ! victor prep>+ to give ! dea? ?ru/4 ,beside ea* gladiator 0 pa9t$ 8 "n1 s*ool1 & numb] ( previ\s combats1 z 9 a programme2 & lett]s 7 add$ to give ! result ( ?is fight4 ,"o combatant1 :o 0 beat5 & yet by ! vote ( ! audi5ce p]mitt$ to live1 di$ on ! s& f 8 w\nds4 ,we see him re/+ on "o knee1 fa9t f loss ( blood2 ! lett] ,m beside 8 "n1 = missus1 is foll[$ by ! dea? sign ,!ta1 ! fir/ lett] ( ! ,greek ^w = dea?1 ,greek3 ,,?anatos4 ,! animals %[n 9 ! v5atio are ma9ly wild bo>s & be>s1 b we recognize also a lion & a bull4 ,lions 7 d\btless mu* m r>ely se5 9 su* exhibitions at ,pompeii ?an at ,rome4 ,z m att5tion came to be giv5 to ! outw>d appe>ance ( tombs1 less 0 be/[$ ^u ! adornm5t ( ! sepul*ral *amb]4 ,s 9 ! tomb ( ,scaurus ! burial vault is l[1 cramp$1 & ) pla9 :ite walls4 ,a massive pill>1 z 9 ! tomb ( ! ,i/acidii1 supports ! vault$ ceil+4 ,x is pi]c$ by two op5+s1 =m+ f\r ni*es1 two on ea* side4 ,?ree ( ^!1 :5 ! tomb 0 op5$1 7 clos$ by panes ( glass1 & !re 7 traces ( a curta9 t hung ov] ! "o opposite ! entrance4 ,!re 7 f\rte5 o!r ni*es 9 ! walls at ! sides4 ,no "n is associat$ ) ! ?ird tomb 7#ah on ! plan7 :i*1 z %[n by ,plate ,x1 is simply a l>ge cyl9d] ( masonry1 ! top ( :i* probably _h ! %ape ( a truncat$ cone2 ! mat]ial is brick1 ) a fac+ ( :ite /ucco l9$ (f to give ! appe>ance ( blocks ( m>ble4 ,! base is squ>e2 ! enclos+ wall is adorn$ ) m9iature t[]s4 ,! /ructure illu/rates 9 its simple/ =m ! type ( ! massive tomb1 or mausoleum1 f\nd at ,rome2 we are at once rem9d$ ( ! impos+ monum5t ( ,caecilia ,metella on ! ,appian ,way1 & ( ,hadrian's ,mausoleum 9 ! city4 ,a blank tablet 0 plac$ by ! build] on ! front ( ! enclos+ wall to receive an inscription aft] 8 dea?4 ,! heirs1 h[ev]1 pref]r$ to put ! memorial on ! tomb itself1 :]e ! place ( an inscription is pla9ly se51 ! slab itself hav+ disappe>$4 ,! sepul*ral *amb] is 9 ! sup]/ructure2 x 0 decorat$ ) simple designs 9 ! f\r? /yle on a :ite gr\nd4 ,!re 7 only ?ree ni*es1 p]haps = fa!r1 "m1 & *ild2 ! urns 7 let into ! bottoms ( ! ni*es1 z (t5 9 ! ,roman columb>ia4 ,"o ( ! m9iature t[]s on ! enclos+ wall is ornam5t$ ) a relief pres5t+ a s+ul> design2 a woman 9 m\rn+ habit is lay+ a fillet on a skeleton recl9+ on a heap ( /ones 7,fig4 #bda74 ,! sc5e may be int]pret$ z symboliz+ ! grief ( a "m = a dead son4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x4--,,! ,,/reet ,,( ,,tombs1 ,,look+ ,,t[>d ,,! ,,h]culaneum ,,gate ,!re is only a simple bu/ /one 9 ! burial lot 7#ai7 beyond ! r\nd monum5t4 ,next comes ! beautiful tomb ( ,calv5tius ,quietus 7#bj71 :i* may be se5 9 ,plate ,x1 z well z ! tomb ( ,naevoleia ,ty*e 7#bb2 fur!r to ! "r74 ,betwe5 ^! two is a wall$ enclosure 7#ba7 )\t a door1 9 :i* are ?ree bu/ /ones4 ,! l>ge/ /one be>s ! "n ,n4 ,i/acidius ,hel5us2 9 front ( "o ( ! o!rs a small j> 0 set to receive (f]+s = ! dead4 ,on ! front ( ! enclos+ wall is a tablet on :i* ! names ( ,n4 ,i/acidius ,janu>ius & ( ,mesonia ,satulla appe> ) t ( ,hel5us2 !y 7 all fre$m5 ( ! ,i/acidii 7p4 #dab74 ,! monum5ts ( ,quietus & ( ,ty*e are ! f9e/ examples ( ! alt> type at ,pompeii4 ,bo? are ornam5t$ 9 good ta/e1 b ! c>v+s ( ! =m] are m delicate1 :ile ! motives ( ! latt] are m elaborate4 ,quietus 0 a man ( "s prom95ce1 z we see f ! epitaph3 ,c4 ,calv5tio ,quieto ,augu/ali2 huic ob munific5tiam decurionum decreto et populi consensu bisellii honor datus e/1--',to ! memory ( ,gaius ,calv5tius ,quietus1 memb] ( ! ,bro!rhood ( ,augu/us4 ,on acc\nt ( 8 g5]osity ! honor ( a seat ( d\ble wid? 0 conf]r$ ^u him by ! vote ( ! city c\ncil & ! approval ( ! p4' ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bda4--,relief1 symbolic ( grief = ! dead4 ,at ! ,!atre & ! ,amphi!atre1 ,quietus _h ! privilege ( sitt+ on a bisellium1 z if he 7 a memb] ( ! city c\ncil4 ,bel[ ! inscription is a repres5tation ( ! 'seat ( d\ble wid?1' %[n 9 ,fig4 #bdb4 ,! squ>e foot/ool at ! middle implies t ! seat 0 int5d$ = a s+le p]son4 ,! ends ( ! tomb 7 ornam5t$ ) f9ely c>v$ reliefs ( ! civic cr[n1 :i* 0 made ( oak leaves & aw>d$ to ^? :o _h sav$ ! life ( a ,roman citiz5 7,fig4 #bdc74 ,z ! inscription does n record any de$ ( valor1 x may be t ! cr[n is us$ "h m]ely z a decorative device4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdb4--;,front ( ! tomb ( ,calv5tius ,quietus1 ) bisellium4 ,?\gh ! monum5t ( ,quietus 0 built 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! city1 :5 su* /ructures 7 g5]ally provid$ ) sepul*ral *amb]s1 x has no burial vault1 & ! enclos+ wall is )\t a door4 ,x is p]haps a c5otaph1 a monum5t erect$ 9 honor ( a man ^: rema9s 7 int]r$ else:]e2 x is also possible t ,quietus _h no relatives :o wi%$ to h an accessible sepul*ral *amb] 9 ord] to make libations to 8 a%es1 & t = ?is reason ! monum5t 0 made solid1 ! urn be+ buri$ 9 ! e>? und]nea?4 ,! small turrets on ! enclos+ wall 7 adorn$ ) reliefs2 among !m ,o$ipus solv+ ! riddle ( ! ,sph9x1 & ,!seus aft] ! slaught] ( ! ,m9otaur4 ,! sugge/ion is obvi\s3 he :o is commemorat$ "h _h solv$ ! riddle ( exi/5ce1 _h f\nd an exit f ! labyr9? ( life4 ,ar\nd ! front & sides ( ! tomb ( ,naevoleia ,ty*e runs a bord] ( acan?us arabesques1 =m+ panels 9 :i* reliefs are plac$4 ,! bord] 9 front is int]rupt$ at ! middle ( ! upp] side by ! portrait ( ,ty*e2 ! l[] half ( ! panel is devot$ to a c]emonial sc5e 9 :i* (f]+s appe> to be made to ! dead1 :ile 9 ! upp] half1 "u ! portrait1 we read ! inscription3 ,naevoleia ,l4 liberta ,ty*e sibi et ,c4 ,munatio ,fau/o ,augu/ali et pagano1 cui decuriones cons5su populi bisellium ob m]ita eius decrev]unt4 ,hoc monim5tum ,naevoleia ,ty*e lib]tis suis lib]tabusque et ,c4 ,munati ,fau/i viva fecit1--',naevoleia ,ty*e1 fre$woman ( ,lucius ,naevoleius1 = h]self & = ,gaius ,munatius ,fau/us1 memb] ( ! ,bro!rhood ( ,augu/us & suburban (ficial1 to :om on acc\nt ( 8 di/+ui%$ s]vices ! city c\ncil1 ) ! approval ( ! p1 grant$ a seat ( d\ble wid?4 ,?is monum5t ,naevoleia ,ty*e built 9 h] lifetime also = ! fre$m5 & fre$wom5 ( h]self & ( ,gaius ,munatius ,fau/us1' :o 0 seem+ly h] husb&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdc4--;,end ( ! tomb ( ,naevoleia ,ty*e1 ) relief ( a %ip ent]+ port2 beyond1 end ( ! tomb ( ,calv5tius ,quietus1 ) ! civic cr[n4 ,! bisellium ( ,fau/us is %[n 9 "o ( ! end panels2 9 ! o!r we see a %ip sail+ into port 7,fig4 #bdc74 ,! c>v+ ( ! relief is bold1 ?\gh crude2 we see ! sailors furl+ ! sail1 z ! vessel glides into /ill wat]4 ,! sc5e is symbolical ( dea?1--! entrance ( ! s\l aft] ! /orms ( life into a hav5 ( re/4 ,! ?\ght is express$ by ,cic]o ) deep feel+ 9 8 essay on ,old ,age3 ',z = myself1 ,i f9d ! rip5+ ( life truly agreeable2 ! ne>] ,i come to ! "t ( dea?1 ! m ,i feel l "o :o beg9s to see l& & kn[s t sometime he w ent] ! h>bor aft] ! long voyage4' ,! sepul*ral *amb] ( ?is tomb has a l>ge ni*e opposite ! entrance2 ! urn /&+ 9 x app>5tly conta9$ ! c9]>y rema9s ( two p]sons1 ,ty*e & ,fau/us4 ,o!r urns 7 f\nd 9 ! small] ni*es 9 ! walls & on ! b5* ( masonry along ! sides4 ,?ree 7 ( glass1 protect$ by lead cases2 "o ( !m is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bdd4 ,!y conta9$ a%es & fragm5ts ( bone1 ) rema9s ( a liquid mixture1 :i* 0 %[n by *emical analysis to h consi/$ ( wat]1 w9e1 & oil4 ,lamps 7 f\nd on ! b5*1 "o = ea* urn1 & !re 7 o!rs 9 a corn]2 !y 7 us$ on anniv]s>y days to light ! *amb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdd4--;,c9]>y urn 9 lead case4 ,! la/ monum5t consi/s ( a wall$ enclosure1 ) a table & c\*es ( masonry l ^? (t5 f\nd 9 ! g>d5s ( private h\ses 7,fig4 #bde74 ,9 front ( ! table is a small r\nd alt> = libations4 ,?is 0 a place = banquets 9 honor ( ! dead1 tricl9ium funebre2 a tomb design$ to s]ve ! conv5i5ce ( ! liv+1 l ! ni*e ( ,c]r9ius ,re/itutus & ! b5*es ( ,veius & ,mamia4 ,! walls 7 pa9t$ 9 ! la/ /yle4 ,ov] ! entrance 9 front we read3 ,cn4 ,vibrio ,q4 f4 ,fal4 ,saturn9o ,calli/us lib41--',to ! memory ( ,gnaeus ,vibrius ,saturn9us son ( ,qu9tus1 ( ! tribe ,fal]na2 erect$ by 8 fre$man ,calli/us4' ,z ,saturn9us did n belong to ! tribe ,m55ia1 he 0 v likely n a native ( ,pompeii4 ,8 a%es 7 probably plac$ 9 an urn & buri$ 9 ! e>? betwe5 ! alt> & ! entrance4 ,!re is e reason to suppose t ! s]ies ( tombs on ! s\? side ( ! highway is cont9u$ beyond ! villa ( ,diom$es2 b x has n yet be5 f\nd possible to c>ry ! excavations fur!r 9 t direction4 ,! tombs ( ! f\r? gr\p pres5t no new types ( design or con/ruction4 ,sev]al ( !m are ( int]e/1 h[ev]1 on acc\nt ( peculi>ities ( arrangem5t4 ,at ! "t ( ! eruption two ( ! monum5ts 7#cc1 #ce7 7 9 process ( build+2 x is impossible to tell :at =m !y 7 to h4 ,a ?ird 7#cf7 _h be5 comm5c$ on a l>ge scale1 b app>5tly ! money ( ! heirs gave out1 & little pyramids 7 set up at ! corn]s ( ! wall$ enclosure1 ! urns be+ buri$ 9 ! e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bde4--,sepul*ral enclosure ) tricl9ium funebre4 ,two ( ! monum5ts 7 erect$ = *ildr5 7#dj1 #da74 ,!y /& ne> toge!r on ! high gr\nd 9 ! angle =m$ by ! ,vesuvius ,road4 ,!y are small vault$ ni*es1 ornam5t$ ) reliefs 9 :ite /ucco1 mo/ ( :i* has fall5 (f4 ,! urn 9 ea* 0 plac$ 9 ! e>? "u ! bottom ( ! ni*e1 ) a small pipe tile lead+ to ! surface1 ?r\gh :i* libations c\ld be p\r$ d[n ^u x4 ,a tablet is set 9 ! su/a9+ wall at ! side ( ! /reet bel[ ! l>g] ni*e 7#da71 ) ! simple inscription1 ,n4 ,velasio ,grato1 vixx ann4 ,,xii1--',to ! memory ( ,num]ius ,velasius ,gratus1 :o liv$ twelve ye>s4' ,! inscription belong+ to ! o!r ni*e 0 ev5 m simple1 giv+ no fir/ "n3 ,salvius pu] vixit annis ,,vi1--',! boy ,salvius liv$ six ye>s4' ,"o tomb 7#cd7 is notewor?y on acc\nt ( its door4 ,?is has ! appe>ance ( a d\ble door1 b x is made ( a s+le slab ( m>ble1 & sw+s1 l an ord9>y ,roman door1 by means ( pivots :i* are fitt$ into sockets 9 ! ?re%old & l9tel4 ,x 0 also provid$ ) a lock4 ,! ext]ior ( ! tomb 0 unf9i%$2 ! reticulate masonry /ill lack$ its fac+ ( m co/ly mat]ial4 ,! sepul*ral *amb]1 h[ev]1 conta9$ sev]al c9]>y urns2 "o ( !m1 ( alaba/]1 0 9 a l>ge ni*e fac+ ! entrance1 & a gold seal r+1 ) ! figure ( a de] 9 an intaglio1 0 f\nd 9 x among ! a%es & fragm5ts ( bone4 ,!re 7 also sev]al lamps1 a small alt> ( t]ra cotta1 & a few glass p]fume vials4 ,two amphorae1 ( ! sort us$ = w9e1 /ood aga9/ ! sides ( ! *amb]2 su* 7 sometimes utiliz$ z repositories = a%es4 ,"o ( ! volutes ( ! well pres]v$ lime/one tomb ( ,m4 ,alleius ,luccius ,libella 7#cg7 is se5 9 ,plate ,x4 ,! monum5t has ! %ape ( an alt>1 & is app>5tly solid4 ,x 0 erect$ by ! wid[1 ,alleia ,decimilla1 prie/ess ( ,c]es1 9 memory ( h] husb&1 :o 0 duumvir 9 #bf ,a4,d41 & ( a son ( ! same "n1 :o 0 a memb] ( ! city c\ncil & di$ 9 8 eighte5? ye>4 ,! burial plot 0 giv5 by ! city4 ,z no op5+ 0 left 9 ! monum5t1 ,decimilla evid5tly plann$ to h h] a%es deposit$ 9 ano!r tomb1 p]haps t ( h] fa!r's family4 ,! rema9+ f\r tombs are ( ! same type2 ! idea is t ( a temple1 ! column> con/ruction be+ sugge/$ n by project+ half-columns1 z 9 ! tomb ( ! ,i/acidii1 b by m or less prom95t pila/]s at ! corn]s & on ! sides4 ,two ( ! tombs 7#ch & #ci7 /& :]e ! tongue ( l& betwe5 ! highway & ! ,vesuvius ,road beg9s to desc5d to ! level ( ! pavem5t4 ,! rema9s ( ! tomb ( ,ceius ,labeo 7#ch7 are %[n 9 ,plate ,x 79 ! =egr\nd1 at ! left74 ,! appe>ance ( ?is monum5t 0 some:at l t ( ! ,i/acidii2 !re 0 a second /ory1 ! ro( ( :i* 0 support$ entirely by columns2 betwe5 ^!1 /atues ( memb]s ( ! family 7 plac$1 ( bo? m5 & wom51 "s ( m>ble1 o!rs ( tufa coat$ ) /ucco4 ,! base 0 ornam5t$ ) /ucco reliefs1 :i* h almo/ entirely disappe>$2 above1 9 front1 7 two portrait m$allions4 ,! l>ge sepul*ral *amb] c be se5 9 ! plate4 ,! floor 0 m ?an six feet bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,a vault$ ni*e 9 ! re> wall 0 connect$ ) ! outside by means ( a small op5+ at ! top1 ?r\gh :i* libations c\ld be p\r$ or (f]+s dropp$ ^u ! urn bel[4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ! monum5t 0 f\nd ! inscription3 ,l4 ,ceio ,l4 f4 ,m54 ,labeoni it]um d4 v4 i4 d4 qu9qu5nali ,m5oma*us lib]tus1--',to ! memory ( ,lucius ,ceius ,labeo son ( ,lucius1 ( ! tribe ,m55ia1 twice duumvir ) judici>y au?ority1 also qu9qu5nial duumvir2 erect$ by 8 fre$man1 ,m5oma*us4' ,!re 7 bu/ /ones 9 ! plot belong+ to ?is monum5t1 & also ab\t ! adjo9+ tomb 7#ci72 ! names ( ^? ^: a%es 7 deposit$ "u ! /ones1 9 "p1 at lea/1 seem to h be5 pa9t$ ^u ! base ( ,labeo's tomb1 b !y 7 illegible at ! "t ( excavation4 ,! adjo9+ tomb 7#ci7 is )\t a "n1 b 0 built aft] t erect$ 9 honor ( ,labeo4 ,! tombs at ! end ( ! f\r? gr\p 7#db1 #dc7 belong to "o h\sehold4 ,9 ! su/a9+ wall along ! highway a sepul*ral tablet ( tufa is se5 ) ! inscription3 ,arriae ,m4 f4 ,diom$es lib]tus sibi suis1--',diom$es1 a fre$man1 = ,arria1 daught] ( ,m>cus ,arrius1 = himself & = 8 family4' ,on ! elevation directly above is 8 tomb1 ! end ( :i* is se5 9 ,plate ,x 79 ! =egr\nd74 ,x be>s ! inscription3 ,m4 ,arrius ,c4 l4 ,diom$es sibi suis memoriae1 magi/] pagi ,augu/i ,felicis suburbani1--',m>cus ,arrius ,diom$es1 fre$man ( ,arria1 magi/rate ( ! suburb ,pagus ,augu/us ,felix1 9 memory ( himself & 8 family4' ,! abbreviation ,c4 l4 takes ! place ( ,gaiae lib]tus1 'fre$man ( ,gaia1' ! lett] ,c1 :i* /&s = ,gaius1 be+ rev]s$2 ,gaia is us$1 z 9 legal =mulas1 to %[ t ! p]son ref]r$ to is a woman4 ,! slave ,diom$es1 aft] receiv+ 8 fre$om1 0 entitl$ to ! use ( ! family "n1 & 0 kn[n z ,m>cus ,arrius ,diom$es4 ,8 mi/ress1 z ,roman ladies g5]ally1 0 call$ n by a fir/ "n1 b by ! fem99e =m ( ! family "n1 ,arria1 :i* 0 z pla9ly sugge/$ to a ,roman read+ ! "n ,arrius foll[$ by ! symbol z if x _h be5 writt5 9 full4 ,on ! front ( ! tomb we obs]ve 9 /ucco relief two bundles ( rods1 fasces1 ) axes1 hav+ ref]5ce to ! (ficial position ( ,diom$es z a magi/rate ( a suburb4 ,! axes are q out ( place4 ,suburban (fic]s did n h ! 'p[] ( life & dea?'2 ! lictors ( su* magi/rates c>ri$ bundles ( rods )\t axes4 ,! va9 display ( au?ority rem9ds "o ( ! pomp\s petty (ficial held up to ridicule by ,horace 9 8 ,j\rney to ,brundisium2 x sugge/s also ! rods & axes pa9t$ on ! po/s at ! entrance ( ! d9+ room ( ,trimal*io1 9 ,petronius's novel4 ,! tomb 0 con/ruct$ )\t a burial vault1 b !re 7 two bu/ /ones ne> by ) names ( fre$m5 ( ,diom$es4 ,! monum5t to ,arria 7#dc7 lies fur!r back2 x fronts on ! ,vesuvius ,road4 ,diom$es f\nd a way to reconcile happily 8 own love ( display ) 8 duty to 8 =m] mi/ress2 he built a l>g] monum5t = h]1 b *ose = 8 own ! m conspicu\s position4 ,! small sepul*ral *amb] ( ,arria's tomb conta9$ no?+ ( int]e/ & is n[ wall$ up4 ,,*apt] ,,li ,,burial ,,places ,,ne> ,,! ,,nola1 ,,/abian1 ,,& ,,noc]a ,,gates ,no "p ( ! highway lead+ f ! ,nola ,gate has yet be5 excavat$4 ,9 ! ye> #ahed1 h[ev]1 excavations 7 made = a %ort di/ance along ! city wall ne> ?is gate1 & ?irty-six c9]>y urns 7 f\nd buri$ 9 ! e>?4 ,9 or ne> !m 7 p]fume vials ( t]ra cotta ) a few ( glass4 ,"h 9 ! pom]ium1 ! /rip ( l& along ! outside ( ! walls1 :i* 0 left vacant = religi\s z well z practical reasons1 ! poor 7 p]mitt$ to bury ! a%es ( _! dead )\t co/4 ,9 "s cases ! place ( ! urn 0 indicat$ by a bu/ /one2 (t5 ! spot 0 kept 9 memory m]ely by cutt+ ^u ! outside ( ! city wall ! "n ( ! p]son ^: a%es re/$ "h4 ,!re 0 ano!r cemet]y ( ! poor a %ort di/ance s\?we/ ( ! ,amphi!atre1 s\? ( ! mod]n highway4 ,x lay along a road :i* bran*$ (f f ! highway lead+ to ,/abiae & ran ea/ 9 ! direction ( ,noc]a4 ,sepul*ral rema9s 7 f\nd "h 9 #agee-eg1 & aga9 9 #ahic-id1 :5 fur!r explorations 7 made4 ,!y consi/ ( c9]>y urns1 buri$ 9 ! e>?1 ) small glass p]fume vials 9 or ne> !m1 & a bu/ /one to m>k ! spot4 ,a few ( ! /ones are ( m>ble & be> a "n2 ! great majority are r\ghly c>v$ out ( blocks ( lava1 & if a "n 0 pa9t$ on ! front x has disappe>$4 ,( special significance1 9 connection ) ^! burial places1 is ! arrangem5t = mak+ (f]+s to ! dead4 ,9 ord] t libations might be p\r$ directly ^u ! c9]>y urns1 ^! 7 connect$ ) ! surface ( ! gr\nd by means ( tubes4 ,9 "o in/ance a lead pipe ran f above into an op5+ made = x 9 ! top ( ! lead case inclos+ an urn4 ,m (t5 ! connection 0 made by means ( r\nd tiles2 9 ! case ( "o urn1 ?ree tiles 7 jo9$ toge!r1 mak+ a tube five feet long4 ,! upp] end ( ! libation tube did n project f ! gr\nd1 b 0 plac$ j bel[ ! surface & cov]$ ) a flat /one2 ov] ?is 0 a ?9 lay] ( e>?1 :i* ! relatives w\ld remove on ! fea/ days ( ! dead4 ,pagan antiquity 0 nev] able to dissociate ! _s ( ! dead f ! place ( int]m5t2 ! wor%ip ( ance/ors 0 9 no small degree ! product ( local associations4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ^! rema9s is a sepul*ral monum5t ( mode/ dim5sions1 :i*1 z we le>n f ! tablet ov] ! entrance1 0 erect$ by ,m>cus ,petasius ,dasius 9 memory ( 8 two sons1 ,sev]us & ,communis1 & ( a fre$woman nam$ ,vitalis4 ,!re 0 no floor 9 ! burial *amb]2 ! urns 7 plac$ 9 ! e>? & m>k$ by bu/ /ones1 among :i* 0 "o set up = ,dasius himself1 ) ! initials ,m4 ,p4 ,d4 ,! ,/abian ,road has be5 excavat$ = b a %ort di/ance ne> ! gate4 ,! only monum5ts completely cle>$ are two l>ge1 semicircul> b5*es1 l ^? ( ,veius & ,mamia 7p4 #dji74 ,at ! re> ( ea* is a small sepul*ral enclosure 9 :i* ! urns 7 buri$4 ,! memorial tablet belong+ to ! monum5t ne>e/ ! gate has disappe>$1 b two b\nd>y /ones at ! corn]s ( ! lot be> ! inscription3 ,m4 ,tullio ,m4 f4 ex decurionum decreto1--',to ,m>cus ,tullius son ( ,m>cus1 9 accordance ) a vote ( ! city c\ncil4' ,! ,tullius nam$ 0 p]haps ! build] ( ! temple ( ,=tuna ,augu/a 7p4 #acb74 ,! inscription ( ! second b5*1 l t ( ,mamia1 is cut 9 l>ge lett]s on ! back ( ! seat3 ,m4 ,alleio ,q4 f4 ,m54 ,m9io1 ,,ii v4 i4 d42 locus sepulturae publice datus ex d4 d41--',to ! memory ( ,m>cus ,alleius ,m9ius son ( ,m>cus1 ( ! tribe ,m55ia1 duumvir ) judici>y au?ority4 ,! place ( burial 0 giv5 9 ! "n ( ! city by vote ( ! municipal c\ncil4' ,a ?ird b5*1 close to ! second1 lies "u a mod]n h\se & has n be5 uncov]$4 ,fur!r f ! gate a rectangul> seat1 probably belong+ to ! same s]ies ( monum5ts1 0 discov]$ 9 #ahed1 x 0 built 9 memory ( a c]ta9 ,clovatius1 duumvir1 z %[n by a fragm5t ( an inscription t came to light at ! same "t4 ,f /ill ano!r tomb are reliefs ) gladiatorial combats1 n[ 9 ! ,naples ,museum4 ,) ! exception ( ^? ne> ! ,h]culaneum ,gate1 ! mo/ important tombs yet discov]$ at ,pompeii are 9 a gr\p beyond ! ,amphi!atre1 excavat$ 9 #ahhf-hg4 ,!y are six 9 numb]1 & lie close toge!r on bo? sides ( a road :i* ran ea/ f ! ,noc]a ,gate1 b5d+ slightly to ! nor? 7,fig4 #bdf74 ,?is road 0 n 9 use 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! city2 ! /ones ( ! pavem5t & sidewalk _h be5 remov$4 ,! monum5ts1 h[ev]1 7 l>ge & /ately1 erect$ by p ( means1 & ! ru9s are *>act]i/ic & impressive4 ,! tombs 7 built ( common mat]ials1 /ucco be+ us$ on expos$ surfaces in/ead ( m>ble4 ,! simplicity ( con/ruction1 & ! %apes ( ! lett]s 9 ! election notices & o!r inscriptions pa9t$ on !m1 sugge/ a relatively e>ly date1 :i* is confirm$ by ! age ( ! co9s f\nd 9 ! urns2 ! monum5ts belong to ! e>ly decades ( ! ,empire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdf4--,plan ( ! tombs ea/ ( ! ,amphi!atre4 ,! fir/ tomb at ! "r 7,no4 #a on ! plan7 0 built 9 ! =m ( a commemorative ar*1 ) pila/]s at ! corn]s4 ,above 0 a l[ cyl9d] surm\nt$ by a truncat$ cone1 on :i* /ood a t]m9al memb] 9 ! %ape ( a p9e cone1 f\nd ne> by4 ,! c9]>y urn 0 buri$ 9 ! e>? bel[ an op5+ 9 ! floor ( ! passage "u ! ar* 7%[n 9 ! plan74 ,no "n appe>s 9 connection ) ?is monum5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdg4--,view ( two tombs ea/ ( ! ,amphi!atre4 ,t at ! left is ,no4 #c on ! plan2 ! next is ,no4 #d4 ,ano!r monum5t ( ! ar* type1 t ( ,mancius ,diog5es1 is se5 on ! opposite side ( ! /reet 7#e2 ,fig4 #bdh74 ,! /ructure is %all[1 ! vault$ op5+ l[4 ,on ! top ( ! ar* 7 ?ree ni*es1 9 :i* /ood ?ree trav]t9e /atues2 two ( ^!1 bo? ( wom51 h be5 pres]v$1 & are ( indiff]5t workman%ip4 ,a m>ble tablet 0 plac$ 9 front1 ov] ! vault1 ) ! inscription1 ,p4 ,mancio ,p4 lib]to ,diog5i ex te/am5to arbitratu ,manciae ,p4 lib]tae ,dor9is1--',to ! memory ( ,publius ,mancius ,diog5es1 fre$man ( ,publius ,mancius2 7! monum5t 0 erect$7 9 accordance ) ! t]ms ( 8 w1 "u ! direction ( ,mancia ,doris1 fre$woman ( ,publius ,mancius4' ,!re is a curi\s ambiguity 9 ?is inscription2 we _c tell :e!r ,doris1 seem+ly ! wife ( ,diog5es1 0 manumitt$ by ! ,publius ,mancius :o gave him 8 fre$om1 or by ,diog5es himself aft] he _h ga9$ 8 fre$om & 0 entitl$ to use ! "n ,publius ,mancius4 ,f\r bu/ /ones /ood 9 front ( ! tomb & two at ! re>1 arrang$ z indicat$ on ! plan2 ^? 9 front are se5 9 our illu/ration4 ,! tomb at ! left ( t j describ$ 7#d2 ,fig4 #bdg7 is ( int]e/ z %[+ ! result ( an attempt to bl5d ! ar* type ) t ( ! temple4 ,a passage ro($ ) a flat vault runs ?r\gh ! middle ( ! fir/ /ory4 ,! second /ory _h ! appe>ance ( a dim9utive temple ) f\r ,cor9?ian columns 9 front4 ,! ni*e repres5t+ ! cella 0 ( ! full wid? ( ! tomb1 & occupi$ two ?irds ( ! dep?2 ! o!r ?ird 0 giv5 to ! portico4 ,f\r /atues ( tufa coat$ ) /ucco t 7 f\nd "h probably /ood "u ! portico or 9 ! int]columniations1 :]e !y w\ld be/ be se5 f bel[2 ?ree 7 /atues ( m51 ! f\r? ( a woman4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! five bu/ /ones 9 ! vault$ passage is indicat$ on ! plan4 ,! ?ree ne>e/ ! /reet entrance be> ! "n ( a fre$man1 ,l4 ,caesius ,l4 l4 ,logus1--',lucius ,caesius ,logus1 fre$man ( ,lucius ,caesius1' & ( ,titia ,vesb9a & ,titia ,optata1 bo? evid5tly fre$wom5 manumitt$ by a lady nam$ ,titia4 ,we are probably safe 9 assum+ t ! two inmo/ /ones1 )\t names1 are ^? ( ,caesius & ,titia1 husb& & wife1 :o gave ,logus1 ,vesb9a1 & ,optata _! fre$om1 & built ! monum5t4 ,x 0 n necess>y to place ! names ( ! build]s ^u ! commemorative /ones1 because !y 7 d\btless giv5 9 ! memorial tablet 9 front1 :i* has disappe>$4 ,co9s ( ,augu/us & ,tib]ius 7 f\nd 9 ! urns4 ,"o tomb 7#b7 has ! =m ( a ni*e1 resembl+ ^? ( ! two *ildr5 ne> ! end ( ! ,/reet ( ,tombs 7p4 #dbe71 b l>g] & m co/ly ?an !y4 ,! corn]s are embelli%$ ) ?ree-qu>t] columns1 :i* h ,doric flut+s & composite capitals4 ,on ! walls at ! entrance we see1 modell$ 9 /ucco1 doorpo/s ) d\ble doors swung back4 ,two m>ble bu/ /ones1 ! places ( :i* are indicat$ on ! plan1 %[ :]e ! urns ( ! two mo/ important memb]s ( ! family1 ,apuleius & 8 wife ,veia1 7 buri$2 _! names d\btless appe>$ 9 an inscription on ! front ( ! monum5t4 ,9 "o ( ! urns 0 f\nd a co9 ( ,tib]ius ( ! ye> #aj ,a4,d4 ,! o!r 0 enclos$ 9 a lead case1 & a lead libation tube 0 ext5d$ f ! a%es ?r\gh bo? cov]s to ! surface4 ,! names ( ,apuleius & ,veia are obta9$ f two o!r bu/ /ones1 9 front ( ! ni*e4 ,"o reads1 ,fe/ae ,apulei filiae vixx annos ,,xvii1--',to ! memory ( ,fe/a1 daught] ( ,apuleius1 :o liv$ sev5te5 ye>s4' ,! o!r has simply ,conviva ,veiaes vix4 an4 ,,xx1--',conviva1 slave ( ,veia1 liv$ tw5ty ye>s4' ,an z ( ! "t ( ! ,republic 0 f\nd 9 ! urn ( ,conviva2 & a squ>e tile1 ! upp] end ( :i* 0 clos$ by a piece ( m>ble1 s]v$ z a libation tube = ! urn ( ,fe/a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdh4--,two o!r tombs ea/ ( ! ,amphi!atre4 ,nos4 #e1 #f on ! plan4 ,! two rema9+ tombs are ( ! temple type1 "o 7#c2 ,fig4 #bdg7 hav+ pila/]s at ! corn]s1 ! o!r half-columns at ! corn]s & on ! sides 7#f74 ,! fir/ has a vault$ sepul*ral *amb]1 ent]$ f ! re>4 ,on ! inside ( ! wall next ! /reet are ?ree l[ ni*es1 ! top ( :i* is ne>ly on a level ) ! sidewalk2 ea* ( !m conta9$ an urn4 ,directly ov] ! inn] ni*es1 9 ! outside ( ! wall & op5+ t[>d ! /reet1 are ?ree o!r ni*es1 %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 9 ! bottom ( :i* 7 libation tubes lead+ to ! urns bel[4 ,relatives c\ld ?us p\r _! (f]+s ( w9e or oil ^u ! urns )\t ent]+ ! sepul*ral *amb]4 ,lava bu/ /ones 7 plac$ aga9/ ! back ( ! out] ni*es4 ,! hair on "o ( !m is treat$ 9 a mann] to indicate t a woman is repres5t$4 ,! entrance ( ! tomb 0 clos$ by a l>ge block ( lava4 ,on acc\nt ( ! arrangem5t = (f]+ libations f ! outside1 x 0 n necess>y to make ! burial vault easy ( access4 ,! entrance to ! o!r tomb 7#f2 ,fig4 #bdh7 0 9 front1 & clos$ by a door ( lime/one4 ,x l$1 n to a sepul*ral *amb]1 b to a /airway by :i* "o asc5d$ to ! second /ory4 ,"h /atues 7 plac$1 b ! exact =m ( ! upp] "p _c be det]m9$4 ,! f9d+ ( five tufa capitals sugge/s t ! second /ory may h be5 a column> /ructure1 l t ( ! tomb ( ! ,i/acidii2 :5 ! excavations are c>ri$ fur!r ea/ en\gh o!r fragm5ts w p]haps be f\nd to make a complete re/oration possible4 ,"o ( ! /atues is ( a man hold+ a roll ( papyrus 9 8 h&1 ) a r\nd manuscript case1 scr9ium1 at 8 feet4 ,among ! inscriptions pa9t$ on ^! tombs 7 two1 relat+ to gladiatorial combats1 :i* h already be5 m5tion$ 7p4 #bba74 ,"o ( ! election notices1 oddly en\gh1 ref]s to a c&idate = an (fice 9 ,nuc]ia3 ,l4 ,munatium ,caes]n9um ,nuc]iae ,,ii vir4 qu9q4 v4 b4 o4 v4 f4 7= duumvirum qu9qu5nalem1 virum bonum1 oro vos1 facite71--',make ,lucius ,caes]n9us qu9qu5nial duumvir ( ,nuc]ia1 ,i beg ( y1 he's a good man4' ,z long z ! relations ( ! ,pompeians & ,nuc]ians 7 fri5dly1 ! highway betwe5 ! two t[ns 0 d\btless mu* travell$ by ! citiz5s ( bo? places4 ,if ! visitor pauses to ?9k ( ! religi\s feel+ :i* ! anci5ts manife/$ g5]ally 9 relation to _! burial places1 x gives some:at ( a %ock to see notices ev5 ( a semi-public "* pa9t$ 9 bright r$ lett]s ^u tombs4 ,all su* inscriptions1 h[ev]1 are surpass$ 9 ludicr\s incongruity ) ! purpose ( ! monum5t by ! foll[+ adv]tisem5t reg>d+ a /ray horse3 ,equa siquei ab]avit cum semuncis hon]ata a4 d4 ,,vii ,kal4 ,septembres 7correct$ into ,decembres71 conv5ito ,q4 ,decium ,q4 l4 ,hil>um 444 ,l4 l4 444 *ionem1 citra pontem ,s>ni fundo ,mamiano1--',if anybody lo/ a m>e ) a small pack-saddle1 ,novemb] #be1 let him come & see ,qu9tus ,decius ,hil>us1 fre$man ( ,qu9tus ,decius1 or 444 7! "n is illegible71 fre$man ( ,lucius1 on ! e/ate ( ! ,mamii1 ?is side ( ! bridge ov] ! ,s>no4' ,! two fre$m5 7 v likely 9 p>tn]%ip1 work+ a f>m belong+ to ! family1 "o repres5tative ( :i* we h already met1 ,mamia ! prie/ess 7p4 #daj74 ,a m s]i\s desecration ( burial places1 aft] (f]+s to ! dead ceas$ to be made by relatives1 or a family became ext9ct1 0 probably n uncommon4 ,diff]5t families _h diff]5t gods1 & ^? ( "o h\sehold 7 q indep5d5t ( ^? ( ano!r4 ,ord9>ily a man _h no reason to fe> or respect ! gods ( 8 neighbor2 not)/&+ ! associations ( wor%ip connect$ ) tombs1 ! g5]al feel+ t[>d !m 0 v diff]5t f t manife/$ t[>d temples1 :]e local div9ities or ! great gods 7 wor%ipp$4 ,! mo/ /r+5t regulations ( ! emp]ors c\ld n prev5t ! ransack+ ( ! tombs ab\t ,rome = objects ( value1 & ! removal ( _! mat]ials ( con/ruction = build+ purposes4 ,! sup]/ructure ( two ( ! monum5ts ne> ! ,h]culaneum ,gate _h disappe>$ app>5tly be=e ! de/ruction ( ! city1 & ( ! tomb ( ,porcius only ! core rema9$4 ,,"p ,v ,,pompeian ,,art ,,*apt] ,,lii ,,ar*itecture ,9 ! prec$+ pages ! pr9cipal build+s ( ,pompeii h be5 describ$1 & ref]5ce has be5 made to _m works ( art4 ,we %all n[ (f] a few obs]vations ( a m g5]al nature 9 reg>d to ! rema9s ( ar*itecture1 sculpture1 & pa9t+4 ,! diff]5t p]iods 9 ! ar*itectural hi/ory ( ! city h be5 def9$ 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,! mo/ significant ( ^!1 f e po9t ( view1 is t :i* we h call$ ! ,tufa ,p]iod1 :i* corresponds r\ghly ) ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ,its importance is *iefly due to ! fact t x records = u a phase ( ar*itectural developm5t1 a /yle1 ( :i* only slight traces are f\nd else:]e1--9 ! ,ea/4 ,x is ! la/ (f%oot ( untrammell$ ,hell5i/ic art 9 ! field ( con/ruction2 ! ar*itecture ( ! foll[+ p]iod 0 /ill d]iv$ f ,hell5i/ic s\rces1 b 0 dom9at$ by ,roman conceptions1 & receiv$ f ,rome ! impulse t det]m9$ ! direction ( its developm5t4 ,! rema9s ( ! ,tufa ,p]iod at ,pompeii furni% mat]ials = a miss+ *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ar*itecture4 ,z we h se51 ! /one pref]r$ 9 ?is p]iod = all purposes 0 ! gray tufa4 ,:]e us$ = columns1 pila/]s1 & entablatures1 x 0 cov]$ ) /ucco2 9 pla9 walls x appe>$ 9 its natural color4 ,un=tunately1 ! cov]+ ( /ucco is pres]v$ 9 only a few cases2 ! be/ example is pres5t$ by an ,ionic capital 9 ! fir/ p]i/yle ( ! h\se ( ! ,faun4 ,! /ucco 0 g5]ally :ite1 b color 0 sometimes employ$1 z 9 ! ,cor9?ian columns & pila/]s ( ! ex$ra 9 ! same h\se1 :i* are pa9t$ a deep w9e r$4 ,no o!r p]iod ( ,pompeian art %[s 9 an equal degree ! impress ( a s+le *>act]i/ic & self-consi/5t /yle1 alike 9 public build+s1 temples1 & private h\ses1 9 ! int]ior decoration z well z 9 ! treatm5t ( ext]iors4 ,! wall decoration ( ! fir/ /yle is simply ! adaptation ( tufa con/ruction to decorative use4 ,! motives are id5tical4 ,! =ms are ! same1 b ^! naturally appe> 9 a fre] h&l+ ^u int]ior walls1 ! effect be+ height5$ by ! use or imitation ( slabs ( m>ble ( v>i\s colors4 ,?is /yle ?r\gh\t gives ! impression ( room9ess & l>g5ess4 ,x is monum5tal1 especially :5 view$ 9 contra/ ) ! lat] ar*itecture ( ,pompeii4 ,no build+ erect$ aft] ! city became a ,roman colony c be comp>$1 = ample dim5sions & spatial effects1 ) ! ,basilica4 ,9 ! same class are ! temples ( ,jupit] & ,apollo1 ) ! impressive two-/ori$ colonnades enclos+ ! areas on :i* !y /&2 ! contra/ ) ! lat] temples1 z ^? ( ,=tuna ,augu/a & ,vespasian1 is /rik+4 ,all ! m important h\ses ( ?is p]iod are monum5tal 9 design & proportions1 ) impos+ entrances1 l>ge & l(ty atriums1 & high doors op5+ ^u ! atrium2 ! %ops 9 front also 7 high1 & 9 two /ories4 ,9 po9t ( detail1 ! ar*itecture ( ! ,tufa ,p]iod reveals less ( /r5g? & symmetry ?an its /ately proportions & mode/ mat]ial w\ld lead u to expect4 ,! ornam5tation is a debas$ desc5dant ( ! ,greek4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by sup]ficial elegance1 toge!r ) an app>5t /riv+ aft] simplicity & an ill-conceal$ pov]ty ( =m & color4 ,?\gh ! ornam5tal =ms /ill manife/ f9e ,greek feel+1 !y lack delicacy ( modell+ & vigor ( expression4 ,!y are tak5 f ,greek religi\s ar*itecture1 b all appreciation ( ! ?ree ord]s z di/9ct types1 ea* suit$ = a diff]5t environm5t1 has disappe>$4 ,9 consequ5ce1 we (t5 f9d a mixture ( ! ord]s1 a bl5d+ ( ,doric1 ,ionic1 & ,cor9?ian elem5ts2 & /ill m frequ5tly d we meet ) a m>k$ dep>ture f ! orig9al proportions4 ,?us 9 ! c\rt ( ! temple ( ,apollo & 9 ! fir/ p]i/yle ( ! h\se ( ! ,faun we see ,ionic columns support+ a ,doric entablature2 9 ! h\se ( ! ,black ,wall1 ,doric columns ) an ,ionic entablature4 ,! ,doric ar*itrave1 contr>y to rule1 appe>s divid$ into two /ripes1 n only 9 ! colonnade ( ! ,=um1 :]e ! /ripes repres5t a diff]5ce ( mat]ial1 b also 9 ! h\se ( ! ,faun1 :]e ! ar*itrave is repres5t$ z compos$ ( s+le blocks rea*+ f column to column 7p4 #ea74 ,9 ! ,palae/ra 7p4 #afe71 & 9 _m private h\ses1 ! ,doric column 0 l5g!n$1 9 a way q out ( h>mony ) ! orig9al conception1 9 ord] to make x con=m to ! prevail+ desire = height & sl5d] proportions4 ,! %aft n[h]e appe>s ) ! pron\nc$ entasis & /rong dim9ution *>act]i/ic ( ! type1 & ! capital has lo/ ! bread? & graceful outl9e ( ! ,greek ,doric4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdi4--;,f\r-fac$ ,ionic capital4 ,portico ( ! ,=um ,triangul>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bej4--;,capital ( pila/]4 ,casa del duca d',aumale4 ,! ,ionic columns 9 ! cella ( ! temple ( ,jupit] 7p4 #fe7 are ( ! ,greek type1 ) volutes on two sides2 else:]e we f9d only ! s-call$ ,roman ,ionic1 ) f\r volutes1 a type t appe>s 9 sev]al well def9$ & pleas+ examples4 ,"o ( ^!1 a capital f ! portico at ! entrance ( ! ,=um ,triangul>e1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bdi4 ,! deep incisions ( ! egg-&-d>t patt]n1 :i* give ! egg almo/ ! appe>ance ( a little ball1 is *>act]i/ic2 x is f\nd only at ,pompeii1 & !re n aft] ! ,tufa ,p]iod4 ,a /ill fre] h&l+ ( ! ,ionic is se5 9 ! capital ( a pila/] 9 ! casa del duca d',aumale 7,fig4 #bej74 ,! ,cor9?ian capital appe>s 9 ! usual =ms1 b ! project+ p>ts are %all[1 on acc\nt ( ! lack ( resi/+ qualities 9 ! /one4 ,! be/ examples are ! capitals ( ! columns & pila/]s ( ! ex$ra 9 ! h\se ( ! ,faun4 ,! workman%ip "h is f9e1 ! reali/ic treatm5t ( ! acan?us leaves be+ especially notewor?y4 ,an int]e/+ s]ies ( v>iations f ! normal type is se5 9 ! capitals ( ! pila/]s at h\se entrances2 we h already met ) a /rik+ example ( ?is s]ies1 ornam5t$ ) project+ bu/s ( human figures 7,fig4 #agh74 ,! design is (t5 s fanta/ic t ! ess5tial "* ( ! ,cor9?ian capital seems entirely lo/ sight (4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bea4--;,alt> 9 ! c\rt ( ! temple ( ,zeus ,mili*ius4 ,! entablatures ( ! temples built 9 ! ,tufa ,p]iod1 z ( ^? erect$ 9 lat] times1 h all p]i%$4 ,! entablatures ( ! colonnades1 h[ev]1 are at lea/ 9 "p well pres]v$ 9 a numb] ( in/ances1 & are ( two types1 ! ,doric1 *>act]iz$ by ! use ( triglyphs1 & ! ,ionic1 di/+ui%$ by ! d5tils ( ! cornice4 ,bo? types are f\nd also 9 ! wall decoration1 ! fir/ r>ely1 ! second v frequ5tly4 ,on ! alt> ( ! temple ( ,zeus ,mili*ius1 :i* is ( tufa coat$ ) /ucco1 ! ,doric entablature appe>s 9 association ) ! *>act]i/ic decoration ( ! fir/ /yle1 ! imitation ( l>ge blocks ( m>ble2 on ! top are t]m9al volutes ( ,ionic orig91 z g5]ally ^u ,roman alt>s & alt>-%ap$ tombs 7,fig4 #bea74 ,on walls decorat$ 9 ! fir/ /yle1 h[ev]1 only ,ionic entablatures are se51--sometimes ev5 twice ^u ! same wall1 z 9 ! example %[n 9 ,fig4 #abb4 ,f ?is we inf] t 9 ! temple con/ruction ( ! ,tufa ,p]iod1 ! simple & elegant ,ionic entablature 0 ! prevail+ type4 ,not)/&+ its free adaption ( ,greek =ms1 ! ,tufa ,p]iod avail$ itself v sp>+ly ( poly*rome decoration = ar*itectural memb]s4 ,! /ucco ( ! ,ionic capital 9 ! h\se ( ! ,faun is :ite2 :ite likewise are mo/ ( ! capitals ( pila/]s f\nd 9 ! h\ses1 & also ! num]\s ,ionic cornices on ! walls4 ,!re are1 nev]!less1 scanty traces ( ! application ( color4 ,9 ! wall decoration ( ! h\se ( ,sallu/ we f9d a ,doric frieze ) ! metopes pa9t$ r$4 ,! frieze "u ! ,ionic cornices on ! walls also is usually made prom95t ) color1--r$1 yell[1 or blue2 & a r$ frieze is se5 9 ! p]i/yle ( ! h\se ( ! ,black ,wall1 above ! pila/]s ( ! g>d5 wall4 ,! l[] /ripe ( ! pa9t$ ar*itrave 9 ! h\se ( ! ,faun1 already ref]r$ to1 is yell[4 ,x seems probable t 9 "s cases color 0 appli$ to ! project+ figures ( ! peculi> capitals us$ 9 h\ses2 at ! "t ( excavation1 traces ( color+ 7 di/9ctly se5 ^u ^? belong+ to ! alae ( ! h\se ( ,epidius ,rufus 7p4 #cji74 ,! expos$ capitals at ! entrances 7,fig4 #agh71 if orig9ally pa9t$1 w\ld naturally h lo/ all traces ( ! color+ be=e ! de/ruction ( ! city1 unless x 7 f "t to "t r5ew$4 ,not)/&+ ^! exceptions1 we mu/ conclude t ! /ucco coat+ ^u public build+s & temples 0 g5]ally :ite1 9 ! case ( capitals & cornices z well z ( ! %afts ( columns & outside walls2 colors 7 us$ to a limit$ ext5t1 ^u friezes & p]haps o!r p>ts ( entablatures4 ,! ar*itectural rema9s ( ! half c5tury imm$iately succe$+ ! ,tufa ,p]iod1 betwe5 ! f\nd+ ( ! ,roman colony at ,pompeii & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,empire1 pres5t no?+ specially *>act]i/ic outside ( ! peculi>ities ( con/ruction m5tion$ 9 ,*ap4 #f4 ,9 ! e>li] ye>s ( ! ,empire1 ! ,pompeians1 z ,roman subjects ev]y:]e1 comm5c$ to build temples & colonnades ( m>ble4 ,! /yle1 :i* 0 di/9ctively ,roman1 c be /udi$ to bett] advantage else:]e2 ! rema9s at ,pompeii are relatively unimportant1 & ! *ief po9ts ( int]e/ h be5 m5tion$ 9 connection ) our /udy ( individual build+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beb4--;,capitals ( columns1 %[+ v>iations f typical =ms4 ,a4 ,ornate ,doric1 f ! h\se ( ,sallu/4 ,b4 ,modifi$ ,cor9?ian4 ,c4 ,fanta/ic ,cor9?ian4 ,! /yli/ic developm5t ( ,roman ar*itecture 9 ! next p]iod1--! gradual transition f ! simplicity ( ! ,augu/an ,age to ! m elaborate ornam5tation ( ! ,flavian ,era1--is m>k$ by two oppos+ t5d5cies1 "o cons]vative1 hold+ to ! traditions ( m>ble con/ruction1 ! o!r reaction>y4 ,! latt] t5d5cy manife/s itself s /rongly at ,pompeii t x m]its special comm5t4 ,fir/ 9 ! ,ea/1 x appe>s1 m5 we>i$ ( see+ ! ornam5tal =ms ( ! ,greek religi\s ar*itecture repeat$ ov] & ov] aga9 9 e k9d ( build+1 & attempt$ to break away f !m entirely4 ,! reaction rea*$ ,italy 9 ! e>li] ye>s ( ! ,empire1 & began to ex]t an influ5ce ^u ornam5tal =ms1 especially ( dome/ic ar*itecture1 at ! "t :5 ! ?ird /yle ( wall decoration 0 com+ into vogue4 ,at ,pompeii1 ?is revolt f tradition affect$ n only ! ornam5tation ( private h\ses1 b also t ( public build+s1 z ! ,/abian ,ba?s1 & ev5 ( temples1 z ^? ( ,apollo & ,isis1 rebuilt aft] ! e>?quake ( ! ye> #fc4 ,greek =ms 7 replac$ by fanta/ic designs ( e sort1 work$ 9 /ucco4 ,! capitals ( columns & pila/]s reta9$ a semblance ( ,doric & ,cor9?ian types1 b 7 adorn$ ) motives f _m s\rces2 ! v>iety ( =m & treatm5t c be/ be appreciat$ by inspect+ ! examples %[n 9 our illu/rations 7,figs4 #bdb1 #bec1 #bed74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bec4--;,capital ( pila/]1 modifi$ ,cor9?ian type4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bed4--;,capitals ( pila/]s1 %[+ free adaptations ( ! ,cor9?ian type4 ,! entablatures no long] reta9$ ! anci5t division ( ar*itrave1 frieze1 & cornice1 b 7 made to repres5t a s+le broad /ripe1 sometimes1 h[ev]1 ) a project+ cornice2 ?is /ripe 0 ornam5t$ ) /ucco reliefs1 & 0 frequ5tly pa9t$ 9 bright colors4 ,sometimes ! decorative !me is tak5 f a v9e1 z 9 ! entablature ( ! portico 9 front ( ! temple ( ,isis 7,fig4 #hj7 & t ( ! p]i/yle ( ! h\se ( ! ,vettii 7,fig4 #afa74 ,9 "s cases ! /ripe is divid$ into v]tical sections2 ! broad sections correspond ) ! int]columniations1 ! n>r[ ones ) ! spaces above ! columns2 & ! ornam5tal design is v>i$ accord+ly1 z 9 ! palae/ra ( ! ,/abian ,ba?s 7p4 #aih71 ! c\rt ( ! temple ( ,apollo 7,fig4 #ca71 & ! p]i/yle ( ! h\se ( ! ,silv] ,w$d+4 ,9 _m in/ances ! backgr\nd is :ite1 frequ5tly "p ( ! details ( ornam5t z well2 b colors 7 freely us$1 p>ticul>ly r$1 blue1 & yell[1 9 all p>ts ( ! entablature4 ,! l[] ?ird ( ! columns also 0 pa9t$ a bright r$ or yell[--a treatm5t t w\ld h be5 abhorr5t to ! ta/e ( ! ,tufa ,p]iod4 ,! desire = v>iety & brilliancy ( color increas$1 & 0 m pron\nc$ 9 ! ye>s imm$iately prec$+ ! eruption ?an at any previ\s "t4 ,consi/5tly ) ?is *ange 9 ! /&>d ( ta/e 9 reg>d to details1 ! ,pompeians no long] _h pleasure 9 ! ample dim5sions ( ! old5 "t4 ,h\ses 7 n n[ built ) high rooms1 great doorways1 & l(ty columns z 9 ! ,tufa ,p]iod4 ,! rooms 7 small] & l[]1 & also1 we may add1 m homelike4 ,b curi\sly en\gh1 ! columns 7 (t5 made ?ick z well z %ort1 d\btless 9 ord] to af=d m space = ! display ( color on ! capitals & ! l[] "p ( ! %aft4 ,roman public & religi\s ar*itecture 9 mo/ cities /ill adh]$ to ! =ms ( m>ble con/ruction1 a sugge/ion ( :i* we f9d 9 ! :ite walls ( ! temple ( ,isis2 b ! l[] ?ird ( ! columns 9 ! colonnade ab\t ?is temple 0 pa9t$ r$1 & ! entablature 0 no d\bt ornam5t$ ) color$ designs1 z 0 t ( ! temple ( ,apollo4 ,! be/ pres]v$ example ( ?is la/ phase ( ,pompeian ar*itectural ornam5tation is 9 ! semicircul> vault$ ni*e at ! "r ( ! ,/reet ( ,tombs4 ,?us we see accompli%$ at ,pompeii1 9 less ?an two c5turies1 a complete revolution 9 matt]s ( ta/e1 s f> z relates to ar*itecture4 ,an entirely new feel+ has be5 develop$4 ,! beauty ( cont\r & ( symmetrical proportion f\nd 9 ! ,greek ar*itecture _h no *>m = ! ,pompeian ( ! lat] "t2 its place _h be5 usurp$ by a diff]5t =m ( beauty1 t produc$ by ! use ( a v>iety ( brilliant colors 9 association ) =ms t 7 intricate1 & (t5 grotesque4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xi4--,,artemis4 ,,copy ,,( ,,an ,,ar*aic ,,"w ,,*apt] ,,liii ,,sculpture ,! op5 squ>es & public build+s ( ,pompeii 7 peopl$ ) /atues4 ,! visitor :o walk$ ab\t ! ,=um 9 ! ye>s imm$iately prec$+ ! eruption1 saw on all sides ! =ms ( ! m5 ( pa/ g5]ations :o _h r5d]$ s]vice to ! city1 z well z ^? ( m5 ( 8 own "t4 ,besides ! five colossal images ( emp]ors & memb]s ( ! imp]ial families1 places 7 provid$ 9 ! ,=um = betwe5 sev5ty & eighty life size eque/rian /atues2 & beh9d ea* ( ^! 0 room = a /&+ figure4 ,:e!r all ! places 7 occupi$ _c n[ be det]m9$1 b f ! sepul*ral inscription ( ,umbricius ,scaurus 7p4 #dah7 x is cle> t z late z ! "t ( ,claudius or ,n]o1 !re 0 yet room = ano!r eque/rian figure4 ,/atues 7 plac$ also 9 ! ,=um ,triangul>e & occasionally at ! sides ( ! /reets4 ,9 ! portico ( ! ,macellum 7 tw5ty-five /atues2 ! sanctu>y ( ! ,city ,l>es conta9$ eight1 :ile ! portico ( ! ,euma*ia build+ furni%$ places = tw5ty-"o4 ,b only "o ( ! hundr$s ( /atues erect$ 9 honor ( wor?y citiz5s has be5 pres]v$1 t ( ,holconius ,rufus1 ! rebuild] ( ! ,l>ge ,!atre2 ! figure 0 dress$ 9 ! uni=m ( a milit>y tribune1 & /ood on ,abbondanza ,/reet ne> ! ,/abian ,ba?s4 ,) ?is %\ld be class$ ! portrait /atues 9 ! temple ( ,=tuna 7p4 #aca71 & ^? ( ,octavia 7,fig4 #ch71 ,m>cellus 7,fig4 #ci71 & ,euma*ia4 ,! /atue ( ,euma*ia is an int]e/+ example ( ! ord9>y portrait sculpture ( ! ,e>ly ,empire 7,fig4 #bee74 ,! pose is by no means ungraceful1 ! treatm5t ( ! drap]y is mode/ & effective4 ,! tranquil & ?\ghtful face is some:at idealiz$1 & )\t (f5sive emphasis ( details4 ,! /atue is n a ma/]piece2 nev]!less1 x gives u a pleasant impression ( ! lady ^: g5]osity plac$ ! full]s "u obligation1 & af=ds an insight into ! arti/ic res\rces ( ! city4 ,a numb] ( portrait /atues belong+ to sepul*ral monum5ts 7 f\nd :5 ! tombs ea/ ( ! ,amphi!atre 7 excavat$ 7,*ap4 #ea74 ,mo/ ( !m are ( tufa cov]$ ) /ucco2 ! re/ are ( f9e-gra9$ lime/one4 ,f ! ae/hetic po9t ( view !y are valueless4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bee4--,/atue ( ! prie/ess ,euma*ia4 ,sculptur$ portraits ( a diff]5t type 7 set up 9 private h\ses4 ,relatives1 fre$m51 & ev5 slaves sometimes plac$ at ! re> ( ! atrium1 ne> ! entrance ( ! tabl9um1 a h]m ( ! ma/] ( ! h\se4 ,at ea* side ( ! squ>e pill> support+ ! bu/1 !re 0 usually an arm-l projection 7se5 on ! h]m ( ,cornelius ,rufus1 ,fig4 #aba71 on :i* g>l&s 7 hung ^u bir?days & o!r anniv]s>y occasions4 ,bo? ! h]m ( ,rufus & t ( ,vesonius ,primus previ\sly m5tion$ 7p4 #cif7 are ( m>ble2 ! head belong+ to ! h]m ( ,sorex 7p4 #agf7 is ( bronze4 ,! mo/ /rik+ ( ! portrait h]ms is t ( ,lucius ,caecilius ,jucundus 7,fig4 #bef71 :i* 0 set up 9 duplicate1 = ! sake ( symmetrical arrangem5t1 9 ! atrium ( 8 h\se on ,/abian ,/reet4 ,! pill> is ( m>ble2 ! d$ication reads ,g5io ,lucii no/ri ,felix lib]tus1--',felix1 fre$man1 to ! ,g5ius ( our ,lucius4' ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bef4--,portrait h]m ( ,caecilius ,jucundus4 ,! bu/1 ( bronze1 is modell$ ) reali/ic vigor4 ,!re is no attempt to s(t5 ! prom95t & almo/ repulsive features by idealization4 ,we see ! ,pompeian auctione] j z he 01 a %rewd1 al]t1 en]getic man1 ) some:at ( a ta/e = art1 & m = ! good ?+s ( life1--a man :o w\ld be> wat*+ 9 a f9ancial transaction4 ,h\ses 7 adorn$ also ) heads & bu/s ( fam\s m5 ( ! pa/1--poets1 philosoph]s1 & /atesm54 ,an ext5sive collection ( hi/orical portraits 0 discov]$ at ,h]culaneum1 b ,pompeii ?us f> has n yield$ _m examples4 ,9 a room 9 "o ( ! h\ses 0 f\nd a gr\p ( ?ree m>ble heads1 ab\t "o half life size1 repres5t+ ,epicurus1 ,demo/h5es1 & app>5tly ! ,alex&rian poet ,callima*us1 ^: works 7 p>ticul>ly valu$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,e>ly ,empire4 ,! id5tification ( ! ?ird head is n c]ta91 b :e!r ,callima*us or "s o!r poet is int5d$1 ! gr\p reveals ! direction ( ! own]'s lit]>y ta/es2 he 0 int]e/$ 9 philosophy1 oratory1 & poetry4 ,two portrait bu/s ( di/+ui%$ m51 :i* evid5tly belong toge!r1 7 f\nd 9 ano!r h\se1 laid "o side4 ,9 ! ,naples ,museum !y bore ! names ( ! ,y\ng] ,brutus & ,pompey1 b bo? id5tifications are errone\s2 ! features 9 nei!r case agree ) ! repres5tations ^u co9s4 ,! faces1 z %[n by ! physiognomy & ! treatm5t ( ! hair1 are ^? ( ,romans ( ! end ( ! ,republic or ! beg9n+ ( ! ,empire4 ,rec5tly a new id5tification has be5 propos$ :i* has mu* 9 its favor4 ,x re/s *iefly ^u ! resemblance ( "o ( ! bu/s to ! mosaic portrait ( ,virgil1 discov]$ 9 #ahif at ,susa1 9 ,africa4 ,! full1 r\nd face ( ! o!r agrees v well ) :at we "k ( ! appe>ance ( ,horace4 ,x may be t we h "h a pair ( poets1 ! two mo/ prom95t ( ! ,augu/an ,age4 ,frequ5tly ! g>d5s ( ! p]i/yles1 z ^? ( ! h\ses ( ! ,vettii & ( ,lucretius1 7 pr(usely adorn$ ) sculptures ( all k9ds4 ,we f9d 9 !m /atuettes1 h]ms1 small figures ( animals1 & dim9utive gr\ps4 ,figures d]iv$ f ! my?s ( ! bac*ic cycle1 ,bac*us1 ,sil5us1 satyrs1 & bac*antes1 are p>ticul>ly common4 ,! arti/ic value is slight2 among ! be/ examples is ! d\ble bu/1 ) ,bac*us on "o side & a bac*ante on ! o!r1 f\nd 9 ! g>d5 ( ! h\se ( ! ,vettii 7,fig4 #beg74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beg4--;,d\ble bu/1 ,bac*us & bac*ante4 ,g>d5 ( ! h\se ( ! ,vettii4 ,*>act]i/ic among ^! sculptures are ! figures design$ = ! adornm5t ( f\nta9s2 a numb] ( !m are exhibit$ 9 ! ,museum at ,naples4 ,bac*ic figures are met ) mo/ frequ5tly4 ,a good example is ! m>ble ,sil5us 9 ! g>d5 ( ! h\se ( ,lucretius2 ! wat] spurts f ! op5+ 9 ! w9esk9 :i* ! old man c>ries4 ,! design ( ! small bronze satyr 9 ! p]i/yle ( ! h\se ( ! ,c5t5>y is m pleas+2 an op5+ 9 ! w9esk91 held "u ! left arm1 ca/ a jet aga9/ ! out/ret*$ "r h& 9 su* a way t ! wat] 0 ?r[n back ^u ! satyr's body4 ,f\nta9s 7 adorn$ also ) g5re gr\ps & animal =ms4 ,we h already notic$ ! two bronze gr\ps 9 ! p]i/yle ( ! h\se ( ! ,vettii1 ea* repres5t+ a boy hold+ a duck1 f ! bill ( :i* sprang a jet ( wat] 7,fig4 #afb74 ,! l>ge/ collection ( animal =ms 0 ab\t ! bas9 9 ! middle p]i/yle ( ! h\se ( ! ,ci?>i/2 x compris$ two dogs1 a bo>1 a lion1 a de]1 & a snake1 ea* ?r[+ a jet into ! bas9 bel[4 ,! f\nta9 jets1 h[ev]1 7 n 9 all cases s closely relat$ to ! ornam5tal pieces4 ,a numb] ( ^? 9 ! h\se ( ! ,vettii sprang f lead pipes ne> ! figures4 ,! famili> bronze /atue ( ! seat$ fi%]man1 9 ! ,naples ,museum1 belong$ to a f\nta91 9 :i* ! jet 0 ?r[n =w>d1 n f ! figure1 b f ! m\? ( a mask project+ f ! /ump on :i* ! fi%]man sits4 ,( ! /atues ( div9ities set up = wor%ip 9 ! temples1 !re are un=tunately b few rema9s4 ,! mo/ important fragm5t is ! head ( ,jupit]1 discuss$ 9 a previ\s *apt] 7,fig4 #bb74 ,?ree wret*$ t]ra cotta /atues ( ! gods ( ! ,capitol 7 f\nd1 z we h se51 9 ! temple ( ,zeus ,mili*ius2 & m5tion has be5 made also ( ! h]ms & o!r specim5s ( sculpture 9 ! c\rts ( ! temples ( ,apollo & ,isis1 & 9 ! palae/ra4 ,m num]\s ?an any o!r class ( sculptures1 h[ev]1 are ! small bronze images ( tutel>y div9ities pres]v$ 9 ! dome/ic %r9es4 ,^! are ( int]e/ r f ! light :i* !y %$ on ! practices ( dome/ic wor%ip ?an f _! excell5ce z works ( art1 & x seems unnecess>y to add any?+ "h to :at has already be5 said 9 reg>d to !m 9 ! *apt] deal+ ) ! arrangem5ts ( ! ,pompeian h\se4 ,b occasionally !re 7 l>ge dome/ic %r9es1 9 :i* /atues ( m]it 7 plac$2 among ^! are two wor?y ( m5tion4 ,9 ! corn] ( a g>d5 belong+ to a h\se 9 ! fir/ ,region 7,i4 ii4 #ag7 is a %r9e fac$ ) :ite m>ble1 9 :i* 0 a small m>ble /atue ( ,aphrodite1 p>tly support$ by a figure commonly id5tifi$ z ,hope1 ,spes4 ,! c>v+ is 9 no way rem>kable1 b ! /atue is ( int]e/ on acc\nt ( ! well pres]v$ color+ appli$ to ! eyes1 hair1 & dress4 ,! gr\p is n[ 9 ! ,naples ,museum4 ,a m important example1 f ! ae/hetic po9t ( view1 is ! /atue ( ,artemis1 ( "o half life size1 %[n 9 ,plate ,,xi4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 a h\se ne> ! ,amphi!atre :i* 0 excavat$ 9 #agfj & cov]$ up aga94 ,x is a c>eful copy1 made 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us1 ( a ,greek ma/]piece produc$ 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,p]sian ,w>s4 ,! orig9al 0 probably ! ,artemis ,laphria m5tion$ by ,pausanias4 ,?is 0 a "w ( ,m5ae*mus & ,so$as1 two sculptors ( ,naupactus4 ,previ\s to ! battle ( ,actium x /ood 9 a sanctu>y 9 ,calydon1 :5ce x 0 remov$ by ,augu/us1 :o pres5t$ x to ! colony f\nd$ by him at ,patras4 ,! goddess appe>s 9 ?is /atue z a huntress1 mov+ =w>d ) a firm b light /ep2 ! b[ 9 ! left h& has disappe>$4 ,! copyi/ 0 rem>kably successful 9 impress+ ^u 8 "w ! graci\s & pleas+ "* ( ! orig9al2 ! lat] ar*aic ,greek art1 9 spite ( its conv5tions1 is full ( human feel+4 ,! copy pres]v$ also ! color+ ( ! model2 b ! t9t+ ( ! ,roman colori/ 0 probably less delicate ?an t ( ! ,greek limn] :o add$ ! poly*rome decoration to ! m>ble orig9al4 ,! hair 0 yell[4 ,! pupils ( ! eyes 7 br[n1 ! eyela%es & eyebr[s black4 ,! rosettes ( ! diadem 7 yell[1 & ! bord] ( ! out] g>m5t 0 ri*ly v>iegat$ 9 t9ts ( yell[1 rose color1 & :ite4 ,traces ( rose-color$ /ripes are visible also ab\t ! op5+s ( ! sleeves1 on ! edge ( ! mantle at ! neck1 & on ! bord] ( ! *iton4 ,besides ! bronze /atues ( ,apollo & ,artemis already m5tion$ 7pp4 #hh1 #ceb71 f\r o!rs ( ^? f\nd at ,pompeii are wor?y ( m ?an pass+ notice1--! danc+ satyr f :i* ! h\se ( ! ,faun receiv$ its "n1 ! small ,sil5us us$ z a /&>d = a vase1 ! s-call$ ,n>cissus & ! ,ephebus f\nd 9 #aijj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beh4--;,danc+ ,faun4 ,bronze /atuette1 n[ 9 ! ,naples ,museum4 ,! danc+ satyr is %[n 9 ,fig4 #beh4 ,x 0 f\nd ly+ on ! floor ( ! atrium 9 ! h\se ( ! ,faun1 b ! p$e/al c\ld n be id5tifi$4 ,! figure is in/9ct ) rhy?mic motion4 ,e muscle ( ! satyr's s9ewy frame is 9 t5sion z he moves =w>d 9 ! dance1 snapp+ 8 f+]s to keep "t2 ! pose is a m>vel ( skill4 ,! unhuman "* ( ! half-brute is indicat$ by ! horns project+ f ! =ehead1 & ! po9t$ e>s4 ,! face1 m>k$ by l[ cunn+1 (f]s no sugge/ion ( l(ty ?\ght or moral s5se4 ,we h "h ! p]sonification ( unalloy$ physical enjoym5t4 ,! satyr1 unvex$ by any c>e or qualm ( consci5ce1 is intoxicat$ ) ! joy ( free movem5t1 & dances on & on1 unwe>i$1 ) p]fect ease & grace4 ,muscul> t5sion is skilfully indicat$ 9 ! ,sil5us1 :o /&s hold+ above 8 head ) 8 left h& a r\nd frame1 9 :i*1 z %[n by ! fragm5ts1 a vase ( color$ glass 0 /&+ at ! "t ( ! eruption4 ,! head1 cr[n$ ) ivy1 leans =w>d & to ! "r1 & ! "r h& is mov$ away f ! body 9 ! ef=t to balance ! weight support$ by ! left4 ,! frame is awkw>dly design$ to repres5t a snake4 ,! ?ick-set figure ( ,sil5us is ab\t sixte5 in*es high4 ,?is bronze 0 discov]$ 9 #ahfd1 9 ! h\se ( ,popidius ,priscus 7,,vii4 ii4 #bj74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bei4--,li/5+ ,dionysus1 wrongly id5tifi$ z ,n>cissus4 ,bronze /atuette 9 ! ,naples ,museum4 ,! ?ird ( ! bronzes m5tion$ is also a /atuette1 ab\t two feet high 7,fig4 #bei74 ,x 0 f\nd 9 #ahfc 9 a h\se ( ! sev5? ,region 7,,vii4 xii4 #ba74 ,! figure is t ( a y\? ( rem>kable beauty4 ,! face we>s an expression ( *ildlike innoc5ce & pleasure4 ,! head leans =w>d 9 ! attitude ( li/5+2 ! index f+] ( ! "r h& is ext5d$1 & ! graceful pose is t ( "o :o cat*es ! almo/ inaudible s\nd ( a di/ant voice4 ,! "n ,n>cissus1 giv5 to ! figure by ,fiorelli imm$iately ^u its discov]y1 is surely wrong2 t unhappy y\? did n reciprocate ! love ( ! nymph ,e*o1 & c\ld n h be5 imag9$ ) s *e]ful a face4 ,! figure has also be5 call$ ,pan1 f a my? 9 :i* ,pan & ,e*o appe> toge!r2 b ! *>act]i/ic attributes are lack+1 & ! r\gh god ( ! %eph]ds w\ld n h be5 repres5t$ 9 s li! & graceful a =m4 ,?is beautiful y\?1 ) an ivy cr[n ^u 8 head & elaborate cov]+s = ! feet1 & ) ! sk9 ( a doe hang+ ov] 8 %\ld]1 is none o!r ?an ,dionysus himself4 ,! mir?ful god ( ! v9e is n play+ ) 8 pan!r--! base is too small to h be5 design$ = two figures1 & ! attitude ( li/5+ is n consi/5t ) ?is int]pretation4 ,! y\?ful div9ity has fix$ 8 att5tion ^u "s di/ant s\nd1--! cries ( ! bac*antes ^u "s m\nta9 height1 or ! laught] ( naiads 9 a %ady gl54 ,( unusual int]e/ is ! bronze /atue ( an ephebus1 discov]$ 9 ,novemb]1 #aijj1 outside ! city on ! nor? side1 ab\t a hundr$ paces f ! ,vesuvius ,gate2 x 0 laid away 9 an upp] room ( a h\se pres5t+ no?+ else wor?y ( note4 ,x is app>5tly a ,greek orig9al1 & is ( ?ree-qu>t]s life size 7,fig4 #bfj74 ,! /atue repres5ts a y\? ab\t f\rte5 ye>s ( age1 ( sl5d] b well-develop$ =m1 & f9ely *isell$ features4 ,advanc+ ) firm b graceful /ep1 he re/s ! "r foot1 & is br++ ! left foot =w>d4 ,9 8 "r h&1 ext5d$1 he c>ri$ "s object--a bran*1 x may be1 or a cr[n1 :i* 0 to be laid ^u an alt>2 ! eye naturally foll[s ! movem5t ( ! h&4 ,especially effective is ! rhy?mic movem5t ( ! body4 ,! "r ?igh1 su/a9$ by ! re/+ foot1 is c>ri$ slightly =w>d2 ! *e/ on ! left side sw+s back1 :ile 9 consequ5ce ( ! ext5sion ( ! "r h& ! %\ld]s rema9 horizontal4 ,not)/&+ ! felicity ( ! pose1 x mu/ be confess$ t ! modell+ z a :ole is some:at lack+ 9 vigor1 ! treatm5t ( details be+ sup]ficial4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfj4--;,bronze y\?4 ,naples ,museum4 ,9 ,greece1 be=e x 0 c>ri$ (f to ,italy1 ! figure may h be5 set up z a votive (f]+ 9 "s sanctu>y1 or h /ood 9 a gymnasium4 ,f indications on ! "u side ( ! feet x is cle> t ! /atue1 aft] ! mann] 9 vogue 9 ,greece1 0 m\nt$ on a /one p$e/al1 be+ jo9$ to ! p$e/al ) melt$ lead2 ! r\nd bronze base f\nd ) x is ( ,italian orig94 ,probably :5 x 0 be+ transport$ f ,greece ! eyes1 ( m>ble1 became loose 9 _! sockets & fell d[n into ! holl[ int]ior ( ! /atue2 !y 7 replac$ by glass eyes4 ,! break+ ( ! "r arm1 :i* 0 sev]$ :5 f\nd1 made possible ! recov]y ( ! orig9al eyes1 :i* h n[ aga9 be5 set 9 place4 ,ins5sible to ! *>m ( ! figure :5 se5 z ! sculptor design$ x1 ! ,pompeian own]1 decid+ to turn x to practical use1 conv]t$ x into a lamphold]4 ,9 ! "r h& 0 plac$ a %ort b> ( bronze1 to ei!r end ( :i* 0 fa/5$ a small ornam5t ) a project+ arm1 = a hang+ lamp2 ! :ole /atue 0 !n coat$ ) silv]4 ,h[ev] b>b>\s ! ta/e t prompt$ ! trans=mation1 ! decorative effect ( ! silv]$ /atue ) its light$ lamps mu/ h be5 f> f unpleasant4 ,reg>d+ ! place ( ! /atue 9 relation to ! developm5t ( ,greek sculpture1 x is yet too e>ly to speak4 ,_h ! ru9s ( ,pompeii n be5 sy/ematically se>*$1 aft] ! disa/]1 = works ( art & o!r objects ( value1 !y w\ld h yield$ a f> ri*] /ore ( sculptures4 ,b :ile ! specim5s recov]$ add little to our k ( types1 !y give a new insight into ! application ( ! sculptor's art 9 antiquity to ! beautify+ ( ! surr\nd+s ( ev]yday life4 ,,*apt] ,,liv ,,pa9t+4--,,wall ,,decoration ,! inn] walls ( h\ses & public build+s at ,pompeii 7 pla/]$1 & usually decorat$ ) colors2 only /or]ooms1 kit*5s1 & ap>tm5ts design$ = ! use ( slaves 7 left 9 ! :ite4 ,out] walls 7 z a rule pla/]$1 except :5 built ( hewn /one1 a k9d ( con/ruction n employ$ aft] ! ,tufa ,p]iod4 ,/ucco 0 occasionally us$ on facades ( a%l> "w :]e special ornam5tation seem$ to be ne$$1 z at ! entrance ( ! h\se ( ! ,faun2 & 9 lat] times1 n[ & !n1 a front ) reticulate or brick fac+ 0 left unpla/]$4 ,previ\s to ! "t ( ,augu/us ! /ucco coat+ ( out] walls ord9>ily rema9$ uncolor$4 ,aft]w>ds color 0 employ$1 b only to a limit$ ext5t1 z 9 ! addition ( a d>k base to a wall ! re/ ( :i* rema9$ :ite4 ,! pa9t+ ^u ,pompeian walls1 z %[n by ! pa9/ak+ inve/igations ( ,otto ,donn]1 0 fresco1 t is1 execut$ 9 wat] colors ^u ! moi/ /ucco ( a fre%ly pla/]$ surface4 ,! me?od ( prep>+ ! wall 0 less elaborate ?an t recomm5d$ by ,vitruvius1 :o advises ! use ( sev5 coats ( pla/]1 fir/ a r\gh coat1 !n ?ree ( s& mort> & ?ree ( /ucco made ) p[d]$ m>ble1 ea* coat be+ f9] ?an ! "o prec$+4 ,9 ! bett] rooms1 h[ev]1 we f9d ^u ! walls at lea/ "o1 (t5 sev]al1 lay]s ( s& mort>1 & "o or m coats ( m>ble /ucco2 ! entire ?ickness ( ! pla/]+ v>ies f two to ?ree in*es4 ,9 unf9i%$ or neglect$ rooms walls are sometimes f\nd ) a s+le coat ( s& mort>4 ,occasionally p[d]$ brick 0 us$ 9 ! /ucco z a sub/itute = m>ble du/4 ,pla/]+ s ?ick z t ord9>ily us$ mu/ h rema9$ moi/ = a consid]able l5g? ( "t1 mu* long] ?an ! pla/]+ ( our day2 yet x c\ld n h reta9$ its moi/ure long en\gh to complete ! pa9t+ ( an entire wall z "o piece4 ,walls :i* are elaborately decorat$ sometimes %[ traces ( a seam1 :]e a moi/ section 0 laid on next to "o t _h already become p>tially dry4 ,:5 ! decorative design includ$ pictures1 usually ! divisions & bord]s & o!r decorative elem5ts 7 f9i%$ rapidly :ile ! surface 0 moi/2 !n a squ>e or r\nd hole 0 cut :]e a picture 0 to be ins]t$1 & fill$ ) fre% /ucco1 on :i* ! picture 0 pa9t$4 ,9 ?is way a c>efully execut$ pa9t+ c\ld be set 9 a wall already dry4 ,9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! city pictures 7 sometimes pa9t$ on ! dry surface ( a wall t _h previ\sly receiv$ its decorative framework2 "s ( ! figures se5 9 ! middle ( ! l>ge panels furni% examples ( ?is me?od ( "w4 ,a size ( "s k9d mu/ h be5 us$ 9 su* cases1 b *emical analysis ?us f> has fail$ to det]m9e its nature4 ,! di/emp] pa9t+ 0 mu* less durable ?an ! fresco1 ! colors ( :i* became fix$ ) ! h>d5+ ( ! wall4 ,sometimes1 z 9 ! h\se ( ,lucretius1 ! place ( pa9t+s ^u /ucco 0 tak5 by pa9t+s ^u wood1 ! wood5 panels be+ let into ! wall4 ,z ^! panels 7 ?9 & lack$ durability1 we may p]haps believe t ! pa9t+s :i* !y conta9$ 7 ( inf]ior quality4 ,! arti/ic value ( ,pompeian pa9t+ v>ies f ! r\t9e "w ( indiff]5t decorators to pictures ( g5u9e m]it1 su* z ^? f\nd 9 ! h\se ( ! ,tragic ,poet1 ! h\se ( ! ,vettii1 & ! h\se ( ,ca/or & ,pollux4 ,view$ z a :ole1 ! wall decoration has a peculi> int]e/ = u2 x n only ri*ly illu/rates ! application ( pa9t+ by ! anci5ts to decorative uses1 b also af=ds a /rik+ example ( ! evolution ( decorative designs f simple ar*itectural motives to intricate patt]ns1 9 :i* ! s*eme ( color+ is h>dly less complicat$ ?an t ( ! ornam5tal =ms4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! f\r /yles ( wall decoration 7 briefly *>act]iz$ 9 ! ,introduction1 9 connection ) our survey ( ! p]iods ( con/ruction4 ,x n[ rema9s to illu/rate ^! by typical examples & to trace _! inn] connection4 ,we are "h conc]n$ only ) ! decorative designs1 or ornam5tal framework ( ! walls2 ! pa9t+s1 :i* =m$ ! c5tre ( int]e/ 9 ! lat] /yles1 are res]v$ = consid]ation 9 a sep>ate *apt]4 ,! developm5t ( anci5t wall decoration came comp>atively late1 aft] ! art ( pa9t+1 9 ! h&s ( ! ,greek ma/]s1 _h rea*$ & pass$ its climax4 ,yet we "k almo/ no?+ 9 reg>d to ! e>li] /ages4 ,app>5tly ! sy/em :i* we f9d at ,pompeii orig9at$ 9 ! p]iod foll[+ ! dea? ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 & receiv$ its impulse ( developm5t f ! contact ( ,greece ) ! ,ori5t4 ,b :atev] ! orig91 f ! "t to :i* ! e>lie/ specim5s at ,pompeii belong--! second c5tury ,b4,c4--to ! de/ruction ( ! city1 we c trace an un9t]rupt$ developm5t1 :i*1 nev]!less1 comes to an end 9 ! latt] "p ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 ,! decl9e is *>act]iz$ by increas+ pov]ty ( design1 ) feeble imitation ( pa/ /yles4 ,j z x is sett+ 91 h[ev]1 extant examples become r>e4 ,"s specim5s ( ! wall decoration ( lat] times1 z ( ! p]iod ( ! ,anton9es & ! reign ( ,septimius ,sev]us1 are pres]v$1 b !y are isolat$ & n suffici5t 9 numb] to enable u to foll[ ! /ages ( ! decl9e4 ,?us x happ5s t ! only p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( anci5t wall decoration 9 reg>d to :i* we h ! mat]ials = a full & satisfactory /udy1 is ! p]iod exemplifi$ 9 ! rema9s at ,pompeii1 ! *ronological sequ5ce ( :i* ext5ds ov] two c5turies4 ,! olde/ h\ses1 ^? belong+ to ! ,p]iod ( ! ,lime/one ,atriums 7p4 #ci71 h pres]v$ no traces ( wall decoration beyond ! limit$ application ( :ite /ucco4 ,! rema9s ( ! decoration ( ! ,tufa ,p]iod are fairly abundant1 & are well pres]v$ on acc\nt ( ! excell5t quality ( ! /ucco to :i* ! colors 7 appli$4 ,!y belong to ! fir/ or ,incru/ation ,/yle4 ,a good example has already be5 giv51 ! end wall ( a b$room 9 ! h\se ( ! ,c5taur 7,fig4 #abb72 we pres5t "h1 = m detail$ exam9ation1 ! left wall ( ! atrium 9 ! h\se ( ,sallu/ 7,fig4 #bfa74 ,not)/&+ ! lack ( color 9 our illu/ration1 ! divisions ( ! wall are pla9ly se5--a dado1 pa9t$ yell[2 a relatively l[ middle division1 ! upp] edge ( :i* is set (f by a project+ cornice2 & an upp] "p rea*+ f ! fir/ cornice1 :i* appe>s 9 ?ree sections on acc\nt ( ! doors1 to ! second4 ,! surface ( ! ma9 "p ( ! wall is m\ld$ 9 /ucco to repres5t slabs or blocks ) bevell$ edges1 :i* are pa9t$ 9 imitation ( diff]5t k9ds ( m>ble4 ,above ! high d\ble doors op5+ into rooms connect$ ) ! atrium1 frames ( lattice-"w = ! admission ( air & light h be5 assum$ 9 our re/oration4 ,! dado 9 ! ,incru/ation ,/yle is g5]ally treat$ z a sep>ate memb]2 9 r>e in/ances ! imitation ( m>ble blocks is ext5d$ to ! floor4 ,x has a smoo? surface & is pa9t$ a bright color1 usually yell[2 !re is no sugge/ion ( ! practice ( lat] times1 :i* gave a d>k] color to ! base ?an to ! re/ ( ! wall4 ,?is indep5d5t h&l+ is und\bt$ly to be expla9$ z a survival f a previ\s decorative sy/em1 9 :i* ! l[] "p ( ! wall1 z at ,tiryns1 0 protect$ by a basebo>d2 ! conv5tional yell[ color ) :i* x is pa9t$1 z 9 ! case ( ! l[] /ripe ( ! ,doric ar*itrave 9 ! h\se ( ! ,faun 7p4 #ea71 is a rem9isc5ce ( ! use ( wood4 ,! upp] edge ( ! dado 0 ord9>ily di/+ui%$ by a smoo?1 n>r[ project+ b& or fillet4 ,! blocks m\ld$ 9 slight relief ^u ! ma9 "p ( ! wall are ( diff]5t sizes4 ,9 our illu/ration we see fir/ a s]ies ( ?ree l>ge slabs1 :i* are pa9t$ black4 ,above ^! are ?ree n>r[ blocks ( mag5ta4 ,! re/ pres5t a consid]able v>iety ( size & color1 until we rea* ^? j "u ! cornice1 :i* aga9 are all ( ! same %ade1 mag5ta4 ,! cornice 9 ?is /yle is always ( ! ,ionic type1 ) d5tils4 ,9 _m cases1 z t ( ! b$room 9 ! h\se ( ! ,c5taur1 x s]ves z an upp] bord] = ! decoration1 ! wall above be+ unpa9t$4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! imitation ( m>ble is c>ri$ above ! cornice1 ! wall surface be+ divid$ to repres5t smoo?ly jo9$ blocks )\t bevell$ edges1 or pa9t$ 9 pla9 masses ( color sep>at$ by a n>r[ :ite /ripe1 z 9 ! atrium ( ! h\se ( ,sallu/4 ,above ^! brilliant panels we see 9 ,fig4 #bfa a second cornice ( simple design2 ! wall betwe5 ?is cornice & ! ceil+ 0 left )\t decoration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfa4--,wall decoration 9 ! atrium ( ! h\se ( ,sallu/4 ,fir/ or ,incru/ation ,/yle4 ,?is sy/em made no provision = pa9t+s2 _! place 0 tak5 9 ! g5]al s*eme ( decoration by elaborate mosaic pictures ^u ! floor4 ,! ta/e ( ! age evid5tly pref]r$ repres5tations 9 mosaic2 o!rwise ! pa9t+ ( pictures ^u ! walls1 :i* 0 br\ght to s high a degree ( p]fection by ,polygnotus & 8 contempor>ies1 w\ld n h be5 ab&on$4 ,! ,incru/ation ,/yle1 z exemplifi$ at ,pompeii1 is 9 a second>y /age2 x mu/ h be5 work$ out orig9ally 9 g5u9e mat]ials1 at a "t :5 walls 7 actually v5e]$1 to a c]ta9 height1 ) slabs ( v>i\s k9ds ( m>ble1 cut & arrang$ to repres5t a%l> "w2 above ! cornice m>k+ ! upp] edge ( ! v5e]+1 ! surface 0 left 9 ! :ite4 ,! use ( diff]5t v>ieties ( m>ble po9ts to an active comm]cial int]c\rse betwe5 ! c\ntries ab\t ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 su* z fir/ became possible aft] ! conque/s ( ,alex&]4 ,s *>act]i/ic a /yle1 requir+ ! use ( co/ly mat]ials1 c\ld only h be5 develop$ 9 an important c5tre ( weal? & culture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfb4--;,di/ribution ( colors 9 ! section ( wall repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bfa4 ,9 view ( all ! circum/ances1 we are probably safe 9 conclud+ t ! ,incru/ation ,/yle orig9at$ 9 ,alex&ria1 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,f ,alex&ria x spread to o!r cities ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/1 /ucco be+ us$ 9 imitation ( m>ble1 :]e m>ble c\ld n be procur$2 scanty rema9s simil> to ^? at ,pompeii1 & ( approximately ! same p]iod--! second c5tury ,b4,c4--h be5 f\nd at ,p]gamon1 on ! isl& ( ,delos1 & lately 9 ,pri5e4 ,?is /yle repres5ts = u ! wall decoration ( ! ,hell5i/ic age4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by ! same pov]ty ( =m & obvi\s /riv+ aft] simplicity :i* we h notic$ 9 ! ar*itecture ( ! ,tufa ,p]iod4 ,! project+ cornice above ! body ( ! wall is always ( ! same type2 yet ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 enjoy$ a ri* h]itage ( ar*itectural =ms1 & lack ( v>iety 9 ?is & o!r details ( ornam5tation 0 due1 n to de>? ( mat]ials1 b to ! prevail+ ta/e4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n example ( ! decoration ( ! second or ,ar*itectural ,/yle1 is on ! walls ( ! ,small ,!atre1 :i* 0 built soon aft] #hj ,b4,c4 ,! /yle rema9$ 9 vogue till ! middle ( ! reign ( ,augu/us2 x may be loosely *>act]iz$ z ! wall decoration ( ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 ,x %[s an int]e/+ developm5t f simpl] to ri*] & m complex =ms4 ,! m elaborate & f9i%$ designs are n s well exemplifi$ at ,pompeii z 9 ,rome1 :]e two beautiful s]ies h be5 f\nd1 bo? dat+ f ! e>li] "p ( ! reign ( ,augu/us4 ,"o s]ies is 9 ! s-call$ h\se ( ,livia or ,g]manicus on ! ,palat9e4 ,! o!r 0 f\nd 9 a h\se on ! "r bank ( ! ,tib]1 excavat$ 9 #ahgh2 ! pa9t+s 7 remov$ to ! new ,museo delle ,t]me4 ,! specim5 %[n 9 ,plate ,,xii1 h[ev]1 is f a ,pompeian wall2 ! room 9 :i* x 0 f\nd op5s (f f ! p]i/yle ( a h\se 9 ! fif? ,region 7,v4 i4 #ah74 ,! olde/ walls ( ! second /yle closely resemble ^? ( ! fir/1 ) ?is *>act]i/ic diff]5ce3 ! imitation ( m>ble v5e]+ is no long] produc$ ) ! aid ( relief2 color alone is employ$1 ^u a plane surface1 z 9 ! cella ( ! temple ( ,jupit] 7,fig4 #bj74 ,! e>li] division ( ! wall into ?ree p>ts is reta9$1 b ! pa9t$ cornice1 no long] re/rict$ to ! d5til type1 appe>s 9 a v>iety ( =ms4 ,! base also is treat$ ) great] fre$om4 ,frequ5tly x is pa9t$ 9 /rong projection1 z if ! re/ ( ! wall above x 7 fur!r f ! eye1 :ile ^u ! %elf ?us =m$ are pa9t$ columns rea*+ to ! ceil+ & seem+ly 9 front ( ! ma9 "p ( ! wall2 su* columns & pill>s1 ) ,cor9?ian capitals1 are se5 9 ,plate ,,xii1 at ! "r & ! left4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xii4--,,specim5 ,,( ,,wall ,,decoration4 ,,second ,,or ,,ar*itectural ,,/yle4 ,?us ! designs ( ?is /yle at fir/ compris$ only simple elem5ts1 a wall made up ( pa9t$ blocks or panels ) a dado pa9t$ 9 projection support+ columns t seem$ to c>ry an ar*itrave on :i* ! ceil+ re/$2 !re is an excell5t example 9 ! h\se ( ! ,labyr9?1 on ! walls ( a room at ! re> ( ! g>d54 ,b ! designs gradually became m complex1 p>tly ?r\gh ! diff]5tiation ( ! simple elem5ts1 p>tly ?r\gh ! introduction ( new motives1 until a complete ar*itectural sy/em 0 develop$4 ,?is sy/em diff]s f t ( ! f\r? /yle1 :i* is also ar*itectural1 9 t x adh]es 9 ! ma9 to actual or possible /ructural =ms1 :ile ^? ( ! f\r? /yle are fanta/ic 9 _! proportions & arrangem5t4 ,9 ?is process ( developm5t two cle>ly def9$ t5d5cies become manife/1 "o affect+ ! treatm5t ( ! upp] division ( ! wall1 ! o!r ! elaboration ( a *>act]i/ic motive :i* n[ fir/ appe>s1 a framework = ! pr9cipal pa9t+2 = ar*itectural designs are well adapt$ = ! display ( pictures1 & wall pa9t+s n[ beg9 to h a prom95t place 9 ,pompeian decoration4 ,! upp] division t5ds m & m to be repres5t$ z an op5 space1 beh9d ! plane ( projection 9 :i* ! ma9 "p appe>s4 ,?us 9 ,plate ,,xii we see on ei!r side a silv] vase ) fruits & v9e leaves1 /&+ on ! cornice ( ! ma9 wall1 9 ! op54 ,(t5 ! upp] space is pa9t$ blue1 z if "o caught a glimpse ( ! sky above ! wall2 sometimes ! outl9e ( a wall fur!r beyond is se51 or columns 9 ! re> connect$ ) ^? 9 front by a decorative framework2 & n infrequ5tly small ar*itectural designs1 9 p]spective1 re/ ^u ! cornice :]e ! vases are %[n 9 our plate4 ,b 9 all ! designs ( ?is /yle1 complex z well z simple1 ! ?reefold division ( ! wall c>ri$ ov] f ! fir/ /yle is reta9$2 v (t5 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! base1 ma9 wall1 & upp] portion is emphasiz$ by pa9t+ !m s t !y seem to be 9 ?ree planes ( projection4 ,! ornam5tal framework = ! pa9t+1 consi/5tly ) ! ar*itectural "* ( ! decoration z a :ole1 is g5]ally conceiv$ z a pavilion project+ f ! wall2 s 9 ,plate ,,xii1 :]e we see two columns su/a9+ a ro(1 ^u ! front ( :i* w+$ figures /&1 ea* ) a h& ext5d$ upw>d to ! entablature ( ! l>ge pill>s at ! sides4 ,! design ( ! pavilion is sugge/$ by t ( a %r9e1 su* a %r9e z ! "o 9 ! apse ( ! sanctu>y ( ! ,city ,l>es 7,fig4 #da74 ,?is conception is "h borne out by ! subject ( ! pa9t+1 :i* repres5ts a /atue ( ,dionysus re/+1 ivy-cr[n$1 ) a ?yrsus 9 8 left h&2 ! "r h& is ?r[n gracefully ov] ! head1 & at ! feet ( ! god ! lifelike figure ( a pan!r is se54 ,! r\nd high p$e/al support+ ! gr\p is 9 ! op51 & ! backgr\nd af=ds a *>m+ vi/a among ! trees4 ,?is fram+ ( ! pr9cipal pa9t+ l$ fur!r to ! division ( ! body ( ! wall v]tically into ?ree sections1 a broad c5tral section1 includ$ )9 ! outl9e ( ! pavilion1 & two panels1 "o at ea* side4 ,! arrangem5t is well illu/rat$ 9 our plate1 ! side panels ( :i* are adorn$ ) pa9t$ /atues ( ta/efully drap$ figures1 "o ( !m hold+ a lyre4 ,! lat] /yles ( decoration reta9$ ?is symmetrical division ( ! wall space1 :i* made prom95t ! picture ( greate/ int]e/ )\t detract+ f ! f9i% ( ! decorative sett+2 b 9 ! f\r? /yle x is (t5 obscur$ by ! intricacy ( ! designs4 ,! ?ird /yle came into vogue dur+ ! reign ( ,augu/us1 & 0 preval5t until ab\t #ej ,a4,d42 we %all call x ! ,ornate ,/yle1 f its free use ( ornam5t4 ,x 0 develop$ out ( ! second /yle 9 ! same way t ! second /yle 0 develop$ out ( ! fir/2 b ! transition 0 n accompli%$ at ,pompeii1 :i*1 l ! prov9cial cities ( our day1 receiv$ its fa%ions f ! great c5tres4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,ornate ,/yle1 z reg>ds bo? ! ma9 design & ! ornam5tation1 may easily be p]ceiv$ f ! example pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bfc1 especially if ?is is view$ 9 contra/ ) ! specim5 ( ! prec$+ /yle %[n 9 ,plate ,,xii4 ,! ar*itectural design has n[ lo/ all semblance ( real con/ruction4 ,columns1 entablatures1 & o!r memb]s are treat$ conv5tionally1 z subord9ate p>ts ( a decorative s*eme2 !y are1 ) few exceptions1 r$uc$ to n>r[ b&s or /ripes ( color divid+ ! surface ( ! wall4 ,! elaborate bord] ( ! c5tral pa9t+ sugge/s a pavilion1 yet ! project+ base1 :i* 9 ! second /yle gave ?is design its significance1 is lack+4 ,h>dly less notewor?y is ! treatm5t ( ! upp] portion ( ! wall4 ,fanciful ar*itectural =ms & v>i\s ornam5ts /& out aga9/ a :ite backgr\nd1 sugge/ive ( ! op5 sky2 yet 9 our example1 z (t5 9 ?is /yle1 !re is no organic connection betwe5 ! decoration ( ! ma9 "p ( ! wall & t ( ! ceil+4 ,e "p ( ! framework ( ! ?ird /yle is pr(usely ornam5t$4 ,! ornam5tal sy/em is se5 to h a c]ta9 aff9ity ) t ( ,egypt1 & ,egyptian figures occasionally appe>2 :5ce we inf] t x 0 develop$ 9 ,alex&ria4 ,e>ly 9 ! reign ( ,augu/us1 9 consequ5ce ( ! relations ) ,egypt foll[+ ! battle ( ,actium1 a new impulse may well h be5 giv5 to ! introduction into ,italy ( ,alex&rian art4 ,! specim5 ( ! ?ird /yle %[n 9 ,fig4 #bfc is f ! beautiful decoration ( ! h\se ( ,spurius ,mesor1 portions ( :i* are well pres]v$4 ,! base ( our specim5 consi/s ( two p>ts1 a l[] bord] & a broad /ripe ( black divid$ into sections ( diff]5t %apes & sizes by l9es ( light color4 ,9 ! small sections ornam5ts are se5 pa9t$ 9 delicate %ades1 two ( !m be+ faces4 ,! l>ge pa9t+ pres5ts a my?ological sc5e1 b ! subject is n cle>4 ,! prie/ess seems to be p]=m+ a c]emony ( expiation 9 ord] to free f ! ta9t ( "s crime ! "y man :o1 ) a wrea? on 8 head & a sword1 po9t$ d[nw>d1 9 8 "r h&1 b5ds ov] ! h9d j sla9 z a sacrifice4 ,! colors are subdu$ & effective2 ! pa9t+ f ! te*nical po9t ( view is among ! be/ f\nd at ,pompeii4 ,ar\nd ! pa9t+ are n>r[ black /ripes sep>at$ by :ite l9es2 9 ! broad] /ripe und]nea?1 betwe5 ! columns1 are two light blue birds ^u a dull r$ gr\nd4 ,! small squ>es 9 ! flat cornice above are ( _m colors1 %ades ( gre51 p9k1 & br[n pr$om9at+4 ,! broad panels on ei!r side ( ! pa9t+ are ( ! color (t5 call$ ,pompeian r$2 !y h an ornam5t$ bord]1 & a small w+$ figure 9 ! c5tre4 ,! /ripe bel[ ^! %[s vases & o!r ornam5ts on an orange-yell[ gr\nd2 t above1 int]rupt$ by ! cornice ov] ! pa9t+1 is black1 ) v>i\s ornam5ts1 z baskets ( fruit1 si/rums1 & geese1 pa9t$ 9 neutral colors4 ,among ! ornam5ts ( ! upp] "p ( ! wall1 fe/oons ( leaves1 v9es1 vases1 p>rots1 & griff9s c be di/+ui%$1 pa9t$ 9 light %ades ( br[n1 blue1 gre51 & yell[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfc4--,specim5 ( wall decoration4 ,?ird or ,ornate ,/yle4 ,f ! h\se ( ,spurius ,mesor4 ,! effect ( ! ,ornate ,/yle1 ) its symmetrical =ms & v>iety ( detail1 is pleas+2 b ! free use ( neutral tones gives ! walls a some:at cold & =mal appe>ance :5 we br+ into contra/ ! w>m color+ ( ! next p]iod4 ,! f\r? or ,intricate ,/yle fir/ appe>s ab\t ! middle ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 ,x />t$1 z did ! ?ird1 ) ! symmetrical division ( ! wall develop$ 9 ! second /yle2 x diff]s f ! ?ird 9 t x always reta9$ a s5se ( ar*itectural =m4 ,! columns are (t5 flut$1 z 9 a specim5 9 ! ,naples ,museum 7,fig4 #bfd74 ,! entablatures & c(f]$ ceil+s1 light & airy z !y (t5 seem1 h nev]!less a sugge/ion ( reality2 we "k t ar*itectural =ms are pres5t$1 & n m]e /ripes ( color4 ,yet ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! f\r? & ! second /yle is no less app>5t4 ,9 ! latt] ! ar*itectural designs are n inconsi/5t ) real con/ruction2 9 ! =m] ! imag9ation ( ! design] _h free scope1 produc+ patt]ns s fanta/ic & intricate t ! fundam5tal idea at ! basis ( ! wall divisions seems entirely lo/ sight ( at times4 ,! pref]5ce = ar*itectural =ms 0 c>ri$ s f> t betwe5 ! l>ge panels ( black1 r$1 or yell[1 v]tical sections ( wall 7 left :i* 7 fill$ ) airy /ructures on a :ite backgr\nd2 ! p>ts repres5t$ z ne>e/ ! behold] 7 pa9t$ yell[1 ^? fur!r back 7 adorn$ ) all ! colors ( ! ra9b[1 ?us =m+ a k9d ( color p]spective 7,fig4 #bfe74 ,! designs ( ! ma9 "p 7 ext5d$ into ! upp] division1 & frequ5tly ! :ole wall appe>s z an intricate scaffold+1 p>tially conceal$ by ! l>ge panels2 ^! sometimes h ! appe>ance ( tape/ries hang+ susp5d$ f ! scaffold+1 & are s treat$1 z 9 ! case ( ! curta9s %[n 9 ,plate ,,xiii4 ,! fundam5tal conception ( ! decorative sy/em is lo/ :5 ! backgr\nd ( ! upp] "p & ( ! airy scaffold+s is no long] left :ite1 b pa9t$ ! same color z ! re/ ( ! wall1 s t ! effect ( di/ance & p]spective is obscur$4 ,occasionally1 also1 ! ar*itectural framework ( ! upp] portion ( ! wall has no connection ) t ( ! ma9 "p4 ,! ornam5ts ( ! f\r? /yle 7 tak5 l>gely f ! doma9 ( pla/ic art4 ,gr\ps ( /atu>y z well z s+le figures appe> ei!r ^u project+ portions ( ! ar*itectural framework1 z 9 ,fig4 #bfd1 or 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,!y are frequ5tly pa9t$ yell[1 sugge/+ ! gild+ appli$ to anci5t /atues1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( bronze1 & pres5t a /rik+ contra/ to ! masses ( /rong color 9 ! l>ge panels & ! brilliant %ades ( ! ar*itectural designs4 ,!y are 9 h>mony ) ! ta/e ( ! p]iod1 :i*1 z we h se51 manife/$ a fondness = ornam5tation 9 /ucco relief1 ! effect ( :i* 0 height5$ by ! free use ( color4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfd4--,specim5 ( wall decoration4 ,f\r? /yle4 ,! l>ge panels conta9$ pa9t+s ( v>i\s sizes1 sometimes copies ( ma/]pieces1 m (t5 a simple float+ figure or a ,cupid2 gr\ps are also f\nd1 z ,cupid & ,pys*e1 or a satyr ) a bac*ante4 ,! appe>ance ( a picture work$ 9 tape/ry is giv5 by a bord] j inside ! framework ( ! panel1 z (t5 9 ! decoration ( ! f\r? /yle4 ,! f\r? /yle _c h be5 d]iv$ f ! ?ird4 ,x is organically relat$ ) ! second1 out ( :i* x 0 develop$ by lay+ /ress on precisely t elem5t1 ! ar*itectural1 ! suppression ( :i* gave rise to ! ?ird /yle ( decoration4 ,! mo/ reasonable explanation ( ! relations ( ! f\r /yles1 briefly /at$1 is ?is3-- ,! ,incru/ation ,/yle1 a direct (f%oot ( ,hell5i/ic art1 0 preval5t 9 ea/]n cities1 :]e x 0 naturally foll[$ by ! ,ar*itectural ,/yle2 ?is may h be5 develop$ at "o c5tre or1 9 diff]5t phases1 at diff]5t c5tres contemporane\sly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfe4--,specim5 ( wall decoration4 ,f\r? /yle4 ,9 ! middle panel1 my?ological sc5e 9 :i* ,h]cules is ! pr9cipal figure2 9 ea* ( ! panels1 a satyr & a bac*ante4 ,at "s prom95t c5tre1 probably ,alex&ria1 ! ,ar*itectural ,/yle pass$ ov] into ! ,ornate ,/yle1 :i* 0 introduc$ into ,italy 9 ! reign ( ,augu/us & rema9$ 9 vogue till ! middle ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 ,mean:ile1 at "s o!r c5tre ( culture1 possibly ,antio*1 ! ,ar*itectural ,/yle1 by an equally natural c\rse ( developm5t1 _h pass$ ov] into ! ,intricate ,/yle1 :i* 0 fir/ br\ght to ,pompeii ab\t #ej ,a4,d4 & rema9$ 9 fa%ion till ! de/ruction ( ! city4 ,! e>?quake ( ! ye> #fc ?rew d[n "s build+s & made necess>y ! ?or\gh-go+ repair ( _m o!rs4 ,betwe5 t ye> & #gi1 m walls 7 fre%ly decorat$1 probably1 ?an 9 any previ\s p]iod ( equal l5g? 9 ! hi/ory ( ! city4 ,= ?is reason1 examples ( decoration 9 ! ,intricate ,/yle are mu* m num]\s ?an might h be5 expect$ f ! l5g? ( "t t x 0 9 vogue2 !y give ! prevail+ ca/ to ! rema9s ( pa9t+ 9 ! ru9s1 & ?is /yle is ord9>ily ?\ght ( :5 ,pompeian wall decoration is ref]r$ to4 ,! complex designs & brilliant colors =m a decorative s*eme :i* is (t5 mo/ effective1 al?\gh ! sy/em ( ! ?ird /yle reveals a f9] & m correct ta/e4 ,if no rema9s ( ! two e>li] /yles _h surviv$ to mod]n times1 ! antec$5ts & relations ( ! o!r two c\ld n possibly be und]/ood4 ,b ) ! fir/ two 9 m9d1 we are able to see cle>ly h[ ! mo/ complex =ms ( ! lat] decoration may be r$uc$1 9 la/ analysis1 to simple elem5ts4 ,ev5 9 ! example ( ! ,intricate ,/yle giv5 9 ,plate ,,xiii1 we f9d a sugge/ion ( ! ?reefold division ( ! wall into base1 ma9 "p1 & upp] "p1 :i* 0 s prom95t 9 ! ,incru/ation ,/yle2 & also an elaborate /ructural =m at ! middle ( ! wall recall+ ! pavilion framework ( ! second /yle1 ) a symmetrical arrangem5t ( ! ar*itectural designs on ei!r side1 sugge/+ ! panels at ! sides ( ! pr9cipal pa9t+4 ,! slabs ( color$ m>ble 9 ! ,incru/ation ,/yle are repres5t$ by panels = pictures or ornam5tal =ms ( all %apes & sizes2 & ! ar*itectural designs1 s simple at ! beg9n+1 h by almo/ imp]ceptible *anges & additions become decorative patt]ns s v>i$ & intricate t tak5 by !mselves !y give no h9t ( _! orig94 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiii4--,,specim5 ,,( ,,wall ,,decoration4 ,,f\r? ,,or ,,intricate ,,/yle ,,*apt] ,,lv ,,! ,,pa9t+s ,! hang+ ( pictures ^u ! walls seems n to h be5 9 vogue at ,pompeii dur+ ! p]iod to :i* ! rema9s belong4 ,! sy/em ( decoration left no room = fram$ pa9t+s1 & no traces ( any su* h be5 discov]$4 ,! pa9t+s :i* h be5 pres]v$ at ,pompeii1 n m]ely ! small gr\ps & s+le figures introduc$ to enliv5 ! design1 b ! l>ge compositions z well1 all =m$ a "p ( ! wall decoration4 ,! numb] is relatively l>ge4 ,9 ! catalogue by ,helbig1 publi%$ 9 #ahfh1 !re are ne>ly two ?\s& entries1 includ+ a few pa9t+s f ,h]culaneum & o!r ,campanian sites4 ,! supplem5t compil$ by ,sogliano 9 #ahgi records m ?an eight hundr$ pictures br\ght to light 9 ! prec$+ decade4 ,we are probably safe 9 e/imat+ ! :ole numb] ( ,pompeian pa9t+s /ill 9 exi/5ce1 or kn[n f description1 z ab\t ?irty-five hundr$4 ,9 all ?is weal? ( examples1 h[ev]1 x is n possible to f9d any evid5ce ( a progressive developm5t ei!r 9 composition or 9 te*nique4 ,!re are inde$ slight diff]5ces1 ma9ly 9 reg>d to te*nical h&l+ & color s*eme1 :i* di/+ui% ! pa9t+s f\nd 9 ! decoration ( ! ?ird /yle f ^? ( ! o!r two /yles 9 :i* pa9t+s appe>2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ^? ( ! second & ^? ( ! f\r? /yle is mu* less m>k$4 ,! p]iod f #hj ,b4,c4 to #gi ,a4,d4 0 z little creative 9 ! field ( pa9t+ z 9 t ( sculpture4 ,no new types appe>1 no improvem5ts are work$ out2 ! pa9t]1 z ! sculptor1 0 an eclectic1 :o drew ^u ! creations ( ! pa/ z suit$ 8 fancy1 & cont5t$ himself ) copy+ or imitat+4 ,9 ! adaptation ( pa9t+s to decorative use ! arti/ reproduc$ ei!r entire compositions or s+le motives :i* seem$ to answ] 8 purpose4 ,! g5]al pref]5ce 0 = pa9t+s ( ! ,hell5i/ic age1 aft] ! dea? ( ,alex&]2 yet examples ( e>li] /yles are occasionally f\nd1 z ! ,sacrifice ( ,iphig5ia 7,fig4 #aef7 & ! dramatic sc5e 9 :i* ,ore/es & ,pylades appe> be=e ,k+ ,?oas 7,fig4 #ahb74 ,new discov]ies & ! progress ( rese>* w sometime1 p]haps1 make x possible to pres5t a g5]al survey ( ! ,pompeian pa9t+s f ! hi/orical & critical po9t ( view4 ,no su* compreh5sive treatm5t is yet possible1 h[ev]1 & we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) (f]+ a few obs]vations 9 reg>d to ! di/ribution ( ! pa9t+s among ! diff]5t decorative /yles & ! classes ( subjects repres5t$4 ,! ,incru/ation ,/yle1 z previ\sly rem>k$1 left no place = pa9t+s ^u ! walls4 ,nev]!less1 9 isolat$ cases1 we f9d a simple pictorial repres5tation ^u ! surface ( "o ( ! blocks pa9t$ 9 imitation ( m>ble1 z if ! ve9s ( ! /one _h run into a %ape sugge/ive ( an object1 z a vase or a bird2 9 "o in/ance1 curi\sly en\gh1 a wre/l+ mat* is outl9$1 betwe5 ,h]cules & ,antaeus4 ,9 ! ,tufa ,p]iod ! desire = pa9t+s 0 satisfi$ by ! mosaic pictures ^u ! floor4 ,! e>li] walls ( ! second /yle 9 ?is respect resemble ^? ( ! fir/2 ! examples 9 ! h\se ( ! ,labyr9? h no pa9t+s4 ,! lat] walls1 h[ev]1 are ri* 9 pictures1 b ^? ( ,pompeii are n s abundantly adorn$ z ^? 9 ,rome 7p4 #dfb74 ,! elaborate pa9t+ %[n 9 ! pavilion frame 9 ,plate ,,xii is exceptional among ! ,pompeian rema9s ( ?is /yle4 ,! great majority ( ! pa9t+s are f\nd ^u walls ( ! ?ird & f\r? /yles4 ,on ! old] walls ( ! ?ird /yle1 z we h se51 ! pr9cipal pa9t+ appe>s 9 a frame1 ! design ( :i* is tak5 f t ( ! conv5tional pavilion ( ! second /yle4 ,9 lat] examples ! close relation betwe5 ! picture & ! frame is no long] ma9ta9$2 ! frame simply encloses a l>ge panel ( uni=m color1 9 ! middle ( :i* a relatively small picture is se54 ,?is arrangem5t 0 c>ri$ ov] into ! f\r? /yle1 b ! conception ( a pavilion frame is entirely lo/ sight (2 ! pa9t+ is 9 ! middle ( a l>ge panel ( brilliant color1 ar\nd :i* ! ar*itectural framework is ext5d$4 ,a ,pompeian room well decorat$ 9 ei!r ( ! lat] /yles conta9$ f\r ( ^! prom95t pa9t+s1 9 case !re 0 no door at ! middle ( "o ( ! sides2 if a door int]f]$1 !re 7 only ?ree4 ,pa9t+s 7 also plac$ 9 ! divisions ( ! wall at ! "r & ! left ( ! c5tral panel4 ,9 ,plate ,,xii we notic$ a s+le figure on ei!r side ( ! pavilion1 b su* additions are r>e 9 ! second /yle4 ,9 ! ?ird /yle ! side panels are uni=mly adorn$ ) pa9t+s4 ,9 ,fig4 #bfc ! small figure 9 ! middle ( ! panel at ! left is a ,cupid2 frequ5tly a fly+ swan is se51 or a l&scape lightly sket*$ 9 mono*rome on ! gr\nd ( ! panel4 ,sometimes ! pa9t+ is set (f by a sep>ate frame2 if ?is is r\nd1 a bu/ is usually repres5t$4 ,gr\ps ( two figures 7 pref]r$ = ! side panels ( ! f\r? /yle1 ! favorite subject be+ a satyr & a bac*ante1 z 9 ,fig4 #bfe2 ^! sometimes appe> z bu/s1 b are m (t5 repres5t$ z float+ figures4 ,*>act]i/ic ( ! f\r? /yle1 9 respect to ! di/ribution ( pa9t+s1 is ! use ( s+le figures & simple compositions to add life to ! fanta/ic ar*itectural designs 9 ! upp] "p ( ! wall & 9 ! divisions betwe5 ! l>ge panels4 ,"h we may see satyrs & bac*antes1 "y girls & solemn-visag$ m5 ) implem5ts ( sacrifice2 ! figures appe> 9 great v>iety ( type & subject4 ,sometimes gr\ps are brok5 up1 & ! elem5ts ( a my?ological sc5e1 z t ( ,admetus & ,alce/is1 are di/ribut$ z s+le figures 9 ! ar*itectural framework4 ,at ! "t ( ! eruption ! fondness = pictorial repres5tations 0 increas+1 & !y 7 be+ introduc$ into e "p ( ! decoration1 includ+ ! frieze ( ! ma9 "p ( ! wall1 ! use ( :i* 9 ?is way comm5c$ 9 ! "t ( ! ?ird /yle 7,fig4 #bfc71 & ! /ripe bel[1 betwe5 ! ma9 "p ( ! wall & ! base 7,fig4 #bfe72 h[ elaborate ?is int]m$iate decoration might become we h already se5 9 ! case ( ! h\se ( ! ,vettii4 ,frequ5tly 9 ! f\r? /yle ! l[] "p ( ! ar*itectural framework sep>at+ two l>ge panels appe>s to be clos$1 z 9 ,plate ,,xiii1 by a n>r[ panel1 above :i* a pa9t+ is se54 ,! pictures f\nd 9 ^! places (t5 repres5t /ill life4 ,seafights are also a favorite subject2 su* may be se5 9 ! temple ( ,isis1 ! ,macellum1 & "o ( ! rooms 9 ! h\se ( ! ,vettii4 ,g5]ally on ! walls ( ! f\r? /yle1 :]ev] !re is available space1 we f9d small pictures 9 great v>iety1 ! mo/ common be+ l&scapes1 simply pa9t$1 ) ! use ( few colors4 ,x is by no means easy to make a satisfactory classification ( ,pompeian pa9t+s accord+ to subject4 ,nev]!less1 ) a few exceptions1 !y may be r\ghly gr\p$ 9 f\r g5]al classes1 my?ological pa9t+s1 g5re pa9t+s1 l&scapes1 & /ill life4 ,mo/ ( ! l>ge & important pictures belong to ! fir/ class4 ,! my?ological pa9t+s w !re=e be discuss$ at some:at great] l5g?2 ! o!r ?ree classes w require only a brief *>act]ization4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bff4--;,a fruit piece1 ,x5ion4 ,! /ill-life pa9t+s repres5t all k9ds ( meat1 fi%1 f[l1 & fruits4 ,accord+ to ,vitruvius1 ?is k9d ( picture 0 call$ ,x5ion4 ,! reason giv5 = ! "n recalls a curi\s cu/om ( anci5t ,greece4 ,:5 a gue/1 x5os1 0 receiv$ into a ,greek home1 says ?is writ]1 he 0 invit$ to sit at ! table = "o day4 ,aft] t provisions 7 furni%$ to him uncook$1 & he prep>$ 8 own meals4 ,a portion ( unprep>$ victuals ?us came to be call$ x5ion1 '! /rang]'s portion1' & ! "n 0 aft]w>ds transf]r$ to pictures 9 :i* su* provisions appe>4 ,a fruit piece1 n[ 9 ! ,naples ,museum1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bff4 ,l&scapes are num]\s & ( all sizes4 ,occasionally a g>d5 wall ( ! f\r? /yle is cov]$ ) a s+le l>ge pa9t+1 9 :i* villas1 g>d5s1 roads1 & h>bors are reali/ically pres5t$4 ,su* pictures are ( ,italian orig92 ! "n ( ! arti/ :o fir/ pa9t$ !m is probably ,sextus ,tadius1 b ! read+ ( ! passage 9 :i* ! "n occurs 7,pl94 ,n4 ,h4 ,,xxxv4 x4 #aaf7 is unc]ta94 ,common to ! ?ird & f\r? /yles are g>d5 sc5es1 9 :i*1 beh9d a light b>ri]1 ! plants ( a g>d5 appe>1 ) birds1 /atues1 & f\nta9s4 ,! f9e/ extant example is 9 ! villa ( ,livia1 at ,prima ,porta1 ne> ,rome4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfg4--;,a l&scape pa9t+4 ,l>ge l&scapes sometimes h a place 9 ! pr9cipal panels ( ! walls4 ,^! are all ( ,hell5i/ic orig91 & are f\nd almo/ )\t exception 9 ! decoration ( ! ?ird /yle4 ,!y g5]ally repres5t a quiet nook ( woodl&1 ) high cliffs2 9 ! =egr\nd is a %r9e--p]haps m ?an "o--) figures ( m5 sacrific+ or com+ to (f] wor%ip4 ,! great majority ( ! l&scapes1 h[ev]1 are introduc$ into v>i\s p>ts ( ! decoration outside ( ! l>ge panels1 & are q small4 ,9 !m we see little %r9es or villas by ! seaside2 a riv] ) a bridge on :i* a travell] appe>s cross+ ! /ream2 or build+s on an isl& or p59sula 9 ! edge ( a body ( wat]1 z 9 ,fig4 #bfg4 ,(t5 !y are simply light sket*es2 n[ & !n "o ( ^! small l&scapes is pa9t$ 9 a peculi> t9t1 z if ! sc5e 7 repres5t$ by moonlight4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfh4--;,gr\p ( wom51 "o ( :om is s\nd+ two /r+$ in/rum5ts4 ,! g5re pa9t+s are ( special importance on acc\nt ( ! light !y %$ on ! life & cu/oms ( ! anci5ts4 ,a numb] h already be5 describ$ or illu/rat$ 9 ! *apt] on ! h\se ( ! ,vettii1 & 9 ! "p devot$ to ! trades & occupations4 ,to ^! we %\ld add ! picture ( an arti/ 9 ! h\se ( ! ,surgeon 7,fig4 #abh71 & ! sc5es f ! life ( ! ,=um 7,figs4 #af1 #ag74 ,"h belong also ! gr\ps 9 :i* figures are se5 ) a roll ( papyrus or a writ+ tablet1 sugge/ive ( lit]>y pursuits1 & figures ) musical in/rum5ts4 ,a gr\p ( musicians is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bfh1 9 :i* are f\r wom51 "o ( :om is tun+ a c\ple ( /r+$ in/rum5ts to s\nd 9 unison4 ,9 ! same class are includ$ two small pa9t$ bu/s n infrequ5tly met )1 t ( a girl ) a writ+ tablet 9 h] left h& hold+ ! end ( a /ylus aga9/ h] lips1 z if pond]+ :at to write1 & t ( a "y man ) "o end ( a roll ( papyrus1 9 :i* he has be5 read+1 "u 8 *94 ,a ,pompeian bak]1 ,publius ,paquius ,proculus1 br\ght ^! two ideal bu/s into "o pa9t+1 sub/itut+ = ! faces ( ! y\? & maid5 ^? ( himself & 8 wife 7,fig4 #bfi74 ,! portraits are reali/ic1 b ! faces are n unattractive2 t ( ,proculus seems m k9dly & +5u\s ?an ! face ( ,caecilius ,jucundus 7,fig4 #bef74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfi4--,paquius ,proculus & 8 wife4 ,two ideal pa9t$ bu/s h rec5tly be5 f\nd1 ea* ( a y\? ) a roll ( papyrus4 ,_! *ief int]e/ lies 9 ! fact t ea* roll is provid$ ) a n>r[ tag or label1 ( ! sort t ! ,romans call$ index1 on :i* ! names ,plato & ,hom]us c be pla9ly read4 ,! two types ( face well correspond ) ! tr5d ( ta/e sugge/$ by ! titles3 ! delicate features & upturn$ gaze ( ! "o indicate a poetic temp]am5t2 ! o!r has a high =ehead & an air ( m$itation1 appropriate = a /ud5t ( philosophy4 ,! my?ological pa9t+s r>ely pres5t rapid movem5t4 ,to ! few exceptions belong ! two famili> pictures plac$ opposite ea* o!r 9 ! tabl9um ( ! h\se ( ,ca/or & ,pollux1 ,a*illes among ! daught]s ( ,lycom$es on ! isl& ( ,scyros1 & ! qu>rel betwe5 ,a*illes & ,agamemnon4 ,only "p ( ! latt] pa9t+ is pres]v$1 b bo? are /rong compositions1 & are repeat$ on o!r walls4 ,sc5es ( combat1 ! int]e/ ( :i* lies 9 ! display ( physical =ce1 are /ill m infrequ5tly met )1 & seem out ( h>mony ) ! prevail+ ta/e4 ,two pictures f ,h]culaneum repres5t ,h]cules putt+ =? 8 /r5g?2 9 "o he is /ruggl+ ) ! ,nemean lion1 9 ! o!r c>ry+ ! ,eryman?ian bo>4 ,! few pa9t+s ( ?is k9d at ,pompeii are badly pres]v$4 ,9 two ( !m ,meleag] appe>s1 engag$ 9 combat ) ! bo>2 9 ano!r we see ,a*illes be=e ! walls ( ,troy ) drawn sword 9 "o h&1 ) ! o!r grasp+ by ! hair ,troilus1 an effem9ate ,trojan y\?1 attir$ 9 ,ori5tal fa%ion1 :o m\nt$ on 8 horse is va9ly try+ to escape2 a f\r? repres5ts a combat betwe5 a heavy-arm$ w>rior & an ,amazon4 ,b su* pa9t+s are ! m conspicu\s by reason ( _! r>ity1 & ^? t h ?us f> be5 discov]$ are all f\nd ^u walls ( ! ?ird /yle4 ,a mu* l>g] numb] ( my?ological compositions repres5t a mom5t ( dramatic int]e/1 ! arti/ rely+ = 8 effect ^u ! be>+ & facial expression ( ! p]sons appe>+ 9 ! sc5e4 ,! int]e/ is purely psy*ological1 & sev]al ( ! pictures t h be5 pres]v$ give u an exce$+ly favorable idea ( ! ability ( anci5t pa9t]s to express emotion1 especially :5 we rememb] t ^! pa9t+s are m]ely decorative copies ( ma/]pieces ! orig9als ( :i* 9 mo/ cases _h probably nev] be5 se5 by ! workm5 :o pa9t$ ! copies on ! walls4 ,among ! m famili> examples is ! face ( ,ore/es 9 ! pa9t+ f\nd 9 ! h\se ( ! ,ci?>i/ 7,fig4 #ahb71 & t ( ,io1 wat*$ by ,argus1 9 ! ,macellum4 ,emotion is express$ ) ev5 great] skill 9 ! face ( ,io 9 a pa9t+ ( ! temple ( ,isis4 ,! goddess welcomes ! w&]] to ,egypt aft] h] long season ( suff]+2 ! traces ( ! suff]+ are cle>ly se51 yet are illum9$ by ! ineffable & s]5e joy ( f9al deliv]ance4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful specim5s ( anci5t pa9t+ is a fragm5t1 badly pres]v$1 9 ! tabl9um ( ! h\se ( ,caecilius ,jucundus4 ,! composition probably repres5t$ ,priam turn+ back t[>d ,troy ) ! body ( ,hector1 :i* he _h j ransom$4 ,9 ! fragm5t1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #bgj1 we see ! ag$ ,hecuba1 toge!r ) a daught] or maids]vant1 look+ ) unutt]able angui% f an upp] w9d[ d[n ^u ! sc5e4 ,! gray-hair$ que51 ^: features /ill reta9 mu* ( _! y\?ful beauty1 gazes ^u ! du/-/a9$ body ( h] son ) grief too deep = te>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgj4--;,hecuba ) a y\ng] companion look+ f an upp] w9d[ z ,priam br+s back ! body ( ,hector4 ,9 ! majority ( pa9t+s ! subjects ( :i* are tak5 f my?s ! *>act]s are repres5t$ ei!r 9 a relation ( re/1 n sugge/ive ( int5se emotion1 or 9 a la/+ situation ( dramatic int]e/1 :i* is devoid ( mom5t>y excitem5t & does n sugge/ ! display ( evanesc5t feel+4 ,! situation is sometimes *e]ful1 sometimes calculat$ to ar\se sympa?y2 if ! *>act]s 7 n my?ological1 ! sc5es might pass = ^? ( ev]yday life4 ,?us we see ,n>cissus look+ at ! reflection ( 8 face 9 a cle> spr+ 9 ! =e/2 ,polyphemus1 on ! sea%ore1 receiv+ f ! h&s ( a ,cupid a lett] s5t by ,galatea2 & ,apollo play+ on ! lyre = ,admetus1 :ile ! h]d grazes ar\nd him4 ,to ! same s]ies ( *e]ful or idyllic pictures belong ! ,sel5e hov]+ ov] ! sleep+ ,endymion2 ,p>is & ,o5one on ,mt4 ,ida1 ,p>is cutt+ ! "n ( 8 swee!>t 9 ! b>k ( a tree2 & ,p]seus ) ,&rom$a look+ at ! reflection ( ! head ( ,m$usa 9 a pool4 ,) ^! we may class also ! repres5tations ( ,bac*us z he moves along ) 8 rollick+ b& & sudd5ly comes ^u ! sleep+ ,ariadne2 & ,h]cules ) ,omphale1 sometimes sitt+ 9 woman's attire beside h] & sp9n+1 sometimes /agg]+ 9 8 cups or ly+ drunk ^u ! gr\nd :ile %e /&s or sits ne> him4 ,examples ( a pa!tic situation are equally abundant4 ,we f9d ,aphrodite c>+ = ! w\nd$ ,adonis1 & ,cyp>issus griev+ ov] ! dead /ag4 ,! pa?os ( ! sc5e1 h[ev]1 is n always s obvi\sly sugge/$4 ,! famili> pa9t+ ( ,europa repres5ts ! maid5 playfully sitt+ ^u ! bull1 :i* "o ( h] girli% companions is c>ess+4 ,! situation1 f "o po9t ( view1 is idyllic1 yet x br+s to m9d ! unhappy fate ( ! girl1 borne f> away f home ov] ! sea to a di/ant l&1 & ! effect is height5$ by giv+ h] a wond]fully beautiful =m4 ,n infrequ5tly a simil> result is produc$ by plac+ figures ( incongru\s type 9 %>p contra/2 s 9 ! (t-repeat$ composition 9 :i* ! beautiful ,!tis 9 elegant attire sits 9 ! work%op ( ,hephae/us1 look+ at ! %ield :i* ! r\gh & grimy smi? is f9i%+ = ,a*illes4 ,9 ano!r composition ,pasiphae is se5 9 ! %op ( ,da$alus1 :o po9ts out ! wood5 c[2 & a simil> idea ( contra/ mu/ h be5 pres5t 9 ! m9d ( ! arti/ :o pa9t$ ,danae aft] %e _h be5 ca/ a%ore 9 a *e/ on ! isl& ( ,s]iphus1 sitt+ on ! bea* ) little ,p]seus 9 h] lap1 :ile two fi%]m5 /&+ ne> make inquiry conc]n+ h] /range fate4 ,! symmetrical arrangem5t ( ! pa9t+s 9 a ,pompeian room c h>dly h fail$ to influ5ce ! *oice ( compositions = ! pr9cipal panels1 especially 9 cases 9 :i* my?ological sc5es 7 to be repres5t$4 ,sometimes1 ?\gh n s frequ5tly z might h be5 expect$1 pictures 7 gr\p$ accord+ to subject4 ,we h already notic$ ! relation ( two pa9t+s1 9 ! h\se ( ,ca/or & ,pollux1 9 :i* ,a*illes is ! pr9cipal figure4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 ,a*illes among ! daught]s ( ,lycom$es1 is f\nd 9 a room ( ano!r h\se 9 a gr\p ( ?ree2 "o ( ! companion pieces repres5ts ,!tis 9 ! smi?y ( ,hephae/us look+ at ! weapons :i* are be+ made = ,a*illes1 :ile 9 ! o!r %e is se5 rid+ ov] ! sea on a ,triton1 br++ !m to h] son4 ,!re is ano!r gr\p ( ?ree pictures relat$ by subject 9 a room 9 ! h\se ( ! ,vettii2 !y belong to ! ,!ban cycle1 & repres5t ! infant ,h]cules /rangl+ ! s]p5ts1 ! dea? ( ,p5!us1 & ! b9d+ ( ,dirce4 ,simil>ity ( sc5e & ( treatm5t influ5c$ ! selection ( pa9t+s = a room mu* m (t5 ?an unity ( subject4 ,a good illu/ration is ! pair ( pictures sev]al times f\nd toge!r1 "o ( :i* repres5ts ,polyphemus on ! bea* receiv+ f a ,cupid a lett] writt5 by ,galatea2 9 ! o!r ,aphrodite is se5 on ! sea%ore fi%+1 ) ,cupids all ab\t h]4 ,! sugge/ion ( ,love is common to bo? pa9t+s1 b ! juxtaposition ( ! two z c\nt]p>ts is due to ! simil>ity ( sc5e4 ,opposite ! picture ( ,europa ref]r$ to above1 is a ,pan play+ on 8 pipe1 ) nymphs ar\nd him2 ! two pictures1 :i* appe> 9 a room ( ! ?ird /yle1 f ! decorative po9t ( view =m an effective pair4 ,a sleep+ room ( ! same /yle--?\gh 9 respect to gr\p+ no diff]5ce betwe5 ! /yles is app>5t--(f]s an int]e/+ example ( a d\ble gr\p4 ,! f\r pr9cipal pa9t+s =m two pairs4 ,9 "o pair we see1 on "o side1 ,h]cules 9 ! g>d5 ( ! ,hesp]ides approa*+ an alt> ar\nd :i* ?ree maid5s are /&+2 on ! o!r1 a %r9e ( ,artemis 9 a =e/ ) ?ree wor%ipp]s draw+ ne>1 "o ( :om br+s a g>l&4 ,! two pictures h>monize 9 ! "* ( ! sc5]y & 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! figures4 ,! effectiv5ess ( ! o!r pair z a decorative c\nt]p>t c be se5 9 our illu/rations2 ! subject ( "o ( ! pa9t+s is ! fate ( ! pipes :i* ,a!na ca/ aside 7,fig4 #bga71 & ( ! o!r ! fall ( ,ic>us 7,fig4 #bgb74 ,9 ! fir/ ( ! two pictures we h "o ( ! few extant examples ( a k9d ( pa9t+ associat$ ) ! "n ( ,philo/ratus1 9 :i* diff]5t sc5es repres5t+ ! successive /ages ( an action are unit$ 9 "o composition4 ,9 ! =egr\nd at ! left sits ,a!na1 ) h] %ield on ! gr\nd beside h]1 play+ ! d\ble pipe2 a nymph 9 front ris+ f ! surface ( a /ream holds up a mirror 9 :i* ! goddess may see h] face reflect$ z %e plays4 ,! next two sc5es lie j across ! brook4 ,at ! foot ( ! cliff sits ! div9ity ( ! c\ntry1 ,phrygia1 9 :i* ! /ory ( ,m>syas is localiz$4 ,above1 at ! left1 we see ! satyr ) a %eph]d's crook 9 8 left h& bl[+ a ,pan's pipe2 he has n yet espi$ ! pipes ?r[n away by ,a!na4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bga4--;,a!na's pipes & ! fate ( ,m>syas4 ,at ! "r he appe>s aga91 ne> ! tree1 hav+ f\nd ! pipes disc>d$ by ! goddess & pick$ !m up4 ,la/ly1 9 ! middle ( ! backgr\nd1 we see him play+ ! pipes 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,muses1 :o are s]v+ z judges 9 ! conte/ ( skill betwe5 ! satyr & ,apollo4 ,! f9al sc5e ) ! flay+ ( ,m>syas1 :i* 0 sometimes repres5t$ 9 sculpture1 & appe>s also 9 sev]al ,pompeian pa9t+s1 is "h omitt$4 ,! inn] connection ( ! o!r picture is n s cle>4 ,x is p]haps a confus$ =m ( a composition 9 :i* ,ic>us1 ly+ on ! gr\nd aft] 8 fall1 0 ! c5tral figure2 ! local div9ities & natives ( ! region 7 look+ ^u ! body ( ! hapless y\? ) pity2 :ile ,da$alus1 hov]+ 9 ! air above1 0 try+ to f9d ! spot :]e he _h fall54 ,our arti/1 h[ev]1 ?9k+ to height5 ! effect1 repres5t$ ,ic>us z plung+ headlong ?r\gh ! air1 ) ! result %[n 9 ! illu/ration2 nei!r ,da$alus nor ! figures 9 ! =egr\nd seem yet to h become aw>e ( ! cata/rophe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgb4--,! fall ( ,ic>us4 ,we c 9 no way m appropriately br+ to a close our brief survey ( ! ,pompeian pa9t+s ?an by pres5t+ a reproduction ( ! sc5e 9 :i* ,zeus & ,h]a appe> on ,mt4 ,ida 7,fig4 #bgc74 ,?is pa9t+ has be5 suffici5tly discuss$ 9 ano!r connection 7pp4 #caf-cag72 ?\gh pres]v$ 9 a damag$ condition1 x cle>ly repres5ts an orig9al ( no slight m]it4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgc4--,zeus & ,h]a on ,mt4 ,ida4 ,wall pa9t+ f ! h\se ( ! ,tragic ,poet4 ,,"p ,,vi ,,! ,,inscriptions ,,( ,,pompeii ,,*apt] ,,lvi ,,importance ,,( ,,! ,,inscriptions4--,,monum5tal ,,inscriptions ,,& ,,public ,,notices ,! inscriptions discov]$ at ,pompeii numb] m ?an six ?\s&4 ,!y cov] a wide field1 rang+ f commemorative tablets put up at public exp5se to ! scribbl+s ( idl]s ^u ! pla/]$ walls4 ,x w\ld be an exagg]ation to say t !y contribute to our k ( antiquity mu* t is new2 _! value lies r 9 ! insight :i* !y give into ! life ( ! city & its p4 ,9 "o respect ! evid5ce d]iv$ f inscriptions1 ?\gh (t5 ( ! mo/ fragm5t>y "*1 is especially satisfactory4 ,we feel t we are h&l+ orig9al docum5ts1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( t succession ( copyi/s :i* /&s betwe5 ! au?or ( a ,greek or ,roman ma/]piece & ! mod]n read]4 ,! %apes ( ! lett]s & ! spell+ are j z !y 7 left by ! /onecutt] or ! scribbl]2 ! v>i\s h&writ+s c /ill be z pla9ly di/+ui%$ on ! *>r$ tablets ( ,caecilius ,jucundus z ?\gh ! signatures 7 witness$ only ye/]day4 ,?r\gh ! inscriptions we are br\ght into contact ) ! p]sonality ( ! ,pompeians z 9 no o!r way4 ,! inscriptions may be classifi$ ei!r accord+ to ! subject matt] or accord+ to ! =m 9 :i* !y appe>1 :e!r cut 9 /one1 or pa9t$1 or scrat*$ ^u a smoo? surface ) a /ylus4 ,no detail$ classification ne$ be giv5 "h2 x w be suffici5t = our purposes to discuss ! ma9 divisions briefly "u f\r heads1--monum5tal inscriptions & public notices1 graffiti1 & inscriptions relat+ to bus9ess affairs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,monum5tal inscriptions include ^? :i* are cut 9 h>d mat]ial & are int5d$ to be read by all :o see !m4 ,!y are f\nd at ,pompeii *iefly 9 or ^u public build+s1 on p$e/als ( /atues & on sepul*ral monum5ts4 ,!y are *>act]iz$ by extreme brevity4 ,a few are 9 ! ,oscan language1 ! re/ are 9 ,lat94 ,! m important examples h be5 pres5t$ 9 ! prec$+ pages 9 connection ) ! monum5ts to :i* !y belong4 ,a li/ ( !m is giv5 9 ! ,index "u ,inscriptions4 ,! public notices are pa9t$ ^u ! walls along ! sides ( ! /reets1 ord9>ily 9 a bright r$ color2 a few are 9 black4 ,! mo/ important are ! election notices1 9 :i* a c&idate is recomm5d$ = a public (fice4 ,^! are ab\t sixte5 hundr$ 9 numb]1 & ! names ( m ?an a hundr$ diff]5t c&idates appe> 9 !m4 ,! election notices fall into two classes1 di/+ui%$ bo? by ! /yle ( writ+ & by ! mann] ( expression1--e>li]1 f ! "t ( ! ,republic1 & lat]1 belong+ to ! ,imp]ial p]iod4 ,! %apes ( ! lett]s 9 ^? ( ! =m] class are irregul>1 & be> ! m>k ( an unpractis$ h&4 ,! lat] notices1 on ! contr>y1 h a m f9i%$ appe>ance2 !y are execut$ 9 a k9d ( calligraphic /yle t sugge/s ! employm5t ( skill$ cl]ks :o made ! pa9t+ ( electoral recomm5dations a "p ( _! bus9ess4 ,we h already met ) ! "n ( "o pa9t] ( notices :o sign$ 8 "w1 ,aemilius ,cel] 7p4 #bbc74 ,8 h\se has be5 discov]$1 ne> ! nor!a/ corn] ( ! n9? ,region2 x 0 id5tifi$ by means ( an inscription pa9t$ on ! outside3 ,aemilius ,cel] hic habitat1--',aemilius ,cel] lives "h4' ,! language ( ! e>li] recomm5dations is ( ! simple/4 ,we f9d ! "n ( ! c&idate ) no sugge/ion ( praise except+ occasionally ! lett]s v4 b41 = virum bonum1 'good man4' ,! "n ( ! (fice is giv5 9 an abbreviat$ =m1 b t ( ! p]son :o makes ! recomm5dation n[h]e appe>s4 ,9 "o example ! elem5ts ( ! common =mula o4 v4 f41 = oro vos1 facite1 are giv5 almo/ 9 full3 ,m4 ,m>ium a$4 faci41 oro vos1--',make ,m>cus ,m>ius a$ile1 ,i beg ( y4' ,! foll[+ notice appe>s on ,/abian ,/reet 9 lett]s ne>ly #h in*es high3 ,p 4 ,,fvr 4 ,,ii 4 ,v 4 ,b 4 ,o 4 ,f1 t is ,publium ,furium duumvirum1 virum bonum1 oro vos1 facite1--',make ,publius ,furius duumvir1 ,i beg ( y2 he's a good man4' ,"s ( ! lat] election notices are almo/ equally brief1 pres5t+ m]ely ! "n ( ! c&idate1 ! (fice = :i* he is recomm5d$1 & ! =mula o4 v4 f41 z 9 ?is in/ance3 ,h]5nium ,celsum a$ilem o4 v4 f41--',make ,h]5nius ,celsus a$ile1 ,i beg ( y4' ,occasionally ev5 ! =mula is omitt$1 & we h simply ! "n ( ! c&idate & ( ! (fice1 bo? inv>iably 9 ! accusative case1 z ,casellium a$41 :i* appe>s 9 sev]al places1 & ,m4 ,holconium ,priscum ,,ii4 vir4 i4 d4 ,m frequ5tly ! recomm5dation includes a ref]5ce to ! good qualities ( ! c&idate4 ,sometimes he is simply /yl$ 'a good man1' z 9 ! e>li] notices2 b ! mo/ common =mula 9 ?is connection is d4 r4 p41 = dignum re publica1 'wor?y ( public (fice4' ,9 "s in/ances ! *>act]ization is m def9ite4 ,m ?an "o c&idate is affirm$ to be 'an upright "y man' 7iuv5em probum71 or 'a y\? ( s+ul> mode/y' 7v]ecundissimum iuv5em74 ,9 reg>d to "o aspirant = (fice we are in=m$ t 'he w be ! wat*-dog ( ! treasury'--hic a]>ium cons]vabit4 ,! names ( ^? :o make ! recomm5dations (t5 appe> 9 ! lat] notices4 ,n[ & !n individuals assume ! responsibility1 z ,vesonius ,primus 7p4 #cif71 & ,acceptus & ,euhodia 7p4 #cda71 :o 7 und\bt$ly own]s ( ! prop]ty on :i* ! notices appe>4 ,?us ! c&idate's neighbors are sometimes repres5t$ z favor+ 8 election1 z 9 ! case ( ,claudius ,v]us3 ,ti4 ,claudium ,v]um ,,ii4 vir4 vic9i rogant1--',8 neighbors reque/ ! election ( ,tib]ius ,claudius ,v]us z duumvir4' ,electoral recomm5dations are pa9t$ on all sides ( ! h\se ( ,v]us--! ext5sive e/abli%m5t 9 ! n9? ,region kn[n z ! h\se ( ! ,c5t5>y4 ,! class ( election notices 9 :i* we f9d ! memb]s ( a craft unit$ 9 ! support ( a c&idate has be5 suffici5tly illu/rat$ 9 ano!r connection 7p4 #chd74 ,to ^! we may add a recomm5dation f\nd on a wall fac+ ! temple ( ,isis3 ,cn4 ,helvium ,sab9um a$4 ,isiaci univ]si rogant1--',! wor%ipp]s ( ,isis1 z a body1 reque/ ! election ( ,gnaeus ,helvius ,sab9us z a$ile4' ,a suburb also might h a c&idate1 z 9 ! foll[+ in/ance3 ,m4 ,epidium ,sab9um a$4 ,campani5ses rog41--',! inhabitants ( ! ,pagus ,campanus ask = ! election ( ,m>cus ,epidius ,sab9us z a$ile4' ,sometimes all ^? :o are engag$ 9 an occupation are urg$ to support a c&idate4 ',innkeep]s1 make ,sallu/ius ,capito a$ile1' we read 9 "o notice4 ,9 o!rs1 v>i\s classes ( citiz5s hav+ a common bond1 z ! ballplay]s1 & ! deal]s 9 p]fumes1 are exhort$ to "w = ! election ( a c&idate presumably favorable to _! int]e/s4 ,9 "o in/ance !re is a direct appeal to an individual1 involv+ a pl$ge ( future support3 ,sab9um a$ilem1 ,procule1 fac1 et ille te faciet1--',proculus1 make ,sab9us a$ile1 & he w d z mu* = y4' ,9 view ( ! deep int]e/ 9 ! municipal elections1 reveal$ by ^! notices1 x is n surpris+ to f9d t ! support ( a c&idate by a man ( unusual prom95ce 0 ext5sively adv]tis$4 ,9 ?ree diff]5t p>ts ( ! city ! att5tion ( vot]s 0 direct$ to ! fact t ,su$ius ,clem5s1 ! commission] s5t by ,vespasian to decide ! own]%ip ( c]ta9 plots ( gr\nd 7p4 #djg71 favor$ ! election ( ,epidius ,sab9us z duumvir4 ,"o ( ! notices reads3 ,m4 ,epidium ,sab9um ,,ii4 vir4 iur4 dic4 o4 v4 f41 dignum iuv5em1 ,su$ius ,clem5s sanctissimus iudex facit vic9is rogantibus1--',at ! reque/ ( ! neighbors1 ,su$ius ,clem5s1 mo/ upright judge1 is work+ = ! election ( ,m>cus ,epidius ,sab9us1 a wor?y "y man1 z duumvir ) judici>y au?ority4 ,he begs ( y to elect ?is c&idate4' ,s public a me?od ( press+ a c&idacy put a =midable weapon into ! h&s ( ! c&idate's enemies1 & ! =m ( a recomm5dation 0 sometimes us$ aga9/ an (fice seek] ) tell+ effect4 ,vatiam a$4 furunculi rog41--',! sneak ?ieves reque/ ! election ( ,vatia z a$ile1' we f9d conspicu\sly pa9t$ on a wall on ,augu/ales ,/reet4 ,accord+ to o!r notices ne> by1 ',! :ole company ( late dr9k]s' 7s]ibibi univ]si7 & 'all ! p :o are asleep' 7dormi5tes univ]si7 favor$ ! c&idacy ( ! same unhappy ,vatia4 ,! la/ notice :i* we %all pres5t 9 ?is connection may h be5 pa9t$ on ! ord] ( ! girl :o appe>s 9 x3 ,claudium ,,ii4 vir4 animula facit1--',8 little swee!>t is work+ = ! election ( ,claudius z duumvir4' ,! ref]5ce is probably to ! ,tib]ius ,claudius ,v]us m5tion$ above4 ,! o!r k9ds ( public notices are repres5t$ by relatively few examples4 ,( special int]e/ are ! ann\ncem5ts ( gladiatorial combats1 :i* 7 discuss$ 9 a previ\s *apt] 7p4 #bba74 ,next 9 importance are p]haps ! adv]tisem5ts ( build+s to r5t4 ,"o ( ^!1 relat+ to ! ,elephant ,inn1 has already be5 m5tion$ 7p4 #djj74 ,we pres5t "h two o!rs1 :i* h to d ) l>ge prop]ties4 ,! fir/1 :i* has n[ disappe>$1 0 pa9t$ on a wall 9 ! six? ,region1 at ! s\? end ( ! ?ird ,insula4 ,x reads z foll[s3-- ,,insula ,,arriana ,,polliana ,,cn4 ,,allei ,,nigidi ,,mai ,,locantur ,,ex ,kal5dis ,,iulis ,,primis ,,tab]nae ,,cum ,,p]gulis ,,suis ,,et ,,c5acula ,,eque/ria ,,et ,,domus4 ,,conductor ,,conv5ito ,,primum1 ,,cn4 ,,allei ,,nigidi ,,mai ,,s]vum4 ',to r5t1 f ! fir/ day ( next ,july1 %ops ) ! floors ov] !m1 f9e upp] *amb]s1 & a h\se1 9 ! ,arrius ,pollio block own$ by ,gnaeus ,alleius ,nigidius ,maius4 ,prospective lessees may apply to ,primus1 slave ( ,gnaeus ,alleius ,nigidius ,maius4' ,! ^w eque/ria1 translat$ 'f9e1' is us$ colloquially ) c5acula1 9 ! s5se 'fit = a knight4' ,! ,insula nam$ aft] ,arrius ,pollio 0 ?\ght by ,fiorelli to be ! s-call$ h\se ( ,pansa1 across ! /reet f ! block on :i* ! adv]tisem5t 0 f\nd4 ,! id5tification may be correct1 b a notice pa9t$ 9 s prom95t a place might ref] to a block 9 any "p ( ! city4 ,! foll[+ inscription 0 f\nd 9 ! la/ c5tury ne> ! ,amphi!atre1 on a wall ( ! ext5sive e/abli%m5t nam$ f x ! villa ( ,julia ,felix3-- ,,9 ,,pra$is ,,iuliae ,,sp4 ,f4 ,,felicis ,,locantur ,,balneum ,,v5]ium ,,et ,,nong5tum1 ,,tab]nae1 ,,p]gulae1 ,,c5acula ,,ex ,,idibus ,,aug4 ,,primis ,,9 ,,idus ,,aug4 ,,sextas1 ,,annos ,,cont9uos ,,qu9que ,s4 ,q4 ,d4 ,l4 ,e4 ,n4 ,c4 ',to let1 = ! space ( five ye>s1 f ! ?irte5? day ( next ,augu/ to ! ?irte5? day ( ! six? ,augu/ !reaft]1 ! ,v5us ba?1 fitt$ up = ! be/ p1 %ops1 rooms ov] %ops1 & second /ory ap>tm5ts 9 ! prop]ty own$ by ,julia ,felix1 daught] ( ,spurius4' ,! ba? may h receiv$ its "n f ,v5us ,pompeiana4 ,! ^w nong5tum is difficult to und]/&4 ,! int]pretation giv5 is bas$ ^u a passage ( ,pl9y ! ,eld]1 f :i* we und]/& t 9 colloquial language ! knights 7 kn[n z '! n9e hundr$4' ,a ba? '( ! n9e hundr$' w\ld !n be "o design$ to attract ! patronage ( ! be/ p4 ,! sev5 lett]s at ! end ( ! inscription h n yet be5 satisfactorily expla9$4 ,adv]tisem5ts ( articles lo/ or f\nd are also met )4 ,a notice 9 reg>d to a /ray horse1 pa9t$ on "o ( ! tombs ea/ ( ! ,amphi!atre1 is giv5 on p4 #dcf4 ,on ! ea/ side ( ,insula ,,viii4 v4-vi4 we read3-- ,,vrna ,,a5ia ,,p]eit 4 ,,de 4 ,,tab]na ,,seiqvis 4 ,,rettvl]it ,,dabvntvr ,,hs ,,lxv 4 ,,sei 4 ,,fvrem ,,dabit 4 ,,vnd 444 ',a copp] pot has be5 tak5 f ?is %op4 ,:oev] br+s x back w receive #fe se/]ces4 ,if any "o %all h& ov] ! ?ief' 444 7! re/ ( ! inscription is illegible74 ,,*apt] ,,lvii ,,! ,,graffiti ,! graffiti =m ! l>ge/ division ( ! ,pompeian inscriptions1 compris+ ab\t ?ree ?\s& examples1 or "o half ( ! entire numb]2 ! "n is ,italian1 be+ d]iv$ f a v]b mean+ 'to scrat*4' ,writ+ ^u walls 0 a preval5t habit 9 antiquity1 z %[n by ! rema9s ( graffiti at ,rome & o!r places besides ,pompeii1 a habit :i* may be acc\nt$ = 9 "p by ! use ( ! %>p-po9t$ /ylus ) wax tablets2 ! temptation to use su* an in/rum5t ^u ! poli%$ /ucco 0 mu* great] ?an 9 ! case ( p5s & lead p5cils ^u ! less c>efully f9i%$ wall surfaces ( our "t4 ,pill>s or sections ( wall are cov]$ ) scrat*es ( all k9ds1--names1 cat*words ( favorite l9es f ! poets1 amatory c\plets1 & r\gh sket*es1 su* z a %ip1 or ! pr(ile ( a face4 ,! skit1 occasionally f\nd on walls to-day1 ',fools' names1 l _! faces1 ,are always se5 9 public places1' has its c\nt]p>t 9 ! c\plet pres]v$ z a graffito bo? at ,pompeii & at ,rome3 ,admiror1 p>ies1 te non cecidisse ru9is1 ,qui tot scriptorum ta$ia su/9eas1-- ',truly 'tis wond]ful1 ,wall1 t y h n fall5 9 ru9s1 ,=c$ )\t murmur to be> ! ta9t ( s _m h&s4' ,( a simil> ve9 is a ,greek l9e scrat*$ ^u a wall on ! ,palat9e hill 9 ,rome3 ',_m p]sons h "h writt5 _m ?+s2 ,i alone refra9$ f writ+4' ,tak5 z a :ole1 ! graffiti are less f]tile = our k ( ,pompeian life ?an might h be5 expect$4 ,! p ) :om we %\ld mo/ eag]ly desire to come into direct contact1 ! cultivat$ m5 & wom5 ( ! anci5t city1 7 n accu/om$ to scrat* _! names ^u /ucco or to confide _! reflections & exp]i5ces to ! surface ( a wall4 ,"s ( ! graffiti1 to judge f ! height at :i* we f9d !m above ! floor1 7 und\bt$ly made by ! h&s ( boys & girls2 = ! re/1 we may assume t ! writ]s 7 z little repres5tative ( ! be/ elem5ts ( society z are ! t\ri/s :o scrat* or c>ve _! names ^u anci5t monum5ts to-day4 ,nev]!less1 we ga9 f ^! scribbl+s a lively idea ( individual ta/es1 passions1 & exp]i5ces4 ,a few graffiti h ref]5ce to ev5ts1 z ! siege ( ,sulla1 9 #hi ,b4,c4 7p4 #bdj74 ,! mo/ int]e/+ hi/orical examples are ^? :i* relate to ! conflict betwe5 ! ,pompeians & ! ,nuc]ians1 9 ! ye> #ei ,a4,d4 7p4 #bbj74 ,an ard5t ,pompeian wrote3 ,nuc]9is infelicia1--',d[n ) ! ,nuc]ians6' ,f a scribbl+ by a p>tisan ( ! o!r side x appe>s t ! inhabitants ( ,puteoli sympa?iz$ ) ! ,nuc]ians1 :ile ^? ( ,pi!cusae--! isl& ( ,is*ia--favor$ ! ,pompeians3 ,puteolanis felicit]1 omnibus ,nu*]9is felicia1 et uncum ,pompeianis et ,pitecusanis1--',hurrah = ! ,puteolaneans1 good luck to all ,nuc]ians2 a hook = ! ,pompeians & ,pi!cusans4' ,! hook ref]r$ to 9 ?is connection 0 t us$ by execution]s & ! att5dants ( ! ,amphi!atre 9 dragg+ (f ! dead4 ,ano!r ,pompeian wrote3 ,campani1 victoria una cum ,nuc]9is p]i/is1--',campanians1 y 7 conqu]$ by ! same victory ) ! ,nuc]ians4' ,! ,campani 7 n ! inhabitants ( ,campania1 b ( ! suburb call$ ,pagus ,campanus4 ,two inscriptions1 atte/+ ! pres5ce ( memb]s ( ! ,praetorian ,gu>d 9 ,pompeii1 h be5 previ\sly m5tion$ 7pp4 #chg1 #dja74 ,ano!r praetorian left 8 "n 9 a h\se ( ! eigh? ,region 7,,viii4 iii4 #ba73 ,sex4 ,decimius ,rufus milis cohortis ,v praetorianae ,c ,m>tialis1--',sextus ,decimius ,rufus1 a soldi] ( ! fif? praetorian cohort1 ( ! c5tury l$ by ,m>tialis4' ,to ! same division ( ! army probably belong$ a c5turion ( ! fir/ rank1 ,q4 ,spur5nius ,priscus1 ^: "n 0 f\nd 9 a h\se ( ! fir/ ,region 7,i4 iii4 #c74 ,! fir/1 fif?1 & n9? praetorian cohorts1 m5tion$ 9 ! graffiti1 may h come to ,pompeii ) diff]5t emp]ors1 or on diff]5t occasions ) ! same emp]or2 x is unlikely t ! ?ree 7 unit$ to =m a s+le escort4 ,graffiti are sometimes useful = ! id5tification ( build+s2 s 9 ! case ( ! ,basilica & ( sev]al inns4 ,! dat$ examples ?r[ "s light on ! age ( ! /ucco on :i* !y are f\nd4 ,!y are = ! mo/ "p late1 & af=d little help 9 det]m9+ ! "t ( comm5cem5t ( ! v>i\s decorative /yles2 b 9 sev]al cases !y indicate a lat] limit cle>ly4 ,9 ?is way we le>n t ! decoration ( ! ,basilica1 9 ! fir/ /yle1 0 f9i%$ be=e ,octob] #c1 #gh ,b4,c4--h[ long be=e we _c tell2 & t 9 #cg ,b4,c4 ! pla/]+ ( ! ,small ,!atre 0 already on ! walls1 decorat$ 9 ! second /yle4 ,! gladiatorial graffito 9 ! h\se ( ! ,c5t5>y 7p4 #bbf7 proves t ! decoration ( ! room 9 :i* x is f\nd--a late example ( ! second /yle--0 f9i%$ be=e ,novemb]1 ,a4,d4 #ae4 ,a dat$ inscription ( ! reign ( ,n]o is giv5 9 ! *apt] on ! h\se ( ! ,silv] ,w$d+ 7p4 #cje74 ,sev]al hundr$ graffiti pres5t m]ely ! "n ( ! scribbl]1 sometimes ) ! addition hic fuit1--'0 "h1' or simply hic2 z1 ,p>is hic fuit1 ,sab9us hic4 ,a l>ge numb] conta9 a greet+1 p]haps 9 "s cases int5d$ = ! eye ( ! p]son m5tion$1 z ,aemilius ,=tunato fratri salutem1--',aemilius greets 8 bro!r ,=tunatus4' ,9 ?is z 9 o!r examples x is int]e/+ to note t "o bro!r is designat$ by ! g5s "n1 ! o!r by ! cognom54 ,sometimes ! greet+ is ! rev]se ( cordial1 z 9 ?is in/ance3 ,samius ,cornelio1 susp5d]e1--',samius to ,cornelius3 g hang y\rself4' ,h>dly less naive is ! message to a fri5d :o has di$3 ,pyrrhus ,*io conlegae salutem3 mole/e f]o1 quod audivi te mortuom2 itaque vale1--',pyrrhus to 8 *um ,*ius3 ,i'm sorry to he> t y are dead2 & s1 ,good-by4' ,! mo/ prom95t !me ( ! graffiti is love1 :i* is con/antly reappe>+1 9 prose scribbl+s & 9 snat*es ( v]se4 ,! v]se =m is usually ! elegiac di/i*4 ,"s ( ! l9es are tak5 f ! poets2 o!rs 7 made up = ! occasion1 & n a few v]ses 7 f9i%$ 9 prose1 z if ! w\ld-be v]sifi] f\nd orig9al composition m difficult ?an he _h anticipat$4 ,sev]al di/i*s extol ! p[] ( love1 z ! foll[+1 :i*1 tak5 f "s unkn[n poet1 is f\nd 9 sev]al places3 ,quisquis amat1 valeat1 p]eat qui nescit am>e2 ,bis tanto p]eat quisquis am>e vetat3-- ',good heal? be ) y1 lov]s all2 ,:o kn[s n h[ to love1 be curs$2 ,b oh may d\ble ru9 fall ,on him :o sets out love to wor/6' ,a simil> ?\ght f9ds expression 9 a s+le l9e1 p]haps also a quotation3 ,nemo e/ bellus nisi qui amavit muli]em1--',he :o has nev] be5 9 love c be no g5tleman4' ,n all ! ,pompeians1 h[ev]1 view$ ! matt] s s]i\sly4 ,to ! fir/ l9e ( ! c\plet j quot$ a scribbl] ( a cynical turn 9 "o in/ance jo9$ a p>ody1 to ! effect t ^? :o are 9 love may well avoid ! use ( hot ba?s1 on ! pr9ciple t '! burnt *ild dreads ! fire1'--,nam nemo flammas u/us am>e pote/4 ,! uselessness ( int]f]5ce ) ! c\rse ( love is also made prom95t4 ,9 ?is di/i*1 app>5tly f "s poet1 ! scribbl] seems to h made a slight *ange to meet a specific case1 sub/itut+ obiurgat = cu/odit or "s simil> ^w3 ,alliget hic auras1 si quis obiurgat amantes1 ,et vetat assiduas curr]e fontis aquas1-- ',:oev] has a m9d ,to h9d] lov]s' way1 ,let him g zephyrs b9d ,or runn+ wat]s /ay4' ,anci5t lov]s nev]!less _h _! fe>s1 & ! foll[+ c\plet1 :i* is no d\bt borr[$ f a poet1 appe>s also1 9 a slightly diff]5t =m1 on a wall 9 ,rome3 ,si quis =te meam cupiet viol>e puellam1 ,illum 9 des]tis montibus urat ,amor1-- ',if any man %all seek ,my girl f me to turn1 ,on f>-(f m\nta9s bleak ,may ,love ! sc\ndrel burn4' ,( extant elegiac poets ,ovid1 ,prop]tius1 & ,tibullus are quot$ or p>aphras$4 ,among ! quotations is ! famili> c\plet ( ,prop]tius3 ,nunc e/ ira rec5s1 nunc e/ disc$]e tempus2 ,si dolor afu]it1 cr$e1 r$ibit amor1-- ',n[ is x "t to dep>t1 ,n[ ang] fre%ly burns2 ,:5 "o ceases to feel ! sm>t1 ,believe me1 love returns4' ,if x 0 writt5 by a lov] aft] a qu>rel1 reconciliation 0 n f> (f4 ,ano!r disc\rag$ suitor p]haps consol$ himself by writ+ on ! wall ( ! ,basilica ?is di/i* f ,ovid's ,art ( ,love1 ! =m ( :i* diff]s slightly f t giv5 9 ! manuscripts3 ,quid pote tam durum saxso aut quid mollius unda8 ,dura tam5 molli saxsa cavantur aqua1-- ',:at is s h>d z rock1 or :at c be s(t] ?an wat]8 ,h>d rocks nev]!less by wat] are worn away4' ,amatory inscriptions (t5 h ! =m ( a message or greet+ to a lov$ "o1 z 9 ?is example3 ,victoria1 vale1 et ubique es1 suavit] /]nutes1--',heal? to y1 ,victoria1 & :]ev] y are may y sneeze sweetly1' t is1 may good luck foll[ y4 ,(t5 ! greet+ is m ard5t1 z t to ,ce/ilia3 ,ce/ilia1 reg9a ,pompeianorum1 anima dulcis1 vale1--',ce/ilia1 que5 ( ! ,pompeians1 sweet s\l1 greet+ to y4' ,sometimes ! lov] avoid$ writ+ ! lady's "n3 ,pupa quae bella es1 tibi me misit qui tuus e/2 vale1--',maid5 :o are s beautiful1 he :o is y\rs s5t me to y2 good-by4' ,n[ & !n we f9d an inscription ( ?is class t leaves an unfavorable impression4 ,! foll[+ is repeat$ sev]al times on ! outside ( a h\se 9 ! fir/ ,region3 ,s]5ae sodales salutem1--',greet+ to ,s]5a1 f h] companions6' ,spurn$ lov]s also confid$ _! woes to graffiti1 sometimes add+ an appeal to ! obdurate "o1 z 9 ?is wret*$ c\plet1 :i* c sc>cely h be5 tak5 f a poet2 ! play ^u words 9 ! la/ clause 0 app>5tly int5tional3 ,si quid amor valeat no/ei1 sei te hom9em scis1 ,commis]esce mihi1 da v5iam ut v5iam1-- ',if y a man w\ld be1-- ,if y "k :at love c d1-- ,h pity1 & suff] me ,) welcome to come to y4' ,x 0 probably a lov] 9 /raits :o scrat*$ on ! wall a l9e ( ! ,a5eid 7,,ix4 #djd7 z a pray] to ,v5us3 ,tu1 dea1 tu praes5s no/ro succurre labori1-- ',?\1 goddess1 ) ?y pres5t help ,our sore di/ress relieve4' ,ano!r unsuccessful suitor f\nd ! l9es ( a s+le poet inadequate to express 8 feel+s1 & jo9$ toge!r a c\plet f ,ovid 7,am4 ,i4 viii4 #gg-gh7 & "o f ,prop]tius 7,,iv4 v4 #dg-dh7 9 ord] to voice 8 compla9t aga9/ a mis]ly mi/ress :o b>r$ h] door ^u all except weal?y lov]s4 ,b ! climax is rea*$ 9 f\r l9es ( irregul> v]se 9 :i* ! reject$ lov] proposes to v5t 8 ang] on ! goddess ( love h]self3 ',all lov]s1 come6 ,i purpose to break ! ribs ( ,v5us & to sma% ! small ( h] back ) clubs2 if %e c bore a hole 9 my t5d] brea/1 :y c ,i n break h] head ) a cudgel8' ,f ! psy*ological po9t ( view ! complete id5tification ( ! goddess ) a /atue repres5t+ h] is notewor?y4 ,occasionally a pair ( lov]s left on a wall a record ( a meet+2 ?us1 ,romula hic cum ,/aphylo moratur1--',romula t>ri$ "h ) ,/aphylus4' ,/aphylus1 h[ev]1 0 app>5tly a flirt2 9 ! h\se ( ,caecilius ,jucundus a simil> meet+ ) ano!r maid5 is record$ on a column ( ! p]i/yle3 ,/aphilus hic cum ,quieta4 ,b ,/aphylus does n seem to h ga9$ ! confid5ce ( ! fair sex to ! ext5t t ano!r ,pompeian gallant did1 ( :om we f9d x writt53 ,re/itutus multas decepit saepe puellas1--',re/itutus has _m times deceiv$ _m girls4' ,! names ( husb& & wife are sometimes jo9$ toge!r1 z 9 a room ( a h\se 9 ! n9? ,region3 ,l4 ,clodius ,v>us1 ,pelagia coniunx2 !re is a simil> example 9 a h\se ru9$ by ! e>?quake ( ! ye> #fc1 ,balbus et ,=tunata1 duo coiuges4 ,we f9d a pleas+ in/ance ( m>ital affection 9 a graffito 9 :i* a lonely wife s5ds a greet+ to an abs5t husb& & o!r relatives3 ,hirtia ,psacas ,c4 ,ho/ilio ,conopi coniugi suo manuductori et clem5ti monitori et ,diodotae sorori et ,=tunato fratri et ,cel]i suis salutem semp] ubique plurimam1 et ,primig5iae suae salutem1--',hirtia ,psacas at all times & 9 all places s5ds he>tie/ greet+ to ,gaius ,ho/ilius ,conops1 h] husb& & guide & g5tle advis]1 & to h] si/] ,diodota1 h] bro!r ,=tunatus & h] ,cel]2 & %e s5ds a greet+ to h] ,primig5ia1 too4' ,! names ( bo? husb& & wife are ,greek1 psacas signify+ 'dewdrop1' & conops 'gnat4' ,_m happ5+s are *ronicl$ on ! walls2 & !re are memor&a ( e description4 ,! programmes ( gladiatorial combats h already be5 m5tion$ 7p4 #bbc74 ,"o man records ! result ( a trip to ,nuc]ia1 :]e he won at ! gam+ table--)\t *eat+1 he takes pa9s to add--a sum am\nt+ to #acj3 ,vici ,nuc]iae 9 alia 7= alea7 99 ,,dccclvs1 fide bona1--',at ,nuc]ia1 ,i won #hee4e d5>ii by gam+1 fair play4' ,ano!r ,pompeian c\nt$ ! /eps z he walk$ up & d[n ! colonnade at ! side ( 8 g>d5 79 ! h\se ,,vii4 ii4 #da7 = ex]cise2 he record$ #fdj paces = t5 turns back & =?4 ,9 ! p]i/yle ( a h\se 9 ! fir/ ,region ! adv5t ( "y pigs1 or ( puppies1 is not$3 ,,xv ,kal5das ,novembres ,puteolana pep]it masclos ,,iii1 femelz ,,ii1--',on ,octob] #ag ,puteolana _h a litt] consi/+ ( #c males & #b females4' ,! inscriptions relat+ to bus9ess transactions are res]v$ = ano!r *apt]4 ,we may notice "h1 h[ev]1 t memor&a ( acc\nts 7 sometimes scrat*$ on walls1 usually conta9+ only ! figures indicat+ measure or price1 z 9 ! %ops on ! s\? side ( ! ,macellum4 ,! foll[+ is f a bak]y 9 ! fir/ ,region 7,i4 iii4 #bg73 ,oleum1 libra1 assibus ,,iv2 palea a4 ,v2 fa5um a4 ,,xvi2 di>ia a4 ,v2 furfure a4 ,,vi2 viria ,i a4 ,,iii2 oleum a4 ,,vi1--',oil1 a p\nd1 #d asses2 /raw1 #e asses2 hay1 #af asses2 a day's wages1 #e asses2 bran1 #f asses2 "o wrea? = ! neck1 #c asses2 oil1 #f asses4' ,! value ( ! z v>i$2 9 ! ,e>ly ,empire x 0 ne>ly equival5t to #aa_/b p5ce1 or #c c5ts4 ,*ildr5 scrat*$ ^u walls ! alphabet t !y 7 le>n+4 ,! frequ5t quotations f ,virgil1 g5]ally incomplete1 are likewise an e*o ( lessons at s*ool1 :]e ?is au?or 0 c>efully /udi$2 we f9d v (t5 ! beg9n+s ( l9es at ! op5+ ( a book1 z ,arma virumque cano1 or ,conticu]e omnes4 ,! fir/ ^w ( ! poem ( ,lucretius1 ,a5eadum1 also occurs sev]al times4 ,occasionally gnomic quotations are f\nd1 9 mo/ cases1 p]haps1 f writ]s ( com$y4 ,among !m is ! well-kn[n maxim1 ,m9imum malum fit contemn5do maxumum1--',! smalle/ evil1 if neglect$1 w rea* ! greate/ proportions4' ,a prov]b m concrete 9 its =m ( /atem5t is ! foll[+3 ,moram si qua]es1 sp>ge milium et collige1--',if y want to wa/e y\r "t1 scatt] millet & pick x up aga94' ,,*apt] ,,lviii ,,inscriptions ,,relat+ ,,to ,,bus9ess ,,affairs ,! mo/ important inscriptions relat+ to bus9ess transactions are ! receipts1 discov]$ 9 #ahge1 :i* =m$ a "p ( ! private acc\nts ( ,l4 ,caecilius ,jucundus 7p4 #ddg74 ,!y 7 writt5 on wax tablets1 :i* 7 c>efully pack$ 9 a wood5 box4 ,! box1 :i* 0 9 ! second /ory ( ! h\se1 crumbl$ to pieces :5 ! volcanic du/ ab\t x 0 remov$2 b _m ( ! tablets1 #aed 9 numb]1 /ill reta9$ _! %ape & 7 tak5 to ! ,naples ,museum4 ,! wood ( ! tablets _h turn$ to *>coal1 b ! writ+ has be5 = ! mo/ "p deciph]$4 ,"o receipt dates f #ae ,a4,d41 ano!r f ! ye> #bg2 ! re/ belong to ! decade imm$iately prec$+ ! e>?quake1 #eb-fb ,a4,d4 ,! docum5ts are ( ! greate/ int]e/ z ca/+ light on ! bus9ess me?ods ( antiquity4 ,mo/ ( ! tablets are tripty*s4 ,! ?ree leaves 7 ti$ at ! back s z to op5 l ! leaves ( a book1 mak+ six pages 7,fig4 #bgd74 ,! av]age height is ab\t #e in*es1 ! wid? v>ies f #b to #d in*es4 ,pages #a & #f s]v$ z cov]s1 be+ left smoo? & )\t writ+4 ,pages #b1 #c1 & #e 7 holl[$ out1 leav+ a poli%$ surface ) a rais$ rim ar\nd x4 ,on ?is surface a ?9 lay] ( wax 0 spread1 9 :i* ! lett]s 7 made ) a /ylus2 ! writ+ c\ld be easily read because ! wood1 :i* 0 ( a light color1 %[$ ?r\gh :]ev] a scrat* 0 made 9 ! wax coat+4 ,two pages fac+ ea* o!r1 #b & #c1 7 devot$ to ! receipt4 ,page #d1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bge1 0 n holl[$ out b 0 divid$ into two p>ts by a broad1 flat groove runn+ across ! middle4 ,:5 ! docum5t 0 ready to be seal$1 ! fir/ two leaves 7 br\ght toge!r & ti$ by a ?read :i* pass$ ar\nd ! middle1 ! ends meet+ 9 ! groove on page #d4 ,9 ?is groove at conv5i5t di/ances melt$ wax 0 !n dropp$1 on :i* ! witnesses1 ord9>ily sev5 9 numb]1 impress$ _! seals4 ,! names ( ! witnesses 7 writt5 ) p5 & ink 9 a l9e ) ! seals1 p>allel ) ! sides ( ! page1 sometimes at ! "r1 z 9 ,fig4 #bge1 sometimes divid$1 ! fir/ "n & ! g5s "n be+ at ! left ( ! seal1 ! cognom5 at ! "r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgd4--,tablet ) ?ree leaves1 op5$ s z to %[ ! receipt & "p ( ! memor&um on page #e1 re/or$4 ,?is arrangem5t made x impossible to consult ! receipt )\t cutt+ ! ?read or di/urb+ ! seals ( ! witnesses4 ,to meet ! difficulty a memor&um1 :i* 0 practically a duplicate receipt1 0 plac$ on page #e2 ?is c\ld be read at any "t4 ,! diff]5ce 9 =m betwe5 ! receipt1 on pages #b & #c1 & ! memor&um w be pla9 f ! examples4 ,! receipt1 ) few exceptions1 is simply a record ( an oral ackn[l$gm5t 9 ! pres5ce ( witnesses t a sum ( money 0 receiv$1 accepti latio4 ,9 ne>ly all ! tablets ?is ackn[l$gm5t & ! names ( ! witnesses1 on page #d1 are 9 ! same h&writ+1 :i* mu/ h be5 ei!r t ( ,jucundus himself or ( 8 secret>y4 ,x did n matt] :o wrote ! receipt2 9 case ( a dispute ! seals ( ! witnesses w\ld alone be suffici5t to prove its g5u95ess4 ,! memor&um1 h[ev]1 0 ord9>ily 9 a diff]5t h&1 ei!r t ( ! p]son :o gave ! receipt1 or ( "s "o au?oriz$ to write = him4 ,z x 0 n "u ! seals ( witnesses1 ! h&writ+ might become a matt] ( importance if any "q %\ld arise 9 reg>d to ! docum5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bge4--,tablet1 re/or$1 ) ! two leaves conta9+ ! receipt ti$ & seal$1 & ) ! signatures ( ! witnesses at ! "r ( ! seals4 ,! entire tablet1 ) its receipt1 memor&um1 & names & seals ( witnesses 0 call$ p]scriptio1 'entry ( acc\nt4' ,?is ^w appe>s ord9>ily on ! edge ( ! tablet1 ) ! "n ( ! p]son :o gave ! receipt 9 ! g5itive case4 ,ne>ly all ! tablets record transactions connect$ ) auction sales1 ! p]son ^: effects 7 ?us dispos$ ( giv+ ,jucundus a receipt 9 full = ! proce$s ( ! sale less a commission1 m]c$e m9us4 ,a few conta9 receipts = r5t :i* ,jucundus paid = ! use ( prop]ty belong+ to ! city--a full]y 7p4 #cid71 ! r5t ( :i* altoge!r am\nt$ to #afeb se/]ces1 ab\t #ge2 a pa/ure1 = ! use ( :i* he paid #bfge se/]ces1 ab\t #acj2 & a piece ( arable l&1 fundus1 on :i* he paid #fjjj se/]ces1 ab\t #cjj1 9 r5ts4 ,we pres5t an example ( bo? classes ( receipts4 ,! fir/1 :i* we may call ,tablet ,a1 0 giv5 by a lady1 ,umbricia ,janu>ia1 = ! proce$s ( an auction sale2 x is dat$ ,decemb] #ab1 ,a4,d4 #ef4 ,! o!r1 ,tablet ,b1 is ! receipt = ! r5t ( public pa/ure l& & belongs to ! ye> #ei ,a4,d4 ,,tablet ,a ,,title ,p]scriptio ,umbriciae ,janu>iae1 ',entry ( acc\nt ( ,umbricia ,janu>ia4' ,,receipt4 ,pages #b & #c ,,hs n4 ,,cc,c,c ,m ,,xxxviiii1 quae pecunia 9 /ipulatum ,l4 ,caecili ,iucundi v5it ob auctionem ,umbriciae ,ianu>iae m]c$e m9us p]soluta hab]e se dixit ,umbricia ,ianu>ia ab ,l4 ,caecilio ,iucundo4 ,actum ,pompeis pridie idu ,decembres ,l4 ,duvio1 ,p4 ,clodio cos4 ',umbricia ,janu>ia decl>$ t %e _h receiv$ f ,l4 ,caecilius ,jucundus #aa1jci se/]ces1 :i* sum came into ! h&s ( ,l4 ,caecilius ,jucundus by agreem5t z ! proce$s ( an auction sale = ,umbricia ,janu>ia1 ! commission due him hav+ be5 d$uct$4 ',done at ,pompeii on ! twelf? day ( ,decemb]1 9 ! consul%ip ( ,lucius ,duvius & ,publius ,clodius4' ,,names ,,( ,,! ,,witnesses4 ,page #d ,! seals ( ! witnesses1 n9e 9 numb]1 appe> 9 ! groove at ! middle ( ! page4 ,! names are 9 ! g5itive case1 z if dep5d5t on sigillum1 'seal4' ,q4 ,appulei ,sev]i4 ,m4 ,lucreti ,l]i4 ,ti4 ,iuli ,abascanti4 ,m4 ,iuli ,cresc5tis4 ,m4 ,t]5ti ,primi4 ,m4 ,epidi ,hym5aei4 ,q4 ,grani ,lesbi4 ,t4 ,vesoni ,le4444 ,d4 ,volci ,?alli4 ',seal ( ,qu9tus ,appuleius ,sev]us1 ,m>cus ,lucretius ,l]us1 ,tib]ius ,julius ,abascantus1 ,m4 ,julius ,cresc5s1 ,m4 ,t]5tius ,primus1 ,m4 ,epidius ,hym5aeus1 ,q4 ,granius ,lesbus1 ,titus ,vesonius ,le4441 ,d4 ,volcius ,?allus4' ,,memor&um4 ,page #e ,l4 ,duvio ,avito1 ,p4 ,clodio ,?rasea cos41 pr4 id4 ,decembr4 ,d4 ,volcius ,?allus scripsi rogatu ,umbriciae ,ianu>iae eam accepisse ab ,l4 ,caecilio ,iucundo ,,hs n4 ,,xi xxxix ex auctione eius m]c$e m9us ex int]rogatione facta tabell>um signat>um4 ,act4 ,pompeis4 ',on ,decemb] #ab1 9 ! consul%ip ( ,lucius ,duvius ,avitus & ,publius ,clodius ,?rasea1 ,i1 ,decimus ,volcius ,?allus1 hav+ exam9$ ! tablets put "u seal1 at ! reque/ ( ,umbricia ,janu>ia decl>$ 9 writ+ t %e _h receiv$ f ,l4 ,caecilius ,jucundus #aa1jci se/]ces z ! proce$s ( an auction sale aft] d$uct+ 8 commission4 ,done at ,pompeii4' ,tablet ,a gives ! ord9>y =m ( ! receipt & ! memor&um4 ,!re are occasional v>iations4 ,a few tablets h only two leaves & f\r pages4 ,9 su* cases1 ! leaves are ti$ & seal$ 9 ! same way z ! fir/ two ( ! tripty*1 b only half ( ! f\r? page is left = ! signatures ( ! witnesses2 ! memor&um is writt5 on ! o!r half ) p5 & ink1 & s appe>s on ! outside ( ! tablet4 ,9 two ( ! old] tablets1 dat$ #bg & #ed ,a4,d41 ! memor&um1 z ! receipt1 is a record ( an oral ackn[l$gm5t2 x may be t ?is 0 ! prop] legal =m 9 use to ! end ( ! reign ( ,claudius4 ,9 a few ( ! lat] examples1 z ,tablet ,b1 ! receipt z well z ! memor&um has ! =m ( a v\*] 9 ! h&writ+ ( ! p]son :o receives ! money1 or 8 ag5t4 ,,tablet ,b ,,receipt4 ,pages #b & #c ,l4 ,v]anio ,hupsaeo1 ,l4 ,albucio ,iu/o duumviris iure dicundo ,,xiiii ,kal5das ,iulias ,privatus coloniae ,pompeianorum s]vus scripsi me accepisse ab ,l4 ,caecilio ,iucundo se/]tios mille sesc5tos septuag9ta qu9que nummos1 et accepi ante hanc diem1 quae dies fuit ,,viii idus ,iunias1 se/]tios mille nummos1 ob vectigal publicum pasqua = pasquorum4 ,actum ,pompeis ,cn4 ,fonteio ,c4 ,vip/ano cos4 ',on ,june #ah1 9 ! duumvirate ( ,l4 ,v]anius ,hypsaeus & ,l4 ,albucius ,ju/us1 ,i1 ,privatus1 slave ( ! colony ( ,pompeii1 decl>$ 9 writ+ t ,i _h receiv$ f ,l4 ,caecilius ,jucundus #afge se/]ces1 & previ\s to ?is day1 on ,june #f1 ,i receiv$ #ajjj se/]ces1 z r5t = ! public pa/ure4 ',done at ,pompeii 9 ! consul%ip ( ,gnaeus ,fonteius & ,gaius ,vip/anus4' ,,names ,,( ,,! ,,witnesses4 ,page #d ,9 ! groove 9 ! middle ( ! page are f\r seals4 ,z ! receipt 0 giv5 = ! city1 ! witnesses 7 ! two duumvirs & ! slave ,privatus1 :o receiv$ ! money4 ,! "n ( ,privatus appe>s twice ) seal1 "u t ( ea* duumvir4 ,9 antiquity municipalities1 z well z individuals1 own$ slaves4 ,l4 ,v]ani ,hypsaei ,privati1 c4 c4 ,v4 ,c4 s]4 7= colonorum coloniae ,v5]iae ,corneliae s]vi7 ,l4 ,albuci ,iu/i ,privati1 c4 c4 ,v4 ,c4 se4 ,*irographum ,privati c4 c4 ,v4 ,c4 s]4 ',seal ( ,lucius ,v]anius ,hypsaeus2 ,privatus1 slave ( ! citiz5s ( ! colony ( ,pompeii2 ,l4 ,albucius ,iu/us2 ,privatus1 slave ( ! citiz5s ( ! colony ( ,pompeii4 ',autograph ( ,privatus1 slave ( ! citiz5s ( ! colony ( ,pompeii4' ,,memor&um4 ,page #e ,l4 ,v]anio ,hupsaeo ,l4 ,albucio ,iu/o duumviris iure dicundo ,,xiv ,k4 ,iul4 ,privatus c4 c4 ,v4 ,c4 s]4 scripsi me accepisse ab ,l4 ,caecilio ,iucundo ,,hs ,m ,,dclxxv et accepi ante hanc diem ,,viii idus ,iunias ,,hs ,m nummos ob vectigal publicum pasquorum4 ,act4 ,pom4 ,c4 ,fonteio ,c4 ,vips4 cos4 ,! language ( ! memor&um is s ne>ly id5tical ) t ( ! receipt t x is unnecess>y to add a translation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a consid]able numb] ( ! amphorae f\nd at ,pompeii be> inscriptions1 g5]ally writt5 ) a p5 9 black ink1 b sometimes pa9t$ ) a bru% 9 r$ or :ite4 ,mo/ ( !m conta9$ w9e4 ,! p]c5tage ( ,greek inscriptions is l>ge1 an evid5ce ( ! /r5g? ( ! ,greek population 9 ! region ab\t ! city4 ,! w9e und]w5t f]m5tation 9 l>ge r\nd vats ( bak$ clay1 dolia1 :i* /ood 9 ! w9e cell> ( ! villa1 cella v9>ia1 or 9 a c\rt 7p4 #cfd72 f ^! ! amphorae 7 fill$4 ,! vats conta9+ ! common w9es 7 ord9>ily empti$ be=e ! next v9tage1 :5 !y 7 ne$$ = ! new w9e1 b ! bett] sorts 7 all[$ to rema9 9 ! dolia = a long] "t4 ,! w9e ( "o ,pompeian amphora 0 left 9 ! vat till aft] ! h>ve/ ( ! second ye>3 ,c4 ,pomponio ,c4 ,anicio cos41 ex fundo ,badiano1 diffusum id4 ,aug41 bimum1--',consul%ip ( ,gaius ,pomponius & ,gaius ,anicius4 ,f ! ,badian e/ate4 ,p\r$ 7into amphorae7 ,augu/ #ac4 ,two ye>s old4' ,9 :at ye> ,pomponius & ,anicius 7 consuls we d n "k4 ,! e>lie/ amphora ( :i* ! date is c]ta9 0 fill$ 9 #be ,a4,d43 ,cosso ,l5tulo ,m4 ,as9io cos4 fund4 ,! place f :i* x came1 h[ev]1 is n s easily det]m9$1 s9ce fund4 may ref] to ! t[n ( ,fundi1 or /& = fundus1 'e/ate1' ! "n t foll[$ hav+ be5 oblit]at$4 ,! names ( two su* e/ates 7 lately recov]$ f amphorae 9 ! h\se ( ! ,vettii1 fundus ,satrianus & fundus ,as9ianus4 ,9 addition to ! product ( ,italian v9ey>ds ! ,pompeians us$ also import$ w9es f ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or & ! isl&s ne> by4 ,"o deal]1 ,m4 ,fabius ,euporus1 kept w9e f ,cnidus1 ,cnidium4 ,w9e f ! isl& ( ,cos is frequ5tly m5tion$1 z 9 ?is inscription3 ,c\m vetu ,p4 ,appulei ,bassi1--',old ,coan ( ,publius ,appuleius ,bassus4' ,diff]5t k9ds ( w9e 7 sometimes designat$ by *>act]i/ic names4 ,a c]ta9 ,greek1 ,m4 ,pomponius ,teupon1 produc$ a br& :i* he call$ ',fr5zy ,w9e' 7,greek3 ,lyttios71 z if s /rong t x w\ld make ! dr9k] frantic4 ,ano!r ,greek1 ,tim>*us1 nam$ "o ( 8 w9es ',:ite ,dr9k1' ,greek3 ,leuk\n>ion4 ,an amphora 9 ! h\se ( ! ,vettii 0 labell$ ,gu/aticium1 ',breakfa/ ,dr9k'2 x no d\bt conta9$ mulsum1 a k9d ( mead made by mix+ honey ) w9e1 :i* ! anci5ts drank ) ! fir/ meal ( ! day4 ,! ^w mulsum occurs on ano!r amphora discov]$ previ\sly4 ,fruits & o!r edibles ( all k9ds 7 kept 9 amphorae4 ,on "o 0 writt53 ,oliva alba dulce 7= olivae albae dulces7 ,p4 ,c4 ,e41--',:ite sweet olives ( ,p4 ,c4 ,e4'2 ! "n _c be det]m9$ f ! initials4 ,on o!r amphorae ! words = bean meal 7lom5tum71 honey1 & l5tils appe>1 ! la/ be+ designat$ by ! ,greek ^w4 ,a l>ge numb] ( small j>s conta9$ ! fi% sauces1--g>um1 liquam51 & muria1--( :i* ! anci5ts 7 s fond2 ref]5ce has already be5 made to ,umbricius ,scaurus 7p4 #ae71 :o seems to h _h sev]al e/abli%m5ts = ! mak+ ( ! sauces1 conduct$ by slaves1 fre$m51 & p]haps by memb]s ( 8 family4 ,! be/ quality ( g>um1 :i* 0 probably a ?ick prep>ation1 a k9d ( fi% jelly1 0 designat$ by ! lett]s g4 f41 = g>um--flos1 'g>um blossom1' z 9 ! foll[+ inscription3 garum--flos scombri ,scauri ab ,euty*e ,scauri1--',scaurus's tunny jelly1 blossom br&1 put up by ,euty*es1 slave ( ,scaurus4' ,we frequ5tly f9d liquam5 optimum1 'be/ liquam54' ,! muria 0 app>5tly a fi% pickle1 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! fi%1 or c]ta9 v>ieties1 be+ pres]v$ 9 br9e4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y ! ,eld] "s fi% sauces 7 prep>$ 9 a special way1 to be us$ by ! ,jews on fa/ days2 two ( ^!1 z already not$1 appe> 9 ! inscriptions ^u ,pompeian j>s1 g>um ca/um & muria ca/a 7p4 #ah74 ,9 ^! inscriptions ^u j>s ( v>i\s sizes ! "n ( ! proprietor is sometimes giv51 9 ! g5itive case1 z ,m4 ,caesi ,cel]is1--',( ,m4 ,caesius ,cel]4' ,! "n ( ! man to :om ! consignm5t is made is put 9 ! dative1 z ,albucio ,celso4 ,! "n ( ! consignor sometimes foll[s t ( ! consignee1 z liquam5 optimum ,a4 ,virnio ,mode/o ab ,aga?opode1--',be/ liquam51 = ,aulus ,virnius ,mode/us1 f ,aga?opus4' ,an inscription simil> to t j m5tion$1 on an amphora f\nd 9 ! h\se ( ,caecilius ,jucundus1 illu/rates ! ext5t to :i* family pride might ass]t itself 9 ! nam+ ( *ildr53 ,caecilio ,iucundo ab ,sex/o ,metello1--',to ,caecilius ,jucundus f ,sextus ,metellus4' ,! s5d] & ! recipi5t 7 bo? sons ( ,lucius ,caecilius ,jucundus4 ,accord+ to common usage1 "o ( ! sons w\ld h receiv$ ! "n ,lucius ,caecilius ,jucundus1 aft] ! fa!r2 :ile ! o!r w\ld h be5 call$ ,lucius ,caecilius1 ) a cognom5 d]iv$ p]haps f ! "n ( ! "m4 ,b ! prosp]\s ,pompeian wi%$ to sugge/ a relation%ip ) ! di/+ui%$ family ( ! ,caecilii ,metelli1 s he nam$ "o son ,sextus ,caecilius ,jucundus ,metellus1 & ! o!r ,qu9tus ,caecilius ,jucundus1 ! "n ,qu9tus be+ common 9 ! family ( ! ,caecilii ,metelli4 ,! names ( ! two sons are f\nd toge!r 9 an election notice3 ,q4 ,s4 ,caecili ,iucundi1--',qu9tus & ,sextus ,caecilius ,jucundus4' ,besides ! names ( ! mak]s1 inscriptions relat+ to weight & own]%ip are f\nd on ! cups & o!r objects ( ! ,boscoreale treasure4 ,?us on ! "u side ( ! ,alex&ria pat]a 7,fig4 #ahg1 & p4 #chj7 we f9d ! foll[+ record1 ! lett]s ( :i* are outl9$ ) po9ts3 ,phiala et emblema pend5tia pondo libras ,,ii1 uncias ,x1 scrupula ,,vi4 ,phiala pend5s pondo libras ,,ii1 uncias ,,ii1 semunciam2 emblema pend5s pondo uncias ,,vii1 semunciam1 ',! b[l & ! relief m$allion' toge!r 'weigh #b p\nds1 #aj ounces1 & #f scruples4 ,! b[l weighs #b p\nds1 #ba_/b ounces2 ! relief m$allion weighs #ga_/b ounces4' ,9 giv+ ! items sep>ately no acc\nt 0 tak5 ( ! scruples4 ,reckon+ ! ,roman p\nd z #cbg4dec grammes1 ! weight ( ! pat]a ) its relief 0 #icd4fjh grammes1 or #b4ejd ,troy p\nds4 ,?is diff]s f ! pres5t weight by less ?an a gramme4 ,occasionally a "n 9 ! g5itive case is f\nd ) ! record ( weight1 writt5 ) ! same k9d ( lett]s2 9 su* cases x is probably safe to assume t ! "n is t ( ! orig9al own]4 ,on ! "u side ( "o ( ! pair ( cups ornam5t$ ) skeletons 7,fig4 #bag7 is ! inscription3 ,,gaviae ,p4,,ii4,s,e,,iiii2 a lat] h&1 writ+ ) a f9e po9t1 add$ ,,vas ,,ii 9 ! space aft] ,,gaviae1 z if to supply an obvi\s omission1 s t ! inscription 9 full w\ld read1 ,gaviae4 ,vasa ,,ii p5d5tia pondo libras ,,ii1 uncias ,,viii1 scrupula ,,iv1 ',! prop]ty ( ,gavia4 ,! two cups weigh #b p\nds1 #h ounces1 & #d scruples' 7#b4cea ,troy p\nds74 ,9 "s in/ances ! "n ( a lat] own] has be5 scrat*$ on ! surface ) a po9t$ tool4 ,! "n ( a woman1 ,maxima1 writt5 9 full or 9 abbreviation1 appe>s on =ty-five ( ! pieces 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,we may safely accept ! conclusion ( ,de ,villefosse1 t %e is probably ! "o :o made ! collection1 obta9+ h] specim5s f diff]5t s\rces1 & t to h] ! ,boscoreale treasure belong$ at ! "t ( ! eruption4 ,besides ! seals :i* 7 us$ 9 sign+ docum5ts ! ,romans _h /amps1 signacula1 :i* !y impress$ ^u v>i\s articles z a means ( id5tification or z an adv]tisem5t4 ,impressions ( su* /amps are f\nd ^u bricks & o!r objects ( clay1 & 9 "o or two in/ances ^u loaves ( bread4 ,sev]al *>r$ loaves 9 ! ,naples ,museum h ! /amp3 ,cel]is ,q4 ,grani ,v]i s]41--'7,made by7 ,cel]1 slave ( ,qu9tus ,granius ,v]us4' ,! names ^u /amps appe> regul>ly 9 ! g5itive case1 z ,n4 ,popidi ,prisci1 spell$ backw>d on ! /amp1 s t ! lett]s appe> 9 ! "r ord] 9 ! impression4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,fiorelli _m h\ses h be5 nam$ f ! /amps f\nd 9 !m2 9 ! h\se ( ! ,vettii1 = example1 two /amps 7 f\nd ) ! names ( ,aulus ,vettius ,re/itutus & ,aulus ,vettius ,conviva4 ,,conclusion ,,*apt] ,,lix ,,significance ,,( ,,! ,,pompeian ,,culture ,! ideals ( a nation--! true index ( its culture--f9d expression alike 9 its laws1 its lit]ature1 its art1 & ! environm5t ( daily life4 ,!y are a common h]itage1 :i* "o g5]ation passes on to ano!r ) its own increm5t ( *ange1 & _! influ5ce ext5ds z f> z t ( ! p ^: _s is manife/$ 9 !m4 ,?us x happ5s t ! conditions ( culture f\nd 9 a s+le city1 unless t city1 z ,a!ns1 _h an indep5d5t developm5t z a /ate1 are n isolat$ b are det]m9$ 9 ! ma9 by g5]al movem5ts & t5d5cies1 & are reproduc$1 ) local diff]5ces1 9 all places hav+ ! same racial & political connections4 ,! local elem5t 0 m pron\nc$ & m *>act]i/ic 9 anci5t ?an 9 mod]n cities2 yet1 unless ! surr\nd+s 7 exceptionably favorable1 we %\ld n be w>rant$ 9 expect+ to f9d 9 a small city an isolat$ developm5t ( special significance 9 art or ta/e4 ,pompeii =ms no exception to ! rule4 ,! situation ( ,pompeii 0 unfavorable to ! gr[? ( an indig5\s culture4 ,f\nd$ by ,samnites1 a primitive folk1 x lay 9 ! ov]lapp+ edges ( two great zones ( influ5ce1 ,greek & ,roman4 ,x 0 a small t[n1 :i* nev] rose to ! dignity ev5 ( a prov9cial capital4 ,x 0 a seaport1 :i* ?r\gh m>9e traffic kept 9 t\* ) o!r cities1 especially ^? ( ! ,ea/1 f :i* fa%ions ( art1 religion1 & life travell$ easily we/w>d4 ,! political in/itutions ( ! ,pompeians 7 at fir/ ^? :i* !y %>$ 9 common ) ! ,samnite & ,oscan cities ( ! m\nta9s & ! ,campanian pla91 lat] ^? impos$ ^u !m by ! =ceful & levell+ adm9i/ration ( ,rome4 ,! lit]ature :i* !y read1 z we le>n f quotations scrat*$ ^u ! walls1 consi/$ ( ! ,greek & ,roman writ]s ( _! own or previ\s p]iods2 n a s+le l9e ( an ,oscan drama or poem has be5 f\nd4 ,_! art 0 a reproduction ( designs & ma/]pieces produc$ else:]e1--at fir/ "u ,hell5i/ic1 lat] "u ,roman influ5ce1--on a scale comm5surate ) ! limit$ res\rces ( ! place4 ,f9ally ! c\ntless appliances ( ev]yday life1 f ! fix$ furniture ( ! atrium to articles ( toilet1 7 n r>e & co/ly objects su* z 7 se5 9 ! weal?y homes ( ,rome or ,alex&ria1 b ^? ( ! common] sort ev]y:]e 9 use4 ,any "o ( fifty cities might h be5 ov]:elm$ 9 ! place ( ,pompeii1 & ! results1 s f> z our k ( ! anci5t culture 9 its l>g] aspects is conc]n$1 w\ld n h be5 ess5tially diff]5t4 ,! repres5tative r ?an exceptional "* ( ! rema9s at ,pompeii makes !m ei!r ( less or ( great] value1 accord+ z we look at !m f diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,if we are seek+ = ! mo/ p]fect examples ( anci5t art1 = ma/]pieces ( ! fam\s arti/s1 we d n f9d !m4 ,_m ( ! ,pompeian pa9t+s appeal to mod]n ta/e2 yet x w\ld be z unfair to judge ( ! m]its ( anci5t pa9t+ f ! specim5s :i* are work$ into ! decorative designs ( ,pompeian walls z x w\ld be to base an e/imate ( ! value ( mod]n art ^u *romos & wall pap]s4 ,= ! noble/ creations ( anci5t art 9 any field we mu/ look n to prov9cial t[ns1 b to ! great c5tres ( population & ( political adm9i/ration1 :]e g5ius f\nd enc\ragem5t1 inspiration1 & adequate means4 ,no l>ge city1 =tunately = its inhabitants1 0 visit$ by su* a disa/] z t :i* befell ! ,campanian t[n2 & ! weal? ( arti/ic types at ,pompeii be>s witness to ! univ]sality ( art 9 ! ,greco-,roman _w4 ,s9ce ^! rema9s are s broadly typical1 !y are invaluable = ! int]pretation ( ! civilization ( :i* !y =m$ a "p4 ,!y %$ light on c\ntless passages ( ,greek & ,roman writ]s4 ,lit]ature1 h[ev]1 ord9>ily records only t :i* is exceptional or /rik+1 :ile "h we f9d ! surr\nd+s ( life z a :ole1 ! humble/ details be+ pres5t$ to ! eye4 ,pompeii1 z no o!r s\rce outside ! pages ( classical au?ors1 helps u to und]/& ! anci5t man4 ,,bibliographical ,,app5dix#d ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,situation ,,( ,,pompeii ,physical geography ( ,campania1 ,vesuvius3 ,,niss51 ,italis*e ,l&eskunde1 vol4 ,i 7,b]l91 #ahhc71 pp4 #bfc-bgb2 ,,phillips1 ,vesuvius 7,ox=d1 #ahfi72 ,g4 ,,vom ,,ra?1 ,d] ,vesuv 7,b]l91 #ahgc72 ,,palmi]i1 ,il ,vesuvio e la sua /oria 7,milan1 #ahhj72 ,,judd1 ,volcanoes 7,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies1 ,new ,york1 #ahca72 ,,lobley1 ,m\nt ,vesuvius--,a ,descriptive1 ,hi/orical1 & ,geological ,acc\nt ( ! ,volcano & its ,surr\nd+s 7,london1 #ahhi72 ,,ruggi]o1 ,della eruzione del ,vesuvio nell' anno ,,lxxix1 9 ! commemorative volume publi%$ "u ! title ,pompei e la regione sott]rata dal ,vesuvio nell' anno ,,lxxix 7,naples1 #ahgi71 pp4 #ae-cb4 ,pompeii z a seaport p4 #c3 ,/rab4 ,geog4 ,v4 ,,iv4 #h 7p4 #bdg74 ,! seacoa/ & ! ,s>no 9 antiquity p4 #d3 ,,ruggi]o1 op4 cit41 pp4 #e-ad2 ,,mau1 ,dell' antico lido del m>e1 ,bull4 dell' ,in/41 #ahhj1 pp4 #hi-ib2 ,f4 ,,von ,,duhn1 ,d] ,haf5 von ,pompei1 ,rhe94 ,mus41 vol4 #cf 7#ahha71 pp4 #abg-acj1 #fcb-fcd2 ,,mau1 ,d] ,haf5 von ,pompeji1 ,rhe94 ,mus41 vol4 #cf4 pp4 #cbf-cbh1 & vol4 #cg 7#ahhb71 pp4 #cai-cbj4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,pompeii ,,be=e ,,! ,,eruption ,! f\nd+ ( ,pompeii p4 #h3 ! "q ( ! orig9 ( ! city is closely connect$ ) t ( ! sy/em ( /reets1 = :i* see ref]5ces to ,*ap4 ,v1 p4 #eag4 ,orig9 ( ! "n p4 #h3 cf4 ,f4 ,,von ,,duhn1 ,v]h&lung d] #cdt5 ,philolog5-,v]sammlung 7#ahhj71 p4 #aed2 = pompe qu9que1 cf4 ,,buck1 ,d] ,vocalismus d] ,oskis*5 ,spra*e 7,leipzig1 #ahib71 pp4 #aah-aai4 ,! d]ivation ( ,pompeii f ,greek3 pompe 7,greek3 pempe97 is assum$ by ,,niss51 ,pompejanis*e ,/udi5 7,leipzig1 #ahgg71 p4 #ehj2 cf4 also ,,sogliano1 ,r5diconto della ,accademia di ,ar*eologia1 ,nuova ,s]ie1 ,naples1 vol4 #ae 7#aija71 p4 #aae4 ,! exp$ition ( ,p4 ,cornelius p4 #i3 ,liv4 ,,ix4 ,,xxxviii4 #b-c4 ,! siege ( ,sulla p4 #aj3 ,appian4 ,bel4 ,civ41 ,i4 ,v4 #ci1 ,,vi4 #ej2 ,oros4 ,v4 ,,xviii4 #bb2 ,vell4 ,pat]4 ,,ii4 ,,xvi4 #b4 ,! ,pompeians & ,p4 ,sulla p4 #aj3 ,cic4 ,pro ,p4 ,sulla1 ,,xxi4 ,excavations ne> ! ,s>no canal p4 #aj3 ,n4 d4 scavi1 #ahhj1 pp4 #did-dih2 #ahha1 pp4 #be-bi1 #fd-ff4 ,= o!r evid5ce relat+ to ! suburbs1 see ,,niss51 ,pompejanis*e ,/udi51 p4 #cgi2 ,,mau1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #d 7#ahhi71 pp4 #bii-cjj1 #cdd4 ,inscriptions p4 #aa--ref]r+ to ! ,sal95ses3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #afaa2 ,n4 d4 scavi1 #ahhd1 p4 #ea4 ,ref]r+ to ! ,campani5ses3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #dgj1 #dhj1 #abaf1 #abic quot$ p4 #dib1 #bcec p4 #bai4 ,v5us ,pompeiana p4 #ab3 ,museo ,borb41 vol4 #h1 pl4 #cd2 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde d] vom ,vesuv v]s*uettet5 ,/a$te ,campani5s 7,leipzig1 #ahfh71 no4 #bie2 ,,wiss[a1 ,de ,v5]is simulacris ,romanis 7,breslau1 #ahhb71 pp4 #ae-ba2 cf4 also ,,rossba*1 ,vi] ,pompejanis*5 ,w&bild]1 ,jahrb4 des ,in/4 vol4 #h 7#ahic71 pp4 #eg-ei 7no4 #d74 ,"n ( ! ,roman colony p4 #ab3 kn[n f inscriptions1 z t ( ,holconius ,rufus & ,egnatius ,po/umus p4 #he1 & ! tablets ( ,caecilius ,jucundus1 z #ccdj1 ,,cxliii4 9 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 ,suppl4 #a2 ) ! latt] we may comp>e ! abbreviation aft] ! "n ( ,privatus p4 #ejd4 ,civic adm9i/ration p4 #ab3 ,,m>qu>dt1 ,roemis*e ,/aatsv]waltung1 vol4 #a 7,edit4 #b1 ,leipzig1 #ahha71 pp4 #acb-bae3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 pp4 #ij-ic1 ,,iv4 pp4 #bdi-bee2 ,,willems1 ,les elections municipales a ,pompei 7,p>is1 #ahhf71 & review ( ?is book by ,,mau1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #d 7#ahhi71 pp4 #bih-cjb4 ,duumvirates ( ,caligula p4 #ad3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #ija1 #ijb1 #ijd4 ,lex ,petronia p4 #ad3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #heh cf4 p4 #bai2 ,,m>qu>dt1 op4 cit4 vol4 #a1 p4 #agj4 ,inscriptions ref]r+ to prie/s p4 #ad3 augurs1 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #hjf1 #hbj1 #hbb2 pontifices1 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #ghh1 #ghi1 #gia1 #hea1 #hei2 ( ,m>s1 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #hgi2 ( ,c]es1 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #hab1 #ajcf1 #ajgd2 ( ,c]es & ,v5us1 ,n4 d4 scavi1 #ahij1 p4 #ia1 & ,ephem4 ,epigr4 ,,viii4 p4 #hf2 div9ity n m5tion$1 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #haj-hac1 #haf1 #iej1 #iih-iii2 ( ,augu/us1 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #gih1 #hcj1 #hcg-hdj1 #idc-idh1 ,,iv4 #aahj 7872 ( ,julia ,augu/a1 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #ifa 7872 ( ,=tuna ,augu/a1 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #hbd-hbh2 ( ,m]cury & ,maia1 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #hhd-ibc2 ( ,n]o1 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #aahe quot$ on p4 #bbb4 ,(ficials ( ! ,pagus ,augu/us ,felix p4 #ad3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #had1 #hec1 #ibd1 #idd1 #ajbg1 #ajbh1 #ajcj1 #ajdb1 #ajee1 #ajgd2 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #d 7#ahhi71 p4 #cdd4 ,pompeian w9e p4 #ad3 ,pl94 ,n4 ,h4 ,,xiv4 ,,ii4 #ce1 ,,iii4 #ch1 ,,vi4 #gj2 ,columella1 ,de re ru/4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 #bg4 ,= ! =ms ( ! amphorae1 see ! plate at ! end ( ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 foll[+ ! map2 = ! inscriptions1 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 pp4 #aga-ahh & ,suppl4 #b4 ,pompeian cabbage & onions p4 #ae3 ,pl94 ,n4 ,h4 ,,xix4 ,,viii4 #adj2 ,columella1 ,de re ru/4 ,x4 #ace1 ,,xii4 ,x4 #a4 ,volcanic products p4 #ae3 pumice /one1 ,vitr4 ,,ii4 ,,vi4 #b2 oil mills1 ,cato1 ,de agri cultura1 ,,xxii4 #c1 #d1 ,,cxxxv4 #b4 ,cic]o's ,pompeianum p4 #af3 ,cic4 ,acad4 pr4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 #i1 ,,xxv4 #hj2 ad ,att4 ,i4 ,,xx4 #a1 ,v4 ,,ii4 #a1 ,x4 ,,xv4 #a1 ,,xvi4 #d1 ,,xiii4 ,,viii2 ad ,fam4 ,,vii4 ,,iii4 #a1 ,,iv1 ,,xii4 ,,xx2 ad ,qu9t4 fr4 ,,ii4 ,,xiv4 #a2 ,plut4 ,cic4 ,,viii4 ,see also ,,s*midt1 ,cic]o's ,vill5--,das ,pompeianum1 ,neue ,jahrbue*] fu] das ,klassis*e ,alt]tum1 vol4 #c 7#ahii71 pp4 #dhi-dig1 & ! review by ,,mau1 ,roem4 ,mit?4 vol4 #ae 7#aijj71 pp4 #abi-acj4 ,dea? ( ,claudius's ,drusus at ,pompeii p4 #af3 ,suet4 ,div4 ,claud4 ,,xxvii4 ,inscriptions p4 #af3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #hgd1 #hge2 = ! ,greek inscriptions discov]$ at ,pompeii1 cf4 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv1 ,index1 p4 #bfd2 ,,kaibel1 ,inscriptiones ,graecae ,siciliae et ,italiae1 pp4 #ahh-ahi2 ,,dil!y1 ,dip9ti ,pompeiani accompagnati d' epigrammi greci1 ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 vol4 #dh 7#ahgf71 pp4 #bid-cad4 ,population ( ,pompeii p4 #af3 ,,fiorelli1 ,gli ,scavi di ,pompei dal #ahfa al #ahgb1 ,app4 #c1 pp4 #ab-ad2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #cgd-cgi4 ,evid5ce reg>d+ ! exi/5ce ( a ,jewi% colony at ,pompeii pp4 #ag-ah--;inscriptions cit$3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv1 #aejg1 #befi1 #bfji1 #bfaa1 ,,iv4 ,suppl4 #digf1 #ebdd4 ,pa9t+ ) ! judgm5t ( ,solomon3 ,,lumbroso1 ,sul dip9to pompeiano 9 cui si e ravvisato il giudizio di ,salomone1 ,memorie della ,acc4 dei ,l9cei1 ,s]ie #c1 vol4 ,,ii 7#ahhc71 pp4 #cjc-cje2 ,,samt]1 ,ar*aeologis*] ,anzeig]1 ,beiblatt zum ,jahr4 des ,in/41 vol4 #ac 7#ahih71 pp4 #di-ej4 ,suppos$ ,*ri/ian inscription & ! lit]ature relat+ to x3 ,,de ,,rossi1 ,una memoria dei ,cri/iani 9 ,pompei1 ,bullet9o di ,ar*eologia ,cri/iana1 vol4 #b 7#ahfd71 pp4 #fi-gb1 & ,dei ,giudei ,lib]t9i e dei ,cri/iani 9 ,pompei1 ibid4 pp4 #ib-ic2 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #fgi1 & ,suppl4 p4 #dfa4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,pompeii ,! p>ticul>s ( ! eruption are treat$ at l5g? 9 ! works on ,vesuvius cit$ 9 ! note to ,*ap4 ,i4 ,vesuvius be=e ! eruption p4 #ai3 ,/rabo1 ,v4 ,,viii4 7p4 #bdg72 ,diod4 ,sic4 ,,iv4 ,,xxi4 #e2 ,vitr4 ,,ii4 ,,vi4 #b1 #c2 ,m>t4 ,epigr4 ,,iv4 ,,xliv2 ,,palmi]i1 ,del ,vesuvio dei tempi di ,sp>taco e di ,/rabone e del precipuo cangiam5to avv5uto nell' anno #gi dell' era volg>e1 ,pompei e la regione sott]rate dal ,vesuvio nell' anno ,,lxxix1 pp4 #ia-id2 see also ,,lobley1 ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 pp4 #ie-ih & pl4 #h4 ,repres5tation ( ,vesuvius 9 a ,pompeian wall pa9t+ 7discov]$ 9 #ahgi73 ,n4 d4 scavi1 #ahgi1 p4 #bhe2 reproduction1 ,n4 d4 scavi1 #ahhj1 pl4 ,,vii41 ) a geological analysis by ,palmi]i1 pp4 #bcc-bcd2 reproduc$ also by ,,de ,,m>*i1 ,il culto privato di ,roma antica1 vol4 #a 7,milan1 #ahif71 pl4 #e 7p4 #ajj74 ,! e>?quake ( #fc ,a4,d4 p4 #ai3 ,tac4 ,ann4 ,,xv4 ,,xxii 7errone\sly assign$ to #fb72 ,s54 ,n4 ,q4 ,,vi4 ,i4 #a-ae1 ,,xxvi4 #e1 ,,xxvii4 #a2 cf4 also ! d$icatory inscription ( ! temple ( ,isis p4 #agj4 ,date ( ! eruption p4 #ai3 ,,mau1 ,del mese e del giorno dell' eruzione1 ,bull4 dell' ,in/4 #ahhj1 pp4 #ib-if2 ,n4 d4 scavi1 #ahhi1 pp4 #djg-daj2 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #e 7#ahij71 pp4 #bhb-bhc4 ,anci5t s\rces ( our k ( ! eruption pp4 #ai-bj3 ,pl94 ,ep4 ,,vi4 ,,xvi1 ,,xx2 ,dio ,cass4 ,,lxvi4 ,,xxi-,,xxiii2 incid5tal ref]5ces1 ,m4 ,aurel4 ,anton4 ,,iv4 ,,xlviii2 ,euseb4 ,*ron4 ad an4 ,abr4 #bjie2 ,plut4 ,de s]a num9is v9dicta1 ,,xxii4 p4 #eff ,e1 ,de ,py?iae oraculis1 ,,ix4 p4 #cih ,e2 ,t]tullian1 ,apologet4 ,,xl1 ,de pallio1 ,,ii4 ,cov]+ ( ,h]culaneum p4 #ba2 ,,ruggi]o1 ,della eruzione del ,vesuvio nell' anno ,,lxxix 7see note to ,*ap4 ,i471 pp4 #ba-bb4 ,excavations at ,/abiae p4 #ba3 see note to ,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,commission s5t by ,titus p4 #bc3 ,suet4 ,div4 ,tit4 #h4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,une>?+ ,excavations at ,pompeii3 ,,fiorelli1 ,pompeian>um antiquitatum hi/oria 7#c vols41 ,naples1 #ahfj-ahfd72 ,,fiorelli1 ,gli scavi di ,pompei dal #ahfa al #ahgb 7,naples1 #ahgc72 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 pp4 #ic-id4 ,p]iodical reports ( ! excavations3 ,bullett9o ,ar*eologico ,napolitano pubblicato da ,,avell9o 7vols4 #a-f1 ,naples1 #ahdb-ahdh74 ,bullett9o ,ar*eologico ,napolitano1 ,nuova ,s]ie1 edit$ by ,,g>rucci & ,,m9]v9i 7vols4 #a-h1 ,naples1 #ahec-ahfc72 ,bullett9o ,ar*eologico ,italiano1 edit$ by ,,m9]v9i 7#ahfa-ahfb72 ,giornale degli scavi di ,pompei pubblicato da ,,giuseppe ,,fiorelli 7,naples1 #ahfa-ahfe1 incomplete72 ,giornale degli scavi di ,pompei1 ,nuova ,s]ie1 pubblicata dagli alunni della ,scuola ar*eologica 7vols4 #a-d1 ,naples1 #ahfh-ahgi72 s9ce #ahgf1 9 ! ,notizie degli scavi di anti*ita4 ,! reports on ! excavations by ,pr(essor ,mau 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,bullett9o dell' ,in/ituto f #ahgc to #ahhe2 s9ce #ahhe !y h appe>$ 9 ! ,roemis*e ,mit!ilung54 ,excavations at ,h]culaneum3 ,,ruggi]o1 ,/oria degli scavi di ,ercolano 7,naples1 #ahhe74 ,excavations at ,/abiae3 ,,ruggi]o1 ,degli scavi di ,/abia dal ,,mdccxlix al ,,mdcclxxxii 7,naples1 #ahha74 ,inscriptions discov]$ by ,fontana p4 #be3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #ibh1 #ieb4 ,"t requir$ to complete ! excavations p4 #bi3 ,,fiorelli1 ,gli scavi di ,pompei dal #ahfa al #ahgb1 ,app4 p4 #aj4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,a ,,bird',s-,,eye ,,view ,! sy/em ( /reets p4 #cb3 ,,niss51 ,das ,templum 7,b]l91 #ahfi71 pp4 #fc-ha2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #egb-eic2 ,,fiorelli1 ,gli scavi di ,pompei dal #ahfa al #ahgb1 ,app4 pp4 #aj-ab2 ,,von ,,bezold1 ,oss]vazioni sulla limitazione di ,pompei1 ,bull4 dell' ,in/4 #ahhj1 pp4 #aea-aei2 ,,mau1 ,oss]vazioni sulla rete /radale di ,pompei1 ,bull4 dell' ,in/4 #ahha1 pp4 #ajh-aab4 ,! regions & insulae p4 #cd3 ,,fiorelli1 ,sulle regioni ,pompeiane e della loro antica di/ribuzione 7,naples1 #aheh72 ,,fiorelli1 ,descrizione di ,pompei 7,naples1 #ahge71 pp4 #bd-be2 = ! names giv5 to h\ses1 ,,fiorelli1 ,gli scavi di ,pompei dal #ahfa al #ahgb1 ,app4 pp4 #ah-bj4 ,mean+ ( ! ^w ,insula3 ,,ri*t]1 ,insula1 ,h]mes1 vol4 #bj 7#ahhe71 pp4 #ia-ajj4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,mat]ials1 ,,con/ruction1 ,,ar*itectural ,,p]iods ,mat]ials1 con/ruction1 p]iods1 sy/ems ( measurem5t3 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #a-ig2 ,,fiorelli1 ,gli scavi di ,pompei dal #ahfa al #ahgb1 pp4 #gh-hf2 ,,ruggi]o1 ,delia eruzione del ,vesuvio nell' anno ,,lxxix 7see note to ,*ap4 ,i71 pp4 #e-h2 ,,mau1 ,pompejanis*e ,beitraege 7,b]l91 #ahgi71 pp4 #a-da1 & ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #d 7#ahhi71 pp4 #bid-bih4 ,mason's m>ks3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 pp4 #aff-afg2 ,,ri*t]1 ,ueb] antike ,/e9metz-zei*5 7,b]l91 #ahhc71 pp4 #ac-bb1 summ>iz$ by ,,mau1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #d 7#ahii71 pp4 #bib-bid2 ,,mau1 ,segni di sc>pell9o di ,pompei1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #aj 7#ahie71 pp4 #dg-ea4 ,,m>riott1 ,facts ab\t ,pompeii 7,london1 #ahie71 pp4 #fb-he1 review$ by ,mau1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #aj 7#ahie71 pp4 #bbb-bbd4 ,a complete collection ( mason's m>ks w appe> 9 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 suppl4 #b4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,=um ,excavation 7#ahac-ahah71 plan1 rema9s3 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #a1 pt4 #c1 pp4 #ace-bab1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #a-ag2 ,,gell1 ,pompeiana 7,edit4 #b1 #b vols41 ,london1 #ahcb71 vol4 #a1 pp4 #bg-ch2 ,,mazois1 ,les ru9es de ,pompei 7f\r p>ts1 cit$ z vols42 vols4 #a & #b1 #ahbd2 vols4 #c & #d1 cont9u$ by ,,gau1 #ahbh-ahbi2 ,p>is71 vol4 #c1 pp4 #bh-cf1 plates #ac;bis1 #ad2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #cac-cai1 #cdd-cgd4 ,inscriptions relat+ to ! ,=um or f\nd 9 x3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #ghg-gid1 ,,iv4 pp4 #d1 #da1 #abe-abg2 inscription ( ,a4 ,clodius ,flaccus p4 #eg1 ,x4 #ajgd4 ,/atues ( ! ,=um pp4 #df-dh3 ,,mau1 ,die ,/atu5 des ,=ums von ,pompeji1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #aa 7#ahif71 pp4 #aej-aef4 ,hi/ory ( ! colonnade p4 #ej3 ,,mau1 ,il portico del ,=o di ,pompei1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #f 7#ahia71 pp4 #afh-agf4 ,pa9t+s illu/rat+ ! life ( ! ,=um p4 #ee3 ,le pitture anti*e di ,ercolano e contorni 7#e vols41 ,naples1 #ageg-aggi71 pp4 #bac1 #bba1 #bbg2 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 nos4 #adhi-aejj2 p>ticul>ly ,,jahn1 ,ueb] ,d>/ellung5 des ,h&w]ks und ,h&elsv]kehrs auf antik5 ,w&gemaeld51 ,abh&lung5 d] sae*sis*5 ,gesells*aft d] ,wiss5s*aft51 philologis*4-hi/4 ,classe1 vol4 #e 7#ahgj71 pp4 #bfc-cah & pl4 #a-c2 reproduc$ also by ,,baumei/]1 ,d5kmael] des klassis*5 ,alt]tums 7#c vols41 ,muni*1 #ahhd-ahhh71 vol4 ,,iii4 ,fig4 #afec2 ,,s*reib]1 ,atlas ( ,classical ,antiquities 7trans4 by ,&]son2 ,london1 #ahie71 pl4 #hg1 #hh1 #hi4 ,%ape ( a typical =um contra/$ ) t ( ! agora p4 #eg3 ,vitr4 ,v4 ,i4 #a-c4 ,admission fee1 p4 #eg3 ,,fri$la5d] 9 ,,m>qu>dt1 ,roem4 ,/aatsv]waltung 7,edit4 #b71 vol4 #c1 pp4 #dib-dic4 ,slaves n p]mitt$ to witness ! games p4 #eh3 ,cic4 ,de h>us4 resp4 ,,xii4 #bf4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,build+s ,,ar\nd ,,! ,,=um--,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,jupit] ,( ! ,capitolium 9 ,roman colonies g5]ally3 ,,kuhfeldt1 ,de capitoliis imp]ii ,romani 7,b]l91 #ahhb72 ,,ca/an1 ,les capitaux prov9ciaux du monde roma9 7,besancon1 #ahhf72 ,,de ,,rossi & ,,gatti1 ,i campidogli nelle colonie e nelle altre citta del mondo romano1 ,bull4 com41 vol4 #ae 7#ahhg71 pp4 #ff-fh2 ,,wiss[a1 ,capitolium 7#b71 ,pauly-,wiss[a ,real-,encyclopa$ie1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #aech-aedj4 ,! temple ( ,jupit] 7excavat$ 9 #ahaf-ahah1 #ahbj73 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #a1 pt4 #c1 pp4 #ahe-bjj1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #af-ag1 vol4 #c1 p4 #ac2 ,,mazois1 ,les ru9es de ,pompei1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #dh-ej1 pl4 #cj-cf2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #cbj-cbg2 ,,mau1 ,pomp4 ,beitraege1 pp4 #bjj-bji2 ,,wei*>dt1 ,pompeji vor d] ,z]/o]ung 7,leipzig1 #ahig71 pp4 #fa-gh4 ,v>iation ( ! plan f ! ,etruscan1 union ( ,greek & ,etruscan elem5ts p4 #fc3 cf4 ,vitr4 ,,iv4 ,,vii4 #a1 ,,viii4 #e4 ,relief 9 ! h\se ( ,caecilius ,jucundus p4 #fd3 ,,mau1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #ae 7#aijj71 pp4 #aae-aaf4 ,decoration ( ! cella p4 #fe3 ,,mau1 ,ges*i*te d] decorativ5 ,w&mal]ei 9 ,pompeji 7,b]l91 #ahhb71 pp4 #fa-fb1 #bdh4 ,inscriptions f\nd 9 ! cella p4 #ff3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #gif-gig4 ,! ,capitolium & ! temple ( ,zeus ,mili*ius p4 #ff3 ,,mau1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #aa 7#ahif71 pp4 #ada-adi4 ,temples ( ,jupit]1 ,juno1 & ,m9]va 9 ,etruscan & ,roman cities p4 #ff3 ,s]v4 ,com4 9 ,v]g4 ad ,a54 ,i4 #dbb2 ,vitr4 ,i4 ,,vii4 #a4 ,capitals ( ! ,ionic columns ( ! cella1 & ( ! ,cor9?ian columns ( ! portico pp4 #fc-fg3 ,,mazois1 ,les ru9es de ,pompei1 vol4 #c1 pl4 #ce4 ,! %ape ( ! acan?us leaves is n t *>act]i/ic ( ! pre-,roman p]iod4 ,x is !re=e mo/ probable t ! temple 0 built1 or at any rate 0 complet$1 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! colony4 ,! vaults 9 ! podium p4 #fg3 ,n4 d4 scavi1 #aijj1 pp4 #cda-cdd4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,basilica ,excavation 7#ahac-ahaf73 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #a1 pt4 #b1 p4 #hf1 pt4 #c1 pp4 #aaa-agi passim2 vol4 #b1 p4 #ac4 ,inscriptions3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #hje-hjg1 ,,iv4 pp4 #aac-abe4 ,decoration3 ,,mau1 ,ges*i*te d] dec4 ,w&mal]ei1 pp4 #aa-ag4 ,recon/ruction3 ,,mau1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #c 7#ahhh71 pp4 #ad-df1 vol4 #f 7#ahia71 pp4 #fg-ga1 vol4 #h 7#ahic71 pp4 #aff-aga2 cf4 also ,,wolt]s1 ,das ,*alcidicum d] ,pompejanis*5 ,basilica1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #c 7#ahhh71 pp4 #dg-fj4 ,equal height ( ma9 room & corridor 0 fir/ assum$ by ,,mazois 7,les ru9es de ,pompei1 vol4 #c1 pls4 #ag1 #ah71 aft]w>d by ,,mau 7,pomp4 ,beitraege1 pp4 #aef-aii74 ,a cl]e/ory 0 add$ by ,,can9a 7,ar*itettura ,antica1 vol4 #c1 pl4 #ic71 & by ,,lange 7,haus und ,halle1 ,leipzig1 #ahhe1 pp4 #cea-cgb74 ,,s*o5e 7,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #aih-bja7 assumes an equal height = ! l>ge columns & ! half-columns1 ) a gall]y above ! corridor4 ,! ,basilica ,porcia p4 #gj3 ,,huels51 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #h 7#ahic71 pp4 #hd1 #ia4 ,o!r ref]5ces on ! ,roman basilicas3 ,,huels51 ,nom5clator topographicus 7,,kiep]t & ,,huels51 ,=mae urbis ,romae antiquae1 ,b]l91 #ahif71 pp4 #ac-ad4 ,! ,basilica at ,fano p4 #ga3 ,vitr4 ,v4 ,i4 #f-aj2 ,,pre/el1 ,des ,m4 ,vitruvius ,pollio1 ,basilica zu ,fanum ,=tunae 7,/rassburg1 #aijj74 ,recon/ruction3 ,,viollet-,,le-,,duc1 ,entreti5s sur l'ar*itecture 7#b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahfc1 #ahgb71 vol4 #a1 pp4 #aej-aeg1 & ,atlas1 pl4 #h-aj2 translation ( vol4 #a by ,,van ,,brunt 7"u ! title ,disc\rses on ,ar*itecture1 ,bo/on1 #ahgc71 pp4 #add-adi & pls4 #h-aj4 ,lit]ature relat+ to ! orig9 ( ! ,*ri/ian basilica3 ,,dehio & ,,von ,,bezold1 ,die kir*li*e ,baukun/ des ,ab5dl&es1 vol4 #a 7,/uttg>t1 #ahib71 pp4 #fb-fc1 & ,,l[rie1 ,monum5ts ( ! ,e>ly ,*ur* 7,new ,york1 #aija71 pp4 #dbj-dba2 cf4 also ,,holtz+]1 ,die alt*ri/li*e und byzant9is*e ,baukun/ 7,/uttg>t1 #ahii2 9 ,durm's ,h&bu* d] ,ar*itektur71 pp4 #ai-be2 ,,kraus1 ,real5cyclopa$ie d] *ri/l4 ,alt]?uem] 7#b vols41 ,freiburg1 #ahhb-ahhf71 vol4 ,i4 "u ,basilica2 ,,lange1 ,haus und ,halle 7,leipzig1 #ahhe71 pp4 #bgj-cbf2 ,f4 ,,witt+1 ,die ,anfa5ge *ri/li*] ,ar*itektur 7,/rassburg1 #aijb74 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,apollo ,excavation 7#ahag-ahah71 rema9s1 re/oration3 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #a1 pt4 #c1 pp4 #aia1 #bjc-baj1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #i1 #fi1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #i-af2 ,,gell1 ,pompeiana 7,edit4 #c1 by ,,gell & ,,g&y1 ,london1 #aheb71 pl4 #ec-ed2 ,,mazois1 ,les ru9es de ,pompei1 vol4 #d1 pls4 #af-bc2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #bac-bcb2 ,,mau1 ,pomp4 ,beitraege1 pp4 #ic-aaf2 ,,ov]beck-,,mau1 ,pompeji 7,pompeji 9 se95 ,gebaeud51 ,alt]?uem]n und ,kun/w]k5 d>ge/ellt von ,,johannes ,,ov]beck2 vi]te im ,v]e9e mit ,,augu/ ,,mau dur*ge>beitete und v]mehrte ,auflage1 ,leipzig1 #ahhd71 pp4 #if-ajd & #fcf-fcg 7,anm4 #da-de72 ,,ivan(f1 ,ar*itektonis*e ,/udi51 ,heft #b 7,b]l91 #ahie71 pl4 #a-c2 ,,wei*>dt1 ,pompeji vor d] ,z]/o]ung1 pp4 #ce-eb4 ,inscriptions relat+ to ! temple--,oscan p4 #hj3 ,,mau1 ,bull4 dell' ,in/1 #ahhb1 pp4 #ahi-aij1 #bjc1 #bje-bjg2 ,,bue*el]1 ,rhe94 ,mus41 vol4 #cg 7#ahhb71 p4 #fdc2 ,,zvetaieff1 ,inscriptiones ,italiae inf]ioris dialecticae 7,mosc[1 #ahhf71 p4 #ee 7no4 #aef a72 ,,von ,,planta1 ,grammatik d] ,oskis*-,umbris*5 ,dialekte 7#b vols42 ,/rassburg1 #ahib1 #ahig71 vol4 #b1 p4 #ejj2 ,,conway1 ,italic ,dialects 7#b vols41 ,london1 #ahig71 vol4 #a4 p4 #fe4 ,lat9 pp4 #he-hf3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #ghg1 #hjj-hjd4 ,pa9t+s pp4 #hd1 #hg3 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 nos4 #bff1 #cie1 #acjf1 #acbd1 #acbe1 #aedd1 & ,na*traege1 pp4 #dfa-dfb4 ,/atues f\nd 9 ! c\rt p4 #hg--,v5us3 ,museo ,borb41 vol4 #ad1 pl4 #bc4 ,artemis & ,apollo3 ,museo ,borb41 vol4 #h1 pl4 #ei1 #fj4 ,h]m 9 ! ,naples ,museum =m]ly ?\ght to be ,maia3 ,,patroni1 ,la pretesa ,maia1 erma del ,museo ,nazionale di ,napoli1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #ae 7#aijj71 pp4 #aca-acb4 ,! cult ( ,m]cury & ,maia p4 #hi3 cf4 ,,samt]1 ,alt>e di ,m]curio e ,maia1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #h 7#ahic71 pp4 #bbb-bbe4 ,augu/us z ,m]cury p4 #ij3 ,,kiessl+1 ,zu ,hor4 ,od4 ,i4 #b1 9 ,philologis*e ,unt]su*ung5 7h]ausgegeb5 von ,a4 ,,kiessl+ und ,u4 ,,von ,,wilam[itz-,,moell5dorff1 ,b]l971 ,heft #b 7#ahha71 p4 #ib4 ,inscriptions ref]r+ to ! cult ( ,m]cury & ,maia1 aft]w>d ( ,augu/us1 at ,pompeii3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 pp4 #aji-aac4 ,d5d]eh inscription 7f\nd ) a wall pa9t+ %[+ ! portrait ( an emp]or73 ,,duemi*51 ,bauges*i*te des ,d5d]ah ,tempels 7,b]l91 #ahgg71 p4 #af & pl4 #i2 ,,krall1 ,wi5] ,/udi51 vol4 #e 7#ahhc71 p4 #cae1 note4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,build+s ,,at ,,! ,,nor?we/ ,,corn] ,,( ,,! ,,=um--,,! ,,table ,,( ,,/&>d ,,measures ,! table ( /&>d measures p4 #ib3 ,,manc9i1 ,la m5sa pond]>ia di ,pompei esi/5te nel ,museo ,nazionale di ,napoli1 ,giornale degli scavi di ,pompei1 ,nuova ,s]ie1 vol4 #b 7#ahga71 pp4 #add-afa2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #ga-gd2 ,,conway1 ,! ,italic ,dialects1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #fg-fh1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #eba-ebc2 ,,zvetaieff1 ,sylloge inscriptionum ,osc>um1 pl4 #ac2 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #gic4 ,measurem5ts ( ! cavities by ,,mr4 ,,bidd]3 ,! ,academy1 ,april #ae1 #ahie1 p4 #cai4 ,o!r tables ( /&>d measures p4 #ic3 at ,m9turnae1 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #fjag2 at ,tivoli1 ,n4 d4 scavi1 #ahhc1 pp4 #he-hf1 #agb1 & ,,lanciani1 ,pagan & ,*ri/ian ,rome 7,bo/on1 #ahib71 pp4 #dj-da2 at ,sel9us1 ,n4 d ,scavi4 #ahhd1 p4 #cba2 ,,breg5z1 ,mit?4 d] ,oe/]r4 ,c5tralcommission1 ,neue ,folge1 vol4 #h1 p4 #ii2 9 ,greek l&s1 ,,t>bell1 ,a ,m5sa ,pond]>ia f ,assos2 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ar*aeology1 vol4 #g 7#ahia71 pp4 #ddj-ddc1 & n4 #a 7! ,assos table is n[ 9 ! ,bo/on ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts72 ,,bacon1 ,inve/igations at ,assos1 ,pt4 #a 7#aijb71 pp4 #ga1 #gc4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,macellum ,excavation 79 #ahba-ahbb71 id5tification1 recon/ruction3 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #b1 pp4 #ch-ef1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #ca-cb2 ,,gell1 ,pompeiana 7,edit4 ( #ahcb71 vol4 #a1 pp4 #df-fh2 ,,mazois1 ,les ru9es de ,pompei1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #ei-fg1 pl4 #db-df2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #bge-bhf2 ,,ov]beck-,,mau1 ,pompeji1 pp4 #abj-abh2 ,n4 d4 scavi1 #ahih1 pp4 #ccc-cci4 ,o!r macella p4 #id 9 ,rome3 ,,huels51 ,nom5clator top4 7see note to ,*ap4 ,,ix71 p4 #dd4 ,at ,puteoli3 ,,g]vasio1 ,sopra alcune iscrizioni rigu>danti il ,macello nell' antica ,pozzuoli 7,naples1 #aheb72 publi%$ also 9 ,memorie della regale ,accademia ercolanese di ar*eologia1 vol4 #f 7#ahec71 pp4 #bfe-bhc4 ,! ?olus p4 #id3 ,v>ro1 apud ,non41 p4 #ddh4 ,! co9 ( ,n]o ref]r$ to is describ$ by ,,eckhel1 ,doctr9a numorum vet]um 7,edit4 #b1 #h vols41 ,vi5na1 #agib-ahbh71 vol4 #f1 p4 #bgc1 & figur$ by ,,coh51 ,description hi/orique des monnaies frappees s\s l'empire roma91 vol4 #a 7,edit4 #b1 ,p>is1 #ahhj71 p4 #bhh2 & ,,donaldson1 ,ar*itectura ,numismatica1 no4 ,,lxxii4 ,pa9t+s 9 ! ,macellum at ,pompeii pp4 #if-ih3 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 see ,topogr4 ,index1 p4 #dgf1 "u ,pan!on4 ,cupids z bak]s & z mak]s ( wrea?s p4 #ih3 ,museo ,borb41 vol4 #d1 pl4 #dg1 & vol4 #f1 pl4 #ea2 ,,r\x1 ,h]culanum et ,pompei 7text by ,,b>re2 #h vols41 ,p>is1 #ahdj71 vol4 #b1 pl4 #hc1 #hd2 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 nos4 #ggg1 #hjj2 ,,jahn1 ,abh&lung5 d] ,ko5igl4 sae*si*5 ,gesells*aft d] ,wiss5s*aft51 philolog-hi/4 ,classe1 vol4 #e 7#ahgj71 pp4 #cae-cah & pl4 #f4 ,/atues f\nd 9 ! imp]ial *apel p4 #ih3 ,,mau1 ,/atua di ,m>cello nipote di ,augu/o1 ,atti della reale ,accademia di ,napoli1 vol4 #ae 7#ahia71 pp4 #acc-aea2 ,,helbig1 ,oss]vazioni sopra i ritratti di ,fulvia e di ,ottavia1 ,mon4 dei ,l9cei1 vol4 #a 7#ahij71 pp4 #egc-eij4 ,bo? ^! articles are summ>iz$ by ,,mau1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #f 7#ahia71 p4 #bfh1 & vol4 #g 7#ahib71 pp4 #afi-aga4 ,! /atues 7 publi%$ ) ! names ( ,livia & ,drusus1 son ( ,tib]ius1 9 ! ,museo ,borb41 vol4 #c1 pl4 #cg1 #ch2 ! "r h& ( ,octavia is re/or$4 ,de/ruction wr\ght by ! e>?quake ( #fc p4 #aja3 ?is matt] w be discuss$ 9 an e>ly numb] ( ! ,roemis*e ,mit!ilung54 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,sanctu>y ,,( ,,! ,,city ,,l>es ,excavation 7#ahag71 rema9s3 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #a1 pt4 #c1 p4 #aif2 ,,mazois1 ,les ru9es de ,pompei1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #ej-ea1 pl4 #cg2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #cjc-cjf4 ,id5tification & re/oration3 ,,mau1 ,d] ,/a$tis*e ,l>5tempel 9 ,pompeji1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #aa 7#ahif71 pp4 #bhe-cja4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,vespasian ,excavation 79 #ahag71 rema9s1 id5tification1 re/oration3 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #a1 pt4 #c1 p4 #aih2 ,,mazois1 ,les ru9es de ,pompei1 vol4 #d1 pp4 #cc-cf1 pl4 #ab-ae2 ,,g>rucci1 ,l',augu/eum1 la curia degli ,augu/ales1 il ,*alcidicum1 l'a$es ,=tunae ,augu/ae1 ,bullett9o ar*eologico ,napolitano1 ,nuova ,s]ie1 vol4 #b 7#ahed71 pp4 #d-f1 publi%$ also 9 8 ,que/ioni ,pompeiane 7,naples1 #ahec71 pp4 #gd-gi2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #bgj-bge2 ,,mau1 ,oss]vazioni sul cr$uto tempio del ,g5io di ,augu/o 9 ,pompei1 ,atti della reale ,accademia di ,napoli1 vol4 #af 7#ahid71 pp4 #aha-ahh2 ,,wei*>dt1 ,pompeji vor d] ,z]/o]ung1 pp4 #ie-aja4 ,= ! re/oration giv5 9 ,fig4 #df1 see ,,mau1 ,d] ,tempel des ,vespasian 9 ,pompeii1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #ae 7#aijj71 pp4 #acc-ach4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,build+ ,,( ,,euma*ia ,excavation 7#ahad-ahah73 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #a1 pt4 #c1 pp4 #aed-aeh1 #aie1 #aih1 #baj-bac1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #g-ai1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #f1 #ac1 #af1 #bc4 ,rema9s1 id5tification1 re/oration3 ,,be*i1 ,del calcidico e della cripta di ,euma*ia scavati nel ,=o di ,pompeji l'anno #ahbj 7,naples1 #ahbj72 ,,gell1 ,pompeiana 7,edit4 ( #ahcb71 vol4 #a1 pp4 #ac-bf2 ,,mazois1 ,les ru9es di ,pompei1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #db-dg1 pl4 #bb-bg2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #bhg-cjc4 ,= ! re/orations giv5 9 ! text1 see ,,mau1 ,oss]vazioni sull' edifizio di ,euma*ia 9 ,pompei1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #g 7#ahib71 pp4 #aac-adc4 ,inscriptions pp4 #aaa1 #aab3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #hjh-hae4 ,decoration p4 #aaa3 ,,mazois1 ,les ru9es de ,pompei1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #de-df1 pl4 #bf1 #bg2 ,,mau1 ,ges*i*te d] dec4 ,w&mal]ei1 pp4 #ccd-cce1 #daj1 & pl4 #aj2 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 no4 #ajid c4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,comitium ,rema9s1 id5tification3 ,,mazois1 ,les ru9es de ,pompei1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #eh-ei2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #ahe-aic2 ,,ov]beck-,,mau1 ,pompeji1 pp4 #acf-ach4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,municipal ,,build+s ,excavation 7#ahad71 rema9s1 id5tification3 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #a1 pt4 #c1 pp4 #aed-aei1 vol4 #b1 p4 #afj2 ,,mazois1 ,les ru9es de ,pompei1 vol4 #c1 p4 #eb1 pl4 #ch2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #cjf-caa2 ,,ov]beck-,,mau1 ,pompeji1 pp4 #aci-adb4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,v5us ,,pompeiana ,excavation1 rema9s1 id5tification3 ,n4 d4 scavi1 #ahii1 pp4 #ag-bc1 #aijj1 pp4 #bg-cj4 ,9 ^! reports ! temple is assign$ to ! wor%ip ( ,augu/us1 ! hi/ory ( ! build+ also be+ misund]/ood4 ,= a ju/ification ( ! int]pretation ( ! rema9s giv5 9 ! text1 see ,,mau1 ,d] ,tempel d] ,v5us ,pompeiana4 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #ae 7#aijj71 pp4 #bgj-cjh & pl4 #g-h4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,=tuna ,,augu/a ,excavation 7#ahbc-ahbd73 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #b1 pp4 #hd-he1 #ia1 #ie-ih4 ,rema9s1 re/oration3 ,,mazois1 ,les ru9es de ,pompei1 vol4 #d1 pp4 #de-dh1 pl4 #bd-bf2 ,,gell1 ,pompeiana 7,edit4 ( #ahcb71 vol4 #a1 pp4 #fi-hb2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #agh-ahd2 ,,mau1 ,d] ,tempel d] ,=tuna ,augu/a 9 ,pompeji1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #aa 7#ahif71 pp4 #bfi-bhd2 ,,wei*>dt1 ,pompeji vor d] ,z]/o]ung1 pp4 #he-ic4 ,inscriptions pp4 #acj1 #acb3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #hbj-hbh4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,! ,,=um ,,triangul>e ,,& ,,! ,,greek ,,temple ,excavation ( ! ,=um & ! temple 7#agfg-agig73 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #a1 pt4 #a1 pp4 #baa1 #bgf1 #bhe1 #bhf1 #big1 #cjg1 #cjh1 pt4 #b1 pp4 #fc-fe4 ,rema9s ( ! temple1 re/oration3 ,,mazois1 ,les ru9es de ,pompei1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #ag-bb1 pl4 #h-aj4 ,especially attractive are ! sket*es & re/orations giv5 by ,,wei*>dt1 ,pompeji vor d] ,z]/o]ung1 pp4 #ag-cc1 pl4 #a1 #b 7reproduc$ 9 our pl4 #c71 & #c4 ,! be/ description ( ! rema9s ( ! temple is giv5 by ,,koldewey & ,,pu*/e91 ,die grie*is*5 ,tempel 9 ,unt]itali5 und ,sicili5 7,b]l91 #ahii71 pp4 #de-di & pl4 #e2 _! conclusions are criticis$ by ,,mau1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #ae 7#aijj71 pp4 #abf-abh4 ,see also ,,von ,,duhn & ,,jacobi1 ,d] grie*is*e ,tempel 9 ,pompeji 7,heidelb]g1 #ahij72 ,,sogliano1 ,il tempio nel ,=o triangol>e di ,pompei1 ,mon4 dei ,l9cei1 vol4 #a 7#ahij71 pp4 #ahi-bjj2 bo? ^! contributions are review$ by ,,mau1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #f 7#ahia71 pp4 #beh-bfg4 ,! colonnade conta9$ n9ety-five ,doric columns p4 #ace3 !re 7 9 addition two half-columns at ! s\? end2 ,plan ,,iii 9 ?is respect is inexact4 ,! numb] ( columns is (t5 giv5 z "o hundr$4 ,inscriptions ( ! sundial & ! p$e/al p4 #acf3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #hca1 #hcb4 ,numb] ( columns 9 ! temple front unev5 p4 #acg3 ! /eps are too broad = "o int]columniation1 & mu/ h be5 design$ = two1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #fb4 ,human bones f\nd 9 ! enclosure p4 #aci3 ,,romanelli1 ,viaggio a ,pompei 7#ahaa71 p4 #ajd 7,edit4 #b1 #ahag1 p4 #ahb71 ,vi furono trovati molti avanzi di cadav]i sepolti4 ,excavations made "h at ! sugge/ion ( ,pr(essor ,mau br\ght to light few traces ( bones4 ,oscan inscription p4 #aci3 ,,zvetaieff1 ,sylloge inscriptionum ,osc>um 7,leipzig1 #ahfh71 no4 #fi & pl4 #ac2 ,,von ,,planta1 ,grammatik d] ,oskis*-,umbris*5 ,ins*rift51 vol4 #b1 p4 #eja2 ,,conway1 ,italic ,dialects1 vol4 #a1 p4 #fc4 ,oscan inscription p4 #adj3 see ref]5ces bel[1 pp4 #ecj-eca4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,l>ge ,,!atre ,excavation ( ! two !atres & ! c\rt beh9d ! ,l>ge ,!atre 7,july1 #agfd1 to ,m>*1 #agfe2 & ,decemb]1 #agia1 to ,febru>y1 #agif73 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #a1 pt4 #a1 pp4 #aeh-afe1 pt4 #b1 pp4 #df-fc4 ,= ! ,small ,!atre1 see also vol4 #a1 pt4 #b1 pp4 #fi1 #ge4 ,pa9t+s at ,pompeii relat+ to ! /age3 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 nos4 #adfd-adgf2 ,,sogliano1 ,le pitture murali ,campane1 nos4 #gdj-geb2 ,,maass1 ,affres*i sc5ici di ,pompeii1 ,ann4 dell' ,in/41 vol4 #ec 7#ahha71 pp4 #aji-aei1 & ,mon4 dell' ,in/41 vol4 #aa1 pl4 #cj-cb4 ,rema9s ( ! ,l>ge ,!atre3 ,,mazois1 ,les ru9es de ,pompei1 vol4 #d1 pp4 #ee-gj1 pl4 #bg-cd2 ,,fiorelli1 ,descrizione di ,pompei1 pp4 #ceb-ceg2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #bcb-bec2 ,,ov]beck-,,mau1 ,pompeji1 pp4 #aec-agf4 ,! tribunals p4 #ade3 x is evid5t f ! language ( ,suetonius 7,div4 ,aug4 #dd1 solis virg9ibus ,ve/alibus locum 9 !atro sep>atim et contra praetoris tribunal d$it7 t opposite ! place set aside = ! praetor1 :i* 0 call$ tribunal1 !re 0 ano!r likewise res]v$4 ,9 our !atre ! two plat=ms m5tion$ correspond exactly ) ?is arrangem5t1 & !re is no o!r "p ( ! /ructure to :i* ! ^w tribunalia1 9 ! inscription ( ! ,holconii 7p4 #adh71 c\ld prop]ly be appli$4 ,we are safe !re=e 9 call+ ! plat=ms tribunals4 ,wall pa9t+1 %[+ !atre police seat$ 9 ni*es 9 front ( ! /age p4 #adf3 f\nd 9 ! casa della fontana gr&e2 describ$ by ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 no4 #adfh2 figur$ 9 ,museo ,borb41 vol4 #d1 pl4 #ah1 & 9 ,,wiesel]1 ,!at]gebaeude und ,d5kmael] des ,buehn5wes5s bei d5 ,grie*5 und ,roem]n 7,goett+51 #ahea71 pl4 #aa1 #b4 ,a simil> figure sitt+ 9 a %all[ ni*e has be5 f\nd on a wall 9 ! eigh? region 7,,viii4 ,,ii4 #bc72 see ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #c 7#ahhh71 p4 #bjb1 no4 #ab4 ,on ! ne$ ( police to keep ord] 9 ,roman !atres1 see ! ref]5ces giv5 by ,,m>qu>dt1 ,roem4 ,/aatsv]waltung1 vol4 #c 7,edit4 #b71 pp4 #eda-edb2 b cf4 ,k,oe,r,t,i,n,g1 ,ges*i*te des grie*is*5 und roemis*5 ,!at]s 7,pad]born1 #ahig71 p4 #cfg4 ,place ( /age ma*9]y p4 #adg3 ,pollux1 ,onoma/4 ,,iv4 #abh4 ,inscriptions relat+ to ,actius ,anicetus p4 #adh3 inscription f\nd at ,puteoli1 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #aidf2 graffiti1 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #baee1 & ,index1 p4 #bcc1 "u ,actius & ,anicetus2 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 ,suppl4 #ecie4 ,assemblies 9 ! !atre p4 #adh3 at ,t>5tum 7#bhb ,b4,c471 ,app4 ,de rebus ,samnit4 ,,vii4 ,,ii2 ,dio ,cass4 ,frag4 ,,xxix4 #e2 at ,p]gamus1 ,plut4 ,sulla1 #aa4 ,cf4 ,mull]1 ,buehn5alt]?uem]1 pp4 #gc-ge4 ,inscriptions f\nd 9 ! !atre pp4 #adh-aej3 monum5tal1 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #hcc-hdc2 pa9t$ inscriptions & graffiti1 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 pp4 #fc1 #aec-aeg4 ,! /age & ! or*e/ra 9 ! ,greek & ! ,roman !atre p4 #aej3 ,vitr4 ,v4 ,,vi-,,viii4 ,! problem ( ! /age 9 ! ,greek !atre p4 #aea3 ,,do]pfeld & ,,reis*1 ,das grie*is*e ,!at]1 ,beitraege zur ,ges*i*te des ,dionysos-,!at]s 9 ,a!n und &]] grie*is*] ,!at] 7,a!ns & ,leipzig1 #ahif71 p>ticul>ly pp4 #cda-cfe2 ,,do]pfeld1 ,das grie*is*e ,!at] ,vitruvs1 ,a!n4 ,mit?41 vol4 #bb 7#ahig71 pp4 #dci-dfb2 vol4 #bc 7#ahih71 pp4 #cbf-cef4 ,a conv5i5t summ>y ( ,do]pfeld's conclusions & ( ! lit]ature ( ! subject to #ahih is giv5 by ,,fraz]1 ,pausanias's ,description ( ,greece1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #bed-bee1 & vol4 #e1 pp4 #ehb-ehd4 ,! /age ( ! ,l>ge ,!atre at ,pompeii p4 #aeb3 ,,pu*/e9 & ,,koldewey1 ,b]l9] ,philologis*e ,wo*5s*rift1 #ahif1 pp4 #dgg-dgh2 ,ar*aeologis*] ,anzeig]1 ,beiblatt zum ,jahrb4 des ,in/41 #ahif1 pp4 #cj1 #dj2 ,,pu*/e91 ,die grie*is*e ,buehne 7,b]l91 #aija71 pp4 #ge-gg4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,small ,,!atre ,excavation1 rema9s3 see ref]5ces to ,*ap4 ,,xxi4 ,decoration 7second /yle73 ,,mau1 ,ges*i*te d] dec4 ,w&mal]ei1 pp4 #bdh-bdi4 ,inscriptions3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #hdd1 #hde4 ,!ft ( ! bronze lett]s ( ! inscription ( ,oculatius ,v]us p4 #aef3 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #a1 pt4 #c1 pp4 #bca1 #bgg2 ,,zangemei/]1 ,sopra l' iscrizione del teatro piccolo di ,pompei1 ,bull4 dell' ,in/41 #ahff1 pp4 #cj-ca4 ,gaius ,qu9ctius ,valgus p4 #aec3 ,cic4 ,de lege agr>ia1 ,,iii2 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,ix4 #aadj1 ,x4 #ebhb 7cf4 ,,bue*el]1 ,c>m9a ,lat9a epigraphica1 vol4 #a1 ,leipzig1 #ahie1 no4 #ab72 ,,dessau1 ,c4 ,qu9ctius ,valgus1 ,d] ,erbau] des ,amphi!at]s zu ,pompeii1 ,h]mes1 vol4 #ah 7#ahhc71 pp4 #fbj-fbb4 ,! n>r[ doors at ! re> ( ! /age design$ to give access to ! tribunalia p4 #aef3 ,,kelsey1 ,! ,/age ,entrances ( ! ,small ,!atre at ,pompeii1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ar*aeology1 s]ies #b1 vol4 #d 7#aijj71 p4 #aej1 also vol4 #f 7#aijb74 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,! ,,!atre ,,colonnade ,excavation 7,octob] #be1 #agff1 to ,april #g1 #agfi1 & ,decemb] #aj1 #agia1 to ,febru>y #bj1 #agid73 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #a1 pt4 #a1 pp4 #aie-bbh1 pt4 #b1 pp4 #df-dh1 #ea1 #eb1 #ed1 #aea-aec1 pt4 #c1 p4 #bgc4 ,rema9s1 id5tification1 re/oration3 ,,mazois1 ,les ru9es de ,pompei1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #ab-ae1 pl4 #b-f2 ,,gell1 ,pompeiana 7,edit4 ( #aheb71 p4 #ahd2 ,,g>rucci1 ,il ,ludus ,gladiatorius1 ovv]o ,convitti dei ,gladiatori1 9 8 ,que/ioni ,pompeiane 7,naples1 #ahec71 pp4 #a-h2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #bec-bfb4 ,! sugge/ion has lately be5 made t ! colonnade may h be5 design$ z ! ,gymnasium ( pre-,roman ,pompeii 7,,pet]s51 ,ueb] die sog54 ,gladiator5kas]ne 9 ,pompeji1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #ad 7#ahii71 pp4 #ajc-ajd74 ,graffiti3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 pp4 #aeg-aei4 ,exhibitions ( gladiators p4 #afa3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #ajgd1 & ref]5ces to ,*ap4 ,,xxx4 ,pa9t+s pp4 #afa-afb3 ,,helbig1 ,w&egemaelde1 nos4 #cbb1 #aeab4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,palae/ra ,excavation 7,april #ac to ,augu/ #ca1 #agig73 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #a1 pt4 #b1 pp4 #ff-fh4 ,rema9s1 id5tification3 ,,mazois1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #be-bf1 pl4 #aa1 #ab2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #aeh-agj2 ,,mau1 ,d] ,fundort des ,neapl] ,doryphoros1 ,/r5a ,helbigiana 7,leipzig1 #aijj71 pp4 #ahd-ahg4 ,measurem5ts1 %[+ con=mity to ! ,oscan /&>d p4 #afe3 ,,mau1 ,pomp4 ,beitraege1 pp4 #ba-bc4 ,oscan inscription p4 #afe3 ,,zvetaieff1 ,sylloge inscriptionum ,osc>um1 no4 #fc1 pl4 #aa2 ,,von ,,planta1 ,grammatik d] ,oskis*-,umbris*5 ,dialekte1 vol4 #b1 p4 #dii2 ,,conway1 ,italic ,dialects1 vol4 #a1 no4 #db4 ,doryphorus p4 #aff3 reproduction on a l>g] scale1 ,,brunn & ,,bruckmann1 ,d5kmael] grie*is*] und roemis*] ,sculptur1 no4 #bgc4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,isis ,! wor%ip ( ,isis outside ( ,egypt3 ,,lafaye1 ,hi/oire du culte des div9ites d',alex&rie1 ,s]apis1 ,isis1 ,h>pocrate et ,anubis1 hors de l',egypte1 depuis les orig9es jusqu'a la naissance de l'ecole neo-,platonici5ne 7,p>is1 #ahhc72 = ! lit]ature relat+ to ! wor%ip ( ,isis 9 ,italy1 see ,,ros*]1 ,ausfuehrli*es ,lexikon d] grie*is*5 und roemis*5 ,my?ologie1 vol4 #b1 pt4 #a1 pp4 #cih-dab4 ,excavation ( ! temple 7,decemb] #bb1 #agfd1 to ,septemb] #bg1 #agff73 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #a1 pt4 #a1 pp4 #afd-aid4 ,inscriptions relat+ to ! temple3 ,,piranesi 7see bel[71 pl4 #gj-gb2 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #hdf-hea4 ,inscription f\nd at ,puteoli p4 #afi3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,i4 #egg1 ,x4 #agha2 ,,wieg&1 ,die puteolanis*e ,bau9s*rift sa*li* erlaeut]t1 ,jahrbue*] fu] classis*e ,philologie1 ,supplem5tb& #bj 7#ahid71 pp4 #fei-ggh4 ,an int]e/+ graffito relat+ to ! wor%ip ( ,isis 0 f\nd 9 ! h\se ( ! ,silv] ,w$d+ 9 #ahib2 see ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #h 7#ahic71 p4 #eg1 no4 #g 7cf4 also ,,de ,,rossi1 ,roma sott]ranea1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #ad-ae74 ,rema9s1 re/oration3 ,,sogliano1 ,a$is ,isidis ,pompeiana1 n yet publi%$ see ,preface1 p4 vi42 ,,piranesi1 ,antiquites de ,pompei 7designs made ab\t #aghh71 vol4 #b 7 vol4 #bf ( ,op]a1 9 #bg vols471 pl4 #ei-gb2 ,,mazois1 ,les ru9es de ,pompei1 vol4 #d1 p4 #bd1 pl4 #g-aa2 ,,niccol9i1 ,le case ed i monum5ti di ,pompei 7,naples1 #ahed-ahie71 vol4 #a1 pt4 #c1 end 7#ab pl472 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #agj-age1 #cdf-cdi2 ,,mau1 ,pomp4 ,beitraege1 p4 #bc2 ,,wei*>dt1 ,pompeji vor d] ,z]/o]ung1 pp4 #ajc-aac4 ,/atues--,bac*us p4 #agj3 ,museo ,borb41 vol4 #i1 pl4 #aa3 ,,r\x1 ,h]culanum et ,pompei1 vol4 #f1 pl4 #ba4 ,isis p4 #agf3 ,museo ,borb41 vol4 #ad1 pl4 #ce4 ,h]m ( ,sorex p4 #agf1 ,,piranesi1 ,antiquites de ,pompei1 vol4 #b4 pl4 #gb4 ,! /atue ( ,v5us has disappe>$3 ,,ov]beck-,,mau1 ,pompeji1 note #bjh1 p4 #fdi4 ,pa9t+s pp4 #agb et seq43 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 nos4 #a-f1 #ace1 #ach1 #cia b1 #ifb1 #ajac1 #ajif-ii1 #aajc1 #abga1 #abib1 #aega1 #aegf-aegg4 ,pa9t+s f ,h]culaneum p4 #agh3 ,,r\x1 ,h]culanum et ,pompei1 vol4 #b1 pl4 #fh1 #fi2 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 nos4 #aaaa1 #aaab4 ,a left h& c>ri$ 9 procession 9 honor ( ,isis p4 #agc3 ,apul4 ,metam4 ,,xi4 ,x4 ,s]vice describ$ by ,apuleius p4 #agf3 ,metam4 ,,xi4 ,,xx4 ,:ile ! p 7 pray+ ! prie/ made a circuit ( ! alt>s1 :i* 7 evid5tly1 z at ,pompeii1 di/ribut$ ab\t ! temple 9 ! c\rt4 ,p]seus rescu+ ,&rom$a p4 #agi3 t ! male figure is int5d$ to repres5t ,p]seus & n ,h]mes is c]ta9 f ! description ( ! figure :5 fir/ excavat$--alla c9ta ti5e una te/a alata 7,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #a1 pt4 #a1 p4 #aga74 ,all trace ( ! ,m$usa head has n[ disappe>$4 ,initiation into ! my/]ies ( ,isis p4 #ahb3 ,apul4 ,metam4 ,,xi4 ,,xxi1 ,,xxiii4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,zeus ,,mili*ius ,excavation 7,septemb] #bg to ,octob] #ah1 #agff2 ,m>* #ae-bb & ,june #ad1 #agih73 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #a1 pt4 #a1 pp4 #aid-aie1 pt4 #b1 pp4 #gj-ga4 ,rema9s1 id5tification1 re/oration3 ,,mazois1 ,les ru9es de ,pompei1 vol4 #d1 p4 #bb1 pl4 #d-f2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #age-agg1 #ece-ecf2 ,,mau1 ,pomp4 ,beitraege1 pp4 #ac-ae1 #bbg-bcb2 ,,mau1 ,ges*i*te d] dec4 ,w&mal]ei1 pp4 #fj-fa2 ,,mau1 ,das ,capitolium und d] ,tempel des ,zeus ,meili*ios 9 ,pompeji1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #aa 7#ahif71 pp4 #ada-adi4 ,an impossible re/oration is giv5 by ,,wei*>dt1 ,pompeji vor d] ,z]/o]ung1 pp4 #aaf-abc4 ,two /atues & a bu/ ( t]ra cotta p4 #ahd3 ,,von ,,rohd51 ,die ,t]racott5 von ,pompeji 7,/uttg>t1 #ahhj71 pp4 #db-dc1 pl4 #bi4 ,oscan inscription p4 #ahd3 ,,zvetaieff1 ,sylloge inscriptionum ,osc>um1 no4 #fb1 pl4 #aj2 ,,von ,,planta1 ,grammatik d] ,oskis*-,umbris*5 ,dialekte1 vol4 #b1 p4 #dii2 ,,conway1 ,italic ,dialects1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #eh-ei2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #eca-ecf4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,! ,,/abian ,,ba?s ,roman ba?s 9 g5]al3 ,,m>qu>dt1 ,privatleb5 d] ,roem]1 ,edit4 #b1 pt4 #a1 pp4 #bfi-big2 ,,mau1 article ,ba$] 9 ! ,pauly-,wiss[a ,real5cyclopa$ie1 vol4 #b1 pt4 #b1 pp4 #bgdc-bgeh2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #aeb-aee4 ,ba?s 9 ,pompeii--9 ! second ,insula ( ,region ,,viii3 ,,mau1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #c 7#ahhh71 pp4 #aid-bje1 vol4 #e 7#ahij71 pp4 #acj-ada1 vol4 #aj 7#ahie71 pp4 #bah-bai4 ,9 ! s-call$ villa ( ,julia ,felix3 ,,*ambalu1 ,die wi$]v]s*uettete ,besitzung d] ,julia ,felix beim ,amphi!at] 9 ,pompeji1 ,fe/s*rift zur #dct5 ,v]sammlung deuts*] ,philolog5 und ,s*ulma5n] d>gebot5 von d5 hoeh]5 ,lehran/alt5 ,koelns 7,cologne1 #ahie71 & ! review ( ?is pamphlet by ,,mau1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #aj 7#ahie71 pp4 #bbe-bbg4 ,= ! ba?s ( ,m4 ,crassus ,frugi1 see above1 p4 #djh2 = ! ba?s 9 private h\ses at ,pompeii1 ,,mau1 ,pomp4 ,beitraege1 pp4 #adi-aea1 & above1 pp4 #bfg1 #cjf-cjg 7bo? 9 ! h\se ( ! ,silv] ,w$d+71 #cdf1 #ceg1 #cfb-cfc4 ,excavation ( ! ,/abian ,ba?s 7#ahed-aheg2 ! (ficial reports are meagre73 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #b1 pp4 #ehi-feh2 cf4 also ,,m9]v9i1 ,notizie de' piu rec5ti scavi di ,pompei1 ,bull4 ,ar*eologico ,napolitano1 ,nuova ,s]ie1 vols4 #b-f 7#ahec-aheh74 ,rema9s3 ,,mi*aelis1 ,die neu5 ,ba$] 9 ,pompeji1 ,ar*aeologis*e ,zeitung1 vol4 #ag 7#ahei71 pp4 #ag-cb1 #cg-df2 ,,f9ati1 ,relazione degli scavi di ,pompei1 ,museo ,borb41 vol4 #af 7#ae pp4 text & pl4 ,a-,b72 ,,niccol9i1 ,le case ed i monum5ti di ,pompei1 vol4 #a1 pt4 #c 7#ab pp41 #h pls472 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #adj-aeh2 ,,mau1 ,pomp4 ,beitraege1 pp4 #aag-aea2 ,,ov]beck-,,mau1 ,pompeji1 pp4 #bae-bcc2 ,,mau1 ,ges*i*te d] dec4 ,w&mal]ei1 p4 #fj4 ,pa9t+s3 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 nos4 #cj 7p4 #aa71 #dd1 #daf1 #dcb1 #ajaf1 #ajeg1 #abfj b1 #aede2 see bel[1 pl4 ,,xiii4 ,orig9 ( ! balneae p5siles p4 #ahg3 ,val]4 ,max4 ,,ix4 ,i4 #a2 ,pl94 ,n4 ,h4 ,,ix4 ,,liv4 #afh4 ,! ant]oom ( ! m5's ba?s p4 #aij3 9 ! front "p ( ?is 0 once a %all[ bas91 und\bt$ly = prelim9>y clean+ be=e "o ent]$ ! frigid>ium2 cf4 p4 #aig4 ,ba? bas9 9 ! m5's tepid>ium p4 #aib3 cf4 ,,kusz9sky1 ,aqu9cum 7,budape/1 #ahhi71 p4 #fb4 ,! poet declaim+ 9 ! ba? p4 #aib3 ,petr4 ,sat4 ,,xci42 ,hor4 ,sat4 ,i4 ,,iv4 #gd-gf2 & cf4 ,mayor's note to ,juv5al ,i41 #ag & ,,iii41 #i4 ,pulv9us p4 #aic1 te/udo alvei p4 #aid3 ,vitr4 ,v4 ,x4 ,te/udo alvei3 ,,mau1 ,fulcra lectorum--te/ud9es alveorum1 ,na*ri*t5 von d] ,ko5igl4 ,gesells*aft d] ,wiss5s*aft5 zu ,goett+51 #ahif1 pp4 #gf-hb2 ,,von ,,duhn & ,,jacobi1 ,d] grie*is*e ,tempel 9 ,pompeji1 pp4 #cc-ce & pl4 #i4 ,inscriptions--,vulius & ,an9ius p4 #aie3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #hbi4 ,vaccula p4 #aig3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 ,suppl4 #a1 no4 #ccdj1 ,,vi4 ,at9ius p4 #bjj3 ,,zvetaieff1 ,sylloge inscriptionum ,osc>um1 no4 #ff1 pl4 #ac2 ,,von ,,planta1 ,grammatik d] ,oskis*-,umbris*5 ,dialekte1 vol4 #b1 p4 #ejj2 ,,conway1 ,italic ,dialects1 vol4 #a1 p4 #fa4 ,de/rict>ium p4 #aie3 all ! rooms at ! left ( ! palae/ra are ( lat] date ?an ! inscription2 ! pres5t de/rict>ium probably takes ! place ( an e>li] "o4 ,improvem5t ( ! arrangem5ts = heat+ p4 #aif3 ! holl[ walls ( ! cald>ium are made ) holl[ tiles1 :ile 9 ! tepid>ium tegulae mammatae are us$2 = a full] discussion ( ! successive *anges1 see ,,mau1 ,pomp4 ,beitraege1 pp4 #aca-ada4 ,! brazi] ( ,vaccula p4 #aig3 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #b1 pp4 #fdi-fej4 ,h]mes 9 ! gymnasium at ,phigalia p4 #bjj3 ,paus4 ,,viii4 ,,xxxix4 #d 7#f72 cf4 also ,,iv4 ,,xxxii4 #a4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,! ,,ba?s ,,ne> ,,! ,,=um ,excavation #ahbd-ahbe3 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #b1 pp4 #ajf1 #ajg-aaf1 #aah1 #aba-abe1 #abh1 vol4 #c1 p4 #ae4 ,rema9s3 ,,be*i1 ,t]me ,pompeiane1 ,museo ,borb41 vol4 #b1 pl4 #di-eb 7text1 #ca pp472 ,,brull(f1 ,!rmes di ,pompei 7,p>is1 #ahbi71 #aj l>ge pls42 ,,gell1 ,pompeiana 7,edit4 ( #ahcb71 vol4 #a1 pp4 #hc-ada1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #hj-id2 ,,mazois1 ,les ru9es de ,pompei1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #fg-gg1 pl4 #dg-ej2 ,,zahn1 ,neu5tdeckte ,w&gemaelde 9 ,pompeji 7,/uttg>t1 #ahbh71 pl4 #b-e2 ,,zahn1 ,die s*o5/5 ,ornam5te und m]kwu]dig/5 ,gemaelde aus ,pompeji1 ,h]kulanum und ,/abiae1 neb/ e9ig5 ,grundriss5 und ,ansi*t5 7#c p>ts1 "h cit$ z volumes1 #cjb pls4 9 #cj ,heft51 ,b]l91 #ahbg-ahei71 vol4 #a1 pl4 #aj1 #df1 #gf1 #id2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #abh-ace2 ,,mau1 ,pomp4 ,beitraege1 pp4 #bah-bbg4 ,inscriptions ( ! build]s p4 #bjc1 ( ,vaccula p4 #bje1 ( ,ap] & ,rufus p4 #bjf3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #hag-hai4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,! ,,c5tral ,,ba?s ,excavation 7#ahgf-ahgh71 rema9s3 ,,mau1 ,bull4 dell' ,in/41 #ahgg1 pp4 #bad-bbc1 #ahgh1 pp4 #bea-bed4 ,laconicum3 ,,mau1 ,pomp4 ,beitraege1 pp4 #add-ade4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,! ,,amphi!atre ,( amphi!atres 9 g5]al1 & gladiatorial sports3 ,,fri$la5d]1 ,d>/ellung5 aus d] ,sitt5ges*i*te ,roms 9 d] ,zeit von ,augu/ bis zum ,ausgang d] ,anton9e1 ,edit4 #f 7#c p>ts1 "h cit$ z volumes1 ,leipzig1 #ahhh-ahij71 vol4 #b1 pp4 #ceh-dce1 ,edit4 #g1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #de-ff2 brief] /atem5t by ,,fri$la5d] 9 ,m>qu>dt's ,/aatsv]waltung1 ,edit4 #b1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #eed-efe2 ,,mei]1 ,de gladiatura ,romana quae/iones selectae 7,bonn1 #ahha74 ,gladiatorial combats 9 ,campania & 9 ,rome pp4 #bab-bac3 ,/rabo1 ,v4 ,,iv4 #ab 7p4 #bej1 ,c72 ,val]4 ,max4 ,,ii4 ,,iv4 #g2 ,liv4 ,epit4 ,,xvi4 & ,,xxiii4 ,,xxx4 #ae4 ,= ! games foll[+ ,caes>'s triumph1 see ,suet4 ,div4 ,iul41 ,,xxxix4 ,app4 ,bel4 ,civ4 ,,ii4 ,,xv4 #ajb & ,dio4 ,cas4 ,,xliii4 #bb4 ,excavation ( ! ,amphi!atre 7#agdh1 #ahac-ahaf73 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #a1 pt4 #a1 pp4 #e-f1 pt4 #c1 pp4 #aad et seq41 #ahe1 #ahi4 ,rema9s3 ,,mazois1 ,les ru9es de ,pompei1 vol4 #d1 pp4 #gg-hf1 pl4 #dc-dg2 ,,fiorelli1 ,descrizione di ,pompei1 pp4 #fi-gd2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #ig-abg4 ,pa9t+s pp4 #bac1 #bad1 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 nos4 #aead1 #aeae1 #aeai2 cf4 also nos4 #aeab-aeac1 #aeaf-aeah1 & ,,sogliano1 ,le pitture murali ,campane1 nos4 #ffe-ffh4 ,inscriptions relat+ to ! build+1 or f\nd on x pp4 #bab1 #bah1 #bai3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #heb-hei2 pa9t$ inscriptions & graffiti1 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 pp4 #g1 #fd-ff1 #aei4 ,inscriptions relat+ to ! games pp4 #bba et seq4--ann\ncem5ts3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #aagg-abjd1 ,suppl4 #chha-chhd4 ,programme p4 #bbc3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #bejh4 ,cu/os1 o/i>ius ab amphi!atro p4 #bbe3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,vi4 #fbbf1 #fbbh4 ,inscription ( ,salvius ,capito p4 #bbe3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,ix4 #dfe1 #dff 7cf4 also ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #dibj74 ,names ( gladiators1 ) _! records pp4 #bbe-bbf3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv41 see ,index1 "u gladiatores1 p4 #bee4 ,graffiti 9 ! h\se on ,nola ,/reet p4 #bbf3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 ,suppl4 #dbgg-dcic2 & ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #e 7#ahij71 pp4 #be-ci1 #fd-fe1 vol4 #g 7#ahib71 p4 #bc4 ,combat betwe5 ! ,pompeians & ! ,nuc]ians pp4 #bbj1 #bba3 ,tac4 ,ann4 ,,xiv4 ,,xvii4 ,pa9t+ 7,fig4 #aja2 f\nd ,ins4 ,i4 ,,iii4 #bc71 ,,de ,,petra1 ,l' ,anfiteatro pompeiano rappres5tato 9 un antico dip9to1 giornale degli scavi di ,pompei1 ,nuova ,s]ie1 vol4 #a 7#ahfi71 pp4 #ahe-ahg1 pl4 #h2 ,,matz1 ,bull4 dell' ,in/41 #ahfi1 pp4 #bdj-bda2 ,,sogliano1 ,le pitture murali ,campane1 no4 #fjd4 ,inscriptions see p4 #dib3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #abic 7) c>icature1 figur$ ,museo ,borb41 vol4 #f1 pl4 ,c71 #acbi1 #bahc4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,/reets1 ,,wat] ,,sy/em1 ,,& ,,wayside ,,%r9es ,! /reets pp4 #bbg-bbi3 ,,mazois1 ,les ru9es de ,pompei1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #be-bf1 pl4 #b1 #c1 #ad1 #ae1 #ce1 #cg1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #ce-ci1 pl4 #b-h2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #eaf-egb4 ,inscriptions on ! pavem5t p4 #bbh1 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #hgj1 #hga4 ,! wat] sy/em pp4 #bcj-bcc3 ,,mazois1 ,les ru9es de ,pompei1 vol4 #c1 p4 #bg1 pl4 #ac2 ,,murano1 ,pompei--donde v5ivano le acque potabili ai ca/elli acqu>ii 7,naples1 #ahid72 review ( ,murano's treatise by ,,mau1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #aj 7#ahie71 pp4 #baf-bah4 ,age ( ! aqu$uct supply+ ,pompeii3 ,,mau1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #aj 7#ahie7 pp4 #di-ea4 ,rec5t inve/igation ( ! sy/em ( sew]s3 ,n4 d4 scavi1 #aijj1 pp4 #ehg-eii4 ,wat] t[]s ( ,con/ant9ople p4 #bcb3 ,,von ,,hamm]1 ,ges*i*te des ,osmanis*5 ,rei*s 7#aj vols41 ,pe/1 #ahbg-ahce71 vol4 #g1 pp4 #dbb1 #eih-eii2 cf4 also ,,p>doe1 ,beauties ( ! ,bosphorus 7,london1 #ahci71 pp4 #bd-be4 ,wayside %r9es pp4 #bcc-bcf3 ,,mazois1 ,les ru9es de ,pompei1 vol4 #b1 pl4 #f2 ,,gell1 ,pompeiana 7,edit4 ( #aheb71 pp4 #ig-ih2 ,,ov]beck-,,mau1 ,pompeji1 pp4 #bdb-bdd4 ,pa9t+s ( div9ities on ! outside ( h\ses p4 #bcf3 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 nos4 #g-bh2 ,,sogliano1 ,le pitture murali ,campane1 nos4 #a-d2 s]p5ts1 ,,helbig1 nos4 #bi1 #cj2 ,,sogliano1 nos4 #e-h4 ,pa9t+ ( ! twelve gods2 ,,g]h>d1 ,intorno la pittura ,pompeiana rappres5tante i dodici dei1 ,ann4 dell' ,in/41 vol4 #bb 7#ahej71 pp4 #bjf-bad4 ,inscription p4 #bcf3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #hac2 cf4 ,p]s4 ,sat4 ,i4 #aac4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,! ,,def5ces ,,( ,,! ,,city ,excavation ( walls1 gates1 t[]s3 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #a1 pt4 #a1 pp4 #aed1 #bcd-bcf1 pt4 #c1 pp4 #fd-fi1 #gf1 #hd-hh1 #if-ig1 #aaa-abd1 #aca1 #adc-aea1 #afj1 #afh-agj1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #a1 #eja-ejf1 #ecj1 #eic-eig4 ,rema9s3 ,,mazois1 ,les ru9es de ,pompei1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #cc-cg1 #eb-ec1 pl4 #aj-ac1 #ce-cg2 ,,gell1 ,pompeiana 7,edit4 ( #aheb71 pp4 #hg-if1 #ih2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #deg-eaf2 ,,mau1 ,pomp4 ,beitraege1 pp4 #baa-bae1 #bce-beb2 ,,mau1 ,ges*i*te d] dec4 ,w&mal]ei1 pp4 #eg-ei4 ,oscan inscriptions p4 #bdj3 ,,zvetaieff1 ,sylloge inscriptionum ,osc>um1 nos4 #hj-hc1 pl4 #ad 7nos4 #g1 #h71 pl4 #ae1 pl4 #af 7no4 #d72 ,,von ,,planta1 ,grammatik d] ,oskis*-,umbris*5 ,dialekte1 vol4 #b1 p4 #ejc2 ,,conway1 ,italic ,dialects1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #fi-ga2 ,,deg]+1 ,ueb] die milita]is*5 ,wegweis] 9 ,pompeji1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #ac 7#ahih71 pp4 #abd-adf2 ,,mau1 ,die ,oskis*5 ,wegweis]9s*rift5 9 ,pompeji1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #ad 7#ahii71 pp4 #aje-aac4 ,! ,/abian ,gate p4 #bdb3 ,,m9]v9i1 ,/rada e porta ,/abiana1 ,bull4 ,ar*4 ,napolitano1 ,nuova ,s]ie1 vol4 #a 7#ahec71 pp4 #ahf-ahg & pl4 #h1 fig4 #aj2 ,,fiorelli1 ,gli scavi di ,pompei dal #ahfa al #ahgb1 pp4 #gh-gi1 pl4 #ad1 fig4 #b4 ,m9]va z patron div9ity ( city gates p4 #bdb3 t is1 accord+ to ,greek usage1 an indication ( ! /r5g? ( ,greek influ5ce at ,pompeii4 ,among ! ,romans ! div9ity ( city gates 0 ,juno4 ,cf4 ,s]v4 ,com4 9 ,v]g4 ad ,a54 ,,ii1 #faj4 ,inscription ( ,flaccus & ,firmus p4 #bdb3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #ajfd4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,! ,,pompeian ,,h\se ,( ! ,pompeian & ! ,roman h\se3 ,,mazois1 ,essai sur les habitations des anci5s roma9s1 9 ,les ru9es de ,pompei1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #c-cd 7#c pls472 ,,mazois1 ,le palais de ,scaurus 7,p>is1 #ahai2 ,edit4 #c1 revis$ by ,v>colli]1 #ahfa72 ,,gell1 ,pompeiana 7,edit4 ( #aheb71 pp4 #ii-ada2 ,,zumpt1 ,ueb] die bauli*e ,e9ri*tung des roemis*5 ,wohnhauses 7,b]l91 #ahdd2 ,edit4 #b1 #aheb72 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #eic-ffh2 ,,viollet-,,le-,,duc1 ,hi/oire de l'habitation huma9e 7,p>is1 #ahge71 & ,engli% translation "u ! title1 ,! ,habitations ( ,man 9 all ,ages 7,bo/on1 #ahgf71 ,*ap4 #ah2 ,,lange1 ,haus und ,halle1 ,/udi5 zur ,ges*i*te des antik5 ,wohnhauses und d] ,basilica 7,leipzig1 #ahhe71 especially pp4 #ej-ei1 #bdd-bfi2 ,,guhl & ,,kon]1 ,das ,leb5 d] ,grie*5 und ,roem] 7,edit4 #f1 ,b]l91 #ahic71 pp4 #eeh-ehj1 & ,engli% translation f ! ?ird ,g]man edition1 ,life ( ! ,greeks & ,romans 7,london1 #ahgg71 ,secs4 #ge1 #gf2 ,,m>qu>dt1 ,das ,privatleb5 d] ,roem] 7,edit4 #b1 ,leipzig1 #ahhf71 pp4 #bac-bej2 ,,middleton1 article ,domus 9 ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman ,antiquities1 vol4 #a 7,edit4 #c1 ,london1 #ahij71 p>ticul>ly pp4 #fhd-fhg2 ,,monceaux1 ,domus 9 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio's ,dictionnaire des antiquites grecques et roma9es1 vol4 #b1 pt4 #a1 especially pp4 #cdi-cfb4 ,= rema9s ( h\ses & villas 9 ,brita91 cf41 e4g41 ,,wright1 ,! ,celt1 ! ,roman1 & ! ,saxon 7,edit4 #d1 ,london1 #ahhe71 passim2 ,,sc>?1 ,roman ,brita9 7,london1 #ahhc71 ,*ap4 #ah2 & ! special articles 9 ,ar*aeologia 7,london1 #aggj 74 ,inscriptions 9 ,pompeian h\ses1 includ+ ^? 9 mosaic floors3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #hfj-hfi1 #hgb-hge1 #hgg-hhb4 ,fauces1 or pro?yron p4 #bdh3 ,vitr4 ,,vi4 ,,iv4 #f2 ,,gre5\gh1 ,! ,fauces ( ! ,roman ,h\se1 ,h>v>d ,/udies 9 ,classical ,philology1 vol4 #a 7#ahij71 pp4 #a-ab4 ,/one ?re%olds p4 #bdi3 ,,ivan(f1 ,v>ie specie di soglie 9 ,pompei ed indag9e sul v]o sito della fauce1 ,ann4 dell' ,in/41 vol4 #ca 7#ahei71 pp4 #hb-ajh1 pl4 ,d-,f2 & ,mon4 dell' ,in/41 vol4 #f1 pl4 #bh4 ,dang]s ( ! /reets ( ,rome at night p4 #bej3 ,juv4 ,sat4 ,,iii4 #cje-cjh4 ,k9ds ( atriums p4 #bej1 dim5sions p4 #beb3 ,vitr4 ,,vi4 ,,iii41 ,,iv4 ,wat]sp\ts ( ! compluvium p4 #bea3 ,,von ,,rohd51 ,die ,t]racott5 von ,pompeji1 pl4 #a-i4 ,g>tibulum p4 #bed3 ,v>4 de ,l+4 ,lat4 ,v4 #abe2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 p4 #fda4 ,tabl9um pp4 #bee-beh3 ,vitr4 ,,vi4 ,,iv 7,,iii71 #e-f2 ,v>4 ap4 ,non4 p4 #hc2 ,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #fdc-fdd4 ,alae p4 #beh3 ,vitr4 ,,vi4 ,,iv 7,,iii71 #d1 #f4 ,p]i/yle p4 #bfj3 ,vitr4 ,,vi4 ,,iv 7,,iii71 #g2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #fde-ffh2 ,,bie1 ,zur ,ges*i*te des ,hausp]i/yls1 ,jahrb4 des4 ,in/41 vol4 #f 7#ahia71 pp4 #a-i4 ,tricl9ium p4 #bfb3 ,vitr4 ,,vi4 ,v4 ,i4 ,trimal*io's d9+ rooms 7c5ationes73 ,petr4 ,sat4 ,,lxxvii4 ,l>es1 ,g5ius1 & ,p5ates 9 h\se pa9t+s p4 #bfh3 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 nos4 #ca-ie2 ,,sogliano1 ,le pitture murali ,campane1 nos4 #i-df1 #fc-ga4 ,s]p5ts3 ibid41 nos4 #dg-fb2 see also ,,de ,,m>*i1 ,il culto privato di ,roma antica1 vol4 #a 7,milan1 #ahif71 pp4 #bg-add2 ,,jordan1 ,de ,l>um imag9ibus atque cultu1 ,ann4 dell' ,in/41 vol4 #cd 7#ahfb71 pp4 #cjj-cci2 ,,reiff]s*eid1 ,de l>um picturis ,pompeianis1 ,ann4 dell' ,in/41 vol4 #ce 7#ahfc71 pp4 #aba-acd2 ,,jordan1 ,de ,g5ii et ,eponae picturis ,pompeianis nup] detectis1 ,ann4 dell' ,in/41 vol4 #dd 7#ahgb71 pp4 #ai-dg1 & pl4 ,b1 ,c2 ,,wiss[a1 ,die ,ueb]lief]ung ueb] die roemis*5 ,p5at51 ,h]mes1 vol4 #bb 7#ahhg71 pp4 #bi-eg4 ,g5ius ( a woman z ,juno p4 #bgj3 ,,mau1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #b 7#ahhg71 p4 #aad4 ,jupit] & ,v5us3 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 no4 #fg4 ,two g5ii 7,ins4 ,,ix4 viii4 #ac73 ,,mau1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #e 7#ahij71 pp4 #bdd-bde4 ,%op fronts p4 #bgf3 cf4 ,,middleton1 ,rema9s ( ,anci5t ,rome 7#b vols41 ,london1 #ahib71 vol4 #a1 pp4 #aib-aid4 ,p]gula p4 #bgg3 ,,mau1 ,sul significato della p>ola p]gula nell' ar*itettura antica1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #b 7#ahhg71 pp4 #bad-bbj4 ,natus 9 p]gula3 ,petr4 ,sat4 ,,lxxiv4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,! ,,surgeon ,excavation 7#aggj73 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #a1 pt4 #a1 pp4 #bde-bdf1 #bdh1 #bec et seq4 7p4 #bed1 discov]y ( ! in/rum5ts f :i* ! h\se takes its "n74 ,plan1 con/ruction1 re/oration3 ,,piranesi1 ,antiquites de ,pompei1 vol4 #a1 pl4 #ad-ba2 ,,mazois1 ,les ru9es de ,pompei1 vol4 #b1 p4 #ea1 & pl4 #ac 7plan72 ,,fiorelli1 ,gli scavi di ,pompei dal #ahfa al #ahgb1 pp4 #gi1 #hc2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #djb-dab2 ,,mau1 ,pomp4 ,beitraege1 #cg-da1 #di-ea 7pro( t ! measurem5ts ( ! h\se con=m to ! ,oscan /&>d72 ,,ov]beck-,,mau1 ,pompeji1 pp4 #bgi-bha2 ,,gre5\gh1 ,h>v>d ,/udies 9 ,classical ,philology1 vol4 #a 7#ahij71 pp4 #aj-aa 7plan %[+ con=mity ( ! *ief measurem5ts to ! proportions recomm5d$ by ,vitruvius74 ,mural pa9t+s3 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 nos4 #adbg b1 #addc1 #adei1 & pp4 ,,cviii-,,cix ) note #d on p4 ,,cxxv2 cf4 also ,,mau1 ,ges*i*te d] dec4 ,w&mal]ei1 p4 #ff4 ,= ! woman pa9t+1 see ,,jahn1 ,abh&lung5 d] ,ko5igl4 sae*sis*5 ,gesells*aft d] ,wiss5s*aft51 philologis*-hi/4 ,classe1 vol4 #e1 pp4 #bih-cje1 & pl4 #e4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,sallu/ ,excavation 7#ahjf-ahji73 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #a1 pt4 #b1 pp4 ,plan1 re/oration3 ,,mazois1 ,les ru9es de ,pompei1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #ge-gi1 pl4 #ce-ci2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #feb-fed2 ,,ov]beck-,,mau1 ,pompeji1 pp4 #cjj-cjg4 ,decoration3 above1 pp4 #dei-dfj2 ,,mau1 ,ges*i*te d] dec4 ,w&mal]ei1 pp4 #ag-cc1 #aab-aad1 #daf-dag1 pl4 #b2 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 nos4 #ea1 #abd1 #bdi b1 #cai1 #cgc1 #dbi1 #dfe1 #dic1 #gdf1 #gea1 #ijj1 #ajee1 #abee1 #acaa 7cf4 ,topogr4 ,index1 p4 #dfg74 ,9 ! ,naples ,museum are good copies ( ! pa9t+s t are 9 ! g>d5 & ne> ! op5-air tricl9ium4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,! ,,faun ,excavation 7#ahcj-ahcb73 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #b1 pp4 #bdj-bee1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #aac-aah2 ,n4 d4 scavi1 #aijj1 p4 #ca4 ,plan1 con/ruction3 ,,fiorelli1 ,descrizione di ,pompei1 pp4 #aeb-aei2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #fee-feh2 ,,ov]beck-,,mau1 ,pompeji1 pp4 #cdf-cec4 ,wall decoration3 ,,mau1 ,ges*i*te d] dec4 ,w&mal]ei1 pp4 #cc-eg1 #aaj-aaa1 #abb-abc1 #adj1 #afb1 #bfc-bfd1 pl4 #b2 ,,niccol9i1 ,le case ed i monum5ti di ,pompei1 vol4 #a4 ,mosaics3 ,museo ,borb41 vol4 #g1 pl4 #fb1 vol4 #h1 pl4 #cf-de1 vol4 #i1 pl4 #ee1 vol4 #ad1 pl4 #ad2 ,,r\x1 ,h]culanum et ,pompei1 vol4 #e1 #f? s]ies1 pl4 #bj-bi1 #cb2 ,,s*reib]1 ,atlas ( ,classical ,antiquities 7,eng4 trans41 ,london1 #ahie71 pl4 #fc 7fi% mosaic1 ) id5tification ( species 9 ! accompany+ text72 ,,m>x1 ,il cosidetto ,akratos nella casa del ,fauno1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #g 7#ahib71 pp4 #bf-ca4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,a ,,h\se ,,ne> ,,! ,,porta ,,m>9a ,decoration3 ,,mau1 ,ges*i*te d] dec4 ,w&mal]ei1 pp4 #if1 #bha4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii4 ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,! ,,silv] ,,w$d+ ,excavation 7#ahib-ahic71 plan1 decoration3 ,,mau1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #h 7#ahic71 pp4 #ad-fa2 cf4 also ,n4 d4 scavi1 #ahib4 ,dat$ inscription p4 #cje3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,i4 7,edit4 #b71 p4 #cdb2 cf4 also ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #h1 pp4 #cj-ca4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix4 ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,epidius ,,rufus ,excavation 7#ahff71 plan3 ,,fiorelli1 ,gli scavi di ,pompei dal #ahfa al #ahgb1 pp4 #fb-fc2 ,,ov]beck-,,mau1 ,pompeji1 pp4 #big-cjj4 ,decoration1 pa9t+s3 ,,mau1 ,ges*i*te d] dec4 ,w&mal]ei1 pp4 #ih-ajj2 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 nos4 #ei b1 #bca1 #hfc b1 #hgj b1 #hgd b1 #hhe b1 #hib b1 #ifg b4 ,,*apt] ,,xl4 ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,! ,,tragic ,,poet ,excavation 7#ahbd-ahbe71 plan1 decoration3 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #b1 pp4 #aaf-ace2 ,,gell1 ,pompeiana 7,edit4 ( #ahcb71 vol4 #a1 pp4 #adb-agh2 ,,niccol9i1 le case ed i monum5ti di ,pompei1 vol4 #a2 ,,ov]beck-,,mau1 ,pompeji1 pp4 #bhe-bhi4 ,pa9t+s3 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 see p4 ,,lxxxvi4 & ,topogr4 ,index "u ,casa del poeta1 p4 #dga2 also ,,helbig1 ,le nozze di ,giove e di ,giunone1 ,ann4 dell' ,in/41 vol4 #cf 7#ahfd71 pp4 #bgj-bhb4 ,! ,iphig5ia ( ,timan!s p4 #cai2 ,cic4 ,orator1 ,,xxii4 #gd2 ,pl94 ,n4 ,h4 ,,xxxv4 ,x4 #gc2 ,qu9t4 ,in/4 orat4 ,,ii4 ,,xiii4 #ab1 #ac2 ,val]4 ,max4 ,,viii4 ,,xi4 ext4 #f1 ) ! comm5t ( ,,less+ 9 ! ,laokoon1 *ap4 #b1 & ! ref]5ces giv5 by ,b,l,ue,m,n,e,r1 ,less+'s ,laokoon 7,b]l91 #ahgf71 pp4 #cf-cg2 cf4 also ,,baumei/]1 ,d5kmael] des klassis*5 ,alt]tums 7#c vols41 ,muni*1 #ahhd-ahhh71 vol4 #a1 pp4 #ged-geg1 & ,,jex-,,blake & ,,sell]s1 ,! ,eld] ,pl9y's ,*apt]s on ! ,hi/ory ( ,art 7,london1 #ahif71 pp4 #aaf-aag1 note #b4 ,,*apt] ,,xli4 ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,! ,,vettii ,excavation 7#ahid-ahie71 plan1 re/oration1 decoration1 pa9t+s3 ,,mau1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #aa 7#ahif71 pp4 #c-ig2 ,,sogliano1 ,mon4 dei ,l9cei1 vol4 #h 7#ahih71 pp4 #bcc-daf2 ,,h]rli*1 ,ar*aeologis*] ,anzeig]1 #ahif1 pp4 #bjf-bjg2 ,,mau1 ,amor5 als ,oelfabrikant51 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #ae 7#aijj71 pp4 #ach-ada2 ,,mau1 ,amor5 als ,golds*mi$e1 ,roem1 ,mit?41 vol4 #af 7#aija71 pp4 #aji-aaf4 ,,*apt] ,,xlii4 ,,?ree ,,h\ses ,,( ,,unusual ,,plan ,h\se ( ,acceptus & ,euhodia 7excavat$ 9 #ahhb7 p4 #cda3 ,,mau1 ,bull4 dell' ,in/4 #ahhd1 pp4 #abf-acb4 ,h\se )\t a compluvium 7excavat$ betwe5 #ahij & #ahie7 p4 #cdc3 ,,mau1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #aj 7#ahie71 pp4 #adh-aee4 ,fures =as1 frugi intro p4 #cdf3 p>aphrase ( ! say+1 ,petr4 ,sat4 ,,lii41 aquam =as1 v9um intro4 ,h\se ( ! ,emp]or ,joseph ,,ii4 7excavat$ 9 #agfg-agfi1 fill$ up1 & aga9 excavat$ 9 #ahhe-ahhf7 p4 #cdd3 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #a1 pt4 #a1 pp4 #bjh-baa1 #bbg-bcd2 ,,mazois1 ,les ru9es de ,pompei1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #gc-gd1 pl4 #cb-cd2 ,,mau1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #b 7#ahhg71 pp4 #aaj-ach4 ,,*apt] ,,xliii4 ,,o!r ,,notewor?y ,,h\ses ,h\se ( ,caecilius ,jucundus 7excavat$ 9 #ahge73 ,,mau1 ,bull1 dell' ,in/41 #ahgf1 pp4 #adi-aea1 #afj-afh1 #bbc-bcd2 ,,mau1 ,ges*i*te d] dec4 ,w&mal]ei1 pp4 #fe1 #dad-dae1 #ddf1 #dej1 pl4 #ac1 #ad1 #ah2 ,,sogliano1 ,le pitture murali ,campane1 nos4 #acc1 #ach1 #aeh1 #agf1 #aib1 #bjg1 #bad1 #bcc1 #bcf1 #bea1 #bia1 #dac1 #ddh1 #ddi1 #dgg1 #ead1 #eca1 #efa1 #egi1 #ehb1 #ehc1 #ehi1 #eid1 #fjg1 #fdj1 #fea1 #fei1 #ffi1 #fgj1 #fgd1 #fge1 #fgf1 #fgg1 #fic1 #gjj1 #gjh1 #hji1 #hae1 #haf4 ,h\se ( ,lucretius 7excavat$ 9 #ahdg73 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #b1 pp4 #dec1 #dei-dgc2 ,,m9]v9i1 9 ,,niccol9i1 ,le case ed i monum5ti di ,pompei1 vol4 #a2 ,museo ,borb41 vol4 #ad1 pl4 ,a1 ,b2 ,,ov]beck-,,mau1 ,pompeji1 pp4 #cad-cbj2 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 see ,topogr4 ,index1 p4 #dhb4 ,h\se ( ! ,hunt 7excavat$ 9 #ahcd73 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #c1 pp4 #bhf-bhh2 ,,ov]beck-,,mau1 ,pompeji1 pp4 #bgg-bgi2 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 see ,topogr4 ,index1 p4 #dgc1 "u ,casa della caccia antica2 ,,mau1 ,ges*i*te d] dec4 ,w&mal]ei1 p4 #ded4 ,h\se ( ! ,c5t5>y 7excavat$ 9 #ahgi-ahhj73 ,,mau1 ,bull1 dell' ,in/41 #ahha1 pp4 #aac-abh1 #afi-age1 #bba-bch2 #ahhb1 pp4 #bc-cb1 #dg-ec1 #hg-ia1 #ajd-aaf1 #acg-adh2 ,,ov]beck-,,mau1 ,pompeji1 pp4 #cec-cei2 ,,mau1 ,ges*i*te d] dec4 ,w&mal]ei1 pp4 #bhg1 #cad1 #cba1 #cfh1 #chb-che1 #ddc-ddd1 #ddi1 #deb1 #dee2 ,,sogliano1 ,le pitture murali ,campane1 nos4 #ecj1 #ehe1 #eif1 #fbh4 ,h\se ( ! ,sculptur$ ,capitals 7excavat$ 9 #ahca-ahcc73 ,,avell9o1 ,descrizione di una casa pompeiana con capitelli figurati all' +resso1 dissott]rata negli anni #ahca1 #ahcb e #ahcc 7,naples1 #ahcg71 also 9 ,mem4 dell' ,acc4 ,ercolanese1 vol4 #f 7#ahcg72 ,,niccol9i1 le case ed i monum5ti di ,pompei1 vol4 #a2 ,,fiorelli1 ,descrizione di ,pompei1 pp4 #bbe-bbg2 ,,m>qu>dt1 ,roem4 ,privatleb5 7,edit4 #b71 pp4 #bbd ff42 ,,mau1 ,ges*i*te d] dec4 ,w&mal]ei1 pp4 #id1 #cgd-cgi1 #chh1 #dcj-dca2 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 see ,topogr4 ,index1 p4 #dgc4 ,h\se ( ,pansa 7excavat$ 9 #ahac-ahbg73 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #a1 pt4 #c1 pp4 #aaf-afa1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #aie-aig2 ,,mazois1 ,les ru9es de ,pompei1 vol4 #b1 p4 #hb1 pl4 #db-de2 ,,fiorelli1 ,descrizione di ,pompei1 pp4 #ajb-ajf2 ,,ov]beck-,,mau1 ,pompeji1 pp4 #cbe-cbi2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #feh-fei2 ,,mau1 ,ges*i*te d] dec4 ,w&mal]ei1 pp4 #gb-gc2 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 nos4 #ec1 #aae1 #ajad4 ,h\se ( ,ca/or & ,pollux 7also kn[n z h\se ( ! ,dioscuri1 & casa del ,que/ore2 excavat$ 9 #ahbh-ahbi73 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #b1 pp4 #bje-bba2 ,,niccol9i1 op4 cit41 vol4 #a2 ,,ov]beck-,,mau1 ,pompeji1 pp4 #ccd-cdb2 ,museo ,borb41 vol4 #e 7see ,relazione degli scavi di ,pompei1 at ! end ( ! vol42 #bf pp4 text1 ) plan2 cf4 also pl4 #cb1 #cc72 ,,mau1 ,ges*i*te d] dec4 ,w&mal]ei1 pp4 #beh1 #cgb-cgc1 #djb1 #dbj-dba1 #ddf1 #dee2 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 pp4 ,,lxxxv-,,lxxxvi & ,topogr4 ,index1 p4 #dfi4 ,h\se ( ! ,c5taur 7excavat$ 9 #ahbh-ahbi73 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #b1 pp4 #bag-bbd2 ,,ov]beck-,,mau1 ,pompeji1 pp4 #ccj-ccd2 ,,mau1 ,ges*i*te d] dec4 ,w&mal]ei1 pp4 #ge-gh2 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 see ,topogr4 ,index1 p4 #dfi1 "u ,casa del ,c5tauro4 ,= ! l>ge mosaic f\nd 9 ?is h\se1 kn[n "u ! title ,=ce conqu]$ by ,love1 see ,museo ,borb41 vol4 #g1 pl4 #fa2 ,,r\x1 ,h]culanum et ,pompei1 vol4 #e1 s]ies #f1 pl4 #cj4 ,h\se ( ,meleag] 7excavat$ 9 #ahbi-ahcj73 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #b1 pp4 #bbd-bdj2 ,,ov]beck-,,mau1 ,pompeji1 pp4 #cjg-cad2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #dbf-dbg2 ,,mau1 ,ges*i*te d] dec4 ,w&mal]ei1 pp4 #gd1 #cgc-cgd1 #ddf1 #dec2 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 pp4 ,,lxxxvii-,,lxxxviii & ,topogr4 ,index1 p4 #dfh4 ,h\se ( ,apollo 7excavat$ 9 #ahbi-ahcj73 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #b1 pp4 #bce-bcf2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #dbg-dbh2 ,,mau1 ,ges*i*te d] dec4 ,w&mal]ei1 p4 #ded2 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 see ,topogr4 ,index p4 #dfg4 ,h\ses ) mosaic f\nta9s 7excavat$ 9 #ahbf-ahbg73 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #b1 pp4 #agd-bjb2 ,descrizione di ,pompei1 pp4 #abe-abf2 ,,niccol9i1 op4 cit41 vol4 #a2 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 p4 ,,lxxxviii & ,topogr4 ,index1 p4 #dgj1 ,x4 ,h\se ( ! ,an*or 7excavat$ 9 #ahcj73 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #b1 pp4 #bcg-bci2 ,descrizione di ,pompei1 pp4 #adb-adc2 ,,mau1 ,ges*i*te d] dec4 ,w&mal]ei1 pp4 #gi-hj1 #beh-bei1 #cjb1 #cif-cig1 #cii1 #dbb2 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 nos4 #agd1 #ccd1 #die1 #efd1 #abbj4 ,h\se ( ! ,ci?>i/ 7excavation begun 9 #ahec1 complet$ 9 #ahfh73 ,,fiorelli1 ,gli scavi di ,pompei dal #ahfa al #ahgb1 pp4 #fe-fi2 ,,fiorelli1 ,descrizione di ,pompei1 pp4 #fa-fe2 ,,ov]beck-,,mau1 ,pompeji1 pp4 #cei-cff2 ,,mau1 ,ges*i*te d] dec4 ,w&mal]ei1 pp4 #fd1 #bea-beb1 #cae1 #caf1 #cah1 #cbf1 #cce-ccf1 #cdc1 #cfg1 #chi1 #cig1 #daa-dac1 #ddf4 ,pa9t+s3 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 see ,topogr4 ,index1 pp4 #dhb-dhc2 ,ore/es & ,pylades1 ,,helbig1 ,ore/e e ,pilade 9 ,tauride su dip9to ,pompeiano1 ,ann4 dell' ,in/41 vol4 #cg 7#ahfe71 pp4 #ccj-cdf1 & ,mon4 dell' ,in/41 vol4 #h1 pl4 #bb4 ,/atue ( ,apollo p4 #ceb3 (t5 reproduc$1 z by ,,ov]beck1 ,atlas d] grie*is*5 ,kun/my?ologie1 pl4 #bj1 no4 #bf2 ,mon4 dell' ,in/41 vol4 #h1 pl4 #ac2 ,,re9a*1 ,rep]toire de la /atuaire grecque et roma9e1 vol4 #b 7,p>is1 #ahig71 p4 #ig1 no4 #h2 ,,brunn & ,,bruckmann1 ,d5kmael] grie*is*] und roemis*] ,sculptur1 no4 #cjb4 ,see ,,kekule1 ,/atua ,pompeiana di ,apoll9e1 ,ann4 dell' ,in/41 vol4 #cg 7#ahfe71 pp4 #ee-ga2 ,,wolt]s1 ,e9e ,sp>tanis*e ,apollo/atue1 ,jahrb4 des ,in/41 vol4 #aa 7#ahif71 pp4 #a-aj2 ,,furtwa5gl]1 ,mei/]w]ke d] grie*is*5 ,pla/ik 7,leipzig1 #ahic71 pp4 #gi1 #hj1 & ,engli% translation by ,eug5ie ,sell]s1 ,ma/]pieces ( ,greek ,sculpture 7,london1 #ahie71 p4 #eb2 ,,collignon1 ,hi/oire de la sculpture grecque1 vol4 #b 7,p>is1 #ahig71 pp4 #ffe-fff4 ,h\se ( ,cornelius ,rufus 7excavat$ 9 #ahfa73 ,,fiorelli1 ,giornale degli scavi1 vol4 #a 7#ahfa72 ,,fiorelli1 ,descrizione di ,pompei1 pp4 #cdj-cdb2 ,,mau1 ,ges*i*te d] dec4 ,w&mal]ei1 p4 #ig2 ,,ov]beck-,,mau1 ,pompeji1 pp4 #ecg-ech4 ,h\se ( ,m>cus ,holconius 7excavat$ 9 #ahfa73 ,bull4 ,ar*4 ,italiano1 vol4 #a 7#ahfa-ahfb71 pp4 #ah-adc2 ,,fiorelli1 ,giornale degli scavi1 vol4 #a 7#ahfa71 pp4 #ac et seq42 ,,fiorelli1 ,descrizione di ,pompei1 pp4 #ccb-ccg2 ,,ov]beck-,,mau1 ,pompeji1 pp4 #bij-big4 ,,*apt] ,,xliv4 ,,roman ,,villas4 ,,! ,,villa ,,( ,,diom$es ,( ,roman villas 9 g5]al3 ,,ca/ell1 ,! ,villas ( ! ,anci5ts ,illu/rat$ 7,london1 #agbh72 ,,fri$la5d]1 ,sitt5ges*i*te ,roms1 ,edit4 #e1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #he-ic1 #agj-aic1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #hi-ajj1 ,edit4 #g1 pp4 #bja-baj2 ,,s*midt1 ,cic]o's ,vill54 ,neue ,jahrbue*] fu] das klas4 ,alt]tum1 vol4 #c 7#ahii74 pp4 #cbh-cee1 #dff-dig1 p>ticul>ly pp4 #cbh-ccc2 ,,w9nefeld1 ,tusci und ,laur5tum des ju5g]5 ,pl9ius1 ,jahrb4 des ,in/41 vol4 #f 7#ahib71 pp4 #bja-bag2 ,,w9nefeld1 ,die ,villa des ,hadrian bei ,tivoli 7,jahrb4 des ,in/41 ,erga5zung%eft ,,iii1 ,b]l91 #ahie72 ,,w9nefeld1 ,roemis*e ,vill5 d] ,kais]zeit1 ,preussis*e ,jahrbue*]1 vol4 #eg 7#ahih71 pp4 #deg et seq4 ,villas 9 ! region ab\t ,baiae3 ,,belo*1 ,campani5 7,edit4 #b1 ,b]l91 #ahhc71 pp4 #bja-bjb1 #bfi-bgd4 ,villas ab\t ,rome3 ,,nibby1 ,d9torni di ,roma 7,edit4 #b1 #c vols41 ,rome1 #ahdh-ahdi71 vol4 #c1 pp4 #ca-da1 #bjc1 #fdg-gcg2 ,,de ,,rossi1 ,il ,tuscolo1 le ville ,tusculane e le loro anti*e memorie cri/iane1 ,bull4 di ,ar*eologia cri/iana1 #ahgb1 especially pp4 #hg-aba2 ,,lanciani1 ,le ville ,tusculane 7) map1 tav4 #bj-ba71 ,bull4 com41 #ahhd1 pp4 #agb-bag2 ,,lanciani1 ,la villa ,ca/rim5iese di ,q4 ,voconio ,pollione1 ibid41 pp4 #ada-aga2 ,,grossi-,,gondi1 ,di una villa dei ,qu9tilii nel ,tusculano1 ,bull4 com41 #ahih1 pp4 #cac-cch2 ,,lanciani1 ,! ,de/ruction ( ,anci5t ,rome 7,new ,york1 #ahii71 pp4 #aja-aje2 ,,grossi-,,gondi1 ,la villa dei ,qu9tilii e la villa di ,mondragone 7,rome1 #aija74 ,villa ( ! ,lab]ii at ,u?9a 7s\? ( ,tunis73 ,,gauckl]1 ,le doma9e des ,lab]ii a ,u?9a1 ,monum5ts et ,memoires publiees p> l',academie des ,inscriptions et ,belles-lettres1 vol4 #c 7,fondation ,piot1 ,p>is1 #ahig71 pp4 #agg-bbi2 ,,s*ult51 review ( ,gauckl]'s monograph1 ,goett+s*e gelehrte ,anzeig51 #ahih1 pp4 #dge-dha1 & brief] report 7) plan7 9 ,ar*aeologis*] ,anzeig]1 ,beiblatt zum ,jahrb4 des ,in/41 #ahih1 pp4 #aac-aae4 ,villas 9 ,brita93 ,ref]5ces to ,*ap4 ,,xxxiii1 & ,,morgan1 ,roman ,briti% ,mosaic ,pavem5ts 7,london1 #ahhf74 ,! ,villa ( ,diom$es 7excavat$ 9 #agga-aggd73 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #a1 pt4 #a1 pp4 #bdi-bgh2 ,,mazois1 ,les ru9es de ,pompei1 p4 #hi1 pl4 #dg-ec2 ,,ivan(f1 ,ar*itektonis*e ,/udi51 ,heft4 #b 7mit ,elaeut]ung5 von ,augu/ ,mau1 ,b]l91 #ahie71 pl4 #d-f2 ,,ov]beck-,,mau1 ,pompeji1 pp4 #cfi-cgf2 ,,mau1 ,pomp4 ,beitraege1 p4 #aea2 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 see ,topogr4 ,index1 p4 #dhc4 ,b$room 9 ,pl9y's villa p4 #ceh3 ,pl94 ,ep4 ,,ii4 ,,xvii4 #bc4 ,,*apt] ,,xlv4 ,,! ,,villa ,,ru/ica ,,at ,,boscoreale ,excavation1 plan1 rema9s3 ,,mau1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #i 7#ahid71 pp4 #cdi-ceh1 vol4 #aa 7#ahif71 pp4 #aca-adj2 ,,pasqui1 ,la villa pompeiana della ,pisanella presso ,boscoreale1 ,mon4 dei ,l9cei1 vol4 #g 7#ahig71 pp4 #cig-eed4 ,= ! collection ( silv]w>e1 see ref]5ces on p4 #ech4 ,"p ( ! objects ( bronze f\nd 9 ! villa are 9 ,b]l92 see ,,p]nice1 ,bronz5 aus ,boscoreale1 ,ar*aeologis*] ,anzeig]1 ,beiblatt zum ,jahrb4 des ,in/41 vol4 #ae 7#aijj71 pp4 #agg-aha4 ,o!rs are 9 ! ,field ,columbian ,museum1 ,*icago2 see ,,t>bell1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ar*aeology1 vol4 #c 7#ahii71 ,second ,s]ies1 p4 #ehd4 ,sleep+ room ( ! ov]se] ne> ! entrance p4 #cfc3 ,v>ro1 ,r4,r4 ,i1 xiii1 #b4 ,small op5 ci/]n p4 #cff3 ,z ! e/abli%m5t 0 n connect$ ) an aqu$uct1 ra9 wat] 0 c>efully sav$4 ,! villa z a c\ntry resid5ce p4 #cff3 ,9 ! f>mh\ses ab\t ,rome & ,naples to-day rooms ov] ! qu>t]s ( ! t5ant are res]v$ = ! use ( ! own]4 ,,*apt] ,,xlvi4 ,,h\sehold ,,furniture ,ne>ly all ! articles ( furniture & ( ! toilet ref]r$ to 9 ?is *apt] are figur$ & describ$1 ) _m o!rs1 9 ! ,real ,museo ,borbonico4 ,= detail$ ref]5ce1 see ! ,index1 ne> ! end ( vol4 #af 7pp4 #if-ig1 ,ori2 pp4 #ig-ih1 ,arg5ti2 pp4 #ii-aab1 ,suppellettile71 & our ,li/ ( ,illu/rations1 pp4 xxi-xxiii4 ,mo/ ( !m are reproduc$ by ,,r\x1 ,h]culanum et ,pompei1 vol4 #g2 a numb] are figur$ by ,,piranesi 9 ! volume1 ,oggetti di uso civile1 milit>e e religioso1 trovati a ,pompeia e ad ,ercolano 7 vol4 #bg ( 8 ,op]a74 ,see also ! ref]5ces on ! ,pompeian & ! ,roman h\se pp4 #eca-ecb1 & ,,beck]1 ,gallus 7eigh? ,engli% edition1 ,london1 #ahhf71 pp4 #bhe-cja2 ,,guhl & ,,kon]1 ,life ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 ,secs4 #hf-ic1 #ig2 ,,fri$la5d]1 ,sitt5ges*i*te ,roms1 ,edit4 #e1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #ajj-aab1 ,edit4 #g1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #baj-bbj2 ,,m>qu>dt1 ,roem4 ,privatleb5 7,edit4 #b71 pp4 #fjg-gfh4 ,cf4 ,,mau1 ,=nelli anti*i1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #aj 7#ahih71 pp4 #ch-df4 ,silv] cups f\nd 9 ! ,casa dell' ,arg5t]ia p4 #cgi3 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #b1 p4 #cje4 ,! treasure ( ,boscoreale p4 #chj3 ,,h]on ,,de ,,villefosse1 ,le tresor de ,boscoreale1 ,monum5ts et ,memoires publies p> l',academie des ,inscriptions et ,belles-lettres1 vol4 #e 7,fondation ,piot1 ,p>is1 #ahii71 fasc4 #a & #b2 also ,,mi*aelis1 ,d] ,silb]s*atz von ,boscoreale1 ,preussis*e ,jahrbue*]1 vol4 #he 7#ahif71 pp4 #ai-ef2 ,,w9t]1 ,d] ,silb]s*atz von ,boscoreale1 ,ar*aeologis*] ,anzeig]1 ,beiblatt zum ,jahrb4 des ,in/41 vol4 #aa 7#ahif71 pp4 #gd-hg2 cf4 also ,,collignon1 ,hi/oire de la sculpture grecque1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #fha-fhb4 ,%all[ b[l ) a repres5tation ( ,alex&ria p4 #chj3 ,two simil> b[ls 7 ornam5t$ ) reali/ic portrait heads ( a man & a woman1 :i*1 to judge f ! mann] ( dress+ ! hair1 probably date f ! reign ( ,claudius or ,n]o4 ,! b[l conta9+ ! portrait ( ! woman _h be5 lo/1 & ! deta*$ head is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! o!r1 ) ! re/ ( ! collection 7#ajb pieces7 is 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,beside ,epicurus an eag] pig p4 #cha3 cf4 ,hor4 ,ep4 ,i4 iv4 #af1 ,epicuri de grege porcus4 ,greek inscription p4 #chb3 ,,h]on ,,de ,,villefosse1 op4 cit41 p4 #ei4 ,,zon ,,meta zon meta- ,,labetog> labe1 to g> ,,aurionade aurion ade ,,lone/i lon e/i ,,*apt] ,,xlvii4 ,,! ,,trades ,,at ,,pompeii4 ,,! ,,bak]s ,( ! trades 9 g5]al3 ,b,l,ue,m,n,e,r1 ,te*nologie und ,t]m9ologie d] ,gew]be und ,ku5/e bei ,grie*5 und ,roem]n 7#d vols42 ,leipzig1 #ahge-ahhg72 ,,m>qu>dt1 ,roem4 ,privatleb51 pt4 #b 7,edit4 #b2 ,leipzig1 #ahhf74 ,inscriptions relat+ to ! trades at ,pompeii3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv41 see ,index1 p4 #bef1 "u artes et (ficia privata4 ,signs ( %ops p4 #chg3 ,,jordan1 ,ueb] roemis*e ,ausbaeuges*ild]1 ,ar*aeologis*e ,zeitung1 vol4 #d 7#ahga71 pp4 #ge et seq4 ,inscription ( ,diog5es3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #hfh2 see ! article1 ,au%a5ges*ild]1 by ,,mau1 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a1 ,real5cyclopa$ie1 vol4 #b4 pp4 #beeh-beei4 ,cupids z c>p5t]s & %oemak]s p4 #che3 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 nos4 #hjd1 #hje2 ! two pa9t+s are (t5 reproduc$1 z by ,,s*reib]1 ,atlas ( ,classical ,antiquities1 ,engli% translation by ,&]son 7,london1 #ahie71 pl4 #gb1 #a1 & #gc1 #ab4 ,/ucco] 7tector73 ,bull1 dell' ,in/41 #ahgi1 p4 #acd2 ,,sogliano1 ,le pitture murali ,campane1 no4 #fee2 ,b,l,ue,m,n,e,r1 ,ann4 dell' ,in/41 vol4 #ec 7#ahha71 pp4 #ajg-ajh1 pl4 ,h4 ,bak]s & bake%ops p4 #chh3 ,b,l,ue,m,n,e,r1 op4 cit41 vol4 #a1 pp4 #a-hh2 ,,m>qu>dt1 op4 cit41 pp4 #dad-dbd2 ,,fulvio1 ,delle =naci e dei =ni pompeiani1 ,pompei e la regione sott]rata dal ,vesuvio nell' anno ,,lxxix4 pp4 #bgc-bia2 ,,de ,,rossi1 ,anti*i mul9i 9 ,roma e nel ,lazio1 ,ann4 dell' ,in/41 vol4 #bi 7#aheg71 pp4 #bgd-bha2 ,,mau1 ,su c]ti app>ec*i nei pi/r9i di ,pompei1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #a 7#ahhf71 pp4 #de-dh1 & pl4 #c4 ,processes ( bread-mak+3 be/ illu/rat$ 9 ! reliefs ( ! monum5t ( ,eurysaces1 ,rome1 %[n 9 ,mon4 dell' ,in/41 vol4 #b1 pl4 #eh2 cf4 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,i4 #ajac-ajae2 ,,jahn1 ,sepolcro di ,eurisace1 ,ann4 dell' ,in/41 vol4 #aj 7#ahch71 p>ticul>ly pp4 #bca-bdh4 ,loaves ( bread repres5t$ 9 pa9t+s3 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 nos4 #aeja1 #affa ff42 see1 e4g41 ,museo ,borb41 vol4 #f1 pl4 #ch1 vol4 #h1 pl4 #eg4 ,rema9s ( loaves f\nd at ,pompeii3 ,,fiorelli1 ,gli scavi di ,pompei dal #ahfa al #ahgb1 p4 #agb4 ,,*apt] ,,xlviii4 ,,! ,,full]s ,,& ,,! ,,tann]s ,appliances & processes3 ,b,l,ue,m,n,e,r1 op4 cit41 vol4 #a1 pp4 #aee-agh1 #beg-bhg4 ,a full] description ( ! tann]y1 ) illu/rations %[+ ! implem5ts discov]$1 is giv5 by ,,mau1 ,bull4 dell' ,in/41 #ahgd1 pp4 #bga-bge1 #ahge1 pp4 #ah-be4 ,no soap 9 ,pompeii p4 #cic3 ,,h(mann1 ,ueb] v]me9tli*e antike ,seife1 ,wi5] ,/udi51 vol4 #d 7#ahhb71 pp4 #bfc-bgj4 ,pictures illu/rat+ ! full]y pp4 #cid-cie3 ,museo ,borb41 vol4 #d1 pl4 #di1 #ej2 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 no4 #aejb2 ,,jahn1 ,abh&lung5 d] ko5igl4 sae*sis*5 ,gesells*aft des ,wiss5s*aft51 philologis*-hi/4 ,classe1 vol4 #e 7#ahgj71 pp4 #cje-caa1 & pl4 #d4 ,,*apt] ,,xlix4 ,,inns ,,& ,,w9e%ops ,roman inns3 ,,fri$la5d]1 ,sitt5ges*i*te ,roms1 ,edit4 #e1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #cc-ci1 ,edit4 #g1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #caa-cbe4 ,inscriptions3 caupones1 copones1 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv41 see ,index1 p4 #bef2 ( ,sittius1 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #hjf1 #hjg 7= ! picture1 see ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 no4 #afja72 ( ! inn1 ,ins4 ,,vii1 ,,xii1 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #badd-bafd4 ,pictures illu/rat+ ! life ( ! w9e%op p4 #djc3 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #b1 p4 #bjd2 ,museo ,borb41 vol4 #d1 pl4 ,a1 vol4 #e1 pl4 #dh2 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 nos4 #adhg1 #aejd4 ,sell+ ( w9e mix$ ) wat] p4 #djd3 a /ock *>ge aga9/ anci5t innkeep]s2 ,trimal*io 7,petr4 ,sat4 ,,xxxix7 makes out t ^! 7 born "u ! sign ,aqu>ius1 '! wat]]4' ,= ! w9e%op 9 :i* ! graffito 0 f\nd1 see ,,mau1 ,bull4 dell' ,in/41 #ahgd1 pp4 #beb-bef4 ,,*apt] ,l4 ,,! ,,/reet ,,( ,,tombs ,( ,roman tombs & rites ( burial3 ,,m>qu>dt1 ,roem4 ,privatleb5 7,edit4 #b71 pp4 #cdj-che2 ,,fri$la5d]1 ,sitt5ges*i*te ,roms1 ,edit4 #e1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #aab-abc1 ,edit4 #g1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #bbj-bbh2 ,,guhl & ,,kon]1 ,life ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 ,secs4 #gg1 #gh1 #aaj2 ,,lanciani1 ,pagan & ,*ri/ian ,rome 7#ahib71 pp4 #afh-bjh1 #bec-cje2 ,,vollm]1 ,de fun]e publico ,romanorum1 ,jahrbue*] fu] classis*e ,philologie1 ,supplem5tb& #ai 7#ahic71 pp4 #cai-cfd2 see ! article ,be/attung1 by ,,mau1 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a1 ,real5cyclopa$ie1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #cdf-cei4 ,( ! /reet ( tombs z a :ole3 ,,mazois1 ,les ru9es de ,pompei1 vol4 #a2 ,,fiorelli1 ,descrizione di ,pompei1 pp4 #dja-dai2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #cha-cig2 ,,ov]beck-,,mau1 ,pompeji1 pp4 #cih-dbb4 ,tombs ne> ! ,h]culaneum gate1 n includ+ ! ,g>l& tomb 7excavat$ #agfc-agfd1 #agfi-aggj73 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #a1 pt4 #a1 pp4 #aej-aee1 #bcd-bda1 pt4 #b1 pp4 #aaj-aah 7j\rnal ( ,francesco la ,vega72 ,,piranesi1 ,antiquites de ,pompei1 vols4 #a1 #b1 pl4 #b-e1 #cd-dd4 ,sepul*ral enclosure ( ,t]5tius ,felix 7excavation f9i%$ ,decemb] #ae1 #ahbh73 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #b1 p4 #bag2 ,,bonucci1 ,pompei decrite 7seconde traduction de la #c;e edition itali5ne1 ,naples1 #ahcj71 p4 #gc4 ,! tomb ne>e/ ! gate on ! "r3 ,,mau1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #c 7#ahhh71 pp4 #adj-adb4 ,tombs f>!r f ! gate1 to ! limit ( excavation 7excavat$ #ahjf-ahac73 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #a1 pt4 #b1 pp4 #hg1 #agf-agg1 7,g>l& tomb71 pt4 #c1 pp4 #gd-abj1 #bbc-bbe1 #bdi2 ,,mill91 ,description des tombeaux qui ont ete dec\v]ts a ,pompei dans l'annee #ahab 7,naples1 #ahac72 ,,cl>ac1 ,f\ille faite a ,pompei en pres5ce de ,s4 ,m4 la ,re9e des ,deux ,siciles le #ah ,m>s1 #ahac 7,naples1 #ahac74 ,tomb ( ! blue glass vase 7#ahcg73 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #c1 p4 #acb2 ,,s*ulz1 9 8 ,scavi di ,pompei1 ,ann4 dell' ,in/41 vol4 #aj 7#ahch71 pp4 #aid-aie4 ,tomb ( ,diom$es 7excavat$ 9 #agge73 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #a1 pt4 #a1 pp4 #bgi-bhj4 ,tomb ( ,i/acidius ,hel5us 7#agge1 #ahbh73 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/1 vol4 #a1 pt4 #a4 pp4 #bgi-bhj1 vol4 #b1 p4 #bag4 ,! pre-,roman graves p4 #djg3 ,,mau & ,,von ,,duhn1 ,bull4 dell' ,in/41 #ahgd1 pp4 #aef-afg2 e>li] f9ds ( pa9t$ vases1 ,,bonucci1 ,pompei 7#ahcj71 p4 #fe2 & ,,de ,,iorio1 ,plan de ,pompei et rem>ques sur ses edifices 7,naples1 #ahbh71 p4 #cc4 ,t4 ,su$ius ,clem5s pp4 #djg-djh2 cf4 also p4 #dhh3 ,clem5s 0 n[ evid5tly a support] ( ,vespasian2 previ\sly he _h be5 9 ! s]vice ( ,o?o 7,tac4 ,hi/4 ,i4 ,,lxxxvii1 ,,ii4 ,,xii74 ,blue glass vase p4 #dae3 ,,s*ultz1 ,an=9a di vetro con bassirilievi r9v5uta 9 ,pompei1 ,ann4 dell' ,in/41 vol4 #aa 7#ahci71 pp4 #hd-ajj4 ,gladiatorial sc5es on ! tomb ( ,scaurus p4 #dai3 admirably engrav$ by ,,mazois 7op4 cit41 pl4 #cj1 #ca1 #cb71 & frequ5tly reproduc$1 z by ,,s*reib]1 ,atlas ( ,classical ,antiquities 7,eng4 trans41 #ahie71 pl4 #cj1 #b-i1 text1 ) citation ( lit]ature1 p4 #ei2 ,,niccol9i1 le case ed i monum5ti di ,pompei1 vol4 #a4 ,inscriptions accompany+ ! figures3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #aahb2 ! inscription ( ! tomb itself is giv51 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #ajbd4 ,9 8 int]pretation ( ! reliefs ,mazois incorrectly assum$ 7op4 cit41 pp4 #dg-dh7 t on acc\nt ( ! bait+ ( a be> by "o ( ! figures ) a clo? ! tomb c\ld n h be5 built be=e ! "t ( ,claudius4 ,! passage cit$ by him 7,pl94 ,n4 ,h4 ,,viii4 ,,xvi4 #ed7 has no be>+ on ! date2 b ! tomb ( ,scaurus1 :i* belongs nei!r to ! olde/ nor to ! mo/ rec5t1 may well h be5 built 9 ! "t ( ,claudius or ( ,n]o4 ,%ip on ! tomb ( ,naevoleia ,ty*e p4 #dbc3 ,,jordan1 ,ann4 dell' ,in/41 vol4 #dd 7#ahgb71 pp4 #bj-bf2 ,,visconti1 ,fronte di ,s>c(ago con ,tritoni e navi1 ,bull4 ,com41 vol4 #a 7#ahgb-ahgc71 pp4 #bee-bfi2 cf4 ,cic4 ,de ,s54 ,,xix4 #ga4 ,petronius 7,sat4 ,,lxxi47 humor\sly repres5ts ,trimal*io z ord]+ '%ips "u full sail' among ! c>v+s ( 8 tomb4 ,inscription ( ,salvius p4 #dbf3 f\nd1 accord+ to ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #ajcb1 beside ! tomb ( ,naevoleia ,ty*e2 b we h ! te/imony ( ,,bonucci 7,pompei1 #ahcj1 p4 #cg7 to ! effect t x 0 f\nd 9 ! ni*e :]e x n[ is1 :]e x exactly fits ! cavity4 ,! mi/ake 9 ! ,corpus may h aris5 f a misund]/&+ ( ! report ( ! excavation1 :i* is n[ un=tunately lo/4 ,m4 ,alleius ,luccius ,libella p4 #dbf3 ! "n 0 orig9ally ,luccius ,libella1 ) :at pra5om5 is n cle>2 b ,luccius ,libella m>ri$ ! daught] ( ,m4 ,alleius 7,m4 ,alleius ,nigidius ,maius87 & 0 adopt$ by him1 assum+ 8 pra5om5 & nom51 s t ! full "n took ! =m giv5 9 ! inscription4 ,! son dropp$ ! orig9al nom5 ,luccius1 & 0 call$ simply ,m4 ,alleius ,libella4 ,9 l mann] ! "n ( ! son ( ,d4 ,lucretius ,satrius ,val5s became ,d4 ,lucretius ,val5s p4 #bbb4 ,,*apt] ,,li4 ,,burial ,,places ,,ne> ,,! ,,nola1 ,,/abian1 ,,& ,,noc]a ,,gates ,burial places ne> ! ,nola ,gate p4 #dbi3 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #b1 pp4 #eid-eig2 ,,niss51 ,pomp4 ,/udi51 pp4 #dhj-dhc4 ,graves ea/ ( ! ,/abian ,road p4 #dbi--;e>li] f9ds3 ,,fiorelli1 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/41 vol4 #a4 pt4 #a1 pp4 #aa-ab1 #ad1 #db1 #df-dh1 #ej1 #ea-eb2 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #ajdg-ajfb2 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #aj 7#ahie71 p4 #bbf1 #g4 ,lat] f9ds3 ,n4 d4 scavi1 #ahic1 pp4 #ccc-cce1 #ahid1 pp4 #ae-af1 #chb-che1 #ahig1 pp4 #bge-bgf2 ,,mau1 ,scavi fuori porta ,/abiana1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #i 7#ahid74 pp4 #fb-fe4 vol4 #aj 7#ahie71 pp4 #aef-aei4 ,tombs ne> ! ,/abian ,gate p4 #dcj3 ,n4 d4 scavi4 #ahhi1 pp4 #bhj-bha1 #cfh-cfi1 #djf-daj1 #ahij1 pp4 #dd-de1 #afe2 ,,mau1 ,scavi fuori porta ,/abiana1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #e 7#ahij71 pp4 #bgg-bhd4 ,! inscriptions are giv5 also 9 ,ephem4 ,epigr41 vol4 #h1 pp4 #hg-hh 7nos4 #cah1 #cbe1 #cbg1 #ccj74 ,tombs ne> ! ,amphi!atre p4 #dca3 ,n4 d4 scavi1 #ahhf1 pp4 #ccd-ccg1 #ahhg1 pp4 #cc-dj1 #deb-deh2 ,,mau1 ,sepolcri della via ,nuc]9a1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #c 7#ahhh71 pp4 #abj-adi4 ,= ! inscriptions1 see also ,ephem4 ,epigr41 vol4 #h1 pp4 #hh-ij 7#cbj1 #cba1 #cbd1 #cbf1 #cbh1 #cbi1 #ccb72 adv]tisem5t ( ! /ray horse1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #c1 p4 #ade4 ,desecration ( tombs ne> ,rome p4 #dcf3 ,,lanciani1 ,! ,de/ruction ( ,anci5t ,rome1 pp4 #hi-ih4 ,,*apt] ,,lii4 ,,ar*itecture ,doric frieze ) r$ metopes p4 #dda3 !re is a simil> frieze 9 ! h\se ,,vii4 ,,iii4 #ca2 see ,,mau1 ,ges*i*te d] dec4 ,w&mal]ei1 p4 #ig4 ,,*apt] ,,liii4 ,,sculpture ,( ! sculptures f\nd at ,pompeii3 ,v few ( ! sculptures une>!d at ,pompeii are treat$ or reproduc$ 9 ! compreh5sive works on anci5t sculpture4 ,! m important /atues & reliefs f\nd prior to #ahfe1 z well z ^? discov]$ 9 ,h]culaneum1 are publi%$ 9 ! ,real ,museo ,borbonico1 ) descriptive text2 see ! ,index at ! end ( vol4 #af1 pp4 #h-cd4 ,!y are reproduc$ also by ,,r\x1 ) descriptive text by ,b>re1 ,h]culanum et ,pompei1 vols4 #f & #g 7fir/ "p74 ,^! engrav+s1 :ile 9 _m cases faulty1 are (t5 s]viceable to /ud5ts at a di/ance 9 ! id5tification ( photographs1 :i* are easily obta9$ ?r\gh ! ,naples deal]s4 ,! bett] t]ra-cottas are publi%$ by ,,von ,,rohd51 ,die ,t]racott5 von ,pompeji 7,/uttg>t1 #ahhj74 ,a some:at full] treatm5t ( ,pompeian sculpture is giv5 9 ,,ov]beck-,,mau1 ,pompeji1 pp4 #ecb-efc4 ,heads ( ,epicurus1 ,demo/h5es1 & ,callima*us p4 #ddg3 ,,mau1 ,bull4 dell' ,in/41 #ahgf1 pp4 #bdb-bdc2 ,,brizio1 ,ann4 dell' ,in/41 vol4 #de 7#ahgc71 pp4 #ih-ajf2 ,,momms5 & ,,rob]t1 ,ar*aeologis*e ,zeitung1 #ahhj1 pp4 #cb-cf2 ,comp>etti1 ,la ,villa ,ercolanese dei ,pisoni 7,tor9o1 #ahhc71 pp4 #cc-ec1 pl4 ,,iii1 nos4 #d1 #g1 #h2 ,,mau1 ,bull4 dell' ,in/41 #ahhc1 pp4 #hi-if2 = o!r ref]5ces1 see ,,helbig1 ,fuehr] dur* die oeff5tli*5 ,sammlung5 klassis*] ,alt]tuem] 9 ,rom 7,edit4 #b1 #b vols41 ,leipzig1 #ahii71 vol4 #a1 p4 #cai1 no4 #dgf4 ,bu/s ( ,virgil & ,horace p4 #ddh 7f\nd 9 ,octob]1 #ahfh73 ,giornale degli scavi di ,pompei1 ,nuova ,s]ie1 vol4 #a 7#ahfh71 p4 #acc & pl4 #a2 ,,fiorelli1 ,gli scavi di ,pompei dal #ahfa al #ahgb1 p4 #afd2 ,,b]n\lli1 ,roemis*e ,ikonographie1 vol4 #a 7,/uttg>t1 #ahhb71 pp4 #abg1 #aib2 ,,helbig1 ,fuehr] dur* die oeff5tli*5 ,sammlung5 klassis*] ,alt]tuem] 9 ,rom 7,edit4 #b71 vol4 #a1 pp4 #cee-cef4 ,a fur!r reason :y ,brutus _c be repres5t$ 9 ! ,naples bu/ is t ! simil> bu/ 9 ! ,capitol9e ,museum 9 ,rome 7,,helbig1 op4 cit41 no4 #ecf7 %[s a p]son well on 9 ye>s1 :ile ! prom95ce ( ,brutus la/$ only = a brief p]iod1 & x is n likely t !re %\ld be pres]v$ to u portraits repres5t+ him at p]iods s entirely diff]5t4 ,susa mosaic3 ,comptes r5dus de l',academie des ,inscriptions et ,belles-lettres1 s]ie #d1 vol4 #bd 7,p>is1 #ahif71 pp4 #egh-eha & pl4 aft] p4 #ehj2 ,,gauckl]1 ,les ,mosaiques virgili5nes de ,s\sse1 ,monum5ts et ,memoires publiees p> l',academie des ,inscriptions et ,belles-lettres1 vol4 #d 7,fondation ,piot1 #ahig71 pp4 #bcc-bcd2 ,,f[l]1 ,portraits ( ,virgil1 ,s*ool ,review1 vol4 #f 7#ahih71 pp4 #eih-fje2 ,ar*aeologis*] ,anzeig]1 ,beiblatt zum ,jahrb4 des ,in/41 vol4 #ac 7#ahih71 p4 #aad4 ,aphrodite & ,spes p4 #dej3 ,,mau1 ,bull1 dell' ,in/41 #ahgc1 pp4 #bcc-bce4 ,artemis p4 #dej3 (t5 reproduc$1 z ,museo ,borb41 vol4 #b1 pl4 #h2 ,,r\x1 ,h]culanum et ,pompei1 vol4 #f1 pl4 #gf1 #gg2 ,,brunn & ,,bruckmann1 ,d5kmael] grie*is*] und roemis*] ,sculptur1 no4 #cef4 ,id5tification ) ,artemis ,laphria 7,paus4 ,,vii4 ,,xviii4 #i73 ,,/udniczka1 ,die ar*ais*e ,artemis-/atuette aus ,pompeii1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #c 7#ahhh71 pp4 #bgg-cjb1 & pl4 #aj2 ,,collignon1 ,hi/oire de la sculpture grecque1 vol4 #b 7,p>is1 #ahig71 pp4 #fef-feg4 ,danc+ satyr p4 #dej3 ,museo ,borb41 vol4 #i1 pl4 #db2 ,,r\x1 ,h]culanum et ,pompei1 vol4 #f1 pl4 #ei2 ,,ov]beck-,,mau1 ,pompeji1 pp4 #edi-eea4 ,sil5us c>ry+ frame ) glass vase p4 #dea3 ,museo ,borb41 vol4 #af1 pl4 #bi2 ,,fiorelli1 ,gli scavi di ,pompei dal #ahfa al #ahgb1 p4 #aei2 ,,ov]beck-,,mau1 ,pompeji1 p4 #eeb4 ,li/5+ ,dionysus p4 #deb3 ,giornale degli scavi di ,pompei1 #ahfb1 p4 #fj & pl4 #ad2 ,,fiorelli1 ,gli scavi di ,pompei dal #ahfa al #ahgb1 pp4 #aeh-aei2 ,,b5ndorf1 ,sulla /atua ,pompeiana cr$uta di ,n>cisso1 ,ann4 dell' ,in/41 vol4 #ch 7#ahff71 pp4 #ajg-aac2 ,,ov]beck-,,mau1 ,pompeji1 pp4 #eeb-eee2 ,,haus]1 ,n>cisso1 ,jahrb4 des ,in/41 vol4 #d 7#ahhi71 pp4 #aac-aah2 ,,collignon1 ,hi/oire de la sculpture grecque1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #dea-dec2 ,museo ,borb41 vol4 #af1 pl4 #bh2 ,,brunn & ,,bruckmann1 ,d5kmael]1 no4 #chd4 ,haus] 9 ! article cit$ makes x appe> probable t ! figure _h orig9ally a some:at diff]5t pose2 ! "r foot re/$ flat ^u ! base1 ! left only on ! heel1 s t ! body1 in/ead ( lean+ =w>d1 0 slightly b5t back4 ,! pres5t pose1 h[ev]1 0 giv5 to ! figure 9 antiquity2 accord+ to ,g4 ,patroni1 ! w$ge ( lead "u ! "r foot 0 9 its pres5t place :5 ! /atuette 0 discov]$4 ,ephebus ( #aijj p4 #dec3 ,n4 d4 scavi1 #aijj1 pp4 #ehd-ehg 7#g illu/rations72 ,,sogliano1 ,l'efebo 9 bronzo r9v5uto 9 ,pompei1 ,mon4 dei ,l9cei1 vol4 #aj 7#aija71 pp4 #fda-fed1 pl4 #af-bf4 ,?is /atue is assign$ to ! ,roman p]iod by ,,wald/e91 ,! ,mon?ly ,review1 #aija1 pp4 #abe-abf1 & ,,pet]s51 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #af 7#aija71 p4 #if4 ,,*apt] ,,liv4 ,,pa9t+4 ,,wall ,,decoration ,te*nique ( ,pompeian pa9t+3 ,,donn]1 ,die erhalt55 antik5 ,w&mal]ei5 9 te*nis*] ,beziehung1 pr9t$ z an introduction to ,helbig's ,w&gemaelde 7see ,*ap4 ,,lv471 pp4 ,i--,,cxxvii2 ,,mau1 ,ges*i*te d] decorativ5 ,w&mal]ei 9 ,pompeji 7,b]l91 #ahhb2 ) atlas ( #bj plates74 ,specim5 illu/rations3 ,_m entire walls z well z s+le pa9t+s are reproduc$ 9 color 9 ! ext5sive works by ,,zahn1 ,die s*o5/5 ,ornam5te und m]kwu]dig/5 ,gemaelde aus ,pompeji1 ,h]kulanum und ,/abiae1 neb/ e9ig5 ,grundriss5 und ,ansi*t5 7,mit deuts*em und franzoesis*em ,text4 ,drei ,ab!ilung5 9 #cj ,heft51 #cjb ,tafeln4 ,b]l91 #ahbg-ahei72 & ,,niccol9i1 ,le case ed i monum5ti di ,pompei designati e descritti 7,naples1 #ahed-aija74 ,bo? works are r>ely f\nd complete1 & ! plates ( ! second 9 p>ticul> leave mu* to be desir$ 9 respect to draw+ z well z color+2 x has !re=e be5 ?\ght be/ n to encumb] ^! notes ) detail$ ref]5ces to !m4 ,a numb] ( walls are %[n also by ,,r\x1 ,h]culanum et ,pompei 7#h vols41 ,p>is1 #ahdj71 vol4 #a 7#ajh plates71 & by ,d',,amelio1 ,dip9ti ,murali di ,pompei1 ,naples1 #ahhh4 ,pr(essor ,mau has 9 prep>ation a new "w on wall decoration :i* w be illu/rat$ by color$ plates simil> to ^? 9 ! atlas to 8 ,w&mal]ei4 ,! s\rces ( ! illu/rations 9 ?is & ! foll[+ *apt] are giv5 9 our ,li/ ( ,illu/rations1 p4 xxv4 ,prep>ation ( ! wall p4 #def3 ,vitr4 ,,vii4 ,,iii2 cf4 also ,,middleton1 ,! ,rema9s ( ,anci5t ,rome 7#b vols4 ,london1 #ahib71 vol4 #a1 pp4 #ia-ajc4 ,decoration ( ! h\se ( ,lucretius p4 #deg3 see ref]5ces on p4 #ebh4 ,! f\r /yles ( decoration p4 #deg3 sugge/ive critical comm5ts by ,,wickh(f1 ,roman ,art 7,engli% trans4 by ,mrs4 ,s4 ,ar?ur ,/rong1 ,london1 #aijj71 pp4 #aag ff42 b see ! review ( ! ,g]man orig9al by ,mau1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #aj 7#ahie71 pp4 #bbg-bce4 ,decoration ( ! second /yle 9 ,rome p4 #dfb--;h\se ( ,g]manicus on ! ,palat9e3 ,,mau1 ,due p>eti d'una /anza sul ,palat9o1 ,ann4 dell' ,in/41 vol4 #eb 7#ahhj71 pp4 #acf-adi1 & ,mon4 dell' ,in/41 vol4 #aa1 pl4 #bb-bc2 ,,mau1 ,ges*i*te d] dec4 ,w&mal]ei1 pp4 #aif-bje & pl4 #i4 ,h\se 9 ! ,f>nes9a g>d53 ,n4 d4 ,scavi1 #ahgi1 pp4 #ae1 #dj1 #fh1 #aad1 #ada1 #agi-ahj1 #bfg1 #cad1 #ccc1 #ahhj1 pp4 #cb1 #abg-abh1 #ach-adj1 & pl4 #d 7plan72 ,,mau1 ,p>ete dip9ta della casa antica scop]ta nel gi>d9o della ,f>nes9a1 ,ann4 dell' ,in/41 vol4 #ed 7#ahhb71 pp4 #cja-cjh2 ,h,ue,l,s,e,n1 ,fregio dip9ta nella casa antica scop]ta nel gi>d9o della ,f>nes9a1 ibid41 pp4 #cji-cad2 ,,mau1 ,pitture della casa antica scop]ta nella villa ,f>nes9a1 ,ann4 dell' ,in/41 vol4 #ef 7#ahhd71 pp4 #cjg-cbb1 vol4 #eg 7#ahhe71 pp4 #cjb-cah2 ,mon4 dell' ,in/41 vol4 #aa1 pl4 #dd-dh1 vol4 #ab1 pl4 #e1 #e a1 #g1 #g a1 #h1 #ag-cd2 ,supplem5to 7#ahia71 pl4 #cb-cf2 especially ,,less+ & ,,mau1 ,w&- und ,deck5s*muck e9es roemis*5 ,hauses aus d] ,zeit des ,augu/us 7,b]l91 #ahia2 ) #af plates f ! same blocks z ^? 9 ! ,mon4 dell' ,in/472 ,,helbig1 ,fuehr] dur* die ,sammlung5 klassis*] ,alt]tuem] 9 ,rom1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #bbf-bbc1 nos4 #aajg-aajh1 #aaai-aabb1 #aabd1 #aabi-aacf1 #aada-aadd1 #aadf-aadh1 #aaea4 ,,*apt] ,,lv4 ,,! ,,pa9t+s ,( ! pa9t+s 9 g5]al3 ! pa9t+s discov]$ prior to #ahfh are describ$1 ) ref]5ces to ! lit]ature1 by ,w4 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde d] vom ,vesuv v]s*uettet5 ,/a$te ,campani5s 7,neb/ e9] ,abh&lung ueb] die antik5 ,w&mal]ei5 9 ,te*nis*] ,beziehung1 von ,otto ,donn]1 ,leipzig1 #ahfh72 ^? discov]$ aft] ! publication ( ,helbig's "w & be=e #ahhj1 by ,a4 ,,sogliano1 ,le pitture murali ,campane scov]te negli anni #ahfg-ahgi 7supplem5to all' op]a dell' ,helbig1 ,naples1 #ahgi4 ,publi%$ also 9 ! volume1 ,pompei e la regione sott]rata dal ,vesuvio1 = :i* see p4 #eac72 ^? t h come to light s9ce #ahgi are describ$ by ,,mau 9 8 reports 7see note to ,*ap4 ,,iv7 & 9 ! ,notizie degli scavi2 cf4 also ,,helbig1 ,unt]su*ung5 ueb] die campanis*e ,w&mal]ei 7,leipzig1 #ahgc74 ,besides ! reproductions ( pa9t+s by ,,zahn & ,,niccol9i m5tion$ above 7p4 #edd71 ! m important examples are publi%$ 9 ! ,real ,museo ,borbonico 7see ,index at ! end ( vol4 #af1 pp4 #cg-eh72 ,,r\x1 ,h]culanum et ,pompei1 vols4 #a-e 7,p>is1 #ahdj72 ,,ro*ette1 ,*oix de pe9tures de ,pompei1 la plup>t de sujet hi/orique 7li?ographiees en c\leur p> ,m4 ,r\x1 et publiees 444 p> ,m4 ,ra\l-,ro*ette2 #g livraisons 9 fol41 ,p>is1 #ahdd-ahec1 incomplete72 ,,presuhn1 ,pompeji1 ,die neue/5 ,ausgrabung5 von #ahgd bis #ahha 7,edit4 #b1 ,leipzig1 #ahhb2 #hj *romoli?ograph plates72 & 9 o!r works ! titles ( :i* are easily accessible 9 ,fur*heim's ,bibliografia4 ,! color$ plates pres5t$ by ,a4 ,,niccol9i1 ,arte ,pompeiana ,monum5ti scelti 7a selection ( #ee plates f ! l>g] "w1 ,naples1 #ahhh71 give a false idea ( ! pa9t+s reproduc$4 ,no evid5ce ( developm5t 9 composition or te*nique p4 #dga3 cf4 ,,wickh(f1 ,roman ,art1 pp4 #aci ff4 ,h]cules & ,antaeus p4 #dgb3 ,bull4 dell' ,in/41 #ahgf1 p4 #aja2 ,,sogliano1 ,le pitture murali ,campane1 no4 #die4 ,mosaic pictures on ! floor p4 #dgb3 z 9 ! h\se ( ! ,faun2 see ref]5ces on p4 #ecc4 ,= ! ,pompeian mosaics 9 g5]al1 see ,gli ornati delle p>eti ed i pavim5ti delle /anze dell' antica ,pompei1 #c vols4 ,naples1 #agif-ahjh1 vols4 #a & #b2 ,museo ,borb41 ,index at ! end ( vol4 #af1 pp4 #ce-cg2 ,,r\x1 ,h]culanum et ,pompei1 vol4 #e 7latt] "p1 #cb plates74 ,gr\p ( ,admetus & ,alce/is 9 ar*itectural framework p4 #dgc3 ,,sogliano1 op4 cit41 no4 #ejf4 ,seafights p4 #dgd3 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 nos4 #aegf-aehj 7^? ( ! ,macellum are %[n 9 a color$ plate by ,,mazois1 ,les ru9es de ,pompei1 vol4 #c1 pl4 #df72 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #aa 7#ahif71 p4 #ef1 nos4 #aac-aaf1 & ,,sogliano1 ,mon4 dei ,l9cei1 vol4 #h 7#ahih71 p4 #caj1 fig4 #cc2 cf4 also ,,sogliano op4 cit41 nos4 #ffi-fgj4 ,x5ia p4 #dgd3 ,vitr4 ,,vi4 ,,vii 7,x7 #d2 ,,helbig1 ,w&egemaelde1 nos4 #affa-agah4 ,= fig4 #bff cf4 ,museo ,borb41 vol4 #f1 pl4 #ch2 ,,helbig1 no4 #afij4 ,l&scapes p4 #dge3 ,,r\x1 ,h]culanum et ,pompei1 vol4 #c 7end2 #cj plates72 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 pp4 #che-cid2 ,,sogliano1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ada-add4 ,tadius1 ,ludius p4 #dge3 ,pl94 ,n4 ,h4 ,,xxxv4 ,x4 #aaf4 ,9 ,mayh(f's text 7vol4 #e1 #ahig7 ! "n is giv5 z ,/udius4 ,cf4 ,,helbig1 ,beitraege zur ,erkla]ung d] campanis*5 ,w&bild]4 ,rhe94 ,mus41 vol4 #be 7#ahgj71 pp4 #cic-djg4 ,decoration ( ! villa at ,prima ,porta3 ,,brunn1 ,scavi di ,prima ,porta1 ,bull4 dell' ,in/41 #ahfc1 pp4 #ha-hf2 ,antike ,d5kmael] des ,kais]li* deuts*5 ,ar*aeologis*5 ,in/ituts1 vol4 #a 7#ahij71 pl4 #aa1 #bd4 ,gr\p ( musicians p4 #dgf3 ,museo ,borb41 vol4 #a1 pl4 #cj2 ,,helbig1 ,w&egemaelde1 no4 #addb4 ,paquius ,proculus & 8 wife p4 #dgg3 ,bull4 dell' ,in/41 #ahfh1 p4 #bjd2 ,,sogliano1 op4 cit41 no4 #fgc4 ,bu/s ( y\?s ) ! names ( ,hom] & ,plato pp4 #dgg-dgh3 f\nd 9 #ahib 9 ! tabl9um ( ! small h\se jo9$ to ! h\se ( ! ,silv] ,w$d+ fig4 #adf1 delta2 reproduc$1 ) full] description1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #h 7#ahic71 pp4 #ai-bc4 ,pa9t+s ( ,a*illes 9 ! h\se ( ,ca/or & ,pollux p4 #dgh3 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 nos4 #abig1 #acjg4 ,sc5es ( combat p4 #dgh--;,h]cules1 f ,h]culaneum3 ,pitture di ,ercolano1 vol4 #c1 pl4 #dg1 p4 #bdg2 ibid41 vol4 #d1 pl4 #e1 p4 #bg2 & ,museo ,borb41 vol4 #aa1 pl4 #i2 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 nos4 #aabd1 #aabe4 ,meleag] & ! bo>3 ,,fiorelli1 ,descrizione di ,pompei1 pp4 #dj1 #chb2 ,,sogliano1 op4 cit41 nos4 #ejh1 #eji4 ,a*illes & ! flee+ ,troilus3 ,bull4 dell' ,in/41 #ahfh1 p4 #cg2 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 pp4 #dfj-dfa2 cf4 also ,,sogliano1 op4 cit41 no4 #edh4 ,combat betwe5 w>rior & ,amazon3 ,bull4 dell' ,in/41 #ahga1 p4 #bjd2 ,,sogliano1 op4 cit41 no4 #edg1 cf4 also no4 #edh4 ,io & ,argus1 ,io 9 ,egypt p4 #dgi3 ,museo ,borb41 vol4 #b1 pl4 #ab1 vol4 #aj1 pl4 #b2 ,,r\x1 ,h]culanum et ,pompei1 vol4 #b1 pl4 #ei2 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 nos4 #aca1 #ach4 ,cf4 ,,braun1 ,el5co dei monum5ti rappres5tanti il mito di ,io1 ,ann4 dell' ,in/41 vol4 #aj 7#ahch71 pp4 #cbh-ccj1 & ,mon4 dell' ,in/41 vol4 #b1 pl4 #ei4 ,hecuba p4 #dgi3 ,bull4 dell' ,in/41 #ahgg1 p4 #ac2 ,,mau1 ,ettore riportato a ,troia1 pittura p>et>ia di ,pompei1 ,ann4 dell' ,in/41 vol4 #di 7#ahgg71 pp4 #bfh-bgi1 & pl4 ,o1 ,p 7color$1 at ! end ( ! volume72 ,,sogliano1 op4 cit41 no4 #egi4 ,n>cissus1 ,polyphemus1 ,apollo1 & ,admetus pp4 #dgi-dhj3 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 nos4 #acch-acfg1 ,,sogliano1 op4 cit41 nos4 #ehf-eib2 ,,helbig1 nos4 #bbj-bbb1 #ajdh4 ,idyllic pictures p4 #dhj--,sel5e & ,endymion3 ,,helbig1 ,w&gemaelde1 nos4 #iej-ifb2 ,,sogliano1 op4 cit41 nos4 #def-deg4 ,p>is & ,o5one3 ,,helbig1 no4 #abhj4 ,p]seus & ,&rom$a3 ,,helbig1 nos4 #aaib-aaih4 ,bac*us & ,ariadne3 ,,helbig1 nos4 #abce-abdj2 ,,sogliano1 no4 #ech2 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #aa 7#ahif71 pp4 #eb-ec 7no4 #ih1 h\se ( ! ,vettii74 ,h]cules & ,omphale3 ,,helbig1 nos4 #aacf-aadj2 cf4 ,,sogliano1 nos4 #dif1 #dig4 ,examples ( a pa!tic situation p4 #dhj--;,aphrodite & ! w\nd$ ,adonis3 ,,helbig1 nos4 #cce-cdj2 ,,sogliano1 no4 #adb4 ,cyp>issus3 ,,sogliano1 nos4 #aji1 #aaj2 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #aa 7#ahif71 p4 #ai 7no4 #cf1 ) illu/ration1 h\se ( ! ,vettii74 ,europa & ! bull3 ,,sogliano1 no4 #gi2 cf4 ,,helbig1 nos4 #abc-acj4 ,gr\ps ) figures 9 contra/ p4 #dhj--;,hephae/us & ,!tis3 ,,helbig1 nos4 #acaf-acah c4 ,da$alus & ,pasiphae3 ,,helbig1 nos4 #abje-abjh2 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #aa1 pp4 #di-ea 7) illu/ration1 h\se ( ! ,vettii74 ,danae ca/ away3 ,,helbig1 nos4 #aai-aba2 ,,sogliano1 nos4 #gf-gh4 ,pa9t+s 9 gr\ps p4 #dha3 ,,tr5del5burg1 ,geg5/uecke 9 d] ,w&mal]ei1 ,ar*aeologis*e ,zeitung1 vol4 #i 7#ahgf71 pp4 #a-h1 #gi-ic4 ,gr\p ( ?ree pa9t+s1 ,a*illes3 ,bull4 dell' ,in/41 #ahgi1 pp4 #ea-ed 7,ins4 ,,ix4 ,v4 #b72 ,,sogliano1 nos4 #egb1 #egf1 #egg4 ,gr\p ( two1 ,polyphemus1 ,aphrodite fi%+3 ,bull4 dell' ,in/41 #ahgf1 pp4 #di-ej2 ,,sogliano1 nos4 #adf1 #dgb 7,ins4 ,,vi4 ,,xiv4 #bh72 ,,helbig1 nos4 #ced1 #ajdi 7h\se ( ,lucretius74 ,gr\p ( two1 ,europa & ,pan3 ,,sogliano1 nos4 #gi1 #aif 7,ins4 ,,ix4 ,v4 #ah74 ,d\ble gr\p1 ,h]cules & ,artemis1 ,a!na & ,m>syas3 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #e 7#ahij71 pp4 #bfc-bfi 7) illu/rations71 vol4 #f 7#ahia71 pp4 #ga-gb 7,ins4 ,v4 ,,ii4 #aj74 ,,*apt] ,,lvi4 ,,monum5tal ,,inscriptions ,,& ,,public ,,notices ,publication3 9 ! notes to ! prec$+ *apt]s ref]5ces h be5 giv5 to ! place ( publication ( ne>ly all ! monum5tal inscriptions1 bo? ,lat9 & ,oscan2 ! ,lat9 inscriptions on /one are classifi$ ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #ghg-ajgi1 ) a supplem5t>y collection1 ,ephem4 ,epigr41 vol4 #h1 pp4 #hf-ij 7nos4 #caa-ccb72 cf4 also ,n4 d4 scavi1 #ahih1 pp4 #dbb-dbc4 ,! ,oscan inscriptions ( all classes are publi%$ by ,,zvetaieff1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,osc>um 7) #ai plates ( facsimiles2 ,/4 ,pet]sburg & ,leipzig1 #ahgh72 ,inscriptiones ,italiae inf]ioris m$iae 7) #aa plates2 ,mosc[ & ,leipzig1 #ahhf72 ,,von ,,planta1 ,grammatik d] ,oskis*-,umbris*5 ,dialekte 7#b vols41 ,/rassburg1 #ahib1 #ahig71 vol4 #b1 pp4 #dii-eaj 7nos4 #bh-aaf72 ,,conway1 ,! ,italic ,dialects 7#b vols41 ,london1 #ahig71 vol4 #b1 pp4 #ed-ha 7nos4 #ci-hf74 ,! public notices are collect$ 9 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 pp4 #a-ge 7nos4 #a-abjd71 pp4 ,,xvi-,,xvii 7nos4 #cbef-cbif71 & ! ,supplem5t1 pt4 #b1 :i* is 9 press1 pp4 #dfg-dii 7nos4 #ccda-chhd74 ,h\se ( ,aemilius ,cel] p4 #dhf3 ,,mau1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #d 7#ahhi71 pp4 #aah-aai4 ,election notices p4 #dhg--,m4 ,m>ius3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #c4 ,publius ,furius3 ibid41 #fg4 ,h]5nius ,celsus3 ibid41 #bii4 ,casellius3 ibid41 #bbc et al41 & ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #aa 7#ahif71 p4 #if4 ,holconius ,priscus3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #aeg4 hic a]>ium cons]vabit3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 ,suppl4 #cgjb4 ,claudius ,v]us3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #cfg1 ,suppl4 #ebbi1 & (t5 betwe5 nos4 #cgjg & #chbh4 ,election notices pp4 #dhh-dhi--;,helvius ,sab9us3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #ghg4 ,m4 ,epidius ,sab9us3 ibid41 #dgj4 ,sab9us3 ibid41 #fce4 ,epidius ,sab9us3 ibid41 #ghg4 ,vatia3 ibid41 #ege1 #egf1 #eha4 ,,claudius3 ibid41 #dbe4 ,notices to r5t--insula ( ,nigidius ,maius p4 #dhi3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #ach4 ,prop]ty ( ,julia ,felix p4 #dij3 ibid41 #aacf4 ,(f] ( rew>d p4 #dij3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #fd4 ,,*apt] ,,lvii4 ,,! ,,graffiti ,publication3 ! graffiti are collect$1 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 pp4 #gf-aff 7nos4 #abje-bedi c71 pp4 ,,xvii-,,xviii 7nos4 #cbig-ccci71 & ,suppl41 pt4 #b1 pp4 #dii-eii 7nos4 #chhe et seq474 ,cf4 ,,corr]a1 ,graffiti di ,roma1 ,bull4 com41 #ahic1 pp4 #bde-bfj1 #ahid1 pp4 #hi-ajj1 & pls4 ,,ii-,,vi1 #ahie1 pp4 #aic-baf4 ,admiror1 p>ies p4 #dia3 f\nd 9 ! ,l>ge ,!atre1 ! ,amphi!atre1 & ! ,basilica2 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #aijd1 #bdfa1 #bdhg2 ,bull4 dell' ,in/41 #ahfg1 pp4 #ej-ec2 ,bull4 com41 #ahid1 p4 #ii2 ,,bue*el]1 ,c>m9a ,lat9a epigraphica1 no4 #ieg 7vol4 #a1 ,leipzig1 #ahie71 p4 #ddj4 ,ref]5ces to writ+ on walls 9 anci5t au?ors3 ,pl94 ,epi/4 ,,viii4 ,,viii4 #g2 ,m>t4 ,ep4 ,,xii4 ,,lxi4 #g-aj2 ,cic4 ,9 ,v]r4 ,,iii4 ,,xxxiii4 #gg4 ,metrical graffiti3 ,,bue*el]1 ,die metris*5 ,w&9s*rift51 ,rhe94 ,mus41 vol4 #ab 7#aheg71 pp4 #bej-bfj4 ,graffiti relat+ to ! conflict 9 ! ,amphi!atre p4 #dib3 see ref]5ces on pp4 #ebi-ecj4 ,praetorian gu>d p4 #dib3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #aiid4 ,names & greet+s p4 #dic--,p>is1 ,sab9us3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #abde1 #acje4 ,aemilius3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 ,suppl4 #ecej4 ,samius1 ,pyrrhus3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #ahfd1 #aheb4 ,love p4 #did--,quisquis amat3 ,bull4 dell' ,in/41 #ahgf1 p4 #bcc2 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 ,suppl4 #djia2 cf4 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #aagc1 #caii3 ,,bue*el]1 ,c>m4 ,lat4 epigr41 nos4 #ide1 #idf4 ,nemo e/ bellus3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #ahhc2 ,,bue*el]1 #bcc2 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #ac 7#ahih71 p4 #de4 ,nam nemo flammas3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #ahih2 ,,bue*el]1 #idh4 ,alliget hic auras3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #afdi2 ,,bue*el]1 #idd4 ,si quis =te meam3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #afde2 ,,bue*el]1 #iec1 #ied4 ,quotations & p>aphrases p4 #die3 ,prop]t4 ,,ii4 ,v4 #i2 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 ,suppl4 #ddia2 ,bull4 dell' ,in/41 #ahge1 p4 #aia3 ,ovid1 ,ars ,am4 ,i4 #dge-dgf1 & ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #ahie4 ,lov]s' messages p4 #die--,victoria3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #adgg4 ,ce/ilia3 ibid41 #bdac h4 ,pupa3 ibid41 #abcd2 ,,bue*el]1 no4 #bcb4 ,s]5a3 ,bull4 dell' ,in/41 #ahgd1 p4 #bfi2 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 ,suppl4 #cibh-cicj4 ,si quid amor3 ,n4 d4 scavi1 #ahhc1 p4 #ec2 ,,bue*el]1 no4 #ice4 ,lov]s' compla9ts p4 #dif3 ,tu1 dea3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #bcaj k4 ,quot$ c\plets jo9$3 ibid41 #ahic1 #ahid4 ,?reat aga9/ ,v5us3 ibid41 #ahbd2 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #h 7#ahic71 p4 #ei 7no4 #bi72 ,,bue*el]1 no4 #idg4 ,records ( t>ry+ p4 #dif--,romula3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #bjfj4 ,/aphilus3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 ,suppl4 #djhg4 ,re/itutus3 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #g 7#ahib71 p4 #be2 ,,bue*el]1 #cee4 ,v>us & ,pelagia3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #bcba4 ,balbus & ,=tunata3 ,bull4 dell' ,in/41 #ahhc1 p4 #aie2 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 ,suppl4 #dicc4 ,greet+ ( ,hirtia ,psacas p4 #dig4 ,bull4 dell' ,in/41 #ahid1 p4 #bja2 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 ,suppl4 #cije4 ,memor&a p4 #dig--;gambl+3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #baai4 ,paces3 ibid41 #agad4 ,adv5t ( "y3 ,bull4 dell' ,in/41 #ahgd1 p4 #bjb2 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 ,suppl4 #chij4 ,figures3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #aiif1 #bjjh1 #bjaa1 #bjbj1 etc4 ,oleum l4 a43 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 ,suppl4 #djjj2 ,,fiorelli1 ,descrizione di ,pompei1 p4 #ei4 ,cat*words1 quotations1 prov]bs p4 #dih3 ,v]g4 ,a54 ,i4 #a3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #abhb1 #bcfa1 #caih4 ,a54 ,,ii4 #a3 ibid41 #bbac1 & (t52 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #h 7#ahic71 p4 #eg4e ,lucr4 ,i4 #a3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #cjgb4 ,m9imum malum3 ibid41 #ahaa1 #ahgj4 ,moram si qua]es3 ibid41 #bjfi4 ,,*apt] ,,lviii4 ,,inscriptions ,,relat+ ,,to ,,bus9ess ,,affairs ,tablets ( ,caecilius ,jucundus p4 #dii et seq43 edit$ by ,,zangemei/]1 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 ,suppl4 fasc4 #a 7#ahih72 fir/ publi%$ by ,,de ,,petra1 ,le tavolette c]ate di ,pompei r9v5ute a' #c e #e ,luglio1 #ahge 7,rome1 #ahgf71 also 9 ,atti della ,r4 ,accademia dei ,l9cei1 s]4 #b1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #c1 #aej-bcj2 cf4 ,,momms51 ,die ,pompeianis*5 ,quittung/afeln des ,l4 ,caecilius ,iucundus1 ,h]mes1 vol4 #ab 7#ahgi71 pp4 #hh-ada2 ,,momms51 ,pompeianis*e ,ges*aeftsurkund51 ,h]mes1 vol4 #bc 7#ahhh71 pp4 #aeg-aei2 ,,bruns1 ,fontes iuris ,romani antiqui 7,edit4 #f1 #ahic71 pp4 #bia-bic1 #cad-cbj4 ,( int]e/ 9 ?is connection are ! rema9s ( wax tablets f\nd 9 ! gold m9es ne> ,v]espatak 7anci5t ,alburnus ,maior7 9 ,transylvania 7,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iii4 pp4 #iba-ifj71 & ! records ( transactions f\nd on papyri ( ! ,roman p]iod 9 ,egypt 7cf41 e4g41 ,,s*ult51 ,e9 roemis*] ,kaufv]trag auf ,papyrus aus dem ,jahre #aff n4 ,*r41 ,h]mes1 vol4 #cb1 #ahig1 pp4 #bgc-bhi74 ,tablet ,a p4 #ejb3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 ,suppl4 #ccdj1 ,,xxv2 ,,de ,,petra1 no4 #ae4 ,tablet ,b p4 #ejd3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 ,suppl4 #ccdj1 ,,cxlvii2 ,,de ,,petra1 no4 #abd4 ,inscriptions on amphorae p4 #eje--;ex fundo ,badiano3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #beea4 ,e/ate unc]ta93 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #beeb 7names ( ! consuls incorrectly giv574 fundus ,satrianus1 fundus ,as9ianus3 ,,mau1 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #aa 7#ahif71 p4 #if2 ,n4 d4 scavi1 #ahie1 p4 #cc4 ,br&s ( w9e pp4 #eje-ejf--;,cnidium3 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #ac 7#ahih71 p4 #dj4 ,c\m3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #befe4 ,greek3 ,lyttios3 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #h 7#ahic71 p4 #fj4 ,greek3 ,leuk\n>ion3 ,bull4 dell' ,in/41 #ahgd1 p4 #bfd4 ,gu/aticium p4 #ejf3 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #aa 7#ahif71 p4 #if4 ,edibles p4 #ejf--,oliva alba dulce3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 #bfaj4 ,lom5tum3 ibid41 #beig4 g4 f43 ibid41 #begf4 ,liquam53 ibid41 see ,index1 p4 #bdc2 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #ac 7#ahih71 p4 #cj4 ,names ( proprietor1 consignor1 consignee p4 #ejg--,m4 ,caesius ,cel]3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 ,suppl4 ,virnius ,mode/us3 ,n4 d4 ,scavi1 #ahha1 p4 #aie4 ,caecilius ,jucundus3 ,bull4 dell' ,in/41 #ahgf1 p4 #bd4 ,caecili ,iucundi3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,,iv4 ,suppl4 #cdcc4 ,inscriptions ( ! ,boscoreale treasure p4 #ejg3 publi%$ 9 facsimile by ,,h]on ,,de ,,villefosse1 ,le tresor de ,boscoreale2 see pp4 #db et seq4 ,inscription ( ! ,alex&ria pat]a p4 #ejg3 ,illu/ration ,/amps p4 #ejh3 = ! /amp$ & o!r p]man5t inscriptions on tiles1 lamps1 amphorae1 & diff]5t k9ds ( t]ra-cotta vessels f\nd at ,pompeii1 z well z ! /amps & seals1 see ! second "p ( ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x41 "u ,in/rum5tum ,dome/icum4 ,examples ( /amps p4 #ejh--;bread3 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,x4 #hjeh1 #ah4 ,popidius ,priscus3 ibid41 #hjeh1 #gj4 ,vettii3 ,roem4 ,mit?41 vol4 #aa 7#ahif71 p4 #c4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,an ext5sive collection ( titles relat+ to ,pompeii & ,vesuvius is giv5 by ,f4 ,,fur*heim1 ,bibliografia di ,pompei1 ,erculano e ,/abia 7,edit4 #b1 ,naples1 #ahia7 & ,bibliografia del ,vesuvio 7,naples1 #ahig74 ,9 ! ,bibliographical ,app5dix figures 9 brackets ref] to ! pages ( ?is book4 ,! foll[+ abbreviations are employ$3-- ,ann4 dell' ,in/4 ,annali dell' ,in/ituto di corrispond5za ar*eologica 7#eg vols41 ,rome1 #ahbi-ahhe74 ,bull4 com4 ,bullett9o della commissione ar*eologica communale di ,roma 7vols4 #a-ai1 ,rome1 #ahgb-aija74 ,bull1 dell' ,in/4 ,bullett9o dell' ,in/ituto di corrispond5za ar*eologica 7,rome1 #ahbi-ahhe74 ,c4 ,i4 ,l4 ,corpus inscriptionum ,lat9>um 7,b]l91 #ahfc ff474 ,ephem4 ,epigr4 ,ephem]is ,epigraphica1 corporis inscriptionum ,lat9>um supplem5tum 7vols4 #a-h1 ,b]l91 #ahgb-ahii74 ,jahrb4 des ,in/4 ,jahrbu* des ,kais]li* deuts*5 ar*aeologis*5 ,in/ituts 7vols4 #a-af1 ,b]l91 #ahhe-aija74 ,mon4 dei ,l9cei ,monum5ti ,anti*i pubblicati p] cura della ,reale ,accademia dei ,l9cei 7,milano1 vols4 #a-aj1 #ahib-aija74 ,mon4 dell' ,in/4 ,monum5ti in$iti pubblicati dall' ,in/ituto di corrispond5za ar*eologica 7#ab vols4 & ,supplem5ts1 ,rome & ,b]l91 #ahbi-ahia74 ,museo ,borb4 ,real ,museo ,borbonico 7#af vols41 ,naples1 #ahbd-aheg74 ,n4 d4 scavi ,notizie degli scavi di anti*ita 7,rome & ,milan1 #ahgf-aija74 ,pomp4 ant4 hi/4 ,pompeian>um antiquitatum hi/oria quam 444 collegit 444 ,ios4 ,fiorelli 7#c vols41 ,naples1 #ahfj1 #ahfb1 #ahfd74 ,rhe94 ,mus4 ,rhe9is*es ,museum fu] ,philologie 7vols4 #a-ef1 ,frankfurt1 #ahdb-aija74 ,roem4 ,mit?4 ,mit!ilung5 des ,kais]li* deuts*5 ar*aeologis*5 ,in/ituts1 ,roemis*e ,ab!ilung 7vols4 #a-af1 ,rome1 #ahhf-aija74 #e ,virgil's words1 ',!n 7 all sil5t1' look /rangely 9 a half-f9i%$ scrawl f a wall ( ,pompeii's hu%$ & solit>y homes4--,,my]s1 ,essays ,classical 7,london1 #ahig71 p4 #adi4 ,,index ,ab9n]i*1 #ah4 ,acceptus & ,euhodia1 h\se (1 #cda-cdc4 acc\nts1 memor&a (1 on walls1 #ccd1 #die2 ( ,caecilius ,jucundus1 #dif4 ,ac]rae1 ,pompeii seaport (1 #c4 ,a*illes1 9 pa9t+s3 among ! daught]s ( ,lycom$es1 #cej1 #dgh1 #dha2 deliv]+ up ( ,briseis1 #cag2 qu>rel ) ,agamemnon1 #hd1 #cej1 #dgh2 ,!tis br++ arms to1 see ,!tis2 ,troilus seiz$ by1 #dgh4 ,actius ,anicetus1 actor1 #adh4 ,admetus & ,alce/is1 pa9t+1 #cac4 a$iles1 (fice (1 #aba1 #abc2 title (1 #ab1 #ac4 ,aemilius ,cel]1 writ] ( notices1 #bbc1 #dhf4 ,a5eas1 /atue (1 #aae4 ,aesculapius1 wor%ipp$ at dome/ic %r9e1 #bgb4 ,agamemnon1 9 ! sanctu>y ( ,artemis1 pa9t+1 #cca2 qu>rel ) ,a*illes1 pa9t+1 #hd1 #cej1 #dgh4 ,agripp9a1 "m ( ,n]o1 /atues (1 #dg1 #ii4 alae1 sanctu>y ( ! ,city ,l>es1 #ajb2 ( ,pompeian h\se1 #beh-bei4 ,alex&] & ,d>ius1 battle (1 mosaic1 #bic-bid4 ,alex&ria1 influ5ce (1 9 ! developm5t ( decorative /yles1 #deh1 #dfe4 ,alleia ,decimilla1 prie/ess ( ,c]es1 #dbf4 ,m4 ,alleius ,luccius ,libella1 tomb (1 #dbf4 ,m4 ,alleius ,m9ius1 tomb (1 #dcj4 ,cn4 ,alleius ,nigidius ,maius1 #bbb1 #cdi1 #dhi4 alt> 9 d9+ room1 #bfd4 alt>s1 9 ! c\rts ( temples3 ( ,apollo1 #hf2 ( ,isis1 #agd2 ( ,doric temple1 #aci2 temple ( ,vespasian1 #ajg2 temple ( ,zeus ,mili*ius1 #ahc1 #ddj2 on ! sides ( ! /reets1 #bcc-bcf4 ,amphi!atre1 #bf1 #bab-bbf4 amphorae1 use (1 #ad2 9 ! h\se ( ! ,faun1 #bie2 9 ! villa ( ,diom$es1 #cfj2 inscriptions ^u1 #eje-ejf4 ,an*or1 p]i/yle ( ! h\se ( !1 #cea4 &ron 9 ,pompeian h\ses1 #bfj4 ,p4 ,an9ius1 #aie4 antefixes ab\t compluvium1 #bea4 ,antio*1 #dfi4 ,apelles1 #bgg4 ,aphrodite1 /atue (1 #dej4 ,apollo1 h\se (1 #bfb1 #bfh1 #bgc1 #cea2 repres5t$ 9 /ucco relief & 9 pa9t+s1 #bje1 #cab1 #cbi1 #cca1 #dhj2 /atues (1 #hh1 #adj1 #bgb1 #ceb2 temple (1 #di1 #hj1 #ij4 ,apuleius & ,veia1 tomb (1 #dcd4 ,apuleius on ! wor%ip ( ,isis1 #afi1 #agc1 #agd1 #agf1 #aha1 #ahb4 ar*itectural p]iods at ,pompeii1 #ci-dd4 ar*itecture1 ,pompeian1 #dcg-ddd4 ar*itraves ( timb] & /one1 #ea4 ,ares & ,aphrodite1 pa9t+1 #bhf4 ,ariadne1 9 pa9t+s4 ,see ,bac*us1 ,!seus4 arm b&1 #cgi4 ,arria1 tomb (1 #dbh4 ,m4 ,arrius ,diom$es1 tomb (1 #cef1 #dbg4 ,artemis1 9 pa9t+s1 #cae2 ,agamemnon 9 sanctu>y (1 #cca2 %r9e (1 #dha2 /atues (1 #hh1 #dej4 arti/ at "w1 pa9t+1 #bhb4 ,m4 ,artorius ,primus1 ar*itect ( ! ,l>ge ,!atre1 #aej4 ,atella1 ,atellan f>ces1 #adb4 ,a!na & ,m>syas1 pa9t+1 #dhb4 ,m4 ,at9ius1 #bjj4 atrium ( ,pompeian h\ses1 #bej-bee2 atrium )\t a compluvium1 #cdc-cdd4 ,atticus1 gladiator1 #bbc-bbd4 ,auctus1 gladiator1 #bbe4 ,augu/ales1 #ajj1 #baf1 #dji1 #dba1 #dbc4 ,augu/us ,caes>1 ,bro!rhood (4 ,see ,augu/ales2 regulation ( /&>d measures1 #ic2 /atues (1 #dg1 #aae2 wor%ip (1 #ad1 #hi-ij1 #ajd4 ,auriolus1 gladiator1 #bbd4 autumn1 ,g5ius (1 mosaic1 #bic4 ,l4 ,avianius ,flaccus1 #bdc4 bac*antes1 #cbf1 #ccf1 #ddh1 #dfh1 #dgc4 bac*ic figures 9 capitals ( columns1 #cji1 #cdi2 9 pa9t+s1 #cbi4 ,bac*us1 reliefs ( ,blue ,glass ,vase1 #dae2 triumph (1 #ccf2 9 pa9t+s1 #hh1 #ced2 z tutel>y div9ity1 #bcf1 #dag2 f9ds ,ariadne1 #cci1 #ced1 #dhj2 9 sculptures1 #age1 #cbe1 #ddh4 bak]y1 arrangem5ts (1 #chf-cib4 ,basilica1 #eb1 #gj-gi4 ba?1 toilet appliances (1 #cgg4 ,ba?s1 public1 #ahf-ahi2 ,/abian1 #ahi-bja2 ,ba?s ne> ! ,=um1 #bjb-bjg2 ,c5tral ,ba?s1 #bjh-baa2 ,ba?s1 private1 ( ,m4 ,crassus ,frugi1 #djh2 9 h\ses1 #bfg1 #big1 #cjf-cjg1 #cdf1 #ceg1 #cfb-cfc4 ,bay ( ,naples1 #b1 #f1 #ceh4 bisellium1 #cfi1 #cgj1 #dba1 #dbc4 block4 ,see ,insula4 ,boc*>is1 my? (1 #ag4 ,bonap>te1 ,joseph1 excavations "u1 #bg4 ,boscoreale1 villa ru/ica at1 #ad1 #cfa-cff2 treasure (1 #cff1 #chj-chb1 #ejg-ejh4 bricks1 ,pompeian1 #cf4 ,briseis1 deliv]$ to ! mess5g] ( ,agamemnon1 pa9t+1 #caf-cah4 build+ mat]ials1 #ce-cf4 bu/ /ones1 #dab1 #dah1 #dba1 #dbh1 #dcb et seq4 ,l4 ,caecilius ,jucundus1 h]m (1 #ddg1 #dgg2 h\se (1 height ( %ops1 #bgf2 cell> (1 #bfh2 decoration ( tabl9um1 #cdh1 #dgi2 meet+ 9 h\se (1 #dif2 names ( sons (1 #ejg2 receipts (1 #dii-eje2 relief 9 ! h\se (1 #fd4 ,l4 ,caecilius ,phoebus1 #agf4 ,julius ,caes>1 place = /atue (1 #aae4 ,p4 ,caesetius ,po/umus1 #ij4 ,l4 ,caesius1 #bjc4 ,m4 ,caesius ,cel]1 #ejg4 ,l4 ,caesius ,logus1 #dcc4 ,caligula1 elect$ duumvir ( ,pompeii1 #ad2 /atue ( 7871 #dh4 ,callima*us1 m>ble head1 #ddg4 ,calli/us1 #dbd4 ,c4 ,calv5tius ,quietus1 tomb (1 #dba4 ,campani1 ,campani5ses1 suburb ( ,pompeii1 #aa1 #dib4 ,campania1 ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory (1 #h-aj4 ,campanian pla91 #a1 #b4 c&elabra1 #cgb-cge4 capitals ( columns1 #dcg1 #ddj-dda4 ,capri1 #f1 #djf4 casa dell' ,amore ,punito1 #bge4 casa del ,balcone ,p5sile1 #bgc4 casa della ,fontana ,gr&e1 #cea4 casa della ,fontana ,piccola1 #cea4 ,casellius1 #dhg4 ,cassius ,long9us1 #ada4 ,ca/ellamm>e4 ,see ,/abiae4 ,ca/or & ,pollux1 h\se (1 #cej2 ,cor9?ian atrium1 #beb2 pa9t+s1 #dgf1 #dha4 ca/s made at ,pompeii1 human be+s1 #bb2 doors1 #bdi4 ,cato ! eld]1 ref]5ce to mill/ones1 #ae4 ,ceius ,labeo1 tomb (1 #dbf4 ,l4 ,ceius ,secundus1 #cig4 ,celadus1 gladiator1 #bbf4 ,cel]1 #dhf4 ,c5taur1 h\se (1 #cej2 b$room 9 h\se (1 #bfa4 ,c5t5>y1 h\se (1 #bfa1 #bfh1 #cdh1 #dhg4 ,c]es1 prie/esses (1 #ad1 #dbf4 ,m4 ,c]r9ius ,re/itutus1 tomb (1 #dji4 ,ce/ilia1 #die4 *airs1 #cfg1 #cfi4 *alcidicum1 #aaa4 ,*ampionnet1 excavations (1 #bg4 ,*ius1 #dic4 *o9ix1 ,greek measure1 #ic4 ,*ri/ians at ,pompeii1 #ah4 ,*ryseis1 dep>ture (1 pa9t+1 #caf4 ,cic]o1 ,m>cus ,tullius1 #af1 #eh1 #dbc4 ,ci?>i/1 h\se (1 #ceb-ced2 f\nta9 figures 9 ! h\se (1 #ddi4 city c\ncil1 con/itution (1 #ab2 hall (1 #aba1 #abb4 ,city ,l>es1 sanctu>y ( !1 #ajb-aje4 city wall1 con/ruction (1 #bcg-bda2 c\rse (1 #ca4 ,claudius1 /atues (1 #dg1 #ii4 ,ti4 ,claudius ,v]us1 #dhg1 #dhi4 ,clitumnus1 #b4 ,a4 ,clodius ,flaccus1 #eg1 #ij1 #afa4 ,l4 ,clodius ,v>us1 #dif4 ,cnidian w9e1 sold at ,pompeii1 #eje4 ,coan w9e1 sold at ,pompeii1 #eje4 ,coliseum1 dim5sions (1 #bac2 ma/s = awn+s (1 #add4 combs1 #cgg-cgh4 ,comitium1 #aai-abj4 compluvium ( ! ,pompeian h\se1 #bej4 ,concordia ,augu/a1 f\nta9 (1 #aag2 /atue (1 #aaf4 ,con/ant9ople1 wat] sy/em1 #bca1 #bcb4 con/ruction1 ,pompeian1 #cf-ci4 ,conviva1 slave ( ,veia1 #dcd4 ,cor9?ian atrium1 #beb1 #cji1 #cej4 ,cornelius1 #dic4 ,a4 ,cornelius1 #hf4 ,cn4 ,cornelius1 #hf4 ,p4 ,cornelius1 #i4 ,cornelius ,rufus1 h]m (1 #bee1 #ddf2 h\se (1 #ced4 c\*es1 #beg1 #bfc1 #cfg1 #cfh4 c\ntry seats ne> ,pompeii1 #af4 ,see villa4 ,m4 ,crassus ,frugi1 ba?s (1 #djh4 ,cresc5s1 full]1 #aa2 gladiator1 #bbf4 crypta1 #aaa1 #adh4 ,cumae1 #cje4 ,cupids1 9 pa9t+s & /ucco reliefs1 #ig1 #bje1 #cae1 #cca-cch4 ,cycnus1 gladiator1 #bbc-bbd4 ,cyp>issus1 pa9t+s1 #cch1 #dhj4 ,da$alus1 & ,ic>us1 pa9t+s1 #bjj1 #dhc2 & ,pasiphae1 pa9t+s1 #cci1 #dhj4 ,danae1 pa9t+1 #cch4 ,sex4 ,decimius ,rufus1 #dib4 ,q4 ,decius ,hil>us1 #dcf4 decoration1 /yles (1 #da et seq41 #def et seq4 decurions1 #ab4 ,delos1 rema9s ( ,incru/ation ,/yle on isl& (1 #dfa4 ,demo/h5es1 m>ble head1 #ddg4 d9+ room 9 ,pompeian h\ses1 #bfb-bff1 #bgc-bgf4 ,diodota1 #dig4 ,diog5es1 mason1 #chg4 ,diom$es1 tomb (1 #dbg2 villa (1 #bc1 #cef-cfj4 ,dion ,cassius1 #bj1 #aif4 ,dionysus1 9 pa9t+1 #bhb1 #dfc2 /atuette (1 #deb4 ,dirce1 puni%m5t (1 pa9t+1 #cci4 ,do]pfeld's !ory ( ! /age ( ! ,greek !atre1 #aea-aeb4 dolia1 use (1 #eje2 9 ! villa at ,boscoreale1 key to ,plan ,,iv1 #cfd2 9 a pa9t+1 #djc4 doors1 ( h\ses1 #bdi-bej2 ( ! temple ( ,jupit]1 #fd4 ,doric temple 9 ! ,=um ,triangul>e1 #acg-adj4 duumvirs1 (fice (1 #aba-abc2 title (1 #ab4 e>?quake ( #fc ,a4,d41 #ai4 ,c4 ,egnatius ,po/umus1 #he4 ,egyptian motives 9 wall decoration1 #dfe4 ,elbeuf1 ,c\nt1 excavations (1 at ,h]culaneum1 #bf4 election notices1 #chd1 #cif1 #cig1 #dhf-dhi4 ,epicurus1 m>ble head1 #ddg4 ,epidius ,rufus1 h\se (1 #bdh1 #beb1 #beh1 #bfj1 #cji-cab2 inscription ^u %r9e 9 ! h\se (1 #bgj4 ,m4 ,epidius ,sab9us1 #dhh4 ,euma*ia1 build+ (1 #aaj-aah2 /atue (1 #aab1 #dde1 #ddf4 ,europa1 pa9t+1 #bhf1 #dhj4 ,eurysaces1 knead+ ma*9e 9 reliefs ( tomb (1 #cib4 ,euty*es1 slave ( ,umbricius ,scaurus1 #ejf4 excavations1 at ,pompeii1 #be-cj2 9 honor ( ! ,k+ & ,que5 ( ,italy & ! ,emp]or & ,empress ( ,g]many1 #cja1 #cjf2 9 honor ( ! ,emp]or ,joseph ,,ii41 #cdd4 fasces1 on ! tomb ( ,diom$es1 #dbh4 fauces ( ,pompeian h\se1 #bdh4 ,faun1 h\se ( !1 #bg1 #ea1 #bfa1 #bgf1 #bhh-big4 fe/ivals1 religi\s1 #eg1 #ih1 #ccg1 #cif4 ,fiorelli1 #bh-bi1 #cd1 #cdi4 fi%]ies1 products (1 #ae1 #ejf4 ,n4 ,fi/ius ,ampliatus1 #dai4 floors ( ,pompeian h\ses1 #bgh4 ,fontana1 ,dom5ico1 tunnel (1 "u ,pompeii1 #be4 ,=tuna1 wor%ipp$ at dome/ic %r9es1 #ajd2 id5tifi$ ) ,isis1 #cdb4 ,=tuna ,augu/a1 temple (1 #abd-abf4 ,=tunatus1 #dig4 ,=um1 #de-fj4 ,=um ,triangul>e1 #acd-acg4 f\nta9 ( ,concordia ,augu/a1 wrongly call$ ( ,abundantia1 #aag4 f\nta9s1 public1 #bcj-bcc2 v5e]$ ) mosaic1 #cea4 full]s erect a /atue to ,euma*ia1 #aab4 ,see ,cresc5s1 ,vesonius ,primus4 full]y1 plan (1 #cif-cig2 processes (1 #cce1 #cic-cie4 fundus ,as9ianus1 fundus ,satrianus1 #eje4 ,p4 ,furius1 #dhg4 furniture ( ,pompeian h\ses1 #cfg-cgi4 ,ganym$e1 /ucco relief1 #bje4 g>d5 ( ,pompeian h\ses1 #bei4 ,g>l& tomb1 #dad4 g>tibulum1 #bed1 #cfh4 gates ( ,pompeii1 #ca1 #bda et seq4 ,c4 ,gavius ,rufus1 #cig4 ,g5ii1 9 ! %r9e ( ! h\se ( ,joseph ,,ii1 #cdf4 ,g5ius1 wor%ip ( !1 #bfi-bgc2 ( a woman1 #cdf2 ( ! autumn1 mosaic1 #bic4 g5re pa9t+s1 #dgf-dgh4 ,g]manicus1 #dh1 #ii4 gladiators1 b>racks (1 #afj-afd2 combats (1 9 ! ,=um1 #eg2 /ucco reliefs on ! tomb ( ,umbricius ,scaurus1 #dai1 #dbj2 graffiti relat+ to1 #bbc-bbf2 notices ( exhibitions (1 #bba-bbc4 ,glaucus1 h\se (1 #cac4 ,glyc]a1 lett] to ,m5&]1 #cbi4 gods1 ! twelve1 pa9t+1 #bcf2 /atues (1 at ,pompeii1 #ddi2 wor%ipp$ at dome/ic %r9es1 #bfh-bgc4 ,see temples4 graffiti1 #dia-dih4 ,greeks at ,pompeii1 #af-ag1 #eje4 gu/aticium1 #ejf4 ,hadrian1 villa at ,tivoli1 #cee4 ,hannibal1 #i4 ,h>pocrates1 wor%ip (1 #afh et seq4 he>?1 9 ,pompeian kit*51 #bff-bfg2 = op5-air tricl9ia1 #bhe1 #cdb4 ,hecuba1 pa9t+1 #dgi4 helmet f\nd 9 gladiators' b>racks1 #afc4 ,cn4 ,helvius1 #cif4 ,cn4 ,helvius ,sab9us1 #cig1 #dhh4 ,helvius ,ve/alis1 #chd4 ,hephae/us1 9 a pa9t+1 #cci4 ,h]culaneum1 burial (1 #ba2 excavations at1 #bf4 ,h]culaneum ,gate1 #ca1 #bdd4 ,h]cules1 9 pa9t+s1 #cci1 #dgh1 #dhj1 #dha2 wor%ipp$ at dome/ic %r9es1 #ajd1 #bgb1 #cjh1 #dag4 ,h]5nius ,celsus1 #dhg4 ,m4 ,h]5nius ,epidianus1 #hf1 #acf4 h]ms4 ,see ,caecilius ,jucundus1 ,cornelius ,rufus1 ,sorex1 ,vesonius ,primus4 ,h]maiscus1 gladiator1 #bbe4 h]maphrodite1 /atue (1 #hg4 ,h]mes1 inn (1 #dja1 #djb4 ,hirtia ,psacas1 #dig4 ,holconii1 rebuild]s ( ! ,l>ge ,!atre1 #adh4 ,m4 ,holconius1 h\se (1 #ced4 ,m4 ,holconius ,cel]1 #adh-adi4 ,m4 ,holconius ,priscus1 #chd1 #dhg4 ,m4 ,holconius ,rufus1 #he1 #ij1 #adh-adi1 #dde4 ,hom]1 #dgh4 ,horace1 #ij1 #bgj1 #dbh4 ,c4 ,ho/ilius ,conops1 #dig4 h\sehold gods1 wor%ip (1 #ajd1 #bfh-bgc1 #big1 #cjh1 #cae1 #cbc1 #cdb1 #cdf1 #cfb4 h\se1 ,pompeian1 #bde-bgi4 ,see ,acceptus & ,euhodia1 ,an*or1 ,apollo1 ,ca/or & ,pollux1 ,c5taur1 ,c5t5>y1 ,ci?>i/1 ,epidius ,rufus1 ,faun1 ,hunt1 ,joseph ,,ii1 ,pansa1 ,porta ,m>9a1 ,sallu/1 ,silv] ,w$d+1 ,surgeon1 ,tragic ,poet1 ,vettii1 ,villa4 ,see also casa4 ,hyg9ius ,firmus1 inn (1 #djj4 impluvium ( ,pompeian h\se1 #bej4 inns1 #djj-djb4 inscriptions1 graffiti1 #aa1 #gj1 #adh1 #bbc-bbf1 #bgj1 #cje1 #che1 #dja1 #djd1 #dia-dih2 monum5tal inscriptions1 def9$1 #dhf2 examples1 #ej1 #ha1 #he1 #hf1 #hi1 #aaa1 #aab1 #acj1 #adh1 #adi1 #aej1 #aec1 #agj1 #aie1 #bjc1 #bab1 #bah1 #bbh1 #djg1 #dji1 #daj1 #dah1 #dai1 #dba1 #dbb1 #dbe1 #dbf1 #dbg1 #dcj1 #dcb1 #dcd2 public notices1 #bba-bbc1 #chb1 #chf1 #cif-cig1 #djj1 #dce-dcf1 #dhf1 #dhi2 relat+ to bus9ess affairs1 #dii-ejh4 ,insula1 def9$1 #cc-cd4 ,io & ,argus1 pa9t+1 #if1 #dgi4 ,iphig5ia1 sacrifice (1 pa9t+1 #cah-cbj1 #dgb4 ,isis1 temple & wor%ip (1 #afh-ahd4 ,i/acidia ,rufilla1 prie/ess1 #dab4 ,i/acidii1 tomb (1 #daa4 ,italic foot1 #dd4 ,ixion1 puni%m5t (1 pa9t+1 #cci-cdj4 jewell]y1 #cgi4 ,jews at ,pompeii1 #ag-ah4 ,joseph ,,ii1 h\se (1 #cdd-cdg4 ,julia ,felix1 villa (1 #bf1 #dij4 ,c4 ,julius ,sp]atus1 #dja4 ,juno1 ,g5ius ( a woman1 #bgj1 #dah4 ,jupit]1 head1 #fg-fi2 temple (1 #fa-fg2 wor%ipp$ at dome/ic %r9es1 #bgb2 at /reet %r9e1 #bce4 kit*5 9 ,pompeian h\ses1 #bff-bfh4 kit*5 ut5sils1 #cge4 knead+ ma*9e1 #cia-cib4 ,labyr9?1 oecus 9 ! h\se ( !1 #bfe4 lamps1 #cgj-cgb4 lamp /&>ds1 #cgb et seq4 l&scape pa9t+s1 #dgc4 ,l>es1 ,city1 #ajb-aje2 ,compitales1 #bcc-bce2 dome/ic1 #bfi4 ,see h\sehold gods4 lava1 k9ds (1 #cf2 us$ = mill/ones1 #ae4 ,l$a1 pa9t+1 #cch4 lime/one1 k9ds us$ at ,pompeii1 #ce1 #cf4 lime/one atriums1 p]iod (1 #ci4 lime/one framework1 #cg4 ,livius ,&ronicus1 #ada4 ,liv9eius ,regulus1 #bai4 loss ( life at "t ( eruption1 #bc4 ,lucretius1 h\se (1 #cdh1 #ddi1 #deg4 ,d4 ,lucretius ,satrius ,val5s1 #bbb4 ,lytton1 ,bulw]1 #bai4 ,macellum1 #id-aja4 ,magi/]1 ( ! ,pagus ,augu/us ,felix1 #ad4 ,maia1 h]m (1 #hh1 #hi4 ,mamia1 tomb (1 #daj4 ,p4 ,mancius ,diog5es1 tomb (1 #dcb4 ,mane?o1 #afh4 ,m>cellus1 /atues (1 #ih1 #acf4 ,m4 ,m>cellus1 #i4 ,m4 ,m>ius1 #dhg4 m>ket build+s1 #fb1 #ia-ic4 ,m>s1 wor%ipp$ at dome/ic %r9es1 #bgb4 ,m>s & ,v5us1 /ucco reliefs1 #agi4 ,m>syas1 9 pa9t+s1 #cab1 #dhb4 masonry1 /yles (1 #cf-ci4 maxims 9 graffiti1 #dih4 ,m$ea1 pa9t+1 #if4 ,m$usa1 relief on f\nta9 /&>d1 #bcj4 ,meleag]1 h\se (1 #bfe1 #cea2 9 pa9t+s1 #dgh4 ,cn4 ,melissaeus ,ap]1 #dab4 ,m]cury1 z tutel>y div9ity1 #bcf1 #djh2 h]m (1 #hh2 relief (1 #bcj4 mills1 #chh-cij4 mill/ones1 #ae1 #chg-cij4 ,m9]va1 #adj1 #bcf1 #bdj1 #bdc1 #cie4 m9i/ri ,augu/i1 #hi4 m9i/ri ,=tunae ,augu/ae1 #acb4 m9i/ri ( ! ,pagus ,augu/us ,felix1 #ad4 mirrors1 #cgh4 ,mis5um1 #g1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba4 mix+ b[l1 #cgf4 ,q4 ,monnius ,rufus1 #bba4 mosaic pictures1 #bgh1 #bhh1 #bij1 #bib-bie1 #cih-cii4 ,mummius1 #ada4 ,l4 ,munatius ,caes]n9us1 #dce4 ,c4 ,munatius ,fau/us1 #dbb4 musicians1 pa9t+1 #dgf1 #dgg4 ,naevoleia1 ,ty*e1 tomb (1 #dbb-dbc4 ,n>cissus1 /atue wrongly id5tifi$ z1 #dec4 ,n]o1 #dh1 #id1 #ii1 #aaa1 #bbj1 #bbc4 ,nigidius ,vaccula1 #aig1 #aih4 ,nile1 creatures ( !1 mosaic1 #bic2 wor%ip ( wat] (1 #agh1 #agi4 ,niraemius1 #bjc4 ,noc]a4 ,see ,nuc]ia4 ,nola1 ,pompeii seaport (1 #c4 ,m4 ,nonius ,campanus1 #chg4 ,c4 ,norbanus ,sorex1 #agf4 ,nuc]ia1 ,pompeii seaport (1 #c4 ,nuc]ians1 conflict ) ,pompeians1 #bbj1 #bba1 #dib4 nuptials ( ,zeus & ,h]a1 pa9t+1 #caf-cag1 #dhc-dhd4 nurs+ bottle1 #cgb4 ,c4 ,occius1 #bjc4 ,octavia1 /atue (1 #ih4 ,m4 ,oculatius ,v]us1 #aef4 ,odeum ( ,h]odes ,atticus1 #aee4 oecus 9 ,pompeian h\ses1 #bfe4 ,o5one 9 pa9t+s1 #dhj4 ,(ficiosus1 gladiator1 #bbf4 olive1 culture (1 ab\t ,pompeii1 #ad2 cru%]1 #cfe2 presses = mak+ oil1 #ccc1 #cfe4 ,omphalos1 #ha1 #cca4 ,oppius ,campanius1 #hj4 opus compositum1 opus inc]tum1 opus mixtum1 #cg-ch2 opus reticulatum1 #ch1 #dc2 opus ,sign9um1 #gd1 #bgh1 #cff4 ,orange1 ma/s ( !atre at1 #add4 ,ore/es & ,pylades be=e ,?oas1 pa9t+1 #cec-cef1 #dgb1 #dgi4 ,ori5tals at ,pompeii1 #ag4 ,oscan foot1 #dd4 ,oscan graves1 #dje1 #djg4 ,oscan inscriptions1 #hj1 #aci1 #adj1 #afe1 #ahd1 #bdj1 #bdb1 #bdc4 ,oscans1 f\nd]s ( ,pompeii1 #h2 conqu]$ by ! ,samnites1 #i4 ,osiris1 wor%ip (1 #afh et seq4 ov51 ( bak]y1 #cia4 ,ovid1 quot$ 9 graffiti1 #die1 #dif4 ,paganus1 #ad1 #dbb4 ,pagus ,augu/us ,felix1 #ad1 #bah1 #dbg4 pa9t+s1 numb] (1 #dga2 relation to decorative /yles1 #dgb-dgd2 classes (1 #dge-dhd4 ,palae/ra1 #afe-afg4 ,pansa1 h\se (1 #bg1 #bdi1 #bfj1 #bff1 #cdi-cej4 ,pansas1 fa!r & son1 /atues (1 #bai4 ,p4 ,paquius ,proculus1 #dgg4 ,p>is1 #dic4 ,p>is 9 pa9t+s1 #bhf1 #dhj4 ,pausanius1 #bjj4 ,p5ates1 wor%ip (1 #ajd1 #bgb4 ,p5!us & ,ma5ads1 pa9t+1 #cci1 #dha4 p]i/yle ( ! ,pompeian h\se1 #bfj4 ,p]seus ) ,&rom$a1 repres5t$ 9 /ucco relief & pa9t+s1 #agi1 #ahj1 #cbi1 #dhj4 ,/4 ,pet]1 bronze /atue (1 9 ,rome1 #aah4 ,q4 ,petronius ,octavus1 gladiator1 #bbf4 ,phrixus & ,helle1 pa9t+1 #bhf4 ,pietas ,augu/a1 #aaa4 ,pi!cusans1 #dib4 ,plato1 #dgh4 ,pl9y ! ,eld]1 dea? (1 #ai-bj4 ,pl9y ! ,y\ng]1 acc\nt ( ! eruption 9 #gi1 #ai-bb2 villa (1 #cee4 poet1 recit+1 #cbi4 poly*rome decoration1 #dda4 ,polyclitus1 doryphorus (1 #afg4 ,polyphemus receiv+ a lett] f ,galatea1 pa9t+1 #dhj1 #dha4 ,pompeii1 be=e #gi1 #h et seq42 burial (1 #ai-bc2 excavation (1 #be-cj2 gov]nm5t1 #aa-ad2 res\rces1 #ad-af2 population1 #af-ah2 value ( rema9s1 #eji-eaa4 ,n4 ,pontius1 #ahd1 #bdb4 ,n4 ,popidius ,ampliatus1 #agj4 ,n4 ,popidius ,cels9us1 #agj4 ,v4 ,popidius1 #ej4 ,m4 ,porcius1 #hf4 ,m4 ,porcius1 #aec1 #bab4 ,m4 ,porcius1 tomb (1 #daj4 porti]es at entrance ( tabl9um1 #bef4 ,poseidon & ,amymone1 pa9t+1 #cbi4 ,po/umius ,proculus1 #chf4 pott]'s work%op1 #chf4 praefects at ,pompeii1 #ac1 #ad4 ,praetorian ,gu>d1 #dib4 ,pri5e1 rema9s ( ,incru/ation ,/yle at1 #dfa4 prie/s1 #ad1 #cc4 prie/esses1 #ad1 #cc1 #daj1 #dab4 ,privatus1 slave1 #ejd4 procession to ! !atres1 #aei4 ,proculus1 #dhh4 ,prop]tius1 quot$ 9 graffito1 #die1 #dif4 ,psy*es ga!r+ fl[]s1 pa9t+1 #ccj4 public build+s1 location (1 #cc1 #fa1 #acc4 public notices4 ,see inscriptions4 ,pugnax1 gladiator1 #bbc-bbd4 pumice /one1 #ae1 #bj4 ,puteolana1 #dig4 ,puteoli1 #afi1 #dja1 #dib4 ,pyrrhus1 #dic4 ,quasi-reticulate fac+1 #ch1 #db4 ,c4 ,qu9ctius ,valgus1 #aec1 #bab4 ,regions ( ,pompeii1 #cd4 r5t1 notices ( prop]ty =1 #dhi1 #dij4 ,re/itutus1 #dif4 reticulate fac+1 #ch1 #dc4 ,rhodian p]i/yle1 #bfj1 #cjd4 ,rocca ,monf9a1 #a1 #ae4 ,roman foot1 #dd4 ,romula1 #dif4 ,romulus1 /atue (1 #aae4 ro/ra1 #dh4 ,ro?s*ild1 ,b>on1 gift ( ,boscoreale treasure to ! ,l\vre1 #cff4 rubble "w1 #cg4 ,rullus1 #aec4 ,sab9us1 #dhh4 ,sal95ses1 #aa4 ,sallu/1 h\se (1 #bfj1 #bhc-bhg1 #dei-dfj4 ,q4 ,sallu/ius1 /atue (1 #dg4 ,salus1 wor%ipp$ at /reet %r9e1 #bce4 ,salvius1 tomb (1 #dbf4 ,samius1 #dic4 ,samnite w>s1 #i4 ,samus1 gladiator1 #bbf4 ,s>no1 riv]1 #b-d1 #ih4 ,s>no lime/one1 #ce1 #ci1 #bhj4 ,saturn1 treasure 9 temple (1 at ,rome1 #fg4 satyr1 ornam5t ( capital1 #cdh2 f\nta9 figure1 #ddi2 bronze /atue1 #dea2 m>ble /atuette1 #cae2 9 wall decoration1 #dfi1 #dgc4 ,scipio ,africanus1 ba? 9 villa (1 #bjh4 sculpture1 #dde-dec4 ,sculptur$ ,capitals1 h\se (1 #cdh4 seals ( witnesses1 #ejj-eja4 ,seasons1 pa9t+s1 #cae4 second /ory rooms 9 ,pompeian h\se1 #bgc-bgf4 ,s5eca1 quot$1 #aid1 #bjh4 sepul*ral monum5t 9 front ( ,doric temple1 #aci4 ,see tombs4 ,l4 ,sepunius ,s&ilianus1 #hf1 #acf4 ,s]apis1 temple (1 at ,puteoli1 #afi4 ,s]5a1 #die4 ,p4 ,s]vilius ,rullus1 #aec4 ,setian w9e1 #djc4 ,seviri ,augu/ales1 #ajj4 sew]s1 #bbi4 ,l4 ,sextilius1 #hf4 %ops1 appe>ance (1 #bhi2 relation to h\se1 #bgf-bgh1 #cdi2 signs1 #chg4 %r9es1 at ! sides ( ! /reets1 #bcc-bcf2 dome/ic1 #bfh-bgc1 #big1 #cjh1 #cji1 #cae1 #cbc1 #cdb1 #cdf1 #cfb1 #dag1 #ddi et seq4 ,signia pavem5t1 #gd1 #bgh1 #cff4 ,sil5us1 bronze /atuette1 #dea-deb2 f\nta9 figure1 #ddh4 ,silv] ,w$d+1 h\se (1 #bfe1 #cja-cjh4 ,m4 ,sittius1 #ahd1 #bdb4 sleep+ rooms 9 ,pompeian h\se1 #bfa-bfb4 ,solomon1 ,judgm5t (1 pa9t+1 #ag4 ,sorex1 h]m (1 #agf1 #ddf4 ,sorr5to1 #f1 #ceh1 #djf4 ,q4 ,sp$ius ,firmus1 #bdc4 spoons1 #cge4 ,q4 ,spur5nius ,priscus1 #dib4 ,/abiae1 #c1 #d1 #ba1 #bf1 #ceh4 /amps1 #ejh4 /&>d measures1 table (1 #ib-ic4 ,/aphylus1 #dif4 /atues 9 public places1 #df1 #aae1 #ddg2 repres5t$ 9 wall decoration1 #dfh4 /epp+ /ones1 #bbi4 /ocks 9 ! gladiators' b>racks1 #afc4 /reets ( ,pompeii1 #cb-cc1 #bbg-bbi2 /reet %r9es1 #bcc-bcf4 /rigiles1 #ahh1 #cgg4 suburbs ( ,pompeii1 #aj-aa1 #ad4 ,t4 ,su$ius ,clem5s1 #bg1 #djg1 #dhh4 ,a4 ,suettius ,c]tus1 #bbb4 ,sulla1 ,dictator1 #aj1 #bdj4 ,p4 ,sulla1 nephew ( ! ,dictator1 #aj4 sundials1 #hg1 #acf1 #bjj1 #bjg1 #baa4 ,surgeon1 h\se (1 #ci1 #bfj1 #bhj-bhb4 table ( /&>d measures1 #ib-ic4 tables1 #bed1 #bfc-bfd1 #cbf1 #cfh-cfi4 tabl9um 9 ,pompeian h\se1 #bee-beh4 ,tadius ,ludius1 #dge4 tann]y1 #cie-cig4 temples1 #cc2 ( ,apollo1 #hj-ij2 ,doric1 #acg-adj2 ( ,=tuna ,augu/a1 #acj-acb2 ( ,isis1 #afh-ahb2 ( ,jupit]1 #fa-fi2 ( ,v5us ,pompeiana1 #abd-abi2 ( ,vespasian1 #ajf-aji2 ( ,zeus ,mili*ius1 #ahc-ahe4 ,t4 ,t]5tius ,felix1 tomb (1 #dac4 tetra/yle atrium1 #bea-beb4 ,!atre ,colonnade1 #aeg-afd4 ,!atre1 ,l>ge1 #ada-aeb2 ,small1 #aec-aef4 ,!seus & ,ariadne1 pa9t+1 #cae4 ,!tis br++ arms to ,a*illes1 #caf1 #dha2 9 ! smi?y ( ,hephae/us1 #dhj1 #dha4 ,tib]ius1 #dh1 #aaa4 tiles1 #cf1 #bea4 ,timan!s1 #cai1 #cbj4 ,timo!us1 #afh4 ,n4 ,t9tirius ,rufus1 #ij4 ,titia1 #dcc4 ,titus1 #bc4 toilet articles1 #cgg-cgi4 tombs1 #dje-djf2 along ,/reet ( ,tombs1 #djf-dbh2 ne> ! ,nola1 ,/abian1 & ,noc]a gates1 #dbi-dcf4 t[]s ( ! city wall1 #bch-bda4 trades1 anci5t view (1 #chc4 ,see bak]y1 full]s1 tann]y4 ,tragic ,poet1 h\se (1 #bej1 #bfh1 #cac-cbj4 ,trav]t9e1 s-call$1 #ce4 treasury ( ! city1 #ia4 ,trebius1 #chd4 tricl9ium funebre1 #dbd4 tricl9ium 9 g>d51 h\se ( ,acceptus & ,euhodia1 #cdb2 inn1 #djd2 h\se ( ,sallu/1 #bhe2 tann]y1 #cih-cii4 ,see d9+ room4 ,trojan ,w>1 gr\ps ( pa9t+s1 #hd1 #caf4 tufa1 k9ds (1 #ce4 ,tufa ,p]iod1 #dj et seq41 #dcg et seq4 ,m4 ,tullius1 build] ( ! temple ( ,=tuna ,augu/a1 #acj1 #acb4 ,m4 ,tullius1 tomb (1 #dcj4 ,tuscan atrium1 #bea4 ,ty*e1 slave ( ,julia ,augu/a1 #bgj1 #dah4 ,c4 ,ulius1 #aie1 #bjb4 ,ulysses & ,p5elope1 pa9t+1 #if4 ,umbricia ,janu>ia1 receipt (1 #ejb4 ,umbricius ,scaurus1 fi% sauces (1 #ae1 #ejf4 ,a4 ,umbricius ,scaurus1 tomb (1 #dah-dai4 ,c4 ,val]ius ,v5u/us1 #dja4 ,valgus & ,porcius1 build]s ( ,small ,!atre & ,amphi!atre1 #aec1 #bab4 ,v>ro1 #id1 #beg1 #cfc4 ,vatia1 #dhh-dhi4 ,veia1 #dcc4 ,a4 ,veius1 tomb (1 #dji4 ,n4 ,velasius ,gratus1 #dbe4 ,v5us1 /atue (1 #hg2 ?reat5$ by irate lov]1 #dif4 ,v5us ,pompeiana1 #ab1 #bgb1 #cej1 #dij4 ,v]us1 #chd4 ,m4 ,vesonius ,primus1 #cif-cig1 #ddf4 ,vespasian1 #djh2 temple (1 #ajf-aji4 ,ve/a1 fe/ival (1 #ih1 #ccg2 9 he>? pa9t+s1 #bgb4 ,ve/al virg9s1 place at ! !atre1 #ade4 ,ve/als1 h\se ( !1 ve/ibule1 #bdh4 ve/ibule ( ,pompeian h\ses1 #bdh4 ,vesuvius1 #b1 #f1 #ai et seq4 ,vettii1 h\se ( !1 #cba-cdj2 g>d5 sculptures1 #ddi2 he>?1 #bff2 %r9e1 #bgb4 ,a4 ,vettius ,conviva1 ,a4 ,vettius ,re/itutus1 /amps (1 #ejh4 ,vibius ,adiranus1 #afe4 ,vibius ,popidius1 #bdc4 ,vibius ,popidius1 quae/or1 #ej4 ,vibius ,re/itutus1 #dja4 ,cn4 ,vibius ,saturn9us1 #dbd4 ,vibius ,v9icius1 #afe4 ,victoria1 #die4 villas1 ,roman1 #cee2 ( ,diom$es1 #cef-cfb2 villa ru/ica at ,boscoreale1 #cfa-cff4 ,virgil1 #bgb1 #ddh1 #dif1 #dih4 ,a4 ,virnius ,mode/us1 #ejg4 ,vitruvius1 #eg1 #fc1 #acg1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aeh1 #aic1 #baj1 #bdh1 #bej1 #bef1 #bfc1 #bii1 #cee1 #cfa4 ,d4 ,volcius ,?allus1 #ejc4 walls ( ! city1 con/ruction (1 #bcg-bci2 c\rse (1 #ca4 walls ( h\ses1 pla/]+ & decoration1 #def et seq4 ,see masonry4 w>d4 ,see ,regions4 wat] heat]1 = ba?s1 #aid4 wat] sy/em ( ,pompeii1 #bcj-bcc4 ,wei*>dt1 re/oration ( ,=um ,triangul>e1 #acg4 well ne> ,doric temple1 #aci4 w9d[s1 9 h\ses1 #bgi2 ( ,c5tral ,ba?s1 #bjh1 #baj4 w9e1 f]m5tation (1 #cfd1 #eje2 k9ds (1 #ejf2 produc$ ab\t ,pompeii1 #ad2 presses1 #ccf1 #cfc-cfd4 w9e%ops1 #djb-djd4 ,x5ion1 #dgd4 yoke1 #bbh1 #djd4 ,zeus1 ( ,otricoli1 #fg-fi2 9 pa9t+s1 #caf1 #cch4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,vi4--,,! ,,excavat$ ,,portion ,,( ,,pompeii4 ,,key ,,to ,,plan ,,vi ,! names ( only ! m important /reets are giv5 on ,plan ,,vi4 ,among ! names omitt$ are ^? ( ! cont9uations ( ,nola ,/reet1 :i* x is m conv5i5t to reg>d z a s+le ?or\ghf>e ext5d+ )\t *ange ( "n across ! city4 ,! m important build+s ( ea* ,region are giv5 9 ! ord] ( ! ,insulae4 ,,region ,i ,,insula i4 #e4 ,inn4 #h4 ,inn ( ,h]mes4 ii4 #bd4 ,w9e%op4 #bh4 ,h\se ) a grat+ ov] ! impluvium4 iv4 #e4 ,h\se ( ! ,ci?>i/--casa del ,cit>i/a4 v4 #b4 ,tann]y4 ,,region ,v ,,insula i4 #g4 ,casa del ,torello di ,bronzo4 #ah4 ,casa degli ,epigrammi4 #bf4 ,h\se ( ,l4 ,caecilius ,jucundus4 #bh4 ,h\se ( ,m4 ,t(elanus ,val5s4 ii4 #a4 ,casa della ,reg9a ,m>gh]ita4 #d4 ,casa del ,tricl9io4 a4 ,h\se ( ! ,silv] ,w$d+--casa delle ,nozze d' ,arg5to4 v4 #b4 ,h\se ) a cov]$ atrium4 ,,region ,,vi ,,insula ,ins4 ,occid5talis1 #a4 ,inn4 i4 #g4 ,h\se ( ! ,ve/als--casa delle ,ve/ali4 #aj4 ,h\se ( ! ,surgeon--casa del ,*irurgo4 #ac4 ,s-call$ cu/om-h\se4 ii4 #d4 ,h\se ( ,sallu/--casa di ,sallu/io4 #f4 ,bak]y4 #ad4 ,h\se ( ! ,amazons--casa delle ,amazoni4 iii4 #c4 ,bak]y4 #g4 ,s-call$ ,academy ( ,music--,accademia di ,musica4 #bj4 ,w9e%op4 v4 #c4 ,h\se ( ,neptune--casa di ,nettuno4 vi4 #a4 ,h\se ( ,pansa--casa di ,pansa4 vii4 #ah4 ,h\se ( ,adonis--casa di ,adone4 #bj4 ,casa dell' ,arg5t]ia4 #bb4 ,inn4 #bc4 ,h\se ( ,apollo4 #be4 ,casa del ,duca d',aumale4 viii4 #e4 ,h\se ( ! ,tragic ,poet--casa del ,poeta ,tragico4 #bj4 ,full]y4 #bb4 ,casa della ,fontana ,gr&e4 #bc4 ,casa della ,fontana ,piccola4 ix4 #b4 ,h\se ( ,meleag]--casa di ,meleagro4 #c4 ,h\se ( ! ,c5taur--casa del ,c5tauro4 #f4 ,h\se ( ,ca/or & ,pollux--casa di ,ca/ore e ,polluce4 x4 #a4 ,w9e%op4 #g4 ,h\se ( ! ,an*or--casa dell' ,ancora4 #aa4 ,casa del ,naviglio4 xi4 #aj4 ,h\se ( ! ,labyr9?--casa del ,lab]9to4 xii4 ,h\se ( ! ,faun--casa del ,fauno4 xiii4 #f4 ,h\se ( ,m4 ,t]5tius ,eudoxus4 xiv4 #bj4 ,h\se ( ,m4 ,vesonius ,primus1 (t5 call$ ! h\se ( ,orpheus--casa di ,orfeo4 #bb4 ,full]y4 #cj4 ,h\se ( ,laocoon--casa di ,laocoonte4 #ce4 ,bak]y ) knead+ ma*9e4 #dc4 ,casa degli ,sci5ziati4 xv4 #a4 ,h\se ( ! ,vettii4 #i4 ,h\se ) atrium 9 two /ories4 ,,region ,,vii ,,insula i4 #h4 ,/abian ,ba?s4 #be4 ,h\se ( ,siricus4 #dj4 ,h\se ( ,caesius ,bl&us4 #de4 ,elephant ,inn4 ii4 #aa4 ,dyeh\se4 #af4 ,h\se ( ,m4 ,gavius ,rufus4 #ah4 ,h\se ( ,c4 ,vibius4 #bj4 ,h\se ( ,popidius ,priscus4 #bb4 ,bak]y4 #de4 ,h\se ( ! ,be>--casa dell' ,orso4 iii4 #bi4 ,h\se ( ,m4 ,spurius ,mesor4 iv4 #a4 ,temple ( ,=tuna ,augu/a4 #dh4 ,h\se ( ! ,hunt--casa della ,caccia4 #ea4 ,h\se ( ! ,color$ ,capitals--casa dei ,capitelli ,colorati1 also call$ ! h\se ( ,ariadna--casa d' ,arianna4 #ef4 ,casa del ,gr&uca di ,toscana4 #eg4 ,h\se ( ! ,sculptur$ ,capitals--casa dei ,capitelli ,figurati4 #ei4 ,h\se ( ! ,black ,wall--casa della ,p>ete ,n]a4 v4 #b4 ,ba?s4 vi4 #ag4 ,wat] res]voir4 vii4 #e4 ,h\se ( ,cissonius4 #bg4 ,city treasury4 #bh4 ,public closet4 #bi-cj4 ,m>ket build+s4 #ca4 ,table ( /&>d measures4 #cb4 ,temple ( ,apollo4 viii4 ,=um4 a4 ,capitolium4 ix4 #a4 ,build+ ( ,euma*ia4 #b4 ,temple ( ,vespasian4 #c4 ,sanctu>y ( ! ,city ,l>es4 #h4 ,macellum4 xii4 #bh4 ,h\se ) project+ upp] /ory--casa del ,balcone ,p5sile4 #ce4 ,inn4 xiv4 #i4 ,h\se ) skeleton4 xv4 #h4 ,h\se ) second /ory d9+ room4 ,ins4 ,occid5talis4 #ac4 ,h\se ne> ! ,porta ,m>9a4 ,,region ,,viii ,,insula i4 ,basilica4 ii4 #a1 #c4 ,casa di ,*ampionnet4 #f4 ,(fice ( ! a$iles4 #h4 ,hall ( ! city c\ncil4 #aj4 ,(fice ( ! duumvirs4 #ag-ba4 ,t]race h\se1 ) ba?4 #bc4 ,ba?4 #ci4 ,h\se ( ! ,emp]or ,joseph ,,ii--casa dell' ,imp]atore ,giuseppe ,,ii4 iii4 #a4 ,comitium4 #d4 ,h\se ( ! ,wild ,bo>--casa di ,c+hiale4 iv4 #d4 ,h\se ( ,m>cus ,holconius4 #ae4 ,h\se ( ,cornelius ,rufus4 v-vi4 #ci4 ,h\se ( ,acceptus & ,euhodia4 viii4 ,! !atres & o!r public build+s4 ,,region ,,ix ,,insula i4 #bj4 ,h\se ( ,epidius ,rufus4 #bb4 ,h\se ( ,epidius ,sab9us4 ii4 #af4 ,h\se ( ,balbus4 iii4 #b4 ,dyeh\se4 #e4 ,h\se ( ,m4 ,lucretius4 #aj4 ,bak]y4 #be4 ,h\se ( ,l4 ,clodius ,v>us4 iv4 ,c5tral ,ba?s4 v4 #aa4 ,h\se ) tricl9ium ( masonry & seat = ! *ildr54 vii4 #f4 ,h\se ( ! ,c5t5>y--casa del ,c5t5>io2 also kn[n z ! h\se ( ,tib]ius ,claudius ,v]us4 a4 ,inn ( ,hyg9ius ,firmus4 ,h&books ( ,ar*aeology & ,antiquities ,! ,de/ruction ( ,anci5t ,rome ,a ,sket* ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,monum5ts ,by ,,rodolfo ,,lanciani1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,ox=d1 ,,ll4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,anci5t ,topography 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,rome1 ,clo?1 #abmo1 #a4ej net ,a ,h&book ( ,greek ,sculpture ,by ,,erne/ ,,ar?ur ,,g>dn]1 =m]ly ,director ( ! ,briti% ,s*ool ( ,ar*aeology at ,a!ns1 ,clo?1 #abmo1 #b4ej net ,! ,roman ,fe/ivals ( ! ,p]iod ( ! ,republic ,an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ! ,religion ( ! ,romans ,by ,w4 ,,w>de ,,f[l]1 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ & ,sub-,rector ( ,l9coln ,college1 ,ox=d1 ,clo?1 #abmo1 #a4be net ,a ,h&book ( ,greek & ,roman ,co9s ,by ,g4 ,f4 ,,hill1 ,m4,a41 ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,co9s & ,m$als 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,) ,fifte5 ,colortype ,plates1 ,clo?1 #abmo1 #b4be net ,a ,h&book ( ,greek ,con/itutional ,hi/ory ,by ,a4 ,h4 ,j4 ,,gre5idge1 ,m4,a41 ,lectur] & late ,fell[ at ,h]t=d ,college1 & ,lectur] 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory at ,bras5ose ,college1 ,ox=d1 ,clo?1 #abmo1 #a4be net ,roman ,public ,life ,by ,a4 ,h4 ,j4 ,,gre5idge1 ,m4,a41 ,lectur] & late ,fell[ at ,h]t=d ,college1 & ,lectur] 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory at ,bras5ose ,college1 ,ox=d1 ,clo?1 #abmo1 #b4ej net ,monum5ts ( ! ,e>ly ,*ur* ,by ,,walt] ,,l[rie1 ,m4,a41 late ,fell[ ( ! ,am]ican ,s*ool ( ,classical ,/udies at ,rome1 ,clo?1 #abmo1 #a4ge net ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #ff ,,fif? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york ,a ,,new ,,& ,,*eap] ,,edition ,,ave ,,roma ,,immortalis ,,/udies ,,f ,,! ,,*ronicles ,,( ,,rome ,by ,f4 ,,m>ion ,,craw=d1 ,au?or ( ,rul]s ( ! ,s\?1 etc41 etc4 ,fully illu/rat$4 ,clo?1 ,cr[n #hvo1 #c4jj net4 ,,dr4 ,s4 ,,weir ,,mit*ell writes3 ,i h n = a long :ile read a book :i* pleas$ me m ?an ,mr4 ,craw=d's ',roma4' ,x is ca/ 9 a =m s orig9al & s available t x mu/ surely take ! place ( all o!r books ab\t ,rome :i* are ne$$ to help "o to und]/& its /ory & its ar*aeology4444 ,! book has = me a r>e int]e/4 ,a ,,new ,,& ,,*eap] ,,edition ,,pompeii ,,its ,,life ,,& ,,art ,by ,,augu/ ,,mau1 ,g]man ,ar*aeological ,in/itute 9 ,rome4 ,translat$ into ,engli% by ,,francis ,w4 ,,kelsey1 ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 ,pr(usely illu/rat$ f photographs1 etc4 ,clo?1 ,gilt ,top1 ,cr[n #hvo1 #b4ej net4 ,f4 ,,m>ion ,,craw=d says ( ?is "w3 ,pr(essor ,mau has succe$$ beyond all ^? :o h prec$$ him on ! same gr\nd4 ,he recon/ructs ! ru9s s t "o believes 9 !m1 & sees t !y mu/ h be5 z he describes !m1 & ! excell5t draw+s ( ^! recon/ructions /imulate ! read]'s belief4 ,he re/ores ! decorations next1 & furni%es ! vacant dwell+s 9 a way t seems natural1 & ev5 com=table2 &1 la/ly1 he populates ! city he has s skilfully rebuilt1 n ) ! dull lay figures 9 togas or tunics s de> to sci5tific hi/ory1 b ) human be+s1 alive & mov+4 ,,9 ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,e>ly ,,issue ,,anci5t ,,a!ns ,by ,,erne/ ,,ar?ur ,,g>dn]1 ,yates ,pr(essor ( ,ar*aeology 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 ,=m]ly ,director ( ! ,briti% ,s*ool at ,a!ns4 ,au?or ( ,a ,h&book ( ,greek ,sculpture1 etc41 etc4 ,clo?1 #hvo4 ,pr(usely illu/rat$4 ,?is h&somely illu/rat$ book is a companion volume 9 its make-up to ,mau's ,pompeii4 ,its object is to give an adequate & at ! same "t popul> acc\nt ( ,anci5t ,a!ns1 f ! e>lie/ times d[n to ! (ficial introduction ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! book deals ma9ly ) ! topography ( ! city & ,acropolis1 ! extant rema9s ( anci5t build+s1 & ! sculpture t decorat$ !m4 ,x includes ! results ( rec5t excavation & rese>*2 b controv]sial matt]s h1 z f> z possible1 be5 relegat$ to notes & app5dices4 ,a full description is giv5 ( ! ,p>!non1 ! ,ere*!um1 ,!atre1 & o!r build+s1 & su* que/ions z ! wat] supply1 ! walls ( t[n & h>b\rs1 ! position ( ! ,agora1 & ! r\te ,pausanias1 are duly consid]$4 ,! g5]al aim ( ! au?or is to /imulate & assi/ ! hi/orical imag9ation by br++ ,anci5t ,a!ns1 9 v>i\s p]iods ( its gr[?1 vividly be=e ! eyes ( ! ord9>y well-in=m$ read]1 & to provide bo? ^? :o h visit$ ,greece & ^? :o h n ) views & plans & illu/rations to enable !m to realize ! pres5t appe>ance ( ! t[n & its monum5ts4 ,= ?is purpose ! book is v fully illu/rat$1 z f> z possible1 by means ( photography4 ,above all1 ! au?or has avoid$1 z f> z possible1 compilation or quotation f v>i\s writ]s1 & has endeavor$ to give a direct record ( ! impressions d]iv$ f a famili>ity ) ! sites & build+s describ$4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #ff ,,fif? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york