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,frog's ,he>t1 #abb #abj4 ,action on ,w>m-,blood$ ,animals1 #abb1 #abc #aba4 ,elim9ation1 #abc #abb4 ,nitrate ( ,pota%1 #abc #abc4 ,/ati/ics1 #abc #abd4 ,uses 9 ! ,arts1 #abc #abe4 ,action ( ,nitrates ( ,sodium & ,potassium--,sodic ,nitrite1 #abc1 #abd #abf4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances f ,poison+ by ,potassic ,nitrate1 #abd #abg4 ,potassic ,*lorate1 #abd #abh4 ,uses1 #abd #abi4 ,poison\s ,prop]ties1 #abd #acj4 ,exp]im5ts on ,animals1 #abd1 #abe #aca4 ,effects on ,man--,illu/rative ,cases ( ! ,poison+ ( ,*ildr5 by ,potassic ,*lorate1 #abe #acb4 ,effects on ,adults--,lea/ ,fatal ,dose1 #abf #acc4 ,elim9ation1 #abf #acd4 ,ess5tial ,action ( ,potassic ,*lorate on ! ,blood & ,tissues1 #abf #ace4 ,detection & ,e/imation ( ,potassic ,*lorate1 #abf1 #abg ,toxicological ,detection ( ,alkali ,salts4 #acf4 ,natural occurr5ce ( ,potassium & ,sodium ,salts 9 ! ,blood & ,tissues--,te/s = ,potassic & ,sodic ,salts--,te/s = ,potassic ,nitrate--,te/s = ,*lorates--,ammonium ,salts1 #abg1 #abh ,,"p ,v4--,,m ,,or ,,less ,,volatile ,,poison\s ,,sub/ances ,,capable ,,( ,,be+ ,,sep>at$ ,,by ,,di/illation ,,f ,,neutral ,,or ,,acid ,,liquids4 ,,hydroc>bons--,,camphor--,,alcohol--,,a myl ,,nitrite--,,e!r--,,*lor(orm ,,& ,,o!r ,,an,,/hetics--,,*loral--,,c>bon ,,bisulphide--,,c>bolic ,,acid--,,nitro-,,b5z5e--,,prussic ,,acid--,,phosphorus4 ,i4 ,,hydroc>bons4 #a4 ,petroleum4 #acg4 ,petroleum1 #abi #ach4 ,cymog5e1 #abi #aci4 ,rhigol5e1 #abi #adj4 ,gasol5e1 #abi #ada4 ,b5zol9e--,di/9ction betwe5 ,petroleum-,naph?a1 ,%ale-,naph?a1 & ,coal-,t> ,naph?a1 #abi1 #acj #adb4 ,p>aff9 ,oil1 #acj #adc4 ,effects ( ,petroleum--,exp]im5ts on ,rabbits1 c41 #acj1 #aca #add4 ,poison+ by ,petroleum--,illu/rative ,cases1 #aca #ade4 ,sep>ation & ,te/s = ,petroleum1 #aca #b4 ,coal-,t> ,naph?a--,b5z5e4 #adf4 ,composition ( ,comm]cial ,coal-,t> ,naph?a1 #aca #adg4 ,symptoms obs]v$ aft] ,swall[+ ,coal-,t> ,naph?a1 #acb #adh4 ,effects ( ! ,vap\r ( ,b5z5e1 #acb ,detection & ,sep>ation ( ,b5z5e4 #adi4 ,sep>ation ( ,b5z5e--7#a7 ,purification2 7#b7 ,conv]sion into ,nitro-,b5z5e2 7#c7 ,conv]sion into ,anil9e1 #acb1 #acc #c4 ,t]p5es--,ess5tial ,oils--,oil ( ,turp5t9e4 #aej4 ,prop]ties ( ! ,t]p5es1 ,c$r5es1 & ,coloph5es1 #acc #d4 ,oil ( ,turp5t9e--,spirits ( ,turp5t9e4 #aea4 ,t]eb5!ne--,di/9ction betwe5 ,fr5* & ,engli% ,turp5t9e1 #acc1 #acd #aeb4 ,effects ( ! ,adm9i/ration ( ,turp5t9e1 #acd ,,ii4 ,,camphor4 #aec4 ,prop]ties ( ,camphor1 #ace #aed4 ,ph>maceutical ,prep>ations1 #ace #aee4 ,symptoms ( ,poison+ by ,camphor1 #ace #aef4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances1 #acf #aeg4 ,sep>ation f ! ,cont5ts ( ! ,/oma*1 #acf ,,iii4 ,,alcohols4 #a4 ,e?ylic ,alcohol4 #aeh4 ,*emical ,prop]ties ( ,alcohol--,/ati/ics ( ,poison+ by ,alcohol1 #acf #aei4 ,crim9al or ,accid5tal ,alcoholic ,poison+1 #acg #afj4 ,fatal ,dose1 #acg #afa4 ,symptoms ( ,acute ,poison+ by ,alcohol1 #acg1 #ach #afb4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances1 #ach1 #aci #afc4 ,excretion ( ,alcohol1 #aci1 #adj #afd4 ,toxicological ,detection1 #adj #b4 ,amylic ,alcohol4 #afe4 ,prop]ties ( ,amylic ,alcohol1 #adj #aff4 ,exp]im5ts z to ! ,effect on ,animals ( ,amylic ,alcohol1 #adj1 #ada #afg4 ,detection & ,e/imation ( ,amylic ,alcohol1 #ada #afh4 ,amyl ,nitrite--,prop]ties--,symptoms--,po/-mo rtem ,appe>ances1 #ada ,,iv4 ,,e!r4 #afi4 ,prop]ties ( ,e?ylic ,e!r1 #ada1 #adb #agj4 ,e!r z a ,poison1 #adb #aga4 ,fatal ,dose1 #adb #agb4 ,e!r z an ,an/hetic1 #adb1 #adc #agc4 ,sep>ation ( ,e!r f ,organic ,fluids1 c41 #adc ,v4 ,,*lor(orm4 #agd4 ,discov]y ( ,*lor(orm--,prop]ties1 ,adult]ations1 & ,me?ods = ,detect+ !m1 #adc-ade #age4 ,me?ods ( ,manufactur+ ,*lor(orm1 #ade1 #adf ,poison\s ,effects ( ,*lor(orm4 #a4 ,z a ,liquid4 #agf4 ,/ati/ics1 #adf #agg4 ,local ,action1 #adf #agh4 ,action on ,blood1 ,muscle1 & ,n]ve-,tissue1 #adf #agi4 ,g5]al ,effects ( ,liquid ,*lor(orm--,illu/rative ,cases1 #adf1 #adg #ahj4 ,fatal ,dose1 #adg #aha4 ,symptoms1 #adh #ahb4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances1 #adh #b4 ,! ,vap\r ( ,*lor(orm4 #ahc4 ,/ati/ics ( ,dea?s ?r\gh ,*lor(orm--,an/hesia1 #adh1 #adi #ahd4 ,suicidal & ,crim9al ,poison+--,illu/rative ,cases1 #adi1 #aej #ahe4 ,physiological ,effects1 #aej #ahf4 ,symptoms witness$ 9 ,dea? f ,*lor(orm ,vap\r1 #aej1 #aea #ahg4 ,*ronic ,*lor(orm ,poison+--,m5tal ,effects f ,use ( ,*lor(orm1 #aea1 #aeb #ahh4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances1 #aeb #ahi4 ,! ,detection & ,e/imation ( ,*lor(orm--,v>i\s ,te/s1 #aeb1 #aec #aij4 ,quantitative ,e/imation1 #aec ,,vi4 ,,o!r ,,an,,/hetics4 #aia4 ,me?yl ,*loride--,me!ne ,di*loride1 c41 #aed #aib4 ,p5tane1 #aed #aic4 ,aldehyde1 #aed #aid4 ,p>aldehyde1 #aed ,,vii4 ,,*loral4 #aie4 ,*loral ,hydrate2 its ,composition & ,prop]ties1 #aed1 #aee #aif4 ,detection1 #aee #aig4 ,quantitative ,e/imation ( ,*loral ,hydrate1 #aee1 #aef #aih4 ,effects ( ,*loral ,hydrate on ,animals--,depression ( ,temp]ature --,influ5ce on ! ,secretion ( ,milk1 c41 #aef1 #aeg #aii4 ,action ^u ! ,blood1 #aeg #bjj4 ,effects on ,man1 #aeg1 #aeh #bja4 ,fatal ,dose1 #aeh1 #aei #bjb4 ,symptoms1 #aei #bjc4 ,action ( ,*loral ^u ! ,bra91 #aei #bjd4 ,treatm5t ( ,acute ,*loral ,poison+1 #afj #bje4 ,*ronic ,poison+ by ,*loral ,hydrate1 #afj1 #afa #bjf4 ,mann] 9 :i* ,*loral is ,decompos$ 91 & ,excret$ f1 ! ,body1 #afa1 #afb #bjg4 ,sep>ation f ,organic ,matt]s--,te/s = ,*loral1 #afb1 #afc ,,viii4 ,,bisulphide ,,( ,,c>bon4 #bjh4 ,prop]ties ( ,bisulphide ( ,c>bon1 #afc #bji4 ,poison+ by ,bisulphide ( ,c>bon1 #afc #baj4 ,action on ,animals1 #afc1 #afd #baa4 ,*ronic ,poison+ by ,bisulphide ( ,c>bon--,effects on ! ,bra91 c41 #afd1 #afe #bab4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances1 #afe #bac4 ,sep>ation & ,detection ( ,c>bon ,bisulphide--,te/s1 #afe #bad4 ,xan?og5ic ,acid1 #afe #bae4 ,potassic ,xan?og5ate1 #afe ,,ix4 ,,! ,,t> ,,acids--,,ph5ol--,,cresol4 #baf4 ,prop]ties & ,s\rces ( ,c>bolic ,acid1 #afe1 #aff #bag4 ,diff]5t ,=ms ( ,c>bolic ,acid--,calv]t's ,c>bolic ,acid ,p[d] --,c>bolic ,acid ,soaps1 #aff1 #afg #bah4 ,uses ( ,c>bolic ,acid1 #afg #bai4 ,/ati/ics ,relative to ,poison+ by ,c>bolic ,acid1 #afg-afi #bbj4 ,fatal ,dose1 #afi #bba4 ,effects on ,animals--,infusoria--,fi%--,frogs1 #afi1 #agj #bbb4 ,effects on ,w>m-,blood$ ,animals1 #agj #bbc4 ,symptoms ,produc$ 9 ,man--,ext]nal ,application--,action on ! ,sk9--,effects ( ! ,vap\r--,use ( ,c>bolic ,acid ,lotions-- ,injections1 c4--,illu/rative ,cases1 #agj-agb #bbd4 ,int]nal ,adm9i/ration--,illu/rative ,cases1 #agc #bbe4 ,g5]al ,review ( ! ,symptoms induc$ by ,c>bolic ,acid1 #agc1 #agd #bbf4 ,*anges ,produc$ 9 ! ,ur9e by ,c>bolic ,acid1 #agd1 #age #bbg4 ,! ,action ( ,c>bolic ,acid consid]$ ,physiologically1 #age1 #agf #bbh4 ,=ms "u :i* ,c>bolic ,acid is ,excret$1 #agf #bbi4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances1 #agf1 #agg ,te/s = ,c>bolic ,acid4 #bcj4 7#a7 ,! ,p9e-,wood ,te/--7#b7 ,ammonia & ,hypo*lorite ,te/--7#c7 ,f]ric ,*loride--7#d7 ,brom9e1 #agg1 #agh #bca4 ,quantitative ,e/imation ( ,c>bolic ,acid1 #agh1 #agi #bcb4 ,prop]ties ( ,cresol1 & ,te/s = ,di/+ui%+ ,cresol & ,c>bolic ,acid1 #agi #bcc4 ,prop]ties ( ,creasote--,te/s1 #agi1 #ahj #bcd4 ,sep>ation ( ,c>bolic ,acid f ,organic ,fluids or ,tissues1 #ahj1 #aha #bce4 ,exam9ation ( ! ,ur9e = ,ph5ol or ,cresol1 #aha #bcf4 ,assay ( ,dis9fectants1 ,c>bolic ,acid ,p[d]s--,e4 ,wall]'s ,process--,koppes*a>'s ,volumetric ,me?od--,colorimetric ,me?od ( ,e/imation1 #aha-ahc #bcg4 ,c>bolic ,acid ,p[d]s1 #ahc #bch4 ,c>bolic ,acid ,soaps1 #ahc ,x4 ,,nitro-,,b5z5e4 #bci4 ,prop]ties & ,v>ieties1 #ahc1 #ahd #bdj4 ,effects ( ,poison+ by ,nitro-,b5z5e1 #ahd #bda4 ,illu/rative ,cases ( ,poison+ by ,nitro-,b5z5e ,vap\r1 #ahd1 #ahe #bdb4 ,effects ,produc$ by tak+ ,liquid ,nitro-,b5z5e1 #ahe1 #ahf #bdc4 ,fatal ,dose1 #ahf1 #ahg #bdd4 ,pa?ological ,appe>ances1 #ahg #bde4 ,! ,ess5tial ,action ( ,nitro-,b5z5e1 #ahg1 #ahh #bdf4 ,detection & ,sep>ation f ! ,animal ,tissues1 #ahh ,,xi4 ,,d9itro-,,b5zol4 #bdg4 ,prop]ties ( ,or?o-1 ,meta-1 & ,p>a-,d9itro-,b5zol1 #ahi #bdh4 ,effects ( ,d9itro-,b5zol1 #ahi1 #aij #bdi4 ,! ,blood 9 ,nitro-,b5zol ,poison+1 #aia #bej4 ,detection ( ,d9itro-,b5zol1 #aib ,,xii4 ,,hydrocyanic ,,acid4 #bea4 ,prop]ties ( ,hydrocyanic ,acid1 #aib #beb4 ,m$ic9al ,prep>ations ( ,prussic ,acid--,v>i\s ,/r5g?s ( ! ,comm]cial ,acid1 #aib1 #aic #bec4 ,poison+ by ,prussic ,acid--,uses 9 ! ,arts--,di/ribution 9 ! ,vegetable ,k+dom1 #aic-aie #bed4 ,composition & ,v>ieties ( ,amygdal91 #aie #bee4 ,/ati/ics ( ,poison+ by ,prussic ,acid1 #aie-aig #bef4 ,accid5tal & ,crim9al ,poison+1 #aig1 #aih #beg4 ,fatal ,dose1 #aih #beh4 ,action ( ,hydric & ,potassic ,cyanides on ,liv+ ,organisms1 #aih1 #aii #bei4 ,symptoms obs]v$ 9 ,animals1 #aii1 #bjj #bfj4 ,l5g? ( ,int]val betwe5 tak+ ! ,poison & ,dea? 9 ,animals1 #bjj1 #bja #bfa4 ,symptoms 9 ,man1 #bja1 #bjb #bfb4 ,possible ,acts aft] tak+ ! ,poison--,nunneley's ,exp]im5ts1 #bjb1 #bjc #bfc4 ,*ronic ,poison+ by ,hydric ,cyanide1 #bjc #bfd4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances1 #bjc1 #bjd #bfe4 ,te/s = ,hydrocyanic ,acid & ,cyanide ( ,potassium--,s*nbe9's ,te/--,kob]t's ,te/1 #bjd-bjf #bff4 ,sep>ation ( ,hydric ,cyanide or ,potassic ,cyanide f ,organic ,matt]s--,n4 ,sokol(f's ,exp]im5ts1 #bjf-bjh #bfg4 ,h[ long aft] ,dea? c ,hydric or ,potassic ,cyanide be ,detect$8 #bjh1 #bji #bfh4 ,e/imation ( ,hydrocyanic ,acid or ,potassic ,cyanide1 #bji #bfi4 ,case ( ,poison+ by ,bitt] ,almonds1 #bji1 #baj ,poison\s ,cyanides o!r ?an ,hydric & ,potassic ,cyanides4 #bgj4 ,g5]al ,action ( ! ,alkal9e ,cyanides--,exp]im5ts ) ,ammonic ,cyanide ,vap\r1 #baj #bga4 ,! ,poison\s ,action ( sev]al ,metallic & ,d\ble ,cyanides-- ,! ,effects ( ,m]curic & ,silv] ,cyanides2 ( ,potassic & ,hydric ,sulphocyanides2 ( ,cyanog5 ,*loride2 ( ,me?yl ,cyanide1 & ( ,cyanuric ,acid1 #baj1 #baa ,,xiii4 ,,phosphorus4 #bgb4 ,prop]ties ( ,phosphorus--,solubility--,effects ( ,heat on ,phosphorus1 #bab1 #bac #bgc4 ,phosphurett$ ,hydrog5--,phosph9e1 #bac #bgd4 ,! ,m$ic9al ,prep>ations ( ,phosphorus1 #bac #bge4 ,mat*es & ,v]m9 ,pa/e1 #bac-bae #bgf4 ,/ati/ics ( ,phosphorus ,poison+1 #bae1 #baf #bgg4 ,fatal ,dose1 #baf #bgh4 ,effects ( ,phosphorus1 #bag #bgi4 ,diff]5t ,=ms ( ,phosphorus ,poison+1 #bag1 #bah #bhj4 ,common ,=m1 #bah1 #bai #bha4 ,hmorrhagic ,=m1 #bai #bhb4 ,n]v\s ,=m1 #bai #bhc4 ,sequel1 #bai1 #bbj #bhd4 ,p]iod at :i* ! ,fir/ ,symptoms comm5ce1 #bbj #bhe4 ,p]iod ( ,dea?1 #bbj #bhf4 ,effects ( ,phosphorus ,vap\r--,exp]im5ts on ,rabbits1 #bbj1 #bba #bhg4 ,effects ( ,*ronic ,phosphorus ,poison+1 #bba1 #bbb #bhh4 ,*anges 9 ! ,ur9>y ,secretion1 #bbb #bhi4 ,*anges 9 ! ,blood1 #bbb1 #bbc #bij4 ,antidote--,treatm5t by ,turp5t9e1 #bbc #bia4 ,poison\s ,effects ( ,phosph9e1 #bbc1 #bbd #bib4 ,coeffici5t ( ,solubility ( ,phosph9e 9 ,blood comp>$ ) ,pure ,wat]1 #bbd #bic4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances--,effects on ! ,liv]1 #bbd-bbh #bid4 ,pa?ological ,*anges 9 ! ,kidneys1 ,lungs1 & ,n]v\s ,sy/em1 #bbh #bie4 ,diagno/ic ,diff]5ces betwe5 ,acute ,yell[ ,atrophy ( ! ,liv] & ,fatty ,liv] produc$ by ,phosphorus1 #bbh1 #bbi #bif4 ,detection ( ,phosphorus--,mits*]li*'s ,process--,! ,production ( ,phosph9e--,te/s ,dep5d5t on ! ,combu/ion ( ,phosph9e1 #bbi-bcb #big4 ,! ,spectrum ( ,phosph9e--,lip[itz's ,sulphur ,te/--,s*]]'s ,te/1 #bcb1 #bcc #bih4 ,*emical ,exam9ation ( ! ,ur9e1 #bcc1 #bcd #bii4 ,quantitative ,e/imation ( ,phosphorus1 #bcd #cjj4 ,h[ long c ,phosphorus be recognis$ aft] ,dea?8 #bcd1 #bce ,,"p ,,vi4--,,alkaloids ,,& ,,poison\s ,,vegetable ,,pr9ciples ,,sep>at$ ,,= ,,! ,,mo/ ,,"p ,,by ,,alcoholic ,,solv5ts4 ,,division ,i4--,,vegetable ,,alkaloids4 ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,me?od ,,( ,,te/+ ,,& ,,extract+ ,,alkaloids4 #cja4 ,g5]al ,te/s = ,alkaloids1 #bcf #cjb4 ,gr\p-,reag5ts1 #bcf1 #bcg #cjc4 ,phosphomolybdic1 ,silico-,tung/ic1 & ,phospho-,tung/ic ,acids z ,alkaloidal ,reag5ts1 #bcg-bci #cjd4 ,s*ulze's ,reag5t1 #bci #cje4 ,drag5dorff's ,reag5t1 #bci #cjf4 ,col\r ,te/s1 #bci #cjg4 ,/as's ,process1 #bci ,me?ods ( ,sep>ation4 #cjh4 ,selmi's ,process = ,sep>at+ ,alkaloids1 #bdj1 #bda #cji4 ,drag5dorff's ,process1 #bda-bed #caj4 ,%ort] ,process = ,sep>at+ "s ( ! ,alkaloids1 #bed1 #bee #caa4 ,s*eibl]'s ,process = ,alkaloids1 #bee #cab4 ,gr&val & ,laj\x's ,me?od1 #bee1 #bef #cac4 ,id5tification ( ! ,alkaloids1 #bef #cad4 ,sublimation ( ! ,alkaloids1 #bef-bfa #cae4 ,melt+-po9t1 #bfa #caf4 ,id5tification by ,organic ,analysis1 #bfa1 #bfb #cag4 ,quantitative ,e/imation ( ! ,alkaloids--,may]'s ,reag5t-- ,comp\nd ( ! ,alkaloids ) ,*lorides ( ,gold & ,plat9um1 #bfb-bfd ,,ii4 ,,liquid ,,volatile ,,alkaloids4 #a4 ,! ,alkaloids ( ,hemlock 7,conium74 #cah4 ,botanical ,description ( ,hemlock1 #bfd #cai4 ,prop]ties ( ,coni9e--,te/s1 #bfd-bff #cbj4 ,o!r ,coni9e ,bases1 #bff #cba4 ,ph>maceutical ,prep>ations ( ,hemlock1 #bff1 #bfg #cbb4 ,/ati/ics ( ,coni9e ,poison+1 #bfg #cbc4 ,effects ( ,coni9e on ,animals1 #bfg1 #bfh #cbd4 ,effects ( ,coni9e on ,man1 #bfh #cbe4 ,physiological ,action ( ,coni9e1 #bfh #cbf4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances--,fatal ,dose1 #bfh1 #bfi #cbg4 ,sep>ation ( ,coni9e f ,organic ,matt]s or ,tissues1 #bfi #b4 ,tobacco--,nicot9e4 #cbh4 ,g5]al ,composition ( ,tobacco1 #bfi1 #bgj #cbi4 ,quantitative ,e/imation ( ,nicot9e 9 ,tobacco1 #bgj1 #bga #ccj4 ,nicot9e2 its ,prop]ties & ,te/s1 #bga-bgc #cca4 ,effects ( ,nicot9e on ,animals1 #bgc1 #bgd #ccb4 ,effects ( ,nicot9e on ,man1 #bgd1 #bge #ccc4 ,"s ,in/ances ( ,poison+ by ,tobacco & ,tobacco ,juice1 #bge-bgg #ccd4 ,physiological ,action ( ,nicot9e1 #bgg1 #bgh #cce4 ,fatal ,dose1 #bgh #ccf4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances1 #bgh #ccg4 ,sep>ation ( ,nicot9e f ,organic ,matt]s1 c41 #bgh1 #bgi #c4 ,piturie4 #cch4 ,prop]ties ( ,piturie1 #bgi #d4 ,sp>te9e4 #cci4 ,prop]ties ( ,sp>te9e1 #bgi1 #bhj #e4 ,anil9e4 #cdj4 ,prop]ties ( ,anil9e1 #bhj #cda4 ,symptoms & ,effects1 #bhj1 #bha #cdb4 ,fatal ,dose1 #bha #cdc4 ,detection ( ,anil9e1 #bha ,,iii4 ,,! ,,opium ,,gr\p ,,( ,,alkaloids4 #cdd4 ,g5]al ,composition ( ,opium1 #bha1 #bhb #cde4 ,action ( ,solv5ts on ,opium1 #bhb1 #bhc #cdf4 ,! ,me?ods ( ,tes*ema*] & ,smi?1 ( ,dott & o!rs = ! ,assay ( ,opium1 #bhc1 #bhd #cdg4 ,m$ic9al & o!r ,prep>ations ( ,opium1 #bhd-bhh #cdh4 ,/ati/ics ( ,opiate ,poison+1 #bhh1 #bhi #cdi4 ,poison+ ( ,*ildr5 by ,opium1 #bhi #cej4 ,doses ( ,opium & ,morph9e--,fatal ,dose1 #bhi1 #bij #cea4 ,g5]al ,me?od = ! ,detection ( ,opium1 #bij1 #bia #ceb4 ,morph9e2 its ,prop]ties1 #bia1 #bib #cec4 ,morph9e ,salts2 _! ,solubility1 #bib1 #bic #ced4 ,con/itution ( ,morph9e1 #bic1 #bid #cee4 ,te/s = ,morph9e & its ,comp\nds--,production ( ,morph9e ,hydriodide--,iodic ,acid ,te/ & o!r ,reactions--,trans=mation ( ,morph9e into ,code9e1 #bid-bif #cef4 ,symptoms ( ,opium & ,morph9e ,poison+--,action on ,animals1 #bif-bih #ceg4 ,physiological ,action1 #bih1 #bii #ceh4 ,physiological ,action ( ,morph9e ,d]ivatives1 #bii #cei4 ,action on ,man--7a7 ,! ,sudd5 ,=m2 7b7 ! ,convulsive ,=m2 7c7 a ,remitt5t ,=m ( ,opium ,poison+--,illu/rative ,cases1 #bii-cjc #cfj4 ,diagnosis ( ,opium ,poison+1 #cjc1 #cjd #cfa4 ,opium-,eat+1 #cjd-cjf #cfb4 ,treatm5t ( ,opium or ,morph9e ,poison+1 #cjf #cfc4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances1 #cjf1 #cjg #cfd4 ,sep>ation ( ,morph9e f ,animal ,tissues & ,fluids1 #cjg #cfe4 ,extraction ( ,morph9e1 #cjh1 #cji #cff4 ,n>cot9e2 its ,prop]ties & ,te/s1 #cji1 #caj #cfg4 ,effects ( ,n>cot9e1 #caj #cfh4 ,code9e--,prop]ties ( ,code9e1 #caj1 #caa #cfi4 ,effects ( ,code9e on ,animals--,claude ,b]n>d's ,exp]im5ts1 #caa #cgj4 ,n>ce9e--,prop]ties ( ,n>ce9e--,te/s1 #cab1 #cac #cga4 ,effects ( ,n>ce9e1 #cac1 #cad #cgb4 ,papav]9e--,prop]ties ( ,papav]9e--,te/s1 #cad #cgc4 ,effects ( ,papav]9e1 #cad #cgd4 ,!ba9e2 its ,prop]ties1 #cad1 #cae #cge4 ,!ba9e2 its ,effects1 #cae #cgf4 ,cryptop9e1 #cae1 #caf #cgg4 ,rhad9e1 #caf #cgh4 ,pseudomorph9e1 #caf #cgi4 ,opian9e1 #caf #chj4 ,apomorph9e1 #caf1 #cag #cha4 ,reactions ( "s ( ! ,r>] ,opium ,alkaloids1 #cag #chb4 ,tritop9e1 #cag #chc4 ,mecon9 7,opianyl71 #cag #chd4 ,meconic ,acid--,effects ( ,meconic ,acid--,te/s1 #cah1 #cai ,,iv4 ,,! ,,/ry*n9e ,,or ,,tetanus-,,produc+ ,,gr\p ,,( ,,alkaloids4 #a4 ,nux ,vomica ,gr\p--,/ry*n9e--,bruc9e--,igasur9e4 #che4 ,nux ,vomica--,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,entire & ( ! ,p[d]$ ,se$1 #cai #chf4 ,*emical ,composition ( ,nux ,vomica1 #cai #chg4 ,/ry*n9e--,microscopical ,appe>ances--,prop]ties--,m$ic9al ,prep>ations--,/ry*n9e ,salts1 #cai-cbb #chh4 ,ph>maceutical & o!r ,prep>ations ( ,nux ,vomica1 ) ,sugge/ions = _! ,valuation--,v]m9-,kill]s1 #cbb-cbd #chi4 ,/ati/ics1 #cbd-cbe #cij4 ,fatal ,dose--,falck's ,exp]im5ts on ,animals z to ! ,lea/ ,fatal ,dose--,lea/ ,fatal ,dose = ,man1 #cbe-cbh #cia4 ,action on ,animals--,frogs1 #cbh1 #cbi #cib4 ,effects on ,man--,symptoms--,di/9ction betwe5 8,disease ,tetanus0 & 8,/ry*nos ,tetanus10 #cbi-cca #cic4 ,diagnosis ( ,/ry*n9e ,poison+1 #cca1 #ccb #cid4 ,physiological ,action--,ri*et's ,exp]im5ts--,! ,rise ( ,temp]ature--,effect on ! ,blood-,pressure1 #ccb1 #ccc #cie4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances1 #ccc #cif4 ,treatm5t1 #ccc #cig4 ,sep>ation ( ,/ry*n9e f ,organic ,matt]s--,sep>ation f ! ,ur9e1 ,blood1 & ,tissues1 #ccd-ccg #cih4 ,id5tification ( ! ,alkaloid--,col\r ,te/s--,physiological ,te/s1 #ccg-cci #cii4 ,hypaphor9e1 #cci #djj4 ,quantitative ,e/imation ( ,/ry*n9e1 #cci1 #cdj #dja4 ,bruc9e2 its ,prop]ties1 #cdj1 #cda #djb4 ,physiological ,action ( ,bruc9e--,exp]im5ts ( ,falck1 #cda1 #cdb #djc4 ,te/s = ,bruc9e1 #cdb1 #cdc #djd4 ,igasur9e1 #cdd #dje4 ,/ry*nic ,acid1 #cdd #b4 ,! ,quebra*o ,gr\p ( ,alkaloids4 #djf4 ,! ,alkaloids ( ,quebra*o--,aspidosp]m9e--,quebra*9e1 #cdd #c4 ,p]eir9e4 #djg4 ,p]eir9e1 #cdd1 #cde #d4 ,gelsem9e4 #djh4 ,prop]ties ( ,gelsem9e1 #cde #dji4 ,fatal ,dose ( ,gelsem9e1 #cde #daj4 ,effects on ,animals--,physiological ,action1 #cde #daa4 ,effects ( ,gelsem9e on ,man1 #cdf #dab4 ,extraction f ,organic ,matt]s1 or ! ,tissues ( ! ,body1 #cdg #e4 ,coca9e4 #dac4 ,coca9e2 its ,prop]ties1 #dg1 #cdh #dad4 ,coca9e ,hydro*lorate1 #cdh #dae4 ,ph>maceutical ,prep>ations1 #cdh #daf4 ,sep>ation ( ,coca9e & ,te/s1 #cdh1 #cdi #dag4 ,symptoms1 #cdi #dah4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances1 #cdi1 #cej #dai4 ,fatal ,dose1 #cej #f4 ,corydal9e4 #dbj4 ,prop]ties ( ,corydal9e1 #cej ,v4 ,,! ,,aconite ,,gr\p ,,( ,,alkaloids4 #dba4 ,v>ieties ( ,aconite--,description ( ! ,fl[]1 & ( ! ,se$s1 #cej1 #cea #dbb4 ,ph>maceutical ,prep>ations ( ,aconite1 #cea #dbc4 ,! ,aconite ,alkaloids1 #cea #dbd4 ,aconit9e1 #cea1 #ceb #dbe4 ,te/s = ,aconit9e1 #ceb #dbf4 ,b5zoyl-,acon9e ,prop]ties--,recognition ( ,b5zoic ,acid1 #cec1 #ced #dbg4 ,pyraconit9e1 #ced #dbh4 ,pyracon9e1 #ced #dbi4 ,acon9e1 #cee #dcj4 ,comm]cial ,aconit9e--,engli% & ,g]man ,samples ( ,aconit9e-- ,le?al ,dose ( ! ,alkaloid & ( ! ,ph>maceutical ,prep>ations1 #cee-ceh #dca4 ,effects ( ,aconit9e on ,animal ,life--,insects1 ,fi%1 ,reptiles1 ,birds1 ,mammals1 #ceh-cfj #dcb4 ,/ati/ics1 #cfa #dcc4 ,effects on ,man1 #cfa #dcd4 ,poison+ by ! ,root 7,reg4 v4 ,m',conkey71 #cfa1 #cfb #dce4 ,poison+ by ! ,alkaloid ,aconit9e--,?ree ,cases ( ,poison+1 #cfc1 #cfd #dcf4 ,lamson's ,case1 #cfd1 #cfe #dcg4 ,symptoms ( ,poison+ by ! ,t9cture1 c41 #cfe1 #cff #dch4 ,physiological ,action1 #cff #dci4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances1 #cff1 #cfg #ddj4 ,sep>ation ( ,aconit9e f ! ,cont5ts ( ! ,/oma* or ! ,organs1 #cfg1 #cfh ,,vi4 ,,! ,,mydriatic ,,gr\p ,,( ,,alkaloids--,,atrop9e--,,hyoscyam9e--,, solan9e --,,cytis9e4 #a4 ,atrop9e4 #dda4 ,! ,atropa belladonna2 its ,alkaloidal ,cont5t1 #cfh1 #cfi #ddb4 ,! ,datura /ramonium--,di/9ction betwe5 ,datura & ,capsicum ,se$s1 #cfi1 #cgj #ddc4 ,ph>maceutical ,prep>ations--7a7 ,belladonna2 7b7 ,/ramonium1 #cgj1 #cga #ddd4 ,prop]ties ( ,atrop9e1 #cga1 #cgb #dde4 ,te/s = ,atrop9e1 ,*emical & ,physiological1 #cgb-cgd #ddf4 ,/ati/ics ( ,atrop9e ,poison+1 #cge #ddg4 ,accid5tal & ,crim9al ,poison+ by ,atrop9e--,use ( ,dhatoora by ! ,h9doos1 #cge1 #cgf #ddh4 ,fatal ,dose ( ,atrop9e1 #cgf1 #cgg #ddi4 ,action on ,animals1 #cgg #dej4 ,action on ,man1 #cgg-chj #dea4 ,physiological ,action ( ,atrop9e1 #chj #deb4 ,diagnosis ( ,atrop9e ,poison+1 #chj #dec4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances1 #chj #ded4 ,treatm5t ( ,cases ( ,poison+ by ,atrop9e1 #chj1 #cha #dee4 ,sep>ation ( ,atrop9e f ,organic ,matt]s1 c41 #cha #b4 ,hyoscyam9e4 #def4 ,di/ribution ( ,hyoscyam9e--,prop]ties1 #cha-chc #deg4 ,ph>maceutical & o!r ,prep>ations ( ,h5bane1 #chc1 #chd #deh4 ,dose & ,effects1 #chd #dei4 ,sep>ation ( ,hyoscyam9e f ,organic ,matt]s1 #che #c4 ,hyosc9e4 #dfj4 ,hyosc9e1 #che #d4 ,solan9e4 #dfa4 ,di/ribution ( ,solan9e1 #che1 #chf #dfb4 ,prop]ties ( ,solan9e1 #chf #dfc4 ,solanid9e1 #chf1 #chg #dfd4 ,poison+ f ,solan9e1 #chg #dfe4 ,sep>ation f ,animal ,tissues1 #chg #e4 ,cytis9e4 #dff4 ,! ,cytisus laburnum1 #chg #dfg4 ,reactions ( ,cytis9e1 #chh #dfh4 ,effects on ,animals1 #chi #dfi4 ,effects on ,man--,illu/rative ,cases1 #chi1 #cij ,,vii4 ,,! ,,alkaloids ,,( ,,! ,,v]atrums4 #dgj4 ,! ,alkaloids f\nd 9 ! ,v]atrum ,viride & ,v]atrum ,album--,yield p] ,kilogram1 #cij-cib #dga4 ,v]atr9e--,cevad9e1 #cib #dgb4 ,j]v9e1 #cic #dgc4 ,pseudo-j]v9e1 #cic #dgd4 ,protov]atrid9e1 #cic #dge4 ,rubi-j]v9e1 #cid #dgf4 ,v]atralb9e1 #cid #dgg4 ,v]atroid9e1 #cid #dgh4 ,comm]cial ,v]atr9e1 #cid1 #cie #dgi4 ,ph>maceutical ,prep>ations1 #cie #dhj4 ,fatal ,dose1 #cie #dha4 ,effects on ,animals--,physiological ,action1 #cie1 #cif #dhb4 ,effects on ,man--,illu/rative ,cases1 #cif #dhc4 ,symptoms ( ,acute & ,*ronic ,poison+1 #cif1 #cig #dhd4 ,po/-mortem ,signs1 #cig #dhe4 ,sep>ation ( ! ,v]atrum ,alkaloids f ,organic ,matt]s1 #cig ,,viii4 ,,physo/igm9e4 #dhf4 ,! ,active ,pr9ciple ( ! ,calab> ,bean1 #cig1 #cih #dhg4 ,physo/igm9e or ,es]9e--,prop]ties1 #cih1 #cii #dhh4 ,te/s1 #cii #dhi4 ,ph>maceutical ,prep>ations1 #cii1 #djj #dij4 ,effects on ,animals--,on ,man--,! ,liv]pool ,cases ( ,poison+1 #djj #dia4 ,physiological ,action1 #dja #dib4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances1 #dja #dic4 ,sep>ation ( ,physo/igm9e1 #dja1 #djb #did4 ,fatal ,dose ( ,physo/igm9e1 #djb ,,ix4 ,,piloc>p9e4 #die4 ,alkaloids f ! ,jabor&i1 #djb #dif4 ,piloc>p9e1 #djb1 #djc #dig4 ,te/s1 #djc #dih4 ,effects ( ,piloc>p9e1 #djc1 #djd ,x4 ,,tax9e4 #dii4 ,prop]ties ( ,tax9e1 #djd #ejj4 ,poison+ by ! ,common ,yew1 #djd #eja4 ,effects on ,animals--,physiological ,action1 #djd #ejb4 ,effects on ,man1 #djd1 #dje #ejc4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances1 #dje ,,xi4 ,,cur>9e4 #ejd4 ,comm]cial ,cur>9e--,prop]ties1 #dje-djg #eje4 ,physiological ,effects1 #djg #ejf4 ,sep>ation ( ,cur>9e1 #djg1 #djh ,,xii4 ,,col*ic9e4 #ejg4 ,cont5ts ( ,col*ic9e 9 ,col*icum ,se$s1 #djh1 #dji #ejh4 ,col*ic9e--,me?od ( ,extraction--,prop]ties1 #dji #eji4 ,te/s1 #dji1 #daj #eaj4 ,ph>maceutical ,prep>ations1 #daj #eaa4 ,fatal ,dose1 #daj1 #daa #eab4 ,effects ( ,col*ic9e on ,animals1 #daa #eac4 ,effects ( ,col*icum on ,man--,illu/rative ,cases1 #daa1 #dab #ead4 ,symptoms ,produc$ by ,col*icum--,po/-mortem ,appe>ances1 #dab1 #dac #eae4 ,sep>ation ( ,col*ic9e f ,organic ,matt]s1 #dac ,,xiii4 ,,musc>9e ,,& ,,! ,,active ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,fungi4 #eaf4 ,description ( ! ,amanita ,musc>ia--,use ( x by ! ,natives ( ,kams*atka1 #dac1 #dad #eag4 ,cases ( ,poison+ by ! ,fungus itself1 #dad1 #dae #eah4 ,musc>9e--,its ,prop]ties & ,effects1 #dae1 #daf #eai4 ,antagoni/ic ,action ( ,atrop9e & ,musc>9e1 #daf #ebj4 ,detection ( ,musc>9e1 #daf1 #dag #eba4 ,! ,ag>icus ,phalloides--,phall91 #dag #ebb4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances1 #dag1 #dah #ebc4 ,! ,ag>icus ,pan!r9us--,! ,ag>icus ,rub]--,rub]9e --,ag>y?r9e1 #dah #ebd4 ,! ,boletus ,satanus1 or ,luridus1 #dah #ebe4 ,occasional ,effects ( ! ,common ,morelle1 #dah ,division ,,ii4--,,glucosides ,i4 ,,digitalis ,,gr\p4 #ebf4 ,description ( ! ,digitalis ,purpurea1 or ,foxglove1 #dai #ebg4 ,active ,pr9ciples ( ! ,foxglove--,! ,digital9s1 #dai #ebh4 ,digitale91 #dbj #ebi4 ,digiton9--,digitog591 #dbj #ecj4 ,digital91 #dbj #eca4 ,digitalet91 #dbj #ecb4 ,digitox9--,toxires91 #dbj1 #dba #ecc4 ,digital]et9--,p>adigitalet91 #dba #ecd4 ,o!r ,active ,pr9ciples 9 ,digitalis2 su* z ,digit91 ,digitalacr91 ,digitale91 c41 #dba1 #dbb #ece4 ,reactions ( ! ,digital9s1 #dbb #ecf4 ,ph>maceutical ,prep>ations ( ,digital91 #dbb #ecg4 ,fatal ,dose1 #dbb-dbd #ech4 ,/ati/ics ( ,poison+ by ,digitalis1 #dbd #eci4 ,effects on ,man--,illu/rative ,cases1 #dbd-dbg #edj4 ,physiological ,action ( ! ,digital9s1 #dbg #eda4 ,local ,action ( ! ,digital9s1 #dbg1 #dbh #edb4 ,action on ! ,he>t & ,circulation1 #dbh1 #dbi #edc4 ,action ( ! ,digital9s on ! ,muco-,inte/9al ,tract & o!r ,organs1 #dbi #edd4 ,action ( ,digital9 on ! ,common ,bl[-,fly1 #dbi #ede4 ,action ( ! ,digital9s on ! ,frog's ,he>t1 #dbi1 #dcj #edf4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances1 #dcj #edg4 ,sep>ation ( ! ,digital9s f ,animal ,tissues1 c4--,te/s1 ,*emical & ,physiological1 #dca ,,ii4 ,,o!r ,,poison\s ,,glucosides ,,act+ ,,on ,,! ,,he>t4 #a4 ,cry/allisable ,glucosides4 #edh4 ,anti>9--,*emical ,prop]ties1 #dcb #edi4 ,effects ( ,anti>91 #dcb #eej4 ,sep>ation ( ,anti>91 #dcb #eea4 ,! ,active ,pr9ciples ( ! ,hellebores--,hellebor9-- ,hellebore9--,helleboret91 #dcc #eeb4 ,symptoms ( ,poison+ by ,hellebore1 #dcc #eec4 ,euonym91 #dcc #eed4 ,!vet91 #dcd #b4 ,sub/ances p>tly ,cry/allisable1 b :i* are n ,glucosides4 #eee4 ,/rophant91 #dcd #eef4 ,apocyn91 #dcd #c4 ,non-,cry/allisable ,glucosides almo/ ,insoluble 9 ,wat]4 #eeg4 ,scilla91 or ,scillit9--,adonid91 #dcd #eeh4 ,ole&r91 #dce #eei4 ,n]i91 or ,ole&] ,digital91 #dce #efj4 ,symptoms ( ,poison+ by ,ole&]1 #dce1 #dcf #efa4 ,! ,madagasc> ,ordeal ,poison1 #dcf #d4 ,sub/ances :i*1 ) o!r ,toxic ,effects1 behave l ! ,digital9s4 #efb4 ,ery?rophle91 #dcf ,,iii4 ,,sapon9--,,sapon9 ,,sub/ances4 #efc4 ,! ,v>ieties ( ,sapon9s1 #dcf1 #dcg #efd4 ,prop]ties ( ,sapon91 #dcg #efe4 ,effects ( ,sapon91 #dcg1 #dch #eff4 ,action on ,man1 #dch #efg4 ,sep>ation ( ,sapon91 #dch1 #dci #efh4 ,id5tification ( ,sapon91 #dci ,,division ,,iii4--,,c]ta9 ,,poison\s ,,anhydrides ,,( ,,organic ,,acids4 ,i4 ,,santon94 #efi4 ,prop]ties ( ,santon91 #dci1 #ddj #egj4 ,poison+ by ,santon91 #ddj #ega4 ,fatal ,dose1 #ddj #egb4 ,effects on ,animals1 #ddj #egc4 ,effects on ,man--,yell[ ,vision1 #ddj1 #dda #egd4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances1 #dda #ege4 ,sep>ation f ! ,cont5ts ( ! ,/oma*1 #dda1 #ddb ,,ii4 ,,mez]eon4 #egf4 ,cases ( ,poison+ by ! ,mez]eon1 #ddb ,,division ,,iv4--,,v>i\s ,,vegetable ,,poison\s ,,pr9ciples--,,n ,,admitt+ ,,( ,,classification ,,"u ,,! ,,previ\s ,,?ree ,,divisions4 ,i4 ,,ergot ,,( ,,rye4 #egg4 ,description ( ! ,ergot ,fungus1 #ddb1 #ddc #egh4 ,*emical ,con/itu5ts ( ,ergot--,ergot99e--,ecbol9e-- ,scl]omuc9--,scl]otic ,acid--,scl]]y?r9--,scl]oid9-- ,scl]ocry/all9--,sphacelic ,acid--,cornut91 #ddc-dde #egi4 ,detection ( ,ergot 9 ,fl\r1 #dde #ehj4 ,ph>maceutical ,prep>ations1 #dde #eha4 ,dose1 #ddf #ehb4 ,ergotism--,hi/orical ,notice ( ,v>i\s ,outbreaks1 #ddf1 #ddg #ehc4 ,convulsive ,=m ( ,ergotism1 #ddg #ehd4 ,gangr5\s ,=m ( ,ergotism--,! ,watti%am ,cases1 #ddg1 #ddh #ehe4 ,symptoms ( ,acute ,poison+ by ,ergot1 #ddh #ehf4 ,physiological ,action1 z %[n by ,exp]im5ts on ,animals1 #ddh-dej #ehg4 ,sep>ation ( ! ,active ,pr9ciples ( ,ergot1 #dej ,,ii4 ,,picrotox91 ,,! ,,active ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,! ,,cocculus ,,indicus4 #ehh4 ,enum]ation ( ! ,active ,pr9ciples conta9$ 9 ! ,m5isp]mum ,cocculus1 #dea #ehi4 ,picrotox92 its ,*emical ,reactions & ,prop]ties1 #dea1 #deb #eij4 ,fatal ,dose1 #deb #eia4 ,effects on ,animals1 #deb1 #dec #eib4 ,effects on ,man1 #dec #eic4 ,physiological ,action1 #dec #eid4 ,sep>ation f ,organic ,matt]s1 #dec1 #ded ,,iii4 ,,! ,,poison ,,( ,,illicium ,,religiosum4 #eie4 ,dr4 ,langa>d's ,rese>*es1 #ded ,,iv4 ,,picric ,,acid ,,& ,,picrates4 #eif4 ,prop]ties ( ,picric ,acid1 #ded #eig4 ,effects ( ,picric ,acid1 #ded1 #dee #eih4 ,te/s1 #dee ,v4 ,,cicutox94 #eii4 ,description ( ! ,cicuta ,virosa1 #def #fjj4 ,effects on ,animals1 #def #fja4 ,effects on ,man1 #def1 #deg #fjb4 ,sep>ation ( ,cicutox9 f ! ,body1 #deg ,,vi4 ,,?usa ,,cynapium 7,,fool',s ,,p>sley74 #fjc4 ,dr4 ,h>ley's ,exp]im5ts1 #deg ,,vii4 ,,nan! ,,crocata4 #fjd4 ,! ,wat] ,hemlock--,description ( ! ,plant--,cases ( ,poison+1 #deg1 #deh #fje4 ,effects ( ! ,wat] ,hemlock1 z %[n by ! ,plym\? ,cases1 #deh #fjf4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances1 #dei ,,viii4 ,,oil ,,( ,,sav94 #fjg4 ,effects & ,prop]ties ( ,sav9 ,oil1 #dei #fjh4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances1 #dfj #fji4 ,sep>ation & ,id5tification1 #dfj ,,ix4 ,,croton ,,oil4 #faj4 ,*emical ,prop]ties ( ,croton ,oil1 #dfa #faa4 ,dose--,effects--,illu/rative ,cases1 #dfa #fab4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances1 #dfa #fac4 ,*emical ,analysis1 #dfb ,x4 ,,! ,,toxalbum9s ,,( ,,ca/or ,,oil ,,se$s ,,& ,,abrus4 #fad4 ,! ,toxalbum9 ( ,ca/or ,oil ,se$s1 #dfb #fae4 ,toxalbum9 ( ,abrus1 #dfb1 #dfc ,,xi4 ,,ictrog54 #faf4 ,ictrog51 #dfc ,,xii4 ,,cotton ,,se$s4 #fag4 ,cotton ,se$s z a ,poison1 #dfd ,,xiii4 ,,la?yrus ,,sativus4 #fah4 ,poison\s ,qualities ( ,vet*l+s1 #dfd1 #dfe ,,xiv4 ,,arum--,,locu/-,,tree--,,bryony--,,male ,,f]n4 #fai4 ,arum ,maculatum1 #dfe #fbj4 ,! ,black ,bryony1 #dfe #fba4 ,! ,locu/ ,tree1 #dfe #fbb4 ,male ,f]n #dfe1 #dff ,,"p ,,vii4--,,poisons ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,liv+ ,,or ,,dead ,,animal ,,sub/ances4 ,,division ,i4--,,poisons ,,secret$ ,,by ,,liv+ ,,animals4 ,i4 ,,poison\s ,,amphibia4 #fbc4 ,poison\s ,prop]ties ( ! ,sk9 ( ! ,salam&ra ,maculosa --,salam&r9e1 c41 #dfg #fbd4 ,poison f ! ,toad1 #dfh ,,ii4 ,,! ,,poison ,,( ,,! ,,scorpion4 #fbe4 ,v>i\s ,species ( ,scorpions--,effects ( ! ,scorpion ,poison1 #dfh ,,iii4 ,,poison\s ,,fi%4 #fbf4 ,poison\s ,fi%--,illu/rative ,cases1 #dfh-dgj ,,iv4 ,,poison\s ,,spid]s ,,& ,,insects4 #fbg4 ,! ,bite ( ! ,t>antula--,! ,bite ( ! ,latrodectus ,malmignatus1 #dgj #fbh4 ,effects ( ! ,bite ( ! ,katipo1 #dga #fbi4 ,ants1 c41 #dga #fcj4 ,! ,poison ( ,wasps1 ,bees1 & ,hornets1 #dga #fca4 ,can?>ides1 #dga #fcb4 ,can?>id91 #dga1 #dgb #fcc4 ,ph>maceutical ,prep>ations ( ,can?>ides1 #dgb #fcd4 ,fatal ,dose1 #dgb #fce4 ,effects on ,animals--,radecki's ,exp]im5ts--,effects on ,man-- ,he9ri*'s ,auto-,exp]im5ts1 #dgb1 #dgc #fcf4 ,g5]al ,symptoms ,produc$ by ,can?>ides1 #dgc1 #dgd #fcg4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances1 #dgd #fch4 ,te/s = ,can?>id9--,di/ribution 9 ! ,body--,drag5dorff's ,process1 #dge-dgg ,v4 ,,snake ,,poison4 #fci4 ,classes ( ,poison\s ,snakes1 #dgg #fdj4 ,! ,poison ( ! ,cobra1 #dgh #fda4 ,fatal ,dose ( ,cobra ,poison1 #dgi #fdb4 ,effects on ,animals1 #dgi #fdc4 ,effects on ,man1 #dgi1 #dhj #fdd4 ,antidotes & ,treatm5t--,hal=d's ,treatm5t by ,ammonia-- ,p]manganate ( ,pota%1 #dhj1 #dha #fde4 ,detection ( ! ,cobra ,v5om1 #dhb #fdf4 ,effects ( ! ,bite ( ! ,duboia ,russellii1 or ,russell's ,vip]1 #dhc #fdg4 ,! ,poison ( ! ,common ,vip]--,! ,v5om ( ,naja ,haje 7,cleopatra's ,asp71 #dhc1 #dhd ,,division ,,ii4--,,ptoma9es--,,tox9es4 #fdh4 ,def9ition ( a ,ptoma9e1 #dhe ,isolation ( ,ptoma9es4 #fdi4 ,gauti]'s ,process1 #dhe #fej4 ,brieg]'s ,process1 #dhe-dhg #fea4 ,b5zoyl ,*loride ,me?od1 #dhg1 #dhh #feb4 ,! ,am9es1 #dhh-dij #fec4 ,me?ylam9e1 #dia #fed4 ,dime?ylam9e1 #dia #fee4 ,trime?ylam9e1 #dia #fef4 ,e?ylam9e1 #dia #feg4 ,die?ylam9e1 #dia #feh4 ,trie?ylam9e1 #dia #fei4 ,propylam9e1 #dia #ffj4 ,isoamylam9e1 #dib ,diam9es4 #ffa4 ,rate ( ,=mation ( ,diam9es1 #dib #ffb4 ,e?ylid5$iam9e1 #dib #ffc4 ,neurid9e1 #dic1 #did #ffd4 ,cadav]9e1 #did-dif #ffe4 ,putresc9e1 #dif #fff4 ,metaph5yl5$iam9e1 #dig #ffg4 ,p>aph5yl5$iam9e1 #dig #ffh4 ,hexame?yl5$iam9e1 #dig #ffi4 ,die?yl5$iam9e1 #dig1 #dih #fgj4 ,mydale9e1 #dih #fga4 ,guanid9e1 #dih1 #dii #fgb4 ,me?ylguanid9e1 #dii1 #ejj #fgc4 ,sapr9e1 #ejj #fgd4 ,! ,*ol9e ,gr\p1 #ejj1 #eja #fge4 ,neur9e1 #eja #fgf4 ,beta9e1 #eja1 #ejb #fgg4 ,peptotox9e1 #ejb #fgh4 ,pyrid9e-l ,alkaloid f ! ,cuttle-fi%1 #ejb1 #ejc #fgi4 ,poisons connect$ ) ,tetanus--,tetan9e1 #ejc #fhj4 ,tetanotox9e1 #ejc1 #ejd #fha4 ,mydatox9e1 #ejd #fhb4 ,mytilotox9e1 #eje #fhc4 ,tyrotoxicon1 #ejd1 #eje #fhd4 ,tox9es connect$ ) ,hog ,*ol]a1 #eje1 #ejf #fhe4 ,o!r ,ptoma9es1 #ejf ,,division ,,iii4--,,food ,,poison+4 #fhf4 ,! ,welbeck--,! ,oldham--,! ,bi%op ,/ort=d--,! ,wolv]hampton--,! ,c>lisle1 & o!r ,mass ,poison+s by *ang$ ,food--,/ati/ics ( ,dea?s f ,un:olesome ,food1 #ejf-ejh #fhg4 ,g]man ,sausage ,poison+1 #eji ,,"p ,,viii4--,,! ,,oxalic ,,acid ,,gr\p ,,( ,,poisons4 #fhh4 ,di/ribution ( ,oxalic ,acid 9 ! ,animal & ,vegetable ,k+doms1 #eaj #fhi4 ,prop]ties & ,reactions ( ,oxalic ,acid1 #eaj1 #eaa #fij4 ,oxalate ( ,lime2 its ,prop]ties1 #eaa1 #eab #fia4 ,use ( ,oxalic ,acid 9 ! ,arts1 #eab #fib4 ,prop]ties ( ,hydropotassic ,oxalate 7,b9oxalate ( ,pota%71 #eab #fic4 ,/ati/ics ( ,oxalic ,acid ,poison+1 #eab #fid4 ,fatal ,dose ( ,oxalic ,acid1 #eac #fie4 ,effects ( ,oxalic ,acid & ,oxalates on ,animals1 #eac #fif4 ,rese>*es ( ,kob]t & ,kssn] on ! ,effects ( ,sodic ,oxalate1 #eac1 #ead #fig4 ,effects ( ,vaporis$ ,oxalic ,acid1 #ead1 #eae #fih4 ,effects ( ,oxalic ,acid & ,hydropotassic ,oxalate on ,man-- ,illu/rative ,cases1 #eae1 #eaf #fii4 ,physiological ,action1 #eaf1 #eag #gjj4 ,pa?ological ,*anges produc$ by ,oxalic ,acid & ! ,oxalates1 #eag1 #eah #gja4 ,prep>ations 9 ,museums ,illu/rative ( ! ,effects ( ,oxalic ,acid1 #eah #gjb4 ,pa?ological ,*anges produc$ by ! ,acid ,oxalate ( ,pota%1 #eah1 #eai #gjc4 ,sep>ation ( ,oxalic ,acid f ,organic ,sub/ances1 ! ,tissues ( ! ,body1 c41 #eai-eba #gjd4 ,oxalate ( ,lime 9 ! ,ur9e1 #eba #gje4 ,e/imation ( ,oxalic ,acid1 #eba1 #ebb ,c]ta9 ,oxalic ,bases--,oxalme?yl9e--,oxalpropyl9e4 #gjf4 ,! ,exp]im5ts ( ,s*ulz & ,may] on ,oxalme?yl9e1 ,*loroxalme?yl9e1 & ,oxalpropyl9e1 #ebb1 #ebc ,,"p ,,ix4--,,inorganic ,,poisons4 ,i4 ,,precipitat$ ,,f ,a ,,hydro*loric ,,acid ,,solution ,,by ,,hydric ,,sulphide-- ,,precipitate ,,yell[ ,,or ,,orange4 ,,ars5ic--,,antimony--,,cadmium4 #a4 ,ars5ic4 #gjg4 ,metallic ,ars5ic2 its ,*emical & ,physical ,prop]ties1 #ebd #gjh4 ,ars5i\s ,anhydride--,ars5i\s ,acid2 its ,prop]ties & ,solubility1 #ebd1 #ebe #gji4 ,ars5iurett$ ,hydrog5 7,ars9e71 #ebe-ebg #gaj4 ,ars5iurett$ ,hydrog5 9 ! ,arts1 c1 #ebg #gaa4 ,! ,effects ( ,ars5iurett$ ,hydrog5 on ,man--,illu/rative ,cases1 #ebg1 #ebh #gab4 ,! ,sulphides ( ,ars5ic1 #ebh1 #ebi #gac4 ,orpim5t1 or ,ars5ic ,trisulphide1 #ebi #gad4 ,haloid ,ars5ical ,comp\nds--,*loride ( ,ars5ic--,iodide ( ,ars5ic1 #ebi #gae4 ,ars5ic 9 ! ,arts1 #ebi1 #ecj #gaf4 ,ph>maceutical ,prep>ations ( ,ars5ic--,vet]9>y ,ars5ical ,m$ic9es--,rat & ,fly ,poisons--,quack ,no/rums--,pigm5ts-- ,ext]nal ,application ( ,ars5ic = ,%eep--,ars5ical ,soaps-- ,ars5ical ,comp\nds us$ 9 ,pyrote*ny1 #ecj-ecd #gag4 ,/ati/ics ( ,poison+ by ,ars5ic1 #ecd #gah4 ,law ,relative to ! ,sale ( ,ars5ic1 #ece #gai4 ,dose ( ,ars5ic1 #ece #gbj4 ,effects ( ,ars5i\s ,acid on ,plants1 #ece1 #ecf #gba4 ,effects ( ,ars5ic ^u ,life--,animalcules--,annelids--,birds-- ,mammals1 #ecf-ech #gbb4 ,effects ( ,ars5i\s ,acid on ,man--,ars5ic ,eat]s1 #ech1 #eci #gbc4 ,mann] ( ,introduction ( ,ars5ic1 #eci #gbd4 ,cases ( ,poison+ by ! ,ext]nal ,application ( ,ars5ic1 #eci-eda #gbe4 ,ars5ic 9 ,wall-,pap]s1 #eda1 #edb #gbf4 ,=ms ( ,ars5ical ,poison+--,acute ,=m1 #edb #gbg4 ,subacute ,=m--,case ( ! ,duc de ,prasl91 #edc #gbh4 ,n]v\s ,=m--,brodie's ,exp]im5ts on ,rabbits--,a 8,mass0 ,poison+ report$ by ,dr4 ,coqu]et1 #edd1 #ede #gbi4 ,abs5ce ( ,symptoms1 #ede1 #edf #gcj4 ,sl[ ,poison+1 #edf #gca4 ,! ,maybrick ,case1 #edf-edh #gcb4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances met ) 9 ,animals aft] ,ars5ical ,poison+--,! ,rese>*es ( ,hugo1 #edh1 #edi #gcc4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances 9 ,man--,illu/rative ,pa?ological ,prep>ations 9 ,v>i\s ,museums1 #edi-eea #gcd4 ,pa?ological ,*anges induc$ 9 ! ,gullet & ,/oma*--,fatty ,deg5]ation ( ! ,liv] & ,kidneys--,glossitis--,ret>dation ( ,putrefaction1 #eea1 #eeb #gce4 ,physiological ,action ( ,ars5ic1 #eeb1 #eec #gcf4 ,elim9ation ( ,ars5ic--,"q ( ,accumulation ( ,ars5ic1 #eec #gcg4 ,antidotes & ,treatm5t1 #eec1 #eed #gch4 ,detection ( ,ars5ic--,id5tification ( ,ars5i\s ,acid 9 ,sub/ance--,te/ ( ,b]zelius--,id5tification ( ,ars5ites & ,ars5iates--,detection ( ,ars5i\s ,acid 9 ,solution-- ,di/+ui%+ ,m>ks betwe5 ! ,sulphides ( ,t91 ,cadmium1 ,antimony1 & ,ars5ic--,m>%'s ,orig9al ,te/ = ,ars5ic-- ,blondlot's ,modification ( ,m>%'s ,te/--,di/+ui%+ ,m>ks betwe5 ,ars5ical & ,antimonial ,mirrors--,re9s*'s ,te/s1 #eed-efj #gci4 ,ars5ic 9 ,glyc]91 #efj #gdj4 ,ars5ic 9 ,organic ,matt]s--,orfila's ,me?od ( ,de/roy+ ,organic ,matt]--,extraction ) ,hydro*loric ,acid--,modifications 9 ! ,treatm5t ( ,oils--,res9\s ,matt]s--,exp]im5ts on ! ,di/ribution ( ,ars5ic by ,scolosub(f1 ,ludwig1 & ,*itt5d5-- ,! ,"q ( ,contam9ation ( a ,corpse by ,ars5ical ,e>?1 #efj-efb #gda4 ,imbibition ( ,ars5ic aft] ,dea?--,mason's ,case1 #efc-efe #gdb4 ,analysis ( ,wall-,pap] = ,ars5ic1 #efe1 #eff #gdc4 ,e/imation ( ,ars5ic--,galvanic ,process ( ,bloxam--,colorimetric ,me?ods1 #eff-efh #gdd4 ,de/ruction ( ! ,organic ,matt] by ,nitric ,acid1 & ,subsequ5t ,r$uction ( ! ,ars5ic ,acid to ,ars5iurett$ ,hydrog51 & ,f9al ,e/imation z ,metallic ,ars5ic1 #efh-ega #gde4 ,ars9e develop$ f an ,alkal9e ,solution1 #ega #gdf4 ,precipitation z ,t]sulphide--,me?ods ( ,deal+ ) ! ,sulphides obta9$--7a7 ,solution 9 ,ammonia & ,e/imation by ,iod9e--7b7 ,dry+ ! ,purifi$ ,precipitate at a ,high ,temp]ature1 & !n directly weigh+--7c7 ,oxidation ( ! ,sulphide & ,precipitation z ,ammonia ,magnesian ,ars5iate1 or ,magnesia ,pyro ,ars5iate--7d7 ,conv]sion ( ! ,trisulphide ( ,ars5ic into ! ,ars5o-,molybdate ( ,ammonia--,conv]sion ( ! ,sulphide into ,metallic ,ars5ic1 #ega-ege #gdg4 ,conv]sion ( ,ars5ic into ,ars5i\s ,*loride1 #ege1 #egf #b4 ,antimony4 #gdh4 ,prop]ties ( ,metallic ,antimony1 #egg #gdi4 ,antimoni\s ,sulphides1 #egg1 #egh #gej4 ,t>t>at$ ,antimony--,t>t> ,emetic1 #egh1 #egi #gea4 ,metantimonic ,acid1 #egi #geb4 ,ph>maceutical1 ,vet]9>y1 & ,quack ,prep>ations ( ,antimony-- 7#a7,ph>maceutical ,prep>ations--7#b7 ,pat5t & ,quack ,pills--7#c7 ,antimonial ,m$ic9es1 *iefly ,vet]9>y1 #egi-ehb #gec4 ,alloys1 #ehb #ged4 ,pigm5ts1 #ehb #gee4 ,dose1 #ehb #gef4 ,effects ( ,t>t> ,emetic on ,animals--,influ5ce on ,temp]ature-- ,dr4 ,nev9's ,rese>*es on ,rabbits1 #ehb1 #ehc #geg4 ,effects ( ,t>t> ,emetic on ,man--,illu/rative ,cases1 #ehc1 #ehd #geh4 ,*ronic ,antimonial ,poison+1 #ehe #gei4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances--,prep>ations 9 ,museums--,pa?ological ,appe>ances 9 ,rabbits1 accord+ to ,nev91 #ehe1 #ehf #gfj4 ,elim9ation ( ,antimony1 #ehf #gfa4 ,antidotes = ,t>t> ,emetic1 #ehf #gfb4 ,effects ( ,*loride or ,butt] ( ,antimony1 #ehg #gfc4 ,detection ( ,antimony 9 ,organic ,matt]s1 #ehg-ehi #gfd4 ,quantitative ,e/imation ( ,antimony1 #ehi1 #eij #c4 ,cadmium4 #gfe4 ,prop]ties ( ! ,metal ,cadmium1 #eij #gff4 ,cadmium ,oxide1 #eij #gfg4 ,cadmium ,sulphide1 #eij #gfh4 ,m$ic9al ,prep>ations ( ,cadmium--,cadmium ,iodide--,cadmium ,sulphate1 #eij #gfi4 ,cadmium 9 ! ,arts1 #eij #ggj4 ,fatal ,dose ( ,cadmium1 #eij #gga4 ,sep>ation & ,detection ( ,cadmium1 #eij1 #eia ,,ii4 ,,precipitat$ ,,by ,,hydric ,,sulphide ,,9 ,,hydro*loric ,,acid ,,solution-- ,,black4 ,,lead--,,copp]--,,bismu?--,,silv]--,,m] cury4 #a4 ,lead4 #ggb4 ,lead & its ,oxides--,li?>ge--,m9ium1 or ,r$ ,lead1 #eia1 #eib #ggc4 ,sulphide ( ,lead1 #eib #ggd4 ,sulphate ( ,lead1 #eib #gge4 ,acetate ( ,lead1 #eib #ggf4 ,*loride ( ,lead--,c>bonate ( ,lead1 #eib1 #eic #ggg4 ,prep>ations ( ,lead us$ 9 ,m$ic9e1 ! ,arts1 c4--7#a7 ,ph>maceutical--7#b7 ,quack ,no/rums--7#c7 ,prep>ations us$ 9 ! ,arts--,pigm5ts--,hair ,dyes--,alloys1 #eic1 #eid #ggh4 ,/ati/ics ( ,lead-,poison+1 #eid #ggi4 ,lead z a ,poison--,means by :i* ,lead may be tak5 into ! ,sy/em1 #eie1 #eif #ghj4 ,effects ( ,lead ,comp\nds on ,animals1 #eif1 #eig #gha4 ,effects ( ,lead ,comp\nds on ,man--,acute ,poison+--,mass ,poison+ by ,lead--,case ( ,acute ,poison+ by ! ,c>bonate ( ,lead1 #eig-eii #ghb4 ,*ronic ,poison+ by ,lead1 #eii1 #fjj #ghc4 ,effects ( ,lead on ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em--,lead z a ,factor ( ,insanity #fjj1 #fja #ghd4 ,amaurosis ,caus$ by ,lead-,poison+--,influ5ce on ! ,sexual ,functions--,c>ies--,epilepsy1 #fja-fjc #ghe4 ,uric ,acid 9 ! ,blood aft] ,lead-,poison+1 #fjc #ghf4 ,influ5ce ( ,lead on ,pregnant ,wom5 & on ,ftal ,life--,! ,keighley ,case ( ,poison+ by ,wat] ,contam9at$ by ,lead--,case ( ,reg4 v4 ,l4 ,j4 ,taylor1 #fjc-fje #ghg4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances1 #fje #ghh4 ,physiological ,action ( ,lead1 #fje1 #fjf #ghi4 ,elim9ation ( ,lead1 #fjf #gij4 ,fatal ,dose1 #fjf1 #fjg #gia4 ,antidotes & ,treatm5t1 #fjg #gib4 ,localisation ( ,lead1 #fjg1 #fjh #gic4 ,detection & ,e/imation ( ,lead1 #fjh1 #fji #gid4 ,detection ( ,lead 9 ,t>t>ic ,acid1 9 ,lemonade & ,arat$ ,wat]s1 #fji1 #faj #b4 ,copp]4 #gie4 ,prop]ties ( ,copp]1 #faj #gif4 ,cupric ,oxide1 #faj #gig4 ,cupric ,sulphide1 #faj #gih4 ,solubility ( ,copp] 9 ,wat] & ,v>i\s ,fluids--,exp]im5ts ( ,c>nelley1 ,w4 ,?ompson1 & ,lehmann1 #faj-fab #gii4 ,copp] z a ,normal ,con/itu5t ( ,animal1 ,vegetable1 & o!r ,matt]s--,dupr's ,exp]im5ts--,b]g]on & ,l4 ,l',hte's ,rese>*es1 #fab-fad #hjj4 ,! 8,copp]+0 ( ,vegetables--,copp] 9 ,gre5 ,peas-- ,phyllocyanic ,acid1 #fad1 #fae #hja4 ,prep>ations ( ,copp] us$ 9 ,m$ic9e & ! ,arts--7#a7 ,m$ic9al ,prep>ations--7#b7 ,copp] 9 ! ,arts1 #fae1 #faf #hjb4 ,dose--,m$ic9al ,dose ( ,copp]1 #faf1 #fag #hjc4 ,effects ( ,soluble ,copp] ,salts on ,animals1 #fag-fai #hjd4 ,toxic ,dose ( ,copp] ,salts1 #fai #hje4 ,cases ( ,acute ,poison+1 #fai1 #fbj #hjf4 ,effects ( ,subacetate1 ,sub*loride1 & ,c>bonate ( ,copp]1 #fbj #hjg4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances se5 9 ,acute ,poison+ by ,copp]1 #fbj1 #fba #hjh4 ,*ronic ,poison+ by ,copp]1 #fba1 #fbb #hji4 ,detection & ,e/imation ( ,copp]--,g5]al ,me?od--,special ,me?od = ,copp] 9 ,solution 9 ,wat] & o!r ,liquids-- ,detection ( ,copp] 9 ,animal ,matt]s1 #fbb-fbd #haj4 ,volumetric ,processes = ! ,e/imation ( ,copp]1 #fbd #c4 ,bismu?4 #haa4 ,bismu? z a ,metal1 #fbd #hab4 ,t]oxide ( ,bismu?1 #fbd #hac4 ,! ,sulphide ( ,bismu?1 #fbd #had4 ,prep>ations ( ,bismu? us$ 9 ,m$ic9e & ! ,arts--7#a7 ,ph>maceutical ,prep>ations--7#b7 ,bismu? 9 ! ,arts1 #fbd1 #fbe #hae4 ,m$ic9al ,doses ( ,bismu?1 #fbe #haf4 ,toxic ,effects ( ,sub-nitrate ( ,bismu?1 #fbe1 #fbf #hag4 ,extraction & ,detection ( ,bismu? 9 ,animal ,matt]1 #fbf1 #fbg #hah4 ,e/imation ( ,bismu?--,volumetric ,processes1 #fbg1 #fbh #d4 ,silv]4 #hai4 ,prop]ties ( ,metallic ,silv]1 #fbh1 #fbi #hbj4 ,*loride ( ,silv]1 #fbi #hba4 ,sulphide ( ,silv]1 #fbi #hbb4 ,prep>ations ( ,silv] us$ 9 ,m$ic9e & ! ,arts--7#a7 ,m$ic9al ,prep>ations--7#b7 ,silv] 9 ! ,arts1 #fbi1 #fcj #hbc4 ,m$ic9al ,dose ( ,silv] ,comp\nds1 #fcj #hbd4 ,effects ( ,nitrate ( ,silv] on ,animals--,*ronic ,poison+1 #fcj1 #fca #hbe4 ,toxic ,effects ( ,silv] ,nitrate on ,man--7#a7 ,acute--7#b7 ,*ronic ,poison+1 #fca1 #fcb #hbf4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances1 #fcb #hbg4 ,detection & ,e/imation ( ,silv]1 #fcb1 #fcc #e4 ,m]cury4 #hbh4 ,! ,metal ,m]cury--,m]cur\s ,*loride1 or ,calomel1 #fcc1 #fcd #hbi4 ,sulphide ( ,m]cury1 #fcd #hcj4 ,m$ic9al ,prep>ations ( ,m]cury1 #fcd-fch #hca4 ,m]cury 9 ! ,arts--,! ,sulphocyanide ( ,m]cury--,acid ,solution ( ,nitrate ( ,m]cury1 #fci #hcb4 ,! m common ,pat5t & ,quack ,m$ic9es conta9+ ,m]cury1 #fci1 #fdj #hcc4 ,m]cury 9 ,vet]9>y ,m$ic9e1 #fdj #hcd4 ,m$ic9al & ,fatal ,dose1 #fdj1 #fda #hce4 ,poison+ by ,m]cury--,/ati/ics1 #fda #hcf4 ,effects ( ,m]curial ,vap\r & ( ! ,non-,corrosive ,comp\nds ( ,m]cury--7a7 ,on ,vegetable ,life--7b7 ,on ,animal ,life1 #fda1 #fdb #hcg4 ,effects on ,man1 #fdb1 #fdc #hch4 ,absorption ( ,m]cury by ! ,sk91 #fdc #hci4 ,symptoms ( ,poison+ by ,m]cury ,vap\r1 #fdc1 #fdd #hdj4 ,m]curial ,tremor1 #fdd1 #fde #hda4 ,m]curic ,me?ide--,effects (1 z ,illu/rat$ by two ,cases1 #fde1 #fdf #hdb4 ,effects ( ! ,corrosive ,salts ( ,m]cury1 #fdf1 #fdg #hdc4 ,dea? f ! ,ext]nal ,use ( ,corrosive ,sublimate1 #fdg #hdd4 ,effects ( ! ,nitrates ( ,m]cury1 #fdg #hde4 ,case ( ,reg4 v4 ,e4 ,smi?1 #fdh #hdf4 ,m]curic ,cyanide1 #fdh #hdg4 ,:ite ,precipitate1 #fdh #hdh4 ,treatm5t ( ,acute & ,*ronic ,poison+1 #fdh #hdi4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances--,pa?ological ,prep>ations 9 ,v>i\s ,anatomical ,museums1 #fdh-fej #hej4 ,pa?ological ,appe>ances f ! ,effects ( ,nitrate ( ,m]cury1 #fej #hea4 ,elim9ation ( ,m]cury1 #fej1 #fea #heb4 ,te/s = ,m]cury1 #fea1 #feb #hec4 ,! ,detection ( ,m]cury 9 ,organic ,sub/ances & ,fluids1 #feb-fed #hed4 ,e/imation ( ,m]cury--,! ,dry ,me?od1 #fed #hee4 ,volumetric ,processes = ! ,e/imation ( ,m]cury1 #fed1 #fee ,,iii4 ,,precipitat$ ,,by ,,hydric ,,sulphide ,,f ,a ,,neutral ,,solution4 ,,z9c--,,nickel--,,cobalt4 #a4 ,z9c4 #hef4 ,prop]ties ( ,metallic ,z9c1 #fee1 #fef #heg4 ,c>bonate ( ,z9c1 #fef #heh4 ,oxide ( ,z9c1 #fef #hei4 ,sulphide ( ,z9c--,sulphate ( ,z9c1 #fef #hfj4 ,prep>ation & ,uses ( ,*loride ( ,z9c1 #fef1 #feg #hfa4 ,z9c 9 ! ,arts--,z9c ,*romate--,z9c ,pigm5ts--,action ( ,fluids on ,z9c ,vessels1 #feg1 #feh #hfb4 ,effects ( ,z9c1 z %[n by ,exp]im5ts on ,animals1 #feh #hfc4 ,effects ( ,z9c ,comp\nds on ,man--,z9c ,oxide1 #feh1 #fei #hfd4 ,sulphate ( ,z9c1 #fei #hfe4 ,z9c ,*loride1 #fei1 #ffj #hff4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances--,illu/rat$ by ,specim5s 9 ,pa?ological ,museums1 #ffj1 #ffa #hfg4 ,detection ( ,z9c 9 ,organic ,liquids or ,solids1 #ffa1 #ffb #hfh4 ,id5tification ( ,z9c ,sulphide1 #ffb #b4 ,nickel--,cobalt4 #hfi4 ,exp]im5ts ( ,&]son ,/u>t on ! ,toxic ,action ( ,nickel & ,cobalt1 #ffb1 #ffc #hgj4 ,symptoms witness$ 9 v>i\s ,classes ( ,animals aft] tak+ ,doses ( ,nickel or ,cobalt1 #ffc1 #ffd #hga4 ,effects on ! ,circulation & ,n]v\s ,sy/em1 #ffd #hgb4 ,action on ,/rip$ ,muscle1 #ffd #hgc4 ,sep>ation ( ,nickel or ,cobalt f ! ,organic ,matt]s or ,tissues1 #ffd1 #ffe #hgd4 ,e/imation ( ,cobalt or ,nickel1 #ffe ,,iv4 ,,precipitat$ ,,by ,,ammonium ,,sulphide4 ,,iron--,,*romium--,,?allium--,,alum9ium --,,uranium4 #a4 ,iron4 #hge4 ,poison\s & ,non-,poison\s ,salts ( ,iron1 #ffe #hgf4 ,f]ric ,*loride--,ph>maceutical ,prep>ations ( ,f]ric ,*loride1 #fff #hgg4 ,effects ( ,f]ric ,*loride on ,animals1 #fff #hgh4 ,effects on ,man--,crim9al ,case at ,m>t9ique1 #fff1 #ffg #hgi4 ,elim9ation ( ,f]ric ,*loride1 #ffg1 #ffh #hhj4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances1 #ffh #hha4 ,f]r\s ,sulphate1 #ffh1 #ffi #hhb4 ,se>* = ,iron ,salts 9 ! ,cont5ts ( ! ,/oma*1 #ffi1 #fgj #b4 ,*romium4 #hhc4 ,neutral ,*romate ( ,pota%1 #fgj #hhd4 ,potassic ,bi*romate1 #fgj #hhe4 ,neutral ,lead ,*romate1 #fgj1 #fga #hhf4 ,use 9 ! ,arts1 #fga #hhg4 ,effects ( "s ( ! ,*romium ,comp\nds on ,animal ,life1 #fga #hhh4 ,effects ( "s ( ! ,*romium ,comp\nds on ,man--,bi*romate ,disease1 #fga1 #fgb #hhi4 ,acute ,poison+ by ! ,*romates--,illu/rative ,cases1 #fgb1 #fgc #hij4 ,le?al ,effects ( ,*romate ( ,lead1 #fgc #hia4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances1 #fgd #hib4 ,detection ( ! ,*romates & ,sep>ation ( ! ,salts ( ,*romium f ! ,cont5ts ( ! ,/oma*1 #fgd1 #fge #c4 ,?allium4 #hic4 ,discov]y ( ,?allium--,its ,prop]ties1 #fge1 #fgf #hid4 ,effects ( ,?allium ,salts1 #fgf #hie4 ,sep>ation ( ,?allium f ,organic ,fluids or ,tissues1 #fgf #d4 ,alum9ium4 #hif4 ,alum9ium & its ,salts1 #fgf1 #fgg #hig4 ,action ( ,alum ,salts--,siem's ,rese>*es--,alum ,bak+-,p[d]s1 #fgg1 #fgh #hih4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances1 #fgh #hii4 ,detection ( ,alum9a1 #fgh1 #fgi #e4 ,uranium4 #ijj4 ,poison\s ,prop]ties ( ,uranium ,salts1 #fgi #ija4 ,detection & ,e/imation ( ,uranium1 #fgi ,v4 ,,alkal9e ,,e>?s4 ,,b>ium4 #ijb4 ,salts ( ,b>ium 9 ,use 9 ! ,arts1 #fgi1 #fhj #ijc4 ,*loride ( ,b>ium1 #fhj #ijd4 ,b>ic ,c>bonate1 #fhj #ije4 ,sulphate ( ,b>ium1 #fhj #ijf4 ,effects ( ! ,soluble ,salts ( ,b>ium on ,animals1 #fha #ijg4 ,effects ( ! ,salts ( ,b>ium on ,man--,fatal ,dose1 #fha1 #fhb #ijh4 ,symptoms1 #fhb1 #fhc #iji4 ,di/ribution ( ,b>ium 9 ! ,body1 #fhc #iaj4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances1 #fhc1 #fhd #iaa4 ,sep>ation ( ,b>ium ,salts f ,organic ,solids or ,fluids1 & _! ,id5tification1 #fhd ,,app5dix4 ,,treatm5t1 ,,by ,,antidotes ,,or ,,o!rwise1 ,,( ,,cases ,,( ,,poison+4 #iab4 ,in/rum5ts1 ,emetics1 & ,antidotes ,prop] = ,furni%+ an ,antidote ,bag1 #fhe1 #fhf #iac4 ,poisons ,arrang$ ,alphabetically--,details ( ,treatm5t1 #fhg-gjj ,,dome/ic ,,ready ,,rem$ies ,,= ,,poison+4 #iad4 ,! 8,antidote ,cupbo>d10 & ,h[ to ,furni% x1 #gja ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,williams' ,app>atus = ,inve/igat+ ,action ( ,poisons on ! ,frog's ,he>t1 #dd ,e!r ,recov]y ,app>atus1 #dg ,micro-spectroscope1 #dh ,diagram %[+ ,absorption ,b&s ,produc$ f ,col\r ,reactions1 #ee ,hmat9 ,cry/als1 #fa ,tube = ,treatm5t ( ,liquids by ,e!real ,solv5ts1 #aef ,diagram ( ,visual ,field 9 ,d9itro-b5zol ,poison+1 #aij ,blondlot's ,app>atus = ,production ( ,phosph9e1 #bca ,app>atus = ,sublimation1 #beh ,bruc9e ,hydriodide1 #cdb ,bocklis*'s ,flask = ,di/illation 9 a ,vacuum1 #dhf ,b]zelius' ,tube = ,r$uction ( ,ars5ic1 #eed ,b5t ,tube = ,assay ( ,m]cury1 #fed ,fold+-,*>t 7,dea?s f ,intemp]ance & ,liv] ,disease71 to face p4 #acf ,,poisons3 ,,_! ,,effects ,,& ,,detection4 ,,"p ,i4--,,introductory4 ,i4--,! ,old ,poison-,lore4 #a4 ,x is significant t ! root 8tox0 ( ! mod]n ^w toxicology c be trac$ back to a v anci5t ^w mean+ 8b[0 or 8arr[10 or1 9 its broade/ s5se1 "s 8tool0 us$ = slay+3 h5ce x is no f>-fet*$ supposition t ! fir/ poison-k 0 t ( ! septic poisons4 ,p]*ance ! savage f\nd t weapons soil$ ) ! blood ( =m] victims made w\nds fatal2 f ?is obs]vation ! next /ep naturally w\ld be t ( exp]im5t--! arr[ or spe> w\ld be /eep$ 9 all mann] ( (f5sive pa/es1 & sme>$ ) ! vegetable juices ( ^? plants :i* 7 deem$ noxi\s2 & z ! effects 7 my/]i\s1 !y w\ld be ascrib$ to ! sup]natural p[]s1 & cov]$ ) a veil ( sup]/ition4 ,! hi/ory ( ! poison-lehre1 l all hi/ory1 beg9s 9 ! region ( ! my?s3 !re 0 a d>k saga prevail+ 9 ,greece1 t 9 ! f> nor? exi/$ a l& rul$ by sorc]]s--all *ildr5 ( ! sun--& nam$ ,aetes1 ,p]ses1 ,hecate1 ,m$ea1 & ,circe4 ,lat] on1 ! en*ant$ l& 0 localis$ at ,col*is1 & ,aetes & ,p]ses 7 said to be bro!rs4 ,hecate 0 ! daught] ( ,p]ses2 %e 0 m>ri$ to ,aetes1 & _! daught]s 7 ,m$ea & ,circe4 ,hecate 0 ! discov]] ( poison\s h]bs1 & le>n$ 9 rem$ies bo? evil & good4 ,h] k pass$ to ,m$ea1 :o n>cotis$ ! dragon1 ! gu>dian ( ! gold5 fleece1 & incit$ ,jason to great und]tak+s4 ,9 ! exp$ition ( ! ,argonauts1 ! poets lov$ to describe ,hecate's g>d51 ) its l(ty walls4 ,?rice-fold+ doors ( ebony b>r$ ! entrance1 :i* 0 gu>d$ by t]rible =ms3 only ! initiat$ few1 only !y :o bore ! leav5$ rod ( expiation1 & ! conceal$ conciliatory (f]+ ( ! ,m$ea1 c\ld ent] into ! sanctu>y4 ,t[]+ above all 0 ! temple ( ! dread ,hecate1 ^: prie/esses (f]$ to ! gods gha/ly sacrifices4 #b4 ,! olde/ ,egyptian k+1 ,m5es1 & ,attalus ,phylomet]1 ! la/ k+ ( ,p]gamus1 7 bo? fam\s = _! k ( plants4 ,attalus ,phylomet] 0 acqua9t$ ) hyoscyamus1 aconite1 conium1 v]atrum1 & o!rs2 he exp]im5t$ on ! prep>ation ( poisons1 & occupi$ himself 9 comp\nd+ m$ic9es4 ,mi?radetes ,eupator /ood yet high]3 ! receipt = ! fam\s !riaca1 prep>$ 9 lat] ye>s at an enorm\s price1 & compos$ ( fifty-f\r diff]5t +r$i5ts1 is ascrib$ to him4 ,! wond]ful skill %[n by ! ,egyptians 9 embalm+ & te*nical works is suffici5t to r5d] x fairly c]ta9 t _! *emical k 0 consid]able2 & ! frequ5t op]ations ( "o ca/e ^u ! dead mu/ h laid ! f\ndations ( a pa?ological & anatomical culture1 ( :i* only traces rema94 ,! ,egyptians knew prussic acid z extract$ 9 a dilute /ate f c]ta9 plants1 among ! *ief ( :i* 0 c]ta9ly ! pea*2 on a papyrus pres]v$ at ! ,l\vre1 ,m4 ,duteil read1 8,pron\nce n ! "n ( ,i4 ,a4 ,o4 "u ! p5alty ( ! pea*60 9 :i* d>k ?reat1 )\t d\bt1 lurks ! mean+ t ^? :o reveal$ ! religi\s my/]ies ( ! prie/s 7 put to dea? by wat]s di/ill$ f ! pea*4 ,t ! prie/s actually di/ill$ ! pea*-leaves has be5 d\bt$ by ^? :o consid] ! art ( di/illation a mod]n inv5tion2 b ?is process 0 well kn[n to adepts ( ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies1 & !re is no inh]5t improbability 9 ! supposition t ! ,egyptians practis$ x4 #c4 ,f ! ,egyptians ! k ( ! deadly dr9k appe>s to h pass$ to ! ,romans4 ,at ! trial ( ,antipat]1#a ,v]us br\ght a potion d]iv$ f ,egypt1 :i* _h be5 int5d$ to de/roy ,h]od2 ?is 0 essay$ on a crim9al1 he di$ at once4 ,9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius1 a ,roman knight1 accus$ ( high treason1 swall[$ a poison1 & fell dead at ! feet ( ! s5ators3 9 bo? cases ! rapidity ( action appe>s to po9t to prussic acid4 #a ,jos4 ,ant41 ,b4 xvii4 c4 #e4 ,! use ( poison by ! ,greeks1 z a means ( capital puni%m5t1 )\t d\bt fav\r$ suicide by ! same means2 ! easy1 pa9less dea? ( ! /ate prison] w\ld be (t5 pref]r$ to ! sword by "o tir$ ( life4 ,! anci5ts look$ inde$ ^u suicide1 9 c]ta9 in/ances1 z some?+ noble1 & x 0 occasionally =mally sanction$4 ,?us1 ,val]ius ,maximus tells u t he saw a woman ( quality1 9 ! isl& ( ,ceos1 :o1 hav+ liv$ happily = n9ety ye>s1 obta9$ leave to take a poison\s draught1 le/1 by liv+ long]1 %e %\ld happ5 to h a *ange 9 h] good =tune2 &1 curi\sly en\gh1 ?is sanction+ ( self-de/ruction seems to h be5 copi$ 9 ,europe4 ,mead relates t ! p ( ,m>seilles ( old _h a poison1 kept by ! public au?orities1 9 :i* cicuta 0 an +r$i5t3 a dose 0 all[$ to any "o :o c\ld %[ :y he %\ld desire dea?4 ,:atev] use or abuse might be made ( a few viol5t poisons1 ,greek & ,roman k ( poisons1 _! effects & me?ods ( detection1 0 /ation>y1 primitive1 & incomplete4 ,nic&] ( ,colophon 7#bjd-ach ,b4,c47 wrote two treatises1 ! mo/ anci5t works on ?is subject extant1 ! "o describ+ ! effects ( snake v5om2 ! o!r1 ! prop]ties ( opium1 h5bane1 c]ta9 fungi1 col*icum1 aconite1 & conium4 ,he divid$ poisons into ^? :i* kill quickly1 & ^? :i* act sl[ly4 ,z antidotes1 ^? m$ic9es are recomm5d$ :i* excite vomit+--e4g41 lukew>m oil1 w>m wat]1 mall[1 l9se$ tea1 c4 ,apollodorus liv$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c43 he wrote a "w on poison\s animals1 & "o on delet]i\s m$ic9es2 ^! works ( ,apollodorus 7 ! s\rces f :i* ,pl9y1 ,h]aclitus1 & sev]al ( ! lat] writ]s d]iv$ mo/ ( _! k ( poisons4 ,dioscorides 7#dj-ij ,a4,d47 well detail$ ! effects ( can?>ides1 sulphate ( copp]1 m]cury1 lead1 & ars5ic4 ,by ars5ic he w\ld appe> sometimes to mean ! sulphides1 sometimes ! :ite oxide4 ,dioscorides divid$ poisons1 accord+ to _! orig91 into ?ree classes1 viz43-- #a4 ,animal ,poisons4--,"u ?is head 7 class$ can?>ides & alli$ beetles1 toads1 salam&]s1 poison\s snakes1 a p>ticul> v>iety ( honey1 & ! blood ( ! ox1 probably ! latt] 9 a putrid /ate4 ,he also speaks ( ! 8sea-h>e40 ,! sea-h>e 0 consid]$ by ! anci5ts v poison\s1 & ,domitian is said to h murd]$ ,titus ) x4 ,x is suppos$ by naturali/s to h be5 "o ( ! g5us ,aplysia1 among ! ga/]opods4 ,bo? ,pl9y & ,dioscorides depict ! animal z some?+ v =midable3 x 0 n to be look$ at1 f> less t\*$4 ,! aplysi exhale a v nause\s & ftid od\r :5 !y are approa*$3 ! be/ kn[n ( ! species resembles1 :5 9 a /ate ( repose1 a mass ( un=m$ fle%2 :5 9 motion1 x is l a common slug2 its col\r is r$di%-br[n2 x has f\r horns on its head2 & ! eyes1 :i* are v small1 are situat$ betwe5 ! two h9d] ones4 ,?is aplysia has an ink res]voir1 l ! sepia1 & ejects x 9 ord] to escape f its enemies2 x inhabits ! muddy bottom ( ! wat]1 & lives on small crabs1 mollusca1 c4 #b4 ,poisons f ,plants4--,dioscorides enum]ates opium1 black & :ite hyoscyamus 7especially recognis+ ! activity ( ! se$s71 m&ragora1 :i* 0 probably a mixture ( v>i\s solanace1 conium 7us$ to poison ! condemn$ by ! p ( ,a!ns & ! dwell]s ( anci5t ,massilia71 elat]91 & ! juices ( a species ( euphorbia & apocyne4 ,he also makes a special m5tion ( aconite1 ! "n ( :i* is d]iv$ f ,akon1 a small city 9 ,h]aclea4 ,! ,greeks 7 well aw>e ( ! deadly nature ( aconite1 & gave to x a my?ical orig91 f ! foam ( ! dog ,c]b]us4 ,col*icum 0 also kn[n to ,dioscorides3 its fir/ use 0 ascrib$ to ,m$ea4 ,v]atrum album & nigrum 7 fam\s m$ic9es ( ! ,romans1 & a con/itu5t ( _! 8rat & mice p[d]s20 !y 7 also us$ z insecticides4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y1 ! ,gauls dipp$ _! arr[s 9 a prep>ation ( v]atrum4#b ,daphne mez]eon1 call$ by ! ,romans also smilax & taxus1 appe>s to h be5 us$ by ,cativolcus1 ! k+ ( ! ,eburones1 = ! purpose ( suicide1 or possibly by 8taxus0 ! yew-tree is meant4#c #b ,pl9y1 xxv4 #e4 #c ,de ,bello ,gallico1 vi4 #ca4 ,! poison\s prop]ties ( c]ta9 fungi 7 also kn[n4 ,nic&] calls ! v5om\s mu%rooms ! 8evil f]m5tation ( ! e>?10 & prescribes ! id5tical antidotes :i* we w\ld p]haps give at ! pres5t "t--viz41 v9eg> & alkal9e c>bonates4 #c4 ,m9]al ,poisons4--,ars5ic has be5 already allud$ to4 ,! anci5ts us$ x z a cau/ic & depilatory4 ,copp] 0 kn[n z sulphate & oxide2 m]cury only z c9nab>3 lead oxides 7 us$1 & milk & olive-oil prescrib$ z an antidote = _! poison\s prop]ties4 ,! poison-lehre = _m ages 0 consid]$ z some?+ =bidd54 ,gal51 9 8 treatise 8,on ,antidotes10 rem>ks t ! only au?ors :o d>$ to treat ( poisons 7 ,orpheus1 ,!ologus1 ,morus1 ,m5desius ! y\ng]1 ,heliodorus ( ,a!ns1 ,aratus1 & a few o!rs2 b none ( ^! treatises h come d[n to u4 ,f ! close simil>ity ( ! am\nt ( in=mation 9 ! treatises ( ,nic&]1 ,dioscorides1 ,pl9y1 ,gal51 & ,paulus g9eta1 x is probable t all 7 d]iv$ f a common s\rce4 #d4 ,if we turn our att5tion to e>ly ,asiatic hi/ory1 a v cursory glance at ! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,ea/ w prove h[ soon ! art ( poison+1 especially 9 ,india1 0 us$ = ! purpose ( suicide1 rev5ge1 or robb]y4 ,! anci5t practice ( ! ,h9doo wid[--self-immolation on ! burn+ pile ( h] husb&--is ascrib$ to ! necessity :i* ! ,brahm9s 7 "u ( putt+ a /op to ! crime ( dome/ic poison+4 ,e little conjugal qu>rel 0 liable to be settl$ by ?is =m ( secret assass9ation1 b su* a law1 z might be expect$1 *eck$ ! practice4 ,poison 0 n us$ to remove human be+s alone1 = !re has be5 f "t immemorial 9 ,india mu* cattle-poison+4 ,9 ! ,in/itutes ( ,m5u1 x is orda9$ t :5 cattle die ! h]dsman %all c>ry to 8 ma/] _! e>s1 _! hides1 _! tails1 ! sk9 bel[ _! navels1 _! t5dons1 & ! liquor ooz+ f _! =eheads4 ,)\t d\bt ^! regulations 7 direct$ aga9/ cattle-poison]s4 ,! poisons kn[n to ! ,asiatics 7 ars5ic1 aconite1 opium1 & v>i\s solanace\s plants4 ,!re has be5 a my? float+ ?r\gh ! ages t a poison exi/s :i* w slay a long "t aft] its introduction4 ,all mod]n au?ors h treat$ ! matt] z an exagg]at$ leg5d1 b1 = my own "p1 ,i see no reason :y x %\ld n1 9 reality1 be f\nd$ on fact4 ,!re is little d\bt t ! ,asiatic poison]s 7 well acqua9t$ ) ! infecti\s qualities ( c]ta9 fev]s & malignant diseases4 ,n[1 ^! v malignant diseases answ] precisely to ! description ( a poison :i* has no imm$iate effects4 ,plant small-pox 9 ! body ( a man1 & = a :ole =tnight he walks ab\t1 well & he>ty4 ,clo! a p]son ) a g>m5t soak$ 9 typhus1 & ! same ?+ occurs--= _m days !re w be no sign ( failure4 ,aga91 ! gipsies1 speak+ a tongue :i* is ess5tially a de=m$ prakrit1 & !re=e ,indian 9 orig91 h long possess$ a k ( ! prop]ties ( ! curi\s 8mucor phycomyces40 ,?is 0 consid]$ an alga by ,ag>on1 b ,b]keley ref]r$ x to ! fungi4 ,! gipsies are said to h adm9i/]$ ! spores ( ?is fungi 9 w>m wat]4 ,9 ?is way !y rapidly atta* !mselves to ! muc\s membrane ( ! ?roat1 all ! symptoms ( a ph?isis foll[1 & dea? takes place 9 f two to ?ree weeks4 ,mr ,b]keley in=m$ me t he has se5 specim5s gr[+ on bro? :i* _h be5 reject$ f ! /oma*1 & t x develops 9 enorm\s quantities on oil-casks & walls impregnat$ ) grease4 ,! filam5ts are long1 f #ab to #ah in*es1 & x is capable ( v rapid developm5t4 ,!re is also a mod]n poison1 :i*1 9 c]ta9 doses1 dooms ! un=tunate individual to a t]rible malady1 simulat+1 to a consid]able ext5t1 natural disease1--t is phosphorus4 ,?is poison 01 h[ev]1 unkn[n until "s "t 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 :5 ,al*id ,be*]1 bl9dly exp]im5t+ on ! di/illation ( ur9e & c>bon1 obta9$ 8 8esc>b\cle10 & pass$ away )\t kn[+ ! importance ( 8 discov]y1 :i*1 l s _m o!rs1 _h to be r$iscov]$ at a lat] p]iod4 #e4 ,! ,hebrews 7 acqua9t$ ) c]ta9 poisons1 ! exact nature ( :i* is n q cle>4 ,! words 8ros*0 & 8*ema0 seem to be us$ occasionally z a g5]ic t]m = poison1 & sometimes to mean a specific ?+2 8ros*10 especially1 is us$ to signify "s poison\s p>asitic plant4 ,!y knew yell[ ars5ic "u ! "n ( 8sam10 aconite "u ! "n ( 8bos*ka10 & possibly 8son0 means ergot4#d ,9 ! lat] p]iod ( _! hi/ory1 :5 !y 7 disp]s$ ?r\gh v>i\s nations1 !y w\ld naturally acquire ! k ( ^? nations1 )\t los+ _! own4 #d ,r4 ,j4 ,wund]b>1 ,biblis*-talmudis*e ,m$ic94 ,leipzig1 #ahej-fj4 #f4 ,! "p t poison has play$ 9 hi/ory is consid]able4 ,! ph>maceutical k ( ! anci5ts is m graphically & t]ribly %[n 9 ! dea?s ( ,socrates1 ,demo/h5es1 ,hannibal1 & ,cleopatra1 ?an 9 ! pages ( ! old] writ]s on poisons4 ,9 ! reign ( ,artax]xes ,,ii4 7,memnon71 7,b4,c4 #dje-cei71 ,phrysa poison$ ! que5 ,/atira by cutt+ food ) a knife poison$ on "o side only4 ,al?\gh ?is has be5 treat$ z an idle tale1 yet two poisons1 aconite & ars5ic1 7 at lea/ well kn[n2 ei!r ( ^! c\ld h be5 9 ! way m5tion$ introduc$ 9 suffici5t quantity into food to de/roy life4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ,*ri/ian era pr(essional poison]s arose1 & = a long "t ex]cis$ _! trade ) impunity4 ,poison+ 0 s mu* 9 use z a political eng9e t ,agripp9a 7,a4,d4 #bf7 refus$ to eat ( "s apples (f]$ to h] at table by h] fa!r-9-law1 ,tib]ius4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t ! infam\s ,locu/a fl\ri%$4 ,%e is said to h suppli$1 ) suitable directions1 ! poison by :i* ,agripp9a got rid ( ,claudius2 & ! same woman 0 ! pr9cipal ag5t 9 ! prep>ation ( ! poison t 0 adm9i/]$ to ,britannicus1 by ord] ( 8 bro!r ,n]o4 ,! details ( ?is int]e/+ case h be5 record$ ) "s m9ut5ess4 ,x 0 ! cu/om ( ! ,romans to dr9k hot wat]1 a draught nause\s en\gh to u1 b1 f fa%ion or habit1 consid]$ by !m a luxury2 &1 z no two m5's ta/es are alike1 great skill 0 %[n by ! slaves 9 br++ ! wat] to exactly t degree ( heat :i* _! respective ma/]s f\nd agreeable4#e #e ,tacitus1 lib4 xii41 xiii4 ,m5tion$ also by ,juv5al & ,suetonius4 ,! *ildr5 ( ! ,imp]ial h\se1 ) o!rs ( ! great ,roman families1 sat at ! banquets at a small] side table1 :ile _! p>5ts recl9$ at ! l>g]4 ,a slave br+s hot wat] to ,britannicus2 x is too hot2 ,britannicus refuses x4 ,! slave adds cold wat]2 & x is ?is cold wat] t is suppos$ to h be5 poison$2 9 any case1 ,britannicus _h no soon] drunk ( x ?an he lo/ voice & respiration4 ,agripp9a1 8 "m1 0 /ruck ) t]ror1 z well z ,octavia1 8 si/]4 ,n]o1 ! au?or ( ! crime1 looks coldly on1 say+ t su* fits (t5 happ5$ to him 9 infancy )\t evil result2 & aft] a few mom5ts' sil5ce ! banquet goes on z be=e4 ,if ?is 7 n sudd5 dea? f he>t or bra9 disease1 ! poison mu/ h be5 ei!r a cyanide or prussic acid4 ,9 ^? times no autopsy 0 possible3 al?\gh ! ,alex&rian s*ool1 "s #cjj ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 _h dissect$ bo? ! liv+ & ! dead1 ! "w ( ,h]ophilus & ,erasi/ratus _h n be5 pursu$1 & ! great ,roman & ,greek writ]s knew only ! rudim5ts ( human anatomy1 :ile1 z to pa?ological *anges & _! true int]pretation1 _! k may be said to h be5 absolutely nil4 ,x 0 n1 inde$1 until ! fifte5? c5tury t ! ,popes1 sil5c+ anci5t scruples1 au?oris$ dissections2 & x 0 n until ! sixte5? c5tury t ,vesalius1 ! fir/ wor?y ( be+ consid]$ a great anatomi/1 arose4 ,9 default ( pa?ological k1 ! anci5ts atta*$ great importance to m]e outw>d m>ks & discolorations4 ,!y not$ ) special att5tion spots & lividity1 & suppos$ t poisons s+l$ out ! he>t = "s q peculi> action1 alt]+ its sub/ance 9 su* a mann] t x resi/$ ! action ( ! fun]al pyre1 & rema9$ unconsum$4 ,x may1 !n1 fairly be presum$ t _m p mu/ h di$ f poison )\t suspicion1 & /ill m f ! sudd5 effects ( lat5t disease1 ascrib$ wrongfully to poison4 ,= example1 ! dea? ( ,alex&] 0 g5]ally at t "t ascrib$ to poison2 b ,littr has fairly prov$ t ! great emp]or1 debilitat$ by 8 dr9k+ habits1 caught a mal>i\s fev] 9 ! m>%es ar\nd ,babylon1 & di$ aft] elev5 days' illness4 ,if1 add$ to sudd5 dea?1 ! body1 f any cause1 ent]$ into rapid putrefaction1 su* signs 7 consid]$ by ! p absolutely conclusive ( poison+3 ?is belief1 inde$1 prevail$ up to ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & l+]s /ill among ! un$ucat$ at ! pres5t day4 ,?us1 :5 ,britannicus di$1 an extraord9>y lividity spread ov] ! face ( ! corpse1 :i* !y attempt$ to conceal by pa9t+ ! face4 ,:5 ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi4 di$1 probably en\gh f poison1 8 body 7accord+ to ,guicci>d9i7 became a frightful spectacle--x 0 livid1 bloat$1 & de=m$2 ! gorg$ tongue entirely fill$ ! m\?2 f ! nose fl[$ putrid pus1 & ! /5* 0 horrible 9 ! extreme4 ,all ^! effects ( decomposition1 we "k1 are apt to arise 9 co>se1 obese bodies1 & accompany bo? natural & unnatural dea?s2 inde$1 if we look /rictly at ! matt]1 putt+ on "o side ! pres]vative effects ( c]ta9 metallic poisons1 x may be laid d[n t g5]ally ! corpses ( ^? dy+ f poison are less apt to decompose rapidly ?an ^? dy+ f disease--?is = ! simple reason t a majority ( diseases cause *anges 9 ! fluids & tissues1 :i* r5d] putrefactive *anges m active1 :ile1 z a rule1 ^? :o take poison are sudd5ly kill$1 ) _! fluids & tissues fairly heal?y4 ,:5 ! ,duke ( ,burgundy desir$ to raise a report t ,john1 ,dauph9 ( ,france1 0 poison$ 7#adeg71 he describ$ ! imag9>y ev5t z foll[s3-- 8,"o ev5+ our mo/ r$\btable "l & nephew fell s griev\sly sick t he di$ =?)4 ,8 lips1 tongue1 & face 7 swoll52 8 eyes />t$ out ( 8 head4 ,x 0 a horrible sight to see--= s look p t are poison$40 ,! fav\rite p[d] ( ! pr(essional poison]1 ars5ic1 0 kn[n to cr[n$ heads 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury2 & !re has come d[n to u a curi\s docum5t1 drawn out by ,*>les le ,mauvais1 ,k+ ( ,nav>re4 ,x is a commission ( murd]1 giv5 to a c]ta9 ,w\dreton1 to poison ,*>les ,,vi41 ! ,duke ( ,valois1 bro!r ( ! k+1 & 8 uncles1 ! ,dukes ( ,b]ry1 ,burgundy1 & ,b\rbon3-- 8,g ?\ to ,p>is2 ?\ can/ d great s]vice if ?\ wilt3 d :at ,i tell !e2 ,i w rew>d !e well4 ,?\ %alt d ?us3 ,!re is a ?+ :i* is call$ sublim$ ars5ic2 if a man eat a bit ! size ( a pea he w nev] survive4 ,?\ wilt f9d x 9 ,pampeluna1 ,bordeaux1 ,bayonne1 & 9 all ! good t[ns ?r\gh :i* ?\ wilt pass1 at ! apo!c>ies' %ops4 ,take x & p[d] x2 & :5 ?\ %alt be 9 ! h\se ( ! k+1 ( ! ,c\nt de ,valois1 8 bro!r1 ! ,dukes ( ,b]ry1 ,burgundy1 & ,b\rbon1 draw ne>1 & betake ?yself to ! kit*51 to ! l>d]1 to ! cell>1 or any o!r place :]e ?y po9t c be be/ ga9$1 & put ! p[d] 9 ! s\ps1 meats1 or w9es1 provid$ t ?\ can/ d x secretly4 ,o!rwise1 d x n40 ,w\dreton 0 detect$1 & execut$ 9 #achd4f #f ,trsor de ,*>tes4 ,*>les de ,nav>re4 ,p4 ,mortonval1 vol4 ii4 p4 #chd4 ,a *apt] might be writt5 entitl$ 8royal poison]s40 ,k+ ,*>les ,,ix4 ev5 figures z an exp]im5tali/4#g ,an un=tunate cook has /ol5 two silv] spoons1 &1 s9ce !re 0 a "q :e!r 8,bezo>0 0 an antidote or n1 ! k+ adm9i/]s to ! cook a le?al dose ( corrosive sublimate1 & foll[s x up ) ! antidote2 b ! man dies 9 sev5 h\rs1 al?\gh ,p> also gives him oil4 ,truly a grim bus9ess6 #g uvres de ,p>1 #bnd ed41 liv4 xx4 ,des ,v5nes1 *ap4 xliv4 p4 #ejg4 ,! subtle me?od ( remov+ tr\blesome subjects has be5 m (t5 practis$ on ! ,cont95t ?an 9 ,engl&1 yet ! ,engli% ?rone 9 old5 "t is n q free f ?is /a94#h ,! use ( poison is :olly oppos$ to ! ,anglo-,saxon me?od ( ?\ght4 ,to :at ang] ! p 7 wr\ght on detect+ poison]s1 is se5 9 ! fact t1 9 #aedb1 a "y woman 0 boil$ alive 9 ,smi?field = poison+ ?ree h\seholds4#i #h ,= example1 ,k+ ,john is believ$ to h poison$ ,maud ,fitzwalt] by 8a poison$ egg40 8,9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,john1 ! ,:ite ,t[] receiv$ "o ( ! fir/ & faire/ ( a long l9e ( female victims 9 t ,maud ,fitzwalt] :o 0 kn[n to ! s+]s ( h] "t z ,maud ! ,fair4 ,! fa!r ( ?is beautiful girl 0 ,rob]t1 ,"l ,fitzwalt]1 ( ,ca/le ,bayn>d1 on ! ,?ames1 "o ( ,john's greate/ b>ons4 ,yet ! k+1 dur+ a fit ( viol5ce ) ! que51 fell madly 9 love ) ?is "y girl4 ,z nei!r ! lady h]self nor h] p[]ful sire w\ld li/5 to 8 disgraceful suit1 ! k+ is said to h seiz$ h] by =ce at ,dunm[1 & br\ght h] to ! ,t[]4 ,fitzwalt] rais$ an outcry1 on :i* ! k+ s5t troops into ,ca/le ,bayn>d & 8 o!r h\ses2 & :5 ! b>on prote/$ aga9/ ^! wrongs1 8 ma/] bani%$ him f ! realm4 ,fitzwalt] fl$ to ,france ) 8 wife & 8 o!r *ildr51 leav+ 8 daught] ,maud 9 ! ,t[]1 :]e %e suff]$ a daily insult 9 ! k+'s unlawful suit4 ,on h] pr\d & scornful answ] to 8 passion be+ he>d1 ,john c>ri$ h] up to ! ro(1 & lock$ h] 9 ! r\nd turret1 /&+ on ! nor?-ea/ angle ( ! keep4 ,maud's cage 0 ! highe/1 *illie/ d5 9 ! ,t[]2 b nei!r cold1 nor solitude1 nor hung] c\ld break h] /r5g?4 ,9 ! rage ( 8 disappo9t$ love1 ! k+ s5t "o ( 8 m9ions to h] room ) a poison$ egg1 ( :i* ! brave girl ate & di$40--,h] ,maje/y's ,t[]1 by ,hepwor? ,dixon4 ,lond41 #ahfi2 i4 p4 #df4 #i 8,?is ye>e1 ! #ag? ( ,m>*1 0 boyl$ 9 ,smi?field "o ,m>g>et ,davie1 a mayd51 :i* _h p\yson$ #c h\seholdes t %e dwell$ 94 ,"o be+ h] mi/ress1 :i* dy$ ( ! same1 & "o ,d>+ton & 8 wyfe1 :i* %e also dwell$ ) 9 ,coleman ,/reet1 :i* dy$ ( ! same1 & also "o ,t9leys1 :i* dy$ also ( ! same40--,wrio!rley's ,*ronicle1 ,a4,d4 #aedb4 #g4 ,two great crim9al s*ools arose f ! fifte5? to ! sev5te5? c5turies 9 ,v5ice & ,italy4 ,! ,v5etian poison]s are ( e>li] date ?an ! ,italian1 & fl\ri%$ *iefly 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,"h we h ! /range spectacle1 n ( ! depravity ( individuals1 b ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,/ate =mally recognis+ secret assass9ation by poison1 & proposals to remove ?is or t pr9ce1 duke1 or emp]or1 z a r\t9e "p ( _! delib]ations4 ,/ill m curi\s & unique1 ! d>k commun+s ( 8! c\ncil ( t50 7 record$ 9 writ+1 & ! numb] ( ^? :o vot$ = & :o vot$ aga9/ ! propos$ crime1 ! reason = ! assass9ation1 & ! sum to be paid1 /ill exi/ 9 %ameless black & :ite4 ,^? :o desire to /udy ?is bran* ( secret hi/ory may be ref]r$ to a small "w by ,c>l ,h(f1 :i* gives a brief acc\nt ( :at is kn[n ( ! proce$+s ( ! c\ncil4 ,"o example w "h suffice4 ,on ! #ae? ( ,decemb] #aeac a ,franciscan bro!r1 ,john ( ,ragubo1 (f]$ a selection ( poisons1 & decl>$ himself ready to remove any objectionable p]son out ( ! way4 ,= ! fir/ successful case he requir$ a p5sion ( #aejj ducats ye>ly1 :i* 0 to be increas$ on ! execution ( future s]vices4 ,! presid5ts1 ,girol&o ,duoda & ,pietro ,gui>9a1 plac$ ! matt] be=e ! 8t50 on ! #d? ( ,janu>y #aead1 & on a division 7#aj aga9/ #e7 x 0 resolv$ to accept s patriotic an (f]1 & to exp]im5t fir/ on ! ,emp]or ,maximilian4 ,! bond laid be=e ! 8t50 conta9$ a regul> t>iff--= ! great ,sultan #ejj ducats1 = ! ,k+ ( ,spa9 #aej ducats1 b ! j\rney & o!r exp5ses 7 9 ea* case to be defray$2 ! ,duke ( ,milan 0 rat$ at #fj1 ! ,m>quis ( ,mantua at #ej1 ! ,pope c\ld be remov$ at #ajj ducats4 ,! curi\s (f] ?us concludes3--8,! f>!r ! j\rney1 ! m em95t ! man1 ! m x is necess>y to rew>d ! toil & h>d%ips und]tak51 & ! heavi] mu/ be ! paym5t40 ,! c\ncil appe> to h quietly arrang$ ?us to take away ! lives ( _m public m51 b _! ef=ts 7 only 9 a few cases successful4 ,:5 ! de$ 0 done1 x 0 regi/]$ by a s+le m>g9al note1 8factum40 ,:at drugs ! ,v5etian poison]s us$ is unc]ta94 ,! ,italians became notori\s 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies = _! k ( poisons1 p>tly f ! de$s ( ,t(fana & o!rs1 & p>tly f ! works ( ,j4 ,bapti/a ,porta1 :o wrote a v compreh5sive treatise1 "u ! title ( ,natural ,magic1#aj & manag$ to slide into ! text1 9 ! sections on cook+ 7,de ,re ,coqu9>ia1 lib4 xiv471 a mass ( k z to ! prep>ation ( poisons4 ,!re are prescriptions t little accord ) ! title1 unless inde$ ! trades ( cook & poison] 7 ! same4 ,he gives a me?od ( drugg+ w9e ) belladonna root1 = ! purpose ( mak+ ! load$ gue/ loa! dr9k2 he also gives a li/ ( solanace\s plants1 & makes special m5tion ( nux vomica1 aconite1 v]atrum1 & mez]eon4 ,aga91 9 ! section 7,de ,ancupio1 lib4 xv47 he gives a recipe = a v /rong poison :i* he calls 8v55um lup9um20 x is to be made ( ! p[d]$ leaves ( ,aconitum lycoctonum1 ,taxus baccata1 p[d]$ glass1 cau/ic lime1 sulphide ( ars5ic1 & bitt] almonds1 ! :ole to be mix$ ) honey1 & made into pills ! size ( a hazel-nut4 #aj ,j4 ,bapt4 ,porta1 born #aecg1 di$ #afae4 ,neapolitani ,magi ,naturalis4 ,neapoli1 #aehi4 ,9 ! section ,de ,m$icis ,exp]im5tis he gives a process to poison a sleep+ p]son3 ! recipe is curi\s1 & w\ld c]ta9ly n h ! int5d$ effect4 ,a mixture ( hemlock juice1 bruis$ datura1 /ramonium1 belladonna1 & opium is plac$ 9 a lead5 box ) a p]fectly fitt+ cov]1 & f]m5t$ = sev]al days2 x is !n op5$ "u ! nose ( ! sleep]4 ,possibly ,porta _h exp]im5t$ on small animals1 & _h f\nd t su* matt]s1 :5 f]m5t$1 exhal$ en\gh c>bonic acid gas to kill !m1 & imag9$1 !re=e1 t ! same ?+ w\ld happ5 if appli$ to ! human subject4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! acc\nt :i* ,porta gives ( ! effects ( ! solanace\s plants1 & ! g5]al tone ( ! "w1 amply prove t he 0 no !ori/1 b _h /udi$ practically ! actions ( poisons4 ,! iniquit\s ,t(fana 7or ,tophana7 made solutions ( ars5i\s acid ( v>y+ /r5g?1 & sold ^! solutions 9 phials "u ! "n ( 8,acquetta di ,napoli0 = _m ye>s4 ,%e is suppos$ to h poison$ m ?an #fjj p]sons1 among :om 7 two ,popes--viz41 ,pius ,,iii4 & ,clem5t ,,xiv4 ,! composition ( ! ,naples wat] 0 long a pr(\nd secret1 b is said to h be5 kn[n by ! reign+ ,pope & by ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,,vi4 ,! latt] told ! secret to ,dr ,g>elli1 8 physician1 :o1 aga91 imp>t$ ! k to ! fam\s ,fri$ri* ,h(fman 9 a lett] /ill extant4 ,t(fana 0 br\ght to ju/ice 9 #agji1 b1 avail+ h]self ( ! immunity af=d$ by conv5ts1 escap$ puni%m5t1 & cont9u$ to sell h] w>es = tw5ty ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,:5 ,kepf]#aa 0 9 ,italy he f\nd h] 9 a prison at ,naples1 & _m p visit$ h]1 z a sort ( lion 7#agcj74 ,) ! ,acqua ,t(fana1 ! 8,acquetta di ,p]ugia0 play$ at ! same "t its "p4 ,x is said to h be5 prep>$ by kill+ a hog1 disjo9t+ ! same1 /rew+ ! pieces ) :ite ars5ic1 :i* 0 well rubb$ 91 & !n collect+ ! juice :i* dropp$ f ! meat2 ?is juice 0 consid]$ f> m poison\s ?an an ord9>y solution ( ars5ic4 ,! rese>*es ( ,selmi on comp\nds conta9+ ars5ic1 produc$ :5 animal bodies decompose 9 ars5ical fluids1 l5d reason & support to ?is view2 & probably ! juice w\ld n only be v poison\s1 b act 9 a diff]5t mann]1 & exhibit symptoms diff]5t f ^? ( ord9>y ars5ical poison+4 ,t(fana _h disciples2 %e taught ! art to ,hi]onyma ,sp>a1 :o =m$ an association ( "y m>ri$ wom5 dur+ ! pop$om ( ,alex&] ,,vii42 ^! 7 detect$ on _! own confession4#ab #aa ,kepf]'s ,travels4 ,lond41 #ageh4 #ab ,le ,bret's ,magaz9 zu ,gebrau*e d] ,/aat u4 ,kir*5-,ges*i*te1 ,!il #d4 ,frank=t & ,leipzig1 #aggd4 ,contemporane\sly ) ,t(fana1 ano!r ,italian1 ,keli1 devot$ himself to simil> crimes4 ,?is man _h exp5d$ mu* z an adept se>*+ = ! philosoph]'s /one1 & s\ght to indemnify himself by ent]+ ^u :at mu/ h be5 a pr(itable bus9ess4 ,he x 0 :o in/ruct$ ,m4 de ,/4 ,croix 9 ! prop]ties ( ars5ic2 & ,/4 ,croix1 9 8 turn1 imp>t$ ! secret to 8 p>am\r1 ,madame de ,br9villi]s4 ,?is woman appe>s to h be5 z cold-blood$ z ,t(fana2 %e is said to h exp]im5t$ on ! pati5ts at ! ,htel ,dieu1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! /r5g? ( h] p[d]s1 & to h inv5t$ 8les p\dres de succession40 ,%e poison$ h] fa!r1 bro!rs1 si/]1 & o!rs ( h] family2 b a t]rible fate ov]took bo? h] & ,/4 ,croix4 ,! latt] 0 suffocat$ by "s poison\s matt]s he 0 prep>+1 & ,madame de ,br9villi]s' practices hav+ become kn[n1 %e 0 oblig$ to take refuge 9 a conv5t4 ,"h %e 0 c\rt$ by a police (fic] disguis$ z an abb1 lur$ out ( ! conv5t1 &1 9 ?is way br\ght to ju/ice1 0 behead$#ac & burnt ne> ,ntre ,dame1 9 ! middle ( ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4#ad #ac ,! ,m>*ioness 0 imprison$ 9 ! ,conci]g]ie & tortur$4 ,victor ,hugo1 describ+ ! rack 9 t prison1 says1 8,! ,m>*ioness de ,br9villi]s 0 /ret*$ ^u x />k nak$1 fa/5$ d[n1 s to speak1 qu>t]$ by f\r *a9s atta*$ to ! f\r limbs1 & !re suff]$ ! frightful extraord9>y torture by wat]10 :i* caus$ h] to ask 8,h[ are y go+ to contrive to put t great b>rel ( wat] 9 ?is little body80--,?+s se5 by ,victor ,hugo1 vol4 i4 ,! wat] torture 0 ?is3--a huge funnel-l vessel 0 fitt$ on to ! neck1 ! edge ( ! funnel com+ up to ! eyes2 on n[ p\r+ wat] into ! funnel s t ! fluid rises above ! nose & m\?1 ! poor wret* is b\nd to swall[ ! fluid or die ( suffocation2 if inde$ ! suff]] resolve to be *ok$1 9 ! fir/ few mom5ts ( unconsci\sness ! fluid is swall[$ automatically1 & air aga9 admitt$ to ! lungs2 x is !re=e obvi\s t 9 ?is way prodigi\s quantities ( fluid might be tak54 #ad ,= ! c\rt ( poison]s 7*ambre ard5te7 & ! hi/ories ( ,/4 ,croix1 ,de ,br9villi]s1 ! prie/ ,le ,sage1 ! wom5 ,la ,vois91 & ,la ,vig\reux1 ! read] may be ref]r$ to ,voltaire's ,sicle de ,l\is ,,xiv41 ,madame de ,svign's ,lettres1 ,m>t9ire's ,hi/4 de la ,rgne de ,l\is ,,xiv41 ,/rutzel1 ,de ,v55is1 c4 ,! num]\s attempts ( ! ,italian & ,v5etian poison]s on ! lives ( mon>*s & em95t p]sons ca/ = a long "t a cl\d ov] regal dome/ic peace4 ,bullets & dagg]s 7 n fe>$1 b 9 _! place ! di% ( meat1 ! sav\ry pa/y1 & ! r$ w9e 7 reg>d$ z possible c>ri]s ( dea?4 ,no bett] example ( ?is dread c be f\nd ?an1 at s late a p]iod z ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vii41#ae ! extraord9>y precautions ?\ght necess>y = pres]v+ ! infant ,pr9ce ( ,wales4 #ae ,h5ry ,,viii41 at "o "t ( 8 life1 0 7or pret5d$ to be7 appreh5sive ( be+ poison$2 x 01 inde$1 a common belief ( 8 c\rt t ,anne ,boleyn attempt$ to dose him4 8,! k+1 9 an int]view ) "y ,pr9ce ,h5ry1 bur/ into te>s1 say+ t he & 8 si/] 7mean+ ! ,pr9cess ,m>y7 might ?ank ,god = hav+ escap$ f ! h&s ( t accurs$ & v5om\s h>lot1 :o _h int5d$ to poison !m40--,a ,*ronicle ( ,engl& dur+ ! ,reign ( ! ,tudors1 by ,w4 ,j4 ,hamilton4 ,introduction1 p4 xxi4 8,no p]son1 ( :atsoev] rank1 except ! regul> att5dants 9 ! nurs]y1 %\ld approa* ! cradle1 except ) an ord] f ! k+'s h&4 ,! food suppli$ to ! *ild 0 to be l>gely #8assay$1' & 8 clo!s 7 to be wa%$ by 8 own s]vants1 & no o!r h& might t\* !m4 ,! mat]ial 0 to be submitt$ to all te/s4 ,! *amb]la9 & vice-*amb]la9 mu/ be pres5t1 morn+ & ev5+1 :5 ! pr9ce 0 wa%$ & dress$1 & no?+ ( any k9d b\ght = ! use ( ! nurs]y might be introduc$ until x 0 wa%$ & p]fum$4 ,no p]son1 n ev5 ! dome/ics ( ! palace1 might h access to ! pr9ce's rooms except ^? :o 7 specially appo9t$ to !m1 nor might any memb] ( ! h\sehold approa* ,london1 = fe> ( _! cat*+ & convey+ infection40#af #af ,fr\de's ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bfb4 ,h[ev] brief & imp]fect ! =ego+ hi/orical sket* ( ! "p t poison has play$ may be1 x is useful 9 %[+ ! absolute necessity ( a toxicological sci5ce--a sci5ce embrac+ _m bran*es ( k4 ,if x is impossible n[ = ,t(fanas1 ,locu/as1 & o!r specim5s ( a deprav$ humanity to c>ry on _! crimes )\t detection2 if poison is ! v la/ =m ( dea? fe>$ by em95t political p]sons2 x is n s mu* ow+ to a diff]5t /ate ( society1 z to ! m exact sci5tific k :i* is appli$ dur+ life to ! discrim9ation ( symptoms1 di/+ui%+ betwe5 ^? result+ f disease & ^? due to injuri\s sub/ances1 & aft] dea? to a highly develop$ pa?ology1 :i* has le>n$1 by multipli$ obs]vations1 all ! normal & abnormal signs 9 tissues & organs2 &1 f9ally1 to an ev]-advanc+ *emi/ry1 :i* is able 9 _m in/ances to sep>ate & detect ! hurtful & noxi\s ?+1 al?\gh hid = mon?s deep 9 ! gr\nd4 ,,ii4--,gr[? & ,developm5t ( ! ,mod]n ,me?ods ( ,*emically ,detect+ ,poisons4 #h4 ,! hi/ory ( ! detection ( poisons has gone ?r\gh sev]al phases4 ,! fir/ phase has already be5 incid5tally t\*$ ^u--i4e41 detection by antec$5t & surr\nd+ circum/ances1 aid$ sometimes by exp]im5ts on animals4 ,if ! dea? 0 sudd51 if ! po/-mortem decomposition 0 rapid1 poison 0 indicat$3 sometimes a portion ( ! food la/ eat51 or ! suspect$ ?+1 w\ld be giv5 to an animal2 if ! animal also di$1 su* accumulation ( pro( w\ld r5d] ! matt] beyond d\bt4 ,! mod]n toxicologi/s are m sceptical1 = ev5 ! la/ te/ is n ( itself satisfactory4 ,x is n[ kn[n t meat may become fill$ ) bacilli & produce rapid dea?1 & yet no poison1 z su*1 has be5 add$4 ,9 ! next phase1 ! doctors 7 p]mitt$ to dissect1 & to famili>ise !mselves ) pa?ological appe>ances4 ,?is 0 a great /ep ga9$3 ! apoplexies1 he>t diseases1 p]=ations ( ! /oma*1 & fatal int]nal hmorrhages c\ld no long] be ascrib$ to poison4 ,if popul> clam\r made a false accusation1 !re 0 m *ance ( a correct judgm5t4 ,x 0 n until ! end ( ! eighte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 h[ev]1 t *emi/ry 0 f> en\gh advanc$ to te/ = ! m common m9]al poisons2 ! mod]n phase 0 !n ent]$ on1 & toxicology took a new dep>ture4 #i4 ,f ! treatise ( ,b>?lmy d',anglais#ag 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury 79 :i* he notic$ ! poison\s prop]ties ( quicksilv] vap\r71 up to ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 !re are num]\s treatises ^u poison1 mo/ ( :i* are m]e le>n$ compilations1 & sc>cely repay p]usal4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 !re are a few works1 su*1 = example1 z ,porta1 :i* p>took ( ! g5]al advancem5t ( sci5ce1 & left beh9d ! /]eotyp$ doctr9e ( ! old classical s*ools4#ah #ag ,de ,r]um ,propriet>ibus4 #ah ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury x 0 n consid]$ prop] to write ^u poisons4 ,j]ome ,c>dan decl>$ a poison] worse ?an a brig&1 8& t is :y ,i h refus$ n only to tea* or exp]im5t on su* ?+s1 b ev5 to "k !m40--,j4 ,c>dan3 ,de ,subtilitate4 ,basel1 #aeeh4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! ,hon\rable ,rob]t ,boyle made "s %rewd obs]vations1 be>+ on toxicology1 9 8 "w on 8,! usefulness ( ,natural ,philosophy10 c43 ,ox=d1 #affd4 ,nicolas ,l',em]y also wrote a ,c\rs de ,*imie1--q an epitome ( ! *emical sci5ce ( ! "t4#ai #ai ,c\rs de ,*imie1 cont5ant la manire de faire les oprations qui sont en usage dans la ,mdec9e4 ,p>is1 #afge4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury /ill fur!r advances 7 made4 ,ri*>d ,mead publi%$ 8 +5i\s ,me*anical ,!ory ( ,poisons4 ,great *emi/s arose--,/ahl1 ,m>ggraf1 ,br&t1 ,b]gmann1 ,s*eele1 ,b]?ollet1 ,prie/ley1 & la/ly1 ,lavoisi]--& *emi/ry1 z a sci5ce1 0 born4 ,( ! *emi/s quot$1 ,s*eele1 9 relation to toxicology1 /&s *ief4 ,x 0 ,s*eele :o discov]$ prussic acid1#bj )\t1 h[ev]1 not+ its poison\s prop]ties2 ! same *emi/ sep>at$ oxalic acid f sorrel1#ba & made ! important discov]y t ars5ic unit$ ) hydrog51 =m+ a ftid gas1 &1 moreov]1 t ?is gas c\ld be decompos$ by heat4#bb ,f ?is obs]vation1 a delicate te/ = ars5ic 0 aft]w>ds elaborat$1 :i* = ! fir/ "t r5d]$ ! mo/ ta/eless & easily adm9i/]$ poison 9 ! :ole _w at once ! easie/ ( detection4 ,! fur!r hi/ory ( :at is n[ call$ 8,m>%'s ,te/0 is z foll[s3-- #bj ,opuscula ,*emica1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #adh-agd4 #ba ,de ,t]ra ,rhub>bi et ,acido ,acetosell4 ,nova ,acta ,acad4 ,veg4 ,su$4 ,anni1 #aghd4 ,opuscula ,*emica1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ahg-aie4 ,b]gmann fir/ describ$ oxalic acid z obta9$ by ! oxidation ( sac*>9e bodies2 b ,s*eele recognis$ its id5tity ) ! acid conta9$ 9 sorrel4 #bb ,mmoires de ,s*eele1 t4 i41 #agge4 #aj4 ,pr\/#bc obs]v$ t a v ftid hydrog5 gas 0 dis5gag$ :5 ars5ical t9 0 dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid1 & t ars5ic 0 deposit$ f ! inflam$ gas on cold surfaces :i* ! flame t\*$4 ,trommsdorff next ann\nc$1 9 #ahjc1 t :5 ars5ical z9c 0 introduc$ into an ord9>y flask ) wat] & sulphuric acid1 an ars5ical hydrog5 0 dis5gag$2 & if ! tube 0 suffici5tly long1 ars5ic 0 deposit$ on its walls4#bd ,/romey]1 ,gay-,lussac1 ,?n>d1 ,gehl51 & ,davy lat] /udi$ ?is gas1 & ,s]ullas 9 #ahba propos$ ?is reaction z a toxicological te/4 ,la/ly1 9 #ahcf1 ,m>% publi%$ 8 ,memoir4#be ,he elaborat$ a special app>atus ( great simplicity1 develop$ hydrog5 by means ( z9c & sulphuric acid1 inflam$ ! issu+ gas1 & obta9$ any ars5ic pres5t z a metal1 :i* c\ld be aft]w>ds conv]t$ into ars5i\s acid1 c4 #bc ,pr\/1 ,annales de ,*imie1 t4 xxviii41 #agih4 #bd ,ni*olson's ,j\rnal1 vol4 vi4 #be 8,description ( a ,new ,process ( ,sep>at+ ,small ,quantities ( ,ars5ic f ,sub/ances ) :i* x is mix$40 ,ed4 ,new4 ,phil4 ,j\rnal1 #ahcf4 ,?is brief hi/ory ( ! s-call$ 8,m>%'s ,te/0 amply %[s t ,m>% 0 n ! discov]] ( ! te/4 ,l _m o!r useful processes1 x seems to h be5 evolv$ by a comb9ation ( _m m9ds4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be truly said t ,m>% 0 ! fir/ :o p]fect$ ! te/ & br\ght x prom95tly =w>d4 #aa4 ,mat?ieu ,joseph ,bonav5tura ,orfila mu/ be consid]$ ! fa!r ( mod]n toxicology4 ,8 great "w1 ,trait de ,toxicologie1 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahad1 & w5t ?r\gh _m editions4 ,orfila's *ief m]it 0 ! discov]y t poisons 7 absorb$ & accumulat$ 9 c]ta9 tissues--a discov]y :i* bore imm$iate fruit1 & greatly ext5d$ ! means ( seek+ poisons4 ,be=e ! "t ( ,orfila1 a *emi/ n f9d+ any?+ 9 ! /oma* w\ld n h tr\bl$ to exam9e ! liv]1 ! kidney1 ! bra91 or ! blood4 ,! imm5se numb] ( exp]im5ts :i* ,orfila und]took is simply m>vell\s4 ,"s are ( little value1 & tea* no?+ accurately z to ! action ( poisons--z1 = example1 _m ( ^? 9 :i* he ti$ ! gullet 9 ord] to prev5t vomit+1 = su* are exp]im5ts "u entirely unnatural conditions2 b !re are /ill a l>ge numb] :i* =m ! v basis ( our pa?ological k4 ,orfila's me?od ( exp]im5t 0 usually to take weigh$ or measur$ quantities ( poison1 to adm9i/] !m to animals1 & !n aft] dea?--fir/ c>efully not+ ! *anges 9 ! tissues & organs--to attempt to recov] by *emical means ! poison adm9i/]$4 ,9 ?is way he detect$ & recov]$ ne>ly all ! organic & inorganic poisons !n kn[n2 & mo/ ( 8 processes are1 ) modifications & improvem5ts1 9 use at ! pres5t "t4#bf #bf ,orfila's *ief works are z foll[s3-- ,trait de ,toxicologie4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,p>is1 #ahad4 ,leons de ,*imie1 appliques la ,md4 ,pratique4 #afmo4 ,brussels1 #ahcf4 ,mmoire sur la ,nicot9e et la ,conic9e4 ,p>is1 #ahea4 ,leons de la ,md4 ,lgale4 #hvo4 ,p>is1 #ahba4 ,trait des ,exhumations ,juridiques1 et ,considrations sur les ,*angem5s ,physiques que les ,cadavres pr\v5t en se p\rrissant4 #b tom4 ,p>is1 #ahca4 #ab4 ,! discov]y ( ! alkaloids at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is c5tury c]ta9ly gave ! poison] new weapons2 yet ! same processes 7slightly modifi$7 :i* sep>at$ ! alkaloids f plants also s]v$ to sep>ate !m f ! human body4 ,9 #ahjc ,d]osne discov]$ n>cot9e & morph9e1 b he nei!r recognis$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two sub/ances1 nor _! basic prop]ties4 ,s]trn] f #ahje devot$ himself to ! /udy ( opium1 & made a s]ies ( discov]ies4 ,robiquet1 9 #ahjg1 recognis$ ! basic *>act]s ( n>cot9e4 ,9 #ahah ,pelleti] & ,cav5t\ sep>at$ /ry*n9e2 9 #ahai bruc9e2 & 9 ! same ye> delph99e 0 discov]$ simultane\sly by ,br&e1 ,lassaigne1 & ,f5euille4 ,coni9e 0 recognis$ by ,giesecke 9 #ahbg1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 #ahbh1 nicot9e 0 sep>at$ by ,reimann & ,posselt4 ,9 #ahcb ,robiquet discov]$ code9e2 & 9 #ahcc atrop9e1 aconit9e1 & hyoscyam9e 7 di/+ui%$ by ,geig] & ,hesse4 ,s9ce !n1 e ye> has be5 m>k$ by ! sep>ation ( "s new alkaloid1 f ei!r animal or vegetable sub/ances4 ,s _m work]s 9 diff]5t c\ntries n[ began to /udy & improve toxicology1 t x w\ld exce$ ! limits & be =eign to ! scope ( ?is treatise to give ev5 a brief rsum ( _! lab\rs4 ,x may1 not)/&+1 be useful to app5d a %ort bibliography ( ! *ief works on toxicology ( ! pres5t c5tury4 #ac4--;,,bibliography ,,( ,,! ,,*ief ,,works ,,on ,,toxicology 7,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury74 ,,anglada1 ,,jos4--8,trait de ,toxicologie ,gnrale1 c40 ,montpelli] et ,p>is1 #ahce4 ,,aut5rie?4--8,kurze ,anleitung zur ,auff9dung d] ,gifte40 ,freiburg1 #ahib4 ,,b&l91 ,o4--8,die ,gifte40 ,basel1 #ahfi-ahgc4 ,,baum]t1 ,g4--8,lehrbu* d] g]i*tl4 ,*emie40 ,brauns*weig1 #ahhi-ib4 ,,bay>d1 ,,h5ri4--8,manuel ,pratique de ,mdec9e ,lgale40 ,p>is1 #ahdc4 ,,bell9i1 ,,rani]i4--8,manuel de ,tossicologia40 ,pisa1 #ahgh4 ,,b]l91 ,n4 ,j4--8,na*ri*t1 die gewhnli*5 ,gifte *emis* zu entdeck540 ,/ockholm1 #ahde4 ,,b]n>d1 ,c4--8,leons sur les ,effets des ,sub/ances ,toxiques et ,mdicam5teuses40 ,p>is1 #aheg4 ,,b]tr&1 ,c4 ,a4 ,r4 ,a4--8,manuel ,mdico-,lgale des ,poisons introduits dans l',e/omac1 et les ,moy5s ,?rapeutiques qui leur convi5n5t3 suivi d'un ,plan d',organisation ,mdico-,judiciaire1 et d'un ,tableau de la ,classification ,gnrale des ,empoisonnem5s40 ,p>is1 #ahah4 ,,b9z1 ,c4--8,intoxication50 9 ,g]h>dt's 8,h&bu* d] ,k9d]krankheit540 iii4 ,heft4 ,tb+51 #ahgh4 ,,bly?1 ,a4 ,,wynt]4--8,a ,manual ( ,practical ,*emi/ry3 ,! ,analysis ( ,foods & ! ,detection ( ,poisons40 ,london1 #ahgi4 ,,bock]1 ,,fri$]4 ,,wilhelm4--8,die ,v]giftung5 9 =5sis*] u4 kl9is*] ,beziehung40 ,is]lohn1 #aheg4 ,b,,hm1 ,r41 ,,naunyn1 ,b41 und ,,von ,,boeck1 ,h4--8,h&bu* d] ,intoxication540 7,bd4 #ae ( ! ,g]man edition ( ,ziemss5's ,cyclopdia47 ,,br&t1 ,,ph,,bus1 und ,,ratzeburg4--8,deuts*l&s ,giftgew*se40 ,b]l91 #ahcd-ch 7#b vols4 ) #ef col\r$ plates74 ,,bri&1 ,j41 et ,,*aude1 ,,ern4--8,manuel ,complet de ,mdec9e ,lgale40 7,! late/ edition1 #ahgi47 ,! *emical portion is by ,j4 ,b\is4 ,,bu*n]1 ,e4--8,lehrbu* d] g]i*tli*5 ,m$ic9 fr ,a]zte u4 ,juri/540 #crd ed4 ,mn*51 #ahgb4 ,,casp]1 ,j4 ,l4--8,h&bu* d] g]i*tli*5 ,m$ic940 #g? ed4 ,b]l91 #ahha4 ,,*evalli]1 ,a4--8,trait de ,toxicologie et de ,*imie ,judiciaire40 ,p>is1 #ahfh4 ,,*iaje1 ,,/ef4--8,en*iridis di ,tossicologia teorico-pratica40 #crd ed4 ,napoli1 #aheh4 ,,*ri/ison1 ,,rob]t4--8,a ,treatise on ,poisons40 ,ed9burgh1 #ahcj4 7,a ?ird edition appe>$ 9 #ahcf47 ,,cornev91 ,c4--8,des ,plantes ,vnneuses40 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 ,,dev]gie1 ,,alphonse4--8,mdec9e ,lgale1 ,?orique1 et ,pratique40 #crd ed4 ,p>is1 #aheb4 ,,drag5dorff1 ,,jean ,,georges4--8,die g]i*tli*-*emis*e ,ermittelung von ,gift5 9 ,nahrungsmitteln1 ,luftgemis*51 ,speis]e/51 ,krp]!il540 c4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahfh4 #crd ed4 ,gtt+51 #ahhh4 ---- 8,unt]su*ung5 aus dem ,ph>maceutis*5 ,in/itute 9 ,dorpat4 ,beitrge zur g]i*tli*5 ,*emie e9zeln] organis*] ,gifte40 ,er/es ,heft4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahga4 ---- 8,jahresb]i*t b] die ,=ts*ritte d] ,ph>macognosie1 ,ph>macie1 und ,toxicologie40 ,h]ausgegeb5 von ,dr4 ,drag5dorff4 #ahgf4 ,,duflos1 ,a4--8,h&bu* d] angew&t5 g]i*tli*-*emis*5 ,analyse d] *emis*5 ,gifte1 ihre ,erk5nung 9 re9em ,zu/&e u4 9 ,gem5g5 betreff5d40 ,breslau u4 ,leipzig1 #ahgc4 ,,eul5b]g1 ,,dr4 ,,h]mann4--8,h&bu* d] ,gew]be-,hygi5e40 ,b]l91 #ahgf4 ,,falck1 ,c4 ,,ph4--8,die ,kl9is*wi*tig5 ,intoxication540 7,h&bu* d] spec4 ,pa?ologie u4 ,!rapie r$4 von ,r4 ,vir*[1 ,bd4 #b47 ,erlang51 #ahed4 ,,falck1 ,,f]d4 ,,aug4--8,lehrbu* d] praktis*5 ,toxicologie40 ,/uttg>t1 #ahhj4 ,,fl&91 ,c4--8,trait des ,poisons1 ou ,toxicologie applique la ,mdec9e ,lgale1 la ,physiologie1 et la ,?rapeutique40 ,p>is1 #ahdg1 #ahec4 ,,fr,,hn]1 ,,eug4--8,lehrbu* d] ,toxicologie fr ,?i]rzte40 ,/uttg>t1 #ahij4 ,,galti]1 ,c4 ,p4--8,trait de ,toxicologie ,mdico-,lgale et de la ,falsification des ,alim5ts10 c4 ,p>is1 #ahde4 ---- 8,trait de ,toxicologie ,mdicale1 ,*imique et ,lgale10 c4 ,p>is1 #ahee4 ,a lat] edition ( ! same "w4 ,,gre5e1 ,,w4 ,h4--8,a ,practical ,h&book ( ,m$ical ,*emi/ry1 appli$ to ,cl9ical ,rese>* & ! ,detection ( ,poisons40 ,philadelphia1 #ahhj4 ,,gu,,r91 ,g4--8,trait ,pratique d',analyse ,*imique et de ,re*]*es ,toxicologiques40 ,p>is1 #ahic4 ,,guy1 ,w4 ,a41 & ,,f]ri]1 ,,david4--8,pr9ciples ( ,=5sic ,m$ic9e40 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,,h>nack1 ,,eri*4--8,lehrbu* d] ,arzneimittellehre10 c4 ,hamburg1 #ahhc4 ,,hasselt1 ,,van1 ,a4 ,w4 ,m4--8,h&bu* d] ,giftlehre fr ,*emik]1 ,a]zte1 ,apo!k]1 u4 ,ri*tsp]son540 7,a ,g]man translation ( ! orig9al ,dut* edition1 edit$ by ,j4 ,b4 ,h5kel4 ,brauns*weig1 #ahfb4 ,supplem5tal vol4 by ,n4 ,husemann1 ,b]l91 #ahfg47 ,,helwig1 ,a4--8,das ,mikroskop 9 d] ,toxicologie40 #fd photographs1 roy4 #hvo1 ,ma9z1 #ahfe4 ,,hemm+1 ,w4 ,d4--8,aids to ,=5sic ,m$ic9e & ,toxicology40 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,,h]mann1 ,l4--8,lehrbu* d] exp]im5tell5 ,toxicologie40 #hvo4 ,b]l91 #ahgd4 ,,h(fmann1 ,e4 ,r4--8,lehrbu* d] g]i*tli*5 ,m$ic940 #e? ed4 ,wi51 #ahij-ia4 ,,husemann & ,a4 ,,hilg]4--8,die ,pflanz5/(fe 9 *emis*]1 ph>makologis*]1 u4 toxicologis*] ,h9si*t40 #bnd ed4 ,b]l91 #ahhb4 ,,husemann1 ,,?41 & ,,husemann1 ,a4--8,h&bu* d] ,toxicologie40 ,b]l91 #ahfb4 7,suppl4 ,b]l91 #ahfg47 ,,kob]t1 ,,rud4--8,lehrbu* d] ,intoxication540 ,/uttg>t1 #ahic4 ,,koehl]1 ,r4--8,h&bu* d] speciell5 ,!rapie1 e9s*liessli* d] ,beh&lung d] ,v]giftung540 #crd ed4 #b vols4 roy4 #hvo4 ,tb+51 #ahfi4 ,,less]1 ,,adolf4--8,atlas d] g]i*tli*5 ,m$ic940 ,b]l91 #ahhc4 ,,loew1 ,,osc>4--8,e9 natrli*es ,sy/em d] ,gift-,wirkung540 ,mn*51 #ahic4 ,,ludwig1 ,e4--8,m$ic9is*e ,*emie 9 ,anw5dung auf g]i*tli*e ,unt]su*ung540 ,,mahon1 ,a4--8,mdec9e ,lgale et ,police ,mdicale40 ,p>is1 #ahjg4 ,,m>x1 ,k4 ,f4 ,h4--8,die ,lehre von d5 ,gift540 ,gtt+51 #ahbg-bi4 ,,mas*ka1 ,j4--8,h&bu* d] g]i*tli*5 ,m$ic940 ,tb+51 #ahha-hb4 ,?is "w is "u ! editor%ip ( ,dr4 ,mas*ka1 & conta9s sep>ate articles on m$ico-legal & toxicological que/ions by v>i\s em95t toxicologi/s1 some:at aft] ! mann] ( ,ziemss5's ,cyclopdia4 ,,m5de1 ,,lud4 ,,jul4 ,,casp4--8,ausfhrli*es ,h&bu* d] g]i*tli*5 ,m$ic940 #ahai-cb4 ,,mohr1 ,,fri$4--8,*emis*e ,toxicologie40 ,brauns*weig1 #ahgd4 ,,montg>ny1 ,h4 ,,de4--8,essai de ,toxicologie1 et spcialem5t avec la ,jurisprud5ce ,mdicale40 ,p>is1 #ahgh4 ,,montmahon1 ,e4 ,s4 ,,de4--8,manuel ,mdico-,lgale des ,poisons10 c4 ,p>is1 #ahbd4 ,,mutel1 ,d4 ,,ph4--8,des ,poisons1 considrs s\s le rapport de la ,mdec9e ,pratique10 c4 ,montpelli] et ,p>is1 #ahce4 ,,nacquet1 ,a4--8,legal ,*emi/ry3 ,a guide to ! detection ( ,poisons1 ,exam9ation ( ,/a9s1 c41 z appli$ to ,*emical ,jurisprud5ce40 ,new ,york1 #ahgf4 ,a translation f ! ,fr5*2 see 8,foods1 _! ,composition & ,analysis10 page #dc4 ,,nicolai1 ,,joh4 ,,ant4 ,,he9r4--8,h&bu* d] g]i*tli*5 ,m$ic940 ,b]l91 #ahda4 ,! *emical portion is by ,f4 ,r4 ,simon4 ,,og/on1 ,f4--8,lectures on ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce40 ,london1 #ahgh4 ,,orfila1 ,,mat?ieu ,,jos4 ,,bonav5tura4--8,trait des ,poisons1 ou ,toxicologie ,gnrale40 ,p>is1 #a/ ed41 #ahad2 #e? ed41 #aheb4 ,,orfila et ,,lesueur4--8,trait de ,mdec9e lgale40 ,p>is1 #ahba2 #d? ed41 ,p>is1 #ahdh4 ,,otto1 ,f4 ,g4--8,anleitung zur ,ausmittelung d] ,gifte40 ,brauns*weig1 #ahef2 #e? ed41 #ahge4 #f? ed4 by ,rob]t ,otto1 ,brauns*weig1 #ahhd4 ,,praag ,,van1 ,,leonides1 u4 ,,opwyrda1 ,r4 ,j4--8,le]boek voor practis*e giftle]40 ,9 ,zwei ,!il54 ,utre*t1 #ahga4 ,,rabuteau1 ,a4--8lm5s de ,toxicologie et de ,mdec9e ,lgale1 appliques l',empoisonnem5t40 ,p>is1 #ahgc4 #bnd ed4 by ,ed4 ,b\rgo+4 ,p>is1 #ahhh4 ,,reese1 ,,john ,j4--8,manual ( ,toxicology1 includ+ ! consid]ation ( ! ,nature1 ,prop]ties1 ,effects1 & ,means ( ,detection ( ,poisons1 m especially 9 _! ,m$ico-legal relations40 ,philadelphia1 #ahgd4 ,,rem]1 ,w4 ,h4 ,g4--8,lehrbu* d] polizeili*-g]i*tli*5 ,*emie40 ,bd4 #a u4 #b4 #c4 ,auflage1 ,helm/adt1 #ahbd4 ,,s*neid]1 ,f4 ,c4--8,die g]i*tli*e ,*emie fr ,g]i*tsrzte u4 ,juri/540 ,wi51 #aheb4 ,,s*neid]1 ,p4 ,j4--8,ueb] die ,gifte 9 m$ic9is*-g]i*tli*] u4 g]i*tli*-polizeili*] ,rcksi*t40 #bnd ed41 #ahba4 ,,selmi1 ,f4--8,/udi di ,tossicologia ,*imica40 ,bologna1 #ahga4 ,,sob]nheim1 ,,jos4 ,,fr4 u4 ,,simon1 ,j4 ,f4--8,h&bu* d] praktis*5 ,toxicologie10 c4 ,b]l91 #ahch4 ,,sonn5s*e91 ,l4--8,h&bu* d] g]i*tli*5 ,m$ic940 ,b]l91 #ahfj4 ,a new edition by ,dr4 ,a4 ,class54 ,b]l91 #ahha4 ,,t>dieu1 ,a4--8tude ,mdico-,lgale et ,cl9ique sur l',empoisonnem5t1 avec la ,collaboration de ,m4 ,t4 ,r\ss9 p\r la p>tie de l'exp]tise relative la ,re*]*e ,*imique des ,poisons40 ,p>is1 #ahfg4 ,,taylor1 ,,alfr$ ,,swa9e4--8,on ,poisons 9 relation to ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce & ,m$ic9e40 #crd ed4 #ahge4 ,manual1 #ahgi4 ---- 8,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce40 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahgc4 ,,w]b]1 ,,ant4--8,lehrbu* d] praktis*5 ,toxicologie40 ,erlang51 #ahfi4 ,,wood1 ,,horatio ,c4--8,!rapeutics1 ,mat]ia ,m$ica1 & ,toxicology40 ,philadelphia1 #ahgd4 ,,woodmann1 ,w4 ,,ba?ur/1 & ,,tidy1 ,,*4--8,a ,h&y-,book ( ,=5sic ,m$ic9e & ,toxicology40 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,,wormley1 ,,!odore ,g4--8,micro-,*emi/ry ( ,poisons1 includ+ _! ,physiological1 ,pa?ological1 & ,legal ,relations40 ,new ,york1 #aheg4 ,,wurtz1 ,a4--8,trait ,elm5taire de ,*imie ,mdicale1 compr5ant quelques notions de ,toxicologie10 c4 #bnd ed4 ,p>is1 #ahge4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,i4--,def9ition ( ,poison4 #ad4 ,! t]m 8,poison0 may be consid]$ fir/ 9 its legal1 z di/9ct f its sci5tific1 aspect4 ,! legal def9ition ( 8poison0 is to be ga!r$ f ! v>i\s /atute-books ( civilis$ nations4 ,! ,engli% law enacts t3 8,:oev] %all adm9i/]1 or cause to be adm9i/]$ to1 or tak5 by any p]son1 any poison or o!r de/ructive ?+1 ) int5t to commit murd]1 %all be guilty ( felony40 ,fur!r1 by ! ,crim9al ,consolidation ,act1 #ahfa3 8,:osoev] %all1 by any o!r means o!r ?an ^? specifi$ 9 any ( ! prec$+ sections ( ?is ,act1 attempt to commit murd]1 %all be guilty ( felony40 ,x is !re=e evid5t t1 by implication1 ! ,engli% law def9es a poison to be a de/ructive ?+ adm9i/]$ to1 or tak5 by1 a p]son1 & x mu/ necess>ily include1 n only poisons :i* act on acc\nt ( _! inh]5t *emical & o!r prop]ties aft] absorption into ! blood1 b me*anical irritants1 & also specifically-ta9t$ fluids4 ,%\ld1 = example1 a p]son give to ano!r milk1 or o!r fluid1 kn[+1 at ! same "t1 t su* fluid is contam9at$ by ! specific poison ( sc>let fev]1 typhoid1 or any s]i\s malady capable ( be+ ?us convey$1 ,i believe t su* an (f5ce c\ld be br\ght "u ! fir/ ( ! sections quot$4 ,9 f9e1 ! words 8de/ructive ?+0 are widely applicable1 & may be ext5d$ to any sub/ance1 gase\s1 liquid1 or solid1 liv+ or dead1 :i*1 if capable at all ( be+ tak5 )9 ! body1 may injure or de/roy life4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! legal idea ( 8poison0 w\ld include su* matt]s z boil+ wat]1 molt5 lead1 specifically-infect$ fluids1 ! fle% ( animals dy+ ( diseases :i* may be communicable to man1 p[d]$ glass1 diamond du/1 c4 ,evid5ce mu/1 h[ev]1 be giv5 ( guilty int5t4 ,! words1 8adm9i/]$ to or tak5 by10 imply obvi\sly t ! fram]s ( ! old] /atute consid]$ ! m\? z ! only portal ( entrance = crim9al poison+1 b ! pres5t law effectually gu>ds aga9/ any attempt to commit murd]1 no matt] by :at means4 ,!re is ?us ample provision = all ! /range ways by :i* poison has be5 introduc$ into ! sy/em1 :e!r x be by ! e>1 nose1 bra91 rectum1 vag9a1 or any o!r conceivable way1 s t1 to borr[ ! words ( ,mr4 ,greaves 7,notes on ,crim9al ,law ,consolidation71 8! malici\s may re/ satisfi$ t e attempt to murd] :i* _! p]v]t$ +5uity may devise1 or _! fi5di% malignity sugge/1 w fall )9 "s clause ( ?is ,act1 & may be visit$ ) p5al s]vitude = life40 ,s9ce poison is (t5 exhibit$1 n = ! purpose ( tak+ life1 b f v>i\s motives1 & to accompli% v>i\s ends--z1 = example1 to n>cotise ! robb]'s victim 7?is especially 9 ! ,ea/71 to quiet *ildr51 to create love 9 ! opposite sex 7love philt]s71 to detect ! secret sipp] by suitably prep>+ ! w9e1 to expel ! inconv5i5t fruit ( illicit affection1 to cure inebriety by pollut+ ! drunk>d's dr9k ) antimony1 &1 f9ally1 to satisfy an aimless _s ( m]e wantonness & wick$ness1 ! ,engli% law enacts 8t :osoev] %all unlawfully or malici\sly adm9i/] to1 or cause to be tak5 by1 any o!r p]son1 any poison or o!r de/ructive or noxi\s ?+1 s z !reby to endang] ! life ( su* p]son1 or s z !reby to inflict ^u su* p]son any griev\s bodily h>m1 %all be guilty ( felony40 ,!re is also a special provision1 fram$1 evid5tly1 ) ref]5ce to volatile & /upefy+ poisons1 su* z *lor(orm1 tetra*loride ( c>bon1 c43-- 8,:oev] %all unlawfully apply1 or adm9i/] to1 or cause to be tak5 by any p]son1 any *lor(orm1 laudanum1 or o!r /upefy+ or ov]p[]+ drug1 matt]1 or ?+1 ) int5t1 9 any su* case1 !reby to enable himself or any o!r p]son to commit1 or ) int5t1 c41 to assi/ any o!r p]son 9 committ+1 any indictable (f5ce1 %all be guilty ( felony40 #ae4 ,! ,g]man /atute1 z ) successive am5dm5ts x n[ /&s1 enacts z foll[s3#bg-- #bg 8,w] vorstzli* e9em ,&]n1 um dess5 ,gesundheit zu bes*dig51 ,gift od] &]e ,/(fe beibr+t1 wel*e die ,gesundheit zu z]/r5 geeignet s9d1 wird mit ,zu*?aus von zwei bis zu zehn ,jahr5 be/raft4 8,i/ dur* die ,h&lung e9e s*w]e ,krp]v]letzung v]ursa*t word51 s i/ auf ,zu*?aus ni*t unt] fnf ,jahr51 und w5n dur* die ,h&lung d] ,tod v]ursa*t word51 auf ,zu*?aus ni*t unt] zehn ,jahr5 od] auf leb5slngli*es ,zu*?aus zu erk5n54 8,i/ die vorstzli*e re*tswidrige ,h&lung des ,gift--c41--,beibr+5s auf das #8,tdt5' g]i*tet1 soll also dur* dieselbe gewollt] ,weise d] ,tod e9es ,&]5 h]beigefhrt w]d51 s kommt 9 betra*t3 ,w] vorstzli* e95 ,m5s*5 tdtet1 wird1 w5n er die ,tdtung mit ,ueb]legung ausgefhrt hat1 weg5 ,mordes mit dem ,tode be/raft40 8,:oev] wilfully adm9i/]s 7beibr+t7 to a p]son1 = ! purpose ( injur+ heal?1 poison1 or any o!r sub/ance hav+ ! prop]ty ( injur+ heal?1 w be puni%$ by f two to t5 ye>s' imprisonm5t4 8,if by su* act a s]i\s bodily injury is caus$1 ! imprisonm5t is n to be less ?an five ye>s2 if dea? is ! result1 ! imprisonm5t is to be n "u t5 ye>s or = life4 8,if ! dea? is wilfully caus$ by poison1 x comes "u ! g5]al law3 #8,:oev] wilfully kills a man1 & if ! kill+ is prem$itat$1 is on acc\nt ( murd] puni%able ) dea?4'0 ,! ,fr5* law runs ?us 7,art4 #cja1 ,p5al ,code73--8,e attempt on ! life ( a p]son1 by ! effect ( sub/ances :i* may cause dea?1 m or less sudd5ly1 9 :atev] mann] ^! sub/ances may h be5 employ$ or adm9i/]$1 & :atev] may h be5 ! results1 is call$ poison+40#bh #bh 8,e/ qualifi empoisonnem5t--t\t att5tat la vie d'une p]sonne p> l'effet de sub/ances qui peuv5t donn] la mort plus ou mo9s promptem5t1 de quelque manire que ces sub/ances ai5t t employes ou adm9i/res1 et quelles qu'en ai5t t les suites40--,art4 #cja1 ,p5al ,code4 ,!re is also a p5alty provid$ aga9/ any "o :o 8%all h occasion$ ! illness or incapacity = p]sonal "w ( ano!r1 by ! volunt>y adm9i/ration1 9 any mann] :atev]1 ( sub/ances :i*1 )\t be+ ( a nature to cause dea?1 are injuri\s to heal?40#bi #bi 8,celui qui aura occasionn autrui une maladie ou incapacit de travail p]sonnel en lui adm9i/rant volontairem5t1 de quelque manire que ce soit1 des sub/ances qui1 sans tre de nature donn] la mort1 sont nuisibles la sant40--,art4 #cag1 ,p5al ,code4 #af4 ,sci5tific ,def9ition ( a ,poison4--,a true sci5tific def9ition ( a poison mu/ exclude all ^? sub/ances :i* act me*anically1--! physical influ5ces ( heat1 light1 & electricity2 & p>asitic diseases1 :e!r caus$ by ! gr[? ( fungus1 or ! invasion ( an organism by animal p>asites1 z1 = example1 8tri*9osis10 :i* are n1 s f> z we "k1 associat$ ) any poison\s product excret$ by ! p>asite2--on ! o!r h&1 x is n[ recognis$ t pa?og5ic micro-organisms develop poisons1 & ! symptoms ( all true infections are b ! effects ( 8tox9es40 ,! def9ition ( poison1 9 a sci5tific s5se1 %\ld be broad en\gh to compreh5d n only ! human race1 b ! dual _w ( life1 bo? animal & vegetable4 ,husemann & ,kob]t are almo/ ! only writ]s on poisons :o h attempt$1 ) m or less success1 to def9e poison by a g5]alisation1 keep+ 9 view ! exclusion ( ! matt]s enum]at$4 ,husemann says--8,we def9e poisons z su* inorganic1 or organic sub/ances z are 9 "p capable ( artificial prep>ation1 9 "p exi/+1 ready-=m$1 9 ! animal or vegetable k+dom1 :i*1 )\t be+ able to reproduce !mselves1 ?r\gh ! *emical nature ( _! molecules "u c]ta9 conditions1 *ange 9 ! heal?y organism ! =m & g5]al relation%ip ( ! organic p>ts1 &1 ?r\gh annihilation ( organs1 or de/ruction ( _! functions1 injure heal?1 or1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 de/roy life40 ,kob]t says3--8,poisons are organic or inorganic unorganis$ sub/ances orig9at+ 9 ! organism itself1 or introduc$ into ! organism1 ei!r artificially prep>$1 or ready =m$ 9 nature1 :i* ?r\gh _! *emical prop]ties1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 s influ5ce ! organs ( liv+ be+s1 t ! heal? ( ^! be+s is s]i\sly influ5c$ tempor>ily or p]man5tly40 ,9 ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w ,i made an attempt to def9e a poison ?us3--,a sub/ance ( def9ite *emical composition1 :e!r m9]al or organic1 may be call$ a poison1 if x is capable ( be+ tak5 into any liv+ organism1 & causes1 by its own inh]5t *emical nature1 impairm5t or de/ruction ( function4 ,i pref] ?is def9ition to ,kob]t's1 & believe t x fairly agrees ) :at we "k ( poisons4 ,,ii4--,classification ( ,poisons4 #ag4 ,at "s future "t1 ) a m intimate k ( ! way 9 :i* ea* poison acts ^u ! v>i\s =ms ( animal & vegetable life1 x may be possible to give a truly sci5tific & philosophical classification ( poisons--"o bas$ nei!r ^u symptoms1 ^u local effects1 nor ^u *emical /ructure1 b ^u a collation & comp>ison ( all ! prop]ties ( a poison1 :e!r *emical1 physical1 or physiological4 ,no p]fect sy/ematic arrangem5t is at pres5t atta9able3 we are ei!r compell$ to omit all classification1 or else to arrange poisons ) a view to practical utility m]ely4 ,f ! latt] po9t ( view1 an arrangem5t simply accord+ to ! mo/ prom95t symptoms is a good "o1 &1 )\t d\bt1 an assi/ance to ! m$ical man summon$ 9 ha/e to a case ( real or suspect$ poison+4 ,inde$1 "u su* circum/ances1 a s*eme some:at simil> to ! foll[+1 probably occurs to e "o v]s$ 9 toxicology3-- ,a4 ,,poisons ,,caus+ ,,dea? ,,imm$iately1 ,,or ,,9 ,a ,,few ,,m9utes4 ,!re are b few poisons :i* de/roy life 9 a few m9utes4 ,omitt+ ! /rong m9]al acids1 c>bon monoxide1 c>bon dioxide1 ) ! irrespirable gases1--,prussic acid1 ! cyanides1 oxalic acid1 & occasionally /ry*n9e1 are ! *ief poisons com+ "u ?is head4 ,b4 ,,irritant ,,poisons 7symptoms ma9ly pa91 vomit+1 & purg+74 ,ars5ic1 antimony1 phosphorus1 can?>ides1 sav91 ergot1 digitalis1 col*icum1 z9c1 m]cury1 lead1 copp]1 silv]1 iron1 b>yta1 *rome1 yew1 laburnum1 & putrid animal sub/ances4 ,c4 ,,irritant ,,& ,,n>cotic ,,poisons 7symptoms ^? ( an irritant nature1 ) ! addition ( m or less pron\nc$ c]ebral indications74 ,to ?is class m especially belong oxalic acid & ! oxalates1 ) sev]al poisons belong+ to ! purely n>cotic class1 b :i* produce occasionally irritant effects4 ,d4 ,,poisons ,,m ,,especially ,,affect+ ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em4 #a4 ,,n>cotics 7*ief symptom ins5sibility1 :i* may be prec$$ by m or less c]ebral excitem5t73 ,opium1 ,*loral1 ,*lor(orm4 #b4 ,,deliriants 7delirium = ! mo/ "p a prom95t symptom73 ,belladonna1 hyoscyamus1 /ramonium1 ) o!rs ( ! ,solanace1 to :i* may be add$--poison\s fungi1 ,indian hemp1 lolium temul5tum1 nan! crocata1 & camphor4 #c4 ,,convulsives4--,almo/ e poison has be5 kn[n to produce convulsive effects1 b ! only true convulsive poisons are ! alkaloids ( ! /ry*nos class4 #d4 ,,complex ,,n]v\s ,,ph5om5a3 ,aconite1 digitalis1 hemlock1 calab> bean1 tobacco1 lobelia inflata1 & cur>a4 99 99 99 99 99 #ah4 ,,kob]t',s ,,classification4--,! late/ au?ority on poisons--,kob]t--has classifi$ poisons accord+ to ! foll[+ s*eme3-- ,i4 ,,poisons ,,:i* ,,cause ,,co>se ,,anatomical ,,*anges ,,( ,,! ,,organs4 ,a4 ,^? :i* specially irritate ! "p to :i* !y are appli$4 #a4 ,acids4 #b4 ,cau/ic alkalies4 #c4 ,cau/ic salts1 especially ^? ( ! heavy metals4 #d4 ,locally irritat+ organic sub/ances :i* nei!r c be classifi$ z corrosive acids nor alkalies1 nor z corrosive salts2 su* are3--can?>id9e1 phryn9e1 & o!rs 9 ! animal k+dom1 croton oil & sav9 9 ! vegetable k+dom4 ,locally irritat+ col\rs1 su* z ! anil9e dyes4 #e4 ,gases & vap\rs :i* cause local irritation :5 brea!d1 su* z ammonia1 *lor9e1 iod9e1 brom9e1 & sulphur dioxide4 ,b4 ,^? :i* h b little effect locally1 b *ange anatomically o!r p>ts ( ! body2 su* z lead1 phosphorus1 & o!rs4 ,,ii4 ,,blood ,,poisons4 #a4 ,blood poisons int]f]+ ) ! circulation 9 a purely physical mann]1 su* z p]oxide ( hydrog51 ric9e1 abr9e4 #b4 ,poisons :i* h ! prop]ty ( dissolv+ ! r$ blood corpuscle1 su* z ! sapon9s4 #c4 ,poisons :i*1 ) or )\t prim>y solution ( ! r$ blood corpuscles1 produce 9 ! blood me?moglob92 su* z potassic *lorate1 hydraz9e1 nitrob5z5e1 anil9e1 picric acid1 c>bon disulphide4 #d4 ,poisons hav+ a peculi> action on ! col\r+ matt] ( ! blood1 or on its decomposition products1 su* z hydric sulphide1 hydric cyanide1 & ! cyanides & c>bon monoxide4 ,,iii4 ,,poisons ,,:i* ,,kill ,,)\t ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,co>se ,,anatomical ,,*ange4 #a4 ,poisons affect+ ! c]ebro-sp9al sy/em2 su* z *lor(orm1 e!r1 nitr\s oxide1 alcohol1 *loral1 coca9e1 atrop9e1 morph9e1 nicot9e1 coni9e1 aconit9e1 /ry*n9e1 cur>9e1 & o!rs4 #b4 ,he>t ,poisons2 su* z1 digitalis1 hellebor91 musc>9e4 ,,iv4 ,,poison\s ,,products ,,( ,,tissue ,,*ange4 #a4 ,poison\s album94 #b4 ,poisons develop$ 9 food4 #c4 ,auto-poison+1 e4g4 urmia1 glycosuria1 oxaluria4 #d4 ,! m important products ( tissue *ange2 su* z1 fatty acids1 oxyacids1 amido-fatty acids1 am9es1 diam9es1 & ptoma9es4 99 99 99 99 99 #ai4 ,i h pref]r$ an arrangem5t :i*1 z f> z possible1 foll[s ! ord] 9 :i* a *emical exp]t w\ld se>* = an unkn[n poison--h5ce an arrangem5t p>tly *emical & p>tly symptomatic4 ,fir/ ! *ief gases :i* figure 9 ! mortality /ati/ics are treat$1 & !n foll[ 9 ord] o!r poisons4 ,a *emi/1 giv5 a liquid to exam9e1 w\ld naturally te/ fir/ its reaction1 &1 if /rongly alkal9e or /rongly acid1 w\ld at once direct 8 att5tion to ! m9]al acids or to ! alkalies4 ,9 o!r cases1 he w\ld proce$ to sep>ate volatile matt]s f ^? t 7 fix$1 le/ sub/ances su* z prussic acid1 *lor(orm1 alcohol1 & phosphorus be dissipat$ or de/roy$ by 8 subsequ5t op]ations4 ,di/illation ov]1 ! alkaloids1 glucosides1 & _! allies w\ld next be naturally s\ght1 s9ce !y c be extract$ by alcoholic & e!real solv5ts 9 su* a mann] z 9 no way to int]f]e ) an aft]-se>* = metals4 ,! metals are la/ 9 ! li/1 because by suitable treatm5t1 aft] all organic sub/ances are de/roy$1 ei!r by actual fire or p[]ful *emical ag5cies1 ev5 ! volatile metals may be recov]$4 ,! metals are arrang$ v ne>ly 9 ! same ord] z t 9 :i* !y w\ld be sep>at$ f a solution--viz41 accord+ to _! behavi\r to hydric & ammoniac sulphides4 ,!re are a few poisons1 ( c\rse1 su* z ! oxalates ( ! alkalies1 :i* might be ov]look$1 unless s\ght = specially2 b x is hop$ t ?is is no valid objection to ! arrangem5t sugge/$1 :i*1 9 great] detail1 is z foll[s3-- ,a4--,,poison\s ,,gases4 #a4 ,c>bon monoxide4 #b4 ,*lor9e4 #c4 ,hydric sulphide4 ,b4--,,acids ,,& ,,alkalies4 #a4 ,sulphuric acid4 #b4 ,hydro*loric acid4 #c4 ,nitric acid4 #d4 ,pota%4 #e4 ,soda4 #f4 ,ammonia4 #g4 ,neutral sodium1 potassium1 & ammonium salts4 ,9 ne>ly all cases ( dea? f any ( ! above1 ! analy/1 f ! symptoms obs]v$ dur+ life1 f ! surr\nd+ circum/ances1 & f ! pa?ological appe>ances & evid5t *emical reactions ( ! fluids submitt$1 is put at once on ! "r track1 & has no difficulty 9 obta9+ decid$ results4 ,c4--,,poison\s ,,sub/ances ,,capable ,,( ,,be+ ,,sep>at$ ,,by ,,di/illation ,,f ,,ei!r ,,neutral ,,or ,,acid ,,liquids4 #a4 ,hydroc>bons4 #b4 ,camphor4 #c4 ,alcohols4 #d4 ,amyl-nitrite4 #e4 ,*lor(orm & o!r an/hetics4 #f4 ,c>bon disulphide4 #g4 ,c>bolic acid4 #h4 ,nitro-b5z5e4 #i4 ,prussic acid4 #aj4 ,phosphorus4 ,! volatile alkaloids1 :i* may also be readily di/ill$ by /rongly alkalis+ ! fluid1 because !y admit ( a r diff]5t mode ( treatm5t1 are n includ$ 9 ?is class4 ,d4--,,alkaloids ,,& ,,poison\s ,,vegetable ,,pr9ciples ,,sep>at$ ,,= ,,! ,,mo/ ,,"p ,,by ,,alcoholic ,,solv5ts4 ,,division ,i4--,,vegetable ,,alkaloids4 #a4 ,liquid volatile alkaloids1 alkaloids ( hemlock1 nicot9e1 piturie1 sp>te9e1 anil9e4 #b4 ,! opium gr\p ( alkaloids4 #c4 ,! /ry*n9e or tetanic gr\p ( alkaloids--/ry*n9e1 bruc9e1 igasur9e4 #d4 ,! aconite gr\p ( alkaloids4 #e4 ,! mydriatic gr\p ( alkaloids--atrop9e1 hyoscyam9e1 solan91 cytis9e4 #f4 ,! alkaloids ( ! v]atr9es4 #g4 ,physo/igm9e4 #h4 ,piloc>p9e4 #i4 ,tax9e4 #aj4 ,cur>9e4 #aa4 ,col*ic94 #ab4 ,musc>9e & ! active pr9ciples ( c]ta9 fungi4 ,!re w\ld1 p]haps1 h be5 an advantage 9 arrang+ sev]al ( ! individual memb]s some:at diff]5tly--e4g41 a gr\p might be made ( poisons :i*1 l piloc>p9e & musc>9e1 are antagoni/ic to atrop9e2 & ano!r gr\p sugge/s itself1 ! physiological action ( :i* is ! opposite ( ! /ry*nos class2 solan9 7al?\gh class$ z a mydriatic1 & put ne> to atrop9e7 has mu* ( ! nature ( a glucoside1 & ! same may be said ( col*ic92 s t1 if ! classification 7 made solely on *emical gr\nds1 solan9 w\ld h foll[$ col*ic91 & ?us h m>k$ ! transition f ! alkaloids to ! glucosides4 ,,division ,,ii4--,,glucosides4 #a4 ,! digitalis gr\p4 #b4 ,o!r poison\s glucosides act+ on ! he>t4 #c4 ,sapon94 ,! glucosides1 :5 fairly pure1 are easily recognis$2 !y are de/itute ( nitrog51 neutral 9 reaction1 & split up into sug> & o!r comp\nds :5 submitt$ to ! action ( saponify+ ag5ts1 su* z boil+ ) dilute m9]al acids4 ,,division ,,iii4--,,c]ta9 ,,poison\s ,,anhydrides ,,( ,,! ,,organic ,,acids4 #a4 ,santon94 #b4 ,mez]eon4 ,x is probable t ?is class w 9 a few ye>s be ext5d$1 = sev]al o!r organic anitrog5\s poisons exi/1 :i*1 :5 bett] kn[n1 w mo/ likely prove to be anhydrides4 ,,division ,,iv4--,,v>i\s ,,vegetable ,,poison\s ,,pr9ciples ,,n ,,admitt+ ,,( ,,classification ,,"u ,,! ,,previ\s ,,?ree ,,divisions4 ,ergot1 picrotox91 ! poison ( ,illicium religiosum1 cicutox91 ?usa cynapium1 nan! crocata1 croton oil1 sav9 oil1 ! toxalbum9s ( ca/or oil & ,abrus4 ,! above division gr\ps toge!r v>i\s miscellane\s toxic pr9ciples1 none ( :i* c at pres5t be satisfactorily classifi$4 ,e4--,,poisons ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,liv+ ,,or ,,dead ,,animal ,,sub/ances4 ,,division ,i4--,,poisons ,,secret$ ,,by ,,! ,,liv+4 #a4 ,poison\s amphibia4 #b4 ,poison ( ! scorpion4 #c4 ,poison\s fi%4 #d4 ,poison\s insects--spid]s1 wasps1 bees1 beetles1 c4 #e4 ,snake poison4 ,,division ,,ii4--,,poisons ,,=m$ ,,9 ,,dead ,,animal ,,matt]s4 #a4 ,ptoma9es4 #b4 ,poison+ by putrid or *ang$ foods--sausage poison+4 ,f4--,,! ,,oxalic ,,acid ,,gr\p4 ,g4--,,inorganic ,,poisons4 ,,division ,i4--,,precipitat$ ,,f ,a ,,hydro*loric ,,acid ,,solution ,,by ,,hydric ,,sulphide--,,precipitate1 ,,yell[ ,,or ,,orange4 ,ars5ic1 antimony1 cadmium4 ,,division ,,ii4--,,precipitat$ ,,by ,,hydric ,,sulphide ,,9 ,,hydro*loric ,,acid ,,solution--,,black4 ,lead1 copp]1 bismu?1 silv]1 m]cury4 ,,division ,,iii4--,,precipitat$ ,,f ,a ,,neutral ,,solution ,,by ,,hydric ,,sulphide4 ,z9c1 nickel1 cobalt4 ,,division ,,iv4--,,precipitat$ ,,by ,,ammonia ,,sulphide4 ,iron1 *romium1 ?allium1 alum9ium4 ,,division ,v4--,,alkal9e ,,e>?s4 ,b>ium4 ,,iii4--,/ati/ics4 #bj4 ,! numb] ( dea?s f poison 7:e!r accid5tal1 suicidal1 or homicidal71 z comp>$ ) o!r =ms ( viol5t1 z well z natural dea?s1 possesses no small int]e/2 & ?is is m especially true :5 ! /ati/ics are /udi$ 9 a comp>ative mann]1 & t[n be comp>$ ) t[n1 c\ntry ) c\ntry4 ,! great] ! developm5t ( comm]cial indu/ries 7especially ^? necessitat+ ! use or manufacture ( p[]ful *emical ag5cies71 ! m likely are accid5ts f poisons to occur4 ,x may also be /at$1 fur!r1 t ! high] ! m5tal developm5t ( a nation1 ! m likely are its homicides to be caus$ by subtle poison--its suicides by ! eu?anasia ( *loral1 morph9e1 or hemlock4 ,o!r influ5ces caus+ local div]sity 9 ! k9d & frequ5cy ( poison+1 are ^? ( race1 ( religion1 ( age & sex1 & ! m5tal /ress concomitant ) sudd5 political & social *anges4 ,9 ! t5 ye>s f #ahhc-ahib1 !re appe> to h di$ f poison1 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 #ffaf p]sons1 z %[n 9 ! foll[+ tables3-- ,,dea?s ,,f ,,poison ,,9 ,,engl& ,,& ,,wales ,,dur+ ,,! ,,t5 ,,ye>s #ahhc-ib4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,accid5t or ,negli- ,suicide4 ,murd]4 ,total4 g5ce4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,m4 ,f4 ,m4 ,f4 ,m4 ,f4 ,m4 ,f4 ,,metals4 ,ars5ic1 #cg #ad #cg #bj #a #a #ge #ce ,antimony1 #c 444 #a #b 444 444 #d #b ,copp]1 #d #a #b #a 444 444 #f #b ,lead1 #hca #bji #a #b 444 444 #hcb #baa ,silv] ,nitrate1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,z9c ,*loride 7or ,sulphate71 #g 444 #d 444 444 444 #aa 444 ,m]cury1 #bb #aa #af #h #b #a #dj #bj ,*romic ,acid1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,iron ,p]*loride1 444 444 444 #a 444 444 444 #a ,,alkal9e ,,e>?s4 ,lime1 #b 444 444 #a 444 444 #b #a ,b>ium ,*loride1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,,! ,,alkalies ,,& ,,_! ,,salts4 ,ammonia1 #ci #be #ah #af 444 444 #eg #da ,cau/ic ,soda1 #c #d 444 #a 444 444 #c #e ,pota%1 #h #aj #a 444 444 444 #i #aj ,potassic ,*lorate1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,bi*romate1 #b #b #g #c 444 444 #i #e ,bromide1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,b9oxalate 7,sorrel71 #a #c #a #d 444 444 #b #g ,,acids4 ,sulphuric ,acid1 #cj #i #bi #bd #a 444 #fj #cc ,nitric #ah #g #ah #i 444 444 #cf #af ,hydro*loric ,acid1 #dh #ah #hc #ee 444 444 #aca #gc ,oxalic #ag #f #aad #hf 444 444 #aca #ib ,t>t>ic 444 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a ,acetic #d #c 444 #b 444 444 #d #e ,c>bolic #afi #aja #bai #bga 444 #a #chh #cgc ,hydr(luoric 444 444 444 #a 444 444 444 #a ,phosphorus 7includ+ ,lucif] mat*es71 #bd #dg #bh #ef 444 444 #eb #ajc ,iod9e1 #f #g #a #a 444 444 #g #h ,,volatile ,,liquids4 ,p>aff9 7,petroleum71 #i #b #a 444 444 444 #aj #b ,b5zol9e1 #c #b 444 #a 444 444 #c #c ,naph?a1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,c>bon ,bisulphide1 444 444 #a 444 444 444 #a 444 ,turp5t9e1 #e #a 444 #c 444 444 #e #d ,me?ylat$ ,_s1 444 #b #a #b 444 444 #a #d ,alcohol1 #ha #bd #a #b 444 444 #hb #bf ,*lor(orm1 #eg #da #i #e #a 444 #fg #df ,e!r1 #e #b 444 444 444 444 #e #b ,spt4 ,e!ris ,nitrosi1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,an/hetic 7k9d n /at$71 #d #c 444 444 444 444 #d #c ,oil ( ,junip]1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,,opiates ,,& ,,n>cotics4 ,opium1 ,laudanum--,morphia1 #ejc #cgc #ccj #afg #d #b #hcg #edb ,soo?+ ,syrup1 ,p>egoric1 c4 #ah #bb #b #c 444 444 #bj #be ,*lorodyne1 #ef #cj #h #h 444 444 #fd #ch ,*loral1 #hi #bb #ad #a #a 444 #ajd #bc ,,cyanides4 ,prussic ,acid1 & ,oil ( ,almonds1 #ag #aa #bjc #ai #b #h #bbb #ch ,potassium ,cyanide1 #ai #ba #ajj #bb #c #a #abb #dd ,,alkaloids4 ,/ry*n9e & ,nux ,vomica1 #bb #ba #fe #he #d #d #ia #aaj ,v]m9-,kill]1 #b #f #di #fi #a 444 #eb #ge ,atrop9e1 #b 444 #a 444 444 444 #c 444 ,belladonna1 #cf #bj #aa #i 444 444 #dg #bi ,aconite1 #ai #ba #i #aj 444 444 #bh #ca ,ipecacuanha1 #a #a 444 444 444 444 #a #a ,coca9e1 #c 444 444 444 444 444 #c 444 ,,miscellane\s4 ,antipyr9e1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,can?>ides1 #a 444 444 #a 444 444 #a #a ,camphorat$ ,oil1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,croton ,oil1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,cay5ne ,pepp]1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,syrup ( ,rhub>b1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,col*icum1 #b 444 444 444 444 444 #b 444 ,hemlock1 #c #a 444 444 444 444 #c #a ,wat] ,hemlock1 #e #f 444 444 444 444 #e #f ,colocyn?1 444 #b 444 444 444 444 444 #b ,ca/or ,oil ,se$s1 #a #a 444 444 444 444 #a #a ,laburnum ,se$s1 #b #a 444 444 444 444 #b #a ,?orn ,apple1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,yew ,leaves or ,b]ries1 #c #b 444 444 444 444 #c #b ,cr[-foot1 444 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a ,:9-fl[]1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,p5nyroyal1 444 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a ,mead[ ,cr[-foot1 444 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a ,arum ,se$s1 444 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a ,bitt] ,aloes1 444 #a 444 #a 444 444 444 #b ,cocculus ,indicus1 444 444 #a 444 444 444 #a 444 ,horse ,*e/nut1 444 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a ,creosote1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,spirits ( ,t> 7,oil ( ,t>71 #b #a 444 444 444 444 #b #a ,nitro-,glyc]9e1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,camphor1 444 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a ,tobacco1 #d 444 #a 444 444 444 #e 444 ,lobelia1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,fungi1 #ac #aj 444 444 444 444 #ac #aj ,poison\s ,we$s1 #b 444 444 444 444 444 #b 444 ,hellebores1 444 444 #a #a 444 444 #a #a ,k9d n /at$1 #baf #aeh #bef #afg #c #a #dge #cbf -------------------------------- #bdihabibafddaadj #bc #aidafebeea _/ _/ _/ _/ #cgij #bghd #db #ffaf ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,al?\gh s l>ge a numb] ( sub/ances de/roy life by accid5t or design1 yet !re are 9 ! li/ only ab\t #ba :i* kill ab\t #b p]sons or above ea* ye>3 ! #ba sub/ances arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( _! fatality are z foll[s3-- ,actual dea?s 9 t5 ye>s end+ #ahib4 ,cau/ic pota% #ai ,poison\s fungi #bc ,aconite #ei ,m]cury #fj ,belladonna #gf ,sulphuric acid #ic ,ammonia #ih ,*lorodyne #ajb ,alcohol #ajh ,ars5ic #aaj ,*lor(orm #aac ,v]m9-kill] #abg ,*loral #abg ,phosphorus #aee ,cyanide ( potassium #aff ,/ry*n9e #bja ,nitric acid #bjd ,prussic acid #bfj ,c>bolic acid #gfb ,lead #ajdc ,opiates #acbd ,9 ea* decade !re are *anges 9 ! position on ! li/4 ,! mo/ significant diff]5ce betwe5 ! /ati/ics n[ giv5 & ! /ati/ics = ! t5 ye>s end+ #ahhj1 publi%$ 9 ! la/ edition ( ?is "w1 is t 9 ! =m] decade c>bolic acid occupi$ a comp>atively insignificant place2 :]eas 9 ! t5 ye>s end+ #ahib1 dea?s f c>bolic acid poison+ are ! mo/ frequ5t =m ( fatal poison+ save lead & opiates4 ,! foll[+ table gives "s ,g]man /ati/ics ( poison+3-- ,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,admissions ,,into ,,v>i\s ,,m$ical ,,in/itutions#cj ,,9 ,,b]l9 ,,( ,,p]sons ,,suff]+ ,,f ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,poison ,,dur+ ,,! ,,?ree ,,ye>s #ahgf1 #ahgg1 #ahgh4 #cj ,viz41 ! ,knigl4 ,*>it1 ,allg4 ,/dtis*es ,krank5haus1 ,/dtis*es ,b>ack5-,laz>e?1 ,be?ani51 ,/4 ,helwg's-,laz>us1 ,elisabe!n-,krank5haus1 ,augu/a ,hospital1 & ! ,in/itut fr ,/aats>zneikunde4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,males4 ,females4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,*>coal ,vap\r1 #gg #gh #aee ,sulphuric ,acid1 #bd #ed ,hydro*loric ,acid1 #d #d #ic ,nitric ,acid1 & ,aqua ,regia1 #g 444 ,phosphorus1 #ac #bh #da ,cyanide ( ,potassium1 #bi #c ,prussic ,acid1 #e #a #ch ,oxalic ,acid1 & ,oxalate ( ,pota%1 #aa #h #ai ,alcohol1 #ab #b #ad ,ars5ic1 #g #e #ab ,morph9e1 #h #a ,opium1 #b #a #ab ,pota% or ,soda ,lye1 #b #f #h ,*loral1 #c #d #g ,*lor(orm1 #d #b #f ,sew] ,gas1 #e 444 #e ,/ry*n9e1 444 #d #d ,atrop9e1 #a #b #c ,copp] ,sulphate1 #a #b #c ,nitrob5zol1 #b 444 #b ,c>bolic ,acid1 444 #b #b ,*romic ,acid1 #a #a #b ,burnt ,alum1 444 #a #a ,ammonium ,sulphide1 #a 444 #a ,datura ,/ramonium1 444 #a #a ,petroleum1 444 #a #a ,b5z9e1 #a 444 #a ,e!r1 #a 444 #a ,prussic ,acid & ,morph9e1 #a 444 #a ,prussic ,acid & ,*loral1 #a 444 #a ,turp5t9e & ,sal ,ammoniac1 444 #a #a ------------------------ #bbc #bab #dce ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,suicidal ,poison+4--,poisons :i* kill m ?an "o p]son suicidally ea* ye> are only #ai 9 numb]1 z foll[s3-- ,dea?s f suicide dur+ ! t5 ye>s end+ #ahib4 ,potassic bi*romate #aj ,*lor(orm #ad ,*loral #ae ,*lorodyne #af ,aconite #ai ,belladonna #bj ,m]cury #bd ,nitric acid #bg ,ammonia #cd ,sulphuric acid #ec ,ars5ic #gg ,phosphorus #hd ,v]m9-kill] #aah ,prussic acid #abb ,hydro*loric acid #ach ,/ry*n9e #aej ,oxalic acid #bjj ,prussic acid #bbb ,opiates #bha ,ph5ol #bij ,9 ! t5 ye>s end+ #ahhj1 suicidal dea?s f v]m9-kill]s1 f prussic acid1 f cyanide ( potassium1 & f opiates 7 all m num]\s ?an dea?s f ph5ol1 :]eas at pres5t ph5ol appe>s to be ! poison mo/ likely to be *os5 by a suicidal p]son4 ,crim9al ,poison+4 #bb4 ,"s useful /ati/ics ( crim9al poison+ h be5 giv5 by ,t>dieu#ca = ! #ba ye>s #ahea-ahga1 :i* may be summ>is$ z foll[s3-- #ca tude ,mdico-,lgale sur l',empoisonnem5t1 ,p>is1 #ahge4 ,total accusations ( ,poison+ 9 ! #ba ye>s1 #gic ,,results ,,( ,,! ,,poison+3-- ,dea?1 #bhj ,illness1 #cdf #hgb ,negative1 #bdf ,,accus$3-- ,m51 #cjd #gjc ,wom51 #cii ,,nature ,,( ,,poison ,,employ$3-- ,ars5ic1 #bhg ,phosphorus1 #bfg ,sulphate1 #abj ,copp] ,acetate 7,v]digris71 #ci #aei ,sulphuric ,acid1 #cf ,acids ,hydro*loric ,acid1 #h #dg ,nitric ,acid1 #c ,can?>ides1 #cj ,nux ,vomica1 #e #ab ,/ry*n9e1 #g ,opium1 #f ,opiates ,laudanum1 #c #aj ,s$ative ,wat]1 #a ,salts ( ,m]cury1 #h ,sulphate ( ,iron1 #f ,prep>ations ( ,antimony1 #e ,ammonia1 #d ,cyanides ,prussic ,acid1 #b ,cyanide ( ,potassium1 #b #d ,hellebore1 #c ,datura ,/ramonium1 #c ,p[d]$ ,glass1 #c ,digital91 #b ,pota%1 #b ,sulphate ( ,z9c1 #b ,eau de ,javelle 7a solution ( ,hypo*lorite ( ,pota%71 #a ,t9cture ( ,iod9e1 #a ,croton ,oil1 #a ,nicot9e1 #a ,belladonna1 #a 8,baume ,fiov>5ti10 #a ,euphorbia1 #a ,acetate ( ,lead1 #a ,c>bonic ,acid ,gas1 #a ,laburnum ,se$s1 #a ,col*icum1 #a ,mu%rooms1 #a ,sulphuric ,e!r1 #a --- ,total1 #hfg ,x h5ce may be conclud$1 accord+ to ^! /ati/ics ( crim9al poison+1 t ( #ajjj attempts 9 ,france1 ei!r to injure or to de/roy human life by poison1 ! foll[+ is ! mo/ probable selective ord]3-- ,ars5ic1 #cca ,phosphorus1 #cja ,prep>ations ( ,copp]1 #ahc ,! ,m9]al ,acids1 #ed ,can?>ides1 #ce ,/ry*n9e1 #ad ,opiates1 #ab ,m]curial prep>ations1 #i ,antimonial prep>ations1 #f ,cyanides 7t is1 ,prussic ,acid & ,potassic ,cyanide71 #e ,prep>ations ( ,iron1 #e ,?is li/ acc\nts = #iee poison+s1 & ! rema9+ #de w be di/ribut$ among ! less us$ drugs & *emicals4 ,,iv4--,! ,connection betwe5 ,toxic ,action & ,*emical ,composition4 #bc4 ,consid]able advance has be5 made ( late ye>s 9 ! /udy ( ! connection :i* exi/s betwe5 ! *emical /ructure ( ! molecule ( organic sub/ances & physiological effect4 ,! results obta9$1 ?\gh important1 are z yet too fragm5t>y to ju/ify any great g5]alisation2 ! problem is a complicat$ "o1 & z ,laud] ,brunton ju/ly obs]ves3-- 8,! physiological action ( a drug does n dep5d entirely on its *emical composition nor yet on its *emical /ructure1 s f> z t c be indicat$ ev5 by graphic =mula1 b ^u conditions ( solubility1 in/ability1 & molecul> relations1 :i* we may hope to discov] 9 ! future1 b ) :i* we are z yet imp]fectly acqua9t$40#cb #cb ,introduction to ,mod]n ,!rapeutics1 ,lond41 #ahib4 #acf4 ,! occurr5ce ( hydroxyl1 :e!r ! sub/ance belong to ! simpl] *a9 c>bon s]ies or to ! aromatic c>bon comp\nds1 appe>s to usually end[ ! sub/ance ) m or less active & frequ5tly poison\s prop]ties1 z1 = example1 9 ! alcohols1 & z 9 hydroxylam9e4 ,x is also f\nd t among ! aromatic bodies ! toxic action is likely to increase ) ! numb] ( hydroxyls3 ?us ph5ol has "o hydroxyl1 resorc9 two1 & phlorogluc9 ?ree2 & ! toxic p[] is /rictly 9 ! same ord]1 =1 ( ! ?ree1 ph5ol is lea/ & phlorogluc9 mo/ poison\s4 ,replac+ hydrog5 by a halog51 especially by *lor9e1 9 ! fatty acids mo/ly produces sub/ances ( n>cotic prop]ties1 z1 = in/ance1 mono*loracetic acid4 ,9 ! sulphur comp\nds1 ! entrance ( *lor9e modifies ! physiological action & int5sifies toxicity3 ?us e?yl sulphide 7,c,h7,s is a weak poison1 mono*lore?yl sulphide ,c,h,c,h,cl,s a /rong poison1 & di*lore?yl sulphide ,c,h,cl,s a v /rong poison3 ! vap\r kills rabbits )9 a %ort "t1 & a trace ( ! oil appli$ to ! e> produces int5se inflammation ( bo? ! eyes & ! e>4#cc #cc ,v4 ,mey]1 ,b]4 d4 ,*em4 ,ges41 ,,xx41 #agbe4 ,! weight ( ! molecule has an influ5ce 9 ! alcohols & acids ( ! fatty s]ies2 = in/ance1 e?yl1 propyl1 butyl1 & amyl alcohols %[ z !y increase 9 c>bon a regul> increase 9 toxic p[]2 ! n>cotic actions ( sodium propionate1 butyrate1 & val]ianate also increase ) ! ris+ c>bon4 ,nitrog5 9 ! triad condition 9 ! am9es is f> less poison\s ?an 9 ! p5tad condition4 ,bamb]g]#cd di/+ui%es two classes ( hydrog5is$ bases d]iv$ f & naph?ylam9e1 by ! t]ms 8acylic0 & 8aromatic40 ,! acylic conta9s ! f\r add$ hydrog5s 9 ! amidog5 nucleus1 ! aromatic 9 ! o!r nucleus1 ?us #cd ,b]41 xxii4 #ggg-ggh4 ,,* ,,cnh _/ _/ _/ ,c_/ ,,* ,,* ,,* ,,* _/,c _/ _/ _/ ,,* ,,* ,naph?ylam9e4 ,,* ,,* _/ _/ _/ ,c_/ ,,* ,,cnh ,,* ,,* _/,c _/ _/ _/ ,,* ,,* ,naph?ylam9e4 ,,* ,,* _/ _/ _/ ,c_/ ,,* ,,cnh ,,* ,,* _/,c _/ _/ _/ ,,* ,,* ,acylic tetrahydro- ,naph?ylam9e4 ,,* ,,* _/ _/ _/ ,c_/ ,,* ,,cnh ,,* ,,* _/,c _/ _/ _/ ,,* ,,* ,aromatic tetrahydro- ,naph?ylam9e4 ,! acylic tetrahydro-naph?ylam9e1 ! tetrahydroe?ylnaph?ylam9e1 & ! tetrahydrome?ylnaph?ylam9e all cause dilatation ( ! pupil & produce symptoms ( excitation ( ! c]vical sympa!tic n]ve2 ! o!r memb]s ( ! gr\p are inactive4 #bd4 ,! result ( replac+ hydrog5 by alkyls 9 aromatic bodies has be5 /udi$ by ,s*mi$eb]g & o!rs2 replac+ ! hydrog5 ( ! amidog5 by e?yl or me?yl1 usually results 9 a body hav+ a m or less pron\nc$ n>cotic action4 ,! rule is t me?yl is /rong] ?an e?yl1 b x does n always hold good2 or?o-amido-ph5ol is n 9 itself poison\s1 b :5 two hydrog5s ( ! amidog5 gr\p are replac$ by two me?yls ?us-- ,,ho _/ _/ ,,nh _/ _/ ,,ho _/ _/ ,n7,,*7 _/ _/ ! result+ body has a weak n>cotic action4 ,x w\ld naturally be inf]r$ t ! replacem5t ( ! ,h 9 ! hydroxyl by a ?ird me?yl w\ld increase ?is n>cotic action1 b ?is is n s3 on ! o!r h&1 if !re are ?ree e?yl gr\ps 9 ! same situation a decid$ly n>cotic body is produc$4 ,! influ5ce ( position ( an alkyl 9 ! aromatic bodies is well %[n 9 or?o-1 p>a- & meta-d]ivatives4 ,?us ! au?or prov$ "s ye>s ago t ) reg>d to dis9fect+ prop]ties1 or?o-cresol 0 m p[]ful ?an meta-2 meta-cresol m p[]ful ?an p>a-2 s aga9 or?o-aceto-toluid is poison\s1 caus+ acute nephritis2 meta-aceto-toluid has b feeble toxic actions b is useful z an antipyretic2 & p>a-aceto-toluid is inactive4 ,9 ! trioxyb5z5es1 9 :i* !re are ?ree hydroxyls1 ! toxic action is great] :5 ! hydroxyls are consecutive1 z 9 pyrogallol1 ?an :5 !y are symmetrical1 z 9 phlorogluc94 ,,oh _/ _/ ,,oh ,,oh _/ _/ ,pyrogallol4 ,,oh _/ _/ ,,ho ,,oh _/ _/ ,phlorogluc94 ,! introduction ( me?yl into ! complicat$ molecule ( an alkaloid (t5 gives curi\s results3 ?us me?yl /ry*n9e & me?yl bruc9e in/ead ( produc+ tetanus h an action on volunt>y muscle l cur>e4 ,b5zoyl-ecgon9e has no local an/hetic action1 b ! introduction ( me?yl into ! molecule end[s x ) a p[] ( dead5+ ! s5sation ( ! sk9 locally2 on ! o!r h&1 coce?yl produces no effect ( ?is k9d4 ,drs4 ,crum ,br[n & ,fras]#ce h sugge/$ t !re is "s relation betwe5 toxicity & ! saturat$ or non-saturat$ condition ( ! molecule4 #ce ,j\rn4 ,anat4 & ,phys41 vol4 ii4 #bbd4 ,h9sb]g & ,treupel h /udi$ ! physiological effect ( sub/itut+ v>i\s alkyls = ! hydrog5 ( ! hydroxyl gr\p 9 p>a-acetamido-ph5ol4 ,p>a-aceto-amido-ph5ol :5 giv5 to dogs 9 doses ( #j4e grm4 = e kilogr4 ( body weight causes slight n>cotic symptoms1 ) slight p>alysis2 !re is cyanosis & 9 ! blood mu* me?moglob94 ,9 m5 doses ( half a gramme 7#gg gra9s7 act z an antipyretic1 relieve neuralgia & h weak n>cotic effects4 ,! foll[+ is ! result ( sub/itut+ c]ta9 alkyls = ,h 9 ! ,,ho gr\p4 7#a7 ,me?yl4--,! n>cotic action is /r5g!n$ & ! antipyretic action unaffect$4 ,! me?moglob9 9 ! blood is some:at less4 7#b7 ,e?yl4--,action v simil>1 b mu* less me?moglob9 is produc$4 7#c7 ,propyl4--,antipyretic action a little weak]4 ,me?moglob9 9 ! blood small] ?an 9 p>a-acetamido-ph5ol1 b m ?an :5 ! me?yl or e?yl comp\nd is adm9i/]$4 7#d7 ,amyl4--,antipyretic action decreas$4 ,! smalle/ am\nt ( toxicity is 9 ! e?yl sub/itution2 :ile ! maximum antipyretic & ant9euralgic action belongs to ! me?yl sub/itution4 ,next sub/itution 0 tri$ 9 ! ,imid gr\p4 ,x 0 f\nd t sub/itut+ e?yl = ,h 9 ! imid gr\p annihilat$ ! n>cotic & antipyretic prop]ties4 ,no me?moglob9 c\ld be recognis$ 9 ! blood4 ,la/ly1 simultane\s sub/itution ( ! ,h ( ! ,,ho gr\p by e?yl & ! sub/itution ( an alkyl = ! ,h 9 ! ,,nh gr\p gave ! foll[+ results3-- ,me?yl4--,9 dogs ! n>cotic action 0 /r5g!n$1 ! me?moglob9 9 ! blood dim9i%$4 ,9 m5 ! n>cotic action 0 also m m>k$ z well z ! anti-neural action4 ,! /oma* & kidneys 7 also /imulat$4 ,e?yl4--,9 dogs ! n>cotic action 0 mu* /r5g!n$1 :ile ! me?moglob9 0 dim9i%$4 ,9 m5 ! antipyretic & anti-neural actions 7 unaffect$4 ,propyl4--,9 dogs ! n>cotic action 0 feebl] ?an ) me?yl or e?yl1 & 9 m5 !re 0 dim9i%$ antipyretic action4 ,amyl4--,9 dogs ! n>cotic action 0 mu* small]4 ,f ?is latt] s]ies ! conclusion is drawn t ! maximum ( n>cotic action is obta9$ by ! introduction ( me?yl & ! maximum antipyretic action by ! introduction ( me?yl or e?yl4 ,! e?yl sub/itution is1 z be=e1 ! less toxic4#cf #cf ,ueb] die physiologis*e ,wirkung des p-amido-ph5ol u4 e9ig] ,d]ivate desselb54 ,o4 ,h9sb]g u4 ,g4 ,treupel1 ,ar*iv f4 ,exp4 ,pa?ol4 u4 ,ph>m41 ,b4 #cc1 ,s4 #baf4 ,! effect ( ! entrance ( an alkyl into ! molecule ( a sub/ance is n con/ant2 sometimes ! action ( ! poison is weak5$1 sometimes /r5g!n$4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,/olnik[1 dime?yl resorc91 ,c,h7,,o*71 is m poison\s ?an resorc9 ,c,h7,,oh74 ,anisol ,c,h,,o*1 accord+ to ,loew1 is m poison\s to alg1 bact]ia1 & infusoria ?an ph5ol ,c,h,,oh4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! replacem5t by me?yl ( an atom ( hydrog5 9 ! aromatic oxyacids weak5s _! action2 me?yl salicylic acid ,o4,,* _/ ,c,h ,,cooh is weak] ?an salicylic acid ,,oh _/ ,c,h 4 ,,cooh ,ars5-me?yl *loride1 ,z7,,*7,cl1 is /rongly poison\s1 b ! introduction ( a second me?yl ,z7,,*7,cl makes a comp>atively weak poison4 #be4 ,9 "s cases ! increase ( ,,co gr\ps weak5s ! action ( a poison2 ?us1 9 allanto9 !re are ?ree c>bonyl 7,,co7 gr\ps2 ?is sub/ance does n produce excitation ( ! sp9al cord1 b x height5s muscul> irritability & causes1 l xan?91 muscul> rigidity2 alloxant91 ) a simil> /ructure b conta9+ six c>bonyl gr\ps1 does n possess ?is action4 ,,nh--,,*--,,nh ,,co ,,co ,,nh--,,co ,,nh ,allanto94 ,,nh--,,co ,,co--,,hn ,o _/ ,,co--,c---,c ,,co ,,nh--,,co ,,co--,,hn ,alloxant94 #bf4 ,a !ory ( g5]al application has be5 put =w>d & support$ ) great ability by ,osc> ,loew#cg :i* expla9s ! action ( poisons by presum+ t liv+ has a diff]5t composition to dead album92 ! album9 ( ! *emi/ is a dead body ( a def9ite composition & has a /able "*2 liv+ album91 su* z circulates 9 ! blood or =ms ! protoplasm ( ! tissues1 is n 8/able0 b 8labile02 ,loew says3--8,if ! old idea is accept$ t liv+ album9 is *emically ! same sub/ance z t :i* is dead1 num]\s toxic ph5om5a are inexplicable4 ,x is impossible1 = in/ance1 to expla9 h[ x is t diamide ,n,h & hydroxylam9e ,,nh,,oh are toxic1 ev5 ) great dilution1 on all liv+ animals2 :il/ nei!r ( ^? sub/ances h ! smalle/ action on dead plasma or ! ord9>y dissolv$ passive album91 !re mu/ !re=e be pres5t 9 ! album9 ( ! liv+ plasma a gr\p+ ( atoms 9 a 8labile0 condition 7,atomgruppirung5 labil] ,art7 :i* are capable ( ent]+ into reactions2 su*1 accord+ to our pres5t k1 c only be ! aldehyde & ! ketone gr\ps4 ,! fir/ m5tion$ gr\ps are m labile & react 9 f> great] dilution ?an ! latt] gr\ps40 #cg ,e9 natrli*es ,sy/em d] ,gift-,wirkung51 ,mn*51 #ahic4 ,loew consid]s t all sub/ances :i* ent] into comb9ation ) aldehyde or ketone gr\ps mu/ be poison\s to life g5]ally4 ,= in/ance1 hydroxylam9e1 diamide & its d]ivatives1 ph5ylhydraz9e1 free ammonia1 ph5ol1 prussic acid1 hydric sulphide1 sulphur dioxide & ! acid sulphites all ent] into comb9ation ) aldehyde4 ,s aga9 ! =mation ( imide gr\ps 9 ! aromatic r+ increases any poison\s prop]ties ! orig9al sub/ance possesses1 because ! imide gr\p easily ent]s into comb9ation ) aldehyde2 ?us pip]id9e 7,,*7,,nh is m poison\s ?an pyrid9e 7,,*7,n2 coni9e ,,nh7,,*7,,*-,,*-,,*,,*1 is m poison\s ?an collid9e ,n7,,*7,c-,,*-7,,*72 pyrrol 7,,*7,,nh ?an pyrid9e 7,,*7,n2 & am>91#ch ,c,h-,,*-,,nh ,,*-,c,h1 _/ ,c,h-,c,n ?an hydrob5zamide ,c,h-,,*,n ,,*-,c,h4 _/ ,c,h-,,*,n #ch ,?4 ,weyl 7,lehrbu* d] organis*5 ,*emie7 /ates 7p4 #che7 t am>9 is n poison\s1 b ,bac*eti 7,jahr4 d4 ,*emie1 #ahee7 has %[n t #bej mgrms4 ( ! acetate w kill a dog1 #hj mgrms4 a gu9ea-pig2 & t x is poison\s to fi%es1 birds1 & frogs3 hydrob5zamide 9 ! same doses has no effect4 ,if ! !ory is true1 !n sub/ances ) 8labile0 amido gr\ps1 on ! "o h&1 mu/ increase 9 toxic activity if a second amido gr\p is introduc$2 &1 on ! o!r1 _! toxic qualities mu/ be dim9i%$ if ! amido gr\p is *ang$ into an imido gr\p by ! sub/itution ( an atom ( hydrog5 = an alkyl4 ,obs]vation has %[n t bo? ( ^! requirem5ts are satisfi$2 ph5yl5$iam9e is m poison\s ?an anil9e2 toluyl5$iam9e m poison\s ?an toluid9e4 ,aga91 if an atom ( hydrog5 9 ! amido 7,,nh7 gr\p 9 anil9e be replac$ by an alkyl1 e4g4 me?yl or e?yl1 ! result+ sub/ance does n produce muscul> spasm2 b if ! same alkyl is sub/itut$ = an atom ( hydrog5 9 ! b5z5e nucleus ! convulsive action rema9s unaffect$4 ,if an acidyl1 z = example ! radical ( acetic acid1 ent] into ! amido gr\p1 !n ! toxic action is notably weak5$2 ?us1 acetanilide is weak] ?an anil9e1 & acetylph5ylhydraz9e is weak] ?an ph5ylhydraz9e4 ,if ! hydrog5 ( ! imido gr\p be replac$ by an alkyl or an acid radical1 & !re=e t]ti>y b\nd nitrog5 re/or$1 ! poison\s action is also weak5$4 ,9 xan?9 !re are ?ree imido gr\ps2 ! hydrog5 ( two ( ^! gr\ps is replac$ by me?yl 9 !obrom92 & 9 caffe9 ! ?ree hydrog5s ( ! ?ree imido gr\ps are replac$ by ?ree me?yls1 ?us3-- ,,nh--,,* ,,co ,c--,,nh ,,co _/ ,,nh--,c,n ,xan?94 ,n4,,*--,,* ,,co ,c--,n4,,* ,,co _/ ,,nh-----,c,n ,!obrom94 ,n4,,*--,,* ,,co ,c--,n4,,* ,,co _/ ,n4,,*--,c,n ,caffe94 & exp]im5t has %[n t !obrom9 is weak] ?an xan?91 & caffe9 /ill weak] ?an !obrom94 ,loew#ci makes ! foll[+ g5]alisations3-- #ci ,e9 natrli*es ,sy/em d] ,gift-,wirkung51 ,mn*51 #ahic4 #a4 ,entrance ( ! c>boxyl or sulpho gr\ps weak5s toxic action4 #b4 ,entrance ( a *lor9e atom exalts ! toxic "* ( ! catalytic poisons 7,loew's catalytic poisons are alcohols1 e!r1 *lor(orm1 *loral1 c>bon tetra*loride1 me?ylal1 c>bon disulphide & volatile hydroc>bons74 #c4 ,entrance ( hydroxyl gr\ps 9 ! catalytic poisons ( ! fatty s]ies weak5s toxic "*2 on ! o!r h&1 x exalts ! toxicity ( ! sub/itut+ poisons4 7,examples ( ,loew's class ( 8sub/itut+0 poisons are hydroxylam9e1 ph5ylhydraz9e1 hydric cyanide1 hydric sulphide1 aldehyde1 & ! ph5ols47 #d4 ,a sub/ance increases 9 poison\s "* ?r\gh e influ5ce :i* increases its p[] ( reaction ) aldehyde or amido gr\ps4 ,if1 = example1 an amido or imido gr\p 9 ! poison molecule be made m 8labile10 or if ?rice l9k$ nitrog5 is conv]t$ into nitrog5 connect$ by two b&s1 :e!r ?r\gh addition ( wat] or transposition 7umlag]ung7 or if a second amido gr\p ent]s1 ! poison\s quality is increas$4 ,pres5ce ( a negative gr\p may modify ! action4 #e4 ,entrance ( a nitro gr\p /r5g!ns ! poison\s "*4 ,if a c>boxyl or a sulpho gr\p is pres5t 9 ! molecule1 or if1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! animal body1 negative gr\ps comb9e ) ! poison molecule1 or c>boxyl gr\ps are =m$ 9 ! said molecule2 9 su* cases ! poison\s "* ( ! nitro gr\p may n be app>5t4 #f4 ,sub/ances ) d\ble c>bon l9k+s are m poison\s ?an ! correspond+ saturat$ sub/ances4 ,?us neur9e ) ! d\ble l9k+ ( ! c>bon ( ,,* is m poison\s ?an *ol9e2 v9ylam9e ?an e?ylam9e4 ,,*,,* _/ 7,,*7,n ,,oh ,neur9e4 ,,*--,,*,,oh _/ 7,,*7,n ,,oh ,*ol9e4 ,,* ,,*4,,nh ,v9ylam9e4 ,,* ,,*4,,nh ,e?ylam9e4 #bg4 ,m4 ,*4 ,mi*et#dj has inve/igat$ ! comp>ative toxicity ( ! metals by exp]im5ts on fi%1 us+ species ( ,s]ranus1 ,cr5olabrus1 & ,julius4 ,! *loride ( ! metal 0 dissolv$ 9 wat] & dilut$ until j t /r5g? 0 atta9$ 9 :i* ! fi% w\ld live #dh h\rs2 ?is1 :5 express$ 9 grammes p] litre1 he call$ 8! limit ( toxicity40 #dj 8,de la ,toxicit comp>e des diffr5ts ,mtaux40 ,note de ,m4 ,*4 ,mi*et4 ,compt4 ,r5d41 t4 xciii41 #ahha1 p4 #fdi4 ,! foll[+ is ! ma9 result ( ! inquiry1 by :i* x w be se5 t !re 0 f\nd no relation betwe5 8! limit ( toxicity0 & ! atomic weight4 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,results ,,( ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,fi%4 ,no4 ( ,limit ( ,exp]im5ts4 ,metal4 ,toxicity4 #bj4 ,m]cury1 #jjjbi #g4 ,copp]1 #jjcc #bj4 ,z9c1 #jjhd #aj4 ,iron1 #jad #g4 ,cadmium1 #jag #f4 ,ammonium1 #jfd #g4 ,potassium1 #aj #aj4 ,nickel1 #abf #i4 ,cobalt1 #abf #aa4 ,li?ium1 #c #bj4 ,manganese #cj #f4 ,b>ium1 #gh #d4 ,magnesium1 #ae #bj4 ,/rontium1 #bb #e4 ,calcium1 #bd #f4 ,sodium1 #bdag ,v4--,life-,te/s2 or ! ,id5tification ( ,poison by ,exp]im5ts on ,animals4 #bh4 ,a philosophical inve/igation ( poisons dem&s a complete me?odical exam9ation into _! action on e life =m1 f ! l[e/ to ! highe/4 ,our k is m def9ite ) reg>d to ! action ( poisons on man1 dogs1 cats1 rabbits1 & frogs ?an on any o!r species4 ,x may be conv5i5t "h to make a few g5]al rem>ks z to ! action ( poisons on infusoria1 ! cephalopoda1 & insects4 ,infusoria4--,! infusoria are extremely s5sitive to ! poison\s alkaloids & o!r *emical ag5ts4 ,/rong doses ( ! alkaloids cause a contraction ( ! cell cont5ts1 & some:at rapid dis9tegration ( ! :ole body2 mod]ate doses at fir/ quick5 ! movem5ts1 !n ! body gets p]ceptibly l>g]1 & f9ally1 z 9 ! fir/ case1 !re is dis9tegration ( ! animal sub/ance4 ,rossba*#da gives ! foll[+ intimations ( ! proportion ( ! toxic pr9ciple necess>y to cause dea?3--,/ry*n9e #a "p dissolv$ 9 #aejj ( wat]2 v]atr9e #a 9 #hjjj2 qu99e #a 9 #ejjj2 atrop9e #a 9 #ajjj2 ! m9]al acids #a 9 #djj-fjj2 salts #a 9 #bjj-cjj4 #da ,n4 ,j4 ,rossba*1 ,ph>m4 ,zeits*r4 fr ,russl&1 xix4 #fbh4 ,! extraord9>y s5sitiv5ess ( ! infusoria1 & ! small am\nt ( mat]ial us$ 9 su* exp]im5ts1 w\ld be practically useful if !re 7 any decid$ diff]5ce 9 ! symptoms produc$ by diff]5t poisons4 ,b no "o c\ld be at all c]ta9 ( ev5 ! class to :i* ! poison belongs 7 he to wat*1 )\t a previ\s k ( :at _h be5 add$ to ! wat]1 ! motions ( poison$ infusoria4 ,h5ce ! fact is m curi\s ?an useful4 ,cephalopoda4--,! action ( a few poisons on ! cephalopoda has be5 inve/igat$ by ,m4 ,e4 ,yung4#db ,cur>a plac$ on ! sk9 _h no effect1 b on ! bran*i l$ to g5]al p>alysis4 ,if giv5 9 ev5 fifte5 times a great] dose ?an necess>y to kill a rabbit1 x 0 n always fatal4 ,/ry*n9e1 dissolv$ 9 sea-wat]1 9 ! proportion ( #a to #cj1jjj1 causes mo/ m>k$ symptoms4 ,! fir/ sign is relaxation ( ! *romataphore muscle & ! clos+ ( ! *romataphores2 ! animal pales1 ! respiratory movem5ts become m p[]ful1 & at ! end ( a notable augm5tation 9 _! numb]1 !y fall rapidly f ! normal numb] ( #be to #e a m9ute4 ,!n tetanus comm5ces aft] a "t1 v>y+ ) ! dose ( ! poison2 ! arm /iff5s & ext5ds 9 fan-l =m1 ! entire body is convuls$1 ! respiration is 9 j]ks1 ! animal empties 8 p\*1 & at ! end ( a few m9utes is dead1 9 a /ate ( great muscul> rigidity4 ,if at ?is mom5t x is op5$1 ! v5\s he>t is f\nd /ill beat+4 ,nicot9e & o!r poisons 7 exp]im5t$ )1 & ! cephalopoda 7 f\nd to be g5]ally s5sitive to ! active alkaloids1 & to exhibit m or less m>k$ symptoms4 #db ,compt4 ,r5d41 t4 xci4 p4 #cjf4 ,insects4--,! au?or devot$ consid]able "t1 9 ! autumn ( #ahhb1 to obs]vations on ! effect ( c]ta9 alkaloids on ! common bl[-fly1 ?9k+ x possible t ! insect w\ld exhibit a suffici5t s]ies ( symptoms ( physiological ph5om5a to enable x to be us$ by ! toxicologi/ z a liv+ reag5t4 ,if s1 ! *eapness & ubiquity ( ! t9y life dur+ a consid]able portion ( ! ye> w\ld recomm5d x = ! purpose4 ,provid$ two bl[-flies are caught & plac$ b5ea? glass %ades--! "o poison$1 ! o!r n--x is surpris+ :at a v>iety ( symptoms c1 ) a little practice1 be di/+ui%$4 ,nev]!less1 ! abs5ce ( pupils1 & ! want ( respiratory & c>diac movem5ts1 are1 9 an exp]im5tal po9t ( view1 defects = :i* no am\nt or v>iety ( m]ely muscul> symptoms c comp5sate4 ,f ! nature ( ! case1 we c only di/+ui% 9 ! poison$ fly dulness or vivacity ( movem5t1 loss ( p[] 9 walk+ on smoo? surfaces1 irritation ( ! integum5t1 disord]ly movem5ts ( ! limbs1 protrusion ( ! fle%y proboscis1 & p>alysis1 :e!r ( legs or w+s4 ,my exp]im5ts 7 *iefly made by sme>+ ! extracts or neutral solutions ( poisons on ! head ( ! fly4 ,9 ?is way "s ( x is inv>iably tak5 into ! sy/em1 p>tly by direct absorption1 & p>tly by ! insect's ef=ts to free itself f ! =eign sub/ance1 9 :i* x uses its legs & proboscis4 ,= ! symptoms witness$ aft] ! application ( sapon91 digital91 & aconit9e1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! articles on ^? sub/ances4 ,9 poison+ by sausages1 bad meat1 cur>9e1 & 9 obscure cases g5]ally1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce1 exp]im5ts on liv+ animals are absolutely necess>y4 ,9 ?is1 & 9 ?is way only1 9 v _m in/ances1 c ! exp]t prove ! pres5ce ( zymotic1 or %[ ! abs5ce ( *emical poison4 ,! ,vivisection ,act1 h[ev]1 effectually precludes ! use ( life-te/s 9 ,engl& save 9 lic5s$ in/itutions4 ,h5ce ! 8me?ods0 ( apply+ life-te/s describ$ 9 =m] editions w be omitt$4 #bi4 ,effect ( poisons on ! he>t ( ,cold-blood$ ,animals4--,! ,vivisection ,act does n1 h[ev]1 int]f]e ) ! use ( c]ta9 liv+ te/s1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! te/+ ( ! action ( poisons ^u ! rec5tly extirpat$ he>ts ( cold-blood$ animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,williams' ,app>atus4 ,! he>t ( ! frog1 ( ! turtle1 ( ! tortoise1 & ( ! %>k w beat regul>ly = a long "t aft] removal f ! body1 if suppli$ ) a regul> /ream ( nutri5t fluid4 ,! fluids us$ = ?is purpose are ! blood ( ! h]bivora dilut$ ) common salt solution1 or a s]um album9 solution1 or a #b p] c5t4 solution ( gum arabic 9 :i* r$ blood corpuscles are susp5d$4 ,! simple/ app>atus to use is t kn[n z 8,williams'40 ,williams' app>atus consi/s ( two glass bulbs 7see diagram71 ! "o1 ,p1 conta9+ nutri5t fluid to :i* a kn[n quantity ( ! poison has be5 add$2 ! o!r1 ,n1 conta9+ ! same fluid b to :i* no poison has be5 add$2 ^! bulbs are connect$ by ca\t*\c tub+ to a ?ree-way tube1 ,t1 & ea* piece ( ca\t*\c tub+ has a pressure screw clip1 ,v & ,v2 ! ?ree-way tube is connect$ ) a wid] tube conta9+ a valve float1 ,f1 :i* gives free passage ( fluid 9 "o direction only1 t is1 9 ! direction ( ! arr[2 ?is la/ wide tube is connect$ ) a ,y piece ( tub+1 :i* aga9 is connect$ ) ! aorta ( ! he>t "u exam9ation1 ! o!r leg ( ! ,y tube is connect$ ) ano!r wide tube1 ,x1 hav+ a float valve1 ,f3 ! float conta9+ a drop ( m]cury & p]mitt+ 7l ! float valve ,f7 passage 9 "o direction only ( fluid1 x is obvi\s t if ! clip communicat+ ) ,n is op5$ & ! clip communicat+ ) ,p is clos$1 ! normal fluid w circulate alone ?r\gh ! he>t2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,p clip is op5 & ! ,n clip clos$1 ! poison$ blood w alone fe$ ! he>t4 ,x is also cle> t by rais+ or depress+ ! bulbs1 ! circulat+ fluid c be deliv]$ at any pressure1 high or l[4 ,%\ld a bubble ( air get into ! tubes1 x c be got rid ( by remov+ ! cork at ,s & br++ ! fluid up to ! level ( ! top ( ! ap]ture4 ,! obs]vation is made by fir/ asc]ta9+ ! numb] & "* ( ! beats :5 ! normal fluid is circulat+1 & !n aft]w>ds :5 ! normal is replac$ by ! poison$ fluid4 ,a simpl] b less accurate process is to pi? two frogs1 excise _! respective he>ts1 & place ! he>ts 9 wat*-glasses conta9+ ei!r s]um or a solution ( common salt 7/r5g? #jge p] c5t472 to ! "o he>t is n[ add$ a solution ( ! poison "u exam9ation1 & ! diff]5ce 9 ! behavi\r & "* ( ! beats not$4 ,! ph5om5a to be specially look$ = are ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,! he>t at ! height ( ! poison+ is arre/$ 9 dia/ole4 #b4 ,! he>t at ! height ( ! poison+ is arre/$ 9 sy/ole4 ,arre/ 9 dia/ole4--,! arre/ may be prec$$ by ! contractions becom+ weak] & weak]1 or aft] ! s-call$ he>t p]i/alsis2 or x may be prec$$ by a condition 9 :i* ! auricle %[s a diff]5t frequ5cy to ! v5tricle4 ,! f9al dia/ole may be ! dia/ole ( p>alysis or ! dia/ole ( irritation4 ,! dia/ole ( irritation is produc$ by a /imulus ( ! inhibitory ganglia1 & only occurs aft] poison+ by ! musc>9e gr\p ( poisons4 ,?is condition may be recognis$ by ! fact t contraction may be excit$ by me*anical & electrical /imuli or by ! application ( atrop9e solution2 ! latt] p>alyses ! inhibitory n]v\s c5tres1 & !re=e sets ! me*anism go+ aga94 ,! dia/ole ( p>alysis is ! mo/ frequ5t =m ( dea?4 ,x may readily be di/+ui%$ f ! musc>9e dia/ole2 =1 9 musc>9e dia/ole1 ! he>t is full ( blood & l>g] ?an normal2 b 9 ! p>alytic =m ! he>t is n fully ext5d$1 besides :i*1 al?\gh1 if normal blood replace t :i* is poison$1 ! beats may be re/or$ = a %ort "t1 ! response is incomplete1 & ! end is ! same2 besides :i*1 atrop9e does n re/ore ! beats4 ,! dia/ole ( p>alysis may dep5d on p>alysis ( ! s-call$ excito-motor ganglia 7z ) iodal71 or f p>alysis ( ! muscul> /ructure 7z ) copp]74 #cj4 ,! effect ( poisons on ! iris4--,sev]al poisons affect ! pupil1 caus+ ei!r contraction or dilatation4 ,! mo/ suitable animal is ! cat2 ! pupil ( ! cat readily %[+ ei!r /ate4 ,toxic myosis1 or toxic contraction ( ! pupil4--,!re are two =ms ( toxic myosis1 "o ( :i* is c5tral 9 its orig94 ,9 ?is =m1 %\ld ! poison be appli$ to ! eye itself1 no m>k$ contraction foll[s2 ! poison mu/ be swall[$ or inject$ subcutane\sly to produce an effect4 ,! contraction rema9s until dea?4 ,! contraction 9 su* a case is consid]$ to be due to a p>alysis ( ! dilatation c5tre2 x is a 8myosis p>alytica c5tralis20 ! be/ example ( ?is is ! contraction ( ! pupil caus$ by morph9e4 ,9 ! second case ! poison1 :e!r appli$ direct to ! eye or ent]+ ! circulation by subcutane\s injection1 contracts ! pupil2 ! contraction p]si/s if ! eye is extirpat$1 b 9 all cases ! contraction may be *ang$ into dilatation by ! use ( atrop9e4 ,an example ( ?is k9d ( myosis is ! action ( musc>9e4 ,x is dep5d5t on ! /imulation ( ! ends ( ! n]ves :i* contract ! pupil1 especially ! ends ( ! n]vus oculomotorius supply+ ! sph9ct] iridis2 ?is =m ( myosis is call$ myosis spa/ica p]iph]a4 ,a v>iety ( ?is =m is ! myosis spa/ica muscul>is1 dep5d+ on /imulation ( ! musc4 sph9ct] iridis1 se5 9 poison+ by physo/igm9e4 ,?is causes /rong contraction ( ! pupil :5 locally appli$2 ! contraction is n influ5c$ by small local applications ( atrop9e1 b x may be *ang$ to dilatation by high doses4 ,subcutane\s injection ( small doses ( physo/igm9e does n alt] ! pupil1 b l>ge poison\s doses contracts ! pupil 9 a m>k$ mann]4 ,toxic mydriasis1 or toxic dilatation ( ! pupil4--,! foll[+ v>ieties are to be notic$3-- #a4 ,toxic doses tak5 by ! m\? or giv5 by subcutane\s injection give rise to /rong dilatation2 ?is vani%es be=e dea?1 giv+ place to mod]ate contraction4 ,?is =m is due to /imulation ( ! dilatation c5tre1 lat] pass+ into p>alysis4 ,an example is f\nd 9 ! action ( aconite4 #b4 ,aft] subcutane\s or local application1 a dilatation neutralis$ by physo/igm9e 9 mod]ate doses4 ,?is is *>act]i/ic ( -tetrahydronaph?ylam9e4 #c4 ,aft] subcutane\s injection1 or if appli$ locally 9 v small doses1 dilatation occurs p]si/+ to dea?4 ,l>ge doses ( physo/igm9e neutralise ! dilatation1 b x is n influ5c$ by musc>9e or piloc>p9e3 ?is =m is *>act]i/ic ( atrop9e1 & x has be5 call$ mydriasis p>alytica p]iph]a4 ,! he>t at ! height ( ! poison+ /ops 9 sy/ole4 #b4 ,arre/ 9 sy/ole4--,! sy/ole prec$+ ! arre/ is f> /rong] ?an normal1 ! v5tricle (t5 contract+ up into a little lump4 ,contraction ( ?is k9d is specially to be se5 9 poison+ by digitalis4 ,9 poison+ by digitalis ! v5tricle is arre/$ be=e ! auricle2 9 musc>9e poison+ ! auricle /ops be=e ! v5tricle4 ,if ! res]voir ( ,williams' app>atus is rais$ s z to increase ! pressure )9 ! v5tricle ! beat may be re/or$ = a "t1 to aga9 cease4 ,a frog's he>t "u ! influ5ce ( any poison may be f9ally divid$ into pieces s z to asc]ta9 if any p>ts /ill contract2 ! significance ( ?is is1 t ! p>ticul> ganglion supply+ t portion ( ! he>t has n be5 affect$3 ! *ief ganglia to be look$ = are ,remak's1 on ! b\nd>y ( ! s9us & auricle2 ,ludwig's1 on ! auricle & ! septum ( ! auricle2 ,bidd]'s1 on ! atriov5tricul> bord]1 especially 9 ! valves2 & ,dogiel's ganglion1 betwe5 ! muscul> fibres4 ,accord+ to ,dogiel1 poisons act+ l musc>9e affect e portion ( ! he>t1 & atrop9e re/ores ! contractile p[] ( e portion4 ,,vi4--,g5]al ,me?od ( ,proc$ure 9 ,se>*+ = ,poison4 #ca4 ,m9]al sub/ances1 or liquids conta9+ only inorganic matt]s1 c cause no possible difficulty to any "o :o is practis$ 9 analytical inve/igation2 b ! sub/ances :i* ex]cise ! skill ( ! exp]t are organic fluids or solids4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done is to note accurately ! mann] 9 :i* ! samples h be5 pack$1 :e!r ! seals h be5 tamp]$ )1 :e!r ! vessels or wrapp]s !mselves are likely to h contam9at$ ! articles s5t2 & !n to make a v c>eful obs]vation ( ! appe>ance1 smell1 col\r1 & reaction ( ! matt]s1 n =gett+ to take ! weight1 if solid--! volume1 if liquid4 ,all ^! are obvi\s precautions1 requir+ no p>ticul> directions4 ,if ! object ( rese>* is ! /oma* & its cont5ts1 ! cont5ts %\ld be c>efully transf]r$ to a tall conical glass2 ! organ cut op51 spread out on a %eet ( glass1 & exam9$ m9utely by a l5s1 pick+ out any suspici\s-look+ sub/ance = clos] obs]vation4 ,! muc\s membrane %\ld n[ be well cleans$ by ! aid ( a wa%-bottle1 & if !re is any necessity = de/roy+ ! /oma*1 x may be ess5tial 9 important cases to h x photograph$4 ,! wa%+s hav+ be5 add$ to ! cont5ts ( ! /oma*1 ! s$im5t is sep>at$ & submitt$ to inspection1 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 irrespective ( ! discov]y ( poison1 a k ( ! nature ( ! food la/ eat5 by ! deceas$ may be ( extreme value4 ,if ! dea? has really tak5 place f disease1 & n f poison1 or if x has be5 caus$ by poison1 & yet no def9ite h9t ( ! p>ticul> poison c be obta9$ ei!r by ! symptoms or by ! att5dant circum/ances1 ! analy/ has ! difficult task ( endeav\r+ to initiate a process ( analysis :i* w be likely to discov] any poison 9 ! animal1 vegetable1 or m9]al k+dom4 ,= ?is purpose ,i h devis$ ! foll[+ process1 :i* diff]s f ^? t h hi!rto be5 publi%$ ma9ly 9 ! prom95ce giv5 to op]ations 9 a high vacuum1 & ! utilisation ( biological exp]im5t z a matt] ( r\t9e4 ,tak+ "o ( ! mo/ difficult cases t c occur--viz41 "o 9 :i* a small quantity only ( an organic solid or fluid is available--! be/ me?od ( proc$ure is ! foll[+3-- ,illu/ration ,a small portion is res]v$ & exam9$ microscopically1 &1 if ?\ght desirable1 submitt$ to v>i\s 8cultivation0 exp]im5ts4 ,! great] portion is at once exam9$ = volatile matt]s1 & hav+ be5 plac$ 9 a /rong flask1 &1 if neutral or alkal9e1 feebly acidulat$ ) t>t>ic acid1 connect$ ) a second or receiv+ flask by glass tub+ & ca\t*\c corks4 ,! ca\t*\c cork ( ! receiv+ flask has a d\ble p]=ation1 s z to be able1 by a second bit ( angle tub+1 to be connect$ ) ! m]cury-pump describ$ 9 ! au?or's "w on 8,foods10 ! figure ( :i* is "h repeat$ 7see ! accompany+ figure74 ,) a good wat]-pump hav+ a suffici5t l5g? ( fall-tube1 a vacuum may be also obta9$ t = practical purposes is z effici5t z "o caus$ by m]cury2 if ! fall-tube deliv]s outside ! laboratory ov] a dra91 no (f5sive od\r is exp]i5c$ :5 deal+ ) putrid1 /9k+ liquids4 ,a vacuum hav+ be5 obta9$1 & ! receiv+-flask surr\nd$ ) ice1 a di/illate = prelim9>y te/+ may be g5]ally got )\t ! action ( any ext]nal heat2 b if ?is is too sl[1 ! flask conta9+ ! sub/ances or liquid "u exam9ation may be g5tly heat$ by a wat]-ba?--wat]1 volatile oils1 a v>iety ( volatile sub/ances1 su* z prussic acid1 hydro*loric acid1 phosphorus1 c41 if pres5t1 w di/il ov]4 ,x w be well to free 9 ?is way ! sub/ance1 z mu* z possible1 f volatile matt]s & wat]4 ,:5 no m w come ov]1 ! di/illate may be c>efully exam9$ by r$i/illation & ! v>i\s appropriate te/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is figure is f 8,foods40 ,b is a bell-j>1 :i* c be adapt$ by a cork to a cond5s]2 ,r is made ( iron2 ! rim ( ! bell-j> is imm]s$ 9 m]cury1 :i* ! deep groove receives4 ,! next /ep is to dry ! sample ?or\ghly4 ,?is is be/ effect$ also 9 a vacuum by ! use ( ! same app>atus1 only ?is "t ! receiv+-flask is to be half fill$ ) /rong sulphuric acid4 ,by n[ apply+ v g5tle heat to ! fir/ flask1 & cool+ ! sulphuric acid receiv]1 ev5 su* sub/ances z ! liv] 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs may be obta9$ dry en\gh to p[d]4 ,hav+ by ^! means obta9$ a ne>ly dry friable mass1 x is r$uc$ to a co>se p[d]1 & extract$ ) petroleum e!r2 ! extraction may be effect$ ei!r 9 a special app>atus 7z1 = example1 9 a l>ge 8,soxhlet071 or 9 a beak] plac$ 9 ! 8,e!r recov]y app>atus0 7see fig471 :i* is adapt$ to an upright cond5s]4 ,! petroleum extract is evaporat$ & leaves ! fatty matt]1 possibly contam9at$ by traces ( any alkaloid :i* ! sub/ance may h conta9$2 =1 al?\gh mo/ alkaloids are insoluble 9 petroleum e!r1 yet !y are tak5 up 9 small quantities by oils & fats1 & are extract$ ) ! fat by petroleum e!r4 ,x is h5ce necess>y always to exam9e ! petroleum extract by %ak+ x up ) wat]1 slightly acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid1 :i* w extract f ! fat any trace ( alkaloid1 & w p]mit ! discov]y ( su* alkaloids by ! ord9>y 8gr\p reag5ts40 ,! sub/ance n[ be+ fre$ = ! mo/ "p f wat] & f fat1 is dige/$ 9 ! cold ) absolute alcohol = "s h\rs2 ! alcohol is filt]$ (f1 & all[$ to evaporate spontane\sly1 or1 if spe$ is an object1 x may be di/ill$ 9 vacuo4 ,! treatm5t is next ) hot alcohol ( #ij p] c5t41 &1 aft] filt]+1 ! dry residue is exhau/$ ) e!r4 ,! e!r & alcohol1 hav+ be5 driv5 (f1 leave extracts :i* may be dissolv$ 9 wat] & te/$1 bo? *emically & biologically1 = alkaloids1 glucosides1 & organic acids4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t !re are a few metallic comp\nds 7z1 = example1 corrosive sublimate7 :i* are soluble 9 alcohol & e!real solv5ts1 & mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,! residue1 aft] be+ ?us act$ ^u successively by petroleum1 by alcohol1 & by e!r1 is bo? wat]-free & fat-free1 & also devoid ( all organic poison\s bases & pr9ciples1 & x only rema9s to treat x = metals4 ,= ?is purpose1 x is plac$ 9 a retort1 & di/ill$ once or twice to dryness ) a kn[n quantity ( /rong1 pure hydro*loric acid4 ,if ars5ic1 9 ! =m ( ars5i\s acid1 7 pres5t1 x w\ld di/il ov] z a tri*loride1 & be detect$ 9 ! di/illate2 by rais+ ! heat1 ! organic matt] is c>bonis$1 & mo/ ( x de/roy$4 ,! di/illate is saturat$ ) hydric sulphide1 & any precipitate sep>at$ & exam9$4 ,! residue 9 ! retort w conta9 ! fix$ metals1 su* z z9c1 copp]1 lead1 c4 ,x is treat$ ) dilute hydro*loric acid1 filt]$1 ! filtrate saturat$ ) ,,% & any precipitate collect$4 ,! filtrate is n[ treat$ ) suffici5t sodic acetate to replace ! hydric *loride1 aga9 saturat$ ) ,,% & any precipitate collect$ & te/$ = z9c1 nickel1 & cobalt4 ,by ?is treatm5t1 viz43-- #a4 ,di/illation 9 a vacuum at a l[ temp]ature1 #b4 ,collect+ ! volatile products1 #c4 ,dehydrat+ ! organic sub/ances1 #d4 ,dissolv+ out f ! dry mass fatty matt]s & alkaloids1 glucosides1 c41 by e!real & alcoholic solv5ts1 #e4 ,de/roy+ organic matt] & se>*+ = metals1 --a v fair & complete analysis may be made f a small am\nt ( mat]ial4 ,! process is1 h[ev]1 some:at faulty 9 ref]5ce to phosphorus1 & also to oxalic acid & ! oxalates2 ^! poisons1 if suspect$1 %\ld be specially se>*$ = 9 ! mann] to be m p>ticul>ly describ$ 9 ! sections treat+ ( !m4 ,9 mo/ cases1 !re is suffici5t mat]ial to all[ ( division into ?ree p>ts--"o = organic poisons g5]ally1 "o = inorganic1 & a ?ird = res]ve 9 case ( accid5t4 ,:5 su* is ! case1 al?\gh1 = organic pr9ciples1 ! process ( vacuum di/illation j describ$ /ill holds good1 x w be v mu* ! mo/ conv5i5t way n to use t portion = metals1 b to op]ate on ! portion res]v$ = ! inorganic poisons z foll[s by de/ruction ( ! organic matt]4 ,! de/ruction ( organic matt] ?r\gh simple di/illation by means ( pure hydro*loric acid is at lea/ equal to t by sulphuric acid1 *lorate ( pota%1 & ! c>bonisation me?ods4 ,! object ( ! *emi/ n be+ to dissolve e fragm5t ( cellul> tissue1 muscle1 & t5don1 b simply all m9]al +r$i5ts1 ! less organic matt] :i* goes into solution ! bett]4 ,t hydro*loric acid w\ld fail to dissolve sulphate ( b>yta & sulphate ( lead1 & t sulphide ( ars5ic is also almo/ insoluble 9 ! acid1 is no objection to ! process recomm5d$1 = x is always op5 to ! analy/ to treat ! residue specially = ^! sub/ances4 ,! sulphides precipitat$ by hydric sulphide f an acid solution are--ars5ic1 antimony1 t91 cadmium1 lead1 bismu?1 m]cury1 copp]1 & silv]4 ,^? n precipitat$ are--iron1 manganese1 z9c1 nickel1 & cobalt4 ,z a rule1 "o poison alone is pres5t2 s t if !re %\ld be a sulphide1 x w belong only exceptionally to m ?an "o metal4 ,! col\r ( ! precipitate f hydric sulphide is ei!r yell[i% or black4 ,! yell[ & orange precipitates are sulphur1 sulphides ( ars5ic1 antimony1 t91 & cadmium4 ,9 pure solutions !y may be almo/ di/+ui%$ by _! diff]5t hues1 b 9 solutions contam9at$ by a little organic matt] ! col\rs may n be di/9ctive4 ,! sulphide ( ars5ic is ( a pale yell[ col\r2 & if ! v improbable circum/ance %\ld happ5 t ars5ic1 antimony1 & cadmium occur 9 ! same solution1 ! sulphide ( ars5ic may be fir/ sep>at$ by ammonia1 & ! sulphide ( antimony by sulphide ( sodium1 leav+ cadmic sulphide insoluble 9 bo? processes4 ,! black precipitates are--lead1 bismu?1 m]cury1 copp]1 & silv]4 ,! black sulphide is fre$ f ars5ic1 if pres5t1 by ammonia1 & dige/$ ) dilute nitric acid1 :i* w dissolve all ! sulphides1 save ^? ( m]cury & t91 s t if a complete solution is obta9$ 7sulphur flocks except$71 x is evid5t t bo? ^! sub/ances are abs5t4 ,! pres5ce ( copp] is betray$ by ! blue col\r ( ! nitric acid solution1 & ?r\gh its special reactions2 lead1 by ! deep yell[ precipitate :i* falls by ! addition ( *romate ( pota% & acetate ( soda to ! solution2 bismu?1 ?r\gh a :ite precipitate on dilution ) wat]4 ,if ! nitric acid leaves a black insoluble residue1 ?is is probably sulphide ( m]cury1 & %\ld be treat$ ) conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid to sep>ate flocks ( sulphur1 evaporat$ to dryness1 aga9 dissolv$1 & te/$ = m]cury by iodide ( potassium1 copp] foil1 c41 z describ$ 9 ! article on ,m]cury4 ,z9c1 nickel1 & cobalt are likewise te/$ = 9 ! filtrate z describ$ 9 ! respective articles on ^! metals4 ,,aut5rie?',s ,,g5]al ,,process4 #cb4 ,a g5]al me?od ( proc$ure has be5 publi%$ by ,w4 ,aut5rie?4#dc #dc ,kurze ,anleitung zur ,auff9dung d] ,gifte1 ,freiburg1 #ahib4 ,he divides poison\s sub/ances1 = ! purposes ( sep>ation & detection1 into ?ree classes3-- ,i4 ,poisons capable ( di/illation f an acid aque\s solution4 ,,ii4 ,organic sub/ances :i* are n capable ( di/illation f acid solutions4 ,,iii4 ,metallic poisons4 ,:]e possible1 ! fluid or solids submitt$ to ! rese>* are divid$ into f\r equal p>ts1 "o ( ! p>ts to be kept 9 res]ve 9 case ( accid5t or z a control2 "o ( ! rema9+ ?ree p>ts to be di/ill$2 a second to be inve/igat$ = organic sub/ances2 & a ?ird = metals4 ,aft] ! extraction ( organic sub/ances f "p ,no4 ,,ii4 ! residue may be add$ to ,no4 ,,iii4 = ! purpose ( se>* aft] metals2 &1 if ! total quantity is small1 ! :ole ( ! process may be conduct$ )\t division4 ,i4 ,,sub/ances ,,sep>at$ ,,by ,,di/illation4 ,! sub/ances are plac$ 9 a capaci\s flask1 dilut$ if necess>y ) wat] to ! consi/5ce ( a ?9 s\p1 & t>t>ic acid add$ to di/9ct acid reaction1 & di/ill$4 ,9 ?is way phosphorus1 prussic acid1 c>bolic acid1 *lor(orm1 *loral hydrate1 nitrob5zol1 anil9e1#dd & alcohol may be sep>at$ & id5tifi$ by ! reactions giv5 9 ! sections ( ?is "w describ+ ^? sub/ances4 #dd ,anil9e is a weak base1 s t1 al?\gh a solution be acid1 "s ( ! anil9e di/ils ov] on heat+4 ,,ii4 ,,organic ,,poisons ,,n ,,volatile ,,9 ,,acid ,,solution4 ,"p ,no4 ,,ii4 is mix$ ) d\ble its volume ( absolute alcohol1 t>t>ic acid add$ to di/9ct acid reaction & plac$ 9 a flask connect$ ) an inv]t$ ,liebig's cond5s]2 x is !n w>m$ = #ae to #bj m9utes on ! wat]-ba?4 ,aft] cool+1 ! mixture is filt]$1 ! residue well wa%$ ) alcohol & evaporat$ to a ?9 syrup 9 a porcela9 di% ov] ! wat]-ba?4 ,! di% is !n all[$ to cool & dige/$ ) #ajj c4c4 ( wat]2 fat & res9\s matt]s sep>ate1 ! wat]y solution is filt]$ ?r\gh ,sw$i% pap] previ\sly moi/5$3 if ! fluid filtrate is cle> x may be at once %ak5 up ) e!r1 b if n cle>1 & especially if x is m or less slimy1 x is evaporat$ aga9 on ! wat]-ba? to ! consi/5ce ( an extract3 ! extract treat$ ) #fj to #hj c4c4 ( absolute alcohol 7:i* precipitates mucus & dextr9-l sub/ances71 ! alcohol evaporat$ (f & ! residue tak5 up ) f #fj to #hj c4c4 ( di/ill$ wat]2 x is !n %ak5 up ) e!r1 z 9 ,drag5dorff's process1 & su* sub/ances z digital91 picric acid1 salicylic acid1 antipyr9 & o!rs sep>at$ 9 ?is way & id5tifi$4 ,aft] ?is treatm5t ) e!r1 & ! sep>ation ( ! e!r extract1 ! wat]y solution is /rongly alkalis$ ) cau/ic soda & %ak5 up aga9 ) e!r1 :i* dissolves almo/ e alkaloid save morph9e & apomorph9e2 ! e!real extract is sep>at$ & any alkaloid left id5tifi$ by suitable te/s4 ,! aque\s solution1 n[ depriv$ ( sub/ances soluble 9 e!r bo? f acid & f solutions made alkal9e by soda1 is n[ inve/igat$ = morph9e & apomorph9e2 ! apomorph9e be+ sep>at$ by fir/ acidify+ a portion ( ! alkal9e solution ) hydro*loric acid1 !n alkalis+ ) ammonia & %ak+ out ) e!r4 ,! morph9e is sep>at$ f ! same solution by %ak+ out ) w>m *lor(orm4#de #de ,hot amyl alcohol w\ld be bett] 7see 8,morph9e074 ,,iii4 ,,metals4 ,! sub/ances are plac$ 9 a porcela9 di% & dilut$ ) a suffici5t quantity ( wat] to =m a ?9 s\p & #bj to #cj c4c4 ( pure hydro*loric acid add$2 ! di% is plac$ on ! wat]-ba? & #b grms4 ( potassic *lorate add$4 ,! cont5ts are /irr$ f "t to "t1 & successive quantities ( potassic *lorate are aga9 add$1 until ! cont5ts are col\r$ yell[4 ,! heat+ is cont9u$1 )1 if necess>y1 ! addition ( m acid1 until all smell ( *lor9e has ceas$4 ,if !re is consid]able excess ( acid1 ?is is to be evaporat$ away by dilut+ ) a little wat] & cont9u+ to heat on ! wat]-ba?4 ,! di% ) its cont5ts is cool$1 a little wat] add$1 & ! fluid is !n filt]$4 ,! metals rema9+ on ! filt] are3-- ,silv] *loride1 ,lead sulphate1 ,b>ium sulphate2 9 ! filtrate w be all ! o!r metals4 ,! filtrate is put 9 a flask & heat$ to f #fj to #hj degrees & submitt$ to a sl[ /ream ( hydric sulphide gas2 :5 ! fluid is saturat$ ) ! gas1 ! flask is securely cork$ & all[$ to re/ = twelve h\rs2 at ! end ( t "t ! fluid is filt]$ & ! filt] wa%$ ) wat] saturat$ ) hydric sulphide4 ,! /ill moi/ sulphides rema9+ on ! filt] are treat$ ) yell[ ammonium sulphide conta9+ "s free ammonia & wa%$ ) sulphide ( ammonium wat]4 ,n[ rema9+ on ! filt]1 if pres5t at all1 w be3-- ,m]cury sulphide1 ,lead sulphide1 ,copp] sulphide1 ,cadmium sulphide2 9 ! filtrate may be3-- ,ars5ic sulphide1 ,antimony sulphide1 ,t9 sulphide1 & !re may also be a small portion ( copp] sulphide1 because ! latt] is some:at soluble 9 a consid]able quantity ( ammonium sulphide4 ,! filtrate f ! orig9al hydric sulphide precipitate w conta91 if pres5t1 ! sulphides ( z9c & *romium 9 solution4 ,,inve/igation ,,( ,,! ,,sulphides ,,soluble ,,9 ,,ammonium ,,sulphide1 ,,viz41 ,,ars5ic1 ,,antimony1 ,,t94 ,! ammonium sulphide solution is evaporat$ to dryness 9 a porcela9 di%1 /rong nitric acid add$ & aga9 dri$4 ,to ?is residue a little /rong cau/ic soda solution is add$1 & !n x is intimately mix$ ) ?ree times its weight ( a mixture compos$ ( #b ( potassic nitrate to #a ( dry sodium hydrate4 ,?is is n[ ca/1 bit by bit1 into a r$-hot porcela9 crucible4 ,! :ole is heat$ until x has melt$ into a col\rless fluid4 ,presum+ ! orig9al mass conta9$ ars5ic1 antimony1 & t91 ! melt conta9s sodic ars5iate1 sodic pyro-antimonate1 sodic /annate1 & t9 oxide2 x may also conta9 a trace ( copp] oxide4 ,! melt is cool$1 dissolv$ 9 a little wat]1 & sodium bic>bonate add$ s z to *ange any cau/ic soda rema9+ into c>bonate1 & to decompose ! small am\nt ( sodic /annate2 ! liquid is !n filt]$4 ,! filtrate w conta9 ! ars5ic z sodic ars5iate2 :ile on ! filt] !re w be pyro-antimonate ( soda1 t9 oxide1 &1 possibly1 a little copp] oxide4 ,! recognition ( ^! sub/ances n[ is n difficult 7see ! sep>ate articles on ,antimony1 ,t91 ,z9c1 ,ars5ic1 ,copp]74 ,,inve/igation ,,( ,,! ,,sulphides ,,insoluble ,,9 ,,sulphide ,,( ,,ammonium1 ,,viz41 ,,m]cury1 ,,lead1 ,,copp]1 ,,cadmium4 ,if ! precipitate is contam9at$ ) organic matt]1 x is treat$ ) hydro*loric acid & potassic *lorate 9 ! mann] already describ$1 p4 #ea4 ,aft]w>ds x is once m saturat$ ) hydric sulphide1 ! precipitate is collect$ on a filt]1 well wa%$1 & ! sulphides treat$ ) mod]ately conc5trat$ nitric acid 7#a vol4 nitric acid1 #b vols4 wat]74 ,! sulphides are be/ treat$ ) ?is solv5t on ! filt]2 all ! sulphides m5tion$1 save m]cury sulphide1 dissolve & pass into ! filtrate4 ,?is m]cury sulphide may be dissolv$ by nitro-muriatic acid1 ! solution evaporat$ to dryness1 ! residue dissolv$ 9 wat] acidifi$ ) hydro*loric acid & te/$ = m]cury 7see 8,m]cury074 ,! filtrate conta9+1 x may be1 nitrates ( lead1 copp] & cadmium is evaporat$ ne>ly to dryness & tak5 up 9 a v little wat]4 ,! lead is sep>at$ z sulphate by ! addition ( dilute sulphuric acid4 ,! filt]$ solution1 fre$ f lead1 is treat$ ) ammonia to alkal9e reaction2 if copp] be pres5t1 a blue col\r is produc$1 & ?is may be confirm$ by o!r te/s 7see 8,copp]074 ,to detect cadmium 9 ! pres5ce ( copp]1 potassic cyanide is add$ to ! blue liquid until complete decolorisation1 & ! liquid treat$ ) ,,%2 if cadmium be pres5t1 x is ?r[n d[n z a yell[ sulphide1 :ile potassic cupro-cyanide rema9s 9 solution4 ,,se>* ,,= ,,z9c ,,& ,,*romium4 ,! filtrate f ! hydric sulphide precipitate is divid$ into two p>ts2 ! "o half is us$ 9 ! se>* = z9c1 ! o!r half is us$ = *romium4 ,se>* = ,z9c4--,! liquid is alkalis$ ) ammonia & !n ammonium sulphide is add$4 ,!re w always be a precipitate ( a d>k col\r2 ! precipitate w conta9 e>?y phosphates1 iron &1 9 "s cases1 manganese4 ,! liquid ) ! precipitate is treat$ ) acetic acid to /rong acid reaction & all[$ to /& = sev]al h\rs4 ,! portion ( ! precipitate rema9+ undissolv$ is collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$1 dri$ & heat$ to r$ness 9 a porcela9 crucible4 ,! residue ?us heat$ is cool$ & dissolv$ 9 a little dilute sulphuric acid4 ,to ! acid solution ammonia is add$1 & any precipitate =m$ is treat$ ) acetic acid2 %\ld ! precipitate n completely dissolve1 phosphate ( iron is pres5t2 ?is is filt]$ (f1 & if ,,% be add$ to ! filtrate1 :ite z9c sulphide w come d[n 7see 8,z9c074 ,se>* = ,*romium4--,! second "p ( ! ,,% filtrate is evaporat$ to a ?9 extract1 mix$ ) d\ble its weight ( sodic nitrate1 dri$ & ca/1 little by little1 into a r$-hot porcela9 crucible4 ,:5 ! :ole is fully melt$1 ! crucible is remov$ f ! flame1 cool$1 & ! mass dissolv$ 9 wat] & filt]$4 ,any *romium pres5t w n[ be 9 solution 9 ! easily recognis$ =m ( potassic *romate 7see 8,*romium074 ,,inve/igation ,,( ,,! ,,residue 7p4 #eb7 ,,aft] ,,! ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,! ,,orig9al ,,sub/ance ,,) ,,hydro*loric ,,acid ,,& ,,potassic ,,*lorate ,,= ,,pres5ce ,,( ,,silv] ,,*loride1 ,,lead ,,& ,,b>ium ,,sulphates4 ,! residue is dri$ & intimately mix$ ) ?ree times its weight ( a mixture conta9+ #b p>ts ( sodic nitrate & #a "p ( sodium hydrate1 ,?is is add$1 little by little1 into a r$-hot porcela9 crucible4 ,! melt$ mass is cool$1 dissolv$ 9 a little wat]1 a curr5t ( ,,co pass$ ?r\gh ! solution to conv]t any cau/ic soda into c>bonate1 & ! solution boil$4 ,! result w be an insoluble portion consi/+ ( c>bonates ( lead & b>yta1 & ( metallic silv]4 ,! mixture is filt]$2 ! insoluble residue on ! filt] is w>m$ = "s "t ) dilute nitric acid2 ! solution ( nitrates ( silv]1 lead & b>ium are conc5trat$ on ! wat]-ba? ne>ly to dryness s z to get rid ( any excess ( acid1 & ! nitrates dissolv$ 9 wat]2 !n ! silv] is precipitat$ by hydro*loric acid1 ! lead by ,,%1 & ! b>ium by sulphuric acid4 ,,vii4--,! ,spectroscope z an aid to ! ,id5tification ( c]ta9 ,poisons4 #cc4 ,! spectra ( _m ( ! metals1 ( phosph9e1 ( ars9e & ( sev]al o!r inorganic sub/ances are *>act]i/ic & easily obta9$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 f ! employm5t ( ! micro-spectroscope t ! toxicologi/ is likely to get mo/ assi/ance4 ,illu/ration ,osc> ,bras*#df has )9 ! la/ few ye>s /udi$ spectroscopy 9 relation to ! alkaloids & organic poisons4 ,"s ( ^!1 :5 mix$ ) ,froehde's reag5t1 or ) sulphuric acid1 or ) sulphuric acid & potassic di*romate1 or ) nitric acid1 give *>act]i/ic col\rs1 & ! result+ solutions1 :5 exam9$ by a spectroscope1 = ! mo/ "p %[ absorption b&s2 ^! b&s may1 occasionally1 assi/ mat]ially 9 ! id5tification ( a poison4 ,by f> ! be/ app>atus is a micro-spectroscope ( ! ,sorby & ,br[n+ type1 to :i* is add$ an app>atus = measur+ ! position on a scale ( ! l9es & b&s4 ,seib]t & ,kraft ( ,wetzl> make an excell5t in/rum5t1 9 :i* a small bright triangle is project$ on ! spectrum2 ?is c be mov$ by a screw1 s t ! apex may be br\ght exactly 9 ! c5tre ( any l9e or b&1 & its position read on an outside scale4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done ) su* an in/rum5t is to det]m9e ! position on ! scale ( ! *ief ,fraunh(] l9es or ( ! m *>act]i/ic l9es ( ! alkalies & alkal9e e>?s1#dg ! wave l5g?s ( :i* are accurately kn[n4 ,if1 n[1 ! scale divisions are set out z absciss1 & ! wave l5g?s 9 million?s ( a millimetre are made ! ord9ates ( a diagram1 & an equable curve plott$ out1 z fully expla9$ 9 ! au?or's "w on 8,foods10 x is easy to conv]t ! numb]s on ! scale into wave l5g?s1 & s make ! read+s applicable to any spectroscope4 ,= ! purpose ( graphical illu/ration ! curve me?od is conv5i5t1 & is adopt$ 9 ! prec$+ diagrams1 all tak5 f ,osc> ,bras*'s monograph4 ,:]e ! curve is highe/ !re ! absorption b& is ?icke/2 :]e ! curve is l[e/ !re ! b& is weak4 ,! fluid to be exam9$ is simply plac$ 9 a wat*-glass1 ! wat*-glass re/+ on ! microscope /&4 #df ,ueb] ,v]w5db>keit d] ,spectroscopie zur ,unt]s*eidung d] ,f>b5reaction5 d] ,gifte im ,int]esse d] =5sis*5 ,*emie1 ,dorpat1 #ahij4 #dg ,! alkalies & e>?s us$ = ?is purpose1 ) _! wave l5g?s1 are z foll[s3 ,k,cl1 a l9e 9 ! r$ #ggj1 9 ! violet #djd4 ,li?ium *loride1 r$ l9e1 #fgje2 sodium *loride1 yell[1 #ehi2 /rontium *loride1 l9e 9 ! blue1 #dfa4 ,x is also useful to measure ! gre5 l9e ( ?allium *loride #ece4 ,illu/ration3 ,,curves ,,indicat+ ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,absorption ,,b&s ,,on ,,treat+ ,,c]ta9 ,,alkaloids ,,) ,,reag5ts4 ,,notes ,,to ,,curves ,,indicat+ ,,absorption ,,b&s4 #a4 ,/ry*n9e1 treat$ ) sulphuric acid & potassic di*romate 7violet74 #b4 ,bruc9e1 treat$ ) potassic nitrate & sulphuric acid 7cle> r$74 #c4 ,quebra*9e1 treat$ ) vanadium sulphate 7d>k blue74 #d4 ,qu99e1 ,vogel's reaction 7r$74 #e4 ,caffe91 ,murexid reaction 7violet-r$74 #f4 ,deph9oid91 ,froehde's reag5t 7*]ry-r$74 #g4 ,v]atr9e1 treat$ ) sulphuric acid 7/raw-yell[74 #h4 7*]ry-r$74 #i4 7c>m9e-r$74 #aj4 ,v]atr9e1 ,furfurol reaction 7blue-violet74 #aa4 ,sabadill91 treat$ ) sulphuric acid 7r$74 #ab4 ,v]atroid9e1 7br[n-r$74 #ac4 ,j]v9e1 ,furfurol reaction 7blue74 #ad4 ,sabad9e1 7blue74 #ae4 ,sabad9e1 treat$ ) sulphuric acid 7*]ry-r$74 #af4 ,physo/igm9e1 7grass-gre574 #ag4 ,morph9e1 treat$ ) ,froehde's reag5t & sug> 7d>k-gre574 #ah4 ,n>cot9e1 treat$ ) a mixture ( sulphuric acid & nitric acid 7#cj drops ( sulphuric to #a drop ( nitric71 7r$74 #ai4 ,code9e1 treat$ ) ,froehde's reag5t & sug> 7d>k violet74 #bj4 ,papav]9e1 treat$ ) ,froehde's reag5t 7gre5-blue74 #ba4 ,sangu9>91 7violet-r$74 #bb4 ,*elidon91 sulphate ( vanadium 7d>k gre574 #bc4 ,solan91 sulphuric acid & all[$ to /& #d h\rs 7br[n-r$74 #bd4 ,digital91 ,erdmann's reag5t 7r$74 #be4 ,anil9e1 sulphuric acid & potassic di*romate 7blue74 ,! wave l5g?s correspond+ to ! numb]s on ! scale 9 ! diagram are z foll[s3-- ,w4,l4 #j #gcb #a #fef #b #ehib #c #edih #d #eajb #e #dhjj #f #deh #g #dch ,exam9ation ( ,blood1 or ( ,blood-,/a9s4 #cd4 ,spots1 suppos$ to be blood--:e!r on l951 walls1 or weapons--%\ld1 9 any important case1 be photograph$ be=e any *emical or microscopical exam9ation is und]tak54 ,blood-spots1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! mat]ial to :i* !y are adh]5t1 h c]ta9 nak$ eye peculi>ities--e4g41 blood on fabrics1 if dry1 has at fir/ a cle> c>m9e-r$ col\r1 & "p ( x soaks into ! tissue4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! tissue has be5 worn "s "t1 or 0 orig9ally soil$1 ei!r f p]spiration1 grease1 or fil?1 ! col\r may n be obvi\s or v di/+ui%able f o!r /a9s2 nev]!less1 ! /a9s always imp>t a c]ta9 /iffness1 z f />*1 to ! tissue4 ,if ! blood has fall5 on su* sub/ances z wood or metal1 ! spot is black1 has a bright gli/5+ surface1 &1 if obs]v$ by a l5s1 exhibits radiat+ fissures & a sort ( patt]n1 :i*1 accord+ to "s1 is peculi> to ea* species2 s t a skill$ obs]v] might id5tify occasionally1 f ! patt]n alone1 ! animal :5ce ! blood 0 d]iv$4 ,! blood is dry & brittle1 & c (t5 be deta*$1 or a spl9t] ( x1 z x 71 obta9$4 ,! edges ( ! spl9t]1 if submitt$ to transmitt$ light1 are obs]v$ to be r$4 ,blood ^u iron is frequ5tly v intimately adh]5t2 ?is is specially ! case if ! /a9 is ^u ru/y iron1 = hmat9 =ms a comp\nd ) iron oxide4 ,blood may also h to be recov]$ f wat] 9 :i* soil$ articles h be5 wa%$1 or f walls1 or f ! soil1 c4 ,9 su* cases ! spot is scrap$ (f f walls1 pla/]1 or masonry1 ) z little ( ! =eign matt]s z may be4 ,x is also possible to obta9 ! col\r+-matt] ( blood f its solution 9 wat]1 & pres5t x = f>!r exam9ation 9 a conc5trat$ =m1 by ! use ( c]ta9 precipitat+ ag5ts 7see p4 #fa74 ,9 ! foll[+ s*eme = ! exam9ation ( blood-/a9s1 x is presum$ t only a few spots ( blood1 or1 9 any case1 a small quantity1 is at ! analy/'s disposal4 7#a7 ,! dri$ spot is submitt$ to ! action ( a cold saturat$ solution ( borax4 ,?is m$ium 7recomm5d$ by ,drag5dorff7#dh does c]ta9ly dissolve out ( l95 & clo? blood-col\r+ matt] ) great facility4 ,! be/ way to /eep ! spots 9 ! solution is to scrape ! spot (f ! fabric1 & to dige/ x 9 ab\t a cubic c5timetre ( ! borax solution1 :i* mu/ n exce$ #dj2 ! col\r$ solution may be plac$ 9 a little glass cell1 ) p>allel walls1 #e c5timetre broad1 & #a deep1 & submitt$ to spectroscopic exam9ation1 ei!r by ! ord9>y spectroscope or by ! micro-spectroscope2 if ! latt] is us$1 a v m9ute quantity c be exam9$1 ev5 a s+le drop4 ,9 ord] to int]pret ! results ( ?is exam9ation prop]ly1 x w be necess>y to be intimately acqua9t$ ) ! spectroscopic appe>ances ( bo? anci5t & fre% blood4 #dh ,unt]su*ung5 von ,blutspur5 9 ,mas*ka's ,h&bu*1 ,bd4 i4 ,halfb& #b4 #ce4 ,spectroscopic ,appe>ances ( ,blood4--,if defibr9at$ blood#di be dilut$ ) wat] until x conta9s ab\t #ja p] c5t4 ( oxyhmoglob91 & be exam9$ by a spectroscope1 ! lay] ( liquid be+ #a c5timetre ?ick1 a s+le absorption b& betwe5 ! wave l5g?s #ehc & #ege is obs]v$1 &1 "u fav\rable circum/ances1 !re is also to be se5 a v weak b& f #eej to #ecb4 ,) solutions s dilute z ?is1 !re is no absorption at ei!r ! violet or ! r$ end ( ! spectrum4 ,a solution conta9+ #ji p] c5t4 ( oxyhmoglob9 %[s v little absorption 9 ! r$ end1 b ! violet end is d>k up to ab\t ! wave l5g? #dbh4 ,two absorption b&s may n[ be di/9ctly se54 ,a solution conta9+ #cg p] c5t4 ( oxyhmoglob9 %[s absorption ( ! r$ end to ab\t ,w4,l4 #gbj2 ! violet is entirely1 ! blue p>tly1 absorb$ to ab\t #dec4 ,! b&s are consid]ably broad]1 b ! c5tre ( ! b&s occupies ! same relative position4 ,a solution conta9+ z mu* z #h p] c5t4 ( oxyhmoglob9 is v d>k2 ! two b&s h amalgamat$1 ! r$ end ( ! spectrum is absorb$ ne>ly up to ,fraunh(]'s l9e a2 ! gre5 is j visible betwe5 ,w4,l4 #dih & #eah4 ,v5\s blood1 or art]ial blood1 :i* has be5 treat$ ) r$uc+ ag5ts1 su*1 = example1 z an alkal9e sulphide1 gives ! spectrum ( r$uc$ hmoglob94 ,if ! solution is equival5t to ab\t #b p] c5t41 a s+le broad b&1 ) ! edges v little def9$1 is se5 to occupy ! space betwe5 ,w4,l4 #eie & #ech1 ! b& be+ d>ke/ ab\t #eej2 bo? ends ( ! spectrum are m absorb$ ?an by a solution ( oxyhmoglob9 ( ! same /r5g?4 ,9 ! blood ( p]sons or animals poison$ ) hydric sulphide--to ! spectrum ( r$uc$ hmoglob91 !re is add$ a weak absorption b& 9 ! r$1 ) its c5tre ne>ly correspond+ ) ! ,fraunh(] l9e ,c4 ,blood :i* has be5 expos$ to c>bon oxide has a di/9ct spectrum1 due1 x w\ld seem1 to a special comb9ation ( ?is gas ) hmoglob92 9 o!r words1 in/ead ( oxyg51 ! oxyg5 ( oxyhmoglob9 has be5 displac$ by c>bon oxide1 & cry/als ( c>bon oxide-hmoglob91 isomorph\s ) ^? ( oxyhmoglob91 may be obta9$ by suitable treatm5t4 ,! spectrum ( c>bon oxide-hmoglob91 h[ev]1 diff]s s little f t ( normal blood1 t x is only comp>ison ) ! ord9>y spectrum1 or c>eful measurem5ts1 :i* w enable any p]son1 n v famili> ) ! diff]5t spectra ( blood1 to detect x2 ) c>eful & pa9/ak+ obs]vation ! two spectra are se5 to be di/9ct4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! c>bon oxide & ! normal spectrum ess5tially consi/s 9 a slight mov+ ( ! b&s ne>] to ,e4 ,accord+ to ! measurem5ts ( ,gamgee1 ! b& ( ,,co-hmoglob9 has its c5tre approximately at ,w4,l4 #egb1 & ! b& has = its c5tre ,w4,l4 f #ecd to #ech1 accord+ to conc5tration4 ,if a small quantity ( an ammoniacal solution ( f]r\s t>trate or citrate be add$ to blood conta9+ c>bon oxide1 ! b&s d n :olly fade1 b p]si/ m or less di/9ctly2 :]eas1 if ! same solution is add$ to bright r$ normal blood1 ! two b&s vani% in/antly & coalesce to =m ! spectrum ( r$uc$ hmoglob94 ,:5 ei!r a solution ( hmoglob9 or blood is expos$ to ! air = "s "t1 x loses its bright r$ col\r1 becomes br[ni%-r$1 & pres5ts an acid reaction4 ,on exam9+ ! spectrum1 ! two b&s h become fa9t1 or q ext9ct2 b !re is a new b&1 ! c5tre ( :i* 7accord+ to ,gamgee7 occupies ,w4,l4 #fcb1 b 7accord+ to ,prey]7 #fcd4 ,9 solutions ( a c]ta9 /r5g?1 f\r b&s may be se51 b 9 a /rong solution only "o4 ,?is *ange 9 ! spectrum is due to ! pass+ ( ! hmoglob9 into me?moglob91 :i* may be consid]$ z an int]m$iate /age ( decomposition1 prior to ! break+ up ( ! hmoglob9 into hmat9 & proteids4 #di ,9 ?is brief notice ( ! spectroscopic appe>ances ( ! blood1 ! measurem5ts 9 wave l5g?s are1 = ! mo/ "p1 aft] ,gamgee4--,text-,book ( ,physiological ,*emi/ry1 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,a spectrum v simil> to t ( me?moglob9 is obta9$ by treat+ anci5t blood-/a9s ) acetic acid--viz41 ! spectrum ( acid hmat91 b ! b& is ne>] to its c5tre1 accord+ to ,gamgee1 correspond+ to ,w4,l4 #fdj 7accord+ to ,prey]1 #feff74 ,! portion ( ! b& is a little diff]5t 9 alkal9e solution1 ! c5tre be+ ab\t #eib4 ,hmat9 is "o ( ! bodies into :i* hmoglob9 splits up by ! addition ( su* ag5ts z /rong acetic acid1 or by ! decompos+ influ5ce ( exposure2 ! view mo/ g5]ally accept$ be+ t ! col\r+-matt] ( ! blood is hmat9 9 comb9ation ) "o or m album9oid bodies4 ,! hmat9 obta9$ by treat+ blood ) acetic acid may be dissolv$ out by e!r1 & ! e!real solution !n exhibits a rem>kable di/9ctive spectrum4 ,h5ce1 9 ! spectroscopic exam9ation ( blood1 or solutions ( blood1 = m$ico-legal purposes1 if ! blood is fre%1 ! spectrum likely to be se5 is ei!r t ( oxyhmoglob9 or hmoglob92 b1 if ! blood-/a9 is n rec5t1 !n ! spectrum ( ei!r hmat9 or me?moglob94 ,! col\r+-matt] ( co*9eal1 to :i* alum1 potassic c>bonate1 & t>trate h be5 add$1 gives a spectrum v simil> to t ( blood 7see 8,foods10 p4 #hb72 b ?is is only ! case :5 ! solution is fre%4 ,! col\r is at once dis*>g$ by *lor9e1 :ile ! col\r ( blood1 al?\gh *ang$ 9 hue1 rema9s4 ,! col\r+-matt] ( c]ta9 r$ fea!rs1 purpur9-sulphuric acid1 & a few o!r r$s1 h "s simil>ity to ei!r ! hmat9 or ! hmoglob9 spectrum1 b ! b&s d n /rictly co9cide2 besides1 no "o w\ld tru/ to a s+le te/1 & none ( ! col\r+-matt]s o!r ?an blood yield hmat94 ,! blood 9 ,,co poison+ has also o!r *>act]i/ics4 ,x is ( a peculi> florid v]milion col\r1 a col\r t is v p]si/5t1 la/+ = days & ev5 weeks4 ,normal blood mix$ ) #cj p] c5t4 pota% solution =ms gre5i% /reaky clots1 :ile blood *>g$ ) ,,co =ms r$ /reaky clots4 ,normal blood dilut$ to #ej times its volume ( wat]1 & !n treat$ successively ) yell[ ammonium sulphide 9 ! proportion ( #b to #be c4c4 ( blood1 foll[$ by ?ree drops ( acetic acid1 gives a grey col\r1 :ile ,,co blood rema9s bright r$4 ,,co blood %ak5 ) #d times its volume ( lead acetate rema9s r$1 b normal blood becomes br[n4#ej #ej ,m4 ,rubn]1 ,ar*4 ,hyg41 x4 #cig4 ,solutions ( plat9um *loride or z9c *loride give a bright r$ col\r ) ,,co blood2 normal blood is col\r$ br[n or v d>k br[n4 ,phospho-molybdic acid or #e p] c5t4 ph5ol gives a c>m9e-col\r$ precipitate ) ,,co blood1 b a r$di%-br[n precipitate ) normal blood 7s5sitive to #af p] c5t474 ,a mixture ( #b c4c4 ( dilute acetic acid & #ae c4c4 ( #bj p] c5t4 potassic f]rocyanide solution add$ to #aj c4c4 ( ,,co blood produces an int5se bright r$2 normal blood becomes d>k br[n4 ,f\r p>ts ( ,,co blood1 dilut$ ) #d p>ts ( wat] & %ak5 ) #c vols4 ( #a p] c5t4 tann9 solution1 become at fir/ bright r$ ) a blui% t+e1 & rema9 s p]si/5tly4 ,normal blood1 on ! o!r h&1 also /rikes bright r$ at fir/1 b ) a yell[i% t+e2 at ! end ( #a h\r x becomes br[ni%1 & f9ally 9 #bd h\rs grey4 ,?is is /at$ to be delicate en\gh to detect #jjjbc p] c5t4 9 air4 ,if blood be dilut$ ) #dj times its volume ( wat]1 & #e drops ( ph5ylhydraz9 solution be add$1 ,,co blood /rikes rose-r$2 normal blood grey-violet4#ea #ea ,a4 ,welzel1 ,c5tr4 m$4 ,wiss41 xxvii4 #gcb-gcd4 ,gu/ave ,piotr[ski#eb has exp]im5t$ on ! l5g? ( "t blood reta9s ,,co4 ,! blood ( dogs poison$ by ?is ag5t 0 kept 9 flasks1 & !n ! gas pump$ out by means ( a m]cury pump on ! foll[+ dates3-- #eb ,compt4 ,r5d4 ,soc4 de ,biol41 v4 #dcc4 ,date4 ,cont5t ( gas 9 ,,co4 ,jan4 #ab1 #ahib1 #bdg p] c5t4 #bj1 #bce #bh1 #bbb ,feb4 #h1 #bjc #af1 #aee #bf1 #ajb ,m>* #c1 #fc #ad1 #df #bb1 #ab ,! same dog 0 buri$ on ! #ab? ( ,janu>y1 & exhum$ on ,m>* #bh?1 & ! gas pump$ out f "s ( ! blood2 ?is gas gave #aag p] c5t4 ( ,,co2 h5ce x is cle> t burial pres]ves ,,co blood f *ange to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,n4 ,grhant#ec treat$ ! poison$ blood ( a dog ) acetic acid1 & f\nd x evolv$ #add c4c4 ,,co f #ajj c4c4 ( blood4 #ec ,compt4 ,r5d41 cvi4 #bhi4 ,/ev5son1 9 "o ( ! cases detail$ at p4 #fg1 f\nd ! blood 9 ! "r auricle to conta9 #jjc p] c5t4 by weight ( ,,co4 7#b7 ,prep>ation ( ,hmat9 ,cry/als--7,tei*mann's cry/als74--,a portion ( ! borax solution is dilut$ ) #e or #f p>ts ( wat]1 & "o or m drops ( a #e or #f p] c5t4 solution ( z9c acetate add$1 s long z a br[ni%-col\r$ precipitate is ?r[n d[n4 ,! precipitate is filt]$ (f by means ( a m9iature filt]1 & !n remov$ on to a wat*-glass4 ,! precipitate may n[ be dissolv$ 9 #a or #b c4c4 ( acetic acid1 & exam9$ by ! spectroscope x w %[ ! spectrum ( hmat94 ,a m9ute cry/al ( sodic *loride be+ !n add$ to ! acetic acid solution1 x is all[$ to evaporate to dryness at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 & cry/als ( hmat9 hydro*lorate result4 ,!re are o!r me?ods ( obta9+ ! cry/als4 ,:5 a drop ( fre% blood is simply boil$ ) glacial acetic acid1 on evaporation1 prismatic cry/als are obta9$4 ,hmat9 is insoluble 9 wat]1 alcohol1 *lor(orm1 & 9 cold dilute acetic & hydro*loric acids4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be dissolv$ 9 an alcoholic solution ( potassic c>bonate1 9 solutions ( ! cau/ic alkalies1 & 9 boil+ acetic & hydro*loric acids4 ,hoppe-,seyl] ascribes to ! cry/als ! =mula ,c,h,n,fe,o#b;,h,cl4 ,?udi*um consid]s t ! pure cry/als conta9 no *lor9e1 & are !re=e ^? ( hmat94 ,x is ! resi/ance ( ! hmat9 to decomposition & to ord9>y solv5ts t r5d]s x possible to id5tify a c]ta9 /a9 to be t ( blood1 aft] long p]iods ( "t4 ,dr4 ,tidy seems to h be5 able to obta9 blood reactions f a /a9 :i* 0 suppos$ to be #ajj ye>s old4 ,! cry/als are ( a d>k-r$ col\r1 & pres5t !mselves 9 ?ree =ms1 ( :i* t ( ! rhombic prism is ! mo/ common 7see fig474 ,b cry/als l b1 hav+ six sides1 also occur1 & also cry/als simil> to c4 ,illu/ration ,if ! spot "u exam9ation has be5 scrap$ (f an iron implem5t ! hmat9 is n s easily extract$1 b ,drag5dorff /ates t borax solution at #ej dissolves x1 & sep>ates x f ! iron4 ,fellet> has also extract$ blood 9 comb9ation ) iron ru/1 by means ( w>m solution ( cau/ic pota%1 &1 aft] neutralisation ) acetic acid1 has precipitat$ ! hm9 by means ( tann91 & obta9$ f ! tann9 precipitate1 by means ( acetic acid1 ,tei*mann's cry/als4 ,a little ( ! ru/ may also be plac$ 9 a te/ tube1 p[d]$ ammonium *loride add$1 also a little /rong ammonia1 & aft] a "t filt]$2 a small quantity ( ! filtrate is plac$ on a slide ) a cry/al ( sodium *loride & evaporat$ at a g5tle heat1 !n glacial acetic acid add$ & all[$ to cool2 9 ?is way hm9 cry/als h be5 obta9$ f a cr[b> fifty days aft] hav+ be5 blood-/a9$4#ed #ed ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 ,feb4 #ag1 #ahid4 7#c7 ,guaiacum ,te/4--,?is te/ dep5ds ^u ! fact t a solution ( hmoglob9 develops a beautiful blue col\r1 if br\ght into contact ) fre% t9cture ( guaiacum & p]oxide ( hydrog54 ,! simple/ way to obta9 ?is reaction is to moi/5 ! suspect$ /a9 ) di/ill$ wat]2 aft] all[+ suffici5t "t = ! wat] to dissolve out "s ( ! blood con/itu5ts1 moi/5 a bit ( filt]-pap] ) ! weak solution ?us obta9$2 drop on to ! moi/ space a s+le drop ( t9cture ( guaiacum :i* has be5 prep>$ by dige/+ ! inn] portions ( guaiacum res9 9 alcohol1 & :i* has be5 already te/$ on kn[n blood1 s z to asc]ta9 t x is really good & effici5t = ! purpose2 &1 la/ly1 a few drops ( p]oxide ( hydrog54 ,drag5dorff uses 8 borax solution1 &1 aft] a little dilution ) wat]1 adds ! t9cture & !n ,heunefeld's turp5t9e solution1 :i* is compos$ ( equal p>ts ( absolute alcohol1 *lor(orm1 & ,fr5* turp5t9e1 to :i* "o "p ( acetic acid has be5 add$4 ,! *lor(orm sep>ates1 &1 if blood 0 pres5t1 is ( a blue col\r4 #cf4 ,to prove by *emical & physical me?ods t a c]ta9 /a9 is t ( blood1 is (t5 only "o /ep 9 ! inquiry1 ! next "q be+ :e!r ! blood is t ( man or ( animals4 ,! blood-corpuscles ( man are l>g] ?an ^? ( any dome/ic animal inhabit+ ,europe4 ,! diamet] ( ! av]age r$ blood-corpuscle is ab\t ! #a_/abf ( a millimetre1 or #gi 4#ee ,! corpuscles ( man & ( mammals1 g5]ally speak+1 are r\nd1 ^? ( birds & reptiles oval1 s t !re c be no confusion betwe5 man & birds1 fi%es or reptiles2 if ! corpuscles are circul> 9 %ape ! blood w be t ( a mammal4 ,by c>eful measurem5ts1 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson1 ( ,p5nsylvania1 affirms t x is q possible to di/+ui% human blood f t ( all common animals4 ,he ma9ta9s1 & x is true1 t1 by us+ v high magnify+ p[]s & tak+ mu* tr\ble1 an exp]t c satisfactorily id5tify human blood1 if he has "s half-doz5 drops ( blood f diff]5t animals--su* z ! %eep1 goat1 horse1 dog1 cat1 c41 all fre% at h& = comp>ison1 & if ! human blood is normal4 ,h[ev]1 :5 we come to ! blood ( p]sons suff]+ f disease1 !re are *anges 9 ! diamet] & ev5 ! =m ( ! corpuscles :i* mu* complicate ! matt]2 :ile1 9 blood-/a9s ( any age1 ! blood-corpuscles1 ev5 ) ! mo/ artfully-contriv$ solv5t1 are s di/ort$ 9 %ape t he w\ld be a bold man :o %\ld v5ture on any def9ite conclusion z to :e!r ! blood 0 c]ta9ly human1 m especially if he _h to give evid5ce 9 a crim9al case4 #ee #a_/cbjj ( an in*2 ! ,greek lett] is ! micro-millimetre1 or #ajjj? ( a millimetre1 #jjjjcicg in*4 ,neumann affirms t ! patt]n :i* ! fibr9 or coagulum ( ! blood =ms is peculi> to ea* animal1 & ,dr4 ,day1 ( ,geelong1 has indep5d5tly confirm$ 8 rese>*es3 ?is v int]e/+ obs]vation p]haps has n receiv$ ! att5tion x m]its4 ,:5 !re is suffici5t ( ! blood pres5t to obta9 a few milligrms4 ( a%1 !re is a means ( di/+ui%+ human blood f t ( o!r common mammals1 :i* has be5 neglect$ by au?orities on ! subject1 & :i* may be f\nd ( real value4 ,its pr9ciple dep5ds ^u ! relative am\nts ( potassium & sodium 9 ! blood ( man z comp>$ ) t 9 ! blood ( dome/ic animals4 ,9 ! blood ( ! c[1 %eep1 f[l1 pig1 & horse1 ! sodium v mu* exce$s ! potassium 9 ! a%2 ?us ! proportion ( sodium oxide to t ( potassium oxide 9 ! blood ( ! %eep is z ,k,o #a 3 ,na,o #f2 9 t ( ! c[1 z #a 3 #h2 9 t ( ! dome/ic f[l1 z #a 3 #af2 :ile ! same sub/ances 9 human blood are sometimes equal1 & v>y f #a 3 #a to #a 3 #d z extremes1 ! mean numb]s be+ z #a 3 #bb4 ,! potassium is great] 9 quantity 9 ! blood-corpuscles ?an 9 ! blood s]um2 b1 ev5 9 blood s]um1 ! same m>k$ diff]5ces betwe5 ! blood ( man & t ( _m animals is app>5t4 ,?us1 ! proportion ( pota% to soda be+ z #a 3 #aj 9 human blood1 ! proportion 9 %eep's blood is #a to #aeg2 9 horse's s]um z #a to #afd2 & 9 ! ox z #a to #ag4 ,s9ce blood1 :5 burnt1 leaves f #f to #g p] ?\s& ( a%1 x foll[s t a quantitative analysis ( ! relative am\nts ( potassium & sodium c only be satisfactorily effect$ :5 suffici5t ( ! blood is at ! analy/'s disposal to give a weighable quantity ( m9]al matt]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 mu* "w requires to be done be=e ?is me?od ( det]m9+ t ! blood is ei!r human1 or1 at all ev5ts1 n t ( an h]bivor\s animal1 c be reli$ on4 ,we "k b little z to ! effect ( ! +e/ion ( sodium or potassium salts on ei!r man or animals1 & x is possible--nay1 probable--t a m or less entire sub/itution ( ! "o = ! o!r may1 on c]ta9 diets1 take place4 ,bunge seems 9 "s exp]im5ts to h f\nd no sodium 9 ! blood ( ei!r ! cat or ! dog4 ,! s\rce f :i* ! blood has emanat$ may1 9 a few cases1 be conjectur$ f ! discov]y1 by microscopical exam9ation1 ( hair or ( buccal1 nasal1 or vag9al epi!lium1 c41 mix$ ) ! blood-/a94 ,,"p ,,iii4--,,poison\s ,,gases3 ,,c>bon ,,monoxide--,,*lor9e--,,hydric ,,sulphide4 ,i4--,c>bon ,monoxide4 #cg4 ,c>bon monoxide1 ,,co1 is a col\rless1 od\rless gas ( #jifgji sp4 gravity4 ,a litre weighs #abeacc grm4 ,x is practically insoluble 9 wat]4 ,x unites ) _m metals1 =m+ gase\s or volatile comp\nds1 e4g41 nickel c>bon oxide1 ,ni7,,co71 is a fluid volatilis+ at #dj4 ,^! comp\nds h1 s f> z is kn[n1 ! same effects z ,,co4 ,:5ev] c>bon is burn$ ) an insuffici5t supply ( air1 ,,co 9 a c]ta9 quantity is produc$4 ,x is always pres5t 9 ord9>y dome/ic products ( combu/ion1 & mu/ be exhal$ f ! v>i\s *imneys ( a l>ge city 9 consid]able volumes4 ,a 8smoky0 *imney or a defective flue w !re=e introduce c>bon monoxide into liv+-rooms4 ,! vap\r f burn+ coke or burn+ *>coal is ri* 9 c>bon monoxide4 ,x is always a con/itu5t ( coal gas1 9 ,engl& ! c>bon monoxide 9 coal gas am\nt+ to ab\t #h p] c5t4 ,poison+ by coal gas is practically poison+ by c>bon monoxide4 ,c>bon monoxide is also ! *ief con/itu5t 9 wat] gas4 ,c>bon monoxide poison+ occurs f> m frequ5tly 9 ,france & ,g]many ?an 9 ,engl&2 9 ^? c\ntries ! vap\r evolv$ f burn+ *>coal is a fav\rite me?od ( suicide1 on acc\nt ( ! suppos$ pa9lessness ( ! dea?4 ,x has also occasionally be5 us$ z an in/rum5t ( murd]4 ,9 ?is c\ntry c>bon monoxide poison+ ma9ly takes place accid5tally z ! effect ( brea?+ coal gas2 possibly x is ! secret & undetect$ cause ( ill heal? :]e *imneys 8smoke02 & x may h some?+ to d ) ! sore ?roats & debility s (t5 notic$ :5 p]sons brea! = long p]iods air contam9at$ by small leakages ( coal gas4 ,! l>ge gas-burn]s 7geys]s7 emit 9 burn+ "u c]ta9 conditions mu* c>bon monoxide4 ,x has be5 prov$ by ,grhant#ef t a buns5 burn] 8lit bel[0 also evolves l>ge quantities ( ! same poison\s gas4 #ef ,compt4 ,r5d4 ,soc4 de ,biol41 ix4 #ggi-ghj4 #ch4 ,symptoms4--,ne>ly all ! exp]i5ce ) reg>d to ! symptoms produc$ by c>bon monoxide is d]iv$ f brea?+ n ! pure gas1 b ! gas dilut$ by air1 by hydrog5 or by c>burett$ hydrog51 z 9 coal gas1 or mix$ ) l>ge quantities ( c>bon dioxide4 ,two assi/ants ( ,*ri/ison brea!d ! pure gas3 ! "o took f two to ?ree inhalations2 he imm$iately became giddy1 %iv]$1 _h heada*e & !n became unconsci\s4 ,! second took a bigg] dose1 =1 aft] empty+ 8 lungs z mu* z possible1 he took f ?ree to f\r inhalations2 he fell back p>alys$1 became unconsci\s & rema9$ half-an-h\r ins5sible & _h ! appe>ance ( dea?1 ! pulse be+ almo/ ext+ui%$4 ,he 0 treat$ ) inhalations ( oxyg51 b he rema9$ = ! re/ ( ! day extremely ill2 he _h convulsive muscul> movem5ts1 /upor1 heada*e1 & quick irregul> pulse2 on ?is pass+ away he /ill suff]$ f nausea1 gidd9ess1 alt]nate feel+ ( heat & *ill9ess1 ) "s fev]1 & 9 ! night _h a re/less k9d ( sleep4 ,! *emi/ ,*5ot 0 accid5tally poison$ by ! pure gas1 & is /at$ to h fell z if /ruck by lightn+ aft] a s+le inspiration1 & rema9$ = a qu>t] ( an h\r unconsci\s4 ,o!r record$ cases h %[n v simil> symptoms4 ,! pulse is at ! onset l>ge1 full & frequ5t2 x aft]w>ds becomes small1 sl[ & irregul>4 ,! temp]ature s9ks f #a to #c ,c4 ,! respiration at fir/ sl[1 lat] becomes rattl+4 ,z vomit+ occurs (t5 :5 ! suff]] is ins5sible1 ! vomit$ matt]s h be5 drawn by inspiration into ! tra*ea & ev5 into ! bron*i1 s t dea? takes place by suffocation4 ,! fatal coma may la/ ev5 :5 ! p]son has be5 remov$ f ! gas f h\rs to days4 ,coma = ?ree1 f\r & five days f c>bon monoxide has be5 frequ5tly obs]v$4 ,! longe/ case on record is t ( a p]son :o 0 comatose = eight days1 & di$ on ! twelf? day aft] ! fatal inhalation4 ,consci\sness 9 ?is case return$1 b ! pati5t aga9 fell into /upor & di$4 ,! slight] k9ds ( poison+ by c>bon monoxide1 z 9 ! ,/af=d%ire case record$ by ,dr4 ,reid1 9 :i* = a long "t a mu* dilut$ gas has be5 brea!d1 produce pron\nc$ heada*e & a g5]al feel+ ( ill heal? & malaise1 deep5+1 x may be1 into a fatal slumb]1 unless ! p]son is remov$ f ! deadly atmosph]e4 ,to ! heada*e g5]ally succe$s nausea1 a feel+ ( oppression 9 ! temples1 a noise 9 ! e>s1 feebl5ess1 anxiety & a daz$ condition deep5+ into coma4 ,x is probably true t *>coal vap\r is comp>atively pa9less1 = :5 l>g] am\nts ( ! gas are brea!d ! ins5sibility comes on rapidly & ! faces ( ^? :o h succumb$ z a rule are placid4 ,vomit+1 )\t be+ con/ant1 is a frequ5t symptom1 & 9 fatal cases ! fces & ur9e are pass$ involunt>ily4 ,!re are occasional deviations f ?is picture2 tetanic /ry*n9e-l convulsions h be5 notic$ & a condition ( excitem5t 9 ! non-fatal cases z if f alcohol2 9 /ill r>] cases tempor>y mania has be5 produc$4 ,9 non-fatal b mod]ately sev]e cases ( poison+ sequel foll[1 :i* 9 "s respects imitate ! sequel se5 on recov]y f ! infecti\s fev]s4 ,a weakness ( ! und]/&+1 incapacity = rational & connect$ ?\ght1 & ev5 insanity h be5 notic$4 ,!re is a special liability to local inflammations1 :i* may pass into gangr5e4 ,v>i\s p>alyses h be5 obs]v$4 ,eruptions ( ! sk91 su* z h]pes1 pemphigus & o!rs4 ,sug> 9 ! ur9e is an almo/ con/ant concomitant ( c>bon monoxide poison+4 #ci4 ,! poison\s action ( c>bon monoxide is1 )\t d\bt1 due to ! fact t x is readily absorb$ by ! blood1 ent]+ into a def9ite *emical comp\nd ) ! hmoglob92 ?is comb9ation is m /able ?an ! simil> comp\nd ) oxyg5 gas1 & is !re=e sl[ 9 elim9ation4 ,h5ce ! blood ( an animal rema9+ 9 an atmosph]e conta9+ c>bon monoxide is cont9ually gett+ poor] 9 oxyg51 ri*] 9 c>bon monoxide4 ,grhant has %[n t if an animal brea!s = "o h\r a mixture ( #je c>bon monoxide to #ajjj oxyg51 ! blood conta9s at ! end ( t "t "o-?ird less oxyg5 ?an normal1 & conta9s #aeb times m c>bon monoxide ?an 9 ! mixture4 ,an atmosph]e ( #aj p] c5t4 c>bon monoxide *anges ! blood s quickly1 t aft] f #aj to #be seconds ! blood conta9s #d p] c5t4 ( c>bon monoxide1 & aft] f #ge to #ij seconds #ahd p] c5t4 ,brea?+ ev5 = half an h\r an atmosph]e conta9+ f #jjg to #jab p] c5t4 c>bon monoxide r5d]s a f\r? "p ( ! r$ corpuscles ( ! blood incapable ( unit+ ) oxyg54 ,! blood is1 h[ev]1 nev] saturat$ ) c>bon monoxide1 = ! animal dies long be=e ?is takes place4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! blood & its spectroscopic appe>ances are describ$ at p4 #eh4 ,besides ! action on ! blood !re is an action on ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,kob]t1#eg 9 relation to ?is subject1 says3--8,t ,,co has a direct action on ! n]v\s sy/em is %[n 9 a m>k$ mann] :5 an atmosph]e ( oxyg51 ) at lea/ #bj p] c5t4 c>bon oxide1 is brea!d2 = 9 ! fir/ m9ute !re is acute cramp or total p>alysis ( ! limbs1 :5 ! blood 9 no way atta9s ! saturation suffici5tly great to acc\nt = su* symptoms4 ,gepp]t has1 ?r\gh a special rese>*1 %[n t an animal suffocat$ by )drawal ( oxyg51 increases ! numb] & dep? ( ! respirations2 b :5 ! animal is submitt$ to ,,co1 9 :i* case !re is q z mu* a )drawal ( oxyg5 z 9 ! =m] case1 yet ! animal is n 9 a condition to /r5g!n its respiratory movem5ts2 ,gepp]t h5ce rightly concludes t ,,co mu/ h a prim>y specific injuri\s action on ! n]ve c5tres4 ,i 7,kob]t7 am incl9$ to g a /ep fur!r1 &1 on ! gr\nd ( unpubli%$ rese>*es1 to ma9ta9 t ,,co n only affects injuri\sly ! ganglion cells ( ! bra91 b also ! p]iph]al n]ves 7e4g41 ! phr5ic71 z well z div]s o!r tissues1 z muscles & gl&s1 & t x causes s rapidly su* a high degree ( deg5]ation z n to be expla9$ ?r\gh simple sl[ suffocation2 ev5 gangr5e may be caus$40 #eg ,lehrbu* d] ,intoxication51 #ebf4 ,x is ?is rapid deg5]ation :i* is ! cause ( ! enorm\s increase ( ! products ( ! decomposition ( album91 f\nd exp]im5tally 9 animals4 #dj4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,! face1 neck1 *e/1 abdom5 are frequ5tly cov]$ ) pat*es ( irregul> =m & ( cle> rose-r$ or blui%-r$ col\r2 ^! pat*es are n notic$ on ! back1 & ?us d n dep5d ^u ! gravitation ( ! blood to ! l[] or mo/ dep5d5t "p ( ! body2 simil> r$ pat*es h be5 notic$ 9 poison+ by prussic acid2 ! cause ( ?is ph5om5on is ascrib$ to ! p>alysis ( ! small art]ies ( ! sk91 :i*1 !re=e1 become inject$ ) ! *ang$ blood4 ,! blood ?r\gh\t is g5]ally fluid1 & ( a f9e peculi> r$ col\r1 ) a blui% t+e4 ,! face is mo/ly calm1 pale1 & !re is seldom any foam ab\t ! lips4 ,putrefaction is mo/ly rem>kably ret>d$4 ,!re is ne>ly always a conge/ion ( "s ( ! int]nal organs2 sometimes1 & inde$ usually1 ! membranes ( ! bra9 are /rongly inject$2 sometimes ! conge/ion is ma9ly 9 ! lungs1 :i* may be demat\s ) effusion2 & 9 a ?ird class ( cases ! conge/ion is mo/ m>k$ 9 ! abdom9al cavity4 ,! "r he>t is commonly fill$ ) blood1 & ! left side conta9s only a little blood4 ,poison+ by a small dose ( c>bon monoxide may produce b few /rik+ *anges1 & !n x is only by a c>eful exam9ation ( ! blood t evid5ce ( ! real nature ( ! case w be obta9$4 #da4 ,mass poison+s by ,c>bon ,monoxide4--,an int]e/+ s]ies ( cases ( poison+ by wat] gas occurr$ at ,le$s 9 #ahhi1 & h be5 record$ by ,dr4 ,?os4 ,/ev5son4#eh #eh ,guy's ,hospital ,reports1 #ahhi4 ,wat] gas is made by plac+ coke 9 a v]tical cyl9d] & heat+ ! coke to a r$ heat4 ,?r\gh ! r$-hot coke1 air is =c$ up f bel[ = t5 m9utes2 !n ! air is %ut (f & /eam passes f above d[nw>ds = f\r m9utes2 ! gas passes ?r\gh a scrubb]1 & !n ?r\gh a f]ric oxide purifi] to remove ,,%4 ,x conta9s ab\t #ej p] c5t4 ( hydrog5 & #dj p] c5t4 ( c>bon monoxide1 t is1 ab\t five times m c>bon monoxide ?an coal gas4 ,on ,novemb] #bj1 #ahhi1 two m51 ,r4 ,fr5* & ,h4 ,f5wick1 bo? intemp]ate m51 occupi$ a cab9 at ! ,le$s ,=ge ,works2 ! cab9 0 #edj c4 feet 9 capacity1 & 0 light$ by two burn]s1 ea* burn+ #ee c4 feet ( wat] gas p] h\r2 ! cab9 0 w>m$ by a cook+ /ove1 also burn+ wat] gas1 ! products ( combu/ion escap+ into ! cab94 ,bo? m5 w5t into ! cab9 aft] breakfa/ 7#h4cj ,a4,m474 ,fr5* 0 se5 (t5 go+ to & fro1 & ,f5wick 0 se5 outside at #aj4cj ,a4,m4 ,at #aa4cj ! =eman accompani$ ,fr5* to ! cab91 & f\nd ,f5wick asleep1 z he ?\ght4 ,at #ab4cj ,p4,m4 ,fr5*'s son took ! m5 _! d9n]1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds f\nd uneat54 ,at t "t ,fr5* also appe>$ to be asleep2 he 0 %ak5 by 8 son1 ^u :i* he nodd$ to 8 son to leave4 ,! door ( ! cab9 appe>s to h be5 %ut1 & all ?r\gh ! morn+ ! lights kept burn+2 no smell 0 exp]i5c$4 ,at #b4cj ,p4,m4 bo? ! m5 7 discov]$ dead4 ,x 0 subsequ5tly f\nd t ! /ove 0 unlight$1 & ! wat] gas supply turn$ on4 ,:at attract$ mo/ att5tion to ?is case 0 ! /range incid5t at ! po/-mortem exam9ation4 ,! autopsies 7 begun two days aft] ! dea?1 ,novemb] #bb1 9 a room ( #ci1jjj c4 feet capacity4 ,!re 7 pres5t ,mr4 ,t4 ,scatt]good 7s5ior71 ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,scatt]good 7junior71 ,mr4 ,h>greaves1 ?ree local surgeons1 ,messrs4 ,br[n1 ,loe & ,jessop1 & two assi/ants1 ,pugh & ,spray4 ,ar?ur ,scatt]good fir/ fa9t$1 ,mr4 ,scatt]good1 s5ior1 also _h "s peculi> s5sations1 viz41 t+l+ 9 ! head & slight gidd9ess2 !n ,mr4 ,pugh became fa9t & /agg]$2 & ,mr4 ,loe1 ,mr4 ,br[n1 & ,mr4 ,spray all compla9$4 ,^! symptoms 7 n produc$1 z 0 at fir/ ?\ght1 by "s volatile gas or vap\r emanat+ f ! bodies ( ! poison$ m51 b1 z subsequ5tly discov]$1 admitt$ ( a v simple explanation2 eight burn]s 9 ! room 7 turn$ p>tly on & n light$1 & ea* ( ! eight burn]s p\r$ wat] gas into ! room4 ,9 #ahia occurr$ "s cases ( poison+#ei by ,,co :i* are probably unique4 ,! cases 9 "q happ5$ 9 ,janu>y 9 a family at ,d>la/on4 ,! fir/ sign ( any?+ unusual hav+ happ5$ to ! family mo/ affect$ 0 ! fact t up to #i ,a4,m41 ,sunday morn+1 ,janu>y #ah1 none ( ! family _h be5 se5 ab\t4 ,! h\se 0 brok5 into by ! neighb\rs2 & ! fa!r1 "m1 & ?ree *ildr5 7 f\nd 9 b$ app>5tly asleep1 & all ef=ts to r\se !m utt]ly fail$4 ,! m$ical m5 summon$ arriv$ ab\t #aj ,a4,m4 & f\nd ! fa!r & "m 9 a /ate ( complete unconsci\sness1 & two ( ! *ildr51 ag$ #aa & #ad ye>s1 suff]+ f pa9 & sickness & di>rha2 ! ?ird *ild _h by ?is "t be5 remov$ to a neighb\r+ cottage4 #ei 8,notes on cases ( poison+ by ! inhalation ( c>bon monoxide10 by ,dr4 ,george ,reid1 ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ,heal?1 ,c\nty ( ,/af=d4 ,public ,heal?1 vol4 iii4 #cfd4 ,dr4 ,p>tridge1 :o 0 9 att5dance1 rema9$ ) ! pati5ts ?ree h\rs1 :5 he also began to suff] f heada*e2 :ile o!rs1 :o rema9$ 9 ! h\se long]1 suff]$ m sev]ely & compla9$ ( an indef9ite feel+ ( exhau/ion4 ,^! symptoms po9t$ to "s excit+ cause associat$ ) ! surr\nd+s ( ! cottage2 consequ5tly1 9 ! aft]noon ! two *ildr5 7 remov$ to ano!r cottage1 & lat] on ! fa!r & "m also4 ,all ! pati5ts1 ) ! exception ( ! "m1 :o 0 /ill f\r days aft]w>ds suff]+ f ! effects ( an acute attack1 _h completely recov]$4 ,! op9ion t ! illness 0 ow+ to "s local cause 0 subsequ5tly /r5g!n$ by ! fact t two can>ies & a cat _h di$ 9 ! night 9 ! kit*5 ( ! cottage2 ! =m] 9 a cage & ! latt] 9 a cupbo>d1 ! door ( :i* 0 op54 ,also 9 ! same h\se on ! opposite side ( ! road1 ! occupants ( :i* _h = "s "t suff]$ f heada*e & depression1 two birds 7 f\nd dead 9 _! cage 9 ! kit*54 ,x is important to notice t all ^! animals di$ 9 ! respective kit*5s ( ! cottages1 &1 !re=e1 on ! gr\nd floor1 :ile ! families occupi$ ! fir/ floor4 ,! fa!r /at$ t = a =tnight or ?ree weeks previ\s to ! s]i\s illness1 he & ! :ole family _h compla9$ ( sev]e frontal heada*e & a feel+ ( g5]al depression4 ,?is feel+ 0 cont9u\s day & night 9 ! case ( ! re/ ( ! family1 b 9 8 case1 dur+ ! day1 aft] leav+ ! h\se = 8 "w1 x gradually pass$ (f1 to return aga9 dur+ ! night4 ,! heada*es 7 s int5se t ! :ole family regul>ly appli$ v9eg> rags to _! heads1 on go+ to b$ ea* night dur+ ?is p]iod1 = ab\t ?ree weeks4 ,ab\t two o'clock on ,sunday morn+ ! heada*es became s sev]e t ! "m got out ( b$ & r5ew$ ! application ( v9eg> & wat] all r\nd1 aft] :i* !y all fell asleep1 &1 s f> z ! fa!r & "m 7 conc]n$1 rema9$ completely unconsci\s until ,monday morn+4 ,a man :o occupi$ ! h\se opposite ! h\se t5ant$ by ! la/-m5tion$ family in=m$ ! n>rator 7,dr4 ,reid7 t on ,sunday morn+ ! family1 consi/+ ( f\r1 7 tak5 s]i\sly ill ) a feel+ ( sickness & depression accompani$ by heada*e2 & he also /at$ t = "s "t !y _h smelt :at he t]m$ a 8fire /9k0 issu+ f ! cell>4 ,! cottage 9 :i* ! family liv$ t _h suff]$ s sev]ely 0 situat$ ab\t #bj or #cj y>ds f ! %aft ( a disus$ coal m9e1 & 0 ! end h\se ( a r[ ( cottages4 ,x _h a cell> op5+ into ! out] air1 b ?is op5+ 0 usually cov]$ ov] by means ( a piece ( wood4 ,! adjo9+ h\se to ?is1 ! occupants ( :i* _h = "s "t suff]$ f heada*e1 al?\gh to a less ext5t1 _h a cell> ) a simil> op5+1 b suppli$ ) an ill-fitt+ cov]4 ,! h\se on ! opposite side ( ! road1 9 :i* ! two birds 7 f\nd dead1 _h a cell> op5+ bo? at ! front & ! back2 b bo? ^! op5+s1 until a little be=e ! occurr5ce detail$1 _h be5 kept clos$4 ,! cell>s 9 all cases communicat$ ) ! h\ses by means ( doors op5+ into ! kit*5s4 ,accord+ to ! g5]al acc\nt ( ! occupants1 ! cell>s _h smell$ ( 8fire /9k10 :i*1 9 _! op9ion1 proce$$ f ! adjo9+ m9e4 ,! %aft ( ! disus$ m9e communicat$ ) a m9e 9 work+ ord]1 &1 to enc\rage ! v5tilation 9 ?is m9e1 a furnace _h = "s weeks be5 lit & susp5d$ 9 ! %aft4 ,?is furnace _h set fire to ! coal 9 ! disus$ m9e & smoke _h be5 issu+ f ! %aft = f\r weeks previ\sly4 ,two days previ\s to ! inquiry ! op5+ ( ! %aft _h be5 clos$ ov] ) a view to ext+ui% ! fire4 ,dr4 ,reid consid]$1 f ! symptoms & all ! circum/ances ( ! case1 t ! illness 0 due to c>bon monoxide gas p5etrat+ into ! cell>s f ! m9e1 & f !nce to ! liv+- & sleep+-rooms4 ,a sample ( ! air yield$ #jjae p] c5t4 ( c>bon monoxide1 al?\gh ! sample _h be5 tak5 aft] ! cell> w9d[s _h be5 op5 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 #db4 ,detection ( ,c>bon ,monoxide4--,x may (t5 be necess>y to detect c>bon monoxide 9 air & to e/imate its am\nt4 ,! detection 9 air1 if ! c>bon monoxide is 9 any quantity1 is easy en\gh2 b traces ( c>bon monoxide are difficult4 ,:]e am\nts ( c>bon monoxide 9 air f half a p] c5t4 upw>ds are reasonably presum$ to exi/1 ! air is measur$ 9 a gas measur+ app>atus & pass$ into an absorption pipette *>g$ ) alkal9e pyrogallic acid1 & :5 all ! oxyg5 has be5 ab/ract$1 !n ! residual nitrog5 & gases are submitt$ to an ammoniacal solution ( cupr\s *loride4 ,! solution ( cupr\s *loride is prep>$ by dissolv+ #ajc grms4 ( copp] oxide 9 #aej c4c4 ( /rong hydro*loric acid & fill+ ! flask ) copp] turn+s2 ! copp] r$uces ! cupric *loride to cupr\s *loride2 ! end ( ! r$uction is kn[n by ! solution becom+ col\rless4 ,! col\rless acid solution is p\r$ into "s #aejj c4c4 ( wat]1 & ! cupr\s *loride settles to ! bottom z a precipitate4 ,! sup]natant fluid is p\r$ (f z completely z possible & ! precipitate wa%$ into a qu>t] litre flask1 ) #ajj to #aej c4c4 ( di/ill$ wat] & ammonia l$ into ! solution until x becomes ( a pale blue col\r4 ,! solution is made up to #bjj c4c4 s z to conta9 ab\t #gc grms4 p] c5t4 ( cupr\s *loride4 ,su* a solution is an absorb5t ( c>bon monoxide2 x also absorbs e?yl5e & acetyl5e4 ,a solution ( cupr\s *loride :i* has absorb$ ,,co gives x up on be+ treat$ ) potassic bi*romate & acid4 ,x has be5 propos$ by ,wanklyn to deprive l>ge quantities ( air ( oxyg51 !n to absorb any c>bon monoxide pres5t ) cupr\s *loride1 &1 la/ly1 to free ! cupr\s *loride f ! la/ gas by treatm5t ) acid bi*romate1 s z to be able to /udy ! prop]ties ( a small quantity ( pure gas4 ,by f> ! mo/ reliable me?od to detect small quantities ( c>bon monoxide is1 h[ev]1 z propos$ by ,hempel1 to absorb x 9 ! lungs ( a liv+ animal4 ,a m\se is plac$ betwe5 two funnels jo9$ toge!r at _! m\?s by a b& ( ?9 rubb]2 "o ( ! ends ( ! d\ble funnel is connect$ ) an aspirator1 & ! air ?us suck$ ?r\gh1 say = half an h\r or m2 ! m\se is !n kill$ by dr[n+1 & a control m\se1 :i* has n be5 expos$ to a ,,co atmosph]e1 is also dr[n$2 ! bodies ( bo? mice are cut 9 two 9 ! region ( ! he>t1 & ! blood collect$4 ,ea* sample ( blood is dilut$ 9 ! same proportion & spectroscopically exam9$ 9 ! mann] detail$ at p4 #eh4 ,w9kl] f\nd t1 :5 l>ge volumes ( gas 7 us$ 7at lea/ #aj litres71 #jje p] c5t4 ( c>bon monoxide c\ld be readily detect$4 ,,ii4--,*lor9e4 #dc4 ,*lor9e is a yell[-gre5 gas1 :i* may1 by cold & pressure1 be cond5s$ into a liquid4 ,its specific gravity is1 z comp>$ ) hydrog51 #cecg2 z comp>$ ) air1 #bde2 a litre "u /&>d conditions weighs #cafg grms4 ,x is soluble 9 wat]4 ,! usual me?od ( prep>ation is ! addition ( hydro*loric acid to blea*+ p[d]1 :i* latt] sub/ance is hypo*lorite ( lime mix$ ) calcic *loride &1 x may be1 a little cau/ic lime4 ,ano!r me?od is to treat manganese dioxide ) hydro*loric acid or to act on manganese dioxide & common salt ) sulphuric acid4 ,accid5ts are liable to occur ) *lor9e gas f its ext5sive use z a dis9fectant & also 9 its manufacture4 ,9 ! 8,weldon0 process ( manufactur+ blea*+ p[d]1 a ?ick lay] ( lime is plac$ on ! floor ( special *amb]s2 *lor9e gas is pass$ into ^! *amb]s = ab\t f\r days2 !n ! gas is turn$ (f2 ! unabsorb$ gas is drawn (f by an exhau/ or absorb$ by a lime di/ributor & ! doors op5$4 ,two h\rs aft]w>ds ! m5 g 9 to pack ! p[d]4 ,! pack]s1 9 ord] to be able to "w 9 ! *amb]s1 we> a respirator consi/+ ( ab\t ?irty folds ( damp flannel2 ?is is tightly b\nd r\nd ! m\? ) ! no/rils free & re/+ ^u x4 ,! m5 are oblig$ to inhale ! brea? ?r\gh ! flannel & exhale ?r\gh ! no/ril1 o!rwise !y w\ld1 9 te*nical j>gon1 be 8gass$40 ,"s also we> goggles to protect _! eyes4 ,not)/&+ ^! precautions !y suff] g5]ally f *e/ compla9ts4 #dd4 ,effects4--,free *lor9e1 9 ! proportion ( #jjd to #jjf p] ?\s&1 tak5 into ! lungs is dang]\s to life1 s9ce directly *lor9e attacks a moi/ muc\s membrane1 hydro*loric acid is =m$4 ,! effects ( *lor9e c h>dly be diff]5tiat$ f hydro*loric acid gas1 & ,lehmann f\nd t #ae p] ?\s& ( ?is latt] gas affect$ animals1 caus+ at once uneas9ess1 evid5ce ( pa9 ) great dyspna1 & lat] coma4 ,! eyes & ! muc\s membrane ( ! nose 7 attack$4 ,anatomical *anges took place 9 ! cornea1 z evid5c$ by a :ite opacity4 ,9 cases t recov]$1 a purul5t dis*>ge came f ! no/rils ) occasional necrosis ( ! muc\s membrane4 ,! symptoms 9 man are simil>2 !re is great tightness ( ! brea?1 irritation ( ! nose & eyes1 c\gh &1 ) small repeat$ doses1 bron*itis ) all its att5dant evils4 ,blea*+ p[d] tak5 by ! m\? is n s deadly4 ,h]twig has giv5 #ajjj grms4 to horses1 #cj grms4 to %eep & goats1 & #ae grms4 to dogs )\t produc+ dea?4 ,! symptoms 9 ^! cases 7 quick5+ ( ! pulse & respiration1 increas$ p]i/altic action ( ! b[els & a /imulation ( ! kidney secretion4 ,! ur9e smelt ( *lor9e4 #de4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,hyp]mia ( ! lungs1 ) ec*ymoses & pneumonic pat*es ) increas$ secretion ( ! bron*ial tubes4 ,9 ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma*1 ec*ymoses4 ,! alkalesc5ce ( ! blood is dim9i%$ & !re may be ext]nal signs ( blea*+4 ,only exceptionally has any *lor9e smell be5 p]ceiv$ 9 ! int]nal organs4 #df4 ,detection ( ,free ,*lor9e4--,! usual me?od ( detection is to prep>e a solution ( iodide ( potassium & />* & to soak /rips ( filt]-pap] 9 ?is solution4 ,su* a /rip1 :5 moi/5$ & submitt$ to a *lor9e atmosph]e1 is at once turn$ blue1 because *lor9e displaces iod9e f its comb9ation ) potassium4 ,litmus-pap]1 indigo blue or o!r vegetable col\rs are at once blea*$4 ,to e/imate ! am\nt ( *lor9e a kn[n volume ( ! air is drawn ?r\gh a solution ( potassium iodide1 & ! am\nt ( iod9e set free1 det]m9$ by titration ) sodic hyposulphite1 z detail$ at p4 #gd4 ,,iii4--,hydric ,sulphide 7,sulphurett$ ,hydrog574 #dg4 ,hydric sulphide1 ,,%1 is a col\rless transp>5t gas ( sp4 gravity #aagh4 ,x burns ) a blue flame1 =m+ wat] & sulphur dioxide1 & is soluble 9 wat]2 wat] absorb+ ab\t ?ree volumes at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,x is decompos$ by ei!r *lor9e gas or sulphur dioxide4 ,x is a common gas z a con/itu5t ( ! air ( sew]s or cesspools1 & emanates f moi/ slag or moi/ e>? conta9+ pyrites or metallic sulphides2 x also occurs :5ev] album9\s matt] putrefies2 h5ce x is a common con/itu5t ( ! emanations f corpses ( ei!r man or animals4 ,x has a peculi> & int5se od\r1 g5]ally comp>$ to t ( rott5 eggs2 ?is is really n a good comp>ison1 = x is comp>+ ! gas ) itself1 rott5 eggs always produc+ ,,%2 x is (t5 associat$ ) ammonium sulphide4 #dh4 ,effects4--,pure hydric sulphide is nev] met ) out ( ! *emi/'s laboratory1 9 :i* x is a common reag5t ei!r z a gas or 9 solution2 s t ! few cases ( poison+ by ! pure gas1 or r ! pure gas mix$ ) ord9>y air1 h be5 conf9$ to laboratories4 ,! great] numb] ( cases h occurr$ accid5tally to m5 work+ 9 sew]s1 or clean+ out cesspools & ! l4 ,9 small quantities x is always pres5t 9 ! air ( t[ns1 z %[n by ! black5+ ( any silv] ornam5t n kept bright by frequ5t use4 ,x is di/9ctly a blood poison1 ! gas unit+ ) ! alkali ( ! blood1 & ! sulphide ?us produc$ p>tly decompos+ aga9 9 ! lung & brea!d out z ,,%4 ,lehmann#fj has /udi$ ! effects on animals2 an atmosph]e conta9+ f #a to #c p] ?\s& ( ,,% kills rabbits & cats )9 t5 m9utes2 ! symptoms are ma9ly convulsions & great dyspna4 ,an atmosph]e conta9+ f #jd to #jh p] ?\s& produces a local irritat+ action on ! muc\s membranes ( ! respiratory tract1 & dea? foll[s f an inflammatory dema ( ! lung prec$$ by convulsions2 !re is also a p>alysis ( ! n]v\s c5tres4 ,lehmann has record$ ! case ( ?ree m5 :o brea!d #jb p] ?\s& ( ,,%3 )9 f five to eight m9utes !re 0 int5se irritation ( ! eyes1 nose1 & ?roat1 & aft] ?irty m9utes !y 7 unable to be> ! atmosph]e any long]4 ,air conta9+ #je p] ?\s& ( ,,% is1 accord+ to ,lehmann1 ! utmo/ am\nt t c be brea!d2 ?is am\nt causes 9 half an h\r sm>t+ ( ! eyes1 nasal cat>rh1 dyspna1 c\gh1 palpitation1 %iv]+1 great muscul> weakness1 heada*e & fa9tness ) cold sweats4 #jg to #jh p] ?\s& is dang]\s to human life1 & f #a to #ae p] ?\s& de/roys life rapidly4 ,! symptoms may occur "s little "t aft] ! )drawal ( ! p]son f ! poison\s atmosph]e2 = example1 ,cahn records ! case ( a /ud5t :o prep>$ ,,% 9 a laboratory & 0 expos$ to ! gas = two h\rs2 he !n w5t home to d9n] & ! symptoms fir/ comm5c$ 9 m ?an an h\r aft] ! fir/ brea?+ ( pure air4 ,taylor#fa records an unusual case ( poison+ 9 #aheg at ,cleator ,moor4 ,"s cottages _h be5 built ^u iron slag1 ! slag conta9$ sulphides ( calcium & iron2 a heavy /orm ( ra9 wa%$ ?r\gh ! slag & consid]able volumes ( ,,% )1 no d\bt1 o!r gases diffus$ dur+ ! night ?r\gh ! cottages & kill$ ?ree adults & ?ree *ildr54 #fj ,k4 ,b4 ,lehmann1 ,ar*4 f4 ,hygi5e1 ,bd4 xiv41 #ahib1 #ace4 #fa ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,m$l4 ,jurisp41 vol4 ii4 #abb4 #di4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,! s-call$ apoplectic =m ( ,,% poison+1 9 :i* ! suff]] dies )9 a m9ute or two1 %[s no special *ange4 ,! mo/ frequ5t *ange 9 sl[] poison+ is1 accord+ to ,lehmann1 dema ( ! lungs4 ,a gre5 col\r ( ! face & ( ! :ole body is sometimes pres5t1 b n con/ant4 ,a spectroscopic exam9ation ( ! blood may also n lead to any conclusion1 ! m especially z ! spectrum ( sulphur me?moglob9 may occur 9 any putrid blood4 ,! pupils 9 "s cases h be5 f\nd dilat$2 9 o!rs n s4 ,*ronic poison+4--,*ronic poison+ by ,,% is ( consid]able int]e/ 9 a public heal? po9t ( view4 ,! symptoms appe> to be conjunctivitis1 heada*e1 dyspepsia & anmia4 ,a pr$isposition to boils has also be5 not$4 #ej4 ,detection4--,bo? ammonium & hydric sulphides black5 silv] & filt]-pap] moi/5$ ) acetate ( lead solution4 ,to te/ = hydric sulphide 9 air a kn[n quantity may be aspirat$ ?r\gh a little solution ( lead acetate4 ,to e/imate ! quantity a dec9ormal solution ( iod9e 9 potassium iodide#fb solution is us$1 & its exact /r5g? det]m9$ by d4n4 sodic hyposulphite solution#fc2 ! hyposulphite is run 9 f a burette into a kn[n volume1 e4g41 #ej c4c41 ( ! d4n4 iod9e solution1 until ! yell[ col\r is almo/ gone2 !n a drop or two ( fre% />* solution is add$ & ! hyposulphite run 9 c>efully1 drop by drop1 until ! blue col\r ( ! />* disappe>s4 ,if n[ a kn[n volume ( air is drawn ?r\gh #ej c4c4 ( ! d4n4 iod9e solution1 ! reaction ,i ,,% #b;,,hi ,s w take place1 & = e #abg p>ts ( iod9e :i* h be5 conv]t$ into hydriodic acid #ag p>ts by weight ( ,,% w be necess>y2 h5ce on titrat+ ! #ej c4c4 ( d4n4 iod9e solution1 ?r\gh :i* air conta9+ ,,% has be5 pass$1 less hyposulphite w be us$ ?an on ! previ\s occasion1 ea* c4c4 ( ! hyposulphite solution be+ equal to #aaa c4c4 or to #ag mgrm4 ( ,,%4 #fb #abg grms4 ( iod9e1 #aff grms4 ( potassium iodide1 dissolv$ 9 a litre ( wat]4 #fc #bdh grms4 ( sodic hyposulphite1 dissolv$ 9 a litre ( wat]4 ,,"p ,,iv4--,,acids ,,& ,,alkalies4 ,,sulphuric ,,acid--,,hydro*loric ,,acid--,,nitric ,,acid--,,acetic ,,acid--,,ammonia--,,pota%--,,soda--,,ne utral ,,sodium1 ,,potassium1 ,,& ,,ammonium ,,salts4 ,i4--,sulphuric ,acid4 #ea4 ,sulphuric acid 7hydric sulphate1 oil ( vitriol1 ,h,,s7 occurs 9 comm]ce 9 v>y+ degrees ( /r5g? or dilution2 ! /rong sulphuric acid ( ! manufactur]1 conta9+ #ajj p] c5t4 ( real acid 7,h,,s71 has a specific gravity ( #ahej4 ,! ord9>y br[n acid ( comm]ce1 col\r$ by organic matt] & hold+ 9 solution metallic impurities1 *iefly lead & ars5ic1 has a specific gravity ( ab\t #agej2 & conta9s #fgie ( anhydr\s ,,s #hedb ( hydric sulphate4 ,!re are also weak] acids us$ 9 comm]ce1 p>ticul>ly 9 manufactories 9 :i* sulphuric acid is made1 = special purposes )\t rectification4 ,! ,briti% ,ph>macopia sulphuric acid is direct$ to be ( #ahdc specific gravity1 :i* corresponds to #ghf p] c5t4 sulphuric anhydride1 or #ihh p] c5t4 ( hydric sulphate4 ,! dilute sulphuric acid ( ! ph>macopia %\ld h a specific gravity ( #ajid1 & is usually said to correspond to #ajad p] c5t4 ( anhydr\s sulphuric acid2 b1 if ,ure's ,tables are correct1 su* equals #aacg p] c5t4 ,! g5]al *>act]s ( sulphuric acid are z foll[s3--,:5 pure1 x is a col\rless1 or1 :5 impure1 a d>k br[n to black1 oily liquid1 )\t od\r at common temp]atures1 ( an exce$+ly acid ta/e1 *>r+ mo/ organic tissues rapidly1 &1 if mix$ ) wat]1 evolv+ mu* heat4 ,if #d p>ts ( ! /rong acid are mix$ ) #a "p ( wat] at #j1 ! mixture rises to a heat ( #ajj2 a /ill great] heat is evolv$ by mix+ #ge p>ts ( acid ) #bg ( wat]4 ,sulphuric acid is p[]fully hygroscopic--#c p>ts w1 9 an ord9>y atmosph]e1 increase to ne>ly #d 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 9 common ) all acids1 x r$d5s litmus1 yell[s co*9eal1 & *anges all vegetable col\rs4 ,!re is ano!r =m ( sulphuric acid1 ext5sively us$ 9 ! arts1 kn[n "u ! "n ( 8,nordhaus5 sulphuric acid10 8fum+ acid10 =mula ,h,s,o4 ,?is acid is produc$ by ! di/illation ( dry f]r\s sulphate1 at a ne>ly :ite heat--ei!r 9 e>!nw>e or 9 gre5 glass retorts2 ! di/illate is receiv$ 9 sulphuric acid4 ,z ?us manufactur$1 x is a d>k fum+ liquid ( #ai specific gravity1 & boil+ at #ec4 ,:5 artificially cool$ d[n to #j1 ! acid gradually deposits cry/als1 :i* consi/ ( a def9ite comp\nd ( #b atoms ( anhydr\s sulphuric acid & #a atom ( wat]4 ,!re is "s d\bt z to ! molecul> composition ( ,nordhaus5 acid2 x is usually consid]$ z hydric sulphate saturat$ ) sulphur dioxide4 ,?is acid is manufactur$ *iefly 9 ,bohemia1 & is us$1 on a l>ge scale1 z a solv5t = aliz>9e4 #eb4 ,sulphur ,trioxide1 or ,sulphuric ,anhydride 7,,s71 itself may be met ) 9 sci5tific laboratories1 b is n 9 comm]ce4 ,sulphur trioxide =ms ?9 ne$le-%ap$ cry/als1 arrang$ 9 fea!ry gr\ps4 ,se5 9 mass1 x is :ite1 & has some?+ ! appe>ance ( asbe/os4 ,x fuses to a liquid at ab\t #ah1 boils at #ce1 b1 aft] ?is op]ation has be5 p]=m$1 ! sub/ance assumes an allotropic condition1 & !n rema9s solid up to #ajj2 above #ajj x melts1 volatilises1 & returns to its normal condition4 ,sulphuric anhydride hisses :5 x is ?r[n into wat]1 *emical comb9ation tak+ place & sulphuric acid be+ =m$4 ,sulphur trioxide is excessively corrosive & poison\s4 ,besides ! above =ms ( acid1 !re is an (fic9al prep>ation call$ 8,aromatic ,sulphuric ,acid10 made by dige/+ sulphuric acid1 rectifi$ _s1 g+]1 & c9namon toge!r4 ,x conta9s #ajai p] c5t4 ( ,,s1 alcohol1 & pr9ciples extract$ f c9namon & g+]4 #ec4 ,sulphuric acid1 9 ! free /ate1 may n unfrequ5tly be f\nd 9 nature4 ,! au?or has _h "u exam9ation an efflu5t wat] f a ,devon%ire m9e1 :i* conta9$ m ?an "o gra9 ( free sulphuric acid p] gallon1 & 0 accus$1 ) ju/ice1 ( de/roy+ ! fi% 9 a riv]4 ,x also exi/s 9 l>ge quantities 9 volcanic spr+s4 ,9 a torr5t fl[+ f ! volcano ( ,p>c1 9 ! ,&es1 ,b\ss+ault calculat$ t #ae1jjj tons ( sulphuric acid & #aa1jjj tons ( hydro*loric acid 7 ye>ly c>ri$ d[n4 ,9 ! animal & vegetable k+dom1 sulphuric acid exi/s1 z a rule1 9 comb9ation ) bases1 b !re is an exception 9 ! saliva ( ! ,dolium galea1 a ,sicilian mollusc4 #ed4 ,/ati/ics4--,:5 some?+ l #ijj1jjj tons ( sulphuric acid are produc$ annually 9 ,engl& alone1 & :5 x is consid]$ t sulphuric acid is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( mo/ o!r acids1 9 ! alkali trade1 9 ! manufacture ( indigo1 9 ! soap trade1 9 ! manufacture ( artificial manure1 & 9 a numb] ( te*nical processes1 !re is no cause = surprise t x %\ld be ! annual cause ( _m dea?s4 ,! numb] ( dea?s f sulphuric acid w v>y1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 9 ea* c\ntry1 accord+ to ! manufactures 9 t c\ntry employ+ sulphuric acid4 ,! numb] ( cases ( poison+ 9 ,engl& & ,wales = t5 ye>s is giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,,dea?s ,,f ,,sulphuric ,,acid ,,9 ,,engl& ,,& ,,wales ,,= ,,! ,,t5 ,,ye>s ,,end+ #ahib4 ,,accid5t ,,or ,,neglig5ce4 ,ages1 #a-e #e-ae #ae-be #be-fe #fe ,total upw>ds ,males1 #aa #d #b #ad #b #cc ,females1 #d 444 #b #c 444 #i ---------------------------------------- ----- ,totals1 #ae #d #d #ag #b #db ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,suicide4 ,ages1 #ae-be #be-fe ,total ,males1 #d #be #bi ,females1 #e #ai #bd --------------------------------- ,totals #i #dd #ec --------------------------------- ,dur+ ! t5 ye>s1 no case ( murd] ?r\gh sulphuric acid is on record2 h5ce ! total dea?s1 z detail$ 9 ! tables1 am\nt to #ie1 or a little ov] #i a ye>4 ,falck1#fd 9 comp>+ diff]5t c\ntries1 consid]s ! pa/ /ati/ics to %[ t 9 ,france sulphuric acid has be5 ! cause ( #de to #ee p] c5t4 ( ! total dea?s f poison1 & 9 ,engl& #ei p] c5t4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,d5m>k1 tak5 toge!r1 #ajh1 ,prussia #ajf2 :ile 9 c]ta9 cities1 z ,b]l9 & ,vi5na1 ! p]c5tages are mu* high]--,vi5na %[+ #dcc p] c5t41 ,b]l9 #ij p] c5t4 #fd ,lehrbu* d] praktis*5 ,toxicologie1 p4 #ed4 #ee4 ,accid5tal1 ,suicidal1 & ,crim9al ,poison+4--,dea?s f sulphuric acid are1 = ! mo/ "p1 accid5tal1 occasionally suicidal1 &1 /ill m r>ely1 crim9al4 ,9 #ec out ( #aac cases collect$ by ,bhm1 9 :i* ! cause ( ! poison+ c\ld1 ) fair accuracy1 be asc]ta9$1 #dec p] c5t4 7 due to accid5t1 #cjb 7 suicidal1 & #bde p] c5t4 7 cases ( crim9al poison+1 ! victims be+ *ildr54 ,! cause ( ! comp>atively r>e use ( sulphuric acid by ! poison] is obvi\s4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! acid c nev] be mix$ ) food )\t entirely *ang+ its aspect2 next1 x is only 9 cases ( ins5sibility or p>alysis t x c\ld be adm9i/]$ to an adult1 unless giv5 by =ce1 or "u v exceptional circum/ances2 & la/ly1 ! /a9s on ! m\? & g>m5ts w\ld at once betray1 ev5 to un$ucat$ p]sons1 ! pres5ce ( some?+ wrong4 ,z an ag5t ( murd]1 !n1 sulphuric acid is conf9$ 9 its use to "y *ildr51 m especially to ! newly born4 ,!re is a rem>kable case relat$ by ,haagan1#fe 9 :i* an adult man1 9 full possession ( 8 faculties1 nei!r p>alys$ nor helpless1 0 murd]$ by sulphuric acid4 ,! wife ( a day-lab\r] gave h] husb& drops ( sulphuric acid on sug>1 in/ead ( 8 m$ic9e1 & f9ally f9i%$ ! "w by adm9i/]+ a spoonful ( ! acid4 ,! spoon 0 c>ri$ well to ! back ( ! ?roat1 s t ! man took ! acid at a gulp4 #aa grms4 7#aga gra9s7 ( sulphuric acid1 p>tly 9 comb9ation ) soda & pota%1 7 sep>at$ f 8 /oma*4 #fe ,gross3 ,die ,/rafre*tspflege 9 ,deuts*l&1 #d1 #ahfa1 ,heft ,i4 ,s4 #aha4 ,accid5tal poison+ is mo/ common among *ildr54 ,! oily1 syrupy-look+ sulphuric acid1 :5 pure1 may be mi/ak5 = glyc]9 or = syrup2 & ! d>k comm]cial acid might1 by a c>eless p]son1 be conf\nd$ ) port] or any d>k-look+ m$ic9e4 ,s]i\s & fatal mi/akes h n unfrequ5tly aris5 f ! use ( injections4 ,deuts*#ff relates h[ a midwife1 9 error1 adm9i/]$ to "m & *ild a sulphuric acid cly/]2 b little ( ! fluid c\ld 9 ei!r case h actually rea*$ ! rectum1 = ! "m recov]$ 9 eight days1 & 9 a little "t ! infant 0 also re/or$ to heal?4 ,sulphuric acid has caus$ dea? by injections into ! vag9a4 ,h4 ,c4 ,lomb>d#fg obs]v$ a case ( ?is k9d1 9 :i* a woman1 ag$ ?irty1 inject$ half a litre ( sulphuric acid into ! vag9a1 = ! purpose ( procur+ abortion4 ,! result 0 n imm$iately fatal1 b ! subsequ5t inflammation & its results s occlud$ ! natural passage t ! bir? became impossible1 & a ,cs>ean section extract$ a dead *ild1 ! "m also dy+4 #ff ,preuss4 ,m$4 ,v]e9s-,zeitung1 #ahdh1 ,no4 #ac4 #fg ,j\rn4 de ,*im4 ,md41 tom4 vii41 #ahca4 ,an army physician prescrib$ = a pati5t an emolli5t cly/]4 ,s9ce x 0 late at night1 & ! apo!c>y 9 b$1 he prep>$ x himself2 b n f9d+ l9se$ oil1 woke ! apo!c>y1 :o took a bottle out ( "o ( ! recesses & plac$ x on ! table4 ,! bottle conta9$ sulphuric acid2 a soldi] notic$ a peculi> od\r & eff]vesc5ce :5 ! syr+e 0 *>g$1 b ?is 0 unhe$$ by ! doctor4 ,! pati5t imm$iately aft] ! op]ation suff]$ ! mo/ acute agony1 & di$ ! foll[+ day2 be=e 8 dea?1 ! b$clo!s 7 f\nd corrod$ by ! acid1 & a portion ( ! b[el itself came away4#fh #fh ,mas*ka's ,h&bu*1 p4 #hf2 ,j\rnal de ,*imie ,mdicale1 t4 i4 ,no4 #h1 #dje1 #ahce4 #ef4 ,fatal ,dose4--,! am\nt necess>y to kill an adult man is n /rictly kn[n2 fatality s mu* dep5ds on ! conc5tration ( ! acid & ! condition ( ! p]son1 m especially :e!r ! /oma* is full or empty1 t x w be impossible ev] to arrive at an accurate e/imate4 ,*ri/ison's case1 9 :i* #ch grms4 7#fj gra9s7 ( conc5trat$ acid kill$ an adult1 is ! smalle/ le?al dose on record4 ,suppos+ t ! man weigh$ #fh kilo4 7#aej lbs471 ?is w\ld be 9 ! proportion ( #je grm4 p] kilo4 ,!re is also ! case ( a *ild ( "o ye>1 record$ by ,taylor1 9 :i* #bj drops caus$ dea?4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x 7 ask$ 9 a c\rt ( law :at dose ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid w\ld be dang]\s1 ! prop] answ] w\ld be3 s small a quantity z f #b to #c drops ( ! /rong undilut$ acid might cause dea?1 m especially if convey$ to ! back ( ! ?roat2 = if x is improbable t on su* a supposition dea? w\ld be sudd51 yet !re is a possibility ( p]man5t injury to ! gullet1 ) ! result ( subsequ5t contraction1 & ! usual long & pa9ful malnutrition !reby induc$4 ,x may be laid d[n1 !re=e1 t all quantities1 ev5 ! smalle/1 ( ! /rong undilut$ acid come "u ! head ( hurtful1 noxi\s1 & injuri\s4 #eg4 ,local ,action ( ,sulphuric ,acid4--,! action ( ! acid on liv+ animal tissues has be5 /udi$ ( late by ,c4 ,ph4 ,falck & ,l4 ,vietor4#fi ,conc5trat$ acid precipitates album51 & !n r$issolves x2 fibr9 swells & becomes gelat9\s2 b if ! acid is weak 7e4g41 #d to #f p] c5t47 x is sc>cely *ang$4 ,muscul> fibre is at fir/ col\r$ amb]-yell[1 swells to a jelly1 & !n dissolves to a r$-br[n turbid fluid4 ,:5 appli$ to ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma*1 ! muc\s tissue & ! muscul> lay] b5ea? are col\r$ :ite1 swell1 & become an oily mass4 #fi ,deuts*e ,kl9ik1 #ahfd1 ,mo4 #a-cb1 & ,vietor's ,inaugur4-,diss]t41 ,m>burg1 #ahjc4 ,:5 appli$ to a rabbit's e>1#gj ! p>5*yma becomes at fir/ pale grey & semi-transp>5t at ! back ( ! e>2 opposite ! drop ( acid appe> spots l grease or fat drops1 :i* soon coalesce4 ,! epid]mis ) ! hair rema9s adh]5t2 ! blood-vessels are n>r[$ 9 calibre1 & ! blood1 fir/ 9 ! ve9s1 & !n 9 ! art]ies1 is col\r$ gre5 & !n black1 & fully coagulates4 ,if ! drop1 ) horizontal hold+ ( ! e>1 is dri$ 91 an inflammatory zone surr\nds ! burnt spot 9 :i* ! blood circulates2 b !re is complete /asis 9 ! "p to :i* ! acid has be5 appli$4 ,if ! po9t ( ! e> is dipp$ 9 ! acid1 ! caut]is$ "p rolls inw>ds2 aft] ! lapse ( eighte5 h\rs ! "p is br[n & p>*m5t-l1 ) scatt]$ po9ts ( coagulat$ blood2 !n !re is a slight swell+ 9 ! heal?y tissues1 & a small zone ( r$ness2 )9 f\rte5 days a bladd]-l gre5i%-yell[ scab is =m$1 ! burnt "p itself rema9+ dry4 ,! vessels f ! surr\nd+ zone ( r$ness gradually p5etrate t[>ds ! caut]is$ spot1 ! fluid 9 ! bleb becomes absorb$1 & ! de/roy$ tissues fall (f 9 ! =m ( a cru/4 #gj ,samuel1 ,entzndung u4 ,br&1 9 ,vir*['s ,ar*iv f4 ,pa?4 ,anat41 ,bd4 #ea1 ,hft4 #a u4 #b1 ,s4 #da1 #ahgj4 ,! *anges t sulphuric acid cause 9 blood are z foll[s3 ! fibr9 is at fir/ coagulat$ & !n dissolv$1 & ! col\r+ matt] becomes ( a black col\r4 ,^! *anges d n require ! /ronge/ acid1 be+ se5 ) an acid ( #fj p] c5t4 #eh4 ,! action ( ! acid on v>i\s non-liv+ matt]s is z foll[s3 p\r$ on all vegetable e>?1 !re is an eff]vesc5ce1 aris+ f decomposition ( c>bonates2 any grass or vegetation gr[+ on ! spot is black5$ & dies2 an analysis ( ! lay] ( e>?1 on :i* ! acid is p\r$1 %[s an excess ( sulphates z comp>$ ) a simil> lay] adjac5t2 ! e>? w only h an acid reaction1 if !re has be5 m ?an suffici5t acid to neutralise all alkalies & alkal9e e>?s4 ,wood almo/ imm$iately black5s1 & ! spot rema9s moi/4 ,spots on pap] become quickly d>k1 & sometimes exhibit a play ( col\rs1 su* z r$di%-br[n2 ultimately ! spot becomes v black1 & holes may be =m$2 ev5 :5 ! acid is dilute1 ! c\rse is v simil>1 = ! acid dries 91 until x rea*es a suffici5t degree ( conc5tration to attack ! tissue4 ,i f\nd small drops ( sulphuric acid on a brussels c>pet1 :i* _h a r$ patt]n on a d>k gre5 gr\nd ) light gre5 fl[]s1 act z foll[s3 ! spots on ! r$ at ! end ( a few h\rs 7 ( a d>k m>oon col\r1 ! gre5 0 d>k5$1 & ! light gre5 br[n$2 at ! end ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs b little *ange _h tak5 place1 nor c\ld any "o h guess$ ! cause ( ! spots )\t a close exam9ation4 ,spots ( ! /rong acid on ?9 cotton fabrics rapidly black5$1 & actual holes 7 =m$ 9 ! c\rse ( an h\r2 ! ma9 diff]5ce to ! nak$ eye1 betwe5 ! /a9s ( ! acid & ^? produc$ by a r$-hot body1 lay 9 ! moi/ness ( ! spots4 ,inde$1 ! great di/9ction1 )\t consid]+ *emical evid5ce1 betwe5 rec5t burns ( clo?+ by sulphuric acid & by heat1 is t 9 ! "o case--t ( ! acid--! hole or spot is v moi/2 9 ! o!r v dry4 ,x is easy to imag9e t ?is di/9ction may be ( importance 9 a legal inve/igation4 ,spots ( acid on clo?+ fall too (t5 "u ! obs]vation ( all ^? engag$ 9 practical *emical "w4 ,h[ev] quickly a spot ( acid is wip$ (f1 unless x is imm$iately neutralis$ by ammonia1 x ultimately makes a hole 9 ! clo?2 ! spot1 z a rule1 :atev] ! col\r ( ! clo?1 is ( a blott+-pap] r$4 ,sulphuric acid dropp$ on iron1 attacks x1 =m+ a sulphate1 :i* may be dissolv$ out by wat]4 ,if ! iron is expos$ to ! wea!r ! ra9 may wa% away all traces ( ! acid1 save ! corrosion2 b x w\ld be "u ^? circum/ances impossible to say :e!r ! corrosion 0 due to oxidation or a solv5t4 ,to sum up briefly3 ! *>act]s ( sulphuric acid spots on organic matt]s g5]ally are black1 br[n1 or r$-col\r$ de/ructions ( tissue1 moi/ure1 acid-reaction 7(t5 aft] ye>s71 & la/ly ! *emical evid5ce ( sulphuric acid or sulphates 9 excess4 ,caution necess>y 9 judg+ ( ,spots1 c4--,an important case1 relat$ by ,mas*ka1 %[s ! necessity ( great caution 9 int]pret+ results1 unless all ! circum/ances ( a case be c>efully collat$4 ,a live coal fell on ! b$ ( a weakly infant1 five mon?s old4 ,! *ild scream$1 & woke ! fa!r1 :o 0 doz+ by ! fire2 ! man1 9 t]ror1 p\r$ a l>ge pot ( wat] on ! *ild & burn+ b$4 ,! *ild di$ ! foll[+ day4 ,a po/-mortem exam9ation %[$ a burn on ! *e/ ( ! infant #b in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! tongue1 ph>ynx1 & gullet 7 all heal?y2 9 ! /oma* a pat* ( muc\s membrane1 ab\t half an in* 9 ext5t1 0 f\nd to be br[ni%1 friable1 & v ?94 ,a *emical exam9ation %[$ t ! portion ( ! b$ adjac5t to ! burnt place conta9$ free sulphuric acid4 ,"h1 !n1 0 ! foll[+ evid5ce3 ! sudd5 dea? ( a helpless infant1 a c>bonis$ b$-cov] ) free sulphuric acid1 &1 la/ly1 an appe>ance 9 ! /oma* :i*1 x might be said1 0 n inconsi/5t ) sulphuric acid poison+4 ,yet a c>eful sift+ ( ! facts conv9c$ ! judges t no crime _h be5 committ$1 & t ! *ild's dea? 0 due to disease4 ,aft]w>ds1 exp]im5t %[$ t if a live coal fall on to any tissue1 & be dr5*$ ) wat]1 free sulphuric acid is con/antly f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! burnt place4 #ei4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms may be class$ 9 two divisions1 viz43--#a4 ,ext]nal effects ( ! acid4 #b4 ,int]nal effects & symptoms aris+ f its int]ior adm9i/ration4 #a4 ,ext]nal ,effects4--,( late ye>s sev]al in/ances h occurr$ 9 :i* ! acid has be5 us$ crim9ally to cause disfigur+ burns ( ! face4 ,! (f5ce has 9 all ^! cases be5 committ$ by wom51 :o1 f motives ( rev5geful jeal\sy1 h sudd5ly da%$ a quantity ( ! acid into ! face ( ! object ( _! res5tm5t4 ,9 su* cases1 ! ph5om5a obs]v$ are n widely diff]5t f ^? att5d+ scalds or burns f hot neutral fluids4 ,!re is de/ruction ( tissue1 n necess>ily deep1 = ! acid is almo/ imm$iately wip$ (f2 b if any %\ld rea* ! eye1 inflammation1 s acute z to lead to bl9dness1 is ! probable consequ5ce4 ,! sk9 is col\r$ at fir/ :ite1 at a lat] p]iod br[n1 & "p ( x may be1 z x 71 dissolv$4 ,if ! tract or sk9 t\*$ by ! acid is ext5sive1 dea? may result4 ,! inflammatory processes 9 ! sk9 are simil> to ^? notic$ by ,falck & ,vietor 9 _! exp]im5ts1 already detail$ 7p4 #gi74 ,int]nal ,effects ( ,acids g5]ally4--,x may n be out ( place1 be=e speak+ ( ! int]nal effects ( sulphuric acid1 to make a few rem>ks ^u ! action ( acids g5]ally4 ,?is action diff]s accord+ to ! k9d ( animal2 at all ev5ts1 !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! action ( acids on ! h]b-eat+ animals & ! c>nivora2 ! latt] be> l>ge doses ( acids well1 ! =m] ill4 ,= in/ance1 ! rabbit1 if giv5 a dose ( any acid n suffici5t to produce local effects b suffici5t to affect its functions1 w soon become p>alys$ & lie 9 a /ate ( /upor1 z if dead2 ! same dose p] kilo4 w n affect ! dog4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! blood ( ! dog is able to neutralise ! acid by ammonia1 & t ! blood ( ! rabbit is de/itute ( ?is prop]ty4 ,man is1 9 ?is respect1 ne>] to ! dog ?an to ! plant-eat]s4 ,/adelmann has %[n t a man is able to +e/ l>ge relative doses ( oxybutyric acid1 to neutralise ! acid by ammonia1 & to excrete x by means ( ! kidneys z ammonium butyrate4 ,acids1 h[ev]1 if giv5 9 doses too great to be neutralis$1 alike affect plant- & fle%-eat]s2 dea? foll[s 9 all cases be=e ! blood becomes acid4 ,salk[sky#ga has1 inde$1 %[n t ! effect ( less5+ ! alkal9ity ( ! blood by giv+ a rabbit food f :i* x c extract no alkali produces a simil> effect to ! actual dos+ ) an acid4 #ga ,vir*['s ,ar*iv1 ,bd4 #eh1 #a4 #b4 ,int]nal ,effects ( ,sulphuric ,acid4--,:5 sulphuric acid is tak5 int]nally1 ! acute & imm$iate symptom is pa94 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n con/ant1 s9ce1 9 a few record$ cases1 no compla9t ( pa9 has be5 made2 b ^! cases are exceptional2 z a rule1 !re w be imm$iate & great suff]+4 ,! tongue swells1 ! ?roat is also swoll5 & inflam$1 swall[+ ( saliva ev5 may be impossible4 ,if ! acid has be5 9 contact ) ! epiglottis & vocal app>atus1 !re may be spasmodic cr\p & ev5 fatal spasm ( ! glottis4 ,! acid1 9 its passage d[n ! gullet1 attacks en]getically ! muc\s membrane & also ! l9+ ( ! /oma*2 b ! action does n /op !re1 = ,less] f\nd 9 eighte5 out ( tw5ty-six cases 7#fi p] c5t47 t ! corrosive action ext5d$ z f> z ! duod5um4 ,!re is excessive vomit+ & ret*+2 ! matt]s vomit$ are acid1 bloody1 & slimy2 great pieces ( muc\s membrane may be 9 ?is way expell$1 & ! :ole ( ! l9+ membrane ( ! gullet may be ?r[n up entire4 ,! b[els are1 z a rule1 con/ipat$1 b exceptionally !re has be5 di>rha2 ! ur9e is sometimes reta9$2 x inv>iably conta9s an excess ( sulphates & (t5 album51 ) hyal9e ca/s ( ! ur9if]\s tubes4 ,! pulse is small & frequ5t1 ! brea?+ sl[1 ! sk9 v cold & cov]$ ) sweat2 ! c\nt5ance expresses great anxiety1 & ! extremities may be affect$ ) cramps or convulsions4 ,dea? may take place )9 f tw5ty-f\r to ?irty-six h\rs1 & be ei!r prec$$ by dyspna or by convulsions2 consci\sness is1 z a rule1 ma9ta9$ to ! end4 ,!re are also m rapid cases ?an ! above2 a l>ge dose ( sulphuric acid tak5 on an empty /oma* may absolutely dissolve x1 & pass into ! p]itoneum2 9 su* a case !re is really no diff]5ce 9 ! symptoms betwe5 sudd5 p]=ation ( ! /oma* f disease1 a p5etrat+ w\nd ( ! abdom51 & any o!r sudd5 fatal lesion ( ! organs 9 ! abdom9al cavity 7= 9 all ^! in/ances ! symptoms are ^? ( pure collapse72 ! pati5t is a%5 pale1 ) pulse quick & weak1 & body ba!d 9 cold sweat1 & he rapidly dies1 x may be )\t mu* compla9t ( local pa94 ,if ! pati5t live long] ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! symptoms are ma9ly ^? ( inflammation ( ! :ole muc\s tract1 f ! m\? to ! /oma*2 & f ?is inflammation ! pati5t may die 9 a v>iable p]iod1 ( f ?ree to elev5 days1 aft] tak+ ! poison4 ,9 "o case ! dea? occurr$ sudd5ly1 )\t any imm$iately prec$+ symptoms r5d]+ imm95t dea? probable4 ,if ?is second /age is pass$1 !n ! loss ( sub/ance 9 ! gullet & 9 ! /oma* almo/ inv>iably causes impairm5t ( function1 lead+ to a sl[ & pa9ful dea?4 ,! common sequ5ce is /ricture ( ! gullet1 comb9$ ) feeble dige/ion1 & 9 a few in/ances /ricture ( ! pylorus4 ,a curi\s sequel has be5 record$ by ,mannkopf1 viz41 ob/9ate int]co/al neuralgia2 x has be5 obs]v$ on ! f\r?1 sev5?1 & tw5ty-second day4 #fj4 ,treatm5t ( ,acute ,poison+ by ! ,m9]al ,acids4--,! imm$iate indication is ! dilution & neutralisation ( ! acid4 ,= ?is purpose1 f9ely-divid$ *alk1 magnesia1 or sodic c>bonate may be us$1 dissolv$ or susp5d$ 9 mu* wat]4 ,! use ( ! /oma*-pump is inadvisable1 = ! muc\s membrane ( ! gullet may be s corrod$ by ! acid t ! passage ( ! tube d[n w d injury2 unless ! neutralisation is imm$iate1 b little good is effect$2 h5ce x w (t5 occur t ! by/&]s1 if at all conv]sant ) ! matt]1 w h to use ! fir/ ?+ :i* comes to h&1 su* z ! pla/] ( a wall1 c42 & la/ly1 if ev5 ^! r\gh antidotes are n to be _h1 ! be/ treatm5t is enorm\s doses ( wat]1 :i* w dilute ! acid & promote vomit+4 ,! treatm5t ( ! aft]-effects belongs to ! prov9ce ( ord9>y m$ic9e1 & is bas$ ^u g5]al pr9ciples4 #fa4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4#gb--,! g5]al pa?ological appe>ances to be f\nd 9 ! /oma* & int]nal organs diff] accord+ z ! dea? is rapid or sl[2 if ! dea? takes place )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! effects are fairly uni=m1 ! diff]5ces be+ only 9 degree2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ^? cases :i* t]m9ate fatally f ! m remote effects ( ! acid1 !re is "s v>iety4 ,x may be well to select two actual cases z types1 ! "o pati5t dy+ f acute poison+1 ! o!r surviv+ = a "t1 & !n dy+ f ulc]ation & contraction ( ! dige/ive tract4 #gb ,x has be5 obs]v$ t putrefaction 9 cases ( dea? f sulphuric acid is sl[4 ,casp] sugge/s ?is may be due to ! neutralisation ( ammonia2 m probably x is ow+ to ! antiseptic prop]ties all m9]al acids possess4 ,a hatt]1 e>ly 9 ! morn+1 swall[$ a l>ge m\?ful ( /rong sulphuric acid1 a prep>ation :i* he us$ 9 8 "w--7:e!r ! draught 0 tak5 accid5tally or suicidally 0 nev] kn[n74 ,he di$ )9 two h\rs4 ,! :ole tongue 0 sphacelat$1 p>ts ( ! muc\s membrane be+ dissolv$2 ! inn] surface ( ! gullet1 z well z ! :ole ?roat1 0 ( a grey-black col\r2 ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* 0 coal-black1 & s s(t5$ t x gave way l blott+-pap] "u ! =ceps1 ! cont5ts escap+ into ! cavity ( ! abdom54 ,! p]itoneum 0 also black5$ z if burnt2 probably !re _h be5 p]=ation ( ! /oma* dur+ life2 ! muc\s membrane ( ! duod5um 0 swoll51 h>d5$1 & look$ z if x _h be5 boil$2 :ile ! blood 0 ( a *]ry-r$ col\r1 & ( ! consi/5ce ( a ?9 syrup4 ,! re/ ( ! organs 7 heal?y2 a *emical rese>* on ! fluid :i* _h be5 collect$ f ! /oma*1 gullet1 & duod5um %[$ t x conta9$ #hgbe gra9s ( free sulphuric acid4#gc #gc ,casp]1 vol4 ii4 case #aid4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ extreme case ( de/ruction on record2 ! cause ( ! unusually viol5t action is ref]able to ! acid act+ on an empty /oma*4 ,x is important to note t ev5 ) ?is ext5sive de/ruction ( ! /oma*1 life 0 prolong$ = two h\rs4 ,! case ,i h select$ to s]ve z a type ( a *ronic b fatal illness produc$ f poison+ by sulphuric acid is "o relat$ by ,osc> ,wyss4 ,a cook1 ?irty-f\r ye>s ( age1 :o _h suff]$ _m ailm5ts1 drank1 on ! #f? ( ,novemb] #ahfg1 by mi/ake1 at eight o'clock 9 ! morn+1 two m\?fuls ( a mixture ( #a "p ( sulphuric acid & #d ( wat]4 ,pa9 9 ! /oma* & neck1 & vomit+ ( black masses1 7 ! imm$iate symptoms1 & two h\rs lat] he 0 admitt$ into ! hospital 9 a /ate ( collapse1 ) cold extremities1 cyanosis ( ! face1 c4 ,copi\s draughts ( milk 7 giv51 & ! pati5t vomit$ mu*1 ! vomit /ill consi/+ ( black pultace\s matt]s1 9 :i*1 on a microscopical exam9ation1 c\ld be readily detect$ column> epi!lium ( ! /oma* & muc\s tissue elem5ts4 ,! ur9e 0 ( specific gravity #ajcc1 non-album9\s2 on analysis x conta9$ #cchh grms4 ( comb9$ sulphuric acid4 ,on ! second day !re 0 "s improvem5t 9 ! symptoms2 ! ur9e conta9$ #abgf grm4 ( comb9$ sulphuric acid2 on ! ?ird day #bffe grms4 ( comb9$ sulphuric acid2 & on ! t5? day ! pati5t vomit$ up a complete ca/ ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! gullet4 ,! pati5t rema9$ 9 ! hospital1 & became gradually weak] f /ricture ( ! gullet & impairm5t ( ! dige/ive p[]s1 & di$1 two mon?s aft] tak+ ! poison1 on ! #e? ( ,janu>y #ahfh4 ,! /oma* 0 f\nd small1 contract$1 ) _m adhesions to ! pancreas & liv]2 x 0 ab\t #ab c5timetres long 7#dg in*es71 & f #b to #be c5timetres 7#g to #i in*7 broad1 contract$ to some:at ! =m ( a cat's inte/9e2 !re 7 sev]al transv]se rug2 ! walls 7 ?ick5$ at ! small curvature1 measurem5ts giv+ #e mm4 7#ai in*7 9 ! middle1 & beyond ab\t #bge mm4 7#aa in*72 9 ! upp] two-?irds ! lum5 0 s contract$ z sc>cely to admit ! po9t ( ! little f+]4 ,! inn] surface 0 cov]$ ) a lay] ( pus1 ) no trace ( muc\s tissue1 & 0 ev]y:]e pale r$1 unev51 & cross$ by cicatricial b&s4 ,9 two p>ts1 at ! great] curvature1 ! muc\s surface 0 /rongly inject$ 9 a r+-l =m1 & 9 ! middle ( ! r+ 0 a deep funnel-%ap$ ulc]2 a "p ( ! re/ ( ! /oma* 0 /rongly inject$ & scatt]$ ov] ) num]\s puncti=m1 small1 transp>5t bladd]s4 ,! gullet 0 contract$ at ! upp] "p 7j bel[ ! epiglottis7 f #bj to #bb mm4 7#gh to #hf in*7 9 diamet]2 x !n gradually wid5$ to measure ab\t #ab mm4 7#dg in*7 at ! diaphragm2 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! la/ contraction ! tissue 0 sc>r$1 inject$1 & ulc]at$2 !re 7 also small abscesses op5+ into ?is portion ( ! gullet4 ,e4 ,fra5kel & ,f4 ,rei*e#gd h /udi$ ! effects ( sulphuric acid on ! kidney4 ,9 rapid cases !y f9d a wide-spread coagulation ( ! epi!lium 9 ! convolut$ & /raight ur9>y canaliculi1 ) de/ruction ( ! kidney p>5*yma1 b no inflammation4 #gd ,vir*['s ,ar*iv1 ,bd4 #aca1 f4 #acj4 #fb4 ,! museums ( ! diff]5t ,london hospitals af=d excell5t mat]ial = ! /udy ( ! effects ( sulphuric acid on ! ph>ynx1 gullet1 & /oma*2 & x may be a matt] ( conv5i5ce to /ud5ts if ! m typical examples at ^! diff]5t museums be notic$ 9 detail1 s t ! prep>ations !mselves may be ref]r$ to4 ,9 ,/4 ,b>?olomew's ,museum1 ,no4 #aidb1 is an example ( excessive de/ruction ( ! /oma* by sulphuric acid4 ,! /oma* is mu* contract$1 & has a l>ge ap]ture ) ragg$ edges2 ! muc\s membrane is ?ick5$1 *>r$1 & black5$4 ,no4 #aida1 9 ! same museum1 is ! /oma* ( a p]son :o di$ f a l>ge dose ( sulphuric acid4 ,:5 rec5t1 x is describ$ z ( a deep r$ col\r1 mottl$ ) black2 appe>ances :i*1 f long soak+ 9 _s1 are n true at ! pres5t "t2 b ! r\gh1 %aggy /ate ( ! muc\s tissue c be trac$2 ! gullet & ! pylorus appe> ! lea/ affect$4 ,/4 ,george's ,hospital1 s]4 ix41 #adf1 #aa & #dc1 e4--,! ph>ynx & sophagus ( a man :o 0 br\ght into ! hospital 9 a /ate ( collapse1 aft] a l>ge b unkn[n dose ( sulphuric acid4 ,! lips 7 mu* erod$1 ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma*1 ph>ynx1 & sophagus %[ an extraord9>y %r$dy condition2 ! l9+ membrane ( ! /oma* is mu* *>r$1 & ! action has ext5d$ to ! duod5um2 ! muscul> coat is n affect$4 ,guy's ,hospital1 ,no4 #agii4--;,a prep>ation %[+ ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* entirely d5ud$4 ,! organ looks l a piece ( ?9 pap]4 ,no4 #agii4 ,! /oma* ( a woman :o poison$ h]self by dr9k+ a w9e-glassful ( acid be=e breakfa/4 ,%e liv$ elev5 days4 ,! ma9 symptoms 7 vomit+ & purg+1 b !re 0 no compla9t ( pa94 ,!re is ext5sive de/ruction ( muc\s membrane along ! less] curvature & t[>ds ! pyloric extremity2 a portion ( ! muc\s membrane is float+ z a sl\gh4 ,no4 #agii is ! gullet & /oma* ( a man :o took ab\t #c dra*ms ( ! /rong acid4 ,he liv$ ?ree days )\t mu* app>5t suff]+1 & di$ unexpect$ly4 ,! l9+ membrane ( ! sophagus has ! longitud9al wr9kles or furr[s s (t51 nay1 almo/ con/antly1 met ) 9 poison+ by ! acids4 ,! muc\s tissue ( ! /oma* is rais$ 9 cl\dy ridges1 & black5$4 ,no4 #agii is a wond]fully entire ca/ ( ! gullet f a woman :o swall[$ an ounce ( sulphuric acid1 & is said1 accord+ to ! catalogue1 to h recov]$4 ,univ]sity ,college4--,9 ?is museum w be f\nd an exquisite prep>ation ( ! effects ( sulphuric acid4 ,! muc\s membrane ( ! sophagus is divid$ into small quadrilat]al areas by longitud9al & transv]se furr[s2 ! /oma* is v br[n1 & cov]$ ) %r$dy & filam5t\s tissue2 ! br[n col\r is )\t d\bt ! rema9s ( extravasat$ & *>r$ blood4 ,no4 #fbja is a wax ca/ repres5t+ ! /oma* ( a woman :o di$ aft] tak+ a l>ge dose ( sulphuric acid4 ,a yell[ mass 0 f\nd 9 ! /oma*2 !re are two p]=ations1 & ! muc\s membrane is entirely de/roy$4 #fc4 ,*ronic ,poison+ by ,sulphuric ,acid4--,weiske#ge has exp]im5tally prov$ t lambs1 giv5 = six mon?s small doses ( sulphuric acid1 gr[ ?91 & _! bones1 ) ! exception ( ! bones ( ! head & ! long bones1 are poor 9 lime salts1 ! muscles also are poor 9 ! same con/itu5ts4 ,kob]t#gf ?9ks t drunk>ds on ! cont95t addict$ to 8,s*naps10 commonly a liquid acidifi$ ) sulphuric acid to give x a %>p ta/e1 (t5 %[ typical *ronic sulphuric acid poison+4 #ge ,h4 ,weiske1 ,j\rn4 f4 ,l&wir?s*41 #ahhg1 #dag4 #gf ,lehrbu* d] ,intoxication51 ,s4 #baj4 ,detection & ,e/imation ( ,free ,sulphuric ,acid4 #fd4 ,! g5]al me?od ( sep>at+ ! m9]al acids is z foll[s3 ! tissues1 or matt]s1 are soak$ 9 di/ill$ wat] = "s "t4 ,if no free acid is pres5t1 ! liquid w n r$d5 litmus-pap]1 or give an acid reaction ) any ( ! num]\s t9ctorial ag5ts 9 use by ! *emi/ = ! purposes ( titration4 ,aft] suffici5t dige/ion 9 wat]1 ! liquid extract is made up to "s def9ite bulk & all[$ to subside4 ,filtration is unnecess>y4 ,a small fractional "p 7say1 = example1 %\ld ! :ole be #bej c4c41 #a_/ajj? or #be c4c47 is tak51 & us+ z an indicator co*9eal or ph5olph?ale91 ! total acidity is e/imat$ by a dec9ormal solution ( soda4 ,by ?is prelim9>y op]ation1 "s guide = ! conduct ( ! future m exact op]ations is obta9$4 ,%\ld ! liquid be v acid1 a small quantity ( ! :ole is to be n[ tak51 b if ! acidity is feeble1 a l>g] quantity is necess>y1 & suffici5t qu99e !n add$ to fix ! acid--#ajj p>ts ( sulphuric acid are saturat$ by #cdb p>ts ( qu99e monohydrate4 ,!re=e1 on ! supposition t all ! free acid is sulphuric1 x w be f\nd suffici5t to add #ce p>ts ( qu99e = e #a "p ( acid1 e/imat$ z sulphuric1 f\nd by ! prelim9>y r\gh titration2 & z x is inconv5i5t to deal ) l>ge quantities ( alkaloid1 a fractional portion ( ! liquid extract 7repres5t+ n m ?an #ej mgrms4 ( acid7 %\ld be tak51 :i* w require #age mgrms4 ( qu99e4 ,on addition ( ! qu99e1 ! neutralis$ liquid is evaporat$ to dryness1 or to approa*+ dryness1 & !n exhau/$ by /rong alcohol4 ,! alcoholic extract is1 aft] filtration1 dri$ up1 & ! qu99e sulphate1 nitrate1 or hydro*lorate1 z ! case may be1 filt]$ (f & extract$ by boil+ wat]1 & precipitat$ by ammonia1 ! end result be+ qu99e hydrate 7:i* may be filt]$ (f & us$ aga9 = simil> purposes7 & a sulphate1 nitrate or *loride ( ammonia 9 solution4 ,x !re=e rema9s to det]m9e ! nature & quantity ( ! acids n[ comb9$ ) ammonia4 ,! solution is made up to a kn[n bulk1 & portions te/$ = *lorides by nitrate ( silv]1 & = nitrates by ! copp] or ! f]r\s sulphate te/4 ,if sulphuric acid is pres5t1 !re w be a precipitate ( b>ium sulphate1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( its d5sity & insolubility 9 nitric or hydro*loric acids1 is v *>act]i/ic4 ,= e/imat+ ! sulphuric acid ?us f\nd1 x w only be necess>y to take a kn[n bulk ( ! same liquid1 heat x to boil+ aft] acidify+ by hydro*loric acid1 & !n add a suffici5t quantity ( b>ic *loride solution4 ,unless ?is exact process is foll[$1 ! analy/ is likely to get a liquid :i* refuses to filt] cle>1 b if ! sulphate be precipitat$ f a hot liquid1 x usually settles rapidly to ! bottom ( ! vessel1 & ! sup]natant fluid c be decant$ cle>2 ! precipitate is wa%$ by decantation1 & ultimately collect$ on a filt]1 dri$1 & weigh$4 ,! sulphate ( b>yta f\nd1 multipli$ by #cdcd1 equals ! sulphuric anhydride4 ,! old] process 0 to dissolve ! free sulphuric acid out by alcohol4 ,z is well kn[n1 m9]al sulphates are insoluble 91 & are precipitat$ by1 alcohol1 :]eas sulphuric acid ent]s into solution4 ,! mo/ valid objection1 z a quantitative process1 to ! use ( alcohol1 is ! t5d5cy :i* all m9]al acids h to unite ) alcohol 9 organic comb9ation1 & ?us1 z x 71 to disappe>2 &1 inde$1 results are f\nd1 by exp]im5t1 to be bel[ ! tru? :5 alcohol is us$4 ,?is objection does n hold good if ei!r m]ely qualitative evid5ce1 or a fairly approximate quantation1 is requir$4 ,9 su* a case1 ! vomit$ matt]s1 ! cont5ts ( ! /oma*1 or a wat]y extract ( ! tissues1 are evaporat$ to a syrup1 & !n extract$ ) /rong alcohol & filt]$2 a little ph5olph?ale9 solution is add$1 & ! acid alcohol exactly neutralis$ by an alcoholic solution ( cle> dec9ormal or normal soda4 ,accord+ to ! acidity ( ! liquid1 ! am\nt us$ ( ! dec9ormal or normal soda is not$1 & !n ! :ole evaporat$ to dryness1 & f9ally heat$ to g5tle r$ness4 ,! alkal9e sulphate is next dissolv$ 9 v dilute hydro*loric acid1 & ! solution precipitat$ by *loride ( b>ium 9 ! usual way4 ,! quantitative results1 al?\gh l[1 w\ld1 9 ! great majority ( cases1 answ] ! purpose suffici5tly4 ,a te/ usually enum]at$1 ,hilg]'s te/ = m9]al acid1 may be m5tion$4 ,a liquid1 :i* conta9s a v m9ute quantity ( m9]al acid1 becomes ( a blue col\r 7or1 if #a p] c5t4 or above1 ( a gre57 on ! addition ( a solution ( me?yl anil9e violet2 b ?is te/1 al?\gh useful 9 exam9+ v9eg>s 7see 8,foods10 p4 #eai71 is n ( mu* value 9 toxicology1 & ! qu99e me?od = ?is purpose meets e conceivable case1 bo? = qualitative & quantitative purposes4 #fe4 ,! ,ur9e4--,al?\gh an excess ( sulphates is f\nd con/antly 9 ! ur9e ( p]sons :o h tak5 l>ge doses ( sulphuric acid1 ! latt] has nev] be5 f\nd 9 t liquid 9 a free /ate1 s t x w be useless to se>* = free acid4 ,x is1 !re=e1 only necess>y to add ,h,cl to filt] ! fluid1 & precipitate direct ) an excess ( *loride ( b>ium4 ,x is bett] to op]ate 9 ?is mann] ?an to burn ! ur9e to an a%1 = 9 ! latt] case "p ( ! sulphates1 9 ! pres5ce ( phosphates1 are decompos$1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 any organic sulphur comb9ations are liable to be e/imat$ z sulphates4 ,x may also be well to pass *lor9e gas ?r\gh ! same ur9e :i* has be5 treat$ ) *loride ( b>ium1 & f :i* ! sulphate has be5 filt]$ (f4 ,! result ( ?is treatm5t w be a second precipitate ( sulphate d]iv$ f sulphur1 9 a diff]5t =m ( comb9ation ?an t ( sulphate4 ,! greate/ am\nt ( sulphuric acid z m9]al & organic sulphate is sep>at$1 accord+ to ,mannkopf#gg & ,s*ultz51#gh )9 five h\rs aft] tak+ sulphuric acid2 aft] ?ree days ! secretion1 s f> z total sulphates is conc]n$1 is normal4 #gg 8,toxicologie d] ,s*wefelsure10 ,wi5] m$4 ,wo*541 #ahfb1 #ahfc4 #gh ,ar*iv4 f4 ,anatom4 u4 ,physiol41 #ahfd4 ,! normal am\nt ( sulphuric acid excret$ daily1 accord+ to ,?udi*um1 is f #ae to #be grms41 & organic sulphur up to #b grm4 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 b v mu* m has be5 excret$ by heal?y p]sons4 ,lehmann made "s obs]vations on himself1 & f\nd t1 on an animal diet1 he excret$ no less ?an #ajcii grms4 ( sulphuric acid p] day1 :ile on mix$ food a little ov] #g grms42 b1 z ,?udi*um ju/ly obs]ves1 ?is great am\nt mu/ be ref]r$ to individual peculi>ity4 ,! am\nt ( sulphates has a decid$ relation to diet4 ,animal food1 al?\gh n conta9+ sulphates1 yet1 f ! oxidation ( ! sulphur-hold+ album51 produces a ur9e ri* 9 sulphate4 ,?us ,vogel f\nd t a p]son1 ^: daily av]age 0 #bjb grms41 yield$ #gc on a meat diet4 ,! int]nal use ( sulphur1 sulphides1 & sulphates1 giv5 9 an ord9>y m$ic9al way1 is traceable 9 ! ur9e1 increas+ ! sulphates4 ,9 *ronic diseases ! am\nt ( sulphates is decreas$1 9 acute increas$4 ,f9ally1 x w\ld appe> t ! det]m9ation ( sulphates 9 ! ur9e is n ( mu* value1 save :5 ! normal am\nt t ! individual secretes is prim>ily kn[n4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a l[ am\nt ( sulphates 9 ! ur9e ( a p]son poison$ by sulphuric acid has n be5 obs]v$ )9 ?ree days ( ! tak+ ( ! poison1 & "o c imag9e cases 9 :i* su* a l[ result might h =5sic importance4 ,! pres5ce ( album5 9 ! ur9e has be5 consid]$ by "s a con/ant result ( sulphuric acid poison+1 b al?\gh :5 look$ = x is usually f\nd1 x _c be consid]$ con/ant4 ,o4 ,smol]1#gi 9 eighte5 cases ( v>i\s degrees ( sulphuric acid poison+1 f\nd no?+ abnormal 9 ! ur9e4 ,wyss#hj f\nd 9 ! lat] /ages ( a case indican & pus4 ,e4 ,leyd5 & ,ph4 ,munn#ha always f\nd blood 9 ! ur9e1 z well z album51 ) ca/s & cellul> elem5ts4 ,mannkopf#hb f\nd album9uria 9 ?ree cases out ( five2 9 two ( ! cases !re 7 fibr9\s ca/s2 9 two ! album5 disappe>$ at ! end ( ! second or ?ird day1 b 9 "o x cont9u$ = m ?an tw5ty days4 ,bamb]g]#hc has obs]v$ an increas$ album9uria1 ) sep>ation ( ! col\r+ matt] ( ! blood4 ,9 ?is case x 0 ascrib$ to ! action ( ! acid on ! blood4 #gi ,ar*iv d] ,heilkunde r$4 v4 ,e4 ,wagn]1 #ahfi1 ,hft4 #b1 ,s4 #aha4 #hj ,wi5] ,m$ic9al-,halle1 #ahfa1 ,jahr4 #f1 ,no4 #df4 #ha ,vir*['s ,ar*iv f4 pa?4 ,anat41 #ahfa4 ,bd4 #bb1 ,hft4 #c u4 #d1 ,s4 #bcg4 #hb ,wi54 m$4 ,wo*5s*rift1 #ahfb1 ,nro4 #ce2 #ahfc1 ,nro4 #e4 #hc ,wi54 ,m$4-,halle1 #ahfd1 ,nro4 #bi1 #cj4 #ff4 ,! ,blood4--,9 ,casp]'s case1 ,no4 #aic1 ! v5a cava ( a *ild1 :o di$ )9 an h\r aft] swall[+ a l>ge dose ( sulphuric acid1 0 fill$ ) a *]ry-r$1 /rongly acid-react+ blood4 ,aga91 ,casp]'s case1 ,no4 #bjj1 is t ( a "y woman1 ag$ #ai1 :o di$ f a poison\s dose ( sulphuric acid4 ,at ! autopsy1 f\r days aft] dea?1 ! foll[+ peculi>ities ( ! blood 7 ?us not$3--8,! blood _h an acid reaction1 0 d>k1 & _h 7z is usual 9 ^! cases7 a syrupy consi/5ce1 :ile ! blood-corpuscles 7 q un*ang$4 ,! blood 0 treat$ ) an excess ( absolute alcohol1 filt]$1 ! filtrate conc5trat$ on a wat]-ba?1 ! residue exhau/$ ) absolute alcohol1 c4 ,x yield$ a small quantity ( sulphuric acid40 ,o!r simil> cases might be not$1 b x mu/ n = a mom5t be suppos$ t ! mass ( ! blood conta9s any free sulphuric acid dur+ life4 ,! acidity ( ! blood 9 ! v5a cava may be ascrib$ to po/-mortem endosmosis1 ! acid pass+ ?r\gh ! walls ( ! /oma* into ! l>ge vessel4 #fg4 ,sulphates4--,if ! acid swall[$ %\ld h be5 entirely neutralis$ by antidotes1 su* z *alk1 c41 x becomes ( ! fir/ importance to asc]ta91 z f> z possible1 by means ( a microscopical exam9ation1 ! nature ( ! food rema9+ 9 ! /oma*1 & !n to calculate ! probable cont5ts 9 sulphates ( ! food ?us kn[n to be eat54 ,x w be f\nd t1 ) ord9>y food1 & "u ord9>y circum/ances1 only small p]c5tages ( comb9$ sulphuric acid c be pres5t4 ,z an example1 take ! ord9>y rations ( ! soldi]1 viz43--#ab oz4 ( meat1 #bd oz4 ( bread1 #af oz4 ( potatoes1 #h oz4 ( o!r vegetables2 ) sug>1 salt1 tea1 c(fee1 & wat]4 ,n[1 if ! :ole quantity ( ^! sub/ances 7 eat5 at a meal1 !y w\ld n conta9 m ?an f #h to #aj gra9s 7#e to #f grm47 ( anhydr\s sulphuric acid1 9 ! =m ( sulphates4 ,s f> z ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* are conc]n$1 we h only to d ) sulphates introduc$ 9 ! food1 b :5 once ! food passes fur!r along ! inte/9al canal1 circum/ances are alt]$1 = we h sulphur-hold+ secretions1 :i*1 ) ord9>y *emical me?ods1 yield sulphuric acid4 ,?us1 ev5 9 ! newly-born infant1 accord+ to ! analyses ( ,zweifl]1 ! m9]al con/itu5ts ( meconium are especially sulphate ( lime1 ) a small] quantity ( sulphate ( pota%4 ,! am\nt ( bile :i* fl[s into ! :ole tract ( ! inte/9al canal is e/imat$ at ab\t half a litre 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 ! am\nt ( sulphur f\nd 9 bile v>ies f #hi to #c p] c5t41 s t 9 #ejj c4c4 we might1 by oxidis+ ! sulphur1 obta9 f #bb to #ge grms4 ( sulphuric anhydride4 ,x is !re=e c]ta9 t l>ge quantities ( organic sulphur-comp\nds may be f\nd 9 ! human inte/9al canal1 = ) individuals :o suff] f con/ipation1 ! residues ( ! bili>y secretion accumulate = _m days4 ,h5ce1 if ! analy/ se>*es = sulphates 9 excretal matt]s1 all me?ods involv+ de/ruction ( organic sub/ances1 :e!r by fire or by fluid-oxidis+ ag5ts1 are wrong 9 pr9ciple1 & !re is no?+ left save to sep>ate soluble sulphates by dialysis1 or to precipitate direct out ( an aque\s extract4 ,aga91 sulphate ( magnesia is a common m$ic9e1 & s is sodic sulphate2 a possible m$ic9al dose ( magnesia sulphate might am\nt to #efg grms4 7#b oz471 ! m usual dose be+ half t quantity4 ,la/ly1 among ! insane !re are f\nd pati5ts :o w eat pla/]-(-,p>is1 e>?1 & simil> matt]s1 s t1 9 special cases1 a v l>ge am\nt ( comb9$ sulphuric acid may be f\nd 9 ! inte/9al tract1 )\t any relation to poison+ by ! free acid2 b 9 su* in/ances x mu/ be r>e1 inde$1 t surr\nd+ circum/ances or pa?ological evid5ce w n give a clue to ! real /ate ( affairs4 ,,ii4--,hydro*loric ,acid4 #fh4 ,g5]al ,prop]ties4--,hydro*loric acid1 o!rwise call$ muriatic acid1 _s ( salt1 is1 9 a /rictly *emical s5se1 a pure gas1 compos$ ( #igbf p] c5t4 ( *lor9e1 & #bgd p] c5t4 ( hydrog52 b1 9 an ord9>y s5se1 x is a liquid1 be+ a solution ( ! gas itself4 ,hydro*loric acid is made on an enorm\s scale 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ! production be+ e/imat$ at ab\t a million tons annually4 ,! toxicology ( hydro*loric acid is mod]n1 = we h no evid5ce t any?+ 0 kn[n ( x prior to ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 ,glaub] prep>$ x 9 solution1 &1 9 #aggb1 ,prie/ley1 by treat+ common salt ) sulphuric acid1 isolat$ ! pure gas4 ,! common liquid hydro*loric acid ( comm]ce has a specific gravity ( f #aae to #abj1 & conta9s usually less ?an #dj p>ts ( hydro*loric acid 9 ! #ajj p>ts4 ,! /r5g? ( pure samples ( hydro*loric acid c be told by ! specific gravity1 & a v close approximation1 9 default ( tables1 may be obta9$ by simply multiply+ ! decimal figures ( ! specific gravity by #bjj4 ,= example1 an acid ( #abj gravity w\ld by ?is rule conta9 #dj p] c5t4 ( real acid1 = #bj #bjj #dj4 ,! comm]cial acid is ne>ly always a little yell[1 f ! pres5ce ( iron d]iv$ f metallic retorts1 & usually conta9s small quantities ( *loride ( ars5ic1#hd d]iv$ f ! sulphuric acid2 b ! col\rless hydro*loric acid specially made = laboratory & m$ic9al use is ne>ly always pure4 #hd ,"s samples ( hydro*loric acid h be5 f\nd to conta9 z mu* z #d p] c5t4 ( *loride ( ars5ic1 b ?is is v unusual4 ,gl5>d f\nd z a mean #be grammes1 ,z,o p] kilogramme4 ,! uses ( ! liquid acid are ma9ly 9 ! production ( *lor9e1 z a solv5t = metals1 & = m$ic9al & *emical purposes4 ,its prop]ties are briefly z foll[s3-- ,x is a col\rless or fa9tly-yell[ acid liquid1 ! dep? ( col\r dep5d+ on its purity1 & especially its fre$om f iron4 ,! liquid is volatile1 & c be sep>at$ f fix$ matt]s & ! less volatile acids by di/illation2 x has a /rong attraction = wat]1 & fumes :5 expos$ to ! air1 f becom+ saturat$ ) aque\s vap\r4 ,if expos$ to ! vap\r ( ammonia1 extremely d5se cl\ds arise1 due to ! =mation ( ! solid ammonium *loride4 ,! acid1 boil$ ) a small quantity ( manganese b9oxide1 evolves *lor9e4 ,dioxide ( lead has a simil> action2 ! *lor9e may be detect$ by its blea*+ action on a piece ( pap] dipp$ 9 indigo blue2 a little z9c foil imm]s$ 9 ! acid dis5gages hydrog54 ,^! two te/s--viz41 ! production ( *lor9e by ! "o1 & ! production ( hydrog5 by ! o!r--sep>ate & reveal ! con/itu5t p>ts ( ! acid4 ,hydro*loric acid1 9 common ) *lorides1 gives a d5se precipitate ) silv] nitrate4 ,! precipitate is insoluble 9 nitric acid1 b soluble 9 ammonia2 x melts )\t decomposition4 ,expos$ to ! light1 x becomes ( a purple or blacki% col\r4 ,e #ajj p>ts ( silv] *loride are equal to #bedc ( hydro*loric acid1 ,h,cl1 & to #fce p>ts ( ! liquid acid ( specific gravity #abj4 ,! prop]ties ( pure hydro*loric acid gas are z foll[s3--,specific gravity #abfb1 consi/+ ( equal volumes ( hydrog5 & *lor9e1 unit$ )\t cond5sation4 #ajj cubic in*es mu/ !re=e h a weight ( #cicf gra9s4 ,! gas 0 liquefi$ by ,f>aday by means ( a pressure ( #dj atmosph]es at #aj2 x 0 col\rless1 & _h a less refractive index ?an wat]4 ,wat] absorbs ! gas ) avidity1 #ajj volumes ( wat] absorb+ #dh1jjj volumes ( ! gas1 & becom+ #adb volumes4 ,! solution has all ! prop]ties ( /rong hydro*loric acid1 specific gravity #aba4 ,! dilute hydro*loric acid ( ! ,ph>macopia %\ld h a specific gravity ( #ajeb1 & be equival5t to #ajeh p] c5t4 ( ,h,cl4 #fi4 ,/ati/ics ( ,poison+ by ,hydro*loric ,acid4--,! foll[+ tables give ! dea?s1 ) age & sex di/ribution1 due to hydro*loric acid = t5 ye>s 7#ahhc-ib73-- ,,dea?s ,,f ,,hydro*loric ,,acid ,,9 ,,engl& ,,& ,,wales ,,dur+ ,,! ,,t5 ,,ye>s ,,end+ #ahib4 ,,accid5t ,,or ,,neglig5ce4 ,ages1 ,"u #a-e #e-ae #ae-be #be-fe #fe & ,total #a above ,males1 #a #af #b 444 #bf #c #dh ,females1 444 #h 444 444 #i #a #ah ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,totals1 #a #bd #b 444 #ce #d #ff ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,suicide4 ,ages1 #e-ae #ae-be #be-fe #fe & ,total above ,males1 444 #b #gc #h #hc ,females1 #a #h #db #fe #aaf --------------------------------------- ,totals1 #a #aj #aae #gc #aii --------------------------------------- ,9 #ahhi a solit>y case ( ! murd] ( a *ild is on record f hydro*loric acid2 h5ce1 ) t addition1 ! total dea?s f hydro*loric acid am\nt to #bff 9 ! t5 ye>s1 or ab\t #bf a ye>4 #gj4 ,fatal ,dose4--,! dose :i* de/roys life is n kn[n ) any accuracy4 ,9 two cases1 adults h be5 kill$ by #ad grms4 7half an ounce7 ( ! comm]cial acid2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 recov]y is record$ :5 m ?an d\ble ?is quantity has be5 tak54 ,a girl1 fifte5 ye>s ( age1 di$ f dr9k+ a teaspoonful ( ! acid4#he #he ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 ,m>*1 #ahga4 #ga4 ,am\nt ( ,free ,acid 9 ! ,ga/ric ,juice4--,hydro*loric acid exi/s 9 ! ga/ric juice4 ,?is 0 fir/ asc]ta9$ by ,pr\t#hf 9 #ahbd2 he sep>at$ x by di/illation4 ,! obs]vation 0 aft]w>ds confirm$ by ,gmel91#hg ,*ildr51#hh & ,braconnot4#hi ,on ! o!r h&1 ,lehmann#ij po9t$ out t1 z ! /oma* secretion conta9$1 )\t d\bt1 lactic acid1 ! act ( di/illation1 9 ! pres5ce ( ?is lactic acid1 w\ld set free hydro*loric acid f any alkal9e *lorides4 ,blondlot & ,cl4 ,b]n>d also %[$ t ! ga/ric juice possess$ no acid :i* w\ld dissolve oxalate ( lime1 or develop hydrog5 :5 treat$ ) iron fil+s2 h5ce !re c\ld n be free hydro*loric acid :i*1 ev5 9 a dilut$ /ate1 w\ld respond to bo? ^! te/s4 ,!n foll[$ ! rese>*es ( ,c4 ,s*midt1#ia :o %[$ t ! ga/ric secretion ( m51 ( %eep1 & ( dogs conta9$ m hydro*loric acid ?an w\ld satisfy ! bases pres5t2 & he prop\nd$ ! view t ! ga/ric juice does n conta9 absolutely free hydro*loric acid1 b t x is 9 loose comb9ation ) ! peps94 #hf ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahbd1 p4 #de4 #hg ,p4 ,ti$mann & ,l4 ,gmel91 ,die ,v]dauung na* ,v]su*51 ,heidelb]g u4 ,leipsic1 #ahbf1 i4 #hh ,annals ( ,philosophy1 ,july1 #ahbd4 #hi ,ann4 de ,*im4 t4 lix4 p4 #cdh4 #ij ,j\rnal f4 prakt4 ,*emie1 ,bd4 xl4 #dg4 #ia ,bidd] u4 ,s*midt1 ,v]dauungs-,sfte1 c4 ,! am\nt ( acid 9 ! /oma* v>ies f mom5t to mom5t1 & !re=e x is n possible to say :at ! av]age acidity ( ga/ric juice is4 ,x has be5 %[n t 9 ! total abs5ce ( free hydro*loric acid dige/ion may take place1 because hydro*loric acid =ms a comp\nd ) peps9 :i* acts z a solv5t on ! food4 ,! am\nt ( physiologically active acid v>ies ) ! food tak54 ,x is smalle/ :5 c>bohydrates are consum$1 greate/ ) meat4 ,! maximum am\nt t ,jaks* f\nd 9 8 rese>*es1 :5 meat 0 +e/$1 0 #ji p] c5t4 ( hydro*loric acid4 ,x is probable t any?+ above #jb p] c5t4 ( hydro*loric acid is ei!r abnormal or ow+ to ! rec5t +e/ion ( hydro*loric acid4 #gb4 ,influ5ce ( ,hydro*loric ,acid on ,vegetation4--,hydro*loric acid fumes1 if emitt$ f works on a l>ge scale1 injure vegetation mu*4 ,9 =m] ye>s1 be=e any legal obligations 7 plac$ ^u manufactur]s = ! cond5s+ ( ! volatile products1 ! nuisance f ?is cause 0 great4 ,9 #ahbc1 ! duty on salt be+ repeal$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 an extraord9>y impetus 0 giv5 to ! manufacture ( hydro*loric acid1 & s9ce all ! volatile products at t "t escap$ ?r\gh %ort *imneys into ! air1 a consid]able area ( l& r\nd ! works 0 r5d]$ q unfit = gr[+ plants4 ,! pres5t law on ! subject is1 t ! maximum quantity ( acid escap+ %all n exce$ #b gra9s p] cubic foot ( ! air1 smoke1 or *imney gases2 &1 accord+ to ! reports ( ! alkali inspectors1 ! cond5sation by ! improv$ appliances is well )9 ! ,act1 & ab\t z p]fect z c be devis$4 ,x appe>s f ! reports ( ! ,belgian ,commission 9 #ahee1 :5 virtually no precautions 7 tak51 t ! gases are liable to injure vegetation to ! ext5t ( #bjjj metres 7#bahg y>ds7 ar\nd any active works2 ! m wat]y vap\r ! air conta9s1 ! quick] is ! gas precipitat$ & c>ri$ to ! e>?4 ,if ! action ( ! vap\r is consid]able1 ! leaves ( plants dry & )]2 ! *lorophyll becomes modifi$1 & no long] gives ! normal spectrum1 :ile a ?ick5+ ( ! r9d ( trees has also be5 notic$4 ,! c]eals suff] mu*2 !y increase 9 /alk1 b produce little gra94 ,! legum9os become spott$1 & h an air ( dryness & want ( vig\r2 :ile ! potato1 among plants utilis$ = food1 appe>s to h ! /ronge/ resi/ance4 ,v9es are v s5sitive to ! gas4 ,among trees1 ! ald] seems mo/ s5sitive2 !n come fruit-trees1 & la/1 ! h>dy =e/-trees--! popl>1 ! a%1 ! lime1 ! elm1 ! maple1 ! bir*1 & ! oak4#ib #ib ,^? :o desire to /udy m closely ! effect ( acids g5]ally on vegetation may consult ! v>i\s pap]s ( ! alkali inspectors conta9$ 9 ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,reports4 ,see also ,s*ub>?1 ,die sau]5 ,gase1 wel*e ,s*wefelsure- und ,soda-,fabrik5 v]breit54 ,v]h&lung5 des ,v]e9s zur ,befrd]ung des ,gew]befleisses 9 ,preuss51 #aheg1 ,s4 #ace4 ,d+l]'s ,j\rnal1 ,bd4 #ade1 ,s4 #cgd-dbg4 ,*ri/el1 ,ueb] die ,e9wirkung von ,sur5-,dmpf5 auf die ,vegetation4 ,ar*4 f4 ,ph>macie1 #ahga1 p4 #beb4 ,vi]teljahrss*rift fr g]i*tli*e ,m$ic91 #ag ,bd4 ,s4 #djd1 #ahgb4 #gc4 ,action ^u ,clo? & ,manufactur$ ,articles4--,on black clo? ! acid produces a gre5 /a91 :i* is n moi/ & %[s no corrosion4 ,on mo/ matt]s ! /a9 is m or less r$di%2 aft] a little "t no free acid may be detect$1 by simply moi/5+ ! spot2 b if ! /a9 is cut out & boil$ ) wat]1 !re may be "s evid5ce ( free acid4 ,! abs5ce ( moi/ure & corrosion di/+ui%es ! /a9 f t produc$ by sulphuric acid4 #gd4 ,poison\s ,effects ( ,hydro*loric ,acid ,gas4--,eul5b]g#ic has /udi$ ! effects ( ! vap\r ( ?is acid on rabbits & pigeons4 ,"o ( ^! exp]im5ts may be cit$ 9 detail4 ,hydro*loric acid gas1 prep>$ by heat+ toge!r common salt & sulphuric acid1 0 pass$ into a glass %ade support$ on a plate1 & a rabbit 0 plac$ 9 ! transp>5t *amb] ?us =m$4 ,on ! entrance ( ! vap\r1 !re 0 imm$iate bl9k+ ( ! eyes1 rubb+ ( ! paws aga9/ ! no/rils1 & emission ( :ite fumes ) ! expir$ brea?1 :ile ! respiration 0 irregul> 7#dj to ! m9ute74 ,aft] ! lapse ( t5 m9utes1 ! gas 0 aga9 introduc$1 until ! atmosph]e 0 q ?ick2 ! symptoms 7 simil> to ^? detail$ above1 b m viol5t2 & 9 f\rte5 m9utes f ! comm5cem5t1 ! rabbit sank d[n on its "r side 7respirations #cb74 ,:5 tw5ty-two m9utes _h elaps$1 ! gas 0 aga9 all[$ to ent]4 ,! rabbit n[ lay quiet1 ) clos$ eyes & lab\r$ respiration1 &1 f9ally1 aft] half-an-h\r ( int]mitt5t exposure to ! gas1 ! animal 0 remov$4 #ic ,gew]be ,hygi5e1 ,b]l91 #ahgf1 ,s4 #ea4 ,! cornea 7 opalesc5t1 & ! eyes fill$ ) wat]2 !re 0 frequ5t %ak+ ( ! head & work+ ( ! =epaws4 ,aft] ?ree m9utes' exposure to ! air1 ! respirations 7 f\nd to be #abh p] m9ute2 ?is quick5$ respiration la/$ = an h\r1 !n gave place to a %ort] & m sup]ficial brea?+4 ,on ! second day aft] ! exp]im5t1 ! rabbit suff]$ f lab\r$ respiration 7#bh to ! m9ute7 & pa91 & !re 0 a rattl+ 9 ! bron*ial tubes4 ,! animal di$ on ! ?ird day1 dea? be+ prec$$ by sl[ respiration 7#ab to ! m9ute74 ,! appe>ances tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] dea? 7 z foll[s3--,! eyes 7 coat$ ) a ?ick slime1 & bo? cornea 7 opalesc5t2 !re 0 /rong rigidity ( ! body4 ,! pia mat] cov]+ ! bra9 0 ev]y:]e hyp]mic1 & at ! h9d] bord] ( bo? hemisph]es appe>$ a small clot1 surr\nd$ by a ?9 lay] ( bloody fluid4 ,! plex4 v5os sp94 0 fill$ ) coagulat$ blood1 & !re 0 also a ?9 extravasation ( blood cov]+ ! m$ulla & pons4 ,! lungs 7 mottl$ bright br[n-r$2 ! middle lobe ( ! "r lung 0 d>k br[n1 solid1 & sank 9 wat]2 ! l[] lobe ( ! same lung & ! upp] lobe ( ! left lung 7 ne>ly 9 a simil> condition1 b ! edges 7 ( a bright r$4 ,! p>5*yma 9 ! d>k] places on section did n crepitate4 ,on ! cut surface 0 a little d>k1 fluid1 weakly-acid blood2 ! tra*eal muc\s membrane 0 inject$4 ,! he>t 0 fill$ ) ?ick coagulat$ blood2 ! liv] 0 conge/$1 ( a r$di%-br[n col\r1 & ri* 9 d>k1 fluid blood3 9 ! v5a cava inf]ior 0 coagulat$ blood4 ,! kidneys 7 n hyp]mic2 ! inte/9es 7 sup]ficially conge/$4 ,i ?9k !re c be little d\bt t ! symptoms dur+ life1 & ! appe>ances aft] dea?1 9 ?is case are p]fectly consi/5t ) ! foll[+ view3--,! vap\r acts fir/ z a direct irritant1 & is capable ( excit+ inflammation 9 ! lung & bron*ial tissues2 b besides ?is1 !re is a second>y effect1 only occurr+ :5 ! gas is 9 suffici5t quantity1 & ! action suffici5tly prolong$--viz41 a direct coagulation ( ! blood 9 c]ta9 po9ts ( ! liv+ vessels ( ! lungs4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is is a m or less g5]al backw>d engorgem5t1 ! "r side ( ! he>t becomes di/5d$ ) blood1 & ! ultimate cause ( dea? is p>tly me*anical4 ,! hyp]mia ( ! bra9 membranes1 & ev5 ! hmorrhages1 are q consi/5t ) ?is view1 & occur 9 cases :]e ! ob/ruction to ! circulation is ( a co>s] & m obvi\s "*1 & c !re=e be bett] appreciat$4 #ge4 ,effects ( ! ,liquid ,acid4--,!re is "o di/9ction betwe5 poison+ by hydro*loric & ! o!r m9]al acids--namely1 ! abs5ce ( corrosion ( ! sk94 ,ad4 ,less]#id has e/abli%$1 by direct exp]im5t1 t x is n possible to make any p]man5t m>k on ! sk9 by ! application ev5 ( ! /ronge/ comm]cial acid 7#dj p] c5t474 ,h5ce1 9 any case ( suspect$ poison+ by acid1 %\ld !re be /a9s on ! lips & face z f an acid1 ! presumption w be r aga9/ hydro*loric4 ,! symptoms !mselves diff] v little f ^? produc$ by sulphuric acid4 ,! pa?ological appe>ances also are n ess5tially diff]5t1 b hydro*loric is a weak] acid1 & ! ext5sive disorganisation1 solution1 & p]=ation ( ! visc]a1 notic$ occasionally ) sulphuric acid1 h nev] be5 f\nd 9 hydro*loric acid poison+4 ,we may quote "h ! foll[+ case3-- #id ,vir*['s ,ar*iv f4 pa?4 ,anat41 ,bd4 #hc1 ,hft4 #b1 ,s4 #bae1 #ahha4 ,a woman1 "u ! influ5ce ( great & sudd5 grief--n unmix$ ) passion--drew a bottle f h] pocket1 & empti$ x v quickly4 ,%e imm$iately utt]$ a cry1 wri!d1 & vomit$ a yell[-gre5 fluid4 ,! abdom5 also became enl>g$4 ,milk 0 giv5 h]1 b %e c\ld n swall[ x1 & dea? took place1 9 convulsions1 two h\rs aft] ! dr9k+ ( ! poison4 ,! po/-mortem appe>ances 7 briefly z foll[s3--,m\? & tongue free f textural *ange3 mu* gas 9 ! abdom51 m especially 9 ! /oma*2 ! membranes ( ! bra9 conge/$2 ! lungs fill$ ) blood4 ,! /oma* 0 /rongly press$ =w>d1 ( a d>k br[n-r$1 & exhibit$ _m irregul> blacki% spots1 v>y+ f two l9es to half an in* 9 diamet] 7! spots 7 dri] & h>d] ?an ! re/ ( ! /oma*72 ! muc\s membrane1 int]nally1 0 g5]ally black5$1 & *ang$ to a c>bonis$1 %aggy1 slimy mass1 :ile ! organ 0 fill$ ) a blacki% homog5e\s pulp1 :i* _h no od\r4 ,! gullet 0 also black5$4 ,a consid]able quantity ( hydro*loric acid 0 sep>at$ f ! /oma*4#ie #ie ,preuss4 ,m$4 ,v]e9szeit4 u4 ,fri$]i*s ,bltt] f4 g]i*tl4 ,an?ropologie1 #aheh1 ,hft4 #f1 ,s4 #gj4 ,! t]m9ation 9 ?is in/ance 0 unusually rapid4 ,9 a case detail$ by ,casp]1#if 9 :i* a boy drank an unkn[n quantity ( acid1 dea? took place 9 sev5 h\rs4 ,9 ,guy's ,hospital museum1 ! duod5um & /oma* are pres]v$ ( a pati5t :o is said to h di$ 9 n9e & a half h\rs f half an ounce ( ! acid4 ,! same quantity1 9 a case relat$ by ,taylor1 caus$ dea? 9 eighte5 h\rs4 ,f ^! & o!r in/ances1 x may be presum$ t dea? f acute poison+ by hydro*loric acid w probably take place )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,f ! second>y effects1 ( c\rse1 dea? may take place at a remote p]iod1 e4g41 9 a case record$ by ,dr4 ,duncan 7,lancet1 ,april #ab1 #ahij71 a man drank ab\t #a oz4 ( ,h,cl accid5tally1 0 admitt$ to ,*>+ ,cross ,hospital ! same day1 & treat$ ) small quantities ( sodium c>bonate1 & f$ by ! rectum4 ,on ! eigh? day he br\ght up #cd oz4 ( blood2 9 a mon? he left app>5tly p]fectly well1 b 0 admitt$ aga9 9 ab\t six weeks1 & di$ ( contraction ( ! /oma* & /ricture ( ! pylorus on ! n9ety-f\r? day4 #if ,case #bcj4--;,g]i*tli*e ,m$ic91 #f? ,ed41 ,b]l91 #ahgf4 #gf4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,! pa?ological appe>ances are v simil> to ^? f\nd 9 ! case already detail$2 ?\gh ! sk9 ( ! face may n be erod$ 9 any way by ! acid1 yet ! m delicate muc\s membrane ( ! m\?1 gullet1 c41 appe>s mo/ly to be *ang$1 & is usually :ite or :iti%-br[n4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 9 ! museum ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons ! /oma* & gullet 7,no4 #bchf;c47 ( an infant ?irte5 mon?s old2 ! infant drank a tea-cupful ( /rong hydro*loric acid1 & di$ n9e h\rs aft] ! dose4 ,! ph>ynx & ! upp] end ( ! gullet is q normal1 ! corrosive action comm5c+ at ! l[] end1 s t1 al?\gh ! acid 0 conc5trat$1 n ! slighte/ effect 0 produc$ on ! delicate muc\s membrane ( ! ?roat & upp] "p ( ! gullet4 ,! l[] end ( ! gullet & ! :ole ( ! /oma* 7 int5sely conge/$2 ! rug ( ! latt] 7 ec*ymos$ & black5$ by ! action ( ! acid4 ,!re 7 also small hmorrhages 9 ! lungs1 :i* 7 ascrib$ to ! action ( ! acid on ! blood4 ,p]=ation ( ! /oma* has n be5 notic$ 9 hydro*loric acid poison+4 ,9 ,guy's ,hospital museum 7prep4 #agii71 ! /oma* & duod5um ( ! case m5tion$ exhibit ! muc\s membrane consid]ably inject$1 ) extravasations ( blood1 :i*1 at ! "t :5 ! prep>ation 0 fir/ arrang$1 7 ( v>i\s hues1 b are n[ some:at alt]$1 ?r\gh long keep+ 9 _s4 ,9 ,/4 ,george's ,hospital museum 7s]4 x4 #dc1 d4 #bjj7 are pres]v$ ! /oma* & "p ( ! duod5um ( a p]son :o di$ f hydro*loric acid4 ,! case is detail$ 9 ! ,m$ical ,times & ,gazette = #ahec1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eac4 ,! :ole inn] surface appe>s to be 9 a sl\gh+ /ate1 & ! l>ynx & lung 7 also inflam$4 ,a prep>ation1 pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,b[man to ,k+'s ,college ,hospital museum1 exhibits ! effects ( a v l>ge dose ( hydro*loric acid4 ,! gullet has a %rivell$ & worm-eat5 appe>ance2 ! /oma* is inject$ ) black blood1 & 0 fill$ ) an acid1 grum\s matt]4#ig #ig ,a draw+ ( p>ts ( ! gullet & /oma* is giv5 9 ,guy & ,f]ri]'s ,=5sic ,m$ic9e4 ,look+ at ^! & o!r museum prep>ations illu/rat+ ! effects ( sulphuric & hydro*loric acids1 ,i 0 unable 79 default ( ! hi/ory ( ! cases7 to di/+ui% betwe5 ! two1 by ! nak$ eye appe>ances1 save 9 ^? cases 9 :i* ! disorganisation 0 s excessive z to r5d] hydro*loric acid improbable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! *anges produc$ by nitric acid are s di/9ctive1 t x is impossible to mi/ake its action = t ( any o!r acid4 ,! nitric acid pa?ological prep>ations may be pick$ out at a glance4 ,detection & ,e/imation ( ,free ,hydro*loric ,acid4 #gg4 7#a7 ,detection4--,a l>ge numb] ( col\r+ reag5ts h be5 propos$ z te/s = ! pres5ce ( free m9]al acid2 among ! be/ is me?yl-anil9e violet decoloris$ by a l>ge am\nt ( hydro*loric acid2 ! violet turns to gre5 ) a mod]ate quantity1 & to blue ) a small quantity4 ,tropol9 7#jj71 9 ! pres5ce ( free m9]al acid1 /rikes a ruby-r$ to a d>k br[n-r$4 ,congo-r$ is us$ 9 ! =m ( pap] dy$ ) ! mat]ial2 l>ge am\nts ( free hydro*loric acid /rike blue-black1 small quantities blue4 ,gnzburg's te/ is #b p>ts phlorogluc9 & #a "p vanill91 dissolv$ 9 #ajj p>ts ( alcohol4 ,f9e r$ cry/als are precipitat$ on ! addition ( hydro*loric acid4 ,to te/ ! /oma* cont5ts = free hydro*loric acid by means ( ?is reag5t1 equal p>ts ( ! fluid & ! te/ are evaporat$ to dryness 9 ! wat]-ba? 9 a porcela9 di%4 ,if free hydro*loric acid be pres5t1 ! evaporat$ residue %[s a r$ col\r2 #a mgrm4 ( acid c by ?is te/ be detect$4 ,! reaction is n int]f]$ ) by organic acids1 peptones1 or album94 ,jaks* speaks highly ( b5zopurpur9 z a te/4 ,filt]-pap] is soak$ 9 a saturat$ aque\s solution ( b5zopurpur9 #f ,b 7! v>iety #a or #d ,b is n s s5sitive71 & ! filt]-pap] ?us prep>$ all[$ to dry4 ,on te/+ ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* ) ! reag5t1 if !re is m ?an #d p>ts p] #ajjj ( hydro*loric acid ! pap] is /a9$ int5sely blue-black2 b if ! col\r is br[n-black1 ?is is f butyric or lactic acids1 or f a mixture ( ^! acids ) hydro*loric acid4 ,if ! pap] is wa%$ ) pure e!r1 & ! col\r 0 due only to organic acids1 ! orig9al hue ( ! pap] is re/or$2 if ! col\r produc$ 0 due to a mixture ( m9]al & organic acids1 ! br[n-black col\r is weak5$2 &1 la/ly1 if due to hydro*loric acid alone1 ! col\r is n alt]$ by wa%+ ) e!r4 ,acid salts h no action1 nor is ! te/ int]f]$ ) by l>ge am\nts ( album9s & peptones4 ,a4 ,villi]s & ,m4 ,favolle#ih h publi%$ a s5sitive te/ = hydro*loric acid4 ,! te/ consi/s ( a saturat$ aque\s solution ( col\rless anil9e1 #d p>ts2 glacial acetic acid1 #a "p2 #ja mgrm4 ( hydro*loric acid /rikes ) ?is reag5t a blue col\r1 #a mgrm4 a black col\r4 ,! liquid "u exam9ation is br\ght by evaporation1 or by ! addition ( wat]1 to #aj c4c4 & plac$ 9 a flask2 to ?is is add$ #e c4c4 ( a mixture ( equal p>ts ( sulphuric acid & wat]1 !n #aj c4c4 ( a saturat$ solution ( potassic p]manganate1 & heat$ g5tly1 convey+ ! gases into #c to #e c4c4 ( ! reag5t conta9$ 9 a te/-tube imm]s$ 9 wat]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 brom9e or iod9e 7"o or bo?7 %\ld be pres5t1 ! process is modifi$ z foll[s3--,! hydracids are precipitat$ by silv] nitrate2 ! precipitate is wa%$1 transf]r$ to a small flask1 & treat$ ) #aj c4c4 ( wat] & #a c4c4 ( pure ammonia4 ,) ?is /r5g? ( ammonia ! *loride ( silv] is dissolv$ easily1 ! iodide n at all1 & ! bromide b slightly4 ,! ammoniacal solution is filt]$1 boil$1 & treat$ ) ,,%2 ! excess ( ,,% is expell$ by boil+1 ! liquid filt]$1 r$uc$ to #aj c4c4 by boil+ or evaporation1 sulphuric acid & p]manganate add$ z be=e1 & ! gases pass$ into ! anil9e4 ,! process is inapplicable to ! detection ( *lorides or hydro*loric acid if cyanides are pres5t1 & x is m adapt$ = traces ( hydro*loric acid ?an = ! quantities likely to be met ) 9 a toxicological inquiry4 #ih ,comptes ,r5d41 cxviii4 7#b7 ,quantitative e/imation ( ,free ,hydro*loric ,acid4--,! cont5ts ( ! /oma* are dilut$ to a kn[n volume1 say #bej or #ejj c4c4 ,a fractional portion is tak51 say #aj c4c41 col\r$ ) litmus or ph5ol-ph?ale91 & a dec9ormal solution ( soda add$ drop by drop until ! col\r *anges2 ?is gives total acidity4 ,ano!r #aj c4c4 is %ak5 ) d\ble its volume ( e!r ?ree times1 ! fluid sep>at$ f e!r & titrat$ 9 ! same way2 ?is la/ titration w give ! acidity due to m9]al acids & acid salts2#ii if ! only m9]al acid pres5t is hydro*loric acid ! results w be ne> ! tru? if reckon$ z su*1 & ?is me?od1 al?\gh n exact = physiological rese>*1 is usually suffici5t = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! am\nt ( hydro*loric acid or o!r m9]al acids 9 a case ( poison+4 ,x dep5ds on ! fact t e!r extracts free organic acids1 su* z butyric & lactic acids1 b does n extract m9]al acids4 #ii ,to di/+ui% betwe5 acidity due to free acid & acid salts1 or to acidity due to ! comb9$ action ( acid salts & free acids1 ! me?od ( ,leo & ,uffelmann is useful4 ,a fractional portion ( ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* is triturat$ ) pure calcium c>bonate2 if all ! acidity is due to free acid1 ! fluid 9 a %ort "t becomes neutral to litmus2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! acidity is due entirely to acid salts1 ! fluid rema9s acid2 or1 if due to bo? acid & acid salts1 !re is a proportionate dim9ution ( acidity due to ! decomposition ( ! lime c>bonate by ! free acid4 ,a quantitative me?od has be5 devis$ ^u ^! pr9ciples4 ,see ,leo1 ,diagno/ik d] ,krankheit5 d] ,v]dauungsorgane1 ,hirs*wald1 ,b]l91 #ahij4 ,! free m9]al acid1 aft] extract+ ! organic acid by e!r1 c also be saturat$ ) c9*on9e2 ?is hydro*lorate ( c9*on9e is extract$ by *lor(orm1 evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! residue dissolv$ 9 wat] acidifi$ by nitric acid & precipitat$ by silv] nitrate2 ! silv] *loride produc$ is collect$ on a small filt]1 wa%$1 & ! filt]1 ) its cont5ts1 dri$ & ignit$ 9 a porcela9 crucible2 ! silv] *loride1 multipli$ by #jbedbf1 equals ,h,cl4 ,! be/ me?od ( e/imat+ free hydro*loric acid 9 ! /oma* is t ( ,sjokvi/ z modifi$ by v4 ,jaks*2#ajj x has ! disadvantage ( its accuracy be+ int]f]$ ) by phosphates2 x also does n di/+ui% betwe5 actual free ,h,cl & ! loosely b\nd ,h,cl ) album9\s matt]s1--?is 9 a toxicological case is ( small importance1 because ! quantities ( ,h,cl f\nd are likely to be l>ge4 #ajj ,kl9is*e ,diagno/ik1 ,dr4 ,rudolph v4 ,jaks*1 ,wi5 u4 ,leipzig1 #ahib4 ,cl9ical ,diagnosis4 ,engli% ,translation1 by ,dr4 ,cagney4 ,second ,edition4 ,london3 ,*>les ,griff9 ,co41 ,limit$4 ,! me?od is bas$ ^u ! fact t if c>bonate ( b>yta be add$ to ! cont5ts ( ! /oma*1 ! organic acids w decompose ! b>ium c>bonate1 =m+ butyrate1 acetate1 lactate1 c41 ( b>ium2 & ! m9]al acids1 su* z hydro*loric acid1 w comb9e1 =m+ salts ( b>ium4 ,on ignition1 *loride ( b>ium w be unaffect$1 :ile ! organic salts ( b>ium w be conv]t$ into c>bonate ( b>ium1 practically insoluble 9 c>bonic acid free wat]4 ,! cont5ts ( ! /oma* are col\r$ ) litmus1 & b>ium c>bonate add$ until ! fluid is no long] acid 7z %[n by ! disappe>ance ( ! r$ col\r72 !n ! cont5ts are evaporat$ to dryness 9 a plat9um di%1 & ignit$ at a dull r$ heat2 complete burn+ to an a% is n necess>y4 ,aft] cool+1 ! burnt mass is repeat$ly exhau/$ ) boil+ wat] & filt]$2 ! *loride ( b>ium is precipitat$ f ! filtrate by means ( dilute sulphuric acid2 ! b>ium sulphate filt]$ (f1 wa%$1 dri$1 &1 aft] ignition1 weigh$2 #bcc p>ts ( b>ium sulphate equal #gc p>ts ( ,h,cl4 ,a me?od some:at quick]1 b dep5d+ on ! same pr9ciples1 has be5 sugge/$ by ,braun4#aja ,a fractional "p1 say #aj c4c41 ( ! fluid cont5ts is col\r$ by litmus & titrat$ ) dec9ormal soda4 ,to ! same quantity is add$ #b or #c m c4c4 ( dec9ormal soda ?an ! quantity us$ 9 ! fir/ titration2 ?is alkal9e liquid is evaporat$ to dryness & ultimately ignit$4 ,to ! a% is n[ add$ exactly ! quantity ( dec9ormal sulphuric acid z ! dec9ormal soda la/ us$ to make x alkal9e--t is to say1 if ! total acidity 0 equal to #cf d4n4 soda1 & #ej d4n4 soda 0 add$ to ! #aj c4c4 evaporat$ to dryness & burn$1 !n #ef c4c4 ( d4n4 sulphuric acid is add$ to ! a%4 ,! solution is n[ w>m$ to get rid ( c>bon dioxide1 &1 aft] addition ( a little ph5olph?ale91 titrat$ ) d4n4 soda solution until ! *ange ( col\r %[s saturation1 ! numb] ( c4c4 us$1 multipli$ by #jjjcfe1 equals ! ,h,cl4 #aja ,op4 cit41 ,s4 #aeg4 #gh4 ,9 inve/igat+ ! /a9s f hydro*loric acid on fabrics1 or ! leaves ( plants1 any free hydro*loric acid may be sep>at$ by boil+ ) wat]1 & !n inve/igat+ ! aque\s extract4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 ! /a9 be old1 all free acid may h disappe>$1 & yet "s ( ! *lor9e rema9 9 organic comb9ation ) ! tissue1 or 9 comb9ation ) bases4 ,dr4 ,angus ,smi? has f\nd weigh$ portions ( leaves1 c41 :i* _h be5 expos$ to ! action ( hydro*loric acid fumes1 ri*] 9 *lorides ?an simil> p>ts ( ! plants n ?us expos$4 ,! mo/ accurate me?od ( inve/igation = ! purpose ( sep>at+ *lor9e f comb9ation ) organic matt]s is to cut out ! /a9$ portions1 weigh !m1 & burn !m up 9 a combu/ion-tube1 ! front portion ( ! tube be+ fill$ ) cau/ic lime kn[n to be free f *lorides2 a simil> exp]im5t mu/ be made ) ! un/a9$ portions4 ,9 ?is way a consid]able diff]5ce may (t5 be f\nd2 & x is n impossible1 9 "s in/ances1 to ?us detect1 aft] ! lapse ( _m ye>s1 t c]ta9 /a9s h be5 produc$ by a *lor9e-hold+ sub/ance4 ,,iii4--,nitric ,acid4 #gi4 ,g5]al ,prop]ties4--,nitric acid--commonly kn[n 9 ,engl& z aqua =tis1 *emically z nitric acid1 hydric nitrate1 or nitric monohydrate--is a mono-hydrate ( nitrog5 p5toxide 7,n,o71 two equival5ts1 or #abf p>ts1 ( nitric acid conta9+ #ajh ( ,n,o1 & #ah ( ,h,o4 ,anhydr\s nitric acid1 or nitrog5 p5toxide1 c be obta9$ by pass+1 ) special precautions1 dry *lor9e ov] silv] nitrate2 ! products are free oxyg5 & nitrog5 p5toxide1 accord+ to ! foll[+ equation3-- ,silv] ,*lor9e4 ,silv] ,nitrog5 ,oxyg54 ,nitrate4 ,*loride4 ,p5toxide4 ,ag,o1,n,o #b;,cl #b;,ag,cl ,n,o ,o ,by surr\nd+ ! receiv] ) a freez+ mixture1 ! acid is cond5s$ 9 cry/als1 :i* dissolve 9 wat]1 ) emission ( mu* heat1 =m+ nitric acid4 ,sometimes ! cry/als1 ?\gh kept 9 seal$ tubes1 decompose1 & ! tube1 f ! pressure ( ! lib]at$ gases1 bur/s ) a dang]\s explosion4 ,pure nitric acid has a specific gravity ( #aeb1 & boils at #ih4 ,dr4 ,ure exam9$ ! boil+ po9t & o!r prop]ties ( nitric acid v fully4 ,an acid ( #ae specific gravity boils at #ihh2 ( specific gravity #ade1 at #aaee2 specific gravity #adj1 at #aahh2 ( specific gravity #adb1 at #abbh4 ,! acid ( specific gravity #adb is ! /&>d acid ( ! ,briti% ,ph>macopia4 ,x c always be obta9$ by di/ill+ ei!r /rong or mod]ately weak nitric acid2 =1 on ! "o h&1 ! acid on di/illation gets weak] until ! gravity ( #adb is rea*$1 or1 on ! o!r1 x becomes /rong]4 ,!re is little d\bt t acid ( #adb gravity is a def9ite hydrate1 consi/+ ( #a atom ( dry acid & #d atoms ( wat]2 x corresponds to #ge p] c5t4#ajb ( ! liquid acid ,,hno4 ,!re are also at lea/ two o!r hydrates kn[n--"o an acid ( #adhe specific gravity1 correspond+ to #a atom ( dry acid & #b ( wat]1 & an acid ( specific gravity #accd1 correspond+ to #a atom ( dry acid & #g atoms ( wat]4 #ajb ,! ,briti% ,ph>macopia /ates t ! #adb acid equals #gj p] c5t4 ( ,,hno2 b ?is is n 9 accordance ) ,ure's ,tables1 nor ) ! facts4 ,9 ,g]many ! (fic9al acid is ( #aahe specific gravity1 correspond+ to ab\t #cj p] c5t4 ( ,,hno4 ,! dilute nitric acid ( ! ,ph>macopia is a col\rless liquid1 ( specific gravity #aaja1 & %\ld conta9 ab\t #agd p] c5t4 ( acid4 ,! acids us$ 9 v>i\s indu/ries are kn[n respectively z dy]s' & engrav]s' acid4 ,dy]s' acid has a specific gravity ( #acc to #acd 7#ff to #fh ,twad471 t is1 /r5g? f #ef to #eh p] c5t4 ( ,,hno4 ,engrav]s' acid is /rong]2 be+ ( #adj specific gravity 7#hj ,twad472 & conta9s #gj p] c5t4 ( ,,hno4 ,al?\gh ! pure acid ( comm]ce is 7& %\ld be7 almo/ col\rless1 mo/ comm]cial specim5s are ( hues f yell[ up to deep r$4 ,an acid saturat$ ) r$ oxides ( nitrog5 is (t5 kn[n z 8fum+ nitric acid40 #hj4 ,use 9 ! ,arts4--,nitric acid is employ$ v ext5sively 9 ! arts & manufactures4 ,! dy] uses x z a solv5t = t9 9 ! prep>ation ( valuable mordants = calico & o!r fabrics2 ! engrav] uses x = et*+ copp]4 ,x is an indisp5sable ag5t 9 ! manufacture ( gun-cotton1 nitro-glyc]91 picric acid1 & sulphuric acid2 x is also us$ 9 ! manufacture ( tall[1 9 prep>+ ! felt = hats1 & 9 ! gild+ trades4 ,x is said to be utilis$ to make yell[i% or fawn-col\r$ spots on cig> leaves1 s z to give !m ! appe>ance ( age & quality4 ,x is also us$ z a m$ic9e4 #ha4 ,/ati/ics ( ,poison+ by ,nitric ,acid4--,9 ! t5 ye>s #ahhc-ahib no case ( murd] 0 ascrib$ to nitric acid1 b x caus$ accid5tally #be dea?s1 & 0 us$ 9 #bg cases ( suicide4 ,! foll[+ tables give ! age & sex di/ribution ( ^! dea?s3-- ,,dea?s ,,9 ,,engl& ,,& ,,wales ,,dur+ ,,! ,,t5 ,,ye>s ,,end+ #ahib ,,f ,,nitric ,,acid4 ,,accid5t ,,or ,,neglig5ce4 ,ages1 #a-e #e-ae #ae-be #be-fe #fe & ,total above ,males1 #f #b #a #i 444 #ah ,females1 #c 444 444 #d 444 #g -------------------------------------- ,totals1 #i #b #a #ac 444 #be -------------------------------------- ,,suicide4 ,ages1 #ae-be #be-fe #fe & ,total above ,males1 #c #ad #a #ah ,females1 #a #h 444 #i ---------------------------- ,totals1 #d #bb #a #bg ---------------------------- #hb4 ,fatal ,dose4--,! dose :i* causes dea? has n be5 asc]ta9$ ) any exactness4 ,z 9 ! case ( sulphuric acid1 we may g s f> z to say t x is possible = a few drops ( ! /rong acid to be fatal1 = if br\ght into contact ) ! vocal app>atus1 fatal spasm ( ! glottis might be excit$4 ,! smalle/ dose on record is #gg grms4 7#b dra*ms71 :i* kill$ a *ild ag$ #ac4 #hc4 ,action ( ,nitric ,acid on ,vegetation4--,nitric acid acts on plants injuri\sly 9 a two-fold mann]--viz41 by direct corrosive action1 & also by decompos+ ! *lorides :i* all plants conta91 ?us sett+ free *lor9e1 :i* decomposes & blea*es ! *lorophyll4 ,! action is mo/ int5se on s(t & delicate leaves1 su* z ^? ( clov]1 ! cabbage1 & all ! crucif]4 ,! tobacco plant is p>ticul>ly injur$ by nitric acid4 ,next to all h]bace\s plants1 trees1 su* z ! apple1 pe>1 & fruit trees1 g5]ally suff]4 ,! conif]1 :e!r f _! impregnation ) res91 or f "s o!r cause1 possess a consid]able resi/+-p[] aga9/ nitric acid vap\rs1 & ! same is true z reg>ds ! c]eals2 9 ! latt] case1 _! silice\s arm\r acts z a pres]v+ ag5t4 #hd4 ,nitric ,acid ,vap\r4--,! action ( nitric acid 9 a /ate ( vap\r1 z evolv$ by w>m+ potassic nitrate & sulphuric acid toge!r1 has be5 /udi$ by ,eul5b]g4 ,a rabbit 0 plac$ "u a %ade into :i* #fc gra9s ( nitric acid 9 a /ate ( vap\r 7 introduc$4 ,f ! conditions ( ! exp]im5t1 "s nitric p]oxide mu/ also h be5 pres5t4 ,irritation ( ! ext]nal muc\s membranes & emb>rassm5t 9 brea?+ 7 obs]v$4 ,! animal 9 =ty-five m9utes 0 remov$1 & suff]$ aft]w>ds f a cr\p\s bron*itis1 f :i*1 h[ev]1 x completely recov]$ 9 elev5 days4 ,a second exp]im5t ) ! same animal 0 foll[$ by dea?4 ,on inspection1 !re 0 f\nd /rong injection ( ! c]ebral membranes1 ) small extravasations ( blood2 ! lungs 7 excessively conge/$2 ! "r middle lobe especially 0 ( a liv]-br[n col\r1 & empty ( air3 x sank 9 wat]4 ,o4 ,lass>#ajc has also made a s]ies ( rese>*es on ! influ5ce ( nitric acid vap\r1 f :i* he concludes t ! acid is n absorb$ by ! blood1 b acts only by its me*anical irritation1 = he c\ld n trace1 by means ( an exam9ation ( ! ur9e1 any evid5ce ( su* absorption4 #ajc ,hoppe-,seyl]'s ,zeits*rift f4 physiol4 ,*emie1 ,bd4 i4 ,s4 #afe-agc1 #ahgg-gh4 ,!re are a few in/ances on record ( ! vap\r hav+ be5 fatal to m52 = example1 ! well-kn[n case ( ,mr4 ,haywood1 a *emi/ ( ,%effield1 may be cit$4 ,9 p\r+ a mixture ( nitric & sulphuric acids f a c>boy ( sixty p\nds capacity1 ! vessel broke1 & = a few m9utes he inhal$ ! mix$ fumes4 ,he di$ elev5 h\rs aft] ! accid5t1 al?\gh = ! fir/ ?ree h\rs !re 7 sc>cely any symptoms ( an injuri\s effect hav+ be5 produc$4 ,on inspection1 !re 0 f\nd int5se conge/ion ( ! w9dpipe & bron*ial tubes1 ) effusion ( blood 9 ! latt]4 ,! l9+ membrane ( ! he>t & aorta 0 inflam$2 un=tunately1 ! l>ynx 0 n exam9$4#ajd #ajd ,lancet1 ,april #ae1 #ahed1 p4 #dcj4 ,a v simil> case happ5$ 9 ,ed9burgh 9 #ahfc4aje ,two "y m5 7 c>ry+ a j> ( nitric acid2 ! j> broke1 & !y attempt$ to wipe up ! acid f ! floor4 ,! "o di$ t5 h\rs aft] ! accid5t1 ! o!r 9 less ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! symptoms 7 ma9ly ^? ( difficult brea?+1 & x is probable t dea? 0 produc$ f suffocation4 ,dr4 ,taylor relates also1 t hav+ accid5tally inhal$ ! vap\r 9 prep>+ gun-cotton1 he suff]$ f sev]e con/riction ( ! ?roat1 tightness 9 ! *e/1 & c\gh1 = m ?an a week4#ajf #aje ,*emical ,news1 ,m>* #ad1 #ahfc1 p4 #acb4 #ajf ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce1 vol4 i41 #ahgc1 p4 #bah4 #he4 ,effects ( ,liquid ,nitric ,acid4--,poison+ by nitric acid1 ?\gh /ill r>e1 is naturally m frequ5t ?an =m]ly4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 ,t>tra#ajg wrote a mo/ excell5t monograph on ! subject1 & collat$ all ! cases he c\ld f9d1 f ! fir/ record$ in/ances relat$ by ,bembo#ajh 9 ,v5etian hi/ory1 d[n to 8 own "t4 ,! numb] ( dea?s 9 ^? #djj ye>s 0 b fifty-five1 :ile1 9 our c5tury1 at lea/ fifty c be numb]$4 ,mo/ ( ^! 7#gd p] c5t47 are suicidal1 a v few homicidal1 ! re/ accid5tal4 ,9 "o ( ,t>tra's cases1 "s nitric acid 0 plac$ 9 ! w9e ( a drunk5 woman1 ) fatal effect4 ,os5brgg5#aji relates ! case ( a fa!r murd]+ 8 six *ildr5 by means ( nitric acid2 & ,c4 ,a4 ,b*n]#aaj t ( a soldi] :o p\r$ acid into ! m\? ( 8 illegitimate infant4 ,a curi\s case is "o 9 :i* a man poison$ 8 drunk5 wife by p\r+ ! acid into h] "r e>2 %e di$ aft] six weeks' illness4 ,all ^! in/ances prove aga91 if necess>y1 t ! acid is only likely to be us$ ) murd]\s int5t 9 ! case ( "y *ildr51 or ( sleep+1 drunk51 or o!rwise helpless p4 #ajg ,t>tra1 ,a4 ,e41 ,dr41 ,trait de l',empoisonnem5t p> l',acide ,nitrique1 ,p>is1 ,an4 #aj 7#ahjb71 pp4 #cjj4 #ajh ,bembo ,c>d9alis1 ,r]um ,v5et>ium ,hi/ori1 lib4 xii41 lib4 i4 p4 #ab1 ,p>is ,ed41 #aeea4 #aji ,allgem4-,deuts*e ,/rafre*tszeitung1 h]ausgeg4 v4 ,frz4 v4 ,holtz5dorff1 #e ,jahrg41 #ahfe1 ,hft4 #e1 ,s4 #bgc4 #aaj ,fri$]i*'s ,bltt] f4 g]4 ,m$41 #ahff1 ,hft4 #c1 ,s4 #ahg4 ,z an example ( ! way 9 :i* accid5ts are br\ght ab\t by he$lessness1 may be cit$ ! rec5t case ( a woman :o b\ght a small quantity ( aqua =tis = ! purpose ( allay+ too?a*e by a local application4 ,%e attempt$ to p\r ! acid direct f ! bottle into ! cavity ( ! too?2 ! acid w5t d[n h] ?roat1 & ! usual symptoms foll[$4 ,%e ?rew up a v p]fect ca/ ( ! gullet 7pres]v$ 9 ,univ]sity ,college museum71 & rapidly di$4 ,nitric acid has be5 mi/ak5 = v>i\s liquids1 & has also be5 us$ by injection z an abortive1 9 e respect hav+ a toxicological hi/ory simil> to t ( sulphuric acid4 #hf4 ,local ,action4--,:5 /rong nitric acid comes 9 contact ) organic matt]s1 !re is almo/ con/antly a developm5t ( gas4 ,! tissue is fir/ blea*$1 & !n becomes ( a m or less int5se yell[ col\r4 ,nitric acid spots on ! sk9 are n remov$ by ammonia1 b become ( an orange-r$ :5 moi/5$ ) pota% & a solution ( cyanide ( potassium4 ,! yell[ col\r seems to %[ t picric acid is "o ( ! con/ant products ( ! reaction2 sulphide ( ammonium =ms a sort ( soap ) ! epid]mis ?us attack$1 & deta*es x4 #hg4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms & c\rse ( nitric acid poison+ diff] 9 a few details only f ^? ( sulphuric acid4 ,!re is ! same in/ant pa9 & frequ5t vomit+1 de/ruction ( ! muc\s membranes1 &1 9 ! less sev]e cases1 aft]-contraction ( ! gullet1 c4 ,"o ( ! diff]5ces 9 ! action ( nitric & sulphuric acids is ! con/ant developm5t ( gas ) ! =m]4 ,?is1 )\t d\bt1 adds to ! suff]+4 ,t>tra made sev]al exp]im5ts on dead bodies1 & %[$ t v consid]able di/5sion ( ! inte/9al canal1 by gase\s products1 0 ! con/ant result2 ! tissues 7 corrod$ & almo/ dissolv$1 be+ trans=m$1 ultimately1 into a sort ( greasy pa/e4 ,! vomit$ matt]s are ( a yell[ col\r1 unless mix$ ) blood1 :5 !y are ( a dirty-br[n hue1 ) %r$s ( yell[ mucus1 & h ! /rong acid reaction & smell ( nitric acid4 ,! tee? may be p>tially attack$ f ! solv5t action ( ! acid on ! enamel4 ,! fauces & tongue1 at fir/ blan*$1 soon acquire a citron-yell[1 or ev5 a br[n col\r2 ! :ole cavity may swell & inflame1 r5d]+ ! swall[+ ( liquids difficult1 pa9ful1 & sometimes impossible4 ,! air passages may also become affect$1 & 9 "o case tra*eotomy 0 p]=m$ = ! relief ( ! brea?+4#aaa ,! /oma* rejects all rem$ies2 !re are symptoms ( collapse2 quick1 weak pulse1 frequ5t %iv]+1 ob/9ate con/ipation1 & dea? 7(t5 prec$$ by a k9d ( /upor7 9 f eighte5 to tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! intellectual faculties rema9 cle>1 save 9 a few r>e in/ances4 #aaa ,arnott1 ,m$4 ,gaz41 vol4 xii4 p4 #bbj4 ,c4 ,a4 ,wund]li* has record$ an unusual case1 9 :i* ! symptoms 7 ^? ( dys5t]y1 & ! l>ge inte/9e 0 f\nd acutely inflam$1 :ile ! small "o 0 little affect$4 ,! kidneys _h ! same appe>ance z 9 ,bright's disease4#aab ,! smalle/ fatal dose giv5 by ,taylor is f #b dra*ms1 :i* kill$ a *ild ag$ #ac ye>s4 ,%\ld ! dose ( nitric acid be insuffici5t to kill at once1 or1 :at am\nts to ! same ?+1 %\ld ! acid be imm$iately dilut$ ) wat]1 or 9 "s way be neutralis$1 ! pati5t1 z 9 ! case ( sulphuric acid1 may yet die at a v>iable future "t f /5osis ( ! gullet1 impair$ dige/ion1 c4 ,= example1 9 an int]e/+ case relat$ by ,t>tra1#aac a woman1 :o _h swall[$ #db grms4 7#ae oz47 ( nitric acid1 feel+ acute pa91 took imm$iately a quantity ( wat]1 & ?ree h\rs aft]w>ds 0 admitt$ into hospital1 :]e %e receiv$ appropriate treatm5t4 ,at ! end ( a mon? %e left1 believ+ h]self cur$2 b 9 a little :ile return$1 & 0 re-admitt$1 suff]+ f m>asmus1 extreme weakness1 & con/ant vomit+2 ultimately %e di$4 ,! po/-mortem exam9ation reveal$ extreme contraction ( ! inte/9al canal ?r\gh\t4 ,! lum5 w\ld h>dly admit a p5hold]4 ,! /oma* 0 no l>g] ?an an ord9>y inte/9e1 & adh]5t to adjac5t organs2 on its int]nal surface !re 7 spots1 probably cicatrices2 !re 7 also *anges 9 ! gullet1 b n s m>k$4 ,a some:at simil> case is relat$ by ! same au?or 9 8 ?irte5? obs]vation4 ,9 ! ,middlesex ,hospital !re is pres]v$ ! /oma* 7,no4 #acfc7 ( a man :o di$ =ty days aft] swall[+ #b ozs4 ( nitric acid dilut$ 9 a tumbl] ( wat]4 ,! /oma* is contract$1 ! muc\s membrane ( ! l[] "p ( ! gullet1 ! less] curvature1 & ! pyloric end ( ! /oma* is ext5sively corrod$1 %[+ ulc]at$ pat*es comm5c+ to cicatrize4 #aab ,de ,actionibus quibusdam ,acidi ,nitrici ,cau/ico 9 ,corpus ,humanum immissi4 ,programma ,academ41 ,lipsi1 #aheg1 #d4 #aac ,op4 cit4 #hh4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,! pa?ological *anges 9 ! tongue1 gullet1 & /oma* c be readily /udi$ f ! prep>ations 9 ! diff]5t museums4 ,! /a9+ by ! nitric acid appe>s un*ang$ to ! nak$ eye = _m ye>s2 h5ce1 mo/ ( ! nitric acid prep>ations are 9 an excell5t /ate ( pres]vation4 ,a v good example ( ! pa?ological *anges is to be f\nd 9 ,nos4 #ajdi & #ajej1 ,univ]sity ,college museum4 ,no4 #ajdi pres5ts ! tongue1 ph>ynx1 & l>ynx ( a man :o _h swall[$ a tea-cupful ( nitric acid4 ,! epi!lium ( ! sophagus is = ! mo/ "p want+1 & hangs 9 %r$s2 ! dorsum ( ! tongue1 9 front ( ! circumvallate papill1 is excavat$1 & ov] its c5tral "p sup]ficially ulc]at$2 9 o!r places ! tongue is encru/$ ) a ?ick1 loose1 fawn-col\r$ lay]1 =m$ probably ( desquamat$ epi!lium4 ,! :ole ( ! muc\s surface is /a9$ ( a dirty yell[4 ,no4 #ajej is a prep>ation %[+ ! tongue1 gullet1 & /oma* ( a p]son :o di$ f ! effects ( nitric acid4 ,! tongue 9 places is smoo? & glaz$2 9 o!rs1 slightly depress$ & excavat$4 ,on ! ant]ior wall & l[] portion ( ! gullet two l>ge sl\ghs exi/4 ,al?\gh p]=ation ( ! /oma* is n s common ) nitric z ) sulphuric acid1 su* an accid5t may occur1 z %[n 9 a prep>ation at ,guy's ,hospital1 9 :i* !re is a p]=ation at ! c>diac end4 ,all ! muc\s membrane has disappe>$1 & ! inn] surface is = ! mo/ "p cov]$ ) floccul5t %r$s4 ,?ree ounces ( nitric acid are said to h be5 swall[$1 & ! pati5t liv$ sev5te5 h\rs4 ,!re is ! usual /a9+4 ,!re is also 9 ! ,middlesex ,hospital 7,no4 #acfd7 ! sophagus & /oma* ( a woman ag$ #cj1 :o di$ six h\rs aft] swall[+ #b to #c ozs4 ( /rong nitric acid4 ,! inn] coats ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! gullet & /oma* are 9 "p conv]t$ into opaque yell[ & black es*>s1 & 9 "p to a %r$dy pulpy condition4 ,at ! mo/ dep5d+ "p ( ! /oma* is a l>ge ragg$ p]=ation1 ) pulpy m>g9s1 :i* all[$ ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* to escape into ! p]itoneal cavity4 ,9 ,/4 ,b>?olomew's museum1 !re is a v good specim5 7,no4 #ahgj7 ( ! appe>ances 9 ! gullet & /oma* aft] poison+ by nitric acid4 ,! case is detail$ 9 ,/4 ,b>?olomew's ,hospital ,reports1 vol4 v4 p4 #bdg4 ,a male di$ 9 fifte5 h\rs aft] swall[+ #a oz4 ( nitric acid4 ,! :ole muc\s membrane is wr9kl$1 or r pl\gh$1 into longitud9al furr[s1 ! yell[ discoloration /ops abruptly1 ) an irregul> bord]1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! /oma*1 ! epi!lial & muc\s coats ( :i* are want+--its surface be+ r\gh & ( a br[ni%-r$ col\r4 ,! foll[+ prep>ations are to be f\nd 9 ! museum ( ! ,london ,hospital3--,a4 b4 #a4 & ,a4 b4 #h4--;,a4 b4 #a4 %[s ! ph>ynx1 sophagus1 l>ynx1 & /oma* ( a "y woman1 :o1 aft] tak+ half an ounce ( nitric acid1 di$ 9 eight h\rs4 ,! /a9+ is v int5se2 z an unusual feature1 x may be not$ t ! l>ynx is almo/ z yell[ z ! sophagus4 ,! abrasion or solution ( ! epi!lium on ! dorsum ( ! tongue has dissect$ out ! circumvallate & fungi=m papill1 s t !y project ) unusual di/9ctness4 ,! l9+ membrane ( ! gullet ?r\gh\t is divid$ into m9ute squ>es by longitud9al & transv]se furr[s4 ,! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* appe>s :olly de/roy$1 & pres5ts a woolly appe>ance4 ,a4 b4 #h4 %[s a v p]fect ca/ ( ! sophagus4 ,! case 0 t ( a woman1 ag$ #ce1 :o swall[$ half an ounce ( nitric acid4 ,! symptoms = ! fir/ f\r days 7 ! usual pa9 9 ! ?roat & /oma*1 :i* might be expect$2 ! b[els 7 freely op51 & ! /ools d>k & (f5sive4 ,on ! six? day1 !re 0 con/ant vomit+ ) (f5sive brea?2 on ! n9?1 ! appe>ance ( ! pati5t 0 critical1 & %e ?rew up ! ca/ pres]v$4 ,%e di$ on ! t5? day aft] ! tak+ ( ! acid4 ,! gullet1 /oma*1 tra*ea1 & l>ynx 7 f\nd aft] dea? mu* inflam$4 ,! foll[+ prep>ations are 9 ,/4 ,?omas' ,hospital3--,p4 #e4--;a /oma* ) gullet atta*$4 ,! /oma* is cov]$ ) yell[i%-gre5 pat*es ( false membrane & deposit2 ! gullet has ! usual longitud9al furr[s s *>act]i/ic ( corrosive fluids4 ,p4 #f4 is also f a case ( nitric acid poison+4 ,x %[s ! l9+ membrane ( ! /oma* p>tly de/roy$ & %r$dy1 yet b little discol\r$1 ! hue be+ a sort ( delicate fawn4 ,to ^! may be add$ a case describ$ & figur$ by ,less]2 to a baby1 a few days old1 an unkn[n quantity ( fum+ nitric acid 0 giv52 ! *ild made a gurgl+1 *ok+ s\nd1 & di$ 9 a few m9utes4 ,! corpse1 n9e days aft] dea?1 %[$ no signs ( decomposition4 ,! tongue & gums 7 yell[1 ! gullet less s1 ! /oma* /ill less1 & ! small inte/9e _h no yell[ t9t2 ! :ole ( ! m\?1 gullet1 & /oma* %[$ ! corrosive action ( ! acid4 ,! graduation ( t9t1 ,less] rem>ks1 is :at is n se5 :5 ! yell[ col\r is due to poison+ by *romic acid or by /rong solution ( f]ric p]*loride2 9 su* cases1 :]ev] ! liquid has gone1 !re is a yell[ness4#aad #aad ,a4 ,less]1 ,atlas d] g]i*tli*5 ,m$ic91 ,b]l91 #ahhd1 ,tafel i4 fig4 #b4 #hi4 ,detection & ,e/imation ( ,nitric ,acid4--,! detection ei!r ( free nitric acid or ( its salts is n difficult4 ,free nitric acid1 aft] prelim9>y e/imation ( ! total acidity by dec9ormal soda1 may be sep>at$ by ! c9*on9e process giv5 at p4 #ajj4 ,on precipitation by ammonia or soda solution1 ! nitrate ( ammonia or soda 7&1 x may be1 o!r simil>ly comb9$ acids7 rema9 9 solution4 ,if free nitric acid is pres5t 9 small quantity only1 x may be necess>y to evaporate ! filtrate f ! qu99e ne>ly to dryness1 & to te/ ! conc5trat$ liquid = nitric acid4 ,! ord9>y te/s are z foll[s3-- 7#a47 ,nitrates1 treat$ ) m]cury or copp] & /rong sulphuric acid1 develop nitric oxide1 recognis$ by r$ fumes1 if mix$ ) air or oxyg54 7#b47 ,a nitrate dissolv$ 9 a small quantity ( wat]1 ) ! addition ( a cry/al ( f]r\s sulphate 7all[$ to p>tially dissolve71 & !n ( /rong sulphuric acid--p\r$ ?r\gh a funnel ) a long tube dipp+ to ! bottom ( ! te/-tube1 s z to =m a lay] at ! bottom--/rikes a br[n col\r at ! junction ( ! liquid4 ,:5 ! te/ is prop]ly p]=m$1 !re w be ?ree lay]s--! upp]mo/ be+ ! nitrate solution1 ! middle f]r\s sulphate1 & ! l[e/ sulphuric acid2 ! middle lay] becomes ( a smoky or black hue if a nitrate is pres5t4 ,organic matt] int]f]es mu* ) ! reaction4 7#c47 ,nitrates 9 solution1 treat$ 9 ! cold ) a z9c copp] c\ple1 are decompos$ fir/ into nitrites1 & !n into ammonia4 ,! nitrites may be detect$ by a solution ( metaph5yldiam9e1 :i* /rikes a r$ col\r ) an inf9itesimal quantity4 ,h5ce1 a solution :i* gives no r$ col\r ) metaph5yldiam9e1 :5 submitt$ to ! action ( a z9c copp] c\ple1 & te/$ f "t to "t1 _c conta9 nitrites2 !re=e1 no nitrates 7 orig9ally pres5t4 7#d47 ,nitrates1 on be+ treat$ ) /rong sulphuric acid1 & !n a solution ( indigo c>m9e dropp$ 91 decolorise ! indigo2 ?is is a useful te/--n conclusive 9 itself1 b readily appli$1 & if ! c9*on9e me?od ( sep>ation has be5 resort$ to1 ) few s\rces ( error4 ,!re is a process ( sep>at+ nitric acid direct f any organic tissue1 :i* may sometimes be useful3--,place ! sub/ance 9 a /rong1 wide-m\!d flask1 clos$ by a ca\t*\c cork1 & 9 ! flask put a small1 %ort te/-tube1 *>g$ ) a /rong solution ( f]r\s *loride 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,! flask is connect$ to ! m]cury pump 7see fig4 p4 #dg71 & made p]fectly vacu\s by rais+ & l[]+ ! res]voir4 ,:5 ?is is effect$1 ! tube ,,ss,p is adju/$ s z to deliv] any gas evolv$ into a eudiomet]1 or o!r gas-measur+ app>atus4 ,by a suitable movem5t ( ! flask1 ! acid f]r\s *loride is all[$ to come 9 contact ) ! tissue1 a g5tle heat appli$ to ! flask1 & gases are evolv$4 ,^! may be c>bon dioxide1 nitrog51 & nitric oxide4 ,on ! evolution ( gas ceas+1 ! c>bon dioxide is absorb$ by pass+ up "u ! m]cury a little cau/ic pota%4 ,:5 absorption is complete1 ! gas1 consi/+ ( nitrog5 & nitric oxide1 may be measur$4 ,a bubble or two ( oxyg5 is n[ pass$ into ! eudiomet]2 if nitric oxide is pres5t1 r$ fumes at once develop4 ,on absorb+ ! excess ( oxyg5 & ! nitric p]oxide by alkal9e pyrogallate1 & measur+ ! residual gas1 x is easy to calculate h[ mu* nitric oxide 0 orig9ally pres5t1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples laid d[n 9 8,foods10 p4 #ehg4 ,x is also obvi\s t1 by treat+ nitric oxide ) oxyg51 & absorb+ ! nitric p]oxide pres5t by an alkal9e liquid ( kn[n /r5g? & free f nitrates or ammonia1 ! result+ solution may be dealt ) by a z9c copp] c\ple1 & ! ammonia develop$ by ! action ( ! c\ple directly e/imat$ by titration by a dec9ormal hydro*loric acid1 if l>ge 9 quantity1 or by 8nessl]is+10 if small 9 quantity4 ,crum's me?od ( e/imat+ nitrates 78,foods10 p4 #efh7 9 ! cases ( m9ute /a9s on fabrics1 c41 ) a little modification1 may be occasionally applicable4 ,,iv4--,acetic ,acid4 #ij4 ,9 ! t5 ye>s end+ #ahic n9e dea?s 7f\r males & five females7 occurr$ 9 ,engl& & ,wales f dr9k+1 by mi/ake or design1 /rong acetic acid4 ,a few cases only h be5 record$ 9 m$ical lit]ature al?\gh !re h be5 _m exp]im5ts on animals4 ,! symptoms 9 ! human subject consi/ ( pa91 vomit+1 & convulsions4 ,9 animals x causes colic1 p>alysis ( ! extremities1 bloody ur9e1 & dema ( ! lungs4 ,! le?al dose = plant-eat+ animals is ab\t #jdi gramme p] kilo4 ,!re %\ld be no difficulty 9 recognis+ acetic acid2 ! od\r alone is1 9 mo/ cases1 /rong & unmi/akable4 ,traces are detect$ by di/ill+1 neutralis+ ! di/illate by soda1 evaporat+ to dryness1 & treat+ ! residue z foll[s3--,a portion w>m$ ) alcohol & sulphuric acid gives a smell ( acetic e!r4 ,ano!r portion is heat$ 9 a small tube ( h>d glass ) ars5i\s acid2 if acetic acid is pres5t1 or an acetate1 a smell ( kakodyl is produc$4 ,v4--,ammonia4 #ia4 ,ammonia1 7,,nh71 is met ) ei!r z a vap\r or gas1 or z a solution ( ! pure gas 9 wat]4 ,prop]ties4--,pure ammonia gas is col\rless1 ) a /rong1 irritat+1 pung5t od\r1 =m+ :ite fumes ( ammonic *loride1 if expos$ to hydric *loride vap\r1 & turn+ r$ moi/ litmus-pap] /rongly blue4 ,by int5se cold1 or by a pressure ( #f atmosph]es at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 ! gas is readily liquefi$2 ! liquid ammonia boils at #ch2 its obs]v$ specific gravity is #gca2 x freezes at -#ega4 ,ammonia is readily absorb$ by wat]2 at #j wat] w take up #ajjj times its own volume1 & at ord9>y temp]atures ab\t #fjj times its volume4 ,alcohol also absorbs ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ,ammonia is a /rong base1 & =ms a numb] ( salts4 ,ammonia is "o ( ! con/ant products ( ! putrefaction ( nitrog5\s sub/ances2 x exi/s 9 ! atmosph]e 9 small proportions1 & 9 ev]y?+ t conta9s wat]4 ,inde$1 wat] is ! only comp\nd equal to x 9 its univ]sality ( diffusion4 ,! m9ute quantities ( ammonia ?us diffus$ ?r\gh\t nature are probably nev] 9 ! free /ate1 b comb9ations ( ammonia ) hydric nitrate1 c>bon dioxide1 c4 #ib4 ,uses4#aae--;,a solution ( ammonia 9 wat] has _m applications 9 ! arts & indu/ries2 x is us$ 9 m$ic9e1 & is an indisp5sable laboratory reag5t4 #aae ,sir ,b4 ,w4 ,ri*>dson has %[n t ammonia possesses p[]ful antiseptic prop]ties4--,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rnal1 #ahfb4 ,! (fic9al cau/ic prep>ations ( ammonia are--ammoni liquor =tior 7/rong solution ( ammonia71 :i* %\ld conta9 #cbe p] c5t4 ( ammonia1 & h a specific gravity ( #hia4 ,liquor ammoni 7solution ( ammonia71 specific gravity #iei1 & conta9+ #aj p] c5t4 ( ammonia4 ,!re is also a l9im5t ( ammonia1 compos$ ( olive oil1 #c p>ts1 & ammonia1 #a "p4 ,spiritus ,ammoni ,ftidus 7ftid _s ( ammonia74--,a solution ( assaftida 9 rectifi$ _s & ammonia solution1 #ajj p>ts by measure1 conta9s #aj ( /rong solution ( ammonia4 ,/rong solution ( ammonia is an important +r$i5t 9 ! 8l9im5tum camphor composita0 7comp\nd l9im5t ( camphor71 ! composition ( :i* is z foll[s3--camphor1 #be p>ts2 oil ( lav5d]1 #abe2 /rong solution ( ammonia1 #ej2 & rectifi$ _s1 #ae p>ts4 ,its cont5t ( /rong solution ( ammonia is !n ab\t #bbf p] c5t4 7equival5t to #gc ( ,,nh74#aaf #aaf ,!re is a common l9im5t = horses us$ 9 /ables1 & popul>ly kn[n z 8:ite oil40 ,x conta9s #a "p ( ammonia1 & #d p>ts ( olive or rape oil2 n unfrequ5tly turp5t9e is add$4 ,ano!r vet]9>y l9im5t1 call$ 8egg oil10 conta9s ammonia1 oil ( origanum1 turp5t9e1 & ! yelks ( eggs4 ,! c>bonate ( ammonia is also cau/ic2 x is consid]$ to be a comp\nd ( acid c>bonate ( ammonium1 ,,nh,,hco1 ) c>bamate ( ammonium1 ,,nh,,nh,,co4 ,x is 9 ! =m ( col\rless1 cry/all9e masses2 ! od\r is p[]fully ammoniacal2 x is /rongly alkal9e1 & ! ta/e is acrid4 ,x completely volatilises ) heat1 is soluble 9 wat]1 & some:at soluble 9 _s4 ,! (fic9al prep>ation is ! 8spiritus ammoni aromaticus10 or aromatic _s ( ammonia4 ,x is made by di/ill+ 9 a p>ticul> way ammonic c>bonate1 #d ozs42 /rong solution ( ammonia1 #h ozs42 rectifi$ _s1 #abj ozs42 wat]1 #fj ozs42 volatile oil ( nutmeg1 #d drms42 & oil ( lemon1 #f drms4 ,aromatic _s ( ammonia is a solution 9 a weak _s ( neutral c>bonate1 flav\r$ ) oil ( lemon & nutmeg2 ! specific gravity %\ld be #jhif4 ,smell+ salts 7sal volatile7 are compos$ ( c>bonate ( ammonia4 #ic4 ,/ati/ics4--,falck has f\nd ?r\gh\t lit]ature notices ( ?irty cases ( poison+ by ammonia1 or "s ( its prep>ations4 ,9 two ( ^! x 0 us$ z a poison = ! purpose ( murd]1 & 9 eight ) suicidal int5t2 ! rema9d] 7 all accid5tal4 ,! two crim9al cases 7 ^? ( *ildr51 :o bo? di$4 ,six out ( eight ( ! suicidal1 & twelve ( ! tw5ty accid5tal cases also t]m9at$ fatally4 ,ammonia 0 ! cause ( #fd dea?s 7#ci male1 #be female7 by accid5t & ( #cd 7#ah male1 #af female7 by suicide1 mak+ a total ( #ih dur+ ! t5 ye>s #ahhc-ahib 9 ,engl& & ,wales4 ,at pres5t x occupies ! sev5? place among poisons z a cause ( accid5t1 ! n9? z a means ( suicide4 #id4 ,poison+ by ,ammonia ,vap\r4--,/rong ammoniacal vap\r is fatal to bo? animal & vegetable life4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 b few in/ances ( poison+ by ammonia vap\r2 ^! few cases h be51 )\t exception1 ! result ( accid5t4 ,two cases ( dea? are record$1 due to an attempt to r\se epileptics f /upor1 by an injudici\s use ( /rong ammonia appli$ to ! no/rils4 ,9 ano!r case1 :5 hydrocyanic acid _h be5 tak51 !re 0 ! same result4 ,an in/ance is also on record ( poison\s effects f ! break+ ( a bottle ( ammonia1 & ! sudd5 evolution 9 ?is way ( an enorm\s volume ( ! cau/ic gas4 ,la/ly1 a man employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( ice1 by means ( ! liquefaction ( ammonia 7,c>r's process71 brea!d ! vap\r1 & _h a n>r[ escape = 8 life4 #ie4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms obs]v$ 9 ! la/ case may well s]ve z a type ( :at may be expect$ to occur aft] brea?+ ammonia vap\r4 ,! man rema9$ f five to t5 m9utes 9 ! /ream ( gas2 he !n exp]i5c$ a feel+ ( anxiety1 & a s5se ( con/riction 9 ! epiga/rium1 burn+ 9 ! ?roat1 & gidd9ess4 ,he vomit$4 ,! pulse 0 small & frequ5t1 ! face pale1 ! m\? & ?roat /rongly r$d5$1 ) increas$ secretion4 ,auscultation & p]cussion ( ! *e/ elicit$ no?+ abnormal1 al?\gh dur+ ! c\rse ( f\r days he _h f "t to "t symptoms ( suffocation1 :i* 7 reliev$ by emetics4 ,he recov]$ by ! eigh? day4#aag #aag ,s*midt's ,jahrbu*1 #ahgb1 i4 ,s4 #cj4 ,9 exp]im5ts on animals1 v simil> symptoms are produc$4 ,!re is increas$ secretion ( ! eyes1 nose1 & m\?1 ) r$ness4 ,! cry ( cats becomes rem>kably ho>se1 & !y g5]ally vomit4 ,great difficulty 9 brea?+ & tetanic convulsions are pres5t4 ,:5 ! animal is conf9$ 9 a small clos$ *amb]1 dea? takes place 9 ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,on section1 ! bron*ial tubes1 to ! f9e/ ramifications1 are f\nd to be fill$ ) a t5aci\s mucus1 & ! air passages1 f ! glottis ?r\gh\t1 r$d5$4 ,! lungs are emphysemat\s1 b h n always any special col\r2 ! he>t conta9s b little coagulat$ blood2 ! blood has a d>k-r$ col\r4 #if4 ,! *ronic effects ( ! gas1 z %[n 9 workm5 engag$ 9 manufactures 9 :i* ! fumes ( ammonia are frequ5t1 appe> to be an inflammation ( ! eyes & an affection ( ! sk94 ,! latt] is ?\ght to be due to ! ammonia unit+ to =m a soap ) ! oil ( ! lubricat+ sk9 gl&s4 ,"s obs]v]s h also notic$ deafness1 & a peculi> col\r ( ! sk9 ( ! nose & =ehead1 among ^? :o "w 9 guano manufactories4 ,its usual action on ! body appe>s to be a dim9ution ( ! heal?y oxidation *anges1 & a g5]al l[]+ ( bodily /r5g?1 ) evid5t anmia4 #ig4 ,ammonia 9 ,solution4--,action on ,plants4--,solutions ( /rong ammonia1 or solutions ( ! c>bonate1 act injuri\sly on vegetable life1 :ile ! neutral salts ( ammonia are1 on ! contr>y1 excell5t manures4 ,a #cj p] c5t4 solution ( ammonic c>bonate kills mo/ plants )9 an h\r1 & x is indiff]5t :e!r ! :ole plant is wat]$ ) ?is solution1 or :e!r x is appli$ only to ! leaves4 ,if1 aft] ?is wat]+ ( ! plant ) ammonic c>bonate wat]1 ! injuri\s salt is wa%$ out z f> z possible by di/ill$ wat]1 or by a weakly acidulat$ fluid1 !n ! plant may recov]1 aft] hav+ %$ m or less ( its leaves4 ,^! facts suffici5tly expla9 ! injuri\s effects notic$ :5 ur9e is appli$ direct to plants1 = ur9e 9 a v %ort "t becomes ess5tially a solution ( ammonic c>bonate4 #ih4 ,action on ,human ,be+s & ,animal ,life4--,! viol5ce ( ! action ( cau/ic solutions ( ammonia almo/ entirely dep5ds on ! /ate ( conc5tration4 ,! local action ( ! /rong solution appe>s to be ma9ly ! extraction ( wat] & ! saponify+ ( fat1 mak+ a soluble soap4 ,on delicate tissues x has1 !re=e1 a de/ructive action2 b ,s4 ,samuel#aah has %[n t ammonia1 :5 appli$ to ! unbrok5 epid]mis1 does n h ! same int5se action z pota% or soda1 nor does x coagulate album54 ,blood1 :e!r expos$ to ammonia gas1 or mix$ ) solution ( ammonia1 becomes imm$iately d>k-r$2 !n1 lat]1 ?r\gh de/ruction ( ! blood corpuscles1 v d>k1 ev5 black2 la/ly1 a dirty br[n-r$4 ,! oxyg5 is expell$1 ! hmoglob9 de/roy$1 & ! blood corpuscles dissolv$4 #aah ,vir*['s ,ar*iv f4 pa?4 ,anat41 ,bd4 #ea1 ,hft4 #a u4 #b1 ,s4 #da1 c41 #ahgj4 ,! album5 ( ! blood is *ang$ to alkali-album9ate1 & ! blood itself w n coagulate4 ,a m or less fluid condition ( ! blood has always be5 notic$ 9 ! bodies ( ^? poison$ by ammonia4 ,blood expos$ to ammonia1 :5 view$ by ! spectroscope1 %[s ! spectra ( alkal9e hmat91 a weak absorption-b&1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,d2 b if ! blood has be5 act$ on = "s "t by ammonia1 !n all absorption-b&s vani%4 ,^! spectra1 h[ev]1 are n peculi> to ammonia1 ! action ( cau/ic pota% or soda be+ simil>4 ,! muscles are excit$ by ammonia1 ! functions ( ! n]ves are de/roy$4 ,:5 a solution ( /rong ammonia is swall[$1 !re are two ma9 effects--7#a7 ! action ( ! ammonia itself on ! tissues x comes into contact )1 & 7#b7 ! effects ( ! vap\r on ! air-passages4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 imm$iate irritation1 r$ness1 & swell+ ( ! tongue & ph>ynx1 a burn+ pa9 rea*+ f ! m\? to ! /oma*1 ) vomit+1 &1 x may be1 n]v\s symptoms4 ,! saliva is notably increas$4 ,9 a case report$ by ,fonssagrives1#aai no less ?an #c litres 7 expell$ 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,(t5 ! gl&s "u ! jaw & ! lymphatics ( ! neck are swoll54 #aai ,l',union ,mdicale1 #aheg1 ,no4 #ac1 p4 #di1 ,no4 #bb1 p4 #ij4 ,doses ( f #e to #cj grammes ( ! /rong solution ( ammonia may kill z quickly z prussic acid4 ,9 a case record$ by ,*ri/ison1#abj dea? occurr$ 9 f\r m9utes f a l>ge dose1 d\btless p>tly by suffocation4 ,z sudd5 a result is also record$ by ,pl5k3 a man1 bitt5 by a rabid dog1 took a m\?ful ( spirits ( ammonia1 & di$ 9 f\r m9utes4 #abj ,*ri/ison1 #afg4 ,if dea? does n occur rapidly1 !re may be o!r symptoms--dep5d5t n ^u its m]ely local action1 b ^u its m remote effects4 ,^! ma9ly consi/ 9 an excitation ( ! bra9 & sp9al cord1 &1 lat]1 convulsive movem5ts deep5+ into loss ( consci\sness4 ,x has be5 notic$ t1 ) great relaxation ( ! muscul> sy/em1 ! pati5ts compla9 ( e movem5t caus+ pa94 ,) ^! g5]al symptoms add$ to ! local injury1 dea? may foll[ _m days aft] ! swall[+ ( ! fatal dose4 ,dea? may also occur simply f ! local injury done to ! ?roat & l>ynx1 & ! pati5t may l+] "s "t4 ,?us1 9 a case quot$ by ,taylor1#aba 9 :i* none ( ! poison appe>s actually to h be5 swall[$1 ! man di$ n9ete5 days aft] tak+ ! poison f inflammation ( ! ?roat & l>ynx4 ,z ) ! /rong acids1 s ) ammonia & ! alkalies g5]ally1 dea? may also be caus$ _m weeks & ev5 mon?s aft]w>ds f ! effects ( contraction ( ! gullet1 or f ! impair$ nutrition consequ5t ^u ! de/ruction1 m or less1 ( portions ( ! /oma* or inte/9al canal4 #aba ,pr9ciples ( ,jurisprud5ce1 i4 p4 #bce4 #ii4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,9 rec5t cases !re is an int5se r$ness ( ! inte/9al canal1 f ! m\? to ! /oma*1 & ev5 beyond1 ) "h & !re de/ruction ( ! muc\s membrane1 & ev5 p]=ation4 ,a wax prep>ation 9 ! museum ( ,univ]sity ,college 7,no4 #bcgh7 %[s ! effects on ! /oma* produc$ by swall[+ /rong ammonia2 x is a%5-gray 9 col\r1 & mo/ ( ! muc\s membrane is1 z x 71 dissolv$ away2 ! c>diac end is mu* conge/$4 ,! cont5ts ( ! /oma* are usually col\r$ ) blood2 ! bron*ial tubes & glottis are almo/ con/antly f\nd inflam$--ev5 a cr\p-l 7or diph!ritic7 condition has be5 se54 dema ( ! glottis %\ld also be look$ =3 9 "o case ?is alone seems to h acc\nt$ = dea?4 ,! blood is ( a cle>-r$ col\r1 & fluid4 ,a smell ( ammonia may be pres5t4 ,if a suffici5t "t has elaps$ = second>y effects to take place1 !n !re may be o!r appe>ances4 ,?us1 9 ! case ( a girl :o1 fall+ into a fa9t+ fit1 0 treat$ ) a draught ( undilut$ spirits ( ammonia1 & liv$ f\r weeks aft]w>ds1 ! /oma* 7pres]v$ 9 ,/4 ,george's ,hospital museum1 #dc b1 s]4 ix47 is se5 to be mu* dilat$ & cov]$ ) cicatrices1 & ! pylorus is s contract$ z h>dly to admit a small b\gie4 ,x has also be5 notic$ t !re is g5]ally a fatty deg5]ation ( bo? ! kidneys & liv]4 ,x ne$ sc>cely be obs]v$ t1 9 su* cases1 no free ammonia w be f\nd1 & ! "q ( ! cause ( dea? mu/ necess>ily be :olly m$ical & pa?ological4 #ajj4 ,sep>ation ( ,ammonia4--,ammonia is sep>at$ 9 all cases by di/illation1 & if ! organic or o!r liquid is already alkal9e1 x is at once plac$ 9 a retort & di/ill$4 ,if neutral or acid1 a little burnt magnesia may be add$ until ! reaction is alkal9e4 ,x is g5]ally laid d[n t ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* 9 a putrid condition _c be exam9$ = ammonia1 because ammonia is already pres5t z a product ( decomposition2 b ev5 "u ^! circum/ances x is possible to give an op9ion :e!r ammonia 9 excess is pres5t4 ,= if1 aft] c>efully mix+ ! :ole cont5ts ( ! /oma*1 & !n dry+ a portion & reckon+ f t weight ! total nitrog5 7consid]+1 = ?is purpose1 ! cont5ts to consi/ :olly ( album51 :i* yields ab\t #af p] c5t4 ( nitrog57--"u ^! conditions1 ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* yield m ?an #af p] c5t4 ( nitrog5 z ammonia reckon$ on ! dry sub/ance1 x is tol]ably c]ta9 t ammonia n d]iv$ f ! food or ! tissues is pres5t4 ,if1 also1 !re is a suffici5t evolution ( ammonia to cause :ite fumes1 :5 a rod moi/5$ ) hydro*loric acid is br\ght ne> to ! liquid1 ?is is an effect nev] notic$ ) a normal decomposition1 & r5d]s ! pres5ce ( extr9sic ammonia probable4 ,an alkal9e-react+ di/illate1 :i* gives a br[n col\r ) ! 8nessl]0 reag5t1 & :i*1 :5 c>efully neutralis$ ) sulphuric acid1 on evaporation to dryness by ! c>eful heat ( a wat]-ba?1 leaves a cry/all9e mass t gives a copi\s precipitate ) plat9ic *loride1 b is h>dly at all soluble 9 absolute alcohol1 c be no o!r sub/ance ?an ammonia4 #aja4 ,e/imation4--,ammonia is mo/ quickly e/imat$ by di/ill+1 receiv+ ! di/illate 9 dec9ormal acid1 & !n titrat+ back4 ,x may also be e/imat$ z ! d\ble *loride ( ammonium & plat9um 7,,nh,cl7,pt,cl4 ,! di/illate is exactly neutralis$ by ,h,cl1 evaporat$ to ne> dryness1 & an alcoholic solution ( plat9ic *loride add$ 9 suffici5t quantity to be always 9 slight excess1 z %[n by ! yell[ col\r ( ! sup]natant fluid4 ,! precipitate is collect$1 wa%$ ) a little alcohol1 dri$1 & weigh$ on a t>$ filt]2 #ajj p>ts ( ! salt are equal to #gf ( ,,nh4 ,,vi4--,cau/ic ,pota% & ,soda4 #ajb4 ,!re is s little diff]5ce 9 ! local effects produc$ by pota% & soda respectively1 t x w be conv5i5t to treat !m toge!r4 ,pota% 7potassa cau/ica74--,hydrate ( potassium 7,,kho71 atomic weight #ef1 specific gravity #ba4 ,prop]ties4--,pure hydrate ( potassium is a compact1 :ite solid1 usually met ) 9 ! =m ( /icks4 ,:5 heat$ to a temp]ature a little "u r$ness1 x melts to a ne>ly col\rless liquid2 9 ?is /ate x is int5sely corrosive4 ,x rapidly absorbs moi/ure f ! air1 & moi/ pota% also absorbs ) great avidity c>bon dioxide2 x is p[]fully alkal9e1 *ang+ r$ litmus to blue4 ,x is soluble 9 half its weight ( cold wat]1 great heat be+ evolv$ dur+ solution2 x =ms two def9ite hydrates--"o1 ,,kho ,h,o2 ! o!r1 ,,kho #b;,h,o4 ,x is sp>+ly soluble 9 e!r1 b is dissolv$ by alcohol1 wood-_s1 fusel oil1 & glyc]94 #ajc4 ,ph>maceutical ,prep>ations4--,potassium hydrate1 z well z ! solution ( pota%1 is (fic9al 9 all ph>macopias4 ,! liquor potass1 or solution ( pota%1 ( ! ,briti% ,ph>macopia1 is a /rongly alkal9e1 cau/ic liquid1 ( #ajeh specific gravity1 & conta9+ #ehd p] c5t4 by weight ( ,,kho4 ,x %\ld1 !oretically1 n eff]vesce1 :5 treat$ ) an acid1 b its aff9ity = ,,co is s great t all solutions ( pota%1 :i* h be5 9 any way expos$ to air1 conta9 a little c>bonate4 ,cau/ic /icks ( pota% & lime us$ to be (fic9al 9 ! ,briti% ,ph>macopia4 ,filho's cau/ic is /ill 9 comm]ce1 & is made by melt+ toge!r two p>ts ( potassium hydrate & "o "p ( lime 9 an iron ladle or vessel2 ! melt$ mass is n[ m\ld$ by p\r+ x into lead5 m\lds4 ,vi5na pa/e is compos$ ( equal weights ( pota% & lime made into a pa/e ) rectifi$ _s or glyc]94 #ajd4 ,c>bonate ( ,pota% 7,k,,co #a;,h,o71 :5 pure1 is 9 ! =m ( small :ite cry/all9e gra9s1 alkal9e 9 ta/e & reaction1 & rapidly deliquesc+ :5 expos$ to moi/ air2 x gives all ! *emical reactions ( potassium oxide1 & c>bon dioxide4 ,c>bonate ( pota%1 "u ! "n ( salt ( t>t>1 or pota%es1 is sold by oilm5 = cleans+ purposes4 ,!y supply x ei!r 9 a fairly pure /ate1 or z a d>ki% moi/ mass conta9+ _m impurities4 #aje4 ,bic>bonate ( ,pota% 7,,khco7 is 9 ! =m ( l>ge transp>5t rhombic prisms1 & is n deliquesc5t4 ,! eff]vesc+ solution ( pota% 7liquor potass eff]vesc5s7 consi/s ( #cj gra9s ( ,,khco 9 a p9t ( wat] 7#cde grms4 p] litre71 & z mu* ,,co z ! wat] w take up "u a pressure ( sev5 atmosph]es4 #ajf4 ,cau/ic ,soda--,sodium ,hydrate 7,na,h,o74--,?is sub/ance is a :ite solid1 v simil> 9 appe>ance to potassium hydrate2 x absorbs moi/ure f ! air1 & aft]w>ds c>bon dioxide1 becom+ solid aga91 = ! c>bonate is n deliquesc5t4 ,9 ?is respect1 !n1 !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 pota% & soda1 = ! =m] is deliquesc5t bo? z hydrate & c>bonate2 a /ick ( pota% 9 a semi-liquid /ate1 by exposure to ! air1 cont9ues liquid1 al?\gh saturat$ ) c>bon dioxide4 ,pure sodium hydrate has a specific gravity ( #bj2 x dissolves 9 wat] ) evolution ( heat1 & ! solution gives all ! reactions ( sodium hydrate1 & absorbs c>bon dioxide z readily z ! correspond+ solution ( pota%4 ,! liquor sod ( ! ,b4,p4 %\ld conta9 #da p] c5t4 ( ,na,h,o4 #ajg4 ,sod ,c>bonas--,c>bonate ( ,soda--7,na,,co#aj;,h,o74--,! pure c>bonate ( soda = m$ic9al use is 9 col\rless & transp>5t rhombic octah$rons2 :5 expos$ to air1 ! cry/als effloresce & crumble4 ,! sod c>bonas exsiccata1 or dri$ c>bonate ( soda1 is simply ! ord9>y c>bonate1 depriv$ ( its wat] ( cry/allisation1 :i* am\nts to #fbic p] c5t4 #ajh4 ,bic>bonate ( ,soda 7,na,h,c,o7 occurs 9 ! =m ( m9ute cry/als1 or1 m commonly1 z a :ite p[d]4 ,! liquor sod eff]vesc5s ( ! ,b4,p4 is a solution ( ! bic>bonate1 #cj gra9s ( ! salt 9 #bj ozs4 ( wat] 7#cde grms4 p] litre71 ! wat] be+ *>g$ ) z mu* c>bonic acid z x w hold "u a pressure ( sev5 atmosph]es4 ,! bic>bonate ( soda loz5ges 7tro*isci sod bic>bonatis7 conta9 9 ea* loz5ge #e gra9s 7#cbg mgrms47 ( ! bic>bonate4 ,! c>bonate ( soda sold = h\sehold purposes is ( two k9ds--! "o1 8seconds10 ( a dirty :ite col\r & some:at impure2 ! o!r1 8be/10 is a :ite mass ( mu* great] purity4 ,javelle wat] 7,eau de ,javelle7 is a solution ( hypo*lorite ( soda2 its action is poison\s1 m f ! cau/ic alkali ?an f ! *lor9e1 & may1 !re=e1 be "h includ$4 #aji4 ,/ati/ics4--,poison+ by ! fix$ alkalies is n s frequ5t z poison+ by ammonia4 ,falck has collect$1 f m$ical lit]ature1 #bg cases1 #b ( :i* 7 ! crim9al adm9i/]+ ( ,eau de ,javelle1 & #e 7 suicidal2 #bb1 or #hae p] c5t41 di$--9 #a ( ! cases aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 9 ! o!rs1 life 0 prolong$ = days1 weeks1 or mon?s--9 #a case = tw5ty-sev5 mon?s4 ,9 ! t5 ye>s #ahhc-ahib1 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 !re 7 #bg dea?s f poison+ by ! fix$ alkalies2 #b 7 suicidal 7#a f pota%1 ! o!r f soda72 ! rema9+ #be 7 due to accid5t2 ( ^!1 #g 7#c males & #d females7 7 f cau/ic soda1 & #ah 7#h males & #aj females7 f cau/ic pota%4 #aaj4 ,effects on ,animal & ,vegetable ,life4--,! fix$ alkalies de/roy all vegetable life1 if appli$ 9 /rong solution or 9 sub/ance1 by dehydrat+ & dissolv+ ! tissues4 ,! effects on animal tissues are1 9 "p1 due also to ! aff9ity ( ! alkalies = wat]4 ,!y extract wat] f ! tissues ) :i* !y come 9 contact1 & also attack ! album9\s con/itu5ts1 =m+ alkali-album9ate1 :i* swells on ! addition ( wat]1 &1 9 a l>ge quantity1 ev5 dissolves4 ,c>tilag9\s & horny tissues are also act$ ^u1 & /rong alkalies w dissolve hair1 silk1 c4 ,! action ( ! alkali is by no means re/rict$ to ! "p fir/ t\*$1 b has a rem>kable faculty ( spread+ 9 all directions4 #aaa4 ,local ,effects4--,! effects ( /rong alkali appli$ to ! epid]mis are simil> to1 b n id5tical )1 ^? produc$ by /rong acids4 ,s4 ,samuel#abb has /udi$ ?is exp]im5tally on ! e> ( ! rabbit2 a drop ( a /rong solution ( cau/ic alkali1 plac$ on ! e> ( a :ite rabbit1 caus$ /asis 9 ! art]ies & ve9s1 ) fir/ a gre5i%1 !n a black col\r ( ! blood2 ! epid]mis 0 blea*$1 ! hair loos5$1 & !re quickly foll[$ a gre5i% coloration on ! back ( ! e>1 opposite to ! place ( application4 ,ar\nd ! burn$ spot appe>$ a circle ( ana/omis+ vessels1 a bli/] rose1 & a sl\gh sep>at$ 9 a few days4 ,! :ole ?ickness ( ! e> 0 col\r$ yell[i%-gre51 &1 lat]1 ! spot became ( a ru/y br[n4 #abb ,vir*['s ,ar*iv4 f4 pa?4 ,anat41 ,bd4 #ea1 ,hft4 #a u4 #b1 #ahgj4 #aab4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms obs]v$ :5 a p]son has swall[$ a dang]\s dose ( cau/ic 7fix$7 alkali are v simil> to ^? notic$ ) ammonia1 ) ! important exception t !re is no respiratory tr\ble1 unless ! liquid has come into contact ) ! glottis2 nor has !re be5 hi!rto rem>k$ ! rapid dea? :i* has tak5 place 9 a few ammonia poison+s1 ! %orte/ "t hi!rto record$ be+ ?ree h\rs1 z relat$ by ,taylor1 9 a case 9 :i* a boy _h swall[$ #c ozs4 ( a /rong solution ( c>bonate ( pota%4 ,!re is in/ant pa91 ext5d+ f ! m\? to ! /oma*1 & a p]si/5t & unpleasant ta/e2 if ! individual is n a det]m9$ suicide1 & ! poison 7z is mo/ly ! case7 has be5 tak5 accid5tally1 ! liquid is imm$iately eject$ z mu* z possible1 & wat]1 or o!r liquid at h&1 drunk freely4 ,%ock may at once occur1 & ! pati5t die f collapse2 b ?is1 ev5 ) frightful de/ruction ( tissue1 appe>s to be r>e4 ,vomit+ sup]v5es2 :at is eject$ is /rongly alkal9e1 & /reak$ ) blood1 & has a soapy1 fro?y appe>ance4 ,!re may be di>rha1 great t5d]ness ( ! abdom51 & quick pulse & fev]4 ,) cau/ic pota%1 !re may be also notic$ its toxic effects 7ap>t f local action7 on ! he>t2 ! pulse1 9 t case1 is sl[ & weak1 & loss ( consci\sness & convulsions are n uncommon4 ,if ! collapse & aft]-inflammation are recov]$ f1 !n1 z 9 ! case ( ! m9]al acids1 !re is all ! horrid sequ5ce ( symptoms po9t+ to contractions & /rictures ( ! gullet or pylorus1 & ! subsequ5t dyspepsia1 difficulty ( swall[+1 & n unfrequ5tly actual />vation4 #aac4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,9 cases ( rec5t poison+1 spots on ! *eeks1 lips1 clo?+1 c41 giv+ evid5ce ( ! contact ( ! alkali1 %\ld be look$ =2 b ?is evid5ce1 9 ! case ( p]sons :o h liv$ a few days1 may be want+4 ,! muc\s membrane ( ! m\?1 ?roat1 gullet1 & /oma* is g5]ally m or less :ite--"h & !re d5ud$1 & w be f\nd 9 v>i\s /ages ( inflammation & erosion1 accord+ to ! am\nt tak51 & ! conc5tration ( ! alkali4 ,:]e !re is erosion1 ! base ( ! erod$ p>ts is n br[n-yell[1 b1 z a rule1 pale r$4 ,! gullet is mo/ affect$ at its l[] "p1 & x is ?is "p :i* is mo/ly subject to /ricture4 ,?us ,bhm#abc f\nd t 9 #ah cases ( contraction ( ! gullet1 collect$ by him1 #aj ( ! #ah %[$ ! contraction at ! l[] ?ird4 #abc ,c5tralblatt fr die ,m$4 ,wiss41 #ahgd4 ,! *anges :i* ! /oma* may pres5t if ! pati5t has liv$ "s "t1 are well illu/rat$ by a prep>ation 9 ,/4 ,george's museum 7#dc a4 #bfd1 s]4 ix474 ,x is ! /oma* ( a woman1 ag$ #dd1 :o _h swall[$ a conc5trat$ solution ( c>bonate ( pota%4 ,%e vomit$ imm$iately aft] tak+ x1 & liv$ ab\t two mon?s1 dur+ ! latt] "p ( :i* %e _h to be n\ri%$ by injections4 ,%e di$ ma9ly f />vation4 ,! gullet 9 its l[] "p is se5 to be mu* contract$1 its l9+ membrane de/roy$1 & ! muscul> coats expos$4 ,! coats ( ! /oma* are ?ick5$1 b :at *iefly arre/s ! att5tion is a d5se cicatrix at ! pylorus1 ) an ap]ture s small z only to admit a probe4 ,! col\r ( ! /oma* is g5]ally bright r$1 b 9 t ( a *ild1 pres]v$ 9 ,guy's ,hospital museum 7,no4 #agih71 ! muc\s membrane is oblit]at$1 ! rug de/roy$1 & a d>k-br[n /a9 is a noticeable feature4 ,! /oma* is n1 h[ev]1 necess>ily affect$4 ,9 a prep>ation 9 ! same museum 7,no4 #agih7 ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* ( a *ild :o swall[$ soap-lees is se5 to be almo/ heal?y1 b ! gullet is mu* discol\r$4 ,! action on ! blood is to *ange x into a gelat9\s mass2 ! blood corpuscles are de/roy$1 & ! :ole col\r becomes ( a dirty blacki%-r$2 ! spectroscopic appe>ances are id5tical ) ^? already describ$ 7see p4 #aad74 ,! "q z to ! effects ( *ronic poison+ by ! alkalies or _! c>bonates may arise4 ,little or no?+ is1 h[ev]1 kn[n ( ! action ( consid]able quantities ( alkalies tak5 daily4 ,9 a case relat$ by ,dr4 ,tun/all1#abd a man = eighte5 ye>s _h tak5 daily #b ozs4 ( bic>bonate ( soda = ! purpose ( reliev+ indige/ion4 ,he di$ sudd5ly1 & ! /oma* 0 f\nd ext5sively diseas$2 b s9ce ! man1 be=e tak+ ! alkali1 _h compla9$ ( pa91 c41 x is h>dly well1 f ?is "o case1 to draw any conclusion4 #abd ,m$4 ,times1 ,nov4 #cj1 #ahej1 p4 #efd4 ,x is important to obs]ve t ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* may be acid1 al?\gh ! dea? has be5 produc$ by cau/ic alkali4 ,a *ild1 ag$ #d1 drank f a cup "s #ad p] c5t4 soda lye4 ,he vomit$ frequ5tly1 & di$ 9 fifte5 h\rs4 ,! /oma* conta9$ #hj c4c4 ( s\r-smell+ turbid fluid1 ! reaction ( :i* 0 acid4 ,!re 7 hmorrhagic pat*es 9 ! /oma*1 & signs ( cat>rhal inflammation2 !re 0 also a simil>ly inflam$ condition ( ! duod5um4#abe #abe ,less]1 ,atlas d4 g]i*t4 ,m$41 ,tafel ii4 #aad4 ,*emical ,analysis4--,! te/s = potassium or sodium are too well kn[n to ne$ m ?an enum]ation4 ,! int5se yell[ flame produc$ :5 a sodium salt is submitt$ to a ,buns5 flame1 & ! bright sodium-l9e at ,d :5 view$ by ! spectroscope1 is a delicate te/2 :ile potassium gives a dull r$ b& 9 ! r$1 & a fa9t b v di/9ct l9e 9 ! violet4 ,potassium salts are precipitat$ by t>t>ic acid1 :ile sodium salts d n yield ?is precipitate2 potassium salts also give a precipitate ) plat9ic *loride insoluble 9 /rong alcohol1 :ile ! comp\nd salt ) sodium is rapidly dissolv$ by alcohol or wat]4 ,?is fact is utilis$ 9 ! sep>ation & e/imation ( ! two alkalies4 #aae4 ,e/imation ( ! ,fix$ ,alkalies4--,to detect a fix$ alkali 9 ! cont5ts ( ! /oma*1 a conv5i5t process is to proce$ by dialysis1 & aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 to conc5trate ! out] liquid by boil+1 & !n1 if x is n too mu* col\r$1 to titrate directly ) a dec9ormal sulphuric acid4 ,aft] exact neutralisation1 ! liquid is evaporat$ to dryness1 c>bonis$1 ! alkal9e salts lixiviat$ out ) wat]1 ! sulphuric acid exactly precipitat$ by b>ic *loride1 & !n1 aft] sep>ation ( ! sulphate1 ! liquid treat$ ) milk ( lime4 ,! filtrate is treat$ ) a curr5t ( ,,co gas1 boil$1 & any precipitate filt]$ (f2 ! f9al filtrate w conta9 only alkalies4 ,! liquid may n[ be evaporat$ to dryness ) ei!r hydro*loric or sulphuric acids1 & ! total alkalies weigh$ z sulphates or *lorides4 ,%\ld x be desirable to "k exactly ! proportion ( potassium to sodium1 x is be/ to conv]t ! alkalies into *lorides--dry g5tly1 ignite1 & weigh2 !n dissolve 9 ! lea/ possible quantity ( wat]1 & precipitate by plat9ic *loride1 :i* %\ld be add$ s z to be a little 9 excess1 b n mu*4 ,! liquid ?us treat$ is evaporat$ ne>ly to dryness1 & !n extract$ ) alcohol ( #hj p] c5t41 :i* dissolves out any ( ! d\ble *loride ( plat9um & sodium4 ,f9ally1 ! precipitate is collect$ on a t>$ filt] & weigh$1 aft] dry+ at #ajj4 ,9 ?is way ! analy/ bo? di/+ui%es betwe5 ! salts ( sodium & potassium1 & e/imates ! relative quantities ( ea*4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to obs]ve t1 if ! d\ble *loride is :olly soluble 9 wat] or alcohol1 sodium alone is pres5t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w nev] occur 9 op]at+ on organic tissues & fluids1 = bo? alkalies are inv>iably pres5t4 ,a correction mu/ be made :5 complex organic fluids are 9 ?is way treat$ = alkalies :i* may be naturally 9 ! fluid4 ,"h ! analy/ w be guid$ by 8 prelim9>y titration1 :i* gives ! total free alkal9ity4 ,9 cases :]e ! alkali has be5 neutralis$ by acids1 ( c\rse no free alkali w be f\nd1 b ! correspond+ salt4 ,,vii4--,neutral ,sodium1 ,potassium1 & ,ammonium ,salts4 #aaf4 ,! neutral salts ( ! alkalies are poison\s1 if adm9i/]$ 9 suffici5t doses1 & ! poison\s effect ( ! sulphate1 *loride1 bromide1 iodide1 t>trate1 & citrate appe>s to dep5d on ! specific action ( ! alkali metal1 r ?an on ! acid1 or halog5 9 comb9ation4 ,accord+ to ! rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,r+] & ,dr4 ,h>r+ton ,sa9sbury1#abf ) reg>d to ! relative toxicity ( ! ?ree1 z %[n by _! effect on ! he>t ( a frog--fir/1 ! potassium salts 7 f\nd to ex]t ! mo/ poison\s action1 next come ! ammonium1 &1 la/ly1 ! sodium salts4 ,! highe/ e/imate w\ld be t sodium salts are only "o-t5? z poison\s z ^? ( ammonium or potassium2 ! l[e/1 t ! sodium salts are "o-fif?3 al?\gh ! exp]im5ts ma9ly ?r[ light ^u ! action ( ! alkalies on "o organ only1 yet ! indications obta9$ probably hold good = ! organism z a :ole1 & are pretty well borne out by cl9ical exp]i5ce4 #abf ,lancet1 ,june #bd1 #ahhb4 ,!re appe> to be f\r cases on record ( poison+ by ! above neutral salts2 none ( !m belong to rec5t times1 b lie betwe5 ! ye>s #ahcg-ahef4 ,h5ce1 ! ma9 k :i* we possess ( ! poison\s action ( ! potassium salts is d]iv$ f exp]im5ts on animals4 #aag4 ,sodium ,salts4--,common salt 9 su* enorm\s quantity z half a p\nd to a p\nd has de/roy$ human life1 b ^! cases are s exceptional t ! poison\s action ( sodium salts is ( sci5tific r ?an practical int]e/4 #aah4 ,potassium ,salts4--,leav+ = future consid]ation ! nitrate & ! *lorate ( potassium1 potassic sulphate & t>trate are sub/ances :i* h de/roy$ human life4 ,potassic ,sulphate 7,k,,s7 is 9 ! =m ( col\rless rhombic cry/als1 ( bitt] sal9e ta/e4 ,x is soluble 9 #aj p>ts ( wat]4 ,hydropotassic ,t>trate 7,,khc,h,o71 :5 pure1 is 9 ! =m ( rhombic cry/als1 ta/+ feebly acid4 ,x is soluble 9 #baj p>ts ( wat] at #ag4 #aai4 ,action on ! ,frog's ,he>t4--,bo? excitability & contractility are affect$ to a p[]ful degree4 ,!re is a rem>kable sl[+ ( ! pulsations1 irregul>ity1 &1 la/ly1 cessation ( pulsation altoge!r4 #abj4 ,action on ,w>m-,blood$ ,animals4--,if a suffici5t quantity ( a solution ( a potassic salt is inject$ into ! blood-vessels ( an animal1 !re is almo/ imm$iate dea? f arre/ ( ! he>t's action4 ,small] doses1 subcutane\sly appli$1 produce sl[+ ( ! pulse1 dyspna1 & convulsions1 end+ 9 dea?4 ,small doses produce a transitory dim9ution ( ! =ce ( art]ial pressure1 :i* quickly passes1 & ! blood-pressure rises4 ,!re is at fir/1 = a few seconds1 increase 9 ! numb] ( pulsations1 b lat] a rem>kable sl[+ ( ! pulse4 ,! rise 9 ! blood-pressure occurs ev5 aft] section ( ! sp9al cord4 ,some:at l>g] doses cause rapid l[]+ ( ! blood-pressure1 & app>5t cessation ( ! he>t's action2 b if ! ?orax be !n op5$1 ! he>t is se5 to be contract+ regul>ly1 mak+ "s #abj-afj rhy?mic movem5ts 9 ! m9ute4 ,if ! respiration be n[ artificially ma9ta9$1 & suitable pressure made on ! walls ( ! *e/1 s z to empty ! he>t ( blood1 ! blood-pressure quickly rises1 & natural respiration may foll[4 ,an animal :i* lay ?irty-six m9utes app>5tly dead 0 9 ?is way br\ght to life aga9 7,bhm74 ,! action ( ! salts ( potassium on ! blood is ! same z t ( sodium salts4 ,! blood is col\r$ a bright] r$1 & ! =m ( ! corpuscles *ang$2 !y become %rivell$ ?r\gh loss ( wat]4 ,volunt>y muscle loses quickly its contractility :5 a solution ( pota% is inject$ into its vessels4 ,n]ves also1 :5 treat$ ) a #a p] c5t4 solution ( potassic *loride1 become inexcitable4 #aba4 ,elim9ation4--,! potassium salts appe> to leave ! body ?r\gh ! kidneys1 b are excret$ mu* m sl[ly ?an ! correspond+ sodium salts4 ,?us1 aft] injection ( #d grms4 ( potassic *loride--9 ! fir/ sixte5 h\rs #gdh grm4 ( ,k,cl 0 excret$ 9 ! ur9e1 & 9 ! foll[+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs #bfgg grms4 #abb4 ,nitrate ( ,pota% 7,,kno74--,pure potassic nitrate cry/allises 9 l>ge anhydr\s hexagonal prisms ) dih$ral summits2 x does n absorb wat]1 & does n deliquesce4 ,its fus+ po9t is ab\t #cdj2 :5 melt$ x =ms a transp>5t liquid1 & loses a little ( its oxyg51 b ?is is = ! mo/ "p reta9$ by ! liquid giv5 (f :5 ! salt solidifies4 ,at a r$-heat x evolves oxyg51 & is r$uc$ fir/ to nitrite2 if ! heat is cont9u$1 potassic oxide rema9s4 ,! specific gravity ( ! fus$ salt is #bjf4 ,x is n v soluble 9 cold wat]1 #ajj p>ts dissolv+ only #bf at #aef2 b boil+ wat] dissolves x freely1 #ajj p>ts dissolv+ #bdj ( ! salt4 ,a solution ( nitrate ( pota%1 :5 treat$ ) a z9c c\ple 7see 8,foods10 p4 #eff71 is decompos$1 ! nitrate be+ fir/ r$uc$ to nitrite1 z %[n by its /rik+ a r$ col\r ) metaph5yl5e-diam9e1 & !n ! nitrite f>!r decompos+1 & ammonia appe>+ 9 ! liquid4 ,if ! solution is alkalis$1 & treat$ ) alum9ium foil1 hydrog5 is evolv$1 & ! same effect produc$4 ,z ) all nitrates1 potassic nitrate1 on be+ heat$ 9 a te/-tube ) a little wat]1 "s copp] fil+s1 & sulphuric acid1 evolves r$ fumes ( nitric p]oxide4 #abc4 ,/ati/ics4--,potassic nitrate1 "u ! popul> "n ( 8nitre10 is a v common dome/ic rem$y1 & is also l>gely us$ z a m$ic9e = cattle4 ,!re appe> to be tw5ty cases ( potassic nitrate poison+ on record--( ^!1 eight 7 caus$ by ! salts hav+ be5 accid5tally mi/ak5 = magnesic sulphate1 sodic sulphate1 or o!r purgative salt2 two cases 7 due to a simil> mi/ake = common salt4 ,9 "o in/ance1 ! nitrate 0 us$ 9 /rong solution z an enema1 b mo/ ( ! cases 7 due to ! tak+ ( too l>ge an int]nal dose4 #abd4 ,uses 9 ! ,arts1 c4--,bo? sodic & potassic nitrates are call$ 8nitre0 by ! public indiscrim9ately4 ,sodic nitrate is import$ 9 l>ge quantities f ! ra9less di/ricts ( ,p]u z a manure4 ,potassic nitrate is mu* us$ 9 ! manufacture ( gunp[d]1 9 ! pres]vation ( animal sub/ances1 9 ! manufacture ( gun cotton1 ( sulphuric & nitric acids1 c4 ,! maximum m$ic9al dose ( potassium nitrate is usually /at$ to be #cj gra9s 7#ai grm474 #abe4 ,action ( ,nitrates ( ,sodium & ,potassium4--,bo? ( ^! salts are poison\s4 ,potassic nitrate has be5 tak5 ) fatal result by man2 ! poison\s nature ( sodic nitrate is e/abli%$ by exp]im5ts on animals4 ,! action ( ! nitrates ( ! alkalies is sep>at$ f t ( ! o!r neutral salts ( potassium1 c41 because 9 ?is case ! toxic action ( ! comb9$ nitric acid plays no insignificant "p4 ,l>ge doses1 #c-e grms4 7#dfc-ggb gra9s71 ( potassic nitrate cause consid]able uneas9ess 9 ! /oma* & b[els2 ! dige/ion is di/urb$2 !re may be vomit+ & di>rha1 & !re is g5]ally pres5t a desire to ur9ate frequ5tly4 ,/ill l>g] doses1 #ae-cj grms4 7#bcae-dfc gra9s71 rapidly produce all ! symptoms ( acute ga/ro-ent]itis--great pa91 frequ5t vomit+ 7! eject$ matt]s be+ (t5 bloody71 ) irregul>ity & sl[+ ( ! pulse2 weakness1 cold sweats1 pa9ful cramps 9 s+le muscles 7especially 9 ! calves ( ! legs72 &1 lat]1 convulsions1 aphonia1 quick collapse1 & dea?4 ,9 ! case ( a pregnant woman1 a h&ful ( 8nitre0 tak5 9 mi/ake = ,glaub]'s salts produc$ abortion aft] half-an-h\r4 ,! woman recov]$4 ,sodic nitrate subcutane\sly appli$ to frogs kills !m1 9 doses ( #jbf grm4 7#d gra971 9 ab\t two h\rs2 !re are fibrill> twit*+s ( s+le gr\ps ( muscles & n>cosis4 ,! he>t dies la/1 b aft] ceas+ to beat may1 by a /imulus1 be made aga9 to contract4 ,rabbits1 poison$ simil>ly by sodic nitrate1 exhibit also n>cotic symptoms2 !y lose consci\sness1 lie ^u _! side1 & respond only to ! %>pe/ /imuli4 ,! brea?+1 z well z ! he>t1 is 8sl[$10 & dea? foll[s aft] a few spasmodic inspirations4 ,sodic nitrite 0 f\nd by ,b>? to be a m p[]ful poison1 less ?an #f mgrms4 7#a gra97 be+ suffici5t to kill a rabbit ( #deee grms4 7#gjbh gra9s7 weight1 :5 subcutane\sly inject$4 ,! symptoms 7 v simil> to ^? produc$ by ! nitrate4 #abf4 ,! po/-mortem appe>ances f potassic nitrate are z foll[s3--,an inflam$ condition ( ! /oma*1 ) ! muc\s membrane d>k 9 col\r1 & readily te>+2 ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* are (t5 mix$ ) blood4 ,9 a case relat$ by ,orfila1 !re 0 ev5 a small p]=ation by a l>ge dose ( potassic nitrate1 & a rem>kable pres]vation ( ! body 0 not$4 ,x is believ$ t ! action ( ! nitrates is to be p>tly expla9$ by a r$uction to nitrites1 circulat+ 9 ! blood z su*4 ,to detect nitrites 9 ! blood1 ! be/ me?od is to place ! blood 9 a dialys]1 ! out] liquid be+ alcohol4 ,! alcoholic solution may be evaporat$ to dryness1 extract$ ) wat]1 & !n te/$ by metaph5yl5e-diam9e4 #abg4 ,potassic ,*lorate 7,k,cl,o74--,potassic *lorate is 9 ! =m ( col\rless1 tabul> cry/als ) f\r or six sides4 ,ab\t #f p>ts ( ! salt are dissolv$ by #ajj ( wat] at #ae1 ! solubility increas+ ) ! temp]ature1 s t at #ajj ne>ly #fj p>ts dissolve2 if /rong sulphuric acid be dropp$ on ! cry/als1 p]oxide ( *lor9e is evolv$2 :5 rubb$ ) sulphur 9 a mort>1 potassic *lorate detonates4 ,:5 ! salt is heat$ /rongly1 x fir/ melts1 & !n decomposes1 yield+ oxyg5 gas1 & is trans=m$ into ! p]*lorate4 ,if ! heat is cont9u$1 ?is also is decompos$1 & ! f9al result is potassic *loride4 #abh4 ,uses4--,potassic *lorate is l>gely us$ z an oxidis] 9 calico pr9t+1 & 9 dye+1 especially 9 ! prep>ation ( anil9e black4 ,a consid]able quantity is consum$ 9 ! manufacture ( lucif] mat*es & fireworks2 x is also a conv5i5t s\rce ( oxyg54 ,detonators = explod+ dynamite are mixtures ( fulm9ate ( m]cury & potassic *lorate4 ,x is employ$ z a m$ic9e bo? z an application to inflam$ muc\s membranes1 & = int]nal adm9i/ration2 ab\t #bjjj tons ( ! salt = ^! v>i\s purposes are manufactur$ ye>ly 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 #abi4 ,poison\s ,prop]ties4--,! facility ) :i* potassic *lorate p>ts ) its oxyg5 by ! aid ( heat1 l$ to its v ext5sive employm5t 9 m$ic9e4 ,no drug1 inde$1 has be5 giv5 m recklessly1 or on a less sci5tific basis4 ,:]ev] !re 7 sl\gh+ w\nds1 l[ fev]s1 & malignant sore ?roats1 especially ^? ( a diph!ritic "*1 ! practition] adm9i/]$ potassic *lorate 9 colossal doses4 ,if ! pati5t di$1 x 0 ascrib$ to ! malignity ( ! disease--if he recov]$1 to ! oxyg5 ( ! salt2 & x is possible1 f ! light :i* ( rec5t ye>s has be5 ?r[n on ! action ( potassic *lorate1 t its too reckless use has l$ to _m unrecord$ accid5ts4 #acj4 ,exp]im5ts on ,animals4--,f4 ,m>*&#abg has /udi$ ! effects ( potassic *lorate on animals1 & on blood4 ,if ei!r potassic *lorate or sodic *lorate is mix$ ) fre% blood1 x %[s aft] a little :ile peculi> *anges2 ! cle> r$ col\r at fir/ produc$ passes1 )9 a few h\rs1 into a d>k r$-br[n1 :i* gradually becomes pure br[n4 ,?is *ange is produc$ by a #a p] c5t4 solution1 9 f fifte5 to sixte5 h\rs2 & a #d p] c5t4 solution at #ae de/roys e trace ( oxyhmoglob9 )9 f\r h\rs4 ,soon ! blood takes a syrupy consi/5ce1 &1 ) a #b-d p] c5t4 solution ( ! salt1 passes into a jelly-l mass4 ,! jelly has mu* p]man5ce1 & resi/s putrefactive *anges = a long "t4 #abg ,vir*['s ,ar*iv4 f4 pa?4 ,anat41 ,bd4 #gg1 ,hft4 #c1 ,s4 #dee1 #ahgi4 ,m>*& f$ a dog ( #ag kilos4 9 weight ) #e grms4 ( potassic *lorate = a week4 ,z !re 7 no app>5t symptoms1 ! dose 0 d\bl$ = two days2 & z !re 0 /ill no visible effect1 la/ly1 #ej grms4 ( sodic *lorate 7 giv5 9 #e doses4 ,9 ! foll[+ night ! dog di$4 ,! blood 0 f\nd aft] dea? to be ( a sepia-br[n col\r1 & rema9$ unalt]$ :5 expos$ to ! air4 ,! organs 7 g5]ally ( an unnatural br[n col\r2 ! sple5 0 enorm\sly enl>g$2 ! kidneys 7 swoll51 & ( a d>k *ocolate br[n--on section1 almo/ black-br[n1 ! col\r be+ ne>ly equal1 bo? 9 ! sub/ance & 9 ! capsule4 ,a microscopical exam9ation ( ! kidney %[$ ! canaliculi to be fill$ ) br[ni% cyl9d]s consi/+ ( alt]$ blood4 ,a spectroscopic exam9ation ( ! blood %[$ weak hmoglob9 b&s1 & a n>r[ b& 9 ! r$4 ,) f>!r dilution1 ! hmoglob9 b&s vani%$1 b ! b& 9 ! r$ rema9$4 ,! dilut$ blood1 :5 expos$ to ! light1 /ill rema9$ ( a c(fee-br[n col\r2 & on %ak+1 a :ite-br[n fro? 0 produc$ on ! surface4 ,a second exp]im5t 9 :i* a h\nd ( f #g-h kilos4 9 weight 0 giv5 #c-e grm4 doses ( potassic *lorate 9 sixte5 h\rs1 & kill$ by ble$+ sev5 to eight h\rs aft] ! la/ dose1 %[$ v simil> appe>ances4 ,! kidneys 7 int5sely conge/$1 & ! peculi> br[n col\r 0 noticeable4 #aca4 ,effects on ,man4--,i f9d 9 lit]ature ?irty-n9e cases record$1 9 :i* poison\s symptoms 7 directly ascrib$ to ! action ( *lorate ( potassium2 tw5ty-eight ( ^! t]m9at$ fatally4 ,a quadruple in/ance ( poison+1 record$ by ,br\>del & ,l',hte1#abh illu/rates _m ( ! po9ts relative to ! "t at :i* ! symptoms may be expect$ to comm5ce1 & ! g5]al aspect ( potassic *lorate poison+4 ,! 8suprieure0 ( a religi\s in/itution 0 9 ! habit ( giv+1 = *>itable purposes1 a potion conta9+ #ae grms4 7#ch drms47 ( potassic *lorate1 dissolv$ 9 #cfj c4c4 7ab\t #ab ozs47 ( a vegetable infusion4 #abh ,annales d',hygine publique1 #ahha1 p4 #bcb4 ,?is potion 0 adm9i/]$ to f\r *ildr5--viz41 ,david1 ag$ #b2 ,c\s91 ag$ #c2 ,salmont1 #b2 & ,gur91 #b4 ,david took ! :ole 9 two & a half h\rs1 ! symptoms comm5c$ aft] ! potion 0 f9i%$1 & ! *ild di$ five & a half h\rs aft] tak+ ! fir/ dose2 !re 7 vomit+ & di>rha4 ,c\s9 took ! m$ic9e 9 sev5 h\rs2 ! symptoms also comm5c$ aft] ! la/ spoonful1 & ! dea? took place eight & a half h\rs f ! fir/ spoonful4 ,! symptoms 7 ma9ly ^? ( great depression2 ! lips 7 blue1 ! pulse feeble1 !re 0 no vomit+1 no di>rha4 ,salmont took ! m$ic9e 9 n9e h\rs1 & di$ 9 twelve4 ,!re 0 "s di>rha1 ! /ools 7 ( a gre5 col\r4 ,gur9 took ! :ole 9 two h\rs1 ! symptoms comm5c$ 9 f\r h\rs2 ! lips 7 v pale1 ! gums blue4 ,dea? took place 9 f\r days4 ,!re 0 an autopsy 9 ! case ( ,david only4 ,! /oma* %[$ a l>ge ec*ymosis on its muc\s membrane1 z if x _h be5 burnt by an acid2 ! sple5 0 gorg$ ) blood1 & its tissue friable2 ! kidneys d n seem to h be5 ?or\ghly exam9$1 b are said to h be5 tumefi$4 ,potassic *lorate 0 discov]$ by dialysis4 ,9 ! cases ( ! *ildr5 j detail$1 ! symptoms appe> to be a mixture ( ! depress+ action ( ! potassium1 & irritant action ( ! *lorate4 #acb4 ,9 adults1 ! ma9 symptoms are ^? ( nephritis1 & ! fatal dose = an adult is some:]e ab\t an ounce 7#bhc grms471 b half ?is quantity w\ld probably be dang]\s1 especially if giv5 to a p]son :o _h conge/ion or disease ( ! kidneys4 ,dr4 ,jacobi#abi gives ! foll[+ cases4 #abi ,am]4 ,m$4 ,times1 #ahfj4 ,dr4 ,f\nta9 9 #aheh1 exp]im5t+ on himself1 took #bib grms4 7#hg drms47 ( potassic *lorate2 he di$ on ! sev5? day f nephritis4 ,a "y lady swall[$ #cj grms4 7#he drms471 :5 us+ x z a g>gle2 %e di$ 9 a few days f nephritis4 ,a man1 ?irty ye>s ( age1 di$ 9 f\r days aft] hav+ tak5 #dh grms4 7#abc drms47 ( sodic *lorate 9 six h\rs4 ,! %orte/ "t 9 :i* ,i c f9d ! salt to h be5 fatal1 is a case relat$ by ,dr4 ,man\vriez1 9 :i* a woman took #de grms41 & di$ 9 five h\rs4 ,! smalle/ dose :i* has prov$ fatal is "o 9 :i* an infant ?ree ye>s old 0 kill$ by #c grms4 7#dfc gra9s74 ,jacobi consid]s t ! maximum dose to be giv5 9 divid$ doses dur+ ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 to infants "u ?ree1 %\ld be f #a-ae grm4 7#aed-bca gra9s71 to *ildr5 f ?ree ye>s old1 up to #b grms4 7#cjh gra9s72 & adults f #f-h grms4 7#ibf-abcd gra9s74 #acc4 ,elim9ation4--,potassic *lorate is quickly absorb$ by muc\s membranes1 & by ! inflam$ sk91 & rapidly sep>at$ f ! body by ! action ( ! kidneys4 ,whl]1 z e>ly z #ahbd1 recognis$ t x 9 great "p pass$ out ( ! body un*ang$1 &1 lately1 ,isamb]t1 9 conjunction ) ,hirne1#acj mak+ quantitative e/imations1 recov]$ f ! ur9e no less ?an #ie p] c5t4 ( ! +e/$ salts4 ,otto ,hehn] has also made sev]al auto-exp]im5ts1 & tak+ #b drms41 f\nd t x c\ld be detect$ 9 ! ur9e an h\r & a half aft]w>ds4 ,at t "t #agbc p] c5t4 ( ! salt _h be5 excret$1 &1 by ! end ( elev5 h\rs1 #ich p] c5t4 0 recov]$4 ,x is !n difficult to believe t ! salt gives any oxyg5 to ! tissues1 = ?\gh x is true t 9 all ! inve/igations a small p]c5tage rema9s to be acc\nt$ =1 & also t ,b9z1#aca mak+ exp]im5ts by mix+ solutions ( potassic *lorate ) moi/ organic sub/ances1 su* z pus1 yea/1 fibr91 c41 has decl>$ t1 at a blood heat ! *lorate is rapidly r$uc$1 & is no long] recognisable z *lorate--yet x may be affirm$ t potassic *lorate is recov]$ f ! ur9e z completely z any?+ :i* is ev] excret$ by ! body1 & t d$uctions drawn f ! *anges und]gone by ! salt 9 solutions ( fibr91 c41 h only an indirect be>+ on ! "q4 #acj ,gaz4 ,md4 de ,p>is1 #ahge1 ,nro4 #ag1 #ce1 #da1 #dc4 #aca ,b]l9 kl94 ,wo*5s*r41 xi4 #aj1 ,s4 #aai1 #ahgd4 #acd4 ,! ess5tial action ( potassic *lorate seems to be t x causes a peculi> *ange 9 ! blood1 act+ on ! col\r+ matt] & corpuscles2 ! latt] lose _! prop]ty z oxyg5 c>ri]s2 ! hmoglob9 is 9 "p de/roy$2 ! corpuscles dissolv$4 ,! decompos$ & alt]$ blood-corpuscles are cr[d$ into ! kidneys1 sple51 c42 !y block up ! ur9if]\s canaliculi1 & ?us ! organs pres5t ! curi\s col\r+ se5 aft] dea?1 & ! kidneys become inflam$4 ,detection & ,e/imation ( ,potassic ,*lorate4 #ace4 ,organic fluids are be/ submitt$ to dialysis2 ! dialys$ fluid %\ld !n be conc5trat$ & qualitative te/s appli$4 ,"o ( ! be/ te/s = ! pres5ce ( a *lorate is1 )\t d\bt1 t recomm5d$ by ,fres5ius4 ,! fluid to be te/$ is acidulat$ ) a few drops ( sulphuric acid2 sulphate ( indigo add$ suffici5t to col\r ! solution blue1 & f9ally a few drops ( sulphur\s acid4 ,9 pres5ce ( potassic or sodic *lorate1 ! blue col\r imm$iately vani%es4 ,?is me?od is capable ( detect+ #a "p 9 #abh1jjj2 provid$ ! solution is n orig9ally col\r$1 & b little organic matt] is pres5t4 ,! ur9e c be exam9$ direct1 b if x conta9 album51 ! blue col\r may disappe> & yet *lorate be pres5t2 if too mu* sulphur\s acid be also add$1 ! te/ may give errone\s results4 ,^! are b trivial objections1 h[ev]1 = if ! analy/ obta9s a response to ! te/1 he w naturally confirm or disprove x by ! foll[+ process3-- ,! liquid "u exam9ation1 organic or o!rwise1 is divid$ into two equal p>ts4 ,9 ! "o1 all ! *lor9e pres5t is precipitat$ z *loride by silv] nitrate 9 ! usual way1 & ! *loride ( silv] collect$ & weigh$4 ,9 ! o!r1 ! liquid is evaporat$ to dryness & well *>r$ by a dull r$ heat1 ! a% dissolv$ 9 weak nitric acid1 & ! *lorides e/imat$ z 9 ! fir/ case4 ,if *lorates 7 pres5t1 !re w be a diff]5ce betwe5 ! two e/imations1 proportionate to ! am\nt ( *lorates :i* h be5 conv]t$ into *lorides by ! c>bonisation1 & ! fir/ silv] *loride subtract$ f ! second w give an arg5tic *loride :i* is to be ref]r$ to *lorate4 ,9 ?is way also ! am\nt pres5t may be quantitatively e/imat$1 #ajj p>ts ( silv] *loride equall+ #hed ( potassic *lorate4 ,toxicological ,detection ( ,alkali ,salts4 7,see also ante1 p4 #aba47 #acf4 ,sodium1 9 comb9ation1 especially ) *lor9e1 & also ) sulphuric1 c>bonic1 & phosphoric acids1 is f\nd 9 ! plasma ( ! blood1 9 ! ur9>y secretion1 9 ! pancreatic juice1 9 human bile1 & 9 s]\s transudations1 c4 ,potassium1 9 comb9ation1 is especially f\nd 9 ! r$ blood-corpuscles1 9 ! muscles1 9 ! n]v\s tissues1 & 9 milk4 ,ammonia1 9 comb9ation ) acids1 is naturally f\nd 9 ! /oma*1 9 ! cont5ts ( ! inte/9e2 x is also a natural con/itu5t ( ! blood 9 small traces1 & 9 a corpse is copi\sly evolv$ f putrefactive *anges4 ,x h5ce foll[s1 t m]e qualitative te/s = ^! elem5ts 9 ! tissues or fluids ( ! body are ( n ! slighte/ use1 = !y are always pres5t dur+ ! life ( ! heal?ie/ individual1 & c be f\nd aft] dea? 9 p]sons dy+ f any malady :atev]4 ,to e/abli% ! fact ( a p]son hav+ tak5 an unusual dose ( any ( ! alkali salts1 by simply *emical evid5ce1 x mu/ be prov$ t ! alkalies are pres5t 9 unusual quantities or 9 an abnormal /ate ( comb9ation4 ,9 cases ( rapid dea?1 caus$ by sodic or potassic salts1 !y w be f\nd 9 su* quantity 9 ! cont5ts ( ! /oma*1 or 9 matt]s vomit$1 t !re w probably be no difficulty 9 com+ to a direct conclusion2 b if "s "t has elaps$1 ! analy/ may n f9d a suffici5t gr\nd = giv+ a decid$ judgm5t1 ! excretion ( ! alkali salts be+ v rapid4 ,9 mo/ cases1 x w be well to proce$ z foll[s3--,! cont5ts ( ! /oma* are1 if necess>y1 dilut$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 & divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 "o ( :i* is submitt$ to dialysis1 & !n ! dialys$ liquid evaporat$ to a small bulk & exam9$ qualitatively1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r a l>ge am\nt ( ! alkal9e salts is pres5t1 & 9 :at =m4 ,9 ?is way1 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( nitrate ( potassium or sodium may be prov$1 or ! iodide1 bromide1 sulphate1 & *lorate detect$4 ,to f9d1 9 ?is way1 nitrate ( potassium1 a co>se te/ is pref]able to ! f9] te/s dep5d5t ^u conv]sion ( ! nitrate into nitrites or into ammonia1 = ^! te/s are s delicate1 t nitrates may be detect$ 9 traces2 :]eas1 9 ?is exam9ation1 to f9d traces is ( no value4 ,h5ce1 ! old-fa%ion$ te/ ( treat+ ! conc5trat$ liquid 9 a te/-tube ) copp] fil+s & !n ) sulphuric acid1 & look+ = ! r$ fumes1 is be/1 & w act v well1 ev5 %\ld1 z is commonly ! case1 "s organic matt]s h pass$ ?r\gh ! dialys]4 ,*lorates are indicat$ if ! liquid is divid$ into two p>ts & te/$ 9 ! mann] recomm5d$ at p4 #abg4 ,if pres5t 9 any quantity1 *lorates or nitrates may be indicat$ by ! brilliant combu/ion ( ! organic matt] :5 heat$ to r$ness1 z also by ! action ( /rong sulphuric acid on ! solid sub/ances--9 ! "o case1 yell[ vap\rs ( p]oxide ( *lor9e be+ evolv$--9 ! o!r1 ! r$ fumes already m5tion$ ( nitric p]oxide4 ,) reg>d to a sub/ance su* z ! hydro-potassic t>trate1 its insolubility 9 wat] r5d]s x n easy ( detection by dialysis2 b its v insolubility w aid ! analy/1 = ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* may be treat$ ) wat]1 & ?us all soluble salts ( ! alkalies extract$4 ,on n[ microscopically exam9+ ! insoluble residue1 cry/als ( bit>trate1 if pres5t1 w be readily se54 ,!y may be pick$ up on a clean plat9um wire & heat$ to r$ness 9 a ,buns5 flame1 & spectroscopically exam9$4 ,aft] heat+1 ! melt$ mass w h an alkal9e reaction1 & give a precipitate ) plat9ic *loride4 ,all o!r organic salts ( potassium are soluble1 & a :ite cry/al giv+ su* reaction mu/ be hydro-potassic t>trate4 ,ammonium ,salts4--,if ! body is fre%1 & yet ! salts ( ammonium pres5t 9 l>ge am\nt1 x is safe to conclude t !y h an ext]nal orig92 b !re might be "s consid]able difficulty 9 crim9al poison+ by a neutral salt ( ammonium1 & se>* = x 9 a highly putrid corpse4 ,probably1 9 su* an exceptional case1 !re w\ld be o!r evid5ce4 ,) reg>d to ! quantitative sep>ation & e/imation ( ! fix$ alkalies 9 ! a% ( organic sub/ances1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! processes giv5 9 8,foods10 p4 #ii1 et seq41 & 9 ! pres5t "w1 p4 #aba4 ,,"p ,v4--,,m ,,or ,,less ,,volatile ,,poison\s ,,sub/ances ,,capable ,,( ,,be+ ,,sep>at$ ,,by ,,di/illation ,,f ,,neutral ,,or ,,acid ,,liquids4 ,,hydroc>bons--,,camphor--,,alcohol--,,a myl ,,nitrite--,,e!r--,,*lor(orm ,,& ,,o!r ,,an,,/hetics--,,*loral--,,c>bon ,,disulphide--,,c>bolic ,,acid--,,nitro-,,b5z5e--,,prussic ,,acid--,,phosphorus4 ,i4--,hydroc>bons4 #a4 ,,petroleum4 #acg4 ,petroleum is a g5]al t]m = a mixture ( hydroc>bons ( ! p>aff9 s]ies1 :i* are f\nd naturally 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! _w1 & are 9 comm]ce "u liquid & solid =ms ( v>i\s d5sity4 ,crude petroleum is n import$ into ,engl&1 ! orig9al sub/ance hav+ previ\sly und]gone m or less rectification4 ,! light] & m volatile portions are kn[n "u ! "n ( cymog5e1 rhigol5e1 gasol5e1 & naph?a4 #ach4 ,cymog5e has a specific gravity ( #eij1 & boils at #j4 ,x has be5 employ$ 9 refrig]at+ ma*9es4 ,x appe>s to consi/ *iefly ( butane 7,c,h74 #aci4 ,rhigol5e is n[ us$ 9 m$ic9e 9 ! =m ( spray to produce local an/hesia4 ,x boils at #ah1 & has a d5sity ( #fej4 #adj4 ,gasol5e has a d5sity ( #fhj-fhh2 x has receiv$ te*nical applications 9 ! 8naph?alis+0 ( air & gas4 #ada4 ,b5zol9e 7m9]al naph?a1 petroleum naph?a1 petroleum _s1 petroleum e!r7 is a mixture ( ! light] s]ies ( hydro-c>bons2 ! great] "p consi/s ( heptane1 & !re is also a consid]able quantity ( p5tane 7,c,h7 pres5t4 ,! specific gravity v>ies f #fi to #gd4 ,x is v inflammable1 & is us$ 9 sponge lamps1 & also z a solv5t = gutta-p]*a1 naph?al5e1 p>aff91 wax1 & _m o!r bodies4 ,by ! practical *emi/ x is mu* employ$4 ,! simil>ity ( ! t]ms b5zol9e & b5z5e has caus$ b5zol9e to be (t5 confus$ ) b5zol or b5z5e1 ! lead+ con/itu5t ( coal-t> naph?a 7,c,h74 ,mr ,all5#acb gives 9 ! foll[+ table a summ>y ( ! *ief po9ts ( di/9ction1 bo? betwe5 petroleum naph?a1 %ale naph?a1 & coal-t> naph?a4 ,! table is f\nd$ ^u ! exam9ation ( p>ticul> samples1 & comm]cial samples may pres5t a few m9or deviations4 #acb ,comm]cial ,organic ,analysis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ca4 ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,naph?a4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,petroleum ,naph?a4 ,%ale ,naph?a4 ,coal-t> ,naph?a4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,conta9s at lea/ #ge ,conta9s at lea/ #fj ,consi/s almo/ :olly p] c5t4 ( heptane1to #gj p] c5t4 ( ( b5z5e1 ,c,h1 & ,c,h1 & o!r heptyl5e1 ,c,h1 & o!r homolog\s hydroc>bons ( ! o!r hydroc>bons ( hydroc>bons1 ) a m>% gas or p>aff9! olef9 s]ies2 !small p]c5tage ( s]ies2 ! rema9d]rema9d] p>aff9s4 light hydroc>bons 9 app>5tly olef9s1 ,no trace ( b5z5e or"s samples4 ,cn,h#bn1 ) its homologues4 di/9ct traces ( b5z5e & its homologues4 ,specific gravity at ,specific gravity at ,specific gravity #hgf4 #ae1 #fjj4 #ae1 #gah4 ,di/ils betwe5 #fe ,di/ils betwe5 #fe ,di/ils betwe5 #hj & #ajj4 & #ajj4 & #abj4 ,dissolves coal-t> ,behaves simil>ly to ,readily dissolves pit*1 b slightly2 petroleum naph?a )pit*1 =m+ a deep liquid1 b little reg>d to ! solutionbr[n solution4 col\r$ ev5 aft] ( pit*4 prolong$ contact4 ,on %ak+ ?ree ,:5 treat$ ) ,! liquids =m a measures ( ! fus$ c>bolic acid homog5e\s mixture sample ) "o cry/als1 ! liquids :5 treat$ ) measure ( fus$ mix p]fectly4 fus$ c>bolic acid cry/als ( absolute cry/als4 c>bolic acid1 no solution4 ,liquids n miscible4 ,comb9es ) #aj p] ,comb9es ) upw>ds ,comb9es sl[ly ) c5t4 ( its weight ( #ij p] c5t4 ( its#cj-dj p] c5t4 ( its ( brom9e 9 ! weight ( brom9e4 weight ( brom9e4 cold4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #adb4 ,p>aff9 ,oil 7or k]os9e1 m9]al oil1 photog51 c47 is ! *ief product result+ f ! di/illation ( ,am]ican petroleum--! usual specific gravity is ab\t #hjb--;x is a mixture ( hydroc>bons ( ! p>aff9 s]ies4 ,x %\ld be free f ! m volatile con/itu5ts1 & h5ce %\ld n take fire :5 a flame is appli$ ne> ! surface ( ! cold liquid4 #adc4 ,effects ( ,petroleum4--,s9ce we h "h to deal ) a comm]cial sub/ance ( su* diff]5t degrees ( purity1 & v>i\s samples ( :i* are compos$ ( su* v>i\s proportions ( diff]5t hydroc>bons1 its action c only be /at$ 9 v g5]al t]ms4 ,eul5b]g#acc has exp]im5t$ ) ! light] products obta9$ f ! di/illation ( ,canadian petroleum4 ,?is conta9$ sulphur products1 & 0 extremely poison\s1 ! vap\r kill+ a rabbit 9 a %ort "t1 ) previ\s ins5sibility & convulsions4 ,! autopsy %[$ a ?9 extravasation ( blood on ! surface ( ea* ( ! bulbi1 mu* coagulat$ blood 9 ! he>t1 conge/$ lungs1 & a bloody mucus cov]+ ! tra*eal muc\s membrane4 ,an exp]im5t made on a cat ) ! light] petroleum 7:i* _h no excess ( sulphur7 9 ! /ate ( vap\r1 %[$ t x 0 an an/hetic1 ! an/hesia be+ accompani$ by convulsions1 :i* t[>ds ! end 7 tetanic & viol5t4 ,! evaporation ( #ae grm4 9 a close *amb] kill$ ! animal 9 ?ree h\rs4 ,! lungs 7 f\nd conge/$1 b little else 0 rem>kable4 ,mu* petroleum vap\r is brea!d 9 c]ta9 factories1 especially ^? 9 :i* petroleum is ref9$4#acd ,f ?is cause !re h be5 r frequ5t toxic symptoms among ! workm54 ,eul5b]g#ace describes ! symptoms z foll[s3--,a p]son1 aft] brea?+ an ov]dose ( ! vap\r1 becomes v pale1 ! lips are livid1 ! respiration sl[1 ! he>t's action weak & sc>cely to be felt4 ,if he does n imm$iately g into ! op5 air away f ! poison\s vap\r1 ^! symptoms may pass on to ins5sibility1 convulsions1 & dea?4 ,x (t5 occasions a condition ( ! volunt>y muscles simil> to t induc$ by drunk5ness1 & on recov]y ! pati5t is tr\bl$ by s++ 9 ! e>s & noises 9 ! head4 ,! smell & ta/e ( ! poison may rema9 = a long "t4 #acc ,gew]be-,hygi5e4 #acd ,! vap\r mo/ likely to rise at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 & mix ) ! atmosph]e1 is t ( ! light] s]ies1 f cymog5e to b5zol9e4 #ace ,op4 cit4 #add4 ,poison+ by tak+ light petroleum into ! /oma* is n common4 ,9 a case record$ by ,taylor1#acf a woman1 = ! purpose ( suicide1 swall[$ a p9t ( petroleum1 ,!re foll[$ a slight pa9 9 ! /oma*1 & a little febrile di/urbance1 & a p[]ful smell ( petroleum rema9$ ab\t ! body = six days2 b %e completely recov]$4 ,9 ,augu/ #ahgj a sea-capta9 drank a quantity ( p>aff91 t is1 light+ petroleum1 & di$ 9 a few h\rs 9 an unconsci\s /ate4 ,a *ild1 #b ye>s old1 0 br\ght to ,k+'s ,college ,hospital )9 t5 m9utes aft] tak+ a teaspoonful ( p>aff94 ,x 0 semi-comatose & pale1 ) contract$ pupils2 !re 0 no vomit+ or purg+4 ,emetics ( sulphate ( z9c 7 adm9i/]$1 & ! *ild recov]$ 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,9 ano!r case treat$ at ! same hospital1 a *ild _h swall[$ an unkn[n quantity ( p>aff94 ,x fell into a comatose /ate1 :i* simulat$ tub]cul> m5+itis1 & la/$ = ne>ly ?ree weeks4#acg ,9 a case record$ by ,mr ,rob]t ,smi?1#ach a *ild1 #d ye>s ( age1 _h swall[$ an unkn[n quantity ( p>aff94 ,a few m9utes aft]w>ds1 ! symptoms comm5c$2 !y 7 ^? ( suffocation1 ) a con/ant c\gh2 !re 0 no expectoration2 ! tongue1 gums1 & *eeks 7 blan*$ & swoll5 :]e ! fluid t\*$ !m2 recov]y foll[$4 ,a woman1 ag$ #cb1 :o _h tak5 a qu>t] ( a p9t ( p>aff91 0 f\nd unconsci\s & v cold2 ! /oma*-pump 0 us$1 & %e recov]$4#aci ,h5ce x is tol]ably c]ta91 f ! above in/ances1 t %\ld a case ( petroleum poison+ occur1 ! exp]t w n h to deal ) inf9itesimal quantities2 b :ile ! od\r ( ! oil w probably be di/9ctly p]ceptible1 !re w be also a suffici5t am\nt obta9$ ei!r f matt]s vomit$1 or ! cont5ts ( ! /oma*1 c41 s t no difficulty w be exp]i5c$ 9 id5tify+ x4 #acf ,poisons1 p4 #fef #acg ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 ,sept4 #af1 #ahgf1 p4 #cfe4 #ach ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 ,oct4 #ad1 #ahgf4 #aci ,ph>m4 ,j\rn41 ,feb4 #ab1 #ahge2 also = o!r cases see ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 ,nov4 #d1 #ahgf2 & ,khl]'s ,physiol4 ,!rap41 p4 #dcg4 #ade4 ,9 ord] to sep>ate petroleum f any liquid1 ! sub/ances "u exam9ation mu/ be c>efully di/ill$ 9 ! mann] recomm5d$ "u 8,e!r40 ,! light] petroleums w di/il by ! aid ( a wat]-ba?2 b ! heavi] require a /rong] heat2 r$i/illation ( ! di/illate may be necess>y4 ,! od\r ( ! liquid1 its inflammable "*1 & its o!r prop]ties1 w be suffici5t = id5tification4 #b4 ,,coal-,,t>-,,naph?a--,,b5z5e4 #adf4 ,coal-t>-naph?a 9 its crude /ate1 is an extremely complex liquid1 ( a mo/ disagreeable smell4 ,mu* b5z5e 7,c,h7 is pres5t ) high] homologues ( ! b5z5e s]ies4 ,tolu5e 7,c,h71 naph?al5e 7,c,h71 hydroc>bons ( ! p>aff9 s]ies1 especially hexane 7,c,h71 & hydroc>bons ( ! olef9 s]ies1 especially p5tyl5e1 hexyl5e1 & heptyl5e 7,c,h1 ,c,h & ,c,h74 ,besides ^!1 !re are nitrog5is$ bases1 su* z anil9e1 picol9e1 & pyrid9e2 ph5ols1 especially c>bolic acid2 ammonia1 ammonium sulphide1 c>bon disulphide1 & probably o!r sulphur comp\nds2 acetyl5e & aceto-nitrile4 ,by di/illation & fractional di/illation are produc$ :at are te*nically kn[n 0once run0 naph?a1 #ij p] c5t4 b5zol1 #ej & #ij p] c5t4 b5zol1#adj #cj p] c5t4 b5zol1 solv5t naph?a1 & residue kn[n z 8la/ runn+s40 #adj ,or #ej_/ij b5zol1 ?is indicates t #ej p] c5t4 di/ils ov] bel[ #ajj2 & #dj1 mak+ 9 all #ij1 bel[ #abj4 #adg4 ,taylor#ada records a case 9 :i* a boy1 ag$ #ab1 swall[$ ab\t #c ozs4 ( naph?a1 ! k9d usually sold = burn+ 9 lamps1 & di$ ) symptoms ( n>cotic poison+4 ,! *ild1 aft] tak+ x1 ran ab\t 9 wild delirium1 he !n sank into a /ate ( collapse1 brea?+ /]tor\sly1 & ! sk9 became cold & clammy4 ,on vomit+ be+ excit$1 he reject$ ab\t two tablespoonfuls ( ! naph?a1 & recov]$ some:at1 b aga9 fell into collapse ) great muscul> relaxation4 ,! brea?+ 0 difficult2 !re 7 no convulsions2 ! eyes 7 fix$ & glassy1 ! pupils contract$2 !re 0 fro?+ at ! m\?4 ,9 spite ( e ef=t to save him1 he di$ 9 less ?an ?ree h\rs aft] tak+ ! poison4 ,! body1 exam9$ ?ree days aft] dea?1 smelt /rongly ( naph?a1 b ! po/-mortem appe>ances 7 9 no way peculi>1 save t ! /oma* conta9$ a p9t ( semi-fluid matt]1 f :i* a fluid1 hav+ ! *>act]i/ics ( impure b5z5e1 0 sep>at$4 #ada ,op4 cit41 p4 #feg4 #adh4 ,! effects ( ! vap\r ( b5z5e h be5 /udi$ by ,eul5b]g 9 exp]im5ts on cats & rabbits1 & !re are also available obs]vations on m5#adb :o h be5 accid5tally expos$ to its influ5ce4 ,f ^! s\rces ( in=mation1 x is evid5t t ! vap\r ( b5z5e has a di/9ctly n>cotic effect1 :ile influ5c+ also 9 a m>k$ degree ! sp9al cord4 ,!re are1 z symptoms1 noises 9 ! head1 convulsive trembl+ & twit*+s ( ! muscles1 ) difficulty ( brea?+4 #adb ,dr4 ,/one1 ,m$4 ,gaz41 #ahdh1 vol4 xii4 p4 #ajgg4 ,,detection ,,& ,,sep>ation ,,( ,,b5z5e4 #adi4 ,b5z5e is sep>at$ f liquids by di/illation1 & may be recognis$ by its od\r1 & by ! prop]ties describ$ at p4 #acj4 ,! be/ process ( id5tification1 p]haps1 is to purify & conv]t x into nitro-b5z5e1 & !n into anil9e1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- #a4 ,purification4--,! liquid is agitat$ ) a solution ( cau/ic soda2 ?is dissolves out ( ! b5z5e any bodies ( an acid "*1 su* z ph5ol1 c4 ,! purifi$ liquid %\ld aga9 be di/ill$1 collect+ t portion ( ! di/illate :i* passes ov] betwe5 #fe & #ajj2 directly ! !rmomet] atta9s ne>ly ! #ajj1 ! di/illation %\ld be /opp$4 ,! di/illate1 :i* conta9s all ! b5z5e pres5t1 is next %ak5 ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid 9 ! cold2 ?is w dissolve out all ! hydroc>bons ( ! e?yl5e & acetyl5e s]ies4 ,on remov+ ! lay] ( b5z5e f ! acid1 x mu/ be aga9 %ak5 up ) dilute soda1 s z to remove any trace ( acid4 ,! b5z5e is1 by ?is r complicat$ s]ies ( op]ations1 obta9$ 9 a v fair /ate ( purity1 & may be conv]t$ into nitro-b5z5e1 z foll[s3-- #b4 ,conv]sion into ,nitro-,b5z5e4--,! oily liquid is plac$ 9 a flask1 & treat$ ) f\r times its volume ( fum+ nitric acid4 ,! flask mu/ be furni%$ ) an upright cond5s]2 a vigor\s action mo/ly takes place )\t ! application ( heat1 b if ?is does n occur1 ! flask may be w>m$ = a few m9utes4 ,aft] ! conv]sion is ov]1 ! liquid1 :ile /ill w>m1 mu/ be transf]r$ into a burette furni%$ ) a glass tap1 or to a sep>at+ funnel1 & all1 except ! top lay]1 run into cold wat]2 if b5z5e 0 orig9ally pres5t1 ei!r oily drops ( nitro-b5z5e w fall1 or if ! b5z5e 0 only 9 small quantity1 a f9e precipitate w gradually settle d[n to ! bottom ( ! vessel1 & a di/9ct bitt]-almond smell be obs]v$2 b1 if !re be no b5z5e 9 ! orig9al liquid1 &1 consequ5tly1 no nitro-b5z5e =m$1 no su* appe>ance w be obs]v$4 #c4 ,conv]sion into ,anil9e4--,! nitro-b5z5e may itself be id5tifi$ by collect+ x on a wet filt]1 dissolv+ x (f ! filt] by alcohol1 acidify+ ! alcoholic solution by hydro*loric acid1 & !n boil+ x = "s "t ) metallic z9c4 ,9 ?is way anil9e is =m$ by r$uction4 ,on neutralis+ & dilut+ ! liquid1 & cauti\sly add+ a little cle> solution ( blea*+-p[d]1 a blue or purple col\r pass+ to br[n is 9 a little "t produc$4 #c4 ,,t]p5es--,,ess5tial ,,oils--,,oil ,,( ,,turp5t9e4 #aej4 ,! t]p5es are hydroc>bons ( ! g5]al =mula ,cn,h#bn-#d4 ,! natural t]p5es are divid$ into ?ree classes3-- #a4 ,! true t]p5es1 =mula 7,c,h7--a l>ge numb] ( ess5tial oils1 su* z ^? ( turp5t9e1 orange peel1 nutmeg1 c>away1 anise1 ?yme1 c41 are ma9ly compos$ ( t]p5es4 #b4 ,! c$r5es1 =mula 7,c,h7--! ess5tial oil ( cloves1 rosewood1 cubebs1 calamus1 casc>illa1 & pat*\li belong to ?is class4 #c4 ,! coloph5e hydroc>bons1 =mula 7,c,h71 repres5t$ by colophony4 ,( all ^!1 oil ( turp5t9e alone has any toxicological significance2 x is1 h[ev]1 true t all ! ess5tial oils1 if tak5 9 consid]able doses1 are poison\s1 & cause1 = ! mo/ "p1 vascul> excitem5t & complex n]v\s ph5om5a1 b _! action has n be5 v completely /udi$4 ,!y may all be sep>at$ by di/illation1 b a m conv5i5t process = recov]+ an ess5tial oil f a liquid is to %ake x up ) petroleum e!r1 sep>at+ ! petroleum & evaporat+ spontane\sly2 by ?is means ! oil is left 9 a fair /ate ( purity4 #d4 ,,oil ,,( ,,turp5t9e--,,_s ,,( ,,turp5t9e--8,,turps40 #aea4 ,v>i\s species ( p9e yield a crude turp5t9e1 hold+ 9 solution m or less res94 ,! turp5t9e may be obta9$ f ?is exudation by di/illation1 & :5 ! fir/ portion ( ! di/illate is treat$ ) alkali1 & !n r$i/ill$1 ! f9al product is kn[n "u ! "n ( 8rectifi$ oil ( turp5t9e10 & is sometimes call$ 8camph5e40 ,x ma9ly consi/s ( t]eb5!ne4 ,t]eb5!ne obta9$ f ,fr5* turp5t9e diff]s 9 "s respects f t obta9$ f ,engli% or ,am]ican turp5t9e4 ,!y are bo? mobile1 col\rless liquids1 hav+ ! well-kn[n od\r ( turp5t9e & highly refractive2 b ! ,fr5* t]eb5!ne turns a ray ( pol>is$ light to ! left -#djc = ! sodium ray1 & ! ,engli% to ! "r #bae2 ! latt] t]eb5!ne is kn[n sci5tifically z au/ra-t]eb5!ne4 ,?is action on pol>is$ light is reta9$ 9 ! v>i\s comp\nds & polym]s ( ! two turp5t9e oils4 ,! specific gravity ( turp5t9e oil is #hfd2 its boil+ po9t1 :5 consi/+ ( pure t]eb5!ne1 #aef1 b impurities may raise x up to #afj2 x is combu/ible & burns ) a smoky flame4 ,oil ( turp5t9e is v soluble 9 e!r1 petroleum e!r1 c>bon disulphide1 *lor(orm1 b5z5e1 fix$ & ess5tial oils1 & by ! use ( ^! solv5ts x is conv5i5tly sep>at$ f ! cont5ts ( ! /oma*4 ,x is insoluble 9 wat]1 glyc]91 & dilute alkal9e & acid solutions2 & v soluble 9 absolute alcohol1 f :i* x may be precipitat$ by ! addition ( wat]4 ,x is polym]is$ by ! action ( /rong sulphuric acid1 ! polym]1 ( c\rse1 boil+ at a high] temp]ature ?an ! orig9al oil4 ,) wat] x =ms a cry/all9e hydrate 7,c,h,o1,h,o74 ,on pass+ nitrosyl *loride gas into ! oil1 ei!r pure or dilut$ ) *lor(orm or alcohol1 ! mixture be+ cool$ by ice1 a :ite cry/all9e body is deposit$1 ( ! =mula ,c,h7,n,o,cl74 ,by treat+ ?is comp\nd ) alcoholic pota%1 ! sub/itution product 7,c,h,,no7 is obta9$4 ,by treat+ turp5t9e ) an equal bulk ( w>m wat]1 & %ak+ x 9 a l>ge bottle ) air1 camphoric acid & p]oxide ( hydrog5 are =m$4 ,:5 turp5t9e oil is left 9 contact ) conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid1 !re is =m$ t]eb5!ne dihydro*loride 7,c,h#b;,h,cl71 :i* =ms rhombic plates1 insoluble 9 wat]1 & decomposable by boil+ alcoholic pota%1 ) =mation ( t]p9ol1 7,c,h7,o4 ,! dihydro*loride gives a col\r-reaction ) f]ric *loride4 ,?is is an excell5t te/--n1 x is true1 conf9$ to oil ( turp5t9e--b common to ! dihydro*lorides ( all ! t]p5es4 ,a few drops ( ! oil are /irr$ 9 a porcela9 capsule ) a drop ( hydro*loric acid1 & "o ( f]ric *loride solution2 on g5tly heat+1 !re is produc$ fir/ a rose col\r1 !n a violet-r$1 & la/ly a blue4 #aeb4 ,effects ( ! ,adm9i/ration ( ,turp5t9e4--,l4 ,w4 ,li]s*#adc expos$ animals to ! vap\r ( turp5t9e1 & f\nd t a cat & a rabbit di$ )9 half an h\r4 ,!re 0 obs]v$ uneas9ess1 reel+1 want ( p[] 9 ! limbs 7m especially 9 ! h9d] extremities71 convulsions p>tial1 or g5]al1 difficulty ( respiration2 & ! he>t's action 0 quick5$4 ,dea? took place1 9 "p1 f asphyxia1 & 9 "p 0 attributable to a direct action on ! n]v\s c5tres4 ,! autopsy %[$ conge/ion ( ! lungs1 ec*ymoses ( ! kidney1 & mu* blood 9 ! liv] & sple54 ,small doses ( turp5t9e-vap\r cause 7accord+ to ,sir ,b4 ,w4 ,ri*>dson7#add gidd9ess1 defici5t appetite1 & anmia4 ,f half an ounce to an ounce is frequ5tly prescrib$ 9 ! c\ntry z a rem$y = tape-worm2 9 small] quantities x is f\nd to be a useful m$ic9e 9 a great v>iety ( ailm5ts4 ,! l>g] doses produce a k9d ( intoxication ) gidd9ess1 foll[$ (t5 by purg+ & /rangury1 n unfrequ5tly blood & album5 7or bo?7 is f\nd 9 ! ur9e4 ,:5 9 m$ical practice ,i h giv5 ! oil1 & se5 x giv5 by o!rs1 9 l>ge doses = tape-worm to adults1 9 p]haps #dj cases1 b 9 no "o in/ance 7 ! symptoms sev]e2 ! slight intoxication subsid$ quickly1 & 9 a few h\rs ! pati5ts recov]$ completely4 ,nev]!less x has be5 kn[n to de/roy ! lives ( *ildr51 & cause mo/ s]i\s symptoms 9 adults4 ,two fatal cases are m5tion$ by ,taylor2 "o 0 t ( a *ild :o di$ fifte5 h\rs aft] tak+ half an ounce ( ! oil2 9 ano!r an infant1 five mon?s old1 di$ rapidly f a teaspoonful4 ,! symptoms 9 ^! fatal cases 7 pr(\nd coma & slight convulsions2 ! pupils 7 contract$1 & !re 0 sl[ & irregul> brea?+4 ,turp5t9e is elim9at$ 9 a *ang$ =m by ! kidneys1 & imp>ts an od\r ( violet to ! ur9e2 b ! nature ( ! odorif]\s pr9ciple has n yet be5 inve/igat$4 #adc ,cl>us 9 ,s*midt's ,jahrb*]1 ,bd4 cxvii41 i4 #ahfc2 & ,vi]teljahrss*r4 fr g]4 ,m$41 xxii41 ,oct4 #ahfb4 #add ,brit4 & ,=4 ,m$4-,*ir4 ,review1 ,april #ahfc4 ,,ii4--,camphor4 #aec4 ,a great _m ess5tial oils deposit1 aft] exposure to air1 camphors produc$ by oxidation ( _! t]p5es4 ,ord9>y camphor is import$ 9 ! r\gh /ate f ,*9a & ,japan1 & is prep>$ by di/ill+ ) wat] ! wood ( ,camphora (fic9>um2 x is resublim$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! =mula ( camphor is ,c,h,o2 x has a d5sity ( #ihf to #iif2 melts at #age1 & boils at #bje4 ,x is readily sublim$1 especially 9 a vacuum1 & is inde$ s volatile at all temp]atures1 t a lump ( camphor expos$ to ! air wa/es away4 ,x is some:at insoluble 9 wat] 7ab\t #a "p 9 #ajjj71 b ?is is en\gh to imp>t a di/9ct ta/e to ! wat]2 x is insoluble 9 *lor(orm1 e!r1 acetone1 acetic acid1 c>bon disulphide1 & oils4 ,x has a fragrant od\r & a burn+ ta/e4 ,a #aj p] c5t4 solution 9 alcohol turns a ray ( pol>is$ light to ! "r #dbh4 ,by di/illation ) z9c *loride1 cym5e & o!r products are produc$4 ,by prolong$ treatm5t ) nitric acid1 camphor is oxidis$ to camphoric acid 7,c,h,o74 ,camphor unites ) brom9e to =m a cry/all9e1 un/able dibromide1 :i* splits up on di/illation into hydrobromic acid & monobrom-camphor 7,c,h,br,o74 ,! latt] is us$ 9 m$ic9e2 x cry/allises 9 prisms fusible at #gf1 & is readily soluble 9 alcohol4 #aed4 ,ph>maceutical ,prep>ations4--,! prep>ations (fic9al 9 ! ,briti% ,ph>macopia are camphor wat]--wat] saturat$ ) camphor1 conta9+ ab\t "o "p p] ?\s&4 ,camphor ,l9im5t4--,a solution ( camphor 9 olive oil1 /r5g? #be p] c5t4 ,comp\nd ,camphor ,l9im5t4--,compos$ ( camphor1 oil ( lav5d]1 /rong solution ( ammonia & alcohol2 /r5g? 9 camphor ab\t #aa p] c5t4 ,_s ( ,camphor4--,a solution ( camphor 9 _s2 /r5g?1 #aj p] c5t4 ,camphor is also a con/itu5t ( ! comp\nd t9cture ( camphor2 b 9 ?is case x may be consid]$ only a flav\r+ ag5t4 ,!re is a homopa?ic solution ( camphor 9 _s 7,rub9i's ,ess5ce ( ,camphor74 ,! solution is made by saturat+ alcohol ) camphor2 x is1 !re=e1 v /rong--ab\t half ! bulk consi/+ ( camphor4 ,camphor is us$ 9 vet]9>y m$ic9e1 bo? ext]nally & int]nally4 #aee4 ,symptoms4--,camphor acts en]getically on ! bra9 & n]v\s sy/em1 especially if x is giv5 9 /rong alcoholic solution1 & ?us plac$ "u conditions fav\r+ absorption4 ,"s ye>s ago1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,johnson#ade publi%$ a s]ies ( cases aris+ f ! injudici\s use ( 8homopa?ic solution ( camphor10 f #g to #dj drops ( ,rub9i's homopa?ic camphor tak5 = colds1 sore ?roat1 c41 hav+ produc$ coma1 foam+ at ! m\?1 convulsions1 & p>tial p>alysis4 ,all ! pati5ts recov]$1 b _! condition 0 = a little "t al>m+4 #ade ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 ,feb4 #bg1 #ahgh1 p4 #bgb2 see also ibid41 ,feb4 #ahge4 ,! cases ( fatal poison+ by camphor are v r>e4 ,a woman1 ag$ #df1 pregnant f\r mon?s1 took #ab grms4 7ab\t #ahd gra9s7 9 a glass ( br&y = ! purpose ( procur+ abortion4 ,9 a v %ort "t ! symptoms comm5c$2 %e _h intol]able heada*e1 ! face 0 flu%$1 & !re 0 a s5sation ( burn+ 9 ! /oma*4 ,9 eight h\rs aft] tak+ ! dose1 %e _h /rangury & vomit+1 & ! pa9 9 ! epiga/rium 0 int5se4 ,^! symptoms cont9u$ ) m or less sev]ity until ! ?ird day1 :5 %e became mu* worse4 ,h] face 0 pale & livid1 ! eyes holl[1 ! sk9 cold & ins5sible1 pulse weak & ?ready1 brea?+ lab\r$4 ,!re 7 viol5t cramps 9 ! /oma* & ret5tion ( ur9e = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & !n coma4 ,! pati5t l+]$ on yet ano!r ?ree days1 abort$1 & di$4#adf #adf ,j\rn4 de ,*im4 ,md41 ,may #ahfj4 ,dr4 ,s*aaf#adg has record$ ?ree cases ( poison+--"o ( :i* 0 fatal4 ,a woman gave ab\t half a teaspoonful ( a camphor solution to ea* ( h] ?ree *ildr51 ! ages be+ respectively five & ?ree ye>s & fifte5 mon?s4 ,! symptoms not$ 7 pallor ( ! face1 a burn+ pa9 9 ! ?roat1 ?ir/1 vomit+1 purg+1 convulsions1 & aft]w>ds coma4 ,! y\nge/ *ild di$ 9 sev5 h\rs2 ! o!rs recov]$4 ,! smalle/ dose kn[n to h produc$ viol5t symptoms 9 an adult is #ac grm4 7#bj gra9s72 ! l>ge/ dose kn[n to h be5 recov]$ f is #ajd grms4 7#afj gra9s74#adh #adg ,j\rn4 de ,*im4 ,md41 #ahej1 p4 #ejg4 #adh ,taylor on ,poisons1 #crd ed41 #ffa4 #aef4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,! bodies ( animals or p]sons dy+ f poison+ by camphor1 smell /rongly ( ! sub/ance4 ,! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* has be5 f\nd inflam$1 b !re seem to be no *>act]i/ic lesions4 #aeg4 ,sep>ation ( ,camphor f ! ,cont5ts ( ! ,/oma*4--,! id5tification ( camphor w\ld probably 9 no case pres5t any difficulty4 ,x may be readily dissolv$ out f organic fluids by *lor(orm4 ,if dissolv$ 9 fix$ oils1 en\gh = ! purposes ( id5tification may be obta9$ by simple di/illation4 ,x is precipitat$ f its alcoholic solution by ! addition ( wat]4 ,,iii4--,alcohols4 #a4 ,,e?ylic ,,alcohol4 #aeh4 ,! *emical prop]ties ( ord9>y alcohol are fully describ$1 ) ! appropriate te/s1 9 8,foods10 pp4 #cfi-chd1 & ! read] is also ref]r$ to ! same volume = ! composition & /r5g? ( ! v>i\s alcoholic dr9ks4 ,/ati/ics4--,if we 7 to include 9 "o li/ ! dea?s indirectly due to *ronic1 z well z acute poison+ by alcohol1 x w\ld /& fir/ ( all poisons 9 ord] ( frequ5cy1 b ! tak+ ( doses s l>ge z to cause dea? 9 a few h\rs is r>e4 ,! dea?s f alcohol are includ$ by ! ,engli% regi/r>-g5]al "u two heads1 viz41 ^? return$ z dy+ f delirium trem5s1 & ^? c]tifi$ z due directly to intemp]ance4 ,dur+ ! tw5ty-five ye>s1 f #ahfh to #ahib1 #cj1bai dea?s h be5 regi/]$ z due to intemp]ance1 :i* gives an av]age ( #abji p] ye>4 ,! rate p] million has v>i$ dur+ ! p]iod f #bi to #ga2 & ! figures tak5 z a :ole %[ t dea?s f intemp]ance appe> to be increas+2 ! increase may be only app>5t1 n real1 = x is a significant circum/ance t dea?s regi/]$ "u liv] diseases %[ a correspond+ decrease2 x is1 !re=e1 n unlikely t dea?s :i* =m]ly w\ld be ascrib$ to liv] disease1 are m (t5 n[ /at$ to be ! effects ( intemp]ance4 ,dea?s directly due to l>ge doses ( alcohol are n uncommon2 dur+ ! t5 ye>s end+ #ahib1 #aje dea?s 7#ha males & #bd females7 7 ascrib$ "u ! head ( 8accid5t or neglig5ce0 directly to alcohol4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t ,,%ew+ ,,dea?s ,,p] ,,million ,,p]sons ,,liv+1 ,,f ,,intemp]ance ,,f ,,liv] ,,diseases4 ,,! ,,m$ical 8,,(fic]s ,,( ,,heal?0 ,,*>t4 ,,ent4 ,,at ,,/a4 ,,hall4 ,notes4 ,intemp]ance -------------- ,liv] disease 44444444444444 ,! ,scale = ,intemp]ance is z pr9t$4 ,t = ,liv] diseases is #aj times l>g]4 #aei4 ,crim9al or ,accid5tal ,alcoholic ,poison+4--,suicide by alcohol1 9 ! common acceptation ( ! t]m1 is r>e1 & murd] /ill r>]1 ?\gh n unkn[n4 ,9 ! t5 ye>s end+ #ahib1 only ?ree dea?s f alcohol 7#a male & #b females7 are record$ z suicidal4 ,p]haps ! mo/ common cause ( fatal acute poison+ by alcohol is ei!r a fooli% wag]1 by :i* a man bets t he c dr9k s _m glasses ( spirits )\t bad effect2 or else ! drugg+ ( a p]son already drunk by 8 companions 9 a sportive _s4 #afj4 ,fatal ,dose4--,x is difficult to say :at w\ld be likely to prove a le?al dose ( alcohol1 = a great deal dep5ds1 )\t d\bt1 on ! dilution ( ! _s1 s9ce ! m]e local action ( /rong alcohol on ! muc\s membranes ( ! /oma*1 c41 is sev]e 7"o may almo/ say corrosive71 & w\ld aid ! m remote effects4 ,9 ,mas*ka's case1#adi a boy ( n9e ye>s & a girl ( five1 di$ f ab\t two & a half ounces ( _s ( #fg p] c5t4 /r5g?1 or #dhb c4c4 7#ag oz47 ( absolute alcohol4 #adi ,record$ by ,mas*ka 7,guta*t5 d] ,prag] ,facultt1 iv4 #bci2 see also ,mas*ka's ,h&bu* d] g]i*t4 ,m$ic91 ,b&4 ii4 p4 #chd74 ,! foll[+ is a brief summ>y3--,franz4 ,z41 n9e ye>s old1 & ,c>ol9e ,z41 eight ye>s old1 7 poison$ by _! /epfa!r ) _s ( #fg p] c5t4 /r5g? tak5 9 small quantities by ea*--at fir/ by p]suasion1 & ! rema9d] adm9i/]$ by =ce4 ,ab\t "o-eigh? ( a p9t is said to h be5 giv5 to ea* *ild4 ,bo? vomit$ some:at1 !n ly+ d[n1 /]tor\s brea?+ at once came on1 & !y quickly di$4 ,! autopsy1 ?ree days aft] dea?1 %[$ dilatation ( ! pupils2 rigor mortis pres5t 9 ! boy1 n 9 ! girl2 & ! membranes ( ! bra9 fill$ ) d>k fluid blood4 ,! smell ( alcohol 0 p]ceptible on op5+ ! *e/2 ! muc\s membrane ( ! bron*ial tubes & gullet 0 normal1 bo? lungs demat\s1 ! f9e tubes gorg$ ) a bloody fro?y fluid1 & ! muc\s membrane ( ! :ole inte/9al canal 0 r$d5$4 ,! /oma* 0 n1 un=tunately1 exam9$1 be+ res]v$ = *emical analysis4 ,! he>t 0 heal?y2 ! p]ic>dium conta9$ "s /raw-col\r$ fluid4 ,*emical analysis gave an entirely negative result1 :i* mu/ h be5 f insuffici5t mat]ial hav+ be5 submitt$ to ! analy/1 = ,i _c see h[ ! vap\rs ( alcohol c\ld h be5 detect$ by ! smell1 & yet h evad$ *emical processes4 ,9 a case relat$ by ,taylor1 a *ild1 sev5 ye>s old1 di$ f "s quantity ( br&y1 probably ab\t #aacd c4c4 7#d ozs471 :i* w\ld be equal to at lea/ #efg c4c4 7#b ozs47 ( absolute alcohol4 ,f o!r cases 9 :i* ! quantity ( absolute alcohol c be1 ) "s approximation to ! tru?1 valu$1 x is evid5t t1 = any *ild bel[ t5 or twelve1 quantities ( f #bhc to #eff c4c4 7#a-b ozs47 ( absolute alcohol conta9$ 9 br&y1 g91 c41 w\ld be a highly dang]\s & probably fatal dose2 :ile ! toxic dose = adults is some:]e betwe5 #gah-adag c4c4 7#be-e ozs474 #afa4 ,symptoms4--,9 ! cases ( rapid poison+ by a l>ge dose ( alcohol1 :i* alone conc]n u1 ! prelim9>y1 & too famili> excitem5t ( ! drunk>d1 may be h>dly obs]vable2 b ! second /age1 t ( depression1 rapidly sets 92 ! unhappy victim s9ks d[n to ! gr\nd helpless1 ! face pale1 ! eyes inject$ & />+1 ! pupils dilat$1 act+ sluggi%ly to light1 & ! sk9 rem>kably cold4 ,frntzel#aej f\nd1 9 a case 9 :i* ! pati5t surviv$1 a temp]ature ( only #bdf 9 ! rectum1 & 9 t ( ano!r p]son :o di$1 a temp]ature ( #bch4 ,! muc\s membranes are ( a peculi> dusky blue2 ! pulse1 :i* at fir/ is quick1 soon becomes sl[ & small2 ! respiration is also sl[$1 int]mitt5t1 & /]tor\s2 !re is complete loss ( consci\sness & motion2 ! brea? smells /rongly ( ! alcoholic dr9k1 & if ! coma cont9ues !re may be vomit+ & involunt>y pass+ ( excreta4 ,dea? ultimately occurs ?r\gh p>alysis ( ! respiratory c5tres4 ,convulsions 9 adults are r>e1 9 *ildr5 frequ5t4 ,dea? has m ?an once be5 imm$iately caus$1 n by ! poison1 b by accid5ts dep5d5t ^u loss ( consci\sness4 ,?us food has be5 suck$ into ! air-tubes1 or ! p]son has fall51 s t ! face 0 buri$ 9 wat]1 ordure1 or mud2 "h suffocation has be5 induc$ by me*anical causes4 #aej ,temp]atur]ni$rigung dur* ,alcohol9toxication1 ,*>it ,annal51 i4 #cga4 ,a rem>kable c\rse n kn[n ) any o!r n>cotic is t 9 :i* ! symptoms remit1 ! p]son wakes up1 z x 71 moves ab\t & does "o or m rational acts1 & !n sudd5ly dies4 ,9 ?is case also1 ! dea? is n directly due to alcohol1 b indirectly--! alcohol hav+ develop$ dema1 pneumonia1 or o!r affection ( ! lungs1 :i* causes ! sudd5 t]m9ation :5 ! fir/ effect ( ! poison has gone (f4 ,! "t t may elapse f ! comm5cem5t ( coma till dea? v>ies f a few m9utes to days2 dea? has occurr$ aft] a qu>t] ( an h\r1 half an h\r1 & an h\r4 ,x has also be5 prolong$ to ?ree1 f\r1 & six days1 dur+ ! :ole ( :i* ! coma has cont9u$4 ,! av]age p]iod may1 h[ev]1 be put at f six to t5 h\rs4 #afb4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,cadav]ic rigidity la/s tol]ably long4 ,casp] has se5 x /ill exi/+ n9e days aft] dea?1 & ,seidel#aea sev5 days 79 ,febru>y74 ,putrefaction is ret>d$ 9 ^? cases 9 :i* a v l>ge dose has be5 tak51 b ?is is n a v noticeable or con/ant *>act]i/ic4 ,! pupils are mo/ly dilat$4 ,! smell ( alcohol %\ld be wat*$ =2 sometimes x is only pres5t 9 cases :]e b a %ort "t has elaps$ betwe5 ! tak+ ( ! poison & dea?2 putrefaction may also conceal x1 b "u fav\rable circum/ances1 especially if ! wea!r is cold1 ! alcoholic smell may rema9 a long "t4 ,alcohol may cause ! mo/ int5se r$ness & conge/ion ( ! /oma*4 ,! mo/ inflam$ /oma* ,i ev] saw1 %ort ( inflammation by ! corrosive poisons1 0 t ( a sailor1 :o di$ sudd5ly aft] a tw5ty-f\r h\rs' dr9k+ b\t3 all ! organs ( ! body 7 fairly heal?y1 ! man _h suff]$ f no disease2 analysis c\ld detect no poison b alcohol2 & ! hi/ory ( ! case1 moreov]1 prov$ cle>ly t x 0 a pure case ( alcoholic poison+4 #aea ,seidel1 ,mas*ka's ,h&bu*1 ,bd4 ii4 p4 #chj4 ,9 a case relat$ by ,taylor1 9 :i* a *ild drank #d ozs4 ( br&y & di$1 ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* pres5t$ pat*es ( int5se r$ness1 & 9 sev]al places 0 ?ick5$ & s(t5$1 "s portions be+ actually deta*$ & hang+ loose1 & !re 7 evid5t signs ( extravasations ( blood4 ,! effect may n be conf9$ to ! /oma*1 b ext5d to ! duod5um & ev5 to ! :ole inte/9al canal4 ,! blood is g5]ally d>k & fluid1 & usually ! cont5ts ( ! skull are m>k$ly hyp]mic1 ! pia v full ( blood1 ! s9uses & plexus gorg$2 occasionally1 ! bra9-sub/ance %[s signs ( unusual conge/ion2 s]um is (t5 f\nd 9 ! v5tricles4 ,! great ve9s ( ! neck1 ! lungs1 & ! "r side ( ! he>t1 are v (t5 f\nd full ( blood1 & ! left side empty4 dema ( ! lungs also occurs ) tol]able frequ5cy4 ,! great ve9s ( ! abdom5 are also fill$ ) blood1 & if ! coma has be5 prolong$1 ! bladd] w be di/5d$ ) ur9e4 ,a r>e ph5om5on has also be5 notic$--namely1 ! occurr5ce ( blebs on ! extremities1 c41 j z if ! "p affect$ _h be5 burnt or scald$4 ,la/ly1 ) ! *anges directly due to ! fatal dose may be includ$ all ^? deg5]ations met ) 9 ! *ronic dr9k]1 provid$ ! case _h a hi/ory ( previ\s intemp]ance4 #afc4 ,excretion ( ,alcohol4--,alcohol1 9 ! dilut$ =m1 is quickly absorb$ by ! blood-vessels ( ! /oma*1 c41 & circulates 9 ! blood2 b :at becomes ( x aft]w>ds is by no means settl$4 ,i ?9k !re c be little d\bt t ! lungs are ! ma9 *annels ?r\gh :i* x is elim9at$2 ) p]sons giv5 up to habits ( intemp]ance1 ! brea? has con/antly a v peculi> e!real od\r1 probably dep5d5t ^u "s highly volatile oxidis$ product ( alcohol4 ,alcohol is elim9at$ 9 small proportion only by ! kidneys4 ,?udi*um1 9 an exp]im5t#aeb by :i* #djjj grms4 ( absolute alcohol 7 consum$ by ?irty-?ree m51 c\ld only f9d 9 ! collect$ ur9e #aj grms4 ( alcohol4 ,! num]\s exp]im5ts by ,dupr also e/abli% ! same tru?1 t b a fraction ( ! total alcohol absorb$ is excret$ by ! kidneys4 ,accord+ to ,lallem&1 ,p]r91 & ,duroy ! cont5t ( ! bra9 9 alcohol is m ?an t ( ! o!r organs4 ,i h f\nd also t ! bra9 aft] dea? has a wond]ful attraction = alcohol1 & yields x up at a wat]-heat v sl[ly & ) difficulty4 ,9 "o exp]im5t1 9 :i* a f9ely-divid$ portion ( bra91 :i* _h be5 soak+ 9 alcohol = _m weeks1 0 submitt$ to a /eam heat ( #ajj1 tw5ty-f\r h\rs' consecutive heat+ fail$ to expel e trace ( _s4 #aeb ,see ,?udi*um's ,pa?ology ( ! ,ur9e1 ,london1 #ahgg1 9 :i* bo? 8 own & ,dr4 ,dupr's exp]im5ts are summ>is$4 ,x is probable t true alcoholates ( ! *emical con/itu5ts ( ! bra9 are =m$4 ,9 ! case ( vegetable colloidal bodies1 su*1 = example1 z ! pulp ( *]ries1 a simil> attraction has be5 obs]v$1 ! fruit cond5s+1 z x 71 ! alcohol 9 its own tissues1 & ! out] liquid be+ ( less alcoholic /r5g? ?an t :i* c be express$ f ! /eep$ *]ries4 ,alcohol is also excret$ by ! sweat1 & m9ute fractions h be5 f\nd 9 ! fces4 #afd4 ,toxicological ,detection ( ,alcohol 7see 8,foods10 pp4 #djf-dai74--,! liv+ cells ( ! body produce m9ute quantities ( alcohol1 z also "s ( ! bact]ia normally inhabit+ ! small inte/9e produce small quantities ( alcohol1 & x is (t5 f\nd 9 traces 9 putrefy+ fluids4 ,h5ce1 m]e qualitative pro(s ( ! pres5ce ( alcohol are insuffici5t on :i* to base an op9ion z to :e!r alcohol _h be5 tak5 dur+ life or n1 & x w be necess>y to e/imate ! quantity accurately by "s ( ! processes detail$ 9 8,foods10 p4 #dji1 et seq4 ,9 ^? cases 9 :i* alcohol is f\nd 9 quantity 9 ! /oma*1 !re c1 ( c\rse1 be no difficulty2 9 o!rs1 ! :ole ( ! alcohol may h be5 absorb$1 & *emical evid5ce1 unless extremely def9ite1 mu/ be supplem5t$ by o!r facts4 #b4 ,,amylic ,,alcohol4 #afe4 ,amylic ,alcohol--,=mula1 ,c,h,,ho4--,!re is m ?an "o amylic alcohol accord+ to !ory2 eight isom]s are possible1 & sev5 are kn[n4 ,! amylic alcohols are id5tical 9 _! *emical composition1 b diff] 9 c]ta9 physical prop]ties1 prim>y amylic alcohol boil+ at #acg1 & iso-amyl alcohol at #acaf4 ,! latt] has a specific gravity ( #hadh1 & is ! v>iety produc$ by f]m5tation & pres5t 9 fusel oil4 #aff4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,eul5b]g#aec on rabbits1 ,cross#aed on pigeons1 ,rabuteau#aee on frogs1 & ,fur/ on rabbits1 ) ^? ( ,sir ,b4 ,w4 ,ri*>dson#aef on v>i\s animals1 h %[n x to be a p[]ful poison1 m especially if brea!d 9 a /ate ( vap\r4 #aec ,gew]be ,hygi5e1 #ahgf1 p4 #ddj4 #aed ,de l',alcohol ,amylique et ,m?yl sur l',organisme 7,?se71 ,/rasburg1 #ahfc4 #aee 8,ueb] die ,wirkung des ,ae?yl1 ,butyl u4 ,amyl ,alcohols10 ,l',union1 ,nos4 #ij1 #ia1 #ahgj4 ,s*midt's ,jahrb41 ,bd4 #adi1 p4 #bfc4 #aef ,trans4 ,brit4 ,association1 #ahfd1 #ahfe1 & #ahff4 ,also1 ,brit4 & ,=eign ,m$4 ,*ir4 ,rev41 ,jan4 #g1 #ahfg1 p4 #bdg4 ,ri*>dson1 z ! result ( 8 inve/igations1 consid]s t amyl alcohol :5 brea!d sets up q a peculi> class ( symptoms :i* la/ = _m h\rs1 & are ( su* a "*1 t x might be ?\ght impossible = ! animal to recov]1 al?\gh !y h n be5 kn[n to prove fatal4 ,!re is muscul> p>alysis ) p>oxysms ( tremul\s convulsions2 ! spasms are excit$ by t\*+ ! animal1 brea?+ ^u x1 or o!rwise subject+ x to trifl+ excitation4 #afg4 ,hi!rto1 nei!r ! impure fusel oil1 nor ! pur] *emical prep>ation1 has _h any toxicological importance4 ,%\ld x be necess>y at any "t to recov] small quantities f organic liquids1 ! easie/ way is to %ake ! liquid up ) *lor(orm1 :i* readily dissolves amylic alcohol1 & on evaporation leaves x 9 a /ate pure en\gh to be id5tifi$4 ,amyl alcohol is id5tifi$ by ! foll[+ te/s3--7#a7 ,its physical prop]ties2 7#b7 if w>m$ ) twice its volume ( /rong sulphuric acid1 a rose or r$ col\r is produc$2 7#c7 heat$ ) an acetate & /rong sulphuric acid1 amyl acetate1 :i* has ! od\r ( ! j>gonelle pe>1 is =m$2 7#d7 heat$ ) sulphuric acid & potassic di*romate1 val]ic aldehyde is fir/ produc$1 & !n val]ic acid is =m$2 ! latt] has a mo/ peculi> & /rong od\r4 #afh4 ,amyl ,nitrite1 ,iso-amyl ,e/] ,nitrite 7,c,h,,no74--,boil+ po9t #ig to #ii1 specific gravity #hgg4 ,amyl nitrite is a limpid1 &1 g5]ally1 slightly yell[ liquid2 x has a peculi> & *>act]i/ic od\r4 ,on heat+ ) alcoholic pota%1 ! products are nitrite ( pota% & amylic alcohol2 ! amylic alcohol may be di/ill$ (f & id5tifi$4 ,! pres5ce ( a nitrite 9 ! alkal9e solution is readily %[n by ! col\r produc$1 by add+ a few drops ( a solution ( meta-ph5yl5$iam9e4 ,sir ,b4 ,w4 ,ri*>dson & o!rs h inve/igat$ ! action ( amyl nitrite1 z well z t ( ! acetate & iodide2 !y all act 9 a simil> mann]1 ! nitrite be+ mo/ pot5t4 ,aft] absorption1 ! effects ( amyl nitrite are especially se5 on ! he>t & circulation3 ! he>t acts viol5tly1 !re is fir/ dilatation ( ! capill>ies1 !n ?is is foll[$ by dim9i%$ action ( ! he>t & contraction ( ! capill>ies4 ,accord+ to ,ri*>dson1 x susp5ds ! animation ( frogs4 ,no o!r sub/ance kn[n w ?us susp5d a frog's animation = s long a "t )\t kill+ x4 ,"u fav\rable circum/ances1 ! animal w rema9 app>5tly dead = _m days1 & yet recov]4 ,w>m-blood$ animals may be ?r[n by amyl nitrite into a cataleptic condition4 ,x is n an an/hetic1 & by its use consci\sness is n de/roy$1 unless a condition approa*+ dea? be fir/ produc$4 ,:5 ?is occurs !re is r>ely recov]y1 ! animal passes into actual dea?4 ,po/-,mortem ,appe>ances4--,if adm9i/]$ quickly1 ! lungs & all ! o!r organs are f\nd blan*$ & free f blood1 ! "r side ( ! he>t gorg$ ) blood1 ! left empty1 ! bra9 be+ free f conge/ion4 ,if adm9i/]$ sl[ly1 ! bra9 is f\nd conge/$1 & !re is blood bo? on ! left & "r sides ( ! he>t4 ,,iv4--,e!r4 #afi4 ,e!r1 ,e?ylic ,e!r1 ,e?yl ,oxide1 7,c,h7,o4--,e?ylic e!r is a highly mobile liquid ( peculi> p5etrat+ od\r & sweeti% pung5t ta/e4 ,x is p]fectly col\rless1 & evaporates s rapidly1 t :5 appli$ 9 ! =m ( spray to ! sk91 ! latt] becomes froz51 & is ?us depriv$ ( s5sibility4 ,pure e!r has a d5sity ( #gac1 its boil+-po9t is #ce1 b comm]cial samples1 :i* (t5 conta9 wat] 7#a "p ( wat] is soluble 9 #ce ( e!r71 may h a high] gravity1 & also a high] boil+-po9t4 ,! readie/ way to "k :e!r an e!r is anhydr\s or n1 is to %ake x up ) a little c>bon disulphide4 ,if x is hydr\s1 ! mixture is milky4 ,me?ylat$ e!r is l>gely us$ 9 comm]ce2 its disagreeable od\r is due to contam9ation by me?ylat$ comp\nds2 o!rwise ! e!r made f me?ylat$ _s is e?ylic e!r1 = me?ylic e!r is a gas :i* escapes dur+ ! process4 ,h5ce ! t]m 8me?ylat$0 e!r is mislead+1 = x conta9s no me?ylic e!r1 b is ess5tially a some:at impure e?ylic e!r4 #agj4 ,e!r z a ,poison4--,e!r has b little toxicological importance4 ,!re are a few cases ( dea? f its use z an an/hetic1 & a few cases ( suicide4 ,e!r is us$ by "s p z a /imulant1 b e!r dr9k]s are uncommon4 ,x causes an intoxication v simil> to t ( alcohol1 b ( brief duration4 ,9 a case ( *ronic e!r-tak+ record$ by ,m>t91#aeg 9 :i* a woman took daily doses ( e!r = ! purpose ( allay+ a ga/ric tr\ble1 ! pati5t suff]$ f %iv]+ or trembl+ ( ! h&s & feet1 muscul> weakness1 cramp 9 ! calves ( ! legs1 pa9 9 ! brea/ & back1 int]mitt5t heada*es1 palpitation1 s++ 9 ! e>s1 vomit+s1 & wakefulness2 ! e!r be+ discont9u$1 ! pati5t recov]$4 ,9 "o ( ,orfila's exp]im5ts1 half an ounce ( e!r 0 adm9i/]$ to a dog4 ,! animal di$ ins5sible 9 ?ree h\rs4 ,! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* 0 f\nd highly inflam$1 ! inflammation ext5d+ some:at into ! duod5um2 ! re/ ( ! canal 0 heal?y4 ,! lungs 7 gorg$ ) fluid blood4 #aeg ,vir*['s ,jahresb]41 #ahgj4 #aga4 ,fatal ,dose4--,! fatal dose ( e!r1 :5 tak5 z a liquid1 is n kn[n4 #d grms4 7#abh drms47 cause toxic symptoms1 b ! effect soon passes4 ,bu*anan has se5 a br&y-dr9k] consume #be grms4 7#g drms47 & yet survive4 ,x is probable t mo/ adults w\ld be kill$ by a fluid ounce 7#bhd c4c474 #agb4 ,e!r z an ,an/hetic4--,e!r is n[ mu* us$ z an an/hetic1 & g5]ally 9 conjunction ) *lor(orm4 ,an/hesia by e!r is said to comp>e fav\rably ) t produc$ by *lor(orm4 ,9 #ib1jjj cases ( op]ations p]=m$ "u e!r1 ! proportion dy+ f ! effects ( ! an/hetic 0 only #c p] #aj1jjj 7,morgan71 :ile *lor(orm gives a high] numb] 7see p4 #adi74 ,! mortality 9 ,am]ica1 aga91 f a mixture ( *lor(orm & e!r 9 #aa1jjj cases is reckon$ at #ag p] #aj1jjj2 b ?is proportion is r above "s ( ! calculations relative to ! mortality f pure *lor(orm1 s t ! "q c h>dly be consid]$ settl$4 ,! symptoms ( e!r n>cosis are v simil> to ^? produc$ by *lor(orm4 ,! *ief po9t ( diff]5ce appe>s to be its action on ! he>t4 ,e!r1 :5 fir/ brea!d1 /imulates ! he>t's action1 & ! aft]-depression t foll[s nev] rea*es s high a grade z ) *lor(orm4 ,e!r is said to kill by p>alys+ ! respiration1 & 9 cases :i* end fatally ! brea?+ is se5 to /op sudd5ly3 convulsions h n be5 notic$4 ,! po/-mortem appe>ances1 z 9 ! case ( *lor(orm1 are n *>act]i/ic4 #agc4 ,sep>ation ( ,e!r f ,organic ,fluids1 c4--,despite ! l[ boil+-po9t ( e!r1 x is by no means easy to sep>ate x f organic sub/ances s z to recov] ! :ole ( ! e!r pres5t4 ,! be/ way is to place ! matt]s 9 a flask connect$ ) an ord9>y ,liebig's cond5s]1 ! tube ( ! latt] at its f>!r end fitt+ closely into ! d\bly p]=at$ cork ( a flask4 ,into ! second p]=ation is adapt$ an upright tube ab\t #b feet long1 :i* may be ( small diamet]1 & mu/ be surr\nd$ by a freez+ mixture ( ice & salt4 ,! upp] end ( ?is tube is clos$ by a ?i/le-head funnel ) syphon1 & 9 ! b5d ( ! syphon a little m]cury s]ves z a valve4 ,heat is n[ appli$ to ! flask by means ( a wat]-ba?1 & cont9u$ = sev]al h\rs2 ! liquid :i* has di/ill$ ov] is !n treat$ ) dry calcic *loride & r$i/ill$ exactly 9 ! same way4 ,to ?is di/illate aga9 a simil> process may be us$1 sub/itut+ dry potassic c>bonate = ! calcic *loride4 ,x is only by op]at+ on ^! pr9ciples t ! exp]t c recov] 9 an approximate /ate ( anhydr\s purity su* a volatile liquid4 ,hav+ ?us obta9$ x pure1 x may be id5tifi$ 7#a7 by its smell1 7#b7 by its boil+-po9t1 7#c7 by its inflammability1 & 7#d7 by its r$uc+ *romic acid4 ,! latt] te/ may be appli$ to ! vap\r4 ,an asbe/os fibre is soak$ 9 a mixture ( /rong sulphuric acid & potassic di*romate1 & !n plac$ 9 ! tube connect$ ) ! flask--! e!real 7or alcoholic7 vap\r pass+ ov] ! fibre1 imm$iately r$uces ! *romic acid to *romic oxide1 ) ! production ( a gre5 col\r4 ,v4--,*lor(orm4 ,,*lor(orm1 ,,tri*lorome?ane ,,or ,,me!nyl ,,*loride 7,c,h,cl74 #agd4 ,*lor(orm appe>s to h be5 discov]$ indep5d5tly by ,s\beiran & ,liebig1 ab\t #ahcj4 ,x 0 fir/ employ$ 9 m$ic9e by ,simpson1 ( ,ed9burgh1 z an an/hetic4 ,pure *lor(orm has a d5sity ( #adia at #ag1 & boils at #fjh2 b comm]cial samples h gravities ( f #adg to #adia4 ,x is a col\rless liquid1 /rongly refract+ light2 x _c be ignit$ by itself1 b1 :5 mix$ ) alcohol1 burns ) a smoky flame edg$ ) gre54 ,its od\r is heavy1 b r pleasant2 ! ta/e is sweet & burn+4 ,*lor(orm s9ks 9 wat]1 & is only slightly soluble 9 t fluid 7#dd 9 #ajj c4c471 x is p]fectly neutral 9 reaction1 & v volatile4 ,:5 rubb$ on ! sk91 x %\ld completely evaporate1 leav+ no od\r4 ,pure absolute *lor(orm gives an opal9e mixture if mix$ ) f #a to #e volumes ( alcohol1 b ) any quantity above #e volumes ! mixture is cle>2 x mixes 9 all proportions ) e!r4 ,*lor(orm coagulates album51 & is an excell5t solv5t = mo/ organic bases--camphor1 ca\t*\c1 amb]1 opal1 & all common res9s4 ,x dissolves phosphorus & sulphur slightly--m freely iod9e & brom9e4 ,x floats on hydric sulphate1 :i* only attacks x at a boil+ heat4 ,*lor(orm is frequ5tly impure f faulty manufacture or decomposition4 ,! impurities to be s\ght are alcohol1 me?ylat$ *lor(orm1#aeh di*loride ( e?yl5e 7,c,h,cl71 *loride ( e?yl 7,c,h,cl71 aldehyde1 *lor9e1 hydro*loric1 hypo*lor\s1 & traces ( sulphuric acid3 !re h also be5 f\nd *lor9at$ oils4 ,"o ( ! be/ te/s = contam9ation by alcohol1 wood _s1 or e!r1 is t kn[n z ,r\ss9's2 d9itrosulphide ( iron#aei is add$ to *lor(orm4 ,if x conta9 any ( ^! impurities1 x acquires a d>k col\r1 b if pure1 rema9s bright & col\rless4 #aeh ,me?ylat$ *lor(orm is t :i* is prep>$ f me?ylat$ _s4 ,x is liable to m impurities ?an t made f pure alcohol1 b1 ( c\rse1 its composition is ! same1 & x has rec5tly be5 manufactur$ f ?is s\rce almo/ *emically pure4 #aei ,made by sl[ly add+ f]ric sulphate to a boil+ solution ( ammonic sulphide & potassic nitrite1 z long z ! precipitate cont9ues to r$issolve1 & !n filt]+ ! solution4 ,! pres5ce ( alcohol or e!r1 or bo?1 may also be discov]$ by ! bi*romate te/1 :i* is be/ appli$ z foll[s3--,a few milligrammes ( potassic bi*romate are plac$ at ! bottom ( a te/-tube ) f\r or five drops ( sulphuric acid1 :i* lib]ates ! *romic acid2 next1 a v little wat] is add$ to dissolve ! *romic acid2 & la/ly1 ! *lor(orm4 ,! :ole is n[ %ak51 & all[$ to sep>ate4 ,if ! *lor(orm is pure1 ! mass is h>dly t+$ a gre5i%-yell[1 & no lay] sep>ates4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re is any?+ l #e p] c5t4 ( alcohol or e!r pres5t1 ! deep gre5 ( *romium *loride appe>s1 & !re is a di/9ct lay] at ! bottom ( ! tube4 ,ano!r way to detect alcohol 9 *lor(orm1 & also to make an approximate e/imation ( its quantity1 is to place #bj c4c4 ( *lor(orm 9 a burette1 & !n add #hj c4c4 ( wat]4 ,on %ak+ viol5tly1 pure *lor(orm w s9k to ! bottom 9 cle> globules1 & ! measurem5t w be z ne>ly z possible ! orig9al quantity2 b if any?+ l a p]c5tage ( alcohol be pres5t1 ! *lor(orm is se5 to be dim9i%$ 9 quantity1 & its surface is opalesc5t1 ! dim9ution be+ caus$ by ! wat] dissolv+ out ! alcohol4 ,! addition ( a few drops ( pota% solution de/roys ! m5iscus1 & all[s ( a close read+ ( ! volume4 ,! sup]natant wat] may be utilis$ = ! detection ( o!r impurities1 & te/$ = sulphuric acid by b>ic *loride1 = free *lor9e & hypo*lor\s acid by />* & potassic iodide1 & = hydro*loric acid by silv] nitrate4#afj ,fu*s9e1 propos$ by ,/del]1 is also a delicate reag5t = ! pres5ce ( alcohol 9 *lor(orm1 ! sample becom+ r$ 9 ! pres5ce ( alcohol1 & ! t9t be+ proportionate to ! quantity pres5t4 ,! mo/ delicate te/ = alcohol is1 h[ev]1 ! iod(orm te/ fully describ$ 9 8,foods10 p4 #cge4afa ,di*loride ( e?yl5e is detect$ by %ak+ up ! *lor(orm ) dry potassic c>bonate1 & !n add+ metallic potassium4 ,?is does n act on pure *lor(orm1 b only 9 pres5ce ( e?yl5e di*loride1 :5 ! gase\s *lor-e?yl5e 7,c,h,cl7 is evolv$4 ,e?yl-*loride is detect$ by di/ill+ ! *lor(orm & collect+ ! fir/ portions ( ! di/illate2 x w h a di/9ct od\r ( e?yl-*loride %\ld x be pres5t4 ,me?yl comp\nds & empyreumatic oils are r\ghly detect$ by all[+ ! *lor(orm to evaporate on a clo?4 ,if pres5t1 ! clo?1 :5 ! *lor(orm has evaporat$1 w h a peculi> disagreeable od\r4 ,aldehyde is recognis$ by its r$uc+ action on arg5tic nitrate2 ! m9]al acids by ! r$d5+ ( litmus pap]1 & ! appropriate te/s4 ,hypo*lor\s acid fir/ r$d5s1 & !n blea*es1 litmus-pap]4 #afj ,nei!r an alcoholic nor an aque\s solution ( silv] nitrate causes ! slighte/ *ange 9 pure *lor(orm4 #afa ,an attempt has be5 made by ,besn\ to e/imate ! am\nt ( alcohol by ! specific gravity4 ,he f\nd t a *lor(orm ( #adide gravity1 mix$ ) #e p] c5t4 ( alcohol1 gave a specific gravity ( #adggb2 #aj p] c5t41 #adfjb2 #bj p] c5t41 #adbfb2 & #be p] c5t41 #adjij4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 seem t e p]c5tage ( alcohol l[]s ! gravity by #jjcd4 ,dr4 ,dott1 ,ph>m4 ,j\rn41 #ahid1 p4 #fbi1 gives ! foll[+ te/s3--,specific gravity1 #adij to #adie4 ,on all[+ fluid drm4 to evaporate f a clean surface1 no =eign od\r is p]ceptible at any /age ( ! evaporation4 ,:5 #a fluid drm4 is agitat$ ) an equal volume ( solution ( silv] nitrate1 no precipitate or turbidity is produc$ aft] /&+ = five m9utes4 ,on %ak+ up ! *lor(orm ) half its volume ( di/ill$ wat]1 ! wat] %\ld n r$d5 litmus-pap]4 ,:5 %ak5 ) an equal volume ( sulphuric acid1 little or no col\r %\ld be imp>t$ to ! acid4 #age4 ,! ord9>y me?od ( manufactur+ *lor(orm is by di/ill+ alcohol ) *lor9at$ lime2 b ano!r mode is n[ mu* 9 use--viz41 ! decomposition ( *loral hydrate4 ,by di/ill+ x ) a weak alkali1 ?is process yields su* a pure *lor(orm1 t1 = m$ic9al purposes1 x %\ld sup]s$e e o!r4 ,poison\s ,effects ( ,*lor(orm4 #a4 ,,z ,a ,,liquid4 #agf4 ,/ati/ics4--,falck f9ds record$ 9 m$ical lit]ature #bg cases ( poison+ by *lor(orm hav+ be5 swall[$--( ^! #ae 7 m51 #i 7 wom51 & #c *ildr54 ,eighte5 ( ! cases 7 suicidal1 & #aj ( ! #ah di$2 ! rema9d] took ! liquid by mi/ake4 #agg4 ,local ,action ( ,*lor(orm4--,:5 appli$ to ! sk9 or muc\s membranes 9 su* a way t ! fluid _c evaporate--z1 = example1 by means ( a clo? /eep$ 9 *lor(orm laid on ! b>e sk91 & cov]$ ov] ) "s imp]vi\s mat]ial--!re is a burn+ s5sation1 :i* soon ceases1 & leaves ! "p an/hetis$1 :ile ! sk91 at ! same "t1 is r$d5$ & sometimes ev5 bli/]$4 #agh4 ,*lor(orm add$ to blood1 or pass$ ?r\gh x 9 ! /ate ( vap\r1 causes x to assume a peculi> br[ni% col\r ow+ to de/ruction ( ! r$ corpuscles & solution ( ! hmoglob9 9 ! plasma4 ,! *ange does n require ! pres5ce ( atmosph]ic air1 b takes place equally 9 an atmosph]e ( hydrog54 ,x has be5 %[n by ,s*mi$eb]g t ! *lor(orm ent]s 9 "s way into a /ate ( comb9ation ) ! blood-corpuscles1 = ! entire quantity _c be recov]$ by di/illation2 :]eas ! plasma1 simil>ly treat$1 yields ! entire quantity :i* has 9 ! fir/ place be5 add$4 ,s*mi$eb]g also ass]ts t ! oxyg5 is 9 firm] comb9ation ) ! *lor(ormis$ blood ?an usual1 z %[n by its sl[ extraction by /ann\s oxide4 ,muscle1 expos$ to *lor(orm liquid by art]ial injection1 quickly loses excitability & becomes rigid4 ,n]ves are fir/ /imulat$1 & !n _! function = ! "t is annihilat$2 b on evaporation ( ! *lor(orm1 ! function is re/or$4 #agi4 ,g5]al ,effects ( ! ,liquid4--,h[ev] poison\s 9 a /ate ( vap\r1 *lor(orm _c be consid]$ an extremely active poison :5 tak5 into ! /oma* z a liquid1 = enorm\s quantities1 relatively1 h be5 drunk )\t fatal effect4 ,?us1 !re is ! case record$ by ,taylor1 9 :i* a man1 :o _h swall[$ #aacd grms4 7#d ozs471 walk$ a consid]able di/ance aft] tak+ ! dose4 ,he subsequ5tly fell into a /ate ( coma1 ) dilat$ pupils1 /]tor\s brea?+1 & imp]ceptible pulse4 ,^! symptoms 7 foll[$ by convulsions1 b ! pati5t recov]$ 9 five days4 ,9 a case relat$ by ,burk>t1#afb a woman desir$ to kill h]self ) *lor(orm1 & procur$ = t purpose #ej grms4 7a little less ?an "o ounce & a half72 %e drank "s ( x1 b ! burn+ ta/e & ! s5se ( heat 9 ! m\?1 ?roat1 & /oma*1 prev5t$ h] f tak+ ! :ole at once4 ,aft] a few mom5ts1 ! pa9 pass+ (f1 %e essay$ to dr9k ! rema9d]1 & did swall[ ! great] portion ( x1 b 0 aga9 prev5t$ by ! suff]+ x caus$4 ,f9ally1 %e p\r$ :at rema9$ on a clo?1 & plac+ x ov] h] face1 soon sank into a deep n>cosis4 ,%e 0 f\nd ly+ on ! b$ v pale1 ) blue lips1 & foam+ a little at ! m\?2 ! head 0 rigidly b5t backw>ds1 ! extremities 7 lax1 ! eyes 7 turn$ upw>ds & inw>ds1 ! pupils dilat$ & inactive1 ! face & extremities 7 cold1 ! body some:at w>m]1 !re 0 no pulse at ! wri/1 ! c>otids beat feebly1 ! brea?+ 0 deep & rattl+1 & aft] five or six inspirations ceas$4 ,by ! aid ( artificial respiration1 c41 %e recov]$ 9 an h\r4 #afb ,vi]teljahrss*r4 fr g]4 ,m$41 #ahgf4 ,a /ill l>g] dose has be5 recov]$ f 9 ! case ( a "y man1 ag$ #bc1afc :o _h swall[$ no less ?an #ge grms4 7#bf ozs47 ( *lor(orm1 b yet1 9 a few h\rs1 awoke f ! /upor4 ,he compla9$ ( a burn+ pa9 9 ! /oma*2 on ! foll[+ day he suff]$ f vomit+1 & on ! ?ird day symptoms ( jaundice appe>$1--a feature :i* has be5 sev]al times notic$ z an effect ( *lor(orm4 #afc ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 #ahgi4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ev5 small doses h be5 kn[n to de/roy life4 ,9 a case relat$ by ,taylor1 a boy1 ag$ #d1 swall[$ #ch grms4 7#a drm47 ( *lor(orm & di$ 9 ?ree h\rs1 not)/&+ t e ef=t 0 us$ = 8 recov]y4 #ahj4 ,! smalle/ dose t has prov$ fatal to an adult is #ae grms4 7a little ov] #d drms474 ,f tw5ty-two cases 9 :i* ! quantity tak5 _h be5 asc]ta9$ ) "s degree ( accuracy1 ,falck draws ! foll[+ conclusions3--,9 eight ( ! cases ! dose 0 betwe5 #d & #cj grms41 & "o dea? result$ f #ae grms4 ,z = ! o!r f\rte5 p]sons1 ! doses v>i$ f #ce to #chj grms41 & eight ( ^! pati5ts di$--two aft] #dj1 two aft] #de1 "o aft] #fj1 #ij1 #abj1 & #ahj grms4 respectively4 ,h5ce1 "u conditions fav\r+ ! action ( ! poison1 #ae grms4 7#dc drms47 may be fatal to an adult1 :ile doses ( #dj grms4 7#aac drms47 & upw>ds w almo/ c]ta9ly kill4 #aha4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms c be well ga!r$ f ! cases quot$4 ,!y comm5ce %ortly aft] ! tak+ ( ! poison2 &1 inde$1 ! local action ( ! liquid imm$iately causes fir/ a burn+ s5sation1 foll[$ by numbness4 ,(t5 aft] a few m9utes1 precisely z :5 ! vap\r is adm9i/]$1 a peculi>1 excit$ condition sup]v5es1 accompani$1 x may be1 by delirium4 ,! next /age is n>cosis1 & ! pati5t lies ) pale face & livid lips1 c41 z describ$ at p4 #adg2 ! end ( ! sc5e is (t5 prec$$ by convulsions4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 consci\sness returns1 & ! irritation ( ! muc\s membranes ( ! ga/ro-inte/9al canal is %[n by bloody vomit+ & bloody /ools1 ) consid]able pa9 & g5]al suff]+4 ,9 ?is way1 a p]son may l+] sev]al days aft] ! +e/ion ( ! poison4 ,9 a case obs]v$ by ,pom]oy1 ! fatal malady 0 prolong$ = eight days4 ,among ^? :o recov]1 a common sequela1 z be=e m5tion$1 is jaundice4 ,a ?ird =m ( symptoms has be5 occasionally obs]v$1 viz43--,! p]son awakes f ! coma1 ! brea?+ & pulse become aga9 natural1 & all dang] seems to h pass$1 :5 sudd5ly1 aft] a long] or %ort] "t1 )\t w>n+1 a /ate ( g5]al depression & collapse sup]v5es1 & dea? occurs4 #ahb4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,! po/-mortem appe>ances f a fatal dose ( liquid *lor(orm ma9ly resolve !mselves into r$ness ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma*1 ?\gh occasionally1 z 9 ,pom]oy's case1 !re may be an ulc]ation4 ,9 a case record$ by ,h(fman1#afd a woman1 ag$ #cj1 drank #ce to #dj grms4 ( *lor(orm & di$ )9 ! h\r4 ,almo/ ! :ole ( ! *lor(orm tak5 0 f\nd 9 ! /oma*1 z a heavy fluid1 col\r$ gre51 ?r\gh ! bile4 ,! epi!lium ( ! ph>ynx1 epiglottis1 & gullet 0 ( a dirty col\r1 p>tly deta*$1 :it5$1 s(t5$1 & easily /ripp$ (f4 ,! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* 0 mu* alt]$ 9 col\r & consi/5ce1 &1 ) ! duod5um1 0 cov]$ ) a t5aci\s grey slime4 ,!re 0 no ec*ymosis4 #afd ,lehrbu* d] g]4 ,m$ic91 #bte ,aufl4 #b4 ,,! ,,vap\r ,,( ,,*lor(orm4 #ahc4 ,/ati/ics4--,accid5ts occur f> m frequ5tly 9 ! use ( *lor(orm vap\r = an/hetic purposes ?an 9 ! use ( ! liquid4 ,mo/ ( ! cases ( dea? ?r\gh *lor(orm vap\r1 are ^? caus$ accid5tally 9 surgical & m$ical practice4 ,a small] numb] are suicidal1 :ile = crim9al purposes1 its use is extremely infrequ5t4 ,! p]c5tage ( dea?s caus$ by *lor(orm adm9i/]$ dur+ op]ations is unacc\ntably diff]5t 9 diff]5t ye>s1 times1 & places4 ,! div]sity ( op9ion on ! subject is p>tly 7?\gh n entirely7 explicable1 by ! degrees ( purity 9 ! an/hetic adm9i/]$1 ! diff]5t modes ( adm9i/ration1 ! v>y+ l5g?s ( "t ( ! an/hesia1 & ! v>y+ sev]ity ( ! op]ations4 ,dur+ ! ,crimean ,w>1 accord+ to ,baud5s & ,quesnoy1 #cj1jjj op]ations 7 done "u *lor(orm1 b only "o dea? occurr$ attributable to ! an/hetic4 ,sansom#afe puts ! av]age mortality at #ge p] #aj1jjj1 ,nussbaum at #ac1 ,ri*>dson at #bh1aff ,morgan#afg at #cd4 ,9 ! ,am]ican w> ( secession1 9 #aa1jjj op]ations1 !re 7 sev5 dea?s--t is1 #fc p] #aj1jjj1 ! highe/ numb] on a l>ge scale :i* appe>s to be on record4 ,9 ! t5 ye>s #ahhc-ahib1 #ajc dea?s are attribut$ to *lor(orm 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 viz41 #hh dea?s 7#eg males1 #ca females7 f accid5ts 7no d\bt 9 its use z a g5]al an/hetic71 #ad 7#i males1 #e females7 f suicide1 & a solit>y case ( murd]4 #afe ,*lor(orm3 its ,action1 c41 ,london1 #ahfe4 #aff ,m$4 ,times & ,gazette1 #ahgj4 #afg ,m$4 ,soc4 ( ,virg9ia1 #ahgb4 #ahd4 ,suicidal & ,crim9al ,poison+ by ,*lor(orm4--,suicidal poison+ by *lor(orm w g5]ally be indicat$ by ! surr\nd+ circum/ances2 & 9 no case hi!rto report$ has !re be5 any difficulty or obscurity z to :e!r ! n>cosis 0 self-induc$ or n4 ,an int]e/+ case is relat$ by ,s*au5/e91#afh 9 :i* a physician resolv$ to commit suicide by *lor(orm1 a comm5c+ amaurosis hav+ prey$ ^u 8 m9d1 & 8 *oice hav+ be5 det]m9$ by witness+ an accid5tal dea? by ?is ag5t4 ,he accord+ly plugg$ 8 no/rils1 fitt$ on to ! face an appropriate mask1 & fa/5$ x by /rips ( adhesive pla/]4 ,9 su* an in/ance1 !re c\ld be no d\bt ( ! suicidal int5t1 & ! "q ( accid5t w\ld be entirely out ( ! "q4 #afh ,mas*ka3 ,h&bu* d] g]i*tli*4 ,m$ic91 p4 #ghg1 ,tb+51 #ahhb4 ,a d5ti/ 9 ,potsdam1#afi 9 a /ate ( great m5tal depression f emb>rass$ circum/ances1 kill$ 8 wife1 himself1 & two *ildr5 by *lor(orm4 ,su* crimes are =tunately v r>e4 #afi ,casp]3 ,h&bu* d] g]4 ,m$4 ,!re is a vulg> idea t x is possible1 by hold+ a clo? saturat$ ) *lor(orm to ! m\? ( a sleep+ p]son 7or "o1 inde$1 p]fectly awake71 to produce sudd5 ins5sibility2 b su* an occurr5ce is aga9/ all exp]im5tal & cl9ical evid5ce4 ,x is true t a n]v\s p]son might1 "u su* circum/ances1 fa9t & become ins5sible by m]e n]v\s %ock2 b a true sudd5 n>cosis is impossible4 ,dolbeau has made "s int]e/+ exp]im5ts 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r1 "u any circum/ances1 a sleep+ p]son might be an/hetis$4 ,! ma9 result appe>s to answ] ! "q 9 ! affirmative1 at lea/ ) c]ta9 p]sons2 b ev5 ) ^!1 x c only be done by us+ ! greate/ skill & c>e1 fir/ all[+ ! sleep] to brea! v dilute *lor(orm vap\r1 & !n gradually exhibit+ /rong] doses1 & tak+ ! clo? or inhal] away on ! slighte/ symptom ( approa*+ wakefulness4 ,9 #ge p] c5t4 ( ! cases1 h[ev]1 ! individuals awoke almo/ imm$iately on be+ expos$ to ! vap\r4 ,?is cauti\s & sci5tific n>cosis1 !n1 is n likely to be us$ by ! crim9al class1 or1 if us$1 to be successful4 #ahe4 ,physiological ,effects4--,*lor(orm is a protoplasmic poison4 ,accord+ to ,jumelle1 plants c ev5 be n>cotis$1 ceas+ to assimilate & no long] be+ s5sitive to ! /imulus ( light4 ,isolat$ animal cells1 l leucocytes1 lose ?r\gh *lor(orm vap\r _! p[] ( spontane\s movem5t1 & _m bact]ia cease to multiply if 9 contact ) *lor(orm wat]4 ,accord+ to ,b9x1 *lor(orm n>cosis 9 man is to be expla9$ ?r\gh its produc+ a weak coagulation ( ! c]ebral ganglion cells4 ,z already m5tion$1 *lor(orm has an aff9ity = ! r$ blood-corpuscles4 ,*lor(orm /imulates ! p]iph]al ends ( ! n]ves ( s5sation1 s t x causes irritation ( ! sk9 or muc\s membranes :5 locally appli$4 ,fl\r5s consid]s t *lor(orm fir/ affects ! c]ebrum1 !n ! c]ebellum1 & f9ally ! sp9al cord2 ! action is at fir/ /imulat+1 aft]w>ds p>alys+4 ,mo/ an/hetics dim9i% equally ! excitability ( ! grey & ! :ite n]v\s sub/ance ( ! bra91 & ?is is ! case ) *lor(orm1 e!r1 & morph9e2 b app>5tly ?is is n ! case ) *loral hydrate1 :i* only dim9i%es ! conductivity ( ! cortical sub/ance ( ! bra91 & leaves ! grey sub/ance intact4 ,correspond+ to ! c]ebral p>alysis1 ! blood pressure s9ks1 & ! he>t beats sl[] & weak]4#agj ,! ,hyd]abad ,commission made #gce rese>*es on dogs & monkeys1 & f\nd t 9 fatal n>cosis1 s f> z ^! animals are conc]n$1 ! respiration ceas$ be=e ! he>t1 & ?is may be consid]$ ! normal mode ( dea?2 b x is probably go+ too f> to say t x is ! exclusive =m ( dea? 9 man1 = !re h be5 publi%$ cases 9 :i* ! he>t fail$ fir/4 #agj ,kob]t's ,lehrbu* d] ,intoxication54 #ahf4 ,symptoms4--,!re is b little outw>d diff]5ce betwe5 man & animals1 9 reg>d to ! symptoms caus$ by brea?+ *lor(orm2 9 ! =m] we h ! advantage t ! s5sations prec$+ n>cosis c be describ$ by ! individual4 ,! action ( *lor(orm is usually divid$ into ?ree m or less di/9ct /ages4 ,9 ! fir/ !re is a 8drunk50 condition1 *anges 9 ! s5se ( smell & ta/e1 & x may be halluc9ations ( vision & he>+2 !re are also (t5 curi\s creep+ s5sations ab\t ! sk91 & sometimes excessive muscul> action1 caus+ viol5t /ruggles4 ,i h also se5 epilepti=m convulsions1 & delirium is almo/ always pres5t4 ,! face dur+ ?is /age is g5]ally flu%$1 cov]$ ) p]spiration1 & ! pupils contract$4 ,! fir/ /age may la/ f "o m9ute to sev]al1 & passes into ! second /age1 or t ( depression4 ,spontane\s movem5ts cease1 s5sibility to all ext]nal /imuli vani%es1 ! pati5t falls into a deep sleep1 ! consci\sness is entirely lo/1 & reflex movem5ts are m & m annihilat$4 ,! temp]ature is less ?an normal1 ! respirations are sl[1 & ! pulse is full & sl[4 ,! pupils 9 ?is /age are usually dilat$1 all ! muscles are relax$1 & ! limbs c be b5t ab\t 9 any direction4 ,if n[ ! inhalation ( *lor(orm is int]mitt$1 ! pati5t wakes )9 a p]iod :i* is usually f tw5ty to =ty m9utes1 b may be sev]al h\rs1 aft] ! la/ inhalation4 ,! ?ird /age is t ( p>alysis2 ! pulse becomes irregul>1 ! respirations sup]ficial1 !re is a cyanotic col\r+ ( ! lips & sk91 :ile ! pupils become widely dilat$4 ,dea? foll[s quickly ?r\gh p>alysis ( ! respiratory c5tre1 ! respirations fir/ ceas+1 !n ! pulse2 9 a few cases1 ! he>t ceases fir/ to beat4 ,accord+ to ,sansom's facts1#aga 9 #ajj cases ( dea? by *lor(orm1 #ddf p] c5t4 occurr$ be=e ! full n>cosis _h be5 atta9$1 t is 9 ! fir/ /age1 #cdg dur+ ! second /age1 & #bjf %ortly aft]4 ,s1 also1 ,kappel] has record$ t 9 #aja cases ( dea? f *lor(orm1 #dgg p] c5t4 occurr$ be=e ! full effect1 & #ebb dur+ ! full effect4 ,?is confirms ! dictum ( ,billro?1 t 9 all /ages ( an/hesia by *lor(orm1 dea? may occur4 ,! quantity ( *lor(orm1 :i*1 :5 inhal$ 9 a giv5 "t1 w produce dea?1 is unkn[n2 = all dep5ds ^u ! great] or less admixture ( air1 & probably on o!r conditions4 ,x has be5 laid d[n1 t ! inhalation ( *lor(orm %\ld be s manag$ z to insure t ! air brea!d %all nev] conta9 m ?an #ci p] c5t4 ( *lor(orm4 ,fifte5 drops h caus$ dea?1 b ,taylor1 on ! o!r h&1 records a case ( tetanus1 treat$ at ,guy's ,hospital1 9 :i* no less a quantity ?an #gjj grms4 7#bbe ozs47 0 inhal$ 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,frequ5t brea?+ ( *lor(orm 9 no way r5d]s ! individual safe f fatal accid5t4 ,a lady#agb hav+ repeat$ly tak5 *lor(orm1 0 an/hetis$ by ! same ag5t m]ely = ! purpose ( hav+ a too? extract$4 ,ab\t #f grms4 7#ae drm47 7 p\r$ on a clo?1 & aft] n9e to t5 inspirations1 dang]\s symptoms began--rattl+ brea?+ & convulsive movem5ts--&1 despite all rem$ies1 %e di$4 #aga ,op4 cit4 #agb ,ed94 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 #ahee4 #ahg4 ,*ronic *lor(orm poison+ is n unkn[n4 ,x leads to v>i\s ailm5ts1 & seems to h be5 9 "o or two in/ances ! cause ( insanity4 ,bu*n] records ! case ( an opium-eat]1 :o aft]w>ds took to *lor(orm2 he suff]$ f p]iodic mania4 ,9 a rem>kable case relat$ by ,m]ic1 ! pati5t1 :o _h also fir/ be5 a morph9e-eat]1 took #cej grms4 ( *lor(orm 9 five days by inhalation2 z (t5 z he woke he w\ld *lor(orm himself aga9 to sleep4 ,9 ?is case1 !re 0 also m5tal di/urbance1 & in/ances 9 :i* *lor(orm produc$ m>k$ m5tal ab]ration are record$ by ,bhm#agc & by ,vigla4#agd #agc ,ziemss5's ,h&bu*1 ,bd4 #ae4 #agd ,m$4 ,times1 #ahee4 #ahh4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,! lesions f\nd on section are nei!r peculi> to1 nor *>act]i/ic (1 *lor(orm poison+4 ,x has be5 not$ t bubbles ( gas are1 f "t to "t1 to be obs]v$ aft] dea? 9 ! blood ( ^? poison$ by *lor(orm1 b x is d\btful :e!r ! bubbles are n m]ely ^? to be f\nd 9 any o!r corpse--9 #ahi cases1 only eighte5 times 7 ^! gas-bubbles obs]v$1#age s t1 ev5 if !y are *>act]i/ic1 ! *ances 9 a giv5 case t !y w n be se5 are great] ?an ! rev]se4 ,! smell ( *lor(orm may be pres5t1 b has be5 notic$ v seldom4 #age ,s*au5/e9 7,op4 cit474 #ahi4 ,! detection & e/imation ( *lor(orm f organic sub/ances is n difficult1 its l[ boil+-po9t caus+ x to di/il readily4 ,accord+ly 7:atev] may be ! ultimate modifications1 z sugge/$ by diff]5t exp]im5t]s71 ! fir/ /ep is to br+ ! sub/ances1 unless fluid1 into a pulp ) wat]1 & submit ?is pulp to di/illation by ! heat ( a wat]-ba?4 ,if ! liquid op]at$ ^u possesses no p>ticul> od\r1 ! *lor(orm may 9 ?is way be recognis$ 9 ! di/illate1 :i*1 if necess>y1 may be r$i/ill$ 9 ! same mann]1 s z to conc5trate ! volatile matt]s 9 a small compass4 ,!re are f\r *ief te/s = ! id5tification ( *lor(orm3-- 7#a47 ,! f9al di/illate is te/$ ) a little anil9e1 & an alcoholic solution ( soda or pota% lye2 ei!r imm$iately1 or ^u g5tly w>m+ ! liquid1 !re is a peculi> & p5etrat+ od\r ( ph5ylc>bylam9e1 ,c,h,,nc2 x is produc$ by ! foll[+ reaction3-- ,c,h,cl #c,,koh ,c,h,,nh ,c,h,,nc #c,k,cl #c;,h,o4 ,*loral1 tri*loracetic acid1 brom(orm & iod(orm also give ! same reaction2 on ! o!r h&1 e?ylid5e *loride does n yield "u ^! circum/ances any c>bylam9e 7isonitrile74 7#b47 ,*lor(orm r$uces ,fehl+'s alkal9e copp] solution1 :5 appli$ to a di/illate1 ?us exclud+ a ho/ ( m fix$ bodies :i* h ! same reaction2 x is a v excell5t te/1 & may be made quantitative4 ,! reaction is z foll[s3-- ,c,h,cl #e,,kho #b;,cu,o ,cu,o ,k,,co #c,k,cl #c;,h,o2 ?us1 e #ajj p>ts ( cupr\s oxide equals #hcge ( *lor(orm4 7#c47 ,! fluid to be te/$ 7:i*1 if acid1 %\ld be neutralis$71 is di/ill$ 9 a sl[ curr5t ( hydrog51 & ! vap\r conduct$ ?r\gh a %ort bit ( r$-hot combu/ion-tube conta9+ plat9um gauze4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ! *lor(orm is decompos$ & hydro*loric acid =m$2 h5ce1 ! issu+ vap\r has an acid reaction to te/-pap]1 & if l$ into a solution ( silv] nitrate1 gives ! usual precipitate ( arg5tic *loride4 ,e #ajj p>ts ( silv] *loride equal #bggeh ( *lor(orm4 7#d47 ,! fluid is mix$ ) a little ?ymol & pota%2 if *lor(orm be pres5t1 a r$di%-violet col\r is develop$1 becom+ m di/9ct on ! application ( heat4#agf #agf ,s4 ,vidali 9 ,deuts*-,am]ikan4 ,apo?4-,zeitung1 vol4 iij41 ,aug4 #ae1 #ahhb4 #aij4 ,= ! quantitative e/imation ( *lor(orm ! me?od recomm5d$ by ,s*mi$eb]g#agg is1 h[ev]1 ! be/4 ,a combu/ion-tube ( #bd to #bf cm4 long1 & #aj to #ab mm4 9 diamet]1 op5 at bo? ends1 is furni%$ at ! "o end ) a plug ( asbe/os1 :ile ! middle "p1 to )9 #e-f cm4 ( ! o!r end1 is fill$ ) pieces ( cau/ic lime1 f ! size ( a l5til to t ( half a pea4 ,! lime mu/ be pure1 & is made by heat+ a c>bonate :i* has be5 precipitat$ f calcic nitrate4 ,! o!r end ( ! tube is clos$ by a cork1 c>ry+ a silv] tube1 #af-ah cm4 long1 & #d mm4 ?ick4 ,! end conta9+ ! asbe/os plug is fitt$ by a cork to a glass tube4 ,! combu/ion-tube ?us prep>$ is plac$ 9 ! ord9>y combu/ion-furnace2 ! flask conta9+ ! *lor(orm is adapt$1 & ! di/illation sl[ly proce$$ )4 ,x is be/ to add a tube1 b5t at "r angles & go+ to ! bottom ( ! flask1 to draw air cont9u\sly ?r\gh ! app>atus4 ,dur+ ! :ole process1 ! tube conta9+ ! lime is kept at a r$ heat4 ,! *lor(orm is decompos$1 & ! *lor9e comb9es ) ! lime4 ,! result+ calcic *loride1 mix$ ) mu* un*ang$ lime1 is1 at ! end ( ! op]ation1 cool$1 dissolv$ 9 dilute nitric acid1 & precipitat$ ) silv] nitrate4 ,any silv] *loride is collect$ & weigh$ & calculat$ into *lor(orm4#agh #agg ,ueb] die quantitative ,be/immung des ,*lor(orms im ,blute4 ,inaug4 ,diss]t41 ,dorpat1 #ahff4 #agh ,s4 ,vidali has made ! +5i\s sugge/ion ( develop+ hydrog5 9 ! usual way1 by means ( z9c & sulphuric acid1 9 ! liquid suppos$ to conta9 *lor(orm1 to ignite ! hydrog51 z 9 ,m>%'s te/1 :5 x issues f ! tube1 & !n to hold 9 ! flame a clean copp] wire4 ,s9ce any *lor(orm is burnt up 9 ! hydrog5 flame to hydro*loric acid1 ! *loride ( copp] imm$iately volatilises & col\rs ! flame gre54 ,,vi4--,o!r ,an/hetics4 #aia4 ,:5 *lor9e acts ^u m>%-gas1 ! hydrog5 c be displac$ atom by atom2 & f ! orig9al me?ane 7,,*7 c be successively obta9$ *lorome?ane or me?yl *loride 7,,*,cl71 di*lorome?ane1 or me!ne di*loride1 me?yl5e di*loride 7,,*,cl71 tri*lorome?ane1 or *lor(orm 7,c,h,cl71 already describ$1 & c>bon tetra*loride 7,c,cl74 ,all ^! are1 m or less1 capable ( produc+ an/hesia2 b none ( !m1 save *lor(orm1 are ( any toxicological importance4 ,me!ne di*loride1 recomm5d$ by ,sir ,b4 ,w4 ,ri*>dson z an an/hetic1 has come some:at into use4 ,x is a col\rless1 v volatile liquid1 ( specific gravity #acfj1 & boil+ at #da4 ,x burns ) a smoky flame1 & dissolves iod9e ) a br[n col\r4 #aib4 ,p5tane 7,c,h74--,!re are ?ree isom]s ( p5tane2 t :i* is us$ z an an/hetic is normal p5tane1 ,,*-,,*-,,*-,,*-,,*2 its boil+-po9t is #cg-ch4 ,x is "o ( ! con/itu5ts ( petroleum e!r4 ,"u ! "n ( 8,p5tal0 x is us$ 9 c]ta9 hospitals ext5sively1 = in/ance1 at ! ,kais] ,fri$]i*'s ,*ildr5's ,hospital1 ,b]l94#agi ,x is /at$ to h no action on ! he>t4 #agi ,zeit4 f4 ,k9d]heilk41 ,bd4 iii4-iv41 #ahic4 ,"o dea?#ahj has be5 record$ f its use3--,a lad1 ag$ #ad1 0 put "u p5tal = ! purpose ( hav+ two mol>s pa9lessly extract$4 ,he 0 only a m9ute or two ins5sible1 & #d-e grms4 ( p5tal 0 ! quantity /at$ to h be5 inhal$4 ,! boy spat out aft] ! op]ation1 !n sudd5ly fa9t$ & di$4 ,! po/-mortem %[$ dema ( ! lungs2 ! "r side ( ! he>t 0 empty4 ,! organs ( ! body smell$ /rongly ( p5tal4 #ahj ,dr4 ,bremme1 ,vi]teljahrss*r4 f4 g]i*tli*e ,m$ic91 ,bd4 v41 #ahic4 #aic4 ,aldehyde 7,acetaldehyde71 ,c,h,o ,o _/_/ ,,*-,c 1 ,h a fluid obta9$ by ! c>eful oxidation ( alcohol 7boil+-po9t1 #bjh71 is 9 l>ge doses toxic2 9 small]1 x acts z a n>cotic4 ,metaldehyde 7,c,h,o71 obta9$ by treat+ acetaldehyde at a l[ temp]ature ) hydro*loric acid4 ,x occurs 9 ! =m ( prisms1 :i* sublime at ab\t #aab2 x is also poison\s4 #aid4 ,p>aldehyde 7,c,h,o7 is a col\rless fluid1 boil+ at #abd2 specific gravity #iih at #ae4 ,by ! action ( cold x may be obta9$ 9 cry/als1 ! melt+ po9t ( :i* is #aje4 ,x is soluble 9 eight p>ts ( wat] at #ac2 9 w>m wat] x is less soluble2 h5ce1 on w>m+ a solution1 x becomes turbid4 ,p>aldehyde acts v simil>ly to *loral2 x causes a deep sleep1 & 7judg+ by exp]im5ts on animals7 produces no convulsive movem5ts4 ,,vii4--,*loral4 #aie4 ,*loral ,hydrate 7,c,h,cl,o7 is made by mix+ equival5t quantities ( anhydr\s *loral#aha & wat]4 ,! pure/ *loral is 9 ! =m ( small1 granul>1 sug>-l cry/als4 ,:5 less pure1 ! cry/als are l>g]4 ,^! melt into a cle> fluid at f #dh to #di1 & ! melt$ mass solidifies aga9 at #dhi4 ,*loral boils at #ige2 x is n v soluble 9 cold *lor(orm1 requir+ f\r times its weight4 ,! only sub/ance ) :i* *loral hydrate may well be confus$ is *loral alcoholate 7,c,h,cl,o71 b *loral alcoholate melts at a l[] temp]ature 7#de71 & boils at a high] 7#aace72 x is easily soluble 9 cold *lor(orm1 & inflames readily1 :]eas *loral sc>cely burns4 #aha ,anhydr\s *loral 7,c,h,cl,o7 is an oily liquid1 ( specific gravity #aejb at #ah2 x boils at #igg4 ,x is obta9$ by ! prolong$ action ( *lor9e on absolute alcohol4 ,*loral hydrate completely volatilises1 & c be di/ill$ 9 a vacuum )\t *ange4 ,if1 h[ev]1 boil$ 9 air1 x und]goes sl[ decomposition1 ! fir/ portions ( ! di/illate be+ ov]hydrat$1 ! la/ und]hydrat$2 ! boil+-po9t1 !re=e1 und]goes a cont9u\s rise4 ,! am\nt ( hydration ( a comm]cial sample is ( practical importance2 if too mu* wat] is pres5t1 ! *loral deliquesces1 especially 9 w>m wea!r2 if too little1 x may become acid1 & 9 "p insoluble f ! =mation ( meta-*loral 7,c,h,cl,o74 ,*loral hydrate1 by ! action ( ! volatile or fix$ alkalies1 is decompos$1 an alkal9e =miate & *lor(orm result+ ?us-- ,c,h,cl,o1,h,o ,na,h,o ,na,c,h,o ,h,o ,c,h,cl4 ,tri*lor-acetic acid is decompos$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,/ati/ics4--,*loral caus$1 dur+ ! t5 ye>s #ahhc-ahib 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 #abg dea?s--viz41 #aaa 7#hi males1 #bb females7 accid5tally1 #ae 7#ad males1 #a female7 f suicide1 & a case 9 :i* *loral 0 ! ag5t ( murd]4 #aif4 ,detection4--,x is1 ( c\rse1 obvi\s t aft] splitt+ up *loral into *lor(orm1 ! latt] c be detect$ by di/illation & apply+ ! te/s giv5 at p4 #aeb & seq4 ,*loral hydrate is soluble 9 "o & a half times its weight ( wat]2 ! solution %\ld be p]fectly neutral to litmus4 ,x is also soluble 9 e!r1 9 alcohol1 & 9 c>bon disulphide4 ,x may be extract$ f its solution by %ak+ out ) e!r4 ,!re %\ld be no cl\d9ess :5 a solution is te/$ ) silv] nitrate 9 ! cold2 if1 h[ev]1 to a boil+ solution nitrate ( silv] & a little ammonia are add$1 !re is a mirror ( r$uc$ silv]4 #aig4 ,! assay ( *loral hydrate 9 solutions is be/ effect$ by di/ill+ ! solution ) slak$ lime2 ! di/illate is receiv$ 9 wat] conta9$ 9 a graduat$ tube kept at a l[ temp]ature4 ,! *lor(orm s9ks to ! bottom1 & is directly read (f2 ! numb] ( c4c4 multipli$ by #bjfd equals ! weight ( ! *loral hydrate pres5t4 ,ano!r me?od1 accurate b only applicable to ! fairly pure sub/ance1 is to dissolve #a to #b grms4 9 wat]1 remove any free acid by b>ic c>bonate1 & !n treat ! liquid ?us purifi$ by a kn[n volume ( /&>d soda4 ,! soda is n[ titrat$ back1 us+ litmus z an indicator1 ea* c4c4 ( normal alkali neutralis$ by ! sample corresponds to #jafee grm4 ( *loral hydrate4 ,small quantities ( *loral hydrate may be conv5i5tly recov]$ f complex liquids by %ak+ !m up ) e!r1 & remov+ ! e!real lay]1 9 ! tube repres5t$ 9 ! figure4#ahb ,! e!r mu/ be all[$ to evaporate spontane\sly2 b !re is 9 ?is way mu* loss ( *loral4 ,! be/ me?od ( e/imat+ m9ute quantities is to alkalise ! liquid1 & sl[ly di/il ! vap\r ?r\gh a r$-hot combu/ion-tube *>g$ ) pure lime1 z 9 ! process describ$ at p4 #aec4 ,a dilute solution ( *loral may also be treat$ ) a z9c-copp] c\ple1 ! nasc5t hydrog5 breaks ! molecule up1 & ! result+ *loride may be titrat$1 z 9 wat] analyses1 by silv] nitrate & potassic *romate4 ,illu/ration #ahb ,! figure is f 8,foods02 ! description may be "h repeat$3--,a is a tube ( any dim5sions mo/ conv5i5t to ! analy/4 ,ord9>y burette size w p]haps be ! mo/ suitable = r\t9e "w2 ! tube is furni%$ ) a /opcock & is b5t at ,b1 ! tube at ,k hav+ a v small b n q capill>y bore4 ,! l[] end is atta*$ to a l5g? ( pressure-tub+1 & is connect$ ) a small res]voir ( m]cury1 mov+ up & d[n by means ( a pulley4 ,to use ! app>atus3 ,fill ! tube ) m]cury by op5+ ! clamp at ,h1 & ! /opcock at ,b1 & rais+ ! res]voir until ! m]cury1 if all[$1 w\ld fl[ out ( ! beak4 ,n[1 ! beak is dipp$ into ! liquid to be extract$ ) ! solv5t1 & by l[]+ ! res]voir1 a /rong vacuum is creat$1 :i* draws ! liquid into ! tube2 9 ! same way ! e!r is made to foll[4 ,%\ld ! liquid be s ?ick t x is n possible to get x 9 by means ( suction1 ! l[] end ( ! tube is disconnect$1 & ! syrupy mass work$ 9 ?r\gh ! wide end4 ,:5 ! e!r has be5 suck$ into ! app>atus1 x is empti$ ( m]cury by l[]+ ! res]voir1 & !n firmly clamp$ at ,h1 & ! /opcock also clos$4 ,! tube may n[ be %ak51 & !n all[$ to /& = ! liquids to sep>ate4 ,:5 !re is a good l9e ( dem>cation1 by rais+ ! res]voir aft] op5+ ! clamp & /opcock1 ! :ole ( ! light solv5t c be run out ( ! tube into a flask or beak]1 & recov]$ by di/illation4 ,= heavy solv5ts 7su* z *lor(orm71 :i* s9k to ! bottom1 a simple burette1 ) a f9e exit tube is pref]able2 b = petroleum e!r1 ord9>y e!r1 c41 ! app>atus figur$ is extremely useful4 #aih4 ,effects ( ,*loral ,hydrate on ,animals4--,exp]im5ts on animals h taught u all t is kn[n ( ! physiological action ( *loral4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! drug influ5ces v consid]ably ! circulation1 at fir/ excit+ ! he>t's action1 & !n p>alys+ ! automatic c5tre4 ,! he>t1 z 9 animals poison$ by atrop9e1 /ops 9 dia/ole1 & ! blood-pressure s9ks 9 proportion to ! progressive p>alysis ( ! c>diac c5tre4 ,at ! same "t1 ! respiration is sl[$ & f9ally ceases1 :ile ! he>t cont9ues to beat4 ,! body temp]ature ( ! w>m-blood$ animals is v rem>kably depress$1 accord+ to ,falck1 ev5 to #gf4 ,vomit+ has be5 r frequ5tly obs]v$ ) dogs & cats1 ev5 :5 ! drug has be5 tak5 into ! sy/em by subcutane\s injection4 ,! secretion ( milk1 accord+ to ,rhrig1 is also dim9i%$4 ,reflex actions ?r\gh small doses are int5sifi$2 ?r\gh l>ge1 mu* dim9i%$4 #jbe-je grm4 7#d-g gra971 inject$ subcutane\sly into frogs1 causes a sl[+ ( ! respiration1 a dim9ution ( reflex excitability1 & la/ly1 its complete cessation2 ?is condition la/s sev]al h\rs2 at l5g? ! animal returns to its normal /ate4 ,if ! dose is rais$ to #a grm4 7#ae gra97 aft] ! cessation ( reflex movem5ts1 ! he>t is p>alys$--& a p>alysis n due to any c5tral action ( ! vagus1 b to a direct action on ! c>diac ganglia4 ,rabbits ( ! ord9>y weight ( #b kilos4 are fully n>cotis$ by ! subcutane\s injection ( #a grm42 ! sleep is v pr(\nd1 & la/s sev]al h\rs2 ! animal wakes up spontane\sly1 & is app>5tly none ! worse4 ,if #b grms4 are adm9i/]$1 ! n>cotic effects1 rapidly develop$1 are mu* prolong$4 ,!re is a rem>kable dim9ution ( temp]ature1 & ! animal dies1 ! respiration ceas+ )\t convulsion or o!r sign4 ,mod]ate-siz$ dogs require #f grms4 = a full n>cosis1 & ! symptoms are simil>2 !y also wake aft] _m h\rs1 9 app>5t good heal?4#ahc #ahc ,c4 ,ph4 ,falck has divid$ ! symptoms into 7#a7 ,prelim9>y hypnotic2 7#b7 an adynamic /ate2 & 7#c7 a comatose condition4 #aii4 ,liebrei* consid]$ t ! action ( *loral 0 due to its be+ brok5 up by ! alkali ( ! blood1 & ! sy/em be+ ?us br\ght into a /ate precisely simil> to its condition :5 an/hetis$ by *lor(orm vap\r4 ,?is view has1 h[ev]1 be5 prov$ to be errone\s4 ,*loral hydrate c1 x is true1 be decompos$ 9 "s degree by ! blood at #dj2 b ! action mu/ be prolong$ = sev]al h\rs4 ,a #a p] c5t4 solution ( alkali does n decompose *loral at a blood-heat 9 ! "t )9 :i* *loral acts 9 ! body2 & s9ce n>cotic effects are commonly obs]v$ :51 9 ! fatty gr\p1 hydrog5 has be5 displac$ by *lor9e1 x is m probable t *loral hydrate is absorb$ & circulates 9 ! blood z su*1 & is n brok5 up into *lor(orm & an alkal9e =miate4 #bjj4 ,effects ( ,*loral ,hydrate on ,man4--,s9ce ! ye> #ahfi1 9 :i* *loral 0 fir/ introduc$ to m$ic9e1 x has be5 ! cause ( a numb] ( accid5tal & o!r cases ( poison+4 ,i f9d1 up to ! ye> #ahhd1 record$ 9 m$ical lit]ature1 ?irty-"o cases ( poison+ by *loral hydrate4 ,?is numb] is a small proportion only ( ! actual numb] dy+ f ?is cause4 ,9 ne>ly all ! cases ! poison 0 tak5 by ! m\?1 b 9 "o in/ance ! pati5t di$ 9 ?ree h\rs1 aft] hav+ inject$ into ! rectum #ehf grms4 ( *loral hydrate4 ,!re is also on record a case 9 :i*1 = ! purpose ( produc+ surgical an/hesia1 #f grms4 ( *loral 7 inject$ into ! ve9s2 ! man di$ 9 z _m m9utes4#ahd #ahd ,?is dang]\s practice 0 introduc$ by ,m4 ,ore4 ,9 a case ( traumatic tetanus1 9 :i* ,m4 ,ore inject$ into ! ve9s #i grms4 ( *loral 9 #aj grms4 ( wat]1 !re 0 pr(\nd ins5sibility1 la/+ elev5 h\rs1 dur+ :i* "t a pa9ful op]ation on ! ?umb 0 p]=m$4 ,! next day #aj grms4 7 inject$1 :5 ! ins5sibility la/$ eight h\rs2 & #i grms4 7 inject$ on ea* ( ! two foll[+ days4 ,! man recov]$4 ,9 ano!r case1 ,ore an/hetis$ imm$iately a pati5t by plung+ ! subcutane\s ne$le ( 8 syr+e into ! radial ve91 & inject$ #aj grms4 ( *loral hydrate ) #cj ( wat]4 ,! pati5t became ins5sible be=e ! :ole quantity 0 inject$ ) 8une immobilit rappellant celle du cadavre40 ,on f9i%+ ! op]ation1 ! pati5t 0 r\s$ imm$iately by ! application ( an electric curr5t1 "o pole on ! left side ( ! neck1 ! o!r on ! epiga/rium4 ,j\rn4 de ,ph>m4 et de ,*imie41 t4 #ai1 p4 #cad4 #bja4 ,fatal ,dose4--,x is impossible to /ate ) any exactness ! precise quantity ( *loral :i* may cause dea?4 ,*ildr5 be> x bett]1 9 proportion1 ?an adults1 :ile old p]sons 7especially ^? ) weak he>ts1 & ^? incl9$ to apoplexy7 are likely to be /rongly affect$ by v small doses4 ,a dose ( #ai grm4 7#c gra9s7 has be5 fatal to a *ild a ye> old 9 t5 h\rs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 accord+ to ,b\*ut's obs]vations on #aj1jjj *ildr51 he consid]s t ! full !rapeutic effect ( *loral c be obta9$ safely ) !m 9 ! foll[+ ratio3-- ,*ildr5 ( #a to #c ye>s1 dose #a to #ae grm4 7#aed to #bca gra9s7 #c #e #b #c 7#cjh #dfc 7 #e #g #c #d 7#dfc #fag 7 ,^! quantities be+ dissolv$ 9 #ajj c4c4 ( wat]4 ,^! doses are c]ta9ly too high1 & x w\ld be dang]\s to take !m z a guide1 s9ce dea? has occurr$ 9 a *ild1 ag$ #e1 f a dose ( #c grms4 7#dfc gra9s74 ,m$ical m5 9 ,engl& consid] #bj gra9s a v full dose = a *ild ( f\r ye>s old1 & #ej = an adult1 :ile a case is record$ 9 :i* a dose ( #ai grm4 7#cj gra9s7 prov$ fatal 9 ?irty-five h\rs to a "y lady ag$ #bj4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we f9d a case#ahe 9 :i*1 to a pati5t suff]+ f epileptic mania1 a dose ( #caa grms4 7#aa oz47 ( *loral hydrate 0 adm9i/]$2 %e sank into a deep sleep 9 five m9utes4 ,subcutane\s injections ( /ry*n9e 7 appli$1 & aft] sleep+ = =ty-eight h\rs1 !re 0 recov]y4 ,on ! ?ird day a vivid sc>lat9al ra% appe>$1 foll[$ by desquamation4 ,! examples quot$--! fatal dose ( #ai grm41 & recov]y f #ca grms4--are ! two extremes = adults4 ,f o!r cases1 x appe>s tol]ably pla9 t mo/ p w\ld recov]1 especially ) appropriate treatm5t1 f a s+le dose "u #h grms41 b any?+ above t quantity tak5 at "o "t w\ld be v dang]\s1 & doses ( #aj grms4 & above1 almo/ always fatal4 ,if1 h[ev]1 #h grms4 7 tak5 9 divid$ doses dur+ ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 x c\ld 7accord+ to ,sir ,b4 ,w4 ,ri*>dson7 be done ) safety4 ,! "t f ! tak+ ( ! poison till dea? v>ies consid]ably1 & is 9 "p dep5d5t on ! dose4 #ahe ,*icago ,m$ical ,review1 #ahhb4 ,9 sev5 cases ( le?al poison+1 ?ree p]sons :o took ! small doses ( #abe1 #be1 & #aie grms4 respectively1 liv$ f eight to t5 h\rs2 two1 tak+ #d & #e grms4 respectively1 di$ v %ortly aft] ! adm9i/ration ( ! *loral4 ,9 a six? case1 relat$ by ,br[n1 9 :i* #cab grms4 _h be5 tak51 ! pati5t liv$ an h\r2 & 9 ano!r1 aft] a dose ( #e grms41 record$ by ,jolly1 dea? took place )9 a qu>t] ( an h\r4 #bjb4 ,symptoms4--,) mod]ate doses !re are practically no symptoms1 save a dr[s9ess com+ on imp]ceptibly1 & foll[$ by heavy sleep4 ,) doses up to #b grms4 7#cjh gra9s71 ! hypnotic /ate is p]fectly "u ! comm& ( ! w1 & if ! p]son *ooses to walk ab\t or engage 9 any occupation1 he c w>d (f sleep2 b ) ^? doses :i* lead to dang]1 ! n>cosis is completely uncontrollable1 ! appe>ance ( ! sleep] is (t5 /rik+ly l t ( a drunk5 p]son4 ,!re is great dim9ution ( temp]ature comm5c+ 9 f five to tw5ty m9utes aft] tak+ ! dose--occasionally sleep is prec$$ by a deliri\s /ate4 ,dur+ ! deep slumb] ! face is mu* flu%$1 & 9 a few cases ! sleep passes directly into dea? )\t any m>k$ *ange4 ,9 o!rs1 symptoms ( collapse appe>1 & ! pati5t s9ks ?r\gh exhau/ion4 #bjc4 ,) "s p]sons doses1 :i*1 9 !mselves1 are insuffici5t to cause dea?1 yet h a peculi> effect on ! m5tal faculties4 ,a case ( great m$ico-legal int]e/ is describ$ by ! pati5t himself1 ,dr4 ,manjot4#ahf ,he took 9 ?ree doses1 h\rly1 #ab grms4 ( *loral hydrate4 ,aft] ! fir/ dose ! pa91 = :i* he _h rec\rse to *loral1 vani%$2 b ,manjot1 al?\gh he _h all ! appe>ance ( be+ p]fectly consci\s1 yet _h n ! slighte/ k ( :at he 0 do+ or speak+4 ,he took ! o!r two doses1 & sank into a deep sleep :i* la/$ twelve h\rs4 ,he !n awoke & answ]$ que/ions ) difficulty1 b c\ld n move2 he lay = ! next twelve h\rs 9 a half slumb]1 & ! foll[+ night slept s\ndly--to wake up recov]$4 #ahf ,gaz4 des ,hp41 #ahge4 #bjd4 ,! treatm5t ( acute *loral poison+ :i* has be5 mo/ successful is t by /ry*n9e injections1 & ! application ( w>m? to c\nt]act ! loss ( temp]ature :i* is s con/ant a ph5om5on4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! treatm5t by /ry*n9e1 an int]e/+ case record$ by ,lev9/e9#ahg may be quot$4 #ahg ,vi]teljahrss*r4 f4 g]4 ,m$41 ,bd4 xx41 #ahgd4 ,a man1 ?irty-five ye>s old1 took at "o dose1 = ! purpose ( suicide1 #bd grms4 ( *loral hydrate4 ,9 half an h\r aft]w>ds he 0 f\nd 9 a deep sleep1 ) flu%$ face1 swoll5 ve9s1 & a pulse #afj 9 ! m9ute4 ,aft] a fur!r half h\r1 ! conge/ion ( ! head 0 /ill m /rik+2 ! temp]ature 0 #cie2 ! pulse h>d & b\nd+ #ib2 ! brea?+ lab\r$1 at times int]mitt5t4 ,artificial respiration 0 at once comm5c$1 b 9 spite ( ?is1 9 ab\t ano!r half h\r1 ! face became deadly pale1 ! temp]ature sank to #cbi4 ,! pupils contract$1 & ! pulse 0 sc>cely to be felt2 #c mgrms4 7#jd gra97 ( /ry*n9e 7 n[ inject$ subcutane\sly2 ?is caus$ tetanic convulsions 9 ! upp] "p ( ! body & trismus4 ,! he>t's action aga9 became some:at /rong]1 ! temp]ature rose to #ccc1 & ! pupils dilat$2 b soon foll[$1 aga91 depression ( ! he>t's action1 & ! respiration c\ld only be kept go+ by f>adisation4 ,two mgrms4 7#jc gra97 ( /ry*n9e 7 once m inject$1 & ! he>t's action improv$4 ,dur+ ! succe$+ six h\rs ! respiration _h to be assi/$ by f>adisation4 ,! temp]ature gradually rose to #cfe2 t5 h\rs aft] tak+ ! dose ! pati5t lay 9 a deep sleep1 brea?+ spontane\sly & react+ to ext]nal /imuli ) a temp]ature ( #che4 ,eighte5 h\rs f ! comm5cem5t1 ! respiration aga9 became irregul>1 & ! galvanic curr5t 0 anew appli$4 ,! la/ application ar\s$ ! sleep]1 he took "s milk & aga9 slept2 aft] tw5ty-sev5 h\rs he c\ld be awak5$ by call+1 c41 b _h n full consci\sness2 he aga9 took "s milk & sank to sleep4 ,x 0 n until ?irty-two h\rs _h elaps$ f ! +e/ion ( ! poison t he awoke spontane\sly2 !re 7 no aft] effects4 #bje4 ,*ronic ,poison+ by ,*loral ,hydrate4--,an enorm\s numb] ( p habitually take *loral hydrate4 ,! hi/ory ( ! habit is usually t "s physician has giv5 !m a *loral prescription = neuralgia1 = loss ( sleep1 or o!r cause1 & f9d+ t !y c conjure sleep1 oblivion1 & loss 7x may be7 ( suff]+ :5ev] !y *oose1 !y g on repeat+ x f day to day until x becomes a necessity ( _! exi/5ce4 ,a dang]\s facility to *loral-dr9k+ is ! exi/5ce ( pat5t m$ic9es1 adv]tis$ z sleep-produc]s1 & conta9+ *loral z ! active +r$i5t4 ,a lady1 ag$ #ce1 di$ 9 #ahgf1 at ,exet]1 f an ov]dose ( 8,hunt]'s solution ( *loral1 or s$ative draught & sleep produc]40 ,its /r5g? 0 /at$ at ! inque/ to be #be gra9s to ! dra*m 7#daf p] c5t474#ahh #ahh ,exet] & ,plym\? ,gazette1 ,jan4 #ab1 #ahgf4 ,! evil results ( ?is *loral-dr9k+ are especially to be look$ = 9 ! m5tal faculties1 & ! ali5i/s h _h s9ce #ahfi a new insanity-produc+ factor4 ,9 ! asylums may usually be f\nd sev]al cases ( melan*olia & mania ref]r$ rightly 7or wrongly7 to *loral-dr9k+4 ,symptoms o!r ?an c]ebral are *ill9ess ( ! body1 incl9ation to fa9t+1 clonic convulsions1 & a want ( co-ord9ation ( ! muscles ( ! l[] extremities4 ,9 a case record$ by ,husb&1#ahi a lady1 aft] twelve days' treatm5t by *loral hydrate1 9 doses ( f #a to #b grms4 7#aed to #cjh gra9s71 suff]$ f a sc>lat9a-l ra%1 :i* 0 foll[$ by desquamation4 ,among ! insane1 x has also be5 notic$ t its use has be5 foll[$ by nettle-ra% & pete*i 7,reim] & o!rs74 #ahi ,lancet1 #ahga4 #bjf4 ,excretion ( ,*loral4--,*loral hydrate is sep>at$ 9 ! ur9e p>tly z uro*loral acid 7,c,h,cl,o74 ,butyl*loral is sep>at$ z butyl uro*loral acid 7,c,h,cl,o74 ,uro*loral acid is cry/all9e1 soluble 9 wat]1 9 alcohol1 & 9 e!r1 r$uces copp] f ,fehl+'s solution1 & rotates a ray ( pol>is$ light to ! left4 ,uro*loral acid1 on boil+ ) ei!r dilute sulphuric or hydro*loric acid1 splits up into tri*lore?yl alcohol & glycuronic acid-- ,c,h,cl,o ,h,o ,c,h,cl,o ,c,h,o4 ,tri*loralcohol is an oily fluid 7boil+-po9t #aej-aeb72 x yields by oxidation tri*loracetic acid4 ,urobutyl *loral acid gives on treatm5t ) m9]al acids tri*lorbutyl alcohol & glycuronic acid4 ,to sep>ate uro*loral acid f ! ur9e ! foll[+ process has be5 f\nd successful3-- ,! ur9e is evaporat$ to a syrup at ! heat ( ! wat]-ba?1 & !n /rongly acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid & repeat$ly %ak5 out 9 a sep>at+ tube ) a mixture ( #c vols4 ( e!r & #a vol4 ( alcohol4 ,! e!r-alcohol is sep>at$ & di/ill$ (f1 ! acid residue is neutralis$ ) ,,kho1 or potassic c>bonate1 & evaporat$2 ! dry mass is !n tak5 up ) #ij p] c5t4 alcohol1 ! filtrate precipitat$ ) e!r1 & ! precipitate wa%$ ) e!r & absolute alcohol4 ,next ! precipitate is boil$ ) absolute alcohol & filt]$ hot4 ,on cool+1 ! potassium salt ( uro*loral acid sep>ates out 9 tufts ( silky ne$les4 ,! cry/als are dri$ ov] sulphuric acid & aga9 wa%$ sev]al times ) absolute alcohol & e!r to remove impurities4 ,to obta9 ! free acid1 ! potassium salt is dissolv$ 9 a little wat] & acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid2 ! liquid is !n %ak5 out 9 a sep>at+ tube1 ) a mixture ( #h vols4 ( e!r & #a ( alcohol4 ,! e!r-alcohol is di/ill$ (f1 ! residue treat$ ) moi/ silv] oxide until no f>!r sep>ation ( silv] *loride occurs1 ! silv] *loride is sep>at$ by filtration1 ! soluble silv] salt decompos$ by ,,%1 & ! filtrate c>efully evaporat$ to a syrup2 aft] a few h\rs1 ! acid cry/allises 9 />s ( ne$les4 ,urobutyl*loral acid c be obta9$ 9 q a simil> way4#aij #aij ,v4 ,m]+ u4 ,musculus1 ,b]41 viii4 #ffb2 v4 ,m]+1 ibid41 xv4 #ajai2 ,e4 ,kulz1 ,b]41 xv41 #aech4 #bjg4 ,sep>ation ( ,*loral f ,organic ,matt]s4--,x w be mo/ conv5i5t to place ! organic fluid or pulp$-up solid1 mix$ ) wat]1 9 a retort1 to acidify ) t>t>ic acid1 & to di/il4 ,*loral hydrate di/ils ov] f a liquid acidifi$ ) t>t>ic acid2 to obta9 ! :ole ( ! *loral requires di/illation 9 a vacuum almo/ to dryness4 ,! di/illation w1 unless !re is also "s p>tly decompos$ *loral1 n smell ( *lor(orm1 & yet give *lor(orm reactions4 ,to id5tify x1 to ! di/illate %\ld be add$ a little burnt magnesia1 & ! di/illate ?us treat$ boil$ = half an h\r 9 a flask connect$ ) an inv]t$ cond5s]2 9 ?is way ! *loral hydrate is *ang$ into *lor(orm & magnesium =mate-- #b;,c,cl,,*7,,oh7 ,mg,o #b;,c,h,cl 7,,hcoo7,mg ,h,o4 ,! fluid may n[ be te/$ = =mic acid3 x w give a black precipitate ) solution ( silv] nitrate-- 7,,hcoo7,mg #d;,ag,n,o #d;,ag ,mg7,,no7 #b;,,co #b;,,hno4 ,x w give a :ite precipitate ( calomel :5 treat$ ) m]curic *loride solution-- 7,,hcoo7,mg #d;,hg,cl #b;,hg,cl ,mg,cl #b;,h,cl #b;,,co4 ,*loral 7or *lor(orm71 :5 boil$ ) resorc9ol & ! liquid made /rongly alkal9e ) ,na,h,o1 gives a r$ col\r1 :i* disappe>s on acidify+ & is re/or$ by alkalies4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is an excess ( resorc9ol & only a v small quantity ( ,na,h,o us$1 ! product %[s a yell[i%-gre5 fluoresc5ce2 #a_/aj ( a milligramme ( *loral hydrate gives ?is reaction di/9ctly :5 boil$ ) #ej mgrms4 ( resorc9ol & #e drops ( a normal solution ( sodium hydrate4#aia #aia ,c4 ,s*w>z1 ,ph>m4 ,zeit41 xxxiii4 #dai4 ,dr4 ,frank ,og/on#aib has recomm5d$ sulphide ( ammonium to be add$ to any liquid z a te/ = *loral4 ,! cont5ts ( ! /oma* are filt]$ or submitt$ to dialysis1 & ! te/ appli$ direct4 ,if *loral is pres5t1 !re is fir/ an orange-yell[ col\r2 on /&+1 ! fluid becomes m & m br[n1 !n tr\bl$1 an amorph\s precipitate falls to ! bottom1 & a peculi> od\r is develop$4 ,) #aj mgrms4 ( *loral 9 #a c4c4 ( wat]1 !re is an evid5t precipitate1 & ! od\r c readily be p]ceiv$2 ) #a mgrm4 dissolv$ 9 #a c4c4 ( wat]1 !re is an orange-yell[ col\r1 & also ! od\r1 b no precipitate2 ) #a mgrm4 9 #a c4c4 ( wat]1 !re is a weak1 pale1 /raw-yell[ col\r1 :i* c sc>cely be call$ *>act]i/ic4 ,! only sub/ance giv+ 9 neutral solutions ! same reactions is antimony2 b1 on ! addition ( a few drops ( acid1 ! antimony falls z an orange-yell[ precipitate1 :ile1 if *loral alone is pres5t1 !re is a light :ite precipitate ( sulphur4 #aib ,vi]teljahrss*rift f4 g]i*tl4 ,m$ic91 #ahgi1 ,bd4 xxx4 ,hft4 #a1 ,s4 #bfh4 ,,viii4--,bisulphide ( ,c>bon4 #bjh4 ,bisulphide ( c>bon--c>bon disulphide1 c>bon sulphide 7,,cs7--is a col\rless1 volatile fluid1 /rongly refract+ light4 ,comm]cial samples h a mo/ repulsive & p5etrat+ od\r1 b *emically pure c>bon sulphide has a smell :i* is n disagreeable4 ,! boil+-po9t is #dg2 ! specific gravity at #j is #abic4 ,x is v inflammable1 burn+ ) a blue flame1 & evolv+ sulphur dioxide2 is little soluble 9 wat]1 b mixes easily ) alcohol or e!r4 ,bisulphide ( c>bon1 on acc\nt ( its solv5t p[]s = sulphur1 phosphorus1 oils1 res9s1 ca\t*\c1 gutta-p]*a1 c41 is 9 great reque/ 9 c]ta9 indu/ries4 ,x is also utilis$ = dis9fect+ purposes1 ! liquid be+ burnt 9 a lamp4 #bji4 ,poison+ by ,c>bon ,bisulphide4--,9 spite ( ! *eapness & num]\s applications ( ?is liquid1 poison+ is v r>e4 ,!re appe>s to be a case on record ( attempt$ self-de/ruction by ?is ag5t1 9 :i* a man took #b ozs4 7#efg c4c47 ( ! liquid1 b )\t a fatal result4 ,! symptoms 9 ?is case 7 pallor ( ! face1 wide pupils1 frequ5t & weak pulse1 less5$ bodily temp]ature1 & spasmodic convulsions4 ,c>bon disulphide 0 detect$ 9 ! brea? by lead+ ! expir$ air ?r\gh an alcoholic solution ( trie?yl-phosph91 ) :i* x /ruck a r$ col\r4 ,x c\ld also be f\nd 9 ! ur9e 9 ! same way4 ,an int5se burn+ 9 ! ?roat1 gidd9ess1 & heada*e la/$ = sev]al days4 #baj4 ,exp]im5ts on animals h be5 frequ5t1 & x is f\nd to be fatal to all =ms ( animal life4 ,!re is1 inde$1 no m conv5i5t ag5t = ! de/ruction ( v>i\s noxi\s insects1 su* z mo?s1 ! weevils 9 biscuits1 ! common bug1 c41 ?an bisulphide ( c>bon4 ,x has also be5 recomm5d$ = use 9 ext]m9at+ mice & rats4#aic ,diff]5t animals %[ v>i\s degrees ( s5sitiv5ess to ! vap\r2 frogs & cats be+ less affect$ by x ?an birds1 rabbits1 & gu9ea-pigs4 ,x is a blood poison2 me?moglob9 is =m$1 & !re is dis9tegration ( ! r$ blood corpuscles4 ,!re is complete an/hesia ( ! :ole body1 & dea? occurs ?r\gh p>alysis ( ! respiratory c5tre1 b artificial respiration fails to re/ore life4 #aic ,cloz1 ,compt4 ,r5d41 t4 #fc1 #he4 #baa4 ,*ronic ,poison+4--,( "s importance is ! *ronic poison+ by c>bon disulphide1 occasionally met ) 9 manufactures necessitat+ ! daily use ( l>ge quantities = dissolv+ ca\t*\c1 c4 ,:5 tak5 ?us 9 ! =m ( vap\r daily = "s "t1 x gives rise to a complex s]ies ( symptoms :i* may be divid$ into two pr9cipal /ages--viz41 a /age ( excitem5t & "o ( depression4 ,9 ! fir/ phase1 !re is m or less p]man5t heada*e1 ) consid]able indige/ion1 & its att5dant loss ( appetite1 nausea1 c4 ,! s5sitiv5ess ( ! sk9 is also height5$1 & !re are curi\s s5sations ( creep+1 c4 ,! m9d at ! same "t 9 "s degree suff]s1 ! temp] becomes irritable1 & s++ 9 ! e>s & noises 9 ! head h be5 notic$4 ,9 "o factory a workman suff]$ f an acute mania1 :i* subsid$ 9 two days ^u remov+ him f ! noxi\s vap\r 7,eul5b]g74 ,! sleep is di/urb$ by dreams1 &1 accord+ to ,delpe*1#aid !re is consid]able sexual excitem5t1 b ?is /atem5t has 9 no way be5 confirm$4 ,pa9s 9 ! limbs are a con/ant ph5om5on1 & ! ,fr5* obs]v]s h notic$ spasmodic contractions ( c]ta9 gr\ps ( muscles4 #aid ,mmoire sur les ,accid5ts que dveloppe *ez les ouvrires en ca\t*\c du sulfure de c>b4 en vapeur1 ,p>is1 #ahef4 ,! /age ( depression beg9s ) a m or less pron\nc$ an/hesia ( ! sk94 ,?is is n conf9$ to ! out] sk91 b also affects ! muc\s membranes2 pati5ts compla9 t !y feel z if ! tongue 7 cov]$ ) a clo?4 ,! an/hesia is v g5]al4 ,9 a case record$ by ,b]nh>dt1#aie a girl1 tw5ty-two ye>s old1 :o _h work$ six weeks 9 a ca\t*\c factory1 suff]$ f m5tal weakness & dige/ive tr\bles2 !re 0 an/hesia & algesis ( ! :ole sk94 ,9 ^! advanc$ cases ! m5tal debility is v pron\nc$1 & !re is also weakness ( ! muscul> sy/em4 ,p>alysis ( ! l[] limbs has be5 not$1 & 9 "o in/ance a man _h 8 "r h& p>alys$ = two mon?s4 ,x seems unc]ta9 h[ long a p]son is likely to suff] f ! effects ( ! vap\r aft] he is remov$ f its influ5ce4 ,if ! fir/ /age ( poison+ only is exp]i5c$1 !n recov]y is g5]ally rapid2 b if m5tal & muscul> weakness & an/hesia ( ! sk9 h be5 develop$1 a ye> has be5 kn[n to elapse )\t any consid]able improvem5t1 & p]man5t injury to ! heal? may be fe>$4 #aie ,b]4 kl94 ,wo*5s*rift1 ,no4 #cb1 #ahff4 #bab4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,! pa?ological appe>ances f\nd aft] sudd5 dea? f disulphide ( c>bon are b little diff]5t to ^? f\nd aft] fatal *lor(orm brea?+4 #bac4 ,detection & ,sep>ation ( ,c>bon ,disulphide4--,! extreme volatility ( ! liquid r5d]s x easy to sep>ate x f organic liquids by di/illation ) r$uc$ pressure 9 a /ream ( ,,co4 ,c>bon disulphide is be/ id5tifi$ by 7#a7 ,h(man's te/1 viz41 pass+ ! vap\r into an e!real solution ( trie?yl-phosph91 7,c,h7,p4 ,c>bon disulphide =ms ) trie?yl-phosph9 a comp\nd :i* cry/allises 9 r$ scales4 ,! cry/als melt at #ie ,c41 & h ! foll[+ =mula--,p7,c,h7,,cs4 ,?is w detect #jed mgrm4 ,%\ld ! quantity ( bisulphide be small1 no cry/als may be obta9$1 b ! liquid w become ( a r$ col\r4 7#b7 ,,cs gives1 ) an alcoholic solution ( pota%1 a precipitate ( potassic xan?ate1 ,,cs,c,h,,ok4 #bad4 ,xan?og5ic acid or e?yloxide-sulphoc>bonate 7,,cs,c,h,,oh7 is prep>$ by decompos+ potassic xan?og5ate by dilut$ hydro*loric or sulphuric acid4 ,x is a col\rless fluid1 hav+ an unpleasant od\r1 & a weakly acid & r bitt] ta/e4 ,x burns ) a blue col\r1 & is easily decompos$ at #bd1 splitt+ up into e?ylic alcohol & hydric sulphide4 ,x is v poison\s1 & has an an/hetic action simil> to bisulphide ( c>bon4 ,its prop]ties are probably due to ,,cs be+ lib]at$ )9 ! body4 #bae4 ,potassic xan?og5ate 7,,cs,c,h,,ok7 & potassic xan?amylate 7,,cs,c,h,,ok7 7! latt] be+ prep>$ by ! sub/itution ( amyl alcohol = e?yl alcohol71 bo? on ! application ( a heat bel[ t ( ! body1 develop ,,cs1 & are poison\s1 induc+ symptoms v simil> to ^? already detail$4 ,,ix4--,! ,t> ,acids--,ph5ol--,cresol4 #baf4 ,c>bolic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,ph5ol1 ,ph5yl ,alcohol1 ,ph5ylic ,hydrate2 ,ph5ic ,acid2 ,coal-,t> ,creasote4--,! =mula = c>bolic acid is ,c,h,,ho4 ,! pure sub/ance appe>s at ! ord9>y temp]ature z a col\rless solid1 cry/allis+ 9 long prisms2 ! fusibility ( ! cry/als is giv5 v>i\sly by diff]5t au?ors3 f my own obs]vation1 ! pure cry/als melt at #dj-da1 any l[] melt+-po9t be+ due to ! pres5ce ( cresylic acid or o!r impurity2 ! cry/als aga9 become solid ab\t #ae4 ,melt$ c>bolic acid =ms a col\rless limpid fluid1 s9k+ 9 wat]4 ,x boils "u ! ord9>y pressure at #ahb1 & di/ils )\t decomposition2 x is v readily & completely di/ill$ 9 a vacuum at ab\t ! temp]ature ( #ajj4 ,aft] ! cry/als h be5 expos$ to ! air1 !y absorb wat]1 & a hydrate is =m$ conta9+ #afjg p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,! hydrate melts at #ag1 any great] hydration prev5ts ! cry/allisation ( ! acid2 a c>bolic acid1 conta9+ ab\t #bg p] c5t4 ( wat]1 & probably correspond+ to ! =mula ,c,h,o1#b;,h,o1 is obta9$ by gradually add+ wat] to c>bolic acid s long z x cont9ues to be dissolv$4 ,su* a hydrate dissolves 9 #aaa times its measure ( wat]1 & conta9s #hef p] c5t4 ( real c>bolic acid4 ,c>bolic acid does n r$d5 litmus1 b produces a greasy /a9 on pap]1 disappe>+ on exposure to ! air2 x has a peculi> smell1 a burn+ numb+ ta/e1 & 9 ! fluid /ate x /rongly refracts light4 ,heat$ to a high temp]ature x takes fire1 & burns ) a sooty flame4 ,:5 an aque\s solution ( c>bolic acid is %ak5 up ) e!r1 b5z5e1 c>bon disulphide1 or *lor(orm1 x is fully dissolv$ by ! solv5t1 & is ?us easily sep>at$ f mo/ solutions 9 :i* x exi/s 9 ! free /ate4 ,petroleum e!r1 on ! o!r h&1 only slightly dissolves x 9 ! cold1 m on w>m+4 ,c>bolic acid mixes 9 all proportions ) glyc]91 glacial or acetic acid1 & alcohol4 ,x coagulates album51 ! precipitate be+ soluble 9 an excess ( album52 x also dissolves iod9e1 )\t *ang+ its prop]ties4 ,x dissolves _m res9s1 & also sulphur1 b1 on boil+1 sulphurett$ hydrog5 is dis5gag$4 ,indigo blue is soluble 9 hot c>bolic acid1 & may be obta9$ 9 cry/als on cool+4 ,c>bolic acid is conta9$ 9 ca/oreum1 a secretion d]iv$ f ! beav]1 b x has n yet be5 detect$ 9 ! vegetable k+dom4 ,! s\rce ( c>bolic acid is at pres5t coal-t>1 f :i* x is obta9$ by a process ( di/illation4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a v>iety ( *emical actions 9 ! c\rse ( :i* c>bolic acid is =m$4 #bag4 ,! common dis9fect+ c>bolic acid is a d>k r$di% liquid1 ) a v /rong od\r2 at pres5t !re is v little ph5ol 9 x2 x is ma9ly compos$ ( meta- & p>a-cresol4 ,x is (fic9al 9 ,g]many1 & !re mu/ conta9 at lea/ #ej p] c5t4 ( ! pure c>bolic acid4 ,! pure cry/allis$ c>bolic acid is (fic9al 9 our own & all ! cont95tal ph>macopias4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,ph>macopia1 a solution ( c>bolic acid 9 glyc]9 is (fic9al2 ! proportions are #a "p ( c>bolic acid & #d p>ts ( glyc]91 t is1 /r5g? by measure #bj p] c5t4 ,! ,ph>macopia ,g]manica has a liquor natri c>bolici1 made ) #e p>ts c>bolic acid1 #a cau/ic soda1 & #d ( wat]2 /r5g? 9 c>bolic acid #ej p] c5t4 ,!re is also a /rongly alkal9e crude sodic c>bolate 9 use z a pres]vative ( wood4 ,!re are v>i\s dis9fect+ fluids conta9+ am\nts ( c>bolic acid1 f #aj p] c5t4 upw>ds4 ,_m ( ^! are some:at complex mixtures1 b1 z a rule1 any poison\s prop]ties !y possess are ma9ly due to _! cont5t ( ph5ol or cresol4 ,a great v>iety ( dis9fect+ p[d]s1 "u v>i\s names1 are also 9 comm]ce1 d]iv+ _! activity f c>bolic acid4 ,macd\gall's dis9fect+ p[d] is made by add+ a c]ta9 proportion ( impure c>bolic acid to a calcic sulphite1 :i* is prep>$ by pass+ sulphur dioxide ov] ignit$ lime/one4 ,calv]t's c>bolic acid p[d] is made by add+ c>bolic acid to ! silice\s residue obta9$ f ! manufacture ( alum9ic sulphate f %ale4 ,!re are also v>i\s c>bolates :i*1 by heat+ or decompos+ ) sulphuric acid1 give (f c>bolic acid4 ,c>bolic acid soaps are also made on a l>ge scale--! acid is free1 & "s ( ! soaps conta9 z mu* z #aj p] c5t4 ,9 ! inf]ior c>bolic acid soaps !re is little or no c>bolic acid1 b cresylic takes its place4 ,nei!r ! soaps nor ! p[d]s h hi!rto atta9$ any toxicological importance1 b ! alkal9e c>bolates are v poison\s4 #bah4 ,! *ief uses ( c>bolic acid are indicat$ by ! =ego+ enum]ation ( ! pr9cipal prep>ations us$ 9 m$ic9e & comm]ce4 ,! bulk ( ! c>bolic acid manufactur$ is = ! purposes ( dis9fection4 ,x is also utilis$ 9 ! prep>ation ( c]ta9 col\r+ matt]s or dyes1 & dur+ ! la/ few ye>s has _h ano!r application 9 ! manufacture ( salicylic acid4 ,9 m$ic9e x is adm9i/]$ occasionally int]nally1 :ile ! antiseptic movem5t 9 surg]y1 initiat$ by ,li/]1 has giv5 x great prom95ce 9 surgical op]ations4 #bai4 ,/ati/ics4--,! t> acids1 i4e41 pure c>bolic acid & ! impure acids sold "u ! "n ( c>bolic acid1 b consi/+ 7z /at$ be=e7 ma9ly ( cresol1 are1 ( all p[]ful poisons1 ! mo/ accessible1 & ! mo/ recklessly di/ribut$4 ,we f9d !m at ! b$side ( ! sick1 9 back-kit*5s1 9 /ables1 9 public & private closets & ur9als1 &1 inde$1 9 almo/ all places :]e !re are likely to be f\l od\rs or decompos+ matt]s4 ,x is1 !re=e1 no wond] t poison+ by c>bolic acid has1 ( late ye>s1 assum$ l>ge proportions4 ,! acid has become vulg>is$1 & q z popul>ly kn[n1 z ! mo/ common h\sehold drugs or *emicals4#aif ,?is famili>ity is ! gr[? ( a v few ye>s1 s9ce x 0 n discov]$ until #ahcd1 & does n seem to h be5 us$ by ,li/] until ab\t #ahfc4 ,x 0 n kn[n to ! p g5]ally until mu* lat]4 ,at pres5t x occupies ! ?ird place 9 fatality ( all poisons 9 ,engl&4 ,! foll[+ table %[s t1 9 ! pa/ t5 ye>s1 c>bolic acid has kill$ #gda p1 ei!r accid5tally or suicidally2 !re is also "o case ( murd] by c>bolic acid )9 ! same p]iod1 br++ ! total up to #gdb3-- #aif ,al?\gh ?is is s1 yet mu* ignorance /ill prevails z to its real nature4 ,9 a case report$ 9 ! ,ph>m4 ,j\rn41 #ahha1 p4 #ccd1 a woman1 ?irty ye>s ( age1 drank two-?irds ( an ounce ( liquid labell$ 8,pure ,c>bolic ,acid0 by mi/ake1 & di$ 9 two h\rs4 ,%e read ! label1 & a lodg] also read x1 b did n "k :at x meant4 ,,dea?s ,,f ,,c>bolic ,,acid ,,9 ,,engl& ,,& ,,wales ,,dur+ ,,! ,,t5 ,,ye>s ,,end+ #ahib4 ,,accid5t ,,or ,,neglig5ce4 ,ages1 #j-a #a-e #e-ae #ae-be #be-fe #fe & ,total above ,males1 #b #ci #ac #e #hc #h #aej ,females1 #b #ba #g #ac #ea #g #aja ---------------------------------------- --- ,totals1 #d #fj #bj #ah #acd #ae #bea ---------------------------------------- --- ,,suicide4 ,ages1 #ae-be #be-fe #fe & ,total above ,males1 #bf #ahf #g #bai ,females1 #gb #aid #e #bga ---------------------------- ,totals1 #ih #chj #ab #dij ---------------------------- ,falck has collect$1 s9ce ! ye> #ahfh1 no less ?an #hg cases ( poison+ f c>bolic acid record$ 9 m$ical lit]ature4 ,9 "o ( ! cases ! individual di$ 9 n9e h\rs f a l>ge dose ( c>bolate ( soda2 9 a second1 viol5t symptoms 7 induc$ by brea?+ = ?ree h\rs c>bolic acid vap\r2 9 ! rema9+ #he1 ! poison+ 0 caus$ by ! liquid acid4 ,( ^! #he p]sons1 #g _h tak5 ! poison ) suicidal int5t1 & ( ! #g1 #e di$2 #ci 7 poison$ ?r\gh ! m$ic9al use ( c>bolic acid1 #bg ( ! #ci by ! antiseptic treatm5t ( w\nds by c>bolic acid dress+s1 & ( ^! #h t]m9at$ fatally2 9 #h cases1 symptoms ( poison+ foll[$ ! rubb+ or pa9t+ ( ! acid on ! sk9 = ! cure ( scabies1 favus1 or psoriasis1 & #f ( ^! pati5ts di$4 ,9 #d cases1 c>bolic acid enemata1 adm9i/]$ = ! purpose ( dislodg+ asc>ides1 gave rise to symptoms ( poison+1 & 9 "o in/ance dea? foll[$4 ,! sub/itution ( c>bolic acid = m$ic9e happ5$ z foll[s3-- ,cases4 ,tak5 in/ead ( ,t9cture ( ,opium1 #a ,infusion ( ,s5na1 #c ,m9]al ,wat]1 #b o!r ,mixtures1 #c inw>dly in/ead ( appli$ outw>dly1 #c -- #ab ,( ^! #ab1 #h di$4 ,aga91 #aj p]sons took c>bolic acid 9 mi/ake = v>i\s alcoholic dr9ks1 su* z s*napps1 br&y1 rum1 or be]1 & #i ( ! #aj succumb$2 #ag p]sons drank c>bolic acid simply 8by mi/ake10 & ( ^! #ac di$4 ,?us1 ( ! :ole #he cases1 no less ?an #ea end$ fatally--ne>ly #fj p] c5t4 ,x mu/ be always borne 9 m9d t1 ) reg>d to /ati/ics g5]ally1 ! t]m 8c>bolic acid0 is n us$ by coron]s1 juries1 or m$ical m51 9 a /rictly *emical s5se1 ! t]m be+ made to include dis9fect+ fluids :i* are almo/ :olly compos$ ( ! cresols1 & conta9 sc>cely any ph5ol4 ,9 ?is article1 ) reg>d to symptoms & pa?ological appe>ances1 x is only occasionally possible to /ate :e!r ! pure m$ic9al cry/all9e ph5ol or a mixture ( t>-acids 0 ! cause ( poison+4 #bbj4 ,fatal ,dose4--,! m9imum fatal dose = cats1 dogs1 & rabbits1 appe>s to be f #d to #e grm4 p] kilogram4 ,falck has put ! m9imum le?al dose = man at #ae grms4 7#bcae gra9s71 :i* w\ld be ab\t #b p] kilo41 bas+ 8 e/imate on ! foll[+ reason+4 ,9 #cc cases he _h a fairly exact record ( ! am\nt ( acid tak51 & out ( ! #cc1 he selects only ^? cases :i* are ( use = ! decision ( ! "q4 ,among adults1 9 #e cases ! dose 0 #cj grms41 & all ! #e cases t]m9at$ by dea?1 9 times v>y+ f five m9utes to an h\r & a half4 ,by o!r #e adults a dose ( #ae grms4 0 tak52 ( ! #e1 #c m5 & a woman di$1 9 times v>y+ f =ty-five m9utes to ?irty h\rs1 :ile #a woman recov]$4 ,doses ( #aae1 #ajh1 & #i grms4 7 tak5 by diff]5t m51 & recov]$ f2 on ! o!r h&1 a suicide :o took "o & a half teaspoonful 7ab\t #f grms47 ( ! conc5trat$ acid1 di$ 9 fifty m9utes4 ,doses ( #c to #c grms4 h caus$ symptoms ( poison+1 b ! pati5ts recov]$1 :ile high] doses ?an #ae grms4 9 #ab cases1 ) only "o exception1 caus$ dea?4 ,h5ce1 x may be consid]$ tol]ably well e/abli%$1 t #ae grms4 7#bcae gra9s7 may be tak5 z repres5t+ ! m9imum le?al dose4 ,! l>ge/ dose f :i* a p]son appe>s to h recov]$ is1 ,i believe1 t giv5 9 a case record$ by ,davidson1 9 :i* #aej grms4 ( crude c>bolic acid _h be5 tak54 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t1 z ?is 0 ! impure acid1 probably only half ( x 0 really c>bolic acid4 ,! ,g]man ,ph>macopia prescribes z a maximum dose #je grm 7#g gra97 ( ! cry/allis$ acid1 & a daily maximum quantity giv5 9 divid$ doses ( #ae grm4 7#bc gra9s74 #bba4 ,effects on ,animals4--,c>bolic acid is poison\s to bo? animal & vegetable life4 ,infusoria4--,"o "p ( ! acid 9 #aj1jjj p>ts ( wat] rapidly kills ciliat$ animalcules1--! movem5ts become sluggi%1 ! s>code sub/ance d>k]1 & ! cilia 9 a little "t cease mov+4 ,fi%4--,"o "p ( ! acid 9 #gjjj ( wat] kills dace1 m9n[s1 roa*1 & gold fi%4 ,9 ?is am\nt ( dilution ! effect is n app>5t imm$iately2 b1 at ! end ( a few h\rs1 ! movem5ts ( ! fi% become sluggi%1 !y frequ5tly rise to ! surface to brea!1 & at ! end ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs are f\nd dead4 ,quantities ( c>bolic acid1 su* z #a "p 9 #ajj1jjj ( wat]1 appe> to affect ! heal? ( fi%1 & r5d] !m m liable to be attack$ by ! fungus gr[? :i* is s de/ructive to fi%-life 9 c]ta9 ye>s4 ,frogs4--,if #ja to #jb grm4 ( c>bolic acid be dissolv$ 9 a litre ( wat] 9 :i* a frog is plac$1 !re is almo/ imm$iately signs ( uneas9ess 9 ! animal1 %[+ t pa9 f local contact is exp]i5c$2 a sleepy condition foll[s1 ) exaltation ( reflex s5sibility2 convulsions succe$1 g5]ally1 ?\gh n always2 !n reflex s5sibility is dim9i%$1 ultimately vani%es1 & dea? occurs2 ! muscles & n]ves /ill respond to ! electric curr5t1 & ! he>t beats1 b sl[ly & weakly1 = a little aft] ! respiration has ceas$4 #bbb4 ,w>m-blood$ ,animals4--,= a rabbit ( ! av]age weight ( #b kilos41 #ae grm4 is an active dose1 & #c a le?al dose 7t is #ae p] kilo474 ,! sleepy condition ( ! frog is n notic$1 & ! *ief symptoms are clonic convulsions ) dilatation ( ! pupils1 ! convulsions pass+ into dea?1 )\t a noticeable p>alytic /age4 ,! symptoms obs]v$ 9 poison$ dogs are almo/ precisely simil>1 ! dose1 accord+ to body-weight1 be+ ! same4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 notic$ t ) doses l>ge en\gh to produce convulsions1 a weak condition has sup]v5$1 caus+ dea? 9 sev]al days4 ,!re appe>s to be no cumulative action1 s9ce equal toxic doses c be giv5 to animals = "s "t1 & ! la/ dose has no great] effect ?an ! fir/ or int]m$iate ones4 ,! pa?ological appe>ances met ) 9 animals poison$ by ! m9imum le?al doses ref]r$ to are n *>act]i/ic2 b !re is a rem>kable ret>dation ( putrefaction4 #bbc4 ,symptoms 9 ,man1 ext]nal application4--,a #e p] c5t4 solution ( c>bolic acid1 appli$ to ! sk91 causes a peculi> numbness1 foll[$1 x may be1 by irritation4 ,"y subjects1 & ^? ) s5sitive sk9s1 sometimes exhibit a pu/ul> eruption1 & conc5trat$ solutions cause m or less de/ruction ( ! sk94 ,lemaire#aig describes ! action ( c>bolic acid on ! sk9 z caus+ a slight inflammation1 ) desquamation ( ! epi!lium1 foll[$ by a v p]man5t br[n /a91 b ?is he alone has obs]v$4 ,appli$ to ! muc\s membrane1 c>bolic acid turns ! epi!lial cov]+ :ite2 ! epi!lium1 h[ev]1 is soon ?r[n (f1 & ! place rapidly heals2 !re is ! same numb+1 aconite-l feel+ be=e notic$4 ,! vap\r ( c>bolic acid causes r$ness ( ! conjunctiv1 & irritation ( ! air-passages4 ,if ! application is cont9u$1 ! muc\s membrane swells1 :it5s1 & p\rs out an abundant secretion4 #aig ,lemaire1 ,jul41 8,de l',acide phnique10 ,p>is1 #ahfd4 ,dr4 ,:itelock1 ( ,gre5ock1 has relat$ two in/ances 9 :i* *ildr5 7 treat$ ) c>bolic acid lotion 7/r5g? #b p] c5t47 z an application to ! scalp = r+worm2 9 bo?1 symptoms ( poison+ occurr$--9 ! "o1 ! symptoms at once appe>$2 9 ! o!r !y 7 delay$ "s days4 ,9 ord] to satisfy 8 m9d1 ! exp]im5t 0 repeat$ twice1 & ea* "t ga/ric & ur9>y tr\bles foll[$4 ,nussbaum1 ( ,muni*1 records a case#aih 9 :i* symptoms 7 induc$ by ! =cible injection ( a solution ( c>bolic acid into ! cavity ( an abscess4 #aih ,leitfad5 zur antiseptis*] ,wundbeh&lung1 #ada4 ,macphail#aii gives two cases ( poison+ by c>bolic acid f ext]nal use4 ,9 ! "o1 a l>ge tum\r _h be5 remov$ f a woman ag$ #cj1 & ! w\nd cov]$ ) gauze /eep$ 9 a solution ( c>bolic acid1 9 glyc]91 /r5g? #aj p] c5t42 subsequ5tly1 !re 0 high fev]1 ) dim9i%$ sulphates 9 ! ur9e1 :i* smelt /rongly ( c>bolic acid1 & 0 v d>k4 ,on sub/itut+ boracic acid1 none ( ^! tr\bles 7 obs]v$4 ,! second case 0 t ( a s]vant suff]+ f axill>y abscess2 ! w\nd 0 syr+$ out ) c>bolic acid solution1 ( /r5g? #b p] c5t41 :5 effects 7 produc$ simil> to ^? 9 ! fir/ case4 ,x 0 not$ t 9 bo? ^! cases ! pulse 0 sl[$4 ,scatt]$ ?r\gh\t surgical & m$ical lit]ature1 !re are _m o!r cases record$1 ?\gh n all s cle> z ^? cit$4 ,sev]al cases are also on record 9 :i* poison\s symptoms 7& ev5 dea?7 h result$ f ! application ( c>bolic acid lotion z a rem$y = scabies or it*4 #aii 8,c>bolic ,acid ,poison+ 7,surgical710 by ,s4 ,ru!r=d ,macphail1 ,m4,b41 ,ed4 ,m$4 ,j\rnal1 cccxiv41 ,aug4 #ahha1 p4 #acd4 ,a surgeon prescrib$ = two jo9]s :o suff]$ f scabies a lotion1 :i* 0 int5d$ to conta9 #cj grms4 ( c>bolic acid 9 #bdj c4c4 ( wat]2 b ! actual cont5ts ( ! flasks 7 aft]w>ds f analysis e/imat$ by ,hoppe-,seyl] to be #ccbf grms41 & ! quantity us$ by ea* to be equal to #accg grms4 7#bjf gra9s7 ( c>bolic acid4 ,"o ( ! m5 di$2 ! survivor describ$ 8 own symptoms z foll[s3--,he & 8 companion /ood 9 front ( ! fire1 & rubb$ ! lotion 92 he rubb$ x into 8 legs1 brea/1 & ! front "p ( 8 body2 ! o!r p>ts 7 mutually rubb$4 ,:il/ rubb+ 8 "r arm1 & dry+ x be=e ! fire1 he felt a burn+ s5sation1 a tightness & gidd9ess1 & m5tion$ 8 s5sations to 8 companion1 :o laugh$4 ,?is condition la/$ f five to sev5 m9utes1 b he did n rememb] :e!r 8 companion compla9$ ( any?+1 nor did he "k :at became ( him1 nor h[ he himself came to be 9 b$4 ,he 0 f\nd hold+ on to ! jo9]'s b5*1 look+ ) wide />+ eyes1 l a drunk5 man1 & 0 deliri\s = half an h\r4 ,! foll[+ night he slept uneasily & compla9$ ( heada*e & burn+ ( ! sk94 ,! pulse 0 #fh1 ! appe>ance ( ! ur9e1 appetite1 & s5se ( ta/e 7 normal2 ! b[els conf9$4 ,he soon recov]$4 ,! o!r jo9] seems to h di$ z sudd5ly z if he _h tak5 prussic acid4 ,he call$ to 8 "m1 8,i* habe e95 ,raus*10 & di$ ) pale livid face1 aft] tak+ two deep1 %ort inspirations4 ,! po/-mortem exam9ation %[$ ! s9uses fill$ ) mu* fluid blood1 & ! vessels ( ! pia mat] conge/$4 ,fro?y1 d>k1 fluid blood 0 f\nd 9 ! lungs1 :i* 7 hyp]mic2 ! muc\s tissues ( ! epiglottis & air-tubes 7 r$d5$1 & cov]$ ) a fro?y slime4 ,bo? v5tricles--! v5 cav & ! vessels ( ! sple5 & kidneys--7 fill$ ) d>k fluid blood4 ,! muscles 7 v r$2 !re 0 no special od\r4 ,hoppe-,seyl] recognis$ c>bolic acid 9 ! blood & diff]5t organs ( ! body4#bjj #bjj ,r4 ,khl]1 ,wrtem4 ,m$4 ,corr4 ,bl41 xlii41 ,no4 #f1 ,april #ahgb2 ,h4 ,abel91 ,s*midt's ,jahrb*]1 #ahgg1 ,bd4 #agc1 ,s4 #afc4 ,9 ano!r case1 a *ild di$ f ! outw>d use ( a #b p] c5t4 solution ( c>bolic acid4 ,x is describ$ z foll[s3--,an infant ( sev5 weeks old suff]$ f v>icella1 & "o ( ! pu/ules became ! c5tre ( an erysipelat\s inflammation4 ,to ?is place a #b p] c5t4 solution ( c>bolic acid 0 appli$ by means ( a compress /eep$ 9 ! acid2 ! foll[+ morn+ ! temp]ature rose f #cfe 7#igg ,f47 to #cg 7#ihf ,f471 & poison\s symptoms appe>$4 ,! ur9e 0 col\r$ d>k4 ,!re 7 sweats1 vomit+s1 & contract$ pupils1 spasmodic twit*+s ( ! eyelids & eyes1 ) /rabismus1 sl[ respiration1 &1 la/ly1 inability to swall[4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( /imulat+ rem$ies ! condition tempor>ily improv$1 b ! *ild di$ tw5ty-?ree & a half h\rs aft] ! fir/ application4 ,an exam9ation %[$ t ! vessels ( ! bra9 & ! tissue ( ! lungs 7 abnormally full ( blood4 ,! liv] 0 s(t] ?an natural1 & exhibit$ a notable yell[i%ness 9 ! c5tre ( ! ac9i4 ,some:at simil> appe>ances 7 notic$ 9 ! kidneys1 ! microscopic exam9ation ( :i* %[$ ! tubuli contorti enl>g$ & fill$ ) fatty globules4 ,9 sev]al places ! epi!lium 0 d5ud$1 9 o!r places swoll51 & ) ! nuclei v visible4 ,9 an ,am]ican case1#bja dea? foll[$ ! application ( c>bolic acid to a w\nd4 ,a boy _h be5 bitt5 by a dog1 & to ! w\nd1 at "o o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 a lotion1 consi/+ ( n9e p>ts ( c>bolic acid & "o ( glyc]91 0 appli$4 ,at sev5 o'clock 9 ! ev5+ ! *ild 0 unconsci\s1 & di$ at "o o'clock ! foll[+ day4 #bja ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy1 vol4 li41 #d? ,s]42 vol4 ix41 #ahgi1 p4 #eg4 #bbd4 ,int]nal ,adm9i/ration4--,c>bolic acid may be tak5 into ! sy/em1 n alone by ! m\?1 b by ! lungs1 z 9 brea?+ c>bolic acid spray or c>bolic acid vap\r4 ,x is also absorb$ by ! sk9 :5 outw>dly appli$1 or 9 ! dress+ or ! spray+ ( w\nds ) c>bolic acid4 ,la/ly1 ! ord9>y poison\s effects h be5 produc$ by absorption f ! b[el1 :5 adm9i/]$ z an enema4 ,:5 swall[$ undilut$1 & 9 a conc5trat$ =m1 ! symptoms may be ^? ( e>ly collapse1 & spe$y dea?4 ,h5ce1 ! c\rse is v simil> to t witness$ 9 poison+ by ! m9]al acids4 ,if le?al1 b n excessive doses ( ! dilut$ acid are tak51 ! symptoms are--a burn+ 9 ! m\? & ?roat1 a peculi>ly unpleasant p]si/5t ta/e1 & vomit+4 ,!re is fa9tness ) pallor ( ! face1 :i* is cov]$ by a clammy sweat1 & ! pati5t soon becomes unconsci\s1 ! pulse small & ?ready1 & ! pupils sluggi% to light4 ,! respiration is pr(\ndly affect$2 !re is dyspna1 & ! brea?+ becomes %all[4 ,dea? occurs f p>alysis ( ! respiratory app>atus1 & ! he>t is obs]v$ to beat = a little aft] ! respiration has ceas$4 ,all ^! symptoms may occur f ! application ( ! acid to ! sk9 or to muc\s membranes1 & h be5 notic$ :5 solutions ( b mod]ate /r5g? h be5 us$--e4g41 !re are cases 9 gyncological practice 9 :i* ! muc\s membrane 7p]haps erod$7 ( ! ut]us has be5 irrigat$ ) c>bolic acid injections4 ,?us1 ,k/]#bjb relates a case 9 :i*1 f\r days aft] conf9em5t1 ! ut]us 0 wa%$ out ) a #b p] c5t4 solution ( c>bolic acid )\t evil result4 ,aft]w>ds a #e p] c5t4 solution 0 us$1 b x at once caus$ viol5t symptoms ( poison+1 ! face became livid1 clonic convulsions came on1 & at fir/ loss ( consci\sness1 :i* aft] an h\r return$4 ,! pati5t di$ on ! n9? day4 ,!re 0 int5se diph!ria ( ! ut]us & vag9a4 ,sev]al o!r simil> cases 7al?\gh n att5d$ ) su* m>k$ or fatal effects7 are on record4#bjc #bjb ,c5tralblatt4 f4 ,gynkologie1 ii4 #ad1 #ahgh4 #bjc ,a practition] 9 ,calcutta inject$ into ! b[el ( a boy1 ag$ #e1 an enema ( dilut$ c>bolic acid1 :i*1 accord+ to 8 own /atem5t1 0 #a "p 9 #fj1 & ! :ole quantity repres5t$ #add gra9s ( ! acid4 ,! *ild became ins5sible a few m9utes aft] ! op]ation1 & di$ )9 f\r h\rs4 ,!re 0 no po/-mortem exam9ation2 ! body smelt /rongly ( c>bolic acid4--,lancet1 ,may #ai1 #ahhc4 #bbe4 ,! symptoms ( c>bolic acid poison+ admit ( consid]able v>iation f ^? already describ$4 ,! condition is occasionally t ( deep coma4 ,! convulsions may be g5]al1 or may affect only c]ta9 gr\ps ( muscles4 ,convulsive twit*+s ( ! face alone1 & also muscul> twit*+s only ( ! legs1 h be5 notic$4 ,9 all cases1 h[ev]1 a m>k$ *ange occurs 9 ! ur9e4 ,subissi#bjd has not$ ! occurr5ce ( abortion1 bo? 9 ! pig & ! m>e1 z a result ( c>bolic acid1 b ?is effect has n hi!rto be5 record$ 9 ! human subject4 #bjd ,l',ar*ivio della ,vet]9>ia ,ital41 xi41 #ahgd4 ,x has be5 exp]im5tally %[n by ,k/]1 t previ\s loss ( blood1 or ! pres5ce ( septic fev]1 r5d]s animals m s5sitive to c>bolic acid4 ,x is also said t *ildr5 are m s5sitive ?an adults4 ,! c\rse ( c>bolic acid poison+ is v rapid4 ,9 #ce cases collect$ by ,falck1 9 :i* ! p]iod f ! tak+ ( ! poison to ! mom5t ( dea? 0 accurately not$1 ! c\rse 0 z foll[s3--#ab pati5ts di$ )9 ! fir/ h\r1 & 9 ! second h\r #c2 s t )9 two h\rs #ae di$4 ,betwe5 ! ?ird & ! twelf? h\r1 #aj di$2 betwe5 ! ?irte5? & ! tw5ty-f\r? h\r1 #g di$2 & betwe5 ! tw5ty-fif? & ! sixtie? h\r1 only #c di$4 ,!re=e1 slightly ov] #ga p] c5t4 di$ )9 twelve h\rs1 & #iad p] c5t4 )9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 #bbf4 ,*anges 9 ! ,ur9e4--,! ur9e ( pati5ts :o h absorb$ 9 any way c>bolic acid is d>k 9 col\r1 & may smell /rongly ( ! acid4 ,x is n[ e/abli%$--*iefly by ! exp]im5ts & obs]vations ( ,baumann#bje--t c>bolic acid1 :5 introduc$ into ! body1 is ma9ly elim9at$ 9 ! =m ( ph5yl-sulphuric acid1 ,c,h,,hso1 or m /rictly speak+ z potassic ph5yl-sulphate1 ,c,h,,kso1 a sub/ance :i* is n precipitat$ by *loride ( b>ium until x has be5 decompos$ by boil+ ) a m9]al acid4 ,cresol is simil>ly excret$ z cresol-sulphuric acid1 ,c,h,,*,,hso1 or?o-1 meta-1 or p>a-1 accord+ to ! k9d ( cresol inject$2 a portion may also appe> z hydro-tolu-*9one-sulphuric acid4 ,h5ce x is t1 ) doses ( ph5ol or cresol cont9ually increas+1 ! am\nt ( sulphates naturally 9 ! ur9e 7z e/imat$ by simply acidify+ ) hydro*loric acid1 & precipitat+ 9 ! cold ) *loride ( b>ium7 cont9ually decreases1 & may at la/ vani%1 = all ! sulphuric acid pres5t is unit$ ) ! ph5ol4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! precipitate obta9$ by prolong$ boil+ ( ! /rongly acidifi$ ur9e1 aft] filt]+ (f any ,ba,s,o ?r[n d[n 9 ! cold1 is ev] increas+4 #bje ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 #ac1 #ahgf1 #bhi4 ,?us1 a dog void$ ur9e :i* conta9$ 9 #ajj c4c41 #bfb grm4 ( precipitable sulphuric acid1 & #jjf ( organically-comb9$ sulphuric acid2 8 back 0 n[ pa9t$ ) c>bolic acid1 & ! normal proportions 7 rev]s$1 ! precipitable sulphuric acid became #jjd grm41 :ile ! organically-comb9$ 0 #aij 9 #ajj c4c4 ,9 addition to ph5yl-sulphuric acid1 x is n[ suffici5tly e/abli%$#bjf t hydroqu9one 7 ,,oh7 7,c,h 7 7 ,,oh7 7p>adihydroxyl ph5ol7 & pyrocate*9 7 ,,oh7 7,c,h 7 7 ,,oh7 7or?odihydroxyl ph5ol7 are con/ant products ( a portion ( ! ph5ol4 ,! hydroqu9one appe>s 9 ! ur9e1 9 ! fir/ place1 z ! correspond+ e!r-sulphuric acid1 :i* is col\rless2 b a portion ( x is set free1 & ?is free hydroqu9one 7especially 9 alkal9e ur9e7 is quickly oxidis$ to a br[ni% product1 & h5ce ! peculi> col\r ( ur9e4 ,out ( d>k col\r$ c>bolic acid ur9e ! hydroqu9one & its products ( decomposition c be obta9$ by %ak+ ) e!r2 on sep>ation ( ! e!r1 an extract is obta9$1 r$uc+ alkal9e silv] solution1 & develop+ qu9one on w>m+ ) f]ric *loride4 #bjf ,e4 ,baumann & ,c4 ,preuss1 ,zeits*rift f4 phys4 ,*emie1 iii4 #aef2 ,anleitung zur ,h>n-,analyse1 ,w4 ,f4 ,lbis*1 ,leipzig1 #ahha1 pp4 #adb1 #afj2 ,s*mi$eb]g1 ,*em4 ,c5trbl4 7#c71 #ac1 #eih4 ,to sep>ate pyro-cate*91 #bjj c4c4 ( ur9e may be evaporat$ to an extract1 ! extract treat$ ) /rong alcohol1 ! alcoholic liquid evaporat$1 & ! extract !n treat$ ) e!r4 ,on sep>ation & evaporation ( ! e!r1 a yell[i% mass is left1 f :i* ! pyro-cate*9 may be extract$ by wa%+ ) a small quantity ( wat]4 ,?is solution w r$uce silv] solution 9 ! cold1 or1 if treat$ ) a few drops ( f]ric *loride solution1 %[ a m>k$ gre5 col\r1 *ang+ on be+ alkalis$ by a solution ( sodic hydro-c>bonate to violet1 & !n on be+ acidifi$ by acetic acid1 *ang+ back aga9 to gre54 ,accord+ to ,?udi*um1#bjg ! ur9e ( m5 & dogs1 aft] ! +e/ion ( c>bolic acid1 conta9s a blue pigm5t4 #bjg ,on ! ,pa?ology ( ! ,ur9e1 ,lond41 #ahgg1 p4 #aih4 #bbg4 ,! ,action ( ,c>bolic ,acid consid]$ physiologically4--,rese>*es on animals h elucidat$1 9 a great measure1 ! mode 9 :i* c>bolic acid acts1 & ! g5]al sequ5ce ( effects1 b !re is /ill mu* to be le>nt4 ,e4 ,k/]#bjh has %[n t ! temp]ature ( dogs1 :5 doses ( c>bolic acid 9 solution are inject$ subcutane\sly1 or into ! ve9s1 is imm$iately1 or v soon aft] ! op]ation1 rais$4 ,) small & mod]ate doses1 ?is effect is b slight--f half to a :ole degree--on ! day aft] ! injection ! temp]ature s9ks bel[ ! normal po9t1 & only sl[ly becomes aga9 natural4 ,) doses t are j le?al1 fir/ a rise & !n a rapid s9k+ ( temp]ature are obs]v$2 b ) ^? excessive doses :i* spe$ily kill1 ! temp]ature at once s9ks )\t a prelim9>y rise4 ,! action on ! he>t is n v m>k$1 b !re is always a sl[+ ( ! c>diac pulsations2 accord+ to ,hoppe-,seyl] ! art]ies are relax$4 ,! respiration is mu* quick5$2 ?is accel]ation is due to an excitem5t ( ! vagus c5tre1 s9ce ,salk[sky has %[n t section ( ! vagus produces a ret>dation ( ! respiratory wave4 ,direct application ( ! acid to muscles or n]ves quickly de/roys _! excitability )\t a previ\s /age ( excitem5t4 ,! ma9 cause ( ! le?al action ( c>bolic acid--putt+ on "o side ^? cases 9 :i* x may kill by its local corrosive action--appe>s to be p>alysis ( ! respiratory n]v\s c5tres4 ,! convulsions arise f ! sp9al cord4 ,on ! cessation ( ! convulsions1 ! sup]ficial nature ( ! brea?+ assi/s o!r *anges by prev5t+ ! due oxidation ( ! blood4 #bjh ,ar*iv f4 kl94 ,*irurgie1 ,bd4 #bc1 ,s4 #acc1 #ahgi4 #bbh4 ,c>bolic acid is sep>at$ f ! body 9 ! =ms already m5tion$1 a small portion is also excret$ by ! sk94 ,salk[sky consid]s t1 ) rabbits1 he has also f\nd oxalic acid 9 ! ur9e z an oxidation product4 ,accord+ to ! rese>*es ( ,b9n5dijk1#bji ! sep>ation ( c>bolic acid by ! ur9e comm5ces v quickly aft] its +e/ion2 &1 "u fav\rable circum/ances1 x may be completely excret$ )9 f twelve to sixte5 h\rs4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t normally a small am\nt ( ph5ol may be pres5t 9 ! animal body1 z ! result ( ! dige/ion ( album9\s sub/ances or ( _! putrefaction4 ,! am\nt excret$ by heal?y m5 :5 fe$+ on mix$ diet1 ,engel1#baj by exp]im5t1 e/imates to be 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs #ae mgrms4 #bji ,j\rnal de ,ph>macie et de ,*imie4 #baj ,annal4 de ,*imie et de ,physique1 #e ,sr4 ,t4 #bj1 p4 #bcj1 #ahhj4 #bbi4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,no fact is bett] asc]ta9$ f exp]im5ts on animals ?an ! foll[+3--,t ) le?al doses ( c>bolic acid1 adm9i/]$ by subcutane\s injection1 or introduc$ by ! ve9s1 no appe>ances may be f\nd aft] dea? :i* c be call$ at all *>act]i/ic4 ,fur!r1 9 ! cases 9 :i* dea? has occurr$ f ! outw>d application ( ! acid = ! cure ( scabies1 c41 no lesion 0 asc]ta9$ aft] dea? :i* c\ld--ap>t f ! hi/ory ( ! case & *emical evid5ce--) any confid5ce be ascrib$ to a poison4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 some:at l>ge doses ( ! acid are tak5 by ! m\?1 v co>se & appreciable *anges are produc$ 9 ! upp] portion ( ! alim5t>y tract4 ,!re may be br[ni%1 wr9kl$ spots on ! *eek or lips2 ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\?1 ?roat1 & gullet is (t5 :ite1 & if ! acid 0 conc5trat$1 erod$4 ,! /oma* is sometimes ?ick5$1 contract$1 & blan*$1 a condition well %[n 9 a pa?ological prep>ation 7ix4 #bjf1 #dc f7 9 ,/4 ,george's ,hospital4 ,! muc\s membrane1 inde$1 may be q z mu* de/roy$ z if a m9]al acid _h be5 tak54 ,?us1 9 ,guy's ,hospital museum 7#agii71 !re is pres]v$ ! /oma* ( a *ild :o di$ f tak+ accid5tally c>bolic acid4 ,x looks l a piece ( pap]1 & is v :ite1 ) fawn-col\r$ spots2 ! rug are abs5t1 & ! muc\s membrane seems to h entirely vani%$4 ,n unfrequ5tly ! /oma* exhibits :ite spots ) r\ndi% edges4 ,! duod5um is (t5 affect$1 & ! action is n always limit$ to ! fir/ "p ( ! inte/9e4 ,! respiratory passages are (t5 inflam$1 & ! lungs infiltrat$ & conge/$4 ,z dea? takes place f an asphyxiat$ condition1 ! ve9s ( ! head & bra91 & ! blood-vessels ( ! liv]1 kidney & sple51 are gorg$ ) blood1 & ! "r side ( ! he>t di/5d$1 :ile ! left is empty4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a p]son may die ( sudd5 n]v\s %ock f ! +e/ion ( a l>ge quantity ( ! acid1 & 9 su* a case ! po/-mortem appe>ances w n !n exhibit precisely ! *>act]s j detail$4 ,putrefaction is ret>d$ accord+ to ! dose1 & !re is (t5 a smell ( c>bolic acid4#baa ,if any ur9e is conta9$ 9 ! bladd]1 x w probably be d>k1 & pres5t ! *>act]s ( c>bolic ur9e1 detail$ at p4 #agd4 #baa ,9 ord] to detect ?is od\r1 x is well to op5 ! head fir/1 le/ ! putrefaction ( ! int]nal visc]a be s great z to mask ! od\r4 ,te/s = ,c>bolic ,acid4 #bcj4 #a4 ,! ,p9ewood ,te/4--,c]ta9 p9ewood gives a beautiful blue col\r :5 moi/5$ fir/ ) c>bolic acid1 & aft]w>ds ) hydro*loric acid1 & expos$ to ! light4 ,"s species ( p9e give a blue col\r ) hydro*loric acid alone1 & su* mu/ n be us$2 o!rs d n respond to ! te/ = c>bolic acid4 ,h5ce x is necess>y to try ! *ips ( wood fir/1 to see h[ !y act1 & ) ?is precaution ! te/ is v s]viceable1 &1 9 cauti\s h&s1 no error w be made4 #b4 ,ammonia & ,hypo*lorite ,te/4--,if to a solution conta9+ ev5 s small a quantity z #a "p ( c>bolic acid 9 #ejjj p>ts ( wat]1 fir/1 ab\t a qu>t] ( its volume ( ammonia hydrate be add$1 & !n a small quantity ( sodic hypo*lorite solution1 avoid+ excess1 a blue col\r appe>s1 w>m+ quick5s ! reaction3 ! blue is p]man5t1 b turns to r$ ) acids4 ,if !re is a small] quantity ?an ! above proportion ( acid1 ! reaction may be /ill produc$ feebly aft] /&+ = "s "t4 #c4 ,f]ric ,*loride4--,"o "p ( ph5ol 9 #cjjj p>ts ( wat] c be detect$ by add+ a solution ( f]ric *loride2 a f9e violet col\r is produc$4 ,?is is also a v good te/1 :5 appli$ to a di/illate2 b if appli$ to a complex liquid1 ! di/urb+ action ( neutral salts & o!r sub/ances may be too great to make ! reaction "u ^? circum/ances ( s]vice4 #d4 ,brom9e4--,! mo/ satisfactory te/ ( all is treatm5t ( ! liquid by brom9e-wat]4 ,a precipitate ( tri-bromo-ph5ol 7,c,h,br,o7 is rapidly or sl[ly =m$1 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! solution2 9 detect+ v m9ute quantities ! precipitate mu/ be giv5 "t to =m4 ,accord+ to ,all51#bab a solution conta9+ b #a_/fjjjj ( c>bolic acid gave ! reaction aft] /&+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 #bab ,comm]cial ,organic ,analysis1 vol4 i4 p4 #cjf4 ,! prop]ties ( ! precipitate are z foll[s3--,x is cry/all9e1 & "u ! microscope is se5 to consi/ ( f9e />s ( ne$les2 its smell is peculi>2 x is insoluble 9 wat] & acid liquids1 b soluble 9 alkalies1 e!r1 & absolute alcohol2 a v m9ute quantity ( wat] suffices to precipitate x f an alcoholic solution2 x is !re=e ess5tial to ! success ( ! te/ t ! wat]y liquid to be exam9$ is ei!r neutral or acid 9 reaction4 #bca4 ,tri-bromo-ph5ol may be us$ = ! quantitative e/imation ( c>bolic acid1 #ajj p>ts ( tri-bromo-ph5ol are equal to #bih ( c>bolic acid2 by ! action ( sodium amalgam1 tri-bromo-ph5ol is *ang$ back into c>bolic acid4 ,t brom9e-wat] precipitates sev]al volatile & fix$ alkaloids f _! solutions is no objection to ! brom9e te/1 = x may be appli$ to a di/illation product1 ! bases hav+ be5 previ\sly fix$ by sulphuric acid4 ,besides1 ! prop]ties ( tri-bromo-ph5ol are di/9ct en\gh1 & !re=e !re is no valid objection to ! te/4 ,x is ! be/ hi!rto discov]$4 ,!re are also o!r reactions1 su* z t ,millon's reag5t /rikes a r$--molybdic acid1 9 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 a blue--& potassic di*romate1 ) sulphuric acid1 a br[n col\r--b to ^! !re are objections4 ,aga91 we h ! ,eu*lor9e te/1 9 :i* ! proc$ure is z foll[s3--,a te/-tube is tak51 & conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid is all[$ to act !re9 ^u potassic *lorate4 ,aft] ! gas has be5 evolv$ = f #cj to #dj seconds1 ! liquid is dilut$ ) #a volume ( wat]1 ! gas remov$ by bl[+ ?r\gh a tube1 & solution ( /rong ammonia p\r$ 9 s z to =m a lay] on ! top2 aft] bl[+ out ! :ite fumes ( ammonium *loride1 a few drops ( ! sample to be te/$ are add$4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( c>bolic acid1 a rose-r$1 blood-r$1 or r$-br[n t9t is produc$1 accord+ to ! quantity pres5t4 ,c>bolic acid may be conf\nd$ ) cresol or ) creasote1 b ! di/9ction betwe5 pure c>bolic acid1 pure cresol1 & creasote is pla94 #bcb4 ,cresol 7,cresylic ,acid1 ,me?yl-ph5ol71 ,,oh _/ ,c,h 4 ,,* --,!re are ?ree cresols--or?o-1 meta-1 & p>a-4 ,ord9>y comm]cial cresol is a mixture ( ! ?ree1 b conta9s b little or?o-cresol2 ! m important prop]ties ( ! pure cresols are set out 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,melt+-po9t4 ,boil+-po9t4 ,conv]t$ by fusion ) ,pota% into-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,or?o-1 #ca-cae ,c4 #ahhj ,salicylic ,acid 7,or?o-oxyb5zoic acid74 ,meta-1 ,fluid at ord9>y #bjaj ,meta-oxyb5zoic temp]ature4 acid4 ,p>a-1 #cf #aih ,p>a-oxyb5zoic acid4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,pure or?o-1 meta-1 or p>a-cresol h be5 obta9$ by syn!tical me?ods2 !y _c be said to be 9 ord9>y comm]ce4 ,comm]cial cresol is at ord9>y temp]atures a liquid1 & _c be obta9$ 9 a cry/all9e /ate by freez+4 ,its boil+-po9t is f #aih to #bjc2 x is almo/ insoluble 9 /rong ammonia1 &1 :5 #af volumes are add$1 x !n =ms cry/all9e scales4 ,on ! o!r h&1 c>bolic acid is soluble 9 an equal volume ( ammonia1 & is !n precipitat$ by ! addition ( #a volume ( wat]4 ,cresol is insoluble 9 small quantities ( pure #f p] c5t4 soda solution2 ) a l>ge excess1 x =ms cry/all9e scales2 :ile c>bolic acid is freely soluble 9 small or l>ge quantities ( alkal9e solutions4 ,cold petroleum _s dissolves cresol1 b no cry/all9e scales c be sep>at$ out by a freez+ mixture4 ,c>bolic acid1 on ! contr>y1 is b sp>+ly soluble 9 cold petroleum1 & a solution ( c>bolic acid 9 hot petroleum1 :5 expos$ to sudd5 cold produc$ by a freez+ mixture1 sep>ates out cry/als f ! upp] lay] ( liquid4 ,cresol is miscible ) glyc]9 ( specific gravity #abeh 9 all proportions2 #a measure ( glyc]9 mix$ ) #a measure ( cresol is completely precipitat$ by #a measure ( wat]4 ,c>bolic acid1 "u ! same circum/ances1 is n precipitat$4 ,! d5sity ( cresol is ab\t #ajdd4 ,x =ms ) brom9e a tri-bromo-cresol1 b ?is is liquid at ord9>y temp]atures1 :ile tri-bromo-ph5ol is solid4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x resembles c>bolic acid 9 its reactions ) f]ric *loride & ) nitric & sulphuric acid4 #bcc4 ,creasote or ,kreozote is a t]m appli$ to ! mixture ( crude ph5ols obta9$ f ! di/illation ( wood-t>4 ,x consi/s ( a mixture ( sub/ances ( :i* ! *ief are guaiacol or oxycresol 7,c,h,o71 boil+ at #bjj1 & creasol 7,c,h,o71 boil+ at #bag2 also 9 small quantities phlorol 7,c,h,o71 me?yl creasol 7,c,h,o71 & o!r bodies4 ,morson's ,engli% creasote is prep>$ f ,/ockholm t>1 & boils at ab\t #bag1 consi/+ *iefly ( creasol2 x is n easy1 by m]e *emical te/s1 to di/+ui% creasote f cresylic acid4 ,creasote1 9 its reactions ) sulphuric & nitric acid1 brom9e & gelat91 is simil> to c>bolic & cresylic acids1 & its solubility 9 mo/ solv5ts is also simil>4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 di/+ui%$ f ! t> acids by its insolubility 9 ,price's glyc]91 specific gravity #abeh1 :e!r #a1 #b1 or #c volumes ( glyc]9 be employ$4 ,b ! be/ te/ is its action on an e!real solution ( nitro-cellulose4 ,creasote mixes freely ) ! ,b4,p4 collodium1 :ile cresylic acid or c>bolic acid at once coagulates ! latt]4 ,) complicat$ mixtures conta9+ c>bolic acid1 cresol1 & creasote1 ! only me?od ( apply+ ^! te/s ) advantage is to submit ! mixture to fractional di/illation4 ,flckig]#bac te/s = small quantities ( c>bolic acid 9 creasote1 by mix+ a wat]y solution ( ! sample ) "o-f\r? ( its volume ( ammonia hydrate1 wett+ ! inside ( a porcela9 di% ) ?is solution1 & !n c>efully bl[+ brom9e fumes on to ! surface4 ,a f9e blue col\r appe>s if c>bolic acid is pres5t1 b if ! sample consi/s ( creasote only1 !n x is dirty gre5 or br[n4 ,excess ( brom9e spoils ! reaction4#bad #bac ,ar*4 d] ,ph>macie1 cxiii4 p4 #cj4 #bad ,creasote is1 )\t d\bt1 poison\s1 ?\gh b little is kn[n ( its action1 & v few exp]im5ts are on record 9 :i* pure creasote has be5 employ$4 ,eul5b]g has /udi$ ! symptoms 9 rabbits1 by submitt+ !m to vaporis$ creasote--i4e41 ! vap\r f #bj drops ( creasote diffus$ ?r\gh a glass %ade "u :i* a rabbit 0 conf9$4 ,!re 0 at once great uneas9ess1 ) a wat]y dis*>ge f ! eyes1 & aft] sev5 m9utes ! rabbit fell on its side1 & 0 slightly convuls$4 ,! cornea 0 tr\bl$1 & ! eyes prom95t2 a :ite slime fl[$ f ! m\? & eyes4 ,aft] fifte5 m9utes !re 0 n>cosis1 ) less5$ reflex action2 ! temp]ature 0 almo/ normal4 ,!re 0 rattl+ brea?+1 & 9 half an h\r ! animal di$1 ! respiration ceas+1 & fluid blood escap+ f ! nose4 ,section aft] dea? %[$ ! bra9 to be hyp]mic1 ! muc\s membranes ( ! air-passages to be cov]$ ) a ?9 lay] ( fluid blood1 & ! lungs to be conge/$2 ! "r side ( ! he>t 0 gorg$ ) fluid blood4 ,! po/-mortem appe>ances & ! symptoms g5]ally are1 !re=e1 closely alli$ to ^? produc$ by c>bolic acid4 ,a d>k col\r ( ! ur9e has also be5 notic$4 #bcd4 ,c>bolic ,acid 9 ,organic ,fluids or 9 ! ,tissues ( ! ,body4--,if ! r\t9e process giv5 at page #ea1 :]e ! organic fluid is di/ill$ 9 a vacuum aft] acidify+ ) t>t>ic acid1 is employ$1 ph5ol or cresol1 if pres5t1 w c]ta9ly be f\nd 9 ! di/illate4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a special se>* be made = ! acids1 !n ! fluid mu/ be well acidifi$ ) sulphuric acid1 & di/ill$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! di/illation %\ld be cont9u$ z long z possible1 & ! di/illate %ak5 up ) e!r 9 ! app>atus figur$ at page #aef4 ,on sep>ation & evaporation ( ! e!r1 ! t> acids1 if pres5t1 w be left 9 a pure en\gh =m to %[ its reactions4 ,! same process applies to ! tissues1 :i*1 9 a f9ely-divid$ /ate1 are boil$ & di/ill$ ) dilute sulphuric acid1 & ! di/illate treat$ z j detail$4 ,l mo/ poisons1 c>bolic acid has a selective attraction = c]ta9 organs1 s t1 unless all ! organs are exam9$1 x is by no means indiff]5t :i* p>ticul> portion is select$ = ! inquiry4 ,hoppe-,seyl] appli$ c>bolic acid to ! abdom5 & ?ighs ( dogs1 & :5 ! symptoms 7 at _! height bl$ !m to dea?1 & sep>ately exam9$ ! p>ts4 ,9 "o case1 ! blood yield$ #jjcfi p] c5t42 ! bra91 #jjcd p] c5t42 ! liv]1 #jjabe2 & ! kidneys1 #jjdbc p] c5t4 ( _! weight ( c>bolic acid4 ,! liv] !n conta9s only "o-?ird ( ! quantity f\nd 9 an equal weight ( blood1 &1 !re=e1 ! acid has no selective aff9ity = t organ4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! n]v\s tissue1 & especially ! kidneys1 appe> to conc5trate x4 #bce4 ,exam9ation ( ! ,ur9e = ,ph5ol or ,cresol4--,x has be5 previ\sly /at$ 7see p4 #agd7 t ! ur9e w n conta9 ^! z su*1 b z comp\nds--viz41 ph5yl or cresyl sulphate ( potassium4 ,by boil+ ) a m9]al acid1 ^! comp\nds may be brok5 up1 & ! acids obta9$1 ei!r by di/illation or by extraction ) e!r4 ,to detect v m9ute quantities1 a l>ge quantity ( ! ur9e %\ld be evaporat$ d[n to a syrup1 & treat$ ) hydro*loric acid & e!r4 ,on evaporat+ (f ! e!r1 ! residue %\ld be di/ill$ ) dilute sulphuric acid1 & ?is di/illate !n te/$ ) brom9e-wat]1 & ! tri-bromo-ph5ol or cresol collect$1 id5tifi$1 & weigh$4 ,?udi*um#bae has sep>at$ cry/als ( potassic ph5yl-sulphate itself f ! ur9e ( pati5ts treat$ end]mically by c>bolic acid1 z foll[s3-- #bae ,pa?ology ( ! ,ur9e1 p4 #aic4 ,! ur9e 0 evaporat$ to a syrup1 extract$ ) alcohol ( #ij p] c5t41 treat$ ) an alcoholic solution ( oxalic acid z long z ?is produc$ a precipitate1 & !n %ak5 ) an equal volume ( e!r4 ,! mixture 0 next filt]$1 neutralis$ ) potassic c>bonate1 evaporat$ to a small bulk1 & aga9 tak5 up ) alcohol4 ,"s oxalate & c>bonate ( potassium 7 sep>at$1 &1 on evaporation to a syrup1 cry/als ( potassic ph5yl-sulphate 7 obta9$4 ,!y gave to analysis #dfbe p] c5t4 ,h,,s1 & #aha ,k--!ory requir+ #dfb ( ,h,,s & #ahd ( ,k4 ,alkal9e ph5yl-sulphates /rike a deep purple col\r ) f]ric *loride4 ,to e/imate ! am\nt ( ph5yl-sulphate or cresol-sulphate 9 ! ur9e1 ! normal sulphates may be sep>at$ by ! addition ( *loride ( b>ium 9 ! cold1 fir/ acidify+ ) hydro*loric acid4 ,on boil+ ! liquid a second crop ( sulphate is obta9$1 due to ! break+ up ( ! comp\nd sulphate1 & f ?is second weight ! am\nt ( acid c be obta9$1 e4g41 9 ! case ( ph5ol--,c,h,,hso 3 ,ba,s,o 33 #agd 3 #bcc4 #bcf4 ,assay ( ,dis9fectants1 ,c>bolic ,acid ,p[d]s1 c4--,= ! assay ( crude c>bolic acid1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,l[e#baf uses ! foll[+ process3--,a ?\s& p>ts ( ! sample are di/ill$ )\t any special cond5s+ arrangem5t2 wat] fir/ comes ov]1 & is !n foll[$ by an oily fluid4 ,:5 a hundr$ p>ts ( ! latt]1 z measur$ 9 a graduat$ tube1 h be5 collect$1 ! receiv] is *ang$4 ,! volume ( wat] is read (f4 ,if ! oily liquid floats on ! wat]1 x conta9s light oil ( t>2 if x is heavi] ?an ! wat]1 x is reg>d$ z hydrat$ acid1 conta9+ #ej p] c5t4 ( real c>bolic acid4 ,! next portion consi/s ( anhydr\s cresylic & c>bolic acids1 & #fbe volumes are di/ill$ ov]2 ! rema9d] 9 ! retort consi/s :olly ( cresylic acid & ! high] homologues4 ,! relative proportions ( c>bolic & cresylic acids are approximately det]m9$ by tak+ ! solidify+ po9t1 :i* %\ld be betwe5 #aee & #bd1 & hav+ asc]ta9$ ?is temp]ature1 imitat+ x by mak+ mixtures ( kn[n proportions ( c>bolic & cresylic acids4 #baf ,all5's ,comm]cial ,organic ,analysis1 vol4 i4 p4 #caa4 ,e4 ,wall]#bag has recomm5d$ ! foll[+ process = ! e/imation ( c>bolic acid4 ,x is bas$ on ! precipitation ( ! t> acids by brom9e1 &1 ( c\rse1 all ph5ols precipitat$ 9 ?is way w be return$ z c>bolic acid4 ,! solutions necess>y are-- #bag ,*em4 ,news1 ,april #a1 #ahha1 p4 #aeb4 #a4 ,a solution conta9+ #aj grms4 ( pure c>bolic acid to ! litre2 ?is s]ves z a /&>d solution4 #b4 ,a solution ( brom9e 9 wat]4 #c4 ,solution ( alum 9 dilute sulphuric acid4 ,a litre ( #aj p] c5t4 sulphuric acid is %ak5 ) alum cry/als until saturat$4 ,! actual process is z foll[s3--#aj grms4 ( ! sample are weigh$ out & run into a litre flask1 wat] add$1 & ! mixture %ak54 ,! flask be+ f9ally fill$ up to ! neck1 "s ( ! solution is n[ filt]$ ?r\gh a dry filt]1 & #aj c4c4 ( ?is filtrate is plac$ 9 a #f or #h-ounce /opp]$ bottle1 & #cj c4c4 ( ! alum solution add$4 ,9 a simil> bottle #aj c4c4 ( ! /&>d solution ( c>bolic acid are plac$1 & a simil> quantity ( alum solution is add$1 z 9 ! fir/ bottle4 ,! brom9e-wat] is n[ run into ! bottle conta9+ ! /&>d solution ( c>bolic acid f a burette until !re is no fur!r precipitate2 ! bottle is /opp]$ & %ak5 aft] e addition4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! reaction ! precipitate =ms b sl[ly1 & :5 ! c>bolic acid is saturat$1 ! slight excess ( brom9e-wat] gives ! solution a pale yell[ t9t4 ,! solution f ! sample is treat$ 9 ! same way1 & f ! am\nt ( brom9e-wat] us$1 ! p]c5tage ( ! sample is obta9$ by mak+ ! usual calculations4 ,?us1 suppos+ t #e c4c4 ( ! /&>d requir$ #ae c4c4 ( ! brom9e-wat] = precipitation1 & #aj c4c4 ( ! solution ( ! sample requir$ #ag c4c41 ! calculation w\ld be #ae #b 3 #ag #ajj 3 x p] c5t4 ,) mo/ samples ( crude c>bolic acid1 ! precipitate does n readily sep>ate4 ,x is !n be/ to add a little ( ! precipitate already obta9$ by te/+ ! /&>d solution1 :i* rapidly cle>s ! liquid4 ,koppes*a>'s volumetric me?od is m exact1 b also m elaborate1 ?an ! "o j describ$4 ,cau/ic normal soda is treat$ ) brom9e until p]man5tly yell[1 & ! excess ( brom9e is !n driv5 (f by boil+4 ,! liquid n[ conta9s #e,na,br ,na,br,o1 & on add+ ?is to a solution conta9+ c>bolic acid1 & a suffici5t quantity ( hydro*loric acid to comb9e ) ! sodium1 ! foll[+ reactions occur3-- 7#a47 #e,na,br ,na,br,o #f;,h,cl #f,na,cl #f;,br #c;,h,o2 & 7#b47 ,c,h,o #f;,br ,c,h,br,o #c;,h,br4 ,any excess ( brom9e lib]at$ 9 ! fir/ reaction above t necess>y = ! second1 w exi/ 9 ! free /ate1 & f ! am\nt ( brom9e :i* rema9s free ! quantity ( c>bolic acid c be calculat$1 always provid$ ! /r5g? ( ! brom9e solution is fir/ kn[n4 ,! volumetric "p ( ! analysis1 !re=e1 m]ely am\nts to ! det]m9ation ( free brom9e1 :i* is be/ f\nd by caus+ x to react on potassium iodide1 & asc]ta9+ ! am\nt ( free iod9e by titration ) a /&>d solution ( sodium ?iosulphate4 ,9 o!r words1 titrate 9 ?is way ! /&>d alkal9e brom9e solution1 us+ z an indicator />* pa/e until ! blue col\r disappe>s4 ,ano!r me?od ( indicat+ ! end ( ! reaction is by ! use ( /rips ( pap] fir/ soak$ 9 />* solution1 & dri$1 & !n ! same pap]s moi/5$ ) z9c iodide1 & aga9 dri$2 ! lea/ excess ( brom9e sets free iod9e1 & /rikes a blue col\r4 ,colorimetric ,me?od ( ,e/imation4--,a v simple & ev]-ready way ( approximately e/imat+ m9ute quantities ( ! ph5ols consi/s 9 %ak+ up #aj grms4 ( ! sample ) wat]1 all[+ any t> or insoluble impurities to subside4 ,t5 c4c4 ( ! cle> fluid are !n tak51 & half a c4c4 ( a #e p] c5t4 solution ( f]ric *loride add$4 ,! col\r produc$ is imitat$ by a /&>d solution ( c>bolic acid1 & a simil> am\nt ( ! reag5t1 on ! usual pr9ciples ( colorimetric analysis4 #bcg4 ,c>bolic ,acid ,p[d]s4--,silice\s c>bolic acid p[d]s are plac$ 9 a retort & di/ill$4 ,t[>ds ! end ! heat may be rais$ to approa*+ r$ness4 ,! di/illate sep>ates into two portions--! "o aque\s1 ! o!r consi/+ ( ! acids--& ! volume may be read (f1 if ! di/illate be receiv$ 9 a graduat$ receiv]4 ,c>bolic acid p[d]s1 hav+ lime z a basis1 may be di/ill$ 9 ! same way1 aft] fir/ decompos+ ) sulphuric acid4 ,! e/imation ( ! neutral t> oils 9 ! di/illate is easily p]=m$ by %ak+ ! di/illate ) cau/ic soda solution1 :i* dissolves completely ! t> acids4 ,! volume ( ! oils may be directly read (f if ! receiv] is a graduat$ tube4 ,all5#bah has sugge/$ ! addition ( a kn[n volume ( petroleum to ! di/illate1 :i* dissolves ! t> oils1 & easily sep>ates1 & ?us ! volume may be m accurately det]m9$1 a correction be+ ( c\rse made by subtract+ ! volume ( petroleum fir/ add$4 #bah ,op4 cit41 i4 p4 #caj4 #bch4 ,c>bolic ,acid ,soap4--,a conv5i5t quantity ( soap is c>efully weigh$1 & dissolv$ 9 a solution ( cau/ic soda by means ( heat4 ,a saturat$ solution ( salt is next add$1 suffici5t to precipitate entirely ! soap1 :i* is filt]$ (f2 ! filtrate is acidifi$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & brom9e wat] add$4 ,! precipitat$ tribromo-ph5ol is fir/ melt$ by heat1 !n all[$ to cool1 & ! mass remov$ f ! liquid1 dri$1 & weigh$4 ,x4--,nitro-,b5z5e4 #bci4--,nitro-b5z5e is ! product result+ f ! action ( /rong nitric acid on b5z5e4 ,its *emical =mula is ,c,h,,no4 ,:5 pure1 x is ( a pale yell[ col\r1 ( a d5sity ( #aahf1 & boils at f #bje to #baj4 ,x may be obta9$ 9 prismatic cry/als by exposure to a temp]ature ( #c4 ,its smell is exactly ! same z t f ! oil or ess5ce ( bitt] almonds2 & x is f ?is circum/ance1 "u ! "n ( 8ess5ce ( mirbane10 mu* us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( p]fumes & flav\r+ ag5ts4 ,9 comm]ce !re are ?ree k9ds ( nitro-b5z5e--! pure/1 ) ! *>act]s giv5 above2 a heavi] nitro-b5z5e1 boil+ at #baj to #bbj2 & a v heavy v>iety1 boil+ at #bbb to #bce ,! la/ is specially us$ = ! prep>ation ( anil9e1 or anil9e blue4 ,nitro-b5z5e has be5 us$ z an adult]ant ( bitt] almond oil1 b ! detection is easy 7see 8,foods10 p4 #eea74 ,nitro-b5z5e 0 fir/ discov]$ by ,mits*]li* 9 #ahcd1 & its poison\s prop]ties 7 fir/ po9t$ out by ,casp]#bai 9 #ahei4 ,its te*nical use 9 p]fumes1 c41 dates f ab\t #ahdh1 & 9 ! tw5ty-eight ye>s int]v5+ betwe5 t date & #ahgf1 ,jbell#bbj has collect$ #db cases ( poison+ by ?is ag5t1 #ac ( :i* 7 fatal4 ,"o ( ^! cases 0 suicidal1 ! re/ accid5tal4 #bai ,vi]teljahrss*rift fr g]4 ,m$41 #ahei1 ,bd4 xvi4 p4 #a4 #bbj ,die ,v]giftung5 mit ,blausure u4 ,nitro-b5zol 9 =5sis*] ,beziehung1 ,erlang51 #ahgf4 #bdj4 ,effects ( ,poison+ by ,nitro-b5z5e4--,nitro-b5z5e is a v p[]ful poison1 :e!r tak5 9 ! =m ( vap\r or z a liquid4 ,! action ( ! vap\r on animals has be5 /udi$ by ,eul5b]g#bba & o!rs4 ,"o exp]im5t w s]ve z an illu/ration4 ,fifte5 grms4 ( nitro-b5z5e 7 evaporat$ on w>m s& "u a glass %ade1 into :i* a cat 0 introduc$4 ,!re 0 imm$iately obs]v$ 9 ! animal mu* salivation1 & quick5$ & lab\r$ brea?+4 ,aft] ?irty m9utes' exposure1 on remov+ ! %ade to repeat ! dose ( #ae grms41 ! cat = ! mom5t escap$4 ,on be+ put back !re 0 aga9 notic$ ! salivation & runn+ at ! eyes1 ) gidd9ess1 & repeat$ ris+ & fall+4 ,! animal at la/1 ab\t "o h\r & =ty m9utes aft] ! fir/ dose1 succumb$ ) dyspna1 & di$ ) progressive p>alysis ( ! respiration4 ,! membranes ( ! bra9 7 f\nd gorg$ ) blood1 ! lungs liv]-col\r$1 ! muc\s membrane ( ! tra*ea--to ! f9e/ sub-divisions ( ! bron*ia--r$d5$1 inflam$1 & clo!d ) a f9e fro?y mucus4 ,! left side ( ! he>t 0 fill$ ) ?ick black blood4 ,! bladd] conta9$ #h grms4 ( cle> ur9e1 9 :i* anil9e 0 discov]$4 ,!re 0 a notable smell ( bitt] almonds4 #bba ,gew]be ,hygi5e1 ,s4 #fjg1 ,b]l91 #ahgf4 #bda4 ,! effects ( ! vap\r on man are some:at diff]5t 9 _! details to ^? j describ$4 ,9 a rem>kable case relat$ by ,dr4 ,le!by1 a man1 ag$ #db1 _h spilt "s nitro-b5z5e ov] 8 clo!s4 ,he w5t ab\t sev]al h\rs brea?+ an atmosph]e ( nitro-b5z5e1 he !n became dr[sy1 8 expression 0 /upid1 & 8 gait un/eady1 pres5t+ all ! appe>ances ( intoxication4 ,! /upor sudd5ly deep5$ into coma1 & ! man di$2 ! fatal c\rse be+ altoge!r ab\t n9e h\rs--viz41 f\r h\rs be=e coma1 & five h\rs ( total ins5sibility4 ,an int]e/+ case ( poison+ by ! vap\r is record$ by ,taylor4#bbb ,a woman1 ag$ #cj1 ta/$ a liquid us$ = flav\r+ pa/ry1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds *emically id5tifi$ z pure nitro-b5z5e4 ,%e imm$iately spat x out1 f9d+ t x _h an acrid ta/e1 & probably did n swall[ m ?an a drop4 ,9 replac+ ! bottle1 h[ev]1 %e spilt ab\t a tablespoonful1 & all[$ x to rema9 = "s m9utes2 x 0 a small room1 & ! vap\r rapidly p]vad$ x1 & caus$ illness 9 h]self z well z 9 a fell[-s]vant4 ,%e _h a /range feel+ ( numbness 9 ! tongue1 & 9 ?ree h\rs & a qu>t] aft] ! accid5t 0 se5 by a m$ical man2 %e !n pres5t$ all ! appe>ances ( prussic acid poison+4 ,! eyes 7 bright & glassy1 ! features pale & gha/ly1 ! lips & nails purple1 z if /a9$ ) blackb]ries1 ! sk9 clammy1 & ! pulse feeble1 b ! m9d 0 !n cle>4 ,an emetic 0 adm9i/]$1 b %e sudd5ly became unconsci\s2 ! emetic act$1 & br\ght up a fluid ) an od\r ( nitro-b5z5e4 ,! /oma*-pump 0 also us$1 b ! liquid obta9$ _h sc>cely any od\r ( nitro-b5z5e4 ,9 ab\t elev5 h\rs consci\sness return$1 & 9 ab\t sev5te5 h\rs %e p>tially recov]$1 b compla9$ ( fla%es ( light & /range col\rs be=e h] eyes4 ,recov]y 0 n complete = weeks4 ,9 ?is case ! small quantity swall[$ w\ld probably ( itself h produc$ no symptoms1 & ! effects are to be ma9ly ascrib$ to ! brea?+ ( ! vap\r4 #bbb ,poisons1 ,?ird ,edition1 p4 #ffe4 #bdb4 ,! liquid1 :5 swall[$1 acts almo/ precisely 9 ! same way z ! vap\r1 & ! symptoms resemble v mu* ^? produc$ by prussic acid4 ,! great di/9ction betwe5 prussic acid & nitro-b5z5e poison+ is t1 9 ! latt]1 !re is an int]val betwe5 ! tak+ ( ! poison & its effects4 ,?is is1 inde$1 "o ( ! /range/ ph5om5a ( nitro-b5z5e poison+1 = ! p]son1 aft] tak+ x1 may appe> p]fectly well = p]iods v>y+ f a qu>t] ( an h\r to two or ?ree h\rs1 or ev5 long]1 & !n !re may be mo/ al>m+ symptoms1 foll[$ by rapid dea?4 ,poison+ by nitro-b5z5e satisfies ! ideal ( ! dramati/1 :o requires1 = ! purposes ( 8 plot1 poisons n act+ at once1 b ) an int]val suffici5tly prolong$ to admit ( l5g?y rhapsodies & a complicat$ dn\em5t4 ,on dr9k+ ! poison !re is a burn+ ta/e 9 ! m\?1 %ortly foll[$ by a v /rik+ blu5ess or purple appe>ance ( ! lips1 tongue1 sk91 nails1 & ev5 ! conjunctiv4 ,?is curi\s col\r ( ! sk9 has1 9 "o or two in/ances1 be5 witness$ an h\r be=e any feel+ ( illness manife/$ itself2 vomit+ !n comes on1 ! vomit$ matt] smell+ ( nitro-b5z5e4 ,! sk9 is cold1 !re is great depression1 & ! pulse is small & weak4 ,! respiration is affect$1 ! brea?+ be+ sl[ & irregul>1 ! brea? smell+ /rongly ( ! liquid1 & ! od\r (t5 p]si/+ = days4 ,a fur!r /age is t ( loss ( consci\sness1 & ?is comes on ) all ! sudd5ness ( a fit ( apoplexy4 ,! coma is also simil> 9 appe>ance to apoplectic coma1 b !re h frequ5tly be5 se5 trismus & convulsions ( ! extremities4 ,! pupils are dilat$ & d n react to light1 & reflex s5sibility is sometimes completely ext+ui%$4 ,cases v>y a little 9 _! ma9 features2 9 a few ! blue sk9 & ! deep sleep are ! only symptoms not$4 ,dea?1 = ! mo/ "p1 occurs aft] a p]iod ( f eight to tw5ty-f\r h\rs 7occasionally z soon z f\r or five h\rs7 aft] tak+ ! poison4 ,f ! foll[+ rem>kable tra9 ( symptoms 9 a dog1 x is probable1 inde$1 t nitro-b5z5e1 tak5 by a human be+1 might produce dea?1 aft] a r prolong$ p]iod ( "t1 by its second>y effects3--,to a half-br$ greyh\nd#bbc 7 adm9i/]$ #ae grms4 ( nitro-b5z5e1 :5 %ortly aft] !re 7 notic$ mu* salivation1 %iv]+1 & muscul> twit*+s4 ,! same dose 0 repeat$ at ! end ( five1 ( sev51 & ( eight h\rs respectively1 s t ! dog altoge!r took #fj grms41 b ) no o!r app>5t symptom ?an ! pr(use salivation4 ,on ! foll[+ day1 ! dog void$ a tapeworm2 vomit+ sup]v5$2 ! he>t's action 0 quick5$1 & ! brea?+ difficult2 convulsions foll[$1 & ! pupils 7 se5 to be dilat$4 ,= eight days ! dog suff]$ f dyspna1 quick5$ pulse1 %iv]+ ( ! legs or ( ! :ole body1 tetanic spasms1 bloody motions1 great ?ir/ & debility4 ,! temp]ature gradually sank "u #be1 & ! animal f9ally di$4 ,! autopsy %[$1 z ! mo/ /rik+ *ange1 ! :ole muc\s membrane ( ! inte/9al tract cov]$ ) a yell[ lay]1 :i* *emical analysis prov$ to be caus$ by picric acid1 & 9 ! ur9e1 liv]1 & lungs1 anil9e 0 discov]$4 #bbc ,eul5b]g1 ,gew]be ,hygi5e1 ,s4 #fjg4 #bdc4 ,fatal ,dose4--,x is probable1 f record$ cases1 t #a grm4 7#aed gra9s7 w\ld be q suffici5t to kill an adult1 &1 "u fav\rable circum/ances1 less ?an t quantity4 ,x w\ld seem t spiritu\s liquids especially ha/5 & int5sify ! action ( nitro-b5z5e1 s t a drunk5 p]son1 ct]is p>ibus1 tak+ ! poison ) spirits1 w\ld be m affect$ ?an tak+ x "u o!r conditions4 ,9 a case relat$ by ,/ev5son1#bbd 9 :i* s small a quantity z #agd grm4 0 tak5 9 sev5 doses1 spread ov] m ?an =ty-eight h\rs2 !re 7 yet extremely al>m+ symptoms1 & ! pati5t seems to h _h a n>r[ escape4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a woman admitt$ into ! ,g5]al ,hospital1 ,vi5na1 took #ajj grms4 7ab\t #c ozs47 & recov]$2 on admission %e 0 9 a highly cyanotic condition1 ) small pulse1 sup]ficial respiration1 & dribbl+ ( ur9e1 :i* conta9$ nitro-b5zol4 ,artificial respiration 0 practis$1 & camphor injections 7 adm9i/]$4 ,"u ?is treatm5t consci\sness 0 re/or$1 & ! pati5t recov]$4 ,on ! f\r? day ! ur9e resembl$ t ( a case ( cy/itis 7,lancet1 ,jan4 #af1 #ahid74 ,! quantity ( nitro-b5z5e :i* w\ld be fatal1 if brea!d1 is n kn[n ) any accuracy4 #bbd ,?is case is n un9t]e/+4 ,?r\gh a mi/ake 9 read+ an extremely illegible prescription1 ,m4 ,s4 ,s41 t4 #ba1 0 suppli$ by a druggi/ ) ! foll[+ mixture2-- 4 ,b5zole-,nit41 iij4 ,ol4 ,m5?1 pep41 ss4 ,ol4 ,oliv1 x4 gutt4 xxx41 t4 ds4 ,he took on sug> sev5 doses1 ea* ( #bj m9ims1 equall+ 9 all #bc m94 7or by weight #bga gra9s1 #agd grm47 ( nitro-b5z5e--viz41 ?ree doses on ! fir/ day1 ?ree on ! second1 & "o on ! morn+ ( ! ?ird day4 ,! fir/ two days he 0 obs]v$ to be look+ pale & ill1 b w5t on ) 8 "w until ! sev5? dose1 :i* he took on ! ?ird day at #i ,a4,m4 ,ab\t #b ,p4,m4 7or six h\rs aft] tak+ ! sev5? dose71 he fell d[n ins5sible1 ! body pale blue1 & ) all ! symptoms already describ$ 9 ! text1 & usually se5 9 nitro-b5z5e poison+4 ,) suitable treatm5t he recov]$4 ,! next morn+1 f #h ounces ( ur9e "s nitro-b5z5e 0 extract$ by %ak+ ) *lor(orm4--,?os4 ,/ev5son1 ,m4,d41 9 ,guy's ,hospital ,reports1 ,,ms41 vol4 xxi41 #ahgf4 #bdd4 ,pa?ological ,appe>ances4--,! m *>act]i/ic appe>ances seem to be1 a d>k br[n or ev5 black col\r ( ! blood1 :i* coagulates ) difficulty 7an appe>ance ( ! blood t has ev5 be5 notic$ dur+ life71 v5\s hyp]mia ( ! bra9 & its membranes1 & g5]al v5\s engorgem5t4 ,9 ! /oma*1 :5 ! fluid has be5 swall[$1 ! muc\s membrane is sometimes r$d5$ diffusely1 & occasionally %[s ec*ymoses ( a puncti=m "*4 #bde4 ,! ess5tial action ( nitro-b5z5e is ( consid]able physiological int]e/4 ,! blood is c]ta9ly 9 "s way *ang$1 & gives ! spectrum ( acid hmat94#bbe ,filehne has f\nd t ! blood loses1 9 a great degree1 ! p[] ( c>ry+ & imp>t+ oxyg5 to ! tissues1 & its cont5t ( c>bon dioxide is also increas$4 ,?us1 ! normal am\nt ( oxyg5 gas :i* ! art]ial blood ( a h\nd w give up is #ag p] c5t42 b 9 ! case ( a dog :i* _h be5 poison$ ) nitro-b5z5e1 x sank to #a p] c5t4 ,dur+ ! dyspna f :i* ! dog suff]$1 ! c>bon dioxide exhal$ 0 great] ?an ! normal am\nt1 & ! art]ial blood 7! natural cont5t ( :i* %\ld h be5 #cj p] c5t4 ( ?is gas71 only gave up #i p] c5t4 ,filehne seeks to expla9 ! peculi> col\r ( ! sk9 by ! condition ( ! blood1 b ! explanation is n altoge!r satisfactory4 ,"s "p ( ! nitro-b5z5e1 )\t d\bt1 is r$uc$ to anil9e 9 ! body--an ass]tion (t5 made1 & z (t5 contradict$--b x has be5 f\nd 9 too _m cases to admit ( "q4 ,x w\ld also seem f ! exp]im5t on ! dog 7p4 #ahf71 t a conv]sion into picric acid is n impossible4 ,a yell[ col\r ( ! sk9 & conjunctiv1 z if picric-acid-/a9$1 has be5 notic$ 9 m5 suff]+ "u sl[ poison+ by nitro-b5z5e4 #bbe ,filehne1 ,w41 8,ueb] die ,gift-,wirkung5 des ,nitrob5zols10 ,ar*4 fr exp]4 ,pa?ol4 u4 ,ph>m41 ix4 #cbi4 #bdf4 ,detection & ,sep>ation ( ,nitro-,b5z5e f ! ,animal ,tissues4--,x is evid5t f ! *anges :i* nitro-b5z5e may und]go t ! exp]t1 9 any case ( suspect$ nitro-b5z5e poison+1 mu/ specially look 7#a7 = nitro-b5z5e1 7#b7 = anil9e1 & 7#c7 = picric acid4 ,! be/ g5]al me?od = ! sep>ation ( nitro-b5z5e is to %ake up ! liquid 7or f9ely-divid$ solid7 ) light b5zol9e 7petroleum e!r71 :i* readily dissolves nitro-b5z5e4 ,on evaporation ( ! petroleum e!r1 ! nitro-b5z5e is left1 p]haps mix$ ) fatty matt]s4 ,on treat+ ) cold wat]1 ! fats rise to ! surface1 & ! nitro-b5z5e s9ks to ! bottom2 s t1 by means ( a sep>at+ funnel1 ! nitro-b5z5e may be easily remov$ f animal fats4 ,! oily drops1 or f9e precipitate believ$ to be nitro-b5z5e1 may be dissolv$ 9 _s & r$uc$ to anil9e by ! use ( nasc5t hydrog51 develop$ f iron fil+s by hydro*loric acid1 & ! fluid te/$ ) blea*+ p[d]1 or1 ! anil9e itself may be recov]$ by alkalis+ ! fluid1 & %ak+ up ) e!r 9 ! sep>ation-tube 7p4 #aef71 ! e!r dissolves ! anil9e1 & leaves x1 on spontane\s evaporation1 z an oily yell[i% mass1 :i*1 on ! addition ( a few drops ( sodic hypo*lorite1 /rikes a blue or violet-blue--) acids1 a rose-r$--& ) brom9e1 a fle%-r$4 ,x gives alkaloidal reactions ) su* g5]al reag5ts z plat9um *loride1 picric acid1 c4 ,anil9e itself may be extract$ f ! tissues & fluids ( ! body by petroleum e!r1 b 9 any special se>* x w be bett] to treat ! organs z 9 ,/as' process--t is1 ) /rong alcohol1 acidifi$ ) sulphuric acid4 ,aft] a suitable dige/ion 9 ?is m5/ruum1 filt]1 & !n1 aft] evaporat+ ! alcohol1 dissolve ! alcoholic extract 9 wat]2 alkalise ! aque\s solution1 & extract ! anil9e by %ak+ x up ) light b5zol9e4 ,on sep>at+ ! b5zol9e1 ! anil9e w be left1 & may be dissolv$ 9 feebly-acid wat]1 & ! te/s be=e enum]at$ tri$4 ,malpurgo#bbf recomm5ds ! foll[+ te/ = nitro-b5z5e3--#b drops ( melt$ ph5ol1 #c drops ( wat]1 & a fragm5t ( cau/ic pota% are boil$ 9 a small porcela9 di%1 & to ! boil+ liquid ! aque\s solution to be te/$ is add$4 ,on prolong$ boil+1 if nitro-b5z5e is pres5t1 a crimson r+ is produc$ at ! edges ( ! liquid2 ?is crimson col\r1 on ! addition ( a little blea*+ p[d]1 turns em]ald-gre54 #bbf ,zeit4 anal4 ,*em41 xxxii4 #bce4 ,oil ( bitt] almonds may be di/+ui%$ f nitro-b5z5e by ! action ( manganese dioxide & sulphuric acid2 bitt] almond oil treat$ 9 ?is way loses its od\r1 nitro-b5z5e is unalt]$4 ,to apply ! te/1 ! liquid mu/ be heat$ on ! wat]-ba? = a little "t4 ,,xi4--,d9itro-b5zol4 #bdg4 ,d9itro-b5zol1 ,c,h7,,no7 7or?o-1 meta-1 p>a-74--,! or?o-comp\nd is produc$ by ! action ( nitric acid on b5zol1 aid$ by heat 9 ! abs5ce ( /rong sulphuric acid to fix wat]4 ,"s ( ! p>a-d9itro-b5zol is at ! same "t produc$4 ,! meta-comp\nd is obta9$ by ! action ( fum+ nitric acid on nitro-b5zol at a boil+ temp]ature4 ,! physical prop]ties ( ! ?ree d9itro-b5zols are briefly z foll[s3-- ,or?o-d4 is 9 ! =m ( ne$les2 m4p4 #aah4 ,meta-d4 cry/allises 9 plates2 m4p4 #ij4 ,p>a-d4 cry/allises1 l ! or?o-comp\nd1 9 ne$les1 b ! melt+-po9t is mu* high]1 #aga to #agb4 ,j z nitro-b5zol by r$uction yields anil9e1 s d ! nitro-b5zols on r$uction yield or?o-1 meta-1 or p>a-ph5yl5e diam9es4 ,meta-ph5yl5e diam9e is an excell5t te/ = nitrites2 &1 s9ce ! comm]cial v>ieties ( d9itro-b5zol ei!r consi/ ma9ly or 9 "p ( meta-d9itro-b5zol1 ! toxicological detection is fairly simple1 & is bas$ ^u ! conv]sion ( ! d9itro-b5zol into meta-ph5yl5e-diam9e4 ,d9itro-b5zol is at pres5t l>gely employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( explosives1 su* z roburite1 si*]heit1 & o!rs4 ,x has produc$ mu* illness among ! workpeople 9 ! manufactures1 & among/ m9]s ^: duty x has be5 to h&le su* explosives4 #bdh4 ,effects ( ,d9itro-b5zol4--,hub]#bbg f9ds t if d9itro-b5zol is giv5 to frogs by ! m\? 9 doses ( f #ajj to #bjj mgrms41 dea? takes place 9 a few h\rs4 ,doses ( f #be to #e mgrms4 cause g5]al dulness & ultimately complete p>alysis1 & dea? 9 f "o to six days4 #bbg 8,beitrge zur ,giftwirkung des ,d9itrob5zols10 ,a4 ,hub]1 ,vir*['s ,ar*iv1 #ahia1 ,bd4 #abf1 ,s4 #bdj4 ,rabbits are kill$ by doses ( #djj mgrms41 9 "t v>y+ f tw5ty-two h\rs to f\r days4 ,9 a s+le exp]im5t on a small dog1 ! weight ( :i* 0 #eebe grms41 ! dog di$ 9 six h\rs aft] a dose ( #fjj mgrms4 ,x is !re=e probable t a dose ( #ajj mgrms4 p] kilo w\ld kill mo/ w>m-blood$ animals4 ,a transi5t exposure to d9itro-b5zol vap\rs 9 man causes s]i\s symptoms2 = in/ance1 9 "o ( ,hub]'s cases1 a /ud5t ( *emi/ry _h be5 engag$ = "o h\r & a half only 9 prep>+ d9itro-b5zol1 & soon aft]w>ds 8 comrades rem>k$ t 8 face 0 ( a deep blue col\r4 ,on admission to hospital1 on ! ev5+ ( ! same day1 he compla9$ ( slight heada*e & sleeplessness2 bo? *eeks1 ! lips1 ! muscles ( ! e>1 ! muc\s membrane ( ! lips & *eeks1 & ev5 ! tongue1 7 all ( a m or less int5se blue-grey col\r4 ,! pulse 0 dicrotic1 #abd2 ,t4 #cgb4 ,! next morn+ ! pulse 0 sl[]1 & by ! ?ird day ! pati5t _h recov]$4 ,excell5t acc\nts ( ! effects ( d9itro-b5zol 9 roburite factories h be5 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,ross#bbh & ,pr(essor ,:ite1#bbi ( ,wigan4 ,mr4 ,simeon ,snell#bcj has also publi%$ "s mo/ int]e/+ cases ( illness1 cases :i* h be5 z completely inve/igat$ z possible4 ,z an example ( ! symptoms produc$1 "o ( ,mr4 ,snell's cases may be "h quot$4 #bbh ,m$ical ,*ronicle1 #ahhi1 #hi4 #bbi ,practition]1 #ahhi1 ii4 #ae4 #bcj ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 ,m>* #c1 #ahid4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ( ,visual ,field4 ,c4 ,f4 ,w41 ag$ #ch1 consult$ ,mr4 ,snell = 8 defective sight on ,april #i1 #ahib4 ,he _h be5 a mix] at a factory = ! manufacture ( explosives4 ,he 0 jaundic$1 ! conjunctiva yell[1 & ! lips blue4 ,he 0 %ort ( brea?1 & aft] ! day's "w exp]i5c$ a*+ ( ! =e>ms & legs & t+l+ ( ! f+]s4 ,! ur9e 0 black 9 col\r1 ( sp4 gr4 #ajbd2 x 0 exam9$ spectroscopically by ,mr4 ,mac,munn1 :o report$ ! black col\r z due nei!r to indican1 nor to blood1 nor bile1 b to be caus$ by "s pigm5t belong+ to ! aromatic s]ies4 ,! pati5t's sight _h be5 fail+ s9ce ! previ\s ,*ri/mas4 ,vision 9 ! "r eye 0 #f_/bd1 left #f_/cf1 bo? optic papill 7 some:at pale4 ,9 ea* eye !re 0 a c5tral scotoma = r$1 & contraction ( ! field 7see diagram74 ,! man gradually gave up ! "w1 & ultimately seems to h recov]$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 int]e/+ to note t1 aft] hav+ left ! "w = "s weeks1 he w5t back = a s+le day to ! 8mix+10 & 0 tak5 v ill1 be+ ins5sible & deliri\s = five h\rs4 #bdi4 ,! ,blood 9 ,nitro-b5zol ,poison+4--,! effect on ! blood has be5 specially /udi$ by ,hub]4#bca ,! blood ( rabbits poison$ by d9itro-b5zol is ( a d>k *ocolate col\r1 & ! microscope %[s de/ruction ( ! r$ corpuscles2 ! am\nt ( de/ruction may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+3--! blood corpuscles ( a rabbit be=e ! exp]im5t numb]$ #e1ehh1jjj p] cubic c5timetre2 a day aft] ! exp]im5t #d1hef1jjj2 a day lat] #a1jjd1jjj2 on ! ?ird day ! rabbit di$4 #bca ,op4 cit4 ,9 "o rabbit1 al?\gh ! corpuscles sank to #a1daf1jjj1 yet recov]y took place4 ,dr4 ,mac,munn#bcb has exam9$ specim5s ( blood f two ( ,mr4 ,snell's pati5ts2 he f\nd a di/9ct dep>ture f ! normal2 ! r$ corpuscles 7 small] ?an usual1 ab\t #e or #f 9 diamet]1 & ! appe>ances 7 l ^? se5 9 p]nici\s anmia4 ,hub]1 9 "s ( 8 exp]im5ts on animals1 f\nd a spectroscopic *ange 9 ! blood1 viz41 c]ta9 absorption b&s1 "o 9 ! r$ betwe5 ,c & ,d1 & two 9 ! gre5 betwe5 ,d & ,e2 ! action ( r$uc+ ag5ts on ?is d9itro-b5zol blood1 z view$ 9 a spectroscope provid$ ) a scale 9 :i* ,c #dh1 ,d #fb1 & ,e #hje1 0 z foll[s3-- #bcb ,op4 cit4 ,d9itro-,b&s4 ,9 ,r$4 ,9 ,gre54 -----_/----- #ej-eb #fb-ff #gj-gg ,aft] ,,nh,,s1 #ec-ee #fb-ff #gj-gg ,,nh1 #ed-eh #fj-fe #gj-gg ,,nh,,s ,,nh1 #eb-ee #fj-fe #gj-gg ,tak+ ! symptoms z a :ole1 !re has be5 not$3--a blue col\r ( ! lips1 n unfrequ5tly ext5d+ ov] ! :ole face1 & ev5 ! conjunctiv h be5 ( a m>k$ blue col\r1 giv+ ! suff]] a /range livid appe>ance4 ,9 o!r cases !re h be5 jaundice1 ! conjunctiv & ! sk9 g5]ally be+ yell[1 ! lips blue4 ,occasionally ga/ric symptoms are pres5t4 ,sleeplessness is common1 & n unfrequ5tly !re is "s want ( muscul> co-ord9ation1 & ! man /agg]s z if drunk4 ,9 m ?an "o case !re has be5 notic$ sudd5 delirium4 ,!re is 9 *ronic cases always m or less anmia1 & ! ur9e is rem>kable 9 its col\r1 :i* ranges f a slightly d>k hue up to positive blackness4 ,9 a l>ge proportion ( cases !re is oph?almic tr\ble1 ! *>act]i/ics ( :i* 7accord+ to ,mr4 ,snell7 are 8failure ( sight1 (t5 to a consid]able degree1 9 a m or less equal ext5t on ! two sides2 conc5tric attraction ( visual field )1 9 _m cases1 a c5tral col\r scotoma2 enl>gem5t ( ret9al vessels1 especially ! ve9s2 "s blurr+1 nev] ext5sive1 ( edges ( disc1 & a v>y+ degree ( pallor ( its surface--! condition ( ret9al vessels spok5 ( be+ obs]v$ 9 work]s ) ! d9itro-b5zol1 indep5d5tly ( compla9ts ( defective sight4 ,cessation ( "w leads to recov]y40 #bej4 ,detection ( ,d9itro-b5zol4--,d9itro-b5zol may be detect$ 9 ur9e1 9 blood1 & 9 fluids g5]ally1 by ! foll[+ process3--,place t9foil 9 ! fluid1 & add hydro*loric acid to /rong acidity1 aft] all[+ ! hydrog5 to be develop$ = at lea/ an h\r1 make ! fluid alkal9e by cau/ic soda1 & extract ) e!r 9 a sep>at+ tube2 any metaph5yl5e-diam9e w be conta9$ 9 ! e!r2 remove ! e!r into a flask1 & di/il x (f2 dissolve ! residue 9 a little wat]4 ,acidify a solution ( sodium nitrite ) dilute sulphuric acid2 on add+ ! solution1 if x conta9s metaph5yl5e-diam9e1 a yell[ to r$ col\r w be produc$1 f ! =mation ( ,bism>ck br[n 7triamido-ph5ol74 ,,xii4--,hydrocyanic ,acid4 #bea4 ,hydrocyanic ,acid 7hydric cyanide7--specific gravity ( liquid #jgjeh at #ah ,c41 boil+-po9t #bfe 7#hj ,f471 ,h,cy #bg4--,! anhydr\s acid is n an article ( comm]ce1 & is only met ) 9 ! laboratory4 ,x is a col\rless1 transp>5t liquid1 & s extremely volatile t1 if a drop fall on a glass plate1 a portion ( x freezes4 ,x has a v peculi> pea*-blossom od\r1 & is int5sely poison\s4 ,x r$d5s litmus freely & transi5tly1 dissolves r$ oxide ( m]cury freely1 =ms a :ite precipitate ( arg5tic cyanide :5 treat$ ) silv] nitrate1 & responds to ! o!r te/s describ$ h]eaft]4 #beb4 ,m$ic9al ,prep>ations ( ,prussic ,acid4--,! ,b4,p4 acid is a wat]y solution ( prussic acid2 its specific gravity %\ld be #jiig1 & x %\ld conta9 #b p] c5t4 ( ! anhydr\s acid1 #b p] c5t4 is also ! am\nt specifi$ 9 ! ph>macopias ( ,switz]l& & ,norway1 & 9 t ( ,borussica 7,,vi4 ed472 ! latt] orda9s1 h[ev]1 a spiritu\s solution1 & ! ,norwegian an addition ( #a p] c5t4 ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 ,! ,fr5* prussic acid is ord]$ to be prep>$ ( a /r5g? equall+ #aj p] c5t4 ,! adult]ations or impurities ( prussic acid are hydro*loric1 sulphuric1#bcc & =mic acids4 ,traces ( silv] may be f\nd 9 ! ,fr5* acid1 :i* is prep>$ f cyanide ( silv]4 ,t>t>ic acid is also occasionally pres5t4 ,hydro*loric acid is mo/ readily detect$ by neutralis+ ) ammonia1 & evaporat+ to dryness 9 a wat]-ba?2 ! ammonium cyanide decomposes & volatilises1 leav+ z a sal9e residue *loride ( ammonium4 ,?is may easily be id5tifi$ by ! precipitate ( *loride ( silv]1 :i* its solution gives on te/+ ) silv] nitrate1 & ! deep br[n precipitate ) ,nessl] solution4 ,sulphuric acid is1 ( c\rse1 detect$ by *loride ( b>ium2 =mic acid by boil+ a small quantity ) a little m]curic oxide2 if pres5t1 ! oxide w be r$uc$1 & metallic m]cury fall z a grey precipitate4 ,silv]1 t>t>ic acid1 & any o!r fix$ impurities are detect$ by evaporat+ ! acid to dryness1 & exam9+ any residue :i* may be left4 ,x may be well to give ! v>i\s /r5g?s ( ! acids ( comm]ce 9 a tabul> =m3-- #bcc ,a trace ( sulphuric or hydro*loric acid %\ld n be call$ an adult]ation1 = x greatly assi/s ! pres]vation1 & !re=e makes ! acid ( great] !rapeutic effici5cy4 ,p] c5t4 ,briti% ,ph>macopia1 ,switz]l&1 & ,bor4 7vj71 #b ,france1 #aj ,vauquel9's ,acid1 #cc ,s*eele's #d to #ebcd ,r9]'s #aj ,robiquet's #ej ,s*ra$]'s #ae ,duflos' #i ,pfaff's #aj ,koll]'s #be #bcd ,/r5g? v unc]ta94 ,9 ,engli% comm]ce1 ! analy/ w sc>cely meet ) any acid /rong] ?an ,s*eele's #e p] c5t4 ,impure oil ( bitt] almonds conta9s hydric cyanide 9 v>iable quantity1 f #e p] c5t4 up to #ad p] c5t4 ,!re is an (fic9al prep>ation obta9$ by dige/+ *]ry-laurel leaves 9 wat]1 & !n di/ill+ a c]ta9 portion ov]4 ,?is ,aqua ,lauro-c]asi belongs to ! old s*ool ( ph>macy1 & is ( unc]ta9 /r5g?1 b v>ies f #g to #a p] c5t4 ( ,,hcn4 #bec4 ,poison+ by ,prussic ,acid4--,irrespective ( suicidal or crim9al poison+1 accid5ts f prussic acid may occur-- #a4 ,f ! use ( ! cyanides 9 ! arts4 #b4 ,f ! some:at ext5sive di/ribution ( ! acid1 or r ( prussic-acid produc+ sub/ances 9 ! vegetable k+dom4 #a4 ,9 ! ,arts4--,! galvanic silv]+#bce & gild+ ( metals1 photography1 ! col\r+ ( black silks1 ! manufacture ( ,b]l9 blue1 ! dye+ ( wooll5 clo?1 & 9 a few o!r manufactur+ processes1 ! alkal9e cyanides are us$1 & n unfrequ5tly fumes ( prussic acid develop$4 #bce ,! prep>ation us$ = ! silv]+ ( copp] vessels is a solution ( cyanide ( silv] 9 potassic cyanide1 to :i* is add$ f9ely p[d]$ *alk4 ,manipulations ) ?is fluid easily develop hydrocyanic acid fumes1 :i*1 9 "o case relat$ by ,m>t9 7,a]ztl4 ,intellig5zbl41 p4 #ace1 #ahgb71 7 p[]ful en\gh to produce symptoms ( poison+4 #b4 ,9 ! ,animal ,k+dom4--,"o ( ! myriapods 7,*ilogna!n7 conta9s gl&s at ! roots ( ! hairs1 :i* secrete prussic acid2 :5 ! insect is seiz$1 ! poison\s secretion is p\r$ out f ! s-call$ =am9a repugnatoria4 #c4 ,9 ! ,vegetable ,k+dom4--,a few plants conta9 cyanides1 & _m conta9 amygdal91 or bodies =m$ on ! type ( amygdal94 ,9 ! pres5ce ( emuls9 7or simil> pr9ciples7 & wat]1 ?is breaks up into prussic acid & o!r comp\nds--an int]e/+ reaction usually repres5t$ ?us-- ,c,h,,no #b;,h,o ,,cnh ,c,h,o #b;,c,h,o4 #a equival5t ( amygdal9--i4e41 #deg p>ts--yield+ #a equival5t ( ,,cnh or #bg p>ts2 9 o!r words1 #ajj p>ts ( amygdal9 yield !oretically #eiji p>ts ( prussic acid1#bcf s t1 ! am\nt ( ei!r be+ kn[n1 ! o!r c be calculat$ f x4 #bcf ,accord+ to ,liebig & ,whl]1 #ag grms4 ( amygdal9 yield #a ( prussic acid 7i4e41 #eg p] c5t47 & #h ( oil ( bitt] almonds4 ,?irty-f\r p>ts ( amygdal91 mix$ ) #ff ( emuls9 ( almonds1 give a fluid equall+ ! /r5g? ( acid ( mo/ ph>macopias1 viz41 #b p] c5t4 ,gre%(f#bcg has discov]$ an amygdal9-l glucoside 9 ! two tropical trees ,pygeum p>riflorum & ,p4 latifolium4 ,! same au?or /ates t ! leaves ( ,gymnema latifolium1 "o ( ! ,asclepiads1 yields to di/illation b5zaldehyde hydrocyanide4 ,bo? ,lasia & ,cyrtosp]ma1 plants belong+ to ! natural family ( ! ,orontads1 conta9 9 _! fl[]s potassic cyanide4 ,pangium edule1 accord+ to ,gre%(f1 conta9s s mu* potassic cyanide t he 0 able to prep>e a consid]able quantity ( t salt f "o sample ( ! plant4 ,an ,indian plant 7,hydnoc>pus inebrians7 also conta9s a cyanide1 & has be5 us$ = ! purpose ( de/roy+ fi%4 ,among ! ,tiliads1 ,gre%(f f\nd t ,e*9oc>pus ,sigun yield$ hydrocyanic acid on di/illation4 ,ev5 ! common l9se$ conta9s a glucoside :i* breaks up into sug>1 prussic acid1 & a ketone4 #bcg ,m4 ,gre%(f--,er/] ,b]i*t b] die ,unt]su*ung von ,pflanz5/(f5 ,ni$]lndis*-,indi5s4 ,mit!ilung5 aus dem *emis*-ph>makologis*5 ,laboratorium des botan4 ,g>t5s des ,/aates1 vii41 ,batavia1 #ahij1 ,ni$]lndis*4 ,dr4 ,gre%(f's rese>* indicates t !re are sev]al o!r cyanide-yield+ plants ?an ^? m5tion$ 9 ! text4 ,! foll[+ plants1 ) _m o!rs1 all yield1 by appropriate treatm5t1 m or less prussic acid3--,bitt] almonds 7,amygdalus communis72 ! ,amygdalus p]sica2 ! *]ry laurel 7,prunus lauroc]asus72 ! k]nels ( ! plum 7,prunus dome/ica72 ! b>k1 leaves1 fl[]s1 & fruit ( ! wild s]vice-tree 7,prunus padus72 ! k]nels ( ! common *]ry & ! apple2 ! leaves ( ! ,prunus capricida2 ! b>k ( ! ,pr4 virg9iana2 ! fl[]s & k]nels ( ! ,pr4 sp9osa2 ! leaves ( ! ,c]asus acida2 ! b>k & almo/ all p>ts ( ! ,sorbus aucup>ia1 ,s4 hybrida1 & ,s4 torm9alis2 ! "y twigs ( ! ,cratgus oxyacan?a2 ! leaves & p>tly also ! fl[]s ( ! %rubby ,spirace1 su* z ,spira aruncus1 ,s4 sorbifolia1 & ,s4 japonica2#bch toge!r ) ! roots ( ! bitt] & sweet ,cassava4 #bch ,! b>k & gre5 p>ts ( ! ,prunus avium1 ,l41 ,prunus mahaleb1 ,l41 & h]bace\s ,spir yield no prussic acid4 ,9 only a few ( ^!1 h[ev]1 has ! exact am\nt ( ei!r prussic acid or amygdal9 be5 det]m9$2 #a grm4 ( bitt] almond pulp is ab\t equal to #b mgrms4 ( anhydr\s prussic acid4 ,! k]nels f ! /ones ( ! *]ry1 accord+ to ,geisel]1 yield #c p] c5t4 ( amygdal92 !re=e1 #a grm4 equals #ag mgrm4 ( ,,hcn4 #bed4 ,! wild s]vice-tree 7,prunus padus7 & ! *]ry-laurel 7,prunus ,lauroc]asus7 conta91 n amygdal9 b a comp\nd ( amygdal9 ) amygdalic acid2 to ?is has be5 giv5 ! "n ( lauroc]as94 ,x 0 =m]ly kn[n z amorph\s amygdal92 its =mula is ,c,h,,no2 #icc p>ts are equival5t to #bg ( hydric cyanide--t is1 #ajj p>ts equal to #bhi4 ,9 ! b>k ( ! s]vice-tree1 ,lehmann f\nd #g p] c5t4 ( lauroc]as9 7 #jb ,,hcn71 & 9 ! leaves ( ! *]ry-laurel #ach p] c5t4 7 #jci ,,hcn74 ,francis1#bci 9 a rese>* on ! prussic acid 9 cassava root1 gives z ! mean 9 ! sweet cassava #jafh p] c5t41 9 ! bitt] #jbge p] c5t41 ! maximum 9 ea* be+ respectively #jbch p] c5t41 & #jddb p] c5t4 ,! bitt]-fre% cassava root has long be5 kn[n z a v dang]\s poison2 b ! sweet has hi!rto be5 consid]$ h>mless1 al?\gh x is evid5t t x also conta9s a consid]able quantity ( prussic acid4 #bci 8,on ,prussic ,acid f ,cassava10 ,analy/1 ,april #ahgg1 p4 #e4 ,! k]nels ( ! pea* conta9 ab\t #bhe p] c5t4 amygdal9 7 #ag ,,hcn72 ^? ( ! plum #if p] c5t4 7 #jef ,,hcn72 & apple pips #f p] c5t4 7 #jce p] c5t4 ,,hcn74 ,x is ( great practical value to "k1 ev5 approximately1 ! quantity ( prussic acid conta9$ 9 v>i\s fruits1 s9ce x has be5 adopt$ z a def5ce 9 crim9al cases t ! deceas$ 0 poison$ by prussic acid develop$ 9 sub/ances eat54 #bee4 ,/ati/ics4--,poison+ by ! cyanides 7prussic acid or cyanide ( potassium7 occupies ! ?ird place among poisons 9 ord] ( frequ5cy 9 ?is c\ntry1 & acc\nts = ab\t #dj dea?s annually4 ,9 ! t5 ye>s end+ #ahib !re 7 record$ no less ?an #cie cases ( accid5tal1 suicidal1 or homicidal poison+ by prussic acid & potassic cyanide4 ,! fur!r /ati/ical details may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ tables3-- ,,dea?s ,,9 ,,engl& ,,& ,,wales ,,dur+ ,,! ,,t5 ,,ye>s #ahhc-ahib ,,f ,,prussic ,,acid ,,& ,,potassic ,,cyanide4 ,,prussic ,,acid 7,,accid5t ,,or ,,neglig5ce74 ,ages1 #j-a #a-e #e-ae #ae-be #be-fe #fe & ,total above ,males1 444 #a #a #a #ab #a #af ,females1 #a #a 444 #b #g 444 #aa ---------------------------------------- ---- ,totals1 #a #b #a #c #ai #a #bg ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,cyanide ,,( ,,potassium 7,,accid5t ,,or ,,neglig5ce74 ,ages1 #a-e #e-ae #ae-be #be-fe #fe & ,total above ,males1 #a #a #d #a 444 #g ,females1 #a 444 444 #c 444 #d --------------------------------------- ,totals1 #b #a #d #d 444 #aa --------------------------------------- ,,prussic ,,acid 7,,suicide74 ,ages1 #ae-be #be-fe #fe & ,total above ,males1 #bc #aef #bc #bjb ,females1 #e #ac #a #ai ---------------------------- ,totals1 #bh #afi #bd #bba ---------------------------- ,,potassium ,,cyanide 7,,suicide74 ,ages1 #e-ae #ae-be #be-fe #fe & ,total above ,males1 #a #f #hh #e #ajj ,females1 444 #f #ae #a #bb ---------------------------------- ,totals1 #a #ab #ajc #f #abb ---------------------------------- ,to ^! figures mu/ be add$ #aj cases ( murd] 7#b males & #h females7 by prussic acid1 & #d cases ( murd] 7#c males & #a female7 by potassic cyanide4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! proportion 9 :i* ! v>i\s =ms ( comm]cial cyanides cause dea?1 & also ! proportion ( accid5tal1 suicidal1 & crim9al dea?s f ! same cause1 ,falck collat$ twelve ye>s ( /ati/ics f m$ical lit]ature ) ! foll[+ result3-- ,9 #ea cases ( cyanide poison+1 #bi 7 caus$ by potassic cyanide1 #i by hydric cyanide1 #e by oil ( bitt] almonds1 #c by pea* /ones 7^! #c 7 *ildr51 & are class$ z 8dome/ic10 t is1 tak+ ! k]nels z a food71 #c by bitt] almonds 7#a ( ! #c suicidal & foll[$ by dea?1 ! o!r #b 8dome/ic071 #a by t>t>ic acid & potassic cyanide 7a suicidal case1 an apo!c>y71 & #a by f]ro-cyanide ( potassium & t>t>ic acid4 ,( ! #dc cases fir/ m5tion$1 #ba 7 suicidal1 #g crim9al1 #h dome/ic1 & #g m$ic9al2 ! #dc pati5ts 7 #bd m51 #ad *ildr51 & #e wom54 ,! cyanides are v r>ely us$ = ! purpose ( murd]3 a poison :i* has a /rong smell & a p]ceptible ta/e1 & :i* also kills ) a rapidity only equall$ by deadly bullet or knife-w\nds1 betrays its pres5ce ) too _m circum/ances ( a tragic "* to f9d fav\r 9 ! d>k & secret s*emes ( ^? :o desire to take life by poison4 ,9 #gic poison+ cases ( a crim9al "* 9 ,france1 #d only 7 by ! cyanides4 ,hydric & potassic cyanides 7 once ! fav\rite means ( self-de/ruction employ$ by suicidal photograph]s1 *emi/s1 sci5tific m$ical m51 & o!rs 9 positions :]e su* means are always at h&2 b1 ( late ye>s1 ! popul> k ( poisons has increas$1 & self-poison+ by ! cyanides sc>cely belongs to a p>ticul> class4 ,a fair proportion ( ! dea?s are also due to accid5t or un=tunate mi/akes1 & a /ill small] numb] to ! immod]ate or improp] use ( cyanide-conta9+ vegetable products4 #bef4 ,accid5tal & ,crim9al ,poison+ by ,prussic ,acid4--,! poison is almo/ always tak5 by ! m\? into ! /oma*1 b occasionally 9 o!r ways--su*1 = example1 z 9 ! case ( ! illu/ri\s *emi/1 ,s*eele1 :o di$ f inhalation ( ! vap\r ( ! acid :i* he himself discov]$1 ow+ to ! break+ ( a flask4 ,!re is also ! case relat$ by ,t>dieu1 9 :i* cyanide ( potassium 0 introduc$ "u ! nails2 & t m5tion$ by ,c>rire1#bdj 9 :i* a woman gave h]self1 ) suicidal int5t1 an enema conta9+ cyanide ( potassium4 ,x has be5 %[n by exp]im5ts1 9 :i* e c>e 0 tak5 to r5d] x impossible = ! fumes to be inhal$1 t hydrocyanic acid appli$ to ! eye ( w>m-blood$ animals may de/roy life 9 a few m9utes4#bda #bdj 8,empoisonnem5t p> le cyanure de potassium1--gurison10 ,bullet4 gnral de ,?rap41 #ahfi1 ,no4 #cj4 #bda ,n4 ,grhant1 ,compt4 r5d4 ,soc4 ,biol4 #i1 xi4 #fd1 #fe4 ,) reg>d to errors 9 disp5s+1 ! mo/ tragic case on record is t relat$ by ,arnold3#bdb--;,a ph>maceuti/ _h put 9 a mixture = a *ild potassic cyanide in/ead ( potassic *lorate1 & ! *ild di$ aft] ! fir/ dose3 ! *emi/1 h[ev]1 conv9c$ t he _h made no mi/ake1 to %[ ! h>mlessness ( ! prep>ation1 drank "s ( x1 & !re & !n di$2 :ile ,dr4 ,arnold himself1 incauti\sly ta/+ ! draught1 fell ins5sible1 & 0 unconsci\s = six h\rs4 #bdb ,arnold1 ,a4 ,b41 8,case ( ,poison+ by ! ,cyanide ( ,potassium10 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,m$4 ,sci541 #ahfi4 #beg4 ,fatal ,dose4--,not)/&+ ! great numb] ( p]sons :o 9 e civilis$ c\ntry fall victims to ! cyanides1 x is yet some:at d\btful :at is ! m9imum dose likely to kill an adult heal?y man4 ,! explanation ( ?is unc]ta9ty is to be s\ght ma9ly 9 ! v>y+ /r5g? ( comm]cial prussic acid1 :i* v>ies f #ae 7,s*ra$]'s7 to #ej p] c5t4 7,robiquet's71 & also 9 ! v>y+ condition ( ! p]son tak+ ! poison1 m especially :e!r ! /oma* be full or empty4 ,9 by f> ! great] numb]1 ! dose tak5 has be5 mu* beyond t necess>y to produce dea?1 b ?is obs]vation is true ( mo/ poison+s4 ,! dictum ( ,taylor1 t a quantity ( comm]cial prussic acid1 equival5t to #a ,engli% gra9 7#fe mgrm47 ( ! anhydr\s acid1 w\ld1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 be suffici5t to de/roy adult life1 has be5 g5]ally accept$ by all toxicologi/s4 ,! m9imum le?al dose ( potassic cyanide is simil>ly put at #bda gra9s 7#aeg grm474 ,z to bitt] almonds1 if x be consid]$ t z a mean !y conta9 #be p] c5t4 ( amygdal91 !n x w\ld take #de grms41 or ab\t #hj almonds1 to produce a le?al dose = an adult2 ) *ildr5 less--9 fact1 #d to #f bitt] almonds are said to h produc$ poison+ 9 a *ild4 #beh4 ,action ( ,hydric & ,potassic ,cyanides on ,liv+ ,organisms4--,bo? hydric cyanide & potassic cyanide are poison\s to all liv+ =ms1 vegetable or animal1 ) ! exception ( c]ta9 fungi4 ,! cold-blood$ animals take a l>g] relative dose ?an ! w>m-blood$1 & ! mammalia are some:at m s5sitive to ! poison\s action ( ! cyanides ?an birds2 b all are de/roy$ 9 a v simil> mann]1 & )\t any ess5tial diff]5ce ( action4 ,! symptoms produc$ by hydric & potassic cyanide are id5tical1 &1 z reg>ds g5]al symptoms1 :at is true z to ! "o is also true z to ! o!r4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o important diff]5ce 9 ! action ( ^! two sub/ances1 if ! m]e local action is consid]$1 = potassic cyanide is v alkal9e1 possess+ ev5 cau/ic prop]ties4 ,i h se51 e4g41 ! ga/ric muc\s membrane ( a woman1 :o _h tak5 an excessive dose ( potassic cyanide on an empty /oma*1 s inflam$ & swoll51 t its /ate 0 simil> to t induc$ by a mod]ate quantity ( solution ( pota%4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! acid prop]ties ( hydric cyanide are v feeble1 & its effect on muc\s membranes or ! sk9 9 no way resembles t ( ! m9]al acids4 ,x attacks ! animal sy/em 9 two ways3 ! "o1 a pr(\nd int]f]5ce ) ! ord9>y metabolic *anges2 ! o!r1 a p>alysis ( ! n]v\s c5tres4 ,s*nbe9 discov]$ t x affect$ ! blood corpuscles 9 a peculi> way2 normal blood decomposes ) great ease hydrog5 p]oxide into oxyg5 & wat]4 ,if to normal v5\s blood a little p]oxide ( hydrog5 be add$1 ! blood at once becomes bright r$2 b if a trace ( prussic acid be pres5t1 x is ( a d>k br[n col\r4 ,! blood corpuscles1 !re=e1 lose _! p[] ( convey+ oxyg5 to all p>ts ( ! sy/em1 & ! ph5om5a ( asphyxia are produc$4 ,gepp]t#bdc has prov$ t ?is is really ! case by %[+1 9 a s]ies ( rese>*es1 t1 "u ! action ( hydric cyanide1 less oxyg5 is tak5 up1 & less c>bon dioxide =m$ ?an normal1 ev5 if ! p]c5tage ( oxyg5 9 ! atmosph]e brea!d is artificially increas$4 ,! defici5cy ( oxyg5 is 9 "p due to ! fact t sub/ances l lactic acid1 ! products ( incomplete combu/ion1 are =m$ in/ead ( ,,co4 #bdc ,gepp]t1 ,ueb] das ,wes5 d] ,,cnh-,v]gift2 mit e9] ,tafel1 ,b]l91 #ahhi2 ,sep4-,abdr4 aus ,zts*r4 f4 kl94 ,m$41 ,bd4 xv4 ,at ! same "t ! protoplasm ( ! tissues is p>alys$1 & unable to take up ! loosely b\nd oxyg5 pres5t$4 ,?is expla9s a /rik+ symptom :i* has be5 notic$ by _m obs]v]s1 t is1 if hydrocyanic acid be inject$ into an animal1 ! v5\s blood becomes ( a bright r$ col\r2 9 w>m-blood$ animals ?is bright col\r is transitory1 b 9 cold-blood$ animals1 9 :i* ! oxidation process is sl[]1 ! blood rema9s bright r$4 #bei4 ,symptoms obs]v$ 9 ,animals4--,! ma9 diff]5ces betwe5 ! symptoms induc$ 9 cold-blood$ & w>m-blood$ animals1 by a fatal dose ( hydric cyanide1 are z foll[s3-- ,! respiration 9 frogs is at fir/ some:at dyspnic1 !n mu* sl[$1 & at l5g? x ceases4 ,! he>t1 at fir/ sl[$1 lat] contracts irregul>ly1 & at l5g? gradually /ops2 b x may cont9ue to beat = sev]al m9utes aft] ! respiration has ceas$4 ,b all ^! progressive symptoms are )\t convulsion4 ,among w>m-blood$ animals1 on ! contr>y1 convulsions are con/ant1 & ! sequ5ce ( ! symptoms appe>s to be--dyspna1 sl[+ ( ! pulse1 gidd9ess1 fall+ d[n1 !n convulsions ) expulsion ( ! ur9e & fces2 dilatation ( ! pupils1 exoph?almus1 & f9ally cessation ( ! pulse & brea?+4 ,! convulsions also frequ5tly pass into g5]al p>alysis1 ) loss ( reflex movem5ts1 weak1 infrequ5t brea?+1 irregul>1 quick1 & v frequ5t pulse1 & consid]able dim9ution ( temp]ature4 ,! comm5cem5t ( ! symptoms 9 animals is extremely rapid1 ! rapidity v>y+ accord+ to ! dose & ! conc5tration ( ! acid4 ,x 0 =m]ly ?\ght t ! dea? f a l>ge dose ( ! conc5trat$ acid foll[$ f> m quickly ?an c\ld be acc\nt$ = by ! blood c>ry+ ! poison to ! n]v\s c5tres2 b ,blake 0 among ! fir/ to po9t out t ?is d\bt 0 n support$ by facts c>efully obs]v$1 s9ce !re is always a suffici5t int]val betwe5 ! entry ( ! poison into ! body & ! fir/ symptoms1 to support ! !ory t ! poison is absorb$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,ev5 :5 ,prey] inject$ a cubic c5timetre ( #fj p] c5t4 acid into ! jugul> ve9 ( a rabbit1 tw5ty-n9e seconds elaps$ be=e ! symptoms comm5c$4 ,besides1 we h direct exp]im5ts %[+ t ! acid--:5 appli$ to w\nds 9 limbs1 ! vessels ( :i* are ti$1 :ile ! free n]v\s communication is left op5--only acts :5 ! ligature is remov$4 ,mag5die describes1 9 8 usual graphic mann]1 h[ he kill$ a dog by inject+ into ! jugul> ve9 prussic acid1 & 8! dog di$ in/antly1 z if /ruck by a cannon ball10 b x is probable t ! int]val ( "t 0 n accurately not$4 ,a few seconds pass v rapidly1 & might be occupi$ ev5 by sl[ly press+ ! pi/on ( ! syr+e d[n1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( accurate measurem5ts1 x is surpris+ h[ comp>atively long int]vals ( "t are unconsci\sly %ort5$ by ! m9d4 ,9 any case1 ?is obs]vation by ,mag5die has n be5 confirm$ by ! accurate te/s ( ! m rec5t exp]im5t]s2 & x is univ]sally ackn[l$g$ t1 al?\gh ) /rong doses ( hydric cyanide inject$ into ! circulation--or1 9 o!r words1 introduc$ into ! sy/em--9 ! mo/ fav\rable conditions = its spe$ie/ action1 dea? occurs ) appall+ sudd5ness1 yet t x takes a "t suffici5tly long to admit ( explanation 9 ! mann] sugge/$4 ,?is has =5sic importance1 :i* w be aga9 allud$ to4 ,exp]im5ts on animals %[ t a l>ge dose ( a dilute acid kills q z quickly z an equival5t dose ( a /rong] acid1 & 9 "s cases x ev5 seems to act m rapidly4 ,if ! dea? does n take place )9 a few m9utes1 life may be prolong$ = h\rs1 & ev51 9 r>e cases1 days1 & yet ! result be dea?4 ,c\llon poison$ a dog ) prussic acid2 x liv$ = n9ete5 days1 & !n di$2 b ?is is q an exceptional case1 & :5 ! fatal issue is prolong$ beyond an h\r1 ! *ance ( recov]y is consid]able4 #bfj4 ,! l5g? ( "t dogs poison$ by fatal doses survive1 g5]ally v>ies f two to fifte5 m9utes4 ,! symptoms are convulsions1 ins5sibility ( ! cornea1 cessation ( respiration1 &1 f9ally1 ! he>t /ops--! he>t cont9u+ to beat sev]al m9utes aft] ! cessation ( ! respirations4#bdd ,:5 ! dose is %ort ( a fatal "o1 ! symptoms are z foll[s3--,evid5t gidd9ess & di/ress2 ! tongue is protrud$1 ! brea? is tak5 9 %ort1 hurri$ gasps1 !re is salivation1 & convulsions rapidly set 91 prec$$1 x may be1 by a cry4 ,! convulsions pass into p>alysis & ins5sibility4 ,aft] rema9+ 9 ?is /ate "s "t1 ! animal aga9 wakes up1 z x 71 v (t5 h[ls1 & is aga9 convuls$2 f9ally1 x s9ks into a deep sleep1 & wakes up well4 #bdd ,n4 ,grhant1 ,compt4 r5d41 t4 #aji1 pp4 #ejb1 #ejc4 ,prey] notic$ a /rik+ diff]5ce 9 ! symptoms aft] section ( ! vagus 9 animals1 :i* v>i$ accord+ to :e!r ! poison 0 adm9i/]$ by ! lungs1 or subcutane\sly4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 if ! dose is small1 ! respirations are dim9i%$ 9 frequ5cy2 !n ?is is foll[$ by normal brea?+2 if ! dose is l>g]1 !re is an increase 9 ! frequ5cy ( ! respirations4 ,la/ly1 if a v l>ge quantity is introduc$ into ! lungs1 dea? quickly foll[s1 ) respirations dim9i%$ 9 frequ5cy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! poison is inject$ subcutane\sly1 small doses h no influ5ce on ! brea?+2 b ) l>ge doses1 !re is an increase 9 ! frequ5cy ( ! respirations1 :i* s9k aga9 bel[ ! normal /&>d4 #bfa4 ,symptoms 9 ,man4--,:5 a fatal b n excessive dose ( ei!r potassic or hydric cyanide is tak51 ! sequ5ce ( symptoms is z foll[s3--,salivation1 ) a feel+ ( con/riction 9 ! ?roat1 nausea1 & occasionally vomit+4 ,aft] a few m9utes a peculi> con/rict+ pa9 9 ! *e/ is felt1 & ! brea?+ is di/9ctly affect$4 ,gidd9ess & confusion ( sight rapidly set 91 & ! p]son falls to ! gr\nd 9 convulsions simil> to ^? ( epilepsy4 ,! convulsions are ei!r g5]al1 or attack+ only c]ta9 gr\ps ( muscles2 !re is (t5 true trismus1 & ! jaws are s firmly clos$ t no?+ w "p !m4 ,! respiration is peculi>1 ! inspiration is %ort1 ! expiration prolong$1#bde & betwe5 ! two !re is a long int]val ev] becom+ m protract$ z dea? is imm95t4 ,! sk9 is pale1 or blue1 or greyi%-blue2 ! eyes are glassy & />+1 ) dilat$ pupils2 ! m\? is cov]$ ) foam1 & ! brea? smells ( ! poison2 ! pulse1 at fir/ quick & small1 s9ks 9 a little :ile 9 frequ5cy1 & at l5g? _c be felt4 ,involunt>y evacuation ( fces1 ur9e1 & sem5 is (t5 obs]v$1 & occasionally !re has be5 vomit+1 & a portion ( ! vomit has be5 aspirat$ into ! air-passages4 ,f9ally1 ! convulsions pass into p>alysis1 abolition ( reflex s5sibility1 & gradual ceas+ ( ! respiration4 ,) l>ge doses ^! diff]5t /ages may occur1 b ! c\rse is s rapid t !y are m]g$ ! "o into ! o!r1 & are undi/+ui%able4 ,! %orte/ "t betwe5 ! tak+ ( ! acid & ! comm5cem5t ( ! symptoms may be put at ab\t t5 seconds4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a l>ge am\nt ( ! vap\r is inhal$ at once1 ?is p]iod may be r less5$4 ,! int]val ( "t is s %ort t any witnesses g5]ally un9t5tionally exagg]ate1 & av] t ! effects 7 witness$ be=e ! swall[+ ( ! liquid--8,z ! cup 0 at 8 lips0--8,he _h h>dly drunk x10 c4 ,!re is probably a %ort int]val ( consci\sness1 !n come gidd9ess1 &1 x may be1 a cry = assi/ance2 & la/ly1 !re is a fall+ d[n 9 convulsions1 & a spe$y dea?4 ,convulsions are n always pres5t1 ! victim occasionally appe>s to s9k lifeless at once4 ,?us1 9 a case relat$ by ,hufel&1 a man 0 se5 to swall[ a quantity ( acid1 equival5t to #dj gra9s ( ! pure acid--t is1 ab\t =ty times m ?an suffici5t to kill him4 ,he /agg]$ a few paces1 & !n fell dead1 )\t s\nd or convulsion4 #bde ,9 a case quot$ by ,seidel 7,mas*ka's ,h&bu*1 p4 #cba71 a man1 #cf ye>s ( age1 f\r or five m9utes aft] swall[+ #aej mgrms4 anhydr\s ,,hcn 9 spirits1 lay app>5tly lifeless1 )\t pulse or brea?+4 ,aft] a few m9utes 0 notic$ an extraord9>y deep expiration1 by :i* ! ribs 7 drawn 9 almo/ to ! sp9e1 & ! *e/ made q holl[4 #bfb4 ,! v %ort int]val t may ?us int]v5e betwe5 ! tak+ ( a dose ( prussic acid & loss ( consci\sness1 may be utilis$ by ! suff]] 9 do+ v>i\s acts1 & ?us ?is int]val becomes ( imm5se m$ico-legal importance4 ,! "q is simply ?is3--,:at c be done by a p]son 9 full possession ( 8 faculties 9 t5 seconds8 ,i h f\nd f exp]im5t t1 aft] dr9k+ a liquid f a bottle1 ! bottle may be cork$1 ! individual c get into b$1 & arrange ! b$clo!s 9 a suitable mann]2 he may also ?r[ ! bottle away1 or out ( ! w9d[2 &1 inde$1 ) practice1 9 t %ort "t a numb] ( rapid & complicat$ acts may be p]=m$4 ,?is is borne out bo? by exp]im5ts on animals & by record$ cases4 ,9 ,mr4 ,nunneley's num]\s exp]im5ts on dogs1 "o ( ! animals1 aft] tak+ poison1 8w5t d[n ?ree or f\r /eps ( ! /airs1 saw t ! door at ! bottom 0 clos$1 & came back aga940 ,a second w5t d[n1 came up1 & w5t aga9 d[n ! /eps ( a long w9d+ /aircase1 & a ?ird reta9$ suffici5t vig\r to jump ov] ano!r dog1 & !n leap across ! top ( a /aircase4 ,9 a rem>kable case relat$ by ,dr4 ,guy1#bdf 9 :i* a "y man1 aft] dr9k+ m w9e ?an usual1 0 seiz$ by a sudd5 impulse to take prussic acid1 & drank ab\t #b dra*ms1 produc+ symptoms :i*1 _h x n be5 = prompt treatm5t1 w\ld1 9 all probability1 h end$ fatally--! int]val is aga9 notewor?y4 ,aft] tak+ ! poison 9 b$1 he rose1 walk$ r\nd ! foot ( a *e/ ( draw]s1 /&+ )9 a few y>ds ( ! b$side1 plac$ ! /opp] firmly 9 ! bottle1 & !n walk$ back to b$ ) ! int5tion ( gett+ into x2 b "h a gidd9ess seiz$ him1 & he sat d[n on ! edge1 & became ins5sible4 #bdf ,=5sic ,m$ic9e1 #d? ed41 p4 #fae4 ,a case relat$ by ,taylor is /ill /rong]4 ,a woman1 aft] swall[+ a fatal dose ( ess5ce ( almonds1 w5t to a well 9 ! y>d1 drew wat]1 & drank a consid]able quantity4 ,%e !n asc5d$ two flights ( /airs & call$ h] *ild1 aga9 desc5d$ a flight ( /airs1 fell on h] b$1 & di$ )9 half an h\r f ! tak+ ( ! poison4 ,nev]!less1 ^! cases & simil> ones are exceptional1 & only %[ :at is possible1 n :at is usual1 ! rule be+ t aft] fatal doses no volunt>y act ( significance--save1 x may be1 a cry = assi/ance--is p]=m$4#bdg #bdg ,dr4 ,j4 ,autal1 a ,hung>ian *emi/1 /ates t cobalt nitrate is an efficaci\s antidote to poison+ by ei!r ,,hcn or ,,kcn4 ,! brief int]val betwe5 ! tak+ ( a fatal dose & dea? c1 h[ev]1 be r>ely utilis$4--,lancet1 ,jan4 #af1 #ahid4 #bfc4 ,*ronic poison+ by hydric cyanide is said to occur among photograph]s1 gild]s1 & ^? :o are engag$ daily 9 ! prep>ation or h&l+ ( ei!r hydric or potassic cyanides4 ,! symptoms are ^? ( feeble poison+1 heada*e1 gidd9ess1 noises 9 ! e>s1 difficult respiration1 pa9 ov] ! he>t1 a feel+ ( con/riction 9 ! ?roat1 loss ( appetite1 nausea1 ob/9ate con/ipation1 full pulse1 ) pallor & (f5sive brea?4 ,korits*on]#bdh has made "s obs]vations on pati5ts :o 7 made to brea! at int]vals1 dur+ _m weeks1 prussic acid vap\r1 ) ! idea t su* a treatm5t w\ld de/roy ! tub]cle bacilli4 ,tw5ty-five p] c5t4 ( ^? treat$ 9 ?is way suff]$ f r$ness ( ! ph>ynx1 salivation1 heada*e1 nausea1 vomit+1 sl[ pulse1 & ev5 album9uria4 #bdh ,wi5] kl94 ,wo*41 #ahia4 #bfd4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4#bdi--;,if we = ! mom5t leave out ( consid]ation any *anges :i* may be se5 9 ! /oma* aft] doses ( potassic cyanide1 !n x may be affirm$ t ! pa?ological *anges produc$ by hydric & potassic cyanides ma9ly co9cide ) ^? produc$ by suffocation4 ,! mo/ /rik+ appe>ance is ! pres5ce ( bright r$ spots2 ^! bright r$ spots or pat*es are conf9$ to ! surface ( ! body1 ! blood 9 ! deep] p>ts be+ ( ! ord9>y v5\s hue1 unless1 inde$1 an enorm\s dose has be5 tak52 9 t case ! :ole mass ( blood may be bright r$2 ?is bright col\r is due1 accord+ to ,kob]t1 to ! =mation ( cyanme?moglob94 ,! lungs & "r he>t are full ( blood1 & !re is a backw>d engorgem5t produc$ by ! pulmonic block4 ,! ve9s ( ! neck & ! vessels ( ! head g5]ally are full ( blood1 &1 9 l mann]1 ! liv] & kidneys are conge/$4 ,9 ! muc\s membrane ( ! bron*ial tubes !re is a bloody foam1 ! lungs are gorg$1 & (t5 demat\s 9 portions2 ec*ymoses are se5 9 ! pleura & o!r s]\s membranes2 & ev]y:]e1 unless conceal$ by putrefaction1 or "s /rong-smell+ e!real oil1 !re is an od\r ( hydric cyanide4 #bdi ,hydric cyanide has1 accord+ to ,c4 ,brame1 a rem>kable antiseptic action1 & if adm9i/]$ 9 suffici5t quantity to animals1 pres]ves !m aft] dea? = a mon?4 ,he consid]s t !re is "s m or less def9ite comb9ation ) ! tissues4 ,casp] has rightly recomm5d$ ! head to be op5$ & exam9$ fir/1 s z to detect ! od\r1 if pres5t1 9 ! bra94 ,! abdom9al & *e/ cavities usually possess a putrefactive smell1 b ! bra9 is long] cons]v$1 s t1 if ?is c\rse be adopt$1 !re is a great] probability ( detect+ ! od\r4 ,! /oma* 9 poison+ by hydric cyanide is n inflam$1 b if alcohol has be5 tak5 at ! same "t1 or previ\sly1 !re may be m or less r$ness4 ,9 poison+ by potassic cyanide1 ! appe>ances are ma9ly ! same z ^? j detail$1 )1 x may be1 ! addition ( cau/ic local action4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 se51 9 ! case ( a g5tleman :o drank accid5tally a consid]able dose ( potassic cyanide j aft] a full meal1 n ! slighte/ trace ( any r$ness1 /ill less ( corrosion4 ,"h ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* protect$ ! muc\s membrane1 or possibly ! l>g] am\nt ( acid p\r$ out dur+ dige/ion suffici5tly neutralis$ ! alkali4 ,potassic cyanide1 9 v /rong solution1 may cause erosions ( ! lips1 & ! cau/ic effect may be trac$ 9 ! m\?1 ?roat1 gullet1 to ! /oma* & duod5um2 b ?is is unusual1 & ! local effects are1 z a rule1 conf9$ to ! /oma* & duod5um4 ,! muc\s membrane is col\r$ blood-r$1 reacts /rongly alkal9e1#bej is swoll51 & x may be ev5 ulc]at$4 ,! upp] lay]s ( ! epi!lium are also (t5 dy$ ) ! col\r+-matt] ( ! blood1 :i* has be5 dissolv$ out by ! cyanide4 ,?is la/ *ange is a po/-mortem effect1 & c be imitat$ by dige/+ ! muc\s membrane ( a heal?y /oma* 9 a solution ( cyanide4 ,! int5sity ( ^! *anges are1 ( c\rse1 entirely dep5d5t on ! dose & empt9ess ( ! /oma*4 ,if ! dose is s small z j to de/roy life1 !re may be b little r$ness or swell+ ( ! /oma*1 al?\gh empty at ! "t ( tak+ ! poison4 ,9 ^? cases 9 :i* !re has be5 vomit+1 & a "p ( ! vomit has be5 drawn into ! air-passages1 !re may be also inflammatory *anges 9 ! l>ynx4 ,if ess5ce ( almonds has be5 swall[$1 ! same slight inflammation may be se5 :i* has be5 obs]v$ ) o!r ess5tial oils1 b no erosion1 no /rong alkal9e reaction1 nor any?+ approa*+ ! effects ( ! cau/ic cyanide4 #bej ,! foll[+ case came "u my own obs]vation3--,a /\t woman1 #ce ye>s ( age1 ! wife ( a ,fr5* poli%]1 drank1 9 a fit ( rage1 a solution ( cyanide ( potassium4 ,x 0 e/imat$ t ab\t #ae gra9s ( ! solid sub/ance 7 swall[$4 ,%e di$ )9 an h\r4 ,! face 0 flu%$1 ! body n decompos$2 ! m\? smelt /rongly ( cyanide2 ! /oma* _h ab\t an ounce ( bloody fluid 9 x1 & 0 9 a mo/ int5se /ate ( conge/ion4 ,!re 0 comm5c+ fatty deg5]ation ( ! liv]1 ! kidneys 7 flabby1 & ! capsule adh]5t4 ,! cont5ts ( ! /oma* %[$ cyanide ( potassium1 & ! blood 0 v fluid4 ,! woman 0 kn[n to be ( intemp]ate habits4 ,9 poison+ by bitt] almonds no inflammatory *ange 9 ! muc\s membrane ( ! coats ( ! /oma* w\ld be anticipat$1 yet 9 "o record$ case !re seems to h be5 an erod$ & inflam$ pat*4 #bfe4 ,te/s = ,hydrocyanic ,acid & ,cyanide ( ,potassium4--7#a47 ,! addition ( silv] nitrate to a solution conta9+ prussic acid1 or a soluble cyanide1#bea produces a precipitate ( arg5tic cyanide4 #ajj p>ts ( arg5tic cyanide are compos$ ( #hjfj ,ag & #aid ,,cn1 equival5t to #bja ,,hcn4 ,x is a :ite anhydr\s precipitate1 soluble ei!r 9 ammonia or 9 a solution ( cyanide ( potassium4 ,x is soluble 9 hot dilute nitric acid1 b sep>ates on cool+4 ,a p>ticle ( silv] cyanide1 moi/5$ ) /rong ammonia1 develops ne$les2 silv] *loride treat$ simil>ly1 octah$ral cry/als4 ,x is insoluble 9 wat]4 ,^u ignition x is decompos$ into ,,cn & metallic silv]1 mix$ ) a little p>acyanide ( silv]4 #bea ,9 ! case ( te/+ 9 ?is way = ! alkal9e cyanides1 ! solution mu/ conta9 a little free nitric acid4 ,a v neat process = ! id5tification ( cyanide ( silv] is ! foll[+3--,place ! p]fectly dry cyanide 9 a clos$ or seal$ tube1 conta9+ a few cry/als ( iod9e4 ,on heat+ slightly1 iodide ( cyanog5 is sublim$ 9 beautiful ne$les4 ,^! cry/als aga9 may be dissolv$ 9 a dilute solution ( pota%1 a little f]r\s sulphate add$1 & hydro*loric acid1 & 9 ?is way ,prussian blue produc$4 ,if ! quantity to be te/$ is small1 ! vap\r ( ! acid may be evolv$ 9 a v %ort te/-tube1 ! m\? ( :i* is clos$ by ! ord9>y ?9 discs ( microscopic glass1 ! "u surface ( :i* is moi/5$ ) a solution ( nitrate ( silv]2 ! result+ cry/als ( silv] cyanide are v *>act]i/ic1 & readily id5tifi$ by ! microscope4 7#b47 ,if1 in/ead ( silv] nitrate1 ! disc be moi/5$ ) a solution ( sulphate ( iron 7to :i* has be5 add$ a little pota%71 & expos$ to ! vap\r a %ort "t1 & !n "s dilute hydro*loric acid add$1 ! moi/5$ surface fir/ becomes yell[1 !n gre51 la/ly1 & p]man5tly1 blue4 ,no o!r blue comp\nd ( iron 7) ! exception ( ,prussian blue7 is insoluble 9 dilute hydro*loric acid4 7#c47 ,a ?ird1 & p]haps ! mo/ delicate ( all1 is ! s-call$ sulphur te/4 ,a yell[ sulphide ( ammonium1 conta9+ free sulphur1 is prep>$ by saturat+ ammonia by ,,%1 fir/ susp5d+ 9 ! fluid a little f9ely-precipitat$ sulphur 7or an old1 ill-pres]v$ solution ( sulphide ( ammonium may be us$74 ,two wat*-glasses are n[ tak52 9 ! "o ! fluid conta9+ prussic acid is put1 & ! second 7previ\sly moi/5$ ) ! sulphide ( ammonium describ$7 is inv]t$ ov] x4 ,! glasses are conv5i5tly plac$ = a few m9utes 9 ! wat]-ov52 ! upp] "o is !n remov$1 ! moi/ surface evaporat$ to dryness 9 ! wat]-ba?1 a little wat] add$1 & !n a small drop ( solution ( *loride ( iron4 ,if hydrocyanic acid is pres5t1 ! sulphocyanide ( iron w be =m$ ( a /rik+ blood-r$ col\r4 7#d47 ,! reaction usually call$ ,s*nbe9's1 or ,pag5/e*] & ,s*nbe9's#beb 7b long kn[n1#bec & us$ be=e ! publication ( _! pap]71 consi/s ( guaiacum pap]1 moi/5$ ) a v dilute solution ( sulphate ( copp] 7#a 3 #bjjj74 ,?is becomes blue if expos$ to ! vap\r ( hydrocyanic acid4 ,un=tunately1 ! same reaction is produc$ by ammonia1 ozone1 nitric acid1 hypo*lor\s acid1 iod9e1 brom9e1 *romate ( pota%1 & o!r oxidis+ ag5ts1 s t its usefulness is greatly re/rict$4 #beb ,neues ,rep]t4 de ,ph>m41 #ah1 #cef4 #bec ,?is reaction 7) t9cture ( guaiacum & copp]7 has be5 long kn[n4 8,i rememb] a ph>maceuti/1 :o att5d$ my fa!r's laboratory1 %[+ me ?is te/ 9 #ahbh or #ahbi40--,mohr's ,toxicologie1 p4 #ib4 7#e47 ,a v delicate te/ = prussic acid is z foll[s3--,ab\t "o-half c5tigrm4 ( ammonia1 f]r\s sulphate 7or o!r pure f]r\s salt71 & ! same quantity ( uranic nitrate1 are dissolv$ 9 #ej c4c4 ( wat]1 & #a c4c4 ( ?is te/-liquid is plac$ 9 a porcela9 di%4 ,on n[ add+ a drop ( a liquid conta9+ ! smalle/ quantity ( prussic acid1 a grey-purple col\r1 or a di/9ct purple precipitate is produc$4#bed #bed ,m4 ,c>ey ,lea1 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,sci5ce #c1 ix4 pp4 #aba-abc2 ,j4 ,c4 ,society1 #ahgf1 vol4 i4 p4 #aab4 7#f47 ,a hot solution ( potassic cyanide1 mix$ ) picric acid1 assumes a blood-r$ col\r1 due to ! =mation ( picro-cyanic acid4 ,free ,,hcn does n give ?is reaction1 & !re=e mu/ fir/ be neutralis$ by an alkali4 7#g47 ,s*nbe9's ,te/4--,to a few drops ( defibr9at$ ox-blood are add$ a few drops ( ! c>efully-neutralis$ di/illate suppos$ to conta9 prussic acid1 & !n a little neutral p]oxide ( hydrog5 is add$4 ,if ! di/illate conta9s no prussic acid1 !n ! mixture becomes ( a bright pure r$ & fro?s /rongly2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 a trace ( prussic acid be pres5t1 ! liquid becomes br[n & does n fro?1 or only slightly does s4 7#h47 ,kob]t's ,te/4--,a #a-d p] c5t4 solution ( blood1 to :i* a trace ( f]ridcyanide ( potassium is add$1 is prep>$1 & ! neutralis$ di/illate add$ to ?is solution4 ,if hydric cyanide be pres5t1 !n ! liquid becomes ( a bright r$ col\r1 &1 exam9$ spectroscopically1 in/ead ( ! spectrum ( me?moglob91 w be se5 ! spectrum ( cyanme?moglob94 ,kob]t proposes to exam9e ! blood ( ! poison$1 = ! purpose ( diagnosis1 dur+ life4 ,a drop ( blood f a heal?y p]son1 & a drop ( blood f ! pati5t1 are exam9$ side by side1 accord+ to ! process j giv54 #bff4 ,sep>ation ( ,hydric ,cyanide or ,potassic ,cyanide f ,organic ,matt]s1 su* z ! ,cont5ts ( ! ,/oma*1 c4--,x is v necess>y1 be=e specially se>*+ = hydric cyanide 9 ! cont5ts ( ! /oma*1 to be able to say1 by c>eful & me?odical exam9ation1 :e!r !re are or are n any fragm5ts ( bitt] almonds1 ( apples1 pea*es1 or o!r sub/ance likely to produce hydric cyanide4 ,if potassic cyanide has be5 tak51 simple di/illation w always reveal its pres5ce1 because x is f\nd p>tly decompos$ into hydric cyanide by ! action ( ! ga/ric acids4 ,nev]!less1 an acid %\ld always be add$1 & if1 z 9 ! r\t9e process giv5 at p4 #dh1 !re is reasonable d\bt = suspect+ t !re w be no cyanide pres5t1 x w be be/ to add t>t>ic acid 7= ?is organic acid w 9 no way int]f]e ) subsequ5t op]ations71 & di/il1 z recomm5d$1 9 a vacuum4 ,if1 h[ev]1 f ! od\r & f ! hi/ory ( ! case1 x is pretty sure to be a case ( poison+ by hydric or potassic cyanide1 !n ! sub/ances1 if fluid1 are at once plac$ 9 a retort or flask1 & acidifi$ ) a suitable quantity ( sulphuric acid1 or if ! tissues or o!r solid matt]s are "u exam9ation1 !y are f9ely divid$1 or pulp$1 & di/ill$1 aft] acidify+ ) sulphuric acid z be=e4 ,x may be well "h1 z a caution1 to rem>k t ! analy/ mu/ n commit ! unp>donable error ( fir/ produc+ a cyanide by reag5ts act+ on animal matt]s1 & !n detect+ z a poison ! cyanide ?us manufactur$4 ,if1 = example1 a heal?y liv] is c>bonis$ by nitric acid1 saturat$ ) pota%1 & !n burnt up1 cyanide ( potassium is always "o ( ! products2 &1 inde$1 ! a%es ( a great v>iety ( nitrog5\s organic sub/ances may conta9 cyanides--cyanides n pre-exi/+1 b manufactur$ by comb9ation4 ,by ! action ( nitric acid ev5 on sug>1#bee hydric cyanide is produc$4 #bee ,*emical ,news1 #fh1 p4 #ge4 ,! old me?od ( di/illation 0 to di/il by ! g5tle heat ( a wat]-ba?1 receiv+ ! di/illate 9 a little weak pota% wat]1 & n prolong+ ! process beyond a few h\rs4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,sokol(f1 h[ev]1 ?r[ a grave d\bt on ! suitability ( ?is simple me?od = quantitative results4 ,n4 ,sokol(f#bef recomm5ds ! animal sub/ances to be treat$ by wat] /rongly acidifi$ ) hydric sulphate1 & !n to be di/ill$ 9 ! wat]-ba? = f two to ?ree days2 or to be di/ill$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 by ! aid ( an oil-ba?1 at a high temp]ature4 ,he gives ! foll[+ example ( quantitative analysis by ! old process ( m]ely di/ill+ = a few h\rs1 & by ! new3-- #bef ,b]4 d4 deuts*4 *em4 ,gesells*41 ,b]l91 ix4 p4 #ajbc4 ,old ,process4--7#a47 ,body ( a h\nd--age1 #b ye>s2 weight1 #eahj grms42 dose adm9i/]$1 #eg mgrms4 ,,hcn2 dea? 9 fifte5 m9utes4 ,aft] five days !re 0 f\nd 9 ! saliva #jf mgrm41 /oma* #cb mgrms41 9 ! re/ ( ! inte/9es #bf mgrms41 9 ! muscles #da--total1 #aje4 7#b47 ,weight ( body1 #djjj grms42 dose giv51 #ch mgrms42 dea? 9 elev5 m9utes4 ,aft] fifte5 days1 9 ! saliva #jh1 9 ! /oma* #gb1 9 ! re/ ( ! inte/9es #bb1 9 ! muscles #cb--total1 #acd4 ,new ,process4--,weight ( body1 #egjj grams2 dose1 #eg mgrms42 dea? 9 tw5ty-f\r m9utes4 ,aft] fifte5 days1 9 ! saliva #aa mgrm41 9 ! /oma* #bf1 9 ! re/ ( ! inte/9es #if1 9 ! muscles #cai1 & 9 ! :ole1 #deb mgrms4 ,duration ( process1 ?irte5 h\rs4 ,f a second h\nd1 weigh+ #fhjj grms42 dose1 #fg mgrms42 #bea mgrms4 7 sep>at$ ?ree days aft] dea?4 ,f a ?ird h\nd1 weigh+ #eibj grms42 dose1 #ih mgrms42 aft] =ty days1 by di/illation on a s&-ba?1 !re 7 sep>at$ #bh mgrms4 f ! saliva1 #dh f ! /oma*1 #afh f ! inte/9es1 #bcf f ! muscles--total1 #dh mgrms4 ,x w\ld also appe> t he has sep>at$ #eab mgrms4 ( anhydr\s acid f ! corpse ( a dog :i* _h be5 poison$ by #eg mgrms4 ( acid1 & buri$ sixty days4#beg #beg ,)\t wi%+ to discr$it ! /atem5ts ( ,m4 ,sokol(f1 we may po9t out t a loss ( half-a-doz5 mgrms4 only appe>s r extraord9>y4 ,f ano!r can9e corpse1 ?ree days laid 9 an ov51 & left = tw5ty-sev5 days at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 #ea mgrms4 7 recov]$ out ( a fatal dose ( #ch mgrms4 ,! e/imation 0 9 ea* case p]=m$ by titrat+ ! di/illate ) arg5tic nitrate1 ! sulphur comp\nds hav+ be5 previ\sly got rid ( by saturat+ ! di/illate ) ,,kho1 & precipitat+ by lead acetate4 ,v5turoli#beh has1 on ! contr>y1 got good quantitative results )\t di/illation at all4 ,a curr5t ( pure hydrog5 gas is pass$ ?r\gh ! liquid to be te/$ & ! gas f9ally made to bubble ?r\gh silv] nitrate4 ,he /ates t ! :ole ( ! hydric cyanide pres5t is c>ri$ ov] 9 an h\r4 ,metallic cyanides mu/ be decompos$ by sulphuric acid or t>t>ic acid4 ,m]cury cyanide mu/ be decompos$ ) ,,%1 ! solution acidifi$ ) t>t>ic acid1 neutralis$ ) fre%ly precipitat$ calcic c>bonate to fix any f]ro- or f]ri-cyanides pres5t1 & hydrog5 pass$ 9 & ! issu+ gases l$ fir/ ?r\gh a solution ( bismu? nitrate to remove ,,% & !n into ! silv] solution4 #beh ,l',orosi4 xv4 #he-hh4 #bfg4 ,h[ long aft] ,dea? c ,hydric or ,potassic ,cyanides be ,detect$8--,sokol(f appe>s to h sep>at$ prussic acid f ! body ( h\nds at v long p]iods aft] dea?--9 "o case sixty days4 ,drag5dorff recognis$ potassic cyanide 9 ! /oma* ( a h\nd aft] x _h be5 f\r weeks 9 8 laboratory1#bei & 9 man eight days aft] burial4 ,casp] also1 9 8 #baa? case1 /ates t m ?an #ah mgrms4 ( anhydr\s prussic acid 7 obta9$ f a corpse eight days aft] dea?4#bfj ,dr4 ,e4 ,tilln]#bfa has recognis$ potassic cyanide 9 a corpse f\r mon?s aft] dea?4 ,la/ly1 ,/ruve#bfb put #cjj grms4 ( fle%1 #djj ( common wat]1 & #bcgh ( ,k,cy 9 a flask1 & !n op5$ ! flask aft] #edg days4 ,! detection 0 easy1 & ! e/imation agre$ ) ! am\nt plac$ !re at fir/4 ,s t1 ev5 9 v advanc$ /ages ( putrefaction1 & at p]iods aft] dea? ext5d+ beyond _m mon?s1 ! detection ( prussic acid _c be pron\nc$ impossible4 #bei ,drag5dorff1 ,g41 ,beitr4 zur g]i*t4 ,*em41 p4 #ei4 #bfj ,casp]'s ,pract4 ,h&bu* d] g]i*tli*5 ,m$ic91 p4 #efa4 #bfa ,vi]teljahr4 f4 g]i*tl4 ,m$41 ,b]l91 #ahha1 p4 #aic4 #bfb ,zeits*rift f4 anal4 ,*emie1 von ,fres5ius1 #ahgc1 xii4 p4 #d4 #bfh4 ,e/imation ( ,hydrocyanic ,acid or ,potassic ,cyanide4--,9 all cases1 ! readie/ me?od ( e/imat+ prussic acid 7:e!r x be 9 ! di/illate f organic sub/ances or 9 aque\s solution7 is to saturate x ) soda or pota%1 & titrate ! alkal9e cyanide ?us =m$ ) nitrate ( silv]4 ,! process is bas$ on ! fact t !re is fir/ =m$ a soluble comp\nd 7,k,cy1 ,ag,cy71 :i* ! slighte/ excess ( silv] breaks up1 & ! insoluble cyanide is at once precipitat$4 ,if gra9s are us$1 #ag gra9s ( nitrate ( silv] are dissolv$ 9 wat]1 ! solution made up to exactly #ajjj gra9 measures1 ea* gra9 measure equall+ #jjed gra9 ( anhydr\s hydrocyanic acid4 ,if grammes are employ$1 ! /r5g? ( ! nitrate ( silv] solution %\ld be #ag grm4 to ! litre1 ea* c4c4 !n #jjed hydrocyanic acid1 or #jacjb grm4 ( potassic cyanide4 ,ess5tial oil ( bitt] almonds may also be titrat$ 9 ?is way1 provid$ x is dilut$ ) suffici5t _s to prev5t turbidity f sep>ation ( ! ess5tial oil4 ,if hydrocyanic acid is det]m9$ gravimetrically 7:i* is sometimes conv5i5t1 :5 only a s+le e/imation is to be made71 x is precipitat$ z cyanide ( silv]1 ! *>act]s ( :i* h be5 already describ$4 #bfi4 ,case ( ,poison+ by ,bitt] ,almonds4--,in/ances ( poison+ by bitt] almonds are v r>e4 ,! foll[+ int]e/+ case is record$ by ,mas*ka3-- ,a maid-s]vant1 #ca ye>s ( age1 aft] a qu>rel ) h] lov]1 ate a quantity ( bitt] almonds4 ,9 a few m9utes %e sigh$1 compla9$ ( be+ unwell & fa9t2 %e vomit$ twice1 &1 aft] ab\t t5 m9utes m _h elaps$1 fell s5seless & 0 convuls$4 ,an h\r aft]w>ds1 a physician f\nd h] ins5sible1 ! eyes roll$ upw>ds1 ! ?umb cl5*$ )9 ! %ut fi/s1 & ! brea?+ rattl+1 ! pulse v sl[4 ,%e di$ )9 an h\r-&-a-half f ! fir/ symptoms4 ,! autopsy %[$ ! organs g5]ally heal?y1 b all1 save ! liv]1 exhal+ a fa9t smell ( bitt] almonds4 ,! "r side ( ! he>t 0 full ( fluid d>k blood1 ! left 0 empty4 ,bo? lungs 7 ri* 9 blood1 :i* smelt ( prussic acid4 ,! /oma* 0 n inflam$--x held #bej grms4 ( a yell[ fluid1 conta9+ :ite flocks smell+ ( bitt] almond oil4 ,9 ! mo/ dep5d5t portion ( ! /oma* !re 0 a swoll5 pat* ( muc\s membrane1 p>tially d5ud$ ( epi!lium4 ,! muc\s membrane ( ! duod5um 0 also swoll5 & slightly r$4 ,! cont5ts ( ! /oma* 7 acid1 & yield$1 on di/illation1 hydride ( b5zole & hydric cyanide4 ,residues ( ! almonds !mselves 7 also f\nd1 & ! :ole quantity tak5 by ! woman f v>i\s data 0 calculat$ to be #abjj gra9s ( bitt] almonds1 equal to #dc gra9s ( amygdal91 or #be gra9s ( pure hydric cyanide4 ,poison\s ,cyanides o!r ?an ,hydric & ,potassic ,cyanides4 #bgj4 ,! action ( bo? sodic & ammonic cyanides is precisely simil> to t ( potassic cyanide4 ,) reg>d to ammonic cyanide1 !re are sev]al exp]im5ts by ,eul5b]g1#bfc %[+ t its vap\r is int5sely poison\s4 #bfc ,gew]be ,hygi5e1 p4 #che4 ,a weak /ream ( ammonic cyanide vap\r 0 pass$ into glass %ades1 "u :i* pigeons 7 conf9$4 ,aft] a m9ute1 symptoms ( di/ress comm5c$1 !n foll[$ convulsions & spe$y dea?4 ,! po/-mortem signs 7 simil> to ^? produc$ by prussic acid1 & ?is sub/ance 0 sep>at$ f ! liv] & lungs4 #bga4 ,) reg>d to ! d\ble cyanides1 all ^? are poison\s f :i* hydric cyanide c be sep>at$ ?r\gh dilute acids1 :ile ^? :i*1 l potassic f]ro-cyanide1 d n admit ( ?is decomposition1 may be (t5 tak5 ) impunity1 & are only poison\s "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,sonn5s*e9 records ! dea? ( a col\ri/1 aft] he _h tak5 a dose ( potassic f]ro-cyanide & !n "o ( t>t>ic acid2 & ,volz describes ! dea? ( a man1 :o took potassic f]ro-cyanide & aft]w>ds equal p>ts ( nitric & hydro*loric acids4 ,9 ?is latt] case1 dea? took place )9 ! h\r1 ) all ! symptoms ( poison+ by hydric cyanide2 s t x is n entirely true1 z mo/ text-books decl>e1 t f]ro-cyanide is 9 no degree poison\s4 ,c>bon dioxide w decompose potassic f]ro-cyanide at #gb-gd1 potass f]r\s cyanide be+ precipitat$--,k,fe7,,cn74 ,a simil> action takes place if f]ro-cyanide is mix$ ) a solution ( peptone & case91 & dige/$ at blood heat#bfd 7f #cg to #dj ,c471 s t x is believ$ t :5 f]ro-cyanide is swall[$ ,,hcn is lib]at$1 b ! quantity is usually s small at any giv5 mom5t t no injury is caus$3 b !re are conditions 9 :i* x may kill spe$ily4#bfe #bfd ,aut5rie?1 ,ar*4 ,ph>m41 #bca1 #ii-aji4 #bfe ,! pres5ce ( f]ro-cyanide is easily detect$4 ,! liquid is1 if necess>y1 filt]$ & !n acidifi$ ) hydro*loric acid & a few drops ( f]ric *loride add$2 if ! liquid conta9s f]ro-cyanide1 !re is imm$iate production ( ,prussian blue4 ,x may happ5 t potassic or sodic cyanide has be5 tak5 z well z f]ro-cyanide1 & x w be necess>y !n to devise a process by :i* only ! prussic acid f ! simple cyanide is di/ill$ ov]4 ,accord+ to ,aut5rie?1 if sodium hydroc>bonate is add$ to ! liquid 9 suffici5t quantity & ! liquid di/ill$1 ! hydric cyanide t comes ov] is d]iv$ :olly f ! sodium or potassium cyanide4 ,%\ld m]cury cyanide & f]ro-cyanide be tak5 toge!r1 !n ?is process requires modification2 bic>bonate ( soda is add$ z be=e1 & !n a few c4c4 ( wat] saturat$ ) hydric sulphide2 "u ^! circum/ances1 only ! hydric cyanide d]iv$ f ! m]cury cyanide di/ils ov]4 ,if ! bic>bonate ( soda is omitt$1 ! di/illate conta9s hydric cyanide d]iv$ f ! f]ro-cyanide4 ,m]curic cyanide1 x has be5 (t5 said1 acts precisely l m]curic *loride 7corrosive sublimate71 & a poison\s action is attribut$ to x n traceable to cyanog52 b ?is is errone\s tea*+4 ,b]n>d#bff decl>es t x is decompos$ by ! ga/ric juice1 & hydric cyanide set free2 :ile ,pelikan puts x 9 ! same s]ies z ammonic & potassic cyanides4 ,la/ly1 ,tolmats*eff1#bfg by direct exp]im5t1 has f\nd its action to resemble closely t ( hydric cyanide4#bfh #bff ,sub/ances ,toxiques1 pp4 #ff-ajc4 #bfg 8,e9ige ,bem]kung5 b] die ,wirkung von ,cyanquecksilb]10 9 ,hoppe-,seyl]'s ,m$4 ,*em4 ,unt]su*ung51 #b ,heft1 p4 #bgi4 #bfh ,m]cury cyanide may be detect$ 9 a liquid aft] acidify+ ) t>t>ic acid1 & add+ a few c4c4 ( ,,% wat] & !n di/ill+4 ,s4 ,lopes sugge/s ano!r process3 ! liquid is acidifi$ ) t>t>ic acid1 ammonium *loride add$ 9 excess1 & ! liquid is di/ill$4 ,a d\ble *loride ( ammonium & m]cury is =m$1 & ,,hcn di/ils ov] ) ! /eam4--,j4 ,ph>m41 xxvii4 #eej-eec4 ,silv] cyanide acts1 accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,nunneley1 also l hydric cyanide1 b v mu* weak]4 ,hydric sulphocyanide 9 v l>ge doses is poison\s4 ,potassic sulphocyanide1 accord+ to ,dubreuil & ,legros1#bfi if subcutane\sly inject$1 causes fir/ local p>alysis ( ! muscles1 & lat]1 convulsions4 #bfi ,compt4 r5d41 t4 #fd1 #ahfg1 p4 #efa4 ,cyanog5 *loride 7,c,n,cl7 & also ! comp\nd 7,c,n,cl7--! "o a liquid1 boil+ at #ae1 ! o!r a solid1 :i* may be obta9$ 9 cry/als--are bo? poison\s1 act+ l hydric cyanide4 ,me?yl cyanide is a liquid obta9$ by di/illation ( a mixture ( calcic me?yl sulphate & potassic cyanide4 ,x boils at #gg1 & is int5sely poison\s4 ,eul5b]g#bgj has made ) ?is sub/ance sev]al exp]im5ts on pigeons4 ,an example ( "o w suffice3--,a "y pigeon 0 plac$ "u a glass %ade1 into :i* me?yl cyanide vap\r1 develop$ f calcic me?yl sulphate & potassic cyanide1 0 admitt$4 ,! pigeon imm$iately became re/less1 & ! fces 7 expell$4 ,9 =ty seconds x 0 slightly convuls$1 & 0 remov$ aft] a few m9utes' exposure4 ,! pupils 7 !n obs]v$ n to be dilat$1 b ! respiration _h ceas$2 ! legs 7 feebly twit*+2 ! he>t /ill beat1 b irregul>ly2 a turbid :ite fluid dropp$ out ( ! beak1 & aft] six m9utes life 0 ext9ct4 #bgj ,gew]be ,hygi5e1 p4 #cib4 ,! pa?ological appe>ances 7 z foll[s3--,9 ! beak mu* wat]y fluid2 ! membranes cov]+ ! bra9 weakly inject$2 ! plexus v5osus sp9alis /rongly inject$2 9 ! region ( ! c]vical v]tebra a small extravasation betwe5 ! dura mat] & ! bone2 ! "r lung ( a cle> *]ry-r$ col\r1 & ! left lung p>tly ( ! same col\r1 ! p>5*yma pres5t$ ! same hue z ! surface2 on section ( ! lungs a :iti% fro? exud$ f ! cut surface4 ,9 ! cellul> tissue ( ! tra*ea1 !re 7 extravasations #e mm4 9 diamet]2 ! muc\s membrane ( ! air-passages 0 pale2 ! "r v5tricle & ! left auricle ( ! he>t 7 fill$ ) coagulat$ & fluid d>k r$ blood2 liv] & kidneys normal2 ! blood d>k r$ & v fluid1 becom+ bright *]ry-r$ on exposure to ! air2 blood corpuscles un*ang$4 ,cyanog5 0 sep>at$1 & id5tifi$ f ! lungs & ! liv]4 ,cyanuric acid 7,c,o,n,h71 "o ( ! decomposition products obta9$ f urea1 is poison\s1 ! symptoms & pa?ological effects closely resembl+ ^? due to hydric cyanide4 ,9 exp]im5ts on animals1 !re has be5 no difficulty 9 detect+ prussic acid 9 ! lungs & liv] aft] poison+ by cyanuric acid4 ,,xiii4--,phosphorus4 #bgb4 ,phosphorus4--,atomic weight #ca1 specific gravity #agg to #ahdj4 ,phosphorus melts at f #ddd to #dde to a pale yell[ oily fluid4 ,! boil+-po9t is ab\t #bij4 ,! phosphorus ( comm]ce is usually pres]v$ "u wat] 9 ! =m ( waxy1 semi-transp>5t /icks2 if expos$ to ! air :ite fumes are giv5 (f1 lum9\s 9 ! d>k1 ) a peculi> onion-l od\r4 ,on heat+ phosphorus x readily inflames1 burn+ ) a v :ite flame4 ,at #j phosphorus is brittle2 ! same quality may be imp>t$ to x by a m]e trace ( sulphur4 ,phosphorus may be obta9$ 9 dodecah$ral cry/als by sl[ly cool+ l>ge melt$ masses4 ,x may also be obta9$ cry/all9e by evaporat+ a solution 9 bisulphide ( c>bon or hot naph?a 9 a curr5t ( c>bon dioxide4 ,x is usually /at$ to be absolutely insoluble 9 wat]1 b ,julius ,h>tmann#bga conte/s ?is1 hav+ f\nd 9 "s exp]im5ts t #ajj grms4 ( wat] dige/$ ) phosphorus = sixty-f\r h\rs at #che dissolv$ #jjjabg grm4 ,he also inve/igat$ ! solv5t action ( bile1 & f\nd t #ajj grms4 ( bile "u ! same conditions1 dissolv$ #jbdbd grm41 & t ! solubility ( phosphorus rose bo? 9 wat] & bile :5 ! temp]ature 0 increas$4 ,phosphorus is some:at soluble 9 alcohol & e!r1 & also1 to "s ext5t1 9 fatty & e!real oils2 b ! be/ solv5t is c>bon disulphide4 #bga ,zur acut5 ,phosphor-,v]giftung1 ,dorpat1 #ahff4 ,! foll[+ is ! ord] ( solubility 9 c]ta9 m5/rua1 ! figures repres5t+ ! numb] ( p>ts by weight ( ! solv5t requir$ to dissolve #a "p ( phosphorus3-- ,c>bon ,disulphide1 #d ,almond ,oil1 #ajj ,conc5trat$ ,acetic ,acid1#bgb #ajj ,e!r1 #bej ,alcohol1 specific gravity #hbb1 #djj ,glyc]91 #ehh #bgb ,phosphorus is v little soluble 9 cold acetic acid1 & ! solubility giv5 is only correct :5 ! boil+ acid acts = "s "t on ! phosphorus4 ,phosphorus exi/s 91 or c be conv]t$ into1 sev]al allotropic modifications1 ( :i* ! r$ or amorph\s phosphorus is ! mo/ important4 ,?is is effect$ by heat+ x = "s "t1 9 ! abs5ce ( air1 f #bcj to #bce4 ,x is n poison\s4#bgc ,comm]cial r$ phosphorus does1 h[ev]1 conta9 v small quantities ( un*ang$ or ord9>y phosphorus--accord+ to ,fres5ius1 f #f p] c5t4 d[nw>ds2 x also conta9s phosphor\s acid1 & ab\t #df p] c5t4 ( o!r impurities1 among :i* is graphite4#bgd #bgc ,a h\nd took #bjj grms4 ( r$ phosphorus 9 twelve days1 & rema9$ heal?y4--,sonn5s*e94 #bgd ,s*rott]1 ,*em4 ,news1 vol4 xxxvi4 p4 #aih4 #bgc4 ,phosphurett$ ,hydrog54--,phosph9e 7,,ph71 mol4 weight #cd1 specific gravity #aagh1 p]c5tage composition1 phosphorus #iadc1 hydrog5 #heg by weight4 ,! absolutely pure gas is n spontane\sly inflammable1 b t made by ! ord9>y process is s4 ,x is a col\rless1 highly poison\s gas1 :i* does n support combu/ion1 b is itself combu/ible1 burn+ to phosphoric acid 7,,ph #b,o ,,po,h74 ,extremely dang]\s explosive mixtures may be made by comb9+ phosph9e & air or oxyg54 ,phosph9e1 :5 q dry1 burns ) a :ite flame1 b if mix$ ) aque\s vap\r1 x is gre52 h5ce a hydrog5 flame conta9+ a mixture ( ,,ph possesses a gre5 col\r4 ,if sulphur is heat$ 9 a /ream ( phosph9e1 hydric sulphide & sulphur phosphide are ! products4 ,oxides ( ! metals1 heat$ ) phosph9e1 yield phosphides ) =mation ( wat]4 ,iod9e1 w>m$ 9 phosph9e1 gives :ite cry/als ( iod9e phosphonium1 & b9iodide ( phosphorus1 #e;,i #d,,ph #c,,pih ,,pi4 ,*lor9e inflames ! gas1 ! f9al result be+ hydric *loride & *loride ( phosphorus1 ,,ph #h;,cl #c;,cl,h ,p,cl4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important decompositions = our purpose is ! action ( phosph9e on a solution ( nitrate ( silv]2 !re is a sep>ation ( metallic silv]1 & nitric & phosphoric acids are f\nd 9 solution1 ?us--#h;,ag,n,o ,,ph #d,,oh #h;,ag #h;,,hno ,,po,h4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 r ! end reaction2 =1 at fir/1 !re is a sep>ation ( a black precipitate compos$ ( phosphor-silv]4 ,! excess ( silv] c be sep>at$ by hydric *loride1 & ! phosphoric acid made evid5t by ! addition ( molybdic acid 9 excess4 #bgd4 ,! m$ic9al prep>ations ( phosphorus are n num]\s2 x is usually prescrib$ 9 ! =m ( pills1 made by manufactur]s ( coat$ pills on a l>ge scale4 ,! pills are compos$ ( phosphorus1 balsam ( ,tolu1 yell[ wax1 & curd soap1 & #c gra9s equal #a_/cj gra9 ( phosphorus4 ,!re is also a phosphorat$ oil1 conta9+ ab\t #a "p ( phosphorus 9 #ajj2 t ( ! ,fr5* ,ph>macopia is made ) #a "p ( dri$ phosphorus dissolv$ 9 #ej p>ts ( w>m almond oil2 t ( ! ,g]man has #a "p 9 #hj2 ! /r5g? ( ! =m] is !re=e #b p] c5t41 ( ! latt] #abe p] c5t4 ,! m$ic9al dose ( phosphorus is f #a_/ajj to #a_/cj gra94 #bge4 ,mat*es & ,v]m9 ,pa/es4--,an acqua9tance ) ! p]c5tage ( phosphorus 9 ! diff]5t pa/es & mat*es ( comm]ce w be f\nd useful4 ,mo/ ( ! v]m9-de/roy+ pa/es conta9 f #a to #b p] c5t4 ( phosphorus4 ,a phosphorus pa/e t 0 fatal to a *ild1#bge & gave rise to s]i\s symptoms 9 o!rs1 0 compos$ z foll[s3-- #bge ,casp]'s #bjd? case4 ,p] c5t4 ,phosphorus1 #ad ,fl[]s ( sulphur1 #dbb ,fl\r1 #dbb ,sug>1 #adb ------ #ajjjj ,?ree common receipts give ! foll[+ proportions3-- ,p] c5t4 ,phosphorus1 #ae ,l>d1 #ahd ,sug>1 #ahd ,fl\r1 #fag ------ #ajjjj ,p] c5t4 ,phosphorus1 #ab ,w>m wat]1 #bfg ,rye fl\r1 #bfg ,melt$ butt]1 #bfg ,sug>1 #ahg ------ #ajjjj ,p] c5t4 ,phosphorus1 #af ,nut oil1 #aeg ,w>m wat]1 #cae ,fl\r1 #cae ,sug>1 #aig ------ #ajjjj ,a v common phosphorus pa/e1 to be b\ght ev]y:]e 9 ,engl&1 is sold 9 little pots2 ! :ole am\nt ( phosphorus conta9$ 9 ^! v>ies f #cbd to #chh grm4 7#e to #f gra9s71 ! active con/itu5t be+ a little ov] #d p] c5t4 ,mat*es diff] mu* 9 composition4 ,six mat*heads1 :i* _h be5 plac$ 9 an apple = crim9al purposes1 & 7 submitt$ to ,t>dieu1 7 f\nd to conta9 #bj mgrms4 ( phosphorus--i4e41 #cc grm4 9 #ajj4 ,mayet f\nd 9 #ajj mat*es #ee mgrms4 ( phosphorus4 ,gonn+#bgf analys$ t5 diff]5t k9ds ( phosphorus mat*es ) ! foll[+ result3--,?ree ,engli% samples conta9$ 9 #ajj mat*es #cd1 #cc1 & #cb mgrms4 ( phosphorus3 a ,belgian sample1 #ch mgrms42 & #e o!rs ( unkn[n orig91 #ab1 #ag1 #bh1 #cb1 & #da mgrms4 respectively4 ,"s ( ! publi%$ =mul>ies are z foll[s3-- #bgf ,n$]l&s* ,tijds*r4 voor ,g5eesk41 ,afl4 i41 #ahff4 7#a47 ,glue1 #f p>ts4 ,phosphorus1 #d or #add p] c5t4 ,nitre1 #aj ,r$ o*re1 #e ,blue smalts1 #b 7#b47 ,phosphorus1 #i p>ts1 or #afc p] c5t4 ,gum1 #af ,nitre1 #ad ,smalts1 #af 7#c47 ,phosphorus1 #d p>ts1 or #add p] c5t4 ,glue1 #f ,nitre1 #aj ,r$ lead1 #e ,smalts1 #b 7#d47 ,phosphorus1 #ag p>ts1 or #ag p] c5t4 ,glue1 #ba ,nitre1 #ch ,r$ lead1 #bd ,phosphorus poison+ by mat*es w1 h[ev]1 %ortly become v r>e1 = ^? conta9+ ! ord9>y v>iety ( phosphorus are gradually be+ sup]s$$ by mat*es ( excell5t quality1 :i* conta9 no phosphorus :atev]4 #bgf4 ,/ati/ics4--,! foll[+ table gives ! dea?s = t5 ye>s f phosphorus poison+ 9 ,engl& & ,wales3-- ,,dea?s ,,f ,,phosphorus ,,9 ,,engl& ,,& ,,wales ,,dur+ ,,! ,,t5 ,,ye>s ,,end+ #ahib4 ,,accid5t ,,or ,,neglig5ce4 ,ages1 #a-e #e-ae #ae-be #be-fe #fe & ,total above ,males1 #aa #a #b #h 444 #bb ,females1 #ae #b #aa #e 444 #cc ---------------------------------------- --- ,totals1 #bf #c #ac #ac 444 #ee ---------------------------------------- --- ,,suicide4 ,ages1 #e-ae #ae-be #be-fe #fe & ,total above ,males1 #a #f #bj #a #bh ,females1 #f #cc #bd #a #fd ------------------------------------- ,totals1 #g #ci #dd #b #ib ------------------------------------- ,phosphorus z a cause ( dea? ?r\gh accid5t or neglig5ce occupies ! eigh? place among poisons1 & z a cause ( suicide ! n9?4 ,a f> great] numb] ( cases ( poison+ by phosphorus occur ye>ly 9 ,france & ,g]many ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,phosphorus may be consid]$ z ! fav\rite poison :i* ! common p on ! ,cont95t employ = ! purpose ( self-de/ruction4 ,x is an ag5t )9 ! rea* ( anyone :o has #b s\s 9 8 pocket1 :]e) to buy a box ( mat*es1 b to ! educat$ & ^? :o "k ! horrible & prolong$ torture ensu+ f a toxic dose ( phosphorus1 su* a means ( exit f life w nev] be fav\r$4 ,otto ,s*raube#bgg has collect$ #ib cases f ,meis*n]'s "w1#bgh & add$ #af :i* _h come "u 8 own obs]vation1 giv+ 9 all #ajh cases4 ,sev5ty-"o 7or #fe p] c5t47 ( ^! 7 suicidal--( ! suicides #bd 7 males1 #dg females 7#ab ( ! latt] be+ pro/itutes72 #ba ( ! cases 7 ^? ( murd]1 #aa 7 accid5tal1 & 9 #c ! cause 0 n asc]ta9$4 ,! numb] ( cases 9 successive ye>s1 & ! k9d ( poison us$1 is giv5 z foll[s3-- #bgg ,s*midt's ,jahrbu* d] g]4 ,m$41 #ahfg1 ,bd4 #ahf1 ,s4 #bji-bdh4 #bgh ,die acute ,phosphorose und e9ige ,reflexion5 b] die acute gelbe ,leb]atrophie1 c41 ,inaug4 ,diss41 ,leipzig1 #ahfd4 ,phosphorus 9 ,phosphorus ,numb] ( ,cases4 ,9 ! ,ye>s ,sub/ance1 ,mat*es4 or z ,pa/e4 #ae #agih-ahej #ac #b #cf #ahej-ahfj #ae #ba #da #ahfj-ahfd #f #ce #af #ahfd-ahfg #e #aa ,( ! #ajh cases1 #ah p]sons recov]$ & #ij 7or #hcc p] c5t47 di$4 ,falck also has collect$ #gf cases ( poison+ f v>i\s s\rces dur+ elev5 ye>s2 #ee 7 suicidal1 #e homicidal#bgi 7murd]s71 & ! re/ accid5tal4 ,( ! latt]1 #b 7 caus$ by ! use ( phosphorus z a m$ic9e1 #ac by accid5ts due to phosphorus be+ 9 ! h\se2 9 #a case phosphorus 0 tak5 int5tionally to try ! effects ( an antidote4#bhj ,) reg>d to ! =m 9 :i* ! poison 0 tak51 #b ( ! #gf1 z already m5tion$1 took x z prescrib$ by physicians1 ! rema9+ #gd 7 divid$ betwe5 poison+s by phosphorus pa/e 7#bb7 & mat*es 7#eb7 #gj p] c5t4 ,( ! #gf cases1 #f 7 *ildr51 #dc adult males1 #ac adult females1 & #ad adults1 sex n giv54 ,( ! #gf cases1 #db1 or #eec p] c5t41 di$--a mu* small] rate ( mortality ?an t %[n by ,s*raube's collection4 #bgi ,dr4 ,dann5b]g has %[n by direct exp]im5t t a poison\s dose ( phosphorus may be introduc$ into spirits or c(fee1 & ! mixture h b little od\r or ta/e ( phosphorus4--,s*u*>dt 9 ,mas*ka's ,h&bu*4 #bhj ,gry1 8,ueb] ,t]p5t9ess5z als ,geg5mittel geg5 ,phosphor10 9 ,gaz4 ,hebd4 de ,md41 #b sr41 x4 #b1 #ahgc4 #bgg4 ,fatal ,dose4--,! smalle/ dose on record is t m5tion$ by ,lob5/e9 ,lobel1 ( ,j5a1 :]e a lunatic di$ f tak+ #ge mgrms4 7#aaf gra974 ,!re are o!r cases cle>ly indicat+ t ?is small quantity may produce dang]\s symptoms 9 a heal?y adult4 #bgh4 ,effects ( ,phosphorus4--,phosphorus is excessively poison\s1 & w de/roy life1 provid$ only t x ent]s ! body 9 a f9e /ate ( division1 b if tak5 9 co>se pieces no symptoms may foll[1 = x has be5 prov$ t s+le lumps ( phosphorus w g ! :ole l5g? ( a dog's inte/9al canal )\t caus+ appreciable loss ( weight1 & )\t de/roy+ life4#bha ,mag5die inject$ oleum phosphoratum into ! ve9s1 & al?\gh ! animals exp]im5t$ on exhal$ :ite fumes1 & n a few di$ asphyxiat$1 yet no symptoms ( phosphorus poison+ result$--an obs]vation confirm$ by o!rs--! reason be+ t ! phosphorus p>ticles 9 a comp>atively co>se /ate ( division 7 arre/$ 9 ! capill>ies ( ! lung1 & may be said to h be51 z x 71 outside ! body4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,a4 ,brunn]1#bhb work+ 9 ,l4 ,h]mann's laboratory1 hav+ inject$ into ! ve9s phosphorus 9 su* a f9e emulsion t ! phosphorus c\ld pass ! lung capill>ies1 f\nd t !re 7 no exhalations ( :ite fumes1 b t ! ord9>y symptoms ( phosphorus poison+ soon manife/$ !mselves4 ,phosphorus pa/e1 by ! me?od ( manufacture1 is 9 a /ate ( extreme sub-division1 & h5ce all ! phosphorus pa/es are extremely poison\s4 #bha ,reveil1 ,ann4 d',hygine ,publ4 7#c71 xii4 p4 #cgj4 #bhb ,ar*4 f4 d4 ,ges4 ,physiologie1 iii4 p4 #a4 #bgi4 ,9 a few poisons !re is a diff]5ce1 m or less m>k$1 betwe5 ! g5]al symptoms produc$ on man1 & ^? noticeable 9 ! diff]5t classes ( animals2 b ) phosphorus1 ! effects on animals appe> to agree fairly ) ^? witness$ mo/ frequ5tly 9 man4 ,t>dieu 7:o has writt5 p]haps ! be/ & mo/ complete cl9ical record ( phosphorus poison+ extant7 divides ! cases "u ?ree classes1 & to use 8 own words3--8,i ?9k x useful to e/abli% t poison+ by phosphorus 9 its c\rse1 sometimes rapid1 sometimes sl[1 exhibits 9 its symptoms ?ree di/9ct =ms--a common =m1 a n]v\s =m1 & a hmorrhagic =m4 ,i recognise t1 9 c]ta9 cases1 ^! ?ree =ms may succe$ ea* o!r1 & may only con/itute p]iods ( poison+2 b x is inconte/able t ea* ( !m may %[ itself alone1 & occupy ! :ole c\rse ( ! illness produc$ by ! poison40#bhc ,premis+ t ! common =m is a bl5d+ ( irritant1 n]v\s1 & hmorrhagic symptoms1 ,i adopt "h 9 "p ,t>dieu's division4 ,! "n ( 8hmorrhagic =m0 may be giv5 to t 9 :i* hmorrhage is ! pr$om9ant feature1 & ! 8n]v\s0 to t 9 :i* ! bra9 & sp9al cord are f ! fir/ affect$4 ,!re yet rema91 h[ev]1 a few cases :i* h an entirely anomal\s c\rse1 & d n fall "u any ( ! ?ree classes4 #bhc tude ,mdico-,lgale et ,cl9ique sur l',empoisonnem5t1 ,p>is1 #ahge1 p4 #dhc4 ,f a /udy ( #aba record$ cases ( phosphorus poison+1 ,i believe ! relative frequ5cy ( ! diff]5t =ms to be z foll[s3--,! common =m #hc p] c5t41 hmorrhagic #aj p] c5t41 n]v\s #f p] c5t41 anomal\s #a p] c5t4 ,! 8anomal\s0 are probably ov]-e/imat$1 = ! reason t cases pres5t+ ord9>y features are n necess>ily publi%$1 b o!rs are ne>ly always *ronicl$ 9 detail4 #bhj4 ,common ,=m4--,at ! mom5t ( swall[+1 a disagreeable ta/e & smell are g5]ally exp]i5c$1 & !re may be imm$iate & int5se pa9 9 ! ?roat1 gullet1 & /oma*1 & almo/ imm$iate ret*+ & vomit+4 ,! ?roat & tongue also may become swoll5 & pa9ful2 b 9 a consid]able numb] ( cases ! symptoms are n at once app>5t1 b are delay$ f "o to six h\rs--r>ely long]4 ,! p]son's brea? may be phosphoresc5t be=e he feels 9 any way affect$1 & he may g ab\t 8 bus9ess & p]=m a numb] ( acts requir+ bo? "t & m5tal integrity4 ,pa9 9 ! /oma* 7:i*1 9 "s ( ! cases1 takes ! =m ( viol5t cramp & vomit+7 succe$s2 ! matt]s vomit$ may %9e 9 ! d>k1 & are (t5 t+$ ) blood4 ,di>rha is sometimes pres5t1 sometimes abs5t2 sleeplessness = ! fir/ night or two is v common4 ,! pulse is v>iable1 sometimes frequ5t1 sometimes sl[2 ! temp]ature 9 ! morn+ is usually f #cfj to #cfe1 9 ! ev5+ #cg to #ch4 ,! next symptom is jaundice4 ,i h notes ( ! exact occurr5ce ( jaundice 9 #bc cases1 z foll[s3--,9 #a )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 9 #c )9 ?irty-six h\rs1 9 #c )9 two days1 9 #aa )9 ?ree days1 9 #a )9 f\r days1 9 #a )9 five days1 9 #a )9 n9e days1 9 #a )9 eighte5 days1 & 9 #a )9 tw5ty-sev5 days2 s t 9 ab\t #gh p] c5t4 jaundice occurr$ be=e ! end ( ! ?ird day4 ,out ( #bf cases1 9 :i* ! pati5ts liv$ long en\gh = ! occurr5ce ( jaundice1 9 #c 7or #aa p] c5t47 x 0 entirely abs5t4 ,9 #acb cases record$ by ,lew91 ,meis*n]1 & ,heisl]1 jaundice occurr$ 9 #fe1 or ab\t #di p] c5t41 b x mu/ be rememb]$1 t 9 _m ( ^! cases ! individual di$ be=e x _h "t to develop4 ,! jaundice hav+ ?or\ghly pron\nc$ itself1 ! sy/em may be consid]$ z n only "u ! influ5ce ( ! toxic action ( phosphorus1 b z suff]+ 9 addition f all ! accid5ts incid5tal to ! ret5tion ( ! bili>y secretion 9 ! blood2 nor is !re f ?is po9t any special diff]5ce betwe5 phosphorus poison+ & c]ta9 affections ( ! liv]--su*1 = example1 z acute yell[ atrophy4 ,!re is ret5tion ( ur9e1 sleeplessness1 heada*e1 frequ5t vomit+1 pa9ful & (t5 involunt>y evacuations f ! b[els1 & occasionally sk9 affections1 su* z urtic>ia or ery!ma4 ,! case t]m9ates ei!r by acute delirium ) fev]1 foll[$ by fatal coma1 or1 9 a few in/ances1 coma comes on1 & ! pati5t passes to dea? 9 sleep )\t delirium4 ,9 ?is common =m !re is 9 a few cases1 at ! end ( f tw5ty-f\r to ?irty h\rs1 a remission ( ! symptoms1 & a non-m$ical obs]v] might imag9e t ! pati5t 0 ab\t to recov] )\t fur!r discom=t2 b !n jaundice sup]v5es1 & ! c\rse is z describ$4 ,infants (t5 d n live long en\gh = ! jaundic$ /age to develop1 b die )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! *ief symptoms be+ vomit+ & convulsions4 #bha4 ,hmorrhagic ,=m4--,! symptoms set 9 z j detail$1 & jaundice appe>s1 b accompani$ by a new & t]rible tra9 ( ev5ts--viz41 great effusion ( blood4 ,9 "s cases ! blood has be5 p\r$ out simultane\sly f ! nose1 m\?1 bladd]1 kidneys1 & b[els4 ,among wom5 !re is excessive hmorrhagia4 ,! liv] is f\nd to be swoll5 & pa9ful2 ! bodily weakness is great4 ,su* cases are usually ( long duration1 & a p]son may die mon?s aft] tak+ ! poison f weakness1 anmia1 & g5]al ca*exia4 ,9 _m ( its phases ! hmorrhagic =m resembles scurvy1 &1 z 9 scurvy1 !re are spots ( purpura all ov] ! body4 #bhb4 ,! n]v\s =m is less common ?an ! two =ms j describ$4 ,f ! beg9n+1 !re are /range creep+ s5sations ab\t ! limbs1 foll[$ by pa9ful cramps1 repeat$ fa9t+s1 & great somnol5ce4 ,jaundice1 z usual1 sets 91 ery!mat\s spots appe> on ! sk91 &1 ab\t ! fif? day1 delirium ( an acute "* breaks out1 & lock-jaw & convulsions close ! sc5e4 ,! foll[+ are "o or two brief ab/racts ( anomal\s cases 9 :i* symptoms are ei!r want+1 or run a c\rse entirely diff]5t f any ( ! ?ree =ms describ$3-- ,a woman1 ag$ #bj1 took ab\t #c gra9s ( phosphorus 9 ! =m ( rat-pa/e4 ,%e took ! poison at six 9 ! ev5+1 behav$ accord+ to h] wont1 & sat d[n & wrote a lett] to ! k+4 ,dur+ ! night %e vomit$ once1 & di$ ! next morn+ at six o'clock1 exactly twelve h\rs aft] tak+ ! poison4 ,!re appe> to h be5 no symptoms :atev]1 save ! s+le vomit+1 to :i* may be add$ t 9 ! c\rse ( ! ev5+ h] brea? _h a phosphorus od\r & 0 lum9\s4#bhd #bhd ,casp]'s #bje? case4 ,a girl swall[$ a quantity ( phosphorus pa/e1 b !re 7 no m>k$ symptoms until ! fif? day1 on :i* !re 0 sickness & purg+4 ,%e di$ on ! sev5? day4 ,a rem>kable blu5ess ( ! f+] nails 0 obs]v$ a little be=e dea?1 & 0 noticeable aft]w>ds4#bhe #bhe ,taylor on ,poisons1 p4 #bgg4 #bhc4 ,sequel4--,9 sev]al cases 9 :i* ! pati5ts h recov]$ f phosphorus poison+1 !re h be5 obs]v$ p>alytic affections4#bhf ,o4 ,boll+] has record$ a case 9 :i* p>alysis ( ! foot foll[$2#bhg 9 ano!r1 publi%$ by ,bettelheim1#bhh !re 7 peculi> c]ebral & sp9al symptoms4 ,mo/ ( ^! cases are to be expla9$ z di/urbance or loss ( function f small hmorrhages 9 ! n]v\s sub/ance4 #bhf ,see ,gallav>d91 ,les ,p>alyses ,phosphoriques1 ,p>is1 #ahfe4 #bhg ,deuts*es ,ar*iv f4 kl94 ,m$41 ,bd4 #f1 ,hft4 #a1 ,s4 #id1 #ahfi4 #bhh ,wi5] ,m$4 ,presse1 #ahfh1 ,no4 #da4 #bhd4 ,p]iod at :i* ! fir/ ,symptoms comm5ce4--,! "t :5 ! symptoms comm5ce is occasionally ( importance f a =5sic po9t ( view4 ,i f9d t out ( #bh cases 9 :i* ! comm5cem5t ( evid5t symptoms--i4e41 pa91 or vomit+1 or illness--is precisely record$1 9 #h ! symptoms 7 describ$ z ei!r imm$iate or )9 a few m9utes aft] swall[+ ! poison2 9 #f ! symptoms comm5c$ )9 ! h\r2 9 #c )9 two h\rs2 9 o!r #c )9 f\r h\rs2 & 9 #a )9 six h\rs4 ,"o 0 delay$ until ! lapse ( twelve h\rs1 #a f sixte5 to eighte5 h\rs1 #a two1 & ano!r five days4 ,we may1 !re=e1 expect t 9 half ! cases :i* may occur1 ! symptoms w comm5ce )9 ! h\r1 & m ?an #hj p] c5t4 )9 six h\rs4 #bhe4 ,p]iod ( ,dea?4--,9 #abi cases dea? took place z foll[s3--,9 #ag )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 9 #cj )9 two days1 9 #ajc )9 sev5 days4 ,?ree pati5ts liv$ eight days1 #f n9e days1 #ac t5 days1 #a elev5 days1 #a sixte5 days1 #a sev5te5 days1 & #a surviv$ eight mon?s4 ,x h5ce foll[s t #gih p] c5t4 ( ! fatal cases die )9 ! week4 #bhf4 ,phosphorus ,vap\r4--,!re are "o or two cases on record ( acute poison+ by phosphorus 9 ! =m ( vap\r4 ,! symptoms are some:at diff]5t f ! effects produc$ by ! f9ely-divid$ solid1 & 9 g5]al t]ms x may be said t phosphorus vap\r is m apt to produce ! r>] 8n]v\s0 =m ( poison+ ?an ! solid phosphorus4 ,b\*>dat#bhi m5tions ! case ( a druggi/ :o1 :ile prep>+ a l>ge quantity ( rat-poison 9 a close room1 inhal$ phosphorus vap\r4 ,he fa9t$ repeat$ly1 fell into a complete /ate ( pro/ration1 & di$ )9 a week4 #bhi ,annuaire de ,?rap41 #ahgd1 p4 #aji2 ,s*u*>dt 9 ,mas*ka's ,h&bu*2 also ,s*midt's ,jahrbu*1 #ahdf1 ,bd4 #ea1 ,s4 #aja4 ,! foll[+ int]e/+ case came "u ! obs]vation ( ,pr(essor ,magnus ,huss3--,a man1 ?irty-n9e ye>s old1 m>ri$1 0 admitt$ into ! ,s]aph9-,laz>e?1 ,/ockholm1 on ! #bnd ( ,febru>y #ahdb4 ,he _h be5 occupi$ ?ree ye>s 9 ! manufacture ( phosphorus mat*es1 & inhabit$ ! room 9 :i* ! mat]ials 7 pres]v$4 ,he _h always be5 well-conduct$ 9 e way1 & 9 good heal?1 until a ye> previ\sly1 :5 a l>ge quantity ( ! mat]ial = ! manufacture ( ! mat*es accid5tally caught fire & explod$4 ,9 8 endeav\rs to ext+ui% ! flames1 he brea!d a l>ge quantity ( ! vap\r1 & he fell = a "t unconsci\s4 ,! sp9e aft]w>ds became s weak t he c\ld n hold himself up1 & he lo/1 9 a great measure1 p[] ov] 8 legs & arms4 ,on admission1 8 condition 0 z foll[s3--,he c\ld make a few unc]ta9 & /agg]+ /eps1 8 knees trembl$1 8 arms %ook1 & if he attempt$ to grasp any?+ :5 he lay 9 b$1 !re 7 involunt>y twit*+s ( gr\ps ( muscles4 ,!re 0 no pa92 ! s5sibility ( ! sk9 0 un*ang$2 he _h =mication 9 ! left arm2 ! sp9e 0 nei!r s5sitive to pressure1 nor unusually s5sitive to heat 7z1 e4g41 to ! application ( a hot sponge72 ! organs ( special s5se 7 n affect$1 b 8 spee* 0 some:at ?ick4 ,he liv$ to #ahde 9 ! same condition1 b ! p>alysis became worse4 ,!re does n seem to h be5 any autopsy4 ,! effects ( phosphorus vap\r may be /ill fur!r elucidat$ by "o ( ,eul5b]g's#bij exp]im5ts on a rabbit4 ,! vap\r ( burn+ phosphorus1 mix$ ) mu* air1 0 admitt$ into a wood5 hut* 9 :i* a /rong rabbit sat4 ,aft] #e mgrms4 ( phosphorus _h be5 9 ?is mann] consum$1 ! only symptoms 9 half an h\r 7 salivation1 & quick5$ & some:at lab\r$ respiration4 ,aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs _h elaps$ !re 0 sudd5 indisposition1 ! animal fell z if lifeless1 ) ! h9d extremities /ret*$ out1 & inte/9al movem5ts 7 visible2 !re 0 also expulsion ( ! ur9e4 ,^! epilepti=m seizures seem to h cont9u$ m or less = twelve days1 & !n ceas$4 ,aft] f\rte5 days ! exp]im5t 0 repeat$ on ! same rabbit4 ,! animal rema9$ expos$ to ! vap\r = ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r1 :5 ! epilepsy %[$ itself z be=e1 &1 inde$1 almo/ regul>ly aft] fe$+4 ,betwe5 ! attacks ! respiration 0 sl[$4 ,eight weeks aft]w>ds !re 0 an int5se ict]us1 :i* disappe>$ at ! end ( t5 weeks4 #bij ,gew]be ,hygi5e1 p4 #bee4 #bhg4 ,*ronic phosphorus poison+ has frequ5tly be5 notic$ 9 p]sons engag$ ei!r 9 ! manufacture ( phosphorus or 9 its te*nical application4 ,"s h held t ! symptoms are due to an oxidation product ( phosphorus r ?an to phosphorus itself2 b 9 "o ( ,eul5b]g's exp]im5ts1 9 :i* a dove 0 kill$ by brea?+ phosphorus fumes evolv$ by phosphorus oil1 phosphorus 0 *emically recognis$ 9 ! free /ate 9 ! lungs4 ,! mo/ con/ant & peculi> effect ( brea?+ small quantities ( phosphorus vap\r is a necrosis ( ! l[] jaw4 ,!re is fir/ inflammation ( ! p]io/eum ( ! jaw1 :i* proce$s to suppuration & necrosis ( a great] or small] portion4 ,! effects may develop ) great sudd5ness1 & end fatally4 ,?us ,f\rni] & ,olliv]#bia relate ! case ( a girl1 f\rte5 ye>s old1 :o1 aft] work+ f\r ye>s 9 a phosphorus manufactory1 0 sudd5ly affect$ ) p]io/itis ( ! upp] jaw1 & ) int5se anmia4 ,an eruption ( purpuric spots ensu$1 & %e di$ comatose4 ,!re is n[ little d\bt1 t m9ute doses ( phosphorus h a specific action on ! bones g5]ally1 & m especially on ! bones ( ! jaw4 ,wegn]#bib adm9i/]$ small daily doses to "y animals1 bo? 9 ! /ate ( vap\r1 & z a f9ely-divid$ solid4 ,! condition ( ! bones 0 f\nd to be m compact ?an normal1 ! m$ull>y canals be+ small] ?an 9 heal?y bone1 ! ossification 0 quick5$4 ,! =mation ( callus 9 fractur$ limbs 0 also increas$4 #bia ,gaz4 hebd4 de ,md41 #bi1 p4 #dfa1 #ahfh4 #bib ,vir*['s ,ar*4 f4 pa?4 ,anat41 lv4 #aa4 #bhh4 ,*anges 9 ! ,ur9>y ,secretion4--,x has be5 be=e /at$ t1 at a c]ta9 p]iod ( ! illness1 ! r5al secretion is scanti] ?an 9 heal?1 ! ur9e dim9i%+1 accord+ to ,leb]t & ,wyss's#bic rese>*es1 to "o-half on ! ?ird1 f\r?1 or fif? day4 ,x frequ5tly conta9s album51 blood1 & ca/s4 ,:5 jaundice is pres5t1 ! ur9e has !n all ! *>act]s notic$ 9 ict]us2 leuc9 & tyros91 always pres5t 9 acute yell[ atrophy ( ! liv]1 h be5 f\nd 9 small quantity 9 jaundice ?r\gh phosphorus2 lactic acid is also pres5t4 ,! urea is mu* dim9i%$1 &1 accord+ to ,s*ultz5 & ,riess1#bid may be t[>ds dea? entirely abs5t4 ,la/ly1 x is said t !re is an exhalation ( ei!r phosphorus vap\r or phosph9e f su* ur9e4 ,9 "s cases ! ur9e is normal1 e4g41 9 a case record$ by ,e4 ,h4 ,/>l+1 ,m4,d41 & ,f4 ,g4 ,hopk9s1 ,b4,sc4 7,guy's ,hospital ,report1 #ahij71 9 :i* a girl1 ag$ #ah1 di$ on ! fif? day aft] tak+ phosphorus pa/e1 ! liv] 0 fatty1 & !re 0 jaundice2 b ! ur9e conta9$ nei!r leuc9 nor tyros91 & 0 /at$ to be g5]ally normal4 #bic ,ar*iv ,gnrale de ,md41 #f ,sr41 ,tom4 #ab1 #ahfh1 p4 #gji4 #bid ,annal5 d] ,*>it1 ,b]l94 #bhi4 ,*anges 9 ! blood dur+ life h be5 sev]al times obs]v$4 ,9 a case att5d$ by ,m4 ,romellre ( ,brussels1#bie 9 :i* a man took ! pa/e f #cjj mat*es1 & "u treatm5t by turp5t9e recov]$1 ! blood 0 frequ5tly exam9$1 & ! leucocytes f\nd mu* increas$ 9 numb]4 ,!re is a curi\s conflict ( evid5ce z to :e!r phosphorus prev5ts coagulation ( ! blood or n4 ,nasse ass]t$ t phosphorat$ oil giv5 to a dog fully prev5t$ coagulation2 ,p4 ,i4 ,liebreck#bif also1 9 a s]ies ( rese>*es1 f\nd ! blood d>k1 fluid1 & 9 p]fect solution4 ,^! obs]vations 7 also support$ by ,v4 ,bibra & ,s*u*>dt4#big ,nev]!less1 ,leb]t & ,wyss f\nd ! blood1 :e!r 9 ! ve9s or 9 extravasations1 9 a normal condition4 ,phosphorus increases ! fatty cont5ts ( ! blood4 ,ritt] f\nd t phosphorus mix$ ) />*1 & giv5 to a dog1 rais$ ! fatty cont5t f ! normal #b p] #ajjj up to #cda & #cdg p] #ajjj4 ,eug4 ,m5>d#bih saw 9 ! blood f ! jugul> & portal ve9s1 z well z 9 extravasations1 microscopic fat globules & f9e ne$le-%ap$ cry/als soluble 9 e!r4 #bie ,t>dieu1 op4 cit41 ,case #ca4 #bif ,diss4 de ,v5efico ,phosphoreo ,acuto1 ,upsal1 #ahde4 #big ,v4 ,bibra u4 ,gei/1 ,die ,krankheit5 d] ,arbeit] 9 d5 ,phosphorzundholz ,fabrik51 #ahdg1 ,s4 #ei1 c42 ,h5le u4 v4 ,pfeuff]'s ,zeits*r4 f4 ration4 ,m$41 ,n4 ,f41 ,bd4 #g1 ,hft4 #c1 #aheg4 #bih tude ,exprim5tale sur quelques lsions de l',empoisonnem5t aigu p> le ,phosphore 7,?se71 ,/rasb\rg1 #ahfi4 #bij4 ,antidote--,treatm5t4--,aft] empty+ ! /oma* by means ( emetics or by ! /oma*-pump1 oil ( turp5t9e 9 full m$ic9al doses1 say #be c4c4 7ab\t #dj m9471 frequ5tly adm9i/]$1 seems to act z a true antidote1 & a l>ge p]c5tage ( cases treat$ e>ly 9 ?is way recov]4 #bia4 ,poison\s ,effects ( ,phosph9e 7phosphurett$ hydrog574--,exp]im5ts on pigeons1 on rats1 & o!r animals1 & a few v r>e cases among m51 h %[n t phosph9e has an excit+ action on ! respiratory muc\s membranes1 & a second>y action on ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,eul5b]g#bii expos$ a pigeon to an atmosph]e conta9+ #afh p] c5t4 ( phosph9e4 ,!re 0 imm$iate unre/2 at ! end ( ?ree m9utes1 quick5$ & lab\r$ brea?+ 7#ajj a m9ute72 aft] sev5 m9utes1 ! bird lay pro/rate1 ) %iv]+ ( ! body & wide op5 beak2 aft] eight m9utes1 !re 0 vomit+2 aft] n9e m9utes1 sl[ brea?+ 7#cd p] m9ute72 aft] twelve m9utes1 convulsive movem5ts ( ! w+s2 & aft] ?irte5 m9utes1 g5]al convulsions & dea?4 #bii ,gew]be ,hygi5e1 p4 #bgc4 ,! membranes ( ! bra9 7 f\nd /rongly inject$1 & !re 7 extravasations4 ,9 ! muc\s membrane ( ! crop !re 0 also an extravasation4 ,! lungs ext]nally & ?r\gh\t 7 ( a dirty br[n-r$ col\r2 ! entire he>t 0 fill$ ) coagulat$ blood1 :i* 0 weakly acid 9 reaction4 ,9 a second exp]im5t ) ano!r pigeon1 !re 0 no /rik+ symptom save t ( increas$ frequ5cy ( respiration & loss ( appetite2 at ! end ( f\r days x 0 f\nd dead4 ,!re 0 mu* conge/ion ( ! c]ebral ve9s & vessels1 ! muc\s membrane ( ! tra*ea & bron*i 7 weakly inject$1 & ! fir/ %[$ a ?91 pla/ic1 diph!ritic-l exudation4 ,dr4 ,h5d]son's#cjj rese>*es on rats may also be notic$ "h4 ,he f\nd t an atmosph]e consi/+ entirely ( phosph9e kill$ rats )9 t5 m9utes1 an atmosph]e ) #a p] c5t4 9 half an h\r4 ,! symptoms obs]v$ 7 almo/ exactly simil> to ^? notic$ 9 ! fir/ exp]im5t on ! pigeon quot$ above1 & ! po/-mortem appe>ances 7 n dissimil>4 ,) small] quantities ( ! gas1 ! fir/ symptom 0 increas$ frequ5cy ( ! respiration2 !n ! animals %[$ signs ( suff]+ int5se irritation ( ! sk91 scrat*+ & bit+ at x incessantly2 aft]w>ds !y became dr[sy1 & assum$ a v peculi> attitude1 sitt+ d[n on all-f\rs1 ) ! back b5t =w>d1 & ! nose pu%$ backw>ds betwe5 ! =epaws1 s z to br+ ! =ehead aga9/ ! floor ( ! cage4 ,:5 9 ?is position1 ! rat pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( a curl$-up h$gehog4 ,phosph9e1 :5 inject$ into ! rectum1 is also fatal2 ! animals exhale "s ( ! gas f ! lungs1 & ! brea?1 !re=e1 r$uces solutions ( silv] nitrate4#cja #cjj ,j\rn4 ,anat4 & ,physiol41 vol4 xiii4 p4 #ai4 #cja ,dybsk[sky1 ,m$4 ,*em4 ,unt]su*ung5 aus ,hoppe-,seyl]'s ,labor4 9 ,tb+51 p4 #eg4 ,br5n]#cjb has record$ ! case ( a man tw5ty-eight ye>s old1 a ph>maceuti/1 :o is suppos$ to h suff]$ f illness caus$ by repeat$ inhalations ( m9ute quantities ( phosph9e4 ,he 0 engag$ = two & a half ye>s 9 ! prep>ation ( hypophosphites2 8 illness comm5c$ ) spots be=e ! eyes1 & inability to fix ! att5tion4 ,8 tee? became v brittle1 & heal?y z well z c>i\s broke (f f v slight causes4 ,f9ally1 a weakness ( ! arms & limbs develop$ 9 ! c\rse ( n9e mon?s into complete locomotor ataxy4 #cjb ,/4 ,pet]sburg ,m$4 ,zeits*r41 #d ,hft41 #ahfe4 #bib4 ,blood takes up f> m phosph9e ?an wat]4 ,dybsk[sky f\nd t putt+ ! coeffici5t ( solubility ( phosph9e 9 pure wat] at #aabb at #ae1 ! coeffici5t = v5\s blood 0 #ac1 & = art]ial #bfgc2 h5ce ! ri*] ! blood is 9 oxyg5 ! m phosph9e is absorb$4 ,x seems probable t ! poison\s gas reacts on ! oxyhmoglob9 ( ! blood1 & phosphor\s acid is =m$4 ,?is is support$ by ! fact t a wat]y extract ( su* blood r$uces silv] nitrate1 & has be5 also f\nd feebly acid4 ,! d>k blood obta9$ f animals poison$ by phosph9e1 :5 exam9$ spectroscopically1 has be5 f\nd to exhibit a b& 9 ! violet4 #bic4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,!re are a few p]fectly well au!nticat$ cases %[+ t phosphorus may cause dea?1 & yet no lesion be discov]$ aft]w>ds4 ,?us1 ,t>dieu#cjc cites a case 9 :i* a woman1 ag$ #de1 poison$ h]self ) phosphorus1 & di$ sudd5ly ! sev5? day aft]w>ds4 ,dr4 ,masc>el exam9$ ! visc]a ) ! greate/ c>e1 b c\ld discov] absolutely no abnormal conditions2 ! only symptoms dur+ life 7 vomit+1 & aft]w>ds a little indige/ion4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be rem>k$ t ! microscope does n seem to h be5 employ$1 & t probably a close exam9ation ( ! he>t w\ld h reveal$ "s alt]ation ( its ultimate /ructure4 ,! case quot$1 by ,taylor#cjd may also be m5tion$1 9 :i* a *ild 0 caught 9 ! act ( suck+ phosphorus mat*es1 & di$ t5 days aft]w>ds 9 convulsions4 ,none ( ! ord9>y po/-mortem signs ( poison+ by phosphorus 7 met )1 b ! inte/9es 7 r$d5$ ?r\gh\t1 & !re 7 no less ?an t5 invag9ations2 b ! case is altoge!r a d\btful "o1 & no phosphorus may actually h be5 tak54 ,x is v difficult to give 9 a limit$ space any?+ l a full picture ( ! diff]5t lesions f\nd aft] dea? f phosphorus1 = !y v>y accord+ z to :e!r ! dea? is spe$y or prolong$1 :e!r ! phosphorus has be5 tak5 z a f9ely-divid$ solid1 or 9 ! =m ( vap\r1 c4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be %ortly said1 t ! mo/ common *anges are fatty infiltration ( ! liv] & kidneys1 fatty deg5]ation ( ! he>t1 enl>gem5t ( ! liv]1 ec*ymoses 9 ! s]\s membranes1 9 ! muscul>1 9 ! fatty1 & 9 ! muc\s tissues4 ,:5 dea? occurs be=e jaundice sup]v5es1 !re may be little 9 ! aspect ( ! corpse to raise a suspicion ( poison2 b if int5se jaundice has exi/$ dur+ life1 ! yell[ /a9+ ( ! sk91 & x may be1 spots ( purpura1 w sugge/ to ! exp]i5c$ pa?ologi/ ! possibility ( phosphorus poison+4 ,9 ! m\? & ?roat !re w seldom be any?+ abnormal4 ,9 "o or two cases ( rapid dea? among infants1 "s traces ( ! mat*es :i* _h be5 suck$ 7 f\nd cl++ to ! gums4 ,! /oma* may be heal?y1 b ! mo/ common appe>ance is a swell+ ( ! muc\s membrane & sup]ficial erosions4 ,vir*[1#cje :o 0 ! fir/ to call att5tion to ?is peculi> grey swell+ ( ! inte/9al muc\s membrane "u ! "n ( ga/ritis gl&ul>is or ga/rad5itis1 %[s t x is due to a fatty deg5]ation ( ! epi!lial cells1 & t x is by no means peculi> to phosphorus poison+4 ,! swell+ may be se5 9 prop]ly-prep>$ sections to h its ess5tial seat 9 ! gl&s ( ! muc\s membrane2 ! gl&s are enl>g$1 _! op5+s fill$ ) l>ge cells1 & ea* s+le cell is f9ely granul>4 ,little c5tres ( hmorrhage1 (t5 microscopically small1 are se51 & may be ! c5tres ( small inflammations2 _! usual situation is on ! summit ( ! rug4 ,v simil> *anges are witness$ aft] dea? f septicmia1 pymia1 diph!ria1 & o!r diseases4 ,! s(t5+ ( ! /oma*1 gangr5e1 & deep erosions1 record$ by ! e>li] au?ors1 h n be5 obs]v$ ( late ye>s1 & probably 7 due to po/-mortem *anges1 & n to processes dur+ life4 ,! same *anges are to be se5 9 ! inte/9es1 & !re are num]\s extravasations 9 ! p]itoneum4 #cjc ,l',empoisonnem5t1 p4 #ebj4 #cjd ,poisons1 #crd ed41 p4 #bgf4 #cje ,vir*['s ,ar*iv4 f4 pa?4 ,anat41 ,bd4 #ca1 ,hft4 #c1 #cii4 ,! liv] %[s ( all ! organs ! mo/ *>act]i/ic signs2 a m or less advanc$ fatty infiltration ( its /ructure takes place1 :i* 0 fir/ describ$ z caus$ by phosphorus by ,hauff 9 #ahfj4cjf ,x is ! mo/ con/ant pa?ological evid5ce bo? 9 man & animal1 & seems to occur at a v e>ly p]iod1 ,munk & ,leyd5 hav+ f\nd a fatty deg5]ation 9 ! liv] f> advanc$ 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs#cjg aft] poison+4 ,9 rats & mice poison$ ) pa/e1 ,i h f\nd ?is evid5t to ! nak$ eye twelve h\rs aft] ! fatal dose4 ,! liv] is mo/ly l>ge1 b 9 a case#cjh record$ 9 ! ,lancet1 ,july #ad1 #ahhh1 ! liv] 0 %runk52 x has a pale yell[ 7or sometimes an int5se yell[7 col\r2 on section ! cut surface pres5ts a mottl$ appe>ance2 ! s]\s envelopes1 especially along ! c\rse ( ! vessels1 exhibit extravasations ( blood4 ,! liv] itself is m defici5t 9 blood ?an 9 ! normal condition1 & ! m bloodless x is1 ! great] ! fatty infiltration4 #cjf ,hauff collect$ #ab cases1 & f\nd a fatty liv] 9 #aa4--,wrtemb4 ,m$4 ,corresp4 ,bl41 #ahfj1 ,no4 #cd4 #cjg ,die acute ,phosphor-,v]giftung1 ,b]l91 #ahfe4 #cjh ,?is case1 f ! simil>ity ( ! pa?ological appe>ances to ^? produc$ by yell[ atrophy1 des]ves full] notice3--8,frances ,a4 ,c[ley1 ag$ #bj1 on h] own admission1 took "s rat pa/e on ,tuesday1 ,june #ai?4 ,dea? ensu$ elev5 days lat]4 ,! initial symptoms 7 n v m>k$4 ,nausea & vomit+ cont9u$ ) mod]ate sev]ity = a few days & !n ceas$4 ,!re ensu$ a feel+ ( depression4 ,t[>ds ! end ins5sibility1 ict]us1 & some:at pr(use metrorrhagia sup]v5$4 ,at ! necropsy ! sk9 & conjunctiv 7 obs]v$ ( a bright yell[ col\r4 ,!re 0 no organic disease save ( a rec5t nature1 & entirely attributable to ! action ( ! poison +e/$4 ,! /oma* conta9$ ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a p9t ( d>k cl>et-col\r$ fluid1 consi/+ l>gely ( blood d]iv$ f capill>y hmorrhage f ! muc\s membrane4 ,!re 0 no solution ( cont9uity ( ! muc\s membrane1 :i* %[$ traces ( rec5t irritation4 ,! :ole surface pres5t$ a yell[ ict]ic t9t1 except ! summits ( "s ( ! rug1 :i* 7 ( a bright p9k col\r4 ,!re 0 also fa9t wr9kl+ ( ! muc\s membrane4 ,! upp] "p ( ! small inte/9e 0 affect$ 9 mu* ! same mann] z ! /oma*4 ,! l>ge inte/9e conta9$ a quantity ( almo/ col\rless fces4 ,! liv] 0 %runk51 weigh+ only #bf ozs41 & bo? on its out] & sectional surface exactly resembl$ ! appe>ances produc$ by acute yell[ atrophy1 except t !re 7 great] conge/ion & int]/itial hmorrhage 9 pat*es4 ,! lobules ( ! liv] 7 9 _m places unrecognisable2 9 o!rs !y /ood 9 bold relief z brilliant can>y-yell[ pat*es1 /&+ 9 /rong contra/ to ! deep d>k-r$ areas ( conge/ion & extravasation4 ,! gall-bladd] conta9$ ab\t #b dra*ms ( ?9 greyi% fluid1 app>5tly all b devoid ( bile4 ,! ur9>y bladd] 0 empty2 ! kidneys 7 enl>g$2 ! cortex 0 v pale & bile-/a9$1 ( great] dep? ?an natural1 & ( s(t] consi/5ce4 ,! sple5 0 n enl>g$1 nor 0 x 9 ! lea/ degree s(t5$4 ,9 addition to ! ble$+ f ! ut]us notic$ dur+ life1 !re 0 capill>y hmorrhage into ! "r lung & pleura1 into ! p]ic>dium1 &1 z already m5tion$1 into ! /oma*4 ,! bra9 0 heal?y40 ,9 ! ,museum ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons !re is a prep>ation 7,no4 #bgcg7 ( ! section ( a liv] d]iv$ f a case ( phosphorus poison+4 ,a girl1 ag$ #ah1 aft] two days' illness1 0 admitt$ into ,guy's ,hospital4 ,%e confess$ to hav+ eat5 a piece ( bread coat$ ) phosphorus pa/e4 ,%e _h great abdom9al pa91 & di$ on ! sev5? day aft] tak+ ! phosphorus4 ,a few h\rs be=e h] dea? %e 0 pr(\ndly & sudd5ly collaps$4 ,! liv] weigh$ #ff ozs4 ,! outl9es ( ! hepatic lobules 7 v di/9ct1 ea* c5tral ve9 be+ surr\nd$ by an opaque yell[i% zone2 :5 fre% ! hue 0 m uni=m1 & ! section 0 yell[i%-:ite 9 col\r4 ,a microscopical exam9ation ( ! hepatic cells %[$ !m lad5 ) fat globules1 especially 9 ! c5tral p>ts ( ! liv]4 ,! microscopic appe>ances are also *>act]i/ic4 ,9 a case ( suicidal poison+ by phosphorus1 9 :i* dea? took place on ! sev5? day1 ! liv] 0 v c>efully exam9$ by ,dr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,good>t1 :o report$ z foll[s3-- 8,"u a l[ p[] ! /ructure ( ! liv] is /ill readily recognisable1 & 9 ?is ! specim5 diff]s f slides ( ?ree cases ( acute yell[ atrophy t ,i h 9 my possession4 ,! hepatic cells are pres5t 9 l>ge numb]s1 & h _! natural trabecul> arrangem5t4 ,! columns are abnormally sep>at$ by dilat$ blood or lymph-spaces1 & ! individual cells are cl\dy & ill-def9$4 ,! portal *annels are ev]y:]e *>act]is$ by a cr[d ( small nuclei :i* /a9 ) logwood deeply4 ,! epi!lium ( ! small] ducts is cl\dy1 & blocks ! tubes 9 _m cases4 ,"u a high p[] 7"o-fif?7 x is se5 t ! hepatic cells are exce$+ly ill-def9$ 9 outl9e1 & full ( granules & ev5 drops ( oil4 ,b 9 _m p>ts1 ev5 :]e ! cells !mselves are hazy1 ! nucleus is /ill fairly visible4 ,x appe>s to me t1 9 opposition to :at o!rs h describ$1 ! nuclei ( ! cells h 9 great measure resi/$ ! deg5]ative process4 ,! *ange 9 ! cells is uni=m ?r\gh\t ea* lobule1 b "s lobules are r m affect$ ?an o!rs4 ,! blood-spaces betwe5 ! cells are empty1 & ! liv] appe>s to be v bloodless4 ,! portal canals are uni=mly /udd$ ) small r\nd nuclei or cells1 :i* are 9 "p1 & might be said 9 great "p1 due to increase ( ! connective tissue or to a cirrhotic process4 ,b ,i am m dispos$ to fav\r ! view t !y are due to migration f ! blood-vessels1 because !y are s uni=m 9 size1 & ! hepatic cells & connective tissue 9 _! neighb\rhood are und]go+ no *anges 9 ! way ( gr[? :atev]4 ,i _c detect any fatty *anges 9 ! vessels1 b "s ( ! small] bili>y ducts conta9 "s cl\dy album9\s mat]ial1 & _! nucleation is n di/9ct4 ,no reta9$ bili>y pigm5t is visible40#cji #cji 8,a ,rec5t ,case ( ,suicide10 by ,h]b]t ,j4 ,capon1 ,m4,d4--,lancet1 ,m>* #ah1 #ahhb4 ,osc> ,wyss1#caj 9 ! case ( a woman tw5ty-?ree ye>s old1 :o di$ on ! fif? day aft] tak+ phosphorus1 describes1 9 addition to ! fatty appe>ance ( ! cells1 a new =mation ( cells ly+ betwe5 ! lobules & 9 "p surr\nd+ ! gall-ducts & ! bran*es ( ! portal ve9 & hepatic art]y4 #caj ,vir*['s ,ar*iv4 f4 pa?4 ,anat41 ,bd4 #cc1 ,hft4 #c1 ,s4 #dcb1 #ahfe4 ,salk[sky#caa f\nd 9 animals1 :i* he kill$ a few h\rs aft] adm9i/]+ to !m toxic doses ( phosphorus1 notable hyp]mia ( ! ?roat1 inte/9e1 liv]1 & kidneys--bo? ! latt] organs be+ l>g] ?an usual4 ,! liv] cells 7 swoll51 & ! nuclei v evid5t1 b !y conta9$ no fat1 fatty drops be+ =m$ aft]w>ds4 #caa ,ibid41 ,bd4 #cd1 ,hft4 #a u4 #b1 ,s4 #gc1 #ahfe4 #bid4 ,! kidneys exhibit alt]ations v simil> & analog\s to ^? ( ! liv]4 ,!y are mo/ly enl>g$1 conge/$1 & flabby1 ) extravasations "u ! capsule1 & %[ microscopic *anges ess5tially consi/+ 9 a fatty deg5]ation ( ! epi!lium4 ,9 cases att5d$ ) hmorrhage1 ! tubuli may be "h & !re fill$ ) blood4 ,! fatty epi!lium is especially se5 9 ! contort$ tubes1 & ! walls ( ! vessels1 bo? ( ! capsule & ( ! malpighian bodies1 also und]go ! same fatty *ange4 ,9 cases 9 :i* dea? has occurr$ rapidly1 ! kidneys h be5 f\nd almo/ heal?y1 or a little conge/$ only4 ,! pancreas has also be5 f\nd ) its /ructure 9 "p replac$ by fatty elem5ts4 ,( great significance are also ! fatty *anges 9 ! g5]al muscul> sy/em1 & m especially 9 ! he>t4 ,! muscul> fibres ( ! he>t quickly lose _! transv]se /ri1 :i* are replac$ by drops ( fat4 ,probably ?is *ange is ! cause ( ! sudd5 dea? n unfrequ5tly met ) 9 phosphorus poison+4 ,9 ! lungs1 :5 ! phosphorus is tak5 9 sub/ance1 !re is little 8nak$-eye0 *ange1 b ,p]ls1#cab by manometric rese>*es1 has %[n t ! ela/icity is always decreas$4 ,accord+ to exp]im5ts on animals1 :5 ! vap\r is brea!d1 ! muc\s membrane is r$1 conge/$1 swoll51 & has an acid reaction4 #cab ,deuts*4 ,ar*iv f4 kl94 ,m$41 vi4 ,hft4 #a1 ,s4 #a1 #ahfi4 ,9 ! n]v\s sy/em no *ange has be5 rem>k$1 save occasionally hmorrhagic po9ts & extravasations4 #bie4 ,diagno/ic ,diff]5ces betwe5 ,acute ,yell[ ,atrophy ( ! ,liv] & ,fatty ,liv] produc$ by ,phosphorus4--,o4 ,s*ultz5 & ,o4 ,l4 ,riess h collect$ & comp>$ t5 cases ( fatty liv] f phosphorus poison+1 & f\r cases ( acute yell[ atrophy ( ! liv]1 &1 accord+ to !m1 ! *ief po9ts ( di/9ction are z foll[s3--,9 phosphorus poison+ ! liv] is l>ge1 d\ghy1 equally yell[1 & ) ! ac9i well m>k$2 :ile 9 acute yell[ atrophy ! liv] is dim9i%$ 9 size1 t\gh1 lea!ry1 & ( a dirty yell[ hue1 ! ac9i n be+ well mapp$ out4 ,! 8phosphorus0 liv]1 aga91 pres5ts ! cells fill$ ) l>ge fat drops1 or entirely replac$ by !m2 b 9 ! 8atrophy0 liv]1 ! cells are replac$ by a f9ely-nucleat$ detritus & ?r\gh newly-=m$ cellul> tissue4 ,yell[ atrophy seems to be ess5tially an inflammation ( ! intralobul> connective tissue1 :ile 9 phosphorus poison+ ! cells become gorg$ by an infiltration ( fat1 :i* presses ^u ! vessels & less5s ! blood supply1 & ! liv]1 9 consequ5ce1 may1 aft] a "t1 wa/e4 ,!re is also a cl9ical di/9ction dur+ life1 n only 9 ! less5+ bulk ( ! liv] 9 yell[ atrophy1 9 opposition to ! increase ( size 9 ! l>ge phosphorus liv]1 b also 9 ! composition ( ! r5al secretion4 ,9 yell[ atrophy ! ur9e conta9s s mu* leuc9e & tyros91 t ! simple addition ( acetic acid causes at once a precipitate4 ,s*ultz5 & ,riess also f\nd 9 ! ur9e1 9 cases ( yell[ atrophy1 oxym&elic acid 7,c,h,o71 b 9 cases ( phosphorus poison+ a nitrog5is$ acid1 fus+ at #ahd to #ahe4 ,accord+ to ,mas*ka1 grey-:ite1 knotty1 fcal masses are f\nd 9 ! inte/9es 9 yell[ atrophy1 b nev] 9 cases ( phosphorus poison+4 ,9 ! latt]1 x is m common to f9d a slight inte/9al cat>rh & fluid excreta4 #bif4 ,! ,detection ( ,phosphorus4--,! foll[+ are ! *ief me?ods 9 use = ! sep>ation & detection ( phosphorus3#cac-- #cac ,x has be5 recomm5d$ to dissolve ! phosphorus out f organic matt]s by c>bon disulphide4 ,on evaporation ( ! latt] ! phosphorus is recognis$ by its physical prop]ties4 ,su* a me?od is ( b limit$ application1 al?\gh x may sometimes be f\nd useful4 ,i h successfully employ$ x 9 ! extraction ( phosphorus f ! crop ( a f[l2 b on ?is occasion x happ5$ to be pres5t 9 l>ge quantity4 #a4 ,mits*]li*'s ,process4--,! ess5tial feature ( ?is process is simply di/illation ( free phosphorus1 & obs]vation ( its lum9\s prop]ties z ! vap\r cond5ses 9 ! cond5s+ tube4 ,! conditions necess>y = success are--7#a7 t ! app>atus %\ld be 9 total d>kness2#cad & 7#b7 t !re %\ld be no sub/ance pres5t1 su* z alcohol or ammonia1#cae :i*1 di/ill+ ov] ) ! phosphorus-vap\r1 c\ld de/roy its lum9osity4 ,a conv5i5t app>atus1 & "o c]ta9 to be 9 all laboratories1 is an ord9>y ,flor5ce flask1 conta9+ ! liquid to be te/$1 fitt$ to a glass ,liebig's cond5s]1 support$ on an iron s&-ba? 7:i* may1 or may n1 h a ?9 lay] ( s&71 & heat$ by a ,flet*]'s l[ temp]ature burn]4 ,! di/illate is receiv$ into a flask4 ,?is app>atus1 if 9 d>kness1 works well2 b %\ld ! obs]v] wi% to "w 9 daylight1 ! cond5s] mu/ be enclos$ 9 a box p]fectly imp]vi\s to light1 & hav+ a hole ?r\gh :i* ! lum9osity ( ! tube may be se51 ! head ( ! op]ator & ! box be+ cov]$ ) a clo?4 ,if !re be a /ream ( wat] pass+ cont9u\sly ?r\gh ! cond5s]1 a beautiful lum9\s r+ ( light appe>s 9 ! upp] "p ( ! tube1 :]e x rema9s fix$ = "s "t4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 ! refrig]ation be imp]fect1 ! lum9osity travels sl[ly d[n ! tube into ! receiv]4 ,9 any case1 ! delicacy ( ! te/ is extraord9>y4#caf ,if ! organic liquid is alkal9e1 or ev5 neutral1 !re w c]ta9ly be "s evolution ( ammonia1 :i* w di/il ov] be=e ! phosphorus1 & ret>d 7or1 if 9 suffici5t quantity1 de/roy7 ! lum9osity4 ,9 su* a case x is well1 z a precaution1 to add en\gh sulphuric acid to fix ! ammonia1 omitt+ su* addition if ! liquid to be op]at$ ^u is acid4 #cad ,any consid]able am\nt ( phosphoresc5ce c1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$ 9 twilight4 #cae ,_m volatile sub/ances de/roy ! lum9\s appe>ance ( phosphorus vap\r1 e4g41 *lor9e1 hydric sulphide1 sulphur dioxide1 c>bon disulphide1 e!r1 alcohol1 petroleum1 turp5t9e1 creasote1 & mo/ ess5tial oils4 ,on ! o!r h&1 brom9e1 hydro*loric acid1 camphor1 & c>bonate ( ammonia d n seem to int]f]e mu* ) ! phosphoresc5ce4 #caf ,fres5ius /ates t he & ,neubau]1 ) #a mgrm4 ( phosphorus 9 #bjj1jjj1 recognis$ ! light1 :i* la/$ = half an h\r4--,zeits*r4 f4 anal4 ,*em41 i4 p4 #ccf4 #b4 ,! ,production ( ,phosph9e 7,,ph74--,any me?od :i* produces phosph9e 7phosphurett$ hydrog571 enabl+ t gas to be pass$ ?r\gh nitrate ( silv] solution1 may be us$ = ! detection ( phosphorus4 ,?us1 ,sonn5s*e9 /ates t he has f\nd phosphorus 9 extraord9>y small am\nt1 mix$ ) v>i\s sub/ances1 by heat+ ) pota% 9 a flask1 & pass+ ! phosph9e into silv] nitrate1 sep>at+ ! excess ( silv]1 & recognis+ ! phosphoric acid by ! addition ( molybdate ( ammonia4#cag #cag ,sonn5s*e91 ,h&bu* d] g]i*tli*5 ,*emie1 ,b]l91 #ahfi4 ,! usual way is1 h[ev]1 to produce phosph9e by means ( ! action on free phosphorus ( nasc5t hydrog5 evolv$ on dissolv+ metallic z9c 9 dilute sulphuric acid4 ,phosph9e is =m$ by ! action ( nasc5t hydrog5 on solid phosphorus1 phosphor\s acid1 & hypophosphor\s acid2 b no phosph9e c be =m$ 9 ?is way by ! action ( hydrog5 on phosphoric acid4 ,s9ce x may happ5 t no free phosphorus is pres5t1 b yet ! fir/ product 7phosphor\s acid7 ( its oxidation1 ! production ( phosph9e becomes a necess>y te/ to make on failure ( ,mits*]li*'s te/2 if no result foll[s ! prop] application ( ! two processes1 ! probability is t phosphorus has n be5 tak54 ,blondlot & ,dus>t evolve hydrog5 f z9c & dilute sulphuric acid1 & pass ! gas into silv] nitrate2 if ! gas is pure1 !re is ( c\rse no r$uction2 ! liquid to be te/$ is !n add$ to ! hydrog5-g5]at+ liquid1 & if phosphor\s or hypophosphor\s acids be pres5t1 a black precipitate ( phosphor-silv] w be produc$4 ,to prove t ?is black precipitate is nei!r t produc$ by ,,%1 nor by antimony nor ars5ic1 ! precipitate is collect$ & plac$ 9 ! app>atus to be pres5tly describ$1 & ! spectroscopic appe>ances ( ! phosph9e flame obs]v$4 #c4 ,te/s ,dep5d5t on ! ,combu/ion ( ,phosph9e 7,,ph74--,a hydrog5 flame1 conta9+ only a m9ute trace ( phosphorus1 or ( ! l[] products ( its oxidation1 acquires a beautiful gre5 t9t1 & possesses a *>act]i/ic spectrum4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! latt] 9 its be/ =m1 ! am\nt ( phosph9e mu/ n be too l>ge1 or ! flame w become :iti% & livid1 & ! b&s lose _! def9$ "*1 r5d]+ ! spectrum cont9u\s4 ,aga91 ! orifice ( ! tube :5ce ! gas escapes mu/ n be too small2 & ! be/ result is obta9$ :5 ! flame is cool$4 ,m4 ,salet has propos$ two excell5t me?ods = ! obs]vation ( phosph9e by ! spectroscope3-- 7#a7 ,he projects ! phosphorus-flame on a plane v]tical surface1 ma9ta9$ con/antly cold by means ( a ?9 lay] ( runn+ wat]2 ! gre5 col\r is especially produc$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! cool surface4 7#b7 ,at ! level ( ! base ( ! flame1 !re is an annul> space1 ?r\gh :i* a /ream ( cold air is cont9ually bl[n upw>ds4 ,?us cool$1 ! light is v pron\nc$1 & ! b& 1 :i* is almo/ invisible 9 ! ord9>y me?od ( exam9ation1 is pla9ly se54#cah #cah ,consult ,spectres ,lum9eux1 p> ,m4 ,lecoq de ,boisbaudran1 ,p>is1 #ahgd4 ,see also ,*ri/(le & ,beil/rom's 8,abh&lung10 9 ,fres5ius' ,zeits*r4 f4 anal4 ,*em41 ,b4 #b1 p4 #dfe1 & ,b4 #c1 p4 #adg4 ,an app>atus 7devis$ by ,blondlot1 & improv$ by ,fres5ius7 = ! production ( ! phosph9e flame 9 m$ico-legal rese>*1 is repres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ diagram3-- ,illu/ration ,sev]al ( ! details ( ?is app>atus may be modifi$ at ! conv5i5ce ( ! op]ator4 ,a is a vessel conta9+ sulphuric acid2 ,b is p>tly fill$ ) granulat$ z9c1 & hydrog5 may be develop$ at pleasure2 c conta9s a solution ( nitrate ( silv]2 d is a tube at :i* ! gas c be lit2 e1 a flask conta9+ ! fluid to be te/$1 & provid$ ) a tube f1 at :i* also ! gas issu+ c be ignit$4 ,! orifice %\ld be provid$ ) a plat9um nozzle4 ,:5 ! hydrog5 has displac$ ! air1 bo? tubes are lit1 & ! two flames1 be+ side by side1 c be comp>$4 ,%\ld any phosphorus come ov] f ! z9c 7a possibility :i* ! int]pos$ silv] nitrate ought to gu>d aga9/71 x is detect$2 ! la/ flask is n[ g5tly w>m$1 & if ! flame is gre51 or1 inde$1 9 any case1 x %\ld be exam9$ by ! spectroscope4#cai #cai ,f4 ,selmi has propos$ ! simple dipp+ ( a plat9um loop into a liquid conta9+ phosphoric acid1 & !n ins]t+ x into ! tip ( a hydrog5 flame4 #big4 ,! spectrum1 :5 fully develop$1 %[s "o b& 9 ! orange & yell[ betwe5 ,c & ,d1 b v close to ,d1 & sev]al b&s 9 ! gre54 ,b ! b&s 1 1 1 & are ! mo/ *>act]i/ic4 ,! b& has its c5tre ab\t ! wave-l5g? #eiid2 x is easily di/+ui%$ :5 ! slit ( ! spectroscope is a little wide1 b may be invisible if ! slit is too n>r[4 ,x is be/ se5 by ,m4 ,salet's second process1 &1 :5 cool$ by a brisk curr5t ( air1 x broad5s1 & may ext5d clos] to ,d4 ,! b& has a some:at decid$ bord] t[>ds ,e1 :ile x is nebul\s t[>ds ,d1 & x is1 !re=e1 v difficult to say :]e x beg9s or :]e x ends2 its c5tre may1 h[ev]1 be put at v ne> #aji ( ,boisbaudran's scale1 correspond+ to ,w4 ,l4 #efje1 if ! flame is free4 ,?is b& is m di/9ct ?an 1 b ) a /rong curr5t ( air ! rev]se is ! case4 ,! middle ( ! important b& is ne>ly m>k$ by ,fraunh(]'s l9e ,e4 ,boisbaudran gives x z co9cid+ ) #abb ( 8 scale ,w4 ,l4 #ebfc4 ,9 ord9>y conditions 7t is1 ) a free uncool$ flame7 ?is is ! brighte/ & mo/ m>k$ ( all ! b&s4 ,! approximate middle ( ! b& is ,w4 ,l4 #eajf 7,boisbaudran's scale #abijj74 ,lip[itz's ,sulphur ,te/4--,sulphur has ! peculi> prop]ty ( cond5s+ phosphorus on its surface1 & ( ?is ,lip[itz propos$ to take advantage4 ,pieces ( sulphur are dige/$ "s "t ) ! liquid "u rese>*1 subsequ5tly remov$1 & slightly dri$4 ,:5 exam9$ 9 ! d>k1 %\ld phosphorus be pres5t1 !y gleam /rongly if rubb$ ) ! f+]1 & develop a phosphorus od\r4 ,! te/ is want+ 9 delicacy1 nor c x well be made quantitative2 x has1 h[ev]1 an advantage 9 c]ta9 cases1 e4g41 ! detection ( phosphorus 9 an alcoholic liquid4 ,s*]]'s te/1 z modifi$ by ,hag]1#cbj is a v delicate & almo/ decisive te/4 ,! sub/ances to be exam9$ are plac$ 9 a flask ) a little lead acetate 7to prev5t ! possibility ( any hydric sulphide be+ evolv$71 "s e!r add$1 & a /rip ( filt]-pap] soak$ 9 a solution ( silv] nitrate is !n susp5d$ 9 ! flask2 ?is is conv5i5tly done by mak+ a slit 9 ! bottom ( ! cork1 & 9 ! slit secur+ ! pap]4 ,! clos$ flask is plac$ 9 ! d>k1 & if phosphorus is pres5t1 9 a few m9utes !re is a black /a94 ,x may be object$ t ars9e w cause a simil> /a9+1 b !n ars9e c\ld h>dly be develop$ "u ! circum/ances giv54 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to obs]ve t ! pap] mu/ be wet4 #cbj ,ph>m4 ,c5tral-halle1 #bj1 #cec4 #bih4 ,*emical ,exam9ation ( ! ,ur9e4--,x may be desirable1 9 any case ( suspect$ phosphorus poison+1 to exam9e ! r5al secretion = leuc9 & tyros91 c4 ,leuc9 may be f\nd z a deposit 9 ! ur9e4 ,its g5]al appe>ance is t ( little oval or r\nd discs1 look+ l drops ( fat4 ,x c be recognis$ by tak+ up "o or m ( ^! little bodies & plac+ !m 9 ! au?or's sublim+ cell 7see #cad74 ,by c>eful heat+ x w sublime :olly on to ! upp] cov]4 ,on n[ add+ a little nitric acid to ! sublim$ leuc91 & dry+1 & !n to ! dri$ residue add+ a droplet ( a solution ( sodium hydrate1 leuc9 =ms an oily drop4 ,tyros9 also may occur z a s$im5t ( little heaps ( f9e ne$les4 ,! be/ te/ = tyros9 is to dissolve 9 hot wat]1 & !n add a drop ( a solution ( m]curic nitrate & m]cur\s nitrate1 :5 a rose col\r is at once develop$1 if ! tyros9 is 9 v m9ute quantity2 b if 9 m ?an traces1 !re is a di/9ct crimson precipitate4 ,to sep>ate leuc9 & tyros9 f ! ur9e1 ! be/ process is z foll[s3--,! ur9e is filt]$ f any deposit1 evaporat$ to a ?9 syrup1 & decant$ f ! second deposit t =ms4 ,! two deposits are mix$ toge!r & treat$ ) dilute ammonia1 :i* w dissolve out any tyros9 & leave x 9 ne$les1 if ! ammonia is spontane\sly evaporat$ on a wat*-glass4 ,! ur9e is !n dilut$ & treat$ ) neutral & basic acetates ( lead1 filt]$1 & ! lead ?r[n out ( ! filtrate by hydric sulphide4 ,! filtrate is evaporat$ to a syrup1 & x !n deposits leuc9 mix$ ) "s tyros94 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! syrup refuses to cry/allise1 x is treat$ ) cold absolute alcohol1 & filt]$1 ! residue is !n boil$ up ) _s ( w9e1 :i* extracts leuc91 & deposits x on cool+ 9 a cry/all9e =m4 ,to obta9 oxym&elic acid1 ! "m liquor1 f :i* leuc9 & tyros9 h be5 extract$1 is precipitat$ ) absolute alcohol1 filt]$1 & !n ! alcoholic solution evaporat$ to a syrup4 ,?is syrup is acidifi$ by sulphuric acid1 & extract$ ) e!r2 ! e!r is filt]$ (f & evaporat$ to dryness2 ! dry residue w be 9 ! =m ( oily drops & cry/als4 ,! cry/als are collect$1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & ! solution precipitat$ by lead acetate to remove col\r+-matt]s2 aft] filtration x is f9ally precipitat$ by basic acetate4 ,on decomposition ( ! basic acetate1 by susp5d+ 9 wat] & saturat+ ) hydric sulphide1 ! ultimate filtrate on evaporation deposits col\rless1 flexible ne$les ( oxym&elic acid4 ,! nitrog5is$ acid :i* ,s*ultz5 & ,riess obta9$ f ur9e 9 a case ( phosphorus poison+1 0 f\nd 9 an alcohol & e!r extract--w>ts ( rhombic scales sep>at+ out ( ! syrupy residue4 ,^! scales gave no precipitate ) basic acetate1 b =m$ a comp\nd ) silv] nitrate4 ,! silv] comp\nd 0 9 ! =m ( %9+ :ite ne$les1 & conta9$ #cci p] c5t4 ( silv]2 ! acid 0 decompos$ by heat1 & ) lime yield$ anil9e4 ,its melt+-po9t is giv5 at f #ahd to #ahe4 ,! occurr5ce ( "s volatile sub/ance 9 phosphorus ur9e1 :i* black5s nitrate ( silv]1 & :i* is probably phosph9e1 0 fir/ notic$ by ,selmi4#cba ,pesci & ,/roppa h confirm$ ,selmi's rese>*es4 ,x is ev5 giv5 (f 9 ! cold4 #cba ,giornale ,int]naz4 della ,sci5za ,m$41 #ahgi1 ,nro4 #e1 p4 #fde4 #bii4 ,! quantitative e/imation ( phosphorus is be/ c>ri$ out by oxidis+ x into phosphoric acid1 & e/imat+ z ammon4 magnesian phosphate4 ,to effect ?is1 ! sub/ances are di/ill$ 9 an atmosph]e ( ,,co into a flask ) wat]1 to :i* a tube conta9+ silv] nitrate is atta*$2 ! latt] reta9s all phosph9e1 ! =m] solid phosphorus4 ,if necess>y1 ! di/illate may be aga9 di/ill$ into ,ag,n,o2 & 9 any case ! cont5ts ( ! ,u-tube & flask are mix$1 oxidis$ ) nitromuriatic acid1 filt]$ f silv] *loride1 & ! phosphoric acid det]m9$ 9 ! usual way4 ,9 ! case ( a *ild poison$ by lucif] mat*es1 ,sonn5s*e9 e/imat$ ! free phosphorus 9 ! foll[+ way3--,! cont5ts ( ! /oma* 7 dilut$ ) wat]1 a measur$ "p filt]$1 & ! phosphoric acid e/imat$4 ,! o!r portion 0 !n oxidis$ by ,h,cl & potassic *lorate1 & ! phosphoric acid e/imat$--! diff]5ce be+ calculat$ z free phosphorus4 #cjj4 ,h[ long c ,phosphorus be recognis$ aft] ,dea?8--,"o ( ! mo/ important matt]s = consid]ation is ! "t aft] dea? 9 :i* free phosphorus1 or free phosphoric acids1 c be detect$4 ,any phosphorus *ang$ into ammon4 mag4 phosphate1 or into any o!r salt1 is = m$ico-legal purposes entirely lo/1 s9ce ! exp]t c only take cognisance ( ! sub/ance ei!r 9 a free /ate1 z phosph9e1 or z a free acid4 ,! "q1 aga91 may be ask$ 9 c\rt--,does ! decomposition ( animal sub/ances ri* 9 phosphorus develop phosph9e8 ,! answ] to ?is is1 t no su* reaction has be5 obs]v$4 ,a case is relat$#cbb 9 :i* phosphorus 0 recognis$1 al?\gh ! body _h be5 buri$ = sev]al weeks & !n exhum$4 #cbb ,ph>m4 ,zeits*4 f4 ,russl41 ,jahrg4 #b1 p4 #hg4 ,! exp]t ( ph>macy ( ! ,prov9cial ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d ( ,breslau has also made "s exp]im5ts 9 ?is direction1 :i* are wor?y ( note3--,f\r gu9ea-pigs 7 poison$1 ea* by #jjbc grm4 ( phosphorus2 !y di$ 9 a few h\rs1 & 7 buri$ 9 s&y-loam soil1 #je metre deep4 ,exhumation ( ! fir/ took place f\r weeks aft]4 ,! putrefy+ organs--he>t1 liv]1 sple51 /oma*1 & all ! inte/9es--te/$ by ,mits*]li*'s me?od ( di/illation1 %[$ *>act]i/ic phosphoresc5ce = ne>ly "o h\r4 ,! second animal 0 exhum$ aft] eight weeks 9 a highly putresc5t /ate4 ,its entrails1 on di/illation1 %[$ ! phosphoresc5t appe>ance = ?irty-five m9utes4 ,! ?ird animal 0 tak5 f ! e>? aft] twelve weeks1 b no free phosphorus c\ld be detect$1 al?\gh !re 0 evid5ce ( ! l[] =m ( oxidation 7,,po7 by ,blondlot's me?od4 ,! f\r? animal 0 exhum$ aft] fifte5 weeks1 b nei!r free phosphorus nor ,,po c\ld be detect$4#cbc #cbc ,vi]teljahrss*rift fr g]i*tli*e ,m$ic91 ,jan4 #g1 #ahgf2 see also ,zeits*r4 f4 anal4 ,*emie1 #ahgb4 ,a man1 z well z a cat1 0 poison$ by phosphorus4 ,on analysis1 tw5ty-n9e days aft] dea?1 negative results 7 alone obta9$4--,sonn5s*e94 ,x w ?us be evid5t t !re is no con/ant rule1 & t1 ev5 :5 decomposition is mu* advanc$1 an exam9ation may be successful4 ,,"p ,,vi4--,,alkaloids ,,& ,,poison\s ,,vegetable ,,pr9ciples ,,sep>at$ ,,= ,,! ,,mo/ ,,"p ,,by ,,alcoholic ,,solv5ts4 ,,division ,i4--,,vegetable ,,alkaloids4 ,i4--,g5]al ,me?ods ( ,te/+ & ,extract+ ,alkaloids4 #cja4 ,g5]al ,te/s = ,alkaloids4--,9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r an alkaloid is pres5t or n1 a me?od ( extraction mu/ be pursu$ :i*1 :ile dispos+ ( fatty matt]s1 salts1 c41 %all dissolve z little z possible ( =eign sub/ances--su* a me?od1 e4g41 z ! orig9al process ( ,/as1 or "o ( its mod]n modifications4 ,if to ! acid aque\s solution f9ally obta9$ by ?is me?od a dilute solution ( soda be add$1 drop by drop1 until x is r5d]$ feebly alkal9e1 & no precipitate appe>1 :atev] o!r poison\s plant-con/itu5ts may be pres5t1 all ord9>y alkaloids#cbd are abs5t4 #cbd ,9 ! case ( morph9e t>trate1 ?is te/ w n answ]4 ,see ! article on ,morph9e4 ,9 addition to ?is negative te/1 !re are also a numb] ( sub/ances :i* give well-m>k$ cry/all9e or amorph\s precipitates ) alkaloids4 #cjb4 ,^! may be call$ 8gr\p reag5ts40 ,! *ief memb]s ( ! gr\p-reag5ts are--,iod9e dissolv$ 9 hydriodic acid1 iod9e dissolv$ 9 potassic iodide solution1 brom9e dissolv$ 9 potassic bromide solution1 hydr>go-potassic iodide1 bismu?-potassic iodide1 cadmic potassic iodide2 ! *lorides ( gold1 ( plat9um1 & m]cury2 picric acid1 gallic acid1 tann91 *romate ( pota%1 bi*romate ( pota%1 phospho-molybdic acid1 phospho-tung/ic acid1 silico-tung/ic acid1 & ,frhde's reag5t4 ,x w be useful to make a few g5]al rem>ks on "s ( ^! reag5ts4 ,iod9e 9 hydriodic acid gives ei!r cry/all9e or amorph\s precipitates ) ne>ly all alkaloids2 ! comp\nd ) morph9e1 = example1 is 9 v def9ite ne$les2 ) dilute solutions ( atrop9e1 ! precipitate is 9 ! =m ( m9ute dots1 b ! majority ( ! precipitates are amorph\s1 & all are m or less col\r$4 ,iod9e dissolv$ 9 a solution ( potassic iodide gives ) alkaloids a r$di% or r$-br[n precipitate1 & ?is 9 p]haps a great] dilution ?an almo/ any reag5t4 ,:5 add$ to an aque\s solution1 ! precipitates are amorph\s1 b if add$ to an alcoholic solution1 c]ta9 alkaloids !n =m cry/all9e precipitates2 ?is1 = example1 is ! case ) b]b]9e & n>ce9e4 ,by treat+ ! precipitate ) aque\s sulphur\s acid1 a sulphate ( ! alkaloid is =m$ & hydriodic acid1 s t by suitable op]ations ! alkaloid may readily be recov]$ f ?is comp\nd4 ,a solution ( brom9e 9 potassic bromide solution also gives simil> precipitates to ! above1 b x =ms insoluble comp\nds ) ph5ol1 orc91 & o!r sub/ances4 ,m]curic potassic iodide is prep>$ by decompos+ m]curic *loride ) potassic iodide 9 excess4 ,! proportions are #acedf grms4 ( m]curic *loride & #dih ( potassic iodide1 & wat] suffici5t to measure1 :5 dissolv$1 #a litre4 ,! precipitates f ?is reag5t are :ite & floccul5t2 _m ( !m become1 on /&+1 cry/all9e4 ,bismu?ic potassic iodide 9 solution precipitates alkaloids1 & ! comp\nds =m$ are ( great insolubility1 b x also =ms comp\nds ) ! v>i\s album9oid bodies4 ,*loride ( gold =ms ) ! alkaloids comp\nds1 _m ( :i* are cry/all9e1 & mo/ admit ( utilisation = quantitative det]m9ations4 ,*loride ( gold does n precipitate amides or ammonium comp\nds1 & on ?is acc\nt its value is great4 ,! precipitates are yell[1 & aft] a :ile are p>tly decompos$1 :5 ! col\r is ( a r$di%-br[n4 ,plat9ic *loride also =ms precipitates ) mo/ ( ! alkaloids1 b s9ce x also precipitates ammonia & potassic salts1 x is inf]ior to gold *loride 9 utility4 #cjc4 7#a47 ,phosphomolybdic ,acid z a ,reag5t = ,alkaloids4--,prep>ation2 ,molybdate ( ammonia is precipitat$ by phosphate ( soda2 & ! well-wa%$ yell[ precipitate is susp5d$ 9 wat] & w>m$ ) c>bonate ( soda1 until x is entirely dissolv$4 ,?is solution is evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! ammonia fully expell$ by heat+4 ,if ! molybdic acid is fairly r$uc$ by ?is means1 x is to be moi/5$ by nitric acid1 & ! heat+ repeat$4 ,! n[ dry residue is w>m$ ) wat]1 nitric acid add$ to /rong acid reaction1 & ! mixture dilut$ ) wat]1 s t #aj p>ts ( ! solution conta9 #a ( ! dry salt4 ,! precipitates ( ! alkaloids are z foll[s3-- ,anil9e1 ,bright-yell[1 floccul5t4 ,morph9e1 ,n>cot9e1 ,br[ni%-yell[1 ,qu99e1 ,:iti%-yell[1 ,c9*on9e1 ,code9e1 ,br[ni%-yell[1 volum9\s4 ,/ry*n9e1 ,:ite-yell[1 ,bruc9e1 ,yelk-yell[1 floccul5t4 ,v]atr9e1 ,bright-yell[1 ,j]v9e1 ,aconit9e1 ,emet9e1 ,!9e1 ,bright-yell[1 volum9\s4 ,!obrom9e1 ,solan9e1 ,citron-yell[1 pulv]ul5t4 ,atrop9e1 ,bright-yell[1 floccul5t4 ,hyoscyam9e1 ,col*ic9e1 ,orange-yell[1 ,delph99e1 ,grey-yell[1 volum9\s4 ,b]b]9e1 ,dirty-yell[1 floccul5t4 ,coni9e1 ,bright-yell[1 volum9\s4 ,nicot9e1 ,pip]9e1 ,br[ni%-yell[1 floccul5t4 7#b47 ,silico-,tung/ic ,acid z a ,reag5t = ,alkaloids4--,sodium tung/ate is boil$ ) fre%ly precipitat$ gelat9\s silica4 ,to ! solution is add$ m]cur\s nitrate1 :i* precipitates ! yell[ m]cur\s silico-tung/ate4 ,?is is filt]$1 well-wa%$1 & decompos$ by an equival5t quantity ( hydro*loric acid2 silico-tung/ic acid !n goes into solution1 & m]cur\s *loride 7calomel7 rema9s beh9d4 ,! cle> filtrate is evaporat$ to drive (f ! excess ( hydro*loric acid1 & furni%es1 on spontane\s evaporation1 l>ge1 %9+1 col\rless octah$ra ( silico-tung/ic acid1 :i* effloresce 9 ! air1 melt at #cf1 & are easily soluble 9 wat] or alcohol4 ,?is ag5t produces no insoluble precipitate ) any metallic salt4 ,csium & rubidium salts1 ev5 9 dilute solutions1 are precipitat$ by x2 neutral solutions ( ammonium *loride give ) x a :ite precipitate1 soluble ) difficulty 9 l>ge quantities ( wat]4 ,x precipitates solutions ( ! salts ( qu99e1 c9*on9e1 morph9e1 atrop9e1 c42 if 9 extremely dilute solution1 an opalesc5ce only is produc$3 = in/ance1 x has be5 obs]v$ t c9*on9e hydro*lorate 9 #a_/bjjjjj1 qu9ia hydro*lorate 9 #a_/bjjjj1 morphia hydro*lorate 9 #a_/aebhe dilution1 all gave a di/9ct opalesc5ce4--,ar*iv d] ,ph>m41 ,nov41 ,dr4 ,ri*>d ,godeffroy4 7#c47 ,s*eibl]'s ,me?od = ,alkaloids3 ,phospho-,tung/ic ,acid4--,ord9>y comm]cial sodium tung/ate is dige/$ ) half its weight ( phosphoric acid1 specific gravity #aac1 & ! :ole all[$ to /& = "s days1 :5 ! acid sep>ates 9 cry/als4 ,a solution ( ^! cry/als w give a di/9ct precipitate ) ! mo/ m9ute quantities ( alkaloids1 #a_/bjjjjj ( /ry*n9e1 & #a_/ajjjjj ( qu99e4 ,! alkaloid is lib]at$ by dige/ion ) b>ium hydrate 7or calcium hydrate72 & if volatile1 may be di/ill$ (f1 if fix$1 dissolv$ out by *lor(orm4 ,9 complex mixtures1 col\r+-matt] may be remov$ by plumbic acetate1 ! lead ?r[n out by ,,%1 & conc5trat$1 s z to remove ! excess ( ,,%4 #cjd4 ,s*ulze's reag5t is phospho-antimonic acid4 ,x is prep>$ by dropp+ a /rong solution ( antimony tri*loride into a saturat$ solution ( sodic phosphate4 ,! precipitation ( ! alkaloids is effect$ by ?is reag5t 9 a sulphuric acid solution4 #cje4 ,drag5dorff's reag5t is a solution ( potass-bismu? iodide2 x is prep>$ by dissolv+ bismu? iodide 9 a hot solution ( potassium iodide1 & !n dilut+ ) an equal volume ( iodide ( potassium solution4 ,on ! addition ( an acid solution ( an alkaloid1 a k]mes-r$ precipitate falls d[n1 :i* is 9 _m cases cry/all9e4 ,m>m's reag5t is a solution ( potass-cadmium iodide4 ,x is made on simil> pr9ciples4 ,potass-z9c iodide 9 solution is also made simil>ly4 ,! precipitates produc$ 9 solutions ( n>ce9e & code9e are cry/all9e & v *>act]i/ic4 #cjf4 ,col\r ,te/s4--,frhde's reag5t is made by dissolv+ #a "p ( sodic molybdate 9 #aj p>ts ( /rong sulphuric acid2 x /rikes di/9ctive col\rs ) _m alkaloids4 ,m&el9's reag5t is a solution ( meta-vanadate ( ammonia 9 mono- or dihydrat$ sulphuric acid4 ,! /r5g? %\ld be #a "p ( ! salt to #bjj ( ! acid4 ,?is reag5t /rikes a col\r ) _m alkaloids1 & aids to _! id5tification4 ,x is specially useful to supplem5t & correct o!r te/s4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! *ief col\r reactions1 ) ! alkaloids4 7,see also p4 #ee = ! spectroscopic appe>ances ( c]ta9 ( ! col\r te/s47 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,sep>ation4 #cjg4 ,/as's ,process4--,! orig9al me?od ( ,/as#cbe 7aft]w>ds modifi$ by ,otto7#cbf consi/$ 9 extraction ( ! organic matt]s by /rong alcohol1 ) ! addition ( t>t>ic acid2 ! filt]$ solution 0 !n c>efully neutralis$ ) soda1 & %ak5 up ) e!r1 ! e!real solution be+ sep>at$ by a pipette4 ,subsequ5t *emi/s propos$ *lor(orm in/ead ( e!r1#cbg ! additional use ( amyl-alcohol1#cbh & ! sub/itution ( acetic1 hydro*loric1 & sulphuric = t>t>ic acid4 #cbe ,annal d4 ,*em4 u4 ,ph>m41 #hd1 #cgi4 #cbf ,ib41 #ajj1 #dd4 ,anleitung zur ,ausmittel4 d4 ,gifte4 #cbg ,rodg]s & ,girwood1 ,ph>m4 ,j\rn4 & ,trans41 xvi4 #dig2 ,proll9's ,*em4 ,c5tralb41 #aheg1 #bca2 ,?omas1 ,zeits*r4 fr analyt4 ,*em41 i4 #eag1 c4 #cbh ,erdmann & v4 ,u%l>1 ,ann4 ,*em4 ,ph>m41 cxx4 pp4 #aba-cfj4 ,,col\r ,,reactions#cbi ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,alkaloids4 #cbi ,cau/ic pota% also gives *>act]i/ic col\rs ) c]ta9 alkaloids4 ,out ( sev5ty-two alkaloids 7us+ #je mgrm471 ! foll[+ alone gave *>act]i/ic col\rs :5 fus$ ) ,,kho3--,qu99e1 grass-gre51 & peculi> od\r2 qu9id9e1 becom+ yell[] & f9ally br[n2 c9*on9e1 at fir/ br[ni%-r$ to violet1 ) gre5 edges1 lat]1 blui%-gre52 c9*onid9e1 blue pass+ into grey2 coca9e1 gre5i%-yell[1 turn+ to blue1 & !n dirty r$ on /rong heat+4--,w4 ,l5z1 ,zeit4 f4 anal4 ,*em41 #be1 #bi-cb4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,"n ( ,/rong ,sulphuric ,frhde's ,reag5t4,m&el9's ,reag5t4 ,sub/ance4 ,acid4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,/ry*n9e4 444 444 ,violet-blue1 !n la/ly c9nab>- r$4 ,bruc9e4 ,pale r$4 ,r$1 !n yell[4 ,yell[-r$ to orange1 aft]w>ds blood-r$4 ,cur>9e4 ,f9e r$4 444 444 ,qu99e4 444 ,gre5i%4 ,weak orange1 !n blue-gre51 la/ly gre5-br[n4 ,atrop9e4 444 444 ,r$1 !n yell[- r$1 & la/ly yell[4 ,aconit9e4 444 444 444 ,v]atr9e4 ,yell[1 !n ,gamboge-yell[1 ,yell[1 orange1 orange1 blood- !n *]ry-r$4 blood-r$1 la/ly r$1 la/ly c>m9e-r$4 c>m9e-r$4 ,morph9e4 444 ,violet1 gre51 ,r$di%1 !n blue-gre51 & blue-violet4 yell[4 ,n>cot9e4 ,yell[1 !n ,gre51 !n br[n-,c9nab>-r$1 !n raspb]ry col\r4gre51 yell[1 c>m9e-r$4 la/ly r$4 ,code9e4 444 ,dirty gre51 !n ,gre5-blue to blue4 blue1 la/ly yell[4 ,papav]9e4 444 ,gre51 !n blue- ,blue-gre5 to blue4 violet1 la/ly *]ry-r$4 ,!ba9e4 ,blood-r$1 !n ,orange1 !n ,r$ to orange4 yell[-r$4 col\rless4 ,n>ce9e4 ,grey-br[n1 !n ,br[n1 gre51 r$1,violet1 !n blood-r$4 la/ly blue4 orange4 ,nicot9e4 444 ,yell[i%1 !n ,transitory d>k r$4 col\r4 ,coni9e4 444 ,yell[4 444 ,col*ic9e4,int5se yell[4 ,yell[ to ,blue-gre51 !n gre5-yell[4 br[n4 ,delph9i- ,r$4 ,r$-br[n4 ,r$-br[n to br[n4 d9e4 ,solan9e4 ,r$-yell[1 !n ,*]ry-r$1 ,yell[-orange1 br[n4 r$-br[n1 yell[1*]ry-r$1 & yell[-gre54 la/ly violet4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #cjh4 ,selmi's ,process = ,sep>at+ ,alkaloids4--,a me?od ( sep>at+ alkaloids f an e!real solution has be5 propos$ by ,selmi4#ccj ,! alcoholic extract ( ! visc]a1 acidifi$ & filt]$1 is evaporat$ at #fe2 ! residue tak5 up ) wat]1 filt]$1 & decoloris$ by basic acetate ( lead4 ,! lead is ?r[n out by sulphurett$ hydrog52 ! solution1 aft] conc5tration1 repeat$ly extract$ ) e!r2 & ! e!real solution saturat$ ) dry ,,co1 :i* g5]ally precipitates "s ( ! alkaloids4 ,! e!real solution is !n p\r$ into clean vessels1 & mix$ ) ab\t half its volume ( wat]1 ?r\gh :i* a curr5t ( ,,co is pass$ = tw5ty m9utes2 ?is may cause ! precipitation ( o!r alkaloids n ?r[n d[n by dry ,,co4 ,if ! :ole ( ! alkaloids are n obta9$ by ^! means1 ! solution is dehydrat$ by agitation ) b>ium oxide1 & a solution ( t>t>ic acid 9 e!r is add$ 7c>e be+ tak5 to avoid excess72 ?is ?r[s d[n any alkaloid /ill pres5t4 ,! detection ( any yet rema9+ 9 ! visc]a is effect$ by mix+ ) b>ium hydrate & a little wat]1 & agitat+ ) purifi$ amylic alcohol2 f ! alcohol ! alkaloids may be subsequ5tly extract$ by agitation ) v dilute sulphuric acid4 #ccj ,f4 ,selmi1 ,gazett4 ,*im4 ,ital41 vj4 #aec-aff1 & ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc41 i41 #ahgg1 #ic4 ,ano!r +5i\s me?od 7also ! sugge/ion ( ,selmi7 is to treat ! organic sub/ance ) alcohol1 to :i* a little sulphuric acid has be5 add$1 to filt]1 dige/ ) alcohol1 & refilt]4 ,! filtrates are unit$1 evaporat$ d[n to a small] bulk1 filt]$1 conc5trat$ to a syrup1 alkalis$ by b>ium hydrate1 &1 aft] ! addition ( fre%ly ignit$ b>ium oxide & "s p[d]$ glass1 exhau/$ ) dry e!r2 ! e!r filt]$1 ! filtrate dige/$ ) lead hydrate2 ! e!real solution filt]$1 evaporat$ to dryness1 & f9ally aga9 tak5 up ) e!r1 :i*1 ?is "t1 %\ld leave on evaporation ! alkaloid almo/ pure4 #cji4 ,drag5dorff's ,process4--,to ,drag5dorff we owe an elaborate g5]al me?od ( sep>ation1 s9ce x is applicable n only to alkaloids1 b to glucosides1 & o!r active pr9ciples d]iv$ f plants4 ,8 process is ess5tially a comb9ation ( ^? already kn[n1 & its di/9ctive features are ! %ak+ up--7#a7 ( ! acid fluid ) ! solv5t1 ?us remov+ col\r+ matt]s & c]ta9 non-alkaloidal pr9ciples2 & 7#b7 ( ! same fluid made alkal9e4 ,! foll[+ is 8 me?od 9 full4 ,x may be advantage\sly us$ :5 ! analy/ has to se>* g5]ally = vegetable poison1 al?\gh x is1 ( c\rse1 f> too elaborate = e case2 & :]e1 f any circum/ance1 !re is good gr\nd = suspect+ ! pres5ce ( "o or two p>ticul> alkaloids or poisons1 ! process may be mu* %ort5$ & modifi$4#cca #cca ,drag5dorff's ,g]i*tli*-*emis*e ,ermittelung von ,gift51 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahgf1 p4 #ada4 ,i4 ,! sub/ance1 9 z f9ely-divid$ =m z possible1 is dige/$ = a few h\rs 9 wat] acidifi$ ) sulphuric acid1 at a temp]ature ( #dj to #ej1 & ?is op]ation is repeat$ two or ?ree times1 ) filt]+ & press+ ( ! sub/ances2 lat]1 ! extracts are unit$4 ,?is treatm5t 7if ! temp]ature m5tion$ is n exce$$7 does n decompose ! majority ( alkaloids or o!r active sub/ances2 b !re are a few 7e4g41 solan9e & col*ic9e7 :i* w\ld be alt]$ by x2 &1 if su* are suspect$1 mac]ation at ! common temp]ature is necess>y1 ) sub/itution ( acetic = sulphuric acid4#ccb #ccb ,:5 blood is to be exam9$1 x is bett] to dry x1 & !n p[d] & extract ) wat] acidifi$ ) dilute sulphuric acid4 ,h[ev]1 if ! s-call$ volatile alkaloids are suspect$1 ?is modification is to be omitt$4 ,,ii4 ,! extract is next evaporat$ until x beg9s to be ( a syrupy consi/5ce2 ! residue mix$ ) ?ree to f\r times its volume ( alcohol1 mac]at$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs at ab\t #cd1 all[$ to become q cool1 & filt]$ f ! =eign matt]s :i* h sep>at$4 ,! residue is wa%$ ) alcohol ( #gj p] c5t4 ,,iii4 ,! filtrate is fre$ f alcohol by di/illation1 ! wat]y residue p\r$ into a capaci\s flask1 dilut$ 7if necess>y7 ) wat]1 & filt]$4 ,acid z x is1 x is extract$ at ! common temp]ature1 ) frequ5t %ak+1 by fre%ly-rectifi$ petroleum e!r2 &1 aft] ! fluids h aga9 sep>at$1 ! petroleum e!r is remov$1 c>ry+ ) x c]ta9 impurities 7col\r+ matt]1 c471 :i* are 9 ?is way advantage\sly displac$4 ,by ?is op]ation e!real oils1 c>bolic acid1 picric acid1 c41 :i* h n be5 di/ill$1 besides pip]91 may also be sep>at$4 ,! %ak+ up ) petroleum e!r is repeat$ sev]al times 7z long z any?+ rema9s to be dissolv$71 & ! products are evaporat$ on sev]al wat*-glasses4 ,,residue ,,( ,,petroleum ,,e!r ,,f ,,! ,,acid ,,solution4 #a4 ,,x ,,is ,,cry/all9e4 #b4 ,,x ,,is ,,amorph\s4 #c4 ,,x ,,is ,,volatile1 ) a p[]ful od\r2 e!real oil1 c>bolic acid1 c4 ,a4 ,x is yell[i%1 ,a4 ,x is fix$4 & ) difficulty volatilis$4 4 ,! cry/als are 4 ,conc5trat$ sul- dissolv$ by conc5- phuric acid dissolves trat$ sulphuric x imm$iately-- acid1 ) ! pro- violet1 & lat] duction ( a cle> gre5i%-blue4 yell[ col\r1 pass- ,con/itu5ts ( ! + into br[n & black hellebore4 gre5i%-br[n4 ,pip]94 4 ,! solution 9 sulphuric acid 4 ,x dissolves ) a yell[ rema9s yell[2 potassic cyanide col\r1 *ang+ into fall[- & cau/ic pota% col\r x1 on br[n4 w>m+1 blood-r$4 ,con/itu5ts ( aconite plant ,picric acid4 & products ( ! decomposition ( ,aconit9e4 ,b4 ,,x ,,is ,,col\rless1 ,,liquefies ,b4 ,,x ,,is ,,:ite1 ,,%>p-,,ta/+1 ,,easily1 ,,& ,,smells ,,/rongly4 ,,& ,,r$d5s ,,! ,,sk94 ,camphor & simil> matt]s4 ,capsic94 ,x may be expect$ t ! sub/ances m5tion$ "u ! heads #a1 #b1 & #c w be1 9 g5]al1 fully obta9$ by degrees4 ,?is is n ! case1 h[ev]1 z reg>ds pip]9 & picric acid4 ,,iv4 ,! wat]y fluid is n[ simil>ly %ak5 up ) b5z5e1 & ! b5z5e remov$ & evaporat$4 ,%\ld ! evaporat$ residue %[ signs ( an alkaloid 7& especially ( !9e71 ! wat]y fluid is treat$ sev]al times ) a fre% mixture ( b5z5e1 till a little ( ! la/-obta9$ b5z5e extraction leaves on evaporation no residue4 ,! b5z5e extracts are n[ unit$1 & wa%$ by %ak+ ) di/ill$ wat]2 aga9 sep>at$ & filt]$1 ! great] "p ( ! b5z5e di/ill$ f ! filtrate1 & ! rema9d] ( ! fluid divid$ & evaporat$ on sev]al wat*-glasses4 ,! evaporat$ residue may conta9 !9e1 col*ic9e1 cubeb91 digital91 can?>id91 colocyn?91 elat]91 c>yophyll9e1 abs9?91 casc>ill91 popul91 santon91 c41 & traces ( v]atr9e1 delph99e1 physo/igm9e1 & b]b]9e4 ,a remnant ( pip]9 & picric acid may rema9 f ! previ\s treatm5t ) petroleum e!r4 ,,! ,,b5z5e ,,residue ,,f ,,! ,,acid ,,solution4 #a4 ,,x ,,is ,,cry/all9e4 #b4 ,,x ,,is ,,amorph\s4 ,a4 ,,well-,,=m$1 ,,col\rless ,a4 ,,col\rless ,,or ,,pale ,,yell[ ,,cry/als4 ,,residue4 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves ! 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves x at hair-l cry/als )\t *ange fir/ yell[2 ! solution be- ( col\r2 evaporation ) *lo- com+ lat] r$4 ,frhde's re- r9e wat]1 & subsequ5t treat- ag5t does n col\r x violet4 m5t ) ammonia1 gives a ,elat]94 murexide reaction4 ,!9e4 4 ,sulphuric acid leaves ! 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves r$2 rhombic cry/als uncol\r$4 ,! ,frhde's reag5t violet-r$2#ccc sub/ance1 tak5 up by oil1 & tannic acid does n precipitate4 appli$ to ! sk91 produces a ,popul94 bli/]4 ,can?>id94 4 ,sulphuric acid leaves ! 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves x scaly cry/als at fir/ un- ) a r$ col\r2 ,frhde's col\r$1 !n sl[ly develops a reag5t#ccd a beautiful *]ry- r$d5+4 ,x does n bli/]4 r$2 tannic acid precipitates a ,w>m alcoholic pota%-lye col\rs yell[i%-:ite4 ,colocyn?94 x a transitory r$4 ,santon94 4 ,sulphuric acid col\rs ! 4 ,sulphuric acid col\rs x cry/als almo/ black1 :il/ x gradually a beautiful r$1 :il/ takes itself a beautiful r$ tann9 does n precipitate4 col\r4 ,cubeb94 ,con/itu5ts ( ! ,pim5to4 ,b4 ,,cry/als ,,pale ,,to ,,cle> ,,yell[4 ,b4 ,,pure ,,yell[ ,,residue4 4 ,pip]94 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves x yell[2 on ! addition ( nitric acid1 ?is solution is gre51 quickly *ang+ to blue & violet4 ,col*ic9e4 4 ,picric ,acid4 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves ) sep>ation ( a violet p[d]2 cau/ic pota% col\rs x r$2 sulphide ( ammonia violet1 &1 by heat+1 indigo-blue4 ,*rysammic acid4 4 ,cau/ic pota% dissolves x purple4 ,aloet94 ,c4 ,,mo/ly ,,undef9$ ,,col\rless ,c4 ,a ,,gre5i% ,,bitt] ,,residue1 ,,cry/als4 :i* dissolves br[n 9 conc5- trat$ sulphuric acid2 9 ,frhde's reag5t1 likewise1 at fir/ br[n1 !n at ! edge gre51 *ang+ into blue-violet1 & la/ly violet4 ,con/itu5ts ( wormwood1 ) absyn?91 besides quassi91 m5yan?91 ericol91 daphn91 cnic91 & o!rs4 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves x gre5-br[n2 brom9e col\rs ?is solution r$2 dilution ) wat] aga9 gre54 ,! sub/ance r5d]s ! he>t-action ( a frog sl[]4 ,digital94 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves x orange1 !n br[n1 la/ly r$- violet4 ,nitric acid dissolves x yell[1 & wat] sep>ates z a jelly out ( ! latt] solution4 ,sulphuric acid & brom9e d n col\r x r$4 ,gratiol94 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves x r$-br[n4 ,brom9e produces 9 ?is solution r$-violet /ripes4 ,x does n act on frogs4 ,casc>ill94 ,d4 ,,g5]ally ,,undef9$ ,,yell[ ,,cry/allisation4--,sulphuric acid dis- solves x olive-gre54 ,! alcoholic solution gives ) potassic iodide a col\rless & gre5 cry/all9e precipitate4 ,b]b]94 #ccc ,frhde's reag5t is describ$ at page #bci4 #ccd ,frhde's reag5t is describ$ at page #bci4 ,v4 ,z a complete exhau/ion ( ! wat]y solution is n yet atta9$ by ! b5z5e ag5cy1 ano!r solv5t is tri$4 ,,! ,,wat]y ,,solution ,,is ,,n[ ,,extract$ ,,9 ,,! ,,same ,,way ,,by ,,*lor(orm4 ,9 *lor(orm ! foll[+ sub/ances are especially tak5 up3--,!obrom9e1 n>ce9e1 papav]9e1 c9*on9e1 j]v9e1 besides picrotox91 syr+91 digital91 hellebor91 convallam>91 sapon91 s5eg91 smilac94 ,la/ly1 portions ( ! bodies nam$ 9 ,process ,,iv41 :i* b5z5e fail$ to extract entirely1 ent] into solution1 z well z traces ( bruc9e1 n>cot9e1 physo/igm9e1 v]atr9e1 delph99e4 ,! evaporation ( ! *lor(orm is conduct$ at ! ord9>y temp]ature 9 f\r or five wat*-glasses4 ,,! ,,*lor(orm ,,residue ,,f ,,! ,,acid ,,solution4#cce #cce ,*lor(orm removes small portions ( acetate ( aconit9e f acid solution1 ,dun/an & ,umney1 ,j4 ,c4 ,s41 #ahib1 p4 #cch4 #a4 ,,! ,,residue ,,is ,,m ,,or ,,less #b4 ,,! ,,residue ,,is ,,amorph\s4 ,,m>k$ly ,,cry/all9e4 ,a4 ,x gives 9 ! sulphuric ,a4 ,9 acetic acid solution x acid solution evid5ce ( an r5d]s ! action ( ! frog's alkaloid by its action t[>ds he>t sl[]1 or produces local iod9e & iodide ( potassium4 an/hesia4 aa4 ,x does n produce local an/hesia4 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves x 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves x )\t ! production ( col\r1 r$-br[n1 brom9e produces a & *lor9e & ammonia give no beautiful purple col\r1 wat] murexide reaction4 ,c9*on9e4 *anges x into gre51 hydro- *loric acid dissolves x gre5i%-br[n4 ,digital94 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves x 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves x )\t col\r1 *lor9e & yell[1 !n br[n-r$2 on ad- ammonia give1 z ) !9e1 a dition ( wat] ?is solution be- murexide reaction4 ,!obrom9e4 comes violet4 ,hydro*loric acid1 on w>m+1 dissolves x r$4 ,convallam>94 bb4 ,x produces local an/he- sia4 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves x br[n4 ,! solution becomes1 by extract+ ) wat]1 violet1 & c ev5 be dilut$ ) two volumes ( wat] )\t los+ its col\r4 ,sapon94 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves x yell[4 ,on dilut+ ) wat] ! same reaction occurs z 9 ! previ\s case1 b m feebly4 ,s5eg94 4 ,sulphuric acid does n col\r 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves 9 ! cold2 on w>m+1 ! br[n1 & ! solution becomes solution becomes a blue violet4 r$ by ! addition ( a little ,papav]9e4 wat]4 ,! action is v weak4 ,smilac94 cc4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves x ) ! production ( a dirty r$1 hydro*loric acid1 9 ! cold1 ) t ( a r$di%- br[n col\r1 & ! la/ solu- tion becomes br[n on boil+4 ,con/itu5ts ( ! hellebore1 p>ticul>ly ,j]v9e4 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves x 9 ! cold ) ! production ( a blue col\r4 ,unkn[n impurities1 _m comm]cial samples ( ,papav]9e4 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves x at fir/ grey-br[n2 ! solution becomes 9 ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs blood-r$4 ,iod9e wat] col\rs x blue4 ,n>ce9e4 ,b4 ,,x ,,gives ,,no ,,alkaloid ,,reaction4 ,b4 ,is inactive1 & becomes blue by sulphuric acid2 by ,frhde's reag5t#ccf d>k *]ry-r$4 ,hydro*loric acid dissolves x r$4 ,! solution becomes1 by boil+1 col\rless4 ,syr+94 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves x ) a beautiful yell[ col\r2 mix$ ) nitre1 !n moi/5$ ) sulphuric acid1 & la/ly treat$ ) conc5trat$ soda- lye1 x is col\r$ a brick-r$4 ,picrotox94 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves x ) ! production ( a spl5did r$ col\r4 ,! sub/ance r5d]s ! he>t-action ( a frog sl[]4 ,hellebor94 #ccf ,describ$ at p4 #bci4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,wat]y ,,fluid ,,is ,,n[ ,,aga9 ,,%ak5 ,,up ,,) ,,petroleum ,,e!r1 9 ord] to take up ! re/ ( ! *lor(orm1 & ! wat]y fluid is saturat$ ) ammonia4 ,! wat]y solution ( aconit9e & emet9e is liable to und]go1 ?r\gh free ammonia1 a p>tial decomposition2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is q possible to obta91 ) v small mixtures ( ! sub/ances1 satisfactory reactions1 ev5 out ( ammoniacal solutions4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,ammoniacal ,,wat]y ,,fluid ,,) ,,petroleum ,,e!r4 ,9 ! e>li] /ages ,drag5dorff advises ! %ak+ up ) petroleum e!r at ab\t #dj1 & ! removal ( ! e!r z quickly z possible :il/ w>m4 ,?is is ) ! int5tion ( sep>at+ by ?is fluid /ry*n9e1 bruc9e1 emet9e1 qu99e1 v]atr9e1 c4 ,f9d+1 h[ev]1 t a full extraction by petroleum e!r is ei!r difficult or n practicable1 he pref]s1 z we h se51 to conclude ! op]ation by o!r ag5ts1 com+ back aga9 ^u ! e!r = c]ta9 special cases4 ,su* are ! volatile alkaloids2 & "h he recomm5ds treatm5t ( ! fluid by cold petroleum e!r1 tak+ c>e n to ha/5 ! removal ( ! latt]4 ,/ry*n9e & o!r fix$ alkaloids are !n only tak5 up 9 small quantities1 & ! great] portion rema9s = ! lat] treatm5t ( ! wat]y fluid by b5z5e4 ,a portion ( ! petroleum e!r1 suppos$ to conta9 9 solution volatile alkaloids1 is evaporat$ 9 two wat*-glasses2 to ! "o1 /rong hydro*loric acid is add$1 ! o!r be+ evaporat$ )\t ?is ag5t4 ,on ! evaporation ( ! petroleum e!r1 x is se5 :e!r ! fir/ portion is cry/all9e or amorph\s1 or :e!r ! second leaves beh9d a /rongly-smell+ fluid mass1 :i* d5otes a volatile alkaloid4 ,if ! residue 9 bo? glasses is )\t od\r & fix$1 ! abs5ce ( volatile acids & ! pres5ce ( fix$ alkaloids1 /ry*n9e1 emet9e1 v]atr9e1 c41 are indicat$4 ,,! ,,petroleum ,,e!r ,,residue ,,f ,,ammoniacal ,,solution4 #a4 ,,x ,,is ,,fix$ ,,& #b4 ,,x ,,is ,,fix$ ,,& #c4 ,,x ,,is ,,fix$ ,,& ,,cry/all9e4 ,,amorph\s4 ,,odor\s4 ,a4 ,! cry/als are ,a4 ,on add+ to ! volatilis$ ) wat*-glass a little difficulty4 hydro*loric acid1 cry/als are left beh9d4 aa4 ,sulphuric acid aa4 ,its solution is dissolves x )\t n precipitat$ by col\r4 plat9 *loride4 4 ,potassic *romate 4 ,! pure/ sulphuric 4 ,! cry/als ( ! col\rs ?is solution acid dissolves x hydro*loric comp\nd a transitory blue1 almo/ )\t col\r2 act on pol>is$ !n r$4 sulphuric acid con- light2 & are mo/ly ,/ry*n9e4 ta9+ nitric acid1 ne$le-%ap$ & r$ quickly becom+ column>4 ,coni9e orange4 & ,me?yl-,coni9e4 ,bruc9e4 4 ,potassic *romate 4 ,sulphuric acid dis- 4 ,! cry/als are does n col\r x solves x yell[1 cubical or tetra- blue2 ) *lor9e becom+ deep r$4 h$ral4 ,alkaloid wat] & ammonia x ,v]atr9e4 f ,capsicum4 gives a gre5 col\r4 ,qu99e4 4 ,sulphuric acid dis- solves x br[n-gre52 ,frhde's reag5t r$1 *ang+ into gre54 ,emet9e4 bb4 ,! solution ( ! hydro*lorate ( ! alkaloid is pre- cipitat$ by plat9 *loride4 ,s>rac994 4 ,sulphuric acid ,b4 ,! residue ( ! dissolves x yell[1 hydro*lorate ( ! & ! solution be- alkaloid is amor- comes gradually a ph\s1 or1 by fur!r beautiful deep r$4 additions ( ,h,cl1 ,sabadill9e4 becomes cry/all9e4 4 ,! cry/als are easily volatilis$4 ,coni9e4 aa4 ,its dilut$ aque\s solution is precipitat$ by plat9 *loride4 4 ,! hydro*lorate salt1 be+ quickly treat$ ) ,frhde's reag5t1 gives aft] ab\t two m9utes a violet solution :i* gradually fades4 ,lobeli94 4 ,! hydro*lorate smells l nicot9e1 & becomes by ,frhde's reag5t yell[1 & aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs pale r$4 ,nicot9e4 4 ,! hydro*lorate is )\t od\r1 ! free base smells fa9tly l anil9e4 ,sp>te9e4 bb4 ,! sub/ance is n precipitat$ f a dilut$ solu- tion by plat9 *loride4 4 ,its petroleum e!r solution pro- duces no turbidity ) a solution ( picric acid 9 petro- leum e!r2 b x leaves beh9d1 :5 mix$ ) ! above1 cry/als mo/ly ( ?ree-sid$ plates4 ,trime?ylam9e4 4 ,! petroleum e!r solution gives1 on evaporation1 :5 treat$ simil>ly1 moss-l cry/als4 ,! sub/ance is made blue by *loride ( lime1 z well z by dilut$ sulphuric acid & bi*romate ( pota%4 ,anil9e4 4 ,! alkaloid does n smell l me?ylam9e1 & is n col\r$ by *lo- ride ( lime1 sul- phuric acid1 or *ro- mate ( pota%4 ,volatile alkaloid ( ! ,pim5to4 ,,viii4 ,,! ,,ammoniacal ,,solution ,,is ,,%ak5 ,,up ,,) ,,b5z5e4 ,9 mo/ cases petroleum e!r1 b5z5e1 & *lor(orm are m easily sep>at$ f acid wat]y fluids ?an f ammoniacal1 b5z5e & *lor(orm caus+ "h a difficulty :i* has p]haps det]r$ _m f us+ ?is me?od4 ,drag5dorff1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9s t he has nev] exam9$ a fluid 9 :i* he c\ld n obta9 a complete sep>ation ( ! b5z5e & wat]4 ,if ! upp] b5z5e lay] is fully gelat9\s & emulsive1 ! "u lay] ( wat] is to be remov$ ) a pipette z f> z possible1 & ! b5z5e ) a few drops ( absolute alcohol & filtration4 ,z a rule1 ! wat] goes ?r\gh fir/ alone1 & by ! "t ! great] "p has run ?r\gh1 ! jelly 9 ! filt]1 by d9t ( /irr+1 has become sep>at$ f ! b5z5e1 &1 f9ally1 ! jelly %r9ks up to a m9imum1 & ! cle> b5z5e filt]s (f4 ,drag5dorff filt]s mo/ly into a burette1 f :i* ultimately ! b5z5e & ! wat] are sep>at$4 ,! pr9cipal alkaloids :i* are dissolv$ 9 b5z5e are--/ry*n9e1 me?yl & e?yl /ry*n9e1 bruc9e1 emet9e1 qu99e1 c9*on9e1 atrop9e1 hyoscyam9e1 physo/igm9e1 aconit9e1 nepal91 ! alkaloid ( ! ,aconitum lycoctonum1 aconell91 napell91 delph99e1 v]atr9e1 sabatr91 sabadill9e1 code9e1 !ba9e1 & n>cot9e4 ,,! ,,b5z5e ,,residue ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,! ,,ammoniacal ,,solution4 #a4 ,,x ,,is ,,= ,,! ,,mo/ ,,"p ,,crys- #b4 ,,x ,,is ,,= ,,! ,,mo/ ,,"p ,,amor- ,,tall9e4 ,,ph\s4 a4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves x a4 ,pure sulphuric acid dis- )\t col\r1 ! solution solves x ei!r :iti%-r$ or be+ col\r$ nei!r on /&- yell[i%4 + nor on ! addition ( nitric acid4 aa4 ,x dilates ! pupil ( a cat4 4 ,plat9 *loride does n pre- 4 ,! solution becomes by nitric cipitate ! aque\s solution4 acid imm$iately r$1 !n quickly ,! sulphuric acid solution gives1 orange4 ,bruc9e4 on w>m+1 a peculi> smell4 ,atrop9e4 4 ,plat9 *loride appli$ to ! 4 ,! solution becomes by little solution precipitates4 & little br[ni%-r$4 ,! sub- ,hyoscyam9e4 /ance is col\r$ r$ by *lo- ride ( lime solution1 & x contracts ! pupil4 ,physo/igm9e4 bb4 ,x does n dilate ! pupil4 4 ,! sulphuric acid solution becomes blue by *romate ( pota%4 4 ,! sub/ance appli$ to a frog produces tetanus4 ,/ry*n9e4 4 ,x l[]s ! numb] ( res- pirations 9 a frog4 ,e?yl & ,me?yl ,/ry*n9e4 4 ,sulphuric acid & bi*romate ( pota% d n col\r x blue4 4 ,! sulphuric acid wat]y s- lution is fluoresc5t1 & be- comes gre5 on ! addition ( *lor9e wat] & ammonia4 ,qu99e & ,c9*on9e4 7,! la/ is m difficult to dissolve 9 petroleum e!r ?an qu99e47 4 ,! solution is n fluores- c5t4 ,c9*on9e4 b4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves x b4 ,pure sulphuric acid dis- at fir/ col\rless2 ! solution solves x yell[1 & ! solu- takes on /&+ a rose or tion becomes lat] beautiful r$ violet-blue2 on addition ( 7) delph99e1 m quickly a nitric acid1 a blood-r$ or br[n d>k] *]ry-r$47 coloration4 4 ,a solution 9 dilut$ sulphuric 4 ,! hydro*loric acid solution acid becomes1 on heat+1 deep gradually becomes r$ on heat+4 blood-r$1 &1 :5 cool$1 violet1 ) nitric acid4 ,! aque\s solution is precipitat$ by ammonia4 ,n>cot9e4 4 ,! sub/ance acts on a frog1 caus+1 9 l>ge doses1 tetanus4 ,v]atr9e4 4 ,x is almo/ )\t action on frogs4 ,sabatr94 4 ,! solution 9 dilut$ sul- 4 ,! hydro*loric acid solution phuric acid becomes1 on heat+1 does n1 on heat+1 become r$4 a beautiful blue4 ,excess ( ammo- ,delph99e4 nia does n precipitate 9 a dilut$ wat]y solution4 ,code9e4 c4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves x c4 ,pure sulphuric acid dis- ) ! production ( a yell[ solves x yell[1 & ! solu- col\r4 tion becomes lat] r$-br[n1 & gradually violet-r$4 4 ,! solution rema9s yell[ 4 ,! sub/ance ev5 9 small on /&+4 ,acolyct94 doses p>alyses frogs1 & dilates ! pupil ( a cat's eye4 ,e!r dissolves x ) diffi- culty4 ,nepal94 4 ,x becomes beautifully r$4 4 ,x is easily soluble 9 e!r1 ,sabadill9e4 its effects are n s m>k$1 & x does n dilate ! pupil4 ,aconit9e4 4 ,its effects are /ill feeble2 x does n dilate ! pupil1 & is ) difficulty dissolv$ by e!r4 ,napell94 d4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves x d4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves x ) an imm$iate deep r$-br[n ) a d>k gre5 col\r1 & ! col\r4 ,!ba9e4 solution becomes1 ev5 aft] a few seconds1 a beautiful blood- r$4 ,alkaloidal sub/ances out ( ! ,aconitum lycoctonum4 e4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves x e4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves x imm$iately blue4 ,sub/ances br[n-gre51 & ,frhde's reag5t accompany+ ! ,papav]9s4 r$1 becom+ beautifully gre54 ,emet9e4 ,,ix4 ,,%ak+ ,,( ,,! ,,ammoniacal ,,wat]y ,,solution ,,) ,,*lor(orm4 ,?is extracts ! rema9d] ( ! c9*on9e & papav]9e1 n>ce9e1 & a small portion ( morph9e1 z well z an alkaloid f ! cel&9e4 ,,! ,,residue ,,f ,,! ,,*lor(orm4 aa4 ,! solution1 on w>m+1 is only slightly col\r$4 4 ,b1 aft] x is aga9 cool$1 x /rikes ) nitric acid a violet-blue2 *loride ( iron mix$ ) ! sub/ance gives a blue col\r2 ,frhde's reag5t also dissolves x violet4 ,morph9e4 4 ,x is n col\r$ by nitric acid2 x is also indiff]5t to *loride ( iron4 ,c9*on9e4 bb4 ,! solution becomes by w>m+ violet-blue4 ,papav]9e4 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves x gre5i%-br[n1 & ! solution becomes1 on /&+1 blood-r$4 ,n>ce9e4 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves x a violet-blue4 ,alkaloidal con/itu5t ( ! ,cel&9e4 ,x4 ,,%ak+ ,,up ,,( ,,! ,,wat]y ,,fluid ,,) ,,amyl ,,alcohol4 ,f ?is process1 besides morph9e & solan9e1 z well z salic91 ! remnants ( ! convallam>91 sapon91 s5eg91 & n>ce9e are also to be expect$4 ,,! ,,amyl ,,alcohol ,,residue4 a4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves x )\t col\r 9 ! cold4 ,morph9e 7see above74 b4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves x ) ! production ( a cle> yell[-r$ & ! solution becomes br[ni%4 ,iod9e wat] col\rs x a deep br[n4 ,! alcoholic solution gelat9ises4 ,solan9e4 c4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves x gre5-br[n1 becom+ r$4 ,n>ce9e 7see above74 d4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves x yell[1 !n br[n-r$1 becom+ violet on dilution ) wat]4 ,hydro*loric acid dissolves x1 & x becomes r$ on w>m+4 ,x /ops ! he>t-action 9 ! sy/ole4 ,convallam>94 e4 ,hydro*loric acid dissolves x = ! mo/ "p )\t col\r4 ,sapon94 f4 ,z ! =ego+1 b act+ m feebly4 ,s5eg94 g4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves x imm$iately a pure r$4 ,on w>m+ ) sulphuric acid & bi*romate ( pota%1 a smell ( salicylic acid is develop$4 ,salic94 ,,xi4 ,,dry+ ,,! ,,wat]y ,,fluid ,,) ,,! ,,addition ,,( ,,p[d]$ ,,glass1 ,,& ,,extraction ,,( ,,! ,,f9ely-,,divid$ ,,residue ,,by ,,*lor(orm4 ,! residue ( ! fir/ *lor(orm extract less5s ! numb] ( respirations ( a frog2 ! residue ( ! second & ?ird *lor(orm extract becomes1 by sulphuric acid & bi*romate ( pota%1 blue1 pass+ into a p]man5t r$4 ,ano!r portion ( ?is residue becomes r$ on w>m+ ) dilut$ sulphuric acid4 ,cur>9e4 ,,%ort] ,,process ,,= ,,sep>at+ ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,alkaloids4 #caj4 ,a %ort] process1 recomm5d$ conditionally by ,drag5dorff1 = bruc9e1 /ry*n9e1 qu99e1 c9*on9e1 & emet9e1 is z foll[s3-- ,! sub/ance1 if necess>y1 is f9ely divid$1 & treat$ ) sulphuric acid 7dilute7 until x has a m>k$ acid reaction4 ,to e #ajj c4c4 ( ! pulp 7:i* has be5 dilut$ ) di/ill$ wat] to admit ( its be+ filt]$ lat]71 at lea/ #e to #aj c4c4 ( dilut$ sulphuric acid 7#a 3 #e7 are add$4 ,x is dige/$ at #ej = a few h\rs1 filt]$1 & ! residue treat$ aga9 ) #ajj c4c4 ( wat] at #ej4 ,?is extract is1 aft] a few h\rs1 aga9 filt]$2 bo? ! filtrates are mix$ & evaporat$ 9 ! wat]-ba? to almo/ ! consi/5cy ( a ?9 syrup4 ,! fluid1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be conc5trat$ too mu*1 or fully evaporat$ to dryness4 ,! residue is n[ plac$ 9 a flask1 & treat$ ) ?ree to f\r times its volume ( alcohol ( #ij to #ie p] c5t42 ! mixture is mac]at$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & !n filt]$4 ,! filtrate is di/ill$ alcohol-free1 or ne>ly s1 b a small am\nt ( alcohol rema9+ is n objectionable4 ,! wat]y fluid is dilut$ to ab\t #ej c4c41 & treat$ ) pure b5z5e2 ! mixture is %ak51 & aft] a little "t ! b5z5e remov$--an op]ation :i* is repeat$4 ,aft] ! removal ! second "t ( ! b5z5e1 ! wat]y fluid is made alkal9e ) ammonia1 w>m$ to #dj or #ej1 & ! free alkaloid extract$ by twice %ak+ x up ) two diff]5t applications ( b5z5e4 ,on evaporation ( ! latt]1 if ! alkaloid is n left pure1 x c be dissolv$ 9 acid1 precipitat$ by ammonia1 & aga9 extract$ by b5z5e4 #caa4 ,s*eibl]'s ,process4--,a me?od v diff]5t f ^? j describ$ is "o practis$ by ,s*eibl]4 ,?is is to precipitate ! phosphotung/ate ( ! alkaloid1 & !n to lib]ate ! latt] by dige/+ ! precipitate ) ei!r hydrate ( b>ium or hydrate ( calcium1 dissolv+ x out by *lor(orm1 or1 if volatile1 by simple di/illation4 ,! conv5i5ce ( ,s*eibl]'s process is great1 & x admits ( v g5]al application4 ,9 complex mixtures1 x w usually be f\nd be/ to prec$e ! addition ( phosphotung/ic acid#ccg by t ( acetate ( lead1 9 ord] to remove col\r+ matt]1 c42 ! excess ( lead mu/ 9 its turn be ?r[n out by ,,%1 & ! excess ( ,,% be got rid ( by evaporation4 ,phosphotung/ic acid is a v delicate te/ = ! alkaloids1 giv+ a di/9ct precipitate ) ! mo/ m9ute quantities 7#a_/bjjjjj ( /ry*n9e & #a_/ajjjjj ( qu99e74 ,a v simil> me?od is practis$ by ,sonn5s*e9 & o!rs ) ! aid ( phospho-molybdic acid4 ,! details ( ,s*eibl]'s process are z foll[s3-- #ccg ,! me?od ( prep>+ ?is reag5t is z foll[s3--,ord9>y comm]cial sodium tung/ate is treat$ ) half its weight ( phosphoric acid1 specific gravity1 #aac1 & !n all[$ to /& = "s days4 ,phosphotung/ic acid sep>ates 9 cry/als4 ,! organic mixture is repeat$ly extract$ by wat] /rongly acidifi$ ) sulphuric acid2 ! extract is evaporat$ at #cj to ! consi/5ce ( a ?9 syrup2 !n dilut$ ) wat]1 &1 aft] sev]al h\rs' /&+1 filt]$ 9 a cool place4 ,to ! filt]$ fluid phosphotung/ic acid is add$ 9 excess1 ! precipitate filt]$1 wa%$ ) wat] to :i* "s phosphotung/ic acid solution has be5 add$1 &1 :il/ /ill moi/1 r9s$ into a flask4 ,cau/ic b>yta or c>bonate ( pota% is add$ to alkal9e reaction1 & aft] ! flask has be5 connect$ ) bulbs conta9+ ,h,cl1 x is heat$ at fir/ sl[ly1 !n m /rongly4 ,ammonia & any volatile alkaloids are driv5 ov] into ! acid1 & are !re fix$1 & c be exam9$ lat] by suitable me?ods4 ,! residue 9 ! flask is c>efully evaporat$ to dryness 7! excess ( b>yta hav+ be5 precipitat$ by ,,co71 & !n extract$ by /rong alcohol4 ,on evaporation ( ! alcohol1 ! alkaloid is g5]ally suffici5tly pure to be exam9$1 or1 if n s1 x may be obta9$ pure by re-solution1 c4 ,! au?or has _h consid]able exp]i5ce ( ,s*eibl]'s process1 & has us$ x 9 precipitat+ v>i\s animal fluids1 b has g5]ally f\nd ! precipitate bulky & difficult to manage4 #cab4 ,gr&val & ,laj\x's ,me?od4#cch--,! alkaloids are precipitat$ f a solution slightly acidifi$ by hydro*loric or sulphuric acid by a solution ( hydr>g-potassium iodide4 ,! precipitate is collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$ & !n transf]r$ to a flask2 drop by drop1 a solution ( sodium sulphide is add$2 aft] ea* addition ! susp5d$ precipitate is %ak5 & all[$ to /& = a few m9utes1 & a drop ( ! liquid tak5 out & te/$ ) lead acetate2 directly a slight br[n col\r appe>s1 suffici5t sodic sulphide has be5 add$4 ,! liquid is n[ left = half-an-h\r1 ) occasional %ak+4 ,!n sulphuric acid is add$ until x is j acid1 & ! liquid is filt]$ & ! m]cury sulphide well wa%$4 ,9 ! filtrate w be ! sulphate ( any alkaloid 9 solution2 ?is liquid is n[ made alkal9e ) soda c>bonate & %ak5 up1 z 9 ,drag5dorff's process1 ) appropriate solv5ts2 su*1 = example1 z e!r1 or *lor(orm1 or acetone1 or amylic alcohol1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> alkaloid ! analy/ is se>*+ =1 & ! solv5t f9ally sep>at$ & all[$ to evaporate1 :5 ! alkaloid is f\nd 9 ! residue4 #cch 8,dosage des alcaloides l'aide de l'iodure d\ble de m]cure et de potassium10 p> ,,mm4 ,a4 ,gr&val et ,h5ri ,laj\x1 ,j\rn4 de ,ph>macie1 #e sr4 t4 xxviii4 #aeb-aef4 #cac4 ,id5tification ( ! ,alkaloids4--,hav+ obta9$1 9 "o way or o!r1 a cry/all9e or amorph\s sub/ance1 suppos$ to be an alkaloid1 or1 at all ev5ts1 an active vegetable pr9ciple1 ! next /ep is to id5tify x4 ,if ! te/s giv5 9 ,drag5dorff's process h be5 appli$1 ! obs]v] w h already gone a good way t[>ds ! id5tification ( ! sub/ance2 b x is1 ( c\rse1 dang]\s to tru/ to "o reaction4 ,9 m$ico-legal rese>*es !re is seldom any consid]able quantity ( ! mat]ial to "w ^u4 ,h5ce ! greate/ c>e mu/ be tak5 f ! comm5cem5t n to wa/e ! sub/ance 9 useless te/s1 b to /udy well at ! outset :at--by ! me?od ( extraction us$1 ! microscopic appe>ance1 ! reaction to litmus pap]1 & ! solubility 9 diff]5t m5/rua--x is likely to be4 ,h[ev] m9ute ! quantity may be1 x is ess5tial to divide x into diff]5t p>ts1 9 ord] to apply a v>iety ( te/s2 b z any attempt to d ?is on ! solid sub/ance w probably entail loss1 ! be/ way is to dissolve x 9 a wat*-glass 9 half a c4c4 ( alcohol1 e!r1 or o!r suitable solv5t4 ,droplets ( ?is solution are !n plac$ on wat*-glasses or slips ( microscopic glass1 & to ^! drops1 by ! aid ( a glass rod1 diff]5t reag5ts c be appli$1 & ! *anges wat*$ "u ! microscope z ! drops sl[ly evaporate4 #cad4 ,sublimation ( ! ,alkaloids4--,a v beautiful & elegant aid to ! id5tification ( alkaloids1 & vegetable pr9ciples g5]ally1 is _! behavi\r t[>ds heat4 ,alkaloids1 glucosides1 ! organic acids1 c41 :5 c>efully heat$1 ei!r--7#a7 sublime :olly )\t decomposition 7l !9e1 cytis91 & o!rs72 or 7#b7 p>tially sublime ) decomposition2 or 7#c7 are *ang$ into new bodies 7z1 = example1 gallic acid72 or 7#d7 melt & !n *>2 or 7#e7 simply *> & burn away4 ,_m ( ^! ph5om5a are /rik+ & *>act]i/ic1 tak+ place at diff]5t temp]atures1 sublim+ 9 *>act]i/ic =ms1 or leav+ *>act]i/ic residues4 ,"o ( ! fir/ to employ sublimation sy/ematically1 z a means ( recognition ( ! alkaloids1 c41 0 ,helwig4#cci ,8 me?od 0 to place a small quantity 7f to #a_/djjj ( a mgrm47 9 a depression on plat9um foil1 cov] x ) a slip ( glass1 & !n c>efully heat by a small flame4 ,aft] ,helwig1 ,dr4 ,guy#cdj greatly improv$ ! process by us+ porcela9 discs1 & m especially by ! adoption ( a conv5i5t app>atus1 :i* may be t]m$ 8! sublim+ cell40 ,x is ess5tially compos$ ( a r+ ( glass f to ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 su* z may be obta9$ by sections ( tub+1 ! cut surfaces be+ gr\nd p]fectly smoo?4 ,?is circle is conv]t$ into a clos$ cell by re/+ x on "o ( ! ord9>y ?9 discs ( glass us$ z a cov]+ = microscopic purposes1 & support+ a simil> disc4 ,! cell 0 plac$ on a brass plate1 provid$ ) a nipple1 :i* c>ri$ a !rmomet]1 & 0 heat$ by a small flame appli$ midway betwe5 ! !rmomet] & ! cell2 ! heat 0 rais$ v gradually1 & ! temp]ature at :i* any *ange took place 0 not$4 ,9 ?is way ,dr4 ,guy made det]m9ations ( ! sublim+ po9ts ( a l>ge numb] ( sub/ances1 & ! microscopic appe>ances ( ! sublimates 7 describ$ ) ! greate/ fidelity & accuracy4 ,on repeat+ ) c>e ,dr4 ,guy's det]m9ations1 h[ev]1 ,i c\ld 9 no s+le in/ance agree ) 8 sublim+ po9ts1 nor ) ! app>atus he figures & describes c\ld two consecutive obs]vations exactly co9cide4 ,fur!r1 on exam9+ ! v>i\s sublim+ temp]atures ( sub/ances1 z /at$ by diff]5t au?ors1 ! wide/ discrepancies 7 f\nd--diff]5ces ( #b or ev5 #c degrees might be ref]r$ to errors ( obs]vation1 a want ( exact co9cid5ce 9 ! !rmomet]s employ$1 & ! l2 b to :at1 = example1 c we ascribe ! irreconcilable /atem5ts :i* h be5 made ) reg>d to !9e8 ,accord+ to ,/rau*1 ?is sub/ance sublimes at #agg2 accord+ to ,muld]1 at #ahdg4 ,b t bo? ( ^! obs]vations deviate m ?an #gj f ! tru? may be prov$ by any "o :o c>es to place a few mgrms4 ( !9e1 enclos$ betwe5 two wat*-glasses1 ov] ! wat]-ba?2 9 a few m9utes a di/9ct sublimate w cond5se on ! upp] glass1 &1 9 po9t ( fact1 !9e w be f\nd to sublime sev]al degrees bel[ #ajj4 #cci ,das ,mikroskop 9 d] ,toxicologie4 #cdj ,ph>m4 ,j\rn4 ,trans4 7#b71 viij4 #gai2 ix4 #aj1 #eh4 ,=5sic ,m$ic9e1 ,london1 #ahge4 ,s9ce ?is great div]g5cy ( op9ion is n f\nd ei!r 9 ! specific gravity1 or ! boil+-po9ts1 or any ( ! l det]m9ations ( ! physical prop]ties ( a sub/ance1 x is self-evid5t t ! processes hi!rto us$ = ! det]m9ation ( sublim+ po9ts are faulty4 ,! s\rces ( error are *iefly-- 7#a47 ,defects 9 ! app>atus employ$--! temp]ature read be+ r t ( ! metallic surface 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! !rmomet] ?an ( ! sub/ance itself4 7#b47 ,! want ( agreem5t among obs]v]s z to :at %\ld be call$ a sublimate--"o consid]+ a sublimate only t :i* is evid5t to ! nak$ eye1 ano!r tak+ cognisance ( ! e>lie/ microscopic film4 7#c47 ,no two p]sons employ+ ! same process4 ,) reg>d to ! app>atus employ$1 ,i adopt ,dr4 ,guy's sublim+ cell2 b ! cell1 in/ead ( re/+ on a metallic solid1 floats on a metallic fluid4 ,= any temp]ature a little above #ajj ?is fluid is m]cury1 b = high] temp]atures fusible metal is pref]able4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sublim+ ,,cell4 ,! exact proc$ure is z foll[s3--,a porcela9 crucible 7a 9 fig471 ab\t #c in*es 9 diamet]1 is ne>ly fill$ ) m]cury or fusible metal1 z ! case may be2 a m9ute speck 7or two or ?ree cry/als ( ! sub/ance to be exam9$7 is plac$ on a ?9 disc ( microscopic cov]+ glass1 float$ on ! liquid1 & ! cell is complet$ by ! glass r+ & upp] disc4 ,! porcela9 crucible is support$ on a brass plate 7b71 fix$ to a retort-/& 9 ! usual way1 & protect$ f ! unequal cool+ effects ( curr5ts ( air by be+ cov]$ by a flask 7c71 f :i* ! bottom has be5 remov$4 ,! neck ( ! flask conv5i5tly supports a !rmomet]1 :i* passes ?r\gh a cork1 & ! bulb ( ! !rmomet] is imm]s$ 9 ! ba? ( liquid metal4 ,9 ! fir/ exam9ation ( a sub/ance ! temp]ature is rais$ some:at rapidly1 tak+ (f ! upp] disc ) a =ceps at e #aj & ex*ang+ x = a fre% disc1 until ! sub/ance is de/roy$4 ,! second exam9ation is conduct$ mu* m sl[ly1 & ! discs ex*ang$ at e #d or #e1 :il/ ! f9al det]m9ation is effect$ by rais+ ! temp]ature ) great caution1 & ex*ang+ ! discs at ab\t ! po9ts ( *ange 7already p>tially det]m9$7 at e half degree4 ,all ! discs are exam9$ microscopically4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t def9ition ( a sublimate is ?is--! mo/ m9ute films1 dots1 or cry/als1 :i* c be obs]v$ by -in* p[]1 & :i* are obta9$ by keep+ ! sublim+ cell at a def9ite temp]ature = #fj seconds4 ,! comm5cem5t ( _m sublimates assumes ! %ape ( dots ( extraord9>y m9ut5ess1 q invisible to ! unaid$ eye2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 s9ce ! practical value ( sublimation is ma9ly z an aid to o!r me?ods = ! recognition ( sub/ances1 if we g beyond %ort int]vals ( "t1 ! op]ation1 o!rwise simple & spe$y1 becomes cumb]some1 & loses its g5]al applicability4 ,!re is also consid]able discrepancy ( /atem5t ) reg>d to ! melt+-po9t ( alkaloidal bodies2 9 _m in/ances a visc\s /ate int]v5es be=e ! f9al complete resolution into fluid1 & "o obs]v] w consid] ! visc\s /ate1 ! o!r complete fluidity1 z ! melt+-po9t4 ,9 ! melt+-po9ts giv5 bel[1 ! same app>atus 0 us$1 b ! sub/ance 0 simply plac$ on a ?9 disc ( glass float+ on ! metallic ba? be=e describ$ 7! cell n be+ complet$71 & exam9$ f "t to "t microscopically1 = by ?is means alone c ! fir/ drops =m$ by ! mo/ m9ute & closely-adh]5t cry/als to ! glass be discov]$4 ,coca9e melts at #ic1 & gives a fa9t sublimate at #ih2 if put betwe5 two wat*-glasses on ! wat]-ba?1 9 fifte5 m9utes !re is a good cl\d on ! upp] glass4 ,aconit9e turns br[n1 & melts at #agi ,c42 x gives no *>act]i/ic sublimate up to #aij4 ,morph9e1 at #aej1 cl\ds ! upp] disc ) nebul2 ! nebul are resolv$ by high magnify+ p[]s into m9ute dots2 ^! dots gradually become co>s]1 & are g5]ally conv]t$ into cry/als at #ahh2 ! alkaloid br[ns at or ab\t #bjj4 ,!ba9e sublimes 9 !9e-l cry/als at #ace2 at high] temp]atures 7#afj to #bjj71 ne$les1 cubes1 & prisms are obs]v$4 ,! residue on ! l[] disc1 if exam9$ be=e c>bonisation1 is fawn-col\r$ ) non-*>act]i/ic spots4 ,n>cot9e gives no sublimate2 x melts at #aee into a yell[ liquid1 :i*1 on rais+ ! temp]ature1 ev] becomes br[n] to f9al blackness4 ,on exam9+ ! residue be=e c>bonisation1 x is a ri* br[n amorph\s sub/ance2 b if n>cot9e be heat$ two or ?ree degrees above its melt+-po9t1 & !n cool$ sl[ly1 ! residue is cry/all9e--long1 f9e ne$les radiat+ f c5tres be+ common4 ,n>ce9e gives no sublimate2 x melts at #acd into a col\rless liquid1 :i* und]goes at high] temp]atures ! usual transition ( br[n col\rs4 ,! sub/ance1 heat$ a few degrees above its melt+-po9t1 & !n all[$ to cool sl[ly1 %[s a /raw-col\r$ residue1 divid$ into lobes or drops conta9+ fea!ry cry/als4 ,papav]9e gives no sublimate2 x melts at #acj4 ,! residue1 heat$ a little above its melt+-po9t1 & !n sl[ly cool$1 is amorph\s1 ( a light-br[n col\r1 & 9 no way *>act]i/ic4 ,hyoscyam9e gives no cry/all9e sublimate2 x melts at #hi1 & appe>s to volatilise 9 great "p )\t decomposition4 ,x melts into an almo/ col\rless fluid1 :i*1 :5 solid1 may exhibit a network n unlike vegetable p>5*yma2 on moi/5+ ! network ) wat]1 int]lac+ cry/als imm$iately appe>4 ,if1 h[ev]1 hyoscyam9e be kept at #id to #ie = a few m9utes1 & !n sl[ly cool$1 ! edges ( ! spots are arboresc5t1 & ! spots !mselves cry/all9e4 ,atrop9e 7datur9e7 melts at #ig2 at #abc a fa9t mi/ appe>s on ! upp] disc4 ,cry/als _c be obta9$2 ! residue is n *>act]i/ic4 ,solan9e4--,! upp] disc is dimm$ ) nebul at #aij1 :i* are co>s] & m di/9ct at high] temp]atures2 at #bjj x beg9s to br[n1 & !n melts2 ! residue consi/s ( amb]-br[n1 non-*>act]i/ic drops4 ,/ry*n9e gives a m9ute sublimate ( f9e ne$les1 (t5 dispos$ 9 l9es1 at #afi2 ab\t #bba x melts1 ! residue 7at t temp]ature7 is res9\s4 ,bruc9e melts at #aea into a pale yell[ liquid1 at high] temp]atures becom+ deep-br[n4 ,if ! l[] disc1 aft] melt+1 be exam9$1 no cry/als are obs]v$1 ! residue be+ q transp>5t1 ) bran*+ l9es l ! twigs ( a leafless tree2 light mi/s1 produc$ r by decomposition ?an by true sublimation1 cond5se on ! upp] disc at #ahe1 & above4 ,sapon9 nei!r melts nor sublimes2 x beg9s to br[n ab\t #ade1 is almo/ black at #ahe1 & q s at #aij4 ,delph99e beg9s to br[n ab\t #ajb2 x becomes amb] at #aai1 & melts1 & bubbles appe>4 ,!re is no cry/all9e sublimate2 residue n *>act]i/ic4 ,piloc>p9e gives a di/9ct cry/all9e sublimate at #aec2 b ?9 mi/s1 consi/+ ( f9e dots1 may be obs]v$ z l[ z #adj4 ,piloc>p9e melts at #aei2 ! sublimates at #afj to #agj are 9 light yell[ drops4 ,if ^! drops are treat$ ) wat]1 & ! wat] evaporat$1 fea!ry cry/als are obta9$2 ! residue is res9\s4 ,!9e :olly sublimes2 ! fir/ sublimate is m9ute dots1 at #gi2 at half a degree above t v small cry/als may be obta9$2 & at su* a temp]ature z #abj1 ! cry/als are (t5 long & silky4 ,!obrom9e likewise :olly sublimes2 nebul at #acd1 cry/als at #agj1 & above4 ,salic9 melts at #agj2 x gives no cry/all9e sublimate4 ,! melt$ mass rema9s up to #ahj almo/ p]fectly col\rless2 above t temp]ature br[n+ is evid5t4 ,! residue is n *>act]i/ic4 ,picrotox9 gives no cry/all9e sublimate4 ,! l[e/ temp]ature at :i* x sublimes is #abh2 ! usual nebul !n make _! appe>ance2 betwe5 #afe & #agj !re is slight br[n+2 at #agj x melts4 ,! residue1 sl[ly cool$1 is n *>act]i/ic4 ,can?>id9 sublimes v scantily betwe5 #hb & #hc2 at #he ! sublimate is copi\s4 ,! active pr9ciples ( plants may1 9 reg>d to _! behavi\r to heat1 be class$ = practical purposes into-- #a4 ,^? :i* give a decid$ cry/all9e sublimate3 7a47 ,bel[ #ajj1 e4g41 coca9e1 !9e1 !ba9e1 can?>id94 7b47 ,betwe5 #ajj & #aej1 e4g41 qu9etum4 7c47 ,betwe5 #aej & #bjj1 e4g41 /ry*n9e1 morph9e1 piloc>p9e4 #b4 ,^? :i* melt1 b give no cry/all9e sublimate3 7a47 ,bel[ #ajj1 e4g41 hyoscyam9e1 atrop9e4 7b47 ,betwe5 #ajj & #aej1 e4g41 papav]9e4 7c47 ,betwe5 #aej & #bjj1 e4g41 salic94 7d47 ,above #bjj1 e4g41 solan9e4 #c4 ,^? :i* nei!r melt nor give a cry/all9e sublimate1 e4g41 sapon94 #cae4 ,melt+-po9t4--,! me?od ( sublimation j giv5 also det]m9es ! melt+-po9t2 su* a det]m9ation w1 h[ev]1 seldom comp>e ) ! melt+-po9ts ( ! v>i\s alkaloids z giv5 9 text-books1 because ! latt] melt+-po9ts are n det]m9$ 9 ! same way4 ,! usual me?od ( det]m9+ melt+-po9ts is to place a v small quantity 9 a glass tube clos$ at "o end2 ! tube %\ld be almo/ capill>y4 ,! tube is fa/5$ to a !rmomet] by means ( plat9um wire1 & !n ! bulb ( ! !rmomet]1 ) its atta*$ tube1 is imm]s$ 9 /rong sulphuric acid or p>aff91 conta9$ 9 a flask4 ,! !rmomet] %\ld be susp5d$ midway 9 ! liquid & heat c>efully appli$1 s z to raise ! temp]ature gradually & equably4 ,x w be f\nd t rapidly rais+ ! heat gives a diff]5t melt+-po9t to t :i* is obta9$ by sl[ly rais+ ! heat4 ,dur+ ! process c>eful wat*+ is necess>y3 mo/ sub/ances *ange 9 hue be=e !y actually melt4 ,a con/ant melt+-po9t1 h[ev] (t5 a sub/ance is purifi$ by recry/allisation1 is a sign ( purity4 #caf4 ,id5tification by ,organic ,analysis4--,9 a few cases 7& 9 a few only7 ! analy/ may h suffici5t mat]ial at h& to make an organic analysis1 ei!r z a means ( id5tification or to confirm o!r te/s4 ,by ! vacuum process describ$ 9 8,foods10 9 :i* c>bon & nitrog5 are det]m9$ by measur+ ! gases evolv$ by burn+ ! organic sub/ance 9 z complete a vacuum z c be obta9$1 v m9ute quantities ( a sub/ance c be dealt )1 & ! c>bon & nitrog5 det]m9$ ) fair accuracy4 ,x is f\nd 9 practice t ! c>bon det]m9ations appe> m reliable ?an ^? ( ! nitrog51 & !re are obvi\s reasons :y ?is %\ld be s4 ,!oretically1 ) ! improv$ gas-measur+ appliances1 x is possible to measure a c4c4 ( gas2 b few *emi/s w\ld c>e to create a =mula on less ?an #aj c4c4 ( ,,co4 ,n[1 s9ce #aj c4c4 ( ,,co is equal to #fcc mgrms4 ( c>bon1 & alkaloids av]age at lea/ half _! weight ( c>bon1 x foll[s t #ab mgrms4 ( alkaloid repres5t ab\t ! smalle/ quantity ) :i* a reliable s+le combu/ion c be made4 ,! foll[+ table gives a consid]able numb] ( ! alkaloids & alkaloidal bodies1 arrang$ accord+ to _! cont5t 9 c>bon3-- ,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,cont5t ,,( ,,c>bon ,,& ,,nitrog5 ,,9 ,,v>i\s ,,alkaloidal ,,bodies4 ,c>bon4 ,nitrog54 ,asp>ag91 #cfcf #baba ,me?ylam9e1 #chga #deag ,beta9e1 #dddd #ajcg ,!obrom9e1 #dffg #caaa ,!9e1 #didh #bhhf ,indican1 #difj #bbb ,musc>9e1 #ejdb #aagg ,lauro-c]as91 #ebdg #aec ,amanit9e1 #egfi #acdf ,n>ce9e1 #eifc #cjb ,col*ic9e1 #fjec #dae ,oxyacan?9e1 #fjeg #ddb ,solan9e1 #fjff #afh ,trime?ylam9e1 #fajb #bcgc ,j]v9e1 #fajc #ead ,sabadill9e1 #fabi #cdf ,aconit9e1 #faba #baf ,nepal9e1 #fcji #bab ,col*ice91 #fcdd #dch ,v]atroid9e1 #fch #ca ,n>cot9e1 #fcib #cci ,v]atr9e1 #fddb #bia ,delph99e1 #fdee #cdb ,physo/igm9e1 #fedi #aebg ,rhad9e1 #fegi #cfe ,coca9e1 #ffdd #dhd ,gelsem9e1 #fgjj #gaj ,conhydr9e1 #fgab #igi ,/aphisagr9e1 #fge #cf ,*elidon9e1 #fhjf #abcd ,atrop9e1 ,hyoscyam9e1 #gjeh #dhd ,sangu9>9e1 #gjei #dcc ,papav]9e1 #gjgi #dac ,delph9oid9e1 #gji #ci ,morph9e & ,pip]9e1 #gaeh #dia ,b]b]9e1 #gafd #dah ,code9e1 #gbbd #dfh ,!ba9e1 #gcca #dej ,cytis9e1 #gche #abib ,nicot9e1 #gdjh #agbh ,qu99e1 #gejb #hfd ,coni9e1 #gfha #aabj ,/ry*n9e1 #ggbd #hib ,cur>9e1 #haea #ebh #cag4 ,quantitative ,e/imation ( ! ,alkaloids4--,= m$ico-legal purposes ! alkaloid obta9$ is usually weigh$ directly1 b = te*nical purposes o!r processes are us$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ conv5i5t ( ^! is titration ) normal or dec9ormal sulphuric acid1 a me?od applicable to a few alkaloids ( m>k$ basic p[]s--e4g41 qu99e is readily & ) accuracy e/imat$ 9 ?is way1 ! alkaloid be+ dissolv$ 9 a kn[n volume ( ! acid1 & !n titrat$ back ) soda4 ,if a l>ge numb] ( obs]vations are to be made1 an acid may be prep>$ s t ea* c4c4 equals #a mgrm4 ( qu99e4 ,a reag5t ( g5]al application is f\nd 9 ! s-call$ ,may]'s reag5t1 :i* consi/s ( #acedf grms4 ( m]curic *loride1 & #dih grms4 ( iodide ( potassium 9 a litre ( wat]4 ,ea* c4c4 ( su* solution precipitates-- ,( ,/ry*n9e1 #jafg grm4 ,bruc9e1 #jbcc ,qu99e1 #jajh ,c9*on9e1 #jajb ,qu9id9e1 #jabj ,atrop9e1 #jade ,aconit9e1 #jbfh ,v]atr9e1 #jbfi ,morph9e1 #jbjj ,n>cot9e1 #jbac ,nicot9e1 #jjdje ,coni9e1 #jjdaf ,! f9al reaction is f\nd by filt]+1 f "t to "t1 a drop on to a glass plate1 re/+ on a black5$ surface1 & add+ ! te/ until no precipitate appe>s4 ,! results are only accurate :5 ! /r5g? ( ! solution ( ! alkaloid is ab\t #a 3 #bjj2 s t x is absolutely necess>y fir/ to asc]ta9 approximatively ! am\nt pres5t1 & !n to dilute or conc5trate1 z ! case may be1 until ! proportion m5tion$ is obta9$4 ,a conv5i5t me?od ( obta9+ ! sulphate ( an alkaloid = quantitative purposes1 & especially f organic fluids1 is t recomm5d$ by ,wagn]4 ,! fluid is acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid1 & ! alkaloid precipitat$ by a solution ( iod9e 9 iodide ( potassium4 ,! precipitate is collect$ & dissolv$ 9 an aque\s solution ( hyposulphite ( soda4 ,! filt]$ solution is aga9 precipitat$ ) ! iod9e reag5t1 & ! precipitate dissolv$ 9 sulphur\s acid1 :i*1 on evaporation1 leaves beh9d ! pure sulphate ( ! base4 ,x is also v useful = quantitative purposes to comb9e an alkaloid ) gold or plat9um1 by treat+ ! solution ) ! *lorides ( ei!r ( ^? metals--! rule z to selection be+ to give t metal ! pref]5ce :i* yields ! mo/ insoluble & ! mo/ cry/allisable comp\nd4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! p]c5tage ( gold or plat9um left on ignition ( ! d\ble salt3-- ,gold4 ,plat9um4 ,atrop9e1 #caeg 444 ,aconit9e #bjj 444 ,amanit9e1 #ddbc 444 ,b]b]9e1 #biaf #ahaa ,bruc9e1 444 #afeb ,c9*on9e1 444 #bgcf ,c9*onid9e1 444 #bghg ,code9e1 444 #aiaa ,coni9e1 444 #bich ,cur>9e1 444 #cbfe ,delph99e1 #bfg 444 ,delph9oid9e1 #bij #aeh ,emet9e1 444 #big ,hyoscyam9e1 #cdf 444 ,morph9e1 444 #aieb ,musc>9e1 #dcja 444 ,n>cot9e1 #aeg #aei ,n>ce9e1 444 #adeb ,nicot9e1 444 #cdbe ,papav]9e1 444 #aghb ,piloc>p9e1 #cee #bcf to #beb4 ,pip]9e1 444 #abg ,qu99e1 #djj #bfbf ,/ry*n9e1 #biae #ahaf ,!ba9e1 444 #ahga ,!9e1 #cgjb #bdeh ,!obrom9e1 444 #beee ,v]atr9e1 #baja 444 ,,ii4--,liquid ,volatile ,alkaloids4 ,,! ,,alkaloids ,,( ,,hemlock--,,nicot9e--,,piturie--,,sp>te 9e4 #a4 ,,! ,,alkaloids ,,( ,,hemlock 7,,conium74 #cah4 ,! ,conium maculatum1 or spott$ hemlock1 is a r common umbellif]\s plant1 gr[+ 9 wa/e places1 & fl[]+ f ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,june to ,augu/4 ,! /em is f ?ree to five feet high1 smoo?1 bran*$1 & spott$ ) purple2 ! leaflets ( ! p>tial involucres are unilat]al1 ovate1 lanceolate1 ) an att5uate po9t %ort] ?an ! umbels2 ! se$s are de/itute ( vitt1 & h five prom95t cr5ate wavy ridges4 ,! :ole plant is ftid & poison\s4 ,conium owes its active prop]ties to a volatile liquid alkaloid1 ,coni9e1 unit$ ) a cry/all9e alkaloid1 ,conhydr9e4 #cai4 ,coni9e 7conia1 conic9e71 7,c,h,n7--specific gravity #jhfb at #j2 melt+-po9t1 -#be2 boil+-po9t1 #afff4 ,pure coni9e has be5 prep>$ syn!tically by ,lad5burg1 & f\nd to be propyl-pip]id9e ,c,h,,nc,h1 b ! syn!tically-prep>$ pip]id9e has no action on pol>is$ light4 ,by unit+ x ) dextro-t>t>ic acid1 & evaporat+1 x is possible to sep>ate ! sub/ance into dextro-propyl-pip]id9e & lvo-propyl-pip]id9e4 ,! =m] is 9 e respect id5tical ) coni9e f hemlock2 x is a cle>1 oily fluid1 possess+ a peculi>ly unpleasant1 m\sey od\r4 ,"o "p is soluble 9 #aej p>ts ( wat]1#cda 9 #f p>ts ( e!r1 & 9 almo/ all proportions ( amyl alcohol1 *lor(orm1 & b5z5e4 ,x readily volatilises1 &1 provid$ air is exclud$1 may be di/ill$ un*ang$4 ,x ignites easily1 & burns ) a smoky flame4 ,x acts z a /rong base1 precipitat+ ! oxides ( metals & alkal9e e>?s f _! solutions1 & x coagulates album54 ,coni9e =ms salts ) hydro*loric acid 7,c,h,n4,h,cl71 phosphoric acid1 iodic acid1 & oxalic acid1 :i* are 9 well-m>k$ cry/als4 ,! sulphate1 nitrate1 acetate1 & t>trate are1 on ! o!r h&1 non-cry/all9e4 #cda ,! saturat$ wat]y solution ( coni9e at #ae1 becomes cl\dy if g5tly w>m$1 & cle>s aga9 on cool+4 ,if coni9e is oxidis$ ) nitric acid1 or bi*romate ( pota%1 & dilut$ sulphuric acid1 butyric acid is =m$2 & s9ce ! latt] has an unmi/akable od\r1 & o!r *>act]i/ic prop]ties1 x has be5 propos$ z a te/ = coni9e4 ,?is may be conv5i5tly p]=m$ ?us3--,a cry/al ( potassic bi*romate is put at ! bottom ( a te/-tube1 & "s dilut$ sulphuric acid ) a drop ( ! suppos$ coni9e add$4 ,on heat+1 ! butyric acid reveals itself by its od\r1 & c be di/ill$ into b>yta wat]1 ! butyrate ( b>yta be+ subsequ5tly sep>at$ 9 ! usual way1 & decompos$ by sulphuric acid1 c4 ,ano!r te/ = coni9e is ! foll[+3--,if dropp$ into a solution ( alloxan1 ! latt] is col\r$ aft] a few m9utes an int5se purple-r$1 & :ite ne$le-%ap$ cry/als are sep>at$1 :i* dissolve 9 cold pota%-lye into a beautiful purple-blue1 & emit an od\r ( ! base4#cdb ,dry hydro*loric acid gives a purple-r$1 !n an indigo-blue col\r1 ) coni9e2 b if ! acid is n dry1 !re is =m$ a blui%-gre5 cry/all9e mass4 ,?is te/1 h[ev]1 is ( little value to ! toxicologi/1 ! pure sub/ance alone respond+ ) any def9ite result4 #cdb ,s*w>z5ba*1 ,vi]teljahrss*r4 f4 prakt4 ,ph>m41 viij4 #agj4 ,! ord9>y precipitat+ ag5ts1 accord+ to ,drag5dorff1 act z foll[s3-- ,potass bismu? iodide4 #a 3 #bjjj1 a /rong orange precipitate4 #a 3 #cjjj4 ,! drop ( ! reag5t is surr\nd$ ) a muddy bord]4 #a 3 #djjj4 ,! drop ( ! reag5t is surr\nd$ ) a muddy bord]4 #a 3 #ejjj1 /ill p]ceptible4 #a 3 #fjjj4 ,! la/ limit ( ! reaction4 ,phosphomolybdic acid gives a /rong yell[ precipitate2 limit1 #a 3 #ejjj4 ,potass4 m]curic iodide gives a *eesy precipitate2 limit1 #a 3 #ajjj 9 neutral1 #a 3 #hjj 9 acid1 solutions4 ,potass4 cadmic iodide gives an amorph\s precipitate1 #a 3 #cjj4 ,! precipitate is soluble 9 excess ( ! precipitant4 7,nicot9e1 "u simil> circum/ances1 gives a cry/all9e precipitate47 ,flckig] recomm5ds ! foll[+ reaction3#cdc--8;,add to #aj drops ( e!r 9 a %all[ glass cry/allis+ di% #b drops ( coni9e1 & cov] ) filt] pap]4 ,set ^u ! pap] a common-siz$ wat*-glass conta9+ brom9e wat]1 & inv]t a beak] ov] ! :ole arrangem5t4 ,ne$le-%ap$ cry/als ( coni9e hydro-brom9e soon =m 9 ! di% z well z 9 ! wat*-glass40 ,hydro*loric acid1 us$ 9 ! same way1 in/ead ( brom9e wat]1 =ms ) coni9e microscopic ne$les ( coni9e hydro*lorate2 bo? ! hydro-bromide & ! hydro*lorate d\bly refract light4 ,nicot9e does n respond to ?is reaction4 #cdc ,reactions1 by ,f4 ,a4 ,flckig]1 ,detroit1 #ahic4 ,coni9e =ms ) c>bon disulphide a ?iosulphate & a sulphite4 ,if c>bon disulphide1 !re=e1 be %ak5 ) an aque\s solution ( coni9e1 ! wat]y solution gives a br[n precipitate ) copp] sulphate1 col\rs f]ric *loride solution d>k br[n r$1 & gives a milky opalesc5ce ) dilute acids4 ,if coni9e itself is add$ to c>bon disulphide1 !re is evolution ( heat1 sep>ation ( sulphur1 & =mation ( ?iosulphate4 ,nicot9e does n respond to ?is reaction4 #cbj4 ,o!r ,coni9e ,bases4--,me?yl- & e?yl-coni9e h be5 prep>$ syn!tically1 & are bo? simil> 9 action to coni9e1 b some:at m l cur>9e4 ,by ! r$uction ( coni9e ) z9c du/ conyr9e 7,c,h,n7 is =m$2 betwe5 coni9e & conyr9e /&s conice9e 7,c,h,,no74 ,de ,con9ck has made syn!tically by ! addition ( #f atoms ( hydrog5 to collid9e1 a new fluid alkaloid 7,c,h,n #f;,h ,c,h,n71 :i* he has call$ isocicut9e3 x has ! same =mula z coni9e4 ,p>aconi9e ,s*iff prep>$ syn!tically f ammonia & normal butyl aldehyde2 x has ! =mula ,c,h,n1 & !re=e diff]s f coni9e 9 conta9+ two atoms less ( hydrog54 ,all ! above h a simil> physiological action to coni9e4 -/illbazol9e 7,c,h,n71 prep>$ by ,baura? f b5zaldehyde & picol9e1 is analog\s to coni9e1 & accord+ to ,falck has simil> action1 b is m p[]ful4 #cba4 ,ph>maceutical ,prep>ations4--,! p]c5tage ( coni9e 9 ! plant itself1 & 9 ph>maceutical prep>ations1 c be approximately det]m9$ by di/ill+ ! coni9e ov]1 9 a p>tial vacuum1#cdd & titrat+ ! di/illate ) ,may]'s reag5t1 ea* c4c4 ab\t #jjdaf grm4 ( coni9e4 ,x appe>s to be necess>y to add p[d]$ potassic *loride & a small quantity ( dilut$ sulphuric acid be=e titrat+1 or ! precipitate does n sep>ate4 ,9 any case1 ! end ( ! reaction is difficult to obs]ve4#cde #cdd ,?is is easily effect$ by unit+ a flask conta9+ ! alkaloidal fluid1 air-tight1 ) a ,liebig's cond5s] & a receiv]1 ! latt] be+ connect$ ) ,buns5's wat]-pump1 or "o ( ! num]\s exhau/+ app>atuses n[ 9 use 9 e laboratory4 #cde ,drag5dorff1 ,die ,*emis*e ,w]?be/immung e9ig] />kwirk5d] ,drogu51 ,/4 ,pet]sb41 #ahgd4 ,! fre% plant is said to conta9 f ab\t #jd to #ji p] c5t41 & ! fruit ab\t #jg p] c5t4 ( coni9e4 ,! (fic9al prep>ations are--! leaves1 ! fruit1 a t9cture ( ! fruit1 an extract ( ! leaves1 ! juice ( ! leaves 7,succus conii71 a comp\nd hemlock pill 7compos$ ( extract ( hemlock1 ipecacuanha1 & treacle71 an inhalation ( coni9e 7,vapor conii71 & a p\ltice 7,cataplasma conii7 made ) ! leaves4 #cbb4 ,/ati/ics ( ,coni9e ,poison+4--,f4 ,a4 ,falck#cdf has be5 able to collect #ag cases ( dea? record$ 9 m$ical lit]ature1 up to ! ye> #ahhj1 f ei!r coni9e or hemlock4 ,two ( ^! cases 7 crim9al 7murd]s71 #a suicidal1 #b cases 9 :i* coni9e _h be5 us$ m$ic9ally 79 "o in/ance ! extract _h be5 appli$ to a canc]\s brea/2 9 ! o!r1 dea? 0 produc$ f ! injection ( an infusion ( hemlock leaves74 ,! rema9+ #ab 7 cases 9 :i* ! root1 leaves1 or o!r portions ( ! plant _h be5 ignorantly or accid5tally eat54 #cdf ,prakt4 ,toxicologie1 p4 #bgc4 #cbc4 ,effects on ,animals4--,x de/roys all =ms ( animal life4 ,! au?or made "s ye>s ago an inve/igation z to its action on ! common bl[-fly4 ,droplets ( coni9e 7 appli$ to v>i\s p>ts ( bl[-flies1 :i* 7 !n plac$ "u glass %ades4 ,! symptoms began )9 a m9ute by signs ( ext]nal irritation1 !re 7 rapid motions ( ! w+s1 & quick & aimless movem5ts ( ! legs4 ,torpor set 9 spe$ily1 ! buzz soon ceas$1 & ! insects lay on _! sides1 motionless1 b = occasional twit*+ ( ! legs4 ,! w+s1 z a rule1 became completely p>alys$ be=e ! legs1 & dea? occurr$ at a r v>iable "t1 f t5 m9utes to two h\rs4 ,if plac$ 9 a curr5t ( air 9 ! sun1 a fly completely "u ! influ5ce ( coni9e may recov]4 ,coni9e causes 9 frogs1 simil> to cur>9e1 p]iph]al p>alysis ( ! motor n]ves1 comb9$ ) a transitory /imulation1 & aft]w>ds a p>alysis ( ! motor c5tres2 9 frogs ! p>alysis is n prec$$ by convulsions4 ,drag5dorff exp]im5t$ on ! action ( coni9e :5 giv5 to five cats1 ! quantities us$ be+ #je to #e grm4 ,! symptoms came on almo/ imm$iately1 b ) ! small] dose giv5 to a l>ge cat1 no effect 0 witness$ until tw5ty-five m9utes aft]w>ds2 ?is 0 ! longe/ int]val4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ph5om5a 0 dilatation ( ! pupil1 foll[$ by weakness ( ! limbs pass+ into p>alysis1 ! h9d] legs be+ affect$ prior to ! =e4 ,! respiration became tr\bl$1 & ! frequ5cy ( ! brea?+ dim9i%$2 ! he>t 9 ea* case act$ irregul>ly1 & ! s5sation g5]ally 0 blunt$2 dea? 0 prec$$ by convulsions4 ,9 ! cases 9 :i* ! l>g] dose ( #d to #e grm4 0 adm9i/]$1 dea? took place )9 ! h\r1 "o animal dy+ 9 eight m9utes1 a second 9 eighte5 m9utes1 a ?ird 9 tw5ty m9utes1 & a f\r? 9 fifty-eight m9utes4 ,) ! small] dose ( #jea grm4 giv5 to a l>ge cat1 dea? did n take place until eight h\rs & =ty-sev5 m9utes aft] adm9i/ration4 #cbd4 ,effects on ,man4--,9 a case record$ by ,b5net1#cdg & quot$ 9 mo/ works on =5sic m$ic9e1 ! symptoms 7 ^? ( g5]al muscul> weakness deep5+ into p>alysis4 ,! pati5t _h eat5 hemlock 9 mi/ake = p>sley2 9 ab\t tw5ty m9utes he exp]i5c$ weakness 9 ! l[] extremities1 & /agg]$ 9 walk+ l a drunk5 man2 )9 two h\rs !re 0 p]fect p>alysis ( bo? upp] & l[] extremities1 & he di$ 9 ?ree & a qu>t] h\rs4 ,9 ano!r case1 relat$ by ,taylor1 ! symptoms 7 also ma9ly ^? ( p>alysis1 & 9 o!r in/ances /upor1 coma1 & slight convulsions h be5 not$4 #cdg ,ed94 ,m$4 & ,surg4 ,j\rn41 ,july #ahde1 p4 #afi4 #cbe4 ,physiological ,action4--,x is g5]ally agre$ t coni9e p>alyses1 fir/ ! ends ( ! motor n]ves1 aft]w>ds _! trunks1 & la/ly1 ! motor c5tre itself4 ,at a lat] p]iod ! s5sory n]ves p>ticipate4 ,9 ! e>li] /age ! respiration is quick5$1 ! pupils contract$1 & ! blood-pressure increas$2 b on ! developm5t ( p>alysis ! brea?+ becomes sl[$1 ! capill>ies relax$1 & ! blood-pressure s9ks4 ,dea? takes place f cessation ( ! respiration1 & n prim>ily f ! he>t1 ! he>t beat+ aft] ! brea?+ has /opp$4 ,coni9e is elim9at$ by ! ur9e1 & is also 9 "p sep>at$ by ! lungs1 :ile a portion is1 p]haps1 decompos$ 9 ! body4 #cbf4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,!re is no?+ *>act]i/ic 9 ! appe>ances aft] dea?4 ,fatal ,dose4--,! fatal dose ( coni9e is n accurately kn[n2 x is ab\t #aej mgrms4 7#bc gra9s74 ,9 ! case ( ,l\ise ,b]g]1 #aj to #ae drops appe> to h caus$ dea? 9 a few m9utes4 ,! auto-exp]im5ts ( ,dworzak1 ,he9ri*1 & ,dillab]g] w\ld indicate t "o drop may cause unpleasant symptoms4 ,alb]s1 9 ! treatm5t ( a woman suff]+ f canc] ( ! brea/1 witness$ convulsions & loss ( consci\sness f a ?ird dose ( #d mgrms4 7#jf gra972 & ,eul5b]g1 its full n>cotic effects on a *ild aft] subcutane\s injection ( #a mgrm4 7#jae gra974 #cbg4 ,sep>ation ( ,coni9e f ,organic ,matt]s or ,tissues4--,! sub/ances are dige/$ ) wat]1 acidulat$ ) ,h,,s1 at a temp]ature n exce$+ #dj1 & !n filt]$4 ,if ! filtrate %\ld be excessive1 x mu/ be conc5trat$2 alcohol is !n add$1 ! liquid refilt]$1 & f ! filtrate ! alcohol sep>at$ by di/illation4 ,on cool+1 ! acid fluid is agitat$ ) b5z5e1 & ! latt] sep>at$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! fluid is n[ alkalis$ ) ammonia1 & %ak5 up once or twice ) its own volume ( petroleum e!r2 ! latt] is sep>at$ & wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 & ! alkaloid is obta9$ almo/ pure4 ,if ! petroleum e!r leaves no residue1 x is c]ta9 t ! alkaloid 0 n pres5t 9 ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* or inte/9e4 ,! aff9ity ( coni9e ) e!r or *lor(orm is su*1 t its solution 9 ei!r ( ^! fluids1 pass$ ?r\gh a dry filt]1 sc>cely reta9s a drop ( wat]4 ,9 ?is way x may be conv5i5tly purifi$1 ! impurities dissolv$ by wat] rema9+ beh9d4 ,9 se>*+ = coni9e1 ! /oma*1 inte/9es1 blood1 ur9e1 liv]1 & lungs are ! p>ts :i* %\ld be exam9$4 ,accord+ to ,drag5dorff1 x has be5 discov]$ 9 ! body ( a cat six weeks aft] dea?4 ,great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 id5tify+ any volatile alkaloid z coni9e1 = ! s\rces ( error seem to be num]\s4 ,9 "o case#cdh a volatile coni9e-l ptoma9e1 0 sep>at$ f a corpse1 & ?\ght to be coni9e2 b ,otto f\nd t 9 its behavi\r to plat9ic *loride1 x diff]$ f coni9e2 x 0 v poison\s--#jg 0 fatal to a frog1 #dd to a pigeon1 9 a few m9utes4 ,9 ! se$s ( ,lup9us luteus !re is a s]ies ( coni9e-l sub/ances1#cdi b !y d n give ! *>act]i/ic cry/als ) hydro*loric acid4 #cdh ,otto1 ,anleitung z4 ,ausmittlung d4 ,gifte1 #ahge4 #cdi ,siev]t1 ,zeits*rift fr ,naturwiss5s*aft54 #b4 ,,tobacco--,,nicot9e4 #cbh4 ,! diff]5t =ms ( tobacco are furni%$ by ?ree species ( ! tobacco plant1 viz41 ,nicotianum tabacum1 ,n4 ru/ica1 & ,n4 p]sica4 ,havanna1 ,fr5*1 ,dut*1 & ! ,am]ican tobaccos are 9 ! ma9 d]iv$ f ,n4 tabacum2 ,turki%1 ,syrian1 & ! ,latakia tobaccos are ! produce ( ,n4 ru/ica4 ,!re seems at pres5t to be little ( ,n4 p]sica 9 comm]ce4 ,all ! species ( tobacco conta9 a liquid1 volatile1 poison\s alkaloid 7,nicot9e71 probably unit$ 9 ! plant ) citric & malic acids4 ,!re is also pres5t 9 tobacco an unimportant camphor 7nicotian974 ,! g5]al composition ( ! plant may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ table3-- ,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,fre% ,,leaves ,,( ,,tobacco 7,,posselt ,,& ,,ri5mann74 ,nicot9e1 #jjfj ,concrete volatile oil1 #jjaj ,bitt] extractive1 #bhgj ,gum ) malate ( lime1 #agdj ,*lorophyl1 #jbfg ,album5 & glut51 #acjh ,malic acid1 #jeaj ,lign9e & a trace ( />*1 #difi ,salts 7sulphate1 nitrate1 & malate ( pota%1 *loride ( potassium1 phosphate & malate #jgcd ( lime1 & malate ( ammonia17 ,silica1 #jjhh ,wat]1 #hhbhj ------- #ajjhcf #cbi4 ,quantitative ,e/imation ( ,nicot9e 9 ,tobacco4--,! be/ process 7al?\gh n a p]fectly accurate "o7 is ! foll[+3--#be grms4 ( ! tobacco are mix$ ) milk ( lime1 & all[$ to /& until !re is no od\r ( ammonia2 ! mixture is !n exhau/$ by petroleum e!r1 ! e!r %ak5 up ) a slight excess ( normal sulphuric acid1 & titrat$ back by b>yta wat]2 ! sulphate ( b>yta may be collect$ & weigh$1 s z to control ! results4 ,) reg>d to ! p]c5tage ( nicot9e 9 comm]cial tobacco1 ,kosutany f\nd f #afhf to #cgch p] c5t4 9 dry tobacco2 ,le!by1 9 six samples1 f #ae to #cb p] c5t42 :il/ ,s*lss+ gives = ,havanna #b p] c5t41 ,m>yl& #bbi p] c5t41 ,k5tucky #fji p] c5t41 ,virg9ian #fhg p] c5t41 & = ,fr5* tobacco1 quantities v>y+ f #cbb to #gif p] c5t4 ,aga91 ,l5oble f\nd 9 ,p>aguay tobacco f #ah to #f p] c5t42 & ,witt/e91 9 six sorts ( tobacco 9 ,g]many1 #aed to #bgb p] c5t4 ,mr4 ,cox#cej has rec5tly det]m9$ ! am\nt ( nicot9e 9 a numb] ( tobaccos4 ,! results are tabulat$ 9 ! foll[+ table z foll[s3-- #cej ,ph>m4 ,j\rn41 ,jan4 #bj1 #ahid4 ,,table ,,( ,,results1 ,,arrang$ ,,accord+ ,,to ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,( ,,nicot9e4 ,v>iety exam9$4 ,nicot9e p] c5t4 #a4 ,syrian leaves 7a71 #fab #b4 ,am]ican *ew+1 #ice #c4 ,syrian leaves 7b71 #ajic #d4 ,*9ese leaves1 #aijb #e4 ,turki% 7co>se cut71 #bejj #f4 ,gold5 ,virg9ia 7:ole /rips71 #beja #g4 ,gold ,flake 7,virg9ia71 #beja #h4 8,navy-cut0 7light col\r$71 #becj #i4 ,light returns 7,k5tucky71 #bgcc #aj4 8,navy-cut0 7d>k 8all tobacco071 #cfdj #aa4 ,be/ 8,birds-eye10 #cica #ab4 ,cut ,cav5di% 7a71 #dbab #ac4 8,be/ ,%ag0 7a71 #dijg #ad4 8,cut ,cav5di%0 7b71 #digj #ae4 8,be/ ,%ag0 7b71 #ejjj #af4 ,fr5* tobacco1 #hgaa #ag4 ,alg]ian tobacco 7a71 #hhac #ah4 ,alg]ian tobacco 7b71 #hijj ,x is !re=e obvi\s t ! /r5g? ( tobacco 9 nicot9e v>ies betwe5 wide limits4 ,tw5ty-five grammes 7or m or less1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( ! sample at disposal7 ( ! dri$ & p[d]$ tobacco 7 intimately mix$ ) slak$ lime1 & di/ill$ 9 a curr5t ( /eam until ! cond5s$ /eam 0 no long] alkal9e2 ! di/illate 0 slightly acidulat$ ) dilute ,h,,s1 & evaporat$ to a conv5i5tly small bulk4 ,?is 0 made alkal9e ) soda1 & agitat$ repeat$ly ) successive portions ( e!r4 ,! sep>at$ bat*es ( e!real solution ( nicot9e 7 !n mix$ & expos$ to ! air 9 a cool place4 ,?is exposure to ! air c>ries away ammonia1 if any be pres5t1 z well z e!r4 ,wat] 0 add$ to ! e!real residue1 & ! am\nt ( nicot9e pres5t det]m9$ by dec9ormal ,h,,s1 us+ me?yl-orange z an indicator4 ,"o c4c4 ( dec9ormal ,h,,s repres5ts #jjafb gramme ( nicot9e 7,c,h,n74 #ccj4 ,nicot9e 7,c,h,n74--,hexahydro dipyridyl 7,c,h,n7,h1 :5 pure1 is an oily1 col\rless fluid1 ( #ajaaa1 specific gravity at #ae4cea ,x evaporates "u #ajj 9 :ite cl\ds1 & boils at ab\t #bdj1 at :i* temp]ature x p>tly di/ils ov] un*ang$1 & is p>tly decompos$--a br[n res9\s product rema9+4 ,x volatilises ) aque\s & amyl alcohol vap\r notably1 & is n ev5 fix$ at -#aj4 ,x has a /rong alkal9e reaction1 & rotates a ray ( pol>is$ light to ! "r4 ,its od\r1 especially on w>m+1 is /rong & unpleasantly l tobacco1 & x has a %>p cau/ic ta/e4 ,x absorbs wat] expos$ to ! air1 & dissolves 9 wat] 9 all proportions1 p>tly sep>at+ f su* solution on ! addition ( a cau/ic alkali4 ,! aque\s solution acts 9 _m respects l ammonia1 saturat+ acids fully1 & may !re=e be 9 c]ta9 cases e/imat$ ) accuracy by titration1 #di p>ts ( ,h,,s correspond+ to #afb ( nicot9e4 ,x gives on oxidation nicot9ic acid m77 pyrid9c>bo acid ,c,h,n7,,cooh71 & by oxidation ) elim9ation ( wat] dipyridyl 7,c,h,n71 & ?r\gh r$uction dipip]ydil 7,c,h,n74 #cea ,j4 ,skalweit1 ,b]4 d]4 deuts*4 ,*em4 ,gesell41 #ad1 #ahji4 ,alcohol & e!r dissolve nicot9e 9 e proportion2 if su* solutions are di/ill$1 nicot9e goes ov] fir/4 ,! salts :i* x =ms ) hydro*loric1 nitric1 & phosphoric acids cry/allise ) difficulty2 t>t>ic & oxalic acid =m :ite cry/all9e salts1 & ! latt]1 oxalate ( nicot9e1 is soluble 9 alcohol1 a prop]ty :i* di/+ui%es x f ! oxalate ( ammonia4 ,! be/ salts are ! oxalate & ! acid t>trate ( nicot9e1 f :i* to reg5]ate nicot9e 9 a pure /ate4 ,hydro*loride ( nicot9e is m easily volatilis$ ?an ! pure base4 ,nicot9e is precipitat$ by alkalies1 c41 also by _m oxyhydrates1 lead1 copp]1 c4 ,by ! action ( light1 x is soon col\r$ yell[ & br[n1 & becomes ?ick1 9 :i* /ate x leaves1 on evaporation1 a br[n res9\s sub/ance1 only p>tly soluble 9 petroleum e!r4 ,a v excell5t te/ = nicot9e1 z confirmatory ( o!rs1 is ! beautiful1 long1 ne$le-l cry/als obta9$ by add+ to an e!real solution ( nicot9e a solution ( iod9e 9 e!r4 ,! cry/als require a few h\rs to =m4 ,*lor9e gas col\rs nicot9e blood-r$ or br[n2 ! product is soluble 9 alcohol1 & sep>ates on evaporation 9 cry/als4 ,cyanog5 also col\rs nicot9e br[n2 ! product out ( alcohol is n cry/all9e4 ,plat9 *loride ?r[s d[n a r$di% cry/all9e precipitate1 soluble on w>m+2 & gallic acid gives a floccul5t precipitate4 ,a drop ( nicot9e p\r$ on dry *romic acid blazes up1 & gives out an od\r ( tobacco camphor2 if ! ignition does n occur 9 ! cold1 x is produc$ by a g5tle heat4 ,x is sc>cely possible to conf\nd nicot9e ) ammonia1 by reason ( its od\r2 &1 moreov]1 ammonia may always be exclud$ by conv]t+ ! base into ! oxalate1 & dissolv+ 9 absolute alcohol4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a confusion betwe5 coni9e & nicot9e is apt to occur :5 small quantities only are dealt )4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be gu>d$ aga9/ by ! foll[+ te/s3-- 7#a47 ,if coni9e be conv]t$ into oxalate1 ! oxalate dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 & coni9e reg5]at$ by di/illation 7be/ 9 vacuo7 ) cau/ic lye1 & !n hydro*loric acid add$1 a cry/all9e hydro*lorate ( coni9e is =m$1 :i* d\bly refracts light1 & is 9 ne$le-%ap$ or column> cry/als1 or d5dritic1 moss-l =ms4 ,! columns aft]w>ds become torn1 & little r[s ( cubical1 octah$ral1 & tetrah$ral cry/als 7(t5 cross or dagg]-%ap$7 gr[ out ( yell[ amorph\s masses4 ,cry/all9e =ms ( ?is k9d are r>e1 save 9 ! case ( dilute solutions ( *loride ( ammonium 7! pres5ce ( ! latt] is1 ( c\rse1 r5d]$ by ! treatm5t impossible72 & nicot9e does n give any?+ simil> to ?is reaction4 7#b47 ,coni9e coagulates album52 nicot9e does n4 7#c47 ,nicot9e yields a *>act]i/ic cry/all9e precipitate ) an aque\s solution ( m]curic *loride2 ! simil> precipitate ( coni9e is amorph\s4 7#d47 ,nicot9e does n react ) ,,cs to =m ?iosulphate 7see p4 #bff74 #cca4 ,effects on ,animals4--,nicot9e is rapidly fatal to all animal life--f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ =ms4 ,t tobacco-smoke is inimical to insect-life is kn[n to ev]ybody2 v m9ute quantities 9 wat] kill infusoria4 ,fi% ( #cj grms4 weight die 9 a few m9utes f a milligram ( nicot9e2 ! symptoms obs]v$ are rapid movem5ts1 !n %iv]+ & spe$y p>alysis1 ) decreas$ motion ( ! gills1 & dea?4 ,) frogs1 if doses n too l>ge are employ$1 !re is fir/ great re/lessness1 !n /rong tetanic convulsions1 & a v peculi> position ( ! limbs2 ! respiration aft] fatal doses soon ceases1 b ! he>t beats ev5 aft] dea?4 ,birds also %[ tetanic convulsions foll[$ by p>alysis & spe$y dea?4 ,! symptoms witness$ 9 mammals poison$ by nicot9e are n ess5tially dissimil>4 ,) l>ge doses ! effect is simil> to t ( prussic acid--viz41 a cry1 "o or two %udd]+ convulsions1 & dea?4 ,if ! dose is n too l>ge1 !re is trembl+ ( ! limbs1 excretion ( fces & ur9e1 a peculi> condition ( /upor1 a /agg]+ gait1 & !n ! animal falls on its side4 ,! respiration1 at fir/ quick5$1 is aft]w>ds sl[$1 & becomes deep] ?an natural2 ! pulse1 also1 ) mod]ate doses1 is fir/ sl[$1 !n rises 9 frequ5cy1 & f9ally1 aga9 falls4 ,tetanic convulsions soon develop1 dur+ ! tetanus ! pupils h be5 notic$ to be contract$1 b aft]w>ds dilat$1 ! tongue & m\? are livid1 & ! vessels ( ! e> dilat$4 ,v *>act]i/ic ( nicot9e poison+ z witness$ 9 ! cat1 ! rabbit1 & ! dog1 is its peculi>ly viol5t action1 = aft] ! adm9i/ration ( f "o to two drops1 ! :ole c\rse f ! comm5cem5t ( symptoms to ! dea? may take place 9 five m9utes4 ,f4 ,vas has drawn ! smoke ( tobacco f an imm5se pipe1 & cond5s$ ! products2 he f9ds ! well-wa%$ t>ry products )\t physiological action1 b ! soluble liquid affect$ ! heal? ( rabbits1--!y lo/ weight1 ! numb] ( ! blood corpuscles 0 decreas$1 & ! hmoglob9 ( ! blood dim9i%$4#ceb #ceb ,ar*iv4 f4 ,exp]4 ,pa?ol4 u4 ,ph>m41 ,bd4 #cc4 ,! l>g] animals1 su* z ! horse1 are affect$ simil>ly to ! small] dome/ic animals4 ,a vet]9>y surgeon1 ,mr4 ,john ,h[>d1 ( ,woolwi*1#cec has record$ a case 9 :i* a horse suff]$ f ! mo/ viol5t symptoms ( nicot9e-poison+1 aft] an application to 8 sk9 ( a /rong decoction ( tobacco4 ,! symptoms 7 trembl+1 p>ticul>ly at ! po/]ior "p ( ! %\ld]s1 z well z at ! flanks1 & bo? =e & h9d extremities2 ! sup]ficial muscles 7 g5]ally relax$ & felt flabby2 & ! pupils 7 widely dilat$4 ,!re 0 also viol5t dyspna1 ! respirations be+ quick & %ort1 pulse #cb p] m9ute1 & extremely feeble1 flutt]+1 & indi/9ct4 ,:5 made to walk1 ! animal appe>$ to h p>tly lo/ ! use ( 8 h9d limbs1 ! po/]ior qu>t] roll+ f side to side 9 an un/eady mann]1 ! legs cross+ ea* o!r1 knuckl+ ov]1 & appe>+ to be s]i\sly ?reat5$ ) p>alysis4 ,! anus 0 v prom95t1 ! b[els extremely irritable1 & t5esmus 0 pres5t4 ,he pass$ mu* flatus1 & at int]vals ( ?ree or f\r m9utes1 small quantities ( fces 9 balls1 p>tly 9 ! liquid /ate1 & coat$ ) slimy mucus4 ,!re 0 a />+1 giddy1 intoxicat$ appe>ance ab\t ! head & eyes1 ! visible muc\s membrane be+ ( a d>k-r$ col\r4 ,a great t5d5cy to collapse 0 evid5t1 b by treatm5t ) cold d\*es & exposure to ! op5 air1 ! horse recov]$4 #cec ,vet]4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 iii4 ,9 a case occurr+ 9 #ahfc1 9 :i* six horses ate oats :i* _h be5 kept 9 a gran>y ) tobacco1 ! symptoms 7 ma9ly ^? ( n>cosis1 & ! animals di$4#ced #ced ,annales ,vtr9aires1 ,bruxelles1 #ahfh4 #ccb4 ,effects on ,man4--,poison+ by ! pure alkaloid nicot9e is s r>e t1 up to ! pres5t1 only ?ree cases are on record4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ev] memorable 9 ! hi/ory ( toxicology1 be+ ! fir/ in/ance 9 :i* a pure alkaloid _h be5 crim9ally us$4 ,! detection ( ! poison ex]cis$ ! att5tion ( ! celebrat$ *emi/ ,/as4 ,i allude1 ( c\rse1 to ! poison+ ( ,m4 ,f\gnies by ,c\nt ,boc>m & 8 wife4 ,= ! unabridg$ n>rative ( ?is int]e/+ case ! read] may consult ,t>dieu's tude ,mdico-,lgale sur ,l',empoisonnem5t4 ,boc>m actually /udi$ *emi/ry 9 ord] to prep>e ! alkaloid himself1 &1 aft] hav+ succe$$ 9 entic+ 8 victim to ! *ateau ( ,bitremont1 adm9i/]$ ! poison =cibly4 ,x act$ imm$iately1 & dea? took place 9 five m9utes4 ,boc>m n[ attempt$ to hide all traces ( ! nicot9e by p\r+ /rong acetic acid into ! m\? & ov] ! body ( ! deceas$4 ,! wick$ness & cruelty ( ! crime 7 only equall$ by ! clumsy & unskilful mann] ( its p]petration4 ,! quantity ( nicot9e actually us$ 9 ?is case mu/ h be5 enorm\s1 = ,/as sep>at$ no less ?an #d grm4 f ! /oma* ( ! victim4 ,! second kn[n case ( nicot9e-poison+ 0 t ( a man :o took x = ! purpose ( suicide4 ,! case is relat$ by ,taylor4 ,x occurr$ 9 ,june #ahfc4 ,! g5tleman drank an unkn[n quantity f a bottle2 he />$ wildly1 fell to ! floor1 heav+ a deep sigh1 & di$ quietly )\t convulsion4 ,! ?ird case happ5$ at ,*]b\rg1#cee :]e an (fic] committ$ suicide by tak+ nicot9e1 b h[ mu* _h be5 swall[$1 & :at 7 ! symptoms1 are equally unkn[n1 = no "o saw him dur+ life4 #cee ,ann4 d',hygine1 #ahfa1 x4 p4 #djd4 ,poison+ by nicot9e1 pure & simple1 !n is r>e4 ,tobacco-poison+ is v common1 & has probably be5 exp]i5c$ 9 a mild degree by e smok] 9 fir/ acquir+ ! habit4 ,ne>ly all ! fatal cases are to be ascrib$ to accid5t2 b crim9al cases are n unkn[n4 ,*ri/ison relates an in/ance 9 :i* tobacco 9 ! =m ( snuff 0 put into :isky = ! purpose ( robb]y4 ,9 #ahed1 a man 0 accus$ ( attempt+ to poison 8 wife by putt+ snuff into h] ale1 b acquitt$4 ,9 ano!r case1 ! fa!r ( a *ild1 t5 weeks old1 kill$ ! infant by putt+ tobacco into its m\?4 ,he def5d$ himself by say+ t x 0 appli$ to make ! *ild sleep4 ,9 ,octob] #ahee1cef a drunk5 sailor swall[$ 7p]haps = ! purpose ( suicide7 8 quid ( tobacco1 conta9+ f ab\t half an ounce to an ounce4 ,he _h x "s "t 9 8 m\?1 & 9 half an h\r suff]$ f frightful tetanic convulsions4 ,!re 0 also di>rha2 ! pupils 7 dilat$ widely2 ! he>t's action became irregul>2 & t[>ds ! end ! pupils aga9 contract$4 ,he di$ 9 a sort ( syncope1 sev5 h\rs aft] swall[+ ! tobacco4 #cef ,ed94 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 #ahee4 #ccc4 ,9 #ahbi a curi\s in/ance ( poison+ occurr$ 9 ! case ( two girls1 eighte5 ye>s ( age1 :o suff]$ f sev]e symptoms ( tobacco-poison+ aft] dr9k+ "s c(fee4 ,!y recov]$2 & x 0 f\nd t tobacco _h be5 mix$ ) ! c(fee-b]ries1 & bo? gr\nd up toge!r4#ceg #ceg ,b>khaus51 ,pr4 ,v]4 ,ztg41 v4 #ag1 p4 #hc1 #ahch4 ,accid5ts h occurr$ f *ildr5 play+ ) old pipes4 ,9 #ahggceh a *ild1 ag$ ?ree1 us$ = an h\r an old tobacco-pipe1 & blew soap bubbles ) x4 ,symptoms ( poison+ soon %[$ !mselves1 & ! *ild di$ 9 ?ree days4 #ceh ,ph>m4 ,j\rn4 #c1 #cgg1 #ahgg4 ,tobacco-juice1 z express$ or di/ill$ by ! heat develop$ 9 ! usual me?od ( smok+1 is v poison\s4 ,sonn5s*e9 relates ! case ( a drunk5 /ud5t1 :o 0 giv5 a dram to dr9k1 into :i* 8 fell[s _h p\r$ ! juice f _! pipes4 ,! result 0 fatal4 ,dea? f smok+ is n unkn[n4#cei ,helwig saw dea? foll[ 9 ! case ( two bro!rs1 :o smok$ sev5te5 & eighte5 ,g]man pipefuls ( tobacco4 ,m>%all ,hall#cfj records ! case ( a "y man1 n9ete5 ye>s ( age1 :o1 aft] le>n+ to smoke = two days1 attempt$ two consecutive pipes4 ,he suff]$ f v s]i\s symptoms1 & did n completely recov] = sev]al days4 ,gordon has also record$ sev]e poison+ f ! consecutive smok+ ( n9e cig>s4 ,! ext]nal application ( ! leaf may1 z already %[n 9 ! case ( ! horse1 produce all ! effects ( ! int]nal adm9i/ration ( nicot9e4 ,! old in/ance1 relat$ by ,hildebr&1 ( ! illness ( a :ole squadron ( huss>s :o attempt$ to smuggle tobacco by conceal+ ! leaf next to _! sk91 is well kn[n1 & is support$ by sev]al rec5t & simil> cases4 ,! common practice ( ! peasantry1 9 _m p>ts ( ,engl&1 ( apply+ tobacco to /op ! ble$+ ( w\nds1 & also z a sort ( p\ltice to local swell+s1 has c]ta9ly its dang]s4 ,! symptoms--:e!r nicot9e has be5 tak5 by absorption ?r\gh ! brok5 or unbrok5 sk91 by ! b[el1 by absorption ?r\gh smok+1 or by ! express$ juice1 or ! consumption ( ! leaf itself--%[ no v great diff]5ce1 save 9 ! "q ( "t4 ,pure nicot9e acts ) z great a rapidity z prussic acid2 :ile if1 s to speak1 x is entangl$ 9 tobacco1 x takes m "t to be sep>at$ & absorb$2 besides :i*1 nicot9e1 tak5 9 ! conc5trat$ condition1 is a /rong en\gh base to h slight cau/ic effects1 & ?us leaves "s local evid5ces ( its pres5ce4 ,9 ord] to inve/igate ! effects ( pure nicot9e1 ,dworzak & ,he9ri* made auto-exp]im5ts1 beg9n+ ) #a mgrm4 ,?is small dose produc$ unpleasant s5sations 9 ! m\? & ?roat1 salivation1 & a peculi> feel+ spread+ f ! region ( ! /oma* to ! f+]s & toes4 ,) #b mgrms4 !re 0 heada*e1 gidd9ess1 numbness1 di/urbances ( vision1 torpor1 dulness ( he>+1 & quick5$ respirations4 ,) #c to #d mgrms41 9 ab\t =ty m9utes !re 0 a great feel+ ( fa9tness1 int5se depression1 weakness1 ) pallid face & cold extremities1 sickness1 & purg+4 ,"o exp]im5t] _h %iv]+ ( ! extremities & cramps ( ! muscles ( ! back1 ) difficult brea?+4 ,! second suff]$ f muscul> weakness1 fa9t+1 fits ( %iv]+1 & creep+ s5sations ab\t ! arms4 ,9 two or ?ree h\rs ! sev]] effects pass$ away1 b recov]y 0 n complete = two or ?ree days4 ,x is !re=e evid5t1 f ^! exp]im5ts & f o!r cases1 t excessive muscul> pro/ration1 difficult brea?+1 tetanic cramps1 di>rha1 & vomit+1 ) irregul> pulse1 repres5t bo? tobacco & nicot9e poison+4 ,! rapidly-fatal result ( pure nicot9e has be5 already m5tion$2 b ) tobacco-poison+ ! case may t]m9ate le?ally 9 eighte5 m9utes4 ,?is rapid t]m9ation is unusual1 ) *ildr5 x is commonly ab\t an h\r & a half1 al?\gh 9 ! case previ\sly m5tion$1 dea? did n take place = two days4 #cei ,! "q z to :e!r !re is mu* nicot9e 9 tobacco-smoke _c be consid]$ settl$2 b x is probable t mo/ ( ! poison\s symptoms produc$ are ref]able to ! pyrid5e bases ( ! g5]al =mula 7,cn,h#bn-#e,n74 ,vohl & ,eul5b]g 7,ar*4 ,ph>mac41 #b1 cxlvi4 p4 #acj7 made "s v c>eful exp]im5ts on ! smoke ( /rong tobacco1 burnt bo? 9 pipes & also 9 cig>s4 ,! me?od adopt$ 0 to draw ! smoke fir/ ?r\gh pota%1 & !n ?r\gh dilute sulphuric acid4 ,! pota% absorb$ prussic acid1 hydric sulphide1 =mic1 acetic1 propionic1 butyric1 val]ic1 & c>bolic acids2 :ile 9 ! acid ! bases 7 fix$1 & ^! 7 f\nd to consi/ ( ! :ole s]ies ( pyrid5e bases1 f pyrid5e 7,c,h,n71 boil4 po9t #aag1 picol9e 7,c,h,n71 boil4 po9t #acc1 lutid9e 7,c,h,n71 boil4 po9t #aed1 upw>ds4 ,:5 smok$ 9 pipes1 ! *ief yield 0 pyrid5e2 :5 9 cig>s1 collid9e 7,c,h,n72 & 9 g5]al1 pipe-smok+ 0 f\nd to produce a great] numb] ( volatile bases4 ,! action ( ^! bases has be5 inve/igat$ by sev]al obs]v]s4 ,!y all h a special action on ! organism1 & all %[ an increase 9 physiological activity z ! s]ies is asc5d$4 ,! l[e/ produce m]ely excitem5t f irritation ( ! encephalic n]v\s c5tres1 & ! highe/1 p>alysis ( ^? c5tres4 ,dea? proce$s f gradual failure ( ! respiratory movem5ts1 lead+ to asphyxia--7,k5drick & ,dew>1 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 xxii4 #ddb2 xxiii4 #bij74 ,! mo/ rec5t exp]im5tal "w is t ( ,a4 ,gauti]2 he f\nd t tobacco smok$ 9 a pipe produc$ basic comp\nds1 a l>ge quantity ( nicot9e1 & a high] homologue ( nicot9e1 ,c,h,n1 :i* pre-exi/s 9 tobacco leaves1 & a base ,c,h,,no1 :i* seems to be a hydrate ( picol9e--7,compt4 ,r5d41 t4 cxv4 p4 #iib1 #iic74 ,! d]ivatives ( ! pyrid5e s]ies are also active4 ,! me?iodides /rongly excite ! bra9 & p>alyse ! extremities4 ,a simil> b m en]getic action is ex]t$ by ! e?yl & allyl d]ivatives2 ! iodyallyl d]ivatives are /rong poisons4 ,me?ylic pyrid5e c>boxylate is almo/ inactive1 b ! correspond+ ammonium salt gives rise to symptoms resembl+ epilepsy--7,ramsay1 ,phil4 ,mag41 v4 #d1 #bda74 ,"o memb] ( ! pyrid5e s]ies -lutid9e has be5 elaborately inve/igat$ by ,c4 ,greville ,williams & ,w4 ,h4 ,wat]s--7,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 vol4 xxxii4 p4 #afb1 #ahha74 ,!y conclude t x affects ! he>t pr(\ndly1 caus+ an increase 9 its tonicity1 b ! action is almo/ conf9$ to ! v5tricles4 ,! auricles are b little affect$1 & cont9ue to beat aft] ! v5tricles h /opp$4 ,! rate ( ! he>t's beat is sl[$1 & ! inhibitory p[] ( ! vagus arre/$4 ,by its action on ! n]v\s cells ( ! sp9al cord1 x 9 ! fir/ place l5g!ns ! "t ( reflex action1 & !n arre/s t function4 ,f9ally1 !y po9t out t x is antagoni/ic to /ry*n9e1 & may be successfully employ$ to arre/ ! action ( /ry*n9e on ! sp9al cord4 #cfj ,ed94 ,m$4 & ,surg4 ,j\r41 xii41 #ahaf4 #ccd4 ,physiological ,action4--,nicot9e is absorb$ into ! blood & excret$ un*ang$1 9 "p by ! kidneys & 9 "p by ! saliva 7,drag5dorff74 ,accord+ to ! rese>*es ( ,ros5?al & ,krock]1#cfa nicot9e acts en]getically on ! bra91 at fir/ excit+ x1 & !n less5+ its activity2 ! sp9al m>r[ is simil>ly affect$4 ,! convulsions appe> to h a c]ebral orig92 p>alysis ( ! p]iph]al n]ves foll[s lat] ?an t ( ! n]ve c5tres1 :il/ muscul> irritability is unaffect$4 ,! convulsions are n influ5c$ by artificial respiration1 & are !re=e to be consid]$ z due to ! direct influ5ce ( ! alkaloid on ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,nicot9e has a /rik+ influ5ce on ! respiration1 fir/ quick5+1 !n sl[+1 & la/ly arre/+ ! respiratory movem5ts3 section ( ! vagus is )\t influ5ce on ?is action4 ,! cause ( dea? is evid5tly due to ! rapid b5umb+ & p>alysis ( ! respiratory c5tre4 ,dea? nev] foll[s f he>t-p>alysis1 al?\gh nicot9e p[]fully influ5ces ! he>t's action1 small doses excit+ ! t]m9ations ( ! vagus 9 ! he>t1 & caus+ a sl[+ ( ! beats4 ,l>ge doses p>alyse bo? ! controll+ & excit+ n]ve-c5tres ( ! he>t2 ! he>t !n beats fa/1 irregul>ly1 & weakly4 ,! blood-vessels are fir/ n>r[$1 !n dilat$1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 ! blood-pressure fir/ rises1 !n falls4 ,nicot9e has a special action on ! inte/9es4 ,z ,o4 ,nasse#cfb has %[n1 !re is a /rong contraction ( ! :ole tract1 especially ( ! small inte/9e1 ! lum5 ( :i* may be1 ?r\gh a cont9u\s tetanus1 r5d]$ v small4 ,?is is ascrib$ to ! p]iph]al excitation ( ! inte/9al n]ves & ! ganglia4 ,! ut]us is also excit$ to /rong contraction by nicot9e2 ! secretions ( ! bile & saliva are increas$4 #cfa ,ueb] die ,wirkung des ,nicot9es auf d5 ?i]is*5 ,organismus1 ,b]l91 #ahfh4 #cfb ,beitrge zur ,physiologie d] ,d>mbewegung1 ,leipsic1 #ahff4 #cce4 ,fatal ,dose4--,! fatal dose = dogs is f to #b drops2 = rabbits1 a qu>t] ( a drop2 = an adult n accu/om$ to tobacco ! le?al dose is probably #f mgrms4 #ccf4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,!re seem to be no appe>ances s di/9ctive z to be ju/ly ascrib$ to nicot9e or tobacco-poison+ & no o!r4 ,a m or less fluid condition ( ! blood1 &1 g5]ally1 ! signs ( dea? by ! lungs1 are ^? mo/ frequ5tly f\nd4 ,9 tobacco-poison+1 :5 ! leaves !mselves h be5 swall[$1 !re may be "s inflammatory r$ness ( ! /oma* & inte/9e4 #ccg4 ,sep>ation ( ,nicot9e f ,organic ,matt]s1 c4--,! process = ! isolation ( nicot9e is precisely t us$ = coni9e 7see p4 #bfi74 ,x appe>s t x is unalt]$ by putrefaction1 & may be sep>at$ & recognis$ by appropriate means a long "t aft] dea?4 ,orfila detect$ x 9 an animal two or ?ree mon?s aft] dea?2 ,mels5s discov]$ ! alkaloid unmi/akably 9 ! tongues ( two dogs1 :i* _h be5 buri$ 9 a vessel fill$ ) e>? = sev5 ye>s2 & x has be5 f\nd1 by sev]al exp]im5ts1 9 animals buri$ = %ort] p]iods4 ,nicot9e %\ld always be look$ = 9 ! tongue & muc\s membrane ( ! m\?1 z well z 9 ! usual visc]a4 ,! case may be mu* complicat$ if ! p]son suppos$ to be poison$ %\ld h be5 a smok]2 = ! def5ce w\ld naturally be t !re _h be5 ei!r excessive smok+ or *ew+1 or ev5 swall[+ accid5tally a quid ( tobacco4#cfc ,a ptoma9e has be5 discov]$ simil> to nicot9e4 ,wolck5ha> sep>at$ also an alkaloid n unlike nicot9e f ! corpse ( a woman addict$ to intemp]ate habits2 b ?is base 0 n poison\s1 nor did x give any cry/als :5 an e!real solution 0 add$ to an e!r solution ( iod9e4 ,x w be well always to support ! *emical evid5ce by te/s on animal life1 s9ce ! int5sely poison\s action ( nicot9e seems n to be %>$ by ! nicot9e-l ptoma9es4 #cfc ,9 an exp]im5t ( ,drag5dorff's1 nicot9e is said to h be5 detect$ 9 #ce grms4 ( ! saliva ( a p]son :o _h half an h\r previ\sly smok$ a cig>4 #c4 ,,piturie4#cfd #cfd ,see 8,! ,alkaloid f ,piturie10 by ,pr(4 ,lev]sidge1 ,*em4 ,news1 ,m>* #ah & #be1 #ahha4 #cch4 ,piturie 7,c,h,n7 is a liquid1 nicot9e-l alkaloid1 obta9$ f ! ,duboisia hopwoodii1 a small %rub or tree belong+ to ! natural ord] ,solanace1 indig5\s 9 ,au/ralia4 ,! natives mix piturie leaves ) a%es f "s o!r plant1 & *ew !m4 ,piturie is obta9$ by extract+ ! plant ) boil+ wat] acidifi$ ) sulphuric acid1 conc5trat+ ! liquid by evaporation1 & !n alkalis+ & di/ill+ ) cau/ic soda1 & receiv+ ! di/illate 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,! solution ( ! hydro*lorate is aft]w>ds alkalis$ & %ak5 up ) e!r1 :i* readily dissolves out ! piturie4 ,! e!r solution ( piturie is evaporat$ to dryness 9 a curr5t ( hydrog51 & ! crude piturie purifi$ by di/illation 9 hydrog51 or by *ang+ x into its salts1 & aga9 recov]+1 c4 ,x is cle> & col\rless :5 pure & fre%1 b becomes yell[ or br[n :5 expos$ to air & light4 ,x boils & di/ils at #bdc to #bdd4 ,x is soluble 9 all proportions 9 alcohol1 wat]1 & e!r2 its ta/e is acrid & pung5t2 x is volatile at ord9>y temp]atures1 caus+ :ite fumes ) hydro*loric acid2 x is v irritat+ to ! muc\s membranes1 hav+ a smell l nicot9e at fir/1 & !n1 :5 x becomes br[n]1 l pyrid9e4 ,x =ms salts ) acids1 b ! acetate1 sulphate1 & hydro*lorate are v>ni%-l films hav+ no trace ( cry/allisation2 ! oxalate is a cry/all9e salt4 ,piturie gives precipitates ) m]curic *loride1 cupric sulphate1 gold *loride1 m]cur-potassic iodide1 tann91 & an alcoholic solution ( iod9e4 ,if an e!real solution ( iod9e is add$ to an e!real solution ( piturie1 a precipitate ( yell[i%-r$ ne$les1 readily soluble 9 alcohol1 is deposit$4 ,! iod9e comp\nd melts at #aaj1 :ile ! iod9e comp\nd ( nicot9e melts at #ajj4 ,piturie is di/+ui%$ f coni9e by its aque\s solution n becom+ turbid ei!r on heat+ or on ! addition ( *lor9e wat]2 x diff]s f picol9e 9 specific gravity1 picol9e be+ #ifac specific gravity at #j1 & piturie s9k+ 9 wat]2 x diff]s f anil9e by n be+ col\r$ by *lor9at$ lime4 ,f nicot9e x has sev]al di/+ui%+ m>ks1 "o ( ! be/ be+ t x does n *ange col\r on w>m+ ) hydro*loric acid & ! addition to ! mixture aft]w>ds ( a little nitric acid4 ,! physiological action seems to be b little diff]5t f t ( nicot9e4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 poison\s1 b z yet has no =5sic importance4 #d4 ,,sp>te9e4 #cci4 ,9 #ahea ,/5h\se#cfe sep>at$ a poison\s volatile alkaloid f ,sp>tium scop>ium1 ! common broom1 to :i* he gave ! "n ( sp>te9e4 ,at ! same "t a cry/all9e non-poison\s sub/ance1 scop>91 0 discov]$4 #cfe ,phil4 ,trans41 #ahea4 ,sp>te9e is sep>at$ f ! plant by extraction ) sulphuric acid hold+ wat]1 & !n alkalis+ ! acid solution & di/ill+3 x has ! =mula 7,c,h,n71 & belongs to ! class ( t]ti>y diam9es4 ,x is a cle>1 ?ick1 oily sub/ance1 sc>cely soluble 9 wat]1 to :i* x imp>ts a /rong1 alkal9e reaction2 x is soluble 9 alcohol1 9 e!r1 & *lor(orm2 insoluble 9 b5z5e & 9 petroleum2 x boils at #bhh4 ,sp>te9e neutralises acids fully1 b ! oxalate is ! only "o :i* c be readily obta9$ 9 cry/als4 ,x =ms cry/all9e salts ) plat9ic *loride1 ) gold *loride1 ) m]curic *loride1 & ) z9c *loride4 ,! picrate is an especially beautiful salt1 cry/allis+ 9 long ne$les1 :i*1 :5 dri$ & heat$1 explode4 ,on seal+ sp>te9e up 9 a tube ) e?yl iodide & alcohol1 & heat+ to #ajj = an h\r1 e?yl sp>te9e iodide sep>ates 9 long1 ne$le-l cry/als1 :i* are some:at insoluble 9 cold alcohol4 ,effect on ,animals4--,a s+le drop kills a rabbit2 ! symptoms are simil> to ^? produc$ by nicot9e1 b ! pupils are dilat$4#cff #cff ,to ! nicot9e gr\p1 gelsem9e 7,c,h,n,o7 & oxala?yl9 7,c,h,n7 also belong1 9 a physiological s5se1 b gelsem9e1 l sp>te9e1 dilates ! pupil4 #e4 ,,anil9e4 #cdj4 ,prop]ties4--,anil9e or amido-b5zol 7,c,h,,nh7 is made by ! r$uction ( nitro-b5zol4 ,x is an oily fluid1 col\rless :5 q pure1 b gradually assum+ a yell[ t+e on exposure to ! air4 ,x has a peculi> & di/9ctive smell4 ,x boils at #ahbe1 & c be congeal$ by a cold ( #h4 ,x is slightly soluble 9 wat]1 #ajj p>ts ( wat] at #af reta9+ ab\t #c ( anil9e1 & easily soluble 9 alcohol1 e!r1 & *lor(orm4 ,x does n blue r$-litmus pap]1 b nev]!less acts z a weak alkali1 = x precipitates iron f its salts4 ,x =ms a l>ge numb] ( cry/all9e salts4 ,! hydro*loride cry/allises 9 :ite plates1 & has a melt+-po9t ( #aib4 ,! plat9um comp\nd has ! =mula ( 7,c,h,,nh,h,cl7,pt,cl1 & cry/allises 9 yell[ ne$les4 #cda4 ,symptoms & ,effects4--,anil9e1 l picric acid1 coagulates album94 ,anil9e is a blood poison2 x produces1 ev5 dur+ life1 9 "s obscure way1 me?moglob91 & x dis9tegrates ! r$ blood corpuscles2 bo? ^! effects less5 ! p[] ( ! blood corpuscles to convey oxyg5 to ! tissues1 h5ce ! cyanosis obs]v$ s frequ5tly 9 anil9e poison+ is expla9$4 ,engelh>dt#cfg has f\nd t anil9e black is produc$2 9 e drop ( blood !re are f9e black granules1 ! total effect ( :i* produce a pale blue or grey-blue col\r ( ! sk94 ,anil9e has also an action on ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 at fir/ /imulat+1 & !n p>alys+4 ,s*mi$eb]g f9ds t p>a-amido-ph5ol-e!r-sulphuric acid is produc$1 & appe>s 9 ! ur9e z an alkali salt2 a small quantity ( fu*s9e is also produc$1 & has be5 f\nd 9 ! ur9e4 ,"s anil9e may be excret$ un*ang$4 #cfg ,beitrge zur ,tox4 des ,anil9s4 ,inaug4-,diss41 ,dorpat1 #ahhh4 ,! symptoms are gidd9ess1 weakness1 cyanosis1 blu5ess ( ! sk91 s9k+ ( ! temp]ature1 & dilatation ( ! pupil4 ,! pulse is small & frequ5t1 ! sk9 moi/ & cold4 ,! pati5t smells ( anil9e4 ,t[>ds ! end coma & convulsions set 94 ,! ur9e may be br[n to br[n-black1 & may conta9 hyal9e cyl9d]s4 ,! blood %[s ! spectrum ( me?moglob91 & has ! peculi>ities already m5tion$4 ,%\ld ! pati5t recov]1 jaundice (t5 foll[s4 ,! outw>d application ( anil9e produces eczema4 ,*ronic poison+ by anil9e is occasionally se5 among work]s 9 ! manufacture ( anil9e4 ,heada*e1 loss ( muscul> p[]1 dim9i%$ s5sibility ( ! sk91 vomit+1 loss ( appetite1 pallor1 eruptions on ! sk91 & g5]al malaise are ! *ief symptoms4 ,! p]spiration has be5 notic$ to h a r$di% col\r4 ,cases ( anil9e poison+ are n common2 ,dr4 ,fr$4 ,j4 ,smi? has record$ "o 9 ! ,lancet ( ,janu>y #ac1 #ahid4cfh ,! pati5t1 a woman1 #db ye>s ( age1 ( alcoholic t5d5cies1 swall[$1 #ac? ,decemb] #ahic1 at #a4dj ,p4,m41 ab\t #c ounces ( m>k+ ink1 ! greate/ "p ( :i* consi/$ ( anil9e2 9 a v little :ile %e became unconsci\s1 & rema9$ s until dea?4 ,at #c ,p4,m4 h] lips 7 ( a d>k purple1 ! g5]al surface ( ! sk9 0 deadly :ite1 ) a slight blui% t+e2 ! pupils 7 small & sluggi%1 ! brea?+ /]tor\s1 & ! pulse full & sl[--#fj p] m9ute4 ,! /oma* 0 wa%$ out1 e!r inject$1 & oxyg5 adm9i/]$1 b ! pati5t di$ comatose almo/ exactly twelve h\rs aft] ! poison _h be5 tak54 #cfh ,see also a case report$ by ,k4 ,dehio1 9 :i* a p]son drank #aj grms4 & recov]$1 ,b]4 kl9is4 ,wo*541 #ahhh1 ,nr4 #a4 ,! po/-mortem exam9ation %[$ slight conge/ion ( ! lungs2 ! he>t 0 relax$ 9 all its *amb]s1 & empty ( blood2 x _h a peculi> gre5-blue appe>ance4 ,all ! organs 7 heal?y4 ,! blood 0 n spectroscopically exam9$4 #cdb4 ,fatal ,dose4--,?is is n kn[n1 b an adult w\ld probably be kill$ by a s+le dose ( any?+ ov] #f grms4 ,recov]y "u treatm5t has be5 kn[n aft] #aj grms42 ! fatal dose = rabbits is #a-ae grms41 = dogs #c-e grms4 #cdc4 ,detection ( ,anil9e4--,anil9e is easily sep>at$ & detect$4 ,organic fluids are alkalis$ by a solution ( pota%1 & di/ill$4 ,! organs1 f9ely divid$1 are extract$ ) wat] acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid1 ! fluid filt]$1 & !n alkalis$ & di/ill$4 ,! di/illate is %ak5 up ) e!r1 ! e!r sep>at$ & all[$ to evaporate spontane\sly4 ,any anil9e w be 9 ! residue left aft] evaporation ( ! e!r1 & may be id5tifi$ by ! foll[+ te/s3--,an aque\s solution ( anil9e or its salts is col\r$ blue by a little *loride ( lime or hypo*lorite ( soda2 lat] on ! mixture becomes r$4 ,! blue col\r has an absorption b&1 :5 exam9$ spectroscopically1 ext5d+ f ,w4,l4 #fef to #efj1 & !re=e 9 ! r$ & yell[ f ,fraunh(]'s l9e ,c1 & ov]lapp+ ,d4 ,ano!r te/ = anil9e is ! addition ( kair9e1 hydro*loric acid1 & sodium nitrite1 :i* /rikes a blue col\r4 ,,iii4--,! ,opium ,gr\p ( ,alkaloids4 #cdd4 ,g5]al ,composition4--,opium conta9s a l>g] numb] ( basic sub/ances ?an any plant kn[n4 ,! li/ rea*es at pres5t to #ah or #ai nitrog5is$ bases1 & almo/ ea* ye> !re h be5 additions4 ,"s ( ^! alkaloids exi/ 9 v small proportion1 & h be5 little /udi$4 ,morph9e & n>cot9e are ^? :i*1 alone1 are toxicologically important4 ,opium is a gummy mass1 consi/+ ( ! juice ( ! incis$ unripe fruit ( ! ,papav] somnif]um h>d5$ 9 ! air4 ,! foll[+ is a ne>ly complete li/ ( ! con/itu5ts :i* h be5 f\nd 9 opium3-- ,morph9e1 ,c,h,,no4 ,n>cot9e1 ,c,h,,no4 ,n>ce9e1 ,c,h,,no4 ,apomorph9e1 ,c,h,,no ,by dehydration ( morph9e & code9e ,apocode9e1 ,c,h,,no respectively4 ,pseudomorph9e1 ,c,h,,no4 ,codam9e1 ,c,h,,no4 ,ladan9e1 ,c,h,,no4 ,ladanos9e1 ,c,h,,no4 ,protap9e1 ,c,h,,no4 ,cryptop9e1 ,c,h,,no4 ,lan?op9e1 ,c,h,,no4 ,hydrocot>n9e1 ,c,h,,no4 ,opian9e1 ,c,h,,no4 ,cnoscop9e1 ,c,h,n,o4 ,rhad9e1 ,c,h,,no4 ,code9e1 ,c,h,,no4 ,!ba9e1 ,c,h,,no4 ,papav]9e1 ,c,h,,no4 ,meconid9e1 ,c,h,,no4 ,mecon91 ,c,h,o4 ,meconic acid1 ,c,h,o4 ,!bolactic acid4 ,fat4 ,res94 ,ca\t*\c4 ,gummy matt]s--,vegetable mucus4 ,a%1 conta9+ ! usual con/itu5ts4 ,! v>i\s opiums diff]1 ! "o f ! o!r1 9 ! p]c5tages ( alkaloids1 s t only a v g5]al /atem5t ( ! mean composition ( opium c be made4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t may1 h[ev]1 be accept$ z fairly repres5tative ( ^! diff]5ces3-- ,p] c5t4 ,morph9e1 #f to #ae ,n>cot9e1 #d to #h ,o!r alkaloids1 #e to #b ,mecon91 ,"u #a ,meconic acid1 #c to #h ,peculi> res9 & ca\t*\c1 #e to #aj ,fat1 #a to #d ,gum & soluble humoid acid matt]s1 #dj to #ej ,insoluble matt]s & mucus1 #ah to #bj ,a%1 #d to #h ,wat]1 #h to #cj ,! g5]al results ( ! analysis ( #ab samples ( ,turkey opium1 pur*as$ by ,mr4 ,bott1#cfi f lead+ druggi/s 9 ,london1 ,dubl91 & ,ed9burgh1 are z foll[s3-- #cfi ,ye> ,book ( ,ph>macy1 #ahgf4 ,wat]4--,highe/1 #cab2 l[e/1 #ahd2 mean1 #bbd p] c5t4 ,insoluble ,residue4--,highe/1 #dgi2 l[e/1 #bede2 mean1 #cbdh p] c5t4 ,aque\s ,extract4--,highe/1 #efae2 l[e/1 #bjij2 mean1 #deij p] c5t4 ,crude ,morph9e 7conta9+ ab\t #g_/aj ( pure morph9e74--,highe/1 #abcj2 l[e/1 #fgf2 mean1 #iib p] c5t41 :i* equals #abc p] c5t4 ( ! dri$ drug4 ,p]sian ,opium1 exam9$ 9 ! same way1 v>i$ 9 crude morph9e f #ba to #he p] c5t42 ,malwa1 f #ehh to #gcj4 ,9 #ah samples ( diff]5t k9ds ( opium1 ! mean p]c5tage ( crude morph9e 0 #hhh p] c5t4 7#aa p] c5t4 ( ! dri$ opium74 ,accord+ to ,guib\rt1 ,smyrna opium1 dri$ at #ajj1 yields #aag to #badf p] c5t41 ! mean be+ #ab to #ad p] c5t42 ,egyptian1 f #eh to #ab p] c5t42 ,p]sian1 #aacg p] c5t4 ,9 ,ea/ ,indian ,patna opium1 = m$ical use1 he f\nd #ggb2 9 a sample us$ = smok+1 #ebg p] c5t42 9 ,alg]ian opium1 #aba p] c5t42 9 ,fr5* opium1 #adh to #bbi p] c5t4 #cde4 ,action ( ,solv5ts on ,opium4--,! action ( v>i\s solv5ts on opium has be5 m especially /udi$ by sev]al sci5ti/s :o are engag$ 9 ! extraction ( ! alkaloids4 ,wat] dissolves ne>ly ev]y?+ except res91 ca\t*\c1 & woody fibre4 ,free morph9e w\ld be left insoluble2 b x seems always to be comb9$ ) meconic & acetic acids4 ,! solubility ( free n>cot9e 9 wat] is extremely small4 ,alcohol dissolves res9 & ca\t*\c1 & all ! alkaloids & _! comb9ations1 ) meconic acid1 c4 ,amylic ,alcohol dissolves all ! alkaloids1 if !y are 9 a free /ate1 & x also takes up a little ( ! res94 ,e!r1 ,b5z5e1 & ,c>bon ,sulphide d n dissolve ! res91 & only slightly morph9e1 if free2 b !y dissolve ! o!r free alkaloids z well z ca\t*\c4 ,acids dissolve all ! alkaloids & ! res94 ,fix$ ,alkalies1 9 excess1 dissolve 9 "p res92 !y also dissolve morph9e freely2 n>cot9e rema9s insoluble4 ,lime ,wat] dissolves morph9e1 b is a solv5t = n>cot9e only 9 pres5ce ( morph9e4 ,ammonia dissolves only traces ( morph9e2 b n>ce9e & code9e readily4 ,x does n dissolve ! o!r alkaloids1 nor does x dissolve ! res94 #cdf4 ,assay ( ,opium4--,! foll[+ processes may be describ$3-- ,process ( ,tes*ema*] & ,smi?4--,?is process1 ) a few modifications1 is z foll[s3--#aj grms4 ( opium are z completely exhau/$ ) pro( _s at a boil+ temp]ature z possible4 ,! result+ alcoholic extract is treat$ ) a few drops ( ammonium oxalate solution1 & ! solution is almo/ neutralis$ ) ammonia4 ,! solution is conc5trat$ to "o-?ird1 cool$1 & filt]$4 ,! filtrate is f>!r conc5trat$ to #e c4c41 & transf]r$ to a small flask1 x is wa%$ into ?is flask by #d c4c4 ( wat]1 & #c c4c4 ( #ij p] c5t4 alcohol2 next #b c4c4 solution ( ammonia 7sp4 gr4 #jifj7 & #be c4c4 ( dry e!r are add$4 ,! flask is cork$1 %ak51 & !n all[$ to re/ ov]-night4 ,! e!r is decant$ z completely z possible4 ,two filt] pap]s are tak5 & c\nt]pois$--t is to say1 !y are made precisely ! same weight4 ,! filt]s are plac$ "o inside ! o!r1 & ! precipitate collect$ on ! inn] "o2 ! precipitate is wa%$ ) morph9at$ wat]--t is to say1 wat] 9 :i* morph9e has be5 dige/$ = "s days4 ,! filt] pap]s ) _! cont5ts are wa%$ ) b5z5e & dri$1 ! out] pap] put on ! pan ( ! balance c>ry+ ! weights1 & ! inn] filt] ) ! precipitate weigh$4 ,! precipitate is n[ dige/$ ) a kn[n volume ( dec9ormal acid1 & !n ! excess ( acid asc]ta9$ by titration ) dec9ormal alkali1 us+ ei!r litmus or me?yl orange2 ea* c4c4 ( dec9ormal acid is equal to #cjc mgrms4 ( morph9e4#cgj #cgj ,ph>m4 ,j\rnal1 xix4 #de1 #hb2 xxii4 #gdf4 ,wright & ,f>r1 ,*emi/ & ,druggi/1 #ahic1 i4 #gh4 ,dott's ,process4--,dott has rec5tly propos$ a new process1 :i* he /ates has giv5 good results4 ,! process is z foll[s3--#aj grammes ( p[d]$ opium are dige/$ ) #be c4c4 wat]2 #ah gramme b>ium *loride dissolv$ 9 ab\t #ab c4c4 wat] is !n add$1 ! solution made up to #ej c4c41 well mix$1 & aft] a %ort "t filt]$4 #bb c4c4 7repres5t+ #e grammes opium7 are mix$ ) dilute sulphuric acid 9 quantity j suffici5t to precipitate ! b>ium4 ,ab\t #a c4c4 is requir$1 & ! solution %\ld be w>m$ to cause ! precipitate to subside1 & ! solution to filt] cle>4 ,to ?is filt]$ solution a little dilute ammonia1 ab\t #je c4c4 is add$ to neutralise ! free acid1 & ! solution conc5trat$ to #f or #g c4c41 & all[$ to cool4 #a c4c4 _s & #a c4c4 e!r are !n add$1 & next ammonia 9 slight excess4 ,! ammonia %\ld be add$ gradually until !re is no fur!r precipitation1 & a p]ceptible od\r ( ammonia rema9s aft] well /irr+ & break+ d[n any lumps ) ! /irr+ rod4 ,aft] ?ree h\rs ! precipitate is collect$ on c\nt]pois$ filt]s & wa%$4 ,be=e filt]+1 x %\ld be not$ t ! solution has a fa9t od\r ( ammonia3 if n1 "o or two drops ( ammonia solution %\ld be add$4 ,! dri$ precipitate is wa%$ ) b5z5e or *lor(orm1 dri$1 & weigh$4 ,x is !n titrat$ ) n_/#aj acid1 until ! morph9e is neutralis$1 z indicat$ by ! solution r$d5+ litmus pap]4#cga #cga ,o!r me?ods ( opium assay h be5 publi%$3 see ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,prescott's me?od 7,proce$+s ( ,am]4 ,ph>m4 ,assoc41 #ahgh72 ,all5 7,comm]cial ,org4 ,analysis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dgc72 ,e4 ,r4 ,squibb's modification ( ,flckig]'s me?od 7,ph>m4 ,j\rn4 7#c71 xii4 p4 #gbd72 a rapid mode ( opium assay1 ,,mm4 ,portes & ,lanjlois 7,j\rn4 de ,ph>m4 et de ,*im41 ,nov4 #ahha72 ,ye> ,book ( ,ph>macy1 #ahhb4 ,to ! above may be add$--7#a47 ,s*a*t's ,me?od4--#e to #aj grms4 ( dry1 f9ely-p[d]$ opium are dige/$ ) suffici5t di/ill$ wat] to make a ?9 pulp4 ,aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs ! :ole is ?r[n on a weigh$ filt]1 & wa%$ until ! wa%+s are almo/ col\rless & ta/eless4 ,! portion insoluble 9 wat] is dri$ at #ajj & weigh$2 9 good opium ?is %\ld n exce$ #dj p] c5t4 ,! filtrate is evaporat$ until x is ab\t "o-fif? ( ! weight ( ! opium tak5 orig9ally2 cool$1 filt]$1 & treat$ ) pure animal *>coal1 until ! d>k br[n col\r is *ang$ into a br[ni%-yell[4 ,! liquid is !n refilt]$1 precipitat$ ) a slight excess ( ammonia1 all[$ to /& 9 an op5 vessel until all od\r ( ammonia disappe>s1 & at ! same "t frequ5tly /irr$1 9 ord] t ! precipitate may n become cry/all9e--a =m :i* is always m difficult to purify4 ,! precipitate is n[ collect$ on a t>$ filt]1 wa%$1 dri$1 & weigh$4 ,) an opium conta9+ #aj p] c5t4 ( morph9e1 its weight is usually #ad p] c5t4 ,a portion ( ! precipitate is !n deta*$ f ! filt]1 weigh$1 & exhau/$1 fir/ ) e!r1 & aft]w>ds ) boil+ alcohol 7#jha specific gravity74 ,be+ ?us purifi$ f n>cot9e1 & conta9+ a little col\r+-matt] only1 x may n[ be dri$ & weigh$1 & ! am\nt ( morph9e calculat$1 on ! :ole1 f ! data obta9$4 7#b47 ,fleury has propos$ a titration by oxalic acid z foll[s3--#b grms4 ( ! p[d]$ opium are mac]at$ a few h\rs ) #h c4c4 ( aque\s oxalate ( ammonia1 br\ght on a filt]1 & wa%$ ) #e c4c4 ( wat]4 ,to ! filtrate an equal volume ( #hj p] c5t4 alcohol & ammonia to alkal9e reaction is add$2 &1 aft] /&+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 a clos$ flask1 x is filt]$1 & ! flask r9s$ out ) "s c4c4 ( #dj p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,! filt]1 ) its cont5ts1 aft] dry+1 is plac$ 9 ! same flask 7:i* %\ld n be cleans$71 a few drops ( alcoholic logwood solution are add$1 ) an excess ( oxalic acid solution ( kn[n /r5g?1 ! :ole be+ made up to #ajj c4c4 ,?is is divid$ into two p>ts1 & ! excess ( acid titrat$ back ) dilut$ soda-lye4 ,if ! oxalic acid solution is ( ! /r5g? ( #ddb grms4 to ! litre1 e c4c4 ( ! oxalic acid solution :i* has become b\nd up ) morph9e1 corresponds to #jjb grm4 ( morph9e4 #cdg4 ,m$ic9al & o!r ,prep>ations ( ,opium4--,! *ief mixtures1 pills1 & o!r =ms1 (fic9al & non-(fic9al1 9 :i* opium may be met )1 are z foll[s3-- 7#a47 ,,(fic9al4 ,comp\nd ,t9cture ( ,camphor1 ,p4 ,b4 7,p>egoric74--,opium1 camphor1 b5zoic acid1 oil ( anise1 & pro( _s3 ! opium is 9 ! proportion ( ab\t #jd p] c5t41 or #a gra9 ( opium 9 #bdj m9ims4 ,ammoniat$ ,t9cture ( ,opium 7,scot* p>egoric74--,/rong solution ( ammonia1 rectifi$ _s1 opium1 oil ( anise1 saffron1 & b5zoic acid4 ,ne>ly #a p] c5t4 or #a gra9 ( opium 9 e #if m9ims4 ,! ,comp\nd ,p[d] ( ,k9o1 ,p4 ,b4 ,opium1 #e p] c5t4 ,c9namon1 #bj ,k9o1 #ge ,! ,comp\nd ,p[d] ( ,opium1 ,p4 ,b4 ,opium1 #ajjj p] c5t4 ,black ,pepp]1 #accc ,g+]1 #cccc ,c>away ,fruit1 #djjj ,tragacan?1 #ccc ,pill ( ,lead & ,opium1 ,p4 ,b4 ,acetate ( ,lead1 #gej p] c5t4 ,opium1 #abe ,confection ( ,roses1 #abe ,t9cture ( ,opium 7,laudanum74--,opium & pro( _s4 ,"o gra9 ( opium 9 #adh m94--t is1 ab\t #fg p>ts by weight 9 #ajj by measure4 ,! am\nt ( opium actually conta9$ 9 laudanum has be5 inve/igat$ by ,mr4 ,woodl&1#cgb f f\rte5 samples pur*as$ f ,london & prov9cial *emi/s4 ,! highe/ p]c5tage ( extract 0 #eja1 ! l[e/ #cba1 ! mean be+ #dbd2 ! highe/ p]c5tage ( morph9e 0 #gj p] c5t41 ! l[e/ #cb1 ! mean be+ #ea p] c5t4 ,x is1 !re=e1 cle> t laudanum is a liquid ( v unc]ta9 /r5g?4 #cgb ,ye> ,book ( ,ph>macy1 #ahhb4 ,aromatic ,p[d] ( ,*alk & ,opium4--,opium #be p] c5t41 ! re/ ( ! con/itu5ts be+ c9namon1 nutmeg1 saffron1 cloves1 c>damoms1 & sug>4 ,comp\nd ,p[d] ( ,ipecacuanha 7,dov]'s ,p[d]74 ,opium1 #aj p] c5t4 ,ipecacuanha1 #aj ,sulphate ( ,pota%1 #hj ,confection ( ,opium 7,confectio opii7 is compos$ ( syrup & comp\nd p[d] ( opium2 accord+ to its =mula1 x conta9s #bd p] c5t4 ( opium by weight4 ,extract ( ,opium conta9s ! solid con/itu5ts capable ( extraction by wat]2 x %\ld conta9 #bj p] c5t4 ( morph9e1 & is !re=e ab\t d\ble ! /r5g? ( dry p[d]$ opium4 ,liquid ,extract ( ,opium has be5 also exam9$ by ,mr4 ,woodl&3#cgc t5 samples yield$ z a mean #cie p] c5t4 ( dry extract1 ! highe/ numb] be+ #dib p] c5t41 ! l[e/ #cjb4 ,! mean p]c5tage ( morph9e 0 #bh p] c5t41 ! highe/ am\nt be+ #cg1 & ! l[e/ #ai p] c5t4 #cgc ,op4 cit4 ,l9im5t ( ,opium is compos$ ( equal p>ts ( laudanum & soap l9im5t2 x %\ld conta9 ab\t #jjcge p] c5t4 morph9e4 ,! ,comp\nd ,soap-pill is made ( soap & opium1 "o "p ( opium 9 e #ee ( ! mass--i4e41 ab\t #ah p] c5t4 ,ipecacuanha & ,morph9e ,loz5ges1 z ! la/1 ) ! addition ( ipecacuanha2 ea* loz5ge conta9s #a_/cf gra9 7#ah mgrms47 morph9e hydro*lorate1 #a_/ab gra9 7#ed mgrms47 ipecacuanha4 ,morphia ,suppositories are made ) hydro*lorate ( morph9e1 b5zoat$ l>d1 :ite wax1 & oil ( !obroma2 ea* suppository conta9s gra9 7#cbd mgrms47 ( morph9e salt4 ,opium ,loz5ges are compos$ ( opium extract1 t9cture ( tolu1 sug>1 gum1 extract ( liquorice1 & wat]4 ,ea* loz5ge conta9s #a_/aj gra9 7#fd mgrms47 ( extract ( opium1 or ab\t #a_/ej gra9 7#ac mgrm47 morph9e4 ,! ,o9tm5t ( ,galls & ,opium conta9s "o "p ( opium 9 #adge p>ts ( ! o9tm5t--i4e41 opium #fg p] c5t4 ,opium ,w9e1 ,p4 ,b4--,%]ry1 opium extract1 c9namon1 & cloves4 ,ab\t #e ( opium extract by weight 9 #ajj p>ts by measure 7#bb gra9s to ! ounce74 ,solutions ( ,morph9e1 bo? ( ! acetate & hydro*lorate1 ,p4 ,b41 are made ) a little free acid1 & ) rectifi$ _s4 ,! /r5g? ( ea* is half a gra9 9 ea* fluid dra*m 7#jcbd grm4 9 #cedi71 or #ia "p by weight 9 #ajj by measure4 ,solution ( ,bimeconate ( ,morph9e4--,"o fluid oz4 conta9s #e gra9s ( bimeconate ( morph9e4 ,morphia ,loz5ges are made ) ! same accessories z opium loz5ges1 sub/itut+ morph9e = opium2 ea* loz5ge conta9s #a_/cf gra9 ( hydro*lorate ( morphia 7#ah mgrm474 ,syrup ( ,poppies4--,! ord9>y syrup ( poppies is sweet5$ laudanum4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be :at x is describ$--viz41 a syrup ( poppy-heads4 ,z su*1 x is said to conta9 "o gra9 ( extract ( opium to ! ounce4 7#b47 ,,pat5t ,,& ,,o!r ,,non-,,(fic9al ,,prep>ations ,,( ,,opium4 ,godfrey's ,cordial is made on r a l>ge scale1 & is v>iable 9 /r5g? & composition4 ,x usually conta9s ab\t #a gra9s ( opium 9 ea* fluid ounce1#cgd &1 z o!r con/itu5ts3 sassafras1 molasses or treacle1 rectifi$ _s1 & v>i\s flav\r+ +r$i5ts1 especially g+]1 cloves1 & cori&]2 anise$ & c>aways may also be detect$4 #cgd ,if made accord+ to ,dr4 ,p>is' =mula1 #a gra9s 9 an ounce4 ,gr9rod's ,rem$y = ,spasms consi/s ( hydro*lorate ( morph9e1 _s ( sal-volatile1 e!r1 & camphor julep2 /r5g?1 #a gra9 ( ! hydro*lorate 9 e #f ounces4 ,lemauri]'s ,odontalgic ,ess5ce is acetate ( morph9e dissolv$ 9 *]ry-laurel wat]2 /r5g?1 #a gra9 to ! ounce4 ,nep5! is a prep>ation v simil> to ,liq4 ,opii s$ativ41 & is ( ab\t ! same /r5g? z laudanum4#cge #cge ,x may be reg>d$ z a purifi$ alcoholic solution ( meconate ( morphia1 ) a little excess ( acid1 & ( ab\t ! same /r5g? z laudanum4--,taylor4 ,black ,drop 7kn[n also by v>i\s names1 su* z ,arm/rong's ,black ,drop7 is ess5tially an acetic acid solution ( ! con/itu5ts ( opium4 ,x is usually consid]$ to be ( f\r times ! /r5g? ( laudanum4 ,! :olesale receipt = x is3 ,laudanum1 #a oz41 & di/ill$ v9eg> #a qu>t1 dige/$ = a =tnight4 ,! orig9al =mula propos$ by ! ,quak] doctor ( ,durham1 ,edw>d ,tun/all1 is--,opium1 slic$1 lb42 good v]juice1#cgf #c p9ts2 & nutmeg1 #a oz42 boil$ d[n to a syrup ?ickness2 lb4 ( sug> & #b teaspoonfuls ( yea/ are !n add$4 ,! :ole is set 9 a w>m place = six or eight weeks1 aft] :i* x is evaporat$ 9 ! op5 air until x becomes ( ! consi/5ce ( a syrup4 ,x is la/ly decant$ & filt]$1 a little sug> is add$1 & ! liquid made up to #b p9ts4 #cgf ,v]juice is ! juice ( ! wild crab4 8,nurse's ,drops0 seem to be compos$ ( oil ( c>away & laudanum4 ,p[ell's ,balsam ( ,anise$1 accord+ to evid5ce 9 ! case ( ,ph>maceutical ,society v4 ,armson 7,ph>m4 ,j\rn41 #ahid71 conta9s 9 e oz4 #a_/aj gra9 ( morph9e4 ,dalby's ,c>m9ative-- ,c>bonate ( magnesia1 #dj gra9s4 ,t9cture ( ca/or1 & comp\nd t9cture ( c>damoms1 ( ea* #ae drops4 ,laudanum1 #e ,oil ( anise$1 #c ,oil ( nutmeg1 #b ,oil ( pepp]m9t1 #a ,pepp]m9t wat]1 #b fl4 ounces ,dose1 f a half to "o teaspoonful4 ,ano!r recipe has no laudanum1 b in/ead syrup ( poppies4 ,*lorodyne--,br[n's ,*lorodyne is compos$ (-- ,*lor(orm1 #f dra*ms4 ,*loric e!r1 #a ,t9cture ( capsicum1 ,hydro*lorate ( morph9e1 #h gra9s4 ,s*eele's prussic acid1 #ab drops ,t9cture ( ,indian hemp1 #a dra*m4 ,treacle1 #a ,atk9son's ,infant ,pres]v]-- ,c>bonate ( magnesia1 #f dra*ms4 ,:ite sug>1 #b ounces ,oil ( anise$1 #bj drops4 ,_s ( sal-volatile1 #b dra*ms4 ,laudanum1 #a ,syrup ( saffron1 #a ounce4 ,c>away wat]1 to make up1 #a p9t4 ,bo]have's ,odontalgic ,ess5ce-- ,opium1 dra*m4 ,oil ( cloves1 #b ,p[d]$ camphor1 #e ,rectifi$ _s1 #a fl4 ounce4 #cdh4 ,/ati/ics4--,dur+ ! t5 ye>s #ahhc-ahib no less ?an #adbd dea?s 9 ,engl& & ,wales 7 attribut$ to "s =m or o!r ( opium or its active con/itu5ts2 #de ( ^! dea?s 7 ascrib$ to v>i\s =ms ( soo?+ syrup or to pat5t m$ic9es conta9+ opium or morph9e2 #hgf 7 due to accid5t or neglig5ce2 #dig 7 suicidal & #f 7 homicidal dea?s4 ,! age & sex di/ribution ( ! dea?s ascrib$ to accid5t & ^? ascrib$ to suicide are detail$ 9 ! foll[+ tabul> /atem5t3-- ,,dea?s ,,9 ,,engl& ,,& ,,wales ,,dur+ ,,! ,,t5 ,,ye>s #ahhc-ahib ,,f ,,opium1 ,,laudanum1 ,,morph9e1 c4 ,,accid5t4 ,ages1 #j-a #a-e #e-ae #ae-be #be-fe #fe & ,total above ,males1 #gb #bg #a #af #cjb #he #ejc ,females1 #ej #bc #d #ba #ahi #hf #cgc ---------------------------------------- ---- ,total1 #abb #ej #e #cg #dia #aga #hgf ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,suicide4 ,ages1 #e-ae #ae-be #be-fe #fe & ,total above ,males1 #a #bf #bfi #cd #ccj ,females1 444 #bd #abf #ag #afg ---------------------------------- ,total1 #a #ej #cie #ea #dig ---------------------------------- ,( ,european c\ntries1 ,engl& has ! greate/ proportional numb] ( opium poison+s4 ,9 ,france1 opium or morph9e poison+ acc\nts = ab\t #a p] c5t4 ( ! :ole2 & ,d5m>k1 ,sw$51 ,switz]l&1 ,g]many1 all give v small proportional numb]s2 ars5ic1 phosphorus1 & ! acids tak+ ! place ( opiates4 ,! m consid]able mortality arises1 9 great measure1 f ! p]nici\s practice--bo? ( ! h>d-work+ ,engli% "m & ( ! baby-f>m]--( giv+ infants v>i\s =ms ( opium sold "u ! "n ( 8soo?+ syrups10 8infants' fri5ds10 8infants' pres]vatives10 8nurses' drops0 & ! l1 to allay re/lessness1 & to keep !m dur+ ! great] "p ( _! exi/5ce asleep4 ,ano!r f]tile cause ( accid5tal poison+ is mi/akes 9 disp5s+2 b ^! mi/akes seem to happ5 m frequ5tly on ! ,cont95t ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,?is is 9 "s degree due to ! decimal sy/em1 :i* has its dang]s z well z its advantages1 e4g43--,a physician ord]$ #e decigrm4 ( morph9e acetate 9 a mixture = a *ild1 b omitt$ ! decimal po9t1 & ! apo!c>y1 !re=e1 gave t5 times ! dose desir$1 ) fatal effect4 ,aga91 morph9e hydro*lorate1 acetate1 & simil> soluble salts are liable to be mi/ak5 = o!r :ite p[d]s1 & 9 ?is way un=tunate accid5ts h occurr$--accid5ts t1 ) prop] disp5s+ arrangem5ts1 %\ld be impossible4 #cdi4 ,poison+ ( ,*ildr5 by ,opium4--,! drugg+ ( *ildr5 by opium--sometimes ) a view to de/roy life1 sometimes m]ely = ! sake ( ! cont9ual n>cotism ( ! infant--is especially rife 9 ,india4#cgg ,a little solid opium is appli$ to ! ro( ( ! m\?1 or sme>$ on ! tongue1 & "s ,indian mo!rs h be5 kn[n to pla/] ! nipples ) opium1 s t ! *ild imbibes x ) ! milk4 ,europeans1 aga9 & aga91 h discov]$ ! native nurses adm9i/]+ opiates to ! infants "u _! c>e1 & x is fe>$ t 9 _m cases detection is avoid$4 #cgg ,see ,dr4 ,*ev]s's ,jurisprud5ce1 #crd ed41 #bcb et seq4 ,! ignorant use ( poppy-tea has frequ5tly caus$ ! dea? ( "y *ildr52 ?us 9 #ahge an inque/ 0 held at ,*elsea on ! body ( a little boy two ye>s & a half old4 ,he _h be5 suff]+ f :oop+-c\gh & enl>gem5t ( ! b[els1 & poppy-tea 0 by ! advice ( a neighb\r giv5 to him4 ,two poppy-heads 7 us$ 9 mak+ a qu>t ( tea1 & ! boy1 aft] dr9k+ a great portion ( x1 fell into a deep sleep1 & di$ ) all ! symptoms ( n>cotic poison+4 #cej4 ,doses ( ,opium & ,morphia4--,opium 9 ! solid /ate is prescrib$ = adults 9 quantities n exce$+ #c gra9s1 ! usual dose be+ f #afb mgrms4 to #fdh mgrms4 7 to #a gra974 ,! extract ( opium is giv5 9 exactly ! same proportions 7special circum/ances1 su* z ! habitual use ( opium1 except$72 ! dose ( all ! comp\nds ( opium is ma9ly regulat$ by ! proportion ( opium conta9$ 9 !m4 ,! dose = *ildr5 7:o be> opium ill7 is usually v small2 s+le drops ( laudanum are giv5 to infants at ! brea/1 & ! dose cauti\sly increas$ accord+ to age4 ,mo/ practition]s w\ld consid] half a gra9 a v full dose1 &1 9 cases requir+ x1 w\ld seldom prescribe at fir/ m ?an #a_/af to gra94 ,! dose ( solid opium = a horse is f #agg grm4 to #gjh grms4 7 dra*m to #b dra*ms72 9 extreme cases1 h[ev]1 #d dra*ms 7#adaf grms47 h be5 giv54 ,! dose = l>ge cattle is f #fdh grm4 to #chh grms4 7#aj to #fj gra9s72 = calves1 #fdh grm4 7#aj gra9s72 = dogs x is greatly regulat$ by ! size ( ! animal1 #afb to #abif mgrms4 7 gra9 to #b gra9s74 ,fatal ,dose4--,cases are record$ ( infants dy+ f extremely small doses ( opium1 e4g41 #g1 #dc1 & #ha mgrms4 7#a_/ij1 #a_/ae1 & ( a gra972 b 9 su* in/ances "o _c help suspect+ "s mi/ake4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be freely conc$$ t a v small quantity might be fatal to infants1 & t #c mgrms4 giv5 to a *ild "u "o ye> w\ld probably develop s]i\s symptoms4 ,! smalle/ dose ( solid opium kn[n to h prov$ fatal to adults 0 equal to #bei mgrms4 7#d gra9s7 ( crude opium 7,taylor71 & ! smalle/ dose ( ! t9cture 7laudanum71 #gj c4c4 7#b dra*ms71 7,taylor72 ! latt] is1 h[ev]1 z already %[n1 unc]ta9 9 its composition4 ,a dang]\s dose 7save "u special circum/ances7 is3--,= a horse1 #adag grms4 7#d dra*ms72 = cattle1 #gjd grms4 7#b dra*ms72 = a dog ( ! size & /r5g? ( a foxh\nd1 #bjd mgrms4 7#c gra9s74 ,enorm\s & o!rwise fatal doses may be tak5 "u c]ta9 conditions by p]sons :o are n opium-eat]s4 ,i h se5 #ac cgrms4 7#b gra9s7 ( morph9e acetate inject$ hypod]mically 9 a /rong man suff]+ f rabies ) b little effect4 ,tetanus1 /ry*n9e1 convulsions1 & excessive pa9 all decrease ! s5sibility ( ! n]v\s sy/em to opium4 #cea4 ,g5]al ,me?od = ! ,detection ( ,opium4--,x is usually laid d[n 9 =5sic works t1 :]e poison+ by opium is suspect$1 x is suffici5t to detect ! pres5ce ( meconic acid 9 ord] to e/abli% t ( opium4 ,9 a case ( adult poison+ !re is g5]ally sub/ance en\gh available to obta9 "o or m alkaloids1 & ! pres5ce ( opium may1 )\t a reasonable d\bt1 be prov$1 if meconic acid 7z well z ei!r morph9e1 n>cot9e1 !ba9e1 or o!r opium alkaloid7 has be5 detect$4 ,pills conta9+ ei!r solid opium or ! t9cture usually betray ! pres5ce ( ! drug by ! od\r1 & 9 su* a case !re c be no possible difficulty 9 isolat+ morph9e & meconic acid1 ) probably "o or two o!r alkaloids4 ,! me?od ( extraction f organic fluids is ! same z be=e describ$1 b x may1 ( c\rse1 be modifi$ = any special purpose4 ,if opium1 or a prep>ation ( opium1 be submitt$ to ,drag5dorff's process 7see p4 #bdb71 ! foll[+ is a sket* ( ! *ief po9ts to be notic$4 ,if ! solution is acid-- 7#a47 ,b5z5e ma9ly extracts mecon91 :i* dissolves 9 sulphuric acid v gradually 79 tw5ty-f\r to =ty-eight h\rs71 ) a gre5 col\r pass+ into r$4 ,mecon9 has no alkaloidal reaction4 7#b47 ,amyl alcohol dissolves small quantities ( meconic acid1 id5tifi$ by /rik+ a blood-r$ col\r ) f]ric *loride4 ,if n[ ! amyl alcohol is remov$ ) ! aid ( petroleum e!r1 & ! fluid made alkal9e by ammonia-- 7#a47 ,b5z5e extracts n>cot9e1 code9e1 & !ba9e4 ,on evaporation ( ! b5z5e ! alkaloidal residue may be dissolv$ 9 wat]1 acidifi$ ) sulphuric acid1 & aft] filtration1 on add+ ammonia 9 excess1 !ba9e & n>cot9e are precipitat$1 code9e rema9+ 9 solution4 ,! dri$ precipitate1 if x conta9 !ba9e1 becomes blood-r$ :5 treat$ ) cold conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 :ile n>cot9e is %[n by a violet col\r develop+ gradually :5 ! sub/ance is dissolv$ 9 dilute sulphuric acid #a 3 #e1 & g5tly w>m$4 ,! code9e 9 ! ammoniacal solution c be recov]$ by %ak+ up ) b5z5e1 & recognis$ by ! r$ col\r :i* ! solid sub/ance gives :5 treat$ ) a little sug> & sulphuric acid4 7#b47 ,*lor(orm especially dissolves ! n>ce9e1 :i*1 on evaporation ( ! *lor(orm1 may be id5tifi$ by its g5]al *>act]s1 & by its solution 9 ,frhde's reag5t becom+ a beautiful blue col\r4 ,small quantities ( morph9e may be extract$ ) code9e4 7#c47 ,amyl alcohol extracts f ! alkal9e solution morph9e1 id5tifi$ by its physical *>act]s1 by its =m+ a cry/all9e precipitate ) iod9e & hydriodic acid1 & ! reaction ) iodic acid to be describ$4 #ceb4 ,morph9e 7,c,h,,no7,,oh7 ,h,o74--,morph9e occurs 9 comm]ce z a :ite p[d]1 sp4 gr4 #abje1 usually 9 ! =m ( m or less p]fect six-sid$ prisms1 b sometimes 9 t ( :ite silky ne$les4 ,:5 heat$ 9 ! sublim+ cell 7describ$ at pp4 #beg-h71 fa9t nebul1 resolv$ by high microscopic p[]s into m9ute dots1 appe> on ! upp] disc at #aej4 ,z ! temp]ature is rais$ ! spots become co>s]1 & at #ahh di/9ct cry/als may be obta9$1 ! be/ be+ =m$ at ne>ly #bjj1 at :i* temp]ature morph9e beg9s di/9ctly to br[n1 melt1 & c>bonise4 ,at temp]atures bel[ #ahh1 in/ead ( m9ute dots1 ! sublimate may consi/ ( :ite circul> spots or foliat$ patt]ns4 ,"o "p ( morph9e1 accord+ to ,p4 ,*a/a+1 is soluble at a temp]ature ( #c 9 #cc1ccc p>ts ( wat]2 at #bb1 9 #dede p>ts2 at #db1 #dbhj2 & at #ajj1 #defb4 ,x is sc>cely soluble 9 e!r or b5z5e4 ,absolute alcohol1 accord+ to ,pett5k(]1 dissolves 9 ! cold "o-=tie? ( its weight2 boil+1 "o-?irtie?4 ,amyl alcohol1 9 ! cold1 dissolves "o-f\r? p] c5t41 & /ill m if ! alkaloid be ?r[n out ( an aque\s acid solution by ammonia 9 ! pres5ce ( amyl alcohol2 = "u su* circum/ances ! morph9e has no "t to become cry/all9e4 ,accord+ to ,s*limp]t1 #a "p ( morph9e requires #fj ( *lor(orm = solution2 accord+ to ,pett5k(]1 #age4 ,morph9e is easily soluble 9 dilute acids1 z well z 9 solutions ( ! cau/ic alkalies & alkal9e e>?s2 c>bonat$ alkalies & *loride ( ammonium also dissolve small quantities4 ,! acid wat]y1 & ! alcoholic solutions1 turn ! plane ( pol>isation to ! left2 = sulphuric1 nitric1 & hydro*loric acids r #hih2 9 alkal9e solution ! pol>isation is less1 r #debb4 ,x is alkal9e 9 reaction1 neutralis+ acids fully2 &1 9 fact1 a conv5i5t me?od ( titrat+ morph9e is by ! use ( a c5t9ormal sulphuric acid--ea* c4c4 equals #bhe mgrms4 ( anhydr\s morph9e4 #cec4 ,! salts ( morph9e are = ! mo/ "p cry/all9e1 & are all bitt]1 neutral1 & poison\s4 ,!y are insoluble 9 amylic alcohol1 e!r1 *lor(orm1 b5z5e1 or petroleum e!r4 ,morph9e meconate is "o ( ! mo/ soluble ( ! morph9e salts2 x is freely soluble 9 wat]4 ,( all salts ?is is mo/ suitable = subcutane\s injection2 x is ! =m 9 :i* ! alkaloid exi/s 9 opium4 ,morph9e hydro*lorate 7,c,h,,no,h,cl7 cry/allises 9 silky fibres2 x is readily soluble 9 alcohol1 & is soluble 9 cold1 m freely 9 boil+ wat]4 ,! pure/ morph9e hydro*lorate is col\rless1 b t :i* is mo/ frequ5tly met ) 9 comm]ce is fawn or buff-col\r$4 ,morph9e acetate is a cry/allisable salt1 soluble 9 wat] or alcohol2 x is 9 "p decompos$ by boil+ ! aque\s solution1 "s ( ! acetic acid escap+4 ,morph9e ,t>trates4--,^! are readily soluble salts1 & x is important to note t ! morph9e might escape detection1 if ! exp]t tru/$ alone to ! usual te/ ( an alkaloidal salt giv+ a precipitate :5 ! solution is alkalis$ by ! fix$ or volatile alkalies2 = ! t>trates ( morph9e d n give ?is reaction1 nor d !y give any precipitate ) calcic *loride4 ,by add+ a solution ( potassium acetate 9 _s1 & also alcohol & a little acetic acid to ! conc5trat$ solution1 ! t>trate is decompos$1 & acid t>trate ( potassium is precipitat$ 9 ! insoluble =m2 ! morph9e 9 ! =m ( acetate rema9s 9 solution1 & !n gives ! usual reactions4 ,! solubility ( morph9e salts 9 wat] & alcohol has be5 inve/igat$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,u4 ,lloyd4 ,8 results are z foll[s3-- ,morph9e ,acetate4 #aagj p>ts ( wat] by weight at #aej dissolve #a "p ( morph9e acetate4 #fae p>ts ( wat] by weight at #ajj dissolve #a "p ( morph9e acetate4 #fhcj p>ts ( alcohol by weight 7#hbj specific gravity7 at #aej dissolve #a "p ( morph9e acetate4 #accj p>ts ( alcohol by weight 7#hbj specific gravity7 at #ajj dissolve #a "p ( morph9e acetate4 ,morph9e ,hydro*lorate4 #bcdj p>ts ( wat] dissolve at #ae #a morph9e hydro*lorate4 #ea "p ( wat] dissolves at #ajj #a morph9e hydro*lorate4 #fbgj p>ts ( alcohol 7#hbj specific gravity7 dissolve at #ae #a morph9e hydro*lorate4 #cjhj p>ts ( alcohol 7#hbj specific gravity7 dissolve at #ajj #a morph9e hydro*lorate4 ,morph9e ,sulphate4 #bafj p>ts ( wat] at #ae dissolve #a morph9e sulphate4 #ge "p ( wat] at #ajj dissolves #a morph9e sulphate4 #gjae p>ts ( alcohol 7#hbj7 at #ae dissolve #a morph9e sulphate4 #addjj p>ts ( alcohol 7#hbj7 at #ajj dissolve #a morph9e sulphate4 #ced4 ,con/itution ( ,morph9e4--,! *ief facts be>+ on ! con/itution ( morph9e are z foll[s3-- ,x c]ta9ly conta9s two hydroxyl gr\ps1 because by ! action ( acetic anhydride1 acetyl morph9e & diacetyl morph9e1 ,c,h7,,*,,co7,,no & ,c,h7,,*,,co7,,no are produc$4 ,! =mation ( ! monome?yl e!r ( morph9e 7code9e71 ,c,h7,,oh77,,o*7,,no1 is also a te/imony to ! exi/5ce ( hydroxyl gr\ps4 ,"o ( ! hydroxyl gr\ps has ph5olic functions1 ! o!r alcoholic functions4 ,by suitable oxidation morph9e yields tr9itroph5ol 7picric acid71 & by fusion ) an alkali1 protocate*uic acid2 bo? ( ^! reactions sugge/ a b5z5e r+4 ,on di/ill+ ) z9c du/ ph5an?r5e1 pyrid9e1 pyrrol1 trime?ylam9e1 & ammonia are =m$2 evid5ce ( a pyrid9e nucleus4 ,if morph9e is mix$ ) #aj to #ae times its weight ( a #bj p] c5t4 solution ( pota%1 & heat$ at #ahj = f f\r to six h\rs1 air be+ exclud$1 a ph5ol-l comp\nd is =m$1 & a volatile am9e1 e?ylme?ylam9e 7! am9e boils at #cd to #ce1 & its hydro*loride melts at #acc74 ,?is reaction is int]pret$ by ,z4 ,h4 ,skrauk#cgh & ,l4 ,wiegmann to indicate t ! nitrog5 is directly connect$ ) two alkyl gr\ps--t is1 e?yl & me?yl4 #cgh ,monatsb41 x4 #aaj-aad4 ,g4 ,n4 ,vis1#cgi aft] a c>eful review ( ! :ole ( ! reactions ( morph9e1 has propos$ ! foll[+ con/itutional =mula z ! "o t agrees be/ ) ! facts3-- ,,*--,,*--,,*--,,*--,,*----------------, c--,,*--,,* ,,*--,,*--,,*--,o ,n,me--,,*--,,*7,,oh7--,c--,,*--,,* #cgi ,j4 pr4 ,*emie 7#b71 xlvii4 #ehd4 ,knorr's =mula is-- ,,*oh--,,*o--,,* _/ ,,oh4,c,h _/ ,,*---,,*4,n,me,c,h ,b]41 xxii4 #aaac-aaai4 #cee4 ,te/s = ,morph9e4--7#a47 ,"o hundr$? ( a milligrm4 ( pure morph9e gives a blue col\r to a pa/e ( ammonium molybdate 9 sulphuric acid2 #bj mgrms4 ( ammonium molybdate are rubb$ ) a glass rod 9 a porcela9 di%1 & well mix$ ) #e drops ( pure /rong sulphuric acid & ! morph9e 9 a solid =m appli$2 titanic acid & tung/ates give simil> reactions4 7#b47 ,morph9e possesses /rong r$uc+ prop]ties2 a little solid morph9e dissolv$ 9 a solution ( f]ric *loride gives a ,prussian blue precipitate :5 f]ridcyanide solution is add$4 ,a numb] ( ptoma9es & o!r sub/ances also respond to ?is te/1 s t 9 itself x is n conclusive4 7#c47 ,iodic ,acid ,te/4--,! sub/ance suppos$ to be morph9e is conv]t$ into a soluble salt by add+ to acid reaction a few drops ( hydro*loric acid1 & !n evaporat+ to dryness4 ,! salt ?us obta9$ is dissolv$ 9 z little wat] z possible--?is1 z 9 toxicological rese>*es only small quantities are recov]$1 w probably be b a few drops4 ,a little ( ! solution is n[ mix$ ) a v small quantity ( />* pa/e1 & evaporat$ to dryness at a g5tle heat 9 a porcela9 di%4 ,aft] cool+1 a drop ( a solution ( #a "p ( iodic acid 9 #ae ( wat] is add$ to ! dry residue2 & if ev5 ! #a_/bjjjj ( a gra9 ( morph9e be pres5t1 a blue col\r w be develop$4 ,ano!r way ( work+ ! iodic acid te/ is to add ! iodic acid solution to ! liquid 9 :i* morph9e is suppos$ to be dissolv$1 & !n %ake ! liquid up ) a few drops ( c>bon disulphide4 ,if morph9e be pres5t1 ! c>bon disulphide floats to ! top di/9ctly col\r$ p9k4 ,o!r sub/ances1 h[ev]1 also set free iod9e f iodic acid1 & x has1 !re=e1 be5 propos$ to di/+ui% morph9e f ^! by ! aft] addition ( ammonia4 ,if ammonia is add$ to ! solution1 :i* has be5 %ak5 up ) c>bon disulphide1 ! p9k or r$ col\r ( ! c>bon disulphide is deep5$1 if morph9e 0 pres5t2 on ! contr>y1 if morph9e 0 n pres5t1 x is ei!r dis*>g$ or mu* weak5$4 ,o!r ,reactions4--,!re are "s v int]e/+ reactions besides ! two *>act]i/ic te/s j m5tion$4 ,if a saturat$ solution ( *loride ( z9c be add$ to a little solid morph9e1 & heat$ ov] ! wat]-ba? = f fifte5 m9utes to half-an-h\r1 ! liquid develops a beautiful & p]si/5t gre5 col\r4 ,?is w\ld be an excell5t te/ = morph9e 7 x n = ! fact t ! col\r is produc$ ) only pure morph9e4 ,= example1 ,i 0 unable to get ! reaction f morph9e 9 v well-=m$ cry/als precipitat$ f ord9>y laudanum by ammonia1 ! lea/ trace ( res9\s or col\r+-matt] s]i\sly int]f]+4 ,by ! action ( nitric acid on morph9e1 ! liquid becomes orange-r$1 & an acid product ( ! =mula ,c,h,,no is produc$1 :i*1 :5 heat$ 9 a clos$ tube ) wat] at #ajj1 yields tr9itroph5ol or picric acid4 ,?is int]e/+ reaction po9ts v decid$ly to ! ph5olic "* ( morph9e4 ,on add+ a drop ( sulphuric acid to solid morph9e 9 ! cold1 ! morph9e solution becomes ( a fa9t p9k2 on g5tly w>m+ & cont9u+ ! heat until ! acid beg9s to volatilise1 ! col\r *anges ?r\gh a s]ies ( br[ni% & indef9ite hues up to black4 ,on cool+ & treat+ ! black spot ) wat]1 a gre5 solution is obta9$1 agree+ 9 hue ) ! same gre5 produc$ by *loride ( z9c4 ,vidali#chj has propos$ ! foll[+ te/3--,morph9e is dissolv$ 9 /rong sulphuric acid1 & a little ars5ate ( sodium is add$2 on g5tly w>m+1 a pass+ blue col\r develops2 on rais+ ! temp]ature high]1 ! liquid *anges into gre51 !n into blue1 & f9ally aga9 into gre54 ,code9e acts v simil>ly4 ,! foll[+ te/ orig9at$ ) ,siebold 7,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy1 #ahgc1 p4 #edd73--,! suppos$ morph9e is heat$ g5tly ) a few drops ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid & a little pure potassic p]*lorate4 ,if morph9e be pres5t ! liquid imm$iately takes a pron\nc$ br[n col\r--a reaction said to be peculi> to morph9e1 & to succe$ ) #a_/aj ( a mgrm4 ,9 ord] to obta9 absolutely pure p]*lorate1 potassic p]*lorate is heat$ ) hydro*loric acid s long z x dis5gages *lor9e2 x is !n wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 dri$1 & pres]v$ = use4 ,!re is also a te/ kn[n z 8,pellagri's02 x dep5ds on ! production ( apomorph9e4 ,! suspect$ alkaloid is dissolv$ 9 a little /rong hydro*loric acid1 & !n a drop ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid is add$1 & ! mixture heat$ = a little "t f #ajj to #abj1 until x assumes a purple-black col\r4 ,x is n[ cool$1 "s hydro*loric acid aga9 add$1 & ! mixture neutralis$ ) sodic c>bonate4 ,if morph9e be pres5t1 on ! addition ( iod9e 9 hydriodic acid1 a *]ry-r$ col\r is produc$1 pass+ into gre54 ,morph9e & code9e are believ$ alone to give ?is reaction4 #chj ,d4 ,vidali1 ,bull4 ,f>maceut41 ,milano1 #ahha1 p4 #aig2 ,d4 ,e4 ,dott1 ,ye> ,book ( ,ph>macy1 #ahhb4 ,! acetate ( morph9e1 & morph9e itself1 :5 add$ to f]ric *loride solution1 develop a blue col\r4 ,:5 #a molecule ( morph9e is dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 conta9+ #a molecule ( sodium hydroxide1 & #b vols4 ( me?yl iodide are add$1 & ! mixture g5tly heat$1 a viol5t reaction sets 9 & ! ma9 product is code9e me?iodide 7,c,h,,no,,o*1,me,i74 ,if only half ! quantity ( me?yl iodide is add$1 !n free code9e is 9 small quantity produc$2 if e?yl iodide be sub/itut$ = me?yl1 a new base is =m$ homolog\s ) code9e--code9e is !re=e ! me?yl e!r ( morph9e4 ,if morph9e is heat$ ) iodide ( me?yl & absolute alcohol 9 a clos$ tube = half an h\r at #ajj1 me?yl iodide ( morph9e is obta9$ 9 col\rless1 glitt]+1 quadratic cry/als1 easily soluble 9 wat] 7,c,h,,no,me,i ,h,o72 simil>ly ! e?yl iodide comp\nd c be produc$4 ,if morph9e is heat$ = f two to ?ree h\rs 9 a clos$ tube ) dilute hydro*loric acid1 wat] is elim9at$-- 7,c,h,,no ,c,h,,no ,h,o71 & ! hydro*lorate ( apomorph9e is produc$4 ,?is succe$s :5 ev5 mgrm4 is heat$ ) #a_/aj c4c4 ( /rong ,h,cl1 & ! te/s = apomorph9e appli$4 ,if conc5trat$ sulphuric acid be dige/$ on morph9e = twelve to fifte5 h\rs 7or heat$ = half an h\r at #ajj71 on add+ to ! cool$ violet-col\r$ solution ei!r a cry/al ( nitrate ( pota% or ( *lorate ( pota%1 or a drop ( dilute nitric acid1 a beautiful violet-blue col\r is produc$1 :i* passes gradually into a d>k blood-r$4 #a_/ajj ( a mgrm4 w respond di/9ctly to ?is te/4 ,frhde's reag5t /rikes ) morph9e a beautiful violet col\r1 pass+ f blue into dirty gre51 & f9ally almo/ vani%+4 #a_/bjj ( a mgrm4 w respond to ! te/1 b x is n itself conclusive1 s9ce papav]9e & c]ta9 glucosides give an id5tical reaction4 #cef4 ,symptoms ( ,opium & ,morph9e ,poison+4--,! symptoms ( opium & morph9e poison+ are s mu* alike1 t cl9ically x is impossible to di/+ui% !m2 !re=e !y may be consid]$ toge!r4 ,action on ,animals--,frogs4--,! action ( morph9e or opium on frogs is peculi>3 ! animal at fir/ spr+s re/lessly ab\t1 & !n falls into a condition extremely analog\s to t se5 9 /ry*n9e poison+1 e motion or ext]nal irritation produc+ a tetanic convulsion4 ,?is condition is1 h[ev]1 sometimes n obs]v$4 ,! tetanic /age is foll[$ by p>alysis ( reflex movem5ts & cessation ( brea?+1 ! he>t cont9u+ to beat4 ,dogs4--#jb to #je grm4 ( morph9e meconate1 or acetate1 inject$ directly into ! circulation ( a dog1 %[s its effects almo/ imm$iately4 ,! dog becomes uneasy1 & moves its jaws & tongue z if "s peculi> ta/e 7 exp]i5c$2 x may b>k or utt] a :9e1 & !n 9 a m9ute or two falls into a pr(\nd sleep1 :i* is (t5 s deep t :ile x la/s--usually sev]al h\rs--an op]ation may be p]=m$4 ,9 :atev] attitude ! limbs are plac$1 !y rema94 ,! respiration is rapid & /]tor\s1 & mo/ reflex actions are ext+ui%$4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! sleep1 any sudd5 noise may />tle ! animal1 & :5 he wakes 8 faculties are evid5tly confus$4 ,a p>tial p>alysis ( ! h9d legs has (t5 be5 notic$1 & !n ! dog1 ) 8 tail & pelvis l[1 has some?+ ! attitude ( ! hy5a4 ,h5ce ?is condition 7fir/1 ,i believe1 notic$ by ,b]n>d7 has be5 call$ ! 8hy5oid0 /ate4 ,if ! dose is l>g] ?an #b to #c grms4 7#ca to #df gra9s71 ! symptoms are n dissimil>1 save t !y t]m9ate 9 dea?1 :i* is g5]ally prec$$ by convulsions4#cha #cha ,,mm4 ,grasset & ,ambl>d h /udi$ ! action ( morph9e 9 caus+ convulsions 9 ! mammalia4 ,!y f\nd t if small doses ( hydro*lorate ( morph9e 7f #a to #ae c5tigrammes7 are adm9i/]$ to dogs1 ! brief sleep :i* is produc$ may be accompani$ by p>tial muscul> contractions 79 "o paw1 = in/ance71 :i* are r5ew$ at v>iable int]vals4 ,!n occur true convulsive %ocks 9 ! :ole body or 9 ! h9d limbs4 ,aft] an int]val1 ! ph5om5a recur 9 m int5se degree1 & are foll[$ by true convulsions4 ,regul>ly1 t5 or sixte5 times a m9ute1 at ea* inspiration1 ! h9d limbs pres5t a s]ies ( convulsive movem5ts1 :i* may become g5]al4 ,sometimes !y are excit$ by ext]nal /imulation1 b !y are usually spontane\s4 ,! sleep may cont9ue pr(\nd dur+ ?is convulsive p]iod1 or x may become di/9ctly light]4 ,^! convulsive ph5om5a may cont9ue1 ) int]vals1 = an h\r4 ,diff]5ces are obs]v$ ) diff]5t animals2 b ! *ief *>act]s ( ! ph5om5a are z describ$4 ,9 c]ta9 animals1 & ) small doses1 !re may be a brief convulsive phase at ! comm5cem5t ( ! sleep1 b x is mu* less con/ant ?an ! lat] p]iod ( spasm4 ,^! convulsions1 ! au?ors believe1 h n previ\sly be5 describ$1 except z a consequ5ce ( v l>ge doses1 am\nt+ to grammes4 ,! p]iod ( c]ebral excitem5t1 describ$ by ,claude ,b]n>d z occurr+ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! sleep f morph9e1 is a ph5om5on ( a diff]5t ord]4 ,! conclusions drawn f ! exp]im5ts are--7#a7 ,t morphia is n diametrically oppos$ to !ba9e1 z is (t5 /at$1 s9ce x has1 to a c]ta9 degree1 ! convulsive prop]ties ( ! latt] alkaloid4 7#b7 ,t ! excitomotor action ( opium _c be exclusively attribut$ to ! convulsive alkaloids1 b is1 9 fact1 due to ^? :i* are soporific4 ,accord+ to ! ord9>y composition ( opium1 #e c5tigrammes ( morph9e repres5t ab\t a milligramme ( !ba9e4 ,b ^! exp]im5ts %[ t ! quantity ( morph9e has a mu* m p[]ful convulsive action ?an a milligramme ( !ba9e4 7#c7 ,!re is n ! suppos$ antagonism betwe5 ! action ( morph9e on ! frog & on ! mammalia4 7#d7 ,! rese>*es hi!rto und]tak5 on ! antagonism betwe5 morph9e & o!r ag5ts ne$ to be repeat$1 & a sep>ate /udy made ( ! sub/ances :i* antagonise ! convulsive & soporific action4 ,goats4--,accord+ to ,gu9>d1 goats are pro( aga9/ ! n>cotic influ5ce ( morph9e4 ,l>ge doses kill goats1 b dea? is caus$ by int]f]5ce ) ! respiratory function4 ,a "y goat weigh+ #cj kilos1 %[$ little effect beyond a slightly increas$ c]ebral excitability aft] two doses ( #h & #he grms4 respectively ( morph9e hydro*lorate _h be5 adm9i/]$ by intrav5\s injection1 ! second be+ giv5 an h\r & a half aft] ! fir/4 ,to ! same animal two days aft]w>ds #aie grms4 7 adm9i/]$ 9 ! same way1 yet ! goat recov]$4 ,! le?al dose = a goat seems to be no less ?an #ajjj times t :i* w produce n>cotism 9 man1 & lies some:]e betwe5 #jbe to #jcj p] kilo4 ( ! body weight4#chb #chb ,compt4 ,r5d41 t4 cxvi4 pp4 #ebj-ebb4 ,cats & ! ,felid4--,accord+ to ,gu9>d1#chc morph9e inject$ subcutane\sly or intrav5\sly into cats1 9 doses v>y+ f #jd mgrm4 to #ij mgrms4 p] kilo41 nev] produces sleep or n>cotic pro/ration4 ,on ! contr>y1 x causes a rem>kable degree ( excitem5t1 increas+ 9 int5sity ) ! dose giv54 ,?is excitem5t is evid5tly accompani$ by disord] 9 ! functions ( ! bra91 & if ! dose is l>ge convulsions set 91 end+ 9 dea?4 ,accord+ to ,milne-,edw>ds1 ! same symptoms are produc$ 9 lions & tig]s4 #chc ,compt4 ,r5d41 t4 cxi4 pp4 #iha-ihc4 ,! bov9e animals also get excit$1 & no n>cotic effect is produc$ by dos+ !m ) morph9e4--,compt4 ,r5d4 ,soc4 de ,biologie1 t4 iv41 v4 ,birds1 especially pigeons1 are able to eat almo/ incr$ible quantities ( opium4 ,a pigeon is said#chd to h consum$ #hja gra9s ( opium1 mix$ ) its food1 9 f\rte5 days4 ,! explanation ( ?is is t ! poison is n absorb$2 = subcutane\s injections ( salts ( morph9e act rapidly on all birds hi!rto exp]im5t$ ^u4 #chd ,h]mann's ,lehrbu* d] exp]4 ,toxicologie1 p4 #cgd4 #ceg4 ,physiological ,action4--,f exp]im5ts on animals1 ! ess5tial action ( morph9e on ! n]v\s & art]ial sy/ems has 9 "s measure be5 exam9$4 ,!re is no v consid]able action on ! he>t4 ,! beats are fir/ accel]at$1 !n dim9i%$ 9 frequ5cy2 b v l>ge doses introduc$ directly into ! circulation at once dim9i% ! pulsations1 & no accel]ation is notic$4 ,! sl[+ may g on to he>t-p>alysis4 ,! sl[+ is c5tral 9 its orig91 = on ! vagi be+ cut1 morph9e always quick5s4 ,) reg>d to ! p]iph]ic ends ( ! vagi1 small doses excite1 l>ge p>alyse4 ,if all ! n]ves go+ to ! he>t are divid$1 !re is fir/ a consid]able accel]ation1 & !n a sl[+ & weak5+ ( ! pulsations4 ,! art]ial blood-pressure1 at fir/ increas$1 is aft]w>ds dim9i%$4 ,?is increase ( blood-pressure is notic$ dur+ ! accel]ation ( ! pulse1 & also dur+ "s portion ( ! "t dur+ :i* ! pulse is sl[$4 ,/ockman & ,d4 ,b4 ,dott1#che exp]im5t+ on rabbits & frogs1 consid] t a m$ium dose ( morph9e fir/ ( all depresses ! sp9al cord & !n excites x1 = tetanus foll[s4 ,if morph9e is 9 suffici5t quantity ?r[n into ! circulation !n tetanus at once occurs4 ,x w\ld ?us appe> t depression & /imulation is entirely a matt] ( dosage4 ,ges*eidl51 9 8 rese>*es on ! frog1 f\nd ! motor n]ves at fir/ excit$1 & !n depress$4 ,:5 ! doses 7 l>ge1 !re 0 sc>cely any excitem5t1 b ! rev]se effect1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! place ( application4 ,accord+ to o!r obs]v]s1 ! function ( ! motor n]ves may be annihilat$4#chf ,accord+ to ,meihuiz51 reflex action1 at fir/ mu* dim9i%$1 is lat]1 aft] sev]al h\rs1 normal1 & lat] /ill aga9 increas$4 ,! inte/9al movem5ts are transitorily increas$4 ,9 ! dog !re has be5 notic$ a great] fl[ ( saliva ?an usual1 & ! fl[ ( bile f ! gall-bladd] is dim9i%$4 ,! pupils 9 animals are mo/ly contract$1 b1 if convulsions occur t[>ds dea?1 !y are dilat$4 #che ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn4 7#b71 #ahij1 #ahi-aib4 #chf ,ar*4 f4 d4 ,ges4 ,physiol41 vii4 p4 #bja4 #ceh4 ,physiological ,effect ( ,morph9e ,d]ivatives4--,by introduc+ me?yl1 or amyl1 or e?yl1 into ! morph9e molecule1 ! n>cotic action is dim9i%$1 :ile ! tetanic effects are increas$4 ,acetyl1 diacetyl1 b5zoyl1 & dib5zoyl morph9e1 morph9e sulphuric e!r1 & nitrosomorph9e are all weak] n>cotics ?an morph9e1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !y depress ! functions ( ! sp9al cord & br+ on1 9 l>ge doses1 tetanus4 ,! introduction ( two me?yl gr\ps into morph9e1 z 9 me?o-code9e1 ,c,h,me,n,o7,,oh7-,me1 entirely alt]s ! physiological effect4 ,?is comp\nd has an action on volunt>y muscle caus+ gradual p>alysis4 ,! *lor9e d]ivatives1 tri*lormorph9e & *lorcode9e1 h ! *>act]i/ic action ( ! morph9e gr\p on ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em &1 9 addition1 act en]getically z muscle poisons1 soon de/roy+ ! contractile p[] ( ! volunt>y muscles ) :i* !y fir/ come into contact at ! place ( injection1 & m gradually affect+ ! o!r muscles ( ! body4#chg #chg ,r4 ,/ockman & ,dott1 ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn4 7#b71 #ahij1 #ahi-aib4 #cei4 ,action on ,man4--,!re are at lea/ ?ree =ms ( opium poison+3--7#a7 ,! common =m1 z se5 9 ab\t #ii p] c5t4 ( cases2 7#b7 ,a v sudd5 =m1 9 :i* dea? takes place ) fe>ful rapidity 7! f\droyante v>iety ( ! ,fr5*72#chh & 7#c7 a v r>e entirely abnormal =m1 9 :i* !re is no coma1 b convulsions4 #chh ,t>dieu1 tude ,md4 ,lgale sur l',empoisonnem5t4 ,9 ! common =m !re are ?ree /ages1 viz43--7#a7 ,excitem5t2 7#b7 ,n>cosis2 7#c7 ,coma4 ,9 f half an h\r to an h\r#chi ! fir/ symptoms comm5ce1 ! pulse is quick5$1 ! pupils are contract$1 ! face flu%es1 & ! h&s & feet r$d5$1--9 o!r words1 ! capill>y circulation is active4 ,?is /age has "s analogy to ! action ( alcohol2 ! ideas mo/ly fl[ ) great rapidity1 & in/ead ( a feel+ ( sleep9ess1 ! rev]se is ! case4 ,x1 h[ev]1 ins5sibly1 & m or less rapidly1 passes into ! next /age ( heav9ess & /upor4 ,!re is an irresi/ible t5d5cy to sleep2 ! pulse & ! respiration become sl[]2 ! conjunctiv are r$d5$2 ! face & head (t5 flu%$4 ,9 "s cases !re is great irritability ( ! sk91 & an eruption ( nettle-ra%4 ,if ! poison has be5 tak5 by ! m\?1 vomit+ may be pres5t4 ,! b[els are usually--9 fact almo/ inv>iably--con/ipat$4 ,!re is also "s loss ( p[] ov] ! bladd]4 #chi ,9 a rem>kable case relat$ by ,taylor1 a lady took a l>ge dose 7suppos$ to be #a oz47 ( laudanum1 & !re 7 no symptoms = f\r & a half h\rs4 ,%e di$ 9 tw5ty-two h\rs4 ,9 ! next /age1 ! n>cosis deep5s into dang]\s coma2 ! pati5t c no long] be r\s$ by noises1 %ak+1 or ext]nal /imuli2 ! brea?+ is l\d & /]tor\s2 ! face (t5 pale2 ! body cov]$ ) a clammy sweat4 ,! pupils are /ill contract$1 b !y may 9 ! la/ h\rs ( life dilate3 & x is g5]ally agre$ t1 if a corpse is f\nd ) ! pupils dilat$1 ?is circum/ance1 tak5 9 itself1 does n contra-indicate opium or morph9e poison+4 ,dea? occasionally t]m9ates by convulsion4 ,! sudd5 =m is t 9 :i* ! individual s9ks into a deep sleep almo/ imm$iately--t is1 )9 five or t5 m9utes--& dies 9 a few h\rs4 ,9 ^! rapid cases ! pupils are said to be con/antly dilat$4 ,examples ( ! convulsive =m are to be s\ght among opium-eat]s1 or p]sons "u o!rwise abnormal conditions4 ,a man1 =ty ye>s old1 :o _h tak5 opiates daily s9ce 8 tw5ty-second ye>--8 dose be+ #f grms4 7#ibd gra9s7 ( solid opium--:5 out hunt+1 ( :i* sport he 0 passionately fond1 took cold1 &1 z a rem$y1 adm9i/]$ to himself ?ree times 8 accu/om$ dose4 ,v %ortly !re 0 contraction ( ! left arm1 di/urbance ( vision1 pa9 9 ! /oma*1 fa9tness1 inability to speak1 & unconsci\sness :i* la/$ half an h\r4 ,int]mitt5t convulsions n[ set 91 & pa9s 9 ! limbs4 ,!re 0 nei!r somnol5ce nor delirium1 b great agitation2 repeat$ vomit+ & di>rha foll[$4 ,aft] five h\rs ^! symptoms ceas$2 b he 0 excessively pro/rate4#cij ,!re 0 complete recov]y4 #cij ,demontporcellet1 ,de l',usage ,quotidi5 de l',opium1 ,p>is1 #ahgd4 ,"o may haz>d a surmise t1 9 su* a case1 tol]ance has be5 e/abli%$ = morph9e1 b n = o!r morph9e alkaloids 9 ! same degree1 & t ! m>k$ n]v\s symptoms 7 9 no small degree ! effect ( "s ( ! homolog\s alkaloids1 :i*1 9 su* an enorm\s dose1 w\ld be tak5 9 suffici5t quantity to h a physiological action4 ,!re are sev]al in/ances ( a relaps+ or remitt5t =m ( poison+--a =m 9 :i* ! pati5t m or less completely recov]s consci\sness1 & !n s9ks back into a fatal slumb]4 ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n is ! case ( ! ,hon4 ,mrs ,anson 7,janu>y #ahei71 :o swall[$ an ounce & a half ( laudanum by mi/ake4 ,aft] rema9+ 9 a comatose condition = m ?an n9e h\rs1 %e reviv$4 ,! face became natural1 ! pulse /eady4 ,%e 0 able to recognise h] daught]1 & 9 a ?ick voice to give an acc\nt ( ! mi/ake4 ,b ?is la/$ only t5 m9utes1 :5 %e aga9 became comatose1 & di$ 9 f\rte5 h\rs4#cia #cia ,taylor1 op4 cit4 ,9 a ,sw$i% case quot$ by ,mas*ka1#cib a girl1 n9e ye>s old1 9 weak heal? & suff]+ f slight bron*itis1 _h be5 giv5 a non-(fic9al acetate ( morphia loz5ge1 :i* 0 suppos$ to conta9 #e mgrms4 7#jge gra97 ( morph9e acetate4 ,%e took ! loz5ge at eight 9 ! ev5+2 soon slept1 woke at t51 got out ( b$1 laugh$1 talk$1 & jok$ ) ! nurse1 aga9 got into b$1 & v quickly fell asleep4 ,at f\r ,a4,m4 ! nurse came & f\nd h] brea?+ ) a rattl+ s\nd1 & ! physician1 :o arriv$ an h\r lat]1 f\nd ! girl 9 a /ate ( coma1 ) contract$ pupils1 brea?+ /]tor\sly1 & ! pulse sc>cely to be felt4 ,despite all attempts to r\se ! pati5t1 %e di$ at eight 9 ! morn+1 twelve h\rs aft] tak+ ! loz5ge4 #cib ,mas*ka's ,h&bu*1 ,b& ii4 p4 #dch2 also ,sv5ska1 ,lk-,sllsk4 ,frh&l41 ,apr4 #a1 p4 #ij2 ,apr4 #h1 p4 #afj1 #ahgc4 ,= o!r cases see ,nasmy?1 ,ed94 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 ,dec4 #ahgh2 ,kirby1 ,dub4 ,m$4 ,press1 ,dec4 #bd1 #ahde2 ,w4 ,boyd ,mus*et1 ,m$4 ,times & ,gaz41 ,m>* #bj1 #aheh4 ,! po/-mortem exam9ation %[$ "s hyp]mia ( ! bra9 & s]\s effusion 9 ! v5tricles1 & !re 0 also tub]cle 9 ! pleura4 ,?ree loz5ges simil> to ! "o tak5 by ! pati5t 7 *emically inve/igat$ by ,hamb]g1 :o f\nd t ! am\nt ( acetate 0 v small1 & t ! loz5ges1 in/ead ( morph9e acetate1 might be consid]$ z prep>$ ) almo/ pure morph9e2 ! cont5t 9 ! ?ree ( morph9e be+ respectively #ce1 #cg1 & #db mgrms4 7t is1 f half a gra9 to ?ree-fif?s ( a gra974 ,!re 0 a diff]5ce ( op9ion among ! exp]ts z to :e!r 9 ?is case ! *ild di$ f morph9e poison+ or n--a diff]5ce solely to be attribut$ to ! wak+ up ( ! *ild two h\rs aft] tak+ ! poison4 ,n[1 consid]+ ! great probability t a l>ge dose = a weakly *ild ( t age _h be5 tak51 & t ?is is n ! only case 9 :i* a relapse has occurr$1 x seems j to inf] t x 0 really a case ( poison+4 ,z unusual symptoms 7or r sequel7 may be not$ 9 a few cases1 hemiplegia1 :i* soon passes (f2 a weakness ( ! l[] extremities may also be left1 & inability to empty ! bladd] ?or\ghly2 b usually on recov]y f a l>ge dose ( opium1 !re is simply heav9ess ( ! head1 a dry tongue1 con/ipation1 & loss ( appetite4 ,all ^! symptoms 9 heal?y p vani% 9 a day or two4 ,!re h also be5 notic$ slight album9uria1 eruptions on ! sk91 loss ( ta/e1 & numbness ( p>ts ( ! body4 ,opium1 :e!r tak5 9 sub/ance1 or /ill m by subcutane\s injection1 9 "s individuals con/antly causes fa9tness4 ,9 my own case1 ,i h sev]al times tak5 a s+le gra9 ( opium to relieve ei!r pa9 or a cat>rh2 almo/ inv>iably )9 an h\r aft]w>ds !re has be5 great coldness ( ! h&s & feet1 lividity ( ! face1 a feel+ ( deadly fa9tness foll[$ by vomit+2 ?is /age 7:i* has seldom la/$ m ?an half an h\r7 pass$1 ! usual n>cotic effects h be5 produc$4 ,"s ye>s ago ,i inject$ "o-six? ( a gra9 ( morph9e hydro*lorate subcutane\sly into an old g5tleman1 :o 0 suff]+ f acute lumbago1 b 0 o!rwise heal?y1 & _h no he>t disease :i* c\ld be detect$2 ! malady 0 in/antly reliev$1 & he call$ out1 8,i am well2 x is mo/ extraord9>y40 ,he w5t out ( ! front door1 & walk$ "s fifty y>ds1 & !n 0 obs]v$ to reel ab\t l a drunk5 man4 ,he 0 support$ back & laid 9 ! horizontal po/ure2 ! face 0 livid1 ! pulse c\ld sc>cely be felt1 & !re 0 complete loss ( consci\sness4 ,?is /ate la/$ ab\t an h\r1 & )\t a d\bt ! man ne>ly di$4 ,m$ical m5 9 practice1 :o h be5 9 ! habit ( us+ hypod]mic injections ( morph9e1 h _h exp]i5ces v simil> to ?is & o!r cases1 & al?\gh ,i "k ( no actual dea?1 yet x is evid5t t morph9e1 :5 inject$ hypod]mically ev5 9 a mod]ate dose1 may kill by syncope1 & )9 a few m9utes4#cic ,absorption by hypod]mic adm9i/ration is s rapid t by ! "t1 or ev5 be=e ! ne$le ( ! syr+e is )drawn1 a contraction ( ! pupil may be obs]v$4 #cic ,see a case ( morphia poison+ by hypod]mic injection1 & recov]y1 by ,philip ,e4 ,hill1 ,m4,r4,c4,s41 ,lancet1 ,sept4 #cj1 #ahhb4 ,9 ?is in/ance a ?ird ( a gra9 introduc$ subcutane\sly caus$ mo/ dang]\s symptoms 9 a g>d5]1 ag$ #dh4 ,opium or morph9e is poison\s by :atev] *annel x ga9s access to ! sy/em1 ! inte/9al muc\s membrane absorbs x readily1 & n>cotic effects may be produc$ by ext]nal applications1 :e!r a w\nd is pres5t or n4 ,a case ( absorption ( opium by a w\nd is relat$ 9 ,*ev]s's ,jurisprud5ce4#cid ,a ,burman boy1 ab\t n9e or t5 ye>s ( age1 0 /ruck on ! =ehead by a brick-bat1 caus+ a gap+ w\nd ab\t an in* long2 8 p>5ts /uff$ ! w\nd ) opium4 ,on ! ?ird day aft] ! accid5t1 & ! opium /ill rema9+ 9 ! w\nd1 he became semi-comatose1 &1 9 %ort1 _h all ! symptoms ( opium n>cosis2 ) treatm5t he recov]$4 ,! unbrok5 sk9 also readily absorbs ! drug4 ,t>dieu /ates t he _h se5 #cj grms4 ( laudanum1 appli$ on a p\ltice to ! abdom51 produce dea?4 ,*ri/ison has also cit$ a case 9 :i* a soldi] suff]$ f erysipelas1 & di$ 9 a n>cotic /ate1 app>5tly produc$ f ! too free application ( laudanum to ! inflam$ "p4 #cid ,?ird ed41 p4 #bbh4 ,to ^! cases may be add$ ! "o cit$ by ,taylor1 9 :i* a druggi/ appli$ #cj gra9s ( morph9e to ! surface ( an ulc]at$ brea/1 & ! woman di$ ) all ! symptoms ( n>cotic poison+ t5 h\rs aft] ! application--an ev5t sc>cely surpris+4 ,x is a curi\s "q :e!r suffici5t ( ! poison ent]s into ! secretions--e4g41 ! milk--to r5d] x poison\s4 ,an inque/ 0 held 9 ,man*e/]1 ,nov4 #ahge1 on ! body ( a male *ild two days old1 9 :i* x seem$ probable t dea? _h occurr$ ?r\gh ! "m's milk4 ,%e 0 a confirm$ opium-eat]1 tak+ a solid ounce p] week4 #cfj4 ,diagnosis ( ,opium ,poison+4--,! diagnosis is at times betwe5 poison+ by opium or o!r n>cotic sub/ances1 at o!rs1 betwe5 opium & disease4 ,ins5sibility f *loral1 f alcohol1 f belladonna or atrop9e1 & f c>bon oxide gas1 are all m or less l opium poison+4 ,) reg>d to *loral1 x may be t only *emical analysis & surr\nd+ circum/ances c cle> up ! matt]4 ,9 alcohol poison+1 ! brea? commonly smells v /rongly ( alcohol1 & !re is no difficulty 9 sep>at+ x f ! cont5ts ( ! /oma*1 c41 besides :i* ! /oma* is usually r$ & inflam$4 ,atrop9e & belladonna inv>iably dilate ! pupil1 & al?\gh j be=e dea? opium has ! same effect1 yet we mu/ hold t mo/ly opium contracts1 & t a widely-dilat$ pupil dur+ life w\ld1 p] se1 lead u to suspect t opium _h n be5 us$1 al?\gh1 z be=e m5tion$1 too mu* /ress mu/ n be laid ^u ! /ate ( ! pupils4 ,9 c>bon oxide1 ! peculi> rose-r$ condition ( ! body af=ds a /rik+ contra/ to ! pallor :i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 accompanies opium poison+4 ,9 ! r>e cases 9 :i* convulsions are a prom95t symptom1 x may be d\btful :e!r opium or /ry*n9e has be5 tak51 b ! convulsions hi!rto notic$ 9 opium poison+ seem to me to h be5 r ( an epilepti=m "*1 & v diff]5t f ! effects ( /ry*n9e4 ,no rules c be laid d[n = cases :i* d n run a normal c\rse2 9 m$ic9e su* are be+ con/antly met )1 & require all ! c>e & acum5 ( ! tra9$ obs]v]4 ,cases ( disease r5d] a diagnosis (t5 extremely difficult1 & ! m s 9 ^? in/ances 9 :i* a dose ( laudanum or o!r opiate has be5 adm9i/]$4 ,9 a case "u my own obs]vation1 a woman1 suff]+ f emphysema & bron*itis1 s5t to a *emi/ = a sleep+ draught1 :i* %e took directly x arriv$4 ,a %ort "t aft]w>ds %e fell into a pr(\nd slumb]1 & di$ )9 six h\rs4 ,! draught _h be5 conta9$ 9 an ounce-&-a-half bottle2 ! bottle 0 empty1 & ! druggi/ /at$ 9 evid5ce t x only conta9$ #bj m9ims ( laudanum1 #aj gra9s ( potassic bromide1 & wat]4 ,on1 h[ev]1 dilut+ ! s+le drop rema9+ 9 ! bottle1 & imitat+ its col\r ) sev]al samples ( laudanum dilut$ 9 ! same way1 ,i came to ! conclusion t ! quantity ( laudanum :i* ! bottle orig9ally conta9$ 0 f> 9 excess ( t :i* _h be5 /at$1 & t x 0 ov] #a dra*m & "u #b dra*ms4 ,! body 0 pallid1 ! pupils /rongly contract$1 ! vessels ( ! bra9 membranes 7 fill$ ) fluid blood1 & !re 0 ab\t an ounce ( s]\s fluid 9 ea* v5tricle4 ,! lungs 7 excessively emphysemat\s1 & !re 0 mu* secretion 9 ! bron*i2 ! liv] 0 slightly cirrhotic4 ,! blood1 ! liv]1 & ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* 7 exhau/ively analys$ ) ! greate/ c>e1 b no trace ( morph9e1 n>cot9e1 or meconic acid c\ld be sep>at$1 al?\gh ! woman did n live m ?an six h\rs aft] tak+ ! draught4 ,i gave ! op9ion t x 01 9 ! woman's /ate1 improp] to prescribe a s$ative ( t k9d1 & t probably dea? _h be5 accel]at$1 if n directly caus$1 by opium4 ,dea?s by apoplexy w only simulate opium-poison+ dur+ life2 a po/-mortem exam9ation w at once reveal ! true nature ( ! malady4 ,9 epilepsy1 h[ev]1 x is diff]5t1 & m ?an once an epileptic fit has occurr$ & be5 foll[$ by coma--a coma :i* c]ta9ly _c be di/+ui%$ f t produc$ by a n>cotic poison4 ,dea? 9 ?is /age may foll[1 & on exam9+ ! body no lesion may be f\nd4 #cfa4 ,opium-eat+4--,! consumption ( opium is a v anci5t practice among ,ea/]n nations1 & ! picture1 drawn by noveli/ & travell]1 ( poor1 dri$-up1 yell[ mortals addict$ to ?is vice1 ) _! faculties torpid1 _! sk9 hang+ 9 wr9kles on _! wa/$ bodies1 ! conjunctiv t+$ ) bile1 ! b[els s inactive t !re is sc>cely an excretion 9 ! c\rse ( a week1 ! m5tal faculties v]g+ on idiocy & imbecility1 is only true ( a p]c5tage ( ^? :o are addict$ to ! habit4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal = #ahid1 ,jan4 #ac & #bj1 w be f\nd a c>eful dige/ ( ! evid5ce collat$ f #ajj ,indian m$ical (fic]s1 f :i* x appe>s t opium is tak5 habitually by a v l>ge numb] ( ! population ?r\gh\t ,india1 ^? :o are accu/om$ to ! drug tak+ x 9 quantities ( f #aj to #bj gra9s 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 s long z ?is am\nt is n exce$$ !y d n appe> to suff] ill-heal? or any injuri\s effect4 ,! native wre/l]s ev5 use x :il/ tra9+4 ,! habitual consumption ( opium by individuals has a direct m$ico-legal be>+4 ,?us 9 ,india1 among ! ,rajpoots1 f "t immemorial1 infus$ opium has be5 ! dr9k bo? ( reconciliation & ( ord9>y greet+1 & x is no evid5ce ( dea? by poison if ev5 a consid]able quantity ( opium be f\nd 9 ! /oma* aft] dea?1 = ?is circum/ance tak5 alone w\ld1 unless ! hi/ory ( ! case 0 fur!r kn[n1 be consid]$ insuffici5t pro(4 ,s1 aga91 9 all climates1 & among all races1 x is entirely unkn[n :at quantity ( an opiate %\ld be consid]$ a poison\s dose = an opium-eat]4 ,almo/ incr$ible quantities h1 inde$1 be5 consum$ by su* p]sons1 & ! commonly-receiv$ explanation1 t ! drug1 9 ^! cases1 passes out unabsorb$1 c sc>cely be correct1 = ,h]mann m5tions ! case ( a lady ( ,zuri* :o daily inject$ subcutane\sly #a to #b grms4 7#ae-ca gra9s7 ( a morph9e salt4 ,9 a case ( ut]9e canc]1 record$ by ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,cass1#cie #bj gra9s ( morph9e 9 ! twelve h\rs 7 frequ5tly us$ subcutane\sly2 dur+ ?irte5 mon?s ! hypod]mic syr+e 0 us$ #acej times1 ! dose ea* "t be+ #e gra9s4 ,x is n cr$ible t an alkaloid introduc$ into ! body hypod]mically %\ld n be absorb$4 #cie ,lancet1 ,m>* #be1 #ahhb4 ,see also ,dr4 ,b\lton's case1 ,lancet1 ,m>* #ah1 #ahhb4 ,opium-smok+ is ano!r =m 9 :i* ! drug is us$1 b x is an op5 "q z to :at poison\s alkaloids are 9 opium smoke4 ,x is sc>cely probable t morph9e %\ld be a con/itu5t1 = its sublim+ po9t is high1 & x w r be deposit$ 9 ! cool] portion ( ! pipe4 ,opium1 specially prep>$ = smok+1 is call$ 8,*&oo02 x is dri$ at a temp]ature n exce$+ #bdj4 ,h4 ,moissan#cif has inve/igat$ ! products ( smok+ *&oo1 b only f\nd a small quantity ( morph9e4 ,n4 ,grhant & ,e4 ,m>t9#cig h also exp]im5t$ ) opium smoke2 !y f\nd x to h no appreciable effect on a dog2 "o ( ! writ]s smok$ tw5ty pipes 9 succession1 conta9+ altoge!r #d grms4 ( *&oo4 ,aft] ! f\r? pipe !re 0 "s heada*e1 at ! t5? pipe & onw>ds gidd9ess4 ,half an h\r aft] ! la/ pipe ! gidd9ess & heada*e rapidly w5t (f4 ,9 any case1 opium-smok+ seems to injure ! heal? ( ,asiatics b little4 ,mr4 ,vice-,consul ,k+1 ( ,kew-,kiang1 9 a t\r ?r\gh ,upp] ,yangtse & ,/e*nan1 0 ?r[n mu* into ! company ( junk sailors & o!rs1 8almo/ e adult ( :om smok$ m or less40 ,he says3--8,_! "w 0 ( ! h>de/ & rude/1 ris+ at f\r & work+ ) h>dly any int]mission till d>k1 hav+ con/antly to /rip & plunge into ! /ream 9 all seasons1 & ?is (t5 9 ! mo/ dang]\s p>ts4 ,! quantity ( food !y eat 0 simply prodigi\s1 & f ?is & _! "w x seems fairly to be inf]r$ t _! con/itution 0 robu/4 ,! two mo/ addict$ to ! habit 7 ! pilot & ! %ip's cook4 ,on ! incessant wat*fulness & /eady n]ve ( ! =m] ! safety ( ! junk & all on bo>d dep5d$1 :ile ! second work$ s h>d f #c ,a4,m4 to #aj ,p4,m41 & (t5 long]1 & seem$ s indep5d5t ( sleep or re/1 t to cat* him seat$ or idle 0 suffici5t cause = good-hum\r$ bant]4 ,?is latt] _h a cons]ve ( opium & sug> :i* he *ew$ dur+ ! day1 z he 0 only able to smoke at night40 #cif ,compt4 ,r5d41 cxv4 #ihh-iib4 #cig ,compt4 ,r5d41 #ajab-ajad4 #cfb4 ,treatm5t ( ,opium or ,morph9e ,poison+4--,! fir/ ?+ to be done is d\btless to empty ! /oma* by means ( ! flexible /oma* tube2 ! end ( a suffici5tly long piece ( indi>ubb] tub+ is pass$ d[n into ! ph>ynx & all[$ to be c>ri$ into ! /oma* by means ( ! natural involunt>y movem5ts ( ! muscles ( ! ph>ynx & gullet2 suction is !n appli$ to ! free end & ! cont5ts syphon$ out2 ! /oma* is1 by means ( a funnel atta*$ to ! tube1 wa%$ out ) w>m wat]1 & !n "s c(fee adm9i/]$ 9 ! same way4 ,%\ld morph9e h be5 tak51 & p]manganate ( pota% be at h&1 x has be5 %[n t "u su* circum/ances potassic p]manganate is a p]fect antidote1 decompos+ at once any morph9e rema9+ 9 ! /oma*1 b x1 ( c\rse1 w h no effect ^u any morph9e :i* has already be5 absorb$4 ,9 a case ( opium poison+1 report$ 9 ! ,lancet ( ,june #b1 #ahid1 by ,w4 ,j4 ,c4 ,m]ry1 ,m4,b41 inhalations ( oxyg51 prec$$ by empty+ ! /oma* & o!r means1 appe>$ to save a man1 :o1 ?ree h\rs be=e ! treatm5t1 _h drank #b ozs4 ( *lorodyne4 ,x is also ! receiv$ treatm5t to w>d (f ! fatal sleep by /imulation2 ! pati5t is walk$ ab\t1 flick$ ) a t[el1 made to smell /rong ammonia1 & s =?4 ,?is /imulation mu/1 h[ev]1 be an addition1 b mu/ nev] replace ! measures fir/ detail$4 #cfc4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,!re are no *>act]i/ic appe>ances aft] dea? save hyp]mia ( ! bra9 & blood-vessels ( ! membranes1 ) g5]ally s]\s effusion into ! v5tricles4 ,! pupils are sometimes contract$1 sometimes dilat$1 ! dilatation occurr+1 z be=e m5tion$1 9 ! act ( dy+4 ,! ext]nal surface ( ! body is ei!r livid or pale4 ,! lungs are commonly hyp]mic1 ! bladd] full ( ur9e2 /ill1 9 n a few cases1 !re is no?+ abnormal1 & 9 no s+le case c\ld a pa?ologi/1 f ! appe>ance ( ! organs only1 decl>e ! cause ( dea? ) confid5ce4 #cfd4 ,sep>ation ( ,morph9e f ,animal ,tissues & ,fluids4--,=m]ly a l>ge proportion ( ! opium & morph9e cases submitt$ to *emical exp]ts l$ to no results2 b ow+ to ! improv$ processes n[ adopt$1 failure1 ?\gh /ill common1 is less frequ5t4 ,! con/itu5ts ( opium tak5 into ! blood und]go p>tial de/ruction 9 ! animal body1 b a portion may be f\nd 9 ! secretions1 m especially 9 ! ur9e & fces4 ,fir/ ,b\*>dat#cih & !n ,le=t#cii asc]ta9$ ! excretion ( morph9e by ! ur9e aft] m$ic9al doses2 ,drag5dorff & ,kauzmann %[$ t ! appe>ance ( morph9e 9 ! ur9e 0 con/ant1 & t x c\ld be easily asc]ta9$ & sep>at$ f ! ur9e ( m5 & animals2 & ,lev9/e9#djj has also %[n t ! elim9ation f a s+le dose may ext5d ov] five or six days4 ,! me?od us$ by ,drag5dorff to extract morph9e f ei!r ur9e or blood is to %ake ! liquid 7acidifi$ ) a m9]al acid7 sev]al times ) amyl alcohol1 :i*1 on removal1 sep>ates urea & any bile acids4 ,! liquid ?us purifi$ is !n alkalis$1 & %ak5 up ) amyl alcohol1 & ?is amyl alcohol %\ld conta9 any morph9e t 0 pres5t4 ,on evaporation x may be pure en\gh to admit ( id5tification1 b if n1 x may be r$issolv$ & purifi$ on ! usual pr9ciples4 ,consid]able v>iety ( results seems to be obta9$ by diff]5t exp]im5t]s4 ,l&sb]g#dja inject$ hypod]mically doses ( #b to #d grm4 ( morph9e hydro*lorate into dogs1 mak+ f\r exp]im5ts 9 all1 b fail$ to detect morph9e 9 ! ur9e4 ,a l>ge dose ) #bd mgrms4 ( ! salt gave ! same result4 ,on ! o!r h&1 #h grm4 ( morph9e hydro*lorate inject$ direct into ! jugul> ve91 0 p>tly excret$ by ! kidneys1 = #ij c4c4 ( ! ur9e yield$ a small quantity ( morph9e4 ,voit1 aga91 exam9$ ! ur9e & fces ( a man :o _h tak5 morph9e = ye>s2 he c\ld detect none 9 ! ur9e1 b sep>at$ morph9e f ! fces4#djb ,morph9e may occasionally be recognis$ 9 ! blood4 ,drag5dorff#djc f\nd x 9 ! blood ( a cat tw5ty-five m9utes aft] a subcutane\s dose1 & he also sep>at$ x f ! blood ( a man :o di$ ( morph9e poison+ 9 six h\rs4 ,haidl5#djd recognis$ morph9e 9 ! blood ( a suicide :o _h tak5 opium extract4 #cih ,bull4 ,gn4 de ,?rap41 ,dec4 #ahfa4 #cii ,j\rn4 de ,*im41 xi4 #ic1 #ahfa4 #djj ,b]l4 kl94 ,wo*5s*r41 #ahgf1 #bg4 #dja ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv41 #bc1 #dcc1 #dac-dcc4 ,*em4 ,soc4 ,j\rn41 ,may #ahhb1 #edc4 #djb ,ar*4 ,ph>m41 pp4 #c1 vii4 pp4 #bc-bf4 #djc ,kauzmann1 ,beitrge fr d5 g]i*tli*-*emis*5 ,na*weis des ,morphia u4 ,n>cot9s1 ,diss]t41 ,dorpat1 #ahfh4 ,drag5dorff1 ,ph>m4 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,russl&1 #ahfh1 ,hft4 #d4 #djd ,wrtbg4 ,correspond5zbl41 xxxiv4 #af1 #ahfc4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 a case record$ at p4 #cjd1 :]e a woman di$ 9 six h\rs f a mod]ate dose1 probably ( laudanum1 al?\gh ! quantity ( blood op]at$ ^u 0 ov] a p\nd 9 weight1 & e c>e 0 tak51 ! results 7 entirely negative4 ,9 poison+ by laudanum !re may be "s rema9+ 9 ! /oma*1 & also if l>ge doses ( morph9e h be5 tak5 by ! m\?2 b :5 morph9e has be5 adm9i/]$ hypod]mically1 & 9 all cases 9 :i* sev]al h\rs h elaps$1 "o may almo/ say t ! organ 9 :i* !re is ! lea/ probability ( f9d+ ! poison is ! /oma*4 ,x may1 9 "s cases1 be necess>y to op]ate on a v l>ge scale2--to exam9e ! fces1 m9ce up ! :ole liv]1 ! kidney1 sple51 & lungs1 & treat !m ) acid alcohol4 ,! ur9e w also h to be exam9$1 & z mu* blood z c be obta9$4 ,9 cases :]e all ! evid5ce po9ts to a m9ute quantity 7"u a gra97 ( morph9e1 x is decid$ly be/ to add ^! v>i\s extracts toge!r1 to di/il (f ! alcohol at a v g5tle heat1 to dry ! residue 9 a vacuum1 to dissolve aga9 9 absolute alcohol1 filt]1 evaporate aga9 to dryness1 dissolve 9 wat]1 & !n use ! foll[+ process3-- #cfe4 ,extraction ( ,morph9e4--,to specially se>* = morph9e 9 su* a fluid z ! ur9e1 x is1 accord+ to ! au?or's exp]i5ce1 be/ to proce$ /rictly z foll[s3--,! ur9e is precipitat$ ) acetate ( lead1 ! p[d]$ lead salt be+ add$ to ! w>m ur9e conta9$ 9 a beak] on ! wat]-ba?1 until a fur!r addition no long] produces a precipitate2 ! ur9e is !n filt]$1 ! lead precipitate wa%$1 & ! excess ( lead ?r[n d[n by ,,%2 ! lead hav+ be5 filt]$ (f1 & ! precipitate wa%$1 ! ur9e is conc5trat$ d[n to a syrup 9 a vacuum4 ,! syrup is n[ plac$ 9 a sep>at+ tube 7if n acid1 x is acidifi$ ) hydro*loric acid71 & %ak5 up successively ) petroleum e!r1 *lor(orm1 e!r1 &1 la/ly1 ) amylic alcohol 7! latt] %\ld be w>m72 f9ally1 ! small am\nt ( amylic alcohol left dissolv$ 9 ! liquid is got rid ( by %ak+ x up ) petroleum e!r4 ,to get rid ( ! la/ traces ( petroleum e!r1 x may be necess>y to turn ! liquid into an evaporat+ di%1 & g5tly heat = a little "t ov] ! wat]-ba?4 ,! acid liquid is n[ aga9 transf]r$ to ! sep>at+ tube1 & %ak5 up ) e!r1 aft] be+ made alkal9e ) ammonia2 ?is w remove ne>ly all alkaloids save morph9e1--"u ! circum/ances1 a v small quantity ( morph9e may inde$ be tak5 up by ! e!r1 b n ! ma9 bulk4 ,aft] sep>at+ ! e!r1 ! liquid is aga9 made slightly acid1 s z to be able to precipitate morph9e 9 ! pres5ce ( ! solv5t2 ! tube is w>m$ on ! wat]-ba?1 at lea/ its own bulk ( hot amylic alcohol add$ & ! liquid made alkal9e1 & ! :ole well %ak54 ,! amylic alcohol is remov$ 9 ! usual way1 & %ak5 ) a small quantity ( dec9ormal sulphuric acid2 ?is wa%es out ! alkaloid f ! amyl alcohol1 & ! same amyl alcohol c be us$ aga9 & aga94 ,x is be/ to extract ! liquid = morph9e at lea/ ?rice1 & to op]ate ) bo? ! solution & ! amyl hot4 ,! dec9ormal acid liquid is made slightly alkal9e ) ammonia1 & all[$ to /& = at lea/ twelve h\rs2 any precipitate is collect$ & wa%$ ) e!r1 & !n ) wat]2 ! alkal9e liquid f :i* ! morph9e has be5 sep>at$ is conc5trat$ to ! bulk ( #e c4c4 on ! wat] ba?1 & aga9 all[$ to /& = twelve h\rs2 a little m morph9e may (t5 9 ?is way be obta9$4 ,! au?or 9 "s te/ exp]im5ts1 9 :i* weigh$ small quantities ( morph9e 7#fj-hj mgrms47 7 dissolv$ 9 a little dec9ormal sulphuric acid1 & add$ to l>ge quantities ( ur9e1 f\nd ! process giv5 to yield f #hj to #he p] c5t4 ( ! alkaloid add$1 & x 0 always recov]$ 9 f9e cry/als ( a slight br[n t9t1 :i* respond$ well to te/s4 ,v>i\s o!r me?ods 7 tri$1 b ! be/ 0 ! "o giv52 ! me?od n only sep>ates ! alkaloid ) b little loss1 b also 9 a suffici5tly pure /ate to admit ( id5tification4 ,f ! tissues ! alkaloid may be dissolv$ out by ! g5]al me?od giv5 at p4 #bci1 & ! ultimate aque\s solution1 r$uc$ to a bulk ( n m ?an #be c4c41 treat$ by ! e!real solv5ts 9 ! way j describ$4 #cff4 ,n>cot9e 7,c,h,,no7 cry/allises out ( alcohol or e!r 9 col\rless1 transp>5t1 glitt]+ ne$les1 or gr\ps ( ne$les1 belong+ to ! or?orhombic sy/em4 ,x is only slightly soluble 9 boil+1 & almo/ insoluble 9 cold wat]4 ,"o "p requires #ajj p>ts ( cold1 & #bj ( boil+ #hd p] c5t4 alcohol2 #abf p>ts ( cold1 #dh ( boil+ e!r 7specific gravity #jgce72 #bfi p>ts ( *lor(orm2 #djj ( olive oil2 #fj ( acetic e!r2 #cjj ( amyl alcohol2 & #bb p>ts ( b5z5e1 = solution4 ,! neutral solution ( n>cot9e turns ! plane ( pol>isation to ! left r #acjf2 ! acid solution to ! "r4 ,n>cot9e has no effect on r$ litmus pap]4 ,n>cot9e gives no cry/all9e sublimate2 its behavi\r 9 ! sublim+ cell is describ$ at p4 #bei4 ,its melt+-po9t1 tak5 9 a tube1 is ab\t #agf4 ,behavi\r ( ,n>cot9e ) ,reag5ts4--,n>cot9e1 dissolv$ 9 dilute hydro*loric acid1 & !n treat$ ) a little brom9e1 gives a yell[ precipitate1 :i* on boil+ is dissolv$2 by gradually add+ solution ( brom9e & boil+1 a f9e rose col\r is produc$1 readily de/roy$ by excess ( brom9e4 ,?is is p]haps ! be/ te/ = ! pres5ce ( n>cot9e4 ,conc5trat$ sulphuric acid dissolves n>cot9e2 ! solution 9 ! cold is at fir/ col\rless1 aft] a few m9utes yell[1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a day or long] ! t9ts gradually deep54 ,if ! solution is w>m$1 x fir/ becomes orange-r$1 !n at ! m>g9 violet-blue2 & if heat$ until hydric sulphate beg9s to volatilise1 ! col\r is an int5se r$-violet4 ,if ! heat+ is n c>ri$ s f>1 b ! solution all[$ to cool1 a delicate *]ry-r$ hue sl[ly develops4 ,if ! sulphuric acid solution conta9s #a 3 #bjjj ( ! alkaloid1 ?is te/ is v evid5t2 ) #a 3 #dj1jjj1 ! col\r is only a fa9t c>m9e4--,a4 ,husemann4 ,a solution ( n>cot9e 9 pure sulphuric acid1 to :i* a drop ( nitric acid has be5 add$1 becomes ( a r$ col\r2 if ! solution is w>m$ to #aej1 hypo*lorite ( soda develops a c>m9e-r$2 & *loride ( iron1 fir/ a violet1 !n a *]ry-r$4 ,! precipitants ( n>cot9e are--phosphomolybdic acid1 picric acid1 sulphocyanide ( pota%1 potassio cadmic iodide1 m]curic *loride1 plat9ic *loride1 auric *loride1 & sev]al o!r reag5ts4 ,f ! br[n mass left aft] heat+ n>cot9e above #bjj1 hydro*loric acid extracts a small portion ( a base b little /udi$4 ,! residue consi/s ( humopic acid 7,c,h,o71 :i* c be obta9$ by dissolv+ 9 cau/ic pota%1 precipitat+ ) ,h,cl1 dissolv+ ! precipitate 9 boil+ alcohol1 & f9ally ?r[+ x d[n by wat]4 #cfg4 ,effects4--,n>cot9e 9 itself has toxic action only 9 r l>ge doses2 f #a to #b grms4 h be5 giv5 to man1 & slight hypnotic effects h foll[$4 ,x is poison\s 9 v l>ge doses2 an ord9>y-siz$ cat is kill$ by #c grms4 ,! symptoms are ma9ly convulsions4 #cfh4 ,code9e 7,codome?yl5e71 ,c,h,,o*7,,oh7,,no ,h,o1 is ! me?yl ( morph9e2 x is an alkaloid conta9$ 9 opium 9 small quantity only4 ,muld]1 inde$1 quotes #ff to #gg p] c5t4 z pres5t 9 ,smyrna opium1 b ,m]ck & ,s*9dl] give #be p] c5t4 ,s*9dl] f\nd 9 ,con/ant9ople1 #e p] c5t42 & ,m]ck1 9 ,b5gal1 #e p] c5t4 also4 ,code9e cry/allises out ( dry e!r 9 small1 col\rless1 anhydr\s1 cry/als2 b cry/allis$ sl[ly f an aque\s solution1 ! cry/als are ei!r 9 well-def9$ octah$ra1 or 9 prisms1 conta9+ "o atom ( wat]1 & melt+ 9 boil+-wat] to an oily fluid4 ,! anhydr\s cry/als h a melt+-po9t ( #aej1 & solidify aga9 on cool+4 ,its wat]y solution is alkal9e to litmus pap]4 ,x requires #hj p>ts ( cold1 #ag ( boil+ wat]1 #aj p>ts ( b5zole1 & #g p>ts ( amyl alcohol respectively1 = solution4 ,alcohol1 b5z5e1 e!r1 c>bon disulphide1 & *lor(orm freely dissolve x1 b 9 petroleum e!r x is almo/ insoluble4 ,fur!r1 x is also soluble 9 aque\s ammonia1 & 9 dilute acids1 b insoluble 9 excess ( cau/ic pota% or soda1 & may ?us be ?r[n out ( an aque\s solution4 ,a solution ( code9e turns ! plane ( pol>isation to ! left1 r #aahb4 ,conc5trat$ sulphuric acid dissolves code9e )\t col\r1 b aft] eight days ! solution becomes blue2 ?is reaction is quick] if ! acid conta9s a trace ( nitric acid4 ,if ! sulphuric acid solution be w>m$ to #aej1 & a drop ( nitric acid be add$ aft] cool+1 a blood-r$ col\r is produc$4 ,frhde's reag5t produces a dirty gre5 col\r1 soon becom+ ,prussian blue1 & t]m9at+ aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 a pale yell[4 ,cyanog5 gas1 l$ into an alcoholic solution ( code9e1 gives fir/ a yell[ & !n a br[n col\r2 la/ly1 a cry/all9e precipitate falls4 ,on w>m+ ) a little sulphuric acid & f]ric *loride1 a blue col\r is produc$4 ,?is blue col\r is app>5tly common to all e!rs ( ! code9e class4 ,( ! gr\p reag5ts1 ! foll[+ precipitate solutions ( code9e3--,m]curic potassium iodide1 m]curic *loride1 m]curic bromide1 picric acid1 & tann9 solutions4 ,! foll[+ d n precipitate3--,m]curic cyanide & potassium f]rocyanide solutions4 ,potassium di*romate gives no imm$iate precipitate1 b cry/als =m on long /&+4 ,x does n give ! reaction ) iodic acid l morph9e2 x is di/+ui%$ f n>ce9e by dropp+ a small p>ticle ( iod9e into ! aque\s solution1 ! iod9e p>ticle does n become surr\nd$ ) f9e cry/als4 #cfi4 ,effects4--,! physiological action ( code9e on animals has be5 inve/igat$ by ,claude ,b]n>d1 ,mag5die1 ,crum ,br[n & ,fras]1 ,falck1 & a l>ge numb] ( o!rs4#dje ,x has also be5 adm9i/]$ to man1 & has tak5 9 "s degree ! place ( morph9e4 ,claude ,b]n>d %[$ t1 :5 giv5 to dogs 9 suffici5t quantity to produce sleep1 ! sleep 0 diff]5t 9 "s respects to t ( morph9e sleep1 especially 9 its aft]-effects4 ,?us1 9 8 usual graphic way1 he describes ! foll[+ exp]im5t3--8,two "y dogs1 accu/om$ to play toge!r1 & bo? a little beyond ! av]age size1 receiv$ 9 ! cellul> tissue ( ! axill1 by ! aid ( a subcutane\s syr+e1 ! "o #e c5tigrammes ( morph9e hydro*loride1 ! o!r #e c5tigrammes ( code9e hydro*loride4 ,at ! end ( a qu>t] ( an h\r bo? dogs %[$ signs ( n>cosis4 ,!y 7 plac$ on _! backs 9 ! exp]im5tal tr\gh1 & slept tranquilly = ?ree or f\r h\rs4 ,:5 ! animals woke1 !y pres5t$ ! mo/ /rik+ contra/4 ,! morph9e dog ran ) a hy5a-l gait 7dm>*e hynoid71 ! eye wild1 recognis+ no "o1 n ev5 8 code9e comrade1 :o va9ly bit him playfully1 & jump$ sportively on 8 back4 ,x 0 n until ! next day t ! morph9e dog rega9$ 8 spirits & usual hum\r4 ,a c\ple ( days aft]1 ! two dogs be+ 9 good heal?1 ,i repeat$ ! same exp]im5t1 b 9 an inv]se ord]--t is to say1 ,i gave ! code9e to t :i* previ\sly _h ! morph9e1 & vice v]s4 ,bo? dogs slept ab\t z long z ! fir/ "t2 b on wak+ ! attitudes 7 completely rev]s$1 j z ! adm9i/ration ( ! two sub/ances _h be54 ,! dog :i*1 two days be=e1 aft] hav+ be5 code9is$1 woke lively & gay1 0 n[ bewild]$ & half p>alys$ at ! end ( 8 morph9e sleep2 :il/ ! o!r 0 wide awake & 9 ! be/ spirits40 #dje ,ann4 ,*em4 ,phys4 #e1 #bg1 pp4 #bgc-bhh2 also1 ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,no4 ccxliv41 #ahhc1 p4 #ceh4 ,subsequ5t exp]im5t]s f\nd :at ,b]n>d does n m5tion--viz41 t code9e produc$ epilepti=m convulsions4 ,falck made "s v c>eful exp]im5ts on pigeons1 frogs1 & rabbits4 ,to all ^! 9 high en\gh doses x 0 fatal4 ,falk puts ! m9imum le?al dose = a rabbit at #eab mgrms4 p] kilo4 ,giv5 to man1 x produces a sleep v simil> to t describ$ by ,claude ,b]n>d--t is1 a sleep :i* is v natural1 & does n leave any aft]-effect4 ,!re=e x is decl>$ to be ! be/ alkaloid ( a n>cotic nature to give :5 l5g!n$ slumb] is desir$1 m especially s9ce x does n conf9e ! b[els1 nor has x be5 f\nd to produce any eruption on ! sk94 ,be=e x has a full n>cotic effect1 vomit+ has (t5 be5 excit$1 & 9 a few cases purg+4 ,! maximum dose = an adult is ab\t #a grm4 7#ae gra972 ?ree times ?is quantity1 #c grms4 7#d-e gra9s71 w\ld probably produce unpleasant1 if n dang]\s1 symptoms4#djf #djf ,= fur!r details z to ! action ( code9e1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ,l4 ,o4 ,wa*'s monograph1 ,das ,code9 7#ahfh71 :i* conta9s ref]5ce to ! e>li] lit]ature4 ,see also ,h>ley1 ,! ,old ,vegetable ,neurotics1 ,london4 #cgj4 ,n>ce9e1 ,c,h,,no #c;,h,o4--,two ( ! ?ree molecules ( wat] are expell$ at #ajj1 ! o!r molecule requires a high] temp]ature2 anhydr\s n>ce9e is hygroscopic1 & melts 9 a tube at ab\t #adj2 :5 expos$ to air x unites ) "o molecule ( wat]1 & !n melts at ab\t #afj4 ,! con/itution ( n>ce9e is probably t ( a sub/itut$ ph5ylb5zylketone1 & ! foll[+ /ructural =mula has be5 attribut$ to x3#djg-- #djg ,m4 ,freund & ,g4 ,b4 ,frank=t]1 ,annal51 #bgg1 pp4 #bj-eh4 #c ,i3#b #d #a' #b' ,,cooh1,c,h-7,o,me7,,co-,,*-,c,h7,,*-,,* ,n,me7 ,o #c or #f_/ ,o,me ,,* _/ ,o ,x !re=e conta9s ?ree me?oxyl gr\ps4 ,n>ce9e =ms good cry/als1 ! =m be+ t ( long1 f\r-sid$ rhombic prisms or f9e bu%y unit$ ne$les4 ,n>ce9e hydro*loride cry/allises ) #e;,h,o & ) #c;,h,o2 ! anhydr\s salt melts at #aij-aib4 ,! plat9o*loride is a def9ite salt1 m4p4 #aij-aia2 x decomposes at #aie-aif4 ,! nitrate =ms good cry/als1 :i* decompose at #ig4 ,n>ce9e also =ms cry/all9e salts ) potassium & sodium2 ^! may be obta9$ by heat+ ! base at #fj-gj ) a #cc p] c5t4 ( ,na,h,o or ,,kho4 ,! potassium comp\nd melts at #ij1 ! sodium at #aei-afj4 ,! alkaloid is reg5]at$ :5 ! alkali salts are treat$ ) acids or ) ,,co4 ,crude n>ce9e may be purifi$ by means ( ! sodium salt2 ! latt] is dissolv$ 9 alcohol & precipitat$ ) e!r4 ,x is soluble 9 alcohol1 b almo/ insoluble 9 alcohol & e!r1 or b5z5e & e!r2 x is slightly soluble 9 e!r1 c>bon disulphide1 & *lor(orm4 ,x has no reaction on moi/ litmus pap]4 ,b5zole & petroleum e!r extract n>ce9e nei!r f acid nor alkal9e solutions2 *lor(orm extracts n>ce9e bo? f acid & f alkal9e solutions1 ! latt] 9 small proportion only4 ,n>ce9e turns ! plane ( pol>isation to ! left1 r #ffg4 ,n>ce9e may be sep>at$ f n>cot9e by ! addition ( ammonia to ! acid aque\s solution2 n>cot9e is fully precipitat$ by ammonia1 b n>ce9e is left 9 solution4 ,9 ! sublim+ cell x melts at #acd1 b gives no cry/all9e sublimate4 ,! tube melt+-po9t ( ! trihydrate is #agj4 ,! melt$ sub/ance is at fir/ col\rless2 b on rais+ ! temp]ature1 ! usual transitions ( col\r ?r\gh diff]5t %ades ( br[n to black are obs]v$4 ,if melt$1 & kept a few degrees above its melt+-po9t1 & !n cool$ sl[ly1 ! residue is /raw-col\r$1 divid$ into lobes1 mo/ ( :i* conta9 fea!ry cry/als4 ,at high temp]atures n>ce9e develops a h]r+-l od\r2 ! residue becomes d>ki% blue ) iron *loride4 ,conc5trat$ nitric acid dissolves x ) a yell[ col\r2 on heat+1 r$ vap\rs are produc$2 ! fluid conta9s cry/als ( oxalic acid1 & develops ) pota% a volatile base4 ,conc5trat$ sulphuric acid col\rs pure n>ce9e br[n2 b if impure1 a blood-r$ or blue col\r may be produc$4 ,x does n r$uce iron salts4 ,frhde's reag5t col\rs x fir/ br[n-gre51 !n r$1 pass+ into blue4 ,n>ce9e =ms precipitates ) bi*romate ( pota%1 *loride ( gold1 bi*loride ( plat9um1 & sev]al o!r reag5ts4 ,! "o =m$ by ! addition ( potassio z9c iodide is 9 hair-l cry/als1 :i* aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs become blue4 ,weak iod9e solution col\rs n>ce9e cry/als a black-blue2 !y dissolve 9 wat] at #ajj )\t col\r1 b on cool+ aga9 sep>ate ) a violet or blue col\r4 ,if on a saturat$ solution ( n>ce9e a p>ticle ( iod9e is /rewn1 f9e ne$le-l grey cry/als =m ar\nd ! iod9e4 ,a drop ( 8,nessl]0 solution1 add$ to solid n>ce9e1 at once /rikes a br[n col\r2 on dilut+ ! drop ) a little wat]1 beautiful little bundles ( cry/als appe>4--,flckig]4 ,! foll[+ gr\p reag5ts precipitate n>ce9e3--picric acid1 tann9 solution1 & potassium di*romate on long /&+4 ,! foll[+ give no precipitate3--m]curic cyanide1 m]curic potas4 iodide1 m]curic *loride1 m]curic bromide1 & potas4 f]rocyanide solutions4 #cga4 ,effects4--,! physiological action ( n>ce9e has be5 v>i\sly int]pret$ by diff]5t obs]v]s4 ,claude ,b]n>d#djh ?\ght x ! mo/ somnif]\s ( ! opium alkaloids4 ,he said t 8! n>ce9ic sleep 0 *>act]is$ by a pr(\nd calm & abs5ce ( ! excitability ( morph9e1 ! animals n>cotis$ by n>ce9e on awak+ return+ to _! natural /ate )\t enfeeblem5t ( ! h9d limbs or o!r sequel40 ,x has be5 amply confirm$ t n>ce9e possesses somnif]\s prop]ties1 b c]ta9ly n to ! ext5t t ,b]n>d's obs]vations l$ physiologi/s to expect4 ,9 l>ge doses !re is "s irritation ( ! /oma* & inte/9es1 & vomit+ occurs1 & ev5 di>rha2 mod]ate doses induce con/ipation4 ,! maximum m$ic9al dose may be put at #ad grm4 7or #bbf gra9s71 & a probably dang]\s dose w\ld be ?ree times t quantity4#dji #djh ,compt4 ,r5d41 lix4 p4 #djf1 #ahfd4 #dji ,see ,j4 ,b\*>dat1 ,la ,n>cine1 ,?se1 ,p>is1 #ahfe2 ,h>ley1 ,! ,old ,vegetable ,neurotics1 ,lond42 ,*4 ,l91 tudes sur la ,n>cine et son ,emploi ,?rapeutique1 ,?se1 ,p>is1 #ahfe2 also1 ,husemann's ,planz5/(fe1 9 :i* ^! & o!r rese>*es are summ>is$4 #cgb4 ,papav]9e 7,c,h,,no7 cry/allises f alcohol 9 :ite ne$les or scales4 ,x possesses sc>cely any alkal9e reaction1 b its salts h an acid reaction2 x has b little effect on a ray ( pol>is$ light4 ,x is almo/ insoluble 9 wat]2 x is easily soluble 9 acetone1 amyl alcohol1 alcohol1 & *lor(orm4 ,"o "p ( ! alkaloid is dissolv$ 9 #cff ( b5z5e1 & 9 #gf p>ts ( amyl alcohol4 ,petroleum e!r dissolves x by ! aid ( heat1 b ! alkaloid sep>ates 9 cry/als on cool+4 ,*lor(orm extracts x f ei!r acid or alkal9e solutions4 ,papav]9e gives no cry/all9e sublimate4 ,! melt+-po9t ( pure samples 9 a tube is #adg1 ) sc>cely any col\r2 x solidifies aga9 to cry/als on cool+2 9 ! sublim+ cell x melts at #acj1 & decomposes ab\t #adi2 ! vap\rs are alkal9e2 ! residue is amorph\s1 light br[n1 & is n *>act]i/ic4 ,conc5trat$ sulphuric acid col\rs x a deep violet-blue1 & dissolves x to a violet1 sl[ly fad+4 ,?is solution1 by p]manganate ( pota%1 is fir/ gre5 & !n grey4 ,frhde's reag5t gives a beautiful violet col\r1 :i* becomes blue1 & vani%es aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,dilut$ solutions ( salts ( papav]9e are n precipitat$ by phosphomolybdic acid4 ,x is precipitat$ by ammonia1 by ! cau/ic & c>bonat$ alkalies1 by potassic-cadmic iodide1 iod9e 9 hydriodic acid1 & by alkaloidal reag5ts g5]ally--save by ! important exception m5tion$ above4 ,a solution 9 amyl alcohol is also precipitat$ by brom9e2 ! precipitate is cry/all9e4 ,an alcoholic solution ( plat9ic *loride also sep>ates papav]9e plat9 *loride 9 cry/als4 ,an alcoholic solution ( iod9e1 add$ to an alcoholic solution ( papav]9e1 sep>ates 9 a little "t cry/als ( ! composition ,c,h,,no,i4 ,f ! "m-liquor1 by conc5tration1 c be obta9$ ne$les ( ano!r iod9e comb9ation1 ,c,h,,no,i2 ! latt] heat$ above #ajj p>ts ) free iod9e4 ,^! comp\nds ) iod9e are decompos$ by ammonia & pota%1 papav]9e sep>at+4 ,! decomposition may be wat*$ "u ! microscope4 ,nitric acid precipitates f a solution ( ! sulphate a :ite nitrate soluble 9 excess2 ! precipitate does n appe> at once1 b =ms 9 ! c\rse ( an h\r2 x is at fir/ amorph\s1 b subsequ5tly cry/all9e2 ?is1 ) its physical prop]ties1 is a great assi/ance to id5tification4 #cgc4 ,effects4--,claude ,b]n>d rank$ papav]9e ) ! convulsants2 probably ! papav]9e he _h 0 impure4 ,9 any case1 subsequ5t obs]vations h %[n t x is to be class$ r ) ! hypnotic pr9ciples ( opium4 ,leidesdorf#daj adm9i/]$ x to ! insane1 & not$ sl[ness ( ! pulse1 muscul> weakness1 & dr[s9ess to foll[4 ,! doses 7 giv5 subcutane\sly 7#db grm4 ( ! hydro*loride74 ,baxt1#daa exp]im5t+ ) ! frog1 f\nd t a milligramme caus$ deep sleep & sl[+ ( ! he>t's action4 ,?is action on ! he>t is witness$ also on ! rec5tly-remov$ frog's he>t4 ,gu9ea-pigs1 & o!r small animals poison$ by /ry*n9e or !ba9e1 & !n giv5 papav]9e1 did n seem to be s soon affect$ ) tetanus z :5 no su* rem$y 0 adm9i/]$4 ,! fatal dose ( papav]9e = a man is unkn[n4 ,i %\ld conjecture t ! lea/ quantity t w\ld cause dang]\s symptoms w\ld be #a grm4 7#aed gra9s74 #daj ,zts*r4 d4 ,wi54 ,a]zte1 pp4 #ac1 #aae1 #ahfh4 #daa ,ar*4 ,anat4 ,phys41 p4 #gj1 #ahfi4 #cgd4 ,!ba9e1 ,c,h,,no7,,o*74--,opium seldom conta9s mu* m ?an #a p] c5t4 ( ?is alkaloid4 ,x usually =ms ne$les or %ort cry/als4 ,x is alkal9e1 & by rubb+ becomes negatively electric4 ,x is almo/ insoluble 9 wat]1 aque\s ammonia1 & solutions ( ! alkalies4 ,x requires #aj p>ts ( cold alcohol = solution1 & dissolves readily 9 hot4 ,e!r1 hot or cold1 is also a good solv5t4 #ajj p>ts ( b5z5e are requir$ = #ebg p>ts ( !ba9e1 & #ajj ( amyl alcohol = #afg p>ts4 ,*lor(orm dissolves !ba9e ) difficulty out ( bo? acid & alkal9e solutions2 petroleum e!r extracts x f nei!r4 ,!ba9e melts 9 a tube at #aic1 sublimes at #ace4 ,! sublimate is 9 m9ute cry/als1 simil> to !9e2 at high] temp]atures 7#afj to #bjj7 ne$les1 cubes1 & prisms are obta9$4 ,! residue is fawn col\r$4 ,frhde's reag5t 7z well z conc5trat$ sulphuric acid7 dissolves x1 ) ! production ( a blood-r$ col\r1 pass+ gradually into yell[4 ,! precipitate ) picric acid is yell[ & amorph\s2 ) tannic acid yell[2 ) gold *loride1 r$-yell[2 & ) plat9ic *loride1 citron-yell[1 gradually becom+ cry/all9e4 ,a conc5trat$ alcoholic solution ( !ba9e1 j neutralis$ ) ,h,cl1 deposits well-=m$ rhombic cry/als ( ! composition ,c,h,,no,h,cl ,h,o4 ,if #bjj mgrms4 ( !ba9e are heat$ to boil+ ) #ad c4c4 ( ,h,cl & #bh c4c4 ( wat]1 & ! solution dilut$1 aft] boil+1 ) #d c4c4 ( wat]1 cry/als ( !ba9e hydro*loride =m 9 ! yell[ fluid 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs4--,flckig]4 #cge4 ,effects4--,!re is no disagreem5t ( op9ion z to ! action ( !ba9e4 ,by ! unit$ te/imony ( all :o h exp]im5t$ ) x1 ! alkaloid belongs to ^? poisons :i* produce tetanus1 & ! symptoms c sc>cely be diff]5tiat$ f /ry*nia4 ,9 ,baxt's exp]im5ts on frogs he %[$ t !re 0 "s consid]able diff]5ce 9 details 9 ! g5]al c\rse ( ! symptoms1 accord+ to ! dose ( ! poison4 ,a small dose 7su*1 = example1 z #ge mgrm47 inject$ into a frog subcutane\sly produces imm$iate excitem5t1 ! animal jump+ ab\t1 & ?is /age la/+ = ab\t a m9ute2 x !n becomes quiet]1 & has f ?ree to six m9utes' sleep2 9 a little "t ?is comatose /ate is foll[$ by reflex tetanic spasms & !n spontane\s tetanic spasms4 ,) ?ree times ! dose1 ! tetanic convulsions comm5ce e>ly1 & dea? takes place 9 f two to six h\rs4 ,baxt#dab f\nd #f to #g mgrms4 kill rabbits ) tetanic convulsions 9 f fifte5 to tw5ty-five m9utes4 ,crum ,br[n & ,fras] also f\nd t #ab mgrms4 inject$ into rabbits 7 fatal2 x may !n be presum$ t ! le?al dose = a rabbit is ab\t #e mgrms4 p] kilo4 ,a frog's he>t "u ! action ( !ba9e1 & remov$ f ! body1 beats quick] & ceases e>li] ?an "o 9 di/ill$ wat]4 ,!ba9e has be5 adm9i/]$ to ! insane subcutane\sly 9 doses ( f #ab to #dj mgrms41 :5 a rise ( temp]ature & an increase 9 ! respiratory movem5ts & 9 ! circulation 7 notic$4#dac #dab ,sitzungsb]4 d4 ,wi54 ,akadem41 lvi4 pp4 #b1 #hi1 #ahfg2 ,ar*4 f4 ,anat4 u4 ,physiol41 ,hft4 #a1 p4 #aab1 #ahfi4 #dac ,f4 ,w4 ,mll]1 ,das ,!ba9e1 e9e ,monographie1 ,diss41 ,m>burg #ahfh4 ,! fatal dose = a man is n kn[n2 #e grm41 or ab\t #h gra9s1 w\ld probably be a poison\s quantity4 #cgf4 ,cryptop9e 7,c,h,,no7 0 discov]$ by ,t4 ,h4 ,smi? 9 #ahfg4dad ,x is only conta9$ 9 v m9ute traces 9 opium--some?+ l #jjc p] c5t4 ,x is a cry/all9e sub/ance1 ! cry/als be+ col\rless1 six-sid$ prisms1 )\t od\r1 b ) a bitt] ta/e1 caus+ an aft]-s5sation l pepp]m9t4 ,! cry/als melt at #bag1 & congeal 9 a cry/all9e =m aga9 at #aga2 at high temp]atures !y are decompos$ ) evolution ( ammoniacal vap\r4 ,cryptop9e is insoluble1 or almo/ s1 9 e!r1 wat]1 & oil ( turp5t9e2 x is soluble 9 acetone1 b5z5e1 & *lor(orm2 ! latt] is ! be/ solv5t1 or hot alcohol2 x is insoluble 9 aque\s ammonia & 9 solutions ( ! cau/ic alkaloids4 ,cryptop9e is /rongly basic1 neutralis+ fully m9]al acids4 ,conc5trat$ sulphuric acid col\rs cryptop9e pure blue1 ! t9t gradually fad+ f absorption ( wat] f ! atmosph]e4 ,on a cry/al ( potassic nitrate be+ add$1 ! col\r *anges into a p]man5t gre54 ,) f]ric *loride cryptop9e gives no col\r--?us di/+ui%+ x f morph9e4 ,! physiological prop]ties ( cryptop9e h be5 inve/igat$ by ,dr4 ,h>ley2#dae x has a n>cotic action1 ab\t d\ble z /rong z n>ce9e1 & f\r times weak] ?an morph9e4 ,munk & ,sippell#daf f\nd t x gave rise 9 animals to p>alysis ( ! limbs1 & occasionally asphyxic convulsions be=e dea?4 #dad ,ph>m4 ,j\rn4 ,trans4 #b1 viii4 pp4 #die & #gaf4 #dae ,! ,old ,vegetable ,neurotics4 #daf ,munk1 ,v]su*e b] die ,wirkung des ,cryptop9s1 ,b]l91 #ahgc4 ,sippell1 ,beitrge zur ,k5tniss des ,cryptop9s1 ,m>burg1 #ahgd4 #cgg4 ,rhad9e 7,c,h,,no74--,rhad9e 0 sep>at$ f ,papav] rhz by ,hesse1 & has also be5 f\nd 9 ,papav] somnif]um & 9 opium4 ,rhad9e is 9 ! =m ( small anhydr\s ta/eless prisms1 melt+ at #bcj & p>tly sublim+4 ,9 a vacuum sublimation is almo/ complete1 & at a mu* l[] temp]ature4 ,x is a v insoluble sub/ance1 & is sc>cely dissolv$1 :5 cry/all9e1 by wat]1 alcohol1 e!r1 *lor(orm1 b5z5e1 & solutions ( ! fix$ or volatile alkalies4 ,:5 9 an amorph\s /ate x is r soluble 9 e!r1 & may be dissolv$ out ( any sub/ance by treat+ ) dilute acetic acid1 & neutralis+ by ammonia1 & %ak+ up ) e!r be=e ! precipitate becomes cry/all9e4 ,rhad9e is easily recognis$ by its /rik+ a r$ col\r ) hydro*loric acid4 ,ei!r spontane\sly or on g5tle w>m+1 ! col\r is produc$--"o "p ( rhad9e w col\r 9 ?is way #aj1jjj p>ts ( acid wat] blue or purple-r$1 #bjj1jjj rose-r$1 & #hjj1jjj pale r$4 ,! reaction dep5ds on a splitt+ up ( ! rhad9e into a col\rless sub/ance1 rhad91 & a r$ col\r+-matt]4 ,rhad9e is n poison\s4 #cgh4 ,pseudomorph9e 7,c,h,,no74--,pseudomorph9e 0 discov]$ by ,pelleti] & ,?ib\m]y 9 #ahce4 ,z precipitat$ by ammonia out ( ! hot solution1 pseudomorph9e falls z a :ite cry/all9e precipitate2 b if ! solution is cold1 ! precipitate is gelat9\s4 ,x possesses no ta/e1 & has no action on vegetable col\rs4 ,on heat+1 x decomposes & !n melts4 ,x dissolves easily 9 cau/ic alkalies & 9 milk ( lime1 b is insoluble 9 all ! ord9>y alcoholic & e!real solv5ts1 z well z 9 dilut$ sulphuric acid4 ,! mo/ soluble salt is ! hydro*lorate 7,c,h,,no,h,cl ,h,o71 & t requires #gj p>ts ( wat] at #bj = solution4 ,v>i\s salts1 su* z ! sulphate1 oxalate1 c41 may be prep>$ f ! hydro*lorate by d\ble decomposition4 ,conc5trat$ sulphuric acid dissolves pseudomorph9e gradually1 ) ! production ( an olive-gre5 col\r4 #cgi4 ,opian9e 7,c,h,n,o74--,opian9e cry/allises 9 col\rless1 glitt]+ or?o-rhombic ne$les4 ,ammonia precipitates x f its solution 9 hydro*loric acid z a f9e :ite p[d]4 ,x is )\t od\r1 & has a bitt] ta/e4 ,x is a /rong base1 & is soluble 9 cold1 b slightly soluble 9 boil+ wat]4 ,x is also b little soluble 9 boil+ alcohol4 ,an alcoholic solution ( ! alkaloid gives a volum9\s precipitate ) m]curic *loride2 aft] /&+ a little "t1 ! precipitate becomes cry/all9e1 ! cry/als be+ 9 ! %ape ( f9e ne$les4 ,!y h ! foll[+ composition--,c,h,n,o1 #b;,h,cl1 #b;,hg,cl--& are ) difficulty soluble 9 wat] or alcohol4 ,opian9e1 adm9i/]$ to cats 9 doses ( #ade grm41 produces complex symptoms--e4g41 dilat$ pupils1 foam+ at ! m\?1 unc]ta9 gait1 p>alysis ( ! h9d] extremities1 & /upor--b ! alkaloid is r>e1 & few exp]im5ts h be5 made ) x4 #chj4 ,apomorph9e 7,c,h,,no74--,apomorph9e is a d]ivative ( morph9e1 & is readily prep>$ by saponify+ morph9e by heat+ x ) dilute hydro*loric acid 9 seal$ tubes4 ,! result is apomorph9e hydro*loride1 ! morph9e los+ "o molecule ( wat]1 accord+ to ! equation ,c,h,,no ,c,h,,no ,h,o4 ,to extract apomorph9e1 ! bases are precipitat$ by sodic bic>bonate1 & ! precipitate extract$ by e!r or *lor(orm1 ei!r ( :i* solv5ts leaves morph9e undissolv$4 ,! apomorph9e is aga9 conv]t$ into hydro*loride1 & once m precipitat$ by sodic bic>bonate1 & is la/ly obta9$ z a sn[-:ite sub/ance1 rapidly becom+ gre5 on exposure to ! air4 ,! mass dissolves ) a beautiful gre5 col\r 9 wat]1 & also 9 alcohol1 :il/ x col\rs e!r purple-r$1 & *lor(orm violet4 ,a te/ = apomorph9e is ! foll[+3--,! *loride is dissolv$ 9 a little acetic acid & %ak5 ) a cry/al ( potassic iodate 7,,kio72 ?is imm$iately turns r$ f lib]at$ iod9e on %ak+ x up ) a little *lor(orm2 on /&+1 ! *lor(orm s9ks to ! bottom1 & is col\r$ by ! alkaloid a beautiful blue col\r2 on n[ c>efully p\r+ a little ,,cs on ! surface ( ! liquid at ! po9t ( junction x is col\r$ ame?y/ ow+ to dissolv$ iod9e1 & apocode9e gives a simil> reaction4 ,apomorph9e is ! pure/ & mo/ active emetic kn[n3 :e!r inject$ b5ea? ! sk9 or tak5 by ! m\?1 ! effect is ! same--!re is consid]able depression1 fa9tness1 & !n vomit+4 ,! dose = an adult is ab\t #f mgrms4 7#jib gra97 subcutane\sly adm9i/]$4 #cha4 ,! reactions ( "s ( ! r>] alkaloids ( opium ) sulphuric acid & f]ric *loride are z foll[s3 none ( !m h at pres5t any toxicological importance3-- ,,table ,,%[+ ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,reactions ,,( ,,! ,,r>] ,,alkaloids ,,( ,,opium4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,alkaloid4 ,=mula4 ,reaction ) ,w>m ,reaction ) ,sulphuric ,acid4 ,f]ric ,*loride4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,codam9e1 ,c,h,,no ,dirty r$-violet col\r1 turn+ d>k ,d>k gre54 ,l&am9e1 ,c,h,,no violet on ! addition ( ,,hno4 ,l&anos9e1 ,c,h,,no ,dirty gre5 to br[ni%-gre54 ,no col\r4 ,protap9e1 ,c,h,,no ,lan?op9e1 ,c,h,,no ,d>k br[n or black4 ,no col\r4 ,hydrocot>n9e1,c,h,,no ,dirty r$-violet2 n *ang$ by ,no col\r4 trace ( ,,hno4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #chb4 ,tritop9e 7,c,h,n,o74--,?is is a r>e alkaloid t has be5 f\nd 9 small quantities 9 opium4 ,x is cry/all9e1 sep>at+ 9 transp>5t prisms4 ,melt+-po9t #ahb4 ,x is soluble 9 alcohol & *lor(orm1 & slightly soluble 9 e!r4#dag #dag ,e4 ,k&]1 ,ar*4 ,ph>m41 #bbh1 pp4 #dai-dca4 #chc4 ,mecon9 7,opianyl7 7,c,h,o7 is 9 ! =m ( :ite glitt]+ ne$les1 :i* melt "u wat] at #gg & 9 air at #ij1 aga9 coagulat+ at #ge4 ,x may be sublim$ 9 beautiful cry/als4 ,x is soluble 9 #bb p>ts ( boil+1 & #gjj ( cold wat]2 dissolves easily 9 alcohol1 e!r1 acetic acid1 & e!real oil1 & is n precipitat$ by acetate ( lead4 ,its solution 9 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid becomes1 on w>m+1 purple1 & gives1 on ! addition ( wat]1 a br[n precipitate4 ,mecon9 may be prep>$ by treat+ n>cot9e ) nitric acid4 ,mecon91 9 l>ge doses1 is a feeble n>cotic2 #abe grm4 7#bj gra9s7 has be5 giv5 to man )\t result4 #chd4 ,meconic ,acid 7,c,h,o7 cry/allises 9 :ite %9+ scales or small rhombic prisms1 ) ?ree atoms ( wat] 7,c,h,o #c;,h,o71 b at #ajj ?is is lo/1 & x becomes an opaque :ite mass4 ,x r$d5s litmus1 & has a s\ri% ta/e4 ,x is soluble 9 #aae p>ts ( cold1 b dissolves 9 #d p>ts ( boil+ wat]2 x dissolves easily 9 alcohol1 less s 9 e!r4 ,x =ms well-m>k$ salts2 ! b>ium & calcium salt cry/allise ) "o atom ( wat]1 ! =m] hav+ ! composition ,ba,h7,c,,ho72 ! latt]1 if ammonium meconate is precipitat$ by calcium *loride1 ,ca,h7,c,,ho72 b if calcium *loride is add$ to ! acid itself1 ! salt has ! composition ,c,h,ca,o ,h,o4 ,if meconic acid is g5tly heat$1 x decomposes into c>bon dioxide & com5ic acid 7,c,h,o74 ,if ! heat is /rong]1 pyromeconic acid 7,c,h,o7--c>bon dioxide1 wat]1 acetic acid1 & b5zole are =m$4 ,pyromeconic acid is readily sublim$ 9 l>ge transp>5t tables4 ,*loride ( iron1 & soluble iron salts g5]ally1 give ) meconic acid 7ev5 9 great dilution7 a lively r$ col\r1 :i* is n alt]$ by heat1 nor by ! addition ( ,h,cl nor by t ( gold *loride4 ,sug> ( lead & nitrate ( silv] ea* give a :ite precipitate2 & m]cur\s & m]curic nitrates :ite & yell[ precipitates4 ,9 any case :]e ! analy/ has f\nd only meconic acid1 ! "q may be rais$ 9 c\rt z to :e!r x is a poison or n4 ,! e>ly exp]im5ts ( ,s]trn]1#dah ,lang]1 ,vogel1 ,smm]+1 & ,grape#dai %[$ t1 9 comp>atively speak+ l>ge doses1 x _h b little1 if any1 action on dogs or m54 ,alb]s#dbj has1 h[ev]1 exp]im5t$ on frogs1 & f\nd t 9 doses ( #a to #b grm4 !re is1 fir/1 a n>cotic action1 & lat]1 convulsions & dea?4 ,accord+ to ,s*r(f1#dba !re is a slight n>cotic action on man4 #dah ,ann4 ,phys41 xxv4 #ef2 xxvii4 #ahc4 #dai ,de opio et de illis quibus con/at p>tibus1 ,b]ol41 #ahbb4 #dbj ,ar*4 ,pa?4 ,anat41 xxvi4 #bdh4 #dba ,m$4 ,jahresb41 #ahfi4 ,! mo/ g5]ally accept$ view at ! pres5t "t is t ! physiological action ( meconic acid is simil> to t ( lactic acid--viz41 l>ge doses cause "s depression & feeble n>cosis4 ,9 a special rese>* among/ organic fluids = meconic acid1 ! sub/ances are extract$ by alcohol feebly acidulat$ ) nitric acid2 on filtration ! alcohol1 aft] ! addition ( a little wat]1 is di/ill$ (f1 & to ! rema9+ fluid a solution ( acetate ( lead is add$1 & ! :ole filt]$4 ,! filtrate w conta9 any alkaloids1 :il/ meconic acid1 if pres5t1 is b\nd up ) ! lead on ! filt]4 ,! meconate ( lead may be ei!r wa%$ or dige/$ 9 /rong acetic acid to purify x1 susp5d$ 9 wat]1 & fre$ f lead by ,,%2 ! filtrate f ! lead sulphide may be te/$ by f]ric *loride1 or pref]ably1 at once evaporat$ to dryness1 & weigh$4 ,aft] ?is op]ation x is id5tifi$4 ,if ! quantity is s small t x _c be conv5i5tly weigh$1 x may be e/imat$ colorimetrically1 by hav+ a /&>d solution ( meconic acid1 conta9+ #a mgrm4 9 e c4c4 ,a few drops ( neutral f]ric *loride are add$ 9 a ,nessl] cyl9d] to ! liquid "u exam9ation2 & ! t9t ?us obta9$ is imitat$ 9 ! usual way1 9 ano!r cyl9d]1 by means ( f]ric *loride1 ! /&>d solution1 & wat]4 ,x is also obvi\s t ! weight ( ! meconic acid may be increas$ by conv]t+ x into ! b>ium salt--#ajj p>ts ( anhydr\s b>ic meconate1 7,ba,c,h,o71 be+ equival5t to #dbc ( meconic acid 7,c,h,o74 ,,iv4--,! ,/ry*n9e or ,tetanus-,produc+#dbb ,gr\p ( ,alkaloids4 #dbb ,to ?is gr\p also belong "s ( ! opium alkaloids4 ,see 8,!ba9e10 8,l&am9e10 8,code9e10 8,hydrocot>n9e40 #a4 ,,nux ,,vomica ,,gr\p--,,/ry*n9e--,,bruc9e--,,igasur9e4 #che4 ,nux vomica is f\nd 9 comm]ce bo? 9 ! entire /ate & z a p[d]4 ,x is ! se$ ( ! ,/ry*nos nux vomica1 or ,koo*la tree4 ,! se$ is ab\t ! size ( a %ill+1 r\nd1 flatt5$1 concavo-convex1 ( a yell[i%-grey or light-br[n col\r1 cov]$ ) a velvety d[n ( f9e1 radiat+1 silky hairs1 :i* are col\r$ by a solution ( iod9e beautiful gold-yell[2 ! texture is t\gh1 lea!ry1 & n easily pulv]is$2 ! ta/e is int5sely bitt]4 ,! p[d] is n unlike t ( liquorice1 &1 if met ) 9 ! pure /ate1 gives a d>k orange-r$ col\r ) nitric acid1 :i* is de/roy$ by *loride ( t92 ! aque\s infusion gives a precipitate ) t9cture ( galls1 is r$d5$ by nitric acid1 & gives an olive-gre5 t9t ) p]sulphate ( iron4 ,! be/ me?od1 h[ev]1 ( recognis+ quickly & ) c]ta9ty t ! sub/ance "u exam9ation is nux vomica p[d]1 is to extract /ry*n9e f x by ! foll[+ simple process3--,! p[d] is completely exhau/$ by boil+ alcohol 7#ij p] c5t471 ! alcoholic extract evaporat$ to dryness1 & !n treat$ ) wat]2 ! aque\s solution is pass$ ?r\gh a wet filt]1 & conc5trat$ by evaporation to a small bulk4 ,to ?is liquid a drop or s ( a conc5trat$ solution ( picric acid is add$1 & ! yell[ precipitate ( picrates ?us obta9$ is sep>at$1 treat$ ) nitric acid1 ! picric acid remov$ by e!r1 & ! pure alkaloid precipitat$ by soda1 & %ak5 out by *lor(orm4 #chf4 ,*emical ,composition4--,nux vomica conta9s at lea/ f\r di/9ct pr9ciples3-- 7#a47 ,/ry*n9e4 7#b47 ,bruc9e4 7#c47 ,igasur9e4 7#d47 ,/ry*nic or igasuric acid4 #chg4 ,/ry*n9e 7,c,h,n,o7 is conta9$ 9 ! bean ( ,s4 ignatius1 9 ! b>k 7false angu/ura b>k7 & se$s ( ! ,/ry*nos nux vomica1 9 ! ,/ry*nos colubr9a1 ,l41 9 ! ,/ry*nos tieut1 ,les*1 & probably 9 v>i\s o!r plants ( ! same g5us4 ,comm]cial /ry*n9e is met ) ei!r 9 col\rless cry/als or z a :ite p[d]1 ! mo/ usual =m be+ t ( ! alkaloid itself2 b ! nitrate1 sulphate1 & acetate are also sold to a small ext5t4 ,! microscopical appe>ance ( /ry*n9e1 z ?r[n d[n by ! solution ( vap\r ( ammonia1 may be ref]r$ to ?ree lead+ =ms--! long rectangul> prism1 ! %ort hexagonal prism1 or ! regul> octah$ron4 ,if obta9$ f ! sl[ evaporation ( an alcoholic solution1 x is usually 9 ! =m ( f\r-sid$ pyramids or long prisms2 b if obta9$ by spe$y evaporation or rapid cool+1 x appe>s z a :ite granul> p[d]4 ,if obta9$ f a b5z5e solution1 ! deposit is usually cry/all9e1 b )\t a con/ant =m1 ?\gh at times ! cry/als are extremely di/9ct1 ! %ort six-sid$ prism prevail+2 b triangul> plates1 dodecah$ral1 rhomboidal1 & p5tagonal1 may also be met )4 ,an e!real solution on evaporation assumes d5dritic =ms1 b may conta9 octah$ra & f\r-sid$ prisms4 ,a *lor(orm solution deposits rosettes1 ve9$ leaves1 /ellate dott$ ne$les1 circles ) brok5 radii1 & bran*$ & reticulat$ =ms ( great delicacy & beauty4--,guy4 ,/ry*n9e is v insoluble 9 wat]1 al?\gh readily dissolv$ by acidulat$ wat]4 ,accord+ to ,wormley's repeat$ exp]im5ts1 "o "p ( /ry*n9e dissolves 9 #hccc p>ts ( cold wat]2 &1 accord+ to ,pelleti] & ,cah\rs1 x dissolves 9 #fffg p>ts ( cold1 & #bejj p>ts ( boil+ wat]4 ,x may be conv5i5t1 !n1 to rememb] t a gallon ( cold wat] w\ld h>dly dissolve m ?an #aj gra9s 7#adb grm4 p] litre72 ! same am\nt1 if boil+1 ab\t #cj gra9s 7#dbf grm4 p] litre7 ( /ry*n9e4 ,! solubility ( "o "p ( /ry*n9e 9 o!r m5/rua is z foll[s3--,cold alcohol1 #jhcc specific gravity1 #abj1 boil+1 #aj p>ts 7,witt/e972 cold alcohol1 #jicf specific gravity1 #bdj p>ts 7,m]ck72 cold alcohol1 #jhae specific gravity1 #ajg p>ts 7,drag5dorff72 amyl alcohol1 #aha p>ts2 b5z5e1 #afd2 *lor(orm1 #fi 7,s*limp]t71 #e 7,pett5k(]72 e!r1 #abej p>ts2 c>bon disulphide1 #dhe p>ts2 glyc]91 #cjj p>ts4 ,creosote & ess5tial & fix$ oils also dissolve /ry*n9e4 ,( all ! above solv5ts1 x is evid5t t *lor(orm is ! be/ = purposes ( sep>ation1 & next to *lor(orm1 b5z5e4 ,if a speck ( /ry*n9e be plac$ 9 ! sublim+ cell1 x w be f\nd to sublime usually 9 a cry/all9e =m at #afi4 ,a common =m at ?is temp]ature1 accord+ to ! writ]'s own obs]vations1 is m9ute ne$les1 dispos$ 9 l9es2 b1 z ,dr4 ,guy has rem>k$1 ! sublimate may consi/ ( drops1 ( wav+ patt]ns1 & v>i\s o!r =ms2 &1 fur!r1 :ile ! sublimates ( morphia are made up ( curv$ l9es1 ^? ( /ry*n9e consi/ ( l9es ei!r /raight or slightly curv$1 ) p>allel fea!ry l9es at "r angles4 ,on cont9u+ ! heat1 /ry*n9e melts at ab\t #bba1 & ! l[] disc1 if remov$ & exam9$1 is f\nd to h a res9\s residue2 b x /ill cont9ues to yield sublimates until r$uc$ to a spot ( c>bon4 ,! melt+-po9t tak5 9 a tube is #bfh4 ,/ry*n9e is s p[]fully bitt]1 t "o "p dissolv$ 9 #gj1jjj ( wat] is di/9ctly p]ceptible2 x is a /rong base1 ) a m>k$ alkal9e reaction1 neutralis+ ! /ronge/ acids fully1 & precipitat+ _m metallic oxides f _! comb9ations1 (t5 ) ! =mation ( d\ble salts4 ,mo/ ( ! salts ( /ry*n9e are cry/all9e1 & all extremely bitt]4 ,/ry*n9e1 9 ! pres5ce ( oxyg51 comb9es ) ,,% to =m a beautiful cry/all9e comp\nd3-- #b;,c,h,n,o #f;,h,s ,o #b;,c,h,n,o#c;,h,s #c;,h,o4 ,on treatm5t ) an acid ?is comp\nd yields ,h,s4--,s*midt1 ,b]4 ,deuts*4 ,*em4 ,ges41 #h1 #abfg4 ,an alcoholic solution ( /ry*n9e turns ! plane ( pol>isation to ! left1 r -#acbjh to #acfgh 7,b\*>dat72 b acid solutions %[ a mu* small] rotatory p[]4 ,! salts us$ 9 m$ic9e are--! sulphate1 (fic9al only 9 ! ,fr5* ph>macopia2 ! nitrate1 (fic9al 9 ! ,g]man1 ,au/rian1 ,swiss1 ,norse1 & ,dut* ph>macopias2 & ! acetate1 well kn[n 9 comm]ce1 b n (fic9al4 ,! comm]cial ,sulphate 7,c,h,n,o,h,,s #b;,h,o7 is an acid salt cry/allis+ 9 ne$les :i* lose wat] at #aej1 ! neutral sulphate 7#b;,c,h,n,o1,h,,s #g;,h,o7 cry/allises 9 f\r-sid$1 or?orhombic prisms1 & is soluble 9 ab\t #ej p>ts ( cold wat]4 ,! ,nitrate 7,c,h,n,o1,,hno7 cry/allises on evaporation f a w>m solution ( ! alkaloid 9 dilute nitric acid1 9 silky ne$les1 mo/ly collect$ 9 gr\ps4 ,! solubility ( ?is salt is consid]able1 "o "p dissolv+ 9 #ej ( cold1 9 #b ( boil+ wat]2 its solubility 9 boil+ & cold alcohol is almo/ ! same1 tak+ #fj ( ! =m] & #b ( ! latt]4 ,! ,acetate cry/allises 9 tufts ( ne$les2 z /at$1 x is n (fic9al 9 any ( ! ,european ph>macopias4 ,! *ief precipitates or sp>+ly soluble cry/all9e comp\nds ( /ry*n9e are-- 7#a47 ,! ,*romate ( ,/ry*n9e 7,c,h,n,o,cr,h,o71 =m$ by add+ a neutral solution ( *romate ( pota% to a solution ( a /ry*n9e salt1 cry/allises out ( hot wat] 9 beautiful1 v insoluble1 orange-yell[ ne$les1 mix$ ) plates ( v>i\s size & ?ickness4 ,! salt is ( great practical use to ! analy/2 = by its aid /ry*n9e may be sep>at$ f a v>iety ( sub/ances1 & 9 "p f bruc9e--! col\r te/s be+ ei!r appli$ direct to ! /ry*n9e *romate1 or ! *romate decompos$ by ammonia1 & ! /ry*n9e recov]$ f ! alkal9e liquid by *lor(orm4 7#b47 ,sulphocyanide ( ,/ry*n9e 7,c,h,n,o,,cnhs7 is a ?ick1 :ite precipitate1 produc$ by ! addition ( a solution ( potassic sulphocyanide to t ( a /ry*n9e salt2 on w>m+ x dissolves1 b on cool+ reappe>s 9 ! =m ( long silky ne$les4 7#c47 ,d\ble ,salts4--,! plat9um comp\nd obta9$ by add+ a solution ( plat9ic *loride to "o ( /ry*n9e *loride has ! composition ,c,h,n,o,h,cl,pt,cl1 & cry/allises out ( weak boil+ alcohol 79 :i* x is some:at soluble7 9 gold-l scales4 ,! simil> palladium comp\nd 7,c,h,n,o,h,cl1,pd,cl7 is 9 d>k br[n ne$les1 & ! gold comp\nd 7,c,h,n,o,h,cl,au,cl7 9 orange-col\r$ ne$les4 7#d47 ,/ry*n9e ,tri*loride4--,! action ( *lor9e on /ry*n9e--by :i* *lor9e is sub/itut$ = a portion ( ! hydrog5--has be5 propos$ z a te/4 ,! alkaloid is dissolv$ 9 v dilute ,h,cl1 s z to be only j acid2 on n[ pass+ ?r\gh *lor9e gas1 a :ite insoluble precipitate is =m$1 :i* may be recry/allis$ f e!r2 x has probably ! composition ,c,h,cl,n,o1 & is extremely insoluble 9 wat]4 7#e47 ,! ,iodide ( ,/ry*n9e 7,c,h,n,o,,hi7 is obta9$ by ! action ( iod9e solution on /ry*n9e sulphate2 on solution ( ! precipitate 9 alcohol1 & evaporation1 x =ms violet-col\r$ cry/als1 v simil> to ^? ( potassic p]manganate4 #chh4 ,ph>maceutical & o!r ,prep>ations ( ,nux ,vomica & ,/ry*n9e1 ) ,sugge/ions = _! ,valuation4 ,an aque\s extract ( nux vomica1 (fic9al 9 ! ,g]man ph>macopia1 appe>s to conta9 pr9cipally bruc9e1 ) a small p]c5tage ( /ry*n9e2 ! proportion ( bruc9e to /ry*n9e be+ ab\t f\r-fif?s to "o-fif?4 ,blossfield f\nd 9 a sample #dc p] c5t4 ( total alkaloid1 & two samples exam9$ by ,grundmann consi/$ 7,no4 #a7 ( /ry*n9e1 #jf p] c5t42 bruc9e1 #beh p] c5t4--total1 #cah p] c5t42 7,no4 #b7 /ry*n9e1 #jfh p] c5t42 bruc9e1 #bfb p] c5t4--total1 #cc p] c5t4 ,a sample exam9$ by ,drag5dorff yield$--/ry*n9e1 #jh p] c5t42 bruc9e1 #cb p] c5t4--total1 #d p] c5t4 ,! maximum m$ic9al dose is put at #f grm4 7#i gra9s74 ,! spiritu\s extract ( nux vomica1 (fic9al 9 ! ,briti% & all ! ,cont95tal ph>macopias1 diff]s f ! aque\s 9 conta9+ a mu* l>g] proportion ( alkaloids1 viz41 ab\t #ae p] c5t41 & ab\t half ! total quantity be+ /ry*n9e4 ,! m$ic9al dose is #baf-fdh mgrms4 7 gra9 to a gra974 ,!re is also an extract ( ,/4 ,ignatius bean :i* is us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ne>ly ! :ole ( its alkaloid may be ref]r$ to /ry*n9e4 ,! t9cture ( nux vomica1 made accord+ to ! ,briti% ,ph>macopia1 conta9s 9 #a fl4 oz4 #a gra9 ( alkaloids1 or #jba "p by weight 9 #ajj by volume1 b ! /r5g? ( comm]cial samples (t5 v>ies4 ,lie? f\nd 9 "o sample #jabb p] c5t4 ( /ry*n9e & #jji p] c5t4 bruc9e2 & two samples exam9$ by ,wissel consi/$ respectively ( #jcec p] c5t4 & #jcdf p] c5t4 ( total alkaloids4 ,drag5dorff f\nd 9 two samples #bfbd p] c5t4 & #bdd p] c5t4 ( total alkaloids1 ab\t half ( :i* 0 /ry*n9e4 ,analysis4--,ei!r ( ! extracts may be treat$ = a few h\rs on ! wat]-ba?1 ) wat] acidulat$ by sulphuric acid1 filt]$1 ! residue well wa%$1 ! acid liquid %ak5 up ) b5z5e to sep>ate impurities1 &1 on removal ( ! b5z5e1 alkalis$ ) ammonia1 & %ak5 up two or ?ree times ) *lor(orm2 ! *lor(orm is !n evaporat$ 9 a t>$ vessel1 & ! total alkaloids weigh$4 ,! alkaloids c !n be ei!r 7a7 treat$ ) #aa p] c5t4 ( nitric acid on ! wat]-ba? until all ! bruc9e is de/roy$1 & !n 7! liquid be+ neutralis$7 precipitat$ by potassic *romate2 or 7b7 ! alkaloids may be conv]t$ into picrates4 ,picrate ( /ry*n9e is v insoluble 9 wat]1 #a "p requir+ no less ?an #aj1jjj ( wat]4#dbc ,! t9cture is analys$ on precisely simil> pr9ciples1 ! _s be+ got rid ( by di/illation1 & ! residue treat$ by acidifi$ wat]1 c4 #dbc ,dolzl]1 ,ar*4 ,ph>m4 #c1 xxiv4 #aje-aji4 ,! nux vomica p[d] itself may be valu$ z foll[s3--#ae to #bj grms41 pulv]is$ z f9ely z possible1 are treat$ ?ree times ) #aej to #cjj c4c4 ( wat]1 acidifi$ ) sulphuric acid1 well boil$1 &1 aft] ea* boil+1 filt]$ & ?or\ghly press$4 ,! la/ exhau/ion mu/ be de/itute ( all bitt] ta/e4 ,! unit$ filtrates are !n evaporat$ to ! consi/5ce ( a ?ick syrup1 :i* is treat$ ) suffici5t burnt magnesia to neutralise ! acid4 ,! extract is n[ ?or\ghly exhau/$ ) boil+ alcohol ( #ij p] c5t42 ! alcoholic extract1 9 its turn1 is evaporat$ ne>ly to dryness1 & treat$ ) acidulat$ wat]2 ?is acid solution is fre$ f impurities by %ak+ up ) b5z5e1 & la/ly alkalis$ ) ammonia1 & ! alkaloids extract$ by %ak+ up ) successive portions ( *lor(orm4 ,! *lor(ormic extract equals ! total alkaloids1 :i* may be sep>at$ 9 ! usual way4 ,9 f\r samples ( nux vomica exam9$ by ,drag5dorff1 ! total alkaloids rang$ f #bcc to #bdb p] c5t4 ,grate f\nd 9 two samples #bhh p] c5t4 & #bhf p] c5t4 respectively2 :ile ,k>+ f "o sample sep>at$ only #afe p] c5t4 ,! /ry*n9e & bruc9e are 9 ab\t equal proportions1 ,drag5dorff#dbd f9d+ #aahg p] c5t4 /ry*n9e & #aade p] c5t4 bruc9e4#dbe #dbd ,drag5dorff1 ,die *emis*e ,w]?be/immung e9ig] />kwirk5d5 ,drogu51 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahgd4 #dbe ,^! details are v necess>y1 z be>+ on ! "q ( ! fatal dose ( nux vomica1 :i* ,taylor tells u 7,m$4 ,jurisprud41 i4 #dji7 0 ( "s importance 9 ,reg4 v4 ,wr51 9 :i* #dg gra9s 7 attempt$ to be giv5 9 milk4 ,! fatal dose ( nux vomica mu/ be rul$ by its alkaloidal cont5t1 :i* may be s l[ z #a p] c5t41 & z high z ne>ly #c p] c5t4 #cj gra9s h prov$ fatal 7,taylor72 if ! p[d] 9 ?is in/ance 0 ( ! ord9>y /r5g?1 ! p]son di$ f less ?an a gra9 7#jfdh grm47 ( ! unit$ alkaloids4 ,! v]m9-kill]s 9 use 9 ?is c\ntry are ^? ( ,mill]1 ,battle1 ,butl]1 ,clift1 ,crav51 ,floyd1 ,gibson1 ,hunt]1 ,/5i]1 & ,?ur/on4 ,t5 samples f ^! v>i\s mak]s 7 exam9$ rec5tly by ,mr4 ,all5 7,ph>m4 ,j\rnal1 vol4 xii41 #ahhi71 & ! results ( ! analyses are embodi$ 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,"n ,weight ( ,/ry*n9e4 ,nature or ,p[d] ,price4------------------ ( ,col\r+ ,m>k49 ,gra9s4 ,weight 9 ,p]- ,/>*4 ,matt]4 ,gra9s4 c5tage4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a #ef #c;d4 #jfa #aji ,:eat 8 #b #aah #c;d4 #jhj #fg ,:eat ,ultram>9e4 #c #aca #c;d4 #aab #hg ,rice ,ultram>9e4 #d #aaf #c;d4 #abh #aaa ,rice ,ultram>9e4 #e #aca #c;d4 #agj #acj ,rice ,ultram>9e4 #f #bae #f;d4 #bdb #aab ,:eat ,prussian blue4 #g #dib #c;d4 #bhe #eh ,:eat ,soot4 #h #cje #c;d4 #cde #aac ,:eat ,prussian blue4 #i #aff #c;d4 #cha #aid ,rice ,c>m9e4 #aj #ajj #c;d4 #dah #dah ,rice ,ultram>9e4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #chi4 ,/ati/ics4--,9 ,engl&1 dur+ ! t5 ye>s #ahhc-ib1 out ( #ffff total dea?s f poison1 /ry*n9e1 nux vomica1 & v]m9-kill] acc\nt = #cbe4 ,out ( ^! dea?s1 #aah 7 ascrib$ to 8v]m9-kill]40 8,v]m9-kill]0 may be presum$ to include n only /ry*n9e mixtures1 b also phosphorus & ars5ic pa/es & p[d]s1 s t !re are no means ( asc]ta9+ ! numb] ( /ry*n9e cases compris$ "u ?is head+4 ,tak+ ! dea?s actually regi/]$ z due to /ry*n9e or nux vomica1 !y are ab\t #dg p] c5t4 ( ! dea?s f all sorts ( poison4 ,( ^! dea?s1 #bfh1 or #hbd p] c5t41 7 suicidal1 #h 7 homicidal1 & #di only 7 accid5tal4 ,s*au5/e9 has collect$ f lit]ature #acj cases ( poison+ by /ry*n9e1 b mo/ ( ^! occurr$ dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s2 #fb ( ! #acj1 or ab\t "o-half1 7 fatal1 & #ae 7 homicidal4 ,x has be5 /at$ t /ry*n9e is s v unsuitable = ! purpose ( crim9al poison+ z to r5d] x unlikely to be (t5 us$4 ,facts1 h[ev]1 d n be> out ?is view2 =1 all[+ its int5sely bitt] ta/e1 yet x mu/ be rememb]$ t bitt] liquids1 su* z bitt] ale1 are 9 daily use1 & a p]son accu/om$ to dr9k any liquid rapidly might readily imbibe suffici5t ( a toxic liquid to produce dea? be=e he 0 w>n$ by its bitt]ness4 ,x is1 inde$1 capable ( demon/ration1 t ta/e is m vivid aft] a sub/ance has be5 tak5 ?an j 9 ! act ( swall[+1 = ! function ( ta/e is n a rapid process1 & requires a v appreciable int]val ( "t4 ,! s]ies ( murd]s by ,?omas ,neill1 or1 m correctly1 ,?omas ,neill ,cream1 is an example ( ! use ( /ry*n9e = ! purposes ( murd]4 ,?omas ,neill ,cream 0 convict$1 ,octob] #ba1 #ahib1 = ! murd] ( ,matilda ,clov] on ,octob] #bj1 #ahia2 !re 0 also good evid5ce t ! same crim9al _h murd]$ ,ell5 ,dunwor?1 ,octob] #ac1 #ahia2 ,alice ,m>%1 ,april #ab1 #ahib2 ,emma ,%rivell1 ,april #ab1 #ahib1 & _h attempt$ ! life ( ,l\ie ,h>vey4 ,! ag5t 9 all ^! cases 0 /ry*n9e4 ,!re 0 no evid5ce z to :at =m ( ! poison 0 adm9i/]$ 9 ! case ( ,clov]1 b ,ell5 ,dunwor?1 :o 0 f\nd dy+ 9 ! /reets at #g4de ,p4,m41 & di$ less ?an two h\rs aft]w>ds1 /at$ t a g5tleman gave h] 8two drops0 ( :ite /uff to dr9k4 ,9 ! cases ( ,m>% & ,%rivell1 ,neill ,cream _h tea ) !m on ! night ( ,april #aa1 & gave !m bo? 8?ree long pills20 half an h\r aft] ,neill ,cream left !m !y 7 f\nd to be dy+1 & di$ )9 six h\rs4 ,f ,m>% #g gra9s1 f ,%rivell ne>ly #b gra9s ( /ry*n9e 7 sep>at$2 ! probability is t ea* pill conta9$ at lea/ #c gra9s ( /ry*n9e4 ,! crim9al met ,l\ie ,h>vey on ! ,embankm5t1 & gave h] 8"s pills0 to take2 %e pret5d$ to d s1 b ?rew !m away4 ,h5ce x seems probable t ,neill ,cream took advantage ( ! weakness t a l>ge numb] ( ! population h = tak+ pills1 & mo/ly poison$ 8 victims 9 ?is mann]4 ,clov]'s case 0 n diagnos$ dur+ life1 b /ry*n9e 0 f\nd six or sev5 mon?s aft] burial 9 ! body4 ,x may be m5tion$ incid5tally t ! accus$ himself furni%$ ! clue :i* l$ to 8 arre/1 by writ+ lett]s *>g+ c]ta9 memb]s ( ! m$ical pr(ession ) poison+ ^! poor "y pro/itutes ) /ry*n9e4 #cij4 ,fatal ,dose4--,9 a rese>*1 :i* may1 f its pa9/ak+ accuracy1 be call$ classical1 ,f4 ,a4 ,falck has ?r[n mu* light ^u ! m9imum le?al dose ( /ry*n9e = v>i\s animals4 ,x w\ld seem t1 9 relation to its size1 ! frog is by no means s s5sible to /ry*n9e z 0 believ$1 & t animals su* z cats & rabbits take a small] dose 9 proportion to _! body-weight4 ,! me?od us$ by ,falck 0 to inject subcutane\sly a solution ( kn[n /r5g? ( /ry*n9e nitrate1 &1 beg9n+ at fir/ ) a kn[n le?al dose1 a second exp]im5t 0 !n made ) a small] dose1 & if t prov$ fatal1 ) a /ill small]1 & s on1 until su* a quantity 0 arriv$ at1 t ! *ances z det]m9$ by direct obs]vation 7 z great ( recov]y z ( dea?4 ,op]at+ 9 ?is way1 & mak+ no less ?an #bj exp]im5ts on ! rabbit1 he f\nd t ! lea/ fatal dose = t animal 0 #f mgrm4 ( /ry*n9e nitrate p] kilogramme4 ,cats 7 a little less susceptible1 tak+ #ge mgrm4 ,op]at+ on f[ls1 he f\nd t /ry*n9e tak5 into ! crop 9 ! usual way 0 v unc]ta92 #ej mgrms4 p] kilo1 tak5 ) ! food _h no effect1 b results always foll[$ if ! poison 0 introduc$ into ! circulation by ! subcutane\s ne$le--! le?al dose = f[ls be+1 "u ^? circum/ances1 #a to #b mgrms4 p] kilo4 ,he made #ce exp]im5ts on frogs1 & f\nd t to kill a frog by /ry*n9e nitrate1 at lea/ #b mgrms4 p] kilo1 mu/ be inject$4 ,mice take a little m1 f #bc to #bd mgrms4 p] kilo4 ,9 #b exp]im5ts on ! r+ add]1 9 "o #fbe mgrms4 p] kilo4 ( /ry*n9e nitrate1 inject$ subcutane\sly1 caus$ dea? 9 sev5 h\rs2 9 ! second1 #bca mgrms4 p] kilo4 caus$ dea? 9 five days2 h5ce ! la/ quantity is probably ab\t ! lea/ fatal dose = ?is p>ticul> snake4 ,^! obs]vations may be conv5i5tly ?r[n into ! foll[+ table 7see next page71 plac+ ! animals 9 ord] accord+ to _! relative s5sitiv5ess4#dbf #dbf ,accord+ to ,*ri/ison's rese>*es1 #jb grm4 7ab\t gra97 is fatal to sw9e2 #jc grm4 7 gra97 to be>s1 if inject$ into ! pleura4 #a to #c gra9s 7#jfdh to #aidd grm47 is giv5 to horses 9 cases ( p>alysis1 al?\gh #c gra9s _c b be consid]$ a dang]\s dose1 unless small] doses h be5 previ\sly adm9i/]$ )\t effect2 #aj gra9s w\ld probably kill a horse1 & #ae gra9s 7#igb grm47 h c]ta9ly done s4 ,n[1 ! important "q arises1 z to ! place 9 ?is s]ies occupi$ by man--a "q difficult to solve1 because s few cases are record$ 9 :i* /ry*n9e has be5 adm9i/]$ by subcutane\s injection ) fatal result4 ,eul5b]g has obs]v$ poison\s symptoms1 b n dea?1 produc$ by #f mgrms4 7#a_/aa gra97 & by #aj mgrms4 7ab\t gra974 ,bois obs]v$ poison\s symptoms f ! simil> subcutane\s adm9i/rations ( #h mgrms4 to a *ild six ye>s old1 & #d mgrms4 to ano!r *ild f\r ye>s old--! latt] dose1 9 a case record$ by ,*ri/ison1 actually kill+ a *ild ( ?ree ye>s ( age4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! smalle/ le?al dose tak5 by an adult 0 swall[$ 9 solution4 ,dr4 ,w>n] took #cb mgrms4 7 gra97 ( /ry*n9e sulphate1 mi/ak+ x = morph9e sulphate1 & di$ 9 tw5ty m9utes4 ,9 o!r cases #dh mgrms4 7#g_/aj gra97 h be5 fatal4 ,x w be safe to conclude t ^! doses by ! /oma* w\ld h act$ /ill m surely & en]getically if inject$ subcutane\sly4 ,! case ( ,w>n] is exceptional1 = he 0 9 weak heal?2 &1 if calculat$ out accord+ to body-weight1 presum+ t ,dr4 ,w>n] weigh$ #fh kilos41 ! relative dose z /ry*n9e nitrate w\ld be #bd p] kilo4--a small] dose ?an = any animal hi!rto exp]im5t$ ^u4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 f> m reason = believ+ t ! degree ( s5sitiv5ess 9 man is ab\t ! same z t ( cats or dogs1 & t ! lea/ fatal dose = man is #gj p] kilo41 ! facts on record fairly be>+ out ?is view4 ,x is1 !re=e1 probable t dea? w\ld foll[ if #ch mgrms4 7#g_/aj gra97 7 inject$ subcutane\sly into a man ( ! av]age weight ( #fh kilos4 7#aej lbs474 ,taylor e/imates ! fatal dose ( /ry*n9e = adults z f #cbd to #abif mgrms4 7#e to #b gra9s72 ,guy puts ! m9imum at #afb mgrms4 7#be gra974 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,/ry*n9e ,,on ,,animals4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,reckon$ on #a ,kilo4 ( ,body-weight4 ------------------------------- ,mann] ( ,l[e/ ,highe/ ,animal4 ,application4 ,exp]im5tal ,exp]im5tal ,le?al ,dose ,le?al ,dose4 ------------------------------- ,dose ( ,/ry*n9e ,nitrate 9 ,mgrms4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,rabbit1 ,subcutane\s4 #jej #jfj ,cat1 444 #jge ,dog1 444 #jge ,tak5 by ! ,/oma*4 #bj #cij ,rectum4 444 #bjj ,bladd]4 #eej 444 ,fox1 ,subcutane\s4 444 #ajj ,h$gehog1 #ajj #bjj ,f[l1 444 #bjj ,frog1 #bjj #baj ,m\se1 #bcf #bcf ,r+ ,add]1 444 #bcaj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,l>ge doses ( /ry*n9e may be recov]$ f if correct m$ical treatm5t is suffici5tly prompt4 ,witness ! rem>kable in/ances on record ( duplex poison+s1 9 :i* ! w\ld-be-suicide has unwitt+ly defeat$ 8 object by tak+ /ry*n9e simultane\sly ) "s n>cotic1 su* z opium or *loral4 ,9 a case relat$ by ,s*au5/e91#dbg a suicidal ph>maci/ took #dh grm4 or #f grm4 7#gd to #ibe gra9s7 ( /ry*n9e nitrate dissolv$ 9 ab\t #cj c4c4 ( bitt]-almond wat]1 & !n1 aft] half an h\r1 s9ce no symptoms 7 exp]i5c$1 #f grm4 7#ibe gra9s7 ( morph9e acetate1 :i* he likewise dissolv$ 9 bitt]-almond wat] & swall[$4 ,aft] ab\t t5 m9utes1 he /ill c\ld walk ) unc]ta9 /eps1 & p\r$ "s *lor(orm on ! pill[-case ( 8 b$1 & lay on 8 face 9 ord] to brea! x4 ,9 a %ort "t he lo/ consci\sness1 b aga9 awoke1 & lay 9 a half-dreamy /ate1 incapable ( motion1 until "s "o ent]$ ! room1 & he>+ him murmur1 came to 8 b$side4 ,at t mom5t--two & a qu>t] h\rs aft] fir/ tak+ ! /ry*n9e--! ph>maci/ _h a fe>ful convulsion1 ! brea?+ 0 susp5d$1 & he lo/ consci\sness4 ,aga9 com+ to himself1 he _h sev]al convulsions1 & a physician :o 0 summon$ f\nd him 9 g5]al tetanus4 ,!re 7 fir/ clonic1 !n tonic convulsions1 & f9ally opi/hotonus 0 fully develop$4 ,! treatm5t consi/$ ( emetics1 & aft]w>ds tann9 & code9e 7 giv5 sep>ately4 ,! pati5t slept at %ort int]vals2 9 t5 h\rs aft] ! tak+ ( ! poison ! seizures 7 few] 9 numb] & weak] 9 "*1 & by ! ?ird day recov]y 0 complete4 ,dr4 ,macr$y#dbh has also plac$ on record an int]e/+ case1 9 :i* ! symptoms1 f a n v l>ge dose ( /ry*n9e1 7 delay$ by laudanum = eight h\rs4 ,a "y woman1 tw5ty-?ree ye>s ( age1 pregnant1 took at #aj ,a4,m4 a quantity ( /ry*n9e e/imat$ at #ae gra91 9 ! =m ( ,battle's v]m9-kill]1 & imm$iately aft]w>ds #b ounces ( laudanum4 ,%e 0 se5 by ,dr4 ,macr$y 9 f\r h\rs1 & 0 !n suff]+ f pron\nc$ n>cotic symptoms4 ,a sulphate ( z9c emetic 0 adm9i/]$4 ,9 eight h\rs aft] tak+ ! /ry*n9e1 !re 7 fir/ obs]v$ "s clonic convulsive movem5ts ( ! h&s1 &1 9 a less degree1 ! legs4 ,^! convulsions cont9u$1 at times sev]e1 = sev]al h\rs1 & 7 treat$ ) *loral4 ,recov]y 0 spe$y & complete4 #dbg ,mas*ka's ,h&bu*1 f ,ts*epke1 ,deuts*e ,kl9ik1 #ahfa4 #dbh ,lancet1 ,novemb] #bh1 #ahhb4 ,9 a simil> case relat$ by ,dr4 ,h>rison1#dbi a man1 ag$ #ed1 took a packet ( ,battle's v]m9-kill]1 mix$ ) ab\t a dra*m & a half ( laudanum & "s rum4 ,at ! "t he _h eat5 no food = days1 & _h be5 dr9k+ freely2 yet fifty m9utes elaps$ be=e ! usual symptoms set 91 & no m$ical treatm5t 0 obta9$ until f\r h\rs aft] tak+ ! dose4 ,he 0 !n giv5 *loral & o!r rem$ies1 & made a rapid recov]y4 #dbi ,lancet1 ,may #ac1 #ahhb4 #cia4 ,action on ,animals4--,! action ( /ry*n9e has be5 exp]im5tally /udi$ on all classes ( animals1 f ! infusoria upw>ds4 ,! effects produc$ on animal =ms :i* possess a n]v\s sy/em are /rik+ly alike1 & ev5 9 ! cephalopoda1 tetanic muscul> spasm may be readily obs]v$4 ,( all animals ! frog %[s ! action ( /ry*n9e 9 its pure/ =m1 especially if a dose be giv5 ( j suffici5t magnitude to produce toxic effects4 ,! frog sits p]fectly /ill & quiet1 unless act$ ^u by "s ext]nal /imuli1 su* z a brea? ( air1 a l\d noise1 or ! %ak+ ( ! vessel :i* conta9s x1 !n an imm$iate tetanic convulsion ( all ! muscles is witness$1 la/+ a few seconds only1 :5 ! animal aga9 resumes its =m] po/ure4 ,?is height5$ /ate ( reflex action has its analogue 9 hydrophobia z well z 9 idiopa?ic tetanus4 ,if ! frog ?us poison$ by a weak dose is put "u a glass %ade1 kept moi/1 & %elt]$ f s\nd1 or f o!r s\rces ( irritation1 no convulsions occur1 & aft] "s days x is 9 its usual heal?4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 by frequ5t /imuli1 convulsions are excit$1 ! animal dies4 ,m4 ,ri*et#dcj has contribut$ a valuable memoir to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces on ! toxic action ( /ry*n9e4 ,he has confirm$ ! /atem5t ( previ\s obs]v]s t1 ) artificial respiration1 mu* l>g] doses ( /ry*n9e may be tak5 )\t fatal result ?an "u normal conditions1 & has also record$ "s peculi> ph5om5a4 ,op]at+ on dogs & rabbits1 aft] fir/ secur+ a canula 9 ! tra*ea1 & !n inject+ b5ea? ! sk9 or into ! saph5a ve9 #aj mgrms4 ( /ry*n9e hydro*lorate1 ! animal is imm$iately1 or )9 a few seconds1 seiz$ ) tetanic convulsions1 & ?is attack w\ld be mortal1 7 x n = artificial respiration4 ,directly ?is is practis$ ! attack ceases1 & ! he>t1 aft] a p]iod ( hurri$ & spasmodic beats1 takes aga9 its regul> rhy?m4 ,/rong] & /rong] doses may !n be inject$ )\t caus+ dea?4 ,z ! dose is ?us augm5t$1 ! symptoms diff]4 ,m4 ,ri*et di/+ui%es ! foll[+ p]iods3--7#a47 ,a p]iod ( tetanus4 7#b47 ,a p]iod ( convulsion1 *>act]is$ by spasmodic & incessant contraction ( all ! muscles4 7#c47 ,a little lat]1 :5 ! quantity exce$s #aj mgrms4 p] kilo41 a *oreic p]iod1 :i* is *>act]is$ by viol5t rhy?mic %ocks1 v sudd5 & %ort1 repeat$ at int]vals ( ab\t ?ree to f\r seconds2 dur+ ^! int]vals !re is almo/ complete relaxation4 7#d47 ,a p]iod ( relaxation2 ?is p]iod is atta9$ :5 ! dose exce$s #dj mgrms4 p] kilo4 ,reflex action is annihilat$1 ! spontane\s respiratory movem5ts cease1 ! he>t beats tumultu\sly & regul>ly 9 ! sev]e tetanic convulsions at fir/1 & !n contracts ) frequ5cy b ) regul>ity4 ,! pupils1 widely dilat$ at fir/1 become mu* contract$4 ,! art]ial pressure1 enorm\sly rais$ at ! comm5cem5t1 dim9i%es gradually1 9 "o case f #jcd mm4 to #jje mm4 ,! temp]ature und]goes analog\s *anges1 & dur+ ! convulsions is extraord9>ily elevat$2 x may ev5 atta9 #da or #db1 to s9k 9 ! p]iod ( relaxation to #cf4 ,dogs & rabbits :i* h ?us receiv$ enorm\s quantities ( /ry*n9e 7e4g41 #ej mgrms4 p] kilo471 may1 9 ?is way1 live = sev]al h\rs1 b ! slighte/ int]ruption to ! artificial respiration1 9 ! relax$ /ate1 is foll[$ by syncope & dea?4 #dcj ,de l',action de la ,/ry*n9e trs =te dose sur les ,mammifres4 ,comptes ,r5d41 t4 xcl4 p4 #aca4 #cib4 ,effects on ,man3 ,symptoms4--,! comm5cem5t ( symptoms may be extremely rapid1 ! rapidity be+ ma9ly dep5d5t on ! =m ( ! poison & ! mann] ( application4 ,a soluble salt ( /ry*n9e inject$ subcutane\sly w act )9 a few seconds2#dca 9 a case ( amaurosis1 relat$ by ,s*ul]1#dcb #ed mgrms4 ( a soluble /ry*n9e salt 7 introduc$ into ! punctum la*rymale2--9 less ?an f\r m9utes !re 7 viol5t tetanic convulsions4 ,9 a case relat$ by ,b>k]1 ! symptoms comm5c$ 9 ?ree m9utes f a dose ( #cg grm4 7#ega gra9s74#dcc ,"h ! poison 0 n adm9i/]$ subcutane\sly4 ,su* %ort p]iods1 to a witness ^: m9d 0 occupi$ dur+ ! "t1 might seem imm$iate4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 nux vomica p[d] has be5 tak51 & :5 /ry*n9e has be5 giv5 9 ! =m ( pill1 no su* rapid c\rse has be5 obs]v$1 or is likely to occur1 ! usual c\rse be+ = ! symptoms to comm5ce )9 half an h\r4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 also possible = !m to be delay$ f "o to two h\rs1 & "u c]ta9 circum/ances 7z 9 ! case relat$ by ,macr$y7 = eight h\rs4 ,9 a few cases1 !re is fir/ a feel+ ( uneas9ess & height5$ s5sibility to ext]nal /imuli1 a /range feel+ 9 ! muscles ( ! jaw1 & a cat*+ ( ! respiration2 b g5]ally ! onset ( ! symptoms is z sudd5 z epilepsy1 & previ\s to _! appe>ance ! p]son may be pursu+ 8 ord9>y vocation1 :51 )\t prelim9>y w>n+1 !re is a %udd]+ ( ! :ole frame1 & a convulsive seizure4 ,! convulsions take ! =m ( viol5t g5]al tetanus2 ! limbs are /ret*$ out involunt>ily1 ! h&s are cl5*$1 ! soles ( ! feet incurv$1 &1 9 ! height ( ! p>oxysm1 ! back may be ar*$ & rigid z a bo>d1 ! suff]] re/+ on head & heels1 & ! abdom5 t5se4 ,9 ! grasp ( ! ?oracic muscles ! walls ( ! *e/ are set immovable1 & f ! imp5d+ suffocation ! face becomes conge/$1 ! eyes prom95t & />+4 ,! muscles ( ! l[] jaw--9 8disease tetanus0 ! fir/ to be affect$--are 9 8/ry*nos tetanus10 z a rule1 ! la/2 a di/9ction1 if x 7 m con/ant1 ( great cl9ical value4 ,! convulsions & remissions recur until dea? or recov]y1 &1 z a rule1 )9 two h\rs f ! comm5cem5t ( ! symptoms ! case 9 "s way or o!r t]m9ates4 ,! numb] ( ! tetanic seizures not$ has v>i$--9 a few cases ! ?ird spasm has pass$ into dea?1 9 o!rs !re h be5 a great numb]4 ,! duration ( ! spasm is also v diff]5t1 & v>ies f ?irty seconds to five or ev5 eight m9utes1 ! int]val betwe5 la/+ f =ty-five seconds#dcd to "o or ev5 "o & a half h\rs4#dce #dca ,9 "o ( ,m4 ,ri*et's exp]im5ts1 a soluble /ry*n9e salt inject$ into a dog subcutane\sly act$ 9 f\rte5 seconds4 #dcb ,quot$ by ,taylor f ,m$4 ,times & ,gazette1 ,july1 #ahfa4 #dcc ,a non-fatal dose may %[ its effects rapidly1 e4g41 !re is a curi\s case ( symptoms ( poison+ caus$ by ! la/ dose ( a mixture :i* is record$ 9 ,ph>m4 ,j\rn41 #ahic1 #gii4 ,a m$ical practition] prescrib$ ! foll[+ mixture3-- 4 ,tr4 /rophan?i1 i4 ,liq4 /ry*ni hydro*lorici1 iiss4 ,sol4 bismu?i et peps94 7,ri*>dson's71 iss4 ,sp4 ammon4 aromat41 444 ,sp4 *lor(ormi1 aa4 iss4 ,aquam ad1 vi4 ft4 mi/4 ,%ake ! bottle4 ,two teaspoonfuls :5 ! attack ?reat5s1 & repeat 9 an h\r if necess>y4 ,ri*>dson's liquor bismu? conta9s #a_/bj gra9 ( /ry*n9e 9 ea* dra*m4 ,! mixture 0 alkal9e2 x conta9$ #ag gra9 ( /ry*n9e & #chbe m9ims ( *lor(orm4 ,! pati5t1 a woman1 #ed ye>s ( age1 _h tak5 ! previ\s doses ) consid]able relief2 b t5 m9utes aft] ! la/ dose1 :i* %e describ$ z f> m bitt] ?an ^? %e _h tak5 previ\sly1 %e 0 seiz$ ) ! usual symptoms ( /ry*n9e poison+1 b recov]$ aft] five h\rs4 ,! explanation is pretty obvi\s2 ! mixture 0 alkal9e1 s t ! /ry*n9e 0 n 9 ! =m ( a salt1 b 9 ! free /ate1 & 0 !re=e dissolv$ by ! *lor(orm2 ! am\nt ( /ry*n9e tak5 9 ea* dose :olly dep5d$ on :e!r or n ! mixture 0 %ak5 viol5tly & p\r$ out into ! teaspoon imm$iately aft] %ak+2 if all[$ to repose ! globules ( *lor(orm saturat$ ) /ry*n9e w\ld settle at ! bottom1 & !re =m a /ratum ri* 9 /ry*n9e2 s t ! la/ dose w\ld c]ta9ly conta9 an excess4 #dcd ,:ite1 ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 #ahfg4 #dce ,folkes1 ,m$4 ,times1 #ahfi4 #cic4 ,diagnosis ( ,/ry*n9e ,poison+4--,h[ev] /rik+ & well def9$ ! picture ( /ry*n9e tetanus may be1 mi/akes 9 diagnosis are r frequ5t1 especially :5 a m$ical man is ha/ily summon$1 has nev] se5 a case ( simil> poison+1 & has no suspicion ( ! possible nature ( ! seizure4 ,if a "y woman1 = in/ance1 is ! subject1 he may put x d[n to hy/]ia1 & c]ta9ly hy/]ia n unfrequ5tly affects some:at simil> convulsions4 ,9 a pa9ful case 9 :i* ! au?or 0 engag$1 a "y woman ei!r took or 0 giv5 7= ! my/]y 0 nev] cle>$ up fully7 a fatal dose ( /ry*n9e1 & ?\gh ! symptoms 7 well m>k$1 ! m$ical att5dant 0 s possess$ ) ! view t ! case 0 due to hy/]ia1 t1 ev5 aft] mak+ ! po/-mortem exam9ation1 & f9d+ no adequate lesion1 he !oris$ z to ! possibility ( "s fatal hy/]ic spasm ( ! glottis1 :ile !re 0 ample *emical evid5ce ( /ry*n9e1 & a weighable quantity ( ! alkaloid 0 actually sep>at$ f ! cont5ts ( ! /oma*4 ,! m$ical att5dant ( ,matilda ,clov]1 "o ( ,neill's victims1 c]tifi$ t ! girl di$ f delirium trem5s & syncope1 al?\gh ! symptoms 7 typically ^? produc$ by /ry*n9e4 ,su* cases are p>ticul>ly sad1 = we n[ "k t1 ) judici\s treatm5t1 a r l>ge dose may be recov]$ f4 ,if ! case is a male1 a confusion ) epilepsy is possible1 ?\gh h>dly to be expla9$ or excus$2 :ile 9 bo? sexes idiopa?ic tetanus is s extremely simil> z to give rise to ! idea t all cases ( idiopa?ic tetanus are produc$ by poison1 p]haps secret$ by ! body itself4 ,z = ! di/9ction betwe5 idiopa?ic & /ry*nic tetanus1 x is usually laid d[n 7#a7 t ! int]vals 9 ! =m] are *>act]is$ by no relaxation ( ! muscles1 b t !y cont9ue contract$ & h>d2 & 7#b7 t !re is a notable rise ( temp]ature 9 disease tetanus prop]1 & n 9 /ry*n9e tetanus4 ,bo? /atem5ts are mislead+1 & ! latt] is n true1 = 9 /ry*nic poison+ ! relaxation is n con/ant1 & v high temp]atures 9 animals h be5 obs]v$4 #cid4 ,physiological ,action4--,! tetanic convulsions are ess5tially reflex1 & to be ascrib$ to a c5tral orig92 ! normal reflex s5sibility is exagg]at$ & unnaturally ext5d$4 ,if ! is*iatic plexus supply+ ! "o leg ( an animal is cut ?r\gh1 t leg takes no "p 9 ! g5]al convulsions1 b if ! art]y ( ! leg alone is ti$1 !n ! leg suff]s f ! muscul> spasm1 z well z ! limbs 9 :i* ! circulation is unre/ra9$4 ,9 an exp]im5t by ,sir ,b4 ,w4 ,ri*>dson1 a heal?y dog 0 kill$1 &1 z soon z practicable1 a solution ( /ry*n9e 0 inject$ ?r\gh ! sy/emic vessels by ! aorta--! :ole body became at once /iff & rigid z a bo>d4 ,^! facts po9t unmi/akably to ! sp9al m>r[ z ! seat ( ! toxic influ5ce4 ,/ry*n9e is1 p> excell5ce1 a sp9al poison4 ,on physiological gr\nds ! grey sub/ance ( ! cord is consid]$ to h an inhibitory action ^u reflex s5sibility1 & ?is inhibitory p[] is p>alys$ by /ry*n9e4 ,! sp9al cord1 x w\ld appe>1 has ! p[] ( collect+ /ry*n9e f ! circulation & /or+ x up 9 its /ructure4#dcf #dcf ,r4 ,w4 ,lovett1 ,j\rn4 ,physiol41 ix4 #ii-aaa4 ,mu* light has be5 ?r[n ^u ! cause ( dea? by ,ri*et's exp]im5ts4#dcg ,x w\ld seem t1 9 "s cases1 dea? takes place by a suffocation z complete z 9 dr[n+1 ! *e/ & diaphragm be+ immovable1 & ! n]v\s respiratory c5tres exhau/$4 ,9 su* a case1 imm$iate dea? w\ld be av]t$ by a tra*eal tube1 by ! aid ( :i* artificial respiration might be c>ri$ on2 b !re is ano!r asphyxia due to ! enorm\s int]/itial combu/ion c>ri$ on by muscles viol5tly tetanis$4 8,if10 says ,ri*et1 8aft] hav+ inject$ into a dog a mortal dose ( /ry*n9e1 & employ$ artificial respiration accord+ to ! classic me?od tw5ty or ?irty times a m9ute1 ! animal dies 7sometimes at ! end ( t5 m9utes1 & 9 e case at ! end ( an h\r or two71 & dur+ life ! art]ial blood is exam9$1 x w be asc]ta9$ t x is black1 absolutely l v5\s blood40 #dcg ,op4 cit4 ,?is view is also support$ by ! consid]able rise ( temp]ature notic$3 ! blood is excessively poor 9 oxyg51 & load$ ) c>bon dioxide4 ,t ?is /ate ( ! blood is produc$ by tetanus1 is prov$ by ! fact t an animal poison$ by /ry*n9e1 & !n inject$ subcutane\sly ) cur>e 9 quantity j suffici5t to p>alyse ! muscul> sy/em1 does n exhibit ^! ph5om5a4 ,by ! aid ( artificial respiration1 toge!r ) ! adm9i/ration ( cur>e1 an animal may live aft] a prodigi\s dose ( /ry*n9e4 ,mey]#dch has inve/igat$ c>efully ! action ( /ry*n9e on ! blood-pressure--?r\gh a /rong excitem5t ( ! vaso-motor c5tre1 ! art]ies are n>r[$ 9 calibre1 & ! blood-pressure mu* increas$2 ! action ( ! he>t 9 frogs is sl[$1 b 9 ! w>m-blood$ animals quick5$4 #dch ,wi5] ,akad4 ,sitzungsb]41 #ahga4 #cie4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,!re is b little *>act]i/ic 9 ! po/-mortem appe>ances f /ry*n9e poison+4 ,! body becomes v /iff a %ort "t aft] dea?1 & ?is rigidity rema9s g5]ally a long "t4 ,9 ! notori\s ,palm] case1 ! body 0 rigid two mon?s aft] dea?1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! rigor mortis has be5 kn[n to disappe> )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,if ! convulsions h be5 viol5t1 !re may be m9ute hmorrhages 9 ! bra9 & o!r p>ts4 ,i h se5 consid]able hmorrhage 9 ! tra*ea f ?is cause4 ,:5 dea? occurs f asphyxia1 ! ord9>y signs ( asphyxia w be f\nd 9 ! lungs1 c4 ,! he>t mo/ly has its "r side gorg$ ) blood1 b 9 a few cases x is empty & contract$4 ,9 a case :i* ,s*au5/e9 has record$#dci he f\nd /ry*n9e /ill undissolv$1 coat+ ! /oma* z a :ite p[d]2 b ?is is v unusual1 & ,i believe unique4 ,! bladd] (t5 conta9s ur9e1 :i*1 x ne$ sc>cely be said1 %\ld be pres]v$ = *emical inve/igation4 #dci ,op4 cit4 #cif4 ,treatm5t4--,f ! cases detail$1 & f ! exp]im5ts on animals1 ! direction :i* treatm5t %\ld take is v cle>4 ,z a matt] ( c\rse1 if !re is ! slighte/ probability ( any ( ! poison rema9+ 9 ! /oma*1 x %\ld be remov$4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! /oma* pump c be ev] appli$ ) b5efit 9 /ry*n9e poison+1 ! introduction ( ! tube is likely to aggravate ! tetanus1 b apomorph9e c be inject$ subcutane\sly4 ,l>ge & frequ5t doses ( *loral %\ld be adm9i/]$ 9 ord] to less5 ! frequ5cy ( convulsions1 or prev5t _! occurr5ce1 & x may be necess>y 9 a few cases1 :]e dea? ?reat5s by suffocation1 to p]=m tra*eotomy1 & to use artificial respiration4 ,:]e *loral or *lor(orm is n at h&1 & 9 cases ( em]g5cy1 :]e ?is may easily happ51 ! m$ical man mu/ adm9i/] 9 full doses ! ne>e/ n>cotic at h&4#ddj #ddj ,x is c]ta9 t lutid9e w\ld be a valuable antidote = /ry*n9e4 ,c4 ,g4 ,williams f\nd t lutid9e inject$ into frogs already "u ! influ5ce ( /ry*n9e1 arre/$ ! convulsions1 or if giv5 fir/1 & !n foll[$ by a fatal dose ( /ry*n9e1 x prev5t$ ! appe>ance ( ! tetanus4 7,see ante1 p4 #bgf1 footnote47 #cig4 ,sep>ation ( ,/ry*n9e f ,organic ,matt]s4--,! sep>ation ( /ry*n9e f organic matt]s1 c41 is und]tak5 /rictly on ! g5]al pr9ciples already detail$4 ,x may happ51 h[ev]1 t 9 cases ( poison+ !re is ! /ronge/ evid5ce f symptoms 9 ! p]son or animal t /ry*n9e alone is to be s\ght =4 ,9 an in/ance ( ! k9d1 if a complex organic liquid 7su* z ! cont5ts ( ! /oma*7 is "u exam9ation1 x is be/ to remove ! solid sub/ances by filtration ?r\gh glass1 wool1 or l951 & evaporate ne>ly to dryness ov] ! wat]-ba?1 acidify+ ) acetic acid1 & !n exhau/+ ! residue repeat$ly ) boil+ alcohol ( #hj p] c5t4 ,! alcoholic extract is 9 its turn evaporat$ to dryness1 & tak5 up ) wat]2 ! aque\s solution is pass$ ?r\gh a wet filt]1 & !n %ak5 up ) ! usual succession ( fluids1 viz41 petroleum e!r1 b5z5e1 *lor(orm1 & amyl alcohol1 :i* w remove a great numb] ( impurities1 b w n dissolve ! /ry*n9e f ! acid solution4 ,! amyl alcohol may la/ly be remov$ by petroleum e!r2 & on removal ( ! f9al extractive 7:i* %\ld be done z ?or\ghly z possible7 *lor(orm is add$1 & ! fluid is alkalis$ by ammonia1 :i* precipitates ! alkaloid 9 ! pres5ce ( ! solv5t4 ,%\ld ! rev]se process be employ$--t is1 ammonia add$ fir/1 & !n *lor(orm--! /ry*n9e is n s p]fectly dissolv$1 s9ce x has "t to assume a cry/all9e condition4 ,on sep>ation & evaporation ( ! *lor(orm1 ! residue 7if mu* discol\r$1 or evid5tly impure7 may be dissolv$ 9 alcohol or b5z5e1 & recry/allis$ sev]al times4 ,cu%man has publi%$ an improv$ me?od ( sep>at+ /ry*n9e1 :i*1 accord+ to te/ exp]im5ts1 appe>s to give good results4 ,he describes ! me?od z foll[s3#dda-- #dda 8,! po/-mortem ,detection & ,e/imation ( ,/ry*n9e10 by ,all]ton ,s4 ,cu%man--,*em4 ,news1 vol4 lxx4 #bh4 8,! /oma* cont5ts or visc]a prop]ly comm9ut$ are weigh$1 & an aliquot "p tak5 = analysis4 ,! mass is dige/$ 9 a beak] ov] night1 at a w>m temp]ature1 ) wat] acidulat$ ) acetic acid4 ,! cont5ts ( ! beak] are filt]$ by press+ ?r\gh musl91 & !n pass+ ?r\gh pap]4 ,! cle> filtrate is evaporat$ on ! wat]-ba? to s(t dryness1 an excess ( ord9>y #hj p] c5t4 alcohol add$1 & boil$ t5 m9utes ) /irr+1 & all[$ to /& "o half h\r at a w>m temp]ature4 ,?is extraction is repeat$1 ! alcohol extracts unit$1 filt]$1 evaporat$ to s(t dryness1 & ! residue tak5 up ) a little wat] acidulat$ ) acetic acid1 & %ak5 out ) pure acetic e!r 9 a sep>at+ funnel4 ,successive fre% portions ( acetic e!r are us$ until ! solv5t %[s by its col\r1 & by ! evaporation ( a few drops1 t x does n conta9 extractive matt]4 ,z _m z twelve extractions are sometimes necess>y to accompli% ?is4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 9 ea* case to all[ "t = z complete sep>ation z possible betwe5 ! two lay]s4 ,! purifi$ acid aque\s liquid1 :i* ne$ n exce$ 9 bulk #ej c4c41 is n[ return$ to ! sep>ator1 an equal quantity ( fre% acetic e!r add$1 & en\gh sodic c>bonate 9 solution to r5d] ! mixture slightly alkal9e1 & ! sep>ator is !n ?or\ghly %ak5 = sev]al m9utes4 ,all ! alkaloid %\ld n[ be 9 solution 9 ! acetic e!r1 b a second %ak+ ( ! alkal9e liquid1 ) acetic e!r1 is always made1 ! two extracts unit$1 & evaporat$ 9 a glass di% ov] hot wat] to dryness4 ,x w n[ be f\nd t ! residue %[s ! alkaloid fairly pure1 b n pure en\gh = quantitative results4 ,! residue is dissolv$ 9 a few drops ( dilute acetic acid1 w>m$ to complete solution1 filt]$ if necess>y1 dilut$ to ab\t #cj c4c41 & ! solution transf]r$ to a small sep>at+ funnel2 #cj c4c4 ( e!r-*lor(orm 7#a-a7 are n[ add$1 & ! sep>ator %ak54 ,aft] sep>ation ! heavi] e!r-*lor(orm is all[$ to run (f1 ano!r lot ( #cj c4c4 ( e!r-*lor(orm is add$1 ! sep>ator %ak51 & imm$iately en\gh ammonia-wat] add$ to r5d] ! mixture alkal9e1 & ! :ole vigor\sly agitat$ = sev]al m9utes4 ,aft] sep>ation is complete1 ! e!r-*lor(orm lay] is run out into a clean #ej c4c4 glass-/opp]$ burette4 ,! alkal9e wat] solution is agitat$ ) #bj c4c4 m ( ! e!r-*lor(orm1 sep>at$1 & ?is extract add$ to t 9 ! burette4 ,! burette is n[ support$ ov] a small weigh$ glass di%1 :i* is kept w>m on a wat]-ba?1 & ! liquid all[$ to evaporate g5tly1 drop by drop1 until a suffici5t quantity ( ! pure alkaloid has collect$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! di% to r5d] an accurate weigh+ possible1 or else all ( ! alkaloid may be collect$ & weigh$ at once4 ,aft] all possible te/s h be5 made ^u ! weigh$ alkaloid1 ! rema9d] is re-dissolv$ 9 a drop or two ( acetic acid1 a little wat] add$1 & ! di% expos$ "u a bell-glass to ! fumes ( ammonia4 ,aft] /&+ "s "t all ! /ry*n9e is f\nd cry/allis$ out 9 ! beautiful *>act]i/ic ne$le-=m$ cry/als4 ,! "m-liquor is drawn (f ) a small f9e-po9t$ tube & rubb] bulb1 ! cry/als c>efully wa%$ ) a little wat] & dri$ ov] sulphuric acid4 ,! glass di% conta9+ ^! cry/als is kept z ! f9al exhibit1 & is %[n 9 evid5ce4 ,ano!r conv5i5t exhibit may be prep>$ by moi/5+ a small filt]-pap] ) a solution ( ! alkaloid 9 dilute acetic acid1 !n moi/5+ ) a solution ( potassium di*romate3 ?is pap]1 on be+ dri$1 may be kept indef9itely4 ,on moi/5+ x1 & t\*+ x at any "t ) a drop ( /rong sulphuric acid1 a violet film1 *ang+ to *]ry-r$1 is =m$ at ! place ( contact40 ,%\ld se>* be made = m9ute portions ( /ry*n9e 9 ! tissues1 consid]+ ! small am\nt ( ! poison :i* may produce dea?1 x is absolutely necess>y to op]ate on a v l>ge quantity ( mat]ial4 ,x w\ld be advisable to take ! :ole ( ! liv]1 ! bra91 sp9al cord1 sple51 /oma*1 duod5um1 kidneys1 all ! blood t c be obta9$1 & a consid]able quantity ( muscul> tissue1 s z to make 9 all ab\t "o-eigh? to "o-t5? ( ! :ole body2 ?is may be cut up into small pieces1 & boil$ 9 capaci\s flasks ) alcohol1 acidifi$ ) acetic acid4 ,evaporation mu/ be controll$ by adapt+ to ! cork an upright cond5s]4 ,%\ld ! analy/ n h app>atus ( a size to und]take ?is at "o op]ation1 x may be done 9 sep>ate portions--! filtrate f any s+le op]ation be+ collect$ 9 a flask1 & ! _s di/ill$ (f 9 ord] to be us$ = ! next4 ,9 ?is way1 a l>ge quantity ( ! organs & tissues c be exhau/$ by half a gallon ( alcohol4 ,f9ally1 mo/ ( ! alcohol is di/ill$ (f1 & ! rema9d] evaporat$ at a g5tle heat 9 a capaci\s di%1 ! f9al extract be+ treat$1 evaporat+ to a syrup1 & us+ ,cu%man's process 7ante1 p4 #ccd7 z j describ$4 ,x is only by work+ on ?is l>ge scale t !re is any probability ( detect+ absorb$ /ry*n9e 9 ^? cases :]e only "o or two gra9s h de/roy$ life1 & ev5 !n x is possible to miss ! poison4 ,/ry*n9e is sep>at$ by ! kidneys rapidly4 ,9 a suicidal case record$ by ,s*au5/e91#ddb dea? took place 9 an h\r & a half aft] tak+ /ry*n9e1 yet f #bjj c4c4 ( ! ur9e1 ,s*au5/e9 0 able to sep>ate nitrate ( /ry*n9e 9 well-=m$ cry/als4 ,dr4 ,kratt]#ddc has made "s special rese>*es on ! times )9 :i* /ry*n9e is excret$ by ! kidneys4 ,9 two pati5ts1 :o 7 be+ treat$ by subcutane\s injection1 half an h\r aft] ! injection ( #ge mgrms4 ( /ry*n9e nitrate ! alkaloid 0 recognis$ 9 ! ur9e4 ,! /ry*n9e treatm5t 0 cont9u$ = eight to t5 days1 & !n /opp$2 two days aft] ! cessation1 /ry*n9e 0 f\nd 9 ! ur9e1 b none on ! ?ird day1 & ! inf]5ce drawn is t ! elim9ation 0 complete )9 =ty-eight h\rs4 #ddb ,mas*ka's ,h&bu*1 ,b& #b1 p4 #fbj4 #ddc ,ibid4 ,/ry*n9e has be5 detect$ 9 ! blood ( dogs & cats 9 rese>*es specially und]tak5 = t purpose1 b sometimes a negative result has be5 obta9$1 )\t app>5t cause4 ,drag5dorff#ddd gave dogs ! l>ge/ possible dose ( /ry*n9e daily4 ,on ! fir/ few days no /ry*n9e 0 f\nd 9 ! ur9e1 b lat] x 0 detect$1 especially if food 0 )held4 ,m',adam 0 ! fir/ :o detect$ ! absorb$ poison1 recognis+ x 9 ! muscles & ur9e ( a poison$ horse1 & also 9 ! ur9e ( a h\nd4 ,drag5dorff has f\nd x 9 traces 9 ! kidneys1 sple51 & pancreas2 ,gay1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 & 9 ! saliva4 ,s f> z ! evid5ce goes1 ! liv] is ! be/ organ to exam9e = /ry*n9e2 b all p>ts suppli$ ) blood1 & mo/ secretions1 may conta9 small quantities ( ! alkaloid4 ,at "o "t x 0 believ$ t /ry*n9e might be de/roy$ by putrefaction1 b ! "q ( ! decomposition ( ! poison 9 putrid bodies may be said to be settl$4 ,s f> z all evid5ce goes1 /ry*n9e is an extremely /able sub/ance1 & no am\nt ( putresc5ce w de/roy x4 ,m',adam f\nd x 9 a horse a mon? aft] dea?1 & 9 a duck eight weeks aft]2 ,nunneley 9 #ae animals =ty-?ree days aft] dea?1 :5 ! bodies 7 mu* decompos$2 ,rog] 9 a body aft] five weeks' int]m5t2 ,ri*t] 9 putrid tissues expos$ = elev5 ye>s to decomposition 9 op5 vessels2 &1 la/ly1 ,w4 ,a4 ,noyes#dde 9 an exhum$ body aft] x _h be5 buri$ #cjh days4 #ddd ,9 an animal rapidly kill$ by a subcutane\s injection ( acetate ( /ry*n9e1 no /ry*n9e 0 detect$ ei!r 9 ! blood or liv]4--,drag5dorff4 #dde ,j\rn4 ,am]ic4 ,*em4 ,soc41 xvi4 #b4 ,x w\ld appe> f ,ibs5's#ddf exp]im5ts t /ry*n9e gets dissolv$ 9 ! fluids ( ! dead body--s t :e!r /ry*n9e rema9s or n1 greatly dep5ds z to :e!r ! fluids are reta9$ or are all[$ to soak away2 x is1 !re=e1 mo/ important 9 exhumations to save z mu* ( ! fluid z possible4 #ddf ,vi]tel4 f4 g]i*t4 ,m$41 ,bd4 viii4 #cih4 ,id5tification ( ! ,alkaloid4--,a residue conta9+ /ry*n9e1 or /ry*n9e mix$ ) bruc9e1 is id5tifi$-- 7#a47 ,by its alkal9e reaction & its bitt] ta/e4 ,no sub/ance c possibly be /ry*n9e unless x ta/es rem>kably bitt]4 7#b47 ,by ! extremely insoluble *romate ( /ry*n9e1 already describ$4#ddg ,a fluid conta9+ #a 3 #ajjj ( /ry*n9e gives ) *romate ( pota% 7if all[$ to /& ov]-night7 a m>k$ precipitate1 dissimil> to all o!rs1 except ^? ( lead & b>yta *romates1 nei!r ( :i* c possibly occur if any ( ! processes describ$ are foll[$4 #ddg #a grm4 ( /ry*n9e gave #abhj grms4 ( ! *romate1 #gha p] c5t4 ( /ry*n9e2 #c gave #chaa ( ! *romate1 #ghgg p] c5t4 ( /ry*n9e4--,mohr4 7#c47 ,if ! *romate j describ$ is treat$ on a porcela9 plate ) a drop ( pure /rong sulphuric acid1 a deep ri* blue col\r1 pass+ ?r\gh purple into r$1 rapidly makes its appe>ance4 ,?is col\r possesses an absorption spectrum 7figur$ at p4 #ee74 ,dr4 ,guy1 neglect+ int]m$iate col\rs1 aptly comp>es ! succession--7#a7 to ! ri* blue ( ! ,orleans plum2 7#b7 to ! d>k] purple ( ! mulb]ry2 & 7#c7 to ! bright cle> r$ ( ! sweet orange4 ,^! *>act]s--viz41 alkal9ity1 bitt]ness1 & ! prop]ty ( precipitation by potassic *romate 9 a def9ite cry/all9e =m1 ! cry/als giv+ ! col\rs detail$--belong to no o!r sub/ance kn[n save /ry*n9e1 & = all purposes suffici5tly id5tify ! alkaloid4 ,! same col\r is obta9$ by mix+ a drop ( sulphuric acid ) /ry*n9e & a cry/al1 or speck1 ( any "o ( ! foll[+ sub/ances3--,f]ridcyanide ( pota%1 p]manganate ( pota%1 p]oxide ( lead1 p]oxide ( manganese1 & c]\s hydroxide4 ,potassic p]manganate & sulphuric acid is ! mo/ delicate1 & w detect #jjja mgrm4 ( /ry*n9e2 c]\s hydroxide is1 on ! o!r h&1 mo/ conv5i5t1 = c]\s hydroxide is :ite2 all ! o!rs h col\rs ( _! own4 ,c]\s hydroxide is prep>$ /ry*n9e2 #c gave #chaa ( ! *romate1 #ghgg p] c5t4 ( /ry*n9e4--,mohr4 by dissolv+ c]ium oxalate 9 dilute sulphuric acid & precipitat+ ) ammonia1 filt]+ & well wa%+ ! precipitate2 & ! latt] may be us$ :ile moi/1 & responds well to #a_/ajj mgrm4 ( /ry*n9e4 ,! influ5ce ( mixtures on ! col\r reactions ( /ry*n9e h be5 /udi$ by ,flckig]1 :o /ates3-- 8,no /ry*n9e reaction appe>s ) sulphuric acid conta9+ *romic acid 7made by dissolv+ #jjb grm4 ( pot4 bi*romate 9 #aj c4c4 ( wat]1 & !n add+ #cj grms4 /rong sulphuric acid7 :5 bruc9e & /ry*n9e mix$ 9 equal p>ts are submitt$ to ! te/2 x succe$s1 h[ev]1 9 ?is proportion ) sulphuric acid conta9+ potassium p]manganate 7#jb grm4 pot4 p]manganate 9 #aj c4c4 ( wat]1 & #cj grms4 ( /rong sulphuric acid74 8,if ! bruc9e is only "o-t5? ( ! mixture1 ! blue-violet col\r is obta9$4 ,a l>ge excess ( atrop9e does n prev5t or obscure ! /ry*n9e reaction4 ,a solution ( #a milligrm4 atrop9e sulphate evaporat$ to dryness1 toge!r ) #e c4c4 ( a solution ( /ry*n9e 7#a 3 #ajj1jjj7 has no influ5ce on ! reaction1 nei!r 9 ! proportion ( #a mgrm4 to #a c4c4 ( ! same solution2 nei!r has c9*on9e nor qu99e any effect4 8,morph9e obscures ! reaction 9 ! foll[+ proportions3-- 8,a solution ( #jja mgrm4 /ry*n9e evaporat$ ) a solution ( #a mgrm4 ( morph9e sulphate on a wat]-ba?1 yields a blurr$ /ry*n9e reaction :5 ! residue is dissolv$ 9 sulphuric acid1 & a cry/al ( potassic p]manganate add$4 ,b /ill !re is evid5ce :]eby to suspect ! pres5ce ( /ry*n9e4 8,a solution ( #b mgrms4 ( morph9e sulphate treat$ 9 l mann] ) #jja mgrm4 ( /ry*n9e yields l results4 8,a solution ( #c mgrms4 ( morph9e sulphate evaporat$ to dryness1 ) a solution ( #jja mgrm4 /ry*n9e yield$ results ) ! potassic p]manganate te/ ! same z if no /ry*n9e 0 pres5t4 8,a solution ( #a mgrm4 ( morph9e sulphate1 treat$ z above1 ) a solution ( #ja mgrm4 /ry*n9e1 (f]$ positive pro( ( ! pres5ce ( ! latt]40#ddh #ddh ,flckig]'s ,reactions1 translat$ by ,nagelvoort1 ,detroit1 #ahic4 ,drag5dorff 0 able to r5d] evid5t #jbe mgrm4 mix$ ) tw5ty times its weight ( qu94 sulphate2 ! same obs]v] likewise recognis$ #jd mgrm4 ( /ry*n9e 9 ?irty-?ree times its weight ( caffe9e4 ,v]atr9e is likewise n injuri\s4 ,! physiological te/ consi/s 9 adm9i/]+ ! sub/ance to "s small animal 7pref]ably to a frog71 & induc+ ! ord9>y tetanic symptoms4 ,x may be at once obs]v$ t if def9ite *emical evid5ce ( /ry*n9e has be5 obta9$1 ! physiological te/ is q unnecess>y2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 %\ld ! application ( a liquid or sub/ance to a frog induce tetanus1 :ile *emical evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( /ry*n9e 0 want+1 x w\ld be haz>d\s to ass]t t /ry*n9e 0 pres5t1 see+ t caffe9e1 c>bolic acid1 picrotox91 c]ta9 ( ! opium alkaloids1 hypaphor9e1 "s ( ! ptoma9es1 & _m o!r sub/ances induce simil> symptoms4 ,! be/ me?od 7if ! te/ is us$ at all7 is to take two frogs1#ddi & ins]t "u ! sk9 ( ! "o ! ne$le ( a subcutane\s syr+e1 previ\sly *>g$ ) a solution ( ! sub/ance1 inject+ a mod]ate quantity4 ,! o!r frog is treat$ simil>ly ) a v dilute solution ( /ry*n9e1 & ! two are !n plac$ "u small glass %ades1 & ! symptoms obs]v$ & comp>$4 ,x is n absolutely necess>y to inject ! solution "u ! sk91 = if appli$ to ! surface ! same effects are produc$2 b1 if accu/om$ to manipulation1 ! op]ator w f9d ! subcutane\s application m c]ta91 especially 9 deal+ ) m9ute quantities ( ! alkaloid4#dej #ddi ,a v practical disadvantage ( ! physiological te/ is ! great difficulty ( obta9+ frogs exactly :5 want$4 #dej ,me?yl /ry*n9e1 z well z me?yl bruc9e1 has be5 %[n by ,br[n & ,fras] to h an effect exactly ! opposite to t ( /ry*n9e1 p>alys+ ! muscles l cur>e4 ,9 ! case1 !re=e1 ( ! me?yl comp\nds1 a physiological te/ w\ld be v valuable1 s9ce ^! comp\nds d n respond to ! ord9>y te/s4 #cii4 ,hypaphor9e4--,"o sub/ance is kn[n :i* nei!r physiological te/ nor ! col\r reactions suffice to di/+ui% f /ry*n9e1 viz41 hypaphor9e1#dea ! active matt] ( a papilionace\s tree gr[+ 9 ,java--! ,hypaphorus subumbrans2 a small quantity ( ! alkaloid is 9 ! b>k1 a l>g] quantity is 9 ! se$4 #dea ,dr4 ,c4 ,plugge1 ,ar*4 f4 exp4 ,pa?4 u4 ,ph41 ,bd4 xxxii4 #cac4 ,hypaphor9e =ms col\rless cry/als :i* br[n1 )\t melt+1 above #bbj1 & exhale a vap\r smell+ l nap??ylam9e4 ,! free alkaloid is soluble 9 wat]1 b has no action on litmus4 ,! salts are less soluble ?an ! free alkaloid1 s t acids1 su* z nitric or hydro*loric1 produce 9 a %ort "t precipitates on /&+4 ,solutions ( ! salts are n precipitat$ by alkalies2 *lor(orm1 e!r1 b5z5e1 all fail to extract x f ei!r alkal9e or acid solutions4 ,x gives no precipitate ) potassic *romate1 b mo/ g5]al alkaloidal reag5ts precipitate4 ,x gives a precipitate ) iod9e tri*loride1 & has !re=e probably a pyrid9e nucleus1 x may be an acid anilide4#deb ,x gives ! same col\rs z /ry*n9e ) sulphuric acid & potassic p]manganate or potassic *romate2 x causes 9 frogs tetanus1 b ! dose has to be mu* l>g] ?an t ( /ry*n9e4 ,! duration ( life 9 doses ( #ae mgrms4 may ext5d to five days1 & frogs may ev5 recov] aft] #ej mgrms4 #deb ,julius ,tafel 7,b]41 #ahij1 #dab7 has %[n t ! col\r reactions ) ,h,,s & oxidis+ ag5ts are ! *>act]i/ic te/s ( an acid anilide4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 /ry*n9e & hypaphor9e is !re=e easy2 besides x w n occur 9 a *lor(orm extract1 & x w n give a precipitate ) potassic *romate4 #djj4 ,quantitative ,e/imation ( ,/ry*n9e4--,! be/ process ( e/imat+ ! proportion ( ea* alkaloid 9 a mixture ( /ry*n9e & bruc9e1 is to precipitate !m z picrates1 & to de/roy ! bruc9e picrate by nitric acid aft] obta9+ ! comb9$ weight ( ! mix$ picrates2 !n to weigh ! unde/roy$ /ry*n9e picrate4 ,to c>ry out ! process1 ! solution ( ! mix$ alkaloids mu/ be z neutral z possible4 ,a saturat$ solution ( picric acid is add$ drop by drop to complete precipitation4 ,a filt] pap] is dri$ & weigh$1 & ! precipitate collect$ on to ?is filt] pap]2 ! precipitate is wa%$ ) cold wat]1 dri$ at #aje1 & weigh$4 ,?is weight gives ! comb9$ weight ( bo? /ry*n9e & bruc9e picrates4 ,! precipitate is n[ deta*$ f ! filt]1 wa%$ into a small flask1 & heat$ on ! wat]-ba? = "s "t ) nitric acid dilut$ to #ajef gravity 7ab\t #aa p] c5t4 ,,hno74 ,?is process de/roys ! bruc9e picrate1 b leaves ! /ry*n9e picrate unt\*$4 ,! acid liquid is n[ neutralis$ ) ammonia or soda1 & a trace ( acetic acid add$2 ! precipitate ( /ry*n9e picrate is n[ collect$ & weigh$4 ,! weight ( ?is subtract$ f ! fir/ weight1 ( c\rse1 gives t ( ! bruc9e picrate4 ,"o "p ( /ry*n9e picrate is equal to #jeicb /ry*n9e2 & "o "p ( bruc9e picrate is equal to #jfcbd bruc9e4 ,f ! /ry*n9e picrate ! picric acid may be recov]$ & weigh$ by dissolv+ ! picrate 9 a m9]al acid & %ak+ out ) e!r2 f ! acid liquid ?us depriv$ ( picric acid ! alkaloid may be sep>at$ by alkalis+ ) ammonia & %ak+ out ) *lor(orm4 #dja4 ,bruc9e 7,c,h,n,o #d;,h,o7#dec occurs associat$ ) /ry*n9e 9 ! plants already m5tion$2 its be/ s\rce is ! s-call$ false angu/ura b>k1 :i* conta9s b little /ry*n9e4 ,its action is simil> to t ( /ry*n9e4 ,if cry/allis$ out ( dilute alcohol x conta9s #d atoms ( wat]1 easily expell$ ei!r 9 a vacuum ov] sulphuric acid or by heat4 ,cry/allis$ ?us1 x =ms transp>5t f\r-sid$ prisms1 or arboresc5t =ms1 l boric acid4 ,if ?r[n d[n by ammonia f a solution ( ! acetate1 x pres5ts itself 9 ne$les or 9 tufts4 #dec ,sonn5s*e9 has ass]t$ t bruc9e may be *ang$ into /ry*n9e by ! action ( ,,no4 ,?is /atem5t has be5 inve/igat$ by ,a4 ,j4 ,c[nley1 b n confirm$4--,ph>m4 ,j\rn4 7#c71 vi4 p4 #hda4 ,! rec5tly-cry/allis$ alkaloid has a solubility diff]5t f t :i* has effloresc$1 ! =m] dissolv+ 9 #cbj p>ts ( cold1 & #aej p>ts ( boil+ wat]2 :il/ ! latt] 7accord+ to ,pelleti] & ,cav5t\7 requires #ejj ( boil+1 & #hej p>ts ( cold wat] = solution4 ,bruc9e is easily soluble 9 absolute1 z well z 9 ord9>y alcohol2 #a "p dissolves 9 #ag ( *lor(orm1 9 #fjb ( b5z5e4 ,petroleum e!r1 ! volatile & fatty oils & glyc]9e1 dissolve ! alkaloid slightly1 amyl alcohol freely2 x is insoluble 9 anhydr\s e!r4 ,! behavi\r ( bruc9e 9 ! sublim+ cell is describ$ at p4 #bfj4 ,anhydr\s bruc9e melts 9 a tube at #agh4 ,! alcoholic solution ( bruc9e turns ! plane ( pol>isation to ! left r -#aabg4 ,! ta/e is bitt] & acrid4 ,s\beiran ma9ta9s t x c be recognis$ if #a "p is dissolv$ 9 #ejj1jjj p>ts ( wat]4 ,if nitric trioxide be pass$ into an alcoholic solution ( bruc9e1 fir/ bruc9e nitrate is =m$2 b ?is passes aga9 into solution1 f :i*1 aft] a "t1 a heavy1 granul>1 blood-r$ precipitate sep>ates3 x consi/s ( d9itro-bruc9e 7,c,h7,,no7,n,o74 ,bruc9e fully neutralises acids1 & =ms salts1 :i* are = ! mo/ "p cry/all9e4 ,! neutral sulphate 7,c,h,n,o,,%,o #c;,h,o7 is 9 long ne$les1 easily soluble 9 wat]4 ,! acetate is n cry/all9e1 t ( /ry*n9e is s 7p4 #cba74 ,bruc9e is precipitat$ by ammonia1 by ! cau/ic & c>bonat$ alkalies1 & by mo/ ( ! gr\p reag5ts4 ,ammonia does n precipitate bruc9e1 if 9 excess2 on ! o!r h&1 /ry*n9e comes d[n if excess ( ammonia is add$ imm$iately4 ,?is has be5 propos$ z a me?od ( sep>ation2 if ! two alkaloids are pres5t 9 acid solution1 ammonia 9 excess is add$1 & ! solution is imm$iately filt]$2 ! quantitative results are1 h[ev]1 n good1 ! /ry*n9e precipitate be+ inv>iably contam9at$ by bruc9e4 ,*romate & di*romate ( potassium give no precipitate ) neutral salts ( bruc9e2 on ! o!r h&1 /ry*n9e *romate is at once =m$ if pres5t4 ,x might1 !re=e1 be us$ to sep>ate /ry*n9e f bruc9e4 ,! au?or has attempt$ ?is me?od1 b ! results 7 n satisfactory4 #djb4 ,physiological ,action4--,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! action ( /ry*n9e & t ( bruc9e on man or animals is n great4 ,mays /ates t /ry*n9e affects m ! ant]ior1 bruc9e ! po/]ior extremities4 ,9 /ry*n9e poison+1 convulsions occur e>ly1 & inv>iably take place be=e dea?2 b dea? may occur f bruc9e )\t any convulsions1 & 9 any case !y develop late4 ,bruc9e dim9i%es local s5sibility :5 appli$ to ! sk92 /ry*n9e does n4#ded ,9 a physiological s5se1 bruc9e may be consid]$ a dilut$ /ry*n9e4 ,! le?ality ( bruc9e1 especially z comp>$ ) /ry*n9e1 has be5 inve/igat$ by ,f4 ,a4 ,falck4#dee ,he exp]im5t$ on #aa rabbits1 inject+ subcutane\sly bruc9e nitrate1 9 doses ( v>y+ magnitude1 f #ajj mgrms4 d[n to #bj mgrms4 p] kilogram ( body-weight4 ,he f\nd t bruc9e pres5t$ ?ree /ages ( symptoms4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! respiration is quick5$2 9 #c ( ! #aa cases a /range injection ( ! e> 0 notic$2 dur+ ?is p]iod ! pupils may be dilat$4 ,9 ! second /age1 !re are tetanic convulsions1 trismus1 opi/hotonus1 oppress$ respiration1 & dilat$ pupils4 ,9 ! ?ird /age1 ! animal is moribund4 ,falck puts ! m9imum le?al dose = rabbits at #bc mgrms4 p] kilo4 ,/ry*n9e kills #cjf times m quickly ?an bruc9e1 ! int5sity ( ! action ( /ry*n9e relative to t ( bruc9e be+ z #a 3 #aagd4 ,falck has also comp>$ ! m9imum le?al dose ( /ry*n9e & bruc9e ) ! tetanis+ opium alkaloids1 z %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3-- #ded ,j\rn4 ,physiol41 viii4 #cia-djc4 #dee ,bruc9 u4 ,/ry*n92 e9e toxikologis*e ,p>allele1 von ,dr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,falck4 ,vi]teljahrss*r4 f4 g]i*tl4 ,m$41 ,b& xxiii4 p4 #gh4 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,le?al ,,doses ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,tetanis+ ,,poisons4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,m9imum ,le?al ,dose = e ,proportional ,kilogram ,weight ,/r5g?4 ( ,rabbit4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,mgrms4 ,/ry*n9e nitrate1 #jf 444 ,!ba9e nitrate1 #add #bdj ,bruc9e nitrate1 #bcj #chcc ,l&an9e nitrate1 #bif #dicc ,code9e nitrate1 #eab #hecc ,hydrocot>n9e nitrate1 #bjch #cciff ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,if ^! views are correct1 x foll[s t ! lea/ fatal dose = an adult man w\ld be #afd grm4 7ab\t #bdf gra9s7 ( bruc9e nitrate4 ,illu/ration3 ,bruc9e ,cry/als4 7,f a ,photograph47 #djc4 ,te/s4--,if to a solution ( bruc9e 9 /rong alcohol a little me?yl iodide is add$1 at ! end ( a few m9utes circul> rosettes ( cry/al gr\ps appe> 7see fig473 !y are compos$ ( me?yl bruc9e iodide 7,c,h7,,*7,n,o,,hi74 ,cry/als id5tical 9 %ape are also obta9$ if an alcoholic solution ( iod9e1 or hydriodic acid ) iod9e1 is add$ to an alcoholic solution ( bruc9e4 ,a solution ( /ry*n9e gives ) me?yl iodide no simil> reaction4 ,/ry*n9e 9 alcoholic solution1 mix$ )1 bruc9e 9 no way int]f]es ) ! te/4 ,! me?yl iodide te/ may be confirm$ by ! action ( nitric acid4 ,) t reag5t x produces a sc>let col\r1 pass+ into blood-r$1 into yell[-r$1 & f9ally end+ 9 yell[4 ,?is c be made some?+ m ?an a m]e col\r te/1 = x is possible to obta9 a cry/all9e body f ! action ( nitric acid on bruc9e4 ,if a little ( ! latt] be put 9 a te/-tube1 & treat$ ) nitric acid ( #ad specific gravity 7imm]s+ ! te/-tube 9 cold wat] to mod]ate ! action71 ! r$ col\r is produc$4 ,on spectroscopic exam9ation ( ! blood-r$ liquid a broad1 well-m>k$ absorption b& is se51 ! c5tre ( :i* 7see page #ee7 is betwe5 ,e4 ,f4 ,w4 ,l4 ab\t #ejj4 ,!re is also a developm5t ( nitric oxide & c>bon dioxide1 & ! =mation ( me?yl nitrite1 oxalic acid1 & kakotel9 7,c,h,n,o #e,,nho ,c,h,n,o ,n7,,*7,o ,c,h,o #b,,no #b;,h,o74 ,on dilut+ abundantly ) wat]1 ! kakotel9 sep>ates 9 yell[ flocks1 & may be cry/allis$ out ( dilute hydro*loric or dilute nitric acid 9 ! =m ( yell[ or orange-r$ cry/als1 v insoluble 9 wat]1 b dissolv+ readily 9 dilute acid4 ,on removal by dilution ( ! product j nam$1 neutralisation ) ammonia1 & addition ( a solution ( *loride ( calcium1 ! oxalate ( lime is ?r[n d[n4 ,! nitric acid te/ is1 !re=e1 a comb9$ te/1 consi/+ (--! production by ! action ( nitric acid 7#a7 ( a r$ col\r2 7#b7 ( yell[ scales or cry/als insoluble 9 wat]2 7#c7 ( oxalic acid4 ,no alkaloid save bruc9e is kn[n to give ?is reaction4 ,!re are o!r me?ods ( produc+ ! col\r te/4 ,if a few drops ( nitric acid are mix$ ) ! sub/ance 9 a te/-tube1 & !n sulphuric acid cauti\sly add$1 s z to =m a lay] at ! bottom1 at ! junction ( ! liquids a r$ zone1 pass+ into yell[1 is se54 ,a solution ( bruc9e is also col\r$ r$ by *lor9e gas1 ammonia *ang+ ! col\r into yell[4 ,flckig]#def has propos$ z a te/ m]cur\s nitrate1 9 aque\s solution ) a little free nitric acid4 ,on add+ ?is reag5t to a solution ( bruc9e salt1 & g5tly w>m+1 a f9e c>m9e col\r is develop$4 #def ,ar*iv f4 ,ph>m4 7#c71 vi4 #djd4 ,9 reg>d to ! sep>ation ( bruc9e f organic fluids or tissues1 ! process already detail$ = /ry*n9e suffices4 ,x is ( v great importance to asc]ta9 :e!r bo? /ry*n9e & bruc9e are pres5t or n--! pres5ce ( bo? po9t+ to nux vomica or "o ( its prep>ations4 ,! pres5ce ( bruc9e may1 ( c\rse1 be ow+ to impure /ry*n9e2 b if f\nd 9 ! tissues1 t solution ( ! "q is improbable1 ! comm]cial /ry*n9e ( ! pres5t day be+ usually pure1 or at ! mo/ conta9+ s small a quantity ( bruc9e z w\ld h>dly be sep>at$ f ! tissues4 #djd4 ,igasur9e is an alkaloid z yet b little /udi$2 x appe>s t x c be obta9$ f ! boil+-hot wat]y extract ( nux vomica se$s1 ?r\gh precipitat+ ! /ry*n9e & bruc9e by lime1 & evaporation ( ! filtrate4 ,accord+ to ,desnoix1#deg x =ms :ite cry/als conta9+ #aj p] c5t4 ( wat] ( cry/allisation4 #deg ,j\rn4 ,ph>m4 7#c71 xxv4 #bjb4 ,x is said to be poison\s1 its action be+ simil> to t ( /ry*n9e & bruc9e1 & 9 activity /&+ midway betwe5 ! two4 #dje4 ,/ry*nic ,acid4--,pelleti] & ,cav5t\ obta9$ by boil+ ) _s small1 h>d1 w>ty cry/als ( an organic acid1 f ,s4 ignatius1 z well z f nux vomica se$s4 ,! se$s 7 fir/ exhau/$ by e!r1 ! alcohol solution 0 filt]$ & evaporat$1 & ! extract treat$ ) wat] & magnesia1 filt]$1 & ! residue fir/ wa%$ ) cold wat]1 !n ) hot _s1 & boil$ la/ly ) a consid]able quantity ( wat]4 ,! solution ?us obta9$ 0 precipitat$ ) acetate ( lead1 ! lead ?r[n out by ,,%1 & ! solution evaporat$1 ! acid cry/allis+ out4 ,x is a sub/ance z yet imp]fectly /udi$1 & probably id5tical ) malic acid4 #b4 ,,! ,,quebra*o ,,gr\p ,,( ,,alkaloids4 #djf4 ,! b>k ( ! ,quebra*o ,blanco#deh 7,aspidosp]ma quebra*o7 conta9s1 accord+ to ,hesse's rese>*es1 no few] ?an six alkaloids--,quebra*9e1 ,aspidosp]m9e1 ,aspidosp]mat9e1 ,aspidosam9e1 & ,hypoquebra*9e4 ,! m important ( ^! are ,aspidosp]m9e & ,quebra*9e4 #deh ,see ,liebig's ,annal41 #baa1 #bdi-bhb2 ,b]4 d] deuts*4 ,*em4 ,gesells*41 #aa1 #bahi2 #ab1 #aefj4 ,aspidosp]m9e 7,c,h,n,o7 =ms col\rless ne$les :i* melt at #bjf4 ,!y dissolve 9 ab\t #fjjj p>ts ( wat] at #ad--dh p>ts ( #ij p] c5t4 alcohol1 & #ajf p>ts ( pure e!r4 ,! alkaloid gives a f9e mag5ta col\r ) p]*loric acid4 ,quebra*9e 7,c,h,n,o7 cry/allises 9 col\rless ne$les1 melt+-po9t 7) p>tial decomposition7 #bae4 ,! cry/als are soluble 9 *lor(orm1 ) difficulty soluble 9 cold alcohol1 b easily 9 hot4 ,! alkaloid1 treat$ ) sulphuric acid1 & p]oxide ( lead1 /rikes a beautiful blue col\r4 ,x also gives ) sulphuric acid & potassic *romate ! /ry*n9e col\rs4 ,quebra*9e1 dissolv$ 9 sulphuric acid conta9+ iron1 becomes violet-blue1 pass+ into br[n4 ,! alkaloid1 treat$ ) /rong sulphuric acid1 becomes br[n2 on add+ a cry/al ( potassic nitrate1 a blue col\r is develop$2 on n[ neutralis+ ) cau/ic soda no r$ coloration is p]ceiv$4 ,drag5dorff has rec5tly /udi$ ! be/ me?od ( extract+ ^! alkaloids = toxicological purposes4 ,he recomm5ds extraction ( ! sub/ances ) sulphuric acid hold+ wat]1 & %ak+ up ) solv5ts4 ,aspidosp]m9e is n extract$ by petroleum e!r or b5z5e f an acid wat]y extract1 b readily by *lor(orm or by amyl alcohol4 ,x is also sep>at$ f ! same solution1 alkalis$ by ammonia1 by ei!r amyl alcohol or *lor(orm2 ) difficulty by petroleum e!r2 "s is dissolv$ by b5z5e4 ,quebra*9e may be extract$ f an acid solution by *lor(orm1 b n by petroleum e!r4 ,alkalis$ by ammonia1 x dissolves freely 9 *lor(orm & 9 amyl alcohol4 ,traces are tak5 up by petroleum1 some:at m by b5z5e4 ,aspidosp]m9e is gradually decompos$ 9 ! body1 b ,quebra*9e is m resi/ant1 & has be5 f\nd 9 ! /oma*1 inte/9es1 blood1 & ur9e4 ,! toxicological action ( ! b>k ranks x ) ! tetanic class ( poisons4 ,9 ?is c\ntry x does n seem likely to atta9 any importance z a poison4 #c4 ,,p]eir9e4 #djg4 ,p]eir9e--an alkaloid f p]eira b>k--gives a play ( col\rs ) sulphuric acid & potassic bi*romate simil> to b n id5tical ) t ( /ry*n9e4 ,frhde's reag5t /rikes ) x a blue col\r4 ,on dissolv+ p]eir9e 9 dilute sulphuric acid1 & precipitat+ by gold *loride1 ! precipitate is a beautiful r$1 :i*1 on /&+ & w>m+1 is deep5$4 ,p]eir9e may be extract$ f an acid solution1 aft] alkalis+ ) ammonia1 by e!r or b5z5e4 #d4 ,,gelsem9e4 #djh4 ,gelsem9e 7,c,h,n,o7 is an alkaloid#dei :i* has be5 sep>at$ f ,gelsemium semp]vir5s1 ! ,c>ol9a jessam9e1 a plant hav+ aff9ities ) sev]al natural ord]s1 & plac$ by ,de ,c&olle among ! ,loganiace1 by ,*apman among ! ,rubiace & by ,decaisne among ! ,apocynace4 ,x gr[s wild 9 ,virg9ia & ,florida4#dfj ,gelsem9e is a /rong base2 x is yell[i% :5 impure1 b a :ite amorph\s p[d] :5 pure4 ,x fuses bel[ #ajj into a transp>5t vitre\s mass1 at high] temp]atures x cond5ses on glass 9 m9ute drops2 its ta/e is extremely bitt]2 x is soluble 9 #be p>ts ( e!r1 9 *lor(orm1 bisulphide ( c>bon1 b5z5e1 & 9 turp5t9e2 x is n v soluble 9 alcohol1 & /ill less soluble 9 wat]1 b x freely dissolves 9 acidulat$ wat]4 ,! cau/ic alkalies precipitate x1 ! precipitate be+ insoluble 9 excess2 x is fir/ :ite1 b aft]w>ds brick-r$4 ,tann91 picric acid1 iodis$ potassic iodide1 plat9ic *loride1 potassio-m]curic iodide1 & m]curic *loride all give precipitates4 ,frhde's reag5t gives ) gelsem9e a br[n *ang+ to gre54 #dei ,dr4 ,t4 ,g4 ,wormley sep>at$1 9 #ahgj1 a non-nitrog5is$ rem>kably fluoresc5t body1 :i* he nam$ gelsemic acid 7,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,ph>m41 #ahgj71 b ,sonn5s*e9 & ,c4 ,robb9s aft]w>ds f\nd gelsemic acid to be id5tical ) scul9 7,b]4 d] deuts*4 ,*em4 ,ges41 #ahgf1 #aahb74 ,dr4 ,wormley has1 h[ev]1 conte/$ ?is1 /at+ t !re are diff]5ces4 7,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ,ph>m41 #ahhb1 p4 #ccg4 ,ye>book ( ,ph>macy1 #ahhb1 p4 #afi47 #dfj ,! foll[+ are its botanical *>act]s3--,calyx five-p>t$1 corolla funnel-%ap$1 five-lob$1 some:at oblique1 ! lobes almo/ equal1 ! po/]ior be+ inn]mo/ 9 bud2 /am5s five2 an!rs oblong sagittate1 /yle long & sl5d]2 /igmas two1 ea* two-p>t$1 ! divisions be+ l9e>2 fruit elliptical1 flatt5$ contr>y to ! n>r[ p>tition1 two-cell$1 septicidally two-valv$1 ! valves keel$2 se$s five to six 9 ea* cell1 l>ge1 flat1 & w+$2 embryo /raight 9 fle%y album52 ! ovate flat1 cotyl$ons mu* %ort] ?an ! sl5d] radicle2 /em smoo?1 tw9+ & %rubby2 leaves opposite1 entire1 ovate1 or lanceolate1 %9+ on %ort petioles1 ne>ly p]si/5t2 fl[]s l>ge1 %[y1 v fragrant1 yell[1 "o to five 9 ! axil ( ! leaves4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves gelsem9e ) a r$di% or br[ni% col\r2 aft] a "t x assumes a p9ki% hue1 & if w>m$ on ! wat]-ba?1 a m or less purple col\r2 if a small cry/al ( potassic bi*romate be sl[ly /irr$ 9 ! sulphuric acid solution1 r$di% purple /reaks are produc$ along ! pa? ( ! cry/al2 c]ic oxide exhibits ?is bett] & m promptly1 s small a quantity z #jja gra9 %[+ ! reaction4 ,?is reaction is some?+ l t ( /ry*n9e1 b nitric acid causes gelsem9e to assume a br[ni%-gre51 quickly *ang+ to a deep gre5--a reaction :i* readily di/+ui%es gelsem9e f /ry*n9e & o!r alkaloids4 #dji4 ,fatal ,dose4--#aj mgrms4 kill$ a frog )9 f\r h\rs1 & #h mgrms4 a cat )9 fifte5 m9utes4 ,a heal?y woman took an am\nt ( conc5trat$ t9cture1 :i* 0 equival5t to #aa mgrms4 7 gra971 & di$ 9 sev5 & a half h\rs4 #daj4 ,effects on ,animals--,physiological ,action4--,gelsem9e acts p[]fully on ! respiration2 = example1 ,drs4 ,sydney ,r+] & ,murrell#dfa f\nd1 on op]at+ on ! frog1 t 9 two m9utes ! brea?+ _h become di/9ctly sl[]2 9 ?ree & a half m9utes1 x _h be5 r$uc$ by "o-?ird2 & 9 six m9utes1 by "o-half2 at ! expiration ( a qu>t] ( an h\r1 x 0 only "o-?ird ( its orig9al frequ5cy2 & 9 tw5ty m9utes1 x 0 s %all[ & irregul> t x c\ld no long] be c\nt$ ) accuracy4 ,9 all _! exp]im5ts !y f\nd t ! respiratory function 0 aboli%$ be=e reflex & volunt>y motion _h become ext9ct4 ,9 sev]al in/ances ! animals c\ld )draw _! legs :5 _! toes 7 p9*$1 days aft] ! mo/ c>eful obs]vations _h fail$ to detect ! exi/5ce ( any respiratory movem5t4 ,! he>t 0 se5 beat+ ?r\gh ! *e/ wall long aft] ! complete abolition ( respiration4 #dfa ,lancet1 vol4 i41 #ahgf1 p4 #dae4 ,9 _! exp]im5ts on w>m-blood$ animals 7cats71 !y notic$ t 9 a few m9utes ! respirations 7 sl[$ d[n to #ab & ev5 to #h1 & !re 0 loss ( p[] ( ! po/]ior extremities1 :ile at %ort int]vals ! upp] half ( ! body 0 convuls$4 ,9 ab\t half an h\r p>alysis ( ! h9d limbs 0 almo/ complete1 & ! respiratory movem5ts s %all[ t !y c\ld n be c\nt$4 ,9 ! case ( a dog1 aft] all respiration _h ceas$ tra*eotomy 0 p]=m$1 & air pump$ 93 ! animal recov]$4 ,r+] & ,murrell consid] t gelsem9e produces no prim>y quick5+ ( ! respiration1 t x has no direct action on ei!r ! diaphragm or int]co/al muscles1 t x p>alyses nei!r ! phr5ic nor ! int]co/al n]ves1 & t x dim9i%es ! rate ( respiration aft] bo? vagi h be5 divid$4 ,!y d n consid] t gelsem9e acts on ! cord ?r\gh ,sets*5['s inhibitory c5tre1 b t x de/roys reflex p[] by its direct action on ! cord1 & t probably x has no influ5ce on ! motor n]ves4 ,dr4 ,burdon ,s&]son has also inve/igat$ ! action ( gelsem9e on ! respiration1 m especially 9 relation to ! movem5ts ( ! diaphragm4 ,he op]at$ ^u rabbits2 ! animal be+ n>cotis$ by *loral1 a small spatula1 %ap$ l a teaspoon1 0 introduc$ into ! p]itoneal cavity ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! l9ea alba1 & pass$ upw>ds 9 front ( ! liv] until its convex surface re/$ aga9/ ! "u side ( ! c5trum t5d9eum4 ,! /em ( ! spatula 0 br\ght into connection ) a lev]1 by means ( :i* its to-&-fro movem5ts 7& consequ5tly t ( ! diaphragm7 7 inscrib$4 ,! fir/ effect is to augm5t ! dep? b n ! frequ5cy ( ! respiratory movem5ts2 ! next is to dim9i% ! action ( ! diaphragm bo? 9 ext5t & frequ5cy4 ,?is happ5s 9 accordance ) ! g5]al pr9ciple applicable to mo/ cases ( toxic action--viz41 t p>esis ( a c5tral organ is prec$$ by ov]-action4 ,! dim9ution ( movem5t ^u ! :ole is progressive1 b ?is progression is int]rupt$1 because ! blood is becom+ m & m v5\s1 &1 !re=e1 ! ph5om5a ( asphyxia are mix$ up ) ! toxical effects4 ,dr4 ,s&]son concludes t ! drug acts by p>alys+ ! automatic respiratory c5tre2 ! process ( ext9ction1 :i* might be o!rwise expect$ to be gradual & progressive1 is prev5t$ f be+ s by ! int]v5tion ( di/urbances ( :i* ! explanation is to be f\nd 9 ! imp]fect art]ialisation ( ! circulat+ blood4 ,r+] & ,murrell h also exp]im5t$ ^u ! action ( gelsem9e on ! frog's he>t4 ,9 all cases x decreas$ ! numb] ( beats2 a small fatal dose produc$ a :ite contract$ he>t1 a l>ge fatal dose1 a d>k dilat$ he>t2 9 ei!r case arre/ ( ! circulation ( c\rse foll[$4 #daa4 ,effects on ,man4--,! prep>ations us$ 9 m$ic9e are ! fluid extract & ! t9cture ( gelsem9e2 ! latt] appe>s to conta9 ! res9 ( ! root z well z ! active pr9ciple4 ,!re are sev]al cases on record ( gelsem9e1 or ! plant itself1 hav+ be5 tak5 ) fatal effect4#dfb ,besides a m>k$ effect on ! respiration1 !re is an effect ^u ! eye1 bett] se5 9 man ?an 9 ! l[] animals2 ! motor n]ves ( ! eye are attack$ fir/1 objects _c be fix$1 app>5tly dodg+ _! position1 ! eyelids become p>alys$1 droop1 & _c be rais$ by an ef=t ( ! w2 ! pupils are l>gely dilat$1 & at ! same "t a feel+ ( lightness has be5 compla9$ ( 9 ! tongue2 x asc5ds gradually to ! ro( ( ! m\?1 & ! pronunciation is slurr$4 ,!re is "s p>esis ( ! extremities1 & !y refuse to support ! body2 ! respiration becomes lab\r$1 & ! pulse rises 9 frequ5cy to #abj or #acj beats p] m9ute1 b ! m9d rema9s cle>4 ,! symptoms occur 9 ab\t an h\r & a half aft] tak+ an ov]dose ( ! drug1 &1 if n excessive1 soon disappe>1 leav+ no unpleasantness beh9d4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! case proce$s to a fatal end1 ! respiratory tr\ble increases1 & !re may be convulsions1 & a c\rse v simil> to t se5 9 exp]im5t+ on animals4 ,l>ge doses are especially likely to produce tetanus1 :i* pres5ts "s cl9ical diff]5ces di/+ui%+ x f /ry*n9e tetanus4 ,gelsem9e tetanus is always prec$$ by a loss ( volunt>y reflex p[]1 respiration ceases be=e ! onset ( convulsions1 ! po/]ior extremities are mo/ affect$1 & irritation fails to excite ano!r p>oxysm till ! lapse ( "s seconds1 z if ! exhau/$ cord requir$ "t to r5ew its en]gy2 f9ally1 ! convulsions only la/ a %ort "t4 #dfb ,see ,lancet1 #ahgc1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dge2 ,brit4 ,m$4 & ,surg4 ,j\rn41 ,april #ahfi2 ,phil4 ,m$4 & ,surg4 ,report]1 #ahfa4 #dab4 ,extraction f ,organic ,matt]s1 or ! ,tissues ( ! ,body4--,drag5dorff /ates t1 f z little z half a gra9 ( ! root1 bo? gelsem9e & gelsemic acid may be extract$ ) acid wat]1 & id5tifi$4 ,on extract+ ) wat] acidifi$ ) sulphuric acid1 & %ak+ up ! acid liquid ) *lor(orm1 ! gelsemic acid 7scul987 is dissolv$1 & ! gelsem9e left 9 ! liquid4 ,! *lor(orm on evaporation leaves gelsemic acid 9 little micro-cry/als2 x may be id5tifi$ by 7#a7 its cry/allis+ 9 little tufts ( cry/als2 7#b7 its /rong fluoresc5t prop]ties1 "o "p dissolv$ 9 #ae1jjj1jjj p>ts ( wat] %[+ a m>k$ fluoresc5ce1 :i* is increas$ by ! addition ( an alkali2 & 7#c7 by splitt+ up into sug> & ano!r body on boil+ ) a m9]al acid4 ,aft] sep>ation ( gelsemic acid1 ! gelsem9e is obta9$ by alkalis+ ! liquid1 & %ak+ up ) fre% *lor(orm2 on sep>ation ( ! *lor(orm1 gelsem9e may be id5tifi$ by means ( ! reaction ) nitric acid1 & also ! reaction ) potassic bi*romate & sulphuric acid4 #e4 ,,coca9e4 #dac4 ,coca9e 7,c,h,,no74--,!re are two coca9es--! "o rotat+ a ray ( pol>is$ light to ! left1 ! o!r to ! "r4 ,! left coca9e is conta9$ 9 ! leaves ( ,ery?roxylon coca ) o!r alkaloids1 & is 9 comm]ce4 ,coca9e has be5 us$ mo/ ext5sively 9 m$ic9e s9ce ! ye> #ahhd--;its *ief use be+ z a local an/hetic4 ,*emically coca9e is a d]ivative ( ecgon91 be+ ecgon9-me?yl-e/]4 ,x has a pyrid9e nucleus1 & may be writt5 ,c,h,n7,,*7--,h,,*o--7,,coc,h7--,,*,,coo *1 or express$ graphically z foll[s3-- ,,* _/ ,,* _/ ,,* ,py ,h _/ ,,* _/,c--,,*o7,c,h,,co7--,,*,,coo*4 _/ ,,n* ,prop]ties4--,coca9e is 9 ! =m ( f\r- to six-sid$ prisms ( ! monocl9ic sy/em4 ,x is "o ( ! few alkaloids :i* melt "u ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]1 ! melt+-po9t be+ z l[ z #he 9 wat]4 ,x readily furni%es a sublimate at #ajj1 p>tially decompos+4 ,on boil+ ) hydro*loric acid coca9e is decompos$ into me?yl alcohol1 ecgon91 & b5zoic acid1 accord+ to ! foll[+ reaction3-- ,b5zoic ,me?yl ,coca9e4 acid4 ,ecgon94 ,alcohol4 ,c,h,,no #b;,h,o ,c,h,,cooh ,c,h,,no ,,*,,oh4 ,coca9e is b little soluble 9 wat]1 b easily dissolves 9 e!r1 alcohol1 b5z5e1 *lor(orm1 & c>bon disulphide2 an aque\s solution is alkal9e to me?yl-orange1 b n to ph5ol-ph?ale94 ,x c be made syn!tically by ! reaction ( ecgon9-me?yl-e/] ) b5zoyl *loride4 #dad4 ,coca9e ,hydro*lorate 7,c,h,,no,h,cl74--,cry/allis$ f alcohol1 coca9e hydro*lorate appe>s 9 prismatic cry/als2 ^! cry/als1 accord+ to ,hesse1#dfc :5 p]fectly pure1 %\ld melt at #ahf1 al?\gh ! melt+-po9t is g5]ally giv5 z #bjj or ev5 #bjb4 ,coca9e hydro*lorate is soluble 9 half its weight ( wat]1 insoluble 9 dry e!r1 b readily soluble 9 alcohol1 amyl alcohol1 or *lor(orm4 #dfc ,o4 ,hesse1 ,annal51 #bgf1 #cdb-cdd4 #dae4 ,ph>maceutical ,prep>ations4--,coca9e hydro*lorate is (fic9al4 ,gelat9e discs1 weigh+ #aca mgrms4 7#a_/ej gra971 & ea* conta9+ #jcc mgrm4 7#a_/bjj gra97 ( ! salt are (fic9al1 & us$ by oph?almic surgeons4 ,a solution ( ! hydro*lorate1 conta9+ #aj p] c5t4 ( coca9e hydro*lorate & 7= ! purposes ( pres]v+ ! solution7 #jae p] c5t4 ( salicylic acid is also (fic9al4 ,/rong] solutions may also be met )2 = in/ance1 a #bj p] c5t4 solution 9 oil ( cloves = ext]nal application 9 cases ( neuralgia4 #daf4 ,sep>ation ( ,coca9e & ,te/s4--,coca9e may be %ak5 out ( solutions made slightly alkal9e by ammonia by treatm5t ) b5z5e2 x also passes into petroleum e!r "u ! same circum/ances4 ,! be/ me?od is to extract a solution1 made feebly alkal9e1 ?or\ghly by e!r1 & !n %ake x out by b5z5e & evaporate ! sep>at$ b5z5e at ! ord9>y air temp]ature4 ,! prop]ty ( ! alkaloid to melt at or bel[ ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]1 & ! ready decomposition into b5zoic acid & o!r products1 r5d] coca9e easy ( id5tification4 ,if1 = in/ance1 a small p>ticle ( coca9e is put 9 a tube1 a drop ( /rong sulphuric acid add$ & w>m$ by ! wat]-ba?1 col\rless cry/als ( b5zoic acid sublime along ! tube1 & an aromatic od\r is produc$4 ,flckig] has recomm5d$ ! production ( b5zoate ( iron z a useful te/ bo? = coca9e & = coca9e hydro*lorate4 ,"o drop ( a dilute solution ( f]ric *loride add$ to a solution ( #bj mgrms4 ( coca9e hydro*lorate 9 #b c4c4 ( wat]1 gives a yell[ fluid1 :i* becomes r$ on boil+ f ! production ( iron b5zoate4 ,?is reaction is ( little use unless a solution ( ! same /r5g? ( f]ric *loride1 b to :i* ! sub/ance to be te/$ has n be5 add$1 is boil$ at ! same "t = comp>ison1 because all solutions ( f]ric *loride deep5 9 col\r on heat+4 ,a solution ( ! alkaloid evaporat$ to dryness on ! wat]-ba?1 aft] be+ acidulat$ ) nitric acid1 & !n a few drops ( alcoholic solution ( pota% or soda add$1 develops an od\r ( b5zoic e?yl-e/]4 ,coca9e hydro*lorate1 :5 triturat$ ) calomel1 black5s by ! slighte/ humidity or by moi/5+ x ) alcohol4 ,coca9e 9 solution is precipitat$ by mo/ ( ! gr\p reag5ts1 b is n affect$ by m]curic *loride1 picric acid1 nor potassic bi*romate4 ,add$ to ! te/s above m5tion$1 !re is ! physiological action2 coca9e dilates ! pupil1 ta/es bitt]1 &1 = ! "t1 arre/s s5sation2 h5ce ! aft]-effect on ! tongue is a s5sation ( numbness4 #dag4 ,symptoms4--,a l>ge numb] ( accid5ts occur ea* ye> f ! ext]nal application ( coca9e2 few1 h[ev]1 end fatally4 ,coca9e has ?us produc$ poison\s symptoms :5 appli$ to ! eye1 to ! rectum1 to ! gums1 to ! ure?ra1 & to v>i\s o!r p>ts4 ,!re h be5 a few fatal cases1 bo? f its ext]nal & int]nal adm9i/ration2 ,mannheim1 = example1 has collect$ elev5 ( su* in/ances4 ,! action ( coca9e is tw(old2 !re is an action on ! c5tral & ! p]iph]al n]v\s sy/em4 ,9 small doses coca9e excites ! sp9al cord & ! bra92 9 l>ge x may produce convulsions & !n p>alysis4 ,! p]iph]al action is se5 9 ! numb+ ( s5sation4 ,!re is always int]f]5ce ) ! accommodation ( vision1 & dilatation ( ! pupil4 ,! eyelids are wid] ap>t ?an normal1 & !re may be "s protrusion ( ! eyeball4 ,! usual c\rse ( an acute case ( poison+ is a feel+ ( dryness 9 ! nose & ?roat1 difficulty ( swall[+1 fa9tness1 & !re is (t5 vomit+2 ! pulse is quick5$2 !re is fir/ c]ebral excitem5t1 foll[$ usually by great m5tal depression4 ,occasionally !re is an eruption on ! sk94 ,hyp]/hesia ( ! sk9 is foll[$ by great dim9ution ( s5sation1 ! pupils1 z be=e /at$1 are dilat$1 ! eyes protrud+1 ! eyelids wide op51 ! face is pale1 & ! p]spiration pr(use4 ,convulsions & p>alysis may t]m9ate ! sc5e4 ,dea? takes place f p>alysis ( ! brea?+ c5tre2 !re=e ! he>t beats aft] ! cessation ( respiration4 ,z an antidote1 nitrite ( amyl has app>5tly be5 us$ ) success4 ,!re is a =m ( *ronic poison+ produc$ f ! tak+ ( small doses ( coca9e daily4 ,! symptoms are v v>i\s1 & are ref]able to di/urbance ( ! dige/ive organs1 & to ! effect on ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,! pati5ts become extremely emaciat$1 & x seems to produce a special =m ( mania4 #dah4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,! appe>ances f\nd 9 acute cases ( poison+ h be5 hyp]mia ( ! liv]1 sple51 & kidneys1 z well z ( ! bra9 & sp9al cord4 ,9 ! exp]im5tal poison+ ( mice ) coca9e ,ehrli*#dfd f\nd a consid]able enl>gem5t ( ! liv]4 #dfd ,deuts*e m$4 ,wo*5s41 #ahij1 ,no4 #cb4 #dai4 ,fatal ,dose4--,! fatal dose1 accord+ to ,mannheim1#dfe mu/ be consid]$ z ab\t #a grm4 7#aed gra9s72 ! smalle/ dose kn[n to h be5 fatal is #jjh grm4 7#ab gra97 = an adult1 & #jje grm4 7#jg gra97 = a *ild4 #dfe ,deuts*4 ,ar*4 f4 kl94 ,m$41 ,bd4 viii41 #ahia1 #chj4 #f4 ,,corydal9e4 #dbj4 ,corydal9e 7,c,h,,no7 is an alkaloid discov]$ by ,wack5rod] 7#ahbf7 9 ! tub]s ( ,corydalis tub]osa2 cry/allis$ 9 ! cold & away f light1 out ( a mixture ( absolute alcohol & e!r1 corydal9e =ms col\rless1 flat1 prismatic cry/als1 :i* quickly turn yell[ on exposure to light or heat4 ,pure corydal9e *anges col\r at ab\t #abe1 s(t5s at ab\t #acc1 & melts f9ally at #acd to #ace4 ,x dissolves 9 e!r1 *lor(orm1 c>bon disulphide1 & b5z5e1 b n s readily 9 alcohol4 ,x is almo/ insoluble 9 cold wat]1 & b slightly soluble 9 boil+ wat]4 ,wat] precipitates x f a solution 9 alcohol4 ,x is also soluble 9 dilute hydro*loric & sulphuric acids4 ,x gives a precipitate ) potassium iodide if a solution ( ! hydro*loride be us$4 ,! precipitate cry/allises out ( hot wat] 9 clu/]s ( %ort lemon-yell[ prismatic cry/als1 & has ! =mula ( ,c,h,,no,,hi4 ,corydal9e plat9o*loride has ! composition ( 7,c,h,,no7,h,pt,cl1 conta9+ ,pt #afid p] c5t41 & #bdd p] c5t4 ( ,n4--,dobbie ,laud]1 ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,m>* #ahib1 #bdd4 ,corydal9e 9 l>ge doses causes epilepti=m convulsions4 ,dea? takes place f respiratory p>alysis4 ,v4--,! ,aconite ,gr\p ( ,alkaloids4 #dba4 ,! (fic9al aconite is ! ,aconitum napellus--monk%ood or wolfsbane--a v common g>d5 plant 9 ?is c\ntry1 & "o cultivat$ = m$ic9al purposes4 ,_m v>ieties ( aconite exi/ 9 o!r regions1 :i* ei!r are1 or c\ld be1 import$4 ,( ^! ! mo/ important is ! ,aconitum f]ox1 a native ( ! ,himalayan m\nta9s1 import$ f ,india4 ,all ! aconites1 s f> z kn[n1 are extremely poison\s1 & x appe>s probable t diff]5t species conta9 diff]5t alkaloids4 ,! root ( ,a4 napellus is f #b to #d in*es long1 conical 9 %ape1 br[n ext]nally1 & :ite int]nally4 ,! leaves are completely divid$ at ! base into five w$ge-%ap$ lobes1 ea* ( ! five lobes be+ aga9 divid$ into ?ree l9e> segm5ts4 ,! num]\s se$s are ?ree-sid$1 irregul>ly twi/$1 wr9kl$1 ( a d>k-br[n col\r1 9 l5g? "o-six? ( an in*1 & weigh+ #be to ! gra9 7,guy74 ,! :ole plant is "o ( great beauty1 f #b to #f feet high1 & hav+ a t]m9al spike ( conspicu\s blue fl[]s4 ,! root has be5 fatally mi/ak5 = horse-radi%1 an error n easily acc\nt$ =1 s9ce no simil>ity exi/s betwe5 !m4 #dbb4 ,ph>maceutical ,prep>ations ( ,aconite4--,! prep>ations ( aconite us$ 9 m$ic9e are-- ,aconit9e1 (fic9al 9 all ! ph>macopias4 ,aconite l9im5t 7l9im5tum aconiti71 made f ! root ) _s1 & flav\r$ ) camphor2 (fic9al 9 ! ,briti% ,ph>macopia4 ,x may conta9 ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ( aconit9e4 ,aconite t9cture1 (fic9al 9 all ! ph>macopias4 ,aconite o9tm5t1 #h gra9s ( aconit9e to ! oz4 7i4e41 #aff p] c5t472 (fic9al 9 ! ,briti% ,ph>macopia4 ,aconite extract1 ! juice ( ! leaves evaporat$2 (fic9al 9 mo/ ( ! ph>macopias4 ,! /r5g? 9 alkaloid ( ! extract v>ies2 9 six samples exam9$ by ,f4 ,casson1 ! lea/ quantity 0 #jaf p] c5t41 ! maximum #jbh p] c5t4#dff #dff ,ph>m4 ,j\rn41 #ahid1 #ija4 ,flem+'s t9cture ( aconite is n (fic9al1 b is sold l>gely 9 comm]ce4 ,x is f ?ree to f\r times /rong] ?an ! ,b4,p4 t9cture4 #dbc4 ,! ,alkaloids ( ,aconite4--,! rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,ald] ,wright & ,luff1 & especially ^? ( ,pr(essor ,dun/an1#dfg h e/abli%$ t 9 ! root ( ! true aconite !re exi/ f\r alkaloids1 "o only ( :i* has be5 z yet cry/allis$4 #dfg ,v>i\s pap]s 9 ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #ahib-ahid4 ,?ree ( ! alkaloids h be5 fairly well work$ out2 ! f\r? homo-napell9e has n yet be5 satisfactorily inve/igat$4 ,! ?ree alkaloids are aconit9e1 acon9e & b5zoyl-acon9e2 besides :i* pyraconit9e & pyracon9e c be obta9$ by suitable treatm5t f aconit9e & acon9e4 ,! =mul ( ! alkaloids & _! d]ivatives are z foll[s3-- ,aconit9e 7acetyl-b5zoyl-acon9e71 m4p41 #ahhfj1 ,c,h,,no ,b5zoyl-acon9e1 m4p41 #bfhj1 ,c,h,,no ,pyraconit9e 7anhydro-b5zoyl-acon9e71 m4p41 #ahh-aij1 ,c,h,,no ,acon9e1 m4p41 #acb1 ,c,h,,no ,pyracon9e 7anhydro-acon9e71 ,c,h,,no #dbd4 ,aconit9e1 ,c,h,,no4--,?is base has be5 %[n by ,dun/an to be acetyl-b5zoyl-acon9e2 "o molecule ( ! base break+ up1 on complete hydrolysis1 into "o molecule ( acon9e1 "o ( acetic acid1 & "o ( b5zoic acid-- ,acetic ,b5zoic ,acid4 ,acid4 ,acon9e4 ,c,h,,no #b;,h,o ,c,h,o ,c,h,o ,c,h,,no4 ,t is to say t #ajj p>ts ( aconit9e1 accord+ to !ory1 %\ld yield3-- ,acetic acid1 #icg p] c5t42 b5zoic acid1 #ahhe p] c5t42 & acon9e1 #ggeb p] c5t4 ,pure aconit9e has a tube melt+-po9t ( #ahhf4 ,! behavi\r ( a sample ( ,m]ck's aconit9e 9 ! sublim+ cell1 :i* _h a melt+-po9t ( #ahd1 0 z describ$ at page #bei4 ,aconit9e dissolves 9 wat] at #bb 9 ! proportion ( #a 9 #ddca 7,dun/an72 x is soluble 9 #cg ( absolute alcohol1 #fd ( anhydr\s e!r1 #ee p>ts ( *lor(orm & b5z5e 7,a4 ,jurg5s72 x has basic prop]ties1 & a cold wat]y solution has an alkal9e reaction to co*9eal1 b n to litmus nor to ph5ol-ph?ale94 ,aconit9e is n precipitat$ by m]curic potassium iodide1 b gives a volum9\s precipitate ) an aque\s solution ( iod9e 9 potassium iodide4 ,x gives a cry/all9e yell[ gold comp\nd ) gold *loride1 :i* has a melt+-po9t ( #acee1 & accord+ to its composition1 ,c,h,,no,h,au,cl1 %\ld give #aii p] c5t4 ( gold4 ,aconit9e is be/ extract$ f ! plant1 or f organic matt]s g5]ally1 by a #a p] c5t4 sulphuric acid2 ?is /r5g? is /at$ n to hydrolyse aconit9e if act+ 9 ! cold2 aft] purify+ ! acid liquid by %ak+ x ) amyl alcohol1 & !n ) *lor(orm1 always op]at+ 9 ! cold1 ! liquid is precipitat$ by ammonia 9 v slight excess1 & ! liquid %ak5 ) e!r2 ! e!r is remov$1 dehydrat$ by /&+ ov] calcium *loride1 & !n evaporat$ spontane\sly2 %\ld ! aconit9e be mix$ ) ! o!r alkaloids1 advantage c be tak5 ( ! me?od ( sep>at+ aconit9e by conv]t+ x into hydrobromide1 z describ$ "u 8,b5zoyl-acon9e40 #dbe4 ,te/s = ,aconit9e4--,! mo/ satisfactory & ! mo/ delicate is ! physiological te/2 ! m9ute/ trace ( an aconite-hold+ liquid1 appli$ to ! tongue or lips1 causes a peculi> numb+1 t+l+ s5sation :i*1 once felt1 c readily be rememb]$4 ,an alkaloidal sub/ance :i*1 heat$ 9 a tube1 melts approximately ne> ! melt+-po9t ( aconit9e1 & gives (f an acid vap\r1 w\ld r5d] "o suspici\s ( aconit9e1 = mo/ alkaloids give (f alkal9e vap\rs4 ,aconit9e also may1 by heat+ ) dilute acids1 be made to readily yield b5zoic acid1 an acid easy ( id5tification4 ,aconit9e dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 evaporat$ to dryness1 & !n treat$ ) alcoholic pota%1 gives (f an unmi/akable od\r ( b5zoic e/]4 ,%\ld !re be suffici5t aconit9e recov]$ to conv]t x into ! gold salt1 ! prop]ties ( ! gold salt 7t is1 its melt+-po9t1 & ! p]c5tage ( gold left aft] burn+7 assi/ mat]ially 9 ! id5tification4 ,a m9ute quantity ( aconit9e dissolv$ 9 wat]1 acidifi$ ) acetic acid1 & a p>ticle ( ,,ki add$ & ! solution all[$ to evaporate1 gives cry/als ( aconit9e hydriodide1 f :i* wat] w dissolve out ! ,,ki4 ,iod9e wat] gives a precipitate ( a r$di%-br[n col\r 9 a solution ( #a 3 #bjjj4dfh #dfh ,a4 ,jurg5s1 ,ar*4 ,ph>m4 7#c71 xxiv4 #abg1 #abh4 ,! *emical te/s are supplem5t>y to ! physiological2 if ! alkaloidal extract does n give ! t+l+1 numb+ s5sation1 aconit9e _c be pres5t4 #dbf4 ,b5zoyl-acon9e 78isaconit9e071 ,c,h,,no1 is obta9$ f aconit9e by heat+ an aque\s solution ( ! sulphate or hydro*loride 9 a clos$ tube at #abj-acj = two or ?ree h\rs1 a molecule ( acetic acid 7#ibg p] c5t47 be+ split (f1 & b5zoyl-acon9e left4 ,x may be sep>at$ f ! mix$ alkaloids ( ! ,aconitum napellus by dissolv+ 9 a #e p] c5t4 solution ( hydrobromic acid 7excess ( acid be+ avoid$71 precipitat+ ) a slight excess ( ammonia1 & %ak+ out ) e!r4 ,! residue left aft] ! e!r is evaporat$ *iefly consi/s ( aconit9e2 x is dissolv$ 9 j suffici5t hydrobromic acid & ! exactly neutral hydrobromate solution all[$ to evaporate spontane\sly 9 a desiccator2 cry/als ( aconit9e hydrobromide sep>ate out1 ! "m liquor conta9+ "s b5zoyl-acon9e & 8homonapell9e40 ,! aque\s solution :i* has be5 exhau/$ ) e!r is n[ %ak5 out ) *lor(orm4 ,?is *lor(orm solution conta9s mo/ ( ! b5zoyl-acon9e1 & on sep>ation ! residue is dissolv$ 9 j suffici5t hydro*loric acid to =m a neutral solution2 ?is solution is conc5trat$ on ! wat]-ba? ) con/ant /irr+1 cry/als ( ! hydro*loride =m1 & are filt]$ (f f "t to "t & wa%$ ) a little cold wat]1 ! wa%+s be+ add$ to ! orig9al liquid2 ! diff]5t fractions are mix$ toge!r1 & ! process repeat$ until !y h a melt+-po9t ( #bfh4 ,b5zoyl-acon9e is obta9$ f ! hydro*loride by precipitat+ ! aque\s solution by ! addition ( dilute ammonia1 & extract+ ! solution ) e!r2 ! solution 9 e!r is wa%$ ) wat]1 dri$ by means ( calcium *loride1 & !n di/ill$ (f4 ,b5zoyl-acon9e is left z a transp>5t col\rless non-cry/all9e v>ni% ( a melt+-po9t ne> #abe4 ,! solution 9 wat] is alkal9e to litmus4 ,! base is readily soluble 9 alcohol1 9 *lor(orm1 & 9 e!r4 ,! alcoholic solution is dextrorotatory4 ,! solutions are bitt]1 b d n give ! t+l+ s5sation *>act]i/ic ( aconit9e4 ,! hydro*loride1 ! hydrobromide1 ! hydriodide1 & ! nitrate h be5 obta9$ 9 a cry/all9e /ate4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic salt is1 h[ev]1 ! auro*lor d]ivative4 ,:5 aque\s solutions ( b5zoyl-acon9e *loride & auric *loride are mix$1 a yell[ precipitate is ?r[n d[n1 :i* 7dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 aft] be+ dri$ ov] calcium *loride1 & sl[ly evaporat$ 9 a desiccator7 deposits col\rless cry/als entirely diff]5t f ! yell[ cry/als ( aconit9e gold *loride4 ,^! cry/als h ! composition ,c,h7,au,cl7,,no1 & !re=e1 by !ory1 %\ld yield #bbf p] c5t4 ( gold1 & #hb p] c5t4 ( *lor9e4 ,by hydrolysis b5zoyl-acon9e yields b5zoic acid1 :i* c be %ak5 out ( an acid solution by e!r & id5tifi$2 "o molecule ( b5zoic acid is =m$ f "o molecule ( b5zoyl-acon9e4 ,tw5ty p] c5t4 ( b5zoic acid %\ld1 accord+ to ! =mula1 be obta9$2 ,pr(essor ,dun/an f\nd only #ahhe p] c5t4#dfi #dfi ,pr(essor ,dun/an f\nd1 z a means ( two det]m9ations1 #baf p] c5t4 ( gold1 & #gh p] c5t4 ( *lor9e1 :i* comes ne>] 8 old =mula ( ,c,h7,au,cl7,,no4--,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,april #ahic4 ,b5zoic acid 9 ! sublim+ cell beg9s to give a cl\d at ab\t #gg-hj1 & at or ne> #ajj sublimes mo/ rapidly4 ,b5zoic acid1 recov]$ f an acid solution by %ak+ out ) e!r1 may be recognis$ z foll[s3--,to ! film left on evaporat+ (f ! e!r add a drop ( ,h,,s1 & a few cry/als ( sodic nitrate1 & heat g5tly = a %ort "t2 p\r ! cle> liquid into ammonia wat]1 & add a drop ( ammonium sulphide4 ,a r$-br[n col\r indicates b5zoic acid4 ,! rationale ( ! te/ is z foll[s3--,d9itro-b5zoic acid is fir/ =m$1 & next1 by ! action ( ammonium sulphide1 ?is is conv]t$ into ! r$-br[n ammonium diamidob5zoate4--,e4 ,mohl]1 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,*em4 7#c71 iii4 #dad-daf4 #dbg4 ,pyraconit9e1 ,c,h,,no1 is anhydro-b5zoyl-acon9e2 x diff]s f b5zoyl-acon9e by a molecule ( wat]2 picraconit9e is obta9$ by keep+ aconit9e at its melt+-po9t 7#ahh-aij7 = "s "t1 :5 acetic acid di/ils ov] & pyraconit9e is left4 ,pyraconit9e is an amorph\s v>ni%1 sp>+ly soluble 9 wat]1 b readily dissolv+ 9 alcohol1 *lor(orm1 & e!r2 x gives a pale yell[ precipitate ) gold *loride1 & =ms cry/all9e salts ) hydriodic1 hydrobromic1 & hydro*loric acids4 ,pyraconit9e readily und]goes hydrolysis by ! action ( dilute acids1 or by pota% or soda1 or ) wat] 9 a clos$ tube2 ! products are b5zoic acid & an alkaloid1 to :i* ! "n ( pyracon9e has be5 giv54 #dbh4 ,pyracon9e1 ,c,h,,no4--,?is base is anhydro-acon9e1 ! =mula diff]+ f acon9e by "o atom ( wat]4 ,x is amorph\s1 closely resembl+ acon9e2 x is soluble 9 wat] & e!r2 ! aque\s solution has a some:at sweet ta/e1 & is lvorotatory2 x comb9es ) acids to =m cry/all9e salts1 :i* are v soluble 9 wat]4 #dbi4 ,acon9e1 ,c,h,,no1 m4p4 #acb4--;,acon9e does n cry/allise4 ,its aque\s solution is decid$ly alkal9e1 &1 l aconit9e1 x is lvorotatory1 al?\gh to a less degree4 ,its ta/e is bitt]1 b causes no t+l+ s5sation4 ,acon9e is v soluble 9 wat] or alcohol1 & slightly 9 *lor(orm1 b insoluble 9 e!r or 9 petroleum e!r4 ,x does1 h[ev]1 dissolve1 9 ! pres5ce ( aconit9e1 slightly 9 e!r4 ,! aque\s solutions r$uce ! salts ( gold & silv]1 & also ,fehl+'s solution4 ,a solution ( acon9e gives precipitates ) ! g5]al alkaloidal reag5ts2 ) m]curic *loride x gives a copi\s yell[ precipitate1 :i* d>k5s on /&+4 ,acon9e hydro*loride1 ! hydriodide1 ! hydrobromide1 & ! sulphate1 h all be5 cry/allis$2 solutions ( ^! salts are lvorotatory4 #dcj4 ,comm]cial ,aconit9e & ! ,le?al ,dose ( ,aconit9e4--,comm]cial aconit9e has 9 ! pa/ v>i$ 9 appe>ance f t ( a gummy amorph\s mass up to a pur] k9d 9 :ite cry/als4 ,pr(essor ,dun/an#dgj has rec5tly exam9$ f\rte5 samples1 "s ( !m ( consid]able age1 & only f\nd two samples 7"o ( ,engli%1 ano!r ( ,g]man make7 :i* approa*$ 9 melt+-po9t & cry/all9e appe>ance pure aconit9e2 ! "o1 ! ,engli%1 melt$ at #ahf-ahg1 & conta9$ ab\t #c p] c5t4 ( b5zoyl-acon9e2 ! o!r1 a ,g]man specim51 0 almo/ pure2 ! melt+-po9t 0 #ahge4 ,at ! pres5t "t x is1 h[ev]1 n difficult to obta9 fairly pure cry/all9e aconit9e1 & to assay x accurately by det]m9+ ! proportion ( acetic & b5zoic acids4 ,! physiological action ( comm]cial aconit9e is1 h[ev]1 9 all cases ! same1 ! diff]5ce be+ 9 quantitative n qualitative action2 9 ! small doses usually adm9i/]$1 ! physiological action dep5ds :olly ^u ! true aconit9e pres5t1 ! o!r bases be+ practically )\t toxic action4 ,pr(essor ,plugge#dga has made "s rese>*es on ! fatal dose 7= ! l[] animals7 ( ,petit's1 ,m]ck's1 & ,fri$lnd]'s aconit9e nitrate1 :i* 9 #ahhb 7 ! pure/ 9 comm]ce4 ,he adm9i/]$ ! foll[+ doses to ! animals m5tion$3-- #dgj ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc4 ,trans41 #ahic1 #dia4 #dga ,ar*iv de ,ph>m41 ,jan4 #g1 #ahhb4 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,fatal ,,doses 7,,= ,,animals7 ,,( ,,aconit9e4 ,,petit',s ,,cry/all9e ,,aconit9e ,,nitrate4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,animals ,dose ,dose ,exp]im5t$ ,giv54 p] ,result4 ^u4 ,kilogrm4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,a ,frog1 #d mgrm4 #afj ,dea? 9 #fj ,m9utes4 ,a ,rabbit1 #h #e-f #cj ,a ,dog1 #af #ba #bj #de #aj #adj #ej #jed ,recov]$4 #fj #jge ,recov]$4 ,a ,pigeon1 #jg #bb ,dea? 9 #ba ,m9utes4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,m]ck',s ,,aconit9e ,,nitrate4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,animals ,dose ,dose ,exp]im5t$ ,giv54 p] ,result4 ^u4 ,kilogrm4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,a ,frog1 #d mgrm4 #af ,recov]$4 #aj #dj ,di$ 9 #aaj-cfj ,m94 #bj #hj #ge-acj #dj #afj #ej ,a ,rabbit1 #ce #b #ge #aj #fej #ae ,a ,dog1 #aj #afe #ae ,a ,pigeon1 444 #afe ,recov]$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,fri$l,,nd]',s ,,aconit9e ,,nitrate4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,animals ,dose ,dose ,exp]im5t$ ,giv54 p] ,result4 ^u4 ,kilogrm4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,a ,frog1 #d mgrms4 #afj ,recov]$4 #aj #djj ,dea? 9 #bj #hjj m ?an #dj #afjj #fj m9utes4 ,a ,rabbit1 #f #daa ,recov]$4 #bd #ahjj #ej #heej ,a ,dog1 #bh #fjj ,a ,pigeon1 #aj #ccd ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,! conclusions ,plugge draws f 8 rese>*es are t ,petit's aconit9e 0 at lea/ eight times /rong] ?an t ( ,m]ck1 & sev5ty times m toxic ?an t ( ,fri$lnd]1 :ile ,m]ck's 8aconit9e aga9 0 tw5ty to ?irty times /rong] ?an ,fri$lnd]'s40 ,he 0 incl9$ to put sev5 comm]cial samples :i* he has exam9$ 9 ! foll[+ dim9i%+ ord] ( toxicity3--7#a7 ,petit's cry/all9e aconit9e nitrate2 7#b7 ,morson's aconit9e nitrate2 7#c7 ,hottot's aconit9e nitrate2 7#d7 ,hopk9s ,williams' pseudaconit9e2 7#e7 ,m]ck's aconit9e nitrate2 7#f7 ,s*u*>t's aconit9e sulphate2 & 7#g7 ,fri$lnd]'s aconit9e nitrate4 ,f a /udy ( ,dr4 ,h>ley's exp]im5ts1#dgb h[ev]1 made a few ye>s ago1 !re w\ld appe> to h be5 b little diff]5ce betwe5 ! activity ( ,petit's & ,morson's aconit9e4 ,dr4 ,h>ley exp]im5t$ on a "y cat1 #c lbs4 9 weight1 & ne>ly kill$ x ) a #a_/ajjj ( a gra9 ( ,morson's aconit9e2 two o!r cats1 also weigh+ #c lbs4 ea*1 di$ 9 sev5 & a half h\rs & ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r respectively1 kill$ f a subcutane\s dose ( ( a gra94 ,r$uc+ ^! values to ! ord9>y equival5ts1 ! dose1 aft] :i* ! cat recov]$ ) difficulty1 is equal to ab\t #jdh mgrm4 p] kilo41 :ile a c]ta9ly fatal dose is #jib mgrm4 p] kilo42 !re=e1 x seems likely t ! lea/ fatal dose = ,morson's1 z = ,petit's1 is "s numb] betwe5 #jge & #ji mgrm4 p] kilo4 #dgb 8,on ! ,action & ,use ( ,aconit9e10 ,/4 ,?os4 ,hosp4 ,report1 #ahgd4 ,man is evid5tly m s5sitive to aconit9e ?an any ( ! dogs or cats exp]im5t$ ^u1 s9ce1 9 ! ,g]man cases to be record$1 #af mgrm4 ( ,petit's aconit9e nitrate1 tak5 by ! m\?1 gave rise to symptoms s viol5t t x 0 evid5tly a dang]\s dose1 :ile #d mgrms4 7 rapidly fatal2 b if man took ! same am\nt p] kilo4 z dogs or cats1 he w\ld require a little ov] #f mgrms4 to be c]ta9ly fatal4 ,x seems1 !n1 f ! evid5ce obta9able1 t #jc gra9 7#b mgrms47 is ab\t ! lea/ fatal dose = an adult man ( /&>d weight4 ,?is dose is equal to #jbh mgrm4 p] kilo41 &1 ( c\rse1 ref]s ei!r to ,morson's aconit9e or ,fr5* aconit9e1 ! alkaloid be+ tak5 by ! m\?4 ,if giv5 by subcutane\s injection1 probably #ae mgrm4 w\ld kill1 = ! :ole ( ! poison is !n ?r[n on ! circulation at "o "t1 & !re is no *ance ( its elim9ation by vomit+4 ,! le?al dose ( ! pure alkaloid be+ ev5 approximately settl$1 x is possible to get a m exact idea z to ! suitable m$ic9al dose ( ! t9cture & extract1 & also to /udy m pr(itably ! 8quantitative toxicity40 ,! ,engli% (fic9al t9cture1 al?\gh v>iable 9 /r5g?1 may = our purposes be reg>d$ z av]ag+ #a p] c5t4 ( alkaloid--t is1 9 e #ajj p>ts by volume !re w be #a "p ( ! alkaloid by weight1 & ,flem+'s t9cture may be consid]$ z "o-?ird /rong]1 conta9+ 9 e #ajj p>ts #ac "p ( alkaloid4 ,! m$ic9al dose ( ! ,p4,b4 t9cture is laid d[n z f #e to #ae m94--equal to f #jje to #jae gra9 ( aconit9e4 ,! ,g]man ph>macopia gives ! maximum s+le dose z #a c4c4 7say #ae m9s471 & ! maximum quantity to be tak5 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs z f\r times t quantity4 ,z be=e /at$1 #b mgrms4 7#jcj gra97 ( aconit9e be+ consid]$ a fatal dose1 ?is is equival5t to ab\t #b c4c4 7#cj m9s47 ( ! ,p4,b4 t9cture1 or to #ab c4c4 7#bj m9s47 ( ,flem+'s t9cture 9 a s+le dose2 & on ^! !oretical gr\nds ,i %\ld consid] ?is dose dang]\s1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( prompt treatm5t likely to be fatal to an adult man4 ,! usual lea/ fatal dose laid d[n 9 m$ical toxicological works1 h[ev]1 is great] ?an ?is--viz41 #cge c4c4 7a dra*m74 ,9 #ahfc a woman took #gj m9ims ( ,flem+'s t9cture1 & a gra9 ( acetate ( morph9e1 & di$ 9 ab\t f\r h\rs2 b z ?is 0 a complex case ( poison+1 x is n ( mu* value4 ,fifte5 m9ims ( ! t9cture caus$ v s]i\s symptoms 9 ! case ( a woman "u ! c>e ( ,dr4 ,topham1#dgc ! effects la/+ _m h\rs4 ,probably ! smalle/ quantity ( ! t9cture record$ z hav+ de/roy$ life is 9 ! case ( ,dr4 ,male1 ( ,birm+ham4#dgd ,he di$ f ! effects ( #hj drops tak5 9 t5 doses1 ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( f\r days--! l>ge/ dose at any "o "t be+ #aj drops1 ! total quantity w\ld p]haps equal #jh gra9 ( aconit9e4 #dgc ,lancet1 ,july #ai1 #ahea1 p4 #ef4 #dgd ,m$4 ,gaz41 vol4 xxxvi4 p4 #hfa1 quot$ by ,taylor1 ,pr94 ( ,m$4 ,juris41 vol4 i4 p4 #dbf4 ,! ,p4,b4 extract is n a v satisfactory prep>ation1 v>y+ mu* 9 /r5g?4 ,x may be tak5 to av]age ab\t #f p] c5t41 & if s1 apply+ ! same reason+ z be=e1 f #bf to #cb grm4 7#d to #e gra9s7 w\ld be a fatal dose4#dge ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is an alcoholic extract :i* is v p[]ful1 & av]ages #e p] c5t4 ( aconit9e3 #dj mgrms4 7#f gra97 ( ?is extract w\ld be likely to be fatal4 ,) reg>d to ! root itself1 #ch grms4 7#fj gra9s7 h be5 kn[n to produce dea?1 & f ! av]age alkaloidal cont5ts x is probable t #fdh grm4 7#aj gra9s7 w\ld be a highly dang]\s dose4 ,dun/an's rese>*es w n[ alt] probably ! :ole ( ! ph>macy ( aconite1 & ! t5d5cy w be to make ! prep>ations ( great] activity1 &1 consequ5tly1 to make ! dang]\s doses small] ?an =m]ly4 #dge ,b !re is a case report$ by ,dr4 ,va*ell1 ( ,c>diff1 9 :i* #b gra9s ( extract ( aconite tak5 9 pills prov$ fatal4 ,n[ #b gra9s is ! m$ic9al dose1 laid d[n z a maximum 9 ! ph>macopia2 a complete revolution is1 !re=e1 necess>y 9 ! use ( ^! active rem$ies4 ,no extract or t9cture %\ld be us$ until its approximate /r5g? 9 active pr9ciples is det]m9$4 #dca4 ,effects ( ,aconit9e on ,animal ,life4--,!re are few sub/ances :i* h be5 exp]im5t$ ^u 9 su* a v>iety ( ways & ^u s _m classes ( animals z aconit9e 9 diff]5t =ms2 b !re does n seem to be any ess5tial diff]5ce 9 ! symptoms produc$ 9 diff]5t animals save t :i* is expla9$ by ! organisation ( ! life-=m "u exp]im5t4 ,insects4--,! au?or has made exp]im5ts ) ! active pr9ciples ( aconite ^u bl[-flies4 ,an extract 0 made by all[+ ! ord9>y t9cture to evaporate spontane\sly at ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e4 ,if a m9ute dot ( ?is is plac$ ^u ! head ( a bl[-fly1 absorption ( ! active pr9ciple takes place 9 f fifte5 to ?irty m9utes1 & m>k$ symptoms result4 ,! symptoms consi/ ess5tially ( muscul> weakness1 inability to fly1 & to walk up p]p5dicul> surfaces2 !re is also1 9 all cases1 a curi\s entanglem5t ( ! legs1 & v (t5 extrusion ( ! proboscis2 trembl+ ( ! legs & muscul> twit*+s are frequ5t4 ,a progressive p>alysis t]m9ates 9 f f\r to five h\rs 9 dea?2 ! dea? is g5]ally s gradual t x is difficult to "k :5 ! ev5t occurs1 b 9 "o case !re 7 viol5t movem5ts ( ! body1 & sudd5 dea?4#dgf #dgf ,x may be well to quote 9 full a typical exp]im5t4 ,six ,p4,m41 a little extract sme>$ on ! head ( a bl[-fly4 ,=ty-five m9utes aft]--makes no attempt to fly1 great muscul> weakness1 no trembl+ or convulsive movem5ts4 ,fifty m9utes aft]--p>tial p>alysis ( "r half ( body1 s t ! fly1 on mov+1 goes 9 a circul> direction1 ! second pair ( legs are curi\sly b5t =w>d & useless2 ! w+s seem fairly /rong4 ,sev5ty-five m9utes--fly v dull1 always 9 "o spot1 )\t movem5t2 :5 plac$ on a horizontal glass surface1 & ! glass !n v sl[ly incl9$1 until x is at la/ q p]p5dicul>1 ! fly falls4 ,!re is n[ a /range entanglem5t ( ! legs4 #abe m9utes--p]fectly p>alys$2 #ade m9utes--dead4 ,fi%4--,! action on fi% has be5 /udi$ by ,s*ulz & ,praag4 ,!re is rapid loss ( p[] & dim9i%$ brea?+2 ! respiration seems difficult1 & ! fi% rapidly die4 ,reptiles--,frogs4--,! mo/ rec5t exp]im5ts on frogs are ^? ( ,plugge1 & al?\gh 8 int]pretation ( ! ph5om5a 9 "s po9ts is diff]5t f t ( previ\s obs]v]s1 ! symptoms !mselves are1 z might h be5 expect$1 n diff]5t f ^? describ$ by ,a*s*>um[1 ,l4 v4 ,praag1 & o!rs4 ,plugge f\nd no qualitative diff]5ce 9 ! action ( any ( ! comm]cial samples ( aconit9e4 ,?is fact gives ! necess>y value to all ! old exp]im5ts1 = we n[ "k t1 al?\gh !y 7 p]=m$ ) impure or weak prep>ations1 yet !re is no reason to believe t ! symptoms describ$ 7 due to any o!r b ! alkaloid aconit9e 9 v>y+ degrees ( purity or dilution4 ,frogs %[ v quickly signs ( weakness 9 ! muscul> p[]2 ! respiration inv>iably becomes lab\r$1 & ceases aft] a few m9utes2 ! he>t's action becomes sl[$1 irregul>1 & !n /ops 9 dia/ole4 ,! poison$ he>t1 :ile /ill pulsat+1 _c be arre/$ ei!r by electrical /imulation ( ! vagus or by irritation ( ! s9us1 nor :5 once arre/$ c any fur!r contraction be excit$ 9 x4 ,op5+ ( ! m\? & app>5t ef=ts to vomit1 ,plugge obs]v$ bo? ) ,rana escul5ta & ,rana tempor>ia4 ,he consid]s !m almo/ inv>iable signs ( aconit9e poison+4 ,a sep>ation ( mucus f ! surface ( ! body ( ! frog is also v con/antly obs]v$4 ,dilatation ( ! pupils is frequ5t1 b n con/ant2 !re may be convulsions1 bo? ( a clonic & tonic "*1 be=e dea?1 b fibrill> twit*+s are seldom4 7,) reg>d to ! dose requir$ to affect frogs1 see ante1 pp4 #cee & #cef47 ,birds4--,!re is a discrepancy 9 ! descriptions ( ! action ( aconit9e on birds4 ,l4 v4 ,praag ?\ght ! respiration & circulation b little affect$ at fir/2 :ile ,a*s*>um[ witness$ 9 pigeons dyspna1 dilatation ( ! pupils1 vomit+1 %iv]+1 & p>esis4 ,x may be tak5 t ! usual symptoms obs]v$ are "s difficulty 9 brea?+1 a dim9ution ( temp]ature1 a loss ( muscul> p[] g5]ally 7b n con/antly71 dilatation ( ! pupils1 & convulsions be=e dea?4 ,mammals4--,! effects v>y some:at1 accord+ to ! dose4 ,v l>ge doses kill rabbits rapidly4 ,!y fall on _! sides1 are viol5tly convuls$1 & die 9 an asphyxiat$ condition2 b ) small] doses ! ph5om5a fir/ obs]v$ are g5]ally to be ref]r$ to ! respiration4 ,?us1 9 an exp]im5t on ! horse1 ,dr4 ,h>ley f\nd t ! subcutane\s adm9i/ration ( #f mgrm4 7#ja gra97 caus$ 9 a weakly colt "s accel]ation ( ! pulse & a p>tial p>alysis ( ! dilator n>ium4 ,d\ble ! quantity giv5 to ! same animal "s "t aft]1 caus$1 9 six h\rs & a half1 "s muscul> weakness1 & an evid5t respiratory tr\ble4 ,! horse recov]$ 9 eighte5 h\rs4 #bg mgrms4 7#a_/bd gra97 giv5 9 ! same way1 aft] a long int]val ( "t1 caus$1 at ! end ( an h\r1 m pron\nc$ symptoms2 ! pulse1 at ! comm5cem5t #ej1 rose 9 an h\r & a half to #fh1 !n ! respiration became audible & difficult4 ,9 an h\r & ?ree-qu>t]s !re 7 great re/lessness & dim9ution ( muscul> p[]4 ,two h\rs aft] ! injection ! muscul> weakness increas$ s mu* t ! horse fell d[n2 he 0 also convuls$4 ,aft] eight h\rs he began to improve4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t1 #cbd mgrms4 7 gra97 kill$ a /urdy entire horse 9 two h\rs & tw5ty m9utes1 ! symptoms comm5c+ )9 ! h\r1 & consi/+ ( difficulty ( brea?+1 irregul>ity ( ! he>t's action1 & convulsions4 ,! g5]al picture ( ! effects ( fatal1 b n excessive1 doses giv5 to dogs1 cats1 rabbits1 c41 resembles closely t already describ$4 ,! he>t's action is at fir/ sl[$1 !n becomes quick & irregul>1 !re is dyspna1 progressive p>alysis ( ! muscul> p[]1 convulsions1 & dea? 9 asphyxia4 ,vomit+ is frequ5tly obs]v$1 sometimes salivation1 & v (t5 dilatation ( ! pupil4 ,sometimes ! latt] is abnormally active1 dilat+ & contract+ alt]nately4 ,di>rha also occurs 9 a few cases4 ,vomit+ is m frequ5t :5 ! poison is tak5 by ! m\? ?an :5 adm9i/]$ subcutane\sly4#dgg #dgg ,! m important physiological rese>*es on ! action ( aconite are conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ works & pap]s3-- ,,flem+1 ,a4--,an ,inquiry into ! ,physiological & ,m$ic9al ,prop]ties ( ! ,aconitum napellus1 to :i* are add$ obs]vations on sev]al o!r species ( aconite1 #hvo1 ,lond41 #ahde4 ,,s*ulz1 ,f4 ,w4--,de ,aconit9i ,effectu 9 ,organismum ,animalium4 ,v4 ,,praag4--,ar*4 f4 ,pa?4 ,anat41 vii4 p4 #dch1 #ahed4 ,,hottot1 ,e4--,de l',aconit9e et de ses ,effets ,physiologiques1 #dto1 ,p>is1 #ahfc4 ,,a*s*>um[4--,ar*4 f4 ,anatom4 u4 ,physiol41 #ahff4 ,b,,hn4--,h]zgifte1 #ahga4 ,,ew]s1 ,c4--,ueb] die physiologis*5 ,wirkung5 des aus ,aconitum f]ox d>ge/ellt5 ,aconit9s 7,pseudoaconit91 ,aconit9um anglicum1 ,nepal971 #hvo1 ,dorpat1 #ahgc4 ,,guilaud4--,de l',aconite et de l',aconit9e1 #dto1 ,montpelli]1 #ahgd4 ,,fran*es*9i1 ,m4 ,a4--,contribution a l'tude de l',action ,physiologique et ,?rapeutique de l',aconit9e1 #dto1 ,p>is1 #ahge4 ,,lew94--,exp4 ,unt]su*4 b] die ,wirkung d4 ,aconit9s auf's ,h]z4 ,diss41 ,b]l91 #ahge4 ,,giul9i1 ,p4--,exp]im5telle ,unt]su*ung5 ueb] die ,wirkung des ,aconit9s auf das ,n]v5sy/em1 das ,h]z1 u4 die ,a?mung1 #hvo1 ,erlang51 #ahgf4 ,,h>ley1 ,,dr4 ,,john4--8,on ! ,action & ,uses ( ,aconitia10 ,/4 ,?os4 ,hosp4 ,reports1 #ahgd4 ,v4 ,,s*r(f1 ,c4 ,jr4--,beitrag zur ,k5ntniss des ,aconit41 #hvo1 ,wi51 #ahgf4 ,,plugge1 ,p4 ,c4--8,unt]su*ung5 ueb] die physiologis*e ,wirkung v]s*i$5] ,h&elssort5 von ,aconit91 u4 ,pseudoaconit9 auf ,muskeln u4 ,n]v510 ,vir*4 ,ar*iv1 ,bd4 #hg1 #ahhb1 ,s4 #daj4 #dcb4 ,/ati/ics4--,dur+ ! t5 ye>s1 #ahhc-ib1 !re 7 record$ 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 #dj accid5tal dea?s f ! v>i\s =ms ( aconite 7#ai males1 #ba females72 & #ai suicidal dea?s 7#i males1 #aj females7 f ! same cause1 :i* makes a total ( #ei4 #dcc4 ,effects on ,man4--,i h collect$ f ,european m$ical lit]ature1 #hg cases ( poison+ by aconite 9 "s =m or o!r4 ,^! comprise only #b cases ( murd]1 #g ( suicide1 & #gg :i* 7 m or less accid5tal4 ,six ( ! cases 7 f ! use ( ! alkaloid itself2 #aj 7 f ! root2 9 two cases *ildr5 eat ! fl[]s2 9 #a1 ! leaves ( ! plant 7 cook$ & eat5 by mi/ake2 9 #g1 ! t9cture 0 mi/ak5 = br&y1 %]ry1 or liqueur2 ! rema9d] 7 caus$ by ! t9cture1 ! l9im5t1 or ! extract4 #dcd4 ,poison+ by ! ,root4--,a case ( murd] :i* occurr$ "s ye>s ago 9 ,am]ica1 & also ! ,iri% case :i* took place 9 #ahda 7,reg4 v4 ,m',conkey71 71 until ! rec5t trial ( ,lamson1 ! only in/ances among ,engli%-speak+ p ( ! use ( aconite = crim9al purposes2 b if we turn to ! ,indian records1 we f9d t x has be5 l>gely us$ f ! e>lie/ times z a de/roy] ( human life4 ,9 #ahdb a tank ( wat] de/9$ = ! use ( ! ,briti% army 9 pursuit ( ! retreat+ ,burmese1 0 poison$ by int5tional contam9ation ) ! bruis$ root ( ,aconitum f]ox2 x 0 =tunately discov]$ be=e any h>m result$4 ,a prep>ation ( ! root is us$ 9 all ! hill di/ricts ( ,india to poison arr[s = ! de/ruction ( wild bea/s4 ,a ,lep*a describ$ ! root to a ,briti% (fic] z be+ 8useful to sportsm5 = de/roy+ elephants & tig]s1 useful to ! ri* = putt+ tr\blesome relations out ( ! way1 & useful to jeal\s husb&s = ! purpose ( de/roy+ fai?less wives40 ,f ! record$ cases1 ! p[d]$ root1 mix$ ) food1 or ! same sub/ance /eep$ 9 spiritu\s liquor1 is usually ! "p *os5 = adm9i/ration4 ,9 ,m',conkey's case1 ! man's wife pur*as$ p[d]$ aconite root1 mix$ x ) pepp]1 & /rew$ x ov] "s gre5s1 :i* %e cook$ & gave to him4 ,! man compla9$ ( ! %>p ta/e ( ! gre5s1 & soon aft] ! meal vomit$1 & suff]$ f purg+1 became deliri\s ) lock-jaw1 & cl5*+ ( ! h&s2 he di$ 9 ab\t ?ree h\rs4 ,! *ief noticeable po/-mortem appe>ance 0 a bright r$ col\r ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma*4 ,! symptoms 9 ?is case 71 9 "s respects1 diff]5t f ^? met ) 9 o!r cases ( poison+ by ! root4 ,a typical case is giv5 by ,dr4 ,*ev]s 7op4 cit471 9 :i* a man _h tak5 by mi/ake a small portion ( aconite root4 ,imm$iately aft] *ew+ x he felt a sweeti% ta/e1 foll[$ imm$iately by t+l+ ( ! lips & tongue1 numbness ( ! face1 & sev]e vomit+4 ,on admission to hospital he 0 extremely re/less1 toss+ 8 limbs ab\t 9 all directions & con/antly *ang+ 8 position4 ,he compla9$ ( a burn+ s5sation 9 ! /oma*1 & a t+l+ & numbness 9 e "p ( ! body1 except+ 8 legs4 ,! t+l+ 0 specially m>k$ 9 ! face & tongue--s mu* s t he 0 con/antly mov+ ! latt] to & fro 9 ord] to scrat* x aga9/ ! tee?4 ,ret*+ & vomit+ occurr$ almo/ incessantly1 & he con/antly plac$ 8 h& ov] ! c>diac region4 ,8 face 0 anxi\s1 ! eyes suffus$1 ! lips pale & exsangu9e1 ! eyelids swoll51 mod]ately dilat$1 & ins5sible to ! /imulus ( light2 ! respiration 0 lab\r$1 #fd 9 a m9ute2 ! pulse #ff1 small & feeble4 ,!re 0 inability to walk f loss ( muscul> p[]1 b ! man 0 p]fectly consci\s4 ,! /oma*-pump 0 us$1 & album5 & milk adm9i/]$4 ,?ree & ?ree-qu>t] h\rs aft] tak+ ! root ! symptoms 7 increas$ 9 sev]ity4 ,! tongue 0 r$ & swoll51 ! pulse int]mitt5t1 feeble1 & sl[]4 ,! t+l+ & numbness _h ext5d$ to ! legs4 ,on exam9+ ! condition ( ! ext]nal s5sibility ) a pair ( scissors1 x 0 f\nd t1 on fully sep>at+ ! blades & br++ ! po9ts 9 contact ) ! sk9 ov] ! arms & =e>ms1 he felt !m z "o1 al?\gh !y 7 #d in*es ap>t4 ,b ! s5sibility ( ! ?ighs & legs 0 less obtuse1 = he c\ld feel ! two po9ts di/9ctly :5 !y 7 #d in*es ap>t1 & cont9u$ to d s until ! di/ance betwe5 ! po9ts fell %ort ( #b in*es4 ,he began to improve ab\t ! n9? h\r1 & gradually recov]$1 al?\gh he suff]$ = "o or two days f a slight di>rha4 ,z 9 ! case detail$ 7p4 #cfc71 no wat] 0 pass$ = a long "t1 z if ! bladd] e>ly lo/ its p[]4 #dce4 ,poison+ by ! ,alkaloid ,aconit9e4--,probably ! e>lie/ in/ance on record is ! case relat$ by ,dr4 ,gold+ ,bird 9 #ahdh4dgh ,:at k9d ( aconit9e 0 !n 9 comm]ce ,i "k n1 & s9ce app>5tly a p]son ( consid]able social rank 0 ! subject ( ! poison+1 ! case has be5 imp]fectly report$4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t1 :e!r = purposes ( suicide1 or exp]im5t1 or z a m$ic9e1 two gra9s & a half ( aconit9e 7 swall[$4 ,! symptoms 7 v viol5t1 consi/+ ( vomit+1 collapse1 & attacks ( muscul> spasm2 ! n>rator describes ! vomit+ z peculi>4 8,x1 p]haps1 h>dly des]v$ t title2 ! pati5t 0 seiz$ ) a k9d ( g5]al spasm1 dur+ :i* he convulsively turn$ ^u 8 abdom51 & ) an int5se contraction ( ! abdom9al muscles1 he j]k$ out1 z x 71 ) a l\d %\t ! cont5ts ( 8 /oma*1 dep5d5t app>5tly on ! sudd5 contraction ( ! diaphragm40 ,on attempt+ to make him swall[ any fluid1 a fe>ful spasm ( ! ?roat 0 produc$2 x rem9d$ 8 m$ical att5dants ( hydrophobia4 ,! pati5t recov]$ completely )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 #dgh ,lancet1 vol4 i4 p4 #ad4 ,"o ( ?ree cases report$ by ,dr4 ,alb]t ,buss*]1#dgi ( poison+ by aconit9e nitrate1 possesses all ! exact details ( an int5tional exp]im5t1 & is ( p]man5t value to toxicological lit]ature4 #dgi ,intoxicationsflle dur* ,aconit9 ,nitricum ,gallicum1 neb/ ,sections ,b]i*t1 von ,dr4 ,alb]t ,buss*]2 ,b]l4 kl9is*e ,wo*5s*rift1 #ahhj1 ,no4 #bd1 pp4 #cch1 #cef4 ,a lab\r] ( ,be]ta1 sixty-"o ye>s ( age1 ?91 & ( some:at weak con/itution1 suff]$ f neuralgia & a slight int]mitt5t fev]2 ,dr4 ,c>l ,mey] prescrib$ = 8 ailm5t3-- 4 ,aconiti ,nitrici1 #b grm4 ,tr4 ,*5opodii ,ambrosioid41 #ajj grms4 ,m4,d4,s4 ,tw5ty drops to be tak5 f\r times daily4 ,! pati5t 0 in/ruct$ v]bally by ,dr4 ,mey] to increase ! dose until he atta9$ a maximum ( sixty drops p] day4 ,! doses :i* ! man actually took1 & ! "t ( tak+ !m1 are conv5i5tly ?r[n into a tabul> =m z foll[s3-- ,no4 #a4 ,m>* #ad1 #g ,p4,m41 #e drops equal to aconit9e nitrate1 #d mgrm4 #b4 #i ,p4,m41 #bj #af #c4 ,m>* #ae1 #h ,a4,m41 #bj #af #d4 #aa ,a4,m41 #bj #af #e4 #d ,p4,m41 #bj #af #f4 #i ,p4,m41 #bj #af #g4 ,m>* #af1 #aj ,p4,m41 #aj #h ,9 ! :ole sev5 doses1 :i* 7 di/ribut$ ov] =ty-eight h\rs1 he took #ib mgrms4 7#ad gra97 ( aconit9e nitrate4 ,on tak+ dose ,no4 #a1 he exp]i5c$ a feel+ ( con/riction 7,zusamm5ziehung71 & burn+ spread+ f ! m\? to ! /oma*1 b ?is aft] a little :ile subsid$4 ,two h\rs aft]w>ds he took ,no4 #b1 f\r times ! quantity ( ,no4 #a4 ,?is produc$ ! same imm$iate symptoms1 b soon he became cold1 & felt v ill4 ,he _h an anxi\s oppressive feel+ ab\t ! *e/1 ) a burn+ feel+ ab\t ! ?roat2 ! :ole body 0 cov]$ ) a cold sweat1 8 sight fail$1 he became giddy1 !re 0 excessive muscul> weakness1 he felt z if he _h lo/ p[] ov] 8 limbs1 he _h great difficulty 9 brea?+4 ,dur+ ! night he pass$ no wat]1 nor felt a desire to d s4 ,ab\t half an h\r aft] he _h tak5 ! m$ic9e1 he began to vomit viol5tly1 :i* reliev$ him mu*2 he !n fell asleep4 ,dose ,no4 #c1 equal z be=e to #af mgrm41 he took 9 ! morn+4 ,he exp]i5c$ almo/ exactly ! same symptoms z be=e1 b convulsions 7 add$1 especially ( ! face2 ! eyes 7 also prom95t2 tw5ty m9utes aft] he _h tak5 ! dose1 vomit+ came on1 aft] :i* he aga9 felt bett]4 ,he took dose ,no4 #d1 & _h ! same repetition ( symptoms1 b 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! doses he felt weak] & weak]2 he _h no en]gy1 & felt z if p>alys$4 ,no4 #e 0 tak51 & produc$1 l ! o!rs1 vomit+1 aft] :i* he felt reliev$4 ,nei!r he nor 8 wife seem$ all ?is "t to h _h any suspicion t ! m$ic9e 0 really do+ h>m1 b ?\ght t ! effects 7 due to its con/ant rejection by vomit+1 s1 9 ord] to prev5t vomit+ ) ,no4 #f1 he drank mu* cold wat]4 ,aft] ?us tak+ ! m$ic9e1 ! pati5t seem$ to fall into a k9d ( slumb]1 ) great re/lessness2 ab\t an h\r & a half aft]w>ds he cri$1 8,i am *ill$2 my he>t1 my he>t is t]ribly cold4 ,i am dy+2 ,i am poison$40 ,8 :ole body 0 cov]$ ) p]spiration2 he 0 n[ convuls$1 & lo/ sight & he>+2 8 eyes 7 %ut1 8 lips crack$ & dry1 he c\ld sc>cely op5 8 m\?1 & he 0 extremely cold1 & ?\ght he 0 dy+4 ,! brea?+ 0 difficult & rattl+2 f "t to "t ! muscul> spasms came on4 ,8 wife n[ made a l>ge quantity ( hot /rong black tea1 :i* %e got him to dr9k ) great difficulty2 al?\gh x 0 hot1 he did n "k :e!r x 0 hot or cold4 ,ab\t five m9utes aft]w>ds he vomit$1 & did s sev]al times2 ?is app>5tly reliev$ him1 & he sank into a quiet sleep2 dur+ ! night he did n ur9ate4 ,9 ! morn+ ! wife w5t to ,dr4 ,c>l ,mey]1 describ$ ! symptoms1 & accus$ ! m$ic9e4 ,s conv9c$ 0 ,dr4 ,mey] t ! m$ic9e did n cause ! symptoms1 t he p\r$ out a quantity ( ! same1 equal to #d mgrms4 ( aconit9e nitrate1 & took x himself 9 "s w9e1 to %[ t x 0 h>mless1 & ord]$ !m to g on ) x4 ,! unhappy physician di$ ( aconit9e poison+ five h\rs aft] tak+ ! m$ic9e4#dhj ,9 ! meantime1 ! woman w5t home1 & h] husb& actually took a sev5?1 b small] dose1 :i* produc$ simil> symptoms to ! =m]1 b ( little sev]ity2 no m 0 tak54 #dhj ,! symptoms suff]$ by ,dr4 ,mey] are to be f\nd 9 ,n$]4 ,tijds*rift van ,g5eeskunde1 #ahhj1 ,no4 #af4 ,! abs5ce ( di>rha1 & ( ! prick+ s5sations s (t5 describ$1 is 9 ?is case notewor?y4 ,bo? di>rha & =mication 7 also abs5t 9 a ?ird case report$ by ,dr4 ,buss*] 9 ! same pap]4 #dcf4 ,! mo/ important crim9al case is und\bt$ly t ( ,lamson3--,at ! ,c5tral ,crim9al ,c\rt1 9 ,m>*1 #ahhb1 ,george ,h5ry ,lamson1 surgeon1 0 convict$ ( ! murd] ( 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,p]cy ,malcolm ,john4 ,! victim 0 a weakly y\? ( eighte5 ye>s ( age1 p>alys$ 9 8 l[] limbs f old /&+ sp9al disease4 ,! motive = p]petrat+ ! crime 0 t ,lamson1 ?r\gh 8 wife 7,malcolm ,john's si/]71 w\ld receive1 on ! dea? ( 8 bro!r-9-law1 a sum ( #aejj1 &1 accord+ to ! evid5ce1 x is probable t !re _h be5 "o or m previ\s attempts by ,lamson on ! life ( ! y\? ) aconit9e giv5 9 pills & 9 p[d]s4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 on ,novemb] #bd1 #ahhj1 ,lamson pur*as$ #b gra9s ( aconit9e1 came d[n on ,dec4 #c to ! s*ool :]e ! lad 0 plac$1 _h an int]view ) 8 bro!r-9-law1 &1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! head-ma/]1 gave ,malcolm ,john a capsule1 :i* he fill$ !n & !re ) "s :ite p[d]1 presum$ at ! "t to be sug>4 ,lamson only /ay$ altoge!r tw5ty m9utes 9 ! h\se1 & directly aft] he saw 8 bro!r-9-law swall[ ! capsule1 he left4 ,)9 fifte5 m9utes ,malcolm ,john became unwell1 say+ t he felt z if he _h an attack ( he>t-burn1 & !n t he felt ! same z :5 8 bro!r-9-law _h on a =m] occasion giv5 him a qu99e pill4 ,viol5t vomit+ soon set 91 & he compla9$ ( pa9s 9 8 /oma*1 a s5se ( con/riction 9 8 ?roat1 & ( be+ unable to swall[4 ,he 0 v re/less--s mu* s t he _h to be re/ra9$ by =ce f injur+ himself4 ,!re 0 delirium a few m9utes be=e dea?1 :i* took place ab\t ?ree h\rs & ?ree-qu>t]s aft] swall[+ ! fatal dose4 ,! po/-mortem appe>ances ess5tially consi/$ ( r$ness ( ! great] curvature ( ! /oma*1 & ! po/]ior portion ( ! same organ4 ,9 "o "p !re 0 a little pit1 z if a bli/] _h brok52 ! re/ ( ! visc]a 7 conge/$1 & ! bra9 also slightly conge/$4#dha #dha ,to ^! cases ( poison+ by ! alkaloid aconit9e may be add$ "o record$ 9 ,b\*>dat's ,annuaire de ,?rapeutie1 #ahha1 p4 #bgf4 ,! case 9 itself is ( b little importance1 save to illu/rate ! great dang] 9 p]mitt+ ! disp5s+ ( su* active rem$ies ( v>y+ /r5g?4 ,a g5tleman suff]+ f 8ang9a pectoris0 0 prescrib$ 8,hottot's aconit9e0 9 granules1 & direct$ c>efully to increase ! dose up to f\r granules1 accord+ to ! effect produc$4 ,! prescription 0 tak5 to a ph>maci/1 :o1 in/ead ( supply+ ,hottot's aconit9e1 suppli$ "s o!r ( unkn[n orig94 ,! m$ic9e 0 tak5 daily1 & ! dose rais$ to f\r granules1 :i* 7 tak5 ) b5efit until ! :ole 0 exhau/$4 ,he !n w5t to ,hottot's e/abli%m5t1 & _h a fre% supply1 presumably ( ! same sub/ance1 b a v little "t aft] he _h tak5 8 usual dose ( f\r granules1 he suff]$ f symptoms ( aconit9e poison+1 heada*e1 v]tigo1 feebl5ess ( ! voice1 & muscul> weakness1 & 0 al>m+ly ill4 ,he recov]$ aft] "s h\rs ( m$ical treatm5t4 #dcg4 ,! symptoms ( poison+ by ! t9cture1 extract1 or o!r prep>ation1 d n diff] f ^? detail$4 ,z unusual effects1 occasionally se51 may be not$ pr(\nd unconsci\sness la/+ = two h\rs 7,topham's case71 viol5t twit*+ ( ! muscles ( ! face1 opi/hotonos1 & viol5t convulsions4 ,x is important to di/+ui% ! symptoms :i* are n con/ant f ^? :i* are con/ant1 or ne>ly s4 ,! t+l+ & creep+ s5sations ab\t ! tongue1 ?roat1 lips1 c41 are n con/ant2 !y c]ta9ly 7 n pres5t 9 ! rem>kable ,g]man case cit$ at p4 #cfc4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 !y seem m likely to occur aft] tak+ ! root or ! ord9>y m$ic9al prep>ations4 ,a dilat$ /ate ( ! pupil is by no means con/ant1 & n to be reli$ ^u4 ,di>rha is se5 aft] tak+ ! root or t9cture by ! /oma*1 b is (t5 abs5t4 ,9 %ort1 ! only con/ant symptoms are difficulty ( brea?+1 progressive muscul> weakness1 g5]ally vomit+1 & a weak int]mitt5t pulse4 #dch4 ,physiological ,action4--,aconit9e1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,s4 ,r+]1 is a protoplasmic poison1 de/roy+ ! functions ( all nitrog5\s tissue--fir/ ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 next ( ! n]ves1 & la/ ( ! muscles4 ,aconit9e )\t d\bt acts p[]fully on ! he>t1 ultimately p>alys+ x2 !re is fir/ a sl[+ ( ! pulse1 ascrib$ to a c5tral excitation ( ! vagus2 !n a quick5+1 due to p>alysis ( ! p]iph]al t]m9ation ( ! vagus 9 ! he>t2 la/ly1 ! he>t's action becomes sl[1 irregul>1 & weak1 & ! blood-pressure s9ks4 ,! dyspna & convulsions are ! usual result1 se5 among all w>m-blood$ animals1 ( ! he>t affection4 ,plugge f\nd t ! motor n]ves1 & m especially _! intra-muscul> t]m9ations1 7 always p>alys$2 b if ! dose 0 small ! p>alysis might be incomplete4 ,bhm & ,w>tmann1 on ! o!r h&1 consid]$ t ! motor p>alysis _h a c5tral orig91 a view n support$ by rec5t rese>*4 ,! action ( aconit9e 9 ?is way resembles cur>e4 ,! muscles !mselves pres]ve _! irritability1 ev5 aft] doses ( aconit9e :i* are five to t5 times l>g] ?an ^? by :i* ! n]ve t]m9ations are p>alys$4 #dci4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,among animals 7mammals7 ! appe>ances mo/ con/antly obs]v$ h be5 hyp]mia ( ! c]ebral membranes & bra91 a fulness ( ! l>ge ve9s1 ! blood g5]ally fluid--sometimes hyp]mia ( ! liv]1 sometimes n4 ,:5 aconit9e has be5 adm9i/]$ subcutane\sly1 !re h be5 no inflammatory appe>ances 9 ! /oma* & b[els4 ,9 ! case ( ,dr4 ,c>l ,mey]1 :o di$ 9 five h\rs f swall[+ #d mgrms4 ( aconit9e nitrate1 ! corpse 0 ( a m>ble pal5ess1 ! pupils mod]ately dilat$4 ,! col\r ( ! l>ge inte/9e 0 pale2 ! duod5um 0 mu* conge/$1 ! conge/ion be+ mo/ int5se ! ne>] to ! /oma*2 ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* itself 0 /rongly hyp]mic1 be+ ( an int5se r$ col\r2 ! sple5 0 enl>g$1 fill$ ) mu* d>k blood4 ,! liv] & kidneys 7 deeply conge/$1 ! lungs also conge/$2 ! "r v5tricle ( ! he>t 0 di/5d$ ) blood2 9 ! p]ic>dium !re 0 a quantity ( bloody s]um4 ,! bra9 0 g5]ally blood-r$2 9 ! c]ebral hemisph]es !re 7 sev]al l>ge circumscrib$ sub>a*noid extravasations4 ,! sub/ance ( ! bra9 on section %[$ _m r$ bloody po9ts4 ,9 a case record$ by ,taylor1 9 :i* a man di$ 9 ?ree h\rs f eat+ a small quantity ( aconit9e root1 ! only morbid appe>ance f\nd 0 a slight r$di%-br[n pat* on ! c>diac end ( ! /oma*1 ( ! size ( half a cr[n2 all ! o!r organs be+ heal?y4 #ddj4 ,sep>ation ( ,aconit9e f ! ,cont5ts ( ! ,/oma* or ! ,organs4--,x w\ld appe> c]ta9 t 9 all op]ations = ! sep>ation ( aconite alkaloids 7:e!r f ! organic matt]s :i* make up ! plant1 or f ^? con/itut+ animal tissues71 m9]al acids & a high heat %\ld be avoid$4 ,a #a p] c5t4 sulphuric acid does n1 h[ev]1 hydrolyse1 if act+ 9 ! cold1 s t ! process already giv51 p4 #ceb1 may be foll[$4 ,! *emical exam9ation 9 ! ,lamson case 0 entru/$ to ,dr4 ,/ev5son1 assi/$ by ,dr4 ,dupr1 & 0 conduct$ on ! pr9ciples detail$4 ,! cont5ts ( ! /oma* 7 treat$ ) alcohol1 & dige/$ at ! ord9>y temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e2 ! cont5ts 7 already acid1 s no acid 9 ?is fir/ op]ation 0 add$4 ,! mixture /ood = two days & 0 !n filt]$4 ,! insoluble portion 0 n[ exhau/$ by alcohol1 fa9tly acidulat$ by t>t>ic acid1 & w>m$ to #fj2 cool$ & filt]$1 ! insoluble "p be+ wa%$ aga9 ) alcohol4 ,! two portions--t is1 ! spiritu\s extract acid f acids pre-exi/+ 9 ! cont5ts ( ! /oma*1 & ! alcohol acidifi$ by t>t>ic acid--7 evaporat$ d[n sep>ately1 exhau/$ by absolute alcohol1 ! solutions filt]$1 evaporat$1 & ! residue dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,! two aque\s solutions 7 n[ mix$1 & %ak5 up ) e!r1 :i*1 z ! solution 0 acid1 w\ld n remove any alkaloid1 b might remove v>i\s impurities2 ! residue1 aft] be+ ?us p>tially purifi$ by e!r1 0 alkalis$ by sodic c>bonate1 & ! alkaloid extract$ by a mixture ( *lor(orm & e!r4 ,on evaporation ( ! *lor(orm & e!r1 ! result+ extract 0 te/$ physiologically by ta/+1 & also by injections into mice4 ,by means analog\s to ^? detail$1 ! exp]ts isolat$ aconit9e f ! vomit1 ! /oma*1 liv]1 sple51 & ur9e1 & also a m9ute quantity ( morph9e1 :i* _h be5 adm9i/]$ to ! pati5t to subdue ! pa9 dur+ 8 fatal attack4 ,:5 ta/$1 ! peculi> numb+1 t+l+ s5sation la/$ _m h\rs4 ,^! extracts 7 reli$ ^u z evid5ce1 = _! physiological effect 0 id5tical ) t produc$ by aconit9e4 ,= example1 ! extract obta9$ f ! ur9e caus$ symptoms to comm5ce 9 a m\se 9 two m9utes1 & dea? 9 ?irty m9utes1 & ! symptoms obs]v$ by inject+ a m\se ) kn[n aconit9e co9cid$ 9 e p>ticul> ) ! symptoms produc$ by ! extraction f ! ur9e4 ,) reg>d to ! mann] ( us+ 8life te/s10 s9ce 9 mo/ cases extremely small quantities ( ! active pr9ciple w h to be id5tifi$1 ! *oice is limit$ to small animals1 & x is bett] to use mice or birds1 r ?an reptiles4 ,9 ! ,lamson case1 subcutane\s injections 7 employ$1 b x is a "q :e!r !re is n less error 9 adm9i/]+ x by ! m\?4 ,if two heal?y mice are tak51 & ! "o f$ ) a little meal1 to :i* a weigh$ quantity ( ! extract "u exp]im5t has be5 add$1 :ile to ! o!r "s meal mix$ ) a suppos$ equal dose ( aconit9e is giv51 !n ! symptoms may be comp>$2 & sev]al objections to any op]ative proce$+ on su* small animals are obviat$4 ,x is c]ta9 t any extract :i* causes di/9ct numbness ( ! lips w conta9 en\gh ( ! poison to kill a small bird or a m\se1 if adm9i/]$ 9 ! ord9>y way4#dhb #dhb ,dr4 ,a4 ,langa>d has describ$ a species ( aconite root1 nam$ by ! ,japanese ,ksa-s4 ,f 8 exp]im5ts on frogs & rabbits1 its physiological action seems n to diff] f t ( aconit9e g5]ally4--,ueb] e9e ,art ,japanis*e ,akonit-knoll51 ,ksa-s g5annt1 u4 b] das 9 d5selb5 vorkomm5de ,akonit94 ,vir*['s ,ar*iv1 ,b4 #gi1 #ahhj1 p4 #bbi4 ,,vi4--,! ,mydriatic ,gr\p ( ,alkaloids--,atrop9e--,hyoscyam9e--,sola n9e--,cytis9e4 #a4 ,,atrop9e4 #dda4 ,atrop9e 7,datur9e71 ,c,h,,no4--,?is important alkaloid has be5 f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! ,atropa belladonna1 or deadly night%ade1 & 9 all ! species ( ,datura4 ,! ,atropa belladonna is indig5\s1 & may be f\nd 9 "s p>ts ( ,engl&1 al?\gh x _c be said to be v common4 ,x belongs to ! ,solanace1 & is a h]bace\s plant ) broadly ovate entire leaves1 & lurid-purple axill>y fl[]s on %ort /alks2 ! b]ries are violet-black1 & ! :ole ( ! plant is highly poison\s4 ,! juice ( ! leaves /a9s pap] a purple col\r4 ,! se$s are v small1 kidney-%ap$1 weigh+ ab\t #ij to ! gra92 !y are cov]$ closely ) small1 r\nd projections1 & are easily id5tifi$ by an exp]t1 :o may be suppos$ to h at h& 7z is mo/ ess5tial7 samples ( diff]5t poison\s se$s = comp>ison4 ,! night%ade owes its poison\s prop]ties to atrop9e4 ,! yield ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( belladonna1 accord+ to ,gun!r1#dhc is z foll[s3-- #dhc ,ph>m4 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,russl41 ,feb41 #ahfi2 ,drag5dorff1 ,die *emis*e ,w]?be/immung e9ig] />kwirk5d5 ,drogu51 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahgd4 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,alkaloidal ,,cont5t ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,belladonna ,,plant4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,quantity ( ,alkaloids ,quantity ( ,alkaloids 9 ! ,fre% 9 ! ,dry ,sub/ance1 p] c5t4 ,sub/ance1 p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- -- 7a47 ,by 7b47 ,by 7a47 ,by 7b47 ,by ,weigh+4 ,titration4 ,weigh+4 ,titration4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,leaves1 #jbjbb #jbjjgb #jhch #jhbh ,/alk1 #jjdbb 444 #jadf 444 ,ripe fruit1 #jbabh #jbjbeh #jhba #jhje ,se$1 #jbffgf 444 #jdjg 444 ,unripe fruit1 #jahgj #jaicj #jiee #jiee ,root1 #jjgib 444 #jbaj 444 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,atrop9e appe>s to exi/ 9 ! plant 9 comb9ation ) malic acid4 ,accord+ to a rese>* by ,lad5burg1 hyoscyam9e is associat$ ) atrop9e1 bo? 9 ! ,belladonna & ,datura plants4#dhd #dhd ,b]4 d] deuts*4 ,*em4 ,ges41 ,bd4 #ac4 ,f a rese>* by ,w4 ,s*tte1#dhe x appe>s t ! y\ng] roots ( wild belladonna conta9 hyoscyam9e only1 :il/ ! old] roots conta9 atrop9e z well z hyoscyam9e1 b only 9 small proportion2 ! same 0 obs]v$ to be ! case 9 ! old] cultivat$ roots4 #dhe ,ar*4 ,ph>m41 ccxxix41 #dib-eca2 ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc4 7ab/ract71 ,febru>y #ahib1 #bca4 ,! ripe b]ries ( cultivat$ ,atropa belladonna nigra conta9 atrop9e & hyoscyam9e2 ^? ( ! wild plant conta9 atrop9e only2 ! ripe fruit ( ,atropa belladonna lutea conta9s only atrop9e & ano!r base1 p]haps id5tical ) atropam9e2 ! unripe fruit ( wild ,atropa belladonna nigra conta9s hyoscyam9e1 ) only a small quantity ( atrop9e4 ,! leaves ( ! yell[ & black-fruit$ wild ,atropa belladonna conta9 hyoscyam9e & atrop9e1 ! latt] be+ 9 small quantity only4 ,fre% & old se$s ( ,datura ,/ramonium conta9 *iefly hyoscyam9e2 small quantities ( atrop9e & scopolam9e are also pres5t4 #ddb4 ,! ,datura ,/ramonium or ,?orn-apple is also indig5\s 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 b1 l belladonna1 x _c be consid]$ a common plant4 ,datura belongs to ! ,solanace2 x gr[s f #a to #b feet 9 height1 & is f\nd 9 wa/e places4 ,! leaves are smoo?1 ! fl[]s :ite2 ! fruit is d5sely sp9\s 7h5ce ! "n ?orn-apple71 & is divid$ into f\r dissepim5ts bel[1 two at ! top1 & conta9+ _m se$s4 ,! ,datura1 or ! ,dhatura-plants1 ( ,india h 9 t c\ntry a great toxicological significance1 ! :ite-fl[]$ datura1 or ,datura alba1 gr[+ pl5tifully 9 wa/e places1 especially ab\t ,madras4 ,! purple-col\r$ v>iety1 or ,datura fa/uosa1 is also common 9 c]ta9 p>ts4 ,!re is a ?ird v>iety1 ! ,datura atrox1 f\nd ab\t ! coa/ ( ,malab>4 ,! se$s ( ! :ite datura h be5 mi/ak5 9 ,india = ^? ( capsicum4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! mo/ m>k$ diff]5ces3-- ,,se$s ,,( ,,! ,,common ,,or ,,:ite ,,se$s ,,( ,,capsicum4 ,,datura4 7#a47 ,outl9e angul>4 ,outl9e r\nd$4 7#b47 ,atta*$ to ! plac5ta by a ,atta*$ to ! plac5ta by a l>ge1 :ite1 fle%y mass sep>- cord f a prom95ce on ! at+ easily1 leav+ a deep concave bord] ( ! se$4 furr[ along half ! l5g? ( ! se$'s concave bord]4 7#c47 ,surface scabr\s1 almo/ re- ,uni=mly scabr\s1 ! sides ticulate1 except on ! two com- be+ equally r\gh ) ! press$ sides1 :]e x has bord]s4 become almo/ glauc\s f pressure ( ! neighb\r+ se$s4 7#d47 ,convex bord] ?ick & ,convex bord] ?ick5$1 b bulg$ ) a longitud9al depres- uni=mly r\nd$4 sion betwe5 ! bulg+s1 caus$ by ! compression ( ! two sides4 7#e47 ,a suitable section %[s ! ,! embryo1 expos$ by a suitable embryo curv$ & twi/$ 9 ! section1 is se5 to resemble 9 fle%y album54 outl9e v closely ! figure #f4 7#f47 ,! ta/e ( ! datura se$s ,! ta/e ( capsicum is pung5t2 is v feebly bitt]4 ,! wat]y a decoction irritates ! eye decoction causes dilatation ( ! mu*1 b does n cause dilata- pupil4 tion ( ! pupil4 ,! id5tity ( ! active pr9ciple 9 bo? ! datura & belladonna tribes is n[ completely e/abli%$4#dhf #dhf ,see a rese>* by ,ern/ ,s*midt1 8,ueb] die ,alkaloide d] ,belladonna-,wurzel u4 des ,/e*apfel-,sam5s10 ,lieb4 ,annl41 ,bd4 #bjh1 #ahha4 #ddc4 ,ph>maceutical ,prep>ations4--7a47 ,( ! leaves4 ,extract ( ,belladonna4--,?is conta9s1 accord+ to ,squire1#dhg;a f #jgc to #ag p] c5t4 ( total alkaloids4 ,belladonna ,juice 7succus belladonn74--,/r5g? 9 alkaloid ab\t #jje p] c5t4 ,t9cture ( ,belladonna4--,half ! /r5g? ( ! juice1 & !re=e yield+ ab\t #jjbe p] c5t4 ( alkaloid4 #dhg;a ,companion to ! ,briti% ,ph>macopia1 #ahid4 7b47 ,belladonna ,root4--,belladonna pla/] conta9s #bj p] c5t4 ( alcoholic extract ( belladonna4 ,alcoholic ,extract ( ,belladonna4--,?is extract1 accord+ to ,squire1#dhg;b conta9s f #af to #dde p] c5t4 ( alkaloid4 ,belladonna l9im5t is an alcoholic extract ) ! addition ( camphor2 its /r5g? is ab\t equal to #jb p] c5t4 ( alkaloid4 ,belladonna o9tm5t conta9s ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( ! alcoholic extract4 #dhg;b ,companion to ! ,briti% ,ph>macopia1 #ahid4 7c47 ,! ,alkaloid4--,atrop9e ,discs 7lamell atrop974--,^! are discs ( gelat91 ea* weigh+ ab\t #a_/ej gra91 & conta9+ = oph?almic use #a_/ejjj gra9 ( atrop9e sulphate4 ,simil> discs are made = hypod]mic use1 b /rong]2 ea* conta9+ #a_/abj gra94 ,solution ( ,atrop9e ,sulphate4--,/r5g? ab\t #a p] c5t4 ,atrop9e ,o9tm5t4--,/r5g? ab\t #a 9 #fj1 or #afj p] c5t4 ( atrop9e4 7d47 ,/ramonium4--,an extract ( ! se$s is (fic9al 9 ,brita92 ! alkaloidal cont5t is f #af to #ah p] c5t4 ,!re is also a t9cture :i* conta9s ab\t #jjf p] c5t4 ( alkaloid4 #ddd4 ,prop]ties ( ,atrop9e1 ,c,h,,no4--,atrop9e1 hyoscyam9e1 & hyosc9e h all ! same =mula1 b diff] 9 _! molecul> con/itution4 ,atrop9e by hydrolysis1 ei!r by heat+ x ) hydro*loric acid or b>yta wat]1 is decompos$ into trop9e & tropic acid3-- ,c,h,,no ,h,o ,c,h,,no ,c,h,o4 ,atrop9e4 ,trop9e4 ,tropic acid4 ,on ! o!r h&1 by heat+ tropic acid & trop9e toge!r1 atrop9e is reg5]at$4 ,h5ce x is prov$ by analysis & syn!sis1 t atrop9e is tropic acid-trop9e1 j z aconit9e is b5zoyl-acon9e4 ,tropic acid has be5 produc$ syn!tically by boil+ -*lorph5yl-propionic acid ) pota%1 :i* at once %[s its con/itutional =mula1 viz43-- ,,*,,oh _/ ,c,h,,* 4 ,,cooh ,tropic acid has a melt+-po9t ( #aag to #aah4 ,trop9e is a f\r-fold hydrat$ oxe?yl-me?yl-pyrid9e1 & has ! con/itutional =mula ( ,c,h7,h77,c,h,,oh7,n7,,*72 h5ce ! con/itutional =mula ( atrop9e is-- ,,*7,,oh7 _/ ,c,h--,,* 4 ,,co--,o7,c,h--,c,h,n--,,*7 ,trop9e is a :ite1 cry/all9e1 /rongly alkal9e mass1 melt+ at #fj1 & volatilis+ at #bcj undecompos$4 ,x is soluble 9 wat]1 alcohol1 & e!r1 & gives precipitates ) tannic acid1 iodis$ hydriodic acid1 ,may]'s reag5t1 gold *loride1 & m]curic *loride4 ,trop9e gold *loride melts at #baj to #bab4 ,atropic acid 7,c,h,o71 melt+-po9t #aih to #bjj1 & isatropic acid 7,c,h,o71 may also be obta9$ by ! action ( hydro*loric acid--! fir/1 9 radiat+ cry/als1 melt+ at #ajf1 & capable ( di/illation2 ! second1 9 ?9 rhombic plates1 melt+ ab\t #bjj1 & n volatile4 ,picric acid also gives a precipitate ( beautiful plates4 ,to obta9 ?is ! c>bazotic acid mu/ be 9 excess1 & "t mu/ be giv5 = ! precipitate to =m4 ,atrop9e =ms col\rless cry/als 7mo/ly 9 gr\ps or tufts ( ne$les & prisms71 :i* are heavi] ?an wat]1 & possess no smell1 b an unpleasant1 long-endur+1 bitt] ta/e4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,e4 ,s*midt place ! melt+-po9t betwe5 #aae & #aaee4 ,x is said to sublime scantily 9 a cry/all9e =m1 b ! writ] has be5 unable to obta9 any cry/als by sublimation2 fa9t mi/s collect on ! upp] disc1 at ab\t #abc1 b !y are p]fectly amorph\s4 ,its reaction is alkal9e2 "o "p requires1 ( cold wat]1 #cjj2 ( boil+1 #eh2 ( e!r1 #cj2 ( b5z5e1 #dj2 & ( *lor(orm1 #c p>ts = solution4 ,9 alcohol & amyl alcohol x dissolves 9 almo/ e proportion4 ,x turns ! plane ( pol>isation weakly to ! left4 #dde4 ,te/s4--,atrop9e mix$ ) nitric acid exhibits no *ange ( col\r4 ,! same is ! case ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid 9 ! cold2 b on heat+1 !re ensues ! common br[n+1 ) developm5t ( a peculi> od\r1 lik5$ by ,gulielmo to orange fl[]s1 by ,drag5dorff to ! fl[]s ( ! ,prunus padus1 & by ,otto to ! ,spira ulm>ia--a suffici5t evid5ce ( ! untru/wor?9ess ( ?is z a di/9ctive te/4 ,! od\r1 inde$1 ) small quantities1 is c]ta9ly n p[]ful1 nor is x /rongly sugge/ive ( any ( ! plants m5tion$4 ,a f> m int5se od\r is giv5 (f if a speck ( atrop9e is evaporat$ to dryness ) a few drops ( /rong solution ( b>yta1 & heat$ /rongly2 ! sc5t is decid$ly analog\s to t ( haw?orn-blossom1 & unmi/akably agreeable4 ,by boil+ a small quantity ( atrop9e1 say #a mgrm41 ) #b mgrms4 ( calomel & a v little wat]1 ! calomel black5s1 & cry/als may be obta9$ ( a d\ble salt2 ?is reaction is1 h[ev]1 giv5 also by hyoscyam9e & homatrop9e4 ,m]curic potassium iodide solution1 & m]curic bromide solution give amorph\s precipitates1 :i*1 aft] a "t1 become cry/all9e1 & h *>act]i/ic =ms4 ,a solution ( iod9e 9 potassium iodide gives a precipitate ) acidulat$ solutions ( atrop9e 9 ev5 a dilution ( #a 3 #aj1jjj4 ,tann9 precipitates1 & ! precipitate is soluble 9 excess ( ! reag5t4 ,if atrop9e be dissolv$ 9 dilute hydro*loric acid1 & a #e p] c5t4 ( gold *loride solution be add$1 a precipitate ( a gold comp\nd 7,c,h,,no,h,cl,au,cl7 sep>ates4 ,! precipitate is 9 ! =m ( rosettes or ne$les2 melt+-po9t #acg4 ,on boil+ x ) wat]1 h[ev]1 x melts into oily drops1 & ?is peculi> behavi\r di/+ui%es x f ! analog\s salt ( hyoscyam9e1 :i* does n melt 9 boil+ wat]4 ,! p]c5tage ( gold left on a combu/ion ( atrop9e gold *loride is #cace p] c5t4 #ajj p>ts ( ! gold salt are equal to #dfb ( atrop9e4 ,a plat9um salt may also be obta9$1 7,c,h,,no,h,cl71,pt,cl1 conta9+ #bie p] c5t4 ( plat9um4 ,vitali's te/ is important2 x consi/s 9 ! production ( a violet col\r ) alcoholic pota% aft] oxidation4 ,! te/ may be appli$ z foll[s3--,equal p>ts1 say #a mgrm41 ( nitrate ( sodium & ( ! sub/ance to be te/$1 are rubb$ toge!r ) a glass rod on a porcela9 slab1 & to ?is mixture #a drop ( sulphuric acid is add$2 ! mixture is spread out 9 a ?9 film2 ^u ?is is /rewn a little p[d]$ potassium hydrate1 & f9ally #a drop ( alcohol add$2 a violet col\r is produc$ :i* passes into a f9e r$2 accord+ to ! au?or ( ! te/1 #jjja mgrm4 ( atrop9e sulphate c by ?is te/ be detect$4 ,/ry*n9e obscures ?is reaction4 ,atrop9e1 homatrop9e1 & hyoscyam9e %[ an alkal9e reaction ) ph5olph?ale93 atrop9e & homatrop9e give a precipitate ) ,hg,cl4 ,hyoscyam9e1 n coca9e1 precipitates ,hg,cl1 & is alkal9e to litmus1 b n to ph5olph?ale94 ,atrop9e behaves z foll[s3--7#a7 ,sodium nitrate1 sulphuric acid1 & aft]w>ds sodium hydroxide1 gives a violet col\r2 7#b7 ! te/ z be=e1 b ) nitrite in/ead ( nitrate1 gives orange col\r1 :i*1 on dilution ) sodium hydroxide solution1 *anges to r$1 violet1 or lilac2 7#c7 :5 heat$ ) glacial acetic acid & sulphuric acid = a suffici5t "t1 a gre5i%-yell[ fluoresc5ce is produc$4--,flckig]1 ,ph>m4 ,j\rn4 ,trans4 7#c71 vol4 xvi4 p4 #fja-fjb4 ,! two alkaloids1 /ry*n9e & atrop9e1 are n likely to be (t5 toge!r 9 ! human body1 b t x may sometimes occur is %[n by a case record$ by ,l4 ,fabris4#dhh ,a pati5t 9 ! hospital at ,padua _h = "s "t be5 treat$ ) daily injections ( #c mgrms4 ( /ry*n9e nitrate2 un=tunately1 "o day1 in/ead ( ! #c mgrms4 ( /ry*n9e1 ! same quantity ( atrop9e sulphate 0 inject$1 & ! pati5t di$ aft] a few h\rs1 ) symptoms ( atrop9e poison+4 #dhh ,gazzetta1 xxii41 i4 #cdg-cej4 ,on *emical treatm5t ( ! visc]a1 a mixture ( alkaloids 0 obta9$ :i* did n give ei!r ! reactions ( /ry*n9e or ( atrop9e4 ,to te/ ! possibility ( ^! alkaloids obscur+ ea* o!r's reactions1 mixtures ( #c p] c5t4 solutions 7! /r5g? ( ! injections7 ( atrop9e sulphate & /ry*n9e nitrate 7 mix$ toge!r1 & /ry*n9e te/$ = by ! di*romate & sulphuric acid te/4 ,a mixture ( equal p>ts gave ! /ry*n9e reaction v cle>ly1 b ! atrop9e reaction n at all2 #a /ry*n9e ) #c ( atrop9e gave /ry*n9e reaction1 b n t ( atrop9e2 #a /ry*n9e ) #d atrop9e gave indi/9ct reaction = bo? alkaloids2 #a ( /ry*n9e ) #e ( atrop9e gave a mom5t>y atrop9e reaction1 ! violet 01 h[ev]1 almo/ imm$iately replac$ by a r$ col\r4 ,vitali's reaction 0 n cle>ly %[n until ! mixture 0 9 ! proportion ( #i ( atrop9e to #a ( /ry*n9e1 b mixtures 9 ! proportion ( #c /ry*n9e & #a atrop9e w give di/9ct mydriasis4 ,9 su* a case1 ( c\rse1 ! /ry*n9e %\ld be sep>at$ f ! atrop9e2 ?is c be effect$ by precipitat+ ! /ry*n9e z *romate1 filt]+ & recov]+ f ! filt] ! atrop9e by alkalis+ & %ak+ x out ) e!r4 ,! atrop9e may be f>!r purifi$ by conv]t+ x into oxalate1 dissolv+ ! oxalate 9 z small a quantity ( alcohol z possible1 & precipitat+ ! oxalate out ) e!r2 ! precipitate is collect$1 dissolv$ 9 z small a quantity ( wat] z possible1 ! wat] made alkal9e1 & ! base %ak5 out ) e!r4 ,! mo/ reliable te/ = atrop9e1 or "o ( ! mydriatic alkaloids1 is its action on ! iris2 a solution ( atrop9e1 ev5 s weak z #a 3 #acj1jjj1 caus+ dilatation4#dhi ,?is action on ! iris has be5 /udi$ by ,ruyt]1#dij ,dond]s1 & von ,graefe4 #dhi ,de ,actione ,atrop ,belladonn 9 ,iridem1 ,traj4 ad ,rh541 #aheb4 #dij ,ar*4 ,oph?al41 ix4 #bfb1 #ahfd4 ,! action is local1 tak+ effect :5 9 dilute solution only on ! eye to :i* x has be5 appli$2 & x has be5 produc$ on ! eyes ( frogs1 n only 9 ! liv+ subject1 b aft] ! head has be5 sev]$ f ! body & depriv$ ( bra94 ,! ?9n] ! cornea1 ! quick] ! dilatation2 !re=e1 ! y\ng] ! p]son or animal1 ! m suitable = exp]im5t4 ,9 frogs1 ) a solution ( #a 3 #bej1 dilatation comm5ces 9 ab\t five m9utes2 9 pigeons1 sev5 m9utes2 & 9 rabbits1 t5 m9utes4 ,9 man1 a solution ( #a 3 #abj comm5ces to act 9 ab\t six to sev5 m9utes1 rea*es its highe/ po9t 9 f t5 to fifte5 m9utes1 & p]si/s m or less = six to eight days4 ,a solution ( #a 3 #dhj acts fir/ 9 fifte5 to tw5ty m9utes1 & rea*es its greate/ po9t 9 tw5ty m9utes2 a solution ( #a 3 #dh1jjj requires f ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r to an h\r to %[ its effect4 ,dogs & cats are f> m s5sible to its influ5ce ?an man1 & !re=e m suitable = exp]im5t4 ,if ! exp]t *ooses1 he may essay ! pro( ^u himself1 controll+ ! dilatation by ,calab> bean2 b x is seldom necess>y or advisable to make p]sonal trials ( ?is nature4#dia #dia ,a4 ,lad5burg 7,compt4 ,r5d41 xc4 #ib71 hav+ succe$$ 9 reproduc+ atrop9e by heat+ trop9e & tropic acid ) hydro*loric acid1 by sub/itut+ v>i\s organic acids = ! tropic acid1 has obta9$ a :ole s]ies ( comp\nds to :i* he has giv5 ! "n ( trope9es4 ,"o ( ^!1 hydroxytoluol 7amygdalic7 trope9e1 he has nam$ homatrop9e4 ,x dilates ! pupil1 b is less poison\s ?an atrop9e4 #ddf4 ,/ati/ics ( ,atrop9e ,poison+4--,s9ce atrop9e is ! active pr9ciple ( belladonna & datura plants1 & e portion ( ^!--root1 se$s1 leaves1 & fruit--has caus$ toxic symptoms1 poison+ by any "p ( ^! plants1 or by _! ph>maceutical or o!r prep>ations1 may be consid]$ ) /rict propriety z atrop9e poison+4 ,our ,engli% dea? /ati/ics = ! t5 ye>s end+ #ahib1 record #gi dea?s 7#ej males & #bi females7 f atrop9e 7= ! mo/ "p regi/]$ "u ! head ( belladonna72 #bi 7or #cfg p] c5t47 7 suicidal1 ! re/ accid5tal4 ,! greate/ numb] ( ! accid5tal cases arise f mi/akes 9 ph>macy2 ?us1 belladonna leaves h be5 suppli$ = a% leaves2 ! extract ( belladonna has be5 giv5 in/ead ( extract ( junip]2 ! alkaloid itself has be5 disp5s$ 9 mi/ake = !9e2#dib a m curi\s & m>vell\sly /upid mi/ake is "o 9 :i* x 0 disp5s$ in/ead ( assaftida 7,s*au5/e91 op4 cit41 p4 #feb74 ,fur!r1 val]ianate ( atrop9e has be5 accid5tally sub/itut$ = qu99e val]ianate1 & ,s*au5/e9 relates a case 9 :i* atrop9e sulphate 0 adm9i/]$ subcutane\sly in/ead ( morph9e sulphate2 b ! result 0 n le?al4 ,_m o!r in/ances might be cit$4 ,! ext5d$ use ( atrop9e z an ext]nal application to ! eye naturally gives rise to a few direct & indirect accid5ts4 ,s]i\s symptoms h aris5 f ! solution rea*+ ! ph>ynx ?r\gh ! la*rymal duct & nose4 ,a curi\s indirect poison+1 caus$ by ! use ( atrop9e z a collyrium1 is relat$ by ,s*au5/e94#dic ,a p]son suff]$ f all ! symptoms ( atrop9e poison+2 b ! *annel by :i* x _h obta9$ access to ! sy/em 0 a great my/]y1 until x 0 trac$ to "s c(fee1 & x 0 !n f\nd t ! cook _h /ra9$ ?is c(fee ?r\gh a c]ta9 piece ( l951 :i* _h be5 us$ mon?s be=e1 soak$ 9 atrop9e solution1 z a collyrium1 & _h be5 ca/ aside z ( no value4 #dib ,hohl1 ,de ,effectu ,atrop9i4 ,diss4 ,halle1 #ahfc4 #dic ,mas*ka's ,h&bu*4 #ddg4 ,accid5tal & ,crim9al ,poison+ by ,atrop9e4--,ext]nal applications ( atrop9e are rapidly absorb$1 e4g41 if ! foot ( a rat be /eep$ = a little :ile 9 a solution ( ! alkaloid1 & ! eyes wat*$1 dilatation ( ! pupils w soon be obs]v$4 ,if ! sk9 is brok51 en\gh may be absorb$ to cause dea?4 ,a case is on record 9 :i* #ba grm4 ( atrop9e sulphate1 appli$ z an o9tm5t to ! abrad$ sk91 0 fatal4#did ,atrop9e has also be5 absorb$ f ! b[el2 9 "o case1 a cly/] conta9+ ! active pr9ciples ( #eb grms4 7#hj gra9s7 ( belladonna root 0 adm9i/]$ to a woman tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ( age1 & caus$ dea?4 ,all[+ ! root to h be5 c>efully dri$1 & to conta9 #ba p] c5t4 ( alkaloid1 x w\ld seem t s little z #aji mgrms4 7#af gra97 may ev5 prove fatal1 if left 9 contact ) ! inte/9al muc\s membrane4 ,belladonna b]ries & /ramonium leaves & se$s are eat5 occasionally by *ildr54 ,a rem>kable s]ies ( poison+s by belladonna b]ries occurr$ 9 ,london dur+ ! autumn ( #ahdf4 #did ,ploss1 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,*ir41 #ahfc4 ,crim9al poison+ by atrop9e 9 any =m is ( excessive r>ity 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 b 9 ,india x has be5 frightfully preval5t4 ,9 all ! ,asiatic cases ! sub/ance us$ has be5 "o ( ! v>i\s species ( datura1 & mo/ly ! bruis$ or gr\nd se$s1 or a decoction ( ! se$s4 ,9 #abj cases record$ 9 pap]s & works on ,indian toxicology1 ,i f9d no less ?an #fc p] c5t4 ( ! cases crim9al1 #ai p] c5t4 suicidal1 & #ah p] c5t4 accid5tal4 ,9 not+ ^! figures1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t kn[n crim9al cases are m c]ta9 to be record$ ?an any o!r cases4 ,! drug has be5 kn[n "u ! ,sanscrit "n ( dhatoora by ! ,h9doos f mo/ remote times4 ,x 0 l>gely us$ by ! ,?ugs1 ei!r = ! purpose ( /upefy+ _! victim or = kill+ him2 by loose wives to ensure = a "t ! fatuity ( _! husb&s2 &1 la/ly1 x seems 9 ,indian hi/ory to h play$ ! peculi> rle ( a /ate ag5t1 & to h be5 us$ to induce ! idiocy or insanity ( p]sons ( high rank1 ^: m5tal integrity 0 consid]$ dang]\s by ! despot 9 p[]4 ,! ,h9doos1 by c5turies ( practice1 h atta9$ su* dext]ity 9 ! use ( ! 8datura0 z to raise t k9d ( poison+ to an art1 s t ,dr4 ,*ev]s1 9 8 ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce = ,india1#die decl>es t 8!re appe>s to be no drug kn[n 9 ! pres5t day :i* repres5ts 9 its effects s close an approa* to ! sy/em ( sl[ poison+1 believ$ by _m to h be5 practis$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 z does ! datura40 #die ,dr4 ,*ev]s's "w conta9s a v good hi/ory ( datura crim9al poison+4 #ddh4 ,fatal ,dose4--,x is impossible to /ate ) precision ! exact quantity :i* may cause dea?1 atrop9e be+ "o ( ^? sub/ances ^: effect1 v>y+ 9 diff]5t cases1 seems to dep5d on special con/itutional t5d5cies or idiosyncracies ( ! individual4 ,"s p]sons take a comp>atively l>ge am\nt ) impunity1 :ile o!rs sc>cely be> a v mod]ate dose )\t exhibit+ unpleasant symptoms4 ,eight mgrms4 7 gra97 h be5 kn[n to produce poison\s symptoms1 & #abi grm4 7#b gra9s7 dea?4 ,we may1 !re=e1 inf] t ab\t #jfdh grm4 7#a gra97 w\ld1 un*eck$ by rem$ies1 probably act fatally2 b v l>ge doses h be5 recov]$ f1 especially :5 treatm5t has be5 prompt4 ,atrop9e is us$ 9 vet]9>y practice1 f #cbd to #fdh mgrms4 7 to #a gra97 & m be+ adm9i/]$ subcutane\sly to horses2 b ! ext5t to :i* ?is may be done ) safety is n yet e/abli%$4 #ddi4 ,action on ,animals4--,! action ( atrop9e has be5 /udi$ on c]ta9 beetles1 on reptiles 7su* z ! salam&]1 triton1 frogs1 & o!rs71 on gu9ea-pigs1 h$gehogs1 rats1 rabbits1 f[ls1 pigeons1 dogs1 & cats4 ,among ! mammalia !re is no ess5tial diff]5ce 9 ! symptoms1 b great v>iation 9 ! relative s5sibility2 man seems ! mo/ s5sitive ( all1 next to man come ! c>nivora1 :ile ! h]bivora1 & especially ! rod5ts1 (f] a consid]able resi/ance4 ,accord+ to ,falck ! le?al dose = a rabbit is at lea/ #gi mgrm4 p] kilo4 ,x is ! g5]al op9ion t rabbits may eat suffici5t ( ! belladonna plant to r5d] _! fle% poison\s1 & yet ! animals !mselves may %[ no di/urbance 9 heal?2 b ?is mu/ n be consid]$ adequately e/abli%$4 ,speak+ v g5]ally1 ! high] ! animal organisation ! great] ! s5sibility to atrop9e4 ,frogs are affect$ 9 a peculi> mann]4 ,accord+ to ! rese>*es ( ,fras]1#dif ! animal is fir/ p>alys$1 & "s h\rs aft] ! adm9i/ration ( ! poison lies motionless1 ! only signs ( life be+ ! exi/5ce ( a slight movem5t ( ! he>t & muscul> irritability4 ,aft] a p]iod ( f =ty-eight to sev5ty-two h\rs1 ! =e limbs are seiz$ ) tetanic spasms1 :i* develop into a /ry*n9e-l tetanus4 #dif ,transact4 ( ,ed94 ,roy4 ,soc41 vol4 xxv4 p4 #ddi4 ,j\rn4 ( ,anat4 & ,physiol41 ,may #ahfi1 p4 #ceg4 #dej4 ,action on ,man4--,:5 atrop9e is inject$ subcutane\sly1 ! symptoms1 z is usually ! case ) drugs adm9i/]$ 9 ?is mann]1 may come on imm$iately1 ! pupil n unfrequ5tly dilat+ almo/ be=e ! injection is f9i%$4 ,?is is 9 no way surpris+2 b !re are in/ances 9 :i* decoctions ( datura se$s h be5 adm9i/]$ by ! /oma*1 & ! comm5cem5t ( symptoms has be5 z rapid z 9 poison+ by oxalic or ev5 prussic acid4 ,9 a case tri$ 9 ,india 9 ,july #aheb1 ! prosecutor decl>$ t1 :ile a p]son 0 h&+ him a lota ( wat]1 ! prison] snat*$ x away on pret5ce ( free+ ! wat] f dirt or /raws1 & !n gave x to him4 ,he !n drank only two m\?fuls1 &1 compla9+ ( ! bitt] ta/e1 fell d[n ins5sible )9 =ty y>ds ( ! spot :]e he _h drunk1 & did n recov] 8 s5ses until ! ?ird day aft]4 ,9 ano!r case1 a man 0 /ruck d[n s sudd5ly t 8 feet 7 scald$ by "s hot wat] :i* he 0 c>ry+4--,*ev]s4 ,:5 ! se$s1 leaves1 or fruit ( atrop9e-hold+ plants are eat51 !re is1 h[ev]1 a v appreciable p]iod be=e ! symptoms comm5ce1 &1 z 9 ! case ( opium poison+1 no v def9ite rule c be laid d[n1 b usually ! effects are exp]i5c$ )9 half an h\r4 ,! fir/ s5sation is dryness ( ! m\? & ?roat2 ?is cont9ues increas+1 & may rise to su* a degree t ! swall[+ ( liquids is an impossibility4 ,! difficulty 9 swall[+ does n seem to be entirely dep5d5t on ! dry /ate ( ! ?roat1 b is also due to a spasmodic contraction ( ! ph>yngeal muscles4 ,tissore#dig f\nd 9 "o case su* con/riction t he c\ld only introduce emetics by pass+ a ca!t] ( small diamet]4 ,! muc\s membrane is r$d5$1 & ! voice ho>se4#dih ,! inability to swall[1 & ! *ang$ voice1 be> "s little resemblance to hydrophobia--a resemblance height5$ to ! popul> m9d by an incl9ation to bite1 :i* seems to h be5 occasionally obs]v$2 ! pupils are e>ly dilat$1 & ! dilatation may be m>k$ & extreme2 ! vision is d]ang$1 lett]s & figures (t5 appe> duplicat$2 ! eyeballs are occasionally rem>kably prom95t1 & g5]ally conge/$2 ! sk9 is dry1 ev5 v small quantities ( atrop9e arre/+ ! cutane\s secretion2 9 ?is respect atrop9e & piloc>p9e are p]fect examples ( antagonism4 ,) ! dryness ( sk91 9 a l>ge p]c5tage ( cases1 occurs a sc>let ra% ov] mo/ ( ! body4 ,?is is g5]ally ! case aft] l>ge doses1 b ,/adl] saw ! ra% produc$ on a *ild ?ree mon?s old by #c mgrm4 ( atrop9e sulphate4 ,x appe>$ ?ree m9utes aft] ! dose1 la/$ five h\rs1 & 0 reproduc$ by a r5ew$ dose4#dii ,! temp]ature ( ! body ) l>ge doses is rais$2 ) small1 some:at l[]$4 ,! pulse is increas$ 9 frequ5cy1 & is always above #ajj--mo/ly f #aae to #abj1 or ev5 #aej1 9 ! m9ute4 ,! brea?+ is at fir/ a little sl[$1 & !n v rapid4 ,vomit+ is n common2 ! sph9ct]s may be p>alys$ s t ! evacuations are involunt>y1 & !re may be also spasmodic contractions ( ! ur9>y bladd]4 ,! n]v\s sy/em is pr(\ndly affect$2 9 "o case !re 7 clonic spasms1#ejj 9 ano!r1#eja su* muscul> rigidity1 t ! pati5t c\ld ) difficulty be plac$ on a *air4 ,! l[] extremities are (t5 p>tly p>alys$1 !re is a want ( co-ord9ation1 ! p]son reels l a drunk5 man1 or !re may be g5]al jactitation4 ,! di/urbance ( ! bra9 functions is v m>k$2 9 ab\t #d p] c5t4 only ( ! record$ cases has !re be5 no delirium1 or v little--9 ! majority delirium is pres5t4 ,9 adults ?is g5]ally takes a g>rul\s1 pleas+ =m1 b e v>iety has be5 witness$4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,giraud describes ! delirium f datura 7:i* x may be necess>y to aga9 repeat is atrop9e delirium7 z foll[s3--8,he ei!r vocif]ates l\dly or is g>rul\s1 & talks incoh]5tly2 sometimes he is mir?ful1 & laughs wildly1 or is sad & moans1 z if 9 great di/ress2 g5]ally he is obs]v$ to be v timid1 &1 :5 mo/ tr\blesome & unruly1 c always be c[$ by an angry ^w1 frequ5tly putt+ up 8 h&s 9 a supplicat+ po/ure4 ,:5 approa*$ he sudd5ly %r9ks back z if appreh5sive ( be+ /ruck1 & frequ5tly he moves ab\t z if to avoid spectra4 ,b ! mo/ inv>iable accompanim5t ( ! f9al /age ( delirium1 & frequ5tly also t ( sopor1 is 9 ! incessant pick+ at real or imag9>y objects4 ,at "o "t ! pati5t seizes hold ( p>ts ( 8 clo!s or b$d+1 pulls at 8 f+]s & toes1 takes up dirt & /ones f ! gr\nd1 or z (t5 snat*es at imag9>y objects 9 ! air1 on 8 body1 or any?+ ne> him4 ,v frequ5tly he appe>s z if amus+ himself by draw+ out imag9>y ?reads f ! ends ( 8 f+]s1 & occasionally 8 antics are s v>i$ & ridicul\s1 t ,i h se5 8 ne> relatives1 al?\gh appreh5sive ( dang]1 unable to re/ra9 _! laught]40#ejb ,?is active delirium passes into a somnol5t /ate ) mutt]+1 cat*+ at ! b$clo!s1 or at float+ spectra1 & 9 fatal cases ! pati5t dies 9 ?is /age4 ,z a rule1 ! sleep is n l opium coma2 !re is complete ins5sibility 9 bo?1 b 9 ! "o ! sleep is deep1 )\t mutt]+1 9 ! o!r1 f atrop9e1 x is m l ! /upor ( a fev]4 ,! c\rse 9 fatal cases is rapid1 dea? g5]ally tak+ place )9 six h\rs4 ,if a p]son live ov] sev5 or eight h\rs1 he usually recov]s1 h[ev] s]i\s ! symptoms may appe>4 ,on wak+1 ! pati5t rememb]s no?+ ( 8 illness2 mydriasis rema9s "s "t1 & !re may be abnormality ( spee* & weakness ( ! limbs1 b )9 f\r days heal? is re-e/abli%$4 ,9 cases :]e ! se$s h be5 swall[$1 ! symptoms may be mu* prolong$1 & !y seem to cont9ue until all ! se$s h be5 void$--p]haps ?is is due to ! imp]fect b cont9u\s extraction ( atrop9e by ! inte/9al juices4 #dig ,gaz4 hebd41 #ahef4 #dih ,a fri5d ( ! au?or's 0 giv51 by a mi/ake 9 disp5s+1 #af m9ims ( a solution ( atrop9e sulphate1 equival5t to #a_/g gra9 ( atrop9e 7or #ic mgrms74 ,t5 m9utes aft] tak+ ! dose !re 0 dilatation ( ! pupil1 indi/9ctness ( vision1 ) great dryness ( ! ?roat & difficulty 9 swall[+2 he attempt$ to eat a biscuit1 b1 aft] *ew+ x1 he 0 oblig$ to spit x out1 z x 0 n possible to swall[2 ! ?roat 0 excessively sore1 & !re 0 a desire to pass ur9e1 b only a few drops c\ld be void$4 ,9 =ty-five m9utes he 0 unable to /& or walk4 ,!re 0 a bright ra% on ! *e/4 ,9 two h\rs he became ins5sible1 & 0 tak5 to ! ,middlesex ,hospital1 recov]+ "u treatm5t 9 ab\t eight h\rs4 #dii ,m$4 ,times1 #ahfh4 #ejj ,lancet1 vol4 i41 #ahha1 p4 #dad4 #eja ,ibid41 vol4 i41 #ahgf1 p4 #cdf4 #ejb ,9 an ,engli% case ( belladonna poison+1 ! pati5t1 a tailor1 sat = f\r h\rs1 mov+ 8 h&s & arms z if sew+1 & 8 lips z if talk+1 b )\t utt]+ a ^w4 ,*ronic poison+ by atrop9e may1 f :at has be5 /at$1 be ( great importance 9 ,india4 ,x is probable t its cont9u\s effect w\ld t5d to weak5 ! intellect1 & !re is no reason = any incr$ulity ) reg>d to its p[] z a factor ( insanity4 ,rossba* has asc]ta9$ t if dogs are1 day aft] day1 dos$ ) atrop9e1 !y become emaciat$2 b a c]ta9 tol]ance is e/abli%$1 & ! dose has to be rais$ consid]ably aft] a "t to produce any m>k$ physiological effect4 #dea4 ,physiological ,action ( ,atrop9e4--,f ! num]\s exp]im5ts on animals :i* h be5 p]=m$ = ! purpose ( elucidat+ ! action ( atrop9e1 x is cle> t ! t]m9ations ( ! vagus 9 ! he>t muscle are fir/ excit$1 & !n p>alys$4 ,! excitor-motor ganglion is also p>alys$1 & f9ally ! he>t itself2 dea? result+ f he>t p>alysis4 ,! respiratory di/urbance is also to be ascrib$ to ! vagus2 ! t]m9ations 9 ! lung are p>alys$1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! poison circulat+ ?r\gh ! respiratory n]v\s c5tre /imulates x fir/1 & !n x also becomes f9ally p>alys$4 ,! small vessels are g5]ally wid5$ aft] a previ\s transitory n>r[+4 ,organs conta9+ un/rip$ muscul> fibre are g5]ally p>alys$1 z well z ! ends ( ! n]ves regulat+ secretion--h5ce ! dryness ( ! sk94 ,! action on ! iris is n ?or\ghly elucidat$4 #deb4 ,! diagnosis ( atrop9e poison+ may be v difficult unless ! att5tion ( ! m$ical man be excit$ by "s suspici\s circum/ance4 ,a *ild suff]+ f belladonna ra%1 ) hot dry sk91 quick pulse1 & r$d5$ fauces1 looks n unlike "o "u an attack ( sc>let fev]4 ,fur!r1 z be=e m5tion$1 "s cases are simil> to rabies2 & aga91 ! g>rul\s delirium & ! halluc9ations ( an adult are (t5 v simil> to ^? ( delirium trem5s1 z well z tomania4 #dec4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,! po/-mortem appe>ances d n seem to be *>act]i/ic1 save 9 ! fact t ! pupils rema9 dilat$4 ,! bra9 is usually hyp]mic1 & 9 "o case ! abs5ce ( moi/ure seems to h be5 rem>kable4 ,! /oma* & inte/9es may be some:at irritat$ if ! se$s1 leaves1 or o!r p>ts ( ! plant h be5 eat52 b ! irritation is n con/ant if ! poison+ has be5 by pure atrop9e1 & /ill less is x likely to be pres5t if atrop9e has be5 adm9i/]$ subcutane\sly4 #ded4 ,treatm5t4--,! great majority ( cases recov] "u treatm5t4 ,9 #aab cases collect$ by ,f4 ,a4 ,falck1 #ac only 7 fatal 7#aaf p] c5t474 ,! great] portion ( ! dea?s 9 ,india are ^? ( *ildr5 & old p--p]sons ( feeble vitality4 ,! ,asiatic treatm5t1 :i* has be5 h&$ d[n by tradition1 is ! application ( cold wat] to ! feet2 b ! me?od :i* has f\nd mo/ fav\r 9 ,engl& is treatm5t by piloc>p9e1 a fif? ( a gra9 or m be+ inject$ f "t to "t4 ,piloc>p9e %[s z p]fect antagonism z possible2 atrop9e dries1 piloc>p9e moi/5s ! sk92 atrop9e accel]ates1 piloc>p9e sl[s ! respiration4 ,dr4 ,sydney ,r+] & o!rs h publi%$ a rem>kable s]ies ( cases %[+ ! efficacy ( ?is treatm5t1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 is to be comb9$ :]e necess>y ) emetics1 ! use ( ! /oma*-pump1 c4#ejc #ejc ,see1 = ,dr4 ,r+]'s cases1 ,lancet1 vol4 i41 #ahgf1 p4 #cdf4 ,ref] also to ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 vol4 i41 #ahha1 p4 #eid2 ib41 p4 #fei4 #dee4 ,sep>ation ( ,atrop9e f ,organic ,tissues1 c4--,f ! cont5ts ( ! /oma*1 atrop9e may be sep>at$ by acidulat+ /rongly ) sulphuric acid 7#ae to #bj c4c4 ( dilute ,h,,s to #ajj c4c471 dige/+ = "s "t at a temp]ature n exce$+ #gj1 & !n r$uc+ any solid matt] to a pulp by friction1 & filt]+1 :i* c g5]ally be effect$ by ! aid ( a filt]-pump4 ,! liv]1 muscles1#ejd & coagulat$ blood1 c41 may also be treat$ 9 a precisely simil> way4 ,! acid liquid ?us obta9$1 is fir/1 to remove impurities1 %ak5 up ) amyl alcohol1 & aft] ! sep>ation ( ! latt] 9 ! usual mann]1 x is agitat$ ) *lor(orm1 :i* w take up any ( ! rema9+ amyl alcohol1#eje & also s]ve to purify fur!r4 ,! *lor(orm is !n remov$ by a pipette 7or ! sep>at+ flask be=e describ$71 & ! fluid made alkal9e1 & %ak5 up ) e!r1 :i*1 on removal1 is all[$ to evaporate spontane\sly4 ,! residue w conta9 atrop9e1 & ?is may be f>!r purifi$ by conv]t+ x into oxalate1 z sugge/$1 page #cgd4 #ejd ,nei!r amyl alcohol nor *lor(orm removes atrop9e f an acid solution4 #eje ,atrop9e goes into ! blood1 & appe>s to be pres5t 9 ! diff]5t organs 9 direct proportion to ! quantity ( blood !y conta94 ,drag5dorff has f\nd 9 ! muscles ( rabbits f$ ^u belladonna suffici5t atrop9e = quantitative e/imation4 ,f ! ur9e1#ejf atrop9e may be extract$ by acidify+ ) sulphuric acid1 & agitation ) ! same s]ies ( solv5ts4 ,atrop9e has be5 sep>at$ f putrid matt]s long aft] dea?1 nor does x appe> to suff] any decomposition by ! ord9>y analytical op]ations ( evaporat+ solutions to dryness at #ajj4 ,9 o!r words1 !re seems to be no necessity = op]ations 9 vacuo1 9 attempts at sep>at+ atrop9e4 #ejf ,drag5dorff has f\nd atrop9e 9 ! ur9e ( rabbits f$ ) belladonna2 ! sep>ation by ! poison is s rapid t x (t5 c only be recognis$ 9 ! ur9e dur+ ! fir/ h\r aft] ! poison has be5 tak54 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,alkaloidal ,,cont5t ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,h5bane ,,plant4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,se$s1,leaves1 ,/alk1 ,root1 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,plant ,hyosc4- #ahfh4 444 #jehh #jjab #jabh ,de/i- ,albus4 #ahfi4 444 #jdfi 444 #jagf tute ---------------------------------------- ---- ( ,hyosc4- #ahfh4 444 #jaed #jjgj #jjbg ,fl[]s4 ,nig]4 #ahfi4 444 #jaib #jjag #jjhj ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,hyosc4- #ahfh4 444 #jcei #jjcf #jadf ,plant ,albus4 #ahfi4 444 #jcbi #jjdh #jbfb 9 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,fl[]4 ,hyosc4- #ahfh4 444 #jadg #jjcb #jabg ,nig]4 #ahfi4 444 #jbjf #jjcj #jach ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,hyosc4- #ahfh4 #jafb #jbaa #jjbg #jajf ,plant ,albus4 #ahfi4 #jagb #jaec #jjbi #jjhf 9 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,fruit4 ,hyosc4- #ahfh4 #jjge #jjfe #jjji #jjbh ,nig]4 #ahfi4 #jaah #jaaj #jjaj #jjef ---------------------------------------- -------------- #b4 ,,hyoscyam9e4 #def4 ,?is p[]ful alkaloid is conta9$ 9 small quantities 9 datura & belladonna1 & also is f\nd 9 ! common lettuce 7#jja p] c5t471#ejg & 9 ,scopola c>molica1 a solanace\s plant indig5\s to ,au/ria & ,hung>y#ejh2 b its *ief s\rce is ! ,hyoscyamus nig] & ,hyoscyamus alba 7black & :ite h5bane73 x is also f\nd 9 ! ,duboisia myoporoides4 ,! latt] plant 0 consid]$ to conta9 a new alkaloid1 8,dubois9e10 b dubois9e is a mixture ( hyoscyam9e & hyosc9e4 ,lad5burg's hyosc9e accompanies hyoscyam9e1 & is an isom]ide ( bo? atrop9e & hyoscyam9e2 its *emical reactions are simil> to ^? ( hyoscyam9e1 z well z its physiological effects4#eji #ejg ,t4 ,s4 ,dymond1 ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc4 ,trans41 #ahib1 #ij4 #ejh ,w4 ,r4 ,dun/an & ,a4 ,e4 ,*a/on4 ,ph>m4 ,j\rn4 ,trans4 7#c71 xx4 #dfa-dfd4 #eji ,see ,b]4 d] deuts*4 ,*em4 ,gesell41 #ac1 #aedi to #aeed4 ,by boil+ hyosc9e hydro*loride ) animal *>coal1 & !n precipitat+ ) auric *loride1 a good cry/all9e comp\nd1 melt+ at #aih1 c be obta9$4 ,hyoscyam9e 7,c,h,,no71 z sep>at$ 9 ! c\rse ( analysis1 is a res9oid1 /icky1 amorph\s mass1 difficult to dry1 & possess+ a tobacco-l od\r4 ,x c1 h[ev]1 be obta9$ 9 well-m>k$ od\rless cry/als1 :i* melt at #ajh-aji1 a portion sublim+ un*ang$4 ,x liquefies "u boil+ wat] )\t cry/allisation4 ,accord+ to ,?orey1#eaj hyoscyam9e cry/allises out ( *lor(orm 9 rhombic tables1 & out ( b5z5e 9 f9e ne$les2 b out ( e!r or amyl alcohol x rema9s amorph\s4 ,:5 p]fectly pure1 x dissolves ) difficulty 9 cold1 b m readily 9 hot1 wat]2 if impure1 x is hygroscopic1 & its solubility is mu* increas$4 ,9 any case1 x dissolves easily 9 alcohol1 e!r1 *lor(orm1 amyl alcohol1 b5z5e1 & dilute acids4 ,hyoscyam9e neutralises acids fully1 & =ms cry/allisable salts1 :i* assume = ! mo/ "p ! =m ( ne$les4 ,x is isom]ic ) atrop9e1 & is conv]t$ into atrop9e by heat+ to #aaj1 or w>m+ ) alcoholic pota%4 ,! gold salt melts at #aei1 & does n melt 9 boil+ wat] l ! atrop9e gold salt4 #eaj ,ph>m4 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,russl41 #ahfi4 #deg4 ,ph>maceutical & o!r ,prep>ations ( ,h5bane4--,! leaves are alone (fic9al 9 ! ,european ph>macopias2 b ! se$s & ! root1 or ! fl[]s1 may be met ) occasionally1 especially among h]bali/s4 ,! table#eaa 7p4 #chb7 w give an idea ( ! alkaloidal cont5t ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! plant4 #eaa ,?is table1 tak5 f ,drag5dorff's ,*emis*e ,w]?be/immung e9ig] />kwirk5d5 ,drogu51 embodies ! rese>*es ( ,?orey4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! p]c5tage ( ! alkaloid 9 any "p ( ! plant1 ! process foll[$ by ,?orey has ! m]it ( simplicity4 ,! sub/ance is fir/ exhau/$ by petroleum e!r1 :i* frees x f fat2 aft] dry+1 x is extract$ ) #he p] c5t4 alcohol at a temp]ature n exce$+ #dj4 ,! alcoholic extracts are !n unit$1 ! alcohol di/ill$ (f1 & ! residue filt]$4 ,! filtrate is n[ fir/ purifi$ by agitation ) petroleum e!r1 !n saturat$ by ammonia1 & %ak5 up ) *lor(orm4 ,! latt]1 on evaporation1 leaves ! alkaloid only slightly impure1 &1 aft] wa%+ ) di/ill$ wat]1 if dissolv$ 9 dilute sulphuric acid1 a cry/all9e sulphate may be readily obta9$4 ,a t9cture & an extract ( h5bane leaves & fl[]+ tops are (fic9al 9 mo/ ph>macopias2 an extract ( ! se$s 9 t ( ,france4 ,an oil ( hyoscyamus is (fic9al 9 all ! ,cont95tal ph>macopias1 b n 9 ! ,briti%4 ,h5bane juice is recognis$ by ! ,briti% ph>macopia2 x is ab\t ! same /r5g? z ! t9cture4 ,an o9tm5t1 made ( "o "p ( ! extract to n9e ( simple o9tm5t1 is (fic9al 9 ! ,g]man ph>macopia4 ,! t9cture 7aft] di/ill+ (f ! _s7 & ! extracts 7on prop] solution7 may be conv5i5tly titrat$ by ,may]'s reag5t 7p4 #bfc71 :i*1 = ?is purpose1 %\ld be dilut$ "o-half2 ea* c4c4 !n1 accord+ to ,drag5dorff1 equall+ #fih mgrms4 ( hyoscyam9e4 ,kruse f\nd #jjdb p] c5t4 ( hyoscyam9e 9 a ,russian t9cture1 & #bh p] c5t4 9 a ,russian extract4 ,any prep>ation made ) extract ( h5bane w be f\nd to conta9 nitrate ( pota%1 = ,attfield has %[n ! extract to be ri* 9 ?is sub/ance4 ,! o9tm5t w require extraction ( ! fat by petroleum e!r2 ?is accompli%$1 ! det]m9ation ( its /r5g? is easy4 ,! oil ( hyoscyamus is poison\s1 & conta9s ! alkaloid4 ,an exact quantitative rese>* is difficult2 b if #bj grms4 ( ! oil are %ak5 up = "s "t ) wat] acidifi$ by sulphuric acid1 ! fluid sep>at$ f ! oil1 made alkal9e1 %ak5 up ) *lor(orm1 & ! latt] remov$ & evaporat$1 suffici5t w be obta9$ to te/ successfully = ! pres5ce ( ! alkaloid1 by its action on ! pupil ( ! eye4 #deh4 ,dose & ,effects4--,! dose ( ! uncry/all9e hyoscyam9e is #f mgrms4 7#a_/aj gra971 c>efully increas$4 ,i h se5 x ext5sively us$ 9 asylums to calm viol5t or tr\blesome maniacs4 ,?irty-two mgrms4 7 gra97 beg9 to act )9 a qu>t] ( an h\r2 ! face flu%es1 ! pupils dilate1 !re is no excitem5t1 all muscul> motion is enfeebl$1 & ! pati5t rema9s quiet = _m h\rs1 ! effects f a s+le dose n uncommonly la/+ two days4 #fdh mgrms4 7#a gra97 w\ld be a v l>ge1 & possibly fatal1 dose4 ,! abs5ce ( delirium or excitem5t1 ) full doses ( hyoscyam9e1 is a /rik+ contra/ to ! action ( atrop9e1 9 e o!r respect s closely alli$2 yet !re are cases on record %[+ t ! h5bane root itself has an action simil> to t ( belladonna1 unless inde$ "o root has be5 mi/ak5 = ano!r2 e4g41 ,sonn5s*e9 relates ! foll[+ anci5t case ( poison+3--,9 a c]ta9 cloi/] ! monks ate by error ! root ( h5bane4 ,9 ! night !y 7 all tak5 ) halluc9ations1 s t ! pi\s conv5t 0 l a madh\se4 ,"o monk s\nd$ at midnight ! mat9s1 "s :o !reupon came into *apel c\ld n read1 o!rs read :at 0 n 9 ! book1 o!rs sang dr9k+ songs--9 %ort1 !re 0 ! greate/ di/urbance4 #dei4 ,sep>ation ( ,hyoscyam9e f ,organic ,matt]s4--,! isolation ( ! alkaloid f organic tissues or fluids1 9 cases :]e a m$ic9al prep>ation ( h5bane1 or ( ! leaves1 root1 c41 has be5 tak51 is possible1 & %\ld be c>ri$ out on ! pr9ciples already detail$4 ,hyoscyam9e is ma9ly id5tifi$ by its p[] ( dilat+ ! pupil ( ! eye4 ,x is said t s small a quantity z #jjhc mgrm4 7#a_/djjj gra97 w 9 fifte5 m9utes dilate ! eye ( a rabbit4 ,x is true t atrop9e also dilates ! pupil2 b if suffici5t ( ! sub/ance %\ld h be5 isolat$ to apply o!r te/s1 x c be di/+ui%$ f atrop9e by ! fact t ! latt] gives no imm$iate precipitate ) plat9ic *loride1 :il/ hyoscyam9e is precipitat$ by a small quantity ( plat9ic *loride1 & dissolv$ by a l>g] am\nt1 & also by ! *>act]s ( ! gold salt4 #c4 ,,hyosc9e4 #dfj4 ,hyosc9e1 ,c,h,,no4--,accord+ to ,e4 ,s*midt#eab ! =mula is ,c,h,,no ,h,o1 & ! alkaloid is id5tical ) scopolam9e4 ,scopolam9e has a m4p4 ( #ei1 gives an auro*loride1 cry/allis+ 9 ne$les1 ! m4p4 ( :i* is #bab to #bad2 :5 boil$ ) b>yta wat]1 x splits up into atropic acid & scopol9e1 a base 7,c,h,,no71 m4p4 #aaj1 boil+-po9t1 #bda to #bdc2 scopol9e =ms an auro*loride1 m4p4 #bbc-bbe2 & a plat9o*loride1 m4p4 #bbh-bcj2 b ,lad5burg1#eac 9 answ] to ,s*midt1 ass]ts t hyosc9e exi/s1 & is n id5tical ) scopolam9e4 ,a sample ( comm]cial hyosc9e hydrobromide ,nagelvoort f\nd to melt1 wat]-free1 at #aih2 o!r comm]cial samples ( hydrobromide melt$ at #agi & #ahf2 ! latt] sample giv+ an auro*loride :i* melt$ at #aib4 ,pure hyosc9e gold *loride is /at$ to melt at #aih4 ,its reactions are mu* ! same z ^? ( atrop9e1 b x does n black5 calomel4 ,x is v poison\s4 #eab ,ar*4 ,ph>m41 ccxxx4 #bjg-bca4 #eac ,b]41 xxv4 #bchh-bcid4 ,accord+ to exp]im5ts on animals1 ! he>t is fir/ sl[$1 !n quick5$2 ! fir/ effect be+ due to a /imulation ( ! inhibitory n]v\s app>atus1 ! second to a p>alys+ action on ! same4 ,! temp]ature is n alt]$4 ,! pupils are dilat$1 ! saliva dim9i%$4 ,! irritability ( ! bra9 is less5$4#ead #ead ,p>l(f1 ,/ ,pet]sburg ,m$4 ,*em4 ,acad41 ,diss]t4 ,no4 #i1 #ahhi-ij4 #d4 ,,solan9e4 #dfa4 ,di/ribution ( ,solan9e4--,solan9e is a poison\s nitrog5is$ glucoside f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! plants belong+ to ! night%ade ord]4 ,! ,engli% common plants 9 :i* solan9e occurs are ! edible potato plant 7,solanum tub]osum71 ! night%ade 7,solanum nigrum71 & ! ,solanum dulcam>a1 or bitt]-sweet4 ,! b]ries ( ! ,solanum nigrum & ^? ( ,s4 dulcam>a conta9 ab\t #jc p] c5t4 ,mature heal?y potatoes appe> to conta9 no solan9e1 b f #aej grms4 ( diseas$ potatoes ,g4 ,kassn]#eae sep>at$ #cj to #ej mgrms4 #eae ,ar*4 ,ph>m4 7#c71 xxv4 #djb1 #djc4 ,r4 ,firbas1#eaf 9 a rese>* on ! active sub/ances or "y %oots ( ! ,s4 tub]osum f\nd two products--"o cry/all9e1 ,solan9e2 ! o!r amorph\s1 ,solane9e4 ,he gives ! foll[+ =mula to solan9e--,c,h,,no#d;,h,o2 :5 dri$ at #ajj x becomes anhydr\s4 ,f a solution 9 #he p] c5t4 alcohol x cry/allises 9 col\rless ne$les1 m4p4 #bdd2 ^! are almo/ insoluble 9 e!r & alcohol1 b are readily dissolv$ 9 dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,on hydrolysis solan9e breaks up into solanid9e & a sug>1 accord+ to ! equation-- #eaf ,monat%41 x4 #eda-efj2 ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc4 7,ab/471 ,jan4 #ahij4 ,c,h,,no ,c,h,,no #b;,c,h,o #d;,h,o4 #dfb4 ,prop]ties ( ,solan9e4--,! reaction ( ! cry/als is weakly alkal9e2 ! ta/e is some:at bitt] & pung5t4 ,solan9e is soluble 9 #hjjj p>ts ( boil+ wat]1 #djjj p>ts ( e!r1 #ejj p>ts ( cold1 & #abe ( boil+ alcohol4 ,x dissolves well 9 hot amyl alcohol1 b is sc>cely soluble 9 b5z5e4 ,an aque\s solution fro?s on %ak+1 b n to ! degree possess$ by sapon9e solutions4 ,! amyl alcohol solution has ! prop]ty ( gelat9is+ :5 cold4 ,x does ?is if ev5 s little z #a "p ( solan9e is dissolv$ 9 #bjjj ( hot amyl alcohol4 ,! jelly is s firm t ! vessel may be inv]t$ )\t any loss4 ,?is peculi> prop]ty is "o ( ! mo/ important te/s = ! pres5ce ( solan9e4 ,! hot e?ylic alcohol solution w1 on cool+1 also gelat9ise1 b a /rong] solution is requir$4 ,f v dilute alcoholic solutions 7& especially ) sl[ cool+7 solan9e may be obta9$ 9 cry/als4 ,9 dilute m9]al acids solan9e dissolves freely1 & =ms salts1 :i* = ! mo/ "p h an acid reaction & are soluble 9 alcohol & 9 wat]1 b ) difficulty 9 e!r4 ,! comp\nds ) ! acids are n v /able1 & sev]al ( !m are brok5 up on w>m+ ! solution1 solan9e sep>at+ out f ! aque\s solutions ( ! solan9e salts4 ,! alkaloid may be precipitat$ by ! fix$ & volatile alkalies1 & by ! alkal9e e>?s4 ,solan9e w /& boil+ ) /rongly alkal9e solutions )\t decomposition2 b dilute acids1 on w>m+1 hydrolyse4 ,by heat+ solan9e 9 alcoholic solution ) e?yl iodide 9 clos$ tubes1 & !n treat+ ! liquid ) ammonia1 e?yl solan9e 9 well-=m$ cry/als c be obta9$4 ,solan9e is precipitat$ by phosphomolybdic acid1 b by v few o!r sub/ances4 ,x gives1 = example1 no precipitate ) ! foll[+ reag5ts3--,plat9ic *loride1 gold *loride1 m]curic *loride1 potassic bi*romate1 & picric acid4 ,tann9 precipitates x only aft] a "t4 ,sodic phosphate gives a cry/all9e precipitate ( solan9e phosphate1 if add$ to a solution ( solan9e sulphate4 ,bo? solan9e & solanid9e give ) nitric acid at fir/ a col\rless solution1 :i*1 on g5tle w>m+1 passes into blue1 !n into light r$1 & la/ly becomes weakly yell[4 ,solan9e1 dissolv$ 9 /rong sulphuric acid1 to :i* a little ,frhde's reag5t is add$1 at fir/ col\rs ! fluid light br[n2 aft] /&+ "s "t ! edges ( ! drop becomes r$di%-yell[1 & f9ally ! :ole a beautiful *]ry-r$1 :i* gradually passes into d>k violet :5 violet-col\r$ flocks sep>ate4 #dfc4 ,solanid9e4--,solanid9e has /rong] basic prop]ties ?an solan9e4 ,its =mula is ,c,h,,no4 ,x is obta9$ f an alcoholic solution 9 amorph\s masses int]sp]s$ ) ne$les2 m4p4 #aia4 ,x dissolves readily 9 hot alcohol1 ) difficulty 9 e!r4 ,) hydro*loric acid x =ms a hydro*loride--#c7;,c,h,,no,h,cl7,h,cl ,h,o or #a;,h,o4 ,?is hydro*loride is a slightly yell[ p[d]1 only sp>+ly soluble 9 wat]1 & c>bonis+ )\t melt+ :5 heat$ to #bhg4 ,solanid9e also =ms a sulphate1 #c7;,c,h,,no,h,,s7,h,,s #h;,h,o2 ?is salt is 9 ! =m ( scaly plates1 melt+ at #bdg2 x dissolves readily 9 wat]4 ,! sug> obta9$ f ! hydrolysis ( solanid9e is a yell[ amorph\s mass dissolv+ readily 9 wat] & wood _s1 & has a specific rotatory p[] ( ,d #bhfbc4 ,) ,ph5ylhydraz9e hydro*loride & sodium acetate 9 aque\s solution x =ms a glucosazone1 melt+ at #aii4 ,x is probably a mixture ( sug>s4 ,solane9e is ! "n t has be5 giv5 to ! amorph\s sub/ance accompany+ solan9e2 on hydrolysis x yields solanid9e & ! same sug> z solan9e4 ,its =mula is ,c,h,,no ) #d;,h,o4 #dfd4 ,poison+ f ,solan9e4--,poison+ f solan9e has be51 9 all record$ cases1 induc$1 n by ! pure alkaloid 7:i* is sc>cely met ) out ( ! laboratory ( ! sci5tific *emi/71 b by ! b]ries ( ! diff]5t species ( ,solanum1 & has = ! mo/ "p be5 conf9$ to *ildr54 ,! symptoms 9 ab\t tw5ty cases1#eag :i* may be f\nd detail$ 9 ! m$ical lit]ature ( ?is c5tury1 h v>i$ s greatly t ! mo/ opposite ph5om5a h be5 witness$ z effects ( poison+ by ! same sub/ance4 ,! mo/ con/ant ph5om5a are a quick pulse1 lab\r$ respiration1 great re/lessness1 & hyp]/hesia ( ! sk94 ,album5 9 ! ur9e is common4 ,n]v\s symptoms1 su* z convulsions1 aphasia1 delirium1 & ev5 catalepsy1 h be5 witness$4 ,9 "s cases !re h be5 ! symptoms ( an irritant poison--di>rha1 vomit+1 & pa9 9 ! b[els3 9 _m cases dilatation ( ! pupil has be5 obs]v$4 #eag ,see 8,dea? ( ,?ree ,*ildr5 by ,s4 nigrum02 ,hirtz41 ,gaz4 ,m$4 de ,/rasb\rg1 #ahdb2 ,maury1 ,gaz4 des ,hp41 #ahfd2 ,j4 ,b4 ,montane1 ,*im4 ,m$41 #ahfb2 ,magne1 ,gaz4 des ,hp41 #ahfi2 ,mann]s1 ,ed94 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 #ahfg4 ,cases ( poison+ by bitt]-sweet b]ries are record$ 9 ,lancet1 #ahef2 ,c4 ,b\rd91 ,gaz des ,hpitaux1 #ahfd2 ,b\rneville1 ! b]ries ( ,s4 tub]osum1 ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 #ahei4 ,rabbits are kill$ by doses ( #a grm4 p] kilo4 ,! symptoms comm5ce 9 ab\t t5 m9utes aft] ! adm9i/ration1 & consi/ ( apa?y & a l[ temp]ature2 ! brea?+ is mu* sl[$4 ,convulsions set 9 sudd5ly be=e dea?1 & ! pupils become dilat$4 ,! po/-mortem appe>ances 9 animals are int5se r$ness & injection ( ! m5+es ( ! c]ebellum1 ( ! m$ulla oblongata1 & ! sp9al cord4 ,d>k r$ blood is f\nd 9 ! he>t1 & ! kidneys are hyp]mic4 ,! inte/9al muc\s membrane is normal4 #dfe4 ,sep>ation ( ,solan9e f ! ,tissues ( ! ,body4--,drag5dorff has prov$ ! possibility ( sep>at+ solan9e f animal tissues by extract+ x f a poison$ pig4 ,! be/ plan seems to be to extract ) cold dilute sulphuric acid wat]1 :i* is !n made alkal9e by ammonia1 & %ak5 up ) w>m amyl alcohol4 ,?is readily dissolves any solan9e4 ,! peculi> prop]ty possess$ by ! alkaloid ( gelat9is+1 & ! play ( col\rs ) ,frhde's reag5t1 may !n be essay$ on ! solan9e ?us sep>at$4 #e4 ,,cytis9e4 #dff4 ,! ,cytisus ,laburnum4--,! laburnum tree1 ,cytisus laburnum1 s common 9 %rubb]ies1 is int5sely poison\s4 ,! fl[]s1 b>k1 wood1 se$s1 & ! root h all caus$ s]i\s symptoms4 ,! active pr9ciple is an alkaloid1 to :i* ! "n ( ,cytis9e has be5 giv54 ,! be/ s\rce is ! se$s4 ,! se$s are p[d]$ & extract$ ) alcohol conta9+ hydro*loric acid1 ! alcohol di/ill$ (f1 ! residue treat$ ) wat] & filt]$ ?r\gh a wet filt] to remove any fatty oil1 ! filtrate treat$ ) lead acetate2 &1 aft] sep>at+ ! precipitat$ col\r+ matt]1 made alkal9e ) cau/ic pota%1 & %ak5 ) amyl alcohol4 ,! amyl alcohol is %ak5 ) dilute hydro*loric acid1 ! solution evaporat$1 ! crude cry/als ( hydro*loride ?us obta9$ treat$ ) alcohol to remove col\r+ matt]s1 & recry/allis$ sev]al times f wat]2 x !n =ms well-develop$1 col\rless1 transp>5t prisms4 ,f ! hydro*loride ! free base is readily obta9$4 ,cytis9e1 ,c,h,n,o4--,to cytis9e us$ to be ascrib$ ! =mula ,c,h,n,o1 b a /udy ( ! salt & new det]m9ations appe> to prove t x is id5tical ) ulex9e4#eah ,cytis9e is 9 ! =m ( :ite radiat+ cry/als1 consi/+1 :5 deposit$ f absolute alcohol1 ( anhydr\s prisms1 :i* melt at f #aeb to #aec4 ,cytis9e has a /rong alkal9e reaction2 x is soluble 9 wat]1 alcohol1 & *lor(orm1 less s 9 b5z5e & amyl alcohol1 almo/ insoluble 9 cold light petroleum1 & insoluble 9 pure e!r4 ,! specific rotatory p[] 9 solution is ,d#ag -#aaieg4 #eah ,a4 ,w4 ,g]r>d & ,w4 ,h4 ,symons dispute ?is2 !y ascribe to ulex9e ! =mula ( ,c,h,n,o1 to cytis9e ,c,h,n,o4 ,ulex9e is v hygroscopic1 _c be sublim$1 ev5 9 a vacuum1 )\t decomposition1 & dissolves readily 9 *lor(orm2 on ! contr>y1 cytis9e is n hygroscopic1 sublimes completely1 & is almo/ insoluble 9 *lor(orm1 ,ph>m4 ,j4 7#c71 xx4 #ajag4 ,a4 ,p>!il1 ,b]41 xxiii4 #cbja-cbjc2 ,ar*4 ,ph>m41 ccxxx4 #ddh-dih4 ,x is capable ( sublimation 9 a curr5t ( hydrog5 at #aede2 ! sublimate is 9 ! =m ( v long ne$les & small leaflets2 at high] temp]atures x melts to a yell[ oily fluid1 aga9 becom+ cry/all9e on cool+4 ,cytis9e is a /rong base2 x precipitates ! e>?s & oxides ( ! heavy metals f solutions ( ! *lorides1 &1 ev5 9 ! cold1 expels ammonia f its comb9ations4 ,cytis9e =ms num]\s cry/all9e salts1 among :i* may be m5tion$ two plat9o*lorides1 ,c,h,n,,oh,pt,cl #b;,h,o & 7,c,h,n,o7,h,pt,cl1 cry/allis+ 9 gold5 yell[ ne$les1 :i* are tol]ably soluble 9 wat]2 & ! auro*loride1 ,c,h,n,o,h,au,cl1 cry/allis+ 9 %ort1 r$-br[n1 hook-%ap$ ne$les2 m4p4 #bab to #bac1 )\t evolution ( gas4 #dfg4 ,reactions ( ,cytis9e4--,conc5trat$ sulphuric acid dissolves cytis9e )\t col\r2 if to ! solution is add$ a drop ( nitric acid1 x becomes orange-yell[1 & on addition ( a cry/al ( potassic bi*romate1 fir/ yell[1 !n dirty br[n1 & la/ly gre54 ,conc5trat$ nitric acid dissolves ! base 9 ! cold )\t col\r1 b1 on w>m+1 x becomes orange-yell[4 ,picric1 tannic1 & phosphomolybdic acids1 potassic1 m]curic1 & potass4 cadmium iodides1 & iod9e ) potassic iodide1 all give precipitates4 ,nei!r potassic bi*romate nor m]curic *loride precipitates cytis9e1 ev5 ?\gh ! solution be conc5trat$4 ,! be/ s+le te/ appe>s to be ! reaction discov]$ by ,magelhaes2 ?is consi/s 9 add+ ?ymol to a solution ( cytis9e 9 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 :5 a yell[ col\r1 f9ally pass+ into an int5se r$1 is produc$4 #dfh4 ,effects on ,animals4--,w4 ,m>m f\nd subcutane\s doses ( f #cj to #dj mgrms4 fatal to cats2 dea? 0 f p>alysis ( ! respiration1 & c\ld be avoid$ by artificial respiration4 ,cattle are sometimes accid5tally poison$ by laburnum4 ,an in/ance ( ?is is record$ 9 ! ,vet]9>ian 7vol4 lv4 p4 #ib74 ,9 ,lan>k a /orm _h bl[n a l>ge laburnum tree d[n to ! gr\nd2 x fell into a field 9 :i* "s "y heif]s 7 graz+1 & !y began to fe$ on ! leaves & pods4 ,two or ?ree di$1 & ?ree m 7 ill = "s "t1 b ultimately recov]$4 ,! laburnum1 h[ev]1 does n always h ?is effect1 = !re is a case relat$ 9 ! ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle1 9 :i* five c[s br[s$ = "s "t on ! bran*es & pods ( an old laburnum tree t _h be5 ?r[n aside4 ,rabbits & h>es are said to fe$ eag]ly1 & )\t injury1 on ! pods & bran*es4 #dfi4 ,effects on ,man4--,! sweet ta/e ( _m portions ( ! laburnum tree1 z well z its attractive appe>ance1 has be5 ! cause ( _m accid5ts4 ,f4 ,a4 ,falck has be5 able to collect f m$ical lit]ature no less ?an #aee cases--#abj ( :i* 7 ^? ( ! accid5tal poison+ ( *ildr53 only #d 7or #bf p] c5t471 h[ev]1 di$1 s t ! poison is n ( a v deadly "*4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ record$ cases is by ,*ri/ison4#eai ,a s]vant-girl ( ,inv]ness1 9 ord] to excite vomit+ 9 h] fell[-s]vant 7! cook71 boil$ "s laburnum b>k 9 s\p2 v soon aft] p>tak+ ( ?is s\p1 ! cook exp]i5c$ viol5t vomit+1 :i* la/$ = ?irty-six h\rs2 %e _h int5se pa9 9 ! /oma*1 mu* di>rha1 & great muscul> weakness2 %e appe>s to h suff]$ f ga/ro-inte/9al cat>rh = "s "t1 b ultimately recov]$4 #eai ,ed4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 #ahdc4 ,vallance#ebj has describ$ ! symptoms obs]v$ 9 ! poison+ ( fifty-eight boys1 :o ate ! root ( an old laburnum tree1 be+ allur$ by its sweet ta/e4 ,all 7 tak5 ill ) simil> symptoms1 diff]+ only 9 sev]ity2 two :o _h eat5 half an ounce 7ne>ly #h grms47 suff]$ ) especial sev]ity4 ,! symptoms 7 fir/ vomit+1 !n n>cosis1 ) convulsive movem5ts ( ! legs & /range movem5ts ( ! arms3 ! pupils 7 dilat$4 ,?is dilatation ( ! pupil ,s$gwick also saw 9 ! poison+ ( two *ildr5 :o ate ! root4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! fl[]1 se$s1 or o!r portions ( ! laburnum h be5 eat51 ! symptoms are ma9ly ref]able to ! ga/ro-inte/9al tract1 consi/+ ( acute pa9 9 ! /oma*1 vomit+1 & di>rha4 ,on ^! gr\nds x is !re=e m ?an probable t !re is ano!r active pr9ciple 9 ! root1 diff]+ f t :i* is 9 ^? portions ( ! tree expos$ to ! influ5ce ( sunlight4#eba #ebj ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 #ahge4 #eba ,see also a case relat$ by ,dr4 ,popham1 9 :i* t5 *ildr5 ate laburnum se$s2 ! pupils 7 dilat$4 ,!y all recov]$4 ,b4 & ,f4 ,m$4 ,*ir4 ,review1 ,ap4 #ahfc2 also a case report$ by ,h4 ,u%]1 ,m$4 ,times & ,gazette1 ,sept4 #ae1 #ahfb4 ,! po/-mortem appe>ances are1 s f> z kn[n1 9 no way *>act]i/ic4 ,,vii4--,! ,alkaloids ( ! ,v]atrums4 #dgj4 ,! alkaloids ( ! v]atrums h be5 inve/igat$ by ,dr4 ,ald] ,wright1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,luff1 & sev]al o!r *emi/s4#ebb #ebb 8,! ,alkaloids ( ! ,v]atrums10 by ,c4 ,r4 ,ald] ,wright1 ,d4,sc41 & ,a4 ,p4 ,luff1 ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,july #ahgi2 8,! ,alkaloids ( ,v]atrum viride10 by ,c4 ,ald] ,wright1 ,d4,sc41 ib41 #ahgi4 ,! me?od :i* ,wright & ,luff adopt$ to extract & sep>ate ^! alkaloids f ! root ( ,v4 album & ,v4 viride1 ess5tially consi/$ 9 exhau/+ ) alcohol1 to :i* a little t>t>ic acid has be5 add$1 filt]+1 di/ill+ (f ! alcohol1 dissolv+ ! residue 9 wat]1 alkalis+ ) cau/ic soda1 & %ak+ up ) e!r4 ,! e!real solution 0 next sep>at$1 & !n wa%$ ) wat] conta9+ t>t>ic acid1 s z to obta9 a solution ( ! bases z t>trates3 9 ?is way ! same e!r c\ld be us$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,ultimately a r\gh sep>ation 0 made by means ( ! diff]5t solubilities 9 e!r1 pseudo-j]v9e be+ sc>cely soluble 9 ?is m$ium1 :il/ j]v9e1 v]atralb9e1 v]atr9e1 & cevad9e are v soluble 9 x4 ,! yield ( ,wright & ,luff's alkaloids 0 z foll[s3-- ,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,alkaloids ,,9 ,,! ,,v]atrums4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,v4 album4 ,v4 viride4 ,p] ,kilo4 ,p] ,kilo4 --------------------------------- ,j]v9e1 #ac grm4 #b grm4 ,pseudo-j]v9e1 #d #ae ,rubi-j]v9e1 #be #jb ,v]atralb9e1 #bb ,traces4 ,v]atr9e1 #je ,less ?an #jjd grm4 ,cevad9e1 ,abs5t4 #dc ---------------------------------------- -------- ,f :5ce x appe>s t ,v4 album has only a v small quantity ( v]atr9e1 t x is almo/ abs5t 9 ,v4 viride2 on ! o!r h&1 ,v4 viride conta9s a fair quantity ( cevad9e1 an alkaloid abs5t 9 ,v4 album4 ,besides ! six pr9ciples enum]at$1 ,g4 ,salzb]g] has rec5tly sep>at$ two o!r cry/all9e sub/ances1 to :i* he has giv5 ! names ( protov]atr9e & protov]atrid9e1 & ,pehks*5 has also sep>at$ a n9? sub/ance1 to :i* he has giv5 ! "n ( v]atroid9e4 ,! =mul ( ! n9e bodies :i* h be5 sep>at$ f hellebore root are z foll[s3-- ,melt+-po9t4 #a4 ,v]atr9e1 ,c,h,,no1 444 #b4 ,cevad9e1 ,c,h,,no1 #bje-bjf #c4 ,protov]atr9e1 ,c,h,,no1 #bde-bej #d4 ,pseudo-j]v9e1 ,c,h,,no 7,wright71 #bii-cjj ,c,h,,no 7,pehks*571 444 #e4 ,v]atralb9e1 ,c,h,,no1 444 #f4 ,protov]atrid9e1 ,c,h,,no1 #bfe #g4 ,rubi-j]v9e1 ,c,h,,no 7,wright & ,luff71 #bcf 7,salzb]g]71 #bdj-bde #h4 ,j]v9e1 ,c,h,,no#b;,h,o1 #bcg-bci #i4 ,v]atroid9e1 ,c,h,,no1 #adi ,?ree ( ^! alkaloids possess p[]ful /]nutatory prop]ties1 ! lea/ quantity appli$ to ! no/rils excit+ sneez+2 ! ?ree are v]atr9e1 cevad9e1 & protov]atr9e4 ,protov]atr9e1 ,c,h,,no1 has be5 obta9$ by ,g4 ,salzb]g]#ebc f p[d]$ hellebore root1 by ! foll[+ process3-- #ebc ,ar*4 ,ph>m41 ccxxviii4 #dfb-dhc4 ,! p[d]$ root is fir/ fre$ f fatty & res9\s matt]s by treatm5t ) e!r1 & !n ! fat-free p[d] is exhau/$ ) alcohol4 ,! alcohol is evaporat$ (f 9 a vacuum1 ! extract mix$ ) mu* acetic acid wat]1 filt]$ f ! insoluble residue1 & treat$ ) metaphosphoric acid2 ! volum9\s precipitate conta9s mu* amorph\s matt]1 ) insoluble comp\nds ( j]v9e & rubi-j]v9e4 ,! precipitate is filt]$ (f1 & ! filtrate treat$ ) excess ( ammonia & %ak5 up ) e!r4 ,on sep>at+ ! e!r & di/ill+1 protov]atr9e cry/allises out1 & c be obta9$ pure by recry/allisation f /rong alcohol4 ,protov]atr9e cry/allises 9 f\r-sid$ plates1 :i* melt ) *>r+ at #bde to #bej4 ,! base is insoluble 9 wat]1 b5z5e1 & light petroleum2 *lor(orm & boil+ #if p] c5t4 alcohol dissolve x some:at2 cold e!r sc>cely t\*es x1 boil+ e!r dissolves x a little4 ,conc5trat$ sulphuric acid dissolves ! alkaloid sl[ly ) ! production ( a gre5i% col\r1 :i* passes to cornfl[] blue1 &1 aft] "s h\rs1 becomes violet4 ,sulphuric acid & sug> gives a diff]5t col\r to t produc$ by comm]cial v]atr9e4 ,!re is fir/ a gre5 col\r :i* d>k5s into olive gre51 !n becomes dirty gre51 & f9ally d>k br[n4 ,:5 w>m$ ) /rong sulphuric1 hydro*loric1 or phosphoric acids1 !re is a /rong od\r ( isobutyric acid develop$4 ,dilute solutions ( ! salts are precipitat$ by ammonia1 ,nessl]'s reag5t1 gold *loride1 potassium m]cury iodide1 cadmium iodide1 phosphotung/ic acid1 & picric acid2 no precipitate is produc$ by tann91 plat9um *loride1 or m]curic *loride4 #dga4 ,v]atr9e 7,c,h,,no7 is a cry/allisable alkaloid1 :i* is a p[]ful irritant ( ! s5sory n]ves ( ! muc\s membrane1 & excites viol5t sneez+4 ,treat$ ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 x dissolves ) a yell[ col\r1 deep5+ into orange1 !n into blood-r$1 & f9ally pass+ into c>m9e-r$4 ,if ! fre%ly-prep>$ sulphuric acid solution is n[ treat$ ) brom9e wat]1 a beautiful purple col\r is produc$4 ,conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid dissolves v]atr9e )\t ! production ( col\r1 b1 ) c>eful w>m+1 x becomes beautifully r$4 ,?is reaction is v delicate1 occurr+ ) #ag mgrm4 ,on saponification v]atr9e yields v]atric acid4 ,v]atric acid is procate*u-dime?yle!r acid1 & has ! con/itutional =mula1 ,,cooh _/ ,c,h 7,,o*7 ,v]atric acid =ms col\rless ne$les & f\r-sid$ prisms :i* h a m>k$ acid reaction2 x melts on heat+ to a col\rless fluid1 & sublimes )\t decomposition2 x is easily soluble 9 hot alcohol1 b insoluble 9 e!r4 ,if dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 wat] sep>ates nitro-v]atric acid1 ,c,h7,,no7,o :i* cry/allises out ( alcohol 9 small yell[ scales4 ,v]atric acid unites ) bases =m+ cry/all9e salts2 ! silv] salt has ! composition ( ,c,h,ag,o #cgcg p] c5t4 silv]1 & may assi/ 9 id5tification4 ,x is cry/all9e ) a melt+ po9t ( #bje to #bjf4 ,cevad9e1 ,c,h,,no 7,m]ck's v]atr9e74--,x has p[]ful /]nutatory prop]ties1 &1 "u ! influ5ce ( alcoholic pota%1 yields tiglic#ebd acid & cev9e1 ,c,h,,no4 #ebd ,tiglic acid1 ,c,h,o1 is a volatile acid1 m4p4 #fd1 boil+ po9t1 #aihe2 x =ms a soluble b>ium salt1 & an insoluble silv] salt4 ,accord+ to ,ahr5s1 angelic acid is fir/ =m$1 & !n conv]t$ into tiglic acid4 ,:5 ! alkaloid is boil$ ) hydro*loric acid1 tiglic acid is =m$1 & a ruby r$ mass4 ,nitric acid oxidises cevad9e completely2 ) potassic p]manganate x yields acetic & oxalic acids2 ) *romic acid x =ms acetaldehyde & c>bon dioxide4#ebe #ebe ,b]41 xxiii4 #bgjj-bgjg4 ,! ,cont95tal au?orities always give to cevad9e ! "n ( v]atr9e4 ,cevad9e =ms a cry/all9e auro*loride1 a cry/all9e m]curo*loride1 ,c,h,,no,h,hg,cl1 & a cry/all9e picrate1 ,c,h,,no,c,h,n,o4 ,! m]cury salt cry/allises 9 small silv]y plates1 & melts ) decomposition at #agb4 ,! picrate =ms /able cry/als black5+ at #bbe2 bo? ( ! latt] salts are b little soluble 9 wat]1 b are soluble 9 alcohol4 ,cevad9e also unites ) brom9e1 =m+ a tetrabromide1 an amorph\s yell[ p[d] insoluble 9 wat]1 b readily soluble 9 alcohol1 e!r1 & *lor(orm4 #dgb4 ,j]v9e1 7,c,h,,no#b;,h,o7 7,wright & ,luff71 ,c,h,,no 7,pehks*571#ebf cry/allises 9 :ite ne$les1 &1 :5 anhydr\s1 melts at #bcgg4 ,x is slightly lvorotatory4 ,at #be "o "p ( ! base dissolves 9 #afeh b5z5e1 #bfh e!r1 #fj *lor(orm1 & #afh absolute alcohol4 ,x is insoluble 9 light petroleum1 & b slightly soluble 9 e?yl acetate1 wat]1 or c>bon bisulphide4 ,x =ms a v insoluble sulphate1 & a sp>+ly soluble nitrate & hydro*loride4 ,j]v9e gives1 ) sulphuric acid & sug>1 a violet col\r1 pass+ to blue4 ,treat$ ) /rong sulphuric acid x dissolves to a yell[ fluid1 :i* becomes successively d>k yell[1 br[ni% yell[1 & !n gre5i%4 ,! gre5 %ade is imm$iately develop$ by dilut+ ) wat]4 ,j]v9e does n produce sneez+4 #ebf ,j\r4 ,ph>m4 7#e71 xxii4 #bfe-bfi4 #dgc4 ,pseudo-j]v9e1 ,c,h,,no 7,wright71 m4p4 #bii2 ,c,h,,no1 m4p4 #bei 7,pehks*571 may be obta9$ 9 a cry/all9e /ate4 ,"o "p is soluble 9 #aji p>ts ( light petroleum1 #cgb p>ts ( b5z5e1 #ajba p>ts ( e!r1 #d ( *lor(orm1 & #ahe ( absolute alcohol4 ,! pure base gives no col\r ) sulphuric1 nitric1 or hydro*loric acids4 ,x does n produce sneez+4 #dgd4 ,protov]atrid9e1 ,c,h,,no1 is probably d]iv$ f protov]atr9e4 ,salzb]g]#ebg isolat$ x f p[d]$ hellebore roots by treat+ ! p[d] ) b>ium hydroxide & wat]1 & extract+ ) e!r4 ,! e!r extract 0 sep>at$ & fre$ f e!r 9 a curr5t ( hydrog5 at a l[ temp]ature4 #ebg ,ar*4 ,ph>m41 ccxxviii4 #dfb-dhc4 ,f ! d>k gre5 syrup obta9$ j]v9e cry/allis$ out1 & f ! "m liquor ultimately protov]atrid9e 0 sep>at$4 ,protov]atrid9e cry/allises 9 col\rless f\r-sid$ plates1 :i* melt at #bfe4 ,x is almo/ insoluble 9 alcohol1 *lor(orm1 me?yl alcohol1 & acetone1 & insoluble 9 b5z5e1 light petroleum1 & e!r4 ,conc5trat$ sulphuric acid gives a violet1 !n a *]ry-r$ col\r4 ,its solution 9 conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid becomes light r$ on w>m+1 & !re is an od\r ( isobutyric acid4 ,x is readily soluble 9 dilute m9]al acids1 & ! solution1 on ! addition ( ammonia1 yields ! alkaloid 9 a cry/all9e condition4 ,! sulphuric acid solution gives precipitates ) phosphotung/ic1 picric1 & tannic acids1 & ) potassium m]cury iodide2 b gives no precipitate ) plat9um *loride1 potassium-cadmium iodide1 or ) ,millon's reag5t4 ,x =ms a plat9um salt1 7,c,h,,no7,h,pt,cl #f;,h,o1 :i* is precipitat$ 9 l>ge six-sid$ plates on add+ alcohol to a mix$ solution ( plat9um *loride & a salt ( ! base4 ,protov]atrid9e is n poison\s1 & does n cause sneez+4 ,its solutions are v bitt]4 #dge4 ,rubi-j]v9e1 ,c,h,,no1 is a cry/allisable base :olly diff]5t f j]v9e1 yet probably closely alli$ to x4 ,x =ms a light yell[1 indi/9ctly cry/all9e gold salt 7,c,h,,no1,h,cl1,au,cl73 x gives a diff]5t play ( col\rs f j]v9e ) sulphuric acid4 ,! conc5trat$ acid dissolves rubi-j]v9e to a cle> yell[ fluid1 becom+ successively d>k yell[1 br[ni% yell[1 & br[ni% blood-r$1 *ang+ aft] sev]al h\rs to a br[ni% purple4 ,on dilut+ slightly ) wat] ! br[ni%-r$ liquid1 x becomes successively crimson1 purple1 d>k lav5d]1 d>k violet1 & ultimately light indigo4 ,its hydro*loride & sulphate are bo? m soluble ?an ei!r ( ! correspond+ salts ( j]v9e or pseudo-j]v9e4 #dgf4 ,v]atralb9e1 ,c,h,,no1 an amorph\s non-/]nutatory base1 gives1 :5 a speck ( ! sub/ance is dissolv$ 9 sulphuric acid1 a play ( col\rs1 becom+ successively yell[1 d>k yell[1 br[ni% orange1 & br[ni% blood-r$1 ) a /rong gre5 fluoresc5ce4 ,x yields no acid on saponification4 #dgg4 ,v]atroid9e1 ,c,h,,no1 is ano!r base :i* has be5 sep>at$ by ,c4 ,pehks*54#ebh ,its melt+ po9t is #adi4 ,"o "p dissolves 9 #ac ( b5z5e1 #ei ( *lor(orm1 & #i ( e!r4 ,x yields amorph\s salts ) ! m9]al acids1 & ) oxalic & acetic acids4 ,x is precipitat$ by mo/ ( ! gr\p reag5ts4 ,) #aa p] c5t4 solution ( hydro*loric acid x gives a beautiful rose col\r4 #ebh ,op4 cit4 #dgh4 ,comm]cial ,v]atr9e4--,comm]cial v]atr9e is a mixture ( alkaloids1 & has usually fairly con/ant prop]ties1 "o ( :i* is its int5se irritant action on ! no/rils4 ,plac$ on moi/ blue-r$ litmus pap] x gives a blue spot4 ,x is b little soluble 9 wat]1 #a 3 #aejj2 b readily dissolves 9 alcohol & *lor(orm2 x is b little soluble 9 amyl alcohol1 b5z5e1 & c>bon disulphide4 ,:5 a v small quantity is treat$ ) a drop ( sulphuric acid1 ! acid 9 ! cold /rikes a yell[ col\r2 on w>m+1 ! col\r becomes violet1 sl[ly *ang+ to orange & *]ry r$4 ,s5sible to #ajj? ( mgrm4 ,if ?is te/ is p]=m$ 9 a te/-tube1 a gre5-yell[ fluoresc5ce is also se5 on ! sides ( ! te/-tube4 ,comm]cial v]atr9e /rikes a p9k-r$ col\r ) hydro*loric acid 9 ! cold if a long "t is all[$ to elapse1 b x at once appe>s if ! acid is w>m$1 & is p]man5t4 ,! solution becomes fluoresc5t if two drops ( acetic acid are add$4 ,if a small quantity ( comm]cial v]atr9e is add$ to melt$ oxalic acid & ! w>m+ cont9u$1 a blood-r$ col\r is obta9$4 ,v]atr9e1 w>m$ ) syrupy phosphoric acid1 develops an od\r ( butyric acid4 ,a d>k gre5 col\r1 foll[$ by r$di% purple & blue col\rs1 is obta9$ by add+ a spr9kl+ ( f9ely-p[d]$ sug> to a solution ( v]atr9e 9 sulphuric acid4 ,?is is be/ se5 ) a solution ( #a to #aj1jjj2 if 9 dilution ( #a to #ajj1jjj a grass-gre5 col\r is produc$1 foll[$ by purple & blue col\rs1 quickly *ang+ to br[n or black4#ebi #ebi ,flckig]'s ,reactions1 #ahic4 ,:5 two or ?ree drops ( sulphuric acid & furfur aldehyde 7#e drops to #aj c4c4 ( acid7 are add$ to m9ute p>ticles ( alkaloids1 a m or less *>act]i/ic col\r makes its appe>ance2 ?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) v]atr9e4 ,a few p>ticles rubb$ ) a glass rod1 & moi/5$ ) ! reag5t1 gives fir/ a yell[i%-gre51 !n an olive-gre5 mixture1 ! edges aft]w>ds becom+ a beautiful blue4 ,on w>m+1 ! mixture gradually acquires a purple-violet col\r4 ,! blue sub/ance obta9$ 9 ! cold is insoluble 9 alcohol1 e!r1 or *lor(orm4 ,! lea/ am\nt ( wat] decolorises ! solution1 &1 on add+ mu* wat]1 a fairly p]man5t yell[ solution is obta9$4#ecj #ecj ,a4 ,w5d]1 ,*em4 ,zeitung1 xvii4 #iej1 #iea4 #dgi4 ,ph>maceutical ,prep>ations4--,! alkaloid is (fic9al 9 ! ,engli%1 ,am]ican1 & ,cont95tal ph>macopias4 ,!re is also an ungu5tum v]atr9--/r5g? ab\t #ah p] c5t4 ,9 ! ,london ph>macopia ( #ahea !re us$ to be a w9e ( :ite hellebore1 ! active pr9ciple ( #bj p>ts ( ! root by weight be+ conta9$ 9 #ajj p>ts by measure ( ! w9e4 ,su* a w9e w\ld conta9 ab\t #jjhd p] c5t4 ( total alkaloids4 ,( ! gre5 hellebore !re is a t9cture 7t9ctura v]atri viridis71 to make :i* f\r p>ts by weight ( ! root are exhau/$ by #bj p>ts by measure ( spirits2 ! /r5g? v>ies1 b ! av]age is #jjb p] c5t4 ( total alkaloids4 #dhj4 ,fatal ,dose4--,! maximum dose ( ! comm]cial alkaloid is laid d[n z #aj mgrms4 7#ae gra971 :i* c be tak5 safely 9 a s+le dose1 b no?+ suffici5tly def9ite is kn[n z to :at is a le?al dose4 #ac grm4 ( ! p[d]$ rhizome has caus$ dea?1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 t5 times t quantity has be5 tak5 ) impunity1 s t at pres5t x is q an op5 "q4 #dha4 ,effects on ,animals--,physiological ,action4--,exp]im5ts on animals h prov$ t ! v]atrums act on ! s5sory n]ves ( ! sk91 & ^? ( ! muc\s membranes ( ! nose & inte/9al canal2 !y are fir/ excit$1 aft]w>ds p>alys$4 ,:5 adm9i/]$ to frogs1 sug> & lactic acid appe> 9 ! ur9>y excretion4#eca ,x ex]cises a peculi> influ5ce on volunt>y muscle2 ! contractility is *ang$1 s t1 :5 excit$1 !re is a long-cont9u+ contraction1 & f a s+le /imulus m heat is dis5gag$ ?an ) heal?y muscle2 ! motor n]ves are also affect$4 ,! respiration1 at fir/ quick5$1 is !n sl[$1 & f9ally p>alys$4 ,! he>t's action is also fir/ quick5$1 ! blood-pressure at ! same "t is rais$1 & ! small art]ies n>r[$ 9 calibre2 lat] foll[ s9k+ ( ! pressure1 sl[+ ( ! he>t1 & dilatation ( ! vessels1 & ! he>t becomes f9ally p>alys$4 #eca ,zeit4 ,phys4 ,*em41 xvi4 #dec-dei4 #dhb4 ,effects on ,man4--,poison+ by v]atrum1 sabadilla1 or ph>maceutical prep>ations conta9+ v]atr9e1 is n common4 ,pl5k witness$ a case 9 :i* ! ext]nal application ( sabadilla p[d] to ! head caus$ delirium1 & ,l5t9 also relates a case 9 :i* an infant at ! brea/ seems to h di$ f an ext]nal application made = ! purpose ( de/roy+ lice4 ,9 bo? in/ances1 h[ev]1 !re is a possibility t "s ( ! m$icam5t 0 swall[$4 ,blas record$1 9 #ahfa1 ! case ( two *ildr5 :o drank a decoction ( :ite hellebore1 ! liquid be+ int5d$ z an ext]nal application to an animal4 ,!y %[$ s]i\s symptoms1 b ultimately recov]$4 ,a sci5tific *emi/ took #ch grms4 7#eh gra9s7 ( ! t9cture ( gre5 hellebore = ! purpose ( exp]im5t4 ,!re foll[$ viol5t symptoms ( ga/ric irritation1 vomit+1 & di>rha1 b he also recov]$4#ecb #ecb ,m$4 ,times & ,gazette1 ,jan4 #c1 #ahfc4 ,casp] relates ! poison+ ( a :ole family by v]atrum2 f ! /oma* ( ! "m 7:o di$7 & ! rema9s ( ! repa/ 7a porridge ( l5tils7 v]atr9e 0 sep>at$4 ,fab]#ecc record$ ! poison+ ( ?irty c[s by v]atrum2 eight di$1 & x is notewor?y t viol5t poison\s symptoms 7 produc$ 9 animals p>tak+ ( _! fle% & milk4 #ecc ,zeits*r4 f4 ,/aats>zneik41 #ahfb4 #dhc4 ,! symptoms appe> soon aft] ! +e/ion1 & consi/ ( a feel+ ( burn+ 9 ! m\?1 spread+ d[nw>ds to ! /oma*1 increas$ secretion ( saliva1 & difficulty ( swall[+2 !n foll[ viol5t vomit+ & di>rha1 ) great pa9 9 ! b[els1 (t5 t5esmus2 !re is also heada*e1 gidd9ess1 a feel+ ( anxiety1 & ! pupils are dilat$4 ,! consci\sness is ord9>ily intact2 ! pulse is weak & sl[1 & ! brea?+ emb>rass$2 ! sk9 is b5umb$4 ,!re may be also =micat+ feel+s1 & twit*+s 9 ! muscles ) occasionally ! tetanic cramps1 :i* are con/antly se5 9 frogs4 ,9 cases :i* end fatally1 ! di/urbance ( ! brea?+ & circulation increases1 & dea? takes place 9 collapse4 ,an important case ( sl[ poison+ is on record1#ecd 9 :i* two bro!rs1 ag$ tw5ty-"o & tw5ty-two ye>s1 di$ aft] n9e & elev5 weeks ( illness1 evid5tly f repeat$ small doses ( ! p[d] ( ,v]atrum album4 ,!y became v weak & ?91 suff]$ f di>rha & bloody /ools1 sleeplessness1 di/urbance ( ! intellect1 & delirium4 #ecd ,nivet & ,graud1 ,gaz4 ,hebdom41 #ahfa4 #dhd4 ,! po/-mortem signs d n appe> di/9ctive2 ev5 9 ! case j m5tion$--9 :i* "o w\ld expect to f9d1 at all ev5ts1 an ext5sive cat>rh ( ! inte/9al canal--! results seem to h be5 negative4 #dhe4 ,sep>ation f ,organic ,matt]s4--,! me?od ( ,/as 7by :i* ! organic matt]s1 :e!r ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* or ! tissues1 are treat$ ) alcohol1 weakly acidifi$ by t>t>ic acid7 is to be recomm5d$4 ,aft] filt]+1 ! alcoholic extract may be fre$ f alcohol by c>eful di/illation1 & ! extract tak5 up ) wat]4 ,by n[ acidify+ g5tly ! wat]y extract1 & %ak+ x up ) e!r & *lor(orm1 fatty matt]s1 res9\s sub/ances1 & o!r impurities1 are remov$1 & x may !n be alkalis$ by soda or pota%1 & ! v]atr9e extract$ by e!r4 ,! residue %\ld be id5tifi$ by ! hydro*loric acid & by ! sulphuric acid & brom9e reactions2 c>e %\ld also be tak5 to asc]ta9 :e!r x excites sneez+4 ,a ptoma9e1 discov]$ by ,br\>del1#ece 0 describ$ by him z bo? *emically & physiologically analog\s to v]atr9e4 ,a4 ,m4 ,delez9i]e#ecf has s9ce inve/igat$ ?is sub/ance4 ,only :5 9 contact ) air does ! analogy to v]atr9e obta91 & ,delez9i]e1 to asc]ta9 its reactions1 /udi$ x :5 9 an atmosph]e ( nitrog54 ,x appe>s to be a second>y monam9e1 ,c,h,n1 & is 9 ! =m ( a col\rless1 oily liquid1 ) an od\r l t ( ! haw?orn4 ,x is insoluble 9 wat]1 b alcohol1 e!r1 tolu5e1 & b5z5e dissolve x readily4 ,x oxidises 9 ! pres5ce ( air4 ,! salts are deliquesc5t4 #ece ,moniteur ,sci5t4 7#c71 #aj1 #aadj4 #ecf ,bull4 ,soc4 ,*im4 7#c71 #a1 #agh-ahj4 ,,viii4--,physo/igm9e4 #dhf4 ,! ordeal bean ( ,calab> 7,physo/igma faba7 is a l>ge1 all b ta/eless1 kidney-%ap$ bean1 ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 & half an in* ?ick2 its convex edge has a furr[ ) elevat$ ridges1 & is pi]c$ by a small hole at "o extremity4 ,! integum5ts are c(fee-br[n 9 col\r1 ?91 h>d1 & brittle2 !y enclose two :ite cotyl$ons1 easily pulv]isable1 & weigh+ on an av]age #cih grms4 7#fa gra9s74 ,! se$ conta9s at lea/ "o alkaloid1 t]m$ ,physo/igm9e 7fir/ sep>at$ 9 #ahfd by ,job/ & ,hesse71 & possibly a second1 accord+ to ,h>nack & ,witk[sky1 :o h discov]$ 9 association ) physo/igm9e a new alkaloid1 :i* !y call ,calab>9e1 & :i* diff]s f physo/igm9e 9 be+ insoluble 9 e!r & soluble 9 wat]4 ,x is also soluble 9 alcohol2 & fur!r1 ! precipitate produc$ by potassium iodo-hydr>gyrate 9 calab>9e solutions is insoluble 9 alcohol4 #dhg4 ,physo/igm9e1 or es]9e1 is n easily obta9$ 9 a cry/all9e /ate1 be+ mo/ frequ5tly extract$ z a col\rless v>ni%1 dry+ into brittle masses4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 q possible to obta9 x 9 ! =m ( p>tially-cry/all9e cru/s1 or ev5 rhombic plates1 by c>e be+ tak5 to p]=m ! evaporation1 & all ! op]ations1 at z l[ a temp]ature z possible1 & pref]ably 9 a dimly-lit room2 =1 if ! temp]ature rises to #dj1 mu* ( ! alkaloid w be decompos$4 ,hesse recomm5ds t ! beans be extract$1 alcohol by ! alcoholic solution alkalis$ by sodic c>bonate1 & ! liquid %ak5 up ) e!r1 :i* w reta9 ! alkaloid4 ,! e!r solution is n[ sep>at$1 & acidifi$ slightly ) v dilute sulphuric acid2 ! fluid1 ( c\rse1 sep>ates into two lay]s1 ! l[] ( :i* conta9s ! alkaloid z a sulphate1 ! upp] is ! e!r1 :i* is )drawn1 & ! acid fluid pass$ ?r\gh a moi/ filt]4 ,! :ole process is !n repeat$ z a purification4 ,aga91 ,vee1 :o has repeat$ly obta9$ ! alkaloid 9 a cry/all9e condition1 directs ! extraction ( ! beans by alcohol1 ! alcoholic solution to be treat$ z be=e ) sodic c>bonate1 & !n ) e!r2 ! e!real solution to be evaporat$ to dryness1 dissolv$ 9 dilute acid1 precipitat$ by sug> ( lead1 & ! filtrate f ?is precipitate alkalis$ by potassic bic>bonate1 & !n %ak5 up ) e!r4 ,! e!real solution is p]mitt$ to evaporate spontane\sly1 ! cry/all9e cru/s are dissolv$ 9 a little dilute acid1 & ! solution is la/ly alkalis$ by potassic bic>bonate1 :51 aft] a few m9utes1 cry/all9e plates are =m$4 ,! =mula ascrib$ to physo/igm9e is ,c,h,n,o4 ,x is /rongly alkal9e1 fully neutralis+ acids & =m+ ta/eless salts4 ,x is easily melt$1 & p]haps p>tly decompos$1 at a temp]ature ( #de2 at #ajj x is c]ta9ly *ang$1 becom+ ( a r$ col\r1 & =m+ ) acids a r$ solution4 ,x dissolves easily 9 alcohol1 e!r1 *lor(orm1 & bisulphide ( c>bon1 b is n easily soluble 9 wat]4 ,! salts =m$ by ! alkaloid ) ! acids are g5]ally hygroscopic & uncry/allisable1 b an exception is met ) 9 ! hydrobromide1 :i* cry/allises 9 /ellate gr\ps4#ecg ,if ,,co is pass$ into wat] conta9+ ! alkaloid 9 susp5sion1 a cle> solution is obta9$2 b ! slighte/ w>m? decomposes ! soluble salt & reprecipitates ! alkaloid4 ,! hydr>g-hydroiodide 7,c,h,n,o1,,hi1#b;,hg,i7 is a :ite precipitate1 insoluble 9 wat]1 becom+ yell[ on dry+1 soluble 9 e!r & alcohol1 & f su* solutions obta9$ 9 cry/all9e prismatic gr\ps4 ,a heat ( #gj melts ! cry/als1 & !y solidify aga9 9 ! amorph\s condition4 #ecg ,m4 ,duquesnel1 ,ph>m4 ,j4 ,trans4 7#c71 v4 #hdg4 ,x gives a precipitate ) gold *loride1 r$uc+ ! gold2 also "o ) m]curic *loride easily soluble 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,x gives no precipitate ) plat9um *loride4 #dhh4 ,te/s4--,da ,silva's#ech te/ = es]9e is z foll[s3--,a m9ute fragm5t ( es]9e or "o ( its salts is dissolv$ 9 a few drops ( fum+ nitric acid2 ?is makes a yell[ solution1 b evaporat$ to complete dryness x is pure gre54 ,! gre5 sub/ance1 call$ by o!rs *lores]9e1 dissolves to a non-fluoresc5t gre5 solution2 9 wat] & also 9 /rong alcohol x %[s a b& 9 ! r$ betwe5 #fgj & #fhh1 a broad] b m nebul\s b& 9 ! blue & violet betwe5 #djj & #dah1 & a v feeble b& 9 ! orange4 #ech ,s4 ,j4 ,f]reira da ,silva1 ,compt4 ,r5d41 cxvii4 #ccj1 #cca4 ,j4 ,b4 ,nagelvoort#eci has recomm5d$ ! foll[+ te/s3--7a7 ,an amorph\s residue ( a p]man5t blue col\r is obta9$ if a trace ( ! alkaloid1 or "o ( its salts1 is evaporat$ 9 ! pres5ce ( an excess ( ammonia2 ?is blue alkaloid dissolves 9 dilute acids ) a r$ col\r2 s5sitiv5ess #jjjjja gm4 7#a 3 #ajjjjj74 ,! solution has beautiful r$ fluoresc5ce 9 reflect$ light2 :5 evaporat$1 x leaves a residue t is gre5 at fir/1 *ang+ to blue aft]w>ds1 ! blue residue be+ soluble 9 wat]1 alcohol1 & *lor(orm1 b n 9 e!r4 ,*lor(orm extracts ! blue col\r f ! wat]y ammoniacal solution only p>tially4 ,! blue solutions are r$d5$ at fir/ by ,h,s1 & discol\r$ aft]w>ds4 ,! blue col\r is re/or$ by expell+ ! ,h,s on ! wat]-ba?4 7b7 ,a r$ fluid is obta9$ :5 #jjaj gm4 es]9e or its salicylate1 #jjej gm4 ( slack$ lime1 & #a c4c4 ( wat] are add$ toge!r4 ,w>m$ 9 a wat]-ba?1 x turns gre51 & a piece ( r$ litmus-pap] susp5d$ 9 ! te/-tube turns blue2 a glass rod moi/5$ ) ,h,cl gives (f ! well-kn[n :ite cl\ds *>act]i/ic ( an ammonia reaction4 ,! gre5 solution does n lose its col\r by evaporation4 ,b>yta wat]1 add$ to an es]9e solution1 gives a :ite precipitate t turns r$ :5 /rongly agitat$1 s5sitive to #jja mgrm4 7#a 3 #ajjjjj74 #eci ,flckig]'s ,reactions1 #ahic4 #dhi4 ,ph>maceutical ,prep>ations4--,! only prep>ations (fic9al 9 ?is c\ntry are a spiritu\s extract 7,extractum physo/igmatis71 us$ pr9cipally = ext]nal application1 ! dose ( :i* is n m ?an #aha mgrms4 7#ah gra971 & gelat9e discs = ! purpose ( ! oph?almic surgeon1 ea* disc weigh+ ab\t #a_/ej? gra91 & conta9+ #a_/ajjj gr4 ( ! alkaloid4 #dij4 ,effects on ,animals4--,a l>ge numb] ( exp]im5ts h be5 made ^u animals ) physo/igm9e1 mo/ ( !m ) ! impure alkaloid1 :i* is a mixture ( calab>9e & physo/igm9e4 ,n[1 ! action ( calab>9e seems to be ! opposite to t ( physo/igm9e--t is1 x causes tetanus4 ,h5ce1 ^! exp]im5ts are n ( mu* value1 unless ! diff]5t proportions ( ! alkaloids 7 kn[n4 ,h>nack & ,witk[sky#edj made1 h[ev]1 "s rese>*es ) pure physo/igm9e1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are ! ma9 results3--,! smalle/ fatal dose = rabbits is #c mgrms4 p] kilo42 cats ab\t ! same2 :ile dogs take f #d to #e mgrms4 p] kilo4 ,frogs1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! alkaloid1 lie p>alys$ )\t ! p[] ( spontane\s movem5t1 & ! s5sibility is dim9i%$2 lat]1 ! brea?+ ceases1 & ! reflex irritability becomes ext+ui%$4 ,! activity ( ! he>t is ?r\gh #e mgrm4 sl[$1 b at ! same "t /r5g!n$4 #edj ,ar*4 f4 ,pa?ol4 u4 ,ph>m41 #ahgf1 ,bd4 v4 ,! w>m-blood$ animals exp]im5t$ ^u %[ rapid p>alysis ( ! respiratory c5tre1 b ! animal by artificial respiration c be sav$4 ,fibrill> muscul> twit*+ ( all ! muscles ( ! body are obs]v$4 ,dea? foll[s 9 all cases f p>alysis ( ! respiration4 ,exp]im5ts 7fir/ by ,bexold1 !n by ,fras] & ,b>?ol[1 & la/ly by ,s*r(f7 h amply %[n t atrop9e is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 an antidote = physo/igm9e poison+4 ,fras] also ma9ta9s an antagonism betwe5 /ry*n9e & physo/igm9e1 & ,b5net t *loral hydrate is antagoni/ic to physo/igm9e4 ,effects on ,man4--,! bean has long be5 us$ by ! sup]/iti\s tribes ( ! ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,africa z an ordeal1 & is s implicitly believ$ 9 t ! innoc5t1 :5 accus$ ( !ft1 w swall[ x1 9 ! full conviction t _! innoc5cy w protect !m1 & t !y w vomit up ! bean & live4 ,9 ?is way1 no d\bt1 life has (t5 be5 sacrific$4 ,*ri/ison exp]im5t$ ^u himself ) ! bean1 & ne>ly lo/ 8 life4 ,he took #ab gra9s1 & 0 !n seiz$ ) gidd9ess & a g5]al feel+ ( torpor4 ,be+ al>m$ at ! symptoms1 he took an emetic1 :i* act$4 ,he 0 giddy1 fa9t1 & seem$ to h lo/ all muscul> p[]2 ! he>t & pulse 7 extremely feeble1 & beat irregul>ly4 ,he aft]w>ds fell into a sleep1 & ! next day he 0 q well4 ,9 ,augu/ #ahfd =ty-six *ildr5 7 poison$ at ,liv]pool by eat+ "s ( ! beans1 :i* _h be5 ?r[n on a rubbi% heap1 be+ "p ( ! c>go ( a %ip f ! ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,africa4 ,a boy1 ag$ six1 ate six beans1 & di$4 ,9 ,april ( ! same ye>1 two *ildr51 ag$ six & ?ree ye>s1 *ew$ & ate ! brok5 fragm5ts ( "o bean2 ! usual symptoms ( ga/ric irritation & muscul> weakness foll[$1 b bo? recov]$4 ,physo/igm9e contracts ! iris to a po9t2 ! action is q local1 & is conf9$ to ! eye to :i* x is appli$4 ,:5 adm9i/]$ int]nally1 accord+ to "s1 x has no effect on ! eyes1 b accord+ to o!rs1 x has a weak effect 9 contract+ ! pupil4 ,9 any case1 ! diff]5ce ( op9ion %[s t ! effect1 :5 int]nally adm9i/]$1 is n "o ( a m>k$ "*4 #dia4 ,physiological ,action4--,! physiological action ( physo/igm9e is /rik+ly l t ( nicot9e1 :i* x resembles 9 be+ a respiratory poison1 fir/ excit+1 aft]w>ds p>alys+ ! vagus4 ,l nicot9e1 also1 x produces a great loss ( muscul> p[]2 x fir/ excites1 & !n p>alyses ! intra-muscul> t]m9ations ( ! n]ves2 &1 aga91 l nicot9e1 x induces a tetanus ( ! inte/9e4 ,a diff]5ce betwe5 physo/igm9e & nicot9e exi/s 9 ! con/ant convulsive effects ( ! =m]1 & 9 ! great] influ5ce on ! he>t ( ! latt]4 #dib4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,b little is kn[n relative to ! po/-mortem appe>ances likely to be f\nd 9 human poison+2 r$ness ( ! /oma* & inte/9es is probably ! *ief sign4 #dic4 ,sep>ation ( ,physo/igm9e4--,= ! extraction ( physo/igm9e f ! fluids ( ! body1 ,drag5dorff recomm5ds b5z5e3 ! alcoholic filt]$ extract 7fir/ acidifi$7 may be agitat$ ) su* solv5ts z petroleum & b5z5e1 9 ord] to remove col\r+ matt]2 !n alkalis$ & %ak5 up ) b5z5e1 & ! latt] all[$ to evaporate spontane\sly--all ! op]ations be+1 z be=e /at$1 c>ri$ on "u #dj4 ,if mu* col\r$1 x may be purifi$ accord+ to ! pr9ciples be=e m5tion$4 ,9 cases :]e en\gh ( ! extract 7or o!r m$ic9al prep>ation7 has be5 tak5 to de/roy life1 ! analy/1 ) prop] c>e1 w\ld probably n h mu* difficulty 9 sep>at+ a small quantity ( ! active pr9ciple4 ,x is rapidly elim9at$ by ! saliva & o!r secretions4 ,9 mo/ cases x w be necess>y to id5tify physo/igm9e by its physiological activity1 z well z by its *emical *>act]s4 ,= ?is purpose a small quantity ( ! sub/ance %\ld be ins]t$ 9 ! eye ( a rabbit2 if x conta9s ! alkaloid 9 "q1 9 tw5ty m9utes1 at ! v late/1 !re w be a /rong contraction ( ! pupil1 & a conge/$ /ate ( ! conjunctival vessels4 ,fur!r rese>*es may be made ) a small quantity on a bird or frog4 ,! *ief symptoms obs]v$ w be ^? ( p>alysis ( ! respiratory & volunt>y muscles1 foll[$ by dea?4 ,if a solution is appli$ to ! web ( a frog's foot1 ! blood-vessels become dilat$4 ,physo/igm9e appe>s1 accord+ to ,drag5dorff & ,p&]1 to act z an irritant1 = !y always obs]v$ ga/ro-ent]itis z a result ( ! poison1 ev5 :5 inject$ subcutane\sly4 ,! enhanc$ secretion f all muc\s surfaces1 & ! enl>gem5t ( ! blood-vessels1 are also v con/ant symptoms4 ,b ( all ^! *>act]i/ics1 ! contraction ( ! pupil is1 = ! purposes ( id5tification1 ! pr9cipal4 ,a sub/ance extract$ f ! tissue or o!r organic matt]s1 9 ! mann] m5tion$1 /rongly contract+ ! pupil & giv+ ! brom9e reaction1 w\ld1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 be indicative ( physo/igm9e1 & ( t alone4 #did4 ,fatal ,dose ( ,physo/igm9e4--,"o mgrm4 7#jae gra97 z sulphate1 giv5 by ,vee to a woman subcutane\sly1 caus$ vomit+1 c41 aft] half an h\r4 ,a disciple ( ,gubl]'s took #b mgrms4 )\t app>5t effect2 b ano!r mgrm41 a little "t aft]1 caus$ great contraction ( ! pupil & v s]i\s symptoms1 :i* entirely pass$ (f 9 f\r h\rs4 ,x w\ld ?us seem t ?ree times ?is 7i4e41 #f mgrms47 w\ld be likely to be dang]\s4 ,if s1 man is f> m s5sitive to physo/igm9e ?an dogs or cats2 & #c mgrms4 p] kilo4--t is1 ab\t #bje mgrms4 7#c gra9s7--w\ld be mu* beyond ! lea/ fatal dose4 ,,ix4--,piloc>p9e4 #die4 ,f ! leaves ( ! jabor&i1 ,piloc>pus p5natafolius 7,nat4 ,ord4 ,rutace71 two alkaloids h be5 sep>at$--jabor&i & piloc>p9e4 ,jabor&i 7,c,h,n,o7 is a /rong base1 diff]+ f piloc>p9e 9 its sp>+ solubility 9 wat]1 & m ready solubility 9 e!r2 its salts are soluble 9 wat] & alcohol1 b d n cry/allise4 ,p4 ,gha/a+1#eda by treat+ piloc>p9e ) a l>ge quantity ( nitric acid1 obta9$ nitrate ( jabor&i1 & op]at+ 9 ! same way ) hydro*loric acid1 obta9$ ! hydro*lorate ( jabor&i2 h5ce1 x seems t jabor&i is d]iv$ f piloc>p9e4 #eda ,compt4 ,r5d41 vol4 xciv4 p4 #bbc4 #dif4 ,piloc>p9e 7,c,h,n,o7 is a s(t gelat9\s mass1 b x =ms ) ! m9]al acids cry/allisable salts4 ,! solutions are dextra-rotatory4 ,on boil+ ) wat]1 x decomposes into trime?ylam9e & m-pyrid9e lactic acid1 ,,* _/ ,c,h,n,o ,h,o ,n7,,*7 ,c,h,,n*o 3 ,,cooh h5ce x is a pyrid9e d]ivative1 & its graphic =mula probably ,,co--,o ,c,h,n--,c--,n7,,*7 ,,* ,! nitrate & hydro*loride are at pres5t mu* us$ 9 ph>macy4 ,piloc>p9e gives a precipitate ) phosphomolybdic acid1 potassio-m]curic iodide1 & mo/ g5]al alkaloidal reag5ts1 b none t are v di/9ctive4 ,:5 a solution ( gold *loride is add$ to "o ( piloc>p9e1 a salt falls1 hav+ ! composition ,c,h,n,o1,h,cl ,au,cl4 ,x is n v soluble 9 wat] 7ab\t #a 9 #dfjj71 & has be5 utilis$ = ! e/imation ( piloc>p9e4 ,piloc>p9e fus$ ) pota% yields trime?ylam9e1 c>bon dioxide1 butyric1 & traces ( acetic acid4 ,piloc>p9e dissolves )\t ! production ( col\r 9 sulphuric acid2 b1 ) bi*romate ( pota% & sulphuric acid1 a gre5 col\r is produc$4 ,x may be extract$ f an aque\s solution made alkal9e by ammonia1 by %ak+ up ) *lor(orm or b5z5e4 #dig4 ,te/s4--,:5 a little ( ! alkaloid is mix$ ) t5 times its weight ( calomel1 & rubb$1 & moi/5$ by ! brea?1 ! calomel is black5$2 coca9e also acts simil>ly2 b ! two c\ld n be mi/ak5 = ea* o!r4 ,if a solution ( m]cur-potassium iodide is add$ to a solution ( ! hydro*loride1 ! amorph\s precipitate becomes1 9 ! c\rse ( a day or two1 oily drops4 8,a solution ( iod9e 9 potassium iodide gives 9 piloc>p9e solutions a br[n precipitate t (t5 cry/allises to fea!ry br[n cry/als 7microscopically71 & ( s]rat$ =m1 some?+ l ! blade ( a scroll-saw1 :5 ! cry/allisation is incomplete40--,flckig]'s ,reactions4 #dih4 ,effects4--,piloc>p9e1 giv5 subcutane\sly 9 doses ( ab\t #cb mgrms4 7 gra971 causes )9 five m9utes a pr(use p]spiration & salivation1 ! face becomes flu%$1 & ! :ole body sweats2 at ! same "t1 ! buccal secretion is s mu* increas$ t 9 a few h\rs ov] a p9t may be secret$4 ,! te>s1 ! bron*ial secretion1 & ! inte/9al secretions are also augm5t$2 !re are g5]ally heada*e & a frequ5t desire to pass wat]2 ! pulse is mu* quick5$1 & ! temp]ature falls f #ad to #d3 ! symptoms la/ f two to five h\rs4 ,langley has %[n t ! ov]-action ( ! submaxill>y gl& is n affect$ by section ei!r ( ! *orda tympani or ( ! sympa!tic supply+ ! gl&4 ,al?\gh piloc>p9e quick5s ! pulse ( man1 x sl[s1 accord+ to ,langley1#edb ! he>t ( ! w>m-blood$ animals1 & t ( ! frog4 ,) reg>d to ! frog1 ,dr4 ,s4 ,r+]'s rese>*es are confirmatory4 ,) l>ge doses ! he>t /ops 9 dia/ole4 ,if to ! he>t ?us sl[$1 or ev5 :5 rec5tly /opp$1 a m9ute quantity ( atrop9e be appli$1 x beg9s to beat aga94 ,!re is also a mo/ complete antagonism betwe5 atrop9e & piloc>p9e 9 o!r respects1 atrop9e /opp+ ! excessive p]spiration1 & reliev+ ! heada*e & pa9 ab\t ! pubes1 c4 ,piloc>p9e1 giv5 int]nally1 does n alt] ! size ( ! pupil1 b ! sight may1 ) l>ge doses1 be affect$4 ,if a solution is appli$ direct to ! eye1 !n ! pupil contracts4 ,no fatal case ( its adm9i/ration has occurr$ 9 man4 ,! probable dang]\s dose w\ld be ab\t #acj mgrms4 7#b gra9s7 adm9i/]$ subcutane\sly4 ,piloc>p9e mu/ be class$ among ! he>t poisons4 #edb 8,! ,action ( ,jabor&i on ! ,he>t10 by ,j4 ,n4 ,langley1 ,b4,a41 ,j\rn4 ,anat4 & ,physiol41 vol4 x4 p4 #ahg4 ,x4--,tax9e4 #dii4 ,prop]ties ( ,tax9e4--,! leaves & b]ries1 & probably o!r portions ( ! yew tree 7,taxus baccata71 are poison\s4 ,! poison is alkaloidal1 & 0 fir/ sep>at$ by ,m>m4 ,tax9e 7,c,h,o,n74--,tax9e _c be obta9$ 9 cry/als1 b z a sn[-:ite amorph\s p[d]1 sc>cely soluble 9 wat]1 b dissolv+ 9 alcohol1 9 e!r1 & 9 *lor(orm2 insoluble 9 b5z5e4 ,x melts at #hb1 gives an int5se purple-r$1 ) sulphuric acid1 & col\rs ,frhde's reag5t r$di%-violet4 ,a slightly acid aque\s solution ( ! alkaloid gives precipitates ) all ! gr\p reag5ts & ) picric acid4 ,! salts are soluble 9 wat]2 ! hydro*loride may be obta9$ by pass+ gase\s ,h,cl into anhydr\s e!r4 ,! plat9i*loride =ms a yell[ micro-cry/all9e p[d] 7,c,h,o,n7,h,pt,cl4 ,! salts are g5]ally difficult to cry/allise4#edc #edc ,a4 ,hilg] & ,f4 ,br&e1 ,b]41 xxiii4 #dfd-dfh4 #ejj4 ,poison+ by ,yew4--,falck has be5 able to collect no less ?an #cb cases ( poison+ by diff]5t p>ts ( ! yew--#i 7 f ! b]ries1 & ! re/ f ! leaves4 ,!y 7 all accid5tal2 #bj p]sons di$1 or #fbe p] c5t4 #eja4 ,effects on ,animals--,physiological ,action4--,f ! rese>*es ( ,m>m-,bor*]s1 x appe>s t tax9e acts ^u ! n]v\s c5tres--! n]v\s trunks !mselves & ! muscles rema9+ ) _! excitability unimpair$1 ev5 "s "t aft] dea?4 ,tax9e kills ?r\gh p>alysis ( ! respiration1 ! he>t beat+ aft] ! brea?+ has /opp$4 ,! leaves conta9 mu* =mic acid1 & _! irritant action on ! inte/9e is ref]r$ to ?is cause4 #ejb4 ,effects on ,man4--,sev]al dea?s f yew h result$ 9 lunatic asylums f ! pati5ts *ew+ ! leaves4 ,= example1 a few ye>s ago1 at ! ,*e%ire ,c\nty ,asylum1 a female1 ag$ #da1 0 sudd5ly tak5 ill1 app>5tly fa9t+1 h] face pale1 h] eyes %ut1 & pulse almo/ imp]ceptible4 ,^u ! adm9i/ration ( /imulants1 %e some:at reviv$1 b 9 a little :ile became q unconsci\s4 ,! pupils 7 contract$1 & !re 7 epilepti=m convulsions1 succe$$ by /]tor\s brea?+4 ,^! convulsions return$ f "t to "t1 ! action ( ! he>t became weak]1 & !re 0 a rem>kable sl[+ ( ! respirations1 ) long int]vals betwe5 ! brea?+4 ,! woman di$ )9 an h\r f ! "t :5 h] illness 0 fir/ obs]v$1 & )9 two h\rs ( eat+ ! leaves4 ,yew leaves 7 f\nd 9 h] /oma*4 ,9 ano!r case t occurr$ at ! ,p>kside ,asylum1#edd ! pati5t di$ sudd5ly 9 a sort ( epileptic fit4 ,yew leaves 7 aga9 f\nd 9 ! /oma*4 ,9 a case quot$ by ,taylor1 9 :i* a decoction ( ! leaves 0 drunk by a girl1 ag$ #ae1 = ! purpose ( excit+ m5/ruation1 %e took ! decoction on f\r successive morn+s4 ,sev]e vomit+ foll[$1 & %e di$ eight h\rs aft] tak+ ! la/ dose4 ,9 ano!r case !re 7 also no symptoms except vomit+1 foll[$ by rapid dea?4 ,mr4 ,hurt1 ( ,mansfield1 has record$ a case ( poison+ by ! b]ries4 ,! *ild di$ 9 convulsions be=e x 0 se5 by any m$ical man4 #edd ,ph>m4 ,j\rn4 7#c71 ,no4 #bid4 ,f ^! & o!r record$ cases1 ! symptoms seem g5]ally to be a quick pulse1 fa9t+ or collapse1 nausea1 vomit+1 convulsions1 sl[ respiration1 & dea?1 z a rule sudd5 & unexpect$4 ,we may suppose t ! sudd5 dea? is really due to a rapid p>alysis ( ! respiration1 & suffocation4 #ejc4 ,po/-,mortem ,appe>ances4--,9 ! case ( ! girl :o drank ! decoction1 no?+ unusual 0 obs]v$ 9 ! /oma* or organs ( ! body2 b :5 ! leaves h be5 eat51 usually m or less conge/ion ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma*1 z well z ( ! b[els1 is app>5t4 ,9 ! case ( ! *ild :o ate ! b]ries 7,hurt's case71 ! /oma* 0 fill$ ) muc\s & half-dige/$ pulp ( ! b]ries & se$s4 ,! muc\s membrane 0 r$ 9 pat*es & s(t5$1 & ! small inte/9es 7 also inflam$4 ,,xi4--,cur>9e4 #ejd4 ,comm]cial cur>e is a black1 %9+1 res9oid mass1 ab\t #hc p] c5t4 ( :i* is soluble 9 wat]1 & #gi 9 weak _s4 ,x is a complicat$ mixture ( vegetable extracts1 f :i*1 h[ev]1 a def9ite pr9ciple possess+ basic *>act]s 7cur>9e7 has be5 sep>at$4 ,! extract is an arr[ poison#ede prep>$ by diff]5t tribes ( ,indians 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 betwe5 ! ,amazon & ! ,or9oco2 !re=e1 samples are f\nd to v>y mu* 9 _! poison+ prop]ties1 al?\gh x is noticeable t qualitatively !y are ! same1 & produce closely analog\s symptoms4 ,x is suppos$ t "s ( ! cur>e is d]iv$ f diff]5t species ( /ry*nos4 ,?is is ! m probable1 because1 z be=e /at$1 ! ,s\? ,am]ican /ry*n9es p>alyse1 & d n tetanise4 ,x is n unlikely t ! active pr9ciples ( cur>e 7or woor>i7 may be me?yl comp\nds simil> to ^? :i* h be5 artificially prep>$1 su* z me?yl /ry*n9e & me?yl bruc9e1 bo? ( :i* h a cur>e-l action4 #ede ,a con/itu5t ( ! ,borneo arr[ poison is 8d]rid10 a toxic pr9ciple obta9$ f a legum9\s plant1 ! ,d]ris elliptica2 x is a res9\s sub/ance1 :i* has n yet be5 obta9$ 9 ! pure /ate4 ,x is said n to be a glucoside1 nor to conta9 any nitrog5 7,gre%(f1 ,b]41 xxiii4 #cecg-ceej74 ,! ,comalis on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa prep>e an arr[ poison f ! aque\s extract ( ! root ( ,oubaion1 a tree closely relat$ to ,c>issa ,s*imp]ii4 ,ouba9 is prep>$ by treat+ ! aque\s extract ) lead acetate1 gett+ rid ( excess ( lead by ,,%1 & conc5trat+ 9 a vacuum4 ,! syrup is boil$ ) six times its volume ( alcohol ( #he1 & all[$ to cool 9 %all[ vessels2 cry/als are obta9$ :i* are recry/allis$1 fir/ f alcohol1 & aft]w>ds f wat]4 ,ouba91 ,c,h,o1 =ms ?9 :ite nacre\s lamell4 ,x is ta/eless1 od\rless1 & neutral1 almo/ insoluble 9 cold wat]1 & soluble 9 boil+ wat]2 x dissolves readily 9 mod]ately conc5trat$ alcohol1 is almo/ insoluble 9 absolute alcohol1 & insoluble 9 e!r & *lor(orm4 ,its melt+-po9t is #bjj4 ,! solution ( ouba9 9 wat] is lvorotatory ,d -#cdj4 ,x is a glucoside1 yield+ on boil+ ) dilute acids a sug>4 ,x is v poison\s2 #b mgrms4 w kill a dog ( #ab kilos4 weight 9 a few m9utes1 if subcutane\sly inject$2 b1 tak5 by ! /oma*1 x produces no effect4--,arnaud1 ,compt4 ,r5d41 cvi4 #ajaa-ajad4 ,cur>9e 0 fir/ sep>at$ by ,prey] 9 a cry/all9e =m 9 #ahfe4 ,he extract$ cur>e ) boil+ alcohol1 to :i* a few drops ( soda solution _h be5 add$1 evaporat$ (f ! alcohol1 took up ! extract ) wat]1 &1 aft] filtration1 precipitat$ by phosphomolybdic acid1 :i* _h be5 acidifi$ ) nitric acid4 ,! precipitate 0 dri$ up ) b>yta wat]1 exhau/$ ) boil+ alcohol1 & cur>9e precipitat$ f ! alcoholic solution by anhydr\s e!r4 ,x may also be obta9$ by precipitat+ ) m]curic *loride solution1 & ?r[+ out ! m]cury aft]w>ds by means ( hydric sulphide1 c4 ,cur>9e1 :5 pure1 =ms col\rless1 f\r-sid$1 v hygroscopic prisms ( bitt] ta/e1 & weakly alkal9e reaction2 soluble 9 wat] & alcohol 9 all proportions1 b ) difficulty soluble 9 amyl alcohol & *lor(orm1 & n at all 9 anhydr\s e!r1 bisulphide ( c>bon1 or b5z5e4 ,! base =ms cry/allisable salts ) hydro*loric1 nitric1 & acetic acids4 ,cur>9e /rikes a purple col\r ) /rong nitric acid4 ,conc5trat$ solutions ( cur>9e mix$ ) dilute glyc]91 give an amorph\s precipitate ) potassic bi*romate1 & ! precipitate treat$ ) sulphuric acid /rikes a beautiful blue col\r4 ,cur>9e *romate is di/+ui%$ f /ry*n9e *romate by its amorph\s "*1 & by its comp>atively easy solubility4 ,if ! *romates ( /ry*n9e & cur>9e be mix$1 & ! mix$ *romates be treat$ ) ammonia1 /ry*n9e w be precipitat$1 & cur>9e pass into solution1 ?us =m+ a ready me?od ( sep>at+ !m4 #eje4 ,physiological ,effects4--,accord+ to ,vois9 & ,li\ville's exp]im5ts1 subcutane\s injections ( cur>e on man cause1 9 small doses1 /rong irritation at ! place ( application1 swell+1 & pa94 ,! temp]ature ( ! body is rais$ f #a to #b1 & ! numb] ( respirations increas$ f #d to #h p] m9ute4 ,! pulse becomes some:at /rong] & m p[]ful4 ,! ur9e is increas$1 & conta9s sug>4 ,l>ge doses adm9i/]$ to w>m-blood$ animals cause1 aft] a %ort "t1 complete p>alysis ( volunt>y motion & ( reflex excitability1 & ! animal dies 9 asphyxia1 ! he>t cont9u+ to beat4 ,?is /ate is be/ produc$ = ! purpose ( exp]im5t on frogs1 &1 inde$1 is ! be/ te/ = ! poison4 ,a v m9ute dose inject$ b5ea? ! sk9 ( a frog soon p>alyses bo? ! volunt>y & respiratory muscles2 ! animal cont9ues to brea! by ! sk92 ! he>t beats normally1 or1 p]haps1 a little weakly1 & ! frog may rema9 9 ?is motionless condition = days & yet recov]4 ,only cur>e & its cong5]s h ?is effect4 ,by ty+ ! femoral art]y ( "o ( ! frog's legs be=e adm9i/]+ ! poison1 an insight into ! true action ( ! drug is obta9$4 ,x is !n f\nd t ! reflex excitability & p[] ( motion 9 ! leg are reta9$1 al?\gh all ! re/ ( ! body is p>alys$4 ,! only explanation ( ?is is t cur>e does n act c5trally1 b p>alyses ! intramuscul> ends ( ! motor n]ves4 ,cur>e is elim9at$ p>tly ?r\gh ! liv] & p>tly ?r\gh ! kidneys4 ,drag5dorff f\nd x 9 ! fces1 :ile a /rik+ pro( t x is excret$ by ! kidneys is giv5 by ! exp]im5t ( ,bidd]1#edf 9 :i* ! ur9e ( a frog poison$ by cur>e 0 made to poison a second1 & ! ur9e ( ! second1 a ?ird4 ,! easy excretion ( cur>e ?r\gh ! kidneys furni%es an explanation ( ! relatively l>ge dose ( cur>e :i* c be tak5 by ! /oma* )\t injury4 ,a dose :i*1 giv5 by subcutane\s injection1 w\ld produce viol5t symptoms1 p]haps dea?1 may yet be swall[$1 & no ill effects foll[4 ,x is h5ce presum$ t1 9 ! fir/ case1 ! poison is1 comp>atively speak+1 sl[ly absorb$1 & almo/ z fa/ sep>at$1 & put1 z x 71 outside ! body by go+ into ! ur9e2 :ile1 9 ! o!r case1 ! :ole dose is ?r[n sudd5ly into ! circulation4 #edf ,ar*4 f4 ,anat4 u4 ,physiol41 #ahgi1 p4 #eih4 #ejf4 ,sep>ation ( ,cur>9e4--,x is h>dly probable t ! toxicologi/ w h to look = cur>9e1 unless x has ent]$ ! body by means ( a w\nd or by subcutane\s injection2 s t 9 all cases ! absorb$ poison alone mu/ be s\ght =4 ,! seat ( entry1 ! liv]1 ! kidneys1 & ! ur9e are ! only p>ts likely to be ( any use4 ,drag5dorff recomm5ds ! extraction ( ! tissues ) wat] feebly acidulat$ ) a m9]al acid1 to precipitate album9\s matt]s1 c41 by /rong alcohol1 & sep>ate1 by means ( b5z5e1 fatty matt]s4 ,! liquid is !n made alkal9e1 & %ak5 up ) petroleum e!r1 :i* removes c]ta9 alkaloidal matt]s4 ,x is n[ evaporat$ to dryness1 mix$ ) f9ely-p[d]$ glass1 & extract$ ) absolute alcohol4 ,! alcohol is evaporat$ to dryness1 & any cur>9e extract$ f ?is residue ) wat]4 ,by v c>eful dry+ up ( ?is la/ extract1 & tak+ x up 9 alcohol1 ! alkaloid is said to be obta9$ s pure z to respond to *emical te/s4 ,! id5tification may be by ! col\r reaction ( sulphuric acid describ$ ante1 9 all cases supplem5t$ by its physiological action on frogs4#edg #edg ,x is kn[n t cur>e may cause slight symptoms ( excitation be=e ! p>alysis comes on4 ,m4 ,c\ty has succe$$ 9 isolat+ ^! symptoms by employ+ feeble extracts ( ,/ry*nos tripl9]via1 or small doses ( c]ta9 native prep>ations4 ,by ^! means1 9 dogs1 a new phase ( intoxication may be pres5t = t5 or ev5 tw5ty m9utes4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance ! animal is agitat$1 jump+1 scrat*+1 b>k+1 z if 9 a /ate ( g5]al hyp]/hesia4 ,!n x pres5ts half *oreic %ocks or tremors2 ! pupils dilate1 & are alt]nately dilat$ & contract$4 ,! he>t's action is increas$ or dim9i%$ 9 frequ5cy2 sometimes !re is vomit+1 micturition1 or defecation2 & !re is always salivation4 ,f9ally1 ! c5tral & p]iph]al temp]ature are rais$1 & ! excitability ( ! muscles & n]ves becomes highly increas$4 ,) ! native prep>ation ( cur>e1 x is impossible to prolong ?is /age1 & symptoms ( p>alysis soon become associat$ ) ^? ( excitem5t4 ,! *oreic %ocks 7 f\nd to be arre/$ by section ( ! sciatic n]ve4 ,o!r exp]im5ts prov$ t ! spasms orig9at$ f ! sp9al cord1 & 7 influ5c$ by its prec$+ functional condition4 ,if ! cord 0 ti$ 9 ! mid-dorsal region1 & ! cur>e inject$1 ! spasms 7 /ill produc$ 9 ! h9d legs2 b if1 aft] ! op]ation1 ! excitability ( ! po/]ior segm5t became l[]$1 ! spasm 0 no long] produc$ 9 ! h9d legs4 ,?is dep5d5ce on a p]fect functional activity is a po9t ( diff]5ce ( ^! spasms f ^? produc$ by /ry*n9e1 & by asphyxia4 ,! action ( small doses ( cur>e is n1 h[ev]1 limit$ to ! sp9al cord4 ,! dim9i%$ frequ5cy ( ! he>t cont9ues aft] section ( ! pneumoga/rics1 & w ev5 occur if ! pneumoga/rics h be5 previ\sly divid$4 ,f ^! facts ,m4 ,c\ty consid]s t cur>e mu/ n be reg>d$ z entirely de/itute ( a 8convulsant0 action1 nor ( an action on ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em4 ,,xii4--,col*ic9e4 #ejg4 ,! :ole ( ! ,col*icum autumnale1 or common mead[-saffron1 is poison\s1 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( an alkaloid 7discov]$ by ,pelleti] & ,cav5t\7 call$ ,col*ic9e4 ,accord+ to ,johannson's exp]im5ts1 ! dri$ col*icum se$s conta9 #aae p] c5t4 ( col*ic9e2 ! leaves1 #adei p] c5t42 ! bulbs1 f #ad to #aeh p] c5t42 & ! roots1 #jfcd p] c5t4 ,! frequ5t poison+ ( cattle 9 ! autumn by col*icum1 its use 9 quack pills = rheumatism1 & its suppos$ occasional pres5ce 9 be]1 give x an analytical importance4 #ejh4 ,col*ic9e 7,c,h,,no7 may be extract$ f ! se$s1 c41 9 ! mann] recomm5d$ by ,hbl]3--,! se$s are treat$1 )\t cru%+1 by hot #ij p] c5t4 alcohol1 & ! alcoholic solution evaporat$ to a syrup1 :i* is dilut$ ) tw5ty times its bulk ( wat] & filt]$2 ! liquid is next treat$ ) acetate ( lead1 aga9 filt]$1 & ! lead ?r[n out by phosphate ( soda4 ,col*ic9e is n[ precipitat$ z a tannate4#edh ,! precipitation is be/ fractional1 ! fir/ & la/ portions be+ reject$ z conta9+ impurities4 ,! tannate is decompos$ 9 ! usual way ) li?>ge & extract$ by alcohol4 #edh ,! pure/ tannic acid mu/ be us$4 ,! comm]cial tann9 may be purifi$ by evaporat+ to dryness ) li?>ge1 exhau/+ ! tannate ( lead repeat$ly ) boil+ alcohol & wat]1 &1 la/ly1 susp5d+ 9 wat]1 & sep>at+ ! lead by ,,%4 ,a simpl] me?od is1 h[ev]1 extraction by *lor(orm f an aque\s solution1 feebly acidifi$1 z recomm5d$ by ,drag5dorff4 ,! p>ts ( ! plant are dige/$ 9 v dilute acid wat]1 & ! result+ solution conc5trat$ & %ak5 up ) *lor(orm1 :i* is be/ done 9 a sep>at+ tube4 ,col*ic9e conta9s f\r me?oxyl gr\ps1 & its con/itutional =mula is consid]$ to be ,c,h,,nh7,,*,,co77,,coo*77,,o*74 ,its melt+-po9t is #adc-adg4 ,x is usually a :ite1 gummy mass4 ,x is easily soluble 9 cold wat]1 9 alcohol1 & 9 *lor(orm4 ,! solutions are lvorotatory4 ,x is h>dly soluble 9 e!r4 ,boil+ ) dilute acids or alkalies 9 clos$ tubes yields col*ice9e4 ,col*ice9e conta9s ?ree me?oxyl gr\ps4 ,x melts at #aej1 dissolves b little 9 cold1 copi\sly 9 boil+ wat]4 ,col*ice9e appe>s to be an acid1 =m+ salts ) ! alkalies4 ,zeisel#edi has =m$ acetotrime?ylcol*ic9amide 7,n,h,ac,c,h7,o,me7,,conh7 by heat+ col*ic9e ) alcoholic ammonia 9 clos$ tubes = f\r h\rs at #ajj4 ,! amide is cry/allis$ f hot alcohol2 x is readily soluble 9 dilute ,h,cl1 almo/ insoluble 9 wat]2 :5 a /rong hydro*loric acid solution ( ! amide is treat$ ) a small am\nt ( potassium nitrite a spl5did violet col\r is produc$4 #edi ,monat%41 ix4 #a-cj4 #eji4 ,te/s4--,f]ric *loride1 if add$ to an alcoholic solution ( ! alkaloid1 /rikes a g>net r$2 if to an aque\s solution a gre5 or br[ni%-gre52 nitric acid add$ to ! solid sub/ance gives a violet col\r4 ,erdmann's reag5t 7nitrosulphuric acid7 gives 9 succession gre51 d>k blue1 & violet col\rs1 ultimately turn+ yell[1 *ang$1 on addition ( an alkali1 to raspb]ry-r$4 ,m&el9's reag5t 7#a grm4 ( ammonium vanadate 9 #bjj grms4 ( sulphuric acid7 gives a gre5 col\r4 #eaj4 ,ph>maceutical ,prep>ations4--,col*ic9e itself is (fic9al 9 ,au/ria--! w9e 9 ! ,briti%1 ,fr5*1 & ,dut*1 & ! se$s !mselves 9 all ! ph>macopias4 ,! w9e ( col*icum1 (fic9al 9 ne>ly all ! ph>macopias1 is made ) v diff]5t proportions ( se$s or bulbs4 ,! t9cture ( col*icum is (fic9al 9 our own & 9 all ! ,cont95tal ph>macopias2 9 ! ,briti%1 "o "p ( se$s is exhau/$ by eight p>ts ( pro( _s4 ,a t9cture ( col*icum se$s1 exam9$ by ,johannson1 conta9$ #ah p] c5t4 ( col*ic9e1 & a t9cture prep>$ f ! bulbs #ad p] c5t4 ,col*icum v9eg> is n (fic9al 9 ,brita91 b "o conta9+ #ed p] c5t4 ( acetic acid is s 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,g]many1 & ,france2 ! /r5g? appe>s to be ab\t #jie p] c5t4 ( col*ic9e4 ,an extract ( col*icum is (fic9al 9 ,brita9 & ,france2 & an acetic extract 9 ,brita94 ,! latt] is ! mo/ active ( all ! ph>maceutical prep>ations ( col*icum4 ,la/ly1 an oxymel ( col*icum is 9 use 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 & ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,quack & ,pat5t ,m$ic9es4--,9 all specifics = g\t ! analy/ w naturally se>* = col*icum4 ,mo/ g\t pills conta9 ! extracts2 & liquids1 su* z 8,reynolds' g\t specific10 ! w9e or ! t9cture1 v>i\sly flav\r$ & disguis$4 ,! /r5g? ( ! diff]5t ph>maceutical prep>ations may be asc]ta9$ by dissolv+ 9 *lor(orm1 evaporat+ (f ! *lor(orm1 dissolv+ 9 wat] 7:i* is f9ally acidifi$ by f #g to #aj p] c5t4 ( sulphuric acid71 & titrat+ ) ,may]'s reag5t 7see p4 #bfc74 ,if ! solution is dilut$ s t !re is ab\t "o "p ( col*ic9e 9 #fjj ( ! solution1 !n ea* c4c4 ( ,may]'s reag5t equals #cag mgrms4 col*ic9e4 #eaa4 ,fatal ,dose4--,9 ,taylor's ,pr9ciples ( ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce is m5tion$ an in/ance 9 :i* #c dra*ms ( col*icum w9e1 tak5 9 divid$ doses1 caus$ dea? on ! f\r? day4 ,! quantity ( ! active pr9ciple 9 ! col*icum w9e1 z f\nd by ,johannson 7,drag5dorff71 be+ #jah p] c5t41 x foll[s t #bdd mgrms4 7#cgh gra97 7 fatal1 ?\gh n giv5 z "o dose1 s t ?is quantity may be consid]$ z ! lea/ fatal "o4 ,casp] puts ! le?al dose ( col*ic9e at f #be to #cj mgrms4 7#che to #dfc gra974 ,x is1 h[ev]1 inconte/able t !re are cases ( recov]y f z mu* z #gj mgrms4 7#ajh gra974 ,! le?al dose ( ! ph>maceutical prep>ations ( col*icum may1 on ^! gr\nds1 be pr$ict$ f _! alkaloidal cont5ts1 &1 s9ce ! latt] is n con/ant1 9 any m$ico-legal inquiry1 x may be necess>y1 :]e facility is giv51 to asc]ta9 ! /r5g? ( ! prep>ation adm9i/]$4 #eab4 ,effects ( ,col*ic9e on ,animals4--,! rese>*es ( ,rossba* %[ t ! c>nivor are m s5sitive to col*ic9e ?an any o!r ord] ( mammals4 ,frogs %[ a transitory excitem5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 !n !re is loss ( s5sation1 p>alysis ( motion1 & ( ! respiratory app>atus2 ! he>t beats aft] ! respiration has ceas$4 ,dea? foll[s f p>alysis ( ! respiration4 ,! muc\s membrane ( ! inte/9e is mu* conge/$ & swoll54 ,i h se5 cattle die f ! effects ( eat+ ! mead[-saffron2 ! animals rapidly lose condition1 suff] great abdom9al pa91 & are g5]ally purg$4 ,! f>m]s1 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 h _h ext5sive losses f want ( c>e & k ) reg>d to col*icum poison+4 #eac4 ,effects ( ,col*icum on ,man4--,col*icum poison+ 9 man#eej is n v common3 #b dea?s 7accid5tal7 are record$ 9 ,engl& & ,wales dur+ ! t5 ye>s end+ #ahib4 ,f4 ,a4 ,falck 0 able to collect f m$ical lit]ature1 prior to #ahhj1 #ee cases1 & he gives ! foll[+ analysis ( ! cases3--,9 #b1 col*icum 0 tak5 = suicidal purposes2 ( ! un9t5tional poison+s1 #e 7 f too l>ge a m$ic9al dose ( col*icum w9e1 syrup1 or extract1 giv5 9 cases ( rheumatism2 9 #ac cases1 col*icum 0 us$ z a purgative2 #db cases 7 ow+ to mi/ak+ diff]5t prep>ations = dr9ks1 or cordials--! t9cture 9 #e1 & ! w9e 9 #ad1 be+ tak5 in/ead ( orange t9cture1 qu99e w9e1 s*napps or ,madeira2 9 #a case ! corms 7 add$ to mull$ w9e1 9 ano!r1 ! leaves consum$ ) salad2 9 #af cases 7all *ildr571 ! se$s ( col*icum 7 eat54 ,=ty-six ( ! #ee di$--t is1 #hcg p] c5t4 #eej ,= ! curi\s epidemic ( di>rha :i* broke out 9 ! ,rhone ,gorge 9 #aghe1 & 0 ref]r$ to col*ic9e1 see 8,foods10 p4 #bhg4 ,9 ! rem>kable trial at ! ,c5tral ,crim9al ,c\rt1 9 #ahfb1 ( ,m>g>et ,wilson 7,reg4 v4 ,m>g4 ,wilson71 :o 0 convict$ ( ! murd] ( a ,mrs4 ,som]s1 ! evid5ce giv5 r5d]$ x fairly probable t ! prison] _h de/roy$ f\r p at diff]5t dates by col*icum4 ,! symptoms 9 all f\r cases 7--burn+ pa9 9 ! ?roat & /oma*1 int5se ?ir/1 viol5t vomit+ & purg+1 coldness & clamm9ess ( ! sk91 excessive depression1 & great weakness4 ,"o victim di$ on ! second day1 ano!r on ! fif?1 a ?ird on ! eigh?1 & ! f\r? on ! f\rte5? day4 ,s*r(f witness$ a case 9 :i* a man took #b grms4 7ne>ly #ca gra9s7 ( ! corms2 9 "o & a half h\rs he exp]i5c$ g5]al malaise2 on ! next day !re 7 fly+ muscul> pa9s1 :i* at l5g? 7 conc5trat$ 9 ! diaphragm1 & ! brea?+ became oppress$2 !re 0 also pa9 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! duod5um1 ! abdom5 0 inflat$ ) gas2 !re 0 a sickly feel+ & fa9tness4 ,!n came on a sleepy condition1 la/+ sev]al h\rs1 foll[$ by fev]1 ) excessive pa9 9 ! head1 noises 9 ! e>s1 & delirium2 !re 0 complete recov]y1 b ! abdom5 cont9u$ pa9ful until ! fif? day4 ,9 ano!r in/ance1 a g5tleman1 ag$ #ej1eea _h tak5 tw5ty-eight ( ,blair's g\t-pills 9 f\r & a half days = ! relief ( a rheumatic affection4 ,he suff]$ f nausea1 grip+ pa9s 9 ! belly1 consid]able di>rha1 vomit+1 & hicc\gh2 t[>ds ! end !re 0 /upor1 convulsive twit*+s ( ! muscles1 p>alysis1 & dea?4 ,! fatal illness la/$ f\rte5 days2 he 0 se5 by ?ree m$ical m5 at diff]5t dates--! fir/ seems to h consid]$ ! case "o ( di>rha1 ! second "o ( suppress$ g\t2 b ,dr4 ,c4 ,budd 0 /ruck ) ! simil>ity ( ! symptoms to ^? f an acrid poison1 & discov]$ ! fact t ! pills _h be5 tak54 ,^! pills ,i exam9$2 !y 7 excessively h>d1 & practically consi/$ ( no?+ else ?an ! f9ely-gr\nd col*icum corms2 six pills yield$ #h mgrms4 ( col*ic9e1 s t ! :ole tw5ty-eight w\ld conta9 #ci mgrms4 7 gra974 ,dr4 ,budd consid]$ t ! :ole ( ! pills1 :i* 7 ( a /ony h>dness1 rema9$ 9 ! b[els = "s "t undige/$1 s t ! ultimate result 0 ! same z if ! :ole _h be5 tak5 9 "o dose4 #eea ,see ,lancet1 vol4 i41 #ahha1 p4 #cfh4 #ead4 ,! g5]al symptoms produc$ by col*icum are--m or less burn+ pa9 9 ! :ole inte/9al tract1 vomit+1 di>rha1 ) n unfrequ5tly bloody /ools2 b sometimes di>rha is abs5t4 ,9 s+le cases t5esmus1 dysuria1 &1 9 "o case1 hmaturia h be5 not$4 ,! respiration is usually tr\bl$1 ! he>t's action sl[$1 ! pulse small & weak1 & ! temp]ature s9ks4 ,9 a few cases !re h be5 pa9s 9 ! limbs2 c]ebral di/urbance is r>e2 b 9 two cases 7"o describ$ ante7 !re 0 /upor4 ,muscul> weakness has be5 obs]v$ g5]ally4 ,9 a few cases !re h be5 cramps 9 ! calves & 9 ! foot1 ) e>ly collapse & dea?4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,s*r(f f\nd 9 rabbits poison$ ) f #a to #aj grm4 ( col*ic9e1 tol]ably con/antly ent]itis & ga/ritis1 & always a ?ick1 pit*-l blood 9 ! he>t & ve9s4 ,casp] has c>efully record$ ! po/-mortem appe>ances 9 f\r lab\r]s1 ages rang+ f fifte5 to =ty ye>s1 :o1 f9d+ a bottle ( col*icum-w9e1 & suppos+ x to be "s k9d ( br&y1 ea* drank a w9e-glassful4 ,!y all di$ f its effects4 ,9 all f\r !re 0 great hyp]mia ( ! bra9 membranes & ( ! kidneys4 ,! l>ge ve9s 7 fill$ ) ?ick1 d>k1 *]ry-r$ blood1 v simil> to t se5 9 sulphuric acid poison+4 ,!re 0 an acid reaction ( ! cont5ts ( ! /oma*4 ,! lungs 7 mod]ately conge/$4 ,! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* ( ! "o :o di$ fir/ 0 swoll5 & sc>let ) conge/ion2 ) ! second !re 0 "s fill+ ( ! vessels at ! small curvature2 :ile ! /oma*s ( ! ?ird & f\r? 7 q normal4 ,9 #e cases describ$ by ,r\x !re 0 also hyp]mia ( ! bra9 & kidneys1 b no ga/ritis or ent]itis4 ,x is1 !re=e1 evid5t t !re are 9 man no con/ant pa?ological *anges f col*ic9e poison+4 #eae4 ,sep>ation ( ,col*ic9e f ,organic ,matt]s4--,w4 ,obolonski#eeb has recomm5d$ ! foll[+ process3--,! f9ely divid$ visc]a are triturat$ ) p[d]$ glass & dige/$ = twelve h\rs ) alcohol4 ,! liquid is squeez$ out & ! dry residue wa%$ ) alcohol4 ,! extract is conc5trat$ at a temp]ature n exce$+ #hj1 & ! cool$ residue made up to ! orig9al volume ) alcohol4 ,! filt]$ liquid is evaporat$ z be=e1 & ?is op]ation repeat$ until no m clots sep>ate on addition ( wat]4 ,! residue is !n dissolv$ 9 wat]1 ! solution purifi$ by %ak+ ) light petroleum1 & ! col*ic9e f9ally extract$ ) *lor(orm4 #eeb ,zeit4 anal4 ,*em41 xxix4 #dic4 ,9 cases ( poison+ by col*icum at ,b]l91 ,witt/ock us$ ! foll[+ process3--,! cont5ts ( ! /oma* 7 mix$ ) a l>ge am\nt ( alcohol1 a few drops ( ,h,cl add$1 & ! :ole well %ak52 ! fluid 0 !n filt]$1 & ! filtrate evaporat$ to a syrupy consi/5ce at #cg4 ,! result+ residue 0 dissolv$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 ! fat1 c41 filt]$ (f1 & ! liquid c>efully evaporat$4 ,f ! extract =eign matt] 0 aga9 sep>at$ by treatm5t ) alcohol & filtration1 & ! la/ filtrate 0 evaporat$ to a syrupy consi/5ce4 ,! syrupy fluid 0 tak5 up by di/ill$ wat]1 filt]$1 evaporat$ to #cj grms41 & #b grms4 ( calc9$ magnesia ) #ij grms4 ( e!r 7 add$4 ,aft] a "t1 ! e!r 0 remov$1 & all[$ to evaporate spontane\sly4 ,! residue 0 once m tak5 up ) wat]1 filt]$ f fat1 c41 & evaporat$4 ,?is f9al residue gave all ! reactions ( col*ic9e4 ,9 m$ico-legal rese>*es1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t col*ic9e is absorb$ b sl[ly1 a n insignificant portion rema9+ 9 ! b[els1 ) ! fces4 ,,xiii4--,musc>9e & ! ,active ,pr9ciples ( ,c]ta9 ,fungi4 #eaf4 ,! ,amanita ,musc>ia1 or fly-bl[n ag>ic1 is a v conspicu\s fungus1 common 9 fir-plantations1 ab\t ! size & %ape ( ! common mu%room2 b ! ext]nal surface ( ! pileus is ( a bright r$1 or sometimes ( a yell[i% ca/1 & /udd$ ov] ) w>ts4 ,! common "n ( ! fungus d5otes t x 0 us$ 9 =m] times z a popul> insecticide2 ! fungus 0 bruis$1 /eep$ 9 milk1 & ! milk expos$1 9 ! same way z we n[ expose ars5ical fly-pap]s4 ,"s peculi> prop]ties ( ! ag>ic h long be5 kn[n to ! natives ( ,kams*atka1 & ( ! nor?-ea/]n "p ( ,asia g5]ally4 ,!y collect ! fungi 9 ! hotte/ mon?s1 & hang !m up to dry4 ,! fungus is !n roll$ up 9 a k9d ( bolus1 & swall[$ )\t *ew+4 ,"o l>ge1 or two small1 fungi w produce a k9d ( intoxication1 :i* la/s a :ole day4 ,x comes on 9 ab\t two h\rs' "t1 & is v simil> to t ( alcohol4 ,!re is a giddy feel+1 ! spirits are exalt$1 ! c\nt5ance becomes flu%$1 involunt>y actions & words foll[1 & sometimes loss ( consci\sness4 ,x r5d]s "s p]sons rem>kably active1 & proves highly /imulant to muscul> ex]tion2 by too l>ge a dose viol5t spasmodic effects are produc$4 8,s v excit+ to ! n]v\s sy/em 9 _m individuals is ?is fungus1 t ! effects are (t5 v ludicr\s4 ,if a p]son "u its influ5ce wi%es to /ep ov] a /raw or small /ick1 he takes a /ride or a jump suffici5t to cle> ! trunk ( a tree4 ,a talkative p]son _c keep sil5ce or secrets1 & "o fond ( music is p]petually s++4 ,! mo/ s+ul> effect ( ! amanita is ! influ5ce :i* x has ov] ! ur9e4 ,x is said t f "t immemorial ! inhabitants h kn[n t ! fungus imp>ts an intoxicat+ quality to t secretion1 :i* cont9ues = a consid]able "t aft] tak+ x4 ,= in/ance1 a man mod]ately intoxicat$ to-day w1 by ! next morn+1 h slept himself sob]1 b 7z is ! cu/om7 by tak+ a teacup ( 8 ur9e he w be m p[]fully intoxicat$ ?an he 0 ! prec$+ day4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n uncommon = confirm$ drunk>ds to pres]ve _! ur9e z a preci\s liquor aga9/ a sc>city ( ! fungus4 ,! intoxicat+ prop]ty ( ! ur9e is capable ( be+ propagat$2 = e "o :o p>takes ( x has 8 ur9e simil>ly affect$4 ,?us1 ) a v few amanitas1 a p>ty ( drunk>ds may keep up _! debau* = a week4 ,dr4 ,langsdorf m5tions t by means ( ! second p]son tak+ ! ur9e ( ! fir/1 ! ?ird ( ! second1 & s on1 ! intoxication may be propagat$ ?r\gh five individuals40#eec #eec ,l9dley's ,vegetable ,k+dom4 #eag4 ,a few cases ( poison+ by ! fly-bl[n ag>ic f "t to "t h occurr$ 9 ,europe1 :]e x has be5 eat5 9 mi/ake = ! edible fungi1 or tak5 by *ildr5 allur$ by ! bright attractive col\rs4 ,9 ^! cases ! poison\s symptoms notic$ h be5 ^? ( ga/ro-inte/9al irritation1 z %[n by vomit+ & di>rha1 dilat$#eed pupils1 delirium1 tetanic convulsions1 sl[ pulse1 /]tor\s brea?+1 collapse1 & dea?4 ,9 a few cases epileptic attacks & trismus h be5 obs]v$4 ,! c\rse is usually a rapid "o1 ! dea? occurr+ )9 twelve h\rs4 ,9 cases ( recov]y1 convalesc5ce has be5 prolong$4 #eed ,?is is ! m curi\s1 = musc>9e /rongly contracts ! pupil4 ,x1 h[ev]1 t5ds to prove :at is /at$ 9 ! text--viz41 t !re is m ?an "o poison\s sub/ance 9 ,amanita4 ,! po/-mortem *>act]i/ics are n di/9ctive1 a fluid condition ( ! blood1 hyp]mia ( ! bra91 liv]1 & kidneys has be5 notic$4 #eah4 ,musc>9e4--,^! effects are p>tly due to an undiscov]$1 toxic sub/ance--:i* seems to be de/roy$ at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]1 & is probably ( r easy de/ructibility--& ( a v def9ite poison\s alkaloid 7musc>9e7 fir/ sep>at$ by a complex process by ,s*mi$eb]g & ,koppe 9 #ahfi4eee ,x is a trime?ylammonium base1 & has lately be5 =m$ syn!tically by ,s*mi$eb]g & ,h>nack1#eef by treat+ *ol9 ) nitric acid4 ,musc>9e is isom]ic ) beta9 & oxy*ol91 f :i* x is sep>at$ by its fluoresc5ce & poison\s prop]ties4 #eee ,das ,musc>91 das giftige ,alkaloid des ,flieg5pilzes4 ,leipzig1 #ahfi4 #eef ,ar*4 f4 exp]4 ,pa?41 ,bd4 #d u4 #e4 ,! /ructural =mula ( musc>9e1 & its connection ) *ol9e1 is z foll[s3-- ,,*,,oh ,,* ,n7,,*7,,oh ,*ol9e4 ,,*,,oh ,,*oh ,n7,,*7,,oh ,musc>9e4 ,an atom ( hydrog5 f ! *ol9e1 ,,*1 gr\p1 be+ replac$ by hydroxyl4 ,musc>9e is a col\rless1 /rongly alkal9e1 syrupy fluid1 :i*1 if all[$ to /& ov] sulphuric acid1 becomes gradually cry/all9e1 b liquefies aga9 on exposure to ! atmosph]e4 ,x dissolves 9 wat] 9 e proportion1 & also 9 alcohol1 b is v little soluble 9 *lor(orm1 & insoluble 9 e!r4 ,x is n precipitat$ by tann93 x =ms salts ) acids1 & gives precipitates ) auric *loride1 phosphotung/ic1 & phosphomolybdic acids1 & also ) potassio-m]curic iodide4 ,! la/ precipitate is at fir/ amorph\s1 b x gradually becomes cry/all9e4 ,?is 0 ! comp\nd us$ by ! discov]]s to sep>ate ! base4 ,) _m o!r g5]al alkaloidal reag5ts musc>9e =ms no comp\nd t is insoluble1 & !re=e gives no precipitate1 su*1 e4g41 z iod9e ) potassic iodide1 picric acid1 & plat9ic *loride4 ,musc>9e is a /rong] base ?an ammonia1 & precipitates copp] & iron oxides f solutions ( _! salts4 ,musc>9e is v poison\s2 #b to #d mgrms4 are suffici5t 9 subcutane\s injection to kill cats 9 f two to twelve h\rs--l>g] doses 9 a few m9utes2 b ) rabbits ! action is less int5se4 ,cats become salivat$1 _! pupils contract1 !y vomit1 & are purg$1 ! brea?+ becomes frequ5t1 & !re is m>k$ dyspna4 ,at a lat] /age ! respirations are sl[]1 & !re are convulsions1 & dea?4 ,! alkaloid has also be5 tri$ on man4 ,doses ( f #c to #e mgrms41 inject$ subcutane\sly1 cause1 aft] a few m9utes' pr(use salivation1 increas$ frequ5cy ( ! pulse1 nausea1 gidd9ess1 confusion ( ?\ght & myosis1 b no vomit+1 & no di>rha4 ,small quantities appli$ to ! eye cause1 aft] a few m9utes1 a d]angem5t ( ! accommodation1 b no *ange 9 ! size1 ( ! pupil2 l>g] quantities cause also myosis1 :i* dep5ds ^u an excitem5t ( ! sph9ct] iridis1 or ( ! oculomotorius4 #eai4 ,! actions ( musc>9e & atrop9e are to a great ext5t antagoni/ic4 ,?is is especially & beautifully demon/rat$ by ! effects ( ! two sub/ances on ! frog's he>t4 ,! action ( musc>9e ^u ! he>t is to excite ! inhibitory n]ve app>atus1 :ile ! action ( atrop9e is to p>alyse ! same sy/em4 ,"o mgrm4 ( musc>9e1 inject$ subcutane\sly into a frog1 arre/s ! he>t 9 dia/ole1 b if a suitable dose ( atrop9e is appli$ to ! he>t ?us arre/$1 x beg9s to beat aga92 or1 if atrop9e is fir/ giv51 & !n musc>9e1 ! he>t does n /op4 ,! musc>9e he>t1 :5 x has ceas$ to beat1 may be successfully /imulat$ by galvanism4 ,musc>9e at fir/ excites ! respiratory c5tre1 & !n p>alyses x4 #ebj4 ,detection ( ,musc>9e 9 ! ,body4--,musc>9e itself is n likely to be tak5 z a poison or adm9i/]$2 b if x is s\ght = 9 ! fly-bl[n ag>ic1 or 9 ! tissues or organs ( p]sons :o h be5 poison$ by ! fungus1 ! process ( ,brieg] appe>s ! be/4 ,! process dep5ds ^u ! fact t musc>9e gives a soluble m]curic *loride comp\nd1 & is n precipitat$ by *loride ( plat9um1 :il/ mo/ o!r sub/ances accompany+ x give m or less insoluble precipitates4 ,! sub/ances are treat$ ) wat] acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & ! acidulat$ extract conc5trat$ 7be/ 9 a vacuum7 to a syrup4 ,! syrupy residue is n[ treat$ ) wat]1 & ! solution precipitat$ by means ( m]curic *loride solution & any precipitate filt]$ (f2 ! filtrate is fre$ f m]cury by ,,%1 & evaporat$ to a syrup2 ! syrup is repeat$ly extract$ ) alcohol1 & ! alcoholic solution precipitat$ ) plat9um *loride & any precipitate filt]$ (f4 ,! filtrate is fre$ f alcohol1 & all ! plat9um ?r[n out ( solution by ,,%2 ! aque\s filtrate is n[ conc5trat$ to a small volume1 & aga9 plat9um *loride add$1 any precipitate :i* =ms is filt]$ (f1 & ! f9al filtrate all[$ to cry/allise4 ,if musc>9e be pres5t1 a cry/all9e comp\nd ( musc>9e plat9um *loride w =m4 ,! cry/als are usually octah$ral 9 =m1 & h ! composition 7,c,h,,no,cl7,pt,cl2 ! p]c5tage ( plat9um is #cjda4 ,x w\ld probably be necess>y to id5tify f>!r1 by ! action ( ! poison on a frog4 #eba4 ,! ,ag>icus phalloides1 a common autumn fungus1 has be5 sev]al times mi/ak5 = mu%rooms1 & has prov$ fatal2 ( "s #ec cases collect$ by ,falck1 no less ?an #dj1 or #ge p] c5t41 7 fatal2 ! real mortality is mu* l[] ?an ?is1 = x is only su* cases t are pron\nc$ & sev]e :i* are likely to be record$4 ,! fungus conta9s a toxalbum9 :i* has be5 nam$ 8phall940 ,! action ( ?is toxalbum9 is to dissolve ! blood corpuscles2 accord+ to ,kob]t1 ev5 "o #bej1jjj? dilution produces 8poly*olie10 ) all its consequ5ces1 su* z ! escape ( hmoglob9 & its decomposition products 9 ! blood & ur9e1 multiple blood coagulation ?r\gh ! fibr9 f]m5t becom+ free1 & s]i\s c]ebral di/urbance4 ,if into a dog1 cat1 or rabbit1 only #je mgrm4 ( phall9 be inject$ intrav5\sly1 )9 f tw5ty to ?irty m9utes blood f a ve9 %[s t ! s]um has a r$ col\r4 ,! symptoms 9 man fir/ appe> 9 f ?ree to =ty-eight h\rs2 !re is mo/ly di>rha1 viol5t vomit+1 ) cramp 9 ! legs1 cyanosis1 & collapse4 ,!re are also n]v\s ph5om5a1 convulsions1 trismus1 &1 9 a few cases1 tetanic spasms4 ,! pulse1 9 sev5 cases describ$ by ,mas*ka1 0 v small1 ?ready1 & quick1 b 9 o!rs1 aga91 small & sl[4 ,! pupils h 9 "s cases be5 dilat$1 9 o!rs un*ang$4 ,dea? is g5]ally rapid4 ,9 two ( ,mas*ka's cases f sixty to sixty-eight h\rs aft] ! inve/igation1 b 9 ! re/ f twelve to eighte5 h\rs4 ,life may1 h[ev]1 be prolong$ = sev]al days4 ,9 a case record$ by ,pl[right1#eeg 9 :i* a boy _h eat5 a piece ( ! pileus1 dea? occurr$ on ! f\r? day4 #eeg ,lancet1 #ahgi4 #ebb4 ,! po/-mortem appe>ances obs]v$ 9 ,mas*ka's sev5 cases 7--abs5ce ( cadav]ic rigidity1 dilatation ( ! pupil1 a d>k r$ fluid condition ( ! blood1 num]\s ec*ymoses 9 ! pleura1 9 ! sub/ance ( ! lungs1 ! p]ic>dium1 ! sub/ance ( ! he>t1 ! liv]1 kidneys1 & sple54 ,! muc\s membrane ( ! dige/ive canal pres5t$ no?+ *>act]i/ic4 ,9 two cases !re 7 a few ec*ymoses1 & 9 "o ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* 0 s(t5$1 r$1 & easily deta*$4 ,9 "o case only 7 any remnants ( ! fungus f\nd1 by :i* ! nature ( ! sub/ance eat5 c\ld be det]m9$4 ,! bladd] 9 ea* case 0 full4 ,9 ?ree cases a fatty deg5]ation ( ! liv] _h comm5c$4 ,! same appe>ance 0 met ) 9 "s ( ! old] cases relat$ by ,orfila4 #ebc4 ,! ,ag>icus pan!r9us is said to be poison\s1 al?\gh ,h]twig f\nd x to h no action :5 giv5 to dogs4 ,! ,ag>icus rub]1 a bright-hu$ fungus1 gr[+ pr(usely on ! ,hamp%ire coa/1 ( a purple-r$ col\r--! col\r+-matt] n only cov]+ ! pileus1 b also ext5d+ d[n ! /ipe--is poison\s1 & has rec5tly be5 *emically inve/igat$ by ,phipson1#eeh :o has id5tifi$ a col\r+-matt] rub]9e1 & an alkaloid ag>y?r9e4 ,ag>y?r9e is sep>at$ by mac]at+ ! fungus 7f :i* ! sk9 conta9+ ! col\r+-matt] has be5 remov$7 z completely z possible 9 wat] acidulat$ ) #h p] c5t4 ( hydro*loric acid4 ,! filt]$ solution is neutralis$ by sodic c>bonate1 & ! alkaloid %ak5 up ) e!r4 ,on evaporation ! e!r leaves a :ite1 some:at greasy-look+ sub/ance1 hav+ a bitt] burn+ ta/e1 & easily fusible into yell[ globules1 giv+ =? an od\r l qu9ole9e2 x is soluble 9 alcohol & e!r4 ,f ,phipson's obs]vations x w\ld appe> probable t ! r$ col\r+-matt] is d]iv$ f a decomposition ( ?is alkaloidal sub/ance4 ,a rose-r$ col\r is produc$ by ! action ( nitric acid1 & *lor9at$ lime fir/ r$d5s & !n blea*es x4 ,bu*wald#eei has record$ ?ree cases ( poison+ by ?is fungus2 ! pati5ts 7 lab\r]s1 :o1 aft] eat+ ! fungus1 suff]$ f vomit+1 ?ir/1 a 8drunk50 condition1 cramp1 album9uria1 & di/urbance ( ! s5sory functions4 ,! fungus causes 9 cats myosis1 b is said n to affect rabbits4 #eeh ,*em4 ,news1 p4 #aii1 #ahhb4 #eei ,indu/r4 ,bl41 #ahgf4 #ebd4 ,! ,soletus satanas1 or luridus 7,l5z71 is poison\s2 v small quantities ( ! uncook$ fungus caus$ 9 ,l5z1 :o exp]im5t$ ^u its prop]ties1 viol5t vomit+4 ,9 cases 9 :i* ?is fungus has be5 eat5 accid5tally1 ! symptoms h be5 v simil> to *ol]a4 #ebe4 ,! ,common ,morelle seems "u c]ta9 conditions to be poison\s4 ,f six to t5 h\rs aft] +e/ion !re h appe>$ depression1 nausea1 jaundice1 dilat$ pupils1 & 9 ! wor/ cases at ! end ( ! fir/ day1 delirium1 somnol5ce1 & muscul> cramps1 foll[$ by collapse & dea?4 ,9 a case obs]v$ by ,kromholz1 ! po/-mortem appe>ances 7 jaundice1 a d>k fluid /ate ( ! blood1 & hyp]mia ( ! bra9 & liv]4 ,bo/rm f$ a dog ) #ajj grms4 ( ! fre% "y morelle2 ! animal di$ on ! ?ird day1 & ! canaliculi ( ! kidney 7 f\nd fill$ ) hmoglob91 p>tly amorph\s1 & p>tly cry/all9e4#efj #efj ,see ,casp]'s ,vi]telj41 #ahdd2 ,keb]1 ,preuss4 ,v]e9szeitg4 #ahdf2 ,bo/rm1 ,b]4 d4 ,phys4 ,m$4 ,soc41 ,erlang51 #ahhj2 ,s*au5/e91 8,giftige ,s*wmme0 9 ,mas*ka's ,h&bu*1 c4 ,,division ,,ii4--,,glucosides4 ,i4--,digitalis ,gr\p4 #ebf4 ,! ,digitalis purpurea1 or foxglove1 is a plant extremely common 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,engl&1 & poison+ may occur f ! accid5tal use ( ! root1 leaves1 or se$s4 ,! se$s are v small & pitt$2 !y weigh #aabf to a gra9 7,guy71 are ( a light br[n col\r1 & 9 =m some:at egg-%ap$4 ,! leaves are l>ge1 ovate1 cr5ate1 n>r[$ at ! base1 rug\s1 ve9$1 & d[ny1 especially on ! "u surface4 ,_! col\r is a dull gre51 & !y h a fa9t od\r & a bitt]1 nause\s ta/e4 ,! leaf is be/ exam9$ 9 section4 ,its epid]mis1 :5 fre%1 is se5 to consi/ ( transp>5t1 hexagonal1 col\rless cells1 b5ea? :i*1 ei!r s+ly or 9 gr\ps1 !re are r\nd cells ( a mag5ta t9t1 & b5ea? ^! aga9 a lay] ( column> cells1 & ne> ! l[] surface a loose p>5*yma4 ,! hairs are simple1 appe>+ scantily on ! upp]1 b pr(usely on ! l[]1 surface2 ea* is compos$ ( f f\r to five jo9ts or cells1 & has at its base a mag5ta-col\r$ cell4 ,! small leaves j bel[ ! se$-case1 & ! latt] itself1 are /udd$ ) gl&ul> hairs4 ,! root consi/s ( num]\s long sl5d] fibres4 #ebg4 ,*emical ,composition4--,x is n[ g5]ally accept$ t !re exi/ 9 ! foxglove1 at lea/1 f\r di/9ct pr9ciples--digital91 digiton91 digitox91 & digitale94 ,besides ^! !re are sev]al o!rs ( m or less def9ite composition1 :i* are all closely relat$1 & may be d]iv$ f a complex glucoside by successive removals ( hydrog5 9 ! =m ( wat]4 ,! foll[+ is ! !oretical p]c5tage composition ( ! digital9s1 ! id5tity ( :i* has be5 fairly e/abli%$4 ,!y are arrang$ accord+ to _! p]c5tage 9 c>bon3-- ,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,composition ,,( ,,! ,,digital9s4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,"n4 ,=mula4 ,p]c5tage ,composition4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,digitale91 ,c,h,o ,c4 #ecaf p] c5t4 ,h4 #hjh p] c5t4 ,digiton91#efa ,c,h,o ,c4 #ecdd ,h4 #gdf ,digital91 ,c,h,o ,c4 #ehaf ,h4 #cfe ,digitalet91 ,c,h,o ,c4 #fbda ,h4 #ced ,digitox91 ,c,h,o ,c4 #fcfc ,h4 #hjh ,digital]et91 ,c,h,o ,c4 #ffje ,h4 #deh ,p>adigitalet91 ,c,h,o ,c4 #fgag ,h4 #dc ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #efa ,accord+ to ,kiliani1 digiton9 has ! composition ( ,c,h,o1 & x breaks up1 :5 heat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 z foll[s3-- ,c,h,o #b;,h,o ,c,h,o #b;,c,h,o4 ,digiton94 ,digitog594 ,dextrose4 --,b]41 xxiii4 #aeee-aefh4 #ebh4 ,digitale9 is a col\rless1 amorph\s body1 easily soluble 9 wat] & 9 cold absolute alcohol4 ,x may be precipitat$ f an alcoholic solution by ! addition ( mu* e!r4 ,x is ) difficulty soluble 9 *lor(orm1 & insoluble 9 e!r4 ,x is precipitat$ f a wat]y solution by tann91 or by basic lead acetate2 saponification by dilute acids splits x up into glucose & digital]et94 ,x has a %>p1 acrid ta/e1 & ! wat]y solution fro?s on %ak+4 #ebi1 ,digiton91 a :ite amorph\s body1 has _m ( ! *>act]s ( sapon94 ,l sapon91 x is easily soluble 9 wat]1 & ! solution fro?s1 &1 l sapon9 aga91 x is precipitat$ by absolute alcohol1 by b>yta wat]1 & by basic lead acetate4 ,x may be readily di/+ui%$ f sapon9 by treat+ a wat]y solution ) sulphuric or hydro*loric acid4 ,on saponify+1 x is split up into digitog591 galactose1 & dextrose4 ,on heat+1 a beautiful r$ col\r develops4 ,x does n give ! brom9e reaction4 ,digitog59 is insoluble 9 wat] & aque\s alkalies2 x is some:at soluble 9 alcohol1 *lor(orm1 & glacial acetic acid2 x =ms a cry/all9e comp\nd ) alcoholic pota%1 :i* is /rongly alkal9e1 & n v soluble 9 alcohol4 #ecj4 ,digital91 :5 p]fectly pure1 =ms f9e1 :ite1 glitt]+1 hygroscopic ne$les1 or gr\ps ( cry/all9e tufts2 x is )\t smell1 b possesses a bitt] ta/e1 :i* is at once ( sl[ developm5t & ( long endurance4 ,on w>m+1 x becomes s(t "u #ajj1 &1 above t temp]ature1 is readily decompos$ ) evolution ( :ite vap\rs4 ,x is insoluble 9 wat]1 9 dilute soda solution1 9 e!r1 & 9 b5z5e4 ,x is soluble 9 *lor(orm1 especially 9 *lor(orm & alcohol1 & dissolves easily 9 w>m acetic acid2 twelve p>ts ( cold & six ( boil+ alcohol ( #ij p] c5t4 dissolve "o ( digital94 ,dilute hydro*loric or sulphuric acid decompose x into glucose & digitalet9 7,c,h,o72 if ! action is prolong$1 digital]et9 7,c,h,o71 & f9ally dehydrat$ digital]et91 are =m$4 ,conc5trat$ sulphuric acid dissolves x ) ! production ( a gre5 col\r1 :i* by brom9e passes into violet-r$1 b on ! addition ( wat] becomes gre5 aga94 ,hydro*loric acid dissolves x ) ! production ( a greyi%-yell[ col\r1 pass+ gradually into em]ald gre52 wat] precipitates f ?is solution a res9\s mass4 #eca4 ,digitalet94--,a sub/ance obta9$ by ,walz on treat+ 8 digital9 by dilute acids4 ,x is cry/all9e1 & its wat]y solution ta/es bitt]4 ,x melts at #age1 & decomposes1 evolv+ an acid vap\r at ab\t #bjf4 ,x dissolves 9 #hdh p>ts ( cold1 & #bbb ( boil+1 wat]2 9 #ce p>ts ( cold1 & 9 f #b to #d ( boil+1 alcohol4 ,x is ) difficulty soluble 9 e!r4 ,x dissolves 9 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 develop+ a r$-br[n col\r1 :i*1 on ! addition ( wat]1 *anges to olive-gre54 ,on boil+ ) dilute acids1 x splits up into sug> & digital]et94 #ecb4 ,digitox9 always accompanies digital9 9 ! plant1 & may by suitable treatm5t be obta9$ 9 glitt]+ ne$les & tabul> cry/als4 ,x is insoluble 9 wat] & 9 b5z5e4 ,x dissolves ) "s difficulty 9 e!r1 & is readily dissolv$ by alcohol or by *lor(orm4 ,on boil+ ) dilute acids1 x is decompos$ into an amorph\s1 readily soluble body1--,toxires94 ,digitox91 accord+ to ,s*mi$eb]g1 only exi/s 9 ! leaves ( ! digitalis plant1 & t 9 ! proportion ( #a "p 9 #aj1jjj4 ,digital9 & digitox9 are p> excell5ce ! poison\s pr9ciples ( ! plant4 ,toxires9 is also int5sely poison\s4 ,x may be obta9$ 9 cry/als by extract+ ! dry exhau/$ leaves ) alcohol ( #ej p] c5t41 precipitat+ ) lead acetate1 & wa%+ ! precipitate fir/ ) a dilute solution ( sodium c>bonate 7to remove col\r+-matt]71 & !n ) e!r1 b5z5e1 & c>bon disulphide1 9 all ( :i* x is insoluble2 on decompos+ ! lead comp\nd1 digitox9 may be obta9$ 9 col\rless scales or ne$le-%ap$ cry/als4 #ecc4 ,digital]et91 ! orig9 ( :i* has be5 already allud$ to1 is a yell[i%-:ite1 amorph\s p[d]1 possess+ no bitt] ta/e1 melt+ at #fj1 soluble 9 e!r or 9 alcohol1 b insoluble 9 wat]4 ,p>adigitalet9 is v simil> to ! above1 b x melts at #ajj1 & is insoluble 9 e!r4 #ecd4 ,sev]al o!r d]ivatives h be5 obta9$ & describ$1 su* z ! in]t digit91 digitalacr91 digitale91 & o!rs1 b _! prop]ties are1 z yet1 insuffici5tly /udi$4 ,digital91 z well z digitox91 may n[ be obta9$ pure f c]ta9 firms1 b ! ord9>y digital9 ( comm]ce is1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( two k9ds1 :i* may be di/+ui%$ z ,fr5* & ,g]man digital94 ,! ,fr5* digital91 or ! digital9 ( ,homolle1 is prep>$ by treat+ an aque\s extract ( ! digitalis plant ) lead acetate1 & free+ ! filtrate f lead1 lime1 & magnesia1 by successive additions ( alkal9e c>bonate1 oxalate1 & phosphate1 & !n precipitat+ ) tann94 ,! tann9 precipitate is treat$ ) li?>ge1 & ! digital9s boil$ & extract$ f ! mass by means ( alcohol1 & la/ly1 purify+ ) animal *>coal4 ,cry/als are 9 ?is way obta9$1 & by remov+ all sub/ances soluble 9 e!r by t solv5t1 digital9 may be sep>at$4 ,! ,g]man digital9 is prep>$ accord+ to ! process ( ,walz1 & is extract$ f ! plant by treatm5t ) alcohol ( #heb4 ,! alcohol is remov$ by evaporation1 & ! alcoholic extract tak5 up ) wat]2 ! wat]y extract is treat$ ) lead acetate & li?>ge1 filt]$1 ! filtrate fre$ f lead by hydric sulphate1 & ! excess ( acid neutralis$ by ammonia1 & !n tann9 add$ to complete precipitation4 ,! precipitate is collect$ & rubb$ ) hydrat$ oxide ( lead1 & ! raw digital9 extract$ by hot alcohol4 ,! alcohol1 on evaporation1 leaves a mixture ( digital9 mix$ ) o!r pr9ciples & fatty matt]4 ,if sold 9 ?is /ate1 x may conta9 f #b to #c p] c5t4 ( digitale9 & digiton94 ,on treat+ ! mixture ) e!r1 digital9 ) "s digitalet9 is left beh9d1 be+ almo/ insoluble 9 e!r4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 digitalet9 is v insoluble 9 cold wat]1 by treat+ ! mixture ) eight p>ts ( its weight ( cold wat]1 digital9 is dissolv$ out 9 ne>ly a pure /ate4 ,x may be fur!r purifi$ by treat+ ! solution ) animal *>coal1 recry/allisation f _s1 c4 #ece4 ,reactions ( ! ,digital9s4--,digiton9 is dissolv$ by dilute sulphuric acid 7#a 3 #c7 )\t col\r1 & ! same rem>k applies to hydro*loric acid2 on w>m+ ) ei!r ( ^! acids1 a violet-r$ col\r appe>s2 ?is reaction ?us s]ves to di/+ui% digiton9 f ! ?ree o!r con/itu5ts1 z well z f sapon94 ,sulphuric & gallic acids col\r ! glucosides ( digital91 digitale91 & digiton91 r$1 b n digitox91 :i* c be id5tifi$ 9 ?is way4 ,sulphuric acid & brom9e give ) digital9 a r$1 & ) digitale9 a violet coloration1 :i*1 on ! addition ( wat]1 *ange respectively into em]ald & light gre54 ,?is1 ! mo/ important *emical te/ we possess1 is sometimes call$ ,gr&eau's te/2 x is n ( great delicacy1 ! limit be+ ab\t #a mgrm4 #ecf4 ,ph>maceutical ,prep>ations ( ,digital94--,digital9 itself is (fic9al 9 ! ,fr5*1 ,belgium1 ,portuguese1 ,russian1 ,spani%1 & ,au/rian ph>macopias4 ,x is prep>$ 9 our own by mak+ a /rong t9cture ( ! leaves at #abj ,f42 ! _s is !n evaporat$ (f1 & ! extract heat$ ) acetic acid1 decoloris$ by animal *>coal1 & filt]$4 ,aft] neutralisation ) ammonia1 ! digital9 is precipitat$ ) tann91 & ! tannate ( digital9 resolv$ into tannate ( lead & free digital91 by rubb+ x ) oxide ( lead & _s4 ,digitalis leaf is (fic9al 9 mo/ ( ! ph>macopias4 ,t9cture ( digitalis is (fic9al 9 our own & all ! ,cont95tal ph>macopias1 & an e!real t9cture is us$ 9 ,france & ,g]many4 ,an ,acetum digitalis is (fic9al 9 ! ,ne!rl&s & ,g]many2 an extract & infusion are also us$ to "s ext5t4 ,) reg>d to ! nature ( ! active pr9ciple 9 ^! diff]5t prep>ations1 accord+ to ,drag5dorff1 digiton9 & digitale9 are mo/ pl5tiful 9 ! acetic & aque\s prep>ations2 :il/ 9 ! alcoholic1 digital91 digitox91 & digitale9 are pres5t4 ,accord+ to ,s*mi$eb]g1 comm]cial digital9 conta9s1 9 addition to digitox91 digiton91 digital91 & digitale92 ( ^!1 digiton9 is greate/ 9 am\nt4#efb #efb ,h4 ,kiliani1 ,b]41 xxiii4 #ecg4 ,fatal ,dose4--,! circum/ance ( comm]cial digital9 consi/+ ( v>y+ mixtures ( digitox91 digital91 & digitale91 r5d]s x difficult to be dogmatic ab\t ! dose likely to de/roy life4 ,besides1 ) all he>t-poisons1 surprises take place2 & v m9ute quantities h a fatal result :5 adm9i/]$ to p]sons ) disease ( ! he>t1 or to su* z1 ow+ to "s con/itutional peculi>ity1 h a he>t easily affect$ by toxic ag5ts4 ,digitox91 accord+ to ,kopp's#efc exp]im5ts1 is f six to t5 times /rong] ?an digital9 or digitale94 ,two mgrms4 caus$ int5se poison\s symptoms4 ,digitox9 is conta9$ 9 l>g] proportions 9 ,nativelle's digital9 ?an 9 ,homolle's1 or 9 ! ,g]man digital94 ,! digital9 ( ,homolle is prescrib$ 9 #a mgrm4 7#jae gra97 doses1 & x is ?\ght dang]\s to exce$ #f mgrms4 #efc ,ar*iv f4 exp4 ,pa?ol4 u4 ,ph>m41 vol4 iii4 p4 #bhd1 #ahge4 ,lemai/re has1 inde$1 se5 dang]\s symptoms arise f #b mgrms4 7#jc gra971 :5 adm9i/]$ to a boy fifte5 ye>s old4 ,x may be pr$icat$ f record$ cases & f exp]im5t1 t digitox9 w\ld probably be fatal to an adult man 9 doses ( #d mgrms4 7#a_/af gra971 & digital91 or digitale91 9 doses ( #bj mgrms4 7#c gra974 ,) reg>d to comm]cial digital91 z mu* z f #aj to #ab mgrms4 7#ae to #ah gra97 h be5 tak5 )\t a fatal result2 on ! o!r h&1 #b mgrms4 gave rise to poison\s symptoms 9 a woman 7,battaille74 ,su* discrepancies are to be expla9$ on ! gr\nds already m5tion$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 probable t #d mgrms4 7or #a_/af gra97 ( ord9>y comm]cial digital9 w\ld be v dang]\s to an adult4 ,x mu/ also1 9 consid]+ ! dose ( digital91 be ev] rememb]$ t x is a cumulative poison1 & t ! same dose--h>mless if tak5 once--yet1 frequ5tly repeat$1 becomes deadly3 ?is peculi>ity is %>$ by all poisons affect+ ! he>t4 ,:5 x is desir$ to settle ! maximum safe dose = ! v>i\s t9ctures1 extracts1 & infusions ( digitalis us$ 9 ph>macy1 !re is /ill great] difficulty1 a difficulty n aris+ m]ely f ! v>y+ /r5g? ( ! prep>ations1 b also f ! fact ( ! vomit+ almo/ inv>iably excit$ by l>ge doses4 ,individuals swall[ quantities )\t dea? result+1 simply because ! poison is rapidly expell$2 :]eas1 if ! sophagus 0 ligatur$ 7z 9 ! exp]im5ts on ! l[] animals =m]ly fav\r$ by ! ,fr5* s*ool ( toxicologi/s71 dea? mu/ rapidly ensue4 ,! foll[+ table is a guide to ! maximum s+le dose1 & also ! am\nt safe to adm9i/] 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 divid$ doses4 ,z a g5]al rule1 x may be laid d[n t d\ble ! maximum dose is likely to be dang]\s3-- ,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,maximum ,,s+le ,,dose1 ,,& ,,maximum ,,quantity ,,( ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,prep>ations ,,( ,,digitalis1 ,,:i* ,,c ,,be ,,adm9i/]$ ,,9 ,a ,,day4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,s+le ,dose4 ,p] ,day4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,gra9s or ,grammes ,gra9s or ,grammes ,m9ims4 or c4c's4 ,m9ims4 or c4c's4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,p[d]$ ,leaves1 #d grns4 #c grm4 #aed grns4 #aj grm4 ,infusion1 #dhj m4 #bhc c4c4 #addj m4 #hdi c4c4 ,t9cture1 #de m4 #c c4c4 #ace m4 #i c4c4 ,digital91 #jc grn4 #jjb grm4 #ji grn4 #jjf grm4 ,extract1 #cj #b #abj #h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #ech4 ,/ati/ics4--,! ma9 k :i* we possess ( ! action ( digitalis is d]iv$ f exp]im5ts on animals1 & f occasional accid5ts 9 ! tak+ ( m$ic9es2 b 9 comp>ison ) c]ta9 toxic ag5ts m commonly kn[n1 ! numb] ( cases ( dea? f digitalis is v insignificant4 ,( #db cases ( digitalis-poison+ collect$ by ,husemann1 #a 0 crim9al 7murd]72 #a ! result ( mi/ak+ ! leaves = ^? ( borage2 #db 7 caus$ 9 m$ic9al use--9 #cc ( ^! la/ too l>ge a dose _h be5 giv51 9 #c ! drug 0 us$ z a dome/ic rem$y1 9 #b ( ! cases ! prescription 0 wrongly read1 & 9 #a digitalis 0 us$ z a secret rem$y4 ,tw5ty-two p] c5t4 ( ! #de 7 fatal4 #eci4 ,effects on ,man4--,x 0 fir/ di/9ctly po9t$ out by ,t>dieu t toxic doses ( digitalis1 or its active pr9ciples1 produc$ n only symptoms ref]able to an action on ! he>t1 b also1 9 no small degree1 ga/ric & inte/9al irritation1 simil> to t produc$ by ars5ic4 ,t>dieu also attempt$ to di/+ui% ! symptoms produc$ by ! ph>maceutical prep>ations ( digitalis 7! t9cture1 extract1 c471 & ! glucoside digital92 b !re does n appe> a suffici5t basis = ?is di/9ction4 ,! symptoms v>y 9 a consid]able degree 9 diff]5t p]sons1 & are m or less t>dy or rapid 9 _! developm5t1 accord+ to ! dose4 ,mod]ate doses cont9u$ = "s "t 7z1 = example1 9 ! p]si/5t use ( a digitalis m$ic9e7 may produce _! fir/ toxic effects ev5 at ! end ( _m days2 b :5 a s+le l>ge dose is tak51 ! symptoms are r>ely delay$ m ?an ?ree h\rs4 ,!y may comm5ce1 inde$1 9 half an h\r1 b h be5 kn[n to be ret>d$ = m ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & ! long] p]iods may be expect$ if digitalis is giv5 9 h>d1 n easily soluble pills4 ,!re is commonly a feel+ ( g5]al malaise1 & !n viol5t ret*+ & vomit+4 ,! pulse at fir/ may be accel]at$1 b x soon is rem>kably sl[$--x s9ks commonly d[n to #ej1 to #dj1 & has ev5 be5 kn[n z l[ z #be4 ,to ^! symptoms1 ref]able to ! he>t & to ! dige/ive tract1 are add$ n]v\s tr\bles2 !re are noises 9 ! e>s1 & di/urbances ( vision4 ,9 a case relat$ by ,taylor1 a r$-coal fire seem$ to ! pati5t to be ( a blue col\r2 9 ano!r1 relat$ by ,l]s*1#efd !re 0 bl9dness = eighte5 h\rs1 & = "s "t a confusion 9 ! discrim9ation 9 col\rs2 quiet delirium has also be5 notic$4 ,z ! case proce$s1 ! ga/ric symptoms also increase 9 sev]ity2 ! tongue ,*ri/ison1 9 "o case1 notic$ to be enorm\sly swoll51 & ! brea? ftid4 ,di>rha is commonly pres5t1 al?\gh also sometimes abs5t4 ,! action ( ! kidneys is suppress$4 ,hicc\gh & convulsions close ! sc5e4 #efd ,rh54 ,we/4 ,corr4 ,bl41 #ae1 #ahdh2 ,husemann 9 ,mas*ka's ,h&bu*4 ,9 ! cumulative =m1 ! symptoms may sudd5ly bur/ out1 & ! p]son pass into dea? 9 a fa9t+-fit )\t any w>n+4 ,z a r>e effect1 hemiplegia may be m5tion$4 ,?is brief rsum ( ! symptoms may be fur!r illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ typical cases3--,a recruit1 ag$ #bb1 desir+ to escape f milit>y s]vice1 w5t to a s-call$ 8,freima*]0 :o gave him #ajj pills1 ( :i* he 0 to take eight 9 two doses daily4 ,elev5 days aft] ! use ( ! pills1 he became ill1 & 0 receiv$ into hospital1 :]e he sudd5ly di$ aft] ?ree weeks' treatm5t4 ,8 malady 0 at fir/ ascrib$ to ga/ric cat>rh2 = he suff]$ f loss ( appetite1 nausea1 & con/ipation4 ,he compla9$ ( pa9 9 ! head1 & gidd9ess4 ,8 brea? smell$ badly1 & ! region ( ! /oma* 0 pa9ful on pressure4 ,! pulse 0 sl[ 7#ef71 ! temp]ature ( ! body normal4 ,t[>ds ! end1 ! pulse sank to #eb2 he suff]$ f vomit+1 noise 9 ! e>s1 tr\bles ( vision1 great weakness1 & lat]1 hicc\gh & swell+ 9 ! neck4 ,! m]e act ( /&+ up 9 ord] to %[ 8 ?roat caus$ him to fa9t2 on ! same day on :i* ?is occurr5ce took place1 he sudd5ly di$ on ! way to ! night/ool4 ,?irte5 ( ! pills 7 f\nd 9 ! pati5t's clo!s1 & f a *emical & microscopical exam9ation x 0 f\nd t !y conta9$ digitalis leaf 9 f9e p[d]4 ,! quantity :i* ! un=tunate man took 9 ! f\r weeks 0 e/imat$ at #acg grms4 7 ab\t #baa gra9s74 ,two ( 8 comrades _h also be5 to ! 8,freima*]10 & _h suff]$ f ! same symptoms1 b !y _h left (f ! use ( ! m$ic9e be=e any v s]i\s effect 0 produc$4#efeeff #efe ,khnhorn1 ,vi]teljahrss*r4 f4 g]4 ,m$41 #ahgf1 n4 ,f4 xxiv4 p4 #djb4 #eff ,!re is an int]e/+ case on record1 9 :i* a woman di$ f ! express$ juice ( digitalis4 ,%e 0 tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ( age1 & took a l>ge unkn[n quantity ( ! fre%ly express$ juice = ! purpose ( reliev+ a swell+ ( ! limbs4 ,! symptoms came on almo/ imm$iately1 %e 0 v sick1 & 0 attack$ by a m5orrhagia4 ,^! symptoms cont9u$ = sev]al days ) increas+ sev]ity1 b x 0 n until ! fif? day t %e obta9$ m$ical assi/ance4 ,%e 0 !n f\nd semi-comatose1 ! face pale1 pulse sl[1 epiga/rium pa9ful on pressure1 di>rha1 & hicc\gh 7 frequ5t4 ,%e di$ on ! twelf? day4 ,! po/-mortem appe>ances %[$ no?+ ref]able to digitalis save a few spots ( inflammation on ! /oma*4--,causs1 ,bull4 de ,?rapeutique1 vol4 lvi4 p4 #ajj2 ,brit4 & ,=4 ,m$4 ,*ir4 ,review1 vol4 xxvi41 #ahfj1 p4 #ebc4 ,an in/ructive case ( poison+ by digitox9 occurr$ 9 ! p]son ( ,dr4 ,koppe1 9 ! c\rse ( "s exp]im5ts on ! drug4 ,he _h tak5 #ae mgrm4 9 alcohol )\t result2 on ! foll[+ day 7,may #ad7 he took #a mgrm4 at #i ,a4,m41 b aga9 )\t appreciable symptoms4 ,f\r days lat] he took #b mgrms4 9 alcoholic solution1 & an h\r aft]w>ds felt fa9t & ill1 ) a feel+ ( gidd9ess2 ! pulse 0 irregul>1 ( normal frequ5cy1 #hj to #hd4 ,ab\t ?ree h\rs aft] tak+ ! digitox91 ,dr4 ,koppe attempt$ to take a walk1 b ! nausea1 accompani$ ) a feel+ ( weakness1 became s int5se t he 0 oblig$ to return to ! h\se4 ,five h\rs aft] ! dose1 8 pulse 0 #eh1 int]mitt5t aft] ab\t e #cj to #ej beats4 ,vomit+ set 91 ! matt]s he ?rew up 7 ( a d>k gre5 col\r2 aft] vomit+ he felt bett] = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 !n he aga9 vomit$ mu* bili\s matt]2 ! pulse sank to #dj1 & 0 v int]mitt5t1 /opp+ aft] e #b or #c beats4 ,e "t !re 0 an int]mission1 he felt a feel+ ( con/riction & uneas9ess 9 ! *e/4 ,six & a qu>t] h\rs aft] ! dose !re 0 aga9 viol5t vomit+ & ret*+1 ) pal5ess ( ! face4 ,! muscul> weakness 0 s great t he c\ld n g to b$ )\t assi/ance4 ,he _h a disord] ( vision1 s t ! traits ( p]sons well-kn[n to him 7 *ang$1 & objects _h a yell[ t9t4 ,he _h a sleepless night1 ! nausea & vomit+ cont9u+4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ day ! symptoms 7 v simil>1 & ! pulse int]mitt5t1 #ed p] m9ute4 ,he pass$ ano!r re/less night1 8 %ort sleep be+ di/urb$ by t]rible dreams4 ,on ! ?ird day he 0 some:at bett]1 ! pulse 0 #fj1 b irregul> & /ill int]mitt5t2 ! nausea 0 also a little abat$4 ,! night 0 simil> 9 its di/urb$ sleep to ! prec$+4 ,he did n rega9 8 full heal? = sev]al days4#efg #efg ,ar*4 f4 exp4 ,pa?4 u4 ,ph>m41 vol4 iii4 p4 #bhi1 #ahge4 ,a ?ird case may be quot$1 :i* diff]s v m>k$ly f ! prec$+1 & %[s :at a protean aspect digital9 poison+ may assume4 ,a woman1 tw5ty-?ree ye>s old1 took on ,june #bf?1 at #g ,a4,m41 = ! purpose ( suicide1 #af granules ( digital94 ,two h\rs lat] !re 0 %iv]+ & gidd9ess1 s t %e 0 oblig$ to g to b$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! day %e _h halluc9ations4 ,9 ! ev5+ at #h ,p4,m41 aft] eat+ a little food1 %e _h a %iv]+ fit s viol5t t h] tee? *att]$2 !re 0 cold sweat1 & difficulty 9 brea?+2 %e became gradually aga9 w>m1 b c\ld n sleep4 ,at #a ,a4,m4 ! difficulty ( brea?+ 0 s great t %e dragg$ h]self to ! w9d[1 & !re rema9$ until #c ,a4,m41 :5 %e aga9 w5t back to b$1 slept until #g ,a4,m41 & woke tol]ably well4 ,s9ce ?is attempt ( self-de/ruction _h fail$1 %e took #dj granules4 ,aft] "o h\r %e became giddy1 _h halluc9ations1 *ill9ess1 cold sweats1 copi\s vomit+1 & colicky pa9s2 !re 0 great muscul> weakness1 b no di>rha4 ,t[>ds ev5+ ! vomit+ became worse4 ,!re 0 no action ( ! b[els1 nor 0 any ur9e pass$2 %e felt z if h] eyes 7 prom95t & l>ge4 ,! suff]+s describ$ la/$ dur+ ! :ole night until five o'clock ! foll[+ day1 :5 ! vomit+ ceas$1 :il/ ! halluc9ations1 *ill9ess1 & cold sweat cont9u$2 & ! ?ir/1 sick feel+1 & weakness increas$4 ,! next morn+1 a physician f\nd h] motionless 9 b$1 ) pale face1 notable d\ble exoph?almus1 dilat$ pupils1 & cold sk91 cov]$ ) sweat2 ! pulse 0 small & int]mitt5t1 sometimes sc>cely to be felt 7#df to #dh p] m9ute72 ! epiga/rium 0 pa9ful on pressure4 ,%e pass$ ?is second night )\t sleep1 & 9 ! morn+ ! pulse _h ris5 f #ef to #eh beats1 b 0 n q s int]mitt5t4 ,!re 0 "s action ( ! b[els1 b no ur9e 0 pass$1 nor _h any be5 void$ f ! comm5cem5t2 ! bladd] 0 n di/5d$4 ,! foll[+ 7?ird7 day "s r$-col\r$1 (f5sive ur9e 0 pass$2 ! sk9 0 w>m]1 & ! pulse f #fj to #fd1 /ill some:at int]mitt5t--f ?is "t %e began to improve1 & made a good recov]y4#efh #efh ,relat$ by ,ducroix3 ,de l',empoisonnem5t p> la ,digitale et la ,digital9e4 ,p>is1 #ahfd4 #edj4 ,physiological ,action ( ! ,digital9s4--,:atev] o!r physiological action ?is gr\p may h1 its effect on ! he>t's action is s prom95t & decid$1 t ! digital9s /& z a type ( he>t poisons4 ,! gr\p ( he>t poisons has be5 mu* ext5d$ ( late ye>s1 & has be5 f\nd to include ! foll[+3--,anti>91 an arr[ poison2 hellebor91 a glucoside conta9$ 9 ! hellebore family2 a glucoside f\nd 9 ! ,apocynace1 ,!vatii n]iifolia1 & ,!vatia iccotli2 ! poison\s pr9ciple ( ! ,n]ium ole&] & ,n4 odorum2 ! glucoside ( ,tangh9ia v55if]a2 convallam>91 d]iv$ f ! species ( ,convall>ia2 scillotox91 f ! squill2 sup]b91 f ! ,indian lily2 & ! alkaloid ery?rophl9 f ! ,ery?rophlum judiciale 7see p4 #dcb et seq474 ,?is li/ is ye>ly increas+4 #eda4 ,local ,action4--,! digital9s h an excit+ or /imulat+ action if appli$ to muc\s membranes--e4g41 if laid ^u ! nasal muc\s surface1 sneez+ is excit$2 if appli$ to ! eye1 !re is r$ness ( ! conjunctiv ) sm>t+2 if to ! tongue1 !re is mu* irritation & a bitt] ta/e4 ,! leaves1 ! extract1 & ! t9cture all h ?is directly irritat+ action1 = !y all r$d5 & inflame muc\s membranes4 #edb4 ,action on ! ,he>t4--,! e>li] exp]im5t]s on ! influ5ce ( digitalis on ! he>t 7 ,/annius & ,traube4 ,/annius#efi exp]im5t$ on cats1 & f\nd /rong irregul>ity1 &1 la/ly1 cessation 9 dia/ole1 9 :i* /ate x respond$ no long] to /imuli4 ,rabbits & birds--especially ^? birds :i* liv$ on plants--7 n s susceptible1 nor 7 frogs4 #efi ,ar*4 f4 ,physiol4 ,traube#egj made 8 rese>*es on dogs1 us+ an extract1 & adm9i/]+ doses :i* correspond$ to f #e to #dj grms4 ,he divid$ ! symptoms witness$ into f\r /ages3-- #egj ,ann4 d4 ,*>it-,krank5hauses1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ghe4 #a/ ,/age4--,! pulse frequ5tly dim9i%es1 :ile ! pressure ( ! blood rises4 #bnd ,/age4--,n se5 :5 l>ge doses are employ$2 pulse frequ5cy1 z well z blood pressure1 abnormally l[4 #crd ,/age4--,pressure l[1 pulse beats above ! normal frequ5cy4 ,! sl[+ ( ! he>t#ega is attribut$ to ! /imulus ( ! inhibitory n]ves1 b ! lat] condition ( frequ5cy to _! p>alysis4 ,aft] ! section ( ! vagi ! sl[ pulse frequ5tly rema9s1 & ?is is expla9$ by ! inhibitory action ( ! c>diac c5tre4 ,! vagus1 9 po9t ( "t1 is p>alys$ e>li] ?an ! muscul> sub/ance ( ! he>t4 #ega ,sl[+ ( ! pulse 0 m5tion$ fir/ by ,)]+ 7,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,foxglove1 ,lond41 #aghe74 ,b$does aft]w>ds obs]v$ t digitalis increas$ ! =ce ( ! circulation1 ! sl[+ ( ! pulse n be+ always obs]v$2 accord+ to ,ack]mann1 if ! inhibitory app>atus is affect$ by atrop9e1 or if ! pati5t is "u deep n>cosis1 ! sl[+ is abs5t4 ,! increas$ blood pressure ,traube attribut$ to increas$ en]gy ( ! he>t's contraction1 ?r\gh ! motor c5tre be+ /imulat$ lat]2 ! comm5c+ p>alysis expla9s ! abnormally l[ pressure4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 also an influ5ce on vaso-motor n]ves4 ,:at ,dr4 ,johnson has describ$ z ! 8/op-cock0 action ( ! small art]ies comes into play1 ! small art]ies contract & attempt1 z x 71 to limit ! supply ( poison$ blood4 ,ack]mann1#egb inde$1 witness$ ?is ph5om5on 9 a rabbit's mes5t]y1 di/9ctly see+ ! art]ies contract1 & ! blood pressure rise aft] section ( ! sp9al cord4 ,?is obs]vation1 !re=e1 ( ,ack]mann's 7toge!r ) exp]im5ts ( ,bhm#egc & ,l4 ,brunton#egd7 some:at modifies ,traube's explanation1 & ! views g5]ally accept$ respect+ ! cause ( ! increas$ blood pressure may be /at$ ?us3--,! pressure is due to prolongation ( ! sy/olic /roke ( ! c>diac pump1 & to ! 8/op-cock0 action ( ! art]ies2 9 o!r words1 !re is an increase ( =ce f beh9d 7vis a t]go71 & an increas$ resi/ance 9 front 7vis a fronte74 #egb ,deuts*4 ,ar*4 f4 kl94 ,m$41 vol4 xix4 p4 #abe4 #egc ,ar*iv f4 d4 ,ges4 ,phys41 vol4 v4 p4 #aec4 #egd ,on ,digitalis1 ) ,"s ,obs]vations on ! ,ur9e1 ,lond41 #ahfh4 #edc4 ,action ( ! ,digital9s on ! ,muco-,inte/9al ,tract & o!r ,organs4--,9 addition to t on ! he>t1 !re are o!r actions ( ! digital9s2 = example1 by :atev] *annel ! poison is introduc$1 vomit+ has be5 obs]v$4 ,ev5 9 frogs ?is1 9 a rudim5t>y mann]1 occurs4 ,! diuretic action :i* has be5 notic$ 9 man is want+ 9 animals1 nor has a less5$ dim9ution ( urea be5 confirm$4 ,ack]mann f\nd ! temp]ature dur+ ! p]iod ( increas$ blood pressure rais$ sup]ficially1 b l[]$ int]nally4 ,accord+ to ,boeck#ege !re is no increase 9 ! decomposition ( ! album9oids4 #ege ,intoxication1 p4 #djd4 #edd4 ,! ,action ( ,digital9 on ! ,common ,bl[-fly4--,! au?or has /udi$ ! effects ( digital91 made up into a ?9 pa/e ) wat]1 & appli$ to ! head ( ! common bl[-fly4 ,!re are at once great signs ( irritation1 ! suck] is extrud$ to its full l5g?1 & ! fly works its =e feet1 attempt+ to bru% or remove ! irritat+ ag5t4 ,! next symptom is a difficulty 9 walk+ up a p]p5dicul> glass surface4 ,?is difficulty increases1 b x is di/9ctly obs]v$ t weakness & p>alysis occur 9 ! legs be=e !y are se5 9 ! w+s4 ,)9 an h\r ! w+s become p>alys$ also1 & ! fly1 if j]k$ f its support1 falls l a /one4 ,! insect becomes dull & motionless1 & ultimately dies 9 f t5 to tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,a dose1 9 itself insuffici5t to de/roy life1 does s on repetition at int]vals ( a c\ple ( h\rs4 ,! obs]vation is n )\t int]e/1 inasmu* z x %[s t ! digital9s are toxic sub/ances to ! muscul> sub/ance ( ev5 ^? life-=ms :i* d n possess a he>t4 #ede4 ,action ( ! ,digital9s on ! ,frog's ,he>t4--,! g5]al action ( ! digital9s is be/ /udi$ on ! he>t ( ! frog4 ,drs4 ,fagge & ,/ev5son h %[n#egf t1 "u ! influ5ce ( digital91 !re is a peculi> =m ( irregul>ity 9 ! beats ( ! he>t ( ! frog2 ! v5tricle ultimately /ops 9 ! :ite contract$ /ate1 ! volunt>y p[] be+ reta9$ = fifte5 to tw5ty m9utes aft]w>ds2 9 v l>ge doses !re is1 h[ev]1 at once p>alysis4 ,laud] ,brunton#egg consid]s ! action on ! he>t to ess5tially consi/ 9 ! prolongation ( ! sy/ole4 #egf ,guy's ,hospl4 ,reports1 #crd v]41 vol4 xii4 p4 #cg4 #egg ,on ,digitalis1 ) ,"s ,obs]vations on ! ,ur9e1 ,lond41 #ahfh4 ,atrop9e or cur>e h no influ5ce on ! he>t ?us poison$4 ,if ! animal "u ! influ5ce ( digital9 be treat$ ) musc>9e1 x /ops 9 dia/ole in/ead ( sy/ole4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! he>t poison$ by musc>9e is reliev$ by digital91 & a simil> influ5ce appe>s to be ex]cis$ by atrop9e4 ,! sy/olic /illness ( ! he>t is also remov$ by sub/ances :i* p>alyse ! he>t1 z delph991 sapon91 & apomorph94 ,l>ge doses ( digital91 ?r[n sudd5ly on ! circulation by intrav5\s injection1 cause convulsions & sudd5 dea?1 f quick palsy ( ! he>t4 ,) frogs "u ^! circum/ances !re are no convulsions1 b a reflex depression1 :i*1 accord+ to ,weil#egh & ,meihuiz51#egi disappe>s on decapitation4 ,! c5tral c]ebral symptoms are )\t d\bt p>tly due to ! di/urbance ( ! circulation1 & !re is good gr\nd = attribut+ !m also to a toxic action on ! n]v\s sub/ance4 ,! art]ies are affect$ z well z ! he>t1 & are r$uc$ 9 calibre2 ! blood pressure is also increas$4#ehj ,?is is ess5tially due to ! firm1 /rong contraction ( ! he>t1 & also to ! 8/op-cock0 action ( ! small art]ies4#eha #egh ,ar*iv f4 ,anat4 u4 ,physiol41 #ahga1 p4 #bhb4 #egi ,ar*iv f4 d4 ,ges4 ,physiol41 vol4 vii4 p4 #bja4 #ehj ,! foll[+ is a brief summ>y ( obs]vations on ! blood pressure2 f\r /ages may be notic$--7#a7 ,rise ( normal blood pressure1 n necess>ily accompani$ ) a dim9ution ( pulse frequ5cy2 7#b7 cont9uation ( height5$ blood pressure1 ! pulse be+ rais$ beyond ! normal rate2 7#c7 cont9u$ high pressure1 ) great irregul>ity ( ! he>t & int]mitt5t pulse2 7#d7 quick depression ( pressure1 sudd5 /opp+ ( ! he>t1 & dea?4 #eha ,accord+ to ,boehm 7,ar*4 f4 d4 ,ges4 ,physiol41 ,bd4 v4 ,s4 #ahi7 & to ,williams 7,ar*4 f4 exp]4 ,pa?ol41 ,bd4 xiii4 ,s4 #b71 ! rise ( pressure is due entirely to ! he>t1 & n to ! contractions ( ! small art]ies2 b ,i fail to see h[ ! small art]ies c contract1 & yet n height5 ! pressure4 #edf4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,9 ! case ( ! recruit poison$ by digitalis leaf 7p4 #dbe71 ! blood 0 f\nd d>k & fluid2 ! "r v5tricle & auricle ( ! he>t 7 fill$ ) blood1 ! left empty2 ! bra9 & its membranes 7 anmic2 ! /oma* & muc\s membrane ( ! inte/9es 7 9 p>ts ec*ymos$1 & !re 7 pat*es ( injection4 ,9 ! case ( ! wid[ ,de ,pauw1 poison$ ) digital9 by ! homopa? 7,conty de la ,pomm]ais71 ! only abnormality discov]$ 0 a few hyp]mic po9ts 9 ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* & small inte/9es4 ,x is !n c]ta9 t al?\gh m or less r$ness ( ! l9+ membrane ( ! inte/9e track may be pres5t1 yet1 on ! o!r h&1 ! active pr9ciple ( ! digitalis may de/roy life1 & leave no appreciable sign4 #edg4 ,sep>ation ( ! ,digital9s f ,animal ,tissues1 c4--,x is be/ to make an alcoholic extract aft] ! me?od ( ,/as1 ! alcohol be+ feebly acidulat$ by acetic acid1 & all op]ations be+ c>ri$ on at a temp]ature bel[ #fj4 ,! alcoholic extract is dissolv$ 9 wat] feebly acidulat$ by acetic acid1 & %ak5 up1 fir/ ) petroleum e!r to remove impurities 7! e!r w n dissolve any ( ! digital9s71 !n ) b5z5e1 &1 la/ly1 ) *lor(orm4 ,! b5z5e dissolves digitale91 & ! *lor(orm1 digital9 & digitox94 ,on all[+ ^! solv5ts to evaporate spontane\sly1 residues are obta9$ :i* w give ! reactions already detail$4 ,nei!r ! brom9e nor any o!r *emical te/ is suffici5t to id5tify ! digital9s2 x is absolutely necess>y to h res\rce to physiological exp]im5t4 ,! me?od us$ by ,t>dieu 9 ! classical ,pomm]ais case may s]ve z a model1 m especially ! exp]im5ts on frogs4 ,?ree frogs 7 prop]ly secur$1 ! he>ts expos$1 & ! beats c\nt$4 ,! numb] ( beats 0 f\nd to be fairly equal4 ,frog ,no4 #a 0 plac$ "u su* conditions t ! he>t 0 con/antly moi/4 ,frog ,no4 #b 0 poison$ by inject+ into ! pleura #f drops ( a solution 9 :i* #aj mgrms4 ( digital9 7 dissolv$ 9 #e c4c4 ( wat]4 ,! ?ird frog 0 poison$ by a solution ( ! suspect$ extract4 ,! numb] ( beats p] m9ute 7 n[ c\nt$ at def9ite int]vals ( "t z foll[s3-- ,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,digital9 ,,on ,,! ,,frog',s ,,he>t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,frog ,no4 #a4 ,frog ,no4 #b4 ,frog ,no4 #c4 ,unpoison$4 ,poison$ by a ,poison$ by ! kn[n quantity suspect$ ( digital94 extract4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,no4 ( beats ,no4 ( beats ,no4 ( beats p] m9ute4 p] m9ute4 p] m9ute4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,aft] #f m9utes1 #db #bj #bf #aj #dj #af irregul>4 #bd irregul>4 #bj #dj #ae #bj #bh #ch #j #ab v irregul>4 #ca #cf #j #j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,9 op]at+ 9 ?is way--:i* is /rictly comp>ative1 &1 ) c>e1 has few s\rces ( error--if ! he>t ( ! frog poison$ ) ! unkn[n extract behaves 9 ! numb] & irregul>ity ( its contractions simil>ly to t ( ! digital9-poison$ he>t1 x is a fair inf]5ce t1 at all ev5ts1 a 8he>t-poison0 has be5 sep>at$2 b x is1 ( c\rse1 op5 to "q :e!r ?is is a digital9 or "o ( ! num]\s gr\ps ( glucosides act+ 9 ! same way4 ,if suffici5t quantity has be5 sep>at$1 *emical reactions1 especially ! brom9e te/ 7,gr&eau's te/71 may decide1 b ) ! l>g] numb] 7ye>ly increas+7 ( sub/ances act+ simil>ly on ! he>t1 great caution 9 giv+ an op9ion w be necess>y4 ,,ii4--,o!r ,poison\s ,glucosides ,act+ on ! ,he>t4 #edh4 ,sev]al memb]s ( ^! glucosides h be5 /udi$ by ,s*mi$eb]g1#ehb & 8 conv5i5t divisions w be foll[$ "h3-- #ehb ,beitrge zur ,k5tniss d] ph>makol4 ,gruppe des ,digital9s4 #a4 ,,cry/allisable ,,glucosides4 ,anti>9 7,c,h,o74--,anti>9 is an arr[ poison obta9$ f ! milky juice ( ! ,anti>is toxic>ia gr[+ 9 ,java4 ,anti>9 is obta9$ 9 cry/als1 by fir/ treat+ ! inspissat$ milky juice ) petroleum e!r to remove fatty & o!r matt]s1 & !n dissolv+ ! active pr9ciple out ) absolute alcohol4 ,! alcoholic extract is tak5 up ) wat]1 precipitat$ ) lead acetate1 filt]$1 & f ! filtrate anti>9 obta9$ by free+ ! solution f lead1 & !n evaporat+4 ,de ,vry & ,ludwig obta9$ ab\t #d p] c5t4 f ! juice4 ,anti>9 is cry/all9e1 ! cry/als conta9+ #b atoms ( wat]4 ,its melt+-po9t is giv5 z #bbjf2 ! cry/als are soluble 9 wat] 7#bed p>ts cold1 #bgd p>ts boil+71 !y are n soluble 9 b5z5e1 & ) difficulty 9 e!r2 #a "p ( anti>9 requir+ #bgib p>ts ( e!r4 ,! wat]y solution is n precipitat$ by metallic salts4 ,on w>m+ ) dilute m9]al acids1 anti>9 splits up into a res9 & sug>4 ,conc5trat$ sulphuric acid gives ) anti>9 a yell[-br[n solution1 hydro*loric & nitric acids /rike no di/9ctive col\rs4 #edi4 ,effects4--,anti>9 is ess5tially a muscul> & a he>t poison4 ,:5 giv5 9 a suffici5t dose1 x kills a frog 9 f half an h\r to an h\r4 ,its mo/ m>k$ effect is on ! c>diac muscle1 ! he>t beats m & m sl[ly1 & at la/ /ops1 ! v5tricle be+ firmly contract$4 ,z ) digital91 !re is a v m>k$ prolongation ( ! sy/ole1 & z ) digital91 aft] ! beats h ceas$1 a =cible dilatation ( ! v5tricle w re/ore !m 7,s*mi$eb]g74 ,x is d\btful :e!r by physiological exp]im5t anti>9 c\ld be diff]5tiat$ f digital94 #eej4 ,sep>ation ( ,anti>94--,9 any case ( poison+ by anti>91 x w\ld be be/ to extract ) alcohol1 evaporate1 dissolve ! alcoholic extract 9 wat]1 precipitate ) lead acetate1 filt]1 free ! filtrate f lead1 & !n1 aft] alkalis+ ) ammonia1 %ake ! filtrate successively ) petroleum e!r1 b5z5e1 & a small quantity ( e!r 9 ! mann] recomm5d$ at page #bdg1 et seq4 ,! liquid1 n[ fre$ f all fatty1 res9\s1 & alkaloidal bodies1 is neutralis$ & evaporat$ to dryness 9 a vacuum1 & ! dry residue tak5 up ) absolute alcohol1 filt]$1 ! alcohol evaporat$ at a v l[ temp]ature1 & f9ally ! extract dissolv$ 9 a small quantity ( wat]1 & submitt$ to physiological te/s4 #eea4 ,! ,active ,pr9ciples ( ! ,hellebores4--,! ,*ri/mas rose 7,helleborus nig]71 z well z ,h4 viridis1 ,h4 ftidus1 &1 9 %ort1 all ! species ( hellebore1 are poison\s1 & if ! root is treat$ ) alcohol1 f ! alcoholic extract may be sep>at$ two glucosides1 hellebor9 & hellebore94 ,hellebor9 is 9 ! =m ( :ite1 glitt]+ ne$les1 :i*1 if plac$ on ! tongue1 are almo/ ta/eless1 b if dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 & !n ta/$1 give a burn+1 numb+ s5sation4 ,by boil+ ) z9c *loride1 hellebor9 splits up into sug> & a res9--hellebores94 ,conc5trat$ sulphuric acid dissolves ! cry/als ) ! production ( a beautiful r$ col\r2 on /&+1 ! solution aft] a :ile becomes col\rless1 & a :ite p[d] sep>ates4 ,hellebore9 =ms col\rless cry/als1 mo/ly consi/+ ( f9e ne$les2 !y h a bitt] ta/e1 excite sneez+1 & are v hygroscopic4 ,! cry/als easily dissolve 9 wat] & dilute alcohol1 b are ) difficulty soluble 9 absolute alcohol1 & n soluble 9 e!r4 ,!y dissolve 9 fatty oils4 ,hellebore9 splits by ! action ( m9]al acids into sug> & amorph\s helleboret94 ,helleboret9 is 9 ! moi/ condition ( a beautiful violet-blue col\r1 becom+1 :5 dri$ at #ajj1 dirty gre54 ,conc5trat$ sulphuric acid dissolves x ) ! production ( a br[n-yell[ col\r1 :i* on /&+ passes into violet & !n into br[n4 ,m>m sep>at$ f ,h4 ftidus1 9 addition1 a :ite1 int5sely odor\s sub/ance1 b too small 9 quantity to ?or\ghly inve/igate its prop]ties4 #eeb4 ,!re is little d\bt t hellebore owes its prop]ties to ! glucosides j describ$4 ,!re are sev]al in/ances ( poison+ by hellebore root1#ehc & by ! ph>maceutical prep>ations1 b none ( poison+ by ! pure active pr9ciples4 ,morgagni m5tions a case 9 :i* #b grms4 7ne>ly #ca gra9s7 ( ! wat]y extract ( ,h4 ,nig] caus$ dea? )9 eight h\rs2 & ,f]r>i saw1 aft] ! use ( ! w9e 9 :i* ! root _h be5 boil$1 two p]sons poison$ ) a l result4 ,a m rec5t case 0 record$ by ,fellet>1 9 #ahge1 9 :i* a p]son di$ f an infusion ( hellebore2 !re 01 h[ev]1 old /&+ he>t-disease1 s t !re may be a d\bt z to ! real cause ( dea? 9 ?is in/ance4 ,s*au5/e9 m5tions a case 9 :i* ! roots ( hellebore 7 accid5tally us$ 9 s\p1 b ! bitt] ta/e prev5t$ any quantity be+ eat54 ,! physiological action1 especially ( hellebore91 is t ( an int5se he>t poison1 & ! symptoms produc$ by ! hellebores are s /rik+ly l ^? ( ! digital9s t x might be difficult to di/+ui% cl9ically betwe5 !m4 ,9 any case ( poison+1 ! active pr9ciple mu/ be sep>at$ 9 ! =m ( an alcoholic extract1 & id5tifi$ z a he>t poison by physiological exp]im5t4 #ehc ,!re us$ to be a t9cture (fic9al 9 our ph>macopia2 ! root ( ,h4 viridis is (fic9al 9 ! ,g]man ph>macopia1 maximum s+le dose1 #c grm42 maximum total quantity 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 #ab grm4 ,! t9cture is also (fic9al on ! ,cont95t4 #eec4 ,euonym9 is f\nd 9 a res9 obta9$ f ! ,euonymus atropurpureus2 x is cry/all9e1 cry/allis+ 9 col\rless1 caulifl[]-l masses consi/+ ( gr\ps ( /ellate ne$les1 :i* are soluble 9 wat]1 b ) difficulty 9 alcohol4 ,x is a glucoside1 & a p[]ful he>t poison1 #a mgrm4 caus+ ! he>t ( a frog to cease 9 dia/ole4#ehd #ehd ,s*mi$eb]g1 op4 cit41 f unpubli%$ rese>*es ( ,pr(essor ,h4 ,mey]1 ,dorpat4 #eed4 ,!vet9 7,c,h,o74--,a glucoside :i* has be5 sep>at$ f ! ,!vetia n]eifolia1 & p]haps also f ! ,c]b]a ,odallam4 ,x is soluble 9 #abd p>ts ( wat] at #ad1 & is easily soluble 9 _s1 b n 9 e!r4 ,x is col\r$ by sulphuric acid r$-br[n1 pass+ into *]ry-r$1 & !n1 9 a few h\rs1 into violet4 ,on boil+ ) dilut$ acids1 x splits up into sug> & !v]es94 ,bo? !vet9 & !v]es9 are p[]ful he>t poisons4#ehe #ehe ,husemann1 ,ar*iv f4 exp]4 ,pa?4 u4 ,ph>makol41 ,bd4 v41 ,s4 #bbh1 #ahgf4 #b4 ,,sub/ances ,,p>tly ,,cry/allisable ,,b ,,:i* ,,are ,,n ,,glucosides4 #eee4 ,/rophant9 is a v poison\s sub/ance :i* belongs physiologically to ?is gr\p1 b does n seem to be a glucoside4 ,x is soluble 9 wat] & 9 alcohol1 less s 9 e!r & *lor(orm4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! komb1 manganja1 9e1 or onaje1 a ,we/ ,african poison d]iv$ f ! ,/rophan?us hispidus ( ! family ( ,apocynace4 ,! poison has be5 inve/igat$ by sev]al obs]v]s4#ehf #ehf ,digitox9 7see ante1 p4 #dbj7 belongs to ?is gr\p4 ,dr4 ,fras] consid]s1 f 8 exp]im5ts1 7#a7 ,t /rophant9 acts prim>ily on ! he>t1 produc+1 z an end result1 he>t p>alysis1 ) p]man5ce ( ! v5tricul> sy/ole4 7#b7 ,he f\nd ! pulmon>y respiration to cont9ue 9 cold-blood$ animals _m m9utes aft] ! he>t 0 p>alys$4 7#c7 ,! /rip$ muscles ( ! body are affect$1 & twit*es occur 9 !m2 _! tonicity is exagg]at$1 & f9ally _! functional activity is de/roy$4 ,?is *ange is ref]r$ to an action on ! muscul> /ructure itself1 indep5d5t ( t ^u ! he>t1 & also indep5d5t ( ! c]ebro-sp9al n]v\s sy/em4 7#d7 ,! reflex action ( ! sp9al cord is susp5d$ aft] ! he>t is p>alys$1 b ! motor conductivity ( ! sp9al cord & ( ! n]ve trunks cont9ue aft] ! /rip$ muscles ( ! body are p>alys$4 7#e7 ,! lymph-he>ts ( ! frog cont9ue to contract = _m m9utes aft] ! blood-he>t has be5 p>alys$4 #eef4 ,apocyn94--,9 ! root ( ,apocynum cannab9um a non-cry/allisable sub/ance1 soluble 9 alcohol & e!r1 b n soluble easily 9 wat]1 has be5 sep>at$ & f\nd to h a physiological activity simil> to t ( ! digital9s4#ehg #ehg ,h>dy et ,callois1 8,sur la matire active du ,/rophan?us ,hispidus ou ,9e10 ,gaz4 ,m$4 de ,p>is2 ,pelikan1 ,compt4 ,r5d41 t4 #fj1 p4 #abji1 #ahae2 ,%>pey1 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,may1 #ahfe2 ,fagge & ,/ev5son1 ,ph>m4 ,j\rn41 p4 #aa1 #ahfe-ff2 ,fras]1 ,j\rn4 ( ,anatom4 & ,phys41 also ,proc4 ( ,roy4 ,soc4 ( ,ed942 ,poillo & ,c>ville1 ,ar*4 de ,physiol4 ,norm4 et ,pa?ol41 #ahgb2 ,g4 ,val5t91 ,zeits*r4 et4 ,biologie41 x4 #acc1 #ahgd4 #c4 ,,non-,,cry/allisable ,,glucosides ,,almo/ ,,insoluble ,,9 ,,wat]4 #eeg4 ,scilla91 or ,scillit91 a glucoside :i* has be5 sep>at$ f ! bulbs ( ! common squill4 ,x is insoluble or ne>ly s 9 wat]1 b easily dissolves 9 alcohol4 ,x is little soluble 9 e!r4 ,x acts ^u ! he>t1 & is poison\s4 ,adonid91 a v simil> sub/ance1 has be5 sep>at$ f ! root ( ! ,adonis v]nalis 7,nat4 ,ord4 ,ranunculace71 to :i* ! "n ( adonid9 has be5 giv54#ehh ,x is an amorph\s1 col\rless sub/ance1 )\t od\r2 soluble 9 alcohol1 b ) difficulty soluble 9 e!r & wat]4 ,x is precipitat$ by tann91 & on saponification by m9]al acids1 splits up into sug> & a sub/ance soluble 9 e!r4 ,! effects on animals are id5tical ) ^? ( digital94 ,! root has be5 us$ rec5tly 9 m$ic9e1 & f\nd to sl[ ! he>t & increase ! ur9>y secretion2 9 ?is also x is l digitalis4 #ehh ,c]vello1 ,ar*iv fr exp4 ,pa?4 ,ph>m41 #ahhb1 p4 #cch4 #eeh4 ,ole&r94--,ole&] leaves conta9 two *emically-diff]5t1 nitrog5-free sub/ances4 ,! "o is probably id5tical ) digitale92 b z ?is is n c]ta91 ,s*mi$eb]g proposes to call x provisionally n]i94 ,! o!r active sub/ance is ess5tially ! same z ! ole&r9 ( ,lukomske#ehi & ,betelli4#eij ,ole&r9 has basic prop]ties1 & is sep>at$ 9 ! =m ( an amorph\s mass1 soluble 9 alcohol1 e!r1 & *lor(orm1 & slightly soluble 9 wat]4 ,s*mi$eb]g obta9$ a ?ird product f ,african leaves1 :i* he calls n]ian?94 ,?is1 on treatm5t ) sulphuric acid & brom9e1 gives a beautiful col\r peculi> to ole&] leaves4 ,x is v simil> 9 physiological & *emical prop]ties to digital91 & is probably d]iv$ by decomposition f "o ( ! pr9ciples already describ$4 ,!re is also a product simil> to digitalires94 #ehi ,rep]t4 de ,*imie de ,wurtz et ,b>eswill1 t4 iii4 p4 #gg1 #ahfa4 #eij ,bull4 ,m$4 di ,bologna1 t4 xix4 p4 #cba1 #ahfe4 ,! active pr9ciples ( ! ole&] are sep>at$ by dige/ion ( ! leaves ) alcohol ( #ej p] c5t41 & precipitat+ ! alcoholic extract ) lead acetate & ammonia4 ,! fir/ precipitate is yell[1 & is probably compos$ ( a tann9-l sub/ance2 ! next precipitate is :ite1 consi/+ ( ! lead comp\nd ( n]i94 ,! precipitates are filt]$ (f1 & ! filtrate conc5trat$2 n]ian?91 aft] a :ile1 sep>ates 9 light flocks1 & ! filtrate f ?is conta9s "s ( ! o!r products4 #eei4 ,n]i9 or ,ole&] ,digital94--,n]i9 is1 9 ! pres5ce ( mu* free m9]al acid1 precipitat$ by potass-bismu? iodide1 a reaction fir/ po9t$ out by ,m>m1#eia z useful 9 ! isolation ( ! hellebor9s2 or x may be precipitat$ by tann91 & !n ! precipitate decompos$ by dissolv+ 9 alcohol1 & evaporat+ x to dryness ) z9c oxide on ! wat]-ba?4 ,x is next extract$ by absolute alcohol1 & precipitat$ by ! addition ( mu* e!r4 ,! fur!r purification consi/s ( resolution 9 alcohol1 & fractional precipitation by e!r4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! potass-bismu? iodide process is us$1 ! liquid mu/ be acidifi$ /rongly ) sulphuric acid1 & ! precipitate wa%$ ) dilut$ sulphuric acid4 ,! precipitate may be decompos$ by b>yta1 filt]$1 & ! filtrate fre$ f b>yta by c>bon dioxide2 ! filtrate f ?is conta9s n]i9 ) b>ic iodide2 x is !re=e treat$ ) silv] sulphate1 !n aga9 ) b>yta1 next ) c>bon dioxide1 & also ) ,,% to get rid ( ! la/ trace ( silv]4 ,! filtrate w also conta9 "s ole&r9 :i*1 by evaporat+ sl[ly 9 a vacuum1 sep>ates gradually 9 ! =m ( a cle>1 res9\s mass4 ,x c be filt]$ (f1 & ! n]i9 !n may be precipitat$ pure by fractional precipitation4 ,its physiological action is ! same z t ( digitale94 #eia ,zeits*r4 f4 rat4 ,m$4 7#c ,r471 ,bd4 xxvi41 ,s4 #a1 #ahff4 #efj4 ,! n]ium ole&] has sev]al times caus$ grave symptoms ( poison+1 & !y h usually fairly agre$ ) ^? produc$ by foxglove4 ,= example1 ,mas*ka#eib relates ! case ( a boy1 two ye>s old1 :o ate two h&fuls ( ! n]ium ole&]4 ,! effects comm5c$ 9 t5 m9utes1 ! *ild 0 uneasy1 & vomit$4 ,9 six h\rs a sleepy condition came on2 ! face 0 pale1 ! sk9 cold1 ! pupils contract$1 & ! pulse sl[ & irregul>4 ,aft] ! sickness ! boy woke up1 b aga9 fell asleep1 & ?is occurr$ frequ5tly2 c(fee 0 giv51 :i* appe>$ to d good4 ,! pulse 0 int]mitt5t4 ,on ! foll[+ day ! *ild 0 /ill ill1 ) an int]mitt5t pulse1 frequ5t vomit+1 feebl5ess1 sleeplessness1 & dilatation ( ! pupil2 !re 0 no di>rha1 on ! contr>y1 ! b[els 7 conf9$4 ,on ! ?ird day recov]y foll[$4 #eib ,vi]teljahrss*rift f4 g]i*t4 ,m$41 ,bd4 ii41 ,no4 #ag1 #ahfj4 ,brit4 & ,=4 ,m$4 ,*ir4 ,review1 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ebc1 #ahfj4 ,9 an ,indian case1#eic ! symptoms 7 altoge!r peculi>1 & belong$ r to ! convulsive ord]4 ,a wood-cutt]1 ag$ ?irty-five1 ne> ,kholapore1 took1 = ! purpose ( suicide1 a little ov] an ounce ( ! express$ juice ( ! ole&]4 ,! symptoms began s rapidly t he _h n "t to walk five y>ds be=e he fell ins5sible2 he 0 br\ght to ! hospital 9 ?is /ate2 ! face on 8 arrival 0 notic$ to be flu%$1 ! brea?+ /]tor\s1 !re 7 viol5t spasmodic contractions ( ! :ole body1 m m>k$ on ! left ?an on ! "r side4 ,! effect ( ?is 0 rem>kable4 ,dur+ ! int]vals ( ! spasm1 ! pati5t lay ev5ly on 8 back1 & :5 ! convulsions comm5c$ ! sup]ior contraction ( ! left side ?rew him on to ! "r1 9 :i* position he rema9$ dur+ ! p>oxysm1 aft] ! subsid5ce ( :i* he fell back into 8 old position4 ,! evacuations 7 involunt>y & wat]y2 ! man 0 ins5sible1 ) frequ5t convulsions ( ! k9d describ$1 = two days1 b on ! ?ird day became consci\s1 & made a good recov]y4 #eic ,transac4 ( ,m$4 & ,phys4 ,soc4 ( ,bombay1 #ahei4 ,9 any case ( poison+1 ! me?ods by :i* n]i9 & ole&r9 are sep>at$ f ! plant c be appli$ to sep>ate !m f ! tissues ) m or less success4 ,"h1 z 9 all ! o!r digital9-l glucosides1 physiological te/s are alone ( value 9 ! f9al id5tification4 #efa4 ,! ,madagasc> ,ordeal ,poison4--,to ?is gr\p may also belong ! poison ( ! ,tangh9ia v55if]a1 a tree 9 ! ,isl& ( ,madagasc>1 ! fruit ( :i* is us$ z an ordeal poison4 ,x may be obta9$ 9 cry/als2 x is insoluble 9 wat]1 & v poison\s4 ,! upas ( ,s+apore is also said to conta9 ) /ry*n9e a glucoside simil> to anti>94 #d4 ,,sub/ances ,,:i*1 ,,) ,,o!r ,,toxic ,,effects1 ,,behave ,,l ,,! ,,digitalis4 #efb4 ,ery?rophle9 is an alkaloid1 n a glucoside1 & is obta9$ f ! b>k ( ! ,ery?rophlum gu9e5se 7,we/ ,africa74 ,x acts on ! he>t l digitalis1 & has also effects simil> to picrotox94 ,,iii4--,sapon9--,sapon9 ,sub/ances4 #efc4 ,! t]m 8sapon90 ( late ye>s has be5 appli$ to a class ( glucosides :i* possess ! common prop]ty ( be+ poison\s1 &1 :5 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 =m+ solutions :i* fro? on %ak+ l soap-suds4 ,! sub/ances :i* h ^! prop]ties are n all ( ! same s]ies *emically1 b ^? ( ! g5]al =mula1 ,cn,h#bn-#h,o1 are mo/ num]\s1 & ! foll[+ is a li/3-- ,"n4 ,=mula4 ,sapon91 s5eg91 ,quillaja-sapotox91 ,sap9dus-sapotox91 ,c,h,o4 ,grypsophila-sapotox91 ,agro/emma-sapotox91 ,sapon9 ,,ii41 digiton91 saporubr91 assam91 ,c,h,o4 ,sapon9 ,,iii41 quillajic acid1 polygalic acid1 ,c,h,o4 ,h]ni>i-sapon91 ,cyclam91 s>sap>illa-sapon91 ,c,h,o4 ,s>sa-sapon91 ,c,h,o4 ,p>ill91 ,c,h,o4 ,melan?91 ,c,h,o4 ,possibly also dulcam>9 ,c,h,o & syr+5 ,c,h,o may belong to ?is s]ies4 ,!re are "s #aej di/9ct plants :i* ?us yield sapon9s2 a few ( ^! plants are z foll[s3--,sapon>ia (fic9alis1 ,gypsophila /ru?ium1 ,agro/emma gi?ago 7corn cockle71 ,polygala s5ega1 ,monimia poly/a*ia1 ! b>k ( ,quillaja sapon>ia1 & ,*rysophyllum glycyphleum4 ,! sapon9 sep>at$ f ,sapon>ia1 & f ! corn cockle w be "h describ$4 #efd4 ,prop]ties4--,sapon9 is a :ite amorph\s p[d]1 v soluble 9 wat]1 to :i* x gives ! curi\s prop]ty ( fro?+ j l soap solution4 ,to obta9 ?is effect !re mu/ be at lea/ #a mgrm4 9 #a c4c4 ( liquid4 ,sapon9 is neutral 9 reaction1 x has no od\r1 b causes sneez+ if appli$ to ! muc\s membrane ( ! nose2 ! ta/e is at fir/ sweet1 & !n %>p & acrid4 ,x is almo/ entirely insoluble 9 absolute alcohol1 b dissolves 9 hot alcohol ( #hc to sep>ate aga9 ne>ly completely on cool+4 ,x is precipitat$ by basic lead acetate1 & also by b>yta wat]1 b 9 ea* case x is advisable to op]ate on conc5trat$ solutions4 ,picric acid1 m]curic *loride1 & alkaloidal 8gr\p reag5ts0 give no precipitate4 ,:5 a little ( ! solid sub/ance is treat$ ) 8,nessl]0 reag5t1 !re is a gre5i% or yell[ col\r produc$4 ,a drop ( /rong sulphuric acid1 mix$ ) a m9ute quantity ( sapon91 /rikes sl[ly a bright r$ col\r1 :i*1 on heat+1 deep5s to m>oon-br[n4 ,nordhaus5 sulphuric acid %[s ?is bett] & m rapidly4 ,if sapon9 is boil$ ) dilute acid x breaks up into sapog59 & sug>1 & !re=e ! liquid aft] neutralisation r$uces 8,fehl+40 ,?is reaction is probably aft] ! foll[+ equation3-- #b;,c,h,o #b;,h,o #b;,c,h,o #c;,c,h,o4 ,sapog59 may be sep>at$ by evaporat+ ! neutralis$ liquid to dryness1 treat+ ! dry residue ) e!r1 :i* dissolves out ! sapog591 & f9ally recov]+ ! sub/ance f ! e!real solution1 & cry/allis+ x f hot alcohol4 ,cry/als are readily obta9$ if ! alcoholic solution is all[$ to evaporate spontane\sly4 ,a solution ( sapon9 expos$ to ! air gets turbid1 & develops c>bon dioxide2 n unfrequ5tly ! solution becomes m\ldy4 #efe4 ,effects4--,pelikan#eid has /udi$ ! effects ( v>i\s sapon9s on frogs4 ,"o to two drops ( a saturat$ wat]y solution ( sapon9 appli$ subcutane\sly to ! leg1 caus$1 9 f five to six m9utes1 great weakness1 accompani$ by a loss ( s5sibility2 b /rong me*anical1 *emical1 or electrical /imuli appli$ to ! foot excit$ reflex action1 = ! is*iatic n]ve /ill reta9$ its functions4 ,nev]!less1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ! excitability ( ! poison$ muscles 0 mu* weak5$1 & j be=e dea? q disappe>$4 ,section ( ! is*iatic n]ve delay$ ! ph5om5a4 ,cur>9e did n seem to h any effect on ! poison\s action4 ,a conc5trat$ solution appli$ to ! he>t ( a frog soon arre/s its beats1 b weak] doses fir/ excite1 & !n ret>d4#eie #eid ,b]l4 kl94 ,wo*s*r41 #cf1 #ahf4 #eie ,j4 ,hoppe1 ,n]v5wirkung d] ,heilmittel1 ,h4 #d1 #cg4 ,! au?or has /udi$ ! g5]al action ( sapon9 on kitt5s1 insects1 & infusoria4 ,small doses1 su* z f #ac to #cb mgrms4 7 to gra971 7 inject$ b5ea? ! loose sk9 ( ! back ( ! neck ( a kitt51 :5 !re 7 imm$iate symptoms ( local pa94 ,9 f five to t5 m9utes ! respiration notably quick5$1 & ! animal fell into a le?>gic /ate1 ) signs ( g5]al muscul> weakness2 j be=e dea? ! brea?+ became v rapid1 & !re 7 all ! signs ( asphyxia4 ,! pa?ological appe>ances aft] dea? 7 fulness 9 ! "r side ( ! he>t1 & int5se conge/ion ( ! inte/9al canal1 ! /oma* g5]ally be+ p]fectly normal 9 appe>ance1 & ! kidneys & o!r organs heal?y4 ,! lea/ fatal dose = a kitt5 seems to be #ac mgrms41 or #jd grm4 to a kilogram4#eif #eif ,! action ( sapon9 :5 appli$ 9 conc5trat$ solution to flies is t ( an int5se irritant4 ,!re is protrusion ( ! suck]1 & progressive p>alysis4 ,! common infusoria live = "s "t 9 dilute solutions ( sapon9--?is is also true ( "s ( ! high] =ms2 = example1 a ,cyclops quadricornis seem$ 9 no way affect$ by a #b p] c5t4 solution4 #eff4 ,action on ,man4--,! effects ( sapon9 on man h be5 b little /udi$2 x has be5 adm9i/]$ by ! m\? 9 doses ( f #a to #b grm41 & 9 ^? doses seems to h di/9ct physiological effects4 ,!re is increas$ muc\s secretion1 & a feel+ ( nausea2 b nei!r diaphoresis nor diuresis has be5 obs]v$4 ,f ! =ego+ /udy x may be pr$icat$ t #bf grms4 7#dj gra9s71 if adm9i/]$ subcutane\sly to an adult1 w\ld endang] life4 ,! symptoms w\ld be great muscul> pro/ration1 weakness ( ! he>t's action1 & probably di>rha4 ,9 fatal cases1 "s signs ( an irritant or inflammatory action on ! muc\s membranes ( ! /oma* & inte/9es w\ld be probable4 #efg4 ,sep>ation ( ,sapon94--,sapon9 is sep>at$ f bread1 fl\r1 & simil> sub/ances by ! process giv5 at p4 #aec1 8,foods40 ,! process ess5tially consi/s 9 extract+ ) hot _s1 all[+ ! sapon9 to sep>ate z ! _s cools1 collect+ ! precipitate on a filt]1 dry+1 dissolv+ 9 cold wat]1 & precipitat+ ) absolute alcohol4 ,9 op]at+ on animal tissues1 a m elaborate process is necess>y4 ,! au?or has successfully proce$$ z foll[s3--,! f9ely divid$ organ is dige/$ 9 alcohol ( #hj to #ij p] c5t4 /r5g?1 & boil$ = a qu>t] ( an h\r2 ! alcohol is filt]$ hot & all[$ to cool1 :5 a deposit =ms1 consi/+ ( fatty matt]s1 & conta9+ any sapon9 pres5t4 ,! deposit is filt]$ (f1 dri$1 & treat$ ) e!r to remove fat4 ,! insoluble sapon9 rema9+ is dissolv$ 9 ! lea/ possible quantity ( wat]1 & precipitat$ ) absolute alcohol4 ,x is also op5 to ! analy/ to purify x by precipitat+ ) b>yta wat]1 ! b>yta comp\nd be+ subsequ5tly decompos$ by c>bon dioxide4 ,basic lead acetate may also be us$ z a precipitant1 ! lead comp\nd be+1 z usual1 decompos$ by hydric sulphide2 la/ly1 a wat]y solution may be %ak5 up ) *lor(orm1 :i* w extract sapon94 ,by "s "o ( ^! me?ods1 select$ accord+ to ! exig5cies ( ! case1 !re w be no difficulty 9 sep>at+ ! glucoside 9 a fairly pure /ate4 ,! organ be/ to exam9e = sapon9 is ! kidney4 ,9 "o ( my own exp]im5ts1 9 a cat poison$ ) a subcutane\s dose ( sapon9 7#b grm471 evid5ce ( ! glucoside 0 obta9$ f ! kidney alone4 ,! "t aft] dea? at :i* x is probable t sapon9 c\ld be detect$ is unkn[n2 x is a sub/ance easily decompos$1 &1 !re=e1 success 9 sep>at+ x f highly putrid matt]s is n probable4 #efh4 ,id5tification ( ,sapon94--,an amorph\s :ite p[d]1 v soluble 9 wat]1 insoluble 9 cold alcohol or e!r1 hav+ glucosidal reactions1 /rik+ a r$ col\r ) sulphuric acid1 imp>t+ a soap-l condition to wat]1 & poison\s to animals1 is mo/ probably a sapon94 ,,division ,,iii4--,,c]ta9 ,,poison\s ,,anhydrides ,,( ,,organic ,,acids4 ,i4--,santon94 #efi4 ,santon9 7,c,h,o7 is a neutral pr9ciple extract$ f ! unexp&$ heads ( v>i\s species ( ,artemisia 7,nat4 ,ord4 ,composit74 ,! se$s conta91 accord+ to ,drag5dorff1 #bjc to #bac p] c5t4 ( santon91 & ab\t #bbe p] c5t4 ( volatile oil1 ) #c p] c5t4 ( fat & res94 ,santon9 =ms brilliant1 :ite1 f\r-sid$1 flat prisms1 9 ta/e feebly bitt]4 ,! cry/als become yell[ ?r\gh age & exposure to light2 !y melt at #afi1 & are capable ( be+ sublim$2 !y are sc>cely soluble 9 cold wat]1 b dissolve 9 #bej p>ts ( boil+ wat]1 freely 9 alkal9e wat]1 9 #c p>ts ( boil+ alcohol1 & 9 #db p>ts ( boil+ e!r4 ,santon9 is ! anhydride ( santonic acid 7,c,h,o74 ,santon9 unites ) alkalies to =m santonates4 ,sodic santonate 7,c,h,na,o #c;,h,o7 is (fic9al on ! ,cont95t2 x =ms col\rless rhombic cry/als1 soluble 9 #c p>ts ( cold wat]4 #egj4 ,poison+ by ,santon94--,eighte5 cases ( poison+1 ei!r by santon9 or santon9-hold+ sub/ances1 :i* ,f4 ,a4 ,falck has be5 able to collect1 7 ne>ly all occasion$ by its use z a rem$y = worms4 ,a few 7 poison+s ( *ildr5 :o _h swall[$ x by accid5t4 ,) "o exception ^? poison$ 7 *ildr5 ( f two to twelve ye>s ( age2 9 five ! fl[] heads1 & 9 ?irte5 santon9 itself 0 tak54 ,( ! eighte5 cases1 two only di$ 7ab\t #aa p] c5t474 #ega4 ,fatal ,dose4--,s small a numb] ( *ildr5 h di$ f santon91 t data are n pres5t = fix+ ! m9imum fatal dose4 #ab grm4 ( santon9 kill$ a boy ( five & a half ye>s ( age 9 fifte5 h\rs2 a girl1 t5 ye>s old1 di$ f a quantity ( fl[] heads1 equal to #b grm4 ( santon94 ,! maximum dose = *ildr5 is f #fe to #aid mgrms4 7#a to #c gra9s71 & twice ! quantity = adults4 #egb4 ,effects on ,animals4--,exp]im5ts on animals ) santon9 h be5 num]\s4 ,x has fir/ an excit+ action on ! c5tres ( n]ves f ! second to ! sev5? pairs1 & !n foll[s decrease ( excitability4 ,! m$ulla is lat] affect$4 ,!re are tetanic convulsions1 & dea? foll[s ?r\gh asphyxia4 ,artificial respiration less5s ! numb] & activity ( ! convulsions1 & *lor(orm1 *loral hydrate1 or e!r1 also ei!r prev5t or %ort5 ! attacks4 #egc4 ,effects on ,man4--,"o ( ! mo/ con/ant effects ( santon9 is a peculi> ab]ration ( ! col\r-s5se1 fir/ obs]v$ by ,hufel& 9 #ahjf4 ,all ?+s seem yell[1 & ?is may la/ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 seldom long]4 ,accord+ to ,rose1 ?is app>5t yell[ness is (t5 prec$$ by a violet hue ov] all objects4 ,if ! lids are clos$ :ile ! 8yell[ sight0 is pres5t1 ! :ole field is mom5t>ily violet4 ,de ,m>t9y1#eig 9 a few cases1 f\nd ! 8yell[ sight0 int]mit & pass into o!r col\rs1 e4g41 aft] #c grm4 !re 0 fir/ ! yell[ p]ception1 !n giv+ ! same individual #f grm41 all objects seem$ col\r$ r$1 aft] half an h\r orange1 & !n aga9 yell[4 ,9 ano!r pati5t ! effect ( ! drug 0 to give 8gre5 vision10 & 9 a ?ird blue4 #eig ,gaz4 des ,hpit41 #ahfj4 ,hufn] & ,helmholtz expla9 ?is curi\s effect z a direct action on ! n]v\s elem5ts ( ! ret9a1 caus+ !m to give ! p]ception ( violet2 !y are fir/ excit$1 !n exhau/$1 & ! eye is 8violet bl9d40 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has be5 sugge/$ t santon9 ei!r col\rs ! m$ia ( ! eye yell[1 or t !re is an increase 9 ! pigm5t ( ! macula lutea4 ,i1 h[ev]1 _c compreh5d h[ ! two la/ !ories w acc\nt = ! int]mitt5cy & ! play ( col\rs obs]v$ 9 a few cases4 ,to ! affections ( vision are also (t5 add$ halluc9ations ( ta/e & smell2 !re is heada*e & gidd9ess1 & 9 f\rte5 out ( ?irty ( ,rose's obs]vations vomit+ occurr$4 ,! ur9>y secretion is increas$4 ,9 l>ge & fatal doses !re are %iv]+ ( ! body1 clonic1 & (t5 tetanic convulsions2 ! consci\sness is lo/1 ! sk9 is cool1 b cov]$ ) sweat1 ! pupils dilat$1 ! brea?+ becomes /]tor\s1 ! he>t's action weak & sl[1 & dea? occurs 9 collapse--9 ! case obs]v$ by ,grimm 9 fifte5 h\rs1 9 "o obs]v$ by ,l9/[ 9 =ty-eight h\rs4 ,9 ^? pati5ts :o h recov]$1 !re h also be5 notic$ convulsions & loss ( consci\sness4 ,sievek+#eih has record$ ! case ( a *ild :o took #ab grm4 7#ag gra97 santon92 an eruption ( nettle ra% %[$ itself1 b disappe>$ )9 an h\r4 #eih ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 #ahga4 #egd4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,! po/-mortem appe>ances are n *>act]i/ic4 #ege4 ,sep>ation ( ,santon9 f ! ,cont5ts ( ! ,/oma*1 c4--,x is specially important to analyse ! fces1 = x has be5 obs]v$ t "s portion goes un*ang$ into ! inte/9al canal4 ,! ur9e1 also1 ( p]sons :o h tak5 santon91 possesses "s important peculi>ities4 ,x becomes ( a peculi> yell[-gre51 ! col\r appe>+ soon aft] ! +e/ion ( ! drug1 & la/+ ev5 sixty h\rs4 ,! col\r may be imitat$1 & !re=e confus$ ) t :i* is produc$ by ! bile acids2 a simil> col\r is also se5 aft] p]sons h be5 tak+ rhub>b4 ,alkalies add$ to ur9e col\r$ by santon9 or rhub>b /rike a r$ col\r4 ,if ! ur9e ?us r$d5$ is dige/$ on z9c du/1 santon9 ur9e fades1 rhub>b ur9e rema9s r$4 ,fur!r1 if ! r$d5$ ur9e is precipitat$ by excess ( milk ( lime or b>yta wat] & filt]$1 ! filtrate f ! ur9e r$d5$ by rhub>b is col\rless1 9 t r$d5$ by santon9 ! col\r rema9s4 ,santon9 may be isolat$ by treat+ sub/ances conta9+ x ) w>m alkal9e wat]4 ,! wat] may n[ be acidifi$ & %ak5 up ) *lor(orm1 :i* w dissolve out any santon94 ,on driv+ (f ! *lor(orm1 ! residue %\ld be aga9 alkalis$1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & acidifi$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & %ak5 up ) *lor(orm4 ,9 ?is way1 by op]at+ sev]al times1 x may be obta9$ v pure4 ,santon9 may be id5tifi$ by its dissolv+ 9 alcoholic pota% to a transitory c>m9e-r$1 b ! be/ reaction is to dissolve x 9 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 to :i* a v little wat] has be5 add$1 to w>m on ! wat]-ba?1 & !n to add a few drops ( f]ric *loride solution to ! w>m acid2 a r+ ( a beautiful r$ col\r pass+ into purple surr\nds ea* drop1 & aft] a little "t1 on cont9u+ ! heat1 ! purple passes into br[n4 ,a di/9ctive reaction is also ! production ( 8iso-santon902 ?is sub/ance is produc$ by w>m+ santon9 on ! wat]-ba? ) sulphuric acid = a few h\rs1 & !n dilut+ ) wat]2 iso-santon9 is precipitat$1 & may be cry/allis$ f boil+ alcohol4 ,iso-santon9 melts at #ach2 x has ! same composition z santon94 ,x is di/+ui%$ f santon9 by giv+ no r$ col\r :5 treat$ ) sulphuric or phosphoric acids4 ,,ii4--,mez]eon4 #egf4 ,! ,daphne ,mez]eum 7,l474--,mez]eon1 an indig5\s %rub belong+ to ! ,?ymeleace1 is r r>e 9 ! wild /ate1 b v frequ5t 9 g>d5s4 ,! fl[]s are purple & ! b]ries r$4 ,buckheim isolat$ by means ( e!r an acrid res91 :i* 0 conv]t$ by saponify+ ag5ts into mez]eic acid2 ! acrid res9 is ! anhydride ( ! acid4 ,! res9 is presum$ to be ! active poison\s con/itu5t ( ! plant1 b ! subject awaits fur!r inve/igation4 ,!re are a few cases ( poison+ on record1 & !y h be5 mo/ly f ! b]ries4 ,?us1 ,l9n has record$ an in/ance 9 :i* a little girl di$ aft] eat+ twelve b]ries4 ,! symptoms obs]v$ 9 ! record$ cases h be5 burn+ 9 ! m\?1 ga/ro5t]itis1 vomit+1 gidd9ess1 n>cosis1 & convulsions1 end+ 9 dea?4 ,! le?al dose = a horse is ab\t #cj grms4 ( p[d]$ b>k2 = a dog1 ! sophagus be+ ti$1 #ab grms42 b small] doses ( ! fre% leaves may be deadly4 ,,division ,,iv4--,,v>i\s ,,vegetable ,,poison\s ,,pr9ciples--,,n ,,admitt+ ,,( ,,classification ,,"u ,,! ,,previ\s ,,?ree ,,divisions4 ,i4--,ergot ( ,rye4 #egg4 ,ergot is a peculi> fungus attack+ ! rye & o!r gram9ace\s plants2#eii x has receiv$ v>i\s names1 ,claviceps purpurea 7,tulasne71 ,sp]mdia clavus 7,fries71 ,scl]otium clavus 7,d4,c471 c4 ,! peculi> tra9 ( symptoms aris+ f ! eat+ ( ergotis$ gra9 7culm9at+ occasionally 9 gangr5e ( ! l[] limbs71 its p[]ful action on ! pregnant ut]us1 & its /yptic effects1 are well kn[n4 #eii ,"s ( ! ,cyp]ace are also attack$4 ,! v g5]al use ( ! drug by acc\*eurs has1 s to speak1 popul>is$ a k ( its action among all classes ( society1 & its crim9al employm5t z an abortive appe>s to be on ! increase4#fjj #fjj ,! ,russian peasantry use ! drug = ! same purpose4 ,vide ,mack5zie ,wallace's 8,russia10 i4 p4 #aag4 ,! heal?y gra9 ( rye1 if exam9$ microscopically 9 ?9 sections1 is se5 to be compos$ ( ! se$-coat+1 made up ( two lay]s1 b5ea? :i* are ! glut5-cells1 :il/ ! great bulk ( ! se$ is compos$ ( cells conta9+ />*4 ,9 ! ergotis$ gra91 d>k 7almo/ black7 cells replace ! se$-coat & ! glut5-cells1 :il/ ! l>ge />*-conta9+ cells are fill$ ) ! small cells ( ! fungus & num]\s drops ( oil4 #egh4 ,! *emical con/itu5ts ( ergot are a fix$ oil1 trime?ylam9e1 c]ta9 active pr9ciples1 & col\r+-matt]s4 ,! fix$ oil is ( a br[ni%-yell[ col\r1 ( aromatic flav\r & acrid ta/e2 its specific gravity is #jibd1 & x consi/s *iefly ( palmit9 & ole92 x has no physiological action4 ,trime?ylam9e is always pres5t ready =m$ 9 ergot2 x c also be produc$ by ! action ( pota% on ergot4 ,) reg>d to ! active pr9ciples ( ergot consid]able confusion /ill exi/s1 & no "o has hi!rto isolat$ any s+le sub/ance 9 su* a /ate ( purity z to inspire confid5ce z to its =mula or o!r *emical *>act]s4 ,!y may1 h[ev]1 be briefly describ$4 ,c4 ,tamet#fja has sep>at$ an alkaloid1 :i* appe>s id5tical ) ,w5zel's ergot99e4 ,to obta9 ?is ! ergot is extract$ by alcohol ( #hf1 ! _s remov$ by di/illation1 & ! residue cool$2 a res9 7:i* is deposit$7 & a fatty lay] 7:i* floats on ! surface7 are sep>at$ f ! extractive liquor & wa%$ ) e!r2 ! e!real solution is filt]$ & %ak5 ) dilute sulphuric acid1 :i* takes up ! alkaloid2 ! aque\s solution ( ! sub/ance is !n filt]$1 r5d]$ alkal9e by ,,kho1 & agitat$ ) *lor(orm4 ,! ergot99e is n[ obta9$ by evaporat+ ! *lor(orm solution1 c>e be+ tak5 to protect x f contact ) ! air4 ,x gives precipitates ) *loride ( gold1 potassium iodohydr>gyrate1 phosphomolybdic acid1 tann91 brom9e wat]1 & ! *lorides ( gold & plat9um4 ,) mod]ately conc5trat$ ,,s,h1 x gives a yell[i%-r$ coloration1 *ang+ to an int5se violet1 a reaction :i* does n occur if ! alkaloid has be5 expos$ to ! air4 ,! composition ( ! base is repres5t$ by ! =mula ,c,h,n,o1 & a cry/all9e sulphate & lactate h be5 obta9$4#fjb #fja ,compt4 ,r5dus1 vol4 xxxi4 p4 #hif4 #fjb ,compt4 ,r5dus1 ,april #ahgh4 ,w5zel's ,ecbol9e is prep>$ by precipitat+ ! cold wat]y extract ( ergot ) sug> ( lead1 ?r[+ out ! lead 9 ! usual way by hydric sulphide1 conc5trat+ ! liquid1 & add+ m]curic *loride1 :i* only precipitates ! ecbol9e4 ,! m]cury salt is n[ decompos$ ) hydric sulphide1 & aft] ! m]cury precipitate has be5 filt]$ (f1 ! filtrate is treat$ ) fre%ly precipitat$ phosphate ( silv]1 & refilt]$2 la/ly1 ! liquid is %ak5 up ) milk ( lime1 aga9 filt]$1 & ! lime ?r[n out by ,,co4 ,! la/ filtrate conta9s ecbol9e only1 & is obta9$ by evaporation at a g5tle heat4 ,x is an amorph\s1 feebly bitt] sub/ance1 ) an alkal9e reaction1 =m+ only amorph\s salts4 ,! mo/ rec5t rese>* by ,drag5dorff on ergot t5ds to %[ t ,w5zel's alkaloids1 ergot99e & ecbol9e1 are inactive4 ,drag5dorff describes also 7a47 ,scl]omuc91 a slimy sub/ance :i* goes into solution ^u extraction ( ! ergot ) wat]1 & :i* is aga9 precipitat$ by #dj to #de p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,x is colloidal & soluble ) difficulty 9 wat]4 ,x conta9s nitrog51 b gives no album9oid reaction1 nor any reaction ( an alkaloidal or glucosidal body2 x yields to analysis-- #hbf p] c5t4 ,wat]4 #bfh ,a%4 #cij ,c>bon4 #fdd ,hydrog54 #fda ,nitrog54 7b47 ,scl]otic ,acid4--,a feebly-acid sub/ance1 easily soluble 9 wat] & dilute & mod]ately conc5trat$ alcohol4 ,x passes1 9 association ) o!r con/itu5ts ( ! ergot extract1 into ! diffusate1 :5 ! extract is submitt$ to dialysis2 b aft] its sep>ation 9 a pure /ate x is1 l scl]omuc91 colloidal4 ,x is precipitat$ by #he to #ij p] c5t4 alcohol1 toge!r ) lime1 pota%1 soda1 silica1 & manganese2 b aft] mac]ation ) hydro*loric acid1 ! great] "p ( ! a% con/itu5ts c be sep>at$ by a fre% precipitation ) absolute alcohol4 ,! sample gave #djj p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 #eb p] c5t4 hydrog51 #db p] c5t4 nitrog51 #ej4f p] c5t4 oxyg51 ) #cd p] c5t4 ( a%4 ,scl]otic acid =ms ) lime a comp\nd t is n decompos$ by c>bonic acid1 & :i* ^u combu/ion leaves f #ai to #bj p] c5t4 ( calcium c>bonate4 ,bo? ^! sub/ances are active1 al?\gh evid5tly impure4 ,scl]otic acid is sold 9 comm]ce1 & has be5 employ$ subcutane\sly 9 midwif]y practice 9 ,russia & ,g]many = "s "t4 ,! in]t pr9ciples ( ergot are--7#a47 ,a r$ col\r+ matt]1 ,scl]]y?r91 insoluble 9 wat]1 b soluble 9 dilute & /rong alcohol1 e!r1 *lor(orm1 dilute solutions ( pota%1 ammonia1 c4 ,x c be obta9$ by dissolv+ 9 an alkali1 neutralis+ ) an acid1 & %ak+ up ) e!r4 ,alcoholic solution ( scl]]y?r9 gives ) alum9ium sulphate1 & ) z9c *loride1 a spl5did r$ mixture2 ) salts ( calcium1 b>ium1 & _m ( ! heavy metals1 x gives a blue precipitate2 ! yield is only #a to #je 9 a ?\s& p>ts4 7#b47 ,ano!r col\r+-matt]1 dissolv+ 9 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid ) ! production ( a f9e blue violet col\r1 ! discov]] has nam$ ,scl]oid94 ,?is is n soluble 9 alcohol1 e!r1 *lor(orm1 or wat]1 b dissolves 9 alkal9e solutions1 pota% produc+ a spl5did violet col\r2 yield ab\t #a p] #ajjj4 7#c1 #d47 ,two cry/all9e sub/ances1 :i* may be obta9$ f ergot p[d]1 fir/ treat$ ) an aque\s solution ( t>t>ic acid1 & ! col\r+-matt]s extract$ by e!r4 ,"o ,drag5dorff names ,scl]ocry/all9 7,c,h,o72 x is 9 col\rless ne$les1 insoluble 9 alcohol & wat]1 ) difficulty soluble 9 e!r1 b dissolv+ 9 ammonia & pota% solutions4 ,! o!r cry/all9e sub/ance is ?\ght to be m]ely a hydrat$ comp\nd ( scl]ocry/all94 ,bo? are )\t physiological action4 ,kob]t recognises two active sub/ances 9 ergot1 & two alone2 ! "o he calls sphacelic acid1 ! o!r cornut94 #egi4 ,detection ( ,ergot 9 ,fl\r 7see 8,foods074--,! be/ process is to exhau/ ! fl\r ) boil+ alcohol4 ,! alcoholic solution is acidifi$ ) dilute sulphuric acid1 & ! col\r$ liquid exam9$ by ! spectroscope 9 ?ick] or ?9n] lay]s1 accord+ to ! dep? ( col\r4 ,a simil> alcoholic solution ( ergot %\ld be made1 & ! spectrum comp>$4 ,if ! fl\r is ergotis$1 ! solution w be m or less r$1 & %[ two absorption b&s1 "o 9 ! gre51 & a broad] & /rong] "o 9 ! blue4 ,on mix+ ! orig9al solution ) twice its volume ( wat]1 & %ak+ successive portions ( ?is liquid ) e!r1 amyl alcohol1 b5z5e1 & *lor(orm1 ! r$ col\r1 if d]iv$ f ergot1 w imp>t its col\r to ea* & all ( ^! solv5ts4 #ehj4 ,ph>maceutical ,prep>ations4--,ergot itself is (fic9al 9 all ! ph>macopias1 & occurs 9 gra9s f to #a in* 9 l5g?1 & ab\t ! same bread?1 triangul>1 curv$1 obtuse at ! ends1 ( a purple col\r1 cov]$ ) a bloom1 & brittle1 exhibit+ a p9ki% int]ior1 & ! microscopical appe>ances already detail$4 ,ergot may also occur z a br[n p[d]1 possess+ ! unmi/akable od\r ( ! drug4 ,a liquid extract ( ! ,b4,p4 is prep>$ by dige/+ #af p>ts ( ergot 9 #hj p>ts ( wat] = twelve h\rs1 ! infusion is decant$ or filt]$ (f1 & ! dige/ion repeat$ ) #dj p>ts ( wat]2 ?is is also filt]$ (f1 & ! residue press$1 & ! :ole filtrate unit$ & evaporat$ d[n to #aa p>ts2 :5 cold1 #f p>ts ( rectifi$ _s are add$1 &1 aft] /&+1 ! liquid is filt]$ & made up to measure #af4 ,a t9cture & an infusion are also (fic9al2 ! latt] is v frequ5tly us$1 b seldom sold1 = x is pref]able to prep>e x on ! spot4 ,! t9cture exp]i5ce has %[n to be f> inf]ior 9 p[] to ! extract1 & x is n mu* us$4 ,ergot9 is a purifi$ extract ( unc]ta9 /r5g?2 x is us$ = hypod]mic injection2 x %\ld be ab\t five times m active ?an ! liquid extract4 #eha4 ,dose4--,! ma9 difficulties 9 ! /atem5t ( ! m$ic9al dose1 & ( ! m9imum quantity :i* w de/roy life1 are ! extreme v>iability ( diff]5t samples ( ergot1 & its read9ess to decompose4 ,a full m$ic9al dose ( ergot itself1 z giv5 to a woman 9 lab\r1 is #d grms4 7#fag gra9s71 repeat$ e half h\r4 ,9 ?is way enorm\s doses may be giv5 9 "s cases )\t mu* effect4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s+le doses ( f #a to #d grms4 h caus$ s]i\s poison\s symptoms4 ,! extract & ! t9cture are seldom giv5 9 l>g] doses ?an t ( a dra*m z a fir/ dose1 to excite ut]9e contraction4 ,9 fact1 ! m$ical practition] has 9 _m cases to exp]im5t on 8 pati5t ) ! drug1 9 ord] to discov]1 n only ! individual susceptibility1 b ! activity ( ! p>ticul> prep>ation us$4 ,f ! exp]im5ts ( ,nikit91 x is probable t ! lea/ fatal dose ( scl]otic acid = an adult man is #bj mgrms4 p] kilogrm4 #ehb4 ,ergotism4--,ergotis$ c]eals h play$ a great "p 9 v>i\s epidemics1 probably f v e>ly times1 b ! only accurate records respect+ !m date f ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,tissot1#fjc ! fir/ record$ epidemic 0 9 #aeif1 :5 a /range1 spasmodic1 convulsive disease broke out 9 ,hessia & ! neighb\r+ regions4 ,x 0 probably due to spurr$ rye4 ,9 ,voigtlnd]1 ! same disease appe>$ 9 #afdh1 #afdi1 & #afge2 9 #agjb ! :ole ( ,freib]g 0 attack$4 ,9 ,g]many & 9 ,france successive epidemics are describ$ ?r\gh\t ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 ,france1 9 #agaj1 ,*4 ,noel1 physician at ! ,htel ,dieu1 _h no less ?an fifty cases "u treatm5t at ! same "t4 #fjc ,dr4 ,tissot 9 ,phil4 ,trans41 vol4 lv4 p4 #ajf1 #agfe4 ,?is is a ,lat9 lett] by ,dr4 ,bak]1 & gives a good hi/ory ( ! v>i\s epidemics ( ergotism4 ,x is g5]ally said t 9 #afcj1 ,?uilli]1 9 describ+ an ergot epidemic :i* broke out 9 ,cologne1 fir/ ref]r$ ! cause ( ! disease to spurr$ rye4 ,x is int]e/+ to inquire into ! mortality f ?is disease4 ,9 #aggj1 9 an epidemic describ$ by ,taube1 9 :i* #fjj 7 affect$1 #af p] c5t4 di$4 ,9 a n9ete5?-c5tury epidemic 7#ahee71 9 :i*1 accord+ to ,husemann1 #cj 7 ill1 #bcc p] c5t4 di$4 ,9 o!r epidemics1 accord+ to ,heus+]1 out ( #ajb1 #ab p] c5t4 di$2 accord+ to ,griep5k]l1 out ( #aee1 #be or #af p] c5t4 di$2 &1 accord+ to ,mey]1 ( #bhc cases1 #f p] c5t4 di$4 ,!re are two =ms ( *ronic poison+ by ergot--"o a spasmodic =m1 ! o!r ! gangr5\s =m4 #ehc4 ,! convulsive =m ( ergotism mo/ly beg9s ) "s c]ebral di/urbance4 ,!re are sp>ks be=e ! eyes1 gidd9ess1 noises 9 ! e>s1 & a creep+ feel+ ab\t ! body4 ,!re is also v commonly an/hesia ( ! f+]s & toes1 & lat] ( ! extremities1 ( ! back1 & ev5 ( ! tongue4 ,di>rha1 vomit+1 colic1 & o!r signs ( inte/9al irritation seldom fail to be pres5t2 !re are also tetanic spasms ( ! muscles1 ris+ 9 "s cases to well-m>k$ tetanus2 epilepsy1 fa9t+s1 ab]rations ( vision1 amaurosis1 & amblyopia are frequ5t2 ! sk9 becomes ( a yell[ or e>?y col\r1 & is cov]$ ) a cold sweat2 boils & o!r eruptions may break out2 blebs1 l ^? caus$ by burns or scalds1 h 9 a few cases be5 notic$4 ,dea? may occur 9 f f\r to twelve weeks aft] ! eat+ ( ! spurr$ gra9 f exhau/ion4 ,9 ^? individuals :o recov]1 !re rema9 = "s "t weakness1 contractions ( gr\ps ( muscles1 anmia1 or affections ( vision4 #ehd4 ,! ,gangr5\s ,=m ( ,ergotism4--,9 ?is =m !re is g5]ally acute pa9 9 ! limb or limbs :i* are to mortify2 & !re may be prodromata1 simil> to ^? already describ$4 ,! limb swells1 is cov]$ ) an erysipelat\s blu%1 b at ! same "t feels icy cold2 ! gangr5e is g5]ally dry1 occasionally moi/2 ! mummifi$ p>ts sep>ate f ! heal?y by a moi/1 ulc]ative process2 & 9 ?is way ! toes1 f+]s1 legs1 & ev5 ! nose1 may be lo/4 ,dur+ ! process ( sep>ation !re is "s fev]1 & pymia may occur ) a fatal result4 ,font5elle describ$ a case 9 :i* a ru/ic lo/ all ! toes ( "o foot1 !n ^? ( ! o!r2 aft] t1 ! remnant ( ! fir/ foot1 & la/ly ! leg4 ,b probably ! mo/ extraord9>y case ( gangr5e caus$ by ! use ( ergot is t :i* occurr$ at ,watti%am1 ,suffolk1 9 ! family ( a lab\r+ man nam$ ,john ,d[n+4 ,he _h a wife & six *ildr5 ( v>i\s ages1 f fifte5 ye>s to f\r mon?s4 ,on ,monday1 ,janu>y #aj1 #agfb1 ! elde/ girl compla9$ ( a pa9 9 ! calf ( h] left leg2 9 ! ev5+1 h] si/]1 ag$ #aj1 also exp]i5c$ ! same symptoms4 ,on ! foll[+ ,monday1 ! "m & ano!r *ild1 & on ,tuesday1 all ! re/ ( ! family except ! fa!r became affect$4 ,! pa9 0 v viol5t4 ,! baby at ! brea/ liv$ a few weeks1 & di$ ( mortification ( ! extremities4 ,! limbs ( ! family n[ began to sl\gh (f1 & ! foll[+ are ! notes on _! condition made by an obs]v]1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,wolla/on1 ,f4,r4,s41 on ,april #ac3-- 8,! "m1 ag$ #dj4 ,"r foot (f at ! ankle1 ! left leg mortifi$2 a m]e bone left1 b n (f4 8,elizabe?1 ag$ #ac4 ,bo? legs (f bel[ ! knees4 8,s>ah1 ag$ #aj4 ,"o foot (f at ! ankle4 8,rob]t1 ag$ #h4 ,bo? legs (f bel[ ! knees4 8,ri*>d1 ag$ #d4 ,bo? feet (f at ! ankle4 8,infant1 f\r mon?s old1 dead40 ,! fa!r 0 also attack$ a =tnight aft] ! re/ ( ! family1 & 9 a slight] degree--! pa9 be+ conf9$ to ! f+]s ( 8 "r h&1 :i* turn$ a blacki% col\r1 & 7 )]$ = "s "t1 b ultimately got bett]4 ,z a rem>kable fact1 x is specially not$ t ! family 7 9 o!r respects well4 ,!y ate he>tily1 & slept s\ndly :5 ! pa9 began to abate4 ,! "m look$ emaciat$4 8,! poor boy 9 p>ticul> look$ z heal?y & florid z possible1 & 0 sitt+ on ! b$1 q jolly1 drumm+ ) 8 /umps40 ,!y liv$ z ! c\ntry p at ! "t usually liv$1 on dri$ peas1 pickl$ pork1 bread & *eese1 milk1 & small be]4 ,dr4 ,wolla/on /rictly exam9$ ! corn ) :i* !y made ! bread1 & he f\nd x 8v bad2 x 0 :eat t _h be5 cut 9 a ra9y season1 & _h la9 9 ! gr\nd till _m ( ! gra9s 7 black & totally decay$40#fjd #fjd ,9 ! ,phil4 ,trans4 = #agfb !re are two /rictly concordant acc\nts ( ?is case2 & 9 ! p>i% *ur* ( ,watti%am1 !re is said to be a memorial tablet1 :i* runs z foll[s3--8,?is inscription s]ves to au!nticate ! tru? ( a s+ul> calamity :i* sudd5ly happ5$ to a poor family 9 ?is p>i%1 ( :i* six p]sons lo/ _! feet by a mortification n to be acc\nt$ =4 ,a full n>rative ( _! case is record$ 9 ! ,p>i% ,regi/] & ,philosophical ,transactions = #agfb40 #ehe4 ,symptoms ( ,acute ,poison+ by ,ergot4--,9 a fatal case ( poison+ by ergot ( rye1 record$ by ,dr4 ,davidson1#fje 9 :i* a hospital nurse1 ag$ #bh1 took ergot1 ! symptoms 7 ma9ly vomit+ ( blood1 ! pass+ ( bloody ur9e1 int5se jaundice1 & /upor4 ,b 9 o!r cases1 jaundice & vomit+ ( blood h n be5 record$1 & ! g5]al c\rse ( acute poison+ %[s1 on ! "o h&1 symptoms ( int5se ga/ro-inte/9al irritation1 z vomit+1 colicky pa9s1 & di>rha2 &1 on ! o!r1 ( a second>y affection ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 weakness ( ! limbs1 ab]rations ( vision1 delirium1 ret5tion ( ur9e1 coma1 & dea?4 #fje ,lancet1 ,sept4 #cj1 #ahhb4 #ehf4 ,physiological ,action z %[n by ,exp]im5ts on ,animals4--,9 spite ( num]\s exp]im5ts on animals & man1 ! action ( ! ergot pr9ciples rema9s obscure4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 m$ic9e to ex]t a specific action on ! ut]us1#fjf caus+ p[]ful contractions ( t organ1 especially 9 lab\r4 ,x is also a hmo/atic1 & is us$ to *eck ble$+ f ! lungs & o!r int]nal organs ( ! body4 ,?is hmo/atic action1 z well z ! extraord9>y prop]ty possess$ by ergot1 ( produc+ an arre/ or di/urbance ( ! circulation induc+ gangr5e has naturally l$ to ! belief t ergot causes a n>r[+ 9 ! calibre ( ! small art]ies1 b ?is has n receiv$ ! necess>y exp]im5tal sanction4 ,holmes1#fjg ,eb]ty1 ,khl]1#fjh & ,w]nick1#fji all obs]v$ a contraction 9 ! "p to :i* ! ergot 0 appli$1 bo? 9 frogs & 9 w>m-blood$ animals2 b ,l4 ,h]mann1#faj al?\gh he made _m exp]im5ts1 & us$ ! mo/ diff]5t prep>ations1 nev] succe$$ 9 obs]v+ a contraction4 ,x w\ld also seem reasonable to expect t ) a n>r[+ ( ! vessels1 :i* means a p]iph]al ob/ruction1 ! blood-pressure w\ld rise1 b on ! contr>y ! pressure s9ks1 a fact on :i* !re is no division ( op9ion4 #fjf ,9 a case 9 :i* ! au?or 0 engag$1 a dabbl] 9 drugs1 hav+ s$uc$ a "y woman1 adm9i/]$ to h] a dose ( ergot :i* produc$ a misc>riage1 & = ?is (f5ce he 0 convict$4 ,! def5ce rais$ 0 t ergot is a common m$ic9e us$ by physicians 9 ! treatm5t ( am5orrha1 & o!r ut]9e affections4 ,al?\gh 9 itself ?is /atem5t 0 p]fectly true1 z a def5ce x 0 invalidat$ by ! l>ge dose giv51 ! fact ( ! s$uction1 & ! o!r circum/ances ( ! case4 #fjg ,ar*iv d4 ,physiol4 ,norm4 u4 ,pa?ol41 iii4 p4 #chd4 #fjh ,ueb] die ,wirkung5 des ,secale ,cornutum1 ,diss]t4 ,halle1 #ahgc4 #fji ,ar*4 f4 pa?ol4 ,anat41 lvi4 p #eje4 #faj ,lehrbu* d] exp]4 ,toxicologie1 ,b]l91 #ahgd1 p4 #chf4 ,nikit9 has made "s rese>*es ) pure scl]otic acid1 :i* c]ta9ly possesses ! mo/ prom95t !rapeutic effects ( ergot2 b s9ce x is n ! only toxic sub/ance1 x may n repres5t ! collective action ( ! drug1 j 9 ! same way t morph9e is n equival5t 9 action to opium4 ,cold-blood$ animals are v s5sitive to scl]otic acid2 ( ! w>m-blood$ ! c>nivor are m s5sitive ?an ! h]bivor4 ,! toxic action is specially direct$ to ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em--) frogs1 ! reflex excitability is dim9i%$ to full p>alysis2 ) w>m-blood$ animals reflex excitability is only dim9i%$1 & cont9ues to exi/ ev5 to dea?4 ,! temp]ature falls1 ! brea?+ is sl[$1 & ! respiration /ops be=e ! he>t ceases to beat2 ! p]i/altic action ( ! inte/9es is quick5$1 & ! ut]us 7ev5 ( non-pregnant animals7 is ?r[n into contraction4 ,! t]m9ations ( ! s5sory n]ves are p>alys$ by ! direct action ( scl]otic acid1 b !y rema9 intact ) g5]al poison+4 ,! he>t ( frogs is sl[$ by scl]otic acid4 ,eb]ty obs]v$ t ?is sl[+ ( ! he>t 7he us$ ergot97 0 produc$ ev5 aft] de/ruction ( ! sp9al cord2 he !re=e consid]$ x z act+ on ! inhibitory n]ve app>atus ( ! he>t itself4 ,rossba*1 us+ ,w5zel's ecbol91 has also /udi$ its action on ! he>t ( ! frog1 & obs]v$ t ! sl[+ affect$ ! v5tricles r ?an ! auricles1 s t = "o v5tricle-sy/ole !re 7 two contractions ( ! auricles2 besides :i*1 ! contractions !mselves 7 peculi> & abnormal 9 "*4 ,! cause ( dea? f scl]otic acid seems to be p>alysis ( ! respiration4 ,x is said n to affect animal ftal life4 ,) reg>d to ! effects produc$ by fe$+ animals ) ergotis$ gra91 exp]im5ts made dur+ ! la/ c5tury h prov$ t x produces a gangr5\s disease1 e4g41 ,c4 ,sal]n mix$ "o "p ( spurr$ rye ) two ( good b>ley1 & f$ pigs ) ! mixture2 a few days aft]w>ds ! pigs p]i%$ ) dilat$1 h>d1 & black bellies1 & (f5sively ulc]at$ legs2 ano!r pig f$ entirely on ! rye1 lo/ its f\r feet & bo? e>s4 ,kob]t#faa has inve/igat$ ! effects produc$ on animals by 8sphacelic acid10 & by 8cornut940 ,sphacelic acid appe>s to cause gangr5e1 l ergot1 & ,kob]t believes t 9 8sphacelic acid0 is to be f\nd ! gangr5e-produc+ sub/ance4 ,9 cases ( dea? putrefaction is rapid1 ! muc\s membrane ( ! inte/9e is swoll51 & ! sple5 enl>g$4 ,if ! muc\s membrane ( ! inte/9e is exam9$ microscopically1 a l>ge quantity ( micro-organisms are f\nd 9 ! vessels1 9 ! villi1 betwe5 ! muscul> bundles & 9 ! deep] lay]s ( ! inte/9al walls2 ?is is evid5ce t ! protective epi!lial cells h be5 de/roy$4 ,! mes5t]y ( cats1 pigs1 & f[ls1 conta9s num]\s small extravasations ( blood4 ,! organs g5]ally1 & especially ! subcutane\s cellul> tissue1 are t+$ ) ! col\r+ matt]s ( ! bile2 ?is ,kob]t consid]s z evid5ce ( weak5$ vitality ( ! r$ blood corpuscles4 ,! walls ( ! blood-vessels %[ hyal9e deg5]ation1 & give ) iod9e a quasi-amyloid reaction4 ,! vessels are (t5 p>tly fill$ ) a hyal9e mass1 9 :i*1 at a lat] date1 a f9e black pigm5t appe>s4 ,^! pigm5t$ hyal9e masses probably occlude ! vessels1 & h5ce cause gangr5e4 #faa ,lehrbu* d] ,intoxication51 by ,dr4 ,rudolph ,kob]t1 ,/uttg>t1 #ahic4 ,cornut91 accord+ to ,kob]t1 fir/ excites ! vagus2 consequ5tly !re is sl[ pulse & height5$ blood pressure2 !n x p>alyses ! vaso-motor c5tre1 & ! pulse is accel]at$4 ,sev]e convulsions1 prec$$ by =mication1 foll[4 ,p>alysis ( ! ext5sor muscles1 ) p]man5t de=mity1 may result4 ,cornut9 /imulates ! ut]us to contraction1 b x does n act s well 9 ?is respect alone z :5 giv5 ) sphacelic acid4 ,9 animals poison$ ) cornut91 no special pa?ological *anges ( a di/9ctive nature h be5 describ$4 #ehg4 ,sep>ation ( ! ,active ,pr9ciples ( ,ergot f ,animal ,tissues4--,!re has be5 no exp]i5ce 9 ! sep>ation ( ! con/itu5ts ( ergot f ! organs ( ! body2 an attempt might be made on ! pr9ciples detail$ 9 page #dbe1 b success is d\btful4 ,,ii4--,picrotox91 ! ,active ,pr9ciple ( ! ,cocculus indicus 7,indian ,b]ry1 ,levant ,nut74 #ehh4 ,! b]ries ( ! ,m5isp]mum cocculus comprise at lea/ ?ree def9ite cry/all9e pr9ciples3 m5isp]m9e1#fab p>am5isp]m9e 7nitrog5 conta9+ bases71 & picrotox91 :i* possesses "s ( ! *>act]s ( an acid4 #fab ,m5isp]m9e 7,c,h,n,o871 discov]$ 9 #ahcd by ,pelleti] & ,c\rbe1 is associat$ ) a second nam$ p>am5isp]m9e4 ,! p[d]$ b]ries are extract$ by alcohol ( #cf2 ! picrotox9 remov$ by hot wat] f ! alcoholic extract2 ! m5isp]m9e & p>am5isp]m9e dissolv$ out toge!r by acidulat$ wat]1 & f ?is solution precipitat$ by ammonia4 ,! br[n precipitate is dissolv$ by acetic acid1 filt]$1 & aga9 precipitat$ by ammonia4 ,?is precipitate is dri$1 treat$ ) cold alcohol1 to sep>ate a yell[ res9\s sub/ance1 & la/ly ) e!r1 :i* dissolves out ! m5isp]m9e1 b leaves ! p>am5isp]m9e4 ,m5isp]m9e =ms :ite semi-transp>5t1 f\r-sid$1 truncat$ prisms1 melt+ at #abj1 decompos$ at a high] temp]ature1 insoluble 9 wat]1 b dissolv+ 9 w>m alcohol & e!r4 ,comb9$ ) #h atoms ( wat] x cry/allises 9 ne$les & prisms4 ,! cry/als are )\t any ta/e2 9 comb9ation ) acids1 salts may be =m$4 ,p>am5isp]m9e =ms f\r-sid$ prisms1 or radiat+ cry/all9e masses1 melt+ at #bej1 & sublim+ undecompos$4 ,! cry/als are soluble 9 absolute e!r1 insoluble 9 wat]1 & sc>cely soluble 9 e!r4 ,p>am5isp]m9e dissolves 9 acids1 b app>5tly )\t =m+ def9ite salts4 #ehi4 ,picrotox9 7,c,h,o7 0 discov]$ 9 #ahbj by ,b\llay4 ,x is usually prep>$ by extract+ ! b]ries ) boil+ alcohol1 di/ill+ ! alcohol (f1 boil+ ! alcoholic residue ) a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 purify+ ! wat]y extract ) sug> ( lead1 conc5trat+ ! col\rless filtrate by evaporation1 & cry/allis+ ! picrotox9 out ( wat]4 ,picrotox9 cry/allises out ( wat]1 & also out ( alcohol1 9 col\rless1 flexible1 f\r-sid$ prisms1 (t5 arboresc5t1 & possess+ a silky lu/re4 ,!y are unalt]able 9 ! air1 soluble 9 #aej p>ts ( cold1 & #be p>ts ( boil+ wat]1 dissolv+ easily 9 acidifi$ wat]1 9 _s1 9 e!r1 9 amyl alcohol1 & *lor(orm4 ,!y are )\t smell1 b h an extremely bitt] ta/e4 ,cau/ic ammonia is also a solv5t4 ,! cry/als are neutral 9 reaction4 ,!y melt at #aib-bjj ,c4 to a yell[ mass2 at high] temp]atures giv+ (f an acid vap\r1 ) a c>amel-l od\r1 & la/ly c>bonis+4 ,picrotox9 9 cold conc5trat$ sulphuric acid dissolves ) ! production ( a beautiful gold-yell[ to saffron-yell[ col\r1 :i* becomes on ! addition ( a trace ( potassic bi*romate1 violet pass+ into br[n4 ,an alcoholic solution turns a ray ( pol>is$ light to ! left ,d -#bha4 ,picrotox9 behaves t[>ds /rong bases l a weak acid4 ,its comp\nds ) ! alkalies & alkal9e e>?s are gummy & n easily obta9$ pure4 ,comp\nds ) qu99e1 c9*on9e1 morph9e1 /ry*n9e1 & bruc9e c be obta9$ 9 ! cry/all9e condition4 ,dilute sulphuric acid trans=ms x1 ) assimilation ( wat]1 into a weak gummy-l acid1 :i* corresponds to ! =mula ,c,h,o4 ,nitric acid oxidises x to oxalic acid4 ,nitropicrotox9 & bromopicrotox91 ,c,h7,,no7,o1 & ,c,h,br,o1 c by appropriate treatm5t be obta9$4 ,conc5trat$ aque\s solutions ( alkalies & ammonia decompose picrotox9 fully on w>m+4 ,x r$uces alkal9e copp] solution1 & col\rs bi*romate ( pota% a beautiful gre54 ,! be/ te/ = its pres5ce is1 h[ev]1 z foll[s3--,! suppos$ picrotox9 is c>efully dri$1 & mix$ ) ?rice its bulk ( saltpetre1 ! mixture moi/5$ ) sulphuric acid1 & !n decompos$ ) soda-lye 9 excess1 :5 !re is produc$ a transitory brick-r$ col\r4 ,= ! reaction to succe$1 ! picrotox9 %\ld be tol]ably pure4 ,solutions ( picrotox9 are n precipitat$ by ! *lorides ( plat9um1 m]cury1 & gold1 iodide ( potassium1 f]ro- & f]ri-cyanides ( potassium1 nor by picric nor tannic acids4 #eij4 ,fatal ,dose4--,vossl] kill$ a cat 9 two h\rs ) a dose ( #ab grm4 7#ah gra972 & ano!r cat1 ) ! same dose1 di$ 9 #de m9utes4 ,falck de/roy$ a "y h\nd ) #jf grm4 7#ib gra97 9 #bd to #bf m9utes4 ,giv5 by subcutane\s or intrav5\s injection1 x is1 z might be expect$1 /ill m le?al & rapid 9 its effects4 ,9 an exp]im5t ( ,falck's1 #jc grm4 7#df gra971 inject$ into a ve91 de/roy$ a /rong h\nd )9 #bj m9utes2 #jaf grm4 7#bd gra97 inject$ "u ! sk91 kill$ a gu9ea-pig 9 #bb m9utes2 & #jab grm4 7#ah gra97 a h>e 9 #dj m9utes4 ,h5ce x may be inf]r$ t f #b to #c gra9s 7#abi to #aid c5tigrms47 w\ld 9 all probability1 be a dang]\s dose = an adult p]son4 #eia4 ,effects on ,animals4--,! toxic action ( picrotox9 on fi% & frogs has be5 propos$ z a te/4 ,! symptoms obs]v$ 9 fi% are ma9ly z foll[s3--,! fi%1 accord+ to ! dose1 %[ unc]ta9 motions ( ! body1 lose _! balance1 & f9ally float to ! surface1 ly+ on "o side1 ) frequ5t op5+ ( ! m\? & gill-cov]s4 ,^! symptoms are1 h[ev]1 9 no way di/+ui%able f ^? induc$ by any poison\s sub/ance 9 ! wat]1 or by _m diseases to :i* fi% are liable4 ,nev]!less1 x may be conc$$ t 9 c]ta9 cases ! te/ may be valuable--if1 e4g41 be] be ! matt] ( rese>*1 none ( ! me?ods us$ = ! extraction ( picrotox9 w be likely to extract any o!r sub/ance hav+ ! poison\s action describ$ on fi%1 s t1 z a confirmatory te/1 ?is may be ( use4 ,frogs1 "u ! influ5ce ( picrotox91 become fir/ uneasy & re/less1 & !n some:at somnol5t2 b aft] a %ort "t tetanic convulsions set 91 :i* might lead ! inexp]i5c$ to imag9e t ! animal 0 poison$ by /ry*n9e4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o m>k$ di/9ction betwe5 ! two--viz41 t 9 picrotox9 poison+ an extraord9>y swell+ ( ! abdom5 has be5 obs]v$1 a symptom :i*1 s f> z kn[n1 is due to picrotox9 alone4 ,! frog is1 !re=e1 9 ?is in/ance1 ! mo/ suitable object = physiological te/s4 ,be] extract conta9+ picrotox9 is fatal to flies2 b no def9ite conclusion c be drawn f ?is1 s9ce _m bitt] pr9ciples 7notably quassia7 are 9 a simil> mann] fatal to insect life4 #eib4 ,effects on ,man4--,only two fatal cases ( poison+ by picrotox9 are on record4 ,9 #ahbi sev]al m5 suff]$ f dr9k+ rum :i* _h be5 impregnat$ ) ,cocculus indicus2 "o di$1 ! re/ recov]$4 ,9 ! second case1 a boy1 ag$ #ab1 swall[$ "s ( a composition :i* 0 us$ = poison+ fi%1 ! active pr9ciple ( :i* 0 ,cocculus indicus2 9 a few m9utes ! boy exp]i5c$ a burn+ ta/e1 he _h pa9s 9 ! gullet & /oma*1 ) frequ5t vomit+1 & di>rha4 ,a viol5t attack ( ga/ro-ent]itis sup]v5$1 ) fev] & delirium2 he di$ on ! n9ete5? day4 ,! po/-mortem signs 7 ^? usual 9 p]itonitis3 ! /oma* 0 discol\r$1 & its coats ?9n] & s(t] ?an 0 natural2 !re 7 also o!r *anges1 b x is obvi\s t1 z ! dea? took place s long aft] ! ev5t1 any pa?ological signs f\nd are sc>cely a guide = future cases4 #eic4 ,physiological ,action4--,! convulsions are consid]$ to arise f an excitation ( ! m$ulla oblongata2 ! vagus c5tre is /imulat$1 & causes spasm ( ! glottis & sl[+ ( ! he>t's action dur+ ! attack4 ,rhrig also saw /rong contraction ( ! ut]us produc$ by picrotox94 ,accord+ to ! rese>*es ( ,cri*ton ,br[ne1 *loral hydrate acts 9 antagonism to picrotox91 & prev5ts ! convulsions 9 animals if ! dose ( picrotox9 is n too l>ge4 #eid4 ,sep>ation f ,organic ,matt]s4--,picrotox9 is extract$ f aque\s acid solutions by ei!r *lor(orm1 amyl alcohol1 or e!r2 ! fir/ is ! mo/ conv5i5t4 ,b5z5e does n extract x1 if employ$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,on evaporation ( ! solv5t ! crude picrotox9 c be cry/allis$ out ( wat]1 & its prop]ties exam9$4 ,r4 ,palm#fac has tak5 advantage ( ! fact t picrotox9 =ms a /able comp\nd ) fre%ly precipitat$ lead hydroxide1 by apply+ ?is prop]ty z foll[s3--! solution suppos$ to conta9 picrotox9 is evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! extract !n tak5 up 9 a v little wat]1 acidifi$ & %ak5 out ) e!r4 ,! e!r is evaporat$1 ! e!real extract dissolv$ 9 a little wat]1 ! aque\s solution filt]$ ?r\gh animal *>coal1 & precipitat$ by means ( lead acetate1 avoid+ excess4 ,! solution is filt]$ & %ak5 ) fre%ly prep>$ lead hydroxide4 ,! lead hydroxide is dri$ & te/$ direct = picrotox92 if x does conta9 picrotox9 !n on add+ to x conc5trat$ ,h,,s a beautiful saffron yell[ is produc$ z bright z if ! sub/ance 0 pure picrotox94 #fac ,j4 ,ph>m41 7#e71 xvii4 #ai-bj4 ,,iii4--,! ,poison ( ,illicium ,religiosum--,a ,japanese ,plant4 #eie4 ,a new poison belong+ to ! picrotox9 class has be5 describ$ by ,dr4 ,a4 ,langa>d4 ,9 #ahhj1 #e *ildr5 9 ,japan 7 poison$ by ! se$s ( ! ,illicium religiosum2 #c ( ! *ildr5 di$4 ,dr4 ,langa>d !n made v>i\s exp]im5ts on animals ) an active extract prep>$ by exhau/ion ) _s1 & ultimate solution ( ! extract 9 wat]4 ,eykmann has also imp]fectly exam9$ ! *emi/ry ( ! plant1 & has succe$$ 9 isolat+ a cry/all9e body :i* is n a glucoside2 x is soluble 9 hot wat]1 9 *lor(orm1 e!r1 alcohol1 & acetic acid1 b x is insoluble 9 petroleum e!r2 x melts at #age1 & above t temp]ature gives an oily sublimate4 ,langa>d's conclusions are t all p>ts ( ! plant are poison\s4 ,! poison produces excitation ( ! c5tral app>atus ( ! m$ulla oblongata & clonic convulsions analog\s to ^? produc$ by picrotox91 toxires91 & cicutox94 ,be=e ! occurr5ce ( convulsions1 ! reflex excitability ( frogs is dim9i%$1 ! respiratory c5tre is /imulat$1 h5ce frequ5cy ( ! respiration4 ,small doses cause sl[+ ( ! pulse ?r\gh /imulation ( ! vagus & ( ! p]iph]al t]m9ations ( ! vagus2 9 ! he>t ! functional activity is lat] dim9i%$4 ,small doses kill by p>alys+ ! respiratory c5tre1 l>ge by he>t p>alysis4 ,! prop] treatm5t seems to be by *loral hydrate1 = :5 animals are poison$ by small le?al doses x appe>s to save life1 al?\gh :5 ! dose is l>ge x has no effect4--,ueb] die ,giftwirkung von ,japanis*em ,/]nanis 7,illicium religiosum1 ,sieb471 ,vir*4 ,ar*iv1 ,bd4 lxxxvi41 #ahha1 ,s4 #bbb4 ,,iv4--,picric ,acid & ,picrates4 #eif4 ,picric ,acid1 ,,oh _/ ,c,h,n,o1 or ,c,h 7,,no7 is tr9itroph5ol2 x =ms a numb] ( salts1 all ( :i* are m or less poison\s4 ,picric acid is mu* us$ 9 ! arts1 especially z a dye4 ,! pure sub/ance is 9 ! =m ( pale yell[ cry/als1 n v soluble 9 cold wat]1 b readily soluble 9 hot wat]1 & readily soluble 9 b5z5e1 e!r1 & petroleum e!r4 ,! solution is yell[1 ta/es bitt]1 & dyes animal fibres1 su* z wool2 b x c be wa%$ out ( plant fibres su* z cotton4 #eig4 ,effects ( ,picric ,acid4--,picric acid & its salts h a t5d5cy to decompose ! elem5ts ( ! blood1 & to produce me?moglob92 picric acid is also an excitor ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 produc+ convulsions4 ,to ^! two effects mu/ be add$ a ?ird2 9 acid solution x has a /rong aff9ity = album91 s t if x meets ) an acid tissue x comb9es ) ! tissue1 & 9 ?is way local necroses are set up4 ,! action on album9 is some:at weak5$ by ! r$uction 9 ! body ( "p ( ! picric acid to picram9ic acid ,c,h7,,no7,,nh,,oh1 a sub/ance t does n s readily =m comp\nds ) album9\s matt]s4 ,doses ( #je to #ji grm4 7ab\t #h to #ad gra9s7 may be tak5 sev]al days 9 succession )\t m>k$ symptoms4 ,ultimately1 h[ev]1 :at is kn[n z 8picric jaundice0 appe>s1 ! conjunctiva & ! :ole sk9 be+ /a9$ m or less yell[4 ,! ur9e1 at fir/ ( a d>k yell[1 is lat] ( a r$ br[n col\r4 ,dyspepsia1 ) flatul5ce & an incl9ation to di>rha h be5 notic$4 ,a s+le dose ( a gramme 7#aed gra9s7 caus$ 9 a case describ$ by ,adl]#fad pa9 9 ! /oma*1 heada*e1 weakness1 di>rha1 vomit+ ( yell[ matt]s1 quick5+ & aft]w>ds sl[+ ( ! pulse2 ! sk9 0 ( a br[n yell[ col\r1 & !re 7 n]v\s symptoms4 ,! ur9e 0 ruby r$4 ,9 bo? fces & ur9e picric acid c\ld be recognis$4 ,! excretion ( picric acid cont9u$ = six days4 ,a microscopical exam9ation ( ! blood %[$ a dim9ution ( ! r$ blood corpuscles1 an increase 9 ! :ite4 ,*ron#fae has describ$ a case 9 :i* ! application ( #jde grm4 7#fi gra9s7 to ! vag9a produc$ yell[ness ( ! sk9 9 an h\r1 & ! ur9e 0 also col\r$ r$4 ,ery!ma1 somnol5ce1 burn+ & sm>t+ 9 ! /oma* & 9 ! kidneys 7 also notic$4 #fad ,wi5]4 m$4 ,wo*41 #ahhj1 #hai4 #fae ,j4 ,*ron1 ,j\rn4 de ,?r41 #ahhj1 #aba4 #eih4 ,te/s4--,picric acid is easily sep>at$ f ei!r tissues or o!r organic matt]s4 ,^! are acidifi$ ) sulphuric acid & !n treat$ ) #ie p] c5t4 alcohol2 ! alcohol is filt]$ (f1 di/ill$1 & ! residue treat$ ) e!r2 ?is la/ e!real extract w conta9 any picric acid t may be pres5t4 ,if ! e!r extract conta9s mu* impurity1 x may be necess>y to drive (f ! e!r1 & to take up ! residue ) a little w>m wat]1 !n to cool1 filt] ?r\gh a moi/5$ filt] pap]1 & te/ ! aque\s solution4 ,picric acid1 w>m$ ) ,,kcn & ,,kho gives a blood-r$ col\r1 f ! production ( iso-purpurate ( pota%4 ,ammoniacal copp] sulphate =ms ) picric acid yell[-gre5 cry/als :i* /rongly refract ! light4 ,if a solution ( picric acid be r$uc$ by ! addition ( a hydro*loric acid solution ( /ann\s *loride1 ! subsequ5t addition ( f]ric *loride produces a blue col\r1 due to ! =mation ( amidoimidoph5ol hydro*loride ,c,h,,oh7,,nh77,,nh7,h,cl4 ,v4--,cicutox94 #eii4 ,! ,cicuta virosa1 a n v common umbellif]\s plant gr[+ 9 moi/ places1 is extremely poison\s4 ,x is f #c to #d feet 9 height1 ) :ite fl[]s2 ! umbels are l>ge1 ! leaves are trip>tite1 ! leaflets l9e> lanceolate acute1 s]rate decurr5t2 ! calyx has five leaf-l tee?1 ! petals are obcordate ) an inflex po9t2 ! c>pels h five equal broad flatt5$ ridges ) solit>y /ripes4 ,bhm#faf succe$$1 9 #ahgf1 9 sep>at+ an active pr9ciple f ?is plant4 ,! root 0 dri$1 p[d]$1 & exhau/$ ) e!r2 on evaporation ( ! e!r ! extract 0 tak5 up ) alcohol1 & aft] sev]al days /&+ ! filtrate 0 treat$ ) petroleum e!r2 aft] remov+ ! petroleum1 ! solution 0 evaporat$ to dryness 9 a vacuum2 x 0 f\nd to be a res9\s mass1 to :i* 0 giv5 ! "n cicutox94 ,x 0 fully soluble 9 alcohol1 e!r1 or *lor(orm1 & 0 v poison\s1 b :at its exact *emical nature may be is /ill unkn[n4 #faf ,ar*4 f4 exp4 ,pa?41 ,bd4 v41 #ahgf4 #fjj4 ,effects on ,animals4--,subcutane\sly inject$ into frogs1 cicutox9 acts some?+ l picrotox91 & some?+ l ! b>ium comp\nds4 ,t5 to fifte5 m9utes aft] ! injection ! animal assumes a peculi> po/ure1 hold+ ! legs s t ! ?igh is /ret*$ out f> f ! trunk1 & ! leg at "r angles ) ! ?igh2 volunt>y motion is only induc$ by ! /ronge/ /imuli1 & :5 ! frog spr+s1 he falls d[n plump ) /iffly /ret*$-out limbs4 ,! frequ5cy ( brea?+ is increas$1 ! muscles ( ! abdom5 are ?r[n into contraction1 & ! lungs be+ full ( air1 on me*anical irritation !re is a peculi> l\d cry1 dep5d+ ^u ! air be+ =c$ "u ! conditions detail$ ?r\gh ! n>r[ glottis4 ,tetanic convulsions foll[1 gradually p>esis ( ! extremities appe>s1 &1 la/ly1 full p>alysis & dea?2 ^! symptoms are se5 aft] doses ( f #a to #b mgrms4 ,! le?al dose = cats is ab\t #a c5tigrm4 p] kilo4 ,di>rha1 salivation1 & frequ5t brea?+ are fir/ se51 & are foll[$ by tonic & clonic convulsions1 !n !re is an int]val1 dur+ :i* !re is height5$ excitability ( reflex action1 s t noises w excite convulsions4 ,small doses by excit+ ! vagus sl[ ! pulse2 l>g] doses quick5 ! pulse1 & raise ! art]ial pressure4 ,cicutox9 is suppos$ to act specially on ! m$ulla oblongata1 :ile ! sp9al cord & ! bra9 are only second>ily affect$4 #fja4 ,effects on ,man4--,f4 ,a4 ,falck 0 able to collect ?irty-"o cases ( poison+ by cicuta2 ( ^! #ad or #deb p] c5t4 di$4 ,! symptoms are n dissimil> to ^? describ$ 9 animals4 ,!re are pa9 & burn+ 9 ! /oma*1 nausea1 vomit+1 heada*e1 & !n tetanic convulsions4 ,^!1 9 "s cases1 are v sev]e1 & resemble ^? induc$ by /ry*n9e2 b 9 a few cases !re is e>ly coma )\t convulsions4 ,!re is also difficulty or absolute impossibility ( swall[+4 ,9 fatal cases ! respiration becomes /]tor\s1 ! pulse small1 ! pupils dilat$1 & ! face cyanotic1 & dea? occurs )9 "s f\r h\rs1 & 9 a few cases lat]4 ,! fatal dose is unkn[n4 #fjb4 ,sep>ation ( ,cicutox9 f ! ,body4--,an attempt might be made to extract cicutox9 f ! tissues on ! same pr9ciples z ^? by :i* x has be5 sep>at$ f ! plant1 & id5tifi$ by physiological exp]im5ts4 ,9 all record$ cases1 id5tification has be5 nei!r by *emical nor physiological aids1 b by ! recognition ( portions ( ! plant4 ,,vi4--?usa ,cynapium 7,fool's ,p>sley74 #fjc4 ,?is plant has long be5 consid]$ poison\s1 & a numb] ( cases are on record 9 :i* x is alleg$ t dea? or illness result$ f its use4 ,dr4 ,john ,h>ley1#fag h[ev]1 9 an elaborate pap]1 has satisfactorily prov$ ! innoc5ce ( ?is plant1 & has analys$ ! cases on record4 ,he has exp]im5t$ on himself1 on animals1 & on m51 ) ! express$ juice & ) ! t9cture4 ,! results 7 entirely negative3 "s ( ! publi%$ cases he ref]s to conium1 & o!rs to aconite4 #fag ,/4 ,?omas' ,hospital ,reports1 ,n4,s41 #ahge4 ,,vii4--nan! ,crocata4 #fjd4 ,! ,wat] ,hemlock4#fah--,?is1 a poison\s umbellif]\s plant1 indig5\s to ,engl&1 & gr[+ 9 moi/ places su* z dit*es1 c41 is 9 fl[] 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/4 ,x resembles some:at cel]y1 & ! root is some?+ l ! p>snip1 = :i* x has be5 eat54 ,all p>ts ( ! plant are said to be poison\s1 b ! leaves & /alks only slightly s1 :ile ! root is v deadly4 ,we un=tunately "k no?+ :atev] ab\t ! active pr9ciples ( ! plant1 its *emi/ry has yet to be work$ out4 ,m4 ,t\lm\*e 7,gaz4 ,md41 #ahdf7 has record$1 z ! exp]t employ$ 9 ! case1 an attempt to murd] by us+ ! nan! z a poison2 a woman scrap$ ! root into h] husb&'s s\p ) evil int5t1 b ! ta/e 0 unpleasant1 & l$ to ! detection ( ! crime4 ,! root has be5 mi/ak5 sev]al times = p>snip & o!r edible roots1 & has ?us l$ to poison+s4 ,! case ( #cf soldi]s poison$ 9 ?is way1 9 #ageh1 has be5 record$ by ,orfila2 !re 0 "o dea?4 ,9 #ahjc ?ree soldi]s 7 poison$ at ,bre/--#a di$4 ,9 ,woolwi* ,bossey witness$ ! poison+ ( #ba convicts :o ate ! roots & leaves ( ! plant--#f di$4 ,9 #aheh !re 7 sev]al sailors poison$ 9 a simil> way--#b di$2 :ile !re h be5 num]\s cases 9 :i* ! plant has be5 p>tak5 ( by *ildr54 #fah ,! e>lie/ treatise on poison+ by ! wat]-hemlock is by ,wepf]4 ,cicut ,aquat4 ,hi/oria et ,nox1 #afgi2 = cases see ,trojan[sky1 ,dorp4 m$4 ,ztg41 #ahge2 ,mey]1 ,m$4 ,zeitg4 f4 ,preuss51 #ahdb2 ,s*lesi] 9 ,casp]'s ,wo*5s*rift1 #ahdc2 ,maly1 /]4 m$ ,wo*5s*r41 #ahdd2 ,badgeley1 ,montreal m$4 ,gaz41 #ahdd2 ,l5d]1 ,vi]telj4 f4 g]4 ,m$41 #ahfe2 ,gampf1 ,cln4 ,ph>m4 ,zeitg41 #ahge2 & ! treatises ( ,taylor & o!rs4 #fje4 ,! effects ( ! poison may be ga!r$ f a case ( poison+#fai :i* occurr$ 9 #ahhb at ,plym\?2 a ,greek sailor1 ag$ ?irty1 f\nd on ! coa/ :at he consid]$ 8wild cel]y10 & ate "p ( ! root & "s ( ! /em4 ,two h\rs aft] ?is he ate a good meal & felt p]fectly well1 b fifte5 m9utes lat] he sudd5ly & viol5tly vomit$2 ! :ole cont5ts ( ! /oma* 7 completely evacuat$4 ,9 five m9utes he 0 completely unconsci\s1 & _h muscul> twit*+s ab\t ! limbs & face4 ,!re 0 a copi\s fl[ ( a ?ick t5aci\s mucus f ! m\? :i* hung ab\t ! lips & clo?+ 9 viscid /r+s4 ,tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] ! poison+ he 0 admitt$ into ! ,s\? ,devon ,hospital app>5tly semi-comatose2 8 legs dragg$1 & he _h only feeble control ( !m2 ! extremities 7 cold1 b !re 0 g5]al free sweat+4 ,he c\ld be r\s$ only ) difficulty4 ,!re 7 no spasms1 ! pupils 7 dilat$ & sluggi%1 ! respiration only #ad p] m9ute4 ,twelve h\rs aft] admission he became w>m]1 & p]spir$ freely2 he slept cont9u\sly1 b c\ld easily be r\s$4 ,on ! foll[+ day he 0 q consci\s1 & made a good recov]y4 ,two companions :o _h also eat5 a small] quantity ( ! hemlock dropwort1 escap$ ) "s numb+ s5sations1 & imp]fect control ov] ! extremities4 ,9 ! ,woolwi* cases ! symptoms seem to h be5 some?+ simil>2 9 ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 "o man1 )\t any app>5t w>n+1 fell d[n 9 /rong convulsions1 :i* soon ceas$1 al?\gh he look$ wild2 a little :ile aft]w>ds 8 face became bloat$ & livid1 8 brea?+ /]tor\s & convulsive1 & he di$ 9 five m9utes aft] ! fir/ symptoms _h set 94 ,a second di$ ) simil> symptoms 9 a qu>t] ( an h\r2 a ?ird di$ 9 ab\t an h\r1 a f\r? 9 a little m ?an an h\r2 two o!r cases also prov$ fatal1 "o 9 n9e days1 ! o!r 9 elev54 ,9 ! two la/ cases !re 7 signs ( inte/9al irritation4 ,! majority ( ! o!rs fell d[n 9 a /ate ( ins5sibility ) convulsions1 ! aft]-symptoms be+ m or less irritation ( ! inte/9al canal4 #fai ,lancet1 ,dec4 #ah1 #ahhb4 #fjf4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,x 0 notic$ 9 ! ,woolwi* cases t ^? :o di$ quickly _h conge/ion ( ! c]ebral vessels1 &1 9 "o in/ance1 !re 0 ev5 extravasation ( blood1 b ! man :o di$ fir/ ( all _h no conge/ion ( ! c]ebral vessels4 ,! l9+ membrane ( ! w9d-pipe & air tubes 0 int5sely inject$ ) blood1 & ! lungs 7 gorg$ ) fluid blood2 ! blood 9 ! he>t 0 black & fluid4 ,! /oma* & inte/9es 7 ext]nally ( a p9k col\r4 ,! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* 0 mu* corrugat$1 & ! follicles p>ticul>ly enl>g$4 ,9 ! two protract$ cases ! /oma* 0 n r$d5$ int]nally1 b ! vessels ( ! bra9 7 conge/$4 ,,viii4--,oil ( ,sav94 #fjg4 ,! leaves ( ! ,sab9a communis 7,junip]us ,sab9a71 or common sav91 an ev]gre5 %rub to be f\nd 9 _m g>d5s1 conta9s a volatile oil1 :i* has highly irritant prop]ties4 ,sav9 leaves are occasionally us$ 9 m$ic9e1 maximum dose #a grm4 7#aed gra9s74 ,!re is also a t9cture--maximum dose #c c4c4 7ab\t #de m9s47--& an o9tm5t made by mix+ eight p>ts ( sav9 tops ) ?ree ( yell[ wax & sixte5 p>ts ( l>d1 melt+ & dige/+ = tw5ty m9utes1 & !n /ra9+ ?r\gh calico4 ,! oil1 a t9cture1 & an o9tm5t1 are (fic9al ph>maceutical prep>ations4 ,! oil ( sav9 is conta9$ to ! ext5t ( ab\t #b p] c5t4 9 ! leaves & #aj p] c5t4 9 ! fruit4 ,x has a peculi> od\r1 its specific gravity is #hi to #id1 & x boils at #aee to #afj4 ,an infusion ( sav9 leaves 7! leaves be+ drunk ) ! liquid7 is a popul> & v dang]\s abortive4 ,x is /at$ by ,taylor t oil ( sav9 has no abortive effect1 save t :i* is to be attribut$ to its g5]al effect ^u ! sy/em1 b ?is is errone\s4 ,rhrig f\nd t1 :5 adm9i/]$ to rabbits1 x _h a v evid5t effect ^u ! pregnant ut]us1 ?r[+ x into a tetanic contraction4 ,! action 0 evid5t aft] de/ruction ( ! sp9al cord4 ,! plant causes great irritation & inflammation1 :e!r appli$ to ! sk9 or tak5 int]nally4 ,! symptoms are excruciat+ pa91 vomit+1 & di>rha1 & ! p]son dies 9 a k9d ( collapse4 ,9 a case 9 :i* ! au?or 0 engag$ "s ye>s ago1 a woman1 pregnant by a m>ri$ man1 took an unkn[n quantity ( infusion ( sav9 tops4 ,%e 0 viol5tly sick1 suff]$ great pa91 ) di>rha1 & di$ 9 ab\t #bf h\rs4 ,! ph>ynx 0 mu* r$d5$1 & ! gullet ev5 conge/$2 ! /oma* 0 inflam$1 & conta9$ "s gre5i% matt]1 9 :i* ! au?or 0 able to detect sav9 tops1 z well z to sep>ate by di/illation a few drops ( a /rong sav9-l smell+ oil4 ,! "t :i* w\ld elapse betwe5 ! swall[+ ( ! poison & ! comm5cem5t ( ! pa9 0 an important factor 9 ?is case1 = ! man 0 accus$ ( hav+ suppli$ h] ) ! infusion4 ,f ! r$ness ( ! ph>ynx1 &1 g5]ally1 ! rapid irritation caus$ by e!real oils1 ! au?or 0 ( op9ion t b a few m9utes mu/ h pass$ betwe5 ! tak+ ( ! liquid & ! s5sation ( consid]able burn+ pa91 al?\gh x is laid d[n 9 "s works1 z = example ,falck's ,toxicologie1 t commonly ! symptoms d n comm5ce = sev]al h\rs4 ,symptoms :i* h be5 notic$ 9 _m cases are--"s consid]able irritation ( ! ur9>y organs1 su* z /rangury1 bloody ur9e1 c42 9 a few cases vomit+ ( blood1 9 o!rs an/hesia1 convulsions1 & coma4 ,dea? may occur )9 #ab h\rs1 or may be po/pon$ = two or ?ree days4 #fjh4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,m or less inflammation ( ! b[els1 /oma*1 & inte/9al tract1 ) consid]able conge/ion ( ! kidneys1 are ! signs usually f\nd4 #fji4 ,sep>ation ( ! ,poison & ,id5tification4--,hi!rto reliance has be5 plac$ entirely on ! f9d+ ( ! sav9 tops1 or on ! od\r ( ! oil4 ,!re is no reliable *emical te/4 ,,ix4--,croton ,oil4 #faj4 ,croton oil is an oil express$ f ! se$s ( ,croton tiglium1 a plant belong+ to ! natural ord] ,euphorbiace1 gr[+ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,! se$s are oval 9 %ape1 n unlike ca/or-oil se$s1 & ab\t ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,bo? ! se$s & ! oil are v poison\s4 ,! *emical composition ( croton oil c sc>cely be consid]$ adequately settl$4 ,! mo/ rec5t view1 h[ev]1 seems to be t x conta9s a fix$ oil 7,c,h,o7 ) c]ta9 glyc]ides4#fbj ,on saponify+ & decompos+ ! soap a s]ies ( volatile fatty acids c be di/ill$ ov]1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* are me?yl crotonic acid1 ) small quantities ( =mic1 acetic1 iso-butyric1 val]ic1 & p]haps propionic1 & o!r acids4#fba ,! peculi> prop]ties ( croton are due r to ! fix$ oil ?an to ! volatile pr9ciples4 ,! only (fic9al prep>ation 9 ! ,briti% ph>macopia is a 8croton oil l9im5t10 conta9+ "o "p ( croton oil to sev5 ( equal p>ts ( oil ( cajuput & rectifi$ _s4 #fbj ,g4 ,s*midt1 ,ar*4 ,ph>m4 #c #ac1 #bac-bbi4 ,s*lippe1 ,liebig's ,annal51 #aje1 #a4 ,geu!r & ,frhli*1 ,zeits*rift f4 ,*em41 #ahgj1 #bf & #edi2 ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,society1 ,m>* #ahgi1 p4 #bba4 #fba ,b5$ikt has f\nd #jee p] c5t4 ( unsaponifiable matt] 9 croton oil4 ,lewk[its* gives ! iod9e value #ajag to #ajdg1 & solidify+ po9t z #ahf-aij4 7,*eml4 ,analysis ( ! ,oils1 ,fats1 & ,waxes1 by ,r4 ,b5$ikt1 translat$ & enl>g$ by ,j4 ,lewk[its*1 ,london1 #ahie47 #faa4 ,dose4--,! oil is giv5 m$ic9ally z a p[]ful purgative 9 doses up to #fe mgrms4 7ab\t a gra974 ,x is us$ ext]nally z an irritant or vesicant to ! sk94 ,a v dang]\s dose w\ld be f fifte5 to tw5ty times ! m$ic9al dose4 ,effects4--,num]\s cases ( poison+ f l>ge doses ( croton oil are record$ 9 m$ical lit]ature1 b ! suff]]s h mo/ly recov]$4 ,! symptoms are pa91 & excessive purg+ & vomit+4 ,9 ! case ( a *emi/1#fbb :o took half an ounce ( impure croton oil in/ead ( cod-liv] oil1 ! purg+ 0 v viol5t1 & he _h m ?an a hundr$ /ools 9 a few h\rs2 !re 0 a burn+ pa9 9 ! gullet & /oma*1 ! sk9 0 cyanos$1 ! pupils dilat$1 & great fa9tness & weakness 7 felt1 yet ! man recov]$4 ,a *ild1 ag$ f\r1 recov]$ f a teaspoonful ( ! oil giv5 by mi/ake directly aft] a full meal ( bread & milk4 ,9 five m9utes !re 7 vomit+ & viol5t purg+1 b ! *ild 0 well 9 two days4 ,a dea? occurr$ 9 ,p>is1 9 #ahci1 9 f\r h\rs aft] tak+ two & a half dra*ms ( ! oil4 ,! symptoms ( ! suff]]1 a man1 7 ^? j detail$1 namely1 burn+ pa9 9 ! /oma*1 vomit+1 & purg+4 ,s+ul>ly en\gh1 no m>k$ *ange 0 notic$ 9 ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* :5 exam9$ aft] dea?4 ,an ag$ woman di$ 9 #c days f a teaspoonful ( croton-oil embrocation2 9 ?is case !re 7 convulsions4 #fbb ,revue de ,?rapeut41 ,may #ahha4 ,9 ! case ( ,reg4 v4 ,massey & ,f]raud1#fbc ! prison]s 7 *>g$ ) caus+ ! dea? ( a man1 by poison+ 8 food ) jalap & six drops ( croton oil4 ,! victim1 ) o!rs :o _h p>tak5 ( ! food1 suff]$ f vomit+ & purg+2 he became bett]1 b 0 subsequ5tly affect$ ) inflammation & ulc]ation ( ! b[els1 ( :i* he di$4 ,9 ?is case x 0 n cle> :e!r ! inflammation _h any?+ to d ) ! jalap & croton oil or n1 & ! prison]s 7 acquitt$4 ,9 a crim9al case 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a man1 addict$ to dr9k1 0 giv51 :5 intoxicat$1 #b dra*ms ( croton oil 9 a glass ( :isky4 ,he vomit$1 b 0 n purg$1 & 9 ab\t twelve h\rs 0 f\nd dead4 ,! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* & small inte/9es prov$ to be mu* inflam$1 & 9 "s p>ts erod$1 & croton oil 0 sep>at$ f ! /oma*4 #fbc ,orfila1 t4 i4 p4 #ajh4 #fab4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,inflammation ( ! /oma* & inte/9es are ! signs usually f\nd 9 man & animals4 #fac4 ,*emical ,analysis4--,! oil may be sep>at$ f ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* by e!r4 ,aft] evaporation ( ! e!r1 ! bli/]+ or irritant prop]ties ( ! oil %\ld be essay$ by plac+ a droplet on ! inside ( ! arm4 ,x4--,! ,toxalbum9s ( ,ca/or-,oil ,se$s & ( ,abrus4 #fad4 ,! ,toxalbum9 ( ,ca/or-,oil ,se$s4--,9 ca/or-oil se$s1 besides ! well-kn[n purgative oil1 !re exi/s an album9\s body int5sely poison\s1 :i* has be5 c>efully inve/igat$ by ,/illm>k1#fbd "u ! direction ( ,kob]t4#fbe ,inject$ into ! circulation x is m poison\s ?an /ry*n9e1 prussic acid1 or ars5ic2 & s9ce ! press$ se$s are )\t ta/e or smell1 ?is poison has peculi> dang]s ( its own4 #fbd ,h4 ,/illm>k1 ,dorp4 ,arb41 ,bd4 iii41 #ahhi4 #fbe ,kob]t's ,lehrbu*1 #dec-def4 ,x is ess5tially a blood poison1 coagulat+ ! blood4 ,! blood1 if c>efully fre$ f all fibr91 is yet aga9 br\ght to coagulation by a small am\nt ( ?is body4 ,if ca/or-oil se$s are eat51 a portion ( ! poison is de/roy$ by ! dige/ive processes2 a "p is n ?us de/roy$1 b is absorb$1 & produces 9 ! blood-vessels its coagulat+ prop]ty4 ,:]e ?is takes place1 ulc]s naturally =m1 because isolat$ small areas are depriv$ ( _! blood supply4 ,^! areas ?us becom+ dead1 may be dige/$ by ! ga/ric or inte/9al fluids1 & ?us1 weeks aft]1 dea? may be produc$4 ,! symptoms not$ are nausea1 vomit+1 colic1 di>rha1 t5esmus1 ?ir/1 hot sk91 frequ5t pulse1 sweats1 heada*e1 jaundice1 & dea? 9 convulsions or f exhau/ion4 ,animals may be made immune by fe$+ !m c>efully ) small doses1 gradually increas$4 ,! po/-mortem appe>ances are ulc]ation 9 ! /oma* & inte/9es4 ,9 animals ! appe>ances ( hmorrhagic ga/ro-ent]itis1 ) diffuse nephritis1 hmorrhages 9 ! mes5t]y & s =? h be5 f\nd4 #fae4 ,toxalbum9 ( ,abrus4--,a toxalbum9 is f\nd 9 ! ,abrus precatorius 7,jequirity7 :i* causes q simil> effects & symptoms4 ,t x is n id5tical is prov$ by ! fact t1 ?\gh animals may become immune by repeat$ doses ( ,jequirity aga9/ 8,abr910 ! simil> sub/ance f ca/or-oil se$s only conf]s immunity aga9/ ! toxalbum9 ( ^? se$s1 & n aga9/ abr92 & simil>ly abr9 conf]s no immunity aga9/ ! ca/or album94 ,ei!r ( ^! sub/ances appli$ to ! conjunctiva produces coagulation 9 ! vessels & a second>y inflammation1 to :i* 9 ! case ( jequirity has be5 giv5 ! "n ( 8jequirity-oph?almia40#fbf #fbf ,he9r4 ,hell91 ,d] giftige ,eiweisskorp]-,abr9 u4 se9e ,wirkung auf das ,blut4 ,inaug4-,diss41 ,dorpat41 #ahia4 ,! g5]al effect ( ^! sub/ances1 &1 above all1 ! curi\s fact t a p]son may acquire by use a c]ta9 immunity f o!rwise fatal doses is s simil> to poison\s products evolv$ 9 ! sy/em ( p]sons suff]+ f infecti\s fev]s1 t !y h excit$ ( late ye>s mu* int]e/1 & a /udy ( _! me?ods ( action w ?r[ light ^u _m diseas$ processes4 ,at pres5t !re are no *emical means ( detect+ ! pres5ce ( ! toxalbum9s m5tion$4 ,%\ld !y be ev] us$ = crim9al purposes1 o!r evid5ce w h to be obta9$4 ,,xi4--,ictrog54 #faf4 ,ictrog54--,v>i\s lup9s1 e4g41 ,lup9us luteus1 ,l4 angu/ifolius1 ,l4 !rmis1 ,l4 l9ifolius1 ,l4 hirsutus1 conta9 a sub/ance ( :i* no?+ *emically is kn[n1 save t x may be extract$ by weakly alkal9e wat]1 & :i* has be5 nam$ 8ictrog502 ?is mu/ n be confus$ ) ! alkaloid ( lup9s nam$ 8lup99e10 a bitt] ta/+ sub/ance4 ,9 l>ge doses a n]ve poison4 ,ictrog5 has ! unusual prop]ty ( act+ mu* l phosphorus4 ,x causes yell[ atrophy ( ! liv]1 & produces ! foll[+ symptoms3--,int5se jaundice2 at fir/ enl>gem5t ( ! liv]1 aft]w>ds contraction2 somnol5ce1 fev]1 p>alysis4 ,! ur9e conta9s album5 & ! con/itu5ts ( ! bile4 ,aft] dea? !re is f\nd to be p>5*ymat\s deg5]ation ( ! he>t1 kidneys1 muscles1 & liv]4 ,if ! animal has suff]$ = "s "t ! liv] may be cirrhotic4 ,hi!rto ! cases ( poison+ h be5 conf9$ to animals4 ,_m ?\s&s ( %eep & a few horses & de] h1 accord+ to ,kob]t1 di$ 9 ,g]many f eat+ lup9 se$s4 ,fur!r in=mation ^u ! active pr9ciples ( lup9s may be obta9$ by ref]r+ to ! foll[+ treatises3--,g4 ,s*neidemuhl1 ,die lup95 ,krankheit d] ,s*afe2 ,vortrge f4 ,?i]rzte4 ,s]4 #f1 ,heft4 #d1 ,leipzig1 #ahhc4 ,c4 ,arnold & ,g4 ,s*neidemuhl1 ,vi]t] ,beitrag zur ,kl>/ellung d] ,ursa*e u4 des ,wes5s d] ,lup9ose1 ,luneburg1 #ahhc2 ,julius ,lw5?al1 ,ueb] die physiol4 u4 toxicol4 ,wirkung5 d] ,lup95alkaloide1 ,inaug4-,diss41 ,knigsb]g1 #ahhh4 ,,xii4--,cotton ,se$s4 #fag4 ,cotton se$s1 us$ z an adult]ant to l9se$ cake1 c41 h caus$ ! dea? ( %eep & calves4 ,cotton se$s conta9 a poison ( :i* no?+ is *emically kn[n1 save t x is poison\s4 ,x produces anmia & ca*exia 9 animals :5 giv5 9 small repeat$ doses4 ,aft] dea? ! *anges are1 "u ^! circum/ances1 conf9$ to ! kidney2 ^! organs %[+ all ! signs ( nephritis4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! animal has eat5 a l>ge quantity ( cotton se$s1 !n !re is ga/ro-ent]itis1 z well z inflammation ( ! kidneys4 ,,xiii4--,la?yrus ,sativus4 #fah4 ,v>i\s species ( vet*l+s1 su* z ,l4 sativus1 ,l4 cic]a1 ,l4 clym5um1 are poison\s1 & h caus$ an epidemic malady 9 p>ts ( ,spa91 ,africa1 ,france1 & ,italy1 among p :o h eat5 ! se$s4 ,! symptoms are ma9ly ref]able to ! n]v\s sy/em1 caus+ a transv]se myelitis & p>aplegia4 ,9 ?is c\ntry x is *iefly kn[n z a poison\s food = horses2 ! la/ in/ance ( horse-poison+ by la?yrus 0 t ( horses belong+ to ! ,bri/ol ,tramways & ,c>riage ,company4#fbg ,! company b\ght "s ,indian peas2 ^! peas 7 f\nd aft]w>ds to consi/ ma9ly ( ! se$s ( ,la?yrus sativus1 = out ( #cce peas no few] ?an #cbe 7 ! se$s ( ,la?yrus4 ,! new peas 7 sub/itut$ = ! beans ! horses _h be5 hav+ previ\sly on ! #bnd ,novemb]1 & ! horses ate !m up to ! #bnd ,decemb]4 ,soon aft] ! new food _h be5 giv51 ! horses began to /umble & fall ab\t1 n only :5 at "w1 b also 9 _! /alls2 to ^! symptoms succe$$ a p>alysis ( ! l>ynx2 ?is p>alysis 0 9 "s cases accompani$ by a curi\s weird scream+1 :i* once hav+ be5 he>d c\ld nev] be =gott52 !re 0 also gasp+ = brea? & symptoms ( imp5d+ suffocation4 ,a few ( ! horses 7 sav$ by tra*eotomy4 ,"s di$ ( suffocation2 "o horse beat its bra9s out 9 its /ruggles = brea?2 #abg horses 7 affect$2 #ab di$4 #fbg ,bri/ol ,tramways & ,c>riage ,company v4 ,we/on ,co41 ,times1 ,july #ag1 #ahid4 ,! above tra9 ( symptoms has also be5 record$ 9 simil> cases2 add$ to :i* p>alysis ( ! l[] extremities is frequ5t4 ,aft] dea? atrophy ( ! l>yngeal muscles1 wa/+ ( ! n]vus recurr5s1 & atrophy ( ! ganglion cells ( ! vagus nucleus z also ( ! multipol> ganglion cells 9 ! ant]ior horns ( ! sp9al cord h be5 f\nd4 ,! active pr9ciple ( ! se$s has n be5 satisfactorily isolat$4 ,! symptoms sugge/ ! action ( a toxalbum94 ,teilleux f\nd a res9 acid2 ,l\is ,a/i] a volatile alkaloid1 & he expla9s ! fact t ! se$s1 aft] be+ heat$1 are no long] poison\s by ! dissipation ( ?is alkaloid4 ,,xiv4--,arum--,bryony--,locu/ ,tree--,male ,f]n4 #fai4 ,arum maculatum1 ! common cuckoo-p9t1 fl[]+ 9 ,april & ,may1 & frequ5t 9 ! h$ges ( ?is c\ntry1 is extremely poison\s4 ,bright r$ succul5t attractive b]ries are se5 on a s+le /alk1 ! re/ ( ! plant hav+ rott$ away1 & ^! b]ries are frequ5tly ga!r$ by *ildr5 & eat54 ,! poison belongs to ! class ( acrid irritants1 b its real nature rema9s = inve/igation4 ,"s ( ! species ( ! same natural ord] gr[+ 9 ! tropics are f> m int5sely poison\s4 #fbj4 ,! ,black ,bryony4--,tamus communis1 ! black bryony1 a common plant by ! wayside1 fl[]+ 9 ,may & ,june1 possesses poison\s b]ries1 :i* h be5 kn[n to produce dea?1 ) symptoms ( ga/ro-ent]itis4 ,9 small] doses ! b]ries are /at$ to produce p>alysis ( ! l[] extremities4#fbh #fbh ,contagne1 ,lyon m$41 xlvi41 #ahhd1 #bci4 #fba4 ,! ,locu/ ,tree4--,! ,rob9ia pseudo-acacia1 a papilionace\s tree1 conta9s a poison 9 ! leaves & 9 ! b>k4 ,r4 ,coltmann #fbi has record$ a case 9 ,*9a ( a woman1 tw5ty-f\r ye>s ( age1 :o1 at a "t ( fam9e1 driv5 by hung]1 ate ! leaves ( ?is tree4 ,%e became ill )9 =ty-eight h\rs1 ) high fev]2 ! tongue swell$ & !re 0 mu* erysipelat\s-l infiltration ( ! tissues ( ! m\?2 lat] ! :ole body became swoll54 ,!re 0 con/ipation & s mu* dema ( ! eyelids t ! eyeballs 7 no long] visible4 ,recov]y took place )\t special treatm5t4 ,p[] & ,cambi]#fcj h sep>at$ f ! b>k an albumose1 :i* is int5sely poison\s1 & is probably ! cause ( ! symptoms detail$4 #fbi ,m$ical & ,surgical ,report]1 lxi41 #ahhi4 #fcj ,ph>m4 ,j\rn41 #ahij1 #gaa4 #fbb4 ,male ,f]n4--,an e!real extract ( ,aspidium ,filix mas is us$ z a rem$y aga9/ tape worm4 ,p\llson#fca has collect$ up to ! ye> #ahia sixte5 cases ( poison+ by male f]n2 f :i* x w\ld appe> t #g to #aj grms4 7#ajc to #aed gra9s7 ( ! extract may be fatal to a *ild1 & #de grms4 7r m ?an #a oz47 to an adult4 ,! active pr9ciple seems to be filicic acid & ! e!real oil4 ,filicic acid1 "u ! influ5ce ( saponify+ ag5cies1 breaks up into butyric acid & phlorogluc94 #fca ,ar*4 exp4 ,p41 ,bd4 #bi4 ,! symptoms produc$ are pa91 heav9ess ( ! limbs1 fa9tness1 somnol5ce1 dilatation ( ! pupil1 album9uria1 convulsions1 lock-jaw1 & collapse4 ,9 animals !re h also be5 notic$ salivation1 amaurosis1 un/eady gait1 dragg+ ( ! h9d legs1 dyspna1 & p>alysis ( ! brea?+ c5tres4 ,! po/-mortem appe>ances :i* h be5 f\nd are z foll[s3--,r$ness & swell+ ) hmorrhagic spots ( ! muc\s membranes ( ! /oma* & inte/9es2 acute dema ( ! bra9 & sp9al cord ) pete*ia 9 ! m5+es2 ! kidneys inflam$1 ! liv] & sple5 conge/$1 & ! lungs demat\s4 ,!re is no *>act]i/ic reaction = male f]n2 ! rese>* mo/ likely to be successful is to attempt to sep>ate f an e!real extract filicic acid1 & to decompose x into butyric acid & phlorogluc92 ! latt] t+es r$ a p9e spl9t] moi/5$ ) hydro*loric acid4 ,,"p ,,vii4--,,poisons ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,liv+ ,,or ,,dead ,,animal ,,sub/ances4 ,,division ,i4--,,poisons ,,secret$ ,,by ,,liv+ ,,animals4 ,i4--,poison\s ,amphibia4 #fbc4 ,! gl&s ( ! sk9 ( c]ta9 amphibia possess a secretion t is poison\s2 ! animal is unable to empty ! poison gl&s by any volunt>y act1 b ! secretion c readily be obta9$ by pressure4 ,zalesky f\nd ! juice 9 ! sk9 gl&s ( ! ,salam&ra maculosa1 milky1 alkal9e 9 reaction1 & bitt] 9 ta/e4 ,he isolat$ f x an organic base1 :i* he nam$ ,salam&r9e 7,c,h,n,o71 x is soluble 9 wat] & 9 alcohol1 & =ms salts4 ,salam&r9e is a /rong poison2 inject$ subcutane\sly into rabbits x causes %iv]+1 epilepti=m convulsions1 & salivation2 !n tetanus1 foll[$ by oppress$ respiration1 dilat$ pupils1 & an/hesia4 ,dea? occurs aft] a k9d ( p>alytic /ate4 ,:5 giv5 to dogs1 x causes vomit+4 ,9 frogs1 tetanus occurs fir/ & !n p>alysis--! result ( all ! exp]im5ts be+ t salam&r9e acts on ! bra9 & sp9al cord1 leav+ ! he>t & muscul> sub/ance unaffect$4 ,a simil> secretion obta9$ f ! wat] salam&] 7,triton cri/atus71 causes1 accord+ to ,vulpian1 ! dea? ( dogs 9 f ?ree to eighte5 h\rs2 ! symptoms be+ progressive weakness1 sl[+ ( ! respiration1 & depression ( ! he>t's action4 #fbd4 ,! secretion ( ! sk9 ( ! common toad conta9s me?ylc>bylam9ic acid1 c>bylam9e1 &1 accord+ to ,=n>a1 an alkaloid :i* is soluble 9 alcohol1 & to :i* ! "n ( phryn9e has be5 appli$2 its action is toxic on all animals exp]im5t$ ^u1 save toads4 ,adm9i/]$ subcutane\sly to frogs1 x has a digitalis-l action1 caus+ rapid p>alysis ( ! he>t1 & ! brea?+ soon aft] ceases2 ! muscles become e>ly rigid4 ,,ii4--,! ,poison ( ! ,scorpion4 #fbe4 ,!re are sev]al species ( scorpions4 ,! small ,european v>iety 7,scorpio europu7 is f\nd 9 ,italy1 ! s\? ( ,france1 & ! ,tyrol2 ! ,african scorpion 7,bo?us af]1 ,l471 :i* atta9s ! l5g? ( #af cm41 is f\nd 9 ,africa & ! ,ea/ ,indies2 ,&roctonus bicolor 9 ,egypt2 & ! ,&roctonus occitanus 9 ,spa91 ,italy1 ,greece1 & ,nor? ,africa4 ,9 ! la/ jo9t ( ! tail ! scorpion is provid$ ) a poison\s app>atus1 consi/+ ( two oval gl&s1 ! canal ( :i* leads into a r\nd bladd]1 & ?is la/ is connect$ ) a /+4 ,:5 ! /+ is ins]t$1 ! bladd] contracts1 & expels ! poison ?r\gh ! holl[ /+ into ! w\nd4 ,! small] k9ds ( scorpion /+ ) z little g5]al effect z a hornet1 b ! l>ge scorpion ( ,africa is capable ( produc+ dea?4 ,!re is fir/ irritation ab\t ! w\nd1 & an erysipelat\s inflammation1 :i* may lead to gangr5e4 ,vomit+ & di>rha !n set 91 ) g5]al weakness & a fev]1 :i* may la/ f "o to "o & a half days2 9 ! m s]i\s cases !re are fa9t+1 delirium1 coma1 convulsions1 & dea?4 ,accord+ to ,g4 ,san>elli#fcb ! blood corpuscles ( birds1 fi%es1 frogs1 & salam&]s are dissolv$ by ! poison2 only ! nucleus rema9+ intact2 ! blood corpuscles ( w>m-blood$ animals are n affect$4 #fcb ,g4 ,san>elli1 ,bollet4 della ,soc4 della sez4 dei cult4 delle ,sci5ze m$41 v41 #ahhh1 #bjb4 ,val5t9 made "s exp]im5ts on frogs ) ! ,&roctonus occitanus4 ,he f\nd t soon aft] ! /+ ! animal rema9s quiet1 b on irritation x moves1 & is ?r[n into a transitory convulsion2 to ?is foll[ twit*+s ( s+le muscul> bundles4 ,! frog is progressively p>alys$1 & ! reflex irritability is gradually ext+ui%$ f beh9d =w>ds2 at fir/ ! muscles may be excit$ by electrical /imuli to ! n]ves1 b lat] !y are only capable ( contraction by direct /imuli4 ,,iii4--,poison\s ,fi%4 #fbf4 ,a l>ge numb] ( fi% possess poison\s prop]ties2 9 "s cases ! poison is local2 9 o!rs ! poison is 9 all p>ts ( ! body4 ,_m fi% are provid$ ) poison gl&s 9 connection ) ! f9s or special weapons1 & su* are us$ = purposes ( def5ce2 = example1 ,synanceia bra*io is provid$ ) a back f9 consi/+ ( #ac sp9es1 ea* ( :i* has two poison res]voirs2 ! res]voirs are connect$ ) #aj to #ab tubul> gl&s :i* secrete ! poison1 a cle> feebly acid blui% fluid1 excit+ 9 a conc5trat$ condition1 local gangr5e2 9 a dilut$ "o1 p>alysis ( ! n]v\s c5tres4 ,ano!r k9d ( localisation is ! localisation 9 c]ta9 ( ! int]nal organs4 ,remy /ates1 t !re are twelve v>ieties ( ,tetrodon 9 ,japanese wat]s1 all ( :i* are poison\s4 ,m4 ,m9ra & ,k4 ,takesaki#fcc f9d t ! poison ( ! ,tetrodon is conf9$ to ! sexual organs ( ! female1 & at ! "t ( activity ( ^! gl&s1 ! poison\s prop]ties are mo/ int5se2 b1 ev5 9 w9t]1 :5 ! gl&s are atrophi$1 ,remy f\nd ! gl&s 7 s poison\s t he c\ld prep>e f !m a fluid1 :i*1 adm9i/]$ subcutane\sly1 kill$ dogs )9 two h\rs4 ,! symptoms 9 ! dog are re/lessness1 salivation1 vomit+ ( slimy masses1 dilatation ( ! pupil1 p>alysis & great dyspna4 ,dea? occurs by ! lung4 ,aft] dea? ! appe>ances are simil> to ^? f asphyxia2 9 addition to :i* !re are small ec*ymoses 9 ! /oma* & inte/9es2 ! saliv>y gl&s & pancreas are also inject$4 ,! symptoms obs]v$ 9 man are simil>1 !re is heada*e1 dilat$ pupils1 vomit+1 sometimes hmatamesis1 convulsions1 p>alysis1 dyspna & dea?4 #fcc ,vir*['s ,ar*iv1 #ahij1 ,bd4 #abb4 ,"s fi%es are poison\s on acc\nt ( ! food !y live ^u2 ! ,meletta v55osa is only poison\s :5 x fe$s ^u a c]ta9 gre5 monad2 ,clupea ?rissa1 ,c4 v55osa & c]ta9 species ( ,sc>us1 nei!r possess poison gl&s nor poison\s ov>ies2 b also d]ive _! poison\s prop]ties f _! food4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies x is well-kn[n t fi% caught (f c]ta9 coral banks are un:olesome1 :ile ! same species caught else:]e may be eat5 ) safety4 ,a good _m %ell-fi%1 especially mussels1 occasionally cause int5se poison\s symptoms2 ^? usually notic$ are high fev]1 nettle ra%1 dilat$ pupils1 & di>rha4 ,x may be t 9 ^! cases a ptoma9e1 ! product ( bact]ial action1 has be5 +e/$4 ,to ! ag5cy ( bact]ia has be5 ascrib$ illness produc$ 9 ,russia by a good _m fi% ( ! /urgeon species4 ,! symptoms are ^? ( c]ebro-sp9al p>alysis4 ,! 8,ic?yismus ga/ricus0 ( ,g]many may belong to ! same type4 ,pro*or[#fcd has describ$ illness f +e/ion ( ,petromyzon fluviatilis 9 ,russia4 ,:e!r ! fi% 0 eat5 raw or cook$1 ! effect 0 ! same1 produc+ a viol5t di>rha1 dys5t]ic 9 "*4 ,ev5 ! bro? 9 :i* ! fi% _h be5 boil$ produc$ symptoms4 ,fre% blood ( ! eel is /at$ to be int5sely poison\s2 ?is prop]ty is app>5tly due to a toxalbum92 ,p5nav>ia#fce relates ! case ( a man :o took1 9 #bjj c4c4 ( w9e1 #jfd kilo4 ( fre% eel blood & suff]$ f di>rha ) symptoms ( collapse4 #fcd ,ph>mac4 ,ztg41 #ahhe4 #fce ,il ,f>maci/a ,italiano1 xii41 #ahhh4 ,9 ! ,l9nean ,transactions = ,novemb]1 #ahfj1 is record$ a fatal accid5t1 :i* took place on bo>d ! ,dut* %ip 8,po/illion0 at ,simon's ,bay1 ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,! boatswa9 & purs]'s /ew>d p>took ( ! liv] ( ! toad or ball-bladd] 7,diodon72 )9 tw5ty m9utes ! /ew>d di$2 9 t5 m9utes ! boatswa9 0 viol5tly ill2 ! face flu%$1 ! eyes gli/5+1 & ! pupils contract$2 !re 0 cyanosis ( ! face1 ! pulse 0 weak & int]mitt5t1 & swall[+ 0 difficult1 ! brea?+ became emb>rass$1 & ! body g5]ally p>alys$4 ,dea? took place 9 sev5te5 m9utes4 ,! liv] ( "o fi% only is said to h be5 eat54 ,?is might weigh #d dra*ms4 ,if ! acc\nt giv5 is lit]ally correct1 ! int5sity ( ! poison equals t ( any kn[n sub/ance4 ,! poison\s nature ( ! goby has also l$ to sev]al accid5ts1 & we possess a few exp]im5ts made by ,dr4 ,collas1#fcf :o f$ *ick5s ) diff]5t p>ts ( ! fi%1 & prov$ t all p>ts 7 alike poison\s4 ,! effects 7 sl[ 9 develop+2 !y comm5c$ 9 ab\t an h\r or an h\r & a half1 & 7 well develop$ 9 five h\rs1 ma9ly consi/+ ( progressive muscul> weakness & pro/ration4 ,dea? occurr$ )\t convulsions4 #fcf ,soc4 ,sci4 ,rev41 ,july #ai1 #ahfb2 ,brit4 & ,=4 ,m$4 ,*ir4 ,rev41 ,oct4 #ahfb1 p4 #ecf4 ,,iv4--,poison\s ,spid]s & ,o!r ,insects4 #fbg4 ,x is probable t all spid]s are poison\s2 ! only species1 h[ev]1 ( :i* we h any def9ite in=mation relative to _! poison\s prop]ties1 are ,lycosa t>antula & ! ,latrodectus malmignatus1 to :i* may be add$ ! ,new ,zeal& katipo4 ,^! spid]s possess a poison\s gl& connect$ ) _! ma/icatory app>atus1 :i* secretes a cle>1 oily1 bitt] acid-react+ fluid2 ! acidity seems due to =mic acid4 ,zangrilli has obs]v$ sev]al cases ( t>antula bite2 soon aft] ! occurr5ce ! "p bitt5 is an/hetic1 aft] a few h\rs !re are convulsive %iv]+s ( ! legs1 cramps ( ! muscles1 inability to /&1 spasm ( ! ph>yngeal muscles1 quick5+ ( ! pulse1 & a ?ree days' fev]1 ) vomit+ ( yell[1 bili\s matt]2 recov]y foll[s aft] copi\s p]spiration4 ,9 "o case !re 0 tetanus1 & dea? on ! f\r? day4 ,! extraord9>y effects attribut$ to ! bite ( ! t>antula1 call$ t>antism 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 are well detail$ by ,heck]2#fcg ?is excitem5t 0 p>tly hy/]ical & p>tly deliri\s1 & has n be5 obs]v$ 9 mod]n times4 #fcg 8,! ,epidemics ( ! ,middle ,ages10 by ,j4 ,f4 ,c4 ,heck]1 translat$ by ,b4 ,g4 ,bab+ton1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 7,! ,danc+ ,mania1 *ap1 ii41 c47 ,dax has describ$ ! effects ( ! bite ( ! ,l4 malmignatus2 x occasion$ heada*e1 muscul> weakness1 pa9 9 ! back1 cramps1 & dyspna2 ! symptoms disappe>$ aft] sev]al days4 #fbh4 ,! katipo is a small poison\s spid] conf9$ to ,new ,zeal&4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,wright has record$ ! case ( a p]son :o1 9 #ahfe1 0 bitt5 by ?is spid] on ! %\ld]4 ,! "p rapidly became swoll51 & look$ l a l>ge nettle-ra% :eal2 9 an h\r ! pati5t c\ld h>dly walk1 ! respiration & circulation 7 bo? affect$1 & !re 0 great muscul> pro/ration2 b he recov]$ 9 a few h\rs4 ,9 o!r cases1 if ! acc\nts giv5 are to be reli$ ^u1 ! bite ( ! spid] has produc$ a *ronic illness1 accompani$ by wa/+ ( ! body1 foll[$ by dea? aft] p]iods v>y+ f six weeks to ?ree mon?s4#fch #fch ,transac4 ( ! ,new ,zeal& ,in/41 vol4 ii41 #ahfi2 ,brit4 & ,=4 ,m$4 ,*ir4 ,review1 ,july #ahga1 p4 #bcj4 #fbi4 ,ants4--,! v>i\s species ( ants possess at ! tail special gl&s :i* secrete =mic acid4 ,c]ta9 exotic species ( ants are provid$ ) a /+1 b ! common ant ( ?is c\ntry has no special pi]c+ app>atus4 ,! insect bites1 & !n squirts ! irritat+ secretion into ! w\nd1 caus+ local symptoms ( swell+ & inflammation4 #fcj4 ,wasps1 c4--,wasps1 bees1 & hornets all possess a poison-bag & /+4 ,! fluid secret$ is z cle> z wat]1 & ( an acid reaction2 x c]ta9ly conta9s =mic acid1 ) "s o!r poison\s con/itu5t4 ,an erysipelat\s inflammation g5]ally arises r\nd ! /+1 & 9 ^? cases 9 :i* p]sons h be5 attack$ by a sw>m ( bees1 signs ( g5]al poison+1 su* z vomit+1 fa9t+1 delirium1 & /upor1 h be5 notic$4 ,dea? has occasionally result$4 #fca4 ,can?>ides4--,comm]cial can?>ides is ei!r ! dri$ entire1 or ! dri$ & p[d]$ bli/]-beetle1 or ,spani% fly 7,can?>is vesicatoria74 ,! mo/ common appe>ance is t ( a greyi%-br[n p[d]1 conta9+ %9+ gre5 p>ticles1 f :i* can?>id9 is readily extract$ by exhau/+ ) *lor(orm1 driv+ (f ! *lor(orm by di/illation or evaporation1 & subsequ5tly treat+ ! extract ) bisulphide ( c>bon1 :i* dissolves ! fatty matt]s only4 ,f9ally1 ! can?>id9 may be recry/allis$ f *lor(orm1 ! yield be+ #chj to #egj p] c5t4 ,f]r] f\nd 9 ! w+s & _! cases1 #jhb p] c5t42 9 ! head & ant5n1 #jhh2 9 ! legs1 #jia2 9 ! ?orax & abdom51 #bdj2 9 ! :ole insect1 #bgh p] c5t4 ,wolff f\nd 9 ! ,lytta asp]a1 #hae p] c5t42 ,f]r] 9 ,mylabris ci*orei1 #a p] c5t42 9 ,m4 punctum1 #aic2 & 9 ,m4 pu/ulata1 #cc p] c5t4 ( can?>id94 #fcb4 ,can?>id9 7,c,h,o7 has two cry/all9e =ms--7#a7 ,"r-angl$ f\r-sid$ columns ) f\r surfaces1 ea* surface be+ beset ) ne$les2 & 7#b7 flat tables4 ,x is ! anhydride ( a ketone acid 7can?>idic acid71 ,c,h,o-,,co-,,cooh4 ,x is soluble 9 alkal9e liquids1 & c be recov]$ f !m by acidify+ & %ak+ up ) e!r1 *lor(orm1 or b5z5e2 x is almo/ completely insoluble 9 wat]4 #ajj p>ts ( alcohol 7#ii p] c5t47 dissolve at #ah #jabe "p2 #ajj ( bisulphide ( c>bon1 at ! same temp]ature1 #jjf "p2 e!r1 #aa "p2 *lor(orm1 #ab "p2 & b5z5e1 #b "p4 ,can?>id9 c be completely sublim$1 if plac$ 9 ! sublim+ cell 7describ$ at p4 #beh71 float+ on m]cury2 a scanty sublimate ( cry/als may be obta9$ at s l[ a temp]ature z #hbe2 at #he1 & above1 ! sublimation is rapid4 ,if ! can?>id9 is sudd5ly heat$1 x melts2 b ?is is n ! case if ! temp]ature is rais$ gradually4 ,! tube melt+-po9t is z high z #bah4 ,potassic *romate ) sulphuric acid decomposes can?>id9 ) ! production ( ! gre5 oxide ( *romium4 ,an alkal9e solution ( p]manganate1 iodic acid1 & sodium amalgam1 are all )\t influ5ce on an alcoholic solution ( can?>id94 ,) bases1 can?>id9 =ms cry/allisable salts1 &1 speak+ g5]ally1 if ! base is soluble 9 wat]1 ! 8can?>idate0 is also soluble2 ! lime & magnesic salts dissolve readily4 ,f ! soda or pota% salt1 m9]al acid w precipitate cry/als ( can?>id92 on heat+ ) p5tasulphide ( phosphorus1 o-xylol is produc$4 #fcc4 ,ph>maceutical ,prep>ations ( ,can?>ides4--,! ,p4,b4 prep>ations ( can?>ides are--,acetum can?>ides1 or v9eg> ( can?>ides1 conta9+ ab\t #jd p] c5t4 ( can?>id94 ,t9cture ( can?>ides1 conta9+ ab\t #jje p] c5t4 ( can?>id94 ,a solution ( can?>ides = bli/]+ purposes1 ,liquor epispa/icus1 a /rong solution ( ! active pr9ciple 9 e!r & acetic acid1 conta9+ ab\t #af p] c5t4 ( can?>id94 ,!re are also--,an o9tm5t2 a bli/]+ pap]1 ,*>ta epispa/ica2 a bli/]+ pla/]1 ,empla/rum can?>ides2 & a w>m pla/]1 ,empla/rum calefaci5s4 #fcd4 ,fatal ,dose4--,x is difficult to /ate ! fatal dose ( can?>id91 ! unassay$ p[d] or t9cture hav+ mo/ly be5 tak54 ,a "y woman di$ f #afb grm4 7#be gra9s7 ( ! p[d]1 :i* is p]haps equival5t to #fd mgrms4 7#a gra97 ( can?>id91 :il/ ! smalle/ dose ( ! t9cture kn[n to h be5 fatal is 7accord+ to ,taylor7 an ounce4 ,?is w\ld be g5]ally equival5t to #ae mgrms4 7#bd gra974 ,h5ce ! fatal dose ( can?>id9 may be approximately /at$ z f #f mgrms4 upw>ds4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 recov]y has tak5 place f v l>ge doses4 #fce4 ,effects on ,animals4--,c]ta9 animals d n appe> susceptible to ! action ( can?>id94 ,= example1 h$gehogs & swall[s are said to be able to take x ) impunity4 ,radecki#fci f\nd t can?>id9 might ev5 be inject$ into ! blood ( f[ls )\t any injury1 & frogs also seem to enjoy ! same impunity2 :ile dogs1 cats1 & o!r animals are s5sitive to ! poison4 ,galippe asc]ta9$ t aft] ! injection ( #e mgrms4 into ! ve9s ( a dog1 !re 0 exaltation ( ! sexual desire2 ! pupils quickly dilat$1 ! dog s\ght a d>k place1 & became sleepy4 ,animals :5 poison$ die 9 asphyxia f p>alysis ( ! respiratory c5tre4 ,s*a*[a#fdj made "s obs]vations on ! effect ( can?>ides on ! r5al excretion ( a dog f$ daily ) #a grm4 9 p[d]4 ,on ! ?ird day1 pus corpuscles 7 notic$2 on ! fif?1 bact]ia2 on ! ?irte5?1 ! ur9e conta9$ a l>ge quantity ( fatty matt]s1 & sev]al ca/s2 & on ! sev5te5?1 r$ %rivell$ blood corpuscles 7 obs]v$4 #fci ,die ,can?>id9 ,v]gift41 ,diss41 ,dorpat1 #ahjf4 #fdj ,unt]s4 b] die ,ni]51 ,diss41 ,b]n1 #ahgg2 ,cornil1 ,gaz4 ,md41 #ahhj4 ,effects on ,man4--,he9ri*#fda made ! foll[+ exp]im5ts ^u himself3--,?irty liv+ bli/]-beetles 7 kill$1 & dige/$1 )\t dry+1 9 #ce grms4 ( alcohol = f\rte5 days1 ( ?is t9cture t5 drops 7 tak54 ,!re ensu$ imm$iately a feel+ ( w>m? 9 ! m\? & /oma*1 salivation1 ! pulse 0 m frequ5t ?an 9 heal?1 !re 0 a pleasant feel+ ( w>m? ab\t ! body1 & "s sexual excitem5t la/+ ?ree h\rs4 ,9 half an h\r !re 0 abdom9al pa91 di>rha1 & t5esmus1 & frequ5t pa9ful micturition4 ,^! symptoms subsid$ 9 a few h\rs1 b !re 0 a want ( appetite1 & pa9 ab\t ! kidneys la/+ until ! foll[+ day4 ,9 ! second exp]im5t1 on tak+ #a cgrm4 ( can?>id91 !re 7 v s]i\s symptoms ( poison+4 ,bli/]s =m$ on ! tongue1 & !re 0 salivation1 ) great difficulty 9 swall[+1 & a g5]al feel+ ( illness4 ,sev5 h\rs aft] tak+ ! poison1 !re 7 frequ5t micturitions ( bloody ur9e1 di>rha1 & vomit+4 ,tw5ty h\rs aft] ! +e/ion ! face 0 r$1 ! sk9 hot1 ! pulse tw5ty beats beyond ! normal pulsation1 ! tongue 0 d5ud$ to two-?irds ( its ext5t ( its epi!lium1 & ! lips & muc\s membrane 7 r$ & swoll52 !re 0 great pa9 9 ! /oma*1 inte/9es1 & 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! kidneys1 cont9u\s desire to micturate1 burn+ ( ! ure?ra1 & swell+ ( ! gl&s4 ,!re 0 no sexual excitem5t :atev]2 ! ur9e 0 ammoniacal1 & conta9$ blood & pus2 ! symptoms gradually subsid$1 b recov]y 0 n complete = f\rte5 days4 #fda ,s*r(f1 ,zeits*rift d4 ,ges4 d4 ,a]zte 9 ,wi51 #ac1 #ef4 #fcf4 ,! =ego+ is a fair picture ( :at may be expect$ 9 can?>ides poison+4 ,x is rem>kable t ! popul> idea z to ! influ5ce ( can?>id9 9 excit+ ! sexual passion1 holds good only z to ! entire can?>ides1 & n ) can?>id94 ,x is v possible t can?>id9 is n ! only poison\s pr9ciple 9 ! insect4 ,! symptoms 9 o!r cases1 fatal or n1 h be5 z foll[s3--,imm$iate burn+ 9 ! m\? & ?roat1 ext5d+ to ! /oma* & alim5t>y canal1 & increas+ 9 int5sity until !re is consid]able pa94 ,!n foll[ salivation1 difficulty 9 swall[+1 & vomit+1 & g5]ally di>rha1 pa9 9 ! kidneys1 irritation ( ! bladd]1 priapism1 & /rangury1 are all pres5t4 ,! pulse is accel]at$1 ! brea?+ di/urb$1 !re are pa9s 9 ! head1 & (t5 mydriasis1 gidd9ess1 ins5sibility1 delirium1 & convulsions2 trismus has be5 notic$4 ,! desire to micturate frequ5tly is urg5t1 ! ur9e is g5]ally bloody1 & conta9s pus4 ,pregnant wom5 h be5 kn[n to abort4 ,9 a few ( ! cases 9 :i* a diff]5t c\rse has be5 run1 ! n]v\s symptoms h pr$om9at$ ov] ^? ( ga/ro-inte/9al irritation1 & ! pati5t has sunk 9 a k9d ( collapse4 ,9 a case ( *ronic poison+ by can?>ides1 ext5d+ ov] ?ree mon?s1 & record$ by ,t>*ioni ,bonfanti1#fdb aft] ! fir/ dose appe>$ tetanic convulsions1 :i* subsid$ 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 !re 0 lat] cy/itis1 & f "t to "t ! tetanic convulsions return$2 ga/ro-ent]itis foll[$ ) frequ5t vomit+1 :51 can?>ides be+ f\nd 9 ! matt]s eject$1 ! o!rwise obscure nature ( ! illness 0 %[n4 #fdb ,gaz4 ,m$4 ,ital4 ,lomb41 #ahfc4 ,9 a case record$ by ,s$gwick1#fdc foll[+ ! ga/ro-ent]ic symptoms1 !re 7 epileptic convulsions2 9 ?is in/ance also 0 notic$ an unpleasant smell1 recall+ ! notion =m]ly held t can?>ides imp>t$ a peculi> od\r to ! brea? & ur9e4 ,9 a case ( *ronic poison+ relat$ by ,t>dieu1 six /ud5ts1 dur+ sev]al mon?s1 us$ :at !y ?\ght 0 pepp] ) _! food1 b ! sub/ance prov$ to be really p[d]$ can?>ides4 ,! quantity tak5 ea* day 0 probably small1 b !y suff]$ f pa9 ab\t ! lo9s1 & also irritation ( ! bladd]4 ,!re 0 no sexual excitem5t4 #fdc ,m$4 ,times1 #ahfd4 #fcg4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,9 a ,fr5* crim9al case1 9 :i* a man poison$ 8 /ep-bro!r by giv+ can?>ides 9 s\p1 ! pa?ological signs ( inflammation ( ! ga/ro-inte/9al tract 7 specially evid5t1 ! m\? 0 swoll51 ! tonsils ulc]at$1 ! gullet1 /oma*1 & inte/9es 7 inflam$1 & ! muc\s membrane ( ! inte/9es cov]$ ) purul5t matt]4 ,9 ano!r case !re 0 an actual p]=ation #c in*es f ! pylorus4 ,! inflammatory appe>ances1 h[ev]1 are n always s sev]e1 be+ conf9$ to swell+ & inflammation )\t ulc]ation4 ,9 all cases !re has be5 not$ inflammation ( ! kidneys & ur9>y passages1 & ?is is se5 ev5 :5 can?>id9 is adm9i/]$ to animals by subcutane\s injection4 ,9 ! ur9e w be f\nd blood & fatty epi!lial ca/s1 z well z pus4 ,! cont5ts ( ! /oma* or ! inte/9es w probably conta9 "s remnants ( p[d]$ can?>ides1 if ! p[d] itself has be5 tak54 #fch4 ,te/s = ,can?>id91 & its ,detection 9 ! ,tissues1 c4--,! te/s = can?>id9 are--7#a47 ,its =m1 7#b47 its action 9 ! sublim+ cell1 & 7#c47 its p[] ( rais+ a bli/]4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t me?od ( te/+ its vesicat+ prop]ties1 is to all[ a *lor(ormic solution ( ! sub/ance suppos$ to be can?>id9 to evaporate to dryness1 to add to ?is a drop ( olive oil 7or almond oil71 & to take a drop up on ! smalle/ possible quantity ( cotton wool1 & apply ! wool to ! inside ( ! arm1 cov]+ x ) good oilsk91 & /rapp+ ! :ole on by ! aid ( /ick+-pla/]4 ,9 ab\t an h\r or m ! effect is exam9$4 ,! ?9 sk9 ( ! lips is f> m easily bli/]$ ?an t ( ! arm1 b ! application !re is inconv5i5t4 ,drag5dorff has asc]ta9$ t can?>id9 is n pres5t 9 ! cont5ts ( a bli/] rais$ by a can?>ides pla/]1 al?\gh x has be5 f\nd 9 ! ur9e ( a p]son treat$ by "o2 & ,pett5k(] has also discov]$ can?>id9 9 ! blood ( a boy to ^: sp9e a bli/] _h be5 appli$4 ,! great insolubility ( can?>id9 9 wat] has l$ to v>i\s hypo!ses z to its absorption into ! sy/em4 ,x is tol]ably easily dissolv$ by pota%1 soda1 & ammonia solutions1 & is also tak5 up 9 small proportion by sulphuric1 phosphoric1 & lactic acids4 ,! result+ comp\nds quickly diffuse !mselves ?r\gh animal membranes4 ,ev5 ! salts ) lime1 magnesia1 alum9a1 & ! heavy metals1 are n q insoluble4 ,a solution ( salt ) can?>id91 put 9 a dialys+ app>atus1 sep>ates 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs en\gh can?>id9 to raise a bli/]4 ,can?>id9 has actually be5 discov]$ 9 ! he>t1 bra91 muscles1 cont5ts ( ! /oma*1 inte/9es1 & fces 7z well z 9 ! blood & ur9e7 ( animals poison$ by ! sub/ance4 ,a ur9e conta9+ can?>id9 is alkal9e & album9\s4 ,can?>id91 al?\gh readily decompos$ by *emical ag5ts1 is s p]man5t 9 ! body t x has be5 detect$ 9 ! corpse ( a cat eighty-f\r days aft] dea?4 ,9 any =5sic case1 ! def5ce w n improbably be set up t "s animal 7e4g41 a f[l poison$ by can?>ides7 has be5 eat5 & caus$ ! toxic symptoms1 = can?>ides is an int]e/+ example ( a sub/ance :i*1 z be=e /at$1 = c]ta9 animals 7su* z rabbits1 dogs1 cats1 & ducks71 is a /rong poison1 :il/ 9 o!rs 7e4g41 h$gehogs1 f[ls1 turkeys1 & frogs71 al?\gh absorb$ & excret$1 x appe>s in]t4 ,exp]im5t has %[n t a cat may be readily poison$ by a f[l saturat$ ) can?>ides2 & 9 ,alg]ia ! milit>y surgeons meet ) cy/itis among ! soldi]s1 caus$ by eat+ frogs 9 ! mon?s ( ,may & ,june1 ! frogs liv+ 9 ^! mon?s almo/ exclusively on a species ( can?>ides4 ,drag5dorff recomm5ds ! foll[+ process3--,! f9ely-pulp$ sub/ance is boil$ 9 a porcela9 di% ) pota%-lye 7#a "p ( pota% & #ab to #ah ( wat]7 until ! fluid is ( a uni=m consi/5ce4 ,! fluid1 aft] cool+1 is 7if necess>y7 dilut$ ) an equal bulk ( wat]1 = x mu/ n be too ?ick2 !n %ak5 ) *lor(orm 9 ord] to remove impurities2 & aft] sep>ation ( ! *lor(orm1 /rongly acidifi$ ) sulphuric acid1 & mix$ ) ab\t f\r times its volume ( alcohol ( #ij to #ie p] c5t4 ,! mixture is kept = "s "t at a boil+ temp]ature1 filt]$ hot1 & ! alcohol di/ill$ f ! filtrate4 ,! wat]y fluid is n[ aga9 treat$ ) *lor(orm1 z above describ$4 ,! *lor(orm extract is wa%$ ) wat]1 ! residue tak5 up on "s hot almond oil1 & its bli/]+ prop]ties inve/igat$4 ,! mass1 heat$ ) pota% 9 ! above way1 c also be submitt$ to dialysis1 ! diffusate sup]saturat$ ) sulphuric acid1 & %ak5 up ) *lor(orm4 ,9 ord] to te/ fur!r = can?>id91 x c be dissolv$ 9 ! lea/ possible pota% or soda-lye4 ,! solution1 on evaporation 9 ! wat]-ba?1 leaves cry/als ( a salt n easily soluble 9 alcohol1 & ! wat]y solution ( :i* gives ) *loride ( calcium & b>yta a :ite precipitate2 ) sulphate ( copp] & sulphate ( protoxide ( nickel1 a gre52 ) cobalt\s sulphate1 a r$2 ) sug> ( lead1 m]cury *loride & arg5tic nitrate1 a :ite cry/all9e precipitate4 ,) palladium *loride !re occurs a yell[1 hair-l1 cry/all9e precipitate2 lat] cry/als1 :i* are isomorph\s ) ! nickel & copp] salts4 ,if ! t9cture ( can?>ides has be5 us$ 9 consid]able quantity1 ! ur9e may be exam9$2 9 su* a case !re w collect on ! surface drops ( a gre5 oil1 :i* may be extract$ by petroleum e!r2 ?is oil is n bli/]-rais+4 ,can?>ides 9 p[d] may1 ( c\rse1 be detect$ by its appe>ance4 ,to ! "q :e!r ! me?od propos$ w\ld extract any o!r bli/]-produc+ sub/ance1 ! answ] is negative1 s9ce e!real oil ( mu/>d w\ld be decompos$1 & ! active con/itu5ts ( ! ,euphorbias d n )/& ! treatm5t ) ,,kho4 ,oils ( anemone & anemon9 are dissolv$ by ,,kho1 & aga9 sep>at$ out ( _! solutions1 b _! bli/]+ prop]ty is de/roy$4 ,!y are volatile1 & f\nd 9 anemone & "s ( ! ,ranunculace4 ,9 ! ,aqua pulsatilla !re is an oil ( anemone1 :i* may be obta9$ by %ak+ ) e!r2 b ?is oil is n p]man5t1 & if ! ,aqua pulsatilla /& = a little "t1 x splits up into anemonic acid & anemon91 & !n _c be reobta9$4 ,a bli/]+ sub/ance1 obta9$ f ! ,anac>dia ori5talia & ! fruit ( ! ,anac>dium occid5tale & ,semec>pus anac>dium1 is n q de/roy$ by a %ort action ) pota%1 b is by "o ( long duration2 ?is sub/ance1 h[ev]1 _c be confus$ ) can?>id91 = x is oily1 yell[1 easily soluble 9 alcohol & e!r1 & diff]s 9 o!r respects4 ,v4--,snake ,poison4 #fci4 ,! poison\s snakes belong *iefly to two classes1 ! ,prot]oglypha & ! ,sol5oglypha4 ,weir ,mit*ell & ,ed4 ,t4 ,rei*]t#fdd h made "s important exp]im5ts on snake poison1 us+ ! v5om ( "s #bjj snakes4 ,mo/ ( ! snakes 7 rattlesnakes1 a few 7 cobras & o!r species4 ,!y came to ! conclusion t ! active con/itu5ts are conta9$ 9 ! fluid "p alone1 ! solid p>ticles susp5d$ 9 ! fluid hav+ no action4 ,! poison !y consid]$ to consi/ ( two toxalbum9s1 "o a globul91 act+ m p>ticul>ly on ! blood1 ! o!r1 a peptone 7albumose871 act+ m p>ticul>ly on ! tissues4 ,diff]5ces 9 snake v5om dep5d on ! relative proportions ( ^! two sub/ances4 ,! peptone1 :i* acts m especially locally on ! tissues1 det]m9es an inflammatory action1 ) mu* swell+ & multiple extravasation ( blood1 :i* may proce$ to a moi/ gangr5e4 ,! globul9 has a p>alys+ influ5ce on ! he>t1 ! vasomotor c5tres1 ! p]iph]al ends ( ! splan*nic n]ves1 z well z on ! respiratory c5tres ( bo? w>m & cold-blood$ animals4 ,feoktis['s#fde rese>*es %[ t al?\gh ! he>t cont9ues to beat aft] ! respiration has ceas$ = a few m9utes1 x has no =ce4 ,! blood pressure s9ks imm$iately aft] ! injection4 ,:e!r ! globul9 is inject$ subcutane\sly or direct into ! ve9s1 !re is commonly consid]able extravasation ( blood 9 ! *e/ & abdom52 ! inte/9e is (t5 fill$ ) blood z well z ! p]ic>dium2 & ! ur9e is bloody4 ,! poison ( ,vip]a ammodytes 9 wat]y solution may be boil$ = six m9utes1 & yet is z active z be=e4 ,accord+ to ,lew91 snake poison g5]ally c be heat$ to #abe & yet pres]ve its poison\s prop]ties4 ,^! la/ obs]vations are n 9 accordance ) ! belief ( "s t ! active pr9ciple ( snake v5om is a f]m5t1 or1 inde$1 9 h>mony ) ! idea t x is a globul9 or toxalbum92 = su* bodies h n1 s f> z we "k1 ! /ability to )/& s high a degree ( heat4 #fdd ,smi?sonian ,contributions to ,k1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhf4 #fde ,exp4 ,unt]s4 b] ,s*lang5gift4 ,inaug4 ,diss41 ,dorpat1 #ahhh4 #fdj4 ,! ,poison ( ! ,cobra4--,! poison excret$ f ! saliv>y gl&s ( ! cobra di capello is ! mo/ deadly animal fluid kn[n4 ,:5 fir/ eject$1 x is an amb]-col\r$1 r syrupy1 fro?y liquid1 ( specific gravity #ajdf1 & ( feeble acid reaction2 x dries rapidly on exposure to air to a yell[ film1 :i* readily breaks up into brilliant yell[ granules1 closely imitat+ cry/als4 ,! yell[ p[d] is v acrid & pung5t to ! no/rils1 & excites a pa9ful 7?\gh transitory7 inflammation1 if appli$ to ! muc\s membrane ( ! eye2 ! ta/e is bitt]1 & x raises little bli/]s on ! tongue4 ,x is p]fectly /able1 & pres]ves its activity = an indef9ite "t4 ,! dri$ poison z describ$ is p]fectly soluble 9 wat]1 & if ! wat] is add$ 9 prop] proportions1 ! orig9al fluid is )\t d\bt reproduc$1 ! solution usually deposit+ a s$im5t ( epi!lial dbris1 & (t5 conta9+ little :ite ?reads4 ,! poison has be5 exam9$ by sev]al *emi/s1 b until ( late ye>s ) a negative result4 ,! writ] 0 ! fir/ to isolate1 9 #ahgf1 a cry/all9e pr9ciple1 :i* appe>s to be ! sole act+ +r$i5t2 ! yell[ granules 7 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 ! album5 :i* ! v5om s copi\sly conta9s coagulat$ by alcohol1 & sep>at$ by filtration2 ! alcohol 0 !n driv5 (f at a g5tle heat1 ! liquid conc5trat$ to a small bulk1 & precipitat$ ) basic acetate ( lead4 ,! precipitate 0 sep>at$1 wa%$1 & decompos$ 9 ! usual way by ,,%1 & on remov+ ! lead sulphide1 cry/als hav+ toxic prop]ties 7 obta9$4 ,p$l]1#fdf precipitat+ ! album5 by alcohol1 & !n to ! alcoholic solution add+ plat9ic *loride1 obta9$ a semi-cry/all9e precipitate1 :i* f an imp]fect combu/ion he ?9ks may h some?+ l ! composition ,pt,cl7,c,h,n,o,h,cl74 ,i h exam9$ ! plat9um comp\nd1 & made sev]al combu/ions ( diff]5t fractions1 b 0 unable to obta9 ! comp\nd 9 a suffici5t /ate ( purity to d$uce a =mula4 ,my analysis agre$ ) ^? ( ,p$l] = nitrog5--viz41 #iic p] c5t4 7,p$l]1 #ifi72 hydrog5 #dag 7,p$l]1 #dbh72 b 7 high] = c>bon1 #dah p] c5t4 7,p$l]1 #ccdb p] c5t472 "o fraction gave #gc p] c5t4 ( plat9um1 ano!r d\ble t am\nt4 ,mat]ial 0 insuffici5t to ?or\ghly inve/igate ! comp\nd1 b x 0 evid5t t sev]al d\ble salts 7 =m$4 ,! blood ( ! cobra is also poison\s4 ,a4 ,calmette#fdg has f\nd t #b c4c4 ( fre% cobra blood1 inject$ into ! p]itoneum ( a rabbit weigh+ #ae kilo41 causes dea? 9 six h\rs2 ! same dose ( ! defibr9at$ blood inject$ into ! ve9s is fatal 9 ?ree m9utes4 #fdf ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 vol4 xxvii4 p4 #ag4 #fdg ,compt4 ,r5d41 ,soc4 de ,biol41 #ahid4 #fda4 ,fatal ,dose4--,f my exp]im5ts on cats1 rabbits1 & birds1 x seems probable t ! lea/ fatal dose = cats & rabbits1 lies betwe5 #g & #i mgrm4 p] kilo41 & = birds some:]e ab\t #g mgrm4 p] kilo4 ( ! dri$ poison2 ! v5om conta9s ab\t #fj p] c5t4 ( album9\s matt]1 & ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( poison\s sub/ance2 !re=e1 ! le?al p[] is repres5t$ by some?+ l #jg to #ji mgrm4 p] kilo41 if ! pure toxic pr9ciple free f album5 & dilut+ impurities be consid]$4 #fdb4 ,effects on ,animals4--,almo/ imm$iately local pa9 or signs ( uneas9ess at ! seat ( injection are obs]v$4 ,!re is !n a v>iable int]val1 seldom exce$+ #bj m9utes 7& g5]ally mu* less71 b 9 "o ( my exp]im5ts half an h\r elaps$ aft] ! injection ( a fatal dose be=e any effect 0 evid5t4 ,! symptoms once produc$1 ! c\rse is rapid1 & consi/s1 fir/1 ( accel]ation ( ! respirations1 & !n a progressive sl[+1 soon foll[$ by convulsions4 ,! convulsions are probably produc$ by ! int]f]5ce ) ! respiration & ! defici5t oxidation ( ! blood1 & are !re=e1 ! s-call$ 8c>bonic acid convulsions40 ,!re is p>esis or p>alysis ( ! limbs4 ,dea? seems to occur f asphyxia1 & ! he>t beats = "o or m m9utes aft] ! respirations h ceas$4 ,if ! dose is s small z n to produce dea?1 no aft]-effects h be5 obs]v$2 recov]y is complete4 ,sir ,j4 ,fayr]1 & ,dr4 ,laud] ,brunton consid] t ! t]m9ations ( ! motor n]ves suff]2 on ! o!r h&1 ,dr4 ,wall w\ld expla9 ! ph5om5a by ref]r+ ! action entirely to ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 & concludes t ! effects ( ! cobra poison consi/ 9 ! ext9ction ( function ext5d+ f bel[ upw>ds ( ! v>i\s n]ve c5tres con/itut+ ! c]ebro-sp9al sy/em4 ,9 addition to ?is1 !re is a special & rapid action on ! respiratory & alli$ nuclei1 & ?is x is t causes dea?4 #fdc4 ,effects on ,man4--,by f> ! be/ acc\nt hi!rto publi%$ ( ! effects ( ! cobra poison is a pap] by ,dr4 ,wall1#fdh 9 :i* he po9ts out ! v close simil>ity betwe5 ! symptoms produc$ & ^? ( glosso-ph>yngeal p>alysis4 ,?is is well %[n 9 ! foll[+ typical case3--,a coolie 0 bitt5 on ! %\ld] ab\t twelve at midnight by a cobra2 he imm$iately felt burn+ pa9 at ! spot bitt51 :i* increas$4 ,9 fifte5 m9utes aft]w>ds he began1 he said1 to feel intoxicat$1 b he seem$ rational1 & answ]$ que/ions intellig5tly4 ,! pupils 7 natural1 & ! pulse normal2 ! respirations 7 also n accel]at$4 ,he next began to lose p[] ov] 8 legs1 & /agg]$4 ,9 ?irty m9utes aft] ! bite 8 l[] jaw began to fall1 & fro?y viscid muc\s saliva ran f 8 m\?2 he spoke indi/9ctly1 l a man "u ! influ5ce ( liquor1 & ! p>alysis ( ! legs increas$4 ,=ty m9utes aft] ! bite1 he began to moan & %ake 8 head f side to side1 & ! pulse & respirations 7 some:at accel]at$2 b he 0 /ill able to answ] que/ions1 & seem$ consci\s4 ,!re 0 no p>alysis ( ! arms4 ,! brea?+ became sl[] & sl[]1 & at l5g? ceas$ "o h\r & t5 m9utes aft] ! bite1 ! he>t beat+ = ab\t "o m9ute aft] ! respiration _h /opp$4 #fdh 8,on ! ,diff]5ce ( ! ,physiological ,effects ,produc$ by ! ,poison ( ,indian ,v5om\s ,snakes10 by ,a4 ,t4 ,wall1 ,m4,d41 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 #ahha1 vol4 xxxii4 p4 #ccc4 ,!re is (t5 v little sign ( ext]nal injury1 m]ely a scrat* or puncture be+ app>5t1 b ! areol> tissue ly+ b5ea? is ( a purple col\r1 & infiltrat$ ) a l>ge quantity ( coagulable1 purple1 blood-l fluid4 ,9 addition1 ! :ole ( ! neighb\r+ vessels are int5sely inject$1 ! injection gradually dim9i%+ z ! site ( ! poison$ "p is rec$$ f1 s t a bright sc>let r+ surr\nds a purple area1 & ?is 9 its turn fades into ! normal col\r ( ! neighb\r+ tissues4 ,at ! m>g9 is also a purple blood-l fluid1 replac$ by a p9ki% s]um1 :i* may (t5 be trac$ up 9 ! tissues surr\nd+ ! vessels t convey ! poison to ! sy/em1 & may ext5d a consid]able di/ance4 ,^! appe>ances are to be acc\nt$ = 9 great "p by ! irritant prop]ties ( ! cobra v5om4 ,! local hyp]mia & ! local pa9 are ! fir/ symptoms4 ,9 man !re foll[s an int]val 7:i* may be s %ort z a few m9utes1 or s long z f\r h\rs7 be=e any fre% symptoms appe>2 ! av]age duration ( ! int]val is1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,wall1 ab\t an h\r4 ,:5 once ! symptoms are develop$1 !n ! c\rse is rapid1 &1 z 9 ! case quot$1 a feel+ l t ( intoxication is fir/ produc$1 & !n loss ( p[] ov] ! legs4 ,?is is foll[$ by a loss ( p[] ov] ! spee*1 ov] swall[+1 & ! movem5t ( ! lips2 ! tongue becomes motionless1 & hangs out ( ! m\?2 ! saliva is secret$ 9 l>ge quantities1 & runs d[n ! face1 ! pati5t be+ equally unable to swall[ x or to eject x1 & ! glosso-ph>yngeal p>alysis is complete4 #fdd4 ,antidotes & ,treatm5t4--,pr(essor ,hal=d "s ye>s ago propos$ ammonia1 & ,m4 ,lac]da 9 rec5t times has decl>$ potassic p]manganate an antidote to ! cobra poison4 ,! ammonia !ory has be5 long disprov$1 & be=e ,lac]da _h made 8 exp]im5ts ,i _h publi%$ ! *emical aspect ( "s rese>*es1#fdi :i* %[$ t mix+ ! cobra v5om ) an alkal9e solution ( potassic p]manganate de/roy$ its poison\s prop]ties4 ,o!r exp]im5ts 7 also made 9 e conceivable way ) potassic p]manganate1 inject+ x sep>ately1 yet simultane\sly1 into diff]5t p>ts ( ! same animal's body1 b s long z x does n come into actual contact ) ! poison x has no antidotal p[] :atev] ov] ! liv+ subject4 ,o!r obs]v]s1 previ\s to ! rese>*es m5tion$ & s9ce1 all agree t p]manganate is no true antidote4#fej ,x only acts :5 x comes directly into contact ) ! v5om1 b :5 ! v5om is once absorb$ into ! circulation potassic p]manganate1 :e!r acid1 alkal9e1 or neutral1 is p[]less4 ,t x is ( great use :5 appli$ to a bite is unque/ionable1 = x neutralises or *anges any ( ! v5om hang+ ab\t ! w\nd1 & :i*1 if all[$ to rema91 might yet be absorb$2 b "h x is obvi\s t ! v5om is1 s to speak1 outside ! body4 ,a4 ,galmette 7,annales de l',in/itut ,pa/eur1 #be? ,m>* #ahib7 has f\nd t gold *loride =ms an insoluble comp\nd ) ! cobra poison1 :i* is n poison\s1 & t animal liv+ tissues impregnat$ ) gold *loride w n absorb ! poison4 ,he ev5 advances "s evid5ce t5d+ to %[ t gold *loride may ov]take1 z x 71 ! v5om 9 ! circulation1 & ?us act z a true antidote4 ,?is is improbable1 &1 until confirm$1 ! g5]al treatm5t mo/ likely to be successful is ! imm$iate suck+ ( ! w\nd1 foll[$ by ! application ( an alkal9e solution ( p]manganate2 & la/ly1 if ! symptoms %\ld nev]!less develop1 an attempt %\ld be made to ma9ta9 ! brea?+ by galvanism & artificial respiration4#fea #fdi ,analy/1 ,feb4 #bh1 #ahgg4 #fej ,see ,note on ! effect ( v>i\s sub/ances 9 de/roy+ ! activity ( ! cobra poison4 ,by ,t4 ,laud] ,brunton & ,sir ,j4 ,fayr]1 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 vol4 xxvii4 p4 #ag4 #fea ,"s ( my exp]im5ts on ! cobra poison may be briefly detail$1 illu/rat+ ! g5]al /atem5t 9 ! text3-- #a4 ,a quantity equal to #a mgrm4 ( ! dri$ v5om 0 inject$ subcutane\sly into a *ick54 ,! symptoms began 9 two m9utes ) loss ( p[] ov] bo? legs4 ,9 eight m9utes ! legs 7 p]fectly p>alys$4 ,!re 7 convulsive movem5ts ( ! head & w+s1 sl[+ ( ! respiration1 & dea? 9 t5 m9utes4 ,! same quantity ( poison 0 treat$ ) a little tann91 & ! cle> liquid :i* sep>at$ f ! precipitate inject$ into ano!r *ick54 ,! respiration became affect$ 9 t5 m9utes2 9 eighte5 m9utes ! bird _h become v quiet1 & lay ins5sible2 9 tw5ty m9utes x 0 dead1 ! respiration ceas+ be=e ! he>t4 #b4 ,9 sev5 exp]im5ts ) cobra poison1 fir/ r5d]$ feebly alkal9e ) an alkal9e solution ( potassic p]manganate1 no effect foll[$4 ,?ree ( ! exp]im5ts 7 on *ick5s1 f\r on rabbits4 #c4 ,a *ick5 0 inject$ ) #a mgrm4 ( cobra poison 9 "o leg1 & 9 ! o!r simultane\sly ) a solution ( potassic p]manganate4 ,dea? foll[$ 9 sixte5 m9utes4 ,ano!r *ick5 0 treat$ 9 ! same way1 b ) injections ( potassic p]manganate solution e few m9utes4 ,dea? result$ 9 ?irty-sev5 m9utes4 ,f\r o!r simil> exp]im5ts 7 made--two ) feebly alkal9e p]manganate1 two ) p]manganate made feebly acid ) sulphuric acid--b dea? occurr$ ) ! usual symptoms4 #d4 ,cobra poison 0 mix$ ) a weak solution ( iod9e1 & a quantity equal to half a mgrm4 0 inject$ into a *ick54 ,! symptoms began directly1 7 fully develop$ 9 t5 m9utes1 & dea? took place 9 tw5ty-"o m9utes4 #e4 ,equal volumes ( cobra v5om & aldehyde 7 mix$1 & a quantity equival5t to #a mgrm4 ( ! cobra poison inject$4 ,! symptoms 7 imm$iate p>alysis & ins5sibility1 & ! respiration rapidly fell4 ,dea? occurr$ 9 f\r m9utes )\t convulsions4 #f4 ,! cobra v5om 0 mix$ ) a feebly alkal9e solution ( pyrogallic acid1 & inject$ subcutane\sly into a *ick54 ,9 six m9utes ! usual symptoms comm5c$1 foll[$ 9 ?irte5 m9utes by dea?4 #g4 ,"o mgrm4 0 inject$ into a *ick54 ,! respirations at ! comm5cem5t 7 #abj2 9 tw5ty-two m9utes !y sank to #if1 9 tw5ty-five m9utes to #hd1 9 tw5ty-sev5 m9utes to #ah1 & !n to occasional gasps1 ) slight movem5t ( ! w+s & toes4 ,!re 0 dea? 9 ?irty-two m9utes aft] ! injection4 #h4 ,a "y rabbit 0 inject$ ) #e mg4 7equal to #a mgrm4 p] kilo47 ( cobra poison4 ,9 two h\rs x 0 app>5tly moribund1 ) occasional %ort gasps4 ,artificial respiration 0 n[ attempt$4 ,!re 0 consid]able improvem5t1 b x 0 int]mitt$ dur+ ! night1 & ! animal 0 f\nd dead 9 ! morn+1 hav+ c]ta9ly liv$ six h\rs4 #i4 ,a /rong heal?y kitt5 0 inject$ ) #a mgrm4 ( cobra v5om 7equal to #e mgrms4 p] kilo474 ,9 tw5ty m9utes ! symptoms 7 well develop$1 & 9 an h\r ! animal 0 gasp+--ab\t twelve %ort respirations p] m9ute4 ,artificial respiration 0 kept up = two h\rs1 & ! animal recov]$1 b !re 0 great muscul> weakness la/+ = m ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 #aj4 ,a br[n rabbit1 weigh+ ab\t #b kilos41 0 inject$ ) #ab mgrms4 7#f p] kilo47 ( ! cobra poison4 ,! symptoms develop$ )9 t5 m9utes2 ammonia 0 inject$1 & also giv5 by ! no/ril4 ,! he>t's action1 :i*1 previ\s to ! adm9i/ration ( ! ammonia1 _h be5 beat+ feebly1 became accel]at$1 b dea? foll[$ )9 ! h\r1 ! he>t beat+ two m9utes aft] ! respiration _h ceas$4 #aa4 ,a br[n rabbit1 ab\t #b kilos4 9 weight1 0 inject$ ) #ae mgrms4 ( cobra poison 7#ge p] kilo474 ,!re 7 no symptoms = ne>ly an h\r1 !n sudd5 convulsions1 & dea?4 #ab4 ,ano!r rabbit ( ! same size 0 treat$ simil>ly1 b imm$iately aft] ! injection made to brea! nitr\s oxide2 dea? took place 9 ?irty m9utes4 ,a rabbit1 a little ov] #b kilos4 9 weight1 0 inject$ ) #g mgrms4 ( cobra v5om p] kilo41 & !n #aj mgrms4 ( monobromat$ camphor 7 adm9i/]$4 ,9 fifte5 m9utes !re 0 g5]al p>alysis ( ! limbs1 f :i* 9 a few m9utes ! animal seem$ to recov]2 ?irty m9utes aft] ! injection !re 7 no v evid5t symptoms1 b )9 =ty m9utes !re 0 a sudd5 accession ( convulsions1 & dea?4 ,exp]im5ts 7 also made ) *lor(orm1 morph9e1 & _m o!r sub/ances1 b none seem$ to ex]cise any true antidotal effect4 #fde4 ,detection ( ! ,cobra ,v5om4--,9 an exp]im5t on a rabbit1 ! animal 0 kill$ by ! subcutane\s injection ( #h mgrms4 p] kilo4 ( ! cobra poison4 ,imm$iately aft] dea?1 #b c4c4 ( ! blood 7 inject$ into a small rabbit2 9 fifte5 m9utes !re 0 sl[ respiration ) pa9s 9 ! limbs2 9 ?irty m9utes ?is _h1 9 a great measure1 pass$ (f1 & 9 a little "t ! animal 0 well4 ,9 any case 9 :i* x is necess>y to attempt to sep>ate ! cobra v5om1 ! mo/ likely me?od ( succe$+ w\ld be to make a cold alcoholic extract1 evaporate 9 a vacuum1 take up ! residue 9 a little wat]1 & te/ its effect on small animals4 #fdf4 ,duboia ,russellii4--,! ,duboia russellii or ,russell's vip] is "o ( ! be/ kn[n & mo/ deadly ( ! ,indian vip]s4 ,! effects ( ! poison ( ?is vip] are altoge!r diff]5t f ^? ( ! cobra4 ,! action comm5ces by viol5t g5]al convulsions1 :i* are (t5 at once fatal1 or may be foll[$ by rapid p>alysis & dea?2 or ^! symptoms1 aga91 may be recov]$ f1 & dea? foll[ at a lat] p]iod4 ,! convulsions d n dep5d on asphyxia1 & ) a small dose may be abs5t4 ,! p>alysis is g5]al1 & may prec$e = "s "t ! ext9ction ( ! respiration1 ! pupils are widely dilat$1 !re are bloody dis*>ges1 & ! ur9e is album9\s4 ,%\ld ! victim survive ! fir/ effects1 !n blood-poison+ may foll[1 & a dang]\s illness result1 (t5 att5d$ ) copi\s hmorrhages4 ,a /rik+ example ( ?is c\rse is record$ 9 ! ,indian ,m$4 ,gaz41 ,june #a1 #ahgb4 ,a ,mahomm$an1 ag$ #dj1 0 bitt5 on ! f+] by ,russell's vip]2 ! bitt5 "p 0 soon aft] excis$1 & /imulants giv54 ,! h& & arm became mu* swoll51 & on ! same day he pass$ blood by ! rectum1 & also bloody ur9e4 ,! next day he 0 sick1 & /ill pass+ blood f all ! *annels2 9 ?is /ate he rema9$ eight days1 los+ blood con/antly1 & di$ on ! n9? day4 ,no?+ def9ite is kn[n ( ! *emical composition ( ! poison2 x is probably qualitatively id5tical ) 8vip]940 #fdg4 ,! ,poison ( ! ,common ,vip]4--,! common vip] /ill ab\nds 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,great ,brita91 z1 = example1 on ,d>tmoor4 ,! v5om 0 analys$ 9 a p>tial mann] by ,val5t94 ,9 #ahdc ,pr9ce ,luci5 ,bonap>te sep>at$ a gummy v>ni%1 inodor\s1 glitt]+1 & transp>5t1 :i* he call$ e*idn9 or vip]92 x 0 a neutral nitrog5\s body )\t ta/e1 x arre/$ ! coagulation ( ! blood1 &1 inject$ into animals1 produc$ all ! effects ( ! bite ( ! vip]4 ,phisalix & ,g4 ,b]tr& h /udi$ ! symptoms produc$ 9 small animals aft] injection4 ,a gu9ea-pig1 weigh+ #ejj grms41 0 kill$ by #jc grm4 ( ! dri$ v5om dissolv$ 9 #ejjj p>ts ( sal9e wat]2 ! symptoms 7 nausea1 quickly pass+ into /upor4 ,! temp]ature ( ! body fell4 ,! autopsy %[$ ! left auricle full ( blood1 ! inte/9e1 lungs1 liv]1 & kidneys inject$4 ,! blood ( ! vip] is also poison\s1 & produces ! same symptoms z ! v5om4#feb ,! same obs]v]s h %[n 7,compt4 r5d41 cxviii41 ,jan4 #ahid7 t ! blood ( ! wat]-snake 7,tropidonotus natrix7 & ( ! ,?ur+ian add] 7,tropidonotus vip]9us7 is poison\s1 produc+ ! same symptoms z t ( ! vip]4 #feb ,compt4 r5d4 ,soc4 de ,biol41 t4 v4 #iig4 ,! ,v5om ( ,naja ,haje 7,cleopatra's ,asp74--,x has be5 /at$ t #bj1jjj p]sons annually die 9 ,ceylon f ! bite ( ,cleopatra's asp4 ,graziani 7,rif4 ,m$41 ,octob] #g1 #ahic7 has und]tak5 a physiological /udy ( ! v5om1 :i* has already receiv$ att5tion at ! h&s ( ,calmette1 ,wall & ,arm/rong1 ,weir ,mit*ell1 ,rei*>dt1 & o!rs4 ,! v5om1 :5 dri$1 appe>s z transp>5t scales1 easily soluble 9 wat]1 v slightly s 9 alcohol1 e!r1 or *lor(orm2 its aque\s solution has an unpleasant od\r1 & is neutral to te/ pap]4 ,*emically x gives all ! te/s describ$ by ,weir ,mit*ell & o!rs z *>act]i/ic ( ! v5om ( ,naja tripudians4 ,! physiological effects ( ?is dri$ v5om 7 tri$ on gu9ea-pigs1 rabbits1 & frogs1 to all ( :i* x prov$ fatal 9 extremely m9ute doses4 ,! gu9ea-pig1 a few seconds aft] injection1 becomes p>alys$ 9 its h9d limbs1 x foams at ! m\?1 & makes viol5t attempts at vomit+4 ,! eyes are half clos$1 b occasionally = %ort p]iods !re is a p>tial disappe>ance ( ! p>alysis1 & ! animal makes feeble attempts to support itself4 ,respiratory emb>rassm5t is soon add$ to ! =ego+ symptoms1 & ! animal lies p]fectly prone1 devot+ all its att5tion to brea?+1 :i* is r5d]$ /ill m difficult by ! vomit+ & fro?y saliva :i* is secret$ 9 abundance4 ,f9ally dea? ensues f asphyxia4 ,! po/-mortem exam9ation reveals ! he>t /ill feebly beat+1 ! lungs pallid1 & ! blood 9 ! organs v d>k4 ,! liv] & kidneys are hyp]mic1 b ! bra9 & cord1 ) _! cov]+s1 are anmic4 ,9 ! rabbit ! c\rse ( ! poison+ is practically id5tical ) t describ$ above4 ,hi/ologically1 ! foll[+ facts are made out 9 addition to ! =ego+4 ,! r$ blood-corpuscles are 9 great measure brok5 d[n1 & !re are also effusions into ! muscul> tissues4 ,! kidneys are v hyp]mic1 & !re is m>k$ deg5]ation ( ! epi!lium l9+ ! glom]uli & convolut$ tubules4 ,! glom]ul> capsules are mu* di/5d$1 & num]\s leucocytes are disc]nible ?r\gh\t ! organ4 ,! liv]1 also1 is hyp]mic1 & %[s num]\s brok5-d[n blood-corpuscles1 & p>tial necrosis ( _m ( ! liv] cells4 ,exam9ation ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em reveals no p>ticul> *anges4 ,,division ,,ii4--,,ptoma9es--,,tox9es4 #fdh4 ,def9ition ( a ,ptoma9e4--,a ptoma9e may be consid]$ z a basic *emical sub/ance d]iv$ f ! action ( bact]ia on nitrog5\s sub/ances4 ,if ?is def9ition is accept$1 a ptoma9e is n necess>ily =m$ 9 ! dead animal tissue2 x may be produc$ by ! liv+1 &1 9 all cases1 x is ! product ( bact]ial life4 ,a ptoma9e is n necess>ily poison\s2 _m are kn[n :i* are1 9 mod]ate doses1 q innocu\s4 ,:5 ,selmi's rese>*es 7 fir/ publi%$ !re 0 "s anxiety le/ ! exi/5ce ( ptoma9es w\ld s]i\sly int]f]e ) ! detection ( poison g5]ally1 because "s 7 said to be l /ry*n9e1 o!rs l col*ic9e1 & s =?4 ,f>!r rese>* has conclusively %[n t at pres5t no ptoma9e is kn[n :i* s closely resembles a vegetable poison z to be likely 9 skill$ h&s to cause confusion4 ,isolation ( ,ptoma9es4 #fdi4 ,gauti]'s#fec ,process4--,! liquid is acidifi$ ) oxalic acid1 w>m$1 filt]$1 & di/ill$ 9 a vacuum4 #fec ,ptoma9es et ,leucoma9es1 ,e4 ,j4 ,a4 ,gauti]1 ,p>is1 #ahhf4 ,9 ?is way pyrrol1 skatol1 ph5ol1 indol1 & volatile fatty acids are sep>at$ & w be f\nd 9 ! di/illate4 ,! residue 9 ! retort is treat$ ) lime1 filt]$ f ! precipitate t =ms1 & di/ill$ 9 a vacuum1 ! di/illate be+ receiv$ 9 weak sulphuric acid4 ,! bases accompani$ ) ammonia di/il ov]4 ,! di/illate is n[ neutralis$ by sulphuric acid#fed & evaporat$ ne>ly to dryness1 sep>at+ ! "m liquid f sulphate ( ammonia1 :i* cry/allises out4 ,! "m liquids are treat$ ) absolute alcohol1 :i* dissolves ! sulphates ( ! ptoma9es4 ,! alcohol is got rid ( by evaporation1 ! residue treat$ ) cau/ic soda1 & ! bases %ak5 out by successive treatm5t ) e!r1 petroleum e!r1 & *lor(orm4 ,! residue rema9+ 9 ! retort ) ! excess ( lime is dri$1 p[d]$1 & exhau/$ ) e!r2 ! e!real extract is sep>at$1 evaporat$ to dryness1 ! dry residue tak5 up 9 a little wat]1 slightly acidulat$1 & ! bases precipitat$ by an alkali4 #fed ,! fir/ acid app>5tly is s dilute t ! di/illate m ?an neutralises x1 h5ce m sulphuric acid is add$ to complete neutralisation4 #fej4 ,brieg]'s ,process4--,brieg]#fee ?us describes 8 process3-- #fee ,unt]su*ung5 b] ,ptoma9e1 ,!il iii41 ,b]l91 #ahhf4 8,! matt]s are f9ely divid$ & boil$ ) wat] feebly acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid4 8,c>e mu/ be tak5 t on boil+1 ! weak acid reaction mu/ be reta9$1 & t ?is manipulation only la/s a few m9utes4 ,illu/ration 8,! insoluble portion is filt]$ (f1 & ! filtrate evaporat$1 ei!r 9 ! gas-ov5 or on ! wat]-ba?1 to syrupy consi/5cy4 ,if ! sub/ances are (f5sive1 z alcoholic & wat]y extracts ( fle% usually are1 ! use ( ,bocklis*'s simple app>atus 7see diagram7 is to be recomm5d$4 ,! filtrate to be evaporat$ is plac$ 9 a flask provid$ ) a d\bly p]=at$ ca\t*\c cork c>ry+ two b5t tubes2 ! tube b t]m9ates ne> ! bottom ( ! flask1 :ile ! tube a t]m9ates a little above ! level ( ! fluid to be evaporat$4 ,! tube a is connect$ ) a wat] pump :i* sucks away ! escap+ /eam4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! runn+ back ( ! cond5s$ wat] =m+ 9 ! cool] "p ( ! tube1 ! end ( ! tube a is twi/$ into a circul> =m4 ,?r\gh ! tube b1 :i* has a f9e capill>y bore1 a /ream ( air is all[$ to ent]1 :i* keeps ! fluid 9 con/ant agitation1 cont9ually de/roy+ ! scum on ! surface1 & avoid+ s$im5ts collect+ at ! bottom1 :i* may cause fracture ( ! flask4 ,accord+ to ! regulation ( ! air curr5t1 a great] or small] vacuum c be produc$4 ,! fluid1 evaporat$ to ! consi/5cy ( a syrup1 is treat$ ) #if p] c5t4 alcohol1 filt]$1 & ! filtrate precipitat$ ) lead acetate4 8,! lead precipitate is filt]$ (f1 ! filtrate evaporat$ to a syrup1 & ! syrup aga9 treat$ ) #if p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,?is is aga9 filt]$1 ! alcohol got rid ( by evaporation1 wat] add$1 ! lead ?r[n d[n by ,,%1 & ! fluid1 aft] ! addition ( a little hydro*loric acid1 evaporat$ to ! consi/5ce ( a syrup2 ?is syrup is exhau/$ ) #if p] c5t4 alcohol1 & precipitat$ ) an alcoholic solution ( m]cury *loride4 ,! m]cury precipitate is boil$ ) wat]1 & by ! diff]5t solubility ( ! m]cury salts ( c]ta9 ptoma9es "s sep>ation takes place4 ,if x is suspect$ t "s ( ! ptoma9es may h be5 sep>at$ ) ! lead precipitate1 ?is lead precipitate c be decompos$ by ,,% & inve/igat$4 ,i h only 7says ,brieg]7 9 ! case ( mussels be5 able to extract f ! lead precipitate small quantities ( ptoma9es4 8,! m]cury filtrate is fre$ f m]cury & evaporat$1 ! excess ( hydro*loric acid be+ c>efully neutralis$ by means ( soda 7= x mu/ only be slightly acid72 !n x is aga9 treat$ ) alcohol1 s z to sep>ate z mu* z possible ! inorganic con/itu5ts4 ,! alcoholic extract is evaporat$1 dissolv$ 9 a little wat]1 neutralis$ ) soda1 acidulat$ ) nitric acid1 & precipitat$ ) phospho-molybdic acid4 ,! phospho-molybdic acid precipitate is decompos$ ) neutral lead acetate1 :i* process may be facilitat$ by heat+ on ! wat]-ba?4 ,aft] gett+ rid ( ! lead by treatm5t ) ,,%1 ! fluid is evaporat$ to a syrup & alcohol add$1 by :i* process _m ptoma9es may be elim9at$ z hydro*lorates2 or !y c be conv]t$ into d\ble salts 7( plat9um or gold7 = ! purpose ( sep>ation4 ,9 ! filtrate f phospho-molybdate1 ptoma9es may also be f\nd by treat+ ) lead acetate to get rid ( ! phospho-molybdic acid1 & !n add+ c]ta9 reactives4 ,s9ce x is b seldom t ! hydro*lorates are obta9$ 9 a /ate ( purity1 x is pref]able to conv]t ! sub/ance sep>at$ into a gold or plat9um salt or a picrate1 s9ce ! great] or less solubility ( ^! comp\nds facilitates ! purification ( individual memb]s2 b :i* reag5t is be/ to add1 mu/ be le>n$ f exp]i5ce4 ,! melt+-po9t ( ^! salts mu/ always be tak51 s t an idea ( _! purity may be obta9$4 ,x is also to be not$ t _m gold salts decompose on w>m+ ! aque\s solution2 ?is may be avoid$ by ! addition ( hydro*loric acid4 ,! hydro*lorates ( ! ptoma9es are obta9$ by decompos+ ! m]cury1 gold1 or plat9um comb9ations by ! aid ( ,,%1 :ile ! picrates c be treat$ ) hydro*loric acid & %ak5 up ) e!r1 :i* latt] solv5t dissolves ! picric acid4 8,consid]able difficulty 9 ! purification ( ! ptoma9es is caus$ by a nitrog5\s1 amorph\s1 non-poison\s1 album9-l sub/ance1 :i* passes into all solutions1 & c only be got rid ( by c>eful precipitation ) an alcoholic solution ( lead acetate1 9 :i* x is soluble 9 excess4 ,?is album9oid =ms an amorph\s comp\nd ) plat9um1 & acts z a /rongly r$uc+ ag5t 7! plat9um comp\nd conta9s #bi p] c5t4 plat9um74 ,:5 ?is album9oid is elim9at$1 !n ! hydro*lorates or ! d\ble salts ( ! ptoma9es cry/allise40 #fea4 ,! ,b5zoyl ,*loride ,me?od4--,! fatty diam9es 9 dilute aque\s solutions1 %ak5 ) b5zoyl *loride & soda1 are conv]t$ into insoluble dib5zoyl d]ivatives2 ^! may be sep>at$ f b5zamide & o!r nitrog5\s products by dissolv+ ! precipitate 9 alcohol1 & p\r+ ! solution into a l>ge quantity ( wat]4#fef ,comp\nds :i* conta9 two amido gr\ps comb9$ ) "o & ! same c>bon atom1 d n yield b5zoyl d]ivatives :5 %ak5 ) b5zoyl *loride & soda4 ,h5ce ?is reaction c be utilis$ = c]ta9 ( ! ptoma9es only4 ,! solution mu/ be dilute1 because conc5trat$ solutions ( creat9e1 creat99e1 & simil> bodies also give precipitates ) b5zoyl *loride2 no sep>ation1 h[ev]1 occurs unless ^! bodies are 9 ! proportion ( five p] ?\s&4 #fef ,l4 ,v4 ,udrnsky & ,baumann1 ,b]41 xxi4 #bgdd4 ,! process is specially applicable = ! sep>ation ( e?yl5$iam9e1 p5tame?yl5$iam9e 7cadav]9e71 & tetrame?yl5$iam9e 7putresc9e7 f ur9e4 ,9 a case ( cy/9uria ,udrnsky & ,e4 ,baumann#feg h f\nd #jbd grm4 ( b5zoyltetrame?yl5$iam9e1 #jdb grm4 ( b5zoylp5tame?yl5$iam9e 9 a day4 ,diam9es are abs5t 9 normal fces & ur9e4 ,/ad?ag5 & ,brieg]#feh h also f\nd1 9 a case ( cy/9uria diam9es1 *iefly p5tame?yl5$iam9e4 #feg ,l4 ,v4 ,udrnsky & ,baumann1 ,zeit4 f4 physiol4 ,*em41 xiii4 #efb4 #feh ,ar*4 pa?ol4 ,anatom41 cxv4 p4 #c4 ,! op]ation is p]=m$ by mak+ ! liquid alkal9e ) soda1 s t ! alkal9ity is equal to ab\t #aj p] c5t41 add+ b5zoyl *loride1 %ak+ until ! od\r ( b5zoyl *loride disappe>s1 & !n filt]+2 to ! filtrate m b5zoyl *loride is add$1 ! liquid %ak51 &1 if a precipitate appe>s1 ?is is also filt]$ (f1 & ! process repeat$ until all diam9es are sep>at$4 ,! precipitate ?us obta9$ is dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 & ! alcoholic solution p\r$ into a consid]able volume ( wat] & all[$ to /& ov] night2 ! dib5zoyl comp\nd is !n usually f\nd to be 9 a cry/all9e condition4 ,! comp\nd is cry/allis$ once or twice f alcohol or e!r1 & its melt+-po9t & prop]ties /udi$4 ,mixtures ( diam9es may be sep>at$ by _! diff]5t solubilities 9 e!r & alcohol4 ,a solution ( #jjjghh grm4 ( p5tame?yl5$iam9e 9 #ajj c4c4 ( wat] gave #jjbah grm4 ( ! dib5zoyl-d]ivative :5 %ak5 ) b5zoyl *loride 7#e c4c47 & #dj c4c4 ( soda 7#aj p] c5t47 & kept = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,9 a second exp]im5t ) a simil> solution only #jjadb grm4 ( dib5zoyl-d]ivative 0 obta9$2#fei h5ce ! process is n a good quantitative process1 &1 al?\gh conv5i5t = isolation1 gives1 s f> z ! total am\nt recov]$ is conc]n$1 v>y+ results4 #fei ,b]41 xxi4 #bgdd4 #feb4 ,! ,am9es4--,! am9es are bases orig9at+ f ammonia & built on ! same type4 ,^? t are int]e/+ z poisons are monam9es1 diam9es1 & ! quat]n>y ammonium bases4 ,consid]$ z comp\nd ammonias1 ! am9es are divid$ into prim>y or amide bases1 second>y or imid bases1 & t]ti>y or nitrile bases1 accord+ z to :e!r "o1 two1 or ?ree atoms ( hydrog5 h be5 displac$ f ! ammonia molecule by an alkyl2 = in/ance1 me?ylam9e ,,nh,,* is a prim>y or amide base1 because only "o ( ! ?ree atoms ( ,h 9 ,,nh has be5 replac$ by me?yl2 simil>ly1 dime?ylam9e is a second>y or imid base1 & trime?ylam9e is a t]ti>y or nitrile base4 ,! quat]n>y bases are d]iv$ f ! hypo!tical ammonium hydroxide ,,nh,,oh1 z1 = example1 tetrae?yl ammonium hydroxide 7,c,h7,n1,,oh4 ,! diam9es are d]iv$ f two molecules ( ,,nh1 & !re=e conta91 in/ead ( "o molecule ( nitrog51 two molecules ( nitrog52 9 two molecules ( ammonia !re are six atoms ( hydrog51 two1 f\r1 or six ( :i* may be replac$ by alkyls2 z1 = example1 ,c,h _/ _/ ,n--,,hh--,n _/ _/ ,,hh ,e?yl5$iam9e4 ,c,h _/ _/ ,n--,c,h--,n _/ _/ ,,hh ,die?yl5$iam9e4 ,c,h _/ _/ ,n--,c,h--,n _/ _/ ,c,h ,trie?yl5$iam9e4 ,! monam9es are simil> to ammonia 9 _! reactions2 "s ( !m are /rong] bases2 = in/ance1 e?ylam9e expels ammonia f its salts4 ,! fir/ memb]s ( ! s]ies are combu/ible gases ( pung5t od\r1 & easily soluble 9 wat]2 ! high] homologues are fluids2 & ! /ill high] memb]s solids4 ,! hydro*lorides are soluble 9 absolute alcohol1 :ile *loride ( ammonium is insoluble2 ?is prop]ty is tak5 advantage ( = sep>at+ am9es f ammonia4 ,! am9es =m d\ble salts ) plat9ic *loride2 ?is is also utilis$ = recognition1 = ! purpose ( sep>ation1 & = purification2 = in/ance1 ammonium-plat9um-*loride on ignition yields #dcii p] c5t4 ( plat9um1 & me?ylam9e-plat9um-*loride yields #dgd ( plat9um4 ,x is comp>atively easy to asc]ta9 :e!r an am9e is prim>y1 second>y1 or t]ti>y4 ,! prim>y & second>y am9es react ) nitr\s acid1 b n ! t]ti>y2 ! prim>y am9es1 = in/ance1 are conv]t$ into alcohols1 & !re is an evolution ( nitrog5 gas2 ?us me?ylam9e is decompos$ into me?yl alcohol1 nitrog51 & wat]4 ,,*,,nh 7,,oh7,,no ,,*7,,oh7 ,n ,h,o4 ,! second>y am9es1 treat$ 9 ! same way1 evolve no nitrog51 b are conv]t$ into nitrosam9es2 ?us dime?ylam9e1 :5 treat$ ) nitr\s acid1 yields nitrosodime?ylam9e1 7,,*7,,nh 7,,oh7,,no 7,,*77,,no7,n ,h,o2 & ! nitrosam9es respond to ! te/ kn[n z ,lieb]man's nitroso-reaction1 :i* is ?us p]=m$3--,! sub/ance is dissolv$ 9 ph5ol & a few drops ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid add$4 ,! yell[ col\r at fir/ produc$ *anges into blue by add+ to ! acid liquid a solution ( pota%4 ,! prim>y am9es1 & ! prim>y am9es alone1 treat$ ) *lor(orm & alcoholic pota%1 yield ! peculi>ly (f5sive smell+ c>bylam9e or isonitrile 7,h(mann's te/71 ,v ,,nh7,,*7 ,c,h,cl #c,,koh ,c,n-,,* #c,k,cl #c;,h,o4 ,aga9 ! prim>y bases1 :5 treat$ ) corrosive sublimate & c>bon disulphide1 evolve sulphurett$ hydrog51 & mu/>d oil is produc$1 e4g41 ,,nh7,c,h7 ,,cs ,,cs,n-,c,h ,h,s4 ,e?ylam9e4 ,e?ylmu/>d oil4 ,:]e a suffici5t quantity ( an am9e is obta9$1 ! prim>y1 second>y1 or t]ti>y "* ( ! am9e may be d$uc$ ) c]ta9ty by treat+ x ) me?yl or e?yl iodide4 ,a molecule ( ! base is dige/$ ) a molecule ( me?yl iodide & di/ill$ ) pota%2 ! di/illate is 9 ! same mann] aga9 treat$ ) me?yl iodide & aga9 di/ill$2 & ! process is repeat$ until an ammonium base is obta9$1 :i* w take up no m iodide4 ,if ?ree me?yl gr\ps 7 9 ?is way introduc$1 ! orig9al sub/ance 0 prim>y1 if two1 second>y1 if "o1 t]ti>y4 ,! quat]n>y bases1 su* z tetrae?yl ammoniumoxhydrate1 decompose1 on heat+1 into trie?ylam9e & e?yl5e2 ! correspond+ me?yl comp\nd 9 l mann] yields trime?ylam9e & me?yl-alcohol4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! prim>y1 second>y1 & t]ti>y bases d n decompose on heat+1 b volatilise )\t decomposition4 ,! *ief di/9ctions betwe5 ^! v>i\s am9es are conv5i5tly put into a tabul> =m z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,prim>y1 ,second>y1 ,t]ti>y1 ,quat]n>y1 ,,nh,r4 ,,nhr4 ,,nr4 ,,nr7,,oh74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,on treat+ ) #c #b #a 444 me?yl iodide x takes up ! foll[- + numb] ( me?yl gr\ps1 ,reaction ) ,decomposes ,=mation nitr\s acid1 ) evolu-( nitro- 444 444 tion ( sam9e4 nitrog5 gas4 ,mu/>d oil1 c41 on,mu/>d oil treatm5t ) ,,cs =m$4 444 444 444 & sublimate1 ,*lor(orm & ,=mation 444 444 444 alcoholic pota%1 ( c>byl- am9e4 ,effect ( /rong ,sublimes4 ,sublimes4 ,sublimes4 ,decomposes4 heat1 ,on addition ( ,comb9es to,comb9es to,comb9es to 444 acids1 =m salts4=m salts4=m salts4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #fec4 ,me?ylam9e1 ,,*,,nh4--,?is is a gas at ord9>y temp]atures2 x is inflammable1 & possesses a /rong ammoniacal od\r4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 h]r+ br9e1 & is pres5t 9 cultures ( ! comma bacillus2 x has also be5 f\nd 9 poison\s sausages1 b x is n 9 itself toxic4 ,x =ms cry/all9e salts1 su* z1 = example1 ! hydro*loride1 ! plat9o*loride 7,pt #dad p] c5t471 & ! auro*loride 7,au #ecc p] c5t4 :5 anhydr\s74 ,! be/ salt = e/imation is ! plat9o*loride1 insoluble 9 absolute alcohol & e!r4 #fed4 ,dime?ylam9e1 7,,*7,,nh4--,dime?ylam9e is also a gas2 x has be5 f\nd 9 v>i\s putrefy+ sub/ances4 ,x =ms cry/all9e salts1 su* z ! hydro*loride1 ! plat9o*loride 7,pt #cia p] c5t471 & an auro*loride 7,au #eace p] c5t474 ,x is n poison\s4 ,9 ,brieg]'s process x may occur 9 bo? ! m]curic *loride precipitate & filtrate4 ,f cadav]9e x may be sep>at$ by plat9um *loride2 cadav]9e plat9o*loride is ) difficulty soluble 9 cold wat] & cry/allises f hot wat]1 :ile dime?ylam9e rema9s 9 ! "m liquor4 ,f *ol9e x may be sep>at$ by recry/allis+ ! m]curic precipitate f hot wat]4 ,f me?ylam9e x may be sep>at$ by conv]t+ into *loride & extract+ ) *lor(orm2 dime?ylam9e *loride is soluble1 me?ylam9e *loride insoluble 9 *lor(orm4 #fee4 ,trime?ylam9e1 7,,*7,n4--,trime?ylam9e 9 ! free /ate is an alkal9e liquid ) a fi%y od\r1 boil+ at #ic2 x is n toxic save 9 l>ge doses4 ,x occurs 9 a great v>iety ( plants1 & is also f\nd 9 putrefy+ sub/ances4 ,x is a product ( ! decomposition ( *ol9e1 beta9e1 & neurid9e1 :5 ^! sub/ances are di/ill$ ) pota%4 ,9 ,brieg]'s process1 if an aque\s solution ( m]curic *loride is us$ z ! precipitant1 trime?ylam9e 7if pres5t7 w be almo/ entirely 9 ! filtrate1 f :i* x c be obta9$ by gett+ rid ( ! m]cury by ,,%1 filt]+1 evaporat+ to dryness1 extract+ ) alcohol1 & precipitat+ ! alcoholic solution ) plat9ic *loride4 ,x =ms cry/all9e salts ) hydro*loric acid1 plat9um *loride1 & gold *loride2 ! plat9um d\ble salt yields #cg p] c5t4 ( plat9um1 ! gold salt #did p] c5t4 gold4 ,! gold salt is easily soluble1 & ?is prop]ty p]mits its sep>ation f *ol9e1 :i* =ms a comp\nd ) gold *loride soluble ) difficulty4 #fef4 ,e?ylam9e1 ,c,h,,nh4--,e?ylam9e is 9 ! free /ate an ammoniacal liquid boil+ at #ahg4 ,x is a /rong base1 miscible ) wat] 9 e proportion4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 putrefy+ yea/1 9 :eat fl\r1 & 9 ! di/illation ( beet sug> residues4 ,x is n poison\s2 ! hydro*loride =ms deliquesc5t plates melt+ at #gf-hj2 ! plat9o*loride conta9s #cia p] c5t4 ( plat9um1 & ! gold salt #eace p] c5t4 ( gold4 ,9 o!r words1 ! same p]c5tages z ! correspond+ salts ( dime?ylam9e1 ) :i*1 h[ev]1 x _c be confus$4 #feg4 ,die?ylam9e1 7,c,h7,,nh1 is an inflammable liquid boil+ at #ege2 x =ms salts ) hydro*loric acid1 plat9um & gold1 c42 ! gold salt conta9s #dgga p] c5t4 ( gold1 & its melt+-po9t is ab\t #afe4 #feh4 ,trie?ylam9e1 7,c,h7,n1 is an oily base b slightly soluble 9 wat]1 & boil+ at #hi-hie4 ,x gives no precipitate ) m]curic *loride 9 aque\s solution2 x =ms a plat9o*loride conta9+ #cah p] c5t4 ( plat9um4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 putrid fi%4 #fei4 ,propylam9e4--,!re are two propylam9es2 "o1 normal propylam9e1 ,,*,,*4,,*4,,nh1 boil+ at #dg-dh1 & iso-propylam9e1 7,,*7,,*4,,nh1 boil+ at #cae2 bo? are ammoniacal fi%-l smell+ liquids4 ,! hydro*loride ( normal propylam9e melts at #aee-aeh1 & iso-propylam9e *loride melts at #acie4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 cultures ( human fces on gelat94 ,none ( ! above am9es are suffici5tly active 9 prop]ties to be poison\s 9 ! small quantities !y are likely to be produc$ 9 decompos+ foods4 #ffj4 ,iso-amylam9e1 7,,*7,,*4,,*4,,*4,,nh1 is a col\rless alkal9e liquid1 possess+ a peculi> od\r4 ,x boils at #ig-ih4 ,x =ms a deliquesc5t hydro*loride4 ,! plat9o*loride cry/allises 9 gold5 yell[ plates4 ,iso-amylam9e occurs 9 ! putrefaction ( yea/1 & is a normal con/itu5t ( cod-liv] oil4 ,x is int5sely poison\s1 produc+ convulsions4 ,diam9es4 #ffa4 ,rate ( ,=mation ( ,diam9es4--,diam9es are =m$ 9 putrefactive processes1 g5]ally :]e !re is abundance ( nitrog54 ,g>cia#ffj has attempt$ to trace ! rates at :i* !y are =m$ by all[+ meat extracts to decompose1 precipitat+ by b5zoyl *loride 7see p4 #dhg7 ! dib5zoyl comp\nd1 & weigh+2 ! foll[+ 7 ! results obta9$3-- #ffj ,zeit4 f4 physiol4 ,*emie1 xvii4 #f4 #ega4 ,"t4 ,weight ( b5zoyl comp\nd4 #bd h\rs1 #jef grm4 #b days1 #jge #c days1 #jhb #d days1 #jgc #e days1 #jeg #f days1 #jeh #ffb4 ,e?ylid5$iam9e4--,brieg] f\nd 9 putrid haddock1 9 ! filtrate f ! m]cury *loride precipitate3--gad99e1 neurid9e1 a base isom]ic ) e?yl5$iam9e ,c,h,n 7b :i* ,brieg] subsequ5tly m or less satisfactorily id5tifi$ ) e?ylid5$iam9e71 musc>9e1 & trie?ylam9e2 ^! bases 7 sep>at$ z foll[s3-- ,! filtrate f ! m]cury *loride solution 0 fre$ f m]cury by ,,%1 evaporat$ to a syrup1 & !n extract$ ) alcohol4 ,f ! alcoholic solution plat9um *loride precipitat$ neurid9e1 ?is 0 filt]$ (f1 ! filtrate fre$ f alcohol & plat9um1 & ! aque\s solution conc5trat$ to a small volume & precipitat$ ) an aque\s solution ( plat9um *loride2 ?is precipitat$ e?ylid5e plat9um *loride4 ,! "m liquor f ?is precipitate 0 conc5trat$ on ! wat]-ba?1 &1 on cool+1 ! plat9o*loride ( musc>9e cry/allis$ out4 ,f ! "m liquor 7fre$ f ! cry/als71 on /&+ 9 a desiccator1 ! gad99e d\ble salt cry/allis$ out1 & f ! "m liquor 7fre$ f gad99e aft] removal ( ! plat9um by ,,%7 di/illation ) ,,kho recov]$ trime?ylam9e4 ,f ! plat9o*loride ( e?yl5$iam9e1 ! *loride c be obta9$ by treat+ ) ,,%1 filt]+1 & evaporat+2 by di/ill+ ! *loride ) a cau/ic alkali1 ! free base c be obta9$ by di/illation4 ,e?ylid5$iam9e is isom]ic ) e?yl5$iam9e1 b diff]s f x 9 ! foll[+ prop]ties3--e?ylid5$iam9e is poison\s1 e?yl5$iam9e is non-poison\s4 ,e?yl5$iam9e =ms a plat9o*loride almo/ insoluble 9 hot wat]1 :ile ! e?ylid5e salt is m easily soluble4 ,! prop]ties ( ! gold salts are simil>1 e?yl5$iam9e =m+ a difficultly soluble gold salt1 e?ylid5e a r soluble gold salt4 ,e?ylid5$iam9e =ms a hydro*loride1 ,c,h,n#b;,h,cl1 cry/allis+ 9 long gli/5+ ne$les1 insoluble 9 absolute alcohol1 r soluble 9 wat]4 ,! hydro*loride gives precipitates 9 aque\s solution ) phospho-molybdic acid1 phospho-antimonic acid1 & potassium bismu? iodide2 ! latt] is 9 ! =m ( r$ plates4 ,! plat9o*loride1 ,c,h,n#b;,h,cl4,pt,cl 7,pt #dae p] c5t471 is 9 ! =m ( yell[ plates1 n v soluble 9 cold wat]4 ,e?ylid5$iam9e1 :5 subcutane\sly inject$ into gu9ea-pigs1 produces an abundant secretion f ! muc\s membranes ( ! nose1 m\?1 & eyes4 ,! pupils dilate1 & ! eyeballs project4 ,!re is acute dyspna2 dea? takes place aft] "s tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & ! he>t is /opp$ 9 dia/ole4 ,trime?yl5$iam9e is believ$ to h be5 isolat$ by ,brieg] f cultivations 9 beef bro? ( ! comma bacillus4 ,x occurs 9 small quantity 9 ! m]curic *loride precipitate1 & is isolat$ by decompos+ ! precipitate ) ,,%1 evaporat+ ! filtrate f ! m]cury sulphide to dryness1 tak+ up ! residue ) absolute alcohol1 & precipitat+ by an alcoholic solution ( sodium picrate4 ,! precipitate conta9s ! picrate ( trime?yl5$iam9e1 mix$ ) ! picrates ( cadav]9e & creat99e4 ,cadav]9e picrate is insoluble 9 boil+ absolute alcohol1 ! o!r picrates soluble2 s ! mix$ picrates are boil$ ) absolute alcohol1 & ! insoluble cadav]9e filt]$ (f4 ,next1 ! picrates ( creat99e & trime?yl5$iam9e are fre$ f alcohol1 ! solution 9 wat] acidifi$ ) hydro*loric acid1 ! picric acid %ak5 out by treatm5t ) e!r1 & !n ! solution precipitat$ ) plat9um *loride2 ! plat9o*loride ( trime?yl5$iam9e is n v soluble1 :ile creat99e easily dissolves2 s t sep>ation is by ?is means fairly easy4 ,x also gives a difficultly soluble salt ) gold *loride4 ,! picrate consi/s ( felt$ ne$les1 melt+-po9t #aih4 ,phospho-molybdic acid gives a precipitate cry/allis+ 9 plates2 potassium bismu? iodide gives d>k col\r$ ne$les4 ,x produces 9 animals viol5t convulsions & muscul> tremors2 b ! sub/ance has hi!rto be5 obta9$ 9 too small a quantity to be c]ta9 z to its id5tification & prop]ties4 #ffc4 ,neurid9e1 ,c,h,n4--,neurid9e is a diam9e1 & is app>5tly ! mo/ common basic product ( putrefaction2 x has be5 obta9$ f ! putrefaction ( gelat91 ( horsefle%1 ( fi%1 & f ! yelk ( eggs4 ,x is usually accompani$ by *ol9e1 f :i* x c be sep>at$ by conv]t+ ! bases into hydro*lorides1 *ol9e hydro*loride be+ soluble 9 absolute alcohol1 neurid9e sc>cely s4 ,brieg] isolat$ neurid9e f putrid fle% by precipitat+ ! wat]y extract ) m]curic *loride4 ,he decompos$ ! m]cury precipitate ) ,,%1 &1 aft] hav+ got rid ( ! sulphide ( m]cury by filtration1 he conc5trat$ ! liquid to a small bulk1 :5 a sub/ance sep>at$ 9 cry/als simil> 9 =m to urea2 ?is 0 purifi$ by recry/allisation f absolute alcohol1 & conv]t$ into ! plat9um salt4 ,ano!r me?od :i* may be us$ = ! sep>ation & purification ( neurid9e is to dissolve x 9 alcohol & precipitate ) an alcoholic solution ( picric acid2 ! picrate may be decompos$ by treatm5t ) dilute m9]al acid1 & ! picric acid remov$ by %ak+ ) e!r4 ,! free base has a /rong sem9al od\r4 ,x is gelat9\s1 & has n be5 cry/allis$4 ,x is insoluble 9 e!r & 9 absolute alcohol1 & n readily soluble 9 amyl alcohol4 ,x gives :ite precipitates ) m]curic *loride1 neutral & basic lead acetates4 ,x does n give ,h(mann's isonitrile reaction4 ,:5 di/ill$ ) a fix$ alkali1 x yields di- & trime?ylam9e4 ,! hydro*loride1 ,c,h,n#b;,h,cl1 cry/allises 9 long ne$les1 :i* are insoluble 9 absolute alcohol1 e!r1 b5zol1 *lor(orm1 petroleum e!r1 & amyl alcohol2 b ! hydro*loride is v soluble 9 wat] & 9 dilute alcohol4 ,! hydro*loride gives no precipitate ) m]curic *loride1 potass-m]curic iodide1 potass-cadmium iodide1 iod9e & iodide ( potassium1 tannic acid1 f]ricyanide ( potassium1 f]ric *loride1 & x does n give any col\r ) ,frhde's reag5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 phosphotung/ic acid1 phospho-molybdic acid1 picric acid1 potass-bismu? iodide1 plat9um *loride1 & gold *loride all give precipitates4 ,neurid9e hydro*loride is capable ( sublimation1 & at ! same "t x is decompos$1 = ! sublim$ ne$les %[ r$ or blue col\rs4 ,neurid9e plat9o*loride1 ,c,h,n#b;,h,cl4,pt,cl1 yields #chad p] c5t4 ( plat9um2 x cry/allises 9 flat ne$les1 soluble 9 wat]1 f :i* x is precipitat$ on ! addition ( alcohol4 ,! auro*loride has ! =mula ,c,h,n#b;,h,cl#b;,au,cl2 x is r insoluble 9 cold wat]1 & cry/allises 9 bun*es ( yell[ ne$les4 ,on ignition1 x %\ld yield #daai p] c5t4 ( gold4 ,! picrate1 ,c,h,n1#b;,c,h7,,no7,,oh1 is almo/ insoluble 9 cold wat]1 & cry/allises 9 ne$les4 ,x is n fusible1 b decomposes at ab\t #bcj4 ,neurid9e is n poison\s4 #ffd4 ,cadav]9e 7,p5tame?yl5$iam9e1 ,c,h,n ,,nh,,*--,,*--,,*--,,*,,*,,nh7 is =m$ 9 putrid animal matt]s1 & 9 cultures ( ! g5us ,vibrio4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 ! ur9e & fces 9 cases ( cy/9uria1 & ,roos#ffa has sep>at$ x by ! b5zoyl-*loride me?od f ! fces ( a pati5t suff]+ f t]tian ague4 ,x may be =m$ syn!tically by dissolv+ trime?ylcyanide 9 absolute alcohol1 & !n r$uc+ by sodium 7,m5dius' reaction74 #ffa ,zeit4 f4 physiol4 ,*emie1 xvi41 #ahib4 ,cadav]9e is a ?ick1 cle>1 syrupy liquid1 ) a peculi> coni9e- z well z a sem5-l od\r4 ,x absorbs eag]ly ,,co f ! air1 & ultimately is conv]t$ into a solid cry/all9e mass4 ,x volatilises ) ! /eam :5 boil$ ) wat]1 & may be di/ill$ 9 ! pres5ce ev5 ( ! cau/ic alkalies & ! alkal9e e>?s )\t decomposition4 ,x does n give oil ( mu/>d :5 treat$ ) ,,cs & m]curic *loride1 nor does x give ) *lor(orm & alcoholic pota%1 c>bylam9e 7isonitrile74 ,if dehydrat$ by ,,kho1 x boils at f #aae-abj 7,brieg]74#ffb #ffb ,brieg] has also giv5 to ! pure base a boil+-po9t ( #age4 ,:5 cadav]9e is treat$ ) me?yl iodide1 two atoms ( hydrog5 may be replac$ ) me?yl1 =m+ ! base ,c,h7,,*7,n2 ! plat9o*loride ( ?is la/ base cry/allises 9 long r$ ne$les4 ,cadav]9e =ms well-def9$ cry/all9e salts z well z comp\nds ) metals4 ,cadav]9e hydro*loride1 ,c,h,n#b;,h,cl1 cry/allises 9 ne$les :i* are deliquesc5t1 or x may be obta9$ f an alcoholic solution 9 plates4 ,! cry/als are insoluble 9 absolute alcohol1 b readily soluble 9 #if p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,putresc9e hydro*loride1 on ! o!r h&1 is ) difficulty soluble 9 alcohol ( t /r5g?2 h5ce ! two hydro*lorides c be sep>at$ by tak+ advantage ( _! diff]5ce 9 solubility 9 #if p] c5t4 alcohol2 b ! bett] me?od = sep>ation is ! b5zoyl-*loride process 7p4 #dhg74 ,on dry di/illation1 cadav]9e hydro*loride decomposes into ,,nh1,h,cl & pip]id9e ,c,h,n4 ,! comp\nd ) m]cury *loride--,c,h,n#b;,h,cl1#d;,hg,cl 7,hg #fced p] c5t472 melt+-po9t1 #bad-baf--;is insoluble 9 alcohol & 9 cold wat]2 ?is prop]ty is also useful to sep>ate x f putresc9e1 ! m]cury comp\nd ( :i* is soluble 9 cold wat]4 ,! plat9o*loride1 ,c,h,n#b;,h,cl1,pt,cl 7,pt #chjh p] c5t471 cry/allises 9 dirty r$ ne$les2 b1 by repeat$ cry/allisation1 x may be obta9$ 9 cle> *rome yell[1 %ort1 octah$ral prisms2 x is soluble ) difficulty 9 hot wat]1 insoluble 9 cold wat]4 ,! salt decomposes at #bce-bcf4 ,! auro*loride--,c,h,n#b;,h,cl#b;,au,cl 7,au #ejda p] c5t471 melt+-po9t #ahh--;cry/allises p>tly 9 cubes & p>tly 9 ne$les1 & is easily soluble 9 wat]4 ,o!r salts are ! picrate1 ,c,h,n#b;,c,h7,,no7,,oh1 melt+-po9t #bba ) decomposition2 ) difficulty soluble 9 cold1 b dissolv+ 9 hot wat]1 & insoluble 9 absolute alcohol4 ,!re are also a neutral oxalate1 ,c,h,n1,h,c,o #b;,h,o1 melt+-po9t #afj2 & an acid oxalate1 ,c,h,n#b;,h,c,o ,h,o1 melt+-po9t #adc ) decomposition2 bo? ^! oxalates are insoluble 9 absolute alcohol4 ,cadav]9e dib5zoyl--,c,h7,,nhcoc,h71 melt+-po9t #abi-acj--;cry/allises 9 ne$les & plates1 soluble 9 alcohol & slightly soluble 9 e!r1 insoluble 9 wat]4 ,x is n act$ on by hot dilute acids or alkalis1 & :5 dissolv$ 9 conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid & alcohol x is1 only aft] prolong$ boil+1 decompos$ into b5zoic acid & ! free base4 ,! b5zoic acid aft] gett+ rid ( ! alcohol by evaporation1 c be remov$ by %ak+ up ) e!r2 !n ! hydro*loride c be decompos$ by an alkali & ! free base obta9$1 or ! plat9um salt ( cadav]9e may be =m$ by precipitation ) plat9um *loride4 ,%\ld cadav]9e & putresc9e be 9 ! same liquid1 ! dib5zoyl comp\nds may be sep>at$ z foll[s3--! cry/all9e precipitate is collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$ ) wat] until ! filtrate runs cle>1 & !n dissolv$ 9 w>m alcohol2 ?is solution is p\r$ into tw5ty times its volume ( e!r & all[$ to /&2 aft] a %ort "t cry/als =m ( ! putresc9e comp\nd1 :i* are f> less soluble 9 alcohol ?an ^? ( cadav]9e dib5zoyl2 ^! cry/als are filt]$ (f & repeat$ly cry/allis$ f alcohol until ! melt+-po9t is ab\t #age-agf4 ,! filtrate conta9s ! cadav]9e comp\nd2 ?is latt] is recov]$ by evaporat+ (f ! e!r-alcohol4 #ffe4 ,putresc9e--,tetrame?yl5$iam9e1 ,c,h,n,,nh,,*,,*,,*,,*,,nh4 ,! free base is a cle> liquid1 ) a sem5-l od\r1 boil+-po9t #ace4 ,x is a common base 9 putrefy+ animal sub/ances1 & also occurs 9 ! ur9e 9 cases ( cy/9uria4 ,x c be obta9$ syn!tically by r$uc+ e?yl5e cyanide by ! action ( sodium 9 absolute alcohol4 ,! be/ me?od ( sep>at+ putresc9e is ! b5zoyl *loride me?od already giv54 ,putresc9e =ms cry/all9e salts1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are ! mo/ important3-- ,putresc9e hydro*loride1 ,c,h,n#b;,h,cl1 =ms long col\rless ne$les1 insoluble 9 absolute alcohol1 easily soluble 9 wat]4 ,! plat9o*loride1 ,c,h,n#b;,h,cl4,pt,cl 7,pt #cib p] c5t471 is ) difficulty soluble 9 cold wat]4 ,:5 pure1 ! salt is 9 ! =m ( six-sid$ plates4 ,! auro*loride1 ,c,h,n#b;,h,cl4#b;,au,cl #b;,h,o 7,au #eac p] c5t471 is insoluble 9 cold wat]1 9 contradi/9ction to cadav]9e auro*loride1 :i* easily dissolves4 ,! picrate1 ,c,h,n#b;,c,h7,,no7,,oh1 is a salt ( difficult solubility4 ,x cry/allises 9 yell[ plates4 ,x br[ns at #bcj1 & melts ) evolution ( gas at #bej4 ,dib5zoylputresc9e1 ,c,h7,,nhcoc,h71 =ms silky plates or long ne$les1 melt+-po9t #age-agf4 ,by boil+ x = twelve h\rs ) alcohol & /rong hydro*loric acid ! comp\nd may be brok5 up into hydro*loride ( putresc9e & free b5zoic acid4 ,z /at$ be=e1 x is less soluble 9 alcohol ?an ! correspond+ comp\nd ( cadav]9e4 ,putresc9e is n poison\s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 by repeat$ treatm5t ) me?yl iodide1 x takes up f\r me?yl radicals1 & ! tetrame?yl comp\nd1 ,c,h7,,*7,n1 produces symptoms simil> to ^? ( musc>9e poison+4 #fff4 ,metaph5yl5$iam9e1 ,,nh _/ ,c,h 1 ,,nh is a cry/all9e sub/ance1 melt+-po9t #fc1 boil+-po9t #bgf-bgg4 ,! cry/als are easily soluble 9 alcohol or e!r1 ) difficulty 9 wat]4 ,! lea/ trace ( nitr\s acid /rikes a yell[ col\r f ! =mation ( triamidob5zol4 #ffg4 ,p>aph5yl5$iam9e1 ,,nh _/ ,c,h 1 ,,nh is 9 ! =m ( tabul> cry/als1 melt+-po9t #adj1 boil+-po9t #bfg4 ,if ?is sub/ance is oxidis$ ) f]ric *loride or manganese b9oxide & sulphuric acid1 *9one is produc$2 if treat$ ) ,,% & f]ric *loride1 a violet sulphur-hold+ col\r+ matt]1 alli$ to me?yl5e blue1 is =m$2 ^! reactions are te/s = ! pres5ce ( ! p>a-comp\nd4 ,bo? ^! diam9es are poison\s4 ,metaph5yl5$iam9e produces1 9 ! dog1 ! symptoms ( an aggravat$ influ5za ) cont9ual sneez+ & ho>se c\gh1 :i*1 if ! dose is l>ge en\gh1 ends 9 coma & dea?4 ,p>aph5yl5$iam9e produces exoph?almia1 ! tissues ( ! eye und]go+ complete alt]ation4#ffc #ffc ,comptes ,r5d41 cvii4 #ecc-ece4 ,bo? comp\nds1 9 doses ( #ajj mgrms4 p] kilo41 cause m or less salivation1 ) di>rha4 ,! p>a-comp\nd is m poison\s ?an ! meta-comp\nd4 ,s f> z ! au?or is aw>e1 nei!r ( ^! diam9es h be5 sep>at$ ) c]ta9ty f ! ur9e ( sick p]sons1 nor f products ( decomposition4 #ffh4 ,hexame?yl5$iam9e1 ,c,h,n4--,hexame?yl5$iam9e has be5 f\nd by ,a4 ,g>cia#ffd 9 a putrefy+ mixture ( horse-fle% & pancreas4 #ffd ,zeit4 f4 physiol4 ,*emie1 xvii4 #edc-eee4 #ffi4 ,die?yl5$iam9e1 ,c,h,n1 is a cry/all9e sub/ance1 melt+-po9t #ajd1 boil+-po9t #ade-adf4 ,aft] melt+1 x solidifies on cool+1 =m+ a h>d cry/all9e mass4 ,x is extremely soluble 9 wat]1 & is deposit$ f alcohol 9 l>ge transp>5t cry/als4 ,a te*nical product call$ 8sp]m9 pip]azid90 or 8pip]az9e0 has be5 f\nd by ,a4 ,w4 v4 ,h(fmann#ffe to be id5tical ) die?yl5$iam9e4 ,! hydro*loride cry/allises 9 col\rless ne$les1 insoluble 9 alcohol1 readily soluble 9 wat]4 ,! plat9o*loride1 ,c,h,n,h,pt,cl1 is 9 small yell[ ne$les1 & is fairly easily soluble 9 hot wat]1 b dissolves b slightly 9 hot alcohol4 ,! m]curo-*loride1 ,c,h,n,h,hg,cl1 cry/allises 9 conc5trically gr\p$ ne$les1 & is readily soluble 9 hot wat]1 b is reprecipitat$ on add+ alcohol4 ,! picrate1 ,c,h,n1,c,h7,,no7,,oh1 cry/allises f wat] 9 yell[ ne$les1 almo/ insoluble 9 alcohol4#fff #ffe ,b]41 xxiii4 #cbig-ccjc4 #fff ,sieb]1 ,j41 ,b]41 xxiii4 #cbf-cbg4 #fgj4 ,mydale9e is a poison\s base discov]$ by ,brieg] 9 putrid animal matt]s4 ,x is probably a diam9e1 b has n be5 obta9$ 9 suffici5t quantity = accurate *emical /udy4 ,! plat9o*loride is extremely soluble 9 wat]1 & only comes d[n f an absolute alcohol solution4 ,x has be5 obta9$ 9 a cry/all9e =m1 giv+ on analysis #chgd p] c5t4 ( plat9um1 ,c4 #ajhc p] c5t41 ,h4 #cbc p] c5t4 ,mydale9e is v poison\s4 ,small quantities inject$ into gu9ea-pigs cause dilatation ( ! pupil1 an abundant secretion f ! nose & eyes1 & a rise ( temp]ature4 ,fifty mgrms4 cause dea?4 ,! po/-mortem appe>ances are n di/9ctive2 ! he>t is arre/$ 9 dia/ole2 ! inte/9es & bladd] are contract$4 ,9 cats x causes pr(use di>rha & vomit+4 #fga4 ,guanid9e4--,guanid9e may be consid]$ to h a relation to urea2 =1 if ! oxyg5 ( urea is replac$ by ! imide gr\p ,,nh1 guanid9e orig9ates ?us3-- ,,nh _/ ,urea ,o,c ,,nh ,,nh _/ ,guanid9e ,,nhc ,,nh ,h5ce guanid9e f its /ructural =mula is a c>bodiamidimide4 ,guanid9e may be =m$ by ! action ( oxidis+ ag5ts1 su* z potassic *lorate & hydro*loric acid1 on guan9e2 or by heat+ amide cyanide ) ammonium *loride1 & s =m+ guanid9e *loride4 ,x is also produc$ f ! oxidation ( album94 ,:5 boil$ ) b>yta-wat] x decomposes into urea & ammonia4 ,x comb9es ) acids to =m salts2 ! gold salt1 ,,*,n,h,cl1,au,cl1 is 9 ! =m ( long yell[ ne$les1 ) difficulty soluble 9 wat]4 ,guanid9e nitrate1 ,,*,n,,hno1 is also almo/ insoluble 9 cold wat] & simil> to urea nitrate4 ,by dissolv+ equival5t p>ts ( ph5ol & guanid9e 9 hot alcohol1 triph5ylguanid9e is =m$2 on add+ picric acid to a solution ( triph5ylguanid9e1 ph5ylguanid9e picrate1 ,,*,ph,n,c,h7,,no7,,oh1 is =m$1 & falls z a precipitate ( sl5d] ne$les1 melt+-po9t #bjh2 ?is picrate is v slightly soluble1 #a "p dissolv+ 9 #ab1bbj p>ts ( wat] at #ae4 ,guanid9e is poison\s4#ffg #ffg ,o4 ,prel+]1 ,monatsb41 xiii4 #ig-ajj4 ,a me?od ( sep>at+ guanid9e f ur9e has be5 work$ out by ,g]g]s & ,baumann4#ffh ,! pr9ciple ( ! me?od is bas$ ^u ! fact t guanid9e is precipitat$ by m]cur\s oxide4 ,! ur9e is precipitat$ by hydrate ( b>yta1 ! precipitate filt]$ (f1 ! alkal9e filtrate neutralis$ by hydro*loric acid1 & ! neutral filtrate evaporat$ to a syrup on ! wat]-ba?2 ! syrup is exhau/$ by absolute alcohol1 & ! alcoholic solution filt]$2 ?is filtrate is fre$ f alcohol by di/illation1 ! alcohol-free residue dissolv$ 9 a little wat]1 %ak5 up ) fre%ly precipitat$ m]cury oxide1 & all[$ to /& = two days 9 a w>m place2 ! precipitate =m$ is collect$1 acidulat$ ) ,h,cl & treat$ ) ,,%2 ! m]cury sulphide ?us obta9$ is sep>at$ by filtration1 ! filtrate evaporat$1 & ! residue dissolv$ 9 absolute alcohol4 ,?is solution is precipitat$ by plat9um *loride1 filt]$1 sep>at$ f any plat9um ammonium salt1 & evaporat$ to a small volume4 ,aft] long /&+ ! guanid9e salt cry/allises out4 ,! be/ me?od to id5tify x appe>s to be1 to asc]ta9 ! abs5ce ( ammonia & ( urea1 & !n to g5tly w>m ! suppos$ guanid9e ) an alkali1 :i* breaks guanid9e up into ammonia & urea1 accord+ to ! foll[+ equation3-- ,,nh,c7,,nh7 ,h,o ,,nh ,,co7,,nh74 #ffh ,pflg]'s ,ar*iv1 xii4 #bje4 ,! physiological effects ( guanid9e are z foll[s3-- ,a c5tigrm4 ( guanid9e salt inject$ into ! lymph sac 9 ! back ( frogs produces1 aft] a few m9utes1 muscul> convulsions3 fir/1 !re are fibrill> twit*+s ( ! muscles ( ! back2 next1 ^! spread g5]ally s t ! :ole surface ( ! frog seems to be 9 a wave-l motion4 ,irritation ( ! limbs produces tetanus4 ,!re is1 at ! same "t1 increas$ secretion f ! sk94 ,! brea?+ is irregul>4 ,9 l>ge doses !re is p>alysis & dea?4 ,! he>t is f\nd arre/$ 9 dia/ole4 ,! fatal dose = a frog is #ej mgrms42 b #a mgrm4 w produce symptoms ( illness4 ,9 dogs !re is p>alysis1 convulsions1 vomit+1 & difficult brea?+4 #fgb4 ,me?ylguanid9e1 ,,nh4,,* _/ ,,nh,c 4 ,,nh --,me?ylguanid9e has be5 isolat$ by ,brieg] f putrefy+ horse-fle%2 x has also be5 f\nd 9 impure cultures 9 beef bro? ( ,f9kl] & ,prior's ,vibrio proteus4 ,bocklis* isolat$ x1 work+ ) ,brieg]'s process1 f ! m]curic *loride precipitate1 aft] removal ( ! m]cury & conc5tration ( ! filtrate1 by add+ a solution ( sodium picrate4 ,! precipitate conta9$ ! picrates ( cadav]9e1 creat99e1 & me?ylguanid9e2 cadav]9e picrate1 insoluble 9 boil+ absolute alcohol1 0 sep>at$ by filt]+ f a solution ( ! picrates ( ! bases 9 boil+ absolute alcohol2 ! alcohol 0 evaporat$ f ! filtrate & ! residue tak5 up ) wat]4 ,f ?is aque\s solution ! picric acid 0 remov$ & !n ! solution precipitat$ ) gold *loride2 me?ylguanid9e 0 precipitat$1 :ile creat99e rema9$ 9 solution4 ,me?ylguanid9e auro*loride1 ,c,h,n,h,cl4,au,cl 7,au #dgg p] c5t471 =ms rhombic cry/als easily soluble 9 alcohol & e!r2 melt+-po9t #aih4 ,! hydro*loride1 ,c,h,n,h,cl1 cry/allises 9 ne$les insoluble 9 alcohol4 ,! picrate1 ,c,h,n,c,h7,,no7,,oh1 comes d[n at fir/ z a res9\s mass1 b1 aft] boil+ 9 wat]1 is f\nd to be 9 ! =m ( ne$les soluble 9 hot absolute alcohol2 melt+-po9t #aib4 ,! symptoms produc$ by me?ylguanid9e are rapid respiration1 dilatation ( ! pupils1 p>alysis1 & dea?1 prec$$ by convulsions4 ,! he>t is f\nd arre/$ 9 dia/ole4 #fgc4 ,sapr9e1 ,c,h,n4--,sapr9e is isom]ic ) cadav]9e & neurid9e2 x 0 f\nd by ,brieg] 9 human liv]s & sple5s aft] ?ree weeks' putrefaction4 ,sapr9e occurs1 9 ,brieg]'s process1 9 ! m]cury precipitate4 ,its reactions are v simil> to ^? ( cadav]9e2 ! ma9 diff]5ce be+ t cadav]9e hydro*loride gives a cry/all9e auro*loride1 sapr9e does n2 ! plat9um salt is also m soluble 9 wat] ?an ! cadav]9e salt4 ,x is n poison\s4 #fgd4 ,! ,*ol9e ,gr\p4--,! *ol9e gr\p consi/s ( *ol9e1 neur9e1 beta9e1 & musc>9e4 ,all ^! bodies c be prep>$ f *ol9e2 _! relation%ip to *ol9e c be readily ga!r$ f ! foll[+ /ructural =mul3-- ,,*,,oh ,,* ,n7,,*74,,oh ,*ol9e4 ,,* ,,* ,n7,,*74,,oh ,neur9e4 ,,co,h ,,* ,n7,,*74,,oh ,beta9e4 ,,*,,oh ,,*oh ,n7,,*74,,oh ,musc>9e4 ,*ol9e is a syrup ) an alkal9e reaction4 ,on boil+ ) wat]1 x decomposes into glycol & trime?ylam9e4 ,x gives1 :5 oxidis$1 musc>9e4 ,x =ms salts4 ,! hydro*loride is soluble 9 wat] & absolute alcohol2 neur9e hydro*loride & beta9e hydro*loride are b little soluble 9 absolute alcohol1 !re=e ?is prop]ty c be utilis$ = _! sep>ation f *ol9e4 ,! plat9o*loride is insoluble 9 absolute alcohol2 x melts at #bbe ) eff]vesc5ce1 & conta9s #caf p] c5t4 ( plat9um4 ,! m]curo*loride is soluble ) difficulty ev5 9 hot wat]4 ,! auro*loride 7,au #dde p] c5t47 is cry/all9e1 & ) difficulty soluble 9 cold wat]2 b is soluble 9 hot wat] & 9 alcohol2 melt+-po9t #bfd ) decomposition4 ,*ol9e is only poison\s 9 l>ge doses4 #fge4 ,neur9e 7,trime?yl-v9yl-ammonium hydrate71 ,c,h,n7,,*7,,oh4--,neur9e is "o ( ! products ( decomposition ( *ol9e4 ,x is poison\s1 & has be5 sep>at$ by ,brieg] & o!rs f decompos+ animal matt]s4 ,9 ,brieg]'s process1 neur9e1 if pres5t1 w be = ! mo/ "p 9 ! m]curic *loride precipitate1 & "s portion w also be 9 ! filtrate4 ,! m]cury precipitate is decompos$ by ,,%1 ! m]cury sulphide filt]$ (f1 & ! filtrate1 conc5trat$1 treat$ ) absolute alcohol & !n precipitat$ by plat9um *loride4 ,x is usually accompani$ by *ol9e2 ! plat9o*loride ( *ol9e is readily soluble 9 wat]1 neur9e plat9o*loride is soluble ) difficulty2 ?is prop]ty is tak5 advantage (1 & ! plat9o*loride cry/allis$ f wat] until pure4 ,neur9e has a /rong alkal9e reaction4 ,neur9e *loride1 ,c,h,n4,cl1 cry/allises 9 f9e ne$les4 ,! plat9o*loride1 7,c,h,n,cl7,pt,cl 7,pt #ccf p] c5t471 cry/allises 9 octah$ra4 ,! salt is soluble ) difficulty 9 hot wat]4 ,! auro*loride1 ,c,h,n,cl,au,cl 7,au #dfcg p] c5t471 =ms flat prisms1 :i*1 accord+ to ,brieg]1 are soluble ) difficulty 9 hot wat]4 ,neur9e is int5sely poison\s1 ! symptoms be+ simil> to ^? produc$ by musc>9e4 ,atrop9e is an antidote to neur9e1 reliev+ 9 suitable doses ! effects1 & ev5 r5d]+ animals tempor>ily immune aga9/ ! toxic action ( neur9e4 ,:5 a fatal dose ( neur9e is inject$ into a frog !re is 9 a %ort "t p>alysis ( ! extremities4 ,! respiration /ops fir/1 & aft]w>ds ! he>t1 ! latt] 9 dia/ole4 ,! symptoms 9 rabbits are pr(use nasal secretion & salivation ) p>alysis1 z 9 frogs4 ,appli$ to ! eye1 neur9e causes contraction ( ! pupil2 to a less degree ! same effect is produc$ by ! +e/ion ( neur9e4 ,trime?yloxyammonium hydro*loride causes simil> symptoms to neur9e1 b ! action is less p[]ful4--,v4 ,c]vello1 ,ar*4 ,ital4 ,biol41 vii4 #bcb-bcc4 #fgf4 ,beta9e4--,beta9e may be sep>at$ f a solution 9 alcohol z l>ge deliquesc5t cry/als2 ! reaction ( ! cry/als is neutral4 ,di/ill$ ) pota%1 trime?ylam9e & o!r bases are =m$4 ,beta9e *loride1 ,c,h,,no,cl1 =ms plates p]man5t 9 ! air & insoluble 9 absolute alcohol4 ,a solution ( ! *loride 9 wat] gives1 ) potassium m]curic iodide1 a light yell[ or :iti% yell[ precipitate1 soluble 9 excess2 b1 on rubb+ ! sides ( ! tube ) a glass rod1 ! oily precipitate cry/allises z yell[ ne$les2 probably ?is is *>act]i/ic4 ,! auro*loride 7,au #dca p]c5t47 =ms f9e *ole/]9e plates1 soluble 9 wat]2 melt+-po9t #bji4 ,beta9e is n poison\s4 #fgg4 ,peptotox9e4--,brieg] submitt$ to ! action ( fre% ga/ric juice moi/ fibr9 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs at blood heat4 ,! liquid 0 evaporat$ to a syrup & boil$ ) e?ylic alcohol1 ! e?ylic alcohol 0 evaporat$1 ! residue dige/$ ) amylic alcohol1 & ! amyl alcohol 9 its turn evaporat$ to dryness2 ! residue 0 a br[n amorph\s mass t 0 poison\s4 ,x 0 f>!r purifi$ by treat+ ! extract ) neutral lead acetate & !n filt]$2 ! filtrate 0 fre$ f lead by ,,% & treat$ ) e!r1 ! e!real extract be+ !n sep>at$ & evaporat$ to dryness2 ?is la/ residue 0 tak5 up ) amyl alcohol1 ! alcohol evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! residue f9ally tak5 up ) wat] & filt]$4 ,! filtrate is poison\s4 ,! poison\s sub/ance1 to :i* ,brieg] gave ! provisional "n ( peptotox9e1 is a v /able sub/ance1 resi/+ ! action ( a boil+ temp]ature1 & ev5 ! action ( /rong alkalies4 ,x gives precipitates ) alkaloidal gr\p reag5ts1 & /rikes a blue col\r ) f]ric *loride & f]ricyanide ( potassium4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic te/ seems to be its action ) ,millon's reag5t 7a solution ( m]cury nitrate 9 nitric acid conta9+ nitr\s acid72 ?is gives a :ite precipitate :i*1 on boil+1 becomes int5sely r$4 ,x is poison\s1 kill+ rabbits 9 doses ( #je grm4 p] kilogrm41 ) symptoms ( p>alysis & coma4 ,! nature ( ?is sub/ance requires fur!r elucidation4 #fgh4 ,pyrid9e ,alkaloid f ! ,cuttle ,fi%4--,o4 de ,con9ck#ffi has obta9$1 by ,gauti]'s process1 an alkaloid f ! cuttle fi%1 ( ! =mula ,c,h,n1 9 ! =m ( a yell[1 mobile1 /rongly odor\s liquid1 v soluble 9 alcohol1 e!r1 & acetone1 boil+-po9t #bjb4 ,x quickly absorbs moi/ure f ! air4 ,x =ms two m]curic *lorides1 "o ( :i* has ! =mula 7,c,h,n1,h,cl7,hg,cl2 ?is comp\nd cry/allises 9 small :ite ne$les1 slightly soluble 9 wat] & dilute alcohol1 b insoluble 9 absolute alcohol1 & decompos+ :5 expos$ to moi/ air4 ,! o!r salt is a sesqui-salt1 =m+ long yell[i% ne$les1 insoluble 9 ord9>y solv5ts1 & decompos+ :5 expos$ to moi/ air4 ,! alkaloid also =ms deliquesc5t v soluble salts ) hydro*loric & hydrobromic acids4 ,a plat9um salt is also =m$1 7,c,h,n7,h,pt,cl2 x is ( a deep yell[ col\r1 almo/ insoluble 9 cold1 b soluble 9 hot wat]2 x is decompos$ by boil+ wat]1 ) ! =mation ( a v insoluble comp\nd 9 ! %ape ( a br[n p[d]1 7,c,h,n7,pt,cl4 ,con9ck's alkaloid1 on oxidation ) potassic p]manganate1 yields a gummy acid2 ?is acid1 on purify+ x by conv]sion into a potassium salt & !n into a cupric salt1 0 f\nd to be nicot9ic acid2 s t ! alkaloid is und\bt$ly a pyrid9e comp\nd2 inde$1 ! acid1 di/ill$ ) lime1 yields pyrid9e4 #ffi ,comptes ,r5d41 cvi4 #heh1 #hfa2 cviii4 #eh-ei1 #hji-haj2 cvi4 #afjd-afje4 #fgi4 ,poisons connect$ ) ,tetanus4--,brieg]1 9 #ahhg1 isolat$ a base ( unkn[n composition1 to :i* he gave ! "n ( 8spasmotox9e40 ,x 0 produc$ 9 cultures ( ! tetanus bacillus 9 beef bro?4 ,two m def9ite sub/ances h also be5 discov]$1 viz41 tetan9e & tetanotox9e4 ,tetan9e1 ,c,h,n,o1 is be/ isolat$ by ! me?od ( ,kitasato & ,weyl4#fgj ,_! me?od ( treat+ bro? cultures ( ! tetanus bacillus is z foll[s3-- #fgj ,zeit4 f4 ,hygi5e1 viii4 #djd4 ,! bro? is dige/$ ) #jbe p] c5t4 ,h,cl = "s h\rs at #dfj1 !n r5d]$ feebly alkal9e1 & di/ill$ 9 a vacuum4 ,! residue 9 ! retort is !n work$ up = tetan9e by ,brieg]'s me?od2 ! di/illate conta9s tetanotox9e1 ammonia1 indol1 hydrog5 sulphide1 ph5ol1 & butyric acid4 ,on treat+ ! cont5ts ( ! retort by ,brieg]'s m]cury *loride me?od1 ! filtrate conta9s mo/ ( ! poison4 ,! m]cury is remov$ by ,,%1 ! filt]$ solution evaporat$ & exhau/$ by absolute alcohol1 9 :i* ! tetan9e dissolves4 ,any ammonium *loride is ?us sep>at$1 ammonium *loride be+ insoluble 9 absolute alcohol4 ,! alcoholic solution1 filt]$ f any insoluble sub/ance1 is next treat$ ) an alcoholic solution ( plat9um *loride1 :i* precipitates creat99e 7& any ammonium salts71 b does n precipitate tetan9e4 ,! plat9um salt ( tetan9e may1 h[ev]1 be precipitat$ by ! addition ( e!r to ! alcoholic solution4 ,! plat9um salt1 z obta9$ by precipitation f e!r1 is v deliquesc5t2 x has1 !re=e1 to be rapidly filt]$ (f & dri$ 9 a vacuum4 ,x c !n be recry/allis$ f hot #if p] c5t4 alcohol1 =m+ cle> yell[ plates2 ^! plates1 if dri$ 9 a vacuum1 become ) difficulty soluble 9 wat]4 ,tetan9e may be obta9$ z a free base by treat+ ! hydro*loride ) fre%ly precipitat$ moi/ silv] oxide4 ,x =ms a /rongly alkal9e yell[ syrup1 & is easily decompos$ 9 acid solution1 b is p]man5t 9 alkal9e solutions4 ,! plat9o*loride1 z be=e obs]v$1 is precipitable by e!r f alcoholic solution2 x conta9s #bhc p] c5t4 ( plat9um1 & decomposes at #aig4 ,! base produces tetanus4 #fhj4 ,tetanotox9e may be di/ill$1 & be f\nd 9 ! di/illate ) o!r matt]s4 ,x =ms an easily soluble gold salt1 melt+-po9t #acj4 ,! plat9o*loride is soluble ) difficulty1 & decomposes at #bdj4 ,! hydro*loride is soluble 9 alcohol & 9 wat]1 melt+-po9t ab\t #bje4 ,tetanotox9e produces tremor1 !n p>alysis1 & la/ly1 viol5t convulsions4 #fha4 ,mydatox9e1 ,c,h,,no4--,a base obta9$ by ,brieg] f horse-fle% 9 a putrefactive condition & o!r sub/ances4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! m]cury *loride precipitate4 ,! free base is an alkal9e syrup1 isom]ic ) ! base sep>at$ by ,brieg] f tetanus cultures4 ,! hydro*loride is a deliquesc5t syrup1 n =m+ any comp\nd ) gold *loride1 b unit+ ) phospho-molybdic acid 9 =m+ a comp\nd cry/allis+ 9 cubes4 ,x =ms a d\ble salt ) gold *loride1 sp>+ly soluble 9 wat]4 ,! plat9o*loride 7,pt #bi p] c5t47 is v soluble 9 wat]1 b n soluble 9 alcohol2 melt+-po9t #aic ) decomposition4 ,! base 9 l>ge doses is poison\s1 caus+ la*rymation1 di>rha1 & convulsions4 #fhb4 ,mytilotox9e1 ,c,h,,no4--,?is is believ$ to be ! poison ( mussels4 ,brieg] isolat$ x z foll[s3-- ,! mussels 7 boil$ ) wat] acidifi$ by hydro*loric acid2 ! liquid 0 filt]$1 & ! filtrate evaporat$ to a syrup1 & ! syrup 0 repeat$ly extract$ ) alcohol4 ,x 0 f\nd advisable to exhau/ ?or\ghly ) alcohol1 o!rwise mu* poison rema9$ beh9d4 ,! alcoholic solution 0 treat$ ) an alcoholic solution ( lead acetate4 ,! filtrate 0 evaporat$ & ! residue extract$ ) alcohol4 ,! lead 0 remov$ by ,,%1 ! alcohol di/ill$ (f1 wat] add$ to ! rema9+ syrup1 & ! solution decoloris$ by boil+ ) animal *>coal4 ,! solution 0 neutralis$ by sodium c>bonate1 acidulat$ ) nitric acid1 & precipitat$ ) phosphomolybdic acid4 ,! precipitate 0 !n decompos$ by w>m+ ) a neutral solution ( lead acetate1 & ! filtrate 7aft] ! removal ( ! lead by ! action ( ,,%7 0 acidulat$ ) ,h,cl & evaporat$ to dryness4 ,! residue 0 !n extract$ ) absolute alcohol1 filt]$ f any insoluble *loride1 e4g41 beta9e *loride1 & precipitat$ by m]cury *loride 9 alcohol4 ,! free base has a mo/ peculi> od\r1 :i* disappe>s on exposure to air2 at ! same "t1 ! poison\s prop]ties also dim9i%4 ,! base is de/roy$ by boil+ ) sodium c>bonate2 on ! o!r h&1 ! hydro*loride may be evaporat$ to dryness or be boil$ )\t decompos+4 ,! hydro*loride cry/allises 9 tetrah$ra2 ! auro*loride cry/allises 9 cubes 7,au#daff p] c5t474 ,its melt+-po9t is #ahb4 #fhc4 ,tyrotoxicon 7,diazob5zol1 ,c,h,n7,,oh774--,x appe>s1 f ! rese>*es ( ,vaughan & o!rs1 t diazob5zol is liable to be =m$ 9 milk & milk products1 especially 9 summ] "t4 ,x is confid5tly ass]t$ by _m t ! summ] di>rha ( infants is due to ?is tox9e2 h[ev] t may be1 x is well e/abli%$ t diazob5zol is a viol5t poison1 caus+ sickness1 di>rha1 &1 9 l>ge doses1 an acute malady sc>cely di/+ui%able f *ol]a1 & :i* may end fatally4 ,!re w always be difficulty 9 detect+ x1 because ( its in/ability4 ,! foll[+ is ! be/ process ( extraction f milk4 ,! milk w probably be acid f decomposition2 if s1 ! :ey mu/ be sep>at$ by dilution & filtration2 )\t dilution x may be f\nd impracticable to get a cle> filtrate4 ,9 ord] to keep ! bulk d[n1 #be c4c4 ( ! milk may be dilut$ up to #ajj c4c41 &1 hav+ obta9$ a cle> filtrate f ?is #be c4c4 ?us dilut$1 ! filtrate is us$ to dilute ano!r #be c4c4 ( milk & s on4 ,! acid filtrate is neutralis$ by sodium c>bonate1 agitat$ ) an equal volume ( e!r1 all[$ to /& 9 a /opp]$ vessel = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & ! e!r !n sep>at$ & all[$ to evaporate spontane\sly4 ,! residue is acidifi$ ) nitric acid & !n treat$ ) a saturat$ solution ( pota%1 :i* =ms a /able comp\nd ) diazob5zol1 & ! :ole conc5trat$ on ! wat]-ba?4 ,on cool+1 ! tyrotoxicon comp\nd =ms six-sid$ plates4 ,be=e ! :ole ( ?is process is und]tak51 x is well to make a prelim9>y te/ ( ! milk z foll[s3--,a little ( ! e!r is all[$ to evaporate spontane\sly4 ,place on a porcela9 slab two or ?ree drops ( a mixture ( equal p>ts ( sulphuric & c>bolic acids1 & add a few drops ( ! aque\s solution2 if tyrotoxicon be pres5t1 a yell[ to orange-r$ col\r is produc$4 ,a simil> col\r is also produc$ by nitrates or nitrites1 :i* are n likely to be pres5t "u ! circum/ances1 milk hav+ m]e traces only ( nitrates or nitrites2 x may also be due to butyric acid1 :i*1 9 a decompos$ milk1 may frequ5tly be 9 solution4 ,!re=e1 if a col\r occurs1 ?is is n absolutely conclusive2 if1 h[ev]1 no col\r is produc$1 !n x is c]ta9 t no diazob5zol has be5 sep>at$4 ,t is all t c be said1 = ! process itself is faulty1 & only sep>ates a fractional "p ( ! :ole4 #fhd4 ,tox9es ( ,hog ,*ol]a4--,tox9es h be5 isolat$ by ,f4 ,g4 ,novy#fga f a cultivation ( ,salmon's bacillus 9 pork bro?4 ,! fluid possess$ a /rong alkal9e reaction4 ,= ! isolation1 ,brieg]'s me?od 0 us$4 ,! m]cury *loride precipitate 0 amorph\s & 0 conv]t$ into a *lor9e-free plat9um comp\nd1 to :i* 0 assign$ ! composition ( ,c,h,n,pt,o4 ,aft] sep>ation ( ?is comp\nd1 ! "m liquor /ill conta9$ a plat9um salt cry/allis+ 9 ne$les1 & f ?is 0 obta9$ ! *lorhydrate ( a new base1 to :i* 0 giv5 ! "n ( susotox9e2 x _h ! composition ( ,c,h,n#b;,h,cl1,pt,cl4 ,susotox9e gives g5]al alkaloidal reactions1 & is v poison\s4 #fga ,m$4 ,news1 ,septemb] #ahij4 #fhe4 ,o!r ,ptoma9es4--,besides ! ptoma9es :i* h be5 already describ$1 !re are a numb] ( o!rs2 ! foll[+ may be m5tion$3 isoamylam9e1#fgb 7,,*7,,*4,,*4,,*,,nh2 butylam9e1 ,,*,,*,,*,,*,,nh2 dihydrolutid9e1#fgc ,c,h,n2 hydrocollid9e1#fgd ,c,h,n2 ,c,h,n 7a base isolat$ by ,gu>es*i & ,mosso#fge f ox-fibr9 9 a /ate ( putrefaction by ,gauti]'s me?od2 x =ms a cry/all9e hydro*loride & an insoluble plat9o*loride2 its action is l t ( cur>e b weak]72 asell9e1#fgf ,c,h,n1 isolat$ f cod-liv] oil2 typhotox9e1#fgg ,c,h,,no1 isolat$ f cultures ( ,eb]?'s bacillus4 ,s f> z ! publi%$ rese>*es g1 x w\ld appe> t o!r cry/all9e sub/ances h be5 isolat$ f ! ur9e1 f ! tissues1 & f ! secretions ( pati5ts suff]+ f v>i\s diseases2 ! quantity obta9$ 9 ea* case has1 h[ev]1 be51 "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances1 less ?an a gramme2 (t5 only a few milligrms4 ,to specifically decl>e t a few milligrms4 ( a sub/ance is a new body1 requires imm5se exp]i5ce & great skill2 &1 ev5 :]e ^? qualifications are pres5t1 ?is is too (t5 impossible4 ,?is be+ s1 ! long li/ ( nam$ ptoma9es1 su* z erysipel9e1 v>iol9e1 & o!rs1 mu/ h _! exi/5ce m fully confirm$ by m ?an "o obs]v] be=e !y c be accept$ z sep>ate entities4 #fgb ,hesse1 ,*em4 ,jahresb41 #aheg1 #djc4 #fgc ,gauti]1 ,a41 & ,morgues1 ,compt4 ,r5d41 #ahhh4 #fgd ,gauti] et ,et>d1 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,*im41 xxxvii41 #ahhb4 #fge ,gu>es*i et ,mosso1 ,les ptoma9es1 #ahhc4 #fgf ,gauti]1 ,a41 et ,morgues1 ,compt4 ,r5d41 #ahhh4 #fgg ,brieg]1 #ahhe1 ,ptoma9es1 iii4 ,,division ,,iii4--,,food ,,poison+4 #fhf4 ,a l>ge numb] ( cases ( poison+ by food occur ye>ly2 "s are detail$ 9 ! daily press2 ! great majority are nei!r record$ 9 any j\rnal1 sci5tific or o!rwise2 nor1 on acc\nt ( _! slight & pass+ "*1 is m$ical aid s\ght4 ,! greate/ portion ( ^! cases are probably due to ptoma9es exi/+ 9 ! food be=e be+ consum$2 o!rs may be due to ! action ( unheal?y f]m5tation 9 ! inte/9al canal itself2 9 a ?ird class ( cases1 x is probable t a true zymotic infection is convey$ & develops 9 ! suff]]2 ! latt] class ( cases1 z1 = in/ance1 ! ,middlesbor\gh epidemic ( pleuro-pneumonia1 is outside ! scope ( ?is treatise4 ,conf9+ ! att5tion to cases ( food poison+ 9 :i* ! symptoms h be5 closely analys$ & describ$1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ?irte5 cases ( food poison+1 inve/igat$ by ! m$ical (fic]s ( ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d betwe5 ! ye>s #ahgh & #ahia1 z foll[s3-- #ahgh4 ,a ,case ( ,poison+ at ,:it*ur* f eat+ ,roa/ ,pork4--,only ! leg ( pork 0 poison\s1 o!r p>ts eat5 )\t injury4 ,two p]sons di$ aft] ab\t ?irty h\rs' illness4 ,! pork itself1 on a p>ticul> ,sunday1 0 innocu\s2 x became poison\s betwe5 ! ,sunday & ! ,monday2 ! toxicity appe>$ to gradually increase1 = ^? :o ate x = d9n] on ! ,monday 7 n tak5 ill = p]iods ( f sev5 to n9ete5 h\rs1 :ile two p]sons :o ate ( x 9 ! ev5+ 7 attack$ f\r h\rs aft] eat+4 #ahhj4 ,! ,welbeck ,epidemic1 due to eat+ cold boil$ ham4 ,ov] fifty p]sons affect$4 ,symptoms comm5c$ 9 f twelve to =ty-eight h\rs4 #ahha4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,poison+ f eat+ ,bak$ ,pork1 ,nott+ham4--,probably ! gravy 0 ! cause & n ! pork itself4 ,_m p]sons s]i\sly ill4 ,"o di$4 #ahha4 ,t9n$ ,am]ican ,sausage4--,a man 9 ,*e/] di$ f eat+ t9n$ ,am]ican sausage4 ,poison f\nd to be unequally di/ribut$ 9 ! sausage4 #ahhb4 ,poison+ at ,oldham by ,t9n$ ,pigs' ,tongues4--,two families affect$4 ,symptoms comm5c$ 9 ab\t f\r h\rs4 ,all recov]$4 ,aft] a few days' keep+ x w\ld appe> t ! poison _h be5 decompos$4 #ahhb4 ,a ,family ,poison$ by ,roa/ ,beef at ,bi%op ,/ort=d4--,only a p>ticul> piece ( ! ribs seem$ to be poison\s1 ! re/ ( ! c>case be+ innocu\s4 ,symptoms did n comm5ce until sev]al h\rs aft] +e/ion4 #ahhb4 ,t5 diff]5t ,families at ,:it*ur* ,poison$ by eat+ ,brawn4--,fir/ symptoms aft] ab\t f\r h\rs4 #ahhd4 ,t9n$ ,salmon at ,wolv]hampton4--,five p]sons1 two be+ *ildr51 ate ( t9n$ salmon at ,wolv]hampton4 ,all suff]$ m or less4 ,! "m's symptoms began aft] twelve h\rs1 & %e di$ 9 five days2 ! son di$ 9 ?ree days1 ! symptoms comm5c+ 9 t5 h\rs4 ,! po/-mortem signs 7 simil> to ^? f phosphorus poison+1 viz41 fatty deg5]ation4 ,mice f$ on ! mat]ial also suff]$1 & _! organs %[$ a simil> deg5]ation4 #ahhf4 ,! ,c>lisle ,a ,case4--,at a w$d+ breakfa/ 9 ,c>lisle tw5ty-f\r p]sons 7 poison$ by food :i* _h be5 kept 9 an ill-v5tilat$ cell>4 ,! articles suspect$ 7 an ,am]ican ham1 an op5 game pie1 & c]ta9 jellies4 ,! bride di$4 ,symptoms comm5c$ 9 f six to =ty-?ree h\rs4 #ahhf4 ,poison+ by ,veal ,pie at ,iron ,bridge4--,twelve out ( fifte5 ate ( ! pie2 all 7 tak5 ill 9 f six to twelve h\rs4 #ahhg4 ,poison+ at ,ret=d ( ,eighty ,p]sons f eat+ ,pork ,pie or ,brawn4--,symptoms comm5c$ at v>i\s int]vals1 f eight to ?irty-six h\rs4 #ahhi4 ,! ,c>lisle ,b ,case4--,poison+ by pork pies or boil$ salt pork4 ,numb] ( p]sons attack$1 ab\t tw5ty-five4 #ahia4 ,poison+ by a ,meat ,pie at ,portsm\?4--,?irte5 p]sons suff]$ f s]i\s illness4 ,portions ( ! pies 7 poison\s to mice4 ,! symptoms 9 all ^! cases 7 n precisely alike2 b !y 7 s f> id5tical z to %[ z great a simil>ity z 9 cases :5 a numb] ( p]sons are poison$ by ! same *emical sub/ance4 ,ars5ic1 = in/ance1 produces sev]al types ( poison+2 s does phosphorus4 ,sev]e ga/ro-ent]ic di/urbance1 ) m or less affection ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 7 ! ma9 *>act]i/ics4 ,^! symptoms comm5c$1 z be=e /at$1 at v>i\s int]vals aft] +e/ion ( ! food2 b !y came on ) extreme sudd5ness4 ,rigors1 pro/ration1 gidd9ess1 (f5sive di>rha1 foll[$ by muscul> twit*+s1 dilatation ( ! pupil1 dr[s9ess1 deep5+ 9 bad cases to coma1 7 commonly obs]v$4 ,! po/-mortem appe>ances 7 ^? ( ent]itis1 ) inflammatory *anges 9 ! kidney & liv]4 ,convalesc5ce 0 sl[2 sometimes !re 0 desquamation ( ! sk94 ,9 _m ( ^! cases ,dr4 ,kle9 f\nd bact]ia :i*1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 7 capable ( becom+ pa?og5ic2 b 9 no case does !re seem to h be5 at ! same "t an exhau/ive *emical inquiry2 s t1 al?\gh !re 0 evid5ce ( a poison pass+ ?r\gh ! kidney1 ! nature ( ! poison /ill rema9s obscure4 ,! dea?s 9 ,engl& & ,wales f un:olesome food dur+ t5 ye>s 7 z foll[s3-- ,,dea?s ,,9 ,,engl& ,,& ,,wales ,,f ,,un:olesome ,,food ,,dur+ ,,! ,,t5 ,,ye>s #ahhc-ahib4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #ahhc4 #ahhe4 #ahhg4 #ahhi4 #ahia4 ,to- #ahhd4 #ahhf4 #ahhh4 #ahij4 #ahib4tal4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,diseas$ #a 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 #a meat1 ,poison\s #b #c #b #a #a #d #c #b #i #f #cc fi%1 ,un:olesome444 #a 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 #a brawn1 ,t9n$ 444 #b 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 #b salmon1 ,putrid 444 #a #a #a 444 444 #a 444 444 444 #d meat1 ,diseas$ 444 #a 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 #a food1 ,mussels1 444 #a 444 444 444 444 #a 444 444 444 #b ,t9n$ 444 444 444 444 #b 444 444 444 444 444 #b foods1 ,:elks1 444 444 444 444 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a ,w9kles1 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 444 #a ,ptoma9es1 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 #a ---------------------------------------- ---- #c #i #c #b #d #d #e #c #aj #f #di ---------------------------------------- --------------- #fhg4 ,g]man ,sausage ,poison+4--,a s]ies ( cases may be pick$ out f ! acc\nts ( sausage poison+ 9 ,g]many1 all ( :i* evid5tly dep5d ^u a poison produc+ ! same symptoms1 & ! ess5tially di/9ctive m>k ( :i* is extreme dryness ( ! sk9 & muc\s membranes1 dilatation ( ! pupil1 & p>alysis ( ! upp] eyelids 7ptosis74 ,9 an unc]ta9 "t aft] eat+ sausages or "s =m ( meat1 f "o to tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 !re is a g5]al feel+ ( uneas9ess1 a s5se ( weight ab\t ! /oma*1 nausea1 & soon aft]w>ds vomit+1 & v (t5 di>rha4 ,! di>rha is n sev]e1 nev] assumes a *ol]aic =m1 & is unaccompani$ by cramps 9 ! muscles4 ,aft] a consid]able int]val !re is m>k$ dryness ( ! muc\s membrane 7a symptom :i* nev] fails71 ! tongue1 ph>ynx1 & ! m\? g5]ally seem actually de/itute ( secretion2 !re is also an abs5ce ( p]spiration1 ! nasal muc\s membrane p>ticipates 9 ?is unnatural want ( secretion1 ! v te>s are dri$ up4 ,9 a case relat$ by ,kraatz]1#fgh ! pati5t1 los+ a son1 0 mu* tr\bl$1 b wept no te>4 ,?is dryness leads to *anges 9 ! muc\s membrane1 x %rivels1 & p>tly desquamates1 aph?\s swell+s may occur1 & a diffuse r$ness & diph!ritic-l pat*es h be5 notic$4 ,!re is ob/9ate con/ipation1 probably f a dryness ( ! muc\s l9+ ( ! inte/9es4 ,! brea? has an unpleasant od\r1 !re is (t5 a cr\py c\gh1 ! ur9>y secretion alone is n decreas$ b r augm5t$4 ,swall[+ may be s difficult z to rise to ! grade ( aphagia1 & ! tongue _c be manipulat$ prop]ly1 s t ! spee* may be almo/ un9telligible4 ,at ! same "t1 m>k$ symptoms ( ! motor n]ves ( ! face are pres5t1 ! pati5t's sight is di/urb$1 he sees col\rs or sp>ks be=e 8 eyes2 9 a few cases !re has be5 transitory bl9dness1 9 o!rs diplopia4 ,! pupil 9 ne>ly all ! cases has be5 dilat$1 also 9 exceptional in/ances x has be5 contract$4 ,! levator palpebrae sup]ioris is p>alys$1 & ! result+ ptosis completes ! picture4 ,consci\sness rema9s intact almo/ to dea?1 !re is excessive weakness ( ! muscles1 p]haps f a g5]al p>esis4 ,if ! pati5t lives long en\gh1 he gets wret*$ly ?91 & dies f m>asmus4 ,9 m rapidly fatal cases1 dea? foll[s f respiratory p>alysis1 ) or )\t convulsions4 #fgh ,quot$ by ,husemann1 ,v]giftung dur* ,wur/gift 7,mas*ka's ,h&book74 ,! po/-mortem appe>ances :i* h be5 obs]v$ are--! muc\s membranes ( ! m\?1 gullet1 & ?roat are :ite1 h>d1 & p>*m5t-l2 t ( ! /oma* is m or less inject$ ) num]\s hmorrhages3 ! kidneys are some:at conge/$1 ) "s effusion ( blood 9 ! tubuli2 ! sple5 is l>ge & v full ( blood1 & ! lungs are (t5 demat\s1 pneumonic1 or bron*itic4 ,,"p ,,viii4--,,! ,,oxalic ,,acid ,,gr\p ,,( ,,poisons4 #fhh4 ,oxalic acid is widely di/ribut$ bo? 9 ! free /ate & 9 comb9ation ) bases ?r\gh\t ! vegetable k+dom1 & x also occurs 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,9 comb9ation ) pota% x is f\nd 9 ! ,g]anium acetosum 7,l471 ,sp9acia ol]acea 7,l471 ,phytolacca dec&ra 7,l471 ,rheum palmatum 7,l471 ,rumex acetosa1 ,atropa belladonna1 & sev]al o!rs2 9 comb9ation ) soda 9 diff]5t species ( ,salsola & ,salicornia2 & 9 comb9ation ) lime 9 mo/ plants1 especially 9 ! roots & b>k4 ,_m li*5s conta9 half _! weight ( calcic oxalate1 & oxalic acid1 ei!r free or comb9$1 is 7accord+ to ! obs]vations ( ,hamlet & ,pl[right#fgi7 pres5t 9 all mature non-microscopic fungi4 ,cry/als ( oxalate ( lime may be frequ5tly se5 by ! aid ( ! microscope 9 ! cells ( plants4 ,accord+ to ,s*midt1#fhj ?is cry/allisation only takes place 9 ! fully mature cell1 = 9 actively gr[+ cells ! oxalate ( lime is entirely dissolv$ by ! album5 ( ! plant4 #fgi ,*em4 ,news1 vol4 xxxvi4 p4 #ic4 #fhj ,ann4 ,*em4 ,ph>m41 vol4 lxi4 p4 #big4 ,9 ! animal k+dom oxalic acid is always pres5t 9 ! inte/9al cont5ts ( ! cat]pill>4 ,9 comb9ation ) lime1 x is con/antly f\nd 9 ! allantois liquor ( ! c[1 ! ur9e ( man1 sw9e1 horses1 & cats4 ,) reg>d to human ur9e1 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( oxalate ( lime greatly dep5ds ^u ! diet1 & also ^u ! individual1 "s p]sons almo/ inv>iably secret+ oxalates1 :atev] _! food may be4 #fhi4 ,oxalic ,acid1 ,h,c,o#b;,h,o 7#ij #cf71 specific gravity #afd1 occurs 9 comm]ce 9 prismatic cry/als1 v simil> to1 & liable to be mi/ak5 =1 ei!r magnesic or z9cic sulphates4 ,! cry/als are int5sely acid1 easily soluble 9 wat] 7#a "p requir+ at #ade #ajdf p>ts ( wat]72 !y are also soluble 9 p>ts ( cold1 & readily 9 boil+1 alcohol4 ,oxalic acid is slightly soluble 9 cold absolute e!r2 b e!r1 al?\gh extract+ mo/ organic acids f an aque\s solution1 w n extract oxalic acid4 ,oxalic acid sublimes sl[ly at #ajj1 b rapidly & completely at #aej2 ! be/ means ( obta9+ ! pure anhydride is to put a suffici5t quantity ( ! acid into a /rong flask1 clamp x by suitable connections to a m]cury pump1 & sublime 9 a vacuum2 9 ?is way a suffici5t quantity may be sublim$ a little above #ajj4 ,x is well to rememb]1 n only its l[ sublim+ temp]ature1 b also t an aque\s solution1 if kept at #ajj1 loses acid2 h5ce all evaporat+ or heat+ op]ations mu/ n exce$ #ih1 or !re w be "s loss4 ,! effect ( heat is fir/ to drive (f wat]1 !n1 if cont9u$ up to ab\t #aij1 !re is decomposition into c>bon monoxide1 c>bon dioxide1 wat]1 & =mic acid2 ! two reactions occurr+ simultane\sly-- ,c,h,o ,,co ,,co ,h,o4 ,c,h,o ,,co ,,*,o4 ,heat$ ) sulphuric acid to #aaj1 ! foll[+ decomposition takes place3-- ,h,c,o ,h,o ,,co ,,co4 ,oxalic acid decomposes fluor sp>1 ! phosphates ( iron1 silv]1 z9c1 copp]1 & ! ars5iates ( iron1 silv]1 & copp]4 ,x may be us$ to sep>ate ! sulphides ( iron & manganese f ! sulphides ( z9c1 cadmium1 uranium1 cobalt1 m]cury1 & copp]--dissolv+ ! =m]1 n ! latt]4 ,_m m9]als & o!r sub/ances are also attack$ by ?is acid4 ,if a solution ( oxalic acid 9 wat] is boil$ ) ammonio or sodio t]*loride ( gold 7avoid+ direct exposure to light7 ! gold is precipitat$-- #b;,au,cl #c;,h,c,o #f;,,co #f;,h,cl ,au4 ,:5 black oxide ( manganese 7free f c>bonate7 is mix$ ) an oxalate1 & treat$ ) dilute sulphuric acid1 ! oxalic acid is decompos$1 & c>bon dioxide evolv$-- ,mn,o ,h,c,o ,h,,s ,mn,s,o #b;,h,o #b;,,co4 ,a simil> reaction occurs ) p]manganate ( pota%4 ,if to a solution ( oxalic acid1 :i* may be neutralis$ ) an alkali1 or may conta9 free acetic acid1 a solution ( acetate ( lime be add$1 oxalate ( lime is ?r[n d[n4 ,?is salt1 important 9 an analytical po9t ( view1 x w be well to describe4 #fij4 ,oxalate ( ,lime 7,ca,c,o,h,o71 #a "p #hfc cry/allis$ oxalic acid4 ,?is is ! salt :i* ! analy/ obta9s = ! quantitative e/imation ( lime or oxalic acid2 x is n id5tical ) t occurr+ 9 ! vegetable k+dom1 ! latt] conta9+ #c;,h,o4 ,oxalate ( lime _c be precipitat$ = quantitative purposes f solutions conta9+ *romium1 alum9ium1 or f]ric iron1 s9ce some:at soluble salts are =m$4 ,x dissolves 9 solutions ( magnesium & manganese1#fha & citrate ( soda1 & is also decompos$ by boil+ ) solutions ( copp]1 silv]1 lead1 cadmium1 z9c1 nickel1 cobalt1 /rontium1 or b>ium4 ,x is insoluble 9 solutions ( *lorides ( ! alkalies & alkal9e e>?s1 & 9 wat]1 9 alkal9e solutions1 or 9 acetic acid2 & is soluble 9 m9]al acid only :5 ! acid is /rong & 9 consid]able excess4 ,x is unalt]able 9 ! air1 & at #ajj4 ,:5 c>efully & sl[ly ignit$ x may be :olly conv]t$ into c>bonate ( lime2 if ! heat is n prop]ly manag$ 7t is1 if excessive71 cau/ic lime may be =m$ 9 great] or small] quantity4 #fha ,b x is reprecipitat$ unalt]$ by excess ( alkal9e oxalate4 #fia4 ,use 9 ! ,arts4--,oxalic acid is *iefly us$ by dy]s & calico-pr9t]s1 b also by curri]s & h>ness-mak]s = clean+ lea!r1 by m>ble masons = remov+ iron /a9s1 by work]s 9 /raw = blea*+1 & x is appli$ to v>i\s h\sehold purposes1#fhb su* z ! :it5+ ( bo>ds1 ! remov+ ( iron-m\ld f l951 c4 ,! hydropotassic oxalate 7b9oxalate ( pota%71 "u ! popul> names ( 8ess5tial salt ( lemons0 & salts ( sorrel1 is us$ = sc\r+ metals & = remov+ ink-/a9s f l954 #fhb ,a 8,liquid ,blue10 us$ = laundry purposes1 conta9s mu* free oxalic acid4 #fib4 ,hydropotassic ,oxalate1 ,b9oxalate ( ,pota%1 ,,khc,o7,h,o71 is a :ite salt1 acid 9 reaction1 soluble 9 wat]1 & insoluble 9 alcohol4 ,heat$ on plat9um foil x leaves potassic c>bonate1 :i* may be recognis$ by ! usual te/s4 ,its aque\s solution gives1 ) a solution ( acetate or sulphate ( lime1 a precipitate ( calcic oxalate insoluble 9 acetic acid4 #fic4 ,/ati/ics4--,poison+ by oxalic acid is m frequ5t 9 ,engl& ?an 9 any o!r ,european c\ntry4 ,9 ! t5 ye>s #ahhc-ib1 !re 7 regi/]$ 9 ,engl& & ,wales #bbb dea?s f oxalic acid--( ^! #aii1 or #hif p] c5t41 7 suicidal1 ! rema9d] accid5tal4 ,! age & sex di/ribution ( ^! cases is set out 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,,poison+ ,,by ,,oxalic ,,acid ,,9 ,,engl& ,,& ,,wales ,,dur+ ,,! ,,t5 ,,ye>s #ahhc-ahib4 ,,accid5t ,,or ,,neglig5ce4 ,ages1 #j-a #a-e #e-ae #ae-be #be-fe #fe & ,total above ,males1 #a 444 444 #b 444 #ad #ag ,females1 444 444 444 #a #e 444 #f ---------------------------------------- ----- ,total1 #a 444 444 #c #e #ad #bc ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,suicide4 ,ages1 #ae-be #be-fe #fe & ,total above ,males1 #i #ajb #c #aad ,females1 #ba #fb #b #he ---------------------------- ,total1 #cj #afd #e #aii ---------------------------- #fid4 ,fatal ,dose4--,! smalle/ dose ( oxalic acid kn[n to h de/roy$ life is1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,taylor1 #chh grms4 7#fj gra9s72 b recov]y has tak5 place1 on prompt adm9i/ration ( rem$ies1 aft] eight times ?is quantity has be5 swall[$4 ,) reg>d to oxalate ( soda1 or b9oxalate ( pota%1 #adb grms4 7half an ounce7 h be5 tak5 )\t fatal result1 al?\gh ! symptoms 7 v s]i\s2 & x may be held t ab\t t quantity w\ld usually cause dea?4 ,oxalic acid is n us$ 9 m$ic9e1 save z a salt1 e4g41 oxalate ( c]ium4 #fie4 ,effects ( ,oxalic ,acid & ,oxalates on ,animals4--,! fir/ cases ( poison+ by oxalic acid occurr$ e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 a little m ?an fifty ye>s aft] its discov]y4 ,?ompson#fhc 0 ! fir/ :o attempt$1 by exp]im5t on animal life1 to elucidate ! action ( ! poison2 he not$ ! cau/ic action on ! /oma*1 & ! effects on ! he>t & n]v\s sy/em1 :i* he attribut$ simply to ! local injury ?r\gh ! sympa!tic n]ves4 ,orfila#fhd 0 ! next :o took ! matt] up1 & he made sev]al exp]im5ts2 b x 0 ,rob]t ,*ri/ison#fhe :o di/9ctly recognis$ ! important fact t oxalic acid 0 toxic1 q ap>t f any local effects1 & t ! soluble oxalates1 su* z sodic & potassic oxalates1 7 viol5t poisons4 #fhc ,lond4 ,m$4 ,rep41 vol4 iii4 p4 #chb4 #fhd ,trait de ,toxicologie4 #fhe ,ed94 ,m$4 & ,surg4 ,j\rn41 #ahbc4 #fif4 ,kob]t & ,kssn]#fhf h made "s ext5d$ rese>*es on ! effects ( sodic oxalate on rabbits1 cats1 dogs1 gu9ea-pigs1 h$gehogs1 frogs1 c4--! *ief results ( :i* are z foll[s3--,on injection ( sodic oxalate solution 9 mod]ate doses into ! circulation1 ! he>t's action1 &1 !re=e1 ! pulse1 become arhy?mic2 & a dicrotic or tricrotic condition ( ! pulse may la/ ev5 half a day1 :ile at ! same "t ! frequ5cy may be un9flu5c$4 ,! blood-pressure also ) mod]ate doses is normal1 & ) small atoxic doses !re is no sl[+ ( ! respiration4 ,on ! o!r h&1 toxic doses p>alyse ! respiratory app>atus1 & ! animal dies asphyxiat$4 ,) *ronic & subacute poison+ ! respiration becomes sl[] & sl[]1 & !n ceases f p>alysis ( ! respiratory muscles4 ,! fir/ sign ( poison+1 :e!r acute or *ronic1 is a sleepy condition2 dogs lie quiet1 mak+ n[ & !n a noise z if dream+1 me*anical irritations are respond$ to ) dulness4 ,! h9d extremities become weak1 & !n ! =e4 ,?is p>esis ( ! h9d extremities1 deep5+ into complete p>alysis1 0 v con/ant & /rik+4 ,take1 = example1 f ! pap] 7op4 cit47 ! exp]im5t 9 :i* a l>ge cat receiv$ 9 six days five subcutane\s injections ( #e c4c4 ( a solution ( sodic oxalate 7/r5g? #a 3 #cj71 equall+ #af grm42 ! cat di$1 z x 71 gradually f beh9d =w>ds1 s t on ! six? day ! h9d] extremities 7 fully motionless & )\t feel+4 ,! he>t beat /rongly4 ,! temp]ature ( ! poison$ animal always s9ks bel[ ! normal condition4 ,convulsions 9 acute poison+ are common1 9 *ronic q abs5t2 :5 pres5t 9 acute poison+1 !y are tetanic or /ry*nic-l4 ,9 all ! exp]im5ts ( ,kob]t & ,kssn]1 le?al doses ( soluble oxalates caus$ ! appe>ance ( sug> 9 ! ur9e4 #fhf ,exp]4 ,wirkung5 d] ,oxalsure1 ,vir*4 ,ar*iv1 ,bd4 lxxvii4 ,s4 #bji4 ,j4 ,uppmann#fhg made =ty-n9e exp]im5ts on dogs1 9 :i* he adm9i/]$ relatively l>ge doses by ! /oma*2 no poison\s effect foll[$4 ,emil ,pfeiff]#fhh gave a dog 9 ?ree successive days #b1 #e1 & la/ly #a grm4 oxalic acid ) meat1 b no symptoms result$4 ,yet t oxalic acid1 z sodic oxalate1 is poison\s to dogs1 if x once gets into ! circulation1 _c be disput$4 ,! accept$ explanation is t ! l>ge am\nt ( lime phosphates 9 ! dige/ive canal ( dogs is decompos$ by oxalic acid1 & ! h>mless lime oxalate =m$4 #fhg ,allg4 ,m$4 c5tral ,ztg41 #ahgg4 #fhh ,ar*iv d] ,ph>m4 7#c ,r471 ,bd4 xiii4 ,s4 #edd1 #ahgh4 ,oxalic acid is absorb$ into ! blood1 & lee*es h be5 kn[n to die aft] _! application to a p]son :o _h tak5 a l>ge dose4 ,?us ,*ri/ison#fhi quotes a case relat$ by ,dr4 ,arr[smi?1 9 :i* ?is occurr$3--8,!y 7 heal?y1 & fa/5$ imm$iately2 on look+ at !m a few m9utes aft]1 ,i rem>k$ t !y did n seem to fill1 & on t\*+ "o x felt h>d1 & in/antly fell (f motionless & dead2 ! o!rs 7 9 ! same /ate4 ,!y _h all bitt51 & ! m>ks 7 conspicu\s1 b !y _h drawn sc>cely any blood4 ,!y 7 appli$ ab\t six h\rs aft] ! acid _h be5 tak540 #fhi ,treatise on ,poisons4 #fig4 ,effects ( ,vaporis$ ,oxalic ,acid4--,eul5b]g has exp]im5t$ on pigeons on ! action ( oxalic acid :5 brea!d4 ,9 "o ( 8 exp]im5ts1 #ge grm4 ( ! acid 0 volatilis$ into a glass %ade1 9 :i* a pigeon _h be5 plac$2 aft] ?is _h be5 done five times 9 two m9utes1 !re 0 uneas9ess1 %ak+ ( ! head1 & c\gh1 ) increas$ muc\s secretion ( ! nasal membrane4 ,on cont9u+ ! transmission ( ! vap\r1 aft] eight m9utes !re 0 aga9 re/lessness1 %ak+ ( ! head1 & c\gh2 aft] elev5 m9utes ! bird fell & 0 convuls$4 ,on discont9u+ ! sublimation1 x got up & mov$ freely1 b %[$ respiratory irritation4 ,on ! second day aft] ! exp]im5t1 x 0 obs]v$ t ! bird's note 0 ho>se1 on ! f\r? day !re 0 sl[ness ( ! he>t's action & refusal ( food1 & on ! six? day ! bird 0 f\nd dead4 ,exam9ation aft] dea? %[$ slight injection ( ! c]ebral membranes2 ! cellul> tissue 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! tra*ea conta9$ 9 c]ta9 places extravasations ( blood1 v>y+ f ! size ( a pea to t ( a p5ny2 ! muc\s membrane ( ! l>ynx & tra*ea 0 swoll5 & cov]$ ) a ?ick cr\p\s lay]2 ! lungs 7 p>tially hepatis$1 & ! pleura ?ick5$2 ! crop z well z ! true inte/9es /ill conta9$ "s food4#fij #fij ,gew]be ,hygi5e1 p4 #dbc4 #fih4 ,! ,effects ( ,oxalic ,acid & ,hydropotassic ,oxalate on ,man4--,! cases ( oxalic poison+ h be5 inv>iably due to ei!r oxalic acid or hydropotassic oxalate1 ! neutral sodic or potassic oxalates hav+ hi!rto 9 no in/ance be5 tak54 ,! symptoms1 & ev5 ! locally de/ructive action ( oxalic acid & ! acid oxalate1 are s simil> t nei!r f cl9ical nor po/-mortem signs c\ld !y be diff]5tiat$ by anyone n hav+ a previ\s k ( ! case4 ,! ext]nal application ( oxalic acid does n appe> to cause illness2 workm5 engag$ 9 trades requir+ ! con/ant use ( ! acid (t5 h ! nails :ite1 opaque1 & brittle2 b no direct injury to heal? is on record4 ,a l>ge dose ( ei!r causes a local & a remote effect2 ! local is v simil> to t already describ$ z belong+ to ! m9]al acids1 i4e41 m or less de/ructive ( ! muc\s membranes ) :i* ! acid comes 9 contact4 ,! remote effects may only be develop$ aft] a little2 !y consi/ ess5tially ( a pr(\nd influ5ce on ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,?\gh m ?an #abj cases ( oxalic acid poison+ h occurr$ s9ce ,*ri/ison wrote 8 treatise1 8 graphic description /ill holds good4 8,if10 says he1 8a p]son imm$iately aft] swall[+ a solution ( a cry/all9e salt1 :i* ta/$ purely & /rongly acid1 is attack$ ) burn+ 9 ! ?roat1 !n ) burn+ 9 ! /oma*1 vomit+1 p>ticul>ly ( bloody matt]1 imp]ceptible pulse1 & excessive languor1 & dies 9 half an h\r1 or /ill m1 9 tw5ty1 fifte51 or t5 m9utes1 ,i d n "k any fallacy :i* c int]f]e ) ! conclusion t oxalic acid 0 ! cause ( dea?4 ,no p>allel disease beg9s s abruptly1 & t]m9ates s soon2 & no o!r cry/all9e poison has ! same effect40 ,! local action is t ( a solv5t on ! muc\s tissues4 ,if f #aj to #cj grms4 are swall[$1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 !re is an imm$iate s\r ta/e1 pa91 burn+ 9 ! /oma*1 & vomit+4 ,! vomit may be col\rless1 gre5i%1 or black1 & v acid2 b !re is a consid]able v>iety 9 ! symptoms4 ,! v>iations may be p>tly expla9$ by say+ t1 9 "o class ( cases1 ! remote or true toxic effects ( ! poison pr$om9ate2 9 a second1 ! local & ! n]v\s are equally divid$2 :ile 9 a ?ird1 ! local effects seem alone to give rise to symptoms4 ,9 a case at ,guy's ,hospital1 9 #ahdb1 !re 0 no pa91 b vomit+ & collapse4 ,9 ano!r case :i* occurr$ 9 #ahgj1 a male 7ag$ #dh7 took #ajd grms4 7#afb gra9s72 he _h ?reat5+ collapse1 cold sweats1 :ite & r$ pat*es on ! tongue & ph>ynx1 difficulty 9 swall[+1 & contract$ pupils4 ,blood 0 effus$ f ! m\? & anus2 on ! foll[+ day !re 7 convulsions1 coma1 & dea? ?irty-six h\rs aft] tak+ ! poison4 ,9 ano!r case1 !re 0 rapid loss ( consci\sness & coma1 foll[$ by dea? 9 five h\rs4 ,dea? may be v rapid1 e4g41 9 "o case 7,m$4 ,times & ,gaz41 #ahfh7 x took place 9 t5 m9utes2 !re 0 ble$+ f ! /oma*1 :i* d\btless accel]at$ ! fatal result4 ,orfila has record$ a dea? almo/ z rapid f ! acid oxalate ( pota%2 a woman took #ae grms42 !re 0 no vomit+1 b %e suff]$ f fe>ful cramps1 & dea? ensu$ 9 fifte5 m9utes4 ,9 ano!r case1 also record$ by ,orfila1 !re 0 m>k$ sl[+ ( ! pulse1 & soporific t5d5cies4 ,) bo? oxalic acid & ! acid oxalate ( pota%1 c]ta9 n]v\s & o!r sequel are m or less con/ant1 always provid$ "t is giv5 = _! developm5t4 ,f ! exp]im5ts already detail$ on animals1 "o w\ld expect "s p>esis ( ! l[] extremities1 b ?is has n be5 obs]v$ 9 man4 ,!re is m or less inflammation ( ! /oma*1 & (t5 p]itonitis2 9 "o case 7,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rnal1 #ahgc7 !re 7 cy/itis & acute conge/ion ( ! kidneys ) album9uria4 ,9 two cases quot$ by ,taylor1 !re 0 a tempor>y loss or enfeeblem5t ( voice2 9 "o ( ! two1 ! aphonia la/$ = eight days4 ,9 ! o!r1 t ( a man :o _h swall[$ ab\t #g grms4 7 oz47 ( oxalic acid1 8 voice1 naturally deep1 became 9 n9e h\rs l[ & feeble1 & cont9u$ s = m ?an a mon?1 dur+ ! :ole ( :i* "t he suff]$ 9 addition f numbness & t+l+ ( ! legs4 ,z a case ( extreme r>ity may be m5tion$ t ( a "y woman1#fia :o took #ab grms4 7#ahe gra9s7 ( ! acid oxalate ( pota%1 & on ! ?ird day di$2 be=e dea? exhibit+ delirium s active & int5se t x 0 describ$ z 8madness40 #fia ,j\rn4 de ,*im4 ,md41 #ahci1 p4 #efd4 #fii4 ,physiological ,action4--,putt+ on "o side ! local effects ( oxalic acid1 & reg>d+ only its true toxic effects1 !re is "s diff]5ce ( op9ion z to its action4 ,l4 ,h]mann consid]s x "o ( ! he>t poisons1 hav+ se5 ! frog's he>t arre/$ by subcutane\s doses ( sodic oxalate1 an obs]vation :i* is borne out by ! exp]im5ts ( ,cyon1#fib & n negativ$ by ^? ( ,kob]t & ,kssn]4 ,! poison is believ$ to act on ! extrac>dial ganglia4 ,onsum#fic held at "o "t a peculi> !ory ( ! action ( oxalic acid1 believ+ t x precipitat$ z oxalate ( lime 9 ! lung capill>ies1 caus+ embolic ob/ruction2 b ?is view is n n[ accept$--!re are too _m obvi\s objections to x4 ,kob]t & ,kssn] d n consid] oxalic acid a he>t poison1 b believe t its action is direct$ to ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 z atte/$ by s9k+ ( ! blood-pressure1 ! arhy?m & ret>dation ( ! pulse1 ! sl[ brea?+1 ! p>alytic symptoms1 & ! fibrill>y muscul> contraction2 b1 ) reg>d to ! latt]1 ,locke#fid has obs]v$ t a frog's s>torius1 imm]s$ 9 #jge sodium oxalate solution1 becomes 9 a few seconds viol5tly active1 mu* m s ?an 9 ,bi$]man's normal sal9e solution4 ,aft] ?irty to =ty-five m9utes x loses its irritability1 :i*1 h[ev]1 x p>tially recov]s by imm]sion 9 #jf sodium *loride solution4 ,he ?9ks ?is may expla9 ! symptoms ( fibrill>y muscul> contraction obs]v$ by ,kob]t & ,kssn]1 :i* !y ascribe to an action on ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em4 #fib ,vir*4 ,ar*iv1 ,bd4 xx4 ,s4 #bcc4 #fic ,alm5 aft]w>ds support$ ,onsum's view2 he made a numb] ( microscopical obs]vations1 & appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ :o id5tifi$ oxalate ( lime 9 ! kidneys 7,upsala1 ,lk>efr5+s frh&l41 ,bd4 ii4 ,hft4 iv4 ,s4 #bfe74 #fid ,f4 ,s4 ,locke1 ,j4 ,phys41 xv4 #aai2 ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #ahic1 #dhj4 #gjj4 ,pa?ological ,*anges4--,kob]t & ,kssn] obs]v$ t :5 oxalate ( soda 0 subcutane\sly inject$ into animals1 !re 0 (t5 abscess1 & ev5 gangr5e1 at ! seat ( ! injection4 ,if ! poison 7 inject$ into ! p]itoneal cavity1 dea? 0 s rapid z to leave little "t = any co>se lesions to manife/ !mselves4 ,!y 7 n able to obs]ve a *]ry-r$ col\r ( ! blood1 nor did !y f9d oxalate ( lime cry/als 9 ! lung capill>ies2 !re 7 (t5 embolic processes 9 ! lung1 b no?+ typical4 ,!y came1 !re=e1 to ! conclusion t ! /ate ( ! kidneys & ! ur9e 0 ! only typical sign4 ,! kidneys 7 d>k1 full ( blood1 b did n %[ any microscopic hmorrhages4 ,twelve h\rs aft] tak+ ! poison !re is obs]v$ 9 ! cortical sub/ance a f9e /rip+ correspond+ to ! canaliculi2 9 c]ta9 cases ! :ole b\nd>y lay] is col\r$ :ite4 ,if ! poison+ la/s a long] "t1 ! kidneys become less blood-ri*1 & %[ ! describ$ :ite /rip+ v beautifully2 ?is *ange p]si/s sev]al weeks4 ,! cause ( ?is /range appe>ance is at once reveal$ by a microscopical exam9ation2 x is due to a deposition ( oxalate ( lime2 no cry/als are met ) 9 ! glom]ules4 ,bo? by ! microscope & by *emical means x may be %[n t ! cont5t ( ! kidney 9 oxalates is l>ge4#fie ,s f> z ! tissues g5]ally are conc]n$1 free oxalic acid is n likely to be met )2 !re is always pres5t suffici5t lime to =m lime oxalate4 ,! ur9e 0 always album9\s & conta9$ a r$uc+ sub/ance1 :i* vani%$ ab\t ! second day aft] ! dose4 ,hyal9e ca/s & deposits ( oxalates 9 ! ur9e nev] fail$4#fif #fie ,! important fact ( ! oxalate-cont5t ( kidneys & ur9e1 & ! expulsion ( ca/s1 0 fir/ obs]v$ by ,mits*]li* 9 #ahed4 ,he notic$ 9 a rabbit1 to :i* _h be5 giv5 #ge grms4 ( oxalic acid1 & :i* _h di$ 9 ?irte5 m9utes1 8r5es paululum magis sangu9e replete videbantur1 9 ur9a multa corpora inv5iebantur1 qu tubulos ,bell5ianos explese vid5tur0 7,de acidi acetici1 oxalici1 t>t>ici1 citrici1 =mici1 et boracici1 c41 ,b]l974 #fif ,rabuteau has discov]$ by exp]im5t t ev5 ! oxalates ( iron & copp] are decompos$ & sep>at$ by ! kidneys4 ,gaz4 ,md4 de ,p>is1 #ahgd4 #gja4 ,obs]vations ( ! pa?ological effects ( ! oxalates on man h be5 conf9$ to cases ( dea? f ! corrosive sub/ances m5tion$1 & h5ce ! inte/9al tract has be5 pr(\ndly affect$4 ,9 ! museum ( ,/4 ,?omas' ,hospital is a good example ( ! effects produc$4 ,! case 0 t ( a woman :o _h tak5 a l>ge1 unkn[n quantity ( oxalic acid1 & 0 br\ght to ! hospital dead4 ,! muc\s membrane ( ! gullet is mu* corrugat$ & divid$ into num]\s p>allel grooves1 ^! aga9 by little transv]se grooves1 s t ! int]section ( ! two sy/ems makes a sort ( rais$ patt]n4 ,x is not$ t 9 ! rec5t /ate ! muc\s membrane c\ld be remov$ 9 flakes2 9 ! upp] "p x 0 :iti%1 9 ! l[] slate-col\r$4 ,! /oma* has a l>ge p]=ation1 b plac+ ! specim5 beside ano!r 9 ! same museum :i* illu/rates ! effect ( ! ga/ric juice1 9 caus+ an aft]-dea? solution ( a portion ( ! /oma*1 ,i 0 unable to diff]5tiate betwe5 ! two4 ,! muc\s membrane _h ! same %r$dy floccul5t appe>ance1 & is s(t & pale4 ,! pyloric end is said to h be5 ( a blacki% col\r1 & no lymph 0 exud$4 #gjb4 ,! pa?ological *anges by ! acid oxalate ( pota% are id5tical ) ^? ( oxalic acid1 9 bo? ! gullet & /oma* be+ ne>ly always m or less inflam$ or corrod$2 ! inflammation 9 a few cases has ext5d$ "r ?r\gh into ! inte/9al canal2 !re are v5\s hyp]mia1 hmorrhages1 & swell+ ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma*4 ,! hmorrhages are (t5 puncti=m1 b occasionally l>g]1 arrang$ 9 r[s on ! summits ( ! rug2 sometimes !re is consid]able ble$+4 ,9 ! great] numb] ( cases !re is no actual erosion ( ! /oma*1 b ! inn] lay] appe>s abnormally transp>5t4 ,on exam9+ ! muc\s membrane "u ! microscope1 ,less]#fig has describ$ x z cov]$ ) a lay] :i* /rongly reflects light1 & is to be consid]$ z caus$ by a f9e precipitate ( calcic oxalate4 ,less] 0 unable to f9d 9 any case oxalic acid cry/als1 or ^? ( ! acid oxalate ( pota%4 ,!re are _m cases ( p]=ation on record1 b x is que/ionable :e!r !y are n all to be reg>d$ z po/-mortem effects1 & n life-*anges2 at all ev5ts1 !re is little cl9ical evid5ce to support ! view t ^! p]=ations occur dur+ life4 ,9 ! case 7m5tion$ ante7 9 :i* dea? took place by coma1 ! bra9 0 hyp]mic4 ,! kidneys1 z 9 ! case ( animals1 %[ ! :ite zone1 & are conge/$1 & c be prov$ by microscopical & *emical means to be ri* 9 oxalates4 #fig ,vir*['s ,ar*iv1 ,bd4 lxxxiii4 ,s4 #bah1 #ahha4 #gjc4 ,sep>ation ( ,oxalic ,acid f ,organic ,sub/ances1 ! ,tissues ( ! ,body1 c4--,f :at has be5 /at$1 no inve/igation z to ! cause ( poison1 :5 oxalic acid is suspect$1 c be consid]$ complete unless ! analy/ has an opportunity ( exam9+ bo? ! ur9e & ! kidneys2 = al?\gh1 9 mo/ cases--:5 ! acid itself1 or ! acid potassic salt has be5 tak5--!re may be ample evid5ce1 bo? *emical & pa?ological1 x is entirely diff]5t if a case ( poison+ ) ! neutral sodic salt %\ld occur4 ,9 ?is ev5t1 !re may be no conge/$ appe>ance ( any portion ( ! inte/9al canal1 & ! evid5ce mu/ ma9ly re/ on ! ur9e & kidneys4 ,oxalic acid be+ s widely di/ribut$ 9 ! vegetable k+dom1 ! exp]t mu/ expect1 9 any crim9al case1 to be cross-exam9$ by +5i\s c\nsel z to :e!r or n x 0 possible t ! acid c\ld h ent]$ ! body 9 a rhub>b-pie1 or accid5tally ?r\gh sorrel mix$ ) gre5s1 c4 ,to meet ^! & simil> que/ions x is important to id5tify1 if possible1 any gre5 matt]s f\nd 9 ! /oma*4 ,9 any case1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 t al?\gh rhub>b has be5 eat5 = c5turies1 & e s*oolboy has occasionally *ew$ small portions ( sorrel1 no poison+ has result$ f ^! practices4 ,:5 oxalic acid has be5 tak5 into ! /oma*1 x w inv>iably be f\nd p>tly 9 comb9ation ) lime1 soda1 ammonia1 c41 & p>tly free2 or if su* antidotes z *alk has be5 adm9i/]$1 x may be :olly comb9$4 ,vomit+ is ne>ly always pres5t1 & valuable evid5ce ( oxalic acid may be obta9$ f /a9s on %eets1 c>pets1 c4 ,9 a rec5t case ( probably suicidal poison+1 ! writ] f\nd no oxalic acid 9 ! cont5ts ( ! /oma*1 b "s 0 detect$ 9 ! copi\s vomit :i* _h /a9$ ! b$-clo!s4 ,! ur9e also conta9$ a great excess ( oxalate ( lime--a circum/ance ( little value tak5 by itself1 b confirmatory ) o!r evid5ce4 ,if a liquid is /rongly acid1 oxalic acid may be sep>at$ by dialysis f organic matt]s1 & ! cle> fluid ?us obta9$ precipitat$ by sulphate ( lime1 ! oxalate ( lime be+ id5tifi$ by its microscopic =m & o!r *>act]s4 ,! usual g5]al me?od = ! sep>ation ( oxalic acid f organic sub/ances or mixtures is ! foll[+3--,extract ) boil+ wat]1 filt] 7:i* 9 "s cases mu/ be difficult or ev5 impossible71 & !n precipitate ) acetate ( lead4 ,! lead precipitate may conta91 besides oxalate ( lead1 phosphate1 *loride1 sulphate1 & v>i\s organic sub/ances & acids4 ,?is is to be decompos$ by sulphurett$ hydrog51 & on filt]+ (f ! sulphide ( lead1 oxalic acid is to be te/$ = 9 ! filtrate4 ,?is process c only be adopt$ ) advantage 9 a few cases1 & is by no means to be recomm5d$ z g5]ally applicable4 ,! be/ g5]al me?od1 & "o :i* insures ! sep>ation ( oxalic acid1 :e!r pres5t z a free acid1 z an alkal9e1 or a calcic oxalate1 is p]haps ! foll[+3--,! sub/ance or fluid "u exam9ation is dige/$ ) hydro*loric acid until a fluid capable ( filtration is obta9$2 ! free acid is neutralis$ by ammonia 9 v slight excess1 & p]mitt$ to deposit1 & ! fluid is !n c>efully decant$1 & ! deposit ?r[n on a filt]4 ,! filtrate is add$ to ! decant$ fluid1 & precipitat$ ) a slight excess ( acetate ( lime--?is precipitate1 l ! fir/1 be+ collect$ on a filt]4 ,! fir/ precipitate conta9s all ! oxalic acid :i* 0 9 comb9ation ) lime2 ! second1 all t :i* 0 9 ! free condition4 ,bo? precipitates %\ld be wa%$ ) acetic acid4 ,! next /ep is to id5tify ! precipitate :i* is suppos$ to be oxalate ( lime4 ,! precipitate is wa%$ into a beak]1 & dissolv$ ) ! aid ( heat by add+1 drop by drop1 pure hydro*loric acid2 x is !n reprecipitat$ by ammonia1 & all[$ to subside completely1 :i* may take "s "t4 ,! sup]natant fluid is decant$1 & ! precipitate wa%$ by subsid5ce2 x is la/ly dri$ ov] ! wat]-ba? 9 a t>$ porcela9 di%1 & its weight tak54 ,! sub/ance is !n id5tifi$ by te/+ ! dri$ p[d] z foll[s3-- 7a7 ,x is :iti% 9 col\r1 & on ignition 9 a plat9um di% leaves a grey c>bonate ( lime4 ,all o!r organic salts ( lime--viz41 citrate1 t>trate1 c4--on ignition become coal-black4 7b7 ,a portion susp5d$ 9 wat]1 to :i* is add$ "s sulphuric acid1 de/roys ! col\r ( p]manganate ( pota%--! reaction be+ simil> to t on p4 #eaa--;a reaction by :i*1 z is well kn[n1 oxalic acid or an oxalate may be conv5i5tly titrat$4 ,?is reaction is s peculi> to oxalic acid1 t !re is no sub/ance ) :i* x c be conf\nd$4 ,x is true t uric acid 9 an acid solution equally decolorises p]manganate1 b x does s 9 a diff]5t way2 ! reaction betwe5 oxalic acid & p]manganate be+ at fir/ sl[1 & aft]w>ds rapid1 :ile ! reaction ) uric acid is j ! rev]se--at fir/ quick1 & t[>ds ! end ( ! process extremely sl[4 7c7 ,a portion plac$ 9 a te/-tube1 & w>m$ ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 develops on w>m+ c>bon oxide & c>bon dioxide2 ! pres5ce ( ! latt] is easily %[n by adapt+ a cork & b5t tube to ! te/-tube1 & lead+ ! evolv$ gases ?r\gh b>yta wat]4 ,alex&] ,gunn#fih has describ$ a new me?od ( bo? detect+ & e/imat+ oxalic acid2 x is bas$ on ! fact t a small trace ( oxalic acid1 add$ to an acid solution ( f]r\s phosphate1 /rikes a p]si/5t lemon-yell[ col\r2 ! dep? ( col\r be+ proportionate to ! am\nt ( oxalic acid4 #fih ,ph>m4 ,j\rnal1 #ahic1 #djh4 ,! reag5ts necess>y = bo? quantitative & qualitative te/+ are z foll[s3--,a /&>d solution ( oxalic acid1 ( :i* #ajj c4c4 equal #a grm41 & a solution ( f]r\s phosphate1 conta9+ ab\t #abe p] c5t4 ( ,fe#b,,po1 ) excess ( phosphoric acid4 ,into ea* ( two ,nessl] graduat$ glasses #ge c4c4 ( ! f]r\s phosphate solution are run & made up to #ej c4c4 ) di/ill$ wat]2 bo? solutions %\ld be col\rless2 #a1 #b1 or m c4c4 ( ! solution to be te/$ are !n run into "o ( ! ,nessl] glasses2 if oxalic acid be pres5t1 a m or less deep t9t is produc$2 ?is mu/ be imitat$ by runn+ ! /&>d solution ( oxalic acid into ! second ,nessl] cyl9d]--! calculation is ! same z 9 o!r colorimetric e/imations4 ,x does n appe> to be reliable quantitatively1 if alum is pres5t2 & x is self-evid5t t ! solution to be te/$ mu/ be fairly free f col\r4 #gjd4 ,oxalate ( ,lime 9 ! ,ur9e4--,?is well-kn[n ur9>y s$im5t occurs *iefly z octah$ra1 b h\r-glass1 contract$ or dumbbell-l bodies1 comp\nd octah$ra1 & small1 flatt5$1 bright discs1 n unlike blood discs1 are frequ5tly se54 ,x may be usually id5tifi$ "u ! field ( ! microscope by its insolubility 9 acetic acid1 :il/ ! ammonio mag4 phosphate1 z well z ! c>bonate ( lime1 are bo? soluble 9 t acid4 ,f urates x is di/+ui%$ by its insolubility 9 w>m wat]4 ,a *emical me?od ( sep>ation is z foll[s3--,! deposit is fre$ by subsid5ce z mu* z possible f ur9e1 wa%$ ) hot wat]1 & !n dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid & filt]$2 to ! filtrate ammonia is add$ 9 excess4 ,! precipitate may conta9 phosphates ( iron1 magnesia1 lime1 & oxalate ( lime4 ,on treatm5t ( ! precipitate by acetic acid1 ! phosphates ( ! alkal9e e>?s 7if pres5t7 dissolve2 ! insoluble portion w be ei!r phosphate ( iron1 or oxalate ( lime1 or bo?4 ,on ignit+ ! residue 9 a plat9um di%1 any oxalate w be *ang$ to c>bonate1 & ! c>bonate ( lime may be titrat$ ) d4 n4 ,h,cl acid & co*9eal solution1 & f ! data ?us obta9$ ! oxalate e/imat$4 ,! iron c be te/$ qualitatively 9 ! acid solution by f]rocyanide ( potassium1 or x c be det]m9$ by ! ord9>y me?ods4 ,if ! qualitative detection ( oxalate ( lime 9 ! deposit is alone requir$1 x is q suffici5t evid5ce %\ld ! portion insoluble 9 acetic acid1 on ignition 9 a plat9um di%1 give a residue eff]vesc+ on ! addition ( an acid4 #gje4 ,e/imation ( ,oxalic ,acid4--,oxalic acid is e/imat$ 9 ! free /ate by direct weigh+1 or by titration ei!r ) alkali or by potassic p]manganate1 ! latt] be+ /&>dis$ by oxalic acid4 ,if 7z is commonly ! case7 oxalic acid is precipitat$ z oxalate ( lime1 ! oxalate may be-- 7a7 ,dri$ at #ajj & weigh$ directly1 hav+ ! prop]ties already describ$4 7b7 ,titrat$ ) dilate sulphuric acid & p]manganate4 7c7 ,ignit$1 & ! result+ c>bonate ( lime weigh$2 or dissolv$ 9 /&>d acid & titrat$ back--"o "p ( calcic c>bonate corresponds to #abf "p ( cry/allis$ oxalic acid1 or #jij "p ( ,h,c,o2 simil>ly1 #a c4c4 ( /&>d acid equals #je ( calcic c>bonate 7or #jfc ( cry/allis$ oxalic acid74 7d7 ,! oxalate may be dissolv$ 9 ! smalle/ possible am\nt ( hydro*loric acid1 & boil$ ) ammonio *loride ( gold1 avoid+ exposure to light2 e "p ( gold precipitat$ corresponds to #ifa "p ( cry/allis$ oxalic acid4 7e7 ,! oxalate may be plac$ 9 ,geissl]'s c>bonic acid app>atus1 ) p]oxide ( manganese & dilut$ sulphuric acid4 ,! weight ( ! gas :i* at ! end ( ! op]ation has escap$1 w h a def9ite relation to t ( ! oxalate1 & if multipli$ by #adcah w give ! am\nt ( cry/allis$ oxalic acid4 ,,c]ta9 ,,oxalic ,,bases--,,oxalme?yl9e--,,oxalpropyl9e4 #gjf4 ,hugh ,s*ulz#fii & ,may] h contribut$ ! results ( "s important rese>*es be>+ ^u a m exact k ( ! effects ( ! oxalic gr\p ( poisons1 & ^u ! relation betwe5 *emical con/itution & physiological effects4 ,!y exp]im5t$ ^u oxalme?yl9e1 *loroxalme?yl9e1 & oxalpropyl9e4 #fii ,beitrag zur ,k5ntniss d] ,wirkung d] ,oxalbas5 auf d5 ,?i]krp]4 ,ar*4 f4 exp]4 ,pa?4 u ,ph>m41 #ahhb4 ,*loroxalme?yl9e 7,c,h,cl,n7 is a liquid1 boil+ at #bje1 ) a weakly n>cotic smell4 ,a solution ( ! hydro*lorate ( ! base 0 employ$4 ,subcutane\s injections ( #je grm4 into frogs caus$ n>cosis1 & bo? ?is & ! e?ylic comp\nd d]ang$ ! he>t's action1 decreas+ ! numb] ( beats4 ,?us #je grm4 decreas$ ! numb] ( ! beats ( ! he>t ( a frog 9 ! c\rse ( "o & ?ree-qu>t] h\rs z foll[s3 #gb1 #fj1 #ef1 #ej1 #dd1 #dj1 #ce1 #j4 ,oxalme?yl9e produces some:at simil> symptoms1 b ! n]v\s sy/em is m affect$ ?an 9 t :i* conta9s *lor9e4 ,oxalpropyl9e also causes n>cosis1 & aft]w>ds p>alysis ( ! h9d] extremities & sl[+ ( ! he>t4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! *lor9e-free & ! *lor9e-conta9+ oxalic bases are summ>is$ z foll[s3-- ,,frogs4 ,,*lor9e-,,hold+ ,,bases4 ,,*lor9e-,,free ,,bases4 ,notable n>cosis2 no height5$ ,n>cosis occurs late1 & is reflex action1 muscul> cramps1 little pron\nc$2 a notable 9- nor spontane\s convulsions4 crease ( reflex excitability2 m & m muscul> p>alysis2 betwe5 times1 muscul> cramps4 ,,cats4 ,notable n>cosis & salivation2 ,great excitem5t2 g5]al no mydriasis2 convulsions & %iv]+1 ris+ to pure clonic p>alysis2 no *ange 9 ! convulsions2 p>alysis ( ! respirations4 h9d legs2 notable mydriasis1 j]k+1 & sup]ficial res- piration2 weak n>cosis4 ,,dogs4 ,notable n>cosis2 occasional ,n>cosis evid5t2 ! re/ z 9 vomit+2 ! re/ z 9 cats4 cats4 ,,"p ,,ix4--,,inorganic ,,poisons4 ,i4--,,precipitat$ ,,f ,a ,,hydro*loric ,,acid ,,solution ,,by ,,hydric ,,sulphide--,,precipitate ,,yell[ ,,or ,,orange4#gjj ,ars5ic--,antimony--,cadmium4 #gjj ,fres5ius has po9t$ out t sulphur may mask small quantities ( ars5ic1 antimony1 t91 c41 & he recomm5ds t ! turbid liquid 9 :i* app>5tly no?+ b sulphur has sep>at$ %\ld be treat$ z foll[s3--,a te/-tube is half fill$ ) ! liquid1 & !n a c\ple ( c4c4 ( petroleum e!r or ( b5z5e add$1 ! tube clos$ by ! ?umb1 & ! cont5ts well %ak54 ,! sulphur dissolves1 & is held 9 solution by ! solv5t1 :i* latt] =ms a cle> upp] lay]4 ,if traces ( a metallic sulphide 7 mix$ ) ! sulphur1 ?9 col\r$ films are se5 at ! junction ( ! two lay]s1 & ! sulphides may also coat ! tube above ! level ( ! liquid ) a slight fa9tly-col\r$ pellicle 7,*em4 ,news1 ,jan4 #d1 #ahie74 #a4 ,,ars5ic4 #gjg4 ,metallic ,ars5ic1 at4 wt4 #ge1 specific gravity ( solid #efb to #eif1 sublimes )\t fusion 9 small quantities at #aaj 7#bcj ,f47 ,guy4 ,x occurs 9 comm]ce 9 :iti%-grey1 some:at brittle1 cry/all9e masses1 & is obta9$ by subject+ ars5ical pyrites to sublimation 9 e>!n retorts1 ! ars5ic be+ deposit$ 9 suitable receiv]s on %eet iron4 ,metallic ars5ic is probably n poison\s1 b may be *ang$ by ! animal fluids into soluble comp\nds1 & !n ex]t toxic effects--volatilis$ metallic ars5ic is easily trans=m$ 9 ! pres5ce ( air into ars5i\s acid1 & is !re=e int5sely poison\s4 #gjh4 ,ars5i\s ,anhydride--,ars5i\s ,acid--,:ite ,ars5ic--,ars5ic1 ,z,o #aih2 specific gravity ( vap\r1 #ache2 specific gravity ( opaque v>iety1 #cfii2 specific gravity ( transp>5t v>iety1 #cgche4 ,composition 9 #ajj p>ts1 ,z #gege1 ,o #bdbe2 !re=e "o "p ( metallic ars5ic equals #acb ( ,z,o4 ,x is entirely volatilis$ at a temp]ature ( #bjdd4 ,9 analysis x is obta9$ 9 brilliant octah$ral cry/als z a sublimate on discs ( glass1 or )9 tubes1 ! result ( heat+ a film ( metallic ars5ic ) access ( air4 ,x is obta9$ 9 comm]ce on a v l>ge scale f ! roa/+ ( ars5ical pyrites4 ,z ?us d]iv$1 x is usually 9 ! =m ( a :ite cake1 ! ars5i\s acid exi/+ 9 two =ms--an amorph\s & a cry/all9e--! cake be+ g5]ally opaque ext]nally1 :il/ 9 ! c5tre x is transp>5t4 ,accord+ to ,krug]1 ?is *ange f ! cry/all9e to ! amorph\s condition is dep5d5t ^u ! absorption ( moi/ure1 no alt]ation tak+ place 9 dry air4 ,bo? v>ieties ( ars5i\s anhydride are acid to te/-pap]4 ,! solubility ( ars5i\s acid is (t5 a "q involv+ *emical legal matt]s ( great mom5t4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 no precisely def9ite /atem5t c be made on ?is po9t1 ! reason be+ t ! two v>ieties ( ars5ic occur 9 v diff]5t proportions 9 diff]5t samples4 ,bo? ! amorph\s & cry/all9e v>ieties hav+ v unequal solubilities1 e exp]im5t] 9 succession has giv5 a diff]5t s]ies ( figures1 ! only agreem5t amid ! g5]al discrepancy be+ t ars5ic is v sp>+ly soluble 9 wat]4 ,! /atem5t ( ,taylor may1 h[ev]1 be accept$ z v ne> ! tru?1 viz41 t an ounce ( cold wat] dissolves f half a gra9 to a gra94 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,l4 ,a4 ,bu*n]1#gja "o "p ( cry/all9e ars5i\s acid dissolves aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs' dige/ion 9 #cee p>ts ( wat] at #ae2 & ! amorph\s1 "u ! same condition1 9 #ajh ( wat]4 ,a boil+ solution ( ! cry/all9e acid1 left to /& = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 reta9s "o "p ( acid 9 #df ( wat]2 a simil> solution ( ! amorph\s reta9s "o ( ars5ic 9 #cj p>ts ( wat]1 i4e41 #ajj p>ts ( wat] dissolve f #bja to #cc p>ts ( ,z,o4 #gja ,bull4 de la ,socit ,*em4 de ,p>is1 t4 xx4 #aj1 #ahgc4 ,boil+ wat] p\r$ on ! p[d]$ sub/ance reta9s 9 cool+ a gra9 & a qu>t] to ! ounce2 9 o!r words1 #ajj p>ts ( wat] reta9 #aj4 ,la/ly1 ars5i\s acid boil$ 9 wat] = an h\r is dissolv$ 9 ! proportion ( #ab gra9s to ! ounce1 i4e41 #ajj p>ts ( wat] reta9 #be4 ,k4 ,*odomisky#gjb has inve/igat$ ! solubility ( recry/allis$ ars5i\s acid 9 dilute acids1 & 8 results are z foll[s3--#ajj c4c4 ( #acb p] c5t4 hydro*loric acid dissolves #aae grm4 ,z,o at #ahe4 #ajj c4c4 ( #f p] c5t4 hydro*loric acid dissolves #abg grm4 at #ahe4 #ajj c4c4 ( pure hydro*loric acid ( ! ord9>y comm]cial /r5g? dissolves #ade grm4 ,z,o4 #ajj c4c4 ( dilute sulphuric acid at #ah dissolves ab\t #jed grm42 at #ahe f #jfe to #jgb grm42 & at #hj f #aji to #aai grm4 #gjb ,*em4 ,c5trbl41 #ahhi1 #efi4 #gji4 ,ars9e--,ars5iurett$ ,hydrog51 ,h,z4--,mol4 weight1 #gh2 vol4 weight1 #ci2 specific gravity1 #bgjb2 weight ( a litre1 #cdidd grammes2 p]c5tage composition1 #iefi ,z1 #dca ,h2 volumetric composition1 #b vol4 ,h,z half vol4 ,z #c vol4 ,h4 ,a col\rless inflammable gas1 ( a ftid alliace\s od\r1 co]cible into a limpid col\rless liquid at a temp]ature ( f -#cj to -#dj4 ,! products ( ! combu/ion ( ars5iurett$ hydrog5 are wat] & ars5i\s acid2 ?us1 #b;,h,z #f,o #c;,h,o ,z,o4 ,if suppli$ ) air 9 insuffici5t quantity1 if ! flame itself be cool$ by 7= example7 a cold porcela9 plate1 or if ! gas pass ?r\gh a tube any portion ( :i* is heat$ to r$ness1 ! gas is decompos$ & ! metal sep>at$4 ,su* a decomposition may be comp>$ to ! deposit ( c>bon f ord9>y flames1 :5 made to play ^u a cool$ surface4 ,x may also be decompos$ by ! electric sp>k1#gjc e4g41 if ! gas is pass$ sl[ly ?r\gh a n>r[ tube #jg to #jh mm4 int]nal diamet]1 provid$ ) wires #je to #jf mm4 ap>t1 & a small induction coil us$ connect$ ) two l>ge ,buns5's cells1 !n1 "u ^! conditions1 ars5ic z a metal is deposit$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! sp>ks4 ,= ! decomposition to be complete1 ! gas %\ld n be deliv]$ at a great] spe$ ?an f #aj to #ae c4c4 p] m9ute4 ,! gas burns ) a blue-:ite flame1 :i* is v *>act]i/ic1 & 0 fir/ obs]v$ by ,wack5rod]4 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 be prop]ly se5 by us+ ! ord9>y app>atus ( ,m>%1 = ! flame is always col\r$ f ! glass2 b if ! gas is made to /ream ?r\gh a plat9um jet1 & !n ignit$1 ! *>act]s m5tion$ are v notewor?y4 #gjc ,n4 ,klobrik[1 ,zeit4 ,anal4 ,*em41 xxix4 #abi-acc4 ,oxyg5 or air1 & ars9e1 make an explosive mixture4 ,*lor9e decomposes ! gas ) great en]gy1 comb9+ ) ! hydrog51 & sett+ free ars5ic z a br[n cl\d2 any excess ( *lor9e comb9es ) ! ars5ic z a *loride4 ,sulphur1 submitt$ to ars5iurett$ hydrog51 =ms sulphurett$ hydrog51 :il/ fir/ ars5ic & !n sulphide ( ars5ic sep>ate4 ,phosphorus acts 9 a simil> way4 ,ars5iurett$ & sulphurett$ hydrog5 may be evolv$ at ord9>y temp]atures )\t decomposition2 at ! boil+-po9t ( m]cury 7#cej7 !y are decompos$1 sulphide ( ars5ic & hydrog5 be+ =m$2 ?us1 #c;,h,s #b;,as,h ,z,s #f;,h1 a reaction :i* is ( "s importance f a practical po9t ( view4 ,_m metals h also ! prop]ty ( decompos+ ! gas at high temp]atures1 & sett+ hydrog5 free4 ,metallic oxides1 aga91 9 l mann] comb9e ) ars5ic1 & set wat] free1 e4g41 #c;,cu,o #b;,h,z ,cu,z #c;,h,o4 ,ars9e acts on solutions ( ! noble metals l phosphurett$ hydrog51 precipitat+ ! metal & sett+ free ars5i\s acid2 = example1 nitrate ( silv] is decompos$ ?us-- #ab;,ag,n,o #b;,h,z #c;,h,o ,z,o #ab;,,hno #ab;,ag4 ,vitali#gjd ?9ks ! reaction is 9 two /ages1 ?us3-- #gjd ,l',orosi1 #ahib1 #cig-daa4 7#a7 #b;,as,h #ab;,ag,n,o #b7;,ag,z#c;,ag,n,o7 #f;,,hno4 7#b7 #b7;,ag,z1#c;,ag,n,o7 #f;,h,o #f;,,hno #f;,ag #b;,h,as,o4 ,?is reaction admits ( valuable practical application to ! e/imation ( ars5ic2 = ! precipitat$ silv] is p]fectly ars5ic-free2 ! excess ( nitrate ( silv] is easily got rid ( by a *loride ( sodium solution1 & ! absorption & decomposition ( ! gas are complete4 ,9 cases ( poison+ by ars9e1 ! blood1 :5 exam9$ by ! spectroscope 7a process ! analy/ %\ld nev] omit :]e x is possible71 is ( a peculi> inky col\r1 & ! b&s betwe5 ,d & ,c are melt$ toge!r1 & h almo/ vani%$4 ,su* blood1 expos$ to oxyg5 rema9s unalt]$4 #gaj4 ,ars9e 9 ! ,arts1 c4--,9 ! bronz+ ( brass1 9 ! desilv]is+ ( lead by z9c1 & subsequ5t treatm5t ( ! silv] z9c ) hydro*loric acid1 9 ! t9n+ ( %eet iron1 & simil> processes1 ei!r f ! use ( acids conta9+ ars5ic z an impurity1 or f ! application ( ars5ic itself1 ars9e is evolv$4 #gaa4 ,effects on ,animals & ,man ( ,brea?+ ,ars9e4--,! mo/ g5]al effect on mammals is to produce jaundice1 bloody ur9e1 & bile4 ,9 ! c\rse ( num]\s exp]im5ts on dogs1 ,/adelmann#gje f\nd t by mak+ !m brea! a dose ( ars9e1 :i* w\ld n be imm$iately fatal1 ict]us 0 always produc$ "u ^! circum/ances1 & c\ld be always detect$ by ! appe>ance ( ! tissues4 ,! bile is rem>kably ?ick5$1 & ! !ory is1 t 9 su* cases ! jaundice is purely me*anical1 ! gall-duct be+ occlud$ by ! inspissat$ bile4 ,rabbits exp]im5t$ ^u simil>ly %[$ increas$ bili>y secretion1 b no jaundice2 :ile x 0 prov$ t cats are n s s5sitive to ars9e z ei!r rabbits or dogs4 ,!re are n want+ in/ances ( ars9e hav+ be5 brea!d by man--! discov]] ( ! gas1 ,gehl51 0 9 fact ! fir/ victim on record4 ,9 ord] to discov] a flaw 9 8 app>atus he smelt /rongly at ! jo9ts1 & di$ 9 eight days f ! effects ( ! inhalation4 #gje ,die ,ars5wass]/(f-,v]giftung1 ,ar*iv f4 exp]4 ,pa?4 u4 ,ph>m41 ,leipzig1 #ahhb4 ,n9e p]sons1 workm5 9 a factory1 7 poison$ by ars9e be+ evolv$ dur+ ! treatm5t by hydro*loric acid ( silv]-lead conta9+ ars5ic4 ,?ree ( ! n9e di$2 _! symptoms 7 briefly z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,h4 ,k41 #bb ye>s old2 8 duty 0 to p\r hydro*loric acid on ! metal4 ,t[>ds mid-day1 aft] ?is op]ation1 he compla9$ ( nausea1 gidd9ess1 & malaise4 ,9 ! aft]noon he felt an uncommon weight ( ! limbs1 & an oppression 9 brea?+4 ,8 fell[-workm5 ?\ght t he look$ yell[4 ,on go+ home he lay d[n & pass$ into a n>cotic sleep4 ,next morn+ he w5t to 8 "w z usual1 b 0 n capable ( do+ any?+2 he pass$ bloody ur9e sev]al times ?r\gh\t ! day1 & fell into a deep sleep1 f :i* he c\ld sc>cely be r\s$4 ,on ! ?ird day aft] ! accid5t1 a physician call$ 9 f\nd him 9 a deep sleep1 ) well-develop$ jaundice1 ! temp]ature mod]ately high1 pulse #ajj4 ,on ! fif? day ! jaundice dim9i%$1 b x 0 sev]al mon?s be=e he c\ld resume 8 "w4 7#b7 ,j4 ,t41 ag$ #ai1 suff]$ f simil> symptoms aft] five & a half h\rs' exposure to ! gas4 ,he w5t home1 vomit$1 0 jaundic$1 & suff]$ f bloody ur9e2 9 six days became convalesc5t1 b c\ld n g to "w = _m mon?s4 7#c7 ,c4 ,e4 0 v little expos$1 b 0 unwell = a few days4 7#d7 ,l4 ,m41 #cg ye>s old1 0 expos$ two days to ! gas2 he vomit$1 _h bloody ur9e1 pass$ into a n>cotic sleep1 & di$ 9 ?ree days f ! date ( ! fir/ exposure4 7#e7 ,j4 ,s41 ag$ #dj1 0 expos$ = two days to ! gas2 ! symptoms 7 simil> to ,no4 #d1 !re 0 suppression ( ur9e1 ! ca!t] draw+ blood only1 & dea? 9 eight days4 7#f7 ,m4 ,e41 #cf ye>s old2 dea? 9 ?ree days ) simil> symptoms4 7#g71 7#h71 & 7#i7 suff]$ l ,nos4 #a & #b1 & recov]$ aft] sev]al mon?s4 ,! *ief po/-mortem appe>ance 0 a dirty gre5 col\r ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! inte/9es1 & conge/ion ( ! kidneys4 ,ars5ic 0 detect$ 9 all p>ts ( ! body4#gjf #gjf ,tro/1 ,v]giftung dur* ,ars5wass]/(f bei d] te*nis*5 ,gew9nung des ,silb]s1 ,vi]teljahrss*rift f4 g]i*t4 ,m$41 xviii4 ,bd41 #b ,heft1 ,s4 #f1 #ahgc4 ,two cases are detail$ by ,dr4 ,valette 9 ,t>dieu's tude4#gjg ,a mi/ake occurr$ 9 a laboratory1 by :i* a solution ( ars5ic 7in/ead ( sulphuric acid7 0 p\r$ on z9c to develop hydrog54 ,( ! two suff]]s1 ! "o recov]$ aft] an illness ( ab\t a week or t5 days1 ! o!r di$ at ! end ( tw5ty-eight days4 ,! ma9 symptoms 7 yell[ness ( sk91 vomit+1 bloody ur9e1 great depression1 slight di>rha1 heada*e1 & 9 ! fatal case a morbili=m eruption4 ,9 a case record$ 9 ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 ,novemb] #d1 #ahgf1 !re 7 none ( ! usual symptoms ( ga/ric irritation1 b loss ( memory ( rec5t acts1 dr[s9ess1 & gidd9ess4 #gjg ,ambroise ,t>dieu1 tude ,mdico-lgale sur l',empoisonnem5t1 ,obs4 xxv4 p4 #ddi4 #gab4 ,! ,sulphides ( ,ars5ic4--,( ! sulphides ( ars5ic1 two only1 realg> & orpim5t1 are ( any practical importance4 ,realg>1 ,z,s #bad2 specific gravity1 #ccef2 composition 9 #ajj p>ts1 ,z #gjja1 ,s #biia2 av]age composition ( comm]cial product1 ,z #ge1 ,s #be4 ,realg> is f\nd native 9 ruby-r$ cry/als1 & is also prep>$ artificially by heat+ toge!r #i p>ts ( ars5ic & #d ( sulphur1 or #aih p>ts ( ars5i\s anhydride ) #aab p>ts ( sulphur1 #b;,z,o #g,s #b;,z,s #c,,s4 ,x is insoluble 9 wat] & 9 hydro*loric acid1 b is readily dissolv$ by potassic disulphide1 by nitric acid1 & by aqua regia4 ,x is decompos$ by cau/ic pota%1 leav+ undissolv$ a br[n s$im5t 7,z,s71 :i* conta9s #ife p] c5t4 ( ars5ic4 ,! dissolv$ portion is readily conv]t$ into ars9e by alum9ium4 #gac4 ,orpim5t1 or ,ars5ic ,trisulphide4--,z,s #bdf2 specific gravity1 #cdh2 composition 9 #ajj p>ts1 ,z #fjih1 ,s #cijb2 f\nd native 9 cry/als1 pres5ts itself 9 ! laboratory usually z a brilliant yell[ amorph\s p[d]1 on pass+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 ?r\gh an acid solution ( ars5i\s acid or an ars5ite4 ,x is v insoluble 9 wat] 7ab\t "o 9 a million1 ,fres5ius71 sc>cely soluble 9 boil+ conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid1 & insoluble g5]ally 9 dilute acids4 ,r$ fum+ nitric acid dissolves x1 conv]t+ x into ars5ic & sulphuric acids2 ammonia & o!r alkal9e sulphides1 ! alkalies !mselves1 alkal9e c>bonates1 bisulphide ( potassium1 & aqua regia1 all dissolve x readily4 ,9 ! arts x is us$ z ,k+'s yell[ 7see p4 #ecb74 ,tann]s also =m]ly employ$ a mixture ( #ij p>ts ( orpim5t & #aj ( quicklime1 "u ! "n ( ,rusma1 z a depilatory2 b ! alkal9e sulphides f gas-works are replac+ ?is to a great ext5t4 #gad4 ,haloid ,ars5ical ,comp\nds4--,! ,*loride ( ,ars5ic1 ,as,cl #ahae2 specific gravity liquid1 #j #bbje2 boil+-po9t #acd 7#bgcb;,f471 is a heavy1 col\rless1 oily liquid1 :i* has be5 us$ z an es*>otic 9 canc]\s affections 7pr9cipally by quacks74 ,9 "o process ( detect+ & e/imat+ ars5ic1 ! prop]ties ( ?is sub/ance are utilis$ 7see p4 #ege74 ,x is imm$iately decompos$ by wat] into ars5i\s & hydro*loric acids4 ,! ,iodide ( ,ars5ic 7,as,i7 is us$ occasionally 9 sk9 diseases1 b is ( little int]e/ to ! analy/2 x is commonly se5 9 ! =m ( brick-r$ brilliant flakes4 #gae4 ,ars5ic 9 ! ,arts4--,! metal is us$ 9 v>i\s alloys2 = example1 speculum metal is made ( t91 copp]1 & a little ars5ic2 :ite copp] is an alloy ( copp] & ars5ic2 %ot is compos$ ( #ajjj p>ts ( lead mix$ ) #c ( ars5ic2 ! common ,britannia metal us$ = tea-pots1 spoons1 c41 (t5 conta9s ars5ic2 & brass is bronz$ ) a ?9 film ( ars5ic4 ,x 0 =m]ly mu* employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( glass1 b is be+ gradually sup]s$$4 ,x is also n[ us$ to "s ext5t 9 ! r$uction ( indigo blue1 & 9 t ( nitro-b5zole 9 ! manufacture ( anil9e4 ,9 cases ( suspect$ poison+1 !re=e1 & ! f9d+ ( ars5ic 9 ! /oma*1 or else:]e1 x may be set up z a def5ce t ! ars5ic 0 d]iv$ f %ot us$ 9 ! cleans+ ( bottles1 f ! bottles !mselves1 or f metal vessels1 su* z tea-pots1 c4 ,! ars5ic 9 all ^! alloys be+ extremely insoluble1 any solution to a poison\s ext5t is 9 ! highe/ degree improbable4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be necess>y to treat ! vessels ) ! fluid or fluids :i* h be5 suppos$ to ex]t ?is prejudicial action1 & te/ !m = ars5ic4 ,! treatm5t %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be ( a sev]e & exhau/ive "*1 & ! fluids %\ld be all[$ to /& cold 9 ! vessels = tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 !n ! effect ( a g5tle heat %\ld be /udi$1 &1 la/ly1 t ( boil+ temp]atures4 ,! analysis ( ! alloy itself1 or ( ! glass1 x w\ld seldom be ( value to und]take1 = ! cru%$ & f9ely divid$ sub/ance is 9 a condition v diff]5t f t ( ! article :5 entire1 & inf]5ces drawn f su* analytical data w\ld be fallaci\s4 ,ars5i\s anhydride is also us$ = ! pres]vation ( wood1 & is ?r[n occasionally into ! holds ( vessels 9 l>ge quantities to prev5t vegetable decomposition4 ,9 ,india1 aga91 a solution ( ars5ic is appli$ to ! walls z a wa%1 9 ord] to prev5t ! attacks ( insects4 #gaf4 ,ph>maceutical1 ,non-(fic9al1 & o!r ,prep>ations ( ,ars5ic4--7#a7 ,ph>maceutical ,prep>ations4--,! ,liquor ars5icalis 7,f[l]'s solution71 or solution ( ars5ic ( ! ph>macopia1 is compos$ (3-- ,c>bonate ( ,pota%1 #hg gra9s 7#efd grms47 ,ars5i\s ,acid1 #hg 7#efd 7 ,comp\nd ,t9cture ( ,lav5d]1 #e dra*ms 7#aggb c4c47 dissolv$ 9 #a p9t 7#efgi c4c47 ( wat]2 e ounce1 !re=e1 conta9s #dc gra9s ( ars5i\s acid 7or #ajj c4c4 #i;,z,o72 ! /r5g? is !re=e ne>ly #a p] c5t4 ,liquor ,ammonii ,ars5itis 7n (fic9al7 is made ( ! same /r5g?1 ammonium c>bonate be+ sub/itut$ = potassic c>bonate4 ,! hydro*loric solution ( ars5ic is simply ars5i\s acid dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid2 its /r5g? %\ld be exactly ! same z t ( ,f[l]'s solution4 ,a solution ( ars5iate ( soda#gjh conta9s ! anhydr\s salt 9 ! proportion ( #d gra9s to ! ounce 7#i 9 #ajj c4c47 ( wat]4 #gjh ,! =mula = ars5iate ( soda is ,na,h,as,o#g;,h,o1 b x sometimes conta9s m wat]4 ,liquor ,ars5ii et ,hydr>gyri ,iodidi 7,donovan's ,solution ( ,ars5ic74--,?is is n (fic9al1 b is us$ to "s ext5t 9 sk9 diseases2 x is a solution ( ! iodides ( m]cury & ars5ic2 /r5g? ab\t #a p] c5t4 ( ea* ( ! iodides4 ,ars5iate ( ,iron1 ,fe,z,o1 is an amorph\s gre5 p[d]1 us$ to "s ext5t 9 m$ic9e4 ,x %\ld conta9 #ccf p] c5t4 ( metallic ars5ic4 ,clem5's ,solution4--,a solution ( ! bromide & ars5iate ( potassium2 /r5g? equal to #a p] c5t4 ars5i\s acid4 ,(fic9al 9 ,u4,s41 ,france1 & ,norway4 ,pilula ,asiatica 7n (fic9al7 is compos$ ( ars5i\s acid1 extract ( g5tian1 & black pepp]4 ,!re is #a_/ab? ( a gra9 7#ed milligrams7 ( ars5i\s acid 9 ea* pill4 ,dr4 ,de ,valanguis' ,solutio solv5tes m9]alis is compos$ ( #cj gra9s ( ,z,o dissolv$ by #ij m9ims ( ,h,cl 9 #bj oz4 ( wat]2 /r5g? #jjcd p] c5t4 ,z,o4 7#b7 ,vet]9>y ,ars5ical ,m$ic9e4--,common vet]9>y prep>ations conta9+ ars5ic are3--,a ball = worms1 conta9+ 9 p>ts-- ,calomel1 #ac p] c5t4 ,ars5i\s ,acid1 #ac ,t9 ,fil+s1 #ggi ,v5ice ,turp5t9e1#gji #aie #gji ,! ,v5ice turp5t9e is r>ely f\nd 9 ord9>y comm]ce1 :at is sold "u t "n consi/+ ( black res9 & oil ( turp5t9e4 ,a common tonic ball3#gaj-- #gaj ,a simil> prep>ation 9 common use has ! addition ( sulphate ( z9c4 ,ars5i\s ,acid1 #e to #aj gra9s 7#cbd to #fdh grm47 ,anise$1 oz4 7#adagdd grms47 ,opium1 #cj gra9s 7 #aid 7 ,treacle1 q4 s4 ,an ars5ical ball1 (t5 giv5 by grooms to horses = ! purpose ( improv+ _! coats1 conta9s 9 #ajj p>ts3-- ,ars5i\s ,acid1 #be p] c5t4 ,pim5to1 #aib ,extract ( ,g5tian1 #ghc ,ano!r ball 9 use is compos$ ( ars5ic & v]digris 7acetate ( copp]71 ( ea* #h gra9s 7#eah grm472 cupric sulphate1 #bj gra9s 7#ac grm472 q4 s4 ( l9se$ meal & treacle4 7#c7 ,rat & ,fly ,poisons1 c4--,an ars5ical pa/e sold = rats has ! foll[+ composition3-- ,ars5i\s ,acid1 #ej p] c5t4 ,lampblack1 #f ,:eat ,fl\r1 #dfc ,suet1 #dfc ,oil ( ,anise$1 a small quantity4 ,ano!r rat poison is compos$ z foll[s3-- ,:ite ,ars5ic1 #dfh p] c5t4 ,c>bonate ( ,b>yta1 #dfh ,rose-p9k1#gaa #eh ,oil ( ,anise$1 #b ,oil ( ,rhodium1 #b #gaa ,alum & c>bonate ( lead col\r$ ) ,brazil & pea* woods4 ,v>i\s ars5ical prep>ations are us$ to kill flies2 ! active pr9ciple ( ! br[n 8papi] m\re0 is ars5i\s acid4 ,a d>k grey p[d]1 :i* us$ to be sold "u ! "n ( fly-p[d]1 consi/$ ( metallic ars5ic t _h be5 expos$ "s "t to ! air4 ,fly-wat] is a /rong solution ( ars5i\s acid ( unc]ta9 /r5g?1 sweet5$ ) sug>1 treacle1 or honey4 ,ano!r fly-poison consi/s ( a mixture ( ars5i\s acid1 t]sulphide ( ars5ic1 treacle1 & honey4 7#d7 ,quack & o!r ,no/rums4--,! analy/ may meet ) sev]al quack prep>ations = ext]nal use 9 canc]4 ,a celebrat$ ars5ical pa/e = ?is purpose is compos$ (3-- ,ars5i\s ,acid1 #h p] c5t4 ,c9nab>1 #gj ,dragon's ,blood1 #bb ,frres ,come's ,canc] ,pa/e is compos$ ( ars5i\s acid1 #a2 *>coal1 #a2 r$ m]cury sulphide1 #d2 wat]1 q4 s4 ,! ta/eless 8ague drops0 us$ 9 ! f5 c\ntries are simply a solution ( ars5ite ( pota%4 ,davidson's ,canc] ,rem$y consi/s1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,p>is1 ( equal p>ts ( ars5i\s acid & p[d]$ hemlock4 ,9 ,india1 ars5ic giv5 z a m$ic9e by native practition]s1 or adm9i/]$ z a poison1 may be f\nd col\r$ & impure1 f hav+ be5 mix$ ei!r ) c['s ur9e1 or ) ! juice ( leaves1 c4#gab #gab ,*ev]s1 ,m$4 ,jurisprud5ce = ,india1 p4 #aaf4 ,ars5i\s acid is us$ by d5ti/s to de/roy ! n]v\s pulp ( decay$ & pa9ful tee?1 ab\t ! tw5ty-fif? ( a gra9 7#be mgrms47 be+ plac$ 9 ! cavity4 ,a common =mula is ars5i\s acid1 #b2 sulphate ( morph9e1 #a2 creasote1 q4 s4 to make a /iff pa/e4 ,!re is no record ( any accid5t hav+ result$ f ?is practice hi!rto2 b s9ce ! d5ti/ seldom weighs ! ars5ic1 x is n altoge!r free f dang]4 7#e7 ,pigm5ts1 c4--,k+'s yell[ %\ld be ,z,s1 ! trisulphide ( ars5ic or orpim5t4 ,x is frequ5tly adult]at$ ) #hj to #ij p] c5t4 ( ars5i\s acid1 & 9 su* a case is1 ( c\rse1 m poison\s4 ,k+'s yell[1 if pure1 yields to wat] no?+ :i* gives any ars5ical reaction4 ,a blue pigm5t1 t]m$ m9]al blue1 consi/s ( ab\t equal p>ts ( ars5ite ( copp] & pota%1 & %\ld conta9 #chg p] c5t4 ( metallic ars5ic 7 to #eajhd ,z,o,h7 & #aef ( copp]4 ,s*we9furt gre5 7,syn4 ,em]ald-gre571 7,cu,as,o7,cu7,c,h,o7 is a cupric ars5ite & acetate1 & %\ld conta9 #be p] c5t4 ( copp] & #ehd p] c5t4 ( ars5i\s acid4 ,9 analysis1 ! copp] 9 ?is comp\nd is readily sep>at$ f ! ars5ic by fir/ oxidis+ ) nitric acid1 & !n add+ to ! nitric acid solution ammonia1 until ! blue col\r rema9s undissolv$4 ,at ?is po9t ammonium oxalate is add$ 9 excess1 ! solution is fir/ acidifi$ by hydro*loric or nitric acid1 &1 on /&+1 ! copp] sep>ates completely 7or almo/ s7 z ,oxalate1 ! ars5ic rema9+ 9 solution4 ,ano!r me?od is to pass ,,% to saturation1 collect ! sulphides on a filt]1 &1 aft] wa%+ & dry+ ! mix$ sulphides1 oxidise ) fum+ nitric acid1 evaporate to dryness1 & aga9 treat ) nitric acid4 ,! residue is fus$ ) soda & potassic nitrate1 ! fus$ mass is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 acidulat$ ) nitric acid1 & ! copp] is precipitat$ by pota%2 ! solution is filt]$1 & 9 ! filtrate ! ars5ic is precipitat$ z ammonio-magnesian ars5iate or z trisulphide4#gac #gac ,p4 ,gucci1 ,*em4 ,c5trbl41 #ahhg1 #aebh4 ,s*eele's gre5 7,cu,h,as,o7 is a hydrocupric ars5ite1 & conta9s #ebh p] c5t4 ( ars5i\s anhydride & #cch p] c5t4 ( copp]4 7#f7 ,ext]nal ,application ( ,ars5ic = ,%eep1 c4--,_m ( ^! are simply solutions ( ars5ic1 ! solution be+ made by ! f>m]4 ,mo/ ( ! yell[ %eep-dipp+ comp\nds ( comm]ce are made up ei!r ( impure c>bonate ( pota%1 or ( soda a%1 ars5ic1 s(t soap1 & sulphur4 ,! ,fr5* ba9 de ,tessi] is compos$ (3-- ,ars5i\s ,acid1 #ajj kgrm4 ,f]r\s ,sulphate1 #ajjj ,p]oxide ( ,iron1 #jdj ,g5tian ,p[d]1 #jbj ,?is is to be add$ to #ajj kgrms4 ( wat]4 ,ano!r common application consi/s ( alum & ars5ic 7#aj or #ab to #a71 dissolv$ 9 two or ?ree hundr$ p>ts ( wat]4 7#g7 ,ars5ical ,soaps1 c4--,ars5ic is us$ 9 pres]v+ ! sk9s ( animals4 ,"o ( ! comp\nds = ?is purpose1 kn[n "u ! "n ( ,bcoeur's ars5ical soap1 has ! foll[+ composition3-- ,camphor1 #cd p] c5t4 ,ars5ic1 #bjb ,c>bonate ( ,pota%1 #efb ,lime1#gad #bjb #gad ,! du/ f ! pres]v$ sk9s ( animals has caus$1 at lea/1 "o case ( poison+4 ,ann4 d',hyg4 ,pub4 et de ,md4 ,lg41 #b sr41 #ahgj1 t4 xxxiii1 p4 #cad4 7#h7 ,ars5ical comp\nds us$ 9 pyrote*ny3-- ,p>ts4 ,blue fires--7#a7 ,realg>1 #b ,*>coal1 #c ,potassic ,*lorate1 #e ,sulphur1 #ac ,nitrate ( ,b>yta1 #gg ----- 7#b7 ,sulphur1 #dji ,nitre1 #cfh ,sulphide ( ,antimony1 #abc ,ars5ic1 #e ,*>coal1 #e ----- ,gre5 fires--,metallic ,ars5ic1 #b ,*>coal1 #c ,*lorate ( ,pota%1 #e ,sulphur1 #ac ,nitrate ( ,b>yta1 #g ------ ,light gre5 fire--,*>coal1 #age ,sulphide ( ,ars5ic1 #age ,sulphur1 #ajej ,*lorate ( ,pota%1 #bcbe ,nitrate ( ,b>yta1 #fbej ------ ,:ite fire--7#a7 ,ars5i\s ,acid1 #gf ,*>coal1 #afc ,sulphide ( ,antimony1 #abbg ,nitrate ( ,pota%1 #cfei ,sulphur1 #dhge ------ 7#b7 ,realg>1 #fa ,sulphur1 #bab ,nitrate ( ,pota%1 #gbg ------ #gag4 ,/ati/ics4--,dur+ ! t5 ye>s #ahhc-ib !re 7 regi/]$ 9 ,engl& & ,wales #aac dea?s f ars5ic2 ( ^! #eg1 or ab\t half1 7 suicidal dea?s1 & #e 7 class$ "u ! head ( 8murd]02 ! re/ 7 due to accid5t4 ,! age & sex di/ribution ( p]sons dy+ f accid5tal or suicidal ars5ical poison+ are detail$ 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,,dea?s ,,f ,,ars5ic ,,dur+ ,,! ,,t5 ,,ye>s #ahhc-ahib4 ,,accid5t ,,or ,,neglig5ce4 ,ages1 #a-e #e-ae #ae-be #be-fe #fe & ,total above ,males1 #a #d #c #bc #f #cg ,females1 #d 444 #c #d #c #ad --------------------------------------- ,total1 #e #d #f #bg #i #ea --------------------------------------- ,,suicide4 ,ages1 #ae-be #be-fe #fe & ,total above ,males1 #c #cb #b #cg ,females1 #e #ab #c #bj ---------------------------- ,total1 #h #dd #e #eg ---------------------------- #gah4 ,law ,relative to ! ,sale ( ,ars5ic4--,by ! #ad? ( ,vict4 c4 #ab1 e p]son sell+ ars5ic is b\nd to keep a writt5 record ( e p>ticul> relative to ea* transaction1 su* z ! "n1 abode1 & call+ ( ! pur*as]1 ! purpose = :i* ! poison is requir$1 & ! quantity sold1 c4 ,^! p>ticul>s are to be sign$ also by ! pur*as]4 ,no p]son 7sec4 #b7 is all[$ to sell ars5ic to any "o unkn[n to ! sell]1 unless 9 ! pres5ce ( a witness :om ! sell] is acqua9t$ )4 ,! ars5ic sold 7sec4 #c7 is to be mix$ ) soot or indigo 9 ! proportion ( half an ounce ( indigo to a p\nd ( ars5ic4 ,x1 !re=e1 foll[s t ! col\r$ sub/ance %\ld n conta9 m ?an #gj p] c5t4 ( ars5i\s acid4 ,! ,act applies to all ! col\rless prep>ations ( ars5ic3 b x is n to affect *emi/s 9 mak+ up prescriptions = m$ical m51 or 9 supply+ m$ical m52 nor is x to affect ! :olesale deal]s 9 supply+ ars5ic to retail %ops1 c4 ,! p5alty = conviction is #bj1 or less4#gae #gae ,comm]cial ars5ic is (t5 mu* adult]at$1 especially ) gypsum1 *alk1 c4 ,^! are mo/ readily detect$ by sublim+ ! ars5ic4 ,! sublim$ ars5ic itself may n be entirely pure1 sometimes conta9+ ars5ical sulphides & antimoni\s oxide4 #gai4 ,dose4--,! smalle/ dose ( ars5ic kn[n to h prov$ fatal to a human be+ is #af grm4 7#b gra9s74 ,f>ri]s & grooms are 9 ! habit ( giv+ z mu* z l#c grm4 7#bj gra9s7 a day to a horse1 s t ! poison\s dose = ?is animal mu/ be v l>ge4 ,! maximum dose = ! horn$ cattle appe>s to be f #cb to #ch grm4 7#e to #f gra9s72 t = a dog is #af mgrms4 7 gra971 & ev5 ?is may1 9 ! small] k9ds1 cause illness4 ,! foll[+ may be consid]$ z dang]\s doses ( ars5ic3--#ac grm4 7#b gra9s7 = an adult2 #ai grm4 7#cj gra9s7 = a horse2 #fd grm4 7#aj gra9s7 = a c[2 & #cb to #fd mgrms4 7 to #a gra97 = a dog4 #gbj4 ,effects ( ,ars5i\s ,acid on ,plants4--,if ! root or /em ( a plant is imm]s$ 9 a solution ( ars5i\s acid1 ! hue ( ! leaves soon alt]s 9 appe>ance1 ! gre5 col\r becomes ( a :iti% or br[ni% hue1 & ! plant )]s2 ! effect be+ v simil> to t produc$ by hot wat]4 ,! toxic action may be trac$ f bel[ upw>ds1 & analysis w detect m9ute quantities ( ars5ic 9 all portions ( ! plant4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 %[n by ,gorup-,besanez1#gaf t if ars5i\s acid be mix$ ) e>?1 & plants gr[n 9 su* e>?1 !y only take up inf9itesimal quantities ( ars5ic4 ,h5ce1 9 cases ( cattle poison+1 any def5ce bas$ ^u ! alleg$ pres5ce ( ars5ic 9 ! pa/ure w be m +5i\s ?an j4 #gaf ,annal4 d4 ,*emie u4 ,ph>macie1 ,bd4 cxxvii41 ,h4 #b1 #bdc4 ,! influ5ce ( ars5ical fumes z evolv$ f manufactories ^u %rubs & trees is 9 g5]al insignificant4 ,p9es & firs1 five to six ye>s old1 h be5 kn[n to suff] f a disease 9 :i* !re is a %$d+ ( ! leaves1 ! m t5d] h]bage be+ at ! same "t affect$4 ,:atev] dang]s ! practice ( /eep+ corn int5d$ = se$ 9 a solution ( ars5i\s acid1 z a prev5tive ( 8smut10 may possess1 x does n appe> to influ5ce delet]i\sly ! gr[? ( ! future plant4 ,sup]phosphate ( manure is frequ5tly ri* 9 ars5ic4 ,dr4 ,edmund ,davy ass]ts t plants to :i* su* manure is appli$ take up ars5ic 9 _! tissues1 & ,m4 ,&on>d has made a simil> /atem5t4 ,tuson#gag has also und]tak5 "s exp]im5ts1 :i* confirm ,&on>d & ,davy's rese>*es4 ,! be>+ ( ?is ) relation to ! detection ( ars5ic 9 ! /oma*s ( ! h]bivora ne$s no comm5t4 #gag ,cooley's ,diction>y1 ,art4 8,ars5ic40 #gba4 ,effects on ,animal ,life--,animalcules4--,all infusoria & =ms ( animalcule-life hi!rto obs]v$ p]i% rapidly if a m9ute quantity ( ars5i\s acid is dissolv$ 9 ! wat] 9 :i* !y exi/4 ,insects4--,! common ars5ical fly-pap]s af=d num]\s opportunities = obs]v+ ! action ( ars5ic on ord9>y flies2 )9 a few m9utes 7five to t5 aft] tak+ ! poison into _! dige/ive organs7 !y fall1 app>5tly f p>alysis ( ! w+s1 & die4 ,spid]s & all insects into :i* ! poison has be5 introduc$ exhibit a simil> sudd5 dea?4 ,x is said t 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ars5ical manufactories !re is mu* de/ruction among bees & o!r =ms ( insect life4 ,annelids4--,if ars5i\s acid is appli$ to ! ext]nal surface ( worms or lee*es1 ! "p :i* x t\*es p]i%es fir/1 & life is ext+ui%$ successively 9 ! o!rs4 ,if a w\nd is made fir/1 & ! ars5i\s acid !n appli$ to x1 ! effects are only int5sifi$ & ha/5$4 ,!re is always notic$ an augm5tation ( ! excretions2 ! v]micul> movem5ts are at fir/ made m lively1 !y !n become languid1 & dea? is v gradual4 ,birds4--,! symptoms ) birds are some:at diff]5t1 & v>y accord+ to ! =m 9 :i* ! poison is adm9i/]$1 viz41 :e!r z a vap\r or 9 solution4 ,9 sev]al exp]im5ts made by ,eul5b]g on pigeons1 ! birds 7 secur$ "u glass %ades1 & expos$ to ! vap\r ( metallic ars5ic vaporis$ by heat4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to rem>k t 9 op]at+ 9 ?is way1 ! poison+ 0 n by metallic ars5ic vap\r1 b by t ( ars5i\s acid4 ,"o ( ^! exp]im5ts may be cit$3--,a pigeon 0 made to brea! an atmosph]e *>g$ ) vap\r f ! volatilisation ( metallic ars5ic4 ,! bird 0 imm$iately re/less2 9 ?irty m9utes x vomit$ repeat$ly1 & ! nasal ap]tures 7 notic$ to be moi/2 aft] a little :ile1 ! bird1 /ill brea?+ ! ars5i\s acid atmosph]e1 0 mu* di/ress$1 %ook its head repeat$ly1 & yawn$2 9 fifty m9utes ! respiration 0 lab\r$1 & 9 fifty-n9e m9utes !re 0 mu* vomit+4 ,on remov+ ! bird1 aft] x _h be5 expos$ an h\r to ! vap\r 7#af grm4 ( metallic ars5ic hav+ be5 evaporat$ 9 all71 x rapidly recov]$4 ,six days aft]1 ! pigeon 0 aga9 expos$ 9 ! same way to ! vap\r1 b ?is "t #ef grm4 ( metallic ars5ic 0 volatilis$4 ,9 fifte5 m9utes !re 0 ret*+1 foll[$ by vomit+4 ,on tak+ x out aft] an h\r x rema9$ v quiet1 ate no?+1 & (t5 puff$ itself out2 ! brea?+ 0 normal1 movem5ts free1 b x _h unusual ?ir/4 ,on ! second & ?ird day ! excretions 7 frequ5t & fluid2 ! c>diac pulsations 7 sl[$1 & ! bird 0 dis9cl9$ to move4 ,on ! f\r? day x cont9u$ 9 "o place1 puff+ itself out2 t[>ds ev5+ ! respirations sl[$1 ! beak gap+ at e inspiration4 ,on attempt+ flight1 ! w+s flutt]$ & ! bird fell on its head4 ,aft] ?is x lay on its side1 ) sl[1 lab\r$ respiration1 ! he>t-beats sc>cely to be felt1 & dea? took place )\t convulsions1 & v quietly4 ,on exam9+ ! organs aft] dea?1 ! bra9 & sp9al cord 7 v bloodless2 !re 7 ec*ymoses 9 ! lungs2 b little else *>act]i/ic4 ,! exp]im5t quot$ has a direct be>+ ^u ! brea?+ ( ars5ical du/2 z1 = example1 t :i* floats 9 ! air ( a room pap]$ ) an easily deta*$ ars5ical pigm5t4 ,o!r exp]im5ts on birds g5]ally h %[n t ! symptoms produc$ by ars5i\s acid 9 solution1 or 9 ! solid =m1 9 a dose insuffici5t to de/roy life1 are languor1 loss ( appetite1 & ! voidance ( l>ge quantities ( liquid excreta l v]digris4 ,) fatal doses1 ! bird rema9s quiet2 !re are fluid1 sometimes bloody1 excretions2 spasmodic movem5ts ( ! ph>ynx1 anti-p]i/altic contraction ( ! sophagus1 vomit+1 g5]al trembl+ ( ! body1 ?ir/1 erection ( ! fea!rs1 & lab\r$ respiration4 ,! bird becomes v feeble1 & ! sc5e mo/ly closes ) ins5sibility & convulsions4 ,mammals1 su* z cats1 dogs1 c41 suff] f symptoms fairly id5tical ) ^? obs]v$ 9 man2 b ! n]v\s symptoms 7accord+ to ,p4 ,hugo7 d n pr$om9ate1 :ile ) rabbits & gu9ea-pigs1 n]v\s symptoms are m m>k$ & con/ant4#gah ,!re are vomit+1 purg+1 & (t5 convulsions & p>alysis be=e dea?4 ,x has be5 notic$ t ! muscles aft] dea? are 9 a great /ate ( contraction4 ,! sl[ poison+ ( a dog1 accord+ to ,lolliot1#gai produc$ an ery!mat\s eruption 9 ! vic9ity ( ! jo9ts1 e>s1 & o!r p>ts ( ! body2 !re 7 conjunctivitis1 increas$ la*rymal secretion1 & photophobia2 ! hair fell (f4 #gah ,ar*iv f4 exp]4 ,pa?4 u4 ,ph>makol1 ,leipzig1 #ahhb4 #gai tude ,physiol4 d',arsne1 ,?se1 ,p>is1 #ahfh4 #gbb4 ,effects ( ,ars5i\s ,acid on ,man4--,! symptoms produc$ by ars5i\s acid v>y accord+ to ! =m ( ! poison--:e!r solid1 vapor\s1 or soluble--accord+ to ! condition ( bodily heal? ( ! p]son tak+ x1 & accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* x is introduc$ into ! animal economy1 :ile !y are also 9 no small degree modifi$ by individual peculi>ities ( organisation & by habit1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! ars5ic-eat]s4 ,ars5ic-,eat]s4--,9 all ,european c\ntries grooms & horse-deal]s are acqua9t$ ) ! fact t a little ars5ic giv5 daily 9 ! corn improves ! coat1 increases1 probably1 ! assimilation ( ! food1 & r5d]s ! horse plump & fat4 ,on ! ,cont95t grooms h be5 kn[n to put a piece ( ars5ic1 ! size ( a pea1 9 a little oatmeal1 make x into a ball1 tie x up 9 a l95 rag1 & atta* x to ! bit2 ! saliva dissolves1 little by little1 ! poison1 :ile bo? ! g5tle irritation & physiological action excite a c]ta9 am\nt ( salivation1 & ! :ite foam at ! m\?1 & ! *amp+ ( ! horse1 are ?\ght va/ly to improve ! appe>ance4 ,%ot1 :i* conta9s a small quantity ( ars5ic1 h be5 us$ = ! same purpose1 & f half a p\nd to a p\nd ( small %ot has be5 giv5 to horses4 ,:5 a horse has be5 = a long "t dos$ ) ars5ic1 x seems necess>y to cont9ue ! practice2 if ?is is n done1 ! animal rapidly loses 8 condition4 ,! explanation probably is1 t ! ars5ic /imulates ! v>i\s cells & gl&s ( ! inte/9al tract to a sup]action1 ! natural t]m9ation ( :i* is an enfeeblem5t ( _! secret+ p[]--?is especially 9 ! abs5ce ( ! /imulus4 ,turn+ f equ9e involunt>y ars5ic-eat]s1 we f9d ! /range cu/om ( ars5ic-eat+ volunt>ily pursu$ by ! races ( l[] ,au/ria & ,/yria1 especially by ^? dwell+ on ! m\nta9s sep>at+ ,/yria f ,hung>y4 ,9 ,india also 7& especially 9 ! ,punjaub7 ! same practice prevails1 & "h x is (t5 tak5 z an aphrodisiac4 ,! m\nta9e]s imag9e t x increases ! respiratory p[]1 nor is !re want+ "s evid5ce to %[ t ?is is actually ! fact1 & m$ic9al doses ( ars5ic h be5 9 use = "s "t 9 cases ( a/hma & o!r diseases ( ! *e/4 ,! ars5ic-eat]s beg9 ) a v small dose1 :i* is cont9u$ = sev]al weeks or mon?s1 until ! sy/em gets accu/om$ to x4 ,! am\nt is !n slightly augm5t$ until relatively l>ge doses are tak5 ) impunity4 ,9 "o case#gbj x appe>s t a c\ntryman1 9 good heal?1 & sixty ye>s ( age1 took daily #d gra9s ( ars5i\s acid1 a habit :i* he _h inh]it$ f 8 fa!r1 & :i* he 9 turn bequea!d to 8 son4 #gbj ,t>dieu1 op4 cit4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* a cu/om z ars5ic-eat+1 9 its lit]al s5se1 has m ?an once be5 d\bt$1 b all :o h travell$ ov] ,/yria & o!r places :]e ! habit prevails h conv9c$ !mselves t ! facts h n be5 ov]/at$4 ,= example1 ,dr4 ,maclagan1 9 company ) ,dr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,rutt]1#gba visit$ ,/yria 9 #ahfe1 & hav+ c>efully weigh$ #e or #f gra9s ( ars5ic1 saw ^! doses actually swall[$ by two m54 ,on collect+ _! ur9e1 ab\t two h\rs aft]w>ds1 abundant quantitative evid5ce ( its pres5ce 0 f\nd2 b 9 nei!r ( ! m5 7 !re ! slighte/ symptoms ( poison+4 ,x is obvi\s t ! exi/5ce ( su* a habit might s]i\sly complicate any inquiry into ars5ical poison+ 9 ^! regions4 #gba ,ed94 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 ,april #ahfe2 ,brit4 & ,=4 ,m$4 ,*ir4 ,j\rn41 ,oct4 #ahfe4 #gbc4 ,mann] ( ,introduction ( ,ars5ic4--,ars5i\s acid ex]ts a poison\s action1 :e!r x is tak5 by ! /oma*1 or introduc$ into ! sy/em by any o!r *annel :atev]4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ! symptoms produc$ by ext]nal application 7z ?r\gh a w\nd71 & by swall[+ ars5i\s acid 9 sub/ance or 9 solution1 are n s m>k$ z might be expect$4 ,x 0 probably ,hunt] :o fir/ di/9ctly recognis$ ! fact t ars5ic1 ev5 :5 introduc$ outw>dly by application to an abrad$ surface1 ex]ts a specific effect on ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma*4 ,brodie#gbb /ates1 8,mr4 ,home in=m$ me t 9 an exp]im5t made by ,mr4 ,hunt] himself1 9 :i* ars5ic 0 appli$ to a w\nd 9 a dog1 ! animal di$ 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & ! /oma* 0 f\nd to be consid]ably inflam$4 ,i repeat$ ?is exp]im5t sev]al times1 tak+ ! precaution ( always apply+ a b&age to prev5t ! animal lick+ ! w\nd4 ,! result 0 t ! inflammation ( ! /oma* 0 commonly m viol5t & m imm$iate ?an :5 ! poison 0 adm9i/]$ int]nally1 & t x prec$$ 9 appe>ance ! inflammation ( ! w\nd40 #gbb ,phil4 ,trans41 #ahab4 #gbd4 ,cases ( ,poison+ by ! ,ext]nal ,application ( ,ars5ic4--,a mass-poison+ by ! ext]nal use ( ars5ical violet p[d] to infants occurr$ 9 ,engl& "s ye>s ago4 ,two dea?s f ?is cause 7 e/abli%$ by coron]s' inque/s4#gbc ,dr4 ,tidy f\nd ! violet p[d]s us$ 9 ! two cases to h ! foll[+ composition3-- #gbc 8,glean+s 9 ,toxicology10 by ,c4 ,meymott ,tidy1 ,m4,b4--,lancet1 ,aug4 #ba1 #ahgh4 #a4 #b4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,ars5i\s ,acid1 #che #chc ,/>* 7,potato71 #edh #eed ,magnesia1 c4 #fg #fcgbd #gbd ,two recipes 7 h&$ 9 at ! coron]'s inque/ :i* pretty fairly repres5t ! composition ( ord9>y comm]cial violet p[d]3-- ,fir/ ,quality1 sold at #gs4 p] gross4 ,/>* ,p[d]1 #bh lbs4 ,magnesia1 #a lb4 ,orris-root1 #a lb4 ,violet ,p]fume1 #a oz4 ,ess5ce ( ,roses1 #e drops4 ,second ,quality1 sold at #fs4 p] gross4 ,t]ra ,alba 7,sulphate ( ,lime71 #ad lbs4 ,potato ,/>*1 #ba lbs4 ,magnesia1 #c lbs4 ,orris-root1 #a lb4 ,violet ,p]fume1 #a oz4 ,ess5ce ( ,roses1 #e drops4 ,al?\gh ! *ildr5 7 poison$ by absorption ?r\gh ! sk9 7unless x is all[$ t "s may h f\nd its way 9 ! =m ( ars5ical du/ into ! ?roat1 or1 :at is /ill m probable1 t ! infants may f "t to "t h seiz$ ! puff-ball & suck$ x71 ! l>ge quantity ( #dba grm4 7#fe gra9s7 ( ars5i\s acid 0 sep>at$ 9 ! "o case1 & #aid grm4 7#c gra9s7 9 ! o!r4 ,9 ^! cases arose ! "q :i* is sure to recur 9 legal inquiries into poison+ by absorption1 viz41 :e!r ! poison ly+ on ! surface & folds ( ! sk9 c\ld n h be5 mix$ dur+ ! po/-mortem exam9ation ) ! organs ( ! body8 ,9 ^! p>ticul> cases special c>e appe>s to h be5 tak51 & ! answ] 0 satisfactory4 ,x is n amiss1 h[ev]1 to call att5tion to ! extreme precaution :i* su* in/ances necessitate4 ,a woman1 ag$ #ea1 _h us$ a solution ( ars5i\s acid to cure ! it*2 erysipelas ( ! body1 h[ev]1 foll[$1 & %e di$ aft] a long illness--"o ( ! symptoms not$ be+ trembl+ & p>esis ( ! limbs4#gbe ,9 a case record$ by ,desgranges1#gbf a "y *amb]maid _h appli$ to ! unw\nd$ scalp an ars5ical o9tm5t = ! purpose ( de/roy+ v]m94 ,%e also suff]$ f a sev]e erysipelas1 & ! hair fell (f4 ,quacks h frequ5tly appli$ v>i\s ars5ical pa/es to ulc]s & canc]\s brea/s ) a fatal result4 ,in/ances ( ?is ab\nd2 9 "o1 a *>latan appli$ to a *ronic ulc] ( ! leg an ars5ical cau/ic2 ! pati5t %[$ symptoms ( viol5t poison+1 & di$ on ! six? day4#gbg ,9 ano!r1 a lady suff]+ f "s =m ( tum\r ( ! brea/1 appli$ to an unqualifi$ practition]1 :o made f fifte5 to tw5ty punctures ) a lancet 9 ! swell+1 cov]$ a piece ( bread ) an ars5ical comp\nd1 & appli$ ! bread ?us prep>$ to ! brea/4 ,twelve h\rs aft]w>ds symptoms ( viol5t ga/ric irritation comm5c$2 & vomit+ & a sangu9ol5t di>rha foll[$1 ) dea? on ! fif? day4 ,ars5ic 0 f\nd 9 all ! organs4#gbh ,su* examples might be multipli$4 ,ars5ic has be5 9 m ?an "o case introduc$ crim9ally into ! vag9a ) a fatal result4#gbi ,fod]1 e4g41 has record$ ! case ( a maid-s]vant :o poison$ h] mi/ress by int5tionally adm9i/]+ sev]al ars5ical enemata4#gcj ,ars5i\s acid aga9 has be5 respir$ 9 ! =m ( vap\r4 ,"o ( ! be/ in/ances ( ?is is record$ by ,taylor1 & 0 ! subject ( a trial at ! ,york ,l5t ,assizes1 #ahfd4 ,! prison] plac$ "s burn+ pyrites at ! doorway ( a small room1 9 :i* !re 7 eight *ildr51 includ+ an infant 9 ! cradle4 ,! o!r *ildr5 7 remov$ spe$ily1 b ! infant 0 expos$ to ! vap\r = an h\r2 x suff]$ f vomit+ & di>rha1 & di$ 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,!re 0 slight inflammation ( ! /oma* & inte/9es1 ! bra9 & lungs 7 conge/$1 & ! l9+ membrane ( ! tra*ea ( a bright r$ col\r4 ,ars5ic 0 detect$ 9 ! /oma*1 9 ! lungs1 & sple54 ,! pyrites conta9$ ars5ic1 & ! fatal fumes 7 9 effect compos$ ( sulphur\s & ars5i\s acids4 #gbe ,belloc1 ,md4 ,lg41 t4 iv4 p4 #abd4 #gbf ,recueil de la ,soc4 de ,md4 de ,p>is1 t4 vi4 p4 #bb1 ,an4 vii42 also ,t>dieu1 tude ,md4 ,lgale1 sur l',empoisonnem5t1 ,obs4 xxvii4 p4 #deg4 #gbg ,mean1 ,biblio?que ,md41 t4 lxxiv41 #ahba1 p4 #dja4 #gbh ,t>dieu1 op4 cit41 ,obs4 xxix42 ,dr4 ,v]nois1 ,ann4 d',hyg4 et de ,md4 ,lg41 t4 xxxvi41 #a/ s]41 p4 #ada1 #ahdf4 #gbi ,ansiaulx1 ,cl9ique ,*irurgicale4 ,mangor 7,acta4 ,societ4 ,reg4 ,hafni5s1 iii4 p4 #agh7 gives ! case ( a man :o poison$ 8 ?ree wives successively ) ars5ic--! two la/ by introduc+ into ! vag9a a p[d] compos$ ( fl\r & ars5ic4 ,ano!r simil> case is relat$ by ,brisk54 ,mangor made exp]im5ts on m>es1 %[+ t :5 ars5ic is appli$ to ! vag9a1 dea? may result f inflammation4 #gcj ,md4 ,lgale1 iv4 #gbe4 ,ars5ic 9 ,wall-,pap]s4--,x is n[ an accept$ fact t ars5ical col\rs on wall-pap]s cause illness4 ,! symptoms are ^? ( *ronic poison+1 & pres5t no?+ di/9ctive f ! effects produc$ f small doses ( ars5ic4 ,kirs*gass]#gca has describ$ ! symptoms 9 detail ( tw5ty-six cases4 ,t ars5ic is actually pres5t 9 pati5ts suff]+ is (t5 susceptible ( pro(1 by exam9+ skilfully & c>efully a consid]able volume 7f "o to two days' collection7 ( ! ur9e2 9 mo/ ( ! cases ?us exam9$ ars5ic has be5 discov]$4 ,?is poison+ is produc$1 sometimes f ! du/1 at o!rs f a volatile comp\nd ( ars5ic1 :i* has ! foll[+ prop]ties3--,x is v volatile 7p]haps a gas71 x has a /rong alliace\s od\r1 x is n entirely decompos$ by a solution ( silv] nitrate1 b is app>5tly decompos$ by a boil+ acid solution ( potassic p]manganate4 ,! au?or sugge/s t x may be a comp\nd ( ,,co & ,z1 b ?is is only a supposition4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is volatile sub/ance has be5 settl$ beyond all "q by ! exp]im5ts ( ,gosio1#gcb confirm$ by ^? ( ,*>les ,rob]t ,sang]4#gcc #gca ,vi]teljahr4 f4 g]i*t ,m$41 ,n4 ,f41 ix4 #if4 #gcb ,azione di alcune ,muffe sui ,compositi fissi d',ars5ico4 ,m9i/]o dell' ,int]no1 ,laboratori ,sci5tifici della ,direzione di ,sanita1 ,roma1 #ahib4 #gcc 8,on ! ,=mation ( ,volatile ,comp\nds ( ,ars5ic f ,ars5ical ,wall-,pap]s10 ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 vol4 xxix4 ,?is sub/ance appe>s to be readily en\gh produc$ by ! action ( ! common m\lds ^u organic matt] 9 ! pres5ce ( small am\nts ( ars5ic2 ! m\lds v>y 9 ?is prop]ty3 ,mucor1 ,muc$o1 & ,asp]gillum glaucum react well2 on ! contr>y1 ,p5icillium glaucum1 ,mucor ramosus1 & sev]al o!rs h ei!r no action1 or ! action is b slight4 ,"o m\ld1 ! ,p5icillium brevicaule1 has q a special end[m5t 9 =m+ ?is peculi> ars5ical comp\nd2 s mu* s1 t ,gosio has propos$ its use z a reag5t = ars5ic1 ! g>lic od\r be+ p]ceiv$ :5 ! fungus is made to gr[ 9 solutions conta9+ organic matt] & only traces ( ars5ic4 #gbf4 ,=ms ( ,ars5ical ,poison+4--,!re are at lea/ f\r di/9ct =ms ( ars5ical poison+1 viz41 an acute1 subacute1 a n]v\s1 & a *ronic =m4 ,acute ,=m4--,all ^? cases 9 :i* ! inflammatory symptoms are sev]e f ! comm5cem5t1 & 9 :i* ! suff]] dies )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 may be call$ acute4 ,! comm5cem5t ( ! symptoms 9 ^! cases is always )9 ! h\r2 !y h be5 kn[n1 inde$1 to occur )9 eight m9utes1 b ! mo/ usual "t is f tw5ty m9utes to half an h\r4 ,!re is an acrid feel+ 9 ! ?roat1 ) nausea2 vomit+ soon sets 91 ! eject$ matt]s be+ at fir/ compos$ ( ! sub/ances eat52 lat] !y may be bili\s or ev5 bloody1 or compos$ ( a :iti% liquid4 ,di>rha foll[s & accompanies ! vomit+1 ! motions are sometimes l ^? met ) 9 ord9>y di>rha & ,engli% *ol]a1 & sometimes bloody4 ,!re is coldness ( ! extremities1 ) great feebl5ess1 & ! pulse is small & difficult to feel4 ,! face1 at fir/ v pale1 takes a blui% t9t1 ! temp]ature falls /ill l[]2 ! pati5t s9ks 9 collapse1 & dea? takes place 9 f five to tw5ty h\rs aft] ! tak+ ( ! poison4 ,!re c sc>cely be said to be any cl9ical feature :i* di/+ui%es ! above description f t ( *ol]a2 & suppos+ t *ol]a 7 epidemic1 & no suspici\s circum/ance app>5tly pres5t1 !re c be little d\bt t a mo/ exp]i5c$ physician might mi/ake ! cause ( ! malady1 unless surr\nd+ circum/ances give "s h9t or clue to x4 ,9 ! acute =m di>rha may be abs5t1 & ! pati5t die1 z x 71 f 8%ock40 ,?is 0 probably ! cause ( dea? 9 a case relat$ by ,casp]1#gcd t ( ,julius ,bolle1 poison$ by 8 wife4 ,he took an unkn[n quantity ( ars5ic 9 solution at sev5 9 ! morn+1 & 9 ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r aft]w>ds suff]$ f pa9 & vomit+1 & di$ 9 little m ?an ?ree h\rs4 ,!re 7 no signs ( inflammation 9 ! /oma* & inte/9es1 b f ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* 7 sep>at$ #jacb grm4 ( ars5i\s acid1 & #jjeac grm4 f pieces ( ! liv]1 sple51 kidneys1 lung1 & blood4 ,! dose actually tak5 is suppos$ n to h be5 less ?an #chh grm4 7#f gra9s74 #gcd ,case #ahh 9 ,casp]'s ,h&bu*4 #gbg4 ,! ,subacute ,=m4--,! subacute =m is t :i* is mo/ common2 x exhibits "s v>iety ( ph5om5a1 & individual cases v>y mu* 9 ! matt] ( "t4 ,! comm5cem5t ( symptoms is1 z 9 ! mo/ acute =m1 usually )9 ! h\r1 b exceptions to ?is rule occur4 ,9 a case quot$ by ,taylor1#gce & record$ by ,m4 ,tonneli]1 ! poison did n cause any m>k$ illness = eight h\rs2 x 0 f\nd1 on po/-mortem exam9ation1 t a cy/ _h be5 =m$ 9 ! /oma* :i* %ea!d ! ars5ic ov]1 & 9 "s degree expla9$ ?is delay4 ,9 ano!r case1 aga91 t5 h\rs elaps$1 & ?is is consid]$ to be ! maximum p]iod yet obs]v$4 ,z ) ! acute =m1 !re is a feel+ ( nausea1 foll[$ by vomit+1 :i* cont9ues al?\gh ! /oma* is q empty2 at fir/ ! eject$ matt] is a wat]y fluid1 b lat] x may be /reak$ ) blood4 ,! tongue is ?ickly coat$2 !re is great ?ir/1 b ! dr9k+ ( any liquid 7ev5 ( ice-cold wat]7 increases ! vomit+4 ,ne>ly always pa9 is felt 9 ! epiga/rium1 spread+ all ov] ! abdom51 & ext5d+ to ! lo9 7:i* is t5se & t5d] on pressure74 ,deglutition is (t5 pa9ful1 & is accompani$ by a sort ( spasmodic con/riction ( ! ph>yngeal muscles4 ,di>rha foll[s ! vomit+1 & has ! same *>act]s z t previ\sly describ$2 occasionally1 h[ev]1 ?is feature is abs5t4 ,9 ! case record$ by ,m>t9eau1#gcf a man1 ag$ #be1 0 seiz$ at #aj ,a4,m4 sudd5ly ) vomit+1 :i* p]si/$ all t day & ! next1 dur+ :i* "t ! b[els 7 ob/9ately conf9$4 ,on ! second day a purgative 0 adm9i/]$1 :]eupon di>rha set 91 & cont9u$ until 8 dea?1 :i* occurr$ 9 ab\t two days & sixte5 h\rs f ! comm5cem5t ( ! symptoms4 ,?is case is also rem>kable f ! abs5ce ( pa9 or t5d]ness ( ! abdom54 #gce ,taylor's ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,jurisprud5ce1 vol4 i4 p4 #bea2 ,fl&91 vol4 i4 p4 #ece4 #gcf ,t>dieu1 op4 cit41 ,obs4 xix4 ,9 subacute cases ! ur9e has sev]al times be5 suppress$1 & x is g5]ally scanty & r$ 9 col\r4 ,irregul>ity ( ! he>t's action & feebl5ess are tol]ably con/ant ph5om5a4 ,z ! end approa*es1 !re is excessive muscul> weakness1 ! face is pale1 ! eyes holl[2 ! muc\s membranes fir/1 & !n ! sk91 take a blui% t9t2 ! sk9 itself is cov]$ ) p]spiration1 & !re has be5 notic$ a peculi> od\r1 :i* has be5 lik5$ to ars9e 7ars5iurett$ hydrog574 ,! respiration is tr\bl$1 convulsive movem5ts ( ! limbs h be5 obs]v$1 & cramps 9 ! calves ( ! legs2 dea? foll[s 9 a v>iable "t--f tw5ty-f\r h\rs to sev]al days4 ,9 c]ta9 cases !re is a curi\s remission aft] viol5t symptoms1 ! pati5t rallies & seems to h recov]$2 b ! appe>ance is deceptive1 = ! symptoms recur1 & dea? foll[s4 ,recov]y may also take place p>tially f ! prim>y effects1 & !n inflammatory *anges 9 ! /oma*1 c41 set 91 ) fev] & ! ord9>y symptoms :i* are common 9 all int]nal inflammation4 ,a s+le dose ( ars5i\s acid may cause a prolong$ & fatal illness1 "o ( ! be/ kn[n examples be+ t ( ! suicide ( ! ,duc de ,prasl91#gcg :o took1 ) suicidal int5t1 on ,w$nesday1 ,augu/ #ah1 #ahdg1 a dose ( ars5i\s acid4 ,! exact "t ( ! act c\ld n be asc]ta9$1 b ! fir/ effects appe>$ at #aj ,p4,m42 !re 7 ! usual signs ( vomit+1 foll[$ on ! next day by di>rha1 fa9t+1 & extreme feebl5ess ( ! pulse4 ,on ,friday !re 0 a remission ( ! symptoms1 b great coldness ( ! limbs1 int]mitt5cy & feebl5ess ( ! he>t's action1 & depression4 ,on ,saturday !re 0 slight fev]1 b no pa9 or t5d]ness 9 ! abdom51 vomit+1 or di>rha2 on ?is day no ur9e 0 pass$4 ,on ! ,sunday he compla9$ ( a sev]e con/riction ( ! ?roat1 & deglutition 0 extremely pa9ful2 ?ir/ 0 extreme1 ! tongue int5sely r$1 z well z ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\? & ph>ynx1 & ! pati5t _h a s5sation ( burn+ f ! m\? to ! anus4 ,! abdom5 0 pa9ful & di/5d$1 ! heat ( ! sk9 0 pron\nc$1 ! pulse frequ5t & irregul>1--sometimes /rong1 at o!rs feeble1--! b[els _h to be reliev$ by injections1 ! ur9e 0 9 v small quantity2 dur+ ! night !re 0 no sleep4 ,! duke di$ at #d4ce ,a4,m4 on ,tuesday ! #bd?1 ! six? day2 intellig5ce 0 reta9$ to ! la/4 ,z ! end approa*$1 ! respiration became emb>rass$1 ! body extremely cold1 & ! pulse v frequ5t4 #gcg ,t>dieu1 8,relation ,mdico-,lgale de l',assass9at de la ,du*esse de ,prasl910 ,ann4 d',hyg4 ,pub4 et de ,mdico-,lg41 #ahdg1 t4 xxxviii4 p4 #cij2 also op4 cit41 ,obs4 xi4 #gbh4 ,9 ! n]v\s =m ! ord9>y vomit+ & purg+ are ei!r entirely suppress$1 or pres5t 9 b feeble degree2 & "u ?is head+ are class$ ! r>e cases 9 :i*1 9 place ( ! ord9>y symptoms1 affections ( ! n]v\s sy/em pr$om9ate4 ,n>cotism1 p>esis1 deep5+ into p>alysis1 delirium1 & ev5 acute mania1 z well z epilepti=m convulsions1 h all be5 record$4 ,9 %ort1 ! symptoms %[ s mu* v>iety1 t an idea ( ! malady produc$ 9 ?is v r>e =m c only be obta9$ by /udy+ ! cl9ical hi/ory ( cases :i* h pres5t$ ?is aspect4 ,9 a case record$ by ,guilb]t1#gch a man1 ?irty-five ye>s ( age1 _h swall[$ a solution ( ars5ic1 half ( :i* 0 imm$iately reject$ by vomit+4 ,a little :ile aft]w>ds 8 respiration became labori\s2 ! eyes 7 ba!d ) te>s1 :i* 7 s acrid z to inflame ! eyelids & ! *eeks2 ! muscles ( ! face 7 f "t to "t convuls$2 he p]spir$ mu*1 & ! p]spiration _h a ftid od\r2 !re 0 "s di>rha1 ! ur9e 0 suppress$1 & f "t to "t he 0 deliri\s4 ,aft]w>ds ! convulsions became g5]al1 & ! symptoms cont9u$ ) m or less sev]ity = five days4 ,on ! six? a copi\s mili>y eruption broke out1 & ! symptoms became less sev]e4 ,! eruption dur+ fifte5 days e n[ & aga9 reappe>$1 & at ! end ( t "t ! pati5t 0 convalesc5t1 b weak1 liable to oph?almia1 & _h a univ]sal trembl+ ( ! limbs4 #gch ,j\rnal de ,van d] ,monde1 #agef1 t4 iv4 p4 #cec2 ,t>dieu1 op4 cit41 ,obs4 xiii4 p4 #dcj4 ,9 "o ( ,brodie's#gci exp]im5ts on rabbits1 #g gra9s ( ars5i\s acid 7 ins]t$ 9 a w\nd 9 ! back2 ! effect ( :i* 0 to p>alyse ! h9d legs4 ,9 o!r exp]im5ts on animals1 p>alysis ( ! h9d legs has be5 frequ5tly notic$1 b p>alysis c]ta9ly is r>e 9 man2 9 ! case1 h[ev]1 record$ by ,b>ri]1#gdj ( ! five m5 :o took by mi/ake a solution ( ars5i\s acid1 "o ( !m 0 f\nd /ret*$ on ! gr\nd ) ! inf]ior extremities p>alys$4 #gci 8,! ,action ( ,poisons10 ,phil4 ,trans41 #ahab4 #gdj ,j\rn4 de ,mdec9e1 #aghc1 p4 #cec2 ,t>dieu1 op4 cit41 ,obs4 xiv4 p4 #dca4 ,9 a case ( 8mass0 poison+ report$ by ,dr4 ,coqu]et1#gda ?ree p]sons ate by mi/ake an unkn[n quantity ( ars5i\s acid--two ( !m only suff]$ slightly1 b ! ?ird sev]ely1 vomit+ occurr+ almo/ imm$iately1 & cont9u+ ) frequ5cy until ! end ( ! f\r? day4 ,two h\rs aft] swall[+ ! poison1 ! pati5t took ! hydrat$ oxide ( iron z an antidote4 ,on ! six? day !re 0 /upor & a semi-deliri\s /ate1 ) an eruption ( a pu/ul> "* comp>$ to t ( ! small-pox4 ,^! symptoms cont9u$ m or less until ! fifte5? day1 :5 !y dim9i%$1 & ultimately ! pati5t recov]$4 ,9 a case relat$ by ,t>dieu1#gdb 9 :i* a p]son di$ on ! elev5? day f ! effects ( ! poison1 t[>ds ! end1 z a specially m>k$ symptom1 !re 0 not$ hyp]/hesia ( ! inf]ior extremities1 s t ! lea/ t\* 0 pa9ful4 #gda ,j\rn4 de ,connaiss4 ,md4 ,*irurg41 #ahci1 p4 #aee2 ,t>dieu1 op4 cit41 ,obs4 xv4 p4 #dhb4 #gdb ,op4 cit41 ,obs4 xvii4 p4 #dcd4 #gbi4 ,abs5ce ( ,symptoms4--,9 a few cases !re h be5 a rem>kable abs5ce ( symptoms1 & ?is bo? 9 man & animals4 ,sev5 horses 7 f$ ) oats accid5tally mix$ ) ars5iate ( soda4 ,! fir/ succumb$ ?ree h\rs aft] tak+ ! poison1 )\t hav+ pres5t$ any symptom :atev]2 he fell sudd5ly1 & 9 a %ort "t expir$4#gdc ,x is relat$ by ,orfila1#gdd t a woman1 ag$ #bg1 expir$ 9 ab\t twelve h\rs f a l>ge dose ( ars5i\s acid2 !re 7 ! usual po/-mortem appe>ances1 b 9 life no sign ( pa91 no vomit+1 & b little ?ir/4 #gdc ,b\ley 7,jeune71 ,ann4 d',hyg4 et de ,mdico-,lg41 #ahcd1 t4 xii4 p4 #cic4 #gdd ,tome i4 ,obs4 iv4 p4 #cad4 #gcj4 ,sl[ ,poison+4--,sl[ poison+ has be5 caus$ accid5tally by ars5ical wall-pap]1 9 ! manufacture ( ars5ical pigm5ts1 by ! admixture ( small quantities ( ars5ic ) salt or o!r condim5ts1 & repeat$ small doses h be5 us$ = crim9ally produc+ a fatal illness int5d$ to simulate disease f natural causes4 ,! illness produc$ by small int]mitt5t doses may closely resemble 9 m9iature1 z x 71 ^? produc$ by l>ge am\nts2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !y may be diff]5t & sc>cely to be describ$ o!rwise ?an z a g5]al condition ( ill-heal? & malaise4 ,9 su* cases !re is loss ( appetite1 feebl5ess1 & n unfrequ5tly a slight yell[ness ( ! sk94 ,a fairly con/ant effect se51 :5 a solution ( ars5i\s acid is giv5 cont9u\sly = a long "t1 is an inflammation ( ! conjunctiv1 z well z ( ! nasal muc\s membrane--! pati5t compla9s ( 8always hav+ a cold40 ,?is inflammatory action also affects ! ph>ynx1 & may ext5d to ! air-passages1 & ev5 to ! lung-tissue4 ,at ! same "t !re is (t5 se5 an exan!m1 :i* has receiv$ a specific "n--8eczema ars5icale40 ,salivation is pres5t1 ! gums are sore1 at times lac]at$4 ,9 *ronic poison+ by ars5ic1 n]v\s symptoms are almo/ con/ant1 & exhibit great v>iety2 !re may be numbness1 or ! opposite condition1 hyp]/hesia1 9 ! extremities4 ,9 c]ta9 cases fa9t+1 p>esis1 p>alysis1 & sometimes convulsions occur2 t[>ds ! end a sort ( hectic fev] sup]v5es1 & ! pati5t dies ( exhau/ion4 #gca4 ,! ,maybrick ,case4#gde--,! ,maybrick case may be consid]$ an example ( poison+ ext5d+ ov] a consid]able p]iod ( "t3--,mr4 ,james ,maybrick1 a ,liv]pool cotton-brok]1 ag$ #di1 m>ri$ ,flor5ce ,elizabe?1 an ,am]ican lady1 ag$ #ba4 ,!y _h two *ildr54 ,! m>riage prov$ an unhappy "o4 ,"s two ye>s be=e 8 dea? 9 ,may #ahhi !y _h occupi$ two sep>ate rooms4 ,sev5 weeks be=e ! husb&'s dea?1 ,mrs4 ,maybrick w5t to ,london on a false pretext1 & liv$ = "s days at an hotel1 o/5sibly ! wife ( ano!r man4 ,two days aft] h] return1 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,maybrick att5d$ ! ,gr& ,national race meet+1 & !re a s]i\s qu>rel arose betwe5 !m respect+ ! man ) :om %e _h cohabit$ 9 ,london2 !y return$ f ! race1 ea* sep>ately1 & %e slept ap>t4 ,next day an app>5t reconciliation took place ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( ,dr4 ,full]1 ! family m$ical att5dant4 #gde 8,! ,maybrick ,trial & ,ars5ical ,poison+10 by ,?os4 ,/ev5son1 ,m4,d41 ,guy's ,hosp4 ,rep41 #ahhi4 ,on or ab\t ,april #ab-ai?1 #ahhi1 ,mrs4 ,maybrick pur*as$ ars5ical fly-pap]s4 ,on ,april #ac-bj? ,mr4 ,maybrick visit$ ,london1 & consult$ ,dr4 ,full] = dyspepsia1 :o prescrib$ nux vomica1 acids1 & mild rem$ies 7b no ars5ic72 9 "o bottle ( m$ic9e1 o/5sibly made accord+ to ,dr4 ,full]'s prescription1 ars5ic 0 subsequ5tly f\nd4 ,up to ,saturday1 ,april #bg?1 ,mr4 ,maybrick 0 9 8 usual heal?2 he 0 !n sick1 numb$1 & 9 pa91 & _h cramps2 he told 8 cl]k he _h be5 an h\r 9 ! wat]-closet1 b :e!r = di>rha or con/ipation does n appe>2 he ascrib$ ! symptoms to an ov]dose ( ,full]'s m$ic9e4 ,ab\t ?is date fly-pap]s 7 f\nd by ! s]vants soak+ 9 ,mrs4 ,maybrick's b$room 9 a sponge-bas91 c>efully cov]$ up4 ,on ! #bi? %e aga9 pur*as$ two doz5 fly-pap]s f ano!r *emi/4 ,on ,april #bh? ,mr4 ,maybrick 0 sick & ill2 at #aa ,a4,m4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,humphreys 0 call$ 92 ,mr4 ,maybrick compla9$ ( a peculi> s5sation ab\t 8 he>t1 & said he 0 9 dread ( p>alysis4 ,he attribut$ 8 illness to a /rong cup ( tea tak5 be=e breakfa/4 ,on ! foll[+ day he 0 bett]1 & on ! #cj? /ill improv+4 ,on ,may #a/ & #bnd ,mr4 ,maybrick w5t to 8 (fice & lun*$1 bo? days1 (f reval5ta food1 prep>$ at home & w>m$ at 8 (fice 9 a new saucepan pur*as$ = ! occasion2 on "o ( ^! days ! lun* 0 =gott51 & 0 s5t to ,mr4 ,maybrick by 8 wife2 & on "o ( ! two days1 x is n cle> :i*1 ,mr4 ,maybrick compla9$ t 8 lun* did n agree ) him1 & he attribut$ x to inf]ior %]ry put into 8 food4 ,9 a jug f\nd at ! (fice1 & 9 :i* food _h be5 tak5 !re1 a trace ( ! food /ill rema9$ aft] ,mr4 ,maybrick's dea?1 & ars5ic 0 f\nd !re94 ,on ,may #crd ! la/ fatal illness set 94 ,x is unc]ta9 :at food he _h aft] breakfa/2 he w5t to ! (fice1 & return$ home betwe5 #e & #f ,p4,m4 ,he _h be5 se5 by ,dr4 ,humphreys 9 ! morn+1 & appe>$ !n n q s well2 he f\nd him at midnight suff]+ f :at he ?\ght 0 sev]e sciatica2 ! pati5t said he _h be5 sick f reval5ta4 ,on ,may #d? he 0 cont9ually sick1 no?+ c\ld be reta9$ on ! /oma*1 b ! sciatic pa9 0 gone2 on ,may #e? ! vomit+ cont9u$1 ! pati5t compla9$ ( ! s5sation ( a hair /ick+ 9 ! ?roat1 & ( a fil?y ta/e 9 ! m\?4 ,! ?roat & fauces 7 only slightly r$d5$1 ! tongue 0 furr$4 ,on ,may #f? !re 0 less vomit+1 b o!rwise ! condition 0 ! same1 & ,f[l]'s solution ord]$1 b only a quantity equal to #a_/cjj gra9 0 actually tak54 ,may #g? ! condition 0 improv$1 b !re 0 no increase ( p[]4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c>t] 0 call$ 9 consultation4 ,! vomit+ 0 pass+ away1 & di>rha comm5c+4 ,! ?roat 0 r$1 dry1 & glaz$2 !re 7 incessant attempts to c\gh up an imag9>y hair4 ,no cramps1 no pa9 9 ! /oma* or inte/9es1 nor conjunctivitis4 ,on ?is day ! fir/ direct evid5ce ( di>rha is record$1 ! m$ical m5 actually see+ a loose motion4 ,! result ( ! consultation 0 t ,mr4 ,maybrick mu/ h tak5 "s irritant 9 8 food or dr9k4 ,on ! #h? a pr(essional nurse took *>ge4 ,dur+ ! #h? & #i? sev]e t5esmus set 9 ) di>rha1 & blood 0 obs]v$ 9 ! fces4 ,n[ ars5ic 0 suspect$1 ! ur9e 0 exam9$ by ,dr4 ,humphreys1 & a r\gh analysis 0 made ( "s ,neaves' food :i* ! pati5t _h be5 tak+4 ,! pati5t di$ on ! #aj?1 at #h4cj ,p4,m4 ,! po/-mortem appe>ances 7 z foll[s3-- ,! tongue 0 d>k1 ! top ( ! gullet slightly r$1 b o!rwise heal?y1 save at ! l[] end1 :]e ! muc\s membrane 0 gelat9\s1 & 0 dott$ ov] ) black dots1 l frogs' spawn4 ,!re 0 a small %all[ ulc] 9 ! muc\s membrane ( ! l>ynx at ! back ( ! epiglottis4 ,! free m>g9 ( ! epiglottis 0 r\gh & erod$2 & on ! po/]ior aspect ( ! ericoid c>tilage !re 7 two small r$ pat*es4 ,9 ! /oma* 7 f #e-f ozs4 ( br[ni% fluid4 ,at ! c>diac end !re 0 a l>ge v]milion-r$ pat*1 int]sp]s$ "h & !re ) small d>k ec*ymoses 7spok5 ( by ,dr4 ,humphreys z a flea-bitt5 appe>ance72 to ?is foll[$ a non-inflam$ space1 & ne> ! pyloric orifice1 & ext5d+ #b in*es f x1 0 ano!r r$ inflam$ portion ( muc\s membrane4 ,9 ! small inte/9e ! muc\s membrane 0 r$ & inflam$1 f #c in*es bel[ ! pylorus to ab\t #c feet d[nw>ds4 ,ab\t #ah or #bj feet l[] d[n1 i4e41 a little bel[ ! ileo-ccal valve1 ! muc\s membrane 0 aga9 inflam$ to a less] ext5t ov] a space ( ab\t #b feet2 ! l[] end ( ! rectum 0 also r$ & inflam$4 ,no ars5ic 0 f\nd 9 ! /oma* or its cont5ts1 or 9 ! sple54 ,ars5ic 0 pres5t 9 ! liv]1 9 ! inte/9es1 & 9 ! kidneys4 ,! quantity sep>at$ altoge!r am\nt$ to ov] #ja gra94 ,! liv] weigh$ #dh ozs41 & f #ab ozs4 ( ! liv] #jjgf gra9 ( ars5ic1 reckon$ z ,z,o1 0 sep>at$4 ,! :ole c\rse ( ! symptoms & ! po/-mortem exam9ation %[$ t ! deceas$ di$ f an irritant poison2 & f ! fact ( a small quantity ( ars5ic hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ! body1 !re c be little d\bt b t ! poison 0 ars5ic4 ,! symptoms 7 some:at anomal\s1 b n m s ?an 9 o!r record$ cases ( und\bt$ ars5ical poison+4 ,! facts t t5d$ to connect ! accus$ ) ! dea? 7 z foll[s3--,on ! night ( ei!r ,may #i? or ! #aj? ,mrs4 ,maybrick 0 obs]v$ to remove f ! table an op5$ bottle ( ,val5t9e's meat juice1 & take x into an inn] dress+-room1 & !n replace x--! acts be+ surreptiti\s4 ,9 replac+ x1 %e 0 obs]v$ to take x ei!r f ! pocket ( h] dress+-g[n or f an inn] pocket4 ,! l9+ ( ?is pocket 0 f\nd to be impregnat$ ) ,z,o4 ,! juice 0 f\nd to conta9 #je gra9 ,z,o1 & ! liquid 0 ( l[] gravity ?an comm]cial juice2 x _h probably1 !re=e1 be5 dilut$4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ?+s conta9+ ars5ic3-- #a4 ,mrs4 ,maybrick's dress+-g[n4 #b4 apron4 #c4 ,a h&k]*ief wrapp$ ar\nd a bottle4 #d4 ,packet ( ars5ic 8= cats40 7,ars5i\s acid mix$ ) *>- coal47 ,tumbl] conta9+ milk1 ) h&k]*ief soak+ 9 x2 at lea/ #bj gra9s ( ,z,o 9 ! tumbl] mix$ ) *>coal4 #e4 ,a portion ( a h&k]*ief4 #f4 ,a bottle conta9+ a /rong solution ( ars5i\s acid & sev]al gra9s ( undissolv$ ars5i\s acid4 #g4 ,a bottle conta9+ f #ae-bj gra9s ( solid ars5ic & a few drops ( solution4 #h4 ,a saturat$ solution ( ars5i\s acid & "s solid ars5i\s acid4 #i4 ,val5t9e's meat juice4 #aj4 ,price's glyc]92 gra9 9 ! :ole bottle4 #aa4 ,a bottle conta9+ #ja gra9 ( ars5i\s acid4 #ab4 ,a bottle f ,mr4 ,maybrick's (fice conta9+ a few drops ( m$ic9e prescrib$ by ,dr4 ,full] 7decid$ly ars5ical74 #ac4 ,jug f ! (fice ) rema9s ( food4 #ad4 ,s$im5t f trap ( w4c4 & lavatory dra9 conta9+ ,z,o4 ,mrs4 ,maybrick 0 convict$1 b aft]w>ds ! s5t5ce 0 commut$ to p5al s]vitude = life4 #gcb4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances 9 ,animals4--,p4 ,hugo#gdf has made "s m9ute rese>*es z to ! pa?ological appe>ances met ) 9 animals4 ,8 exp]im5ts 7 made on sev5 dogs1 eight gu9ea-pigs1 five rabbits1 two pigeons1 & five cats--all poison$ by ars5i\s acid4 ,accord+ to ,hugo1 s f> z ^! animals 7 conc]n$1 *anges 7 m con/ant 9 ! inte/9e ?an 9 ! /oma*4 #gdf ,beitrge zur ,pa?ologie d] acut5 ,ars5ikv]giftung41 ,ar*iv fr exp]4 ,pa?ol4 u4 ,ph>makol41 ,leipzig1 #ahhb4 ,/oma*4--,*anges 9 ! muc\s membrane 7 especially notic$ 9 ! great curvature & t[>ds ! pylorus2 ! pylorus itself1 & a "p ( ! c>diac portion1 rema9$ un*ang$4 ,! muc\s membrane 9 dogs & cats 0 r$1 ) a t+e ( blue--9 _m cases ! r$ness 0 9 /reaks1 ) injection ( ! capill>ies4 ,! /oma* ( plant-eat]s 0 less alt]$1 & a microscopical exam9ation ( ! muc\s tissues did n %[ any fatty *ange4 ,! ,inte/9es4--,9 dogs & cats *anges 7 evid5t2 9 rabbits & gu9ea-pigs !y 7 n s m>k$1 b ! inte/9es ( ! la/ 7 extremely t5d] & brittle1 v moi/1 & fill$ ) a slimy1 s]\s1 grey-:ite fluid2 nev]!less1 ! *anges 9 all ^! animals appe> to be ( ess5tially ! same nature4 ,! mo/ /rik+ effect is ! %$d+ ( a pseudo-membrane2 9 q rec5t cases !re is a lay] ( f #a to #a mm4 wide ( a transp>5t1 frog-spawn-l jelly /reak+ ! inte/9e4 ,9 lat] /ages x becomes ?ick]1 :ile occasionally x resembles a diph!ritic exudation4 ,! muc\s membrane itself is deep purple-r$1 %[+ up by ! side ( ! pseudo-membrane4 ,) reg>d to ! villi1 ! epi!lial lay] is deta*$1 & ! capill>y network fill$ ) blood & enl>g$4 ,! ,liv]4--,hugo met only occasionally ) fatty deg5]ation ( ! liv]1 b !re 0 m>k$ /eatosis ( ! epi!lium ( ! gall-bladd] ( dogs4 ,a fact n prom95tly notic$ be=e1 is 7at all ev5ts1 9 dogs7 a s]\s transudation into ! pleural sac & acute dema ( ! lungs2 ! exudation may be excessive1 s t m ?an #ajj c4c4 ( s]\s fluid c be obta9$ f ! ?orax2 !re is also usually mu* fluid 9 ! p]ic>dium4 ,9 two ( ,hugo's exp]im5ts !re 0 fluid 9 ! c]ebral v5tricles2 & 9 all !re 0 increas$ moi/ure ( ! bra9 sub/ance ) injection ( ! capill>y vessels1 especially ( ! pia4 #gcc4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,a rem>kable pres]vation ( ! body is commonly1 b n con/antly1 obs]v$4 ,:5 x does occur x may h great significance1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! body is plac$ "u conditions 9 :i* x might be expect$ to decompose rapidly4 ,9 ! celebrat$ ,cont95tal case ( ! apo!c>y ,spei*]t 7#ahgf71 ,spei*]t's wife 0 exhum$ elev5 mon?s aft] dea?4 ,! c(f9 /ood p>tly 9 wat]1 ! corpse 0 mummifi$4 ,! organs conta9$ ars5ic1 ! *ur*y>d e>? no ars5ic4 ,r4 ,ko* 0 unable to expla9 ! pres]vation ( ! body1 "u ^! conditions1 9 no o!r way ?an f ! effect ( ars5ic2 & ?is circum/ance1 ) o!rs1 0 an important elem5t :i* l$ to ! conviction ( ,spei*]t4 ,:5 ars5i\s acid is swall[$ 9 sub/ance or solution1 ! mo/ m>k$ *ange is t 9 ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* & inte/9es2 &1 ev5 :5 ! poison has be5 absorb$ by ! sk91 or tak5 9 any o!r way1 !re may be a v pron\nc$ inflammatory action4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is is occasionally abs5t4 ,orfila#gdg relates a case 9 :i* a man di$ 9 ?irte5 h\rs aft] hav+ tak5 #ab grms4 ( ars5i\s acid3--8,! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* pres5t$ 9 its :ole ext5t no trace ( inflammation1 no r$ness1 & no alt]ation ( texture40 ,_m o!r simil> cases are on record2 &1 accord+ to ,h>vey's /ati/ics1 9 #aig cases1 #cf 7ab\t #ahb p] c5t47 pres5t$ no lesion ( ! /oma*4 #gdg ,tome i4 ,obs4 v4 ,! usual *anges produc$ by ars5i\s acid may be /udi$ 9 ! museums ( ! ,london hospitals4 ,9 ,guy's ,hospital ,museum !re are ?ree prep>ations4 ,9 prep>ation #agih is se5 a l>ge /oma* ) ! muc\s membrane at c]ta9 po9ts abrad$1 & at ! great curvature ! :ole coats are ?9n$2 x is also some:at conge/$4 ,9 prep>ation #agih is a portion ( coagulat$ lymph1 f ! /oma* ( a lad1 ag$ #ad1 :o _h tak5 accid5tally a piece ( *eese *>g$ ) ars5i\s acid1 prep>$ = ! purpose ( de/roy+ rats4 ,he liv$ tw5ty-eight h\rs1 & pres5t$ ! ord9>y symptoms4 ,! lymph has a membran\s appe>ance1 & ! rug ( ! /oma* are impress$ ^u x4 ,x is said :5 rec5t to h pres5t$ num]\s bright bloody spots1 al?\gh !re 0 no visible brea* ( sub/ance on ! surface ( ! /oma*4 ,! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* is /at$ to h be5 inject$1 & !re 0 also diffuse injection ( ! duod5um4 ,prep>ation #agih is ! /oma* ( a p]son :o surviv$ ?irte5 h\rs aft] tak+ a fatal dose ( ars5i\s acid2 & 9 ! same museum !re is a wax model ( ! appe>ances :i* ! fre% prep>ation exhibit$1 %[+ a l>ge oval pat* coat$ ) mucus & ! poison4 ,! /oma* 0 int5sely inflam$1 ! ccum inject$4 ,! re/ ( ! inte/9e 0 heal?y4 ,9 ! museum ( ,univ]sity ,college !re are two prep>ations1 "o#gdh exhibit+ int5se swell+ & conge/ion ( ! ga/ric muc\s membrane1 :i* is ( a p]fectly v]milion col\r4 ,ano!r prep>ation 7,no4 #bhfh7 %[s ! effect ( a small dose ( ars5ic on ! /oma*2 !re are spots ( arboresc5t extravasation1 & slight conge/ion ( ! summits ( ! rug1 b 9 o!r respects x is normal4 ,!re is also a ca/ ( ,pey]'s pat*es f ! same case1 %[+ great prom95ce ( ! gl&s1 ) "s injection ( ! inte/9al muc\s membrane4 #gdh ,?is prep>ation at ! "t ( my visit _h no numb]4 ,9 ,/4 ,?omas' ,hospital !re is an int]e/+ prep>ation 7,no4 #h7 %[+ ! ga/ric muc\s membrane dott$ all ov] ) m9ute ulc]s1 none ( :i* h an inflammatory zone4#gdi ,i h n1 h[ev]1 se5 9 any museum a prep>ation ( ! curi\s emphysemat\s condition ( ! muc\s membrane1 :i* has m ?an once be5 met )4 ,= example1 9 a case relat$ by ,t>dieu1#gej ,s*wann1 a lab\r]1 di$ f ! effects ( ars5ic 9 ?irty-six h\rs4 ,! autopsy %[$ t ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* & small inte/9e 0 cov]$ ) a pa/y coat+1 & 0 elevat$ 9 ne>ly its :ole ext5t by bull fill$ ) gas1 =m+ true emphysemat\s swell+s :i* encroa*$ ^u ! diamet] ( ! inte/9e4 ,!re 0 nei!r r$ness nor ulc]ation1 b ! muc\s membrane 0 s(t5$4 #gdi ,9 a case relat$ by ,orfila1 t4 i4 ,obs4 xv41 dea? result$ f ! outw>d application ( ars5ic2 ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* 0 natural 9 col\r1 b !re 7 f\r ulc]s1 "o ( :i* 0 #ej c5timetres 9 diamet]4 #gej ,op4 cit41 ,obs4 i4 p4 #dfh4 ,! au?or saw1 _m ye>s ago1 at ,b>n>d ,ca/le1 an autopsy made on a g5tleman :o di$ f ars5ic4 ,9 ?is case ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* pres5t$ a peculi> appe>ance1 be+ rais$ "h & !re by little blebs1 & v slightly r$d5$4 #gcd4 ,! inflammatory & o!r *anges r>ely affect ! gullet4 ,brodie#gea nev] obs]v$ inflammation ( ! sophagus z an effect ( ars5ic2 b1 :5 ars5ic is swall[$ 9 ! solid /ate1 z 9 ! suicide ( ,s\ffl>d1 graphically describ$ by ,orfila1#geb x may be affect$4 ,9 ,s\ffl>d's case !re 0 a vivid injection ( ! ph>ynx & gullet4 #gea ,phil4 ,trans41 #ahab4 #geb ,t4 i4 p4 #cai4 ,9 _m in/ances1 :5 ! ars5ic has be5 tak5 9 ! solid =m1 ! cry/als ) mucus & o!r matt]s adh]e to ! l9+ membrane4 ,i h se5 9 ! /oma* ( a horse1 poison$ by an ounce ( ars5ic1 an exquisite example ( ?is4 ,! inflammatory *anges may be recognis$ _m mon?s aft] dea? ow+ to ! antiseptic prop]ties ( ars5ic2 nev]!less1 great caution is necess>y 9 giv+ an op9ion1 = !re is (t5 a rem>kable r$ness induc$ by putrefactive *anges 9 heal?y /oma*s4 ,casp]1#gec on ?is po9t1 v ju/ly obs]ves3--8,if ,orfila quotes a case f ,lepelleti]1 9 :i* ! inflammatory r$ness ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* 0 to be recognis$ aft] n9e mon?s' int]m5t1 & if ,taylor cites two cases 9 :i* x 0 obs]v$ n9ete5 & tw5ty-"o mon?s aft] dea? respectively1 ?is is 9 contradiction ( all t ,i1 on my "p1 h se5 9 ! v num]\s exhum$ corpses exam9$ by me 9 relation to ! gradual progress ( putrefaction & ( saponification1 & ,i _c help "h suspect+ a confusion ) ! putrefactive imbibition r$ness ( ! muc\s membrane40 #gec ,h&bu*1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dbj4 ,if exam9$ microscopically1 ! liv] & kidneys %[ no *ange1 save a fatty deg5]ation & infiltration ( ! epi!lial cells4 ,9 ! muscul> sub/ance ( ! he>t1 "u ! endoc>dium1 !re is almo/ con/antly notic$ ec*ymosis4 ,9 ! mo/ acute cases1 9 :i* a *ol]a-l di>rha has exhau/$ ! suff]]1 ! blood may be ?ick5$ f loss ( its aque\s con/itu5ts1 & ! :ole ( ! organs w pres5t t s+ul>ly dry appe>ance f\nd 9 all cases 9 :i* !re has be5 a copi\s dra9+ away ( ! body fluids4 ,9 ! n>cotic =m ( ars5ical poison+1 ! vessels ( ! bra9 h be5 not$ z conge/$1 b ?is conge/ion is nei!r m>k$ nor pa?ognomonic4 ,among ! r>e pa?ological *anges may be class$ glossitis1 9 :i* ! :ole tongue has swoll51 & is f\nd s l>ge z almo/ to fill ! m\?4 ,?is has be5 expla9$1 9 "o case1 z caus$ by solid ars5i\s acid hav+ be5 left a little "t 9 ! m\? be=e swall[+ x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has also be5 obs]v$ :5 ! poison has be5 absorb$ f a cutane\s application4 ,:5 ars5ic has be5 introduc$ into ! vag9a1 ! ord9>y traces ( inflammatory action h be5 se51 &1 ev5 )\t direct contact1 an inflammation ( ! male & female sexual organs has be5 record$1 ext5d+ s f> z gangr5e4 ,z a rule1 putrefaction is rem>kably ret>d$1 & is especially sl[ 9 ^? organs :i* conta9 ars5ic2 s t1 if ! poison has be5 swall[$1 ! /oma* w reta9 its =m1 &1 ev5 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 its natural appe>ance1 = an indef9ite p]iod4 ,9 corpses long buri$ ( p]sons dy+ f ars5ical poison+1 ! ord9>y process ( decay gives place to a saponification1 & su* bodies pres5t a /rik+ contra/ to o!rs buri$ 9 ! same gravey>d4 ,?is ret>dation ( putrefaction is :at might1 priori1 be expect$1 = ars5ic has be5 long 9 use z a pres]vative ( organic tissues4 #gce4 ,physiological ,action ( ,ars5ic4--,! old] view ) reg>d to ! ess5tial action ( ars5ic 01 )\t d\bt1 t ! effects 7 ma9ly local1 & t dea? ensu$ f ! corrosive action on ! /oma* & o!r tissues--a view :i* is 9 its entirety no long] accept$2 nev]!less1 x is p]fectly true t ars5ic has a corrosive local action2 x w raise bli/]s on ! sk91 w inflame ! tongue or muc\s membranes ) :i* x comes 9 contact2 &1 9 ^? rapid cases 9 :i* ext5sive lesions h be5 f\nd 9 ! alim5t>y canal1 x c h>dly be d5i$ t in/ances ( dea? h occurr$ m f ! local ?an ! con/itutional action4 ,9 ! va/ majority ( cases1 h[ev]1 !re is c]ta9ly insuffici5t local action to acc\nt = dea?1 & we mu/ ref] ! le?al result to a m pr(\nd & intimate effect on ! n]v\s c5tres4 ,! curi\s fact1 t1 :5 ars5ic is absorb$ f a cutane\s surface or f a w\nd1 ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* inflames1 is expla9$ by ! absorption ( ! ars5ic into ! blood & its sep>ation by ! muc\s membrane1 9 its passage ex]t+ an irritant action4 ,! di>rha & hyp]mia ( ! int]nal abdom9al organs h be5 ref]r$ to a p>alysis ( ! splan*nic n]ves1 b ,ess] consid]s !m due to an irritation ( ! ganglia 9 ! inte/9al walls4 ,b9z has advanc$ a new & orig9al !ory z to ! action ( ars5i\s acid2 he consid]s t ! protoplasm ( ! cells ( _m tissues possess ! p[] ( oxidis+ ars5i\s acid to ars5ic acid1 & ?is ars5ic acid is aga91 by ! same ag5cy1 r$uc$ to ars5i\s acid1 9 ?is way1 by ! alt]nate oxidation & r$uction ( ! ars5i\s acid1 ! cells are decompos$1 & a fatty deg5]ation takes place4 ,?us ars5ic causes fatty *anges 9 ! liv]1 kidney1 & o!r cells by a process analog\s to ! action ( phosphorus4 ,t4 ,araki#ged also consid]s t bo? ars5ic & phosphorus less5 oxidation1 & po9ts out t lactic acid appe>s 9 ! ur9e :5 ei!r ( ^! poisons are tak51 su* acid be+ ! result ( insuffici5t oxidation4 ,a notable dim9ution ( art]ial pressure has be5 obs]v$4 ,9 an exp]im5t by ,hugo#gee #jc grm4 ( ,z,o 0 inject$ intrav5\sly1 ! normal art]ial pressure be+ #agh mm4 ,t5 m9utes aft] injection ! pressure sank to #dg mm42 9 sixte5 m9utes x aga9 rose to #abg mm4 ,accumulative action ( ars5ic does n occur4 ,hebra has giv51 9 sk9 diseases1 dur+ _m mon?s1 a total quantity ( #ab grms4 )\t evil result4 #ged ,zeit4 physiol4 ,*em41 xvii4 #caa-cci4 #gee ,op4 cit4 #gcf4 ,elim9ation ( ,ars5ic4--,ars5ic is sep>at$ especially by ! ur9e1#gef !n ?r\gh ! bile1 & by ! p]spiration4 ,! eruption (t5 obs]v$ on ! sk9 has be5 ref]r$ to ! local action ( small quantities ( ars5ic 9 ?is way elim9at$4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! ur9e fir/ aft] f five to six h\rs1 b ! elim9ation f a s+le dose is n f9i%$ till a p]iod ( f five to eight days2 x has (t5 be5 look$ = twelve days aft] tak+ x1 b v seldom f\nd4 ,accord+ to ,vitali1 ! ars5ic 9 ! ur9e is n free1 b probably displaces phosphorus 9 phospho-glyc]ic acid2 possibly x may also replace phosphorus 9 leci?94 #gef ,an old exp]im5t ( ,orfila's has "s practical be>+s1 & may be cit$ "h4 ,a dog 0 treat$ by #ab grm4 ( ars5i\s acid1 & suppli$ pl5tifully ) liquid to dr9k2 8 ur9e1 analys$ f "t to "t dur+ t5 days1 gave abundant evid5ces ( ars5ic4 ,on kill+ ! animal by hang+ on ! t5? day1 no ars5ic c\ld be detect$ 9 any ( ! organs ( ! body2 x _h be51 z x 71 wa%$ out4 #gcg4 ,antidote & ,treatm5t4--,9 any case 9 :i* !re is opportunity = imm$iate treatm5t1 f]ric hydrate %\ld be adm9i/]$ z an antidote4 ,f]ric hydrate conv]ts ! soluble ars5i\s acid into ! insoluble f]ric ars5iate1 ! f]ric oxide be+ r$uc$ to f]r\s oxide4 ,x is necess>y to use f]ric hydrate rec5tly prep>$1 = if dri$ x *anges into an oxyhydrate1 or ev5 if kept "u wat] ! same *ange occurs1 s t 7accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,messrs4 ,t4 ,h4 ,smi?7 aft] f\r mon?s ! p[] ( ! moi/ mass is r$uc$ to "o-half1 & aft] five mon?s to "o-f\r?4 ,x is obvi\s t f]ric hydrate is n 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w an antidote1 = x w only act :5 x comes 9 contact ) ! ars5i\s acid2 &1 :5 once ! poison has be5 remov$ f ! /oma* by absorption into ! tissues1 ! adm9i/ration ( ! hydrate is absolutely useless4 ,f]ric hydrate may be readily prep>$ by add+ /rong ammonia to ! solution or t9cture ( f]ric *loride1 f\nd 9 e m$ical man's surg]y & 9 e *emi/'s %op1 c>e be+ tak5 to add no cau/ic excess ( ammonia2 ! liquid ne$ n be filt]$1 b %\ld be at once adm9i/]$4 ,) reg>d to o!r me?ods ( m$ical treatm5t1 !y are simply ^? sugge/$ by ! symptoms & well-kn[n effects ( ! poison4 ,:5 absorb$1 ! dr9k+ ( wat] 9 excess _c b assi/ its elim9ation by ! kidneys4 #gch4 ,detection ( ,ars5ic4--,! analy/ may h to id5tify ars5ic 9 sub/ance1 9 solution1 9 alloys1 9 wall-pap]s1 9 e>?1 & 9 v>i\s animal1 fatty1 res9\s1 or o!r organic matt]s4 ,ars5i\s ,acid 9 ,sub/ance4--,! g5]al *>act]s ( ars5i\s acid h be5 already describ$1 & are !mselves s m>k$ z to be unmi/akable4 ,! foll[+ are ! mo/ conclusive te/s3-- 7#a7 ,a small fragm5t plac$ 9 ! sublim+ cell 7p4 #beh71 & heat$ to ab\t ! temp]ature ( #acgg 7#bhf ,f471 at once sublimes 9 ! =m ( an amorph\s p[d]1 if ! upp] glass disc is cool2 b if heat$ 7z x %\ld be7 to ne>ly ! same temp]ature z ! l[]1 *>act]i/ic cry/als are obta9$1 rem>kable = _! brilliancy & p]man5cy1 & almo/ always di/9ct & sep>ate4 ,! prevail+ =m is ! regul> octah$ron1 b ! rhombic dodecah$ron1 ! rectangul> prism1 sup]impos$ cry/als1 half cry/als1 deep triangul> plates l tetrah$ra1 & irregul> & confus$ =ms1 all occasionally occur4 ,illu/ration 7#b7 ,a beautiful & well-kn[n te/ is t ( ,b]zelius3--,a small h>d-glass tube is tak51 & ! clos$ end drawn out to ! size ( a knitt+ ne$le4 ,)9 ! extreme po9t ( ?is f9e "p is plac$ ! fragm5t 7:i* may be no m ?an a milligramme7 & a spl9t] ( *>coal1 f9e en\gh to ent] freely ! n>r[ "p1 z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! portion ( ! tube conta9+ ! *>coal 7e7 is fir/ heat$ until x gl[s1 & !n ! extreme end2 if ars5ic is pres5t1 a mirror-l coat+ is easily obta9$ 9 ! broad] portion ( ! tube 7d74 ,t ?is coat+ is really ars5ical c be e/abli%$ by ! behavi\r ( metallic cru/s ( ars5ic t[>ds solv5ts 7z giv5 at p4 #eeg74 ,! portion ( ! tube conta9+ ! cru/ may also be brok5 up1 put 9 a v %ort1 wide te/-tube 7! m\? ( :i* is occupi$ by a circle ( ?9 microscopic glass7 & heat$1 :5 ! ars5ic w sublime on to ! glass disc1 p>tly z a metal & p>tly z cry/all9e ars5i\s acid4 7#c7 ,ars5i\s acid1 itself inodor\s1 :5 heat$ on coal1 aft] mix+ x ) moi/ oxalate ( pota%1 evolves a peculi> g>lic-l od\r4 ,to ?is te/ oxide ( antimony adult]at$ ) ars5ic w respond1 if !re is only a ?\s&? "p pres5t4 ,simply project+ ars5i\s acid on ei!r r$-hot *>coal or iron produces ! same od\r4 7#d7 ,a little bit ( ars5i\s acid1 heat$ 9 a matrass ) two or ?ree times its weight ( acetate ( pota%1 evolves ! unsupportable od\r ( kakodyl4 ,ars5ites & ,ars5iates1 mix$ ) oxalate ( soda & heat$ 9 a matrass1 af=d di/9ct mirrors1 especially ! ars5ites ( ! e>?s & silv]2 ^? ( copp] & iron are r less di/9ct4 ,sulphides ( ,ars5ic are r$uc$ by any ( ! processes describ$ on p4 #egc et seq4 ,9 ,solution4--,an acid solution ( ars5i\s acid gives1 :5 treat$ ) ,,%1 a can>y-yell[ precipitate1 soluble 9 ammonia1 c>bonate ( ammonia1 & bisulphite ( pota%1 & also a metallic sublimate :5 heat$ 9 a tube ) ! r$uc+ ag5ts 9 ! mann] describ$ at p4 #ege4 ,by ^! prop]ties ! sulphide is di/+ui%$ &1 inde$1 sep>at$ f antimony1 t91 & cadmium4 ,! sulphides ( t9 & cadmium are c]ta9ly also yell[1 b ! latt] is q insoluble 9 ammonia1 :ile ! =m] gives no metallic sublimate :5 heat$ ) r$uc+ sub/ances4 ,! sulphide ( antimony1 aga91 is orange1 & q insoluble 9 potassic bisulphite1 & sc>cely dissolves 9 ammonia4 ,a small piece ( sodium amalgam plac$ 9 a te/-tube or flask conta9+ an ars5ic-hold+ liquid1 or ! liquid made alkal9e ) soda or pota% & a little bit ( alum9ium add$1 produces 9 a %ort "t ars9e1 :i* w black5 a piece ( pap]1 soak$ 9 nitrate ( silv]1 & ins]t$ 9 ! m\? ( ! flask4 ,?is is c]ta9ly ! mo/ conv5i5t te/ = ars5ic4 ,no antimoniurett$ hydrog5 7/ib9e7 is giv5 (f f an alkal9e solution & no ,,%4 ,m>%'s ,orig9al ,te/ = ,ars5ic consi/$ 9 evolv+ nasc5t hydrog5 by z9c & sulphuric acid1 & !n add+ ! liquid to be te/$4 ,! app>atus = ,m>%'s te/1 9 its simple/ =m1 consi/s ( a flask provid$ ) a cork convey+ two tubes1 "o a funnel rea*+ ne>ly to ! bottom ( ! flask2 ! o!r1 a deliv]y tube1 :i* is ( "s l5g?1 is provid$ ) a *loride ( calcium bulb1#geg & t[>ds ! end is turn$ up at "r angles1 ! end be+ n>r[$4 ,by evolv+ hydrog5 f z9c & sulphuric acid1 & !n add+ portions ( ! liquid ?r\gh ! funnel1 ars5iurett$ hydrog5 9 a dry /ate is driv5 along ! lead+ tube1 c be ignit$ on its issue1 & on depress+ a piece ( cold porcela91 a d>k metallic spot ( ars5ic is obta9$4#geh ,or1 if any portion ( ! tube be made r$-hot1 ! metal is deposit$ 9 ! same way z a r+4 ,! app>atus admits ( mu* complication & v>iety4 ,"o ( ! mo/ useful additions is1 p]haps1 ! int]position ( a small gasomet]4 ,?is consi/s ( a cyl9drical glass vessel ) entrance & exit tubes1 op5 at ! bottom1 imm]s$ 9 wat] 9 a l>g] vessel1 & c\nt]pois$ by weights & roll]s1 exactly l ! l>ge gasomet]s us$ at gasworks2 ! exit tube mu/ h a /op-cock1 & ! gas mu/ pass ov] calcic *loride 9 ord] to dry x ?or\ghly4 #geg ,otto recomm5ds ! fir/ half ( ! dry+ tube connect$ ) ! developm5t flask to be fill$ ) cau/ic pota%1 ! latt] half ) *loride ( calcium 7,ausmittelung d] ,gifte74 ,drag5dorff approves ( ?is1 b rem>ks t x %\ld be us$ :5 ars5ic alone is se>*$ =1 s9ce cau/ic pota% decomposes /ib9e4 ,! pota% fixes ,,%1 & prev5ts ! =mation ( *loride ( ars5ic2 on ! o!r h&1 x absorbs "s little ,as,h4 #geh ,= id5tification ( ars5ical films1 see p4 #eeg4 ,m4 ,blondlot has obs]v$#gei t if pure z9c1 a weak solution ( ars5i\s acid1 & a sulphuric acid conta9+ nitric acid or nitr\s comp\nds1 be mix$ toge!r1 ! ars5ic passes into a solid hydrate1 :i* is deposit$ on ! surface ( ! z9c2 ?is is1 h[ev]1 prev5t$ by ! addition ( a little /ann\s *loride dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid4 #gei ,blondlot1 8,trans=mation de l'ars5ic en hydrure solide p> l'hydrogne aissant s\s l'influ5ce des composs nitreux40--,j\r4 de ,ph>m4 et de ,*im41 #c;e sr41 t4 xliv4 p4 #dhf4 ,! precautions to be obs]v$ 9 ,m>%'s te/ are3-- 7#a7 ,absolute fre$om ( ! reag5ts us$ f ars5ic1 antimony1#gfj & o!r impurities4 #gfj ,) reg>d to purity ( reag5ts1 ,sonn5s*e9 /ates t he has once f\nd *lorate ( pota% contam9at$ ) ars5ic4--,sonn5s*e91 ,g]i*t4 ,*emie1 p4 #aci4 7#b7 ,! sulphuric acid %\ld be dilut$ ) five times its weight ( wat]1 & if fre%ly prep>$ %\ld be cool$ be=e use4 ,/rong acid mu/ n be employ$4#gfa #gfa ,m4 ,a4 ,gauti] uses sulphuric acid dilut$ ) five times its weight ( wat]2 :5 ! hydrog5 has displac$ ! air1 he adds to ! ars5ical matt] #de grms4 ( ?is acid & #e grms4 ( pure sulphuric acid4--,bull4 de la ,socit ,*im4 de ,p>is1 #ahge1 t4 xxiv4 7#c7 ,! fluid to be te/$ %\ld be p\r$ 9 little by little4 7#d7 ,nitr\s comp\nds1 nitric acid1 hydro*loric acid1 *lorides1 are all m or less prejudicial4 7#e7 ,! gas %\ld come (f regul>ly 9 n too /rong a /ream1 nor out ( too small an op5+4 7#f7 ,! gas %\ld pass ?r\gh ! r$-hot tube at lea/ "o h\r1 if no /a9 is at once detect$4 7#g7 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! op]ation1 a solution ( /ann\s *loride 9 hydro*loric acid is to be add$ to ! cont5ts ( ! flask4 ,?is addition precipitates any ars5ic pres5t 9 a f9ely divid$ /ate1 9 :i* x is readily attack$ by nasc5t hydrog54#gfb #gfb ,f4 ,w4 ,s*midt1 ,zeit4 anorg4 ,*em41 i4 #cec-cei4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! metallic /a9s :i* may occur ei!r on glass or porcela9 9 ! use ( ,m>%'s te/1 may be not$ z "u3-- ,,mirror ,,or ,,cru/ ,,( ,,ars5ic ,,mirror ,,or ,,cru/ ,,( ,,antimony ,is deposit$ at a little di/ance ,is deposit$ close to ! flame1 f ! flame4 & on bo? sides ( x1 & is !re=e not*$4 ,an ars5ical /a9 is 9 two ,! /a9 is tol]ably homo- portions1 ! "o br[ni%1 ! g5e\s1 & usually has a t9- o!r a glitt]+ black4 l lu/re4 ,on heat+1 x is rapidly ,volatilisation v sl[2 no volatilis$ z ars5i\s acid4 cry/all9e sublimate obta9able4 ,on transmission ( a /ream ( ,! same process appli$ 9 ! ,,%1 :il/ imm$iately beh9d ! case ( antimony produces ! /a9 a g5tle heat is appli$1 orange or black sulphide2 & on ! ars5ic is *ang$ to yell[ pass+ dry ,cl,h1 *loride ( sulphide2#gfc if dry ,cl,h is n[ antimony volatilises )\t ! transmitt$1 ! ars5ical application ( heat4 sulphide is un*ang$4 ,*loride ( lime dissolves ! ,antimony n affect$4 ,dissolves ars5ic completely4 sl[ly b completely ! antimony /a94 ,proto*loride ( t9 has no action ,no precipitate ) antimony4 on metallic ars5ic4 ,! ars5ic /a91 dissolv$ 9 aqua regia1 or ,cl,h & *lorate ( pota%1 & !n treat$ ) t>t>ic acid1 ammonia1 & magnesia mixture1 gives a precipitate ( ammonia magnesian ars5iate4#gfd #gfc ,x is desirable to dissolve away ! free sulphur (t5 deposit$ ) ! ars5ical sulphide by bisulphide ( c>bon4 #gfd ,s*nbe9 has propos$ ozone z an oxidis] ( ars5ical /a9s4 ,! sub/ance conta9+ ! /a91 toge!r ) a piece ( moi/ phosphorus1 is plac$ "u a %ade1 & left !re = "s "t2 ! oxidisation product is1 ( c\rse1 col\r$ yell[ by ,,% if x is ars5i\s acid1 orange if antimony4 ,! vap\r ( iod9e col\rs metallic ars5ic pale yell[1 & lat] a br[ni% hue2 on exposure to ! air x loses its col\r4 ,iod9e1 on ! o!r h&1 gives ) antimony a c>melite br[n1 *ang+ to orange4 ,an ars5ical r+ may be also treat$ z foll[s3--,precipitat$ z9c sulphide is made into a pa/e ) a little wat]1 & introduc$ into ! end ( ! tube2 ! same end is !n plung$ into dilute sulphuric acid1 & ! r+ heat$1 :5 ! ars5ical sulphide w be produc$4 ,! mirror or cru/ ( ars5ic is usually describ$ & weigh$ z be+ compos$ ( ! pure metal1 b ,j4 ,w4 ,rettg]s has inve/igat$ ! matt]1 & ! foll[+ is an ab/ract ( 8 results3-- ,!re is no amorph\s =m ( ars5ic1 ! v>iety g5]ally ?us call$ be+ cry/all9e4 ,two modifications c be di/+ui%$3 ! "o be+ a hexagonal silv]-:ite v>iety possess$ ( metallic lu/re1 specifically heavi] & less volatile ?an ! second k9d1 :i* is black 9 col\r1 cry/allises app>5tly 9 ! regul> sy/em1 & con/itutes ! true ars5ic mirror4 ,! =m] modification corresponds to r$ hexagonal phosphorus 7r$ phosphorus hav+ be5 rec5tly prov$ by ! au?or to be cry/all9e71 & ! latt] to yell[ phosphorus1 :i* cry/allises 9 ! regul> sy/em4 ,bo? modifications ( ars5ic are p]fectly opaque2 deposits :i* are yell[ or br[n1 & m or less transp>5t1 consi/ ( ! suboxide & hydride1 ,z,o & ,as,h4 ,! br[n spot on porcela9 produc$ by contact ) a flame ( ars5iurett$ hydrog5 is n a ?9 film ( ,z1 b "o ( ! br[n solid hydride ,as,h1 =m$ by ! decomposition ( ,as,h4 ,?is view is confirm$ by ! fact t ars5ic sublim$ 9 an indiff]5t gas 7e4g41 ,,co7 is deposit$ 9 "o or o!r ( ! modifications describ$ above1 ! br[n transp>5t product be+ obta9$ only 9 ! pres5ce ( ,h or ,o4 ,moreov]1 pure ars5ic is insoluble 9 all solv5ts1 :]eas ! film on porcela9 7,as,h7 is soluble 9 _m solv5ts1 includ+ hydroc>bons ( ! b5z5e s]ies 7e4g41 xyl5e71 w>m me?yl5e iodide1 & hot cau/ic pota%4 ,h5ce quantitative results f weigh+ ars5ical mirrors c nev] be accurate1 because ! mirrors consi/ ( mixtures ( hydride & suboxide4 ,re9s*'s ,te/4--,a piece ( bright copp] foil1 boil$ 9 an acid liquid conta9+ ei!r ars5ic or antimony1 or bo?1 becomes coat$ ) a d>k deposit ( antimony or ars5ic1 z ! case may be4 ,! ars5ical /a91 accord+ to ,lipp]t1 is a true alloy1 consi/+ ( #a ars5ic to #e copp]4#gfe ,prop]ly appli$1 ! copp] w )draw e trace ( ars5ic or antimony f a solution4 ,dr4 ,john ,cl>k#gff has lately introduc$ "s improvem5ts 9 ,re9s*'s process4 ,8 exp]im5ts h be5 direct$ to ! means ( prov+ ! pres5ce ( ars5ic or antimony 9 ! /a9 on ! copp] ) great] c]ta9ty1 & at ! same "t e/imat+ ! am\nt :5 !y occur toge!r4 #gfe ,j\rn4 f4 pract4 ,*em41 xiii4 #afh4 #gff ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,june #ahic1 #hhf4 ,! mat]ial to be te/$ is boil$ g5tly 9 a porcela9 vessel ) dilute hydro*loric acid & a small /rip ( copp] ab\t #a in* long by in* broad1 till ! abs5ce ( ars5ic or antimony has be5 asc]ta9$1 or a coat+ has be5 produc$4 ,:5 ! coat+ is decid$1 ! piece ( copp] is tak5 out1 wa%$ fir/ ) wat]1 !n ) a little alcohol to get rid ( fatty matt]1 & f9ally ) wat]4 ,x is !n plac$ 9 a mixture ( dilute cau/ic pota% & p]oxide ( hydrog51 & all[$ to dige/ 9 ! cold4 ,at ! same "t a second piece ( copp] is introduc$ into ! mat]ial :i* has giv5 a deposit on ! fir/ piece1 ! wa%+s ( ! fir/ piece be+ add$1 & ! boil+ cont9u$4 ,! treatm5t ( ! fir/ piece ( copp] by cau/ic pota% & p]oxide ( hydrog5 dissolves any antimony or ars5ic & re/ores ! copp] to its orig9al brightness2 :5 ?is is accompli%$1 ! second piece ( copp] is tak5 out & replac$ by ! fir/1 & ?is second piece1 if /a9$1 is dige/$ ) pota%1 p]oxide ( hydrog51 & wa%$ z 9 ! =m] case4 ,! process is repeat$ until ! slips ( copp] cease to be /a9$ 9 ! slighte/ degree--until1 9 %ort1 ! :ole ars5ic or antimony has be5 )drawn4 ,! alkal9e liquid conta9s ! ars5ic1 z ars5ate ( potassium2 ! antimony1 if pres5t1 z antimonate2 & ! solution is also contam9at$ by a little hydrat$ copp] oxide2 ?is latt] sep>ates on boil+1 & c be filt]$ (f1 & ! filtrate is boil$ d[n to a small bulk4 ,! liquid is wa%$ into a small di/illation-flask ) /rong hydro*loric acid1 f]r\s *loride is add$1 ! flask1 fitt$ ) a safety tube1 is connect$ ) a cond5s]1 & ! ars5ic di/ill$ into wat]4 ,to obta9 ! la/ traces ( ars5ic x may be necess>y to di/il x twice 9 ?is way1 add+1 ea* "t1 fre% /rong acid & di/ill+ to dryness4 ,! di/illate is !n te/$ = ars5ic by add+ an equal bulk ( saturat$ ,,% wat]4 ,! sulphide ( ars5ic may be dealt ) z describ$ 7p4 #egc74 ,! residue 9 ! flask is n[ te/$ = antimony by saturat+ ) ,,%2 %\ld antimony be pres5t1 ! precipitate by ,,% w probably be d>k col\r$1 because ( a small quantity ( copp]4 ,! precipitate is collect$1 dissolv$ 9 dilute cau/ic soda1 boil$1 filt]$ to remove copp] sulphide1 ! filtrate acidifi$ by hydro*loric acid1 & sulphurett$ hydrog5 wat] add$4 ,if antimony 0 pres5t1 ?is "t ! precipitate w be ( an orange col\r1 & may be dealt ) z describ$ 7p4 #ehi74 ,! te/ exp]im5ts ) reg>d to ?is comb9$ process appe> satisfactory4 #gci4 ,ars5ic 9 ,glyc]94--,ars5ic has be5 frequ5tly f\nd 9 comm]cial glyc]91 ! quantity v>y+ f #ja to #a mgrm4 9 #ajj c4c4 ,! be/ me?od to detect ! pres5ce ( ars5ic 9 glyc]9 is z foll[s3--,a mixture ( #e c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid 7#a 3 #g7 & #a grm4 ( pure z9c is plac$ 9 a long te/-tube1 ! m\? ( :i* is cov]$ ) a disc ( filt]-pap] previ\sly moi/5$ ) "o or two drops ( m]curic *loride solution1 & dri$4 ,if ars5ic is pres5t1 a yell[ /a9 is produc$ ^u ! filt]-pap] )9 fifte5 m9utes1 & x subsequ5tly becomes d>k]4#gfg #gfg 8,ars5ic 9 ,glyc]910 by ,dr4 ,h4 ,b4 ,h4 ,paul & ,a4 ,j4 ,c[nley1 ,ph>m4 ,j\rn41 ,feb4 #bd1 #ahid4 #gdj4 ,ars5ic 9 ,organic ,matt]s4--,orfila & ! old] s*ool ( *emi/s took ! greate/ c>e1 9 se>*+ = ars5ic1 to de/roy ! la/ trace ( organic matt]4 ,orfila's practice 0 to *op up ! sub/ance & make x into a pa/e ) #djj to #gjj grms4 ( wat]2 to ?is #jaj grm4 ,,kho 9 alcohol 0 add$1 & #jbj grm4 ( potassic nitrate4 ,! sub/ances 7 heat$ up to f #hj to #ij = "s "t1 until !y 7 pretty well dissolv$2 ! organic matt] 0 !n burnt (f 9 a ,hessian crucible heat$ to r$ness1 on :i* small quantities ( ! matt]s 7 plac$ at a "t4 ,:5 ! :ole _h ?us be5 submitt$ to r$ heat1 ! melt$ mass 0 run into an almo/ r$-hot porcela9 bas91 & all[$ to cool4 ,aft]w>ds1 x 0 aga9 heat$ ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 until all nitric & nitr\s fumes 7 dissipat$2 on dissolv+ & filt]+ 9 wat]1 ! liquid 0 introduc$ into a ,m>%'s app>atus4 ,orfila nev] seems to h fail$ 9 detect+ ars5ic by ?is process4 ,= an organ l ! liv]1 he consid]$ t #ajj grms4 ( pota% & #hf ( /rong sulphuric acid 7 necess>y 9 ord] to de/roy ! organic matt]s4 ,! liability ( ! v>i\s reag5ts us$ to impurity1 & ! probability ( loss 9 ^! op]ations1 h t5d$ to discr$it de/ruction ( ! organic matt] by a r$ heat1 & *emi/s g5]ally h pref]r$ to oxidise animal matt]s by a moi/ process4 ,! organic sub/ance is divid$ f9ely & dige/$ ) dilute hydro*loric acid1 & f "t to "t cry/als ( potassic *lorate are ?r[n 9 until all ! fluid is v ?9 & capable ( pass+ ?r\gh a filt]4 ,! filtrate mu/ n[ be submitt$ to ! prolong$ action ( sulphurett$ hydrog51#gfh & ! sulphide ( ars5ic sep>at$ f free sulphur by dissolv+ 9 sodic sulphide4 ,aft] filt]+1 ! ars5ic sulphide may be aga9 ?r[n d[n by ! addition ( hydro*loric acid1 collect$ on a filt]1 & /ill fur!r purifi$ by solution 9 ammonic c>bonate2 once m precipitat$ by hydro*loric acid1 & la/ly id5tifi$ by conv]sion into magnesia pyro-ars5iate 7see p4 #egb74 ,! above process is a g5]al & safe way ( detect+ ars5ic 9 almo/ any organic tissue1 b ! au?or pref]s ! di/illation process describ$ p4 #ege et seq4 #gfh ,! ,,% %\ld be wa%$ by pass+ x ?r\gh two or m wa%+ bottles suppli$ ) w>m dilute ,h,cl--a few samples ( sulphide ( iron give (f an ars5if]\s gas1 s t ?is precaution is necess>y4 ,f ord9>y pills1 quack extracts1 & simil> prep>ations1 dry+1 p[d]+1 & exhau/ion ) boil+ dilute ,h,cl1 w remove ! :ole ( ! ars5ic1 if 9 a soluble /ate4 ,oils & matt]s consi/+ almo/ entirely ( fat1 suspect$ ( conta9+ ars5ic1 are g5tly heat$1 & all[$ to deposit any insoluble matt] !y may conta92 ! oil is !n decant$1 &1 if necess>y1 filt]$ f any deposit2 saponifi$ by alcoholic pota%1 ! soap decompos$ by ,h,cl1 ! fatty acids sep>at$1 & ! ars5ic look$ = bo? 9 ! fir/ deposit & 9 ! solution1 n[ fairly free f fat1 & easy to treat4 ,9 se>*+ = ars5ic 9 ! fluids or tissues ( ! body1 ! analy/ is g5]ally at ! m]cy ( ! pa?ologi/1 & sometimes ! "w ( ! *emi/ leads to a negative result1 solely f n hav+ ! prop] organ s5t to him4#gfi #gfi ,= example1 9 cases ( poison+ by ext]nal application1 m ?an once m]ely ! empty /oma* & a piece ( inte/9e h be5 =w>d$ to ! writ]4 ,brodie long ago /at$ t :5 ars5i\s acid _h be5 giv5 9 solution to any animal capable ( vomit+1 no ars5ic c\ld be detect$ 9 ! /oma*2 ?is /atem5t is too absolute1 b 9 ! majority ( cases true4 ,9 all cases ! *emi/ %\ld h portions ( ! bra91 sp9al cord1 liv]1 kidneys1 lungs1 & muscul> tissue1 z well z ! /oma* & its cont5ts4 ,accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,scolosub(f1#ggj ars5ic is g5]ally greate/ 9 ! m>r[1 !n 9 ! bra91 next 9 ! liv]1 & lea/ 9 ! muscles1 & ! foll[+ may be tak5 z a fairly accurate /atem5t ( ! relative proportion 9 :i* ars5ic is likely to be f\nd 9 ! body1 #ajj grms4 be+ tak5 ( ea*3-- #ggj ,bull4 ,soc4 ,*im4 7#b71 xxiv4 p4 #abd4 ,muscles1 #a ,liv]1 #ajh ,bra91 #cfe ,sp9al ,m>r[1 #cgc ,b ,ludwig's#gga exp]im5ts & conclusions are entirely oppos$ to ?is1 s9ce bo? 9 acute & *ronic cases he f\nd z foll[s 7p] c5t4 ,z,o73-- #gga ,ueb] die ,v]haltung des ,ars5s im ?i]is*5 ,organismus na* ,e9v]leibung von ,ars5ig] ,sure4 ,m$4 ,jahrbu*1 #ahhj4 ,bra91 #jjjb ,liv]1 #jja ,kidney1 #jjjd ,muscle1 #jjjbe ,s t he detect$ 9 ! liv] five times m ?an 9 ! bra94 ,m4 ,p4 ,hamb]g has also confirm$ ! fact1 t m is f\nd 9 ! liv] & kidneys ?an 9 ! n]v\s tissues4 ,*itt5d5#ggb f\nd 9 a body ! foll[+ quantities ( ars5ic e/imat$ z ars5i\s acid3-- #ggb ,am]ican ,*emical ,j\rnal1 v4 #h4 ,gra94 ,/oma* & gullet1 #jaeh ,inte/9es1 #jcad ,liv]1 #jbah ,kidney1 #jjbi ,lungs & sple51 #jagb ,he>t1 #jaab ,bra91 #jjge ,diaphragm1 #jjaj ,! :ole ars5ic pres5t 0 e/imat$ z equal to #ca gra9s ( ars5i\s acid1 viz41 #bfbh gra9s absorb$1 & #jdgb unabsorb$2 ( ! absorb$ portion #hc p] c5t4 0 f\nd 9 ! liv]4 ,) reg>d to ! prelim9>y treatm5t ( ! /oma* & fluids submitt$ to ! analy/1 ! c>eful not+ ( appe>ances1 ! decantation1 wa%+1 & exam9ation#ggc 7microscopical & *emical7 ( any deposit1 are precautions s obvi\sly dictat$ by common s5se1 t !y ne$ only be allud$ to 9 pass+4 ,( "s consid]able mom5t is ! "q :i* may be put to ! analy/ 9 c\rt1 9 ref]5ce to ! possible entrance ( ars5ic into ! liv+ body1 by accid5tal &1 s to speak1 subtle means4 ,su* are ! inhal+ ( ! fumes f ! burn+ ( ars5ical c&les1#ggd & ( emanations f pap]s 7see p4 #eda71gge z well z ! possible entrance ( ars5ic into ! body aft] dea? f v>i\s s\rces1 su* z ars5ical e>?1 c4#ggf #ggc ,f "s obs]vations ( ,fres5ius 9 a rec5t numb] ( ! ,zeits*rift f4 anal4 ,*em41 x w\ld seem necess>y to te/ all glass vessels us$2 = x is difficult at pres5t to pur*ase ars5ic-free glass4 #ggd ,see a case ( poison+ 7non-fatal7 ( a lady by ! use ( ars5ical c&les1 ,m$4 ,times & ,gazette1 vol4 iii41 #ahgf1 p4 #cfg4 #gge ,to solve ?is "q1 x has be5 at times consid]$ necess>y to analyse an extraord9>y numb] ( ?+s4 ,9 ! 8affaire ,danval0 7,j\rn4 d',hygine1 #b;e sr41 ,no4 #ajh1 ,july #ahgh71 m ?an sixty diff]5t articles1 compris+ drugs1 dr9ks1 p]fumes1 b$-curta9s1 wall-pap]1 & o!r matt]s1 7 submitt$ to ! exp]ts4 #ggf ,! foll[+ important case is relat$ by ,sonn5s*e93-- ,ni*olas ,nobel & 8 wife1 ,j]ome1 7 buri$ two metres f ea* o!r 9 ! *ur*y>d at ,sp9al1 ! e>? ( :i* notori\sly conta9$ ars5ic4 ,a suspicion ( poison+ arose4 ,! bodies 7 exhum$1 & ars5ic 0 f\nd 9 ! /oma* & inte/9es ( ,nobel1 b n ! slighte/ trace 9 ! corpse ( ! wife4 ,! rema9s ( ! bodies 7 re9t]r$1 & aft] six mon?s1 on a fre% suspicion ( poison+ aris+1 aga9 exhum$4 ,! corpse ( ! woman _h be5 put nak$ 9 ! moi/ e>? dur+ a heavy %[]1 b ?is "t also no ars5ic 0 detect$ 9 x4 #gda4 ,imbibition ( ,ars5ic aft] ,dea?4--,! argum5ts :i* are likely to be us$1 9 fav\r ( a corpse hav+ become ars5ical may be ga!r$ f a case relat$ by ,sonn5s*e93--,c]ta9 bodies 7 exhum$ 9 two *ur*y>ds2 ! evid5ce w5t to %[ t !y _h be5 poison$ by ars5ic1 & ?is sub/ance 0 actually f\nd 9 ! bodies1 :ile at ! same "t x 0 discov]$ to exi/ also 9 traces 9 ! e>? ( ! *ur*y>d4 ,! !ory = ! def5ce 01 t al?\gh ! ars5ic 9 ! e>? 0 9 an insoluble /ate1 yet t x might comb9e ) lime z an ars5ite ( lime2 ?is ars5ite w\ld become soluble by ! action ( c>bonic acid set free by vegetation1 & filt] d[n to ! corpse4 ,sonn5s*e9 susp5d$ a quantity ( ?is e>? 9 wat]1 & pass$ ,,co ?r\gh x = twelve h\rs2 on filt]+1 ! liquid gave no evid5ce ( ars5ic4 ,a simil> result 0 obta9$ :5 an artificial mixture ( #a grm4 ( ars5i\s acid & #a p\nd ( e>? 7 submitt$ to ! same process4 ,! fact w\ld appe> to /& ?us3 oxide ( iron 9 ord9>y e>? reta9s ars5ic1 & requires treatm5t ) a conc5trat$ acid to dissolve x4 ,x !re=e foll[s t1 if a def5ce ( ars5ical e>? is likely to be set up1 & ! analy/ f9ds t by m]e extraction ( ! tissues by wat] he c detect ars5ic1 ! def5ce is 9 all probability uns\nd4 ,! exp]t %\ld1 ( c\rse1 deal ) ?is "q on its m]its1 & )\t prejudice4 ,accord+ to ,eul5b]g1#ggg 9 ars5ical e>?--if1 aft] hav+ be5 cru%$ & wa%$1 x lies = "s "t expos$ to ! dis9tegrat+ action ( ! air--soluble ars5ical salts are =m$1 :i* may f9d _! way into brooks & supplies ( dr9k+ wat]4 ,we may inf] t x is h>dly probable 7except "u v peculi> circum/ances7 = a corpse to be contam9at$ int]nally ) an e/imable quantity ( ars5ic f ! traces ( ars5ic met ) 9 a few *ur*y>ds4 #ggg ,gew]be ,hygi5e1 p4 #bcd4 ,x occasionally happ5s t an exhumation is ord]$ a v long "t aft] dea?1 :5 no organs or p>ts 7save ! bones7 are to be di/+ui%$4 ,9 ! case ( a man long dead1 ! wid[ confess+ t %e _h adm9i/]$ poison1 ! bones 7 analys$ by ,sonn5s*e91 & a small quantity ( ars5ic f\nd4 ,conirbe & ,orfila h bo? ass]t$ t ars5ic is a normal con/itu5t ( ! bones--a /atem5t :i* has be5 repeat$ly disprov$4 ,sonn5s*e9 relates3#ggh--8;,i procur$ f a *ur*y>d ( ?is place 7,b]l97 ! remnants ( ! body ( a p]son kill$ tw5ty-five ye>s previ\sly1 & inve/igat$ sev]al o!rs 9 a simil> way1 )\t f9d+ ! lea/ trace ( ars5ic4 ,simil> exp]im5ts 9 great numb] 7 repeat$ 9 my laboratory1 b 9 no case 0 ars5ic recognis$40 ,! op9ion ( ! exp]t1 %\ld he f9d ars5ic 9 ! bones1 mu/ be =m$ f ! am\nt discov]$1 & o!r circum/ances4 #ggh ,g]i*tl4 ,*em41 p4 #bab4 ,a difficult case on :i* to =m an op9ion is "o record$ by ,william ,p4 ,mason1#ggi z foll[s3-- #ggi ,*em4 ,news1 ,feb4 #bc1 #ahid4 ,! deceas$1 a f>m]1 ba*elor1 sixty-five ye>s ( age1 & 9 good heal?1 0 tak5 viol5tly sick %ortly aft] breakfa/1 ) vomit+ & di/ress 9 ! /oma*4 ,al?\gh a physician 0 summon$1 ! symptoms increas$ 9 sev]ity1 & a little aft] midnight dea? ensu$4 ,! fun]al took place ?ree days lat]4 ,c]ta9 v damag+ pieces ( circum/antial evid5ce hav+ be5 collect$1 ! h\sekeep] 0 arre/$ on ! *>ge ( murd]1 x hav+ be5 %[n1 among o!r ?+s1 t on ! day prec$+ ! dea? %e _h pur*as$ an ounce ( :ite ars5ic4 ,?irty-five days aft] dea? 7f ,m>* #bj to ,april #be7 ! body 0 exhum$1 & f\nd 9 a /ate ( rem>kable pres]vation1 & free f cadav]ic smell4 ,! /oma* pres5t$ evid5ces ( inflammation4 ,portions s5t = analysis 7 ! /oma*1 portion ( inte/9e1 portion ( liv]1 "o kidney1 & ! he>t4 ,ars5ic 0 f\nd 9 all ^! p>ts4 ,:ite octah$ral cry/als 7 f\nd 9 ! cont5ts ( ! /oma*1 :i* on sep>ation gave ars5ical reaction4 ,! ars5ic f\nd 03-- ,/oma* & inte/9e1 #jbcgf grm4 ,liv] & kidney1 #jjjcb ,he>t1 #jjjjg ------ ,total z metallic ars5ic1 #jbdae ,! am\nt ( ars5ic recov]$ & produc$ 9 c\rt 0 9 quantity suffici5t to produce dea?4 ,"s "t aft] ! analytical report 0 made to ! coron]1 x 0 le>n$ t an embalm+ fluid1 highly ars5ical 9 "*1 _h be5 us$ ^u ! body by ! und]tak] at ! "t ( prep>ation = burial4 ,no injection ( ?is embalm+ fluid 0 practis$1 b clo?s wrung out 9 ! fluid 7 laid ^u ! face & *e/1 & 7 kept con/antly wet !re) dur+ a p]iod ( _m h\rs4 ,9 all ab\t two qu>ts ( embalm+ fluid 7 s us$4 ,its composition appe>$ to be a /rongly acidifi$ solution ( sodium ars5ite & z9c sulphate4 ,only ! ars5ic & z9c 7 det]m9$ quantitatively1 & !y 7 f\nd to be1 z9c 7metallic71 #aigh p] c5t41 & ars5ic 7metallic71 #acfe p] c5t4 by weight4 ,an am\nt ( ?is fluid measur+ #aeg c4c4 w\ld ?us conta9 a weight ( ars5ic equal to t actually recov]$ f ! body4 ,ext5d$ m$ical te/imony 0 (f]$ by ! prosecution1 t5d+ to %[ t1 "u ! giv5 circum/ances1 no fluid ( any k9d c\ld h rea*$ ! /oma* ?r\gh ! nose or m\? aft] dea?1 ?us anticipat+ :at ! def5ce aft]w>ds claim$1 t ! und]tak] 0 responsible = ! ars5ic discov]$ 9 ! rema9s4 ,9 ord] to ga!r fur!r light ^u ! possibility ( cadav]ic imbibition ( embalm+ fluid ?r\gh ! unbrok5 sk91 te/ 0 made = z9c 9 ! he>t & /oma*1 & di/9ct traces ( ! metal 7 f\nd 9 ea* in/ance4 ,t at lea/ a portion ( ! ars5ic f\nd 9 ! body 0 due to po/-mortem causes 0 ?us di/9ctly prov54 ,a weigh$ portion 7#fb grms47 ( ! /oma* & cont5ts 0 !n mo/ c>efully analys$ quantitatively = bo? z9c & ars5ic ) ! foll[+ results3--,ars5ic1 #jjfdh grm41 & z9c1 #jjjgi grm4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ! relative quantities ( ! two metals 9 ! embalm+ fluid1 x w be se5 t ! ars5ic f\nd 9 ! #fb grms4 ( ! /oma* 0 ne>ly twelve times l>g] ?an x %\ld h be5 to h balanc$ ! z9c :i* 0 also pres5t4 ,?is fact1 toge!r ) ! discov]y ( cry/als ( :ite ars5ic 9 ! /oma*1 con/itut$ ! case = ! prosecution1 s f> z ! *emical evid5ce 0 conc]n$4 ,! def5ce made an unsuccessful ef=t to %[ t ! cry/als ( ! tri-oxide orig9at$ f ! spontane\s evaporation ( ! embalm+ fluid4 ,! prosecution met ?is po9t by prov+ t su* fluid _h be5 abundantly exp]im5t$ ^u by exposure to a v l[ temp]ature dur+ an int]val ( sev]al mon?s1 & also by spontane\s evaporation ) a view ( te/+ t v "q1 & t ! results _h 9 e case be5 negative4 ,special importance 0 giv5 ^! exp]im5ts1 because ( ! well-kn[n sep>ation ( octah$ral cry/als dur+ ! spontane\s evaporation ( a hydro*loric acid solution ( ! :ite oxide1 x hav+ also appe>$ t1 9 ! manufacture ( ! embalm+ fluid1 ! ars5ic 0 us$ z :ite ars5ic4 ,a v /rong po9t 0 f9ally rais$ = ! def5ce by ! inability ( ! exp]t on ! side ( ! prosecution to /ate positively :e!r or n an embalm+ fluid ( ! above composition w\ld diffuse z a :ole ?r\gh dead tissue1 or its sev]al p>ts w\ld be imbib$ at diff]5t rates ( spe$1 ! z9c portion becom+ arre/$ by album9oid mat]ial & be+ !re=e out/ripp$ by ! ars5ic1 or vice v]sa4 ,! prison] 0 ultimately acquitt$4 ,9 a case :i* occurr$ 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 !re 0 good reason = believ+ t ars5ic _h be5 introduc$ into ! corpse ( a man aft] 8 decease4 ,) reg>d to ! imbibition ( ars5ic ?us introduc$1 ,orfila#ghj says3--8,i h (t5 introduc$ into ! /oma* 7z well z ! rectum7 ( ! corpses ( m5 & dogs #b to #c grms4 ( ars5i\s acid1 dissolv$ 9 f #djj to #ejj grms4 ( wat]1 & h exam9$ ! diff]5t visc]a at ! end ( eight1 t51 or tw5ty days4 ,con/antly ,i h recognis$ ! effects ( cadav]ic imbibition4 ,sections ( ! liv] or o!r organs :i* t\* ! dige/ive canal1 c>efully cut & analys$1 furni%$ ars5ic1 :i* c\ld n be obta9$ s5sibly 7or n at all7 f sections :i* _h n be5 9 contact ) ?is canal4 ,if ! corpse rema9$ long on ! back aft] ars5i\s acid _h be5 introduc$ into ! /oma*1 ,i c\ld obta9 ?is metal f ! left half ( ! diaphragm & f ! inf]ior lobe ( ! left lung1 :il/ ,i did n obta9 x f o!r portions ( ! diaphragm nor f ! "r lung40 ,dr4 ,reece has also made "s exp]im5ts on ! imbibition ( ars5ic aft] dea?4 ,he inject$ solutions ( ars5i\s acid into ! /oma* ( v>i\s w>m-blood$ animals1 & f\nd at v>i\s p]iods ars5ic1 n alone 9 ! inte/9al canal1 b also 9 ! sple51 liv]1 & kidneys4 #ghj ,op4 cit41 t4 i4 p4 #cji4 #gdb4 ,analysis ( ,wall-,pap] = ,ars5ic4--,! sep>ation ( ars5ic f pap] admits ( great v>iety ( manipulation4 ,a quick special me?od is z foll[s3--,! pap] is saturat$ ) *lorate ( pota% solution1 dri$1 set on fire 9 a suitable plate1 & in/antly cov]$ ) a bell-glass4 ,! a% is collect$1 pulv]is$1 & exhau/$ ) cold wat]1 :i* has previ\sly ?or\ghly cleans$ ! plate & bell-glass2 ! ars5ic 9 comb9ation ) ! pota% is dissolv$1 :il/ oxides ( *romium1 copp]1 alum9ium1 t91 & lead rema9 9 ! insoluble portion4#gha #gha ,kapf]s*laeg]3 ,rev4 ,univ]selle des ,m9es1 #ahgf4 ,fres5ius & ,h9tz#ghb h elaborat$ a me?od = ! exam9ation ( wall-pap]s1 fabrics1 y>ns1 & simil> sub/ances1 :i*1 provid$ ! reag5ts are pure1 is accurate & easy4 ,tw5ty-five grms4 ( ! sub/ance are plac$ 9 a half-litre di/ill+ flask or retort1 & #bej c4c4 ( ,h,cl1 specific gravity #aai1 add$2 aft] dige/ion = an h\r1 #e c4c4 ( a saturat$ solution ( f]r\s *loride are add$1 & ! liquid sl[ly di/ill$ until fro?+ /ops any f>!r di/illation4 ,a fur!r quantity ( #ajj c4c4 ,h,cl is !n add$1 & di/ill$ ov]4 ,! receiv]1 9 ea* case1 conta9s wat]1 & mu/ be kept cool4 ,! unit$ di/illates are dilut$ to #hjj c4c4 & saturat$ ) ,,%4 ,! ars5i\s sulphide is collect$ on an asbe/os filt]4 ,aft] p>tial wa%+1 x is heat$ ) brom9e 9 ,h,cl ( #ai specific gravity1 & ! solution aga9 di/ill$ ) f]r\s *loride4 ,! di/illate1 on n[ be+ treat$ ) ,,%1 gives ars5i\s sulphide free f organic matt]4 #ghb ,zeit4 anal4 ,*em41 xxvii4 #agi-ahb4 #gdc4 ,e/imation ( ,ars5ic4--,mo/ ( ! me?ods = ! quantitative det]m9ation ( ars5ic are also excell5t te/s = its pres5ce4 ,x may be reg>d$1 inde$1 z an axiom 9 legal *emi/ry1 t ! precise am\nt ( e sub/ance detect$1 if x c be weigh$ or e/imat$ by any process :atev]1 %\ld be accurately /at$4 ,indef9ite expressions1 su* z 8a small quantity 0 f\nd10 8traces 7 detect$10 c41 are mo/ objectionable4 ,! m p]fect ( ! me?ods ( evolv+ ars5ic c be made quantitative4 ,= example1 ! galvanic process introduc$ by ,bloxam may be utilis$ z foll[s3--,a fractional "p ( ! ars5ical solution is tak5 = ! exp]im5t2 ! bottom ( a n>r[-neck$ bottle ( ab\t #ajj c4c4 capacity is remov$1 & replac$ by a piece ( vegetable p>*m5t4 ,! neck ( ! bottle c>ries a cork1 :i* is pi]c$ by 7#a7 a plat9um wire1 :i* is atta*$ to a plat9um electrode2 7#b7 a %ort tube1 b5t at "r angles1 & connect$ by pip+ ) a long] tube1 :i* has also a rectangul> b5d1 & dips into a solution ( silv] nitrate2 7#c7 an ord9>y funnel-tube1 rea*+ ne>ly to ! bottom4 ,! bottle is plac$ 9 a beak] ( su* a size z to leave a small int]val betwe5 ! two1 & ! :ole app>atus /&s 9 a l>ge vessel ( cold wat]4 ,dilute sulphuric acid is n[ put into ! bottle1 & also into ! beak]1 s t ! fluid rea*es exactly ! same level 9 ea*4 ,! positive plat9um electrode ( a batt]y ( six ( ,grove's cells1 or o!r effici5t comb9ation1 is imm]s$ 9 ! liquid outside ! bottle1 connection ) ! negative plate is e/abli%$1 & hydrog5 v soon comes (f1 & passes ov] into ! nitrate ( silv] solution4 ,:5 all ! air is expell$1 a portion ( ! rectangul> tube is heat$ to r$ness1 & if !re is no /a9 nor any r$uction ( ! silv]1 ! acid is pure4 ,if ! gas is pass$ = a long "t into ! silv] solution1 ! silv] w be r$uc$ to "s ext5t by ! hydrog51 al?\gh ars5ic-free2#ghc s t x is bett] to rely ^u ! metallic r+ or /a91 :i* is c]ta9 to be =m$ on heat+ a portion ( ! tube r$-hot1 & keep+ x at t temp]ature = at lea/ t5 m9utes4 ,! liquid is !n pass$ ?r\gh ! funnel 9 successive portions2 if ars5ic is pres5t1 !re w be a decid$ metallic r+ on heat+ ! tube z be=e1 & if antimony is pres5t1 !re w also be a /a92 ! di/9ctions betwe5 ^! /a9s h be5 describ$ at p4 #eeg4 #ghc ,nitrate ( silv] solution is r$uc$ by ,h1 ,,*1 ,,ph1 & ,sb,h2 h5ce x is absolutely necess>y 9 any qualitative exam9ation to prove t ars5i\s acid has actually be5 produc$ 9 ! silv] solution4 ,! tube is kept r$-hot until ! /a9 is v di/9ct2 !n ! s\rce ( heat is remov$1 & ! gas all[$ to bubble ?r\gh ! arg5tic nitrate solution1 :i* x decomposes1 z be=e detail$ 7p4 #ebf74 ,?is process is cont9u$ until1 on plac+ ! deliv]y tube 9 a sample ( cle> nitrate ( silv] solution1 !re is no d>k5+ ( col\r4 ,9 c]ta9 cases ?is may take a long "t1 b ! app>atus1 once set to "w1 requires little sup]9t5d5ce4 ,at ! conclusion1 ! :ole ( ! ars5ic is sep>at$1--"p is 9 ! silv] solution z ars5i\s acid1 "p 9 ! tube z a r+ ( metallic ars5ic4 ,! portion ( ! tube conta9+ ! metallic ars5ic %\ld be cut (f ) a file & weigh$1 ! ars5ic !n remov$ & re-weigh$2 ! loss is ! metal approximately4 ,or1 ! weight ( ! film may be e/imat$ by hav+ a set ( simil> deposits ( kn[n weight or quantities1 9 tubes exactly correspond+ to ^? us$ 9 ! analysis1 & comp>+ or mat*+ !m4 ,! ars5i\s acid 9 ! nitrate ( silv] may be dealt ) 9 sev]al ways4 ,! equation giv5 7p4 #ebf7 %[s cle>ly t pure ars9e1 pass$ into nitrate ( silv] solution1 decomposes x 9 su* a mann] t1 if ei!r ! silv] deposit$ or ! free acid is e/imat$1 ! quantity ( ars5ic c f su* data be d$uc$4 ,9 op]at+ on organic liquids1 ammonia & o!r products may be giv5 (f1 r5d]+ ei!r ( ! indirect processes inadvisable4 ,a v conv5i5t me?od1 applicable 9 _m cases1 is to ?r[ out ! silv] by hydro*loric acid1 alkalise ! filtrate by bic>bonate ( soda1 & titrate ) iod9e solution4 ,! latt] is made by dissolv+ exactly #abg grms4 ( pure dry iod9e by ! aid ( #ah grms4 ( potassic iodide 9 "o litre ( wat]1 obs]v+ t ! solution mu/ take place 9 ! cold1 )\t ! application ( heat4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! titration is1 t ars5i\s acid1 9 ! pres5ce ( wat] & free alkali1 is conv]t$ into ars5ic acid-- ,z,o #d;,i #b,na,o ,z,o #d,na,i4 ,! end ( ! reaction is kn[n by add+ a little />*-pa/e to ! solution2 z soon z a blue col\r appe>s1 ! process is f9i%$4 ,ano!r conv5i5t way by :i* 79 v dilute solutions ( ars5i\s acid7 ! ars5ic may be det]m9$1 is a colorimetric me?od1 :i* dep5ds on ! fact t sulphurett$ hydrog51 :5 ars5i\s acid is pres5t 9 small quantity1 produces no precipitate at fir/1 b a yell[ col\r1 proportionate to ! am\nt ( ars5ic pres5t4 ,! silv] solution conta9+ ars5i\s acid is fre$ f silv] by hydro*loric acid2 a measur$ quantity ( saturat$ ,,% wat] is add$ to a fractional &1 if necess>y1 dilut$ portion1 9 a ,nessl] cyl9d] or colorimetric app>atus1 & ! col\r produc$ exactly imitat$1 by ! aid ( a dilute solution ( ars5i\s acid1 add$ f a burette to a simil> quantity ( ,,% wat] 9 ano!r cyl9d]1 ! fluid be+ acidifi$ ) ,h,cl4 #gdd4 ,de/ruction ( ! ,organic ,matt] by ,nitric ,acid1 & ,subsequ5t ,r$uction ( ! ,ars5ic ,acid to ,ars9e 7,ars5iurett$ ,hydrog571 & f9al ,e/imation z ,metallic ,ars5ic4--,?is process1 :i* is ess5tially a comb9ation ( sev]al1 has be5 mu* improv$ 9 its details by ,r4 ,h4 ,*itt5d5 & ,h4 ,h4 ,donaldson4#ghd #ajj grms4 ( ! suspect$ matt]s1 cut up into small pieces1 are heat$ 9 a porcela9 di% ( suitable size1 /irr$ by means ( a glass rod ) #bc c4c4 ( pure conc5trat$ nitric acid1 & heat$ up to f #aej to #afj4 ,:5 ! matt]s assume a yell[ or orange col\r1 ! ba? is remov$ f ! s\rce ( heat1 & #c c4c4 ( pure conc5trat$ sulphuric acid add$1 & ! mixture /irr$1 :5 ! mass becomes br[n1 swells up1 & evolves d5se nitr\s & o!r fumes4 ,! vessel is aga9 heat$ to #ahj1 & :ile hot #h c4c4 ( pure conc5trat$ nitric acid are add$1 drop by drop1 ) cont9ual /irr+4 ,aft] ?is addition1 x is heat$ to #bjj = fifte5 m9utes1 & ! result on cool+ is a h>d c>bonace\s residue :olly free f nitric acid4 ,! ars5ic is 9 ?is way oxidis$ into ars5ic acid1 :i* is easily soluble 9 wat]4 ,! cont5ts ( ! di% are1 !re=e1 p]fectly extract$ by boil+ wat]1 ! aque\s extract filt]$1 & evaporat$ to dryness4 ,! next process is to obta9 ! ars5ic 9 a metallic /ate3-- #ghd ,am]ican ,*em4 ,j\rn41 vol4 ii41 ,no4 #d2 ,*em4 ,news1 ,jan4 #ahha1 p4 #ba4 ,! flask1 a ,buns5's wa%-bottle ( #bjj c4c4 capacity1 is provid$ ) a small sep>at+ funnel ( #fe c4c4 capacity1 ) glass /op-cock4 ,?is is a v mat]ial aid to ! obta9+ ( a sl[ & ev5 evolution ( gas1 an important desid]atum :5 all loss is to be avoid$2 = ) only a funnel tube1 e "t a small portion ( fluid is add$1 a sudd5 ru% ( gas takes place1 ) probably a small1 b /ill m or less appreciable1 loss4 ,b ! sep>at+ funnel1 fill$ ) ! acid mixture1 c be s arrang$ z to give a con/ant & regul> supply ( fluid at ! rate ( two or ?ree drops p] m9ute1 m or less4 ,! gas g5]at$ is dri$ by a calcic *loride tube1 & !n passes ?r\gh a tube ( h>d glass1 heat$ to a r$ heat by a m9iature furnace ( ?ree ,buns5 lamps ) spread burn]s1 s t a cont9u\s flame ( #f in*es is obta9$1 & ) a prop] l5g? ( cool$ tube n a trace ( ars5ic passes by4 ,! glass tube :]e heat$ is w\nd ) a /rip ( wire gauze1 bo? ends be+ support$ ^u ! edges ( ! lamp frame1 s t ! tube does n s9k d[n :5 heat$4 ,! small furnace is provid$ ) two appropriate side pieces ( %eet metal1 s t a /eady flame is always obta9$4 ,:5 ! quantity ( ars5ic is v small1 ! tube is naturally s plac$ t ! mirror is deposit$ 9 ! n>r[ portion2 b :5 ! ars5ic is pres5t to ! ext5t ( #jjje grm41 ! tube %\ld be #f mm4 9 inn] diamet]1 & s arrang$ t fully #b in*es ( ?is l>ge tube are betwe5 ! flame & ! n>r[ portion4 ,:5 ! quantity ( ars5ic is less1 ! tube c naturally be small]4 ,acids ( diff]5t /r5g?s are made z foll[s3-- ,acid ,no4 #a4 #ede c4c4 pure conc4 ,h,,s4 #ejjj c4c4 ,h,o4 ,acid ,no4 #b4 #aji c4c4 pure conc4 ,h,,s4 #afdj c4c4 ,acid ,no4 #a4 ,acid ,no4 #c4 #bah c4c4 pure conc4 ,h,,s4 #afdj c4c4 ,acid ,no4 #a4 ,acid ,no4 #d4 #ecj c4c4 pure conc4 ,h,,s4 #abdh c4c4 ,h,o4 #be to #ce grms4 ( granulat$ z9c1 previ\sly alloy$ ) a small quantity ( plat9um1 are plac$ 9 ! g5]ator1 & ev]y?+ be+ 9 position1 ! app>atus is fill$ ) hydrog5 by ! use ( a small quantity ( acid ,no4 #b4 ,aft] a suffici5t "t has elaps$1 ! gas is light$ at ! jet1 & ! glass tube heat$ to a bright r$ness4 ,! ars5ical solution 9 conc5trat$ =m is mix$ ) #de c4c4 ( acid ,no4 #b1 & ! mixture pass$ into ! sep>at+ funnel1 f :i* x is all[$ to fl[ into ! g5]ator at su* a rate t ! entire fluid is introduc$ 9 "o h\r or "o & a half2 #dj c4c4 ( acid ,no4 #c are !n add$ & all[$ to fl[ sl[ly into ! g5]ator1 &1 la/ly1 #de c4c4 ( acid ,no4 #d4 ,! am\nt ( "t requir$ w v>y ) ! am\nt ( ars5ic3 #b to #c mgrms4 ( ars5ic w require ab\t two to ?ree h\rs = ! entire decomposition1 :ile #d to #e mgrms4 w ne$ p]haps ?ree to f\r h\rs4 ,:]e ! am\nt ( ars5ic is small1 only #be grms4 ( z9c are ne$$1 & b #de c4c4 ( acid ,no4 #b1 #cj c4c4 ( acid ,no4 #c1 & #cj c4c4 ( acid ,no4 #d2 b :5 #d to #e mgrms4 ( ars5ic are pres5t1 x is bett] to take ! fir/ m5tion$ quantities ( z9c & acids4 ,! ars5ic be+ ?us collect$ z a l>ge or small mirror ( metal1 ! tube is cut at a safe di/ance f ! mirror1 s t a tube ( p]haps #b to #f grms4 weight is obta9$4 ,?is is c>efully weigh$1 & !n ! ars5ic remov$ by simple heat+2 or1 if ! ars5ic is to be sav$ 7z 9 a toxicological case71 dissolv$ out ) /rong nitric acid4 ,! tube is !n clean$1 dri$1 & aga9 weigh$1 ! diff]5ce giv+ ! weight ( metallic ars5ic1 f :i*1 by a simple calculation1 ! am\nt ( ars5i\s oxide c be obta9$4 ,"s te/ results are giv5 z foll[s2 !y 7 obta9$ by introduc+ def9ite quantities ( ars5i\s oxide 9 ! =m ( a solution mix$ ) #de c4c4 ( ,no4 #b acid1 c43-- ,quantity ( ,wt4 ( ,metallic ,!oretical ,wt4 ( ,ars5ic introduc$4 ,ars5ic f\nd4 ,metallic ,ars5ic4 #jjje grm4 ,z,o #jjjcgc #jjjcgh #jjje #jjjcgj #jjjcgh #jjjd #jjjcjj #jjjcjc #jjjb #jjjaea #jjjaea ,sang] e/imates & te/s = m9ute quantities ( ars5ic by ! ,m>%-,b]zelius process1 & uses a g5]ator ( hydrog52 t is to say1 ! hydrog5 is evolv$ 9 ! ord9>y way f z9c & sulphuric acid1 & ! issu+ gas dri$ by calcic *loride2 b into ?is flask is also deliv]$ f ano!r flask1 *>g$ ) sulphuric acid & z9c1 pure hydrog51 s t into ! second flask1 little by little1 may be add$ ! solution to be te/$2 &1 ow+ to ! g5]at+ flask1 ! gas may be made to give a uni=m curr5t1 & at ! end ( ! op]ation all ars9e swept out4 ,to e/imate ! quantities ( ars5ic 9 ! gas1 ! r$uction tube is heat$1 & a mirror or mirrors obta9$1 & comp>$ ) a set ( /&>d mirrors4 ,! /&>d mirrors are made z foll[s3--,"o grm4 ( ars5i\s oxide1 purifi$ by repeat$ sublimation1 is dissolv$ ) ! aid ( a little sodic bic>bonate1 &1 aft] acidification ) dilute sulphuric acid1 made up to #a litre4 ,?is /&>d solution conta9s #a mgrm4 ( ,z,o 9 e c4c41 & is us$ to make a second /&>d solution1 conta9+ #jja mgrm41 to e c4c41 by dilut+ #aj c4c4 to a litre4 ,( ?is la/ solution1 #a c4c41 #b c4c41 #c c4c41 & s on1 are measur$ & introduc$ into ! r$uction flask1 & ! /&>d mirrors obta9$4 ,x is recomm5d$1 = obvi\s reasons1 to make m ?an "o /&>d = ea* quantity1 = ! appe>ance ( ! mirrors f ! same am\nt ( ars5ic v>ies4 ,! tubes are h]metically seal$1 &1 :5 n 9 use1 kept 9 ! d>k4 ,?is process is conv5i5t = small am\nts ( ars5ic2 b1 z /at$ be=e1 ! results are giv5 z metallic ars5ic1 :]eas ! films appe> nev] to be compos$ ( pure metallic ars5ic1 b a mixture ( hydride & suboxide4 ,te/ exp]im5ts give1 h[ev]1 fair results4#ghe #ghe ,proc4 ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 vol4 xxvi4 #gde4 ,ars9e ,develop$ f an ,alkal9e ,solution4--,fleitmann discov]$ 9 #ahea t ars5ic1 mix$ ) f9ely divid$ z9c1 & excess ( soda or pota% add$1 evolv$ ars9e2 b no /ib9e 0 evolv$ "u ! same conditions4 ,9 #ahgc ,j4 ,w4 ,gateh\se sugge/$ ! use ( alum9ium & sodic hydrate z a modification ( ,fleitmann's te/1 = ! purpose ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 ars5ic & antimony2 & ?is is n[ ! usual process adopt$4 ,! hydrog5 comes (f regul>ly ev5 9 ! cold1 b x is be/ to apply a little heat4 ,?is te/ w evolve ars9e f ars5i\s acid1 & also f ars5ic trisulphide2 b x is n available = ! detection ( ars5ic1 :5 ! ars5ic is 9 ! =m ( ars5ic acid4 ,accord+ to ,cl>k1#ghf x is n adapt$ = quantitative purposes1 because1 ow+ to ! =mation ( solid hydride1 ab\t "o-fif? rema9s beh9d4 #ghf ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #ahic1 #hhd4 ,e4 ,w4 ,davy1 9 #ahgf1 propos$ ! use ( sodium amalgam = ! g5]ation ( ars9e2 on ! :ole1 x is1 h[ev]1 n s conv5i5t z ! alum9ium process4 ,! liquid to be te/$ is made /rongly alkal9e ) pure sodic or potassic hydrate plac$ 9 a flask connect$ ) a tube dipp+ into a #d p] c5t4 solution ( silv] nitrate1 a few pieces ( %eet alum9ium add$1 & ! flask g5tly heat$2 any ars9e pres5t w r$uce ! silv]4 ,! silv] solution ?us black5$ may be treat$ 9 ! mann] describ$ 7p4 #efg74 #gdf4 ,precipitation z ,t]sulphide4--,despite ! advantages ( "s ( ! processes describ$1 :i* are 7to a c]ta9 ext5t7 easy & accurate1 n a few *emi/s /ill pref] ! old me?od ( precipitation ) hydric sulphide ,,%1 because1 al?\gh t$i\s1 x has /ood ! te/ ( exp]i5ce4 ,if ?is be us$1 x is well 9 mo/ cases to pass sulphur\s anhydride ?r\gh ! liquid until x smells /rongly ( ! gas1 = by ?is means any ars5ic acid pres5t is r$uc$1 ! sulphur\s anhydride is quickly got rid ( by a curr5t ( c>bonic anhydride1 & !n ! liquid is saturat$ ) hydric sulphide4 ,9 ! ord9>y way1 mu* "t is (t5 wa/$ 9 saturat+ ! liquid ) ?is gas4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o h l>ge laboratories1 & daily employ hydric sulphide1 possess 7or %\ld possess7 a wat] saturat$ ) ! gas "u pressure2 su* a liquid1 add$ 9 equal volume to an ars5ical solution1 is able to conv]t ! :ole ( ! ars5ic into sulphide 9 a v few m9utes4 ,^? :o d n possess ?is hydric sulphide wat] c saturate 9 an h\r ! liquid to be te/$1 by pass+ ! gas 9 "u pressure4#ghg ,a conv5i5t me?od is to evolve ,,% f sulphide ( antimony & ,cl,h2 ! gas passes fir/ into a wa%-bottle1 & !n into a /rong flask conta9+ ! solution "u trial4 ,?is flask is furni%$ ) a safety-valve1 proportion$ to ! /r5g? ( ! app>atus2 ! two tubes dipp+ into ! wa%-bottle & ! la/ flask are provid$ ) ,buns5's valves1 :i* only all[ ! gas to pass 9 "o direction4 ,! hydric sulphide is !n driv5 ov] by heat1 & :5 suffici5t gas has 9 ?is way pass$ into ! liquid1 ! flame is )drawn1 & ! app>atus all[$ to /& = "s h\rs1 ! valves prev5t+ any backw>d fl[ ( ! liquid or gas4 ,:5 ! precipitate has settl$ to ! bottom1 ! sup]natant fluid is c>efully pass$ ?r\gh a filt]1 & ! precipitate wa%$ by decantation 9 ! flask1 )\t transf]5ce to ! filt]1 if x c be avoid$4 #ghg ,hydric sulphide gas has be5 liquefi$1 & is n[ an article ( comm]ce1 be+ sold 9 iron bottles4 ,! impure sulphide is wa%$ ) wat]1 !n ) alcohol1 !n ) c>bon disulphide1 !n1 aft] hav+ got rid ( ! lead1 aga9 ) alcohol1 & f9ally ) wat]2 x is !n dissolv$ 9 ammonia1 ! ammonia solution filt]$1 & ! filtrate evaporat$ to dryness on a s&-ba?1 at a some:at high temp]ature2 9 ?is way x is fre$ f sulphur &1 to a great ext5t1 f organic matt]2 aft] weigh+1 x may be purifi$ or id5tifi$ by "s ( ! foll[+ me?ods3-- 7a7 ,solution 9 ,ammonia & ,e/imation by ,iod9e4#ghh--,! filt] is pi]c$1 ! sulphide wa%$ into a flask by ammonia wat] 7:i* ne$ n be conc5trat$71 & dissolv$ by w>m+1 filt]$ f any insoluble matt]1 & e/imat$ by iod9e & />*4 #ghh ,p4 ,*ampion & ,h4 ,pellett1 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,*im4 7#b71 xxvj4 pp4 #eda-edd4 7b7 ,oxidation ( ! ,sulphide & ,precipitation z ,ammonia ,magnesian ,ars5iate1 or ,magnesia ,pyro-,ars5iate4--,! t]sulphide1 z be=e1 is dissolv$ 9 ammonia 7n omitt+ ! filt]-pap]1 :i* %\ld be soak$ 9 ?is reag5t71 ! solution filt]$1 & evaporat$ to dryness4 ,! dry residue is n[ oxidis$ by fum+ nitric acid1 tak+ c>e to protect ! di% ) a l>ge wat*-glass 7or o!r cov]7 dur+ ! fir/ viol5t action2 ! di% is !n heat$ 9 ! wat]-ba? until all ! sulphur has disappe>$1 & only a small bulk ( ! liquid rema9s2 x is !n dilut$ & precipitat$ by 8magnesia mixture40#ghi ,! fluid mu/ /& = sev]al h\rs1 &1 if ! ars5ic is to be det]m9$ z ! usual ammoniacal salt1 x mu/ be pass$ ?r\gh a weigh$ filt]1 & wa%$ ) a little ammoniacal wat] 7#a 3 #c74 ,! solubility ( ! precipitate is consid]able1 & = e #af c4c4 ( ! filtrate 7n ! wa%+s7 #a mgrm4 mu/ be all[$4 ,! precipitate1 dri$ at #ajj1 #b7,,nh,mg,as,o7,h,o1 repres5ts #cidg p] c5t4 metallic ars5ic4 #ghi ,magnesia ,mixture3-- ,sulphate ( magnesia1 #a ,*loride ( ammonium1 #a ,solution ( ammonia1 #d ,wat]1 #h ,dissolve2 !n all[ to /& = sev]al days2 f9ally filt]1 & keep = use4 ,! solubility ( ! magnesium ars5iate itself1 & ! g5]al dislike :i* *emi/s h to weigh+ 9 su* hygroscopic mat]ial z a filt]1 are1 p]haps1 ! ma9 reasons = ! v>iation ( ?is old me?od1 :i* has lately come into notice4 ,rose propos$ "s "t ago ! conv]sion ( ! d\ble salt into ! pyro-ars5iate--a me?od condemn$ by ,fres5ius & ,p>nell1 b exam9$ & pron\nc$ a practicable & accurate process by ,remol1 ,rammelsb]g1 ,?orpe1 ,full]1 ,witt/e91 ,em]son1 ,macivor1 ,wood1 & ,braun]4 ,! modification ( ,rose's process1 recomm5d$ by ,wood1#gij & /ill fur!r improv$ by ,braun]1#gia may be accept$4 #gij ,zeits*rift fr anal4 ,*em41 vol4 xiv4 p4 #cef4 #gia ,ibid41 xvj4 pp4 #eg1 #eh4 ,! precipitation is effect$ by magnesia mixture1 ) ! addition ( half its bulk ( alcohol4 ,! solution is all[$ to /& = sev]al h\rs1 until x is possible to decant ! cle> liquid f ! precipitate2 ! latt] is n[ dissolv$ 9 ,cl,h1 reprecipitat$ z be=e1 ?r[n on a small filt]1 & wa%$ ) a mixture ( "o volume ( ammonia1 two volumes ( alcohol1 & ?ree ( wat]4 ,! precipitate is n[ dri$1 & transf]r$ z completely z possible f ! filt] into a small porcela9 crucible1 includ$ 9 a l>g] "o made ( plat9um1 moi/5$ ) nitric acid1 cov]$ & heat$ at fir/ g5tly1 la/ly to a bright r$ness2 ! filt] is !n treat$ simil>ly1 & ! crucible ) its cont5ts weigh$4 ,pyro-ars5iate ( ars5ic 7,mg,z,o7 conta9s #dhbi p] c5t4 ( metallic ars5ic4 7c7 ,conv]sion ( ! ,trisulphide ( ,ars5ic into ! ,ars5omolybdate ( ,ammonia4--,! purifi$ sulphide is oxidis$ by nitric acid1 ! acid solution is r5d]$ alkal9e by ammonia1 & !n precipitat$ by a molybd5um solution1 made z foll[s3--#ajj grms4 ( molybdic acid are dissolv$ 9 #aej c4c4 ( ord9>y ammonia & #hj ( wat]2 ?is solution is p\r$ drop by drop into #ejj c4c4 ( pure nitric acid & #cjj c4c4 ( wat]2 x is all[$ to settle1 &1 if necess>y1 filt]$4 ,! molybdic solution mu/ be mix$ 9 excess ) ! liquid "u treatm5t1 ! temp]ature rais$ to #gj or #hj1 & nitric acid add$ 9 excess until a yell[ coloration appe>s2 ! liquid is !n pass$ ?r\gh a t>$ filt]1 & dri$ at #ajj4 ,x conta9s #ea p] c5t4 ( ars5ic acid #cc ,z4#gib #gib ,*ampion & ,pellett1 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,*im41 ,jan4 #g1 #ahgg4 7d7 ,conv]sion ( ! ,sulphide into ,metallic ,ars5ic4--,if !re %\ld be any d\bt z to ! nature ( ! precipitat$ sub/ances1 ! v be/ way ( resolv+ ?is d\bt is to r$uce ! sulphide to metal2 ! easie/ me?od ( prov+ ?is is to dissolve 9 pota% & obta9 ars9e by ! action ( alum9ium2 or if x is desir$ to evolve ars9e f an acid solution ) z9c 9 ! usual way1 !n by dissolv+ a slight excess ( z9c oxide 9 pota% or soda1 & dissolv+ 9 ?is ! ars5ic sulphide2 ! z9c comb9es ) all ! sulphur1 & conv]ts ! sulph>s5ite into ars5ite2 ! z9c sulphide is filt]$ (f1 & ! filtrate acidifi$ & introduc$ into ,m>%'s app>atus4 ,! orig9al process ( ,fres5ius 0 to mix ! sulphide ) c>bonate ( soda & cyanide ( potassium1 & place ! mixture 9 ! wide "p ( a tube ( h>d ,g]man glass1 drawn out at "o end to a capill>y f95ess4 ,c>bonic anhydride1 prop]ly dri$1 0 pass$ ?r\gh ! tube1 & ! portion conta9+ ! mixture heat$ to r$ness2 9 ?is way ! ars5ical sulphide 0 r$uc$1 & ! metal cond5s$ 9 ! capill>y portion1 :]e ! smalle/ quantity c\ld be recognis$4 ,a m elaborate & accurate process1 bas$ on ! same pr9ciples1 has be5 advocat$ by ,mohr4#gic #gic ,mohr's ,toxicologie1 p4 #eg4 ,a conv5i5t quantity ( c>bonate ( soda is add$ to ! sulphide1 & ! :ole mix$ ) a v little wat]1 & g5tly w>m$4 ,! yell[ precipitate is v soon dissolv$1 & !n ! :ole is evaporat$ c>efully1 until x is 9 a granul>1 some:at moi/1 adhesive /ate4 ,x is n[ transf]r$ to a glass tube1 op5 at top & bottom1 b ! top wid5$ into a funnel2 ?is tube is firmly held p]p5dicul>ly on a glass plate1 & ! prep>$ sulphide hamm]$ into a compact cyl9d] by ! aid ( a glass rod1 :i* j fits ! tube4 ,! cyl9d] is n[ dri$ ov] a flame1 until no m moi/ure is to be detect$1 & !n transf]r$ into a glass tube #d or #e in*es long1 & ) "o end drawn to a po9t 7! weight ( ?is tube %\ld be fir/ accurately tak574 ,! tube is connect$ ) ! foll[+ s]ies3--7#a7 ,a *loride ( calcium tube2 7#b7 a small bottle conta9+ nitrate ( silv] solution2 7#c7 a hydrog5-g5]at+ bottle conta9+ z9c & sulphuric acid4 ,! hydrog5 goes ?r\gh ! arg5tic nitrate solution1 leav+ beh9d any sulphur & ars5ic x may conta92 x is !n dri$ by *loride ( calcium1 & /reams 9 a pure dry /ate ov] ! cyl9d] ( prep>$ sulphide 7no error ) reg>d to impurities 9 ! gas is likely to occur2 b 9 rigid inquiries x is advisable to heat a portion ( ! tube1 previ\s to ! ins]tion ( ! cyl9d]1 = "s "t1 9 ord] to prove ! abs5ce ( any ext]nal ars5ical s\rce72 :5 x is c]ta9 t pure hydrog51 unmix$ ) air1 is be+ evolv$1 ! portion ( ! tube 9 :i* ! cyl9d] re/s is heat$ sl[ly to r$ness1 & ! metallic ars5ic sublimes at a little di/ance f ! s\rce ( heat4 ,loss is inevitable if ! tube is too %ort1 or ! /ream ( hydrog5 too p[]ful4 ,! tube aft] ! op]ation is divid$1 ! portion soil$ by ! soda ?or\ghly cleans$1 & !n bo? p>ts weigh$2 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! weight ( ! empty tube & ! tube ars5ic gives ! metallic ars5ic4 ,?is is ! process z recomm5d$ by ,mohr2 x may1 h[ev]1 be po9t$ out t ! glass tube itself loses weight :5 any portion ( x is kept r$-hot = "s little "t2 &1 !re=e1 unless ! cru/ is requir$ 9 ! orig9al tube1 x is bett] to divide x1 c>efully weigh ! ars5ical portion1 remove ! cru/1 & !n re-weigh4 ,! me?od is n p]fectly accurate4 ,! mirror is n pure metallic ars5ic 7see p4 #ega71 & if ! :ite alkal9e residue be exam9$1 ars5ic w be detect$ 9 x1 ! reason be+ t ! ars5ical sulphide g5]ally conta9s p5tasulphide ( ars5ic z well z free sulphur4 ,n[ ! p5tasulphide does n give up metallic ars5ic :5 treat$ z be=e detail$2 nor1 inde$1 does ! trisulphide1 if mix$ ) mu* sulphur1 yield an ars5ical cru/4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( great mom5t to free ! precipitate z mu* z possible f sulphur1 be=e attempt+ ! r$uction4 ,! developm5t ( a r$uc+ gas f a special & some:at complicat$ app>atus is n absolutely necess>y4 ,! :ole process ( r$uction1 f beg9n+ to end1 may take place 9 a s+le tube by any ( ! foll[+ processes3--7#a7 ,! sulphide is mix$ ) oxalate ( soda 7a salt :i* conta9s no wat] ( cry/allisation71 & ! dry mixture is transf]r$ to a suitable tube1 seal$ at "o end4 ,an ars5ical mirror is readily obta9$1 &1 if ! heat is cont9u$ long en\gh1 no ars5ic rema9s beh9d--an excell5t & easy me?od1 9 :i* ! r$uc+ gas is c>bonic oxide1 9 an atmosph]e ( c>bonic anhydride4 7#b7 ,! sulphide is oxidis$ by aqua regia1 & ! solution evaporat$ to complete dryness4 ,! residue is !n dissolv$ 9 a few drops ( wat]1 ) ! addition ( "s l>gi% gra9s ( good wood *>coal 7:i* absorb mo/ ( ! solution71 & ! :ole c>efully dri$4 ,! mass is n[ transf]r$ to a tube clos$ at "o end1 a little *>coal add$ 9 ! =m ( an upp] lay]1 & heat appli$ fir/ to ?is upp] lay]1 s z to replace ! air ) ,,co1 & !n to br+ ! :ole tube gradually to r$ness f above d[nw>ds4 ,9 ?is case also ! :ole ( ! ars5ic sublimes z a metallic mirror4 ,!re are v>i\s o!r modifications1 b ! above are tru/wor?y1 & q suffici5t4 ,brugelmann's me?od ( det]m9+ ars5ic1 else:]e describ$1 w\ld appe> to possess "s advantages1 & to promise well2 b ! writ] has _h no p]sonal exp]i5ce ( x ) reg>d to ars5ic4 #gdg4 ,conv]sion ( ,ars5ic into ,ars5i\s ,*loride 7,as,cl74--,?is process1 fir/ employ$ by ,s*neid] & ,fyfe1 & aft]w>ds modifi$ by ,taylor1 diff]s f all ! prec$+1 s9ce an attempt is made to sep>ate by "o op]ation volatile metallic *lorides1 & to de/roy ! organic matt]1 & ?us obta9 two liquids--"o a di/illate--tol]ably cle> & free f solid p>ticles1 :il/ ! mass 9 ! retort reta9s su* metals z copp]1 & is 9 e way easy to deal )4 ,s*neid] & ,fyfe employ$ sulphuric acid & common salt2 b ,taylor recomm5ds hydro*loric acid1 :i* is 9 e respect pref]able4 ,z recomm5d$ by ,taylor1 all matt]s1 organic or o!rwise1 are to be completely desiccat$ be=e _! introduction into a retort1 & on ^! dri$ sub/ances suffici5t pure hydro*loric acid p\r$1 & ! di/illation pu%$ to dryness4 ,e "o is well aw>e h[ t$i\s is ! attempt to dry p]fectly ! organs ( ! body 7su* z liv]1 c47 at any temp]ature l[ en\gh to ensure aga9/ volatilisation ( su* a sub/ance z1 e4g41 calomel4 ,?is dry+ has1 !re=e1 be5 ! great /umbl+-block :i* has prev5t$ ! g5]al application ( ! process4 ,x w be f\nd1 h[ev]1 t dry+ 9 ! ord9>y way is by no means necess>y4 ,! writ] cuts up ! solid organ 7su* z liv]1 bra91 c47 ) scissors into small pieces1 & transf]s !m to a retort fitt$ by an air-tight jo9t to a ,liebig cond5s]2 ! cond5s] 9 its turn be+ connect$ ) a flask by a tube pass+ ?r\gh an india-rubb] /opp] dipp+ into a little wat]4 ,ano!r tube f ! same flask is connect$ ) india-rubb] pip+1 :i* is connect$ ) a wat]-pump1 ! fall tube ( :i* t]m9ates 9 ! basem5t ( a h\se ov] a gully4 ,! di/illation is n[ c>ri$ on to c>bonisation2 on cool+1 a second quantity ( hydro*loric acid is add$1 & ! la/ fraction ( ! di/illate exam9$ = ars5ic4 ,if any is f\nd1 a ?ird di/illation is necess>y4 ,at ! t]m9ation ( ! op]ation ! retort is wa%$ ) wat]1 ! solution filt]$1 & ?is solution & ! di/illate are ea* sep>ately exam9$ = ars5ic4 ,if prop]ly p]=m$1 h[ev]1 ! second di/illation br+s ov] ! :ole ( ! ars5ical *loride1#gid & none w be f\nd 9 ! retort4 ,) ! above arrangem5t !re c be no od\r1 nor is !re any loss ( sub/ance4 ,9 ! di/illate ! ars5ic c h>dly be 9 ! =m ( ars5i\s *loride1 b r ars5i\s acid & hydro*loric acid2 = ! *loride easily splits up 9 ! pres5ce ( wat] into ^! sub/ances4 ,x is be/ to conv]t x into ! trisulphide4 ,taylor#gie recomm5ds evolv+ ars9e 9 ! usual way1 & pass+ ! ars9e 7,as,h7 into solution ( silv] nitrate1 f9ally e/imat+ x z an ars5iate ( silv]4 ,objections ) reg>d to ! impurity ( reag5ts %\ld be met by blank exp]im5ts4 ,kais]#gif has propos$ & practis$ a modification ( ?is me?od1 :i* ess5tially consi/s 9 ! use ( sulphuric acid & sodic *loride 7z 9 ,s*neid] & ,fyfe's orig9al process71 & 9 pass+ ! di/illate fir/ into a flask conta9+ a cry/al or two ( potassium *lorate1 & !nce into an absorption bulb2 9 ! latt] mo/ ( ! ars5ic is f\nd 9 ! =m ( ars5ic acid1 ! *loride hav+ be5 oxidis$ 9 its passage4 ,! app>atus is1 h[ev]1 complicat$ 9 ?is way )\t a correspond+ advantage4#gig ,la/ly1 ,e4 ,fis*]#gih has %[n t x is a consid]able advantage to add f #aj to #bj c4c4 ( a saturat$ solution ( f]r\s *loride be=e di/ill+ ) ,h,cl4 ,9 ?is way all ! ars5ic1 :e!r z ars5ic or ars5i\s acids1 is easily conv]t$ into *loride4 #gid ,drag5dorff ass]ts to ! contr>y2 b we may quote ! au?ority ( ,taylor1 :o has made sev]al exp]im5ts1 9 :i* he obta9$ all ! ars5ic z *loride4 ,! writ] has p]=m$ ! process _m times1 ea* "t c>efully te/+ ! mass 9 ! retort = ars5ic2 b ! result prov$ t x _h entirely pass$ ov]4 #gie ,pr9ciples ( ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce1 vol4 i4 p4 #bfg4 #gif ,zeits*r4 f4 anal4 ,*em41 xiv4 pp4 #bej-bha4 #gig ,selmi 7,atti dell4 ,accademia dei ,l9cei1 ,fasc4 ii41 #ahgi7 propos$ a modification ( ,s*neid]'s process4 ,! sub/ances are treat$ ) hot1 pure sulphuric acid1 & at ! same "t ! liquid is trav]s$ by a /ream ( hydro*loric acid gas4 ,! result+ di/illate is te/$ = ars5ic by ,m>%'s process4 ,selmi /ates t1 op]at+ 9 ?is way1 he has detect$ #a_/djj ( a mgrm4 ( ,z,o 9 #ajj grms4 ( animal matt]4 #gih ,s*eidung u4 ,be/immung d4 ,ars5s2 ,liebig's ,annal5 d4 ,*emie1 ,bd4 ccvii4 p4 #ahb4 #b4 ,,antimony4 #gdh4 ,metallic ,antimony4--,atomic weight1 #abjc 7,r4 ,s*neid]71 #abjad 7,cook#gii72 specific gravity1 #fgae2 fus+-po9t ab\t #fba 7#aaej ,f474 ,9 ! c\rse ( analysis1 metallic antimony may be se5 z a black p[d] ?r[n d[n f solutions2 z a film deposit$ on copp] or plat9um2 &1 la/ly1 z a r+ on ! inside ( a tube f ! decomposition ( /ib9e4 ,at a bright r$-heat x is volatilis$ sl[ly1 ev5 :5 hydrog5 is pass$ ov] x2 *lor9e1 brom9e1 & iod9e comb9e ) x directly4 ,x may be boil$ 9 conc5trat$ ,cl,h )\t solution2 b aqua regia1 sulphides ( potassium & sodium readily dissolve x4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ?9 films ( ?is metal & ( ars5ic on copp] & glass are po9t$ out at pp4 #eeg & #eei4 ,x is *iefly us$ 9 ! arts = purposes ( alloy1 & ent]s to a small ext5t into ! composition ( fireworks 7vide pp4 #ecd & #eha74 #gii ,ann4 ,phys4 ,*em4 7#b71 v4 pp4 #bee-bha4 #gdi4 ,antimoni\s ,sulphide4--,sulphide ( antimony #ccf2 composition 9 #ajj p>ts1 ,sb #gagf1 ,s #bhbd4 ,! comm]cial article1 kn[n "u ! "n ( black antimony1 is ! native sulphide1 fre$ f silici\s matt] by fusion1 & aft]w>ds pulv]is$4 ,x is a cry/all9e metallic-look+ p[d]1 ( a /eel-grey col\r1 & is (t5 mu* contam9at$ ) iron1 lead1 copp]1 & ars5ic4 ,! amorph\s sulphide 7z obta9$ by saturat+ a solution ( t>t> emetic ) ,,%7 is an orange-r$ p[d]1 soluble 9 pota% & 9 ammonic1 sodic1 & potassic sulphides2 & dissolv+ also 9 conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid ) evolution ( ,,%4 ,x is insoluble 9 wat] & dilute acid1 sc>cely dissolves 9 c>bonate ( ammonia1 & is q insoluble 9 potassic bisulphite4 ,if ignit$ g5tly 9 a /ream ( c>bonic acid gas1 ! weight rema9s con/ant4 ,to r5d] x anhydr\s1 a heat ( #bjj is requir$4 ,! recognition ( ars5ic 9 ! comm]cial sulphide is mo/ easily effect$ by plac+ #b grms4 or m 9 a suitable retort 7) cond5s]71 add+ hydro*loric acid1 & di/ill+4 ,! *loride ( ars5ic passes ov] be=e ! *loride ( antimony2 & by n rais+ ! heat too high1 v little antimony w come ov]1 ev5 if ! di/illation be c>ri$ almo/ to dryness4 ,! ars5ic is detect$ 9 ! di/illate by ! ord9>y me?ods4 ,sev]al lam5table accid5ts h happ5$ ?r\gh mi/ak+ ! sulphide ( antimony = oxide ( manganese1 & us+ x ) potassic *lorate = ! production ( oxyg54 ,! addition ( a drop ( hydro*loric acid1 x is sc>cely necess>y to say1 w di/+ui% betwe5 ! two4 ,antimony is frequ5tly e/imat$ z sulphide4 ,an amorph\s t]sulphide ( m]cury1 conta9+ a small admixture ( antimoni\s oxide & sulphide ( potassium1 is kn[n "u ! "n ( ,k]mes m9]al1 & has lately be5 employ$ 9 ! vulcanis+ ( india-rubb]4 ,prep>$ 9 ?is way1 ! latt] may be us$ = v>i\s purposes1 & ?us become a s\rce ( dang]4 ,x behoves ! analy/1 !re=e1 9 se>*+ = antimony1 to take special c>e n to use any india-rubb] fitt+s :i* might conta9 ! prep>ation4 ,a p5tasulphide ( antimony 7f ! decomposition ( ,s*leppe's salt ,na,sb,s #i;,h,o1 :5 heat$ ) an acid7 is us$ 9 calico-pr9t+4 #gej4 ,t>t>at$ ,antimony1 ,t>trate ( ,pota% & ,antimony1 or ,t>t> ,emetic1 is1 9 a m$ico-legal s5se1 ! mo/ important ( ! antimonial salts4 ,its =mula is ,k,sb,c,h,o,h,o1 & #ajj p>ts1 !oretically1 %\ld conta9 #ceb p] c5t4 ( metallic antimony4 ,! ,b4,p4 gives a me?od ( e/imation ( t>t> emetic n free f error1 & ,pr(essor ,dun/an has propos$ ! foll[+3--,dissolve #jc grm4 ( t>t> emetic 9 #hj c4c4 ( wat]1 add to ?is #aj c4c4 ( a #e p] c5t4 solution ( sodium bic>bonate1 & imm$iately titrate ) a dec9ormal solution ( iod9e1 us+ />* z an indicator4 ,"o c4c4 ( n_/#aj iod9e #jjaff grm4 t>t> emetic2 !re=e1 if pure1 ! quantity us$ by #jc grm4 %\ld be #ah c4c4 ,t>t> emetic occurs 9 comm]ce 9 col\rless1 transp>5t1 rhombic1 octah$ral cry/als1 slightly effloresc+ 9 dry air4 ,a cry/al1 plac$ 9 ! sublim+ cell 7p4 #beh71 decrepitates at #aicc 7#chj ,f471 sublimes at #bdhh 7#dhj ,f47 v sl[ly & scantily1 & *>s at a /ill high] temp]ature1 #bhgg 7#eej ,f474 ,on evaporat+ a few drops ( a solution ( t>t> emetic1 & exam9+ ! residue by ! microscope1 ! cry/als are ei!r tetrah$ra1 cubes1 or bran*$ figures4 #ajj p>ts ( cold wat] dissolve #e ( t>t> emetic1 :il/ ! same quantity ( boil+ wat] dissolves t5 times z mu*1 viz41 #ej4 ,! wat]y solution decomposes readily ) ! =mation ( alg2 x gives no precipitate ) f]rocyanide ( potassium1 *loride ( b>ium1 or nitrate ( silv]1 unless conc5trat$4 #gea4 ,metantimonic ,acid1 s famili> to ! practical *emi/ f its insoluble sodium salt1 is te*nically appli$ 9 ! pa9t+ ( glass1 porcela91 & enamels2 & 9 an impure condition1 z antimony a%1 to ! glaz+ ( e>!nw>e4 #geb4 ,ph>maceutical1 ,vet]9>y1 & ,quack ,prep>ations ( ,antimony4#hjj #hjj ,! hi/ory ( antimony z a drug is curi\s4 ,its use 0 prohibit$ 9 ,france 9 #aeff1 because x 0 consid]$ poison\s1 "o ,besni] be+ actually expell$ f ! faculty = transgress+ ! law on ?is po9t4 ,! edict 0 repeal$ 9 #afej2 b 9 #affh !re 0 a fre% enactm5t1 conf9+ its use to ! doctors ( ! faculty4 7#a7 ,ph>maceutical ,prep>ations3-- ,oxide ( ,antimony 7,sb,o7 is a :ite p[d]1 fusible at a l[ r$ heat1 & soluble )\t eff]vesc5ce 9 hydro*loric acid1 ! solution respond+ to ! ord9>y te/s = antimony4 ,ars5ic may be pres5t 9 x z an impurity2 ! readie/ means ( detection is to ?r[ small portions at a "t on gl[+ *>coal1 :5 v small quantities ( ars5ic w1 "u su* conditions1 emit ! peculi> od\r4 ,c>bonate ( lime appe>s also to h be5 f\nd 9 ! oxide ( comm]ce4 ,antimonial ,p[d] is compos$ ( "o "p ( oxide ( antimony & two p>ts ( phosphate ( lime2 9 o!r words1 x ought to give #ccc p] c5t4 ( ,sb,o4 ,t>t> ,emetic itself has be5 already describ$4 ,! prep>ations us$ 9 m$ic9e are-- ,! ,w9e ( ,antimony 7,v9um antimoniale71 :i* is a solution ( t>t> emetic 9 %]ry w9e1 & %\ld conta9 #b gra9s ( ! salt 9 ea* ounce ( ! w9e 7#jde grm4 9 #ajj c4c474 ,antimony ,o9tm5t 7,ungu5tum antimonii t>t>ati7 is a me*anical mixture ( t>t> emetic & l>d1 or simple o9tm5t2#hja /r5g? #bj p] c5t4 ,!re is no record$ case ( conviction = ! adult]ation ( t>t> emetic2 cream ( t>t> is ! only probable addition4 ,9 su* a case ! mixture is less soluble ?an t>t> emetic itself1 & on add+ a small quantity ( c>bonate ( soda to a boil+ solution ( ! suspect$ salt1 ! precipitat$ oxide at fir/ ?r[n d[n1 becomes r$issolv$4 #hja ,simple o9tm5t is compos$ ( :ite wax #b1 l>d #c1 almond oil #c p>ts4 ,solution ( ,*loride ( ,antimony is a solution ( ! t]*loride 9 hydro*loric acid2 x is a heavy liquid ( a yell[i%-r$ col\r1 p[]fully es*>otic2 its specific gravity is #adg2 on dilution ) wat]1 ! :iti%-yell[ oxy*loride ( antimony is precipitat$4 ,"o dra*m 7#cedi c4c47 mix$ ) #d ounces 7#aab c4c47 ( a solution ( t>t>ic acid 7#be 3 #d7 gives a precipitate ) ,,%1 :i* weighs at lea/ #bb gra9s 7#adbe grm474 ,?is liquid is us$ on v r>e occasions z an outw>d application by m$ical m52 f>ri]s sometimes employ x 9 ! foot-rot ( %eep4 ,purifi$ ,black ,antimony 7,antimonium nigrum purificatum7 is ! purifi$ native sulphide ,sb,s2 x %\ld be absolutely free f ars5ic4 ,sulphurat$ ,antimony 7,antimonium sulphuratum7 is a mixture ( sulphide ( antimony1 ,sb,s1 ) a small & v>iable am\nt ( oxide1 ,sb,o4 ,! ,p4,b4 /ates t #fj gra9s 7#chhh grms47 dissolv$ 9 ,cl,h1 & p\r$ into wat]1 %\ld give a :ite precipitate ( oxy*loride ( antimony1 :i* 7prop]ly wa%$ & dri$7 weighs ab\t #ec gra9s 7#cddd grms474 ,! (fic9al comp\nd pill ( sub*loride ( m]cury 7,pilula hydr>gyri sub*loridi composita7 conta9s #a gra9 7#jfdh grm47 ( sulphurat$ antimony 9 e #e gra9s 7#cbd grm471 i4e41 #bj p] c5t4 7#b7 ,pat5t & ,quack ,pills3-- ,dr4 ,j4 ,johnson's ,pills4--,f ! =mula ea* pill %\ld conta93-- ,gra9s4 ,grms4 ,comp\nd ,extract ( ,colocyn?1 #be #afb ,calomel1 #fb #jci ,t>t> ,emetic1 #jd #jjb ,oil ( ,cassia1 #ab #jjg ---- ---- #cbh #baj ,! oil ( cassia c be extract$ by petroleum e!r2 ! calomel sublim$ & id5tifi$ by ! me?ods giv5 9 ! article on 8,m]cury02 ! antimony deposit$ 9 ! metallic /ate on plat9um or t92 & ! colocyn? extract$ by dissolv+ 9 wat]1 acidify+1 & %ak+ up ) *lor(orm4 ,on evaporat+ ! *lor(orm ! residue %\ld ta/e extremely bitt]2 dissolv$ 9 sulphuric acid x *anges to a r$ col\r1 & dissolv$ 9 ,frhde's reag5t to a *]ry-r$4 ,x %\ld also h ! ord9>y reactions ( a glucoside4 ,mit*ell's ,pills conta9 9 ea* pill3-- ,gra9s4 ,grms4 ,aloes1 #aa #jgj ,rhub>b1 #af #ajc ,calomel1 #af #jaj ,t>t> ,emetic1 #je #jjc ---- ---- #bia #ahf ,! m9]al sub/ances 9 ?is are easy ( detection by ! me?ods already giv52 ! aloes by ! =mation ( *rysammic acid1 & ! rhub>b by its microscopical *>act]s4 ,dixon's ,pills probably conta9 ! foll[+ 9 ea* pill3-- ,gra9s4 ,grms4 ,comp\nd ,extract ( ,colocyn?1 #bj #abif ,rhub>b1 #aj #jfdh ,t>t> ,emetic1 #jf #jjch ---- ----- #cjf #aihb 7#c7 ,antimonial ,m$ic9es1 *iefly ,vet]9>y3#hjb-- #hjb ,!re has long prevail$ an idea 7! tru? ( :i* is d\btful7 t antimony giv5 to animals improves _! condition2 ?us1 ! ,encyclop4 ,brit41 #e? ed41 art4 8,antimony03--8,a horse t is lean & scrubby1 & n to be fatt$ by any means1 w become fat on tak+ a dose ( antimony e morn+ = two mon?s toge!r4 ,a bo> f$ = brawn1 & hav+ an ounce ( antimony giv5 him e morn+1 w become fat a =tnight soon] ?an o!rs put into ! /ye at ! same "t1 & f$ 9 ! same mann]1 b )\t ! antimony40 ,probably ! writ] means by ! t]m antimony ! impure sulphide4 ,to ?is may be add$ ! und\bt$ fact1 t 9 ,brunswick ! bre$]s ( fat geese add a small quantity ( antimoni\s oxide to ! food1 z a traditional cu/om4 ,liv] ( ,antimony is a prep>ation =m]ly mu* us$ by f>ri]s4 ,x is a mixture ( antimoni\s oxide1 sulphide ( potassium1 c>bonate ( potassium1 & undecompos$ trisulphide ( antimony 7& may also conta9 sulphate ( potassium71 all 9 v undet]m9$ proportions4 ,:5 depriv$ ( ! soluble pota% salts1 x becomes ! wa%$ saffron ( antimony ( ! old ph>maci/s4 ,a receipt = a grease-ball1 9 a mod]n vet]9>y "w1 gives1 ) liv] ( antimony1 cream ( t>t> & guaiacum z +r$i5ts4 ,h9d's ,sweat+-ball is compos$ ( #fj gra9s 7#chhh grms47 ( t>t> emetic & an equal portion ( assaftida1 made up into a ball ) liquorice-p[d] & syrup4 ,! assaftida w be readily detect$ by ! od\r1 & ! antimony by ! me?ods already recomm5d$4 ,e?iops ( ,antimony1 v r>ely us$ n[1 is ! me*anical mixture ( ! sulphides ( antimony & m]cury--proportions1 #c ( ! =m] to #b ( ! latt]4 ,! ,fl[]s ( ,antimony is an impure oxysulphide ( antimony1 ) v>iable proportions ( trioxide & undecompos$ trisulphide4 ,diaphoretic ,antimony 7calc9$ antimony7 is simply antimoniate ( pota%4 ,glass ( ,antimony is a mixture ( sulphide & oxide ( antimony1 contam9at$ ) a small quantity ( silica & iron4 ,a quack pill1 by "n1 ,w>d's ,r$ ,pill1 is said to conta9 glass ( antimony & dragon's blood4 ,antimonial ,comp\nds us$ 9 ,pyrote*ny3-- ,blue ,fire3-- ,antimoni\s sulphide1 #a ,sulphur1 #b ,nitre1 #f ,?is composition is us$ = ! blue or ,b5gal signal-light at sea4 ,bisulphide ( c>bon & wat] are solv5ts :i* w easily sep>ate ! p[d] into its ?ree con/itu5ts4 ,crimson ,fire3-- ,potassic ,*lorate1 #agbe ,ald] or ,will[ ,*>coal1 #de ,sulphur1 #ah ,nitrate ( ,/rontia1 #ee ,antimoni\s ,sulphide1 #ee ,! spectroscope w readily detect /rontia & potassium1 & ! analysis pres5ts no difficulty4 ,9 addition to ^! a v great numb] ( o!r pyrote*nical prep>ations conta9 antimony4 #gec4 ,alloys4--,antimony is mu* us$ 9 alloys4 ,! anci5t ,pocula emetica1 or ev]la/+ emetic cups1 7 made ( antimony1 & ) w9e /&+ 9 !m = a day or two1 !y acquir$ emetic prop]ties4 ,! pr9cipal antimonial alloys are ,britannia & type metal1 ! composition ( :i* is z foll[s3-- ,t91 ,copp]1 ,antimony1 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,britannia ,metal1 ,be/1 #ibj #ah #fb ,common1 #iba #bj #ei ,= ,ca/+s1 #ibi #ah #ec ,= ,lamps1 #idj #ac #dg ,tea ,lead1 ,antimony1 ,block ,t91 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,type ,metal1 7#a47 #ge #bj #e 7#b47 #gj #be #e ,metal = ,/]eotype1 #hdb #ace #bc ,!re is also antimony 9 brass1 concave mirrors1 bell-metal1 c4 #ged4 ,pigm5ts4--,cassella & ,naples yell[ are pr9cipally compos$ ( ! antimoniate ( lead4 ,antimony ,yell[ is a mixture ( antimoniate ( lead ) basic *loride ( lead4 #gee4 ,dose4--,a m$ic9al dose ( a soluble antimonial salt %\ld n exce$ #igb mgrms4 7#a gra974 ,) circum/ances fav\r+ its action1 a dose ( #abif mgrms4 7#b gra9s7 has prov$ fatal2#hjc b ?is is q exceptional1 & few m$ical m5 w\ld consid] s small a quantity dang]\s = a heal?y adult1 especially s9ce mo/ posological tables prescribe t>t> emetic z an emetic 9 doses f #fdh to #aidd mgrms4 7#a to #c gra9s74 ,! smalle/ dose :i* has kill$ a *ild appe>s to be #dhe mgrms4 7 gra974#hjd ,! dose ( t>t> emetic = horses & cattle is v l>ge1 z mu* z #ehcb grms4 7#ij gra9s7 be+ (t5 giv5 to a horse 9 8 gruel ?ree times a day4 #ch grms4 7#fj gra9s7 are consid]$ a full1 b n an excessive1 dose = cattle2 #ch grm4 7#f gra9s7 is us$ z an emetic = pigs1 & half ?is quantity = dogs4 #hjc ,taylor1 ,guy's ,hosp4 ,reports1 ,oct4 #aheg4 #hjd ,op4 cit4 #gef4 ,effects ( ,t>t> ,emetic & ( ,antimony ,oxide on ,animals4--,l>ge doses ( t>t> emetic act on ! w>m-blood$ animals z on man2 :e!r ! poison is tak5 by ! m\?1 or inject$ subcutane\sly1 all animals able to vomit#hje d s4 ,! he>t's action1 at fir/ quick5$1 is aft]w>ds sl[$1 weak5$1 & la/ly p>alys$4 ,?is action is notic$ 9 cold z well z 9 w>m-blood$ animals4 ,x is to be ascrib$ to a direct action on ! he>t2 = if ! bra9 & sp9al cord ( ! frog be de/roy$--or ev5 if a solution ( ! salt be appli$ direct to ! frog's he>t sep>at$ f ! body--! effect is ! same4 ,! weak action ( ! he>t1 ( c\rse1 causes ! blood-pressure to dim9i%1 & ! he>t /ops 9 dia/ole4 ,! volunt>y muscles ( ! body are also weak5$2 ! brea?+ is affect$1 p>tly f ! action on ! muscles4 ,! temp]ature ( ! body is depress$ 7accord+ to ,f4 ,a4 ,falck's rese>*es7 f #dd to #fb4 #hje ,l4 ,h]mann 7,lehrbu* d] exp]im5tell5 ,toxicologie7 rem>ks t ! vomit+ mu/ be consid]$ z a reflex action f ! inflammatory excitem5t ( ! dige/ive app>atus1 especially ( ! /oma*4 ,x is witness$ if ! poison is adm9i/]$ subcutane\sly or inject$ into ! bra94 ,inde$1 x is e/abli%$ t 7at lea/1 s f> z ! muscles are conc]n$7 ! co-ord9at$ movem5ts produc+ vomit+ are caus$ by excitem5t ( ! m$ulla oblongata4 ,giannussi & o!rs f\nd t aft] section betwe5 ! fir/ & ?ird v]tebr ( dogs1 & subsequ5t adm9i/ration ( t>t> emetic1 no vomit+ took place2 & ,grimm's rese>*es seem to %[ t ! suspect$ vomit-c5tre is id5tical ) ! respiratory c5tre1 s t ! vomit+ movem5t is only an abnormal respiratory movem5t4 ,l4 ,h]mann1 h[ev]1 consid]s ! !ory t :5 t>t> emetic is introduc$ into ! vessels ! vomit-c5tre is directly excit$1 errone\s1 = 7#a7 9 introduc+ x by ! ve9s mu* l>g] doses are requir$ to excite vomit+ ?an by ! /oma*2 & 7#b71 aft] subcutane\s injection ( ! salt1 antimony is f\nd 9 ! fir/ vomit4 ,8 explanation1 !re=e1 is t antimony is excret$ by ! inte/9al tract1 & 9 its passage excites ?is action4 ,maj5die's well-kn[n exp]im5t--demon/rat+ t1 aft] extirpation ( ! /oma*1 vomit+ movem5ts 7 notic$--is n consid]$ oppos$ to ?is view4 ,! effect ( small doses giv5 repeat$ly to animals has be5 sev]al times inve/igat$4 ,dr4 ,nev9#hjf exp]im5t$ ^u elev5 rabbits1 giv+ !m t>t> emetic f\r times a day 9 doses ( #cbd mgrms4 7 gra971 #fdh mgrms4 7#a gra971 & #abif mgrms4 7#b gra9s74 ,five di$1 ! fir/ aft] f\r1 ! la/ aft] sev5te5 days2 ?ree 7 kill$ aft] "o1 ?ree1 & f\r days respectively1 two aft] an int]val ( f\rte5 days1 & "o ?irty-"o days aft] tak+ ! la/ dose4 ,!re 0 no vomit+2 di>rha 0 pres5t 9 ab\t half ! numb]2 "o ( ! rabbits1 be+ ) "y1 abort$4 ,! *ief symptoms 7 g5]al dulness1 loss ( appetite1 & 9 a few days great emaciation4 ,f\r ( ! five t di$ 7 convuls$ be=e dea?1 & sev]al ( ! animals exhibit$ ulc]s ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\?1 9 places ) :i* ! p[d] _h come 9 contact4 ,caillol & ,livon h also /udi$ ! action ( small doses ( ! :ite oxide ( antimony giv5 9 milk to cats4 ,a cat took 9 ?is way 9 #aji days #fbh grm4 ,! animal pass$ gradually into a ca*ectic /ate1 di>rha sup]v5$1 & x di$ mis]ably ?9 & exhau/$4 #hjf ,lev]1 ,m$4 ,*ir4 ,j\rn41 ,no4 #a4 #geg4 ,effects ( ,t>t> ,emetic on ,man4#hjg--,! analogy betwe5 ! symptoms produc$ by ars5ic & antimony is /rik+1 & 9 "s acute cases ( poison+ by t>t> emetic1 !re is b little 7if any7 cl9ical diff]5ce4 ,if ! dose ( t>t> emetic is v l>ge1 !re may be complete abs5ce ( vomit+1 or only a s+le evacuation ( ! /oma*4 ,?us1 9 a case m5tion$ by ,taylor1 9 :i* a vet]9>y surgeon swall[$ by mi/ake #ac grms4 7#bjj gra9s7 ( t>t> emetic1 vomit+ aft] fifte5 m9utes c\ld only be induc$ by tickl+ ! ?roat4 ,s1 aga91 9 ! case report$ by ,mr4 ,fre]1 a man1 ag$ #bh1 took #ggg grms4 7#abj gra9s7 ( t>t> emetic by mi/ake = ,epsom salts2 he vomit$ only once2 half an h\r aft] tak+ ! poison he _h viol5t pa9 9 ! /oma* & abdom51 & spasmodic contraction ( ! abdom5 & arms2 ! f+]s 7 firmly contract$1 ! muscles q rigid1 & !re 0 involunt>y aque\s purg+4 ,aft] six h\rs1 dur+ :i* he 0 treat$ ) gre5 tea1 br&y1 & decoction ( oak-b>k1 he began to recov]1 b suff]$ = _m nights f pr(use p]spirations4 #hjg ,antimony occasionally f9ds its way into articles ( food ?r\gh obscure *annels4 ,dr4 ,page has record$ ! fact ( antimonial loz5ges hav+ be5 sold op5ly by an it9]ant v5dor ( confection]y4 ,ea* loz5ge conta9$ ne>ly a qu>t] ( a gra9 7#af mgrms471 & !y caus$ well-m>k$ symptoms ( poison+ 9 ! case ( a s]vant & two *ildr54 ,h[ ! antimony got 9 0 unkn[n4 ,9 ?is case x appe>s to h exi/$ n z t>t> emetic1 b z an insoluble oxide1 = x w\ld n dialyse 9 aque\s solution4--8,on a rem>kable in/ance ( ,poison+ by means ( ,loz5ges conta9+ ,antimony10 by ,david ,page1 ,m4,d41 ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ,heal?1 ,lancet1 vol4 i41 #ahgi1 p4 #fii4 ,) m mod]ate & yet l>ge doses1 nausea & vomit+ are v prom95t symptoms1 & are seldom delay$ m ?an half an h\r4 ,! regul> c\rse ( symptoms may !re=e be summ$ up ?us3--,a metallic ta/e 9 ! m\?1 repeat$ vomit+s1 :i* are sometimes bloody1 great fa9tness & depression1 pa9s 9 ! abdom5 & /oma*1 & di>rha1 :i* may be involunt>y4 ,if ! case is to t]m9ate fatally1 ! ur9e is suppress$1 ! temp]ature falls1 ! face becomes cyanotic1 delirium & convulsions sup]v5e1 & dea? occurs 9 f two to six days4 ,antimony1 l ars5ic1 (t5 produces a pu/ul> eruption4 ,solit>y cases deviate m or less f ! c\rse describ$1 i4e41 sev]e cramps affect+ all ! muscles1 hmorrhage f ! /oma*1 kidney1 or b[el1 & dea? f collapse 9 a few h\rs1 h all be5 notic$4 ,9 a case record$ by ,mr4 ,morley1#hjh a surgeon's daught]1 ag$ #ah1 took by mi/ake an unkn[n quantity ( antimonial w9e2 %e soon felt sleepy & p[]less1 & suff]$ f ! usual symptoms 9 comb9ation ) tetanic spasms ( ! legs4 ,%e aft]w>ds _h ent]itis = ?ree weeks1 & on recov]y h] hair fell (f4 ,orfila relates a curi\s case ( int5se spasm ( ! gullet f a l>ge dose ( t>t> emetic4 #hjh ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 ,oct4 #ad1 p4 #gj4 #geh4 ,*ronic ,antimonial ,poison+4--,! cases ( ,palm] & ,j4 ,p4 ,cook1 ,m4 ,mull51 ,freeman1 ,w9sl[1 ,prit*>d1 & ! rem>kable ,bravo case h1 9 late ye>s1 giv5 ! subject ( *ronic antimonial poison+ a consid]able prom95ce4 ,9 ! trials ref]r$ to1 x 0 %[n t m$ical m5 might easily mi/ake ! effects ( small doses ( antimony giv5 at int]vals = ! action ( disease--! symptoms be+ great nausea1 foll[$ by vomit+1 *ronic di>rha1 alt]nat+ ) con/ipation1 small frequ5t pulse1 loss ( voice1 great muscul> weakness1 depression1 ) coldness ( ! sk9 & a clammy p]spiration4 ,9 ! case ( ,mrs4 ,prit*>d1#hji h] face 0 flu%$1 & h] mann] s excit$ z to give an ord9>y obs]v] ! idea t %e _h be5 dr9k+2 & ) ! usual symptoms ( vomit+ & purg+1 %e suff]$ f cramps 9 ! h&s4 ,dr4 ,prit*>d tri$ to make x appe> t %e 0 suff]+ f typhoid fev]1 :i* ! symptoms 9 a few respects only resembl$4 #hji ,ed94 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 #ahfe4 ,accord+ to ,eul5b]g1 workm51 expos$ = a long p]iod to ! vap\r ( ! oxide ( antimony1 suff] pa9 9 ! bladd] & a burn+ s5sation 9 ! ure?ra1 & cont9u$ inhalation ev5 leads to impot5ce & wa/+ ( ! te/icles4#haj #haj ,9 ! fir/ op]ations ( f9i%+ pr9t]s' types1 ! workm5 inhale a metallic du/1 :i* gives rise to effects simil> to lead colic2 & probably 9 ?is case ! lead is m active ?an ! associat$ antimony4 #gei4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,! effect ( l>ge doses ( t>t> emetic is ma9ly conc5trat$ ^u ! ga/ro-inte/9al muc\s membrane4 ,!re is an example 9 ! museum ( ,univ]sity ,college ,hospital ( ! *anges :i* result$ f ! adm9i/ration ( t>t> emetic 9 ! treatm5t ( pneumonia4 ,^! are ascrib$ 9 ! catalogue1 9 "p to ! local action ( ! m$ic9e1 & 9 "p to ! extreme pro/ration ( ! pati5t4 ,9 ! prep>ation 7,no4 #ajeb7 ! muc\s membrane ov] ! =e bord] ( ! epiglottis & adjac5t "p ( ! ph>ynx has be5 de/roy$ by sl\gh+2 ! ulc]ation ext5ds into ! upp] "p ( ! sophagus4 ,ab\t an in* bel[ its comm5cem5t1 ! muc\s membrane has be5 entirely remov$ by sl\gh+ & ulc]ation1 ! circul> muscul> fibres be+ expos$4 ,above ! upp] limit ( ?is ulc]1 ! muc\s membrane pres5ts sev]al oval1 elongat$1 & ulc]at$ areas1 occupi$ by /rips ( muc\s membrane :i* h sl\gh$4 ,9 o!r places1 irregul> portions ( ! muc\s membrane1 ( a dull a%5-gray col\r1 h und]gone sl\gh+2 ! edges ( ! sl\gh+ portion are ( col\rs v>y+ f br[n to black4 ,x is seldom t s mu* *ange is se5 9 ! gullet & ph>ynx z ?is museum prep>ation exhibits2 b r$ness1 swell+1 & ! g5]al signs ( inflammation are seldom abs5t f ! /oma* & "s p>ts ( ! inte/9es4 ,on ! l9+ membrane ( ! m\?1 ulc]s & pu/ules h be5 obs]v$4 ,9 ,dr4 ,nev9's exp]im5ts on ! *ronic poison+ ( rabbits already ref]r$ to1 ! po/-mortem appe>ances consi/$ 9 conge/ion ( ! liv] 9 all ! rabbits2 9 ne>ly all !re 0 vivid r$ness ( ! /oma*2 9 two cases !re 0 ulc]ation2 9 "s1 c>tilag9\s h>dness ( ! pylorus2 :ile1 9 o!rs1 ! small inte/9es pres5t$ pat*es ( inflammation4 ,9 two ( ! rabbits ! solit>y gl&s ?r\gh\t ! inte/9es 7 prom95t1 yell[ 9 col\r1 & load$ ) antimony4 ,! colon & rectum 7 heal?y1 ! kidneys conge/$2 ! lungs 7 9 mo/ conge/$1 9 "s actually inflam$1 or hepatis$ & gorg$ ) blood4 ,bloody extravasations 9 ! *e/ & abdom5 7 frequ5t4 ,saik[sky1#haa 9 fe$+ animals daily ) antimony1 f\nd inv>iably 9 ! c\rse ( f\rte5 to n9ete5 days fatty deg5]ation ( ! liv]1 & sometimes ( ! kidney & he>t4 ,9 ! exp]im5t ( ,caillol & ,livon also all ! organs 7 pale1 ! liv] _h und]gone fatty deg5]ation1 & ! lung _h its alveoli fill$ ) l>ge deg5]at$ cells1 consi/+ almo/ entirely ( fat4 ,! mes5t]ic gl&s also =m$ l>ge case\s masses1 yell[i%-:ite 9 col\r1 :i*1 "u ! microscope1 7 se5 to be compos$ ( fatty cells1 s t !re is a complete analogy betwe5 ! action ( ars5ic & antimony on ! body tissues4 #haa ,vir*['s ,ar*4 f4 pa?4 ,anat41 ,bd4 xxv42 also1 ,c5tralblatt f4 ,m$4 ,wiss541 ,no4 #bc1 #ahfe4 #gfj4 ,elim9ation ( ,antimony4--,antimony is ma9ly elim9at$ by ! ur9e4 ,9 #ahdj1 ,orfila %[$ to ! ,acadmie de ,mdec9e metallic antimony1 :i* he _h extract$ f a pati5t :o _h tak5 #ab grm4 ( t>t> emetic 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,he also obta9$ antimony f an old woman1 ag$ #hj1 :o twelve h\rs be=e _h tak5 #f grm4 7#i gra9s7--a l>ge dose1 :i* _h nei!r produc$ vomit+ nor purg+4 ,9 ,dr4 ,kev9's exp]im5ts on rabbits1 antimony 0 discov]$ 9 ! ur9e aft] ! twelf? dose1 & ev5 9 ! ur9e ( an animal tw5ty-"o days aft] ! adm9i/ration ( ! poison _h be5 susp5d$4 #gfa4 ,antidotes = ,t>t> ,emetic4--,any infusion conta9+ tann9 or alli$ a/r+5t pr9ciples1 su* z decoctions ( tea1 oak-b>k1 c41 may be giv5 ) advantage 9 cases ( rec5t poison+ by t>t> emetic1 = any ( ! salt :i* has be5 expell$ by vomit+ may 9 ?is way be decompos$ & r5d]$ h>mless4 ,! treatm5t ( acute poison+ :i* has prov$ mo/ successful1 has be5 ! enc\rag+ ( vomit+ by tickl+ ! fauces1 giv+ /rong gre5 tea & /imulants4 7,see ,app5dix47 #gfb4 ,effects ( ,*loride or ,butt] ( ,antimony4--,only a few cases ( poison+ by butt] ( antimony are on record3 its action1 g5]ally speak+1 on ! tissues is l t ( an acid1 b !re has be5 consid]able v>iety 9 ! symptoms4 ,five cases are record$ by ,taylor2 ?ree ( ! numb] recov]$ aft] tak+ respectively doses ( #gg grms4 7#b dra*ms7 & #aee grms4 7#d dra*ms71 & two di$ aft] tak+ f #eff to #aac grms4 7#b to #d ounces74 ,9 "o ( ^! cases ! symptoms 7 m l ^? ( a n>cotic poison1 9 ! o!r fatal case !re 0 abundant vomit+ ) purg+4 ,! autopsy 9 ! fir/ case %[$ a black appe>ance f ! m\? to ! jejunum1 z if ! p>ts _h be5 *>r$1 & ext5sive de/ruction ( ! muc\s membrane4 ,9 ! o!r case !re 7 simil> *anges 9 ! /oma* & ! upp] "p ( ! inte/9es1 b nei!r ! lips nor ! l[] end ( ! gullet 7 erod$4 ,9 a case record$ by ,mr4 ,b>r+ton ,cooke1#hab a f>m]'s wife1 ag$ #dj1 ( uns\nd m9d1 manag$ to elude ! wat*fulness ( h] fri5ds1 & swall[$ an unkn[n quantity ( antimony *loride ab\t #a4cj ,p4,m4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds %e vomit$ sev]al times1 & _h di>rha2 at #b4cj a m$ical man f\nd h] ly+ on h] back ins5sible1 & v livid 9 ! face & neck4 ,%e 0 ret*+1 & emitt+ f h] m\? a fro?y muc\s fluid1 mix$ ) eject$ matt] ( a grum\s col\r2 ! brea?+ 0 lab\r$ & spasmodic2 ! pulse c\ld n be felt1 & ! body 0 cold & clammy4 ,%e expir$ at #c4cj1 ab\t "o h\r & a half f ! comm5cem5t ( symptoms1 & probably )9 two h\rs f ! tak+ ( ! poison4 ,! autopsy %[$ no corrugation ( ! tongue or inn] surface ( ! l9+ membrane ( ! m\?1 & no appe>ance ( ! action ( a corrosive ^u ! lips1 fauces1 or muc\s membrane ( ! sophagus4 ,! :ole ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* 0 int5sely conge/$1 ( a d>k & almo/ black col\r1 ! re/ ( ! visc]a 7 heal?y4 ,*emical analysis sep>at$ antimony equival5t to ne>ly a grm4 7#ae gra9s7 ( ! *loride1 ) a small quantity ( ars5ic1 f ! cont5ts ( ! /oma*4 #hab ,lancet1 ,may #ai1 #ahhc4 #gfc4 ,detection ( ,antimony 9 ,organic ,matt]s4--,9 acute poison+ by t>t> emetic x is n impossible to f9d a m]e trace only 9 ! /oma*1 ! great] "p hav+ be5 expell$ by vomit+1 :i* ne>ly always occurs e>ly1 s t ! mo/ c]ta9 me?od is1 :]e possible1 to analyse ! eject$ matt]s4 ,if x %\ld be suspect$ t a liv+ p]son is be+ sl[ly poison$ by antimony1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! poison is ma9ly excret$ by ! kidneys1 & ! ur9e %\ld af=d "s indication4 ,! readie/ way to te/ is to collect a consid]able quantity ( ! ur9e 7if necess>y1 two or ?ree days' excretion71 conc5trate by evaporation1 acidify1 & !n transf] ! liquid to a plat9um di%1 9 :i* is plac$ a slip ( z9c4 ,! :ole ( ! antimony is 9 "t deposit$ on ! plat9um di%1 & be+ ?us conc5trat$1 may be subsequ5tly id5tifi$ 9 any way ?\ght fit4 ,organic liquids are boil$ ) hydro*loric acid2 organic solids are extract$ ) ! same acid 9 ! mann] describ$ 7p4 #ea72 or1 if ! di/illation process giv5 at p4 #egf be employ$1 ! antimony may be f\nd p>tly 9 ! di/illate1 & p>tly 9 ! retort4 ,9 any case1 antimony 9 solution may be readily detect$ 9 a v>iety ( ways--"o ( ! mo/ conv5i5t be+ to conc5trate on t9 or plat9um1 to dissolve out ! antimonial film by sulphide ( ammonium1 & ?us produce ! v *>act]i/ic orange sulphide4 ,if a slip ( pure t9foil be susp5d$ = six h\rs 9 a solution1 :i* %\ld n conta9 m ?an "o-t5? ( its bulk ( ,cl,h1 & exhibit no /a9 or deposit1 x is c]ta9 t antimony _c be pres5t4 ,x may also conv5i5tly be deposit$ on a plat9um di%1#hac by fill+ ! same ) ! liquid prop]ly acidulat$1 & ins]t+ a rod ( z9c2 ! metallic antimony c aft]w>ds be wa%$1 dri$1 & weigh$4 #hac ,accord+ to ,fres5ius 7,zeits*r4 f4 anal4 ,*em41 i4 #dde71 a solution :i* conta9s #a_/ajjjj ( its weight ( antimony1 treat$ 9 ?is way1 gives 9 two m9utes a br[n /a91 & 9 t5 a v notable & /rong d>k br[n film4 ,:5 9 ! proportion ( #a to #bj1jjj1 ! reaction beg9s to be c]ta9 aft] a qu>t] ( an h\r2 ) great] dilution x requires long] "t1 #a to #dj1jjj giv+ a d\btful reaction1 & #a to #ej1jjj n respond+ at all to ?is te/4 ,re9s*'s & ,m>%'s te/s h be5 already describ$ 7pp4 #eeh & #eei71 & require no fur!r notice4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a v beautiful & delicate means ( detect+ antimony1 :i* %\ld n be omitt$4 ,x is bas$ ^u ! action ( /ib9e 7,sb,h7 on sulphur4#had ,:5 ?is gas is pass$ ov] sulphur1 x is decompos$ accord+ to equation1 #b,sb,h #f,s ,sb,s #c,,%1 ! action tak+ place sl[ly 9 diffus$ daylight1 b v rapidly 9 sun%9e4 ,an ord9>y flask = ! evolution ( hydrog5 7ei!r by galvanic processes or f z9c & sulphuric acid71 ) its funnel & dry+-tubes1 is connect$ ) a n>r[ tube hav+ a few fragm5ts ( sulphur1 kept 9 place by plugs ( cotton wool4 ,! :ole app>atus is plac$ 9 sun%9e2 if no orange col\r is produc$ :5 ! hydrog5 has be5 pass+ = "s "t1 ! liquid to be te/$ is p\r$ 9 gradually ?r\gh ! funnel1 & if antimony %\ld be pres5t1 ! sulphur acquires a deep orange col\r4 ,?is is di/9ct ev5 :5 s small a quantity z #jjja gra9 has be5 add$ ?r\gh ! funnel4 ,! sulphide ( antimony ?us mix$ ) sulphur c1 if x is ?\ght necess>y1 be fre$ f ! sulphur by repeat$ exhau/ion ) bisulphide ( c>bon4 ,! /ib9e does n1 h[ev]1 repres5t all ! antimony introduc$1 a v l>ge proportion rema9+ 9 ! evolution flask2#hae h5ce x _c be employ$ = quantitative purposes4 ,moreov]1 ! te/ c1 ( c\rse1 only be conv5i5tly appli$ on sunny days1 & is1 !re=e1 9 ,engl& m adapt$ = summ]4#haf ,(t51 h[ev]1 z m5tion$ else:]e1 :5 ! analy/ has no clue :atev] to ! nature ( ! poison1 x is conv5i5t to pass ,,% 9 ! liquid to saturation4#hag ,9 su* a case1 if antimony is pres5t 7ei!r alone or 9 comb9ation ) o!r sulphides71 x rema9s on ! filt]1 & mu/ be sep>at$ & id5tifi$ z foll[s3--,! sulphides are fir/ treat$ ) a solution ( c>bonate ( ammonia1 :i* w dissolve ars5ic1 if pres5t1 & next saturat$ 9 situ ) pure sulphide ( sodium1 :i* w dissolve out sulphide ( antimony1 if pres5t4 ,! sulphide ( antimony w pres5t ! *emical *>act]s already describ$1 m p>ticul>ly-- #had ,see ,erne/ ,jones on 8,/ib9e10 ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc41 vol4 i41 #ahgf4 #hae ,rieckt]1 ,jahresb]i*t1 #ahfe1 p4 #bee4 #haf ,! action ( salts ( csium ) *loride ( antimony might be us$ z a te/ = ! latt]4 ,a salt ( csium gives a :ite precipitate ) *loride ( antimony 9 conc5trat$ ,cl,h2 x conta9s #cjeca p] c5t4 ( antimony1 & corresponds to ! =mula ,sb,cl,cs,cl4 ,*loride ( t9 acts simil>ly4--,e4 ,godeffroy1 ,b]i*te d] deuts*5 ,*em4 ,gesells*aft1 ,b]l91 #ahgd4 #hag ,! solution mu/ n be too acid4 7#a7 ,x w evolve ,,% :5 treat$ ) ,h,cl1 & at ! same "t pass into solution4#hah #hah ,by add+ *loride ( t9 to a solution ( *loride ( antimony 9 suffici5t quantity1 & pass+ ,,s ?r\gh ! liquid1 ! :ole ( ! antimony c be ?r[n d[n z sulphide1 :il/ ! t9 rema9s 9 solution4 ,?us1-- #i,sn,cl #b,sb,cl #c,,s #ab;,cl,h ,sb,s #i,sn,cl #f,,oh4 --,f$][1 ,zeits*rift fr ,*emie1 #ahfi1 p4 #af4 7#b7 ,! solution evaporat$ to get rid ( free ,h,cl gives ) wat] a ?ick *eesy precipitate ( basic *loride ( antimony4 ,?is may be se5 if only a drop or two ( ! solution be tak5 & te/$ 9 a wat*-glass4 7#c7 ,if t>t>ic acid be add$ to ! solution1 ?is precipitation does n occur4 7#d7 ,! solution f 7#c7 gives an orange precipitate ) ,,%4 ,su* a sub/ance c only be sulphide ( antimony4 ,) reg>d to 7#b71 bismu? w\ld act simil>ly1 b "u ! circum/ances c\ld n be pres5t1 = ! sulphide ( bismu? is insoluble 9 sodic sulphide4 #gfd4 ,quantitative ,e/imation4--,! quantitative e/imation ( antimony is be/ made by "s volumetric process1 e4g41 ! sulphide c be dissolv$ 9 ,h,cl1 "s t>trate ( soda add$1 & !n c>bonate ( soda to weak alkal9e reaction4 ,! /r5g? ( ! solution ( t>t>is$ antimony ?us obta9$ c n[ be e/imat$ by a dec9ormal solution ( iod9e1 ! end reaction be+ indicat$ by ! previ\s addition ( a little />* solution1 or by a solution ( p]manganate ( pota%1 ei!r ( :i* %\ld be /&>dis$ by ! aid ( a solution ( t>t> emetic ( kn[n /r5g?4 #c4 ,,cadmium4 #gfe4 ,cadmium1 ,cd #aab2 specific gravity1 #hf to #hfi2 fus+-po9t1 #bbgh 7#ddb ,f472 boil+-po9t1 #hfj 7#aehj ,f474--,cadmium 9 analysis is seldom sep>at$ z a metal1 b is e/imat$ ei!r z oxide or sulphide4 #gff4 ,cadmium ,oxide1 ,cd,o #abh--;cadmium1 #hge p] c5t42 oxyg51 #abe p] c5t4--is a yell[i% or r$di%-br[n p[d]1 non-volatile ev5 at a :ite heat2 insoluble 9 wat]1 b dissolv+ 9 acids4 ,ignit$ on *>coal1 x is r$uc$ to metal1 :i* volatilises1 & is !n deposit$ aga9 z oxide1 giv+ to ! coal a di/9ct coat ( an orange-yell[ col\r 9 v ?9 lay]s2 9 ?ick] lay]s1 br[n4 #gfg4 ,cadmium ,sulphide1 ,cd,s #add--;,cd1 #ggg p] c5t42 ,s1 #bbc p] c5t4--kn[n z a m9]al t]m$ ,gre5ockite4 ,:5 prep>$ 9 ! wet way1 x is a lemon-yell[ p[d]1 :i* _c be ignit$ 9 hydrog5 )\t loss1 & is insoluble 9 wat]1 dilute acids1 alkalies1 alkal9e sulphides1 sulphate ( soda1 & cyanide ( potassium4 ,! solution mu/ n conta9 too mu* hydro*loric acid1 = ! sulphide is readily soluble ) sep>ation ( sulphur 9 conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid4 ,x may be dri$ 9 ! ord9>y way at #ajj )\t suff]+ any decomposition4 #gfh4 ,m$ic9al ,prep>ations4--,! ,iodide ( ,cadmium 7,cd,i7 occurs 9 :ite1 flat1 micace\s cry/als1 melt+ at ab\t #baee 7#daii ,f471 & at a dull r$ heat giv+ (f violet vap\r4 ,9 solution1 ! salt gives ! reactions ( iod9e & cadmium4 ,! o9tm5t ( iodide ( cadmium 7,ungu5tum cadmii iodidi7 conta9s ! iodide 9 ! proportion ( #fb gra9s to ! ounce1 or #ad p] c5t4 ,cadmium ,sulphate is (fic9al 9 ! ,belgian1 ,portuguese1 & ,fr5* ph>macopias4 #gfi4 ,cadmium 9 ! ,arts1 c4--,cadmium is us$ 9 v>i\s alloys4 ,! sulphide is f\nd z a col\r+ +r$i5t 9 c]ta9 toilet soaps1 & x is mu* valu$ by arti/s z a pigm5t4 ,! iodide ( cadmium is employ$ 9 photography1 & an amalgam ( metallic cadmium to "s ext5t 9 d5ti/ry4 #ggj4 ,fatal ,dose ( ,cadmium4--,al?\gh no dea?s f ! use ( cadmium appe> to h z yet occurr$1 its use 9 photography1 c41 may lead to accid5ts4 ,!re c be no "q ab\t ! poison\s action ( cadmium1 = ,m>m1#hai 9 8 exp]im5ts on x ) animals1 obs]v$ gidd9ess1 vomit+1 syncope1 difficulty 9 respiration1 loss ( consci\sness1 & cramps4 ,! am\nt necess>y to de/roy life c only be ga!r$ f ! exp]im5ts on animals4 ,a /rong h\nd di$ aft] ! injection ( #jc grm4 7#dfb gra97 subcutane\sly ( a salt ( cadmium2 rabbits are poison$ if f #aid to #chh mgrms4 7#c to #f gra97 are introduc$ into ! /oma*4 ,a wat]y solution ( #e grm4 7#ge gra9s7 ( ! bromide adm9i/]$ to a pigeon caus$ in/ant dea?1 )\t convulsion2 ! same dose ( ! *loride kill$ a second pigeon 9 six m9utes2 #be grm4 7#che gra9s7 ( sulphite ( cadmium adm9i/]$ to a pigeon excit$ vomit+1 & aft] two h\rs di>rha2 x di$ 9 eight days4 ,ano!r pigeon di$ f a simil> dose 9 f\rte5 days1 & cadmium1 on analysis1 0 sep>at$ f ! liv]4 ,f ! above cases x w\ld seem probable t #d grms4 7#fag gra9s7 w\ld be a dang]\s dose ( a soluble salt ( cadmium = an adult1 & t 9 a case ( *ronic poison+ x w\ld mo/ probably be f\nd 9 ! liv]4 #hai ,zeits*r4 f4 rationelle ,m$41 vol4 xxix4 p4 #a1 #ahfg4 #gga4 ,sep>ation & ,detection ( ,cadmium4--,if cadmium be 9 solution1 & ! solution is n too acid1 on ! addition ( ,,% !re is precipitat$ a yell[ sulphide1 :i* is di/+ui%$ f antimony & ars5ical sulphides by its insolubility 9 ammonia & alkal9e sulphides4 ,%\ld all ?ree sulphides be on ! filt] 7an occurr5ce :i* w seldom1 p]haps nev]1 happ571 ! sulphide ( ars5ic c be dissolv$ out by ammonia1 ! antimony by sulphide ( sodium1 leav+ ! sulphide ( cadmium z ! residue4#hbj #hbj ,x is unnecess>y to /ate t abs5ce ( sulphur is presuppos$4 ,! fur!r te/s ( ! sulphide are3-- 7#a7 ,x dissolves 9 dilute nitric acid to a col\rless fluid1 ) sep>ation ( sulphur4 7#b7 ,! solution1 filt]$ & fre$ f excess ( nitric acid by evaporation1 gives ) a solution ( ammonic c>bonate a :ite precipitate ( c>bonate ( cadmium insoluble 9 excess4 ,?is di/+ui%es x f z9c1 :i* gives a simil> :ite precipitate1 b is soluble 9 ! excess ( ! precipitant4 7#c7 ,! c>bonate ?us obta9$1 heat$ on plat9um foil1 is *ang$ into ! br[n-r$ non-volatile oxide4 7#d7 ,! oxide behaves on *>coal z already detail$4 7#e7 ,a metallic portion c be obta9$ by melt+ ! oxide ) cyanide ( potassium2 x is betwe5 z9c & t9 9 brilliancy1 & makes a m>k on pap] l lead1 b n s readily4 ,!re are _m o!r te/s1 b ! above are conclusive4 ,if cadmium 9 any case be specially se>*$ = 9 ! organs or tissues1 ! latt] %\ld be boil$ ) nitric acid4 ,! acid solution is filt]$1 saturat$ ) cau/ic pota%1 evaporat$ to dryness1 & ignit$2 ! residue is dissolv$ 9 dilute hydro*loric acid1 & treat$ aft] filtration ) ,,%4 ,cadmium may also be e/imat$ volumetrically by dige/+ ! sulphide 9 a /opp]$ flask ) f]ric *loride & hydro*loric acid2 ! result+ f]r\s comp\nd is titrat$ ) p]manganate1 ea* c4c4 ( a d4n4 solution ( p]manganate #jjef grm4 ( cadmium4 ,,ii4--,,precipitat$ ,,by ,,hydric ,,sulphide ,,9 ,,hydro*loric ,,acid ,,solution--,,black4 ,lead--,copp]--,bismu?--,silv]--,m]cury4 #a4 ,,lead4 #ggb4 ,lead1 ,pb #bjg4--,lead is a well-kn[n blui%-:ite1 s(t metal2 fus+-po9t1 #cbe2 specific gravity1 #aacf4 ,oxides ( ,lead4--,! two oxides ( lead necess>y to notice "h briefly are--li?>ge & m9ium4 ,li?>ge1 or ,oxide ( ,lead1 ,pb,o #bbc2 specific gravity1 #ib to #ie--,pb #ibhb p] c5t41 ,o #gah--;is ei!r 9 cry/all9e scales1 a fus$ mass1 or a p[d]1 v>y+ 9 col\r 7accord+ to its mode ( prep>ation7 f yell[ to r$di%-yell[ or orange4 ,:5 prep>$ bel[ ! temp]ature ( fusion x is call$ 8massicot40 ,x may be fus$ )\t alt]ation 9 weight2 9 a /ate ( fusion x dissolves silicic acid & silicates ( ! e>?s4 ,x mu/ n be fus$ 9 plat9um vessels4 ,m9ium1 or ,r$ ,lead1 #b,pb,o1 ,pb,o2 specific gravity1 #ijh1 is a comp\nd ( protoxide ( lead ) ! dioxide4 ,x is ( a brilliant r$ col\r1 mu* us$ 9 ! arts1 & especially 9 ! prep>ation ( fl9t-glass4 #ggc4 ,sulphide ( ,lead1 ,pb,s #bci2 ,pb1 #hffa p] c5t41 ,s1 #acci p] c5t41 occurr+ 9 ! usual way1 is a black precipitate insoluble 9 wat]1 dilute acids1 alkalies1 & alkal9e sulphides4 ,x dissolves 9 /rong nitric acid ) sep>ation ( sulphur1 & 9 /rong hydro*loric acid1 ) evolution ( ,,%4 ,fum+ nitric acid does n sep>ate sulphur1 b conv]ts ! sulphide into sulphate4 #ggd4 ,sulphate ( ,lead1 ,pb,s,o #cjc2 specific gravity1 #fc2 ,pb,o1 #gcfa p] c5t41 ,,s1 #bfci p] c5t41 :5 produc$ artificially is a heavy :ite p[d]1 ( great insolubility 9 wat]1 #bb1hjj p>ts ( cold wat] dissolv+ only "o ( lead sulphate2 & if ! wat] conta9s sulphuric acid1 no less ?an #cf1ejj p>ts ( wat] are requir$4 ,! salts ( ammonia 7especially ! acetate & t>trate7 dissolve ! sulphate1 & x is also soluble 9 hyposulphite ( soda4 ,! sulphate c be readily *ang$ into ! c>bonate ( lead1 by boil+ x ) solutions ( ! alkal9e c>bonates4 ,! sulphate ( lead1 fus$ ) cyanide ( potassium1 yields metallic lead2 x may be also r$uc$ on *>coal1 & alone x may be fus$ )\t decomposition1 provid$ r$uc+ gases are exclud$4 #gge4 ,acetate ( ,lead1 ,sug> ( ,lead1 ,pb7,c,h,o7#c,,oh #cgi1 is f\nd 9 comm]ce 9 :ite1 spongy masses compos$ ( acicul> cry/als4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be obta9$ 9 flat f\r-sid$ prisms4 ,x has a sweet metallic ta/e1 is soluble 9 wat]1 & responds to ! usual te/s = lead4 ,! ,p4,b4 directs t #ch gra9s dissolv$ 9 wat] require1 = complete precipitation1 #bjj gra9 measures ( ! volumetric solution ( oxalic acid1 correspond+ to #bbc gra9s ( oxide ( lead4 #ggf4 ,*loride ( ,lead1 ,pb,cl #bgh2 specific gravity1 #eh2 ,pb1 #gddh p] c5t41 ,cl1 #beeb p] c5t41 is 9 ! =m ( brilliant cry/all9e ne$les4 ,x is v insoluble 9 cold wat] conta9+ hydro*loric or nitric acids4 ,accord+ to ,bis*(1 #afce p>ts ( wat] conta9+ nitric acid dissolve "o "p only ( *loride ( lead4 ,x is insoluble 9 absolute alcohol1 & sp>+ly 9 alcohol ( #gj to #hj p] c5t4 ,x fuses bel[ r$ heat )\t los+ weight2 at high] temp]atures x may be decompos$4 ,c>bonate ( ,lead4--,! comm]cial c>bonate ( lead 7accord+ to ! exhau/ive rese>*es ( ,wign] & ,h>l&#hba7 is compos$ ( a mixture ( neutral c>bonate ( lead & hydrate ( lead1 ! be/ mixture be+ #be p] c5t4 ( hydrate1 correspond+ to an actual p]c5tage ( #abc p] c5t4 c>bonic acid4 ,! ne>] ! mixture approximates to ?is composition ! bett] ! pa9t2 :il/ samples conta9+ z mu* z #afcc p] c5t41 or z little z #ajci p] c5t41 ( ,,co are practically useless4 #hba 8,on ! ,composition ( ,comm]cial ,samples ( ,:ite ,lead10 by ,g4 ,w4 ,wign] & ,r4 ,h4 ,h>l&4--,analy/1 #ahgg1 p4 #bjh4 #ggg4 ,prep>ations ( ,lead us$ 9 ,m$ic9e1 ! ,arts1 c4 7#a7 ,ph>maceutical3-- ,lead ,pla/] 7,empla/rum plumbi7 is simply a lead soap1 9 :i* ! lead is comb9$ ) oleic & m>g>ic acids1 & conta9s "s me*anically includ$ glyc]94 ,lead ,iodide1 ,pb,i1 is conta9$ 9 ! ,empla/rum plumbi iodidi to ! ext5t ( #aj p] c5t41 & 9 ! ,ungu5tum plumbi iodidi to ! ext5t ( ab\t #abe p] c5t4 ,acetate ( ,lead is conta9$ 9 a pill1 a suppository1 & an o9tm5t4 ,! pill 7,pilula plumbi cum opio7 conta9s #ge p] c5t4 ( lead acetate1 & #abe p] c5t4 ( opium1 ! re/ confection ( roses4 ,! suppository 7,suppositoria plumbi composita7 conta9s #bj p] c5t4 ( acetate ( lead1 & #ff p] c5t4 ( opium1 mix$ ) oil ( !obroma4 ,! o9tm5t 7,ungu5tum plumbi acetatis7 conta9s #bjf p] c5t4 ( lead acetate1 mix$ ) b5zoat$ l>d4 ,! solution ( subacetate ( lead 7,liquor plumbi subacetatis7 is ! subacetate1 ,pb7,c,h,o7,pb,o1 dissolv$ 9 wat]2 x conta9s ne>ly #bg p] c5t4 ( subacetate4 ,a dilute solution ( ! /rong]1 "u ! "n ( ,liquor plumbi subacetatis dilutus1 & commonly call$ ,g\l>d wat]1 is prep>$ by mix+ #a "p 7by volume7 ( ! solution & #a "p ( _s1 & #gh p>ts ( di/ill$ wat]2 ! /r5g? is equal to #abe p] c5t4 ,!re is an o9tm5t1 call$ ! ,comp\nd ,o9tm5t ( subacetate ( lead1 :i* conta9s ! subacetate 9 ab\t ! proportion ( #b p] c5t4 ( ! oxide1 ! o!r con/itu5ts be+ camphor1 :ite wax1 & almond oil4 ,c>bonate ( ,lead4--,! o9tm5t 7,ungu5tum plumbi c>bonatis7 %\ld conta9 ab\t #abe p] c5t4 ( ! c>bonate1 & ! re/ simple o9tm5t4 7#b7 ,quack ,no/rums1 c43-- ,! quack m$ic9es compos$ ( lead are n v num]\s4 ,lieb]t's ,cosmetique ,infaillible is said to h = its basis nitrate ( lead4 ,"o ( 8,ali ,ahm$'s ,treasures ( ! ,des]t10 viz41 ! antiseptic malagma1 is a pla/] made up ( lead pla/] #cge p] c5t41 frank9c5se #be p] c5t41 salad oil #be p] c5t41 beeswax #abe p] c5t4 ,lewis' ,silv] ,cream conta9s :ite precipitate & a salt ( lead4 ,g\l>d's ,balsam is made by triturat+ acetate ( lead ) hot oil ( turp5t9e4 ,!re are v>i\s o9tm5ts 9 use made up ( li?>ge4 ,"s h]bali/s 9 ! c\ntry 7f cases t h come "u ! writ]'s own k7 apply to canc]\s ulc]s1 c41 a l9im5t ( l9se$ & o!r common oils mix$ ) li?>ge & acetate ( lead4 ,acetate ( lead may also be f\nd z a con/itu5t ( v>i\s eye-wat]s4 7#c7 ,prep>ations ( ,lead us$ 9 ! ,arts1 c43-- ,l$oy5's ,dis9fect+ ,fluid has = its basis nitrate ( lead4 ,9 v>i\s hair-dyes ! foll[+ are all us$3--,li?>ge1 lime1 & />*2 lime & c>bonate ( lead2 lime & acetate ( lead2 li?>ge1 lime1 & potassic bic>bonate4 ,! detection ( lead 9 ! hair ?us treat$ is extremely easy2 x may be dissolv$ out by dilute nitric acid4 ,lead ,pigm5ts4--,! pr9cipal pigm5ts ( lead are :ite1 yell[1 & r$4 ,:ite ,pigm5ts3-- ,:ite ,lead1 ,flake ,:ite ,c]use1 ,m9]al ,:ite1 are s _m diff]5t names = ! c>bonate ( lead already describ$4 ,newca/le ,:ite is :ite lead made ) molasses v9eg>4 ,nott+ham ,:ite4--,:ite lead made ) aleg> 7s\r ale71 (t51 h[ev]1 replac$ by p]man5t :ite1 i4e41 sulphate ( b>yta4 ,m9iature ,pa9t]s' ,:ite1 ,:ite ,precipitate ( ,lead1 is simply lead sulphate4 ,pattison's ,:ite is an oxy*loride ( lead1 ,pb,cl,pb,o4 ,yell[ ,pigm5ts3-- ,*rome ,yell[ may be a fairly pure *romate ( lead1 or x may be mix$ ) sulphates ( lead1 b>ium1 & calcium4 ,! pigm5t kn[n z 8,cologne yell[0 consi/s ( #be p>ts ( lead *romate1 #ae ( lead sulphate1 & #fj ( calcic sulphate4 ,! easie/ me?od ( analys+ *rome yell[ is to extract ) boil+ hydro*loric acid 9 ! pres5ce ( alcohol1 :i* dissolves ! *romium z *loride1 & leaves undissolv$ *loride ( lead1 sulphate ( lead1 & o!r sub/ances insoluble 9 ,cl,h4 ,e gra9 ( *romate ( lead %\ld yield #jbd gra9 ( oxide ( *romium1 & #jd gra9 ( *loride ( lead4 ,turn]'s ,yell[1 ,cassella ,yell[1 ,pat5t ,yell[1 is an oxy*loride ( lead 7,pb,cl#g,pb,o7 extremely fusible4 ,dut* ,p9k sometimes conta9s :ite lead4 ,r$ ,pigm5ts3-- ,*rome ,r$ is a bi*romate ( lead4 ,r$ ,lead or ,m9ium is ! r$ oxide ( lead4 ,orange ,r$ is an oxide prep>$ by calc9+ ! c>bonate4 ,! *ief prep>ations ( lead :i* may be met ) 9 ! arts1 9 addition to ! oxides & ! c>bonate1 are-- ,! ,nitrate ( ,lead1 mu* us$ 9 calico-pr9t+4 ,! ,pyrolignite ( ,lead1 :i* is an impure acetate us$ 9 dye+2 & ,! ,sulphate ( ,lead is a by-product 9 ! prep>ation ( acetate ( alum9ium = dye+4 ,! alloys conta9+ lead are extremely num]\s2 b1 accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,knapp1#hbb ! small quantity ( lead 9 ^? us$ = h\sehold purposes has no hygi5ic importance4 #hbb ,d+l4 ,polyte*4 ,j\rn41 vol4 ccxx4 pp4 #ddf-dec4 #ggh4 ,/ati/ics ( ,lead-,poison+4--,9 ! t5 ye>s1 #ahhc to #ahib1 no less ?an #ajdc p]sons di$ f ! effects ( lead2 ( ^!1 #c only 7 suicidal1 ! rema9+ #ajdj 7 ma9ly f ! manufacture ( :ite lead or f ! use ( lead 9 ! arts or f ! accid5tal contam9ation ( food or dr9k4 ,! foll[+ table %[s 9 :at mann] ! #ajdj 7 di/ribut$ z to age & sex3-- ,,dea?s ,,f ,,lead-,,poison+ ,,9 ,,engl& ,,& ,,wales ,,dur+ ,,! ,,t5 ,,ye>s #ahhc-ahib4 ,ages1 #j-a #a-e #e-ae #ae-be #be-fe #fe & ,total above ,males1 444 #d #ad #dd #gcc #cf #hca ,females1 #c #e 444 #fh #abi #d #bji ---------------------------------------- ----- ,total1 #c #i #ad #aab #hfb #dj #ajdj ---------------------------------------- ----- #ggi4 ,lead z a ,poison4--,all ! comp\nds ( lead are said to be poison\s2 b ?is /atem5t _c be reg>d$ z entirely correct1 = ! sulphocyanide has be5 prov$ by exp]im5t n to be s1#hbc & ! sulphide is also probably inactive4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( cases ( lead-poison+1 ! fl[]s ( sulphur giv5 int]nally appe> to be successful4#hbd #hbc ,eul5b]g1 ,gew]be ,hygi5e1 p4 #gab4 #hbd ,mohr's ,toxicologie1 p4 #gh4 ,lead-poison+1 ei!r 9 its obscure =m 7produc+ uric acid 9 ! blood1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 indige/ion & o!r evils71 or 9 ! acute =m 7z lead colic & v>i\s n]v\s affections71 is mo/ frequ5t among ^? :o are habitually expos$ to ! influ5ce ( ! metal 9 its diff]5t prep>ations1 viz41 work]s ( lead1 h\se-pa9t]s1 arti/s1 gild]s1 work]s ( ars5ic1 work]s ( gold1 calico-pr9t]s1 col\ri/s1 type-f\nd]s1 type-sett]s1 %ot-f\nd]s1 pott]s1 fai5ce mak]s1 brazi]s1 & _m o!rs4#hbe ,9 :ite-lead factories s l>ge a numb] ( ! employs suff] f poison+ t x has excit$ m ?an once ! att5tion ( ! ,gov]nm5t4#hbf #hbe ,! att5tion :i* ! use ( lead 9 ! arts has always excit$ is evid5t f ! fact t "o ( ! olde/ works on ,trade ,hygi5e 7by ,/ockhaus57 is entitl$1 ,de li?>gyrii fumo noxio1 morbifico ejusque metallico frequ5tiori morbo vulgo dicto htt5katze1 ,gasl>1 #aeef4 #hbf ,a dep>tm5tal committee1 appo9t$ to inquire into ! :ite lead & alli$ indu/ries1 9 a report pres5t$ to ! ,home ,secret>y /at$3-- 8#h4 7a7 ,x is kn[n t if lead 79 any =m71 ev5 9 :at may be call$ inf9itesimal quantities1 ga9s entrance into ! sy/em = a l5g!n$ p]iod1 by su* *annels z ! /oma*1 by swall[+ lead du/ 9 ! saliva1 or ?r\gh ! m$ium ( food & dr9k2 by ! respiratory organs1 z by ! inhalation ( du/2 or ?r\gh ! sk92 !re is develop$ a s]ies ( symptoms1 ! mo/ frequ5t ( :i* is colic4 ,ne>ly all ! individuals engag$ 9 factories :]e lead or its comp\nds are manipulat$ look pale1 & x is ?is bloodlessness & ! pres5ce ( a blue l9e along ! m>g9 ( ! gums1 close to ! tee?1 t h]ald ! o!r symptoms ( plumbism4 7b7 ,a =m ( p>alysis kn[n z wri/-drop or lead-palsy occasionally affects ! h&s ( ! op]atives4 ,!re is1 9 addition1 a =m ( acute lead-poison+1 mo/ frequ5tly met ) 9 "y girls f #ah to #bd ye>s ( age1 :i* is sudd5ly develop$ & is extremely fatal4 ,9 x ! fir/ compla9t is heada*e1 foll[$ soon] or lat] by convulsions & unconsci\sness4 ,dea? (t5 t]m9ates su* a case )9 ?ree days4 ,9 "s cases ( recov]y f convulsions total bl9dness rema9s4 8#i4 ,!re has be5 consid]able d\bt z to ! *annels by :i* ! poison ent]s ! sy/em4 ,! committee h tak5 mu* evid5ce on ?is subject1 & h arriv$ at ! conclusion 7a7 t c>bonate ( lead may be absorb$ ?r\gh ! pores ( ! sk91 & t ! *ance ( ?is is mu* increas$ dur+ p]spiration & :]e !re is any friction betwe5 ! sk9 & ! clo?+2 7b7 t m9ute portions ( lead are c>ri$ by ! h&s1 "u & r\nd ! nails1 c41 on to ! food1 & s into ! /oma*2 7c7 b t ! mo/ usual mann] is by ! inhalation ( lead du/4 ,"s ( ?is becomes dissolv$ 9 ! alkal9e secretions ( ! m\?1 & is swall[$ by ! saliva1 ?us f9d+ its way to ! /oma*4 ,o!r p>ticles ( du/ are c>ri$ to ! lungs1 :]e !y are r5d]$ soluble & absorb$ by ! blood40--,report ( ,*ief ,inspector ( ,factories = #ahic4 ,lead1 aga91 has be5 f\nd by ! analy/ 9 mo/ ( ! ord9>y foods1 su* z fl\r1 bread1 be]1 cid]1 w9es1 spirits1 tea1 v9eg>1 sug>1 confection]y1 c41 z well z 9 num]\s drugs1 especially ^? manufactur$ by ! aid ( sulphuric acid 7! latt] ne>ly always conta9+ lead71 & ^? salts or *emical products :i* 7l citric & t>t>ic acids7 are cry/allis$ 9 lead5 pans4 ,h5ce x foll[s t 9 almo/ ev]y?+ eat5 or drunk ! analy/1 z a matt] ( r\t9e1 te/s = lead4 ,! *annels ?r\gh :i* x may ent] into ! sy/em are1 h[ev]1 s p]fectly famili> to practical *emi/s1 t a few unusual in/ances ( lead-poison+ only ne$ be quot$ "h4 ,a cabman suff]$ f lead colic1 trac$ to 8 tak+ ! fir/ glass ( be] e morn+ at a c]ta9 public-h\se2 ! be] /&+ 9 ! pipes all night1 z prov$ by analysis1 0 /rongly impregnat$ ) lead4#hbg #hbg ,*em4 ,news4 ,! employm5t ( r$ lead = repair+ ! jo9ts ( /eam pipes has be=e n[ caus$ poison\s symptoms f volatilisation ( lead4#hbh ,! use ( old pa9t$ wood 9 a bak]'s ov51 & subsequ5t adh]5ce ( ! oxide ( lead to ! outside ( ! loaves1 has caus$ ! illness ( sixty-six p4#hbi #hbh ,eul5b]g1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #gjh4 #hbi ,annales d',hygine4 ,sev5 p]sons became affect$ ) lead-poison+ ?r\gh horse-hair col\r$ ) lead4#hcj #hcj ,hitzig1 ,/udi5 b] ,bleiv]giftung4 ,! manufacture ( ,am]ican ov]l& clo? creates a :ite-lead du/1 :i* has caus$ s]i\s symptoms among ! workm5 7,dr4 ,g4 ,johnson74 ,! clean+ ( pewt] pots1#hca ! h&l+ ( vulcanis$ rubb]1#hcb ! wrapp+ up ( v>i\s foods 9 t9foil1#hcc & ! f+]+ ( lead c\nt]s cov]$ ) br9e by fi%mong]s1 h all caus$ accid5ts 9 m54 #hca ,m$4 ,gazette1 xlviij4 #ajdg4 #hcb ,ph>m4 ,j\rn41 #ahgj1 p4 #dbf4 #hcc ,taylor1 ,pr94 ,m$4 ,jurisprud41 i4 ,! lead 9 glass1 ?\gh 9 ! =m ( an insoluble silicate1 is said to h be5 dissolv$ by v9eg> & o!r acid fluids to a dang]\s ext5t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is h>dly well e/abli%$4#hcd #hcd ,see ,a]ztl4 ,intellig5zbl4 f4 ,bai]n1 ,jahrg41 #ahfi2 ,bu*n]'s ,rep4 ,ph>m41 ,bd4 xix4 p4 #a2 ,m$4 ,c5trbl41 ,jahrg41 #ahfi1 p4 #dj4 #ghj4 ,effects ( ,lead ,comp\nds on ,animals4--,orfila & ! old] s*ool ( toxicologi/s made a numb] ( exp]im5ts on ! action ( sug> ( lead & o!r comp\nds1 b !y are ( little value = elucidat+ ! physiological or toxic action ( lead1 because !y 71 = ! mo/ "p1 made "u unnatural conditions1 ! gullet be+ ligatur$ to avoid expulsion ( ! salt by vomit+4 ,h>nack1 9 ord] to avoid ! local & corrosive effects ( sug> ( lead1 us$ an organic comp\nd1 viz41 plumbic trie?yl acetate1 :i* has no local action4 ,frogs exhibit$ symptoms aft] subcutane\s doses ( f #b to #c mgrms41 rabbits aft] #dj mgrms42 !re 0 increas$ p]i/altic action ( ! inte/9es1 ) spasmodic contraction ris+ to colic1 v (t5 di>rha1 & dea? foll[$ ?r\gh he>t p>alysis4 ,dogs giv5 ! e?yl comp\nd exhibit$ n]v\s symptoms l *orea4 ,guss]no#hce has also made exp]im5ts on animals z to ! effects ( lead1 us+ lead phosphate1 & giv+ f #ab grm4 to a rabbit & a dog daily4 ,ros5/e9#hcf & ,heubel#hcg us$ small doses ( acetate1 ! latt] giv+ dogs daily f #b to #e grm4 ,! results arriv$ at by ,guss]no 71 ma9ly1 t ! animals became emaciat$1 %iv]$1 & _h "s p>alysis ( ! h9d] extremities2 :ile ,ros5/e9 obs]v$ t[>ds ! end epilepti=m convulsions1 & ,heubel alone saw1 9 a few ( 8 cases1 colic4 ,a consid]able numb] ( cattle h be5 poison$ f "t to "t ) lead1 & "o in/ance ( ?is fell "u my own obs]vation4 ,a pa/ure _h be5 manur$ ) refuse f a plumb]'s y>d1 & pieces ( pa9t 7 9 ?is way /rewn ab\t ! field 9 e direction2 a h]d ( fifte5 "y cattle 7 plac$ 9 ! field1 & 9 two or ?ree days !y all1 )\t exception1 began rapidly to lose condition1 & to %[ peculi> symptoms--di>rha1 loss ( appetite2 9 two1 bl9dness1 ! ret9a pres5t+ an appe>ance n unlike t se5 9 ,bright's disease2 9 ?ree1 a sort ( delirium4 ,f\r di$1 & %[$ on po/-mortem exam9ation granul> conditions ( ! kidneys1 :i* 0 ! mo/ /rik+ *ange obs]vable4 ,9 ! fatal cases1 p>alysis ( ! h9d extremities1 coma1 & convulsions prec$$ dea?4 ,9 ano!r case#hch sev5 c[s & a bull di$ f eat+ lead pa9t2 ! symptoms 7 loss ( appetite1 ob/9ate con/ipation1 susp5sion ( rum9ation1 dry muffle1 quick brea?+1 & coma4 ,9 o!r cases a m>k$ symptom has be5 p>alysis4 ,cattle#hci h also sev]al times be5 poison$ f eat+ grass :i* has be5 spla%$ by ! spray f bullets1 z 9 pa/ures 9 ! vic9ity ( rifle butts2 "h we mu/ all[ t ! inte/9al juices h dissolv$ ! metal1 & trans=m$ x into comp\nds capable ( be+ tak5 into ! sy/em4 #hce ,vir*['s ,ar*iv4 f4 pa?4 ,anat41 vol4 xxi4 p4 #ddc4 #hcf ,ib41 vol4 xxxix4 pp4 #a & #gd4 #hcg ,pa?og5ese u4 ,symptome d] *ronis*5 ,bleiv]giftung1 ,b]l91 #ahga4 #hch ,see a pap] by ,pr(essor ,tuson1 ,vet]9>ian1 vol4 xxxviii41 #ahfa4 #hci ,ib42 also ,taylor1 ,op4 cit4 #gha4 ,effects ( ,lead ,comp\nds on ,man--,acute ,poison+4--,acute poison+ by prep>ations ( lead is n common1 &1 :5 x does occur1 is seldom fatal4 ,) reg>d to ! common acetate1 x w\ld seem t a l>ge s+le dose is less likely to de/roy life ?an small] quantities giv5 9 divid$ doses = a consid]able p]iod4 ,! symptoms produc$ by a consid]able dose ( sug> ( lead usually comm5ce )9 a few m9utes2 !re is imm$iately a metallic ta/e1 ) burn+1 & a s5sation ( great dryness 9 ! m\? & ?roat2 vomit+1 :i* occurs usually )9 fifte5 m9utes1 is 9 v r>e cases delay$ f "o to two h\rs4 ,! ret*+ & vomit+ are v ob/9ate1 & cont9ue = a long "t2 ! matt]s ?r[n up are sometimes /reak$ ) blood2 !re is pa9 9 ! abdom5 ( a colicky "*--a pa9 reliev$ by pressure4 ,! b[els are1 z a rule1 con/ipat$1 b occasionally relax$4 ,! /ools at a lat] date are black f ! pres5ce ( lead sulphide4 ,! ur9e1 z a rule1 is dim9i%$4 ,! brea? has a f\l od\r1 & ! tongue is coat$2 ! sk9 is dry1 & ! pulse small & frequ5t4 ,! full developm5t ( ! toxic action is complet$ by ! appe>ance ( v>i\s n]v\s ph5om5a--heada*e1 %oot+ pa9s 9 ! limbs1 cramps 9 ! legs1 & local numbness4 ,all ! symptoms enum]at$ are n pres5t 9 ea* case2 ! mo/ con/ant are ! vomit+ & ! colic4 ,if ! suff]] is to die1 dea? occurs ab\t ! second or ?ird day4 ,if ! pati5t recov]s1 convalesc5ce may be mu* ret>d$1 z %[n 9 ! case ( two girls1#hdj :o _h ea* swall[$ an ounce ( lead acetate by mi/ake1 & :o suff]$ ev5 aft] ! lapse ( a ye> f pa9 & t5d]ness 9 ! /oma* & sickness4 #hdj ,prov4 ,m$4 ,j\rnal1 #ahdf4 ,!re are 8mass-poison+s0 by acetate ( lead on record1 :i* af=d consid]able insight into ! v>y+ action ( ?is salt on diff]5t individuals4 ,a case 7e4g47 occurr$ at ,/\rbridge 9 #ahdj1hda 9 :i* no less ?an #ejj p 7 poison$ by ?irty p\nds ( lead acetate be+ accid5tally mix$ ) eighty sacks ( fl\r at a mill]'s4 ,! symptoms comm5c$ aft] a few days2 con/riction ( ! ?roat1 cramp+ & twi/+ pa9s r\nd ! umbilicus1 rigidity ( ! abdom9al muscles1 dragg+ pa9s at ! lo9s1 cramps & p>alysis ( ! l[] extremities4 ,!re 0 ob/9ate con/ipation2 ! ur9e 0 scanty & ( a deep r$ col\r1 & ! secretions 7 g5]ally arre/$2 ! pulse 0 sl[ & feeble2 ! c\nt5ance depress$1 (t5 livid2 & ! gums %[$ ! usual blue l9e4 ,! temp]ature ( ! sk9 0 l[4 ,9 only a few cases 0 !re sickness1 & 9 ^! x soon ceas$4 ,x is curi\s t n "o ( ! #ejj cases prov$ fatal1 al?\gh "s ( ! victims 7 extremely ill1 & _! condition al>m+4 ,x 0 specially obs]v$ t1 aft] app>5t convalesc5ce1 ! symptoms1 )\t any obvi\s cause1 sudd5ly return$1 & ?is ev5 9 a m aggravat$ =m4 ,remittance ( ?is k9d is ( m$ico-legal import2 x might1 = example1 be wrongly inf]r$ t a fre% dose _h be5 tak54 ,9 ! #ejj cases !re 7 no inflammatory symptoms2 complete recov]y took "s "t4 ,on exam9+ ! bread ! poison 0 f\nd s unequally di/ribut$ t no idea c\ld be =m$ z to ! actual am\nt tak54 #hda ,record$ by ,mr4 ,bancks1 ,lancet1 ,may #e1 #ahdi1 p4 #dgh4 ,!re is also record$#hdb an outbreak ( lead-poison+ among #aej m5 ( ! #g? ,infantry at ,tione1 9 ! ,s\!rn ,tyrol4 ,"o case prov$ fatal1 =ty-five requir$ treatm5t 9 hospital4 ,! symptoms 7 pallor1 a blue l9e 9 ! gums1 metallic ta/e 9 ! m\?1 a peculi> od\r ( ! brea?1 a load$ tongue ) a blui% t9t1 ob/9ate con/ipation ) loss ( appetite :il/ all compla9$1 9 addition1 ( dragg+ ( ! limbs & ( ! muscles ( ! *e/1 & difficulty ( brea?+4 ,9 ! sev]] cases !re 7 tetanic spasms1 muscul> tremors1 & an/hesia ( ! f+]s & toes4 ,! pulse & temp]ature 7 normal1 save 9 a few cases 9 :i* !re 7 fev] & sweats at night4 ,9 none 0 !re colic1 b ! con/ipation 0 ob/9ate4 ,9 two ( ! wor/ cases !re 0 /rangury4 ,acute cases occur occasionally f poison+ by ! c>bonate ( lead4 ,dr4 ,sn[ record$ an in/ance 79 #ahdd7 ( a *ild :o _h eat5 a piece z big z a m>ble1 gr\nd up ) oil4 ,= ?ree days ! *ild suff]$ f pa9 9 ! abdom5 & vomit+1 & di$ n9ety h\rs aft] tak+ ! poison4 ,9 ano!r case1 9 :i* a "y man took f #ai to #bj grms4 ( lead c>bonate 9 mi/ake = *alk z a rem$y = he>tburn1 ! symptoms ( vomit+1 pa9 9 ! /oma*1 c41 comm5c$ aft] a few h\rs2 b1 "u treatm5t ) magnesic sulphate1 he recov]$4 #hdb ,knigs*mi$1 ,c5tralbl4 ,allg4 fr ,gesundheitspflege1 #b ,jahrg41 ,heft #a4 ,! *romate ( lead is /ill m poison\s 7see ,art4 8,*romium074 #ghb4 ,*ronic ,poison+ by ,lead4--,*ronic poison+ by lead--(t5 caus$ by /range & unsuspect$ *annels1 m frequ5tly an incid5t1 nay1 almo/ a necessity1 ( c]ta9 trades1 & occasionally induc$ by a cunn+ crim9al = ! purpose ( simulat+ natural disease--is ( great toxicological & hygi5ic importance4 ,9 ! :ite-lead trade x is1 z might be expect$1 mo/ frequ5tly witness$2 b also 9 all occupations :i* involve ! daily use ( lead 9 almo/ any %ape4 ,! *ief signs ( *ronic poison+ are ^? ( g5]al ill-heal?2 ! dige/ion is di/urb$1 ! appetite less5$1 ! b[els ob/9ately conf9$1 ! sk9 assumes a peculi> yell[i% hue1 & sometimes ! suff]] is jaundic$4 ,! gums %[ a black l9e f two to ?ree l9es 9 bread?1 :i* microscopical exam9ation & *emical te/s alike %[ to be compos$ ( sulphide ( lead2 occasionally ! tee? turn black4#hdc ,! pulse is sl[1 & all secretions are dim9i%$4 ,pregnant wom5 h a t5d5cy to abort4 ,!re are also special symptoms1 "o ( ! mo/ prom95t ( :i* is (t5 lead colic4 #hdc ,! black l9e soon develops2 ,masazza has se5 x 9 a dog1 expos$ to ! influ5ce ( lead1 9 s %ort a p]iod z ?ree days 7,ri=ma m$41 #ahhi1 ,nos4 #bdh-beg1 #a74 ,9 #adb cases ( lead-poison+1 treat$ betwe5 #aheb & #ahfb at ! ,jacob's ,hospital1 ,leipzig1 =ty-f\r pati5ts 7or ab\t #ca p] c5t47 suff]$ f colic4 ,ar?ralgia--t is1 pa9s 9 ! jo9ts--is also v common2 x seldom occurs alone1 b 9 comb9ation ) o!r symptoms4 ,?us1 9 sev5ty-five cases ( lead-ar?ralgia treat$ at ,jacob's ,hospital1 9 only sev5 7 pa9 9 ! jo9ts )\t o!r complications1 fifty-six be+ accompani$ by colic1 five by p>alysis1 & sev5 by o!r affections ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,! total p]c5tage ( cases ( lead-poison+1 9 :i* ar?ralgia occurs1 v>ies f #cb to #eg p] c5t4 ,p>alysis1 9 "s =m or o!r1 ,tanqu]il#hdd f\nd 9 #e to #h p] c5t4 ( ! cases1 & notic$ t x occurr$ z e>ly z ! ?ird day aft] work+ 9 lead4 ,! muscles affect$ are usually ^? ( ! upp] extremity1 !n ! legs1 & /ill m r>ely ! muscles ( ! trunk4 ,x is only exceptionally t ! p>alysis ext5ds ov] an entire limb2 x m usually affects a muscul> gr\p1 or ev5 a s+le muscle4 ,its common seat is ! ext5sors ( ! h& & f+]s2 h5ce ! expression 8dropp$-wri/10 = ! h&s droop1 & occasionally ! triceps & ! deltoid are affect$4 ,! p>alysis is usually symmetrical on bo? sides4 ,al?\gh ! ext5sors are affect$ mo/1 ! flexors ne>ly always p>ticipate1 & a c>eful inve/igation w %[ t !y are weak5$4 ,if ! p>alysis cont9ues1 !re is a wa/+ & deg5]ation ( ! muscle1 b ?is is se5 9 p>alysis f any cause4 ,! muscul> affection may cause de=mities 9 ! h&s1 %\ld]s1 c4 ,an/hesia ( portions ( ! sk9 is g5]ally pres5t 9 a great] or less degree4 ,a complete analgesia affect+ ! :ole body has be5 notic$ to su* an ext5t t !re 0 absolute ins5sibility to burns or punctures2 b x is usually conf9$ to ! "r half ( ! body1 & is especially int5se 9 ! "r h& & wri/4 #hdd ,tanqu]il des ,plan*es1 ,trait des ,maladies de ,plomb1 ,p>is1 #ahci4 ,tanqu]il's monograph is a classical "w full ( in=mation4 #ghc4 ,! old] writ]s recognis$ ! toxic effect ( lead on ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,?us ,dioscorides speaks ( delirium produc$ by lead1 ,aretaeus ( epilepsy1 & ,paul ( g9a ref]s to x z a factor ( epilepsy & convulsions4 ,b 9 #ahcj1 ,tanqu]il fir/ def9itely describ$ ! production ( a m5tal disease1 :i* he call$ 8lead encephalopa?y40 ,?is he divid$ into f\r =ms--7#a7 a deliri\s =m2 7#b7 a comatose2 7#c7 a convulsive2 & 7#d7 a comb9$ =m1 compris+ ! deliri\s1 convulsive1 & comatose4 ,dr4 ,h5ry ,rayn]1#hde & a few o!r ,engli% ali5i/s1 h direct$ _! att5tion to ?is "q2 &1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,rayn]'s rese>*es1 ! numb] ( male pati5ts admitt$ into ,hanwell ,asylum1 engag$ 9 trades su* z plumb+1 pa9t+1 & ! l1 is l>g] 9 proportion to ! numb] admitt$ f o!r trades ?an x %\ld be1 comp>$ ) ! proportion ( ! v>i\s trades 9 ! c\nty ( ,middlesex1 z asc]ta9$ f ! c5sus4 ,putt+ aside co>se lead-poison+1 :i* may occasionally produce acute mania1 ! insanity produc$ by prolong$ m9ute lead intoxications possesses "s peculi> features4 ,x develops sl[ly1 & 9 ne>ly all cases !re are illusions ( ! s5ses1 ( he>+1 ta/e1 or smell1 & especially ( sight4 ,?us1 9 "o ( ,dr4 ,rayn]'s cases ! pati5t saw r\nd him 8w9d-bags bl[n out to look l m510 app>itions :i* made rem>ks to him1 & g5]ally worri$ him4 ,besides ?is =m1 !re is also ano!r :i* closely resembles g5]al p>alysis1 &1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! hi/ory1 might be mi/ak5 = x4 #hde ,see an important pap]1 8,insanity f ,lead-,poison+10 by ,drs4 ,h4 ,rayn]1 ,rob]tson1 ,savage1 & ,atk9s1 ,j\rn4 ( ,m5tal ,sci5ce1 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #bbb2 also a pap] by ,dr4 ,b>ton1 ,allgeme9e ,zeits*rift fr ,psy*iatrie1 ,bd4 xxxvij4 ,h4 #d1 p4 #i4 #ghd4 ,! deg5]ative influ5ce on ! organ ( sight is %[n 9 six ( ,dr4 ,rob]tson's pati5ts1 ^: insanity 0 ascrib$ to lead--f\r ( ! six 7 ei!r totally or p>tially bl9d4 ,! amaurosis has be5 kn[n to come on sudd5ly1 & aft] a v brief exposure to lead1 e4g41 a man1 ?irty-f\r ye>s ( age1 aft] work+ = ?ree days 9 a :ite-lead factory1 0 seiz$ ) int5se cili>y neuralgia1 _h pa9s 9 8 limbs & symptoms ( lead-poison+1 & ! "r eye became amaurotic4#hdf ,?is =m ( impairm5t or loss ( vision is diff]5t f ! ,ret9itis album9urica1#hdg :i* may also be produc$ z a second>y effect ( ! poison2 ! kidneys 9 su* cases be+ pr(\ndly affect$4 ,! k9d ( diseas$ kidney produc$ by lead is ! granul> contract$ kidney4 #hdf ,samelsohn1 ,monatsbl4 f4 ,aug5heilk41 vol4 xi4 p4 #bdf1 #ahgc4 ,see also a case ( lead amaurosis1 describ$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,hold]1 ,ph>m4 ,j\rn41 ,oct4 #ad1 #ahgf4 #hdg ,ran1 ,ar*4 f4 ,oph?al41 vol4 i4 7#b71 p4 #bje1 #aheh1 & ,s*midt's ,jahrbu*1 ,bd4 cxxxiii4 p4 #aaf2 ,bd4 cxliii4 p4 #fg4 ,eul5b]g speaks ( ! sexual functions be+ weak5$1 lead+ to m or less impot5ce4 ,lewy1#hdh 9 #aahf pati5ts suff]+ f lead-poison+1 has f\nd c>ies or necrosis 9 tw5ty-two cases1 or ab\t #ah p] c5t42 fifte5 7 c>i\s affections ( ! upp] jaw1 f\r ( ! =e-arm1 two ( ! ?igh1 & "o ( ! rib & /]num4 ,epilepsy & epilepti=m convulsions occur 9 a few cases2 x is v possible t ! epilepsy may be a result ( ! urmic poison+ induc$ by diseas$ kidneys4 #hdh ,die ,b]ufskrank4 d4 ,blei>beit]1 ,wi51 #ahgc1 ,s4 #fa4 ,five cases ( fatal poison+ occurr$ betwe5 #ahhd-f among ! employs ( a c]ta9 :ite-lead factory 9 ! ea/ ( ,london4 ,! cases pres5t$ ! foll[+ common *>act]s4 ,!y 7 all adult wom51 ag$ f #ah to #cc1 & !y _h work$ at ! factory = %ort p]iods1 f ?ree to twelve mon?s4 ,!y all exhibit$ mild symptoms ( plumbism1 su* z a blue l9e r\nd ! gums1 & m or less ill-def9$ indisposition2 p>alyses 7 abs5t4 ,!y 7 all 9 _! usual /ate ( heal? )9 a few h\rs or days prec$+ dea?4 ,dea? 0 unexpect$1 mo/ly sudd54 ,9 f\r cases x 0 prec$$ by epileptic fits & coma2 b 9 ! fif? case no convulsions 7 not$1 al?\gh !y may h occurr$ 9 ! night4 ,! au?or#hdi _h an opportunity ( inve/igat+ by *emical means ! di/ribution ( lead 9 ! f\r? & fif? cases 9 ! liv]1 kidney1 & bra94 #hdi 8,! ,di/ribution ( ,lead 9 ! ,bra9s ( two ,lead ,factory ,op]atives10 ,j\rn4 ( ,m5tal ,sci5ce1 ,jan4 #ahhh4 ,9 ! f\r? case1 f #djb grms4 ( liv] #bdbf mgrms4 ( lead sulphate 7 sep>at$4 ,! "r kidney 7weigh+ #ha grms47 yield$ #edb mgrms4 ( lead sulphate4 ,! bra9 0 dehydrat$ ) alcohol1 & !n treat$ ) e!r1 hot alcohol1 & *lor(orm until an album9oid residue rema9$2 lead 0 extract$ f ea* ( ^! portions1 viz41 ! alcohol us$ = dehydration1 ! e!real & *lor(orm extracts1 & ! album9oid residue1 z foll[s3-- ,mgrms4 ( ,lead ,sulphate4 ,soluble 9 cold alcohol1 #aaa ,soluble 9 e!r & *lor(orm & hot alcohol1 #bedg ,album9oid residue1 #ggf #cdcd ,9 ! fif? case1 ! bra9 0 exam9$ m 9 detail1 & ! lead pres5t e/imat$ 9 ! foll[+ solutions & sub/ances3-- #a4 ,alcohol us$ = dehydration4 ,?is may be call$ 8! wat]y extract10 =1 aft] ! bra9 has rema9$ 9 /rong alcohol = "s weeks1 ! result is t ! alcohol conta9s mu* wat] & sub/ances extract$ ) wat]4 #b4 ,:ite matt]--7a7 f c]ebrum2 7b7 f c]ebellum4 #c4 ,kephal9--7a7 f c]ebrum2 7b7 f c]ebellum4 #d4 ,e!r extract1 kephal9-free--7a7 f c]ebrum2 7b7 f c]ebellum4 #e4 ,sub/ances soluble 9 cold alcohol--7a7 f c]ebrum2 7b7 f c]ebellum4 #f4 ,! album9oid residue--7a7 f c]ebrum2 7b7 f c]ebellum4 ,! g5]al results 7 z foll[s3-- ,c]ebrum1 ,c]ebellum1 #dfjh grms4 #aefb grms4 ,mgrms4 ( ,pb,s,o4 ,mgrms4 ( ,pb,s,o4 ,:ite matt] fre$ f kephal9 by e!r1 #jj #ej ,kephal91 #ae #fj ,e!r extract1 kephal9-free1 #jj #jj ,sub/ances soluble 9 cold alcohol1 #jj #jj ,album9oid residue1 #djj #fj ---- ---- #dae #agj ,! aque\s extract conta9$ #ae mgrm4 ( lead sulphate4 ,9 nei!r ( ! cases did ! pa?ologi/ asc]ta9 ! total weight ( ! bra91 b1 presum+ t ! weight 0 an av]age weight1 & t ! lead 9 ! rema9d] ( ! bra9 0 simil>ly di/ribut$1 ! am\nt ( lead calculat$ z sulphate w\ld am\nt to #aag mgrms4 ,f ^! results x appe>s to ! au?or probable t lead =ms a sub/itution comp\nd ) "s ( ! organic bra9 matt]s4 ,?is view w\ld expla9 ! abs5ce ( *anges app>5t to ! eye f\nd 9 s _m ( ! fatal cases ( lead encephalopa?y4 #ghe4 ,lead tak5 = a long "t causes ! blood to be impregnat$ ) uric acid4 ,9 #acf cases ( und\bt$ g\t1 #ah p] c5t4 ( ! pati5ts 7 f\nd to foll[ lead occupations1 & pres5t$ signs ( lead impregnation4#hej #hej 8,on ,lead ,impregnation 9 ,relation to ,g\t10 by ,dyce ,duckwor?1 ,m4,d41 ,/4 ,b>?4 ,hosp4 ,reports1 vol4 xvii41 #ahha4 ,ell5b]g] & ,h(mei/]#hea f\nd t1 ) *ronic poison+ ( %eep ) lead1 excretion ( hippuric acid ceas$1 & ! output ( uric acid 0 dim9i%$4 ,?is may be expla9$ by ! =mation ( glycocol be+ arre/$4 #hea ,ar*4 f4 wiss4 u4 pract4 ,?i]heilk41 ,bd4 x41 #ahhd4 #ghf4 ,!re are "s facts on record :i* w\ld seem to c\nt5ance ! belief t disease1 prim>ily caus$ by an inorganic body l lead1 may be transmitt$4 ,m4 ,paul 7e4g47 has relat$ ! hi/ory ( ! (fspr+ 7?irty-two 9 numb]7 ( sev5 m51 :o 7 suff]+ f lead-poison+--elev5 7 prematurely born & "o /ill-born2 ( ! rema9+ tw5ty1 eight di$ 9 ! fir/ ye>1 f\r 9 ! second1 & five 9 ! ?ird ye>1 s t ( ! :ole ?irty-two1 only ?ree surviv$ ?ree ye>s4 ,! influ5ce ( ! poison on pregnant wom5 is1 inde$1 v delet]i\s4 ,m4 ,paul not$ t 9 f\r wom5 :o 7 habitually expos$ to ! influ5ce ( lead1 & _h fifte5 pregnancies1 t5 t]m9at$ by abortion1 two by premature conf9em5t1 ?ree w5t ! full t]m1 b "o ( ! ?ree *ildr5 0 born dead1 a second only liv$ tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 s t1 out ( ! :ole fifte51 "o only liv$ fully4 ,9 ano!r obs]vation ( ,m4 ,paul's1 five wom5 _h two natural conf9em5ts be=e be+ expos$ to lead4 ,aft] exposure1 ! hi/ory ( ! ?irty-six pregnancies ( ^! wom5 is z foll[s3--!re 7 tw5ty-six abortions 7f two to five mon?s71 "o premature conf9em5t1 two infants born dead1 & five born alive1 f\r ( :om di$ 9 ! fir/ ye>4 ,*ronic poison+ may be ne>ly always acc\nt$ = by ! inhal+ ( lead du/1 or by ! actual swall[+ ( "s =m ( lead2 b1 if we are to accept ! fact n>rat$ by ! late ,dr4 ,taylor1 viz41 t he himself _h an attack ( lead colic f sitt+ 9 a room = a few h\rs daily1 9 :i* !re 0 a l>ge canvas cov]$ ) :ite lead & dry+ oil1 & "o or two o!r simil> cases1#heb we mu/ all[ t !re is "s subtle volatile organic comp\nd ( lead evolv$4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 x seems m reasonable to acc\nt = su* cases by ! sugge/ion t lead has ent]$ ! sy/em by an unsuspect$ *annel4 #heb ,! gate-keep] ( a gravey>d at ,bordeaux cont9ually us$ ! remnants ( crosses1 cov]$ ) lead pa9t1 to repl5i% 8 fire2 ! *imney smok$2 gradually p>alysis ( ! ext5sors ( ! "r wri/ develop$ itself1 & he suff]$ f colic & o!r signs ( lead-poison+4--,m>misse1 ,gaz4 des ,hpit41 ,no4 #be1 #ahff4 ,9 #ahhb1 a v int]e/+ case occurr$ at ,keighley1 9 :i* a me*anic1 ag$ #db1 di$ f ! suppos$ effects ( lead-poison+1 induc$ f dr9k+ ! t[n wat]1 :i* 0 prov$ by ,mr4 ,all5 to conta9 ab\t ( a gra9 ( lead p] gallon4 ,= six mon?s he _h be5 out ( heal?1 & a week be=e 8 dea? he suff]$ f colic1 vomit+1 con/ipation1 & a blue l9e r\nd ! gums1 & occasional epilepti=m seizures4 ,aft] dea? ! kidneys 7 f\nd granul>1 & ! he>t some:at enl>g$4 ,! visc]a 7 submitt$ to ,mr4 ,all5 = analysis2 no lead 0 f\nd 9 ! he>t or bra91 a slight1 non-e/imable trace 9 ! kidneys1 & ab\t a gra9 0 sep>at$ f ! liv] & sple54 ,dr4 ,tidy1 :o 0 call$ 9 z an exp]t1 gave a v gu>d$ op9ion1 r aga9/ ! !ory ( direct lead-poison+2 & ! v]dict return$ by ! jury 0 to ! effect t ! deceas$ di$ f granul> kidney1 accel]at$ by lead-poison+4 ,murd] by ! adm9i/ration ( doses ( sug> ( lead is r>e1 b su* a case has occurr$4 ,at ! ,c5tral ,crim9al ,c\rt1 9 ,decemb] #ahhb1 ,l\isa ,jane ,taylor 0 indict$ = poison+ ,m>y ,ann ,tregillis at ,plum/ead1 & convict$4 ,f ! evid5ce x appe>$ t ! prison]1 :o 0 ?irty-six ye>s ( age1 came to reside ) ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,tregillis1 an ag$ c\ple ( eighty-five & eighty-"o ye>s respectively4 ,! prison] 0 prov$ to h pur*as$ at diff]5t times an ounce & half an ounce ( sug> ( lead1 & to h add$ a :ite p[d] to ! m$ic9e ( ,mrs4 ,tregillis4 ,! illness ( ! latt] ext5d$ f ab\t ,augu/ #bc to ,octob] #bc--;a p]iod ( two mon?s4 ,x is difficult to say :5 ! fir/ dose c\ld h be5 giv51 b x 0 probably "s "t betwe5 ,augu/ #ac & #bc1 :ile ! adm9i/ration1 )\t d\bt1 ceas$ on or be=e ,octob] #f1 = on t date diff]5t nurs+ arrangem5ts 7 made4 ,! symptoms obs]v$ 7 nausea1 vomit+1 pa9 9 ! pit ( ! /oma*1 burn+ 9 ! ?roat1 v d>k tee?1 a blue l9e r\nd ! gums1 & slight jaundice4 ,!re 0 great muscul> weakness1 ) trembl+ ( ! h&s1 & a week be=e dea? !re 0 p>alysis ( ! "r side4 ,lead 0 discov]$ 9 mo/ ( ! visc]a1 :i* 7 9 great "p normal1 b ! kidneys 7 wa/$1 & ! muc\s membrane black5$4 ,! actual quantity ( lead recov]$ by analysis 0 small1 viz41 #afb mgrms4 7 gra97 f ! liv]2 f #h ounces ( bra91 #cb mgrms4 7#a_/bj gra972 f half ( ! /oma*1 #afb mgrms4 7 gra972 & f ! sple51 ! kidneys1 & ! lungs1 small quantities4 ,x is1 !re=e1 probable t1 if ! :ole body _h be5 op]at$ ^u1 ! yield w\ld h be5 m ?an #ae grm4 7a little ov] #b gra9s72 b !n1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! deceas$ liv$1 at lea/1 sev5te5 days aft] ! la/ dose4 #ghg4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,9 acute cases ( poison+ by ! acetate1 !re may sometimes be f\nd a slight inflammatory appe>ance ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* & inte/9es4 ,orfila consid]$ t /reaks ( :ite po9ts adh]5t to ! muc\s membrane 7 pa?ognomonic2 b !re h be5 sev]al cases 9 :i* only negative or d\btful signs ( inflammatory or o!r action h pres5t$ !mselves4 ,a g5]al contraction ( ! inte/9es has (t5 be5 notic$1 & is ( consid]able significance :5 pres5t2 s also is a grey-black muc\s membrane caus$ by deposit$ lead sulphide4 ,lo5 f\nd 9 dogs & gu9ea-pigs1 poison$ by lead1 local inflammation areas 9 ! lungs1 liv]1 & kidneys2 b 9 no case fatty deg5]ation ( ! epi!lial cells ( ! liv]1 kidneys1 or inte/9es4 ,z a rule1 no unabsorb$ poison w be f\nd 9 ! /oma*2 ! case relat$ by ,*ri/ison1 9 :i* a p]son di$ on ! ?ird day aft] tak+ at a s+le dose "s l>ge quantity ( acetate ( lead2 & at ! autopsy a fluid 0 obta9$ f ! /oma*1 :i* _h a sweet metallic ta/e1 on evaporation smelt ( acetic acid1 & f :i* metallic lead 0 obta9$--is s v extraord9>y 9 e respect1 t its entire accuracy is to be que/ion$4 ,9 dea? f *ronic lead-poison+1 !re is b little t c be call$ diagno/ic2 a granul> condition ( ! kidneys1 & all ! pa?ological *anges dep5d5t on su* a condition1 are mo/ frequ5tly se54 ,if ! pati5t has suff]$ f colic1 a con/riction ( portions ( ! inte/9e has be5 notic$2 also1 9 cases 9 :i* !re has be5 long-/&+ p>alysis ( gr\ps ( muscles1 ^! muscles are wa/$1 & possibly deg5]at$4 ,9 in/ances1 aga91 9 :i* lead has induc$ g\t1 ! pa?ological *anges dep5d5t ^u g\t w be prom95t4 ,! blue l9e ar\nd ! gums1 & sometimes a coloration by sulphide ( lead ( portions ( ! inte/9es1 may help a prop] int]pretation ( ! appe>ances se5 aft] dea?2 b all :o h giv5 any att5tion to ! subject w agree t1 simply f pa?ological evid5ce1 x is impossible to diagnose *ronic lead-poison+4 #ghh4 ,physiological ,action ( ,lead4--,! action ( lead is /ill obscure1 b x is consid]$ to h an effect ma9ly on ! n]v\s c5tres4 ,! p>alys$ muscles respond to ! direct curr5t1 b n to ! induc$1 lead+ to ! suspicion t ! intramuscul> t]m9ations ( ! n]ves are p>alys$1 b t ! muscul> sub/ance itself is unattack$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! re/riction ( ! action to gr\ps ( muscles supports ! !ory ( c5tral action4 ,! lead colic is due to a true spasmodic con/riction ( ! b[el1 ! excit+ cause ( :i* lies 9 ! walls ( ! b[el itself2 ! relief giv5 by pressure is expla9$ by ! pressure caus+ an anmia ( ! inte/9al walls1 & ?us less5+ _! s5sibility4 ,! sl[+ ( ! pulse produc$ by small doses is expla9$ z due to a /imulation ( ! inhibitory n]ves2 &1 la/ly1 _m n]v\s ph5om5a1 su* z epilepsy1 c41 are 9 "p due to imp]fect elim9ation ( ! ur9>y excreta1 caus+ simil> conditions to ^? obs]v$ 9 urmia4 #ghi4 ,elim9ation ( ,lead4--,:5 a l>ge dose ( acetate or c>bonate is tak51 "p is trans=m$ into m or less insoluble comp\nds--"s organic1 o!rs inorganic2 s t a great portion is n absorb$ into ! body at all1 b passes into ! inte/9es1 :]e1 meet+ ) hydric sulphide1 "p is *ang$ into sulphide1 col\r+ ! alv9e evacuations black4 ,"s ( ! lead :i* is absorb$ is excret$ by ! kidneys1 b ! se>* (t5 yields only traces4 ,?udi*um#hec /ates t 9 f\rte5 cases ( lead-poison+1 9 two only 0 obta9$ a weighable quantity f a day's ur9e2 9 ! rema9+ twelve lead 0 detect$1 b only by ! br[ni% col\r produc$ 9 an acid solution ( ! a% by hydric sulphide4 #hec ,pa?ology ( ! ,ur9e1 p4 #eej4 ,! elim9ation ( lead by ! kidneys is fav\r$ by c]ta9 m$ic9es1 su*1 = example1 z potassic iodide4 ,annus*at f\nd 9 dogs poison$ by lead f #ch to #da mgrms4 9 #ajj c4c4 ( ur9e2 b1 aft] doses ( potassic iodide1 ! cont5t ( lead rose to #fi & ev5 to #ad mgrms4 ,lead appe>s to be elim9at$ by ! sk91 be+ tak5 up by ! epi!lial cells1 & m9ute1 insoluble p>ticles com+ away ) ^! cells4 ,if a p]son :o has tak5 small doses ( lead = a "t be plac$ 9 a sulphur wat]-ba?1 or h 8 sk9 moi/5$ ) a #e p] c5t4 solution ( sodium sulphide1 ! upp] lay] ( ! epid]mis is col\r$ d>k2 b ! p]spiration excit$ by piloc>p9 or o!r ag5cy conta9s no lead4 #gij4 ,fatal ,dose--7a47 ,sug> ( ,lead4--,x may almo/ be said t x is impossible to de/roy human life ) any s+le dose likely to be tak5 or adm9i/]$4 ,9 ?ree cases an ounce 7#bhc grms47 has be5 tak5 )\t fatal result4 ,al?\gh x mu/ be all[$ t repeat$ mod]ate doses1 ext5d+ ov] "s "t1 are m dang]\s to heal? & life ?an a s+le l>ge dose1 yet !re seems to be 9 "s individuals a great tol]ance ( lead4 ,*ri/ison has giv5 #ah grm4 9 divid$ doses daily = a long "t )\t any bad effect1 save ! production ( a slight colic4 ,swiet5 has also giv5 daily #ci grms4 7#fj gra9s7 9 t5 days )\t obs]v+ toxic effects4 ,t1 9 o!r cases1 less ?an a gra9 p] gallon ( "s lead comp\nd dissolv$ 9 dr9k+-wat]1 or 9 "s way introduc$ into ! economy1 causes s]i\s illness1 is mo/ inexplicable4 7b47 ,! ,basic ,acetate 9 solution is m poison\s app>5tly ?an ! acetate--#fj c4c4 7#a drms47 h caus$ s]i\s symptoms4 7c47 ,! ,c>bonate ( ,lead4--,doses ( any?+ l #bh grms4 7an ounce7 w\ld probably be v dang]\s to an adult2 ! only case ( dea? on record is t ( a *ild :o took "s unkn[n quantity1 probably1 f ! description ( ! size ( ! lump1 ab\t #aj grms4 7#b drms474 #gia4 ,antidotes & ,treatm5t4--,soluble sulphates 7especially magnesic sulphate7 h be5 giv5 l>gely 9 bo? acute & *ronic cases2 9 ! acute1 x /&s to reason t x is well to ensure ! pres5ce ( pl5ty ( sulphates 9 ! /oma* & inte/9es1 9 ord] to =m ! sp>+ly soluble lead sulphate1 %\ld any residue rema92 b to expect ?is d\ble decomposition to g on 9 ! blood & tissues is n bas$ ^u s\nd obs]vation4 ,! *ronic lead-poison+ is be/ treat$ by removal f ! s\rce ( mis*ief1 ! adm9i/ration ( l>ge quantities ( di/ill$ wat]1 & m$ic9al doses ( potassic iodide4 #gib4 ,localisation ( ,lead4--,9 a dog1 :i* 0 kill$ by *ronic lead-poison+1 ,heubel f\nd 9 ! bones #jah to #jbg p] #ajjj ( lead2 9 ! kidneys1 #jag to #jbj2 liv]1 #jaj to #jcc2 sp9al cord1 #jjf to #jaa2 bra91 #jjd to #jje2 muscles1 #jjb to #jjd2 9 ! inte/9es traces1 #jja to #jjb2 9 ! sple51 ! blood1 & ! bile1 he also only f\nd traces4 ,ell5b]g] & ,h(mei/] f\nd 9 ! kidneys ( ! %eep1 #jdd to #jdg2 liv]1 #jcf to #jfe2 pancreas1 #jed2 saliv>y gl&s1 #jdb2 bile1 #jaa to #jdj2 bones1 #jcb2 fces1 #jbb2 sple51 #jad2 c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 #jjg to #jah2 blood1 #jje to #jab2 fle%1 #jje to #jjh2 ur9e1 #jjf to #jjh2 & 9 ! un/rip$ muscles & ! lungs1 #jjc p] #ajjj ( lead4 ,)\t go+ s f> z to say t lead is a natural con/itu5t ( ! body1 x is c]ta9 t x may be frequ5tly met ) 9 p]sons :o h be5 app>5tly p]fectly heal?y1 & q free f all symptoms ( lead-poison+4 ,legrip f\nd 9 ! liv] & sple5 ( a heal?y p]son1 #ed mgrms4 ( lead oxide 9 e kilogram2 ,oidtmann1 9 ! liv] ( a man fifty-six ye>s ( age1 #a mgrm4 ( lead oxide p] kilogram1 & 9 ! sple5 #c mgrms4 p] kilogram4 ,h5ce1 ! analy/1 9 se>*+ = poison1 mu/ be v c>eful 9 8 conclusions4 ,grave & s]i\s errors may also arise f complications2 suppose1 e4g41 t a deceas$ p]son previ\s to dea? _h p>tak5 ( game1 & inadv]t5tly swall[$ a %ot--if ! analy/ _h n c>efully se>*$ ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* = solid bodies1 b m]ely treat$ !m at once ) acid solv5ts1 he w\ld naturally get v decid$ lead reactions1 & w\ld possibly conclude1 & give evid5ce to ! effect1 t a poison\s soluble salt ( lead _h be5 adm9i/]$ %ortly be=e dea?4 #gic4 ,detection & ,e/imation ( ,lead4--,a great numb] ( fluids 7su* z be]1 w9es1 v9eg>1 wat]1 c471 if !y conta9 any?+ l ! am\nt ( "o-t5? ( a milligramme 9 #ajj c4c41 w give a v m>k$ d>k col\r ) ,,%4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 usually safe/ 9 ! fir/ place to conc5trate ! liquid1 to add an acid1 & deposit ! lead on plat9um1 9 ! way to be %ortly describ$4 ,ne>ly all ! lead f oils & fatty matt] may be dissolv$ out by %ak+ up ! fat ) dilute nitric acid2 if necess>y1 ! fat %\ld previ\sly be melt$4 ,if 79 ! usual c\rse ( r\t9e rese>*7 a hydro*loric acid solution is obta9$ f ! treatm5t or de/ruction ( organic sub/ances by t ag5t1 & lead sulphide 7mix$ possibly ) o!r sulphides7 is filt]$ (f1 any ars5ical sulphide may fir/ be extract$ f ! filt] by ammonia1 & any antimoni\s sulphide by sodic sulphide2 !n ! sulphide may be extract$ by w>m hydro*loric acid1 :i* w leave undissolv$ su* sulphides z ^? ( copp] & m]cury4 ,on dilut+ ! liquid1 & filtration at a boil+ temp]ature1 cry/als ( lead *loride w be deposit$ on cool+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 organic matt]s are specially se>*$ = lead1 hydro*loric acid is n ! be/ solv5t1 b nitric %\ld always be pref]r$2 &1 if !re is reason to ?9k t ! lead exi/s 9 ! =m ( sulphate1 !n ! prop] solv5t is ei!r ! acetate or ! t>trate ( ammonia2 b1 9 ei!r case1 ! solution %\ld conta9 an excess ( ammonia4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t organic matt]s reta9 lead ) great t5acity1 & t 9 all cases :]e x c ) any conv5i5ce be effect$1 ! sub/ances %\ld be n only c>bonis$1 b burnt to an a%2 = ,b\*] has %[n#hed t c>bon reta9s lead1 & t ! lead 9 c>bon resi/s to a consid]able ext5t ! action ( solv5ts4 #hed ,ann4 d',hygine1 t4 xli4 ,9 ! case ( sulphate ( lead1 :i* may be always produc$ 9 an a% f organic sub/ances by previ\s treatm5t ) suffici5t sulphuric acid1 a v excell5t me?od ( id5tification is to conv]t x into sug> ( lead4 ,to d ?is1 x is m]ely necess>y to boil x ) c>bonate ( ammonia1 :i* *anges x into c>bonate ( lead2 treatm5t ) acetic acid w n[ give ! acetate2 ! solution may 7if ! lead is 9 v small quantity7 be conc5trat$ 9 a wat*-glass1 a drop evaporat$ to dryness on a circle ( ?9 microscopic glass1 & ! cry/als exam9$ by ! microscope2 ! same film next expos$ to ! fumes ( ,,%1 :i* w black5 x2 & la/ly1 ! solution 7:i* %\ld be sweet7 ta/$4 ,a cry/all9e sub/ance1 possess+ a sweet ta/e1 & black5+ :5 expos$ to ,,%1 c1 "u ! circum/ances1 be no o!r sub/ance ?an acetate ( lead4 ,if ! analy/ does n c>e = ?is me?od1 !re is room = *oice4 ,lead 9 solution c be conv]t$ into sulphide2 9 ?is case x is1 h[ev]1 absolutely necess>y t !re %\ld be no great excess ( acid1 s9ce z little z #be p] c5t4 ( free hydro*loric acid w prev5t all ! lead go+ d[n4 ,on obta9+ ! sulphide1 ! latt]1 z already describ$1 c be conv]t$ into *loride by hydro*loric acid1 & ! cry/all9e *loride is extremely *>act]i/ic4 ,f ! solution ( ! *loride ! metal may be obta9$ 9 a solid /ate by ins]t+ a piece ( z9c 9 ! solution conta9$ 9 a crucible2 ! lead w be deposit$ gradually1 & c be !n collect$1 wa%$1 & f9ally fus$ into a little globule on *>coal4 ,a lead bead flatt5s easily :5 hit ) a hamm]1 & makes a m>k on pap]4 ,solutions ( ! *loride also give a heavy precipitate ( lead sulphate1 :5 treat$ ) a solution ( sodic sulphate4 ,:5 lead is 9 v m9ute quantity1 an electrolytic me?od is g5]ally pref]able2 ! lead is precipitat$ on plat9um by us+ exactly ! same app>atus z 9 ,bloxam's te/1 describ$ at p4 #eff2 ! liquid to be te/$ be+ plac$ 9 ! inn] cell1 ! lead film may n[ be id5tifi$1 dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 & e/imat$ by a colorimetric process4 ,= ! e/imation ( ! m9ute fractions ( a gra9 by a col\r me?od1 x is m]ely necess>y to h a v dilute solution ( acetate ( lead1 to add a kn[n volume ( ,,% wat] to ! liquid to be te/$ 9 a ,nessl] cyl9d]1 not+ ! col\r1 & add to ano!r a kn[n quantity ( ! /&>d lead solution & ! same quantity ( ,,% z 0 add$ to ! fir/4 ,! process has an advantage :i* is great1 viz41 t x ei!r detects copp]1 or proves its abs5ce at ! same "t2 & !re are few cases 9 :i* ! analy/ does n look = copp] z well z = lead4 ,lead1 if 9 suffici5t quantity1 may be mo/ conv5i5tly e/imat$ z oxide1 sulphate1 or *loride2 ! *ief prop]ties ( ^! sub/ances h be5 already describ$4 #gid4 ,! ,detection ( ,lead 9 ,t>t>ic ,acid1 9 ,lemonade1 & ,arat$ ,wat]s4--,to detect lead 9 t>t>ic acid a conv5i5t me?od is to burn x to an a%1 dige/ 9 a little /rong sulphuric acid1 & !n add ei!r sodic *loride or a drop ( ,h,cl2 lead1 if pres5t1 is precipitat$ z *loride1 giv+ a pe>ly opalesc5ce4 ,lemonades (t5 conta9 m9ute quantities ( iron & copp] z well z lead4 ,nei!r copp] nor iron are precipitat$ by ammonium sulphide 9 pres5ce ( potassic cyanide4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sulphide ( lead is n soluble 9 ! alkal9e cyanides4 ,h5ce a liquid :i*1 on ! addition ( potassium cyanide & !n ammonium sulphide1 becomes d>k col\r$1 or f :i* a precipitate sep>ates1 conta9s lead4#hee #hee ,f4 ,l4 ,te$1 ,analy/1 xvii4 #adb-adc4 #b4 ,,copp]4 #gie4 ,copp]1 ,cu #fce2 specific gravity1 f #hiba to #hieb2 fus+-po9t1 #ajia 7#aiif ,f474 ,copp] 9 analysis occurs ei!r z a film or coat+ on su* metals z plat9um1 iron1 c41 or 9 a /ate ( f9e division2 or1 f9ally1 z a bead4 ,9 ?9 films1 copp] has a yell[i% or a yell[i%-r$ col\r2 x dissolves readily 9 nitric1 sl[ly 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,if air be exclud$1 hydro*loric acid fails to dissolve copp]1 & ! same rem>k applies to ammonia2 b1 if !re be free access ( air1 ammonia also acts z a sl[ solv5t4 ,metallic copp] 9 a f9e /ate ( division c be fus$ at a :ite heat to a bright blui%-gre5 globule1 :i*1 on cool+1 is cov]$ ) black oxide4 #gif4 ,cupric ,oxide 7,cu,o #gie2 specific gravity1 #fe1 composition 9 #ajj p>ts1 ,cu #gihe1 ,o #bjae7 is a br[ni%-black p[d]1 :i* rema9s 9 ! abs5ce ( r$uc+ gases unalt]$ at a r$ heat4 ,x is ne>ly insoluble 9 wat]1 b soluble 9 ,cl,h1 ,,no,h1 c42 x is hygroscopic1 &1 z e "o :o has made a combu/ion kn[s1 is readily r$uc$ by ignition ) *>coal 9 ! pres5ce ( r$uc+ gases4 #gig4 ,cupric ,sulphide1 ,cu,s #iee1 produc$ 9 ! wet way1 is a br[ni% p[d] s insoluble 9 wat] t1 accord+ to ,fres5ius1 #iej1jjj p>ts ( wat] are requir$ to dissolve "o "p4 ,x is n q insoluble 9 ,cl,h1 & dissolves readily 9 nitric acid ) sep>ation ( sulphur4 ,by ignition 9 a /ream ( ,h x may be conv]t$ into ! subsulphide ( copp]4 ,x mu/ always be wa%$ by ,,% wat]4 #gih4 ,solubility ( ,copp] 9 ,wat] & ,v>i\s ,fluids4--,! solubility ( copp] 9 wat] & sal9e solutions has be5 v c>efully /udi$ by ,c>nelley4#hef ,di/ill$ wat] ex]ts "s solv5t action1 ! am\nt v>y+1 z might be expect$1 accord+ to ! "t ( exposure1 ! am\nt ( surface expos$1 ! quantity ( wat] act+ ^u ! copp]1 c4 ,x w\ld appe> t1 "u fav\rable circum/ances1 #ajj c4c4 ( di/ill$ wat] may dissolve #c mgrm4 ( copp] 7#b gra9 p] gallon74 #hef ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #ahgf1 vol4 ii4 p4 #d4 ,) reg>d to salts1 ^? ( ammonium ex]t a solv5t action on copp] m decid$ ?an t ( any o!rs kn[n4 ,) ! o!rs1 h[ev]1 ! nature ( ! base ex]ts little influ5ce1 ! action ( ! salt dep5d+ *iefly on ! nature ( its acid radical4 ,?us1 beg9n+ ) ! lea/ effective1 ! foll[+ is ! ord] ( dissolv+ /r5g?3--,nitrates1 sulphates1 c>bonates1 & *lorides4 ,x w !n at once be evid5t t a wat]1 contam9at$ by sewage1 & !re=e conta9+ pl5ty ( ammonia & *lorides1 might ex]t a v consid]able solv5t action on copp]4 ,almo/ all ! oils & fats1 z well z syrups1 dissolve small quantities ( copp]2 h5ce its frequ5t pres5ce 9 articles ( food cook$ or prep>$ 9 copp] vessels4 ,9 ! v elaborate & c>eful exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,?ompson1#heg ! only oils :i* took up no copp]1 :5 dige/$ on copp] foil1 7 ,engli% neats'-foot oil1 tall[ oil1 "o sample ( olive oil1 palm-nut oil1 common tall[ oil1 & :ite oil1 :i* 0 protect$ f ! air by a ?ick coat+ ( oxidis$ oil on its surface4 #heg 8,action ( ,fatty ,oils on ,metallic ,copp]10 ,*em4 ,news1 vol4 xxxiv4 pp4 #agf1 #bjj1 #cac4 ,! =mation ( copp] comp\nds ) ! fatty acids takes place s readily t ,jeannel#heh has propos$ ! gre5 col\r+ ( fats by copp] z a te/ = ! pres5ce ( copp]2 & ,bottg]#hei recomm5ds a copp] hold+ br&y to be %ak5 up ) olive oil to free x f copp]4 #heh ,l',union ph>mac41 xvii4 #ha4 #hei ,ar*4 de ,ph>m41 #ahec1 cxxvi4 #fg4 ,lehmann has made "s useful rese>*es on ! am\nt ( copp] tak5 up by fats "u diff]5t conditions4 #ajj c4c4 ( /rongly rancid fat dissolv$ 9 f\rte5 days #hg mgrms4 ( copp]2 b :5 heat$ to #afj = "o h\r1 & !n all[$ to /&1 a simil> am\nt 0 f\nd4 ,"s rancid butt] 0 rubb$ into a brass b[l ( #ij c4c4 capacity1 & !n all[$ to /& = tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 ! butt] became ( a blue-gre5 col\r4 ,into ?is di%1 ?us p>tially attack$ by fatty acids1 #ej c4c4 ( rancid butt] 0 p\r$ 9 a melt$ condition1 & all[$ to /& = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! am\nt tak5 up 0 f\nd to be equal to #aj mgrms4 ( copp] = e #ajj c4c4 ( fluid butt]4 ,hilg] f\nd a fatty s\p1 :i* _h /ood twelve h\rs 9 a clean copp] vessel1 to conta9 #jafc p] c5t4 copp]4 ,accord+ to ,ts*ir*1 ! easie/ fatty salt to =m is ! oleate1 hydrat$ copp] oxide dissolv+ 9 oleic acid ) great ease1 & ev5 copp] oxide dissolv+ to "s ext5t2 ! palmitate & ! /e>ate are n s readily produc$2 h5ce ! am\nt ( copp] dissolv$ is great] 9 ! case ( olive oil & butt] 7bo? ri* 9 oleic acids7 ?an 9 ! case ( ! firm] animal fats4 ,acid solutions1 su* z cl>ets1 acetic acid1 v9eg>s1 & s =?1 z might be expect$1 dissolve m or less copp]4 ,! am\nt likely to be dissolv$ 9 practice has be5 inve/igat$ by ,lehmann4 ,he /eep$ #fjj squ>e metres ( copp] %eet+ or brass %eet+ 9 vessels hold+ #b litres ( acid cl>et2 ! %eets 7 9 "s ( ! exp]im5ts :olly imm]s$1 9 o!rs p>tly s4 ,m copp] 0 dissolv$ by ! w9e :5 ! copp] 0 p>tly imm]s$ ?an :5 x 0 :olly imm]s$2 & m copp] 0 dissolv$ f brass %eet+ ?an f pure copp] %eet+4 ,) a %eet ( copp]1 p>tly imm]s$1 cl>et may conta9 z mu* z #ef mgrms4 p] litre4 ,lehmann also inve/igat$ ! am\nt ( copp]1 z acetate1 :i* c\ld be dissolv$ 9 w9e be=e ! ta/e betray$ its pres5ce3 ) #ej mgrms4 p] litre no copp] ta/e2 ) #ajj mgrms4 !re 0 a weak aft] ta/e2 ) #aej mgrms4 x 0 sc>cely dr9kable1 & !re 0 a /rong aft] ta/e2 ) #bjj mgrms4 p] litre x 0 q undr9kable1 & ! col\r 0 *ang$ to blui%-gre54 ,v9eg>1 act+ "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances on %eet brass or copp]1 dissolv$1 9 sev5 days1 #aie mgrms4 ( copp] p] litre f ! copp] %eet1 #aie f ! brass %eet4 ,lehmann discusses ! am\nt ( copp] :i* may be tak5 at a meal "u ! circum/ance t ev]y?+ eat5 or drank has be5 artificially copp]$1 b none 8copp]$0 to ! ext5t by :i* ! pres5ce ( ! metal c\ld be betray$ by ! ta/e2 & ! foll[+ is1 he ?9ks1 possible3-- #cjj c4c4 ( s\p boil$ 9 a copp] vessel1 #bj mgrms4 ,cu4 #a litre ( w9e :i* has be5 /&+ 9 a copp] vessel1 #ej #ej c4c4 v9eg> :i* has be5 kept 9 a copp] vessel1 #aj #ej grms4 ( fat :i* has be5 us$ = fry+ 9 a copp] vessel1 #e #bjj grms4 ( /rongly copp]$ peas1 #ej #ejj grms4 ( /rongly copp]$ bread1 #fj ,! total only am\nts to #aie mgrms4 ( copp]1 :i* only slightly exce$s a high m$ic9al dose4 ,! metal is ta/$ m easily 9 liquids1 su* z w9e1 ?an 9 bread2 bread may be copp]$ s t at a meal a p]son might eat #bjj mgrms4 ( a copp] comp\nd )\t ta/+ x4 ,x is pretty well accept$ t cook+ 9 clean bright copp] vessels w n contam9ate any ord9>y food suffici5tly to be injuri\s to heal?4 #gii4 ,copp] 9 ! ,vegetable & ,animal ,k+dom & 9 ,foods4--,copp] is widely di/ribut$ 9 ! vegetable k+dom1 & is a con/ant con/itu5t ( ! *ief foods we consume2 ! foll[+ quantities1 = example1 h be5 sep>at$ f ! *ief c]eals3-- ,:eat1 #eb to #ajh mgrms4 p] kilo4 ,rye1 #e mgrms4 ,oats1 #he ,b>ley1 #aah ,rice1 #af ,bread1 #ae to #dd mgrms4 ,x has also be5 f\nd 9 v]micelli 7#b-aj mgrms4 p] kilo471 groats 7#af-c mgrms4 p] kilo471 potatoes 7#ah mgrm4 p] kilo471 beans 7#b-aa mgrms4 p] kilo474 ,9 simil> small quantities x has also be5 f\nd 9 c>rots1 *icory1 sp9a*1 hazel-nuts1 blackb]ries1 pea*es1 pe>s1 figs1 plums1 tam>9ds1 black pepp]1 & _m o!r fruits & spices4 ,! mo/ common food :i* has a high copp] cont5t is cocoa1 :i* conta9s f #ab mgrms4 to #bi mgrms4 p] kilo41 ! highe/ am\nt ( copp] be+ 9 ! out] husk2 copp] has also be5 f\nd 9 _m supplies ( dr9k+ wat]1 9 arat$ wat]s1 9 br&ies1 w9es1 & _m drugs4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t ! ord9>y daily food ( an av]age man conta9s ! foll[+3-- ,copp]4 #ijj grms4 bread1 #jde mgrm4 #bfj grms4 meat1 #jbe #bjj grms4 fruit & vegetables1 #jbe ---- #jie mgrm4 ,t is to say1 t1 neglect+ altoge!r foods artificially contam9at$ ) copp]1 ea* ( u eats daily ab\t #a mgrm4 ( copp] 7#jjae gra974 ,9 ! animal k+dom x is a con/ant & natural con/itu5t ( ! blood ( ! cephalopods1 cru/acea1 & ga/]opods1 & is ne>ly always pres5t 9 ! liv] & kidneys ( dome/ic animals1 z well z 9 m54 ,dr4 ,dupr#hfj f\nd #jce to #jbi gra9 7#ah to #b mgrms47 9 human liv]s1 or ab\t #a "p 9 #ejj1jjj4 ,b]g]on & ,l4 ,l',hte's rese>*es on f\rte5 bodies1 specially exam9$ = copp]1 fully sub/antiate ^? ( ,dr4 ,dupr2 9 twelve ! copp] 0 f\nd 9 quantities ( f #g to #ae mgrm42 9 ! rema9+ two ! am\nt ( copp] 0 v m9ute1 & 0 n e/imat$4#hfa ,copp] is also f\nd normally 9 ! kidneys1 & ,dupr #hfb detect$ 9 human kidneys ab\t #a 9 #ajj1jjj p>ts2 x is also f\nd 9 ! bile1 & 9 m9ute traces 9 ! blood4#hfc #hfj ,analy/1 ,no4 #ac1 #ahgg4 #hfa ,compt4 ,r5dus1 vol4 lxxx4 p4 #bfh4 #hfb ,op4 cit4 #hfc ,hoppe-,seyl]1 ,h&bu* d] physiologis*4 ,analyse1 p4 #dae4 ,9 ! kidneys & liv]s ( ! rum9ants copp] may always be f\nd1 a %eep's liv] conta9+ ab\t #a "p 9 #bj1jjj4hfd ,*ur* f\nd copp] 9 ! fea!rs ( ! w+s ( ! turaco2 melopsitt 9 ! fea!rs ( a p>roquet 7,melopsittacus undulatus74#hfe ,9 ^! cases ! copp] ent]s into ! composition ( ! col\r+ matt] to :i* ! "n ( 8turac90 has be5 giv54 ,turac9 conta9s #g p] c5t4 ( copp]1 & gives to analysis numb]s :i* agree ) ! =mula ( ,c,h,cu,n,o4 #hfd ,dupr1 op4 cit4 #hfe ,*em4 ,news1 xxviij4 #bab4 ,copp] has be5 discov]$ 9 arat$ wat]s1 its pres5ce be+ due to ! use ( copp] cyl9d]s1 ! t9 l9+ ( :i* _h be5 r5d]$ defective by corrosion4#hff #hff 8,on ! ,pres5ce ( ,lead & ,copp] 9 ,arat$ ,wat]s10 by ,dr4 ,james ,milne1 ,*em4 ,news1 xxxi4 p4 #gg4 ,accid5ts may also occur f ! use ( copp] boil]s4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,?ompson f\nd 9 "o case#hfg no less ?an #cege gra9s 9 a gallon 7#ea mgrms4 p] litre7 9 wat] drawn f a kit*5 boil]4 #hfg ,*em4 ,news1 xxxi4 ,no4 #hja4 ,at ,r\baix1 9 ,france1 sulphide ( copp] _h be5 deposit$ on ! ro(1 z a consequ5ce ( ! use ( copp] flues2 ! sulphide 0 *ang$ into sulphate by ! action ( ! air1 & wa%$ by ! ra9 into ! wat]-tank4#hfh #hfh ,au?or's ,diction>y ( ,hygine1 p4 #afg4 ,t pres]v$ vegetables are made ( a bright & attractive gre5 col\r by impregnation ) copp]1 f ! delib]ate use ( copp] vessels = ?is purpose1 is a fact long kn[n4 ,gre5 peas especially h be5 col\r$ 9 ?is way1 & a numb] ( convictions = ?is (f5ce h tak5 place 9 ,engl&4 #hjj4 ,! 8,copp]+0 ( ,vegetables4--,! fact t gre5 vegetables1 su* z peas1 beans1 cucumb]s1 & s =?1 pres]ve _! gre5 col\r1 if boil$ 9 copp] vessels1 has long be5 kn[n4 ,9 ?is 8copp]+0 ! ,fr5* h be5 m active ?an ! ,engli% trad]s2 ! ,fr5* op]ate 9 two diff]5t ways4 ,"o me?od is1 to dip f #fj to #gj litres ( ! gre5 vegetables 9 #ajj litres ( #jc to #jg p] c5t4 ( copp] sulphate1 to leave !m !re = f five to fifte5 m9utes1 !n to remove !m1 wa% & /]ilise 9 an autoclave4 ,a second me?od is to put ! vegetables into a copp] vessel1 ! wall ( :i* is connect$ ) ! negative pole ( an electric curr5t1 ! positive pole dips 9 a solution ( salt 9 ! same vessel1 ! curr5t is all[$ to pass = ?ree m9utes1 & ! vegetables are aft]w>ds /]ilis$4 ,fruits are simply all[$ to /& ) wat] 9 copp] vessels1 ! natural acidity ( ! juice dissolv+ suffici5t copp]4 ,! am\nt ( copp] tak5 up 9 ?is way is appreciable1 b yet n s mu* z might be expect$2 ! prosecutions = sell+ 8copp]$0 peas 9 ,engl& h be5 bas$ ^u quantities v>y+ f #a to #c gra9s p] lb42 ! highe/ publi%$ am\nt ( copp] f\nd 9 peas artificially col\r$ is #jbg p] kilo41 or #ahi gra9s p] lb4 ,! reason :y vegetables pres]ve _! gre5 col\r long] :5 treat$ ) a copp] salt has be5 prov$ by ,ts*ir*#hfi to be ow+ to ! =mation ( a phyllocyanate ( copp]4 #hfi ,das ,kupf]1 ,/uttg>t1 #ahic4 ,phyllocyanic acid is a d]ivative ( *lorophyll1 & alli$ to x 9 composition2 ! =mula ( ,c,h,n,o has be5 ascrib$ to x4 ,"u ! action ( acids g5]ally1 m9]al or organic1 *lorophyll splits up into ?is acid & o!r comp\nds4 ,copp] phyllocyanate1 7,c,h,n,o7,cu1 conta9s #hee p] c5t4 ( copp]2 x =ms black lamell1 dissolv+ easily 9 /rong alcohol & *lor(orm1 b insoluble 9 wat]2 x is a little soluble 9 e!r1 insoluble 9 petroleum e!r1 & dissolv$ nei!r by dilute acetic acid1 nor by dilute nor conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid4 ,! comp\nd dissolves 9 cau/ic alkali on w>m+4 ,9 alcohol x =ms a beautiful non-fluoresc5t solution4 ,a solution ( #a 3 #ajj1jjj is /ill col\r$ /rongly gre54 ,?is solution1 9 a /ratum ( #be mm4 ?ick1 gives f\r absorption b&s :5 submitt$ to spectroscopic obs]vation1 & ,ts*ir* has work$ out a process ( e/imation ( ! am\nt ( copp] phyllocyanate bas$ ^u ! disappe>ance ( ^! b&s on dilution4 ,gre5 sub/ances1 s c>efully treat$ t !y only conta9 phyllocyanate ( copp]1 w\ld yield b small quantities ( copp]1 & probably !y w\ld n be injuri\s to heal?2 b ! copp]+ is usually m ext5sive1 & copp] legum9ate & o!r comp\nds are =m$2 = ! vegetables1 :5 exhau/$ by alcohol1 give a residue :i*1 successively exhau/$ by wat]1 by soda-lye1 & la/ly by hydro*loric acid1 p>ts ) copp] into ! ?ree solv5ts m5tion$4 ,x might be argu$ t1 f ! insoluble "* ( ! phyllocyanate ( copp]1 & especially see+ t x does n dissolve 9 /rong hydro*loric acid1 t x w\ld be p]fectly innocu\s2 b ,ts*ir* has prov$ t1 :e!r ! t>trate ( copp] 7dissolv+ easily 9 wat]71 or copp] oxide 7n dissolv+ at all 9 wat]1 b soluble 9 hydro*loric acid71 or phyllocyanate ( copp] 7insoluble bo? 9 wat] & 9 hydro*loric acid7 be us$1 ! physiological effect is ! same4 ,copp] may be f\nd 9 spirits1 ow+ to ! use ( copp] cond5s]s1 a rem>k :i* applies also to ! ess5tial oils1 su* z oleum cajepute1 m5?1 c4#hgj ,9 ,france1 x has be5 add$ fraudul5tly to abs9!1 to improve its col\r4#hga ,gre5 sweetmeats1 gre5 toys1 gre5 pap]s1 h all be5 f\nd to conta9 def9ite comp\nds ( copp] to a dang]\s ext5t4 #hgj ,accord+ to ,eul5b]g 7,gew]be ,hygi5e1 p4 #gaf71 ,oleum cajepute1 ,m5?4 pip41 ,meliss1 ,tanaceti1 c41 are almo/ always contam9at$ ) copp]4 #hga ,t>dieu1 tude ,md4 ,lg4 sur l',empoisonnem5t4 #hja4 ,prep>ations ( ,copp] us$ 9 ,m$ic9e & ! ,arts4 7#a7 ,m$ic9al ,prep>ations3-- ,sulphate ( ,copp]1 ,cupri ,sulphas1 ,cu,s,o#e;,h,o4--,?is well-kn[n salt is soluble 9 wat] at ord9>y temp]ature1 #c p>ts ( wat] dissolv+ #a ( ! sulphate2 b boil+ wat] dissolves d\ble its weight2 #a "p ( copp] sulphate dissolves 9 #b ( glyc]92 x r$d5s litmus1 & is slightly effloresc5t2 its solution responds to all ! usual te/s = copp] & sulphuric acid4 ,a wat]y solution ( ! salt to :i* twice its volume ( a solution ( *lor9e has be5 add$1 gives1 :5 treat$ ) ammonia 9 excess1 a cle> sapphire-blue solution1 leav+ no?+ undissolv$1 & ?us %[+ ! abs5ce ( iron4 ,besides iron1 sulphate ( copp] has be5 f\nd to conta9 z9cic sulphate4 ,nitrate ( ,copp]1 ,cu7,,no7#c;,h,o1 is (fic9al2 x is v soluble4 ,cuprum ,alum9atum4--,a prep>ation1 call$ cuprum alum9atum 7,pi]re div9e71 is 9 use 9 ,france & ,g]many1 *iefly z an ext]nal wa%4 ,x is compos$ ( #af p>ts cupric sulphate1 #af potassic nitrate1 #af alum1 fus$ 9 a crucible1 a little camphor be+ aft]w>ds add$4 ,regul> & irregul> m$ical practition]s1 vet]9>y surgeons1 f>ri]s1 & grooms1 all use sulphate ( copp] 7blue/one7 z an application to w\nds4 ,copp] z an int]nal rem$y is n 9 fav\r ei!r ) quacks or v5dors ( pat5t m$ic9es4 ,! writ] has n yet f\nd any pat5t pill or liquid conta9+ x4 7#b7 ,copp] 9 ! ,arts4--,copp] is us$ v ext5sively 9 ! arts2 x ent]s into ! composition ( a numb] ( alloys1 is "o ( ! *ief con/itu5ts ( ! common bronz+ p[d]s1 is conta9$ 9 _m ( ! lilac & purple fires ( ! pyrote*ni/1 & 9 a great v>iety ( pigm5ts4 ,! la/-m5tion$1 be+ ( special importance1 w be briefly describ$3-- ,pigm5ts3-- ,s*we9furt & ,s*eele's ,gre5#hgb are respectively ! aceto-ars5ite & ! ars5ite ( copp] 7see article 8,ars5ic074 #hgb ,! synonyms = ,s*we9furt gre5 are extremely num]\s3--,mitic gre51 ,vi5nic gre51 imp]ial gre51 em]ald gre51 are ! pr9cipal t]ms 9 actual use4 ,brighton ,gre5 is a mixture ( impure acetate ( copp] & *alk4 ,brunswick ,gre51 orig9ally a crude *loride ( copp]1 is n[ g5]ally a mixture ( c>bonate ( copp] & *alk or alum9a4 ,m\nta9 ,gre51 or ,m9]al ,gre51 is ! native gre5 c>bonate ( copp]1 ei!r ) or )\t a little orpim5t4 ,neuwi$] ,gre5 is ei!r ! same z m\nta9 gre51 or ,s*we9furt gre5 mix$ ) gypsum or sulphate ( b>yta4 ,gre5 ,v]dit] is a mixture ( oxide & c>bonate ( copp] ) *alk4 ,v]digris is an acetate ( copp]1 or a mixture ( acetates4 ,its =mula is usually repres5t$ z 7,c,h,o7,cu,o4 ,x is mu* us$ 9 ! arts1 & to "s ext5t z an ext]nal application 9 m$ic9e4 ,its mo/ frequ5t impurities or adult]ations are *alk & sulphate ( copp]4 #hjb4 ,dose--,m$ic9al ,dose ( ,copp]4--,s9ce sulphate ( copp] is practically ! only salt adm9i/]$ int]nally1 ! dose is g5]ally express$ z s _m gra9s ( sulphate4 ,?is salt is giv5 9 quantities ( f #jaf to #abi grm4 7 to #b gra9s7 z an a/r+5t or tonic2 z an emetic1 f #cbd to #fdh grm4 7#e to #aj gra9s74 ,! sulphate ( copp] is giv5 to horses & cattle 9 su* l>ge doses z f #cj up to #abj gra9s 7#ai to #gg grms472 to %eep1 f #ac to #bf grms4 7#bj to #dj gra9s72 rabbits1 #jfdh to #abif grm4 7#a to #b gra9s74 #hjc4 ,effects ( ,soluble ,copp] ,salts on ,animals4--,h>nack has made "s exp]im5ts on animals ) an alkal9e t>trate ( copp]1 :i* has no local action1 nor does x precipitate album94 to mgrm4 ( copp] oxide 9 ?is =m1 adm9i/]$ subcutane\sly1 0 fatal to frogs1 #je grm4 to rabbits1 #d grm4 to dogs4 ,! direct excitability ( ! volunt>y muscles 0 gradually ext+ui%$1 & dea? took place f he>t p>alysis4 ,vomit+ 0 only notic$ :5 ! poison 0 adm9i/]$ by ! /oma*4#hgc ,! temp]ature ( animals poison$ by copp]1 s9ks1 accord+ to ! rese>*es ( ,f4 ,a4 ,falck1 _m degrees4 ,^! obs]vations are 9 agreem5t ) ! effects ( copp] salts on man1 & ) ! exp]im5ts ( ,orfila1 ,blake1 ,c4 ,ph4 ,falck1 & o!rs4 #hgc ,on ! o!r h&1 ,brunton & ,we/ h obs]v$ vomit+ produc$ 9 animals aft] injection ( copp] peptone into ! jugul> ve94--,b>?4 ,hosp4 ,rep41 #ahgg1 xii4 ,rog]#hgd exp]im5t$ on ! effect ( copp] legum9ate :i* 0 adm9i/]$ subcutane\sly2 he f\nd gradual increas+ p>alysis ( ! motor sp9al tracts1 :i* f9ally de/roy$ life by p>alysis ( ! brea?+ c5tre4 ,! he>t beat aft] ! brea?+ _h /opp$4 ,! irritability & contractility ( ! muscles ( frogs 7 lo/1 :ile s5sibility rema9$4 ,he also f\nd t1 if ! copp] 0 inject$ into ! inte/9al vessels1 ! dose _h to be d\bl$ 9 ord] to de/roy life2 ?is is1 d\btless1 because ! liv]1 z x 71 /ra9$ ! copp] (f & excret$ x ?r\gh ! bile4 ,rog] 0 unable to de/roy life by l>ge doses ( copp] giv5 by ! m\?1 = !n vomit+ sup]v5$ & ! poison 9 great "p 0 remov$4 #hgd ,revue de ,mdec9e1 #ahgg1 xii4 ,b]natzic#hge consid]s t ! poison\s prop]ties ( copp] are simil> to ^? ( z9c & silv]4 ,he says3 8,silv]1 copp]1 & z9c are1 9 _! m$ic9al application1 s mu* alli$ t1 ) reg>d to _! action1 !y graduate "o into ! o!r & %[ only m9or diff]5ces2 copp]1 :i* is a little ! m poison\s ( ! ?ree s f> z its remote action is conc]n$1 /&s betwe5 ! o!r two4 ,if tak51 9 n too small a quantity1 = a long "t1 ! functional activity ( ! muscul> & n]v\s sy/ems is influ5c$ injuri\sly1 ! developm5t ( ! animal cells is inhibit$1 ! numb] ( ! r$ blood corpuscles decreas$1 & !re=e ! oxidis+ process & metabolism are likewise dim9i%$1 lead+ ultimately to a condition ( m>k$ ca*exia4 4 4 4 ,f a toxic po9t ( view1 ! ?ree metals nam$ also /& ne> ea* o!r1 & _! comp\nds diff] f o!r metals injuri\s to ! organism 9 ?is1 t !y d n produce notable *anges ( ! tissues or co>se functional di/urbances lead+ to dea? z o!r poison\s metals1 & !re=e are n to be consid]$ poisons 9 ! same s5se z lead1 m]cury1 ars5ic1 antimony1 phosphorus are consid]$ poisons2 =1 on /opp+ ! entry ( ! poison1 any injuri\s effect is completely recov]$ f & ! functions aga9 become normal40 #hge ,encyclop$4 d4 ges4 ,heilkunde1 xi4 ,s4 #dbi4 ,lehmann#hgf has also exp]im5t$ on ! effects ( copp]2 8 exp]im5ts 7 made on bo? animals & m54 ,he f\nd t small quantities 7 m ?or\ghly absorb$ ?an m$ium or l>ge doses2 ! me?od ( sep>ation appe>$ to be diff]5t 9 diff]5t animals--?us1 ! *ief copp]-excret+ organ 9 dogs is ! liv]2 9 rabbits1 ! inte/9e2 & 9 man1 ! kidneys4 ,( #c mgrms4 ( copp] tak5 by a man 9 ?ree days1 #a mgrm41 or a ?ird1 0 recov]$ f ! ur9e4 ,lehmann exp]im5t$ on #f rabbits1 #d cats1 & #a dog4 ,dur+ ! fir/ few days ! animals 7 giv5 #aj to #cj mgrms4 ( copp]1 9 ! =m ( a salt1 9 _! food2 !n ! dose 0 rais$ to #ej mgrms4 or ev5 to #ajj mgrms41 & ! exp]im5t cont9u$ = f two to f\r mon?s2 9 "o case1 six mon?s4 ,! sulphate1 acetate1 *loride1 oleate1 butyrate1 & lactate 7 all tri$1 b no ess5tial diff]5ce 9 action discov]$4 ,ap>t f slight vomit+1 & 9 a few cases1 z %[n by po/-mortem1 a slight cat>rh ( ! /oma*1 ! animals rema9$ well4 ,a few increas$ 9 weight4 ,n]v\s symptoms1 cramps1 convulsions1 di>rha1 or ! rev]se1 7 n obs]v$4 ,! analysis ( ! organs %[$ consid]able copp] absorption2 ! liv] ( ! cats gave a mean am\nt ( #ab mgrms4 ( copp]1 & 9 ! o!r organs !re 0 m copp] ?an is f\nd 9 cases ( acute poison+4 #hgf ,mn*4 m$4 ,wo*5s*rift1 #ahia1 ,nr4 #ce u4 #cf4 ,lehmann has also made exp]im5ts ^u himself & 8 pupils on ! effect ( ! sulphate & ! acetate :5 tak5 = a long "t3-- ,"o ( ! exp]im5t]s took = #ej days #aj mgrms4 daily ,cu z sulphate4 !n = #cj #bj ,ano!r took = #c days #e mgrms4 z acetate4 !n = #aj days #aj #a day #ae #ai days #bj #ah days #cj ,none ( ^! daily doses _h ! lea/ effect4 ,five f>!r exp]im5ts %[$ t #ge to #abg mgrms4 ( copp] 9 peas & beans1 divid$ 9 two meals1 c\ld be tak5 daily )\t effect2 b if #abg mgrms4 7 tak5 at "o meal 9 #bjj grms4 ( peas1 !n1 aft] a few h\rs1 !re might be vomit+2 & ,lehmann concludes t doses ( copp] 9 food ( ab\t #ajj mgrms4 may produce "s transi5t d]angem5t 9 heal?1 su* z sickness1 a na/y ta/e 9 ! m\?1 & a g5]al feel+ ( discom=t1 b no?+ m2 "s slight colicky pa9s & "o or two loose motions are also possible1 b 7 n obs]v$ 9 ,lehmann's exp]im5ts4 #hjd4 ,toxic ,dose ( ,copp] ,salts4--,?is is a difficult "q1 because copp] salts g5]ally act z an emetic1 & !re=e v l>ge doses h be5 tak5 )\t any great injury4 ,9 fact1 x may be laid d[n t a m$ium dose tak5 daily = a consid]able "t is f> m likely to injure heal?1 or to de/roy life1 ?an a big dose tak5 at once4 ,9 ,ts*ir*'s#hgg c>eful exp]im5ts on animals1 he f\nd #aj mgrm4 doses ( ,cu,o giv5 daily to rabbits1 ! weight ( :i* v>i$ f #abjj to #afej grms41 caus$ injury to heal?1 t is1 ab\t #ce mgrms4 p] kilo4 ,if man is susceptible 9 ! same proportion1 !n daily doses ( #bbge mgrms4 7or ab\t #c gra9s7 w\ld cause s]i\s poison\s symptoms2 al?\gh d\ble or treble t quantity might 9 a s+le dose be swall[$ &1 if ?r[n up spe$ily1 no great h>m result4 #abj grms4 ( sulphate ( copp] h be5 swall[$1 & yet ! pati5t recov]$ aft] an illness ( two weeks4#hgh ,lew9#hgi m5tions ! case ( an adult :o recov]$ aft] t5 days' illness1 al?\gh ! dose 0 #ae grms42 !re is also on record ! case ( a *ild1 f\r & a half ye>s old1 :o recov]$ aft] a dose ( #afe grms4 7a little ov] half an ounce74 ,on ! o!r h&1 #gg grms4 h be5 ) difficulty recov]$ f4#hhj ,a woman di$ 9 sev5ty-two h\rs aft] tak+ #bg grms4 7#g drms47 ( copp] sulphate mix$ ) #aaf grms4 7#c drms47 ( iron sulphide2 #eff grms4 7#b ozs47 ( copp] acetate h caus$ dea? 9 ?ree days2 #adb grms4 7#je oz47 9 sixty h\rs4#hha #hgg ,das ,kupf]1 ,/uttg>t1 #ahic4 #hgh ,ref]r$ to by ,b]natzic1 on ! au?ority ( ,ketli1 9 ,encycl4 d4 ges4 ,heilkunde1 xi4 ,s4 #dcc4 #hgi ,toxicologie1 ,s4 #acc4 #hhj ,d ,taylor1 op4 cit4 #hha ,sonn5s*e91 op4 cit4 #hje4 ,cases ( ,acute ,poison+4--,acute poison+ by salts ( copp] is r>e2 9 ! t5 ye>s end+ #ahib1 !re 7 regi/]$ 9 ,engl& #h dea?s f ?is cause--#c suicidal 7#b males1 #a female7 & #e accid5tal 7#d males1 #a female74 ,! symptoms produc$ by ! sulphate ( copp] are ^? ( a p[]ful irritant poison3 !re is imm$iate & viol5t vomit+2 ! vomit$ matt]s are ( a gre5i% col\r--a gre5 di/+ui%$ f bile by ! col\r *ang+ to blue on ! addition ( ammonia4 ,!re is pa9 9 ! /oma*1 & 9 a little "t affections ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 z %[n by spasms1 cramps1 p>alysis1 & ev5 tetanus4 ,jaundice is a frequ5t symptom1 if life is prolong$ suffici5tly to admit ( its occurr5ce4 ,"o ( ! be/ examples ( acute poison+ by copp] sulphate is record$ by ,mas*ka4#hhb ,a y\?1 sixte5 ye>s old1 took an unkn[n l>ge dose ( p[d]$ copp] sulphate1 mix$ ) wat]4 ,half an h\r aft]w>ds !re 0 viol5t vomit+1 & he 0 tak5 to ! hospital4 ,!re 0 ?ir/1 ret*+1 con/riction 9 ! ?roat1 a copp]y ta/e 9 ! m\?1 & pa9 9 ! epiga/rium1 :i* 0 pa9ful on pressure4 ,! vomit 0 ( a blue col\r1 & small undissolv$ cry/als ( copp] sulphate 7 obta9$ f x4 ,! pati5t 0 pale1 ! edges ( ! lips & ! angles ( ! m\? 7 col\r$ blue1 ! surface ( ! tongue _h also a blue t9t1 ! temp]ature 0 depress$1 ! extremities cold1 nails cyanotic1 & ! pulse small & quick4 ,sev]al loose gre5i%-yell[ evacuations 7 pass$2 !re 0 no blood4 ,! ur9e 0 scanty1 b conta9$ nei!r blood nor album54 ,dur+ ! night ! pati5t 0 v re/less2 ! next morn+ he _h viol5t heada*e1 pa9 9 ! epiga/rium1 burn+ 9 ! m\? & gullet1 b no vomit+4 ,! ur9e 0 scanty1 conta9$ blood1 album51 & col\r+ matt] f ! bile4 ,on ! f\r? day !re 0 m>k$ jaundice4 ,! muc\s membrane 0 v pale1 ! temp]ature l[1 pulse frequ5t1 & great weakness1 c>diac oppression1 & re/lessness 7 exp]i5c$4 ,!re 7 di>rha & t5esmus1 ! motions be+ /reak$ ) blood2 ! ur9e also conta9$ mu* blood4 ,! liv] 0 enl>g$4 ,! pati5t di$ 9 a /ate ( collapse on ! sev5? day4 #hhb ,wi5] m$4 ,wo*5s*r41 #ahga1 ,nro4 #bf1 p4 #fbh4 ,9 #ahcf a girl1 sixte5 mon?s old1 0 giv5 blue/one to play )1 & ate an unkn[n quantity2 a qu>t] ( an h\r aft]w>ds ! *ild 0 viol5tly sick1 vomit+ a blui%-gre5 liquid conta9+ "s pieces ( sulphate ( copp]4 ,dea? took place 9 f\r h\rs1 )\t convulsions1 & )\t di>rha4 #hjf4 ,subacetate ( ,copp]1 ,sub*loride1 & ,c>bonate1 all act v simil>ly to ! sulphate :5 giv5 9 l>ge doses4 #hjg4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,9 ,mas*ka's case1 ! *ief *anges not$ 7 9 ! liv]1 kidneys1 & /oma*4 ,! sub/ance ( ! liv] 0 friable & fatty2 9 ! gall-bladd] !re 7 b a few drops ( d>k t5aci\s bile4 ,! kidneys 7 swoll51 ! cortical sub/ance col\r$ yell[1 ! pyramids compress$ & pale br[n4 ,9 ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* !re 0 an excoriation ! size ( a %ill+1 9 :i* ! epi!lium 0 *ang$ into a dirty br[n mass1 easily deta*$1 lay+ b>e ! muscul> sub/ance b5ea?1 b o!rwise normal4 ,9 a case ( poison+ by v]digris 7subacetate ( copp]7 record$ by ,orfila1#hhc ! /oma* 0 s mu* inflam$ & ?ick5$ t t[>ds ! pyloric end ! op5+ into ! inte/9e 0 almo/ oblit]at$4 ,! small inte/9es ?r\gh\t 7 inflam$1 & p]=ation _h tak5 place1 s t "p ( ! gre5 liquid _h escap$ into ! abdom54 ,! l>ge inte/9es 7 di/5d$ 9 "s p>ts1 contract$ 9 o!rs1 & !re 0 ulc]ation ( ! rectum4 ,9 o!r cases a /rik+ discoloration ( ! muc\s membrane1 be+ *ang$ by ! contact ( ! salt to a dirty blui%-gre51 has be5 notic$1 &1 :5 pres5t1 w af=d valuable indications4 #hhc ,toxicologie1 vol4 i4 p4 #ghg 7#e? ed474 #hjh4 ,*ronic ,poison+ by ,copp]4--,symptoms h aris5 among work]s 9 copp] or its salts1 & also f ! use ( food accid5tally contam9at$ by copp]1 :i* l5d support to ! exi/5ce ( *ronic poison+4 ,9 ! symptoms !re is a v great resemblance to ^? produc$ by lead4 ,!re is a gre5 l9e on ! m>g9 ( ! gums4 ,dr4 ,clapton#hhd f\nd ! l9e v di/9ct 9 a sailor & two work+ copp]smi?s1 & ! two m5 7 also se5 by ,dr4 ,taylor4 ,cases ( *ronic poison+ among copp]smi?s h also be5 treat$ by ,dr4 ,cam]on1#hhe b ?is symptom 0 n notic$4 ,corrigan speaks ( ! l9e r\nd ! gums1 b describes x z purple-r$4 ,among work]s 9 copp]1 ,lanc]eaux#hhf has se5 a black coloration ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! dige/ive canal2 its *emical *>act]s appe> to agree ) ^? ( c>bon4 #hhd ,m$4 ,times & ,gazette1 ,june #ahfh1 p4 #feh4 #hhe ,m$4 ,times & ,gazette1 #ahgj1 vol4 i4 p4 #eha4 #hhf ,atlas ( ,pa?ological ,anatomy4 ,metallic copp] itself is n poison\s4 ,a ,mr4 ,*>les ,re$ has publi%$ a lett] 9 ! ,*emical ,news ( ,jan4 #ab1 #ahid1 /at+ t he 01 :5 a boy1 w\nd$ 9 ! %9 by a copp] p]cussion-cap1 & ! cap rema9$ 9 ! tissues2 x 0 remov$ f ! %9 aft] a soj\rn !re( "s twelve ye>s2 ab\t ! ye> #ahgc he notic$ t :5ev] a piece ( clean iron or /eel came 9 contact ) 8 p]spiration x 0 at once cov]$ ) a bright coat+ ( copp]1 & ?is cont9u$ until ! p]cussion-cap 0 remov$4 ,presum+ ! tru? ( ?is1 x %[s conclusively t metallic copp] deposit$ 9 ! tissues is 9 itself n poison\s1 & f>!r1 t "o me?od ( elim9ation is by ! sk94 ,! exp]im5ts already cit$ ?r[ d\bt z to :e!r repeat$ small doses ( copp] tak5 = a long "t produce 9 a sci5tific s5se *ronic poison+2 ^? :i* app>5tly support ! view t !re is su* a ?+ z *ronic poison+ by copp]1 h be5 produc$ by copp] mix$ ) o!r metals2 & !re is ! possibility t ^! cases are really due to lead or ars5ic1 & n to copp]4 ,! great use ( late ye>s ( solutions ( copp] sulphate z a dress+ to plants1 = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! ravages ( v>i\s p>asites1 has provid$1 s f> z animals are conc]n$1 mu* mat]ial = ! judgm5t ( ?is "q4 ,%eep h be5 f$ ) v9es :i* h be5 treat$ ) copp] sulphate1 ox5 & pigs h consum$ = a long "t grass treat$ ) a #c p] c5t4 ( copp] sulphate1 )\t ! lea/ heal? di/urbance4 ,ma*#hhg has f$ c[s ) gre5 food copp]$ up to #bjj mgrms4 ( copp] sulphate1 )\t obs]v+ ! slighte/ bad effect1 = long p]iods ( "t2 & ,ts*ir*#hhh summ>ises ! evid5ce z to *ronic poison+ z foll[s3--8,s x appe>s ! cont5tion t !re is no *ronic poison+ 9 m5 or animals is at pres5t uncontradict$2 x is f>!r to be consid]$ prov$ t ! small am\nts ( copp] naturally 9 food1 or c>efully introduc$ into food1 are n injuri\s to ! heal? ( ^? t take su* food1 because ! liv]1 kidneys1 & o!r organs excrete ! copp] ?r\gh ! ur9e & bile1 & prev5t a p]nici\s accumulation40 ,at ! same "t1 ,ts*ir* does n consid] ! "q is def9itely settl$2 ! exp]im5ts %\ld1 he ?9ks1 h be5 cont9u$ n = mon?s1 b = ye>s1 to obta9 a tru/wor?y judgm5t4 #hhg ,ma*1 ,b]i*t b] die ,ergebnisse d] im ,jahre #ahhf ausgefhrt5 ,v]su*e zur ,bekmpfung d] ,p]onospora1 ,/4 ,mi*ele1 ,tyrol4 #hhh ,op4 cit4 ,x may also be rem>k$ t1 if we are to rely ^u ! sep>ation ( copp] by ! kidneys & ! liv]1 ^? organs are presum$ to be 9 a heal?y /ate1 :i* is n ! case ) a p]c5tage ( ! population2 to p]sons ^: liv] or kidneys are uns\nd1 ev5 ! small am\nts ( copp] f\nd 9 8copp]$0 peas may act z a poison1 & ! exp]im5ts previ\sly detail$ ?r[ no light ^u ! action ( copp] "u su* circum/ances4 #hji4 ,detection & ,e/imation ( ,copp]4--,copp] may occur ei!r 9 ! r\t9e process ( precipitat+ by ,,%1 or x may1 z is g5]ally ! case1 be se>*$ = specially4 ,if copp] is look$ = 9 a precipitate produc$ by ,,%1 x is tak5 = grant$ t ! precipitate has fir/ be5 treat$ successively by c>bonate ( ammonia1 sulphide ( sodium1 & hydro*loric acid2 9 o!r words1 ars5ic1 antimony1 & lead h be5 remov$4 ,! moi/ precipitate is n[ treat$ ) w>m nitric acid1 :i* dissolves out copp] sulphide ) sep>ation ( sulphur2 if !re is suffici5t copp]1 ! fluid %[s a blue col\r1 :i* ( itself is an indication ( copp] be+ pres5t4 ,! fur!r te/s are--7#a7 ,ammonia gives a deep] blue2 7#b7 f]rocyanide ( pota% a br[n-r$ col\r or precipitate2 7#c7 a few drops mix$ ) a solution ( t>trate ( soda1 alkalis$ ) sodic hydrate1 & boil$ ) a cry/al or two ( grape-sug>1 gives quickly a r$ precipitate ( oxide ( copp]2 7#d7 a ne$le or a clean iron wire1 or any simple galvanic comb9ation1 imm]s$ 91 or act+ on1 ! liquid1 soon becomes coat$ ) ! v *>act]i/ic r$di% metallic film4 ,v>i\s o!r te/s might be m5tion$1 b ! above are ample4 ,special ,exam9ations = ,copp]4 7#a7 ,9 ,wat] & ,liquids g5]ally4--,! liquid may be conc5trat$1 & ! copp] sep>at$ by electrolysis4 ,a simple me?od is to place ! liquid 9 a l>ge plat9um di%1 & ins]t a piece ( z9c1 add+ a suffici5t quantity ( ,cl,h to dissolve ! z9c entirely2 ! copp] is f\nd z an adh]5t film on ! inn] surface ( ! di%4 ,x is neat]1 h[ev]1 & m accurate1 to connect ! plat9um di% ) ! negative plate ( a batt]y1 susp5d+ 9 ! liquid ! positive electrode4 ,! modifications ( ?is me?od are num]\s2 "s *emi/s use 7especially = small quantities ( copp]7 two small plat9um electrodes1 ei!r ( foil or ( wire1 & on obta9+ ! film1 weigh ! electrode1 !n dissolve ! copp] (f by nitric acid1 & re-weigh4 ,su* solid sub/ances z peas are conv5i5tly ma%$ up into a pa/e ) wat] & ,cl,h2 an aliquot "p is c>efully weigh$ & put 9 a plat9um di%1 connect$1 z be=e describ$1 ) a batt]y2 at ! end ( f twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs all ! copp] is deposit$1 & ! di% ) its film dri$ & weigh$4 ,! weight ( ! clean di%1 m9us ! copp]$ di%1 ( c\rse equals ! copp]4 ,fat & oils are be/ ?or\ghly wa%$ ) hot acid wat]1 :i* w1 if prop]ly p]=m$1 extract all ! copp]4 ,by ! use ( sep>at+ funnels & wet filt]s1 ! fat or oil c be sep>at$ f ! wat]y liquid4 ,a galvanic te/ has be5 propos$1 :i* is c]ta9ly v delicate1 #a_/ajj ( a mgrm4 9 solution be+ recognis$ ) facility4 ,a z9c plat9um c\ple is made ) two wires2 on leav+ ?is 9 an acid liquid conta9+ a m]e trace ( copp]1 aft] sev]al h\rs ! plat9um w be f\nd discol\r$4 ,if ! discoloration is f copp]1 on expos+ ! wire to hydrobromic acid fumes 7easily produc$ f ! action ( potassic bromide & sulphuric acid7 & brom9e1 ! wire w become ( a violet col\r4 ,?is col\r is easily recognis$ by rubb+ ! wire on a piece ( porcela94#hhi #hhi ,*em4 ,news1 ,nov4 #cj1 #ahgg4 7#b7 ,animal ,matt]s1 su* z ! liv]1 bra91 sp9al cord1 c41 are be/ entirely burnt to an a%1 & ! copp] look$ = 9 ! latt]4#hij ,! same rem>k applies to bread & sub/ances consi/+ almo/ entirely ( />*y matt]s4 ,any injuri\s quantity ( copp] c1 h[ev]1 be extract$ ) hydro*loric acid & wat]2 &1 al?\gh ?is me?od ( extraction is n q s accurate1 x is quick]4 #hij ,9 exhumation ( long buri$ bodies1 x may be necess>y to "k ! composition ( ! soil4 ,sonn5s*e9 m5tions a skull1 n[ 9 ! museum at ,madrid1 :i* 0 dug out ( an old ,roman m9e1 & is q gre5 f copp] comp\nds4--,sonn5s*e9's ,h&bu*1 p4 #hc4 #haj4 ,volumetric ,processes = ! ,e/imation ( ,copp]4--,a numb] ( volumetric processes h be5 devis$ = ! e/imation ( copp]1 b = ! purposes ( ?is "w x is unnecess>y to detail !m4 ,:5 copp] is 9 too small a quantity to be weigh$1 x may !n be e/imat$ by a colorimetric process4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( ^! is bas$ ^u ! br[n col\r :i* f]rocyanide ( pota% produces 9 v dilute solutions ( copp]4 ,a /&>d copp] solution is obta9$ by dissolv+ sulphate ( copp] 9 a litre ( wat]1 s t ea* c4c4 conta9s #ja mgrm4 ,cu1 & a solution ( f]rocyanide ( pota% 9 wat] is prep>$1 /r5g? #d p] c5t4 ,x is also conv5i5t to h a solution ( nitrate ( ammonia1 :i* is f\nd to r5d] ! reaction mu* m delicate4 ,! fur!r details are on ! well-kn[n l9es ( colorimetric e/imations4 #c4 ,,bismu?4 #haa4 ,bismu?1 ,bi #baj2 sp4 gr41 #igii2 fus+-po9t1 #bfd 7#ejgb ,f474--,bismu?1 z obta9$ 9 ! c\rse ( analysis1 is ei!r a black metallic p[d] or an extremely brittle bead ( a r$di%-:ite col\r4 ,! comp\nds :i* x w be necess>y to briefly notice are ! p]oxide & t]sulphide4 #hab4 ,! p]oxide ( bismu?1 ,bi,o #dfh2 sp4 gr41 #hbaa2 ,bi1 #hifd p] c5t41 ,o1 #ajcf p] c5t41 z prep>$ by ignit+ ! c>bonate or nitrate1 is a pale lemon col\r$ p[d]1 :i* c be fus$ )\t loss ( weight1 b is r$uc$ on *>coal1 or 9 a /ream ( c>bon dioxide1 to ! metallic /ate4 ,x is also r$uc$ by fusion ) potassic cyanide or by ignition ) ammonium *loride4 #hac4 ,! ,sulphide ( ,bismu?1 ,bi,s #eaf2 ,bi1 #habe p] c5t41 ,s1 #ahge p] c5t41 occurs1 9 ! c\rse ( analysis1 z a br[ni%-black or q black precipitate1 insoluble 9 wat]1 dilute acids1 alkalies1 alkal9e sulphides1 sulphate ( soda1 & cyanide ( potassium1 b dissolv+ 9 mod]ately conc5trat$ nitric acid ) sep>ation ( sulphur4 ,x cont9ually increases 9 weight :5 dri$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 & is completely r$uc$ :5 fus$ ) cyanide ( potassium4 #had4 ,prep>ations ( ,bismu? us$ 9 ,m$ic9e & ! ,arts4 7#a7 ,ph>maceutical ,prep>ations3-- ,bismu?i ,subnitras1 ,bi,o,n,o4,h,o4--,a heavy :ite p[d]1 insoluble 9 wat]1 & respond+ to ! usual te/s = bismu? & nitric acid4 ,! =mula %\ld yield #gg p] c5t4 ( bismu? oxide4 ,comm]cial prep>ations1 h[ev]1 v>y f #gi to #hb p] c5t4 ,bismu? ,loz5ges 7,tro*isci bismu?i7 are compos$ ( subnitrate ( bismu?1 magnesia c>bonate1 precipitat$ lime c>bonate1 sug>1 & gum1 mix$ ) rose wat]4 ,ea* loz5ge %\ld conta9 #jac grm4 7#b gra9s7 ( subnitrate ( bismu?4 ,solution ( ,citrate ( ,bismu? & ,ammonia 7,liquor ,bismu?i et ,ammoni citratis71 a col\rless neutral or slightly alkal9e fluid1 sp4 gr4 #ajg1 respond+ to ! te/s = bismu? & ammonia4 ,z an impurity lead may be pres5t1 citric acid be+ s frequ5tly contam9at$ ) lead4 ,c>bonate ( bismu? 7,bismu?i c>bonas71 7,bi,o,,co7,h,o is a f9e :ite p[d] answ]+ to ! te/s = c>bon dioxide & bismu?2 x %\ld yield #hia p] c5t4 ( bismu? oxide4 ,a ,nitrate ( ,bismu?1 ,bi7,,no71 an oleate ( bismu?1 an oxide ( bismu?1 a subgallate ( bismu? 7d]matol71 & a subiodide ( bismu? are also us$ 9 m$ic9e4 7#b7 ,bismu? 9 ! ,arts4#hia #hia ,bismu? is conta9$ 9 all copp] co9age--f ! ,bactrian co9s to our own2 9 all cupre\s ores1 except ! c>bonates1 & 9 ne>ly all specim5s ( comm]cial copp]4--,field1 ,*em4 ,news1 xxxvi4 #bfa4 ,! *ief use ( bismu? is 9 alloys & sold]s4 ,! ,*romate is employ$ 9 calico-pr9t+1 & ! subnitrate z a pa9t "u ! "n ( pe>l-:ite4 ,! salts ( bismu? also occur 9 wa%es = ! hair1 & pe>l-:ite is us$ z a cosmetic1 b only to a small ext5t4 #hae4 ,m$ic9al ,doses ( ,bismu?4--,! subnitrate & c>bonate are prescrib$ 9 doses f #jfdh to #abif grm4 7#a to #bj gra9s72 ! val]ianate1 f #abif to #fdh grm4 7#b to #aj gra9s72 & ! solution1 f #ag c4c4 to #eb c4c4 7 dra*m to #a dra*m74 #haf4 ,toxic ,effects ( ,bismu?4--,f ! rese>*es ( ,mey] & ,/e9feld#hib on animals1 x appe>s t if birds or mammals are poison$ ) bismu? salts introduc$ subcutane\sly1 or by direct injection1 into ! ve9s1 dea? foll[s 9 f tw5ty-f\r to =ty-eight h\rs1 ! fatal issue be+ prec$$ by convulsions2 aft] dea?1 ! colon is int5sely black5$1 & x may be ulc]at$1 :ile ! small inte/9es & ! /oma* are heal?y4 ,if1 h[ev]1 sulphur prep>ations are giv5 by ! m\?1 !re is !n black5+ ( ! /oma*1 & !re may also be ulc]s4 ,mey] is ( ! op9ion t ,,% precipitates bismu? 9 ! p>5*yma1 & ! p>ticles occlud+ ! capill>ies ?us cause small local necroses2 t :i* escapes precipitation is ma9ly excret$ by ! kidneys4 ,poison\s symptoms 9 man h be5 kn[n to occur f ! treatm5t ( w\nds ) bismu? prep>ations2#hic ! symptoms h be5 some:at simil> to m]curial poison+2 !re h be5 notic$ /omatitis ) salivation1 loos5+ ( ! tee?1 a black col\r ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\? & ulc]ation1 also cat>rh ( ! inte/9es1 & ! inflammatory condition ( ! kidneys usual :5 t organ has to excrete metallic sub/ances n natural to ! body1 ! 8metallni]e10 or metal kidney1 ( ! ,g]man writ]s4 ,"o case is record$ ( dea? 9 n9e days ( an adult aft] tak+ #gg grms4 7#b drms47 ( bismu? subnitrate4 ,! record$ symptoms 7 a metallic ta/e 9 ! m\?1 pa9 9 ! ?roat1 vomit+1 purg+1 coldness ( ! surface1 & spasms ( ! arms & legs4 ,a po/-mortem exam9ation %[$ inflammatory *anges 9 ! gullet1 w9dpipe1 & ?r\gh\t ! inte/9al canal4 ,recov]y has1 h[ev]1 tak5 place f a s+le dose ?ree times ! am\nt m5tion$4 ,x is possible t ! fatal case 0 due to impure bismu?4 #hib ,l4 ,f$]-,mey]1 ,rossba*'s ph>mak4 ,unt]s41 iii41 #ahhb1 ,no4 #bc2 ,/e9feld1 ,wirkung des ,wismut4 ,inaug4 ,diss41 ,dorpat1 #ahhd2 ,ar*4 exp4 ,p41 ,bd4 xx4 #ahhf4 #hic ,b4 ,m$4 ,j\rnal1 #ahhg1 i4 #gdi4 #hag4 ,extraction & ,detection ( ,bismu? 9 ,animal ,matt]s4--,bismu? appe>s to be excret$ pr9cipally by ! b[els z sulphide ( bismu?2 b x has also be5 detect$ 9 ! ur9e1 sple51 & liv]2 & ,lub9sky has f\nd x 9 ! saliva & 9 ! epi!lium ( ! m\? ( p]sons tak+ "o ( its prep>ations4 ,)\t d5y+ ! possibility ( its exi/+ 9 a soluble /ate 9 ! saliva1 its pres5ce 9 ! m\? may1 "u su* circum/ances1 be ascrib$ to ! lodgm5t ( p>ticles ( subnitrate or subc>bonate ( bismu? 9 ! int]/ices ( ! tee?1 c4 ,x w !n be evid5t t1 if a p]son is suppos$ to h be5 poison$ by a l>ge dose ( bismu?1 & ! analy/ fail to f9d x 9 ! /oma*1 ! cont5ts ( ! b[els %\ld be next exam9$4 ,! extraction ( bismu? mu/ be und]tak5 by nitric acid1 & boil+ = at lea/ two h\rs may be necess>y to dissolve x out f ! tissues4 ,su* organs z ! liv] & sple5 are boil$ 9 a f9ely divid$ /ate ) a litre ( dilute nitric acid 7/r5g?1 #e p] c5t471 = ! "t m5tion$1 filt]$1 & ! filtrate evaporat$ to dryness2 ! rema9d] is !n c>bonis$ by /rong nitric acid2 &1 f9ally1 ! *>coal is boil$ ) equal p>ts ( nitric acid & wat]1 & ! :ole evaporat$ to dryness4 ,by ?is me?od e trace ( bismu? is extract$4 ,! dry residue may n[ be br\ght into solution1 & te/$ = bismu?4 ,! be/ solv5t = ! nitrate ( bismu? is dilute nitric acid #ej p] c5t42 ! dry residue is !re=e dissolv$ 9 #ajj or #bjj c4c4 ( ! acid1 & fractional p>ts tak5 = exam9ation3-- 7#a7 ,! solution1 p\r$ into a l>ge volume ( w>m di/ill$ wat]1 gives a cry/all9e precipitate ( subnitrate ( bismu?4 ,! only metal giv+ a simil> reaction is antimony1 & ?is is exclud$ by ! me?od employ$4 7#b7 ,! filt]$ fluid gives on addition ( sodic *loride a precipitate ( oxy*loride4 ,?is1 aga91 is di/+ui%$ f oxy*loride ( antimony by its insolubility 9 t>t>ic acid4 7#c7 ,any bismu? precipitate1 fus$ ) soda on *>coal1 gives a brittle bead ( bismu?2 ! coal is coat$ :il/ w>m a d>k orange-yell[1 on cool+ citron-yell[4 7#d7 ,! bead may be id5tifi$ by p[d]+ x1 plac+ x 9 a %ort sublim+ tube1 & pass+ ov] x dry *lor9e4 ,! p[d] fir/ turns black1 !n melts to an amb]-yell[ fluid1 & f9ally1 by prolong$ heat+1 sublimes z t]*loride ( bismu?4 7#e7 ,a v delicate te/ propos$ by ,abel & ,field1 9 #ahfb1hid specially = ! detection ( bismu? 9 copp] 7b by no means conf9$ to m9]al analysis71 utilises ! fact t1 if iodide ( lead be precipitat$ f a fluid conta9+ ! lea/ trace ( bismu?1 in/ead ( ! yell[ iodide ! scales assume a d>k orange to a crimson t9t4 ,a solution ( nitrate ( lead is us$2 to ! nitric acid solution ammonia & c>bonate ( ammonia add$2 ! precipitate wa%$1 & dissolv$ 9 acetic acid2 &1 f9ally1 excess ( iodide ( potassium add$4 ,x is said t ?us s small a quantity z #jjjbe grm4 may be detect$ 9 copp] ) ! greate/ ease1 ! iodide ( lead becom+ d>k orange2 #jja gra9 imp>ts a r$di%-br[n t+e1 & #ja gra9 a crimson4 #hid ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #ahfb1 vol4 xiv4 p4 #bij2 ,*em4 ,news1 vol4 xxxvi4 p4 #bfa4 7#f7 ,a solution ( a bismu? salt1 :i* mu/ conta9 no free ,h,cl1 :5 treat$ ) #aj p>ts ( wat]1 #b ( potassium iodide1 & #a "p ( c9*on9e1 gives a r$ orange precipitate ( c9*on9e iod4-bismu?4#hie #hie ,e4 ,lg>1 ,bull4 de la ,soc4 ,*im41 vol4 iv41 #ahhh1 #ia4 7#g7 ,van ,kobell's te/1 z modifi$ by ,hut*+s1#hif & propos$ m especially = ! detection ( bismu? 9 m9]als1 is capable ( be+ appli$ to any solid comp\nd suspect$ ( conta9+ ! metal3--,a mixture ( precipitat$ & purifi$ cupr\s iodide1 ) an equal volume ( fl[]s ( sulphur1 is prep>$1 & #b p>ts ( ?is mixture are made into a pa/e ) #a "p ( ! sub/ance1 & heat$ on a slip ( *>coal on an alum9ium support by ! bl[pipe flame4 ,if bismu? be pres5t1 ! r$ bismu? iodide w sublime1 & on clean alum9ium is easily di/+ui%able4 #hif ,*em4 ,news1 vol4 xxxvi4 p4 #bdi4 ,!re are _m o!r te/s1 b ! above are suffici5t4 #hah4 ,e/imation ( ,bismu?4--,! e/imation ( bismu?1 :5 9 any quantity easily weigh$1 is1 p]haps1 be/ accompli%$ by fus+ ! sulphide1 oxide1 or o!r comp\nd ( bismu?1 9 a porcela9 crucible ) cyanide ( potassium2 ! bismu? is r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate1 ! cyanide c be dissolv$ out1 & ! metallic p[d] wa%$ 7fir/ ) wat]1 la/ly ) _s71 dri$1 & weigh$4 ,mr4 ,pattison ,muir has %[n#hig t bismu? may be sep>at$ f iron1 alum9ium1 *romium1 & manganese1 by add+ ammonia to ! acid solutions ( ^! metals4 #hig ,pattison ,muir on 8,c]ta9 ,bismu? ,comp\nds10 ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc41 p4 #g1 #ahgf4 ,?is obs]vation admits ( _m applications1 & may be usefully tak5 advantage ( 9 ! sep>ation ( bismu? f ! nitric acid solution ( su* animal matt]s z liv]1 c4 ,! acid liquid is p>tially neutralis$ by ammonia1 &1 on dilut+ ) w>m wat] conta9+ a little sodium or ammonium *loride1 ! :ole ( ! bismu? is precipitat$ z oxy*loride1 :i* may be collect$1 & fus$ ) cyanide ( potassium1 z above4 ,if ! bismu? precipitate is 9 small quantity1 or if a numb] ( e/imations ( bismu? are to be made1 x is mo/ conv5i5t to use a volumetric process4 ,9 ! case fir/ m5tion$1 ! oxy*loride c\ld be dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 sodium acetate add$ 9 excess1 & suffici5t acetic acid to dissolve any precipitate :i* has be5 produc$1 & !n titrat$ by ! foll[+ me?od1 :i* we also owe to ,mr4 ,pattison ,muir3-- ,e/imation ( ,bismu? by ,potassium ,di*romate4#hih--;,a solution ( recry/allis$ potassium di*romate 7/r5g?1 #a p] c5t47 is prep>$4 ,a kn[n weight ( pure bismu?\s oxide 7,bi,o7 is dissolv$ 9 excess ( nitric acid1 & a solution ( sodium acetate is add$ to ?is liquid until a copi\s :ite precipitate is ?r[n d[n2 acetic acid is !n add$ 9 quantity suffici5t to dissolve ! precipitate completely1 & to insure t1 :5 ! liquid is made up ) wat] to a fix$ volume1 no precipitate %all be =m$4 ,a c]ta9 volume ( ?is liquid is )drawn by means ( a pipette1 plac$ 9 a beak]1 & heat$ to boil+2 ! potassium di*romate is !n gradually run 9 f a burette1 ! liquid be+ boil$ betwe5 ea* addition ( ! solution1 until a drop ( ! sup]natant liquid gives a fa9t r$di%-br[n coloration :5 spott$ ) silv] nitrate on a :ite slab4 #hih ,pattison ,muir on 8,c]ta9 ,bismu? ,comp\nds10 ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc41 vol4 i4 p4 #fei1 #ahgi4 ,ano!r v g5]ally applicable volumetric me?od = bismu? has be5 propos$ by ,mr4 ,muir4#hii ,?is dep5ds on ! fact 7obs]v$ by ,son*ay & ,leuss571#ijj t normal bismu? oxalate splits up on boil+ into a basic oxalate ( ! composition ,bi,o#b;,c,o ,,oh1 b slightly soluble 9 nitric acid4 ,! process is p]=m$ by precipitat+ ! bismu? by excess ( oxalic acid1 dissolv+ ! precipitate 7fir/ purifi$ f free oxalic acid7 9 dilute hydro*loric acid1 & la/ly1 titrat+ by p]manganate4 ,! abs5ce ( free hydro*loric acid be=e precipitat+ mu/ be insur$4 #hii ,ibid41 #ahgg4 #ijj ,ann4 ,*em4 ,ph>m41 vol4 cv4 p4 #bde4 #d4 ,,silv]4 #hai4 ,silv] #ajh2 specific gravity1 #aje2 fus+-po9t1 #ajbc 7#ahgc ,f474--,silv]1 z sep>at$ 9 analysis1 is ei!r a v :ite1 glitt]+1 metallic bead1 or a dull grey p[d]4 ,x does n lose weight on ignition1 & is soluble 9 dilute nitric acid4 #hbj4 ,*loride ( ,silv]1 ,ag,cl #adce2 specific gravity1 #eeeb2 ,ag1 #gebg p] c5t41 ,cl1 #bdgc p] c5t41 is a d5se1 :ite1 curdy precipitate1 :5 produc$ 9 ! wet way4 ,x is v insoluble 9 wat]1 dilute nitric acid1 & dilute sulphuric acid2 9 _m w>m solutions 7especially aque\s solutions ( ! *lorides g5]ally71 ! alkal9e & alkal9e-e>?y nitrates1 & t>t>ic acid solutions1 ! silv] is dissolv$ to an appreciable ext5t1 b deposit$ aga9 on dilut+ & cool+4 ,! complete solv5ts ( *loride ( silv] are--ammonia1 cyanide ( potassium1 & hyposulphite ( soda4 ,*loride ( silv] _c be fus$ at a high heat )\t "s slight loss by volatilisation2 on coal 9 ! ,r4,f41 x fuses v easily to a globule4 ,x c ) soda be r$uc$ to metal1 & c also readily be r$uc$ by ignition 9 a curr5t ( hydrog51 c>bon oxide1 or c>burett$ hydrog5 gas4 #hba4 ,sulphide ( ,silv]1 ,ag,s #bdh2 specific gravity1 #gb2 ,ag1 #hga p] c5t41 ,s1 #abi p] c5t41 :5 prep>$ 9 ! wet way1 is a black precipitate1 insoluble 9 wat]1 dilute acids1 & alkal9e sulphides4 ,if ignit$ 9 hydrog5 x may be r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate2 x is soluble 9 nitric acid1 ) sep>ation ( sulphur4 #hbb4 ,prep>ations ( ,silv] us$ 9 ,m$ic9e & ! ,arts4 7#a7 ,m$ic9al ,prep>ations3-- ,nitrate ( ,silv]1 ,ag,n,o2 ,ag1 #fcea p] c5t41 ,n,o1 #cfdi p] c5t4 ,?is salt is ei!r sold cry/allis$ 9 col\rless rhombic prisms1 or 9 ! =m ( small :ite p5cils or /icks4 ,x gives ! reactions = silv] & nitric acid1 & /a9s ! sk9 black4 #ajj p>ts1 dissolv$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 %\ld give1 ) hydro*loric acid1 a precipitate :i*1 :5 wa%$ & dri$1 weighs #hcd p>ts4 ,! silv] is1 h[ev]1 f> m quickly e/imat$ by ! bl[pipe ?an 9 ! wet way4 ,"o grm4 fus$ 9 a cavity on *>coal %\ld give a little globule ( metallic silv]1 weigh+ ab\t #fcea grm4 ,! *ief adult]ations ( ?is sub/ance are copp]1 lead1 & nitrate ( pota%4 ,if all ! silv] is precipitat$ by hydro*loric acid1 c>efully filt]$ (f1 & ! filtrate evaporat$ to dryness1 any residue w d5ote adult]ation or impurity4 ,arg5ti ,oxidum1 ,oxide ( ,silv]1 ,ag,o #bcb2 ,ag1 #icai p] c5t4--,a d>k olive-br[n p[d]1 soluble 9 ammonia & nitric acid4 ,by ignition x readily yields metallic silv]4 ,! ,p4,b4 directs t #bi gra9s ( ! oxide %\ld yield #bg ( metallic silv]4 ,nitrate ( ,silv] & ,pota% 7,arg5tum nitricum cum kali nitrico71 ,ag,n,o ,,kno4--,?is prep>ation is 9 mo/ ( ! ph>macopias1 ,au/rian1 ,g]man1 ,dani%1 ,sw$i%1 ,russian1 ,swiss1 & ! ,briti%2 x is direct$ by ! ,b4,p4 to be compos$ ( #a "p ( silv] nitrate & #a "p ( potassic nitrate fus$ toge!r4 ,a 8t\gh5$ silv] nitrate0 is made by fus+ toge!r potassic nitrate #e1 silv] nitrate #ie4 ,mild cau/ic po9ts are us$ by oculi/s by fus+ #a ( silv] nitrate ) #b1 #c1 #c1 & #d p>ts ( potassic nitrate4 7#b7 ,silv] 9 ! ,arts4--,! uses ( ! metal 9 co9age1 articles = dome/ic purposes1 = ornam5t1 c41 are too well kn[n to require enum]ation4 ,! only =ms 9 :i* silv] is likely to give rise to accid5t are ! salts us$ 9 m$ic9e1 photography1 9 ! dye+ ( hair1 & 9 ! manufacture ( m>k+ inks4 ,hair-dyes4--,ab\t "o-half ( ! hair-dyes 9 use are made ) nitrate ( silv]4 ,! foll[+ are only a few ( ! recipes3-- ,aqua ,ori5talis4--,gra9 silv] #b drms41 nitric acid #a oz41 /eel fil+s #d drms41 di/ill$ wat] #a oz4--! :ole f9ally made up to #c fluid ozs41 & filt]$4 ,arg5tan ,t9cture4--,nitrate ( silv] #a dra*m1 rose wat] #a fluid oz41 suffici5t nitrate ( copp] to imp>t a gre5i% t9t4 ,eau d',afrique4--,two solutions--"o ( nitrate ( silv]1 ! o!r ( pota%1 conta9+ ammonium sulphide4 ,! photograph] uses v>i\s salts ( silv]1 ! *ief ( :i* are--! nitrate1 iodide1 bromide1 cyanide1 & *loride ( silv]4 ,m>k+ ,inks4--,"s ( ! m important recipes = m>k+ ink are z foll[s3-- ,nitrate ( silv] #aj "p1 hot di/ill$ wat] #cf p>ts1 mucilage1 previ\sly rubb$ ) sap-gre51 #aj "p4 ,) ?is is sold a 8p\nce10 or prep>ation consi/+ ( a col\r$ solution ( sodic c>bonate4 ,ano!r prep>ation is v simil>1 b ) ! addition ( ammonia & "s col\r+ matt]1 su* z indigo1 syrup ( buck?orn1 or sap-gre54 ,a ?ird is made ) t>t>ic acid & nitrate ( silv]1 dissolv$ 9 ammonia solution1 & col\r$4 ,r$wood's ,ink consi/s ( equal p>ts ( nitrate ( silv] & potassic bit>trate1 dissolv$ 9 ammonia1 ) ! addition ( ar*il gre5 & sug>2 accord+ to ! =mula1 #ajj p>ts %\ld equal #aff ( silv] nitrate4 ,s\beiran's ,ink is compos$ ( cupric nitrate #c1 arg5tic nitrate #h1 sodic c>bonate #d1 & ! :ole made up to #ajj p>ts1 9 solution ( ammonia4 ,9 "o ( ,mr4 ,reade's inks1 besides silv]1 an ammoniacal solution ( a salt ( gold is us$4 #hbc4 ,m$ic9al ,dose ( ,silv] ,comp\nds4--,! nitrate & ! oxide ( silv] are giv5 9 doses f #jafb to #abif grm4 7 gra9 to #b gra9s74 ,any?+ l #aidd to #beib grm4 7#c or #d gra9s7 w\ld be consid]$ a l>ge1 if n a dang]\s dose2 b no?+ def9ite is kn[n z to :at w\ld be a poison\s dose4 #hbd4 ,effects ( ,nitrate ( ,silv] on ,animals4--,nitrate ( silv] is *ang$ into *loride by ! animal fluids1 & also =ms a comp\nd ) album54 ,silv] *loride & silv] album5ate are bo? some:at soluble 9 solutions conta9+ *lorides ( ! alkalies1 :i* expla9s h[ a metallic salt1 s v insoluble 9 wat]1 c be absorb$ by ! blood4 ,! action ( soluble salts ( silv] on animals has be5 sev]al times inve/igat$4 ,!re appe>s to be "s diff]5ce betwe5 its effects on w>m & cold-blood$ animals4 ,9 frogs !re is quickly an exaltation ( ! functions ( ! sp9al cord1 tetanic convulsions appe>1 simil> to ^? induc$ by /ry*n9e2 lat]1 !re is di/urbance ( ! respiration & cessation ( volunt>y motion4 ,! fir/ symptoms ) dogs & cats are vomit+ & di>rha2 muscul> weakness1 p>alysis1 di/urbance ( ! respiration1 & weak clonic convulsions foll[4 ,r\get1 z well z ,curci1 consid]s t ! action ( silv] is direct$ to ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em2 !re is fir/ excitem5t1 & !n foll[s p>alysis ( ! c5tres ( respiration & movem5t4 ,dea? occurs ?r\gh c5tral asphyxia4 ,accord+ to ! rese>*es ( ,f4 ,a4 ,falck1 subcutane\s injections ( silv] nitrate into rabbits cause a fall ( temp]ature ( #fg to #agf1 ! la/ be+ ! greate/ fall :i*1 9 8 num]\s rese>*es on ! effect ( poisons on temp]ature1 he has se54 ,*ronic poison+1 accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,bogosl[sky on animals1 produces emaciation1 fatty deg5]ation ( ! liv]1 kidneys1 & also ( ! muscles--a /atem5t confirm$ by o!rs4 #hbe4 ,toxic ,effects ( ,silv] ,nitrate 9 ,man--7#a7 ,acute ,poison+4--,?is is v r>e4 ,orfila relates an attempt at suicide2 b mo/ ( ! cases h be5 accid5tal1 & ( ^!1 9 rec5t times1 ab\t five are record$1 mo/ly *ildr54 ,! accid5t is usually due to ! application ( ! solid nitrate to ! ?roat1 z an es*>otic1 ! /ick break+ or becom+ deta*$1 & be+ imm$iately swall[$2 su* an accid5t is relat$ by ,scatt]good4#ija ,a piece ( silv] nitrate in* long1 slipp$ d[n ! ?roat ( a *ild1 ag$ fifte5 mon?s--vomit+ imm$iately occurr$1 foll[$ by convulsions & di>rha2 *loride ( sodium 0 adm9i/]$1 b ! *ild di$ 9 six h\rs4 ,9 o!r cases p>alysis & an unconsci\s /ate has be5 obs]v$4 #ija ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rnal1 ,may #ahga4 7#b7 ,*ronic ,poison+4--,salts ( silv] tak5 = a long p]iod cause a peculi> & indelible col\r ( ! sk91 ! body becomes ( a greyi%-blue to black col\r1 x beg9s fir/ ar\nd ! nails & f+]s1 !n pat*es ( a simil> hue appe> 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! body1 & gradually coalesce1 be+ mo/ m>k$ 9 ^? p>ts expos$ to ! light4 ,! col\r is n conf9$ to ! out] sk91 b is also se5 9 ! muc\s membranes4 ,!re is also a slight inflammation ( ! gums1 & a violet l9e ar\nd _! edge4 ,g9pon obs]v$ ?is l9e aft] two mon?s' treatm5t ( a pati5t by silv] nitrate2 ! :ole quantity tak5 be+ #ci grms4 7ab\t #fj gra9s74 ,! peculi> col\r ( ! sk9 is only se5 aft] l>ge dose2 aft] #h grms4 tak5 9 divid$ doses ,*aillon c\ld n obs]ve any *ange1 b aft] #ae grms4 _h be5 tak5 x 0 evid5t4 ,s also ,riem] has record$ a case1 9 :i*1 aft] a ye>'s use ( silv] nitrate 7total quantity #agd grms47 a greyi%-black col\r ( ! face 0 produc$1 &1 :5 ne>ly d\ble ! quantity _h be5 tak51 ! col\r _h invad$ ! :ole body4 #hbf4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,9 ! acute case record$ by ,scatt]good1 ! muc\s membranes ( ! gullet1 ( ! great curvature ( ! /oma*1 & p>ts ( ! duod5um & jejunum 7 erod$1 & p>ticles ( curd-l silv] *loride adh]$ to ! muc\s membrane4 ,9 ! case record$ by ,riem] ( ! long-cont9u$ use ( silv] nitrate1 ! s]\s & muc\s membranes 7 col\r$ d>k2 ! *oroid plexus 0 ( a blue-black2 ! endoc>dium1 ! valves ( ! he>t1 & ! aorta pale to d>k grey1 z well z ! re/ ( ! vessels2 ! col\r+ 0 conf9$ to ! intima4 ,! liv] & kidney also %[$ simil> pigm5tation4 ,! pigm5t 7probably metallic silv]7 0 9 ! =m ( v f9e gra9s1 &1 z reg>ds ! sk91 0 situate "u ! rete ,malpighia 9 ! upp] lay] ( ! corium1 & also 9 ! deep] connective tissue & 9 ! sweat gl&s4 ,li\ville has also f\nd ! kidneys ( a woman simil>ly pigm5t$1 :o took silv] nitrate daily = #bgj days1 9 all ab\t #g grms41 five ye>s be=e h] dea?4 #hbg4 ,detection & ,e/imation ( ,silv]4--,! exam9ation ( ! solid salts ( silv] usually met ) 7viz41 ! nitrate1 bromide1 iodide1 cyanide1 & *loride7 is mo/ spe$y by ! dry me?od on *>coal2 9 ?is way 9 less ?an #abj seconds any practical *emi/ c\ld id5tify ea* comp\nd4 ,! nitrate1 bromide1 iodide1 & cyanide1 all1 if ignit$ on *>coal1 yield buttons ( metallic silv]--deflagration1 brom9e vap\rs1 iod9e vap\rs1 & cyanog5 vap\rs be+ ! respective ph5om5a obs]v$4 ,*loride ( silv] fuses to a pe>l-grey1 br[n1 or black globule on *>coal1 accord+ to its purity2 b is only 9 ! ,r4,f4 gradually r$uc$ to metal4 ,) soda1 or fus$ 9 hydrog5 or coal gas1 ! r$uction is rapid en\gh4 ,nitrate ( ,silv] 9 solution might be id5tifi$ by a v l>ge numb] ( te/s1 s9ce x =ms s _m insoluble salts4 ,9 practice "o is1 h[ev]1 satisfi$ ) ?ree te/s1 viz43 7#a7 ,a curdy precipitate ( *loride1 on ! addition ( hydro*loric acid or alkal9e *lorides1 soluble only 9 ammonia1 cyanide ( potassium1 or hyposulphite ( soda2 7#b7 a yell[ precipitate1 b little soluble 9 ammonia1 on ! addition ( iodide ( potassium2 & 7#c7 a blood-r$ precipitate on ! addition ( *romate ( pota%4 ,! sep>ation ( silv] f ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* is be/ ensur$ by treat+ x ) cyanide ( potassium2 =1 unless a v l>ge quantity ( silv] nitrate has be5 tak51 x is tol]ably c]ta9 t ! :ole ( x has pass$ into *loride1 & w1 !re=e1 n be attack$ easily by acids4 ,! cont5ts ( ! /oma*1 !n1 or ! tissues !mselves1 are plac$ 9 a flask & w>m$ = "s "t ) cyanide ( potassium1 fir/1 if necess>y1 add+ ammonia4 ,! fluid is sep>at$ f ! solid matt]s by subsid5ce 7= an alkal9e fluid ( ?is k9d w sc>cely filt]71 & !n decompos$ by hydro*loric acid 9 excess4 ,! flask conta9+ ?is fluid is put on "o side 9 a w>m place1 & ! cle> fluid decant$ f ! insoluble *loride4 ,! latt] is n[ collect$ on a filt]1 well wa%$ ) hot wat]1 & !n dri$ & r$uc$ on *>coal2 or x may be put 9 a little porcela9 crucible ) a rod ( z9c & a few drops ( hydro*loric acid4 ,! silv] is soon deposit$1 & mu/ be wa%$ ) wat]1 !n ) sulphuric acid4 ,by ! aid ( a wa%-bottle ! p>ticles ( silv] are n[ collect$ on a small filt]1 aga9 wa%$1 & on ! moi/ mass a cry/al ( nitrate ( pota% & a little c>bonate ( soda laid4 ,! :ole is !n dri$1 & all ! filt] cut away1 save ! small portion conta9+ ! silv]4 ,?is small portion is n[ heat$ on *>coal until a little button ( pure silv] is obta9$1 :i* may fir/ be weigh$1 !n dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 & te/$ by ! me?ods detail$4 ,9 a simil> way hair1 suspect$ ( be+ dy$ ) silv]1 c be treat$ ) *lor9e gas1 & ! *loride dissolv$ 9 potassic cyanide4 ,spots on l951 &1 g5]ally1 v small quantities ( silv]1 may be detect$ by a simple galvanic process3--,! sub/ance is treat$ ) solution ( cyanide ( potassium1 & submitt$ to a weak galvanic curr5t1 us+ = ! negative plate a slip ( copp]1 = ! positive1 plat9um2 ! silv] is deposit$ on ! =m]4 #e4 ,,m]cury4 #hbh4 ,m]cury1 ,hg #bjj2 specific gravity1 #aceif2 boil+-po9t1 #cej 7#ffb ,f472 x becomes solid at -#cid 7-#ci ,f474 ,?is well kn[n & famili> fluid metal evaporates & sublimes to a m9ute ext5t at all temp]atures above #e4 ,:5 precipitat$ or deposit$ 9 a f9ely divid$ /ate1 ! metal c be unit$ into a s+le globule only if x is fairly pure2 v slight fatty impurities especially w prev5t ! union4 ,x is insoluble 9 hydro*loric acid1 soluble to a slight ext5t 9 dilute cold sulphuric acid1 & completely soluble 9 conc5trat$ sulphuric & 9 nitric acids4 ,x comb9es directly ) *lor9e1 brom9e1 & iod9e1 :i*1 9 pres5ce ( free alkali1 readily dissolve x4 ,x is unalt]able at #ajj1 &1 :5 expos$ to a high temp]ature1 sublimes un*ang$4 ,m]cur\s ,*loride 7,calomel1 ,hg,cl #bcee2 specific gravity1 #gagh2 sublim+ temp]ature1 #aaaf2 ,hg1 #hdid p] c5t41 ,cl1 #aejf p] c5t471 :5 prep>$ 9 ! wet way is a heavy :ite p[d]1 absolutely insoluble 9 cold1 b decompos$ by boil+ wat]4 ,x may be conv]t$ into ! m]curic *loride by *lor9e wat] & aqua regia4 ,*loride ( ammonium1 potassium1 & sodium1 all decompose calomel into metallic m]cury & m]curic *loride4 ,x is easily r$uc$ to metal 9 a tube ) soda1 pota%1 or burnt magnesia4 #hbi4 ,sulphide ( ,m]cury 7,hg,s1 ,hg1 #hfba p] c5t41 ,s1 #acgi p] c5t47 is a black p[d]1 dissolv+ 9 nitromuriatic acid1 b v insoluble 9 o!r acids or 9 wat]4 ,x is also insoluble 9 alkal9e sulphides1 ) ! exception ( potassic sulphide4 #hcj4 ,m$ic9al ,prep>ations ( ,m]cury4--,m]cury 9 ! liquid /ate has be5 occasionally adm9i/]$ 9 con/ipation2 its int]nal use is n[ 7or ought to be7 obsolete4 ,gmel9 has f\nd samples contam9at$ ) metallic bismu?--a metal :i* only slightly dim9i%es ! fluidity ( m]cury2 ! impurity may be detect$ by %ak+ ! m]cury 9 air1 & ?us oxidis+ ! bismu?4 ,m]cury may also conta9 v>i\s me*anical impurities1 :i* are detect$ by =c+ ! metal by means ( a vacuum pump ?r\gh any d5se filt]+ sub/ance4 ,t9 & z9c may be dissolv$ out by hydro*loric acid1 & all fix$ impurities 7su* z lead & bismu?7 are at once discov]$ on sublim+ ! metal4 ,m]cury & ,*alk 7,hydr>gyrum cum creta74--,m]cury1 #cccc p] c5t42 *alk1 #fffg4 ,blue ,pill 7,pilula hydr>gyri74--,m]cury 9 a f9ely divid$ /ate1 mix$ ) confection ( roses & liquorice root2 ! m]cury %\ld be 9 ! proportion ( #cccc p] c5t4#ijb #ijb ,! *emical composition ( blue pill v>ies accord+ to its age4 ,h>old ,s5i] has made a c>eful s]ies ( analyses1 ) ! foll[+ result 7,ph>m4 ,j\rn41 ,feb4 #e1 #ahgf73-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,age4 ,metallic ,m]curic ,m]cur\s ,a%4 ,organic ,m]cury4 ,oxide4 ,oxide4 ,matt]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #a #ah h\rs1 #cbdi none4 a trace4 #abj #ffca #b #c weeks1 #cbbf #ji #be #abj #ffbj #c #c mon?s1 #cbfj #bd #fb #aah #ffcf #d #c #caae #dd #afj #aab #fefi #e #f #cbdd #ej #hj #agj #fdef #f #ad #bihf #ih #bfj #abj #fecf #g #ai #caei #ej #bej #ajj #fdda #h #b ye>s1 #bhdj #ahj #dbb #baj #fcdh #i 787 #cjbc #ajf #cbd #aje #fddd ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,m]cury ,pla/] 7,empla/rum hydr>gyri74--,made ) m]cury1 olive oil1 sulphur1 & lead pla/]2 x %\ld conta9 ,hg1 #cc p] c5t42 sulphur1 #ah p] c5t4 ,ammoniac & ,m]cury ,pla/] 7,empla/rum ammoniaci cum hydr>gyro74--,gum1 ammonia1 m]cury1 olive oil1 & sulphur2 x %\ld conta9 #bj p] c5t4 ( ,hg1 & #a p] c5t4 ( sulphur4 ,m]curial ,o9tm5t 7,ungu5tum hydr>gyri74--,m]cury mix$ ) l>d & suet1 ! /r5g? %\ld be ne>ly #ej p] c5t4 m]cury2 comm]cial samples (t5 conta9 z little z #ch p] c5t4 ,comp\nd ,m]cury ,o9tm5t 7,ungu5tum hydr>gyri compositum74--,made ) o9tm5t ( m]cury1 yell[ wax1 olive oil1 & camphor2 x %\ld conta9 #bbb p] c5t4 ,hg4 ,l9im5t ( ,m]cury 7,l9im5tum hydr>gyri7 is made ( m]curial o9tm5t1 solution ( ammonia1 & l9im5t ( camphor2 x conta9s ab\t #af p] c5t4 ( m]cury4 ,m]curial ,suppositories 7,suppositoria hydr>gyri74--,compos$ ( o9tm5t ( m]cury & oil ( !obroma4 ,ea* suppository %\ld weigh #ae gra9s & conta9 ( its weight ( m]curial o9tm5t4 ,acetate ( ,m]cury 7,m]cur\s acetate7 is n conta9$ 9 ! ,b4,p41 b is (fic9al on ! ,cont95t4 ,x is a salt occurr+ 9 :ite micace\s scales1 soluble 9 #acc p>ts ( cold wat]1 giv+ ! reactions ( acetic acid & m]cury1 & v readily decompos$4 ,m]curic ,e?yl ,*loride 7,hydr>gyrum ?ylo-*loratum7 is us$ z a m$ic9e on ! ,cont95t4 ,x occurs 9 :ite1 glitt]+1 cry/all9e scales1 :i* take on pressure a metallic appe>ance1 & possess a peculi> e!real od\r2 x is b little soluble 9 wat] & e!r1 ) difficulty 9 cold alcohol1 b copi\sly soluble on boil+1 & deposit+ cry/als on cool+4 ,x sublimes at ab\t #dj )\t residue2 on quick heat+ x burns ) a weak flame1 develop+ a vap\r ( metallic ta/e & unpleasant od\r4 ,x gives no precipitate ) silv] nitrate1 nor ) album54 ,corrosive ,sublimate 7,m]curic *loride71 ,hg,cl #bga2 ,hg1 #gch p] c5t41 ,cl1 #bfa p] c5t4--,9 comm]ce ?is salt occurs 9 transp>5t1 heavy1 col\rless masses1 :i* h a cry/all9e fracture2 if plac$ 9 ! sublim+ cell describ$ at p4 #beh1 x sublimes at ab\t #hbb 7#ahj ,f471 & melts at high] temp]atures4 ,! sublimate is g5]ally 9 gr\ps ( plates drawn to a po9t at bo? ends1 9 cry/all9e ne$les1 or 9 octah$ra ) a rectangul> base4 ,x dissolves 9 #af p>ts ( cold wat] & ab\t #c ( boil+1 & is v soluble 9 solutions ( ! alkal9e *lorides2 x dissolves also 9 e!r1 & c be1 to a great ext5t1 )drawn f aque\s solutions by ?is ag5t4 ,alcohol dissolves ne>ly "o-?ird its weight ( ! salt1 & its own weight :5 boil+4 ,x comb9es ) album52 gives1 :5 9 solution1 a precipitate ( m]curic oxide :5 te/$ ) solution ( pota%2 a :ite precipitate ) ammonia2 a sc>let ) iodide ( potassium2 & a black precipitate ( f9ely divid$ m]cury ) proto*loride ( t94 ,if a cry/al 7:5 plac$ 9 ! sublim+ cell7 gives a cry/all9e sublimate at ab\t ! temp]ature m5tion$1 & ?is sublimate becomes ( a r$ col\r :5 treat$ ) a droplet ( iodide ( potassium1 x c be no o!r sub/ance ?an corrosive sublimate4 ,solution ( ,p]*loride ( ,m]cury 7,liquor hydr>gyri p]*loridi7 is simply #aj gra9s ( p]*loride ( m]cury & *loride ( ammonium 9 a p9t ( wat]2 #ajj c4c4 !re=e %\ld conta9 #aad mgrms4 corrosive sublimate4 ,yell[ ,m]curial ,lotion 7,lotio hydr>gyri flava74--,p]*loride ( m]cury1 #ah gra9s1 mix$ ) #aj ounces ( solution ( lime4 ,calomel#ijc 7,hydr>gyri sub*loridum74--,! prop]ties ( calomel h be5 already describ$4 ,x sometimes conta9s z an impurity corrosive sublimate1 :i* may be dissolv$ out by e!r4 ,c>bonate ( lead1 sulphate1 & c>bonate ( b>yta1 gum1 & />*1 are ! usual adult]ants m5tion$4 ,if on ! application ( heat calomel entirely sublimes1 x mu/ be free f ! sub/ances enum]at$4 #ijc ,x w\ld appe> t 9 ,am]ica a cosmetic is 9 use1 consi/+ ( calomel mix$ into a pa/e ) wat]4--,vide 8,a ,dang]\s ,cosmetic10 by ,c4 ,h4 ,piesse1 ,analy/ 7#be71 #ahgh1 p4 #bda4 ,oleate ( ,m]cury 7,hydr>gyri oleatum7 is compos$ ( #a "p ( yell[ oxide & #i p>ts ( oleic acid4 ,black ,m]curial ,lotion 7,lotio hydr>gyri nigra74--,calomel1 #cj gra9s1 mix$ ) #aj fluid ounces ( lime-wat]4 ,comp\nd ,pill ( ,sub*loride ( ,m]cury4--,calomel & sulphurat$ antimony1 ea* #a ounce1 guiac res9 #b ounces1 ca/or-oil #a fluid ounce4 ,"o gra9 7#jfdh grm47 ( calomel1 & ! same quantity ( antimony sulphide1 are conta9$ 9 e #e gra9s 7#cbd mgrms47 ( ! pill mass1 i4e41 calomel #bj p] c5t4 ,o9tm5t ( ,sub*loride ( ,m]cury 7,ungu5tum hydr>gyri sub*loridi74--,calomel mix$ ) b5zoat$ l>d2 /r5g? ab\t #a 3 #f4 ,:ite ,precipitate 7,hydr>gyrum ammoniatum1 ,,nh,hg,cl74--,a :ite1 heavy p[d]1 sublim+ by heat )\t residue1 & insoluble 9 wat]1 alcohol1 & e!r4 ,) soda1 x yields a metallic sublimate4 ,:5 boil$ ) pota%1 ammonia is evolv$1 ! yell[ oxide ( m]cury =m$1 & *loride ( potassium passes into solution4 ,x %\ld conta9 #gie p] c5t4 ( m]cury4 ,! fusible :ite precipitate ( ! ph>macopia ( ! ,ne!rl&s does n appe> to be ( con/ant composition1 v>y+ betwe5 #fid to #fef p] c5t4 ( m]cury4#ijd ,x melts on heat+1 & leaves z a residue *loride ( sodium4 #ijd ,hirs*1 ,die ,prfung d] ,arz5eimittel4 ,comm]cial :ite precipitate is frequ5tly adult]at$2 ,b>nes has f\nd c>bonates ( lead & lime1 ! latt] to ! ext5t ( ne>ly #b p] c5t4#ije ,calomel1 accord+ to ,nickles1#ijf has be5 sub/itut$ = :ite precipitate1 b ?is 0 sev]al ye>s ago4 ,! me?ods = detection are obvi\s4 #ije ,proce$4 ,brit4 ,ph>m4 ,conf41 #ahfg1 p4 #aj4 #ijf ,j\rn4 ,ph>m4 et ,*im41 le ,srie1 #aheh1 vol4 viij4 p4 #cii4 ,o9tm5t ( ,ammoniat$ ,m]cury 7,ungu5tum hydr>gyri ammoniati74--#a "p ( ammoniat$ m]cury mix$ ) #i p>ts ( simple o9tm5t4 ,r$ ,iodide ( ,m]cury 7,hydr>gyrum iodidum rubrum1 ,hg,i74--,a cry/all9e p[d] ( a sc>let col\r1 becom+ yell[ on g5tle heat+4 ,x is v insoluble 9 wat]1 "o "p requir+ f #fjjj to #gjjj p>ts2 soluble 9 #acj p>ts ( cold1 #aej ( hot alcohol2 & dissolv+ freely 9 e!r1 or 9 aque\s solution ( iodide ( potassium4 ,o9tm5t ( ,r$ ,iodide ( ,m]cury 7,ungu5tum hydr>gyri iodidi rubri74--#af gra9s ( ! sub/ance mix$ ) an ounce ( simple o9tm5t4 ,gre5 ,iodide ( ,m]cury 7,hydr>gyri iodidum viride1 ,hg,i74--,a d+y1 gre5i%-yell[ p[d]1 d>k5+ on exposure to light1 & easily decompos$ into ! r$ iodide4 ,r$ ,oxide ( ,m]cury 7,hydr>gyri oxidum rubrum71 ,hg,o #baf2 ,hg1 #ibab p] c5t42 specific gravity1 #aa to #aac2 small1 r$1 %9+1 cry/all9e scales1 v insoluble 9 wat]1 requir+ ab\t #bj1jjj p>ts2 entirely soluble 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,by a heat bel[ r$ness x may be volatilis$1 & at ! same "t decompos$ into m]cury & oxyg54 ,its pr9cipal impurity is nitric acid1 readily detect$ by ! usual te/s1 or by heat+ 9 a te/-tube1 :51 if nitric acid is pres5t1 orange vap\rs w be evolv$4 ,fix$ r$ p[d]s 7su* z brick-du/ & m9ium7 are detect$ by be+ left z a residue1 aft] ! application ( heat suffici5t to volatilise ! m]cury4 ,an o9tm5t 7/r5g? #a 3 #h7 is (fic9al4 ,sulphate ( ,m]cury4--,a :ite cry/all9e p[d]1 decompos$ by wat] into ! v insoluble basic salt ( m]cury1 kn[n z ,turbi? m9]al1 ,hg,s,o#b;,hg,o4 ,turbi?1 or ,turpe?1 ,m9]al is conta9$ 9 ! ,fr5* ph>macopia1 ,hg,s,o#b;,hg,o2 ,hg1 #hbd p] c5t42 specific gravity1 #hcai4 ,x requires = solution #bjjj p>ts ( cold1 & #fjj ( boil+ wat]2 b dissolves ) tol]able ease 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,! ,sulphide ( ,m]cury1 kn[n 9 comm]ce "u ! "n ( ,e?iops m9]al1 is (fic9al 9 ,france1 ! ,ne!rl&s1 & ,g]many4 ,its prop]ties h be5 already describ$4 ,! ,g]man & ,dut* ph>macopias require 9 x #ej1 ! ,fr5* only #cc p] c5t4 ( metallic m]cury4 ,hahnemann's ,soluble ,m]cury 7,hydr>gyrum solubile ,hahnemanni7 is (fic9al 9 ! ,dut* ph>macopia4 ,z f\nd 9 comm]ce x conta9s metallic m]cury1 nitric acid1 & ammonia4 ,! m]cury %\ld be 9 ! proportion ( #hfcc p] c5t41 ! ammonia #bdd p] c5t4 ,cry/allis$ ,nitrate ( ,m]cury 7,hydr>gyrum nitricum oxidulatum7 is (fic9al 9 ! ph>macopias ( ,g]many1 ,switz]l&1 & ,france4 ,! salt is 9 :ite cry/als1 giv+ ! reactions ( nitric acid & m]cury1 decompos$ by ! addition ( wat]1 b fully soluble 9 wat]1 if fir/ moi/5$ ) nitric acid4 ,! =mula ( ! neutral salt is ,hg#b,,no,hg,o#b;,h,o1 :i* requires #fid p] c5t4 ( m]cury4 ,an acid solution ( m]curic nitrate is (fic9al4 ,an ,o9tm5t ( ,nitrate ( ,m]cury 7,ungu5tum hydr>gyri nitratis7 7(t5 call$ citr9e o9tm5t7 is conta9$ 9 ! ,b4,p42 x is made ) #d p>ts ( m]cury1 nitric acid #ab1 l>d #ae1 olive oil1 #cb2 ! /r5g? is ab\t #a 9 #ae4 ,a ,*loride ( ,m]cury & ,qu99e exi/s 9 comm]ce1 prep>$ by mix+ #a "p ( corrosive sublimate 9 solution ) #c p>ts ( qu99e *loride1 evaporat+1 & cry/allis+4 ,cyanide ( ,m]cury1 ,hg,cy1 is conta9$ 9 ! ,fr5* ph>macopia4 ,x occurs 9 small1 col\rless1 prismatic cry/als1 easily soluble 9 wat]4 ,if to ! solution *loride ( t9 be add$1 a black precipitate ( r$uc$ metal & /ann\s oxide is ?r[n d[n1 & ! od\r ( prussic acid is develop$4 ,m]curic ,sulphide 7,sulphide ( ,m]cury1 ,c9nab>1 ,v]milion7 is (fic9al 9 ,g]many1 ! ,ne!rl&s1 & ,france2 ,hg,s #bcb2 specific gravity1 solid1 #hb2 ,hg1 #hfba p] c5t41 ,o1 #acgi p] c5t4 ,= m$ic9al purposes x is made artificially4 ,x is a beautiful r$ p[d]1 insoluble 9 all alkal9e & all acid liquids1 ) ! exception ( aqua regia4 ,! solution gives ! reactions ( a sulphide & m]cury4 ,on heat+1 x mu/ burn away entirely )\t residue2 adult]ations or impurities are--m9ium1 lead1 copp]1 & o!r metals4 ,! detection ( m9ium is conv5i5tly execut$ 9 ! dry way4 ,pure c9nab>1 :5 heat$ 9 a matrass1 gives a black sublimate1 :i* becomes r$ on friction4 ,if m9ium is pres5t1 sulphide ( lead rema9s z a residue1 & may be recognis$ on coal2 ! same rem>k applies to sulphide ( antimony4 ,if x be desir$ to take ! p]c5tage ( m]cury 9 c9nab>1 equal p>ts ( oxalate & cyanide ( potassium %\ld be well mix$ ) ! c9nab>1 & heat$ 9 ! b5t tube describ$ at p4 #fed2 by ?is means ! :ole ( ! metallic m]cury is readily obta9$4#ijg #ijg ,dr4 ,sutro has publi%$ a case 7quot$ by ,taylor71 9 :i* ! vap\r ( v]milion1 appli$ ext]nally1 produc$ poison\s symptoms2 yet1 accord+ to ,polak1 ! ,p]sians inhale x m$ic9ally1 smok+ x ) tobacco1 cate*u1 mucilage1 c41 ! only bad effect be+ an occasional /omatitis4--,eul5b]g1 ,gew]be ,hygi5e1 p4 #gda4 #hca4 ,m]cury 9 ! ,arts4--,! use ( m]cury 9 ! arts is s ext5sive1 t any "o 9 analytical practice is almo/ c]ta9 occasionally to meet ) cases ( accid5tal poison+1 ei!r f ! vap\r#ijh or "s ( its comb9ations4 #ijh ,a s+ul> case is cit$ by ,t>dieu 7tude md4-lgal sur l',empoisonnem5t71 9 :i* a man1 suppos+ he _h "s m9]als conta9+ gold1 attempt$ ! extraction by amalgamation ) m]cury4 ,he us$ a portable furnace 7= ! purpose ( volatilis+ ! m]cury7 9 a small room1 & 8 wife1 :o assi/$ him1 suff]$ f a v well-m>k$ /omatitis & m]curial eruption4 ,quicksilv] is us$ 9 ! extraction ( gold1 ! silv]+ ( mirrors1 ! con/ruction ( b>omet]s1 & v>i\s sci5tific in/rum5ts & appliances2 also = ! pres]vation ( insects1 & occasionally = _! de/ruction4#iji ,an alloy ) z9c & cadmium is employ$ by d5ti/s = /opp+ tee?2 b !re is no evid5ce t x has be5 at all injuri\s1 ! m]cury1 probably1 be+ 9 too p[]ful a /ate ( comb9ation to be attack$ by ! fluids 9 ! m\?4#iaj ,c9nab> has also be5 employ$ to give a r$ col\r to confections1 & x may be f\nd 9 tap]s1 cig>ette pap]s1 & o!r col\r$ articles4 ,! nitrate ( m]cury 9 solution f9ds application 9 ! col\r+ ( horn1 9 ! et*+ ( metals1 9 ! col\r+ ( ! f9] sorts ( wool1 & 9 ! hat manufacture4 #iji ,=ty-?ree p]sons 7 salivat$ f fumigat+ rooms ) m]cury = ! purpose ( de/roy+ bugs 7,sonn5s*e9's ,h&bu*1 p4 #if74 #iaj ,m dang] is to be appreh5d$ f ! vulcanis$ rubb] = artificial tee?2 &1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,taylor1 accid5ts h occurr$ f ! use ( su* supports or plates4 ,! sulphocyanide ( m]cury gives1 :5 burnt1 a mo/ abundant a%1 a fact utilis$ 9 ! toy kn[n z ,ph>aoh's s]p5t2 ! products ( combu/ion are m]curial vap\rs & sulphur\s anhydride4 ,t ! sub/ance itself is poison\s1 is evid5t f ! foll[+ exp]im5t3--#e grm4 0 giv5 to a pigeon )\t imm$iate result2 b t5 h\rs aft]w>ds x 0 indispos$1 refus$ its food1 & 9 =ty h\rs di$ )\t convulsions4#iaa #iaa ,eul5b]g1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #dgb4 #hcb4 ,! m ,common ,pat5t & ,quack ,m$ic9es conta9+ ,m]cury4 ,mordant's ,norton's ,drops4--,?is pat5t m$ic9e is a mixture ( ! t9cture ( g5tian & g+]1 hold+ 9 solution a little bi*loride ( m]cury1 & col\r$ ) co*9eal4 ,solomon's ,anti-impetig9es is a solution ( bi*loride ( m]cury1 flav\r$ & col\r$4 ,poor ,man's ,fri5d4--,an o9tm5t ( nitrate ( m]cury4 ,br[n's ,loz5ges4--,ea* loz5ge conta9s gra9 ( calomel1 & #c gra9s ( res9\s extract ( jalap2 ! re/ is :ite sug> & tragacan?4 ,*+'s ,worm ,loz5ges4--,ea* loz5ge conta9s #a gra9 ( calomel2 ! re/ :ite sug> & tragacan?1 ) saffron z a col\r+ matt]4 ,/orey's ,worm ,cakes4--,ea* cake #b gra9s ( calomel1 #b gra9s ( c9nab>1 #f gra9s ( jalap1 #e gra9s ( g+]1 & ! rema9d] sug> & wat]4 ,wright's ,pe>l ,o9tm5t is said to be made up ( #h ozs4 ( :ite precipitate rubb$ to a cream 9 #a p9t ( ,g\l>d's extract1 & to ! mixture is add$ #g lbs4 ( :ite wax & #aj lbs4 ( olive oil4 ,keys]'s ,pills4--,! receipt = ^! pills is--r$ oxide ( m]cury #a oz41 di/ill$ v9eg> 7dilute acetic acid7 #a p9t2 dissolve1 add to ! result+ solution manna #b lbs41 & triturate = a long "t be=e ! fire1 until a prop] consi/5ce is atta9$2 la/ly1 divide ! mass into pills ( #a gra9 ea*4 ,mit*ell's ,pills4--,ea* pill conta9s aloes #h gra91 rhub>b #af gra91 calomel #af gra91 t>t> emetic #je gra94 ,_m ,antibili\s ,pills w be f\nd to conta9 calomel1 a few m]cury 9 a f9ely divid$ /ate4 #hcc4 ,m]cury 9 ,vet]9>y ,m$ic9e4--,f>m]s & f>ri]s use ! o9tm5t 7blue o9tm5t7 to a dang]\s ext5t1 z a dress+ = ! fly1 & :olesale poison+ ( %eep has be5 9 sev]al in/ances ! consequ5ce4#iab ,e?iops m9]al & ,turpe? m9]al are giv5 to dogs :5 affect$ by ! di/emp]1 worms1 or ! mange4 ,m]cury1 h[ev]1 is n v frequ5tly giv5 to cattle by vet]9>y surgeons1 rum9ants g5]ally appe>+ r susceptible to its poison\s effects4 #iab ,tw5ty-five tons ( blue o9tm5t are said to h be5 sold to f>m]s by a druggi/ 9 ,bo/on1 ,l9coln%ire1 9 ! c\rse ( a s+le ye>4--,taylor's ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce1 vol4 i4 p4 #bgi4 #hcd4 ,m$ic9al & ,fatal ,dose--,horses4--,c9nab> #adb grms1 7 oz471 calomel #adb grms4 7 oz47 or m1 corrosive sublimate #ac to #ch grm4 7#b to #f gra9s71 & z mu* z #ac grm4 7#bj gra9s7 h be5 giv5 9 f>cy4 ,cattle4--,m]cury ) *alk #ch to #aaf grms4 7#a to #c drms471 calomel #ch to #gg grms4 7#a to #b drms47 = worms2 #fe to #ac grm4 7#aj to #bj gra9s7 z an alt]ative2 ,e?iops m9]al1 #gg to #aee grms4 7#b to #d drms474 ,dogs4--,e?iops or ,turpe? m9]al #ac to #ac grm4 7#b to #bj gra9s71 accord+ to ! size4 ,f[ls4--,m]cury & *alk are giv5 9 fractions ( a gra94 ,hogs are also treat$ ) m]cury & *alk2 ! dose usually giv5 does n exce$ #cb grm4 7#e gra9s74 ,x may be rem>k$ t _m ( ! doses quot$ appe> v l>ge2 ! writ] _c b consid] t #bj gra9s ( corrosive sublimate adm9i/]$ to a horse w\ld be m likely to kill ! animal ?an to cure ! disease4 ,man4--,corrosive sublimate has be5 fatal 9 a dose s small z #ai grm4 7#c gra9s72 :ite precipitate has caus$ dang]\s symptoms 9 doses ( f #ai to #bf grm4 7#cj to #dj gra9s72 ! cyanide ( m]cury has kill$ a p]son 9 a dose ( #fd grm4 7#aj gra9s7--,*ri/ison2 & ,turpe? m9]al has prov$ fatal 9 doses ( #bf grms4 7#dj gra9s74 ,o!r prep>ations ( m]cury h also be5 fatal1 b a d\bt has exi/$ z to ! precise quantity4 ,sometimes1 also1 !re is probably a *emical *ange 9 ! sub/ance1 s t x is impossible to /ate ! fatal dose4 ,= example1 x is well kn[n t calomel1 "u ! influ5ce ( alkal9e *lorides1 c be conv]t$ into ! bi*loride--a fact :i* probably expla9s ! ext5sive corrosive lesions t h be5 f\nd aft] dea? f l>ge doses ( calomel4 #hce4 ,poison+ by ,m]cury--,/ati/ics4--,9 ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al's dea? returns = ! t5 ye>s end+ #ahib1 x appe>s t 9 ,engl& ! dea?s f m]curial poison+#iac 7 #dj males1 #ai females2 ( ^!1 #af males & #ah females 7 cases ( suicide1 ! rema9d] 7 ref]r$ to accid5t4 #iac ,! dea?s are regi/]$ "u ! t]m 8,m]cury10 b ! majority are poison+s by 8,corrosive ,sublimate40 ,! effects ( ! diff]5t comp\nds ( m]cury may be divid$ into two gr\ps1 viz41 7#a7 ,^? caus$ by ! f9ely divid$ metal & ! non-corrosive comp\nds2 7#b7 ! effects caus$ by ! corrosive comp\nds4 #hcf4 7#a7 ,effects ( ,m]curial ,vap\r1 & ( ! ,non-,corrosive ,comp\nds ( ,m]cury4 7a7 ,vegetable ,life4--,prie/ly & ,b\ss+ault h %[n t plants "u a glass %ade 9 :i* m]cury is expos$ 9 a sauc]1 fir/ exhibit black spots on ! leaves2 ultimately1 ! latt] black5 entirely1 & ! plants die4 7b7 ,animal ,life4--,m]cury 9 ! =m ( vap\r is fatal to animal life1 b x is only s by repeat$ & int5se application4 ,eul5b]g#iad plac$ a rabbit "u a l>ge glass %ade1 & = f\r days expos$ x daily = two h\rs to ! volatilisation ( #b grms4 ( m]cury on w>m s&2 on ! six? & sev5? day #ae grm4 0 volatilis$4 ,on ! fifte5? day !re 0 no app>5t *ange 9 ! aspect ( ! animal2 #e grms4 ( m]cury 7 !n heat$ 9 a retort1 & ! vap\r bl[n 9 at int]vals ( t5 m9utes4 ,f\rte5 days aft]w>ds ! gums 7 r$d5$ & swoll51 & ! appetite lo/2 ! conjunctiv 7 also some:at inflam$4 ,! foll[+ day ^! symptoms disappe>$1 & ! animal rema9$ well4 #iad ,op4 cit41 p4 #gbh4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t #bj grms4 ( m]cury 7 volatilis$1 & a rabbit expos$ to ! vap\r "u a small glass %ade4 ,! foll[+ day ! conjunctiv 7 moi/ & r$d5$2 two days aft]w>ds #aj grms4 ( m]cury 7 volatilis$ 9 ! same way2 & 9 two days' int]val o!r #aj grms4 7 volatilis$ 9 ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r4 ,!re 0 no /rik+ *ange noticeable 9 ! condition ( ! animal1 b )9 =ty-eight h\rs x 0 f\nd dead4 ,! cause ( dea? prov$ to be an extravasation ( blood at ! base ( ! bra94 ,! bron*ia 7 r$d5$ ?r\gh\t1 & ! lungs conge/$4 ,m]cury1 z ) man1 is also readily absorb$ by ! brok5 or unbrok5 sk92 h5ce ?\s&s ( %eep h be5 poison$ by ! excessive & ignorant ext]nal application ( m]curial o9tm5t z a rem$y aga9/ ! attacks ( p>asites4 ,! %eep become emaciat$1 refuse food1 & seem to be 9 pa91 brea?+ ) %ort quick gasps4 ,9 exp]im5ts on rabbits1 dogs1 & w>m-blood$ animals g5]ally1 salivation & /omatitis are f\nd to occur z regul>ly z 9 man2 s also 9 animals & man1 p>alytic & o!r n]v\s affections h be5 record$4 #hcg4 7c7 ,effects on ,man4--,9 #ahajiae an extraord9>y accid5t produc$1 p]haps1 ! l>ge/ :olesale poison+ by m]curial vap\r on record4 ,! acc\nt ( ?is is z foll[s3--,h4,m4,s4 8,triumph10 ( sev5ty-f\r guns1 arriv$ 9 ! h>b\r ( ,cadiz 9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y #ahaj2 & 9 ! foll[+ ,m>*1 a ,spani% vessel1 lad5 ) m]cury = ! ,s\? ,am]ican m9es1 hav+ be5 driv5 on %ore 9 a gale1 0 wreck$4 ,! 8,triumph0 sav$ by h] boats #acj tons ( ! m]cury1 & ?is 0 /[$ on bo>d4 ,! m]cury 0 fir/ conf9$ 9 bladd]s1 ! bladd]s aga9 7 enclos$ 9 small b>rels1 & ! b>rels 9 boxes4 ,! heat ( ! wea!r1 h[ev]1 0 at ?is "t consid]able2 & ! bladd]s1 hav+ be5 wett$ 9 ! removal f ! wreck1 soon rott$1 & m]cury1 to ! am\nt ( sev]al tons1 0 spe$ily diffus$ z vap\r ?r\gh ! %ip1 mix+ m or less ) ! bread & ! o!r provisions4 ,9 ?ree weeks #bjj m5 7 affect$ ) ptyalism1 ulc]ation ( ! m\?1 p>tial p>alysis1 &1 9 _m in/ances1 ) di>rha4 ,! 8,triumph0 0 n[ ord]$ to ,gibralt>1 ! provisions 7 remov$1 & ef=ts 7 made to cleanse ! vessel4 ,on re/[+ ! hold1 e man s employ$ 0 salivat$4 ,! effects not$ 7 n conf9$ to ! (fic]s & %ip's company1 = almo/ all ! /ock di$ f ! fumes--mice1 cats1 a dog1 & ev5 a can>y bird %>$ ! same fate1 ?\gh ! food ( ! latt] 0 kept 9 a bottle closely cork$ up4 ,! vap\r 0 v delet]i\s to ^? hav+ any t5d5cy to pulmonic affections4 ,?ree m51 :o _h nev] compla9$ be=e !y 7 saturat$ ) m]cury1 di$ ( ph?isis2 "o1 :o _h n _h any pulmonic compla9t1 0 left beh9d at ,gibralt>1 :]e 8 illness develop$ into a confirm$ ph?isis4 ,two di$ f gangr5e ( ! *eeks & tongue4 ,a woman1 conf9$ to b$ ) a fractur$ limb1 lo/ two ( h] tee?2 & _m exfoliations ( ! jaw took place4 #iae 8,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,effect ( ,m]curial ,vap\rs on ! ,crew ( ,8 ,maje/y's ,%ip #8,triumph1' 9 ! ye> #ahaj40--,phil4 ,trans41 #aac1 #ahbc4 ,accid5ts f ! vap\r ( m]cury1 q indep5d5tly ( its applications 9 ! arts1 h also occurr$1 "s ( !m "u curi\s circum/ances2 su*1 = example1 is ! case m5tion$ 9 ! footnote to p4 #fci4 ,witness1 aga91 a case m5tion$ by ,seidel1#iaf 9 :i* a female1 on ! advice ( an old woman1 inhal$ = "s affection or o!r #be grms4 ( m]cury p\r$ on r$-hot coals1 & di$ 9 t5 days ) all ! symptoms ( m]curial poison+4 #iaf ,mas*ka's ,h&bu*1 ,bd4 ii4 #bie4 ,! metal tak5 9 bulk into ! /oma* has be5 consid]$ non-poison\s1 &1 probably1 :5 p]fectly pure1 x is s2 we h1 h[ev]1 ! case ( a girl :o swall[$ #d ozs4 by weight ( ! liquid metal1 = ! purpose ( procur+ abortion--?is x did n effect2 b1 9 a few days1 %e suff]$ f a trembl+ & %ak+ ( ! body & loss ( muscul> p[]4 ,^! symptoms cont9u$ = two mon?s1 b !re 0 no salivation & no blue m>ks on ! gums4 ,?is case is a r>e "o1 & a p\nd or m has be5 tak5 )\t injury4 #hch4 ,absorption ( ,m]cury by ! ,sk94--,m]cury 9 a f9ely divid$ =m1 rubb$ into ! sk91 is absorb$1 & all ! effects ( m]curialism result4 ,?is me?od ( adm9i/]+ m]cury = m$ic9al purposes has long be5 9 use1 b1 :5 ! inunction is excessive1 dea? may occur4 ,?us1 ,leibl+] records a case 9 :i* ?ree p]sons 7 f\nd dead 9 b$2 ! day be=e !y _h rubb$ into ! body1 = ! purpose ( cur+ ! it*1 a salve conta9+ #bgj grms4 ( m]cury f9ely divid$4 ,x is difficult to say 9 :at proportion work]s 9 m]cury1 su* z wat]-gild]s1 c41 suff]4 ,accord+ to ,hirt1 n only d #ae to #ba p] c5t4 ( ! workm5 employ$ 9 smelt+ m]cury ores suff] acutely1 b z high a proportion z #hg p] c5t4 are slightly affect$4 #hci4 ,symptoms ( ,poison+ by ,m]cury ,vap\r4--,! symptoms ( poison+ by m]cury vap\r1 or by ! f9ely divid$ metal1 are ! same z ^? :i* arise f ! corrosive salts1 ) ! exception ( ! local action4 ,9 mild cases !re is pallor1 languor1 & sore m\? 7f slightly inflam$ gums71 ftid brea?1 & disord] ( ! dige/ive organs4 ,if ! action is m int5se1 !re is an inflammation ( ! gums &1 inde$1 ( ! :ole m\?1 & salivation1 :i* is sometimes s pr(use t z mu* z two gallons ( saliva h be5 secret$ daily4 ,! saliva is alkal9e1 has a bad od\r1 & its specific gravity 9 ! e>ly /ages is increas$1 b ultimately becomes normal2 ! gums are rais$ into slight swell+s1 :i* gradually enl>ge & coalesce4 ,! tee? t are already c>i\s1 decay m rapidly2 !y become loose1 & "s may be %$2 ! inflammatory action may ext5d to ! jaw1 & necrosis ( portions ( ! bone is no unusual occurr5ce4 ,on recov]y1 ! *eeks sometimes =m adhesions ) ! gums1 & cicatrices always m>k ! loss ( sub/ance :i* su* an affection entails4 ,) ! /omatitis !re are di/urbances ( ! ga/ro-inte/9al tract--nausea & vomit+1 pa9 9 ! /oma*1 & di>rha alt]nat+ ) con/ipation4 ,conjunctivitis is v common1 bo? 9 man & animals1 f exposure to m]cury vap\rs4 ,! fur!r action ( ! metal is %[n 9 its pr(\nd effects on ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,! pati5t is *ang$ 9 8 disposition1 he is excitable1 n]v\s1 or torpid2 !re are sleeplessness & bad dreams1 at ! same "t heada*e1 noises 9 ! e>s1 gidd9ess1 fa9t+s1 c4 #hdj4 ,m]curial ,tremor4--,m]curial tremor#iag may foll[1 or accompany ! above /ate1 or x may be ! *ief & mo/ prom95t effect4 ,x specially affects ! arms1 p>tly )draw+ ! muscles f ! control ( ! w1 s t a p]son affect$ ) m]curial tremor is incapacitat$ = foll[+ any occupation1 especially ^? requir+ a delicate & /eady t\*4 ,9 cases s]i\sly affect$1 ! tremor spreads gradually to ! feet & legs1 & f9ally ! :ole body may be invad$4 ,! pati5t is no long] ma/] ( 8 muscles--! muscul> sy/em is 9 an>*y1 ea* muscle aimlessly contract+ & relax+ indep5d5tly ( ! re/--! movem5t ( ! legs becomes unc]ta91 ! spee* /utt]+1 ! facial expressions are ev5 di/ort$ into grimaces1 & ! suff]] s9ks into a pite\s /ate ( helplessness4 ,! convulsive movem5ts g5]ally cease dur+ sleep4 ,! tremors are accompani$ by int]f]5ce ) ! functions ( o!r organs3 ! respiration is weak5$ & difficult2 dyspna1 or an a/hmatic condition1 results2 ! pulse is small & sl[2 p>esis1 deep5+ into p>alysis ( ! extremities1 or ( a gr\p ( muscles1 foll[s2 &1 la/ly1 if ! condition is n alleviat$1 ! pati5t becomes mu* emaciat$ & s9ks f exhau/ion4 ,pregnant wom5 are liable to abortion1 & ! liv+ infants ( wom5 suff]+ f tremor h also exhibit$ tremor ( ! limbs4 #iag ,a case ( m]curial tremor 79 ,b]i*t4 des ,k4 ,k4 ,allgem4 ,krank5hauses zu ,wi5 im ,jahre #ahgb1 ,wi51 #ahgc7 is int]e/+1 z %[+ ! influ5ce ( pregnancy4 ,a woman1 tw5ty ye>s ( age1 employ$ 9 mak+ b>omet]s1 _h1 9 #ahfi1 m]curial tremor & salivation4 ,dur+ a ?ree mon?s' pregnancy ! tremor ceas$1 b aga9 appe>$ aft] %e _h abort$4 ,%e aga9 became pregnant1 & ! tremor ceas$ until aft] h] conf9em5t 9 ,novemb] #ahga4 ,! tremor 0 s viol5t t ! pati5t c\ld n walk2 %e also _h /omatitis2 b ultimately1 by treatm5t ) galvanism & o!r rem$ies1 %e recov]$4 ,9 ! case ( ! 8mass poison+0 on bo>d ! 8,triumph10 x has be5 m5tion$ t sev]al ( ! sailors became consumptive1 & ! same effect has be5 notic$ among all work]s 9 ! metal2 x is n[1 inde$1 an accept$ fact t ! ca*exia induc$ by m]curialismus produces a weak habit ( body specially liable to ! tub]cul\s infection4 ,! c\rse ( ! poison+ is g5]ally m rapid :5 x has result$ f ! tak+ ( m]cury int]nally z a m$ic9e ?an :5 inhal$ by work]s 9 ! metal1 e4g41 a pati5t suff]+ f m]curial tremor %[n to ! ,m$ical ,society by ,mr4 ,sp5c] ,watson 9 #ahgb1 _h resi/$ = sev5 ye>s ! influ5ce ( ! fumes ( m]cury2 & !n succumb$1 exhibit+ ! usual symptoms4 ,idiosyncrasy plays a consid]able rle2 "s p]sons 7& especially ^? ^: kidneys are diseas$7 be> small doses ( m]cury ill1 & are readily salivat$ or affect$2 ?is is evid5tly due to imp]fect elim9ation4 #hda4 ,m]curic ,me?ide1 ,hg7,,*74--,?is comp\nd is obta9$ by ! action ( me?yl iodide on sodium amalgam 9 ! pres5ce ( acetic e!r4 ,x is a d5se1 /able liquid1 ( highly poison\s prop]ties4 ,9 #ahfe1 m]curic me?ide1 9 c\rse ( prep>ation 9 a ,london laboratory1 caus$ two cases ( v s]i\s sl[ poison+4#iah ,"o 0 t ( a ,g]man1 ag$ #cj1 :o 0 engag$ 9 prep>+ ?is comp\nd = ?ree mon?s1 & dur+ ?is "t 8 sight & he>+ became impair$2 he 0 v weak1 8 gums 7 sore1 & he 0 ultimately admitt$ into ,/4 ,b>?olomew's ,hospital1 ,febru>y #crd1 #ahfe4 ,8 ur9e 0 f\nd to be album9\s1 & 8 m5tal faculties v torpid4 ,on ! #i? he became noisy1 & _h to be put "u me*anical re/ra9t4 ,on ! #aj? he 0 semi-comatose1 b !re 0 no p>alysis2 8 brea? 0 v (f5sive1 8 pupils dilat$2 at int]vals he rais$ himself & utt]$ incoh]5t h[ls4 ,!re 0 nei!r s5sation nor motion 9 ! left leg1 :i* 0 ext5d$ rigidly2 ! knee & ! foot 7 turn$ slightly inw>d4 ,on ! #ad? he di$ ins5sible4 #iah ,/4 ,b>?4 ,hosp4 ,reports1 vol4 i41 #ahff1 p4 #ada4 ,! only appe>ance ( note se5 at ! autopsy 0 a conge/ion ( ! grey matt] 9 ! bra92 ! kidneys & liv] 7 also conge/$1 & !re 7 ec*ymoses 9 ! kidneys4 ,! second case--a "y man1 ag$ #bc1 work+ 9 ! same laboratory--0 admitt$ into ! hospital1 ,m>* #bh?1 #ahfe4 ,9 ! previ\s ,janu>y he _h be5 expos$ to ! vap\r ( m]curic me?ide = ab\t a =tnight2 dur+ ! illness ( ! o!r assi/ant he felt ill & weak1 & compla9$ ( sor5ess ( ! gums & loos5ess ( ! tee?4 ,he _h also dimness ( vision1 pa9 & r$ness ( ! eyes1 gidd9ess1 nausea & vomit+1 ! eject$ matt]s be+ gre5i% & wat]y4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ,m>* 8 sight & ta/e became imp]fect--all ?+s ta/$ alike2 8 tongue 0 numb & 8 gums sore1 he 0 also salivat$ slightly4 ,a week be=e admission he lo/ 8 he>+1 & fir/ 8 h&s & !n 8 feet became numb2 on admission 8 brea? 0 v (f5sive1 8 pupils dilat$2 ! sight impair$2 he 0 v deaf1 & 8 p[]s ( spee*1 ta/e1 & smell 7 defici5t4 ,!re 0 an/hesia ( ! body1 & ! movem5t ( ! limbs 0 sluggi% & difficult4 ,he cont9u$ 9 ! hospital = ne>ly a mon?1 ) b little *ange4 ,on ,april #bd?1 x 0 notic$ t he 0 gett+ ?9n] & slightly jaundic$2 he mov$ 8 arms aimlessly 9 an idiotic mann]1 & pass$ 8 ur9e involunt>ily4 ,on ,april #bg? he 0 m re/less1 & ev5 viol5t1 %riek+ out & mak+ a l\d1 incoh]5t noise1 or laugh+ fooli%ly2 he pass$ 8 motions & ur9e b5ea? him4 ,on ,july #g? he 0 9 a simil> /ate--p]fectly idiotic4 ,he di$ on ,april #g?1 #ahff1 ab\t a ye> & ?ree mon?s f 8 fir/ exposure to ! vap\r2 ! imm$iate cause ( dea? 0 pneumonia4 ,! po/-mortem appe>ances ( ! bra9 & membranes diff]$ little f ! normal /ate2 ! grey matt] 0 p9k1 b o!rwise heal?y2 !re 0 a consid]able am\nt ( c]ebro-sp9al fluid2 ! ara*noid along ! longitud9al fissure 0 ?ick5$2 ! total weight ( ! bra9 ) m$ulla 0 #da ozs4 ,! /oma* 0 ( enorm\s size2 ! pyramids ( ! kidneys 7 conge/$1 z 0 also ! small inte/9e2 ! lungs %[$ ! usual signs ( pneumonia4#iai #iai ,/4 ,b>?4 ,hosp4 ,reports1 vol4 ii4 p4 #baa4 #hdb4 ,effects ( ! ,corrosive ,salts ( ,m]cury4--,! type ( ! corrosive salts is m]curic *loride1 or corrosive sublimate--a comp\nd :i* acts viol5tly :5 adm9i/]$1 ei!r ext]nally or int]nally1 9 l>ge doses4#ibj ,if ! poison has be5 swall[$1 ! symptoms come on almo/ imm$iately1 & always )9 ! fir/ half h\r2 ! :ole duration also is rapid4 ,9 #cf cases collect$ by ,f4 ,a4 ,falck1 #aa di$ on ! fir/ or second day1 & #aa on ! fif? day2 s t #fa p] c5t4 di$ 9 five days--! rema9d] liv$ f six to tw5ty-six days4 ,! %orte/ fatal case on record is "o communicat$ to ,dr4 ,taylor by ,mr4 ,wel*2 9 ?is in/ance ! man di$ f an unkn[n quantity )9 half an h\r4 #ibj ,! effects on animals are simil> to ^? on man4 ,ri*>d ,mead gave a dog ) bread #ch grms4 7#fj gra9s7 ( corrosive sublimate3--8,)9 a qu>t] ( an h\r he fell into t]rible convulsions1 ca/+ up frequ5tly a viscid fro?y mucus1 e "t m & m bloody1 till1 tir$ & sp5t ) ?is h>d s]vice1 he lay d[n quietly1 z x 71 to sleep1 b di$ ! next morn+40 ,9 ! v act ( swall[+1 a /rong metallic ta/e & a pa9ful s5sation ( con/riction 9 ! ?roat are exp]i5c$4 ,!re is a burn+ heat 9 ! ?roat ext5d+ d[nw>ds to ! /oma*4 ,all ! muc\s membranes ) :i* ! solution comes 9 contact are attack$1 %rivell$1 & :it5$2 s t1 on look+ into ! m\?1 ! appe>ance has be5 describ$ z simil> to t produc$ by ! rec5t application ( silv] nitrate4 ,! local *anges may be s int5se z to cause dema ( ! glottis1 & dea? ?r\gh asphyxia4 ,9 a few m9utes viol5t pa9 is felt 9 ! /oma*2 s mu* s1 t ! suff]] is drawn toge!r1 & is 9 a fa9t+ condition2 b !re are r>e cases 9 :i* pa9 has be5 abs5t4 ,!re are nausea & vomit+1 ! eject$ matt]s be+ (t5 /reak$ ) blood2 aft] ! vomit+ !re is purg+2 "h also ! motions are frequ5tly bloody4#iba ,! temp]ature ( ! body s9ks1 ! respiration is difficult1 & ! pulse small1 frequ5t1 & irregul>4 ,! ur9e is g5]ally scanty1 & sometimes completely suppress$4#ibb ,sometimes !re is pr(use hmorrhage f ! b[el1 /oma*1 or o!r muc\s membrane1 & su* cases are accompani$ by a consid]able dim9ution ( temp]ature4 ,9 a case record$ by ,lwy1#ibc aft] a loss ( blood by vomit+ & di>rha1 ! temp]ature sank to #ccd4 ,! pati5t dies 9 a /ate ( collapse1 or ins5sibility1 & dea? is (t5 prec$$ by convulsions4 #iba ,! mixture ( blood ) ! evacuations is m con/antly obs]v$ 9 poison+ by corrosive sublimate ?an 9 poison+ by ars5ic1 copp]1 or lead4 #ibb ,9 a case record$ by ,dr4 ,wegel] 7,casp]'s ,wo*5s*rift1 ,janu>y #aj1 #ahdf1 p4 #cj71 a y\?1 ag$ #ag1 swall[$ #aaf grms4 7#c dra*ms7 ( ! poison4 ,no pa9 0 exp]i5c$ on pressure ( ! abdom52 he di$ on ! six? day1 & dur+ ! la/ ?ree days ( life no ur9e 0 secret$4 #ibc ,vi]teljahrss*r4 fr g]4 ,m$41 #ahfd1 vol4 i4 p4 #ahg4 #hdc4 ,two rem>kable cases ( dea? f ! ext]nal use ( corrosive sublimate are record$ by ,&]seck4 ,an o9tm5t1 conta9+ corrosive sublimate1 0 rubb$ into ! sk9 ( two girls1 s]vants1 9 ord] to cure ! it*4 ,! "o1 dur+ ! inunction1 compla9$ ( a burn+ ( ! sk92 ! o!r also1 a little :ile aft]1 suff]$ 9 ! same way4 ,dur+ ! night ! sk9 ( ea* swell$1 r$d5$1 & became acutely pa9ful4 ,!re 7 ?ir/ & vomit+1 b no di>rha1 ,on ! foll[+ day !re 0 an eruption ( blebs or little bli/]s4 ,on ! ?ird day !y _h di>rha1 t5esmus1 fev]1 & dim9ution ( ! r5al secretion2 on ! f\r? day1 ftid brea?1 /omatitis1 hyp]/hesia ( ! body1 & a feel+ ( 8p9s & ne$les0 9 ! h&s & feet 7 not$4 ,! fir/ girl di$ 9 ! middle ( ! fif? day1 fully consci\s2 ! o!r di$ on ! six?4 ,s also ,taylor#ibd gives ! case ( a girl1 ag$ #i1 :o di$ f ! effects ( an alcoholic solution ( corrosive sublimate 7/r5g?1 #hj gra9s to ! oz47 appli$ to ! scalp z a rem$y = r+worm4 ,! same au?or#ibe fur!r quotes ! case ( two bro!rs :o di$--! "o on ! fif?1 ! o!r on ! elev5? day--f ! effects ( absorb+ corrosive sublimate ?r\gh ! unbrok5 sk94 #ibd ,op4 cit4 #ibe ,poisons1 #ahdh1 p4 #cid4 #hdd4 ,! ,nitrates ( ,m]cury are poisons1 b little 7if at all7 inf]ior 9 corrosive action to m]curic *loride4 ,dea? has result$ f bo? ! ext]nal & int]nal use4 ,application ( ! nitrate z an es*>otic to ! os ut]i1 9 "o case1#ibf produc$ all ! symptoms ( m]curial poison+1 b ! woman recov]$2 9 ano!r case1#ibg its use z a l9im5t caus$ dea?4 #ibf ,m$4 ,gazette1 vol4 #de1 p4 #ajbe4 #ibg ,ed94 ,mon?ly ,j\rnal1 #ahfd1 p4 #afg4 #hde4 ,:5 tak5 int]nally1 ! symptoms are sc>cely diff]5t f ^? produc$ by corrosive sublimate4 ,x seems an unlikely vehicle = crim9al poison+1 yet1 9 ! case ( ,reg4 v4 ,e4 ,smi? 7,leice/] ,summ] ,assizes1 #aheg71 a girl 0 prov$ to h put a solution ( nitrate ( m]cury 9 "s *amomile tea1 :i* _h be5 prescrib$ = ! prosecutrix4 ,! nause\s ta/e prev5t$ a fatal dose be+ tak52 b ! symptoms 7 s]i\s4 #hdf4 ,m]curic ,cyanide acts 9 a mann] v simil> to t ( corrosive sublimate1 #ac grm4 7ab\t #bj gra9s7 9 "o case1#ibh & 9 ano!r#ibi half ! quantity1 hav+ de/roy$ life4 #ibh ,orfila1 i4 p4 #gce4 #ibi ,*ri/ison1 p4 #dbg4 #hdg4 ,:ite ,precipitate 7ammoniat$ m]cury71 z a poison1 is weak4 ,out ( f\rte5 cases collect$ by ,taylor1 two only prov$ fatal2 "o ( ^! =m$ ! subject ( a trial = murd]1 ,reg4 v4 ,moore 7,lewes ,l5t ,assizes1 #ahfj74 ,! effects produc$ are vomit+1 purg+1 c41 z 9 corrosive sublimate4#icj ,o!r prep>ations ( m]cury1 su* z ! r$ iodide1 ! p]sulphide1 & ev5 calomel1#ica h all a m or less int5se poison\s action1 & h caus$ s]i\s symptoms & dea?4 #icj ,see ,dr4 ,?4 ,/ev5son1 8,poison+ by ,:ite ,precipitate10 ,guy's ,hospital ,reports1 vol4 xix4 p4 #dae4 #ica ,seidel quotes a case f ,hasselt1 9 :i* a fa!r1 = ! purpose ( obta9+ insurance money1 kill$ 8 *ild by calomel4 #hdh4 ,treatm5t ( ,acute & ,*ronic ,poison+4--,9 acute poison+1 vomit+ usually ?r[s (f "s ( ! poison1 if x has be5 swall[$2 & ! be/ treatm5t seems to be1 to give copi\s album9\s dr9ks1 su*1 = example1 z ! :ites ( eggs 9 wat]1 milk1 & ! l4 ,! vomit+ may be enc\rag$ by subcutane\s injections ( apomorph9e4 ,! aft]-treatm5t %\ld be direct$ to elim9at+ ! poison1 :i* is mo/ safely effect$ by v copi\s dr9ks ( di/ill$ wat] 7see 8,app5dix074 ,! treatm5t ( sl[ poison+ is ma9ly symptomatic2 m$ic9al doses ( z9c phosphide seem to h done good 9 m]curial tremors4 ,potassic iodide is also suppos$ to assi/ ! elim9ation ( m]cury4 #hdi4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,! pa?ological effects se5 aft] *ronic poison+ are too v>i\s to be di/9ctive4 ,9 ! museum ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons !re is 7,no4 #beei7 ! portion ( a colon d]iv$ f a lady ag$ #gd4icb ,?is lady _h be5 accu/om$ = =ty-?ree ye>s to take a gra9 ( calomel e night2 = _m ye>s %e did n suff] 9 heal?1 b ultimately %e became emaciat$ & ca*ectic1 ) anas>ca & album9uria4 ,! kidneys 7 f\nd to be granul>1 & ! muc\s membrane ( a great "p ( ! inte/9e ( a rem>kable black col\r1 mottl$ ) pat*es ( a light] hue1 pres5t+ some:at ! appe>ance ( a toad's back4 ,f ! portion ( colon pres]v$ m]cury 0 readily obta9$ by means ( ,re9s*'s te/4 ,! black deposit is 9 ! submucosa1 & x is1 )\t d\bt1 m]curial1 & probably m]cury sulphide4 ,9 acute poison+ 7especially by ! corrosive salts7 ! *anges are great & /rik+4 ,aft] rapid dea? f corrosive sublimate1 ! es*>otic :it5+ ( ! m\?1 ?roat1 & gullet1 already describ$1 w be se54 ,! muc\s membrane "r ?r\gh\t1 f m\? to anus1 is m or less affect$ & de/roy$1 accord+ to ! dose & conc5tration ( ! poison4 ,! usual appe>ances 9 ! /oma* are ^? ( int5se conge/ion1 ) ec*ymoses1 & portions ( x may be de/roy$4 ,sometimes ! coats are v mu* black5$2 ?is is probably due to a coat+ ( sulphide ( m]cury4 #icb ,pa?4 ,soc4 ,trans41 xviii4 #aaa4 ,9 ,/4 ,george's ,hospital ,museum 7,s]4 ix4 #dc1 y4 #ccg7 !re is a /oma*1 r l>ge1 ) ?ick5$ muc\s coats1 & hav+ on ! muc\s surface a s]ies ( p>allel black1 or black-br[n l9es ( deposit2 x 0 d]iv$ f a pati5t :o di$ f tak+ corrosive sublimate4 ,) ! sev]e *anges m5tion$1 p]=ation is r>e4#icc ,9 ! inte/9es !re are f\nd hyp]mia1 extravasations1 loos5+ ( ! muc\s membrane1 & o!r *anges4 ,! action is p>ticul>ly int5se ab\t ! ccum & sigmoid flexure2 9 "o case1#icd inde$1 !re 0 little inflammatory r$ness ( ! /oma* or ( ! great] portion ( ! inte/9e1 b ! :ole surface ( ! ccum 0 ( a deep black-r$ col\r1 & !re 7 pat*es ( sl\gh+ 9 ! coats4 ,! kidneys are (t5 swoll51 conge/$1 or inflam$2 *anges 9 ! respiratory organs are n con/antly se51 b 9 a majority ( ! cases !re h be5 r$ness & swell+ ( ! l>ynx1 tra*ea1 & bron*i1 & sometimes hepatisation ( small] or l>g] portions ( ! lung4 #icc ,!re is only "o case ( p]=ation on record4 #icd ,lancet1 #ahde1 p4 #gjj4 ,9 ,/4 ,george's ,hospital ,museum1 !re are 7f a pati5t dy+ 9 ! hospital7 prep>ations :i* well illu/rate :at pa?ological *anges may be expect$ 9 any case surviv+ = a few days4 ,! pati5t 0 ,francis ,l----1 ag$ #de1 admitt$ to ! hospital1 ,febru>y #bg1 #ahdb4 ,he took a quantity ( corrosive sublimate spread on bread & butt]1 0 imm$iately sick1 & 0 unable to take z mu* z he _h int5d$4 ,! /oma*-pump & o!r rem$ies 7 us$4 ,on ! foll[+ day 8 m\? 0 sore1 & on ,m>* #a/ 8 vision 0 dim2 8 m\? 0 drawn ov] to ! "r side1 & he lo/ p[] ov] ! left eyelid1 b he _h no pa92 he pass$ "s blood f ! b[el4 ,on ! #bnd he pass$ mu* blood1 & 0 salivat$2 /ill no pa94 ,on ,m>* #d1 on ! ev5+ ( ! six? day1 he expir$2 he 0 dr[sy dur+ ! la/ day1 & pass$ wat]y evacuations4 ,prep4 #ad;a1 ,s]4 ix41 %[s ! ph>ynx1 sophagus1 & tongue2 !re is ulc]ation ( ! tonsils1 & fibr9\s exudation on ! gullet4 ,! /oma* 7#dc;b1 #aii7 %[s a l>ge d>k sl\gh1 ?ree in*es f ! c>diac extremity2 ! m>g9 surr\nd+ ! sl\gh is ?ick5$1 ulc]at$1 & irregul> 9 %ape1 ! submuc\s tissue1 to "s ext5t1 be+ also ?ick5$2 !re is fibr9e 9 ! ileum1 ph>ynx1 & "p ( ! l>ynx4 ,! action ext5d$ to ! :ole inte/9e1 ! rectum 9 prep4 #ade;a1 #cf1 is se5 to be ?ick5$1 & has num]\s pat*es ( effus$ fibr9e4 ,x is a curi\s fact t ! ext]nal application ( corrosive sublimate causes inflammatory *anges 9 ! alim5t>y canal ( ne>ly ! same int5sity z if ! poison _h be5 swall[$4 ,?us1 9 ! case ( ! two girls m5tion$ ante 7p4 #fdg71 !re 0 f\nd an int5se inflammation ( ! /oma* & inte/9es1 ! muc\s tissues be+ sc>let-r$1 swoll51 & ) num]\s extravasations4 #hej4 ,! effects ( ! nitrate ( m]cury are simil> to ! prec$+2 9 ! few cases :i* h be5 record$1 !re has be5 int5se r$ness1 & inflammation ( ! /oma* & inte/9es1 ) pat*es ( ec*ymosis4 ,:ite precipitate1 cyanide ( m]cury1 m]curic iodide1 & m]cur\s sulphide 7turpe?-m9]al7 h all caus$ inflammation1 m or less int5se1 ( ! inte/9al tract4 #hea4 ,elim9ation ( ,m]cury4--,! "q ( ! *annels by :i* m]cury is elim9at$ is ( ! fir/ importance4 ,x w\ld appe> c]ta9 t x c exi/ 9 ! body = "s "t 9 an inactive /ate1 & !n1 f "s *ange1 be c>ri$ into ! circulation & %[ its effects4#ice ,voit consid]s t m]cury comb9es ) ! album9\s bodies1 sep>at+ ^u _! oxidation1 & !n becom+ free & active4#icf #ice ,tuson gave a m>e1 fir/1 #d gra9s1 & aft]w>ds #e gra9s ( corrosive sublimate twice a day2 at ! end ( f\rte5 days1 9 a p9t ( ur9e no m]cury 0 detect$1 b at ! end ( ?ree weeks x 0 f\nd4 #icf ,voit1 ,physiol4 *em4 ,unt]s41 ,augsburg1 #aheg4 ,ullmann#icg f\nd mo/ m]cury 9 ! foll[+ ord]3--,kidneys1 liv]1 sple51 a small quantity 9 ! /oma*1 no m]cury 9 ! small inte/9e1 b "s 9 ! l>ge inte/9e2 small weighable quantities 9 ! he>t & skeletal muscles1 also 9 ! lungs2 b no m]cury1 :5 ! dose 0 small1 9 bra91 ! saliv>y gl&s1 abdom9al gl&s1 ?yroid gl&s1 ! bile1 or ! bones4 #icg ,*em4 ,c5tr41 #ahib1 ii4 #ida4 ,! ma9 *annel by :i* absorb$ m]cury passes out ( ! body is ! kidneys1 :il/ m]curial comp\nds ( small solubility are 9 great "p excret$ by ! b[el4 ,a4 ,bynss51#ich aft] exp]im5t+ ) m]curic *loride 7giv+ #jae to #ae grm41 ) a little morph9e hydro*lorate71 came to ! conclusion t x c\ld be detect$ 9 ! ur9e ab\t two h\rs1 & 9 ! saliva ab\t f\r h\rs1 aft] its adm9i/ration2 he consid]$ t ! elim9ation 0 f9i%$ 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 #ich ,j\rnal de l',anat4 et de ,physiol41 #ahgb1 ,no4 #e1 p4 #ejj4 ,on ! sep>ation ( m]cury by ! ur9e1 see also ,salk[sky 9 ,vir*['s ,ar*iv1 #ahff4 ,f ! body ( a h\nd t1 9 ! c\rse ( ?irty-"o days1 took #bghi grms4 ( calomel 7#bcfh ,hg7 9 eighty-sev5 doses1 ab\t #id p] c5t4 ( ! sub/ance 0 recov]$ on analysis3-- ,m]cur\s ,sulphide4 ,grms4 ,9 ! fces1 #baage ur9e1 #jjeej bra91 he>t1 lungs1 sple51 pancreas1 kidneys1 scrotum1 & p5is1 #jjjij liv]1 #jjadj muscles1 #jjaad ------ #bbjfi ,?is equals #ai ( metallic m]cury4#ici ,?us1 ( ! :ole #bb grms4 ( m]curic sulphide sep>at$1 ov] #ie p] c5t4 0 obta9$ f ! fces4 #ici ,ri$]]1 9 ,bu*n]'s ,neues ,rep]t4 f4 ,ph>m41 ,bd4 xvii4 #c1 #beg1 #ahfh4 ,?is case is ( consid]able int]e/1 = !re are record$ 9 toxicological treatises a few cases ( und\bt$ m]curial poison+ 9 :i* no poison _h be5 detect$1 al?\gh !re 0 ample evid5ce t x _h be5 adm9i/]$ by ! m\?4 ,9 su* cases1 x is probable t ! :ole l5g? ( ! inte/9al canal _h n be5 exam9$1 & ! analysis fail$ f ?is cause4 ,:5 7z n unfrequ5tly happ5s7 ! m]curial poison has ent]$ by ! sk91 x is evid5t t ! mo/ likely localities are ! ur9e1 ! liv]1 & ! kidneys4#idj #idj ,a woman di$ f ! effects ( a corrosive sublimate lotion appli$ by a quack to a w\nd 9 h] leg4 ,! writ] f\nd no poison 9 ! /oma*1 b sep>at$ a milligramme ( metallic m]cury f ! liv]2 ! ur9e & inte/9es 7 n s5t4 ,9 a case relat$ by ,vidal1#ida ! ,liquor ,bello/ii 7or solution ( m]curic nitrate7 0 ord]$ by mi/ake in/ead ( a l9im5t4 ,al?\gh ext]nally appli$1 x caus$ salivation1 pr(use di>rha1 & dea? 9 n9e days4 ,! :ole ( ! inte/9al tract 0 f\nd inflam$ ) extravasations1 & m]cury detect$ 9 ! liv]4 #ida ,gaz4 des ,hp41 ,juillet #ahfd4 ,9 any case ( ext]nal application1 if dea? ensues directly f ! poison1 evid5ce ( its pres5ce w probably be f\nd2 b too mu* /ress mu/ n be laid ^u ! detection ( m]cury1 =1 z ,dr4 ,taylor says1 8,no?+ is m common ?an to discov] traces ( m]cury 9 ! /oma*1 b[els1 liv]1 kidneys1 or o!r organs ( a dead body40#idb #idb ,taylor1 ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce1 i4 p4 #bhh4 #heb4 ,te/s = ,m]cury4--,m]cury1 9 comb9ation & 9 ! solid =m1 is mo/ readily detect$ by mix+ ! sub/ance intimately ) dry anhydr\s sodic c>bonate1 transf]r+ ! mixture to a glass tube1 seal$ at "o end1 & apply+ heat4 ,if m]cury be pres5t1 a r+ ( m9ute globules cond5ses 9 ! cool "p ( ! tube4 ,if ! quantity ( m]cury is likely to be v m9ute1 x is be/ to modify ! process by us+ a sublim+ cell 7p4 #beh71 & ?us obta9 ! sublimate on a circle ( ?9 glass 9 a conv5i5t =m = microscopical exam9ation4 ,if !re is any d\bt :e!r ! globules are ^? ( m]cury or n1 ?is may be resolv$ by putt+ a fragm5t ( iod9e on ! l[] disc ( ! sublim+ cell1 & !n complet+ x by ! disc :i* conta9s ! sublimate 7( c\rse1 ! suppos$ m]curial surface mu/ be und]mo/72 on plac+ ! cell 9 a w>m1 light place1 aft] a "t ! sc>let iodide is =m$1 & ! id5tification is complete4 ,simil>ly1 a glass tube conta9+ an ill-def9$ metallic r+ ( m]cury c be seal$ or cork$ up ) a cry/al ( iod9e1 &1 aft] a few h\rs1 ! yell[ iodide1 *ang+ to sc>let1 w become app>5t4 ,!re are few 7if any7 te/s ( great] delicacy ?an ?is4 ,m]cury 9 solution c be )drawn by acidulat+ ! liquid1 & !n ins]t+ ei!r simply a piece ( gold foil1 gold wire1 or bright copp] foil2 or else1 by a galvanic arrangem5t1 su* z iron wire w\nd r\nd a gold co91 or gold foil atta*$ to a rod ( z9c2 or1 la/ly1 by ! aid ( gold or copp] electrodes 9 connection ) a batt]y4 ,by any ( ^! me?ods1 m]cury is obta9$ 9 ! metallic /ate1 & ! metal ) its film c be plac$ 9 a sublim+ cell1 & globules deposit$ & id5tifi$1 z be=e describ$4 ,! ,precipitat+ ,reag5ts = m]cury are num]\s3 a solution ( /ann\s *loride1 heat$ ) a solution ( m]cury1 or any comb9ation1 :e!r soluble or insoluble1 r$uces x to ! metallic /ate4 ,m]cur\s ,salts 9 solution yield1 ) pota%1 soda1 or lime1 a black precipitate ( m]cur\s oxide4 ,m]curic ,salts1 a bright yell[ precipitate ( m]curic oxide4 ,m]cur\s ,salts yield black precipitates1 ) sulphides ( ammonium & hydrog54 ,m]curic ,salts give a simil> reaction1 b1 ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 fir/ a :iti% precipitate1 pass+ sl[ly ?r\gh r$ to black4 ,m]cur\s ,salts1 ) solutions ( ! *lorides1 give a :ite precipitate ( calomel2 ! ,m]curic ,salts yield no precipitate "u simil> circum/ances4 ,m]cur\s ,salts1 treat$ ) iodide ( potassium1 give a gre5 m]cur\s iodide2 ,m]curic1 a sc>let4 #hec4 ,! ,detection ( ,m]cury 9 ,organic ,sub/ances & ,fluids4--,ludwig's process1 previ\sly describ$1 is f\nd 9 practice ! be/4 ,fluids1 su* z ur9e1 mu/ be evaporat$ to dryness1 & !n treat$ ) hydro*loric acid4 ,su* organs z ! liv] are cut up & boil$ 9 #bj p] c5t4 ,h,cl4 ,di/9ct evid5ce ( m]cury 9 ! liv] has be5 obta9$ on a piece ( copp] gauze1 9 a case :]e a *ild _h be5 giv5 #b gra9s ( calomel be=e dea?4 8,f\r ounces ( ! liv] 7 treat$ ) hydro*loric acid & wat]1 & a small piece ( pure copp] plac$ 9 ! acid liquid :ile w>m1 & kept !re = ab\t =ty-eight h\rs4 ,x acquir$ a slight silv]y lu/re1 & globules ( m]cury 7 obta9$ f x by sublimation40 ,to detect ! cyanide ( m]cury may require special treatm5t1 & ,vitali#idc recomm5ds ! foll[+ process3--,! fluid is acidifi$ ) t>t>ic acid & neutralis$ by fre%ly precipitat$ ,ca,c,o2 a slight excess ( hydric sulphide is add$1 & ! flask all[$ to re/ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 ! cold4 ,!n a fur!r quantity ( ,,% is add$1 & a curr5t ( hydrog5 pass$ ?r\gh ! liquid2 ! efflu5t gas is fir/ made to bubble ?r\gh a solution ( bismu? nitrate 9 dilute nitric acid 7= ! purpose ( absorb+ ,,%71 & !n ?r\gh aque\s pota% 7to absorb ,h,cl72 9 ! fir/ flask ! analy/ w sep>ate & id5tify m]cury sulphide1 :ile 9 ! la/ flask !re w be potassic cyanide1 :i* w respond to ! usual te/s4 #idc ,l',orosi1 xii4 #aha-aif4 ,9 ^? cases :]e no special se>* is made = m]cury1 b an acid 7hydro*loric7 solution is treat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 m]cury is indicat$ by ! pres5ce ( a black precipitate1 :i* does n dissolve 9 w>m nitric acid4 ,! fur!r treatm5t ( ! black sulphide may be und]tak5 9 two ways3-- 7#a7 ,x is collect$ on a porcela9 di%1 ) ! addition ( a little nitric acid1 & evaporat$ to dryness 9 ord] to de/roy organic matt]4 ,hydro*loric & a few drops ( nitric acid are next add$2 ! action is aid$ by a g5tle heat1 ! solution f9ally evaporat$ to dryness on ! wat]-ba?1 & ! residue tak5 up by w>m di/ill$ wat]4 ,! solution is t ( a p]salt ( m]cury1 & ! m]cury c be sep>at$ by electrolysis1 or indicat$ by ! te/s already detail$4 7#b7 ,! o!r me?od1 & ! mo/ satisfactory1 is to mix ! sulphide :ile moi/ ) dry c>bonate ( soda1 make x into a pellet :i* w easily ent] a r$uc+ or sublim+ tube1 dry x c>efully1 & obta9 a sublimate ( metallic m]cury4 ,a neat me?od ( recognis+ m]cury :5 deposit$ z a film on copp] has be5 propos$ by ,e4 ,brugnatelli3#idd ! copp]1 aft] be+ wa%$1 is transf]r$ to a glass vessel1 & a porcela9 lid1 on :i* a drop ( gold *loride solution has be5 plac$1 adju/$ ov] ! di%4 ,! :ole is heat$ by a wat]-ba?4 ,! m]cury vap\r r$uces ! gold *loride1 & gold is deposit$ z a blui%-violet /a92 #a_/aj mgrm4 m]cury may by ?is te/ be id5tifi$4 #idd ,gazzetta1 xix4 #dah-dbb4 ,( special me?ods = ! sep>ation & detection ( m]cury1 ,ludwig's#ide is1 )\t a d\bt1 ! be/ :5 organic matt]s h to be dealt )2 ! f9ely divid$ solid sub/ances are boil$ = "s h\rs ) hydro*loric acid1 /r5g? #bj p] c5t42 !n ! liquid is cool$ to #fj1 & potassic *lorate add$ 9 half gramme quantities until ! d>k liquid becomes cle>2 ! liquid is cool$ & filt]$1 & ! sub/ances on ! filt] wa%$ ) wat]4 ,to ! filtrate #e grms4 ( z9c du/ are add$1 & ! liquid is viol5tly %ak5 f "t to "t2 a second portion is aft]w>ds add$1 & also vigor\sly %ak54 ,aft] "s h\rs ! cle> liquid is sep>at$ f ! z9c & ! z9c wa%$1 fir/ ) wat]1 !n ) a little soda solution1 & f9ally1 aga9 ) wat]4 ,! z9c is n[ collect$ on a glass-wool filt]1 treat$ ) absolute alcohol to remove wat]1 & dri$ by suction 9 a /ream ( air4 ,! z9c is put into a combu/ion-tube1 ! tube be+ drawn out into a ?9 capill>y extremity1 & a combu/ion made1 ! m]cury collect+ at ! capill>y "p4 ,x is a necess>y ref9em5t1 %\ld ! z9c be contam9at$ ) a trace ( organic matt]1 to pack ! combu/ion-tube z foll[s3--,fir/1 ! z9c du/ on :i* any m]cury pres5t has be5 deposit$1 !n a plug ( asbe/os2 next1 "s cupric oxide2 & la/ly1 "s pure z9c du/4 ,bondzynski#idf pref]s to use copp] r ?an z9c2 = he says t z9c s frequ5tly conta9s cadmium1 :i* latt] metal also gives a mirror1 s t1 unless ! m]cury is aft]w>ds id5tifi$ by turn+ x into an iodide1 error may be caus$4 #ide ,zeit4 f4 physiolog4 ,*emie1 #ahhb1 i4 #die2 ,*em4 ,c5trblt41 #ahib1 ii4 #ida4 #idf ,zeit4 f4 anal4 ,*em41 xxxii4 #cjb-cje4 ,illu/ration #hed4 ,e/imation ( ,m]cury4--,all ph>maceutical sub/ances conta9+ m]cury1 z well z ! sulphide prep>$ 9 ! wet way1 & m9]als1 are be/ dealt ) by obta9+ & weigh+ ! metal 9 ! solid /ate4 ,! assay is v simple & easy :5 c>ri$ out on ! me?od t 0 fir/1 p]haps1 propos$ by ,domeyko4 ,a glass tube 7:i* %\ld n be too ?971 clos$ at "o end1 is b5t1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 ! diamet] %\ld be ab\t ?ree l9es1 ! l5g? f #g to #h in*es1 ! %ort] arm n exce$+ #b in*es4 ,! p[d]$ sub/ance is mix$ ) two or ?ree times its weight ( li?>ge1 & introduc$ into ! tube at a4 ,! portion ( ! tube conta9+ ! m]cury is at fir/ heat$ g5tly1 b f9ally br\ght to a temp]ature suffici5t to fuse ! sub/ance & s(t5 ! glass4 ,! m]cury collects 9 an annul> film at b 9 ! cool] limb1 & may n[1 ) a little managem5t ( ! lamp1 be conc5trat$ 9 a well-def9$ r+2 ! portion ( ! tube conta9+ ?is r+ is cut (f1 weigh$1 !n cleans$ f m]cury1 & reweigh$4 ,_m ( ! ph>maceutical prep>ations d n require li?>ge1 :i* is specially adapt$ = ores1 & heat+ ) sodic c>bonate 79 great excess7 w suffice4 ,m]cury mix$ ) organic matt] mu/ be fir/ sep>at$ z describ$1 by copp] or gold1 ! silv]$ foil roll$ up1 dri$1 introduc$ into ! b5t tube1 & simply heat$ )\t admixture ) any sub/ance2 ! weight may be obta9$ ei!r by weigh+ ! foil be=e & aft] ! op]ation1 or z above4 #hee4 ,volumetric ,processes = ! ,e/imation ( ,m]cury4--,:5 a great numb] ( m]curial prep>ations are to be exam9$1 a volumetric process is extremely conv5i5t4 ,!re are sev]al ( ^! processes1 "s adapt$ m p>ticul>ly = m]curic1 & o!rs = m]cur\s comp\nds4 ,= m]curic1 ! me?od ( ,p]sonne#idg is ! be/4 ,! conv]sion ( ! v>i\s =ms ( m]cury into corrosive sublimate may be effect$ by evaporation ) aqua regia1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! ba? %all n be at a boil+ temp]ature1 or !re w be a slight loss4 #idg ,comptes ,r5dus1 lvi4 #fh2 ,sutton's ,vol4 ,anal41 #agg4 ,p]sonne pref]s to heat ) cau/ic soda or pota%1 & !n pass *lor9e gas into ! mixture2 ! excess ( *lor9e is expell$ by boil+1 m]curic *loride 9 pres5ce ( an alkal9e *loride n be+ volatilis$ at #ajj4 ,! /&>d solutions requir$ = ?is process are3-- 7#a7 #ccb grms4 ( potassic iodide 9 #a litre ( wat]1 #a c4c4 #jja grm4 ,hg1 or #jjacee grm4 ,hg,cl4 7#b7 ,a solution ( m]curic *loride conta9+ #acee grms4 to ! litre1 #a c4c4 #ja grm4 ,hg4 ,! process is f\nd$ on ! fact t1 if a solution ( m]curic *loride be add$ to "o ( potassic iodide1 9 ! proportion ( "o ( ! =m] to f\r ( ! latt]1 m]curic iodide is =m$1 & imm$iately dissolv$1 until ! balance is ov]/epp$1 :5 ! r$ col\r is develop$2 ! f9al reaction is v %>p1 & ) solutions prop]ly made is v accurate4 ,! m]curic solution mu/ always be add$ to ! alkal9e iodide2 a rev]sal ( ! process does n answ]4 ,x !re=e foll[s t ! solution to be te/$ mu/ be made up to a def9ite bulk1 & add$ to a kn[n quantity ( ! potassic iodide until ! r$ col\r appe>s4 ,m]cur\s ,salts may be titrat$ ) great accuracy by a dec9ormal solution ( sodic *loride4 ,?is is add$ to ! cold solution 9 v slight excess1 ! calomel filt]$ (f1 ! filtrate neutralis$ by pure c>bonate ( soda1 & ! am\nt ( sodic *loride /ill unus$ f\nd by titration ) nitrate ( silv]1 ! end reaction be+ indicat$ by *romate ( pota%4 ,sev]al o!r volumetric processes are fully describ$ 9 works treat+ ^u ?is bran* ( analysis4 ,,iii4--,,precipitat$ ,,by ,,hydric ,,sulphide ,,f ,a ,,neutral ,,solution4 ,z9c--,nickel--,cobalt4 #a4 ,,z9c4 #hef4 ,z9c--,at4 wt41 #fe2 specific gravity1 #fh to #ga2 fus+-po9t1 #dab 7#ggc ,f47--is a h>d1 blui%-:ite1 brittle metal1 ) a cry/all9e fracture4 ,betwe5 #ajj & #aej x becomes ductile1 & may be easily wr\ght1 b at a little high] temp]ature x aga9 becomes brittle1 & at a bright r$ heat x fuses1 & !n volatilises1 ! fumes tak+ fire :5 expos$ to ! air4 ,9 analysis1 z9c occurs ei!r z a metallic deposit on a plat9um foil or di%1 or z a brittle bead1 obta9$ by r$uc+ a z9c comp\nd ) soda on *>coal4 ,! salts ( z9c to be briefly describ$ "h are ! c>bonate1 ! oxide1 & ! sulphide1--all ( :i* are likely to occur 9 ! sep>ation & e/imation ( z9c1 & ! sulphate & *loride1--salts m especially f\nd 9 comm]ce1 & caus+ accid5ts f "t to "t4 #heg4 ,c>bonate ( ,z9c1 9 ! native =m ( calam9e1 conta9s1 z is well kn[n1 #fdh p] c5t4 ( oxide ( z9c2 b ! c>bonate obta9$ 9 ! c\rse ( an analysis by precipitat+ ! neutral hot solution ( a soluble salt ( z9c by c>bonate ( pota% or soda1 is c>bonate ( z9c plus a v>iable quantity ( hydrat$ oxide ( z9c4 ,unless ! precipitation takes place at a boil+ temp]ature1 ! c>bonic anhydride reta9s a portion ( ! oxide ( z9c 9 solution4 ,by ignition ( ! c>bonate1 oxide ( z9c results4 #heh4 ,oxide ( ,z9c 7,zn,o #ha2 specific gravity1 #efab2 ,zn1 #hjbd1 ,o1 #aigf7 is a :ite p[d] :5 cool1 yell[ :5 hot4 ,if mix$ ) suffici5t p[d]$ sulphur1 & ignit$ 9 a /ream ( hydrog51 ! sulphide is produc$2 if ignit$ 9 ! pure /ate 9 a rapid /ream ( hydrog5 gas1 metallic z9c is obta9$2 b1 if x is only a feeble curr5t1 ! oxide ( z9c becomes cry/all9e1 a portion only be+ r$uc$4 #hei4 ,sulphide ( ,z9c 7,zn,s #ig2 specific gravity1 #da2 ,zn1 #fgja1 ,s1 #cbii74--,! sulphide obta9$ by treat+ a neutral solution ( a soluble salt ( z9c by hydric sulphide is hydrat$ sulphide1 insoluble 9 wat]1 cau/ic alkalies1 & alkal9e sulphides1 b dissolv+ completely 9 nitric or 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,:5 dry1 x is a :ite p[d]1 & if ignit$ conta9s "s oxide ( z9c4 ,! anhydr\s sulphide is produc$ by mix+ ! precipitat$ sulphide ) sulphur1 & ignit+ 9 a crucible 9 a /ream ( hydrog5 gas4 ,ph>maceutical ,prep>ations4--,! (fic9al comp\nds ( z9c us$ 9 m$ic9e are ! acetate1 c>bonate1 *loride1 oxide1 sulphate1 sulphoc>bolate1 & val]ianate4 ,sulphate ( ,z9c 7,zn,s,o#g;,h,o #afa #abf2 specific gravity1 cry/als1 #aica74--,?is salt is (fic9al 9 all ! ph>macopias1 is us$ 9 calico-pr9t+1 & is commonly kn[n z :ite vitriol4 ,by v>y+ ! temp]ature at :i* ! cry/als are all[$ to be =m$1 x may be obta9$ ) #f1 #e1 #b1 or #a atoms ( wat]4 ,! comm]cial sulphate is 9 cry/als exactly simil> to ^? ( ,epsom salts2 x is slightly effloresc5t1 & gives ! reactions ( z9c & sulphuric acid4 #hfj4 ,*loride ( ,z9c is obta9$ by dissolv+ z9c 9 hydro*loric acid1 or by direct union ( z9c & *lor9e4 ,*loride ( z9c is ! only con/itu5t 9 ! well-kn[n 8,burnett's dis9fectant fluid40 ,a solution ( *loride ( z9c may be heat$ until x becomes wat]-free2 :5 ?is takes place x /ill rema9s fluid1 & makes a conv5i5t ba?1 = w>m? may be appli$ to x above #cgj )\t its emitt+ fumes to inconv5i5ce2 at a r$ heat x di/ils4 ,a conc5trat$ solution ( z9co-ammonic *loride 7#b;,h,n,cl,zn,cl7 is us$ = ! purpose ( remov+ ! film ( oxide f v>i\s metals prep>atory to sold]+4 #hfa4 ,z9c 9 ! ,arts4--,! use ( z9c z a metal 9 %eet+ ci/]ns1 articles = dome/ic use1 alloys1 c41 is well kn[n2 oxide ( z9c ent]s l>gely into ! composition ( india-rubb]4 ,sulphide ( z9c has be5 employ$ z a sub/itute = :ite lead1 & may possibly sup]s$e x4 ,z9c :ite is fur!r employ$ z a pigm5t1 &1 mix$ ) album51 is an ag5t 9 calico-pr9t+2 x is also us$ 9 ! decoloration ( glass1 9 ! poli%+ ( optical glasses1 & 9 ! manufacture ( artificial me]s*aum pipes4#idh #idh ,artificial me]s*aum pipes are compos$ ( z9c :ite1 magnesia u/a1 & case9e ammonium4 ,*romate ( ,z9c 7,zn,cr,o7 is us$ 9 calico-pr9t+1 & !re is also 9 comm]ce a basic *romate kn[n z z9c yell[4 ,z9c gre51 or ,r9man's gre51 is a beautiful innocu\s col\r1 =m$ by ignit+ a mixture ( dry z9cic & cobalt\s c>bonates4 ,! use ( z9c vessels 9 ! prep>ation ( foods may occasionally br+ ! metal "u ! notice ( ! analy/4 ,:5 expos$ to a moi/ atmosph]e1 z9c becomes cov]$ ) a ?9 film ( oxide1 p]fectly insoluble 9 ord9>y wat]2 b1 if ! wat] %\ld be *>g$ ) common salt1 a consid]able quantity may be dissolv$4 ,x may g5]ally be laid d[n z a rule t ! solv5t p[] ( wat] on z9c has a direct relation to ! *lorides pres5t1 :il/ c>bonate ( lime greatly dim9i%es ?is solubility4#idi #idi ,ziurek1 inde$1 f\nd 9 a litre ( wat] conta9$ 9 a z9c ci/]n no less ?an #ajajd grm4 ( z9c1 & ! same wat] %[$ only #jjgd grm4 ( common salt to ! litre4--,vi]teljahrss*r4 fr g]i*t4 ,m$ic91 #ahfg1 ,bd4 #f1 p4 #cef4 ,milk may become contam9at$ by z9c2 =1 x is a matt] ( common k1 t milk conta9$ 9 z9c vessels does n readily turn s\r4 ,?is may be expla9$ by ! z9c oxide comb9+ ) ! lactic acid1 & =m+ ! sp>+ly soluble lactate ( z9c #b7;,c,h,o7,zn #c;,h,o1 ?us )draw+ ! lactic acid z fa/ z x is =m$1 prev5t+ ! coagulation ( ! case94 ,) reg>d to ?is important practical subject1 ,,mm4 ,payne & ,*evalli] made sev]al exp]im5ts on ! action ( br&y1 w9e1 v9eg>1 olive oil1 s\p1 milk1 c41 & prov$ t z9c is act$ on by all ^!1 & especially by alcoholic1 acetic1 & sal9e liquids4 ,m4 ,s*auffle has repeat$ ^! exp]im5ts1 & det]m9$ ! am\nt ( z9c dissolv$ 9 fifte5 days by diff]5t liquids f a galvanis$ iron z well z a z9c vessel4 ,! am\nt f\nd 0 z foll[s3-- ,! liquid f ,! liquid f ! galvanis$ ! z9c vessel1 iron vessel1 grms4 p] litre4 grms4 p] litre4 ,br&y1 #jie #jgj ,w9e1 #cie #daj ,orange-fl[] wat]1 #jej #jge ,v9eg>1 #cage #fjge ,fatty s\p1 #jdf #ajj ,weak s\p1 #jhf #agf ,milk1 #eac #gjj ,salt wat]1 #age #jdj ,seltz] wat]1 #jce #jcj ,di/ill$ wat]1 traces4 traces4 ,ord9>y wat]1 traces4 traces4 ,olive oil1 none4 none4 #hfb4 ,effects ( ,z9c1 z %[n by ,exp]im5ts on ,animals4--,h>nack1 9 exp]im5ts ) sodium-z9c oxide pyrophosphate1 has %[n t ! ess5tial action ( z9c salts is to p>alyse ! muscles ( ! body & ! he>t1 &1 by ?us affect+ ! circulation & respiration1 to cause dea?2 ^! ma9 results h be5 fully confirm$ by ,blake1 ,le!by1 & ,c4 ,ph4 ,falck4 ,= rabbits ! le?al dose is #jh to #ji grm4 ( z9c oxide1 or ab\t #jd p] kilogrm4 ,! temp]ature dur+ acute poison+ s9ks notably--accord+ to ,f4 ,a4 ,falck's rese>*es on rabbits1 f ab\t #gc to #acj4 ,z9c is elim9at$ ma9ly by ! ur9e1 & has be5 recognis$ 9 t fluid f\r to five days aft] ! la/ dose4 ,x has also be5 sep>at$ 9 small quantity f ! milk & ! bile4 #hfc4 ,effects ( ,z9c ,comp\nds on ,man--7a7 ,z9c ,oxide4--,! poison\s action ( z9c oxide is s weak t x is almo/ d\btful :e!r x %\ld be consid]$ a poison4 ,dr4 ,m>cett has giv5 a p\nd 7#decf grms47 dur+ a mon? 9 divid$ doses )\t injury to a pati5t afflict$ ) epilepsy2 & ! workm5 9 z9c manufactories cov] !mselves f head to foot ) ! du/ )\t v app>5t bad effects4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 always innocu\s1 = ,pop(f has record$ x z ! cause ( heada*e1 pa9 9 ! head1 cramps 9 ! calves ( ! legs1 nausea1 vomit+1 & di>rha2 & he also obta9$ z9c f ! ur9e ( ^? suff]+ 9 ?is mann]4#iej ,aga91 a ph>macy /ud5t#iea fill$ a laboratory ) oxide ( z9c vap\r1 & suff]$ f well-m>k$ & ev5 s]i\s poison\s symptoms1 consi/+ ( pa9 9 ! head1 vomit+1 & a %ort fev]4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 z ! ord9>y z9c ( comm]ce is seldom free f ars5ic1 & "s samples conta9 gallium1 ! pres5ce ( ^! metals may possibly h a "p 9 ! production ( ! symptoms describ$4 #iej ,! s-call$ 8z9c fev]0 has only be5 notic$ 9 ! f\nd+ ( brass2 x is always prec$$ by well-m>k$ %iv]+1 ! o!r symptoms be+ simil> to ^? describ$4 #iea ,ru/'s ,magaz91 ,bd4 xxi4 #efc4 #hfd4 7b7 ,sulphate ( ,z9c4--,sulphate ( z9c has be5 v frequ5tly tak5 by accid5t or design1 b dea? f x is r>e4 ,! infrequ5cy ( fatal result is due1 n to any inactivity ( ! salt1 b r to its be+ almo/ always expell$ by vomit+1 :i* is s con/ant & regul> an effect1 t 9 doses ( #ac grm4 7#bj gra9s71 sulphate ( z9c is (t5 reli$ ^u 9 poison+ f o!r sub/ances to quickly expel ! cont5ts ( ! /oma*4 ,9 a case report$ by ,dr4 ,gibb1 an adult female swall[$ #dcc grms4 7#fg gra9s71 b no vomit+ occurr$1 & x _h to be induc$ by o!r emetics2 ?is case is unique4 ,x is difficult to say :at w\ld be a fatal dose ( z9c sulphate1 b ! s]i\s symptoms caus$ by #bh grms4 7#a oz47 9 ! case ( a groom 9 ! s]vice ( ,dr4 ,mack5zie1 leads to ! view t1 al?\gh n fatal 9 t p>ticul> in/ance1 x might be 9 o!rs4 ,! man took x 9 mi/ake = ,epsom salts3 a few m9utes aft] he 0 viol5tly sick & purg$1 & 0 excessively pro/rat$1 s t he _h to be c>ri$ to 8 home2 ! foll[+ day he _h cramps 9 ! legs1 & felt weak1 b 0 o!rwise well4 ,9 a crim9al case relat$ by ,t>dieu & ,r\ss91 a l>ge dose ( z9c sulphate1 put into s\p1 caus$ ! dea? ( an adult woman ( sixty ye>s ( age 9 ab\t ?irty h\rs4#ieb ,! symptoms 7 viol5t purg+ & vomit+1 lead+ to collapse4 ,f half ( ! s\p a quantity ( z9c oxide1 equal to #af grm4 ( z9c sulphate1 0 sep>at$4 ,z9c 0 also f\nd 9 ! /oma*1 liv]1 inte/9es1 & sple5--7see also a case ( crim9al poison+ record$ by ,*evalli]74#iec #ieb ,taylor notices ?is case1 b adds t %e di$ 9 ?ree days4 ,?is is a mi/ake1 z ! s\p 0 tak5 on ! #ab? ( ,june1 probably at mid-day1 & ! woman di$ on ! #ac?1 at #h ,p4,m4 #iec 8,obs]vations toxicologiques sur le z9c10 ,annales d',hygine ,publique1 ,july #ahgh1 p4 #aec4 #hfe4 7c7 ,z9c ,*loride4--,*loride ( z9c is a p[]ful poison1 :i* may kill by its prim>y or second>y effects2 its local action z a cau/ic is ma9ly to be ascrib$ to its int5se aff9ity = wat]1 dehydrat+ any tissue ) :i* x comes 9 contact4 ,! common use ( dis9fect+ fluids conta9+ z9c *loride1 su* z ,burnett's fluid1 leads to m accid5ts 9 ,engl& ?an 9 any o!r ,european c\ntry4 ,( tw5ty-six cases ( poison+ by ?is ag5t1 tw5ty-f\r occurr$ 9 ,engl&1 & only two on ! ,cont95t4 ,dea? may foll[ ! ext]nal use ( z9c *loride4 ,"s ye>s ago1 a quack at ,b>n/aple1 ,devon1 appli$ z9c *loride to a canc]\s brea/2 ! woman di$ ) all ! g5]al symptoms ( poison+ by z9c1 & t metal 0 f\nd 9 ! liv] & o!r organs4 ,! symptoms obs]v$ 9 fatal cases ( *loride ( z9c poison+ are--imm$iate pa9 9 ! ?roat1 & burn+ ( ! lips1 tongue1 c4 ,!re is difficulty 9 swall[+1 an increase 9 ! secretion ( saliva1 vomit+ ( bloody matt]s1 di>rha1 collapse1 coma1 & dea?4 ,9 "s cases life has be5 prolong$ = days2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 dea? has be5 kn[n to occur 9 a few h\rs4 ,9 ^? cases 9 :i* ei!r recov]y has tak5 place1 or 9 :i* dea? is delay$1 n]v\s symptoms r>ely fail to make _! appe>ance4 ,9 a case record$ by ,dr4 ,r4 ,hassall1 #c ounces ( ,burnett's fluid 7 swall[$4 ,! usual symptoms ( int5se ga/ro-inte/9al irritation ensu$1 b !re 0 no purg+ until ! ?ird day2 aft] ! lapse ( a =tnight1 a tra9 ( n]v\s symptoms set 91 indicat$ by a complete p]v]sion ( ta/e & smell4 ,9 o!r cases1 aphonia1 tetanic affections ( gr\ps ( muscles1 ) great muscul> weakness & impairm5t ( sight1 h be5 notic$4 ,v l>ge doses ( z9c *loride h be5 recov]$ f1 e4g41 a man _h tak5 a solution equival5t to ab\t #ac grms4 7#bjj gra9s7 ( ! solid *loride4 ,vomit+ came on imm$iately1 & !re 0 collapse1 b he recov]$ 9 sixte5 days4 ,on ! o!r h&1 #ch grm4 7#f gra9s7 has de/roy$ life aft] sev]al weeks' illness4 #hff4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,9 poison+ by sulphate ( z9c1 ! appe>ances usually se5 are inflammation1 m or less int5se1 ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* & b[els4 ,9 ! museums ( ! ,london hospitals1 ,i c\ld only f9d 7#ahhb7 a s+le specim5 pres]v$ illu/rat+ ! effects ( ?is poison4 ,?is prep>ation is 9 ,/4 ,george's ,hospital ,museum1 & %[s 7s]4 ix4 #dc & #aih7 ! /oma* ( a man :o di$ f z9c sulphate1 & ^: case is report$ 9 ! ,lancet1 #ahei4 ,! muc\s membrane is wr9kl$ all ov] l a piece ( tripe2 :5 rec5t x 0 vascul> & indurat$1 b uni=mly ( a dirty grey col\r2 ! l9+ membrane ( ! small inte/9e is v vascul>1 & 9 ! duod5um & upp] "p ( ! jejunum ! col\r is simil> to t ( ! /oma*1 b 9 a less m>k$ degree2 ! /oma* & inte/9es are contract$4 ,! pa?ological appe>ances aft] *loride ( z9c v>y accord+ to ! p]iod at :i* dea? takes place4 ,:5 x has occurr$ )9 a few h\rs1 ! l9+ membrane ( ! m\? & gullet %[s a m>k$ *ange 9 texture1 be+ :ite & opaque1 ! /oma* h>d & lea!ry1 or mu* corrugat$ or ulc]at$4 ,9 cases 9 :i* life has be5 prolong$1 contractions ( ! gullet & /oma* may occur v simil> to ^? caus$ by ! m9]al acids1 & ) a simil> tra9 ( symptoms4 ,9 a case :i* occurr$ "u ,dr4 ,m>kham's#ied obs]vation1 a p]son di$ t5 weeks aft] tak+ ! fatal dose1 ! fir/ symptoms subsid+ 9 a few days1 & ! second>y set ( symptoms n comm5c+ = ?ree weeks4 ,!y !n consi/$ ma9ly ( vomit+1 until ! pati5t sank f exhau/ion4 ,! /oma* 0 con/rict$ at ! pyloric end1 s t x w\ld sc>cely admit a quill4 #ied ,m$4 ,times & ,gazette1 ,june #aa1 #ahei1 p4 #eie4 ,9 ,guy's ,hospital !re is a good prep>ation1 #agii1 f ! case ( ,s4 ,r41 ag$ #bb2 %e took a tablespoonful ( ,burnett's fluid1 & di$ 9 ab\t f\rte5 weeks4 ,!re 7 at fir/ viol5t vomit+ & purg+1 b %e suff]$ little pa91 & 9 a day or two recov]$ suffici5tly to move ab\t ! h\se2 b ! vomit+ aft] food cont9u$1 ev]y?+ be+ eject$ ab\t five m9utes aft] swall[+4 ,be=e dea? %e suff]$ f pneumonia4 ,! /oma* is se5 to be mu* contract$--#e in*es 9 l5g?2 x is ulc]at$ bo? ne> ! pylorus & ne> ! gullet2 at ! latt] "p !re is a p\*-l portion ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* adh]5t to ! sple51 :i* communicates by a p]=ation ) an abscess =m$ & b\nd$ by ! /oma*1 diaphragm1 & sple52 x conta9$ #c ozs4 ( dirty-look+ pus4 ,at ! pylorus1 9 ! c5tre1 !re is a second p]=ation1 b extravasation ( ! cont5ts is prev5t$ by ! adh]5t om5tum & transv]se colon4 ,! muscul> coats are ?ick5$4 #hfg4 ,detection ( ,z9c 9 ,organic ,liquids or ,solids4--,9 cases :]e ! poison has be5 expell$ f ! /oma* by vomit+1 ! muscles & bones w\ld appe> to be ! be/ tissues to exam9e *emically2 = ,matzkewits* inve/igat$ v c>efully a dog poison$ by #ajj p>ts ( z9c1 subcutane\sly inject$ 9 ! =m ( acetate1 & f\nd x di/ribut$ ov] ! sev]al organs ( ! body 9 ! foll[+ ratios3--,muscles #fje1 bones #bdda1 /oma* & inte/9es #dfc1 sk9 #cgj1 place ( injection #bai1 liv] #age1 lungs & he>t #afh1 kidneys1 bladd]1 & ur9e #aad4 ,! only c]ta9 me?od ( detection is to produce ! sulphide ( z9c1 be/ effect$ by saturat+ a neutral or feebly acid liquid ) hydric sulphide4 ,if an organic liquid1 :i* c be easily filt]$1 is op]at$ ^u1 x may be /rongly acidulat$ ) acetic acid1 & at once treat$ ) hydric sulphide4 ,if1 h[ev]1 z9c is s\ght = z a "p ( a sy/ematic exam9ation 7z w mo/ likely be ! case71 ! solution w h be5 treat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & already te/$ = ars5ic1 antimony1 lead1 c41 & filt]$ f any precipitate4 ,9 su* a case ! hydro*loric acid mu/ fir/ be replac$ by acetic1 :i* is effect$ by add+ a slight excess ( sodic acetate2 ! "r quantity ( ! latt] is easily kn[n1 if ! hydro*loric acid orig9ally add$ 0 c>efully measur$1 & its specific gravity asc]ta9$2 #cgb ( cry/allis$ sodic acetate saturat+ "o ( ,h,cl4 ,la/ly1 %\ld ! di/illation process1 giv5 at p4 #di1 h be5 adopt$1 ! cont5ts ( ! retort w only require to be treat$ ) wat]1 filt]$1 & saturat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,9 any ( ! above cases1 %\ld a :ite1 dirty :ite or lighti%-col\r$ precipitate 7:i* is n sulphur7 be ?r[n d[n1 z9c may be suspect$2 x w1 h[ev]1 be absolutely necess>y to id5tify ! sulphide1 = !re are _m s\rces ( error4 ,! mo/ satisfactory ( all id5tifications is ! production ( ,r9man's gre54 ,! suppos$ sulphide is dissolv$ (f ! filt] ) hot nitric acid1 a drop or m 7accord+ to ! quantity ( ! orig9al precipitate7 ( solution ( cobalt nitrate add$1 ! solution precipitat$ ) c>bonate ( soda & boil$1 to expel all c>bonic anhydride2 ! precipitate is !n collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$1 dri$1 & ignit$ 9 a plat9um di%4 ,if z9c be pres5t 9 s small a proportion z #aajj1jjj "p1 ! mass w be p]man5tly gre54 #hfh4 ,o!r me?ods ( proc$ure are z foll[s3--,! suppos$ z9c sulphide 7aft] be+ well wa%$7 is collect$ 9 a porcela9 di%1 & dissolv$ 9 a few drops ( sulphuric acid1 filt]$1 nitric acid add$1 evaporat$ to dryness1 & heat$ to de/roy all organic matt]4 ,:5 cool1 ! mass is treat$ ) wat] acidulat$ by sulphuric acid1 & aga9 filt]$4 ,! solution may conta9 iron z well z z9c1 & if ! =m] 7on te/+ a drop ) f]rocyanide ( pota%7 appe>s 9 any quantity1 x mu/ be sep>at$ by ! addition ( ammonia 9 excess to ! ammoniacal filtrate2 sodic c>bonate is add$ 9 excess1 ! liquid well boil$1 & ! precipitate collect$ on a filt] & wa%$4 ,! c>bonate ( z9c ?us obta9$ is conv]t$ into z9c oxide by ignition1 & weigh$4 ,if oxide ( z9c1 x w be yell[ :5 hot1 :ite :5 cold3 x w dissolve 9 acetic acid2 give a :ite precipitate ) sulphurett$ hydrog52 &1 f9ally1 if heat$ on *>coal 9 ! oxidis+ flame1 & moi/5$ ) cobalt nitrate solution1 a gre5 col\r w result4 ,z9c may also be sep>at$ f liquids by electrolysis4 ,! simple/ way is to place ! fluid "u exam9ation 9 a plat9um di% ( suffici5t size1 acidify1 & ins]t a piece ( magnesium tape4 ,! metallic film s obta9$ may be dissolv$ by hydro*loric acid1 & ! usual te/s appli$4 #b4 ,,nickel--,,cobalt4 #hfi4 ,! salts ( nickel & cobalt h at pres5t no toxicological importance1 al?\gh1 f ! exp]im5ts ( ,&]son ,/u>t1#iee bo? may be class$ z poison\s4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,gmel9 _h1 prior to ,/u>t's rese>*es1 %[n t nickel sulphate introduc$ into ! /oma* act$ z an irritant poison1 &1 if introduc$ into ! blood1 caus$ dea? by c>diac p>alysis4 ,&]son ,/u>t1 desir+ to avoid all local irritant action1 dissolv$ nickel c>bonate 9 acid citrate ( soda by ! aid ( a g5tle heat2 he !n evaporat$ ! solution1 & obta9$ a glass :i*1 if too alkal9e1 0 neutralis$ by citric acid1 until its reaction approximat$ to ! feeble alkal9ity ( ! blood2 ! cobalt salt 0 produc$ 9 ! same way4 ,! animals exp]im5t$ on 7 frogs1 fi%1 pigeons1 rats1 gu9ea-pigs1 rabbits1 cats1 & dogs--9 all #bjj4 ,! le?al dose ( nickel\s oxide1 :5 subcutane\sly inject$ 9 ! soluble comp\nd describ$1 0 f\nd to be z foll[s3--frogs1 #jh grm4 p] kilogram2 pigeons1 #jf2 gu9ea-pigs1 #jcj2 rats1 #jbe2 cats1 #ja2 rabbits1 #jji2 & dogs1 #jjg4 ,! cobalt\s oxide 0 f\nd to be mu* less active1 requir+ ! above doses to be increas$ ab\t two-?irds4 ,9 o!r respects1 its physiological action seems to be v simil> to t ( nickel\s oxide4 #iee 8,nickel & ,cobalt2 _! ,physiological ,action on ! ,animal ,organism10 by ,t4 ,p4 ,&]son ,/u>t1 ,m4,d41 ,j\rn4 ( ,anat4 & ,physiol41 vol4 xvii41 ,oct4 #ahhb4 #hgj4 ,symptoms--,frogs4--,a l>ge dose inject$ into ! dorsal lymph sac ( ! frog causes ! foll[+ symptoms3--,! col\r ( ! sk9 all ov] ! body becomes d>k] & m uni=m1 & n infrequ5tly a :ite fro? is abundantly p\r$ ov] ! integum5t4 ,9 an int]val ( ab\t tw5ty m9utes ! frog sits quietly1 ! eyes retract$ & %ut2 if mole/$1 x moves clumsily4 ,:5 quiet1 ! =e limbs are weak1 & ! h9d legs drawn up v peculi>ly1 ! ?ighs be+ jamm$ up s aga9/ ! body1 t !y come to lie on ! dorsal aspect ( ! sides ( ! frog1 & ! legs are s mu* flex$ t ! feet lie on ! animal's back1 q int]nal to ! plane ( ! ?ighs4 ,soon fibrill>y twit*+s are obs]v$ 9 ! muscles ( ! abdom9al wall1 !n feeble twit*+s ( ! f+]s1 & muscles ( ! =e limbs g5]ally2 la/ly1 ! toes are se5 to twit*1 & !n ! muscles ( ! h9d limbs--?is ord] is ne>ly always obs]v$2 n[ spasmodic gap+ & incord9ate movem5ts are se51 & ! g5]al aspect is n unlike ! symptoms caus$ by picrotox94 ,aft] ?is1 tetanus sets 91 & ! symptoms !n resemble ^? ( /ry*n9e2 ! next /age is /upefaction & volunt>y motor p>esis2 ! respiratory movem5ts become feeble1 & ! p>esis passes into p>alysis4 ,! he>t beats m & m sl[ly & feebly1 & dea? gradually & imp]ceptibly sup]v5es4 ,! po/-mortem appe>ances are well m>k$1 i4e41 rigor mortis1 slight conge/ion ( ! alim5t>y tract1 ! he>t ) ! auricle mu* dilat$ & fill$ ) d>k blood1 ! v5tricle mo/ly small1 pale1 & semi-contract$4 ,= "s "t aft] dea?1 ! n]ve trunks & muscles react to ! induction curr5t4 ,pigeons4--,9 exp]im5ts on pigeons ! symptoms 7 ^? ( dulness & /upor1 j]k+s ( diff]5t sets ( muscles1 & !n dea? quietly4 ,gu9ea-pigs4--,9 gu9ea-pigs !re 7 dulness & /upefaction1 ) "s weakness ( ! h9d limbs4 ,rats4--,! symptoms 9 rats 7 almo/ entirely n]v\s2 !y became dr[sy & apa!tic1 & !re 0 p>alysis ( ! h9d legs4 ,rabbits4--,9 rabbits1 also1 ! symptoms 7 ma9ly ^? caus$ by an affection ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,!re 0 p>alysis1 :i* affect$ ei!r ! h9d legs only1 or all f\r limbs4 ,! c]vical muscles became s weak t ! animal 0 unable to hold its head up4 ,di>rha occurr$ & p]si/$ until dea?4 ,if ! dose is n l>ge en\gh to kill rapidly1 ! reflex irritability is decid$ly increas$1 s t ! slighte/ excitation may cause ! animal to c[] & tremble all ov]4 ,n[ appe> twit*+s & contractions ( s+le gr\ps ( muscles1 & ?is excitem5t becomes g5]al4 ,! respirations also become sl[] & m difficult1 & sometimes !re is well-m>k$ dilatation ( ! vessels ( ! e>s & fundi oculi4 ,convulsions close ! sc5e4 #hga4 ,circulation4--,! effect ( ! salt on ! frog's he>t 0 also /udi$ 9 detail4 ,x seems t1 "u ! influ5ce ( a soluble salt ( nickel1 ! he>t beats m & m sl[ly1 x becomes small] & pal]1 & does n contract ev5ly ?r\gh\t ! :ole ext5t ( ! v5tricle2 b ! rhy?m ( ! v5tricul> & auricul> contractions is nev] lo/4 ,x is probable t !re is a vaso-motor p>alysis ( ! abdom9al vessels2 ! blood-pressure falls1 & ! he>t is n /imulat$ by ! blood itself z 9 its normal /ate4 ,9 support ( ?is view1 x is f\nd t1 by ei!r press+ on ! abdom5 or simply inv]t+ ! frog1 ! he>t swells up1 fills ) blood1 & = a "t beats well4 ,n]v\s ,sy/em4--,! toxic action is ref]able to ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 & n to t ( p]iph]al motor n]ve-end+s or motor n]ve-fibres4 ,x is probable t bo? nickel & cobalt p>alyse to "s ext5t ! c]ebrum4 ,! action on ! n]ve-c5tres is simil> to t ( plat9um or b>ium1 & q diff]5t f t ( iron4 #hgb4 ,action on ,/rip$ ,muscle4--,nei!r nickel nor cobalt has any effect on /rip$ muscle4 ,9 ?is !y bo? diff] f ars5ic1 antimony1 m]cury1 lead1 & iron--all ( :i*1 9 l>ge doses1 dim9i% ! "w :i* heal?y muscle is capable ( p]=m+4 #hgc4 ,sep>ation ( ,nickel or ,cobalt f ! ,organic ,matt]s or ,tissues4--,x is v necess>y1 if any case ( poison+ %\ld occur by ei!r or bo? ( ^! metals1 to de/roy completely ! organic matt]s by ! process already detail$ on p4 #ea4 ,bo? nickel & cobalt are ?r[n d[n1 if 9 ! =m ( acetate1 f a neutral solution by sulphurett$ hydrog52 b ! precipitation does n take place 9 ! pres5ce ( free m9]al acid2 h5ce1 9 ! r\t9e process ( analysis1 sulphurett$ hydrog5 is pass$ into ! acid liquid1 & any precipitate filt]$ (f4 ,! liquid is n[ made almo/ neutral by potassic c>bonate1 & !n potassic acetate add$1 & a curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 pass$ ?r\gh x4 ,! sulphides ( cobalt & nickel1 if bo? are pres5t1 w be ?r[n d[n2 "u ! same circum/ances z9c1 if pres5t1 w\ld also be precipitat$4 ,cobalt is sep>at$ f z9c by dissolv+ ! mix$ sulphides 9 nitric acid1 precipitat+ ! c>bonates ( z9c & cobalt by potassic c>bonate1 collect+ ! c>bonates1 &1 aft] wa%+1 ignit+ !m g5tly 9 a bulb tube1 9 a curr5t ( dry hydro*loric acid2 volatile z9c *loride is =m$ & di/ils ov]1 leav+ cobalt *loride4 #hgd4 ,to e/imate cobalt1 sulphide ( cobalt may be dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 & !n precipitat$ by pure pota%2 ! precipitate wa%$1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$2 #ajj p>ts ( cobalt\s oxide 7,co,o7 equals #gcdd ( metallic cobalt4 ,cobalt is sep>at$ f nickel by a me?od ess5tially f\nd$ on "o propos$ by ,liebig4 ,! nitric acid solution ( nickel & cobalt 7:i* mu/ be free f all o!r metals1 save potassium or sodium7 is ne>ly neutralis$ by potassic c>bonate1 & mix$ ) an excess ( hydrocyanic acid1 & !n ) pure cau/ic pota%4 ,! mixture is left expos$ to ! air 9 a %all[ di% = "s h\rs1 a tripotassic cobalticyanide 7,k,co,cy7 & a nickelo-potassic cyanide 7#b,k,cy1 ,ni,cy7 are 9 ?is way produc$4 ,if ?is solution is n[ boil$ ) a slight excess ( m]curic nitrate1 hydrat$ nickel\s oxide is precipitat$1 b potassic cobalticyanide rema9s 9 solution1 & may be filt]$ (f4 ,on c>efully neutralis+ ! alkal9e filtrate ) nitric acid1 & add+ a solution ( m]cur\s nitrate1 ! cobalt may !n be precipitat$ z a m]cur\s cobalticyanide1 :i* may be collect$1 wa%$1 dri$1 decompos$ by ignition1 & weigh$ z cobalt\s oxide4 ,aft] obta9+ bo? nickel & cobalt oxides1 or ei!r ( !m1 !y may be easily id5tifi$ by ! bl[pipe4 ,! oxide ( nickel gives1 9 ! oxidis+ flame ) borax1 a yell[i%-r$ glass1 becom+ pal] z x cools2 ! addition ( a potassium salt col\rs ! bead blue4 ,9 ! r$uc+ flame ! metal is r$uc$1 & c be se5 z little greyi% p>ticles dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! bead4 ,cobalt gives an int5se blue col\r to a bead ( borax 9 ! oxidis+ flame4 ,,iv4--,,precipitat$ ,,by ,,ammonium ,,sulphide4 ,iron--,*romium--,?allium--,alum9ium--,u ranium4 #a4 ,,iron4 #hge4 ,x 0 ,orfila's op9ion t all ! salts ( iron 7 poison\s1 if giv5 9 suffici5t doses2 b su* salts z ! c>bonate1 ! phosphate1 & a few o!rs1 possess+ no local action1 may be giv5 9 su* v l>ge doses1 )\t caus+ di/urbance to ! heal?1 t ! /atem5t mu/ only be tak5 z apply+ to ! m soluble iron comp\nds4 ,! two prep>ations ( iron :i* h any =5sic importance are ! p]*loride & ! sulphate4 #hgf4 ,f]ric ,*loride 7,fe,cl #cbe74--;,anhydr\s f]ric *loride w only be met ) 9 ! laboratory4 ,z a product ( pass+ dry *lor9e ov] r$-hot iron1 x sublimes 9 br[n scales1 is v deliquesc5t1 & hisses :5 ?r[n into wat]4 ,!re are two v def9ite hydrates--"o ) #f atoms ( wat]1 =m+ l>ge1 r$1 deliquesc5t cry/als2 & ano!r ) #ab ( wat]1 less deliquesc5t1 & cry/allis+ 9 orange /ellate gr\ps4 ,! ph>maceutical prep>ations 9 common use are3-- ,/rong] ,solution ( ,p]*loride ( ,iron 7,liquor ,f]ri ,p]*loridi ,=tior74--,an orange-br[n liquid ( specific gravity #adb1 & conta9+ ab\t #eh p] c5t4 ( f]ric *loride4 ,t9cture ( ,p]*loride ( ,iron 7,t9ctura ,f]ri ,p]*loridi71 made by dilut+ #a "p ( ! /rong solution ) #a volume ( rectifi$ _s1 & add+ di/ill$ wat] to measure #d4 ,solution ( ,p]*loride ( ,iron 7,liquor ,f]ri ,p]*loridi74--,simply #e volumes ( ! /rong solution made up to #bj by ! addition ( wat]2 h5ce1 ( ! same /r5g? z ! t9cture4 #hgg4 ,effects ( ,f]ric ,*loride on ,animals4--,a v elaborate s]ies ( rese>*es on rabbits1 dogs1 & cats 0 und]tak5 a few ye>s ago by ,,mm4 ,br5g]-,fraud & ,porte#ief to elucidate ! g5]al symptoms & effects produc$ by f]ric *loride "u v>y+ conditions4 ,fir/1 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts %[$ t1 :5 f]ric *loride solution 0 enclos$ 9 gelat9e capsules & giv5 ) ! food ( ! animal1 x produc$ ei!r no symptoms or b trifl+ inconv5i5ce1 ev5 :5 ! dose exce$$ #a grm4 p] kilogrm42 anhydr\s f]ric *loride & ! f]ric *loride solution 7 directly inject$ into ! /oma*1 yet1 :5 food 0 pres5t1 dea? did n occur1 & ! effects soon subsid$4 ,9 animals :i* 7 fa/+1 quantities ( ! solution equal to #e grm4 p] kilogrm4 & above caus$ dea? 9 f "o h\r to sixte5 h\rs1 ! action be+ mu* accel]at$ by ! addition ( alcohol--z1 = example1 9 ! case ( ! t9cture3 ! symptoms 7 ma9ly vomit+ & di>rha1 sometimes ! vomit+ 0 abs5t4 ,9 a few cases ! po/]ior extremities 7 p>alys$1 & ! pupils dilat$3 ! ur9e 0 scanty or q suppress$2 dea? 0 prec$$ by convulsions4 #ief 8tude sur l'empoisonnem5t p> le p]*lorure de f]10 p> ,,mm4 ,br5g]-,fraud et ,porte1 ,annales d',hygine ,publique1 #ahgi4 #hgh4 ,effects on ,man4--,p]*loride ( iron 9 ! =m ( t9cture has be5 popul>ly us$ 9 ,engl&1 f its suppos$ abortive prop]ty1 & is sold "u ! "n ( 8/eel drops40 ,x has be5 frequ5tly tak5 by mi/ake = o!r d>k liquids2 & !re is at lea/ "o case on record 9 :i* x 0 prov$ to h be5 us$ = ! purpose ( murd]4 ,! latt] case#ieg is peculi>ly int]e/+ f its great r>ity2 x occurr$ 9 ,m>t9ique 9 #ahgd-ahgf1 no less ?an f\r p]sons be+ poison$ at diff]5t dates4 ,all f\r 7 presum$ to h _h immoral relations ) a c]ta9 wid[ ,x----1 & to h be5 poison$ by h] son4 ,9 ?ree ( ! f\r cases1 viz41 ,*>----1 ,duf----1 & ,lab----1 ! cause ( dea? seems pretty cle>2 b ! f\r?1 ,ab----1 a case ( /rong suspicion1 0 n suffici5tly inve/igat$4 ,all ?ree took ! fatal dose 9 ! ev5+1 betwe5 eight & n9e o'clock--,lab---- ! #bg? ( ,decemb] #ahgd1 ,duf---- ! #bbnd ( ,febru>y #ahgf1 & ,*>---- on ! #ad? ( ,may #ahgf4 ,!y _h all pass$ ! day 9 tippl+1 & !y all _h eat5 no?+ f mid-day1 s t ! /oma* w\ld1 9 none ( ! ?ree1 conta9 any solid matt]s4 ,! *loride 0 giv5 to !m 9 a glass ( 8pun*10 & !re 0 /rong evid5ce to %[ t ! son ( ! wid[ ,x---- adm9i/]$ x4 ,*>---- di$ aft] ab\t ?irte5 h\rs' illness1 ,duf---- & ,lab---- aft] sixty-five h\rs' illness2 ,ab---- liv$ f ?ree to f\r days4 ,) ,*>---- ! symptoms 7 v pron\nc$ 9 an h\r1 & consi/$ ess5tially ( viol5t colicky pa9 9 ! abdom5 & di>rha1 b !re 0 no vomit+2 ,duf---- _h also great pa9 9 ! abdom5 & suppression ( ! ur9e4 ,lab---- _h mo/ viol5t abdom9al pa9s2 he 0 con/ipat$1 & ! ur9>y secretion 0 arre/$2 !re 0 besides pa9ful t5esmus4 ,accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,br5g]-,fraud & ,porte1#ieh ! p]*loride 9 ! above cases 0 tak5 "u conditions peculi>ly fav\rable = ! developm5t ( its toxic action1 viz41 on an empty /oma* & mix$ ) alcohol4 #ieg ,fully report$ 9 ,br5g]-,fraud's pap]1 loc4 cit4 #ieh ,dub4 ,m$4 ,press1 ,febru>y #ba1 #ahdi4 ,!re h be5 sev]al cases ( recov]y f l>ge doses ( ! t9cture1 e4g41 t ( an old man1 ag$ #gb1 :o _h swall[$ #he c4c4 7#c ozs47 ( ! t9cture2 ! tongue swell$1 !re 7 cr\py respiration & feeble pulse1 b he made a good recov]y4 ,9 o!r cases1#iei #bhc c4c4 7an ounce7 & m h caus$ vomit+ & irritation ( ! ur9>y organs4 ,! p]*loride is n unfrequ5tly us$ to arre/ hmorrhage z a topical application to ! ut]9e cavity--a practice n free f dang]1 = x has be=e n[ induc$ viol5t inflammation & dea? f p]itonitis4 #iei ,prov9cial ,j\rnal1 ,april #g & #ba1 #ahdg1 p4 #ahj2 see also ,taylor's ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbj1 #bnd ,edition4 #hgi4 ,elim9ation ( ,iron ,*loride4--,mo/ ( ! iron is excret$ 9 ! =m ( sulphide by ! fces1 & col\rs !m ( a black hue2 a small] portion is excret$ by ! ur9e4 #hhj4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,9 ! exp]im5ts on animals already ref]r$ to1 ! g5]al *anges not$ 7 dryness1 pallor1 & p>*m5t-l appe>ance ( ! cavity ( ! m\?1 ! muc\s membrane be+ black5$ by ! contact ( ! liquid4 ,! gullet 0 pale & dry1 n unfrequ5tly cov]$ ) a blacki% lay]4 ,! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* 0 g5]ally heal?y ?r\gh\t2 b1 if ! dose 0 l>ge & v conc5trat$1 !re might be "o or m hyp]mic spots2 o!rwise1 ?is did n occur4 ,! int]nal surface ( ! inte/9es1 simil>ly1 %[$ no inflammation1 b 0 cov]$ ) br[ni% coat+ :i* d>k5$ on exposure to ! air4 ,! liv]1 9 all ! exp]im5ts1 0 l>ge & gorg$ ) black & fluid blood2 !re 7 ec*ymoses 9 ! lungs & v5\s conge/ion4 ,! kidneys 7 usually hyp]mic1 & conta9$ little hmorrhages4 ,!re 0 also g5]al encephalic engorgem5t1 & 9 "o exp]im5t int5se conge/ion ( ! m5+es 0 obs]v$4 ,few opportunities h pres5t$ !mselves = pa?ological obs]vations relative to ! effects produc$ by f]ric *loride on man4 ,9 a case relat$ by ,*ri/ison1 9 :i* a man swall[$ #dbd c4c4 7#a oz47 ( ! t9cture1 & di$ 9 five weeks1 !re 0 f\nd ?ick5+ & inflammation ( ! pyloric end ( ! /oma*4 ,! case ( ,*>----1 already allud$ to1 is t 9 :i* ! mo/ complete details ( ! autopsy are record$1 & !y co9cide v fairly ) ^? obs]v$ 9 animals2 ! tongue 0 cov]$ ) a gre5i% fur1 bord]$ at ! edges ) a black sub/ance1 describ$ z be+ l 8mud02 ! l9+ membrane ( ! gullet 0 pale1 b also cov]$ ) ?is d>k 8mud40 ,! /oma* conta9$ a gre5i%-black liquid2 ! liv] 0 l>ge & conge/$2 ! kidneys 7 swoll51 conge/$1 & ec*ymos$2 ! c]ebral membranes 7 gorg$ ) blood1 & ! :ole bra9 hyp]mic4 #hha4 ,f]r\s ,sulphate1 ,copp]as1 or ,gre5 ,vitriol1 ,fe,s,o#g;,h,o #aeb #abf2 specific gravity1 anhydr\s1 #cach2 cry/als1 #aheg2 composition 9 #ajj p>ts1 ,fe,o1 #beib2 ,,s1 #bhgg2 ,h,o1 #decb4--,?is salt is 9 beautiful1 transp>5t1 blui%-gre51 rhomboidal prisms4 ,! cry/als h an a/r+5t1 /yptic ta/e1 are insoluble 9 alcohol1 b dissolve 9 ab\t #ae times _! weight ( wat]2 ! comm]cial article ne>ly always responds to ! te/s1 bo? = f]r\s & f]ric salts1 conta9+ a little p]salt4 ,! m$ic9al dose ( ?is salt is usually giv5 z f #jfdh to #cbd grm4 7#a to #e gra9s71 b x has be5 prescrib$ 9 cases requir+ x 9 gramme 7#aed gra9s7 doses )\t injury4 ,sulphate ( iron has _m te*nical applications2 is employ$ by all %oemak]s1 & is 9 common use z a dis9fectant4 ,! salt has be5 employ$ = crim9al purposes 9 ,france1 & 9 ?is c\ntry x is a popul> abortive4 ,9 record$ cases1 ! symptoms1 z well z ! pa?ological appe>ances1 h a /rik+ resemblance to ^? produc$ by ! *loride4 ,!re are usually colic1 vomit+1 & purg+2 b 9 "o case 7report$ by ,*evalli]71 9 :i* a man gave a l>ge dose ( sulphate ( iron to 8 wife1 !re 0 nei!r vomit+ nor colic2 ! woman lo/ h] appetite1 b sl[ly recov]$4 ,probably ! action ( f]r\s sulphate1 l t ( ! *loride1 is pr(\ndly modifi$ by ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( food 9 ! /oma*4 ,any?+ l #bhc grms4 7an ounce7 ( sulphate ( iron mu/ be consid]$ a dang]\s dose1 =1 ?\gh recov]y has tak5 place f ?is quantity1 ! symptoms h be5 ( a viol5t k9d4 #hhb4 ,se>* = ,iron ,salts 9 ! ,cont5ts ( ! ,/oma*1 c4--,iron1 be+ a natural compon5t ( ! body1 c>e mu/ be tak5 n to conf\nd ! iron ( ! blood or tissues ) ! 8iron0 ( a soluble salt4 ,orfila attempt$ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! two k9ds ( iron by treat+ ! cont5ts ( ! /oma*1 ! inte/9es1 & ev5 ! tissues1 ) cold acetic acid1 & all[+ !m to dige/ 9 x = _m h\rs be=e filt]+ & te/+ = iron 9 ! filtrate1 & ?is is g5]ally ! process :i* has be5 adopt$4 ,! acid filtrate is fir/ treat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 :i* gives no precipitate ) iron1 & !n ) sulphide ( ammonium1 :i* precipitates iron black4 ,! iron sulphide may be dissolv$ by a little hydro*loric acid & a drop ( nitric acid1 & f>!r id5tifi$ by its =m+ ,prussian blue :5 te/$ by f]rocyanide ( pota%1 or by ! bulky precipitate ( oxide1 :5 ! acid liquid is alkalis$ by ammonia4 ,9 ! case ( ,duf----1 ! exp]ts attempt$ to prove ! exi/5ce ( =eign iron 9 ! liv] by tak+ #ajj grms4 ( ,duf----'s liv] & #ajj grms4 ( ! liv] ( a non-poison$ p]son1 & de/roy+ ea* by nitro-muriatic acid1 & e/imat+ 9 ea* acid solution ! f]ric oxide4 ,duf----'s liv] yield$ 9 #ajj p>ts #jh mgrm4 ( f]ric oxide1 ! normal liv] #jbb--ne>ly ?ree times less ?an ,duf----'s4 ,to obta9 iron f ! ur9e1 ! fluid mu/ be evaporat$ d[n to a syrup 9 a plat9um di%1 a little nitric acid add$1 heat$1 & f9ally completely c>bonis$4 ,! residue is dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,normal ur9e always conta9s an unweighable trace ( iron2 &1 !re=e1 any quantity1 su* z a mgrm4 ( f]ric oxide1 obta9$ by c>eful precipitation ( ! hydro*loric acid solution out ( #bjj to #cjj c4c4 ( ur9e1 w\ld be good evid5ce t a soluble salt ( iron _h be5 tak54 ,! hydro*loric acid solution is fir/ precipitat$ by ammonia & ammonic sulphide4 ,! precipitate ?us obta9$ w n be pure iron sulphide1 b mix$ ) ! e>? phosphates4 ,x %\ld be r$issolv$ 9 ,h,cl1 precipitat$ by sodic c>bonate1 !n acidifi$ by acetic acid & sodic acetate add$1 & ! solution well boil$2 ! iron w !n be precipitat$ = ! mo/ "p z oxide mix$ ) a little phosphate ( iron4 ,s9ce1 z be=e m5tion$1 a great portion ( ! iron swall[$ z a soluble salt is conv]t$ into insoluble comp\nds & excret$ by ! fces1 x is1 9 any case :]e poison+ by iron is suspect$1 ( m importance to exam9e *emically ! fces & ! :ole l5g? ( ! alim5t>y canal1 ?an ev5 ! cont5ts ( ! /oma*4 ,9 p>ticul>1 any black mat]ial ly+ on ! muc\s membrane may be sulphide ( iron mix$ ) mucus1 c41 & %\ld be deta*$1 dissolv$ 9 a little hydro*loric acid1 & ! usual te/s appli$4 ,9 ! crim9al cases allud$ to1 !re 7 iron /a9s on c]ta9 l95 g>m5ts :i* acquir$ an importance1 =1 on dissolv+ by ! aid ( nitric acid1 !y gave ! reactions ( *lor9e & iron4 ,any /a9s f\nd %\ld be cut out1 /eep$ 9 wat]1 & boil$4 ,if no iron is dissolv$ ! /a9 %\ld !n be treat$ ) dilute nitric acid1 & ! liquid te/$ ) f]rocyanide ( pota%1 c4 ,x ne$ sc>cely be obs]v$ t iron-m\ld is s common on %irts & any fabric capable ( be+ wa%$1 t great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 draw+ conclusions f insoluble deposits ( ! oxide4 #b4 ,,*romium4 #hhc4 ,! only salts ( *romium ( toxicological importance are ! neutral *romate ( pota%1 ! bi*romate ( pota%1 & ! *romate ( lead4 ,neutral ,*romate ( ,pota%1 ,cr,o,k,o #aidg1 conta9+ #efg p] c5t4 ( its weight ( *romic anhydride1 ,cr,o4--,?is salt is 9 ! =m ( citron-yell[ rhombic cry/als1 easily soluble 9 wat]1 b insoluble 9 alcohol4 ,its aque\s solution is precipitat$ yell[ by lead acetate or basic acetate2 ! precipitate be+ insoluble 9 acetic acid4 ,if *romate ( pota% 9 solution is te/$ ) silv] nitrate1 ! r$ *romate ( silv] is ?r[n d[n2 ! precipitate is ) difficulty soluble 9 dilute nitric acid4 #hhd4 ,potassic ,bi*romate1 ,cr,o,k,o #bieb1 conta9+ #fhjg p] c5t4 ( its weight ( *romic anhydride1 ,cr,o4--,?is salt is 9 beautiful l>ge1 r$1 transp>5t1 f\r-sid$ tables2 x is anhydr\s & fuses bel[ r$ness4 ,at a high temp]ature x is decompos$ into gre5 oxide ( *romium & yell[ *romate ( pota%4 ,x is insoluble 9 alcohol1 b readily soluble 9 wat]4 ,! solution gives ! same precipitates ) silv]1 lead1 & b>ium z ! neutral *romate4 ,on dige/+ a solution ( ! bi*romate ) sulphuric acid & alcohol1 ! solution becomes gre5 f ! =mation ( *romic oxide4 #hhe4 ,neutral ,lead ,*romate1 ,pb,cr,o #cbce1 composition 9 #ajj p>ts1 ,pb,o1 #fhid1 ,cr,o1 #cajf4--,?is is te*nically kn[n z 8,*rome ,yell[10 & is obta9$ z a yell[ precipitate :5ev] a solution ( plumbic acetate is add$1 ei!r to ! solutions ( potassic *romate or bi*romate2 by add+ *rome yell[ to fus$ potassic nitrate1 8*rome r$0 is =m$2 x has ! composition ,cr,o#b,pb,o4 ,neutral lead *romate is insoluble 9 acids1 b may be dissolv$ by potassic or sodic hydrates4 #hhf4 ,use 9 ! ,arts4--,potassic bi*romate is ext5sively us$ 9 ! arts--9 dye+1 calico-pr9t+1 ! manufacture ( porcela91 & 9 photography2 ! neutral *romate has be5 employ$ to a small ext5t z a m$ic9e1 & is a common laboratory reag5t2 lead *romate is a valuable pigm5t4 #hhg4 ,effects ( "s ( ! ,*romium ,comp\nds on ,animal ,life4--,9 ! *romates ( pota% !re is a comb9ation ( two poison\s metals1 s t x is n surpris+ t ,gmel9 f\nd ! *loride ( *romium1 ,cr,cl1 less active ?an ! neutral *romate ( pota%2 #ai grm4 ( ! la/1 adm9i/]$ to a rabbit by ! /oma*1 caus$ dea? )9 two h\rs1 :ile #c grms4 ( *rom\s *loride _h no action4 ,subcutane\s doses ( #b to #d grm4 ( neutral *romate 7accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,e4 ,g]g5s#ifj & ,c>l ,posn]#ifa7 act ) great int5sity on rabbits4 ,imm$iately aft] ! injection ! animals are re/less1 & %[ m>k$ dyspna2 dea? (t5 takes place )9 a few h\rs4 #ifj ,ar*4 f4 exp]im5t4 ,pa?ol4 u4 ,ph>makol41 ,bd4 #f1 ,hft4 #a & #b1 #adh1 #ahge4 #ifa ,vir*['s ,ar*iv f4 pa?4 ,anat41 ,bd4 #gi1 ,hft4 #b1 #ccc1 #ahhj4 ,di>rha does n seem1 z a rule1 to foll[ :5 ! salt is adm9i/]$ by subcutane\s injection to animals2 b ,gmel9's rabbits _h consid]able di>rha :5 #ai grm4 0 introduc$ into ! /oma*4 ,! same quantity1 inject$ b5ea? ! sk9 ( a dog1 caus$ loss ( appetite1 &1 aft] six days1 !re 0 a dry exan!m on ! back1 & ! hair fell (f 9 pat*es2 !re 01 h[ev]1 nei!r di>rha nor vomit+4 ,bi*romate ( pota% causes 7accord+ to ! rese>*es ( ,pelikan7#ifb symptoms simil> to ^? produc$ by ars5ic or corrosive sublimate2 x acts z a p[]ful irritant ( ! /oma* & inte/9al canal1 & may ev5 cause inflammation2 on its absorption a s]ies ( symptoms are produc$1 ( :i* ! mo/ prom95t are album9uria1 bloody ur9e1 & emaciation4 ,f #jf to #cf grm4 7#a-e gra9s7 is fatal to rabbits & dogs4 #ifb ,beitrge zur g]i*tl4 ,m$ic91 ,toxikol4 u4 ,ph>makodynamik1 ,wrzburg1 #aheh4 #hhh4 ,effects ( "s ( ! ,*romium ,salts on ,man--,bi*romate ,disease4--,9 manufactur+ potassic bi*romate1 ! workm5 expos$ to ! du/ h suff]$ f a v peculi> tra9 ( symptoms1 kn[n "u ! "n ( 8bi*romate disease40 ,x 0 fir/ describ$ 9 ,engl& by ,sir ,b4 ,w4 ,ri*>dson4#ifc ,x appe>s t if ! workm5 inspire ! p>ticles *iefly ?r\gh ! m\?1 a bitt] & disagreeable ta/e is exp]i5c$1 ) an increase ( saliva4 ,?is increase ( ! buccal secretion gets rid ( mo/ ( ! poison1 & 9 t case b little ill effect is exp]i5c$2 b ^? :o keep ! m\? clos$ & inspire by ! nose1 suff] f an inflammation ( ! septum1 :i* gradually gets ?91 & ultimately ulc]at$2 f9ally ! :ole ( ! septum is 9 ?is way de/roy$4 ,x is /at$ t :5 a workman has lo/ 8 nasal septum1 he no long] suff]s f nasal irritation1 & has a rem>kable immunity f cat>rh4 ,! ,*emical ,works ,committee ( ,inquiry report 7#ahic7 t ! manufacture ( bi*romate ( pota% or soda is practically 9 ! h&s ( ?ree firms at ,glasg[1 ,ru!rgl51 & ,falkirk1 & t !y visit$ all ( !m1 & f\nd 8t almo/ all ! m5 work+ :]e du/ 0 preval5t1 m especially betwe5 ! furnaces & ! dissolv+ tanks1 _h ei!r p]=ation ( ! septum ( ! nose1 or _h lo/ ! septum altoge!r40 ,! bi*romate also causes pa9ful sk9 affections--eruptions ak9 to eczema or psoriasis2 also v deep & intractable ulc]ations4 ,^! ! work]s call 8*rome holes40 ,^! cutane\s maladies />t f an excoriation2 s long z ! sk9 is n brok51 !re seems to be little local effect1 if any4 ,! effects ( ! bi*romate are also se5 9 horses employ$ at ! factories2 ! salt gett+ into a w\nd or crack 9 ! leg1 produces ulc]ation3 horses may ev5 lose _! ho(s4 #ifc ,brit4 & ,=4 ,m$4 ,*irurg4 ,review1 ,oct4 #ahfc4 ,see also a pap] by ! same writ]1 read be=e ! ,m$ical ,society1 report$ 9 ! ,lancet1 ,m>* #aa1 #ahhb4 #hhi4 ,acute poison+ by ! *romates is r>e4 ,9 ! t5 ye>s end+ #ahib1 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 #d accid5tal dea?s are ascrib$ to potassic bi*romate & #a to *romic acid4 ,falck has1 h[ev]1 be5 able to f9d 9 m$ical lit]ature #ag cases1 #f ( :i* 7 suicidal1 #aj accid5tal1 & 9 #a ! bi*romate 0 us$ z an abortive4 ,9 a case ( poison+ by ! *romate ( pota% 7relat$ by ,mas*ka71#ifd 9 :i* a woman1 ag$ #be1 took = a suicidal purpose a piece ( potassic *romate1 :i* %e describ$ z ! size ( a hazel-nut 7x w\ld probably be at lea/ #f grms4 9 weight71 ! *ief symptoms 7 vomit+1 di>rha1 pa9 9 ! /oma*1 & rapid collapse2 dea? took place f\rte5 h\rs aft] swall[+ ! poison4 #ifd ,prag] ,vi]teljahrss*r4 f4 d4 prakt4 ,heilk41 ,bd4 #aca1 #cg1 #ahgg2 ,s*midt's ,jahrb4 #ahgh1 ,bd4 #agh1 #bcg4 ,see also ,s*u*>dt 9 ,mas*ka's ,h&bu*1 ,bd4 ii4 p4 #c4 ,9 poison+ by potassic bi*romate1 !re may be mu* v>iety 9 ! symptoms1 ! m usual be+ ^? common to all irritant poisons1 i4e41 vomit+1 di>rha1 & collapse1 ) cramps 9 ! limbs & excessive ?ir/2 & ! r>] affect+ m especially ! n]v\s sy/em1 su* z n>cosis1 p>alysis ( ! l[] limbs1 & dilatation ( ! pupils2 occasionally !re is slight jaundice4 ,9 a case record$ by ,dr4 ,macniv51#ife a man took a lump ( bi*romate ( pota%1 e/imat$ to be ov] #b dra*ms 7#gg grms474 ,! symptoms comm5c$ 9 fifte5 m9utes1 & consi/$ ( lightness 9 ! head1 & a s5sation ( great heat 9 ! body1 :i* 0 foll[$ by a cold sweat2 9 tw5ty m9utes he vomit$2 he !n suff]$ f great pa9 9 ! /oma*1 gidd9ess1 specks be=e ! eyes1 a dev\r+ ?ir/1 & !re 0 loss ( p[] ov] ! legs4 ,^! symptoms1 aga91 7 foll[$ by sev]e rigors & great coldness ( ! extremities4 ,on ! pati5t's admission to hospital1 two h\rs aft] tak+ ! poison1 x 0 not$ t ! pupils 7 dilat$1 ! face pale & cold1 & ! pulse feeble4 ,he compla9$ ( int5se epiga/ric pa91 & a feel+ ( depression2 !re 0 "s /upor2 ! /oma* 0 empti$ by emetics & by ! /oma*-pump1 & ! pati5t treat$ ) tepid emolli5t dr9ks1 :il/ subcutane\s doses ( sulphuric e!r 7 adm9i/]$4 ,he made a good recov]y4 #ife 8,on a ,case ( ,poison+ ) ,bi*romate ( ,pota%10 by ,ed4 ,o4 ,macniv51 ,m4,b41 ,lancet1 ,sept4 #bb1 #ahhc4 ,9 a case record$ by ,mr4 ,wilson1#iff a man1 ag$ #fd1 0 f\nd dead 9 8 b$ twelve h\rs aft] he _h gone to re/4 ,dur+ ! night he 0 he>d to snore l\dly2 !re 7 no signs ( vomit+ or purg+1 & bi*romate ( pota% 0 f\nd 9 ! /oma*4#ifg #iff ,m$4 ,gazette1 vol4 #cc1 #gcd4 #ifg ,see also cases record$ by ,dr4 ,m',la*lan1 ,glasg[ ,m$4 ,j\rn41 ,july #ahha2 ,dr4 ,m',crorie1 ibid41 ,may #ahha2 ,dr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,w>wick1 ,lancet1 ,jan4 #ca1 #ahhj2 & ,dr4 ,dunb> ,walk]1 ibid41 ,sept4 #bg1 #ahgi--;a summ>y ( all ( :i* may be f\nd 9 ,dr4 ,macniv5's pap]1 loc4 cit4 #hij4 ,*romate ( lead has also caus$ dea?4 ,9 "o case#ifh ! brea?+ ( *romate ( lead du/ seems to h be5 fatal2 & !re is also a d\ble poison+ record$ by ,dr4 ,l9/[1#ifi ( two *ildr51 ag$ ?ree & a half & "o & ?ree-qu>t] ye>s respectively1 :o ate "s yell[ ornam5ts1#igj :i* 7 us$ to adorn a cake1 & :i* conta9$ *rome yell[ 7*romate ( lead74 ,! y\ng] di$ 9 two & ! eld] 9 five days4 ,! symptoms 7 r$ness ( ! face1 dulness1 & an incl9ation to sleep2 nei!r compla9$ ( pa92 ! y\ng] "o _h a little di>rha1 b ! eld] nei!r sickness nor purg+4 #ifh ,ueb] tdtli*e ,v]giftung dur* ,e9a?m5 des ,/aubes von mit ,*romsur5 ,blei-,oxyde gefrbt5 ,g>ne4--,vi]teljahrss*r4 f4 g]4 ,m$41 #ahgg1 ,bd4 xxvii4 ,hft4 i4 p4 #bi4 #ifi ,ibid41 ,bd4 xx4 s4 #fj1 #ahgd4 #igj ,! ornam5ts 7 imitations ( bees2 ea* conta9$ #bg grm4 gum tragacan?1 #jjdb grm4 neutral lead *romate4 #hia4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,we possess "s v exact rese>*es#iga ^u ! pa?ological *anges induc$ by subcutane\s injections ( solutions ( potassic bi*romate on animals1 & especially on ! *anges :i* ! kidneys und]go4 ,if ! animal is kill$1 or dies a few h\rs aft] ! injection1 !re are app>5tly no /rik+ appe>ances1 b a clos] microscopical exam9ation %[s consid]able *anges4 ,! epi!lium ( ! tubuli contorti exhibits a yell[ cl\d9ess1 & ! outl9e ( ! cells is irregul> & jagg$4 ,! glom]uli are mod]ately inject$1 & _! capsules conta9 an album9\s exudation2 ! canaliculi are fill$ ) r\nd cells imb$d$ 9 a fluid :i*1 on heat+1 coagulates1 & is !re=e album9\s or fibr9\s2 probably ?is is ! fir/ /age ( ! =mation ( fibr9\s ca/s4 #iga ,c4 ,posn]1 op4 cit4 ,9 ! case quot$ ( ! woman :o poison$ h]self ) potassic *romate1 v /rik+ *anges 7 f\nd 9 ! /oma* & inte/9es4 ,! /oma* conta9$ above a litre ( d>k *ocolate fluid ( alkal9e reaction2 ! muc\s membrane1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! c>diac & pyloric extremities1 0 swoll5 & r$ 9 %>ply def9$ pat*es2 portions ( ! epi!lial lay] 7 deta*$1 ! re/ ( ! muc\s membrane 0 ( a yell[-br[n col\r1 & ! :ole inte/9e1 f ! duod5um to ! sigmoid flexure1 0 fill$ ) a p>tly bloody1 p>tly treacly-look+ fluid2 ! muc\s membrane1 ?r\gh\t its entire ext5t1 0 swoll51 ) num]\s extravasations1 & 9 places !re 7 losses ( sub/ance4 ,simil> appe>ances to ^! h be5 f\nd 9 o!r in/ances2 ! anomal\s case record$ by ,mr4 ,wilson 7ante7 is an exception4 ,9 ?is in/ance a p9t ( inky1 turbid liquid1 :i* yield$ to analysis potassic bi*romate1 0 f\nd 9 ! /oma*2 b !re 7 no m>k$ *anges any:]e1 save a slight r$ness ( ! c>diac end ( ! gullet4 ,9 ,l9/['s two cases ( poison+ by lead *romate1 !re 7 f\nd 9 bo? fatty deg5]ation ( ! liv] cells1 & r$ po9ts or pat*es ( r$ness 9 ! /oma* & inte/9es4 ,9 ! eld] boy ! *anges 9 ! duod5um 7 v int5se1 ! muc\s membrane 0 swoll5 & easily deta*$1 9 ! upp] "p /rongly inject$ ) blood2 9 "o place !re 0 a p]=ation1 & 9 sev]al places ! membrane 0 extremely ?94 ,9 ! y\ng] boy ! kidneys seem to h be5 normal1 9 ! eld] conge/$ & conta9+ pus4 ,al?\gh x 0 cle> t ! two *ildr5 di$ f lead *romate1 a *emical analysis gave no result4 #hib4 ,detection ( ! ,*romates & ,sep>ation ( ! ,salts ( ,*romium f ! ,cont5ts ( ! ,/oma*1 c4--,if 9 ! me?odical exam9ation ( an acid liquid1 :i* has be5 already filt]$ f any precipitate t may h be5 obta9$ by sulphurett$ hydrog51 ?is liquid is made alkal9e 7! alkali only be+ add$ 9 slight excess71 & hydrat$ *romic oxide is ?r[n d[n mix$1 x may be ) o!r metals ( ! second class1 ! precipitate may !n be fus$ ) nitre & potassic c>bonate1 & w yield potassic *romate1 soluble 9 wat]1 & recognis$ by ! r$ precipitate :i* x gives ) silv] nitrate1 ! yell[ ) lead acetate1 & ! gre5 col\r produc$ by boil+ ) dilute sulphuric acid & a little alcohol or sug>4 ,if by treat+ a complex liquid ) ammonium hydrosulphide1 sulphides ( z9c1 manganese1 & iron are ?r[n d[n mix$ ) *romic oxide1 ! same pr9ciples apply4 ,if a *romate is pres5t 9 ! cont5ts ( ! /oma*1 & ! organic fluid is treat$ ) hydro*loric acid & potassic *lorate1 *romic *loride is =m$1 & dissolv+ imp>ts a gre5 col\r to ! liquid--?is 9 itself w be /rong evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( a *romate1 b x %\ld be supplem5t$ by ?r[+ d[n ! oxide1 & trans=m+ x 9 ! way detail$ into potassic *romate4 ,a g5]al me?od ( detect+ & e/imat+ bo? *romium & b>ium 9 organic matt]s has be5 work$ out by ,l4 de ,kon+h4#igb ,! sub/ances are burnt to an a% 9 a plat9um di%4 ,! a% is weigh$2 to ! a% is add$ f\r times its weight ( potassium sodium c>bonate & ! same am\nt ( potassium nitrate2 & ! :ole is fus$ = fifte5 m9utes4 ,! fus$ mass is boil$ ) wat] & filt]$2 if *romium is pres5t1 ! filtrate is ( a m or less pron\nc$ yell[ col\r1 b manganese may produce a gre5 col\r & mask ! yell[2 ?is col\r is remov$ by boil+ ) a little alcohol4 ,! liquid is conc5trat$ d[n to #bj c4c41 filt]$ into a te/-tube1 & a colorimetric e/imation made ( ! *romium pres5t by imitat+ ! col\r by a solution ( potassium *romate ( kn[n /r5g?4 ,to prove t ! col\r is really due to *romium1 acetic acid & lead acetate are add$1 :5 ! yell[ *romate ( lead is at once ?r[n d[n4 7,if lead 0 9 ! a%1 a yell[ precipitate may appe> on ! addition ( acetic acid47 ,to ! portion ( a% insoluble 9 wat] /rong hydro*loric acid is add$1 & to ! acid solution a l>ge excess ( calcium sulphate is add$2 ?is precipitates b>ium z sulphate free f lead sulphate1 =1 if ! latt] %\ld be pres5t1 x does n1 "u ! circum/ances1 come d[n1 be+ soluble 9 /rong hydro*loric acid4 #igb ,ar*4 ,ph>m4 7#c71 xxvii4 #idd4 #c4 ,,?allium4 #hic4 ,?allium 0 discov]$ by ,crookes 9 #ahfa4 ,its atomic weight is #bjd2 specific gravity1 #aaha to #aaia2 melt+-po9t1 #bij4 ,x is a heavy diamagnetic metal1 v simil> to lead 9 its physical prop]ties4 ,! nitrate & sulphate ( ?allium are bo? soluble 9 wat]1 ! c>bonate less s1 requir+ ab\t #be p>ts ( wat] = solution1 :ile ! *loride is sp>+ly soluble1 especially 9 hydro*loric acid4 #hid4 ,effects4--,all ! salts ( ?allium are poison\s4 ,"o ( ! e>li] exp]im5t]s on ! physiological action1 ,paulet1 f\nd #a grm4 7#aed gra9s7 ( ?allium c>bonate suffici5t to kill a rabbit 9 a few h\rs2 !re 7 loss ( muscul> p[]1 trembl+ ( ! limbs1 & dea? app>5tly f asphyxia4 ,lamy#igc us$ ?allium sulphate1 & f\nd t dogs 7 salivat$1 & suff]$ f trembl+ ( ! limbs1 foll[$ by p>alysis4 ,! mo/ def9ite results 7 obta9$ by ,m>m1#igd :o f\nd t #jd to #jf grm4 ( a soluble ?allium salt1 inject$ subcutane\sly or directly into ! ve9s1 & #e grm4 adm9i/]$ ?r\gh ! /oma* ( rabbits1 caus$ dea?4 ,! action is cumulative1 & some?+ l t ( m]cury3 !re are r$ness & swell+ ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma*1 ) muc\s bloody dis*>ges2 hmorrhage may also occur f ! lungs4 ,?allium is elim9at$ ?r\gh ! ur9e1 & is also f\nd 9 ! fces2 x passes into ! ur9e f ?ree to five m9utes aft] injection3 ! elim9ation is sl[1 (t5 tak+ z long z ?ree weeks4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 ! milk1 9 ! te>s1 9 ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\?1 ( ! tra*ea1 9 ! secretion ( ! ga/ric muc\s membrane1 & 9 ! p]ic>dial fluid2 & 9 ^! places1 :e!r ! poison has be5 introduc$ by subcutane\s injection1 or by any o!r *annel4 ,x seems probable t ! reason ( its be+ detect$ s readily 9 all ! secretions is ! m9ute quantity :i* c be discov]$ by spectroscopic analysis4 #igc ,*em4 ,news1 #ahfc4 #igd ,gtt+] ,gelehrt4 ,na*ri*t51 ,aug4 #ad1 ,no4 #bj4 #hie4 ,sep>ation ( ,?allium f ,organic ,fluids or ,tissues4--,! salts ( ?allium1 if absorb$1 w\ld only be extract$ 9 traces f ! tissues by hydro*loric acid1 s t1 9 any special se>*1 ! tissues are be/ de/roy$ by ei!r sulphuric or nitric acid1 or bo?4 ,9 ! ord9>y me?od ( analysis1 :5 an acid liquid is fir/ treat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 & !n made alkal9e by ammonia & ammonic sulphide1 ?allium w\ld be ?r[n d[n ) ! manganese & iron ( ! blood4 ,f ! mix$ sulphides1 ?allium may be sep>at$ by oxidis+ & dissolv+ ! sulphides ) nitric acid1 evaporat+ (f ! excess ( acid1 dissolv+ 9 a v little hot wat]1 & precipitat+ ?all\s *loride by solution ( common salt4 ,! ease1 h[ev]1 ) :i* ?allium may be sep>at$ f solutions ( its salts by galvanism is s great z to r5d] all o!r processes unnecess>y3 ! be/ way1 !re=e1 is to obta9 a deposit ( ! metal on plat9um by a curr5t f "o or m cells1 & !n to exam9e ! deposit spectroscopically4 ,?allium gives1 :5 heat$ 9 a ,buns5 flame1 a magnific5t gre5 l9e1 ! c5tre ( :i* corresponds ) wave l5g? #ecdi2 a second gre5 l9e1 ! c5tre ( :i* co9cides ) ,w4,l4 #efh1 may also be di/+ui%$4 #d4 ,,alum9ium4 #hif4 ,alum9ium & its ,salts4--,a /rong solution ( acetate ( alum9a has irritant prop]ties1 & has giv5 rise to accid5ts4 ,! t]m alum1 9 a *emical s5se1 is giv5 to a class ( bodies ( ! type ( ,al,k,s,o4 ,common alum is at ! pres5t "t ammonia alum1 ,,nh,al7,,s7 #ab;,h,o2 :5 made anhydr\s by heat x is kn[n by ! "n ( burnt alum1 & possesses cau/ic prop]ties4 #hig4 ,action ( ,alum ,salts4--,dea? or illness has hi!rto only tak5 place f ! +e/ion ( l>ge doses ( alum or ! acetate1 & ! symptoms 9 ^! cases h be5 ^? ( an irritant poison2 we are1 h[ev]1 indebt$ to ,paul ,siem#ige = a rese>* on ! absorb$ sub/ance1 9 :i* ! local effects z f> z possible h be5 r$uc$4 #ige ,ueb] die ,wirkung5 des ,alum9iums u4 ,b]ylliums1 ,inaug4 ,diss41 ,dorpat1 #ahhf2 ,s*midt's ,jahrbu*1 vol4 ccxi4 #abh4 ,siem's rese>* 0 made on frogs1 cats1 & dogs4 ,= frogs he employ$ a d\ble salt1 consi/+ ( sodic & alum9ic lactate1 to :i* he ascrib$ ! =mula ,al7,c,h,o77,c,h,na,o71 equal to #aeb p] c5t4 ( ,al,o4 ,tw5ty to ?irty mgrms41 adm9i/]$ by subcutane\s injection to frogs1 caus$ dea? 9 f t5 to tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,aft] ! injection !re 0 re/lessness1 &1 ultimately1 g5]al p>alysis ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em4 ,! circulation 0 n affect$2 ! he>t 0 ! la/ to die4 ,= w>m-blood$ animals he us$ ! d\ble t>trate ( sodium & alum9ium4 ,beg9n+ ) a small dose subcutane\sly adm9i/]$1 he gradually increas$ x1 & f\nd1 "u ^! circum/ances1 t ! le?al dose = rabbits 0 #jc grm4 p] kilo4 ( body weight2 = dogs #jbe grm41 & = cats #jbe to #jbh grm42 if1 h[ev]1 a s+le dose 0 adm9i/]$1 !n cats c\ld be kill$ by #jae grm4 p] kilo4 ,! symptoms comm5c$ t5 to twelve h\rs aft] ! injection ( a l>ge dose1 b ) a m$ium dose ! symptoms might be delay$ = f ?ree to f\r days1 !n !re 0 loss ( appetite1 con/ipation1 emaciation1 languor1 & a dis9cl9ation to move4 ,vomit+ & loss ( s5sation to pa9 foll[$1 ! p[] ( swall[+ ev5 saliva 0 lo/1 & a condition sup]v5$ simil> to bulb> p>alysis4 ,h[ev] true ?is picture may be :5 l>ge doses are giv5 subcutane\sly1 x does n foll[ t hydrate ( alum9a 9 small doses1 giv5 by ! m\?1 mix$ ) food1 produces any symptoms :atev]4 ,alum bak+-p[d]s1 conta9+ f #cj to #dj p] c5t4 ( alum mix$ ) c>bonate ( soda1 are 9 comm]ce1 & h be5 = a long "t1 _m tons be+ sold ye>ly4 ,:5 wat] is add$ to su* p[d]s decomposition takes place1 ! result be+ sodic sulphate & alum9ic hydrate1 c>bonic acid be+ giv5 (f4 ,7 ! hydrate1 9 small doses1 capable ( produc+ indige/ion or disease ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 x seems a/oni%+ t1 consid]+ ! enorm\s numb] ( p]sons :o use alum bak+-p[d]s1 !re %\ld n be "s def9ite evid5ce ( its effect4 ,! au?or & 8 family = mon?s toge!r h us$ alum bak+-p[d]s )\t any app>5t injury1 & !re is little d\bt t alum9a hydrate passes out ( ! sy/em ma9ly by ! b[el1 )\t be+ absorb$ to any great ext5t4 ,9 a trial ) reg>d to an alum bak+-p[d] at ,pontypridd 7#ahic71 ! prosecution advanc$ ! !ory1 & support$ x by em95t sci5tific op9ion1 t alum9ium hydrate 0 dissolv$ by ! hydro*loric acid ( ! ga/ric juice1 =m+ *loride ( alum9ium1 "s ( :i* might be absorb$ & ent] ! circulation2 t :i* 0 n absorb$ 9 ! /oma* pass$ on1 &1 meet+ ! alkal9e fluids ( ! inte/9es1 0 aga9 sep>at$ z alum9ium hydrate1 & z su* absorb$4 ,if ?is does occur1 /ill !re is no direct evid5ce ( its toxic influ5ce 9 ! small quantities us$ 9 bak+-p[d]4 ,x may be po9t$ out1 also1 t ) reg>d to ! possible le?al effect ( a non-corrosive salt ( alum1 presum+ t ! le?al dose = man is ! same z t = a cat1 ! am\nt ( alum9a to kill a #fh-kilogramme man w\ld h to be equal to #ag grms41 or ab\t #c ozs4 ( ammonia alum4 ,?is important "q c only be settl$ by c>eful fe$+ ( animals c>ri$ on = a long p]iod ( "t4 #hih4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,9 ! few cases 9 :i* p]sons h be5 kill$ by l>ge doses ( alum or its salts !re h be5 f\nd corrosion ( ! m\?1 ?roat1 & /oma*1 & hyp]mia ( ! kidneys & inte/9e4 ,9 ! animals exp]im5t$ ^u by ,paul ,siem1 hyp]mia ( ! inte/9e1 fatty deg5]ation ( ! liv] & hyal9e deg5]ation ( ! kidneys 7 ! *ief *anges not$4 #hii4 ,detection ( ,alum9a4--,9 all op]ations = ! detection ( alum9a1 glass & porcela9 vessels are to be avoid$4 ,! sub/ances %\ld be burn$ to an a% 9 a plat9um di%1 ! a% treat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 ! acid driv5 (f by heat1 & a few drops ( nitric acid add$1 & dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid1 & ! solution boil$ & filt]$4 ,if organs ( ! body are op]at$ ^u1 iron & phosphoric acid w be pres5t 9 ! a%2 ?is w1 inde$1 be ! case ) mo/ organic sub/ances4 ,! filt]$ solution is boil$1 &1 :ile boil+1 p\r$ into a /rong solution ( sodic hydrate conta9$ 9 a silv] or plat9um di%2 ! iron w n[ sep>ate z oxide1 & c be filt]$ (f4 ,to ! filtrate is add$ a little sodic phosphate2 x is !n feebly acidifi$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & ammonia add$ j suffici5t to r5d] x alkal9e2 a light :iti% cl\d ( alum9a phosphate1 %\ld alum9a be pres5t1 is ?r[n d[n1 & c be collect$1 ?or\ghly wa%$1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$ z alum9a phosphate4#igf ,! alum9a phosphate is !n fus$ ) sodic sulphate 9 a plat9um di% or crucible1 & ! fus$ mass treat$ ) hot wat]2 ! sodic phosphate dissolves1 & ! alum9a oxide may be filt]$ (f & dissolv$ 9 a little hydro*loric acid or sulphuric acid4 #igf ,"o "p ( al4 phosphate is equal to #jdb ,al,o1 #cgcc ammonia alum1 & #ddha pota% alum4 ,a solution ?us prep>$ has ! foll[+ prop]ties3-- ,ammonium sulphide2 :ite precipitate ( hydroxide4 ,pota% or soda2 :ite precipitate1 soluble 9 excess4 ,ammonia2 :ite precipitate1 only slightly soluble 9 excess4 ,!re is also a bl[pipe-te/3 if a little ( ! hydroxide be collect$1 moi/5$ ) cobalt nitrate1 & heat$ on *>coal by ! oxidis+ flame1 alum9a1 "u ^! circum/ances1 becomes ( a blue col\r4 #e4 ,,uranium4 #ijj4 ,uranium4--,! salts ( uranium are int5sely poison\s4 ,! nitrate ( uranium is us$ 9 photography & ! arts1 & is a common reag5t 9 *emical laboratories4 ,accord+ to ,k[alewsky1#igg ! acetate ( uranium possesses an unusual p[] ( unit+ ) album92 ! o!r soluble uranium salts act also 9 a simil> way4 ,h5ce conc5trat$ solutions ( uranium salts corrode ! muc\s membranes1 trans=m+1 = example1 ! walls ( ! /oma* into a dead uranic album9ate4 ,if a non-corrosive salt ( uranium is inject$ subcutane\sly1 glycosuria is produc$1 ) fatty deg5]ation ( ! walls ( ! blood-vessels1 & fatty *anges 9 ! kidneys1 liv]1 c4 ,! animal wa/es & ultimately dies2 #je to #bj mgrms4 ( ,,uo p] kilogrm4 w kill a cat1 dog1 or rabbit1 if inject$ subcutane\sly4 ,! nitrate or acetate1 :5 giv5 by ! m\?1 produces ga/ro-ent]itis & nephritis1 ) hmorrhages 9 ! sub/ance ( ! kidney4 ,uranium is n us$ 9 m$ic9e4 #igg ,zts*r4 f4 ,anal4 ,*emie1 xxiv41 #ahhe1 p4 #eea4 #ija4 ,detection & ,e/imation ( ,uranium4--,uranium =ms uran\s & uranic salts4 ,bo? classes ( salts are n precipitat$ by ,,%1 b are precipitable by ammonium sulphide1 &1 !re=e1 9 toxicological analyses are likely to be met ) 9 conjunction ) iron4 ,! sulphides ( iron & uranium may be dissolv$ 9 /rong hydro*loric acid1 boil$ to expel ,,%1 & ! solution !n oxidis$ ) a little nitric acid2 ! solution is n[ alkalis$ ) ammonium c>bonate1 :i* precipitates ! iron z oxide & leaves ! uranium 9 solution4 ,on n[ acidify+ ) nitric acid 9 slight excess1 a solution ( sodic phosphate w precipitate uranium phosphate z a :ite precipitate1 alkalies w give a yell[ precipitate1 alkal9e c>bonates a yell[ precipitate soluble 9 excess4 ,b>ium c>bonate also gives a precipitate1 & is useful 9 sep>ations4 ,uranium oxide gives a gre5 glass 9 ! oxidis+ flame ) borax or ) sodic metaphosphate4 ,v4--,,alkal9e ,,e>?s4 ,b>ium4 #ijb4 ,! soluble salts ( b>ium are und\bt$ly poison\s1 & are ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! arts4 ,! *loride ( b>ium is us$ 9 ! /a9+ ( wool1 ! nitrate & ! *lorate 9 ! gre5 fires ( ! pyrote*ni/1 ! oxide & ! c>bonate 9 ! manufacture ( glass4 ,! *romate is us$ by arti/s "u ! "n ( 8yell[ ultram>9e10 :ile ! sulphate1 te*nically kn[n z 8p]man5t :ite10 is1 on acc\nt ( its weight & *eapness1 occasionally us$ z an adult]ant ( :ite p[d]s & o!r sub/ances4 ,b>ium sulphide1 "u v>i\s names1 su* z ,bott*]'s depilatory1 ,?ompson's hair de/roy]1 ,p\dre pilatoire1 & o!r names1 is 9 comm]ce1 & has caus$ poison\s symptoms4#igh #igh ,b>ium c>bonate & sulphate are usually enum]at$ z occasional adult]ants ( bread1 b !re is no mod]n au!ntic in/ance ( ?is4 #ijc4 ,*loride ( ,b>ium1 ,ba,cl#b;,h,o #bjh #cf2 anhydr\s1 ,ba1 #fehf p] c5t41 ,cl1 #cdad2 specific gravity1 #cge1 is 9 comm]ce 9 ! =m ( :ite1 f\r-sid$1 tabul> cry/als2 wat] dissolves ab\t half its weight at ord9>y temp]atures1 ?ree-f\r?s at #ajj4 ,its solution gives a :ite precipitate ) sulphuric acid1 q insoluble 9 wat] & nitric acid4 ,! salt imp>ts a gre5 hue to an o!rwise col\rless flame2 view$ by ! spectroscope1 gre5 b&s w be visible4 ,we may note t *loride ( b>ium gives two diff]5t spectra--! "o at ! mom5t ( ! introduction ( ! salt1 ! o!r :5 ! sub/ance has be5 expos$ = "s "t to a high temp]ature4 ,?is is caus$ by a rapid loss ( *lor9e1 s t ! fir/ spectrum is due to ,ba,cl1 ) a v>iable mixture ( ,ba,cl1 ! second to ,ba,cl alone4 #ijd4 ,b>ic ,c>bonate1 ,ba,c,o #aig2 specific gravity1 #dc2 ,ba,o1 #ggfi p] c5t41 ,,co1 #bbca1 9 its native =m t]m$ ,)]ite1 is a d5se1 heavy p[d]1 insoluble 9 pure wat]1 b dissolv+ 9 acetic1 nitric1 & hydro*loric acids1 ! solution giv+ ! reactions ( b>ium4 ,a rat-poison may be met ) compos$ ( b>ic c>bonate1 sug>1 & oatmeal1 flav\r$ ) a little oil ( anise$ & c>away4 #ije4 ,sulphate ( ,b>ium1 ,ba,s,o2 specific gravity1 #dei2 ,ba,o1 #feff p] c5t41 ,,s1 #cdcd p] c5t41 is a pure :ite p[d] :5 rec5tly precipitat$1 absolutely insoluble 9 wat]1 & practically insoluble 9 cold dilute acids4 ,x is q unalt]able 9 ! air at a r$ heat2 on ignition ) *>coal1 x may be conv]t$ almo/ entirely into sulphide ( b>ium2 & by ignition ) ,ca,cl into *loride4 #ijf4 ,effects ( ! ,soluble ,salts ( ,b>ium on ,animals4--,"o ( ! e>ly notices ( ! poison\s *>act]s ( b>ium comp\nds 0 by ,james ,watt1#igi :o f\nd t )]ite1 giv5 to dogs1 produc$ vomit+1 di>rha1 & dea? 9 a few h\rs4 ,sir ,b5j4 ,brodie#ihj adm9i/]$ b>ium *loride1 & notic$ its p>alys+ effect on ! he>t4 ,orfila#iha made sev]al exp]im5ts1 & obs]v$ t #d grms4 ( ! c>bonate produc$ dea? 9 dogs 9 p]iods v>y+ f "o to five h\rs2 b 9 ^! exp]im5ts ! gullet 0 ti$4 ,! lat] inve/igators h be5 ,gmel91 ,onsum1 ,cyon1 & ,bhm4#ihb ,gmel9 f\nd b>ium c>bonate & b>ium *loride act 9 a v simil> mann]2 &1 inde$1 x is improbable t b>ium c>bonate1 z c>bonate1 has any action1 b1 :5 swall[$1 ! hydro*loric & o!r acids ( ! /oma* =m ) x soluble comp\nds4 ,j4 ,onsum made eight exp]im5ts ) bo? b>ium c>bonate & *loride on animals4 ,! respiration 0 quick5$ &1 at ! same "t1 made weak & %all[2 ! he>t's action 0 accel]at$2 ! animals became re/less3 & !re 0 great muscul> pro/ration1 ) p>alytic symptoms2 convulsions did n occur 9 any "o ( ! eight animals4 ,he f\nd1 on po/-mortem exam9ation1 ! "r side ( ! he>t full ( blood f backw>d engorgem5t2 he describes a plugg+ ( ! small art]ies ) little fibr9\s coagula1 hav+ an inorganic nucleus1 ) con/ant hmorrhagic extravasations4 ,onsum seems to h held ! !ory t ! b>yta salts circulat$ 9 ! blood1 & !n =m$ insoluble comp\nds1 :i* 7 arre/$ 9 ! lungs1 caus+ m9ute emboli1 j 9 ! same way z if a f9ely-divid$ solid 7 introduc$ directly into ! circulation by ! jugul> ve94 #igi ,memoirs ( ! ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society ( ,man*e/]1 #agij1 vol4 iii4 p4 #fji4 #ihj ,phil4 ,trans41 #ahab4 #iha ,trait des ,poisons1 #crd ed41 t4 i41 ,p>is1 #ahbf4 #ihb ,gmel91 ,c4 ,g41 ,v]su*e b] die ,wirkung5 des ,b>yts1 ,/rontians1 ,*roms1 ,molybdns1 ,wolframs1 ,tellurs1 u4 s4 w4 auf d5 ?i]is*5 ,organismus1 ,tb+51 #ahbd2 ,onsum1 ,j41 ,vir*['s ,ar*iv1 ,bd4 #b1 #ahfc2 ,cyon1 ,m41 ,ar*iv f4 ,anatomie1 ,physiologie1 c41 #ahff2 ,bhm1 ,ar*iv f4 exp]im5t4 ,pa?ol41 ,bd4 #c1 #ahgd4 ,onsum /&s alone 9 ?is view4 ,cyon f\nd no emboli 9 ! lungs1 & ref]s ! toxic effect to a p>alys+ influ5ce on ! he>t & volunt>y muscles1 & also on ! sp9al cord4 ,cyon1 to settle ! embolic !ory1 inject$ into ! "o jugul> ve9 ( a rabbit b>ium *loride1 & into ! o!r sodic sulphate1 b ! small art]ies & capill>ies ( ! lungs rema9$ cle>4 ,bhm1 op]at+ on frogs1 f\nd a great simil>ity betwe5 ! action ( small doses ( b>ium salts & t ( c]ta9 organic poisons2 z1 = example1 cicutox91 #jab to #jb grm4 subcutane\sly inject$ into frogs1 act$ z a he>t-poison4 ,s also ,blake#ihc f\nd ! he>t sl[$1 & conclud$ t b>ium *loride _h a direct action on ! c>diac muscle1 & also a toxic influ5ce on ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,f4 ,a4 ,falck1 9 exp]im5ts on rabbits1 f\nd a great r$uction ( temp]ature aft] poison+ ) b>ium *loride 7#c to #abf74 #ihc ,j\rn4 ( ,anat4 & ,physiol4 #bnd s]ies1 #ahgd4 #ijg4 ,effects ( ! ,salts ( ,b>ium on ,man4--,!re 7 ab\t fifte5 cases ( poison+ by b>ium salts on record by ! end ( #ahhc--?ree ( :i* 7 suicidal1 b mo/ ( !m 7 due to accid5t or mi/ake4 ,9 ?ree cases1 b>ium *loride 0 tak5 in/ead ( ,glaub]'s salts2 9 "o1 in/ead ( ,c>lsbad salts2 9 ano!r1 a mixture ( b>ium nitrate & sulphur1 in/ead ( pure sulphur2 9 a six? case1 a mixture ( b>ium acetate & raspb]ry syrup1 in/ead ( sodic e?ylsulphate2 9 a sev5?1 a *emi/ put a l>g] dose ?an 0 ord]$ by ! prescription2 & 9 f\r cases b>ium c>bonate _h be5 mix$ ) fl\r1 & ?is fl\r us$ 9 ! mak+ ( pa/ry4 ,( ! fifte5 cases1 n9e1 or #fj p] c5t41 prov$ fatal2 ! fifte5 cases h n[ 7#ahid7 be5 increas$ to tw5ty-six4 ,fatal ,dose4--,! record$ cases ( poison+ h n satisfactorily settl$ ! "q z to ! lea/ fatal dose ( ! b>ium salts4 #fe grms4 7ab\t #ajj gra9s7 ( ! *loride h de/roy$ ! life ( an adult woman 9 fifte5 h\rs2 #ad grms4 7 oz47 ( ! nitrate ( b>yta h kill$ a man 9 six & a half h\rs2 & ! c>bonate ( b>yta has de/roy$ a p]son 9 ! relatively small dose ( #ch grms4 7#fj gra9s74 ,on ! o!r h&1 c]ta9 ,cont95tal physicians h prescrib$ b>ium *loride 9 l>ge m$ic9al doses2 = example1 ,pirondi#ihd & ,lisfranc#ihe h gradually rais$ ! dose ( b>ium *loride f #d decigrams up to #c grms4 7#dh gra9s7 daily1 giv51 ( c\rse1 9 divid$ doses4 ,pirondi himself took 9 a day #gg grms4 7#aai gra9s7 )\t bad effect4 #ihd ,de la ,tumeur ,blan*e de ,g5\1 d4 #b1 ,p>is1 #ahcf4 #ihe ,gaz4 ,m$4 de ,p>is1 #ahce1 ,no4 #ad4 #ijh4 ,symptoms4--,! local action ( b>ium salts mu/ be %>ply di/+ui%$ f ! action ( ! absorb$ salts4 ,kob]t divides ! symptoms into sev5 gr\ps3-- 7#a7 ,local1 consi/+ 9 malaise1 nausea1 salivation1 vomit+1 & pa9 9 ! /oma*4 ,?is gr\p m]ges s mu* into ! next z h>dly to admit ( precise sep>ation4 7#b7 ,excitation ( ! alim5t>y canal1 bo? ( ! n]v\s & muscul> app>atus4 ,h5ce vomit+1 pa9ful colic1 & acute di>rha4 ,all ^! ph5om5a may be produc$ 9 animals by subcutane\s injection1 &1 !re=e1 d n dep5d alone ^u local action4 7#c7 ,excitation ( ! bra9 motor c5tres1 :i* leads to convulsions1 or may result 9 p>alysis4 ,ab\t half ! record$ cases ( b>ium poison+ 9 ! human subject h be5 convuls$2 ! o!r half p>alys$4 ,9 "o case mania result$4 7#d7 ,weakness or de/ruction ( ! p[] ( muscul> contraction2 ?is produces 9 frogs1 :5 ! muscul> te/ movem5ts are record$ graphically1 a v]atr9-l convulsion curve4 ,9 ! human subject ! effect is t ( great muscul> weakness4 7#e7 ,digital9-l influ5ce on ! he>t & blood-vessels1 %[+ itself 9 great sl[+ ( ! pulse1 prcordial anxiety1 & /rong beat+ ( ! he>t 7n only s5sible to ! pati5t1 b :i* c be he>d & felt by ! by/&]s74 ,! art]ies are incompressible & rigid1 ! blood-pressure /rik+ly rais$4 ,! blood-vessels ( old p d n /& ! pressure1 h5ce hmorrhages 9 ! lungs1 /oma*1 & o!r organs4 ,frogs die ) ! he>t 9 sy/ole4 7#f7 ,cat>rhal affection ( ! conjunctiva1 ! muc\s membrane ( ! respiratory tract1 & ! nose4 7#g7 ,=mation ( insoluble b>yta salts 9 ! blood-vessels1 accord+ to ,onsum4 ,?is has n be5 obs]v$ 9 man1 & ! fact is disput$ 7see ante74 ,9 ,dr4 ,tidy's case1#ihf 9 :i* a man1 suff]+ f rheumatism1 b o!rwise heal?y1 took a mixture ( b>ium nitrate1 fl[]s ( sulphur1 & potassic *lorate1 in/ead ( sulphur1 ! symptoms 7 bli/]s on ! tongue1 a burn+ pa9 9 ! gullet & /oma*1 ) vomit+1 di>rha1 convulsions1 aphonia1 & coldness ( ! extremities4 ,a case1 copi\sly detail$ by ,seidel1#ihg 9 :i* a pregnant woman1 tw5ty-eight ye>s old1 took c>bonate ( b>yta = ! purpose ( self-de/ruction1 is int]e/+4 ,%e probably took ! poison "s little "t be=e six 9 ! ev5+2 %e vomit$ & _h great pa9 9 ! /oma*1 b slept dur+ ! night )\t fur!r sickness4 ,! next morn+1 aft] dr9k+ "s c(fee1 ! sickness 0 r5ew$2 nev]!less1 at #g ,a4,m41 %e repair$ to h] employm5t1 :i* 0 di/ant an h\r's walk2 %e probably suff]$ mu* on ! way1 = %e did n arrive until #i ,a4,m4 ,! vomit+1 accompani$ by di>rha1 cont9u+1 %e 0 s5t to b$ at #b ,p4,m4 ,%e 0 v cold1 & compla9$ ( great weakness2 ! vomit+ n[ ceas$4 ,at #h ,p4,m4 %e %iv]$ viol5tly1 c\ld sc>cely swall[1 & ! respiration 0 oppress$4 ,at #aa %e seem$ a little improv$2 b at #c ,a4,m4 %e 0 f\nd mu* worse1 brea?+ rapidly1 b fully consci\s2 at #d ,a4,m4 %e 0 aga9 se51 b f\nd dead2 %e ?us liv$ ab\t ?irty-f\r h\rs aft] tak+ ! fatal dose4 #ihf ,ph>m4 ,j\rn41 ,june #ahfh4 #ihg ,eul5b]g's ,vi]teljahrss*rift f4 g]4 ,m$41 ,bd4 #bg1 #bac4 #iji4 ,di/ribution ( ,b>ium 9 ! ,body4--,neumann has %[n t1 aft] repeat$ injection ( insoluble b>ium sulphate into ! ve9s ( rabbits1 b>ium is to be f\nd 9 ! liv]1 kidneys1 sple51 & sp9al cord1 b n 9 ! muscles1 ?ymus1 or bra94 ,g4 ,l9ossi]#ihh has made a simil> s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 b ) ! m soluble c>bonate1 & ?is salt 0 inject$ into animals = a p]iod ( ?irty days4 ,all ! organs conta9$ "s b>ium2 lungs1 muscles1 & ! he>t only conta9$ traces1 ! liv] r m1 ! kidneys1 bra91 & sp9al cord /ill m1 &1 la/ly1 ! bones a consid]able quantity1 z mu* z #jjef p] c5t4 #ihh ,compt4 r5d4 ,soc4 ,biol4 7#h71 iv4 #abb-abc4 #iaj4 ,po/-mortem ,appe>ances4--,! po/-mortem appe>ances are usually *anges 9 ! /oma* & inte/9al tract1 b !re are only r>ely traces ( great inflammation4 ,x is true1 t 9 a case record$ by ,wa*1#ihi p]=ation ( ! /oma* 0 f\nd2 b1 s9ce !re 0 old-/&+ disease ( bo? liv] & /oma*1 x is n cle> t ?is is to be attribut$ entirely to poison4 ,9 ! case ( suicide j detail$1 ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* 0 mu* ec*ymos$2 ov] ! :ole 7 /rewn little :ite gra9s1 /ick+ to ! muc\s membrane1 & !re 7 also ec*ymoses 9 ! duod5um4 #ihi ,h5ke's ,zeits*rift f4 ,/aats>zneik41 #ahce1 ,bd4 #cj1 ,hft4 #a1 #a4 #iaa4 ,! ,sep>ation ( ,b>ium ,salts f ,organic ,solids or ,fluids1 & _! ,id5tification4--,9 ! usual c\rse ( exam9ation ( an unkn[n sub/ance1 ! matt] w already h be5 extract$ by hydro*loric acid1 & ! solution successively treat$ ) hydric & ammonic sulphides4 ,! filtrate f any precipitate1 aft] be+ boil$1 w\ld 9 su* a case give a precipitate if treat$ ) sulphuric acid1 %\ld a salt ( b>ium soluble 9 hydro*loric acid be pres5t4 ,if !re1 h[ev]1 %\ld be special gr\nds to se>* = b>yta 9 p>ticul>1 x is be/ to extract ! sub/ances ) pure boil+ wat]1 to conc5trate ! solution1 & !n add sulphuric acid1 collect+ any precipitate :i* may =m4 ,if ! latt] is f\nd to be sulphate ( b>yta1 x mu/ be d]iv$ f "s soluble salt1 su* z ! nitrate or ! *loride4 ,! sub/ances :i* h be5 exhau/$ ) wat] are n[ treat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & to ! acid filtrate sulphuric acid is add$4 ,if sulphate ( b>yta is ?r[n d[n1 ! b>yta pres5t mu/ h be5 a salt1 insoluble 9 wat]1 soluble 9 acids--probably ! c>bonate4 ,la/ly1 ! organic sub/ances may be burnt to an a%1 ! a% fus$ ) c>bonate ( soda1 ! mass1 :5 cool1 dissolv$ 9 ,h,cl1 & ! solution precipitat$ ) sulphuric acid4 ,any b>yta n[ obta9$ 0 pres5t1 probably 9 ! =m ( sulphate2 nev]!less1 if obta9$ f ! tissues1 x w\ld prove t a soluble salt _h be5 adm9i/]$1 = 7s f> z is kn[n7 sulphate ( b>ium is n tak5 up by ! animal fluids1 & is innocu\s4 ,! sulphate ( b>ium is id5tifi$ z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,a "p ( ! well-wa%$ precipitate is boil$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 filt]$1 & to ! filtrate a solution ( *loride ( b>ium add$4 ,if !re is no precipitate1 ! sulphate c be none o!r ?an b>ic sulphate1 = all ! re/1 )\t exception1 are soluble en\gh to give a slight cl\d ) b>ic *loride4 7#b7 ,! sulphate may be *ang$ into sulphide by ignition on *>coal1 ! sulphide treat$ ) ,h,cl1 ! solution evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! result+ *loride exam9$ spectroscopically2 or1 ! sulphide may be mix$ ) *loride ( calcium1 tak5 up on a loop ( plat9um wire1 heat$ /rongly 9 ! flame ( a ,buns5 burn]1 & ! flame exam9$ by ! spectroscope4 7#c7 ,a solution ( ! *loride ( b>ium obta9$ f 7#b7 gives a yell[ precipitate ) neutral *romate ( pota%1 insoluble 9 wat]1 b soluble 9 nitric acid4 ,,app5dix4 ,treatm5t by ,antidotes or o!rwise ( ,cases ( ,poison+4 #iab4 ,all m$ical m5 9 practice are liable to be summon$ ha/ily to cases ( poison+4 ,9 su* em]g5cies n a mom5t is to be lo/1 = valuable lives h ere ?is be5 sacrific$ simply f ! delay caus$ by se>*+ = m$ic9es & in/rum5ts1 & visit+ ! pati5t unprovid$ ) suitable rem$ies4 ,h5ce x is f> ! safe/ plan = e m$ical man to provide himself ) an 8antidote bag10 :i*1 to be complete1 %\ld be furni%$ ) ! foll[+ requisites3-- ,i4 ,,in/rum5ts3-- 7#a47 ,a /oma*-pump or tube1#iij ) prop] m\? gags4 #iij ,! /oma*-tube is simply a tube ( india-rubb]1 f #f to #h feet 9 l5g?1 "o end ( :i* %\ld be a little /iff1 & h a solid r\nd$ extremity pi]c$ ) two lat]al oval holes--ca!t]-l2 b1 on an em]g5cy1 any india-rubb] tube ( a suitable l5g? w d4 ,x is us$ by pass+ ! prop] end g5tly d[n ! ?roat into ! /oma*2 if ! pati5t is ins5sible1 or1 z 9 "s det]m9$ suicides1 ob/9ate1 ! jaws mu/ be =cibly op5$ by ! h&le ( a spoon1 & "s solid sub/ance plac$ betwe5 ! tee? s z to give suffici5t room = ! entry ( ! tube4 ,if ! tube is n[ pass$ 9 ! m$ian l9e well into ! grasp ( ! ph>ynx1 x is actually drawn d[n into ! /oma* by ! ph>yngeal muscles1 s t ! op]ator has1 z x 71 only to 8pay out0 a suffici5t quantity ( ! tub+4 ,hold+ ! tube 9 a p]p5dicul> position1 x may !n be fill$ ) wat] by means ( a small funnel4 ,:5 full1 ! end mu/ be p9*$ & br\ght d[n to ! gr\nd to deliv] 9 a bas92 x w !n act z a syphon & ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* w be syphon$ (f4 ,! tube is elevat$ aga9 above ! body1 & ! /oma* fill$ ) wat]2 ?is syphon$ (f1 & ! process repeat$4 ,c(fee1 also1 or antidotes may be conv5i5tly introduc$4 ,if ! recumb5t position is necess>y1 ! pati5t mu/1 ( c\rse1 be plac$ on a b$ or table1 9 ord] t !re %\ld be suffici5t fall = ! syphon4 7#b47 ,a hypod]mic syr+e4 7#c47 ,an ord9>y ble$+ lancet4 7#d47 ,a glass-syr+e ) suitable canula1 :i* may1 9 case ( necessity1 be us$ = transfusion4 7#e47 ,bi/\ry1 =ceps & tubes suitable = p]=m+ tra*eotomy4 ,a small batt]y 7int]rupt$ curr5t74 ,,ii4 ,,emetics3-- 7#a47 ,sulphate ( z9c4 7#b47 ,apomorph9e4 7#c47 ,mu/>d4 7#d47 ,ipecacuanha4 ,! sulphate ( z9c may ei!r be c>ri$ 9 #cj-;gra9 p[d]s or 9 ! ord9>y solid cry/all9e /ate1 toge!r ) a little measure made out ( a small pill-box :i*1 :5 exactly full1 is f\nd to conta9 f #be to #cj gra9s4 ,a /ill m conv5i5t =m is t ( ! compress$ tablets1 sold z a speciality by "o or m firms4 ,! same rem>ks apply to ipecacuanha4 ,! apomorph9e hydro*lorate %\ld be 9 solution1 a suitable /r5g? is #b p] c5t42 a few drops ( ?is sub/ance1 inject$ hypod]mically1 w cause vomit+ 9 a few m9utes4 ,besides ! above li/1 ! bag %\ld be furni%$ ) a selection ( ! s-call$ antidotes4 ,,iii4 ,,antidotes3-- 7a47 ,*emicals neutralis+ ! poison4 ,acetic acid & calc9$ magnesia4 7b47 ,precipitants ( alkaloids4 ,tann9--,a solution ( iod9e 9 potassic iodide4 7c47 ,n>cotics1 or an/hetics1 = ! treatm5t ( ! tetanic class4 ,*loral--*lor(orm4 7d47 ,sub/ances :i* act physiologically4 ,fr5* oil ( turp5t9e4--,a solution ( atrop9e sulphate = hypod]mic use 7/r5g? #h p] c5t472 hypod]mic dose f #e to #f drops4 ,solution ( nitrate ( piloc>p9e 7/r5g? #e p] c5t472 dose1 #aj drops or m4 ,musc>9e--a solution 9 wat] 7/r5g? #e p] c5t472 dose1 #aj drops4 ,morph9e meconate 9 solution 7/r5g? #aj p] c5t472 dose1 f #e drops4 ,a solution ( nitrate ( /ry*n9e 7/r5g? #b p] c5t472 hypod]mic dose1 f #b to #c drops4 ,potassium ,p]manganate 9 cry/als4 ,to ^! may be add$ a bottle ( ,wye?'s dialys$ iron = use 9 ars5ic poison+1 a flask ( br&y1 "s *loric e!r1 aromatic spirits ( ammonia1 & "s really good extract ( c(fee4 ,,treatm5t4 #iac4 ,,acid ,,c>bolic4 ,use ! /oma*-tube or pump1 unless !re is great de/ruction ( ! muc\s membrane4 ,9 ! latt] case1 excite vomit+ by inject+ subcutane\sly f #e to #f drops ( ! apomorph9e solution2 or give an emetic ( z9c sulphate1 ipecacuanha1 or mu/>d4 ,! /oma* may1 by ! aid ( ! tube1 be wa%$ out ) a weak alkal9e solution ( soda2 album5 may also be giv51 & su* /imulants z br&y & wat]1 *loric e!r1 & aromatic spirits ( ammonia4 ,x is important to apply w>m? to ! extremities4 ,inject subcutane\sly f #b to #c drops ( ! atrop9e hypod]mic solution4 ,nitrite ( amyl by inhalation is said to h be5 useful4 ,9 desp]ate cases ble$+1 foll[$ by transfusion1 is to be consid]$4 ,,acids--,,m9]al1 includ+ ,,sulphuric1 ,,nitric1 ,,hydro*loric1 ,,glacial ,,acetic ,,acids4 ,/oma*-tube or pump1 inadmissible4 ,neutralise by calc9$ magnesia1 lime1 *alk1 or soda1 b n ) pota%1 if !re is *oice4 ,if no neutralis+ ag5t c be imm$iately procur$1 !n dilute ) pl5ty ( wat]4 ,o!r rem$ies are--oil1 milk1 :ite ( eggs1 gruel4 ,x is (t5 recomm5d$ 9 su* cases to adm9i/] hypod]mically a little morph9e4 ,,aconite--,,aconit9e4 ,use at once ! /oma*-tube or pump1 or give emetics ( sulphate ( z9c1 or hypod]mic solution ( apomorph9e4 ,keep ! pati5t 9 ! recumb5t po/ure4 ,aft] ! /oma* has be5 empti$1 give atrop9e1 ei!r by hypod]mic injection or by ! m\?1 say #d drops ( ! ,p4,b4 solution2 fail+ atrop9e1 #bj drops ( ! t9cture ( belladonna4 ,! dose may be repeat$ m or less frequ5tly accord+ to ! condition ( ! pati5t4 ,if !re is great t5d5cy to he>t-syncope1 t9cture ( digitalis 9 -dra*m doses by ! m\?1 or 9 hypod]mic doses ( f #aj drops upw>ds4 ,apply a mu/>d p\ltice to ! p]ic>dium2 aid vomit+ & elim9ation ( ! poison by pl5ty ( wat]1 to :i* may be add$ br&y or any =m ( alcohol4 ,inhalations ( nitrite ( amyl are said to h be5 useful4 ,if ! brea?+ /ops1 try artificial respiration4 ,,alcohol4 ,empty ! /oma* by ! tube or pump1 & !n wa% x out ) w>m c(fee2 if ! /oma*-tube is n at h&1 !n empty ! /oma* by hypod]mic injection ( #e drops ( apomorph9e1 or by a mu/>d emetic1 or sulphate ( z9c4 ,keep ! body v w>m1 b ! cold d\*e may be appli$ to ! head4 ,endeav\rs %\ld be made to r\se ! pati5t1 if ins5sible1 by %ak+1 %\t+ at him1 c4 ,inhalations ( amyl nitrite are said to be useful4 ,,alkalies--,,ammonia--,,pota%--,,soda4- -,/oma*-pump or tube n to be us$4 ,vomit+ ne>ly always pres5t1 or may be produc$ by adm9i/]+ pl5ty ( lukew>m wat]2 aft] :i* give dilute v9eg>1 or ! juice ( lemons or oranges2 olive oil1 ! :ite ( eggs1 b>ley wat]1 arr[root1 & always pl5ty ( wat] may be adm9i/]$4 ,!re may be dema ( ! glottis1 especially if ammonia has be5 tak54 ,9 su* a case1 & dea? ?reat5+ f suffocation1 p]=m tra*eotomy4 ,9 poison+ by ammonia1 ) cr\p\s respiration1 keep ! room w>m1 & fill x ) /eam by means ( a bron*itis kettle4 ,relieve pa9 by small doses ( morph9e inject$ subcutane\sly4 ,,ammonia4--,see ,,alkalies4 ,,anti>94--,see ,,digitalis4 ,,antimony--,,t>t>-,,emetic--,,antimonia l ,,w9e1 ,c4 ,! /oma* w g5]ally h be5 empti$ by vomit+4 ,9 ^? r>e cases 9 :i* ?is does n take place1 use ! /oma*-pump or tube1 or give hypod]mic injection ( apomorph9e4 ,foll[ ?is ) doses ( /rong tea1 or give half-a-dra*m ( tann9 or gallic acid 9 w>m wat]4 ,give also demulc5t dr9ks1 & /imulants 9 small doses1 frequ5tly repeat$4 ,keep ! pati5t v w>m by hot blankets & wraps4 ,! int]rupt$ galvanic curr5t to ! he>t may be useful4 ,,apocyn94--,see ,,digitalis4 ,,ars5ic4 ,use ! /oma*-pump or tube1 or empty /oma* by emetics1 su* z hypod]mic solution ( apomorph9e1 or give mu/>d or sulphate ( z9c4 ,! /oma* %\ld !n be wa%$ out by l>ge quantities ( wat]1 mo/ conv5i5tly adm9i/]$ by ! pump or tube4 ,if ! tube or pump is n at h&1 !n adm9i/] at once ei!r dialys$ iron1 or ! fre%ly-precipitat$ hydrat$ oxide ( iron1 obta9$ by precipitat+ ! ord9>y p]*loride by means ( c>bonate ( soda or ammonia1 avoid+ excess ( ! latt]4 ,if ! op]ator has suffici5t *emical k to precipitate ! iron ) fair exactness1 s t !re is no great excess ( ammonia1 or ( sodic c>bonate1 !n filtration is unnecess>y4 ,9 o!r cases1 filt] ?r\gh a h&k]*ief4 ,oil1 mucilag9\s dr9ks1 ! :ite ( eggs1 &1 if fa9tness exi/s1 small doses ( /imulants may all be giv54 ,if ! sk9 is cold1 w>m? mu/ be appli$ to ! body by means ( hot blankets1 c4 ,pa9 may be reliev$ by morph9e4 ,,atrop9e--,,belladonna--,,t9cture ,,( ,,belladonna4 ,empty ! /oma* by means ( ! /oma*-pump or tube4 ,give an enema ( c(fee4 ,adm9i/] half a gra9 ( piloc>p9e nitrate2 or1 if t is n at h&1 morph9e or opium 9 suitable doses w act to a c]ta9 ext5t antagoni/ic to ! poison4 ,a subcutane\s dose ( musc>9e may be adm9i/]$ in/ead ( piloc>p9e1 b is n q s good4 ,hot wat] to ! feet1 alt]nate d\*es ( cold & hot wat] are f\nd useful4 ,if ! respiration seems likely to /op1 artificial respiration mu/ be practis$4 ,,belladonna4--,see ,,atrop9e4 ,,b5z5e4 ,if swall[$1 !n empty ! /oma* by pump or tube1 or by ! hypod]mic injection ( apomorph9e2 or give emetics1 su* z z9c sulphate1 mu/>d1 or ipecacuanha4 ,if ! vap\r has be5 inhal$1 ?is is unnecess>y4 ,pl5ty ( fre% air4 ,a subcutane\s dose ( atrop9e1 say #a-fj? ( a gra91 or f #cj to #dj drops ( belladonna t9cture4 ,alt]nate d\*es ( hot & cold wat] to ! *e/1 artificial respiration1 if necess>y4 ,! he>t to be ma9ta9$ by mild int]rupt$ %ocks ( ! batt]y ov] ! region ( ! he>t4 ,,bi*romate ,,( ,,pota%4--,see ,,*romium4 ,,bruc9e4--,see ,,/ry*n9e4 ,,calab> ,,bean--,,physo/igm9e4 ,use /oma*-pump or tube1 or emetics1 su* z sulphate ( z9c1 mu/>d1 or ipecacuanha2 or1 bett] /ill1 hypod]mic solution ( apomorph9e4 ,give hypod]mic doses ( #a-fj? gra9 atrop9e until ! pupils dilate4 ,?is treatm5t seem+ to fail1 *loral 9 #aj-;gra9 doses1 e qu>t] ( an h\r1 has be5 recomm5d$4 ,9 c]ta9 cases /ry*n9e has be5 us$ 9 hypod]mic doses ( #a-ab? ( a gra94 ,/imulants & artificial respiration w probably be necess>y 9 "s cases4 ,,camphor4 ,use /oma*-pump or tube1 or empty ! /oma* by emetics4 ,hypod]mic injections ( br&y1 inhalations ( e!r1 ! alt]nate hot & cold d\*e1 w>m? to ! extremities by hot blankets1 c41 seem to be ! be/ me?ods ( treatm5t4 ,,can?>ides--,,can?>id9e4 ,use /oma*-pump or tube1 if ! muc\s membrane ( ! ?roat is n inflam$2 or1 adm9i/] hypod]mic dose ( apomorph9e1 or give emetics--sulphate ( z9c1 mu/>d1 or ipecacuanha4 ,allay pa9 ) morph9e4 ,give pl5ty ( wat] & demulc5t dr9ks4 ,,*loral4 ,use /oma*-pump or tube1 &1 :5 ! /oma* is empti$1 introduce by ! same means w>m c(fee1 or give a hypod]mic injection ( apomorph9e1 or adm9i/] emetics ( sulphate ( z9c1 or mu/>d1 or ipecacuanha4 ,an enema ( c(fee w be useful4 ,keep ! limbs w>m4 ,adm9i/] hypod]mically #b or #c drops ( ! solution ( /ry*n9e at int]vals ( f fifte5 to tw5ty m9utes4 ,r\se ! pati5t by v>i\s means1 su* z %\t+1 %ak+1 flapp+ ! sk9 ) a wet t[el1 c4 ,inhalations ( amyl nitrite are recomm5d$4 ,artificial respiration may be necess>y4 ,,*lorate ,,( ,,pota%4 ,use ! same treatm5t z = nitrate ( pota% 7:i* see1 p4 #fif74 ,,*loride ,,( ,,z9c4--,see ,,z9c4 ,,*lor(orm--7,inhal$74 ,give pl5ty ( fre% air1 pull ! tongue =w>d1 & comm5ce at once artificial respiration4 ,if ! he>t has /opp$1 /rike ! *e/ two or ?ree times v h>d1 ov] ! region ( ! he>t2 ?is has be5 f\nd occasionally to re/ore its beat4 ,apply ! batt]y1 b ) a weak curr5t only2 "o pole may be plac$ on ! l>ynx1 ! o!r at ! pit ( ! /oma*4 ,inhalations ( nitrite ( amyl are useful4 ,! hot & cold d\*e may also be us$4 ,,*lor(orm--7,swall[$74 ,empty ! /oma* by pump or tube1 or by emetics1 su* z #e drops ( ! hypod]mic solution ( apomorph9e1 or sulphate ( z9c1 or mu/>d4 ,give an enema ( hot c(fee4 ,adm9i/] l>ge draughts ( wat]1 :i* may advantage\sly conta9 a little sodic c>bonate 9 solution4 ,attempt to r\se ! pati5t4 ,nitrite ( amyl inhalations1 &1 if necess>y1 artificial respiration may be us$4 ,,*romate ,,( ,,pota%4--,see ,,*romium4 ,,*romic ,,acid4--,see ,,*romium4 ,,*romium--,,bi*romate ,,( ,,pota%--,,*romate ,,( ,,pota%--,,*romic ,,acid4 ,empty ! /oma* by pump or tube2 adm9i/] a subcutane\s injection ( apomorph9e1 or give sulphate ( z9c1 mu/>d1 or ipecacuanha z emetics4 ,foll[ up by adm9i/]+1 susp5d$ 9 wat]1 calc9$ magnesia1 or c>bonate ( magnesia1 or *alk4 ,demulc5t dr9ks1 su* z b>ley-wat]1 c4 ,,cocculus ,,indicus4--,see ,,picrotox94 ,,col*icum--,,mead[ ,,saffron--,,col*icum ,,w9e1 ,,t9cture1 ,c4 ,use /oma*-pump or tube1 or empty ! /oma* by emetics1 su* z sulphate ( z9c1 or mu/>d1 or ipecacuanha2 or1 bett] ?an all1 give a hypod]mic injection ( #d or #e drops ( ! solution ( apomorph9e4 ,give tann9 or gallic acid 9 -dra*m doses1 or /rong tea or c(fee4 ,allay ! pa9 9 ! b[els & purg+ by small doses ( opium or morph9e4 ,keep ! extremities w>m1 apply hot fom5tations to ! abdom52 /imulants may be us$1 give pl5ty ( wat] & demulc5t dr9ks4 ,,colocyn?4 ,treatm5t on ! same l9es z t = ,,col*icum4 ,,conium--,,hemlock4 ,empty ! /oma* by ! pump or tube1 or give a hypod]mic injection ( #d or #e drops ( ! solution ( apomorph9e1 or emetics ( sulphate ( z9c1 or mu/>d4 ,keep up ! temp]ature ( ! body by hot wraps4 ,adm9i/]1 z a dr9k1 /rong tea1 tann91 gallic acids1 or any h>mless vegetable decoction conta9+ tann94 ,/imulants may be adm9i/]$4 ,if necess>y1 use artificial respiration4 ,,copp]--,,salts ,,(4 ,empty /oma* by pump or tube1 & ei!r inject by ! same means or adm9i/] :ite ( egg 9 solution 9 wat]2 if no :ite ( eggs c be _h1 sub/itute milk2 give pl5ty ( wat] & emolli5t dr9ks4 ,pa9 may be allay$ by opium or morph9e4 ,,corrosive ,,sublimate--,,p]*loride ,,( ,,m]cury--,,nitrate ,,( ,,m]cury4 ,empty ! /oma* by ! tube or pump1 & wa% ! organ out ) pl5ty ( :ite ( egg1 dissolv$ 9 wat] or milk4 ,if ! /oma*-pump is n at h&1 !n give emetics1 su* z ! solution ( apomorph9e1 hypod]mically1 9 f #d to #e-;drop doses1 or a z9c sulphate emetic1 or mu/>d1 or ipecacuanha4 ,probably viol5t vomit+ is already pres5t1 !n /oma*-tube or emetics are unnecess>y3 b1 9 any case1 give pl5ty ( album9\s fluids1 su* z :ite ( egg 9 wat] or milk4 ,if nei!r ( ^! is at h&1 *op any fre% meat up z f9ely z c be done 9 a %ort space ( "t1 diffuse 9 wat]1 & adm9i/]4 ,foll[ up ) demulc5t dr9ks1 su* z b>ley-wat]1 fl\r & wat]1 c4 ,pa9 may be allay$ ) a little opium or morph9e4 ,/imulants are admissible1 if necess>y4 ,,croton ,,oil4 ,empty /oma* by means ( tube or pump1 or give emetics ( mu/>d or sulphate ( z9c1 or adm9i/] hypod]mic injection ( apomorph9e4 ,give #aj drops ( laudanum e tw5ty m9utes or half h\r1 until ! pa9 & purg+ are some:at abat$1 or else inject subcutane\sly small doses ( morph9e at int]vals4 ,give pl5ty ( demulc5t dr9ks4 ,two or ?ree drops ( ess5ce ( camphor 9 milk are useful4 ,/imulants1 su* z br&y1 ammonia1 or *loric e!r1 are admissible4 ,,cytis9e4--,see ,,laburnum4 ,,cur>9e--,,woor>i--,,ur>i4 ,! poison is ( c\rse introduc$ by a w\nd2 if any is likely to be /ill 9 ! w\nd apply a ligature1 suck ! w\nd1 & !n wa% x ) a slightly alkal9e solution ( potassic p]manganate4 ,keep up ! respiration artificially1 give pl5ty ( wat] & a dose ( spirits ( nitre1 apply w>m? to ! lo9s4 ,by ^! means ! poison w be rapidly sep>at$ by ! ur9e2 &1 if ! pati5t c only be kept alive by artificial respiration = a little "t1 he may recov]1 = elim9ation is v rapid4 ,,cyanide ,,( ,,potassium4--,see ,,prussic ,,acid4 ,,digitalis ,,gr\p ,,( ,,he>t ,,poisons1 includ+1 besides ! ,,digital9s1 ,,anti>91 ,,apocyn91 ,,n]i91 ,,ole&r91 ,,evonym91 ,,!vet91 ,,scilla91 ,,/rophant91 & ,,ery?rophle94 ,empty ! /oma* by ! tube or pump1 or adm9i/] a subcutane\s dose 7#d drops7 ( apomorph9e1 or give a tablespoonful ( mu/>d 9 wat]1 or sulphate ( z9c4 ,foll[ up ) /rong tea1 or half a dra*m ( tann91 or gallic acid 9 aque\s solution4 ,a v small dose ( aconit9e nitrate 9 solution 7say #a-bjj? ( a gra97 may be inject$ subcutane\sly & ! effect wat*$2 if 9 a little "t x seems to d good1 repeat ! dose4 ,on no acc\nt let ! pati5t rise f ! recumb5t po/ure1 or he may fa9t to dea?4 ,/imulants 9 small doses may be giv5 frequ5tly by ! m\?1 or1 if !re is vomit+1 by ! b[el4 ,,ergot4 ,use /oma*-pump or tube1 or empty ! /oma* by a mu/>d or sulphate ( z9c emetic1 or give a subcutane\s injection ( apomorph9e4 ,give a purgative1 su* z a drop ( croton oil1 & assi/ its action by pl5ty ( w>m dr9ks4 ,tann9 & gallic acid h also be5 recomm5d$1 b are probably ( b little use4 ,aft] ! b[els h well act$1 & ! /oma* has be5 empti$1 give small doses ( opium at int]vals4 ,dr4 ,murrell recomm5ds #a-ej? ( a gra9 ( nitro-glyc]9 e fifte5 m9utes4 ,! recumb5t position is necess>y1 & ! circulation %\ld be ma9ta9$ by w>m?1 &1 if necess>y1 by friction4 ,,ery?rophle94--,see ,,digitalis4 ,,e!r4--,! same treatm5t z ) ,,*lor(orm4 ,,evonym94--,see ,,digitalis4 ,,fungi4--,see ,,mu%rooms4 ,,gelsem99e4 ,if se5 soon aft] tak+ ! dose1 use ! /oma*-pump or tube1 or give a tablespoonful ( mu/>d4 ,adm9i/] a small dose ( atrop9e subcutane\sly1 or give by ! m\? t9cture ( belladonna 9 #bj-;drop doses4 ,/imulants are admissible4 ,if necess>y1 use artificial respiration4 ,r\se ! pati5t by hot & cold d\*es4 ,,hemlock4--,see ,,coni9e--,,conium4 ,,h5bane--,,hyoscyam9e4--,! same treatm5t z = ,,atrop9e4 ,,hydro*loric ,,acid4--,see ,,acids1 ,,m9]al4 ,,hydrocyanic ,,acid4--,see ,,prussic ,,acid4 ,,hyoscyam9e4--,! same treatm5t z = ,,atrop9e4 ,,iod9e4 ,empty ! /oma* by pump or tube1 or adm9i/] emetics1 su* z ! hypod]mic solution ( apomorph9e1 or give by ! m\? mu/>d or sulphate ( z9c4 ,give pl5ty ( />* diffus$ 9 w>m wat]1 or 9 ! =m ( a dilute pa/e2 or give any f>9ace\s sub/ance :atev]1 su* z arr[root1 boil$ rice1 or fl\r1 or ?9 gruel4 ,inhalations ( amyl nitrite h be5 recomm5d$4 ,pa9 may be reliev$ by morph9e or opium4 ,,jabor&i4--,treatm5t ! same z ,,piloc>p9e4 ,,laburnum ,,se$s--,,cytis9e4 ,empty /oma* by tube or pump1 & wa% x out ) tea or c(fee1 or give 7z an emetic7 a hypod]mic dose ( apomorph9e1 or 7by ! m\?7 mu/>d or z9c sulphate2 foll[ up ?is treatm5t by an enema1 or a brisk purgative4 ,/imulants may be adm9i/]$1 ! pati5t may be r\s$ by ! hot or cold d\*e4 ,,laudanum4--,see ,,morph9e4 ,,laurel ,,wat]4--,see ,,prussic ,,acid4 ,,lead--,,salts ,,(4 ,empty /oma* by pump or tube1 or adm9i/] subcutane\sly a dose ( apomorph9e1 #d to #e drops2 or give by ! m\? a sulphate ( z9c or mu/>d emetic4 ,foll[ up ) half a dra*m ( dilute sulphuric acid1 or half an ounce ( magnesic or sodic sulphate4 ,milk & album9\s fluids may be giv54 ,allay pa9 ) opium or morph9e4 ,treat colic ) hot fom5tations4 ,,mead[ ,,saffron4--,see ,,col*icum4 ,,m]cury1 ,,salts ,,(4--,see ,,corrosive ,,sublimate4 ,,monk%ood4--,see ,,aconite4 ,,morph9e--,,opium--,laudanum & prep>ations 9 :i* ! ,,opium ,,alkaloids pr$om9ate4 ,if tak5 by ! m\?1 give at once a solution ( potassium p]manganate & !n empty ! /oma*1 b1 if tak5 by hypod]mic injection1 bo? ^! w\ld be useless4 ,! /oma* 9 opium-poison+ is be/ reliev$ by ! pump or tube1 & %\ld !n be well wa%$ out ) hot c(fee1 leav+ 9 ! organ a p9t or m4 ,if ! /oma*-pump or tube is n at h&1 a l>ge subcutane\s dose ( apomorph9e 7say #aj m9ims7 may be giv51 or mu/>d or z9c sulphate1 b !re may be difficulty 9 obta9+ vomit+ f any emetic4 ,attempt to r\se ! pati5t by ! batt]y1 if at h&2 by flips ) a t[el1 & by %ak+4 ,9 all books w be f\nd ! usual direction t y are to keep walk+ ! pati5t ab\t2 b ?is treatm5t is que/ionable1 & likely to fav\r ! toxic action ( morph9e on ! he>t4 ,ammonia may be appli$ to ! no/rils4 ,hot c(fee may also be introduc$ into ! b[els by an enema app>atus1 or by a simple tube4 ,! alt]nate cold & hot d\*e to ! head is good1 b ! body %\ld be kept w>m ) hot wraps4 ,small subcutane\s doses ( atrop9e 7say #a-bj? ( a gra97 may be adm9i/]$1 repeat+ ! close e tw5ty m9utes1 & wat*+ ! effect4 ,if necess>y1 apply artificial respiration4 ,inhalations ( nitrite ( amyl h be5 us$4 ,,musc>9e4--,see ,,mu%rooms4 ,,mu%rooms--,,musc>9e--,,poison\s ,,fungi ,,g5]ally4 ,empty /oma* by /oma*-pump or tube1 or give a subcutane\s dose ( apomorph9e1 or adm9i/] by ! m\? ei!r mu/>d or z9c sulphate4 ,inject z soon z possible a subcutane\s dose ( #b to #d drops ( ! solution ( atrop9e2 or1 aft] ! /oma* has be5 empti$1 give t9cture ( belladonna e half h\r1 9 f #bj to #cj-m94 doses4 ,x is equally important to remove ! rema9s ( ! fungi f ! inte/9es1 & = ?is purpose x is well to give a dose ( ca/or oil1 & to use an enema4 ,/imulants may be giv54 ,! body %\ld be kept w>m4 ,,n]i94--,see ,,digitalis4 ,,nicot9e--,,tobacco4 ,unless ! /oma* has be5 already empti$ by vomit+1 use /oma*-pump or tube1 or give an emetic ( mu/>d & pl5ty ( wat]4 ,inject subcutane\sly a small dose ( /ry*n9e 7say #a-be? ( a gra9 ( ! nitrate71 or give half a dra*m ( t9cture ( nux vomica4 ,/imulants1 su* z br&y1 *loric e!r1 c41 may be giv54 ,keep ! body w>m1 b ! cold d\*e may be appli$ to ! head4 ,tann9 & vegetable infusions conta9+ tann9 may also be giv51 b x is que/ionable if !y are ( mu* use1 unless any remnants rema9 9 ! /oma*4 ,keep ! pati5t ly+ d[n = fe> ( fatal syncope4 ,,nitre--,,nitrate ,,( ,,pota%4 ,empty ! /oma* imm$iately by ! pump or tube1 or give a subcutane\s dose ( apomorph9e 7f #b to #c drops71 or adm9i/] by ! m\? a tablespoonful ( mu/>d1 or a scruple ( sulphate ( z9c4 ,dilute ! poison1 & attempt to wa% x out ( ! sy/em by giv+ pl5ty ( wat] or mucilag9\s dr9ks4 ,apply hot fom5tations to ! lo9s1 & keep ! pati5t z w>m z possible4 ,/imulants t are likely to increase ! kidney conge/ion are to be avoid$4 ,inhalations ( nitrite ( amyl h be5 recomm5d$4 ,,nitric ,,acid4--,see ,,acids1 ,,m9]al4 ,,nitro-,,b5z5e4 ,empty ! /oma* at once by ! /oma*-pump or tube1 & wa% ! organ out ) pl5ty ( w>m wat]1 to :i* advantage\sly a little _s may be add$2 or give emetics1 su* z z9c sulphate or mu/>d4 ,adm9i/] /imulants1 ei!r by ! /oma*-tube1 z an enema1 or by subcutane\s injection4 ,keep up ! respiration artificially1 if necess>y1 & ma9ta9 ! he>t's action by application ( weak1 int]rupt$ %ocks to ! *e/-wall1 by means ( ! batt]y4 ,r\se ! pati5t by ! d\*e4 ,atrop9e subcutane\sly has be5 recomm5d$4 ,,nitr\s ,,oxide ,,gas4 ,! treatm5t is ! same ess5tially z = *lor(orm 7:i* see74 ,inhalations ( oxyg5 may d good1 b oxyg5 is v r>ely at h&4 ,,nux ,,vomica4--,see ,,/ry*n9e4 ,,ole&r94--,see ,,digitalis4 ,,opium4--,see ,,morph9e4 ,,oxalic ,,acid--,,b9oxalate ,,( ,,pota%--,,sodic ,,oxalate4 ,unless ! pati5t has already vomit$ freely1 empty ! /oma* at once by emetics ( z9c sulphate or mu/>d2 or ! /oma*-pump or tube may1 9 mo/ cases1 be us$4 ,if ! acid has be5 tak51 neutralise by *alk1 lime wat]1 or1 bett]1 by sac*>at$ lime wat]2 b on no acc\nt neutralise by c>bonate ( soda or any alkali1 = ! alkal9e oxalates are extremely poison\s4 ,assi/ elim9ation by ! kidneys by giv+ pl5ty ( wat]2 apply hot fom5tations to ! lo9s4 ,an enema may be giv51 if necess>y1 to empty ! b[els well4 ,,phosphorus4 ,empty ! /oma* by tube or pump1 &1 at ! same "t1 wa% ! organ out ) wat] to :i* has be5 add$ a dra*m ( ,fr5* turp5t9e1 or give emetics4 ,! be/ emetic = phosphorus is said to be sulphate ( copp]1 #d or #e gra9s dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & giv5 e t5 m9utes until vomit+ is produc$4 ,9 default ( sulphate ( copp]1 !n sulphate ( z9c or mu/>d4 ,give -dra*m doses ( turp5t9e1 float+ on wat] or on mucilage1 e half h\r4 ,inhalations ( turp5t9e vap\r1 mu* dilut$1 are also ( s]vice4 ,! ,am]ican & ,g]man turp5t9es are said to be ( no avail4 ,probably ! turp5t9e w freely purge ! pati5t2 b1 if n1 ! b[els %\ld be op5$ by a suitable purgative1 su*1 = in/ance1 z magnesic sulphate4 ,,physo/igm9e4--,see ,,calab> ,,bean4 ,,picrotox9--,,cocculus ,,indicus4 ,use /oma*-pump or tube1 or empty /oma* by usual emetics1 e4g41 mu/>d1 z9c sulphate1 or apomorph9e1 subcutane\sly4 ,*loral1 9 doses ( f #aj to #bj gra9s1 may be giv5 e half h\r to allay or prev5t tetanus1 ! effects be+1 ( c\rse1 wat*$4 ,= ! same purpose bromide ( potassium has be5 recomm5d$4 ,9 sev]e cases1 x may be comb9$ ) *oral1 #a dra*m ( ! bromide ) #bj gra9s ( *loral4 ,,piloc>p9e4 ,! be/ treatm5t is a subcutane\s dose ( atrop9e 7say #a-fj? ( a gra97 or t9cture ( belladonna by ! m\? 9 #bj-m9im doses1 to be repeat$ e tw5ty m9utes until ! pupils dilate4 ,,pota%4--,see ,,alkalies ,,prussic ,,acid4#iia #iia ,j4 ,kossa1 consid]+ t potassium p]manganate ought1 !oretically1 to act z a *emical antidote to potassium cyanide1 by *eck+ ! p>alysis ( ! respiratory c5tres1 has p]=m$ "s exp]im5ts4 ,rabbits 7 %[n to be fatally affect$ 9 a few m9utes by #jja grm4 ( ! poison1 b if1 at ! "t ( adm9i/ration1 #je grm4 ( p]manganate dissolv$ 9 #ej c4c4 ( wat] 0 also introduc$ into ! /oma*1 doses ( cyanide up to #ja grm4 fail$ to cause dea?4 ,l>g] quantities 7#jb grm47 prov$ fatal "u simil> conditions1 b ! action ( ! poison 0 mu* delay$4 ,successful exp]im5ts 7 also p]=m$ ) aque\s solutions ( hydrocyanic acid conta9+ #ja p] c5t4 ,x is sugge/$1 !re=e1 t1 9 cases ( cyanide poison+1 to litre ( a #c to #e p] c5t4 solution ( p]manganate %\ld be adm9i/]$ imm$iately 7,vrat*1 ?r\gh ,n\v4 rem41 ix4 #efg74 ,use /oma*-pump or tube1 or1 if n at h&1 an emetic ( mu/>d or sulphate ( z9c4 ,if ! brea?+ has /opp$1 try artificial respiration & weak %ocks to ! he>t4 #a-fj? ( a gra9 ( atrop9e subcutane\sly is recomm5d$ to assi/ ! he>t's action4 ,a br&y enema may be giv51 or br&y inject$ "u ! sk94 ,! body mu/ be kept w>m1 b ! cold d\*e may be advantage\sly appli$ to ! head4 ,,salts ,,( ,,sorrel4--,see ,,oxalic ,,acid4 ,,sav94 ,if ! pati5t has n already empti$ ! /oma* by repeat$ vomit+1 & ! ?roat is n inflam$1 use ! /oma*-pump or tube1 & wa% ! organ out ) wat]1 or give any "o ( ! usual emetics--su* z mu/>d1 sulphate ( z9c1 or ipecacuanha4 ,if ! b[els h n act$ well1 give a dose ( ca/or oil2 allay pa9 ) small doses ( morph9e4 ,,scilla94--,see ,,digitalis4 ,,snakes1 ,,bite ,,(4 ,suck ! w\nd1 & apply an alkal9e solution ( p]manganate ( pota%4 ,9 sev]e cases ( cobra poison+ & o!r extremely v5om\s snakes1 dea? ?reat5+1 ! only likely means ( sav+ life w\ld be ble$+ at "o arm & transfus+ blood by ! o!r4 ,ammonia may be giv5 by ! m\?1 & also smelt4 ,9 cobra poison+ & v5oms :i* kill ma9ly ?r\gh ! respiration1 ! brea?+ mu/ be kept up artificially2 &1 %\ld !re be signs ( ! he>t fail+1 weak1 int]rupt$ galvanic %ocks may be appli$ to ! walls ( ! *e/4 ,lac]da's plan ( inject+ p]manganate ( pota% "u ! sk9 is n alone useless b mis*iev\s1 = x takes up "t :i* might be m valuably employ$4 ,,soda ,,cau/ic4--,see ,,alkalies4 ,,solan9e--,,solanum ,,dulcam>a--,,bitt] ,,sweet--,,woody ,,night%ade4--,! same treatm5t z = ,,atrop9e 7:i* see74 ,,/ramonium4--,! same treatm5t z = ,,atrop9e4 ,,/rophant94--,see ,,digitalis4 ,,/ry*n9e--,,bruc9e--,,nux ,,vomica4 ,empty ! /oma* z quickly z possible by an emetic ( mu/>d1 or z9c sulphate1 or by a hypod]mic solution ( apomorph9e 7#d drops74 ,! /oma*-pump or tube inadmissible2 =1 if tetanus is pres5t1 x _c be appli$2 or1 if abs5t1 x is likely to excite a spasm4 ,place pati5t at once "u *lor(orm or e!r1 & keep up a g5tle n>cosis = sev]al h\rs1 if necess>y4 ,d>k5 ! room1 /ifle all noise2 if 9 a t[n1 & opportunity p]mit1 h /raw or peat plac$ at once be=e ! h\se to dead5 noise4 ,if ! spasms ?reat5 ! respiration1 artificial respiration is absolutely necess>y2 &1 to facilitate ?is1 x w\ld be ju/ifiable1 9 a dang]\s case1 to p]=m tra*eotomy1 ( c\rse "u *lor(orm4 ,*loral may be giv5 9 place ( *lor(orm1 b ! latt] is be/2 ! dose ( *loral %\ld be1 at lea/1 half a dra*m1 & if no effect is produc$ 9 half an h\r1 !n doses ( #bj gra9s %\ld be giv5 at int]vals ( a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,if nei!r *lor(orm nor *loral is at h&1 ! juice f a rec5tly-smok$ pipe may be diffus$ 9 a little wat] & a few drops inject$ subcutane\sly1 & ! effect wat*$4 ,if !re is a m>k$ improvem5t ! treatm5t may be p]sev]$ 94 ,bromide ( potassium 9 comb9ation ) *loral has be5 recomm5d$4 ,nitrite ( amyl inhalations are said to be ( use4 ,cur>9e 9 a subcutane\s dose ( "o-?ird ( a gra9 is antagoni/ic s f> t x p>alyses ! volunt>y muscles4 ,,sulphuric ,,acid4--,see ,,acids1 ,,m9]al4 ,,t>t> ,,emetic4--,see ,,antimony4 ,,t>t>ic ,,acid4--,! same treatm5t z = ,,oxalic ,,acid 7:i* see74 ,,!vet94--,see ,,digitalis4 ,,tobacco4--,see ,,nicot9e4 ,,turp5t9e4 ,empty /oma* by tube or pump1 or adm9i/] ! usual emetics1 su* z mu/>d1 or sulphate ( z9c1 or ipecacuanha1 or give hypod]mically #c or #d drops ( ! solution ( apomorph9e4 ,if purg+ is n already pres5t1 empty ! b[el by enema2 give pl5ty ( wat] & demulc5t dr9ks to aid elim9ation by kidneys4 ,apply hot fom5tations to ! lo9s4 ,allay pa9 ) opium or morph9e4 ,,v]atr9e4 ,empty ! /oma* by ! tube or pump1 or give any "o ( ! usual emetics--su* z mu/>d1 or z9c sulphate1 or ipecacuanha4 ,keep ! pati5t ly+ d[n4 ,/imulants may be adm9i/]$4 ,an enema ( hot c(fee has be5 recomm5d$4 ,keep ! body w>m ) wraps1 hot blankets1 c4 ,,:ite ,,precipitate4--,! same treatm5t z = ,,corrosive ,,sublimate4 ,,wasps1 ,,bees1 ,,hornets--,,/+ ,,(4 ,an onion imm$iately appli$ to ! "p /ung is a fav\rite popul> rem$y2 b ammonia is bett]4 ,extract ! /+1 if x rema9s 9 ! w\nd4 ,give /imulants1 if necess>y4 ,,z9c4 ,! only salt likely to cause poison\s symptoms is ! *loride1 :i* is us$ 9 ! arts1 & is ! active pr9ciple ( ,burnett's dis9fect+ fluid4 ,/oma*-pump or tube inadmissible4 ,give pl5ty ( wat]1 9 :i* c>bonate ( soda is dissolv$2 or1 if t is n at h&1 c>bonate ( pota%4 ,eggs & milk %\ld also be giv54 ,solutions ( tann91 /rong tea1 & ! l1 also1 to "s ext5t1 neutralise ! poison4 ,! pa9 9 ! abdom5 is to be allay$ 9 ! usual way--by hot fom5tations & small frequ5t doses ( morph9e or opium4 ,,dome/ic ,,ready ,,rem$ies ,,= ,,poison+4 #iad4 ,l>ge h\seholds1 m especially ^? 9 :i* no "o possesses any special m$ical k1 w\ld d well to furni% an ,,antidote ,,cupbo>d1 = use 9 cases ( em]g5cy4 ,?is cupbo>d may conta93-- 7#a47 ,! ,multiple ,antidote1 :i* consi/s ( saturat$ solution ( sulphate ( iron #ajj p>ts1 wat] #hjj1 magnesia #hh1 animal *>coal #dd p>ts4 ,x is be/ to h ! animal *>coal & magnesia mix$ toge!r 9 ! dry /ate & kept 9 a well-cork$ bottle2 :5 requir$ = use1 ! saturat$ solution ( sulphate ( iron is mix$ ) eight times its bulk ( wat]1 & ! mixture ( *>coal & magnesia add$ ) con/ant /irr+4 ,! multiple antidote may be giv5 9 w9e-glassful doses1 frequ5tly repeat$1 9 poison+ by ars5ic1 z9c1 opium1 digitalis1 m]cury1 or /ry*n9e2 x is ( no use 9 phosphorus poison+1 or 9 poison+ by ! cau/ic alkalies or antimony4 7#b47 ,calc9$ ,magnesia1 = use 9 poison+ by acids4 7#c47 ,fr5* ,turp5t9e1 = poison+ by phosphorus4 7#d47 ,p[d]$ ipecacuanha 9 a well-cork$ bottle2 ! bottle conta9+ a small pill-box :i* is cut d[n1 s t :5 full x conta9s #cj gra9s--! prop] dose z an emetic4 ,a simil> small supply ( sulphate ( z9c may also be provid$4 7#e47 ,a t9 ( mu/>d4 7#f47 ,a bottle ( v9eg>4 ,if1 !n1 provid$ ) su* a supply1 any memb] is kn[n to h tak5 poison1 & yet ! precise poison is n kn[n1 give a sulphate ( z9c or ipecacuanha emetic1 & foll[ x up by ! multiple antidote1 :i* is 9 itself n poison\s4 ,if ,,phosphorus has be5 tak51 !n give ! ,fr5* turp5t9e z direct$ "u ,phosphorus 7p4 #fig74 ,if ,,acids1 neutralise by ! calc9$ magnesia 7see ,acids1 m9]al1 p4 #fhg74 ,if ,,alkalies1 neutralise ) v9eg> 7see ,alkalies1 p4 #fhh74 ,,index4 ,abel & ,field's te/ = bismu?1 #fbg4 ,abr91 #dfb4 ,abrus1 #dfb4 ,absyn?91 #bdd4 ,acetaldehyde1 #aed4 ,acetanilide1 #dj4 ,aceta-trime?yl-col*ic9-amide1 #dji4 ,acetic acid1 #aaj4 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 ,acetum digitalis1 #dbb4 ,acetyl ph5yl hydraz9e1 #dj4 ,acid1 c>bolic4 ,see ,c>bolic acid4 ,acid hmat91 ,spectrum (1 #eh4 ,acids1 m9]al4 ,see ,hydro*loric1 ,nitric1 ,sulphuric acid1 c4 ,acolyct91 #beb4 ,acon9e1 #cea1 #ced4 ,aconite alkaloids1 #cea4 ,aconite1 ,bibliography ( pap]s relat+ to physiological action (1 #cfj1 #cfa4 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 extract1 #cea4 l9im5t1 #cea4 o9tm5t1 #cea4 treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fhg4 ,old k (1 #c4 ,ph>maceutical prep>ations (1 #cea4 poison+1 ,/ati/ics (1 #cfa4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances aft] poison+ by1 #cff4 root1 ,poison+ by1 #cfa4 se$s1 #cej4 t9cture1 #cea4 ,aconit9e1 #bdc1 #beb1 #bec1 #cea4 acetate1 #bde 7footnote74 action on fi%1 #cei4 frogs1 #cei4 insects1 #ceh4 mammals1 #cei1 #cfj4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 p]c5tage 91 #bfb4 ,col\r reactions (1 #bdj4 ,comm]cial1 #cee4 gold salt1 #bfd1 #ceb4 ,phospho-molybdate (1 #bch4 ,physiological action (1 #cff4 ,poison+ by1 #cfb4 ,prop]ties (1 #cea1 #ceb4 ,sep>ation (1 f tissues1 c41 #cfg4 ,sublimation (1 #bei4 ,te/s =1 #ceb1 #cec4 ,value ( ,may]'s precipitate (1 #bfc4 ,acquetta di ,p]ugia1 #aa4 ,acqua ,t(fana1 #aj1 #aa4 ,add]1 ,?ur+ian1 #dhd4 ,adonid91 #dcd4 ,arat$ wat]s1 ,detection ( lead 91 #fji4 scul91 #cde 7footnote74 ?usa cynapium1 #deg4 ,ag>icus pan!r9us1 #dah4 phalloides1 ,poison+ by1 #dag4 rub]1 #dah4 ,agro/emma sapotox91 #dcf4 ,ague drops1 #ecb4 ,al*id ,be*]1 #e4 ,alcohol1 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 ,detection (1 9 *lor(orm1 #add4 ,excretion (1 #aci4 ,fatal dose (1 #acg4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances aft] poison+ by1 #ach4 ,sep>ation (1 #ea4 ,/ati/ics ( poison+ by1 #acf4 ,symptoms ( poison+ by1 #acg4 ,toxicological detection (1 #adj4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fhh4 ,alcoholic poison+1 crim9al or accid5tal1 #acg4 ,aldehyde1 #aed4 gr\ps1 #ci4 9 *lor(orm1 #ade4 ,alex&] ,,vi41 ,dea? (1 by poison+1 #g4 ,ali ,ahm$'s treasures ( ! des]t1 #eic4 ,alkalies1 ,fix$ cau/ic1 #aaf-abb4 ,*ronic poison+ by1 #abj4 ,effects on animal & vegetable life1 #aah4 ,e/imation (1 #aba4 ,local effects (1 #aai4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances ( poison+ by1 #aai4 ,/ati/ics ( poison+ by1 #aah4 ,symptoms ( poison+ by1 #aai4 ,toxicological detection (1 #abg4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fhh4 ,alkaloids1 ,discov]y (1 #ae4 ,g5]al prop]ties (1 #bcf4 ( ! v]atrums1 #cij4 ,quantitative e/imation (1 #bfb4 ,alkyls replac+ hydrog51 #cf4 ,allanto91 #ci4 ,alloxant91 #ci4 ,almonds1 bitt]1 ,case ( poison+ by1 #bji4 ,aloet91 #bdd4 ,alum1 #fgf1 #fgg4 ,action (1 #fgf1 #fgg4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances aft] poison+ by1 #fgh4 ,alum9ium1 #fgf-fgi4 ,alum9ic & sodic lactate1 #fgg4 t>trate1 #fgg4 ,alum9a1 ,detection (1 #fgh1 #fgi4 ,te/ =1 #fgh1 #fgi4 ,amanita musc>ia1 #dac4 ,amanit9e1 ,c>bon & nitrog5 p]c5tage 91 #bfb4 gold salt1 #bfd4 ,am>91 #dj4 ,am9es1 #dhh-dij4 ,ammonia1 #aaa-aaf4 action on animal life1 #aac4 action on plants1 #aac4 -alum1 #fgf4 ,ammoniac & m]cury pla/]1 #fce4 ,ammonia1 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 ,effects (1 #aac4 ,e/imation (1 #aaf4 l9im5t1 #aaa4 & hypo*lorite te/ = c>bolic acid1 #agg4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances aft] poison+ by1 #aae4 ,prop]ties (1 #aaa4 salts1 ,detection (1 #abh4 ,sep>ation (1 #aae4 ,/ati/ics ( poison+ by1 #aab4 ,solution (1 #aaa4 ,symptoms ( poison+ by1 #aab4 ,te/s =1 #aaf4 ,uses (1 #aaa4 vap\rs1 ,poison+ by1 #aab4 ,ammoniat$ m]cury1 ,effects (1 #fdh4 o9tm5t1 #fcg4 ,ammonic cyanide1 #baj4 ,amygdal91 #aid4 ,amyl nitrite poison+1 #ada4 ,amylic alcohol1 #ada4 ,&]seck's case ( corrosive sublimate poison+1 #fdg4 ,&roctonus bicolor1 #dfh4 occitanus1 #dfh4 ,angelic acid1 #cib4 ,anil9e1 #bej4 ,*>act]s ( phospho-molybdate precipitate1 #bcg4 ,detection (1 #bha4 ,fatal dose (1 #bha4 ,production (1 f nitro-b5z5e1 #acc1 #ahh4 ,prop]ties (1 #bhj4 ,sep>ation (1 #ea4 ,spectrum ( col\r reaction1 #ee4 ,symptoms ( poison+ by1 #bhj4 ,animal bases1 #c4 ,anti>91 #dcb4 ,antidote bag1 #fhe4 ,antimonial comp\nds us$ 9 pyrote*ny1 #eha4 p[d]1 #egi4 ,antimoni\s sulphide1 #egg4 ,antimony1 black1 #ehj4 *loride1 #ehj4 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 ,detection (1 #ehg4 ,effects (1 #ehb4 ,elim9ation (1 #ehf4 ,fl[]s (1 #eha4 ,glass (1 #eha4 9 alloys1 #ehb4 metal1 #egg4 ,mirror (1 #ecg4 oxide1 #egi4 vap\r1 #ehe4 p5tasulphide1 #egh4 ,ph>maceutical prep>ations (1 #gi1 #hj4 pills1 #ehj4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances f poison+ by1 #ehe1 #ehf4 poison+ 7*ronic71 #ehe4 ,quantitative e/imation (1 #ehi4 salts1 ,doses (1 #ehb4 ,sep>ation (1 #ej4 sulphide1 ,sep>ation (1 #eb4 sulphurat$1 #ehj4 t>t>at$1 ,antidotes =1 #ehf4 ,effects (1 #ehc4 ,e/imation (1 #egh4 treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fhh4 ,antimony w9e1 #egi4 yell[1 #ehb4 ,antipat]1 ,trial (1 #b4 ,antipyr9e1 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 ,antiseptic action ( hydric cyanide1 #bjc 7footnote74 ,ants1 ,poison\s prop]ties (1 #dga4 ,aplysia1 #c4 ,apocyn91 #dcd4 ,apollodorus1 #c4 ,apomorph9e1 #cag4 ,sep>ation (1 #ea4 ,aqua ,ori5talis1 #fcj4 ,aromatic spirits ( ammonia1 #aab4 ,aromatic sulphuric acid1 #gf4 ,ars5-dime?yl *loride1 #ch4 ,ars5iate ( iron1 #ecj4 ( soda1 #ecj4 ,ars5ic *loride1 #ebi1 #ege1 #egf4 ,ars5ic1 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 ,detection (1 #eee4 9 antimony sulphide1 #egh4 ,doses (1 #ece4 eat]s1 #ech4 ,effects (1 on animals1 #ecf1 #ecg4 man1 #ech4 plants1 #ece4 ,elim9ation (1 #eec4 ,e/imation (1 #eff-efh4 z trisulphide1 #ega4 ,imbibition (1 aft] dea?1 #efc4 9 ! arts1 #ebi4 9 glyc]91 #efj4 9 organic matt]s1 #efj4 ,introduction (1 #eci4 ,hydro*loric acid solution (1 #ecj4 7ars5i\s anhydride71 ,prop]ties (1 #ebd1 #ebe4 ,law relat+ to1 #ece4 ,localisation (1 9 ! body1 #efa1 #efb4 ,metallic prop]ties (1 #ebd4 ,mirrors (1 #eeg4 ,ph>maceutical prep>ations (1 #ecj4 ,physiological action (1 #eeb4 poison+1 ,abs5ce ( symptoms 91 #ede4 ,antidotes =1 #eec1 #eed4 ,microscopical appe>ances ( liv] 91 #eeb4 ,museum prep>ations illu/rative (1 #eej1 #eea4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances (1 #edh-eeb4 ,sep>ation (1 #di1 #ej4 by ,*itt5d5's me?od1 #efh1 #efi4 ,sl[ poison+ by1 #edf4 ,solubility (1 #ebe4 ,/ati/ics ( poison+ by1 #ecd4 sulphide1 #eb1 #ebh1 #ebi1 #egc1 #ege4 treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fhi4 ,ars5i\s acid4 ,see ,ars5ic4 ,ars5ites & ,ars5iates1 ,te/s =1 #eee4 ,ars5-me?yl-*loride1 #ch4 ,ars5iurett$ hydrog54 ,see ,ars9e4 ,ars9e1 ,developm5t (1 9 ,fleitmann's process1 #ega4 effects on man1 #ebg4 uses 9 ! arts1 #ebg4 ,prop]ties (1 #ebe1 #ebf4 ,arum maculatum1 #dfe4 se$s1 ,dea? f1 #cj4 ,asell9e1 #ejf4 ,asiatic k ( poisons1 #d4 ,asp>ag91 ,p]c5tage ( c>bon & nitrog5 91 #bfb4 ,aspidosp]m9e1 #cdd4 ,atk9son's infant pres]v]1 #bhh4 ,atrop9e1 #bea1 #cfh1 #cfi4 ,action (1 on animals1 #cgg4 infusoria1 #db4 man1 #cgg1 #cgh4 & /ry*n9e1 ,te/s =1 #cgd4 antagoni/ic to musc>9e1 #daf4 ,accid5tal & crim9al poison+ by1 #cge1 #cgf4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,*ronic poison+ by1 #cgi4 ,col\r reactions (1 #bdj4 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 effects on ! iris1 #cgd4 effects on ! he>t 9 digitalis poison+1 #dbi4 ,fatal dose (1 #cgf1 #cgg4 ,gold salt (1 #bfd4 ,melt+ po9t (1 #bei4 ,ph>maceutical prep>ations (1 #cga4 ,physiological action (1 #chj4 ,phospho-molybdate (1 #bch4 poison+1 ,diagnosis (1 #chj4 ,po/-mortem signs aft] poison+ by1 #chj4 ,/ati/ics (1 #cge4 ,treatm5t (1 #chj4 ,prop]ties (1 #cga1 #cgb4 ,sep>ation (1 f organic matt]s1 #cha4 ,sep>ation (1 f ! ur9e1 #cha4 ,te/s =1 #cgb1 #cgc4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fhi4 ,value ( ,may]'s precipitate1 #bfc4 ,attalus ,phylomet]1 #b4 ,aut5rie?'s g5]al process ( analysis = poisons1 #ej-ed4 ,ba9 de ,tessi]1 #ecc4 ,bak+-p[d]1 #fgg4 ,bamb]g]'s views z to hydrog5is$ bases1 #cf4 ,b>ium1 #fgi4 c>bonate1 #fhj4 ,*>act]s (1 #fhj4 *loride1 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 ,kon+h's me?od ( detection1 #fge4 ,b>ium salts1 ,effect (1 on man1 #fha1 #fhb4 ,fatal dose (1 #fhb4 ,localisation (1 #fhc4 ,sep>ation & detection (1 #fhd4 ,symptoms ( poison+ by1 #fhb4 sulphate1 #fhj4 ,id5tification (1 #fhd4 sulphide1 #fhj4 ,b>ley1 ,cont5t ( copp] 91 #fab4 ,battle's v]m9-kill]1 #cbh4 ,bcoeur's soap1 #ecc4 ,belladonna1 ,alkaloids (1 #cfi4 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 ,ph>maceutical prep>ations (1 #cgj1 #cga4 ,b5z5e1 #aca-acc4 ,purification (1 #acb4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fhi4 ,b5zoic acid1 ,te/s =1 #ced4 ,b5zol9e1 #abi4 ,b5zoyl-acon9e1 #cea-cec4 ,b5zoyl *loride me?od ( isolat+ diam9es1 #dhg4 ,b]b]9e1 #bde4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,gold salt (1 #bfd4 ,phospho-molybdate (1 #bch4 ,b]g]on & ,l',hte's rese>*es on copp]1 #fac4 ,b]natzic's views on copp] poison+1 #fag4 ,b]nh>dt's case ( poison+ by c>bon disulphide1 #afd4 ,b]zelius' te/ = ars5ic1 #eed4 ,besn\ on specific gravity ( alcohol & *lor(orm1 #ade4 ,beta9e1 #eja1 #ejb4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 p]c5tage (1 #bfb4 ,bibliography ( *ief works on toxicology1 #af4 ,bic>bonate ( soda loz5ges1 #aah4 ,bi*romate ( pota%4 ,see ,*romium4 ,bi*romate disease1 #fga1 #fgb4 ,b9oxalate ( pota%1 #egb4 ,b9z's !ory ( ! action ( ars5ic1 #eec4 ,bi%op ,/ort=d cases ( food poison+1 #ejg4 ,bismu? citrate solution1 #fbe4 ,extraction & detection (1 #fbf4 ,e/imation (1 #fbg1 #fbh4 9 ! arts1 #fbe4 loz5ges1 #fbd4 ,m$ic9al doses (1 #fbe4 nitrate1 #fbe4 oxide1 #fbe4 oleate1 #fbe4 p]oxide1 #fbd4 potassium iodide1 #bcg4 ,prop]ties (1 #fbd4 ,sep>ation (1 #ej4 subgallate1 #fbe4 subiodide1 #fbe4 sulphide1 #fbd4 ,te/s =1 #fbf1 #fbg4 ,toxic effects (1 #fbe4 ,bitt] aloes1 ,dea?s f poison+ by1 #cj4 ,black drop1 #bhg4 bryony1 #dfe4 ,blair's g\t pills1 #dab4 ,blea*+-p[d]1 #ga4 ,blondlot's app>atus = production ( phosph9e1 #bca4 modification ( ,m>%'s te/1 #ef4 ,blood1 ,action ( ammonia on1 #aad4 ,*>act]s (1 9 ars9e poison+1 #ebg4 c>bon oxide poison+1 #ei1 #ff4 d9itrob5zol poison+1 #aia4 hydric sulphide poison+1 #eh4 nitrob5zol poison+1 #ahg1 #aia4 phosph9e poison+1 #bbd4 phosphorus poison+1 #bbb4 sulphuric acid poison+1 #ij4 ,exam9ation (1 #ef-fc4 ,guaiacum te/ =1 #fa4 corpuscles ( man & animals1 #fb4 ,spectroscopic exam9ation (1 #eg4 spots1 ,treatm5t (1 #fj1 #fa4 ,bl[fly1 ,action ( digital9s on1 #dbi4 ,action ( poisons on1 #dc4 ,blue pill1 #fcd4 ,blue/one1 #faf4 ,boc>m1 ,c\nt1 #bgd4 ,bocklis*'s flask1 #dhf4 ,bhm's exp]im5ts on b>ium1 #fha4 ,boletus satanas1 #dah4 ,bott*]'s depilatory1 #fhj4 ,bottg]'s obs]vations on copp]1 #faa4 ,boyle1 ,hon4 ,rob]t1 #ac4 ,braun's me?od ( e/imat+ ,h,cl1 #aja4 ,bread1 ,cont5t ( copp] 91 #fab4 ,brieg]'s process = ptoma9es1 #dhe4 ,brighton ,gre51 #faf4 ,br9villi]s1 ,mad4 de1 #aa4 ,britannia metal1 #ehb4 ,britannicus1 ,dea? (1 by poison1 #f4 ,brom9e z a te/ = c>bolic acid1 #agh4 ,bromo-picrotox91 #deb4 ,br[n's loz5ges1 #fci4 ,bruc9e1 #bdh1 #bea1 #cdj4 ,col\r reactions (1 #bdj4 ,melt+-po9t (1 #bfj4 picrate1 #cdj4 ,phospho-molybdate (1 #bch4 ,physiological action (1 #cda4 ,plat9um salt (1 #bfd4 ,sep>ation (1 f organic matt]s1 #cdc4 ,sep>ation (1 f /ry*n9e #cbc4 ,spectrum ( col\r reactions1 #ee4 sulphate1 #cda4 ,te/s =1 #cdb1 #cdc4 ,value ( ,may]'s reag5t1 #bfc4 ,brugnatelli's me?od ( detect+ m]cury1 #fec4 ,brunswick gre51 #faf4 ,bu*n] on solubility ( ars5ic1 #ebe4 ,burnett's fluid1 #feg4 ,symptoms ( poison+ by1 #ffj4 ,buss*]'s case ( aconit9e poison+1 #cfc4 ,butt] ( antimony1 #ehg4 ,butylam9e1 #ejf4 ,bynss5's obs]vations on ! elim9ation ( m]cury1 #fej4 ,cadav]9e1 #did1 #die4 ,cadmium1 #eij4 ,fatal dose (1 #eij4 9 ! arts1 #eij1 #eia4 oxide1 #eij4 ,sep>ation & detection (1 #ej1 #eb1 #eij4 sulphide1 #eij4 ,caffe91 #dj4 ,spectrum ( murexide te/ =1 #ee4 ,calab> bean4 ,see ,physo/igm9e4 ,calomel1 #fcd1 #fcf4 ,calv]t's ,c>bolic acid p[d]1 #afg4 ,camphor1 #ace1 #bdc4 ,comp\nd l9im5t (1 #aaa4 t9cture (1 #bhe4 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 ,effects (1 #ace4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances aft] poison+ by1 #acf4 ,sep>ation (1 #acf4 ,spirits (1 #ace4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fij4 wat]1 #ace4 ,camphorat$ oil1 #cj4 ,camphoric acid1 #ace4 ,can?>ides1 #dga4 ,dea?s f poison+ by1 #cj4 ,effects (1 on animals1 #dgb4 man1 #dgc4 ,fatal dose (1 #dgb4 ,ph>maceutical prep>ations (1 #dgb4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances aft] poison+ by1 #dgd4 ,t9cture (1 #dgb4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fij4 ,can?>id91 #bdd1 #bfj1 #dga1 #dgb4 ,te/s =1 #dge4 ,capsic91 #bdc4 ,capsicum alkaloids1 #bdh4 se$s1 z di/+ui%$ f ,datura1 #bdh4 ,c>bolic acid1 #bdb4 ,*anges 9 ur9e aft] tak+1 #agd4 ,colorimetric me?od ( e/imat+1 #ahc4 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 ,effects (1 on animals1 #afi1 #agj4 effects on man1 #agc4 ,exam9ation ( ur9e =1 #aha4 ,fatal dose (1 #afi4 9 organic fluids1 #ahj4 ,museum prep>ations illu/rative ( poison+ by1 #agf4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances 9 cases ( poison+ by1 #aff4 p[d]1 #afg1 #ahc4 ,assay (1 #aha1 #ahc4 ,prop]ties (1 #aff1 ,sep>ation (1 #ea1 #agf1 #ahj4 soap1 #afg1 #ahc4 ,/ati/ics relat+ to poison+ by1 #afg4 ,symptoms produc$ by1 #agj4 ,te/s =1 #agg1 #agh4 ,uses (1 #afg4 ,c>bon bisulphide1 #afc-afe4 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 ,*ronic poison+ by1 #afd4 ,poison+ by1 #afc4 ,prop]ties (1 #afe4 ,c>bon monoxide1 #fd-ga4 blood1 ,*>act]s (1 #eh1 #ei4 ,detection (1 #gj4 ,mass poison+ by1 #fg4 ,prop]ties (1 #fd4 ,symptoms ( poison+ by1 #fd4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances aft] poison+ by1 #fg4 ,c>bylam9e1 #dij4 ,c>nelley's obs]vations on ! solubility ( copp]1 #faj1 #faa4 ,c>lisle1 ,a case ( food poison+1 #ejh4 ,casc>ill91 #bde4 ,cassava root1 ,prussic acid 91 #aie4 ,cassella1 ,yell[1 #ehb4 ,ca/or se$s1 #dfb4 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 ,cattle poison+ by mead[ saffron1 #daa4 ,cay5ne pepp]1 #cj4 ,c$r5es1 #acc4 ,cephalopods1 ,action ( poisons on1 #dc4 ,c]b]a odallam1 #dcd4 ,cevad9e1 #cib4 8,*&oo10 #cje4 ,*>les ,,ix4 z a poison]1 #h4 ,*elidon9e1 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,spectrum ( col\r reaction (1 #ee4 ,*5ot's dea? by c>bon monoxide1 #fe4 ,*+'s ,worm loz5ges1 #fci4 ,*itt5d5's me?od ( e/imat+ ars5ic1 #efh4 on ! local di/ribution ( ars5ic1 #efb4 ,*loral1 #aed4 ,*ronic poison+ by1 #afj4 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 ,detection ( poison+ by1 #aee4 ,effects (1 on animals1 #aef4 man1 #aeg4 ,excretion (1 #afa4 ,fatal dose (1 #aeh4 ,/ati/ics ( poison+ by1 #aee4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by1 #afj1 7,app47 #fij4 ,prop]ties (1 #aed4 ,sep>ation (1 #ea1 #afb4 ,symptoms ( poison+ by1 #aei4 ,*lorcode9e1 #bii4 ,*lor9e1 #gb4 ,detection (1 #gb4 ,effects (1 #gb4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances 9 cases ( poison+ by1 #gb4 ,*lorodyne1 #bhh4 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 ,*lor(orm1 #adc4 ,*ronic poison+ by1 #aea4 ,detection & e/imation (1 #aeb1 #aec4 ,effects ( liquid1 #adh4 vap\rs (1 #adh-aeb4 ,fatal dose ( liquid1 #adg4 ,impurities 91 #add4 ,local action (1 #adf4 ,manufacture (1 #ade1 #adf4 ,physiological effects (1 #aej4 ,prop]ties (1 #add4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances aft] poison+ by1 #adh1 #aeb4 ,sep>ation (1 #ea4 ,/ati/ics ( poison+ by1 #adf1 #adh4 ,suicidal & crim9al poison+ by1 #adi4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fia4 ,*loroxalme?yl9e1 #ebb4 ,*odomisky on ! solubility ( ars5ic1 #ebe4 ,*ol9e1 #da1 #dae1 #ejj4 ,*romate ( lead1 ,poison+ by1 #fgc4 pota%1 #fgj4 ,*rome r$1 #eid1 #fga4 yell[1 #eid1 #fga4 ,*romic acid1 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 ,*romium1 #fgj-fge4 comp\nds1 ,effects (1 #fga4 ,detection (1 #fgd1 #fge4 ,sep>ation (1 #ec4 ,/ati/ics ( poison+ by1 #fgb4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fia4 ,*rysammic acid1 #bdd4 ,*rysophyllum glycyphleum1 #dcg4 ,cicutox91 #def1 #deg4 ,effects (1 on animals1 #def4 man1 #def1 #deg4 ,sep>ation (1 #deg4 ,c9*onid9e col\r reaction ) pota%1 #bdj4 ,plat9um salt (1 #bfd4 ,c9*on9e1 #bdf1 #beb1 #bec4 col\r reaction ) pota%1 #bdj4 ,phospho-molybdate (1 #bch4 ,plat9um salt (1 #bfd4 ,value ( ,may]'s precipitate (1 #bfc4 ,c9nab>1 #fch4 ,cleator ,moor case ( mass poison+ by hydric sulphide1 #gd4 ,clem5's solution ( ars5ic1 #ecj4 ,cleopatra's asp1 #dhd4 ,clo?1 ,action ( hydro*loric acid on1 #ie4 ,clupea ?rissa1 #dfi4 ,coal gas1 ,cont5t ( c>bon monoxide 91 #fd4 creasote1 #afe4 t> naph?a1 #acj-acc4 ,cobalt nitrate z an antidote to prussic acid1 #bjc 7footnote74 ,cobalt4 ,see ,nickel & ,cobalt4 ,cobra poison1 #dgh-dhj4 ,antidotes to1 #dhj4 ,detection (1 #dhb4 ,effects (1 on animals & man1 #dgi4 ,fatal dose1 #dgi4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fih1 #fii4 ,coca9e1 ,action (1 on piloc>p9e1 #djc4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 p]c5tage (1 #bfb4 ,*ronic poison+ by1 #cdi4 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 ,effects (1 #cdi4 ,fatal dose (1 #cej4 hydro*lorate1 #cdh4 ,ph>maceutical prep>ations (1 #cdh4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances 9 cases ( poison+ by1 #cdi4 ,prop]ties (1 #cdg1 #cdh4 ,sep>ation (1 & ,te/s =1 #cdh1 #cdi4 ,sublimation (1 #bei4 ,cocculus ,indicus1 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 ,see ,picrotox94 ,co*9eal1 ,spectrum (1 #ei4 ,codam9e1 ,reactions (1 #cag4 ,code9e1 #beb4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 (1 #bfb4 ,col\r reactions (1 #bdj4 ,effects (1 #caa4 nitrate1 #cdb4 phospho-molybdate1 #bch4 plat9um salt1 #bfd4 ,prop]ties (1 #caj4 ,spectrum ( col\r reaction (1 #ee4 ,col*ice9e1 #dji4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,col*ic9e1 #bdd1 #djh-dac4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,col\r reactions (1 #bdj4 ,effects (1 on animals & man1 #daa4 ,ph>maceutical prep>ations (1 #daj4 ,phospho-molybdate (1 #bch4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances 9 cases ( poison+ by1 #dab4 ,quack & pat5t m$ic9es conta9+1 #daj4 ,sep>ation (1 #dac4 ,te/s =1 #dji4 ,col*icum1 ,anci5t k (1 #d4 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fia4 se$s1 ,am\nt ( col*ic9e 91 #djh4 ,collid9e1 #ci4 ,colocyn?1 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fib4 ,colocyn?91 #bdd4 ,coloph5e hydroc>bons1 #acc4 ,come's canc] pa/e1 #ecb4 ,conhydr9e1 #bfb4 ,coni9e1 #ci1 #bdh1 #bdi4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,col\r reactions (1 #bdj4 ,effects (1 on animals1 #bfg4 bl[flies1 #bfg4 cats1 #bfg4 frogs1 #bfg4 man1 #bfh4 ,fatal dose (1 #bfh4 ,ph>maceutical prep>ations (1 #bff1 #bfg4 ,phospho-molybdate (1 #bch4 ,physiological action (1 #bfh4 ,plat9um salt (1 #bfd4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances 9 cases ( poison+ by1 #bfd4 ,prop]ties (1 #bfd4 ,sep>ation (1 f organic matt]s1 #bfi4 ,/ati/ics ( poison+ by1 #bfg4 ,te/s =1 #bfe4 ,value ( ,may]'s precipitate (1 #bfc4 ,conium1 ,botanical *>act]s (1 #bfd4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by1 #bff4 ,convallam>91 #bdf1 #bed4 ,copp]1 ,*ronic poison+ by1 #fba4 c>bonate1 #fbj4 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 ,detection (1 #fbe4 ,e/imation (1 #fbb4 legum9ate1 #fag4 ,m$ic9al dose (1 #faf4 nitrate1 #faf4 oxide1 #faj4 poison+1 ,/ati/ics (1 #fai4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances 9 cases ( poison+ by1 #fbj4 ,prop]ties ( metallic1 #faj4 salts1 ,toxic dose (1 #fai4 ,sep>ation (1 #eb4 ,solubility (1 9 v>i\s fluids1 #faj-fab4 subacetate1 #fbj4 sub*loride1 #fbj4 sulphate1 #fae1 #faf4 sulphide1 #faj4 t>trate1 #fag4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by1 #fib4 ,volumetric processes = e/imation (1 #fbd4 ,copp]as1 #ffh4 ,copp]+ ( vegetables1 #fad4 ,cornut91 #dde1 #dej4 ,corrosive sublimate1 ,dose (1 #fdj4 ,effects (1 #fdf4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fib4 ,corydal9e1 #cej4 ,cotton se$s1 #dfd4 ,cream1 ,neill1 ,murd]s by1 #cbe4 ,creasote1 #agi4 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 ,cresol1 #aff1 #agh1 #agi4 ,exam9ation ( ur9e =1 #aha4 ,cresylic acid4 ,see ,cresol4 ,cresyl-sulphate ( pota%1 #aha4 ,crim9al poison+1 #cc4 ,croton oil1 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fib4 ,cr[foot1 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 ,crum's me?od ( e/imat+ nitrates1 #aaj4 ,cryptop9e1 ,prop]ties (1 #cae1 #caf4 ,cubeb91 #bdd4 ,cuckoo-p9t1 #dfe4 ,cur>9e1 #bed1 #dje-djh4 ,action (1 on cephalopods1 #dc4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,col\r reactions (1 #bdj4 ,physiological effects (1 #djg4 ,plat9um salt (1 #bfd4 ,sep>ation (1 #djg4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fic4 ,cu%man's me?od ( sep>at+ /ry*n9e1 #ccd1 #cce4 ,cuttle fi%1 #ejb4 ,cyanme?moglob91 #bjc4 ,cyanog5 *loride1 #baa4 ,cyanuric acid1 #baa4 ,cyclam51 #dcf4 ,cym5e1 #ace4 ,cymog5e1 #abi4 ,cyon's exp]im5ts on b>ium1 #fha4 ,cy/9uria1 ,amides 91 #did4 ,cytis9e1 #chg-cij4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,effects (1 on animals & man1 #chi4 ,prop]ties (1 #chh4 ,reactions (1 #chh4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fid4 ,dalby's c>m9ative1 #bhg4 ,d>la/on case ( poison+ by c>bon monoxide1 #fh4 ,da ,silva's te/ = es]9e1 #cii4 ,datura plant1 #cgj4 se$s1 #cgj4 poison+ 9 ,india1 #cgf4 ,davidson's canc] rem$y1 #ecb4 ,davie1 ,m>g>et1 ,execution (1 #i4 ,davy's me?od ( g5]at+ ars9e1 #ega4 ,delirium f ,datura poison+1 #cgi4 ,delph99e1 #beb4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t1 #bfb4 ,col\r reactions (1 #bdj4 ,gold salt (1 #bfd4 ,melt+-po9t1 #bfj4 ,phospho-molybdate (1 #bch4 ,delph9oid9e1 ,gold & plat9um salts (1 #bfd4 ,de ,pauw's case ( poison+ by digitalis1 #dcj4 ,d]matol1 #fbe4 ,desquamation aft] *loral poison+1 #afa4 ,diam9es1 ,rate ( =mation (1 #dib4 ,sep>ation (1 #dhg4 ,di*lore?yl sulphide1 #ce4 ,die?ylam9e1 #dia4 ,die?yl5$iam9e1 #dig4 ,digitalacr91 #dba4 ,digitale91 #dai1 #dbj4 ,digital]et91 #dai1 #dba4 ,digitalet91 #dai1 #dbj4 ,digital91 #bde1 #bdf1 #dai1 #dbj1 #dbb4 ,action (1 on inte/9al tract1 #dbi4 ,case ( poison+ by1 #dbf4 ,fatal dose (1 #dbc4 ,local action (1 #dbg4 ,physiological action (1 #dbg4 ,reactions (1 #dbb4 ,spectrum ( col\r reactions (1 #ee4 ,digitalis1 ,doses (1 #dbd4 ,effects (1 on man1 #dbd-dbg4 gr\p ( poisons1 #dai1 #dca4 leaf1 #dbb4 ,ph>maceutical prep>ations (1 #dbb4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances aft] poison+ by1 #dcj4 ,sep>ation (1 f ! tissues1 c41 #dcj1 #dca4 ,/ati/ics ( poison+ by1 #dbd4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fic4 ,digiton91 #dai4 ,digitox91 #dai1 #dbj1 #dbf4 ,dihydrolutid9e1 #ejf4 ,dime?ylam9e1 #dia4 ,dime?yl resorc91 #ch4 ,d9itrob5z5e1 #ahi-aib4 ,detection (1 #aib4 ,effects (1 #ahi4 ,d9itrobruc9e1 #cda4 ,diodon1 ,poison\s prop]ties (1 #dgj4 ,dioscorides1 #c4 ,dis9fectants1 ,assay (1 #ahh4 ,dis9fect+ fluids1 #aff4 ,dixon's pills1 #eha4 ,dolbeau's exp]im5ts on an/hetis+ sleep+ p]sons ) *lor(orm1 #adi4 ,domeyko's me?od ( m]cury assay1 #fed4 ,donovan's solution ( ars5ic1 #ecj4 ,dott's1 ,dr41 process = assay ( opium1 #bhc1 #bhd4 te/s = purity ( *lor(orm1 #ade4 ,dov]'s p[d]1 #bhf4 ,drag5dorff's me?od = detect+ can?>id9e1 #dgf4 me?od = detect+ cur>9e1 #djg4 process = sep>at+ alkaloids1 #bda-bed4 %ort] process1 #bed1 #bee4 reag5t1 #bci4 ,duboia ,russellii1 #dhc4 ,duc de ,prasl91 ,suicide (1 #edd4 ,duflos' hydric cyanide1 #aic4 ,dulcam>a1 #dcg4 ,dun/an's rese>*es on aconite1 #cea4 ,dut* p9k1 #eid4 ,dupr's obs]vations on copp]1 #fac4 ,dworzak & ,he9ri*'s auto-exp]im5ts on nicot9e1 #bgg4 ,ecbol9e1 #ddc1 #ddd4 ,ecgon9 me?yl e/]1 #cdg4 ,eczema due to *romium salts1 #fgb4 ,eel1 ,poison\s prop]ties ( ! blood (1 #dfi4 ,egyptian k ( poisons1 #b4 ,elat]91 #bdc4 ,electrolytic me?od ( sep>at+ lead1 #fji4 ,emetics z antidotes 7,app471 #ehf4 ,emet9e1 #bdi1 #bec4 ,plat9um salt (1 #bfd4 ,phospho-molybdate (1 #bch4 ,empla/rum calefaci5s1 #dgb4 can?>ides1 #dgb4 plumbi1 #eic4 ,ergot1 #ddb-dej4 ,*emical *>act]s (1 #ddc4 ,dose (1 #ddf4 ,liquid extract (1 #dde4 oil1 #ddc4 ,ph>maceutical prep>ations (1 #ddf4 ,physiological action (1 #ddh1 #ddi4 ,sep>ation ( active pr9ciples (1 #dej4 ,symptoms ( poison+ by1 #ddh4 ,ergot91 #ddf4 ,ergot99e1 #ddc4 ,ergotism1 #ddf-ddh4 ,ery?rophle91 #dcf4 ,es]9e4 ,see ,physo/igm9e4 ,ess5tial oils1 #acc4 ,e!r1 #ada4 z an an/hetic1 #adb4 z a poison1 #adb4 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 ,fatal dose (1 #adb4 recov]y app>atus1 #dh4 ,sep>ation (1 f organic matt]s1 #adc4 ,e?ylam9e1 #da1 #dia4 ,e?yl *loride 9 *lor(orm1 #ade4 ,e?ylid5e-diam9e1 #dib4 ,e?iops m9]al1 #fcg4 ( antimony1 #eha4 ,e?yl-mu/>d oil1 #dij4 sulphide z a poison1 #ce4 ,eu*lor9e te/ = c>bolic acid1 #agh4 ,eul5b]g's exp]im5ts on effects ( b5z5e vap\r1 #acb4 exp]im5ts on effects ( creasote vap\r1 #ahj4 exp]im5ts on effects ( hydro*loric acid gas1 #ie4 exp]im5ts on effects ( m]cury vap\r1 #fda4 exp]im5ts on effects ( oxalic acid vap\r1 #ead4 exp]im5ts on effects ( petroleum vap\r1 #acj4 ,euonym91 #dcc4 ,eyesight1 ,affection (1 f d9itrob5z5e1 #aij4 ,falck's obs]vations on bruc9e poison+1 #cda1 #cdb4 on phosphorus poison+1 #baf4 on silv] nitrate poison+1 #fca4 on /ry*n9e poison+1 #cbe4 ,f]ric *loride1 #fff4 ,effects (1 on animals & man1 #fff1 #ffg4 te/ = c>bolic acid1 #agg4 ,f]r\s sulphide1 #ffh4 ,f]rocyanide1 ,poison\s action (1 #baj4 ,filehne's obs]vations on nitrob5z5e poison+1 #ahg4 ,filicic acid1 #dff4 ,fi%1 ,effects ( c>bolic acid on1 #agj4 ,effects ( picrotox9 on1 #deb4 ,poison\s1 #dfh-dgj4 ,fitzwalt]1 ,maud1 ,poison+ (1 #h4 ,fleitmann's me?od ( detect+ ars5ic1 #ega4 ,flem+'s t9cture ( aconite1 #cea4 ,poison+ by1 #ceg4 ,fleury's me?od ( opium assay1 #bhd1 #bhe 7footnote74 ,fl\r1 ,detection ( ergot 91 #dde4 ,fl[]s ( antimony1 #eha4 ,flckig]'s te/ = bruc9e1 #cdc4 c>bolic acid 9 creasote1 #ahj4 coni9e1 #bff4 /ry*n9e1 #cch4 ,fly poison1 #eca4 wat]1 #ecb4 ,food poison+1 #ejf-ejh4 ,fool's p>sley1 #deg4 ,f\gnies1 ,case (1 #bgd4 ,foxglove4 ,see ,digitalis4 ,fra5kel's obs]vations on ! effect ( sulphuric acid on ! kidney1 #he4 ,fras]'s obs]vations on ! effect ( /rophant91 #dcd4 ,fr5* law z to poison1 #bb4 ,fres5ius & ,h9tz's me?od ( detect+ ars5ic 9 wall pap]1 #eff4 ,fri$lnd]'s aconit9e nitrate1 ,fatal dose (1 #cef4 ,frog's he>t1 ,action ( digitalis on1 #dbi-dca4 ,frhde's reag5t1 #bci4 ,fu*s9e z a te/ = alcohol 9 *lor(orm1 #ade4 ,fungi1 ,poison\s1 #dac-dah4 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 ,galmette's exp]im5ts on cobra poison1 #dha4 ,gasol9e1 #abi4 ,ga/ric juice1 ,hydro*loric acid 91 #ic4 ,gauti]'s me?od ( isolat+ ptoma9es1 #dhe4 ,gehl5's dea? f brea?+ ars9e1 #ebg4 ,gelsemic acid1 #cde4 ,gelsem9e1 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,effects (1 on animals & man1 #cde1 #cdf4 ,fatal dose (1 #cde4 ,sep>ation (1 #cdg4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by1 #fid4 ,gelsemium semp]vir5s1 ,botanical *>act]s (1 #cde4 ,g]g5 & ,posn]'s obs]vations on *romium1 #fga4 ,g]g] & ,baumann's me?od ( sep>at+ guanid9e1 #dii4 ,g]man law z to poison1 #ba4 ,gipsies1 ,k ( poisons possess$ by1 #e4 ,goby1 ,poison\s prop]ties (1 #dgj4 ,godfrey's cordial1 #bcg4 ,gold *loride z an antidote to cobra poison+1 #dha4 z a te/ = alkaloids1 #bhg4 ,g\l>d balsam1 #eic4 wat]1 #eic4 ,gr&eau's te/ = digital91 #dbb4 ,gr&val & ,laj\x's me?od ( sep>at+ alkaloids1 #bee4 ,grasset & ,ambl>d's obs]vations on ! action ( morph9e1 #big4 ,gratiol91 #bdd4 ,gre5 vitriol1 #ffh4 ,greek k ( poisons1 #b4 ,grhant's obs]vations on c>bon monoxide poison+1 #ff4 ,grhant & ,m>t9's exp]im5ts on opium smoke1 #cje4 ,gr9rod's rem$y = spasms1 #bhg4 ,gr\p reag5ts1 #bcf4 ,grypsophila-sapotox91 #dcf4 ,guaiacol1 #agi4 ,guaiacum te/ = blood1 #fa4 ,guanid9e1 #dih4 ,gunn's me?od ( detect+ oxalic acid1 #ebj4 ,gnzburg's te/ = hydro*loric acid1 #ii4 ,guss]no's exp]im5ts on lead1 #eig4 ,hmat9 cry/als1 #eh1 #ei4 ,spectrum (1 #fj4 ,hahnemann's soluble m]cury1 #fch4 ,hair-dyes1 #fcj4 ,halog5s1 ,influ5ce (1 9 comp\nds1 #ce4 ,ham 7,am]ican71 poison+ by1 #ejg4 ,h>ley's exp]im5ts on aconit9e1 #cef4 ,h>nack's exp]im5ts on copp]1 #fag4 lead1 #eif4 ,he>t1 ,action ( digitalis on1 #dbh4 poisons on1 #dd4 ,hebrew k ( poisons1 #e4 ,he9ri*'s auto-exp]im5ts on can?>ides1 #dgc4 ,hellebore1 #bdb1 #bdf1 #dcb1 #dcc4 ,hellebore91 #dcc4 ,helleboret91 #dcc4 ,hellebore infusion1 ,dea? f1 #dcc4 ,poison+ by1 #cif4 root1 ,poison+ by1 #dcc4 ,hellebor91 #bdg1 #dcb1 #dcc4 ,helleborus ftidus1 ,odor\s pr9ciple 91 #dcc4 ,hemlock4 ,see ,coni9e1 ,conium4 ,hempel's me?od ( detect+ c>bon monoxide1 #ga4 ,h5bane4 ,see ,hyoscyamus1 ,hyoscyam9e4 ,h5ry ,,viii4's appreh5sions z to poison1 #ab 7footnote74 ,h]ni>i-sapon91 #dcf4 ,hexame?yl5e diam9e1 #dig4 ,hilg]'s exp]im5ts on ! solubility ( copp]1 #faa4 te/ = sulphuric acid1 #hh4 ,h9d's sweat+ ball1 #eha4 ,h(mann's te/s = am9es1 #dij4 c>bon disulphide1 #afe4 ,hog *ol]a1 ,tox9es (1 #eje4 ,homolle's digital91 #dba4 ,horse *e/nut1 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 ,hottot's aconit9e1 ,case ( poison+ by1 #cfe 7footnote74 ,hub]s obs]vations on d9itrob5zol poison+1 #ahi-aia4 ,hunt]'s solution ( *loral1 #afj4 ,hydric sulphide1 #gb-gd4 ,*ronic poison+ by1 #gd4 ,detection (1 #gd4 ,effects (1 #gc4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances 9 cases ( poison+ by1 #gd4 ,hydric sulphocyanide1 #baa4 ,hydrob5zamide1 #dj4 ,hydro*loric acid1 #bi1 #ia-ajb4 ,detection (1 #ih4 ,effects (1 #if4 ,e/imation (1 #ajj4 ,hydro*loric acid1 ,fatal dose (1 #ic4 ,influ5ce (1 on vegetation1 #id4 9 ga/ric juice1 #ic4 ,museum prep>ations ( effects ( poison+ by1 #ig1 #ih4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances 9 cases ( poison+ by1 #ig4 ,prop]ties (1 #ia4 ,/ati/ics ( poison+ by1 #ib4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by1 7,app471 #fhg4 ,hydrocollid9e1 #ejf4 ,hydrocot>n9e nitrate1 #cdb4 ,reactions (1 #cag4 ,hydrocyanic acid 7,prussic acid71 #aib4 ,accid5tal & crim9al poison+ by1 #aig4 ,action (1 on liv+ organisms1 #aih4 ,*ronic poison+ by1 #bjc4 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 ,di/ribution (1 9 vegetable k+dom1 #aid4 ,e/imation (1 #bji4 ,fatal dose (1 #aih4 ,l5g? ( "t aft] dea? detectable1 #bjh4 ,m$ic9al prep>ations (1 #aib4 ,poison+ by1 #aic4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances 9 cases ( poison+ by1 #bjc4 ,prop]ties (1 #aib4 ,sep>ation (1 f organic matt]1 #ea1 #bjf4 ,/ati/ics ( poison+ by1 #aif4 ,symptoms obs]v$ 9 animals poison$ by1 #aii4 ,symptoms obs]v$ 9 man poison$ by1 #bja4 ,te/s =1 #bjd4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by1 #fih4 ,use (1 9 ! arts1 #aic4 ,hydr(luoric acid1 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 ,hydropotassic ,oxalate4 ,see ,oxalic acid4 t>trate1 #abb4 ,hyosc9e1 #che4 ,hyoscyam9e1 #bea4 ,hyoscyam9e1 ,association (1 ) atrop9e1 #cfi4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 di/+ui%$ f atrop9e1 #cgc4 gold salt1 #bfd4 ,melt+-po9t (1 #bei4 ,phospho-molybdate (1 #bch4 ,prop]ties (1 #chc4 ,sep>ation (1 f organic matt]s1 #che4 ,te/s =1 #chd4 ,treatm5t ( cases ( poison+ by1 #fid4 ,hyoscyamus1 ,alkaloids (1 #chb4 ,extract (1 #chd4 ,juice (1 #chd4 ,oil (1 #chd4 ,o9tm5t (1 #chd4 ,ph>maceutical prep>ations (1 #chc1 #chd4 ,t9cture (1 #chd4 ,hypaphor9e1 #cci4 ,hypo*lorite & ,ammonia z a te/ = c>bolic acid1 #agg4 ,ibs5's exp]im5ts on /ry*n9e1 #ccg4 ,ic?yismus ga/ricus1 #dfi4 ,ictrog51 #dfc4 ,igasur9e1 #cdd4 ,illicium religiosum1 #dhd4 ,imide gr\ps1 #ci4 ,indian k ( poisons1 #d4 ,indican1 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,infusoria1 ,action ( poisons on1 #db4 ,effects ( c>bolic acid on1 #afi4 ,insects1 ,action ( poisons on1 #dc4 ,iodic acid te/ = morph9e1 #bid4 ,iod9e1 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 ) hydriodic acid z a te/ = alkaloids1 #bcf4 ) potassic iodide z a te/ = alkaloids1 #bcg4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fid4 ,iod(orm te/ = alcohol 9 *lor(orm1 #ade4 ,ipecacuanha & morph9e loz5ges1 #bhf4 ,comp\nd p[d] (1 #bhf4 ,iris1 ,action ( poisons on1 #de4 ,iron *loride1 ,elim9ation (1 #ffg4 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 ,cases ( murd] by1 #ffg4 ,poison\s prop]ties (1 #ffe-fgj4 salts1 ,sep>ation (1 f cont5ts ( /oma*1 #ffi4 /a9s1 #fgf4 ,isatropic acid1 #cgb4 ,iso-amyl-am9e1 #dib-ejf4 nitrite1 #ada4 ,iso-cicut9e1 #bff4 ,iso-nitrite1 #dij4 ,iso-santon91 #ddb4 ,jabor&i1 #djb4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fid4 ,jaks*'s te/ = hydro*loric acid1 #ii4 ,javelle wat]1 #aah4 ,jequirity1 #dfb4 ,j]v9e1 #bdf1 #cic4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,phospho-molybdate (1 #bch4 ,spectrum ( furfurol reaction (1 #ee4 ,john ( ,ragubo1 #i4 ,johnson's pills1 #ehj4 ,kams*atkan cu/om ( tak+ ,amanita musc>ia1 #dad4 ,katipo1 #dgj1 #dga4 ,keighley1 ,cases ( lead poison+ 91 #fjd4 ,keys]'s pills1 #fdj4 ,kidneys1 ,appe>ance (1 9 oxalic acid poison+1 #eag4 ,appe>ance (1 9 phosphorus poison+1 #eag4 ,k+'s yell[1 #ecb4 ,k9o1 ,comp\nd p[d] (1 #bhe4 ,kob]t & ,kssn]'s exp]im5ts on sodic oxalate1 #eac4 ,kob]t's classification ( poisons1 #bd1 #be4 obs]vations on b>ium z a poison1 #fhb4 sphacelic acid & cornut91 #dej4 on ! influ5ce ( c>bon monoxide on ! n]v\s sy/em1 #ff4 te/ = prussic acid1 #bjf4 ,koll]'s prussic acid1 #aic4 ,kon+h's1 ,l4 de1 process = detect+ *romium1 #fge4 ,koppes*a>'s me?od ( assay+ c>bolic acid1 #ahb4 ,kreozote4 ,see ,creasote4 ,ksa-s 7,japanese ,aconite root71 #cfh 7footnote74 ,k/]'s obs]vations on c>bonic acid1 #agc4 ,laburnum se$s1 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 ,laburnum4 ,see ,cytis9e4 ,langa>d's obs]vations on ,illicium religiosum1 #ded4 ,langley's obs]vations on piloc>p9e1 #djc4 ,lan?op9e1 ,reactions (1 #cag4 ,lass>'s rese>*es on nitric acid vap\r1 #ajd4 ,la?yrus sativus1 #dfd4 ,latrodectus malmignatus1 #dgj4 ,laudanum4 ,see ,opium4 ,laudam9e nitrate1 ,le?al dose (1 #cdb4 ,reactions (1 #cag ,laudamos9e1 #cag4 ,lauro-c]as91 #aie4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,lead1 #eia-fjg4 acetate1 #eib1 #eic4 ,acute poison+ by1 #eig4 z a poison1 #eie4 basic acetate1 #fjg4 c>bonate1 #eib1 #eic4 ,dose (1 #fjg4 *romate1 #eii1 #fgj1 #fga4 ,case ( poison+ by1 #agc4 ,*ronic poison+ by1 #fjc1 #fjd4 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 ,detection & e/imation (1 #fjh4 ,effects (1 on animals1 #eif4 man1 #eig4 n]v\s sy/em1 #fjj4 ,elim9ation (1 #fjf4 ,encephalopa?y1 #fjj4 ,fatal dose (1 #fjf1 #fjg4 9 ,am]ican ov]l& clo?1 #eif4 9 foods1 #eif4 9 glass1 #eif4 iodide1 #eic4 ,localisation (1 #fjg4 9 ! bra91 #fjb1 #fjc4 nitrate1 #eid4 oxides1 #eia1 #eib4 ,physiological action (1 #fje4 pigm5ts1 #eid4 pla/]1 #eic4 poison+ among :ite lead employs1 #fja-fjc4 f wat]1 #fjd4 ,influ5ce (1 on pregnancy1 #fjc4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances 91 #fje4 ,/ati/ics relative to1 #eid4 ,treatm5t (1 #fjg1 #fid4 pyrolignite1 #eid4 ,sep>ation (1 #ej1 #eb4 sulphate1 #eib1 #eid4 sulphide1 #eib1 #fji4 ,l$oy5's dis9fect+ fluid1 #eic4 ,lehmann's exp]im5ts on am\nt ( copp] soluble 9 fats1 #faa4 exp]im5ts on ! effect ( copp]1 #fah4 obs]vations on sulphuric acid1 #hi4 ,lemauri]'s odontalgic ess5ce1 #bhg4 ,l',em]y1 ,ni*olas1 #ad4 ,lemonade1 ,detection ( lead 91 #fji1 #faj4 ,lemy's exp]im5ts on ?allium1 #fgf4 ,lettuce1 ,cont5t ( hyoscyam9e 91 #cha4 ,lewis' silv] cream1 #eic4 ,lieb]man's nitroso reaction1 #dhi4 ,lieb]t's ,cosmetique ,infaillible1 #eic4 ,life te/s1 #db-df4 ,lime1 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 ,oxalate id5tification1 #ebj1 #eba4 ,l9/['s case ( poison+ by lead *romate1 #fgc4 ,lip[itz's sulphur te/ = phosphorus1 #bcb4 ,liquor ,ammoni ,ars5itis1 #ecj4 ,ars5icalis1 #ecj4 ,ars5ii et ,hyd4 ,iod41 #ecj4 ,bello/ii1 #fea4 ,epispa/icus1 #dgb4 potass1 #aag4 sod1 #aah4 eff]vesc5s1 #aah4 ,li?>ge1 #eia4 ,liv]1 ,fatty deg5]ation (1 9 poison+ by phosphorus1 #bbe4 ,microscopy (1 9 phosphorus poison+1 #bbg4 ( antimony1 #eha4 ,yell[ atrophy (1 #bbh4 ,lobelia1 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 ,lobeli91 #bdi4 ,locu/a1 #f4 ,locu/ tree1 #dfe4 ,loew's !ory z to poisons1 #ci4 ,l[e's me?od ( assay+ dis9fectants1 #aha4 ,ludwig's exp]im5ts on ! localisation ( ars5ic1 #efa1 #efb4 me?od = ! detection ( m]cury1 #fej4 ,lungs1 ,*anges (1 9 phosphorus poison+1 #bbh4 ,lup99e1 #dfc4 ,lup9s1 #dfc4 ,lutid9e z an antidote = /ry*n9e1 #ccd 7footnote74 9 tobacco smoke1 #bgf4 ,lycosa t>antula1 #dgj4 ,macdonnell's dis9fect+ p[d]1 #afg4 ,macphail's case ( poison+ by c>bolic acid1 #aga4 ,mac,munn's obs]vations on ! blood 9 nitrob5zol poison+1 #aia4 ,macniv5's case ( poison+ by potassic bi*romate1 #fgc4 ,madagasc> ordeal bean1 #dcf4 ,male f]n1 #dfe1 #dff4 ,malpurgo's te/ = nitrob5z5e1 #ahh4 ,m&el9's reag5t1 #bci4 ,mann's reag5t1 #bci4 ,m>k+ inks1 #fbj4 ,m>%'s te/ = ars5ic1 #ad1 #eef4 ,mas*ka's case ( acute poison+ by copp] sulphate1 #fbj4 ,mas*ka's case ( acute poison+ by ole&r91 #dce4 ,mason's case ( ars5ical poison+1 #efd1 #efe4 ,mat*es & ,vi5na pa/e1 #bac4 ,maybrick case1 #edf-edh4 ,may]'s reag5t1 #bfc4 ,mead[ cr[foot1 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 ,meconic acid1 #cah1 #cai4 ,mecon91 ,*emical composition (1 #ij4 ,prop]ties (1 #cag1 #cah4 ,melan?91 #dcg4 ,meletta v55osa1 #dfi4 ,melt+-po9t1 #bfa4 ,m5isp]m9e1 #dea4 ,m]ck's aconit9e1 ,fatal dose (1 #cef4 v]atr9e1 #cib4 ,m]curial lotion1 #fcf4 o9tm5t1 #fce4 tremor1 #fdd4 ,m]curic cyanide1 #baj1 #fdh4 e?yl *loride1 #fce4 me?ide1 #fde4 potass-iodide1 #bcg4 salts1 ,te/s =1 #feb4 ,volumetric e/imation (1 #fee4 sulphide1 #fch4 ,m]cur\s acetate1 #fce4 salts1 #fcd4 ,te/s =1 #feb4 ,volumetric e/imation (1 #fee4 ,m]cury1 #fcc4 ,absorption (1 by ! sk91 #fdc4 & *alk1 #fcd4 & qu99e1 #fch4 cyanide1 #fch4 ,te/s =1 #feb4 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 ,detection (1 9 organic sub/ances1 #feb4 ,elim9ation (1 #fej4 ,e/imation (1 #fed4 ,gre5 iodide (1 #fcg4 9 ! arts1 #fci4 9 vet]9>y m$ic9e1 #fdj4 l9im5t1 #fce4 ,localisation (1 #fej4 ,m$ic9al prep>ations (1 #fcd-fci4 ,museum prep>ations (1 illu/rative ( cases ( poison+ by1 #fdi4 nitrate1 ,pa?ological *anges 9 cases ( poison+ by1 #fej4 poison\s action (1 #fdg1 #fdh4 oleate1 #fcf4 p]*loride (1 #fcf4 pla/]1 #fce4 poison+1 /ati/ics (1 #fda4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances 9 cases ( poison+ by1 #fdh1 #fdi4 ,r$ iodide (1 #fcg4 oxide (1 #fcg4 ,sep>ation (1 #ej1 #eb4 sub*loride1 ,o9tm5t (1 #fcf4 ,pill (1 #fcf4 sulphide1 #fcg4 ,id5tification (1 #fec4 sulpho-cyanide1 #fci4 ,te/s =1 #fea4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by1 #fdh1 #fib4 vap\r1 ,effects (1 #fda-fdc4 ,metacresol1 #agi4 ,meta-d9itrob5zol1 #ahi4 ,metaldehyde1 #aed4 ,metantimonic acid1 #egi4 ,metaph5yl5$iam9e1 #dig4 ,me?moglob91 ,spectrum (1 #eh4 ,me!ne di*loride1 #aed4 ,me?o-code9e1 #bii4 ,me?ylam9e1 #dia4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,me?ylat$ *lor(orm1 #add4 spirits1 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 ,me?yl bruc9e1 #cci 7footnote74 iodide1 #cdb4 coni9e1 #bdh4 cresol1 #agi4 cyanide1 #baa4 guanid9e1 #dii1 #ejj4 salicylic acid1 #ch4 /ry*n9e1 #cg1 #cci 7footnote74 ,mez]eic acid1 #ddb4 ,mez]eon1 #ddb4 ,mi*et's exp]im5ts on ! relative toxicity ( metals1 #da4 ,micro-spectroscope1 #ed4 ,milk1 ,contam9ation (1 by z9c1 #feg4 ,m9]al acids1 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by1 #hc4 blue1 #ecb4 gre51 #faf4 ,mit*ell & ,rei*]t's exp]im5ts on snake poison1 #dgg4 ,mit*ell's pills1 #ehj1 #fdj4 ,mi?radetes ,eupator1 #b4 ,mits*]li*'s process = ! detection ( phosphorus1 #bbi4 ,monk%ood4 ,see ,aconite4 ,monobromat$ camphor1 #ace4 ,mono*lor-e?yl sulphide1 #ce4 ,mordant's ,norton's drops1 #fci4 ,morgagni's case ( poison+ by hellebore1 #dcc4 ,morph9e1 #bec4 acetate1 #bib1 #bic4 & /ry*n9e1 ,detection (1 #cch4 bimeconate1 #bhg4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,*emical con/itution (1 #bic4 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 d]ivatives1 #bii4 ,effects (1 #bih4 ,extraction (1 #cjh1 #cji4 hydrate1 #bic4 hydro*lorate1 #bib4 loz5ges1 #bhg4 meconate1 #bib4 phospho-molybdate1 #bcg4 ,physiological action (1 #bih4 ,plat9um salt (1 #bfd4 ,prop]ties (1 #bia1 #bib4 ,sep>ation (1 #ea1 #cjg4 ,solutions (1 #bhf1 #bhg4 ,spectra ( col\r reactions (1 #ee4 sulphate1 #bic4 ,suppository (1 #bhf4 t>trate1 #bib4 ,te/s =1 #bid4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fie4 ,value ( ,may]'s precipitate (1 #bfc4 ,morelle1 ,poison\s prop]ties (1 #dah4 ,morson's ,engli% creasote1 #agi4 ,m\lds1 ,effects (1 on ars5ical wallpap]s1 #edb4 ,m\nta9 gre51 #faf4 ,mucor phymocetes1 #e4 ,multiple antidote 7,app471 #gja4 ,musc>9e1 #dac-dag4 ,action (1 on he>t 9 poison+ by digital91 #dbi1 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,detection (1 #daf1 #dag4 ,gold salt (1 #bfd4 ,poison+ by1 #dad-dag4 ,solution ( 7,app471 #fhf4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fie4 ,mussels1 ,poison+ by1 #ejd4 ,mydale9e1 #dih4 ,mydatox9e1 #ejd4 ,mytilotox9e1 #ejd4 ,nagelvoort's te/ = physo/igm9e1 #cii4 ,naja ,haje1 ,poison (1 #dhd4 ,naples yell[1 #ehb4 ,naph?a1 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 ,naph?al-am9e 7acyclic & aromatic71 #cf4 ,n>ce9e1 #bdg1 #bec1 #bed4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,col\r reactions (1 #bdj4 ,effects (1 #cac4 ,melt+ po9t (1 #bei4 ,plat9um salts (1 #bfd4 ,prop]ties (1 #cab4 ,n>cot9e1 #beb4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,col\r reactions (1 #bdj4 ,effects (1 #caj4 ,gold & plat9um salts (1 #bfd4 ,melt+-po9t (1 #bei4 ,spectrum ( col\r reactions1 #ee4 ,te/s =1 #cji1 #caj4 ,value ( ,may]'s precipitate (1 #bfc4 ,neill1 ,?omas1 ,murd]s by1 #cbe4 ,nepal9e1 #beb1 #bec4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bhg4 ,n]i91 #dce4 ,neurid9e1 #dic1 #did4 ,neur9e1 #eja4 ,neuwi$] gre51 #faf4 ,nev9's exp]im5ts on *ronic antimony poison+1 #ehc1 #ehf4 ,newca/le :ite1 #eid4 ,nic&] ( ,colophon1 #c4 ,nickel & cobalt1 #ffb-ffe4 ,effects (1 on animals1 #ffc1 #ffd4 ,id5tification (1 #ffe4 ,sep>ation (1 #ffd4 ,nickelo-potassic cyanide1 #ffe4 ,nicot9e1 #bdi4 & coni9e1 ,di/+ui%+ m>ks betwe51 #bgb1 #bgc4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 91 #bfb4 ,col\r reactions (1 #bdj4 ,effects (1 on animals & man1 #bgc1 #bgd4 ,e/imation (1 9 tobacco1 #bgj4 ,fatal dose (1 #bgh4 9 v>i\s species ( tobacco1 #bgj4 ,phospho-molybdate (1 #bch4 ,physiological action (1 #bgg4 ,plat9um salt (1 #bfd4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances 9 cases ( poison+1 #bgh4 ,prop]ties (1 #bga1 #bgb4 ,sep>ation (1 f organic matt]s1 #bgh4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fif4 ,nikit9's rese>*es on scl]otic acid1 #ddi4 ,nitrate ( m]cury1 #fch4 ,nitre1 #abc4 ,nitric acid1 #ajb-aaj4 ,action (1 on vegetation1 #ajd4 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 ,detection & e/imation (1 #aji4 ,effects ( liquid1 #aje4 ,fatal dose (1 #ajd4 ,local action (1 #ajf4 ,museum prep>ations (1 #ajg4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances 9 cases ( poison+ by1 #ajg4 ,prop]ties (1 #ajb4 ,symptoms ( poison+ by1 #ajc4 ,uses 9 ! arts (1 #ajc4 vap\rs1 #ajd4 ,nitrob5z5e1 #acb1 #ahc-ahh4 ,action (1 #ahg4 ,detection & sep>ation (1 #ahh4 ,effects ( liquid1 #ahe1 #ahf4 ,effects (1 on ! blood1 #aia4 ,fatal dose1 #ahf4 ,pa?ological appe>ances aft] poison+ by1 #ahg4 ,poison+ by liquid1 #ahe4 vap\r1 #ahd4 ,sep>ation (1 #ea4 ,symptoms ( poison+ by1 #ahd4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fif4 ,nitro-glyc]91 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 ,nitro-picrotox91 #deb4 ,nott+ham1 ,cases ( food poison+ 91 #ejg4 :ite1 #eid4 ,nurse's drops1 #bhg4 ,nux ,vomica1 #cai4 ,aque\s extract (1 #cbb4 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 ,ph>maceutical prep>ations (1 #cbb-cbd4 p[d]1 ,analysis (1 #cbc4 ,spiritu\s extract (1 #cbb4 ,t9cture (1 #cbc4 ,oats1 ,cont5t ( copp] 91 #fab4 ,obol\ski's process = sep>at+ col*ic9e1 #dac4 nan! crocata1 ,poison+ by1 #deh1 #dei4 ,og/on's te/ = *loral1 #afb4 ,oil ( almonds1 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 bitt] almonds1 #ahh1 #aic1 #bji4 junip]1 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 ,oils1 p[] ( dissolv+ copp]1 #faa4 ,o9tm5t ( subacetate ( lead1 #eic4 ,oldham1 ,cases ( food poison+ 91 #ejg4 ,ole&r91 #dce4 ,onsum's exp]im5ts on b>ium1 #fha4 ,opian9e1 #caf4 ,opium1 ,action ( solv5ts on1 #bhb4 ,analysis (1 #bhb4 ,assay (1 #bhc1 #bhd4 ,composition (1 #bha-bhd4 ,comp\nd p[d] (1 #bhe4 t9cture (1 #bhe4 ,confection (1 #bhf4 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 ,detection (1 #bij4 ,diagnosis ( poison+ by1 #cjc4 eat+1 #cjd1 #cje4 ,extract (1 #bhf4 ,fatal dose (1 #bij4 ,l9im5t (1 #bhf4 ,ph>maceutical prep>ations (1 #bhe-bhg4 ,poison+ ( *ildr5 by1 #bhi4 ,po/-,mortem appe>ances 9 cases ( poison+ by1 #cjf1 #cjg4 smok+1 #cje4 ,/ati/ics (1 #bhh4 ,t9cture (1 #bhe4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fie4 w9e1 #bhf4 & *alk1 ,comp\nd p[d] (1 #bhf4 & galls1 ,o9tm5t (1 #bhf4 & lead pills1 #bhe4 & morph9e1 ,absorption by ! sk9 (1 #cjc4 ,action (1 on dogs1 #big4 ,action (1 on frogs1 #bif4 ,action (1 on man1 #bii-cjb4 ,dose (1 #bhi1 #bij4 ,poison+ by1 #bif4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by1 #cjf1 #fie 7,app474 ,orfila z a toxicologi/1 #ae4 ,organic analysis1 ,id5tification by1 #bfa4 ,organic matt]1 ,de/ruction (1 by hydro*loric acid1 #di4 ,orpim5t1 #ebi4 ,or?o-cresol1 #agi4 ,or?o-d9itrob5z5e1 #ahi4 ,or?o1 p>a1 & meta d]ivatives z poisons1 #cf1 #cg4 ,oxalate ( lime1 #eaa1 #eab4 ,oxalic acid1 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 ,effects (1 on animals1 #eac4 lee*es1 #ead4 man1 #eae4 ,e/imation (1 #eba1 #ebb4 ,fatal dose (1 #eac4 9 ! =m ( vap\r1 #ead4 ,pa?ological *anges produc$ by1 #eaf1 #eah4 ,physiological action (1 #eaf4 ,prop]ties (1 #eaj1 #eaa4 ,sep>ation (1 #eab4 ,/ati/ics ( poison+ by1 #eab4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fig4 ,uses 9 ! arts (1 #eab4 ,oxal-me?yl9e1 #ebb4 ,oxal-propyl9e1 #ebb4 ,oxyacan?9e1 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,oxycresol1 #agi4 ,oxym&elic acid1 #bbi4 ,pag5/e*] & ,s*nbe9's te/ = prussic acid1 #bje4 ,papav]9e1 #bdf1 #bec4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,col\r reactions (1 #bdj4 ,effects (1 #cad4 ,melt+-po9t (1 #bei4 ,plat9um salt (1 #bfd4 ,spectrum ( col\r reactions (1 #ee4 ,papi] m\re1 #eca4 ,p>aceto-amido-ph5ol1 #cg4 ,p>a-coni9e1 #bff4 ,p>a-cresol1 #agi4 ,p>a-digitalet91 #dai1 #dba4 ,p>a-d9itrob5zol1 #ahi4 ,p>aff91 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 oil1 #acj4 ,p>aldehyde1 #aed4 ,p>alysis f lead1 #fjj4 ,p>am5isp]m9e1 #dea4 ,p>a-ph5yl5e-diam9e1 #dig4 ,p>egoric4 ,see ,opium4 ,p>ill91 #dcg4 ,pattison's :ite1 #eid4 ,payne & ,*evalli]'s exp]im5ts on z9c1 #feg4 ,pea*1 ,prussic acid 91 #aie4 ,p$l]'s exp]im5ts on cobra poison1 #dgh4 ,pelikan's obs]vations on ! poison\s prop]ties ( potassic di*romate1 #fga4 ,pellagra's te/ = morph9e1 #bie4 ,p5nyroyal1 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 ,p5tal1 #aed4 ,p5tame?yl5e-diam9e1 #did-dif4 ,p5tane1 #aed4 ,peptotox9e1 #ejb4 ,p]*loride ( iron solution1 #fff4 ,p]eir9e1 #cdd1 #cde4 ,p]sonnes' me?od ( volumetrically e/imat+ m]cury1 #fee4 ,petroleum1 #abi-aca4 ,effects (1 #acj4 naph?a1 #acj4 ,petit's aconit9e nitrate1 #cee4 ,petromyzon fluviatilis1 #dfi4 ,pfaff's prussic acid1 #aic4 ,ph>aoh's s]p5t1 #fci4 ,ph5ic acid4 ,see ,c>bolic acid4 ,ph5ol4 ,see ,c>bolic acid4 ,ph5yl5e-diam9e1 #dj4 ,ph5ylsulphate ( potassium1 #aha4 ,phloro-gluc91 #cg1 #dff4 ,phlorol1 #agi4 ,pi]re div9e1 #faf4 ,phosph9e1 #bac4 ,production (1 z a te/ = phosphorus1 #bcj4 ,spectrum (1 #bcb4 ,phospho-molybdic acid z a te/1 #bcg4 ,phosphorat$ oil1 #bac4 ,phospho-tung/ic acid1 #bch4 ,phosphorus1 #e1 #bab-bce4 ,antidotes to poison+ by1 #bbc2 7,app471 #fig4 ,crim9al poison+ by1 #bba4 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 ,detection (1 #bbi4 ,effects (1 #bag4 ,fatal dose (1 #baf4 pa/e1 #bad4 ,p]iod ( dea? by1 #bbj4 p]iod aft] :i* x may be detect$1 #bcd4 p]iod ( comm5cem5t ( symptoms1 #bbj4 ,poison+ effects (1 #bia4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances 9 cases ( poison+ by1 #bbd4 ,prop]ties (1 #bab4 ,quantitative e/imation (1 #bcd4 ,sep>ation (1 #ea4 ,/ati/ics ( poison+ by1 #bae4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ 7,app471 #fig4 vap\r1 ,effects (1 #bbj1 #bba4 ,phosphurett$ hydrog54 ,see ,phosph9e4 ,physo/igm9e1 #bea1 #cig-dja4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,effects (1 on animals & man1 #djj4 ,extract (1 #cih4 ,fatal dose (1 #djb4 ,ph>maceutical prep>ations (1 #cii4 ,physiological action (1 #dja4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances 9 cases ( poison+ by1 #dja4 ,sep>ation (1 #dja1 #djb4 ,spectra ( col\r reactions1 #ee4 ,te/s =1 #cii4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fij4 ,picol9e 9 tobacco smoke1 #bgf4 ,picram9ic acid1 #dee4 ,picric acid1 #bdc1 #bdd4 & picrates1 #ded1 #dee4 ,effects (1 #dee4 ,te/s =1 #dee4 ,picrotox91 #bdg1 #dea4 ,effects (1 on man & animals1 #deb1 #dec4 ,fatal dose (1 #deb4 ,physiological action (1 #dec4 ,sep>ation f organic matt]s (1 #dec1 #ded4 ,sublimate (1 #bfj4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fig4 ,piloc>p9e1 #djb-djd4 ,*emical *>act]s (1 #djb1 #djc4 ,effects (1 #djc4 ,gold & plat9um salts (1 #bfd4 nitrate1 ,solution ( 7,app471 #fhf4 ,sublimate (1 #bfj4 ,te/s =1 #djc4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fih4 ,pim5to1 #bdd4 ,volatile alkaloid (1 #bej4 ,p9ewood te/ = c>bolic acid1 #agg4 ,pip]id9e1 #ci4 ,pip]9e1 #bdb1 #bdd4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,phospho-molybdate (1 #bch4 ,plat9um salt (1 #bfd4 ,piturie1 #bgi4 ,plat9um *loride z a te/ = alkaloids1 #bcg4 ,plugge's rese>*es on fatality ( aconite1 #cee4 ,pocula emetica1 #ehb4 ,poisons1 ,au?or's classification (1 #be4 ,classification (1 #bc4 ,g5]al me?od ( se>* =1 #df-ed4 ,husemann's def9ition (1 #bb4 ,kob]t's classification (1 #bd4 def9ition (1 #bc4 ,legal def9ition (1 #bj4 ,lore (1 #a-ac4 ,sci5tific def9ition (1 #bb1 #bc4 ,/ati/ics relative to1 #bh-cd4 ,polygalic acid1 #dcf4 ,pomm]ais1 ,case (1 #dcj1 #dca4 ,poor man's fri5d1 #fci4 ,poppy syrup1 #bhg4 tea1 #bhi4 ,popul91 #bdc4 ,pork1 poison+ by1 #ejg1 #ejh4 ,porta1 ,j4 ,bapti/a1 #aj4 ,portsm\?-case ( food poison+1 #ejh4 ,pota% b9oxalate1 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 ,fatal dose (1 #eac4 ,pa?ological *anges produc$ by1 #eah4 c>bonates1 #aag4 cau/ic1 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 ,col\r reactions ) ! alkaloids1 #bdj 7footnote74 ,ph>maceutical prep>ations (1 #aag4 ,prop]ties (1 #aaf1 #aag4 ,/ati/ics ( poison+ by1 #aah4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fhh4 ,potassic & sodic nitrate1 ,action (1 #abc4 ,potassic bi*romate1 #dgj4 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 ,use 9 ! arts (1 #fga bromide1 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 *lorate1 #abd4 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 ,detection & e/imation (1 #abf4 ,effects (1 #abe1 #abf4 ,elim9ation (1 #abf4 ,exp]im5ts on animals )1 #abd4 ,poison\s prop]ties (1 #abd4 ,uses (1 #abd4 cyanide1 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 ,effects on animals & m5 (1 #aih4 ,l5g? ( "t detectable1 #bjh4 ,po/-mortem appe>ance 9 cases ( poison+ by1 #bjd4 ,sep>ation (1 #bjf4 ,te/s =1 #bjd4 ,treatm5t ( cases ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fih4 nitrate1 #abc4 ,/ati/ics ( poison+ by1 #abc4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fif4 ph5yl-sulphate1 #aha4 sulphate1 #abb4 sulpho-cyanide1 #baa4 xan?ate1 #afe4 xan?o-g5ate1 #afe4 xan?ylamate1 #afe4 z9c-iodide1 #bci4 ,potassium salts1 ,elim9ation (1 #abc4 ,te/s =1 #aba4 ,p\dre pilatoire1 #fhj4 ,p[ell's balsam ( anise$1 #bhg4 ,prey]'s sep>ation ( cur>9e1 #djf4 ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 precaution aga9/ poison1 #ab4 ,prit*>d1 ,mrs41 ,poison+ (1 #ehe4 ,propylam9e1 #dia4 ,protap9e1 ,reactions (1 #cag4 ,protov]atrid9e1 #cic4 ,protov]atr9e1 #cia4 ,prussic acid4 ,see ,hydrocyanic acid4 ,pseudo-j]v9e1 #bic4 -morph9e1 #caf4 ,ptoma9e analog\s to coni9e1 #bfi4 nicot9e1 #bgh4 v]atr9e1 #cig4 ,def9ition (1 #dhe4 ,putresc9e1 #dif1 #dig4 ,pyracon9e1 #cea1 #ced4 ,pyraconit9e1 #cea1 #ced4 ,pyrid9e1 #ci1 #bgf4 alkaloid 9 ! cuttle fi%1 #ejb4 ,pyro-cate*91 #age4 ,pyro-gallol1 #cg4 ,quebra*9e1 #cdd4 ,spectra ( col\r reactions (1 #ee4 ,quillaja-sapotox91 #dcf4 ,quillajic acid1 #dcf4 ,qu9id9e col\r reaction ) pota%1 #bdj 7footnote74 ,value ( ,may]'s precipitate (1 #bfc4 ,qu99e1 #bdh1 #beb4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,col\r reactions (1 #bdj4 ,gold & plat9um salts (1 #bfd4 ,phospho-molybdate (1 #bch4 ,spectrum ( col\r reaction1 #ee4 ,value ( ,may]'s precipitate (1 #bfc4 ,rat poison1 #eca1 #fhj4 ,rayn]1 ,dr4 ,h5ry1 on connection betwe5 insanity & lead poison+1 #fjj1 #fja4 ,realg>1 #ebh4 ,r$ lead1 #eid4 ,r$wood's ink1 #fcj4 ,r4 v4 ,lamson1 #cfd1 #cfe4 ,r4 v4 ,m',conkey1 #cfa4 ,r4 v4 ,moore1 #fdh4 ,r4 v4 ,smi?1 #fdh4 ,r4 v4 ,taylor1 #fjd4 ,r4 v4 ,wilson1 #daa4 ,r4 v4 ,wr51 #cbd4 ,reid1 ,dr41 on ,d>la/on case ( poison+ by c>bon monoxide1 #fh4 ,re9s*'s te/ = ars5ic1 #eeh1 #eei4 ,resorc91 #ch4 ,ret=d case ( food poison+1 #ejh4 ,rettg]s's obs]vations on ars5ical mirror1 #eeh4 ,reynold's g\t specific1 #daj4 ,rhigol5e1 #abi4 ,rhad9e1 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,prop]ties (1 #caf4 ,rhub>b syrup1 ,dea? f1 #cj4 ,rice1 ,cont5t ( copp] 91 #fab4 ,ri*>dson's liquor bismu?i1 #ccj 7footnote74 ,ri*et's obs]vations on /ry*n9e poison+1 #cbi1 #ccb4 ,r9man's gre51 #feg4 ,production (1 #ffb4 ,r+] & ,murrell's obs]vations on gelsem99e1 #cdf4 ,riv]'s prussic acid1 #aic4 ,rob9ia pseudo-acacia1 #dfe4 ,robiquet's prussic acid1 #aic4 ,roburite 9 connection ) d9itrob5zol poison+1 #aij4 ,rog]s' exp]im5ts on copp]1 #fag4 ,roman k ( poisons1 #b4 ,r[alewsky's exp]im5ts on uranium1 #fgi4 ,rubi-j]v9e1 #cid4 ,russell's vip]1 #dhc4 ,rye1 ,cont5t ( copp] 91 #fab4 ,sabadill9e1 #bdi1 #beb4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,spectra ( col\r reactions (1 #ee4 ,sabatr91 #beb4 ,sab9a communis1 #dei4 ,saik[sky on antimony poison+1 #ehf4 ,/4 ,croix z a poison]1 #aa4 ,/4 ,ignatius' bean1 ,extract (1 #cbc4 ,salam&r9e1 #dfg4 ,salic91 #bed4 ,melt+-po9t (1 #bfj4 ,salicylic acid1 #ch1 #agi4 ,salmon1 ,poison+ by t9n$1 #ejg4 ,san>elli's obs]vations on ! poison ( ! scorpion1 #dfh4 ,sang]'s me?od ( e/imat+ ars5ic1 #egj4 ,sangu9>9e1 c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,spectra ( col\r reactions (1 #ee4 ,santon91 #bdd1 #dci-ddb4 ,effects (1 on animals & man1 #ddj4 ,fatal dose (1 #ddj4 ,poison+ by1 #ddj4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances 9 cases ( poison+ by1 #dda4 ,sep>ation (1 #dda1 #ddb4 ,sap9dus sapotox91 #dcf4 ,sapog591 #dcg4 ,sapon91 #bdf1 #bed1 #dcf-dci4 ,detection (1 #dci4 ,effects (1 #dcg1 #dch4 ,melt+-po9t (1 #bfj4 ,prop]ties (1 #dcg4 ,sep>ation (1 #dch4 ,sapr9e1 #ejj4 ,s>rac991 #bdi4 ,s>sap>illa sapon91 #dcf4 ,s>sa-sapon91 #dcf4 ,sausage1 ,poison+ f1 #ejg1 #eji1 #eaj4 ,sav9 oil1 #dei1 #dfj4 ,sav91 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fih4 ,s*a*t's me?od ( assay+ opium1 #bhd 7footnote74 ,s*auffle's obs]vations on ! solubility ( z9c1 #feg1 #feh4 ,s*eele1 #ad4 ,s*eele's gre51 #faf4 prussic acid1 #aic4 ,s*eibl]'s process = alkaloids1 #bch1 #bee4 ,s*leppe's salt1 #egh4 ,s*mi$eb]g's process = e/imat+ *lor(orm1 #aec4 ,s*neid] & ,fyfe's me?od ( develop+ ars5ic *loride1 #egf4 ,s*nbe9's te/ = prussic acid1 #bjf4 ,s*ra$]'s prussic acid1 #aic4 ,s*r(f's case ( poison+ by col*icum corms1 #daa4 ,s*ulze's reag5t1 #bci4 ,s*we9furt gre51 #ecb1 #faf4 ,scilla91 #dcd4 ,scillit91 #dcd4 ,scl]]y?r91 #ddd1 #dde4 ,scl]ocry/all91 #dde4 ,scl]oid91 #dde4 ,scl]omuc91 #ddd4 ,scl]otic acid1 #ddd4 ,scolosub(f's exp]im5ts on ! localisation ( ars5ic1 #efa4 ,scorpion poison1 #dfh4 8,sea ,h>e0 z a poison1 #c4 ,seidel's case ( b>ium poison+1 #fhc4 m]cury poison+1 #fdc4 ,s5eg91 #bdf1 #bed1 #dcf4 ,s5i]'s analysis ( blue pill1 #fcd4 ,%ale naph?a1 #aej4 ,%eep dipp+ ars5ical comp\nds1 #eec4 ,siebold's te/ = morph9e1 #bie4 ,siem's rese>*es on alum9a1 #fgg4 ,silico-tung/ic acid1 #bch4 ,silv]1 #fbh4 ,*ronic poison+ by salts (1 #fca4 *loride1 #fbi4 cyanide1 #bje1 #baa4 ,detection (1 #fcb4 ,doses ( salts (1 #fcj4 ,use (1 9 ! arts1 #fcj4 nitrate1 #fbi4 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 ,effects (1 on man & animals1 #fcj1 #fca4 ,te/s =1 #fcb4 oxide1 #fbi4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances 9 case ( poison+ by ! salts (1 #feb4 ,sep>ation (1 #ej1 #eb4 sulphide1 #fbi4 ,sjokvi/'s me?od ( e/imat+ free hydro*loric acid1 #ajj4 ,smell+ salts1 #aab4 ,snell's case ( d9itrob5zol poison+1 #aij4 ,soap pill 7comp\nd71 #bhf4 ,soda bic>bonate1 #aah4 ,dea?s f cau/ic1 #bi4 oxalate1 #eac4 ,prop]ties (1 #aag4 ,/ati/ics ( poison+ by1 #aah4 ,sodic *loride1 #abb4 cyanide1 #baj4 nitrate1 #abd4 ,sodium salts1 #abb-abh4 ,te/s =1 #aba4 ,sokol(f's me?od ( sep>at+ prussic acid1 #bjg4 ,solanid9e1 #chf4 ,solan9e1 #che4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,col\r reactions (1 #bdj4 ,spectra ( col\r reactions1 #ee4 ,phospho-molybdate (1 #bch4 ,poison+ by1 #chg4 ,prop]ties (1 #chf4 ,sep>ation (1 #chg4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #fii4 ,solomon's anti-impetig9es1 #fci4 ,soo?+ syrup1 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 ,s\beiran's ink1 #fcj4 ,spani% fly1 #dga4 ,sp>te9e1 #bdi1 #bgi1 #bhj4 ,spectroscope z an aid to id5tification ( poisons1 #ed-ef4 ,spectrum ( anil9e1 #bha4 blood 9 nitrob5zol poison+1 #aia4 phosph9e poison+1 #bcb4 ,sphacelic acid1 #dde1 #dej4 ,spid]s1 ,poison\s1 #dgj1 #dga4 ,spiritus ,e!ris ,nitrosi1 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 ,/aphisagr9e1 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,/as1 ,process (1 = alkaloids1 #bci4 ,/atira1 ,poison+ (1 #f4 ,/ati/ics ( poison+1 #cb1 #cc4 ,/eel drops1 #ffg4 ,/ib9e1 #ehh4 ,/illbazol9e1 #bff4 ,/ockman & ,dott's obs]vations on morph9e poison+1 #bii4 ,/oma*1 ,r$ness (1 #eea4 ,/orey's worm cakes1 #fdj4 ,/\rbridge case ( lead poison+1 #eih4 ,/ramonium extract1 #cga4 t9cture1 #cga4 ,/rophant91 #dcd4 ,/ruve's exp]im5ts on ! detection ( potassic cyanide1 #bji4 ,/ry*nic acid1 #cdd4 ,/ry*n9e1 #bdh4 & atrop9e1 ,te/s =1 #cgc4 ,action (1 on cephalopods1 #dc1 #cbh4 frogs1 #cbh4 infusoria1 #db4 man1 #cbi4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 *romate1 #cba4 ,col\r reactions (1 #bdj4 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 ,d\ble salts (1 #cbb4 ,e/imation (1 #cci4 e?yl & me?yl1 #bea4 ,fatal dose (1 #cbe-cbh4 ,gold & plat9um salts (1 #bfd4 ,id5tification (1 #ccg1 #cch4 ,iodide (1 #cbb4 nitrate1 #cba4 ,fatal dose (1 #cdb4 phospho-molybdate1 #bch4 ,physiological action (1 #ccb4 te/ =1 #cch1 #cci4 picrate1 #cbe1 #cdj4 ,poison+ by1 #cca4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances 9 cases ( poison+ by1 #ccc4 ,prop]ties (1 #cai-cba4 ,sep>ation (1 f bruc9e1 #cbc4 ,sep>ation (1 f organic matt]s1 #ccd4 ,spectra ( col\r te/s1 #ee4 ,/ati/ics ( poison+ by1 #cbd4 ,sublimate (1 #bfj4 sulphate1 #cba4 ,sulpho-cyanide (1 #cbb4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #ccc1 #fii4 tri*loride1 #cbb4 ,value ( ,may]'s precipitate (1 #bfc4 ,sublimation ( ! alkaloids1 #bef-bfa4 ,sug> ( lead1 #eic4 ,fatal dose (1 #fjf1 #fjg4 ,suicide by poison1 #b4 ,suicidal poison+1 #cb4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,see ,hydric sulphide4 ,sulphuric acid1 #ge4 ,accid5tal1 crim9al1 & suicidal poison+ by1 #gg1 #gh4 ,"* ( blood 9 cases ( poison+ by1 #ij4 ,*ronic poison+ by1 #hf4 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 ,detection & e/imation (1 #hg4 ,ext]nal effects (1 #ha4 ,fatal dose (1 #gh4 ,int]nal effects (1 #hb4 ,local action (1 #gi4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances 9 cases ( poison+ by1 #hc1 #he4 ,prop]ties (1 #ge4 spots on clo?+1 c41 #ha4 ,/ati/ics z to poison+ by1 #gf1 #gg4 ,symptoms produc$ by1 #ha4 ,ur9e 9 cases ( poison+ by1 #hh4 anhydride1 #gf4 ,sulphur 9 bile1 #ij4 ,suppositoria plumbi composita1 #eic4 ,susotox9e1 #eje4 ,syr+91 #bdg1 #dcg4 ,tamus ,communis1 #dfe4 ,tanqu]il's obs]vations on lead poison+1 #fjj4 ,t>antula1 #dgj4 ,t> oil1 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 ,t>t> emetic4 ,see ,antimony4 ,t>t>ic acid1 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 ,detection ( lead 91 #fji1 #faj4 ,t>tas' case ( poison+ by nitric acid1 #ajg4 ,tax9e1 #djd1 #dje4 ,t]eb5!ne hydro*loride1 #acd4 ,t]p5es1 #acc4 ,tes*ema*] & ,smi?'s me?od = assay+ opium1 #bhc4 ,tetan9e1 #ejc4 ,tetanotox9e1 #ejc1 #ejd4 ,tetrame?yl5$iam9e1 #dif1 #dig4 ,tetrodon1 #dfi4 ,?allium1 #fge1 #fgf4 ,!ba9e1 #bec4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,col\r reactions (1 #bdj4 ,effects (1 #cae4 ,gold & plat9um salts (1 #bfd4 nitrate1 ,le?al dose (1 #cdb4 ,prop]ties (1 #cad1 #cae4 ,sublimate (1 #bei4 ,!9e1 #bdc4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,gold & plat9um salts (1 #bfd4 ,phospho-molybdate (1 #bch4 ,sublimate (1 #beg-bfj4 ,!obrom9e1 #dj1 #bdf4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,phospho-molybdate (1 #bch4 ,plat9um1 salt (1 #bfd4 ,sublimate (1 #bfj4 ,!v]es91 #dcd4 ,!vet91 #dcd4 ,?ompson's hair de/roy]1 #fhj4 ,w41 obs]vation on solubility ( copp] 9 oils1 #faa4 ,?orn ,apple1 ,dea?s f 7see ,datura71 #cj4 ,?udi*um's me?od ( sep>at+ potass-ph5yl sulphate f ur9e1 #aha4 ,tiglic acid1 #cib4 ,t91 sep>ation (1 #ej-eb4 ,t9cture ( digitalis1 #dbb4 iron1 #fff4 ,tione1 ,mass poison+ by lead 91 #eii4 ,tobacco1 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 ,effects (1 #bgd4 juice1 ,effects (1 #bgc1 #bge4 smoke1 ,*emical composition (1 #bge1 #bgf 7footnote74 ,species (1 #bfi1 #bgj4 ,t(fana1 #aj4 ,toluyl5$iam9e1 #dj4 ,tongue1 ,poison+ by t9n$1 #ejg4 ,toxalbum9s ( ,ca/or & ,abrus1 #dfb1 #dfc4 ,toxic action & *emical composition1 #ce-db4 mydriasis & myosis1 #df4 ,tox9es ( ,hog *ol]a1 #eje4 ,toxires91 #dba4 ,traube's obs]vations on ! action ( digitalis1 #dbh4 ,tri-bromo-ph5ol1 #agh4 ,tri-*lor-morph9e1 #bii4 ,tri-e?yl-am9e1 #dia4 ,tri-e?yl-phosph9e1 #afe4 ,trime?ylam9e1 #bej1 #ddc1 #dia4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,trime?yl5$iam9e1 #dic4 ,trime?yl-hydroxy-am9e1 #eja4 ,trime?yl-v9yl-ammonium hydrate1 #eja4 ,triton cri/atus1 #dfg4 ,tritop9e1 ,prop]ties (1 #cag4 ,triumph 7,h4,m4,s471 ,mass poison+ by m]cury on1 #fdb4 ,tropic acid1 #cga4 ,tropidonotus natrix1 #dhc4 vip]9us1 #dhd4 ,trop9e1 #cga4 ,ts*ir*'s obs]vations & exp]im5ts on copp] poison+1 #faa1 #fai1 #fbb4 ,turac91 #fac4 ,turbi? m9]al1 #fcg4 ,turn]'s yell[1 #eid4 ,turp5t9e1 #acc1 #acd4 ,dea?s f1 #bi4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #gjj4 ,type metal1 #ehb4 ,typho-tox9e1 #ejf4 ,tyrotoxicon1 #ejd1 #eje4 ,udrnsky & ,baumann's process = isolat+ diam9es1 #dhh4 ,ullmann on ! localisation ( m]cury1 #fej4 ,upas tree ( ,s+apore1 #dcf4 ,uppmann's exp]im5ts on oxalic acid1 #ead4 ,uranium1 #fgi4 ,uric acid 9 cases ( lead poison+1 #fjc4 ,ur9e1 exam9ation (1 = poison1 #bcc4 9 poison+ by c>bolic acid1 #aha4 9 poison+ by *loral1 #afa4 9 poison+ by phosphorus1 #bbb4 9 poison+ by sulphuric acid1 #hh4 ,urobutyl*loral acid1 #afa4 ,uro*loral acid1 #afa4 ,valanguis' solutio solv5tes m9]alis1 #eca4 ,val5t9e's exp]im5ts on scorpion poison1 #dfh4 ,van ,kobell's te/ = bismu?1 #fbg4 ,vauquel9's prussic acid1 #aic4 ,vas' obs]vations on tobacco juice1 #bgc4 ,veal1 poison+ by1 #ejg4 ,vegetation1 ,action ( hydro*loric acid on1 #id4 nitric acid1 #ajd4 ,v5etian poison]s1 #i4 ,v5turoli's process = ! sep>ation ( prussic acid1 #bjh4 ,v]atralb9e1 #cid4 ,v]atric acid1 #cib4 ,v]atr9e1 #bdh1 #beb1 #cij-cib4 ,action (1 on infusoria1 #db4 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,col\r reactions (1 #bdj4 ,comm]cial1 #cid1 #cie4 ,effects (1 on animals & man1 #cie1 #cif4 ,fatal dose1 #cie4 ,gold salt (1 #bfd4 ,phospho-molybdate (1 #bch4 ,sep>ation (1 f organic matt]s1 #cig4 ,spectra ( col\r reactions1 #ee4 ,treatm5t ( poison+ by 7,app471 #gjj4 ,value ( ,may]'s precipitate (1 #bfc4 ,v]atroid9e1 #cid4 ,v]atroid9e1 ,c>bon & nitrog5 cont5t (1 #bfb4 ,v]atrum1 ,old k (1 #d4 ,v]digris1 #faf4 ,v]micelli1 ,cont5t ( copp] 91 #fab4 ,v]milion1 #fch4 ,v]m9 kill]s1 ,composition (1 #cbd4 ,dea?s f1 #cj4 ,vet*l+s1 #dfd4 ,vet]9>y ars5ical m$ic9es1 #eca4 ,vidali's me?od ( e/imat+ *lor(orm1 #aec 7footnote74 te/+ = atrop9e1 #cgc4 te/+ = m]cury cyanide1 #feb4 te/+ = morph9e1 #bie4 ,villi]s & ,favolle's te/ = hydro*loric acid1 #ii4 ,v9ylam9e1 #da4 ,vip]1 #dgg4 ,vis' con/itutional =mula = atrop9e1 #bid4 ,vohl & ,eul5b]g's obs]vations on tobacco smoke1 #bgf 7footnote74 ,vois9 & ,li\ville's exp]im5ts on cur>e1 #djg4 ,wagn]'s me?od ( obta9+ sulphates ( ! alkaloids1 #bfc4 ,wall on ! effects ( cobra poison1 #dgi4 ,wall]'s1 ,e41 me?od ( assay+ c>bolic acid p[d]s1 #ahb4 ,walti%am cases ( ergot poison+1 #ddg1 #ddh4 ,walz's me?od ( prep>+ digital91 #dba4 ,w>d's r$ pill1 #eha4 ,wasps1 ,poison (1 #dga4 ,wat] gas1 ,le$s case ( poison+ by1 #fg4 hemlock1 ,dea?s f4 ,see nan! crocata1 #cj4 salam&]1 #dfg4 snake1 blood (1 #dhe4 ,welbeck cases ( food poison+1 #ejg4 ,:eat1 ,cont5t ( copp] 91 #fab4 ,:9 fl[]1 ,dea? f1 #cj4 ,:it*ur* case ( food poison+1 #ejg4 ,:ite lead1 #eid1 #eie4 ,:itelock's case ( c>bolic acid poison+1 #aga4 ,:ite precipitate1 #fcf1 #fdh4 ,williams' app>atus1 #dd4 ,)]ite1 #fhj4 ,witt/ock's process = col*ic9e1 #dac4 ,wolv]hampton case ( poison+ by t9n$ salmon1 #ejg4 ,wormwood1 #bdd4 ,w\dreton1 ,confession (1 #h4 ,wright's pe>l o9tm5t1 #fdj4 ,wund]li*'s case ( poison+ by nitric acid1 #ajf4 ,wye?'s dialys$ iron 7,app471 #fhf4 ,wyss 7,osc>7 case ( poison+ by sulphuric acid1 #hd4 ,xan?91 #ci1 #dj4 ,xan?og5ic acid1 #afe4 ,yell[ atrophy ( ! liv]1 di/+ui%$ f phosphorus poison+1 #bbf4 ,yew1 ,poison+ by1 #djd4 ,z9c ammonia *loride1 #feg4 c>bonate1 #fef4 *loride1 #fef4 ,dea?s f poison+ by1 #bi4 ,poison\s effects (1 #fei1 #ffj4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances aft] poison+ by1 #ffj1 #ffa4 ,detection (1 #ffa4 ,effects (1 #feh4 gre51 #feg4 9 ! arts1 #feg4 oxide1 #fef4 ,effects (1 on man1 #feh4 ,sep>ation (1 #ec4 sulphate1 #fef4 ,poison\s effects (1 #fei4 ,po/-mortem appe>ances aft] poison+ by #ffj4 sulphide1 #fef1 #feg4 ,prop]ties (1 #ffa4 ,te/s =1 #ffb4 poison+ by soluble salts ( 7,app471 #gjj4 :ite1 #feg4 yell[1 #feg4 ,,neill ,,& ,,company1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,ed9burgh4 ,a ,,catalogue ,,( ,,m$ical ,,works ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,*>les ,,griff9 ,,company1 ,,limit$4 ,illu/ration ,,messrs4 ,,*>les ,,griff9 ,,company',s ,,publications may be obta9$ ?r\gh any ,booksell] 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 or w be s5t direct on receipt ( a remittance to cov] publi%$ price4 ,to prev5t delay1 ,ord]s %\ld be accompani$ by a ,remittance4 ,*eques & ,po/al ,ord]s to be cross$ 8,,smi?1 ,,payne ,,smi?s40 ,g5]al & ,te*nical ,catalogues1 ,po/-free on ,application4 ,,london3 ,,exet] ,,/reet1 ,,/r&4 ,,index ,,to ,,au?ors4 ,,page ,,ait*ison 7,r471 ,m$ical ,h&book1 #bc ,,aitk5 7,sir ,w41 ,m4,d471 ,sci5ce & ,practice ( ,m$ic9e1 #bf ,,&]son 7,pr(4 ,m',call71 ,sk9 ,diseases1 #ac ,,bly? 7,a4 ,w471 ,foods & ,poisons1 #ca ,,burnet 7,r41 ,m4,d471 ,foods & ,diet>ies1 #cc ,,bury 7,judson1 ,m4,d47 ,cl9ical ,m$ic9e1 #g ,,caird ,,ca?c>t1 ,surgical ,h&book1 #bc ,,cl>k 7,sir ,&rew71 ,fibroid ,ph?isis1 #f ,,crimp 7,w4 ,s471 ,sewage ,disposal ,works1 #ba ---- & ,,coop]1 ,sanit>y ,rules1 #bd ,,davies 7,surg4 ,major71 ,hygi5e1 #bd ,,davis 7,pr(4 ,j4 ,r4 ,a471 ,biology1 #cj ---- ,! ,fl[]+ ,plant1 #cj ---- ,zoological ,pocket-book1 #cj ,,donald 7,ar*41 ,m4,d471 ,midwif]y1 #be ,,donk9 7,h4 ,bryan71 ,diseases ( ,*ildhood1 #i ,,duckwor? 7,sir ,d41 ,m4,d471 ,g\t1 #aj ,,dupre & ,,hake1 ,manual ( ,*emi/ry1 #cb ,,elborne 7,w471 ,ph>macy1 #cb ,,g>rod 7,a4 ,e41 ,m4,d471 ,rheumatism1 #aa ,,haddon 7,pr(471 ,embryology1 #bb ,,helli] 7,dr471 ,infancy & ,infant-,re>+1 #ce ,,hewitt 7,f4 ,w41 ,m4,d471 ,an/hetics1 #bf ,,hill 7,dr471 ,physiologi/'s ,note-,book1 #bg ,,horsley 7,v471 ,bra9 & ,sp9al ,cord1 #ae ---- ,bra9 ,surg]y1 #ae ,,humphry 7,laur471 ,manual ( ,nurs+1 #cc ,,hunt] 7,wm4 ,m4,d471 ,diseases ( ! ,blood1 #i ,,jaks* 7v47 & ,,cagney1 ,cl9ical ,diagnosis1 #h ,,l&is 7,dr471 ,managem5t ( ,lab\r1 #be ,,l&ois & ,,/irl+',s ,physiology1 #e ,,lewis 7,bevan71 ,m5tal ,diseases1 #af ,,macali/] 7,pr(471 ,human ,anatomy1 #d ,,macready 7,j41 ,f4,r4,c4,s471 ,ruptures1 #ai ,,mann 7,pr(4 ,dixon1 ,m4,d471 ,=5sic ,m$ic9e & ,toxicology1 #ai ,,m]ci] 7,*41 ,m4,d471 ,asylum ,managem5t1 #ag ,,mey] & ,,f]gus1 ,oph?almology1 #ad ,,ob]/e9] & ,,hill1 ,c5tral ,n]v\s ,organs1 #ah ,,page 7,h4 ,w41 ,f4,r4,c4,s471 ,railway ,injuries1 #bj ,,phillips 7,dr4 ,j471 ,diseases ( ,wom51 #be ,,poll>d 7,b41 ,f4,r4,c4,s471 ,diseases ( ,*ildhood 7,surgical71 #i ,,port] & ,,godw91 ,surgeon's ,pocket-book1 #bd ,,reid 7,geo41 ,d4,p4,h471 ,practical ,sanitation1 #cd ,,rideal 7,samuel1 ,d4,sc471 ,dis9fectants1 #cc ,,riddell 7,j4 ,scott1 ,m4,d471 ,manual ( ,ambulance1 #ce ,,ross & ,,bury1 ,p]iph]al ,neuritis1 #ae ,,sansom 7,a4 ,e41 ,m4,d471 ,diseases ( ! ,he>t1 #ab ,,sexton 7,pr(471 ,quantitative ,analysis1 #cb ---- ,qualitative ,analysis1 #cb ,,smi? 7,johnson1 ,f4,r4,c4,s471 ,sea-,capta9's ,m$ical ,guide1 #ce ,,squire1 7,ed4 ,j1 ,m4,d471 ,consumption1 ,hygi5ic ,prev5tion (1 #cd ,,/irl+ 7,pr(471 ,practical ,physiology1 #bh ---- ,practical ,hi/ology1 #bi ,,?orburn 7,w471 ,surg]y ( ,sp9e1 #bj ,,?ornton 7,j471 ,surg]y ( ,kidneys1 #bj ,,we/l& 7,a41 ,m4,d471 ,! ,wife & ,"m1 #ce ,,sci5tific ,,societies 7,ye>-book (71 #cf ,,index ,,to ,,subjects4 ,,page ,,ambulance1 #ce ,,an,,/hetics1 #bf ,,anatomy1 ,human1 #d ,anatomy & ,physiology 7,j\rnal (71 #bb ,,asylum ,,managem5t1 #ag ,,biology1 #cj ,,blood1 ,diseases (1 #i ,,botany1 #cj ,,bra91 ,!1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai ,,*emi/ry1 ,inorganic1 #cb ---- ,analysis1 ,qualitative & ,quantitative1 #cb ,,*ildhood1 ,diseases (1 #i ,,cl9ical ,diagnosis1 #h ,,cl9ical ,m$ic9e1 #f1 #g ,,consumption1 #f1 #cd ,,diet>ies = ! ,sick1 #cc ,,dis9fection & ,,dis9fectants1 #cc ,,embryology1 #bb ,,eye1 ,diseases ( !1 #ad ,,foods1 ,analysis (1 #ca ,,foods & ,diet>ies1 #cc ,,=5sic ,,m$ic9e1 #ai ,,g\t1 #aj ,,he>t1 ,diseases ( !1 #ab ,,hi/ology1 #bi ,,hygi5e & ,public ,heal?1 #bd1 #ca1 #cc1 #cd ,,infants1 ,re>+ (1 #ce ,,insanity1 ,m$ico-legal ,evid5ce (1 #ai ,,kidneys1 ,surg]y ( !1 #bj ,,laboratory ,h&-books-- ,*emi/ry1 #cb ,hi/ology1 #bi ,ph>macy1 #cb ,physiology1 #bh ,,m$ical ,,societies1 ,pap]s read annually be=e1 #cf ,,m$ic9e1 ,sci5ce & ,practice (1 #bf ,,m5tal ,,diseases1 #af1 #ag ,,n]v\s ,,organs1 ,c5tral1 #ah ,,nurs+1 ,m$ical & ,surgical1 #cc ,,ob/etrics1 #be ,,ph>macy1 #cb ,,ph?isis1 ,fibroid1 #f ,,physiologi/',s ,note-book1 #bg ,,physiology1 #e1 #bh ,,pocket-,,book ( ,hygi5e1 #bd ---- ,m$ical1 #bc ---- ( ,sanit>y ,rules1 #bd ---- ,surgical1 #bc1 #bd ---- ,zoological1 #cj ,,poisons1 ,detection (1 #ca ,,railway ,,injuries1 #bj ,,rheumatism1 #aa ,,ruptures1 #ai ,,sanitation1 #cd ,,sea-,,capta9s1 ,m$ical ,guide =1 #ce ,,sewage ,disposal ,works1 #ba ,,sk91 ,diseases ( !1 #ac ,,sp9al ,cord1 #bj ,,surg]y ( ,bra91 #ae ---- ,civil1 #bc ---- ( ,kidneys1 #bj ---- ,milit>y1 #bd ---- ( ,sp9al ,cord1 #bj ,,wom51 ,diseases (1 #be1 #ce ,,zoology1 #cj ,*>les ,griff9 ,co4's ,m$ical ,s]ies4 ,/&>d ,works ( ,ref]5ce = ,practition]s & ,/ud5ts4 ,issu$ 9 ,,libr>y ,,/yle1 l>ge #hvo1 ,h&some ,clo?1 v fully ,illu/rat$4 #a4 ,,anatomy ,,& ,,physiology4 ,,page ,human ,anatomy1 ,,pr(4 ,,macali/]1 ,m4,d41 #d ,human ,physiology1 ,,pr(s4 ,,l&ois ,,& ,,/irl+1 #e ,embryology1 ,,pr(4 ,,haddon1 #bb #b4 ,,! ,,bra91 ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em1 ,,& ,,legal ,,m$ic9e4 ,! ,bra9 & ,sp9al ,cord1 ,,victor ,,horsley1 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 #ae ,c5tral ,n]v\s ,organs1 ,,drs4 ,,ob]/e9] ,,& ,,hill1 #ah ,p]iph]al ,neuritis1 ,,drs4 ,,ross ,,& ,,bury1 #ae ,m5tal ,diseases1 ,,bevan ,,lewis1 ,m4,r4,c4,s41 #af ,asylum ,managem5t1 ,,*as4 ,,m]ci]1 ,m4,d41 #ag ,=5sic ,m$ic9e & ,toxicology1 ,,pr(4 ,,dixon ,,mann1 #ai #c4 ,,diagnosis ,,& ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,disease4 ,cl9ical ,diagnosis1 ,,drs4 ,v4 ,,jaks* ,,& ,,cagney1 #h ,cl9ical ,m$ic9e1 ,,judson ,,bury1 ,m4,d41 #f-g ,fibroid ,ph?isis1 ,,sir ,,&4 ,,cl>k1 ,m4,d41 #f ,g\t1 ,,sir ,,dyce ,,duckwor?1 ,m4,d41 #aj ,rheumatism1 ,,ar*4 ,,g>rod1 ,m4,d41 #aa ,diseases ( ! ,blood1 ,,wm4 ,,hunt]1 ,m4,d41 #i ,*ildhood1 ,,bryan ,,donk91 ,m4,d41 #i ! ,eye1 ,,drs4 ,,mey] ,,& ,,f]gus1 #ad ! ,he>t1 ,a4 ,e4 ,,sansom1 ,m4,d41 #ab ! ,sk91 ,,pr(4 ,m',,call ,,&]son1 #ac #d4 ,,surg]y4 ,bra9 ,surg]y1 ,,victor ,,horsley1 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 #ae ,surg]y ( ! ,kidneys1 ,,kn[sley ,,?ornton1 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 #bj ,sp9al ,cord1 ,,wm4 ,,?orburn1 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 #bj ,surg4 ,diseases ( ,*ildhood1 ,,bilton ,,poll>d1 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 #i ,railway ,injuries1 ,h4 ,w4 ,,page1 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 #bj ,ruptures1 ,j4 ,f4 ,c4 ,,macready1 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 #ai ,o!r ,volumes 9 active ,prep>ation4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,macali/]1 ,m4,p41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,human ,,anatomy 7,,sy/ematic ,,& ,,topographical71 ,a ,,text-,,book ,,(3 ,,includ+ ,,! ,,embryology1 ,,hi/ology1 ,,& ,,morphology ,,( ,,man1 ,,) ,,special ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,requirem5ts ,,( ,,practical ,,surg]y ,,& ,,m$ic9e4 ,,by ,,alex&] ,,macali/]1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,s4,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,anatomy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 & ,fell[ ( ,/4 ,john's ,college2 ,exam9] 9 ,human ,anatomy1 ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,) #haf ,illu/rations4 ,h&some ,clo?1 #cfs4 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press4 8,by f> ,,! ,,mo/ ,,important ,,"w ,,on ,,?is ,,subject t has appe>$ 9 rec5t ye>s1 4 4 4 treat+ its subject ,,?or\ghly ,,& ,,compreh5sively4 4 4 4 ,! hi/ology ( ! tissues is mo/ ably & lucidly describ$40--,! ,lancet4 8,,?is ,,spl5did ,,volume fills up :at 0 a great want 9 works on human anatomy4444 ,we get morphology z a basis1 & ?read our way upw>ds40--,saturday ,review4 8,conta9s an enorm\s am\nt ( valuable matt]4 4 4 4 ,a "w :i* we feel sure w be a ma9 factor 9 ! advancem5t ( sci5tific anatomy4 ,9 addition1 we mu/ m5tion ! ,,f9e ,,collection ,,( ,,illu/rations40--,dubl9 ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,_m ( ! 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mo/ advanc$ ,physiology into relation%ip ) cl9ical "w2 & ! v valuable treatise ( ,v4 ,,jaks* on #8,cl9ical ,diagnosis40--,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,?is is ! late/ ( ! spl5did ,s]ies ( ,text-books :i* ,messrs4 ,*>les ,griff9 ,company h be5 ! means ( plac+ 9 ! h&s ( ! pr(ession4 ,! volume w ma9ta9 ! reputation ( its pr$ecessors1 & we ,,he>tily ,,congratulate ,dr4 ,judson ,bury on ! ,,excell5ce ( 8 book & ! ,,/]l+ ,,contribution to m$ical lit]ature :i*1 9 its publication1 he has made40--,dubl9 ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4 ,introductory4--,symptoms & ,physical ,signs--,importance ( ,inspection--,me?od ( ,exam9+ a ,pati5t--,case-tak+4 ,symptoms = ! mo/ "p ,subjective 9 ,"*4--,symptoms indicat+ ,di/urbance ( ! ,functions ( ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em--,indicat+ ,di/urbance ( ! ,functions ( ! ,respiratory & ,circulatory ,organs--,indicat+ ,di/urbance ( ! ,functions ( ! ,dige/ive ,organs--,indicat+ ,di/urbance ( ! ,ur9>y ,organs4 ,exam9ation ( ! ,surface ( ! ,body4--,*anges 9 ,size & ,%ape--,expression ( ,face--,attitude--,walk+4 ,temp]ature4--,temp]ature 9 ,heal?--9 ,disease4 ,exam9ation ( ! ,sk9 & its ,app5dages4--,*anges 9 ! ,col\r ( ! ,sk9--,! ,moi/ure ( ! ,sk9--,cutane\s ,eruptions3--,i4 ,g5]al ,diseases ) ,cutane\s ,lesions2 ,,ii4 ,diseases ( ! ,sk9 due to ,p>asites2 ,,iii4 ,local ,diseases ( ! ,sk9 n due to ,cutane\s ,p>asites--,abnormal ,conditions ( ! ,nails4 ,exam9ation ( ! ,respiratory ,sy/em4--,artificial ,divisions ( ! ,*e/--,inspection--,palpation--,p]cussio n--,auscultation--,! ,sputum--,! ,exam9ation ( ! ,l>ynx4 ,exam9ation ( ! ,circulatory ,sy/em4--,anatomical ,relations ( ! ,he>t--,inspection & ,palpation--,p]cussion-,auscultation--,! ,pulse4 ,exam9ation ( ! ,blood4 ,exam9ation ( ! ,dige/ive ,sy/em & ( ! ,abdom9al ,organs4--,! ,tongue--,! ,tee?--,! ,gums--,! ,muc\s ,membrane ( ! ,m\?--,saliva--,! ,s(t ,palate1 ,fauces & ,ph>ynx--,! sophagus--,! ,abdom5---,! ,/oma*--,exam9ation ( ,vomit$ ,matt]s--,inve/igation ( ! ,cont5ts ( ! ,/oma* & ( its ,activity dur+ ,dige/ion--,! ,inte/9es--,exam9ation ( ! ,fces---,! ,liv] & ,gall ,bladd]--,! ,sple5--,! ,pancreas--,! ,om5tum--,! ,mes5t]y & ,retrop]itoneal ,gl&s--,! ,kidneys4 ,exam9ation ( ! ,ur9e4--,v>iations 9 ! ,quantity ( ! ,ur9e--,9 ! ,col\r--,od\r--,consi/5ce--,transluc5cy- -,specific ,gravity & ,reaction ( ! ,ur9e--,*emical ,exam9ation ( ! ,ur9e--,s$im5ts & ,microscopical ,exam9ation ( ! ,ur9e3--7a7 ,unorganis$ ,s$im5ts2 7b7 ,organic ,deposits4 ,exam9ation ( ,puncture ,fluids4--,exudations--,transudations--, cont5ts ( ,cy/s4 ,exam9ation ( ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em4--,anatomical & ,physiological ,introduction--,inve/igation ( ! ,symptoms ,produc$ by ,diseases ( ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em3--,disord]s ( ,muscul> ,action2 ( ,s5sation2 ( ,reflex ,action2 ( ,language2 ( ,vision2 ( ,he>+2 ( ,ta/e2 ( ,smell4 ,by ,pr(4 von ,,jaks*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4--;a1 b4 ,cyl9droids f ! ur9e 9 conge/$ kidney4 ,,cl9ical ,,diagnosis3 ,,! ,bact]iological1 ,*emical1 & ,microscopical ,evid5ce ( ,disease4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,r4 ,v4 ,,jaks*1 ,( ! ,univ]sity ( ,prague4 ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,?ird ,,g]man ,,edition ,,& ,,enl>g$ ,,by ,,james ,,cagney1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 ,phys4 to ! ,hosp4 = ,epilepsy & ,p>alysis1 ,reg5t's ,p>k4 ,) ,,additional ,,illu/rations1 _m ,col\r$4 ,9 l>ge #hvo4 ,h&some ,clo?4 #bes4 ,,second ,,engli% ,,edition4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4 ,! ,blood--,! ,buccal ,secretion--,! ,nasal ,secretion--,! ,sputum--,! ,ga/ric ,juice & ,vomit--,! ,fces--,exam9ation ( ! ,ur9e--,inve/igation ( ,exudations1 ,transudations1 & ,cy/ic ,fluids--,! ,secretions ( ! ,g5ital ,organs--,me?ods ( ,bact]iological ,rese>*--,bibliography4 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press4 8,a /rik+ example ( ! application ( ! ,me?ods ( ,sci5ce to ,m$ic9e4 4 4 4 ,,/&s ,,almo/ ,,alone among/ books ( ?is class 9 ! wid? ( its range1 ! ,,?or\ghness ( its exposition1 & ! cle>ness ( its /yle4 ,its value has be5 recognis$ 9 _m c\ntries4 4 4 4 ,! translator has done 8 %>e ( ! "w 9 an admirable mann]4 4 4 4 ,a /&>d "w 4 4 4 z ,,tru/wor?y z x is ,,sci5tific4 4 4 4 ,! num]\s & arti/ic illu/rations =m a great feature ( ! "w1 & h be5 admirably reproduc$40--,lancet4 8,supplies a real want4 4 4 4 ,ri* 9 in=mation1 accurate 9 detail1 lucid 9 /yle40--,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rnal4 8,possesses a ,,high ,,value4 4 4 4 ,!re is a mo/ admirable bibliography40--,ed9burgh ,m$4 ,review4 8,a new & valuable "w 4 4 4 wor?y ( a ,,fir/ ,,place ,,z ,a ,,text-,,book4 4 4 4 ,( great value bo? to m$ical practition]s & m$ical /ud5ts40--,j\rnal ( ,am]ican ,m$4 ,association1 ,*icago4 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo1 ,h&some ,clo?4 #afs4 ,,! ,,diseases ,,( ,,*ildhood 7,,m$ical74 ,,by ,h4 ,,bryan ,,donk91 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,p41 ,,physician ,,to ,,! ,,we/m9/] ,,hospital ,,& ,,! ,,ea/ ,,london ,,hospital ,,= ,,*ildr53 ,,jo9t ,,lectur] ,,on ,,m$ic9e ,,& ,,cl9ical ,,m$ic9e ,,at ,,! ,,we/m9/] ,,hospital ,,m$ical ,,s*ool4 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press4 ,! ,lancet4--8,,dr4 ,,donk9's book is 9 e s5se ( ! ^w a piece ( ,,orig9al ,,"w1 ,,rem>kably ,,well ,,writt51 & f\nd$ on 8 own ,,l>ge ,,exp]i5ce40 ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal4--8,,dr4 ,,donk9's "w possesses *>act]s :i* w e>n = x a ,,di/9ct ,,place 9 ! e/imation ( ! pr(ession4 4 4 4 ,may be confid5tly recomm5d$ to ! /udy ( e practition] :o takes an int]e/ 9 ! subjects ) :i* x deals40 ,practition]4--8,unque/ionably a ,,v ,,valuable contribution to ! li/ ( works on ! diseases ( *ildhood40 ,ed9burgh ,m$ical ,j\rnal4--8,a ?\ghtful1 accurate1 & comp5di\s treatise1 writt5 9 a *>m+ /yle1 & ) mu* vig\r40 ,m$ical ,magaz9e4--8,a ,,truly ,,practical "w1 ! record ( ! p]sonal exp]i5ce & obs]vation ( an indep5d5t m9d40 ,,! ,,diseases ,,( ,,*ildhood 7,,surgical74 ,,by ,,bilton ,,poll>d1 ,m4,b41 ,b4,s41 ,f4,r4,c4,s1 ,surgeon1 ,n4,e4 ,hospital = ,*ildr52 ,assi/4-,surgeon1 ,univ]sity ,college ,hospital2 ,assi/4 ,pr(4 ( ,cl9ical ,surg]y & ,tea*] ( ,practical ,surg]y1 ,univ]sity ,college4 ,,ea* ,,volume ,,publi%$ ,,sep>ately4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,blood4 ,,by ,,william ,,hunt]1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,assi/4-,phys4 ,london ,fev] ,hospital2 ,arris & ,gale ,lect4 ,r4,c4,s4 ,eng41 c41 c4 ,by ,,sir ,,dyce ,,duckwor?1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,human ,articul> ,c>tilage f head ( a metat>sal bone 7,normal74 ,,g\t 7,a ,,treatise ,,on74 ,,by ,,sir ,,dyce ,,duckwor?1 ,m4,d4 ,ed941 ,,ll4,d41 ,hon4 ,physician to ,h4,r4,h4 ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 ,physician to1 & ,lectur] on ,cl9ical ,m$ic9e 91 ,/4 ,b>?olomew's ,hospital4 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,) ,*romo-,li?ograph1 ,fold+ ,plate1 & ,illu/rations 9 ! ,text4 ,h&some ,clo?1 #bes4 ,?is "w is ! result ( ! special opportunities :i* ,london ,practice af=ds z1 probably1 ! l>ge/ field ( obs]vation = ! /udy ( ,g\t4 ,x is bas$ on ! exp]i5ce d]iv$ f bo? ,hospital & ,private ,practice1 ea* ( :i* furni%es di/9ctive phases ( ! disease4 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press4 8,?or\ghly practical & highly philosophical4 ,! practition] w f9d 9 its pages an ,,enorm\s ,,am\nt ,,( ,,in=mation4 4 4 4 ,a monum5t ( cl9ical obs]vation1 ( ext5sive read+1 & ( close & c>eful reason+40--,practition]4 8,all ! kn[n facts ( ,g\t are c>efully pass$ 9 review4 4 4 4 ,we h *apt]s ^u ! cl9ical v>ieties ( ,g\t1 & ! affections ( special organs & textures4 4 4 4 ,a v ,,valuable ,,/oreh\se ( mat]ial on ! nature1 v>ieties1 & treatm5t ( ,g\t40--,lancet4 8,a v well writt51 cle>1 & ,,?or\ghly ,,satisfactory ,,epitom ( our pres5t k ^u ! subject ( ,g\t40--,philadelphia ,!rapeutic ,gazette4 8,imp>tial 9 its discussion ( !ories1 full & accurate 9 its description ( cl9ical facts1 & a ,,tru/wor?y ,,guide ,,to ,,treatm5t40--,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,gangli=m ,swell+ on ! ,dorsum ( ! ,h& ( a ,*ild ag$ ,eight4 ,by ,a4 ,e4 ,,g>rod1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,p4 ,rheumatism ,,& ,rheumatoid ,ar?ritis 7,a ,,treatise ,,on74 ,,by ,,ar*ibald ,e4 ,,g>rod1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d4 ,oxon41 ,f4,r4,c4,p41 ,assi/ant-,physician to ! ,we/ ,london ,hospital1 c4 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo1 ) ,*>ts & ,illu/rations4 ,h&some ,clo?1 #bas4 ,! au?or's aim is to give a consi/5t picture ( ,rheumatism z a sy/emic disease pres5t+ "o def9ite set ( ph5om5a1 ! result1 x is believ$1 ( "o s+le & specific morbid process4 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press4 8,! wide subject ( ! etiology ( rheumatism is c>efully treat$4 4 4 4 ,! discussion ( etiology is complet$ by a full analysis ( ! conditions :i* det]m9e individual attacks4 4 4 4 ,dr4 ,g>rod is to be congratulat$ on hav+ put be=e ! pr(ession ,,s ,,cle> ,,& ,,coh]5t an acc\nt ( ! rheumatic diseases4 ,! /yle ( 8 "w is em95tly readable40--,lancet4 8,well writt5 & reliable4 4 4 4 ,we h little d\bt t ?is monograph w take rank ) ! be/ treatises on special m$ical subjects 9 ! ,engli% language40--,dubl9 ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,an ,,excell5t ,,acc\nt ( ! cl9ical features ( ! diseases 9 "q4 ,! *apt]s on treatm5t are ,,?or\ghly ,,practical40--,man*e/] ,m$ical ,*ronicle4 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo1 ) ,illu/rations 9 ! ,text & #ac ,fold+-,plates1 #bhs4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,he>t ,,& ,,?oracic ,,aorta 7,,! ,,diagnosis ,,(74 by ,a4 ,,erne/ ,,sansom1 ,m4,d1 ,f4,r4,c4,p41 ,physician to ! ,london ,hospital2 ,consult+ ,physician1 ,nor?-,ea/]n ,hospital = ,*ildr52 ,exam9] 9 ,m$ic9e1 ,royal ,college ( ,physicians 7,conjo9t ,bo>d = ,engl&71 & ,univ]sity ( ,durham2 ,lectur] on ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce & ,public ,heal?1 ,london ,hospital ,m$ical ,college1 c4 7,f ,*ap4 ix4--8,! ,obs]v$ ,signs ( ,neuro-,c>diac ,disease407 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,case ( ,grave's disease ) well-m>k$ retraction ( upp] eyelid 7,/ellway's sign74 ,!re 0 v little projection ( ! eyeball1 ?\gh prom95ce appe>$ to be extreme4 ,pati5t ag$ tw5ty-f\r4 7,f a photograph47 8,dr4 ,sansom has op5$ to u a ,,treasure-,,h\se ,,( ,,k4 4 4 4 ,! orig9ality ( ! "w is %[n on e page1 an orig9ality s complete z to m>k x out f e o!r on ! subject ) :i* we are acqua9t$40--,practition]4 8,a book :i* does cr$it to ,briti% ,sci5tific ,m$ic9e4 ,we w>mly comm5d x to all engag$ 9 cl9ical "w40--,! ,lancet4 ,by ,,pr(essor ,t4 ,m',,call ,,&]son1 ,m4,d4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,n[ ,ready1 ) ,f\r ,*romo-,li?ographs1 ,/eel ,plate1 & num]\s ,woodcuts4 #bes4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,sk9 7,a ,,treatise ,,on71 ,) ,special ,ref]5ce to ,diagnosis & ,treatm5t1 ,includ+ an ,analysis ( #ab1jjj ,consecutive ,cases4 ,by ,t4 ,m',,call ,,&]son1 ,m4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,cl9ical ,m$ic9e1 ,univ]sity if ,glasg[4 ,,pr(essor ,m',,call ,,&]son's ,treatise1 af=d+1 z x does1 a complete rsum ( ! be/ mod]n practice1 is writt5--n f ! /&po9t ( ! ,univ]sity ,pr(essor--b f t ( "o :o1 dur+ upw>ds ( a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 has be5 actively engag$ bo? 9 private & 9 hospital practice1 ) unusual opportunities = /udy+ ?is class ( disease1 h5ce ! ,,practical & ,,cl9ical directions giv5 are ( great value4 ,speak+ ( ! practical aspects ( ,dr4 ,,&]son's "w1 ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal says3--8,sk9 diseases are1 z is well kn[n1 ob/9ate & tr\blesome1 & ! k t !re are ,,additional ,,res\rces besides ^? 9 ord9>y use w give confid5ce to _m a puzzl$ m$ical man1 & enable him to enc\rage a d\bt+ pati5t4 ,,almo/ ,,any ,,page ,,might ,,be ,,us$ ,,to ,,illu/rate ,,! ,,fulness ,,( ,,! ,,"w ,,9 ,,?is ,,respect4 4 4 4 ,! *apt] on ,eczema1 t univ]sal & mo/ tr\blesome ailm5t1 describes 9 a compreh5sive _s1 & ) ! greate/ accuracy ( detail1 ! v>i\s me?ods ( treatm5t4 ,dr4 ,&]son writes ) ! au?ority ( a man :o has tri$ ! rem$ies :i* he discusses1 & ! in=mation & advice :i* he gives _c fail to prove extremely valuable40 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press4 8,pr(essor ,m',call ,&]son has produc$ a "w likely to prove ,,v ,,acceptable to ! busy practition]4 ,! sections on treatm5t are v full4 ,= example1 ,,eczema has #aaj pages giv5 to x1 & #gc ( ^! pages are devot$ to treatm5t40--,lancet4 8,beyond d\bt1 ! ,,mo/ ,,important ,,"w on ,sk9 ,diseases t has appe>$ 9 ,engl& = _m ye>s4 4 4 4 ,conspicu\s = ! ,,am\nt ,,& ,,excell5ce ( ! ,,cl9ical ,,& ,,practical in=mation :i* x conta9s40--,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,! "w may be reg>d$ z a /oreh\se ( ,,facts ga!r$ & sift$ by "o ^: op9ion is entitl$ to ! highe/ respect1 & we h no hesitation 9 /at+ our belief t x has ,,no ,,equal 9 ?is c\ntry40--,ed9burgh ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,,ess5tially a useful book1 cle> & graphic 9 description1 dogmatic & hopeful on que/ions ( treatm5t40--,birm+ham ,m$ical ,review4 ,by ,drs4 ,,mey] & ,,f]gus4 ,n[ ,ready1 ) ,?ree ,col\r$ ,plates & num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,royal #hvo1 ,h&some ,clo?1 #bes4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,eye 7,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,on71 ,,by ,,ed\>d ,,mey]1 ,pr(4 l'cole ,pratique de la ,facult de ,mdec9e de ,p>is1 ,*ev4 ( ! ,leg4 ( ,hon\r1 c4 ,translat$ f ! ,?ird ,fr5* ,edition1 ) ,additions z conta9$ 9 ! ,f\r? ,g]man ,edition1 ,by ,f4 ,,f]gus1 ,m4,b41 ,oph?almic ,surgeon1 ,glasg[ ,infirm>y4 ,! p>ticul> features t w mo/ comm5d ,dr4 ,mey]'s "w to ,engli% read]s are--its ,,concis5ess1 its ,,helpfulness 9 explanation1 & ! ,,practicality ( its directions4 ,! be/ pro( ( its wor? may1 p]haps1 be se5 9 ! fact t x has n[ gone ?r\gh ?ree ,fr5* & f\r ,g]man editions1 & has be5 translat$ into mo/ ,european languages--,italian1 ,spani%1 ,russian1 & ,poli%--& ev5 into ,japanese4 ,op9ions ( ! ,press4 8,a ,,good ,,translation ,,( ,a ,,good ,,book4 4 4 4 ,a ,,s\nd ,,guide 9 ! diagnosis & treatm5t ( ! v>i\s diseases ( ! eye t are likely to fall "u ! notice ( ! g5]al ,practition]4 ,! ,pap]1 ,type1 & ,*romo-,li?ographs are all t c\ld be desir$4 4 4 4 ,we "k ( no "w 9 :i* ! ,,diseases & ,,de=mities ( ! ,,lids are m fully treat$4 ,num]\s figures illu/rate almo/ e defect rem$iable by op]ation40--,practition]4 8,a ,,v ,,tru/wor?y ,,guide 9 all respects4 4 4 4 ,,?or\ghly ,,practical4 ,excell5tly translat$1 & v well got up4 ,type1 ,woodcuts1 & ,*romo-,li?ographs are alike excell5t40--,lancet4 8,any ,/ud5t w f9d ?is "w ( ,,great ,,value4 4 4 4 ,! *apt] on ,cat>act is excell5t4 4 4 4 ,! ,illu/rations describ+ ! v>i\s pla/ic op]ations are specially helpful40--,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rnal4 8,an ,,excell5t ,,translation ( a /&>d ,fr5* ,text-,book4 4 4 4 ,we c cordially recomm5d ,dr4 ,mey]'s "w4 ,x is ess5tially a ,,practical ,,"w4 ,! ,publi%]s h done _! "p 9 ! ,,ta/eful & ,,sub/antial ,,mann] ,,*>act]i/ic ,,( ,,_! ,,m$ical ,,publications4 ,! ,type & ! ,illu/rations are 9 m>k$ contra/ to mo/ m$ical works40--,oph?almic ,review4 _/ ,9 ,l>ge #hvo1 ) ,num]\s ,illu/rations1 ,h&some ,clo?1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,bra9 ,,& ,,sp9al ,,cord 7,! ,/ructure & ,functions (74 ,,by ,,victor ,,horsley1 ,b4,s41 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,pa?ology1 ,univ]sity ,college2 ,assi/ant-,surgeon1 ,univ]sity ,college ,hospital1 c4 8,! portion treat+ ( ! developm5t ( ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em f ! simple/ animals up to man1 ev]y:]e replete ) int]e/4 4 4 4 ,9 ! la/ f\r ,lectures we h mo/ cle>ly /at$ ! results ( mod]n "w4 4 4 4 ,,well ,,wor? ! /udy ( all :o wi% to apply ! lessons ( rec5t physiological rese>*40--,ed9burgh ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,we ,,he>tily ,,comm5d ! book to all read]s & to ,,all ,,classes ,,( ,,/ud5ts ,,alike1 z be+ almo/ ! only lucid acc\nt extant1 embody+ ! ,,late/ ,,rese>*es & _! conclusions40--,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 ,,9 ,,prep>ation--,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or4 ,,surg]y ,,( ,,! ,,bra94 ,,by ,,victor ,,horsley1 ,f4,r4,s1 c41 ,assi/ant ,surgeon1 ,univ]sity ,college ,hospital2 ,pr(essor ( ,pa?ology1 ,univ]sity ,college1 c41 c4 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #bas4 ,,on ,,p]iph]al ,,neuritis4 ,,by ,,jas4 ,,ross1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,late ,physician to ! ,man*e/] ,royal ,infirm>y1 & ,jo9t ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e at ! ,ow5s ,college2 ,,& ,,judson ,,bury1 ,m4,d41 ,m4,r4,c4,p41 ,s5ior ,assi/ant ,physician to ! ,man*e/] ,royal ,infirm>y4 8,x w = _m ye>s rema9 ! ,,au?oritative ,,text-,,book on p]iph]al neuritis40--,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,a monum5t ( indu/ry--%\ld be c>efully read by all40--,ed9burgh ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,a ,,mo/ ,,complete & ma/]ly treatise40--,%effield ,m$4 ,j\rnal4 ,by ,w4 ,,bevan ,,lewis4 ,,m5tal ,,diseases 7,a ,,text-,,book ,,(73 ,hav+ ,special ,ref]5ce to ! ,pa?ological ,aspects ( ,insanity4 ,,by ,w4 ,,bevan ,,lewis1 ,l4,r4,c4,p4 ,lond41 ,m4,r4,c4,s4 ,eng41 ,m$ical ,director ( ! ,we/ ,rid+ ,asylum1 ,wakefield4 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo1 ) ,eighte5 ,li?ographic ,plates & ,illu/rations 9 ! ,text4 ,h&some ,clo?1 #bhs4 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press4 8,w take ! ,,highe/ ,,rank z a ,text-,book ( ,m5tal ,diseases40--,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,)\t d\bt ! ,,be/ ,,book 9 ,engli% ( its k9d4 4 4 4 ,! *apt] on ,epileptic ,insanity & t on ! ,pa?ology ( ,insanity are p]fect1 & %[ a p[] ( "w & orig9ality ( ?\ght :i* are admirable40--,j\rnal ( ,m5tal ,sci5ce4 8,! "w1 all ?r\gh1 is ! outcome ( orig9al obs]vation & rese>*40--,m9d4 8,a ,,spl5did ,,addition to ! lit]ature ( m5tal diseases4 4 4 4 ,! anatomical & hi/ological section is ,,admirably ,,done4 4 4 4 ,! cl9ical section is concise & t]sely writt54 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to ! pa?ological section t ! "w owes its *ief m]it4 ,z a ,,/&>d ,,"w on ! pa?ology ( m5tal diseases ?is "w %\ld occupy a prom95t place 9 ! libr>y ( e ali5i/ physician40--,dubl9 ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,af=ds a fulness ( in=mation :i* x w\ld be difficult to f9d 9 any o!r treatise 9 ! ,engli% language40--,ed94 ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,we record our conviction t ! book is ! be/ & mo/ complete treatise ^u ! pa?ological aspect ( ! subject ) :i* we are famili>4 4 4 4 ,an ,,absolutely ,,indisp5sable addition to e ali5i/'s & neurologi/'s libr>y40--,! ,ali5i/ & ,neurologi/4 8,x w\ld be q impossible to say too mu* 9 praise ( ! ,,illu/rations40--,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,insanity4 8,! ,section on ,pa?ological ,anatomy is ,,unrivall$ 9 ,engli% lit]ature40--,bullet9 de la ,soc4 ,md4 ,m5tale de ,belgique4 ,l>ge #hvo1 ,h&some ,clo?1 #afs4 ,,lunatic ,,asylums3 ,,_! ,,organisation ,,& ,,managem5t4 ,,by ,,*>les ,,m]ci]1 ,m4,b41 ,late ,s5ior ,assi/ant-,m$ical ,(fic] at ,leavesd5 ,asylum1 & at ! ,city ( ,london ,asylum4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,h\s+4--,g5]al ,pr9ciples3 ,sanit>y ,conditions--,sup]vision--,treatm5t & ,gr\p+--,precautions--,size2 ,co/2 ,equipm5t2 ,accessibility4 ,g5]al ,arrangem5ts3 ,g5]al ,con/ruction2 ,walls2 ,floors2 ,w9d[s2 ,bl9ds2 ,locks--,heat+2 ,op5 ,fires2 ,hot ,coils 9 ! ,w>ds2 ,hot ,coils outside ! ,w>d2 ,! ,fire-places2 ,fire-gu>ds--,light+2 ,gas ,met]s--,wat]2 ,! ,s(t5+ ( ,wat]2 ,wat] ,met]s4 ,w>ds & ,w>d ,(fices3 7a7 ,! ,day ,rooms--,furniture2 ,floor ,cov]+2 ,curta9s2 ,tables2 ,seats2 ,scre5s2 ,bookcase2 ,newspap] ,/&2 ,lett]-,box2 ,piano2 ,decorations2 ,fl[]s & ,plants2 ,m$ic9e & o!r ,cupbo>ds--7b7 ,dormitories--,b$s2 ,wov5 ,wire ,mattresses2 ,b$ ,feet2 ,special ,=ms ( ,b$/ead2 ,mattresses2 ,pill[s2 ,blankets2 ,quilts2 ,*amb] ,ut5sils2 ,mirrors2 ,bru%es & ,combs2 ,lock]s2 ,scre5s--,sup]vision ,dormitories--,s+le ,rooms2 ,%utt]s2 ,v5tilation & ,light+--,padd$ ,rooms--,ba? ,rooms & ,ba?s--,ur9als--,wat]-,closets2 ,position2 ,floor & ,walls2 ,=ms2 ,wat] ,wa/e ,prev5t]s--,lavatories2 ,bas9s2 ,t[els--,scull]ies--,slop & ,bru% ,closets--,boot ,rooms--,soil$ ,l95 ,closets--,coal ,/ores--,w>d ,/ores4 ,! ,d9+ & ,recreation ,halls1 ,*apel1 c43 ,recreation ,hall2 ,heat+2 ,v5tilation--,! ,*apel--,receiv+ ,room--,visit+ ,room4 ,communication3 ,passages2 ,/aircases4 ,adm9i/rative ,portion3 ,! ,kit*5--,scull]y--,laundry--,wa% ,h\se2 ,dry+ ,room2 ,iron+ ,room2 ,f\l ,laundry2 ,boil] ,h\se--,/ores--,work%ops--,(fices2 ,sup]9t5d5t's2 ,assi/ant ,m$ical ,(fic]'s2 ,o!r ,(fic]s'2 ,libr>y2 ,disp5s>y2 ,mortu>y2 ,photographic ,/udio4 ,accommodation = ! ,/aff3 ,= ! ,m$ical ,sup]9t5d5t--,= ,att5dants--,= ,assi/ant ,m$ical ,(fic]s4 ,air+ ,c\rts3 ,plants--,fl[] ,b$s--,pa?s--,seats--,birds & ,games4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,food ,,& ,,clo?+4--,food3 ,"* ( ,food--,bev]ages--,diet>ies4 ,te/+3 ,meat2 ,salt ,meat2 ,fl\r2 ,bread2 ,butt]2 ,milk2 ,*eese2 ,sug>2 ,tea2 ,c(fee2 ,cocoa2 ,v9eg>2 ,pepp]2 ,mu/>d2 ,salt2 ,be]2 ,t9n$ ,provisions2 ,rice2 ,peas & ,beans2 ,potatoes4 ,/or+ & ,keep+3 ,meat2 ,tea2 ,c(fee2 ,cocoa2 ,mu/>d2 ,pepp]2 & ,spices2 ,t9n$ ,goods2 ,milk2 ,butt]2 ,*eese2 ,potatoes4 ,s]v+3 ,mode (--,table ,furniture--,extra ,diets4 ,clo?+3 ,wom5's ,clo?+2 ,dresses2 ,petticoats2 ,/ays2 ,und]mo/ ,g>m5t2 ,/ock+s2 ,boots2 ,hats & ,bonnets2 ,%awls2 ,m5's ,clo?+2 ,tr\s]s2 ,coats2 ,wai/coats2 ,%irts & ,und]%irts2 ,draw]s2 ,neckties2 ,boots2 ,ov]coats2 ,hats & ,caps4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,occupation ,,& ,,amusem5t4--,occupation3 ,inducem5t to ,"w--,difficulty f want ( ,intellig5ce--,dang]s--,f ,use ( ,tools2 ,f ,relaxation ( ,sup]vision2 ,to ,security2 ,to ,heal?2 ,f ,m+l+ ( ! ,sexes4 ,amusem5ts3 9 ! ,w>ds--9 ! ,air+ ,c\rts2 ,quoits2 ,b[ls2 ,lawn-,t5nis2 ,skittles2 ,badm9ton2 ,rackets2 ,fives2 ,croquet2 ,golf2 ,cricket2 ,football2 ,gr\nds2 ,o!r ,op5-,air ,amusem5ts2 ,races1 c4--,recreations 9 ! ,recreation ,hall2 ,dances2 ,!atricals2 ,conc]ts4 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,det5tion ,,& ,,c>e4--,det5tion3 ,mean+ ( ,t]m2 ,limitation ( ,re/ra9t4 ,c>e3 ,suicide2 ,suicidal ,t5d5cy 9 ! ,fir/ ,degree--,suicides 9 ! ,second ,degree--,suicides 9 ! ,?ird ,degree--,treatm5t ( ! ,fir/ ,degree--,treatm5t ( ! ,?ird ,degree--,sup]vision--,precautions2 ,razors2 ,knives & ,scissors2 ,brok5 ,glass & ,crock]y2 ,home-,made ,knives2 ,po9ts ( ,susp5sion2 ,means ( ,susp5sion2 ,fire2 ,wat]4 ,viol5ce3 ,provocations & ,inducem5ts--,aggressive ,re/ra9t--,clos5ess ( ,aggregation--,insane ,peculi>ities--,treatm5t ( ,viol5t ,pati5ts--,disp]sion--,removal ( ,causes--,*ange ( ,surr\nd+s--,=ew>n+s ( ,viol5ce--,mode ( ,assault--,assaults ) ,weapons--,precautions z to ,weapons--,managem5t ( ,pati5ts :5 ,viol5t--,pret5d$ ,viol5ce4 ,accid5t3 ,causes ( ,accid5ts--,falls--,epileptic ,fits--,w>n+s ( ,fits--,amplitude ( ,w>n+--,direction ( ,fall--,lab\r ( ,epileptics--,v>i\s ,precautions = ,epileptics--,falls f ,defective ,footge>--f ,feebl5ess--f ,jo/l+--f ,ob/acles--f ,defects 9 ,floor+--,suffocation2 ,impaction ( ,food 9 ! ,?roat--,precautions--,inhalation ( ,food into ! ,w9dpipe--,epileptics at ,night--,scald+--,fire--,precautions 9 ,con/ruction--,precautions 9 ,managem5t--,provisions = ! ,safety ( ,pati5ts--,locks ( ,s+le ,rooms--,removal ( ,pati5ts %\ld be ,practis$--,fire-,ext+ui%+ ,app>atus4 ,cleanl9ess3 ,ba?+--,dirty ,habits--,causes2 ,treatm5t2 ,neatness ( ,app>el4 ,,"p ,v4 ,,! ,,/aff4--,responsibility--,treatm5t accord+ to ,des]ts2 ,aw>ds to ,m]it2 ,aw>ds to ,faulty ,conduct2 ,am\nt ( ,puni%m5t2 ,puni%m5t %\ld be ,prompt2 ,puni%m5t %\ld fit ! ,crime2 ,:o %\ld ,puni%2 ,rew>d & ,puni%m5t bo? necess>y--,sup]vision2 ,inspection2 ,surprise ,visits--,reports4 ,! ,*apla93 ,! ,libr>y--,repair+ ,books--,torn ,pages3 ,loose ,pages2 ,back half (f2 ,back :olly gone2 ,cov]s ,torn2 ,re-sew+--,o!r ,duties4 ,! ,sup]9t5d5t3 ,supremacy--,"*--,duties--,m$ical ,duties4 ,/atutory ,duties3 ,duties att5d+ ! ,reception ( ,pati5ts--,orig9al ,reception--,private ,pati5t--,reception on ,judicial ,ord] on ,petition2 ,! ,ord]2 ,! ,c]tificates4 ,by ,drs4 ,,ob]/e9] & ,,hill4 ,,! ,,c5tral ,,n]v\s ,,organs3 ,a ,,guide ,,to ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,_! ,,/ructure ,,9 ,,heal? ,,& ,,disease4 ,,by ,,pr(essor ,h4 ,,ob]/e9]1 ,univ]sity ( ,vi5na4 ,,translat$1 ,,) ,,annotations ,,& ,,additions1 ,,by ,,alex ,,hill1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 ,ma/] ( ,d[n+ ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,) all ! ,orig9al ,illu/rations4 ,l>ge #hvo1 ,h&some ,clo?1 #bes4 ,! ,publi%]s h ! pleasure to ann\nce t to ! ,engli% v]sion ( ?is important ,treatise1 num]\s orig9al ,,additions & a ,,gloss>y ( ! subject h be5 contribut$ by ! ,,editor1 ^: admirable "w 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( rese>* is s well kn[n4 ,^! ,additions greatly increase ! value ( ! book to /ud5ts4 ,special att5tion is also direct$ to ! ,,illu/rations4 ,_m ( ^! are on a plan peculi>ly helpful to ! /ud5t--! "o-half be+ 9 outl9e1 ! o!r fill$ 94 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press4 8,dr4 ,hill has enri*$ ! "w ) _m notes ( 8 own4 4 4 4 ,dr4 ,hill's translation is mo/ accurate1 ! ,engli% is excell5t1 & ! book is v readable4 4 4 4 ,dr4 ,ob]/e9]'s "w is admirable4 ,he has a m>vell\s p[] ( m>%all+ toge!r a l>ge numb] ( facts1 all be>+ on an extremely intricate subject1 into a h>moni\s1 cle>1 consecutive :ole4 4 4 4 ,,invaluable z a text-book40--,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,a ,,mo/ ,,valuable ,,contribution to ! ,/udy ( ! ,anatomy & ,pa?ology ( ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em4 ,we _c speak too highly ( ! ability & skill :i* ,pr(4 ,ob]/e9] has br\ght to be> on ?is mo/ difficult subject1 & ( ! way 9 :i* ! :ole "w is illu/rat$40--,bra94 8,! ,,fulle/ & ,,mo/ ,,accurate ,,exposition n[ atta9able ( ! results ( anatomical inquiry4 ,! ,translation is done by "o :o is himself a ,ma/] ( ,anatomy1 able n only to foll[ 8 au?or1 b also to supplem5t him ) ! results ( indep5d5t rese>*4 ,dr4 ,hill's additions add mat]ially to ! value ( ! orig9al4 ,! "w is specially comm5d$ to all /ud5ts ( m5tal sci5ce4 4 4 4 ,! illu/rative figures are ( p>ticul> excell5ce & admirably in/ructive40--,m9d4 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo1 ,h&some ,clo?4 #bas4 ,,=5sic ,,m$ic9e ,,& ,,toxicology4 = ! ,use ( ,practition]s & ,/ud5ts4 ,,by ,j4 ,,dixon ,,mann1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,p41 ,pr(essor ( ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce & ,toxicology 9 ,ow5s ,college1 ,man*e/]2 ,exam9] 9 ,=5sic ,m$ic9e 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,london1 & 9 ! ,victoria ,univ]sity2 ,physician to ! ,sal=d ,royal ,hospital4 ,,"p ,i4--,=5sic ,m$ic9e4 ,,"p ,,ii4--,insanity 9 its ,m$ico-legal ,be>+s4 ,,"p ,,iii4--,toxicology4 ,dubl9 ,m$ical ,j\rnal4--8,by f> ! ,,mo/ ,,reliable1 ,,mo/ ,,sci5tific1 & ,,mo/ ,,mod]n book on ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce ) :i* we are acqua9t$40 ,! ,law ,j\rnal4--8,?is new "w w be ( value to all ^? :o z m$ical m5 or lawy]s are engag$ 9 cases :]e ! te/imony ( m$ical exp]ts =ms a "p ( ! evid5ce4 4 4 4 ,a ,,mo/ ,,useful "w ( ref]5ce40 ,m$ical ,press4--8,?is ,,excell5t ,,text-,,book _c fail to be a success2 x gives all a /ud5t requires = exam9ation1 & all t is necess>y = ! practition]40 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo1 ,h&some ,clo?4 #bes4 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,ruptures4 ,,by ,,jona?an ,f4 ,c4 ,h4 ,,macready1 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 ,surgeon to ! ,great ,nor!rn ,c5tral ,hospital2 to ! ,city ( ,london ,hospital = ,diseases ( ! ,*e/1 ,victoria ,p>k2 to ! ,*eyne ,hospital = ,sick & ,incurable ,*ildr52 & to ! ,city ( ,london ,truss ,society4 ,) ,tw5ty-f\r ,li?ograph$ ,plates & ,illu/rations 9 ! ,text4 ,lancet4--8,a ,,m9e ,,( ,,weal? to ^? :o w /udy x--a great /oreh\se ( ,,facts40 ,ed9burgh ,m$ical ,j\rnal4--8,c]ta9ly by f> ! ,,mo/ ,,complete & ,,au?oritative ,,"w on ! subject ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,! text is cle> & concise1 ! num]\s illu/rations are ,,reproductions ,,f ,,photographs f nature2 ! au?or's /atem5ts are f\nd$ on an ,,unique ,,exp]i5ce1 wat* is freely drawn ^u40 ,dubl9 ,j\rnal ( ,m$ical ,sci5ce4--8,?is really is a ,,complete ,,monograph on ! subject40 ,by ,w4 ,,?orburn1 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,eng4 ,,! ,,surg]y ,,( ,,! ,,sp9al ,,cord 7,a ,contribution to ! ,/udy (73 ,by ,,william ,,?orburn1 ,b4,s41 ,b4,sc41 ,m4,d4 ,lond41 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,eng41 ,assi/ant ,surgeon to ! ,man*e/] ,royal ,infirm>y4 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo1 ) ,illu/rations & ,tables4 ,h&some ,clo?1 #abs4 #f;d4 8,we congratulate ,dr4 ,?orburn on 8 ,,ma/]ly ,,monograph40--,saturday ,review4 8,a ,,mo/ ,,valuable ,,contribution to ! lit]ature ( a field ( surg]y :i*1 al?\gh b rec5tly br\ght "u cultivation1 is already yield+ su* brilliant results40--,birm+ham ,m$ical ,review4 8,really ! ,,fulle/ ,,record we h ( ,sp9al ,surg]y4 4 4 4 ,! "w m>ks an important advance 9 mod]n ,surg]y40 8,a mo/ ,,?or\gh & ,,exhau/ive "w on ,sp9al ,surg]y40--,bri/ol ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,a ,,mo/ ,,valuable contribution bo? to ,physiology & ,surg]y40--,oph?almic ,review4 8,a ,,v ,,valuable contribution to practical neurology4 4 4 4 ,?is book is an excell5t1 cle>1 concise monograph40--,philadelphia ,!rapeutic ,gazette4 ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,,page1 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,,railway ,,injuries3 ,) ,special ,ref]5ce to ^? ( ! ,back & ,n]v\s ,sy/em1 9 _! ,m$ico-,legal & ,cl9ical ,aspects4 ,by ,,h]b]t ,w4 ,,page1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,c4 7,cantab71 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 7,eng471 ,surgeon to ,/4 ,m>y's ,hospital1 ,dean1 ,/4 ,m>y's ,hospital ,m$ical ,s*ool1 c4 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,h&some ,clo?1 #fs4 8,a "w ,,invaluable to ^? :o h _m railway cases "u _! c>e p5d+ litigation4 4 4 4 ,a book :i* e lawy] z well z doctor %\ld h on 8 %elves40--,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,des]ves ! mo/ c>eful /udy4 4 4 4 ,a book :i* e m$ical man w\ld d well to read be=e he pres5ts himself = exam9ation & cross-exam9ation 9 ! witness-box on a railway case40--,dubl9 ,m$4 ,j\rnal4 8,?is book w und\bt$ly be ( great use to ,lawy]s40--,law ,times4 ,by ,j4 ,,kn[sley ,,?ornton1 ,m4,b41 ,m4,c4 ,,! ,,surg]y ,,( ,,! ,,kidneys1 ,be+ ! ,h>veian ,lectures1 #ahhi4 ,by ,j4 ,,kn[sley ,,?ornton1 ,m4,b41 ,m4,c41 ,surgeon to ! ,sam>itan ,free ,hospital1 c4 ,9 ,demy #hvo1 ) ,illu/rations4 ,h&some ,clo?1 #es4 8,! "n & exp]i5ce ( ! au?or conf] on ! ,lectures ! /amp ( au?ority40--,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,^! ,lectures are an exposition by ! h& ( an ,,exp]t ( :at is kn[n & has be5 done1 up to ! pres5t1 9 ! ,surg]y ( ! ,kidneys40--,ed9burgh ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,! book w necess>ily be widely read1 & w h an important influ5ce on ! progress ( ?is doma9 ( ,surg]y40--,univ]sity ,m$ical ,magaz9e4 ,,second ,,revis$ ,,& ,,enl>g$ ,,edition4 ,) ,illu/rations 9 ! ,text1 & ,?irty-,sev5 ,plates4 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,h&some ,clo?1 #cjs4 ,,sewage ,,disposal ,,works3 ,a ,,guide ,,to ,,! ,con/ruction ( ,works = ! ,prev5tion ( ! ,pollution by ,sewage ( ,riv]s & ,e/u>ies4 ,,by ,w4 ,,santo ,,crimp1 ,,mem4 ,,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,late ,assi/ant-,eng9e] to ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,,revis$ ,,& ,,enl>g$4 ,,"p ,i4--,,introductory4 ,introduction4 ,details ( ,riv] ,pollutions & ,recomm5dations ( ,v>i\s ,commissions4 ,h\rly & ,daily ,fl[ ( ,sewage4 ,! ,pail ,sy/em z ,affect+ ,sewage4 ,! ,sep>ation ( ,ra9-wat] f ! ,sewage ,prop]4 ,settl+ ,tanks4 ,*emical ,processes4 ,! ,disposal ( ,sewage-sludge4 ,! ,prep>ation ( ,l& = ,sewage ,disposal4 ,table ( ,sewage ,f>m ,managem5t4 ,,"p ,,ii4--,,sewage ,,disposal ,,works ,,9 ,,op]ation--,,_! ,,con/ruction1 ,,ma9t5ance1 ,,& ,,co/4 ,illu/rat$ by ,plates %[+ ! ,g5]al ,plan & ,arrangem5t adopt$ 9 ea* ,di/rict4 ,,london4 ,donca/] ,irrigation ,f>m4 ,b$d+ton ,irrigation ,f>m1 ,bor\gh ( ,croydon4 ,b$=d ,sewage ,f>m ,irrigation4 ,dewsbury & ,hit*9 ,int]mitt5t ,filtration4 ,m]ton1 ,croydon ,rural ,sanit>y ,au?ority4 ,ro*e/]1 ,k5t1 & ,swanwick1 ,d]by%ire4 ,! ,eal+ ,sewage ,works4 ,*iswick4 ,k+/on-on-,?ames1 ,a4,b4,c4 ,process4 ,sal=d ,sewage ,works4 ,brad=d1 ,precipitation4 ,new ,mald51 ,*emical ,treatm5t & ,small ,filt]s4 ,fri]n ,b>net4 ,acton1 ,f]ozone & ,pol>ite ,process4 ,il=d1 ,*adwell1 & ,dag5ham ,sewage ,disposal ,works4 ,cov5try4 ,wimbl$on4 ,birm+ham4 ,m>gate4 ,portsm\?4 ,,b]l94 ,sewage ,precipitation ,works1 ,dortmund 7,g]many74 ,treatm5t ( ,sewage by ,electrolysis4 8,all p]sons int]e/$ 9 ,sanit>y ,sci5ce owe a debt ( gratitude to ,mr4 ,crimp4 4 4 4 ,8 "w w be especially useful to ,,sanit>y ,,au?orities & _! advis]s 4 4 4 ,,em95tly ,,practical ,,& ,,useful 4 4 4 gives plans & descriptions ( ,,_m ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,important ,,sewage ,,works ( ,engl& 4 4 4 ) v valuable in=mation z to ! co/ ( con/ruction & work+ ( ea*4 4 4 4 ,! c>efully-prep>$ draw+s p]mit ( an easy comp>ison betwe5 ! diff]5t sy/ems40--,lancet4 8,probably ! ,,be/ ,,& ,,mo/ ,,complete ,,treatise on ! subject :i* has appe>$ 9 our language4 4 4 4 ,w prove ( ! greate/ use to all :o h ! problem ( ,sewage ,disposal to face4 4 4 4 ,! g5]al con/ruction1 draw+s1 & type are all excell5t40--,ed9burgh ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 ,by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,c4 ,,haddon4 ,,embryology 7,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,/udy ,,(74 ,,by ,,alfr$ ,c4 ,,haddon1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,r4,i4,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,zoology1 ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce1 ,dubl94 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo1 ) #aij ,illu/rations4 ,h&some ,clo?1 #ahs4 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press4 8,,well & ,,cle>ly ,,writt54 4 4 4 ,_m important discov]ies or !ories are describ$1 :i* are necess>ily abs5t f ,balf\r's "w40--,nature4 8,dr4 ,haddon has writt5 ! ,,be/ ( ! ?ree mod]n ,engli% works on ! subject40--,dubl9 ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,! lat] *apt]s ( ,pr(4 ,haddon's "w ably demon/rate ! developm5t ( organs f ! mesobla/ & epibla/40--,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rnal4 8,! zoological /ud5t1 to :om z a text-book x is invaluable1 w f9d x ,,?or\gh1 ,,tru/wor?y1 ,,& ,,s\nd 9 all its tea*+s1 & well up to date4 4 4 4 ,we specially comm5d ! book to our read]s40--,nat4 ,mon?ly4 ,,! ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,anatomy ,,physiology3 ,,normal ,,& ,,pa?ological4 ,conduct$ by ,,sir ,,george ,,murray ,,humphry1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,surg]y1 ,late ,pr(essor ( ,anatomy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge2 ,,sir ,,william ,,turn]1 ,m4,b41 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr(4 ( ,anatomy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh2 ,,& ,j4 ,g4 ,m',,k5drick1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr(4 ( ! ,in/itutes ( ,m$ic9e 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[4 ,publi%$ ,qu>t]ly1 ,price #fs4 ,annual ,subscription1 #bjs42 ,po/ ,free1 #bas4 ,subscriptions payable 9 advance4 ,by ,r4 ,s4 ,,ait*ison4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,pocket-,size1 ,elegantly b\nd 9 ,lea!r1 ,r\nd$ edges1 #hs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,m$ical ,,h&book ,= ! use ( ,practition]s & ,/ud5ts4 ,,by ,r4 ,s4 ,,ait*ison1 ,m4,b4 7,,ed9471 ,f4,r4,c4,p4,e41 ,physician1 ,new ,t[n ,disp5s>y1 ,ed9burgh2 ,visit+ ,physician1 ,/4 ,cu?b]t's ,hospital1 ,ed9burgh1 c41 c4 ,,) ,,num]\s ,,illu/rations4 ,g5]al ,cont5ts4--,introduction--,diagnosis1 ,case-,tak+1 c4--,diseases ( ! ,circulatory ,sy/em--,diseases ( ! ,respiratory ,sy/em--,! ,ur9e--,diseases ( ! ,ur9>y ,sy/em--,diseases ( ! ,dige/ive ,sy/em--,diseases ( ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em--,diseases ( ! ,hmopoietic ,sy/em--,con/itutional & ,g5]al ,diseases--,fev]s & ,miasmatic ,diseases--,g5]al ,data1 ,rules1 & ,tables useful = ,ref]5ce--,po/-mortem ,exam9ation--,rules = ,prescrib+--,prescriptions4 8,su* a "w z ?is is really ,,necess>y = ! busy practition]4 ,! field ( m$ic9e is s wide t ev5 ! be/ in=m$ may at ! mom5t miss ! sali5t po9ts 9 diagnosis 4 4 4 he ne$s to refre% & revise 8 k1 & to focus 8 m9d on ^? ?+s :i* are ,,ess5tial4 ,we c speak ,,highly ( ,dr4 ,ait*ison's ,h&book4 4 4 4 ,,hone/ly ,,execut$4 ,no m]e compilation1 ! sci5tific _s & /&>d ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t put x on a high] plane4 4 4 4 ,,excell5tly got up1 h&y & portable1 & well adapt$ = ,,ready ,,ref]5ce40--,! ,lancet4 8,z a means ( ready ref]5ce1 ,,mo/ ,,complete4 ,! busy practition] w (t5 turn to its pages40--,j\rn4 ( ! ,am]ican ,m$4 ,association4 ,by ,,mm4 ,,caird & ,,ca?c>t4 ,,fif? ,,edition1 ,revis$4 ,pocket-,size1 ,elegantly b\nd 9 ,lea!r1 ,r\nd$ edges1 #hs4 #f;d4 ,) v ,num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,a ,,surgical ,,h&book1 ,= ,practition]s1 ,/ud5ts1 ,h\se-,surgeons1 & ,dress]s4 ,,by ,f4 ,m4 ,,caird1 ,m4,b41 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 ,c4 ,w4 ,,ca?c>t1 ,m4,b41 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 ,assi/ant-,surgeons1 ,royal ,infirm>y1 ,ed9burgh4 ,g5]al ,cont5ts4--,case-,tak+--,treatm5t ( ,pati5ts be=e & aft] ,op]ation--,an/hetics3 ,g5]al & ,local--,antiseptics & ,w\nd-,treatm5t--,arre/ ( ,hmorrhage--,%ock & ,w\nd-,fev]--,em]g5cy ,cases--,tra*eotomy3 ,m9or ,surgical ,op]ations--,b&ag+--,fractures--,disloca tions1 ,spra9s1 & ,bruises--,extempor>y ,appliances & ,civil ,ambulance ,"w--,massage--,surgical ,applications ( ,electricity--,jo9t-,fixation & ,fix$ ,app>atus--,! ,ur9e--,! ,syphon & its ,uses--,trusses & ,artificial ,limbs--,pla/]-,ca/+--,po/-,mortem ,exam9ation--,app5dix3 ,v>i\s ,useful ,h9ts1 ,sugge/ions1 & ,recipes4 8,,?or\ghly ,,practical ,,& ,,tru/wor?y1 well up to date1 ,,cle>1 ,,accurate1 ,,& ,,succ9ct4 ,! book is h&y1 & v well got up40--,lancet4 8,,admirably ,,arrang$4 ,! be/ practical little "w we h se54 ,! matt] is z good z ! mann]40--,ed9burgh ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,w prove ( real s]vice to ! ,practition] :o wants a useful vade mecum40--,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,fulfils admirably ! objects ) :i* x has be5 writt540--,glasg[ ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,,?is ,,excell5t ,,little ,,"w4 ,cle>1 concise1 & v readable4 ,gives att5tion to important details (t5 omitt$1 b ,,absolutely ,,necess>y ,,to ,,success40--,a!num4 8,a da9ty volume40--,man*e/] ,m$ical ,*ronicle4 ,griff9's ,pocket-,book ,s]ies4 ,by ,drs4 ,,port] & ,,godw94 ,,f\r? ,,edition4 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,lea!r1 ,r\nd$ ,edges1 ) #abh ,illu/rations & ,fold+-plate4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,surgeon',s ,,pocket-,,book4 ,specially adapt$ to ! ,public ,m$ical ,s]vices4 ,,by ,,surgeon-,,major ,j4 ,h4 ,,port]4 ,,revis$ ,,& ,,9 ,,great ,,"p ,,rewritt5 ,,by ,,brigade-,,surgeon ,c4 ,h4 ,y4 ,,godw91 ,late ,pr(essor ( ,milit>y ,surg]y 9 ! ,army ,m$ical ,s*ool4 8,e ,m$ical ,(fic] is recomm5d$ to h ! ',surgeon's ,pocket-,book1' by ,surgeon-,major ,port]1 accessible to refre% 8 memory & =tify 8 judgm5t40--,prcis ( ,field-,s]vice ,m$ical ,arrangem5ts = ,afghan ,w>4 8,! pres5t editor--,brigade-,surgeon ,godw9--has introduc$ s mu* t is new & practical1 t we c recomm5d ?is ',surgeon's ,pocket-,book' z an ,,invaluable ,,guide to all engag$1 or likely to be engag$1 9 ,field ,m$ical ,s]vice40--,lancet4 8,a complete vade mecum to guide ! milit>y surgeon 9 ! field40--,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 ,pocket ,size4 ,lea!r4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,at ,press4 ,,practical ,,hygi5e3 ,,includ+ ,air & ,v5tilation2 ,wat]1 ,supply & ,purity2 ,food & ! ,detection ( ,adult]ations2 ,sewage ,removal1 ,disposal1 & ,treatm5t2 ,epidemics1 c41 c4 ,,by ,,surgeon-,,major ,a4 ,m4 ,,davies1 ,d4,p4,h4,camb41 ,late ,assi/ant-,pr(essor ( ,hygi5e1 ,army ,m$ical ,s*ool4 ,,pocket ,,size4 ,,lea!r4 ,,%ortly4 ,,sanit>y ,,rules ,,& ,,tables3 ,a ,pocket-,book ( ,data & ,g5]al ,in=mation ,useful to ,m$ical ,m51 ,m$ical ,(fic]s ( ,heal?1 ,sanit>y ,au?orities1 ,municipal ,eng9e]s1 ,surveyors1 & ,sanit>y ,inspectors4 ,,by ,w4 ,,santo ,,crimp1 ,m4,,in/4,c4,e41 ,f4,g4,s1 ,,& ,,*>les ,,hamlet ,,coop]1 ,a4,m4,i4,c4,e4 ,) ,num]\s ,illu/rations & ,plate 9 ,col\rs4 #es4 ,,midwif]y 7,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,/udy ,,(47 ,= ! ,use ( ,"y ,practition]s1 ,/ud5ts1 & ,midwives4 ,,by ,,ar*ibald ,,donald1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 ,c4,m4,,ed941 ,surgeon to ,/4 ,m>y's ,hospital = ,wom5 & ,*ildr51 ,man*e/]2 & ! ,man*e/] & ,sal=d ,ly+-9 ,in/itution4 ,briti% ,gyncological ,j\rnal4--8,,highly ,,cr$itable to ! au?or1 & %\ld prove ( ,,great ,,value to ,midwif]y ,/ud5ts & ,junior ,practition]s40 ,%effield1 ,m$ical ,j\rnal4--8,z an introduction to ! /udy ( ,midwif]y1 ,,no ,,bett] ,,book c\ld be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,/ud5t40 ,9 ,cr[n #hvo1 ) ,illu/rations4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,diseases ,,( ,,wom5 7,,outl9es ,,(74 ,a ,,concise ,,h&book ,,= ,,/ud5ts4 ,,by ,,john ,,phillips1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,p41 ,physician1 ,briti% ,ly+-9 ,hospital2 ,assi/4 ,ob/4 ,physician1 ,k+'s ,college ,hospital2 ,fell4 & ,mem4 ,bd4 = ,exam4 ( ,midwives1 ,ob/et4 ,society2 ,exam9] 9 ,midwif]y1 ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[1 c41 c4 ,dr4 ,phillips' "w is ,,ess5tially ,,practical 9 its nature1 & w be f\nd invaluable to ! /ud5t & "y practition]4 8,conta9s a ,,great ,,deal ,,( ,,in=mation 9 a ,,v ,,cond5s$ =m4 4 4 4 ,! value ( ! "w is increas$ by ! numb] ( sket* diagrams1 "s ( :i* are ,,highly ,,+5i\s40--,ed94 ,m$4 ,j\rnal4 8,dr4 ,,phillips' ,,manual is writt5 9 a ,,succ9ct /yle4 ,he rightly lays /ress on ,anatomy4 ,! passages on ,,case-,,tak+ are ,,excell5t4 ,dr4 ,phillips is v tru/wor?y ?r\gh\t 9 8 views on ,,!rapeutics4 ,he supplies an excell5t s]ies ( ,,simple b ,,valuable ,,prescriptions1 an ,,indisp5sable ,,requirem5t = /ud5ts40--,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rnal4 8,?is ,,excell5t ,,text-,,book 4 4 4 gives j :at ! /ud5t requires4 4 4 4 ,! prescriptions _c b be helpful40--,m$ical ,press4 ,9 #hvo1 ) ,illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,! ,managem5t ( ,lab\r & ( ! ,ly+-9 ,p]iod4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,l&is1 ,m4,d41 ,/>l+ ,m$ical ,college4 8,fully accompli%es ! object kept 9 view by its au?or4 4 4 4 ,w be f\nd ( ,,great ,,value by ! "y practition]40--,glasg[ ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 ,,by ,,sir ,,william ,,aitk51 ,m4,d4 ,ed941 ,f4,r4,s1 ,late ,pr(essor ( ,pa?ology 9 ! ,army ,m$ical ,s*ool2 ,exam9] 9 ,m$ic9e = ! ,milit>y ,m$ical ,s]vices ( ! ,que52 ,fell[ ( ! ,sanit>y ,in/itute ( ,great ,brita92 ,correspond+ ,memb] ( ! ,royal ,imp]ial ,society ( ,physicians ( ,vi5na1 & ( ! ,society ( ,m$ic9e & ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,dresd54 ,,sev5? ,,edition4 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,m$ic9e4 ,9 ,two ,volumes1 ,royal #hvo1 ,clo?1 #dbs4 8,! ,,/&>d ,,text-,,book 9 ! ,engli% ,language4 4 4 4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no "w m indisp5sable = ! ,practition] & ,/ud5t40--,ed94 ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,m$ic9e4 ,a ,,text-,,book ,,= ,,/ud5ts4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 8,/ud5ts prep>+ = exam9ations w hail x z a p]fect gods5d = its concis5ess40--,a!num4 ,9 ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,an,,/hetics ,,& ,,_! ,,adm9i/ration3 ,a ,,practical ,,h&-,,book ,,= ,,m$ical ,,& ,,d5tal ,,practition]s ,,& ,,/ud5ts4 ,,by ,,fr$]ic ,,hewitt1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 ,an/heti/ & ,in/ructor 9 ,an/hetics1 ,london ,hospital2 ,*lor(ormi/ & ,lectur] on ,an/hetics1 ,*>+ ,cross ,hospital2 ,an/heti/1 ,d5tal ,hospital1 ,london2 & ,national ,or?opdic ,hospital1 c41 c4 8,! ,,mo/ ,,tru/wor?y book = ref]5ce on ! subject ) :i* we are acqua9t$40--,ed9burgh ,m$4 ,j\rnal4 8,%\ld be on ,,e m$ical book%elf40--,practition]4 8,may truly be describ$ z a valuable addition to m$ical lit]ature4 4 4 4 ,,absolutely ,,ess5tial to junior practition]s40--,practition]4 8,! ,,be/ ,,treatise on ! subject we h yet read40--,dubl9 ,j\rn4 ,m$4 ,sci5ce4 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,clo?1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,physiologi/',s ,,note-,,book3 ,a ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,pres5t ,/ate ( ,physiological ,sci5ce = ,/ud5ts4 ,,by ,,alex ,,hill1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 ,ma/] ( ,d[n+ ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,) ,num]\s ,illu/rations & ,blank ,pages = ,,ms4 ,notes4 ,g5]al ,cont5ts4--,! ,blood--,! ,vascul> ,sy/em--,! ,n]ves--,muscle--,dige/ion--,! ,sk9--,! ,kidneys--,respiration--,! ,s5ses--,voice & ,spee*--,c5tral ,n]v\s ,sy/em--,reproduction--,*emi/ry ( ! ,body4 ,,*ief ,,features ,,( ,,dr4 ,,hill',s ,,note-,,book4 #a4 ,x helps ! ,/ud5t to ,,codify ,,8 ,,k4 #b4 ,gives a grasp ( ,,bo? ,,sides ( an argum5t4 #c4 ,is ,,indisp5sable = ,,rapid ,,recapitulation4 ,! ,lancet says ( x3--8,! "w :i* ! ,ma/] ( ,d[n+ ,college mode/ly comp>es to a ,note-book is an ,,admirable ,,comp5dium ( our pres5t in=mation 4 4 4 w be a ,,real ,,acquisition to ,/ud5ts 4 4 4 gives all ,,ess5tial ,,po9ts4 4 4 4 ,! ,,typographical ,,arrangem5t is a *ief feature ( ! book4 4 4 4 ,secures at a glance ! ,,evid5ce on bo? sides ( a !ory40 ,! ,hospital says3--8,! ,physiologi/'s ,note-book be>s ! hall-m>k ( ! ,cambridge ,s*ool1 & is ! "w ( "o ( ! mo/ successful ( h] tea*]s4 4 4 4 ,w be ,,invaluable to /ud5ts40 ,! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal comm5ds 9 ! volume--8,its admirable diagrams1 its runn+ bibliography1 its cle> ,tables1 & its concise /atem5t ( ! anatomical aspects ( ! subject40 8,if a ,/ud5t c\ld rely on rememb]+ e ^w :i* he _h ev] he>d or read1 su* a book z ?is w\ld be unnecess>y2 b exp]i5ce tea*es t he con/antly ne$s to recall ! =m ( an argum5t & to make sure ( ! prop] classification ( 8 facts1 al?\gh he does n ne$ a second "t to foll[ ! au?or up all ! %ort /eps by :i* ! asc5t 0 fir/ made4 ,) a view to r5d]+ ! book useful = rapid recapitulation1 ,i h endeav\r$ to /rike out e ^w :i* 0 n ess5tial to cle>ness1 & ?us1 )\t ,i hope fall+ into #8telegram' ,engli%1 to give ! text ! =m :i* x may be suppos$ to take 9 a well-kept ,note-book2 at ! same "t1 space has be5 left = ! introduction 9 ,,ms4 ( su* additional facts & argum5ts z seem to ! read] to be> ^u ! subject-matt]4 ,= ! same reason ! draw+s are r$uc$ to diagrams4 ,all details :i* are n necess>y to ! compreh5sion ( ! pr9ciples ( con/ruction ( ! app>atus or organ1 z ! case may be1 are omitt$1 & x is hop$ t ! draw+s w1 !re=e1 be easy to grasp1 rememb]1 & reproduce4 8,z x is int5d$ t ! #8,note-book' %\ld be ess5tially a ,/ud5t's book1 no ref]5ces are giv5 to =eign lit]ature or to recondite pap]s 9 ,engli%2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ref]5ces are giv5 to a numb] ( classical ,engli% memoirs1 z well z to descriptions 9 text-books :i* appe> to me to be p>ticul>ly lucid1 & ! ,/ud5t is /rongly recomm5d$ to /udy ! passages & ,pap]s ref]r$ to40--,extract f ,au?or's ,preface4 ,by ,,william ,,/irl+1 ,m4,d41 ,sc4,d41 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,victoria ,univ]sity1 ,brack5bury ,pr(essor ( ,physiology & ,hi/ology 9 ! ,ow5s ,college1 ,man*e/]2 & ,exam9] 9 ! ,univ]sities ( ,ox=d1 ,ed9burgh1 & ,london2 & = ! ,fell[%ip ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons1 ,engl&4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,9 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo1 ) #bcd ,illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #is4 ,,practical ,,physiology 7,outl9es (73 ,a ,manual = ! ,physiological ,laboratory1 ,,includ+ ,,*emical ,,& ,,exp]im5tal ,,physiology1 ,,) ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,practical ,,m$ic9e4 ,"p ,i4--,*emical ,physiology4 ,"p ,,ii4--,exp]im5tal ,physiology4 ,9 ! ,second ,edition1 revis$ & enl>g$1 ! numb] ( ,illu/rations has be5 increas$ f #adb to #bcd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4--;,horizontal ,myograph ( ,frdricq4 ,m1 ,glass plate1 mov+ on ! guides f1 f2 l1 ,lev]2 m1 ,muscle2 p1 e1 e1 ,electrodes2 ,t1 ,cork plate2 a1 ,c\nt]poise to lev]2 ,r1 ,key 9 prim>y circuit4 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press4 8,?is valuable little manual4 4 4 4 ,! ,,g5]al ,,conception ( ! book is ,,excell5t2 ! arrangem5t ( ! ex]cises is all t c be desir$2 ! descriptions ( exp]im5ts are ,,cle>1 ,,concise1 & to ! po9t40--,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,! ,second ,edition has be5 ?or\ghly work$ up to date1 & a l>ge numb] ( well-execut$ woodcuts add$4 ,x may be recomm5d$ to ! /ud5t z "o ( ! ,,be/ ,,manuals he c possess z a guide & companion 9 8 ,physiological ,"w1 & z "o t w usefully supplem5t ! c\rse giv5 by a ,physiological ,tea*]40--,lancet4 8,! /ud5t is enabl$ to p]=m = himself mo/ ( ! exp]im5ts usually %[n 9 a sy/ematic c\rse ( lectures on physiology1 & ! practice ?us obta9$ mu/ prove ,,invaluable4 4 4 4 ,may be confid5tly recomm5d$ z a guide to ! /ud5t ( physiology1 &1 we d\bt n1 w also f9d its way into ! h&s ( _m ( our sci5tific & m$ical practition]s40--,glasg[ ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,an exce$+ly conv5i5t ,h&book ( ,exp]im5tal ,physiology40--,birm+ham ,m$ical ,review4 ,companion ,volume by ,pr(4 ,/irl+4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,9 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo1 ) #cfh ,illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,practical ,,hi/ology 7,outl9es (73 ,a ,,manual ,,= ,,/ud5ts4 ,dr4 ,/irl+'s 8,outl9es ( ,practical ,hi/ology0 is a compact ,h&book = /ud5ts1 provid+ a ,,complete ,,laboratory ,,c\rse1 9 :i* almo/ e ex]cise is accompani$ by a draw+4 ,v _m ( ! ,illu/rations h be5 prep>$ expressly = ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjj4--,l4,s41 ,c]vical ,ganglion ( ,dog4 c1 ,capsule2 s1 ,lymph s9us2 ,f1 ,follicle2 a1 ,m$ull>y cord2 b1 ,lymph pa?s ( ! m$ulla2 ,v1 ,section ( a blood-vessel2 ,,hf1 ,fibr\s "p ( ! hilum4 #aj4 ,,op9ions ,,( ,,! ,,press4 8,! g5]al plan ( ! "w is ,,admirable4 4 4 4 ,x is v evid5t t ! sugge/ions giv5 are ! outcome ( a ,,prolong$ ,,exp]i5ce 9 tea*+ ,practical ,hi/ology1 comb9$ ) a ,,rem>kable ,,judgm5t 9 ! selection ( ,,me?ods4 4 4 4 ,m]its ! highe/ praise = ! ,,illu/rations1 :i* are at once cle> & fai?ful40--,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,we c confid5tly recomm5d ?is small b ,,concisely-,,writt5 & ,,admirably ,,illu/rat$ "w to /ud5ts4 ,!y w f9d x to be a ,,v ,,useful & ,,reliable ,,guide 9 ! laboratory1 or 9 _! own room4 ,all ! pr9cipal ,,me?ods ( prep>+ tissues = section are giv51 ) su* precise directions t little or no difficulty c be felt 9 foll[+ !m 9 _! mo/ m9ute details4 4 4 4 ,! volume proce$s f a ,,ma/] 9 8 craft40--,lancet4 8,we h no d\bt ! ,,outl9es w meet ) mo/ fav\rable acceptance among work]s 9 ,hi/ology40--,glasg[ ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 ,,works ,by ,j4 ,r4 ,,a9swor? ,,davis1 ,b4 ,a41 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,biology1 ,,univ]sity ,,college1 ,,ab]y/wy?4 ,,biology 7,,an ,,elem5t>y ,,text-,,book ,,(74 ,,second ,,edition4 ,9 ,two ,p>ts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,vegetable ,,morphology ,,& ,,physiology4 ,) ,complete ,index-,gloss>y & #abh ,illu/rations4 ,price #hs4 #f;d4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,animal ,,morphology ,,& ,,physiology4 ,) ,complete ,index-,gloss>y & #ajh ,illu/rations4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,ea* ,,"p ,,sold ,,sep>ately4 ,,note4--,! ,,second ,,edition has be5 ?or\ghly ,revis$ & ,enl>g$1 & includes all ! lead+ select$ ,,types 9 ! v>i\s ,organic ,gr\ps4 ,( ! ,,second ,,edition1 ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal says3--8,c]ta9ly ,,! ,,be/ #8,,biology' ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 & x owes its pre-em95ce to ! fact t x is an ,,excell5t attempt to pres5t ,biology to ! ,/ud5t z a ,,correlat$ & ,,complete ,,sci5ce4 ,! gloss>ial ,index is a ,,mo/ ,,useful addition40 8,furni%es a ,,cle> & ,,compreh5sive exposition ( ! subject 9 a ,,sy/ematic =m40--,saturday ,review4 8,lit]ally ,,pack$ ) in=mation40--,glasg[ ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 ,,! ,,fl[]+ ,,plant1 ,,z ,,illu/rat+ ,,! ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,botany4 ,specially adapt$ = ,london ,matriculation1 ,s4 ,k5s+ton1 & ,univ]sity ,local ,exam9ations 9 ,botany4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 #cs4 #f;d4 8,x w\ld be h>d to f9d a ,text-book :i* w\ld bett] guide ! /ud5t to an accurate k ( mod]n discov]ies 9 ,botany4 4 4 4 ,! ,,sci5tific ,,accuracy ( /atem5t1 & ! concise exposition ( ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples make x valuable = educational purposes4 ,9 ! *apt] on ! ,physiology ( ,fl[]s1 an admirable rsum is giv51 drawn f ,d>w91 ,h]mann ,mll]1 ,k]n]1 & ,lubbock1 ( :at is kn[n ( ! ,f]tilization ( ,fl[]s40--,j\rnal ( ! ,l9nean ,society4 ,recomm5d$ by ! ,national ,home-,read+ ,union2 & also = use 9 ! ,univ]sity ,correspond5ce ,classes4 ,a ,,zoological ,,pocket-,,book3 or1 ,synopsis ( ,animal ,classification4 ,compris+ ,def9itions ( ! ,phyla1 ,classes1 & ,ord]s1 ) explanatory ,rem>ks & ,tables4 ,by ,dr4 ,,emil ,,sel5ka1 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,erlang54 ,au?oris$ ,engli% translation f ! ,?ird ,g]man ,edition4 ,9 ,small ,po/ #hvo1 ,int]leav$ = ! use ( ,/ud5ts4 ,limp ,cov]s1 #ds4 8,dr4 ,sel5ka's ,manual w be f\nd useful by all ,/ud5ts ( ,zoology4 ,x is a ,,compreh5sive & ,,successful attempt to pres5t u ) a s*eme ( ! natural arrangem5t ( ! animal _w40--,ed94 ,m$4 ,j\rnal4 8,w prove v s]viceable to ^? :o are att5d+ ,biology ,lectures4 4 4 4 ,! translation is accurate & cle>40--,lancet4 ,,works by ,a4 ,,wynt] ,,bly?1 ,m4,r4,c4,s41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,public ,analy/ = ! ,c\nty ( ,devon1 & ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ,heal? = ,/4 ,m>ylebone4 ,,new ,,edition4 ,revis$ & p>tly ,rewritt54 ,,foods3 ,,_! ,,composition ,,& ,,analysis4 ,9 ,cr[n #hvo1 ,clo?1 ) ,elaborate ,tables1 ,fold+ ,li?o-,plate1 & ,photographic ,frontispiece4 ,,?ird ,,edition4 ,price #afs4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4 ,hi/ory ( ,adult]ation--,legislation1 ,pa/ & ,pres5t--,app>atus useful to ! ,food-,analy/--8,a%0--,sug>--,confection ]y--,honey-- ,treacle--,jams & ,pres]v$ ,fruits--,/>*es--,:eat5-,fl\r--,bread-- ,oats--,b>ley--,rye--,rice--,maize--,mil let--,potato--,peas--,*9ese ,peas-- ,l5tils--,beans--,,milk--,cream--,butt]- -,*eese--,tea--,c(fee--,cocoa & ,*ocolate--,alcohol--,br&y--,rum--,:isky --,g9--,arrack--,liqueurs--,be]-- ,w9e--,v9eg>--,lemon & ,lime ,juice--,mu/>d--,pepp]--,sweet & ,bitt] ,almond--,annatto--,olive ,oil--,wat]4 ,app5dix3 ,text ( ,engli% & ,am]ican ,adult]ation ,acts4 8,?or\ghly practical4 4 4 4 ,%\ld be 9 ! h&s ( e m$ical practition]40--,lancet4 8,an admirable dige/ ( ! mo/ rec5t /ate ( k4 4 4 4 ,int]e/+ ev5 to lay read]s40--,*emical ,news4 8,,/&s ,,unrivall$ = complet5ess ( in=mation40--,sanit>y ,record4 ,! ,,?ird ,edition conta9s _m ,notable ,additions1 especially on ! subject ( ,,milk & its relation to ,,fev] ,,epidemics1 ! ,,purity ( ,,wat]-,,supply1 ! ,,m>g>9e ,,act1 c41 c4 ,,poisons3 ,,_! ,,effects ,,& ,,detection4 ,) ,tables & ,illu/rations4 ,price #afs4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4 ,hi/orical ,introduction--,/ati/ics--,g5]al ,me?ods ( ,proc$ure--,life ,te/s--,special ,app>atus--,classification3 ,i4--,,organic ,,poisons3 7a47 ,sulphuric1 ,hydro*loric1 & ,nitric ,acids1 ,pota%1 ,soda1 ,ammonia1 c42 7b47 ,petroleum1 ,b5z5e1 ,camphor1 ,alcohols1 ,*lor(orm1 ,c>bolic ,acid1 ,prussic ,acid1 ,phosphorus1 c42 7c47 ,hemlock1 ,nicot9e1 ,opium1 ,/ry*n9e1 ,aconite1 ,atrop9e1 ,digitalis1 c42 7d47 ,poisons d]iv$ f ,animal ,sub/ances2 7e47 ,! ,oxalic ,acid ,gr\p4 ,,ii4--,,inorganic ,,poisons3 ,ars5ic1 ,antimony1 ,lead1 ,copp]1 ,bismu?1 ,silv]1 ,m]cury1 ,z9c1 ,nickel1 ,iron1 ,*romium1 ,alkal9e ,e>?s1 c4 ,app5dix3 7,a47 ,exam9ation ( ,blood & ,blood-,spots2 7,b47 ,h9ts = ,em]g5cies4 8,"o ( ! be/ & mo/ compreh5sive works on ! subject40--,saturday ,review4 8,a s\nd & ,practical ,manual ( ,toxicology1 :i* _c be too w>mly recomm5d$4 4 4 4 ,"o ( its *ief m]its is t x discusses sub/ances :i* h be5 ov]look$40--,*emical ,news4 ,,hygi,,ne ,,& ,,public ,,heal? 7,a ,diction>y (73 ,embrac+ ! foll[+ subjects3-- ,i4--,,sanit>y ,,*emi/ry3 ! ,composition & ,dietetic ,value ( ,foods1 ) ! ,detection ( ,adult]ations4 ,,ii4--,,sanit>y ,,eng9e]+3 ,sewage1 ,dra9age1 ,/orage ( ,wat]1 ,v5tilation1 ,w>m+1 c4 ,,iii4--,,sanit>y ,,legislation3 ! :ole ( ! ,,public ,,heal? ,,act1 toge!r ) portions ( o!r ,sanit>y ,/atutes1 9 a =m admitt+ ( easy & rapid ,ref]5ce4 ,,iv4--,,epidemic ,,& ,,epizootic ,,diseases3 _! ,hi/ory & ,propagation ) ! ,measures = ,dis9fection4 ,v4--,,hygi,,ne--,,milit>y1 ,,naval1 ,,private1 ,,public1 ,,s*ool4 ,royal #hvo1 #fgb pp41 ,clo?1 ) ,map & #adj ,illu/rations1 #bhs4 8,a "w t mu/ h entail$ a va/ am\nt ( lab\r & rese>*4 4 4 4 ,w become a ,,/&>d ,,"w ,,9 ,,public ,,heal?40--,m$ical ,times & ,gazette4 8,conta9s a great mass ( in=mation ( easy ref]5ce40--,sanit>y ,record4 ,by ,w4 ,,elborne1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,9 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo1 ) ,li?o-plates & ,num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #hs4 #f;d4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,practical ,,ph>macy ,,& ,,disp5s+4 ,,by ,,william ,,elborne1 ,b4,a4,,cantab41 ,demon/rator ( ,mat]ia ,m$ica & ,tea*] ( ,ph>macy at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london2 ,ph>maci/ to ,univ]sity ,college ,hospital2 ,memb] ( ! ,ph>maceutical ,society ( ,great ,brita92 ,fell[ ( ! ,*emical & ,l9nean ,societies ( ,london2 =m]ly ,assi/ant-,lectur] 9 ,ph>macy & ,mat]ia ,m$ica at ! ,ow5s ,college1 ,man*e/]4 8,a "w :i* we c v highly recomm5d to ! p]usal ( all ,/ud5ts ( ,m$ic9e4 4 4 4 ,,admirably ,,adapt$ to _! requirem5ts40--,ed9burgh ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,mr4 ,elborne evid5tly appreciates ! ,requirem5ts ( ,m$ical ,/ud5ts1 & !re c be no d\bt t any "o :o works ?r\gh ?is ,c\rse w obta9 an excell5t insight into ,*emical ,ph>macy40--,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,! sy/em 4 4 4 :i* ,mr4 ,elborne "h sket*es is ?or\ghly s\nd40--,*emi/ & ,druggi/4 ,=m]ly ,publi%$ "u ! ,title ( 8,,ph>macy ,,& ,,mat]ia ,,m$ica40 ,by ,,drs4 ,,dupr ,,& ,,hake4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo?1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,inorganic ,,*emi/ry 7,a ,%ort ,manual (74 ,,by ,a4 ,,dupr1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,,& ,,wilson ,,hake1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ( ! ,we/m9/] ,hospital ,m$ical ,s*ool4 8,a well-writt51 cle>1 & accurate ,elem5t>y ,manual ( ,inorganic ,*emi/ry4 4 4 4 ,we agree he>tily 9 ! sy/em adopt$ by ,drs4 ,dupr & ,hake4 ,,w ,,make ,,exp]im5tal ,,"w ,,trebly ,,int]e/+ ,,because ,,intelligible40--,saturday ,review4 ,,works by ,pr(4 ,,humboldt ,,sexton1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,glasg[ & ,we/ ( ,scotl& ,te*nical ,college4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,quantitative ,,analysis4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,,f\r? ,,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ,clo?1 #cs4 8,a practical "w by a practical man 4 4 4 w fur!r ! atta9m5t ( accuracy & me?od40--,j\rnal ( ,education4 8,an ,,admirable little volume 4 4 4 well fulfils its purpose40--,s*oolma/]4 8,a ,,compact ,,laboratory ,,guide = beg9n]s 0 want$1 & ! want has be5 ,,well ,,suppli$4 4 4 4 ,a good & useful book40--,lancet4 ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,qualitative ,,analysis4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,,?ird ,,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ,clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 8,! "w ( a ?or\ghly practical *emi/ 4 4 4 & "o :i* may be unhesitat+ly recomm5d$40--,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,compil$ ) great c>e1 & w supply a want40--,j\rnal ( ,education4 ,,twelf? ,,edition4 ,) ,num]\s ,illu/rations1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,nurs+ 7,a ,manual (73 ,,m$ical ,,& ,,surgical4 ,,by ,,laur5ce ,,humphry1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 ,m4,r4,c4,s41 ,assi/ant-,physician to1 late ,lectur] to ,probation]s at1 ,add5brooke's ,hospital1 ,cambridge4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,! ,g5]al ,managem5t ( ! ,sick ,room 9 ,private ,h\ses--,g5]al ,plan ( ! ,human ,body--,diseases ( ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em--,respiratory ,sy/em--,he>t & ,blood-,vessels--,dige/ive ,sy/em--,sk9 & ,kidneys--,fev]s--,diseases ( ,*ildr5--,w\nds & ,fractures--,managem5t ( ,*ild-,b$--,sick-,room ,cook]y1 c41 c4 8,9 ! fulle/ s5se ,mr4 ,humphry's book is a ,,di/9ct ,,advance on all previ\s ,manuals4 4 4 4 ,its value is greatly enhanc$ by copi\s woodcuts & diagrams ( ! bones & int]nal organs1 by _m ,illu/rations ( ! art ( ,,b&ag+1 by ,temp]ature *>ts indicative ( ! c\rse ( "s ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic diseases1 & by a goodly array ( ,,sick-,,room ,,appliances ) :i* ,,e ,,nurse %\ld endeav\r to become acqua9t$40--,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,we %\ld advise ,,all ,,nurses to possess a copy ( ! "w4 ,we c confid5tly recomm5d x z an ,,excell5t ,,guide & companion40--,hospital4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,h&some ,clo?1 #ds4 ,,foods ,,& ,,diet>ies3 ,,h[ ,,& ,,:5 ,,to ,,fe$ ,,! ,,sick4 ,,by ,r4 ,w4 ,,burnet1 ,m4,d41 ,m4,r4,c4,p41 ,physician to ! ,great ,nor!rn ,c5tral ,hospital1 c4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,,diet 9 ,diseases ( ! ,/oma*1 ,inte/9al ,tract1 ,liv]1 ,lungs1 ,he>t1 ,kidneys1 c42 9 ,diabetes1 ,scurvy1 ,anmia1 ,scr(ula1 ,g\t1 ,obesity1 ,rheumatism1 ,influ5za1 ,alcoholism1 ,n]v\s ,disord]s1 ,dia!tic ,diseases1 ,diseases ( ,*ildr51 ) ,sections on ,prep>$ & ,pr$ige/$ ,foods1 & on ,invalid ,cook]y4 8,! directions giv5 are ,,uni=mly ,,judici\s4 4 4 4 ,may be confid5tly tak5 z a ,,reliable ,,guide 9 ! art ( fe$+ ! sick40--,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rnal4 8,to all :o h mu* to d ) ,invalids1 ,dr4 ,burnet's book w be ( great use4 4 4 4 ,! subject is ,,treat$ ) ,,admirable ,,s5se & ,,judgm5t by ,dr4 ,burnet4 ,! c>eful /udy ( su* books z ?is w v mu* help ! ,practition] 9 ! ,treatm5t ( cases1 & p[]fully aid ! action ( rem$ies40--,lancet4 ,%ortly4 ,9 ,cr[n #hvo extra4 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,,dis9fection ,,dis9fectants3 ,a ,,practical ,,guide ,to ! v>i\s ,dis9fectants n[ 9 ,use--_! ,nature & ,prop]ties1 ) ! ,me?ods ( ,analysis & ( ,application4 ,,by ,,samuel ,,rideal1 ,d4,,sc4 ,,lond4 ,9 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,) ,frontispiece4 ,h&some ,clo?4 #fs4 ,,consumption 7,,! ,,hygi5ic ,,prev5tion ,,(74 ,,by ,j4 ,,edw>d ,,squire1 ,m4,d41 ,d4,p4,h4 ,,camb41 ,physician to ! ,nor? ,london ,hospital = ,consumption & ,diseases ( ! ,*e/2 ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,m$4-,*irurg4 ,society1 & ( ! ,briti% ,in/itute ( ,public ,heal?1 c41 c4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,consumption--,,prev5tive ,,measures3 ,9 ,infancy1 ,*ildhood1 ,s*ool ,life1 ,adult ,life2 ,ex]cise1 ,clo?+1 ,diet2 ! ,h\sehold1 ,*oice ( ,occupation1 ,resid5ce--,,/ate ,,hygi5e--,,managem5t ,,( ,,e>ly ,,consumption3--,"q ( ,curability1 ,climatic ,conditions1 ,travell+1 c4 8,we c safely say t ,dr4 ,,squire's "w ,,w ,,repay ,,/udy ev5 by ! mo/ cultivat$ physician4 4 4 4 ,al?\gh ! book is n a l>ge "o1 x is ,,full ,,( ,,in/ructive ,,matt]1 & is writt5 9 a judici\s _s1 besides be+ ,,v ,,readable40--,! ,lancet4 ,,practical ,,sanitation3 ,a ,,h&book ,,= ,,sanit>y ,,inspectors ,,& ,,o!rs ,,int]e/$ ,,9 ,,sanitation4 ,,by ,,george ,,reid1 ,m4,d41 ,d4,p4,h41 ,fell[ ( ! ,sanit>y ,in/itute ( ,great ,brita91 & ,m$ical ,(fic]1 ,/af=d%ire ,c\nty ,c\ncil4 ,,) ,,an ,,app5dix ,,on ,,sanit>y ,,law ,,by ,,h]b]t ,,manley1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,b41 ,d4,p4,h41 ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ,heal? = ! ,c\nty ,bor\gh ( ,we/ ,bromwi*4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,revis$4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,price #fs4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4 ,introduction--,wat] ,supply3 ,dr9k+ ,wat]1 ,pollution ( ,wat]--,v5tilation & ,w>m+--,pr9ciples ( ,sewage ,removal--,details ( ,dra9age2 ,refuse ,removal & ,disposal--,sanit>y & ,insanit>y ,"w & ,appliances--,details ( ,plumb]s' ,"w--,h\se ,con/ruction--,infection & ,dis9fection--,food1 ,inspection (2 ,*>act]i/ics ( ,good ,meat2 ,meat1 ,milk1 ,fi%1 c41 unfit = ,human ,food--,app5dix2 ,sanit>y ,law2 ,model ,bye-,laws1 c4 8,a ,,v ,,useful ,,h&book1 ) a v useful ,app5dix4 ,we recomm5d x n only to ,sanit>y ,inspectors1 b to ,,all int]e/$ 9 ,sanit>y matt]s40--,sanit>y ,record4 ,%ortly4 ,) ,num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo extra4 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,,! ,,sea-,,capta9',s ,,m$ical ,,guide4 ,,by ,,wm4 ,,johnson ,,smi?1 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 ,l4,s4,a41 ,( ! ,seam5's ,hospital1 ,gre5wi*2 ,surgeon1 ,seam5's ,hospital1 ,royal ,alb]t ,docks2 ,surgeon1 ,seam5's ,hospital ,society1 c41 c4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,?is text foll[s ! orig9al "w4 ,inconsi/5cies 9 spell+1 hyph5ation1 capitalisation1 etc4 h be5 reta9$1 except z m5tion$ bel[4 ,?is applies to *emical comp\nd names z well4 ,textual rem>ks3 ,page #ac1 ,footnote #ah1 ,j]ome ,c>dan3 also kn[n z ,jrme ,c>dan1 ,girolamo ,c>dano1 ,hi]onymus ,c>danus4 ,page #ah1 ,praag van1 ,leonides3 %\ld be ,leonides van ,praag1 ,isidorus4 ,?is is ! 7enl>g$7 ,dut* translation ( ,w]b]'s book4 ,page #eb3 ref]5ce to ! sep>ate article on 7! detection (7 ,t93 !re is no su* article 9 ! book4 ,page #fb1 footnote #ee3 micro-millimetre %\ld be micro-metre4 ,page #age1 /ructural =mulas3 ! orig9al "w gives two id5tical /ructural =mulas2 bo? are correct1 b !y d n %[ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two comp\nds4 ,page #aib1 t ( ,borussica3 possibly a typographical error = ,borussia 7,borussica is ! adjective74 ,page #cii1 #aha mgrms4 7#ah gra973 at lea/ "o ( ! numb]s is wrong 7possibly ! second numb] %\ld be #bh74 ,page #ejg3 #fd mgmrs4 7#a gra973 ?is %\ld probably be ei!r #fd mgrms4 or #a gra94 ,9 ! context1 ! latt] seems m probable4 ,bu*n]_/,b*n] are diff]5t p]sons1 bo? are spell$ correctly4 ,h(man_/,h(fman_/,h(mann_/,h(fmann1 ,khl]_/,koehl]1 ,l9_/,l9n1 ,pellagra_/,pellagri1 ,s*u*>dt_/,s*u*>t3 possibly ^! are spell+ v>iants or typographical errors ref]r+ to ! same p]sons4 ,kapf]s*laeg]3 %\ld possibly be ,kupf]s*laeg]4 ,s*auffle3 %\ld possibly be ,s*auffele or ,s*uffele4 ,! index has be5 left z 9 ! orig9al "w1 ev5 ?\gh x is n always alphabetic4 ,adv]tisem5ts3 !re are "s ref]5ces to pages #ce & #cf ( ! adv]tisem5ts4 ,^! pages 7 n pres5t 9 ! orig9al4 ,*anges made to ! text ,"s m9or obvi\s punctuation & typographical errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,fr5* acc5ts & ,g]man umlauts h be5 add$ or correct$ :]e ne$$4 ,multi-page tables h be5 comb9$ into s+le tables2 _m tables h be5 re-arrang$4 ,/ructural =mulas h be5 mov$ to sep>ate l9es4 ,"s sections />t+ ) 7 pr9t$ z section head]s 9 ! orig9al "w2 !y h be5 treat$ z regul> numb]$ sections "h4 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to "u ! p>agraph1 table1 etc4 !y ref] to4 ,v>i\s pages3 ,*ev]_/,*ev]'s *ang$ to ,*ev]s_/,*ev]s's ,e9 natrli*es ,sy/em d] ,gift-wirkung5_/,giftwirkung5 /&>dis$ to ,gift-,wirkung5 z 9 ,loew's orig9al ,a]tzt 7also 9 comp\nd words7 *ang$ to ,a]zt ,br5g]-,frraud *ang$ to ,br5g]-,fraud ,l4 ,l4 ,hote & simil> spell+s *ang$ to ,l4 ,l',hte ,grhaut *ang$ to ,grhant ,page xxv3 ,duboia ,ruselli *ang$ to ,duboia ,rusellii ,page xxix3 ,a]at$ *ang$ to ,arat$ z 9 text ,page xxx3 7#c7 ,silv] 9 ! ,arts *ang$ to 7#b7 ,silv] 9 ! ,arts ,page xxxii3 #ij-cib *ang$ to #cij-cib ,page #ad3 ,mdic9e *ang$ to ,mdec9e ,page #af3 ,vnneuse *ang$ to ,vnneuses ,page #ag3 ,dag5dorff *ang$ to ,drag5dorff ,page #ah3 ,webb] *ang$ to ,w]b]2 ,9 ,zwee ,!il5 *ang$ to ,9 ,zwei ,!il5 ,page #be3 li/ "u ,a4 numb]$ 7z foll[+ li/s7 ,page #bg3 ,mez]e9 *ang$ to ,mez]eon ,page #ca3 ,section numb] #ba4 add$ ,page #ci3 alloxan?9 *ang$ to alloxant9 z else:]e ,page #dd3 ,v *ang$ to ,v z 9 illu/ration ,page #ea3 *loralhydrate *ang$ to *loral hydrate z else:]e ,page #fj1 table3 ,june *ang$ to ,jan4 7z describ$ 9 text bel[ table7 ,page #fd3 ,ni7,,co7 *ang$ to ,ni7,,co7 ,page #hb3 ,salk[ski *ang$ to ,salk[sky z else:]e ,page #id1 footnote #ib3 ,s*wefelsure *ang$ to ,s*wefelsure- ,page #if3 bood *ang$ to blood ,page #abd3 ( ! legs2 *ang$ to ( ! legs72 ,page #abi3 ,,"p ,,iv *ang$ to ,,"p ,v ,page #acd3 tape-worn *ang$ to tape-worm ,page #ada3 ,,iv4 ,e!r4 *ang$ to ,,iv4--,e!r4 = consi/5cy ) o!r head+s ,page #adc3 ,s\beyran *ang$ to ,s\beiran ,page #afd1 footnote #aid3 #ahfe *ang$ to #ahef ,page #bad3 to conta9s *ang$ to to conta92 ,afol4 *ang$ to ,afl4 ,page #bbb3 t normal *ang$ to ?an normal ,page #bcb3 ,boisbeaudran *ang$ to ,boisbaudran ,page #bcb3 see ,index *ang$ to ,see #cad ,page #bdf3 ,j]v9 *ang$ to ,j]v9e ,page #bdi3 ins]t$ 9 table ,page #beg3 ,mikroscop *ang$ to ,mikroskop ,page #bgj3 table & p>agraph 8,x is !re=e obvi\s 4440 mov$ to be=e description ( analysis ,page #bgg3 4 lutid9e *ang$ to -lutid9e ,page #bhj1 #cdj1 plat9um comp\nd3 ,c,h etc4 *ang$ to 7,c,h etc4 ,page #bii1 #cei3 ( ! ,fr5*2 *ang$ to ( ! ,fr5*72 ,page #cjb3 m5brane *ang$ to membrane ,page #cac3 r *ang$ to r z else:]e ,page #cah1 #chd3 7,c,h,o-- *ang$ to 7,c,h,o7-- ,page #cbj3 ,pett5k(f] *ang$ to ,pett5k(] ,page #cbh3 cephalapoda *ang$ to cephalopoda ,page #cbi3 "u goes *ang$ to und]goes ,page #cga1 footnotes #dhg;a & #dhg;b3 ! orig9al "w has "o footnote ) two footnote an*ors2 ! footnote has be5 copi$ = cl>ity ,page #cgc3 homotatrop9e *ang$ to homatrop9e ,page #cih3 ,h>na* *ang$ to ,h>nack ,page #dji3 skak5 *ang$ to %ak5 ,page #dbc3 #ae to #ac gra9 *ang$ to #ae to #ah gra9 ,page #ddh3 ,!y eat *ang$ to ,!y ate ,page #ddi3 ,w5zeln's *ang$ to ,w5zel's ,page #dea3 ,d *ang$ to ,d z else:]e ,page #deh3 o5an! *ang$ to nan! z else:]e ,page #dfe3 toxalum9 *ang$ to toxalbum9 ,page #dfi3 ,petromyzon fluviatalis *ang$ to ,petromyzon fluviatilis ,page #dia3 bot h>e *ang$ to bo? are ,page #dib3 ,head+ ,,diam9es4 *ang$ to ,diam9es4 = consi/5cy ,page #ead3 ,uppma9 *ang$ to ,uppmann ,page #ecc3 ba9 de t]si] *ang$ to ba9 de ,tessi] ,page #ecd1 table3 #be-ce *ang$ to #be-fe ,page #ehh3 pp4 #eeh & #eee *ang$ to pp4 #eeh & #eei ,page #eia1 ,head+ ,,ii4 ,,precipitate *ang$ to ,,precipitat$ z elseweh]e ,page #fad3 lamellae *ang$ to lamell z else:]e ,page #fag3 7#bj to #dj gra9s2 *ang$ to 7#bj to #dj gra9s72 ,page #fcg1 ,o9tm5t ( ,r$ ,iodide ( ,m]cury3 clos+ 7 add$ aft] rubri ,page #fch3 ,hahneman's *ang$ to ,hahnemann's ,page #fef3 f to "t *ang$ to f "t to "t ,page #ffb3 deat *ang$ to dea? ,page #fgi3 mgrs4 *ang$ to mgrms4 z else:]e ,page #fhf3 ,,antidotes3-- *ang$ to ,,iii4 ,,antidotes3-- ,page #fih3 z9e *ang$ to z9c ,page #gjb3 ,acolycoct9 *ang$ to ,acolyct9 ,page #gjd3 ,fleetman's *ang$ to ,fleitmann's ,page #gje3 ,bcur *ang$ to ,bcoeur2 ,page #gjf3 ,byns5's *ang$ to ,bynss5's ,page #gaj3 ,duboia ,ruselii *ang$ to ,duboia ,rusellii ,page #gaa3 ,gnzburgh *ang$ to ,gnzburg ,page #gac3 ,jecquirity *ang$ to ,jequirity2 ,kreosote *ang$ to ,kreozote2 ,lan?rop9e *ang$ to ,lan?op9e ,page #gae3 ,mi?ridates *ang$ to ,mi?radetes ,page #gag3 ,ph>oah's s]p5t *ang$ to ,ph>aoh's s]p5t ,page #gai3 ,rettg]'s *ang$ to ,rettg]s's ,page #gbj3 ,san>elle's *ang$ to ,san>elli's2 ,s*eppe's *ang$ to ,s*leppe's2 ,s*rd] *ang$ to ,s*ra$] ,page #gba3 antimpetig9es *ang$ to anti-impetig9es ,page #gbb3 ,tes*ma*] *ang$ to ,tes*ema*] ,page #gbc3 ,vidale's *ang$ to ,vidali's ,page #gci3 ,ba9 de ,t]si] *ang$ to ,ba9 de ,tessi]