,transcriber's ,notes ,text printed in italics in the original work are transcribed between underscores1 as in text4 ,bold faced and underlined text are transcribed as text and text respectively4 ,small capitals have been transcribed as ,,all ,,capitals4 ,u represents a ,u-shaped symbol4 ,where appropriate ,unicode characters are not available1 subscripts have been transcribed as 4444 ,depending on the hard- and software used to read this text1 not all characters may display correctly or display at all4 ,the alignment of text and lines in tables and structural formulas may vary depending on the font used4 ,chemical structural formulas as given here are approximations of the structures given in the original work only4 ,double bonds are represented by 1 1 _/_/ or 1 quadruple bonds by 4 ,more ,transcriber's ,notes may be found at the end of this document4 ,,poisons3 ,,their ,,effects ,,and ,,detection4 ,,by ,,the ,,same ,,author4 ,fourth ,edition4 ,at ,press4 ,,foods3 ,,their ,,composition ,,and ,,analysis4 ,with numerous ,tables and ,illustrations4 ,general ,contents4 ,history of ,adulteration--,legislation1 ,past and ,present--,apparatus useful to the ,food ,analyst--8,ash0--,sugar--,confectionery --,honey-- ,treacle--,jams and ,preserved ,fruits--,starches--,wheaten-,flour--,br ead-- ,oats--,barley--,rye--,rice--,maize--,mi llet--,potato--,peas--,chinese ,peas-- ,lentils--,beans--,,milk--,cream--,butte r--,cheese--,tea--,coffee--,cocoa and ,chocolate--,alcohol--,brandy--,rum--,wh isky--,gin--,arrack--,liqueurs--,beer-- ,wine--,vinegar--,lemon and ,lime ,juice--,mustard--,pepper--,sweet and ,bitter ,almond--,annatto--,olive ,oil--,water4 ,appendix3 ,text of ,english and ,american ,adulteration ,acts4 8,will be used by every ,analyst40--,lancet4 8,,stands ,,unrivalled for completeness of information4 4 4 4 ,a really #8practical' work for the guidance of practical men40--,sanitary ,record4 8,an ,,admirable ,,digest of the most recent state of knowledge4 4 4 4 ,interesting even to lay-readers40--,chemical ,news4 ,in ,large #hvo1 ,handsome ,cloth4 #bas4 ,,forensic ,,medicine ,,and ,,toxicology4 ,,by ,j4 ,,dixon ,,mann1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,p41 ,professor of ,medical ,jurisprudence and ,toxicology in ,owens ,college1 ,manchester2 ,examiner in ,forensic ,medicine in the ,university of ,london1 and in the ,victoria ,university2 ,physician to the ,salford ,royal ,hospital4 ,,part ,i4--,forensic ,medicine4 ,,part ,,ii4--,insanity in its ,medico-legal ,bearings4 ,,part ,,iii4--,toxicology4 8,by far the ,,most ,,reliable1 ,,most ,,scientific1 and ,,most ,,modern book on ,medical ,jurisprudence with which we are acquainted40--,dublin ,medical ,journal4 8,a ,,most ,,useful work of reference4 4 4 4 ,of value to all those who1 as medical men or lawyers1 are engaged in cases where the testimony of medical experts forms a part of the evidence40--,the ,law ,journal4 ,,london3 ,,charles ,,griffin ,,co41 ,,ltd41 ,,exeter ,,st41 ,,strand4 ,,poisons3 ,,their ,,effects ,,and ,,detection4 ,a ,,manual ,,for ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,analytical ,,chemists ,,and ,,experts4 ,,with ,,an ,,introductory ,,essay ,,on ,,the ,,growth ,,of ,,modern ,,toxicology4 ,,by ,,alexander ,,wynter ,,blyth1 ,m4,r4,c4,s41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 c41 ,,barrister-,,at-,,law2 ,,public ,,analyst ,,for ,,the ,,county ,,of ,,devon2 ,,and ,,medical ,,officer ,,of ,,health ,,and ,,public ,,analyst ,,for ,,st4 ,,marylebone4 ,,third ,,edition1 ,,revised ,,and ,,enlarged4 ,with ,tables and ,illustrations4 ,,london3 ,,charles ,,griffin ,,and ,,company1 ,,limited1 ,,exeter ,,street1 ,,strand4 #ahie4 7,all ,rights ,reserved47 ,d4 ,,van ,,nostrand ,,company1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,third ,,edition4 ,the present edition1 which appears on the same general plan as before1 will yet be found to have been in great part re-written1 enlarged1 and corrected4 ,analytical methods which experience has shown to be faulty have been omitted1 and replaced by newer and more accurate processes4 ,the intimate connection which recent research has shown to exist between the arrangement of the constituent parts of an organic molecule and physiological action1 has been considered at some length in a separate chapter4 ,the cadaveric alkaloids or ptomaines1 bodies playing so great a part in food-poisoning and in the manifestations of disease1 are in this edition treated of as fully as the limits of the book will allow4 ,the author1 therefore1 trusts that these various improvements1 modifications1 and corrections will enable 8,,poisons0 to maintain the position which it has for so many years held in the esteem of toxicologists and of the medical profession generally4 ,,the ,,court ,,house1 ,,st4 ,,marylebone1 ,w4 ,june1 #ahie4 ,,contents4 ,,part ,i4--,,introductory4 ,i4 ,,the ,,old ,,poison-,,lore4 ,section ,page #a4 ,the ,history of the ,poison-lehre--,the ,origin of ,arrow-,poison-- ,greek ,myths1 #a #b4 ,knowledge of the ,egyptians relative to ,poisons--,distillation of ,peach-,water1 #b #c4 ,roman and ,greek ,knowledge of ,poison--,sanction of ,suicide among the ,ancients--,the ,classification of ,poisons adopted by ,dioscorides1 #b-d #d4 ,poisoning among ,eastern ,nations--,slow ,poisons1 #d1 #e #e4 ,hebrew ,knowledge of ,poisons1 #e #f4 ,the part which ,poison has played in ,history--,statira--,locusta-- ,britannicus--,the ,rise of ,anatomy--,the ,death of ,alexander the ,great--of ,pope ,alexander ,,vi4--,the ,commission of ,murder given by ,charles le ,mauvais--,royal ,poisoners--,charles ,,ix4--,king ,john--,a ,female ,poisoner boiled alive1 #e-i #g4 ,the ,seventeenth ,century ,italian ,schools of ,criminal ,poisoning-- ,the ,council of ,ten--,john of ,ragubo--,the ,professional ,poisoner-- ,j4 ,b4 ,porta's ,treatise on ,natural ,magic--,toffana and the 8,acquetta di ,napoli0--,organic ,arsenical ,compounds--,st4 ,croix and ,madame de ,brinvilliers--,extraordinary ,precautions for the ,preservation from ,poison of the ,infant ,son of ,henry ,,viii41 #i-ac ,,ii4 ,,growth ,,and ,,development ,,of ,,the ,,modern ,,methods ,,of ,,chemically ,,detecting ,,poisons4 #h4 ,phases through which the ,art of ,detecting ,poisons has passed1 #ac #i4 ,treatise of ,barthlmy d',anglais--,hon4 ,robert ,boyle--,nicolas l',emery's ,cours de ,chimie--,mead's ,mechanical ,theory of ,poisons--,rise of ,modern ,chemistry--,scheele's ,discoveries1 #ac1 #ad #aj4 ,history of ,marsh's ,test1 #ad1 #ae #aa4 ,orfila and his ,trait de ,toxicologie--,orfila's ,method of ,experiment1 #ae #ab4 ,the ,discovery of the ,alkaloids--,separation of ,narcotine1 ,morphine1 ,strychnine1 ,delphinine1 ,coniine1 ,codeine1 ,atropine1 ,aconitine1 and ,hyoscyamine1 #ae1 #af #ac4 ,bibliography of the ,chief ,works on ,toxicology of the ,nineteenth ,century1 #af-ai ,,part ,,ii4 ,i4 ,,definition ,,of ,,poison4 #ad4 ,the ,legal ,definition of ,poison--,english ,law as to ,poison1 #bj1 #ba #ae4 ,german ,law as to ,poisoning--,french ,law as to ,poisoning1 #ba1 #bb #af4 ,scientific ,definition of a ,poison--,the ,author's ,definition1 #bb1 #bc ,,ii4 ,,classification ,,of ,,poisons4 #ag4 ,foder's1 ,orfila's1 ,casper's1 ,taylor's1 and ,guy's ,definition of ,poisons--,poisons arranged according to their ,prominent ,effects1 #bc1 #bd #ah4 ,kobert's ,classification1 #bd1 #be #ai4 ,the ,author's ,arrangement1 #be-bh ,,iii4 ,,statistics4 #bj4 ,statistics of ,poisoning in ,england and ,wales during the ,ten ,years #ahhc-ib--,various ,tables1 #bh-ca #ba4 ,german ,statistics of ,poisoning1 #ca-cc #bb4 ,criminal ,poisoning in ,france1 #cc1 #cd ,,iv4 ,,the ,,connection ,,between ,,toxic ,,action ,,and ,,chemical ,,composition4 #bc4 ,the ,influence of ,hydroxyl--,the ,replacement of ,hydrogen by a ,halogen--,bamberger's ,acylic and ,aromatic ,bases1 #ce1 #cf #bd4 ,the ,replacement of ,hydrogen by ,alkyls in ,aromatic ,bodies1 #cf-ch #be4 ,the ,influence of ,carbonyl ,groups1 #ci #bf4 ,oscar ,loew's ,theory as to the ,action of ,poisons1 #ci-da #bg4 ,michet's ,experiments on the relative ,toxicity of ,metals1 #da1 #db ,v4 ,,life ,,tests3 ,,or ,,the ,,identification ,,of ,,poison ,,by ,,experiments ,,on ,,animals4 #bh4 ,the ,action of ,poisons on ,infusoria1 ,cephalopoda1 ,insects1 #db-dd #bi4 ,effect of ,poisons on the ,heart of ,cold-blooded ,animals1 #dd1 #de #cj4 ,the ,effect of ,poisons on the ,iris1 #de1 #df ,,vi4 ,,general ,,method ,,of ,,procedure ,,in ,,searching ,,for ,,poison4 #ca4 ,concentration in a ,vacuum--,drying the ,substance--,solvents-- ,destruction of ,organic ,matter1 #df-ej #cb4 ,autenrieth's ,general ,process--,distillation--,shaking up with ,solvents--,isolation of ,metals--,investigation of ,sulphides ,soluble in ,ammonium ,sulphide--of ,sulphides ,insoluble in ,ammonium ,sulphide--,search for ,zinc and ,chromium--,search for ,lead1 ,silver1 and ,barium1 #ej-ec ,,vii4 ,,the ,,spectroscope ,,as ,,an ,,aid ,,to ,,the ,,identification ,,of ,,certain ,,poisons4 #cc4 ,the ,micro-,spectroscope--,oscar ,brasch's ,researches of the ,spectra of ,colour ,reactions--,wave ,lengths1 #ed-ef ,examination of ,blood or of ,blood-,stains4 #cd4 ,naked-eye ,appearance of ,blood-,stains--,dragendorff's ,process for ,dissolving ,blood1 #ef1 #eg #ce4 ,spectroscopic ,appearances of ,blood--,spectrum of ,hydric ,sulphide ,blood--of ,carbon ,oxide ,hmoglobin--,methmoglobin--of ,acid ,hmatin--,tests for ,,co ,blood--,piotrowski's ,experiments on ,,co ,blood--,preparation of ,hmatin ,crystals--,the ,guaiacum ,test for ,blood1 #eg-fb #cf4 ,distinction between the ,blood of ,animals and ,men--,the ,alkalies in various ,species of ,blood1 #fb1 #fc ,,part ,,iii4--,,poisonous ,,gases3 ,,carbon ,,monoxide--,,chlorine--,,hydric ,,sulphide4 ,i4 ,,carbon ,,monoxide4 #cg4 ,properties of ,carbon ,monoxide1 #fd #ch4 ,symptoms--,acute ,form--,chronic ,form1 #fd-ff #ci4 ,poisonous ,action on the ,blood--,action on the ,nervous ,system1 #ff1 #fg #dj4 ,post-mortem ,appearances1 #fg #da4 ,mass ,poisonings by ,carbon ,monoxide--,the ,leeds ,case--,the ,darlaston ,cases1 #fg-gj #db4 ,detection of ,carbon ,monoxide--,the ,cuprous ,chloride ,method-- ,wanklyn's ,method--,hempel's ,method1 #gj1 #ga ,,ii4 ,,chlorine4 #dc4 ,chlorine2 its ,properties--,the ,weldon ,process of manufacturing 8,bleaching ,powder10 #ga1 #gb #dd4 ,effects of ,chlorine1 #gb #de4 ,post-mortem ,appearances1 #gb #df4 ,detection of ,free ,chlorine1 #gb ,,iii4 ,,hydric ,,sulphide 7,,sulphuretted ,,hydrogen74 #dg4 ,properties of ,hydric ,sulphide1 #gb1 #gc #dh4 ,effects of breathing ,hydric ,sulphide--,action on the ,blood--,the ,cleator ,moor ,case1 #gc1 #gd #di4 ,post-mortem ,appearances1 #gd #ej4 ,detection1 #gd ,,part ,,iv4--,,acids ,,and ,,alkalies4 ,,sulphuric ,,acid--,,hydrochloric ,,acid--,,nitric ,,acid--,,acetic ,,acid--,,ammonia --,,potash--,,soda--,,neutral ,,sodium1 ,,potassium1 ,,and ,,ammonium ,,salts4 ,i4 ,,sulphuric ,,acid4 #ea4 ,varieties and ,strength of the ,sulphuric ,acids of ,commerce-- ,properties of the ,acid--,nordhausen ,sulphuric ,acid1 #ge1 #gf #eb4 ,properties of ,sulphuric ,anhydride1 #gf #ec4 ,occurrence of ,free ,sulphuric ,acid in ,nature1 #gf #ed4 ,statistics--,comparative ,statistics of different ,countries1 #gf1 #gg #ee4 ,accidental1 ,suicidal1 and ,criminal ,poisoning--,sulphuric ,acid in ,clysters and ,injections1 #gg1 #gh #ef4 ,fatal ,dose1 #gh1 #gi #eg4 ,local ,action of ,sulphuric ,acid--,effects on ,mucous ,membrane1 on the ,skin1 on ,blood1 #gi1 #hj #eh4 ,action of ,sulphuric ,acid on ,earth1 ,grass1 ,wood1 ,paper1 ,carpet1 ,clothing1 ,iron--,caution necessary in judging of ,spots-- ,illustrative ,case1 #hj1 #ha #ei4 ,symptoms--7#a7 ,external ,effects--7#b7 ,internal ,effects in the ,gullet and ,stomach--,intercostal ,neuralgia1 #ha-hc #fj4 ,treatment of ,acute ,poisoning by the ,mineral ,acids1 #hc #fa4 ,post-mortem ,appearances--,rapid and ,slow ,poisoning-- ,illustrative ,cases1 #hc-he #fb4 ,pathological ,preparations in the different ,london ,hospital ,museums1 #he1 #hf #fc4 ,chronic ,poisoning1 #hf ,detection and ,estimation of ,free ,sulphuric ,acid4 #fd4 ,general ,method of ,separating the ,free ,mineral ,acids--,the ,quinine ,process--,the ,old ,process of ,extraction by ,alcohol--,hilger's ,test for ,mineral ,acid1 #hg1 #hh #fe4 ,the ,urine--,excretion of ,sulphates in ,health and ,disease--,the ,characters of the ,urine after taking ,sulphuric ,acid1 #hh-ij #ff4 ,the ,blood in ,sulphuric ,acid ,poisoning1 #ij #fg4 ,the ,question of the ,introduction of ,sulphates by the ,food-- ,largest possible ,amount of ,sulphates introduced by this ,means-- ,sulphur of the ,bile--,medicinal ,sulphates1 #ij1 #ia ,,ii4 ,,hydrochloric ,,acid4 #fh4 ,general ,properties of ,hydrochloric ,acid--,discovery--,uses-- ,tests1 #ia1 #ib #fi4 ,statistics1 #ib1 #ic #gj4 ,fatal ,dose1 #ic #ga4 ,amount of ,free ,acid in the ,gastric ,juice1 #ic1 #id #gb4 ,influence of ,hydrochloric ,acid on ,vegetation--,present ,law on the ,subject of ,acid ,emanations from ,works--,the ,resistant ,powers of various ,plants1 #id #gc4 ,action on ,cloth and ,manufactured ,articles1 #ie #gd4 ,poisonous ,effects of ,hydrochloric ,acid ,gas--,eulenberg's ,experiments on ,rabbits and ,pigeons1 #ie1 #if #ge4 ,effects of the ,liquid ,acid--,absence of ,corrosion of the ,skin-- ,pathological ,appearances--,illustrative ,cases1 #if1 #ig #gf4 ,post-mortem ,appearances--,preparations in the different ,london ,museums1 #ig1 #ih #gg4 7#a7 ,detection of ,free ,hydrochloric ,acid--,gnzburg's ,test--,a4 ,villiers's and ,m4 ,favolle's ,test--7#b7 ,quantitative ,estimation1 ,sjokvist's ,method--,braun's ,method1 #ih-aja #gh4 ,method of ,investigating ,hydrochloric ,acid ,stains on ,cloth1 c41 #aja1 #ajb ,,iii4 ,,nitric ,,acid4 #gi4 ,properties of ,nitric ,acid1 #ajb1 #ajc #hj4 ,use in the ,arts1 #ajc #ha4 ,statistics1 #ajc #hb4 ,fatal ,dose1 #ajd #hc4 ,action on ,vegetation1 #ajd #hd4 ,effects of ,nitric ,acid ,vapour--,experiments of ,eulenberg and ,o4 ,lassar--,fatal ,effect on ,man1 #ajd1 #aje #he4 ,effects of ,liquid ,nitric ,acid--,suicidal1 ,homicidal1 and ,accidental ,deaths from the ,acid1 #aje1 #ajf #hf4 ,local ,action1 #ajf #hg4 ,symptoms--,the ,constant ,development of ,gas--,illustrative ,cases1 #ajf1 #ajg #hh4 ,post-mortem ,appearances--,preparations in various ,anatomical ,museums1 #ajg-aji #hi4 ,detection and ,estimation of ,nitric ,acid1 #aji1 #aaj ,,iv4 ,,acetic ,,acid4 #ij4 ,symptoms and ,detection1 #aaj ,v4 ,,ammonia4 #ia4 ,properties of ,ammonia1 #aaa #ib4 ,uses--,officinal and other ,preparations1 #aaa1 #aab #ic4 ,statistics of ,poisoning by ,ammonia1 #aab #id4 ,poisoning by ,ammonia ,vapour1 #aab #ie4 ,symptoms--,illustrative ,case1 #aab1 #aac #if4 ,chronic ,effects of the ,gas1 #aac #ig4 ,ammonia in ,solution--,action on ,plants1 #aac #ih4 ,action on ,human ,beings and ,animal ,life--,local ,action on ,skin-- ,action on the ,blood--,time of ,death1 #aac-aae #ii4 ,post-mortem ,appearances1 #aae #ajj4 ,separation of ,ammonia--,tests1 #aae1 #aaf #aja4 ,estimation of ,ammonia1 #aaf ,,vi4 ,,caustic ,,potash ,,and ,,soda4 #ajb4 ,properties of ,potassium ,hydrate1 #aaf1 #aag #ajc4 ,pharmaceutical ,preparations1 #aag #ajd4 ,carbonate of ,potash1 #aag #aje4 ,bicarbonate of ,potash1 #aag #ajf4 ,caustic ,soda--,sodium ,hydrate1 #aag1 #aah #ajg4 ,carbonate of ,soda1 #aah #ajh4 ,bicarbonate of ,soda1 #aah #aji4 ,statistics1 #aah #aaj4 ,effects on ,animal and ,vegetable ,life1 #aah1 #aai #aaa4 ,local ,effects1 #aai #aab4 ,symptoms1 #aai #aac4 ,post-mortem ,appearances1 #aai-aba #aad4 ,chemical ,analysis1 #aba #aae4 ,estimation of the ,fixed ,alkalies1 #aba1 #abb ,,vii4 ,,neutral ,,sodium1 ,,potassium1 ,,and ,,ammonium ,,salts4 #aaf4 ,relative ,toxicity of ,sodium1 ,potassium1 and ,ammonium ,salts1 #abb #aag4 ,sodium ,salts1 #abb #aah4 ,potassium ,salts--,potassic ,sulphate--,hydropotassic ,tartrate-- ,statistics1 #abb #aai4 ,action on the ,frog's ,heart1 #abb #abj4 ,action on ,warm-,blooded ,animals1 #abb1 #abc #aba4 ,elimination1 #abc #abb4 ,nitrate of ,potash1 #abc #abc4 ,statistics1 #abc #abd4 ,uses in the ,arts1 #abc #abe4 ,action of ,nitrates of ,sodium and ,potassium--,sodic ,nitrite1 #abc1 #abd #abf4 ,post-mortem ,appearances from ,poisoning by ,potassic ,nitrate1 #abd #abg4 ,potassic ,chlorate1 #abd #abh4 ,uses1 #abd #abi4 ,poisonous ,properties1 #abd #acj4 ,experiments on ,animals1 #abd1 #abe #aca4 ,effects on ,man--,illustrative ,cases of the ,poisoning of ,children by ,potassic ,chlorate1 #abe #acb4 ,effects on ,adults--,least ,fatal ,dose1 #abf #acc4 ,elimination1 #abf #acd4 ,essential ,action of ,potassic ,chlorate on the ,blood and ,tissues1 #abf #ace4 ,detection and ,estimation of ,potassic ,chlorate1 #abf1 #abg ,toxicological ,detection of ,alkali ,salts4 #acf4 ,natural occurrence of ,potassium and ,sodium ,salts in the ,blood and ,tissues--,tests for ,potassic and ,sodic ,salts--,tests for ,potassic ,nitrate--,tests for ,chlorates--,ammonium ,salts1 #abg1 #abh ,,part ,v4--,,more ,,or ,,less ,,volatile ,,poisonous ,,substances ,,capable ,,of ,,being ,,separated ,,by ,,distillation ,,from ,,neutral ,,or ,,acid ,,liquids4 ,,hydrocarbons--,,camphor--,,alcohol--,, amyl ,,nitrite--,,ether--,,chloroform ,,and ,,other ,,an,,sthetics--,,chloral--,,carbon ,,bisulphide--,,carbolic ,,acid--,,nitro-,,benzene--,,prussic ,,acid--,,phosphorus4 ,i4 ,,hydrocarbons4 #a4 ,petroleum4 #acg4 ,petroleum1 #abi #ach4 ,cymogene1 #abi #aci4 ,rhigolene1 #abi #adj4 ,gasolene1 #abi #ada4 ,benzoline--,distinction between ,petroleum-,naphtha1 ,shale-,naphtha1 and ,coal-,tar ,naphtha1 #abi1 #acj #adb4 ,paraffin ,oil1 #acj #adc4 ,effects of ,petroleum--,experiments on ,rabbits1 c41 #acj1 #aca #add4 ,poisoning by ,petroleum--,illustrative ,cases1 #aca #ade4 ,separation and ,tests for ,petroleum1 #aca #b4 ,coal-,tar ,naphtha--,benzene4 #adf4 ,composition of ,commercial ,coal-,tar ,naphtha1 #aca #adg4 ,symptoms observed after ,swallowing ,coal-,tar ,naphtha1 #acb #adh4 ,effects of the ,vapour of ,benzene1 #acb ,detection and ,separation of ,benzene4 #adi4 ,separation of ,benzene--7#a7 ,purification2 7#b7 ,conversion into ,nitro-,benzene2 7#c7 ,conversion into ,aniline1 #acb1 #acc #c4 ,terpenes--,essential ,oils--,oil of ,turpentine4 #aej4 ,properties of the ,terpenes1 ,cedrenes1 and ,colophenes1 #acc #d4 ,oil of ,turpentine--,spirits of ,turpentine4 #aea4 ,terebenthene--,distinction between ,french and ,english ,turpentine1 #acc1 #acd #aeb4 ,effects of the ,administration of ,turpentine1 #acd ,,ii4 ,,camphor4 #aec4 ,properties of ,camphor1 #ace #aed4 ,pharmaceutical ,preparations1 #ace #aee4 ,symptoms of ,poisoning by ,camphor1 #ace #aef4 ,post-mortem ,appearances1 #acf #aeg4 ,separation from the ,contents of the ,stomach1 #acf ,,iii4 ,,alcohols4 #a4 ,ethylic ,alcohol4 #aeh4 ,chemical ,properties of ,alcohol--,statistics of ,poisoning by ,alcohol1 #acf #aei4 ,criminal or ,accidental ,alcoholic ,poisoning1 #acg #afj4 ,fatal ,dose1 #acg #afa4 ,symptoms of ,acute ,poisoning by ,alcohol1 #acg1 #ach #afb4 ,post-mortem ,appearances1 #ach1 #aci #afc4 ,excretion of ,alcohol1 #aci1 #adj #afd4 ,toxicological ,detection1 #adj #b4 ,amylic ,alcohol4 #afe4 ,properties of ,amylic ,alcohol1 #adj #aff4 ,experiments as to the ,effect on ,animals of ,amylic ,alcohol1 #adj1 #ada #afg4 ,detection and ,estimation of ,amylic ,alcohol1 #ada #afh4 ,amyl ,nitrite--,properties--,symptoms--,post- mortem ,appearances1 #ada ,,iv4 ,,ether4 #afi4 ,properties of ,ethylic ,ether1 #ada1 #adb #agj4 ,ether as a ,poison1 #adb #aga4 ,fatal ,dose1 #adb #agb4 ,ether as an ,ansthetic1 #adb1 #adc #agc4 ,separation of ,ether from ,organic ,fluids1 c41 #adc ,v4 ,,chloroform4 #agd4 ,discovery of ,chloroform--,properties1 ,adulterations1 and ,methods for ,detecting them1 #adc-ade #age4 ,methods of ,manufacturing ,chloroform1 #ade1 #adf ,poisonous ,effects of ,chloroform4 #a4 ,as a ,liquid4 #agf4 ,statistics1 #adf #agg4 ,local ,action1 #adf #agh4 ,action on ,blood1 ,muscle1 and ,nerve-,tissue1 #adf #agi4 ,general ,effects of ,liquid ,chloroform--,illustrative ,cases1 #adf1 #adg #ahj4 ,fatal ,dose1 #adg #aha4 ,symptoms1 #adh #ahb4 ,post-mortem ,appearances1 #adh #b4 ,the ,vapour of ,chloroform4 #ahc4 ,statistics of ,deaths through ,chloroform--,ansthesia1 #adh1 #adi #ahd4 ,suicidal and ,criminal ,poisoning--,illustrative ,cases1 #adi1 #aej #ahe4 ,physiological ,effects1 #aej #ahf4 ,symptoms witnessed in ,death from ,chloroform ,vapour1 #aej1 #aea #ahg4 ,chronic ,chloroform ,poisoning--,mental ,effects from ,use of ,chloroform1 #aea1 #aeb #ahh4 ,post-mortem ,appearances1 #aeb #ahi4 ,the ,detection and ,estimation of ,chloroform--,various ,tests1 #aeb1 #aec #aij4 ,quantitative ,estimation1 #aec ,,vi4 ,,other ,,an,,sthetics4 #aia4 ,methyl ,chloride--,methene ,dichloride1 c41 #aed #aib4 ,pentane1 #aed #aic4 ,aldehyde1 #aed #aid4 ,paraldehyde1 #aed ,,vii4 ,,chloral4 #aie4 ,chloral ,hydrate2 its ,composition and ,properties1 #aed1 #aee #aif4 ,detection1 #aee #aig4 ,quantitative ,estimation of ,chloral ,hydrate1 #aee1 #aef #aih4 ,effects of ,chloral ,hydrate on ,animals--,depression of ,temperature --,influence on the ,secretion of ,milk1 c41 #aef1 #aeg #aii4 ,action upon the ,blood1 #aeg #bjj4 ,effects on ,man1 #aeg1 #aeh #bja4 ,fatal ,dose1 #aeh1 #aei #bjb4 ,symptoms1 #aei #bjc4 ,action of ,chloral upon the ,brain1 #aei #bjd4 ,treatment of ,acute ,chloral ,poisoning1 #afj #bje4 ,chronic ,poisoning by ,chloral ,hydrate1 #afj1 #afa #bjf4 ,manner in which ,chloral is ,decomposed in1 and ,excreted from1 the ,body1 #afa1 #afb #bjg4 ,separation from ,organic ,matters--,tests for ,chloral1 #afb1 #afc ,,viii4 ,,bisulphide ,,of ,,carbon4 #bjh4 ,properties of ,bisulphide of ,carbon1 #afc #bji4 ,poisoning by ,bisulphide of ,carbon1 #afc #baj4 ,action on ,animals1 #afc1 #afd #baa4 ,chronic ,poisoning by ,bisulphide of ,carbon--,effects on the ,brain1 c41 #afd1 #afe #bab4 ,post-mortem ,appearances1 #afe #bac4 ,separation and ,detection of ,carbon ,bisulphide--,tests1 #afe #bad4 ,xanthogenic ,acid1 #afe #bae4 ,potassic ,xanthogenate1 #afe ,,ix4 ,,the ,,tar ,,acids--,,phenol--,,cresol4 #baf4 ,properties and ,sources of ,carbolic ,acid1 #afe1 #aff #bag4 ,different ,forms of ,carbolic ,acid--,calvert's ,carbolic ,acid ,powder --,carbolic ,acid ,soaps1 #aff1 #afg #bah4 ,uses of ,carbolic ,acid1 #afg #bai4 ,statistics ,relative to ,poisoning by ,carbolic ,acid1 #afg-afi #bbj4 ,fatal ,dose1 #afi #bba4 ,effects on ,animals--,infusoria--,fish--,frogs1 #afi1 #agj #bbb4 ,effects on ,warm-,blooded ,animals1 #agj #bbc4 ,symptoms ,produced in ,man--,external ,application--,action on the ,skin--,effects of the ,vapour--,use of ,carbolic ,acid ,lotions-- ,injections1 c4--,illustrative ,cases1 #agj-agb #bbd4 ,internal ,administration--,illustrative ,cases1 #agc #bbe4 ,general ,review of the ,symptoms induced by ,carbolic ,acid1 #agc1 #agd #bbf4 ,changes ,produced in the ,urine by ,carbolic ,acid1 #agd1 #age #bbg4 ,the ,action of ,carbolic ,acid considered ,physiologically1 #age1 #agf #bbh4 ,forms under which ,carbolic ,acid is ,excreted1 #agf #bbi4 ,post-mortem ,appearances1 #agf1 #agg ,tests for ,carbolic ,acid4 #bcj4 7#a7 ,the ,pine-,wood ,test--7#b7 ,ammonia and ,hypochlorite ,test--7#c7 ,ferric ,chloride--7#d7 ,bromine1 #agg1 #agh #bca4 ,quantitative ,estimation of ,carbolic ,acid1 #agh1 #agi #bcb4 ,properties of ,cresol1 and ,tests for ,distinguishing ,cresol and ,carbolic ,acid1 #agi #bcc4 ,properties of ,creasote--,tests1 #agi1 #ahj #bcd4 ,separation of ,carbolic ,acid from ,organic ,fluids or ,tissues1 #ahj1 #aha #bce4 ,examination of the ,urine for ,phenol or ,cresol1 #aha #bcf4 ,assay of ,disinfectants1 ,carbolic ,acid ,powders--,e4 ,waller's ,process--,koppeschaar's ,volumetric ,method--,colorimetric ,method of ,estimation1 #aha-ahc #bcg4 ,carbolic ,acid ,powders1 #ahc #bch4 ,carbolic ,acid ,soaps1 #ahc ,x4 ,,nitro-,,benzene4 #bci4 ,properties and ,varieties1 #ahc1 #ahd #bdj4 ,effects of ,poisoning by 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other than ,hydric and ,potassic ,cyanides4 #bgj4 ,general ,action of the ,alkaline ,cyanides--,experiments with ,ammonic ,cyanide ,vapour1 #baj #bga4 ,the ,poisonous ,action of several ,metallic and ,double ,cyanides-- ,the ,effects of ,mercuric and ,silver ,cyanides2 of ,potassic and ,hydric ,sulphocyanides2 of ,cyanogen ,chloride2 of ,methyl ,cyanide1 and of ,cyanuric ,acid1 #baj1 #baa ,,xiii4 ,,phosphorus4 #bgb4 ,properties of ,phosphorus--,solubility--,effects of ,heat on ,phosphorus1 #bab1 #bac #bgc4 ,phosphuretted ,hydrogen--,phosphine1 #bac #bgd4 ,the ,medicinal ,preparations of ,phosphorus1 #bac #bge4 ,matches and ,vermin ,paste1 #bac-bae #bgf4 ,statistics of ,phosphorus ,poisoning1 #bae1 #baf #bgg4 ,fatal ,dose1 #baf #bgh4 ,effects of ,phosphorus1 #bag #bgi4 ,different ,forms of ,phosphorus ,poisoning1 #bag1 #bah #bhj4 ,common ,form1 #bah1 #bai #bha4 ,hmorrhagic ,form1 #bai #bhb4 ,nervous ,form1 #bai #bhc4 ,sequel1 #bai1 #bbj #bhd4 ,period at which the ,first ,symptoms commence1 #bbj #bhe4 ,period of ,death1 #bbj #bhf4 ,effects of ,phosphorus ,vapour--,experiments on ,rabbits1 #bbj1 #bba #bhg4 ,effects of ,chronic ,phosphorus ,poisoning1 #bba1 #bbb #bhh4 ,changes in the ,urinary ,secretion1 #bbb #bhi4 ,changes in the ,blood1 #bbb1 #bbc #bij4 ,antidote--,treatment by ,turpentine1 #bbc #bia4 ,poisonous ,effects of ,phosphine1 #bbc1 #bbd #bib4 ,coefficient of ,solubility of ,phosphine in ,blood compared with ,pure ,water1 #bbd #bic4 ,post-mortem ,appearances--,effects on the ,liver1 #bbd-bbh #bid4 ,pathological ,changes in the ,kidneys1 ,lungs1 and ,nervous ,system1 #bbh #bie4 ,diagnostic ,differences between ,acute ,yellow ,atrophy of the ,liver and ,fatty ,liver produced by ,phosphorus1 #bbh1 #bbi #bif4 ,detection of ,phosphorus--,mitscherlich's ,process--,the ,production of ,phosphine--,tests ,dependent on the ,combustion of ,phosphine1 #bbi-bcb #big4 ,the ,spectrum of ,phosphine--,lipowitz's ,sulphur ,test--,scherer's ,test1 #bcb1 #bcc #bih4 ,chemical ,examination of the ,urine1 #bcc1 #bcd #bii4 ,quantitative ,estimation of ,phosphorus1 #bcd #cjj4 ,how long can ,phosphorus be recognised after ,death8 #bcd1 #bce ,,part ,,vi4--,,alkaloids ,,and ,,poisonous ,,vegetable ,,principles ,,separated ,,for ,,the ,,most ,,part ,,by ,,alcoholic ,,solvents4 ,,division ,i4--,,vegetable ,,alkaloids4 ,i4 ,,general ,,method ,,of ,,testing ,,and ,,extracting ,,alkaloids4 #cja4 ,general ,tests for ,alkaloids1 #bcf #cjb4 ,group-,reagents1 #bcf1 #bcg #cjc4 ,phosphomolybdic1 ,silico-,tungstic1 and ,phospho-,tungstic ,acids as ,alkaloidal ,reagents1 #bcg-bci #cjd4 ,schulze's ,reagent1 #bci #cje4 ,dragendorff's ,reagent1 #bci #cjf4 ,colour ,tests1 #bci #cjg4 ,stas's ,process1 #bci ,methods of ,separation4 #cjh4 ,selmi's ,process for ,separating ,alkaloids1 #bdj1 #bda #cji4 ,dragendorff's ,process1 #bda-bed #caj4 ,shorter ,process for ,separating some of the ,alkaloids1 #bed1 #bee #caa4 ,scheibler's ,process for ,alkaloids1 #bee #cab4 ,grandval and ,lajoux's ,method1 #bee1 #bef #cac4 ,identification of the ,alkaloids1 #bef #cad4 ,sublimation of the ,alkaloids1 #bef-bfa #cae4 ,melting-point1 #bfa #caf4 ,identification by ,organic ,analysis1 #bfa1 #bfb #cag4 ,quantitative ,estimation of the ,alkaloids--,mayer's ,reagent-- ,compound of the ,alkaloids with ,chlorides of ,gold and ,platinum1 #bfb-bfd ,,ii4 ,,liquid ,,volatile ,,alkaloids4 #a4 ,the ,alkaloids of ,hemlock 7,conium74 #cah4 ,botanical ,description of ,hemlock1 #bfd #cai4 ,properties of ,coniine--,tests1 #bfd-bff #cbj4 ,other ,coniine ,bases1 #bff #cba4 ,pharmaceutical ,preparations of ,hemlock1 #bff1 #bfg #cbb4 ,statistics of ,coniine ,poisoning1 #bfg #cbc4 ,effects of ,coniine on ,animals1 #bfg1 #bfh #cbd4 ,effects of ,coniine on ,man1 #bfh #cbe4 ,physiological ,action of ,coniine1 #bfh #cbf4 ,post-mortem ,appearances--,fatal ,dose1 #bfh1 #bfi #cbg4 ,separation of ,coniine from ,organic ,matters or ,tissues1 #bfi #b4 ,tobacco--,nicotine4 #cbh4 ,general ,composition of ,tobacco1 #bfi1 #bgj #cbi4 ,quantitative ,estimation of ,nicotine in ,tobacco1 #bgj1 #bga #ccj4 ,nicotine2 its ,properties and ,tests1 #bga-bgc #cca4 ,effects of ,nicotine on ,animals1 #bgc1 #bgd #ccb4 ,effects of ,nicotine on ,man1 #bgd1 #bge #ccc4 ,some ,instances of ,poisoning by ,tobacco and ,tobacco ,juice1 #bge-bgg #ccd4 ,physiological ,action of ,nicotine1 #bgg1 #bgh #cce4 ,fatal ,dose1 #bgh #ccf4 ,post-mortem ,appearances1 #bgh #ccg4 ,separation of ,nicotine from ,organic ,matters1 c41 #bgh1 #bgi #c4 ,piturie4 #cch4 ,properties of ,piturie1 #bgi #d4 ,sparteine4 #cci4 ,properties of ,sparteine1 #bgi1 #bhj #e4 ,aniline4 #cdj4 ,properties of ,aniline1 #bhj #cda4 ,symptoms and ,effects1 #bhj1 #bha #cdb4 ,fatal ,dose1 #bha #cdc4 ,detection of ,aniline1 #bha ,,iii4 ,,the ,,opium ,,group ,,of ,,alkaloids4 #cdd4 ,general ,composition of ,opium1 #bha1 #bhb #cde4 ,action of ,solvents on ,opium1 #bhb1 #bhc #cdf4 ,the ,methods of ,teschemacher and ,smith1 of ,dott and others for the ,assay of ,opium1 #bhc1 #bhd #cdg4 ,medicinal and other ,preparations of ,opium1 #bhd-bhh #cdh4 ,statistics of ,opiate ,poisoning1 #bhh1 #bhi #cdi4 ,poisoning of ,children by ,opium1 #bhi #cej4 ,doses of ,opium and ,morphine--,fatal ,dose1 #bhi1 #bij #cea4 ,general ,method for the ,detection of ,opium1 #bij1 #bia #ceb4 ,morphine2 its ,properties1 #bia1 #bib #cec4 ,morphine ,salts2 their ,solubility1 #bib1 #bic #ced4 ,constitution of ,morphine1 #bic1 #bid #cee4 ,tests for ,morphine and its ,compounds--,production of ,morphine ,hydriodide--,iodic ,acid ,test and other ,reactions--,transformation of ,morphine into ,codeine1 #bid-bif #cef4 ,symptoms of ,opium and ,morphine ,poisoning--,action on ,animals1 #bif-bih #ceg4 ,physiological ,action1 #bih1 #bii #ceh4 ,physiological ,action of ,morphine ,derivatives1 #bii #cei4 ,action on ,man--7a7 ,the ,sudden ,form2 7b7 the ,convulsive ,form2 7c7 a ,remittent ,form of ,opium ,poisoning--,illustrative ,cases1 #bii-cjc #cfj4 ,diagnosis of ,opium ,poisoning1 #cjc1 #cjd #cfa4 ,opium-,eating1 #cjd-cjf #cfb4 ,treatment of ,opium or ,morphine ,poisoning1 #cjf #cfc4 ,post-mortem ,appearances1 #cjf1 #cjg #cfd4 ,separation of ,morphine from ,animal ,tissues and ,fluids1 #cjg #cfe4 ,extraction of ,morphine1 #cjh1 #cji #cff4 ,narcotine2 its ,properties and ,tests1 #cji1 #caj #cfg4 ,effects of ,narcotine1 #caj #cfh4 ,codeine--,properties of ,codeine1 #caj1 #caa #cfi4 ,effects of ,codeine on ,animals--,claude ,bernard's ,experiments1 #caa #cgj4 ,narceine--,properties of ,narceine--,tests1 #cab1 #cac #cga4 ,effects of ,narceine1 #cac1 #cad #cgb4 ,papaverine--,properties of ,papaverine--,tests1 #cad #cgc4 ,effects of ,papaverine1 #cad #cgd4 ,thebaine2 its ,properties1 #cad1 #cae #cge4 ,thebaine2 its ,effects1 #cae #cgf4 ,cryptopine1 #cae1 #caf #cgg4 ,rhadine1 #caf #cgh4 ,pseudomorphine1 #caf #cgi4 ,opianine1 #caf #chj4 ,apomorphine1 #caf1 #cag #cha4 ,reactions of some of the ,rarer ,opium ,alkaloids1 #cag #chb4 ,tritopine1 #cag #chc4 ,meconin 7,opianyl71 #cag #chd4 ,meconic ,acid--,effects of ,meconic ,acid--,tests1 #cah1 #cai ,,iv4 ,,the ,,strychnine ,,or ,,tetanus-,,producing ,,group ,,of ,,alkaloids4 #a4 ,nux ,vomica ,group--,strychnine--,brucine--,igasurin e4 #che4 ,nux ,vomica--,characteristics of the ,entire and of the ,powdered ,seed1 #cai #chf4 ,chemical ,composition of ,nux ,vomica1 #cai #chg4 ,strychnine--,microscopical ,appearances--,properties--,medicinal ,preparations--,strychnine ,salts1 #cai-cbb #chh4 ,pharmaceutical and other ,preparations of ,nux ,vomica1 with ,suggestions for their ,valuation--,vermin-,killers1 #cbb-cbd #chi4 ,statistics1 #cbd-cbe #cij4 ,fatal ,dose--,falck's ,experiments on ,animals as to the ,least ,fatal ,dose--,least ,fatal ,dose for ,man1 #cbe-cbh #cia4 ,action on ,animals--,frogs1 #cbh1 #cbi #cib4 ,effects on ,man--,symptoms--,distinction between 8,disease ,tetanus0 and 8,strychnos ,tetanus10 #cbi-cca #cic4 ,diagnosis of ,strychnine ,poisoning1 #cca1 #ccb #cid4 ,physiological ,action--,richet's ,experiments--,the ,rise of ,temperature--,effect on the ,blood-,pressure1 #ccb1 #ccc #cie4 ,post-mortem ,appearances1 #ccc #cif4 ,treatment1 #ccc #cig4 ,separation of ,strychnine from ,organic ,matters--,separation from the ,urine1 ,blood1 and ,tissues1 #ccd-ccg #cih4 ,identification of the ,alkaloid--,colour ,tests--,physiological ,tests1 #ccg-cci #cii4 ,hypaphorine1 #cci #djj4 ,quantitative ,estimation of ,strychnine1 #cci1 #cdj #dja4 ,brucine2 its ,properties1 #cdj1 #cda #djb4 ,physiological ,action of ,brucine--,experiments of ,falck1 #cda1 #cdb #djc4 ,tests for ,brucine1 #cdb1 #cdc #djd4 ,igasurine1 #cdd #dje4 ,strychnic ,acid1 #cdd #b4 ,the ,quebracho ,group of ,alkaloids4 #djf4 ,the ,alkaloids of ,quebracho--,aspidospermine--,quebrachin e1 #cdd #c4 ,pereirine4 #djg4 ,pereirine1 #cdd1 #cde #d4 ,gelsemine4 #djh4 ,properties of ,gelsemine1 #cde #dji4 ,fatal ,dose of ,gelsemine1 #cde #daj4 ,effects on ,animals--,physiological ,action1 #cde #daa4 ,effects of ,gelsemine on ,man1 #cdf #dab4 ,extraction from ,organic ,matters1 or the ,tissues of the ,body1 #cdg #e4 ,cocaine4 #dac4 ,cocaine2 its ,properties1 #dg1 #cdh #dad4 ,cocaine ,hydrochlorate1 #cdh #dae4 ,pharmaceutical ,preparations1 #cdh #daf4 ,separation of ,cocaine and ,tests1 #cdh1 #cdi #dag4 ,symptoms1 #cdi #dah4 ,post-mortem ,appearances1 #cdi1 #cej #dai4 ,fatal ,dose1 #cej #f4 ,corydaline4 #dbj4 ,properties of ,corydaline1 #cej ,v4 ,,the ,,aconite ,,group ,,of ,,alkaloids4 #dba4 ,varieties of ,aconite--,description of the ,flower1 and of the ,seeds1 #cej1 #cea #dbb4 ,pharmaceutical ,preparations of ,aconite1 #cea #dbc4 ,the ,aconite ,alkaloids1 #cea #dbd4 ,aconitine1 #cea1 #ceb #dbe4 ,tests for ,aconitine1 #ceb #dbf4 ,benzoyl-,aconine ,properties--,recognition of ,benzoic ,acid1 #cec1 #ced #dbg4 ,pyraconitine1 #ced #dbh4 ,pyraconine1 #ced #dbi4 ,aconine1 #cee #dcj4 ,commercial ,aconitine--,english and ,german ,samples of ,aconitine-- ,lethal ,dose of the ,alkaloid and of the ,pharmaceutical ,preparations1 #cee-ceh #dca4 ,effects of ,aconitine on ,animal ,life--,insects1 ,fish1 ,reptiles1 ,birds1 ,mammals1 #ceh-cfj #dcb4 ,statistics1 #cfa #dcc4 ,effects on ,man1 #cfa #dcd4 ,poisoning by the ,root 7,reg4 v4 ,m',conkey71 #cfa1 #cfb #dce4 ,poisoning by the ,alkaloid ,aconitine--,three ,cases of ,poisoning1 #cfc1 #cfd #dcf4 ,lamson's ,case1 #cfd1 #cfe #dcg4 ,symptoms of ,poisoning by the ,tincture1 c41 #cfe1 #cff #dch4 ,physiological ,action1 #cff #dci4 ,post-mortem ,appearances1 #cff1 #cfg #ddj4 ,separation of ,aconitine from the ,contents of the ,stomach or the ,organs1 #cfg1 #cfh ,,vi4 ,,the ,,mydriatic ,,group ,,of ,,alkaloids--,,atropine--,,hyoscyamine-- ,,solanine --,,cytisine4 #a4 ,atropine4 #dda4 ,the ,atropa belladonna2 its ,alkaloidal ,content1 #cfh1 #cfi #ddb4 ,the ,datura stramonium--,distinction between ,datura and ,capsicum ,seeds1 #cfi1 #cgj #ddc4 ,pharmaceutical ,preparations--7a7 ,belladonna2 7b7 ,stramonium1 #cgj1 #cga #ddd4 ,properties of ,atropine1 #cga1 #cgb #dde4 ,tests for ,atropine1 ,chemical and ,physiological1 #cgb-cgd #ddf4 ,statistics of ,atropine ,poisoning1 #cge #ddg4 ,accidental and ,criminal ,poisoning by ,atropine--,use of ,dhatoora by the ,hindoos1 #cge1 #cgf #ddh4 ,fatal ,dose of ,atropine1 #cgf1 #cgg #ddi4 ,action on ,animals1 #cgg #dej4 ,action on ,man1 #cgg-chj #dea4 ,physiological ,action of ,atropine1 #chj #deb4 ,diagnosis of ,atropine ,poisoning1 #chj #dec4 ,post-mortem ,appearances1 #chj #ded4 ,treatment of ,cases of ,poisoning by ,atropine1 #chj1 #cha #dee4 ,separation of ,atropine from ,organic ,matters1 c41 #cha #b4 ,hyoscyamine4 #def4 ,distribution of ,hyoscyamine--,properties1 #cha-chc #deg4 ,pharmaceutical and other ,preparations of ,henbane1 #chc1 #chd #deh4 ,dose and ,effects1 #chd #dei4 ,separation of ,hyoscyamine from ,organic ,matters1 #che #c4 ,hyoscine4 #dfj4 ,hyoscine1 #che #d4 ,solanine4 #dfa4 ,distribution of ,solanine1 #che1 #chf #dfb4 ,properties of ,solanine1 #chf #dfc4 ,solanidine1 #chf1 #chg #dfd4 ,poisoning from ,solanine1 #chg #dfe4 ,separation from ,animal ,tissues1 #chg #e4 ,cytisine4 #dff4 ,the ,cytisus laburnum1 #chg #dfg4 ,reactions of ,cytisine1 #chh #dfh4 ,effects on ,animals1 #chi #dfi4 ,effects on ,man--,illustrative ,cases1 #chi1 #cij ,,vii4 ,,the ,,alkaloids ,,of ,,the ,,veratrums4 #dgj4 ,the ,alkaloids found in the ,veratrum ,viride and ,veratrum ,album--,yield per ,kilogram1 #cij-cib #dga4 ,veratrine--,cevadine1 #cib #dgb4 ,jervine1 #cic #dgc4 ,pseudo-jervine1 #cic #dgd4 ,protoveratridine1 #cic #dge4 ,rubi-jervine1 #cid #dgf4 ,veratralbine1 #cid #dgg4 ,veratroidine1 #cid #dgh4 ,commercial ,veratrine1 #cid1 #cie #dgi4 ,pharmaceutical ,preparations1 #cie #dhj4 ,fatal ,dose1 #cie #dha4 ,effects on ,animals--,physiological ,action1 #cie1 #cif #dhb4 ,effects on ,man--,illustrative ,cases1 #cif #dhc4 ,symptoms of ,acute and ,chronic ,poisoning1 #cif1 #cig #dhd4 ,post-mortem ,signs1 #cig #dhe4 ,separation of the ,veratrum ,alkaloids from ,organic ,matters1 #cig ,,viii4 ,,physostigmine4 #dhf4 ,the ,active ,principle of the ,calabar ,bean1 #cig1 #cih #dhg4 ,physostigmine or ,eserine--,properties1 #cih1 #cii #dhh4 ,tests1 #cii #dhi4 ,pharmaceutical ,preparations1 #cii1 #djj #dij4 ,effects on ,animals--,on ,man--,the ,liverpool ,cases of ,poisoning1 #djj #dia4 ,physiological ,action1 #dja #dib4 ,post-mortem ,appearances1 #dja #dic4 ,separation of ,physostigmine1 #dja1 #djb #did4 ,fatal ,dose of ,physostigmine1 #djb ,,ix4 ,,pilocarpine4 #die4 ,alkaloids from the ,jaborandi1 #djb #dif4 ,pilocarpine1 #djb1 #djc #dig4 ,tests1 #djc #dih4 ,effects of ,pilocarpine1 #djc1 #djd ,x4 ,,taxine4 #dii4 ,properties of ,taxine1 #djd #ejj4 ,poisoning by the ,common ,yew1 #djd #eja4 ,effects on ,animals--,physiological ,action1 #djd #ejb4 ,effects on ,man1 #djd1 #dje #ejc4 ,post-mortem ,appearances1 #dje ,,xi4 ,,curarine4 #ejd4 ,commercial ,curarine--,properties1 #dje-djg #eje4 ,physiological ,effects1 #djg #ejf4 ,separation of ,curarine1 #djg1 #djh ,,xii4 ,,colchicine4 #ejg4 ,contents of ,colchicine in ,colchicum ,seeds1 #djh1 #dji #ejh4 ,colchicine--,method of ,extraction--,properties1 #dji #eji4 ,tests1 #dji1 #daj #eaj4 ,pharmaceutical ,preparations1 #daj #eaa4 ,fatal ,dose1 #daj1 #daa #eab4 ,effects of ,colchicine on ,animals1 #daa #eac4 ,effects of ,colchicum on ,man--,illustrative ,cases1 #daa1 #dab #ead4 ,symptoms ,produced by ,colchicum--,post-mortem ,appearances1 #dab1 #dac #eae4 ,separation of ,colchicine from ,organic ,matters1 #dac ,,xiii4 ,,muscarine ,,and ,,the ,,active ,,principles ,,of ,,certain ,,fungi4 #eaf4 ,description of the ,amanita ,muscaria--,use of it by the ,natives of ,kamschatka1 #dac1 #dad #eag4 ,cases of ,poisoning by the ,fungus itself1 #dad1 #dae #eah4 ,muscarine--,its ,properties and ,effects1 #dae1 #daf #eai4 ,antagonistic ,action of ,atropine and ,muscarine1 #daf #ebj4 ,detection of ,muscarine1 #daf1 #dag #eba4 ,the ,agaricus ,phalloides--,phallin1 #dag #ebb4 ,post-mortem ,appearances1 #dag1 #dah #ebc4 ,the ,agaricus ,pantherinus--,the ,agaricus ,ruber--,ruberine --,agarythrine1 #dah #ebd4 ,the ,boletus ,satanus1 or ,luridus1 #dah #ebe4 ,occasional ,effects of the ,common ,morelle1 #dah ,division ,,ii4--,,glucosides ,i4 ,,digitalis ,,group4 #ebf4 ,description of the ,digitalis ,purpurea1 or ,foxglove1 #dai #ebg4 ,active ,principles of the ,foxglove--,the ,digitalins1 #dai #ebh4 ,digitalein1 #dbj #ebi4 ,digitonin--,digitogenin1 #dbj #ecj4 ,digitalin1 #dbj #eca4 ,digitaletin1 #dbj #ecb4 ,digitoxin--,toxiresin1 #dbj1 #dba #ecc4 ,digitaleretin--,paradigitaletin1 #dba #ecd4 ,other ,active ,principles in ,digitalis2 such as ,digitin1 ,digitalacrin1 ,digitalein1 c41 #dba1 #dbb #ece4 ,reactions of the ,digitalins1 #dbb #ecf4 ,pharmaceutical ,preparations of ,digitalin1 #dbb #ecg4 ,fatal ,dose1 #dbb-dbd #ech4 ,statistics of ,poisoning by ,digitalis1 #dbd #eci4 ,effects on ,man--,illustrative ,cases1 #dbd-dbg #edj4 ,physiological ,action of the ,digitalins1 #dbg #eda4 ,local ,action of the ,digitalins1 #dbg1 #dbh #edb4 ,action on the ,heart and ,circulation1 #dbh1 #dbi #edc4 ,action of the ,digitalins on the ,muco-,intestinal ,tract and other ,organs1 #dbi #edd4 ,action of ,digitalin on the ,common ,blow-,fly1 #dbi #ede4 ,action of the ,digitalins on the ,frog's ,heart1 #dbi1 #dcj #edf4 ,post-mortem ,appearances1 #dcj #edg4 ,separation of the ,digitalins from ,animal ,tissues1 c4--,tests1 ,chemical and ,physiological1 #dca ,,ii4 ,,other ,,poisonous ,,glucosides ,,acting ,,on ,,the ,,heart4 #a4 ,crystallisable ,glucosides4 #edh4 ,antiarin--,chemical ,properties1 #dcb #edi4 ,effects of ,antiarin1 #dcb #eej4 ,separation of ,antiarin1 #dcb #eea4 ,the ,active ,principles of the ,hellebores--,helleborin-- ,helleborein--,helleboretin1 #dcc #eeb4 ,symptoms of ,poisoning by ,hellebore1 #dcc #eec4 ,euonymin1 #dcc #eed4 ,thevetin1 #dcd #b4 ,substances partly ,crystallisable1 but which are not ,glucosides4 #eee4 ,strophantin1 #dcd #eef4 ,apocynin1 #dcd #c4 ,non-,crystallisable ,glucosides almost ,insoluble in ,water4 #eeg4 ,scillain1 or ,scillitin--,adonidin1 #dcd #eeh4 ,oleandrin1 #dce #eei4 ,neriin1 or ,oleander ,digitalin1 #dce #efj4 ,symptoms of ,poisoning by ,oleander1 #dce1 #dcf #efa4 ,the ,madagascar ,ordeal ,poison1 #dcf #d4 ,substances which1 with other ,toxic ,effects1 behave like the ,digitalins4 #efb4 ,erythrophlein1 #dcf ,,iii4 ,,saponin--,,saponin ,,substances4 #efc4 ,the ,varieties of ,saponins1 #dcf1 #dcg #efd4 ,properties of ,saponin1 #dcg #efe4 ,effects of ,saponin1 #dcg1 #dch #eff4 ,action on ,man1 #dch #efg4 ,separation of ,saponin1 #dch1 #dci #efh4 ,identification of ,saponin1 #dci ,,division ,,iii4--,,certain ,,poisonous ,,anhydrides ,,of ,,organic ,,acids4 ,i4 ,,santonin4 #efi4 ,properties of ,santonin1 #dci1 #ddj #egj4 ,poisoning by ,santonin1 #ddj #ega4 ,fatal ,dose1 #ddj #egb4 ,effects on ,animals1 #ddj #egc4 ,effects on ,man--,yellow ,vision1 #ddj1 #dda #egd4 ,post-mortem ,appearances1 #dda #ege4 ,separation from the ,contents of the ,stomach1 #dda1 #ddb ,,ii4 ,,mezereon4 #egf4 ,cases of ,poisoning by the ,mezereon1 #ddb ,,division ,,iv4--,,various ,,vegetable ,,poisonous ,,principles--,,not ,,admitting ,,of ,,classification ,,under ,,the ,,previous ,,three ,,divisions4 ,i4 ,,ergot ,,of ,,rye4 #egg4 ,description of the ,ergot ,fungus1 #ddb1 #ddc #egh4 ,chemical ,constituents of ,ergot--,ergotinine--,ecboline-- ,scleromucin--,sclerotic ,acid--,sclererythrin--,scleroidin-- ,sclerocrystallin--,sphacelic ,acid--,cornutin1 #ddc-dde #egi4 ,detection of ,ergot in ,flour1 #dde #ehj4 ,pharmaceutical ,preparations1 #dde #eha4 ,dose1 #ddf #ehb4 ,ergotism--,historical ,notice of ,various ,outbreaks1 #ddf1 #ddg #ehc4 ,convulsive ,form of ,ergotism1 #ddg #ehd4 ,gangrenous ,form of ,ergotism--,the ,wattisham ,cases1 #ddg1 #ddh #ehe4 ,symptoms of ,acute ,poisoning by ,ergot1 #ddh #ehf4 ,physiological ,action1 as shown by ,experiments on ,animals1 #ddh-dej #ehg4 ,separation of the ,active ,principles of ,ergot1 #dej ,,ii4 ,,picrotoxin1 ,,the ,,active ,,principle ,,of ,,the ,,cocculus ,,indicus4 #ehh4 ,enumeration of the ,active ,principles contained in the ,menispermum ,cocculus1 #dea #ehi4 ,picrotoxin2 its ,chemical ,reactions and ,properties1 #dea1 #deb #eij4 ,fatal ,dose1 #deb #eia4 ,effects on ,animals1 #deb1 #dec #eib4 ,effects on ,man1 #dec #eic4 ,physiological ,action1 #dec #eid4 ,separation from ,organic ,matters1 #dec1 #ded ,,iii4 ,,the ,,poison ,,of ,,illicium ,,religiosum4 #eie4 ,dr4 ,langaard's ,researches1 #ded ,,iv4 ,,picric ,,acid ,,and ,,picrates4 #eif4 ,properties of ,picric ,acid1 #ded #eig4 ,effects of ,picric ,acid1 #ded1 #dee #eih4 ,tests1 #dee ,v4 ,,cicutoxin4 #eii4 ,description of the ,cicuta ,virosa1 #def #fjj4 ,effects on ,animals1 #def #fja4 ,effects on ,man1 #def1 #deg #fjb4 ,separation of ,cicutoxin from the ,body1 #deg ,,vi4 ,,thusa ,,cynapium 7,,fool',s ,,parsley74 #fjc4 ,dr4 ,harley's ,experiments1 #deg ,,vii4 ,,nanthe ,,crocata4 #fjd4 ,the ,water ,hemlock--,description of the ,plant--,cases of ,poisoning1 #deg1 #deh #fje4 ,effects of the ,water ,hemlock1 as shown by the ,plymouth ,cases1 #deh #fjf4 ,post-mortem ,appearances1 #dei ,,viii4 ,,oil ,,of ,,savin4 #fjg4 ,effects and ,properties of ,savin ,oil1 #dei #fjh4 ,post-mortem ,appearances1 #dfj #fji4 ,separation and ,identification1 #dfj ,,ix4 ,,croton ,,oil4 #faj4 ,chemical ,properties of ,croton ,oil1 #dfa #faa4 ,dose--,effects--,illustrative ,cases1 #dfa #fab4 ,post-mortem ,appearances1 #dfa #fac4 ,chemical ,analysis1 #dfb ,x4 ,,the ,,toxalbumins ,,of ,,castor ,,oil ,,seeds ,,and ,,abrus4 #fad4 ,the ,toxalbumin of ,castor ,oil ,seeds1 #dfb #fae4 ,toxalbumin of ,abrus1 #dfb1 #dfc ,,xi4 ,,ictrogen4 #faf4 ,ictrogen1 #dfc ,,xii4 ,,cotton ,,seeds4 #fag4 ,cotton ,seeds as a ,poison1 #dfd ,,xiii4 ,,lathyrus ,,sativus4 #fah4 ,poisonous ,qualities of ,vetchlings1 #dfd1 #dfe ,,xiv4 ,,arum--,,locust-,,tree--,,bryony--,,mal e ,,fern4 #fai4 ,arum ,maculatum1 #dfe #fbj4 ,the ,black ,bryony1 #dfe #fba4 ,the ,locust ,tree1 #dfe #fbb4 ,male ,fern #dfe1 #dff ,,part ,,vii4--,,poisons ,,derived ,,from ,,living ,,or ,,dead ,,animal ,,substances4 ,,division ,i4--,,poisons ,,secreted ,,by ,,living ,,animals4 ,i4 ,,poisonous ,,amphibia4 #fbc4 ,poisonous ,properties of the ,skin of the ,salamandra ,maculosa --,salamandrine1 c41 #dfg #fbd4 ,poison from the ,toad1 #dfh ,,ii4 ,,the ,,poison ,,of ,,the ,,scorpion4 #fbe4 ,various ,species of ,scorpions--,effects of the ,scorpion ,poison1 #dfh ,,iii4 ,,poisonous ,,fish4 #fbf4 ,poisonous ,fish--,illustrative ,cases1 #dfh-dgj ,,iv4 ,,poisonous ,,spiders ,,and ,,insects4 #fbg4 ,the ,bite of the ,tarantula--,the ,bite of the ,latrodectus ,malmignatus1 #dgj #fbh4 ,effects of the ,bite of the ,katipo1 #dga #fbi4 ,ants1 c41 #dga #fcj4 ,the ,poison of ,wasps1 ,bees1 and ,hornets1 #dga #fca4 ,cantharides1 #dga #fcb4 ,cantharidin1 #dga1 #dgb #fcc4 ,pharmaceutical ,preparations of ,cantharides1 #dgb #fcd4 ,fatal ,dose1 #dgb #fce4 ,effects on ,animals--,radecki's ,experiments--,effects on ,man-- ,heinrich's ,auto-,experiments1 #dgb1 #dgc #fcf4 ,general ,symptoms ,produced by ,cantharides1 #dgc1 #dgd #fcg4 ,post-mortem ,appearances1 #dgd #fch4 ,tests for ,cantharidin--,distribution in the ,body--,dragendorff's ,process1 #dge-dgg ,v4 ,,snake ,,poison4 #fci4 ,classes of ,poisonous ,snakes1 #dgg #fdj4 ,the ,poison of the ,cobra1 #dgh #fda4 ,fatal ,dose of ,cobra ,poison1 #dgi #fdb4 ,effects on ,animals1 #dgi #fdc4 ,effects on ,man1 #dgi1 #dhj #fdd4 ,antidotes and ,treatment--,halford's ,treatment by ,ammonia-- ,permanganate of ,potash1 #dhj1 #dha #fde4 ,detection of the ,cobra ,venom1 #dhb #fdf4 ,effects of the ,bite of the ,duboia ,russellii1 or ,russell's ,viper1 #dhc #fdg4 ,the ,poison of the ,common ,viper--,the ,venom of ,naja ,haje 7,cleopatra's ,asp71 #dhc1 #dhd ,,division ,,ii4--,,ptomaines--,,toxines4 #fdh4 ,definition of a ,ptomaine1 #dhe ,isolation of ,ptomaines4 #fdi4 ,gautier's ,process1 #dhe #fej4 ,brieger's ,process1 #dhe-dhg #fea4 ,benzoyl ,chloride ,method1 #dhg1 #dhh #feb4 ,the ,amines1 #dhh-dij #fec4 ,methylamine1 #dia #fed4 ,dimethylamine1 #dia #fee4 ,trimethylamine1 #dia #fef4 ,ethylamine1 #dia #feg4 ,diethylamine1 #dia #feh4 ,triethylamine1 #dia #fei4 ,propylamine1 #dia #ffj4 ,isoamylamine1 #dib ,diamines4 #ffa4 ,rate of ,formation of ,diamines1 #dib #ffb4 ,ethylidenediamine1 #dib #ffc4 ,neuridine1 #dic1 #did #ffd4 ,cadaverine1 #did-dif #ffe4 ,putrescine1 #dif #fff4 ,metaphenylenediamine1 #dig #ffg4 ,paraphenylenediamine1 #dig #ffh4 ,hexamethylenediamine1 #dig #ffi4 ,diethylenediamine1 #dig1 #dih #fgj4 ,mydaleine1 #dih #fga4 ,guanidine1 #dih1 #dii #fgb4 ,methylguanidine1 #dii1 #ejj #fgc4 ,saprine1 #ejj #fgd4 ,the ,choline ,group1 #ejj1 #eja #fge4 ,neurine1 #eja #fgf4 ,betaine1 #eja1 #ejb #fgg4 ,peptotoxine1 #ejb #fgh4 ,pyridine-like ,alkaloid from the ,cuttle-fish1 #ejb1 #ejc #fgi4 ,poisons connected with ,tetanus--,tetanine1 #ejc #fhj4 ,tetanotoxine1 #ejc1 #ejd #fha4 ,mydatoxine1 #ejd #fhb4 ,mytilotoxine1 #eje #fhc4 ,tyrotoxicon1 #ejd1 #eje #fhd4 ,toxines connected with ,hog ,cholera1 #eje1 #ejf #fhe4 ,other ,ptomaines1 #ejf ,,division ,,iii4--,,food ,,poisoning4 #fhf4 ,the ,welbeck--,the ,oldham--,the ,bishop ,stortford--,the ,wolverhampton--,the ,carlisle1 and other ,mass ,poisonings by changed ,food--,statistics of ,deaths from ,unwholesome ,food1 #ejf-ejh #fhg4 ,german ,sausage ,poisoning1 #eji ,,part ,,viii4--,,the ,,oxalic ,,acid ,,group ,,of ,,poisons4 #fhh4 ,distribution of ,oxalic ,acid in the ,animal and ,vegetable ,kingdoms1 #eaj #fhi4 ,properties and ,reactions of ,oxalic ,acid1 #eaj1 #eaa #fij4 ,oxalate of ,lime2 its ,properties1 #eaa1 #eab #fia4 ,use of ,oxalic ,acid in the ,arts1 #eab #fib4 ,properties of ,hydropotassic ,oxalate 7,binoxalate of ,potash71 #eab #fic4 ,statistics of ,oxalic ,acid ,poisoning1 #eab #fid4 ,fatal ,dose of ,oxalic ,acid1 #eac #fie4 ,effects of ,oxalic ,acid and ,oxalates on ,animals1 #eac #fif4 ,researches of ,kobert and ,kssner on the ,effects of ,sodic ,oxalate1 #eac1 #ead #fig4 ,effects of ,vaporised ,oxalic ,acid1 #ead1 #eae #fih4 ,effects of ,oxalic ,acid and ,hydropotassic ,oxalate on ,man-- ,illustrative ,cases1 #eae1 #eaf #fii4 ,physiological ,action1 #eaf1 #eag #gjj4 ,pathological ,changes produced by ,oxalic ,acid and the ,oxalates1 #eag1 #eah #gja4 ,preparations in ,museums ,illustrative of the ,effects of ,oxalic ,acid1 #eah #gjb4 ,pathological ,changes produced by the ,acid ,oxalate of ,potash1 #eah1 #eai #gjc4 ,separation of ,oxalic ,acid from ,organic ,substances1 the ,tissues of the ,body1 c41 #eai-eba #gjd4 ,oxalate of ,lime in the ,urine1 #eba #gje4 ,estimation of ,oxalic ,acid1 #eba1 #ebb ,certain ,oxalic ,bases--,oxalmethyline--,oxalpropyline4 #gjf4 ,the ,experiments of ,schulz and ,mayer on ,oxalmethyline1 ,chloroxalmethyline1 and ,oxalpropyline1 #ebb1 #ebc ,,part ,,ix4--,,inorganic ,,poisons4 ,i4 ,,precipitated ,,from ,a ,,hydrochloric ,,acid ,,solution ,,by ,,hydric ,,sulphide-- ,,precipitate ,,yellow ,,or ,,orange4 ,,arsenic--,,antimony--,,cadmium4 #a4 ,arsenic4 #gjg4 ,metallic ,arsenic2 its ,chemical and ,physical ,properties1 #ebd #gjh4 ,arsenious ,anhydride--,arsenious ,acid2 its ,properties and ,solubility1 #ebd1 #ebe #gji4 ,arseniuretted ,hydrogen 7,arsine71 #ebe-ebg #gaj4 ,arseniuretted ,hydrogen in the ,arts1 c1 #ebg #gaa4 ,the ,effects of ,arseniuretted ,hydrogen on ,man--,illustrative ,cases1 #ebg1 #ebh #gab4 ,the ,sulphides of ,arsenic1 #ebh1 #ebi #gac4 ,orpiment1 or ,arsenic ,trisulphide1 #ebi #gad4 ,haloid ,arsenical ,compounds--,chloride of ,arsenic--,iodide of ,arsenic1 #ebi #gae4 ,arsenic in the ,arts1 #ebi1 #ecj #gaf4 ,pharmaceutical ,preparations of ,arsenic--,veterinary ,arsenical ,medicines--,rat and ,fly ,poisons--,quack ,nostrums--,pigments-- ,external ,application of ,arsenic for ,sheep--,arsenical ,soaps-- ,arsenical ,compounds used in ,pyrotechny1 #ecj-ecd #gag4 ,statistics of ,poisoning by ,arsenic1 #ecd #gah4 ,law ,relative to the ,sale of ,arsenic1 #ece #gai4 ,dose of ,arsenic1 #ece #gbj4 ,effects of ,arsenious ,acid on ,plants1 #ece1 #ecf #gba4 ,effects of ,arsenic upon ,life--,animalcules--,annelids--,birds-- ,mammals1 #ecf-ech #gbb4 ,effects of ,arsenious ,acid on ,man--,arsenic ,eaters1 #ech1 #eci #gbc4 ,manner of ,introduction of ,arsenic1 #eci #gbd4 ,cases of ,poisoning by the ,external ,application of ,arsenic1 #eci-eda #gbe4 ,arsenic in ,wall-,papers1 #eda1 #edb #gbf4 ,forms of ,arsenical ,poisoning--,acute ,form1 #edb #gbg4 ,subacute ,form--,case of the ,duc de ,praslin1 #edc #gbh4 ,nervous ,form--,brodie's ,experiments on ,rabbits--,a 8,mass0 ,poisoning reported by ,dr4 ,coqueret1 #edd1 #ede #gbi4 ,absence of ,symptoms1 #ede1 #edf #gcj4 ,slow ,poisoning1 #edf #gca4 ,the ,maybrick ,case1 #edf-edh #gcb4 ,post-mortem ,appearances met with in ,animals after ,arsenical ,poisoning--,the ,researches of ,hugo1 #edh1 #edi #gcc4 ,post-mortem ,appearances in ,man--,illustrative ,pathological ,preparations in ,various ,museums1 #edi-eea #gcd4 ,pathological ,changes induced in the ,gullet and ,stomach--,fatty ,degeneration of the ,liver and ,kidneys--,glossitis--,retardation of ,putrefaction1 #eea1 #eeb #gce4 ,physiological ,action of ,arsenic1 #eeb1 #eec #gcf4 ,elimination of ,arsenic--,question of ,accumulation of ,arsenic1 #eec #gcg4 ,antidotes and ,treatment1 #eec1 #eed #gch4 ,detection of ,arsenic--,identification of ,arsenious ,acid in ,substance--,test of ,berzelius--,identification of ,arsenites and ,arseniates--,detection of ,arsenious ,acid in ,solution-- ,distinguishing ,marks between the ,sulphides of ,tin1 ,cadmium1 ,antimony1 and ,arsenic--,marsh's ,original ,test for ,arsenic-- ,blondlot's ,modification of ,marsh's ,test--,distinguishing ,marks between ,arsenical and ,antimonial ,mirrors--,reinsch's ,tests1 #eed-efj #gci4 ,arsenic in ,glycerin1 #efj #gdj4 ,arsenic in ,organic ,matters--,orfila's ,method of ,destroying ,organic ,matter--,extraction with ,hydrochloric ,acid--,modifications in the ,treatment of ,oils--,resinous ,matters--,experiments on the ,distribution of ,arsenic by ,scolosuboff1 ,ludwig1 and ,chittenden-- ,the ,question of ,contamination of a ,corpse by ,arsenical ,earth1 #efj-efb #gda4 ,imbibition of ,arsenic after ,death--,mason's ,case1 #efc-efe #gdb4 ,analysis of ,wall-,paper for ,arsenic1 #efe1 #eff #gdc4 ,estimation of ,arsenic--,galvanic ,process of ,bloxam--,colorimetric ,methods1 #eff-efh #gdd4 ,destruction of the ,organic ,matter by ,nitric ,acid1 and ,subsequent ,reduction of the ,arsenic ,acid to ,arseniuretted ,hydrogen1 and ,final ,estimation as ,metallic ,arsenic1 #efh-ega #gde4 ,arsine developed from an ,alkaline ,solution1 #ega #gdf4 ,precipitation as ,tersulphide--,methods of ,dealing with the ,sulphides obtained--7a7 ,solution in ,ammonia and ,estimation by ,iodine--7b7 ,drying the ,purified ,precipitate at a ,high ,temperature1 and then directly weighing--7c7 ,oxidation of the ,sulphide and ,precipitation as ,ammonia ,magnesian ,arseniate1 or ,magnesia ,pyro ,arseniate--7d7 ,conversion of the ,trisulphide of ,arsenic into the ,arseno-,molybdate of ,ammonia--,conversion of the ,sulphide into ,metallic ,arsenic1 #ega-ege #gdg4 ,conversion of ,arsenic into ,arsenious ,chloride1 #ege1 #egf #b4 ,antimony4 #gdh4 ,properties of ,metallic ,antimony1 #egg #gdi4 ,antimonious ,sulphides1 #egg1 #egh #gej4 ,tartarated ,antimony--,tartar ,emetic1 #egh1 #egi #gea4 ,metantimonic ,acid1 #egi #geb4 ,pharmaceutical1 ,veterinary1 and ,quack ,preparations of ,antimony-- 7#a7,pharmaceutical ,preparations--7#b7 ,patent and ,quack ,pills--7#c7 ,antimonial ,medicines1 chiefly ,veterinary1 #egi-ehb #gec4 ,alloys1 #ehb #ged4 ,pigments1 #ehb #gee4 ,dose1 #ehb #gef4 ,effects of ,tartar ,emetic on ,animals--,influence on ,temperature-- ,dr4 ,nevin's ,researches on ,rabbits1 #ehb1 #ehc #geg4 ,effects of ,tartar ,emetic on ,man--,illustrative ,cases1 #ehc1 #ehd #geh4 ,chronic ,antimonial ,poisoning1 #ehe #gei4 ,post-mortem ,appearances--,preparations in ,museums--,pathological ,appearances in ,rabbits1 according to ,nevin1 #ehe1 #ehf #gfj4 ,elimination of ,antimony1 #ehf #gfa4 ,antidotes for ,tartar ,emetic1 #ehf #gfb4 ,effects of ,chloride or ,butter of ,antimony1 #ehg #gfc4 ,detection of ,antimony in ,organic ,matters1 #ehg-ehi #gfd4 ,quantitative ,estimation of ,antimony1 #ehi1 #eij #c4 ,cadmium4 #gfe4 ,properties of the ,metal ,cadmium1 #eij #gff4 ,cadmium ,oxide1 #eij #gfg4 ,cadmium ,sulphide1 #eij #gfh4 ,medicinal ,preparations of ,cadmium--,cadmium ,iodide--,cadmium ,sulphate1 #eij #gfi4 ,cadmium in the ,arts1 #eij #ggj4 ,fatal ,dose of ,cadmium1 #eij #gga4 ,separation and ,detection of ,cadmium1 #eij1 #eia ,,ii4 ,,precipitated ,,by ,,hydric ,,sulphide ,,in ,,hydrochloric ,,acid ,,solution-- ,,black4 ,,lead--,,copper--,,bismuth--,,silver--, ,mercury4 #a4 ,lead4 #ggb4 ,lead and its ,oxides--,litharge--,minium1 or ,red ,lead1 #eia1 #eib #ggc4 ,sulphide of ,lead1 #eib #ggd4 ,sulphate of ,lead1 #eib #gge4 ,acetate of ,lead1 #eib #ggf4 ,chloride of ,lead--,carbonate of ,lead1 #eib1 #eic #ggg4 ,preparations of ,lead used in ,medicine1 the ,arts1 c4--7#a7 ,pharmaceutical--7#b7 ,quack ,nostrums--7#c7 ,preparations used in the ,arts--,pigments--,hair ,dyes--,alloys1 #eic1 #eid #ggh4 ,statistics of ,lead-,poisoning1 #eid #ggi4 ,lead as a ,poison--,means by which ,lead may be taken into the ,system1 #eie1 #eif #ghj4 ,effects of ,lead ,compounds on ,animals1 #eif1 #eig #gha4 ,effects of ,lead ,compounds on ,man--,acute ,poisoning--,mass ,poisoning by ,lead--,case of ,acute ,poisoning by the ,carbonate of ,lead1 #eig-eii #ghb4 ,chronic ,poisoning by ,lead1 #eii1 #fjj #ghc4 ,effects of ,lead on the ,nervous ,system--,lead as a ,factor of ,insanity #fjj1 #fja #ghd4 ,amaurosis ,caused by ,lead-,poisoning--,influence on the ,sexual ,functions--,caries--,epilepsy1 #fja-fjc #ghe4 ,uric ,acid in the ,blood after ,lead-,poisoning1 #fjc #ghf4 ,influence of ,lead on ,pregnant ,women and on ,ftal ,life--,the ,keighley ,case of ,poisoning by ,water ,contaminated by ,lead--,case of ,reg4 v4 ,l4 ,j4 ,taylor1 #fjc-fje #ghg4 ,post-mortem ,appearances1 #fje #ghh4 ,physiological ,action of ,lead1 #fje1 #fjf #ghi4 ,elimination of ,lead1 #fjf #gij4 ,fatal ,dose1 #fjf1 #fjg #gia4 ,antidotes and ,treatment1 #fjg #gib4 ,localisation of ,lead1 #fjg1 #fjh #gic4 ,detection and ,estimation of ,lead1 #fjh1 #fji #gid4 ,detection of ,lead in ,tartaric ,acid1 in ,lemonade and ,arated ,waters1 #fji1 #faj #b4 ,copper4 #gie4 ,properties of ,copper1 #faj #gif4 ,cupric ,oxide1 #faj #gig4 ,cupric ,sulphide1 #faj #gih4 ,solubility of ,copper in ,water and ,various ,fluids--,experiments of ,carnelley1 ,w4 ,thompson1 and ,lehmann1 #faj-fab #gii4 ,copper as a ,normal ,constituent of ,animal1 ,vegetable1 and other ,matters--,dupr's ,experiments--,bergeron and ,l4 ,l',hte's ,researches1 #fab-fad #hjj4 ,the 8,coppering0 of ,vegetables--,copper in ,green ,peas-- ,phyllocyanic ,acid1 #fad1 #fae #hja4 ,preparations of ,copper used in ,medicine and the ,arts--7#a7 ,medicinal ,preparations--7#b7 ,copper in the ,arts1 #fae1 #faf #hjb4 ,dose--,medicinal ,dose of ,copper1 #faf1 #fag #hjc4 ,effects of ,soluble ,copper ,salts on ,animals1 #fag-fai #hjd4 ,toxic ,dose of ,copper ,salts1 #fai #hje4 ,cases of ,acute ,poisoning1 #fai1 #fbj #hjf4 ,effects of ,subacetate1 ,subchloride1 and ,carbonate of ,copper1 #fbj #hjg4 ,post-mortem ,appearances seen in ,acute ,poisoning by ,copper1 #fbj1 #fba #hjh4 ,chronic ,poisoning by ,copper1 #fba1 #fbb #hji4 ,detection and ,estimation of ,copper--,general ,method--,special ,method for ,copper in ,solution in ,water and other ,liquids-- ,detection of ,copper in ,animal ,matters1 #fbb-fbd #haj4 ,volumetric ,processes for the ,estimation of ,copper1 #fbd #c4 ,bismuth4 #haa4 ,bismuth as a ,metal1 #fbd #hab4 ,teroxide of ,bismuth1 #fbd #hac4 ,the ,sulphide of ,bismuth1 #fbd #had4 ,preparations of ,bismuth used in ,medicine and the ,arts--7#a7 ,pharmaceutical ,preparations--7#b7 ,bismuth in the ,arts1 #fbd1 #fbe #hae4 ,medicinal ,doses of ,bismuth1 #fbe #haf4 ,toxic ,effects of ,sub-nitrate of ,bismuth1 #fbe1 #fbf #hag4 ,extraction and ,detection of ,bismuth in ,animal ,matter1 #fbf1 #fbg #hah4 ,estimation of ,bismuth--,volumetric ,processes1 #fbg1 #fbh #d4 ,silver4 #hai4 ,properties of ,metallic ,silver1 #fbh1 #fbi #hbj4 ,chloride of ,silver1 #fbi #hba4 ,sulphide of ,silver1 #fbi #hbb4 ,preparations of ,silver used in ,medicine and the ,arts--7#a7 ,medicinal ,preparations--7#b7 ,silver in the ,arts1 #fbi1 #fcj #hbc4 ,medicinal ,dose of ,silver ,compounds1 #fcj #hbd4 ,effects of ,nitrate of ,silver on ,animals--,chronic ,poisoning1 #fcj1 #fca #hbe4 ,toxic ,effects of ,silver ,nitrate on ,man--7#a7 ,acute--7#b7 ,chronic ,poisoning1 #fca1 #fcb #hbf4 ,post-mortem ,appearances1 #fcb #hbg4 ,detection and ,estimation of ,silver1 #fcb1 #fcc #e4 ,mercury4 #hbh4 ,the ,metal ,mercury--,mercurous ,chloride1 or ,calomel1 #fcc1 #fcd #hbi4 ,sulphide of ,mercury1 #fcd #hcj4 ,medicinal ,preparations of ,mercury1 #fcd-fch #hca4 ,mercury in the ,arts--,the ,sulphocyanide of ,mercury--,acid ,solution of ,nitrate of ,mercury1 #fci #hcb4 ,the more common ,patent and ,quack ,medicines containing ,mercury1 #fci1 #fdj #hcc4 ,mercury in ,veterinary ,medicine1 #fdj #hcd4 ,medicinal and ,fatal ,dose1 #fdj1 #fda #hce4 ,poisoning by ,mercury--,statistics1 #fda #hcf4 ,effects of ,mercurial ,vapour and of the ,non-,corrosive ,compounds of ,mercury--7a7 ,on ,vegetable ,life--7b7 ,on ,animal ,life1 #fda1 #fdb #hcg4 ,effects on ,man1 #fdb1 #fdc #hch4 ,absorption of ,mercury by the ,skin1 #fdc #hci4 ,symptoms of ,poisoning by ,mercury ,vapour1 #fdc1 #fdd #hdj4 ,mercurial ,tremor1 #fdd1 #fde #hda4 ,mercuric ,methide--,effects of1 as ,illustrated by two ,cases1 #fde1 #fdf #hdb4 ,effects of the ,corrosive ,salts of ,mercury1 #fdf1 #fdg #hdc4 ,death from the ,external ,use of ,corrosive ,sublimate1 #fdg #hdd4 ,effects of the ,nitrates of ,mercury1 #fdg #hde4 ,case of ,reg4 v4 ,e4 ,smith1 #fdh #hdf4 ,mercuric ,cyanide1 #fdh #hdg4 ,white ,precipitate1 #fdh #hdh4 ,treatment of ,acute and ,chronic ,poisoning1 #fdh #hdi4 ,post-mortem ,appearances--,pathological ,preparations in ,various ,anatomical ,museums1 #fdh-fej #hej4 ,pathological ,appearances from the ,effects of ,nitrate of ,mercury1 #fej #hea4 ,elimination of ,mercury1 #fej1 #fea #heb4 ,tests for ,mercury1 #fea1 #feb #hec4 ,the ,detection of ,mercury in ,organic ,substances and ,fluids1 #feb-fed #hed4 ,estimation of ,mercury--,the ,dry ,method1 #fed #hee4 ,volumetric ,processes for the ,estimation of ,mercury1 #fed1 #fee ,,iii4 ,,precipitated ,,by ,,hydric ,,sulphide ,,from ,a ,,neutral ,,solution4 ,,zinc--,,nickel--,,cobalt4 #a4 ,zinc4 #hef4 ,properties of ,metallic ,zinc1 #fee1 #fef #heg4 ,carbonate of ,zinc1 #fef #heh4 ,oxide of ,zinc1 #fef #hei4 ,sulphide of ,zinc--,sulphate of ,zinc1 #fef #hfj4 ,preparation and ,uses of ,chloride of ,zinc1 #fef1 #feg #hfa4 ,zinc in the ,arts--,zinc ,chromate--,zinc ,pigments--,action of ,fluids on ,zinc ,vessels1 #feg1 #feh #hfb4 ,effects of ,zinc1 as shown by ,experiments on ,animals1 #feh #hfc4 ,effects of ,zinc ,compounds on ,man--,zinc ,oxide1 #feh1 #fei #hfd4 ,sulphate of ,zinc1 #fei #hfe4 ,zinc ,chloride1 #fei1 #ffj #hff4 ,post-mortem ,appearances--,illustrated by ,specimens in ,pathological ,museums1 #ffj1 #ffa #hfg4 ,detection of ,zinc in ,organic ,liquids or ,solids1 #ffa1 #ffb #hfh4 ,identification of ,zinc ,sulphide1 #ffb #b4 ,nickel--,cobalt4 #hfi4 ,experiments of ,anderson ,stuart on the ,toxic ,action of ,nickel and ,cobalt1 #ffb1 #ffc #hgj4 ,symptoms witnessed in various ,classes of ,animals after taking ,doses of ,nickel or ,cobalt1 #ffc1 #ffd #hga4 ,effects on the ,circulation and ,nervous ,system1 #ffd #hgb4 ,action on ,striped ,muscle1 #ffd #hgc4 ,separation of ,nickel or ,cobalt from the ,organic ,matters or ,tissues1 #ffd1 #ffe #hgd4 ,estimation of ,cobalt or ,nickel1 #ffe ,,iv4 ,,precipitated ,,by ,,ammonium ,,sulphide4 ,,iron--,,chromium--,,thallium--,,alumin ium--,,uranium4 #a4 ,iron4 #hge4 ,poisonous and ,non-,poisonous ,salts of ,iron1 #ffe #hgf4 ,ferric ,chloride--,pharmaceutical ,preparations of ,ferric ,chloride1 #fff #hgg4 ,effects of ,ferric ,chloride on ,animals1 #fff #hgh4 ,effects on ,man--,criminal ,case at ,martinique1 #fff1 #ffg #hgi4 ,elimination of ,ferric ,chloride1 #ffg1 #ffh #hhj4 ,post-mortem ,appearances1 #ffh #hha4 ,ferrous ,sulphate1 #ffh1 #ffi #hhb4 ,search for ,iron ,salts in the ,contents of the ,stomach1 #ffi1 #fgj #b4 ,chromium4 #hhc4 ,neutral ,chromate of ,potash1 #fgj #hhd4 ,potassic ,bichromate1 #fgj #hhe4 ,neutral ,lead ,chromate1 #fgj1 #fga #hhf4 ,use in the ,arts1 #fga #hhg4 ,effects of some of the ,chromium ,compounds on ,animal ,life1 #fga #hhh4 ,effects of some of the ,chromium ,compounds on ,man--,bichromate ,disease1 #fga1 #fgb #hhi4 ,acute ,poisoning by the ,chromates--,illustrative ,cases1 #fgb1 #fgc #hij4 ,lethal ,effects of ,chromate of ,lead1 #fgc #hia4 ,post-mortem ,appearances1 #fgd #hib4 ,detection of the ,chromates and ,separation of the ,salts of ,chromium from the ,contents of the ,stomach1 #fgd1 #fge #c4 ,thallium4 #hic4 ,discovery of ,thallium--,its ,properties1 #fge1 #fgf #hid4 ,effects of ,thallium ,salts1 #fgf #hie4 ,separation of ,thallium from ,organic ,fluids or ,tissues1 #fgf #d4 ,aluminium4 #hif4 ,aluminium and its ,salts1 #fgf1 #fgg #hig4 ,action of ,alum ,salts--,siem's ,researches--,alum ,baking-,powders1 #fgg1 #fgh #hih4 ,post-mortem ,appearances1 #fgh #hii4 ,detection of ,alumina1 #fgh1 #fgi #e4 ,uranium4 #ijj4 ,poisonous ,properties of ,uranium ,salts1 #fgi #ija4 ,detection and ,estimation of ,uranium1 #fgi ,v4 ,,alkaline ,,earths4 ,,barium4 #ijb4 ,salts of ,barium in ,use in the ,arts1 #fgi1 #fhj #ijc4 ,chloride of ,barium1 #fhj #ijd4 ,baric ,carbonate1 #fhj #ije4 ,sulphate of ,barium1 #fhj #ijf4 ,effects of the ,soluble ,salts of ,barium on ,animals1 #fha #ijg4 ,effects of the ,salts of ,barium on ,man--,fatal ,dose1 #fha1 #fhb #ijh4 ,symptoms1 #fhb1 #fhc #iji4 ,distribution of ,barium in the ,body1 #fhc #iaj4 ,post-mortem ,appearances1 #fhc1 #fhd #iaa4 ,separation of ,barium ,salts from ,organic ,solids or ,fluids1 and their ,identification1 #fhd ,,appendix4 ,,treatment1 ,,by ,,antidotes ,,or ,,otherwise1 ,,of ,,cases ,,of ,,poisoning4 #iab4 ,instruments1 ,emetics1 and ,antidotes ,proper for ,furnishing an ,antidote ,bag1 #fhe1 #fhf #iac4 ,poisons ,arranged ,alphabetically--,details of ,treatment1 #fhg-gjj ,,domestic ,,ready ,,remedies ,,for ,,poisoning4 #iad4 ,the 8,antidote ,cupboard10 and ,how to ,furnish it1 #gja ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations4 ,williams' ,apparatus for ,investigating ,action of ,poisons on the ,frog's ,heart1 #dd ,ether ,recovery ,apparatus1 #dg ,micro-spectroscope1 #dh ,diagram showing ,absorption ,bands ,produced from ,colour ,reactions1 #ee ,hmatin ,crystals1 #fa ,tube for ,treatment of ,liquids by ,ethereal ,solvents1 #aef ,diagram of ,visual ,field in ,dinitro-benzol ,poisoning1 #aij ,blondlot's ,apparatus for ,production of ,phosphine1 #bca ,apparatus for ,sublimation1 #beh ,brucine ,hydriodide1 #cdb ,bocklisch's ,flask for ,distillation in a ,vacuum1 #dhf ,berzelius' ,tube for ,reduction of ,arsenic1 #eed ,bent ,tube for ,assay of ,mercury1 #fed ,folding-,chart 7,deaths from ,intemperance and ,liver ,disease71 to face p4 #acf ,,poisons3 ,,their ,,effects ,,and ,,detection4 ,,part ,i4--,,introductory4 ,i4--,the ,old ,poison-,lore4 #a4 ,it is significant that the root 8tox0 of the modern word toxicology can be traced back to a very ancient word meaning 8bow0 or 8arrow10 or1 in its broadest sense1 some 8tool0 used for slaying3 hence it is no far-fetched supposition that the first poison-knowledge was that of the septic poisons4 ,perchance the savage found that weapons soiled with the blood of former victims made wounds fatal2 from this observation the next step naturally would be that of experiment--the arrow or spear would be steeped in all manner of offensive pastes1 and smeared with the vegetable juices of those plants which were deemed noxious2 and as the effects were mysterious1 they would be ascribed to the supernatural powers1 and covered with a veil of superstition4 ,the history of the poison-lehre1 like all history1 begins in the region of the myths3 there was a dark saga prevailing in ,greece1 that in the far north existed a land ruled by sorcerers--all children of the sun--and named ,aetes1 ,perses1 ,hecate1 ,medea1 and ,circe4 ,later on1 the enchanted land was localised at ,colchis1 and ,aetes and ,perses were said to be brothers4 ,hecate was the daughter of ,perses2 she was married to ,aetes1 and their daughters were ,medea and ,circe4 ,hecate was the discoverer of poisonous herbs1 and learned in remedies both evil and good4 ,her knowledge passed to ,medea1 who narcotised the dragon1 the guardian of the golden fleece1 and incited ,jason to great undertakings4 ,in the expedition of the ,argonauts1 the poets loved to describe ,hecate's garden1 with its lofty walls4 ,thrice-folding doors of ebony barred the entrance1 which was guarded by terrible forms3 only the initiated few1 only they who bore the leavened rod of expiation1 and the concealed conciliatory offering of the ,medea1 could enter into the sanctuary4 ,towering above all was the temple of the dread ,hecate1 whose priestesses offered to the gods ghastly sacrifices4 #b4 ,the oldest ,egyptian king1 ,menes1 and ,attalus ,phylometer1 the last king of ,pergamus1 were both famous for their knowledge of plants4 ,attalus ,phylometer was acquainted with hyoscyamus1 aconite1 conium1 veratrum1 and others2 he experimented on the preparation of poisons1 and occupied himself in compounding medicines4 ,mithradetes ,eupator stood yet higher3 the receipt for the famous theriaca1 prepared in later years at an enormous price1 and composed of fifty-four different ingredients1 is ascribed to him4 ,the wonderful skill shown by the ,egyptians in embalming and technical works is sufficient to render it fairly certain that their chemical knowledge was considerable2 and the frequent operations of one caste upon the dead must have laid the foundations of a pathological and anatomical culture1 of which only traces remain4 ,the ,egyptians knew prussic acid as extracted in a dilute state from certain plants1 among the chief of which was certainly the peach2 on a papyrus preserved at the ,louvre1 ,m4 ,duteil read1 8,pronounce not the name of ,i4 ,a4 ,o4 under the penalty of the peach60 in which dark threat1 without doubt1 lurks the meaning that those who revealed the religious mysteries of the priests were put to death by waters distilled from the peach4 ,that the priests actually distilled the peach-leaves has been doubted by those who consider the art of distillation a modern invention2 but this process was well known to adepts of the third and fourth centuries1 and there is no inherent improbability in the supposition that the ,egyptians practised it4 #c4 ,from the ,egyptians the knowledge of the deadly drink appears to have passed to the ,romans4 ,at the trial of ,antipater1#a ,verus brought a potion derived from ,egypt1 which had been intended to destroy ,herod2 this was essayed on a criminal1 he died at once4 ,in the reign of ,tiberius1 a ,roman knight1 accused of high treason1 swallowed a poison1 and fell dead at the feet of the senators3 in both cases the rapidity of action appears to point to prussic acid4 #a ,jos4 ,ant41 ,b4 xvii4 c4 #e4 ,the use of poison by the ,greeks1 as a means of capital punishment1 without doubt favoured suicide by the same means2 the easy1 painless death of the state prisoner would be often preferred to the sword by one tired of life4 ,the ancients looked indeed upon suicide1 in certain instances1 as something noble1 and it was occasionally formally sanctioned4 ,thus1 ,valerius ,maximus tells us that he saw a woman of quality1 in the island of ,ceos1 who1 having lived happily for ninety years1 obtained leave to take a poisonous draught1 lest1 by living longer1 she should happen to have a change in her good fortune2 and1 curiously enough1 this sanctioning of self-destruction seems to have been copied in ,europe4 ,mead relates that the people of ,marseilles of old had a poison1 kept by the public authorities1 in which cicuta was an ingredient3 a dose was allowed to any one who could show why he should desire death4 ,whatever use or abuse might be made of a few violent poisons1 ,greek and ,roman knowledge of poisons1 their effects and methods of detection1 was stationary1 primitive1 and incomplete4 ,nicander of ,colophon 7#bjd-ach ,b4,c47 wrote two treatises1 the most ancient works on this subject extant1 the one describing the effects of snake venom2 the other1 the properties of opium1 henbane1 certain fungi1 colchicum1 aconite1 and conium4 ,he divided poisons into those which kill quickly1 and those which act slowly4 ,as antidotes1 those medicines are recommended which excite vomiting--e4g41 lukewarm oil1 warm water1 mallow1 linseed tea1 c4 ,apollodorus lived at the commencement of the third century ,b4,c43 he wrote a work on poisonous animals1 and one on deleterious medicines2 these works of ,apollodorus were the sources from which ,pliny1 ,heraclitus1 and several of the later writers derived most of their knowledge of poisons4 ,dioscorides 7#dj-ij ,a4,d47 well detailed the effects of cantharides1 sulphate of copper1 mercury1 lead1 and arsenic4 ,by arsenic he would appear sometimes to mean the sulphides1 sometimes the white oxide4 ,dioscorides divided poisons1 according to their origin1 into three classes1 viz43-- #a4 ,animal ,poisons4--,under this head were classed cantharides and allied beetles1 toads1 salamanders1 poisonous snakes1 a particular variety of honey1 and the blood of the ox1 probably the latter in a putrid state4 ,he also speaks of the 8sea-hare40 ,the sea-hare was considered by the ancients very poisonous1 and ,domitian is said to have murdered ,titus with it4 ,it is supposed by naturalists to have been one of the genus ,aplysia1 among the gasteropods4 ,both ,pliny and ,dioscorides depict the animal as something very formidable3 it was not to be looked at1 far less touched4 ,the aplysi exhale a very nauseous and ftid odour when they are approached3 the best known of the species resembles1 when in a state of repose1 a mass of unformed flesh2 when in motion1 it is like a common slug2 its colour is reddish-brown2 it has four horns on its head2 and the eyes1 which are very small1 are situated between the two hinder ones4 ,this aplysia has an ink reservoir1 like the sepia1 and ejects it in order to escape from its enemies2 it inhabits the muddy bottom of the water1 and lives on small crabs1 mollusca1 c4 #b4 ,poisons from ,plants4--,dioscorides enumerates opium1 black and white hyoscyamus 7especially recognising the activity of the seeds71 mandragora1 which was probably a mixture of various solanace1 conium 7used to poison the condemned by the people of ,athens and the dwellers of ancient ,massilia71 elaterin1 and the juices of a species of euphorbia and apocyne4 ,he also makes a special mention of aconite1 the name of which is derived from ,akon1 a small city in ,heraclea4 ,the ,greeks were well aware of the deadly nature of aconite1 and gave to it a mythical origin1 from the foam of the dog ,cerberus4 ,colchicum was also known to ,dioscorides3 its first use was ascribed to ,medea4 ,veratrum album and nigrum were famous medicines of the ,romans1 and a constituent of their 8rat and mice powders20 they were also used as insecticides4 ,according to ,pliny1 the ,gauls dipped their arrows in a preparation of veratrum4#b ,daphne mezereon1 called by the ,romans also smilax and taxus1 appears to have been used by ,cativolcus1 the king of the ,eburones1 for the purpose of suicide1 or possibly by 8taxus0 the yew-tree is meant4#c #b ,pliny1 xxv4 #e4 #c ,de ,bello ,gallico1 vi4 #ca4 ,the poisonous properties of certain fungi were also known4 ,nicander calls the venomous mushrooms the 8evil fermentation of the earth10 and prescribes the identical antidotes which we would perhaps give at the present time--viz41 vinegar and alkaline carbonates4 #c4 ,mineral ,poisons4--,arsenic has been already alluded to4 ,the ancients used it as a caustic and depilatory4 ,copper was known as sulphate and oxide2 mercury only as cinnabar3 lead oxides were used1 and milk and olive-oil prescribed as an antidote for their poisonous properties4 ,the poison-lehre for many ages was considered as something forbidden4 ,galen1 in his treatise 8,on ,antidotes10 remarks that the only authors who dared to treat of poisons were ,orpheus1 ,theologus1 ,morus1 ,mendesius the younger1 ,heliodorus of ,athens1 ,aratus1 and a few others2 but none of these treatises have come down to us4 ,from the close similarity of the amount of information in the treatises of ,nicander1 ,dioscorides1 ,pliny1 ,galen1 and ,paulus gineta1 it is probable that all were derived from a common source4 #d4 ,if we turn our attention to early ,asiatic history1 a very cursory glance at the sacred writings of the ,east will prove how soon the art of poisoning1 especially in ,india1 was used for the purpose of suicide1 revenge1 or robbery4 ,the ancient practice of the ,hindoo widow--self-immolation on the burning pile of her husband--is ascribed to the necessity which the ,brahmins were under of putting a stop to the crime of domestic poisoning4 ,every little conjugal quarrel was liable to be settled by this form of secret assassination1 but such a law1 as might be expected1 checked the practice4 ,poison was not used to remove human beings alone1 for there has been from time immemorial in ,india much cattle-poisoning4 ,in the ,institutes of ,menu1 it is ordained that when cattle die the herdsman shall carry to his master their ears1 their hides1 their tails1 the skin below their navels1 their tendons1 and the liquor oozing from their foreheads4 ,without doubt these regulations were directed against cattle-poisoners4 ,the poisons known to the ,asiatics were arsenic1 aconite1 opium1 and various solanaceous plants4 ,there has been a myth floating through the ages that a poison exists which will slay a long time after its introduction4 ,all modern authors have treated the matter as an exaggerated legend1 but1 for my own part1 ,i see no reason why it should not1 in reality1 be founded on fact4 ,there is little doubt that the ,asiatic poisoners were well acquainted with the infectious qualities of certain fevers and malignant diseases4 ,now1 these very malignant diseases answer precisely to the description of a poison which has no immediate effects4 ,plant small-pox in the body of a man1 and for a whole fortnight he walks about1 well and hearty4 ,clothe a person with a garment soaked in typhus1 and the same thing occurs--for many days there will be no sign of failure4 ,again1 the gipsies1 speaking a tongue which is essentially a deformed prakrit1 and therefore ,indian in origin1 have long possessed a knowledge of the properties of the curious 8mucor phycomyces40 ,this was considered an alga by ,agaron1 but ,berkeley referred it to the fungi4 ,the gipsies are said to have administered the spores of this fungi in warm water4 ,in this way they rapidly attach themselves to the mucous membrane of the throat1 all the symptoms of a phthisis follow1 and death takes place in from two to three weeks4 ,mr ,berkeley informed me that he has seen specimens growing on broth which had been rejected from the stomach1 and that it develops in enormous quantities on oil-casks and walls impregnated with grease4 ,the filaments are long1 from #ab to #ah inches1 and it is capable of very rapid development4 ,there is also a modern poison1 which1 in certain doses1 dooms the unfortunate individual to a terrible malady1 simulating1 to a considerable extent1 natural disease1--that is phosphorus4 ,this poison was1 however1 unknown until some time in the eleventh century1 when ,alchid ,becher1 blindly experimenting on the distillation of urine and carbon1 obtained his 8escarboucle10 and passed away without knowing the importance of his discovery1 which1 like so many others1 had to be rediscovered at a later period4 #e4 ,the ,hebrews were acquainted with certain poisons1 the exact nature of which is not quite clear4 ,the words 8rosch0 and 8chema0 seem to be used occasionally as a generic term for poison1 and sometimes to mean a specific thing2 8rosch10 especially1 is used to signify some poisonous parasitic plant4 ,they knew yellow arsenic under the name of 8sam10 aconite under the name of 8boschka10 and possibly 8son0 means ergot4#d ,in the later period of their history1 when they were dispersed through various nations1 they would naturally acquire the knowledge of those nations1 without losing their own4 #d ,r4 ,j4 ,wunderbar1 ,biblisch-talmudische ,medicin4 ,leipzig1 #ahej-fj4 #f4 ,the part that poison has played in history is considerable4 ,the pharmaceutical knowledge of the ancients is more graphically and terribly shown in the deaths of ,socrates1 ,demosthenes1 ,hannibal1 and ,cleopatra1 than in the pages of the older writers on poisons4 ,in the reign of ,artaxerxes ,,ii4 7,memnon71 7,b4,c4 #dje-cei71 ,phrysa poisoned the queen ,statira by cutting food with a knife poisoned on one side only4 ,although this has been treated as an idle tale1 yet two poisons1 aconite and arsenic1 were at least well known2 either of these could have been in the way mentioned introduced in sufficient quantity into food to destroy life4 ,in the early part of the ,christian era professional poisoners arose1 and for a long time exercised their trade with impunity4 ,poisoning was so much in use as a political engine that ,agrippina 7,a4,d4 #bf7 refused to eat of some apples offered to her at table by her father-in-law1 ,tiberius4 ,it was at this time that the infamous ,locusta flourished4 ,she is said to have supplied1 with suitable directions1 the poison by which ,agrippina got rid of ,claudius2 and the same woman was the principal agent in the preparation of the poison that was administered to ,britannicus1 by order of his brother ,nero4 ,the details of this interesting case have been recorded with some minuteness4 ,it was the custom of the ,romans to drink hot water1 a draught nauseous enough to us1 but1 from fashion or habit1 considered by them a luxury2 and1 as no two men's tastes are alike1 great skill was shown by the slaves in bringing the water to exactly that degree of heat which their respective masters found agreeable4#e #e ,tacitus1 lib4 xii41 xiii4 ,mentioned also by ,juvenal and ,suetonius4 ,the children of the ,imperial house1 with others of the great ,roman families1 sat at the banquets at a smaller side table1 while their parents reclined at the larger4 ,a slave brings hot water to ,britannicus2 it is too hot2 ,britannicus refuses it4 ,the slave adds cold water2 and it is this cold water that is supposed to have been poisoned2 in any case1 ,britannicus had no sooner drunk of it than he lost voice and respiration4 ,agrippina1 his mother1 was struck with terror1 as well as ,octavia1 his sister4 ,nero1 the author of the crime1 looks coldly on1 saying that such fits often happened to him in infancy without evil result2 and after a few moments' silence the banquet goes on as before4 ,if this were not sudden death from heart or brain disease1 the poison must have been either a cyanide or prussic acid4 ,in those times no autopsy was possible3 although the ,alexandrian school1 some #cjj years before ,christ1 had dissected both the living and the dead1 the work of ,herophilus and ,erasistratus had not been pursued1 and the great ,roman and ,greek writers knew only the rudiments of human anatomy1 while1 as to pathological changes and their true interpretation1 their knowledge may be said to have been absolutely nil4 ,it was not1 indeed1 until the fifteenth century that the ,popes1 silencing ancient scruples1 authorised dissections2 and it was not until the sixteenth century that ,vesalius1 the first worthy of being considered a great anatomist1 arose4 ,in default of pathological knowledge1 the ancients attached great importance to mere outward marks and discolorations4 ,they noted with special attention spots and lividity1 and supposed that poisons singled out the heart for some quite peculiar action1 altering its substance in such a manner that it resisted the action of the funeral pyre1 and remained unconsumed4 ,it may1 then1 fairly be presumed that many people must have died from poison without suspicion1 and still more from the sudden effects of latent disease1 ascribed wrongfully to poison4 ,for example1 the death of ,alexander was generally at that time ascribed to poison2 but ,littr has fairly proved that the great emperor1 debilitated by his drinking habits1 caught a malarious fever in the marshes around ,babylon1 and died after eleven days' illness4 ,if1 added to sudden death1 the body1 from any cause1 entered into rapid putrefaction1 such signs were considered by the people absolutely conclusive of poisoning3 this belief1 indeed1 prevailed up to the middle of the seventeenth century1 and lingers still among the uneducated at the present day4 ,thus1 when ,britannicus died1 an extraordinary lividity spread over the face of the corpse1 which they attempted to conceal by painting the face4 ,when ,pope ,alexander ,,vi4 died1 probably enough from poison1 his body 7according to ,guicciardini7 became a frightful spectacle--it was livid1 bloated1 and deformed2 the gorged tongue entirely filled the mouth2 from the nose flowed putrid pus1 and the stench was horrible in the extreme4 ,all these effects of decomposition1 we know1 are apt to arise in coarse1 obese bodies1 and accompany both natural and unnatural deaths2 indeed1 if we look strictly at the matter1 putting on one side the preservative effects of certain metallic poisons1 it may be laid down that generally the corpses of those dying from poison are less apt to decompose rapidly than those dying from disease--this for the simple reason that a majority of diseases cause changes in the fluids and tissues1 which render putrefactive changes more active1 while1 as a rule1 those who take poison are suddenly killed1 with their fluids and tissues fairly healthy4 ,when the ,duke of ,burgundy desired to raise a report that ,john1 ,dauphin of ,france1 was poisoned 7#adeg71 he described the imaginary event as follows3-- 8,one evening our most redoubtable lord and nephew fell so grievously sick that he died forthwith4 ,his lips1 tongue1 and face were swollen2 his eyes started out of his head4 ,it was a horrible sight to see--for so look people that are poisoned40 ,the favourite powder of the professional poisoner1 arsenic1 was known to crowned heads in the fourteenth century2 and there has come down to us a curious document1 drawn out by ,charles le ,mauvais1 ,king of ,navarre4 ,it is a commission of murder1 given to a certain ,woudreton1 to poison ,charles ,,vi41 the ,duke of ,valois1 brother of the king1 and his uncles1 the ,dukes of ,berry1 ,burgundy1 and ,bourbon3-- 8,go thou to ,paris2 thou canst do great service if thou wilt3 do what ,i tell thee2 ,i will reward thee well4 ,thou shalt do thus3 ,there is a thing which is called sublimed arsenic2 if a man eat a bit the size of a pea he will never survive4 ,thou wilt find it in ,pampeluna1 ,bordeaux1 ,bayonne1 and in all the good towns through which thou wilt pass1 at the apothecaries' shops4 ,take it and powder it2 and when thou shalt be in the house of the king1 of the ,count de ,valois1 his brother1 the ,dukes of ,berry1 ,burgundy1 and ,bourbon1 draw near1 and betake thyself to the kitchen1 to the larder1 to the cellar1 or any other place where thy point can be best gained1 and put the powder in the soups1 meats1 or wines1 provided that thou canst do it secretly4 ,otherwise1 do it not40 ,woudreton was detected1 and executed in #achd4f #f ,trsor de ,chartes4 ,charles de ,navarre4 ,p4 ,mortonval1 vol4 ii4 p4 #chd4 ,a chapter might be written entitled 8royal poisoners40 ,king ,charles ,,ix4 even figures as an experimentalist4#g ,an unfortunate cook has stolen two silver spoons1 and1 since there was a question whether 8,bezoar0 was an antidote or not1 the king administers to the cook a lethal dose of corrosive sublimate1 and follows it up with the antidote2 but the man dies in seven hours1 although ,par also gives him oil4 ,truly a grim business6 #g uvres de ,par1 #bnd ed41 liv4 xx4 ,des ,vennes1 chap4 xliv4 p4 #ejg4 ,the subtle method of removing troublesome subjects has been more often practised on the ,continent than in ,england1 yet the ,english throne in olden time is not quite free from this stain4#h ,the use of poison is wholly opposed to the ,anglo-,saxon method of thought4 ,to what anger the people were wrought on detecting poisoners1 is seen in the fact that1 in #aedb1 a young woman was boiled alive in ,smithfield for poisoning three households4#i #h ,for example1 ,king ,john is believed to have poisoned ,maud ,fitzwalter by 8a poisoned egg40 8,in the reign of ,king ,john1 the ,white ,tower received one of the first and fairest of a long line of female victims in that ,maud ,fitzwalter who was known to the singers of her time as ,maud the ,fair4 ,the father of this beautiful girl was ,robert1 ,lord ,fitzwalter1 of ,castle ,baynard1 on the ,thames1 one of ,john's greatest barons4 ,yet the king1 during a fit of violence with the queen1 fell madly in love with this young girl4 ,as neither the lady herself nor her powerful sire would listen to his disgraceful suit1 the king is said to have seized her by force at ,dunmow1 and brought her to the ,tower4 ,fitzwalter raised an outcry1 on which the king sent troops into ,castle ,baynard and his other houses2 and when the baron protested against these wrongs1 his master banished him from the realm4 ,fitzwalter fled to ,france with his wife and his other children1 leaving his daughter ,maud in the ,tower1 where she suffered a daily insult in the king's unlawful suit4 ,on her proud and scornful answer to his passion being heard1 ,john carried her up to the roof1 and locked her in the round turret1 standing on the north-east angle of the keep4 ,maud's cage was the highest1 chilliest den in the ,tower2 but neither cold1 nor solitude1 nor hunger could break her strength4 ,in the rage of his disappointed love1 the king sent one of his minions to her room with a poisoned egg1 of which the brave girl ate and died40--,her ,majesty's ,tower1 by ,hepworth ,dixon4 ,lond41 #ahfi2 i4 p4 #df4 #i 8,this yeare1 the #agth of ,march1 was boyled in ,smithfield one ,margaret ,davie1 a mayden1 which had pouysoned #c householdes that she dwelled in4 ,one being her mistress1 which dyed of the same1 and one ,darington and his wyfe1 which she also dwelled with in ,coleman ,street1 which dyed of the same1 and also one ,tinleys1 which dyed also of the same40--,wriotherley's ,chronicle1 ,a4,d4 #aedb4 #g4 ,two great criminal schools arose from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries in ,venice and ,italy4 ,the ,venetian poisoners are of earlier date than the ,italian1 and flourished chiefly in the fifteenth century4 ,here we have the strange spectacle1 not of the depravity of individuals1 but of the government of the ,state formally recognising secret assassination by poison1 and proposals to remove this or that prince1 duke1 or emperor1 as a routine part of their deliberations4 ,still more curious and unique1 the dark communings of 8the council of ten0 were recorded in writing1 and the number of those who voted for and who voted against the proposed crime1 the reason for the assassination1 and the sum to be paid1 still exist in shameless black and white4 ,those who desire to study this branch of secret history may be referred to a small work by ,carl ,hoff1 which gives a brief account of what is known of the proceedings of the council4 ,one example will here suffice4 ,on the #aeth of ,december #aeac a ,franciscan brother1 ,john of ,ragubo1 offered a selection of poisons1 and declared himself ready to remove any objectionable person out of the way4 ,for the first successful case he required a pension of #aejj ducats yearly1 which was to be increased on the execution of future services4 ,the presidents1 ,girolando ,duoda and ,pietro ,guiarina1 placed the matter before the 8ten0 on the #dth of ,january #aead1 and on a division 7#aj against #e7 it was resolved to accept so patriotic an offer1 and to experiment first on the ,emperor ,maximilian4 ,the bond laid before the 8ten0 contained a regular tariff--for the great ,sultan #ejj ducats1 for the ,king of ,spain #aej ducats1 but the journey and other expenses were in each case to be defrayed2 the ,duke of ,milan was rated at #fj1 the ,marquis of ,mantua at #ej1 the ,pope could be removed at #ajj ducats4 ,the curious offer thus concludes3--8,the farther the journey1 the more eminent the man1 the more it is necessary to reward the toil and hardships undertaken1 and the heavier must be the payment40 ,the council appear to have quietly arranged thus to take away the lives of many public men1 but their efforts were only in a few cases successful4 ,when the deed was done1 it was registered by a single marginal note1 8factum40 ,what drugs the ,venetian poisoners used is uncertain4 ,the ,italians became notorious in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries for their knowledge of poisons1 partly from the deeds of ,toffana and others1 and partly from the works of ,j4 ,baptista ,porta1 who wrote a very comprehensive treatise1 under the title of ,natural ,magic1#aj and managed to slide into the text1 in the sections on cooking 7,de ,re ,coquinaria1 lib4 xiv471 a mass of knowledge as to the preparation of poisons4 ,there are prescriptions that little accord with the title1 unless indeed the trades of cook and poisoner were the same4 ,he gives a method of drugging wine with belladonna root1 for the purpose of making the loaded guest loathe drink2 he also gives a list of solanaceous plants1 and makes special mention of nux vomica1 aconite1 veratrum1 and mezereon4 ,again1 in the section 7,de ,ancupio1 lib4 xv47 he gives a recipe for a very strong poison which he calls 8venenum lupinum20 it is to be made of the powdered leaves of ,aconitum lycoctonum1 ,taxus baccata1 powdered glass1 caustic lime1 sulphide of arsenic1 and bitter almonds1 the whole to be mixed with honey1 and made into pills the size of a hazel-nut4 #aj ,j4 ,bapt4 ,porta1 born #aecg1 died #afae4 ,neapolitani ,magi ,naturalis4 ,neapoli1 #aehi4 ,in the section ,de ,medicis ,experimentis he gives a process to poison a sleeping person3 the recipe is curious1 and would certainly not have the intended effect4 ,a mixture of hemlock juice1 bruised datura1 stramonium1 belladonna1 and opium is placed in a leaden box with a perfectly fitting cover1 and fermented for several days2 it is then opened under the nose of the sleeper4 ,possibly ,porta had experimented on small animals1 and had found that such matters1 when fermented1 exhaled enough carbonic acid gas to kill them1 and imagined1 therefore1 that the same thing would happen if applied to the human subject4 ,however this may be1 the account which ,porta gives of the effects of the solanaceous plants1 and the general tone of the work1 amply prove that he was no theorist1 but had studied practically the actions of poisons4 ,the iniquitous ,toffana 7or ,tophana7 made solutions of arsenious acid of varying strength1 and sold these solutions in phials under the name of 8,acquetta di ,napoli0 for many years4 ,she is supposed to have poisoned more than #fjj persons1 among whom were two ,popes--viz41 ,pius ,,iii4 and ,clement ,,xiv4 ,the composition of the ,naples water was long a profound secret1 but is said to have been known by the reigning ,pope and by the ,emperor ,charles ,,vi4 ,the latter told the secret to ,dr ,garelli1 his physician1 who1 again1 imparted the knowledge to the famous ,friedrich ,hoffman in a letter still extant4 ,toffana was brought to justice in #agji1 but1 availing herself of the immunity afforded by convents1 escaped punishment1 and continued to sell her wares for twenty years afterwards4 ,when ,kepfer#aa was in ,italy he found her in a prison at ,naples1 and many people visited her1 as a sort of lion 7#agcj74 ,with the ,acqua ,toffana1 the 8,acquetta di ,perugia0 played at the same time its part4 ,it is said to have been prepared by killing a hog1 disjointing the same1 strewing the pieces with white arsenic1 which was well rubbed in1 and then collecting the juice which dropped from the meat2 this juice was considered far more poisonous than an ordinary solution of arsenic4 ,the researches of ,selmi on compounds containing arsenic1 produced when animal bodies decompose in arsenical fluids1 lend reason and support to this view2 and probably the juice would not only be very poisonous1 but act in a different manner1 and exhibit symptoms different from those of ordinary arsenical poisoning4 ,toffana had disciples2 she taught the art to ,hieronyma ,spara1 who formed an association of young married women during the popedom of ,alexander ,,vii42 these were detected on their own confession4#ab #aa ,kepfer's ,travels4 ,lond41 #ageh4 #ab ,le ,bret's ,magazin zu ,gebrauche der ,staat u4 ,kirchen-,geschichte1 ,theil #d4 ,frankfort and ,leipzig1 #aggd4 ,contemporaneously with ,toffana1 another ,italian1 ,keli1 devoted himself to similar crimes4 ,this man had expended much as an adept searching for the philosopher's stone1 and sought to indemnify himself by entering upon what must have been a profitable business4 ,he it was who instructed ,m4 de ,st4 ,croix in the properties of arsenic2 and ,st4 ,croix1 in his turn1 imparted the secret to his paramour1 ,madame de ,brinvilliers4 ,this woman appears to have been as cold-blooded as ,toffana2 she is said to have experimented on the patients at the ,htel ,dieu1 in order to ascertain the strength of her powders1 and to have invented 8les poudres de succession40 ,she poisoned her father1 brothers1 sister1 and others of her family2 but a terrible fate overtook both her and ,st4 ,croix4 ,the latter was suffocated by some poisonous matters he was preparing1 and ,madame de ,brinvilliers' practices having become known1 she was obliged to take refuge in a convent4 ,here she was courted by a police officer disguised as an abb1 lured out of the convent1 and1 in this way brought to justice1 was beheaded#ac and burnt near ,ntre ,dame1 in the middle of the reign of ,louis ,,xiv4#ad #ac ,the ,marchioness was imprisoned in the ,conciergerie and tortured4 ,victor ,hugo1 describing the rack in that prison1 says1 8,the ,marchioness de ,brinvilliers was stretched upon it stark naked1 fastened down1 so to speak1 quartered by four chains attached to the four limbs1 and there suffered the frightful extraordinary torture by water10 which caused her to ask 8,how are you going to contrive to put that great barrel of water in this little body80--,things seen by ,victor ,hugo1 vol4 i4 ,the water torture was this3--a huge funnel-like vessel was fitted on to the neck1 the edge of the funnel coming up to the eyes2 on now pouring water into the funnel so that the fluid rises above the nose and mouth1 the poor wretch is bound to swallow the fluid or die of suffocation2 if indeed the sufferer resolve to be choked1 in the first few moments of unconsciousness the fluid is swallowed automatically1 and air again admitted to the lungs2 it is therefore obvious that in this way prodigious quantities of fluid might be taken4 #ad ,for the court of poisoners 7chambre ardente7 and the histories of ,st4 ,croix1 ,de ,brinvilliers1 the priest ,le ,sage1 the women ,la ,voisin1 and ,la ,vigoureux1 the reader may be referred to ,voltaire's ,sicle de ,louis ,,xiv41 ,madame de ,svign's ,lettres1 ,martinire's ,hist4 de la ,rgne de ,louis ,,xiv41 ,strutzel1 ,de ,venenis1 c4 ,the numerous attempts of the ,italian and ,venetian poisoners on the lives of monarchs and eminent persons cast for a long time a cloud over regal domestic peace4 ,bullets and daggers were not feared1 but in their place the dish of meat1 the savoury pasty1 and the red wine were regarded as possible carriers of death4 ,no better example of this dread can be found than1 at so late a period as the reign of ,henry ,,vii41#ae the extraordinary precautions thought necessary for preserving the infant ,prince of ,wales4 #ae ,henry ,,viii41 at one time of his life1 was 7or pretended to be7 apprehensive of being poisoned2 it was1 indeed1 a common belief of his court that ,anne ,boleyn attempted to dose him4 8,the king1 in an interview with young ,prince ,henry1 burst into tears1 saying that he and his sister 7meaning the ,princess ,mary7 might thank ,god for having escaped from the hands of that accursed and venomous harlot1 who had intended to poison them40--,a ,chronicle of ,england during the ,reign of the ,tudors1 by ,w4 ,j4 ,hamilton4 ,introduction1 p4 xxi4 8,no person1 of whatsoever rank1 except the regular attendants in the nursery1 should approach the cradle1 except with an order from the king's hand4 ,the food supplied to the child was to be largely #8assayed1' and his clothes were to be washed by his own servants1 and no other hand might touch them4 ,the material was to be submitted to all tests4 ,the chamberlain and vice-chamberlain must be present1 morning and evening1 when the prince was washed and dressed1 and nothing of any kind bought for the use of the nursery might be introduced until it was washed and perfumed4 ,no person1 not even the domestics of the palace1 might have access to the prince's rooms except those who were specially appointed to them1 nor might any member of the household approach ,london1 for fear of their catching and conveying infection40#af #af ,froude's ,history of ,england1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bfb4 ,however brief and imperfect the foregoing historical sketch of the part that poison has played may be1 it is useful in showing the absolute necessity of a toxicological science--a science embracing many branches of knowledge4 ,if it is impossible now for ,toffanas1 ,locustas1 and other specimens of a depraved humanity to carry on their crimes without detection2 if poison is the very last form of death feared by eminent political persons2 it is not so much owing to a different state of society1 as to the more exact scientific knowledge which is applied during life to the discrimination of symptoms1 distinguishing between those resulting from disease and those due to injurious substances1 and after death to a highly developed pathology1 which has learned1 by multiplied observations1 all the normal and abnormal signs in tissues and organs2 and1 finally1 to an ever-advancing chemistry1 which is able in many instances to separate and detect the hurtful and noxious thing1 although hid for months deep in the ground4 ,,ii4--,growth and ,development of the ,modern ,methods of ,chemically ,detecting ,poisons4 #h4 ,the history of the detection of poisons has gone through several phases4 ,the first phase has already been incidentally touched upon--i4e41 detection by antecedent and surrounding circumstances1 aided sometimes by experiments on animals4 ,if the death was sudden1 if the post-mortem decomposition was rapid1 poison was indicated3 sometimes a portion of the food last eaten1 or the suspected thing1 would be given to an animal2 if the animal also died1 such accumulation of proof would render the matter beyond doubt4 ,the modern toxicologists are more sceptical1 for even the last test is not of itself satisfactory4 ,it is now known that meat may become filled with bacilli and produce rapid death1 and yet no poison1 as such1 has been added4 ,in the next phase1 the doctors were permitted to dissect1 and to familiarise themselves with pathological appearances4 ,this was a great step gained3 the apoplexies1 heart diseases1 perforations of the stomach1 and fatal internal hmorrhages could no longer be ascribed to poison4 ,if popular clamour made a false accusation1 there was more chance of a correct judgment4 ,it was not until the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the present century1 however1 that chemistry was far enough advanced to test for the more common mineral poisons2 the modern phase was then entered on1 and toxicology took a new departure4 #i4 ,from the treatise of ,barthlmy d',anglais#ag in the thirteenth century 7in which he noticed the poisonous properties of quicksilver vapour71 up to the end of the fifteenth century1 there are numerous treatises upon poison1 most of which are mere learned compilations1 and scarcely repay perusal4 ,in the sixteenth century1 there are a few works1 such1 for example1 as ,porta1 which partook of the general advancement of science1 and left behind the stereotyped doctrine of the old classical schools4#ah #ag ,de ,rerum ,proprietaribus4 #ah ,in the sixteenth century it was not considered proper to write upon poisons4 ,jerome ,cardan declared a poisoner worse than a brigand1 8and that is why ,i have refused not only to teach or experiment on such things1 but even to know them40--,j4 ,cardan3 ,de ,subtilitate4 ,basel1 #aeeh4 ,in the seventeenth century the ,honourable ,robert ,boyle made some shrewd observations1 bearing on toxicology1 in his work on 8,the usefulness of ,natural ,philosophy10 c43 ,oxford1 #affd4 ,nicolas ,l',emery also wrote a ,cours de ,chimie1--quite an epitome of the chemical science of the time4#ai #ai ,cours de ,chimie1 contenant la manire de faire les oprations qui sont en usage dans la ,mdecine4 ,paris1 #afge4 ,in the eighteenth century still further advances were made4 ,richard ,mead published his ingenious ,mechanical ,theory of ,poisons4 ,great chemists arose--,stahl1 ,marggraf1 ,brandt1 ,bergmann1 ,scheele1 ,berthollet1 ,priestley1 and lastly1 ,lavoisier--and chemistry1 as a science1 was born4 ,of the chemists quoted1 ,scheele1 in relation to toxicology1 stands chief4 ,it was ,scheele who discovered prussic acid1#bj without1 however1 noting its poisonous properties2 the same chemist separated oxalic acid from sorrel1#ba and made the important discovery that arsenic united with hydrogen1 forming a ftid gas1 and1 moreover1 that this gas could be decomposed by heat4#bb ,from this observation1 a delicate test for arsenic was afterwards elaborated1 which for the first time rendered the most tasteless and easily administered poison in the whole world at once the easiest of detection4 ,the further history of what is now called 8,marsh's ,test0 is as follows3-- #bj ,opuscula ,chemica1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #adh-agd4 #ba ,de ,terra ,rhubarbi et ,acido ,acetosell4 ,nova ,acta ,acad4 ,veg4 ,sued4 ,anni1 #aghd4 ,opuscula ,chemica1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ahg-aie4 ,bergmann first described oxalic acid as obtained by the oxidation of saccharine bodies2 but ,scheele recognised its identity with the acid contained in sorrel4 #bb ,mmoires de ,scheele1 t4 i41 #agge4 #aj4 ,proust#bc observed that a very ftid hydrogen gas was disengaged when arsenical tin was dissolved in hydrochloric acid1 and that arsenic was deposited from the inflamed gas on cold surfaces which the flame touched4 ,trommsdorff next announced1 in #ahjc1 that when arsenical zinc was introduced into an ordinary flask with water and sulphuric acid1 an arsenical hydrogen was disengaged2 and if the tube was sufficiently long1 arsenic was deposited on its walls4#bd ,stromeyer1 ,gay-,lussac1 ,thnard1 ,gehlen1 and ,davy later studied this gas1 and ,serullas in #ahba proposed this reaction as a toxicological test4 ,lastly1 in #ahcf1 ,marsh published his ,memoir4#be ,he elaborated a special apparatus of great simplicity1 developed hydrogen by means of zinc and sulphuric acid1 inflamed the issuing gas1 and obtained any arsenic present as a metal1 which could be afterwards converted into arsenious acid1 c4 #bc ,proust1 ,annales de ,chimie1 t4 xxviii41 #agih4 #bd ,nicholson's ,journal1 vol4 vi4 #be 8,description of a ,new ,process of ,separating ,small ,quantities of ,arsenic from ,substances with which it is mixed40 ,ed4 ,new4 ,phil4 ,journal1 #ahcf4 ,this brief history of the so-called 8,marsh's ,test0 amply shows that ,marsh was not the discoverer of the test4 ,like many other useful processes1 it seems to have been evolved by a combination of many minds4 ,it may1 however1 be truly said that ,marsh was the first who perfected the test and brought it prominently forward4 #aa4 ,matthieu ,joseph ,bonaventura ,orfila must be considered the father of modern toxicology4 ,his great work1 ,trait de ,toxicologie1 was first published in #ahad1 and went through many editions4 ,orfila's chief merit was the discovery that poisons were absorbed and accumulated in certain tissues--a discovery which bore immediate fruit1 and greatly extended the means of seeking poisons4 ,before the time of ,orfila1 a chemist not finding anything in the stomach would not have troubled to examine the liver1 the kidney1 the brain1 or the blood4 ,the immense number of experiments which ,orfila undertook is simply marvellous4 ,some are of little value1 and teach nothing accurately as to the action of poisons--as1 for example1 many of those in which he tied the gullet in order to prevent vomiting1 for such are experiments under entirely unnatural conditions2 but there are still a large number which form the very basis of our pathological knowledge4 ,orfila's method of experiment was usually to take weighed or measured quantities of poison1 to administer them to animals1 and then after death--first carefully noting the changes in the tissues and organs--to attempt to recover by chemical means the poison administered4 ,in this way he detected and recovered nearly all the organic and inorganic poisons then known2 and most of his processes are1 with modifications and improvements1 in use at the present time4#bf #bf ,orfila's chief works are as follows3-- ,trait de ,toxicologie4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,paris1 #ahad4 ,leons de ,chimie1 appliques la ,md4 ,pratique4 #afmo4 ,brussels1 #ahcf4 ,mmoire sur la ,nicotine et la ,conicine4 ,paris1 #ahea4 ,leons de la ,md4 ,lgale4 #hvo4 ,paris1 #ahba4 ,trait des ,exhumations ,juridiques1 et ,considrations sur les ,changemens ,physiques que les ,cadavres prouvent en se pourrissant4 #b tom4 ,paris1 #ahca4 #ab4 ,the discovery of the alkaloids at the commencement of this century certainly gave the poisoner new weapons2 yet the same processes 7slightly modified7 which separated the alkaloids from plants also served to separate them from the human body4 ,in #ahjc ,derosne discovered narcotine and morphine1 but he neither recognised the difference between these two substances1 nor their basic properties4 ,sertrner from #ahje devoted himself to the study of opium1 and made a series of discoveries4 ,robiquet1 in #ahjg1 recognised the basic characters of narcotine4 ,in #ahah ,pelletier and ,caventou separated strychnine2 in #ahai brucine2 and in the same year delphinine was discovered simultaneously by ,brande1 ,lassaigne1 and ,feneuille4 ,coniine was recognised by ,giesecke in #ahbg1 and in the following year1 #ahbh1 nicotine was separated by ,reimann and ,posselt4 ,in #ahcb ,robiquet discovered codeine2 and in #ahcc atropine1 aconitine1 and hyoscyamine were distinguished by ,geiger and ,hesse4 ,since then1 every year has been marked by the separation of some new alkaloid1 from either animal or vegetable substances4 ,so many workers in different countries now began to study and improve toxicology1 that it would exceed the limits and be foreign to the scope of this treatise to give even a brief rsum of their labours4 ,it may1 notwithstanding1 be useful to append a short bibliography of the chief works on toxicology of the present century4 #ac4--;,,bibliography ,,of ,,the ,,chief ,,works ,,on ,,toxicology 7,,nineteenth ,,century74 ,,anglada1 ,,jos4--8,trait de ,toxicologie ,gnrale1 c40 ,montpellier et ,paris1 #ahce4 ,,autenrieth4--8,kurze ,anleitung zur ,auffindung der ,gifte40 ,freiburg1 #ahib4 ,,bandlin1 ,o4--8,die ,gifte40 ,basel1 #ahfi-ahgc4 ,,baumert1 ,g4--8,lehrbuch der gerichtl4 ,chemie40 ,braunschweig1 #ahhi-ib4 ,,bayard1 ,,henri4--8,manuel ,pratique de ,mdecine ,lgale40 ,paris1 #ahdc4 ,,bellini1 ,,ranieri4--8,manuel de ,tossicologia40 ,pisa1 #ahgh4 ,,berlin1 ,n4 ,j4--8,nachricht1 die gewhnlichen ,gifte chemisch zu entdecken40 ,stockholm1 #ahde4 ,,bernard1 ,c4--8,leons sur les ,effets des ,substances ,toxiques et ,mdicamenteuses40 ,paris1 #aheg4 ,,bertrand1 ,c4 ,a4 ,r4 ,a4--8,manuel ,mdico-,lgale des ,poisons introduits dans l',estomac1 et les ,moyens ,thrapeutiques qui leur conviennent3 suivi d'un ,plan d',organisation ,mdico-,judiciaire1 et d'un ,tableau de la ,classification ,gnrale des ,empoisonnemens40 ,paris1 #ahah4 ,,binz1 ,c4--8,intoxicationen0 in ,gerhardt's 8,handbuch der ,kinderkrankheiten40 iii4 ,heft4 ,tbingen1 #ahgh4 ,,blyth1 ,a4 ,,wynter4--8,a ,manual of ,practical ,chemistry3 ,the ,analysis of ,foods and the ,detection of ,poisons40 ,london1 #ahgi4 ,,bocker1 ,,frieder4 ,,wilhelm4--8,die ,vergiftungen in forensischer u4 klinischer ,beziehung40 ,iserlohn1 #aheg4 ,b,,hm1 ,r41 ,,naunyn1 ,b41 und ,,von ,,boeck1 ,h4--8,handbuch der ,intoxicationen40 7,bd4 #ae of the ,german edition of ,ziemssen's ,cyclopdia47 ,,brandt1 ,,ph,,bus1 und ,,ratzeburg4--8,deutschlands ,giftgewchse40 ,berlin1 #ahcd-ch 7#b vols4 with #ef coloured plates74 ,,briand1 ,j41 et ,,chaude1 ,,ern4--8,manuel ,complet de ,mdecine ,lgale40 7,the latest edition1 #ahgi47 ,the chemical portion is by ,j4 ,bouis4 ,,buchner1 ,e4--8,lehrbuch der gerichtlichen ,medicin fr ,aerzte u4 ,juristen40 #crd ed4 ,mnchen1 #ahgb4 ,,casper1 ,j4 ,l4--8,handbuch der gerichtlichen ,medicin40 #gth ed4 ,berlin1 #ahha4 ,,chevallier1 ,a4--8,trait de ,toxicologie et de ,chimie ,judiciaire40 ,paris1 #ahfh4 ,,chiaje1 ,,stef4--8,enchiridis di ,tossicologia teorico-pratica40 #crd ed4 ,napoli1 #aheh4 ,,christison1 ,,robert4--8,a ,treatise on ,poisons40 ,edinburgh1 #ahcj4 7,a third edition appeared in #ahcf47 ,,cornevin1 ,c4--8,des ,plantes ,vnneuses40 ,paris1 #ahhg4 ,,devergie1 ,,alphonse4--8,mdecine ,lgale1 ,thorique1 et ,pratique40 #crd ed4 ,paris1 #aheb4 ,,dragendorff1 ,,jean ,,georges4--8,die gerichtlich-chemische ,ermittelung von ,giften in ,nahrungsmitteln1 ,luftgemischen1 ,speiseresten1 ,krpertheilen40 c4 ,st4 ,petersburg1 #ahfh4 #crd ed4 ,gttingen1 #ahhh4 ---- 8,untersuchungen aus dem ,pharmaceutischen ,institute in ,dorpat4 ,beitrge zur gerichtlichen ,chemie einzelner organischer ,gifte40 ,erstes ,heft4 ,st4 ,petersburg1 #ahga4 ---- 8,jahresbericht ber die ,fortschritte der ,pharmacognosie1 ,pharmacie1 und ,toxicologie40 ,herausgegeben von ,dr4 ,dragendorff4 #ahgf4 ,,duflos1 ,a4--8,handbuch der angewandten gerichtlich-chemischen ,analyse der chemischen ,gifte1 ihre ,erkennung in reinem ,zustande u4 in ,gemengen betreffend40 ,breslau u4 ,leipzig1 #ahgc4 ,,eulenberg1 ,,dr4 ,,hermann4--8,handbuch der ,gewerbe-,hygiene40 ,berlin1 #ahgf4 ,,falck1 ,c4 ,,ph4--8,die ,klinischwichtigen ,intoxicationen40 7,handbuch der spec4 ,pathologie u4 ,therapie red4 von ,r4 ,virchow1 ,bd4 #b47 ,erlangen1 #ahed4 ,,falck1 ,,ferd4 ,,aug4--8,lehrbuch der praktischen ,toxicologie40 ,stuttgart1 #ahhj4 ,,flandin1 ,c4--8,trait des ,poisons1 ou ,toxicologie applique la ,mdecine ,lgale1 la ,physiologie1 et la ,thrapeutique40 ,paris1 #ahdg1 #ahec4 ,,fr,,hner1 ,,eug4--8,lehrbuch der ,toxicologie fr ,thierrzte40 ,stuttgart1 #ahij4 ,,galtier1 ,c4 ,p4--8,trait de ,toxicologie ,mdico-,lgale et de la ,falsification des ,aliments10 c4 ,paris1 #ahde4 ---- 8,trait de ,toxicologie ,mdicale1 ,chimique et ,lgale10 c4 ,paris1 #ahee4 ,a later edition of the same work4 ,,greene1 ,,will4 ,h4--8,a ,practical ,handbook of ,medical ,chemistry1 applied to ,clinical ,research and the ,detection of ,poisons40 ,philadelphia1 #ahhj4 ,,gu,,rin1 ,g4--8,trait ,pratique d',analyse ,chimique et de ,recherches ,toxicologiques40 ,paris1 #ahic4 ,,guy1 ,w4 ,a41 and ,,ferrier1 ,,david4--8,principles of ,forensic ,medicine40 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,,harnack1 ,,erich4--8,lehrbuch der ,arzneimittellehre10 c4 ,hamburg1 #ahhc4 ,,hasselt1 ,,van1 ,a4 ,w4 ,m4--8,handbuch der ,giftlehre fr ,chemiker1 ,aerzte1 ,apotheker1 u4 ,richtspersonen40 7,a ,german translation of the original ,dutch edition1 edited by ,j4 ,b4 ,henkel4 ,braunschweig1 #ahfb4 ,supplemental vol4 by ,n4 ,husemann1 ,berlin1 #ahfg47 ,,helwig1 ,a4--8,das ,mikroskop in der ,toxicologie40 #fd photographs1 roy4 #hvo1 ,mainz1 #ahfe4 ,,hemming1 ,w4 ,d4--8,aids to ,forensic ,medicine and ,toxicology40 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,,hermann1 ,l4--8,lehrbuch der experimentellen ,toxicologie40 #hvo4 ,berlin1 #ahgd4 ,,hoffmann1 ,e4 ,r4--8,lehrbuch der gerichtlichen ,medicin40 #eth ed4 ,wien1 #ahij-ia4 ,,husemann and ,a4 ,,hilger4--8,die ,pflanzenstoffe in chemischer1 pharmakologischer1 u4 toxicologischer ,hinsicht40 #bnd ed4 ,berlin1 #ahhb4 ,,husemann1 ,,th41 and ,,husemann1 ,a4--8,handbuch der ,toxicologie40 ,berlin1 #ahfb4 7,suppl4 ,berlin1 #ahfg47 ,,kobert1 ,,rud4--8,lehrbuch der ,intoxicationen40 ,stuttgart1 #ahic4 ,,koehler1 ,r4--8,handbuch der speciellen ,therapie1 einschliesslich der ,behandlung der ,vergiftungen40 #crd ed4 #b vols4 roy4 #hvo4 ,tbingen1 #ahfi4 ,,lesser1 ,,adolf4--8,atlas der gerichtlichen ,medicin40 ,berlin1 #ahhc4 ,,loew1 ,,oscar4--8,ein natrliches ,system der ,gift-,wirkungen40 ,mnchen1 #ahic4 ,,ludwig1 ,e4--8,medicinische ,chemie in ,anwendung auf gerichtliche ,untersuchungen40 ,,mahon1 ,a4--8,mdecine ,lgale et ,police ,mdicale40 ,paris1 #ahjg4 ,,marx1 ,k4 ,f4 ,h4--8,die ,lehre von den ,giften40 ,gttingen1 #ahbg-bi4 ,,maschka1 ,j4--8,handbuch der gerichtlichen ,medicin40 ,tbingen1 #ahha-hb4 ,this work is under the editorship of ,dr4 ,maschka1 and contains separate articles on medico-legal and toxicological questions by various eminent toxicologists1 somewhat after the manner of ,ziemssen's ,cyclopdia4 ,,mende1 ,,lud4 ,,jul4 ,,casp4--8,ausfhrliches ,handbuch der gerichtlichen ,medicin40 #ahai-cb4 ,,mohr1 ,,fried4--8,chemische ,toxicologie40 ,braunschweig1 #ahgd4 ,,montgarny1 ,h4 ,,de4--8,essai de ,toxicologie1 et spcialement avec la ,jurisprudence ,mdicale40 ,paris1 #ahgh4 ,,montmahon1 ,e4 ,s4 ,,de4--8,manuel ,mdico-,lgale des ,poisons10 c4 ,paris1 #ahbd4 ,,mutel1 ,d4 ,,ph4--8,des ,poisons1 considrs sous le rapport de la ,mdecine ,pratique10 c4 ,montpellier et ,paris1 #ahce4 ,,nacquet1 ,a4--8,legal ,chemistry3 ,a guide to the detection of ,poisons1 ,examination of ,stains1 c41 as applied to ,chemical ,jurisprudence40 ,new ,york1 #ahgf4 ,a translation from the ,french2 see 8,foods1 their ,composition and ,analysis10 page #dc4 ,,nicolai1 ,,joh4 ,,ant4 ,,heinr4--8,handbuch der gerichtlichen ,medicin40 ,berlin1 #ahda4 ,the chemical portion is by ,f4 ,r4 ,simon4 ,,ogston1 ,f4--8,lectures on ,medical ,jurisprudence40 ,london1 #ahgh4 ,,orfila1 ,,matthieu ,,jos4 ,,bonaventura4--8,trait des ,poisons1 ou ,toxicologie ,gnrale40 ,paris1 #ast ed41 #ahad2 #eth ed41 #aheb4 ,,orfila et ,,lesueur4--8,trait de ,mdecine lgale40 ,paris1 #ahba2 #dth ed41 ,paris1 #ahdh4 ,,otto1 ,f4 ,g4--8,anleitung zur ,ausmittelung der ,gifte40 ,braunschweig1 #ahef2 #eth ed41 #ahge4 #fth ed4 by ,robert ,otto1 ,braunschweig1 #ahhd4 ,,praag ,,van1 ,,leonides1 u4 ,,opwyrda1 ,r4 ,j4--8,leerboek voor practische giftleer40 ,in ,zwei ,theilen4 ,utrecht1 #ahga4 ,,rabuteau1 ,a4--8lmens de ,toxicologie et de ,mdecine ,lgale1 appliques l',empoisonnement40 ,paris1 #ahgc4 #bnd ed4 by ,ed4 ,bourgoing4 ,paris1 #ahhh4 ,,reese1 ,,john ,j4--8,manual of ,toxicology1 including the consideration of the ,nature1 ,properties1 ,effects1 and ,means of ,detection of ,poisons1 more especially in their ,medico-legal relations40 ,philadelphia1 #ahgd4 ,,remer1 ,w4 ,h4 ,g4--8,lehrbuch der polizeilich-gerichtlichen ,chemie40 ,bd4 #a u4 #b4 #c4 ,auflage1 ,helmstadt1 #ahbd4 ,,schneider1 ,f4 ,c4--8,die gerichtliche ,chemie fr ,gerichtsrzte u4 ,juristen40 ,wien1 #aheb4 ,,schneider1 ,p4 ,j4--8,ueber die ,gifte in medicinisch-gerichtlicher u4 gerichtlich-polizeilicher ,rcksicht40 #bnd ed41 #ahba4 ,,selmi1 ,f4--8,studi di ,tossicologia ,chimica40 ,bologna1 #ahga4 ,,sobernheim1 ,,jos4 ,,fr4 u4 ,,simon1 ,j4 ,f4--8,handbuch der praktischen ,toxicologie10 c4 ,berlin1 #ahch4 ,,sonnenschein1 ,l4--8,handbuch der gerichtlichen ,medicin40 ,berlin1 #ahfj4 ,a new edition by ,dr4 ,a4 ,classen4 ,berlin1 #ahha4 ,,tardieu1 ,a4--8tude ,mdico-,lgale et ,clinique sur l',empoisonnement1 avec la ,collaboration de ,m4 ,t4 ,roussin pour la partie de l'expertise relative la ,recherche ,chimique des ,poisons40 ,paris1 #ahfg4 ,,taylor1 ,,alfred ,,swaine4--8,on ,poisons in relation to ,medical ,jurisprudence and ,medicine40 #crd ed4 #ahge4 ,manual1 #ahgi4 ---- 8,principles and ,practice of ,medical ,jurisprudence40 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahgc4 ,,werber1 ,,ant4--8,lehrbuch der praktischen ,toxicologie40 ,erlangen1 #ahfi4 ,,wood1 ,,horatio ,c4--8,therapeutics1 ,materia ,medica1 and ,toxicology40 ,philadelphia1 #ahgd4 ,,woodmann1 ,w4 ,,bathurst1 and ,,tidy1 ,,ch4--8,a ,handy-,book of ,forensic ,medicine and ,toxicology40 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,,wormley1 ,,theodore ,g4--8,micro-,chemistry of ,poisons1 including their ,physiological1 ,pathological1 and ,legal ,relations40 ,new ,york1 #aheg4 ,,wurtz1 ,a4--8,trait ,elmentaire de ,chimie ,mdicale1 comprenant quelques notions de ,toxicologie10 c4 #bnd ed4 ,paris1 #ahge4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,i4--,definition of ,poison4 #ad4 ,the term 8,poison0 may be considered first in its legal1 as distinct from its scientific1 aspect4 ,the legal definition of 8poison0 is to be gathered from the various statute-books of civilised nations4 ,the ,english law enacts that3 8,whoever shall administer1 or cause to be administered to1 or taken by any person1 any poison or other destructive thing1 with intent to commit murder1 shall be guilty of felony40 ,further1 by the ,criminal ,consolidation ,act1 #ahfa3 8,whosoever shall1 by any other means other than those specified in any of the preceding sections of this ,act1 attempt to commit murder1 shall be guilty of felony40 ,it is therefore evident that1 by implication1 the ,english law defines a poison to be a destructive thing administered to1 or taken by1 a person1 and it must necessarily include1 not only poisons which act on account of their inherent chemical and other properties after absorption into the blood1 but mechanical irritants1 and also specifically-tainted fluids4 ,should1 for example1 a person give to another milk1 or other fluid1 knowing1 at the same time1 that such fluid is contaminated by the specific poison of scarlet fever1 typhoid1 or any serious malady capable of being thus conveyed1 ,i believe that such an offence could be brought under the first of the sections quoted4 ,in fine1 the words 8destructive thing0 are widely applicable1 and may be extended to any substance1 gaseous1 liquid1 or solid1 living or dead1 which1 if capable at all of being taken within the body1 may injure or destroy life4 ,according to this view1 the legal idea of 8poison0 would include such matters as boiling water1 molten lead1 specifically-infected fluids1 the flesh of animals dying of diseases which may be communicable to man1 powdered glass1 diamond dust1 c4 ,evidence must1 however1 be given of guilty intent4 ,the words1 8administered to or taken by10 imply obviously that the framers of the older statute considered the mouth as the only portal of entrance for criminal poisoning1 but the present law effectually guards against any attempt to commit murder1 no matter by what means4 ,there is thus ample provision for all the strange ways by which poison has been introduced into the system1 whether it be by the ear1 nose1 brain1 rectum1 vagina1 or any other conceivable way1 so that1 to borrow the words of ,mr4 ,greaves 7,notes on ,criminal ,law ,consolidation71 8the malicious may rest satisfied that every attempt to murder which their perverted ingenuity may devise1 or their fiendish malignity suggest1 will fall within some clause of this ,act1 and may be visited with penal servitude for life40 ,since poison is often exhibited1 not for the purpose of taking life1 but from various motives1 and to accomplish various ends--as1 for example1 to narcotise the robber's victim 7this especially in the ,east71 to quiet children1 to create love in the opposite sex 7love philters71 to detect the secret sipper by suitably preparing the wine1 to expel the inconvenient fruit of illicit affection1 to cure inebriety by polluting the drunkard's drink with antimony1 and1 finally1 to satisfy an aimless spirit of mere wantonness and wickedness1 the ,english law enacts 8that whosoever shall unlawfully or maliciously administer to1 or cause to be taken by1 any other person1 any poison or other destructive or noxious thing1 so as thereby to endanger the life of such person1 or so as thereby to inflict upon such person any grievous bodily harm1 shall be guilty of felony40 ,there is also a special provision1 framed1 evidently1 with reference to volatile and stupefying poisons1 such as chloroform1 tetrachloride of carbon1 c43-- 8,whoever shall unlawfully apply1 or administer to1 or cause to be taken by any person1 any chloroform1 laudanum1 or other stupefying or overpowering drug1 matter1 or thing1 with intent1 in any such case1 thereby to enable himself or any other person to commit1 or with intent1 c41 to assist any other person in committing1 any indictable offence1 shall be guilty of felony40 #ae4 ,the ,german statute1 as with successive amendments it now stands1 enacts as follows3#bg-- #bg 8,wer vorstzlich einem ,andern1 um dessen ,gesundheit zu beschdigen1 ,gift oder andere ,stoffe beibringt1 welche die ,gesundheit zu zerstren geeignet sind1 wird mit ,zuchthaus von zwei bis zu zehn ,jahren bestraft4 8,ist durch die ,handlung eine schwere ,krperverletzung verursacht worden1 so ist auf ,zuchthaus nicht unter fnf ,jahren1 und wenn durch die ,handlung der ,tod verursacht worden1 auf ,zuchthaus nicht unter zehn ,jahren oder auf lebenslngliches ,zuchthaus zu erkennen4 8,ist die vorstzliche rechtswidrige ,handlung des ,gift--c41--,beibringens auf das #8,tdten' gerichtet1 soll also durch dieselbe gewollter ,weise der ,tod eines ,anderen herbeigefhrt werden1 so kommt in betracht3 ,wer vorstzlich einen ,menschen tdtet1 wird1 wenn er die ,tdtung mit ,ueberlegung ausgefhrt hat1 wegen ,mordes mit dem ,tode bestraft40 8,whoever wilfully administers 7beibringt7 to a person1 for the purpose of injuring health1 poison1 or any other substance having the property of injuring health1 will be punished by from two to ten years' imprisonment4 8,if by such act a serious bodily injury is caused1 the imprisonment is not to be less than five years2 if death is the result1 the imprisonment is to be not under ten years or for life4 8,if the death is wilfully caused by poison1 it comes under the general law3 #8,whoever wilfully kills a man1 and if the killing is premeditated1 is on account of murder punishable with death4'0 ,the ,french law runs thus 7,art4 #cja1 ,penal ,code73--8,every attempt on the life of a person1 by the effect of substances which may cause death1 more or less suddenly1 in whatever manner these substances may have been employed or administered1 and whatever may have been the results1 is called poisoning40#bh #bh 8,est qualifi empoisonnement--tout attentat la vie d'une personne par l'effet de substances qui peuvent donner la mort plus ou moins promptement1 de quelque manire que ces substances aient t employes ou administres1 et quelles qu'en aient t les suites40--,art4 #cja1 ,penal ,code4 ,there is also a penalty provided against any one who 8shall have occasioned the illness or incapacity for personal work of another1 by the voluntary administration1 in any manner whatever1 of substances which1 without being of a nature to cause death1 are injurious to health40#bi #bi 8,celui qui aura occasionn autrui une maladie ou incapacit de travail personnel en lui administrant volontairement1 de quelque manire que ce soit1 des substances qui1 sans tre de nature donner la mort1 sont nuisibles la sant40--,art4 #cag1 ,penal ,code4 #af4 ,scientific ,definition of a ,poison4--,a true scientific definition of a poison must exclude all those substances which act mechanically1--the physical influences of heat1 light1 and electricity2 and parasitic diseases1 whether caused by the growth of fungus1 or the invasion of an organism by animal parasites1 as1 for example1 8trichinosis10 which are not1 so far as we know1 associated with any poisonous product excreted by the parasite2--on the other hand1 it is now recognised that pathogenic micro-organisms develop poisons1 and the symptoms of all true infections are but the effects of 8toxines40 ,the definition of poison1 in a scientific sense1 should be broad enough to comprehend not only the human race1 but the dual world of life1 both animal and vegetable4 ,husemann and ,kobert are almost the only writers on poisons who have attempted1 with more or less success1 to define poison by a generalisation1 keeping in view the exclusion of the matters enumerated4 ,husemann says--8,we define poisons as such inorganic1 or organic substances as are in part capable of artificial preparation1 in part existing1 ready-formed1 in the animal or vegetable kingdom1 which1 without being able to reproduce themselves1 through the chemical nature of their molecules under certain conditions1 change in the healthy organism the form and general relationship of the organic parts1 and1 through annihilation of organs1 or destruction of their functions1 injure health1 or1 under certain conditions1 destroy life40 ,kobert says3--8,poisons are organic or inorganic unorganised substances originating in the organism itself1 or introduced into the organism1 either artificially prepared1 or ready formed in nature1 which through their chemical properties1 under certain conditions1 so influence the organs of living beings1 that the health of these beings is seriously influenced temporarily or permanently40 ,in the first edition of this work ,i made an attempt to define a poison thus3--,a substance of definite chemical composition1 whether mineral or organic1 may be called a poison1 if it is capable of being taken into any living organism1 and causes1 by its own inherent chemical nature1 impairment or destruction of function4 ,i prefer this definition to ,kobert's1 and believe that it fairly agrees with what we know of poisons4 ,,ii4--,classification of ,poisons4 #ag4 ,at some future time1 with a more intimate knowledge of the way in which each poison acts upon the various forms of animal and vegetable life1 it may be possible to give a truly scientific and philosophical classification of poisons--one based neither upon symptoms1 upon local effects1 nor upon chemical structure1 but upon a collation and comparison of all the properties of a poison1 whether chemical1 physical1 or physiological4 ,no perfect systematic arrangement is at present attainable3 we are either compelled to omit all classification1 or else to arrange poisons with a view to practical utility merely4 ,from the latter point of view1 an arrangement simply according to the most prominent symptoms is a good one1 and1 without doubt1 an assistance to the medical man summoned in haste to a case of real or suspected poisoning4 ,indeed1 under such circumstances1 a scheme somewhat similar to the following1 probably occurs to every one versed in toxicology3-- ,a4 ,,poisons ,,causing ,,death ,,immediately1 ,,or ,,in ,a ,,few ,,minutes4 ,there are but few poisons which destroy life in a few minutes4 ,omitting the strong mineral acids1 carbon monoxide1 carbon dioxide1 with the irrespirable gases1--,prussic acid1 the cyanides1 oxalic acid1 and occasionally strychnine1 are the chief poisons coming under this head4 ,b4 ,,irritant ,,poisons 7symptoms mainly pain1 vomiting1 and purging74 ,arsenic1 antimony1 phosphorus1 cantharides1 savin1 ergot1 digitalis1 colchicum1 zinc1 mercury1 lead1 copper1 silver1 iron1 baryta1 chrome1 yew1 laburnum1 and putrid animal substances4 ,c4 ,,irritant ,,and ,,narcotic ,,poisons 7symptoms those of an irritant nature1 with the addition of more or less pronounced cerebral indications74 ,to this class more especially belong oxalic acid and the oxalates1 with several poisons belonging to the purely narcotic class1 but which produce occasionally irritant effects4 ,d4 ,,poisons ,,more ,,especially ,,affecting ,,the ,,nervous ,,system4 #a4 ,,narcotics 7chief symptom insensibility1 which may be preceded by more or less cerebral excitement73 ,opium1 ,chloral1 ,chloroform4 #b4 ,,deliriants 7delirium for the most part a prominent symptom73 ,belladonna1 hyoscyamus1 stramonium1 with others of the ,solanace1 to which may be added--poisonous fungi1 ,indian hemp1 lolium temulentum1 nanthe crocata1 and camphor4 #c4 ,,convulsives4--,almost every poison has been known to produce convulsive effects1 but the only true convulsive poisons are the alkaloids of the strychnos class4 #d4 ,,complex ,,nervous ,,phenomena3 ,aconite1 digitalis1 hemlock1 calabar bean1 tobacco1 lobelia inflata1 and curara4 99 99 99 99 99 #ah4 ,,kobert',s ,,classification4--,the latest authority on poisons--,kobert--has classified poisons according to the following scheme3-- ,i4 ,,poisons ,,which ,,cause ,,coarse ,,anatomical ,,changes ,,of ,,the ,,organs4 ,a4 ,those which specially irritate the part to which they are applied4 #a4 ,acids4 #b4 ,caustic alkalies4 #c4 ,caustic salts1 especially those of the heavy metals4 #d4 ,locally irritating organic substances which neither can be classified as corrosive acids nor alkalies1 nor as corrosive salts2 such are3--cantharidine1 phrynine1 and others in the animal kingdom1 croton oil and savin in the vegetable kingdom4 ,locally irritating colours1 such as the aniline dyes4 #e4 ,gases and vapours which cause local irritation when breathed1 such as ammonia1 chlorine1 iodine1 bromine1 and sulphur dioxide4 ,b4 ,those which have but little effect locally1 but change anatomically other parts of the body2 such as lead1 phosphorus1 and others4 ,,ii4 ,,blood ,,poisons4 #a4 ,blood poisons interfering with the circulation in a purely physical manner1 such as peroxide of hydrogen1 ricine1 abrine4 #b4 ,poisons which have the property of dissolving the red blood corpuscle1 such as the saponins4 #c4 ,poisons which1 with or without primary solution of the red blood corpuscles1 produce in the blood methmoglobin2 such as potassic chlorate1 hydrazine1 nitrobenzene1 aniline1 picric acid1 carbon disulphide4 #d4 ,poisons having a peculiar action on the colouring matter of the blood1 or on its decomposition products1 such as hydric sulphide1 hydric cyanide1 and the cyanides and carbon monoxide4 ,,iii4 ,,poisons ,,which ,,kill ,,without ,,the ,,production ,,of ,,coarse ,,anatomical ,,change4 #a4 ,poisons affecting the cerebro-spinal system2 such as chloroform1 ether1 nitrous oxide1 alcohol1 chloral1 cocaine1 atropine1 morphine1 nicotine1 coniine1 aconitine1 strychnine1 curarine1 and others4 #b4 ,heart ,poisons2 such as1 digitalis1 helleborin1 muscarine4 ,,iv4 ,,poisonous ,,products ,,of ,,tissue ,,change4 #a4 ,poisonous albumin4 #b4 ,poisons developed in food4 #c4 ,auto-poisoning1 e4g4 urmia1 glycosuria1 oxaluria4 #d4 ,the more important products of tissue change2 such as1 fatty acids1 oxyacids1 amido-fatty acids1 amines1 diamines1 and ptomaines4 99 99 99 99 99 #ai4 ,i have preferred an arrangement which1 as far as possible1 follows the order in which a chemical expert would search for an unknown poison--hence an arrangement partly chemical and partly symptomatic4 ,first the chief gases which figure in the mortality statistics are treated1 and then follow in order other poisons4 ,a chemist1 given a liquid to examine1 would naturally test first its reaction1 and1 if strongly alkaline or strongly acid1 would at once direct his attention to the mineral acids or to the alkalies4 ,in other cases1 he would proceed to separate volatile matters from those that were fixed1 lest substances such as prussic acid1 chloroform1 alcohol1 and phosphorus be dissipated or destroyed by his subsequent operations4 ,distillation over1 the alkaloids1 glucosides1 and their allies would next be naturally sought1 since they can be extracted by alcoholic and ethereal solvents in such a manner as in no way to interfere with an after-search for metals4 ,the metals are last in the list1 because by suitable treatment1 after all organic substances are destroyed1 either by actual fire or powerful chemical agencies1 even the volatile metals may be recovered4 ,the metals are arranged very nearly in the same order as that in which they would be separated from a solution--viz41 according to their behaviour to hydric and ammoniac sulphides4 ,there are a few poisons1 of course1 such as the oxalates of the alkalies1 which might be overlooked1 unless sought for specially2 but it is hoped that this is no valid objection to the arrangement suggested1 which1 in greater detail1 is as follows3-- ,a4--,,poisonous ,,gases4 #a4 ,carbon monoxide4 #b4 ,chlorine4 #c4 ,hydric sulphide4 ,b4--,,acids ,,and ,,alkalies4 #a4 ,sulphuric acid4 #b4 ,hydrochloric acid4 #c4 ,nitric acid4 #d4 ,potash4 #e4 ,soda4 #f4 ,ammonia4 #g4 ,neutral sodium1 potassium1 and ammonium salts4 ,in nearly all cases of death from any of the above1 the analyst1 from the symptoms observed during life1 from the surrounding circumstances1 and from the pathological appearances and evident chemical reactions of the fluids submitted1 is put at once on the right track1 and has no difficulty in obtaining decided results4 ,c4--,,poisonous ,,substances ,,capable ,,of ,,being ,,separated ,,by ,,distillation ,,from ,,either ,,neutral ,,or ,,acid ,,liquids4 #a4 ,hydrocarbons4 #b4 ,camphor4 #c4 ,alcohols4 #d4 ,amyl-nitrite4 #e4 ,chloroform and other ansthetics4 #f4 ,carbon disulphide4 #g4 ,carbolic acid4 #h4 ,nitro-benzene4 #i4 ,prussic acid4 #aj4 ,phosphorus4 ,the volatile alkaloids1 which may also be readily distilled by strongly alkalising the fluid1 because they admit of a rather different mode of treatment1 are not included in this class4 ,d4--,,alkaloids ,,and ,,poisonous ,,vegetable ,,principles ,,separated ,,for ,,the ,,most ,,part ,,by ,,alcoholic ,,solvents4 ,,division ,i4--,,vegetable ,,alkaloids4 #a4 ,liquid volatile alkaloids1 alkaloids of hemlock1 nicotine1 piturie1 sparteine1 aniline4 #b4 ,the opium group of alkaloids4 #c4 ,the strychnine or tetanic group of alkaloids--strychnine1 brucine1 igasurine4 #d4 ,the aconite group of alkaloids4 #e4 ,the mydriatic group of alkaloids--atropine1 hyoscyamine1 solanin1 cytisine4 #f4 ,the alkaloids of the veratrines4 #g4 ,physostigmine4 #h4 ,pilocarpine4 #i4 ,taxine4 #aj4 ,curarine4 #aa4 ,colchicin4 #ab4 ,muscarine and the active principles of certain fungi4 ,there would1 perhaps1 have been an advantage in arranging several of the individual members somewhat differently--e4g41 a group might be made of poisons which1 like pilocarpine and muscarine1 are antagonistic to atropine2 and another group suggests itself1 the physiological action of which is the opposite of the strychnos class2 solanin 7although classed as a mydriatic1 and put near to atropine7 has much of the nature of a glucoside1 and the same may be said of colchicin2 so that1 if the classification were made solely on chemical grounds1 solanin would have followed colchicin1 and thus have marked the transition from the alkaloids to the glucosides4 ,,division ,,ii4--,,glucosides4 #a4 ,the digitalis group4 #b4 ,other poisonous glucosides acting on the heart4 #c4 ,saponin4 ,the glucosides1 when fairly pure1 are easily recognised2 they are destitute of nitrogen1 neutral in reaction1 and split up into sugar and other compounds when submitted to the action of saponifying agents1 such as boiling with dilute mineral acids4 ,,division ,,iii4--,,certain ,,poisonous ,,anhydrides ,,of ,,the ,,organic ,,acids4 #a4 ,santonin4 #b4 ,mezereon4 ,it is probable that this class will in a few years be extended1 for several other organic anitrogenous poisons exist1 which1 when better known1 will most likely prove to be anhydrides4 ,,division ,,iv4--,,various ,,vegetable ,,poisonous ,,principles ,,not ,,admitting ,,of ,,classification ,,under ,,the ,,previous ,,three ,,divisions4 ,ergot1 picrotoxin1 the poison of ,illicium religiosum1 cicutoxin1 thusa cynapium1 nanthe crocata1 croton oil1 savin oil1 the toxalbumins of castor oil and ,abrus4 ,the above division groups together various miscellaneous toxic principles1 none of which can at present be satisfactorily classified4 ,e4--,,poisons ,,derived ,,from ,,living ,,or ,,dead ,,animal ,,substances4 ,,division ,i4--,,poisons ,,secreted ,,by ,,the ,,living4 #a4 ,poisonous amphibia4 #b4 ,poison of the scorpion4 #c4 ,poisonous fish4 #d4 ,poisonous insects--spiders1 wasps1 bees1 beetles1 c4 #e4 ,snake poison4 ,,division ,,ii4--,,poisons ,,formed ,,in ,,dead ,,animal ,,matters4 #a4 ,ptomaines4 #b4 ,poisoning by putrid or changed foods--sausage poisoning4 ,f4--,,the ,,oxalic ,,acid ,,group4 ,g4--,,inorganic ,,poisons4 ,,division ,i4--,,precipitated ,,from ,a ,,hydrochloric ,,acid ,,solution ,,by ,,hydric ,,sulphide--,,precipitate1 ,,yellow ,,or ,,orange4 ,arsenic1 antimony1 cadmium4 ,,division ,,ii4--,,precipitated ,,by ,,hydric ,,sulphide ,,in ,,hydrochloric ,,acid ,,solution--,,black4 ,lead1 copper1 bismuth1 silver1 mercury4 ,,division ,,iii4--,,precipitated ,,from ,a ,,neutral ,,solution ,,by ,,hydric ,,sulphide4 ,zinc1 nickel1 cobalt4 ,,division ,,iv4--,,precipitated ,,by ,,ammonia ,,sulphide4 ,iron1 chromium1 thallium1 aluminium4 ,,division ,v4--,,alkaline ,,earths4 ,barium4 ,,iii4--,statistics4 #bj4 ,the number of deaths from poison 7whether accidental1 suicidal1 or homicidal71 as compared with other forms of violent1 as well as natural deaths1 possesses no small interest2 and this is more especially true when the statistics are studied in a comparative manner1 and town be compared with town1 country with country4 ,the greater the development of commercial industries 7especially those necessitating the use or manufacture of powerful chemical agencies71 the more likely are accidents from poisons to occur4 ,it may also be stated1 further1 that the higher the mental development of a nation1 the more likely are its homicides to be caused by subtle poison--its suicides by the euthanasia of chloral1 morphine1 or hemlock4 ,other influences causing local diversity in the kind and frequency of poisoning1 are those of race1 of religion1 of age and sex1 and the mental stress concomitant with sudden political and social changes4 ,in the ten years from #ahhc-ahib1 there appear to have died from poison1 in ,england and ,wales1 #ffaf persons1 as shown in the following tables3-- ,,deaths ,,from ,,poison ,,in ,,england ,,and ,,wales ,,during ,,the ,,ten ,,years #ahhc-ib4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,accident or ,negli- ,suicide4 ,murder4 ,total4 gence4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,m4 ,f4 ,m4 ,f4 ,m4 ,f4 ,m4 ,f4 ,,metals4 ,arsenic1 #cg #ad #cg #bj #a #a #ge #ce ,antimony1 #c 444 #a #b 444 444 #d #b ,copper1 #d #a #b #a 444 444 #f #b ,lead1 #hca #bji #a #b 444 444 #hcb #baa ,silver ,nitrate1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,zinc ,chloride 7or ,sulphate71 #g 444 #d 444 444 444 #aa 444 ,mercury1 #bb #aa #af #h #b #a #dj #bj ,chromic ,acid1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,iron ,perchloride1 444 444 444 #a 444 444 444 #a ,,alkaline ,,earths4 ,lime1 #b 444 444 #a 444 444 #b #a ,barium ,chloride1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,,the ,,alkalies ,,and ,,their ,,salts4 ,ammonia1 #ci #be #ah #af 444 444 #eg #da ,caustic ,soda1 #c #d 444 #a 444 444 #c #e ,potash1 #h #aj #a 444 444 444 #i #aj ,potassic ,chlorate1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,bichromate1 #b #b #g #c 444 444 #i #e ,bromide1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,binoxalate 7,sorrel71 #a #c #a #d 444 444 #b #g ,,acids4 ,sulphuric ,acid1 #cj #i #bi #bd #a 444 #fj #cc ,nitric #ah #g #ah #i 444 444 #cf #af ,hydrochloric ,acid1 #dh #ah #hc #ee 444 444 #aca #gc ,oxalic #ag #f #aad #hf 444 444 #aca #ib ,tartaric 444 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a ,acetic #d #c 444 #b 444 444 #d #e ,carbolic #afi #aja #bai #bga 444 #a #chh #cgc ,hydrofluoric 444 444 444 #a 444 444 444 #a ,phosphorus 7including ,lucifer matches71 #bd #dg #bh #ef 444 444 #eb #ajc ,iodine1 #f #g #a #a 444 444 #g #h ,,volatile ,,liquids4 ,paraffin 7,petroleum71 #i #b #a 444 444 444 #aj #b ,benzoline1 #c #b 444 #a 444 444 #c #c ,naphtha1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,carbon ,bisulphide1 444 444 #a 444 444 444 #a 444 ,turpentine1 #e #a 444 #c 444 444 #e #d ,methylated ,spirit1 444 #b #a #b 444 444 #a #d ,alcohol1 #ha #bd #a #b 444 444 #hb #bf ,chloroform1 #eg #da #i #e #a 444 #fg #df ,ether1 #e #b 444 444 444 444 #e #b ,spt4 ,etheris ,nitrosi1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,ansthetic 7kind not stated71 #d #c 444 444 444 444 #d #c ,oil of ,juniper1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,,opiates ,,and ,,narcotics4 ,opium1 ,laudanum--,morphia1 #ejc #cgc #ccj #afg #d #b #hcg #edb ,soothing ,syrup1 ,paregoric1 c4 #ah #bb #b #c 444 444 #bj #be ,chlorodyne1 #ef #cj #h #h 444 444 #fd #ch ,chloral1 #hi #bb #ad #a #a 444 #ajd #bc ,,cyanides4 ,prussic ,acid1 and ,oil of ,almonds1 #ag #aa #bjc #ai #b #h #bbb #ch ,potassium ,cyanide1 #ai #ba #ajj #bb #c #a #abb #dd ,,alkaloids4 ,strychnine and ,nux ,vomica1 #bb #ba #fe #he #d #d #ia #aaj ,vermin-,killer1 #b #f #di #fi #a 444 #eb #ge ,atropine1 #b 444 #a 444 444 444 #c 444 ,belladonna1 #cf #bj #aa #i 444 444 #dg #bi ,aconite1 #ai #ba #i #aj 444 444 #bh #ca ,ipecacuanha1 #a #a 444 444 444 444 #a #a ,cocaine1 #c 444 444 444 444 444 #c 444 ,,miscellaneous4 ,antipyrine1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,cantharides1 #a 444 444 #a 444 444 #a #a ,camphorated ,oil1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,croton ,oil1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,cayenne ,pepper1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,syrup of ,rhubarb1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,colchicum1 #b 444 444 444 444 444 #b 444 ,hemlock1 #c #a 444 444 444 444 #c #a ,water ,hemlock1 #e #f 444 444 444 444 #e #f ,colocynth1 444 #b 444 444 444 444 444 #b ,castor ,oil ,seeds1 #a #a 444 444 444 444 #a #a ,laburnum ,seeds1 #b #a 444 444 444 444 #b #a ,thorn ,apple1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,yew ,leaves or ,berries1 #c #b 444 444 444 444 #c #b ,crow-foot1 444 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a ,whin-flower1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,pennyroyal1 444 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a ,meadow ,crow-foot1 444 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a ,arum ,seeds1 444 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a ,bitter ,aloes1 444 #a 444 #a 444 444 444 #b ,cocculus ,indicus1 444 444 #a 444 444 444 #a 444 ,horse ,chestnut1 444 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a ,creosote1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,spirits of ,tar 7,oil of ,tar71 #b #a 444 444 444 444 #b #a ,nitro-,glycerine1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,camphor1 444 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a ,tobacco1 #d 444 #a 444 444 444 #e 444 ,lobelia1 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 ,fungi1 #ac #aj 444 444 444 444 #ac #aj ,poisonous ,weeds1 #b 444 444 444 444 444 #b 444 ,hellebores1 444 444 #a #a 444 444 #a #a ,kind not stated1 #baf #aeh #bef #afg #c #a #dge #cbf -------------------------------- #bdihabibafddaadj #bc #aidafebeea _/ _/ _/ _/ #cgij #bghd #db #ffaf ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,although so large a number of substances destroy life by accident or design1 yet there are in the list only about #ba which kill about #b persons or above each year3 the #ba substances arranged in the order of their fatality are as follows3-- ,actual deaths in ten years ending #ahib4 ,caustic potash #ai ,poisonous fungi #bc ,aconite #ei ,mercury #fj ,belladonna #gf ,sulphuric acid #ic ,ammonia #ih ,chlorodyne #ajb ,alcohol #ajh ,arsenic #aaj ,chloroform #aac ,vermin-killer #abg ,chloral #abg ,phosphorus #aee ,cyanide of potassium #aff ,strychnine #bja ,nitric acid #bjd ,prussic acid #bfj ,carbolic acid #gfb ,lead #ajdc ,opiates #acbd ,in each decade there are changes in the position on the list4 ,the most significant difference between the statistics now given and the statistics for the ten years ending #ahhj1 published in the last edition of this work1 is that in the former decade carbolic acid occupied a comparatively insignificant place2 whereas in the ten years ending #ahib1 deaths from carbolic acid poisoning are the most frequent form of fatal poisoning save lead and opiates4 ,the following table gives some ,german statistics of poisoning3-- ,,table ,,showing ,,the ,,admissions ,,into ,,various ,,medical ,,institutions#cj ,,in ,,berlin ,,of ,,persons ,,suffering ,,from ,,the ,,effects ,,of ,,poison ,,during ,,the ,,three ,,years #ahgf1 #ahgg1 #ahgh4 #cj ,viz41 the ,knigl4 ,charit1 ,allg4 ,stdtisches ,krankenhaus1 ,stdtisches ,baracken-,lazareth1 ,bethanien1 ,st4 ,helwg's-,lazarus1 ,elisabethen-,krankenhaus1 ,augusta ,hospital1 and the ,institut fr ,staatsarzneikunde4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,males4 ,females4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,charcoal ,vapour1 #gg #gh #aee ,sulphuric ,acid1 #bd #ed ,hydrochloric ,acid1 #d #d #ic ,nitric ,acid1 and ,aqua ,regia1 #g 444 ,phosphorus1 #ac #bh #da ,cyanide of ,potassium1 #bi #c ,prussic ,acid1 #e #a #ch ,oxalic ,acid1 and ,oxalate of ,potash1 #aa #h #ai ,alcohol1 #ab #b #ad ,arsenic1 #g #e #ab ,morphine1 #h #a ,opium1 #b #a #ab ,potash or ,soda ,lye1 #b #f #h ,chloral1 #c #d #g ,chloroform1 #d #b #f ,sewer ,gas1 #e 444 #e ,strychnine1 444 #d #d ,atropine1 #a #b #c ,copper ,sulphate1 #a #b #c ,nitrobenzol1 #b 444 #b ,carbolic ,acid1 444 #b #b ,chromic ,acid1 #a #a #b ,burnt ,alum1 444 #a #a ,ammonium ,sulphide1 #a 444 #a ,datura ,stramonium1 444 #a #a ,petroleum1 444 #a #a ,benzine1 #a 444 #a ,ether1 #a 444 #a ,prussic ,acid and ,morphine1 #a 444 #a ,prussic ,acid and ,chloral1 #a 444 #a ,turpentine and ,sal ,ammoniac1 444 #a #a ------------------------ #bbc #bab #dce ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,suicidal ,poisoning4--,poisons which kill more than one person suicidally each year are only #ai in number1 as follows3-- ,deaths from suicide during the ten years ending #ahib4 ,potassic bichromate #aj ,chloroform #ad ,chloral #ae ,chlorodyne #af ,aconite #ai ,belladonna #bj ,mercury #bd ,nitric acid #bg ,ammonia #cd ,sulphuric acid #ec ,arsenic #gg ,phosphorus #hd ,vermin-killer #aah ,prussic acid #abb ,hydrochloric acid #ach ,strychnine #aej ,oxalic acid #bjj ,prussic acid #bbb ,opiates #bha ,phenol #bij ,in the ten years ending #ahhj1 suicidal deaths from vermin-killers1 from prussic acid1 from cyanide of potassium1 and from opiates were all more numerous than deaths from phenol1 whereas at present phenol appears to be the poison most likely to be chosen by a suicidal person4 ,criminal ,poisoning4 #bb4 ,some useful statistics of criminal poisoning have been given by ,tardieu#ca for the #ba years #ahea-ahga1 which may be summarised as follows3-- #ca tude ,mdico-,lgale sur l',empoisonnement1 ,paris1 #ahge4 ,total accusations of ,poisoning in the #ba years1 #gic ,,results ,,of ,,the ,,poisoning3-- ,death1 #bhj ,illness1 #cdf #hgb ,negative1 #bdf ,,accused3-- ,men1 #cjd #gjc ,women1 #cii ,,nature ,,of ,,poison ,,employed3-- ,arsenic1 #bhg ,phosphorus1 #bfg ,sulphate1 #abj ,copper ,acetate 7,verdigris71 #ci #aei ,sulphuric ,acid1 #cf ,acids ,hydrochloric ,acid1 #h #dg ,nitric ,acid1 #c ,cantharides1 #cj ,nux ,vomica1 #e #ab ,strychnine1 #g ,opium1 #f ,opiates ,laudanum1 #c #aj ,sedative ,water1 #a ,salts of ,mercury1 #h ,sulphate of ,iron1 #f ,preparations of ,antimony1 #e ,ammonia1 #d ,cyanides ,prussic ,acid1 #b ,cyanide of ,potassium1 #b #d ,hellebore1 #c ,datura ,stramonium1 #c ,powdered ,glass1 #c ,digitalin1 #b ,potash1 #b ,sulphate of ,zinc1 #b ,eau de ,javelle 7a solution of ,hypochlorite of ,potash71 #a ,tincture of ,iodine1 #a ,croton ,oil1 #a ,nicotine1 #a ,belladonna1 #a 8,baume ,fiovarenti10 #a ,euphorbia1 #a ,acetate of ,lead1 #a ,carbonic ,acid ,gas1 #a ,laburnum ,seeds1 #a ,colchicum1 #a ,mushrooms1 #a ,sulphuric ,ether1 #a --- ,total1 #hfg ,it hence may be concluded1 according to these statistics of criminal poisoning1 that of #ajjj attempts in ,france1 either to injure or to destroy human life by poison1 the following is the most probable selective order3-- ,arsenic1 #cca ,phosphorus1 #cja ,preparations of ,copper1 #ahc ,the ,mineral ,acids1 #ed ,cantharides1 #ce ,strychnine1 #ad ,opiates1 #ab ,mercurial preparations1 #i ,antimonial preparations1 #f ,cyanides 7that is1 ,prussic ,acid and ,potassic ,cyanide71 #e ,preparations of ,iron1 #e ,this list accounts for #iee poisonings1 and the remaining #de will be distributed among the less used drugs and chemicals4 ,,iv4--,the ,connection between ,toxic ,action and ,chemical ,composition4 #bc4 ,considerable advance has been made of late years in the study of the connection which exists between the chemical structure of the molecule of organic substances and physiological effect4 ,the results obtained1 though important1 are as yet too fragmentary to justify any great generalisation2 the problem is a complicated one1 and as ,lauder ,brunton justly observes3-- 8,the physiological action of a drug does not depend entirely on its chemical composition nor yet on its chemical structure1 so far as that can be indicated even by graphic formula1 but upon conditions of solubility1 instability1 and molecular relations1 which we may hope to discover in the future1 but with which we are as yet imperfectly acquainted40#cb #cb ,introduction to ,modern ,therapeutics1 ,lond41 #ahib4 #acf4 ,the occurrence of hydroxyl1 whether the substance belong to the simpler chain carbon series or to the aromatic carbon compounds1 appears to usually endow the substance with more or less active and frequently poisonous properties1 as1 for example1 in the alcohols1 and as in hydroxylamine4 ,it is also found that among the aromatic bodies the toxic action is likely to increase with the number of hydroxyls3 thus phenol has one hydroxyl1 resorcin two1 and phloroglucin three2 and the toxic power is strictly in the same order1 for1 of the three1 phenol is least and phloroglucin most poisonous4 ,replacing hydrogen by a halogen1 especially by chlorine1 in the fatty acids mostly produces substances of narcotic properties1 as1 for instance1 monochloracetic acid4 ,in the sulphur compounds1 the entrance of chlorine modifies the physiological action and intensifies toxicity3 thus ethyl sulphide 7,c,h7,s is a weak poison1 monochlorethyl sulphide ,c,h,c,h,cl,s a strong poison1 and dichlorethyl sulphide ,c,h,cl,s a very strong poison3 the vapour kills rabbits within a short time1 and a trace of the oil applied to the ear produces intense inflammation of both the eyes and the ear4#cc #cc ,v4 ,meyer1 ,ber4 d4 ,chem4 ,ges41 ,,xx41 #agbe4 ,the weight of the molecule has an influence in the alcohols and acids of the fatty series2 for instance1 ethyl1 propyl1 butyl1 and amyl alcohols show as they increase in carbon a regular increase in toxic power2 the narcotic actions of sodium propionate1 butyrate1 and valerianate also increase with the rising carbon4 ,nitrogen in the triad condition in the amines is far less poisonous than in the pentad condition4 ,bamberger#cd distinguishes two classes of hydrogenised bases derived from and naphthylamine1 by the terms 8acylic0 and 8aromatic40 ,the acylic contains the four added hydrogens in the amidogen nucleus1 the aromatic in the other nucleus1 thus #cd ,ber41 xxii4 #ggg-ggh4 ,,ch ,,cnh _/ _/ _/ ,c_/ ,,ch ,,ch ,,ch ,,ch _/,c _/ _/ _/ ,,ch ,,ch ,naphthylamine4 ,,ch ,,ch _/ _/ _/ ,c_/ ,,ch ,,cnh ,,ch ,,ch _/,c _/ _/ _/ ,,ch ,,ch ,naphthylamine4 ,,ch ,,ch _/ _/ _/ ,c_/ ,,ch ,,cnh ,,ch ,,ch _/,c _/ _/ _/ ,,ch ,,ch ,acylic tetrahydro- ,naphthylamine4 ,,ch ,,ch _/ _/ _/ ,c_/ ,,ch ,,cnh ,,ch ,,ch _/,c _/ _/ _/ ,,ch ,,ch ,aromatic tetrahydro- ,naphthylamine4 ,the acylic tetrahydro-naphthylamine1 the tetrahydroethylnaphthylamine1 and the tetrahydromethylnaphthylamine all cause dilatation of the pupil and produce symptoms of excitation of the cervical sympathetic nerve2 the other members of the group are inactive4 #bd4 ,the result of replacing hydrogen by alkyls in aromatic bodies has been studied by ,schmiedeberg and others2 replacing the hydrogen of the amidogen by ethyl or methyl1 usually results in a body having a more or less pronounced narcotic action4 ,the rule is that methyl is stronger than ethyl1 but it does not always hold good2 ortho-amido-phenol is not in itself poisonous1 but when two hydrogens of the amidogen group are replaced by two methyls thus-- ,,ho _/ _/ ,,nh _/ _/ ,,ho _/ _/ ,n7,,ch7 _/ _/ the resulting body has a weak narcotic action4 ,it would naturally be inferred that the replacement of the ,h in the hydroxyl by a third methyl would increase this narcotic action1 but this is not so3 on the other hand1 if there are three ethyl groups in the same situation a decidedly narcotic body is produced4 ,the influence of position of an alkyl in the aromatic bodies is well shown in ortho-1 para- and meta-derivatives4 ,thus the author proved some years ago that with regard to disinfecting properties1 ortho-cresol was more powerful than meta-2 meta-cresol more powerful than para-2 so again ortho-aceto-toluid is poisonous1 causing acute nephritis2 meta-aceto-toluid has but feeble toxic actions but is useful as an antipyretic2 and para-aceto-toluid is inactive4 ,in the trioxybenzenes1 in which there are three hydroxyls1 the toxic action is greater when the hydroxyls are consecutive1 as in pyrogallol1 than when they are symmetrical1 as in phloroglucin4 ,,oh _/ _/ ,,oh ,,oh _/ _/ ,pyrogallol4 ,,oh _/ _/ ,,ho ,,oh _/ _/ ,phloroglucin4 ,the introduction of methyl into the complicated molecule of an alkaloid often gives curious results3 thus methyl strychnine and methyl brucine instead of producing tetanus have an action on voluntary muscle like curare4 ,benzoyl-ecgonine has no local ansthetic action1 but the introduction of methyl into the molecule endows it with a power of deadening the sensation of the skin locally2 on the other hand1 cocethyl produces no effect of this kind4 ,drs4 ,crum ,brown and ,fraser#ce have suggested that there is some relation between toxicity and the saturated or non-saturated condition of the molecule4 #ce ,journ4 ,anat4 and ,phys41 vol4 ii4 #bbd4 ,hinsberg and ,treupel have studied the physiological effect of substituting various alkyls for the hydrogen of the hydroxyl group in para-acetamido-phenol4 ,para-aceto-amido-phenol when given to dogs in doses of #j4e grm4 for every kilogr4 of body weight causes slight narcotic symptoms1 with slight paralysis2 there is cyanosis and in the blood much methmoglobin4 ,in men doses of half a gramme 7#gg grains7 act as an antipyretic1 relieve neuralgia and have weak narcotic effects4 ,the following is the result of substituting certain alkyls for ,h in the ,,ho group4 7#a7 ,methyl4--,the narcotic action is strengthened and the antipyretic action unaffected4 ,the methmoglobin in the blood is somewhat less4 7#b7 ,ethyl4--,action very similar1 but much less methmoglobin is produced4 7#c7 ,propyl4--,antipyretic action a little weaker4 ,methmoglobin in the blood smaller than in para-acetamido-phenol1 but more than when the methyl or ethyl compound is administered4 7#d7 ,amyl4--,antipyretic action decreased4 ,the smallest amount of toxicity is in the ethyl substitution2 while the maximum antipyretic and antineuralgic action belongs to the methyl substitution4 ,next substitution was tried in the ,imid group4 ,it was found that substituting ethyl for ,h in the imid group annihilated the narcotic and antipyretic properties4 ,no methmoglobin could be recognised in the blood4 ,lastly1 simultaneous substitution of the ,h of the ,,ho group by ethyl and the substitution of an alkyl for the ,h in the ,,nh group gave the following results3-- ,methyl4--,in dogs the narcotic action was strengthened1 the methmoglobin in the blood diminished4 ,in men the narcotic action was also more marked as well as the anti-neural action4 ,the stomach and kidneys were also stimulated4 ,ethyl4--,in dogs the narcotic action was much strengthened1 while the methmoglobin was diminished4 ,in men the antipyretic and anti-neural actions were unaffected4 ,propyl4--,in dogs the narcotic action was feebler than with methyl or ethyl1 and in men there was diminished antipyretic action4 ,amyl4--,in dogs the narcotic action was much smaller4 ,from this latter series the conclusion is drawn that the maximum of narcotic action is obtained by the introduction of methyl and the maximum antipyretic action by the introduction of methyl or ethyl4 ,the ethyl substitution is1 as before1 the less toxic4#cf #cf ,ueber die physiologische ,wirkung des p-amido-phenol u4 einiger ,derivate desselben4 ,o4 ,hinsberg u4 ,g4 ,treupel1 ,archiv f4 ,exp4 ,pathol4 u4 ,pharm41 ,b4 #cc1 ,s4 #baf4 ,the effect of the entrance of an alkyl into the molecule of a substance is not constant2 sometimes the action of the poison is weakened1 sometimes strengthened4 ,thus1 according to ,stolnikow1 dimethyl resorcin1 ,c,h7,,och71 is more poisonous than resorcin ,c,h7,,oh74 ,anisol ,c,h,,och1 according to ,loew1 is more poisonous to alg1 bacteria1 and infusoria than phenol ,c,h,,oh4 ,on the other hand1 the replacement by methyl of an atom of hydrogen in the aromatic oxyacids weakens their action2 methyl salicylic acid ,o4,,ch _/ ,c,h ,,cooh is weaker than salicylic acid ,,oh _/ ,c,h 4 ,,cooh ,arsen-methyl chloride1 ,as7,,ch7,cl1 is strongly poisonous1 but the introduction of a second methyl ,as7,,ch7,cl makes a comparatively weak poison4 #be4 ,in some cases the increase of ,,co groups weakens the action of a poison2 thus1 in allantoin there are three carbonyl 7,,co7 groups2 this substance does not produce excitation of the spinal cord1 but it heightens muscular irritability and causes1 like xanthin1 muscular rigidity2 alloxantin1 with a similar structure but containing six carbonyl groups1 does not possess this action4 ,,nh--,,ch--,,nh ,,co ,,co ,,nh--,,co ,,nh ,allantoin4 ,,nh--,,co ,,co--,,hn ,o _/ ,,co--,c---,c ,,co ,,nh--,,co ,,co--,,hn ,alloxantin4 #bf4 ,a theory of general application has been put forward and supported with great ability by ,oscar ,loew#cg which explains the action of poisons by presuming that living has a different composition to dead albumin2 the albumin of the chemist is a dead body of a definite composition and has a stable character2 living albumin1 such as circulates in the blood or forms the protoplasm of the tissues1 is not 8stable0 but 8labile02 ,loew says3--8,if the old idea is accepted that living albumin is chemically the same substance as that which is dead1 numerous toxic phenomena are inexplicable4 ,it is impossible1 for instance1 to explain how it is that diamide ,n,h and hydroxylamine ,,nh,,oh are toxic1 even with great dilution1 on all living animals2 whilst neither of those substances have the smallest action on dead plasma or the ordinary dissolved passive albumin1 there must therefore be present in the albumin of the living plasma a grouping of atoms in a 8labile0 condition 7,atomgruppirungen labiler ,art7 which are capable of entering into reactions2 such1 according to our present knowledge1 can only be the aldehyde and the ketone groups4 ,the first mentioned groups are more labile and react in far greater dilution than the latter groups40 #cg ,ein natrliches ,system der ,gift-,wirkungen1 ,mnchen1 #ahic4 ,loew considers that all substances which enter into combination with aldehyde or ketone groups must be poisonous to life generally4 ,for instance1 hydroxylamine1 diamide and its derivatives1 phenylhydrazine1 free ammonia1 phenol1 prussic acid1 hydric sulphide1 sulphur dioxide and the acid sulphites all enter into combination with aldehyde4 ,so again the formation of imide groups in the aromatic ring increases any poisonous properties the original substance possesses1 because the imide group easily enters into combination with aldehyde2 thus piperidine 7,,ch7,,nh is more poisonous than pyridine 7,,ch7,n2 coniine ,,nh7,,ch7,,ch-,,ch-,,ch,,ch1 is more poisonous than collidine ,n7,,ch7,c-,,ch-7,,ch72 pyrrol 7,,ch7,,nh than pyridine 7,,ch7,n2 and amarin1#ch ,c,h-,,ch-,,nh ,,ch-,c,h1 _/ ,c,h-,c,n than hydrobenzamide ,c,h-,,ch,n ,,ch-,c,h4 _/ ,c,h-,,ch,n #ch ,th4 ,weyl 7,lehrbuch der organischen ,chemie7 states 7p4 #che7 that amarin is not poisonous1 but ,baccheti 7,jahr4 d4 ,chemie1 #ahee7 has shown that #bej mgrms4 of the acetate will kill a dog1 #hj mgrms4 a guinea-pig2 and that it is poisonous to fishes1 birds1 and frogs3 hydrobenzamide in the same doses has no effect4 ,if the theory is true1 then substances with 8labile0 amido groups1 on the one hand1 must increase in toxic activity if a second amido group is introduced2 and1 on the other1 their toxic qualities must be diminished if the amido group is changed into an imido group by the substitution of an atom of hydrogen for an alkyl4 ,observation has shown that both of these requirements are satisfied2 phenylenediamine is more poisonous than aniline2 toluylenediamine more poisonous than toluidine4 ,again1 if an atom of hydrogen in the amido 7,,nh7 group in aniline be replaced by an alkyl1 e4g4 methyl or ethyl1 the resulting substance does not produce muscular spasm2 but if the same alkyl is substituted for an atom of hydrogen in the benzene nucleus the convulsive action remains unaffected4 ,if an acidyl1 as for example the radical of acetic acid1 enter into the amido group1 then the toxic action is notably weakened2 thus1 acetanilide is weaker than aniline1 and acetylphenylhydrazine is weaker than phenylhydrazine4 ,if the hydrogen of the imido group be replaced by an alkyl or an acid radical1 and therefore tertiary bound nitrogen restored1 the poisonous action is also weakened4 ,in xanthin there are three imido groups2 the hydrogen of two of these groups is replaced by methyl in theobromin2 and in caffein the three hydrogens of the three imido groups are replaced by three methyls1 thus3-- ,,nh--,,ch ,,co ,c--,,nh ,,co _/ ,,nh--,c,n ,xanthin4 ,n4,,ch--,,ch ,,co ,c--,n4,,ch ,,co _/ ,,nh-----,c,n ,theobromin4 ,n4,,ch--,,ch ,,co ,c--,n4,,ch ,,co _/ ,n4,,ch--,c,n ,caffein4 and experiment has shown that theobromin is weaker than xanthin1 and caffein still weaker than theobromin4 ,loew#ci makes the following generalisations3-- #ci ,ein natrliches ,system der ,gift-,wirkungen1 ,mnchen1 #ahic4 #a4 ,entrance of the carboxyl or sulpho groups weakens toxic action4 #b4 ,entrance of a chlorine atom exalts the toxic character of the catalytic poisons 7,loew's catalytic poisons are alcohols1 ether1 chloroform1 chloral1 carbon tetrachloride1 methylal1 carbon disulphide and volatile hydrocarbons74 #c4 ,entrance of hydroxyl groups in the catalytic poisons of the fatty series weakens toxic character2 on the other hand1 it exalts the toxicity of the substituting poisons4 7,examples of ,loew's class of 8substituting0 poisons are hydroxylamine1 phenylhydrazine1 hydric cyanide1 hydric sulphide1 aldehyde1 and the phenols47 #d4 ,a substance increases in poisonous character through every influence which increases its power of reaction with aldehyde or amido groups4 ,if1 for example1 an amido or imido group in the poison molecule be made more 8labile10 or if thrice linked nitrogen is converted into nitrogen connected by two bands1 whether through addition of water or transposition 7umlagerung7 or if a second amido group enters1 the poisonous quality is increased4 ,presence of a negative group may modify the action4 #e4 ,entrance of a nitro group strengthens the poisonous character4 ,if a carboxyl or a sulpho group is present in the molecule1 or if1 in passing through the animal body1 negative groups combine with the poison molecule1 or carboxyl groups are formed in the said molecule2 in such cases the poisonous character of the nitro group may not be apparent4 #f4 ,substances with double carbon linkings are more poisonous than the corresponding saturated substances4 ,thus neurine with the double linking of the carbon of ,,ch is more poisonous than choline2 vinylamine than ethylamine4 ,,ch,,ch _/ 7,,ch7,n ,,oh ,neurine4 ,,ch--,,ch,,oh _/ 7,,ch7,n ,,oh ,choline4 ,,ch ,,ch4,,nh ,vinylamine4 ,,ch ,,ch4,,nh ,ethylamine4 #bg4 ,m4 ,ch4 ,michet#dj has investigated the comparative toxicity of the metals by experiments on fish1 using species of ,serranus1 ,crenolabrus1 and ,julius4 ,the chloride of the metal was dissolved in water and diluted until just that strength was attained in which the fish would live #dh hours2 this1 when expressed in grammes per litre1 he called 8the limit of toxicity40 #dj 8,de la ,toxicit compare des diffrents ,mtaux40 ,note de ,m4 ,ch4 ,michet4 ,compt4 ,rend41 t4 xciii41 #ahha1 p4 #fdi4 ,the following is the main result of the inquiry1 by which it will be seen that there was found no relation between 8the limit of toxicity0 and the atomic weight4 ,,table ,,showing ,,the ,,results ,,of ,,experiments ,,on ,,fish4 ,no4 of ,limit of ,experiments4 ,metal4 ,toxicity4 #bj4 ,mercury1 #jjjbi #g4 ,copper1 #jjcc #bj4 ,zinc1 #jjhd #aj4 ,iron1 #jad #g4 ,cadmium1 #jag #f4 ,ammonium1 #jfd #g4 ,potassium1 #aj #aj4 ,nickel1 #abf #i4 ,cobalt1 #abf #aa4 ,lithium1 #c #bj4 ,manganese #cj #f4 ,barium1 #gh #d4 ,magnesium1 #ae #bj4 ,strontium1 #bb #e4 ,calcium1 #bd #f4 ,sodium1 #bdag ,v4--,life-,tests2 or the ,identification of ,poison by ,experiments on ,animals4 #bh4 ,a philosophical investigation of poisons demands a complete methodical examination into their action on every life form1 from the lowest to the highest4 ,our knowledge is more definite with regard to the action of poisons on man1 dogs1 cats1 rabbits1 and frogs than on any other species4 ,it may be convenient here to make a few general remarks as to the action of poisons on infusoria1 the cephalopoda1 and insects4 ,infusoria4--,the infusoria are extremely sensitive to the poisonous alkaloids and other chemical agents4 ,strong doses of the alkaloids cause a contraction of the cell contents1 and somewhat rapid disintegration of the whole body2 moderate doses at first quicken the movements1 then the body gets perceptibly larger1 and finally1 as in the first case1 there is disintegration of the animal substance4 ,rossbach#da gives the following intimations of the proportion of the toxic principle necessary to cause death3--,strychnine #a part dissolved in #aejj of water2 veratrine #a in #hjjj2 quinine #a in #ejjj2 atropine #a in #ajjj2 the mineral acids #a in #djj-fjj2 salts #a in #bjj-cjj4 #da ,n4 ,j4 ,rossbach1 ,pharm4 ,zeitschr4 fr ,russland1 xix4 #fbh4 ,the extraordinary sensitiveness of the infusoria1 and the small amount of material used in such experiments1 would be practically useful if there were any decided difference in the symptoms produced by different poisons4 ,but no one could be at all certain of even the class to which the poison belongs were he to watch1 without a previous knowledge of what had been added to the water1 the motions of poisoned infusoria4 ,hence the fact is more curious than useful4 ,cephalopoda4--,the action of a few poisons on the cephalopoda has been investigated by ,m4 ,e4 ,yung4#db ,curara placed on the skin had no effect1 but on the branchi led to general paralysis4 ,if given in even fifteen times a greater dose than necessary to kill a rabbit1 it was not always fatal4 ,strychnine1 dissolved in sea-water1 in the proportion of #a to #cj1jjj1 causes most marked symptoms4 ,the first sign is relaxation of the chromataphore muscle and the closing of the chromataphores2 the animal pales1 the respiratory movements become more powerful1 and at the end of a notable augmentation in their number1 they fall rapidly from the normal number of #be to #e a minute4 ,then tetanus commences after a time1 varying with the dose of the poison2 the arm stiffens and extends in fan-like form1 the entire body is convulsed1 the respiration is in jerks1 the animal empties his pouch1 and at the end of a few minutes is dead1 in a state of great muscular rigidity4 ,if at this moment it is opened1 the venous heart is found still beating4 ,nicotine and other poisons were experimented with1 and the cephalopoda were found to be generally sensitive to the active alkaloids1 and to exhibit more or less marked symptoms4 #db ,compt4 ,rend41 t4 xci4 p4 #cjf4 ,insects4--,the author devoted considerable time1 in the autumn of #ahhb1 to observations on the effect of certain alkaloids on the common blow-fly1 thinking it possible that the insect would exhibit a sufficient series of symptoms of physiological phenomena to enable it to be used by the toxicologist as a living reagent4 ,if so1 the cheapness and ubiquity of the tiny life during a considerable portion of the year would recommend it for the purpose4 ,provided two blow-flies are caught and placed beneath glass shades--the one poisoned1 the other not--it is surprising what a variety of symptoms can1 with a little practice1 be distinguished4 ,nevertheless1 the absence of pupils1 and the want of respiratory and cardiac movements1 are1 in an experimental point of view1 defects for which no amount or variety of merely muscular symptoms can compensate4 ,from the nature of the case1 we can only distinguish in the poisoned fly dulness or vivacity of movement1 loss of power in walking on smooth surfaces1 irritation of the integument1 disorderly movements of the limbs1 protrusion of the fleshy proboscis1 and paralysis1 whether of legs or wings4 ,my experiments were chiefly made by smearing the extracts or neutral solutions of poisons on the head of the fly4 ,in this way some of it is invariably taken into the system1 partly by direct absorption1 and partly by the insect's efforts to free itself from the foreign substance1 in which it uses its legs and proboscis4 ,for the symptoms witnessed after the application of saponin1 digitalin1 and aconitine1 the reader is referred to the articles on those substances4 ,in poisoning by sausages1 bad meat1 curarine1 and in obscure cases generally1 in the present state of science1 experiments on living animals are absolutely necessary4 ,in this1 and in this way only1 in very many instances1 can the expert prove the presence of zymotic1 or show the absence of chemical poison4 ,the ,vivisection ,act1 however1 effectually precludes the use of life-tests in ,england save in licensed institutions4 ,hence the 8methods0 of applying life-tests described in former editions will be omitted4 #bi4 ,effect of poisons on the heart of ,cold-blooded ,animals4--,the ,vivisection ,act does not1 however1 interfere with the use of certain living tests1 such1 for instance1 as the testing of the action of poisons upon the recently extirpated hearts of cold-blooded animals4 ,illustration3 ,williams' ,apparatus4 ,the heart of the frog1 of the turtle1 of the tortoise1 and of the shark will beat regularly for a long time after removal from the body1 if supplied with a regular stream of nutrient fluid4 ,the fluids used for this purpose are the blood of the herbivora diluted with common salt solution1 or a serum albumin solution1 or a #b per cent4 solution of gum arabic in which red blood corpuscles are suspended4 ,the simplest apparatus to use is that known as 8,williams'40 ,williams' apparatus consists of two glass bulbs 7see diagram71 the one1 ,p1 containing nutrient fluid to which a known quantity of the poison has been added2 the other1 ,n1 containing the same fluid but to which no poison has been added2 these bulbs are connected by caoutchouc tubing to a three-way tube1 ,t1 and each piece of caoutchouc tubing has a pressure screw clip1 ,v and ,v2 the three-way tube is connected with a wider tube containing a valve float1 ,f1 which gives free passage of fluid in one direction only1 that is1 in the direction of the arrow2 this last wide tube is connected with a ,y piece of tubing1 which again is connected with the aorta of the heart under examination1 the other leg of the ,y tube is connected with another wide tube1 ,x1 having a float valve1 ,f3 the float containing a drop of mercury and permitting 7like the float valve ,f7 passage in one direction only of fluid1 it is obvious that if the clip communicating with ,n is opened and the clip communicating with ,p is closed1 the normal fluid will circulate alone through the heart2 if1 on the other hand1 the ,p clip is open and the ,n clip closed1 the poisoned blood will alone feed the heart4 ,it is also clear that by raising or depressing the bulbs1 the circulating fluid can be delivered at any pressure1 high or low4 ,should a bubble of air get into the tubes1 it can be got rid of by removing the cork at ,s and bringing the fluid up to the level of the top of the aperture4 ,the observation is made by first ascertaining the number and character of the beats when the normal fluid is circulating1 and then afterwards when the normal is replaced by the poisoned fluid4 ,a simpler but less accurate process is to pith two frogs1 excise their respective hearts1 and place the hearts in watch-glasses containing either serum or a solution of common salt 7strength #jge per cent472 to the one heart is now added a solution of the poison under examination1 and the difference in the behaviour and character of the beats noted4 ,the phenomena to be specially looked for are the following3-- #a4 ,the heart at the height of the poisoning is arrested in diastole4 #b4 ,the heart at the height of the poisoning is arrested in systole4 ,arrest in diastole4--,the arrest may be preceded by the contractions becoming weaker and weaker1 or after the so-called heart peristalsis2 or it may be preceded by a condition in which the auricle shows a different frequency to the ventricle4 ,the final diastole may be the diastole of paralysis or the diastole of irritation4 ,the diastole of irritation is produced by a stimulus of the inhibitory ganglia1 and only occurs after poisoning by the muscarine group of poisons4 ,this condition may be recognised by the fact that contraction may be excited by mechanical and electrical stimuli or by the application of atropine solution2 the latter paralyses the inhibitory nervous centres1 and therefore sets the mechanism going again4 ,the diastole of paralysis is the most frequent form of death4 ,it may readily be distinguished from the muscarine diastole2 for1 in muscarine diastole1 the heart is full of blood and larger than normal2 but in the paralytic form the heart is not fully extended1 besides which1 although1 if normal blood replace that which is poisoned1 the beats may be restored for a short time1 the response is incomplete1 and the end is the same2 besides which1 atropine does not restore the beats4 ,the diastole of paralysis may depend on paralysis of the so-called excito-motor ganglia 7as with iodal71 or from paralysis of the muscular structure 7as with copper74 #cj4 ,the effect of poisons on the iris4--,several poisons affect the pupil1 causing either contraction or dilatation4 ,the most suitable animal is the cat2 the pupil of the cat readily showing either state4 ,toxic myosis1 or toxic contraction of the pupil4--,there are two forms of toxic myosis1 one of which is central in its origin4 ,in this form1 should the poison be applied to the eye itself1 no marked contraction follows2 the poison must be swallowed or injected subcutaneously to produce an effect4 ,the contraction remains until death4 ,the contraction in such a case is considered to be due to a paralysis of the dilatation centre2 it is a 8myosis paralytica centralis20 the best example of this is the contraction of the pupil caused by morphine4 ,in the second case the poison1 whether applied direct to the eye or entering the circulation by subcutaneous injection1 contracts the pupil2 the contraction persists if the eye is extirpated1 but in all cases the contraction may be changed into dilatation by the use of atropine4 ,an example of this kind of myosis is the action of muscarine4 ,it is dependent on the stimulation of the ends of the nerves which contract the pupil1 especially the ends of the nervus oculomotorius supplying the sphincter iridis2 this form of myosis is called myosis spastica periphera4 ,a variety of this form is the myosis spastica muscularis1 depending on stimulation of the musc4 sphincter iridis1 seen in poisoning by physostigmine4 ,this causes strong contraction of the pupil when locally applied2 the contraction is not influenced by small local applications of atropine1 but it may be changed to dilatation by high doses4 ,subcutaneous injection of small doses of physostigmine does not alter the pupil1 but large poisonous doses contracts the pupil in a marked manner4 ,toxic mydriasis1 or toxic dilatation of the pupil4--,the following varieties are to be noticed3-- #a4 ,toxic doses taken by the mouth or given by subcutaneous injection give rise to strong dilatation2 this vanishes before death1 giving place to moderate contraction4 ,this form is due to stimulation of the dilatation centre1 later passing into paralysis4 ,an example is found in the action of aconite4 #b4 ,after subcutaneous or local application1 a dilatation neutralised by physostigmine in moderate doses4 ,this is characteristic of -tetrahydronaphthylamine4 #c4 ,after subcutaneous injection1 or if applied locally in very small doses1 dilatation occurs persisting to death4 ,large doses of physostigmine neutralise the dilatation1 but it is not influenced by muscarine or pilocarpine3 this form is characteristic of atropine1 and it has been called mydriasis paralytica periphera4 ,the heart at the height of the poisoning stops in systole4 #b4 ,arrest in systole4--,the systole preceding the arrest is far stronger than normal1 the ventricle often contracting up into a little lump4 ,contraction of this kind is specially to be seen in poisoning by digitalis4 ,in poisoning by digitalis the ventricle is arrested before the auricle2 in muscarine poisoning the auricle stops before the ventricle4 ,if the reservoir of ,williams' apparatus is raised so as to increase the pressure within the ventricle the beat may be restored for a time1 to again cease4 ,a frog's heart under the influence of any poison may be finally divided into pieces so as to ascertain if any parts still contract2 the significance of this is1 that the particular ganglion supplying that portion of the heart has not been affected3 the chief ganglia to be looked for are ,remak's1 on the boundary of the sinus and auricle2 ,ludwig's1 on the auricle and the septum of the auricle2 ,bidder's1 on the atrioventricular border1 especially in the valves2 and ,dogiel's ganglion1 between the muscular fibres4 ,according to ,dogiel1 poisons acting like muscarine affect every portion of the heart1 and atropine restores the contractile power of every portion4 ,,vi4--,general ,method of ,procedure in ,searching for ,poison4 #ca4 ,mineral substances1 or liquids containing only inorganic matters1 can cause no possible difficulty to any one who is practised in analytical investigation2 but the substances which exercise the skill of the expert are organic fluids or solids4 ,the first thing to be done is to note accurately the manner in which the samples have been packed1 whether the seals have been tampered with1 whether the vessels or wrappers themselves are likely to have contaminated the articles sent2 and then to make a very careful observation of the appearance1 smell1 colour1 and reaction of the matters1 not forgetting to take the weight1 if solid--the volume1 if liquid4 ,all these are obvious precautions1 requiring no particular directions4 ,if the object of research is the stomach and its contents1 the contents should be carefully transferred to a tall conical glass2 the organ cut open1 spread out on a sheet of glass1 and examined minutely by a lens1 picking out any suspicious-looking substance for closer observation4 ,the mucous membrane should now be well cleansed by the aid of a wash-bottle1 and if there is any necessity for destroying the stomach1 it may be essential in important cases to have it photographed4 ,the washings having been added to the contents of the stomach1 the sediment is separated and submitted to inspection1 for it must be remembered that1 irrespective of the discovery of poison1 a knowledge of the nature of the food last eaten by the deceased may be of extreme value4 ,if the death has really taken place from disease1 and not from poison1 or if it has been caused by poison1 and yet no definite hint of the particular poison can be obtained either by the symptoms or by the attendant circumstances1 the analyst has the difficult task of endeavouring to initiate a process of analysis which will be likely to discover any poison in the animal1 vegetable1 or mineral kingdom4 ,for this purpose ,i have devised the following process1 which differs from those that have hitherto been published mainly in the prominence given to operations in a high vacuum1 and the utilisation of biological experiment as a matter of routine4 ,taking one of the most difficult cases that can occur--viz41 one in which a small quantity only of an organic solid or fluid is available--the best method of procedure is the following3-- ,illustration ,a small portion is reserved and examined microscopically1 and1 if thought desirable1 submitted to various 8cultivation0 experiments4 ,the greater portion is at once examined for volatile matters1 and having been placed in a strong flask1 and1 if neutral or alkaline1 feebly acidulated with tartaric acid1 connected with a second or receiving flask by glass tubing and caoutchouc corks4 ,the caoutchouc cork of the receiving flask has a double perforation1 so as to be able1 by a second bit of angle tubing1 to be connected with the mercury-pump described in the author's work on 8,foods10 the figure of which is here repeated 7see the accompanying figure74 ,with a good water-pump having a sufficient length of fall-tube1 a vacuum may be also obtained that for practical purposes is as efficient as one caused by mercury2 if the fall-tube delivers outside the laboratory over a drain1 no offensive odour is experienced when dealing with putrid1 stinking liquids4 ,a vacuum having been obtained1 and the receiving-flask surrounded with ice1 a distillate for preliminary testing may be generally got without the action of any external heat2 but if this is too slow1 the flask containing the substances or liquid under examination may be gently heated by a water-bath--water1 volatile oils1 a variety of volatile substances1 such as prussic acid1 hydrochloric acid1 phosphorus1 c41 if present1 will distil over4 ,it will be well to free in this way the substance1 as much as possible1 from volatile matters and water4 ,when no more will come over1 the distillate may be carefully examined by redistillation and the various appropriate tests4 ,illustration3 ,this figure is from 8,foods40 ,b is a bell-jar1 which can be adapted by a cork to a condenser2 ,r is made of iron2 the rim of the bell-jar is immersed in mercury1 which the deep groove receives4 ,the next step is to dry the sample thoroughly4 ,this is best effected also in a vacuum by the use of the same apparatus1 only this time the receiving-flask is to be half filled with strong sulphuric acid4 ,by now applying very gentle heat to the first flask1 and cooling the sulphuric acid receiver1 even such substances as the liver in twenty-four hours may be obtained dry enough to powder4 ,having by these means obtained a nearly dry friable mass1 it is reduced to a coarse powder1 and extracted with petroleum ether2 the extraction may be effected either in a special apparatus 7as1 for example1 in a large 8,soxhlet071 or in a beaker placed in the 8,ether recovery apparatus0 7see fig471 which is adapted to an upright condenser4 ,the petroleum extract is evaporated and leaves the fatty matter1 possibly contaminated by traces of any alkaloid which the substance may have contained2 for1 although most alkaloids are insoluble in petroleum ether1 yet they are taken up in small quantities by oils and fats1 and are extracted with the fat by petroleum ether4 ,it is hence necessary always to examine the petroleum extract by shaking it up with water1 slightly acidulated with sulphuric acid1 which will extract from the fat any trace of alkaloid1 and will permit the discovery of such alkaloids by the ordinary 8group reagents40 ,the substance now being freed for the most part from water and from fat1 is digested in the cold with absolute alcohol for some hours2 the alcohol is filtered off1 and allowed to evaporate spontaneously1 or1 if speed is an object1 it may be distilled in vacuo4 ,the treatment is next with hot alcohol of #ij per cent41 and1 after filtering1 the dry residue is exhausted with ether4 ,the ether and alcohol1 having been driven off1 leave extracts which may be dissolved in water and tested1 both chemically and biologically1 for alkaloids1 glucosides1 and organic acids4 ,it must also be remembered that there are a few metallic compounds 7as1 for example1 corrosive sublimate7 which are soluble in alcohol and ethereal solvents1 and must not be overlooked4 ,the residue1 after being thus acted upon successively by petroleum1 by alcohol1 and by ether1 is both water-free and fat-free1 and also devoid of all organic poisonous bases and principles1 and it only remains to treat it for metals4 ,for this purpose1 it is placed in a retort1 and distilled once or twice to dryness with a known quantity of strong1 pure hydrochloric acid4 ,if arsenic1 in the form of arsenious acid1 were present1 it would distil over as a trichloride1 and be detected in the distillate2 by raising the heat1 the organic matter is carbonised1 and most of it destroyed4 ,the distillate is saturated with hydric sulphide1 and any precipitate separated and examined4 ,the residue in the retort will contain the fixed metals1 such as zinc1 copper1 lead1 c4 ,it is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid1 filtered1 the filtrate saturated with ,,sh and any precipitate collected4 ,the filtrate is now treated with sufficient sodic acetate to replace the hydric chloride1 again saturated with ,,sh and any precipitate collected and tested for zinc1 nickel1 and cobalt4 ,by this treatment1 viz43-- #a4 ,distillation in a vacuum at a low temperature1 #b4 ,collecting the volatile products1 #c4 ,dehydrating the organic substances1 #d4 ,dissolving out from the dry mass fatty matters and alkaloids1 glucosides1 c41 by ethereal and alcoholic solvents1 #e4 ,destroying organic matter and searching for metals1 --a very fair and complete analysis may be made from a small amount of material4 ,the process is1 however1 somewhat faulty in reference to phosphorus1 and also to oxalic acid and the oxalates2 these poisons1 if suspected1 should be specially searched for in the manner to be more particularly described in the sections treating of them4 ,in most cases1 there is sufficient material to allow of division into three parts--one for organic poisons generally1 one for inorganic1 and a third for reserve in case of accident4 ,when such is the case1 although1 for organic principles1 the process of vacuum distillation just described still holds good1 it will be very much the most convenient way not to use that portion for metals1 but to operate on the portion reserved for the inorganic poisons as follows by destruction of the organic matter4 ,the destruction of organic matter through simple distillation by means of pure hydrochloric acid is at least equal to that by sulphuric acid1 chlorate of potash1 and the carbonisation methods4 ,the object of the chemist not being to dissolve every fragment of cellular tissue1 muscle1 and tendon1 but simply all mineral ingredients1 the less organic matter which goes into solution the better4 ,that hydrochloric acid would fail to dissolve sulphate of baryta and sulphate of lead1 and that sulphide of arsenic is also almost insoluble in the acid1 is no objection to the process recommended1 for it is always open to the analyst to treat the residue specially for these substances4 ,the sulphides precipitated by hydric sulphide from an acid solution are--arsenic1 antimony1 tin1 cadmium1 lead1 bismuth1 mercury1 copper1 and silver4 ,those not precipitated are--iron1 manganese1 zinc1 nickel1 and cobalt4 ,as a rule1 one poison alone is present2 so that if there should be a sulphide1 it will belong only exceptionally to more than one metal4 ,the colour of the precipitate from hydric sulphide is either yellowish or black4 ,the yellow and orange precipitates are sulphur1 sulphides of arsenic1 antimony1 tin1 and cadmium4 ,in pure solutions they may be almost distinguished by their different hues1 but in solutions contaminated by a little organic matter the colours may not be distinctive4 ,the sulphide of arsenic is of a pale yellow colour2 and if the very improbable circumstance should happen that arsenic1 antimony1 and cadmium occur in the same solution1 the sulphide of arsenic may be first separated by ammonia1 and the sulphide of antimony by sulphide of sodium1 leaving cadmic sulphide insoluble in both processes4 ,the black precipitates are--lead1 bismuth1 mercury1 copper1 and silver4 ,the black sulphide is freed from arsenic1 if present1 by ammonia1 and digested with dilute nitric acid1 which will dissolve all the sulphides1 save those of mercury and tin1 so that if a complete solution is obtained 7sulphur flocks excepted71 it is evident that both these substances are absent4 ,the presence of copper is betrayed by the blue colour of the nitric acid solution1 and through its special reactions2 lead1 by the deep yellow precipitate which falls by the addition of chromate of potash and acetate of soda to the solution2 bismuth1 through a white precipitate on dilution with water4 ,if the nitric acid leaves a black insoluble residue1 this is probably sulphide of mercury1 and should be treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid to separate flocks of sulphur1 evaporated to dryness1 again dissolved1 and tested for mercury by iodide of potassium1 copper foil1 c41 as described in the article on ,mercury4 ,zinc1 nickel1 and cobalt are likewise tested for in the filtrate as described in the respective articles on these metals4 ,,autenrieth',s ,,general ,,process4 #cb4 ,a general method of procedure has been published by ,w4 ,autenrieth4#dc #dc ,kurze ,anleitung zur ,auffindung der ,gifte1 ,freiburg1 #ahib4 ,he divides poisonous substances1 for the purposes of separation and detection1 into three classes3-- ,i4 ,poisons capable of distillation from an acid aqueous solution4 ,,ii4 ,organic substances which are not capable of distillation from acid solutions4 ,,iii4 ,metallic poisons4 ,where possible1 the fluid or solids submitted to the research are divided into four equal parts1 one of the parts to be kept in reserve in case of accident or as a control2 one of the remaining three parts to be distilled2 a second to be investigated for organic substances2 and a third for metals4 ,after the extraction of organic substances from part ,no4 ,,ii4 the residue may be added to ,no4 ,,iii4 for the purpose of search after metals2 and1 if the total quantity is small1 the whole of the process may be conducted without division4 ,i4 ,,substances ,,separated ,,by ,,distillation4 ,the substances are placed in a capacious flask1 diluted if necessary with water to the consistence of a thin soup1 and tartaric acid added to distinct acid reaction1 and distilled4 ,in this way phosphorus1 prussic acid1 carbolic acid1 chloroform1 chloral hydrate1 nitrobenzol1 aniline1#dd and alcohol may be separated and identified by the reactions given in the sections of this work describing those substances4 #dd ,aniline is a weak base1 so that1 although a solution be acid1 some of the aniline distils over on heating4 ,,ii4 ,,organic ,,poisons ,,not ,,volatile ,,in ,,acid ,,solution4 ,part ,no4 ,,ii4 is mixed with double its volume of absolute alcohol1 tartaric acid added to distinct acid reaction and placed in a flask connected with an inverted ,liebig's condenser2 it is then warmed for #ae to #bj minutes on the water-bath4 ,after cooling1 the mixture is filtered1 the residue well washed with alcohol and evaporated to a thin syrup in a porcelain dish over the water-bath4 ,the dish is then allowed to cool and digested with #ajj c4c4 of water2 fat and resinous matters separate1 the watery solution is filtered through ,swedish paper previously moistened3 if the fluid filtrate is clear it may be at once shaken up with ether1 but if not clear1 and especially if it is more or less slimy1 it is evaporated again on the water-bath to the consistence of an extract3 the extract treated with #fj to #hj c4c4 of absolute alcohol 7which precipitates mucus and dextrin-like substances71 the alcohol evaporated off and the residue taken up with from #fj to #hj c4c4 of distilled water2 it is then shaken up with ether1 as in ,dragendorff's process1 and such substances as digitalin1 picric acid1 salicylic acid1 antipyrin and others separated in this way and identified4 ,after this treatment with ether1 and the separation of the ether extract1 the watery solution is strongly alkalised with caustic soda and shaken up again with ether1 which dissolves almost every alkaloid save morphine and apomorphine2 the ethereal extract is separated and any alkaloid left identified by suitable tests4 ,the aqueous solution1 now deprived of substances soluble in ether both from acid and from solutions made alkaline by soda1 is now investigated for morphine and apomorphine2 the apomorphine being separated by first acidifying a portion of the alkaline solution with hydrochloric acid1 then alkalising with ammonia and shaking out with ether4 ,the morphine is separated from the same solution by shaking out with warm chloroform4#de #de ,hot amyl alcohol would be better 7see 8,morphine074 ,,iii4 ,,metals4 ,the substances are placed in a porcelain dish and diluted with a sufficient quantity of water to form a thin soup and #bj to #cj c4c4 of pure hydrochloric acid added2 the dish is placed on the water-bath and #b grms4 of potassic chlorate added4 ,the contents are stirred from time to time1 and successive quantities of potassic chlorate are again added1 until the contents are coloured yellow4 ,the heating is continued1 with1 if necessary1 the addition of more acid1 until all smell of chlorine has ceased4 ,if there is considerable excess of acid1 this is to be evaporated away by diluting with a little water and continuing to heat on the water-bath4 ,the dish with its contents is cooled1 a little water added1 and the fluid is then filtered4 ,the metals remaining on the filter are3-- ,silver chloride1 ,lead sulphate1 ,barium sulphate2 in the filtrate will be all the other metals4 ,the filtrate is put in a flask and heated to from #fj to #hj degrees and submitted to a slow stream of hydric sulphide gas2 when the fluid is saturated with the gas1 the flask is securely corked and allowed to rest for twelve hours2 at the end of that time the fluid is filtered and the filter washed with water saturated with hydric sulphide4 ,the still moist sulphides remaining on the filter are treated with yellow ammonium sulphide containing some free ammonia and washed with sulphide of ammonium water4 ,now remaining on the filter1 if present at all1 will be3-- ,mercury sulphide1 ,lead sulphide1 ,copper sulphide1 ,cadmium sulphide2 in the filtrate may be3-- ,arsenic sulphide1 ,antimony sulphide1 ,tin sulphide1 and there may also be a small portion of copper sulphide1 because the latter is somewhat soluble in a considerable quantity of ammonium sulphide4 ,the filtrate from the original hydric sulphide precipitate will contain1 if present1 the sulphides of zinc and chromium in solution4 ,,investigation ,,of ,,the ,,sulphides ,,soluble ,,in ,,ammonium ,,sulphide1 ,,viz41 ,,arsenic1 ,,antimony1 ,,tin4 ,the ammonium sulphide solution is evaporated to dryness in a porcelain dish1 strong nitric acid added and again dried4 ,to this residue a little strong caustic soda solution is added1 and then it is intimately mixed with three times its weight of a mixture composed of #b of potassic nitrate to #a of dry sodium hydrate4 ,this is now cast1 bit by bit1 into a red-hot porcelain crucible4 ,the whole is heated until it has melted into a colourless fluid4 ,presuming the original mass contained arsenic1 antimony1 and tin1 the melt contains sodic arseniate1 sodic pyro-antimonate1 sodic stannate1 and tin oxide2 it may also contain a trace of copper oxide4 ,the melt is cooled1 dissolved in a little water1 and sodium bicarbonate added so as to change any caustic soda remaining into carbonate1 and to decompose the small amount of sodic stannate2 the liquid is then filtered4 ,the filtrate will contain the arsenic as sodic arseniate2 while on the filter there will be pyro-antimonate of soda1 tin oxide1 and1 possibly1 a little copper oxide4 ,the recognition of these substances now is not difficult 7see the separate articles on ,antimony1 ,tin1 ,zinc1 ,arsenic1 ,copper74 ,,investigation ,,of ,,the ,,sulphides ,,insoluble ,,in ,,sulphide ,,of ,,ammonium1 ,,viz41 ,,mercury1 ,,lead1 ,,copper1 ,,cadmium4 ,if the precipitate is contaminated with organic matter1 it is treated with hydrochloric acid and potassic chlorate in the manner already described1 p4 #ea4 ,afterwards it is once more saturated with hydric sulphide1 the precipitate is collected on a filter1 well washed1 and the sulphides treated with moderately concentrated nitric acid 7#a vol4 nitric acid1 #b vols4 water74 ,the sulphides are best treated with this solvent on the filter2 all the sulphides mentioned1 save mercury sulphide1 dissolve and pass into the filtrate4 ,this mercury sulphide may be dissolved by nitro-muriatic acid1 the solution evaporated to dryness1 the residue dissolved in water acidified with hydrochloric acid and tested for mercury 7see 8,mercury074 ,the filtrate containing1 it may be1 nitrates of lead1 copper and cadmium is evaporated nearly to dryness and taken up in a very little water4 ,the lead is separated as sulphate by the addition of dilute sulphuric acid4 ,the filtered solution1 freed from lead1 is treated with ammonia to alkaline reaction2 if copper be present1 a blue colour is produced1 and this may be confirmed by other tests 7see 8,copper074 ,to detect cadmium in the presence of copper1 potassic cyanide is added to the blue liquid until complete decolorisation1 and the liquid treated with ,,sh2 if cadmium be present1 it is thrown down as a yellow sulphide1 while potassic cupro-cyanide remains in solution4 ,,search ,,for ,,zinc ,,and ,,chromium4 ,the filtrate from the hydric sulphide precipitate is divided into two parts2 the one half is used in the search for zinc1 the other half is used for chromium4 ,search for ,zinc4--,the liquid is alkalised with ammonia and then ammonium sulphide is added4 ,there will always be a precipitate of a dark colour2 the precipitate will contain earthy phosphates1 iron and1 in some cases1 manganese4 ,the liquid with the precipitate is treated with acetic acid to strong acid reaction and allowed to stand for several hours4 ,the portion of the precipitate remaining undissolved is collected on a filter1 washed1 dried and heated to redness in a porcelain crucible4 ,the residue thus heated is cooled and dissolved in a little dilute sulphuric acid4 ,to the acid solution ammonia is added1 and any precipitate formed is treated with acetic acid2 should the precipitate not completely dissolve1 phosphate of iron is present2 this is filtered off1 and if ,,sh be added to the filtrate1 white zinc sulphide will come down 7see 8,zinc074 ,search for ,chromium4--,the second part of the ,,sh filtrate is evaporated to a thin extract1 mixed with double its weight of sodic nitrate1 dried and cast1 little by little1 into a red-hot porcelain crucible4 ,when the whole is fully melted1 the crucible is removed from the flame1 cooled1 and the mass dissolved in water and filtered4 ,any chromium present will now be in solution in the easily recognised form of potassic chromate 7see 8,chromium074 ,,investigation ,,of ,,the ,,residue 7p4 #eb7 ,,after ,,the ,,treatment ,,of ,,the ,,original ,,substance ,,with ,,hydrochloric ,,acid ,,and ,,potassic ,,chlorate ,,for ,,presence ,,of ,,silver ,,chloride1 ,,lead ,,and ,,barium ,,sulphates4 ,the residue is dried and intimately mixed with three times its weight of a mixture containing #b parts of sodic nitrate and #a part of sodium hydrate1 ,this is added1 little by little1 into a red-hot porcelain crucible4 ,the melted mass is cooled1 dissolved in a little water1 a current of ,,co passed through the solution to convert any caustic soda into carbonate1 and the solution boiled4 ,the result will be an insoluble portion consisting of carbonates of lead and baryta1 and of metallic silver4 ,the mixture is filtered2 the insoluble residue on the filter is warmed for some time with dilute nitric acid2 the solution of nitrates of silver1 lead and barium are concentrated on the water-bath nearly to dryness so as to get rid of any excess of acid1 and the nitrates dissolved in water2 then the silver is precipitated by hydrochloric acid1 the lead by ,,sh1 and the barium by sulphuric acid4 ,,vii4--,the ,spectroscope as an aid to the ,identification of certain ,poisons4 #cc4 ,the spectra of many of the metals1 of phosphine1 of arsine and of several other inorganic substances are characteristic and easily obtained4 ,it is1 however1 from the employment of the micro-spectroscope that the toxicologist is likely to get most assistance4 ,illustration ,oscar ,brasch#df has within the last few years studied spectroscopy in relation to the alkaloids and organic poisons4 ,some of these1 when mixed with ,froehde's reagent1 or with sulphuric acid1 or with sulphuric acid and potassic dichromate1 or with nitric acid1 give characteristic colours1 and the resulting solutions1 when examined by a spectroscope1 for the most part show absorption bands2 these bands may1 occasionally1 assist materially in the identification of a poison4 ,by far the best apparatus is a micro-spectroscope of the ,sorby and ,browning type1 to which is added an apparatus for measuring the position on a scale of the lines and bands4 ,seibert and ,kraft of ,wetzlar make an excellent instrument1 in which a small bright triangle is projected on the spectrum2 this can be moved by a screw1 so that the apex may be brought exactly in the centre of any line or band1 and its position read on an outside scale4 ,the first thing to be done with such an instrument is to determine the position on the scale of the chief ,fraunhofer lines or of the more characteristic lines of the alkalies and alkaline earths1#dg the wave lengths of which are accurately known4 ,if1 now1 the scale divisions are set out as absciss1 and the wave lengths in millionths of a millimetre are made the ordinates of a diagram1 and an equable curve plotted out1 as fully explained in the author's work on 8,foods10 it is easy to convert the numbers on the scale into wave lengths1 and so make the readings applicable to any spectroscope4 ,for the purpose of graphical illustration the curve method is convenient1 and is adopted in the preceding diagrams1 all taken from ,oscar ,brasch's monograph4 ,where the curve is highest there the absorption band is thickest2 where the curve is lowest there the band is weak4 ,the fluid to be examined is simply placed in a watch-glass1 the watch-glass resting on the microscope stand4 #df ,ueber ,verwendbarkeit der ,spectroscopie zur ,unterscheidung der ,farbenreactionen der ,gifte im ,interesse der forensischen ,chemie1 ,dorpat1 #ahij4 #dg ,the alkalies and earths used for this purpose1 with their wave lengths1 are as follows3 ,k,cl1 a line in the red #ggj1 in the violet #djd4 ,lithium chloride1 red line1 #fgje2 sodium chloride1 yellow1 #ehi2 strontium chloride1 line in the blue1 #dfa4 ,it is also useful to measure the green line of thallium chloride #ece4 ,illustration3 ,,curves ,,indicating ,,the ,,position ,,of ,,absorption ,,bands ,,on ,,treating ,,certain ,,alkaloids ,,with ,,reagents4 ,,notes ,,to ,,curves ,,indicating ,,absorption ,,bands4 #a4 ,strychnine1 treated with sulphuric acid and potassic dichromate 7violet74 #b4 ,brucine1 treated with potassic nitrate and sulphuric acid 7clear red74 #c4 ,quebrachine1 treated with vanadium sulphate 7dark blue74 #d4 ,quinine1 ,vogel's reaction 7red74 #e4 ,caffein1 ,murexid reaction 7violet-red74 #f4 ,dephinoidin1 ,froehde's reagent 7cherry-red74 #g4 ,veratrine1 treated with sulphuric acid 7straw-yellow74 #h4 7cherry-red74 #i4 7carmine-red74 #aj4 ,veratrine1 ,furfurol reaction 7blue-violet74 #aa4 ,sabadillin1 treated with sulphuric acid 7red74 #ab4 ,veratroidine1 7brown-red74 #ac4 ,jervine1 ,furfurol reaction 7blue74 #ad4 ,sabadine1 7blue74 #ae4 ,sabadine1 treated with sulphuric acid 7cherry-red74 #af4 ,physostigmine1 7grass-green74 #ag4 ,morphine1 treated with ,froehde's reagent and sugar 7dark-green74 #ah4 ,narcotine1 treated with a mixture of sulphuric acid and nitric acid 7#cj drops of sulphuric to #a drop of nitric71 7red74 #ai4 ,codeine1 treated with ,froehde's reagent and sugar 7dark violet74 #bj4 ,papaverine1 treated with ,froehde's reagent 7green-blue74 #ba4 ,sanguinarin1 7violet-red74 #bb4 ,chelidonin1 sulphate of vanadium 7dark green74 #bc4 ,solanin1 sulphuric acid and allowed to stand #d hours 7brown-red74 #bd4 ,digitalin1 ,erdmann's reagent 7red74 #be4 ,aniline1 sulphuric acid and potassic dichromate 7blue74 ,the wave lengths corresponding to the numbers on the scale in the diagram are as follows3-- ,w4,l4 #j #gcb #a #fef #b #ehib #c #edih #d #eajb #e #dhjj #f #deh #g #dch ,examination of ,blood1 or of ,blood-,stains4 #cd4 ,spots1 supposed to be blood--whether on linen1 walls1 or weapons--should1 in any important case1 be photographed before any chemical or microscopical examination is undertaken4 ,blood-spots1 according to the nature of the material to which they are adherent1 have certain naked eye peculiarities--e4g41 blood on fabrics1 if dry1 has at first a clear carmine-red colour1 and part of it soaks into the tissue4 ,if1 however1 the tissue has been worn some time1 or was originally soiled1 either from perspiration1 grease1 or filth1 the colour may not be obvious or very distinguishable from other stains2 nevertheless1 the stains always impart a certain stiffness1 as from starch1 to the tissue4 ,if the blood has fallen on such substances as wood or metal1 the spot is black1 has a bright glistening surface1 and1 if observed by a lens1 exhibits radiating fissures and a sort of pattern1 which1 according to some1 is peculiar to each species2 so that a skilled observer might identify occasionally1 from the pattern alone1 the animal whence the blood was derived4 ,the blood is dry and brittle1 and can often be detached1 or a splinter of it1 as it were1 obtained4 ,the edges of the splinter1 if submitted to transmitted light1 are observed to be red4 ,blood upon iron is frequently very intimately adherent2 this is specially the case if the stain is upon rusty iron1 for hmatin forms a compound with iron oxide4 ,blood may also have to be recovered from water in which soiled articles have been washed1 or from walls1 or from the soil1 c4 ,in such cases the spot is scraped off from walls1 plaster1 or masonry1 with as little of the foreign matters as may be4 ,it is also possible to obtain the colouring-matter of blood from its solution in water1 and present it for farther examination in a concentrated form1 by the use of certain precipitating agents 7see p4 #fa74 ,in the following scheme for the examination of blood-stains1 it is presumed that only a few spots of blood1 or1 in any case1 a small quantity1 is at the analyst's disposal4 7#a7 ,the dried spot is submitted to the action of a cold saturated solution of borax4 ,this medium 7recommended by ,dragendorff7#dh does certainly dissolve out of linen and cloth blood-colouring matter with great facility4 ,the best way to steep the spots in the solution is to scrape the spot off the fabric1 and to digest it in about a cubic centimetre of the borax solution1 which must not exceed #dj2 the coloured solution may be placed in a little glass cell1 with parallel walls1 #e centimetre broad1 and #a deep1 and submitted to spectroscopic examination1 either by the ordinary spectroscope or by the micro-spectroscope2 if the latter is used1 a very minute quantity can be examined1 even a single drop4 ,in order to interpret the results of this examination properly1 it will be necessary to be intimately acquainted with the spectroscopic appearances of both ancient and fresh blood4 #dh ,untersuchungen von ,blutspuren in ,maschka's ,handbuch1 ,bd4 i4 ,halfband #b4 #ce4 ,spectroscopic ,appearances of ,blood4--,if defibrinated blood#di be diluted with water until it contains about #ja per cent4 of oxyhmoglobin1 and be examined by a spectroscope1 the layer of liquid being #a centimetre thick1 a single absorption band between the wave lengths #ehc and #ege is observed1 and1 under favourable circumstances1 there is also to be seen a very weak band from #eej to #ecb4 ,with solutions so dilute as this1 there is no absorption at either the violet or the red end of the spectrum4 ,a solution containing #ji per cent4 of oxyhmoglobin shows very little absorption in the red end1 but the violet end is dark up to about the wave length #dbh4 ,two absorption bands may now be distinctly seen4 ,a solution containing #cg per cent4 of oxyhmoglobin shows absorption of the red end to about ,w4,l4 #gbj2 the violet is entirely1 the blue partly1 absorbed to about #dec4 ,the bands are considerably broader1 but the centre of the bands occupies the same relative position4 ,a solution containing as much as #h per cent4 of oxyhmoglobin is very dark2 the two bands have amalgamated1 the red end of the spectrum is absorbed nearly up to ,fraunhofer's line a2 the green is just visible between ,w4,l4 #dih and #eah4 ,venous blood1 or arterial blood1 which has been treated with reducing agents1 such1 for example1 as an alkaline sulphide1 gives the spectrum of reduced hmoglobin4 ,if the solution is equivalent to about #b per cent41 a single broad band1 with the edges very little defined1 is seen to occupy the space between ,w4,l4 #eie and #ech1 the band being darkest about #eej2 both ends of the spectrum are more absorbed than by a solution of oxyhmoglobin of the same strength4 ,in the blood of persons or animals poisoned with hydric sulphide--to the spectrum of reduced hmoglobin1 there is added a weak absorption band in the red1 with its centre nearly corresponding with the ,fraunhofer line ,c4 ,blood which has been exposed to carbon oxide has a distinct spectrum1 due1 it would seem1 to a special combination of this gas with hmoglobin2 in other words1 instead of oxygen1 the oxygen of oxyhmoglobin has been displaced by carbon oxide1 and crystals of carbon oxide-hmoglobin1 isomorphous with those of oxyhmoglobin1 may be obtained by suitable treatment4 ,the spectrum of carbon oxide-hmoglobin1 however1 differs so little from that of normal blood1 that it is only comparison with the ordinary spectrum1 or careful measurements1 which will enable any person1 not very familiar with the different spectra of blood1 to detect it2 with careful and painstaking observation the two spectra are seen to be distinct4 ,the difference between the carbon oxide and the normal spectrum essentially consists in a slight moving of the bands nearer to ,e4 ,according to the measurements of ,gamgee1 the band of ,,co-hmoglobin has its centre approximately at ,w4,l4 #egb1 and the band has for its centre ,w4,l4 from #ecd to #ech1 according to concentration4 ,if a small quantity of an ammoniacal solution of ferrous tartrate or citrate be added to blood containing carbon oxide1 the bands do not wholly fade1 but persist more or less distinctly2 whereas1 if the same solution is added to bright red normal blood1 the two bands vanish instantly and coalesce to form the spectrum of reduced hmoglobin4 ,when either a solution of hmoglobin or blood is exposed to the air for some time1 it loses its bright red colour1 becomes brownish-red1 and presents an acid reaction4 ,on examining the spectrum1 the two bands have become faint1 or quite extinct2 but there is a new band1 the centre of which 7according to ,gamgee7 occupies ,w4,l4 #fcb1 but 7according to ,preyer7 #fcd4 ,in solutions of a certain strength1 four bands may be seen1 but in a strong solution only one4 ,this change in the spectrum is due to the passing of the hmoglobin into methmoglobin1 which may be considered as an intermediate stage of decomposition1 prior to the breaking up of the hmoglobin into hmatin and proteids4 #di ,in this brief notice of the spectroscopic appearances of the blood1 the measurements in wave lengths are1 for the most part1 after ,gamgee4--,text-,book of ,physiological ,chemistry1 ,london1 #ahhj4 ,a spectrum very similar to that of methmoglobin is obtained by treating ancient blood-stains with acetic acid--viz41 the spectrum of acid hmatin1 but the band is nearer to its centre1 according to ,gamgee1 corresponding to ,w4,l4 #fdj 7according to ,preyer1 #feff74 ,the portion of the band is a little different in alkaline solution1 the centre being about #eib4 ,hmatin is one of the bodies into which hmoglobin splits up by the addition of such agents as strong acetic acid1 or by the decomposing influence of exposure2 the view most generally accepted being that the colouring-matter of the blood is hmatin in combination with one or more albuminoid bodies4 ,the hmatin obtained by treating blood with acetic acid may be dissolved out by ether1 and the ethereal solution then exhibits a remarkable distinctive spectrum4 ,hence1 in the spectroscopic examination of blood1 or solutions of blood1 for medico-legal purposes1 if the blood is fresh1 the spectrum likely to be seen is either that of oxyhmoglobin or hmoglobin2 but1 if the blood-stain is not recent1 then the spectrum of either hmatin or methmoglobin4 ,the colouring-matter of cochineal1 to which alum1 potassic carbonate1 and tartrate have been added1 gives a spectrum very similar to that of blood 7see 8,foods10 p4 #hb72 but this is only the case when the solution is fresh4 ,the colour is at once discharged by chlorine1 while the colour of blood1 although changed in hue1 remains4 ,the colouring-matter of certain red feathers1 purpurin-sulphuric acid1 and a few other reds1 have some similarity to either the hmatin or the hmoglobin spectrum1 but the bands do not strictly coincide2 besides1 no one would trust to a single test1 and none of the colouring-matters other than blood yield hmatin4 ,the blood in ,,co poisoning has also other characteristics4 ,it is of a peculiar florid vermilion colour1 a colour that is very persistent1 lasting for days and even weeks4 ,normal blood mixed with #cj per cent4 potash solution forms greenish streaky clots1 while blood charged with ,,co forms red streaky clots4 ,normal blood diluted to #ej times its volume of water1 and then treated successively with yellow ammonium sulphide in the proportion of #b to #be c4c4 of blood1 followed by three drops of acetic acid1 gives a grey colour1 while ,,co blood remains bright red4 ,,co blood shaken with #d times its volume of lead acetate remains red1 but normal blood becomes brown4#ej #ej ,m4 ,rubner1 ,arch4 ,hyg41 x4 #cig4 ,solutions of platinum chloride or zinc chloride give a bright red colour with ,,co blood2 normal blood is coloured brown or very dark brown4 ,phospho-molybdic acid or #e per cent4 phenol gives a carmine-coloured precipitate with ,,co blood1 but a reddish-brown precipitate with normal blood 7sensitive to #af per cent474 ,a mixture of #b c4c4 of dilute acetic acid and #ae c4c4 of #bj per cent4 potassic ferrocyanide solution added to #aj c4c4 of ,,co blood produces an intense bright red2 normal blood becomes dark brown4 ,four parts of ,,co blood1 diluted with #d parts of water and shaken with #c vols4 of #a per cent4 tannin solution1 become at first bright red with a bluish tinge1 and remain so persistently4 ,normal blood1 on the other hand1 also strikes bright red at first1 but with a yellowish tinge2 at the end of #a hour it becomes brownish1 and finally in #bd hours grey4 ,this is stated to be delicate enough to detect #jjjbc per cent4 in air4 ,if blood be diluted with #dj times its volume of water1 and #e drops of phenylhydrazin solution be added1 ,,co blood strikes rose-red2 normal blood grey-violet4#ea #ea ,a4 ,welzel1 ,centr4 med4 ,wiss41 xxvii4 #gcb-gcd4 ,gustave ,piotrowski#eb has experimented on the length of time blood retains ,,co4 ,the blood of dogs poisoned by this agent was kept in flasks1 and then the gas pumped out by means of a mercury pump on the following dates3-- #eb ,compt4 ,rend4 ,soc4 de ,biol41 v4 #dcc4 ,date4 ,content of gas in ,,co4 ,jan4 #ab1 #ahib1 #bdg per cent4 #bj1 #bce #bh1 #bbb ,feb4 #h1 #bjc #af1 #aee #bf1 #ajb ,march #c1 #fc #ad1 #df #bb1 #ab ,the same dog was buried on the #abth of ,january1 and exhumed on ,march #bhth1 and the gas pumped out from some of the blood2 this gas gave #aag per cent4 of ,,co2 hence it is clear that burial preserves ,,co blood from change to a certain extent4 ,n4 ,grhant#ec treated the poisoned blood of a dog with acetic acid1 and found it evolved #add c4c4 ,,co from #ajj c4c4 of blood4 #ec ,compt4 ,rend41 cvi4 #bhi4 ,stevenson1 in one of the cases detailed at p4 #fg1 found the blood in the right auricle to contain #jjc per cent4 by weight of ,,co4 7#b7 ,preparation of ,hmatin ,crystals--7,teichmann's crystals74--,a portion of the borax solution is diluted with #e or #f parts of water1 and one or more drops of a #e or #f per cent4 solution of zinc acetate added1 so long as a brownish-coloured precipitate is thrown down4 ,the precipitate is filtered off by means of a miniature filter1 and then removed on to a watch-glass4 ,the precipitate may now be dissolved in #a or #b c4c4 of acetic acid1 and examined by the spectroscope it will show the spectrum of hmatin4 ,a minute crystal of sodic chloride being then added to the acetic acid solution1 it is allowed to evaporate to dryness at the ordinary temperature1 and crystals of hmatin hydrochlorate result4 ,there are other methods of obtaining the crystals4 ,when a drop of fresh blood is simply boiled with glacial acetic acid1 on evaporation1 prismatic crystals are obtained4 ,hmatin is insoluble in water1 alcohol1 chloroform1 and in cold dilute acetic and hydrochloric acids4 ,it may1 however1 be dissolved in an alcoholic solution of potassic carbonate1 in solutions of the caustic alkalies1 and in boiling acetic and hydrochloric acids4 ,hoppe-,seyler ascribes to the crystals the formula ,c,h,n,fe,o#b;,h,cl4 ,thudichum considers that the pure crystals contain no chlorine1 and are therefore those of hmatin4 ,it is the resistance of the hmatin to decomposition and to ordinary solvents that renders it possible to identify a certain stain to be that of blood1 after long periods of time4 ,dr4 ,tidy seems to have been able to obtain blood reactions from a stain which was supposed to be #ajj years old4 ,the crystals are of a dark-red colour1 and present themselves in three forms1 of which that of the rhombic prism is the most common 7see fig474 ,but crystals like b1 having six sides1 also occur1 and also crystals similar to c4 ,illustration ,if the spot under examination has been scraped off an iron implement the hmatin is not so easily extracted1 but ,dragendorff states that borax solution at #ej dissolves it1 and separates it from the iron4 ,felletar has also extracted blood in combination with iron rust1 by means of warm solution of caustic potash1 and1 after neutralisation with acetic acid1 has precipitated the hmin by means of tannin1 and obtained from the tannin precipitate1 by means of acetic acid1 ,teichmann's crystals4 ,a little of the rust may also be placed in a test tube1 powdered ammonium chloride added1 also a little strong ammonia1 and after a time filtered2 a small quantity of the filtrate is placed on a slide with a crystal of sodium chloride and evaporated at a gentle heat1 then glacial acetic acid added and allowed to cool2 in this way hmin crystals have been obtained from a crowbar fifty days after having been blood-stained4#ed #ed ,brit4 ,med4 ,journ41 ,feb4 #ag1 #ahid4 7#c7 ,guaiacum ,test4--,this test depends upon the fact that a solution of hmoglobin develops a beautiful blue colour1 if brought into contact with fresh tincture of guaiacum and peroxide of hydrogen4 ,the simplest way to obtain this reaction is to moisten the suspected stain with distilled water2 after allowing sufficient time for the water to dissolve out some of the blood constituents1 moisten a bit of filter-paper with the weak solution thus obtained2 drop on to the moist space a single drop of tincture of guaiacum which has been prepared by digesting the inner portions of guaiacum resin in alcohol1 and which has been already tested on known blood1 so as to ascertain that it is really good and efficient for the purpose2 and1 lastly1 a few drops of peroxide of hydrogen4 ,dragendorff uses his borax solution1 and1 after a little dilution with water1 adds the tincture and then ,heunefeld's turpentine solution1 which is composed of equal parts of absolute alcohol1 chloroform1 and ,french turpentine1 to which one part of acetic acid has been added4 ,the chloroform separates1 and1 if blood was present1 is of a blue colour4 #cf4 ,to prove by chemical and physical methods that a certain stain is that of blood1 is often only one step in the inquiry1 the next question being whether the blood is that of man or of animals4 ,the blood-corpuscles of man are larger than those of any domestic animal inhabiting ,europe4 ,the diameter of the average red blood-corpuscle is about the #a_/abf of a millimetre1 or #gi 4#ee ,the corpuscles of man and of mammals1 generally speaking1 are round1 those of birds and reptiles oval1 so that there can be no confusion between man and birds1 fishes or reptiles2 if the corpuscles are circular in shape the blood will be that of a mammal4 ,by careful measurements1 ,dr4 ,richardson1 of ,pennsylvania1 affirms that it is quite possible to distinguish human blood from that of all common animals4 ,he maintains1 and it is true1 that1 by using very high magnifying powers and taking much trouble1 an expert can satisfactorily identify human blood1 if he has some half-dozen drops of blood from different animals--such as the sheep1 goat1 horse1 dog1 cat1 c41 all fresh at hand for comparison1 and if the human blood is normal4 ,however1 when we come to the blood of persons suffering from disease1 there are changes in the diameter and even the form of the corpuscles which much complicate the matter2 while1 in blood-stains of any age1 the blood-corpuscles1 even with the most artfully-contrived solvent1 are so distorted in shape that he would be a bold man who should venture on any definite conclusion as to whether the blood was certainly human1 more especially if he had to give evidence in a criminal case4 #ee #a_/cbjj of an inch2 the ,greek letter is the micro-millimetre1 or #ajjjth of a millimetre1 #jjjjcicg inch4 ,neumann affirms that the pattern which the fibrin or coagulum of the blood forms is peculiar to each animal1 and ,dr4 ,day1 of ,geelong1 has independently confirmed his researches3 this very interesting observation perhaps has not received the attention it merits4 ,when there is sufficient of the blood present to obtain a few milligrms4 of ash1 there is a means of distinguishing human blood from that of other common mammals1 which has been neglected by authorities on the subject1 and which may be found of real value4 ,its principle depends upon the relative amounts of potassium and sodium in the blood of man as compared with that in the blood of domestic animals4 ,in the blood of the cow1 sheep1 fowl1 pig1 and horse1 the sodium very much exceeds the potassium in the ash2 thus the proportion of sodium oxide to that of potassium oxide in the blood of the sheep is as ,k,o #a 3 ,na,o #f2 in that of the cow1 as #a 3 #h2 in that of the domestic fowl1 as #a 3 #af2 while the same substances in human blood are sometimes equal1 and vary from #a 3 #a to #a 3 #d as extremes1 the mean numbers being as #a 3 #bb4 ,the potassium is greater in quantity in the blood-corpuscles than in the blood serum2 but1 even in blood serum1 the same marked differences between the blood of man and that of many animals is apparent4 ,thus1 the proportion of potash to soda being as #a 3 #aj in human blood1 the proportion in sheep's blood is #a to #aeg2 in horse's serum as #a to #afd2 and in the ox as #a to #ag4 ,since blood1 when burnt1 leaves from #f to #g per thousand of ash1 it follows that a quantitative analysis of the relative amounts of potassium and sodium can only be satisfactorily effected when sufficient of the blood is at the analyst's disposal to give a weighable quantity of mineral matter4 ,on the other hand1 much work requires to be done before this method of determining that the blood is either human1 or1 at all events1 not that of an herbivorous animal1 can be relied on4 ,we know but little as to the effect of the ingestion of sodium or potassium salts on either man or animals1 and it is possible--nay1 probable--that a more or less entire substitution of the one for the other may1 on certain diets1 take place4 ,bunge seems in some experiments to have found no sodium in the blood of either the cat or the dog4 ,the source from which the blood has emanated may1 in a few cases1 be conjectured from the discovery1 by microscopical examination1 of hair or of buccal1 nasal1 or vaginal epithelium1 c41 mixed with the blood-stain4 ,,part ,,iii4--,,poisonous ,,gases3 ,,carbon ,,monoxide--,,chlorine--,,hydric ,,sulphide4 ,i4--,carbon ,monoxide4 #cg4 ,carbon monoxide1 ,,co1 is a colourless1 odourless gas of #jifgji sp4 gravity4 ,a litre weighs #abeacc grm4 ,it is practically insoluble in water4 ,it unites with many metals1 forming gaseous or volatile compounds1 e4g41 nickel carbon oxide1 ,ni7,,co71 is a fluid volatilising at #dj4 ,these compounds have1 so far as is known1 the same effects as ,,co4 ,whenever carbon is burned with an insufficient supply of air1 ,,co in a certain quantity is produced4 ,it is always present in ordinary domestic products of combustion1 and must be exhaled from the various chimneys of a large city in considerable volumes4 ,a 8smoky0 chimney or a defective flue will therefore introduce carbon monoxide into living-rooms4 ,the vapour from burning coke or burning charcoal is rich in carbon monoxide4 ,it is always a constituent of coal gas1 in ,england the carbon monoxide in coal gas amounting to about #h per cent4 ,poisoning by coal gas is practically poisoning by carbon monoxide4 ,carbon monoxide is also the chief constituent in water gas4 ,carbon monoxide poisoning occurs far more frequently in ,france and ,germany than in ,england2 in those countries the vapour evolved from burning charcoal is a favourite method of suicide1 on account of the supposed painlessness of the death4 ,it has also occasionally been used as an instrument of murder4 ,in this country carbon monoxide poisoning mainly takes place accidentally as the effect of breathing coal gas2 possibly it is the secret and undetected cause of ill health where chimneys 8smoke02 and it may have something to do with the sore throats and debility so often noticed when persons breathe for long periods air contaminated by small leakages of coal gas4 ,the large gas-burners 7geysers7 emit in burning under certain conditions much carbon monoxide4 ,it has been proved by ,grhant#ef that a bunsen burner 8lit below0 also evolves large quantities of the same poisonous gas4 #ef ,compt4 ,rend4 ,soc4 de ,biol41 ix4 #ggi-ghj4 #ch4 ,symptoms4--,nearly all the experience with regard to the symptoms produced by carbon monoxide is derived from breathing not the pure gas1 but the gas diluted by air1 by hydrogen or by carburetted hydrogen1 as in coal gas1 or mixed with large quantities of carbon dioxide4 ,two assistants of ,christison breathed the pure gas3 the one took from two to three inhalations2 he immediately became giddy1 shivered1 had headache and then became unconscious4 ,the second took a bigger dose1 for1 after emptying his lungs as much as possible1 he took from three to four inhalations2 he fell back paralysed1 became unconscious and remained half-an-hour insensible and had the appearance of death1 the pulse being almost extinguished4 ,he was treated with inhalations of oxygen1 but he remained for the rest of the day extremely ill2 he had convulsive muscular movements1 stupor1 headache1 and quick irregular pulse2 on this passing away he still suffered from nausea1 giddiness1 alternate feeling of heat and chilliness1 with some fever1 and in the night had a restless kind of sleep4 ,the chemist ,chenot was accidentally poisoned by the pure gas1 and is stated to have fell as if struck by lightning after a single inspiration1 and remained for a quarter of an hour unconscious4 ,other recorded cases have shown very similar symptoms4 ,the pulse is at the onset large1 full and frequent2 it afterwards becomes small1 slow and irregular4 ,the temperature sinks from #a to #c ,c4 ,the respiration at first slow1 later becomes rattling4 ,as vomiting occurs often when the sufferer is insensible1 the vomited matters have been drawn by inspiration into the trachea and even into the bronchi1 so that death takes place by suffocation4 ,the fatal coma may last even when the person has been removed from the gas from hours to days4 ,coma for three1 four and five days from carbon monoxide has been frequently observed4 ,the longest case on record is that of a person who was comatose for eight days1 and died on the twelfth day after the fatal inhalation4 ,consciousness in this case returned1 but the patient again fell into stupor and died4 ,the slighter kinds of poisoning by carbon monoxide1 as in the ,staffordshire case recorded by ,dr4 ,reid1 in which for a long time a much diluted gas has been breathed1 produce pronounced headache and a general feeling of ill health and malaise1 deepening1 it may be1 into a fatal slumber1 unless the person is removed from the deadly atmosphere4 ,to the headache generally succeeds nausea1 a feeling of oppression in the temples1 a noise in the ears1 feebleness1 anxiety and a dazed condition deepening into coma4 ,it is probably true that charcoal vapour is comparatively painless1 for when larger amounts of the gas are breathed the insensibility comes on rapidly and the faces of those who have succumbed as a rule are placid4 ,vomiting1 without being constant1 is a frequent symptom1 and in fatal cases the fces and urine are passed involuntarily4 ,there are occasional deviations from this picture2 tetanic strychnine-like convulsions have been noticed and a condition of excitement in the non-fatal cases as if from alcohol2 in still rarer cases temporary mania has been produced4 ,in non-fatal but moderately severe cases of poisoning sequel follow1 which in some respects imitate the sequel seen on recovery from the infectious fevers4 ,a weakness of the understanding1 incapacity for rational and connected thought1 and even insanity have been noticed4 ,there is a special liability to local inflammations1 which may pass into gangrene4 ,various paralyses have been observed4 ,eruptions of the skin1 such as herpes1 pemphigus and others4 ,sugar in the urine is an almost constant concomitant of carbon monoxide poisoning4 #ci4 ,the poisonous action of carbon monoxide is1 without doubt1 due to the fact that it is readily absorbed by the blood1 entering into a definite chemical compound with the hmoglobin2 this combination is more stable than the similar compound with oxygen gas1 and is therefore slow in elimination4 ,hence the blood of an animal remaining in an atmosphere containing carbon monoxide is continually getting poorer in oxygen1 richer in carbon monoxide4 ,grhant has shown that if an animal breathes for one hour a mixture of #je carbon monoxide to #ajjj oxygen1 the blood contains at the end of that time one-third less oxygen than normal1 and contains #aeb times more carbon monoxide than in the mixture4 ,an atmosphere of #aj per cent4 carbon monoxide changes the blood so quickly1 that after from #aj to #be seconds the blood contains #d per cent4 of carbon monoxide1 and after from #ge to #ij seconds #ahd per cent4 ,breathing even for half an hour an atmosphere containing from #jjg to #jab per cent4 carbon monoxide renders a fourth part of the red corpuscles of the blood incapable of uniting with oxygen4 ,the blood is1 however1 never saturated with carbon monoxide1 for the animal dies long before this takes place4 ,the characteristics of the blood and its spectroscopic appearances are described at p4 #eh4 ,besides the action on the blood there is an action on the nervous system4 ,kobert1#eg in relation to this subject1 says3--8,that ,,co has a direct action on the nervous system is shown in a marked manner when an atmosphere of oxygen1 with at least #bj per cent4 carbon oxide1 is breathed2 for in the first minute there is acute cramp or total paralysis of the limbs1 when the blood in no way attains the saturation sufficiently great to account for such symptoms4 ,geppert has1 through a special research1 shown that an animal suffocated by withdrawal of oxygen1 increases the number and depth of the respirations2 but when the animal is submitted to ,,co1 in which case there is quite as much a withdrawal of oxygen as in the former case1 yet the animal is not in a condition to strengthen its respiratory movements2 ,geppert hence rightly concludes that ,,co must have a primary specific injurious action on the nerve centres4 ,i 7,kobert7 am inclined to go a step further1 and1 on the ground of unpublished researches1 to maintain that ,,co not only affects injuriously the ganglion cells of the brain1 but also the peripheral nerves 7e4g41 the phrenic71 as well as divers other tissues1 as muscles and glands1 and that it causes so rapidly such a high degree of degeneration as not to be explained through simple slow suffocation2 even gangrene may be caused40 #eg ,lehrbuch der ,intoxicationen1 #ebf4 ,it is this rapid degeneration which is the cause of the enormous increase of the products of the decomposition of albumin1 found experimentally in animals4 #dj4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,the face1 neck1 chest1 abdomen are frequently covered with patches of irregular form and of clear rose-red or bluish-red colour2 these patches are not noticed on the back1 and thus do not depend upon the gravitation of the blood to the lower or most dependent part of the body2 similar red patches have been noticed in poisoning by prussic acid2 the cause of this phenomenon is ascribed to the paralysis of the small arteries of the skin1 which1 therefore1 become injected with the changed blood4 ,the blood throughout is generally fluid1 and of a fine peculiar red colour1 with a bluish tinge4 ,the face is mostly calm1 pale1 and there is seldom any foam about the lips4 ,putrefaction is mostly remarkably retarded4 ,there is nearly always a congestion of some of the internal organs2 sometimes1 and indeed usually1 the membranes of the brain are strongly injected2 sometimes the congestion is mainly in the lungs1 which may be dematous with effusion2 and in a third class of cases the congestion is most marked in the abdominal cavity4 ,the right heart is commonly filled with blood1 and the left side contains only a little blood4 ,poisoning by a small dose of carbon monoxide may produce but few striking changes1 and then it is only by a careful examination of the blood that evidence of the real nature of the case will be obtained4 #da4 ,mass poisonings by ,carbon ,monoxide4--,an interesting series of cases of poisoning by water gas occurred at ,leeds in #ahhi1 and have been recorded by ,dr4 ,thos4 ,stevenson4#eh #eh ,guy's ,hospital ,reports1 #ahhi4 ,water gas is made by placing coke in a vertical cylinder and heating the coke to a red heat4 ,through the red-hot coke1 air is forced up from below for ten minutes2 then the air is shut off and steam passes from above downwards for four minutes2 the gas passes through a scrubber1 and then through a ferric oxide purifier to remove ,,sh4 ,it contains about #ej per cent4 of hydrogen and #dj per cent4 of carbon monoxide1 that is1 about five times more carbon monoxide than coal gas4 ,on ,november #bj1 #ahhi1 two men1 ,r4 ,french and ,h4 ,fenwick1 both intemperate men1 occupied a cabin at the ,leeds ,forge ,works2 the cabin was #edj c4 feet in capacity1 and was lighted by two burners1 each burning #ee c4 feet of water gas per hour2 the cabin was warmed by a cooking stove1 also burning water gas1 the products of combustion escaping into the cabin4 ,both men went into the cabin after breakfast 7#h4cj ,a4,m474 ,french was seen often going to and fro1 and ,fenwick was seen outside at #aj4cj ,a4,m4 ,at #aa4cj the foreman accompanied ,french to the cabin1 and found ,fenwick asleep1 as he thought4 ,at #ab4cj ,p4,m4 ,french's son took the men their dinner1 which was afterwards found uneaten4 ,at that time ,french also appeared to be asleep2 he was shaken by his son1 upon which he nodded to his son to leave4 ,the door of the cabin appears to have been shut1 and all through the morning the lights kept burning2 no smell was experienced4 ,at #b4cj ,p4,m4 both the men were discovered dead4 ,it was subsequently found that the stove was unlighted1 and the water gas supply turned on4 ,what attracted most attention to this case was the strange incident at the post-mortem examination4 ,the autopsies were begun two days after the death1 ,november #bb1 in a room of #ci1jjj c4 feet capacity4 ,there were present ,mr4 ,t4 ,scattergood 7senior71 ,mr4 ,arthur ,scattergood 7junior71 ,mr4 ,hargreaves1 three local surgeons1 ,messrs4 ,brown1 ,loe and ,jessop1 and two assistants1 ,pugh and ,spray4 ,arthur ,scattergood first fainted1 ,mr4 ,scattergood1 senior1 also had some peculiar sensations1 viz41 tingling in the head and slight giddiness2 then ,mr4 ,pugh became faint and staggered2 and ,mr4 ,loe1 ,mr4 ,brown1 and ,mr4 ,spray all complained4 ,these symptoms were not produced1 as was at first thought1 by some volatile gas or vapour emanating from the bodies of the poisoned men1 but1 as subsequently discovered1 admitted of a very simple explanation2 eight burners in the room were turned partly on and not lighted1 and each of the eight burners poured water gas into the room4 ,in #ahia occurred some cases of poisoning#ei by ,,co which are probably unique4 ,the cases in question happened in ,january in a family at ,darlaston4 ,the first sign of anything unusual having happened to the family most affected was the fact that up to #i ,a4,m41 ,sunday morning1 ,january #ah1 none of the family had been seen about4 ,the house was broken into by the neighbours2 and the father1 mother1 and three children were found in bed apparently asleep1 and all efforts to rouse them utterly failed4 ,the medical men summoned arrived about #aj ,a4,m4 and found the father and mother in a state of complete unconsciousness1 and two of the children1 aged #aa and #ad years1 suffering from pain and sickness and diarrha2 the third child had by this time been removed to a neighbouring cottage4 #ei 8,notes on cases of poisoning by the inhalation of carbon monoxide10 by ,dr4 ,george ,reid1 ,medical ,officer of ,health1 ,county of ,stafford4 ,public ,health1 vol4 iii4 #cfd4 ,dr4 ,partridge1 who was in attendance1 remained with the patients three hours1 when he also began to suffer from headache2 while others1 who remained in the house longer1 suffered more severely and complained of an indefinite feeling of exhaustion4 ,these symptoms pointed to some exciting cause associated with the surroundings of the cottage2 consequently1 in the afternoon the two children were removed to another cottage1 and later on the father and mother also4 ,all the patients1 with the exception of the mother1 who was still four days afterwards suffering from the effects of an acute attack1 had completely recovered4 ,the opinion that the illness was owing to some local cause was subsequently strengthened by the fact that two canaries and a cat had died in the night in the kitchen of the cottage2 the former in a cage and the latter in a cupboard1 the door of which was open4 ,also in the same house on the opposite side of the road1 the occupants of which had for some time suffered from headache and depression1 two birds were found dead in their cage in the kitchen4 ,it is important to notice that all these animals died in the respective kitchens of the cottages1 and1 therefore1 on the ground floor1 while the families occupied the first floor4 ,the father stated that for a fortnight or three weeks previous to the serious illness1 he and the whole family had complained of severe frontal headache and a feeling of general depression4 ,this feeling was continuous day and night in the case of the rest of the family1 but in his case1 during the day1 after leaving the house for his work1 it gradually passed off1 to return again during the night4 ,the headaches were so intense that the whole family regularly applied vinegar rags to their heads1 on going to bed each night during this period1 for about three weeks4 ,about two o'clock on ,sunday morning the headaches became so severe that the mother got out of bed and renewed the application of vinegar and water all round1 after which they all fell asleep1 and1 so far as the father and mother were concerned1 remained completely unconscious until ,monday morning4 ,a man who occupied the house opposite the house tenanted by the last-mentioned family informed the narrator 7,dr4 ,reid7 that on ,sunday morning the family1 consisting of four1 were taken seriously ill with a feeling of sickness and depression accompanied by headache2 and he also stated that for some time they had smelt what he termed a 8fire stink0 issuing from the cellar4 ,the cottage in which the family lived that had suffered so severely was situated about #bj or #cj yards from the shaft of a disused coal mine1 and was the end house of a row of cottages4 ,it had a cellar opening into the outer air1 but this opening was usually covered over by means of a piece of wood4 ,the adjoining house to this1 the occupants of which had for some time suffered from headache1 although to a less extent1 had a cellar with a similar opening1 but supplied with an ill-fitting cover4 ,the house on the opposite side of the road1 in which the two birds were found dead1 had a cellar opening both at the front and the back2 but both these openings1 until a little before the occurrence detailed1 had been kept closed4 ,the cellars in all cases communicated with the houses by means of doors opening into the kitchens4 ,according to the general account of the occupants1 the cellars had smelled of 8fire stink10 which1 in their opinion1 proceeded from the adjoining mine4 ,the shaft of the disused mine communicated with a mine in working order1 and1 to encourage the ventilation in this mine1 a furnace had for some weeks been lit and suspended in the shaft4 ,this furnace had set fire to the coal in the disused mine and smoke had been issuing from the shaft for four weeks previously4 ,two days previous to the inquiry the opening of the shaft had been closed over with a view to extinguish the fire4 ,dr4 ,reid considered1 from the symptoms and all the circumstances of the case1 that the illness was due to carbon monoxide gas penetrating into the cellars from the mine1 and from thence to the living- and sleeping-rooms4 ,a sample of the air yielded #jjae per cent4 of carbon monoxide1 although the sample had been taken after the cellar windows had been open for twenty-four hours4 #db4 ,detection of ,carbon ,monoxide4--,it may often be necessary to detect carbon monoxide in air and to estimate its amount4 ,the detection in air1 if the carbon monoxide is in any quantity1 is easy enough2 but traces of carbon monoxide are difficult4 ,where amounts of carbon monoxide in air from half a per cent4 upwards are reasonably presumed to exist1 the air is measured in a gas measuring apparatus and passed into an absorption pipette charged with alkaline pyrogallic acid1 and when all the oxygen has been abstracted1 then the residual nitrogen and gases are submitted to an ammoniacal solution of cuprous chloride4 ,the solution of cuprous chloride is prepared by dissolving #ajc grms4 of copper oxide in #aej c4c4 of strong hydrochloric acid and filling the flask with copper turnings2 the copper reduces the cupric chloride to cuprous chloride2 the end of the reduction is known by the solution becoming colourless4 ,the colourless acid solution is poured into some #aejj c4c4 of water1 and the cuprous chloride settles to the bottom as a precipitate4 ,the supernatant fluid is poured off as completely as possible and the precipitate washed into a quarter litre flask1 with #ajj to #aej c4c4 of distilled water and ammonia led into the solution until it becomes of a pale blue colour4 ,the solution is made up to #bjj c4c4 so as to contain about #gc grms4 per cent4 of cuprous chloride4 ,such a solution is an absorbent of carbon monoxide2 it also absorbs ethylene and acetylene4 ,a solution of cuprous chloride which has absorbed ,,co gives it up on being treated with potassic bichromate and acid4 ,it has been proposed by ,wanklyn to deprive large quantities of air of oxygen1 then to absorb any carbon monoxide present with cuprous chloride1 and1 lastly1 to free the cuprous chloride from the last gas by treatment with acid bichromate1 so as to be able to study the properties of a small quantity of pure gas4 ,by far the most reliable method to detect small quantities of carbon monoxide is1 however1 as proposed by ,hempel1 to absorb it in the lungs of a living animal4 ,a mouse is placed between two funnels joined together at their mouths by a band of thin rubber2 one of the ends of the double funnel is connected with an aspirator1 and the air thus sucked through1 say for half an hour or more2 the mouse is then killed by drowning1 and a control mouse1 which has not been exposed to a ,,co atmosphere1 is also drowned2 the bodies of both mice are cut in two in the region of the heart1 and the blood collected4 ,each sample of blood is diluted in the same proportion and spectroscopically examined in the manner detailed at p4 #eh4 ,winkler found that1 when large volumes of gas were used 7at least #aj litres71 #jje per cent4 of carbon monoxide could be readily detected4 ,,ii4--,chlorine4 #dc4 ,chlorine is a yellow-green gas1 which may1 by cold and pressure1 be condensed into a liquid4 ,its specific gravity is1 as compared with hydrogen1 #cecg2 as compared with air1 #bde2 a litre under standard conditions weighs #cafg grms4 ,it is soluble in water4 ,the usual method of preparation is the addition of hydrochloric acid to bleaching powder1 which latter substance is hypochlorite of lime mixed with calcic chloride and1 it may be1 a little caustic lime4 ,another method is to treat manganese dioxide with hydrochloric acid or to act on manganese dioxide and common salt with sulphuric acid4 ,accidents are liable to occur with chlorine gas from its extensive use as a disinfectant and also in its manufacture4 ,in the 8,weldon0 process of manufacturing bleaching powder1 a thick layer of lime is placed on the floor of special chambers2 chlorine gas is passed into these chambers for about four days2 then the gas is turned off2 the unabsorbed gas is drawn off by an exhaust or absorbed by a lime distributor and the doors opened4 ,two hours afterwards the men go in to pack the powder4 ,the packers1 in order to be able to work in the chambers1 wear a respirator consisting of about thirty folds of damp flannel2 this is tightly bound round the mouth with the nostrils free and resting upon it4 ,the men are obliged to inhale the breath through the flannel and exhale through the nostril1 otherwise they would1 in technical jargon1 be 8gassed40 ,some also wear goggles to protect their eyes4 ,notwithstanding these precautions they suffer generally from chest complaints4 #dd4 ,effects4--,free chlorine1 in the proportion of #jjd to #jjf per thousand1 taken into the lungs is dangerous to life1 since directly chlorine attacks a moist mucous membrane1 hydrochloric acid is formed4 ,the effects of chlorine can hardly be differentiated from hydrochloric acid gas1 and ,lehmann found that #ae per thousand of this latter gas affected animals1 causing at once uneasiness1 evidence of pain with great dyspna1 and later coma4 ,the eyes and the mucous membrane of the nose were attacked4 ,anatomical changes took place in the cornea1 as evidenced by a white opacity4 ,in cases that recovered1 a purulent discharge came from the nostrils with occasional necrosis of the mucous membrane4 ,the symptoms in man are similar2 there is great tightness of the breath1 irritation of the nose and eyes1 cough and1 with small repeated doses1 bronchitis with all its attendant evils4 ,bleaching powder taken by the mouth is not so deadly4 ,hertwig has given #ajjj grms4 to horses1 #cj grms4 to sheep and goats1 and #ae grms4 to dogs without producing death4 ,the symptoms in these cases were quickening of the pulse and respiration1 increased peristaltic action of the bowels and a stimulation of the kidney secretion4 ,the urine smelt of chlorine4 #de4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,hypermia of the lungs1 with ecchymoses and pneumonic patches with increased secretion of the bronchial tubes4 ,in the mucous membrane of the stomach1 ecchymoses4 ,the alkalescence of the blood is diminished and there may be external signs of bleaching4 ,only exceptionally has any chlorine smell been perceived in the internal organs4 #df4 ,detection of ,free ,chlorine4--,the usual method of detection is to prepare a solution of iodide of potassium and starch and to soak strips of filter-paper in this solution4 ,such a strip1 when moistened and submitted to a chlorine atmosphere1 is at once turned blue1 because chlorine displaces iodine from its combination with potassium4 ,litmus-paper1 indigo blue or other vegetable colours are at once bleached4 ,to estimate the amount of chlorine a known volume of the air is drawn through a solution of potassium iodide1 and the amount of iodine set free1 determined by titration with sodic hyposulphite1 as detailed at p4 #gd4 ,,iii4--,hydric ,sulphide 7,sulphuretted ,hydrogen74 #dg4 ,hydric sulphide1 ,,sh1 is a colourless transparent gas of sp4 gravity #aagh4 ,it burns with a blue flame1 forming water and sulphur dioxide1 and is soluble in water2 water absorbing about three volumes at ordinary temperatures4 ,it is decomposed by either chlorine gas or sulphur dioxide4 ,it is a common gas as a constituent of the air of sewers or cesspools1 and emanates from moist slag or moist earth containing pyrites or metallic sulphides2 it also occurs whenever albuminous matter putrefies2 hence it is a common constituent of the emanations from corpses of either man or animals4 ,it has a peculiar and intense odour1 generally compared to that of rotten eggs2 this is really not a good comparison1 for it is comparing the gas with itself1 rotten eggs always producing ,,sh2 it is often associated with ammonium sulphide4 #dh4 ,effects4--,pure hydric sulphide is never met with out of the chemist's laboratory1 in which it is a common reagent either as a gas or in solution2 so that the few cases of poisoning by the pure gas1 or rather the pure gas mixed with ordinary air1 have been confined to laboratories4 ,the greater number of cases have occurred accidentally to men working in sewers1 or cleaning out cesspools and the like4 ,in small quantities it is always present in the air of towns1 as shown by the blackening of any silver ornament not kept bright by frequent use4 ,it is distinctly a blood poison1 the gas uniting with the alkali of the blood1 and the sulphide thus produced partly decomposing again in the lung and breathed out as ,,sh4 ,lehmann#fj has studied the effects on animals2 an atmosphere containing from #a to #c per thousand of ,,sh kills rabbits and cats within ten minutes2 the symptoms are mainly convulsions and great dyspna4 ,an atmosphere containing from #jd to #jh per thousand produces a local irritating action on the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract1 and death follows from an inflammatory dema of the lung preceded by convulsions2 there is also a paralysis of the nervous centres4 ,lehmann has recorded the case of three men who breathed #jb per thousand of ,,sh3 within from five to eight minutes there was intense irritation of the eyes1 nose1 and throat1 and after thirty minutes they were unable to bear the atmosphere any longer4 ,air containing #je per thousand of ,,sh is1 according to ,lehmann1 the utmost amount that can be breathed2 this amount causes in half an hour smarting of the eyes1 nasal catarrh1 dyspna1 cough1 palpitation1 shivering1 great muscular weakness1 headache and faintness with cold sweats4 #jg to #jh per thousand is dangerous to human life1 and from #a to #ae per thousand destroys life rapidly4 ,the symptoms may occur some little time after the withdrawal of the person from the poisonous atmosphere2 for example1 ,cahn records the case of a student who prepared ,,sh in a laboratory and was exposed to the gas for two hours2 he then went home to dinner and the symptoms first commenced in more than an hour after the first breathing of pure air4 ,taylor#fa records an unusual case of poisoning in #aheg at ,cleator ,moor4 ,some cottages had been built upon iron slag1 the slag contained sulphides of calcium and iron2 a heavy storm of rain washed through the slag and considerable volumes of ,,sh with1 no doubt1 other gases diffused during the night through the cottages and killed three adults and three children4 #fj ,k4 ,b4 ,lehmann1 ,arch4 f4 ,hygiene1 ,bd4 xiv41 #ahib1 #ace4 #fa ,principles and ,practice of ,medl4 ,jurisp41 vol4 ii4 #abb4 #di4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,the so-called apoplectic form of ,,sh poisoning1 in which the sufferer dies within a minute or two1 shows no special change4 ,the most frequent change in slower poisoning is1 according to ,lehmann1 dema of the lungs4 ,a green colour of the face and of the whole body is sometimes present1 but not constant4 ,a spectroscopic examination of the blood may also not lead to any conclusion1 the more especially as the spectrum of sulphur methmoglobin may occur in any putrid blood4 ,the pupils in some cases have been found dilated2 in others not so4 ,chronic poisoning4--,chronic poisoning by ,,sh is of considerable interest in a public health point of view4 ,the symptoms appear to be conjunctivitis1 headache1 dyspepsia and anmia4 ,a predisposition to boils has also been noted4 #ej4 ,detection4--,both ammonium and hydric sulphides blacken silver and filter-paper moistened with acetate of lead solution4 ,to test for hydric sulphide in air a known quantity may be aspirated through a little solution of lead acetate4 ,to estimate the quantity a decinormal solution of iodine in potassium iodide#fb solution is used1 and its exact strength determined by d4n4 sodic hyposulphite solution#fc2 the hyposulphite is run in from a burette into a known volume1 e4g41 #ej c4c41 of the d4n4 iodine solution1 until the yellow colour is almost gone2 then a drop or two of fresh starch solution is added and the hyposulphite run in carefully1 drop by drop1 until the blue colour of the starch disappears4 ,if now a known volume of air is drawn through #ej c4c4 of the d4n4 iodine solution1 the reaction ,i ,,sh #b;,,hi ,s will take place1 and for every #abg parts of iodine which have been converted into hydriodic acid #ag parts by weight of ,,sh will be necessary2 hence on titrating the #ej c4c4 of d4n4 iodine solution1 through which air containing ,,sh has been passed1 less hyposulphite will be used than on the previous occasion1 each c4c4 of the hyposulphite solution being equal to #aaa c4c4 or to #ag mgrm4 of ,,sh4 #fb #abg grms4 of iodine1 #aff grms4 of potassium iodide1 dissolved in a litre of water4 #fc #bdh grms4 of sodic hyposulphite1 dissolved in a litre of water4 ,,part ,,iv4--,,acids ,,and ,,alkalies4 ,,sulphuric ,,acid--,,hydrochloric ,,acid--,,nitric ,,acid--,,acetic ,,acid--,,ammonia--,,potash--,,soda--,,n eutral ,,sodium1 ,,potassium1 ,,and ,,ammonium ,,salts4 ,i4--,sulphuric ,acid4 #ea4 ,sulphuric acid 7hydric sulphate1 oil of vitriol1 ,h,,so7 occurs in commerce in varying degrees of strength or dilution2 the strong sulphuric acid of the manufacturer1 containing #ajj per cent4 of real acid 7,h,,so71 has a specific gravity of #ahej4 ,the ordinary brown acid of commerce1 coloured by organic matter and holding in solution metallic impurities1 chiefly lead and arsenic1 has a specific gravity of about #agej2 and contains #fgie of anhydrous ,,so #hedb of hydric sulphate4 ,there are also weaker acids used in commerce1 particularly in manufactories in which sulphuric acid is made1 for special purposes without rectification4 ,the ,british ,pharmacopia sulphuric acid is directed to be of #ahdc specific gravity1 which corresponds to #ghf per cent4 sulphuric anhydride1 or #ihh per cent4 of hydric sulphate4 ,the dilute sulphuric acid of the pharmacopia should have a specific gravity of #ajid1 and is usually said to correspond to #ajad per cent4 of anhydrous sulphuric acid2 but1 if ,ure's ,tables are correct1 such equals #aacg per cent4 ,the general characters of sulphuric acid are as follows3--,when pure1 it is a colourless1 or1 when impure1 a dark brown to black1 oily liquid1 without odour at common temperatures1 of an exceedingly acid taste1 charring most organic tissues rapidly1 and1 if mixed with water1 evolving much heat4 ,if #d parts of the strong acid are mixed with #a part of water at #j1 the mixture rises to a heat of #ajj2 a still greater heat is evolved by mixing #ge parts of acid with #bg of water4 ,sulphuric acid is powerfully hygroscopic--#c parts will1 in an ordinary atmosphere1 increase to nearly #d in twenty-four hours2 in common with all acids1 it reddens litmus1 yellows cochineal1 and changes all vegetable colours4 ,there is another form of sulphuric acid1 extensively used in the arts1 known under the name of 8,nordhausen sulphuric acid10 8fuming acid10 formula ,h,s,o4 ,this acid is produced by the distillation of dry ferrous sulphate1 at a nearly white heat--either in earthenware or in green glass retorts2 the distillate is received in sulphuric acid4 ,as thus manufactured1 it is a dark fuming liquid of #ai specific gravity1 and boiling at #ec4 ,when artificially cooled down to #j1 the acid gradually deposits crystals1 which consist of a definite compound of #b atoms of anhydrous sulphuric acid and #a atom of water4 ,there is some doubt as to the molecular composition of ,nordhausen acid2 it is usually considered as hydric sulphate saturated with sulphur dioxide4 ,this acid is manufactured chiefly in ,bohemia1 and is used1 on a large scale1 as a solvent for alizarine4 #eb4 ,sulphur ,trioxide1 or ,sulphuric ,anhydride 7,,so71 itself may be met with in scientific laboratories1 but is not in commerce4 ,sulphur trioxide forms thin needle-shaped crystals1 arranged in feathery groups4 ,seen in mass1 it is white1 and has something the appearance of asbestos4 ,it fuses to a liquid at about #ah1 boils at #ce1 but1 after this operation has been performed1 the substance assumes an allotropic condition1 and then remains solid up to #ajj2 above #ajj it melts1 volatilises1 and returns to its normal condition4 ,sulphuric anhydride hisses when it is thrown into water1 chemical combination taking place and sulphuric acid being formed4 ,sulphur trioxide is excessively corrosive and poisonous4 ,besides the above forms of acid1 there is an officinal preparation called 8,aromatic ,sulphuric ,acid10 made by digesting sulphuric acid1 rectified spirit1 ginger1 and cinnamon together4 ,it contains #ajai per cent4 of ,,so1 alcohol1 and principles extracted from cinnamon and ginger4 #ec4 ,sulphuric acid1 in the free state1 may not unfrequently be found in nature4 ,the author has had under examination an effluent water from a ,devonshire mine1 which contained more than one grain of free sulphuric acid per gallon1 and was accused1 with justice1 of destroying the fish in a river4 ,it also exists in large quantities in volcanic springs4 ,in a torrent flowing from the volcano of ,parc1 in the ,andes1 ,boussingault calculated that #ae1jjj tons of sulphuric acid and #aa1jjj tons of hydrochloric acid were yearly carried down4 ,in the animal and vegetable kingdom1 sulphuric acid exists1 as a rule1 in combination with bases1 but there is an exception in the saliva of the ,dolium galea1 a ,sicilian mollusc4 #ed4 ,statistics4--,when something like #ijj1jjj tons of sulphuric acid are produced annually in ,england alone1 and when it is considered that sulphuric acid is used in the manufacture of most other acids1 in the alkali trade1 in the manufacture of indigo1 in the soap trade1 in the manufacture of artificial manure1 and in a number of technical processes1 there is no cause for surprise that it should be the annual cause of many deaths4 ,the number of deaths from sulphuric acid will vary1 other things being equal1 in each country1 according to the manufactures in that country employing sulphuric acid4 ,the number of cases of poisoning in ,england and ,wales for ten years is given in the following table3-- ,,deaths ,,from ,,sulphuric ,,acid ,,in ,,england ,,and ,,wales ,,for ,,the ,,ten ,,years ,,ending #ahib4 ,,accident ,,or ,,negligence4 ,ages1 #a-e #e-ae #ae-be #be-fe #fe ,total upwards ,males1 #aa #d #b #ad #b #cc ,females1 #d 444 #b #c 444 #i ---------------------------------------- ----- ,totals1 #ae #d #d #ag #b #db ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,suicide4 ,ages1 #ae-be #be-fe ,total ,males1 #d #be #bi ,females1 #e #ai #bd --------------------------------- ,totals #i #dd #ec --------------------------------- ,during the ten years1 no case of murder through sulphuric acid is on record2 hence the total deaths1 as detailed in the tables1 amount to #ie1 or a little over #i a year4 ,falck1#fd in comparing different countries1 considers the past statistics to show that in ,france sulphuric acid has been the cause of #de to #ee per cent4 of the total deaths from poison1 and in ,england #ei per cent4 ,in ,england1 ,france1 and ,denmark1 taken together1 #ajh1 ,prussia #ajf2 while in certain cities1 as ,berlin and ,vienna1 the percentages are much higher--,vienna showing #dcc per cent41 ,berlin #ij per cent4 #fd ,lehrbuch der praktischen ,toxicologie1 p4 #ed4 #ee4 ,accidental1 ,suicidal1 and ,criminal ,poisoning4--,deaths from sulphuric acid are1 for the most part1 accidental1 occasionally suicidal1 and1 still more rarely1 criminal4 ,in #ec out of #aac cases collected by ,bhm1 in which the cause of the poisoning could1 with fair accuracy1 be ascertained1 #dec per cent4 were due to accident1 #cjb were suicidal1 and #bde per cent4 were cases of criminal poisoning1 the victims being children4 ,the cause of the comparatively rare use of sulphuric acid by the poisoner is obvious4 ,first of all1 the acid can never be mixed with food without entirely changing its aspect2 next1 it is only in cases of insensibility or paralysis that it could be administered to an adult1 unless given by force1 or under very exceptional circumstances2 and lastly1 the stains on the mouth and garments would at once betray1 even to uneducated persons1 the presence of something wrong4 ,as an agent of murder1 then1 sulphuric acid is confined in its use to young children1 more especially to the newly born4 ,there is a remarkable case related by ,haagan1#fe in which an adult man1 in full possession of his faculties1 neither paralysed nor helpless1 was murdered by sulphuric acid4 ,the wife of a day-labourer gave her husband drops of sulphuric acid on sugar1 instead of his medicine1 and finally finished the work by administering a spoonful of the acid4 ,the spoon was carried well to the back of the throat1 so that the man took the acid at a gulp4 #aa grms4 7#aga grains7 of sulphuric acid1 partly in combination with soda and potash1 were separated from his stomach4 #fe ,gross3 ,die ,strafrechtspflege in ,deutschland1 #d1 #ahfa1 ,heft ,i4 ,s4 #aha4 ,accidental poisoning is most common among children4 ,the oily1 syrupy-looking sulphuric acid1 when pure1 may be mistaken for glycerin or for syrup2 and the dark commercial acid might1 by a careless person1 be confounded with porter or any dark-looking medicine4 ,serious and fatal mistakes have not unfrequently arisen from the use of injections4 ,deutsch#ff relates how a midwife1 in error1 administered to mother and child a sulphuric acid clyster2 but little of the fluid could in either case have actually reached the rectum1 for the mother recovered in eight days1 and in a little time the infant was also restored to health4 ,sulphuric acid has caused death by injections into the vagina4 ,h4 ,c4 ,lombard#fg observed a case of this kind1 in which a woman1 aged thirty1 injected half a litre of sulphuric acid into the vagina1 for the purpose of procuring abortion4 ,the result was not immediately fatal1 but the subsequent inflammation and its results so occluded the natural passage that the birth became impossible1 and a ,csarean section extracted a dead child1 the mother also dying4 #ff ,preuss4 ,med4 ,vereins-,zeitung1 #ahdh1 ,no4 #ac4 #fg ,journ4 de ,chim4 ,md41 tom4 vii41 #ahca4 ,an army physician prescribed for a patient an emollient clyster4 ,since it was late at night1 and the apothecary in bed1 he prepared it himself2 but not finding linseed oil1 woke the apothecary1 who took a bottle out of one of the recesses and placed it on the table4 ,the bottle contained sulphuric acid2 a soldier noticed a peculiar odour and effervescence when the syringe was charged1 but this was unheeded by the doctor4 ,the patient immediately after the operation suffered the most acute agony1 and died the following day2 before his death1 the bedclothes were found corroded by the acid1 and a portion of the bowel itself came away4#fh #fh ,maschka's ,handbuch1 p4 #hf2 ,journal de ,chimie ,mdicale1 t4 i4 ,no4 #h1 #dje1 #ahce4 #ef4 ,fatal ,dose4--,the amount necessary to kill an adult man is not strictly known2 fatality so much depends on the concentration of the acid and the condition of the person1 more especially whether the stomach is full or empty1 that it will be impossible ever to arrive at an accurate estimate4 ,christison's case1 in which #ch grms4 7#fj grains7 of concentrated acid killed an adult1 is the smallest lethal dose on record4 ,supposing that the man weighed #fh kilo4 7#aej lbs471 this would be in the proportion of #je grm4 per kilo4 ,there is also the case of a child of one year1 recorded by ,taylor1 in which #bj drops caused death4 ,if1 however1 it were asked in a court of law what dose of concentrated sulphuric acid would be dangerous1 the proper answer would be3 so small a quantity as from #b to #c drops of the strong undiluted acid might cause death1 more especially if conveyed to the back of the throat2 for if it is improbable that on such a supposition death would be sudden1 yet there is a possibility of permanent injury to the gullet1 with the result of subsequent contraction1 and the usual long and painful malnutrition thereby induced4 ,it may be laid down1 therefore1 that all quantities1 even the smallest1 of the strong undiluted acid come under the head of hurtful1 noxious1 and injurious4 #eg4 ,local ,action of ,sulphuric ,acid4--,the action of the acid on living animal tissues has been studied of late by ,c4 ,ph4 ,falck and ,l4 ,vietor4#fi ,concentrated acid precipitates albumen1 and then redissolves it2 fibrin swells and becomes gelatinous2 but if the acid is weak 7e4g41 #d to #f per cent47 it is scarcely changed4 ,muscular fibre is at first coloured amber-yellow1 swells to a jelly1 and then dissolves to a red-brown turbid fluid4 ,when applied to the mucous membrane of the stomach1 the mucous tissue and the muscular layer beneath are coloured white1 swell1 and become an oily mass4 #fi ,deutsche ,klinik1 #ahfd1 ,mo4 #a-cb1 and ,vietor's ,inaugur4-,dissert41 ,marburg1 #ahjc4 ,when applied to a rabbit's ear1#gj the parenchyma becomes at first pale grey and semi-transparent at the back of the ear2 opposite the drop of acid appear spots like grease or fat drops1 which soon coalesce4 ,the epidermis with the hair remains adherent2 the blood-vessels are narrowed in calibre1 and the blood1 first in the veins1 and then in the arteries1 is coloured green and then black1 and fully coagulates4 ,if the drop1 with horizontal holding of the ear1 is dried in1 an inflammatory zone surrounds the burnt spot in which the blood circulates2 but there is complete stasis in the part to which the acid has been applied4 ,if the point of the ear is dipped in the acid1 the cauterised part rolls inwards2 after the lapse of eighteen hours the part is brown and parchment-like1 with scattered points of coagulated blood2 then there is a slight swelling in the healthy tissues1 and a small zone of redness2 within fourteen days a bladder-like greenish-yellow scab is formed1 the burnt part itself remaining dry4 ,the vessels from the surrounding zone of redness gradually penetrate towards the cauterised spot1 the fluid in the bleb becomes absorbed1 and the destroyed tissues fall off in the form of a crust4 #gj ,samuel1 ,entzndung u4 ,brand1 in ,virchow's ,archiv f4 ,path4 ,anat41 ,bd4 #ea1 ,hft4 #a u4 #b1 ,s4 #da1 #ahgj4 ,the changes that sulphuric acid cause in blood are as follows3 the fibrin is at first coagulated and then dissolved1 and the colouring matter becomes of a black colour4 ,these changes do not require the strongest acid1 being seen with an acid of #fj per cent4 #eh4 ,the action of the acid on various non-living matters is as follows3 poured on all vegetable earth1 there is an effervescence1 arising from decomposition of carbonates2 any grass or vegetation growing on the spot is blackened and dies2 an analysis of the layer of earth1 on which the acid is poured1 shows an excess of sulphates as compared with a similar layer adjacent2 the earth will only have an acid reaction1 if there has been more than sufficient acid to neutralise all alkalies and alkaline earths4 ,wood almost immediately blackens1 and the spot remains moist4 ,spots on paper become quickly dark1 and sometimes exhibit a play of colours1 such as reddish-brown2 ultimately the spot becomes very black1 and holes may be formed2 even when the acid is dilute1 the course is very similar1 for the acid dries in1 until it reaches a sufficient degree of concentration to attack the tissue4 ,i found small drops of sulphuric acid on a brussels carpet1 which had a red pattern on a dark green ground with light green flowers1 act as follows3 the spots on the red at the end of a few hours were of a dark maroon colour1 the green was darkened1 and the light green browned2 at the end of twenty-four hours but little change had taken place1 nor could any one have guessed the cause of the spots without a close examination4 ,spots of the strong acid on thin cotton fabrics rapidly blackened1 and actual holes were formed in the course of an hour2 the main difference to the naked eye1 between the stains of the acid and those produced by a red-hot body1 lay in the moistness of the spots4 ,indeed1 the great distinction1 without considering chemical evidence1 between recent burns of clothing by sulphuric acid and by heat1 is that in the one case--that of the acid--the hole or spot is very moist2 in the other very dry4 ,it is easy to imagine that this distinction may be of importance in a legal investigation4 ,spots of acid on clothing fall too often under the observation of all those engaged in practical chemical work4 ,however quickly a spot of acid is wiped off1 unless it is immediately neutralised by ammonia1 it ultimately makes a hole in the cloth2 the spot1 as a rule1 whatever the colour of the cloth1 is of a blotting-paper red4 ,sulphuric acid dropped on iron1 attacks it1 forming a sulphate1 which may be dissolved out by water4 ,if the iron is exposed to the weather the rain may wash away all traces of the acid1 save the corrosion2 but it would be under those circumstances impossible to say whether the corrosion was due to oxidation or a solvent4 ,to sum up briefly3 the characters of sulphuric acid spots on organic matters generally are black1 brown1 or red-coloured destructions of tissue1 moisture1 acid-reaction 7often after years71 and lastly the chemical evidence of sulphuric acid or sulphates in excess4 ,caution necessary in judging of ,spots1 c4--,an important case1 related by ,maschka1 shows the necessity of great caution in interpreting results1 unless all the circumstances of a case be carefully collated4 ,a live coal fell on the bed of a weakly infant1 five months old4 ,the child screamed1 and woke the father1 who was dozing by the fire2 the man1 in terror1 poured a large pot of water on the child and burning bed4 ,the child died the following day4 ,a post-mortem examination showed a burn on the chest of the infant #b inches in length4 ,the tongue1 pharynx1 and gullet were all healthy2 in the stomach a patch of mucous membrane1 about half an inch in extent1 was found to be brownish1 friable1 and very thin4 ,a chemical examination showed that the portion of the bed adjacent to the burnt place contained free sulphuric acid4 ,here1 then1 was the following evidence3 the sudden death of a helpless infant1 a carbonised bed-cover with free sulphuric acid1 and1 lastly1 an appearance in the stomach which1 it might be said1 was not inconsistent with sulphuric acid poisoning4 ,yet a careful sifting of the facts convinced the judges that no crime had been committed1 and that the child's death was due to disease4 ,afterwards1 experiment showed that if a live coal fall on to any tissue1 and be drenched with water1 free sulphuric acid is constantly found in the neighbourhood of the burnt place4 #ei4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms may be classed in two divisions1 viz43--#a4 ,external effects of the acid4 #b4 ,internal effects and symptoms arising from its interior administration4 #a4 ,external ,effects4--,of late years several instances have occurred in which the acid has been used criminally to cause disfiguring burns of the face4 ,the offence has in all these cases been committed by women1 who1 from motives of revengeful jealousy1 have suddenly dashed a quantity of the acid into the face of the object of their resentment4 ,in such cases1 the phenomena observed are not widely different from those attending scalds or burns from hot neutral fluids4 ,there is destruction of tissue1 not necessarily deep1 for the acid is almost immediately wiped off2 but if any should reach the eye1 inflammation1 so acute as to lead to blindness1 is the probable consequence4 ,the skin is coloured at first white1 at a later period brown1 and part of it may be1 as it were1 dissolved4 ,if the tract or skin touched by the acid is extensive1 death may result4 ,the inflammatory processes in the skin are similar to those noticed by ,falck and ,vietor in their experiments1 already detailed 7p4 #gi74 ,internal ,effects of ,acids generally4--,it may not be out of place1 before speaking of the internal effects of sulphuric acid1 to make a few remarks upon the action of acids generally4 ,this action differs according to the kind of animal2 at all events1 there is a great difference between the action of acids on the herb-eating animals and the carnivora2 the latter bear large doses of acids well1 the former ill4 ,for instance1 the rabbit1 if given a dose of any acid not sufficient to produce local effects but sufficient to affect its functions1 will soon become paralysed and lie in a state of stupor1 as if dead2 the same dose per kilo4 will not affect the dog4 ,the reason for this is that the blood of the dog is able to neutralise the acid by ammonia1 and that the blood of the rabbit is destitute of this property4 ,man is1 in this respect1 nearer to the dog than to the plant-eaters4 ,stadelmann has shown that a man is able to ingest large relative doses of oxybutyric acid1 to neutralise the acid by ammonia1 and to excrete it by means of the kidneys as ammonium butyrate4 ,acids1 however1 if given in doses too great to be neutralised1 alike affect plant- and flesh-eaters2 death follows in all cases before the blood becomes acid4 ,salkowsky#ga has1 indeed1 shown that the effect of lessening the alkalinity of the blood by giving a rabbit food from which it can extract no alkali produces a similar effect to the actual dosing with an acid4 #ga ,virchow's ,archiv1 ,bd4 #eh1 #a4 #b4 ,internal ,effects of ,sulphuric ,acid4--,when sulphuric acid is taken internally1 the acute and immediate symptom is pain4 ,this1 however1 is not constant1 since1 in a few recorded cases1 no complaint of pain has been made2 but these cases are exceptional2 as a rule1 there will be immediate and great suffering4 ,the tongue swells1 the throat is also swollen and inflamed1 swallowing of saliva even may be impossible4 ,if the acid has been in contact with the epiglottis and vocal apparatus1 there may be spasmodic croup and even fatal spasm of the glottis4 ,the acid1 in its passage down the gullet1 attacks energetically the mucous membrane and also the lining of the stomach2 but the action does not stop there1 for ,lesser found in eighteen out of twenty-six cases 7#fi per cent47 that the corrosive action extended as far as the duodenum4 ,there is excessive vomiting and retching2 the matters vomited are acid1 bloody1 and slimy2 great pieces of mucous membrane may be in this way expelled1 and the whole of the lining membrane of the gullet may be thrown up entire4 ,the bowels are1 as a rule1 constipated1 but exceptionally there has been diarrha2 the urine is sometimes retained2 it invariably contains an excess of sulphates and often albumen1 with hyaline casts of the uriniferous tubes4 ,the pulse is small and frequent1 the breathing slow1 the skin very cold and covered with sweat2 the countenance expresses great anxiety1 and the extremities may be affected with cramps or convulsions4 ,death may take place within from twenty-four to thirty-six hours1 and be either preceded by dyspna or by convulsions2 consciousness is1 as a rule1 maintained to the end4 ,there are also more rapid cases than the above2 a large dose of sulphuric acid taken on an empty stomach may absolutely dissolve it1 and pass into the peritoneum2 in such a case there is really no difference in the symptoms between sudden perforation of the stomach from disease1 a penetrating wound of the abdomen1 and any other sudden fatal lesion of the organs in the abdominal cavity 7for in all these instances the symptoms are those of pure collapse72 the patient is ashen pale1 with pulse quick and weak1 and body bathed in cold sweat1 and he rapidly dies1 it may be without much complaint of local pain4 ,if the patient live longer than twenty-four hours1 the symptoms are mainly those of inflammation of the whole mucous tract1 from the mouth to the stomach2 and from this inflammation the patient may die in a variable period1 of from three to eleven days1 after taking the poison4 ,in one case the death occurred suddenly1 without any immediately preceding symptoms rendering imminent death probable4 ,if this second stage is passed1 then the loss of substance in the gullet and in the stomach almost invariably causes impairment of function1 leading to a slow and painful death4 ,the common sequence is stricture of the gullet1 combined with feeble digestion1 and in a few instances stricture of the pylorus4 ,a curious sequel has been recorded by ,mannkopf1 viz41 obstinate intercostal neuralgia2 it has been observed on the fourth1 seventh1 and twenty-second day4 #fj4 ,treatment of ,acute ,poisoning by the ,mineral ,acids4--,the immediate indication is the dilution and neutralisation of the acid4 ,for this purpose1 finely-divided chalk1 magnesia1 or sodic carbonate may be used1 dissolved or suspended in much water4 ,the use of the stomach-pump is inadvisable1 for the mucous membrane of the gullet may be so corroded by the acid that the passage of the tube down will do injury2 unless the neutralisation is immediate1 but little good is effected2 hence it will often occur that the bystanders1 if at all conversant with the matter1 will have to use the first thing which comes to hand1 such as the plaster of a wall1 c42 and lastly1 if even these rough antidotes are not to be had1 the best treatment is enormous doses of water1 which will dilute the acid and promote vomiting4 ,the treatment of the after-effects belongs to the province of ordinary medicine1 and is based upon general principles4 #fa4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4#gb--,the general pathological appearances to be found in the stomach and internal organs differ according as the death is rapid or slow2 if the death takes place within twenty-four hours1 the effects are fairly uniform1 the differences being only in degree2 while1 on the other hand1 in those cases which terminate fatally from the more remote effects of the acid1 there is some variety4 ,it may be well to select two actual cases as types1 the one patient dying from acute poisoning1 the other surviving for a time1 and then dying from ulceration and contraction of the digestive tract4 #gb ,it has been observed that putrefaction in cases of death from sulphuric acid is slow4 ,casper suggests this may be due to the neutralisation of ammonia2 more probably it is owing to the antiseptic properties all mineral acids possess4 ,a hatter1 early in the morning1 swallowed a large mouthful of strong sulphuric acid1 a preparation which he used in his work--7whether the draught was taken accidentally or suicidally was never known74 ,he died within two hours4 ,the whole tongue was sphacelated1 parts of the mucous membrane being dissolved2 the inner surface of the gullet1 as well as the whole throat1 was of a grey-black colour2 the mucous membrane of the stomach was coal-black1 and so softened that it gave way like blotting-paper under the forceps1 the contents escaping into the cavity of the abdomen4 ,the peritoneum was also blackened as if burnt2 probably there had been perforation of the stomach during life2 the mucous membrane of the duodenum was swollen1 hardened1 and looked as if it had been boiled2 while the blood was of a cherry-red colour1 and of the consistence of a thin syrup4 ,the rest of the organs were healthy2 a chemical research on the fluid which had been collected from the stomach1 gullet1 and duodenum showed that it contained #hgbe grains of free sulphuric acid4#gc #gc ,casper1 vol4 ii4 case #aid4 ,this is1 perhaps1 the most extreme case of destruction on record2 the cause of the unusually violent action is referable to the acid acting on an empty stomach4 ,it is important to note that even with this extensive destruction of the stomach1 life was prolonged for two hours4 ,the case ,i have selected to serve as a type of a chronic but fatal illness produced from poisoning by sulphuric acid is one related by ,oscar ,wyss4 ,a cook1 thirty-four years of age1 who had suffered many ailments1 drank1 on the #fth of ,november #ahfg1 by mistake1 at eight o'clock in the morning1 two mouthfuls of a mixture of #a part of sulphuric acid and #d of water4 ,pain in the stomach and neck1 and vomiting of black masses1 were the immediate symptoms1 and two hours later he was admitted into the hospital in a state of collapse1 with cold extremities1 cyanosis of the face1 c4 ,copious draughts of milk were given1 and the patient vomited much1 the vomit still consisting of black pultaceous matters1 in which1 on a microscopical examination1 could be readily detected columnar epithelium of the stomach and mucous tissue elements4 ,the urine was of specific gravity #ajcc1 non-albuminous2 on analysis it contained #cchh grms4 of combined sulphuric acid4 ,on the second day there was some improvement in the symptoms2 the urine contained #abgf grm4 of combined sulphuric acid2 on the third day #bffe grms4 of combined sulphuric acid2 and on the tenth day the patient vomited up a complete cast of the mucous membrane of the gullet4 ,the patient remained in the hospital1 and became gradually weaker from stricture of the gullet and impairment of the digestive powers1 and died1 two months after taking the poison1 on the #eth of ,january #ahfh4 ,the stomach was found small1 contracted1 with many adhesions to the pancreas and liver2 it was about #ab centimetres long 7#dg inches71 and from #b to #be centimetres 7#g to #i inch7 broad1 contracted to somewhat the form of a cat's intestine2 there were several transverse rug2 the walls were thickened at the small curvature1 measurements giving #e mm4 7#ai inch7 in the middle1 and beyond about #bge mm4 7#aa inch72 in the upper two-thirds the lumen was so contracted as scarcely to admit the point of the little finger4 ,the inner surface was covered with a layer of pus1 with no trace of mucous tissue1 and was everywhere pale red1 uneven1 and crossed by cicatricial bands4 ,in two parts1 at the greater curvature1 the mucous surface was strongly injected in a ring-like form1 and in the middle of the ring was a deep funnel-shaped ulcer2 a part of the rest of the stomach was strongly injected and scattered over with numerous punctiform1 small1 transparent bladders4 ,the gullet was contracted at the upper part 7just below the epiglottis7 from #bj to #bb mm4 7#gh to #hf inch7 in diameter2 it then gradually widened to measure about #ab mm4 7#dg inch7 at the diaphragm2 in the neighbourhood of the last contraction the tissue was scarred1 injected1 and ulcerated2 there were also small abscesses opening into this portion of the gullet4 ,e4 ,fraenkel and ,f4 ,reiche#gd have studied the effects of sulphuric acid on the kidney4 ,in rapid cases they find a wide-spread coagulation of the epithelium in the convoluted and straight urinary canaliculi1 with destruction of the kidney parenchyma1 but no inflammation4 #gd ,virchow's ,archiv1 ,bd4 #aca1 f4 #acj4 #fb4 ,the museums of the different ,london hospitals afford excellent material for the study of the effects of sulphuric acid on the pharynx1 gullet1 and stomach2 and it may be a matter of convenience to students if the more typical examples at these different museums be noticed in detail1 so that the preparations themselves may be referred to4 ,in ,st4 ,bartholomew's ,museum1 ,no4 #aidb1 is an example of excessive destruction of the stomach by sulphuric acid4 ,the stomach is much contracted1 and has a large aperture with ragged edges2 the mucous membrane is thickened1 charred1 and blackened4 ,no4 #aida1 in the same museum1 is the stomach of a person who died from a large dose of sulphuric acid4 ,when recent1 it is described as of a deep red colour1 mottled with black2 appearances which1 from long soaking in spirit1 are not true at the present time2 but the rough1 shaggy state of the mucous tissue can be traced2 the gullet and the pylorus appear the least affected4 ,st4 ,george's ,hospital1 ser4 ix41 #adf1 #aa and #dc1 e4--,the pharynx and sophagus of a man who was brought into the hospital in a state of collapse1 after a large but unknown dose of sulphuric acid4 ,the lips were much eroded1 the mucous membrane of the stomach1 pharynx1 and sophagus show an extraordinary shreddy condition2 the lining membrane of the stomach is much charred1 and the action has extended to the duodenum2 the muscular coat is not affected4 ,guy's ,hospital1 ,no4 #agii4--;,a preparation showing the mucous membrane of the stomach entirely denuded4 ,the organ looks like a piece of thin paper4 ,no4 #agii4 ,the stomach of a woman who poisoned herself by drinking a wine-glassful of acid before breakfast4 ,she lived eleven days4 ,the main symptoms were vomiting and purging1 but there was no complaint of pain4 ,there is extensive destruction of mucous membrane along the lesser curvature and towards the pyloric extremity2 a portion of the mucous membrane is floating as a slough4 ,no4 #agii is the gullet and stomach of a man who took about #c drachms of the strong acid4 ,he lived three days without much apparent suffering1 and died unexpectedly4 ,the lining membrane of the sophagus has the longitudinal wrinkles or furrows so often1 nay1 almost constantly1 met with in poisoning by the acids4 ,the mucous tissue of the stomach is raised in cloudy ridges1 and blackened4 ,no4 #agii is a wonderfully entire cast of the gullet from a woman who swallowed an ounce of sulphuric acid1 and is said1 according to the catalogue1 to have recovered4 ,university ,college4--,in this museum will be found an exquisite preparation of the effects of sulphuric acid4 ,the mucous membrane of the sophagus is divided into small quadrilateral areas by longitudinal and transverse furrows2 the stomach is very brown1 and covered with shreddy and filamentous tissue2 the brown colour is without doubt the remains of extravasated and charred blood4 ,no4 #fbja is a wax cast representing the stomach of a woman who died after taking a large dose of sulphuric acid4 ,a yellow mass was found in the stomach2 there are two perforations1 and the mucous membrane is entirely destroyed4 #fc4 ,chronic ,poisoning by ,sulphuric ,acid4--,weiske#ge has experimentally proved that lambs1 given for six months small doses of sulphuric acid1 grow thin1 and their bones1 with the exception of the bones of the head and the long bones1 are poor in lime salts1 the muscles also are poor in the same constituents4 ,kobert#gf thinks that drunkards on the continent addicted to 8,schnaps10 commonly a liquid acidified with sulphuric acid to give it a sharp taste1 often show typical chronic sulphuric acid poisoning4 #ge ,h4 ,weiske1 ,journ4 f4 ,landwirthsch41 #ahhg1 #dag4 #gf ,lehrbuch der ,intoxicationen1 ,s4 #baj4 ,detection and ,estimation of ,free ,sulphuric ,acid4 #fd4 ,the general method of separating the mineral acids is as follows3 the tissues1 or matters1 are soaked in distilled water for some time4 ,if no free acid is present1 the liquid will not redden litmus-paper1 or give an acid reaction with any of the numerous tinctorial agents in use by the chemist for the purposes of titration4 ,after sufficient digestion in water1 the liquid extract is made up to some definite bulk and allowed to subside4 ,filtration is unnecessary4 ,a small fractional part 7say1 for example1 should the whole be #bej c4c41 #a_/ajjth or #be c4c47 is taken1 and using as an indicator cochineal or phenolphthalein1 the total acidity is estimated by a decinormal solution of soda4 ,by this preliminary operation1 some guide for the conduct of the future more exact operations is obtained4 ,should the liquid be very acid1 a small quantity of the whole is to be now taken1 but if the acidity is feeble1 a larger quantity is necessary1 and sufficient quinine then added to fix the acid--#ajj parts of sulphuric acid are saturated by #cdb parts of quinine monohydrate4 ,therefore1 on the supposition that all the free acid is sulphuric1 it will be found sufficient to add #ce parts of quinine for every #a part of acid1 estimated as sulphuric1 found by the preliminary rough titration2 and as it is inconvenient to deal with large quantities of alkaloid1 a fractional portion of the liquid extract 7representing not more than #ej mgrms4 of acid7 should be taken1 which will require #age mgrms4 of quinine4 ,on addition of the quinine1 the neutralised liquid is evaporated to dryness1 or to approaching dryness1 and then exhausted by strong alcohol4 ,the alcoholic extract is1 after filtration1 dried up1 and the quinine sulphate1 nitrate1 or hydrochlorate1 as the case may be1 filtered off and extracted by boiling water1 and precipitated by ammonia1 the end result being quinine hydrate 7which may be filtered off and used again for similar purposes7 and a sulphate1 nitrate or chloride of ammonia in solution4 ,it therefore remains to determine the nature and quantity of the acids now combined with ammonia4 ,the solution is made up to a known bulk1 and portions tested for chlorides by nitrate of silver1 and for nitrates by the copper or the ferrous sulphate test4 ,if sulphuric acid is present1 there will be a precipitate of barium sulphate1 which1 on account of its density and insolubility in nitric or hydrochloric acids1 is very characteristic4 ,for estimating the sulphuric acid thus found1 it will only be necessary to take a known bulk of the same liquid1 heat it to boiling after acidifying by hydrochloric acid1 and then add a sufficient quantity of baric chloride solution4 ,unless this exact process is followed1 the analyst is likely to get a liquid which refuses to filter clear1 but if the sulphate be precipitated from a hot liquid1 it usually settles rapidly to the bottom of the vessel1 and the supernatant fluid can be decanted clear2 the precipitate is washed by decantation1 and ultimately collected on a filter1 dried1 and weighed4 ,the sulphate of baryta found1 multiplied by #cdcd1 equals the sulphuric anhydride4 ,the older process was to dissolve the free sulphuric acid out by alcohol4 ,as is well known1 mineral sulphates are insoluble in1 and are precipitated by1 alcohol1 whereas sulphuric acid enters into solution4 ,the most valid objection1 as a quantitative process1 to the use of alcohol1 is the tendency which all mineral acids have to unite with alcohol in organic combination1 and thus1 as it were1 to disappear2 and1 indeed1 results are found1 by experiment1 to be below the truth when alcohol is used4 ,this objection does not hold good if either merely qualitative evidence1 or a fairly approximate quantation1 is required4 ,in such a case1 the vomited matters1 the contents of the stomach1 or a watery extract of the tissues1 are evaporated to a syrup1 and then extracted with strong alcohol and filtered2 a little phenolphthalein solution is added1 and the acid alcohol exactly neutralised by an alcoholic solution of clear decinormal or normal soda4 ,according to the acidity of the liquid1 the amount used of the decinormal or normal soda is noted1 and then the whole evaporated to dryness1 and finally heated to gentle redness4 ,the alkaline sulphate is next dissolved in very dilute hydrochloric acid1 and the solution precipitated by chloride of barium in the usual way4 ,the quantitative results1 although low1 would1 in the great majority of cases1 answer the purpose sufficiently4 ,a test usually enumerated1 ,hilger's test for mineral acid1 may be mentioned4 ,a liquid1 which contains a very minute quantity of mineral acid1 becomes of a blue colour 7or1 if #a per cent4 or above1 of a green7 on the addition of a solution of methyl aniline violet2 but this test1 although useful in examining vinegars 7see 8,foods10 p4 #eai71 is not of much value in toxicology1 and the quinine method for this purpose meets every conceivable case1 both for qualitative and quantitative purposes4 #fe4 ,the ,urine4--,although an excess of sulphates is found constantly in the urine of persons who have taken large doses of sulphuric acid1 the latter has never been found in that liquid in a free state1 so that it will be useless to search for free acid4 ,it is1 therefore1 only necessary to add ,h,cl to filter the fluid1 and precipitate direct with an excess of chloride of barium4 ,it is better to operate in this manner than to burn the urine to an ash1 for in the latter case part of the sulphates1 in the presence of phosphates1 are decomposed1 and1 on the other hand1 any organic sulphur combinations are liable to be estimated as sulphates4 ,it may also be well to pass chlorine gas through the same urine which has been treated with chloride of barium1 and from which the sulphate has been filtered off4 ,the result of this treatment will be a second precipitate of sulphate derived from sulphur1 in a different form of combination than that of sulphate4 ,the greatest amount of sulphuric acid as mineral and organic sulphate is separated1 according to ,mannkopf#gg and ,schultzen1#gh within five hours after taking sulphuric acid2 after three days the secretion1 so far as total sulphates is concerned1 is normal4 #gg 8,toxicologie der ,schwefelsure10 ,wiener med4 ,wochen41 #ahfb1 #ahfc4 #gh ,archiv4 f4 ,anatom4 u4 ,physiol41 #ahfd4 ,the normal amount of sulphuric acid excreted daily1 according to ,thudichum1 is from #ae to #be grms41 and organic sulphur up to #b grm4 in the twenty-four hours1 but very much more has been excreted by healthy persons4 ,lehmann made some observations on himself1 and found that1 on an animal diet1 he excreted no less than #ajcii grms4 of sulphuric acid per day1 while on mixed food a little over #g grms42 but1 as ,thudichum justly observes1 this great amount must be referred to individual peculiarity4 ,the amount of sulphates has a decided relation to diet4 ,animal food1 although not containing sulphates1 yet1 from the oxidation of the sulphur-holding albumen1 produces a urine rich in sulphate4 ,thus ,vogel found that a person1 whose daily average was #bjb grms41 yielded #gc on a meat diet4 ,the internal use of sulphur1 sulphides1 and sulphates1 given in an ordinary medicinal way1 is traceable in the urine1 increasing the sulphates4 ,in chronic diseases the amount of sulphates is decreased1 in acute increased4 ,finally1 it would appear that the determination of sulphates in the urine is not of much value1 save when the normal amount that the individual secretes is primarily known4 ,on the other hand1 a low amount of sulphates in the urine of a person poisoned by sulphuric acid has not been observed within three days of the taking of the poison1 and one can imagine cases in which such a low result might have forensic importance4 ,the presence of albumen in the urine has been considered by some a constant result of sulphuric acid poisoning1 but although when looked for it is usually found1 it cannot be considered constant4 ,o4 ,smoler1#gi in eighteen cases of various degrees of sulphuric acid poisoning1 found nothing abnormal in the urine4 ,wyss#hj found in the later stages of a case indican and pus4 ,e4 ,leyden and ,ph4 ,munn#ha always found blood in the urine1 as well as albumen1 with casts and cellular elements4 ,mannkopf#hb found albuminuria in three cases out of five2 in two of the cases there were fibrinous casts2 in two the albumen disappeared at the end of the second or third day1 but in one it continued for more than twenty days4 ,bamberger#hc has observed an increased albuminuria1 with separation of the colouring matter of the blood4 ,in this case it was ascribed to the action of the acid on the blood4 #gi ,archiv der ,heilkunde red4 v4 ,e4 ,wagner1 #ahfi1 ,hft4 #b1 ,s4 #aha4 #hj ,wiener ,medicinal-,halle1 #ahfa1 ,jahr4 #f1 ,no4 #df4 #ha ,virchow's ,archiv f4 path4 ,anat41 #ahfa4 ,bd4 #bb1 ,hft4 #c u4 #d1 ,s4 #bcg4 #hb ,wien4 med4 ,wochenschrift1 #ahfb1 ,nro4 #ce2 #ahfc1 ,nro4 #e4 #hc ,wien4 ,med4-,halle1 #ahfd1 ,nro4 #bi1 #cj4 #ff4 ,the ,blood4--,in ,casper's case1 ,no4 #aic1 the vena cava of a child1 who died within an hour after swallowing a large dose of sulphuric acid1 was filled with a cherry-red1 strongly acid-reacting blood4 ,again1 ,casper's case1 ,no4 #bjj1 is that of a young woman1 aged #ai1 who died from a poisonous dose of sulphuric acid4 ,at the autopsy1 four days after death1 the following peculiarities of the blood were thus noted3--8,the blood had an acid reaction1 was dark1 and had 7as is usual in these cases7 a syrupy consistence1 while the blood-corpuscles were quite unchanged4 ,the blood was treated with an excess of absolute alcohol1 filtered1 the filtrate concentrated on a water-bath1 the residue exhausted with absolute alcohol1 c4 ,it yielded a small quantity of sulphuric acid40 ,other similar cases might be noted1 but it must not for a moment be supposed that the mass of the blood contains any free sulphuric acid during life4 ,the acidity of the blood in the vena cava may be ascribed to post-mortem endosmosis1 the acid passing through the walls of the stomach into the large vessel4 #fg4 ,sulphates4--,if the acid swallowed should have been entirely neutralised by antidotes1 such as chalk1 c41 it becomes of the first importance to ascertain1 as far as possible1 by means of a microscopical examination1 the nature of the food remaining in the stomach1 and then to calculate the probable contents in sulphates of the food thus known to be eaten4 ,it will be found that1 with ordinary food1 and under ordinary circumstances1 only small percentages of combined sulphuric acid can be present4 ,as an example1 take the ordinary rations of the soldier1 viz43--#ab oz4 of meat1 #bd oz4 of bread1 #af oz4 of potatoes1 #h oz4 of other vegetables2 with sugar1 salt1 tea1 coffee1 and water4 ,now1 if the whole quantity of these substances were eaten at a meal1 they would not contain more than from #h to #aj grains 7#e to #f grm47 of anhydrous sulphuric acid1 in the form of sulphates4 ,so far as the contents of the stomach are concerned1 we have only to do with sulphates introduced in the food1 but when once the food passes further along the intestinal canal1 circumstances are altered1 for we have sulphur-holding secretions1 which1 with ordinary chemical methods1 yield sulphuric acid4 ,thus1 even in the newly-born infant1 according to the analyses of ,zweifler1 the mineral constituents of meconium are especially sulphate of lime1 with a smaller quantity of sulphate of potash4 ,the amount of bile which flows into the whole tract of the intestinal canal is estimated at about half a litre in the twenty-four hours2 the amount of sulphur found in bile varies from #hi to #c per cent41 so that in #ejj c4c4 we might1 by oxidising the sulphur1 obtain from #bb to #ge grms4 of sulphuric anhydride4 ,it is therefore certain that large quantities of organic sulphur-compounds may be found in the human intestinal canal1 for with individuals who suffer from constipation1 the residues of the biliary secretion accumulate for many days4 ,hence1 if the analyst searches for sulphates in excretal matters1 all methods involving destruction of organic substances1 whether by fire or by fluid-oxidising agents1 are wrong in principle1 and there is nothing left save to separate soluble sulphates by dialysis1 or to precipitate direct out of an aqueous extract4 ,again1 sulphate of magnesia is a common medicine1 and so is sodic sulphate2 a possible medicinal dose of magnesia sulphate might amount to #efg grms4 7#b oz471 the more usual dose being half that quantity4 ,lastly1 among the insane there are found patients who will eat plaster-of-,paris1 earth1 and similar matters1 so that1 in special cases1 a very large amount of combined sulphuric acid may be found in the intestinal tract1 without any relation to poisoning by the free acid2 but in such instances it must be rare1 indeed1 that surrounding circumstances or pathological evidence will not give a clue to the real state of affairs4 ,,ii4--,hydrochloric ,acid4 #fh4 ,general ,properties4--,hydrochloric acid1 otherwise called muriatic acid1 spirit of salt1 is1 in a strictly chemical sense1 a pure gas1 composed of #igbf per cent4 of chlorine1 and #bgd per cent4 of hydrogen2 but1 in an ordinary sense1 it is a liquid1 being a solution of the gas itself4 ,hydrochloric acid is made on an enormous scale in the ,united ,kingdom1 the production being estimated at about a million tons annually4 ,the toxicology of hydrochloric acid is modern1 for we have no evidence that anything was known of it prior to the middle of the seventeenth century1 when ,glauber prepared it in solution1 and1 in #aggb1 ,priestley1 by treating common salt with sulphuric acid1 isolated the pure gas4 ,the common liquid hydrochloric acid of commerce has a specific gravity of from #aae to #abj1 and contains usually less than #dj parts of hydrochloric acid in the #ajj parts4 ,the strength of pure samples of hydrochloric acid can be told by the specific gravity1 and a very close approximation1 in default of tables1 may be obtained by simply multiplying the decimal figures of the specific gravity by #bjj4 ,for example1 an acid of #abj gravity would by this rule contain #dj per cent4 of real acid1 for #bj #bjj #dj4 ,the commercial acid is nearly always a little yellow1 from the presence of iron derived from metallic retorts1 and usually contains small quantities of chloride of arsenic1#hd derived from the sulphuric acid2 but the colourless hydrochloric acid specially made for laboratory and medicinal use is nearly always pure4 #hd ,some samples of hydrochloric acid have been found to contain as much as #d per cent4 of chloride of arsenic1 but this is very unusual4 ,glenard found as a mean #be grammes1 ,as,o per kilogramme4 ,the uses of the liquid acid are mainly in the production of chlorine1 as a solvent for metals1 and for medicinal and chemical purposes4 ,its properties are briefly as follows3-- ,it is a colourless or faintly-yellow acid liquid1 the depth of colour depending on its purity1 and especially its freedom from iron4 ,the liquid is volatile1 and can be separated from fixed matters and the less volatile acids by distillation2 it has a strong attraction for water1 and fumes when exposed to the air1 from becoming saturated with aqueous vapour4 ,if exposed to the vapour of ammonia1 extremely dense clouds arise1 due to the formation of the solid ammonium chloride4 ,the acid1 boiled with a small quantity of manganese binoxide1 evolves chlorine4 ,dioxide of lead has a similar action2 the chlorine may be detected by its bleaching action on a piece of paper dipped in indigo blue2 a little zinc foil immersed in the acid disengages hydrogen4 ,these two tests--viz41 the production of chlorine by the one1 and the production of hydrogen by the other--separate and reveal the constituent parts of the acid4 ,hydrochloric acid1 in common with chlorides1 gives a dense precipitate with silver nitrate4 ,the precipitate is insoluble in nitric acid1 but soluble in ammonia2 it melts without decomposition4 ,exposed to the light1 it becomes of a purple or blackish colour4 ,every #ajj parts of silver chloride are equal to #bedc of hydrochloric acid1 ,h,cl1 and to #fce parts of the liquid acid of specific gravity #abj4 ,the properties of pure hydrochloric acid gas are as follows3--,specific gravity #abfb1 consisting of equal volumes of hydrogen and chlorine1 united without condensation4 #ajj cubic inches must therefore have a weight of #cicf grains4 ,the gas was liquefied by ,faraday by means of a pressure of #dj atmospheres at #aj2 it was colourless1 and had a less refractive index than water4 ,water absorbs the gas with avidity1 #ajj volumes of water absorbing #dh1jjj volumes of the gas1 and becoming #adb volumes4 ,the solution has all the properties of strong hydrochloric acid1 specific gravity #aba4 ,the dilute hydrochloric acid of the ,pharmacopia should have a specific gravity of #ajeb1 and be equivalent to #ajeh per cent4 of ,h,cl4 #fi4 ,statistics of ,poisoning by ,hydrochloric ,acid4--,the following tables give the deaths1 with age and sex distribution1 due to hydrochloric acid for ten years 7#ahhc-ib73-- ,,deaths ,,from ,,hydrochloric ,,acid ,,in ,,england ,,and ,,wales ,,during ,,the ,,ten ,,years ,,ending #ahib4 ,,accident ,,or ,,negligence4 ,ages1 ,under #a-e #e-ae #ae-be #be-fe #fe and ,total #a above ,males1 #a #af #b 444 #bf #c #dh ,females1 444 #h 444 444 #i #a #ah ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,totals1 #a #bd #b 444 #ce #d #ff ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,suicide4 ,ages1 #e-ae #ae-be #be-fe #fe and ,total above ,males1 444 #b #gc #h #hc ,females1 #a #h #db #fe #aaf --------------------------------------- ,totals1 #a #aj #aae #gc #aii --------------------------------------- ,in #ahhi a solitary case of the murder of a child is on record from hydrochloric acid2 hence1 with that addition1 the total deaths from hydrochloric acid amount to #bff in the ten years1 or about #bf a year4 #gj4 ,fatal ,dose4--,the dose which destroys life is not known with any accuracy4 ,in two cases1 adults have been killed by #ad grms4 7half an ounce7 of the commercial acid2 but1 on the other hand1 recovery is recorded when more than double this quantity has been taken4 ,a girl1 fifteen years of age1 died from drinking a teaspoonful of the acid4#he #he ,brit4 ,med4 ,journ41 ,march1 #ahga4 #ga4 ,amount of ,free ,acid in the ,gastric ,juice4--,hydrochloric acid exists in the gastric juice4 ,this was first ascertained by ,prout#hf in #ahbd2 he separated it by distillation4 ,the observation was afterwards confirmed by ,gmelin1#hg ,children1#hh and ,braconnot4#hi ,on the other hand1 ,lehmann#ij pointed out that1 as the stomach secretion contained1 without doubt1 lactic acid1 the act of distillation1 in the presence of this lactic acid1 would set free hydrochloric acid from any alkaline chlorides4 ,blondlot and ,cl4 ,bernard also showed that the gastric juice possessed no acid which would dissolve oxalate of lime1 or develop hydrogen when treated with iron filings2 hence there could not be free hydrochloric acid which1 even in a diluted state1 would respond to both these tests4 ,then followed the researches of ,c4 ,schmidt1#ia who showed that the gastric secretion of men1 of sheep1 and of dogs contained more hydrochloric acid than would satisfy the bases present2 and he propounded the view that the gastric juice does not contain absolutely free hydrochloric acid1 but that it is in loose combination with the pepsin4 #hf ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahbd1 p4 #de4 #hg ,p4 ,tiedmann and ,l4 ,gmelin1 ,die ,verdauung nach ,versuchen1 ,heidelberg u4 ,leipsic1 #ahbf1 i4 #hh ,annals of ,philosophy1 ,july1 #ahbd4 #hi ,ann4 de ,chim4 t4 lix4 p4 #cdh4 #ij ,journal f4 prakt4 ,chemie1 ,bd4 xl4 #dg4 #ia ,bidder u4 ,schmidt1 ,verdauungs-,sfte1 c4 ,the amount of acid in the stomach varies from moment to moment1 and therefore it is not possible to say what the average acidity of gastric juice is4 ,it has been shown that in the total absence of free hydrochloric acid digestion may take place1 because hydrochloric acid forms a compound with pepsin which acts as a solvent on the food4 ,the amount of physiologically active acid varies with the food taken4 ,it is smallest when carbohydrates are consumed1 greatest with meat4 ,the maximum amount that ,jaksch found in his researches1 when meat was ingested1 was #ji per cent4 of hydrochloric acid4 ,it is probable that anything above #jb per cent4 of hydrochloric acid is either abnormal or owing to the recent ingestion of hydrochloric acid4 #gb4 ,influence of ,hydrochloric ,acid on ,vegetation4--,hydrochloric acid fumes1 if emitted from works on a large scale1 injure vegetation much4 ,in former years1 before any legal obligations were placed upon manufacturers for the condensing of the volatile products1 the nuisance from this cause was great4 ,in #ahbc1 the duty on salt being repealed by the ,government1 an extraordinary impetus was given to the manufacture of hydrochloric acid1 and since all the volatile products at that time escaped through short chimneys into the air1 a considerable area of land round the works was rendered quite unfit for growing plants4 ,the present law on the subject is1 that the maximum quantity of acid escaping shall not exceed #b grains per cubic foot of the air1 smoke1 or chimney gases2 and1 according to the reports of the alkali inspectors1 the condensation by the improved appliances is well within the ,act1 and about as perfect as can be devised4 ,it appears from the reports of the ,belgian ,commission in #ahee1 when virtually no precautions were taken1 that the gases are liable to injure vegetation to the extent of #bjjj metres 7#bahg yards7 around any active works2 the more watery vapour the air contains1 the quicker is the gas precipitated and carried to the earth4 ,if the action of the vapour is considerable1 the leaves of plants dry and wither2 the chlorophyll becomes modified1 and no longer gives the normal spectrum1 while a thickening of the rind of trees has also been noticed4 ,the cereals suffer much2 they increase in stalk1 but produce little grain4 ,the leguminos become spotted1 and have an air of dryness and want of vigour2 while the potato1 among plants utilised for food1 appears to have the strongest resistance4 ,vines are very sensitive to the gas4 ,among trees1 the alder seems most sensitive2 then come fruit-trees1 and last1 the hardy forest-trees--the poplar1 the ash1 the lime1 the elm1 the maple1 the birch1 and the oak4#ib #ib ,those who desire to study more closely the effect of acids generally on vegetation may consult the various papers of the alkali inspectors contained in the ,local ,government ,reports4 ,see also ,schubarth1 ,die saueren ,gase1 welche ,schwefelsure- und ,soda-,fabriken verbreiten4 ,verhandlungen des ,vereins zur ,befrderung des ,gewerbefleisses in ,preussen1 #aheg1 ,s4 #ace4 ,dingler's ,journal1 ,bd4 #ade1 ,s4 #cgd-dbg4 ,christel1 ,ueber die ,einwirkung von ,suren-,dmpfen auf die ,vegetation4 ,arch4 f4 ,pharmacie1 #ahga1 p4 #beb4 ,vierteljahrsschrift fr gerichtliche ,medicin1 #ag ,bd4 ,s4 #djd1 #ahgb4 #gc4 ,action upon ,cloth and ,manufactured ,articles4--,on black cloth the acid produces a green stain1 which is not moist and shows no corrosion4 ,on most matters the stain is more or less reddish2 after a little time no free acid may be detected1 by simply moistening the spot2 but if the stain is cut out and boiled with water1 there may be some evidence of free acid4 ,the absence of moisture and corrosion distinguishes the stain from that produced by sulphuric acid4 #gd4 ,poisonous ,effects of ,hydrochloric ,acid ,gas4--,eulenberg#ic has studied the effects of the vapour of this acid on rabbits and pigeons4 ,one of these experiments may be cited in detail4 ,hydrochloric acid gas1 prepared by heating together common salt and sulphuric acid1 was passed into a glass shade supported on a plate1 and a rabbit was placed in the transparent chamber thus formed4 ,on the entrance of the vapour1 there was immediate blinking of the eyes1 rubbing of the paws against the nostrils1 and emission of white fumes with the expired breath1 while the respiration was irregular 7#dj to the minute74 ,after the lapse of ten minutes1 the gas was again introduced1 until the atmosphere was quite thick2 the symptoms were similar to those detailed above1 but more violent2 and in fourteen minutes from the commencement1 the rabbit sank down on its right side 7respirations #cb74 ,when twenty-two minutes had elapsed1 the gas was again allowed to enter4 ,the rabbit now lay quiet1 with closed eyes and laboured respiration1 and1 finally1 after half-an-hour of intermittent exposure to the gas1 the animal was removed4 #ic ,gewerbe ,hygiene1 ,berlin1 #ahgf1 ,s4 #ea4 ,the cornea were opalescent1 and the eyes filled with water2 there was frequent shaking of the head and working of the forepaws4 ,after three minutes' exposure to the air1 the respirations were found to be #abh per minute2 this quickened respiration lasted for an hour1 then gave place to a shorter and more superficial breathing4 ,on the second day after the experiment1 the rabbit suffered from laboured respiration 7#bh to the minute7 and pain1 and there was a rattling in the bronchial tubes4 ,the animal died on the third day1 death being preceded by slow respiration 7#ab to the minute74 ,the appearances twenty-four hours after death were as follows3--,the eyes were coated with a thick slime1 and both cornea were opalescent2 there was strong rigidity of the body4 ,the pia mater covering the brain was everywhere hypermic1 and at the hinder border of both hemispheres appeared a small clot1 surrounded by a thin layer of bloody fluid4 ,the plex4 venos spin4 was filled with coagulated blood1 and there was also a thin extravasation of blood covering the medulla and pons4 ,the lungs were mottled bright brown-red2 the middle lobe of the right lung was dark brown1 solid1 and sank in water2 the lower lobe of the same lung and the upper lobe of the left lung were nearly in a similar condition1 but the edges were of a bright red4 ,the parenchyma in the darker places on section did not crepitate4 ,on the cut surface was a little dark1 fluid1 weakly-acid blood2 the tracheal mucous membrane was injected4 ,the heart was filled with thick coagulated blood2 the liver was congested1 of a reddish-brown colour1 and rich in dark1 fluid blood3 in the vena cava inferior was coagulated blood4 ,the kidneys were not hypermic2 the intestines were superficially congested4 ,i think there can be little doubt that the symptoms during life1 and the appearances after death1 in this case are perfectly consistent with the following view3--,the vapour acts first as a direct irritant1 and is capable of exciting inflammation in the lung and bronchial tissues2 but besides this1 there is a secondary effect1 only occurring when the gas is in sufficient quantity1 and the action sufficiently prolonged--viz41 a direct coagulation of the blood in certain points of the living vessels of the lungs4 ,the consequence of this is a more or less general backward engorgement1 the right side of the heart becomes distended with blood1 and the ultimate cause of death is partly mechanical4 ,the hypermia of the brain membranes1 and even the hmorrhages1 are quite consistent with this view1 and occur in cases where the obstruction to the circulation is of a coarser and more obvious character1 and can therefore be better appreciated4 #ge4 ,effects of the ,liquid ,acid4--,there is one distinction between poisoning by hydrochloric and the other mineral acids--namely1 the absence of corrosion of the skin4 ,ad4 ,lesser#id has established1 by direct experiment1 that it is not possible to make any permanent mark on the skin by the application even of the strongest commercial acid 7#dj per cent474 ,hence1 in any case of suspected poisoning by acid1 should there be stains on the lips and face as from an acid1 the presumption will be rather against hydrochloric4 ,the symptoms themselves differ very little from those produced by sulphuric acid4 ,the pathological appearances also are not essentially different1 but hydrochloric is a weaker acid1 and the extensive disorganisation1 solution1 and perforation of the viscera1 noticed occasionally with sulphuric acid1 have never been found in hydrochloric acid poisoning4 ,we may quote here the following case3-- #id ,virchow's ,archiv f4 path4 ,anat41 ,bd4 #hc1 ,hft4 #b1 ,s4 #bae1 #ahha4 ,a woman1 under the influence of great and sudden grief--not unmixed with passion--drew a bottle from her pocket1 and emptied it very quickly4 ,she immediately uttered a cry1 writhed1 and vomited a yellow-green fluid4 ,the abdomen also became enlarged4 ,milk was given her1 but she could not swallow it1 and death took place1 in convulsions1 two hours after the drinking of the poison4 ,the post-mortem appearances were briefly as follows3--,mouth and tongue free from textural change3 much gas in the abdomen1 more especially in the stomach2 the membranes of the brain congested2 the lungs filled with blood4 ,the stomach was strongly pressed forward1 of a dark brown-red1 and exhibited many irregular blackish spots1 varying from two lines to half an inch in diameter 7the spots were drier and harder than the rest of the stomach72 the mucous membrane1 internally1 was generally blackened1 and changed to a carbonised1 shaggy1 slimy mass1 while the organ was filled with a blackish homogeneous pulp1 which had no odour4 ,the gullet was also blackened4 ,a considerable quantity of hydrochloric acid was separated from the stomach4#ie #ie ,preuss4 ,med4 ,vereinszeit4 u4 ,friederichs ,bltter f4 gerichtl4 ,anthropologie1 #aheh1 ,hft4 #f1 ,s4 #gj4 ,the termination in this instance was unusually rapid4 ,in a case detailed by ,casper1#if in which a boy drank an unknown quantity of acid1 death took place in seven hours4 ,in ,guy's ,hospital museum1 the duodenum and stomach are preserved of a patient who is said to have died in nine and a half hours from half an ounce of the acid4 ,the same quantity1 in a case related by ,taylor1 caused death in eighteen hours4 ,from these and other instances1 it may be presumed that death from acute poisoning by hydrochloric acid will probably take place within twenty-four hours4 ,from the secondary effects1 of course1 death may take place at a remote period1 e4g41 in a case recorded by ,dr4 ,duncan 7,lancet1 ,april #ab1 #ahij71 a man drank about #a oz4 of ,h,cl accidentally1 was admitted to ,charing ,cross ,hospital the same day1 and treated with small quantities of sodium carbonate1 and fed by the rectum4 ,on the eighth day he brought up #cd oz4 of blood2 in a month he left apparently perfectly well1 but was admitted again in about six weeks1 and died of contraction of the stomach and stricture of the pylorus on the ninety-fourth day4 #if ,case #bcj4--;,gerichtliche ,medicin1 #fth ,ed41 ,berlin1 #ahgf4 #gf4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,the pathological appearances are very similar to those found in the case already detailed2 though the skin of the face may not be eroded in any way by the acid1 yet the more delicate mucous membrane of the mouth1 gullet1 c41 appears mostly to be changed1 and is usually white or whitish-brown4 ,there is1 however1 in the museum of the ,royal ,college of ,surgeons the stomach and gullet 7,no4 #bchf;c47 of an infant thirteen months old2 the infant drank a tea-cupful of strong hydrochloric acid1 and died nine hours after the dose4 ,the pharynx and the upper end of the gullet is quite normal1 the corrosive action commencing at the lower end1 so that1 although the acid was concentrated1 not the slightest effect was produced on the delicate mucous membrane of the throat and upper part of the gullet4 ,the lower end of the gullet and the whole of the stomach were intensely congested2 the rug of the latter were ecchymosed and blackened by the action of the acid4 ,there were also small hmorrhages in the lungs1 which were ascribed to the action of the acid on the blood4 ,perforation of the stomach has not been noticed in hydrochloric acid poisoning4 ,in ,guy's ,hospital museum 7prep4 #agii71 the stomach and duodenum of the case mentioned exhibit the mucous membrane considerably injected1 with extravasations of blood1 which1 at the time when the preparation was first arranged1 were of various hues1 but are now somewhat altered1 through long keeping in spirit4 ,in ,st4 ,george's ,hospital museum 7ser4 x4 #dc1 d4 #bjj7 are preserved the stomach and part of the duodenum of a person who died from hydrochloric acid4 ,the case is detailed in the ,medical ,times and ,gazette for #ahec1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eac4 ,the whole inner surface appears to be in a sloughing state1 and the larynx and lung were also inflamed4 ,a preparation1 presented by ,mr4 ,bowman to ,king's ,college ,hospital museum1 exhibits the effects of a very large dose of hydrochloric acid4 ,the gullet has a shrivelled and worm-eaten appearance2 the stomach is injected with black blood1 and was filled with an acid1 grumous matter4#ig #ig ,a drawing of parts of the gullet and stomach is given in ,guy and ,ferrier's ,forensic ,medicine4 ,looking at these and other museum preparations illustrating the effects of sulphuric and hydrochloric acids1 ,i was unable 7in default of the history of the cases7 to distinguish between the two1 by the naked eye appearances1 save in those cases in which the disorganisation was so excessive as to render hydrochloric acid improbable4 ,on the other hand1 the changes produced by nitric acid are so distinctive1 that it is impossible to mistake its action for that of any other acid4 ,the nitric acid pathological preparations may be picked out at a glance4 ,detection and ,estimation of ,free ,hydrochloric ,acid4 #gg4 7#a7 ,detection4--,a large number of colouring reagents have been proposed as tests for the presence of free mineral acid2 among the best is methyl-aniline violet decolorised by a large amount of hydrochloric acid2 the violet turns to green with a moderate quantity1 and to blue with a small quantity4 ,tropolin 7#jj71 in the presence of free mineral acid1 strikes a ruby-red to a dark brown-red4 ,congo-red is used in the form of paper dyed with the material2 large amounts of free hydrochloric acid strike blue-black1 small quantities blue4 ,gnzburg's test is #b parts phloroglucin and #a part vanillin1 dissolved in #ajj parts of alcohol4 ,fine red crystals are precipitated on the addition of hydrochloric acid4 ,to test the stomach contents for free hydrochloric acid by means of this reagent1 equal parts of the fluid and the test are evaporated to dryness in the water-bath in a porcelain dish4 ,if free hydrochloric acid be present1 the evaporated residue shows a red colour2 #a mgrm4 of acid can by this test be detected4 ,the reaction is not interfered with by organic acids1 peptones1 or albumin4 ,jaksch speaks highly of benzopurpurin as a test4 ,filter-paper is soaked in a saturated aqueous solution of benzopurpurin #f ,b 7the variety #a or #d ,b is not so sensitive71 and the filter-paper thus prepared allowed to dry4 ,on testing the contents of the stomach with the reagent1 if there is more than #d parts per #ajjj of hydrochloric acid the paper is stained intensely blue-black2 but if the colour is brown-black1 this is from butyric or lactic acids1 or from a mixture of these acids with hydrochloric acid4 ,if the paper is washed with pure ether1 and the colour was due only to organic acids1 the original hue of the paper is restored2 if the colour produced was due to a mixture of mineral and organic acids1 the brown-black colour is weakened2 and1 lastly1 if due to hydrochloric acid alone1 the colour is not altered by washing with ether4 ,acid salts have no action1 nor is the test interfered with by large amounts of albumins and peptones4 ,a4 ,villiers and ,m4 ,favolle#ih have published a sensitive test for hydrochloric acid4 ,the test consists of a saturated aqueous solution of colourless aniline1 #d parts2 glacial acetic acid1 #a part2 #ja mgrm4 of hydrochloric acid strikes with this reagent a blue colour1 #a mgrm4 a black colour4 ,the liquid under examination is brought by evaporation1 or by the addition of water1 to #aj c4c4 and placed in a flask2 to this is added #e c4c4 of a mixture of equal parts of sulphuric acid and water1 then #aj c4c4 of a saturated solution of potassic permanganate1 and heated gently1 conveying the gases into #c to #e c4c4 of the reagent contained in a test-tube immersed in water4 ,if1 however1 bromine or iodine 7one or both7 should be present1 the process is modified as follows3--,the hydracids are precipitated by silver nitrate2 the precipitate is washed1 transferred to a small flask1 and treated with #aj c4c4 of water and #a c4c4 of pure ammonia4 ,with this strength of ammonia the chloride of silver is dissolved easily1 the iodide not at all1 and the bromide but slightly4 ,the ammoniacal solution is filtered1 boiled1 and treated with ,,sh2 the excess of ,,sh is expelled by boiling1 the liquid filtered1 reduced to #aj c4c4 by boiling or evaporation1 sulphuric acid and permanganate added as before1 and the gases passed into the aniline4 ,the process is inapplicable to the detection of chlorides or hydrochloric acid if cyanides are present1 and it is more adapted for traces of hydrochloric acid than for the quantities likely to be met with in a toxicological inquiry4 #ih ,comptes ,rend41 cxviii4 7#b7 ,quantitative estimation of ,free ,hydrochloric ,acid4--,the contents of the stomach are diluted to a known volume1 say #bej or #ejj c4c4 ,a fractional portion is taken1 say #aj c4c41 coloured with litmus or phenol-phthalein1 and a decinormal solution of soda added drop by drop until the colour changes2 this gives total acidity4 ,another #aj c4c4 is shaken with double its volume of ether three times1 the fluid separated from ether and titrated in the same way2 this last titration will give the acidity due to mineral acids and acid salts2#ii if the only mineral acid present is hydrochloric acid the results will be near the truth if reckoned as such1 and this method1 although not exact for physiological research1 is usually sufficient for the purpose of ascertaining the amount of hydrochloric acid or other mineral acids in a case of poisoning4 ,it depends on the fact that ether extracts free organic acids1 such as butyric and lactic acids1 but does not extract mineral acids4 #ii ,to distinguish between acidity due to free acid and acid salts1 or to acidity due to the combined action of acid salts and free acids1 the method of ,leo and ,uffelmann is useful4 ,a fractional portion of the contents of the stomach is triturated with pure calcium carbonate2 if all the acidity is due to free acid1 the fluid in a short time becomes neutral to litmus2 if1 on the other hand1 the acidity is due entirely to acid salts1 the fluid remains acid2 or1 if due to both acid and acid salts1 there is a proportionate diminution of acidity due to the decomposition of the lime carbonate by the free acid4 ,a quantitative method has been devised upon these principles4 ,see ,leo1 ,diagnostik der ,krankheiten der ,verdauungsorgane1 ,hirschwald1 ,berlin1 #ahij4 ,the free mineral acid1 after extracting the organic acid by ether1 can also be saturated with cinchonine2 this hydrochlorate of cinchonine is extracted by chloroform1 evaporated to dryness1 and the residue dissolved in water acidified by nitric acid and precipitated by silver nitrate2 the silver chloride produced is collected on a small filter1 washed1 and the filter1 with its contents1 dried and ignited in a porcelain crucible2 the silver chloride1 multiplied by #jbedbf1 equals ,h,cl4 ,the best method of estimating free hydrochloric acid in the stomach is that of ,sjokvist as modified by v4 ,jaksch2#ajj it has the disadvantage of its accuracy being interfered with by phosphates2 it also does not distinguish between actual free ,h,cl and the loosely bound ,h,cl with albuminous matters1--this in a toxicological case is of small importance1 because the quantities of ,h,cl found are likely to be large4 #ajj ,klinische ,diagnostik1 ,dr4 ,rudolph v4 ,jaksch1 ,wien u4 ,leipzig1 #ahib4 ,clinical ,diagnosis4 ,english ,translation1 by ,dr4 ,cagney4 ,second ,edition4 ,london3 ,charles ,griffin ,co41 ,limited4 ,the method is based upon the fact that if carbonate of baryta be added to the contents of the stomach1 the organic acids will decompose the barium carbonate1 forming butyrate1 acetate1 lactate1 c41 of barium2 and the mineral acids1 such as hydrochloric acid1 will combine1 forming salts of barium4 ,on ignition1 chloride of barium will be unaffected1 while the organic salts of barium will be converted into carbonate of barium1 practically insoluble in carbonic acid free water4 ,the contents of the stomach are coloured with litmus1 and barium carbonate added until the fluid is no longer acid 7as shown by the disappearance of the red colour72 then the contents are evaporated to dryness in a platinum dish1 and ignited at a dull red heat2 complete burning to an ash is not necessary4 ,after cooling1 the burnt mass is repeatedly exhausted with boiling water and filtered2 the chloride of barium is precipitated from the filtrate by means of dilute sulphuric acid2 the barium sulphate filtered off1 washed1 dried1 and1 after ignition1 weighed2 #bcc parts of barium sulphate equal #gc parts of ,h,cl4 ,a method somewhat quicker1 but depending on the same principles1 has been suggested by ,braun4#aja ,a fractional part1 say #aj c4c41 of the fluid contents is coloured by litmus and titrated with decinormal soda4 ,to the same quantity is added #b or #c more c4c4 of decinormal soda than the quantity used in the first titration2 this alkaline liquid is evaporated to dryness and ultimately ignited4 ,to the ash is now added exactly the quantity of decinormal sulphuric acid as the decinormal soda last used to make it alkaline--that is to say1 if the total acidity was equal to #cf d4n4 soda1 and #ej d4n4 soda was added to the #aj c4c4 evaporated to dryness and burned1 then #ef c4c4 of d4n4 sulphuric acid is added to the ash4 ,the solution is now warmed to get rid of carbon dioxide1 and1 after addition of a little phenolphthalein1 titrated with d4n4 soda solution until the change of colour shows saturation1 the number of c4c4 used1 multiplied by #jjjcfe1 equals the ,h,cl4 #aja ,op4 cit41 ,s4 #aeg4 #gh4 ,in investigating the stains from hydrochloric acid on fabrics1 or the leaves of plants1 any free hydrochloric acid may be separated by boiling with water1 and then investigating the aqueous extract4 ,should1 however1 the stain be old1 all free acid may have disappeared1 and yet some of the chlorine remain in organic combination with the tissue1 or in combination with bases4 ,dr4 ,angus ,smith has found weighed portions of leaves1 c41 which had been exposed to the action of hydrochloric acid fumes1 richer in chlorides than similar parts of the plants not thus exposed4 ,the most accurate method of investigation for the purpose of separating chlorine from combination with organic matters is to cut out the stained portions1 weigh them1 and burn them up in a combustion-tube1 the front portion of the tube being filled with caustic lime known to be free from chlorides2 a similar experiment must be made with the unstained portions4 ,in this way a considerable difference may often be found2 and it is not impossible1 in some instances1 to thus detect1 after the lapse of many years1 that certain stains have been produced by a chlorine-holding substance4 ,,iii4--,nitric ,acid4 #gi4 ,general ,properties4--,nitric acid--commonly known in ,england as aqua fortis1 chemically as nitric acid1 hydric nitrate1 or nitric monohydrate--is a mono-hydrate of nitrogen pentoxide 7,n,o71 two equivalents1 or #abf parts1 of nitric acid containing #ajh of ,n,o1 and #ah of ,h,o4 ,anhydrous nitric acid1 or nitrogen pentoxide1 can be obtained by passing1 with special precautions1 dry chlorine over silver nitrate2 the products are free oxygen and nitrogen pentoxide1 according to the following equation3-- ,silver ,chlorine4 ,silver ,nitrogen ,oxygen4 ,nitrate4 ,chloride4 ,pentoxide4 ,ag,o1,n,o #b;,cl #b;,ag,cl ,n,o ,o ,by surrounding the receiver with a freezing mixture1 the acid is condensed in crystals1 which dissolve in water1 with emission of much heat1 forming nitric acid4 ,sometimes the crystals1 though kept in sealed tubes1 decompose1 and the tube1 from the pressure of the liberated gases1 bursts with a dangerous explosion4 ,pure nitric acid has a specific gravity of #aeb1 and boils at #ih4 ,dr4 ,ure examined the boiling point and other properties of nitric acid very fully4 ,an acid of #ae specific gravity boils at #ihh2 of specific gravity #ade1 at #aaee2 specific gravity #adj1 at #aahh2 of specific gravity #adb1 at #abbh4 ,the acid of specific gravity #adb is the standard acid of the ,british ,pharmacopia4 ,it can always be obtained by distilling either strong or moderately weak nitric acid2 for1 on the one hand1 the acid on distillation gets weaker until the gravity of #adb is reached1 or1 on the other1 it becomes stronger4 ,there is little doubt that acid of #adb gravity is a definite hydrate1 consisting of #a atom of dry acid and #d atoms of water2 it corresponds to #ge per cent4#ajb of the liquid acid ,,hno4 ,there are also at least two other hydrates known--one an acid of #adhe specific gravity1 corresponding to #a atom of dry acid and #b of water1 and an acid of specific gravity #accd1 corresponding to #a atom of dry acid and #g atoms of water4 #ajb ,the ,british ,pharmacopia states that the #adb acid equals #gj per cent4 of ,,hno2 but this is not in accordance with ,ure's ,tables1 nor with the facts4 ,in ,germany the officinal acid is of #aahe specific gravity1 corresponding to about #cj per cent4 of ,,hno4 ,the dilute nitric acid of the ,pharmacopia is a colourless liquid1 of specific gravity #aaja1 and should contain about #agd per cent4 of acid4 ,the acids used in various industries are known respectively as dyers' and engravers' acid4 ,dyers' acid has a specific gravity of #acc to #acd 7#ff to #fh ,twad471 that is1 strength from #ef to #eh per cent4 of ,,hno4 ,engravers' acid is stronger2 being of #adj specific gravity 7#hj ,twad472 and contains #gj per cent4 of ,,hno4 ,although the pure acid of commerce is 7and should be7 almost colourless1 most commercial specimens are of hues from yellow up to deep red4 ,an acid saturated with red oxides of nitrogen is often known as 8fuming nitric acid40 #hj4 ,use in the ,arts4--,nitric acid is employed very extensively in the arts and manufactures4 ,the dyer uses it as a solvent for tin in the preparation of valuable mordants for calico and other fabrics2 the engraver uses it for etching copper4 ,it is an indispensable agent in the manufacture of gun-cotton1 nitro-glycerin1 picric acid1 and sulphuric acid2 it is also used in the manufacture of tallow1 in preparing the felt for hats1 and in the gilding trades4 ,it is said to be utilised to make yellowish or fawn-coloured spots on cigar leaves1 so as to give them the appearance of age and quality4 ,it is also used as a medicine4 #ha4 ,statistics of ,poisoning by ,nitric ,acid4--,in the ten years #ahhc-ahib no case of murder was ascribed to nitric acid1 but it caused accidentally #be deaths1 and was used in #bg cases of suicide4 ,the following tables give the age and sex distribution of these deaths3-- ,,deaths ,,in ,,england ,,and ,,wales ,,during ,,the ,,ten ,,years ,,ending #ahib ,,from ,,nitric ,,acid4 ,,accident ,,or ,,negligence4 ,ages1 #a-e #e-ae #ae-be #be-fe #fe and ,total above ,males1 #f #b #a #i 444 #ah ,females1 #c 444 444 #d 444 #g -------------------------------------- ,totals1 #i #b #a #ac 444 #be -------------------------------------- ,,suicide4 ,ages1 #ae-be #be-fe #fe and ,total above ,males1 #c #ad #a #ah ,females1 #a #h 444 #i ---------------------------- ,totals1 #d #bb #a #bg ---------------------------- #hb4 ,fatal ,dose4--,the dose which causes death has not been ascertained with any exactness4 ,as in the case of sulphuric acid1 we may go so far as to say that it is possible for a few drops of the strong acid to be fatal1 for if brought into contact with the vocal apparatus1 fatal spasm of the glottis might be excited4 ,the smallest dose on record is #gg grms4 7#b drachms71 which killed a child aged #ac4 #hc4 ,action of ,nitric ,acid on ,vegetation4--,nitric acid acts on plants injuriously in a two-fold manner--viz41 by direct corrosive action1 and also by decomposing the chlorides which all plants contain1 thus setting free chlorine1 which decomposes and bleaches the chlorophyll4 ,the action is most intense on soft and delicate leaves1 such as those of clover1 the cabbage1 and all the crucifer4 ,the tobacco plant is particularly injured by nitric acid4 ,next to all herbaceous plants1 trees1 such as the apple1 pear1 and fruit trees1 generally suffer4 ,the conifer1 whether from their impregnation with resin1 or from some other cause1 possess a considerable resisting-power against nitric acid vapours1 and the same is true as regards the cereals2 in the latter case1 their siliceous armour acts as a preserving agent4 #hd4 ,nitric ,acid ,vapour4--,the action of nitric acid in a state of vapour1 as evolved by warming potassic nitrate and sulphuric acid together1 has been studied by ,eulenberg4 ,a rabbit was placed under a shade into which #fc grains of nitric acid in a state of vapour were introduced4 ,from the conditions of the experiment1 some nitric peroxide must also have been present4 ,irritation of the external mucous membranes and embarrassment in breathing were observed4 ,the animal in forty-five minutes was removed1 and suffered afterwards from a croupous bronchitis1 from which1 however1 it completely recovered in eleven days4 ,a second experiment with the same animal was followed by death4 ,on inspection1 there was found strong injection of the cerebral membranes1 with small extravasations of blood2 the lungs were excessively congested2 the right middle lobe especially was of a liver-brown colour1 and empty of air3 it sank in water4 ,o4 ,lassar#ajc has also made a series of researches on the influence of nitric acid vapour1 from which he concludes that the acid is not absorbed by the blood1 but acts only by its mechanical irritation1 for he could not trace1 by means of an examination of the urine1 any evidence of such absorption4 #ajc ,hoppe-,seyler's ,zeitschrift f4 physiol4 ,chemie1 ,bd4 i4 ,s4 #afe-agc1 #ahgg-gh4 ,there are a few instances on record of the vapour having been fatal to men2 for example1 the well-known case of ,mr4 ,haywood1 a chemist of ,sheffield1 may be cited4 ,in pouring a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids from a carboy of sixty pounds capacity1 the vessel broke1 and for a few minutes he inhaled the mixed fumes4 ,he died eleven hours after the accident1 although for the first three hours there were scarcely any symptoms of an injurious effect having been produced4 ,on inspection1 there was found intense congestion of the windpipe and bronchial tubes1 with effusion of blood in the latter4 ,the lining membrane of the heart and aorta was inflamed2 unfortunately1 the larynx was not examined4#ajd #ajd ,lancet1 ,april #ae1 #ahed1 p4 #dcj4 ,a very similar case happened in ,edinburgh in #ahfc4aje ,two young men were carrying a jar of nitric acid2 the jar broke1 and they attempted to wipe up the acid from the floor4 ,the one died ten hours after the accident1 the other in less than twenty-four hours4 ,the symptoms were mainly those of difficult breathing1 and it is probable that death was produced from suffocation4 ,dr4 ,taylor relates also1 that having accidentally inhaled the vapour in preparing gun-cotton1 he suffered from severe constriction of the throat1 tightness in the chest1 and cough1 for more than a week4#ajf #aje ,chemical ,news1 ,march #ad1 #ahfc1 p4 #acb4 #ajf ,principles and ,practice of ,medical ,jurisprudence1 vol4 i41 #ahgc1 p4 #bah4 #he4 ,effects of ,liquid ,nitric ,acid4--,poisoning by nitric acid1 though still rare1 is naturally more frequent than formerly4 ,at the beginning of this century1 ,tartra#ajg wrote a most excellent monograph on the subject1 and collated all the cases he could find1 from the first recorded instances related by ,bembo#ajh in ,venetian history1 down to his own time4 ,the number of deaths in those #djj years was but fifty-five1 while1 in our century1 at least fifty can be numbered4 ,most of these 7#gd per cent47 are suicidal1 a very few homicidal1 the rest accidental4 ,in one of ,tartra's cases1 some nitric acid was placed in the wine of a drunken woman1 with fatal effect4 ,osenbrggen#aji relates the case of a father murdering his six children by means of nitric acid2 and ,c4 ,a4 ,bchner#aaj that of a soldier who poured acid into the mouth of his illegitimate infant4 ,a curious case is one in which a man poisoned his drunken wife by pouring the acid into her right ear2 she died after six weeks' illness4 ,all these instances prove again1 if necessary1 that the acid is only likely to be used with murderous intent in the case of young children1 or of sleeping1 drunken1 or otherwise helpless people4 #ajg ,tartra1 ,a4 ,e41 ,dr41 ,trait de l',empoisonnement par l',acide ,nitrique1 ,paris1 ,an4 #aj 7#ahjb71 pp4 #cjj4 #ajh ,bembo ,cardinalis1 ,rerum ,venetarium ,histori1 lib4 xii41 lib4 i4 p4 #ab1 ,paris ,ed41 #aeea4 #aji ,allgem4-,deutsche ,strafrechtszeitung1 herausgeg4 v4 ,frz4 v4 ,holtzendorff1 #e ,jahrg41 #ahfe1 ,hft4 #e1 ,s4 #bgc4 #aaj ,friederich's ,bltter f4 ger4 ,med41 #ahff1 ,hft4 #c1 ,s4 #ahg4 ,as an example of the way in which accidents are brought about by heedlessness1 may be cited the recent case of a woman who bought a small quantity of aqua fortis for the purpose of allaying toothache by a local application4 ,she attempted to pour the acid direct from the bottle into the cavity of the tooth2 the acid went down her throat1 and the usual symptoms followed4 ,she threw up a very perfect cast of the gullet 7preserved in ,university ,college museum71 and rapidly died4 ,nitric acid has been mistaken for various liquids1 and has also been used by injection as an abortive1 in every respect having a toxicological history similar to that of sulphuric acid4 #hf4 ,local ,action4--,when strong nitric acid comes in contact with organic matters1 there is almost constantly a development of gas4 ,the tissue is first bleached1 and then becomes of a more or less intense yellow colour4 ,nitric acid spots on the skin are not removed by ammonia1 but become of an orange-red when moistened with potash and a solution of cyanide of potassium4 ,the yellow colour seems to show that picric acid is one of the constant products of the reaction2 sulphide of ammonium forms a sort of soap with the epidermis thus attacked1 and detaches it4 #hg4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms and course of nitric acid poisoning differ in a few details only from those of sulphuric acid4 ,there is the same instant pain and frequent vomiting1 destruction of the mucous membranes1 and1 in the less severe cases1 after-contraction of the gullet1 c4 ,one of the differences in the action of nitric and sulphuric acids is the constant development of gas with the former4 ,this1 without doubt1 adds to the suffering4 ,tartra made several experiments on dead bodies1 and showed that very considerable distension of the intestinal canal1 by gaseous products1 was the constant result2 the tissues were corroded and almost dissolved1 being transformed1 ultimately1 into a sort of greasy paste4 ,the vomited matters are of a yellow colour1 unless mixed with blood1 when they are of a dirty-brown hue1 with shreds of yellow mucus1 and have the strong acid reaction and smell of nitric acid4 ,the teeth may be partially attacked from the solvent action of the acid on the enamel4 ,the fauces and tongue1 at first blanched1 soon acquire a citron-yellow1 or even a brown colour2 the whole cavity may swell and inflame1 rendering the swallowing of liquids difficult1 painful1 and sometimes impossible4 ,the air passages may also become affected1 and in one case tracheotomy was performed for the relief of the breathing4#aaa ,the stomach rejects all remedies2 there are symptoms of collapse2 quick1 weak pulse1 frequent shivering1 obstinate constipation1 and death 7often preceded by a kind of stupor7 in from eighteen to twenty-four hours4 ,the intellectual faculties remain clear1 save in a few rare instances4 #aaa ,arnott1 ,med4 ,gaz41 vol4 xii4 p4 #bbj4 ,c4 ,a4 ,wunderlich has recorded an unusual case1 in which the symptoms were those of dysentery1 and the large intestine was found acutely inflamed1 while the small one was little affected4 ,the kidneys had the same appearance as in ,bright's disease4#aab ,the smallest fatal dose given by ,taylor is from #b drachms1 which killed a child aged #ac years4 ,should the dose of nitric acid be insufficient to kill at once1 or1 what amounts to the same thing1 should the acid be immediately diluted with water1 or in some way be neutralised1 the patient1 as in the case of sulphuric acid1 may yet die at a variable future time from stenosis of the gullet1 impaired digestion1 c4 ,for example1 in an interesting case related by ,tartra1#aac a woman1 who had swallowed #db grms4 7#ae oz47 of nitric acid1 feeling acute pain1 took immediately a quantity of water1 and three hours afterwards was admitted into hospital1 where she received appropriate treatment4 ,at the end of a month she left1 believing herself cured2 but in a little while returned1 and was re-admitted1 suffering from marasmus1 extreme weakness1 and constant vomiting2 ultimately she died4 ,the post-mortem examination revealed extreme contraction of the intestinal canal throughout4 ,the lumen would hardly admit a penholder4 ,the stomach was no larger than an ordinary intestine1 and adherent to adjacent organs2 on its internal surface there were spots1 probably cicatrices2 there were also changes in the gullet1 but not so marked4 ,a somewhat similar case is related by the same author in his thirteenth observation4 ,in the ,middlesex ,hospital there is preserved the stomach 7,no4 #acfc7 of a man who died forty days after swallowing #b ozs4 of nitric acid diluted in a tumbler of water4 ,the stomach is contracted1 the mucous membrane of the lower part of the gullet1 the lesser curvature1 and the pyloric end of the stomach is extensively corroded1 showing ulcerated patches commencing to cicatrize4 #aab ,de ,actionibus quibusdam ,acidi ,nitrici ,caustico in ,corpus ,humanum immissi4 ,programma ,academ41 ,lipsi1 #aheg1 #d4 #aac ,op4 cit4 #hh4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,the pathological changes in the tongue1 gullet1 and stomach can be readily studied from the preparations in the different museums4 ,the staining by the nitric acid appears unchanged to the naked eye for many years2 hence1 most of the nitric acid preparations are in an excellent state of preservation4 ,a very good example of the pathological changes is to be found in ,nos4 #ajdi and #ajej1 ,university ,college museum4 ,no4 #ajdi presents the tongue1 pharynx1 and larynx of a man who had swallowed a tea-cupful of nitric acid4 ,the epithelium of the sophagus is for the most part wanting1 and hangs in shreds2 the dorsum of the tongue1 in front of the circumvallate papill1 is excavated1 and over its central part superficially ulcerated2 in other places the tongue is encrusted with a thick1 loose1 fawn-coloured layer1 formed probably of desquamated epithelium4 ,the whole of the mucous surface is stained of a dirty yellow4 ,no4 #ajej is a preparation showing the tongue1 gullet1 and stomach of a person who died from the effects of nitric acid4 ,the tongue in places is smooth and glazed2 in others1 slightly depressed and excavated4 ,on the anterior wall and lower portion of the gullet two large sloughs exist4 ,although perforation of the stomach is not so common with nitric as with sulphuric acid1 such an accident may occur1 as shown in a preparation at ,guy's ,hospital1 in which there is a perforation at the cardiac end4 ,all the mucous membrane has disappeared1 and the inner surface is for the most part covered with flocculent shreds4 ,three ounces of nitric acid are said to have been swallowed1 and the patient lived seventeen hours4 ,there is the usual staining4 ,there is also in the ,middlesex ,hospital 7,no4 #acfd7 the sophagus and stomach of a woman aged #cj1 who died six hours after swallowing #b to #c ozs4 of strong nitric acid4 ,the inner coats of the mucous membrane of the gullet and stomach are in part converted into opaque yellow and black eschars1 and in part to a shreddy pulpy condition4 ,at the most depending part of the stomach is a large ragged perforation1 with pulpy margins1 which allowed the contents of the stomach to escape into the peritoneal cavity4 ,in ,st4 ,bartholomew's museum1 there is a very good specimen 7,no4 #ahgj7 of the appearances in the gullet and stomach after poisoning by nitric acid4 ,the case is detailed in ,st4 ,bartholomew's ,hospital ,reports1 vol4 v4 p4 #bdg4 ,a male died in fifteen hours after swallowing #a oz4 of nitric acid4 ,the whole mucous membrane is wrinkled1 or rather ploughed1 into longitudinal furrows1 the yellow discoloration stops abruptly1 with an irregular border1 at the commencement of the stomach1 the epithelial and mucous coats of which are wanting--its surface being rough and of a brownish-red colour4 ,the following preparations are to be found in the museum of the ,london ,hospital3--,a4 b4 #a4 and ,a4 b4 #h4--;,a4 b4 #a4 shows the pharynx1 sophagus1 larynx1 and stomach of a young woman1 who1 after taking half an ounce of nitric acid1 died in eight hours4 ,the staining is very intense2 as an unusual feature1 it may be noted that the larynx is almost as yellow as the sophagus4 ,the abrasion or solution of the epithelium on the dorsum of the tongue has dissected out the circumvallate and fungiform papill1 so that they project with unusual distinctness4 ,the lining membrane of the gullet throughout is divided into minute squares by longitudinal and transverse furrows4 ,the mucous membrane of the stomach appears wholly destroyed1 and presents a woolly appearance4 ,a4 b4 #h4 shows a very perfect cast of the sophagus4 ,the case was that of a woman1 aged #ce1 who swallowed half an ounce of nitric acid4 ,the symptoms for the first four days were the usual pain in the throat and stomach1 which might be expected2 the bowels were freely open1 and the stools dark and offensive4 ,on the sixth day1 there was constant vomiting with offensive breath2 on the ninth1 the appearance of the patient was critical1 and she threw up the cast preserved4 ,she died on the tenth day after the taking of the acid4 ,the gullet1 stomach1 trachea1 and larynx were found after death much inflamed4 ,the following preparations are in ,st4 ,thomas' ,hospital3--,p4 #e4--;a stomach with gullet attached4 ,the stomach is covered with yellowish-green patches of false membrane and deposit2 the gullet has the usual longitudinal furrows so characteristic of corrosive fluids4 ,p4 #f4 is also from a case of nitric acid poisoning4 ,it shows the lining membrane of the stomach partly destroyed and shreddy1 yet but little discoloured1 the hue being a sort of delicate fawn4 ,to these may be added a case described and figured by ,lesser2 to a baby1 a few days old1 an unknown quantity of fuming nitric acid was given2 the child made a gurgling1 choking sound1 and died in a few minutes4 ,the corpse1 nine days after death1 showed no signs of decomposition4 ,the tongue and gums were yellow1 the gullet less so1 the stomach still less1 and the small intestine had no yellow tint2 the whole of the mouth1 gullet1 and stomach showed the corrosive action of the acid4 ,the graduation of tint1 ,lesser remarks1 is what is not seen when the yellow colour is due to poisoning by chromic acid or by strong solution of ferric perchloride2 in such cases1 wherever the liquid has gone1 there is a yellowness4#aad #aad ,a4 ,lesser1 ,atlas der gerichtlichen ,medicin1 ,berlin1 #ahhd1 ,tafel i4 fig4 #b4 #hi4 ,detection and ,estimation of ,nitric ,acid4--,the detection either of free nitric acid or of its salts is not difficult4 ,free nitric acid1 after preliminary estimation of the total acidity by decinormal soda1 may be separated by the cinchonine process given at p4 #ajj4 ,on precipitation by ammonia or soda solution1 the nitrate of ammonia or soda 7and1 it may be1 other similarly combined acids7 remain in solution4 ,if free nitric acid is present in small quantity only1 it may be necessary to evaporate the filtrate from the quinine nearly to dryness1 and to test the concentrated liquid for nitric acid4 ,the ordinary tests are as follows3-- 7#a47 ,nitrates1 treated with mercury or copper and strong sulphuric acid1 develop nitric oxide1 recognised by red fumes1 if mixed with air or oxygen4 7#b47 ,a nitrate dissolved in a small quantity of water1 with the addition of a crystal of ferrous sulphate 7allowed to partially dissolve71 and then of strong sulphuric acid--poured through a funnel with a long tube dipping to the bottom of the test-tube1 so as to form a layer at the bottom--strikes a brown colour at the junction of the liquid4 ,when the test is properly performed1 there will be three layers--the uppermost being the nitrate solution1 the middle ferrous sulphate1 and the lowest sulphuric acid2 the middle layer becomes of a smoky or black hue if a nitrate is present4 ,organic matter interferes much with the reaction4 7#c47 ,nitrates in solution1 treated in the cold with a zinc copper couple1 are decomposed first into nitrites1 and then into ammonia4 ,the nitrites may be detected by a solution of metaphenyldiamine1 which strikes a red colour with an infinitesimal quantity4 ,hence1 a solution which gives no red colour with metaphenyldiamine1 when submitted to the action of a zinc copper couple1 and tested from time to time1 cannot contain nitrites2 therefore1 no nitrates were originally present4 7#d47 ,nitrates1 on being treated with strong sulphuric acid1 and then a solution of indigo carmine dropped in1 decolorise the indigo2 this is a useful test--not conclusive in itself1 but readily applied1 and if the cinchonine method of separation has been resorted to1 with few sources of error4 ,there is a process of separating nitric acid direct from any organic tissue1 which may sometimes be useful3--,place the substance in a strong1 wide-mouthed flask1 closed by a caoutchouc cork1 and in the flask put a small1 short test-tube1 charged with a strong solution of ferrous chloride in hydrochloric acid4 ,the flask is connected to the mercury pump 7see fig4 p4 #dg71 and made perfectly vacuous by raising and lowering the reservoir4 ,when this is effected1 the tube ,,ss,p is adjusted so as to deliver any gas evolved into a eudiometer1 or other gas-measuring apparatus4 ,by a suitable movement of the flask1 the acid ferrous chloride is allowed to come in contact with the tissue1 a gentle heat applied to the flask1 and gases are evolved4 ,these may be carbon dioxide1 nitrogen1 and nitric oxide4 ,on the evolution of gas ceasing1 the carbon dioxide is absorbed by passing up under the mercury a little caustic potash4 ,when absorption is complete1 the gas1 consisting of nitrogen and nitric oxide1 may be measured4 ,a bubble or two of oxygen is now passed into the eudiometer2 if nitric oxide is present1 red fumes at once develop4 ,on absorbing the excess of oxygen and the nitric peroxide by alkaline pyrogallate1 and measuring the residual gas1 it is easy to calculate how much nitric oxide was originally present1 according to the principles laid down in 8,foods10 p4 #ehg4 ,it is also obvious that1 by treating nitric oxide with oxygen1 and absorbing the nitric peroxide present by an alkaline liquid of known strength and free from nitrates or ammonia1 the resulting solution may be dealt with by a zinc copper couple1 and the ammonia developed by the action of the couple directly estimated by titration by a decinormal hydrochloric acid1 if large in quantity1 or by 8nesslerising10 if small in quantity4 ,crum's method of estimating nitrates 78,foods10 p4 #efh7 in the cases of minute stains on fabrics1 c41 with a little modification1 may be occasionally applicable4 ,,iv4--,acetic ,acid4 #ij4 ,in the ten years ending #ahic nine deaths 7four males and five females7 occurred in ,england and ,wales from drinking1 by mistake or design1 strong acetic acid4 ,a few cases only have been recorded in medical literature although there have been many experiments on animals4 ,the symptoms in the human subject consist of pain1 vomiting1 and convulsions4 ,in animals it causes colic1 paralysis of the extremities1 bloody urine1 and dema of the lungs4 ,the lethal dose for plant-eating animals is about #jdi gramme per kilo4 ,there should be no difficulty in recognising acetic acid2 the odour alone is1 in most cases1 strong and unmistakable4 ,traces are detected by distilling1 neutralising the distillate by soda1 evaporating to dryness1 and treating the residue as follows3--,a portion warmed with alcohol and sulphuric acid gives a smell of acetic ether4 ,another portion is heated in a small tube of hard glass with arsenious acid2 if acetic acid is present1 or an acetate1 a smell of kakodyl is produced4 ,v4--,ammonia4 #ia4 ,ammonia1 7,,nh71 is met with either as a vapour or gas1 or as a solution of the pure gas in water4 ,properties4--,pure ammonia gas is colourless1 with a strong1 irritating1 pungent odour1 forming white fumes of ammonic chloride1 if exposed to hydric chloride vapour1 and turning red moist litmus-paper strongly blue4 ,by intense cold1 or by a pressure of #f atmospheres at the ordinary temperature1 the gas is readily liquefied2 the liquid ammonia boils at #ch2 its observed specific gravity is #gca2 it freezes at -#ega4 ,ammonia is readily absorbed by water2 at #j water will take up #ajjj times its own volume1 and at ordinary temperatures about #fjj times its volume4 ,alcohol also absorbs about #aj per cent4 ,ammonia is a strong base1 and forms a number of salts4 ,ammonia is one of the constant products of the putrefaction of nitrogenous substances2 it exists in the atmosphere in small proportions1 and in everything that contains water4 ,indeed1 water is the only compound equal to it in its universality of diffusion4 ,the minute quantities of ammonia thus diffused throughout nature are probably never in the free state1 but combinations of ammonia with hydric nitrate1 carbon dioxide1 c4 #ib4 ,uses4#aae--;,a solution of ammonia in water has many applications in the arts and industries2 it is used in medicine1 and is an indispensable laboratory reagent4 #aae ,sir ,b4 ,w4 ,richardson has shown that ammonia possesses powerful antiseptic properties4--,brit4 ,med4 ,journal1 #ahfb4 ,the officinal caustic preparations of ammonia are--ammoni liquor fortior 7strong solution of ammonia71 which should contain #cbe per cent4 of ammonia1 and have a specific gravity of #hia4 ,liquor ammoni 7solution of ammonia71 specific gravity #iei1 and containing #aj per cent4 of ammonia4 ,there is also a liniment of ammonia1 composed of olive oil1 #c parts1 and ammonia1 #a part4 ,spiritus ,ammoni ,ftidus 7ftid spirit of ammonia74--,a solution of assaftida in rectified spirit and ammonia solution1 #ajj parts by measure1 contains #aj of strong solution of ammonia4 ,strong solution of ammonia is an important ingredient in the 8linimentum camphor composita0 7compound liniment of camphor71 the composition of which is as follows3--camphor1 #be parts2 oil of lavender1 #abe2 strong solution of ammonia1 #ej2 and rectified spirit1 #ae parts4 ,its content of strong solution of ammonia is then about #bbf per cent4 7equivalent to #gc of ,,nh74#aaf #aaf ,there is a common liniment for horses used in stables1 and popularly known as 8white oil40 ,it contains #a part of ammonia1 and #d parts of olive or rape oil2 not unfrequently turpentine is added4 ,another veterinary liniment1 called 8egg oil10 contains ammonia1 oil of origanum1 turpentine1 and the yelks of eggs4 ,the carbonate of ammonia is also caustic2 it is considered to be a compound of acid carbonate of ammonium1 ,,nh,,hco1 with carbamate of ammonium1 ,,nh,,nh,,co4 ,it is in the form of colourless1 crystalline masses2 the odour is powerfully ammoniacal2 it is strongly alkaline1 and the taste is acrid4 ,it completely volatilises with heat1 is soluble in water1 and somewhat soluble in spirit4 ,the officinal preparation is the 8spiritus ammoni aromaticus10 or aromatic spirit of ammonia4 ,it is made by distilling in a particular way ammonic carbonate1 #d ozs42 strong solution of ammonia1 #h ozs42 rectified spirit1 #abj ozs42 water1 #fj ozs42 volatile oil of nutmeg1 #d drms42 and oil of lemon1 #f drms4 ,aromatic spirit of ammonia is a solution in a weak spirit of neutral carbonate1 flavoured with oil of lemon and nutmeg2 the specific gravity should be #jhif4 ,smelling salts 7sal volatile7 are composed of carbonate of ammonia4 #ic4 ,statistics4--,falck has found throughout literature notices of thirty cases of poisoning by ammonia1 or some of its preparations4 ,in two of these it was used as a poison for the purpose of murder1 and in eight with suicidal intent2 the remainder were all accidental4 ,the two criminal cases were those of children1 who both died4 ,six out of eight of the suicidal1 and twelve of the twenty accidental cases also terminated fatally4 ,ammonia was the cause of #fd deaths 7#ci male1 #be female7 by accident and of #cd 7#ah male1 #af female7 by suicide1 making a total of #ih during the ten years #ahhc-ahib in ,england and ,wales4 ,at present it occupies the seventh place among poisons as a cause of accident1 the ninth as a means of suicide4 #id4 ,poisoning by ,ammonia ,vapour4--,strong ammoniacal vapour is fatal to both animal and vegetable life4 ,there are1 however1 but few instances of poisoning by ammonia vapour2 these few cases have been1 without exception1 the result of accident4 ,two cases of death are recorded1 due to an attempt to rouse epileptics from stupor1 by an injudicious use of strong ammonia applied to the nostrils4 ,in another case1 when hydrocyanic acid had been taken1 there was the same result4 ,an instance is also on record of poisonous effects from the breaking of a bottle of ammonia1 and the sudden evolution in this way of an enormous volume of the caustic gas4 ,lastly1 a man employed in the manufacture of ice1 by means of the liquefaction of ammonia 7,carr's process71 breathed the vapour1 and had a narrow escape for his life4 #ie4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms observed in the last case may well serve as a type of what may be expected to occur after breathing ammonia vapour4 ,the man remained from five to ten minutes in the stream of gas2 he then experienced a feeling of anxiety1 and a sense of constriction in the epigastrium1 burning in the throat1 and giddiness4 ,he vomited4 ,the pulse was small and frequent1 the face pale1 the mouth and throat strongly reddened1 with increased secretion4 ,auscultation and percussion of the chest elicited nothing abnormal1 although during the course of four days he had from time to time symptoms of suffocation1 which were relieved by emetics4 ,he recovered by the eighth day4#aag #aag ,schmidt's ,jahrbuch1 #ahgb1 i4 ,s4 #cj4 ,in experiments on animals1 very similar symptoms are produced4 ,there is increased secretion of the eyes1 nose1 and mouth1 with redness4 ,the cry of cats becomes remarkably hoarse1 and they generally vomit4 ,great difficulty in breathing and tetanic convulsions are present4 ,when the animal is confined in a small closed chamber1 death takes place in about a quarter of an hour4 ,on section1 the bronchial tubes1 to the finest ramifications1 are found to be filled with a tenacious mucus1 and the air passages1 from the glottis throughout1 reddened4 ,the lungs are emphysematous1 but have not always any special colour2 the heart contains but little coagulated blood2 the blood has a dark-red colour4 #if4 ,the chronic effects of the gas1 as shown in workmen engaged in manufactures in which the fumes of ammonia are frequent1 appear to be an inflammation of the eyes and an affection of the skin4 ,the latter is thought to be due to the ammonia uniting to form a soap with the oil of the lubricating skin glands4 ,some observers have also noticed deafness1 and a peculiar colour of the skin of the nose and forehead1 among those who work in guano manufactories4 ,its usual action on the body appears to be a diminution of the healthy oxidation changes1 and a general lowering of bodily strength1 with evident anmia4 #ig4 ,ammonia in ,solution4--,action on ,plants4--,solutions of strong ammonia1 or solutions of the carbonate1 act injuriously on vegetable life1 while the neutral salts of ammonia are1 on the contrary1 excellent manures4 ,a #cj per cent4 solution of ammonic carbonate kills most plants within an hour1 and it is indifferent whether the whole plant is watered with this solution1 or whether it is applied only to the leaves4 ,if1 after this watering of the plant with ammonic carbonate water1 the injurious salt is washed out as far as possible by distilled water1 or by a weakly acidulated fluid1 then the plant may recover1 after having shed more or less of its leaves4 ,these facts sufficiently explain the injurious effects noticed when urine is applied direct to plants1 for urine in a very short time becomes essentially a solution of ammonic carbonate4 #ih4 ,action on ,human ,beings and ,animal ,life4--,the violence of the action of caustic solutions of ammonia almost entirely depends on the state of concentration4 ,the local action of the strong solution appears to be mainly the extraction of water and the saponifying of fat1 making a soluble soap4 ,on delicate tissues it has1 therefore1 a destructive action2 but ,s4 ,samuel#aah has shown that ammonia1 when applied to the unbroken epidermis1 does not have the same intense action as potash or soda1 nor does it coagulate albumen4 ,blood1 whether exposed to ammonia gas1 or mixed with solution of ammonia1 becomes immediately dark-red2 then1 later1 through destruction of the blood corpuscles1 very dark1 even black2 lastly1 a dirty brown-red4 ,the oxygen is expelled1 the hmoglobin destroyed1 and the blood corpuscles dissolved4 #aah ,virchow's ,archiv f4 path4 ,anat41 ,bd4 #ea1 ,hft4 #a u4 #b1 ,s4 #da1 c41 #ahgj4 ,the albumen of the blood is changed to alkali-albuminate1 and the blood itself will not coagulate4 ,a more or less fluid condition of the blood has always been noticed in the bodies of those poisoned by ammonia4 ,blood exposed to ammonia1 when viewed by the spectroscope1 shows the spectra of alkaline hmatin1 a weak absorption-band1 in the neighbourhood of ,d2 but if the blood has been acted on for some time by ammonia1 then all absorption-bands vanish4 ,these spectra1 however1 are not peculiar to ammonia1 the action of caustic potash or soda being similar4 ,the muscles are excited by ammonia1 the functions of the nerves are destroyed4 ,when a solution of strong ammonia is swallowed1 there are two main effects--7#a7 the action of the ammonia itself on the tissues it comes into contact with1 and 7#b7 the effects of the vapour on the air-passages4 ,there are1 therefore1 immediate irritation1 redness1 and swelling of the tongue and pharynx1 a burning pain reaching from the mouth to the stomach1 with vomiting1 and1 it may be1 nervous symptoms4 ,the saliva is notably increased4 ,in a case reported by ,fonssagrives1#aai no less than #c litres were expelled in the twenty-four hours4 ,often the glands under the jaw and the lymphatics of the neck are swollen4 #aai ,l',union ,mdicale1 #aheg1 ,no4 #ac1 p4 #di1 ,no4 #bb1 p4 #ij4 ,doses of from #e to #cj grammes of the strong solution of ammonia may kill as quickly as prussic acid4 ,in a case recorded by ,christison1#abj death occurred in four minutes from a large dose1 doubtless partly by suffocation4 ,as sudden a result is also recorded by ,plenk3 a man1 bitten by a rabid dog1 took a mouthful of spirits of ammonia1 and died in four minutes4 #abj ,christison1 #afg4 ,if death does not occur rapidly1 there may be other symptoms--dependent not upon its merely local action1 but upon its more remote effects4 ,these mainly consist in an excitation of the brain and spinal cord1 and1 later1 convulsive movements deepening into loss of consciousness4 ,it has been noticed that1 with great relaxation of the muscular system1 the patients complain of every movement causing pain4 ,with these general symptoms added to the local injury1 death may follow many days after the swallowing of the fatal dose4 ,death may also occur simply from the local injury done to the throat and larynx1 and the patient may linger some time4 ,thus1 in a case quoted by ,taylor1#aba in which none of the poison appears actually to have been swallowed1 the man died nineteen days after taking the poison from inflammation of the throat and larynx4 ,as with the strong acids1 so with ammonia and the alkalies generally1 death may also be caused many weeks and even months afterwards from the effects of contraction of the gullet1 or from the impaired nutrition consequent upon the destruction1 more or less1 of portions of the stomach or intestinal canal4 #aba ,principles of ,jurisprudence1 i4 p4 #bce4 #ii4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,in recent cases there is an intense redness of the intestinal canal1 from the mouth to the stomach1 and even beyond1 with here and there destruction of the mucous membrane1 and even perforation4 ,a wax preparation in the museum of ,university ,college 7,no4 #bcgh7 shows the effects on the stomach produced by swallowing strong ammonia2 it is ashen-gray in colour1 and most of the mucous membrane is1 as it were1 dissolved away2 the cardiac end is much congested4 ,the contents of the stomach are usually coloured with blood2 the bronchial tubes and glottis are almost constantly found inflamed--even a croup-like 7or diphtheritic7 condition has been seen4 dema of the glottis should also be looked for3 in one case this alone seems to have accounted for death4 ,the blood is of a clear-red colour1 and fluid4 ,a smell of ammonia may be present4 ,if a sufficient time has elapsed for secondary effects to take place1 then there may be other appearances4 ,thus1 in the case of a girl who1 falling into a fainting fit1 was treated with a draught of undiluted spirits of ammonia1 and lived four weeks afterwards1 the stomach 7preserved in ,st4 ,george's ,hospital museum1 #dc b1 ser4 ix47 is seen to be much dilated and covered with cicatrices1 and the pylorus is so contracted as hardly to admit a small bougie4 ,it has also been noticed that there is generally a fatty degeneration of both the kidneys and liver4 ,it need scarcely be observed that1 in such cases1 no free ammonia will be found1 and the question of the cause of death must necessarily be wholly medical and pathological4 #ajj4 ,separation of ,ammonia4--,ammonia is separated in all cases by distillation1 and if the organic or other liquid is already alkaline1 it is at once placed in a retort and distilled4 ,if neutral or acid1 a little burnt magnesia may be added until the reaction is alkaline4 ,it is generally laid down that the contents of the stomach in a putrid condition cannot be examined for ammonia1 because ammonia is already present as a product of decomposition2 but even under these circumstances it is possible to give an opinion whether ammonia in excess is present4 ,for if1 after carefully mixing the whole contents of the stomach1 and then drying a portion and reckoning from that weight the total nitrogen 7considering1 for this purpose1 the contents to consist wholly of albumen1 which yields about #af per cent4 of nitrogen7--under these conditions1 the contents of the stomach yield more than #af per cent4 of nitrogen as ammonia reckoned on the dry substance1 it is tolerably certain that ammonia not derived from the food or the tissues is present4 ,if1 also1 there is a sufficient evolution of ammonia to cause white fumes1 when a rod moistened with hydrochloric acid is brought near to the liquid1 this is an effect never noticed with a normal decomposition1 and renders the presence of extrinsic ammonia probable4 ,an alkaline-reacting distillate1 which gives a brown colour with the 8nessler0 reagent1 and which1 when carefully neutralised with sulphuric acid1 on evaporation to dryness by the careful heat of a water-bath1 leaves a crystalline mass that gives a copious precipitate with platinic chloride1 but is hardly at all soluble in absolute alcohol1 can be no other substance than ammonia4 #aja4 ,estimation4--,ammonia is most quickly estimated by distilling1 receiving the distillate in decinormal acid1 and then titrating back4 ,it may also be estimated as the double chloride of ammonium and platinum 7,,nh,cl7,pt,cl4 ,the distillate is exactly neutralised by ,h,cl1 evaporated to near dryness1 and an alcoholic solution of platinic chloride added in sufficient quantity to be always in slight excess1 as shown by the yellow colour of the supernatant fluid4 ,the precipitate is collected1 washed with a little alcohol1 dried1 and weighed on a tared filter2 #ajj parts of the salt are equal to #gf of ,,nh4 ,,vi4--,caustic ,potash and ,soda4 #ajb4 ,there is so little difference in the local effects produced by potash and soda respectively1 that it will be convenient to treat them together4 ,potash 7potassa caustica74--,hydrate of potassium 7,,kho71 atomic weight #ef1 specific gravity #ba4 ,properties4--,pure hydrate of potassium is a compact1 white solid1 usually met with in the form of sticks4 ,when heated to a temperature a little under redness1 it melts to a nearly colourless liquid2 in this state it is intensely corrosive4 ,it rapidly absorbs moisture from the air1 and moist potash also absorbs with great avidity carbon dioxide2 it is powerfully alkaline1 changing red litmus to blue4 ,it is soluble in half its weight of cold water1 great heat being evolved during solution2 it forms two definite hydrates--one1 ,,kho ,h,o2 the other1 ,,kho #b;,h,o4 ,it is sparingly soluble in ether1 but is dissolved by alcohol1 wood-spirit1 fusel oil1 and glycerin4 #ajc4 ,pharmaceutical ,preparations4--,potassium hydrate1 as well as the solution of potash1 is officinal in all pharmacopias4 ,the liquor potass1 or solution of potash1 of the ,british ,pharmacopia1 is a strongly alkaline1 caustic liquid1 of #ajeh specific gravity1 and containing #ehd per cent4 by weight of ,,kho4 ,it should1 theoretically1 not effervesce1 when treated with an acid1 but its affinity for ,,co is so great that all solutions of potash1 which have been in any way exposed to air1 contain a little carbonate4 ,caustic sticks of potash and lime used to be officinal in the ,british ,pharmacopia4 ,filho's caustic is still in commerce1 and is made by melting together two parts of potassium hydrate and one part of lime in an iron ladle or vessel2 the melted mass is now moulded by pouring it into leaden moulds4 ,vienna paste is composed of equal weights of potash and lime made into a paste with rectified spirit or glycerin4 #ajd4 ,carbonate of ,potash 7,k,,co #a;,h,o71 when pure1 is in the form of small white crystalline grains1 alkaline in taste and reaction1 and rapidly deliquescing when exposed to moist air2 it gives all the chemical reactions of potassium oxide1 and carbon dioxide4 ,carbonate of potash1 under the name of salt of tartar1 or potashes1 is sold by oilmen for cleansing purposes4 ,they supply it either in a fairly pure state1 or as a darkish moist mass containing many impurities4 #aje4 ,bicarbonate of ,potash 7,,khco7 is in the form of large transparent rhombic prisms1 and is not deliquescent4 ,the effervescing solution of potash 7liquor potass effervescens7 consists of #cj grains of ,,khco in a pint of water 7#cde grms4 per litre71 and as much ,,co as the water will take up under a pressure of seven atmospheres4 #ajf4 ,caustic ,soda--,sodium ,hydrate 7,na,h,o74--,this substance is a white solid1 very similar in appearance to potassium hydrate2 it absorbs moisture from the air1 and afterwards carbon dioxide1 becoming solid again1 for the carbonate is not deliquescent4 ,in this respect1 then1 there is a great difference between potash and soda1 for the former is deliquescent both as hydrate and carbonate2 a stick of potash in a semi-liquid state1 by exposure to the air1 continues liquid1 although saturated with carbon dioxide4 ,pure sodium hydrate has a specific gravity of #bj2 it dissolves in water with evolution of heat1 and the solution gives all the reactions of sodium hydrate1 and absorbs carbon dioxide as readily as the corresponding solution of potash4 ,the liquor sod of the ,b4,p4 should contain #da per cent4 of ,na,h,o4 #ajg4 ,sod ,carbonas--,carbonate of ,soda--7,na,,co#aj;,h,o74--,the pure carbonate of soda for medicinal use is in colourless and transparent rhombic octahedrons2 when exposed to air1 the crystals effloresce and crumble4 ,the sod carbonas exsiccata1 or dried carbonate of soda1 is simply the ordinary carbonate1 deprived of its water of crystallisation1 which amounts to #fbic per cent4 #ajh4 ,bicarbonate of ,soda 7,na,h,c,o7 occurs in the form of minute crystals1 or1 more commonly1 as a white powder4 ,the liquor sod effervescens of the ,b4,p4 is a solution of the bicarbonate1 #cj grains of the salt in #bj ozs4 of water 7#cde grms4 per litre71 the water being charged with as much carbonic acid as it will hold under a pressure of seven atmospheres4 ,the bicarbonate of soda lozenges 7trochisci sod bicarbonatis7 contain in each lozenge #e grains 7#cbg mgrms47 of the bicarbonate4 ,the carbonate of soda sold for household purposes is of two kinds--the one1 8seconds10 of a dirty white colour and somewhat impure2 the other1 8best10 is a white mass of much greater purity4 ,javelle water 7,eau de ,javelle7 is a solution of hypochlorite of soda2 its action is poisonous1 more from the caustic alkali than from the chlorine1 and may1 therefore1 be here included4 #aji4 ,statistics4--,poisoning by the fixed alkalies is not so frequent as poisoning by ammonia4 ,falck has collected1 from medical literature1 #bg cases1 #b of which were the criminal administering of ,eau de ,javelle1 and #e were suicidal2 #bb1 or #hae per cent41 died--in #a of the cases after twenty-four hours2 in the others1 life was prolonged for days1 weeks1 or months--in #a case for twenty-seven months4 ,in the ten years #ahhc-ahib1 in ,england and ,wales1 there were #bg deaths from poisoning by the fixed alkalies2 #b were suicidal 7#a from potash1 the other from soda72 the remaining #be were due to accident2 of these1 #g 7#c males and #d females7 were from caustic soda1 and #ah 7#h males and #aj females7 from caustic potash4 #aaj4 ,effects on ,animal and ,vegetable ,life4--,the fixed alkalies destroy all vegetable life1 if applied in strong solution or in substance1 by dehydrating and dissolving the tissues4 ,the effects on animal tissues are1 in part1 due also to the affinity of the alkalies for water4 ,they extract water from the tissues with which they come in contact1 and also attack the albuminous constituents1 forming alkali-albuminate1 which swells on the addition of water1 and1 in a large quantity1 even dissolves4 ,cartilaginous and horny tissues are also acted upon1 and strong alkalies will dissolve hair1 silk1 c4 ,the action of the alkali is by no means restricted to the part first touched1 but has a remarkable faculty of spreading in all directions4 #aaa4 ,local ,effects4--,the effects of strong alkali applied to the epidermis are similar to1 but not identical with1 those produced by strong acids4 ,s4 ,samuel#abb has studied this experimentally on the ear of the rabbit2 a drop of a strong solution of caustic alkali1 placed on the ear of a white rabbit1 caused stasis in the arteries and veins1 with first a greenish1 then a black colour of the blood2 the epidermis was bleached1 the hair loosened1 and there quickly followed a greenish coloration on the back of the ear1 opposite to the place of application4 ,around the burned spot appeared a circle of anastomising vessels1 a blister rose1 and a slough separated in a few days4 ,the whole thickness of the ear was coloured yellowish-green1 and1 later1 the spot became of a rusty brown4 #abb ,virchow's ,archiv4 f4 path4 ,anat41 ,bd4 #ea1 ,hft4 #a u4 #b1 #ahgj4 #aab4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms observed when a person has swallowed a dangerous dose of caustic 7fixed7 alkali are very similar to those noticed with ammonia1 with the important exception that there is no respiratory trouble1 unless the liquid has come into contact with the glottis2 nor has there been hitherto remarked the rapid death which has taken place in a few ammonia poisonings1 the shortest time hitherto recorded being three hours1 as related by ,taylor1 in a case in which a boy had swallowed #c ozs4 of a strong solution of carbonate of potash4 ,there is instant pain1 extending from the mouth to the stomach1 and a persistent and unpleasant taste2 if the individual is not a determined suicide1 and the poison 7as is mostly the case7 has been taken accidentally1 the liquid is immediately ejected as much as possible1 and water1 or other liquid at hand1 drunk freely4 ,shock may at once occur1 and the patient die from collapse2 but this1 even with frightful destruction of tissue1 appears to be rare4 ,vomiting supervenes2 what is ejected is strongly alkaline1 and streaked with blood1 and has a soapy1 frothy appearance4 ,there may be diarrha1 great tenderness of the abdomen1 and quick pulse and fever4 ,with caustic potash1 there may be also noticed its toxic effects 7apart from local action7 on the heart2 the pulse1 in that case1 is slow and weak1 and loss of consciousness and convulsions are not uncommon4 ,if the collapse and after-inflammation are recovered from1 then1 as in the case of the mineral acids1 there is all the horrid sequence of symptoms pointing to contractions and strictures of the gullet or pylorus1 and the subsequent dyspepsia1 difficulty of swallowing1 and not unfrequently actual starvation4 #aac4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,in cases of recent poisoning1 spots on the cheeks1 lips1 clothing1 c41 giving evidence of the contact of the alkali1 should be looked for2 but this evidence1 in the case of persons who have lived a few days1 may be wanting4 ,the mucous membrane of the mouth1 throat1 gullet1 and stomach is generally more or less white--here and there denuded1 and will be found in various stages of inflammation and erosion1 according to the amount taken1 and the concentration of the alkali4 ,where there is erosion1 the base of the eroded parts is not brown-yellow1 but1 as a rule1 pale red4 ,the gullet is most affected at its lower part1 and it is this part which is mostly subject to stricture4 ,thus ,bhm#abc found that in #ah cases of contraction of the gullet1 collected by him1 #aj of the #ah showed the contraction at the lower third4 #abc ,centralblatt fr die ,med4 ,wiss41 #ahgd4 ,the changes which the stomach may present if the patient has lived some time1 are well illustrated by a preparation in ,st4 ,george's museum 7#dc a4 #bfd1 ser4 ix474 ,it is the stomach of a woman1 aged #dd1 who had swallowed a concentrated solution of carbonate of potash4 ,she vomited immediately after taking it1 and lived about two months1 during the latter part of which she had to be nourished by injections4 ,she died mainly from starvation4 ,the gullet in its lower part is seen to be much contracted1 its lining membrane destroyed1 and the muscular coats exposed4 ,the coats of the stomach are thickened1 but what chiefly arrests the attention is a dense cicatrix at the pylorus1 with an aperture so small as only to admit a probe4 ,the colour of the stomach is generally bright red1 but in that of a child1 preserved in ,guy's ,hospital museum 7,no4 #agih71 the mucous membrane is obliterated1 the rug destroyed1 and a dark-brown stain is a noticeable feature4 ,the stomach is not1 however1 necessarily affected4 ,in a preparation in the same museum 7,no4 #agih7 the mucous membrane of the stomach of a child who swallowed soap-lees is seen to be almost healthy1 but the gullet is much discoloured4 ,the action on the blood is to change it into a gelatinous mass2 the blood corpuscles are destroyed1 and the whole colour becomes of a dirty blackish-red2 the spectroscopic appearances are identical with those already described 7see p4 #aad74 ,the question as to the effects of chronic poisoning by the alkalies or their carbonates may arise4 ,little or nothing is1 however1 known of the action of considerable quantities of alkalies taken daily4 ,in a case related by ,dr4 ,tunstall1#abd a man for eighteen years had taken daily #b ozs4 of bicarbonate of soda for the purpose of relieving indigestion4 ,he died suddenly1 and the stomach was found extensively diseased2 but since the man1 before taking the alkali1 had complained of pain1 c41 it is hardly well1 from this one case1 to draw any conclusion4 #abd ,med4 ,times1 ,nov4 #cj1 #ahej1 p4 #efd4 ,it is important to observe that the contents of the stomach may be acid1 although the death has been produced by caustic alkali4 ,a child1 aged #d1 drank from a cup some #ad per cent4 soda lye4 ,he vomited frequently1 and died in fifteen hours4 ,the stomach contained #hj c4c4 of sour-smelling turbid fluid1 the reaction of which was acid4 ,there were hmorrhagic patches in the stomach1 and signs of catarrhal inflammation2 there was also a similarly inflamed condition of the duodenum4#abe #abe ,lesser1 ,atlas d4 gericht4 ,med41 ,tafel ii4 #aad4 ,chemical ,analysis4--,the tests for potassium or sodium are too well known to need more than enumeration4 ,the intense yellow flame produced when a sodium salt is submitted to a ,bunsen flame1 and the bright sodium-line at ,d when viewed by the spectroscope1 is a delicate test2 while potassium gives a dull red band in the red1 and a faint but very distinct line in the violet4 ,potassium salts are precipitated by tartaric acid1 while sodium salts do not yield this precipitate2 potassium salts also give a precipitate with platinic chloride insoluble in strong alcohol1 while the compound salt with sodium is rapidly dissolved by alcohol or water4 ,this fact is utilised in the separation and estimation of the two alkalies4 #aae4 ,estimation of the ,fixed ,alkalies4--,to detect a fixed alkali in the contents of the stomach1 a convenient process is to proceed by dialysis1 and after twenty-four hours1 to concentrate the outer liquid by boiling1 and then1 if it is not too much coloured1 to titrate directly with a decinormal sulphuric acid4 ,after exact neutralisation1 the liquid is evaporated to dryness1 carbonised1 the alkaline salts lixiviated out with water1 the sulphuric acid exactly precipitated by baric chloride1 and then1 after separation of the sulphate1 the liquid treated with milk of lime4 ,the filtrate is treated with a current of ,,co gas1 boiled1 and any precipitate filtered off2 the final filtrate will contain only alkalies4 ,the liquid may now be evaporated to dryness with either hydrochloric or sulphuric acids1 and the total alkalies weighed as sulphates or chlorides4 ,should it be desirable to know exactly the proportion of potassium to sodium1 it is best to convert the alkalies into chlorides--dry gently1 ignite1 and weigh2 then dissolve in the least possible quantity of water1 and precipitate by platinic chloride1 which should be added so as to be a little in excess1 but not much4 ,the liquid thus treated is evaporated nearly to dryness1 and then extracted with alcohol of #hj per cent41 which dissolves out any of the double chloride of platinum and sodium4 ,finally1 the precipitate is collected on a tared filter and weighed1 after drying at #ajj4 ,in this way the analyst both distinguishes between the salts of sodium and potassium1 and estimates the relative quantities of each4 ,it is hardly necessary to observe that1 if the double chloride is wholly soluble in water or alcohol1 sodium alone is present4 ,this1 however1 will never occur in operating on organic tissues and fluids1 for both alkalies are invariably present4 ,a correction must be made when complex organic fluids are in this way treated for alkalies which may be naturally in the fluid4 ,here the analyst will be guided by his preliminary titration1 which gives the total free alkalinity4 ,in cases where the alkali has been neutralised by acids1 of course no free alkali will be found1 but the corresponding salt4 ,,vii4--,neutral ,sodium1 ,potassium1 and ,ammonium ,salts4 #aaf4 ,the neutral salts of the alkalies are poisonous1 if administered in sufficient doses1 and the poisonous effect of the sulphate1 chloride1 bromide1 iodide1 tartrate1 and citrate appears to depend on the specific action of the alkali metal1 rather than on the acid1 or halogen in combination4 ,according to the researches of ,dr4 ,ringer and ,dr4 ,harrington ,sainsbury1#abf with regard to the relative toxicity of the three1 as shown by their effect on the heart of a frog--first1 the potassium salts were found to exert the most poisonous action1 next come the ammonium1 and1 lastly1 the sodium salts4 ,the highest estimate would be that sodium salts are only one-tenth as poisonous as those of ammonium or potassium2 the lowest1 that the sodium salts are one-fifth3 although the experiments mainly throw light upon the action of the alkalies on one organ only1 yet the indications obtained probably hold good for the organism as a whole1 and are pretty well borne out by clinical experience4 #abf ,lancet1 ,june #bd1 #ahhb4 ,there appear to be four cases on record of poisoning by the above neutral salts2 none of them belong to recent times1 but lie between the years #ahcg-ahef4 ,hence1 the main knowledge which we possess of the poisonous action of the potassium salts is derived from experiments on animals4 #aag4 ,sodium ,salts4--,common salt in such enormous quantity as half a pound to a pound has destroyed human life1 but these cases are so exceptional that the poisonous action of sodium salts is of scientific rather than practical interest4 #aah4 ,potassium ,salts4--,leaving for future consideration the nitrate and the chlorate of potassium1 potassic sulphate and tartrate are substances which have destroyed human life4 ,potassic ,sulphate 7,k,,so7 is in the form of colourless rhombic crystals1 of bitter saline taste4 ,it is soluble in #aj parts of water4 ,hydropotassic ,tartrate 7,,khc,h,o71 when pure1 is in the form of rhombic crystals1 tasting feebly acid4 ,it is soluble in #baj parts of water at #ag4 #aai4 ,action on the ,frog's ,heart4--,both excitability and contractility are affected to a powerful degree4 ,there is a remarkable slowing of the pulsations1 irregularity1 and1 lastly1 cessation of pulsation altogether4 #abj4 ,action on ,warm-,blooded ,animals4--,if a sufficient quantity of a solution of a potassic salt is injected into the blood-vessels of an animal1 there is almost immediate death from arrest of the heart's action4 ,smaller doses1 subcutaneously applied1 produce slowing of the pulse1 dyspna1 and convulsions1 ending in death4 ,small doses produce a transitory diminution of the force of arterial pressure1 which quickly passes1 and the blood-pressure rises4 ,there is at first1 for a few seconds1 increase in the number of pulsations1 but later a remarkable slowing of the pulse4 ,the rise in the blood-pressure occurs even after section of the spinal cord4 ,somewhat larger doses cause rapid lowering of the blood-pressure1 and apparent cessation of the heart's action2 but if the thorax be then opened1 the heart is seen to be contracting regularly1 making some #abj-afj rhythmic movements in the minute4 ,if the respiration be now artificially maintained1 and suitable pressure made on the walls of the chest1 so as to empty the heart of blood1 the blood-pressure quickly rises1 and natural respiration may follow4 ,an animal which lay thirty-six minutes apparently dead was in this way brought to life again 7,bhm74 ,the action of the salts of potassium on the blood is the same as that of sodium salts4 ,the blood is coloured a brighter red1 and the form of the corpuscles changed2 they become shrivelled through loss of water4 ,voluntary muscle loses quickly its contractility when a solution of potash is injected into its vessels4 ,nerves also1 when treated with a #a per cent4 solution of potassic chloride1 become inexcitable4 #aba4 ,elimination4--,the potassium salts appear to leave the body through the kidneys1 but are excreted much more slowly than the corresponding sodium salts4 ,thus1 after injection of #d grms4 of potassic chloride--in the first sixteen hours #gdh grm4 of ,k,cl was excreted in the urine1 and in the following twenty-four hours #bfgg grms4 #abb4 ,nitrate of ,potash 7,,kno74--,pure potassic nitrate crystallises in large anhydrous hexagonal prisms with dihedral summits2 it does not absorb water1 and does not deliquesce4 ,its fusing point is about #cdj2 when melted it forms a transparent liquid1 and loses a little of its oxygen1 but this is for the most part retained by the liquid given off when the salt solidifies4 ,at a red-heat it evolves oxygen1 and is reduced first to nitrite2 if the heat is continued1 potassic oxide remains4 ,the specific gravity of the fused salt is #bjf4 ,it is not very soluble in cold water1 #ajj parts dissolving only #bf at #aef2 but boiling water dissolves it freely1 #ajj parts dissolving #bdj of the salt4 ,a solution of nitrate of potash1 when treated with a zinc couple 7see 8,foods10 p4 #eff71 is decomposed1 the nitrate being first reduced to nitrite1 as shown by its striking a red colour with metaphenylene-diamine1 and then the nitrite farther decomposing1 and ammonia appearing in the liquid4 ,if the solution is alkalised1 and treated with aluminium foil1 hydrogen is evolved1 and the same effect produced4 ,as with all nitrates1 potassic nitrate1 on being heated in a test-tube with a little water1 some copper filings1 and sulphuric acid1 evolves red fumes of nitric peroxide4 #abc4 ,statistics4--,potassic nitrate1 under the popular name of 8nitre10 is a very common domestic remedy1 and is also largely used as a medicine for cattle4 ,there appear to be twenty cases of potassic nitrate poisoning on record--of these1 eight were caused by the salts having been accidentally mistaken for magnesic sulphate1 sodic sulphate1 or other purgative salt2 two cases were due to a similar mistake for common salt4 ,in one instance1 the nitrate was used in strong solution as an enema1 but most of the cases were due to the taking of too large an internal dose4 #abd4 ,uses in the ,arts1 c4--,both sodic and potassic nitrates are called 8nitre0 by the public indiscriminately4 ,sodic nitrate is imported in large quantities from the rainless districts of ,peru as a manure4 ,potassic nitrate is much used in the manufacture of gunpowder1 in the preservation of animal substances1 in the manufacture of gun cotton1 of sulphuric and nitric acids1 c4 ,the maximum medicinal dose of potassium nitrate is usually stated to be #cj grains 7#ai grm474 #abe4 ,action of ,nitrates of ,sodium and ,potassium4--,both of these salts are poisonous4 ,potassic nitrate has been taken with fatal result by man2 the poisonous nature of sodic nitrate is established by experiments on animals4 ,the action of the nitrates of the alkalies is separated from that of the other neutral salts of potassium1 c41 because in this case the toxic action of the combined nitric acid plays no insignificant part4 ,large doses1 #c-e grms4 7#dfc-ggb grains71 of potassic nitrate cause considerable uneasiness in the stomach and bowels2 the digestion is disturbed2 there may be vomiting and diarrha1 and there is generally present a desire to urinate frequently4 ,still larger doses1 #ae-cj grms4 7#bcae-dfc grains71 rapidly produce all the symptoms of acute gastro-enteritis--great pain1 frequent vomiting 7the ejected matters being often bloody71 with irregularity and slowing of the pulse2 weakness1 cold sweats1 painful cramps in single muscles 7especially in the calves of the legs72 and1 later1 convulsions1 aphonia1 quick collapse1 and death4 ,in the case of a pregnant woman1 a handful of 8nitre0 taken in mistake for ,glauber's salts produced abortion after half-an-hour4 ,the woman recovered4 ,sodic nitrate subcutaneously applied to frogs kills them1 in doses of #jbf grm4 7#d grain71 in about two hours2 there are fibrillar twitchings of single groups of muscles and narcosis4 ,the heart dies last1 but after ceasing to beat may1 by a stimulus1 be made again to contract4 ,rabbits1 poisoned similarly by sodic nitrate1 exhibit also narcotic symptoms2 they lose consciousness1 lie upon their side1 and respond only to the sharpest stimuli4 ,the breathing1 as well as the heart1 is 8slowed10 and death follows after a few spasmodic inspirations4 ,sodic nitrite was found by ,barth to be a more powerful poison1 less than #f mgrms4 7#a grain7 being sufficient to kill a rabbit of #deee grms4 7#gjbh grains7 weight1 when subcutaneously injected4 ,the symptoms were very similar to those produced by the nitrate4 #abf4 ,the post-mortem appearances from potassic nitrate are as follows3--,an inflamed condition of the stomach1 with the mucous membrane dark in colour1 and readily tearing2 the contents of the stomach are often mixed with blood4 ,in a case related by ,orfila1 there was even a small perforation by a large dose of potassic nitrate1 and a remarkable preservation of the body was noted4 ,it is believed that the action of the nitrates is to be partly explained by a reduction to nitrites1 circulating in the blood as such4 ,to detect nitrites in the blood1 the best method is to place the blood in a dialyser1 the outer liquid being alcohol4 ,the alcoholic solution may be evaporated to dryness1 extracted with water1 and then tested by metaphenylene-diamine4 #abg4 ,potassic ,chlorate 7,k,cl,o74--,potassic chlorate is in the form of colourless1 tabular crystals with four or six sides4 ,about #f parts of the salt are dissolved by #ajj of water at #ae1 the solubility increasing with the temperature1 so that at #ajj nearly #fj parts dissolve2 if strong sulphuric acid be dropped on the crystals1 peroxide of chlorine is evolved2 when rubbed with sulphur in a mortar1 potassic chlorate detonates4 ,when the salt is heated strongly1 it first melts1 and then decomposes1 yielding oxygen gas1 and is transformed into the perchlorate4 ,if the heat is continued1 this also is decomposed1 and the final result is potassic chloride4 #abh4 ,uses4--,potassic chlorate is largely used as an oxidiser in calico printing1 and in dyeing1 especially in the preparation of aniline black4 ,a considerable quantity is consumed in the manufacture of lucifer matches and fireworks2 it is also a convenient source of oxygen4 ,detonators for exploding dynamite are mixtures of fulminate of mercury and potassic chlorate4 ,it is employed as a medicine both as an application to inflamed mucous membranes1 and for internal administration2 about #bjjj tons of the salt for these various purposes are manufactured yearly in the ,united ,kingdom4 #abi4 ,poisonous ,properties4--,the facility with which potassic chlorate parts with its oxygen by the aid of heat1 led to its very extensive employment in medicine4 ,no drug1 indeed1 has been given more recklessly1 or on a less scientific basis4 ,wherever there were sloughing wounds1 low fevers1 and malignant sore throats1 especially those of a diphtheritic character1 the practitioner administered potassic chlorate in colossal doses4 ,if the patient died1 it was ascribed to the malignity of the disease--if he recovered1 to the oxygen of the salt2 and it is possible1 from the light which of recent years has been thrown on the action of potassic chlorate1 that its too reckless use has led to many unrecorded accidents4 #acj4 ,experiments on ,animals4--,f4 ,marchand#abg has studied the effects of potassic chlorate on animals1 and on blood4 ,if either potassic chlorate or sodic chlorate is mixed with fresh blood1 it shows after a little while peculiar changes2 the clear red colour at first produced passes1 within a few hours1 into a dark red-brown1 which gradually becomes pure brown4 ,this change is produced by a #a per cent4 solution1 in from fifteen to sixteen hours2 and a #d per cent4 solution at #ae destroys every trace of oxyhmoglobin within four hours4 ,soon the blood takes a syrupy consistence1 and1 with a #b-d per cent4 solution of the salt1 passes into a jelly-like mass4 ,the jelly has much permanence1 and resists putrefactive changes for a long time4 #abg ,virchow's ,archiv4 f4 path4 ,anat41 ,bd4 #gg1 ,hft4 #c1 ,s4 #dee1 #ahgi4 ,marchand fed a dog of #ag kilos4 in weight with #e grms4 of potassic chlorate for a week4 ,as there were no apparent symptoms1 the dose was doubled for two days2 and as there was still no visible effect1 lastly1 #ej grms4 of sodic chlorate were given in #e doses4 ,in the following night the dog died4 ,the blood was found after death to be of a sepia-brown colour1 and remained unaltered when exposed to the air4 ,the organs were generally of an unnatural brown colour2 the spleen was enormously enlarged2 the kidneys were swollen1 and of a dark chocolate brown--on section1 almost black-brown1 the colour being nearly equal1 both in the substance and in the capsule4 ,a microscopical examination of the kidney showed the canaliculi to be filled with brownish cylinders consisting of altered blood4 ,a spectroscopic examination of the blood showed weak hmoglobin bands1 and a narrow band in the red4 ,with farther dilution1 the hmoglobin bands vanished1 but the band in the red remained4 ,the diluted blood1 when exposed to the light1 still remained of a coffee-brown colour2 and on shaking1 a white-brown froth was produced on the surface4 ,a second experiment in which a hound of from #g-h kilos4 in weight was given #c-e grm4 doses of potassic chlorate in sixteen hours1 and killed by bleeding seven to eight hours after the last dose1 showed very similar appearances4 ,the kidneys were intensely congested1 and the peculiar brown colour was noticeable4 #aca4 ,effects on ,man4--,i find in literature thirty-nine cases recorded1 in which poisonous symptoms were directly ascribed to the action of chlorate of potassium2 twenty-eight of these terminated fatally4 ,a quadruple instance of poisoning1 recorded by ,brouardel and ,l',hte1#abh illustrates many of the points relative to the time at which the symptoms may be expected to commence1 and the general aspect of potassic chlorate poisoning4 ,the 8suprieure0 of a religious institution was in the habit of giving1 for charitable purposes1 a potion containing #ae grms4 7#ch drms47 of potassic chlorate1 dissolved in #cfj c4c4 7about #ab ozs47 of a vegetable infusion4 #abh ,annales d',hygine publique1 #ahha1 p4 #bcb4 ,this potion was administered to four children--viz41 ,david1 aged #b2 ,cousin1 aged #c2 ,salmont1 #b2 and ,gurin1 #b4 ,david took the whole in two and a half hours1 the symptoms commenced after the potion was finished1 and the child died five and a half hours after taking the first dose2 there were vomiting and diarrha4 ,cousin took the medicine in seven hours2 the symptoms also commenced after the last spoonful1 and the death took place eight and a half hours from the first spoonful4 ,the symptoms were mainly those of great depression2 the lips were blue1 the pulse feeble1 there was no vomiting1 no diarrha4 ,salmont took the medicine in nine hours1 and died in twelve4 ,there was some diarrha1 the stools were of a green colour4 ,gurin took the whole in two hours1 the symptoms commenced in four hours2 the lips were very pale1 the gums blue4 ,death took place in four days4 ,there was an autopsy in the case of ,david only4 ,the stomach showed a large ecchymosis on its mucous membrane1 as if it had been burnt by an acid2 the spleen was gorged with blood1 and its tissue friable2 the kidneys do not seem to have been thoroughly examined1 but are said to have been tumefied4 ,potassic chlorate was discovered by dialysis4 ,in the cases of the children just detailed1 the symptoms appear to be a mixture of the depressing action of the potassium1 and irritant action of the chlorate4 #acb4 ,in adults1 the main symptoms are those of nephritis1 and the fatal dose for an adult is somewhere about an ounce 7#bhc grms471 but half this quantity would probably be dangerous1 especially if given to a person who had congestion or disease of the kidneys4 ,dr4 ,jacobi#abi gives the following cases4 #abi ,amer4 ,med4 ,times1 #ahfj4 ,dr4 ,fountain in #aheh1 experimenting on himself1 took #bib grms4 7#hg drms47 of potassic chlorate2 he died on the seventh day from nephritis4 ,a young lady swallowed #cj grms4 7#he drms471 when using it as a gargle2 she died in a few days from nephritis4 ,a man1 thirty years of age1 died in four days after having taken #dh grms4 7#abc drms47 of sodic chlorate in six hours4 ,the shortest time in which ,i can find the salt to have been fatal1 is a case related by ,dr4 ,manouvriez1 in which a woman took #de grms41 and died in five hours4 ,the smallest dose which has proved fatal is one in which an infant three years old was killed by #c grms4 7#dfc grains74 ,jacobi considers that the maximum dose to be given in divided doses during the twenty-four hours1 to infants under three1 should be from #a-ae grm4 7#aed-bca grains71 to children from three years old1 up to #b grms4 7#cjh grains72 and adults from #f-h grms4 7#ibf-abcd grains74 #acc4 ,elimination4--,potassic chlorate is quickly absorbed by mucous membranes1 and by the inflamed skin1 and rapidly separated from the body by the action of the kidneys4 ,whler1 as early as #ahbd1 recognised that it in great part passed out of the body unchanged1 and1 lately1 ,isambert1 in conjunction with ,hirne1#acj making quantitative estimations1 recovered from the urine no less than #ie per cent4 of the ingested salts4 ,otto ,hehner has also made several auto-experiments1 and taking #b drms41 found that it could be detected in the urine an hour and a half afterwards4 ,at that time #agbc per cent4 of the salt had been excreted1 and1 by the end of eleven hours1 #ich per cent4 was recovered4 ,it is then difficult to believe that the salt gives any oxygen to the tissues1 for though it is true that in all the investigations a small percentage remains to be accounted for1 and also that ,binz1#aca making experiments by mixing solutions of potassic chlorate with moist organic substances1 such as pus1 yeast1 fibrin1 c41 has declared that1 at a blood heat the chlorate is rapidly reduced1 and is no longer recognisable as chlorate--yet it may be affirmed that potassic chlorate is recovered from the urine as completely as anything which is ever excreted by the body1 and that deductions drawn from the changes undergone by the salt in solutions of fibrin1 c41 have only an indirect bearing on the question4 #acj ,gaz4 ,md4 de ,paris1 #ahge1 ,nro4 #ag1 #ce1 #da1 #dc4 #aca ,berlin klin4 ,wochenschr41 xi4 #aj1 ,s4 #aai1 #ahgd4 #acd4 ,the essential action of potassic chlorate seems to be that it causes a peculiar change in the blood1 acting on the colouring matter and corpuscles2 the latter lose their property as oxygen carriers2 the hmoglobin is in part destroyed2 the corpuscles dissolved4 ,the decomposed and altered blood-corpuscles are crowded into the kidneys1 spleen1 c42 they block up the uriniferous canaliculi1 and thus the organs present the curious colouring seen after death1 and the kidneys become inflamed4 ,detection and ,estimation of ,potassic ,chlorate4 #ace4 ,organic fluids are best submitted to dialysis2 the dialysed fluid should then be concentrated and qualitative tests applied4 ,one of the best tests for the presence of a chlorate is1 without doubt1 that recommended by ,fresenius4 ,the fluid to be tested is acidulated with a few drops of sulphuric acid2 sulphate of indigo added sufficient to colour the solution blue1 and finally a few drops of sulphurous acid4 ,in presence of potassic or sodic chlorate1 the blue colour immediately vanishes4 ,this method is capable of detecting #a part in #abh1jjj2 provided the solution is not originally coloured1 and but little organic matter is present4 ,the urine can be examined direct1 but if it contain albumen1 the blue colour may disappear and yet chlorate be present2 if too much sulphurous acid be also added1 the test may give erroneous results4 ,these are but trivial objections1 however1 for if the analyst obtains a response to the test1 he will naturally confirm or disprove it by the following process3-- ,the liquid under examination1 organic or otherwise1 is divided into two equal parts4 ,in the one1 all the chlorine present is precipitated as chloride by silver nitrate in the usual way1 and the chloride of silver collected and weighed4 ,in the other1 the liquid is evaporated to dryness and well charred by a dull red heat1 the ash dissolved in weak nitric acid1 and the chlorides estimated as in the first case4 ,if chlorates were present1 there will be a difference between the two estimations1 proportionate to the amount of chlorates which have been converted into chlorides by the carbonisation1 and the first silver chloride subtracted from the second will give an argentic chloride which is to be referred to chlorate4 ,in this way also the amount present may be quantitatively estimated1 #ajj parts of silver chloride equalling #hed of potassic chlorate4 ,toxicological ,detection of ,alkali ,salts4 7,see also ante1 p4 #aba47 #acf4 ,sodium1 in combination1 especially with chlorine1 and also with sulphuric1 carbonic1 and phosphoric acids1 is found in the plasma of the blood1 in the urinary secretion1 in the pancreatic juice1 in human bile1 and in serous transudations1 c4 ,potassium1 in combination1 is especially found in the red blood-corpuscles1 in the muscles1 in the nervous tissues1 and in milk4 ,ammonia1 in combination with acids1 is naturally found in the stomach1 in the contents of the intestine2 it is also a natural constituent of the blood in small traces1 and in a corpse is copiously evolved from putrefactive changes4 ,it hence follows1 that mere qualitative tests for these elements in the tissues or fluids of the body are of not the slightest use1 for they are always present during the life of the healthiest individual1 and can be found after death in persons dying from any malady whatever4 ,to establish the fact of a person having taken an unusual dose of any of the alkali salts1 by simply chemical evidence1 it must be proved that the alkalies are present in unusual quantities or in an abnormal state of combination4 ,in cases of rapid death1 caused by sodic or potassic salts1 they will be found in such quantity in the contents of the stomach1 or in matters vomited1 that there will probably be no difficulty in coming to a direct conclusion2 but if some time has elapsed1 the analyst may not find a sufficient ground for giving a decided judgment1 the excretion of the alkali salts being very rapid4 ,in most cases1 it will be well to proceed as follows3--,the contents of the stomach are1 if necessary1 diluted with distilled water1 and divided into three parts1 one of which is submitted to dialysis1 and then the dialysed liquid evaporated to a small bulk and examined qualitatively1 in order to ascertain whether a large amount of the alkaline salts is present1 and in what form4 ,in this way1 the presence or absence of nitrate of potassium or sodium may be proved1 or the iodide1 bromide1 sulphate1 and chlorate detected4 ,to find1 in this way1 nitrate of potassium1 a coarse test is preferable to the finer tests dependent upon conversion of the nitrate into nitrites or into ammonia1 for these tests are so delicate1 that nitrates may be detected in traces2 whereas1 in this examination1 to find traces is of no value4 ,hence1 the old-fashioned test of treating the concentrated liquid in a test-tube with copper filings and then with sulphuric acid1 and looking for the red fumes1 is best1 and will act very well1 even should1 as is commonly the case1 some organic matters have passed through the dialyser4 ,chlorates are indicated if the liquid is divided into two parts and tested in the manner recommended at p4 #abg4 ,if present in any quantity1 chlorates or nitrates may be indicated by the brilliant combustion of the organic matter when heated to redness1 as also by the action of strong sulphuric acid on the solid substances--in the one case1 yellow vapours of peroxide of chlorine being evolved--in the other1 the red fumes already mentioned of nitric peroxide4 ,with regard to a substance such as the hydro-potassic tartrate1 its insolubility in water renders it not easy of detection by dialysis2 but its very insolubility will aid the analyst1 for the contents of the stomach may be treated with water1 and thus all soluble salts of the alkalies extracted4 ,on now microscopically examining the insoluble residue1 crystals of bitartrate1 if present1 will be readily seen4 ,they may be picked up on a clean platinum wire and heated to redness in a ,bunsen flame1 and spectroscopically examined4 ,after heating1 the melted mass will have an alkaline reaction1 and give a precipitate with platinic chloride4 ,all other organic salts of potassium are soluble1 and a white crystal giving such reaction must be hydro-potassic tartrate4 ,ammonium ,salts4--,if the body is fresh1 and yet the salts of ammonium present in large amount1 it is safe to conclude that they have an external origin2 but there might be some considerable difficulty in criminal poisoning by a neutral salt of ammonium1 and search for it in a highly putrid corpse4 ,probably1 in such an exceptional case1 there would be other evidence4 ,with regard to the quantitative separation and estimation of the fixed alkalies in the ash of organic substances1 the reader is referred to the processes given in 8,foods10 p4 #ii1 et seq41 and in the present work1 p4 #aba4 ,,part ,v4--,,more ,,or ,,less ,,volatile ,,poisonous ,,substances ,,capable ,,of ,,being ,,separated ,,by ,,distillation ,,from ,,neutral ,,or ,,acid ,,liquids4 ,,hydrocarbons--,,camphor--,,alcohol--,, amyl ,,nitrite--,,ether--,,chloroform ,,and ,,other ,,an,,sthetics--,,chloral--,,carbon ,,disulphide--,,carbolic ,,acid--,,nitro-,,benzene--,,prussic ,,acid--,,phosphorus4 ,i4--,hydrocarbons4 #a4 ,,petroleum4 #acg4 ,petroleum is a general term for a mixture of hydrocarbons of the paraffin series1 which are found naturally in certain parts of the world1 and are in commerce under liquid and solid forms of various density4 ,crude petroleum is not imported into ,england1 the original substance having previously undergone more or less rectification4 ,the lighter and more volatile portions are known under the name of cymogene1 rhigolene1 gasolene1 and naphtha4 #ach4 ,cymogene has a specific gravity of #eij1 and boils at #j4 ,it has been employed in refrigerating machines4 ,it appears to consist chiefly of butane 7,c,h74 #aci4 ,rhigolene is now used in medicine in the form of spray to produce local ansthesia4 ,it boils at #ah1 and has a density of #fej4 #adj4 ,gasolene has a density of #fhj-fhh2 it has received technical applications in the 8naphthalising0 of air and gas4 #ada4 ,benzoline 7mineral naphtha1 petroleum naphtha1 petroleum spirit1 petroleum ether7 is a mixture of the lighter series of hydro-carbons2 the greater part consists of heptane1 and there is also a considerable quantity of pentane 7,c,h7 present4 ,the specific gravity varies from #fi to #gd4 ,it is very inflammable1 and is used in sponge lamps1 and also as a solvent for gutta-percha1 naphthalene1 paraffin1 wax1 and many other bodies4 ,by the practical chemist it is much employed4 ,the similarity of the terms benzoline and benzene has caused benzoline to be often confused with benzol or benzene1 the leading constituent of coal-tar naphtha 7,c,h74 ,mr ,allen#acb gives in the following table a summary of the chief points of distinction1 both between petroleum naphtha1 shale naphtha1 and coal-tar naphtha4 ,the table is founded upon the examination of particular samples1 and commercial samples may present a few minor deviations4 #acb ,commercial ,organic ,analysis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ca4 ,,table ,,of ,,the ,,varieties ,,of ,,naphtha4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,petroleum ,naphtha4 ,shale ,naphtha4 ,coal-tar ,naphtha4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,contains at least #ge ,contains at least #fj ,consists almost wholly per cent4 of heptane1to #gj per cent4 of of benzene1 ,c,h1 and ,c,h1 and other heptylene1 ,c,h1 and other homologous hydrocarbons of the other hydrocarbons of hydrocarbons1 with a marsh gas or paraffinthe olefin series2 thesmall percentage of series2 the remainderremainder paraffins4 light hydrocarbons in apparently olefins1 ,no trace of benzene orsome samples4 ,cn,h#bn1 with its homologues4 distinct traces of benzene and its homologues4 ,specific gravity at ,specific gravity at ,specific gravity #hgf4 #ae1 #fjj4 #ae1 #gah4 ,distils between #fe ,distils between #fe ,distils between #hj and #ajj4 and #ajj4 and #abj4 ,dissolves coal-tar ,behaves similarly to ,readily dissolves pitch1 but slightly2 petroleum naphtha withpitch1 forming a deep liquid1 but little regard to the solutionbrown solution4 coloured even after of pitch4 prolonged contact4 ,on shaking three ,when treated with ,the liquids form a measures of the fused carbolic acid homogeneous mixture sample with one crystals1 the liquids when treated with measure of fused mix perfectly4 fused carbolic acid crystals of absolute crystals4 carbolic acid1 no solution4 ,liquids not miscible4 ,combines with #aj per ,combines with upwards ,combines slowly with cent4 of its weight of #ij per cent4 of its#cj-dj per cent4 of its of bromine in the weight of bromine4 weight of bromine4 cold4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #adb4 ,paraffin ,oil 7or kerosine1 mineral oil1 photogen1 c47 is the chief product resulting from the distillation of ,american petroleum--the usual specific gravity is about #hjb--;it is a mixture of hydrocarbons of the paraffin series4 ,it should be free from the more volatile constituents1 and hence should not take fire when a flame is applied near the surface of the cold liquid4 #adc4 ,effects of ,petroleum4--,since we have here to deal with a commercial substance of such different degrees of purity1 and various samples of which are composed of such various proportions of different hydrocarbons1 its action can only be stated in very general terms4 ,eulenberg#acc has experimented with the lighter products obtained from the distillation of ,canadian petroleum4 ,this contained sulphur products1 and was extremely poisonous1 the vapour killing a rabbit in a short time1 with previous insensibility and convulsions4 ,the autopsy showed a thin extravasation of blood on the surface of each of the bulbi1 much coagulated blood in the heart1 congested lungs1 and a bloody mucus covering the tracheal mucous membrane4 ,an experiment made on a cat with the lighter petroleum 7which had no excess of sulphur7 in the state of vapour1 showed that it was an ansthetic1 the ansthesia being accompanied by convulsions1 which towards the end were tetanic and violent4 ,the evaporation of #ae grm4 in a close chamber killed the animal in three hours4 ,the lungs were found congested1 but little else was remarkable4 ,much petroleum vapour is breathed in certain factories1 especially those in which petroleum is refined4#acd ,from this cause there have been rather frequent toxic symptoms among the workmen4 ,eulenberg#ace describes the symptoms as follows3--,a person1 after breathing an overdose of the vapour1 becomes very pale1 the lips are livid1 the respiration slow1 the heart's action weak and scarcely to be felt4 ,if he does not immediately go into the open air away from the poisonous vapour1 these symptoms may pass on to insensibility1 convulsions1 and death4 ,it often occasions a condition of the voluntary muscles similar to that induced by drunkenness1 and on recovery the patient is troubled by singing in the ears and noises in the head4 ,the smell and taste of the poison may remain for a long time4 #acc ,gewerbe-,hygiene4 #acd ,the vapour most likely to rise at the ordinary temperature1 and mix with the atmosphere1 is that of the lighter series1 from cymogene to benzoline4 #ace ,op4 cit4 #add4 ,poisoning by taking light petroleum into the stomach is not common4 ,in a case recorded by ,taylor1#acf a woman1 for the purpose of suicide1 swallowed a pint of petroleum1 ,there followed a slight pain in the stomach1 and a little febrile disturbance1 and a powerful smell of petroleum remained about the body for six days2 but she completely recovered4 ,in ,august #ahgj a sea-captain drank a quantity of paraffin1 that is1 lighting petroleum1 and died in a few hours in an unconscious state4 ,a child1 #b years old1 was brought to ,king's ,college ,hospital within ten minutes after taking a teaspoonful of paraffin4 ,it was semi-comatose and pale1 with contracted pupils2 there was no vomiting or purging4 ,emetics of sulphate of zinc were administered1 and the child recovered in twenty-four hours4 ,in another case treated at the same hospital1 a child had swallowed an unknown quantity of paraffin4 ,it fell into a comatose state1 which simulated tubercular meningitis1 and lasted for nearly three weeks4#acg ,in a case recorded by ,mr ,robert ,smith1#ach a child1 #d years of age1 had swallowed an unknown quantity of paraffin4 ,a few minutes afterwards1 the symptoms commenced2 they were those of suffocation1 with a constant cough2 there was no expectoration2 the tongue1 gums1 and cheeks were blanched and swollen where the fluid touched them2 recovery followed4 ,a woman1 aged #cb1 who had taken a quarter of a pint of paraffin1 was found unconscious and very cold2 the stomach-pump was used1 and she recovered4#aci ,hence it is tolerably certain1 from the above instances1 that should a case of petroleum poisoning occur1 the expert will not have to deal with infinitesimal quantities2 but while the odour of the oil will probably be distinctly perceptible1 there will be also a sufficient amount obtained either from matters vomited1 or the contents of the stomach1 c41 so that no difficulty will be experienced in identifying it4 #acf ,poisons1 p4 #fef #acg ,brit4 ,med4 ,journ41 ,sept4 #af1 #ahgf1 p4 #cfe4 #ach ,brit4 ,med4 ,journ41 ,oct4 #ad1 #ahgf4 #aci ,pharm4 ,journ41 ,feb4 #ab1 #ahge2 also for other cases see ,brit4 ,med4 ,journ41 ,nov4 #d1 #ahgf2 and ,khler's ,physiol4 ,therap41 p4 #dcg4 #ade4 ,in order to separate petroleum from any liquid1 the substances under examination must be carefully distilled in the manner recommended under 8,ether40 ,the lighter petroleums will distil by the aid of a water-bath2 but the heavier require a stronger heat2 redistillation of the distillate may be necessary4 ,the odour of the liquid1 its inflammable character1 and its other properties1 will be sufficient for identification4 #b4 ,,coal-,,tar-,,naphtha--,,benzene4 #adf4 ,coal-tar-naphtha in its crude state1 is an extremely complex liquid1 of a most disagreeable smell4 ,much benzene 7,c,h7 is present with higher homologues of the benzene series4 ,toluene 7,c,h71 naphthalene 7,c,h71 hydrocarbons of the paraffin series1 especially hexane 7,c,h71 and hydrocarbons of the olefin series1 especially pentylene1 hexylene1 and heptylene 7,c,h1 ,c,h and ,c,h74 ,besides these1 there are nitrogenised bases1 such as aniline1 picoline1 and pyridine2 phenols1 especially carbolic acid2 ammonia1 ammonium sulphide1 carbon disulphide1 and probably other sulphur compounds2 acetylene and aceto-nitrile4 ,by distillation and fractional distillation are produced what are technically known 0once run0 naphtha1 #ij per cent4 benzol1 #ej and #ij per cent4 benzol1#adj #cj per cent4 benzol1 solvent naphtha1 and residue known as 8last runnings40 #adj ,or #ej_/ij benzol1 this indicates that #ej per cent4 distils over below #ajj2 and #dj1 making in all #ij1 below #abj4 #adg4 ,taylor#ada records a case in which a boy1 aged #ab1 swallowed about #c ozs4 of naphtha1 the kind usually sold for burning in lamps1 and died with symptoms of narcotic poisoning4 ,the child1 after taking it1 ran about in wild delirium1 he then sank into a state of collapse1 breathing stertorously1 and the skin became cold and clammy4 ,on vomiting being excited1 he rejected about two tablespoonfuls of the naphtha1 and recovered somewhat1 but again fell into collapse with great muscular relaxation4 ,the breathing was difficult2 there were no convulsions2 the eyes were fixed and glassy1 the pupils contracted2 there was frothing at the mouth4 ,in spite of every effort to save him1 he died in less than three hours after taking the poison4 ,the body1 examined three days after death1 smelt strongly of naphtha1 but the post-mortem appearances were in no way peculiar1 save that the stomach contained a pint of semi-fluid matter1 from which a fluid1 having the characteristics of impure benzene1 was separated4 #ada ,op4 cit41 p4 #feg4 #adh4 ,the effects of the vapour of benzene have been studied by ,eulenberg in experiments on cats and rabbits1 and there are also available observations on men#adb who have been accidentally exposed to its influence4 ,from these sources of information1 it is evident that the vapour of benzene has a distinctly narcotic effect1 while influencing also in a marked degree the spinal cord4 ,there are1 as symptoms1 noises in the head1 convulsive trembling and twitchings of the muscles1 with difficulty of breathing4 #adb ,dr4 ,stone1 ,med4 ,gaz41 #ahdh1 vol4 xii4 p4 #ajgg4 ,,detection ,,and ,,separation ,,of ,,benzene4 #adi4 ,benzene is separated from liquids by distillation1 and may be recognised by its odour1 and by the properties described at p4 #acj4 ,the best process of identification1 perhaps1 is to purify and convert it into nitro-benzene1 and then into aniline1 in the following manner3-- #a4 ,purification4--,the liquid is agitated with a solution of caustic soda2 this dissolves out of the benzene any bodies of an acid character1 such as phenol1 c4 ,the purified liquid should again be distilled1 collecting that portion of the distillate which passes over between #fe and #ajj2 directly the thermometer attains nearly the #ajj1 the distillation should be stopped4 ,the distillate1 which contains all the benzene present1 is next shaken with concentrated sulphuric acid in the cold2 this will dissolve out all the hydrocarbons of the ethylene and acetylene series4 ,on removing the layer of benzene from the acid1 it must be again shaken up with dilute soda1 so as to remove any trace of acid4 ,the benzene is1 by this rather complicated series of operations1 obtained in a very fair state of purity1 and may be converted into nitro-benzene1 as follows3-- #b4 ,conversion into ,nitro-,benzene4--,the oily liquid is placed in a flask1 and treated with four times its volume of fuming nitric acid4 ,the flask must be furnished with an upright condenser2 a vigorous action mostly takes place without the application of heat1 but if this does not occur1 the flask may be warmed for a few minutes4 ,after the conversion is over1 the liquid1 while still warm1 must be transferred into a burette furnished with a glass tap1 or to a separating funnel1 and all1 except the top layer1 run into cold water2 if benzene was originally present1 either oily drops of nitro-benzene will fall1 or if the benzene was only in small quantity1 a fine precipitate will gradually settle down to the bottom of the vessel1 and a distinct bitter-almond smell be observed2 but1 if there be no benzene in the original liquid1 and1 consequently1 no nitro-benzene formed1 no such appearance will be observed4 #c4 ,conversion into ,aniline4--,the nitro-benzene may itself be identified by collecting it on a wet filter1 dissolving it off the filter by alcohol1 acidifying the alcoholic solution by hydrochloric acid1 and then boiling it for some time with metallic zinc4 ,in this way aniline is formed by reduction4 ,on neutralising and diluting the liquid1 and cautiously adding a little clear solution of bleaching-powder1 a blue or purple colour passing to brown is in a little time produced4 #c4 ,,terpenes--,,essential ,,oils--,,oil ,,of ,,turpentine4 #aej4 ,the terpenes are hydrocarbons of the general formula ,cn,h#bn-#d4 ,the natural terpenes are divided into three classes3-- #a4 ,the true terpenes1 formula 7,c,h7--a large number of essential oils1 such as those of turpentine1 orange peel1 nutmeg1 caraway1 anise1 thyme1 c41 are mainly composed of terpenes4 #b4 ,the cedrenes1 formula 7,c,h7--the essential oil of cloves1 rosewood1 cubebs1 calamus1 cascarilla1 and patchouli belong to this class4 #c4 ,the colophene hydrocarbons1 formula 7,c,h71 represented by colophony4 ,of all these1 oil of turpentine alone has any toxicological significance2 it is1 however1 true that all the essential oils1 if taken in considerable doses1 are poisonous1 and cause1 for the most part1 vascular excitement and complex nervous phenomena1 but their action has not been very completely studied4 ,they may all be separated by distillation1 but a more convenient process for recovering an essential oil from a liquid is to shake it up with petroleum ether1 separating the petroleum and evaporating spontaneously2 by this means the oil is left in a fair state of purity4 #d4 ,,oil ,,of ,,turpentine--,,spirit ,,of ,,turpentine--8,,turps40 #aea4 ,various species of pine yield a crude turpentine1 holding in solution more or less resin4 ,the turpentine may be obtained from this exudation by distillation1 and when the first portion of the distillate is treated with alkali1 and then redistilled1 the final product is known under the name of 8rectified oil of turpentine10 and is sometimes called 8camphene40 ,it mainly consists of terebenthene4 ,terebenthene obtained from ,french turpentine differs in some respects from that obtained from ,english or ,american turpentine4 ,they are both mobile1 colourless liquids1 having the well-known odour of turpentine and highly refractive2 but the ,french terebenthene turns a ray of polarised light to the left -#djc for the sodium ray1 and the ,english to the right #bae2 the latter terebenthene is known scientifically as austra-terebenthene4 ,this action on polarised light is retained in the various compounds and polymers of the two turpentine oils4 ,the specific gravity of turpentine oil is #hfd2 its boiling point1 when consisting of pure terebenthene1 #aef1 but impurities may raise it up to #afj2 it is combustible and burns with a smoky flame4 ,oil of turpentine is very soluble in ether1 petroleum ether1 carbon disulphide1 chloroform1 benzene1 fixed and essential oils1 and by the use of these solvents it is conveniently separated from the contents of the stomach4 ,it is insoluble in water1 glycerin1 and dilute alkaline and acid solutions2 and very soluble in absolute alcohol1 from which it may be precipitated by the addition of water4 ,it is polymerised by the action of strong sulphuric acid1 the polymer1 of course1 boiling at a higher temperature than the original oil4 ,with water it forms a crystalline hydrate 7,c,h,o1,h,o74 ,on passing nitrosyl chloride gas into the oil1 either pure or diluted with chloroform or alcohol1 the mixture being cooled by ice1 a white crystalline body is deposited1 of the formula ,c,h7,n,o,cl74 ,by treating this compound with alcoholic potash1 the substitution product 7,c,h,,no7 is obtained4 ,by treating turpentine with an equal bulk of warm water1 and shaking it in a large bottle with air1 camphoric acid and peroxide of hydrogen are formed4 ,when turpentine oil is left in contact with concentrated hydrochloric acid1 there is formed terebenthene dihydrochloride 7,c,h#b;,h,cl71 which forms rhombic plates1 insoluble in water1 and decomposable by boiling alcoholic potash1 with formation of terpinol1 7,c,h7,o4 ,the dihydrochloride gives a colour-reaction with ferric chloride4 ,this is an excellent test--not1 it is true1 confined to oil of turpentine--but common to the dihydrochlorides of all the terpenes4 ,a few drops of the oil are stirred in a porcelain capsule with a drop of hydrochloric acid1 and one of ferric chloride solution2 on gently heating1 there is produced first a rose colour1 then a violet-red1 and lastly a blue4 #aeb4 ,effects of the ,administration of ,turpentine4--,l4 ,w4 ,liersch#adc exposed animals to the vapour of turpentine1 and found that a cat and a rabbit died within half an hour4 ,there was observed uneasiness1 reeling1 want of power in the limbs 7more especially in the hinder extremities71 convulsions partial1 or general1 difficulty of respiration2 and the heart's action was quickened4 ,death took place1 in part1 from asphyxia1 and in part was attributable to a direct action on the nervous centres4 ,the autopsy showed congestion of the lungs1 ecchymoses of the kidney1 and much blood in the liver and spleen4 ,small doses of turpentine-vapour cause 7according to ,sir ,b4 ,w4 ,richardson7#add giddiness1 deficient appetite1 and anmia4 ,from half an ounce to an ounce is frequently prescribed in the country as a remedy for tape-worm2 in smaller quantities it is found to be a useful medicine in a great variety of ailments4 ,the larger doses produce a kind of intoxication with giddiness1 followed often by purging and strangury1 not unfrequently blood and albumen 7or both7 is found in the urine4 ,when in medical practice ,i have given the oil1 and seen it given by others1 in large doses for tape-worm to adults1 in perhaps #dj cases1 but in no one instance were the symptoms severe2 the slight intoxication subsided quickly1 and in a few hours the patients recovered completely4 ,nevertheless it has been known to destroy the lives of children1 and cause most serious symptoms in adults4 ,two fatal cases are mentioned by ,taylor2 one was that of a child who died fifteen hours after taking half an ounce of the oil2 in another an infant1 five months old1 died rapidly from a teaspoonful4 ,the symptoms in these fatal cases were profound coma and slight convulsions2 the pupils were contracted1 and there was slow and irregular breathing4 ,turpentine is eliminated in a changed form by the kidneys1 and imparts an odour of violet to the urine2 but the nature of the odoriferous principle has not yet been investigated4 #adc ,clarus in ,schmidt's ,jahrbcher1 ,bd4 cxvii41 i4 #ahfc2 and ,vierteljahrsschr4 fr ger4 ,med41 xxii41 ,oct4 #ahfb4 #add ,brit4 and ,for4 ,med4-,chir4 ,review1 ,april #ahfc4 ,,ii4--,camphor4 #aec4 ,a great many essential oils deposit1 after exposure to air1 camphors produced by oxidation of their terpenes4 ,ordinary camphor is imported in the rough state from ,china and ,japan1 and is prepared by distilling with water the wood of ,camphora officinarum2 it is resublimed in ,england4 ,the formula of camphor is ,c,h,o2 it has a density of #ihf to #iif2 melts at #age1 and boils at #bje4 ,it is readily sublimed1 especially in a vacuum1 and is indeed so volatile at all temperatures1 that a lump of camphor exposed to the air wastes away4 ,it is somewhat insoluble in water 7about #a part in #ajjj71 but this is enough to impart a distinct taste to the water2 it is insoluble in chloroform1 ether1 acetone1 acetic acid1 carbon disulphide1 and oils4 ,it has a fragrant odour and a burning taste4 ,a #aj per cent4 solution in alcohol turns a ray of polarised light to the right #dbh4 ,by distillation with zinc chloride1 cymene and other products are produced4 ,by prolonged treatment with nitric acid1 camphor is oxidised to camphoric acid 7,c,h,o74 ,camphor unites with bromine to form a crystalline1 unstable dibromide1 which splits up on distillation into hydrobromic acid and monobrom-camphor 7,c,h,br,o74 ,the latter is used in medicine2 it crystallises in prisms fusible at #gf1 and is readily soluble in alcohol4 #aed4 ,pharmaceutical ,preparations4--,the preparations officinal in the ,british ,pharmacopia are camphor water--water saturated with camphor1 containing about one part per thousand4 ,camphor ,liniment4--,a solution of camphor in olive oil1 strength #be per cent4 ,compound ,camphor ,liniment4--,composed of camphor1 oil of lavender1 strong solution of ammonia and alcohol2 strength in camphor about #aa per cent4 ,spirit of ,camphor4--,a solution of camphor in spirit2 strength1 #aj per cent4 ,camphor is also a constituent of the compound tincture of camphor2 but in this case it may be considered only a flavouring agent4 ,there is a homopathic solution of camphor in spirit 7,rubini's ,essence of ,camphor74 ,the solution is made by saturating alcohol with camphor2 it is1 therefore1 very strong--about half the bulk consisting of camphor4 ,camphor is used in veterinary medicine1 both externally and internally4 #aee4 ,symptoms4--,camphor acts energetically on the brain and nervous system1 especially if it is given in strong alcoholic solution1 and thus placed under conditions favouring absorption4 ,some years ago1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,johnson#ade published a series of cases arising from the injudicious use of 8homopathic solution of camphor10 from #g to #dj drops of ,rubini's homopathic camphor taken for colds1 sore throat1 c41 having produced coma1 foaming at the mouth1 convulsions1 and partial paralysis4 ,all the patients recovered1 but their condition was for a little time alarming4 #ade ,brit4 ,med4 ,journ41 ,feb4 #bg1 #ahgh1 p4 #bgb2 see also ibid41 ,feb4 #ahge4 ,the cases of fatal poisoning by camphor are very rare4 ,a woman1 aged #df1 pregnant four months1 took #ab grms4 7about #ahd grains7 in a glass of brandy for the purpose of procuring abortion4 ,in a very short time the symptoms commenced2 she had intolerable headache1 the face was flushed1 and there was a sensation of burning in the stomach4 ,in eight hours after taking the dose1 she had strangury and vomiting1 and the pain in the epigastrium was intense4 ,these symptoms continued with more or less severity until the third day1 when she became much worse4 ,her face was pale and livid1 the eyes hollow1 the skin cold and insensible1 pulse weak and thready1 breathing laboured4 ,there were violent cramps in the stomach and retention of urine for twenty-four hours1 and then coma4 ,the patient lingered on yet another three days1 aborted1 and died4#adf #adf ,journ4 de ,chim4 ,md41 ,may #ahfj4 ,dr4 ,schaaf#adg has recorded three cases of poisoning--one of which was fatal4 ,a woman gave about half a teaspoonful of a camphor solution to each of her three children1 the ages being respectively five and three years and fifteen months4 ,the symptoms noted were pallor of the face1 a burning pain in the throat1 thirst1 vomiting1 purging1 convulsions1 and afterwards coma4 ,the youngest child died in seven hours2 the others recovered4 ,the smallest dose known to have produced violent symptoms in an adult is #ac grm4 7#bj grains72 the largest dose known to have been recovered from is #ajd grms4 7#afj grains74#adh #adg ,journ4 de ,chim4 ,md41 #ahej1 p4 #ejg4 #adh ,taylor on ,poisons1 #crd ed41 #ffa4 #aef4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,the bodies of animals or persons dying from poisoning by camphor1 smell strongly of the substance4 ,the mucous membrane of the stomach has been found inflamed1 but there seem to be no characteristic lesions4 #aeg4 ,separation of ,camphor from the ,contents of the ,stomach4--,the identification of camphor would probably in no case present any difficulty4 ,it may be readily dissolved out from organic fluids by chloroform4 ,if dissolved in fixed oils1 enough for the purposes of identification may be obtained by simple distillation4 ,it is precipitated from its alcoholic solution by the addition of water4 ,,iii4--,alcohols4 #a4 ,,ethylic ,,alcohol4 #aeh4 ,the chemical properties of ordinary alcohol are fully described1 with the appropriate tests1 in 8,foods10 pp4 #cfi-chd1 and the reader is also referred to the same volume for the composition and strength of the various alcoholic drinks4 ,statistics4--,if we were to include in one list the deaths indirectly due to chronic1 as well as acute poisoning by alcohol1 it would stand first of all poisons in order of frequency1 but the taking of doses so large as to cause death in a few hours is rare4 ,the deaths from alcohol are included by the ,english registrar-general under two heads1 viz41 those returned as dying from delirium tremens1 and those certified as due directly to intemperance4 ,during the twenty-five years1 from #ahfh to #ahib1 #cj1bai deaths have been registered as due to intemperance1 which gives an average of #abji per year4 ,the rate per million has varied during the period from #bi to #ga2 and the figures taken as a whole show that deaths from intemperance appear to be increasing2 the increase may be only apparent1 not real1 for it is a significant circumstance that deaths registered under liver diseases show a corresponding decrease2 it is1 therefore1 not unlikely that deaths which formerly would be ascribed to liver disease1 are more often now stated to be the effects of intemperance4 ,deaths directly due to large doses of alcohol are not uncommon2 during the ten years ending #ahib1 #aje deaths 7#ha males and #bd females7 were ascribed under the head of 8accident or negligence0 directly to alcohol4 ,illustration3 ,,chart ,,shewing ,,deaths ,,per ,,million ,,persons ,,living1 ,,from ,,intemperance ,,from ,,liver ,,diseases4 ,,the ,,medical 8,,officers ,,of ,,health0 ,,chart4 ,,ent4 ,,at ,,sta4 ,,hall4 ,notes4 ,intemperance -------------- ,liver disease 44444444444444 ,the ,scale for ,intemperance is as printed4 ,that for ,liver diseases is #aj times larger4 #aei4 ,criminal or ,accidental ,alcoholic ,poisoning4--,suicide by alcohol1 in the common acceptation of the term1 is rare1 and murder still rarer1 though not unknown4 ,in the ten years ending #ahib1 only three deaths from alcohol 7#a male and #b females7 are recorded as suicidal4 ,perhaps the most common cause of fatal acute poisoning by alcohol is either a foolish wager1 by which a man bets that he can drink so many glasses of spirits without bad effect2 or else the drugging of a person already drunk by his companions in a sportive spirit4 #afj4 ,fatal ,dose4--,it is difficult to say what would be likely to prove a lethal dose of alcohol1 for a great deal depends1 without doubt1 on the dilution of the spirit1 since the mere local action of strong alcohol on the mucous membranes of the stomach1 c41 is severe 7one may almost say corrosive71 and would aid the more remote effects4 ,in ,maschka's case1#adi a boy of nine years and a girl of five1 died from about two and a half ounces of spirit of #fg per cent4 strength1 or #dhb c4c4 7#ag oz47 of absolute alcohol4 #adi ,recorded by ,maschka 7,gutachten der ,prager ,facultt1 iv4 #bci2 see also ,maschka's ,handbuch der gericht4 ,medicin1 ,band4 ii4 p4 #chd74 ,the following is a brief summary3--,franz4 ,z41 nine years old1 and ,caroline ,z41 eight years old1 were poisoned by their stepfather with spirit of #fg per cent4 strength taken in small quantities by each--at first by persuasion1 and the remainder administered by force4 ,about one-eighth of a pint is said to have been given to each child4 ,both vomited somewhat1 then lying down1 stertorous breathing at once came on1 and they quickly died4 ,the autopsy1 three days after death1 showed dilatation of the pupils2 rigor mortis present in the boy1 not in the girl2 and the membranes of the brain filled with dark fluid blood4 ,the smell of alcohol was perceptible on opening the chest2 the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes and gullet was normal1 both lungs dematous1 the fine tubes gorged with a bloody frothy fluid1 and the mucous membrane of the whole intestinal canal was reddened4 ,the stomach was not1 unfortunately1 examined1 being reserved for chemical analysis4 ,the heart was healthy2 the pericardium contained some straw-coloured fluid4 ,chemical analysis gave an entirely negative result1 which must have been from insufficient material having been submitted to the analyst1 for ,i cannot see how the vapours of alcohol could have been detected by the smell1 and yet have evaded chemical processes4 ,in a case related by ,taylor1 a child1 seven years old1 died from some quantity of brandy1 probably about #aacd c4c4 7#d ozs471 which would be equal to at least #efg c4c4 7#b ozs47 of absolute alcohol4 ,from other cases in which the quantity of absolute alcohol can be1 with some approximation to the truth1 valued1 it is evident that1 for any child below ten or twelve1 quantities of from #bhc to #eff c4c4 7#a-b ozs47 of absolute alcohol contained in brandy1 gin1 c41 would be a highly dangerous and probably fatal dose2 while the toxic dose for adults is somewhere between #gah-adag c4c4 7#be-e ozs474 #afa4 ,symptoms4--,in the cases of rapid poisoning by a large dose of alcohol1 which alone concern us1 the preliminary1 and too familiar excitement of the drunkard1 may be hardly observable2 but the second stage1 that of depression1 rapidly sets in2 the unhappy victim sinks down to the ground helpless1 the face pale1 the eyes injected and staring1 the pupils dilated1 acting sluggishly to light1 and the skin remarkably cold4 ,frntzel#aej found1 in a case in which the patient survived1 a temperature of only #bdf in the rectum1 and in that of another person who died1 a temperature of #bch4 ,the mucous membranes are of a peculiar dusky blue2 the pulse1 which at first is quick1 soon becomes slow and small2 the respiration is also slowed1 intermittent1 and stertorous2 there is complete loss of consciousness and motion2 the breath smells strongly of the alcoholic drink1 and if the coma continues there may be vomiting and involuntary passing of excreta4 ,death ultimately occurs through paralysis of the respiratory centres4 ,convulsions in adults are rare1 in children frequent4 ,death has more than once been immediately caused1 not by the poison1 but by accidents dependent upon loss of consciousness4 ,thus food has been sucked into the air-tubes1 or the person has fallen1 so that the face was buried in water1 ordure1 or mud2 here suffocation has been induced by mechanical causes4 #aej ,temperaturerniedrigung durch ,alcoholintoxication1 ,charit ,annalen1 i4 #cga4 ,a remarkable course not known with any other narcotic is that in which the symptoms remit1 the person wakes up1 as it were1 moves about and does one or more rational acts1 and then suddenly dies4 ,in this case also1 the death is not directly due to alcohol1 but indirectly--the alcohol having developed dema1 pneumonia1 or other affection of the lungs1 which causes the sudden termination when the first effect of the poison has gone off4 ,the time that may elapse from the commencement of coma till death varies from a few minutes to days2 death has occurred after a quarter of an hour1 half an hour1 and an hour4 ,it has also been prolonged to three1 four1 and six days1 during the whole of which the coma has continued4 ,the average period may1 however1 be put at from six to ten hours4 #afb4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,cadaveric rigidity lasts tolerably long4 ,casper has seen it still existing nine days after death1 and ,seidel#aea seven days 7in ,february74 ,putrefaction is retarded in those cases in which a very large dose has been taken1 but this is not a very noticeable or constant characteristic4 ,the pupils are mostly dilated4 ,the smell of alcohol should be watched for2 sometimes it is only present in cases where but a short time has elapsed between the taking of the poison and death2 putrefaction may also conceal it1 but under favourable circumstances1 especially if the weather is cold1 the alcoholic smell may remain a long time4 ,alcohol may cause the most intense redness and congestion of the stomach4 ,the most inflamed stomach ,i ever saw1 short of inflammation by the corrosive poisons1 was that of a sailor1 who died suddenly after a twenty-four hours' drinking bout3 all the organs of the body were fairly healthy1 the man had suffered from no disease2 analysis could detect no poison but alcohol2 and the history of the case1 moreover1 proved clearly that it was a pure case of alcoholic poisoning4 #aea ,seidel1 ,maschka's ,handbuch1 ,bd4 ii4 p4 #chj4 ,in a case related by ,taylor1 in which a child drank #d ozs4 of brandy and died1 the mucous membrane of the stomach presented patches of intense redness1 and in several places was thickened and softened1 some portions being actually detached and hanging loose1 and there were evident signs of extravasations of blood4 ,the effect may not be confined to the stomach1 but extend to the duodenum and even to the whole intestinal canal4 ,the blood is generally dark and fluid1 and usually the contents of the skull are markedly hypermic1 the pia very full of blood1 the sinuses and plexus gorged2 occasionally1 the brain-substance shows signs of unusual congestion2 serum is often found in the ventricles4 ,the great veins of the neck1 the lungs1 and the right side of the heart1 are very often found full of blood1 and the left side empty4 dema of the lungs also occurs with tolerable frequency4 ,the great veins of the abdomen are also filled with blood1 and if the coma has been prolonged1 the bladder will be distended with urine4 ,a rare phenomenon has also been noticed--namely1 the occurrence of blebs on the extremities1 c41 just as if the part affected had been burnt or scalded4 ,lastly1 with the changes directly due to the fatal dose may be included all those degenerations met with in the chronic drinker1 provided the case had a history of previous intemperance4 #afc4 ,excretion of ,alcohol4--,alcohol1 in the diluted form1 is quickly absorbed by the blood-vessels of the stomach1 c41 and circulates in the blood2 but what becomes of it afterwards is by no means settled4 ,i think there can be little doubt that the lungs are the main channels through which it is eliminated2 with persons given up to habits of intemperance1 the breath has constantly a very peculiar ethereal odour1 probably dependent upon some highly volatile oxidised product of alcohol4 ,alcohol is eliminated in small proportion only by the kidneys4 ,thudichum1 in an experiment#aeb by which #djjj grms4 of absolute alcohol were consumed by thirty-three men1 could only find in the collected urine #aj grms4 of alcohol4 ,the numerous experiments by ,dupr also establish the same truth1 that but a fraction of the total alcohol absorbed is excreted by the kidneys4 ,according to ,lallemand1 ,perrin1 and ,duroy the content of the brain in alcohol is more than that of the other organs4 ,i have found also that the brain after death has a wonderful attraction for alcohol1 and yields it up at a water-heat very slowly and with difficulty4 ,in one experiment1 in which a finely-divided portion of brain1 which had been soaking in alcohol for many weeks1 was submitted to a steam heat of #ajj1 twenty-four hours' consecutive heating failed to expel every trace of spirit4 #aeb ,see ,thudichum's ,pathology of the ,urine1 ,london1 #ahgg1 in which both his own and ,dr4 ,dupr's experiments are summarised4 ,it is probable that true alcoholates of the chemical constituents of the brain are formed4 ,in the case of vegetable colloidal bodies1 such1 for example1 as the pulp of cherries1 a similar attraction has been observed1 the fruit condensing1 as it were1 the alcohol in its own tissues1 and the outer liquid being of less alcoholic strength than that which can be expressed from the steeped cherries4 ,alcohol is also excreted by the sweat1 and minute fractions have been found in the fces4 #afd4 ,toxicological ,detection of ,alcohol 7see 8,foods10 pp4 #djf-dai74--,the living cells of the body produce minute quantities of alcohol1 as also some of the bacteria normally inhabiting the small intestine produce small quantities of alcohol1 and it is often found in traces in putrefying fluids4 ,hence1 mere qualitative proofs of the presence of alcohol are insufficient on which to base an opinion as to whether alcohol had been taken during life or not1 and it will be necessary to estimate the quantity accurately by some of the processes detailed in 8,foods10 p4 #dji1 et seq4 ,in those cases in which alcohol is found in quantity in the stomach1 there can1 of course1 be no difficulty2 in others1 the whole of the alcohol may have been absorbed1 and chemical evidence1 unless extremely definite1 must be supplemented by other facts4 #b4 ,,amylic ,,alcohol4 #afe4 ,amylic ,alcohol--,formula1 ,c,h,,ho4--,there is more than one amylic alcohol according to theory2 eight isomers are possible1 and seven are known4 ,the amylic alcohols are identical in their chemical composition1 but differ in certain physical properties1 primary amylic alcohol boiling at #acg1 and iso-amyl alcohol at #acaf4 ,the latter has a specific gravity of #hadh1 and is the variety produced by fermentation and present in fusel oil4 #aff4 ,the experiments of ,eulenberg#aec on rabbits1 ,cross#aed on pigeons1 ,rabuteau#aee on frogs1 and ,furst on rabbits1 with those of ,sir ,b4 ,w4 ,richardson#aef on various animals1 have shown it to be a powerful poison1 more especially if breathed in a state of vapour4 #aec ,gewerbe ,hygiene1 #ahgf1 p4 #ddj4 #aed ,de l',alcohol ,amylique et ,mthyl sur l',organisme 7,thse71 ,strasburg1 #ahfc4 #aee 8,ueber die ,wirkung des ,aethyl1 ,butyl u4 ,amyl ,alcohols10 ,l',union1 ,nos4 #ij1 #ia1 #ahgj4 ,schmidt's ,jahrb41 ,bd4 #adi1 p4 #bfc4 #aef ,trans4 ,brit4 ,association1 #ahfd1 #ahfe1 and #ahff4 ,also1 ,brit4 and ,foreign ,med4 ,chir4 ,rev41 ,jan4 #g1 #ahfg1 p4 #bdg4 ,richardson1 as the result of his investigations1 considers that amyl alcohol when breathed sets up quite a peculiar class of symptoms which last for many hours1 and are of such a character1 that it might be thought impossible for the animal to recover1 although they have not been known to prove fatal4 ,there is muscular paralysis with paroxysms of tremulous convulsions2 the spasms are excited by touching the animal1 breathing upon it1 or otherwise subjecting it to trifling excitation4 #afg4 ,hitherto1 neither the impure fusel oil1 nor the purer chemical preparation1 has had any toxicological importance4 ,should it be necessary at any time to recover small quantities from organic liquids1 the easiest way is to shake the liquid up with chloroform1 which readily dissolves amylic alcohol1 and on evaporation leaves it in a state pure enough to be identified4 ,amyl alcohol is identified by the following tests3--7#a7 ,its physical properties2 7#b7 if warmed with twice its volume of strong sulphuric acid1 a rose or red colour is produced2 7#c7 heated with an acetate and strong sulphuric acid1 amyl acetate1 which has the odour of the jargonelle pear1 is formed2 7#d7 heated with sulphuric acid and potassic dichromate1 valeric aldehyde is first produced1 and then valeric acid is formed2 the latter has a most peculiar and strong odour4 #afh4 ,amyl ,nitrite1 ,iso-amyl ,ester ,nitrite 7,c,h,,no74--,boiling point #ig to #ii1 specific gravity #hgg4 ,amyl nitrite is a limpid1 and1 generally1 slightly yellow liquid2 it has a peculiar and characteristic odour4 ,on heating with alcoholic potash1 the products are nitrite of potash and amylic alcohol2 the amylic alcohol may be distilled off and identified4 ,the presence of a nitrite in the alkaline solution is readily shown by the colour produced1 by adding a few drops of a solution of meta-phenylenediamine4 ,sir ,b4 ,w4 ,richardson and others have investigated the action of amyl nitrite1 as well as that of the acetate and iodide2 they all act in a similar manner1 the nitrite being most potent4 ,after absorption1 the effects of amyl nitrite are especially seen on the heart and circulation3 the heart acts violently1 there is first dilatation of the capillaries1 then this is followed by diminished action of the heart and contraction of the capillaries4 ,according to ,richardson1 it suspends the animation of frogs4 ,no other substance known will thus suspend a frog's animation for so long a time without killing it4 ,under favourable circumstances1 the animal will remain apparently dead for many days1 and yet recover4 ,warm-blooded animals may be thrown by amyl nitrite into a cataleptic condition4 ,it is not an ansthetic1 and by its use consciousness is not destroyed1 unless a condition approaching death be first produced4 ,when this occurs there is rarely recovery1 the animal passes into actual death4 ,post-,mortem ,appearances4--,if administered quickly1 the lungs and all the other organs are found blanched and free from blood1 the right side of the heart gorged with blood1 the left empty1 the brain being free from congestion4 ,if administered slowly1 the brain is found congested1 and there is blood both on the left and right sides of the heart4 ,,iv4--,ether4 #afi4 ,ether1 ,ethylic ,ether1 ,ethyl ,oxide1 7,c,h7,o4--,ethylic ether is a highly mobile liquid of peculiar penetrating odour and sweetish pungent taste4 ,it is perfectly colourless1 and evaporates so rapidly1 that when applied in the form of spray to the skin1 the latter becomes frozen1 and is thus deprived of sensibility4 ,pure ether has a density of #gac1 its boiling-point is #ce1 but commercial samples1 which often contain water 7#a part of water is soluble in #ce of ether71 may have a higher gravity1 and also a higher boiling-point4 ,the readiest way to know whether an ether is anhydrous or not1 is to shake it up with a little carbon disulphide4 ,if it is hydrous1 the mixture is milky4 ,methylated ether is largely used in commerce2 its disagreeable odour is due to contamination by methylated compounds2 otherwise the ether made from methylated spirit is ethylic ether1 for methylic ether is a gas which escapes during the process4 ,hence the term 8methylated0 ether is misleading1 for it contains no methylic ether1 but is essentially a somewhat impure ethylic ether4 #agj4 ,ether as a ,poison4--,ether has but little toxicological importance4 ,there are a few cases of death from its use as an ansthetic1 and a few cases of suicide4 ,ether is used by some people as a stimulant1 but ether drinkers are uncommon4 ,it causes an intoxication very similar to that of alcohol1 but of brief duration4 ,in a case of chronic ether-taking recorded by ,martin1#aeg in which a woman took daily doses of ether for the purpose of allaying a gastric trouble1 the patient suffered from shivering or trembling of the hands and feet1 muscular weakness1 cramp in the calves of the legs1 pain in the breast and back1 intermittent headaches1 palpitation1 singing in the ears1 vomitings1 and wakefulness2 the ether being discontinued1 the patient recovered4 ,in one of ,orfila's experiments1 half an ounce of ether was administered to a dog4 ,the animal died insensible in three hours4 ,the mucous membrane of the stomach was found highly inflamed1 the inflammation extending somewhat into the duodenum2 the rest of the canal was healthy4 ,the lungs were gorged with fluid blood4 #aeg ,virchow's ,jahresber41 #ahgj4 #aga4 ,fatal ,dose4--,the fatal dose of ether1 when taken as a liquid1 is not known4 #d grms4 7#abh drms47 cause toxic symptoms1 but the effect soon passes4 ,buchanan has seen a brandy-drinker consume #be grms4 7#g drms47 and yet survive4 ,it is probable that most adults would be killed by a fluid ounce 7#bhd c4c474 #agb4 ,ether as an ,ansthetic4--,ether is now much used as an ansthetic1 and generally in conjunction with chloroform4 ,ansthesia by ether is said to compare favourably with that produced by chloroform4 ,in #ib1jjj cases of operations performed under ether1 the proportion dying from the effects of the ansthetic was only #c per #aj1jjj 7,morgan71 while chloroform gives a higher number 7see p4 #adi74 ,the mortality in ,america1 again1 from a mixture of chloroform and ether in #aa1jjj cases is reckoned at #ag per #aj1jjj2 but this proportion is rather above some of the calculations relative to the mortality from pure chloroform1 so that the question can hardly be considered settled4 ,the symptoms of ether narcosis are very similar to those produced by chloroform4 ,the chief point of difference appears to be its action on the heart4 ,ether1 when first breathed1 stimulates the heart's action1 and the after-depression that follows never reaches so high a grade as with chloroform4 ,ether is said to kill by paralysing the respiration1 and in cases which end fatally the breathing is seen to stop suddenly3 convulsions have not been noticed4 ,the post-mortem appearances1 as in the case of chloroform1 are not characteristic4 #agc4 ,separation of ,ether from ,organic ,fluids1 c4--,despite the low boiling-point of ether1 it is by no means easy to separate it from organic substances so as to recover the whole of the ether present4 ,the best way is to place the matters in a flask connected with an ordinary ,liebig's condenser1 the tube of the latter at its farther end fitting closely into the doubly perforated cork of a flask4 ,into the second perforation is adapted an upright tube about #b feet long1 which may be of small diameter1 and must be surrounded by a freezing mixture of ice and salt4 ,the upper end of this tube is closed by a thistle-head funnel with syphon1 and in the bend of the syphon a little mercury serves as a valve4 ,heat is now applied to the flask by means of a water-bath1 and continued for several hours2 the liquid which has distilled over is then treated with dry calcic chloride and redistilled exactly in the same way4 ,to this distillate again a similar process may be used1 substituting dry potassic carbonate for the calcic chloride4 ,it is only by operating on these principles that the expert can recover in an approximate state of anhydrous purity such a volatile liquid4 ,having thus obtained it pure1 it may be identified 7#a7 by its smell1 7#b7 by its boiling-point1 7#c7 by its inflammability1 and 7#d7 by its reducing chromic acid4 ,the latter test may be applied to the vapour4 ,an asbestos fibre is soaked in a mixture of strong sulphuric acid and potassic dichromate1 and then placed in the tube connected with the flask--the ethereal 7or alcoholic7 vapour passing over the fibre1 immediately reduces the chromic acid to chromic oxide1 with the production of a green colour4 ,v4--,chloroform4 ,,chloroform1 ,,trichloromethane ,,or ,,methenyl ,,chloride 7,c,h,cl74 #agd4 ,chloroform appears to have been discovered independently by ,soubeiran and ,liebig1 about #ahcj4 ,it was first employed in medicine by ,simpson1 of ,edinburgh1 as an ansthetic4 ,pure chloroform has a density of #adia at #ag1 and boils at #fjh2 but commercial samples have gravities of from #adg to #adia4 ,it is a colourless liquid1 strongly refracting light2 it cannot be ignited by itself1 but1 when mixed with alcohol1 burns with a smoky flame edged with green4 ,its odour is heavy1 but rather pleasant2 the taste is sweet and burning4 ,chloroform sinks in water1 and is only slightly soluble in that fluid 7#dd in #ajj c4c471 it is perfectly neutral in reaction1 and very volatile4 ,when rubbed on the skin1 it should completely evaporate1 leaving no odour4 ,pure absolute chloroform gives an opaline mixture if mixed with from #a to #e volumes of alcohol1 but with any quantity above #e volumes the mixture is clear2 it mixes in all proportions with ether4 ,chloroform coagulates albumen1 and is an excellent solvent for most organic bases--camphor1 caoutchouc1 amber1 opal1 and all common resins4 ,it dissolves phosphorus and sulphur slightly--more freely iodine and bromine4 ,it floats on hydric sulphate1 which only attacks it at a boiling heat4 ,chloroform is frequently impure from faulty manufacture or decomposition4 ,the impurities to be sought are alcohol1 methylated chloroform1#aeh dichloride of ethylene 7,c,h,cl71 chloride of ethyl 7,c,h,cl71 aldehyde1 chlorine1 hydrochloric1 hypochlorous1 and traces of sulphuric acid3 there have also been found chlorinated oils4 ,one of the best tests for contamination by alcohol1 wood spirit1 or ether1 is that known as ,roussin's2 dinitrosulphide of iron#aei is added to chloroform4 ,if it contain any of these impurities1 it acquires a dark colour1 but if pure1 remains bright and colourless4 #aeh ,methylated chloroform is that which is prepared from methylated spirit4 ,it is liable to more impurities than that made from pure alcohol1 but1 of course1 its composition is the same1 and it has recently been manufactured from this source almost chemically pure4 #aei ,made by slowly adding ferric sulphate to a boiling solution of ammonic sulphide and potassic nitrite1 as long as the precipitate continues to redissolve1 and then filtering the solution4 ,the presence of alcohol or ether1 or both1 may also be discovered by the bichromate test1 which is best applied as follows3--,a few milligrammes of potassic bichromate are placed at the bottom of a test-tube with four or five drops of sulphuric acid1 which liberates the chromic acid2 next1 a very little water is added to dissolve the chromic acid2 and lastly1 the chloroform4 ,the whole is now shaken1 and allowed to separate4 ,if the chloroform is pure1 the mass is hardly tinged a greenish-yellow1 and no layer separates4 ,if1 however1 there is anything like #e per cent4 of alcohol or ether present1 the deep green of chromium chloride appears1 and there is a distinct layer at the bottom of the tube4 ,another way to detect alcohol in chloroform1 and also to make an approximate estimation of its quantity1 is to place #bj c4c4 of chloroform in a burette1 and then add #hj c4c4 of water4 ,on shaking violently1 pure chloroform will sink to the bottom in clear globules1 and the measurement will be as nearly as possible the original quantity2 but if anything like a percentage of alcohol be present1 the chloroform is seen to be diminished in quantity1 and its surface is opalescent1 the diminution being caused by the water dissolving out the alcohol4 ,the addition of a few drops of potash solution destroys the meniscus1 and allows of a close reading of the volume4 ,the supernatant water may be utilised for the detection of other impurities1 and tested for sulphuric acid by baric chloride1 for free chlorine and hypochlorous acid by starch and potassic iodide1 and for hydrochloric acid by silver nitrate4#afj ,fuchsine1 proposed by ,stdeler1 is also a delicate reagent for the presence of alcohol in chloroform1 the sample becoming red in the presence of alcohol1 and the tint being proportionate to the quantity present4 ,the most delicate test for alcohol is1 however1 the iodoform test fully described in 8,foods10 p4 #cge4afa ,dichloride of ethylene is detected by shaking up the chloroform with dry potassic carbonate1 and then adding metallic potassium4 ,this does not act on pure chloroform1 but only in presence of ethylene dichloride1 when the gaseous chlor-ethylene 7,c,h,cl7 is evolved4 ,ethyl-chloride is detected by distilling the chloroform and collecting the first portions of the distillate2 it will have a distinct odour of ethyl-chloride should it be present4 ,methyl compounds and empyreumatic oils are roughly detected by allowing the chloroform to evaporate on a cloth4 ,if present1 the cloth1 when the chloroform has evaporated1 will have a peculiar disagreeable odour4 ,aldehyde is recognised by its reducing action on argentic nitrate2 the mineral acids by the reddening of litmus paper1 and the appropriate tests4 ,hypochlorous acid first reddens1 and then bleaches1 litmus-paper4 #afj ,neither an alcoholic nor an aqueous solution of silver nitrate causes the slightest change in pure chloroform4 #afa ,an attempt has been made by ,besnou to estimate the amount of alcohol by the specific gravity4 ,he found that a chloroform of #adide gravity1 mixed with #e per cent4 of alcohol1 gave a specific gravity of #adggb2 #aj per cent41 #adfjb2 #bj per cent41 #adbfb2 and #be per cent41 #adjij4 ,it would1 therefore1 seem that every percentage of alcohol lowers the gravity by #jjcd4 ,dr4 ,dott1 ,pharm4 ,journ41 #ahid1 p4 #fbi1 gives the following tests3--,specific gravity1 #adij to #adie4 ,on allowing fluid drm4 to evaporate from a clean surface1 no foreign odour is perceptible at any stage of the evaporation4 ,when #a fluid drm4 is agitated with an equal volume of solution of silver nitrate1 no precipitate or turbidity is produced after standing for five minutes4 ,on shaking up the chloroform with half its volume of distilled water1 the water should not redden litmus-paper4 ,when shaken with an equal volume of sulphuric acid1 little or no colour should be imparted to the acid4 #age4 ,the ordinary method of manufacturing chloroform is by distilling alcohol with chlorinated lime2 but another mode is now much in use--viz41 the decomposition of chloral hydrate4 ,by distilling it with a weak alkali1 this process yields such a pure chloroform1 that1 for medicinal purposes1 it should supersede every other4 ,poisonous ,effects of ,chloroform4 #a4 ,,as ,a ,,liquid4 #agf4 ,statistics4--,falck finds recorded in medical literature #bg cases of poisoning by chloroform having been swallowed--of these #ae were men1 #i were women1 and #c children4 ,eighteen of the cases were suicidal1 and #aj of the #ah died2 the remainder took the liquid by mistake4 #agg4 ,local ,action of ,chloroform4--,when applied to the skin or mucous membranes in such a way that the fluid cannot evaporate--as1 for example1 by means of a cloth steeped in chloroform laid on the bare skin1 and covered over with some impervious material--there is a burning sensation1 which soon ceases1 and leaves the part ansthetised1 while the skin1 at the same time1 is reddened and sometimes even blistered4 #agh4 ,chloroform added to blood1 or passed through it in the state of vapour1 causes it to assume a peculiar brownish colour owing to destruction of the red corpuscles and solution of the hmoglobin in the plasma4 ,the change does not require the presence of atmospheric air1 but takes place equally in an atmosphere of hydrogen4 ,it has been shown by ,schmiedeberg that the chloroform enters in some way into a state of combination with the blood-corpuscles1 for the entire quantity cannot be recovered by distillation2 whereas the plasma1 similarly treated1 yields the entire quantity which has in the first place been added4 ,schmiedeberg also asserts that the oxygen is in firmer combination with the chloroformised blood than usual1 as shown by its slow extraction by stannous oxide4 ,muscle1 exposed to chloroform liquid by arterial injection1 quickly loses excitability and becomes rigid4 ,nerves are first stimulated1 and then their function for the time is annihilated2 but on evaporation of the chloroform1 the function is restored4 #agi4 ,general ,effects of the ,liquid4--,however poisonous in a state of vapour1 chloroform cannot be considered an extremely active poison when taken into the stomach as a liquid1 for enormous quantities1 relatively1 have been drunk without fatal effect4 ,thus1 there is the case recorded by ,taylor1 in which a man1 who had swallowed #aacd grms4 7#d ozs471 walked a considerable distance after taking the dose4 ,he subsequently fell into a state of coma1 with dilated pupils1 stertorous breathing1 and imperceptible pulse4 ,these symptoms were followed by convulsions1 but the patient recovered in five days4 ,in a case related by ,burkart1#afb a woman desired to kill herself with chloroform1 and procured for that purpose #ej grms4 7a little less than one ounce and a half72 she drank some of it1 but the burning taste and the sense of heat in the mouth1 throat1 and stomach1 prevented her from taking the whole at once4 ,after a few moments1 the pain passing off1 she essayed to drink the remainder1 and did swallow the greater portion of it1 but was again prevented by the suffering it caused4 ,finally1 she poured what remained on a cloth1 and placing it over her face1 soon sank into a deep narcosis4 ,she was found lying on the bed very pale1 with blue lips1 and foaming a little at the mouth2 the head was rigidly bent backwards1 the extremities were lax1 the eyes were turned upwards and inwards1 the pupils dilated and inactive1 the face and extremities were cold1 the body somewhat warmer1 there was no pulse at the wrist1 the carotids beat feebly1 the breathing was deep and rattling1 and after five or six inspirations ceased4 ,by the aid of artificial respiration1 c41 she recovered in an hour4 #afb ,vierteljahrsschr4 fr ger4 ,med41 #ahgf4 ,a still larger dose has been recovered from in the case of a young man1 aged #bc1afc who had swallowed no less than #ge grms4 7#bf ozs47 of chloroform1 but yet1 in a few hours1 awoke from the stupor4 ,he complained of a burning pain in the stomach2 on the following day he suffered from vomiting1 and on the third day symptoms of jaundice appeared1--a feature which has been several times noticed as an effect of chloroform4 #afc ,brit4 ,med4 ,journ41 #ahgi4 ,on the other hand1 even small doses have been known to destroy life4 ,in a case related by ,taylor1 a boy1 aged #d1 swallowed #ch grms4 7#a drm47 of chloroform and died in three hours1 notwithstanding that every effort was used for his recovery4 #ahj4 ,the smallest dose that has proved fatal to an adult is #ae grms4 7a little over #d drms474 ,from twenty-two cases in which the quantity taken had been ascertained with some degree of accuracy1 ,falck draws the following conclusions3--,in eight of the cases the dose was between #d and #cj grms41 and one death resulted from #ae grms4 ,as for the other fourteen persons1 the doses varied from #ce to #chj grms41 and eight of these patients died--two after #dj1 two after #de1 one after #fj1 #ij1 #abj1 and #ahj grms4 respectively4 ,hence1 under conditions favouring the action of the poison1 #ae grms4 7#dc drms47 may be fatal to an adult1 while doses of #dj grms4 7#aac drms47 and upwards will almost certainly kill4 #aha4 ,symptoms4--,the symptoms can be well gathered from the cases quoted4 ,they commence shortly after the taking of the poison2 and1 indeed1 the local action of the liquid immediately causes first a burning sensation1 followed by numbness4 ,often after a few minutes1 precisely as when the vapour is administered1 a peculiar1 excited condition supervenes1 accompanied1 it may be1 by delirium4 ,the next stage is narcosis1 and the patient lies with pale face and livid lips1 c41 as described at p4 #adg2 the end of the scene is often preceded by convulsions4 ,sometimes1 however1 consciousness returns1 and the irritation of the mucous membranes of the gastro-intestinal canal is shown by bloody vomiting and bloody stools1 with considerable pain and general suffering4 ,in this way1 a person may linger several days after the ingestion of the poison4 ,in a case observed by ,pomeroy1 the fatal malady was prolonged for eight days4 ,among those who recover1 a common sequela1 as before mentioned1 is jaundice4 ,a third form of symptoms has been occasionally observed1 viz43--,the person awakes from the coma1 the breathing and pulse become again natural1 and all danger seems to have passed1 when suddenly1 after a longer or shorter time1 without warning1 a state of general depression and collapse supervenes1 and death occurs4 #ahb4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,the post-mortem appearances from a fatal dose of liquid chloroform mainly resolve themselves into redness of the mucous membrane of the stomach1 though occasionally1 as in ,pomeroy's case1 there may be an ulceration4 ,in a case recorded by ,hoffman1#afd a woman1 aged #cj1 drank #ce to #dj grms4 of chloroform and died within the hour4 ,almost the whole of the chloroform taken was found in the stomach1 as a heavy fluid1 coloured green1 through the bile4 ,the epithelium of the pharynx1 epiglottis1 and gullet was of a dirty colour1 partly detached1 whitened1 softened1 and easily stripped off4 ,the mucous membrane of the stomach was much altered in colour and consistence1 and1 with the duodenum1 was covered with a tenacious grey slime4 ,there was no ecchymosis4 #afd ,lehrbuch der ger4 ,medicin1 #bte ,aufl4 #b4 ,,the ,,vapour ,,of ,,chloroform4 #ahc4 ,statistics4--,accidents occur far more frequently in the use of chloroform vapour for ansthetic purposes than in the use of the liquid4 ,most of the cases of death through chloroform vapour1 are those caused accidentally in surgical and medical practice4 ,a smaller number are suicidal1 while for criminal purposes1 its use is extremely infrequent4 ,the percentage of deaths caused by chloroform administered during operations is unaccountably different in different years1 times1 and places4 ,the diversity of opinion on the subject is partly 7though not entirely7 explicable1 by the degrees of purity in the ansthetic administered1 the different modes of administration1 the varying lengths of time of the ansthesia1 and the varying severity of the operations4 ,during the ,crimean ,war1 according to ,baudens and ,quesnoy1 #cj1jjj operations were done under chloroform1 but only one death occurred attributable to the ansthetic4 ,sansom#afe puts the average mortality at #ge per #aj1jjj1 ,nussbaum at #ac1 ,richardson at #bh1aff ,morgan#afg at #cd4 ,in the ,american war of secession1 in #aa1jjj operations1 there were seven deaths--that is1 #fc per #aj1jjj1 the highest number on a large scale which appears to be on record4 ,in the ten years #ahhc-ahib1 #ajc deaths are attributed to chloroform in ,england and ,wales1 viz41 #hh deaths 7#eg males1 #ca females7 from accidents 7no doubt in its use as a general ansthetic71 #ad 7#i males1 #e females7 from suicide1 and a solitary case of murder4 #afe ,chloroform3 its ,action1 c41 ,london1 #ahfe4 #aff ,med4 ,times and ,gazette1 #ahgj4 #afg ,med4 ,soc4 of ,virginia1 #ahgb4 #ahd4 ,suicidal and ,criminal ,poisoning by ,chloroform4--,suicidal poisoning by chloroform will generally be indicated by the surrounding circumstances2 and in no case hitherto reported has there been any difficulty or obscurity as to whether the narcosis was self-induced or not4 ,an interesting case is related by ,schauenstein1#afh in which a physician resolved to commit suicide by chloroform1 a commencing amaurosis having preyed upon his mind1 and his choice having been determined by witnessing an accidental death by this agent4 ,he accordingly plugged his nostrils1 fitted on to the face an appropriate mask1 and fastened it by strips of adhesive plaster4 ,in such an instance1 there could be no doubt of the suicidal intent1 and the question of accident would be entirely out of the question4 #afh ,maschka3 ,handbuch der gerichtlich4 ,medicin1 p4 #ghg1 ,tbingen1 #ahhb4 ,a dentist in ,potsdam1#afi in a state of great mental depression from embarrassed circumstances1 killed his wife1 himself1 and two children by chloroform4 ,such crimes are fortunately very rare4 #afi ,casper3 ,handbuch der ger4 ,med4 ,there is a vulgar idea that it is possible1 by holding a cloth saturated with chloroform to the mouth of a sleeping person 7or one1 indeed1 perfectly awake71 to produce sudden insensibility2 but such an occurrence is against all experimental and clinical evidence4 ,it is true that a nervous person might1 under such circumstances1 faint and become insensible by mere nervous shock2 but a true sudden narcosis is impossible4 ,dolbeau has made some interesting experiments in order to ascertain whether1 under any circumstances1 a sleeping person might be ansthetised4 ,the main result appears to answer the question in the affirmative1 at least with certain persons2 but even with these1 it can only be done by using the greatest skill and care1 first allowing the sleeper to breathe very dilute chloroform vapour1 and then gradually exhibiting stronger doses1 and taking the cloth or inhaler away on the slightest symptom of approaching wakefulness4 ,in #ge per cent4 of the cases1 however1 the individuals awoke almost immediately on being exposed to the vapour4 ,this cautious and scientific narcosis1 then1 is not likely to be used by the criminal class1 or1 if used1 to be successful4 #ahe4 ,physiological ,effects4--,chloroform is a protoplasmic poison4 ,according to ,jumelle1 plants can even be narcotised1 ceasing to assimilate and no longer being sensitive to the stimulus of light4 ,isolated animal cells1 like leucocytes1 lose through chloroform vapour their power of spontaneous movement1 and many bacteria cease to multiply if in contact with chloroform water4 ,according to ,binx1 chloroform narcosis in man is to be explained through its producing a weak coagulation of the cerebral ganglion cells4 ,as already mentioned1 chloroform has an affinity for the red blood-corpuscles4 ,chloroform stimulates the peripheral ends of the nerves of sensation1 so that it causes irritation of the skin or mucous membranes when locally applied4 ,flourens considers that chloroform first affects the cerebrum1 then the cerebellum1 and finally the spinal cord2 the action is at first stimulating1 afterwards paralysing4 ,most ansthetics diminish equally the excitability of the grey and the white nervous substance of the brain1 and this is the case with chloroform1 ether1 and morphine2 but apparently this is not the case with chloral hydrate1 which only diminishes the conductivity of the cortical substance of the brain1 and leaves the grey substance intact4 ,corresponding to the cerebral paralysis1 the blood pressure sinks1 and the heart beats slower and weaker4#agj ,the ,hyderabad ,commission made #gce researches on dogs and monkeys1 and found that in fatal narcosis1 so far as these animals are concerned1 the respiration ceased before the heart1 and this may be considered the normal mode of death2 but it is probably going too far to say that it is the exclusive form of death in man1 for there have been published cases in which the heart failed first4 #agj ,kobert's ,lehrbuch der ,intoxicationen4 #ahf4 ,symptoms4--,there is but little outward difference between man and animals1 in regard to the symptoms caused by breathing chloroform2 in the former we have the advantage that the sensations preceding narcosis can be described by the individual4 ,the action of chloroform is usually divided into three more or less distinct stages4 ,in the first there is a 8drunken0 condition1 changes in the sense of smell and taste1 and it may be hallucinations of vision and hearing2 there are also often curious creeping sensations about the skin1 and sometimes excessive muscular action1 causing violent struggles4 ,i have also seen epileptiform convulsions1 and delirium is almost always present4 ,the face during this stage is generally flushed1 covered with perspiration1 and the pupils contracted4 ,the first stage may last from one minute to several1 and passes into the second stage1 or that of depression4 ,spontaneous movements cease1 sensibility to all external stimuli vanishes1 the patient falls into a deep sleep1 the consciousness is entirely lost1 and reflex movements are more and more annihilated4 ,the temperature is less than normal1 the respirations are slow1 and the pulse is full and slow4 ,the pupils in this stage are usually dilated1 all the muscles are relaxed1 and the limbs can be bent about in any direction4 ,if now the inhalation of chloroform is intermitted1 the patient wakes within a period which is usually from twenty to forty minutes1 but may be several hours1 after the last inhalation4 ,the third stage is that of paralysis2 the pulse becomes irregular1 the respirations superficial1 there is a cyanotic colouring of the lips and skin1 while the pupils become widely dilated4 ,death follows quickly through paralysis of the respiratory centre1 the respirations first ceasing1 then the pulse2 in a few cases1 the heart ceases first to beat4 ,according to ,sansom's facts1#aga in #ajj cases of death by chloroform1 #ddf per cent4 occurred before the full narcosis had been attained1 that is in the first stage1 #cdg during the second stage1 and #bjf shortly after4 ,so1 also1 ,kappeler has recorded that in #aja cases of death from chloroform1 #dgg per cent4 occurred before the full effect1 and #ebb during the full effect4 ,this confirms the dictum of ,billroth1 that in all stages of ansthesia by chloroform1 death may occur4 ,the quantity of chloroform1 which1 when inhaled in a given time1 will produce death1 is unknown2 for all depends upon the greater or less admixture of air1 and probably on other conditions4 ,it has been laid down1 that the inhalation of chloroform should be so managed as to insure that the air breathed shall never contain more than #ci per cent4 of chloroform4 ,fifteen drops have caused death1 but ,taylor1 on the other hand1 records a case of tetanus1 treated at ,guy's ,hospital1 in which no less a quantity than #gjj grms4 7#bbe ozs47 was inhaled in twenty-four hours4 ,frequent breathing of chloroform in no way renders the individual safe from fatal accident4 ,a lady#agb having repeatedly taken chloroform1 was ansthetised by the same agent merely for the purpose of having a tooth extracted4 ,about #f grms4 7#ae drm47 were poured on a cloth1 and after nine to ten inspirations1 dangerous symptoms began--rattling breathing and convulsive movements--and1 despite all remedies1 she died4 #aga ,op4 cit4 #agb ,edin4 ,med4 ,journ41 #ahee4 #ahg4 ,chronic chloroform poisoning is not unknown4 ,it leads to various ailments1 and seems to have been in one or two instances the cause of insanity4 ,buchner records the case of an opium-eater1 who afterwards took to chloroform2 he suffered from periodic mania4 ,in a remarkable case related by ,meric1 the patient1 who had also first been a morphine-eater1 took #cej grms4 of chloroform in five days by inhalation2 as often as he woke he would chloroform himself again to sleep4 ,in this case1 there was also mental disturbance1 and instances in which chloroform produced marked mental aberration are recorded by ,bhm#agc and by ,vigla4#agd #agc ,ziemssen's ,handbuch1 ,bd4 #ae4 #agd ,med4 ,times1 #ahee4 #ahh4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,the lesions found on section are neither peculiar to1 nor characteristic of1 chloroform poisoning4 ,it has been noted that bubbles of gas are1 from time to time1 to be observed after death in the blood of those poisoned by chloroform1 but it is doubtful whether the bubbles are not merely those to be found in any other corpse--in #ahi cases1 only eighteen times were these gas-bubbles observed1#age so that1 even if they are characteristic1 the chances in a given case that they will not be seen are greater than the reverse4 ,the smell of chloroform may be present1 but has been noticed very seldom4 #age ,schauenstein 7,op4 cit474 #ahi4 ,the detection and estimation of chloroform from organic substances is not difficult1 its low boiling-point causing it to distil readily4 ,accordingly 7whatever may be the ultimate modifications1 as suggested by different experimenters71 the first step is to bring the substances1 unless fluid1 into a pulp with water1 and submit this pulp to distillation by the heat of a water-bath4 ,if the liquid operated upon possesses no particular odour1 the chloroform may in this way be recognised in the distillate1 which1 if necessary1 may be redistilled in the same manner1 so as to concentrate the volatile matters in a small compass4 ,there are four chief tests for the identification of chloroform3-- 7#a47 ,the final distillate is tested with a little aniline1 and an alcoholic solution of soda or potash lye2 either immediately1 or upon gently warming the liquid1 there is a peculiar and penetrating odour of phenylcarbylamine1 ,c,h,,nc2 it is produced by the following reaction3-- ,c,h,cl #c,,koh ,c,h,,nh ,c,h,,nc #c,k,cl #c;,h,o4 ,chloral1 trichloracetic acid1 bromoform and iodoform also give the same reaction2 on the other hand1 ethylidene chloride does not yield under these circumstances any carbylamine 7isonitrile74 7#b47 ,chloroform reduces ,fehling's alkaline copper solution1 when applied to a distillate1 thus excluding a host of more fixed bodies which have the same reaction2 it is a very excellent test1 and may be made quantitative4 ,the reaction is as follows3-- ,c,h,cl #e,,kho #b;,cu,o ,cu,o ,k,,co #c,k,cl #c;,h,o2 thus1 every #ajj parts of cuprous oxide equals #hcge of chloroform4 7#c47 ,the fluid to be tested 7which1 if acid1 should be neutralised71 is distilled in a slow current of hydrogen1 and the vapour conducted through a short bit of red-hot combustion-tube containing platinum gauze4 ,under these circumstances1 the chloroform is decomposed and hydrochloric acid formed2 hence1 the issuing vapour has an acid reaction to test-paper1 and if led into a solution of silver nitrate1 gives the usual precipitate of argentic chloride4 ,every #ajj parts of silver chloride equal #bggeh of chloroform4 7#d47 ,the fluid is mixed with a little thymol and potash2 if chloroform be present1 a reddish-violet colour is developed1 becoming more distinct on the application of heat4#agf #agf ,s4 ,vidali in ,deutsch-,amerikan4 ,apoth4-,zeitung1 vol4 iij41 ,aug4 #ae1 #ahhb4 #aij4 ,for the quantitative estimation of chloroform the method recommended by ,schmiedeberg#agg is1 however1 the best4 ,a combustion-tube of #bd to #bf cm4 long1 and #aj to #ab mm4 in diameter1 open at both ends1 is furnished at the one end with a plug of asbestos1 while the middle part1 to within #e-f cm4 of the other end1 is filled with pieces of caustic lime1 from the size of a lentil to that of half a pea4 ,the lime must be pure1 and is made by heating a carbonate which has been precipitated from calcic nitrate4 ,the other end of the tube is closed by a cork1 carrying a silver tube1 #af-ah cm4 long1 and #d mm4 thick4 ,the end containing the asbestos plug is fitted by a cork to a glass tube4 ,the combustion-tube thus prepared is placed in the ordinary combustion-furnace2 the flask containing the chloroform is adapted1 and the distillation slowly proceeded with4 ,it is best to add a tube1 bent at right angles and going to the bottom of the flask1 to draw air continuously through the apparatus4 ,during the whole process1 the tube containing the lime is kept at a red heat4 ,the chloroform is decomposed1 and the chlorine combines with the lime4 ,the resulting calcic chloride1 mixed with much unchanged lime1 is1 at the end of the operation1 cooled1 dissolved in dilute nitric acid1 and precipitated with silver nitrate4 ,any silver chloride is collected and weighed and calculated into chloroform4#agh #agg ,ueber die quantitative ,bestimmung des ,chloroforms im ,blute4 ,inaug4 ,dissert41 ,dorpat1 #ahff4 #agh ,s4 ,vidali has made the ingenious suggestion of developing hydrogen in the usual way1 by means of zinc and sulphuric acid1 in the liquid supposed to contain chloroform1 to ignite the hydrogen1 as in ,marsh's test1 when it issues from the tube1 and then to hold in the flame a clean copper wire4 ,since any chloroform is burnt up in the hydrogen flame to hydrochloric acid1 the chloride of copper immediately volatilises and colours the flame green4 ,,vi4--,other ,ansthetics4 #aia4 ,when chlorine acts upon marsh-gas1 the hydrogen can be displaced atom by atom2 and from the original methane 7,,ch7 can be successively obtained chloromethane or methyl chloride 7,,ch,cl71 dichloromethane1 or methene dichloride1 methylene dichloride 7,,ch,cl71 trichloromethane1 or chloroform 7,c,h,cl71 already described1 and carbon tetrachloride 7,c,cl74 ,all these are1 more or less1 capable of producing ansthesia2 but none of them1 save chloroform1 are of any toxicological importance4 ,methene dichloride1 recommended by ,sir ,b4 ,w4 ,richardson as an ansthetic1 has come somewhat into use4 ,it is a colourless1 very volatile liquid1 of specific gravity #acfj1 and boiling at #da4 ,it burns with a smoky flame1 and dissolves iodine with a brown colour4 #aib4 ,pentane 7,c,h74--,there are three isomers of pentane2 that which is used as an ansthetic is normal pentane1 ,,ch-,,ch-,,ch-,,ch-,,ch2 its boiling-point is #cg-ch4 ,it is one of the constituents of petroleum ether4 ,under the name of 8,pental0 it is used in certain hospitals extensively1 for instance1 at the ,kaiser ,friederich's ,children's ,hospital1 ,berlin4#agi ,it is stated to have no action on the heart4 #agi ,zeit4 f4 ,kinderheilk41 ,bd4 iii4-iv41 #ahic4 ,one death#ahj has been recorded from its use3--,a lad1 aged #ad1 was put under pental for the purpose of having two molars painlessly extracted4 ,he was only a minute or two insensible1 and #d-e grms4 of pental was the quantity stated to have been inhaled4 ,the boy spat out after the operation1 then suddenly fainted and died4 ,the post-mortem showed dema of the lungs2 the right side of the heart was empty4 ,the organs of the body smelled strongly of pental4 #ahj ,dr4 ,bremme1 ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 gerichtliche ,medicin1 ,bd4 v41 #ahic4 #aic4 ,aldehyde 7,acetaldehyde71 ,c,h,o ,o _/_/ ,,ch-,c 1 ,h a fluid obtained by the careful oxidation of alcohol 7boiling-point1 #bjh71 is in large doses toxic2 in smaller1 it acts as a narcotic4 ,metaldehyde 7,c,h,o71 obtained by treating acetaldehyde at a low temperature with hydrochloric acid4 ,it occurs in the form of prisms1 which sublime at about #aab2 it is also poisonous4 #aid4 ,paraldehyde 7,c,h,o7 is a colourless fluid1 boiling at #abd2 specific gravity #iih at #ae4 ,by the action of cold it may be obtained in crystals1 the melting point of which is #aje4 ,it is soluble in eight parts of water at #ac2 in warm water it is less soluble2 hence1 on warming a solution1 it becomes turbid4 ,paraldehyde acts very similarly to chloral2 it causes a deep sleep1 and 7judging by experiments on animals7 produces no convulsive movements4 ,,vii4--,chloral4 #aie4 ,chloral ,hydrate 7,c,h,cl,o7 is made by mixing equivalent quantities of anhydrous chloral#aha and water4 ,the purest chloral is in the form of small1 granular1 sugar-like crystals4 ,when less pure1 the crystals are larger4 ,these melt into a clear fluid at from #dh to #di1 and the melted mass solidifies again at #dhi4 ,chloral boils at #ige2 it is not very soluble in cold chloroform1 requiring four times its weight4 ,the only substance with which chloral hydrate may well be confused is chloral alcoholate 7,c,h,cl,o71 but chloral alcoholate melts at a lower temperature 7#de71 and boils at a higher 7#aace72 it is easily soluble in cold chloroform1 and inflames readily1 whereas chloral scarcely burns4 #aha ,anhydrous chloral 7,c,h,cl,o7 is an oily liquid1 of specific gravity #aejb at #ah2 it boils at #igg4 ,it is obtained by the prolonged action of chlorine on absolute alcohol4 ,chloral hydrate completely volatilises1 and can be distilled in a vacuum without change4 ,if1 however1 boiled in air1 it undergoes slow decomposition1 the first portions of the distillate being overhydrated1 the last underhydrated2 the boiling-point1 therefore1 undergoes a continuous rise4 ,the amount of hydration of a commercial sample is of practical importance2 if too much water is present1 the chloral deliquesces1 especially in warm weather2 if too little1 it may become acid1 and in part insoluble from the formation of meta-chloral 7,c,h,cl,o74 ,chloral hydrate1 by the action of the volatile or fixed alkalies1 is decomposed1 an alkaline formiate and chloroform resulting thus-- ,c,h,cl,o1,h,o ,na,h,o ,na,c,h,o ,h,o ,c,h,cl4 ,trichlor-acetic acid is decomposed in a similar manner4 ,statistics4--,chloral caused1 during the ten years #ahhc-ahib in ,england and ,wales1 #abg deaths--viz41 #aaa 7#hi males1 #bb females7 accidentally1 #ae 7#ad males1 #a female7 from suicide1 and a case in which chloral was the agent of murder4 #aif4 ,detection4--,it is1 of course1 obvious that after splitting up chloral into chloroform1 the latter can be detected by distillation and applying the tests given at p4 #aeb and seq4 ,chloral hydrate is soluble in one and a half times its weight of water2 the solution should be perfectly neutral to litmus4 ,it is also soluble in ether1 in alcohol1 and in carbon disulphide4 ,it may be extracted from its solution by shaking out with ether4 ,there should be no cloudiness when a solution is tested with silver nitrate in the cold2 if1 however1 to a boiling solution nitrate of silver and a little ammonia are added1 there is a mirror of reduced silver4 #aig4 ,the assay of chloral hydrate in solutions is best effected by distilling the solution with slaked lime2 the distillate is received in water contained in a graduated tube kept at a low temperature4 ,the chloroform sinks to the bottom1 and is directly read off2 the number of c4c4 multiplied by #bjfd equals the weight of the chloral hydrate present4 ,another method1 accurate but only applicable to the fairly pure substance1 is to dissolve #a to #b grms4 in water1 remove any free acid by baric carbonate1 and then treat the liquid thus purified by a known volume of standard soda4 ,the soda is now titrated back1 using litmus as an indicator1 each c4c4 of normal alkali neutralised by the sample corresponds to #jafee grm4 of chloral hydrate4 ,small quantities of chloral hydrate may be conveniently recovered from complex liquids by shaking them up with ether1 and removing the ethereal layer1 in the tube represented in the figure4#ahb ,the ether must be allowed to evaporate spontaneously2 but there is in this way much loss of chloral4 ,the best method of estimating minute quantities is to alkalise the liquid1 and slowly distil the vapour through a red-hot combustion-tube charged with pure lime1 as in the process described at p4 #aec4 ,a dilute solution of chloral may also be treated with a zinc-copper couple1 the nascent hydrogen breaks the molecule up1 and the resulting chloride may be titrated1 as in water analyses1 by silver nitrate and potassic chromate4 ,illustration #ahb ,the figure is from 8,foods02 the description may be here repeated3--,a is a tube of any dimensions most convenient to the analyst4 ,ordinary burette size will perhaps be the most suitable for routine work2 the tube is furnished with a stopcock and is bent at ,b1 the tube at ,k having a very small but not quite capillary bore4 ,the lower end is attached to a length of pressure-tubing1 and is connected with a small reservoir of mercury1 moving up and down by means of a pulley4 ,to use the apparatus3 ,fill the tube with mercury by opening the clamp at ,h1 and the stopcock at ,b1 and raising the reservoir until the mercury1 if allowed1 would flow out of the beak4 ,now1 the beak is dipped into the liquid to be extracted with the solvent1 and by lowering the reservoir1 a strong vacuum is created1 which draws the liquid into the tube2 in the same way the ether is made to follow4 ,should the liquid be so thick that it is not possible to get it in by means of suction1 the lower end of the tube is disconnected1 and the syrupy mass worked in through the wide end4 ,when the ether has been sucked into the apparatus1 it is emptied of mercury by lowering the reservoir1 and then firmly clamped at ,h1 and the stopcock also closed4 ,the tube may now be shaken1 and then allowed to stand for the liquids to separate4 ,when there is a good line of demarcation1 by raising the reservoir after opening the clamp and stopcock1 the whole of the light solvent can be run out of the tube into a flask or beaker1 and recovered by distillation4 ,for heavy solvents 7such as chloroform71 which sink to the bottom1 a simple burette1 with a fine exit tube is preferable2 but for petroleum ether1 ordinary ether1 c41 the apparatus figured is extremely useful4 #aih4 ,effects of ,chloral ,hydrate on ,animals4--,experiments on animals have taught us all that is known of the physiological action of chloral4 ,it has been shown that the drug influences very considerably the circulation1 at first exciting the heart's action1 and then paralysing the automatic centre4 ,the heart1 as in animals poisoned by atropine1 stops in diastole1 and the blood-pressure sinks in proportion to the progressive paralysis of the cardiac centre4 ,at the same time1 the respiration is slowed and finally ceases1 while the heart continues to beat4 ,the body temperature of the warm-blooded animals is very remarkably depressed1 according to ,falck1 even to #gf4 ,vomiting has been rather frequently observed with dogs and cats1 even when the drug has been taken into the system by subcutaneous injection4 ,the secretion of milk1 according to ,rhrig1 is also diminished4 ,reflex actions through small doses are intensified2 through large1 much diminished4 #jbe-je grm4 7#d-g grain71 injected subcutaneously into frogs1 causes a slowing of the respiration1 a diminution of reflex excitability1 and lastly1 its complete cessation2 this condition lasts several hours2 at length the animal returns to its normal state4 ,if the dose is raised to #a grm4 7#ae grain7 after the cessation of reflex movements1 the heart is paralysed--and a paralysis not due to any central action of the vagus1 but to a direct action on the cardiac ganglia4 ,rabbits of the ordinary weight of #b kilos4 are fully narcotised by the subcutaneous injection of #a grm42 the sleep is very profound1 and lasts several hours2 the animal wakes up spontaneously1 and is apparently none the worse4 ,if #b grms4 are administered1 the narcotic effects1 rapidly developed1 are much prolonged4 ,there is a remarkable diminution of temperature1 and the animal dies1 the respiration ceasing without convulsion or other sign4 ,moderate-sized dogs require #f grms4 for a full narcosis1 and the symptoms are similar2 they also wake after many hours1 in apparent good health4#ahc #ahc ,c4 ,ph4 ,falck has divided the symptoms into 7#a7 ,preliminary hypnotic2 7#b7 an adynamic state2 and 7#c7 a comatose condition4 #aii4 ,liebreich considered that the action of chloral was due to its being broken up by the alkali of the blood1 and the system being thus brought into a state precisely similar to its condition when ansthetised by chloroform vapour4 ,this view has1 however1 been proved to be erroneous4 ,chloral hydrate can1 it is true1 be decomposed in some degree by the blood at #dj2 but the action must be prolonged for several hours4 ,a #a per cent4 solution of alkali does not decompose chloral at a blood-heat in the time within which chloral acts in the body2 and since narcotic effects are commonly observed when1 in the fatty group1 hydrogen has been displaced by chlorine1 it is more probable that chloral hydrate is absorbed and circulates in the blood as such1 and is not broken up into chloroform and an alkaline formiate4 #bjj4 ,effects of ,chloral ,hydrate on ,man4--,since the year #ahfi1 in which chloral was first introduced to medicine1 it has been the cause of a number of accidental and other cases of poisoning4 ,i find1 up to the year #ahhd1 recorded in medical literature1 thirty-one cases of poisoning by chloral hydrate4 ,this number is a small proportion only of the actual number dying from this cause4 ,in nearly all the cases the poison was taken by the mouth1 but in one instance the patient died in three hours1 after having injected into the rectum #ehf grms4 of chloral hydrate4 ,there is also on record a case in which1 for the purpose of producing surgical ansthesia1 #f grms4 of chloral were injected into the veins2 the man died in as many minutes4#ahd #ahd ,this dangerous practice was introduced by ,m4 ,ore4 ,in a case of traumatic tetanus1 in which ,m4 ,ore injected into the veins #i grms4 of chloral in #aj grms4 of water1 there was profound insensibility1 lasting eleven hours1 during which time a painful operation on the thumb was performed4 ,the next day #aj grms4 were injected1 when the insensibility lasted eight hours2 and #i grms4 were injected on each of the two following days4 ,the man recovered4 ,in another case1 ,ore ansthetised immediately a patient by plunging the subcutaneous needle of his syringe into the radial vein1 and injected #aj grms4 of chloral hydrate with #cj of water4 ,the patient became insensible before the whole quantity was injected with 8une immobilit rappellant celle du cadavre40 ,on finishing the operation1 the patient was roused immediately by the application of an electric current1 one pole on the left side of the neck1 the other on the epigastrium4 ,journ4 de ,pharm4 et de ,chimie41 t4 #ai1 p4 #cad4 #bja4 ,fatal ,dose4--,it is impossible to state with any exactness the precise quantity of chloral which may cause death4 ,children bear it better1 in proportion1 than adults1 while old persons 7especially those with weak hearts1 and those inclined to apoplexy7 are likely to be strongly affected by very small doses4 ,a dose of #ai grm4 7#c grains7 has been fatal to a child a year old in ten hours4 ,on the other hand1 according to ,bouchut's observations on #aj1jjj children1 he considers that the full therapeutic effect of chloral can be obtained safely with them in the following ratio3-- ,children of #a to #c years1 dose #a to #ae grm4 7#aed to #bca grains7 #c #e #b #c 7#cjh #dfc 7 #e #g #c #d 7#dfc #fag 7 ,these quantities being dissolved in #ajj c4c4 of water4 ,these doses are certainly too high1 and it would be dangerous to take them as a guide1 since death has occurred in a child1 aged #e1 from a dose of #c grms4 7#dfc grains74 ,medical men in ,england consider #bj grains a very full dose for a child of four years old1 and #ej for an adult1 while a case is recorded in which a dose of #ai grm4 7#cj grains7 proved fatal in thirty-five hours to a young lady aged #bj4 ,on the other hand1 we find a case#ahe in which1 to a patient suffering from epileptic mania1 a dose of #caa grms4 7#aa oz47 of chloral hydrate was administered2 she sank into a deep sleep in five minutes4 ,subcutaneous injections of strychnine were applied1 and after sleeping for forty-eight hours1 there was recovery4 ,on the third day a vivid scarlatinal rash appeared1 followed by desquamation4 ,the examples quoted--the fatal dose of #ai grm41 and recovery from #ca grms4--are the two extremes for adults4 ,from other cases1 it appears tolerably plain that most people would recover1 especially with appropriate treatment1 from a single dose under #h grms41 but anything above that quantity taken at one time would be very dangerous1 and doses of #aj grms4 and above1 almost always fatal4 ,if1 however1 #h grms4 were taken in divided doses during the twenty-four hours1 it could 7according to ,sir ,b4 ,w4 ,richardson7 be done with safety4 ,the time from the taking of the poison till death varies considerably1 and is in part dependent on the dose4 #ahe ,chicago ,medical ,review1 #ahhb4 ,in seven cases of lethal poisoning1 three persons who took the small doses of #abe1 #be1 and #aie grms4 respectively1 lived from eight to ten hours2 two1 taking #d and #e grms4 respectively1 died very shortly after the administration of the chloral4 ,in a sixth case1 related by ,brown1 in which #cab grms4 had been taken1 the patient lived an hour2 and in another1 after a dose of #e grms41 recorded by ,jolly1 death took place within a quarter of an hour4 #bjb4 ,symptoms4--,with moderate doses there are practically no symptoms1 save a drowsiness coming on imperceptibly1 and followed by heavy sleep4 ,with doses up to #b grms4 7#cjh grains71 the hypnotic state is perfectly under the command of the will1 and if the person chooses to walk about or engage in any occupation1 he can ward off sleep2 but with those doses which lead to danger1 the narcosis is completely uncontrollable1 the appearance of the sleeper is often strikingly like that of a drunken person4 ,there is great diminution of temperature commencing in from five to twenty minutes after taking the dose--occasionally sleep is preceded by a delirious state4 ,during the deep slumber the face is much flushed1 and in a few cases the sleep passes directly into death without any marked change4 ,in others1 symptoms of collapse appear1 and the patient sinks through exhaustion4 #bjc4 ,with some persons doses1 which1 in themselves1 are insufficient to cause death1 yet have a peculiar effect on the mental faculties4 ,a case of great medico-legal interest is described by the patient himself1 ,dr4 ,manjot4#ahf ,he took in three doses1 hourly1 #ab grms4 of chloral hydrate4 ,after the first dose the pain1 for which he had recourse to chloral1 vanished2 but ,manjot1 although he had all the appearance of being perfectly conscious1 yet had not the slightest knowledge of what he was doing or speaking4 ,he took the other two doses1 and sank into a deep sleep which lasted twelve hours4 ,he then awoke and answered questions with difficulty1 but could not move2 he lay for the next twelve hours in a half slumber1 and the following night slept soundly--to wake up recovered4 #ahf ,gaz4 des ,hp41 #ahge4 #bjd4 ,the treatment of acute chloral poisoning which has been most successful is that by strychnine injections1 and the application of warmth to counteract the loss of temperature which is so constant a phenomenon4 ,as an illustration of the treatment by strychnine1 an interesting case recorded by ,levinstein#ahg may be quoted4 #ahg ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ger4 ,med41 ,bd4 xx41 #ahgd4 ,a man1 thirty-five years old1 took at one dose1 for the purpose of suicide1 #bd grms4 of chloral hydrate4 ,in half an hour afterwards he was found in a deep sleep1 with flushed face1 swollen veins1 and a pulse #afj in the minute4 ,after a further half hour1 the congestion of the head was still more striking2 the temperature was #cie2 the pulse hard and bounding #ib2 the breathing laboured1 at times intermittent4 ,artificial respiration was at once commenced1 but in spite of this1 in about another half hour1 the face became deadly pale1 the temperature sank to #cbi4 ,the pupils contracted1 and the pulse was scarcely to be felt2 #c mgrms4 7#jd grain7 of strychnine were now injected subcutaneously2 this caused tetanic convulsions in the upper part of the body and trismus4 ,the heart's action again became somewhat stronger1 the temperature rose to #ccc1 and the pupils dilated2 but soon followed1 again1 depression of the heart's action1 and the respiration could only be kept going by faradisation4 ,two mgrms4 7#jc grain7 of strychnine were once more injected1 and the heart's action improved4 ,during the succeeding six hours the respiration had to be assisted by faradisation4 ,the temperature gradually rose to #cfe2 ten hours after taking the dose the patient lay in a deep sleep1 breathing spontaneously and reacting to external stimuli with a temperature of #che4 ,eighteen hours from the commencement1 the respiration again became irregular1 and the galvanic current was anew applied4 ,the last application aroused the sleeper1 he took some milk and again slept2 after twenty-seven hours he could be awakened by calling1 c41 but had not full consciousness2 he again took some milk and sank to sleep4 ,it was not until thirty-two hours had elapsed from the ingestion of the poison that he awoke spontaneously2 there were no after effects4 #bje4 ,chronic ,poisoning by ,chloral ,hydrate4--,an enormous number of people habitually take chloral hydrate4 ,the history of the habit is usually that some physician has given them a chloral prescription for neuralgia1 for loss of sleep1 or other cause1 and finding that they can conjure sleep1 oblivion1 and loss 7it may be7 of suffering whenever they choose1 they go on repeating it from day to day until it becomes a necessity of their existence4 ,a dangerous facility to chloral-drinking is the existence of patent medicines1 advertised as sleep-producers1 and containing chloral as the active ingredient4 ,a lady1 aged #ce1 died in #ahgf1 at ,exeter1 from an overdose of 8,hunter's solution of chloral1 or sedative draught and sleep producer40 ,its strength was stated at the inquest to be #be grains to the drachm 7#daf per cent474#ahh #ahh ,exeter and ,plymouth ,gazette1 ,jan4 #ab1 #ahgf4 ,the evil results of this chloral-drinking are especially to be looked for in the mental faculties1 and the alienists have had since #ahfi a new insanity-producing factor4 ,in the asylums may usually be found several cases of melancholia and mania referred rightly 7or wrongly7 to chloral-drinking4 ,symptoms other than cerebral are chilliness of the body1 inclination to fainting1 clonic convulsions1 and a want of co-ordination of the muscles of the lower extremities4 ,in a case recorded by ,husband1#ahi a lady1 after twelve days' treatment by chloral hydrate1 in doses of from #a to #b grms4 7#aed to #cjh grains71 suffered from a scarlatina-like rash1 which was followed by desquamation4 ,among the insane1 it has also been noticed that its use has been followed by nettle-rash and petechi 7,reimer and others74 #ahi ,lancet1 #ahga4 #bjf4 ,excretion of ,chloral4--,chloral hydrate is separated in the urine partly as urochloral acid 7,c,h,cl,o74 ,butylchloral is separated as butyl urochloral acid 7,c,h,cl,o74 ,urochloral acid is crystalline1 soluble in water1 in alcohol1 and in ether1 reduces copper from ,fehling's solution1 and rotates a ray of polarised light to the left4 ,urochloral acid1 on boiling with either dilute sulphuric or hydrochloric acid1 splits up into trichlorethyl alcohol and glycuronic acid-- ,c,h,cl,o ,h,o ,c,h,cl,o ,c,h,o4 ,trichloralcohol is an oily fluid 7boiling-point #aej-aeb72 it yields by oxidation trichloracetic acid4 ,urobutyl chloral acid gives on treatment with mineral acids trichlorbutyl alcohol and glycuronic acid4 ,to separate urochloral acid from the urine the following process has been found successful3-- ,the urine is evaporated to a syrup at the heat of the water-bath1 and then strongly acidulated with sulphuric acid and repeatedly shaken out in a separating tube with a mixture of #c vols4 of ether and #a vol4 of alcohol4 ,the ether-alcohol is separated and distilled off1 the acid residue is neutralised with ,,kho1 or potassic carbonate1 and evaporated2 the dry mass is then taken up with #ij per cent4 alcohol1 the filtrate precipitated with ether1 and the precipitate washed with ether and absolute alcohol4 ,next the precipitate is boiled with absolute alcohol and filtered hot4 ,on cooling1 the potassium salt of urochloral acid separates out in tufts of silky needles4 ,the crystals are dried over sulphuric acid and again washed several times with absolute alcohol and ether to remove impurities4 ,to obtain the free acid1 the potassium salt is dissolved in a little water and acidulated with hydrochloric acid2 the liquid is then shaken out in a separating tube1 with a mixture of #h vols4 of ether and #a of alcohol4 ,the ether-alcohol is distilled off1 the residue treated with moist silver oxide until no farther separation of silver chloride occurs1 the silver chloride is separated by filtration1 the soluble silver salt decomposed by ,,sh1 and the filtrate carefully evaporated to a syrup2 after a few hours1 the acid crystallises in stars of needles4 ,urobutylchloral acid can be obtained in quite a similar way4#aij #aij ,v4 ,mering u4 ,musculus1 ,ber41 viii4 #ffb2 v4 ,mering1 ibid41 xv4 #ajai2 ,e4 ,kulz1 ,ber41 xv41 #aech4 #bjg4 ,separation of ,chloral from ,organic ,matters4--,it will be most convenient to place the organic fluid or pulped-up solid1 mixed with water1 in a retort1 to acidify with tartaric acid1 and to distil4 ,chloral hydrate distils over from a liquid acidified with tartaric acid2 to obtain the whole of the chloral requires distillation in a vacuum almost to dryness4 ,the distillation will1 unless there is also some partly decomposed chloral1 not smell of chloroform1 and yet give chloroform reactions4 ,to identify it1 to the distillate should be added a little burnt magnesia1 and the distillate thus treated boiled for half an hour in a flask connected with an inverted condenser2 in this way the chloral hydrate is changed into chloroform and magnesium formate-- #b;,c,cl,,ch7,,oh7 ,mg,o #b;,c,h,cl 7,,hcoo7,mg ,h,o4 ,the fluid may now be tested for formic acid3 it will give a black precipitate with solution of silver nitrate-- 7,,hcoo7,mg #d;,ag,n,o #d;,ag ,mg7,,no7 #b;,,co #b;,,hno4 ,it will give a white precipitate of calomel when treated with mercuric chloride solution-- 7,,hcoo7,mg #d;,hg,cl #b;,hg,cl ,mg,cl #b;,h,cl #b;,,co4 ,chloral 7or chloroform71 when boiled with resorcinol and the liquid made strongly alkaline with ,na,h,o1 gives a red colour1 which disappears on acidifying and is restored by alkalies4 ,if1 on the other hand1 there is an excess of resorcinol and only a very small quantity of ,na,h,o used1 the product shows a yellowish-green fluorescence2 #a_/aj of a milligramme of chloral hydrate gives this reaction distinctly when boiled with #ej mgrms4 of resorcinol and #e drops of a normal solution of sodium hydrate4#aia #aia ,c4 ,schwarz1 ,pharm4 ,zeit41 xxxiii4 #dai4 ,dr4 ,frank ,ogston#aib has recommended sulphide of ammonium to be added to any liquid as a test for chloral4 ,the contents of the stomach are filtered or submitted to dialysis1 and the test applied direct4 ,if chloral is present1 there is first an orange-yellow colour2 on standing1 the fluid becomes more and more brown1 then troubled1 an amorphous precipitate falls to the bottom1 and a peculiar odour is developed4 ,with #aj mgrms4 of chloral in #a c4c4 of water1 there is an evident precipitate1 and the odour can readily be perceived2 with #a mgrm4 dissolved in #a c4c4 of water1 there is an orange-yellow colour1 and also the odour1 but no precipitate2 with #a mgrm4 in #a c4c4 of water1 there is a weak1 pale1 straw-yellow colour1 which can scarcely be called characteristic4 ,the only substance giving in neutral solutions the same reactions is antimony2 but1 on the addition of a few drops of acid1 the antimony falls as an orange-yellow precipitate1 while1 if chloral alone is present1 there is a light white precipitate of sulphur4 #aib ,vierteljahrsschrift f4 gerichtl4 ,medicin1 #ahgi1 ,bd4 xxx4 ,hft4 #a1 ,s4 #bfh4 ,,viii4--,bisulphide of ,carbon4 #bjh4 ,bisulphide of carbon--carbon disulphide1 carbon sulphide 7,,cs7--is a colourless1 volatile fluid1 strongly refracting light4 ,commercial samples have a most repulsive and penetrating odour1 but chemically pure carbon sulphide has a smell which is not disagreeable4 ,the boiling-point is #dg2 the specific gravity at #j is #abic4 ,it is very inflammable1 burning with a blue flame1 and evolving sulphur dioxide2 is little soluble in water1 but mixes easily with alcohol or ether4 ,bisulphide of carbon1 on account of its solvent powers for sulphur1 phosphorus1 oils1 resins1 caoutchouc1 gutta-percha1 c41 is in great request in certain industries4 ,it is also utilised for disinfecting purposes1 the liquid being burnt in a lamp4 #bji4 ,poisoning by ,carbon ,bisulphide4--,in spite of the cheapness and numerous applications of this liquid1 poisoning is very rare4 ,there appears to be a case on record of attempted self-destruction by this agent1 in which a man took #b ozs4 7#efg c4c47 of the liquid1 but without a fatal result4 ,the symptoms in this case were pallor of the face1 wide pupils1 frequent and weak pulse1 lessened bodily temperature1 and spasmodic convulsions4 ,carbon disulphide was detected in the breath by leading the expired air through an alcoholic solution of triethyl-phosphin1 with which it struck a red colour4 ,it could also be found in the urine in the same way4 ,an intense burning in the throat1 giddiness1 and headache lasted for several days4 #baj4 ,experiments on animals have been frequent1 and it is found to be fatal to all forms of animal life4 ,there is1 indeed1 no more convenient agent for the destruction of various noxious insects1 such as moths1 the weevils in biscuits1 the common bug1 c41 than bisulphide of carbon4 ,it has also been recommended for use in exterminating mice and rats4#aic ,different animals show various degrees of sensitiveness to the vapour2 frogs and cats being less affected by it than birds1 rabbits1 and guinea-pigs4 ,it is a blood poison2 methmoglobin is formed1 and there is disintegration of the red blood corpuscles4 ,there is complete ansthesia of the whole body1 and death occurs through paralysis of the respiratory centre1 but artificial respiration fails to restore life4 #aic ,cloz1 ,compt4 ,rend41 t4 #fc1 #he4 #baa4 ,chronic ,poisoning4--,of some importance is the chronic poisoning by carbon disulphide1 occasionally met with in manufactures necessitating the daily use of large quantities for dissolving caoutchouc1 c4 ,when taken thus in the form of vapour daily for some time1 it gives rise to a complex series of symptoms which may be divided into two principal stages--viz41 a stage of excitement and one of depression4 ,in the first phase1 there is more or less permanent headache1 with considerable indigestion1 and its attendant loss of appetite1 nausea1 c4 ,the sensitiveness of the skin is also heightened1 and there are curious sensations of creeping1 c4 ,the mind at the same time in some degree suffers1 the temper becomes irritable1 and singing in the ears and noises in the head have been noticed4 ,in one factory a workman suffered from an acute mania1 which subsided in two days upon removing him from the noxious vapour 7,eulenberg74 ,the sleep is disturbed by dreams1 and1 according to ,delpech1#aid there is considerable sexual excitement1 but this statement has in no way been confirmed4 ,pains in the limbs are a constant phenomenon1 and the ,french observers have noticed spasmodic contractions of certain groups of muscles4 #aid ,mmoire sur les ,accidents que dveloppe chez les ouvrires en caoutchouc du sulfure de carb4 en vapeur1 ,paris1 #ahef4 ,the stage of depression begins with a more or less pronounced ansthesia of the skin4 ,this is not confined to the outer skin1 but also affects the mucous membranes2 patients complain that they feel as if the tongue were covered with a cloth4 ,the ansthesia is very general4 ,in a case recorded by ,bernhardt1#aie a girl1 twenty-two years old1 who had worked six weeks in a caoutchouc factory1 suffered from mental weakness and digestive troubles2 there was ansthesia and algesis of the whole skin4 ,in these advanced cases the mental debility is very pronounced1 and there is also weakness of the muscular system4 ,paralysis of the lower limbs has been noted1 and in one instance a man had his right hand paralysed for two months4 ,it seems uncertain how long a person is likely to suffer from the effects of the vapour after he is removed from its influence4 ,if the first stage of poisoning only is experienced1 then recovery is generally rapid2 but if mental and muscular weakness and ansthesia of the skin have been developed1 a year has been known to elapse without any considerable improvement1 and permanent injury to the health may be feared4 #aie ,ber4 klin4 ,wochenschrift1 ,no4 #cb1 #ahff4 #bab4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,the pathological appearances found after sudden death from disulphide of carbon are but little different to those found after fatal chloroform breathing4 #bac4 ,detection and ,separation of ,carbon ,disulphide4--,the extreme volatility of the liquid renders it easy to separate it from organic liquids by distillation with reduced pressure in a stream of ,,co4 ,carbon disulphide is best identified by 7#a7 ,hofman's test1 viz41 passing the vapour into an ethereal solution of triethyl-phosphin1 7,c,h7,p4 ,carbon disulphide forms with triethyl-phosphin a compound which crystallises in red scales4 ,the crystals melt at #ie ,c41 and have the following formula--,p7,c,h7,,cs4 ,this will detect #jed mgrm4 ,should the quantity of bisulphide be small1 no crystals may be obtained1 but the liquid will become of a red colour4 7#b7 ,,cs gives1 with an alcoholic solution of potash1 a precipitate of potassic xanthate1 ,,cs,c,h,,ok4 #bad4 ,xanthogenic acid or ethyloxide-sulphocarbonate 7,,cs,c,h,,oh7 is prepared by decomposing potassic xanthogenate by diluted hydrochloric or sulphuric acid4 ,it is a colourless fluid1 having an unpleasant odour1 and a weakly acid and rather bitter taste4 ,it burns with a blue colour1 and is easily decomposed at #bd1 splitting up into ethylic alcohol and hydric sulphide4 ,it is very poisonous1 and has an ansthetic action similar to bisulphide of carbon4 ,its properties are probably due to ,,cs being liberated within the body4 #bae4 ,potassic xanthogenate 7,,cs,c,h,,ok7 and potassic xanthamylate 7,,cs,c,h,,ok7 7the latter being prepared by the substitution of amyl alcohol for ethyl alcohol71 both on the application of a heat below that of the body1 develop ,,cs1 and are poisonous1 inducing symptoms very similar to those already detailed4 ,,ix4--,the ,tar ,acids--,phenol--,cresol4 #baf4 ,carbolic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,phenol1 ,phenyl ,alcohol1 ,phenylic ,hydrate2 ,phenic ,acid2 ,coal-,tar ,creasote4--,the formula for carbolic acid is ,c,h,,ho4 ,the pure substance appears at the ordinary temperature as a colourless solid1 crystallising in long prisms2 the fusibility of the crystals is given variously by different authors3 from my own observation1 the pure crystals melt at #dj-da1 any lower melting-point being due to the presence of cresylic acid or other impurity2 the crystals again become solid about #ae4 ,melted carbolic acid forms a colourless limpid fluid1 sinking in water4 ,it boils under the ordinary pressure at #ahb1 and distils without decomposition2 it is very readily and completely distilled in a vacuum at about the temperature of #ajj4 ,after the crystals have been exposed to the air1 they absorb water1 and a hydrate is formed containing #afjg per cent4 of water4 ,the hydrate melts at #ag1 any greater hydration prevents the crystallisation of the acid2 a carbolic acid1 containing about #bg per cent4 of water1 and probably corresponding to the formula ,c,h,o1#b;,h,o1 is obtained by gradually adding water to carbolic acid so long as it continues to be dissolved4 ,such a hydrate dissolves in #aaa times its measure of water1 and contains #hef per cent4 of real carbolic acid4 ,carbolic acid does not redden litmus1 but produces a greasy stain on paper1 disappearing on exposure to the air2 it has a peculiar smell1 a burning numbing taste1 and in the fluid state it strongly refracts light4 ,heated to a high temperature it takes fire1 and burns with a sooty flame4 ,when an aqueous solution of carbolic acid is shaken up with ether1 benzene1 carbon disulphide1 or chloroform1 it is fully dissolved by the solvent1 and is thus easily separated from most solutions in which it exists in the free state4 ,petroleum ether1 on the other hand1 only slightly dissolves it in the cold1 more on warming4 ,carbolic acid mixes in all proportions with glycerin1 glacial or acetic acid1 and alcohol4 ,it coagulates albumen1 the precipitate being soluble in an excess of albumen2 it also dissolves iodine1 without changing its properties4 ,it dissolves many resins1 and also sulphur1 but1 on boiling1 sulphuretted hydrogen is disengaged4 ,indigo blue is soluble in hot carbolic acid1 and may be obtained in crystals on cooling4 ,carbolic acid is contained in castoreum1 a secretion derived from the beaver1 but it has not yet been detected in the vegetable kingdom4 ,the source of carbolic acid is at present coal-tar1 from which it is obtained by a process of distillation4 ,there are1 however1 a variety of chemical actions in the course of which carbolic acid is formed4 #bag4 ,the common disinfecting carbolic acid is a dark reddish liquid1 with a very strong odour2 at present there is very little phenol in it2 it is mainly composed of meta- and para-cresol4 ,it is officinal in ,germany1 and there must contain at least #ej per cent4 of the pure carbolic acid4 ,the pure crystallised carbolic acid is officinal in our own and all the continental pharmacopias4 ,in the ,british ,pharmacopia1 a solution of carbolic acid in glycerin is officinal2 the proportions are #a part of carbolic acid and #d parts of glycerin1 that is1 strength by measure #bj per cent4 ,the ,pharmacopia ,germanica has a liquor natri carbolici1 made with #e parts carbolic acid1 #a caustic soda1 and #d of water2 strength in carbolic acid #ej per cent4 ,there is also a strongly alkaline crude sodic carbolate in use as a preservative of wood4 ,there are various disinfecting fluids containing amounts of carbolic acid1 from #aj per cent4 upwards4 ,many of these are somewhat complex mixtures1 but1 as a rule1 any poisonous properties they possess are mainly due to their content of phenol or cresol4 ,a great variety of disinfecting powders1 under various names1 are also in commerce1 deriving their activity from carbolic acid4 ,macdougall's disinfecting powder is made by adding a certain proportion of impure carbolic acid to a calcic sulphite1 which is prepared by passing sulphur dioxide over ignited limestone4 ,calvert's carbolic acid powder is made by adding carbolic acid to the siliceous residue obtained from the manufacture of aluminic sulphate from shale4 ,there are also various carbolates which1 by heating or decomposing with sulphuric acid1 give off carbolic acid4 ,carbolic acid soaps are also made on a large scale--the acid is free1 and some of the soaps contain as much as #aj per cent4 ,in the inferior carbolic acid soaps there is little or no carbolic acid1 but cresylic takes its place4 ,neither the soaps nor the powders have hitherto attained any toxicological importance1 but the alkaline carbolates are very poisonous4 #bah4 ,the chief uses of carbolic acid are indicated by the foregoing enumeration of the principal preparations used in medicine and commerce4 ,the bulk of the carbolic acid manufactured is for the purposes of disinfection4 ,it is also utilised in the preparation of certain colouring matters or dyes1 and during the last few years has had another application in the manufacture of salicylic acid4 ,in medicine it is administered occasionally internally1 while the antiseptic movement in surgery1 initiated by ,lister1 has given it great prominence in surgical operations4 #bai4 ,statistics4--,the tar acids1 i4e41 pure carbolic acid and the impure acids sold under the name of carbolic acid1 but consisting 7as stated before7 mainly of cresol1 are1 of all powerful poisons1 the most accessible1 and the most recklessly distributed4 ,we find them at the bedside of the sick1 in back-kitchens1 in stables1 in public and private closets and urinals1 and1 indeed1 in almost all places where there are likely to be foul odours or decomposing matters4 ,it is1 therefore1 no wonder that poisoning by carbolic acid has1 of late years1 assumed large proportions4 ,the acid has become vulgarised1 and quite as popularly known1 as the most common household drugs or chemicals4#aif ,this familiarity is the growth of a very few years1 since it was not discovered until #ahcd1 and does not seem to have been used by ,lister until about #ahfc4 ,it was not known to the people generally until much later4 ,at present it occupies the third place in fatality of all poisons in ,england4 ,the following table shows that1 in the past ten years1 carbolic acid has killed #gda people1 either accidentally or suicidally2 there is also one case of murder by carbolic acid within the same period1 bringing the total up to #gdb3-- #aif ,although this is so1 yet much ignorance still prevails as to its real nature4 ,in a case reported in the ,pharm4 ,journ41 #ahha1 p4 #ccd1 a woman1 thirty years of age1 drank two-thirds of an ounce of liquid labelled 8,pure ,carbolic ,acid0 by mistake1 and died in two hours4 ,she read the label1 and a lodger also read it1 but did not know what it meant4 ,,deaths ,,from ,,carbolic ,,acid ,,in ,,england ,,and ,,wales ,,during ,,the ,,ten ,,years ,,ending #ahib4 ,,accident ,,or ,,negligence4 ,ages1 #j-a #a-e #e-ae #ae-be #be-fe #fe and ,total above ,males1 #b #ci #ac #e #hc #h #aej ,females1 #b #ba #g #ac #ea #g #aja ---------------------------------------- --- ,totals1 #d #fj #bj #ah #acd #ae #bea ---------------------------------------- --- ,,suicide4 ,ages1 #ae-be #be-fe #fe and ,total above ,males1 #bf #ahf #g #bai ,females1 #gb #aid #e #bga ---------------------------- ,totals1 #ih #chj #ab #dij ---------------------------- ,falck has collected1 since the year #ahfh1 no less than #hg cases of poisoning from carbolic acid recorded in medical literature4 ,in one of the cases the individual died in nine hours from a large dose of carbolate of soda2 in a second1 violent symptoms were induced by breathing for three hours carbolic acid vapour2 in the remaining #he1 the poisoning was caused by the liquid acid4 ,of these #he persons1 #g had taken the poison with suicidal intent1 and of the #g1 #e died2 #ci were poisoned through the medicinal use of carbolic acid1 #bg of the #ci by the antiseptic treatment of wounds by carbolic acid dressings1 and of these #h terminated fatally2 in #h cases1 symptoms of poisoning followed the rubbing or painting of the acid on the skin for the cure of scabies1 favus1 or psoriasis1 and #f of these patients died4 ,in #d cases1 carbolic acid enemata1 administered for the purpose of dislodging ascarides1 gave rise to symptoms of poisoning1 and in one instance death followed4 ,the substitution of carbolic acid for medicine happened as follows3-- ,cases4 ,taken instead of ,tincture of ,opium1 #a ,infusion of ,senna1 #c ,mineral ,water1 #b other ,mixtures1 #c inwardly instead of applied outwardly1 #c -- #ab ,of these #ab1 #h died4 ,again1 #aj persons took carbolic acid in mistake for various alcoholic drinks1 such as schnapps1 brandy1 rum1 or beer1 and #i of the #aj succumbed2 #ag persons drank carbolic acid simply 8by mistake10 and of these #ac died4 ,thus1 of the whole #he cases1 no less than #ea ended fatally--nearly #fj per cent4 ,it must be always borne in mind that1 with regard to statistics generally1 the term 8carbolic acid0 is not used by coroners1 juries1 or medical men1 in a strictly chemical sense1 the term being made to include disinfecting fluids which are almost wholly composed of the cresols1 and contain scarcely any phenol4 ,in this article1 with regard to symptoms and pathological appearances1 it is only occasionally possible to state whether the pure medicinal crystalline phenol or a mixture of tar-acids was the cause of poisoning4 #bbj4 ,fatal ,dose4--,the minimum fatal dose for cats1 dogs1 and rabbits1 appears to be from #d to #e grm4 per kilogram4 ,falck has put the minimum lethal dose for man at #ae grms4 7#bcae grains71 which would be about #b per kilo41 basing his estimate on the following reasoning4 ,in #cc cases he had a fairly exact record of the amount of acid taken1 and out of the #cc1 he selects only those cases which are of use for the decision of the question4 ,among adults1 in #e cases the dose was #cj grms41 and all the #e cases terminated by death1 in times varying from five minutes to an hour and a half4 ,by other #e adults a dose of #ae grms4 was taken2 of the #e1 #c men and a woman died1 in times varying from forty-five minutes to thirty hours1 while #a woman recovered4 ,doses of #aae1 #ajh1 and #i grms4 were taken by different men1 and recovered from2 on the other hand1 a suicide who took one and a half teaspoonful 7about #f grms47 of the concentrated acid1 died in fifty minutes4 ,doses of #c to #c grms4 have caused symptoms of poisoning1 but the patients recovered1 while higher doses than #ae grms4 in #ab cases1 with only one exception1 caused death4 ,hence1 it may be considered tolerably well established1 that #ae grms4 7#bcae grains7 may be taken as representing the minimum lethal dose4 ,the largest dose from which a person appears to have recovered is1 ,i believe1 that given in a case recorded by ,davidson1 in which #aej grms4 of crude carbolic acid had been taken4 ,it must1 however1 be remembered that1 as this was the impure acid1 probably only half of it was really carbolic acid4 ,the ,german ,pharmacopia prescribes as a maximum dose #je grm 7#g grain7 of the crystallised acid1 and a daily maximum quantity given in divided doses of #ae grm4 7#bc grains74 #bba4 ,effects on ,animals4--,carbolic acid is poisonous to both animal and vegetable life4 ,infusoria4--,one part of the acid in #aj1jjj parts of water rapidly kills ciliated animalcules1--the movements become sluggish1 the sarcode substance darker1 and the cilia in a little time cease moving4 ,fish4--,one part of the acid in #gjjj of water kills dace1 minnows1 roach1 and gold fish4 ,in this amount of dilution the effect is not apparent immediately2 but1 at the end of a few hours1 the movements of the fish become sluggish1 they frequently rise to the surface to breathe1 and at the end of twenty-four hours are found dead4 ,quantities of carbolic acid1 such as #a part in #ajj1jjj of water1 appear to affect the health of fish1 and render them more liable to be attacked by the fungus growth which is so destructive to fish-life in certain years4 ,frogs4--,if #ja to #jb grm4 of carbolic acid be dissolved in a litre of water in which a frog is placed1 there is almost immediately signs of uneasiness in the animal1 showing that pain from local contact is experienced2 a sleepy condition follows1 with exaltation of reflex sensibility2 convulsions succeed1 generally1 though not always2 then reflex sensibility is diminished1 ultimately vanishes1 and death occurs2 the muscles and nerves still respond to the electric current1 and the heart beats1 but slowly and weakly1 for a little after the respiration has ceased4 #bbb4 ,warm-blooded ,animals4--,for a rabbit of the average weight of #b kilos41 #ae grm4 is an active dose1 and #c a lethal dose 7that is #ae per kilo474 ,the sleepy condition of the frog is not noticed1 and the chief symptoms are clonic convulsions with dilatation of the pupils1 the convulsions passing into death1 without a noticeable paralytic stage4 ,the symptoms observed in poisoned dogs are almost precisely similar1 the dose1 according to body-weight1 being the same4 ,it has1 however1 been noticed that with doses large enough to produce convulsions1 a weak condition has supervened1 causing death in several days4 ,there appears to be no cumulative action1 since equal toxic doses can be given to animals for some time1 and the last dose has no greater effect than the first or intermediate ones4 ,the pathological appearances met with in animals poisoned by the minimum lethal doses referred to are not characteristic2 but there is a remarkable retardation of putrefaction4 #bbc4 ,symptoms in ,man1 external application4--,a #e per cent4 solution of carbolic acid1 applied to the skin1 causes a peculiar numbness1 followed1 it may be1 by irritation4 ,young subjects1 and those with sensitive skins1 sometimes exhibit a pustular eruption1 and concentrated solutions cause more or less destruction of the skin4 ,lemaire#aig describes the action of carbolic acid on the skin as causing a slight inflammation1 with desquamation of the epithelium1 followed by a very permanent brown stain1 but this he alone has observed4 ,applied to the mucous membrane1 carbolic acid turns the epithelial covering white2 the epithelium1 however1 is soon thrown off1 and the place rapidly heals2 there is the same numbing1 aconite-like feeling before noticed4 ,the vapour of carbolic acid causes redness of the conjunctiv1 and irritation of the air-passages4 ,if the application is continued1 the mucous membrane swells1 whitens1 and pours out an abundant secretion4 #aig ,lemaire1 ,jul41 8,de l',acide phnique10 ,paris1 #ahfd4 ,dr4 ,whitelock1 of ,greenock1 has related two instances in which children were treated with carbolic acid lotion 7strength #b per cent47 as an application to the scalp for ringworm2 in both1 symptoms of poisoning occurred--in the one1 the symptoms at once appeared2 in the other they were delayed some days4 ,in order to satisfy his mind1 the experiment was repeated twice1 and each time gastric and urinary troubles followed4 ,nussbaum1 of ,munich1 records a case#aih in which symptoms were induced by the forcible injection of a solution of carbolic acid into the cavity of an abscess4 #aih ,leitfaden zur antiseptischer ,wundbehandlung1 #ada4 ,macphail#aii gives two cases of poisoning by carbolic acid from external use4 ,in the one1 a large tumour had been removed from a woman aged #cj1 and the wound covered with gauze steeped in a solution of carbolic acid1 in glycerin1 strength #aj per cent42 subsequently1 there was high fever1 with diminished sulphates in the urine1 which smelt strongly of carbolic acid1 and was very dark4 ,on substituting boracic acid1 none of these troubles were observed4 ,the second case was that of a servant suffering from axillary abscess2 the wound was syringed out with carbolic acid solution1 of strength #b per cent41 when effects were produced similar to those in the first case4 ,it was noted that in both these cases the pulse was slowed4 ,scattered throughout surgical and medical literature1 there are many other cases recorded1 though not all so clear as those cited4 ,several cases are also on record in which poisonous symptoms 7and even death7 have resulted from the application of carbolic acid lotion as a remedy for scabies or itch4 #aii 8,carbolic ,acid ,poisoning 7,surgical710 by ,s4 ,rutherford ,macphail1 ,m4,b41 ,ed4 ,med4 ,journal1 cccxiv41 ,aug4 #ahha1 p4 #acd4 ,a surgeon prescribed for two joiners who suffered from scabies a lotion1 which was intended to contain #cj grms4 of carbolic acid in #bdj c4c4 of water2 but the actual contents of the flasks were afterwards from analysis estimated by ,hoppe-,seyler to be #ccbf grms41 and the quantity used by each to be equal to #accg grms4 7#bjf grains7 of carbolic acid4 ,one of the men died2 the survivor described his own symptoms as follows3--,he and his companion stood in front of the fire1 and rubbed the lotion in2 he rubbed it into his legs1 breast1 and the front part of his body2 the other parts were mutually rubbed4 ,whilst rubbing his right arm1 and drying it before the fire1 he felt a burning sensation1 a tightness and giddiness1 and mentioned his sensations to his companion1 who laughed4 ,this condition lasted from five to seven minutes1 but he did not remember whether his companion complained of anything1 nor did he know what became of him1 nor how he himself came to be in bed4 ,he was found holding on to the joiner's bench1 looking with wide staring eyes1 like a drunken man1 and was delirious for half an hour4 ,the following night he slept uneasily and complained of headache and burning of the skin4 ,the pulse was #fh1 the appearance of the urine1 appetite1 and sense of taste were normal2 the bowels confined4 ,he soon recovered4 ,the other joiner seems to have died as suddenly as if he had taken prussic acid4 ,he called to his mother1 8,ich habe einen ,rausch10 and died with pale livid face1 after taking two deep1 short inspirations4 ,the post-mortem examination showed the sinuses filled with much fluid blood1 and the vessels of the pia mater congested4 ,frothy1 dark1 fluid blood was found in the lungs1 which were hypermic2 the mucous tissues of the epiglottis and air-tubes were reddened1 and covered with a frothy slime4 ,both ventricles--the ven cav and the vessels of the spleen and kidneys--were filled with dark fluid blood4 ,the muscles were very red2 there was no special odour4 ,hoppe-,seyler recognised carbolic acid in the blood and different organs of the body4#bjj #bjj ,r4 ,khler1 ,wrtem4 ,med4 ,corr4 ,bl41 xlii41 ,no4 #f1 ,april #ahgb2 ,h4 ,abelin1 ,schmidt's ,jahrbcher1 #ahgg1 ,bd4 #agc1 ,s4 #afc4 ,in another case1 a child died from the outward use of a #b per cent4 solution of carbolic acid4 ,it is described as follows3--,an infant of seven weeks old suffered from varicella1 and one of the pustules became the centre of an erysipelatous inflammation4 ,to this place a #b per cent4 solution of carbolic acid was applied by means of a compress steeped in the acid2 the following morning the temperature rose from #cfe 7#igg ,f47 to #cg 7#ihf ,f471 and poisonous symptoms appeared4 ,the urine was coloured dark4 ,there were sweats1 vomitings1 and contracted pupils1 spasmodic twitchings of the eyelids and eyes1 with strabismus1 slow respiration1 and1 lastly1 inability to swallow4 ,under the influence of stimulating remedies the condition temporarily improved1 but the child died twenty-three and a half hours after the first application4 ,an examination showed that the vessels of the brain and the tissue of the lungs were abnormally full of blood4 ,the liver was softer than natural1 and exhibited a notable yellowishness in the centre of the acini4 ,somewhat similar appearances were noticed in the kidneys1 the microscopic examination of which showed the tubuli contorti enlarged and filled with fatty globules4 ,in several places the epithelium was denuded1 in other places swollen1 and with the nuclei very visible4 ,in an ,american case1#bja death followed the application of carbolic acid to a wound4 ,a boy had been bitten by a dog1 and to the wound1 at one o'clock in the afternoon1 a lotion1 consisting of nine parts of carbolic acid and one of glycerin1 was applied4 ,at seven o'clock in the evening the child was unconscious1 and died at one o'clock the following day4 #bja ,american ,journal of ,pharmacy1 vol4 li41 #dth ,ser42 vol4 ix41 #ahgi1 p4 #eg4 #bbd4 ,internal ,administration4--,carbolic acid may be taken into the system1 not alone by the mouth1 but by the lungs1 as in breathing carbolic acid spray or carbolic acid vapour4 ,it is also absorbed by the skin when outwardly applied1 or in the dressing or the spraying of wounds with carbolic acid4 ,lastly1 the ordinary poisonous effects have been produced by absorption from the bowel1 when administered as an enema4 ,when swallowed undiluted1 and in a concentrated form1 the symptoms may be those of early collapse1 and speedy death4 ,hence1 the course is very similar to that witnessed in poisoning by the mineral acids4 ,if lethal1 but not excessive doses of the diluted acid are taken1 the symptoms are--a burning in the mouth and throat1 a peculiarly unpleasant persistent taste1 and vomiting4 ,there is faintness with pallor of the face1 which is covered by a clammy sweat1 and the patient soon becomes unconscious1 the pulse small and thready1 and the pupils sluggish to light4 ,the respiration is profoundly affected2 there is dyspna1 and the breathing becomes shallow4 ,death occurs from paralysis of the respiratory apparatus1 and the heart is observed to beat for a little after the respiration has ceased4 ,all these symptoms may occur from the application of the acid to the skin or to mucous membranes1 and have been noticed when solutions of but moderate strength have been used--e4g41 there are cases in gyncological practice in which the mucous membrane 7perhaps eroded7 of the uterus has been irrigated with carbolic acid injections4 ,thus1 ,kster#bjb relates a case in which1 four days after confinement1 the uterus was washed out with a #b per cent4 solution of carbolic acid without evil result4 ,afterwards a #e per cent4 solution was used1 but it at once caused violent symptoms of poisoning1 the face became livid1 clonic convulsions came on1 and at first loss of consciousness1 which after an hour returned4 ,the patient died on the ninth day4 ,there was intense diphtheria of the uterus and vagina4 ,several other similar cases 7although not attended with such marked or fatal effects7 are on record4#bjc #bjb ,centralblatt4 f4 ,gynkologie1 ii4 #ad1 #ahgh4 #bjc ,a practitioner in ,calcutta injected into the bowel of a boy1 aged #e1 an enema of diluted carbolic acid1 which1 according to his own statement1 was #a part in #fj1 and the whole quantity represented #add grains of the acid4 ,the child became insensible a few minutes after the operation1 and died within four hours4 ,there was no post-mortem examination2 the body smelt strongly of carbolic acid4--,lancet1 ,may #ai1 #ahhc4 #bbe4 ,the symptoms of carbolic acid poisoning admit of considerable variation from those already described4 ,the condition is occasionally that of deep coma4 ,the convulsions may be general1 or may affect only certain groups of muscles4 ,convulsive twitchings of the face alone1 and also muscular twitchings only of the legs1 have been noticed4 ,in all cases1 however1 a marked change occurs in the urine4 ,subissi#bjd has noted the occurrence of abortion1 both in the pig and the mare1 as a result of carbolic acid1 but this effect has not hitherto been recorded in the human subject4 #bjd ,l',archivio della ,veterinaria ,ital41 xi41 #ahgd4 ,it has been experimentally shown by ,kster1 that previous loss of blood1 or the presence of septic fever1 renders animals more sensitive to carbolic acid4 ,it is also said that children are more sensitive than adults4 ,the course of carbolic acid poisoning is very rapid4 ,in #ce cases collected by ,falck1 in which the period from the taking of the poison to the moment of death was accurately noted1 the course was as follows3--#ab patients died within the first hour1 and in the second hour #c2 so that within two hours #ae died4 ,between the third and the twelfth hour1 #aj died2 between the thirteenth and the twenty-fourth hour1 #g died2 and between the twenty-fifth and the sixtieth hour1 only #c died4 ,therefore1 slightly over #ga per cent4 died within twelve hours1 and #iad per cent4 within the twenty-four hours4 #bbf4 ,changes in the ,urine4--,the urine of patients who have absorbed in any way carbolic acid is dark in colour1 and may smell strongly of the acid4 ,it is now established--chiefly by the experiments and observations of ,baumann#bje--that carbolic acid1 when introduced into the body1 is mainly eliminated in the form of phenyl-sulphuric acid1 ,c,h,,hso1 or more strictly speaking as potassic phenyl-sulphate1 ,c,h,,kso1 a substance which is not precipitated by chloride of barium until it has been decomposed by boiling with a mineral acid4 ,cresol is similarly excreted as cresol-sulphuric acid1 ,c,h,,ch,,hso1 ortho-1 meta-1 or para-1 according to the kind of cresol injected2 a portion may also appear as hydro-tolu-chinone-sulphuric acid4 ,hence it is that1 with doses of phenol or cresol continually increasing1 the amount of sulphates naturally in the urine 7as estimated by simply acidifying with hydrochloric acid1 and precipitating in the cold with chloride of barium7 continually decreases1 and may at last vanish1 for all the sulphuric acid present is united with the phenol4 ,on the other hand1 the precipitate obtained by prolonged boiling of the strongly acidified urine1 after filtering off any ,ba,s,o thrown down in the cold1 is ever increasing4 #bje ,pflger's ,archiv1 #ac1 #ahgf1 #bhi4 ,thus1 a dog voided urine which contained in #ajj c4c41 #bfb grm4 of precipitable sulphuric acid1 and #jjf of organically-combined sulphuric acid2 his back was now painted with carbolic acid1 and the normal proportions were reversed1 the precipitable sulphuric acid became #jjd grm41 while the organically-combined was #aij in #ajj c4c4 ,in addition to phenyl-sulphuric acid1 it is now sufficiently established#bjf that hydroquinone 7 ,,oh7 7,c,h 7 7 ,,oh7 7paradihydroxyl phenol7 and pyrocatechin 7 ,,oh7 7,c,h 7 7 ,,oh7 7orthodihydroxyl phenol7 are constant products of a portion of the phenol4 ,the hydroquinone appears in the urine1 in the first place1 as the corresponding ether-sulphuric acid1 which is colourless2 but a portion of it is set free1 and this free hydroquinone 7especially in alkaline urine7 is quickly oxidised to a brownish product1 and hence the peculiar colour of urine4 ,out of dark coloured carbolic acid urine the hydroquinone and its products of decomposition can be obtained by shaking with ether2 on separation of the ether1 an extract is obtained1 reducing alkaline silver solution1 and developing quinone on warming with ferric chloride4 #bjf ,e4 ,baumann and ,c4 ,preuss1 ,zeitschrift f4 phys4 ,chemie1 iii4 #aef2 ,anleitung zur ,harn-,analyse1 ,w4 ,f4 ,lbisch1 ,leipzig1 #ahha1 pp4 #adb1 #afj2 ,schmiedeberg1 ,chem4 ,centrbl4 7#c71 #ac1 #eih4 ,to separate pyro-catechin1 #bjj c4c4 of urine may be evaporated to an extract1 the extract treated with strong alcohol1 the alcoholic liquid evaporated1 and the extract then treated with ether4 ,on separation and evaporation of the ether1 a yellowish mass is left1 from which the pyro-catechin may be extracted by washing with a small quantity of water4 ,this solution will reduce silver solution in the cold1 or1 if treated with a few drops of ferric chloride solution1 show a marked green colour1 changing on being alkalised by a solution of sodic hydro-carbonate to violet1 and then on being acidified by acetic acid1 changing back again to green4 ,according to ,thudichum1#bjg the urine of men and dogs1 after the ingestion of carbolic acid1 contains a blue pigment4 #bjg ,on the ,pathology of the ,urine1 ,lond41 #ahgg1 p4 #aih4 #bbg4 ,the ,action of ,carbolic ,acid considered physiologically4--,researches on animals have elucidated1 in a great measure1 the mode in which carbolic acid acts1 and the general sequence of effects1 but there is still much to be learnt4 ,e4 ,kster#bjh has shown that the temperature of dogs1 when doses of carbolic acid in solution are injected subcutaneously1 or into the veins1 is immediately1 or very soon after the operation1 raised4 ,with small and moderate doses1 this effect is but slight--from half to a whole degree--on the day after the injection the temperature sinks below the normal point1 and only slowly becomes again natural4 ,with doses that are just lethal1 first a rise and then a rapid sinking of temperature are observed2 but with those excessive doses which speedily kill1 the temperature at once sinks without a preliminary rise4 ,the action on the heart is not very marked1 but there is always a slowing of the cardiac pulsations2 according to ,hoppe-,seyler the arteries are relaxed4 ,the respiration is much quickened2 this acceleration is due to an excitement of the vagus centre1 since ,salkowsky has shown that section of the vagus produces a retardation of the respiratory wave4 ,direct application of the acid to muscles or nerves quickly destroys their excitability without a previous stage of excitement4 ,the main cause of the lethal action of carbolic acid--putting on one side those cases in which it may kill by its local corrosive action--appears to be paralysis of the respiratory nervous centres4 ,the convulsions arise from the spinal cord4 ,on the cessation of the convulsions1 the superficial nature of the breathing assists other changes by preventing the due oxidation of the blood4 #bjh ,archiv f4 klin4 ,chirurgie1 ,bd4 #bc1 ,s4 #acc1 #ahgi4 #bbh4 ,carbolic acid is separated from the body in the forms already mentioned1 a small portion is also excreted by the skin4 ,salkowsky considers that1 with rabbits1 he has also found oxalic acid in the urine as an oxidation product4 ,according to the researches of ,binnendijk1#bji the separation of carbolic acid by the urine commences very quickly after its ingestion2 and1 under favourable circumstances1 it may be completely excreted within from twelve to sixteen hours4 ,it must be remembered that normally a small amount of phenol may be present in the animal body1 as the result of the digestion of albuminous substances or of their putrefaction4 ,the amount excreted by healthy men when feeding on mixed diet1 ,engel1#baj by experiment1 estimates to be in the twenty-four hours #ae mgrms4 #bji ,journal de ,pharmacie et de ,chimie4 #baj ,annal4 de ,chimie et de ,physique1 #e ,sr4 ,t4 #bj1 p4 #bcj1 #ahhj4 #bbi4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,no fact is better ascertained from experiments on animals than the following3--,that with lethal doses of carbolic acid1 administered by subcutaneous injection1 or introduced by the veins1 no appearances may be found after death which can be called at all characteristic4 ,further1 in the cases in which death has occurred from the outward application of the acid for the cure of scabies1 c41 no lesion was ascertained after death which could--apart from the history of the case and chemical evidence--with any confidence be ascribed to a poison4 ,on the other hand1 when somewhat large doses of the acid are taken by the mouth1 very coarse and appreciable changes are produced in the upper portion of the alimentary tract4 ,there may be brownish1 wrinkled spots on the cheek or lips2 the mucous membrane of the mouth1 throat1 and gullet is often white1 and if the acid was concentrated1 eroded4 ,the stomach is sometimes thickened1 contracted1 and blanched1 a condition well shown in a pathological preparation 7ix4 #bjf1 #dc f7 in ,st4 ,george's ,hospital4 ,the mucous membrane1 indeed1 may be quite as much destroyed as if a mineral acid had been taken4 ,thus1 in ,guy's ,hospital museum 7#agii71 there is preserved the stomach of a child who died from taking accidentally carbolic acid4 ,it looks like a piece of paper1 and is very white1 with fawn-coloured spots2 the rug are absent1 and the mucous membrane seems to have entirely vanished4 ,not unfrequently the stomach exhibits white spots with roundish edges4 ,the duodenum is often affected1 and the action is not always limited to the first part of the intestine4 ,the respiratory passages are often inflamed1 and the lungs infiltrated and congested4 ,as death takes place from an asphyxiated condition1 the veins of the head and brain1 and the blood-vessels of the liver1 kidney and spleen1 are gorged with blood1 and the right side of the heart distended1 while the left is empty4 ,on the other hand1 a person may die of sudden nervous shock from the ingestion of a large quantity of the acid1 and in such a case the post-mortem appearances will not then exhibit precisely the characters just detailed4 ,putrefaction is retarded according to the dose1 and there is often a smell of carbolic acid4#baa ,if any urine is contained in the bladder1 it will probably be dark1 and present the characters of carbolic urine1 detailed at p4 #agd4 #baa ,in order to detect this odour1 it is well to open the head first1 lest the putrefaction of the internal viscera be so great as to mask the odour4 ,tests for ,carbolic ,acid4 #bcj4 #a4 ,the ,pinewood ,test4--,certain pinewood gives a beautiful blue colour when moistened first with carbolic acid1 and afterwards with hydrochloric acid1 and exposed to the light4 ,some species of pine give a blue colour with hydrochloric acid alone1 and such must not be used2 others do not respond to the test for carbolic acid4 ,hence it is necessary to try the chips of wood first1 to see how they act1 and with this precaution the test is very serviceable1 and1 in cautious hands1 no error will be made4 #b4 ,ammonia and ,hypochlorite ,test4--,if to a solution containing even so small a quantity as #a part of carbolic acid in #ejjj parts of water1 first1 about a quarter of its volume of ammonia hydrate be added1 and then a small quantity of sodic hypochlorite solution1 avoiding excess1 a blue colour appears1 warming quickens the reaction3 the blue is permanent1 but turns to red with acids4 ,if there is a smaller quantity than the above proportion of acid1 the reaction may be still produced feebly after standing for some time4 #c4 ,ferric ,chloride4--,one part of phenol in #cjjj parts of water can be detected by adding a solution of ferric chloride2 a fine violet colour is produced4 ,this is also a very good test1 when applied to a distillate2 but if applied to a complex liquid1 the disturbing action of neutral salts and other substances may be too great to make the reaction under those circumstances of service4 #d4 ,bromine4--,the most satisfactory test of all is treatment of the liquid by bromine-water4 ,a precipitate of tri-bromo-phenol 7,c,h,br,o7 is rapidly or slowly formed1 according to the strength of the solution2 in detecting very minute quantities the precipitate must be given time to form4 ,according to ,allen1#bab a solution containing but #a_/fjjjj of carbolic acid gave the reaction after standing twenty-four hours4 #bab ,commercial ,organic ,analysis1 vol4 i4 p4 #cjf4 ,the properties of the precipitate are as follows3--,it is crystalline1 and under the microscope is seen to consist of fine stars of needles2 its smell is peculiar2 it is insoluble in water and acid liquids1 but soluble in alkalies1 ether1 and absolute alcohol2 a very minute quantity of water suffices to precipitate it from an alcoholic solution2 it is therefore essential to the success of the test that the watery liquid to be examined is either neutral or acid in reaction4 #bca4 ,tri-bromo-phenol may be used for the quantitative estimation of carbolic acid1 #ajj parts of tri-bromo-phenol are equal to #bih of carbolic acid2 by the action of sodium amalgam1 tri-bromo-phenol is changed back into carbolic acid4 ,that bromine-water precipitates several volatile and fixed alkaloids from their solutions is no objection to the bromine test1 for it may be applied to a distillation product1 the bases having been previously fixed by sulphuric acid4 ,besides1 the properties of tri-bromo-phenol are distinct enough1 and therefore there is no valid objection to the test4 ,it is the best hitherto discovered4 ,there are also other reactions1 such as that ,millon's reagent strikes a red--molybdic acid1 in concentrated sulphuric acid1 a blue--and potassic dichromate1 with sulphuric acid1 a brown colour--but to these there are objections4 ,again1 we have the ,euchlorine test1 in which the procedure is as follows3--,a test-tube is taken1 and concentrated hydrochloric acid is allowed to act therein upon potassic chlorate4 ,after the gas has been evolved for from #cj to #dj seconds1 the liquid is diluted with #a volume of water1 the gas removed by blowing through a tube1 and solution of strong ammonia poured in so as to form a layer on the top2 after blowing out the white fumes of ammonium chloride1 a few drops of the sample to be tested are added4 ,in the presence of carbolic acid1 a rose-red1 blood-red1 or red-brown tint is produced1 according to the quantity present4 ,carbolic acid may be confounded with cresol or with creasote1 but the distinction between pure carbolic acid1 pure cresol1 and creasote is plain4 #bcb4 ,cresol 7,cresylic ,acid1 ,methyl-phenol71 ,,oh _/ ,c,h 4 ,,ch --,there are three cresols--ortho-1 meta-1 and para-4 ,ordinary commercial cresol is a mixture of the three1 but contains but little ortho-cresol2 the more important properties of the pure cresols are set out in the following table3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,melting-point4 ,boiling-point4 ,converted by fusion with ,potash into-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,ortho-1 #ca-cae ,c4 #ahhj ,salicylic ,acid 7,ortho-oxybenzoic acid74 ,meta-1 ,fluid at ordinary #bjaj ,meta-oxybenzoic temperature4 acid4 ,para-1 #cf #aih ,para-oxybenzoic acid4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,pure ortho-1 meta-1 or para-cresol have been obtained by synthetical methods2 they cannot be said to be in ordinary commerce4 ,commercial cresol is at ordinary temperatures a liquid1 and cannot be obtained in a crystalline state by freezing4 ,its boiling-point is from #aih to #bjc2 it is almost insoluble in strong ammonia1 and1 when #af volumes are added1 it then forms crystalline scales4 ,on the other hand1 carbolic acid is soluble in an equal volume of ammonia1 and is then precipitated by the addition of #a volume of water4 ,cresol is insoluble in small quantities of pure #f per cent4 soda solution2 with a large excess1 it forms crystalline scales2 while carbolic acid is freely soluble in small or large quantities of alkaline solutions4 ,cold petroleum spirit dissolves cresol1 but no crystalline scales can be separated out by a freezing mixture4 ,carbolic acid1 on the contrary1 is but sparingly soluble in cold petroleum1 and a solution of carbolic acid in hot petroleum1 when exposed to sudden cold produced by a freezing mixture1 separates out crystals from the upper layer of liquid4 ,cresol is miscible with glycerin of specific gravity #abeh in all proportions2 #a measure of glycerin mixed with #a measure of cresol is completely precipitated by #a measure of water4 ,carbolic acid1 under the same circumstances1 is not precipitated4 ,the density of cresol is about #ajdd4 ,it forms with bromine a tri-bromo-cresol1 but this is liquid at ordinary temperatures1 while tri-bromo-phenol is solid4 ,on the other hand1 it resembles carbolic acid in its reactions with ferric chloride and with nitric and sulphuric acid4 #bcc4 ,creasote or ,kreozote is a term applied to the mixture of crude phenols obtained from the distillation of wood-tar4 ,it consists of a mixture of substances of which the chief are guaiacol or oxycresol 7,c,h,o71 boiling at #bjj1 and creasol 7,c,h,o71 boiling at #bag2 also in small quantities phlorol 7,c,h,o71 methyl creasol 7,c,h,o71 and other bodies4 ,morson's ,english creasote is prepared from ,stockholm tar1 and boils at about #bag1 consisting chiefly of creasol2 it is not easy1 by mere chemical tests1 to distinguish creasote from cresylic acid4 ,creasote1 in its reactions with sulphuric and nitric acid1 bromine and gelatin1 is similar to carbolic and cresylic acids1 and its solubility in most solvents is also similar4 ,it is1 however1 distinguished from the tar acids by its insolubility in ,price's glycerin1 specific gravity #abeh1 whether #a1 #b1 or #c volumes of glycerin be employed4 ,but the best test is its action on an ethereal solution of nitro-cellulose4 ,creasote mixes freely with the ,b4,p4 collodium1 while cresylic acid or carbolic acid at once coagulates the latter4 ,with complicated mixtures containing carbolic acid1 cresol1 and creasote1 the only method of applying these tests with advantage is to submit the mixture to fractional distillation4 ,flckiger#bac tests for small quantities of carbolic acid in creasote1 by mixing a watery solution of the sample with one-fourth of its volume of ammonia hydrate1 wetting the inside of a porcelain dish with this solution1 and then carefully blowing bromine fumes on to the surface4 ,a fine blue colour appears if carbolic acid is present1 but if the sample consists of creasote only1 then it is dirty green or brown4 ,excess of bromine spoils the reaction4#bad #bac ,arch4 der ,pharmacie1 cxiii4 p4 #cj4 #bad ,creasote is1 without doubt1 poisonous1 though but little is known of its action1 and very few experiments are on record in which pure creasote has been employed4 ,eulenberg has studied the symptoms in rabbits1 by submitting them to vaporised creasote--i4e41 the vapour from #bj drops of creasote diffused through a glass shade under which a rabbit was confined4 ,there was at once great uneasiness1 with a watery discharge from the eyes1 and after seven minutes the rabbit fell on its side1 and was slightly convulsed4 ,the cornea was troubled1 and the eyes prominent2 a white slime flowed from the mouth and eyes4 ,after fifteen minutes there was narcosis1 with lessened reflex action2 the temperature was almost normal4 ,there was rattling breathing1 and in half an hour the animal died1 the respiration ceasing1 and fluid blood escaping from the nose4 ,section after death showed the brain to be hypermic1 the mucous membranes of the air-passages to be covered with a thin layer of fluid blood1 and the lungs to be congested2 the right side of the heart was gorged with fluid blood4 ,the post-mortem appearances and the symptoms generally are1 therefore1 closely allied to those produced by carbolic acid4 ,a dark colour of the urine has also been noticed4 #bcd4 ,carbolic ,acid in ,organic ,fluids or in the ,tissues of the ,body4--,if the routine process given at page #ea1 where the organic fluid is distilled in a vacuum after acidifying with tartaric acid1 is employed1 phenol or cresol1 if present1 will certainly be found in the distillate4 ,if1 however1 a special search be made for the acids1 then the fluid must be well acidified with sulphuric acid1 and distilled in the usual way4 ,the distillation should be continued as long as possible1 and the distillate shaken up with ether in the apparatus figured at page #aef4 ,on separation and evaporation of the ether1 the tar acids1 if present1 will be left in a pure enough form to show its reactions4 ,the same process applies to the tissues1 which1 in a finely-divided state1 are boiled and distilled with dilute sulphuric acid1 and the distillate treated as just detailed4 ,like most poisons1 carbolic acid has a selective attraction for certain organs1 so that1 unless all the organs are examined1 it is by no means indifferent which particular portion is selected for the inquiry4 ,hoppe-,seyler applied carbolic acid to the abdomen and thighs of dogs1 and when the symptoms were at their height bled them to death1 and separately examined the parts4 ,in one case1 the blood yielded #jjcfi per cent42 the brain1 #jjcd per cent42 the liver1 #jjabe2 and the kidneys1 #jjdbc per cent4 of their weight of carbolic acid4 ,the liver then contains only one-third of the quantity found in an equal weight of blood1 and1 therefore1 the acid has no selective affinity for that organ4 ,on the other hand1 the nervous tissue1 and especially the kidneys1 appear to concentrate it4 #bce4 ,examination of the ,urine for ,phenol or ,cresol4--,it has been previously stated 7see p4 #agd7 that the urine will not contain these as such1 but as compounds--viz41 phenyl or cresyl sulphate of potassium4 ,by boiling with a mineral acid1 these compounds may be broken up1 and the acids obtained1 either by distillation or by extraction with ether4 ,to detect very minute quantities1 a large quantity of the urine should be evaporated down to a syrup1 and treated with hydrochloric acid and ether4 ,on evaporating off the ether1 the residue should be distilled with dilute sulphuric acid1 and this distillate then tested with bromine-water1 and the tri-bromo-phenol or cresol collected1 identified1 and weighed4 ,thudichum#bae has separated crystals of potassic phenyl-sulphate itself from the urine of patients treated endermically by carbolic acid1 as follows3-- #bae ,pathology of the ,urine1 p4 #aic4 ,the urine was evaporated to a syrup1 extracted with alcohol of #ij per cent41 treated with an alcoholic solution of oxalic acid as long as this produced a precipitate1 and then shaken with an equal volume of ether4 ,the mixture was next filtered1 neutralised with potassic carbonate1 evaporated to a small bulk1 and again taken up with alcohol4 ,some oxalate and carbonate of potassium were separated1 and1 on evaporation to a syrup1 crystals of potassic phenyl-sulphate were obtained4 ,they gave to analysis #dfbe per cent4 ,h,,so1 and #aha ,k--theory requiring #dfb of ,h,,so and #ahd of ,k4 ,alkaline phenyl-sulphates strike a deep purple colour with ferric chloride4 ,to estimate the amount of phenyl-sulphate or cresol-sulphate in the urine1 the normal sulphates may be separated by the addition of chloride of barium in the cold1 first acidifying with hydrochloric acid4 ,on boiling the liquid a second crop of sulphate is obtained1 due to the breaking up of the compound sulphate1 and from this second weight the amount of acid can be obtained1 e4g41 in the case of phenol--,c,h,,hso 3 ,ba,s,o 33 #agd 3 #bcc4 #bcf4 ,assay of ,disinfectants1 ,carbolic ,acid ,powders1 c4--,for the assay of crude carbolic acid1 ,mr4 ,charles ,lowe#baf uses the following process3--,a thousand parts of the sample are distilled without any special condensing arrangement2 water first comes over1 and is then followed by an oily fluid4 ,when a hundred parts of the latter1 as measured in a graduated tube1 have been collected1 the receiver is changed4 ,the volume of water is read off4 ,if the oily liquid floats on the water1 it contains light oil of tar2 if it is heavier than the water1 it is regarded as hydrated acid1 containing #ej per cent4 of real carbolic acid4 ,the next portion consists of anhydrous cresylic and carbolic acids1 and #fbe volumes are distilled over2 the remainder in the retort consists wholly of cresylic acid and the higher homologues4 ,the relative proportions of carbolic and cresylic acids are approximately determined by taking the solidifying point1 which should be between #aee and #bd1 and having ascertained this temperature1 imitating it by making mixtures of known proportions of carbolic and cresylic acids4 #baf ,allen's ,commercial ,organic ,analysis1 vol4 i4 p4 #caa4 ,e4 ,waller#bag has recommended the following process for the estimation of carbolic acid4 ,it is based on the precipitation of the tar acids by bromine1 and1 of course1 all phenols precipitated in this way will be returned as carbolic acid4 ,the solutions necessary are-- #bag ,chem4 ,news1 ,april #a1 #ahha1 p4 #aeb4 #a4 ,a solution containing #aj grms4 of pure carbolic acid to the litre2 this serves as a standard solution4 #b4 ,a solution of bromine in water4 #c4 ,solution of alum in dilute sulphuric acid4 ,a litre of #aj per cent4 sulphuric acid is shaken with alum crystals until saturated4 ,the actual process is as follows3--#aj grms4 of the sample are weighed out and run into a litre flask1 water added1 and the mixture shaken4 ,the flask being finally filled up to the neck1 some of the solution is now filtered through a dry filter1 and #aj c4c4 of this filtrate is placed in a #f or #h-ounce stoppered bottle1 and #cj c4c4 of the alum solution added4 ,in a similar bottle #aj c4c4 of the standard solution of carbolic acid are placed1 and a similar quantity of alum solution is added1 as in the first bottle4 ,the bromine-water is now run into the bottle containing the standard solution of carbolic acid from a burette until there is no further precipitate2 the bottle is stoppered and shaken after every addition4 ,towards the end of the reaction the precipitate forms but slowly1 and when the carbolic acid is saturated1 the slight excess of bromine-water gives the solution a pale yellow tint4 ,the solution from the sample is treated in the same way1 and from the amount of bromine-water used1 the percentage of the sample is obtained by making the usual calculations4 ,thus1 supposing that #e c4c4 of the standard required #ae c4c4 of the bromine-water for precipitation1 and #aj c4c4 of the solution of the sample required #ag c4c41 the calculation would be #ae #b 3 #ag #ajj 3 x per cent4 ,with most samples of crude carbolic acid1 the precipitate does not readily separate4 ,it is then best to add a little of the precipitate already obtained by testing the standard solution1 which rapidly clears the liquid4 ,koppeschaar's volumetric method is more exact1 but also more elaborate1 than the one just described4 ,caustic normal soda is treated with bromine until permanently yellow1 and the excess of bromine is then driven off by boiling4 ,the liquid now contains #e,na,br ,na,br,o1 and on adding this to a solution containing carbolic acid1 and a sufficient quantity of hydrochloric acid to combine with the sodium1 the following reactions occur3-- 7#a47 #e,na,br ,na,br,o #f;,h,cl #f,na,cl #f;,br #c;,h,o2 and 7#b47 ,c,h,o #f;,br ,c,h,br,o #c;,h,br4 ,any excess of bromine liberated in the first reaction above that necessary for the second1 will exist in the free state1 and from the amount of bromine which remains free the quantity of carbolic acid can be calculated1 always provided the strength of the bromine solution is first known4 ,the volumetric part of the analysis1 therefore1 merely amounts to the determination of free bromine1 which is best found by causing it to react on potassium iodide1 and ascertaining the amount of free iodine by titration with a standard solution of sodium thiosulphate4 ,in other words1 titrate in this way the standard alkaline bromine solution1 using as an indicator starch paste until the blue colour disappears4 ,another method of indicating the end of the reaction is by the use of strips of paper first soaked in starch solution1 and dried1 and then the same papers moistened with zinc iodide1 and again dried2 the least excess of bromine sets free iodine1 and strikes a blue colour4 ,colorimetric ,method of ,estimation4--,a very simple and ever-ready way of approximately estimating minute quantities of the phenols consists in shaking up #aj grms4 of the sample with water1 allowing any tar or insoluble impurities to subside4 ,ten c4c4 of the clear fluid are then taken1 and half a c4c4 of a #e per cent4 solution of ferric chloride added4 ,the colour produced is imitated by a standard solution of carbolic acid1 and a similar amount of the reagent1 on the usual principles of colorimetric analysis4 #bcg4 ,carbolic ,acid ,powders4--,siliceous carbolic acid powders are placed in a retort and distilled4 ,towards the end the heat may be raised to approaching redness4 ,the distillate separates into two portions--the one aqueous1 the other consisting of the acids--and the volume may be read off1 if the distillate be received in a graduated receiver4 ,carbolic acid powders1 having lime as a basis1 may be distilled in the same way1 after first decomposing with sulphuric acid4 ,the estimation of the neutral tar oils in the distillate is easily performed by shaking the distillate with caustic soda solution1 which dissolves completely the tar acids4 ,the volume of the oils may be directly read off if the receiver is a graduated tube4 ,allen#bah has suggested the addition of a known volume of petroleum to the distillate1 which dissolves the tar oils1 and easily separates1 and thus the volume may be more accurately determined1 a correction being of course made by subtracting the volume of petroleum first added4 #bah ,op4 cit41 i4 p4 #caj4 #bch4 ,carbolic ,acid ,soap4--,a convenient quantity of soap is carefully weighed1 and dissolved in a solution of caustic soda by means of heat4 ,a saturated solution of salt is next added1 sufficient to precipitate entirely the soap1 which is filtered off2 the filtrate is acidified with hydrochloric acid1 and bromine water added4 ,the precipitated tribromo-phenol is first melted by heat1 then allowed to cool1 and the mass removed from the liquid1 dried1 and weighed4 ,x4--,nitro-,benzene4 #bci4--,nitro-benzene is the product resulting from the action of strong nitric acid on benzene4 ,its chemical formula is ,c,h,,no4 ,when pure1 it is of a pale yellow colour1 of a density of #aahf1 and boils at from #bje to #baj4 ,it may be obtained in prismatic crystals by exposure to a temperature of #c4 ,its smell is exactly the same as that from the oil or essence of bitter almonds2 and it is from this circumstance1 under the name of 8essence of mirbane10 much used in the preparation of perfumes and flavouring agents4 ,in commerce there are three kinds of nitro-benzene--the purest1 with the characters given above2 a heavier nitro-benzene1 boiling at #baj to #bbj2 and a very heavy variety1 boiling at #bbb to #bce ,the last is specially used for the preparation of aniline1 or aniline blue4 ,nitro-benzene has been used as an adulterant of bitter almond oil1 but the detection is easy 7see 8,foods10 p4 #eea74 ,nitro-benzene was first discovered by ,mitscherlich in #ahcd1 and its poisonous properties were first pointed out by ,casper#bai in #ahei4 ,its technical use in perfumes1 c41 dates from about #ahdh1 and in the twenty-eight years intervening between that date and #ahgf1 ,jbell#bbj has collected #db cases of poisoning by this agent1 #ac of which were fatal4 ,one of these cases was suicidal1 the rest accidental4 #bai ,vierteljahrsschrift fr ger4 ,med41 #ahei1 ,bd4 xvi4 p4 #a4 #bbj ,die ,vergiftungen mit ,blausure u4 ,nitro-benzol in forensischer ,beziehung1 ,erlangen1 #ahgf4 #bdj4 ,effects of ,poisoning by ,nitro-benzene4--,nitro-benzene is a very powerful poison1 whether taken in the form of vapour or as a liquid4 ,the action of the vapour on animals has been studied by ,eulenberg#bba and others4 ,one experiment will serve as an illustration4 ,fifteen grms4 of nitro-benzene were evaporated on warm sand under a glass shade1 into which a cat was introduced4 ,there was immediately observed in the animal much salivation1 and quickened and laboured breathing4 ,after thirty minutes' exposure1 on removing the shade to repeat the dose of #ae grms41 the cat for the moment escaped4 ,on being put back there was again noticed the salivation and running at the eyes1 with giddiness1 and repeated rising and falling4 ,the animal at last1 about one hour and forty minutes after the first dose1 succumbed with dyspna1 and died with progressive paralysis of the respiration4 ,the membranes of the brain were found gorged with blood1 the lungs liver-coloured1 the mucous membrane of the trachea--to the finest sub-divisions of the bronchia--reddened1 inflamed1 and clothed with a fine frothy mucus4 ,the left side of the heart was filled with thick black blood4 ,the bladder contained #h grms4 of clear urine1 in which aniline was discovered4 ,there was a notable smell of bitter almonds4 #bba ,gewerbe ,hygiene1 ,s4 #fjg1 ,berlin1 #ahgf4 #bda4 ,the effects of the vapour on man are somewhat different in their details to those just described4 ,in a remarkable case related by ,dr4 ,letheby1 a man1 aged #db1 had spilt some nitro-benzene over his clothes4 ,he went about several hours breathing an atmosphere of nitro-benzene1 he then became drowsy1 his expression was stupid1 and his gait unsteady1 presenting all the appearances of intoxication4 ,the stupor suddenly deepened into coma1 and the man died2 the fatal course being altogether about nine hours--viz41 four hours before coma1 and five hours of total insensibility4 ,an interesting case of poisoning by the vapour is recorded by ,taylor4#bbb ,a woman1 aged #cj1 tasted a liquid used for flavouring pastry1 which was afterwards chemically identified as pure nitro-benzene4 ,she immediately spat it out1 finding that it had an acrid taste1 and probably did not swallow more than a drop4 ,in replacing the bottle1 however1 she spilt about a tablespoonful1 and allowed it to remain for some minutes2 it was a small room1 and the vapour rapidly pervaded it1 and caused illness in herself as well as in a fellow-servant4 ,she had a strange feeling of numbness in the tongue1 and in three hours and a quarter after the accident was seen by a medical man2 she then presented all the appearances of prussic acid poisoning4 ,the eyes were bright and glassy1 the features pale and ghastly1 the lips and nails purple1 as if stained with blackberries1 the skin clammy1 and the pulse feeble1 but the mind was then clear4 ,an emetic was administered1 but she suddenly became unconscious2 the emetic acted1 and brought up a fluid with an odour of nitro-benzene4 ,the stomach-pump was also used1 but the liquid obtained had scarcely any odour of nitro-benzene4 ,in about eleven hours consciousness returned1 and in about seventeen hours she partially recovered1 but complained of flashes of light and strange colours before her eyes4 ,recovery was not complete for weeks4 ,in this case the small quantity swallowed would probably of itself have produced no symptoms1 and the effects are to be mainly ascribed to the breathing of the vapour4 #bbb ,poisons1 ,third ,edition1 p4 #ffe4 #bdb4 ,the liquid1 when swallowed1 acts almost precisely in the same way as the vapour1 and the symptoms resemble very much those produced by prussic acid4 ,the great distinction between prussic acid and nitro-benzene poisoning is that1 in the latter1 there is an interval between the taking of the poison and its effects4 ,this is1 indeed1 one of the strangest phenomena of nitro-benzene poisoning1 for the person1 after taking it1 may appear perfectly well for periods varying from a quarter of an hour to two or three hours1 or even longer1 and then there may be most alarming symptoms1 followed by rapid death4 ,poisoning by nitro-benzene satisfies the ideal of the dramatist1 who requires1 for the purposes of his plot1 poisons not acting at once1 but with an interval sufficiently prolonged to admit of lengthy rhapsodies and a complicated dnouement4 ,on drinking the poison there is a burning taste in the mouth1 shortly followed by a very striking blueness or purple appearance of the lips1 tongue1 skin1 nails1 and even the conjunctiv4 ,this curious colour of the skin has1 in one or two instances1 been witnessed an hour before any feeling of illness manifested itself2 vomiting then comes on1 the vomited matter smelling of nitro-benzene4 ,the skin is cold1 there is great depression1 and the pulse is small and weak4 ,the respiration is affected1 the breathing being slow and irregular1 the breath smelling strongly of the liquid1 and the odour often persisting for days4 ,a further stage is that of loss of consciousness1 and this comes on with all the suddenness of a fit of apoplexy4 ,the coma is also similar in appearance to apoplectic coma1 but there have frequently been seen trismus and convulsions of the extremities4 ,the pupils are dilated and do not react to light1 and reflex sensibility is sometimes completely extinguished4 ,cases vary a little in their main features2 in a few the blue skin and the deep sleep are the only symptoms noted4 ,death1 for the most part1 occurs after a period of from eight to twenty-four hours 7occasionally as soon as four or five hours7 after taking the poison4 ,from the following remarkable train of symptoms in a dog1 it is probable1 indeed1 that nitro-benzene1 taken by a human being1 might produce death1 after a rather prolonged period of time1 by its secondary effects3--,to a half-bred greyhound#bbc were administered #ae grms4 of nitro-benzene1 when shortly after there were noticed much salivation1 shivering1 and muscular twitchings4 ,the same dose was repeated at the end of five1 of seven1 and of eight hours respectively1 so that the dog altogether took #fj grms41 but with no other apparent symptom than the profuse salivation4 ,on the following day1 the dog voided a tapeworm2 vomiting supervened2 the heart's action was quickened1 and the breathing difficult2 convulsions followed1 and the pupils were seen to be dilated4 ,for eight days the dog suffered from dyspna1 quickened pulse1 shivering of the legs or of the whole body1 tetanic spasms1 bloody motions1 great thirst and debility4 ,the temperature gradually sank under #be1 and the animal finally died4 ,the autopsy showed1 as the most striking change1 the whole mucous membrane of the intestinal tract covered with a yellow layer1 which chemical analysis proved to be caused by picric acid1 and in the urine1 liver1 and lungs1 aniline was discovered4 #bbc ,eulenberg1 ,gewerbe ,hygiene1 ,s4 #fjg4 #bdc4 ,fatal ,dose4--,it is probable1 from recorded cases1 that #a grm4 7#aed grains7 would be quite sufficient to kill an adult1 and1 under favourable circumstances1 less than that quantity4 ,it would seem that spirituous liquids especially hasten and intensify the action of nitro-benzene1 so that a drunken person1 cteris paribus1 taking the poison with spirits1 would be more affected than taking it under other conditions4 ,in a case related by ,stevenson1#bbd in which so small a quantity as #agd grm4 was taken in seven doses1 spread over more than forty-eight hours2 there were yet extremely alarming symptoms1 and the patient seems to have had a narrow escape4 ,on the other hand1 a woman admitted into the ,general ,hospital1 ,vienna1 took #ajj grms4 7about #c ozs47 and recovered2 on admission she was in a highly cyanotic condition1 with small pulse1 superficial respiration1 and dribbling of urine1 which contained nitro-benzol4 ,artificial respiration was practised1 and camphor injections were administered4 ,under this treatment consciousness was restored1 and the patient recovered4 ,on the fourth day the urine resembled that of a case of cystitis 7,lancet1 ,jan4 #af1 #ahid74 ,the quantity of nitro-benzene which would be fatal1 if breathed1 is not known with any accuracy4 #bbd ,this case is not uninteresting4 ,through a mistake in reading an extremely illegible prescription1 ,m4 ,s4 ,s41 t4 #ba1 was supplied by a druggist with the following mixture2-- 4 ,benzole-,nit41 iij4 ,ol4 ,menth1 pep41 ss4 ,ol4 ,oliv1 x4 gutt4 xxx41 t4 ds4 ,he took on sugar seven doses1 each of #bj minims1 equalling in all #bc min4 7or by weight #bga grains1 #agd grm47 of nitro-benzene--viz41 three doses on the first day1 three on the second1 and one on the morning of the third day4 ,the first two days he was observed to be looking pale and ill1 but went on with his work until the seventh dose1 which he took on the third day at #i ,a4,m4 ,about #b ,p4,m4 7or six hours after taking the seventh dose71 he fell down insensible1 the body pale blue1 and with all the symptoms already described in the text1 and usually seen in nitro-benzene poisoning4 ,with suitable treatment he recovered4 ,the next morning1 from #h ounces of urine some nitro-benzene was extracted by shaking with chloroform4--,thos4 ,stevenson1 ,m4,d41 in ,guy's ,hospital ,reports1 ,,ms41 vol4 xxi41 #ahgf4 #bdd4 ,pathological ,appearances4--,the more characteristic appearances seem to be1 a dark brown or even black colour of the blood1 which coagulates with difficulty 7an appearance of the blood that has even been noticed during life71 venous hypermia of the brain and its membranes1 and general venous engorgement4 ,in the stomach1 when the fluid has been swallowed1 the mucous membrane is sometimes reddened diffusely1 and occasionally shows ecchymoses of a punctiform character4 #bde4 ,the essential action of nitro-benzene is of considerable physiological interest4 ,the blood is certainly in some way changed1 and gives the spectrum of acid hmatin4#bbe ,filehne has found that the blood loses1 in a great degree1 the power of carrying and imparting oxygen to the tissues1 and its content of carbon dioxide is also increased4 ,thus1 the normal amount of oxygen gas which the arterial blood of a hound will give up is #ag per cent42 but in the case of a dog which had been poisoned with nitro-benzene1 it sank to #a per cent4 ,during the dyspna from which the dog suffered1 the carbon dioxide exhaled was greater than the normal amount1 and the arterial blood 7the natural content of which should have been #cj per cent4 of this gas71 only gave up #i per cent4 ,filehne seeks to explain the peculiar colour of the skin by the condition of the blood1 but the explanation is not altogether satisfactory4 ,some part of the nitro-benzene1 without doubt1 is reduced to aniline in the body--an assertion often made1 and as often contradicted--but it has been found in too many cases to admit of question4 ,it would also seem from the experiment on the dog 7p4 #ahf71 that a conversion into picric acid is not impossible4 ,a yellow colour of the skin and conjunctiv1 as if picric-acid-stained1 has been noticed in men suffering under slow poisoning by nitro-benzene4 #bbe ,filehne1 ,w41 8,ueber die ,gift-,wirkungen des ,nitrobenzols10 ,arch4 fr exper4 ,pathol4 u4 ,pharm41 ix4 #cbi4 #bdf4 ,detection and ,separation of ,nitro-,benzene from the ,animal ,tissues4--,it is evident from the changes which nitro-benzene may undergo that the expert1 in any case of suspected nitro-benzene poisoning1 must specially look 7#a7 for nitro-benzene1 7#b7 for aniline1 and 7#c7 for picric acid4 ,the best general method for the separation of nitro-benzene is to shake up the liquid 7or finely-divided solid7 with light benzoline 7petroleum ether71 which readily dissolves nitro-benzene4 ,on evaporation of the petroleum ether1 the nitro-benzene is left1 perhaps mixed with fatty matters4 ,on treating with cold water1 the fats rise to the surface1 and the nitro-benzene sinks to the bottom2 so that1 by means of a separating funnel1 the nitro-benzene may be easily removed from animal fats4 ,the oily drops1 or fine precipitate believed to be nitro-benzene1 may be dissolved in spirit and reduced to aniline by the use of nascent hydrogen1 developed from iron filings by hydrochloric acid1 and the fluid tested with bleaching powder1 or1 the aniline itself may be recovered by alkalising the fluid1 and shaking up with ether in the separation-tube 7p4 #aef71 the ether dissolves the aniline1 and leaves it1 on spontaneous evaporation1 as an oily yellowish mass1 which1 on the addition of a few drops of sodic hypochlorite1 strikes a blue or violet-blue--with acids1 a rose-red--and with bromine1 a flesh-red4 ,it gives alkaloidal reactions with such general reagents as platinum chloride1 picric acid1 c4 ,aniline itself may be extracted from the tissues and fluids of the body by petroleum ether1 but in any special search it will be better to treat the organs as in ,stas' process--that is1 with strong alcohol1 acidified with sulphuric acid4 ,after a suitable digestion in this menstruum1 filter1 and then1 after evaporating the alcohol1 dissolve the alcoholic extract in water2 alkalise the aqueous solution1 and extract the aniline by shaking it up with light benzoline4 ,on separating the benzoline1 the aniline will be left1 and may be dissolved in feebly-acid water1 and the tests before enumerated tried4 ,malpurgo#bbf recommends the following test for nitro-benzene3--#b drops of melted phenol1 #c drops of water1 and a fragment of caustic potash are boiled in a small porcelain dish1 and to the boiling liquid the aqueous solution to be tested is added4 ,on prolonged boiling1 if nitro-benzene is present1 a crimson ring is produced at the edges of the liquid2 this crimson colour1 on the addition of a little bleaching powder1 turns emerald-green4 #bbf ,zeit4 anal4 ,chem41 xxxii4 #bce4 ,oil of bitter almonds may be distinguished from nitro-benzene by the action of manganese dioxide and sulphuric acid2 bitter almond oil treated in this way loses its odour1 nitro-benzene is unaltered4 ,to apply the test1 the liquid must be heated on the water-bath for a little time4 ,,xi4--,dinitro-benzol4 #bdg4 ,dinitro-benzol1 ,c,h7,,no7 7ortho-1 meta-1 para-74--,the ortho-compound is produced by the action of nitric acid on benzol1 aided by heat in the absence of strong sulphuric acid to fix water4 ,some of the para-dinitro-benzol is at the same time produced4 ,the meta-compound is obtained by the action of fuming nitric acid on nitro-benzol at a boiling temperature4 ,the physical properties of the three dinitro-benzols are briefly as follows3-- ,ortho-d4 is in the form of needles2 m4p4 #aah4 ,meta-d4 crystallises in plates2 m4p4 #ij4 ,para-d4 crystallises1 like the ortho-compound1 in needles1 but the melting-point is much higher1 #aga to #agb4 ,just as nitro-benzol by reduction yields aniline1 so do the nitro-benzols on reduction yield ortho-1 meta-1 or para-phenylene diamines4 ,meta-phenylene diamine is an excellent test for nitrites2 and1 since the commercial varieties of dinitro-benzol either consist mainly or in part of meta-dinitro-benzol1 the toxicological detection is fairly simple1 and is based upon the conversion of the dinitro-benzol into meta-phenylene-diamine4 ,dinitro-benzol is at present largely employed in the manufacture of explosives1 such as roburite1 sicherheit1 and others4 ,it has produced much illness among the workpeople in the manufactures1 and amongst miners whose duty it has been to handle such explosives4 #bdh4 ,effects of ,dinitro-benzol4--,huber#bbg finds that if dinitro-benzol is given to frogs by the mouth in doses of from #ajj to #bjj mgrms41 death takes place in a few hours4 ,doses of from #be to #e mgrms4 cause general dulness and ultimately complete paralysis1 and death in from one to six days4 #bbg 8,beitrge zur ,giftwirkung des ,dinitrobenzols10 ,a4 ,huber1 ,virchow's ,archiv1 #ahia1 ,bd4 #abf1 ,s4 #bdj4 ,rabbits are killed by doses of #djj mgrms41 in time varying from twenty-two hours to four days4 ,in a single experiment on a small dog1 the weight of which was #eebe grms41 the dog died in six hours after a dose of #fjj mgrms4 ,it is therefore probable that a dose of #ajj mgrms4 per kilo would kill most warm-blooded animals4 ,a transient exposure to dinitro-benzol vapours in man causes serious symptoms2 for instance1 in one of ,huber's cases1 a student of chemistry had been engaged for one hour and a half only in preparing dinitro-benzol1 and soon afterwards his comrades remarked that his face was of a deep blue colour4 ,on admission to hospital1 on the evening of the same day1 he complained of slight headache and sleeplessness2 both cheeks1 the lips1 the muscles of the ear1 the mucous membrane of the lips and cheeks1 and even the tongue1 were all of a more or less intense blue-grey colour4 ,the pulse was dicrotic1 #abd2 ,t4 #cgb4 ,the next morning the pulse was slower1 and by the third day the patient had recovered4 ,excellent accounts of the effects of dinitro-benzol in roburite factories have been published by ,dr4 ,ross#bbh and ,professor ,white1#bbi of ,wigan4 ,mr4 ,simeon ,snell#bcj has also published some most interesting cases of illness1 cases which have been as completely investigated as possible4 ,as an example of the symptoms produced1 one of ,mr4 ,snell's cases may be here quoted4 #bbh ,medical ,chronicle1 #ahhi1 #hi4 #bbi ,practitioner1 #ahhi1 ii4 #ae4 #bcj ,brit4 ,med4 ,journ41 ,march #c1 #ahid4 ,illustration3 ,diagram of ,visual ,field4 ,c4 ,f4 ,w41 aged #ch1 consulted ,mr4 ,snell for his defective sight on ,april #i1 #ahib4 ,he had been a mixer at a factory for the manufacture of explosives4 ,he was jaundiced1 the conjunctiva yellow1 and the lips blue4 ,he was short of breath1 and after the day's work experienced aching of the forearms and legs and tingling of the fingers4 ,the urine was black in colour1 of sp4 gr4 #ajbd2 it was examined spectroscopically by ,mr4 ,mac,munn1 who reported the black colour as due neither to indican1 nor to blood1 nor bile1 but to be caused by some pigment belonging to the aromatic series4 ,the patient's sight had been failing since the previous ,christmas4 ,vision in the right eye was #f_/bd1 left #f_/cf1 both optic papill were somewhat pale4 ,in each eye there was a central scotoma for red1 and contraction of the field 7see diagram74 ,the man gradually gave up the work1 and ultimately seems to have recovered4 ,it is1 however1 interesting to note that1 after having left the work for some weeks1 he went back for a single day to the 8mixing10 and was taken very ill1 being insensible and delirious for five hours4 #bdi4 ,the ,blood in ,nitro-benzol ,poisoning4--,the effect on the blood has been specially studied by ,huber4#bca ,the blood of rabbits poisoned by dinitro-benzol is of a dark chocolate colour1 and the microscope shows destruction of the red corpuscles2 the amount of destruction may be gathered from the following3--the blood corpuscles of a rabbit before the experiment numbered #e1ehh1jjj per cubic centimetre2 a day after the experiment #d1hef1jjj2 a day later #a1jjd1jjj2 on the third day the rabbit died4 #bca ,op4 cit4 ,in one rabbit1 although the corpuscles sank to #a1daf1jjj1 yet recovery took place4 ,dr4 ,mac,munn#bcb has examined specimens of blood from two of ,mr4 ,snell's patients2 he found a distinct departure from the normal2 the red corpuscles were smaller than usual1 about #e or #f in diameter1 and the appearances were like those seen in pernicious anmia4 ,huber1 in some of his experiments on animals1 found a spectroscopic change in the blood1 viz41 certain absorption bands1 one in the red between ,c and ,d1 and two in the green between ,d and ,e2 the action of reducing agents on this dinitro-benzol blood1 as viewed in a spectroscope provided with a scale in which ,c #dh1 ,d #fb1 and ,e #hje1 was as follows3-- #bcb ,op4 cit4 ,dinitro-,bands4 ,in ,red4 ,in ,green4 -----_/----- #ej-eb #fb-ff #gj-gg ,after ,,nh,,so1 #ec-ee #fb-ff #gj-gg ,,nh1 #ed-eh #fj-fe #gj-gg ,,nh,,so ,,nh1 #eb-ee #fj-fe #gj-gg ,taking the symptoms as a whole1 there has been noted3--a blue colour of the lips1 not unfrequently extending over the whole face1 and even the conjunctiv have been of a marked blue colour1 giving the sufferer a strange livid appearance4 ,in other cases there have been jaundice1 the conjunctiv and the skin generally being yellow1 the lips blue4 ,occasionally gastric symptoms are present4 ,sleeplessness is common1 and not unfrequently there is some want of muscular co-ordination1 and the man staggers as if drunk4 ,in more than one case there has been noticed sudden delirium4 ,there is in chronic cases always more or less anmia1 and the urine is remarkable in its colour1 which ranges from a slightly dark hue up to positive blackness4 ,in a large proportion of cases there is ophthalmic trouble1 the characteristics of which 7according to ,mr4 ,snell7 are 8failure of sight1 often to a considerable degree1 in a more or less equal extent on the two sides2 concentric attraction of visual field with1 in many cases1 a central colour scotoma2 enlargement of retinal vessels1 especially the veins2 some blurring1 never extensive1 of edges of disc1 and a varying degree of pallor of its surface--the condition of retinal vessels spoken of being observed in workers with the dinitro-benzol1 independently of complaints of defective sight4 ,cessation of work leads to recovery40 #bej4 ,detection of ,dinitro-benzol4--,dinitro-benzol may be detected in urine1 in blood1 and in fluids generally1 by the following process3--,place tinfoil in the fluid1 and add hydrochloric acid to strong acidity1 after allowing the hydrogen to be developed for at least an hour1 make the fluid alkaline by caustic soda1 and extract with ether in a separating tube2 any metaphenylene-diamine will be contained in the ether2 remove the ether into a flask1 and distil it off2 dissolve the residue in a little water4 ,acidify a solution of sodium nitrite with dilute sulphuric acid2 on adding the solution1 if it contains metaphenylene-diamine1 a yellow to red colour will be produced1 from the formation of ,bismarck brown 7triamido-phenol74 ,,xii4--,hydrocyanic ,acid4 #bea4 ,hydrocyanic ,acid 7hydric cyanide7--specific gravity of liquid #jgjeh at #ah ,c41 boiling-point #bfe 7#hj ,f471 ,h,cy #bg4--,the anhydrous acid is not an article of commerce1 and is only met with in the laboratory4 ,it is a colourless1 transparent liquid1 and so extremely volatile that1 if a drop fall on a glass plate1 a portion of it freezes4 ,it has a very peculiar peach-blossom odour1 and is intensely poisonous4 ,it reddens litmus freely and transiently1 dissolves red oxide of mercury freely1 forms a white precipitate of argentic cyanide when treated with silver nitrate1 and responds to the other tests described hereafter4 #beb4 ,medicinal ,preparations of ,prussic ,acid4--,the ,b4,p4 acid is a watery solution of prussic acid2 its specific gravity should be #jiig1 and it should contain #b per cent4 of the anhydrous acid1 #b per cent4 is also the amount specified in the pharmacopias of ,switzerland and ,norway1 and in that of ,borussica 7,,vi4 ed472 the latter ordains1 however1 a spirituous solution1 and the ,norwegian an addition of #a per cent4 of concentrated sulphuric acid4 ,the ,french prussic acid is ordered to be prepared of a strength equalling #aj per cent4 ,the adulterations or impurities of prussic acid are hydrochloric1 sulphuric1#bcc and formic acids4 ,traces of silver may be found in the ,french acid1 which is prepared from cyanide of silver4 ,tartaric acid is also occasionally present4 ,hydrochloric acid is most readily detected by neutralising with ammonia1 and evaporating to dryness in a water-bath2 the ammonium cyanide decomposes and volatilises1 leaving as a saline residue chloride of ammonium4 ,this may easily be identified by the precipitate of chloride of silver1 which its solution gives on testing with silver nitrate1 and the deep brown precipitate with ,nessler solution4 ,sulphuric acid is1 of course1 detected by chloride of barium2 formic acid by boiling a small quantity with a little mercuric oxide2 if present1 the oxide will be reduced1 and metallic mercury fall as a grey precipitate4 ,silver1 tartaric acid1 and any other fixed impurities are detected by evaporating the acid to dryness1 and examining any residue which may be left4 ,it may be well to give the various strengths of the acids of commerce in a tabular form3-- #bcc ,a trace of sulphuric or hydrochloric acid should not be called an adulteration1 for it greatly assists the preservation1 and therefore makes the acid of greater therapeutic efficiency4 ,per cent4 ,british ,pharmacopia1 ,switzerland1 and ,bor4 7vj71 #b ,france1 #aj ,vauquelin's ,acid1 #cc ,scheele's #d to #ebcd ,riner's #aj ,robiquet's #ej ,schraeder's #ae ,duflos' #i ,pfaff's #aj ,koller's #be #bcd ,strength very uncertain4 ,in ,english commerce1 the analyst will scarcely meet with any acid stronger than ,scheele's #e per cent4 ,impure oil of bitter almonds contains hydric cyanide in variable quantity1 from #e per cent4 up to #ad per cent4 ,there is an officinal preparation obtained by digesting cherry-laurel leaves in water1 and then distilling a certain portion over4 ,this ,aqua ,lauro-cerasi belongs to the old school of pharmacy1 and is of uncertain strength1 but varies from #g to #a per cent4 of ,,hcn4 #bec4 ,poisoning by ,prussic ,acid4--,irrespective of suicidal or criminal poisoning1 accidents from prussic acid may occur-- #a4 ,from the use of the cyanides in the arts4 #b4 ,from the somewhat extensive distribution of the acid1 or rather of prussic-acid producing substances in the vegetable kingdom4 #a4 ,in the ,arts4--,the galvanic silvering#bce and gilding of metals1 photography1 the colouring of black silks1 the manufacture of ,berlin blue1 the dyeing of woollen cloth1 and in a few other manufacturing processes1 the alkaline cyanides are used1 and not unfrequently fumes of prussic acid developed4 #bce ,the preparation used for the silvering of copper vessels is a solution of cyanide of silver in potassic cyanide1 to which is added finely powdered chalk4 ,manipulations with this fluid easily develop hydrocyanic acid fumes1 which1 in one case related by ,martin 7,aerztl4 ,intelligenzbl41 p4 #ace1 #ahgb71 were powerful enough to produce symptoms of poisoning4 #b4 ,in the ,animal ,kingdom4--,one of the myriapods 7,chilognathen7 contains glands at the roots of the hairs1 which secrete prussic acid2 when the insect is seized1 the poisonous secretion is poured out from the so-called foramina repugnatoria4 #c4 ,in the ,vegetable ,kingdom4--,a few plants contain cyanides1 and many contain amygdalin1 or bodies formed on the type of amygdalin4 ,in the presence of emulsin 7or similar principles7 and water1 this breaks up into prussic acid and other compounds--an interesting reaction usually represented thus-- ,c,h,,no #b;,h,o ,,cnh ,c,h,o #b;,c,h,o4 #a equivalent of amygdalin--i4e41 #deg parts--yielding #a equivalent of ,,cnh or #bg parts2 in other words1 #ajj parts of amygdalin yield theoretically #eiji parts of prussic acid1#bcf so that1 the amount of either being known1 the other can be calculated from it4 #bcf ,according to ,liebig and ,whler1 #ag grms4 of amygdalin yield #a of prussic acid 7i4e41 #eg per cent47 and #h of oil of bitter almonds4 ,thirty-four parts of amygdalin1 mixed with #ff of emulsin of almonds1 give a fluid equalling the strength of acid of most pharmacopias1 viz41 #b per cent4 ,greshoff#bcg has discovered an amygdalin-like glucoside in the two tropical trees ,pygeum parriflorum and ,p4 latifolium4 ,the same author states that the leaves of ,gymnema latifolium1 one of the ,asclepiads1 yields to distillation benzaldehyde hydrocyanide4 ,both ,lasia and ,cyrtosperma1 plants belonging to the natural family of the ,orontads1 contain in their flowers potassic cyanide4 ,pangium edule1 according to ,greshoff1 contains so much potassic cyanide that he was able to prepare a considerable quantity of that salt from one sample of the plant4 ,an ,indian plant 7,hydnocarpus inebrians7 also contains a cyanide1 and has been used for the purpose of destroying fish4 ,among the ,tiliads1 ,greshoff found that ,echinocarpus ,sigun yielded hydrocyanic acid on distillation4 ,even the common linseed contains a glucoside which breaks up into sugar1 prussic acid1 and a ketone4 #bcg ,m4 ,greshoff--,erster ,bericht ber die ,untersuchung von ,pflanzenstoffen ,niederlndisch-,indiens4 ,mittheilungen aus dem chemisch-pharmakologischen ,laboratorium des botan4 ,gartens des ,staates1 vii41 ,batavia1 #ahij1 ,niederlndisch4 ,dr4 ,greshoff's research indicates that there are several other cyanide-yielding plants than those mentioned in the text4 ,the following plants1 with many others1 all yield1 by appropriate treatment1 more or less prussic acid3--,bitter almonds 7,amygdalus communis72 the ,amygdalus persica2 the cherry laurel 7,prunus laurocerasus72 the kernels of the plum 7,prunus domestica72 the bark1 leaves1 flowers1 and fruit of the wild service-tree 7,prunus padus72 the kernels of the common cherry and the apple2 the leaves of the ,prunus capricida2 the bark of the ,pr4 virginiana2 the flowers and kernels of the ,pr4 spinosa2 the leaves of the ,cerasus acida2 the bark and almost all parts of the ,sorbus aucuparia1 ,s4 hybrida1 and ,s4 torminalis2 the young twigs of the ,cratgus oxyacantha2 the leaves and partly also the flowers of the shrubby ,spirace1 such as ,spira aruncus1 ,s4 sorbifolia1 and ,s4 japonica2#bch together with the roots of the bitter and sweet ,cassava4 #bch ,the bark and green parts of the ,prunus avium1 ,l41 ,prunus mahaleb1 ,l41 and herbaceous ,spir yield no prussic acid4 ,in only a few of these1 however1 has the exact amount of either prussic acid or amygdalin been determined2 #a grm4 of bitter almond pulp is about equal to #b mgrms4 of anhydrous prussic acid4 ,the kernels from the stones of the cherry1 according to ,geiseler1 yield #c per cent4 of amygdalin2 therefore1 #a grm4 equals #ag mgrm4 of ,,hcn4 #bed4 ,the wild service-tree 7,prunus padus7 and the cherry-laurel 7,prunus ,laurocerasus7 contain1 not amygdalin but a compound of amygdalin with amygdalic acid2 to this has been given the name of laurocerasin4 ,it was formerly known as amorphous amygdalin2 its formula is ,c,h,,no2 #icc parts are equivalent to #bg of hydric cyanide--that is1 #ajj parts equal to #bhi4 ,in the bark of the service-tree1 ,lehmann found #g per cent4 of laurocerasin 7 #jb ,,hcn71 and in the leaves of the cherry-laurel #ach per cent4 7 #jci ,,hcn74 ,francis1#bci in a research on the prussic acid in cassava root1 gives as the mean in the sweet cassava #jafh per cent41 in the bitter #jbge per cent41 the maximum in each being respectively #jbch per cent41 and #jddb per cent4 ,the bitter-fresh cassava root has long been known as a very dangerous poison2 but the sweet has hitherto been considered harmless1 although it is evident that it also contains a considerable quantity of prussic acid4 #bci 8,on ,prussic ,acid from ,cassava10 ,analyst1 ,april #ahgg1 p4 #e4 ,the kernels of the peach contain about #bhe per cent4 amygdalin 7 #ag ,,hcn72 those of the plum #if per cent4 7 #jef ,,hcn72 and apple pips #f per cent4 7 #jce per cent4 ,,hcn74 ,it is of great practical value to know1 even approximately1 the quantity of prussic acid contained in various fruits1 since it has been adopted as a defence in criminal cases that the deceased was poisoned by prussic acid developed in substances eaten4 #bee4 ,statistics4--,poisoning by the cyanides 7prussic acid or cyanide of potassium7 occupies the third place among poisons in order of frequency in this country1 and accounts for about #dj deaths annually4 ,in the ten years ending #ahib there were recorded no less than #cie cases of accidental1 suicidal1 or homicidal poisoning by prussic acid and potassic cyanide4 ,the further statistical details may be gathered from the following tables3-- ,,deaths ,,in ,,england ,,and ,,wales ,,during ,,the ,,ten ,,years #ahhc-ahib ,,from ,,prussic ,,acid ,,and ,,potassic ,,cyanide4 ,,prussic ,,acid 7,,accident ,,or ,,negligence74 ,ages1 #j-a #a-e #e-ae #ae-be #be-fe #fe and ,total above ,males1 444 #a #a #a #ab #a #af ,females1 #a #a 444 #b #g 444 #aa ---------------------------------------- ---- ,totals1 #a #b #a #c #ai #a #bg ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,cyanide ,,of ,,potassium 7,,accident ,,or ,,negligence74 ,ages1 #a-e #e-ae #ae-be #be-fe #fe and ,total above ,males1 #a #a #d #a 444 #g ,females1 #a 444 444 #c 444 #d --------------------------------------- ,totals1 #b #a #d #d 444 #aa --------------------------------------- ,,prussic ,,acid 7,,suicide74 ,ages1 #ae-be #be-fe #fe and ,total above ,males1 #bc #aef #bc #bjb ,females1 #e #ac #a #ai ---------------------------- ,totals1 #bh #afi #bd #bba ---------------------------- ,,potassium ,,cyanide 7,,suicide74 ,ages1 #e-ae #ae-be #be-fe #fe and ,total above ,males1 #a #f #hh #e #ajj ,females1 444 #f #ae #a #bb ---------------------------------- ,totals1 #a #ab #ajc #f #abb ---------------------------------- ,to these figures must be added #aj cases of murder 7#b males and #h females7 by prussic acid1 and #d cases of murder 7#c males and #a female7 by potassic cyanide4 ,in order to ascertain the proportion in which the various forms of commercial cyanides cause death1 and also the proportion of accidental1 suicidal1 and criminal deaths from the same cause1 ,falck collated twelve years of statistics from medical literature with the following result3-- ,in #ea cases of cyanide poisoning1 #bi were caused by potassic cyanide1 #i by hydric cyanide1 #e by oil of bitter almonds1 #c by peach stones 7these #c were children1 and are classed as 8domestic10 that is1 taking the kernels as a food71 #c by bitter almonds 7#a of the #c suicidal and followed by death1 the other #b 8domestic071 #a by tartaric acid and potassic cyanide 7a suicidal case1 an apothecary71 and #a by ferro-cyanide of potassium and tartaric acid4 ,of the #dc cases first mentioned1 #ba were suicidal1 #g criminal1 #h domestic1 and #g medicinal2 the #dc patients were #bd men1 #ad children1 and #e women4 ,the cyanides are very rarely used for the purpose of murder3 a poison which has a strong smell and a perceptible taste1 and which also kills with a rapidity only equalled by deadly bullet or knife-wounds1 betrays its presence with too many circumstances of a tragic character to find favour in the dark and secret schemes of those who desire to take life by poison4 ,in #gic poisoning cases of a criminal character in ,france1 #d only were by the cyanides4 ,hydric and potassic cyanides were once the favourite means of self-destruction employed by suicidal photographers1 chemists1 scientific medical men1 and others in positions where such means are always at hand2 but1 of late years1 the popular knowledge of poisons has increased1 and self-poisoning by the cyanides scarcely belongs to a particular class4 ,a fair proportion of the deaths are also due to accident or unfortunate mistakes1 and a still smaller number to the immoderate or improper use of cyanide-containing vegetable products4 #bef4 ,accidental and ,criminal ,poisoning by ,prussic ,acid4--,the poison is almost always taken by the mouth into the stomach1 but occasionally in other ways--such1 for example1 as in the case of the illustrious chemist1 ,scheele1 who died from inhalation of the vapour of the acid which he himself discovered1 owing to the breaking of a flask4 ,there is also the case related by ,tardieu1 in which cyanide of potassium was introduced under the nails2 and that mentioned by ,carrire1#bdj in which a woman gave herself1 with suicidal intent1 an enema containing cyanide of potassium4 ,it has been shown by experiments1 in which every care was taken to render it impossible for the fumes to be inhaled1 that hydrocyanic acid applied to the eye of warm-blooded animals may destroy life in a few minutes4#bda #bdj 8,empoisonnement par le cyanure de potassium1--gurison10 ,bullet4 gnral de ,thrap41 #ahfi1 ,no4 #cj4 #bda ,n4 ,grhant1 ,compt4 rend4 ,soc4 ,biol4 #i1 xi4 #fd1 #fe4 ,with regard to errors in dispensing1 the most tragic case on record is that related by ,arnold3#bdb--;,a pharmaceutist had put in a mixture for a child potassic cyanide instead of potassic chlorate1 and the child died after the first dose3 the chemist1 however1 convinced that he had made no mistake1 to show the harmlessness of the preparation1 drank some of it1 and there and then died2 while ,dr4 ,arnold himself1 incautiously tasting the draught1 fell insensible1 and was unconscious for six hours4 #bdb ,arnold1 ,a4 ,b41 8,case of ,poisoning by the ,cyanide of ,potassium10 ,amer4 ,journ4 of ,med4 ,scien41 #ahfi4 #beg4 ,fatal ,dose4--,notwithstanding the great number of persons who in every civilised country fall victims to the cyanides1 it is yet somewhat doubtful what is the minimum dose likely to kill an adult healthy man4 ,the explanation of this uncertainty is to be sought mainly in the varying strength of commercial prussic acid1 which varies from #ae 7,schraeder's7 to #ej per cent4 7,robiquet's71 and also in the varying condition of the person taking the poison1 more especially whether the stomach be full or empty4 ,in by far the greater number1 the dose taken has been much beyond that necessary to produce death1 but this observation is true of most poisonings4 ,the dictum of ,taylor1 that a quantity of commercial prussic acid1 equivalent to #a ,english grain 7#fe mgrm47 of the anhydrous acid1 would1 under ordinary circumstances1 be sufficient to destroy adult life1 has been generally accepted by all toxicologists4 ,the minimum lethal dose of potassic cyanide is similarly put at #bda grains 7#aeg grm474 ,as to bitter almonds1 if it be considered that as a mean they contain #be per cent4 of amygdalin1 then it would take #de grms41 or about #hj almonds1 to produce a lethal dose for an adult2 with children less--in fact1 #d to #f bitter almonds are said to have produced poisoning in a child4 #beh4 ,action of ,hydric and ,potassic ,cyanides on ,living ,organisms4--,both hydric cyanide and potassic cyanide are poisonous to all living forms1 vegetable or animal1 with the exception of certain fungi4 ,the cold-blooded animals take a larger relative dose than the warm-blooded1 and the mammalia are somewhat more sensitive to the poisonous action of the cyanides than birds2 but all are destroyed in a very similar manner1 and without any essential difference of action4 ,the symptoms produced by hydric and potassic cyanide are identical1 and1 as regards general symptoms1 what is true as to the one is also true as to the other4 ,there is1 however1 one important difference in the action of these two substances1 if the mere local action is considered1 for potassic cyanide is very alkaline1 possessing even caustic properties4 ,i have seen1 e4g41 the gastric mucous membrane of a woman1 who had taken an excessive dose of potassic cyanide on an empty stomach1 so inflamed and swollen1 that its state was similar to that induced by a moderate quantity of solution of potash4 ,on the other hand1 the acid properties of hydric cyanide are very feeble1 and its effect on mucous membranes or the skin in no way resembles that of the mineral acids4 ,it attacks the animal system in two ways3 the one1 a profound interference with the ordinary metabolic changes2 the other1 a paralysis of the nervous centres4 ,schnbein discovered that it affected the blood corpuscles in a peculiar way2 normal blood decomposes with great ease hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water4 ,if to normal venous blood a little peroxide of hydrogen be added1 the blood at once becomes bright red2 but if a trace of prussic acid be present1 it is of a dark brown colour4 ,the blood corpuscles1 therefore1 lose their power of conveying oxygen to all parts of the system1 and the phenomena of asphyxia are produced4 ,geppert#bdc has proved that this is really the case by showing1 in a series of researches1 that1 under the action of hydric cyanide1 less oxygen is taken up1 and less carbon dioxide formed than normal1 even if the percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere breathed is artificially increased4 ,the deficiency of oxygen is in part due to the fact that substances like lactic acid1 the products of incomplete combustion1 are formed instead of ,,co4 #bdc ,geppert1 ,ueber das ,wesen der ,,cnh-,vergift2 mit einer ,tafel1 ,berlin1 #ahhi2 ,sep4-,abdr4 aus ,ztschr4 f4 klin4 ,med41 ,bd4 xv4 ,at the same time the protoplasm of the tissues is paralysed1 and unable to take up the loosely bound oxygen presented4 ,this explains a striking symptom which has been noticed by many observers1 that is1 if hydrocyanic acid be injected into an animal1 the venous blood becomes of a bright red colour2 in warm-blooded animals this bright colour is transitory1 but in cold-blooded animals1 in which the oxidation process is slower1 the blood remains bright red4 #bei4 ,symptoms observed in ,animals4--,the main differences between the symptoms induced in cold-blooded and warm-blooded animals1 by a fatal dose of hydric cyanide1 are as follows3-- ,the respiration in frogs is at first somewhat dyspnic1 then much slowed1 and at length it ceases4 ,the heart1 at first slowed1 later contracts irregularly1 and at length gradually stops2 but it may continue to beat for several minutes after the respiration has ceased4 ,but all these progressive symptoms are without convulsion4 ,among warm-blooded animals1 on the contrary1 convulsions are constant1 and the sequence of the symptoms appears to be--dyspna1 slowing of the pulse1 giddiness1 falling down1 then convulsions with expulsion of the urine and fces2 dilatation of the pupils1 exophthalmus1 and finally cessation of the pulse and breathing4 ,the convulsions also frequently pass into general paralysis1 with loss of reflex movements1 weak1 infrequent breathing1 irregular1 quick1 and very frequent pulse1 and considerable diminution of temperature4 ,the commencement of the symptoms in animals is extremely rapid1 the rapidity varying according to the dose and the concentration of the acid4 ,it was formerly thought that the death from a large dose of the concentrated acid followed far more quickly than could be accounted for by the blood carrying the poison to the nervous centres2 but ,blake was among the first to point out that this doubt was not supported by facts carefully observed1 since there is always a sufficient interval between the entry of the poison into the body and the first symptoms1 to support the theory that the poison is absorbed in the usual manner4 ,even when ,preyer injected a cubic centimetre of #fj per cent4 acid into the jugular vein of a rabbit1 twenty-nine seconds elapsed before the symptoms commenced4 ,besides1 we have direct experiments showing that the acid--when applied to wounds in limbs1 the vessels of which are tied1 while the free nervous communication is left open--only acts when the ligature is removed4 ,magendie describes1 in his usual graphic manner1 how he killed a dog by injecting into the jugular vein prussic acid1 and 8the dog died instantly1 as if struck by a cannon ball10 but it is probable that the interval of time was not accurately noted4 ,a few seconds pass very rapidly1 and might be occupied even by slowly pressing the piston of the syringe down1 and in the absence of accurate measurements1 it is surprising how comparatively long intervals of time are unconsciously shortened by the mind4 ,in any case1 this observation by ,magendie has not been confirmed by the accurate tests of the more recent experimenters2 and it is universally acknowledged that1 although with strong doses of hydric cyanide injected into the circulation--or1 in other words1 introduced into the system--in the most favourable conditions for its speediest action1 death occurs with appalling suddenness1 yet that it takes a time sufficiently long to admit of explanation in the manner suggested4 ,this has forensic importance1 which will be again alluded to4 ,experiments on animals show that a large dose of a dilute acid kills quite as quickly as an equivalent dose of a stronger acid1 and in some cases it even seems to act more rapidly4 ,if the death does not take place within a few minutes1 life may be prolonged for hours1 and even1 in rare cases1 days1 and yet the result be death4 ,coullon poisoned a dog with prussic acid2 it lived for nineteen days1 and then died2 but this is quite an exceptional case1 and when the fatal issue is prolonged beyond an hour1 the chance of recovery is considerable4 #bfj4 ,the length of time dogs poisoned by fatal doses survive1 generally varies from two to fifteen minutes4 ,the symptoms are convulsions1 insensibility of the cornea1 cessation of respiration1 and1 finally1 the heart stops--the heart continuing to beat several minutes after the cessation of the respirations4#bdd ,when the dose is short of a fatal one1 the symptoms are as follows3--,evident giddiness and distress2 the tongue is protruded1 the breath is taken in short1 hurried gasps1 there is salivation1 and convulsions rapidly set in1 preceded1 it may be1 by a cry4 ,the convulsions pass into paralysis and insensibility4 ,after remaining in this state some time1 the animal again wakes up1 as it were1 very often howls1 and is again convulsed2 finally1 it sinks into a deep sleep1 and wakes up well4 #bdd ,n4 ,grhant1 ,compt4 rend41 t4 #aji1 pp4 #ejb1 #ejc4 ,preyer noticed a striking difference in the symptoms after section of the vagus in animals1 which varied according to whether the poison was administered by the lungs1 or subcutaneously4 ,in the first case1 if the dose is small1 the respirations are diminished in frequency2 then this is followed by normal breathing2 if the dose is larger1 there is an increase in the frequency of the respirations4 ,lastly1 if a very large quantity is introduced into the lungs1 death quickly follows1 with respirations diminished in frequency4 ,on the other hand1 when the poison is injected subcutaneously1 small doses have no influence on the breathing2 but with large doses1 there is an increase in the frequency of the respirations1 which sink again below the normal standard4 #bfa4 ,symptoms in ,man4--,when a fatal but not excessive dose of either potassic or hydric cyanide is taken1 the sequence of symptoms is as follows3--,salivation1 with a feeling of constriction in the throat1 nausea1 and occasionally vomiting4 ,after a few minutes a peculiar constricting pain in the chest is felt1 and the breathing is distinctly affected4 ,giddiness and confusion of sight rapidly set in1 and the person falls to the ground in convulsions similar to those of epilepsy4 ,the convulsions are either general1 or attacking only certain groups of muscles2 there is often true trismus1 and the jaws are so firmly closed that nothing will part them4 ,the respiration is peculiar1 the inspiration is short1 the expiration prolonged1#bde and between the two there is a long interval ever becoming more protracted as death is imminent4 ,the skin is pale1 or blue1 or greyish-blue2 the eyes are glassy and staring1 with dilated pupils2 the mouth is covered with foam1 and the breath smells of the poison2 the pulse1 at first quick and small1 sinks in a little while in frequency1 and at length cannot be felt4 ,involuntary evacuation of fces1 urine1 and semen is often observed1 and occasionally there has been vomiting1 and a portion of the vomit has been aspirated into the air-passages4 ,finally1 the convulsions pass into paralysis1 abolition of reflex sensibility1 and gradual ceasing of the respiration4 ,with large doses these different stages may occur1 but the course is so rapid that they are merged the one into the other1 and are undistinguishable4 ,the shortest time between the taking of the acid and the commencement of the symptoms may be put at about ten seconds4 ,if1 however1 a large amount of the vapour is inhaled at once1 this period may be rather lessened4 ,the interval of time is so short that any witnesses generally unintentionally exaggerate1 and aver that the effects were witnessed before the swallowing of the liquid--8,as the cup was at his lips0--8,he had hardly drunk it10 c4 ,there is probably a short interval of consciousness1 then come giddiness1 and1 it may be1 a cry for assistance2 and lastly1 there is a falling down in convulsions1 and a speedy death4 ,convulsions are not always present1 the victim occasionally appears to sink lifeless at once4 ,thus1 in a case related by ,hufeland1 a man was seen to swallow a quantity of acid1 equivalent to #dj grains of the pure acid--that is1 about forty times more than sufficient to kill him4 ,he staggered a few paces1 and then fell dead1 without sound or convulsion4 #bde ,in a case quoted by ,seidel 7,maschka's ,handbuch1 p4 #cba71 a man1 #cf years of age1 four or five minutes after swallowing #aej mgrms4 anhydrous ,,hcn in spirits1 lay apparently lifeless1 without pulse or breathing4 ,after a few minutes was noticed an extraordinary deep expiration1 by which the ribs were drawn in almost to the spine1 and the chest made quite hollow4 #bfb4 ,the very short interval that may thus intervene between the taking of a dose of prussic acid and loss of consciousness1 may be utilised by the sufferer in doing various acts1 and thus this interval becomes of immense medico-legal importance4 ,the question is simply this3--,what can be done by a person in full possession of his faculties in ten seconds8 ,i have found from experiment that1 after drinking a liquid from a bottle1 the bottle may be corked1 the individual can get into bed1 and arrange the bedclothes in a suitable manner2 he may also throw the bottle away1 or out of the window2 and1 indeed1 with practice1 in that short time a number of rapid and complicated acts may be performed4 ,this is borne out both by experiments on animals and by recorded cases4 ,in ,mr4 ,nunneley's numerous experiments on dogs1 one of the animals1 after taking poison1 8went down three or four steps of the stairs1 saw that the door at the bottom was closed1 and came back again40 ,a second went down1 came up1 and went again down the steps of a long winding staircase1 and a third retained sufficient vigour to jump over another dog1 and then leap across the top of a staircase4 ,in a remarkable case related by ,dr4 ,guy1#bdf in which a young man1 after drinking more wine than usual1 was seized by a sudden impulse to take prussic acid1 and drank about #b drachms1 producing symptoms which1 had it not been for prompt treatment1 would1 in all probability1 have ended fatally--the interval is again noteworthy4 ,after taking the poison in bed1 he rose1 walked round the foot of a chest of drawers1 standing within a few yards of the bedside1 placed the stopper firmly in the bottle1 and then walked back to bed with the intention of getting into it2 but here a giddiness seized him1 and he sat down on the edge1 and became insensible4 #bdf ,forensic ,medicine1 #dth ed41 p4 #fae4 ,a case related by ,taylor is still stronger4 ,a woman1 after swallowing a fatal dose of essence of almonds1 went to a well in the yard1 drew water1 and drank a considerable quantity4 ,she then ascended two flights of stairs and called her child1 again descended a flight of stairs1 fell on her bed1 and died within half an hour from the taking of the poison4 ,nevertheless1 these cases and similar ones are exceptional1 and only show what is possible1 not what is usual1 the rule being that after fatal doses no voluntary act of significance--save1 it may be1 a cry for assistance--is performed4#bdg #bdg ,dr4 ,j4 ,autal1 a ,hungarian chemist1 states that cobalt nitrate is an efficacious antidote to poisoning by either ,,hcn or ,,kcn4 ,the brief interval between the taking of a fatal dose and death can1 however1 be rarely utilised4--,lancet1 ,jan4 #af1 #ahid4 #bfc4 ,chronic poisoning by hydric cyanide is said to occur among photographers1 gilders1 and those who are engaged daily in the preparation or handling of either hydric or potassic cyanides4 ,the symptoms are those of feeble poisoning1 headache1 giddiness1 noises in the ears1 difficult respiration1 pain over the heart1 a feeling of constriction in the throat1 loss of appetite1 nausea1 obstinate constipation1 full pulse1 with pallor and offensive breath4 ,koritschoner#bdh has made some observations on patients who were made to breathe at intervals1 during many weeks1 prussic acid vapour1 with the idea that such a treatment would destroy the tubercle bacilli4 ,twenty-five per cent4 of those treated in this way suffered from redness of the pharynx1 salivation1 headache1 nausea1 vomiting1 slow pulse1 and even albuminuria4 #bdh ,wiener klin4 ,woch41 #ahia4 #bfd4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4#bdi--;,if we for the moment leave out of consideration any changes which may be seen in the stomach after doses of potassic cyanide1 then it may be affirmed that the pathological changes produced by hydric and potassic cyanides mainly coincide with those produced by suffocation4 ,the most striking appearance is the presence of bright red spots2 these bright red spots or patches are confined to the surface of the body1 the blood in the deeper parts being of the ordinary venous hue1 unless1 indeed1 an enormous dose has been taken2 in that case the whole mass of blood may be bright red2 this bright colour is due1 according to ,kobert1 to the formation of cyanmethmoglobin4 ,the lungs and right heart are full of blood1 and there is a backward engorgement produced by the pulmonic block4 ,the veins of the neck and the vessels of the head generally are full of blood1 and1 in like manner1 the liver and kidneys are congested4 ,in the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes there is a bloody foam1 the lungs are gorged1 and often dematous in portions2 ecchymoses are seen in the pleura and other serous membranes2 and everywhere1 unless concealed by putrefaction1 or some strong-smelling ethereal oil1 there is an odour of hydric cyanide4 #bdi ,hydric cyanide has1 according to ,c4 ,brame1 a remarkable antiseptic action1 and if administered in sufficient quantity to animals1 preserves them after death for a month4 ,he considers that there is some more or less definite combination with the tissues4 ,casper has rightly recommended the head to be opened and examined first1 so as to detect the odour1 if present1 in the brain4 ,the abdominal and chest cavities usually possess a putrefactive smell1 but the brain is longer conserved1 so that1 if this course be adopted1 there is a greater probability of detecting the odour4 ,the stomach in poisoning by hydric cyanide is not inflamed1 but if alcohol has been taken at the same time1 or previously1 there may be more or less redness4 ,in poisoning by potassic cyanide1 the appearances are mainly the same as those just detailed1 with1 it may be1 the addition of caustic local action4 ,i have1 however1 seen1 in the case of a gentleman who drank accidentally a considerable dose of potassic cyanide just after a full meal1 not the slightest trace of any redness1 still less of corrosion4 ,here the contents of the stomach protected the mucous membrane1 or possibly the larger amount of acid poured out during digestion sufficiently neutralised the alkali4 ,potassic cyanide1 in very strong solution1 may cause erosions of the lips1 and the caustic effect may be traced in the mouth1 throat1 gullet1 to the stomach and duodenum2 but this is unusual1 and the local effects are1 as a rule1 confined to the stomach and duodenum4 ,the mucous membrane is coloured blood-red1 reacts strongly alkaline1#bej is swollen1 and it may be even ulcerated4 ,the upper layers of the epithelium are also often dyed with the colouring-matter of the blood1 which has been dissolved out by the cyanide4 ,this last change is a post-mortem effect1 and can be imitated by digesting the mucous membrane of a healthy stomach in a solution of cyanide4 ,the intensity of these changes are1 of course1 entirely dependent on the dose and emptiness of the stomach4 ,if the dose is so small as just to destroy life1 there may be but little redness or swelling of the stomach1 although empty at the time of taking the poison4 ,in those cases in which there has been vomiting1 and a part of the vomit has been drawn into the air-passages1 there may be also inflammatory changes in the larynx4 ,if essence of almonds has been swallowed1 the same slight inflammation may be seen which has been observed with other essential oils1 but no erosion1 no strong alkaline reaction1 nor anything approaching the effects of the caustic cyanide4 #bej ,the following case came under my own observation3--,a stout woman1 #ce years of age1 the wife of a ,french polisher1 drank1 in a fit of rage1 a solution of cyanide of potassium4 ,it was estimated that about #ae grains of the solid substance were swallowed4 ,she died within an hour4 ,the face was flushed1 the body not decomposed2 the mouth smelt strongly of cyanide2 the stomach had about an ounce of bloody fluid in it1 and was in a most intense state of congestion4 ,there was commencing fatty degeneration of the liver1 the kidneys were flabby1 and the capsule adherent4 ,the contents of the stomach showed cyanide of potassium1 and the blood was very fluid4 ,the woman was known to be of intemperate habits4 ,in poisoning by bitter almonds no inflammatory change in the mucous membrane of the coats of the stomach would be anticipated1 yet in one recorded case there seems to have been an eroded and inflamed patch4 #bfe4 ,tests for ,hydrocyanic ,acid and ,cyanide of ,potassium4--7#a47 ,the addition of silver nitrate to a solution containing prussic acid1 or a soluble cyanide1#bea produces a precipitate of argentic cyanide4 #ajj parts of argentic cyanide are composed of #hjfj ,ag and #aid ,,cn1 equivalent to #bja ,,hcn4 ,it is a white anhydrous precipitate1 soluble either in ammonia or in a solution of cyanide of potassium4 ,it is soluble in hot dilute nitric acid1 but separates on cooling4 ,a particle of silver cyanide1 moistened with strong ammonia1 develops needles2 silver chloride treated similarly1 octahedral crystals4 ,it is insoluble in water4 ,upon ignition it is decomposed into ,,cn and metallic silver1 mixed with a little paracyanide of silver4 #bea ,in the case of testing in this way for the alkaline cyanides1 the solution must contain a little free nitric acid4 ,a very neat process for the identification of cyanide of silver is the following3--,place the perfectly dry cyanide in a closed or sealed tube1 containing a few crystals of iodine4 ,on heating slightly1 iodide of cyanogen is sublimed in beautiful needles4 ,these crystals again may be dissolved in a dilute solution of potash1 a little ferrous sulphate added1 and hydrochloric acid1 and in this way ,prussian blue produced4 ,if the quantity to be tested is small1 the vapour of the acid may be evolved in a very short test-tube1 the mouth of which is closed by the ordinary thin discs of microscopic glass1 the under surface of which is moistened with a solution of nitrate of silver2 the resulting crystals of silver cyanide are very characteristic1 and readily identified by the microscope4 7#b47 ,if1 instead of silver nitrate1 the disc be moistened with a solution of sulphate of iron 7to which has been added a little potash71 and exposed to the vapour a short time1 and then some dilute hydrochloric acid added1 the moistened surface first becomes yellow1 then green1 lastly1 and permanently1 blue4 ,no other blue compound of iron 7with the exception of ,prussian blue7 is insoluble in dilute hydrochloric acid4 7#c47 ,a third1 and perhaps the most delicate of all1 is the so-called sulphur test4 ,a yellow sulphide of ammonium1 containing free sulphur1 is prepared by saturating ammonia by ,,sh1 first suspending in the fluid a little finely-precipitated sulphur 7or an old1 ill-preserved solution of sulphide of ammonium may be used74 ,two watch-glasses are now taken2 in the one the fluid containing prussic acid is put1 and the second 7previously moistened with the sulphide of ammonium described7 is inverted over it4 ,the glasses are conveniently placed for a few minutes in the water-oven2 the upper one is then removed1 the moist surface evaporated to dryness in the water-bath1 a little water added1 and then a small drop of solution of chloride of iron4 ,if hydrocyanic acid is present1 the sulphocyanide of iron will be formed of a striking blood-red colour4 7#d47 ,the reaction usually called ,schnbein's1 or ,pagenstecher and ,schnbein's#beb 7but long known1#bec and used before the publication of their paper71 consists of guaiacum paper1 moistened with a very dilute solution of sulphate of copper 7#a 3 #bjjj74 ,this becomes blue if exposed to the vapour of hydrocyanic acid4 ,unfortunately1 the same reaction is produced by ammonia1 ozone1 nitric acid1 hypochlorous acid1 iodine1 bromine1 chromate of potash1 and other oxidising agents1 so that its usefulness is greatly restricted4 #beb ,neues ,repert4 de ,pharm41 #ah1 #cef4 #bec ,this reaction 7with tincture of guaiacum and copper7 has been long known4 8,i remember a pharmaceutist1 who attended my father's laboratory1 showing me this test in #ahbh or #ahbi40--,mohr's ,toxicologie1 p4 #ib4 7#e47 ,a very delicate test for prussic acid is as follows3--,about one-half centigrm4 of ammonia1 ferrous sulphate 7or other pure ferrous salt71 and the same quantity of uranic nitrate1 are dissolved in #ej c4c4 of water1 and #a c4c4 of this test-liquid is placed in a porcelain dish4 ,on now adding a drop of a liquid containing the smallest quantity of prussic acid1 a grey-purple colour1 or a distinct purple precipitate is produced4#bed #bed ,m4 ,carey ,lea1 ,amer4 ,journ4 of ,science #c1 ix4 pp4 #aba-abc2 ,j4 ,c4 ,society1 #ahgf1 vol4 i4 p4 #aab4 7#f47 ,a hot solution of potassic cyanide1 mixed with picric acid1 assumes a blood-red colour1 due to the formation of picro-cyanic acid4 ,free ,,hcn does not give this reaction1 and therefore must first be neutralised by an alkali4 7#g47 ,schnbein's ,test4--,to a few drops of defibrinated ox-blood are added a few drops of the carefully-neutralised distillate supposed to contain prussic acid1 and then a little neutral peroxide of hydrogen is added4 ,if the distillate contains no prussic acid1 then the mixture becomes of a bright pure red and froths strongly2 if1 on the other hand1 a trace of prussic acid be present1 the liquid becomes brown and does not froth1 or only slightly does so4 7#h47 ,kobert's ,test4--,a #a-d per cent4 solution of blood1 to which a trace of ferridcyanide of potassium is added1 is prepared1 and the neutralised distillate added to this solution4 ,if hydric cyanide be present1 then the liquid becomes of a bright red colour1 and1 examined spectroscopically1 instead of the spectrum of methmoglobin1 will be seen the spectrum of cyanmethmoglobin4 ,kobert proposes to examine the blood of the poisoned1 for the purpose of diagnosis1 during life4 ,a drop of blood from a healthy person1 and a drop of blood from the patient1 are examined side by side1 according to the process just given4 #bff4 ,separation of ,hydric ,cyanide or ,potassic ,cyanide from ,organic ,matters1 such as the ,contents of the ,stomach1 c4--,it is very necessary1 before specially searching for hydric cyanide in the contents of the stomach1 to be able to say1 by careful and methodical examination1 whether there are or are not any fragments of bitter almonds1 of apples1 peaches1 or other substance likely to produce hydric cyanide4 ,if potassic cyanide has been taken1 simple distillation will always reveal its presence1 because it is found partly decomposed into hydric cyanide by the action of the gastric acids4 ,nevertheless1 an acid should always be added1 and if1 as in the routine process given at p4 #dh1 there is reasonable doubt for suspecting that there will be no cyanide present1 it will be best to add tartaric acid 7for this organic acid will in no way interfere with subsequent operations71 and distil1 as recommended1 in a vacuum4 ,if1 however1 from the odour and from the history of the case1 it is pretty sure to be a case of poisoning by hydric or potassic cyanide1 then the substances1 if fluid1 are at once placed in a retort or flask1 and acidified with a suitable quantity of sulphuric acid1 or if the tissues or other solid matters are under examination1 they are finely divided1 or pulped1 and distilled1 after acidifying with sulphuric acid as before4 ,it may be well here1 as a caution1 to remark that the analyst must not commit the unpardonable error of first producing a cyanide by reagents acting on animal matters1 and then detecting as a poison the cyanide thus manufactured4 ,if1 for example1 a healthy liver is carbonised by nitric acid1 saturated with potash1 and then burnt up1 cyanide of potassium is always one of the products2 and1 indeed1 the ashes of a great variety of nitrogenous organic substances may contain cyanides--cyanides not pre-existing1 but manufactured by combination4 ,by the action of nitric acid even on sugar1#bee hydric cyanide is produced4 #bee ,chemical ,news1 #fh1 p4 #ge4 ,the old method of distillation was to distil by the gentle heat of a water-bath1 receiving the distillate in a little weak potash water1 and not prolonging the process beyond a few hours4 ,the experiments of ,sokoloff1 however1 throw a grave doubt on the suitability of this simple method for quantitative results4 ,n4 ,sokoloff#bef recommends the animal substances to be treated by water strongly acidified with hydric sulphate1 and then to be distilled in the water-bath for from two to three days2 or to be distilled for twenty-four hours1 by the aid of an oil-bath1 at a high temperature4 ,he gives the following example of quantitative analysis by the old process of merely distilling for a few hours1 and by the new3-- #bef ,ber4 d4 deutsch4 chem4 ,gesellsch41 ,berlin1 ix4 p4 #ajbc4 ,old ,process4--7#a47 ,body of a hound--age1 #b years2 weight1 #eahj grms42 dose administered1 #eg mgrms4 ,,hcn2 death in fifteen minutes4 ,after five days there was found in the saliva #jf mgrm41 stomach #cb mgrms41 in the rest of the intestines #bf mgrms41 in the muscles #da--total1 #aje4 7#b47 ,weight of body1 #djjj grms42 dose given1 #ch mgrms42 death in eleven minutes4 ,after fifteen days1 in the saliva #jh1 in the stomach #gb1 in the rest of the intestines #bb1 in the muscles #cb--total1 #acd4 ,new ,process4--,weight of body1 #egjj grams2 dose1 #eg mgrms42 death in twenty-four minutes4 ,after fifteen days1 in the saliva #aa mgrm41 in the stomach #bf1 in the rest of the intestines #if1 in the muscles #cai1 and in the whole1 #deb mgrms4 ,duration of process1 thirteen hours4 ,from a second hound1 weighing #fhjj grms42 dose1 #fg mgrms42 #bea mgrms4 were separated three days after death4 ,from a third hound1 weighing #eibj grms42 dose1 #ih mgrms42 after forty days1 by distillation on a sand-bath1 there were separated #bh mgrms4 from the saliva1 #dh from the stomach1 #afh from the intestines1 #bcf from the muscles--total1 #dh mgrms4 ,it would also appear that he has separated #eab mgrms4 of anhydrous acid from the corpse of a dog which had been poisoned by #eg mgrms4 of acid1 and buried sixty days4#beg #beg ,without wishing to discredit the statements of ,m4 ,sokoloff1 we may point out that a loss of half-a-dozen mgrms4 only appears rather extraordinary4 ,from another canine corpse1 three days laid in an oven1 and left for twenty-seven days at the ordinary temperature1 #ea mgrms4 were recovered out of a fatal dose of #ch mgrms4 ,the estimation was in each case performed by titrating the distillate with argentic nitrate1 the sulphur compounds having been previously got rid of by saturating the distillate with ,,kho1 and precipitating by lead acetate4 ,venturoli#beh has1 on the contrary1 got good quantitative results without distillation at all4 ,a current of pure hydrogen gas is passed through the liquid to be tested and the gas finally made to bubble through silver nitrate4 ,he states that the whole of the hydric cyanide present is carried over in an hour4 ,metallic cyanides must be decomposed by sulphuric acid or tartaric acid4 ,mercury cyanide must be decomposed with ,,sh1 the solution acidified with tartaric acid1 neutralised with freshly precipitated calcic carbonate to fix any ferro- or ferri-cyanides present1 and hydrogen passed in and the issuing gases led first through a solution of bismuth nitrate to remove ,,sh and then into the silver solution4 #beh ,l',orosi4 xv4 #he-hh4 #bfg4 ,how long after ,death can ,hydric or ,potassic ,cyanides be ,detected8--,sokoloff appears to have separated prussic acid from the body of hounds at very long periods after death--in one case sixty days4 ,dragendorff recognised potassic cyanide in the stomach of a hound after it had been four weeks in his laboratory1#bei and in man eight days after burial4 ,casper also1 in his #baath case1 states that more than #ah mgrms4 of anhydrous prussic acid were obtained from a corpse eight days after death4#bfj ,dr4 ,e4 ,tillner#bfa has recognised potassic cyanide in a corpse four months after death4 ,lastly1 ,struve#bfb put #cjj grms4 of flesh1 #djj of common water1 and #bcgh of ,k,cy in a flask1 and then opened the flask after #edg days4 ,the detection was easy1 and the estimation agreed with the amount placed there at first4 ,so that1 even in very advanced stages of putrefaction1 and at periods after death extending beyond many months1 the detection of prussic acid cannot be pronounced impossible4 #bei ,dragendorff1 ,g41 ,beitr4 zur gericht4 ,chem41 p4 #ei4 #bfj ,casper's ,pract4 ,handbuch der gerichtlichen ,medicin1 p4 #efa4 #bfa ,vierteljahr4 f4 gerichtl4 ,med41 ,berlin1 #ahha1 p4 #aic4 #bfb ,zeitschrift f4 anal4 ,chemie1 von ,fresenius1 #ahgc1 xii4 p4 #d4 #bfh4 ,estimation of ,hydrocyanic ,acid or ,potassic ,cyanide4--,in all cases1 the readiest method of estimating prussic acid 7whether it be in the distillate from organic substances or in aqueous solution7 is to saturate it with soda or potash1 and titrate the alkaline cyanide thus formed with nitrate of silver4 ,the process is based on the fact that there is first formed a soluble compound 7,k,cy1 ,ag,cy71 which the slightest excess of silver breaks up1 and the insoluble cyanide is at once precipitated4 ,if grains are used1 #ag grains of nitrate of silver are dissolved in water1 the solution made up to exactly #ajjj grain measures1 each grain measure equalling #jjed grain of anhydrous hydrocyanic acid4 ,if grammes are employed1 the strength of the nitrate of silver solution should be #ag grm4 to the litre1 each c4c4 then #jjed hydrocyanic acid1 or #jacjb grm4 of potassic cyanide4 ,essential oil of bitter almonds may also be titrated in this way1 provided it is diluted with sufficient spirit to prevent turbidity from separation of the essential oil4 ,if hydrocyanic acid is determined gravimetrically 7which is sometimes convenient1 when only a single estimation is to be made71 it is precipitated as cyanide of silver1 the characters of which have been already described4 #bfi4 ,case of ,poisoning by ,bitter ,almonds4--,instances of poisoning by bitter almonds are very rare4 ,the following interesting case is recorded by ,maschka3-- ,a maid-servant1 #ca years of age1 after a quarrel with her lover1 ate a quantity of bitter almonds4 ,in a few minutes she sighed1 complained of being unwell and faint2 she vomited twice1 and1 after about ten minutes more had elapsed1 fell senseless and was convulsed4 ,an hour afterwards1 a physician found her insensible1 the eyes rolled upwards1 the thumb clenched within the shut fists1 and the breathing rattling1 the pulse very slow4 ,she died within an hour-and-a-half from the first symptoms4 ,the autopsy showed the organs generally healthy1 but all1 save the liver1 exhaling a faint smell of bitter almonds4 ,the right side of the heart was full of fluid dark blood1 the left was empty4 ,both lungs were rich in blood1 which smelt of prussic acid4 ,the stomach was not inflamed--it held #bej grms4 of a yellow fluid1 containing white flocks smelling of bitter almond oil4 ,in the most dependent portion of the stomach there was a swollen patch of mucous membrane1 partially denuded of epithelium4 ,the mucous membrane of the duodenum was also swollen and slightly red4 ,the contents of the stomach were acid1 and yielded1 on distillation1 hydride of benzole and hydric cyanide4 ,residues of the almonds themselves were also found1 and the whole quantity taken by the woman from various data was calculated to be #abjj grains of bitter almonds1 equal to #dc grains of amygdalin1 or #be grains of pure hydric cyanide4 ,poisonous ,cyanides other than ,hydric and ,potassic ,cyanides4 #bgj4 ,the action of both sodic and ammonic cyanides is precisely similar to that of potassic cyanide4 ,with regard to ammonic cyanide1 there are several experiments by ,eulenberg1#bfc showing that its vapour is intensely poisonous4 #bfc ,gewerbe ,hygiene1 p4 #che4 ,a weak stream of ammonic cyanide vapour was passed into glass shades1 under which pigeons were confined4 ,after a minute1 symptoms of distress commenced1 then followed convulsions and speedy death4 ,the post-mortem signs were similar to those produced by prussic acid1 and this substance was separated from the liver and lungs4 #bga4 ,with regard to the double cyanides1 all those are poisonous from which hydric cyanide can be separated through dilute acids1 while those which1 like potassic ferro-cyanide1 do not admit of this decomposition1 may be often taken with impunity1 and are only poisonous under certain conditions4 ,sonnenschein records the death of a colourist1 after he had taken a dose of potassic ferro-cyanide and then one of tartaric acid2 and ,volz describes the death of a man1 who took potassic ferro-cyanide and afterwards equal parts of nitric and hydrochloric acids4 ,in this latter case1 death took place within the hour1 with all the symptoms of poisoning by hydric cyanide2 so that it is not entirely true1 as most text-books declare1 that ferro-cyanide is in no degree poisonous4 ,carbon dioxide will decompose potassic ferro-cyanide at #gb-gd1 potass ferrous cyanide being precipitated--,k,fe7,,cn74 ,a similar action takes place if ferro-cyanide is mixed with a solution of peptone and casein1 and digested at blood heat#bfd 7from #cg to #dj ,c471 so that it is believed that when ferro-cyanide is swallowed ,,hcn is liberated1 but the quantity is usually so small at any given moment that no injury is caused3 but there are conditions in which it may kill speedily4#bfe #bfd ,autenrieth1 ,arch4 ,pharm41 #bca1 #ii-aji4 #bfe ,the presence of ferro-cyanide is easily detected4 ,the liquid is1 if necessary1 filtered and then acidified with hydrochloric acid and a few drops of ferric chloride added2 if the liquid contains ferro-cyanide1 there is immediate production of ,prussian blue4 ,it may happen that potassic or sodic cyanide has been taken as well as ferro-cyanide1 and it will be necessary then to devise a process by which only the prussic acid from the simple cyanide is distilled over4 ,according to ,autenrieth1 if sodium hydrocarbonate is added to the liquid in sufficient quantity and the liquid distilled1 the hydric cyanide that comes over is derived wholly from the sodium or potassium cyanide4 ,should mercury cyanide and ferro-cyanide be taken together1 then this process requires modification2 bicarbonate of soda is added as before1 and then a few c4c4 of water saturated with hydric sulphide2 under these circumstances1 only the hydric cyanide derived from the mercury cyanide distils over4 ,if the bicarbonate of soda is omitted1 the distillate contains hydric cyanide derived from the ferro-cyanide4 ,mercuric cyanide1 it has been often said1 acts precisely like mercuric chloride 7corrosive sublimate71 and a poisonous action is attributed to it not traceable to cyanogen2 but this is erroneous teaching4 ,bernard#bff declares that it is decomposed by the gastric juice1 and hydric cyanide set free2 while ,pelikan puts it in the same series as ammonic and potassic cyanides4 ,lastly1 ,tolmatscheff1#bfg by direct experiment1 has found its action to resemble closely that of hydric cyanide4#bfh #bff ,substances ,toxiques1 pp4 #ff-ajc4 #bfg 8,einige ,bemerkungen ber die ,wirkung von ,cyanquecksilber10 in ,hoppe-,seyler's ,med4 ,chem4 ,untersuchungen1 #b ,heft1 p4 #bgi4 #bfh ,mercury cyanide may be detected in a liquid after acidifying with tartaric acid1 and adding a few c4c4 of ,,sh water and then distilling4 ,s4 ,lopes suggests another process3 the liquid is acidified with tartaric acid1 ammonium chloride added in excess1 and the liquid is distilled4 ,a double chloride of ammonium and mercury is formed1 and ,,hcn distils over with the steam4--,j4 ,pharm41 xxvii4 #eej-eec4 ,silver cyanide acts1 according to the experiments of ,nunneley1 also like hydric cyanide1 but very much weaker4 ,hydric sulphocyanide in very large doses is poisonous4 ,potassic sulphocyanide1 according to ,dubreuil and ,legros1#bfi if subcutaneously injected1 causes first local paralysis of the muscles1 and later1 convulsions4 #bfi ,compt4 rend41 t4 #fd1 #ahfg1 p4 #efa4 ,cyanogen chloride 7,c,n,cl7 and also the compound 7,c,n,cl7--the one a liquid1 boiling at #ae1 the other a solid1 which may be obtained in crystals--are both poisonous1 acting like hydric cyanide4 ,methyl cyanide is a liquid obtained by distillation of a mixture of calcic methyl sulphate and potassic cyanide4 ,it boils at #gg1 and is intensely poisonous4 ,eulenberg#bgj has made with this substance several experiments on pigeons4 ,an example of one will suffice3--,a young pigeon was placed under a glass shade1 into which methyl cyanide vapour1 developed from calcic methyl sulphate and potassic cyanide1 was admitted4 ,the pigeon immediately became restless1 and the fces were expelled4 ,in forty seconds it was slightly convulsed1 and was removed after a few minutes' exposure4 ,the pupils were then observed not to be dilated1 but the respiration had ceased2 the legs were feebly twitching2 the heart still beat1 but irregularly2 a turbid white fluid dropped out of the beak1 and after six minutes life was extinct4 #bgj ,gewerbe ,hygiene1 p4 #cib4 ,the pathological appearances were as follows3--,in the beak much watery fluid2 the membranes covering the brain weakly injected2 the plexus venosus spinalis strongly injected2 in the region of the cervical vertebra a small extravasation between the dura mater and the bone2 the right lung of a clear cherry-red colour1 and the left lung partly of the same colour1 the parenchyma presented the same hue as the surface2 on section of the lungs a whitish froth exuded from the cut surface4 ,in the cellular tissue of the trachea1 there were extravasations #e mm4 in diameter2 the mucous membrane of the air-passages was pale2 the right ventricle and the left auricle of the heart were filled with coagulated and fluid dark red blood2 liver and kidneys normal2 the blood dark red and very fluid1 becoming bright cherry-red on exposure to the air2 blood corpuscles unchanged4 ,cyanogen was separated1 and identified from the lungs and the liver4 ,cyanuric acid 7,c,o,n,h71 one of the decomposition products obtained from urea1 is poisonous1 the symptoms and pathological effects closely resembling those due to hydric cyanide4 ,in experiments on animals1 there has been no difficulty in detecting prussic acid in the lungs and liver after poisoning by cyanuric acid4 ,,xiii4--,phosphorus4 #bgb4 ,phosphorus4--,atomic weight #ca1 specific gravity #agg to #ahdj4 ,phosphorus melts at from #ddd to #dde to a pale yellow oily fluid4 ,the boiling-point is about #bij4 ,the phosphorus of commerce is usually preserved under water in the form of waxy1 semi-transparent sticks2 if exposed to the air white fumes are given off1 luminous in the dark1 with a peculiar onion-like odour4 ,on heating phosphorus it readily inflames1 burning with a very white flame4 ,at #j phosphorus is brittle2 the same quality may be imparted to it by a mere trace of sulphur4 ,phosphorus may be obtained in dodecahedral crystals by slowly cooling large melted masses4 ,it may also be obtained crystalline by evaporating a solution in bisulphide of carbon or hot naphtha in a current of carbon dioxide4 ,it is usually stated to be absolutely insoluble in water1 but ,julius ,hartmann#bga contests this1 having found in some experiments that #ajj grms4 of water digested with phosphorus for sixty-four hours at #che dissolved #jjjabg grm4 ,he also investigated the solvent action of bile1 and found that #ajj grms4 of bile under the same conditions1 dissolved #jbdbd grm41 and that the solubility of phosphorus rose both in water and bile when the temperature was increased4 ,phosphorus is somewhat soluble in alcohol and ether1 and also1 to some extent1 in fatty and ethereal oils2 but the best solvent is carbon disulphide4 #bga ,zur acuten ,phosphor-,vergiftung1 ,dorpat1 #ahff4 ,the following is the order of solubility in certain menstrua1 the figures representing the number of parts by weight of the solvent required to dissolve #a part of phosphorus3-- ,carbon ,disulphide1 #d ,almond ,oil1 #ajj ,concentrated ,acetic ,acid1#bgb #ajj ,ether1 #bej ,alcohol1 specific gravity #hbb1 #djj ,glycerin1 #ehh #bgb ,phosphorus is very little soluble in cold acetic acid1 and the solubility given is only correct when the boiling acid acts for some time on the phosphorus4 ,phosphorus exists in1 or can be converted into1 several allotropic modifications1 of which the red or amorphous phosphorus is the most important4 ,this is effected by heating it for some time1 in the absence of air1 from #bcj to #bce4 ,it is not poisonous4#bgc ,commercial red phosphorus does1 however1 contain very small quantities of unchanged or ordinary phosphorus--according to ,fresenius1 from #f per cent4 downwards2 it also contains phosphorous acid1 and about #df per cent4 of other impurities1 among which is graphite4#bgd #bgc ,a hound took #bjj grms4 of red phosphorus in twelve days1 and remained healthy4--,sonnenschein4 #bgd ,schrotter1 ,chem4 ,news1 vol4 xxxvi4 p4 #aih4 #bgc4 ,phosphuretted ,hydrogen4--,phosphine 7,,ph71 mol4 weight #cd1 specific gravity #aagh1 percentage composition1 phosphorus #iadc1 hydrogen #heg by weight4 ,the absolutely pure gas is not spontaneously inflammable1 but that made by the ordinary process is so4 ,it is a colourless1 highly poisonous gas1 which does not support combustion1 but is itself combustible1 burning to phosphoric acid 7,,ph #b,o ,,po,h74 ,extremely dangerous explosive mixtures may be made by combining phosphine and air or oxygen4 ,phosphine1 when quite dry1 burns with a white flame1 but if mixed with aqueous vapour1 it is green2 hence a hydrogen flame containing a mixture of ,,ph possesses a green colour4 ,if sulphur is heated in a stream of phosphine1 hydric sulphide and sulphur phosphide are the products4 ,oxides of the metals1 heated with phosphine1 yield phosphides with formation of water4 ,iodine1 warmed in phosphine1 gives white crystals of iodine phosphonium1 and biniodide of phosphorus1 #e;,i #d,,ph #c,,pih ,,pi4 ,chlorine inflames the gas1 the final result being hydric chloride and chloride of phosphorus1 ,,ph #h;,cl #c;,cl,h ,p,cl4 ,one of the most important decompositions for our purpose is the action of phosphine on a solution of nitrate of silver2 there is a separation of metallic silver1 and nitric and phosphoric acids are found in solution1 thus--#h;,ag,n,o ,,ph #d,,oh #h;,ag #h;,,hno ,,po,h4 ,this is1 however1 rather the end reaction2 for1 at first1 there is a separation of a black precipitate composed of phosphor-silver4 ,the excess of silver can be separated by hydric chloride1 and the phosphoric acid made evident by the addition of molybdic acid in excess4 #bgd4 ,the medicinal preparations of phosphorus are not numerous2 it is usually prescribed in the form of pills1 made by manufacturers of coated pills on a large scale4 ,the pills are composed of phosphorus1 balsam of ,tolu1 yellow wax1 and curd soap1 and #c grains equal #a_/cj grain of phosphorus4 ,there is also a phosphorated oil1 containing about #a part of phosphorus in #ajj2 that of the ,french ,pharmacopia is made with #a part of dried phosphorus dissolved in #ej parts of warm almond oil2 that of the ,german has #a part in #hj2 the strength of the former is therefore #b per cent41 of the latter #abe per cent4 ,the medicinal dose of phosphorus is from #a_/ajj to #a_/cj grain4 #bge4 ,matches and ,vermin ,pastes4--,an acquaintance with the percentage of phosphorus in the different pastes and matches of commerce will be found useful4 ,most of the vermin-destroying pastes contain from #a to #b per cent4 of phosphorus4 ,a phosphorus paste that was fatal to a child1#bge and gave rise to serious symptoms in others1 was composed as follows3-- #bge ,casper's #bjdth case4 ,per cent4 ,phosphorus1 #ad ,flowers of sulphur1 #dbb ,flour1 #dbb ,sugar1 #adb ------ #ajjjj ,three common receipts give the following proportions3-- ,per cent4 ,phosphorus1 #ae ,lard1 #ahd ,sugar1 #ahd ,flour1 #fag ------ #ajjjj ,per cent4 ,phosphorus1 #ab ,warm water1 #bfg ,rye flour1 #bfg ,melted butter1 #bfg ,sugar1 #ahg ------ #ajjjj ,per cent4 ,phosphorus1 #af ,nut oil1 #aeg ,warm water1 #cae ,flour1 #cae ,sugar1 #aig ------ #ajjjj ,a very common phosphorus paste1 to be bought everywhere in ,england1 is sold in little pots2 the whole amount of phosphorus contained in these varies from #cbd to #chh grm4 7#e to #f grains71 the active constituent being a little over #d per cent4 ,matches differ much in composition4 ,six matchheads1 which had been placed in an apple for criminal purposes1 and were submitted to ,tardieu1 were found to contain #bj mgrms4 of phosphorus--i4e41 #cc grm4 in #ajj4 ,mayet found in #ajj matches #ee mgrms4 of phosphorus4 ,gonning#bgf analysed ten different kinds of phosphorus matches with the following result3--,three ,english samples contained in #ajj matches #cd1 #cc1 and #cb mgrms4 of phosphorus3 a ,belgian sample1 #ch mgrms42 and #e others of unknown origin1 #ab1 #ag1 #bh1 #cb1 and #da mgrms4 respectively4 ,some of the published formularies are as follows3-- #bgf ,nederlandsch ,tijdschr4 voor ,geneesk41 ,afl4 i41 #ahff4 7#a47 ,glue1 #f parts4 ,phosphorus1 #d or #add per cent4 ,nitre1 #aj ,red ochre1 #e ,blue smalts1 #b 7#b47 ,phosphorus1 #i parts1 or #afc per cent4 ,gum1 #af ,nitre1 #ad ,smalts1 #af 7#c47 ,phosphorus1 #d parts1 or #add per cent4 ,glue1 #f ,nitre1 #aj ,red lead1 #e ,smalts1 #b 7#d47 ,phosphorus1 #ag parts1 or #ag per cent4 ,glue1 #ba ,nitre1 #ch ,red lead1 #bd ,phosphorus poisoning by matches will1 however1 shortly become very rare1 for those containing the ordinary variety of phosphorus are gradually being superseded by matches of excellent quality1 which contain no phosphorus whatever4 #bgf4 ,statistics4--,the following table gives the deaths for ten years from phosphorus poisoning in ,england and ,wales3-- ,,deaths ,,from ,,phosphorus ,,in ,,england ,,and ,,wales ,,during ,,the ,,ten ,,years ,,ending #ahib4 ,,accident ,,or ,,negligence4 ,ages1 #a-e #e-ae #ae-be #be-fe #fe and ,total above ,males1 #aa #a #b #h 444 #bb ,females1 #ae #b #aa #e 444 #cc ---------------------------------------- --- ,totals1 #bf #c #ac #ac 444 #ee ---------------------------------------- --- ,,suicide4 ,ages1 #e-ae #ae-be #be-fe #fe and ,total above ,males1 #a #f #bj #a #bh ,females1 #f #cc #bd #a #fd ------------------------------------- ,totals1 #g #ci #dd #b #ib ------------------------------------- ,phosphorus as a cause of death through accident or negligence occupies the eighth place among poisons1 and as a cause of suicide the ninth4 ,a far greater number of cases of poisoning by phosphorus occur yearly in ,france and ,germany than in ,england4 ,phosphorus may be considered as the favourite poison which the common people on the ,continent employ for the purpose of self-destruction4 ,it is an agent within the reach of anyone who has #b sous in his pocket1 wherewith to buy a box of matches1 but to the educated and those who know the horrible and prolonged torture ensuing from a toxic dose of phosphorus1 such a means of exit from life will never be favoured4 ,otto ,schraube#bgg has collected #ib cases from ,meischner's work1#bgh and added #af which had come under his own observation1 giving in all #ajh cases4 ,seventy-one 7or #fe per cent47 of these were suicidal--of the suicides #bd were males1 #dg females 7#ab of the latter being prostitutes72 #ba of the cases were those of murder1 #aa were accidental1 and in #c the cause was not ascertained4 ,the number of cases in successive years1 and the kind of poison used1 is given as follows3-- #bgg ,schmidt's ,jahrbuch der ger4 ,med41 #ahfg1 ,bd4 #ahf1 ,s4 #bji-bdh4 #bgh ,die acute ,phosphorose und einige ,reflexionen ber die acute gelbe ,leberatrophie1 c41 ,inaug4 ,diss41 ,leipzig1 #ahfd4 ,phosphorus in ,phosphorus ,number of ,cases4 ,in the ,years ,substance1 ,matches4 or as ,paste4 #ae #agih-ahej #ac #b #cf #ahej-ahfj #ae #ba #da #ahfj-ahfd #f #ce #af #ahfd-ahfg #e #aa ,of the #ajh cases1 #ah persons recovered and #ij 7or #hcc per cent47 died4 ,falck also has collected #gf cases of poisoning from various sources during eleven years2 #ee were suicidal1 #e homicidal#bgi 7murders71 and the rest accidental4 ,of the latter1 #b were caused by the use of phosphorus as a medicine1 #ac by accidents due to phosphorus being in the house2 in #a case phosphorus was taken intentionally to try the effects of an antidote4#bhj ,with regard to the form in which the poison was taken1 #b of the #gf1 as already mentioned1 took it as prescribed by physicians1 the remaining #gd were divided between poisonings by phosphorus paste 7#bb7 and matches 7#eb7 #gj per cent4 ,of the #gf cases1 #f were children1 #dc adult males1 #ac adult females1 and #ad adults1 sex not given4 ,of the #gf cases1 #db1 or #eec per cent41 died--a much smaller rate of mortality than that shown by ,schraube's collection4 #bgi ,dr4 ,dannenberg has shown by direct experiment that a poisonous dose of phosphorus may be introduced into spirits or coffee1 and the mixture have but little odour or taste of phosphorus4--,schuchardt in ,maschka's ,handbuch4 #bhj ,gry1 8,ueber ,terpentinessenz als ,gegenmittel gegen ,phosphor10 in ,gaz4 ,hebd4 de ,md41 #b sr41 x4 #b1 #ahgc4 #bgg4 ,fatal ,dose4--,the smallest dose on record is that mentioned by ,lobenstein ,lobel1 of ,jena1 where a lunatic died from taking #ge mgrms4 7#aaf grain74 ,there are other cases clearly indicating that this small quantity may produce dangerous symptoms in a healthy adult4 #bgh4 ,effects of ,phosphorus4--,phosphorus is excessively poisonous1 and will destroy life1 provided only that it enters the body in a fine state of division1 but if taken in coarse pieces no symptoms may follow1 for it has been proved that single lumps of phosphorus will go the whole length of a dog's intestinal canal without causing appreciable loss of weight1 and without destroying life4#bha ,magendie injected oleum phosphoratum into the veins1 and although the animals experimented on exhaled white fumes1 and not a few died asphyxiated1 yet no symptoms of phosphorus poisoning resulted--an observation confirmed by others--the reason being that the phosphorus particles in a comparatively coarse state of division were arrested in the capillaries of the lung1 and may be said to have been1 as it were1 outside the body4 ,on the other hand1 ,a4 ,brunner1#bhb working in ,l4 ,hermann's laboratory1 having injected into the veins phosphorus in such a fine emulsion that the phosphorus could pass the lung capillaries1 found that there were no exhalations of white fumes1 but that the ordinary symptoms of phosphorus poisoning soon manifested themselves4 ,phosphorus paste1 by the method of manufacture1 is in a state of extreme sub-division1 and hence all the phosphorus pastes are extremely poisonous4 #bha ,reveil1 ,ann4 d',hygine ,publ4 7#c71 xii4 p4 #cgj4 #bhb ,arch4 f4 d4 ,ges4 ,physiologie1 iii4 p4 #a4 #bgi4 ,in a few poisons there is a difference1 more or less marked1 between the general symptoms produced on man1 and those noticeable in the different classes of animals2 but with phosphorus1 the effects on animals appear to agree fairly with those witnessed most frequently in man4 ,tardieu 7who has written perhaps the best and most complete clinical record of phosphorus poisoning extant7 divides the cases under three classes1 and to use his own words3--8,i think it useful to establish that poisoning by phosphorus in its course1 sometimes rapid1 sometimes slow1 exhibits in its symptoms three distinct forms--a common form1 a nervous form1 and a hmorrhagic form4 ,i recognise that1 in certain cases1 these three forms may succeed each other1 and may only constitute periods of poisoning2 but it is incontestable that each of them may show itself alone1 and occupy the whole course of the illness produced by the poison40#bhc ,premising that the common form is a blending of irritant1 nervous1 and hmorrhagic symptoms1 ,i adopt here in part ,tardieu's division4 ,the name of 8hmorrhagic form0 may be given to that in which hmorrhage is the predominant feature1 and the 8nervous0 to that in which the brain and spinal cord are from the first affected4 ,there yet remain1 however1 a few cases which have an entirely anomalous course1 and do not fall under any of the three classes4 #bhc tude ,mdico-,lgale et ,clinique sur l',empoisonnement1 ,paris1 #ahge1 p4 #dhc4 ,from a study of #aba recorded cases of phosphorus poisoning1 ,i believe the relative frequency of the different forms to be as follows3--,the common form #hc per cent41 hmorrhagic #aj per cent41 nervous #f per cent41 anomalous #a per cent4 ,the 8anomalous0 are probably over-estimated1 for the reason that cases presenting ordinary features are not necessarily published1 but others are nearly always chronicled in detail4 #bhj4 ,common ,form4--,at the moment of swallowing1 a disagreeable taste and smell are generally experienced1 and there may be immediate and intense pain in the throat1 gullet1 and stomach1 and almost immediate retching and vomiting4 ,the throat and tongue also may become swollen and painful2 but in a considerable number of cases the symptoms are not at once apparent1 but are delayed from one to six hours--rarely longer4 ,the person's breath may be phosphorescent before he feels in any way affected1 and he may go about his business and perform a number of acts requiring both time and mental integrity4 ,pain in the stomach 7which1 in some of the cases1 takes the form of violent cramp and vomiting7 succeeds2 the matters vomited may shine in the dark1 and are often tinged with blood4 ,diarrha is sometimes present1 sometimes absent2 sleeplessness for the first night or two is very common4 ,the pulse is variable1 sometimes frequent1 sometimes slow2 the temperature in the morning is usually from #cfj to #cfe1 in the evening #cg to #ch4 ,the next symptom is jaundice4 ,i have notes of the exact occurrence of jaundice in #bc cases1 as follows3--,in #a within twenty-four hours1 in #c within thirty-six hours1 in #c within two days1 in #aa within three days1 in #a within four days1 in #a within five days1 in #a within nine days1 in #a within eighteen days1 and in #a within twenty-seven days2 so that in about #gh per cent4 jaundice occurred before the end of the third day4 ,out of #bf cases1 in which the patients lived long enough for the occurrence of jaundice1 in #c 7or #aa per cent47 it was entirely absent4 ,in #acb cases recorded by ,lewin1 ,meischner1 and ,heisler1 jaundice occurred in #fe1 or about #di per cent41 but it must be remembered1 that in many of these cases the individual died before it had time to develop4 ,the jaundice having thoroughly pronounced itself1 the system may be considered as not only under the influence of the toxic action of phosphorus1 but as suffering in addition from all the accidents incidental to the retention of the biliary secretion in the blood2 nor is there from this point any special difference between phosphorus poisoning and certain affections of the liver--such1 for example1 as acute yellow atrophy4 ,there is retention of urine1 sleeplessness1 headache1 frequent vomiting1 painful and often involuntary evacuations from the bowels1 and occasionally skin affections1 such as urticaria or erythema4 ,the case terminates either by acute delirium with fever1 followed by fatal coma1 or1 in a few instances1 coma comes on1 and the patient passes to death in sleep without delirium4 ,in this common form there is in a few cases1 at the end of from twenty-four to thirty hours1 a remission of the symptoms1 and a non-medical observer might imagine that the patient was about to recover without further discomfort2 but then jaundice supervenes1 and the course is as described4 ,infants often do not live long enough for the jaundiced stage to develop1 but die within twenty-four hours1 the chief symptoms being vomiting and convulsions4 #bha4 ,hmorrhagic ,form4--,the symptoms set in as just detailed1 and jaundice appears1 but accompanied by a new and terrible train of events--viz41 great effusion of blood4 ,in some cases the blood has been poured out simultaneously from the nose1 mouth1 bladder1 kidneys1 and bowels4 ,among women there is excessive hmorrhagia4 ,the liver is found to be swollen and painful2 the bodily weakness is great4 ,such cases are usually of long duration1 and a person may die months after taking the poison from weakness1 anmia1 and general cachexia4 ,in many of its phases the hmorrhagic form resembles scurvy1 and1 as in scurvy1 there are spots of purpura all over the body4 #bhb4 ,the nervous form is less common than the two forms just described4 ,from the beginning1 there are strange creeping sensations about the limbs1 followed by painful cramps1 repeated faintings1 and great somnolence4 ,jaundice1 as usual1 sets in1 erythematous spots appear on the skin1 and1 about the fifth day1 delirium of an acute character breaks out1 and lock-jaw and convulsions close the scene4 ,the following are one or two brief abstracts of anomalous cases in which symptoms are either wanting1 or run a course entirely different from any of the three forms described3-- ,a woman1 aged #bj1 took about #c grains of phosphorus in the form of rat-paste4 ,she took the poison at six in the evening1 behaved according to her wont1 and sat down and wrote a letter to the king4 ,during the night she vomited once1 and died the next morning at six o'clock1 exactly twelve hours after taking the poison4 ,there appear to have been no symptoms whatever1 save the single vomiting1 to which may be added that in the course of the evening her breath had a phosphorus odour and was luminous4#bhd #bhd ,casper's #bjeth case4 ,a girl swallowed a quantity of phosphorus paste1 but there were no marked symptoms until the fifth day1 on which there was sickness and purging4 ,she died on the seventh day4 ,a remarkable blueness of the finger nails was observed a little before death1 and was noticeable afterwards4#bhe #bhe ,taylor on ,poisons1 p4 #bgg4 #bhc4 ,sequel4--,in several cases in which the patients have recovered from phosphorus poisoning1 there have been observed paralytic affections4#bhf ,o4 ,bollinger has recorded a case in which paralysis of the foot followed2#bhg in another1 published by ,bettelheim1#bhh there were peculiar cerebral and spinal symptoms4 ,most of these cases are to be explained as disturbance or loss of function from small hmorrhages in the nervous substance4 #bhf ,see ,gallavardin1 ,les ,paralyses ,phosphoriques1 ,paris1 #ahfe4 #bhg ,deutsches ,archiv f4 klin4 ,med41 ,bd4 #f1 ,hft4 #a1 ,s4 #id1 #ahfi4 #bhh ,wiener ,med4 ,presse1 #ahfh1 ,no4 #da4 #bhd4 ,period at which the first ,symptoms commence4--,the time when the symptoms commence is occasionally of importance from a forensic point of view4 ,i find that out of #bh cases in which the commencement of evident symptoms--i4e41 pain1 or vomiting1 or illness--is precisely recorded1 in #h the symptoms were described as either immediate or within a few minutes after swallowing the poison2 in #f the symptoms commenced within the hour2 in #c within two hours2 in other #c within four hours2 and in #a within six hours4 ,one was delayed until the lapse of twelve hours1 #a from sixteen to eighteen hours1 #a two1 and another five days4 ,we may1 therefore1 expect that in half the cases which may occur1 the symptoms will commence within the hour1 and more than #hj per cent4 within six hours4 #bhe4 ,period of ,death4--,in #abi cases death took place as follows3--,in #ag within twenty-four hours1 in #cj within two days1 in #ajc within seven days4 ,three patients lived eight days1 #f nine days1 #ac ten days1 #a eleven days1 #a sixteen days1 #a seventeen days1 and #a survived eight months4 ,it hence follows that #gih per cent4 of the fatal cases die within the week4 #bhf4 ,phosphorus ,vapour4--,there are one or two cases on record of acute poisoning by phosphorus in the form of vapour4 ,the symptoms are somewhat different from the effects produced by the finely-divided solid1 and in general terms it may be said that phosphorus vapour is more apt to produce the rarer 8nervous0 form of poisoning than the solid phosphorus4 ,bouchardat#bhi mentions the case of a druggist who1 while preparing a large quantity of rat-poison in a close room1 inhaled phosphorus vapour4 ,he fainted repeatedly1 fell into a complete state of prostration1 and died within a week4 #bhi ,annuaire de ,thrap41 #ahgd1 p4 #aji2 ,schuchardt in ,maschka's ,handbuch2 also ,schmidt's ,jahrbuch1 #ahdf1 ,bd4 #ea1 ,s4 #aja4 ,the following interesting case came under the observation of ,professor ,magnus ,huss3--,a man1 thirty-nine years old1 married1 was admitted into the ,seraphin-,lazareth1 ,stockholm1 on the #bnd of ,february #ahdb4 ,he had been occupied three years in the manufacture of phosphorus matches1 and inhabited the room in which the materials were preserved4 ,he had always been well-conducted in every way1 and in good health1 until a year previously1 when a large quantity of the material for the manufacture of the matches accidentally caught fire and exploded4 ,in his endeavours to extinguish the flames1 he breathed a large quantity of the vapour1 and he fell for a time unconscious4 ,the spine afterwards became so weak that he could not hold himself up1 and he lost1 in a great measure1 power over his legs and arms4 ,on admission1 his condition was as follows3--,he could make a few uncertain and staggering steps1 his knees trembled1 his arms shook1 and if he attempted to grasp anything when he lay in bed1 there were involuntary twitchings of groups of muscles4 ,there was no pain2 the sensibility of the skin was unchanged2 he had formication in the left arm2 the spine was neither sensitive to pressure1 nor unusually sensitive to heat 7as1 e4g41 to the application of a hot sponge72 the organs of special sense were not affected1 but his speech was somewhat thick4 ,he lived to #ahde in the same condition1 but the paralysis became worse4 ,there does not seem to have been any autopsy4 ,the effects of phosphorus vapour may be still further elucidated by one of ,eulenberg's#bij experiments on a rabbit4 ,the vapour of burning phosphorus1 mixed with much air1 was admitted into a wooden hutch in which a strong rabbit sat4 ,after #e mgrms4 of phosphorus had been in this manner consumed1 the only symptoms in half an hour were salivation1 and quickened and somewhat laboured respiration4 ,after twenty-four hours had elapsed there was sudden indisposition1 the animal fell as if lifeless1 with the hind extremities stretched out1 and intestinal movements were visible2 there was also expulsion of the urine4 ,these epileptiform seizures seem to have continued more or less for twelve days1 and then ceased4 ,after fourteen days the experiment was repeated on the same rabbit4 ,the animal remained exposed to the vapour for three-quarters of an hour1 when the epilepsy showed itself as before1 and1 indeed1 almost regularly after feeding4 ,between the attacks the respiration was slowed4 ,eight weeks afterwards there was an intense icterus1 which disappeared at the end of ten weeks4 #bij ,gewerbe ,hygiene1 p4 #bee4 #bhg4 ,chronic phosphorus poisoning has frequently been noticed in persons engaged either in the manufacture of phosphorus or in its technical application4 ,some have held that the symptoms are due to an oxidation product of phosphorus rather than to phosphorus itself2 but in one of ,eulenberg's experiments1 in which a dove was killed by breathing phosphorus fumes evolved by phosphorus oil1 phosphorus was chemically recognised in the free state in the lungs4 ,the most constant and peculiar effect of breathing small quantities of phosphorus vapour is a necrosis of the lower jaw4 ,there is first inflammation of the periosteum of the jaw1 which proceeds to suppuration and necrosis of a greater or smaller portion4 ,the effects may develop with great suddenness1 and end fatally4 ,thus ,fournier and ,olliver#bia relate the case of a girl1 fourteen years old1 who1 after working four years in a phosphorus manufactory1 was suddenly affected with periostitis of the upper jaw1 and with intense anmia4 ,an eruption of purpuric spots ensued1 and she died comatose4 ,there is now little doubt1 that minute doses of phosphorus have a specific action on the bones generally1 and more especially on the bones of the jaw4 ,wegner#bib administered small daily doses to young animals1 both in the state of vapour1 and as a finely-divided solid4 ,the condition of the bones was found to be more compact than normal1 the medullary canals being smaller than in healthy bone1 the ossification was quickened4 ,the formation of callus in fractured limbs was also increased4 #bia ,gaz4 hebd4 de ,md41 #bi1 p4 #dfa1 #ahfh4 #bib ,virchow's ,arch4 f4 path4 ,anat41 lv4 #aa4 #bhh4 ,changes in the ,urinary ,secretion4--,it has been before stated that1 at a certain period of the illness1 the renal secretion is scantier than in health1 the urine diminishing1 according to ,lebert and ,wyss's#bic researches1 to one-half on the third1 fourth1 or fifth day4 ,it frequently contains albumen1 blood1 and casts4 ,when jaundice is present1 the urine has then all the characters noticed in icterus2 leucin and tyrosin1 always present in acute yellow atrophy of the liver1 have been found in small quantity in jaundice through phosphorus2 lactic acid is also present4 ,the urea is much diminished1 and1 according to ,schultzen and ,riess1#bid may be towards death entirely absent4 ,lastly1 it is said that there is an exhalation of either phosphorus vapour or phosphine from such urine4 ,in some cases the urine is normal1 e4g41 in a case recorded by ,e4 ,h4 ,starling1 ,m4,d41 and ,f4 ,g4 ,hopkins1 ,b4,sc4 7,guy's ,hospital ,report1 #ahij71 in which a girl1 aged #ah1 died on the fifth day after taking phosphorus paste1 the liver was fatty1 and there was jaundice2 but the urine contained neither leucin nor tyrosin1 and was stated to be generally normal4 #bic ,archiv ,gnrale de ,md41 #f ,sr41 ,tom4 #ab1 #ahfh1 p4 #gji4 #bid ,annalen der ,charit1 ,berlin4 #bhi4 ,changes in the blood during life have been several times observed4 ,in a case attended by ,m4 ,romellre of ,brussels1#bie in which a man took the paste from #cjj matches1 and under treatment by turpentine recovered1 the blood was frequently examined1 and the leucocytes found much increased in number4 ,there is a curious conflict of evidence as to whether phosphorus prevents coagulation of the blood or not4 ,nasse asserted that phosphorated oil given to a dog fully prevented coagulation2 ,p4 ,i4 ,liebreck#bif also1 in a series of researches1 found the blood dark1 fluid1 and in perfect solution4 ,these observations were also supported by ,v4 ,bibra and ,schuchardt4#big ,nevertheless1 ,lebert and ,wyss found the blood1 whether in the veins or in extravasations1 in a normal condition4 ,phosphorus increases the fatty contents of the blood4 ,ritter found that phosphorus mixed with starch1 and given to a dog1 raised the fatty content from the normal #b per #ajjj up to #cda and #cdg per #ajjj4 ,eug4 ,menard#bih saw in the blood from the jugular and portal veins1 as well as in extravasations1 microscopic fat globules and fine needle-shaped crystals soluble in ether4 #bie ,tardieu1 op4 cit41 ,case #ca4 #bif ,diss4 de ,venefico ,phosphoreo ,acuto1 ,upsal1 #ahde4 #big ,v4 ,bibra u4 ,geist1 ,die ,krankheiten der ,arbeiter in den ,phosphorzundholz ,fabriken1 #ahdg1 ,s4 #ei1 c42 ,henle u4 v4 ,pfeuffer's ,zeitschr4 f4 ration4 ,med41 ,n4 ,f41 ,bd4 #g1 ,hft4 #c1 #aheg4 #bih tude ,exprimentale sur quelques lsions de l',empoisonnement aigu par le ,phosphore 7,thse71 ,strasbourg1 #ahfi4 #bij4 ,antidote--,treatment4--,after emptying the stomach by means of emetics or by the stomach-pump1 oil of turpentine in full medicinal doses1 say #be c4c4 7about #dj min471 frequently administered1 seems to act as a true antidote1 and a large percentage of cases treated early in this way recover4 #bia4 ,poisonous ,effects of ,phosphine 7phosphuretted hydrogen74--,experiments on pigeons1 on rats1 and other animals1 and a few very rare cases among men1 have shown that phosphine has an exciting action on the respiratory mucous membranes1 and a secondary action on the nervous system4 ,eulenberg#bii exposed a pigeon to an atmosphere containing #afh per cent4 of phosphine4 ,there was immediate unrest2 at the end of three minutes1 quickened and laboured breathing 7#ajj a minute72 after seven minutes1 the bird lay prostrate1 with shivering of the body and wide open beak2 after eight minutes1 there was vomiting2 after nine minutes1 slow breathing 7#cd per minute72 after twelve minutes1 convulsive movements of the wings2 and after thirteen minutes1 general convulsions and death4 #bii ,gewerbe ,hygiene1 p4 #bgc4 ,the membranes of the brain were found strongly injected1 and there were extravasations4 ,in the mucous membrane of the crop there was also an extravasation4 ,the lungs externally and throughout were of a dirty brown-red colour2 the entire heart was filled with coagulated blood1 which was weakly acid in reaction4 ,in a second experiment with another pigeon1 there was no striking symptom save that of increased frequency of respiration and loss of appetite2 at the end of four days it was found dead4 ,there was much congestion of the cerebral veins and vessels1 the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi were weakly injected1 and the first showed a thin1 plastic1 diphtheritic-like exudation4 ,dr4 ,henderson's#cjj researches on rats may also be noticed here4 ,he found that an atmosphere consisting entirely of phosphine killed rats within ten minutes1 an atmosphere with #a per cent4 in half an hour4 ,the symptoms observed were almost exactly similar to those noticed in the first experiment on the pigeon quoted above1 and the post-mortem appearances were not dissimilar4 ,with smaller quantities of the gas1 the first symptom was increased frequency of the respiration2 then the animals showed signs of suffering intense irritation of the skin1 scratching and biting at it incessantly2 afterwards they became drowsy1 and assumed a very peculiar attitude1 sitting down on all-fours1 with the back bent forward1 and the nose pushed backwards between the forepaws1 so as to bring the forehead against the floor of the cage4 ,when in this position1 the rat presented the appearance of a curled-up hedgehog4 ,phosphine1 when injected into the rectum1 is also fatal2 the animals exhale some of the gas from the lungs1 and the breath1 therefore1 reduces solutions of silver nitrate4#cja #cjj ,journ4 ,anat4 and ,physiol41 vol4 xiii4 p4 #ai4 #cja ,dybskowsky1 ,med4 ,chem4 ,untersuchungen aus ,hoppe-,seyler's ,labor4 in ,tbingen1 p4 #eg4 ,brenner#cjb has recorded the case of a man twenty-eight years old1 a pharmaceutist1 who is supposed to have suffered from illness caused by repeated inhalations of minute quantities of phosphine4 ,he was engaged for two and a half years in the preparation of hypophosphites2 his illness commenced with spots before the eyes1 and inability to fix the attention4 ,his teeth became very brittle1 and healthy as well as carious broke off from very slight causes4 ,finally1 a weakness of the arms and limbs developed in the course of nine months into complete locomotor ataxy4 #cjb ,st4 ,petersburg ,med4 ,zeitschr41 #d ,hft41 #ahfe4 #bib4 ,blood takes up far more phosphine than water4 ,dybskowsky found that putting the coefficient of solubility of phosphine in pure water at #aabb at #ae1 the coefficient for venous blood was #ac1 and for arterial #bfgc2 hence the richer the blood is in oxygen the more phosphine is absorbed4 ,it seems probable that the poisonous gas reacts on the oxyhmoglobin of the blood1 and phosphorous acid is formed4 ,this is supported by the fact that a watery extract of such blood reduces silver nitrate1 and has been also found feebly acid4 ,the dark blood obtained from animals poisoned by phosphine1 when examined spectroscopically1 has been found to exhibit a band in the violet4 #bic4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,there are a few perfectly well authenticated cases showing that phosphorus may cause death1 and yet no lesion be discovered afterwards4 ,thus1 ,tardieu#cjc cites a case in which a woman1 aged #de1 poisoned herself with phosphorus1 and died suddenly the seventh day afterwards4 ,dr4 ,mascarel examined the viscera with the greatest care1 but could discover absolutely no abnormal conditions2 the only symptoms during life were vomiting1 and afterwards a little indigestion4 ,it may1 however1 be remarked that the microscope does not seem to have been employed1 and that probably a close examination of the heart would have revealed some alteration of its ultimate structure4 ,the case quoted1 by ,taylor#cjd may also be mentioned1 in which a child was caught in the act of sucking phosphorus matches1 and died ten days afterwards in convulsions4 ,none of the ordinary post-mortem signs of poisoning by phosphorus were met with1 but the intestines were reddened throughout1 and there were no less than ten invaginations2 but the case is altogether a doubtful one1 and no phosphorus may actually have been taken4 ,it is very difficult to give in a limited space anything like a full picture of the different lesions found after death from phosphorus1 for they vary according as to whether the death is speedy or prolonged1 whether the phosphorus has been taken as a finely-divided solid1 or in the form of vapour1 c4 ,it may1 however1 be shortly said1 that the most common changes are fatty infiltration of the liver and kidneys1 fatty degeneration of the heart1 enlargement of the liver1 ecchymoses in the serous membranes1 in the muscular1 in the fatty1 and in the mucous tissues4 ,when death occurs before jaundice supervenes1 there may be little in the aspect of the corpse to raise a suspicion of poison2 but if intense jaundice has existed during life1 the yellow staining of the skin1 and it may be1 spots of purpura1 will suggest to the experienced pathologist the possibility of phosphorus poisoning4 ,in the mouth and throat there will seldom be anything abnormal4 ,in one or two cases of rapid death among infants1 some traces of the matches which had been sucked were found clinging to the gums4 ,the stomach may be healthy1 but the most common appearance is a swelling of the mucous membrane and superficial erosions4 ,virchow1#cje who was the first to call attention to this peculiar grey swelling of the intestinal mucous membrane under the name of gastritis glandularis or gastradenitis1 shows that it is due to a fatty degeneration of the epithelial cells1 and that it is by no means peculiar to phosphorus poisoning4 ,the swelling may be seen in properly-prepared sections to have its essential seat in the glands of the mucous membrane2 the glands are enlarged1 their openings filled with large cells1 and each single cell is finely granular4 ,little centres of hmorrhage1 often microscopically small1 are seen1 and may be the centres of small inflammations2 their usual situation is on the summit of the rug4 ,very similar changes are witnessed after death from septicmia1 pymia1 diphtheria1 and other diseases4 ,the softening of the stomach1 gangrene1 and deep erosions1 recorded by the earlier authors1 have not been observed of late years1 and probably were due to post-mortem changes1 and not to processes during life4 ,the same changes are to be seen in the intestines1 and there are numerous extravasations in the peritoneum4 #cjc ,l',empoisonnement1 p4 #ebj4 #cjd ,poisons1 #crd ed41 p4 #bgf4 #cje ,virchow's ,archiv4 f4 path4 ,anat41 ,bd4 #ca1 ,hft4 #c1 #cii4 ,the liver shows of all the organs the most characteristic signs2 a more or less advanced fatty infiltration of its structure takes place1 which was first described as caused by phosphorus by ,hauff in #ahfj4cjf ,it is the most constant pathological evidence both in man and animal1 and seems to occur at a very early period1 ,munk and ,leyden having found a fatty degeneration in the liver far advanced in twenty-four hours#cjg after poisoning4 ,in rats and mice poisoned with paste1 ,i have found this evident to the naked eye twelve hours after the fatal dose4 ,the liver is mostly large1 but in a case#cjh recorded in the ,lancet1 ,july #ad1 #ahhh1 the liver was shrunken2 it has a pale yellow 7or sometimes an intense yellow7 colour2 on section the cut surface presents a mottled appearance2 the serous envelopes1 especially along the course of the vessels1 exhibit extravasations of blood4 ,the liver itself is more deficient in blood than in the normal condition1 and the more bloodless it is1 the greater the fatty infiltration4 #cjf ,hauff collected #ab cases1 and found a fatty liver in #aa4--,wrtemb4 ,med4 ,corresp4 ,bl41 #ahfj1 ,no4 #cd4 #cjg ,die acute ,phosphor-,vergiftung1 ,berlin1 #ahfe4 #cjh ,this case1 from the similarity of the pathological appearances to those produced by yellow atrophy1 deserves fuller notice3--8,frances ,a4 ,cowley1 aged #bj1 on her own admission1 took some rat paste on ,tuesday1 ,june #aith4 ,death ensued eleven days later4 ,the initial symptoms were not very marked4 ,nausea and vomiting continued with moderate severity for a few days and then ceased4 ,there ensued a feeling of depression4 ,towards the end insensibility1 icterus1 and somewhat profuse metrorrhagia supervened4 ,at the necropsy the skin and conjunctiv were observed of a bright yellow colour4 ,there was no organic disease save of a recent nature1 and entirely attributable to the action of the poison ingested4 ,the stomach contained about three-quarters of a pint of dark claret-coloured fluid1 consisting largely of blood derived from capillary hmorrhage from the mucous membrane4 ,there was no solution of continuity of the mucous membrane1 which showed traces of recent irritation4 ,the whole surface presented a yellow icteric tint1 except the summits of some of the rug1 which were of a bright pink colour4 ,there was also faint wrinkling of the mucous membrane4 ,the upper part of the small intestine was affected in much the same manner as the stomach4 ,the large intestine contained a quantity of almost colourless fces4 ,the liver was shrunken1 weighing only #bf ozs41 and both on its outer and sectional surface exactly resembled the appearances produced by acute yellow atrophy1 except that there were greater congestion and interstitial hmorrhage in patches4 ,the lobules of the liver were in many places unrecognisable2 in others they stood in bold relief as brilliant canary-yellow patches1 standing in strong contrast to the deep dark-red areas of congestion and extravasation4 ,the gall-bladder contained about #b drachms of thin greyish fluid1 apparently all but devoid of bile4 ,the urinary bladder was empty2 the kidneys were enlarged2 the cortex was very pale and bile-stained1 of greater depth than natural1 and of softer consistence4 ,the spleen was not enlarged1 nor was it in the least degree softened4 ,in addition to the bleeding from the uterus noticed during life1 there was capillary hmorrhage into the right lung and pleura1 into the pericardium1 and1 as already mentioned1 into the stomach4 ,the brain was healthy40 ,in the ,museum of the ,royal ,college of ,surgeons there is a preparation 7,no4 #bgcg7 of the section of a liver derived from a case of phosphorus poisoning4 ,a girl1 aged #ah1 after two days' illness1 was admitted into ,guy's ,hospital4 ,she confessed to having eaten a piece of bread coated with phosphorus paste4 ,she had great abdominal pain1 and died on the seventh day after taking the phosphorus4 ,a few hours before her death she was profoundly and suddenly collapsed4 ,the liver weighed #ff ozs4 ,the outlines of the hepatic lobules were very distinct1 each central vein being surrounded by an opaque yellowish zone2 when fresh the hue was more uniform1 and the section was yellowish-white in colour4 ,a microscopical examination of the hepatic cells showed them laden with fat globules1 especially in the central parts of the liver4 ,the microscopic appearances are also characteristic4 ,in a case of suicidal poisoning by phosphorus1 in which death took place on the seventh day1 the liver was very carefully examined by ,dr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,goodart1 who reported as follows3-- 8,under a low power the structure of the liver is still readily recognisable1 and in this the specimen differs from slides of three cases of acute yellow atrophy that ,i have in my possession4 ,the hepatic cells are present in large numbers1 and have their natural trabecular arrangement4 ,the columns are abnormally separated by dilated blood or lymph-spaces1 and the individual cells are cloudy and ill-defined4 ,the portal channels are everywhere characterised by a crowd of small nuclei which stain with logwood deeply4 ,the epithelium of the smaller ducts is cloudy1 and blocks the tubes in many cases4 ,under a high power 7one-fifth7 it is seen that the hepatic cells are exceedingly ill-defined in outline1 and full of granules and even drops of oil4 ,but in many parts1 even where the cells themselves are hazy1 the nucleus is still fairly visible4 ,it appears to me that1 in opposition to what others have described1 the nuclei of the cells have in great measure resisted the degenerative process4 ,the change in the cells is uniform throughout each lobule1 but some lobules are rather more affected than others4 ,the blood-spaces between the cells are empty1 and the liver appears to be very bloodless4 ,the portal canals are uniformly studded with small round nuclei or cells1 which are in part1 and might be said in great part1 due to increase of the connective tissue or to a cirrhotic process4 ,but ,i am more disposed to favour the view that they are due to migration from the blood-vessels1 because they are so uniform in size1 and the hepatic cells and connective tissue in their neighbourhood are undergoing no changes in the way of growth whatever4 ,i cannot detect any fatty changes in the vessels1 but some of the smaller biliary ducts contain some cloudy albuminous material1 and their nucleation is not distinct4 ,no retained biliary pigment is visible40#cji #cji 8,a ,recent ,case of ,suicide10 by ,herbert ,j4 ,capon1 ,m4,d4--,lancet1 ,march #ah1 #ahhb4 ,oscar ,wyss1#caj in the case of a woman twenty-three years old1 who died on the fifth day after taking phosphorus1 describes1 in addition to the fatty appearance of the cells1 a new formation of cells lying between the lobules and in part surrounding the gall-ducts and the branches of the portal vein and hepatic artery4 #caj ,virchow's ,archiv4 f4 path4 ,anat41 ,bd4 #cc1 ,hft4 #c1 ,s4 #dcb1 #ahfe4 ,salkowsky#caa found in animals1 which he killed a few hours after administering to them toxic doses of phosphorus1 notable hypermia of the throat1 intestine1 liver1 and kidneys--both the latter organs being larger than usual4 ,the liver cells were swollen1 and the nuclei very evident1 but they contained no fat1 fatty drops being formed afterwards4 #caa ,ibid41 ,bd4 #cd1 ,hft4 #a u4 #b1 ,s4 #gc1 #ahfe4 #bid4 ,the kidneys exhibit alterations very similar and analogous to those of the liver4 ,they are mostly enlarged1 congested1 and flabby1 with extravasations under the capsule1 and show microscopic changes essentially consisting in a fatty degeneration of the epithelium4 ,in cases attended with hmorrhage1 the tubuli may be here and there filled with blood4 ,the fatty epithelium is especially seen in the contorted tubes1 and the walls of the vessels1 both of the capsule and of the malpighian bodies1 also undergo the same fatty change4 ,in cases in which death has occurred rapidly1 the kidneys have been found almost healthy1 or a little congested only4 ,the pancreas has also been found with its structure in part replaced by fatty elements4 ,of great significance are also the fatty changes in the general muscular system1 and more especially in the heart4 ,the muscular fibres of the heart quickly lose their transverse stri1 which are replaced by drops of fat4 ,probably this change is the cause of the sudden death not unfrequently met with in phosphorus poisoning4 ,in the lungs1 when the phosphorus is taken in substance1 there is little 8naked-eye0 change1 but ,perls1#cab by manometric researches1 has shown that the elasticity is always decreased4 ,according to experiments on animals1 when the vapour is breathed1 the mucous membrane is red1 congested1 swollen1 and has an acid reaction4 #cab ,deutsch4 ,archiv f4 klin4 ,med41 vi4 ,hft4 #a1 ,s4 #a1 #ahfi4 ,in the nervous system no change has been remarked1 save occasionally hmorrhagic points and extravasations4 #bie4 ,diagnostic ,differences between ,acute ,yellow ,atrophy of the ,liver and ,fatty ,liver produced by ,phosphorus4--,o4 ,schultzen and ,o4 ,l4 ,riess have collected and compared ten cases of fatty liver from phosphorus poisoning1 and four cases of acute yellow atrophy of the liver1 and1 according to them1 the chief points of distinction are as follows3--,in phosphorus poisoning the liver is large1 doughy1 equally yellow1 and with the acini well marked2 while in acute yellow atrophy the liver is diminished in size1 tough1 leathery1 and of a dirty yellow hue1 the acini not being well mapped out4 ,the 8phosphorus0 liver1 again1 presents the cells filled with large fat drops1 or entirely replaced by them2 but in the 8atrophy0 liver1 the cells are replaced by a finely-nucleated detritus and through newly-formed cellular tissue4 ,yellow atrophy seems to be essentially an inflammation of the intralobular connective tissue1 while in phosphorus poisoning the cells become gorged by an infiltration of fat1 which presses upon the vessels and lessens the blood supply1 and the liver1 in consequence1 may1 after a time1 waste4 ,there is also a clinical distinction during life1 not only in the lessening bulk of the liver in yellow atrophy1 in opposition to the increase of size in the large phosphorus liver1 but also in the composition of the renal secretion4 ,in yellow atrophy the urine contains so much leucine and tyrosin1 that the simple addition of acetic acid causes at once a precipitate4 ,schultzen and ,riess also found in the urine1 in cases of yellow atrophy1 oxymandelic acid 7,c,h,o71 but in cases of phosphorus poisoning a nitrogenised acid1 fusing at #ahd to #ahe4 ,according to ,maschka1 grey-white1 knotty1 fcal masses are found in the intestines in yellow atrophy1 but never in cases of phosphorus poisoning4 ,in the latter1 it is more common to find a slight intestinal catarrh and fluid excreta4 #bif4 ,the ,detection of ,phosphorus4--,the following are the chief methods in use for the separation and detection of phosphorus3#cac-- #cac ,it has been recommended to dissolve the phosphorus out from organic matters by carbon disulphide4 ,on evaporation of the latter the phosphorus is recognised by its physical properties4 ,such a method is of but limited application1 although it may sometimes be found useful4 ,i have successfully employed it in the extraction of phosphorus from the crop of a fowl2 but on this occasion it happened to be present in large quantity4 #a4 ,mitscherlich's ,process4--,the essential feature of this process is simply distillation of free phosphorus1 and observation of its luminous properties as the vapour condenses in the condensing tube4 ,the conditions necessary for success are--7#a7 that the apparatus should be in total darkness2#cad and 7#b7 that there should be no substance present1 such as alcohol or ammonia1#cae which1 distilling over with the phosphorus-vapour1 could destroy its luminosity4 ,a convenient apparatus1 and one certain to be in all laboratories1 is an ordinary ,florence flask1 containing the liquid to be tested1 fitted to a glass ,liebig's condenser1 supported on an iron sand-bath 7which may1 or may not1 have a thin layer of sand71 and heated by a ,fletcher's low temperature burner4 ,the distillate is received into a flask4 ,this apparatus1 if in darkness1 works well2 but should the observer wish to work in daylight1 the condenser must be enclosed in a box perfectly impervious to light1 and having a hole through which the luminosity of the tube may be seen1 the head of the operator and the box being covered with a cloth4 ,if there be a stream of water passing continuously through the condenser1 a beautiful luminous ring of light appears in the upper part of the tube1 where it remains fixed for some time4 ,should1 however1 the refrigeration be imperfect1 the luminosity travels slowly down the tube into the receiver4 ,in any case1 the delicacy of the test is extraordinary4#caf ,if the organic liquid is alkaline1 or even neutral1 there will certainly be some evolution of ammonia1 which will distil over before the phosphorus1 and retard 7or1 if in sufficient quantity1 destroy7 the luminosity4 ,in such a case it is well1 as a precaution1 to add enough sulphuric acid to fix the ammonia1 omitting such addition if the liquid to be operated upon is acid4 #cad ,any considerable amount of phosphorescence can1 however1 be observed in twilight4 #cae ,many volatile substances destroy the luminous appearance of phosphorus vapour1 e4g41 chlorine1 hydric sulphide1 sulphur dioxide1 carbon disulphide1 ether1 alcohol1 petroleum1 turpentine1 creasote1 and most essential oils4 ,on the other hand1 bromine1 hydrochloric acid1 camphor1 and carbonate of ammonia do not seem to interfere much with the phosphorescence4 #caf ,fresenius states that he and ,neubauer1 with #a mgrm4 of phosphorus in #bjj1jjj1 recognised the light1 which lasted for half an hour4--,zeitschr4 f4 anal4 ,chem41 i4 p4 #ccf4 #b4 ,the ,production of ,phosphine 7,,ph74--,any method which produces phosphine 7phosphuretted hydrogen71 enabling that gas to be passed through nitrate of silver solution1 may be used for the detection of phosphorus4 ,thus1 ,sonnenschein states that he has found phosphorus in extraordinary small amount1 mixed with various substances1 by heating with potash in a flask1 and passing the phosphine into silver nitrate1 separating the excess of silver1 and recognising the phosphoric acid by the addition of molybdate of ammonia4#cag #cag ,sonnenschein1 ,handbuch der gerichtlichen ,chemie1 ,berlin1 #ahfi4 ,the usual way is1 however1 to produce phosphine by means of the action on free phosphorus of nascent hydrogen evolved on dissolving metallic zinc in dilute sulphuric acid4 ,phosphine is formed by the action of nascent hydrogen on solid phosphorus1 phosphorous acid1 and hypophosphorous acid2 but no phosphine can be formed in this way by the action of hydrogen on phosphoric acid4 ,since it may happen that no free phosphorus is present1 but yet the first product 7phosphorous acid7 of its oxidation1 the production of phosphine becomes a necessary test to make on failure of ,mitscherlich's test2 if no result follows the proper application of the two processes1 the probability is that phosphorus has not been taken4 ,blondlot and ,dusart evolve hydrogen from zinc and dilute sulphuric acid1 and pass the gas into silver nitrate2 if the gas is pure1 there is of course no reduction2 the liquid to be tested is then added to the hydrogen-generating liquid1 and if phosphorous or hypophosphorous acids be present1 a black precipitate of phosphor-silver will be produced4 ,to prove that this black precipitate is neither that produced by ,,sh1 nor by antimony nor arsenic1 the precipitate is collected and placed in the apparatus to be presently described1 and the spectroscopic appearances of the phosphine flame observed4 #c4 ,tests ,dependent on the ,combustion of ,phosphine 7,,ph74--,a hydrogen flame1 containing only a minute trace of phosphorus1 or of the lower products of its oxidation1 acquires a beautiful green tint1 and possesses a characteristic spectrum4 ,in order to obtain the latter in its best form1 the amount of phosphine must not be too large1 or the flame will become whitish and livid1 and the bands lose their defined character1 rendering the spectrum continuous4 ,again1 the orifice of the tube whence the gas escapes must not be too small2 and the best result is obtained when the flame is cooled4 ,m4 ,salet has proposed two excellent methods for the observation of phosphine by the spectroscope3-- 7#a7 ,he projects the phosphorus-flame on a plane vertical surface1 maintained constantly cold by means of a thin layer of running water2 the green colour is especially produced in the neighbourhood of the cool surface4 7#b7 ,at the level of the base of the flame1 there is an annular space1 through which a stream of cold air is continually blown upwards4 ,thus cooled1 the light is very pronounced1 and the band 1 which is almost invisible in the ordinary method of examination1 is plainly seen4#cah #cah ,consult ,spectres ,lumineux1 par ,m4 ,lecoq de ,boisbaudran1 ,paris1 #ahgd4 ,see also ,christofle and ,beilstrom's 8,abhandlung10 in ,fresenius' ,zeitschr4 f4 anal4 ,chem41 ,b4 #b1 p4 #dfe1 and ,b4 #c1 p4 #adg4 ,an apparatus 7devised by ,blondlot1 and improved by ,fresenius7 for the production of the phosphine flame in medico-legal research1 is represented in the following diagram3-- ,illustration ,several of the details of this apparatus may be modified at the convenience of the operator4 ,a is a vessel containing sulphuric acid2 ,b is partly filled with granulated zinc1 and hydrogen may be developed at pleasure2 c contains a solution of nitrate of silver2 d is a tube at which the gas can be lit2 e1 a flask containing the fluid to be tested1 and provided with a tube f1 at which also the gas issuing can be ignited4 ,the orifice should be provided with a platinum nozzle4 ,when the hydrogen has displaced the air1 both tubes are lit1 and the two flames1 being side by side1 can be compared4 ,should any phosphorus come over from the zinc 7a possibility which the interposed silver nitrate ought to guard against71 it is detected2 the last flask is now gently warmed1 and if the flame is green1 or1 indeed1 in any case1 it should be examined by the spectroscope4#cai #cai ,f4 ,selmi has proposed the simple dipping of a platinum loop into a liquid containing phosphoric acid1 and then inserting it into the tip of a hydrogen flame4 #big4 ,the spectrum1 when fully developed1 shows one band in the orange and yellow between ,c and ,d1 but very close to ,d1 and several bands in the green4 ,but the bands 1 1 1 and are the most characteristic4 ,the band has its centre about the wave-length #eiid2 it is easily distinguished when the slit of the spectroscope is a little wide1 but may be invisible if the slit is too narrow4 ,it is best seen by ,m4 ,salet's second process1 and1 when cooled by a brisk current of air1 it broadens1 and may extend closer to ,d4 ,the band has a somewhat decided border towards ,e1 while it is nebulous towards ,d1 and it is1 therefore1 very difficult to say where it begins or where it ends2 its centre may1 however1 be put at very near #aji of ,boisbaudran's scale1 corresponding to ,w4 ,l4 #efje1 if the flame is free4 ,this band is more distinct than 1 but with a strong current of air the reverse is the case4 ,the middle of the important band is nearly marked by ,fraunhofer's line ,e4 ,boisbaudran gives it as coinciding with #abb of his scale ,w4 ,l4 #ebfc4 ,in ordinary conditions 7that is1 with a free uncooled flame7 this is the brightest and most marked of all the bands4 ,the approximate middle of the band is ,w4 ,l4 #eajf 7,boisbaudran's scale #abijj74 ,lipowitz's ,sulphur ,test4--,sulphur has the peculiar property of condensing phosphorus on its surface1 and of this ,lipowitz proposed to take advantage4 ,pieces of sulphur are digested some time with the liquid under research1 subsequently removed1 and slightly dried4 ,when examined in the dark1 should phosphorus be present1 they gleam strongly if rubbed with the finger1 and develop a phosphorus odour4 ,the test is wanting in delicacy1 nor can it well be made quantitative2 it has1 however1 an advantage in certain cases1 e4g41 the detection of phosphorus in an alcoholic liquid4 ,scherer's test1 as modified by ,hager1#cbj is a very delicate and almost decisive test4 ,the substances to be examined are placed in a flask with a little lead acetate 7to prevent the possibility of any hydric sulphide being evolved71 some ether added1 and a strip of filter-paper soaked in a solution of silver nitrate is then suspended in the flask2 this is conveniently done by making a slit in the bottom of the cork1 and in the slit securing the paper4 ,the closed flask is placed in the dark1 and if phosphorus is present1 in a few minutes there is a black stain4 ,it may be objected that arsine will cause a similar staining1 but then arsine could hardly be developed under the circumstances given4 ,it is scarcely necessary to observe that the paper must be wet4 #cbj ,pharm4 ,central-halle1 #bj1 #cec4 #bih4 ,chemical ,examination of the ,urine4--,it may be desirable1 in any case of suspected phosphorus poisoning1 to examine the renal secretion for leucin and tyrosin1 c4 ,leucin may be found as a deposit in the urine4 ,its general appearance is that of little oval or round discs1 looking like drops of fat4 ,it can be recognised by taking up one or more of these little bodies and placing them in the author's subliming cell 7see #cad74 ,by careful heating it will sublime wholly on to the upper cover4 ,on now adding a little nitric acid to the sublimed leucin1 and drying1 and then to the dried residue adding a droplet of a solution of sodium hydrate1 leucin forms an oily drop4 ,tyrosin also may occur as a sediment of little heaps of fine needles4 ,the best test for tyrosin is to dissolve in hot water1 and then add a drop of a solution of mercuric nitrate and mercurous nitrate1 when a rose colour is at once developed1 if the tyrosin is in very minute quantity2 but if in more than traces1 there is a distinct crimson precipitate4 ,to separate leucin and tyrosin from the urine1 the best process is as follows3--,the urine is filtered from any deposit1 evaporated to a thin syrup1 and decanted from the second deposit that forms4 ,the two deposits are mixed together and treated with dilute ammonia1 which will dissolve out any tyrosin and leave it in needles1 if the ammonia is spontaneously evaporated on a watch-glass4 ,the urine is then diluted and treated with neutral and basic acetates of lead1 filtered1 and the lead thrown out of the filtrate by hydric sulphide4 ,the filtrate is evaporated to a syrup1 and it then deposits leucin mixed with some tyrosin4 ,if1 however1 the syrup refuses to crystallise1 it is treated with cold absolute alcohol1 and filtered1 the residue is then boiled up with spirit of wine1 which extracts leucin1 and deposits it on cooling in a crystalline form4 ,to obtain oxymandelic acid1 the mother liquor1 from which leucin and tyrosin have been extracted1 is precipitated with absolute alcohol1 filtered1 and then the alcoholic solution evaporated to a syrup4 ,this syrup is acidified by sulphuric acid1 and extracted with ether2 the ether is filtered off and evaporated to dryness2 the dry residue will be in the form of oily drops and crystals4 ,the crystals are collected1 dissolved in water1 and the solution precipitated by lead acetate to remove colouring-matters2 after filtration it is finally precipitated by basic acetate4 ,on decomposition of the basic acetate1 by suspending in water and saturating with hydric sulphide1 the ultimate filtrate on evaporation deposits colourless1 flexible needles of oxymandelic acid4 ,the nitrogenised acid which ,schultzen and ,riess obtained from urine in a case of phosphorus poisoning1 was found in an alcohol and ether extract--warts of rhombic scales separating out of the syrupy residue4 ,these scales gave no precipitate with basic acetate1 but formed a compound with silver nitrate4 ,the silver compound was in the form of shining white needles1 and contained #cci per cent4 of silver2 the acid was decomposed by heat1 and with lime yielded aniline4 ,its melting-point is given at from #ahd to #ahe4 ,the occurrence of some volatile substance in phosphorus urine1 which blackens nitrate of silver1 and which is probably phosphine1 was first noticed by ,selmi4#cba ,pesci and ,stroppa have confirmed ,selmi's researches4 ,it is even given off in the cold4 #cba ,giornale ,internaz4 della ,scienza ,med41 #ahgi1 ,nro4 #e1 p4 #fde4 #bii4 ,the quantitative estimation of phosphorus is best carried out by oxidising it into phosphoric acid1 and estimating as ammon4 magnesian phosphate4 ,to effect this1 the substances are distilled in an atmosphere of ,,co into a flask with water1 to which a tube containing silver nitrate is attached2 the latter retains all phosphine1 the former solid phosphorus4 ,if necessary1 the distillate may be again distilled into ,ag,n,o2 and in any case the contents of the ,u-tube and flask are mixed1 oxidised with nitromuriatic acid1 filtered from silver chloride1 and the phosphoric acid determined in the usual way4 ,in the case of a child poisoned by lucifer matches1 ,sonnenschein estimated the free phosphorus in the following way3--,the contents of the stomach were diluted with water1 a measured part filtered1 and the phosphoric acid estimated4 ,the other portion was then oxidised by ,h,cl and potassic chlorate1 and the phosphoric acid estimated--the difference being calculated as free phosphorus4 #cjj4 ,how long can ,phosphorus be recognised after ,death8--,one of the most important matters for consideration is the time after death in which free phosphorus1 or free phosphoric acids1 can be detected4 ,any phosphorus changed into ammon4 mag4 phosphate1 or into any other salt1 is for medico-legal purposes entirely lost1 since the expert can only take cognisance of the substance either in a free state1 as phosphine1 or as a free acid4 ,the question1 again1 may be asked in court--,does the decomposition of animal substances rich in phosphorus develop phosphine8 ,the answer to this is1 that no such reaction has been observed4 ,a case is related#cbb in which phosphorus was recognised1 although the body had been buried for several weeks and then exhumed4 #cbb ,pharm4 ,zeitsch4 f4 ,russl41 ,jahrg4 #b1 p4 #hg4 ,the expert of pharmacy of the ,provincial ,government ,board of ,breslau has also made some experiments in this direction1 which are worthy of note3--,four guinea-pigs were poisoned1 each by #jjbc grm4 of phosphorus2 they died in a few hours1 and were buried in sandy-loam soil1 #je metre deep4 ,exhumation of the first took place four weeks after4 ,the putrefying organs--heart1 liver1 spleen1 stomach1 and all the intestines--tested by ,mitscherlich's method of distillation1 showed characteristic phosphorescence for nearly one hour4 ,the second animal was exhumed after eight weeks in a highly putrescent state4 ,its entrails1 on distillation1 showed the phosphorescent appearance for thirty-five minutes4 ,the third animal was taken from the earth after twelve weeks1 but no free phosphorus could be detected1 although there was evidence of the lower form of oxidation 7,,po7 by ,blondlot's method4 ,the fourth animal was exhumed after fifteen weeks1 but neither free phosphorus nor ,,po could be detected4#cbc #cbc ,vierteljahrsschrift fr gerichtliche ,medicin1 ,jan4 #g1 #ahgf2 see also ,zeitschr4 f4 anal4 ,chemie1 #ahgb4 ,a man1 as well as a cat1 was poisoned by phosphorus4 ,on analysis1 twenty-nine days after death1 negative results were alone obtained4--,sonnenschein4 ,it will thus be evident that there is no constant rule1 and that1 even when decomposition is much advanced1 an examination may be successful4 ,,part ,,vi4--,,alkaloids ,,and ,,poisonous ,,vegetable ,,principles ,,separated ,,for ,,the ,,most ,,part ,,by ,,alcoholic ,,solvents4 ,,division ,i4--,,vegetable ,,alkaloids4 ,i4--,general ,methods of ,testing and ,extracting ,alkaloids4 #cja4 ,general ,tests for ,alkaloids4--,in order to ascertain whether an alkaloid is present or not1 a method of extraction must be pursued which1 while disposing of fatty matters1 salts1 c41 shall dissolve as little as possible of foreign substances--such a method1 e4g41 as the original process of ,stas1 or one of its modern modifications4 ,if to the acid aqueous solution finally obtained by this method a dilute solution of soda be added1 drop by drop1 until it is rendered feebly alkaline1 and no precipitate appear1 whatever other poisonous plant-constituents may be present1 all ordinary alkaloids#cbd are absent4 #cbd ,in the case of morphine tartrate1 this test will not answer4 ,see the article on ,morphine4 ,in addition to this negative test1 there are also a number of substances which give well-marked crystalline or amorphous precipitates with alkaloids4 #cjb4 ,these may be called 8group reagents40 ,the chief members of the group-reagents are--,iodine dissolved in hydriodic acid1 iodine dissolved in potassic iodide solution1 bromine dissolved in potassic bromide solution1 hydrargo-potassic iodide1 bismuth-potassic iodide1 cadmic potassic iodide2 the chlorides of gold1 of platinum1 and mercury2 picric acid1 gallic acid1 tannin1 chromate of potash1 bichromate of potash1 phospho-molybdic acid1 phospho-tungstic acid1 silico-tungstic acid1 and ,frhde's reagent4 ,it will be useful to make a few general remarks on some of these reagents4 ,iodine in hydriodic acid gives either crystalline or amorphous precipitates with nearly all alkaloids2 the compound with morphine1 for example1 is in very definite needles2 with dilute solutions of atropine1 the precipitate is in the form of minute dots1 but the majority of the precipitates are amorphous1 and all are more or less coloured4 ,iodine dissolved in a solution of potassic iodide gives with alkaloids a reddish or red-brown precipitate1 and this in perhaps a greater dilution than almost any reagent4 ,when added to an aqueous solution1 the precipitates are amorphous1 but if added to an alcoholic solution1 certain alkaloids then form crystalline precipitates2 this1 for example1 is the case with berberine and narceine4 ,by treating the precipitate with aqueous sulphurous acid1 a sulphate of the alkaloid is formed and hydriodic acid1 so that by suitable operations the alkaloid may readily be recovered from this compound4 ,a solution of bromine in potassic bromide solution also gives similar precipitates to the above1 but it forms insoluble compounds with phenol1 orcin1 and other substances4 ,mercuric potassic iodide is prepared by decomposing mercuric chloride with potassic iodide in excess4 ,the proportions are #acedf grms4 of mercuric chloride and #dih of potassic iodide1 and water sufficient to measure1 when dissolved1 #a litre4 ,the precipitates from this reagent are white and flocculent2 many of them become1 on standing1 crystalline4 ,bismuthic potassic iodide in solution precipitates alkaloids1 and the compounds formed are of great insolubility1 but it also forms compounds with the various albuminoid bodies4 ,chloride of gold forms with the alkaloids compounds1 many of which are crystalline1 and most admit of utilisation for quantitative determinations4 ,chloride of gold does not precipitate amides or ammonium compounds1 and on this account its value is great4 ,the precipitates are yellow1 and after a while are partly decomposed1 when the colour is of a reddish-brown4 ,platinic chloride also forms precipitates with most of the alkaloids1 but since it also precipitates ammonia and potassic salts1 it is inferior to gold chloride in utility4 #cjc4 7#a47 ,phosphomolybdic ,acid as a ,reagent for ,alkaloids4--,preparation2 ,molybdate of ammonia is precipitated by phosphate of soda2 and the well-washed yellow precipitate is suspended in water and warmed with carbonate of soda1 until it is entirely dissolved4 ,this solution is evaporated to dryness1 and the ammonia fully expelled by heating4 ,if the molybdic acid is fairly reduced by this means1 it is to be moistened by nitric acid1 and the heating repeated4 ,the now dry residue is warmed with water1 nitric acid added to strong acid reaction1 and the mixture diluted with water1 so that #aj parts of the solution contain #a of the dry salt4 ,the precipitates of the alkaloids are as follows3-- ,aniline1 ,bright-yellow1 flocculent4 ,morphine1 ,narcotine1 ,brownish-yellow1 ,quinine1 ,whitish-yellow1 ,cinchonine1 ,codeine1 ,brownish-yellow1 voluminous4 ,strychnine1 ,white-yellow1 ,brucine1 ,yelk-yellow1 flocculent4 ,veratrine1 ,bright-yellow1 ,jervine1 ,aconitine1 ,emetine1 ,theine1 ,bright-yellow1 voluminous4 ,theobromine1 ,solanine1 ,citron-yellow1 pulverulent4 ,atropine1 ,bright-yellow1 flocculent4 ,hyoscyamine1 ,colchicine1 ,orange-yellow1 ,delphinine1 ,grey-yellow1 voluminous4 ,berberine1 ,dirty-yellow1 flocculent4 ,coniine1 ,bright-yellow1 voluminous4 ,nicotine1 ,piperine1 ,brownish-yellow1 flocculent4 7#b47 ,silico-,tungstic ,acid as a ,reagent for ,alkaloids4--,sodium tungstate is boiled with freshly precipitated gelatinous silica4 ,to the solution is added mercurous nitrate1 which precipitates the yellow mercurous silico-tungstate4 ,this is filtered1 well-washed1 and decomposed by an equivalent quantity of hydrochloric acid2 silico-tungstic acid then goes into solution1 and mercurous chloride 7calomel7 remains behind4 ,the clear filtrate is evaporated to drive off the excess of hydrochloric acid1 and furnishes1 on spontaneous evaporation1 large1 shining1 colourless octahedra of silico-tungstic acid1 which effloresce in the air1 melt at #cf1 and are easily soluble in water or alcohol4 ,this agent produces no insoluble precipitate with any metallic salt4 ,csium and rubidium salts1 even in dilute solutions1 are precipitated by it2 neutral solutions of ammonium chloride give with it a white precipitate1 soluble with difficulty in large quantities of water4 ,it precipitates solutions of the salts of quinine1 cinchonine1 morphine1 atropine1 c42 if in extremely dilute solution1 an opalescence only is produced3 for instance1 it has been observed that cinchonine hydrochlorate in #a_/bjjjjj1 quinia hydrochlorate in #a_/bjjjj1 morphia hydrochlorate in #a_/aebhe dilution1 all gave a distinct opalescence4--,archiv der ,pharm41 ,nov41 ,dr4 ,richard ,godeffroy4 7#c47 ,scheibler's ,method for ,alkaloids3 ,phospho-,tungstic ,acid4--,ordinary commercial sodium tungstate is digested with half its weight of phosphoric acid1 specific gravity #aac1 and the whole allowed to stand for some days1 when the acid separates in crystals4 ,a solution of these crystals will give a distinct precipitate with the most minute quantities of alkaloids1 #a_/bjjjjj of strychnine1 and #a_/ajjjjj of quinine4 ,the alkaloid is liberated by digestion with barium hydrate 7or calcium hydrate72 and if volatile1 may be distilled off1 if fixed1 dissolved out by chloroform4 ,in complex mixtures1 colouring-matter may be removed by plumbic acetate1 the lead thrown out by ,,sh1 and concentrated1 so as to remove the excess of ,,sh4 #cjd4 ,schulze's reagent is phospho-antimonic acid4 ,it is prepared by dropping a strong solution of antimony trichloride into a saturated solution of sodic phosphate4 ,the precipitation of the alkaloids is effected by this reagent in a sulphuric acid solution4 #cje4 ,dragendorff's reagent is a solution of potass-bismuth iodide2 it is prepared by dissolving bismuth iodide in a hot solution of potassium iodide1 and then diluting with an equal volume of iodide of potassium solution4 ,on the addition of an acid solution of an alkaloid1 a kermes-red precipitate falls down1 which is in many cases crystalline4 ,marm's reagent is a solution of potass-cadmium iodide4 ,it is made on similar principles4 ,potass-zinc iodide in solution is also made similarly4 ,the precipitates produced in solutions of narceine and codeine are crystalline and very characteristic4 #cjf4 ,colour ,tests4--,frhde's reagent is made by dissolving #a part of sodic molybdate in #aj parts of strong sulphuric acid2 it strikes distinctive colours with many alkaloids4 ,mandelin's reagent is a solution of meta-vanadate of ammonia in mono- or dihydrated sulphuric acid4 ,the strength should be #a part of the salt to #bjj of the acid4 ,this reagent strikes a colour with many alkaloids1 and aids to their identification4 ,it is specially useful to supplement and correct other tests4 ,the following table gives the chief colour reactions1 with the alkaloids4 7,see also p4 #ee for the spectroscopic appearances of certain of the colour tests47 ,,methods ,,of ,,separation4 #cjg4 ,stas's ,process4--,the original method of ,stas#cbe 7afterwards modified by ,otto7#cbf consisted in extraction of the organic matters by strong alcohol1 with the addition of tartaric acid2 the filtered solution was then carefully neutralised with soda1 and shaken up with ether1 the ethereal solution being separated by a pipette4 ,subsequent chemists proposed chloroform instead of ether1#cbg the additional use of amyl-alcohol1#cbh and the substitution of acetic1 hydrochloric1 and sulphuric for tartaric acid4 #cbe ,annal d4 ,chem4 u4 ,pharm41 #hd1 #cgi4 #cbf ,ib41 #ajj1 #dd4 ,anleitung zur ,ausmittel4 d4 ,gifte4 #cbg ,rodgers and ,girwood1 ,pharm4 ,journ4 and ,trans41 xvi4 #dig2 ,prollin's ,chem4 ,centralb41 #aheg1 #bca2 ,thomas1 ,zeitschr4 fr analyt4 ,chem41 i4 #eag1 c4 #cbh ,erdmann and v4 ,ushlar1 ,ann4 ,chem4 ,pharm41 cxx4 pp4 #aba-cfj4 ,,colour ,,reactions#cbi ,,of ,,certain ,,alkaloids4 #cbi ,caustic potash also gives characteristic colours with certain alkaloids4 ,out of seventy-two alkaloids 7using #je mgrm471 the following alone gave characteristic colours when fused with ,,kho3--,quinine1 grass-green1 and peculiar odour2 quinidine1 becoming yellower and finally brown2 cinchonine1 at first brownish-red to violet1 with green edges1 later1 bluish-green2 cinchonidine1 blue passing into grey2 cocaine1 greenish-yellow1 turning to blue1 and then dirty red on strong heating4--,w4 ,lenz1 ,zeit4 f4 anal4 ,chem41 #be1 #bi-cb4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,name of ,strong ,sulphuric ,frhde's ,reagent4,mandelin's ,reagent4 ,substance4 ,acid4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,strychnine4 444 444 ,violet-blue1 then lastly cinnabar- red4 ,brucine4 ,pale red4 ,red1 then yellow4 ,yellow-red to orange1 afterwards blood-red4 ,curarine4 ,fine red4 444 444 ,quinine4 444 ,greenish4 ,weak orange1 then blue-green1 lastly green-brown4 ,atropine4 444 444 ,red1 then yellow- red1 and lastly yellow4 ,aconitine4 444 444 444 ,veratrine4 ,yellow1 then ,gamboge-yellow1 ,yellow1 orange1 orange1 blood- then cherry-red4 blood-red1 lastly red1 lastly carmine-red4 carmine-red4 ,morphine4 444 ,violet1 green1 ,reddish1 then blue-green1 and blue-violet4 yellow4 ,narcotine4 ,yellow1 then ,green1 then brown-,cinnabar-red1 then raspberry colour4green1 yellow1 carmine-red4 lastly red4 ,codeine4 444 ,dirty green1 then ,green-blue to blue4 blue1 lastly yellow4 ,papaverine4 444 ,green1 then blue- ,blue-green to blue4 violet1 lastly cherry-red4 ,thebaine4 ,blood-red1 then ,orange1 then ,red to orange4 yellow-red4 colourless4 ,narceine4 ,grey-brown1 then ,brown1 green1 red1,violet1 then blood-red4 lastly blue4 orange4 ,nicotine4 444 ,yellowish1 then ,transitory dark red4 colour4 ,coniine4 444 ,yellow4 444 ,colchicine4,intense yellow4 ,yellow to ,blue-green1 then green-yellow4 brown4 ,delphini- ,red4 ,red-brown4 ,red-brown to brown4 dine4 ,solanine4 ,red-yellow1 then ,cherry-red1 ,yellow-orange1 brown4 red-brown1 yellow1cherry-red1 and yellow-green4 lastly violet4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #cjh4 ,selmi's ,process for ,separating ,alkaloids4--,a method of separating alkaloids from an ethereal solution has been proposed by ,selmi4#ccj ,the alcoholic extract of the viscera1 acidified and filtered1 is evaporated at #fe2 the residue taken up with water1 filtered1 and decolorised by basic acetate of lead4 ,the lead is thrown out by sulphuretted hydrogen2 the solution1 after concentration1 repeatedly extracted with ether2 and the ethereal solution saturated with dry ,,co1 which generally precipitates some of the alkaloids4 ,the ethereal solution is then poured into clean vessels1 and mixed with about half its volume of water1 through which a current of ,,co is passed for twenty minutes2 this may cause the precipitation of other alkaloids not thrown down by dry ,,co4 ,if the whole of the alkaloids are not obtained by these means1 the solution is dehydrated by agitation with barium oxide1 and a solution of tartaric acid in ether is added 7care being taken to avoid excess72 this throws down any alkaloid still present4 ,the detection of any yet remaining in the viscera is effected by mixing with barium hydrate and a little water1 and agitating with purified amylic alcohol2 from the alcohol the alkaloids may be subsequently extracted by agitation with very dilute sulphuric acid4 #ccj ,f4 ,selmi1 ,gazett4 ,chim4 ,ital41 vj4 #aec-aff1 and ,journ4 ,chem4 ,soc41 i41 #ahgg1 #ic4 ,another ingenious method 7also the suggestion of ,selmi7 is to treat the organic substance with alcohol1 to which a little sulphuric acid has been added1 to filter1 digest with alcohol1 and refilter4 ,the filtrates are united1 evaporated down to a smaller bulk1 filtered1 concentrated to a syrup1 alkalised by barium hydrate1 and1 after the addition of freshly ignited barium oxide and some powdered glass1 exhausted with dry ether2 the ether filtered1 the filtrate digested with lead hydrate2 the ethereal solution filtered1 evaporated to dryness1 and finally again taken up with ether1 which1 this time1 should leave on evaporation the alkaloid almost pure4 #cji4 ,dragendorff's ,process4--,to ,dragendorff we owe an elaborate general method of separation1 since it is applicable not only to alkaloids1 but to glucosides1 and other active principles derived from plants4 ,his process is essentially a combination of those already known1 and its distinctive features are the shaking up--7#a7 of the acid fluid with the solvent1 thus removing colouring matters and certain non-alkaloidal principles2 and 7#b7 of the same fluid made alkaline4 ,the following is his method in full4 ,it may be advantageously used when the analyst has to search generally for vegetable poison1 although it is1 of course1 far too elaborate for every case2 and where1 from any circumstance1 there is good ground for suspecting the presence of one or two particular alkaloids or poisons1 the process may be much shortened and modified4#cca #cca ,dragendorff's ,gerichtlich-chemische ,ermittelung von ,giften1 ,st4 ,petersburg1 #ahgf1 p4 #ada4 ,i4 ,the substance1 in as finely-divided form as possible1 is digested for a few hours in water acidified with sulphuric acid1 at a temperature of #dj to #ej1 and this operation is repeated two or three times1 with filtering and pressing of the substances2 later1 the extracts are united4 ,this treatment 7if the temperature mentioned is not exceeded7 does not decompose the majority of alkaloids or other active substances2 but there are a few 7e4g41 solanine and colchicine7 which would be altered by it2 and1 if such are suspected1 maceration at the common temperature is necessary1 with substitution of acetic for sulphuric acid4#ccb #ccb ,when blood is to be examined1 it is better to dry it1 and then powder and extract with water acidified with dilute sulphuric acid4 ,however1 if the so-called volatile alkaloids are suspected1 this modification is to be omitted4 ,,ii4 ,the extract is next evaporated until it begins to be of a syrupy consistence2 the residue mixed with three to four times its volume of alcohol1 macerated for twenty-four hours at about #cd1 allowed to become quite cool1 and filtered from the foreign matters which have separated4 ,the residue is washed with alcohol of #gj per cent4 ,,iii4 ,the filtrate is freed from alcohol by distillation1 the watery residue poured into a capacious flask1 diluted 7if necessary7 with water1 and filtered4 ,acid as it is1 it is extracted at the common temperature1 with frequent shaking1 by freshly-rectified petroleum ether2 and1 after the fluids have again separated1 the petroleum ether is removed1 carrying with it certain impurities 7colouring matter1 c471 which are in this way advantageously displaced4 ,by this operation ethereal oils1 carbolic acid1 picric acid1 c41 which have not been distilled1 besides piperin1 may also be separated4 ,the shaking up with petroleum ether is repeated several times 7as long as anything remains to be dissolved71 and the products are evaporated on several watch-glasses4 ,,residue ,,of ,,petroleum ,,ether ,,from ,,the ,,acid ,,solution4 #a4 ,,it ,,is ,,crystalline4 #b4 ,,it ,,is ,,amorphous4 #c4 ,,it ,,is ,,volatile1 with a powerful odour2 ethereal oil1 carbolic acid1 c4 ,a4 ,it is yellowish1 ,a4 ,it is fixed4 and with difficulty volatilised4 4 ,the crystals are 4 ,concentrated sul- dissolved by concen- phuric acid dissolves trated sulphuric it immediately-- acid1 with the pro- violet1 and later duction of a clear greenish-blue4 yellow colour1 pass- ,constituents of the ing into brown and black hellebore4 greenish-brown4 ,piperin4 4 ,the solution in sulphuric acid 4 ,it dissolves with a yellow remains yellow2 potassic cyanide colour1 changing into fallow- and caustic potash colour it1 on brown4 warming1 blood-red4 ,constituents of aconite plant ,picric acid4 and products of the decomposition of ,aconitine4 ,b4 ,,it ,,is ,,colourless1 ,,liquefies ,b4 ,,it ,,is ,,white1 ,,sharp-,,tasting1 ,,easily1 ,,and ,,smells ,,strongly4 ,,and ,,reddens ,,the ,,skin4 ,camphor and similar matters4 ,capsicin4 ,it may be expected that the substances mentioned under the heads #a1 #b1 and #c will be1 in general1 fully obtained by degrees4 ,this is not the case1 however1 as regards piperin and picric acid4 ,,iv4 ,the watery fluid is now similarly shaken up with benzene1 and the benzene removed and evaporated4 ,should the evaporated residue show signs of an alkaloid 7and especially of theine71 the watery fluid is treated several times with a fresh mixture of benzene1 till a little of the last-obtained benzene extraction leaves on evaporation no residue4 ,the benzene extracts are now united1 and washed by shaking with distilled water2 again separated and filtered1 the greater part of the benzene distilled from the filtrate1 and the remainder of the fluid divided and evaporated on several watch-glasses4 ,the evaporated residue may contain theine1 colchicine1 cubebin1 digitalin1 cantharidin1 colocynthin1 elaterin1 caryophylline1 absinthin1 cascarillin1 populin1 santonin1 c41 and traces of veratrine1 delphinine1 physostigmine1 and berberine4 ,a remnant of piperin and picric acid may remain from the previous treatment with petroleum ether4 ,,the ,,benzene ,,residue ,,from ,,the ,,acid ,,solution4 #a4 ,,it ,,is ,,crystalline4 #b4 ,,it ,,is ,,amorphous4 ,a4 ,,well-,,formed1 ,,colourless ,a4 ,,colourless ,,or ,,pale ,,yellow ,,crystals4 ,,residue4 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves the 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves it at hair-like crystals without change first yellow2 the solution be- of colour2 evaporation with chlo- coming later red4 ,frhde's re- rine water1 and subsequent treat- agent does not colour it violet4 ment with ammonia1 gives a ,elaterin4 murexide reaction4 ,theine4 4 ,sulphuric acid leaves the 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves red2 rhombic crystals uncoloured4 ,the ,frhde's reagent violet-red2#ccc substance1 taken up by oil1 and tannic acid does not precipitate4 applied to the skin1 produces a ,populin4 blister4 ,cantharidin4 4 ,sulphuric acid leaves the 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves it scaly crystals at first un- with a red colour2 ,frhde's coloured1 then slowly develops a reagent#ccd a beautiful cherry- reddening4 ,it does not blister4 red2 tannic acid precipitates a ,warm alcoholic potash-lye colours yellowish-white4 ,colocynthin4 it a transitory red4 ,santonin4 4 ,sulphuric acid colours the 4 ,sulphuric acid colours it crystals almost black1 whilst it gradually a beautiful red1 whilst takes itself a beautiful red tannin does not precipitate4 colour4 ,cubebin4 ,constituents of the ,pimento4 ,b4 ,,crystals ,,pale ,,to ,,clear ,,yellow4 ,b4 ,,pure ,,yellow ,,residue4 4 ,piperin4 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves it yellow2 on the addition of nitric acid1 this solution is green1 quickly changing to blue and violet4 ,colchicine4 4 ,picric ,acid4 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves with separation of a violet powder2 caustic potash colours it red2 sulphide of ammonia violet1 and1 by heating1 indigo-blue4 ,chrysammic acid4 4 ,caustic potash dissolves it purple4 ,aloetin4 ,c4 ,,mostly ,,undefined ,,colourless ,c4 ,a ,,greenish ,,bitter ,,residue1 ,,crystals4 which dissolves brown in concen- trated sulphuric acid2 in ,frhde's reagent1 likewise1 at first brown1 then at the edge green1 changing into blue-violet1 and lastly violet4 ,constituents of wormwood1 with absynthin1 besides quassiin1 menyanthin1 ericolin1 daphnin1 cnicin1 and others4 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves it green-brown2 bromine colours this solution red2 dilution with water again green4 ,the substance renders the heart-action of a frog slower4 ,digitalin4 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves it orange1 then brown1 lastly red- violet4 ,nitric acid dissolves it yellow1 and water separates as a jelly out of the latter solution4 ,sulphuric acid and bromine do not colour it red4 ,gratiolin4 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves it red-brown4 ,bromine produces in this solution red-violet stripes4 ,it does not act on frogs4 ,cascarillin4 ,d4 ,,generally ,,undefined ,,yellow ,,crystallisation4--,sulphuric acid dis- solves it olive-green4 ,the alcoholic solution gives with potassic iodide a colourless and green crystalline precipitate4 ,berberin4 #ccc ,frhde's reagent is described at page #bci4 #ccd ,frhde's reagent is described at page #bci4 ,v4 ,as a complete exhaustion of the watery solution is not yet attained by the benzene agency1 another solvent is tried4 ,,the ,,watery ,,solution ,,is ,,now ,,extracted ,,in ,,the ,,same ,,way ,,by ,,chloroform4 ,in chloroform the following substances are especially taken up3--,theobromine1 narceine1 papaverine1 cinchonine1 jervine1 besides picrotoxin1 syringin1 digitalin1 helleborin1 convallamarin1 saponin1 senegin1 smilacin4 ,lastly1 portions of the bodies named in ,process ,,iv41 which benzene failed to extract entirely1 enter into solution1 as well as traces of brucine1 narcotine1 physostigmine1 veratrine1 delphinine4 ,the evaporation of the chloroform is conducted at the ordinary temperature in four or five watch-glasses4 ,,the ,,chloroform ,,residue ,,from ,,the ,,acid ,,solution4#cce #cce ,chloroform removes small portions of acetate of aconitine from acid solution1 ,dunstan and ,umney1 ,j4 ,c4 ,s41 #ahib1 p4 #cch4 #a4 ,,the ,,residue ,,is ,,more ,,or ,,less #b4 ,,the ,,residue ,,is ,,amorphous4 ,,markedly ,,crystalline4 ,a4 ,it gives in the sulphuric ,a4 ,in acetic acid solution it acid solution evidence of an renders the action of the frog's alkaloid by its action towards heart slower1 or produces local iodine and iodide of potassium4 ansthesia4 aa4 ,it does not produce local ansthesia4 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves it 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves it without the production of colour1 red-brown1 bromine produces a and chlorine and ammonia give no beautiful purple colour1 water murexide reaction4 ,cinchonine4 changes it into green1 hydro- chloric acid dissolves it greenish-brown4 ,digitalin4 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves it 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves it without colour1 chlorine and yellow1 then brown-red2 on ad- ammonia give1 as with theine1 a dition of water this solution be- murexide reaction4 ,theobromine4 comes violet4 ,hydrochloric acid1 on warming1 dissolves it red4 ,convallamarin4 bb4 ,it produces local ansthe- sia4 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves it brown4 ,the solution becomes1 by extracting with water1 violet1 and can even be diluted with two volumes of water without losing its colour4 ,saponin4 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves it yellow4 ,on diluting with water the same reaction occurs as in the previous case1 but more feebly4 ,senegin4 4 ,sulphuric acid does not colour 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves in the cold2 on warming1 the brown1 and the solution becomes solution becomes a blue violet4 red by the addition of a little ,papaverine4 water4 ,the action is very weak4 ,smilacin4 cc4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves it with the production of a dirty red1 hydrochloric acid1 in the cold1 with that of a reddish- brown colour1 and the last solu- tion becomes brown on boiling4 ,constituents of the hellebore1 particularly ,jervine4 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves it in the cold with the production of a blue colour4 ,unknown impurities1 many commercial samples of ,papaverine4 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves it at first grey-brown2 the solution becomes in about twenty-four hours blood-red4 ,iodine water colours it blue4 ,narceine4 ,b4 ,,it ,,gives ,,no ,,alkaloid ,,reaction4 ,b4 ,is inactive1 and becomes blue by sulphuric acid2 by ,frhde's reagent#ccf dark cherry-red4 ,hydrochloric acid dissolves it red4 ,the solution becomes1 by boiling1 colourless4 ,syringin4 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves it with a beautiful yellow colour2 mixed with nitre1 then moistened with sulphuric acid1 and lastly treated with concentrated soda- lye1 it is coloured a brick-red4 ,picrotoxin4 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves it with the production of a splendid red colour4 ,the substance renders the heart-action of a frog slower4 ,helleborin4 #ccf ,described at p4 #bci4 ,,vi4 ,,the ,,watery ,,fluid ,,is ,,now ,,again ,,shaken ,,up ,,with ,,petroleum ,,ether1 in order to take up the rest of the chloroform1 and the watery fluid is saturated with ammonia4 ,the watery solution of aconitine and emetine is liable to undergo1 through free ammonia1 a partial decomposition2 but1 on the other hand1 it is quite possible to obtain1 with very small mixtures of the substances1 satisfactory reactions1 even out of ammoniacal solutions4 ,,vii4 ,,the ,,ammoniacal ,,watery ,,fluid ,,with ,,petroleum ,,ether4 ,in the earlier stages ,dragendorff advises the shaking up with petroleum ether at about #dj1 and the removal of the ether as quickly as possible whilst warm4 ,this is with the intention of separating by this fluid strychnine1 brucine1 emetine1 quinine1 veratrine1 c4 ,finding1 however1 that a full extraction by petroleum ether is either difficult or not practicable1 he prefers1 as we have seen1 to conclude the operation by other agents1 coming back again upon the ether for certain special cases4 ,such are the volatile alkaloids2 and here he recommends treatment of the fluid by cold petroleum ether1 taking care not to hasten the removal of the latter4 ,strychnine and other fixed alkaloids are then only taken up in small quantities1 and the greater portion remains for the later treatment of the watery fluid by benzene4 ,a portion of the petroleum ether1 supposed to contain in solution volatile alkaloids1 is evaporated in two watch-glasses2 to the one1 strong hydrochloric acid is added1 the other being evaporated without this agent4 ,on the evaporation of the petroleum ether1 it is seen whether the first portion is crystalline or amorphous1 or whether the second leaves behind a strongly-smelling fluid mass1 which denotes a volatile alkaloid4 ,if the residue in both glasses is without odour and fixed1 the absence of volatile acids and the presence of fixed alkaloids1 strychnine1 emetine1 veratrine1 c41 are indicated4 ,,the ,,petroleum ,,ether ,,residue ,,from ,,ammoniacal ,,solution4 #a4 ,,it ,,is ,,fixed ,,and #b4 ,,it ,,is ,,fixed ,,and #c4 ,,it ,,is ,,fixed ,,and ,,crystalline4 ,,amorphous4 ,,odorous4 ,a4 ,the crystals are ,a4 ,on adding to the volatilised with watch-glass a little difficulty4 hydrochloric acid1 crystals are left behind4 aa4 ,sulphuric acid aa4 ,its solution is dissolves it without not precipitated by colour4 platin chloride4 4 ,potassic chromate 4 ,the purest sulphuric 4 ,the crystals of the colours this solution acid dissolves it hydrochloric compound a transitory blue1 almost without colour2 act on polarised then red4 sulphuric acid con- light2 and are mostly ,strychnine4 taining nitric acid1 needle-shaped and red quickly becoming columnar4 ,coniine orange4 and ,methyl-,coniine4 ,brucine4 4 ,potassic chromate 4 ,sulphuric acid dis- 4 ,the crystals are does not colour it solves it yellow1 cubical or tetra- blue2 with chlorine becoming deep red4 hedral4 ,alkaloid water and ammonia it ,veratrine4 from ,capsicum4 gives a green colour4 ,quinine4 4 ,sulphuric acid dis- solves it brown-green2 ,frhde's reagent red1 changing into green4 ,emetine4 bb4 ,the solution of the hydrochlorate of the alkaloid is pre- cipitated by platin chloride4 ,sarracinin4 4 ,sulphuric acid ,b4 ,the residue of the dissolves it yellow1 hydrochlorate of the and the solution be- alkaloid is amor- comes gradually a phous1 or1 by further beautiful deep red4 additions of ,h,cl1 ,sabadilline4 becomes crystalline4 4 ,the crystals are easily volatilised4 ,coniine4 aa4 ,its diluted aqueous solution is precipitated by platin chloride4 4 ,the hydrochlorate salt1 being quickly treated with ,frhde's reagent1 gives after about two minutes a violet solution which gradually fades4 ,lobeliin4 4 ,the hydrochlorate smells like nicotine1 and becomes by ,frhde's reagent yellow1 and after twenty-four hours pale red4 ,nicotine4 4 ,the hydrochlorate is without odour1 the free base smells faintly like aniline4 ,sparteine4 bb4 ,the substance is not precipitated from a diluted solu- tion by platin chloride4 4 ,its petroleum ether solution pro- duces no turbidity with a solution of picric acid in petro- leum ether2 but it leaves behind1 when mixed with the above1 crystals mostly of three-sided plates4 ,trimethylamine4 4 ,the petroleum ether solution gives1 on evaporation1 when treated similarly1 moss-like crystals4 ,the substance is made blue by chloride of lime1 as well as by diluted sulphuric acid and bichromate of potash4 ,aniline4 4 ,the alkaloid does not smell like methylamine1 and is not coloured by chlo- ride of lime1 sul- phuric acid1 or chro- mate of potash4 ,volatile alkaloid of the ,pimento4 ,,viii4 ,,the ,,ammoniacal ,,solution ,,is ,,shaken ,,up ,,with ,,benzene4 ,in most cases petroleum ether1 benzene1 and chloroform are more easily separated from acid watery fluids than from ammoniacal1 benzene and chloroform causing here a difficulty which has perhaps deterred many from using this method4 ,dragendorff1 however1 maintains that he has never examined a fluid in which he could not obtain a complete separation of the benzene and water4 ,if the upper benzene layer is fully gelatinous and emulsive1 the under layer of water is to be removed with a pipette as far as possible1 and the benzene with a few drops of absolute alcohol and filtration4 ,as a rule1 the water goes through first alone1 and by the time the greater part has run through1 the jelly in the filter1 by dint of stirring1 has become separated from the benzene1 and1 finally1 the jelly shrinks up to a minimum1 and the clear benzene filters off4 ,dragendorff filters mostly into a burette1 from which ultimately the benzene and the water are separated4 ,the principal alkaloids which are dissolved in benzene are--strychnine1 methyl and ethyl strychnine1 brucine1 emetine1 quinine1 cinchonine1 atropine1 hyoscyamine1 physostigmine1 aconitine1 nepalin1 the alkaloid of the ,aconitum lycoctonum1 aconellin1 napellin1 delphinine1 veratrine1 sabatrin1 sabadilline1 codeine1 thebaine1 and narcotine4 ,,the ,,benzene ,,residue ,,derived ,,from ,,the ,,ammoniacal ,,solution4 #a4 ,,it ,,is ,,for ,,the ,,most ,,part ,,crys- #b4 ,,it ,,is ,,for ,,the ,,most ,,part ,,amor- ,,talline4 ,,phous4 a4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves it a4 ,pure sulphuric acid dis- without colour1 the solution solves it either whitish-red or being coloured neither on stand- yellowish4 ing nor on the addition of nitric acid4 aa4 ,it dilates the pupil of a cat4 4 ,platin chloride does not pre- 4 ,the solution becomes by nitric cipitate the aqueous solution4 acid immediately red1 then quickly ,the sulphuric acid solution gives1 orange4 ,brucine4 on warming1 a peculiar smell4 ,atropine4 4 ,platin chloride applied to the 4 ,the solution becomes by little solution precipitates4 and little brownish-red4 ,the sub- ,hyoscyamine4 stance is coloured red by chlo- ride of lime solution1 and it contracts the pupil4 ,physostigmine4 bb4 ,it does not dilate the pupil4 4 ,the sulphuric acid solution becomes blue by chromate of potash4 4 ,the substance applied to a frog produces tetanus4 ,strychnine4 4 ,it lowers the number of res- pirations in a frog4 ,ethyl and ,methyl ,strychnine4 4 ,sulphuric acid and bichromate of potash do not colour it blue4 4 ,the sulphuric acid watery so- lution is fluorescent1 and be- comes green on the addition of chlorine water and ammonia4 ,quinine and ,cinchonine4 7,the last is more difficult to dissolve in petroleum ether than quinine47 4 ,the solution is not fluores- cent4 ,cinchonine4 b4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves it b4 ,pure sulphuric acid dis- at first colourless2 the solution solves it yellow1 and the solu- takes on standing a rose or tion becomes later beautiful red violet-blue2 on addition of 7with delphinine1 more quickly a nitric acid1 a blood-red or brown darker cherry-red47 coloration4 4 ,a solution in diluted sulphuric 4 ,the hydrochloric acid solution acid becomes1 on heating1 deep gradually becomes red on heating4 blood-red1 and1 when cooled1 violet1 with nitric acid4 ,the aqueous solution is precipitated by ammonia4 ,narcotine4 4 ,the substance acts on a frog1 causing1 in large doses1 tetanus4 ,veratrine4 4 ,it is almost without action on frogs4 ,sabatrin4 4 ,the solution in diluted sul- 4 ,the hydrochloric acid solution phuric acid becomes1 on heating1 does not1 on heating1 become red4 a beautiful blue4 ,excess of ammo- ,delphinine4 nia does not precipitate in a diluted watery solution4 ,codeine4 c4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves it c4 ,pure sulphuric acid dis- with the production of a yellow solves it yellow1 and the solu- colour4 tion becomes later red-brown1 and gradually violet-red4 4 ,the solution remains yellow 4 ,the substance even in small on standing4 ,acolyctin4 doses paralyses frogs1 and dilates the pupil of a cat's eye4 ,ether dissolves it with diffi- culty4 ,nepalin4 4 ,it becomes beautifully red4 4 ,it is easily soluble in ether1 ,sabadilline4 its effects are not so marked1 and it does not dilate the pupil4 ,aconitine4 4 ,its effects are still feeble2 it does not dilate the pupil1 and is with difficulty dissolved by ether4 ,napellin4 d4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves it d4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves it with an immediate deep red-brown with a dark green colour1 and the colour4 ,thebaine4 solution becomes1 even after a few seconds1 a beautiful blood- red4 ,alkaloidal substances out of the ,aconitum lycoctonum4 e4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves it e4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves it immediately blue4 ,substances brown-green1 and ,frhde's reagent accompanying the ,papaverins4 red1 becoming beautifully green4 ,emetine4 ,,ix4 ,,shaking ,,of ,,the ,,ammoniacal ,,watery ,,solution ,,with ,,chloroform4 ,this extracts the remainder of the cinchonine and papaverine1 narceine1 and a small portion of morphine1 as well as an alkaloid from the celandine4 ,,the ,,residue ,,from ,,the ,,chloroform4 aa4 ,the solution1 on warming1 is only slightly coloured4 4 ,but1 after it is again cooled1 it strikes with nitric acid a violet-blue2 chloride of iron mixed with the substance gives a blue colour2 ,frhde's reagent also dissolves it violet4 ,morphine4 4 ,it is not coloured by nitric acid2 it is also indifferent to chloride of iron4 ,cinchonine4 bb4 ,the solution becomes by warming violet-blue4 ,papaverine4 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves it greenish-brown1 and the solution becomes1 on standing1 blood-red4 ,narceine4 4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves it a violet-blue4 ,alkaloidal constituent of the ,celandine4 ,x4 ,,shaking ,,up ,,of ,,the ,,watery ,,fluid ,,with ,,amyl ,,alcohol4 ,from this process1 besides morphine and solanine1 as well as salicin1 the remnants of the convallamarin1 saponin1 senegin1 and narceine are also to be expected4 ,,the ,,amyl ,,alcohol ,,residue4 a4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves it without colour in the cold4 ,morphine 7see above74 b4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves it with the production of a clear yellow-red and the solution becomes brownish4 ,iodine water colours it a deep brown4 ,the alcoholic solution gelatinises4 ,solanine4 c4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves it green-brown1 becoming red4 ,narceine 7see above74 d4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves it yellow1 then brown-red1 becoming violet on dilution with water4 ,hydrochloric acid dissolves it1 and it becomes red on warming4 ,it stops the heart-action in the systole4 ,convallamarin4 e4 ,hydrochloric acid dissolves it for the most part without colour4 ,saponin4 f4 ,as the foregoing1 but acting more feebly4 ,senegin4 g4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves it immediately a pure red4 ,on warming with sulphuric acid and bichromate of potash1 a smell of salicylic acid is developed4 ,salicin4 ,,xi4 ,,drying ,,the ,,watery ,,fluid ,,with ,,the ,,addition ,,of ,,powdered ,,glass1 ,,and ,,extraction ,,of ,,the ,,finely-,,divided ,,residue ,,by ,,chloroform4 ,the residue of the first chloroform extract lessens the number of respirations of a frog2 the residue of the second and third chloroform extract becomes1 by sulphuric acid and bichromate of potash1 blue1 passing into a permanent red4 ,another portion of this residue becomes red on warming with diluted sulphuric acid4 ,curarine4 ,,shorter ,,process ,,for ,,separating ,,some ,,of ,,the ,,alkaloids4 #caj4 ,a shorter process1 recommended conditionally by ,dragendorff1 for brucine1 strychnine1 quinine1 cinchonine1 and emetine1 is as follows3-- ,the substance1 if necessary1 is finely divided1 and treated with sulphuric acid 7dilute7 until it has a marked acid reaction4 ,to every #ajj c4c4 of the pulp 7which has been diluted with distilled water to admit of its being filtered later71 at least #e to #aj c4c4 of diluted sulphuric acid 7#a 3 #e7 are added4 ,it is digested at #ej for a few hours1 filtered1 and the residue treated again with #ajj c4c4 of water at #ej4 ,this extract is1 after a few hours1 again filtered2 both the filtrates are mixed and evaporated in the water-bath to almost the consistency of a thin syrup4 ,the fluid1 however1 must not be concentrated too much1 or fully evaporated to dryness4 ,the residue is now placed in a flask1 and treated with three to four times its volume of alcohol of #ij to #ie per cent42 the mixture is macerated for twenty-four hours1 and then filtered4 ,the filtrate is distilled alcohol-free1 or nearly so1 but a small amount of alcohol remaining is not objectionable4 ,the watery fluid is diluted to about #ej c4c41 and treated with pure benzene2 the mixture is shaken1 and after a little time the benzene removed--an operation which is repeated4 ,after the removal the second time of the benzene1 the watery fluid is made alkaline with ammonia1 warmed to #dj or #ej1 and the free alkaloid extracted by twice shaking it up with two different applications of benzene4 ,on evaporation of the latter1 if the alkaloid is not left pure1 it can be dissolved in acid1 precipitated by ammonia1 and again extracted by benzene4 #caa4 ,scheibler's ,process4--,a method very different from those just described is one practised by ,scheibler4 ,this is to precipitate the phosphotungstate of the alkaloid1 and then to liberate the latter by digesting the precipitate with either hydrate of barium or hydrate of calcium1 dissolving it out by chloroform1 or1 if volatile1 by simple distillation4 ,the convenience of ,scheibler's process is great1 and it admits of very general application4 ,in complex mixtures1 it will usually be found best to precede the addition of phosphotungstic acid#ccg by that of acetate of lead1 in order to remove colouring matter1 c42 the excess of lead must in its turn be thrown out by ,,sh1 and the excess of ,,sh be got rid of by evaporation4 ,phosphotungstic acid is a very delicate test for the alkaloids1 giving a distinct precipitate with the most minute quantities 7#a_/bjjjjj of strychnine and #a_/ajjjjj of quinine74 ,a very similar method is practised by ,sonnenschein and others with the aid of phospho-molybdic acid4 ,the details of ,scheibler's process are as follows3-- #ccg ,the method of preparing this reagent is as follows3--,ordinary commercial sodium tungstate is treated with half its weight of phosphoric acid1 specific gravity1 #aac1 and then allowed to stand for some days4 ,phosphotungstic acid separates in crystals4 ,the organic mixture is repeatedly extracted by water strongly acidified with sulphuric acid2 the extract is evaporated at #cj to the consistence of a thin syrup2 then diluted with water1 and1 after several hours' standing1 filtered in a cool place4 ,to the filtered fluid phosphotungstic acid is added in excess1 the precipitate filtered1 washed with water to which some phosphotungstic acid solution has been added1 and1 whilst still moist1 rinsed into a flask4 ,caustic baryta or carbonate of potash is added to alkaline reaction1 and after the flask has been connected with bulbs containing ,h,cl1 it is heated at first slowly1 then more strongly4 ,ammonia and any volatile alkaloids are driven over into the acid1 and are there fixed1 and can be examined later by suitable methods4 ,the residue in the flask is carefully evaporated to dryness 7the excess of baryta having been precipitated by ,,co71 and then extracted by strong alcohol4 ,on evaporation of the alcohol1 the alkaloid is generally sufficiently pure to be examined1 or1 if not so1 it may be obtained pure by re-solution1 c4 ,the author has had considerable experience of ,scheibler's process1 and has used it in precipitating various animal fluids1 but has generally found the precipitate bulky and difficult to manage4 #cab4 ,grandval and ,lajoux's ,method4#cch--,the alkaloids are precipitated from a solution slightly acidified by hydrochloric or sulphuric acid by a solution of hydrarg-potassium iodide4 ,the precipitate is collected on a filter1 washed and then transferred to a flask2 drop by drop1 a solution of sodium sulphide is added2 after each addition the suspended precipitate is shaken and allowed to stand for a few minutes1 and a drop of the liquid taken out and tested with lead acetate2 directly a slight brown colour appears1 sufficient sodic sulphide has been added4 ,the liquid is now left for half-an-hour1 with occasional shaking4 ,then sulphuric acid is added until it is just acid1 and the liquid is filtered and the mercury sulphide well washed4 ,in the filtrate will be the sulphate of any alkaloid in solution2 this liquid is now made alkaline with soda carbonate and shaken up1 as in ,dragendorff's process1 with appropriate solvents2 such1 for example1 as ether1 or chloroform1 or acetone1 or amylic alcohol1 according to the particular alkaloid the analyst is searching for1 and the solvent finally separated and allowed to evaporate1 when the alkaloid is found in the residue4 #cch 8,dosage des alcaloides l'aide de l'iodure double de mercure et de potassium10 par ,,mm4 ,a4 ,grandval et ,henri ,lajoux1 ,journ4 de ,pharmacie1 #e sr4 t4 xxviii4 #aeb-aef4 #cac4 ,identification of the ,alkaloids4--,having obtained1 in one way or other1 a crystalline or amorphous substance1 supposed to be an alkaloid1 or1 at all events1 an active vegetable principle1 the next step is to identify it4 ,if the tests given in ,dragendorff's process have been applied1 the observer will have already gone a good way towards the identification of the substance2 but it is1 of course1 dangerous to trust to one reaction4 ,in medico-legal researches there is seldom any considerable quantity of the material to work upon4 ,hence the greatest care must be taken from the commencement not to waste the substance in useless tests1 but to study well at the outset what--by the method of extraction used1 the microscopic appearance1 the reaction to litmus paper1 and the solubility in different menstrua--it is likely to be4 ,however minute the quantity may be1 it is essential to divide it into different parts1 in order to apply a variety of tests2 but as any attempt to do this on the solid substance will probably entail loss1 the best way is to dissolve it in a watch-glass in half a c4c4 of alcohol1 ether1 or other suitable solvent4 ,droplets of this solution are then placed on watch-glasses or slips of microscopic glass1 and to these drops1 by the aid of a glass rod1 different reagents can be applied1 and the changes watched under the microscope as the drops slowly evaporate4 #cad4 ,sublimation of the ,alkaloids4--,a very beautiful and elegant aid to the identification of alkaloids1 and vegetable principles generally1 is their behaviour towards heat4 ,alkaloids1 glucosides1 the organic acids1 c41 when carefully heated1 either--7#a7 sublime wholly without decomposition 7like theine1 cytisin1 and others72 or 7#b7 partially sublime with decomposition2 or 7#c7 are changed into new bodies 7as1 for example1 gallic acid72 or 7#d7 melt and then char2 or 7#e7 simply char and burn away4 ,many of these phenomena are striking and characteristic1 taking place at different temperatures1 subliming in characteristic forms1 or leaving characteristic residues4 ,one of the first to employ sublimation systematically1 as a means of recognition of the alkaloids1 c41 was ,helwig4#cci ,his method was to place a small quantity 7from to #a_/djjj of a mgrm47 in a depression on platinum foil1 cover it with a slip of glass1 and then carefully heat by a small flame4 ,after ,helwig1 ,dr4 ,guy#cdj greatly improved the process by using porcelain discs1 and more especially by the adoption of a convenient apparatus1 which may be termed 8the subliming cell40 ,it is essentially composed of a ring of glass from to of an inch in thickness1 such as may be obtained by sections of tubing1 the cut surfaces being ground perfectly smooth4 ,this circle is converted into a closed cell by resting it on one of the ordinary thin discs of glass used as a covering for microscopic purposes1 and supporting a similar disc4 ,the cell was placed on a brass plate1 provided with a nipple1 which carried a thermometer1 and was heated by a small flame applied midway between the thermometer and the cell2 the heat was raised very gradually1 and the temperature at which any change took place was noted4 ,in this way ,dr4 ,guy made determinations of the subliming points of a large number of substances1 and the microscopic appearances of the sublimates were described with the greatest fidelity and accuracy4 ,on repeating with care ,dr4 ,guy's determinations1 however1 ,i could in no single instance agree with his subliming points1 nor with the apparatus he figures and describes could two consecutive observations exactly coincide4 ,further1 on examining the various subliming temperatures of substances1 as stated by different authors1 the widest discrepancies were found--differences of #b or even #c degrees might be referred to errors of observation1 a want of exact coincidence in the thermometers employed1 and the like2 but to what1 for example1 can we ascribe the irreconcilable statements which have been made with regard to theine8 ,according to ,strauch1 this substance sublimes at #agg2 according to ,mulder1 at #ahdg4 ,but that both of these observations deviate more than #gj from the truth may be proved by any one who cares to place a few mgrms4 of theine1 enclosed between two watch-glasses1 over the water-bath2 in a few minutes a distinct sublimate will condense on the upper glass1 and1 in point of fact1 theine will be found to sublime several degrees below #ajj4 #cci ,das ,mikroskop in der ,toxicologie4 #cdj ,pharm4 ,journ4 ,trans4 7#b71 viij4 #gai2 ix4 #aj1 #eh4 ,forensic ,medicine1 ,london1 #ahge4 ,since this great divergency of opinion is not found either in the specific gravity1 or the boiling-points1 or any of the like determinations of the physical properties of a substance1 it is self-evident that the processes hitherto used for the determination of subliming points are faulty4 ,the sources of error are chiefly-- 7#a47 ,defects in the apparatus employed--the temperature read being rather that of the metallic surface in the immediate vicinity of the thermometer than of the substance itself4 7#b47 ,the want of agreement among observers as to what should be called a sublimate--one considering a sublimate only that which is evident to the naked eye1 another taking cognisance of the earliest microscopic film4 7#c47 ,no two persons employing the same process4 ,with regard to the apparatus employed1 ,i adopt ,dr4 ,guy's subliming cell2 but the cell1 instead of resting on a metallic solid1 floats on a metallic fluid4 ,for any temperature a little above #ajj this fluid is mercury1 but for higher temperatures fusible metal is preferable4 ,illustration3 ,,subliming ,,cell4 ,the exact procedure is as follows3--,a porcelain crucible 7a in fig471 about #c inches in diameter1 is nearly filled with mercury or fusible metal1 as the case may be2 a minute speck 7or two or three crystals of the substance to be examined7 is placed on a thin disc of microscopic covering glass1 floated on the liquid1 and the cell is completed by the glass ring and upper disc4 ,the porcelain crucible is supported on a brass plate 7b71 fixed to a retort-stand in the usual way1 and protected from the unequal cooling effects of currents of air by being covered by a flask 7c71 from which the bottom has been removed4 ,the neck of the flask conveniently supports a thermometer1 which passes through a cork1 and the bulb of the thermometer is immersed in the bath of liquid metal4 ,in the first examination of a substance the temperature is raised somewhat rapidly1 taking off the upper disc with a forceps at every #aj and exchanging it for a fresh disc1 until the substance is destroyed4 ,the second examination is conducted much more slowly1 and the discs exchanged at every #d or #e1 whilst the final determination is effected by raising the temperature with great caution1 and exchanging the discs at about the points of change 7already partially determined7 at every half degree4 ,all the discs are examined microscopically4 ,the most convenient definition of a sublimate is this--the most minute films1 dots1 or crystals1 which can be observed by -inch power1 and which are obtained by keeping the subliming cell at a definite temperature for #fj seconds4 ,the commencement of many sublimates assumes the shape of dots of extraordinary minuteness1 quite invisible to the unaided eye2 and1 on the other hand1 since the practical value of sublimation is mainly as an aid to other methods for the recognition of substances1 if we go beyond short intervals of time1 the operation1 otherwise simple and speedy1 becomes cumbersome1 and loses its general applicability4 ,there is also considerable discrepancy of statement with regard to the melting-point of alkaloidal bodies2 in many instances a viscous state intervenes before the final complete resolution into fluid1 and one observer will consider the viscous state1 the other complete fluidity1 as the melting-point4 ,in the melting-points given below1 the same apparatus was used1 but the substance was simply placed on a thin disc of glass floating on the metallic bath before described 7the cell not being completed71 and examined from time to time microscopically1 for by this means alone can the first drops formed by the most minute and closely-adherent crystals to the glass be discovered4 ,cocaine melts at #ic1 and gives a faint sublimate at #ih2 if put between two watch-glasses on the water-bath1 in fifteen minutes there is a good cloud on the upper glass4 ,aconitine turns brown1 and melts at #agi ,c42 it gives no characteristic sublimate up to #aij4 ,morphine1 at #aej1 clouds the upper disc with nebul2 the nebul are resolved by high magnifying powers into minute dots2 these dots gradually become coarser1 and are generally converted into crystals at #ahh2 the alkaloid browns at or about #bjj4 ,thebaine sublimes in theine-like crystals at #ace2 at higher temperatures 7#afj to #bjj71 needles1 cubes1 and prisms are observed4 ,the residue on the lower disc1 if examined before carbonisation1 is fawn-coloured with non-characteristic spots4 ,narcotine gives no sublimate2 it melts at #aee into a yellow liquid1 which1 on raising the temperature1 ever becomes browner to final blackness4 ,on examining the residue before carbonisation1 it is a rich brown amorphous substance2 but if narcotine be heated two or three degrees above its melting-point1 and then cooled slowly1 the residue is crystalline--long1 fine needles radiating from centres being common4 ,narceine gives no sublimate2 it melts at #acd into a colourless liquid1 which undergoes at higher temperatures the usual transition of brown colours4 ,the substance1 heated a few degrees above its melting-point1 and then allowed to cool slowly1 shows a straw-coloured residue1 divided into lobes or drops containing feathery crystals4 ,papaverine gives no sublimate2 it melts at #acj4 ,the residue1 heated a little above its melting-point1 and then slowly cooled1 is amorphous1 of a light-brown colour1 and in no way characteristic4 ,hyoscyamine gives no crystalline sublimate2 it melts at #hi1 and appears to volatilise in great part without decomposition4 ,it melts into an almost colourless fluid1 which1 when solid1 may exhibit a network not unlike vegetable parenchyma2 on moistening the network with water1 interlacing crystals immediately appear4 ,if1 however1 hyoscyamine be kept at #id to #ie for a few minutes1 and then slowly cooled1 the edges of the spots are arborescent1 and the spots themselves crystalline4 ,atropine 7daturine7 melts at #ig2 at #abc a faint mist appears on the upper disc4 ,crystals cannot be obtained2 the residue is not characteristic4 ,solanine4--,the upper disc is dimmed with nebul at #aij1 which are coarser and more distinct at higher temperatures2 at #bjj it begins to brown1 and then melts2 the residue consists of amber-brown1 non-characteristic drops4 ,strychnine gives a minute sublimate of fine needles1 often disposed in lines1 at #afi2 about #bba it melts1 the residue 7at that temperature7 is resinous4 ,brucine melts at #aea into a pale yellow liquid1 at higher temperatures becoming deep-brown4 ,if the lower disc1 after melting1 be examined1 no crystals are observed1 the residue being quite transparent1 with branching lines like the twigs of a leafless tree2 light mists1 produced rather by decomposition than by true sublimation1 condense on the upper disc at #ahe1 and above4 ,saponin neither melts nor sublimes2 it begins to brown about #ade1 is almost black at #ahe1 and quite so at #aij4 ,delphinine begins to brown about #ajb2 it becomes amber at #aai1 and melts1 and bubbles appear4 ,there is no crystalline sublimate2 residue not characteristic4 ,pilocarpine gives a distinct crystalline sublimate at #aec2 but thin mists1 consisting of fine dots1 may be observed as low as #adj4 ,pilocarpine melts at #aei2 the sublimates at #afj to #agj are in light yellow drops4 ,if these drops are treated with water1 and the water evaporated1 feathery crystals are obtained2 the residue is resinous4 ,theine wholly sublimes2 the first sublimate is minute dots1 at #gi2 at half a degree above that very small crystals may be obtained2 and at such a temperature as #abj1 the crystals are often long and silky4 ,theobromine likewise wholly sublimes2 nebul at #acd1 crystals at #agj1 and above4 ,salicin melts at #agj2 it gives no crystalline sublimate4 ,the melted mass remains up to #ahj almost perfectly colourless2 above that temperature browning is evident4 ,the residue is not characteristic4 ,picrotoxin gives no crystalline sublimate4 ,the lowest temperature at which it sublimes is #abh2 the usual nebul then make their appearance2 between #afe and #agj there is slight browning2 at #agj it melts4 ,the residue1 slowly cooled1 is not characteristic4 ,cantharidin sublimes very scantily between #hb and #hc2 at #he the sublimate is copious4 ,the active principles of plants may1 in regard to their behaviour to heat1 be classed for practical purposes into-- #a4 ,those which give a decided crystalline sublimate3 7a47 ,below #ajj1 e4g41 cocaine1 theine1 thebaine1 cantharidin4 7b47 ,between #ajj and #aej1 e4g41 quinetum4 7c47 ,between #aej and #bjj1 e4g41 strychnine1 morphine1 pilocarpine4 #b4 ,those which melt1 but give no crystalline sublimate3 7a47 ,below #ajj1 e4g41 hyoscyamine1 atropine4 7b47 ,between #ajj and #aej1 e4g41 papaverine4 7c47 ,between #aej and #bjj1 e4g41 salicin4 7d47 ,above #bjj1 e4g41 solanine4 #c4 ,those which neither melt nor give a crystalline sublimate1 e4g41 saponin4 #cae4 ,melting-point4--,the method of sublimation just given also determines the melting-point2 such a determination will1 however1 seldom compare with the melting-points of the various alkaloids as given in text-books1 because the latter melting-points are not determined in the same way4 ,the usual method of determining melting-points is to place a very small quantity in a glass tube closed at one end2 the tube should be almost capillary4 ,the tube is fastened to a thermometer by means of platinum wire1 and then the bulb of the thermometer1 with its attached tube1 is immersed in strong sulphuric acid or paraffin1 contained in a flask4 ,the thermometer should be suspended midway in the liquid and heat carefully applied1 so as to raise the temperature gradually and equably4 ,it will be found that rapidly raising the heat gives a different melting-point to that which is obtained by slowly raising the heat4 ,during the process careful watching is necessary3 most substances change in hue before they actually melt4 ,a constant melting-point1 however often a substance is purified by recrystallisation1 is a sign of purity4 #caf4 ,identification by ,organic ,analysis4--,in a few cases 7and in a few only7 the analyst may have sufficient material at hand to make an organic analysis1 either as a means of identification or to confirm other tests4 ,by the vacuum process described in 8,foods10 in which carbon and nitrogen are determined by measuring the gases evolved by burning the organic substance in as complete a vacuum as can be obtained1 very minute quantities of a substance can be dealt with1 and the carbon and nitrogen determined with fair accuracy4 ,it is found in practice that the carbon determinations appear more reliable than those of the nitrogen1 and there are obvious reasons why this should be so4 ,theoretically1 with the improved gas-measuring appliances1 it is possible to measure a c4c4 of gas2 but few chemists would care to create a formula on less than #aj c4c4 of ,,co4 ,now1 since #aj c4c4 of ,,co is equal to #fcc mgrms4 of carbon1 and alkaloids average at least half their weight of carbon1 it follows that #ab mgrms4 of alkaloid represent about the smallest quantity with which a reliable single combustion can be made4 ,the following table gives a considerable number of the alkaloids and alkaloidal bodies1 arranged according to their content in carbon3-- ,,table ,,showing ,,the ,,content ,,of ,,carbon ,,and ,,nitrogen ,,in ,,various ,,alkaloidal ,,bodies4 ,carbon4 ,nitrogen4 ,asparagin1 #cfcf #baba ,methylamine1 #chga #deag ,betaine1 #dddd #ajcg ,theobromine1 #dffg #caaa ,theine1 #didh #bhhf ,indican1 #difj #bbb ,muscarine1 #ejdb #aagg ,lauro-cerasin1 #ebdg #aec ,amanitine1 #egfi #acdf ,narceine1 #eifc #cjb ,colchicine1 #fjec #dae ,oxyacanthine1 #fjeg #ddb ,solanine1 #fjff #afh ,trimethylamine1 #fajb #bcgc ,jervine1 #fajc #ead ,sabadilline1 #fabi #cdf ,aconitine1 #faba #baf ,nepaline1 #fcji #bab ,colchicein1 #fcdd #dch ,veratroidine1 #fch #ca ,narcotine1 #fcib #cci ,veratrine1 #fddb #bia ,delphinine1 #fdee #cdb ,physostigmine1 #fedi #aebg ,rhadine1 #fegi #cfe ,cocaine1 #ffdd #dhd ,gelsemine1 #fgjj #gaj ,conhydrine1 #fgab #igi ,staphisagrine1 #fge #cf ,chelidonine1 #fhjf #abcd ,atropine1 ,hyoscyamine1 #gjeh #dhd ,sanguinarine1 #gjei #dcc ,papaverine1 #gjgi #dac ,delphinoidine1 #gji #ci ,morphine and ,piperine1 #gaeh #dia ,berberine1 #gafd #dah ,codeine1 #gbbd #dfh ,thebaine1 #gcca #dej ,cytisine1 #gche #abib ,nicotine1 #gdjh #agbh ,quinine1 #gejb #hfd ,coniine1 #gfha #aabj ,strychnine1 #ggbd #hib ,curarine1 #haea #ebh #cag4 ,quantitative ,estimation of the ,alkaloids4--,for medico-legal purposes the alkaloid obtained is usually weighed directly1 but for technical purposes other processes are used4 ,one of the most convenient of these is titration with normal or decinormal sulphuric acid1 a method applicable to a few alkaloids of marked basic powers--e4g41 quinine is readily and with accuracy estimated in this way1 the alkaloid being dissolved in a known volume of the acid1 and then titrated back with soda4 ,if a large number of observations are to be made1 an acid may be prepared so that each c4c4 equals #a mgrm4 of quinine4 ,a reagent of general application is found in the so-called ,mayer's reagent1 which consists of #acedf grms4 of mercuric chloride1 and #dih grms4 of iodide of potassium in a litre of water4 ,each c4c4 of such solution precipitates-- ,of ,strychnine1 #jafg grm4 ,brucine1 #jbcc ,quinine1 #jajh ,cinchonine1 #jajb ,quinidine1 #jabj ,atropine1 #jade ,aconitine1 #jbfh ,veratrine1 #jbfi ,morphine1 #jbjj ,narcotine1 #jbac ,nicotine1 #jjdje ,coniine1 #jjdaf ,the final reaction is found by filtering1 from time to time1 a drop on to a glass plate1 resting on a blackened surface1 and adding the test until no precipitate appears4 ,the results are only accurate when the strength of the solution of the alkaloid is about #a 3 #bjj2 so that it is absolutely necessary first to ascertain approximatively the amount present1 and then to dilute or concentrate1 as the case may be1 until the proportion mentioned is obtained4 ,a convenient method of obtaining the sulphate of an alkaloid for quantitative purposes1 and especially from organic fluids1 is that recommended by ,wagner4 ,the fluid is acidulated with sulphuric acid1 and the alkaloid precipitated by a solution of iodine in iodide of potassium4 ,the precipitate is collected and dissolved in an aqueous solution of hyposulphite of soda4 ,the filtered solution is again precipitated with the iodine reagent1 and the precipitate dissolved in sulphurous acid1 which1 on evaporation1 leaves behind the pure sulphate of the base4 ,it is also very useful for quantitative purposes to combine an alkaloid with gold or platinum1 by treating the solution with the chlorides of either of those metals--the rule as to selection being to give that metal the preference which yields the most insoluble and the most crystallisable compound4 ,the following table gives the percentage of gold or platinum left on ignition of the double salt3-- ,gold4 ,platinum4 ,atropine1 #caeg 444 ,aconitine #bjj 444 ,amanitine1 #ddbc 444 ,berberine1 #biaf #ahaa ,brucine1 444 #afeb ,cinchonine1 444 #bgcf ,cinchonidine1 444 #bghg ,codeine1 444 #aiaa ,coniine1 444 #bich ,curarine1 444 #cbfe ,delphinine1 #bfg 444 ,delphinoidine1 #bij #aeh ,emetine1 444 #big ,hyoscyamine1 #cdf 444 ,morphine1 444 #aieb ,muscarine1 #dcja 444 ,narcotine1 #aeg #aei ,narceine1 444 #adeb ,nicotine1 444 #cdbe ,papaverine1 444 #aghb ,pilocarpine1 #cee #bcf to #beb4 ,piperine1 444 #abg ,quinine1 #djj #bfbf ,strychnine1 #biae #ahaf ,thebaine1 444 #ahga ,theine1 #cgjb #bdeh ,theobromine1 444 #beee ,veratrine1 #baja 444 ,,ii4--,liquid ,volatile ,alkaloids4 ,,the ,,alkaloids ,,of ,,hemlock--,,nicotine--,,piturie--,,spar teine4 #a4 ,,the ,,alkaloids ,,of ,,hemlock 7,,conium74 #cah4 ,the ,conium maculatum1 or spotted hemlock1 is a rather common umbelliferous plant1 growing in waste places1 and flowering from about the beginning of ,june to ,august4 ,the stem is from three to five feet high1 smooth1 branched1 and spotted with purple2 the leaflets of the partial involucres are unilateral1 ovate1 lanceolate1 with an attenuate point shorter than the umbels2 the seeds are destitute of vitt1 and have five prominent crenate wavy ridges4 ,the whole plant is ftid and poisonous4 ,conium owes its active properties to a volatile liquid alkaloid1 ,coniine1 united with a crystalline alkaloid1 ,conhydrine4 #cai4 ,coniine 7conia1 conicine71 7,c,h,n7--specific gravity #jhfb at #j2 melting-point1 -#be2 boiling-point1 #afff4 ,pure coniine has been prepared synthetically by ,ladenburg1 and found to be propyl-piperidine ,c,h,,nc,h1 but the synthetically-prepared piperidine has no action on polarised light4 ,by uniting it with dextro-tartaric acid1 and evaporating1 it is possible to separate the substance into dextro-propyl-piperidine and lvo-propyl-piperidine4 ,the former is in every respect identical with coniine from hemlock2 it is a clear1 oily fluid1 possessing a peculiarly unpleasant1 mousey odour4 ,one part is soluble in #aej parts of water1#cda in #f parts of ether1 and in almost all proportions of amyl alcohol1 chloroform1 and benzene4 ,it readily volatilises1 and1 provided air is excluded1 may be distilled unchanged4 ,it ignites easily1 and burns with a smoky flame4 ,it acts as a strong base1 precipitating the oxides of metals and alkaline earths from their solutions1 and it coagulates albumen4 ,coniine forms salts with hydrochloric acid 7,c,h,n4,h,cl71 phosphoric acid1 iodic acid1 and oxalic acid1 which are in well-marked crystals4 ,the sulphate1 nitrate1 acetate1 and tartrate are1 on the other hand1 non-crystalline4 #cda ,the saturated watery solution of coniine at #ae1 becomes cloudy if gently warmed1 and clears again on cooling4 ,if coniine is oxidised with nitric acid1 or bichromate of potash1 and diluted sulphuric acid1 butyric acid is formed2 and since the latter has an unmistakable odour1 and other characteristic properties1 it has been proposed as a test for coniine4 ,this may be conveniently performed thus3--,a crystal of potassic bichromate is put at the bottom of a test-tube1 and some diluted sulphuric acid with a drop of the supposed coniine added4 ,on heating1 the butyric acid reveals itself by its odour1 and can be distilled into baryta water1 the butyrate of baryta being subsequently separated in the usual way1 and decomposed by sulphuric acid1 c4 ,another test for coniine is the following3--,if dropped into a solution of alloxan1 the latter is coloured after a few minutes an intense purple-red1 and white needle-shaped crystals are separated1 which dissolve in cold potash-lye into a beautiful purple-blue1 and emit an odour of the base4#cdb ,dry hydrochloric acid gives a purple-red1 then an indigo-blue colour1 with coniine2 but if the acid is not dry1 there is formed a bluish-green crystalline mass4 ,this test1 however1 is of little value to the toxicologist1 the pure substance alone responding with any definite result4 #cdb ,schwarzenbach1 ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 prakt4 ,pharm41 viij4 #agj4 ,the ordinary precipitating agents1 according to ,dragendorff1 act as follows3-- ,potass bismuth iodide4 #a 3 #bjjj1 a strong orange precipitate4 #a 3 #cjjj4 ,the drop of the reagent is surrounded with a muddy border4 #a 3 #djjj4 ,the drop of the reagent is surrounded with a muddy border4 #a 3 #ejjj1 still perceptible4 #a 3 #fjjj4 ,the last limit of the reaction4 ,phosphomolybdic acid gives a strong yellow precipitate2 limit1 #a 3 #ejjj4 ,potass4 mercuric iodide gives a cheesy precipitate2 limit1 #a 3 #ajjj in neutral1 #a 3 #hjj in acid1 solutions4 ,potass4 cadmic iodide gives an amorphous precipitate1 #a 3 #cjj4 ,the precipitate is soluble in excess of the precipitant4 7,nicotine1 under similar circumstances1 gives a crystalline precipitate47 ,flckiger recommends the following reaction3#cdc--8;,add to #aj drops of ether in a shallow glass crystallising dish #b drops of coniine1 and cover with filter paper4 ,set upon the paper a common-sized watch-glass containing bromine water1 and invert a beaker over the whole arrangement4 ,needle-shaped crystals of coniine hydro-bromine soon form in the dish as well as in the watch-glass40 ,hydrochloric acid1 used in the same way1 instead of bromine water1 forms with coniine microscopic needles of coniine hydrochlorate2 both the hydro-bromide and the hydrochlorate doubly refract light4 ,nicotine does not respond to this reaction4 #cdc ,reactions1 by ,f4 ,a4 ,flckiger1 ,detroit1 #ahic4 ,coniine forms with carbon disulphide a thiosulphate and a sulphite4 ,if carbon disulphide1 therefore1 be shaken with an aqueous solution of coniine1 the watery solution gives a brown precipitate with copper sulphate1 colours ferric chloride solution dark brown red1 and gives a milky opalescence with dilute acids4 ,if coniine itself is added to carbon disulphide1 there is evolution of heat1 separation of sulphur1 and formation of thiosulphate4 ,nicotine does not respond to this reaction4 #cbj4 ,other ,coniine ,bases4--,methyl- and ethyl-coniine have been prepared synthetically1 and are both similar in action to coniine1 but somewhat more like curarine4 ,by the reduction of coniine with zinc dust conyrine 7,c,h,n7 is formed2 between coniine and conyrine stands coniceine 7,c,h,,no74 ,de ,coninck has made synthetically by the addition of #f atoms of hydrogen to collidine1 a new fluid alkaloid 7,c,h,n #f;,h ,c,h,n71 which he has called isocicutine3 it has the same formula as coniine4 ,paraconiine ,schiff prepared synthetically from ammonia and normal butyl aldehyde2 it has the formula ,c,h,n1 and therefore differs from coniine in containing two atoms less of hydrogen4 ,all the above have a similar physiological action to coniine4 -stillbazoline 7,c,h,n71 prepared by ,baurath from benzaldehyde and picoline1 is analogous to coniine1 and according to ,falck has similar action1 but is more powerful4 #cba4 ,pharmaceutical ,preparations4--,the percentage of coniine in the plant itself1 and in pharmaceutical preparations1 can be approximately determined by distilling the coniine over1 in a partial vacuum1#cdd and titrating the distillate with ,mayer's reagent1 each c4c4 about #jjdaf grm4 of coniine4 ,it appears to be necessary to add powdered potassic chloride and a small quantity of diluted sulphuric acid before titrating1 or the precipitate does not separate4 ,in any case1 the end of the reaction is difficult to observe4#cde #cdd ,this is easily effected by uniting a flask containing the alkaloidal fluid1 air-tight1 with a ,liebig's condenser and a receiver1 the latter being connected with ,bunsen's water-pump1 or one of the numerous exhausting apparatuses now in use in every laboratory4 #cde ,dragendorff1 ,die ,chemische ,werthbestimmung einiger starkwirkender ,droguen1 ,st4 ,petersb41 #ahgd4 ,the fresh plant is said to contain from about #jd to #ji per cent41 and the fruit about #jg per cent4 of coniine4 ,the officinal preparations are--the leaves1 the fruit1 a tincture of the fruit1 an extract of the leaves1 the juice of the leaves 7,succus conii71 a compound hemlock pill 7composed of extract of hemlock1 ipecacuanha1 and treacle71 an inhalation of coniine 7,vapor conii71 and a poultice 7,cataplasma conii7 made with the leaves4 #cbb4 ,statistics of ,coniine ,poisoning4--,f4 ,a4 ,falck#cdf has been able to collect #ag cases of death recorded in medical literature1 up to the year #ahhj1 from either coniine or hemlock4 ,two of these cases were criminal 7murders71 #a suicidal1 #b cases in which coniine had been used medicinally 7in one instance the extract had been applied to a cancerous breast2 in the other1 death was produced from the injection of an infusion of hemlock leaves74 ,the remaining #ab were cases in which the root1 leaves1 or other portions of the plant had been ignorantly or accidentally eaten4 #cdf ,prakt4 ,toxicologie1 p4 #bgc4 #cbc4 ,effects on ,animals4--,it destroys all forms of animal life4 ,the author made some years ago an investigation as to its action on the common blow-fly4 ,droplets of coniine were applied to various parts of blow-flies1 which were then placed under glass shades4 ,the symptoms began within a minute by signs of external irritation1 there were rapid motions of the wings1 and quick and aimless movements of the legs4 ,torpor set in speedily1 the buzz soon ceased1 and the insects lay on their sides1 motionless1 but for occasional twitching of the legs4 ,the wings1 as a rule1 became completely paralysed before the legs1 and death occurred at a rather variable time1 from ten minutes to two hours4 ,if placed in a current of air in the sun1 a fly completely under the influence of coniine may recover4 ,coniine causes in frogs1 similar to curarine1 peripheral paralysis of the motor nerves1 combined with a transitory stimulation1 and afterwards a paralysis of the motor centres2 in frogs the paralysis is not preceded by convulsions4 ,dragendorff experimented on the action of coniine when given to five cats1 the quantities used being #je to #e grm4 ,the symptoms came on almost immediately1 but with the smaller dose given to a large cat1 no effect was witnessed until twenty-five minutes afterwards2 this was the longest interval4 ,one of the earliest phenomena was dilatation of the pupil1 followed by weakness of the limbs passing into paralysis1 the hinder legs being affected prior to the fore4 ,the respiration became troubled1 and the frequency of the breathing diminished2 the heart in each case acted irregularly1 and the sensation generally was blunted2 death was preceded by convulsions4 ,in the cases in which the larger dose of #d to #e grm4 was administered1 death took place within the hour1 one animal dying in eight minutes1 a second in eighteen minutes1 a third in twenty minutes1 and a fourth in fifty-eight minutes4 ,with the smaller dose of #jea grm4 given to a large cat1 death did not take place until eight hours and forty-seven minutes after administration4 #cbd4 ,effects on ,man4--,in a case recorded by ,bennet1#cdg and quoted in most works on forensic medicine1 the symptoms were those of general muscular weakness deepening into paralysis4 ,the patient had eaten hemlock in mistake for parsley2 in about twenty minutes he experienced weakness in the lower extremities1 and staggered in walking like a drunken man2 within two hours there was perfect paralysis of both upper and lower extremities1 and he died in three and a quarter hours4 ,in another case1 related by ,taylor1 the symptoms were also mainly those of paralysis1 and in other instances stupor1 coma1 and slight convulsions have been noted4 #cdg ,edin4 ,med4 and ,surg4 ,journ41 ,july #ahde1 p4 #afi4 #cbe4 ,physiological ,action4--,it is generally agreed that coniine paralyses1 first the ends of the motor nerves1 afterwards their trunks1 and lastly1 the motor centre itself4 ,at a later period the sensory nerves participate4 ,in the earlier stage the respiration is quickened1 the pupils contracted1 and the blood-pressure increased2 but on the development of paralysis the breathing becomes slowed1 the capillaries relaxed1 and the blood-pressure sinks4 ,death takes place from cessation of the respiration1 and not primarily from the heart1 the heart beating after the breathing has stopped4 ,coniine is eliminated by the urine1 and is also in part separated by the lungs1 while a portion is1 perhaps1 decomposed in the body4 #cbf4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,there is nothing characteristic in the appearances after death4 ,fatal ,dose4--,the fatal dose of coniine is not accurately known2 it is about #aej mgrms4 7#bc grains74 ,in the case of ,louise ,berger1 #aj to #ae drops appear to have caused death in a few minutes4 ,the auto-experiments of ,dworzak1 ,heinrich1 and ,dillaberger would indicate that one drop may cause unpleasant symptoms4 ,albers1 in the treatment of a woman suffering from cancer of the breast1 witnessed convulsions and loss of consciousness from a third dose of #d mgrms4 7#jf grain72 and ,eulenberg1 its full narcotic effects on a child after subcutaneous injection of #a mgrm4 7#jae grain74 #cbg4 ,separation of ,coniine from ,organic ,matters or ,tissues4--,the substances are digested with water1 acidulated with ,h,,so1 at a temperature not exceeding #dj1 and then filtered4 ,if the filtrate should be excessive1 it must be concentrated2 alcohol is then added1 the liquid refiltered1 and from the filtrate the alcohol separated by distillation4 ,on cooling1 the acid fluid is agitated with benzene1 and the latter separated in the usual way4 ,the fluid is now alkalised with ammonia1 and shaken up once or twice with its own volume of petroleum ether2 the latter is separated and washed with distilled water1 and the alkaloid is obtained almost pure4 ,if the petroleum ether leaves no residue1 it is certain that the alkaloid was not present in the contents of the stomach or intestine4 ,the affinity of coniine with ether or chloroform is such1 that its solution in either of these fluids1 passed through a dry filter1 scarcely retains a drop of water4 ,in this way it may be conveniently purified1 the impurities dissolved by water remaining behind4 ,in searching for coniine1 the stomach1 intestines1 blood1 urine1 liver1 and lungs are the parts which should be examined4 ,according to ,dragendorff1 it has been discovered in the body of a cat six weeks after death4 ,great care must be exercised in identifying any volatile alkaloid as coniine1 for the sources of error seem to be numerous4 ,in one case#cdh a volatile coniine-like ptomaine1 was separated from a corpse1 and thought to be coniine2 but ,otto found that in its behaviour to platinic chloride1 it differed from coniine2 it was very poisonous--#jg was fatal to a frog1 #dd to a pigeon1 in a few minutes4 ,in the seeds of ,lupinus luteus there is a series of coniine-like substances1#cdi but they do not give the characteristic crystals with hydrochloric acid4 #cdh ,otto1 ,anleitung z4 ,ausmittlung d4 ,gifte1 #ahge4 #cdi ,sievert1 ,zeitschrift fr ,naturwissenschaften4 #b4 ,,tobacco--,,nicotine4 #cbh4 ,the different forms of tobacco are furnished by three species of the tobacco plant1 viz41 ,nicotianum tabacum1 ,n4 rustica1 and ,n4 persica4 ,havanna1 ,french1 ,dutch1 and the ,american tobaccos are in the main derived from ,n4 tabacum2 ,turkish1 ,syrian1 and the ,latakia tobaccos are the produce of ,n4 rustica4 ,there seems at present to be little of ,n4 persica in commerce4 ,all the species of tobacco contain a liquid1 volatile1 poisonous alkaloid 7,nicotine71 probably united in the plant with citric and malic acids4 ,there is also present in tobacco an unimportant camphor 7nicotianin74 ,the general composition of the plant may be gathered from the following table3-- ,,table ,,showing ,,the ,,composition ,,of ,,fresh ,,leaves ,,of ,,tobacco 7,,posselt ,,and ,,rienmann74 ,nicotine1 #jjfj ,concrete volatile oil1 #jjaj ,bitter extractive1 #bhgj ,gum with malate of lime1 #agdj ,chlorophyl1 #jbfg ,albumen and gluten1 #acjh ,malic acid1 #jeaj ,lignine and a trace of starch1 #difi ,salts 7sulphate1 nitrate1 and malate of potash1 chloride of potassium1 phosphate and malate #jgcd of lime1 and malate of ammonia17 ,silica1 #jjhh ,water1 #hhbhj ------- #ajjhcf #cbi4 ,quantitative ,estimation of ,nicotine in ,tobacco4--,the best process 7although not a perfectly accurate one7 is the following3--#be grms4 of the tobacco are mixed with milk of lime1 and allowed to stand until there is no odour of ammonia2 the mixture is then exhausted by petroleum ether1 the ether shaken up with a slight excess of normal sulphuric acid1 and titrated back by baryta water2 the sulphate of baryta may be collected and weighed1 so as to control the results4 ,with regard to the percentage of nicotine in commercial tobacco1 ,kosutany found from #afhf to #cgch per cent4 in dry tobacco2 ,letheby1 in six samples1 from #ae to #cb per cent42 whilst ,schlssing gives for ,havanna #b per cent41 ,maryland #bbi per cent41 ,kentucky #fji per cent41 ,virginian #fhg per cent41 and for ,french tobacco1 quantities varying from #cbb to #gif per cent4 ,again1 ,lenoble found in ,paraguay tobacco from #ah to #f per cent42 and ,wittstein1 in six sorts of tobacco in ,germany1 #aed to #bgb per cent4 ,mr4 ,cox#cej has recently determined the amount of nicotine in a number of tobaccos4 ,the results are tabulated in the following table as follows3-- #cej ,pharm4 ,journ41 ,jan4 #bj1 #ahid4 ,,table ,,of ,,results1 ,,arranged ,,according ,,to ,,per ,,cent4 ,,of ,,nicotine4 ,variety examined4 ,nicotine per cent4 #a4 ,syrian leaves 7a71 #fab #b4 ,american chewing1 #ice #c4 ,syrian leaves 7b71 #ajic #d4 ,chinese leaves1 #aijb #e4 ,turkish 7coarse cut71 #bejj #f4 ,golden ,virginia 7whole strips71 #beja #g4 ,gold ,flake 7,virginia71 #beja #h4 8,navy-cut0 7light coloured71 #becj #i4 ,light returns 7,kentucky71 #bgcc #aj4 8,navy-cut0 7dark 8all tobacco071 #cfdj #aa4 ,best 8,birds-eye10 #cica #ab4 ,cut ,cavendish 7a71 #dbab #ac4 8,best ,shag0 7a71 #dijg #ad4 8,cut ,cavendish0 7b71 #digj #ae4 8,best ,shag0 7b71 #ejjj #af4 ,french tobacco1 #hgaa #ag4 ,algerian tobacco 7a71 #hhac #ah4 ,algerian tobacco 7b71 #hijj ,it is therefore obvious that the strength of tobacco in nicotine varies between wide limits4 ,twenty-five grammes 7or more or less1 according to the amount of the sample at disposal7 of the dried and powdered tobacco were intimately mixed with slaked lime1 and distilled in a current of steam until the condensed steam was no longer alkaline2 the distillate was slightly acidulated with dilute ,h,,so1 and evaporated to a conveniently small bulk4 ,this was made alkaline with soda1 and agitated repeatedly with successive portions of ether4 ,the separated batches of ethereal solution of nicotine were then mixed and exposed to the air in a cool place4 ,this exposure to the air carries away ammonia1 if any be present1 as well as ether4 ,water was added to the ethereal residue1 and the amount of nicotine present determined by decinormal ,h,,so1 using methyl-orange as an indicator4 ,one c4c4 of decinormal ,h,,so represents #jjafb gramme of nicotine 7,c,h,n74 #ccj4 ,nicotine 7,c,h,n74--,hexahydro dipyridyl 7,c,h,n7,h1 when pure1 is an oily1 colourless fluid1 of #ajaaa1 specific gravity at #ae4cea ,it evaporates under #ajj in white clouds1 and boils at about #bdj1 at which temperature it partly distils over unchanged1 and is partly decomposed--a brown resinous product remaining4 ,it volatilises with aqueous and amyl alcohol vapour notably1 and is not even fixed at -#aj4 ,it has a strong alkaline reaction1 and rotates a ray of polarised light to the right4 ,its odour1 especially on warming1 is strong and unpleasantly like tobacco1 and it has a sharp caustic taste4 ,it absorbs water exposed to the air1 and dissolves in water in all proportions1 partly separating from such solution on the addition of a caustic alkali4 ,the aqueous solution acts in many respects like ammonia1 saturating acids fully1 and may therefore be in certain cases estimated with accuracy by titration1 #di parts of ,h,,so corresponding to #afb of nicotine4 ,it gives on oxidation nicotinic acid m77 pyridincarbo acid ,c,h,n7,,cooh71 and by oxidation with elimination of water dipyridyl 7,c,h,n71 and through reduction dipiperydil 7,c,h,n74 #cea ,j4 ,skalweit1 ,ber4 der4 deutsch4 ,chem4 ,gesell41 #ad1 #ahji4 ,alcohol and ether dissolve nicotine in every proportion2 if such solutions are distilled1 nicotine goes over first4 ,the salts which it forms with hydrochloric1 nitric1 and phosphoric acids crystallise with difficulty2 tartaric and oxalic acid form white crystalline salts1 and the latter1 oxalate of nicotine1 is soluble in alcohol1 a property which distinguishes it from the oxalate of ammonia4 ,the best salts are the oxalate and the acid tartrate of nicotine1 from which to regenerate nicotine in a pure state4 ,hydrochloride of nicotine is more easily volatilised than the pure base4 ,nicotine is precipitated by alkalies1 c41 also by many oxyhydrates1 lead1 copper1 c4 ,by the action of light1 it is soon coloured yellow and brown1 and becomes thick1 in which state it leaves1 on evaporation1 a brown resinous substance1 only partly soluble in petroleum ether4 ,a very excellent test for nicotine1 as confirmatory of others1 is the beautiful1 long1 needle-like crystals obtained by adding to an ethereal solution of nicotine a solution of iodine in ether4 ,the crystals require a few hours to form4 ,chlorine gas colours nicotine blood-red or brown2 the product is soluble in alcohol1 and separates on evaporation in crystals4 ,cyanogen also colours nicotine brown2 the product out of alcohol is not crystalline4 ,platin chloride throws down a reddish crystalline precipitate1 soluble on warming2 and gallic acid gives a flocculent precipitate4 ,a drop of nicotine poured on dry chromic acid blazes up1 and gives out an odour of tobacco camphor2 if the ignition does not occur in the cold1 it is produced by a gentle heat4 ,it is scarcely possible to confound nicotine with ammonia1 by reason of its odour2 and1 moreover1 ammonia may always be excluded by converting the base into the oxalate1 and dissolving in absolute alcohol4 ,on the other hand1 a confusion between coniine and nicotine is apt to occur when small quantities only are dealt with4 ,it may1 however1 be guarded against by the following tests3-- 7#a47 ,if coniine be converted into oxalate1 the oxalate dissolved in alcohol1 and coniine regenerated by distillation 7best in vacuo7 with caustic lye1 and then hydrochloric acid added1 a crystalline hydrochlorate of coniine is formed1 which doubly refracts light1 and is in needle-shaped or columnar crystals1 or dendritic1 moss-like forms4 ,the columns afterwards become torn1 and little rows of cubical1 octahedral1 and tetrahedral crystals 7often cross or dagger-shaped7 grow out of yellow amorphous masses4 ,crystalline forms of this kind are rare1 save in the case of dilute solutions of chloride of ammonium 7the presence of the latter is1 of course1 rendered by the treatment impossible72 and nicotine does not give anything similar to this reaction4 7#b47 ,coniine coagulates albumen2 nicotine does not4 7#c47 ,nicotine yields a characteristic crystalline precipitate with an aqueous solution of mercuric chloride2 the similar precipitate of coniine is amorphous4 7#d47 ,nicotine does not react with ,,cs to form thiosulphate 7see p4 #bff74 #cca4 ,effects on ,animals4--,nicotine is rapidly fatal to all animal life--from the lowest to the highest forms4 ,that tobacco-smoke is inimical to insect-life is known to everybody2 very minute quantities in water kill infusoria4 ,fish of #cj grms4 weight die in a few minutes from a milligram of nicotine2 the symptoms observed are rapid movements1 then shivering and speedy paralysis1 with decreased motion of the gills1 and death4 ,with frogs1 if doses not too large are employed1 there is first great restlessness1 then strong tetanic convulsions1 and a very peculiar position of the limbs2 the respiration after fatal doses soon ceases1 but the heart beats even after death4 ,birds also show tetanic convulsions followed by paralysis and speedy death4 ,the symptoms witnessed in mammals poisoned by nicotine are not essentially dissimilar4 ,with large doses the effect is similar to that of prussic acid--viz41 a cry1 one or two shuddering convulsions1 and death4 ,if the dose is not too large1 there is trembling of the limbs1 excretion of fces and urine1 a peculiar condition of stupor1 a staggering gait1 and then the animal falls on its side4 ,the respiration1 at first quickened1 is afterwards slowed1 and becomes deeper than natural2 the pulse1 also1 with moderate doses1 is first slowed1 then rises in frequency1 and finally1 again falls4 ,tetanic convulsions soon develop1 during the tetanus the pupils have been noticed to be contracted1 but afterwards dilated1 the tongue and mouth are livid1 and the vessels of the ear dilated4 ,very characteristic of nicotine poisoning as witnessed in the cat1 the rabbit1 and the dog1 is its peculiarly violent action1 for after the administration of from one to two drops1 the whole course from the commencement of symptoms to the death may take place in five minutes4 ,f4 ,vas has drawn the smoke of tobacco from an immense pipe1 and condensed the products2 he finds the well-washed tarry products without physiological action1 but the soluble liquid affected the health of rabbits1--they lost weight1 the number of the blood corpuscles was decreased1 and the hmoglobin of the blood diminished4#ceb #ceb ,archiv4 f4 ,exper4 ,pathol4 u4 ,pharm41 ,bd4 #cc4 ,the larger animals1 such as the horse1 are affected similarly to the smaller domestic animals4 ,a veterinary surgeon1 ,mr4 ,john ,howard1 of ,woolwich1#cec has recorded a case in which a horse suffered from the most violent symptoms of nicotine-poisoning1 after an application to his skin of a strong decoction of tobacco4 ,the symptoms were trembling1 particularly at the posterior part of the shoulders1 as well as at the flanks1 and both fore and hind extremities2 the superficial muscles were generally relaxed and felt flabby2 and the pupils were widely dilated4 ,there was also violent dyspna1 the respirations being quick and short1 pulse #cb per minute1 and extremely feeble1 fluttering1 and indistinct4 ,when made to walk1 the animal appeared to have partly lost the use of his hind limbs1 the posterior quarter rolling from side to side in an unsteady manner1 the legs crossing each other1 knuckling over1 and appearing to be seriously threatened with paralysis4 ,the anus was very prominent1 the bowels extremely irritable1 and tenesmus was present4 ,he passed much flatus1 and at intervals of three or four minutes1 small quantities of fces in balls1 partly in the liquid state1 and coated with slimy mucus4 ,there was a staring1 giddy1 intoxicated appearance about the head and eyes1 the visible mucous membrane being of a dark-red colour4 ,a great tendency to collapse was evident1 but by treatment with cold douches and exposure to the open air1 the horse recovered4 #cec ,veter4 ,journal1 vol4 iii4 ,in a case occurring in #ahfc1 in which six horses ate oats which had been kept in a granary with tobacco1 the symptoms were mainly those of narcosis1 and the animals died4#ced #ced ,annales ,vtrinaires1 ,bruxelles1 #ahfh4 #ccb4 ,effects on ,man4--,poisoning by the pure alkaloid nicotine is so rare that1 up to the present1 only three cases are on record4 ,the first of these is ever memorable in the history of toxicology1 being the first instance in which a pure alkaloid had been criminally used4 ,the detection of the poison exercised the attention of the celebrated chemist ,stas4 ,i allude1 of course1 to the poisoning of ,m4 ,fougnies by ,count ,bocarm and his wife4 ,for the unabridged narrative of this interesting case the reader may consult ,tardieu's tude ,mdico-,lgale sur ,l',empoisonnement4 ,bocarm actually studied chemistry in order to prepare the alkaloid himself1 and1 after having succeeded in enticing his victim to the chateau of ,bitremont1 administered the poison forcibly4 ,it acted immediately1 and death took place in five minutes4 ,bocarm now attempted to hide all traces of the nicotine by pouring strong acetic acid into the mouth and over the body of the deceased4 ,the wickedness and cruelty of the crime were only equalled by the clumsy and unskilful manner of its perpetration4 ,the quantity of nicotine actually used in this case must have been enormous1 for ,stas separated no less than #d grm4 from the stomach of the victim4 ,the second known case of nicotine-poisoning was that of a man who took it for the purpose of suicide4 ,the case is related by ,taylor4 ,it occurred in ,june #ahfc4 ,the gentleman drank an unknown quantity from a bottle2 he stared wildly1 fell to the floor1 heaving a deep sigh1 and died quietly without convulsion4 ,the third case happened at ,cherbourg1#cee where an officer committed suicide by taking nicotine1 but how much had been swallowed1 and what were the symptoms1 are equally unknown1 for no one saw him during life4 #cee ,ann4 d',hygine1 #ahfa1 x4 p4 #djd4 ,poisoning by nicotine1 pure and simple1 then is rare4 ,tobacco-poisoning is very common1 and has probably been experienced in a mild degree by every smoker in first acquiring the habit4 ,nearly all the fatal cases are to be ascribed to accident2 but criminal cases are not unknown4 ,christison relates an instance in which tobacco in the form of snuff was put into whisky for the purpose of robbery4 ,in #ahed1 a man was accused of attempting to poison his wife by putting snuff into her ale1 but acquitted4 ,in another case1 the father of a child1 ten weeks old1 killed the infant by putting tobacco into its mouth4 ,he defended himself by saying that it was applied to make the child sleep4 ,in ,october #ahee1cef a drunken sailor swallowed 7perhaps for the purpose of suicide7 his quid of tobacco1 containing from about half an ounce to an ounce4 ,he had it some time in his mouth1 and in half an hour suffered from frightful tetanic convulsions4 ,there was also diarrha2 the pupils were dilated widely2 the heart's action became irregular2 and towards the end the pupils again contracted4 ,he died in a sort of syncope1 seven hours after swallowing the tobacco4 #cef ,edin4 ,med4 ,journ41 #ahee4 #ccc4 ,in #ahbi a curious instance of poisoning occurred in the case of two girls1 eighteen years of age1 who suffered from severe symptoms of tobacco-poisoning after drinking some coffee4 ,they recovered2 and it was found that tobacco had been mixed with the coffee-berries1 and both ground up together4#ceg #ceg ,barkhausen1 ,pr4 ,ver4 ,ztg41 v4 #ag1 p4 #hc1 #ahch4 ,accidents have occurred from children playing with old pipes4 ,in #ahggceh a child1 aged three1 used for an hour an old tobacco-pipe1 and blew soap bubbles with it4 ,symptoms of poisoning soon showed themselves1 and the child died in three days4 #ceh ,pharm4 ,journ4 #c1 #cgg1 #ahgg4 ,tobacco-juice1 as expressed or distilled by the heat developed in the usual method of smoking1 is very poisonous4 ,sonnenschein relates the case of a drunken student1 who was given a dram to drink1 into which his fellows had poured the juice from their pipes4 ,the result was fatal4 ,death from smoking is not unknown4#cei ,helwig saw death follow in the case of two brothers1 who smoked seventeen and eighteen ,german pipefuls of tobacco4 ,marshall ,hall#cfj records the case of a young man1 nineteen years of age1 who1 after learning to smoke for two days1 attempted two consecutive pipes4 ,he suffered from very serious symptoms1 and did not completely recover for several days4 ,gordon has also recorded severe poisoning from the consecutive smoking of nine cigars4 ,the external application of the leaf may1 as already shown in the case of the horse1 produce all the effects of the internal administration of nicotine4 ,the old instance1 related by ,hildebrand1 of the illness of a whole squadron of hussars who attempted to smuggle tobacco by concealing the leaf next to their skin1 is well known1 and is supported by several recent and similar cases4 ,the common practice of the peasantry1 in many parts of ,england1 of applying tobacco to stop the bleeding of wounds1 and also as a sort of poultice to local swellings1 has certainly its dangers4 ,the symptoms--whether nicotine has been taken by absorption through the broken or unbroken skin1 by the bowel1 by absorption through smoking1 or by the expressed juice1 or the consumption of the leaf itself--show no very great difference1 save in the question of time4 ,pure nicotine acts with as great a rapidity as prussic acid2 while if1 so to speak1 it is entangled in tobacco1 it takes more time to be separated and absorbed2 besides which1 nicotine1 taken in the concentrated condition1 is a strong enough base to have slight caustic effects1 and thus leaves some local evidences of its presence4 ,in order to investigate the effects of pure nicotine1 ,dworzak and ,heinrich made auto-experiments1 beginning with #a mgrm4 ,this small dose produced unpleasant sensations in the mouth and throat1 salivation1 and a peculiar feeling spreading from the region of the stomach to the fingers and toes4 ,with #b mgrms4 there was headache1 giddiness1 numbness1 disturbances of vision1 torpor1 dulness of hearing1 and quickened respirations4 ,with #c to #d mgrms41 in about forty minutes there was a great feeling of faintness1 intense depression1 weakness1 with pallid face and cold extremities1 sickness1 and purging4 ,one experimenter had shivering of the extremities and cramps of the muscles of the back1 with difficult breathing4 ,the second suffered from muscular weakness1 fainting1 fits of shivering1 and creeping sensations about the arms4 ,in two or three hours the severer effects passed away1 but recovery was not complete for two or three days4 ,it is therefore evident1 from these experiments and from other cases1 that excessive muscular prostration1 difficult breathing1 tetanic cramps1 diarrha1 and vomiting1 with irregular pulse1 represent both tobacco and nicotine poisoning4 ,the rapidly-fatal result of pure nicotine has been already mentioned2 but with tobacco-poisoning the case may terminate lethally in eighteen minutes4 ,this rapid termination is unusual1 with children it is commonly about an hour and a half1 although in the case previously mentioned1 death did not take place for two days4 #cei ,the question as to whether there is much nicotine in tobacco-smoke cannot be considered settled2 but it is probable that most of the poisonous symptoms produced are referable to the pyridene bases of the general formula 7,cn,h#bn-#e,n74 ,vohl and ,eulenberg 7,arch4 ,pharmac41 #b1 cxlvi4 p4 #acj7 made some very careful experiments on the smoke of strong tobacco1 burnt both in pipes and also in cigars4 ,the method adopted was to draw the smoke first through potash1 and then through dilute sulphuric acid4 ,the potash absorbed prussic acid1 hydric sulphide1 formic1 acetic1 propionic1 butyric1 valeric1 and carbolic acids2 while in the acid the bases were fixed1 and these were found to consist of the whole series of pyridene bases1 from pyridene 7,c,h,n71 boil4 point #aag1 picoline 7,c,h,n71 boil4 point #acc1 lutidine 7,c,h,n71 boil4 point #aed1 upwards4 ,when smoked in pipes1 the chief yield was pyridene2 when in cigars1 collidine 7,c,h,n72 and in general1 pipe-smoking was found to produce a greater number of volatile bases4 ,the action of these bases has been investigated by several observers4 ,they all have a special action on the organism1 and all show an increase in physiological activity as the series is ascended4 ,the lowest produce merely excitement from irritation of the encephalic nervous centres1 and the highest1 paralysis of those centres4 ,death proceeds from gradual failure of the respiratory movements1 leading to asphyxia--7,kendrick and ,dewar1 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 xxii4 #ddb2 xxiii4 #bij74 ,the most recent experimental work is that of ,a4 ,gautier2 he found that tobacco smoked in a pipe produced basic compounds1 a large quantity of nicotine1 and a higher homologue of nicotine1 ,c,h,n1 which pre-exists in tobacco leaves1 and a base ,c,h,,no1 which seems to be a hydrate of picoline--7,compt4 ,rend41 t4 cxv4 p4 #iib1 #iic74 ,the derivatives of the pyridene series are also active4 ,the methiodides strongly excite the brain and paralyse the extremities4 ,a similar but more energetic action is exerted by the ethyl and allyl derivatives2 the iodyallyl derivatives are strong poisons4 ,methylic pyridene carboxylate is almost inactive1 but the corresponding ammonium salt gives rise to symptoms resembling epilepsy--7,ramsay1 ,phil4 ,mag41 v4 #d1 #bda74 ,one member of the pyridene series -lutidine has been elaborately investigated by ,c4 ,greville ,williams and ,w4 ,h4 ,waters--7,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 vol4 xxxii4 p4 #afb1 #ahha74 ,they conclude that it affects the heart profoundly1 causing an increase in its tonicity1 but the action is almost confined to the ventricles4 ,the auricles are but little affected1 and continue to beat after the ventricles have stopped4 ,the rate of the heart's beat is slowed1 and the inhibitory power of the vagus arrested4 ,by its action on the nervous cells of the spinal cord1 it in the first place lengthens the time of reflex action1 and then arrests that function4 ,finally1 they point out that it is antagonistic to strychnine1 and may be successfully employed to arrest the action of strychnine on the spinal cord4 #cfj ,edin4 ,med4 and ,surg4 ,jour41 xii41 #ahaf4 #ccd4 ,physiological ,action4--,nicotine is absorbed into the blood and excreted unchanged1 in part by the kidneys and in part by the saliva 7,dragendorff74 ,according to the researches of ,rosenthal and ,krocker1#cfa nicotine acts energetically on the brain1 at first exciting it1 and then lessening its activity2 the spinal marrow is similarly affected4 ,the convulsions appear to have a cerebral origin2 paralysis of the peripheral nerves follows later than that of the nerve centres1 whilst muscular irritability is unaffected4 ,the convulsions are not influenced by artificial respiration1 and are therefore to be considered as due to the direct influence of the alkaloid on the nervous system4 ,nicotine has a striking influence on the respiration1 first quickening1 then slowing1 and lastly arresting the respiratory movements3 section of the vagus is without influence on this action4 ,the cause of death is evidently due to the rapid benumbing and paralysis of the respiratory centre4 ,death never follows from heart-paralysis1 although nicotine powerfully influences the heart's action1 small doses exciting the terminations of the vagus in the heart1 and causing a slowing of the beats4 ,large doses paralyse both the controlling and exciting nerve-centres of the heart2 the heart then beats fast1 irregularly1 and weakly4 ,the blood-vessels are first narrowed1 then dilated1 and1 as a consequence1 the blood-pressure first rises1 then falls4 ,nicotine has a special action on the intestines4 ,as ,o4 ,nasse#cfb has shown1 there is a strong contraction of the whole tract1 especially of the small intestine1 the lumen of which may be1 through a continuous tetanus1 rendered very small4 ,this is ascribed to the peripheral excitation of the intestinal nerves and the ganglia4 ,the uterus is also excited to strong contraction by nicotine2 the secretions of the bile and saliva are increased4 #cfa ,ueber die ,wirkung des ,nicotines auf den thierischen ,organismus1 ,berlin1 #ahfh4 #cfb ,beitrge zur ,physiologie der ,darmbewegung1 ,leipsic1 #ahff4 #cce4 ,fatal ,dose4--,the fatal dose for dogs is from to #b drops2 for rabbits1 a quarter of a drop2 for an adult not accustomed to tobacco the lethal dose is probably #f mgrms4 #ccf4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,there seem to be no appearances so distinctive as to be justly ascribed to nicotine or tobacco-poisoning and no other4 ,a more or less fluid condition of the blood1 and1 generally1 the signs of death by the lungs1 are those most frequently found4 ,in tobacco-poisoning1 when the leaves themselves have been swallowed1 there may be some inflammatory redness of the stomach and intestine4 #ccg4 ,separation of ,nicotine from ,organic ,matters1 c4--,the process for the isolation of nicotine is precisely that used for coniine 7see p4 #bfi74 ,it appears that it is unaltered by putrefaction1 and may be separated and recognised by appropriate means a long time after death4 ,orfila detected it in an animal two or three months after death2 ,melsens discovered the alkaloid unmistakably in the tongues of two dogs1 which had been buried in a vessel filled with earth for seven years2 and it has been found1 by several experiments1 in animals buried for shorter periods4 ,nicotine should always be looked for in the tongue and mucous membrane of the mouth1 as well as in the usual viscera4 ,the case may be much complicated if the person supposed to be poisoned should have been a smoker2 for the defence would naturally be that there had been either excessive smoking or chewing1 or even swallowing accidentally a quid of tobacco4#cfc ,a ptomaine has been discovered similar to nicotine4 ,wolckenhaar separated also an alkaloid not unlike nicotine from the corpse of a woman addicted to intemperate habits2 but this base was not poisonous1 nor did it give any crystals when an ethereal solution was added to an ether solution of iodine4 ,it will be well always to support the chemical evidence by tests on animal life1 since the intensely poisonous action of nicotine seems not to be shared by the nicotine-like ptomaines4 #cfc ,in an experiment of ,dragendorff's1 nicotine is said to have been detected in #ce grms4 of the saliva of a person who had half an hour previously smoked a cigar4 #c4 ,,piturie4#cfd #cfd ,see 8,the ,alkaloid from ,piturie10 by ,prof4 ,leversidge1 ,chem4 ,news1 ,march #ah and #be1 #ahha4 #cch4 ,piturie 7,c,h,n7 is a liquid1 nicotine-like alkaloid1 obtained from the ,duboisia hopwoodii1 a small shrub or tree belonging to the natural order ,solanace1 indigenous in ,australia4 ,the natives mix piturie leaves with ashes from some other plant1 and chew them4 ,piturie is obtained by extracting the plant with boiling water acidified with sulphuric acid1 concentrating the liquid by evaporation1 and then alkalising and distilling with caustic soda1 and receiving the distillate in hydrochloric acid4 ,the solution of the hydrochlorate is afterwards alkalised and shaken up with ether1 which readily dissolves out the piturie4 ,the ether solution of piturie is evaporated to dryness in a current of hydrogen1 and the crude piturie purified by distillation in hydrogen1 or by changing it into its salts1 and again recovering1 c4 ,it is clear and colourless when pure and fresh1 but becomes yellow or brown when exposed to air and light4 ,it boils and distils at #bdc to #bdd4 ,it is soluble in all proportions in alcohol1 water1 and ether2 its taste is acrid and pungent2 it is volatile at ordinary temperatures1 causing white fumes with hydrochloric acid2 it is very irritating to the mucous membranes1 having a smell like nicotine at first1 and then1 when it becomes browner1 like pyridine4 ,it forms salts with acids1 but the acetate1 sulphate1 and hydrochlorate are varnish-like films having no trace of crystallisation2 the oxalate is a crystalline salt4 ,piturie gives precipitates with mercuric chloride1 cupric sulphate1 gold chloride1 mercur-potassic iodide1 tannin1 and an alcoholic solution of iodine4 ,if an ethereal solution of iodine is added to an ethereal solution of piturie1 a precipitate of yellowish-red needles1 readily soluble in alcohol1 is deposited4 ,the iodine compound melts at #aaj1 while the iodine compound of nicotine melts at #ajj4 ,piturie is distinguished from coniine by its aqueous solution not becoming turbid either on heating or on the addition of chlorine water2 it differs from picoline in specific gravity1 picoline being #ifac specific gravity at #j1 and piturie sinking in water2 it differs from aniline by not being coloured by chlorinated lime4 ,from nicotine it has several distinguishing marks1 one of the best being that it does not change colour on warming with hydrochloric acid and the addition to the mixture afterwards of a little nitric acid4 ,the physiological action seems to be but little different from that of nicotine4 ,it is1 of course1 poisonous1 but as yet has no forensic importance4 #d4 ,,sparteine4 #cci4 ,in #ahea ,stenhouse#cfe separated a poisonous volatile alkaloid from ,spartium scoparium1 the common broom1 to which he gave the name of sparteine4 ,at the same time a crystalline non-poisonous substance1 scoparin1 was discovered4 #cfe ,phil4 ,trans41 #ahea4 ,sparteine is separated from the plant by extraction with sulphuric acid holding water1 and then alkalising the acid solution and distilling3 it has the formula 7,c,h,n71 and belongs to the class of tertiary diamines4 ,it is a clear1 thick1 oily substance1 scarcely soluble in water1 to which it imparts a strong1 alkaline reaction2 it is soluble in alcohol1 in ether1 and chloroform2 insoluble in benzene and in petroleum2 it boils at #bhh4 ,sparteine neutralises acids fully1 but the oxalate is the only one which can be readily obtained in crystals4 ,it forms crystalline salts with platinic chloride1 with gold chloride1 with mercuric chloride1 and with zinc chloride4 ,the picrate is an especially beautiful salt1 crystallising in long needles1 which1 when dried and heated1 explode4 ,on sealing sparteine up in a tube with ethyl iodide and alcohol1 and heating to #ajj for an hour1 ethyl sparteine iodide separates in long1 needle-like crystals1 which are somewhat insoluble in cold alcohol4 ,effect on ,animals4--,a single drop kills a rabbit2 the symptoms are similar to those produced by nicotine1 but the pupils are dilated4#cff #cff ,to the nicotine group1 gelsemine 7,c,h,n,o7 and oxalathylin 7,c,h,n7 also belong1 in a physiological sense1 but gelsemine1 like sparteine1 dilates the pupil4 #e4 ,,aniline4 #cdj4 ,properties4--,aniline or amido-benzol 7,c,h,,nh7 is made by the reduction of nitro-benzol4 ,it is an oily fluid1 colourless when quite pure1 but gradually assuming a yellow tinge on exposure to the air4 ,it has a peculiar and distinctive smell4 ,it boils at #ahbe1 and can be congealed by a cold of #h4 ,it is slightly soluble in water1 #ajj parts of water at #af retaining about #c of aniline1 and easily soluble in alcohol1 ether1 and chloroform4 ,it does not blue red-litmus paper1 but nevertheless acts as a weak alkali1 for it precipitates iron from its salts4 ,it forms a large number of crystalline salts4 ,the hydrochloride crystallises in white plates1 and has a melting-point of #aib4 ,the platinum compound has the formula of 7,c,h,,nh,h,cl7,pt,cl1 and crystallises in yellow needles4 #cda4 ,symptoms and ,effects4--,aniline1 like picric acid1 coagulates albumin4 ,aniline is a blood poison2 it produces1 even during life1 in some obscure way1 methmoglobin1 and it disintegrates the red blood corpuscles2 both these effects lessen the power of the blood corpuscles to convey oxygen to the tissues1 hence the cyanosis observed so frequently in aniline poisoning is explained4 ,engelhardt#cfg has found that aniline black is produced2 in every drop of blood there are fine black granules1 the total effect of which produce a pale blue or grey-blue colour of the skin4 ,aniline has also an action on the central nervous system1 at first stimulating1 and then paralysing4 ,schmiedeberg finds that para-amido-phenol-ether-sulphuric acid is produced1 and appears in the urine as an alkali salt2 a small quantity of fuchsine is also produced1 and has been found in the urine4 ,some aniline may be excreted unchanged4 #cfg ,beitrge zur ,tox4 des ,anilins4 ,inaug4-,diss41 ,dorpat1 #ahhh4 ,the symptoms are giddiness1 weakness1 cyanosis1 blueness of the skin1 sinking of the temperature1 and dilatation of the pupil4 ,the pulse is small and frequent1 the skin moist and cold4 ,the patient smells of aniline4 ,towards the end coma and convulsions set in4 ,the urine may be brown to brown-black1 and may contain hyaline cylinders4 ,the blood shows the spectrum of methmoglobin1 and has the peculiarities already mentioned4 ,should the patient recover1 jaundice often follows4 ,the outward application of aniline produces eczema4 ,chronic poisoning by aniline is occasionally seen among workers in the manufacture of aniline4 ,headache1 loss of muscular power1 diminished sensibility of the skin1 vomiting1 loss of appetite1 pallor1 eruptions on the skin1 and general malaise are the chief symptoms4 ,the perspiration has been noticed to have a reddish colour4 ,cases of aniline poisoning are not common2 ,dr4 ,fred4 ,j4 ,smith has recorded one in the ,lancet of ,january #ac1 #ahid4cfh ,the patient1 a woman1 #db years of age1 of alcoholic tendencies1 swallowed1 #acth ,december #ahic1 at #a4dj ,p4,m41 about #c ounces of marking ink1 the greatest part of which consisted of aniline2 in a very little while she became unconscious1 and remained so until death4 ,at #c ,p4,m4 her lips were of a dark purple1 the general surface of the skin was deadly white1 with a slight bluish tinge2 the pupils were small and sluggish1 the breathing stertorous1 and the pulse full and slow--#fj per minute4 ,the stomach was washed out1 ether injected1 and oxygen administered1 but the patient died comatose almost exactly twelve hours after the poison had been taken4 #cfh ,see also a case reported by ,k4 ,dehio1 in which a person drank #aj grms4 and recovered1 ,ber4 klinis4 ,wochen41 #ahhh1 ,nr4 #a4 ,the post-mortem examination showed slight congestion of the lungs2 the heart was relaxed in all its chambers1 and empty of blood2 it had a peculiar green-blue appearance4 ,all the organs were healthy4 ,the blood was not spectroscopically examined4 #cdb4 ,fatal ,dose4--,this is not known1 but an adult would probably be killed by a single dose of anything over #f grms4 ,recovery under treatment has been known after #aj grms42 the fatal dose for rabbits is #a-ae grms41 for dogs #c-e grms4 #cdc4 ,detection of ,aniline4--,aniline is easily separated and detected4 ,organic fluids are alkalised by a solution of potash1 and distilled4 ,the organs1 finely divided1 are extracted with water acidulated with sulphuric acid1 the fluid filtered1 and then alkalised and distilled4 ,the distillate is shaken up with ether1 the ether separated and allowed to evaporate spontaneously4 ,any aniline will be in the residue left after evaporation of the ether1 and may be identified by the following tests3--,an aqueous solution of aniline or its salts is coloured blue by a little chloride of lime or hypochlorite of soda2 later on the mixture becomes red4 ,the blue colour has an absorption band1 when examined spectroscopically1 extending from ,w4,l4 #fef to #efj1 and therefore in the red and yellow from ,fraunhofer's line ,c1 and overlapping ,d4 ,another test for aniline is the addition of kairine1 hydrochloric acid1 and sodium nitrite1 which strikes a blue colour4 ,,iii4--,the ,opium ,group of ,alkaloids4 #cdd4 ,general ,composition4--,opium contains a larger number of basic substances than any plant known4 ,the list reaches at present to #ah or #ai nitrogenised bases1 and almost each year there have been additions4 ,some of these alkaloids exist in very small proportion1 and have been little studied4 ,morphine and narcotine are those which1 alone1 are toxicologically important4 ,opium is a gummy mass1 consisting of the juice of the incised unripe fruit of the ,papaver somniferum hardened in the air4 ,the following is a nearly complete list of the constituents which have been found in opium3-- ,morphine1 ,c,h,,no4 ,narcotine1 ,c,h,,no4 ,narceine1 ,c,h,,no4 ,apomorphine1 ,c,h,,no ,by dehydration of morphine and codeine ,apocodeine1 ,c,h,,no respectively4 ,pseudomorphine1 ,c,h,,no4 ,codamine1 ,c,h,,no4 ,ladanine1 ,c,h,,no4 ,ladanosine1 ,c,h,,no4 ,protapine1 ,c,h,,no4 ,cryptopine1 ,c,h,,no4 ,lanthopine1 ,c,h,,no4 ,hydrocotarnine1 ,c,h,,no4 ,opianine1 ,c,h,,no4 ,cnoscopine1 ,c,h,n,o4 ,rhadine1 ,c,h,,no4 ,codeine1 ,c,h,,no4 ,thebaine1 ,c,h,,no4 ,papaverine1 ,c,h,,no4 ,meconidine1 ,c,h,,no4 ,meconin1 ,c,h,o4 ,meconic acid1 ,c,h,o4 ,thebolactic acid4 ,fat4 ,resin4 ,caoutchouc4 ,gummy matters--,vegetable mucus4 ,ash1 containing the usual constituents4 ,the various opiums differ1 the one from the other1 in the percentages of alkaloids1 so that only a very general statement of the mean composition of opium can be made4 ,the following statement may1 however1 be accepted as fairly representative of these differences3-- ,per cent4 ,morphine1 #f to #ae ,narcotine1 #d to #h ,other alkaloids1 #e to #b ,meconin1 ,under #a ,meconic acid1 #c to #h ,peculiar resin and caoutchouc1 #e to #aj ,fat1 #a to #d ,gum and soluble humoid acid matters1 #dj to #ej ,insoluble matters and mucus1 #ah to #bj ,ash1 #d to #h ,water1 #h to #cj ,the general results of the analysis of #ab samples of ,turkey opium1 purchased by ,mr4 ,bott1#cfi from leading druggists in ,london1 ,dublin1 and ,edinburgh1 are as follows3-- #cfi ,year ,book of ,pharmacy1 #ahgf4 ,water4--,highest1 #cab2 lowest1 #ahd2 mean1 #bbd per cent4 ,insoluble ,residue4--,highest1 #dgi2 lowest1 #bede2 mean1 #cbdh per cent4 ,aqueous ,extract4--,highest1 #efae2 lowest1 #bjij2 mean1 #deij per cent4 ,crude ,morphine 7containing about #g_/aj of pure morphine74--,highest1 #abcj2 lowest1 #fgf2 mean1 #iib per cent41 which equals #abc per cent4 of the dried drug4 ,persian ,opium1 examined in the same way1 varied in crude morphine from #ba to #he per cent42 ,malwa1 from #ehh to #gcj4 ,in #ah samples of different kinds of opium1 the mean percentage of crude morphine was #hhh per cent4 7#aa per cent4 of the dried opium74 ,according to ,guibourt1 ,smyrna opium1 dried at #ajj1 yields #aag to #badf per cent41 the mean being #ab to #ad per cent42 ,egyptian1 from #eh to #ab per cent42 ,persian1 #aacg per cent4 ,in ,east ,indian ,patna opium1 for medical use1 he found #ggb2 in a sample used for smoking1 #ebg per cent42 in ,algerian opium1 #aba per cent42 in ,french opium1 #adh to #bbi per cent4 #cde4 ,action of ,solvents on ,opium4--,the action of various solvents on opium has been more especially studied by several scientists who are engaged in the extraction of the alkaloids4 ,water dissolves nearly everything except resin1 caoutchouc1 and woody fibre4 ,free morphine would be left insoluble2 but it seems always to be combined with meconic and acetic acids4 ,the solubility of free narcotine in water is extremely small4 ,alcohol dissolves resin and caoutchouc1 and all the alkaloids and their combinations1 with meconic acid1 c4 ,amylic ,alcohol dissolves all the alkaloids1 if they are in a free state1 and it also takes up a little of the resin4 ,ether1 ,benzene1 and ,carbon ,sulphide do not dissolve the resin1 and only slightly morphine1 if free2 but they dissolve the other free alkaloids as well as caoutchouc4 ,acids dissolve all the alkaloids and the resin4 ,fixed ,alkalies1 in excess1 dissolve in part resin2 they also dissolve morphine freely2 narcotine remains insoluble4 ,lime ,water dissolves morphine1 but is a solvent for narcotine only in presence of morphine4 ,ammonia dissolves only traces of morphine2 but narceine and codeine readily4 ,it does not dissolve the other alkaloids1 nor does it dissolve the resin4 #cdf4 ,assay of ,opium4--,the following processes may be described3-- ,process of ,teschemacher and ,smith4--,this process1 with a few modifications1 is as follows3--#aj grms4 of opium are as completely exhausted with proof spirit at a boiling temperature as possible4 ,the resulting alcoholic extract is treated with a few drops of ammonium oxalate solution1 and the solution is almost neutralised with ammonia4 ,the solution is concentrated to one-third1 cooled1 and filtered4 ,the filtrate is farther concentrated to #e c4c41 and transferred to a small flask1 it is washed into this flask by #d c4c4 of water1 and #c c4c4 of #ij per cent4 alcohol2 next #b c4c4 solution of ammonia 7sp4 gr4 #jifj7 and #be c4c4 of dry ether are added4 ,the flask is corked1 shaken1 and then allowed to rest over-night4 ,the ether is decanted as completely as possible4 ,two filter papers are taken and counterpoised--that is to say1 they are made precisely the same weight4 ,the filters are placed one inside the other1 and the precipitate collected on the inner one2 the precipitate is washed with morphinated water--that is to say1 water in which morphine has been digested for some days4 ,the filter papers with their contents are washed with benzene and dried1 the outer paper put on the pan of the balance carrying the weights1 and the inner filter with the precipitate weighed4 ,the precipitate is now digested with a known volume of decinormal acid1 and then the excess of acid ascertained by titration with decinormal alkali1 using either litmus or methyl orange2 each c4c4 of decinormal acid is equal to #cjc mgrms4 of morphine4#cgj #cgj ,pharm4 ,journal1 xix4 #de1 #hb2 xxii4 #gdf4 ,wright and ,farr1 ,chemist and ,druggist1 #ahic1 i4 #gh4 ,dott's ,process4--,dott has recently proposed a new process1 which he states has given good results4 ,the process is as follows3--#aj grammes of powdered opium are digested with #be c4c4 water2 #ah gramme barium chloride dissolved in about #ab c4c4 water is then added1 the solution made up to #ej c4c41 well mixed1 and after a short time filtered4 #bb c4c4 7representing #e grammes opium7 are mixed with dilute sulphuric acid in quantity just sufficient to precipitate the barium4 ,about #a c4c4 is required1 and the solution should be warmed to cause the precipitate to subside1 and the solution to filter clear4 ,to this filtered solution a little dilute ammonia1 about #je c4c4 is added to neutralise the free acid1 and the solution concentrated to #f or #g c4c41 and allowed to cool4 #a c4c4 spirit and #a c4c4 ether are then added1 and next ammonia in slight excess4 ,the ammonia should be added gradually until there is no further precipitation1 and a perceptible odour of ammonia remains after well stirring and breaking down any lumps with the stirring rod4 ,after three hours the precipitate is collected on counterpoised filters and washed4 ,before filtering1 it should be noted that the solution has a faint odour of ammonia3 if not1 one or two drops of ammonia solution should be added4 ,the dried precipitate is washed with benzene or chloroform1 dried1 and weighed4 ,it is then titrated with n_/#aj acid1 until the morphine is neutralised1 as indicated by the solution reddening litmus paper4#cga #cga ,other methods of opium assay have been published3 see ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,prescott's method 7,proceedings of ,amer4 ,pharm4 ,assoc41 #ahgh72 ,allen 7,commercial ,org4 ,analysis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dgc72 ,e4 ,r4 ,squibb's modification of ,flckiger's method 7,pharm4 ,journ4 7#c71 xii4 p4 #gbd72 a rapid mode of opium assay1 ,,mm4 ,portes and ,lanjlois 7,journ4 de ,pharm4 et de ,chim41 ,nov4 #ahha72 ,year ,book of ,pharmacy1 #ahhb4 ,to the above may be added--7#a47 ,schacht's ,method4--#e to #aj grms4 of dry1 finely-powdered opium are digested with sufficient distilled water to make a thin pulp4 ,after twenty-four hours the whole is thrown on a weighed filter1 and washed until the washings are almost colourless and tasteless4 ,the portion insoluble in water is dried at #ajj and weighed2 in good opium this should not exceed #dj per cent4 ,the filtrate is evaporated until it is about one-fifth of the weight of the opium taken originally2 cooled1 filtered1 and treated with pure animal charcoal1 until the dark brown colour is changed into a brownish-yellow4 ,the liquid is then refiltered1 precipitated with a slight excess of ammonia1 allowed to stand in an open vessel until all odour of ammonia disappears1 and at the same time frequently stirred1 in order that the precipitate may not become crystalline--a form which is always more difficult to purify4 ,the precipitate is now collected on a tared filter1 washed1 dried1 and weighed4 ,with an opium containing #aj per cent4 of morphine1 its weight is usually #ad per cent4 ,a portion of the precipitate is then detached from the filter1 weighed1 and exhausted1 first with ether1 and afterwards with boiling alcohol 7#jha specific gravity74 ,being thus purified from narcotine1 and containing a little colouring-matter only1 it may now be dried and weighed1 and the amount of morphine calculated1 on the whole1 from the data obtained4 7#b47 ,fleury has proposed a titration by oxalic acid as follows3--#b grms4 of the powdered opium are macerated a few hours with #h c4c4 of aqueous oxalate of ammonia1 brought on a filter1 and washed with #e c4c4 of water4 ,to the filtrate an equal volume of #hj per cent4 alcohol and ammonia to alkaline reaction is added2 and1 after standing twenty-four hours in a closed flask1 it is filtered1 and the flask rinsed out with some c4c4 of #dj per cent4 alcohol4 ,the filter1 with its contents1 after drying1 is placed in the same flask 7which should not be cleansed71 a few drops of alcoholic logwood solution are added1 with an excess of oxalic acid solution of known strength1 the whole being made up to #ajj c4c4 ,this is divided into two parts1 and the excess of acid titrated back with diluted soda-lye4 ,if the oxalic acid solution is of the strength of #ddb grms4 to the litre1 every c4c4 of the oxalic acid solution which has become bound up with morphine1 corresponds to #jjb grm4 of morphine4 #cdg4 ,medicinal and other ,preparations of ,opium4--,the chief mixtures1 pills1 and other forms1 officinal and non-officinal1 in which opium may be met with1 are as follows3-- 7#a47 ,,officinal4 ,compound ,tincture of ,camphor1 ,p4 ,b4 7,paregoric74--,opium1 camphor1 benzoic acid1 oil of anise1 and proof spirit3 the opium is in the proportion of about #jd per cent41 or #a grain of opium in #bdj minims4 ,ammoniated ,tincture of ,opium 7,scotch paregoric74--,strong solution of ammonia1 rectified spirit1 opium1 oil of anise1 saffron1 and benzoic acid4 ,nearly #a per cent4 or #a grain of opium in every #if minims4 ,the ,compound ,powder of ,kino1 ,p4 ,b4 ,opium1 #e per cent4 ,cinnamon1 #bj ,kino1 #ge ,the ,compound ,powder of ,opium1 ,p4 ,b4 ,opium1 #ajjj per cent4 ,black ,pepper1 #accc ,ginger1 #cccc ,caraway ,fruit1 #djjj ,tragacanth1 #ccc ,pill of ,lead and ,opium1 ,p4 ,b4 ,acetate of ,lead1 #gej per cent4 ,opium1 #abe ,confection of ,roses1 #abe ,tincture of ,opium 7,laudanum74--,opium and proof spirit4 ,one grain of opium in #adh min4--that is1 about #fg parts by weight in #ajj by measure4 ,the amount of opium actually contained in laudanum has been investigated by ,mr4 ,woodland1#cgb from fourteen samples purchased from ,london and provincial chemists4 ,the highest percentage of extract was #eja1 the lowest #cba1 the mean being #dbd2 the highest percentage of morphine was #gj per cent41 the lowest #cb1 the mean being #ea per cent4 ,it is1 therefore1 clear that laudanum is a liquid of very uncertain strength4 #cgb ,year ,book of ,pharmacy1 #ahhb4 ,aromatic ,powder of ,chalk and ,opium4--,opium #be per cent41 the rest of the constituents being cinnamon1 nutmeg1 saffron1 cloves1 cardamoms1 and sugar4 ,compound ,powder of ,ipecacuanha 7,dover's ,powder74 ,opium1 #aj per cent4 ,ipecacuanha1 #aj ,sulphate of ,potash1 #hj ,confection of ,opium 7,confectio opii7 is composed of syrup and compound powder of opium2 according to its formula1 it contains #bd per cent4 of opium by weight4 ,extract of ,opium contains the solid constituents capable of extraction by water2 it should contain #bj per cent4 of morphine1 and is therefore about double the strength of dry powdered opium4 ,liquid ,extract of ,opium has been also examined by ,mr4 ,woodland3#cgc ten samples yielded as a mean #cie per cent4 of dry extract1 the highest number being #dib per cent41 the lowest #cjb4 ,the mean percentage of morphine was #bh per cent41 the highest amount being #cg1 and the lowest #ai per cent4 #cgc ,op4 cit4 ,liniment of ,opium is composed of equal parts of laudanum and soap liniment2 it should contain about #jjcge per cent4 morphine4 ,the ,compound ,soap-pill is made of soap and opium1 one part of opium in every #ee of the mass--i4e41 about #ah per cent4 ,ipecacuanha and ,morphine ,lozenges1 as the last1 with the addition of ipecacuanha2 each lozenge contains #a_/cf grain 7#ah mgrms47 morphine hydrochlorate1 #a_/ab grain 7#ed mgrms47 ipecacuanha4 ,morphia ,suppositories are made with hydrochlorate of morphine1 benzoated lard1 white wax1 and oil of theobroma2 each suppository contains grain 7#cbd mgrms47 of morphine salt4 ,opium ,lozenges are composed of opium extract1 tincture of tolu1 sugar1 gum1 extract of liquorice1 and water4 ,each lozenge contains #a_/aj grain 7#fd mgrms47 of extract of opium1 or about #a_/ej grain 7#ac mgrm47 morphine4 ,the ,ointment of ,galls and ,opium contains one part of opium in #adge parts of the ointment--i4e41 opium #fg per cent4 ,opium ,wine1 ,p4 ,b4--,sherry1 opium extract1 cinnamon1 and cloves4 ,about #e of opium extract by weight in #ajj parts by measure 7#bb grains to the ounce74 ,solutions of ,morphine1 both of the acetate and hydrochlorate1 ,p4 ,b41 are made with a little free acid1 and with rectified spirit4 ,the strength of each is half a grain in each fluid drachm 7#jcbd grm4 in #cedi71 or #ia part by weight in #ajj by measure4 ,solution of ,bimeconate of ,morphine4--,one fluid oz4 contains #e grains of bimeconate of morphine4 ,morphia ,lozenges are made with the same accessories as opium lozenges1 substituting morphine for opium2 each lozenge contains #a_/cf grain of hydrochlorate of morphia 7#ah mgrm474 ,syrup of ,poppies4--,the ordinary syrup of poppies is sweetened laudanum4 ,it should1 however1 be what it is described--viz41 a syrup of poppy-heads4 ,as such1 it is said to contain one grain of extract of opium to the ounce4 7#b47 ,,patent ,,and ,,other ,,non-,,officinal ,,preparations ,,of ,,opium4 ,godfrey's ,cordial is made on rather a large scale1 and is variable in strength and composition4 ,it usually contains about #a grains of opium in each fluid ounce1#cgd and1 as other constituents3 sassafras1 molasses or treacle1 rectified spirit1 and various flavouring ingredients1 especially ginger1 cloves1 and coriander2 aniseed and caraways may also be detected4 #cgd ,if made according to ,dr4 ,paris' formula1 #a grains in an ounce4 ,grinrod's ,remedy for ,spasms consists of hydrochlorate of morphine1 spirit of sal-volatile1 ether1 and camphor julep2 strength1 #a grain of the hydrochlorate in every #f ounces4 ,lemaurier's ,odontalgic ,essence is acetate of morphine dissolved in cherry-laurel water2 strength1 #a grain to the ounce4 ,nepenthe is a preparation very similar to ,liq4 ,opii sedativ41 and is of about the same strength as laudanum4#cge #cge ,it may be regarded as a purified alcoholic solution of meconate of morphia1 with a little excess of acid1 and of about the same strength as laudanum4--,taylor4 ,black ,drop 7known also by various names1 such as ,armstrong's ,black ,drop7 is essentially an acetic acid solution of the constituents of opium4 ,it is usually considered to be of four times the strength of laudanum4 ,the wholesale receipt for it is3 ,laudanum1 #a oz41 and distilled vinegar #a quart1 digested for a fortnight4 ,the original formula proposed by the ,quaker doctor of ,durham1 ,edward ,tunstall1 is--,opium1 sliced1 lb42 good verjuice1#cgf #c pints2 and nutmeg1 #a oz42 boiled down to a syrup thickness2 lb4 of sugar and #b teaspoonfuls of yeast are then added4 ,the whole is set in a warm place for six or eight weeks1 after which it is evaporated in the open air until it becomes of the consistence of a syrup4 ,it is lastly decanted and filtered1 a little sugar is added1 and the liquid made up to #b pints4 #cgf ,verjuice is the juice of the wild crab4 8,nurse's ,drops0 seem to be composed of oil of caraway and laudanum4 ,powell's ,balsam of ,aniseed1 according to evidence in the case of ,pharmaceutical ,society v4 ,armson 7,pharm4 ,journ41 #ahid71 contains in every oz4 #a_/aj grain of morphine4 ,dalby's ,carminative-- ,carbonate of magnesia1 #dj grains4 ,tincture of castor1 and compound tincture of cardamoms1 of each #ae drops4 ,laudanum1 #e ,oil of aniseed1 #c ,oil of nutmeg1 #b ,oil of peppermint1 #a ,peppermint water1 #b fl4 ounces ,dose1 from a half to one teaspoonful4 ,another recipe has no laudanum1 but instead syrup of poppies4 ,chlorodyne--,brown's ,chlorodyne is composed of-- ,chloroform1 #f drachms4 ,chloric ether1 #a ,tincture of capsicum1 ,hydrochlorate of morphine1 #h grains4 ,scheele's prussic acid1 #ab drops ,tincture of ,indian hemp1 #a drachm4 ,treacle1 #a ,atkinson's ,infant ,preserver-- ,carbonate of magnesia1 #f drachms4 ,white sugar1 #b ounces ,oil of aniseed1 #bj drops4 ,spirit of sal-volatile1 #b drachms4 ,laudanum1 #a ,syrup of saffron1 #a ounce4 ,caraway water1 to make up1 #a pint4 ,boerhave's ,odontalgic ,essence-- ,opium1 drachm4 ,oil of cloves1 #b ,powdered camphor1 #e ,rectified spirit1 #a fl4 ounce4 #cdh4 ,statistics4--,during the ten years #ahhc-ahib no less than #adbd deaths in ,england and ,wales were attributed to some form or other of opium or its active constituents2 #de of these deaths were ascribed to various forms of soothing syrup or to patent medicines containing opium or morphine2 #hgf were due to accident or negligence2 #dig were suicidal and #f were homicidal deaths4 ,the age and sex distribution of the deaths ascribed to accident and those ascribed to suicide are detailed in the following tabular statement3-- ,,deaths ,,in ,,england ,,and ,,wales ,,during ,,the ,,ten ,,years #ahhc-ahib ,,from ,,opium1 ,,laudanum1 ,,morphine1 c4 ,,accident4 ,ages1 #j-a #a-e #e-ae #ae-be #be-fe #fe and ,total above ,males1 #gb #bg #a #af #cjb #he #ejc ,females1 #ej #bc #d #ba #ahi #hf #cgc ---------------------------------------- ---- ,total1 #abb #ej #e #cg #dia #aga #hgf ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,suicide4 ,ages1 #e-ae #ae-be #be-fe #fe and ,total above ,males1 #a #bf #bfi #cd #ccj ,females1 444 #bd #abf #ag #afg ---------------------------------- ,total1 #a #ej #cie #ea #dig ---------------------------------- ,of ,european countries1 ,england has the greatest proportional number of opium poisonings4 ,in ,france1 opium or morphine poisoning accounts for about #a per cent4 of the whole2 and ,denmark1 ,sweden1 ,switzerland1 ,germany1 all give very small proportional numbers2 arsenic1 phosphorus1 and the acids taking the place of opiates4 ,the more considerable mortality arises1 in great measure1 from the pernicious practice--both of the hard-working ,english mother and of the baby-farmer--of giving infants various forms of opium sold under the name of 8soothing syrups10 8infants' friends10 8infants' preservatives10 8nurses' drops0 and the like1 to allay restlessness1 and to keep them during the greater part of their existence asleep4 ,another fertile cause of accidental poisoning is mistakes in dispensing2 but these mistakes seem to happen more frequently on the ,continent than in ,england4 ,this is in some degree due to the decimal system1 which has its dangers as well as its advantages1 e4g43--,a physician ordered #e decigrm4 of morphine acetate in a mixture for a child1 but omitted the decimal point1 and the apothecary1 therefore1 gave ten times the dose desired1 with fatal effect4 ,again1 morphine hydrochlorate1 acetate1 and similar soluble salts are liable to be mistaken for other white powders1 and in this way unfortunate accidents have occurred--accidents that1 with proper dispensing arrangements1 should be impossible4 #cdi4 ,poisoning of ,children by ,opium4--,the drugging of children by opium--sometimes with a view to destroy life1 sometimes merely for the sake of the continual narcotism of the infant--is especially rife in ,india4#cgg ,a little solid opium is applied to the roof of the mouth1 or smeared on the tongue1 and some ,indian mothers have been known to plaster the nipples with opium1 so that the child imbibes it with the milk4 ,europeans1 again and again1 have discovered the native nurses administering opiates to the infants under their care1 and it is feared that in many cases detection is avoided4 #cgg ,see ,dr4 ,chevers's ,jurisprudence1 #crd ed41 #bcb et seq4 ,the ignorant use of poppy-tea has frequently caused the death of young children2 thus in #ahge an inquest was held at ,chelsea on the body of a little boy two years and a half old4 ,he had been suffering from whooping-cough and enlargement of the bowels1 and poppy-tea was by the advice of a neighbour given to him4 ,two poppy-heads were used in making a quart of tea1 and the boy1 after drinking a great portion of it1 fell into a deep sleep1 and died with all the symptoms of narcotic poisoning4 #cej4 ,doses of ,opium and ,morphia4--,opium in the solid state is prescribed for adults in quantities not exceeding #c grains1 the usual dose being from #afb mgrms4 to #fdh mgrms4 7 to #a grain74 ,the extract of opium is given in exactly the same proportions 7special circumstances1 such as the habitual use of opium1 excepted72 the dose of all the compounds of opium is mainly regulated by the proportion of opium contained in them4 ,the dose for children 7who bear opium ill7 is usually very small2 single drops of laudanum are given to infants at the breast1 and the dose cautiously increased according to age4 ,most practitioners would consider half a grain a very full dose1 and1 in cases requiring it1 would seldom prescribe at first more than #a_/af to grain4 ,the dose of solid opium for a horse is from #agg grm4 to #gjh grms4 7 drachm to #b drachms72 in extreme cases1 however1 #d drachms 7#adaf grms47 have been given4 ,the dose for large cattle is from #fdh grm4 to #chh grms4 7#aj to #fj grains72 for calves1 #fdh grm4 7#aj grains72 for dogs it is greatly regulated by the size of the animal1 #afb to #abif mgrms4 7 grain to #b grains74 ,fatal ,dose4--,cases are recorded of infants dying from extremely small doses of opium1 e4g41 #g1 #dc1 and #ha mgrms4 7#a_/ij1 #a_/ae1 and of a grain72 but in such instances one cannot help suspecting some mistake4 ,it may1 however1 be freely conceded that a very small quantity might be fatal to infants1 and that #c mgrms4 given to a child under one year would probably develop serious symptoms4 ,the smallest dose of solid opium known to have proved fatal to adults was equal to #bei mgrms4 7#d grains7 of crude opium 7,taylor71 and the smallest dose of the tincture 7laudanum71 #gj c4c4 7#b drachms71 7,taylor72 the latter is1 however1 as already shown1 uncertain in its composition4 ,a dangerous dose 7save under special circumstances7 is3--,for a horse1 #adag grms4 7#d drachms72 for cattle1 #gjd grms4 7#b drachms72 for a dog of the size and strength of a foxhound1 #bjd mgrms4 7#c grains74 ,enormous and otherwise fatal doses may be taken under certain conditions by persons who are not opium-eaters4 ,i have seen #ac cgrms4 7#b grains7 of morphine acetate injected hypodermically in a strong man suffering from rabies with but little effect4 ,tetanus1 strychnine1 convulsions1 and excessive pain all decrease the sensibility of the nervous system to opium4 #cea4 ,general ,method for the ,detection of ,opium4--,it is usually laid down in forensic works that1 where poisoning by opium is suspected1 it is sufficient to detect the presence of meconic acid in order to establish that of opium4 ,in a case of adult poisoning there is generally substance enough available to obtain one or more alkaloids1 and the presence of opium may1 without a reasonable doubt1 be proved1 if meconic acid 7as well as either morphine1 narcotine1 thebaine1 or other opium alkaloid7 has been detected4 ,pills containing either solid opium or the tincture usually betray the presence of the drug by the odour1 and in such a case there can be no possible difficulty in isolating morphine and meconic acid1 with probably one or two other alkaloids4 ,the method of extraction from organic fluids is the same as before described1 but it may1 of course1 be modified for any special purpose4 ,if opium1 or a preparation of opium1 be submitted to ,dragendorff's process 7see p4 #bdb71 the following is a sketch of the chief points to be noticed4 ,if the solution is acid-- 7#a47 ,benzene mainly extracts meconin1 which dissolves in sulphuric acid very gradually 7in twenty-four to forty-eight hours71 with a green colour passing into red4 ,meconin has no alkaloidal reaction4 7#b47 ,amyl alcohol dissolves small quantities of meconic acid1 identified by striking a blood-red colour with ferric chloride4 ,if now the amyl alcohol is removed with the aid of petroleum ether1 and the fluid made alkaline by ammonia-- 7#a47 ,benzene extracts narcotine1 codeine1 and thebaine4 ,on evaporation of the benzene the alkaloidal residue may be dissolved in water1 acidified with sulphuric acid1 and after filtration1 on adding ammonia in excess1 thebaine and narcotine are precipitated1 codeine remaining in solution4 ,the dried precipitate1 if it contain thebaine1 becomes blood-red when treated with cold concentrated sulphuric acid1 while narcotine is shown by a violet colour developing gradually when the substance is dissolved in dilute sulphuric acid #a 3 #e1 and gently warmed4 ,the codeine in the ammoniacal solution can be recovered by shaking up with benzene1 and recognised by the red colour which the solid substance gives when treated with a little sugar and sulphuric acid4 7#b47 ,chloroform especially dissolves the narceine1 which1 on evaporation of the chloroform1 may be identified by its general characters1 and by its solution in ,frhde's reagent becoming a beautiful blue colour4 ,small quantities of morphine may be extracted with codeine4 7#c47 ,amyl alcohol extracts from the alkaline solution morphine1 identified by its physical characters1 by its forming a crystalline precipitate with iodine and hydriodic acid1 and the reaction with iodic acid to be described4 #ceb4 ,morphine 7,c,h,,no7,,oh7 ,h,o74--,morphine occurs in commerce as a white powder1 sp4 gr4 #abje1 usually in the form of more or less perfect six-sided prisms1 but sometimes in that of white silky needles4 ,when heated in the subliming cell 7described at pp4 #beg-h71 faint nebul1 resolved by high microscopic powers into minute dots1 appear on the upper disc at #aej4 ,as the temperature is raised the spots become coarser1 and at #ahh distinct crystals may be obtained1 the best being formed at nearly #bjj1 at which temperature morphine begins distinctly to brown1 melt1 and carbonise4 ,at temperatures below #ahh1 instead of minute dots1 the sublimate may consist of white circular spots or foliated patterns4 ,one part of morphine1 according to ,p4 ,chastaing1 is soluble at a temperature of #c in #cc1ccc parts of water2 at #bb1 in #dede parts2 at #db1 #dbhj2 and at #ajj1 #defb4 ,it is scarcely soluble in ether or benzene4 ,absolute alcohol1 according to ,pettenkofer1 dissolves in the cold one-fortieth of its weight2 boiling1 one-thirtieth4 ,amyl alcohol1 in the cold1 dissolves one-fourth per cent41 and still more if the alkaloid be thrown out of an aqueous acid solution by ammonia in the presence of amyl alcohol2 for under such circumstances the morphine has no time to become crystalline4 ,according to ,schlimpert1 #a part of morphine requires #fj of chloroform for solution2 according to ,pettenkofer1 #age4 ,morphine is easily soluble in dilute acids1 as well as in solutions of the caustic alkalies and alkaline earths2 carbonated alkalies and chloride of ammonium also dissolve small quantities4 ,the acid watery1 and the alcoholic solutions1 turn the plane of polarisation to the left2 for sulphuric1 nitric1 and hydrochloric acids r #hih2 in alkaline solution the polarisation is less1 r #debb4 ,it is alkaline in reaction1 neutralising acids fully2 and1 in fact1 a convenient method of titrating morphine is by the use of a centinormal sulphuric acid--each c4c4 equals #bhe mgrms4 of anhydrous morphine4 #cec4 ,the salts of morphine are for the most part crystalline1 and are all bitter1 neutral1 and poisonous4 ,they are insoluble in amylic alcohol1 ether1 chloroform1 benzene1 or petroleum ether4 ,morphine meconate is one of the most soluble of the morphine salts2 it is freely soluble in water4 ,of all salts this is most suitable for subcutaneous injection2 it is the form in which the alkaloid exists in opium4 ,morphine hydrochlorate 7,c,h,,no,h,cl7 crystallises in silky fibres2 it is readily soluble in alcohol1 and is soluble in cold1 more freely in boiling water4 ,the purest morphine hydrochlorate is colourless1 but that which is most frequently met with in commerce is fawn or buff-coloured4 ,morphine acetate is a crystallisable salt1 soluble in water or alcohol2 it is in part decomposed by boiling the aqueous solution1 some of the acetic acid escaping4 ,morphine ,tartrates4--,these are readily soluble salts1 and it is important to note that the morphine might escape detection1 if the expert trusted alone to the usual test of an alkaloidal salt giving a precipitate when the solution is alkalised by the fixed or volatile alkalies2 for the tartrates of morphine do not give this reaction1 nor do they give any precipitate with calcic chloride4 ,by adding a solution of potassium acetate in spirit1 and also alcohol and a little acetic acid to the concentrated solution1 the tartrate is decomposed1 and acid tartrate of potassium is precipitated in the insoluble form2 the morphine in the form of acetate remains in solution1 and then gives the usual reactions4 ,the solubility of morphine salts in water and alcohol has been investigated by ,mr4 ,j4 ,u4 ,lloyd4 ,his results are as follows3-- ,morphine ,acetate4 #aagj parts of water by weight at #aej dissolve #a part of morphine acetate4 #fae parts of water by weight at #ajj dissolve #a part of morphine acetate4 #fhcj parts of alcohol by weight 7#hbj specific gravity7 at #aej dissolve #a part of morphine acetate4 #accj parts of alcohol by weight 7#hbj specific gravity7 at #ajj dissolve #a part of morphine acetate4 ,morphine ,hydrochlorate4 #bcdj parts of water dissolve at #ae #a morphine hydrochlorate4 #ea part of water dissolves at #ajj #a morphine hydrochlorate4 #fbgj parts of alcohol 7#hbj specific gravity7 dissolve at #ae #a morphine hydrochlorate4 #cjhj parts of alcohol 7#hbj specific gravity7 dissolve at #ajj #a morphine hydrochlorate4 ,morphine ,sulphate4 #bafj parts of water at #ae dissolve #a morphine sulphate4 #ge part of water at #ajj dissolves #a morphine sulphate4 #gjae parts of alcohol 7#hbj7 at #ae dissolve #a morphine sulphate4 #addjj parts of alcohol 7#hbj7 at #ajj dissolve #a morphine sulphate4 #ced4 ,constitution of ,morphine4--,the chief facts bearing on the constitution of morphine are as follows3-- ,it certainly contains two hydroxyl groups1 because by the action of acetic anhydride1 acetyl morphine and diacetyl morphine1 ,c,h7,,ch,,co7,,no and ,c,h7,,ch,,co7,,no are produced4 ,the formation of the monomethyl ether of morphine 7codeine71 ,c,h7,,oh77,,och7,,no1 is also a testimony to the existence of hydroxyl groups4 ,one of the hydroxyl groups has phenolic functions1 the other alcoholic functions4 ,by suitable oxidation morphine yields trinitrophenol 7picric acid71 and by fusion with an alkali1 protocatechuic acid2 both of these reactions suggest a benzene ring4 ,on distilling with zinc dust phenanthrene1 pyridine1 pyrrol1 trimethylamine1 and ammonia are formed2 evidence of a pyridine nucleus4 ,if morphine is mixed with #aj to #ae times its weight of a #bj per cent4 solution of potash1 and heated at #ahj for from four to six hours1 air being excluded1 a phenol-like compound is formed1 and a volatile amine1 ethylmethylamine 7the amine boils at #cd to #ce1 and its hydrochloride melts at #acc74 ,this reaction is interpreted by ,z4 ,h4 ,skrauk#cgh and ,l4 ,wiegmann to indicate that the nitrogen is directly connected with two alkyl groups--that is1 ethyl and methyl4 #cgh ,monatsb41 x4 #aaj-aad4 ,g4 ,n4 ,vis1#cgi after a careful review of the whole of the reactions of morphine1 has proposed the following constitutional formula as the one that agrees best with the facts3-- ,,ch--,,ch--,,ch--,,ch--,,ch------------ ----,c--,,ch--,,ch ,,ch--,,ch--,,ch--,o ,n,me--,,ch--,,ch7,,oh7--,c--,,ch--,,ch #cgi ,j4 pr4 ,chemie 7#b71 xlvii4 #ehd4 ,knorr's formula is-- ,,choh--,,cho--,,ch _/ ,,oh4,c,h _/ ,,ch---,,ch4,n,me,c,h ,ber41 xxii4 #aaac-aaai4 #cee4 ,tests for ,morphine4--7#a47 ,one hundredth of a milligrm4 of pure morphine gives a blue colour to a paste of ammonium molybdate in sulphuric acid2 #bj mgrms4 of ammonium molybdate are rubbed with a glass rod in a porcelain dish1 and well mixed with #e drops of pure strong sulphuric acid and the morphine in a solid form applied2 titanic acid and tungstates give similar reactions4 7#b47 ,morphine possesses strong reducing properties2 a little solid morphine dissolved in a solution of ferric chloride gives a ,prussian blue precipitate when ferridcyanide solution is added4 ,a number of ptomaines and other substances also respond to this test1 so that in itself it is not conclusive4 7#c47 ,iodic ,acid ,test4--,the substance supposed to be morphine is converted into a soluble salt by adding to acid reaction a few drops of hydrochloric acid1 and then evaporating to dryness4 ,the salt thus obtained is dissolved in as little water as possible--this1 as in toxicological researches only small quantities are recovered1 will probably be but a few drops4 ,a little of the solution is now mixed with a very small quantity of starch paste1 and evaporated to dryness at a gentle heat in a porcelain dish4 ,after cooling1 a drop of a solution of #a part of iodic acid in #ae of water is added to the dry residue2 and if even the #a_/bjjjj of a grain of morphine be present1 a blue colour will be developed4 ,another way of working the iodic acid test is to add the iodic acid solution to the liquid in which morphine is supposed to be dissolved1 and then shake the liquid up with a few drops of carbon disulphide4 ,if morphine be present1 the carbon disulphide floats to the top distinctly coloured pink4 ,other substances1 however1 also set free iodine from iodic acid1 and it has1 therefore1 been proposed to distinguish morphine from these by the after addition of ammonia4 ,if ammonia is added to the solution1 which has been shaken up with carbon disulphide1 the pink or red colour of the carbon disulphide is deepened1 if morphine was present2 on the contrary1 if morphine was not present1 it is either discharged or much weakened4 ,other ,reactions4--,there are some very interesting reactions besides the two characteristic tests just mentioned4 ,if a saturated solution of chloride of zinc be added to a little solid morphine1 and heated over the water-bath for from fifteen minutes to half-an-hour1 the liquid develops a beautiful and persistent green colour4 ,this would be an excellent test for morphine were it not for the fact that the colour is produced with only pure morphine4 ,for example1 ,i was unable to get the reaction from morphine in very well-formed crystals precipitated from ordinary laudanum by ammonia1 the least trace of resinous or colouring-matter seriously interfering4 ,by the action of nitric acid on morphine1 the liquid becomes orange-red1 and an acid product of the formula ,c,h,,no is produced1 which1 when heated in a closed tube with water at #ajj1 yields trinitrophenol or picric acid4 ,this interesting reaction points very decidedly to the phenolic character of morphine4 ,on adding a drop of sulphuric acid to solid morphine in the cold1 the morphine solution becomes of a faint pink2 on gently warming and continuing the heat until the acid begins to volatilise1 the colour changes through a series of brownish and indefinite hues up to black4 ,on cooling and treating the black spot with water1 a green solution is obtained1 agreeing in hue with the same green produced by chloride of zinc4 ,vidali#chj has proposed the following test3--,morphine is dissolved in strong sulphuric acid1 and a little arsenate of sodium is added2 on gently warming1 a passing blue colour develops2 on raising the temperature higher1 the liquid changes into green1 then into blue1 and finally again into green4 ,codeine acts very similarly4 ,the following test originated with ,siebold 7,american ,journal of ,pharmacy1 #ahgc1 p4 #edd73--,the supposed morphine is heated gently with a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid and a little pure potassic perchlorate4 ,if morphine be present the liquid immediately takes a pronounced brown colour--a reaction said to be peculiar to morphine1 and to succeed with #a_/aj of a mgrm4 ,in order to obtain absolutely pure perchlorate1 potassic perchlorate is heated with hydrochloric acid so long as it disengages chlorine2 it is then washed with distilled water1 dried1 and preserved for use4 ,there is also a test known as 8,pellagri's02 it depends on the production of apomorphine4 ,the suspected alkaloid is dissolved in a little strong hydrochloric acid1 and then a drop of concentrated sulphuric acid is added1 and the mixture heated for a little time from #ajj to #abj1 until it assumes a purple-black colour4 ,it is now cooled1 some hydrochloric acid again added1 and the mixture neutralised with sodic carbonate4 ,if morphine be present1 on the addition of iodine in hydriodic acid1 a cherry-red colour is produced1 passing into green4 ,morphine and codeine are believed alone to give this reaction4 #chj ,d4 ,vidali1 ,bull4 ,farmaceut41 ,milano1 #ahha1 p4 #aig2 ,d4 ,e4 ,dott1 ,year ,book of ,pharmacy1 #ahhb4 ,the acetate of morphine1 and morphine itself1 when added to ferric chloride solution1 develop a blue colour4 ,when #a molecule of morphine is dissolved in alcohol1 containing #a molecule of sodium hydroxide1 and #b vols4 of methyl iodide are added1 and the mixture gently heated1 a violent reaction sets in and the main product is codeine methiodide 7,c,h,,no,,och1,me,i74 ,if only half the quantity of methyl iodide is added1 then free codeine is in small quantity produced2 if ethyl iodide be substituted for methyl1 a new base is formed homologous with codeine--codeine is therefore the methyl ether of morphine4 ,if morphine is heated with iodide of methyl and absolute alcohol in a closed tube for half an hour at #ajj1 methyl iodide of morphine is obtained in colourless1 glittering1 quadratic crystals1 easily soluble in water 7,c,h,,no,me,i ,h,o72 similarly the ethyl iodide compound can be produced4 ,if morphine is heated for from two to three hours in a closed tube with dilute hydrochloric acid1 water is eliminated-- 7,c,h,,no ,c,h,,no ,h,o71 and the hydrochlorate of apomorphine is produced4 ,this succeeds when even mgrm4 is heated with #a_/aj c4c4 of strong ,h,cl1 and the tests for apomorphine applied4 ,if concentrated sulphuric acid be digested on morphine for twelve to fifteen hours 7or heated for half an hour at #ajj71 on adding to the cooled violet-coloured solution either a crystal of nitrate of potash or of chlorate of potash1 or a drop of dilute nitric acid1 a beautiful violet-blue colour is produced1 which passes gradually into a dark blood-red4 #a_/ajj of a mgrm4 will respond distinctly to this test4 ,frhde's reagent strikes with morphine a beautiful violet colour1 passing from blue into dirty green1 and finally almost vanishing4 #a_/bjj of a mgrm4 will respond to the test1 but it is not itself conclusive1 since papaverine and certain glucosides give an identical reaction4 #cef4 ,symptoms of ,opium and ,morphine ,poisoning4--,the symptoms of opium and morphine poisoning are so much alike1 that clinically it is impossible to distinguish them2 therefore they may be considered together4 ,action on ,animals--,frogs4--,the action of morphine or opium on frogs is peculiar3 the animal at first springs restlessly about1 and then falls into a condition extremely analogous to that seen in strychnine poisoning1 every motion or external irritation producing a tetanic convulsion4 ,this condition is1 however1 sometimes not observed4 ,the tetanic stage is followed by paralysis of reflex movements and cessation of breathing1 the heart continuing to beat4 ,dogs4--#jb to #je grm4 of morphine meconate1 or acetate1 injected directly into the circulation of a dog1 shows its effects almost immediately4 ,the dog becomes uneasy1 and moves its jaws and tongue as if some peculiar taste were experienced2 it may bark or utter a whine1 and then in a minute or two falls into a profound sleep1 which is often so deep that while it lasts--usually several hours--an operation may be performed4 ,in whatever attitude the limbs are placed1 they remain4 ,the respiration is rapid and stertorous1 and most reflex actions are extinguished4 ,towards the end of the sleep1 any sudden noise may startle the animal1 and when he wakes his faculties are evidently confused4 ,a partial paralysis of the hind legs has often been noticed1 and then the dog1 with his tail and pelvis low1 has something the attitude of the hyena4 ,hence this condition 7first1 ,i believe1 noticed by ,bernard7 has been called the 8hyenoid0 state4 ,if the dose is larger than #b to #c grms4 7#ca to #df grains71 the symptoms are not dissimilar1 save that they terminate in death1 which is generally preceded by convulsions4#cha #cha ,,mm4 ,grasset and ,amblard have studied the action of morphine in causing convulsions in the mammalia4 ,they found that if small doses of hydrochlorate of morphine 7from #a to #ae centigrammes7 are administered to dogs1 the brief sleep which is produced may be accompanied by partial muscular contractions 7in one paw1 for instance71 which are renewed at variable intervals4 ,then occur true convulsive shocks in the whole body or in the hind limbs4 ,after an interval1 the phenomena recur in more intense degree1 and are followed by true convulsions4 ,regularly1 ten or sixteen times a minute1 at each inspiration1 the hind limbs present a series of convulsive movements1 which may become general4 ,sometimes they are excited by external stimulation1 but they are usually spontaneous4 ,the sleep may continue profound during this convulsive period1 or it may become distinctly lighter4 ,these convulsive phenomena may continue1 with intervals1 for an hour4 ,differences are observed with different animals2 but the chief characters of the phenomena are as described4 ,in certain animals1 and with small doses1 there may be a brief convulsive phase at the commencement of the sleep1 but it is much less constant than the later period of spasm4 ,these convulsions1 the authors believe1 have not previously been described1 except as a consequence of very large doses1 amounting to grammes4 ,the period of cerebral excitement1 described by ,claude ,bernard as occurring at the commencement of the sleep from morphine1 is a phenomenon of a different order4 ,the conclusions drawn from the experiments are--7#a7 ,that morphia is not diametrically opposed to thebaine1 as is often stated1 since it has1 to a certain degree1 the convulsive properties of the latter alkaloid4 7#b7 ,that the excitomotor action of opium cannot be exclusively attributed to the convulsive alkaloids1 but is1 in fact1 due to those which are soporific4 ,according to the ordinary composition of opium1 #e centigrammes of morphine represent about a milligramme of thebaine4 ,but these experiments show that the quantity of morphine has a much more powerful convulsive action than a milligramme of thebaine4 7#c7 ,there is not the supposed antagonism between the action of morphine on the frog and on the mammalia4 7#d7 ,the researches hitherto undertaken on the antagonism between morphine and other agents need to be repeated1 and a separate study made of the substances which antagonise the convulsive and soporific action4 ,goats4--,according to ,guinard1 goats are proof against the narcotic influence of morphine4 ,large doses kill goats1 but death is caused by interference with the respiratory function4 ,a young goat weighing #cj kilos1 showed little effect beyond a slightly increased cerebral excitability after two doses of #h and #he grms4 respectively of morphine hydrochlorate had been administered by intravenous injection1 the second being given an hour and a half after the first4 ,to the same animal two days afterwards #aie grms4 were administered in the same way1 yet the goat recovered4 ,the lethal dose for a goat seems to be no less than #ajjj times that which will produce narcotism in man1 and lies somewhere between #jbe to #jcj per kilo4 of the body weight4#chb #chb ,compt4 ,rend41 t4 cxvi4 pp4 #ebj-ebb4 ,cats and the ,felid4--,according to ,guinard1#chc morphine injected subcutaneously or intravenously into cats1 in doses varying from #jd mgrm4 to #ij mgrms4 per kilo41 never produces sleep or narcotic prostration4 ,on the contrary1 it causes a remarkable degree of excitement1 increasing in intensity with the dose given4 ,this excitement is evidently accompanied by disorder in the functions of the brain1 and if the dose is large convulsions set in1 ending in death4 ,according to ,milne-,edwards1 the same symptoms are produced in lions and tigers4 #chc ,compt4 ,rend41 t4 cxi4 pp4 #iha-ihc4 ,the bovine animals also get excited1 and no narcotic effect is produced by dosing them with morphine4--,compt4 ,rend4 ,soc4 de ,biologie1 t4 iv41 v4 ,birds1 especially pigeons1 are able to eat almost incredible quantities of opium4 ,a pigeon is said#chd to have consumed #hja grains of opium1 mixed with its food1 in fourteen days4 ,the explanation of this is that the poison is not absorbed2 for subcutaneous injections of salts of morphine act rapidly on all birds hitherto experimented upon4 #chd ,hermann's ,lehrbuch der exper4 ,toxicologie1 p4 #cgd4 #ceg4 ,physiological ,action4--,from experiments on animals1 the essential action of morphine on the nervous and arterial systems has in some measure been examined4 ,there is no very considerable action on the heart4 ,the beats are first accelerated1 then diminished in frequency2 but very large doses introduced directly into the circulation at once diminish the pulsations1 and no acceleration is noticed4 ,the slowing may go on to heart-paralysis4 ,the slowing is central in its origin1 for on the vagi being cut1 morphine always quickens4 ,with regard to the peripheric ends of the vagi1 small doses excite1 large paralyse4 ,if all the nerves going to the heart are divided1 there is first a considerable acceleration1 and then a slowing and weakening of the pulsations4 ,the arterial blood-pressure1 at first increased1 is afterwards diminished4 ,this increase of blood-pressure is noticed during the acceleration of the pulse1 and also during some portion of the time during which the pulse is slowed4 ,stockman and ,d4 ,b4 ,dott1#che experimenting on rabbits and frogs1 consider that a medium dose of morphine first of all depresses the spinal cord and then excites it1 for tetanus follows4 ,if morphine is in sufficient quantity thrown into the circulation then tetanus at once occurs4 ,it would thus appear that depression and stimulation is entirely a matter of dosage4 ,gescheidlen1 in his researches on the frog1 found the motor nerves at first excited1 and then depressed4 ,when the doses were large1 there was scarcely any excitement1 but the reverse effect1 in the neighbourhood of the place of application4 ,according to other observers1 the function of the motor nerves may be annihilated4#chf ,according to ,meihuizen1 reflex action1 at first much diminished1 is later1 after several hours1 normal1 and later still again increased4 ,the intestinal movements are transitorily increased4 ,in the dog there has been noticed a greater flow of saliva than usual1 and the flow of bile from the gall-bladder is diminished4 ,the pupils in animals are mostly contracted1 but1 if convulsions occur towards death1 they are dilated4 #che ,brit4 ,med4 ,journ4 7#b71 #ahij1 #ahi-aib4 #chf ,arch4 f4 d4 ,ges4 ,physiol41 vii4 p4 #bja4 #ceh4 ,physiological ,effect of ,morphine ,derivatives4--,by introducing methyl1 or amyl1 or ethyl1 into the morphine molecule1 the narcotic action is diminished1 while the tetanic effects are increased4 ,acetyl1 diacetyl1 benzoyl1 and dibenzoyl morphine1 morphine sulphuric ether1 and nitrosomorphine are all weaker narcotics than morphine1 but1 on the other hand1 they depress the functions of the spinal cord and bring on1 in large doses1 tetanus4 ,the introduction of two methyl groups into morphine1 as in metho-codeine1 ,c,h,me,n,o7,,oh7-,me1 entirely alters the physiological effect4 ,this compound has an action on voluntary muscle causing gradual paralysis4 ,the chlorine derivatives1 trichlormorphine and chlorcodeine1 have the characteristic action of the morphine group on the central nervous system and1 in addition1 act energetically as muscle poisons1 soon destroying the contractile power of the voluntary muscles with which they first come into contact at the place of injection1 and more gradually affecting the other muscles of the body4#chg #chg ,r4 ,stockman and ,dott1 ,brit4 ,med4 ,journ4 7#b71 #ahij1 #ahi-aib4 #cei4 ,action on ,man4--,there are at least three forms of opium poisoning3--7#a7 ,the common form1 as seen in about #ii per cent4 of cases2 7#b7 ,a very sudden form1 in which death takes place with fearful rapidity 7the foudroyante variety of the ,french72#chh and 7#c7 a very rare entirely abnormal form1 in which there is no coma1 but convulsions4 #chh ,tardieu1 tude ,md4 ,lgale sur l',empoisonnement4 ,in the common form there are three stages1 viz43--7#a7 ,excitement2 7#b7 ,narcosis2 7#c7 ,coma4 ,in from half an hour to an hour#chi the first symptoms commence1 the pulse is quickened1 the pupils are contracted1 the face flushes1 and the hands and feet reddened1--in other words1 the capillary circulation is active4 ,this stage has some analogy to the action of alcohol2 the ideas mostly flow with great rapidity1 and instead of a feeling of sleepiness1 the reverse is the case4 ,it1 however1 insensibly1 and more or less rapidly1 passes into the next stage of heaviness and stupor4 ,there is an irresistible tendency to sleep2 the pulse and the respiration become slower2 the conjunctiv are reddened2 the face and head often flushed4 ,in some cases there is great irritability of the skin1 and an eruption of nettle-rash4 ,if the poison has been taken by the mouth1 vomiting may be present4 ,the bowels are usually--in fact almost invariably--constipated4 ,there is also some loss of power over the bladder4 #chi ,in a remarkable case related by ,taylor1 a lady took a large dose 7supposed to be #a oz47 of laudanum1 and there were no symptoms for four and a half hours4 ,she died in twenty-two hours4 ,in the next stage1 the narcosis deepens into dangerous coma2 the patient can no longer be roused by noises1 shaking1 or external stimuli2 the breathing is loud and stertorous2 the face often pale2 the body covered with a clammy sweat4 ,the pupils are still contracted1 but they may in the last hours of life dilate3 and it is generally agreed that1 if a corpse is found with the pupils dilated1 this circumstance1 taken in itself1 does not contra-indicate opium or morphine poisoning4 ,death occasionally terminates by convulsion4 ,the sudden form is that in which the individual sinks into a deep sleep almost immediately--that is1 within five or ten minutes--and dies in a few hours4 ,in these rapid cases the pupils are said to be constantly dilated4 ,examples of the convulsive form are to be sought among opium-eaters1 or persons under otherwise abnormal conditions4 ,a man1 forty years old1 who had taken opiates daily since his twenty-second year--his dose being #f grms4 7#ibd grains7 of solid opium--when out hunting1 of which sport he was passionately fond1 took cold1 and1 as a remedy1 administered to himself three times his accustomed dose4 ,very shortly there was contraction of the left arm1 disturbance of vision1 pain in the stomach1 faintness1 inability to speak1 and unconsciousness which lasted half an hour4 ,intermittent convulsions now set in1 and pains in the limbs4 ,there was neither somnolence nor delirium1 but great agitation2 repeated vomiting and diarrha followed4 ,after five hours these symptoms ceased2 but he was excessively prostrate4#cij ,there was complete recovery4 #cij ,demontporcellet1 ,de l',usage ,quotidien de l',opium1 ,paris1 #ahgd4 ,one may hazard a surmise that1 in such a case1 tolerance has been established for morphine1 but not for other morphine alkaloids in the same degree1 and that the marked nervous symptoms were in no small degree the effect of some of the homologous alkaloids1 which1 in such an enormous dose1 would be taken in sufficient quantity to have a physiological action4 ,there are several instances of a relapsing or remittent form of poisoning--a form in which the patient more or less completely recovers consciousness1 and then sinks back into a fatal slumber4 ,one of the best known is the case of the ,hon4 ,mrs ,anson 7,january #ahei71 who swallowed an ounce and a half of laudanum by mistake4 ,after remaining in a comatose condition for more than nine hours1 she revived4 ,the face became natural1 the pulse steady4 ,she was able to recognise her daughter1 and in a thick voice to give an account of the mistake4 ,but this lasted only ten minutes1 when she again became comatose1 and died in fourteen hours4#cia #cia ,taylor1 op4 cit4 ,in a ,swedish case quoted by ,maschka1#cib a girl1 nine years old1 in weak health and suffering from slight bronchitis1 had been given a non-officinal acetate of morphia lozenge1 which was supposed to contain #e mgrms4 7#jge grain7 of morphine acetate4 ,she took the lozenge at eight in the evening2 soon slept1 woke at ten1 got out of bed1 laughed1 talked1 and joked with the nurse1 again got into bed1 and very quickly fell asleep4 ,at four ,a4,m4 the nurse came and found her breathing with a rattling sound1 and the physician1 who arrived an hour later1 found the girl in a state of coma1 with contracted pupils1 breathing stertorously1 and the pulse scarcely to be felt4 ,despite all attempts to rouse the patient1 she died at eight in the morning1 twelve hours after taking the lozenge4 #cib ,maschka's ,handbuch1 ,band ii4 p4 #dch2 also ,svenska1 ,lk-,sllsk4 ,frhandl41 ,apr4 #a1 p4 #ij2 ,apr4 #h1 p4 #afj1 #ahgc4 ,for other cases see ,nasmyth1 ,edin4 ,med4 ,journ41 ,dec4 #ahgh2 ,kirby1 ,dub4 ,med4 ,press1 ,dec4 #bd1 #ahde2 ,w4 ,boyd ,muschet1 ,med4 ,times and ,gaz41 ,march #bj1 #aheh4 ,the post-mortem examination showed some hypermia of the brain and serous effusion in the ventricles1 and there was also tubercle in the pleura4 ,three lozenges similar to the one taken by the patient were chemically investigated by ,hamberg1 who found that the amount of acetate was very small1 and that the lozenges1 instead of morphine acetate1 might be considered as prepared with almost pure morphine2 the content in the three of morphine being respectively #ce1 #cg1 and #db mgrms4 7that is1 from half a grain to three-fifths of a grain74 ,there was a difference of opinion among the experts as to whether in this case the child died from morphine poisoning or not--a difference solely to be attributed to the waking up of the child two hours after taking the poison4 ,now1 considering the great probability that a large dose for a weakly child of that age had been taken1 and that this is not the only case in which a relapse has occurred1 it seems just to infer that it was really a case of poisoning4 ,as unusual symptoms 7or rather sequel7 may be noted in a few cases1 hemiplegia1 which soon passes off2 a weakness of the lower extremities may also be left1 and inability to empty the bladder thoroughly2 but usually on recovery from a large dose of opium1 there is simply heaviness of the head1 a dry tongue1 constipation1 and loss of appetite4 ,all these symptoms in healthy people vanish in a day or two4 ,there have also been noticed slight albuminuria1 eruptions on the skin1 loss of taste1 and numbness of parts of the body4 ,opium1 whether taken in substance1 or still more by subcutaneous injection1 in some individuals constantly causes faintness4 ,in my own case1 ,i have several times taken a single grain of opium to relieve either pain or a catarrh2 almost invariably within an hour afterwards there has been great coldness of the hands and feet1 lividity of the face1 a feeling of deadly faintness followed by vomiting2 this stage 7which has seldom lasted more than half an hour7 passed1 the usual narcotic effects have been produced4 ,some years ago ,i injected one-sixth of a grain of morphine hydrochlorate subcutaneously into an old gentleman1 who was suffering from acute lumbago1 but was otherwise healthy1 and had no heart disease which could be detected2 the malady was instantly relieved1 and he called out1 8,i am well2 it is most extraordinary40 ,he went out of the front door1 and walked some fifty yards1 and then was observed to reel about like a drunken man4 ,he was supported back and laid in the horizontal posture2 the face was livid1 the pulse could scarcely be felt1 and there was complete loss of consciousness4 ,this state lasted about an hour1 and without a doubt the man nearly died4 ,medical men in practice1 who have been in the habit of using hypodermic injections of morphine1 have had experiences very similar to this and other cases1 and although ,i know of no actual death1 yet it is evident that morphine1 when injected hypodermically even in a moderate dose1 may kill by syncope1 and within a few minutes4#cic ,absorption by hypodermic administration is so rapid that by the time1 or even before the needle of the syringe is withdrawn1 a contraction of the pupil may be observed4 #cic ,see a case of morphia poisoning by hypodermic injection1 and recovery1 by ,philip ,e4 ,hill1 ,m4,r4,c4,s41 ,lancet1 ,sept4 #cj1 #ahhb4 ,in this instance a third of a grain introduced subcutaneously caused most dangerous symptoms in a gardener1 aged #dh4 ,opium or morphine is poisonous by whatever channel it gains access to the system1 the intestinal mucous membrane absorbs it readily1 and narcotic effects may be produced by external applications1 whether a wound is present or not4 ,a case of absorption of opium by a wound is related in ,chevers's ,jurisprudence4#cid ,a ,burman boy1 about nine or ten years of age1 was struck on the forehead by a brick-bat1 causing a gaping wound about an inch long2 his parents stuffed the wound with opium4 ,on the third day after the accident1 and the opium still remaining in the wound1 he became semi-comatose1 and1 in short1 had all the symptoms of opium narcosis2 with treatment he recovered4 ,the unbroken skin also readily absorbs the drug4 ,tardieu states that he had seen #cj grms4 of laudanum1 applied on a poultice to the abdomen1 produce death4 ,christison has also cited a case in which a soldier suffered from erysipelas1 and died in a narcotic state1 apparently produced from the too free application of laudanum to the inflamed part4 #cid ,third ed41 p4 #bbh4 ,to these cases may be added the one cited by ,taylor1 in which a druggist applied #cj grains of morphine to the surface of an ulcerated breast1 and the woman died with all the symptoms of narcotic poisoning ten hours after the application--an event scarcely surprising4 ,it is a curious question whether sufficient of the poison enters into the secretions--e4g41 the milk--to render it poisonous4 ,an inquest was held in ,manchester1 ,nov4 #ahge1 on the body of a male child two days old1 in which it seemed probable that death had occurred through the mother's milk4 ,she was a confirmed opium-eater1 taking a solid ounce per week4 #cfj4 ,diagnosis of ,opium ,poisoning4--,the diagnosis is at times between poisoning by opium or other narcotic substances1 at others1 between opium and disease4 ,insensibility from chloral1 from alcohol1 from belladonna or atropine1 and from carbon oxide gas1 are all more or less like opium poisoning4 ,with regard to chloral1 it may be that only chemical analysis and surrounding circumstances can clear up the matter4 ,in alcohol poisoning1 the breath commonly smells very strongly of alcohol1 and there is no difficulty in separating it from the contents of the stomach1 c41 besides which the stomach is usually red and inflamed4 ,atropine and belladonna invariably dilate the pupil1 and although just before death opium has the same effect1 yet we must hold that mostly opium contracts1 and that a widely-dilated pupil during life would1 per se1 lead us to suspect that opium had not been used1 although1 as before mentioned1 too much stress must not be laid upon the state of the pupils4 ,in carbon oxide1 the peculiar rose-red condition of the body affords a striking contrast to the pallor which1 for the most part1 accompanies opium poisoning4 ,in the rare cases in which convulsions are a prominent symptom1 it may be doubtful whether opium or strychnine has been taken1 but the convulsions hitherto noticed in opium poisoning seem to me to have been rather of an epileptiform character1 and very different from the effects of strychnine4 ,no rules can be laid down for cases which do not run a normal course2 in medicine such are being constantly met with1 and require all the care and acumen of the trained observer4 ,cases of disease render a diagnosis often extremely difficult1 and the more so in those instances in which a dose of laudanum or other opiate has been administered4 ,in a case under my own observation1 a woman1 suffering from emphysema and bronchitis1 sent to a chemist for a sleeping draught1 which she took directly it arrived4 ,a short time afterwards she fell into a profound slumber1 and died within six hours4 ,the draught had been contained in an ounce-and-a-half bottle2 the bottle was empty1 and the druggist stated in evidence that it only contained #bj minims of laudanum1 #aj grains of potassic bromide1 and water4 ,on1 however1 diluting the single drop remaining in the bottle1 and imitating its colour with several samples of laudanum diluted in the same way1 ,i came to the conclusion that the quantity of laudanum which the bottle originally contained was far in excess of that which had been stated1 and that it was over #a drachm and under #b drachms4 ,the body was pallid1 the pupils strongly contracted1 the vessels of the brain membranes were filled with fluid blood1 and there was about an ounce of serous fluid in each ventricle4 ,the lungs were excessively emphysematous1 and there was much secretion in the bronchi2 the liver was slightly cirrhotic4 ,the blood1 the liver1 and the contents of the stomach were exhaustively analysed with the greatest care1 but no trace of morphine1 narcotine1 or meconic acid could be separated1 although the woman did not live more than six hours after taking the draught4 ,i gave the opinion that it was1 in the woman's state1 improper to prescribe a sedative of that kind1 and that probably death had been accelerated1 if not directly caused1 by opium4 ,deaths by apoplexy will only simulate opium-poisoning during life2 a post-mortem examination will at once reveal the true nature of the malady4 ,in epilepsy1 however1 it is different1 and more than once an epileptic fit has occurred and been followed by coma--a coma which certainly cannot be distinguished from that produced by a narcotic poison4 ,death in this stage may follow1 and on examining the body no lesion may be found4 #cfa4 ,opium-eating4--,the consumption of opium is a very ancient practice among ,eastern nations1 and the picture1 drawn by novelist and traveller1 of poor1 dried-up1 yellow mortals addicted to this vice1 with their faculties torpid1 their skin hanging in wrinkles on their wasted bodies1 the conjunctiv tinged with bile1 the bowels so inactive that there is scarcely an excretion in the course of a week1 the mental faculties verging on idiocy and imbecility1 is only true of a percentage of those who are addicted to the habit4 ,in the ,british ,medical ,journal for #ahid1 ,jan4 #ac and #bj1 will be found a careful digest of the evidence collated from #ajj ,indian medical officers1 from which it appears that opium is taken habitually by a very large number of the population throughout ,india1 those who are accustomed to the drug taking it in quantities of from #aj to #bj grains in the twenty-four hours2 so long as this amount is not exceeded they do not appear to suffer ill-health or any injurious effect4 ,the native wrestlers even use it whilst training4 ,the habitual consumption of opium by individuals has a direct medico-legal bearing4 ,thus in ,india1 among the ,rajpoots1 from time immemorial1 infused opium has been the drink both of reconciliation and of ordinary greeting1 and it is no evidence of death by poison if even a considerable quantity of opium be found in the stomach after death1 for this circumstance taken alone would1 unless the history of the case was further known1 be considered insufficient proof4 ,so1 again1 in all climates1 and among all races1 it is entirely unknown what quantity of an opiate should be considered a poisonous dose for an opium-eater4 ,almost incredible quantities have1 indeed1 been consumed by such persons1 and the commonly-received explanation1 that the drug1 in these cases1 passes out unabsorbed1 can scarcely be correct1 for ,hermann mentions the case of a lady of ,zurich who daily injected subcutaneously #a to #b grms4 7#ae-ca grains7 of a morphine salt4 ,in a case of uterine cancer1 recorded by ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,cass1#cie #bj grains of morphine in the twelve hours were frequently used subcutaneously2 during thirteen months the hypodermic syringe was used #acej times1 the dose each time being #e grains4 ,it is not credible that an alkaloid introduced into the body hypodermically should not be absorbed4 #cie ,lancet1 ,march #be1 #ahhb4 ,see also ,dr4 ,boulton's case1 ,lancet1 ,march #ah1 #ahhb4 ,opium-smoking is another form in which the drug is used1 but it is an open question as to what poisonous alkaloids are in opium smoke4 ,it is scarcely probable that morphine should be a constituent1 for its subliming point is high1 and it will rather be deposited in the cooler portion of the pipe4 ,opium1 specially prepared for smoking1 is called 8,chandoo02 it is dried at a temperature not exceeding #bdj4 ,h4 ,moissan#cif has investigated the products of smoking chandoo1 but only found a small quantity of morphine4 ,n4 ,grhant and ,e4 ,martin#cig have also experimented with opium smoke2 they found it to have no appreciable effect on a dog2 one of the writers smoked twenty pipes in succession1 containing altogether #d grms4 of chandoo4 ,after the fourth pipe there was some headache1 at the tenth pipe and onwards giddiness4 ,half an hour after the last pipe the giddiness and headache rapidly went off4 ,in any case1 opium-smoking seems to injure the health of ,asiatics but little4 ,mr4 ,vice-,consul ,king1 of ,kew-,kiang1 in a tour through ,upper ,yangtse and ,stechnan1 was thrown much into the company of junk sailors and others1 8almost every adult of whom smoked more or less40 ,he says3--8,their work was of the hardest and rudest1 rising at four and working with hardly any intermission till dark1 having constantly to strip and plunge into the stream in all seasons1 and this often in the most dangerous parts4 ,the quantity of food they eat was simply prodigious1 and from this and their work it seems fairly to be inferred that their constitution was robust4 ,the two most addicted to the habit were the pilot and the ship's cook4 ,on the incessant watchfulness and steady nerve of the former the safety of the junk and all on board depended1 while the second worked so hard from #c ,a4,m4 to #aj ,p4,m41 and often longer1 and seemed so independent of sleep or rest1 that to catch him seated or idle was sufficient cause for good-humoured banter4 ,this latter had a conserve of opium and sugar which he chewed during the day1 as he was only able to smoke at night40 #cif ,compt4 ,rend41 cxv4 #ihh-iib4 #cig ,compt4 ,rend41 #ajab-ajad4 #cfb4 ,treatment of ,opium or ,morphine ,poisoning4--,the first thing to be done is doubtless to empty the stomach by means of the flexible stomach tube2 the end of a sufficiently long piece of indiarubber tubing is passed down into the pharynx and allowed to be carried into the stomach by means of the natural involuntary movements of the muscles of the pharynx and gullet2 suction is then applied to the free end and the contents syphoned out2 the stomach is1 by means of a funnel attached to the tube1 washed out with warm water1 and then some coffee administered in the same way4 ,should morphine have been taken1 and permanganate of potash be at hand1 it has been shown that under such circumstances potassic permanganate is a perfect antidote1 decomposing at once any morphine remaining in the stomach1 but it1 of course1 will have no effect upon any morphine which has already been absorbed4 ,in a case of opium poisoning1 reported in the ,lancet of ,june #b1 #ahid1 by ,w4 ,j4 ,c4 ,merry1 ,m4,b41 inhalations of oxygen1 preceded by emptying the stomach and other means1 appeared to save a man1 who1 three hours before the treatment1 had drank #b ozs4 of chlorodyne4 ,it is also the received treatment to ward off the fatal sleep by stimulation2 the patient is walked about1 flicked with a towel1 made to smell strong ammonia1 and so forth4 ,this stimulation must1 however1 be an addition1 but must never replace the measures first detailed4 #cfc4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,there are no characteristic appearances after death save hypermia of the brain and blood-vessels of the membranes1 with generally serous effusion into the ventricles4 ,the pupils are sometimes contracted1 sometimes dilated1 the dilatation occurring1 as before mentioned1 in the act of dying4 ,the external surface of the body is either livid or pale4 ,the lungs are commonly hypermic1 the bladder full of urine2 still1 in not a few cases1 there is nothing abnormal1 and in no single case could a pathologist1 from the appearance of the organs only1 declare the cause of death with confidence4 #cfd4 ,separation of ,morphine from ,animal ,tissues and ,fluids4--,formerly a large proportion of the opium and morphine cases submitted to chemical experts led to no results2 but owing to the improved processes now adopted1 failure1 though still common1 is less frequent4 ,the constituents of opium taken into the blood undergo partial destruction in the animal body1 but a portion may be found in the secretions1 more especially in the urine and fces4 ,first ,bouchardat#cih and then ,lefort#cii ascertained the excretion of morphine by the urine after medicinal doses2 ,dragendorff and ,kauzmann showed that the appearance of morphine in the urine was constant1 and that it could be easily ascertained and separated from the urine of men and animals2 and ,levinstein#djj has also shown that the elimination from a single dose may extend over five or six days4 ,the method used by ,dragendorff to extract morphine from either urine or blood is to shake the liquid 7acidified with a mineral acid7 several times with amyl alcohol1 which1 on removal1 separates urea and any bile acids4 ,the liquid thus purified is then alkalised1 and shaken up with amyl alcohol1 and this amyl alcohol should contain any morphine that was present4 ,on evaporation it may be pure enough to admit of identification1 but if not1 it may be redissolved and purified on the usual principles4 ,considerable variety of results seems to be obtained by different experimenters4 ,landsberg#dja injected hypodermically doses of #b to #d grm4 of morphine hydrochlorate into dogs1 making four experiments in all1 but failed to detect morphine in the urine4 ,a large dose with #bd mgrms4 of the salt gave the same result4 ,on the other hand1 #h grm4 of morphine hydrochlorate injected direct into the jugular vein1 was partly excreted by the kidneys1 for #ij c4c4 of the urine yielded a small quantity of morphine4 ,voit1 again1 examined the urine and fces of a man who had taken morphine for years2 he could detect none in the urine1 but separated morphine from the fces4#djb ,morphine may occasionally be recognised in the blood4 ,dragendorff#djc found it in the blood of a cat twenty-five minutes after a subcutaneous dose1 and he also separated it from the blood of a man who died of morphine poisoning in six hours4 ,haidlen#djd recognised morphine in the blood of a suicide who had taken opium extract4 #cih ,bull4 ,gn4 de ,thrap41 ,dec4 #ahfa4 #cii ,journ4 de ,chim41 xi4 #ic1 #ahfa4 #djj ,berl4 klin4 ,wochenschr41 #ahgf1 #bg4 #dja ,pflger's ,archiv41 #bc1 #dcc1 #dac-dcc4 ,chem4 ,soc4 ,journ41 ,may #ahhb1 #edc4 #djb ,arch4 ,pharm41 pp4 #c1 vii4 pp4 #bc-bf4 #djc ,kauzmann1 ,beitrge fr den gerichtlich-chemischen ,nachweis des ,morphia u4 ,narcotins1 ,dissert41 ,dorpat1 #ahfh4 ,dragendorff1 ,pharm4 ,zeitschr4 f4 ,russland1 #ahfh1 ,hft4 #d4 #djd ,wrtbg4 ,correspondenzbl41 xxxiv4 #af1 #ahfc4 ,on the other hand1 in a case recorded at p4 #cjd1 where a woman died in six hours from a moderate dose1 probably of laudanum1 although the quantity of blood operated upon was over a pound in weight1 and every care was taken1 the results were entirely negative4 ,in poisoning by laudanum there may be some remaining in the stomach1 and also if large doses of morphine have been taken by the mouth2 but when morphine has been administered hypodermically1 and in all cases in which several hours have elapsed1 one may almost say that the organ in which there is the least probability of finding the poison is the stomach4 ,it may1 in some cases1 be necessary to operate on a very large scale2--to examine the fces1 mince up the whole liver1 the kidney1 spleen1 and lungs1 and treat them with acid alcohol4 ,the urine will also have to be examined1 and as much blood as can be obtained4 ,in cases where all the evidence points to a minute quantity 7under a grain7 of morphine1 it is decidedly best to add these various extracts together1 to distil off the alcohol at a very gentle heat1 to dry the residue in a vacuum1 to dissolve again in absolute alcohol1 filter1 evaporate again to dryness1 dissolve in water1 and then use the following process3-- #cfe4 ,extraction of ,morphine4--,to specially search for morphine in such a fluid as the urine1 it is1 according to the author's experience1 best to proceed strictly as follows3--,the urine is precipitated with acetate of lead1 the powdered lead salt being added to the warm urine contained in a beaker on the water-bath1 until a further addition no longer produces a precipitate2 the urine is then filtered1 the lead precipitate washed1 and the excess of lead thrown down by ,,sh2 the lead having been filtered off1 and the precipitate washed1 the urine is concentrated down to a syrup in a vacuum4 ,the syrup is now placed in a separating tube 7if not acid1 it is acidified with hydrochloric acid71 and shaken up successively with petroleum ether1 chloroform1 ether1 and1 lastly1 with amylic alcohol 7the latter should be warm72 finally1 the small amount of amylic alcohol left dissolved in the liquid is got rid of by shaking it up with petroleum ether4 ,to get rid of the last traces of petroleum ether1 it may be necessary to turn the liquid into an evaporating dish1 and gently heat for a little time over the water-bath4 ,the acid liquid is now again transferred to the separating tube1 and shaken up with ether1 after being made alkaline with ammonia2 this will remove nearly all alkaloids save morphine1--under the circumstances1 a very small quantity of morphine may indeed be taken up by the ether1 but not the main bulk4 ,after separating the ether1 the liquid is again made slightly acid1 so as to be able to precipitate morphine in the presence of the solvent2 the tube is warmed on the water-bath1 at least its own bulk of hot amylic alcohol added and the liquid made alkaline1 and the whole well shaken4 ,the amylic alcohol is removed in the usual way1 and shaken with a small quantity of decinormal sulphuric acid2 this washes out the alkaloid from the amyl alcohol1 and the same amyl alcohol can be used again and again4 ,it is best to extract the liquid for morphine at least thrice1 and to operate with both the solution and the amyl hot4 ,the decinormal acid liquid is made slightly alkaline with ammonia1 and allowed to stand for at least twelve hours2 any precipitate is collected and washed with ether1 and then with water2 the alkaline liquid from which the morphine has been separated is concentrated to the bulk of #e c4c4 on the water bath1 and again allowed to stand for twelve hours2 a little more morphine may often in this way be obtained4 ,the author in some test experiments1 in which weighed small quantities of morphine 7#fj-hj mgrms47 were dissolved in a little decinormal sulphuric acid1 and added to large quantities of urine1 found the process given to yield from #hj to #he per cent4 of the alkaloid added1 and it was always recovered in fine crystals of a slight brown tint1 which responded well to tests4 ,various other methods were tried1 but the best was the one given2 the method not only separates the alkaloid with but little loss1 but also in a sufficiently pure state to admit of identification4 ,from the tissues the alkaloid may be dissolved out by the general method given at p4 #bci1 and the ultimate aqueous solution1 reduced to a bulk of not more than #be c4c41 treated by the ethereal solvents in the way just described4 #cff4 ,narcotine 7,c,h,,no7 crystallises out of alcohol or ether in colourless1 transparent1 glittering needles1 or groups of needles1 belonging to the orthorhombic system4 ,it is only slightly soluble in boiling1 and almost insoluble in cold water4 ,one part requires #ajj parts of cold1 and #bj of boiling #hd per cent4 alcohol2 #abf parts of cold1 #dh of boiling ether 7specific gravity #jgce72 #bfi parts of chloroform2 #djj of olive oil2 #fj of acetic ether2 #cjj of amyl alcohol2 and #bb parts of benzene1 for solution4 ,the neutral solution of narcotine turns the plane of polarisation to the left r #acjf2 the acid solution to the right4 ,narcotine has no effect on red litmus paper4 ,narcotine gives no crystalline sublimate2 its behaviour in the subliming cell is described at p4 #bei4 ,its melting-point1 taken in a tube1 is about #agf4 ,behaviour of ,narcotine with ,reagents4--,narcotine1 dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid1 and then treated with a little bromine1 gives a yellow precipitate1 which on boiling is dissolved2 by gradually adding solution of bromine and boiling1 a fine rose colour is produced1 readily destroyed by excess of bromine4 ,this is perhaps the best test for the presence of narcotine4 ,concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves narcotine2 the solution in the cold is at first colourless1 after a few minutes yellow1 and in the course of a day or longer the tints gradually deepen4 ,if the solution is warmed1 it first becomes orange-red1 then at the margin violet-blue2 and if heated until hydric sulphate begins to volatilise1 the colour is an intense red-violet4 ,if the heating is not carried so far1 but the solution allowed to cool1 a delicate cherry-red hue slowly develops4 ,if the sulphuric acid solution contains #a 3 #bjjj of the alkaloid1 this test is very evident2 with #a 3 #dj1jjj1 the colour is only a faint carmine4--,a4 ,husemann4 ,a solution of narcotine in pure sulphuric acid1 to which a drop of nitric acid has been added1 becomes of a red colour2 if the solution is warmed to #aej1 hypochlorite of soda develops a carmine-red2 and chloride of iron1 first a violet1 then a cherry-red4 ,the precipitants of narcotine are--phosphomolybdic acid1 picric acid1 sulphocyanide of potash1 potassio cadmic iodide1 mercuric chloride1 platinic chloride1 auric chloride1 and several other reagents4 ,from the brown mass left after heating narcotine above #bjj1 hydrochloric acid extracts a small portion of a base but little studied4 ,the residue consists of humopic acid 7,c,h,o71 which can be obtained by dissolving in caustic potash1 precipitating with ,h,cl1 dissolving the precipitate in boiling alcohol1 and finally throwing it down by water4 #cfg4 ,effects4--,narcotine in itself has toxic action only in rather large doses2 from #a to #b grms4 have been given to man1 and slight hypnotic effects have followed4 ,it is poisonous in very large doses2 an ordinary-sized cat is killed by #c grms4 ,the symptoms are mainly convulsions4 #cfh4 ,codeine 7,codomethylene71 ,c,h,,och7,,oh7,,no ,h,o1 is the methyl of morphine2 it is an alkaloid contained in opium in small quantity only4 ,mulder1 indeed1 quotes #ff to #gg per cent4 as present in ,smyrna opium1 but ,merck and ,schindler give #be per cent4 ,schindler found in ,constantinople1 #e per cent42 and ,merck1 in ,bengal1 #e per cent4 also4 ,codeine crystallises out of dry ether in small1 colourless1 anhydrous1 crystals2 but crystallised slowly from an aqueous solution1 the crystals are either in well-defined octahedra1 or in prisms1 containing one atom of water1 and melting in boiling-water to an oily fluid4 ,the anhydrous crystals have a melting-point of #aej1 and solidify again on cooling4 ,its watery solution is alkaline to litmus paper4 ,it requires #hj parts of cold1 #ag of boiling water1 #aj parts of benzole1 and #g parts of amyl alcohol respectively1 for solution4 ,alcohol1 benzene1 ether1 carbon disulphide1 and chloroform freely dissolve it1 but in petroleum ether it is almost insoluble4 ,further1 it is also soluble in aqueous ammonia1 and in dilute acids1 but insoluble in excess of caustic potash or soda1 and may thus be thrown out of an aqueous solution4 ,a solution of codeine turns the plane of polarisation to the left1 r #aahb4 ,concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves codeine without colour1 but after eight days the solution becomes blue2 this reaction is quicker if the acid contains a trace of nitric acid4 ,if the sulphuric acid solution be warmed to #aej1 and a drop of nitric acid be added after cooling1 a blood-red colour is produced4 ,frhde's reagent produces a dirty green colour1 soon becoming ,prussian blue1 and terminating after twenty-four hours in a pale yellow4 ,cyanogen gas1 led into an alcoholic solution of codeine1 gives first a yellow and then a brown colour2 lastly1 a crystalline precipitate falls4 ,on warming with a little sulphuric acid and ferric chloride1 a blue colour is produced4 ,this blue colour is apparently common to all ethers of the codeine class4 ,of the group reagents1 the following precipitate solutions of codeine3--,mercuric potassium iodide1 mercuric chloride1 mercuric bromide1 picric acid1 and tannin solutions4 ,the following do not precipitate3--,mercuric cyanide and potassium ferrocyanide solutions4 ,potassium dichromate gives no immediate precipitate1 but crystals form on long standing4 ,it does not give the reaction with iodic acid like morphine2 it is distinguished from narceine by dropping a small particle of iodine into the aqueous solution1 the iodine particle does not become surrounded with fine crystals4 #cfi4 ,effects4--,the physiological action of codeine on animals has been investigated by ,claude ,bernard1 ,magendie1 ,crum ,brown and ,fraser1 ,falck1 and a large number of others4#dje ,it has also been administered to man1 and has taken in some degree the place of morphine4 ,claude ,bernard showed that1 when given to dogs in sufficient quantity to produce sleep1 the sleep was different in some respects to that of morphine sleep1 especially in its after-effects4 ,thus1 in his usual graphic way1 he describes the following experiment3--8,two young dogs1 accustomed to play together1 and both a little beyond the average size1 received in the cellular tissue of the axill1 by the aid of a subcutaneous syringe1 the one #e centigrammes of morphine hydrochloride1 the other #e centigrammes of codeine hydrochloride4 ,at the end of a quarter of an hour both dogs showed signs of narcosis4 ,they were placed on their backs in the experimental trough1 and slept tranquilly for three or four hours4 ,when the animals woke1 they presented the most striking contrast4 ,the morphine dog ran with a hyena-like gait 7dmarche hynoid71 the eye wild1 recognising no one1 not even his codeine comrade1 who vainly bit him playfully1 and jumped sportively on his back4 ,it was not until the next day that the morphine dog regained his spirits and usual humour4 ,a couple of days after1 the two dogs being in good health1 ,i repeated the same experiment1 but in an inverse order--that is to say1 ,i gave the codeine to that which previously had the morphine1 and vice vers4 ,both dogs slept about as long as the first time2 but on waking the attitudes were completely reversed1 just as the administration of the two substances had been4 ,the dog which1 two days before1 after having been codeinised1 woke lively and gay1 was now bewildered and half paralysed at the end of his morphine sleep2 whilst the other was wide awake and in the best spirits40 #dje ,ann4 ,chem4 ,phys4 #e1 #bg1 pp4 #bgc-bhh2 also1 ,journ4 ,chem4 ,soc41 ,no4 ccxliv41 #ahhc1 p4 #ceh4 ,subsequent experimenters found what ,bernard does not mention--viz41 that codeine produced epileptiform convulsions4 ,falck made some very careful experiments on pigeons1 frogs1 and rabbits4 ,to all these in high enough doses it was fatal4 ,falk puts the minimum lethal dose for a rabbit at #eab mgrms4 per kilo4 ,given to man1 it produces a sleep very similar to that described by ,claude ,bernard--that is1 a sleep which is very natural1 and does not leave any after-effect4 ,therefore it is declared to be the best alkaloid of a narcotic nature to give when lengthened slumber is desired1 more especially since it does not confine the bowels1 nor has it been found to produce any eruption on the skin4 ,before it has a full narcotic effect1 vomiting has often been excited1 and in a few cases purging4 ,the maximum dose for an adult is about #a grm4 7#ae grain72 three times this quantity1 #c grms4 7#d-e grains71 would probably produce unpleasant1 if not dangerous1 symptoms4#djf #djf ,for further details as to the action of codeine1 the reader is referred to ,l4 ,o4 ,wach's monograph1 ,das ,codein 7#ahfh71 which contains reference to the earlier literature4 ,see also ,harley1 ,the ,old ,vegetable ,neurotics1 ,london4 #cgj4 ,narceine1 ,c,h,,no #c;,h,o4--,two of the three molecules of water are expelled at #ajj1 the other molecule requires a higher temperature2 anhydrous narceine is hygroscopic1 and melts in a tube at about #adj2 when exposed to air it unites with one molecule of water1 and then melts at about #afj4 ,the constitution of narceine is probably that of a substituted phenylbenzylketone1 and the following structural formula has been attributed to it3#djg-- #djg ,m4 ,freund and ,g4 ,b4 ,frankforter1 ,annalen1 #bgg1 pp4 #bj-eh4 #c ,i3#b #d #a' #b' ,,cooh1,c,h-7,o,me7,,co-,,ch-,c,h7,,ch-, ,ch,n,me7 ,o #c or #f_/ ,o,me ,,ch _/ ,o ,it therefore contains three methoxyl groups4 ,narceine forms good crystals1 the form being that of long1 four-sided rhombic prisms or fine bushy united needles4 ,narceine hydrochloride crystallises with #e;,h,o and with #c;,h,o2 the anhydrous salt melts at #aij-aib4 ,the platinochloride is a definite salt1 m4p4 #aij-aia2 it decomposes at #aie-aif4 ,the nitrate forms good crystals1 which decompose at #ig4 ,narceine also forms crystalline salts with potassium and sodium2 these may be obtained by heating the base at #fj-gj with a #cc per cent4 of ,na,h,o or ,,kho4 ,the potassium compound melts at #ij1 the sodium at #aei-afj4 ,the alkaloid is regenerated when the alkali salts are treated with acids or with ,,co4 ,crude narceine may be purified by means of the sodium salt2 the latter is dissolved in alcohol and precipitated with ether4 ,it is soluble in alcohol1 but almost insoluble in alcohol and ether1 or benzene and ether2 it is slightly soluble in ether1 carbon disulphide1 and chloroform4 ,it has no reaction on moist litmus paper4 ,benzole and petroleum ether extract narceine neither from acid nor alkaline solutions2 chloroform extracts narceine both from acid and from alkaline solutions1 the latter in small proportion only4 ,narceine turns the plane of polarisation to the left1 r #ffg4 ,narceine may be separated from narcotine by the addition of ammonia to the acid aqueous solution2 narcotine is fully precipitated by ammonia1 but narceine is left in solution4 ,in the subliming cell it melts at #acd1 but gives no crystalline sublimate4 ,the tube melting-point of the trihydrate is #agj4 ,the melted substance is at first colourless2 but on raising the temperature1 the usual transitions of colour through different shades of brown to black are observed4 ,if melted1 and kept a few degrees above its melting-point1 and then cooled slowly1 the residue is straw-coloured1 divided into lobes1 most of which contain feathery crystals4 ,at high temperatures narceine develops a herring-like odour2 the residue becomes darkish blue with iron chloride4 ,concentrated nitric acid dissolves it with a yellow colour2 on heating1 red vapours are produced2 the fluid contains crystals of oxalic acid1 and develops with potash a volatile base4 ,concentrated sulphuric acid colours pure narceine brown2 but if impure1 a blood-red or blue colour may be produced4 ,it does not reduce iron salts4 ,frhde's reagent colours it first brown-green1 then red1 passing into blue4 ,narceine forms precipitates with bichromate of potash1 chloride of gold1 bichloride of platinum1 and several other reagents4 ,the one formed by the addition of potassio zinc iodide is in hair-like crystals1 which after twenty-four hours become blue4 ,weak iodine solution colours narceine crystals a black-blue2 they dissolve in water at #ajj without colour1 but on cooling again separate with a violet or blue colour4 ,if on a saturated solution of narceine a particle of iodine is strewn1 fine needle-like grey crystals form around the iodine4 ,a drop of 8,nessler0 solution1 added to solid narceine1 at once strikes a brown colour2 on diluting the drop with a little water1 beautiful little bundles of crystals appear4--,flckiger4 ,the following group reagents precipitate narceine3--picric acid1 tannin solution1 and potassium dichromate on long standing4 ,the following give no precipitate3--mercuric cyanide1 mercuric potas4 iodide1 mercuric chloride1 mercuric bromide1 and potas4 ferrocyanide solutions4 #cga4 ,effects4--,the physiological action of narceine has been variously interpreted by different observers4 ,claude ,bernard#djh thought it the most somniferous of the opium alkaloids4 ,he said that 8the narceinic sleep was characterised by a profound calm and absence of the excitability of morphine1 the animals narcotised by narceine on awaking returning to their natural state without enfeeblement of the hind limbs or other sequel40 ,it has been amply confirmed that narceine possesses somniferous properties1 but certainly not to the extent that ,bernard's observations led physiologists to expect4 ,in large doses there is some irritation of the stomach and intestines1 and vomiting occurs1 and even diarrha2 moderate doses induce constipation4 ,the maximum medicinal dose may be put at #ad grm4 7or #bbf grains71 and a probably dangerous dose would be three times that quantity4#dji #djh ,compt4 ,rend41 lix4 p4 #djf1 #ahfd4 #dji ,see ,j4 ,bouchardat1 ,la ,narcine1 ,thse1 ,paris1 #ahfe2 ,harley1 ,the ,old ,vegetable ,neurotics1 ,lond42 ,ch4 ,lin1 tudes sur la ,narcine et son ,emploi ,thrapeutique1 ,thse1 ,paris1 #ahfe2 also1 ,husemann's ,planzenstoffe1 in which these and other researches are summarised4 #cgb4 ,papaverine 7,c,h,,no7 crystallises from alcohol in white needles or scales4 ,it possesses scarcely any alkaline reaction1 but its salts have an acid reaction2 it has but little effect on a ray of polarised light4 ,it is almost insoluble in water2 it is easily soluble in acetone1 amyl alcohol1 alcohol1 and chloroform4 ,one part of the alkaloid is dissolved in #cff of benzene1 and in #gf parts of amyl alcohol4 ,petroleum ether dissolves it by the aid of heat1 but the alkaloid separates in crystals on cooling4 ,chloroform extracts it from either acid or alkaline solutions4 ,papaverine gives no crystalline sublimate4 ,the melting-point of pure samples in a tube is #adg1 with scarcely any colour2 it solidifies again to crystals on cooling2 in the subliming cell it melts at #acj1 and decomposes about #adi2 the vapours are alkaline2 the residue is amorphous1 light brown1 and is not characteristic4 ,concentrated sulphuric acid colours it a deep violet-blue1 and dissolves it to a violet1 slowly fading4 ,this solution1 by permanganate of potash1 is first green and then grey4 ,frhde's reagent gives a beautiful violet colour1 which becomes blue1 and vanishes after twenty-four hours4 ,diluted solutions of salts of papaverine are not precipitated by phosphomolybdic acid4 ,it is precipitated by ammonia1 by the caustic and carbonated alkalies1 by potassic-cadmic iodide1 iodine in hydriodic acid1 and by alkaloidal reagents generally--save by the important exception mentioned above4 ,a solution in amyl alcohol is also precipitated by bromine2 the precipitate is crystalline4 ,an alcoholic solution of platinic chloride also separates papaverine platin chloride in crystals4 ,an alcoholic solution of iodine1 added to an alcoholic solution of papaverine1 separates in a little time crystals of the composition ,c,h,,no,i4 ,from the mother-liquor1 by concentration1 can be obtained needles of another iodine combination1 ,c,h,,no,i2 the latter heated above #ajj parts with free iodine4 ,these compounds with iodine are decomposed by ammonia and potash1 papaverine separating4 ,the decomposition may be watched under the microscope4 ,nitric acid precipitates from a solution of the sulphate a white nitrate soluble in excess2 the precipitate does not appear at once1 but forms in the course of an hour2 it is at first amorphous1 but subsequently crystalline2 this1 with its physical properties1 is a great assistance to identification4 #cgc4 ,effects4--,claude ,bernard ranked papaverine with the convulsants2 probably the papaverine he had was impure4 ,in any case1 subsequent observations have shown that it is to be classed rather with the hypnotic principles of opium4 ,leidesdorf#daj administered it to the insane1 and noted slowness of the pulse1 muscular weakness1 and drowsiness to follow4 ,the doses were given subcutaneously 7#db grm4 of the hydrochloride74 ,baxt1#daa experimenting with the frog1 found that a milligramme caused deep sleep and slowing of the heart's action4 ,this action on the heart is witnessed also on the recently-removed frog's heart4 ,guinea-pigs1 and other small animals poisoned by strychnine or thebaine1 and then given papaverine1 did not seem to be so soon affected with tetanus as when no such remedy was administered4 ,the fatal dose of papaverine for a man is unknown4 ,i should conjecture that the least quantity that would cause dangerous symptoms would be #a grm4 7#aed grains74 #daj ,ztschr4 d4 ,wien4 ,aerzte1 pp4 #ac1 #aae1 #ahfh4 #daa ,arch4 ,anat4 ,phys41 p4 #gj1 #ahfi4 #cgd4 ,thebaine1 ,c,h,,no7,,och74--,opium seldom contains much more than #a per cent4 of this alkaloid4 ,it usually forms needles or short crystals4 ,it is alkaline1 and by rubbing becomes negatively electric4 ,it is almost insoluble in water1 aqueous ammonia1 and solutions of the alkalies4 ,it requires #aj parts of cold alcohol for solution1 and dissolves readily in hot4 ,ether1 hot or cold1 is also a good solvent4 #ajj parts of benzene are required for #ebg parts of thebaine1 and #ajj of amyl alcohol for #afg parts4 ,chloroform dissolves thebaine with difficulty out of both acid and alkaline solutions2 petroleum ether extracts it from neither4 ,thebaine melts in a tube at #aic1 sublimes at #ace4 ,the sublimate is in minute crystals1 similar to theine2 at higher temperatures 7#afj to #bjj7 needles1 cubes1 and prisms are obtained4 ,the residue is fawn coloured4 ,frhde's reagent 7as well as concentrated sulphuric acid7 dissolves it1 with the production of a blood-red colour1 passing gradually into yellow4 ,the precipitate with picric acid is yellow and amorphous2 with tannic acid yellow2 with gold chloride1 red-yellow2 and with platinic chloride1 citron-yellow1 gradually becoming crystalline4 ,a concentrated alcoholic solution of thebaine1 just neutralised with ,h,cl1 deposits well-formed rhombic crystals of the composition ,c,h,,no,h,cl ,h,o4 ,if #bjj mgrms4 of thebaine are heated to boiling with #ad c4c4 of ,h,cl and #bh c4c4 of water1 and the solution diluted1 after boiling1 with #d c4c4 of water1 crystals of thebaine hydrochloride form in the yellow fluid in the course of a few hours4--,flckiger4 #cge4 ,effects4--,there is no disagreement of opinion as to the action of thebaine4 ,by the united testimony of all who have experimented with it1 the alkaloid belongs to those poisons which produce tetanus1 and the symptoms can scarcely be differentiated from strychnia4 ,in ,baxt's experiments on frogs he showed that there was some considerable difference in details in the general course of the symptoms1 according to the dose of the poison4 ,a small dose 7such1 for example1 as #ge mgrm47 injected into a frog subcutaneously produces immediate excitement1 the animal jumping about1 and this stage lasting for about a minute2 it then becomes quieter1 and has from three to six minutes' sleep2 in a little time this comatose state is followed by reflex tetanic spasms and then spontaneous tetanic spasms4 ,with three times the dose1 the tetanic convulsions commence early1 and death takes place in from two to six hours4 ,baxt#dab found #f to #g mgrms4 kill rabbits with tetanic convulsions in from fifteen to twenty-five minutes4 ,crum ,brown and ,fraser also found that #ab mgrms4 injected into rabbits were fatal2 it may then be presumed that the lethal dose for a rabbit is about #e mgrms4 per kilo4 ,a frog's heart under the action of thebaine1 and removed from the body1 beats quicker and ceases earlier than one in distilled water4 ,thebaine has been administered to the insane subcutaneously in doses of from #ab to #dj mgrms41 when a rise of temperature and an increase in the respiratory movements and in the circulation were noticed4#dac #dab ,sitzungsber4 d4 ,wien4 ,akadem41 lvi4 pp4 #b1 #hi1 #ahfg2 ,arch4 f4 ,anat4 u4 ,physiol41 ,hft4 #a1 p4 #aab1 #ahfi4 #dac ,f4 ,w4 ,mller1 ,das ,thebaine1 eine ,monographie1 ,diss41 ,marburg #ahfh4 ,the fatal dose for a man is not known2 #e grm41 or about #h grains1 would probably be a poisonous quantity4 #cgf4 ,cryptopine 7,c,h,,no7 was discovered by ,t4 ,h4 ,smith in #ahfg4dad ,it is only contained in very minute traces in opium--something like #jjc per cent4 ,it is a crystalline substance1 the crystals being colourless1 six-sided prisms1 without odour1 but with a bitter taste1 causing an after-sensation like peppermint4 ,the crystals melt at #bag1 and congeal in a crystalline form again at #aga2 at high temperatures they are decomposed with evolution of ammoniacal vapour4 ,cryptopine is insoluble1 or almost so1 in ether1 water1 and oil of turpentine2 it is soluble in acetone1 benzene1 and chloroform2 the latter is the best solvent1 or hot alcohol2 it is insoluble in aqueous ammonia and in solutions of the caustic alkaloids4 ,cryptopine is strongly basic1 neutralising fully mineral acids4 ,concentrated sulphuric acid colours cryptopine pure blue1 the tint gradually fading from absorption of water from the atmosphere4 ,on a crystal of potassic nitrate being added1 the colour changes into a permanent green4 ,with ferric chloride cryptopine gives no colour--thus distinguishing it from morphine4 ,the physiological properties of cryptopine have been investigated by ,dr4 ,harley2#dae it has a narcotic action1 about double as strong as narceine1 and four times weaker than morphine4 ,munk and ,sippell#daf found that it gave rise in animals to paralysis of the limbs1 and occasionally asphyxic convulsions before death4 #dad ,pharm4 ,journ4 ,trans4 #b1 viii4 pp4 #die and #gaf4 #dae ,the ,old ,vegetable ,neurotics4 #daf ,munk1 ,versuche ber die ,wirkung des ,cryptopins1 ,berlin1 #ahgc4 ,sippell1 ,beitrge zur ,kentniss des ,cryptopins1 ,marburg1 #ahgd4 #cgg4 ,rhadine 7,c,h,,no74--,rhadine was separated from ,papaver rhas by ,hesse1 and has also been found in ,papaver somniferum and in opium4 ,rhadine is in the form of small anhydrous tasteless prisms1 melting at #bcj and partly subliming4 ,in a vacuum sublimation is almost complete1 and at a much lower temperature4 ,it is a very insoluble substance1 and is scarcely dissolved1 when crystalline1 by water1 alcohol1 ether1 chloroform1 benzene1 and solutions of the fixed or volatile alkalies4 ,when in an amorphous state it is rather soluble in ether1 and may be dissolved out of any substance by treating with dilute acetic acid1 and neutralising by ammonia1 and shaking up with ether before the precipitate becomes crystalline4 ,rhadine is easily recognised by its striking a red colour with hydrochloric acid4 ,either spontaneously or on gentle warming1 the colour is produced--one part of rhadine will colour in this way #aj1jjj parts of acid water blue or purple-red1 #bjj1jjj rose-red1 and #hjj1jjj pale red4 ,the reaction depends on a splitting up of the rhadine into a colourless substance1 rhadin1 and a red colouring-matter4 ,rhadine is not poisonous4 #cgh4 ,pseudomorphine 7,c,h,,no74--,pseudomorphine was discovered by ,pelletier and ,thiboumery in #ahce4 ,as precipitated by ammonia out of the hot solution1 pseudomorphine falls as a white crystalline precipitate2 but if the solution is cold1 the precipitate is gelatinous4 ,it possesses no taste1 and has no action on vegetable colours4 ,on heating1 it decomposes and then melts4 ,it dissolves easily in caustic alkalies and in milk of lime1 but is insoluble in all the ordinary alcoholic and ethereal solvents1 as well as in diluted sulphuric acid4 ,the most soluble salt is the hydrochlorate 7,c,h,,no,h,cl ,h,o71 and that requires #gj parts of water at #bj for solution4 ,various salts1 such as the sulphate1 oxalate1 c41 may be prepared from the hydrochlorate by double decomposition4 ,concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves pseudomorphine gradually1 with the production of an olive-green colour4 #cgi4 ,opianine 7,c,h,n,o74--,opianine crystallises in colourless1 glittering ortho-rhombic needles4 ,ammonia precipitates it from its solution in hydrochloric acid as a fine white powder4 ,it is without odour1 and has a bitter taste4 ,it is a strong base1 and is soluble in cold1 but slightly soluble in boiling water4 ,it is also but little soluble in boiling alcohol4 ,an alcoholic solution of the alkaloid gives a voluminous precipitate with mercuric chloride2 after standing a little time1 the precipitate becomes crystalline1 the crystals being in the shape of fine needles4 ,they have the following composition--,c,h,n,o1 #b;,h,cl1 #b;,hg,cl--and are with difficulty soluble in water or alcohol4 ,opianine1 administered to cats in doses of #ade grm41 produces complex symptoms--e4g41 dilated pupils1 foaming at the mouth1 uncertain gait1 paralysis of the hinder extremities1 and stupor--but the alkaloid is rare1 and few experiments have been made with it4 #chj4 ,apomorphine 7,c,h,,no74--,apomorphine is a derivative of morphine1 and is readily prepared by saponifying morphine by heating it with dilute hydrochloric acid in sealed tubes4 ,the result is apomorphine hydrochloride1 the morphine losing one molecule of water1 according to the equation ,c,h,,no ,c,h,,no ,h,o4 ,to extract apomorphine1 the bases are precipitated by sodic bicarbonate1 and the precipitate extracted by ether or chloroform1 either of which solvents leaves morphine undissolved4 ,the apomorphine is again converted into hydrochloride1 and once more precipitated by sodic bicarbonate1 and is lastly obtained as a snow-white substance1 rapidly becoming green on exposure to the air4 ,the mass dissolves with a beautiful green colour in water1 and also in alcohol1 whilst it colours ether purple-red1 and chloroform violet4 ,a test for apomorphine is the following3--,the chloride is dissolved in a little acetic acid and shaken with a crystal of potassic iodate 7,,kio72 this immediately turns red from liberated iodine on shaking it up with a little chloroform2 on standing1 the chloroform sinks to the bottom1 and is coloured by the alkaloid a beautiful blue colour2 on now carefully pouring a little ,,cs on the surface of the liquid at the point of junction it is coloured amethyst owing to dissolved iodine1 and apocodeine gives a similar reaction4 ,apomorphine is the purest and most active emetic known3 whether injected beneath the skin or taken by the mouth1 the effect is the same--there is considerable depression1 faintness1 and then vomiting4 ,the dose for an adult is about #f mgrms4 7#jib grain7 subcutaneously administered4 #cha4 ,the reactions of some of the rarer alkaloids of opium with sulphuric acid and ferric chloride are as follows3 none of them have at present any toxicological importance3-- ,,table ,,showing ,,some ,,of ,,the ,,reactions ,,of ,,the ,,rarer ,,alkaloids ,,of ,,opium4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,alkaloid4 ,formula4 ,reaction with ,warm ,reaction with ,sulphuric ,acid4 ,ferric ,chloride4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,codamine1 ,c,h,,no ,dirty red-violet colour1 turning dark ,dark green4 ,landamine1 ,c,h,,no violet on the addition of ,,hno4 ,landanosine1 ,c,h,,no ,dirty green to brownish-green4 ,no colour4 ,protapine1 ,c,h,,no ,lanthopine1 ,c,h,,no ,dark brown or black4 ,no colour4 ,hydrocotarnine1,c,h,,no ,dirty red-violet2 not changed by ,no colour4 trace of ,,hno4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #chb4 ,tritopine 7,c,h,n,o74--,this is a rare alkaloid that has been found in small quantities in opium4 ,it is crystalline1 separating in transparent prisms4 ,melting-point #ahb4 ,it is soluble in alcohol and chloroform1 and slightly soluble in ether4#dag #dag ,e4 ,kander1 ,arch4 ,pharm41 #bbh1 pp4 #dai-dca4 #chc4 ,meconin 7,opianyl7 7,c,h,o7 is in the form of white glittering needles1 which melt under water at #gg and in air at #ij1 again coagulating at #ge4 ,it may be sublimed in beautiful crystals4 ,it is soluble in #bb parts of boiling1 and #gjj of cold water2 dissolves easily in alcohol1 ether1 acetic acid1 and ethereal oil1 and is not precipitated by acetate of lead4 ,its solution in concentrated sulphuric acid becomes1 on warming1 purple1 and gives1 on the addition of water1 a brown precipitate4 ,meconin may be prepared by treating narcotine with nitric acid4 ,meconin1 in large doses1 is a feeble narcotic2 #abe grm4 7#bj grains7 has been given to man without result4 #chd4 ,meconic ,acid 7,c,h,o7 crystallises in white shining scales or small rhombic prisms1 with three atoms of water 7,c,h,o #c;,h,o71 but at #ajj this is lost1 and it becomes an opaque white mass4 ,it reddens litmus1 and has a sourish taste4 ,it is soluble in #aae parts of cold1 but dissolves in #d parts of boiling water2 it dissolves easily in alcohol1 less so in ether4 ,it forms well-marked salts2 the barium and calcium salt crystallise with one atom of water1 the former having the composition ,ba,h7,c,,ho72 the latter1 if ammonium meconate is precipitated by calcium chloride1 ,ca,h7,c,,ho72 but if calcium chloride is added to the acid itself1 the salt has the composition ,c,h,ca,o ,h,o4 ,if meconic acid is gently heated1 it decomposes into carbon dioxide and comenic acid 7,c,h,o74 ,if the heat is stronger1 pyromeconic acid 7,c,h,o7--carbon dioxide1 water1 acetic acid1 and benzole are formed4 ,pyromeconic acid is readily sublimed in large transparent tables4 ,chloride of iron1 and soluble iron salts generally1 give with meconic acid 7even in great dilution7 a lively red colour1 which is not altered by heat1 nor by the addition of ,h,cl nor by that of gold chloride4 ,sugar of lead and nitrate of silver each give a white precipitate2 and mercurous and mercuric nitrates white and yellow precipitates4 ,in any case where the analyst has found only meconic acid1 the question may be raised in court as to whether it is a poison or not4 ,the early experiments of ,sertrner1#dah ,langer1 ,vogel1 ,smmering1 and ,grape#dai showed that1 in comparatively speaking large doses1 it had but little1 if any1 action on dogs or men4 ,albers#dbj has1 however1 experimented on frogs1 and found that in doses of #a to #b grm4 there is1 first1 a narcotic action1 and later1 convulsions and death4 ,according to ,schroff1#dba there is a slight narcotic action on man4 #dah ,ann4 ,phys41 xxv4 #ef2 xxvii4 #ahc4 #dai ,de opio et de illis quibus constat partibus1 ,berol41 #ahbb4 #dbj ,arch4 ,path4 ,anat41 xxvi4 #bdh4 #dba ,med4 ,jahresb41 #ahfi4 ,the most generally accepted view at the present time is that the physiological action of meconic acid is similar to that of lactic acid--viz41 large doses cause some depression and feeble narcosis4 ,in a special research amongst organic fluids for meconic acid1 the substances are extracted by alcohol feebly acidulated with nitric acid2 on filtration the alcohol1 after the addition of a little water1 is distilled off1 and to the remaining fluid a solution of acetate of lead is added1 and the whole filtered4 ,the filtrate will contain any alkaloids1 whilst meconic acid1 if present1 is bound up with the lead on the filter4 ,the meconate of lead may be either washed or digested in strong acetic acid to purify it1 suspended in water1 and freed from lead by ,,sh2 the filtrate from the lead sulphide may be tested by ferric chloride1 or preferably1 at once evaporated to dryness1 and weighed4 ,after this operation it is identified4 ,if the quantity is so small that it cannot be conveniently weighed1 it may be estimated colorimetrically1 by having a standard solution of meconic acid1 containing #a mgrm4 in every c4c4 ,a few drops of neutral ferric chloride are added in a ,nessler cylinder to the liquid under examination2 and the tint thus obtained is imitated in the usual way1 in another cylinder1 by means of ferric chloride1 the standard solution1 and water4 ,it is also obvious that the weight of the meconic acid may be increased by converting it into the barium salt--#ajj parts of anhydrous baric meconate1 7,ba,c,h,o71 being equivalent to #dbc of meconic acid 7,c,h,o74 ,,iv4--,the ,strychnine or ,tetanus-,producing#dbb ,group of ,alkaloids4 #dbb ,to this group also belong some of the opium alkaloids4 ,see 8,thebaine10 8,landamine10 8,codeine10 8,hydrocotarnine40 #a4 ,,nux ,,vomica ,,group--,,strychnine--,,brucine--,,igas urine4 #che4 ,nux vomica is found in commerce both in the entire state and as a powder4 ,it is the seed of the ,strychnos nux vomica1 or ,koochla tree4 ,the seed is about the size of a shilling1 round1 flattened1 concavo-convex1 of a yellowish-grey or light-brown colour1 covered with a velvety down of fine1 radiating1 silky hairs1 which are coloured by a solution of iodine beautiful gold-yellow2 the texture is tough1 leathery1 and not easily pulverised2 the taste is intensely bitter4 ,the powder is not unlike that of liquorice1 and1 if met with in the pure state1 gives a dark orange-red colour with nitric acid1 which is destroyed by chloride of tin2 the aqueous infusion gives a precipitate with tincture of galls1 is reddened by nitric acid1 and gives an olive-green tint with persulphate of iron4 ,the best method1 however1 of recognising quickly and with certainty that the substance under examination is nux vomica powder1 is to extract strychnine from it by the following simple process3--,the powder is completely exhausted by boiling alcohol 7#ij per cent471 the alcoholic extract evaporated to dryness1 and then treated with water2 the aqueous solution is passed through a wet filter1 and concentrated by evaporation to a small bulk4 ,to this liquid a drop or so of a concentrated solution of picric acid is added1 and the yellow precipitate of picrates thus obtained is separated1 treated with nitric acid1 the picric acid removed by ether1 and the pure alkaloid precipitated by soda1 and shaken out by chloroform4 #chf4 ,chemical ,composition4--,nux vomica contains at least four distinct principles3-- 7#a47 ,strychnine4 7#b47 ,brucine4 7#c47 ,igasurine4 7#d47 ,strychnic or igasuric acid4 #chg4 ,strychnine 7,c,h,n,o7 is contained in the bean of ,s4 ignatius1 in the bark 7false angustura bark7 and seeds of the ,strychnos nux vomica1 in the ,strychnos colubrina1 ,l41 in the ,strychnos tieut1 ,lesch1 and probably in various other plants of the same genus4 ,commercial strychnine is met with either in colourless crystals or as a white powder1 the most usual form being that of the alkaloid itself2 but the nitrate1 sulphate1 and acetate are also sold to a small extent4 ,the microscopical appearance of strychnine1 as thrown down by the solution of vapour of ammonia1 may be referred to three leading forms--the long rectangular prism1 the short hexagonal prism1 or the regular octahedron4 ,if obtained from the slow evaporation of an alcoholic solution1 it is usually in the form of four-sided pyramids or long prisms2 but if obtained by speedy evaporation or rapid cooling1 it appears as a white granular powder4 ,if obtained from a benzene solution1 the deposit is usually crystalline1 but without a constant form1 though at times the crystals are extremely distinct1 the short six-sided prism prevailing2 but triangular plates1 dodecahedral1 rhomboidal1 and pentagonal1 may also be met with4 ,an ethereal solution on evaporation assumes dendritic forms1 but may contain octahedra and four-sided prisms4 ,a chloroform solution deposits rosettes1 veined leaves1 stellate dotted needles1 circles with broken radii1 and branched and reticulated forms of great delicacy and beauty4--,guy4 ,strychnine is very insoluble in water1 although readily dissolved by acidulated water4 ,according to ,wormley's repeated experiments1 one part of strychnine dissolves in #hccc parts of cold water2 and1 according to ,pelletier and ,cahours1 it dissolves in #fffg parts of cold1 and #bejj parts of boiling water4 ,it may be convenient1 then1 to remember that a gallon of cold water would hardly dissolve more than #aj grains 7#adb grm4 per litre72 the same amount1 if boiling1 about #cj grains 7#dbf grm4 per litre7 of strychnine4 ,the solubility of one part of strychnine in other menstrua is as follows3--,cold alcohol1 #jhcc specific gravity1 #abj1 boiling1 #aj parts 7,wittstein72 cold alcohol1 #jicf specific gravity1 #bdj parts 7,merck72 cold alcohol1 #jhae specific gravity1 #ajg parts 7,dragendorff72 amyl alcohol1 #aha parts2 benzene1 #afd2 chloroform1 #fi 7,schlimpert71 #e 7,pettenkofer72 ether1 #abej parts2 carbon disulphide1 #dhe parts2 glycerin1 #cjj parts4 ,creosote and essential and fixed oils also dissolve strychnine4 ,of all the above solvents1 it is evident that chloroform is the best for purposes of separation1 and next to chloroform1 benzene4 ,if a speck of strychnine be placed in the subliming cell1 it will be found to sublime usually in a crystalline form at #afi4 ,a common form at this temperature1 according to the writer's own observations1 is minute needles1 disposed in lines2 but1 as ,dr4 ,guy has remarked1 the sublimate may consist of drops1 of waving patterns1 and various other forms2 and1 further1 while the sublimates of morphia are made up of curved lines1 those of strychnine consist of lines either straight or slightly curved1 with parallel feathery lines at right angles4 ,on continuing the heat1 strychnine melts at about #bba1 and the lower disc1 if removed and examined1 is found to have a resinous residue2 but it still continues to yield sublimates until reduced to a spot of carbon4 ,the melting-point taken in a tube is #bfh4 ,strychnine is so powerfully bitter1 that one part dissolved in #gj1jjj of water is distinctly perceptible2 it is a strong base1 with a marked alkaline reaction1 neutralising the strongest acids fully1 and precipitating many metallic oxides from their combinations1 often with the formation of double salts4 ,most of the salts of strychnine are crystalline1 and all extremely bitter4 ,strychnine1 in the presence of oxygen1 combines with ,,sh to form a beautiful crystalline compound3-- #b;,c,h,n,o #f;,h,s ,o #b;,c,h,n,o#c;,h,s #c;,h,o4 ,on treatment with an acid this compound yields ,h,s4--,schmidt1 ,ber4 ,deutsch4 ,chem4 ,ges41 #h1 #abfg4 ,an alcoholic solution of strychnine turns the plane of polarisation to the left1 r -#acbjh to #acfgh 7,bouchardat72 but acid solutions show a much smaller rotatory power4 ,the salts used in medicine are--the sulphate1 officinal only in the ,french pharmacopia2 the nitrate1 officinal in the ,german1 ,austrian1 ,swiss1 ,norse1 and ,dutch pharmacopias2 and the acetate1 well known in commerce1 but not officinal4 ,the commercial ,sulphate 7,c,h,n,o,h,,so #b;,h,o7 is an acid salt crystallising in needles which lose water at #aej1 the neutral sulphate 7#b;,c,h,n,o1,h,,so #g;,h,o7 crystallises in four-sided1 orthorhombic prisms1 and is soluble in about #ej parts of cold water4 ,the ,nitrate 7,c,h,n,o1,,hno7 crystallises on evaporation from a warm solution of the alkaloid in dilute nitric acid1 in silky needles1 mostly collected in groups4 ,the solubility of this salt is considerable1 one part dissolving in #ej of cold1 in #b of boiling water2 its solubility in boiling and cold alcohol is almost the same1 taking #fj of the former and #b of the latter4 ,the ,acetate crystallises in tufts of needles2 as stated1 it is not officinal in any of the ,european pharmacopias4 ,the chief precipitates or sparingly soluble crystalline compounds of strychnine are-- 7#a47 ,the ,chromate of ,strychnine 7,c,h,n,o,cr,h,o71 formed by adding a neutral solution of chromate of potash to a solution of a strychnine salt1 crystallises out of hot water in beautiful1 very insoluble1 orange-yellow needles1 mixed with plates of various size and thickness4 ,the salt is of great practical use to the analyst2 for by its aid strychnine may be separated from a variety of substances1 and in part from brucine--the colour tests being either applied direct to the strychnine chromate1 or the chromate decomposed by ammonia1 and the strychnine recovered from the alkaline liquid by chloroform4 7#b47 ,sulphocyanide of ,strychnine 7,c,h,n,o,,cnhs7 is a thick1 white precipitate1 produced by the addition of a solution of potassic sulphocyanide to that of a strychnine salt2 on warming it dissolves1 but on cooling reappears in the form of long silky needles4 7#c47 ,double ,salts4--,the platinum compound obtained by adding a solution of platinic chloride to one of strychnine chloride has the composition ,c,h,n,o,h,cl,pt,cl1 and crystallises out of weak boiling alcohol 7in which it is somewhat soluble7 in gold-like scales4 ,the similar palladium compound 7,c,h,n,o,h,cl1,pd,cl7 is in dark brown needles1 and the gold compound 7,c,h,n,o,h,cl,au,cl7 in orange-coloured needles4 7#d47 ,strychnine ,trichloride4--,the action of chlorine on strychnine--by which chlorine is substituted for a portion of the hydrogen--has been proposed as a test4 ,the alkaloid is dissolved in very dilute ,h,cl1 so as to be only just acid2 on now passing through chlorine gas1 a white insoluble precipitate is formed1 which may be recrystallised from ether2 it has probably the composition ,c,h,cl,n,o1 and is extremely insoluble in water4 7#e47 ,the ,iodide of ,strychnine 7,c,h,n,o,,hi7 is obtained by the action of iodine solution on strychnine sulphate2 on solution of the precipitate in alcohol1 and evaporation1 it forms violet-coloured crystals1 very similar to those of potassic permanganate4 #chh4 ,pharmaceutical and other ,preparations of ,nux ,vomica and ,strychnine1 with ,suggestions for their ,valuation4 ,an aqueous extract of nux vomica1 officinal in the ,german pharmacopia1 appears to contain principally brucine1 with a small percentage of strychnine2 the proportion of brucine to strychnine being about four-fifths to one-fifth4 ,blossfield found in a sample #dc per cent4 of total alkaloid1 and two samples examined by ,grundmann consisted 7,no4 #a7 of strychnine1 #jf per cent42 brucine1 #beh per cent4--total1 #cah per cent42 7,no4 #b7 strychnine1 #jfh per cent42 brucine1 #bfb per cent4--total1 #cc per cent4 ,a sample examined by ,dragendorff yielded--strychnine1 #jh per cent42 brucine1 #cb per cent4--total1 #d per cent4 ,the maximum medicinal dose is put at #f grm4 7#i grains74 ,the spirituous extract of nux vomica1 officinal in the ,british and all the ,continental pharmacopias1 differs from the aqueous in containing a much larger proportion of alkaloids1 viz41 about #ae per cent41 and about half the total quantity being strychnine4 ,the medicinal dose is #baf-fdh mgrms4 7 grain to a grain74 ,there is also an extract of ,st4 ,ignatius bean which is used in the ,united ,states2 nearly the whole of its alkaloid may be referred to strychnine4 ,the tincture of nux vomica1 made according to the ,british ,pharmacopia1 contains in #a fl4 oz4 #a grain of alkaloids1 or #jba part by weight in #ajj by volume1 but the strength of commercial samples often varies4 ,lieth found in one sample #jabb per cent4 of strychnine and #jji per cent4 brucine2 and two samples examined by ,wissel consisted respectively of #jcec per cent4 and #jcdf per cent4 of total alkaloids4 ,dragendorff found in two samples #bfbd per cent4 and #bdd per cent4 of total alkaloids1 about half of which was strychnine4 ,analysis4--,either of the extracts may be treated for a few hours on the water-bath1 with water acidulated by sulphuric acid1 filtered1 the residue well washed1 the acid liquid shaken up with benzene to separate impurities1 and1 on removal of the benzene1 alkalised with ammonia1 and shaken up two or three times with chloroform2 the chloroform is then evaporated in a tared vessel1 and the total alkaloids weighed4 ,the alkaloids can then be either 7a7 treated with #aa per cent4 of nitric acid on the water-bath until all the brucine is destroyed1 and then 7the liquid being neutralised7 precipitated by potassic chromate2 or 7b7 the alkaloids may be converted into picrates4 ,picrate of strychnine is very insoluble in water1 #a part requiring no less than #aj1jjj of water4#dbc ,the tincture is analysed on precisely similar principles1 the spirit being got rid of by distillation1 and the residue treated by acidified water1 c4 #dbc ,dolzler1 ,arch4 ,pharm4 #c1 xxiv4 #aje-aji4 ,the nux vomica powder itself may be valued as follows3--#ae to #bj grms41 pulverised as finely as possible1 are treated three times with #aej to #cjj c4c4 of water1 acidified with sulphuric acid1 well boiled1 and1 after each boiling1 filtered and thoroughly pressed4 ,the last exhaustion must be destitute of all bitter taste4 ,the united filtrates are then evaporated to the consistence of a thick syrup1 which is treated with sufficient burnt magnesia to neutralise the acid4 ,the extract is now thoroughly exhausted with boiling alcohol of #ij per cent42 the alcoholic extract1 in its turn1 is evaporated nearly to dryness1 and treated with acidulated water2 this acid solution is freed from impurities by shaking up with benzene1 and lastly alkalised with ammonia1 and the alkaloids extracted by shaking up with successive portions of chloroform4 ,the chloroformic extract equals the total alkaloids1 which may be separated in the usual way4 ,in four samples of nux vomica examined by ,dragendorff1 the total alkaloids ranged from #bcc to #bdb per cent4 ,grate found in two samples #bhh per cent4 and #bhf per cent4 respectively2 while ,karing from one sample separated only #afe per cent4 ,the strychnine and brucine are in about equal proportions1 ,dragendorff#dbd finding #aahg per cent4 strychnine and #aade per cent4 brucine4#dbe #dbd ,dragendorff1 ,die chemische ,werthbestimmung einiger starkwirkenden ,droguen1 ,st4 ,petersburg1 #ahgd4 #dbe ,these details are very necessary1 as bearing on the question of the fatal dose of nux vomica1 which ,taylor tells us 7,med4 ,jurisprud41 i4 #dji7 was of some importance in ,reg4 v4 ,wren1 in which #dg grains were attempted to be given in milk4 ,the fatal dose of nux vomica must be ruled by its alkaloidal content1 which may be so low as #a per cent41 and as high as nearly #c per cent4 #cj grains have proved fatal 7,taylor72 if the powder in this instance was of the ordinary strength1 the person died from less than a grain 7#jfdh grm47 of the united alkaloids4 ,the vermin-killers in use in this country are those of ,miller1 ,battle1 ,butler1 ,clift1 ,craven1 ,floyd1 ,gibson1 ,hunter1 ,stenier1 and ,thurston4 ,ten samples from these various makers were examined recently by ,mr4 ,allen 7,pharm4 ,journal1 vol4 xii41 #ahhi71 and the results of the analyses are embodied in the following table3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,name ,weight of ,strychnine4 ,nature or ,powder ,price4------------------ of ,colouring ,mark4in ,grains4 ,weight in ,per- ,starch4 ,matter4 ,grains4 centage4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a #ef #c;d4 #jfa #aji ,wheat 8 #b #aah #c;d4 #jhj #fg ,wheat ,ultramarine4 #c #aca #c;d4 #aab #hg ,rice ,ultramarine4 #d #aaf #c;d4 #abh #aaa ,rice ,ultramarine4 #e #aca #c;d4 #agj #acj ,rice ,ultramarine4 #f #bae #f;d4 #bdb #aab ,wheat ,prussian blue4 #g #dib #c;d4 #bhe #eh ,wheat ,soot4 #h #cje #c;d4 #cde #aac ,wheat ,prussian blue4 #i #aff #c;d4 #cha #aid ,rice ,carmine4 #aj #ajj #c;d4 #dah #dah ,rice ,ultramarine4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #chi4 ,statistics4--,in ,england1 during the ten years #ahhc-ib1 out of #ffff total deaths from poison1 strychnine1 nux vomica1 and vermin-killer account for #cbe4 ,out of these deaths1 #aah were ascribed to 8vermin-killer40 8,vermin-killer0 may be presumed to include not only strychnine mixtures1 but also phosphorus and arsenic pastes and powders1 so that there are no means of ascertaining the number of strychnine cases comprised under this heading4 ,taking the deaths actually registered as due to strychnine or nux vomica1 they are about #dg per cent4 of the deaths from all sorts of poison4 ,of these deaths1 #bfh1 or #hbd per cent41 were suicidal1 #h were homicidal1 and #di only were accidental4 ,schauenstein has collected from literature #acj cases of poisoning by strychnine1 but most of these occurred during the last twenty-five years2 #fb of the #acj1 or about one-half1 were fatal1 and #ae were homicidal4 ,it has been stated that strychnine is so very unsuitable for the purpose of criminal poisoning as to render it unlikely to be often used4 ,facts1 however1 do not bear out this view2 for1 allowing its intensely bitter taste1 yet it must be remembered that bitter liquids1 such as bitter ale1 are in daily use1 and a person accustomed to drink any liquid rapidly might readily imbibe sufficient of a toxic liquid to produce death before he was warned by its bitterness4 ,it is1 indeed1 capable of demonstration1 that taste is more vivid after a substance has been taken than just in the act of swallowing1 for the function of taste is not a rapid process1 and requires a very appreciable interval of time4 ,the series of murders by ,thomas ,neill1 or1 more correctly1 ,thomas ,neill ,cream1 is an example of the use of strychnine for the purposes of murder4 ,thomas ,neill ,cream was convicted1 ,october #ba1 #ahib1 for the murder of ,matilda ,clover on ,october #bj1 #ahia2 there was also good evidence that the same criminal had murdered ,ellen ,dunworth1 ,october #ac1 #ahia2 ,alice ,marsh1 ,april #ab1 #ahib2 ,emma ,shrivell1 ,april #ab1 #ahib1 and had attempted the life of ,louie ,harvey4 ,the agent in all these cases was strychnine4 ,there was no evidence as to what form of the poison was administered in the case of ,clover1 but ,ellen ,dunworth1 who was found dying in the streets at #g4de ,p4,m41 and died less than two hours afterwards1 stated that a gentleman gave her 8two drops0 of white stuff to drink4 ,in the cases of ,marsh and ,shrivell1 ,neill ,cream had tea with them on the night of ,april #aa1 and gave them both 8three long pills20 half an hour after ,neill ,cream left them they were found to be dying1 and died within six hours4 ,from ,marsh #g grains1 from ,shrivell nearly #b grains of strychnine were separated2 the probability is that each pill contained at least #c grains of strychnine4 ,the criminal met ,louie ,harvey on the ,embankment1 and gave her 8some pills0 to take2 she pretended to do so1 but threw them away4 ,hence it seems probable that ,neill ,cream took advantage of the weakness that a large number of the population have for taking pills1 and mostly poisoned his victims in this manner4 ,clover's case was not diagnosed during life1 but strychnine was found six or seven months after burial in the body4 ,it may be mentioned incidentally that the accused himself furnished the clue which led to his arrest1 by writing letters charging certain members of the medical profession with poisoning these poor young prostitutes with strychnine4 #cij4 ,fatal ,dose4--,in a research1 which may1 from its painstaking accuracy1 be called classical1 ,f4 ,a4 ,falck has thrown much light upon the minimum lethal dose of strychnine for various animals4 ,it would seem that1 in relation to its size1 the frog is by no means so sensible to strychnine as was believed1 and that animals such as cats and rabbits take a smaller dose in proportion to their body-weight4 ,the method used by ,falck was to inject subcutaneously a solution of known strength of strychnine nitrate1 and1 beginning at first with a known lethal dose1 a second experiment was then made with a smaller dose1 and if that proved fatal1 with a still smaller1 and so on1 until such a quantity was arrived at1 that the chances as determined by direct observation were as great of recovery as of death4 ,operating in this way1 and making no less than #bj experiments on the rabbit1 he found that the least fatal dose for that animal was #f mgrm4 of strychnine nitrate per kilogramme4 ,cats were a little less susceptible1 taking #ge mgrm4 ,operating on fowls1 he found that strychnine taken into the crop in the usual way was very uncertain2 #ej mgrms4 per kilo1 taken with the food had no effect1 but results always followed if the poison was introduced into the circulation by the subcutaneous needle--the lethal dose for fowls being1 under those circumstances1 #a to #b mgrms4 per kilo4 ,he made #ce experiments on frogs1 and found that to kill a frog by strychnine nitrate1 at least #b mgrms4 per kilo1 must be injected4 ,mice take a little more1 from #bc to #bd mgrms4 per kilo4 ,in #b experiments on the ring adder1 in one #fbe mgrms4 per kilo4 of strychnine nitrate1 injected subcutaneously1 caused death in seven hours2 in the second1 #bca mgrms4 per kilo4 caused death in five days2 hence the last quantity is probably about the least fatal dose for this particular snake4 ,these observations may be conveniently thrown into the following table 7see next page71 placing the animals in order according to their relative sensitiveness4#dbf #dbf ,according to ,christison's researches1 #jb grm4 7about grain7 is fatal to swine2 #jc grm4 7 grain7 to bears1 if injected into the pleura4 #a to #c grains 7#jfdh to #aidd grm47 is given to horses in cases of paralysis1 although #c grains cannot but be considered a dangerous dose1 unless smaller doses have been previously administered without effect2 #aj grains would probably kill a horse1 and #ae grains 7#igb grm47 have certainly done so4 ,now1 the important question arises1 as to the place in this series occupied by man--a question difficult to solve1 because so few cases are recorded in which strychnine has been administered by subcutaneous injection with fatal result4 ,eulenberg has observed poisonous symptoms1 but not death1 produced by #f mgrms4 7#a_/aa grain7 and by #aj mgrms4 7about grain74 ,bois observed poisonous symptoms from the similar subcutaneous administrations of #h mgrms4 to a child six years old1 and #d mgrms4 to another child four years old--the latter dose1 in a case recorded by ,christison1 actually killing a child of three years of age4 ,on the other hand1 the smallest lethal dose taken by an adult was swallowed in solution4 ,dr4 ,warner took #cb mgrms4 7 grain7 of strychnine sulphate1 mistaking it for morphine sulphate1 and died in twenty minutes4 ,in other cases #dh mgrms4 7#g_/aj grain7 have been fatal4 ,it will be safe to conclude that these doses by the stomach would have acted still more surely and energetically if injected subcutaneously4 ,the case of ,warner is exceptional1 for he was in weak health2 and1 if calculated out according to body-weight1 presuming that ,dr4 ,warner weighed #fh kilos41 the relative dose as strychnine nitrate would be #bd per kilo4--a smaller dose than for any animal hitherto experimented upon4 ,there is1 however1 far more reason for believing that the degree of sensitiveness in man is about the same as that of cats or dogs1 and that the least fatal dose for man is #gj per kilo41 the facts on record fairly bearing out this view4 ,it is1 therefore1 probable that death would follow if #ch mgrms4 7#g_/aj grain7 were injected subcutaneously into a man of the average weight of #fh kilos4 7#aej lbs474 ,taylor estimates the fatal dose of strychnine for adults as from #cbd to #abif mgrms4 7#e to #b grains72 ,guy puts the minimum at #afb mgrms4 7#be grain74 ,,table ,,showing ,,the ,,action ,,of ,,strychnine ,,on ,,animals4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,reckoned on #a ,kilo4 of ,body-weight4 ------------------------------- ,manner of ,lowest ,highest ,animal4 ,application4 ,experimental ,experimental ,lethal ,dose ,lethal ,dose4 ------------------------------- ,dose of ,strychnine ,nitrate in ,mgrms4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,rabbit1 ,subcutaneous4 #jej #jfj ,cat1 444 #jge ,dog1 444 #jge ,taken by the ,stomach4 #bj #cij ,rectum4 444 #bjj ,bladder4 #eej 444 ,fox1 ,subcutaneous4 444 #ajj ,hedgehog1 #ajj #bjj ,fowl1 444 #bjj ,frog1 #bjj #baj ,mouse1 #bcf #bcf ,ring ,adder1 444 #bcaj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,large doses of strychnine may be recovered from if correct medical treatment is sufficiently prompt4 ,witness the remarkable instances on record of duplex poisonings1 in which the would-be-suicide has unwittingly defeated his object by taking strychnine simultaneously with some narcotic1 such as opium or chloral4 ,in a case related by ,schauenstein1#dbg a suicidal pharmacist took #dh grm4 or #f grm4 7#gd to #ibe grains7 of strychnine nitrate dissolved in about #cj c4c4 of bitter-almond water1 and then1 after half an hour1 since no symptoms were experienced1 #f grm4 7#ibe grains7 of morphine acetate1 which he likewise dissolved in bitter-almond water and swallowed4 ,after about ten minutes1 he still could walk with uncertain steps1 and poured some chloroform on the pillow-case of his bed1 and lay on his face in order to breathe it4 ,in a short time he lost consciousness1 but again awoke1 and lay in a half-dreamy state1 incapable of motion1 until some one entered the room1 and hearing him murmur1 came to his bedside4 ,at that moment--two and a quarter hours after first taking the strychnine--the pharmacist had a fearful convulsion1 the breathing was suspended1 and he lost consciousness4 ,again coming to himself1 he had several convulsions1 and a physician who was summoned found him in general tetanus4 ,there were first clonic1 then tonic convulsions1 and finally opisthotonus was fully developed4 ,the treatment consisted of emetics1 and afterwards tannin and codeine were given separately4 ,the patient slept at short intervals2 in ten hours after the taking of the poison the seizures were fewer in number and weaker in character1 and by the third day recovery was complete4 ,dr4 ,macredy#dbh has also placed on record an interesting case1 in which the symptoms1 from a not very large dose of strychnine1 were delayed by laudanum for eight hours4 ,a young woman1 twenty-three years of age1 pregnant1 took at #aj ,a4,m4 a quantity of strychnine estimated at #ae grain1 in the form of ,battle's vermin-killer1 and immediately afterwards #b ounces of laudanum4 ,she was seen by ,dr4 ,macredy in four hours1 and was then suffering from pronounced narcotic symptoms4 ,a sulphate of zinc emetic was administered4 ,in eight hours after taking the strychnine1 there were first observed some clonic convulsive movements of the hands1 and1 in a less degree1 the legs4 ,these convulsions continued1 at times severe1 for several hours1 and were treated with chloral4 ,recovery was speedy and complete4 #dbg ,maschka's ,handbuch1 from ,tschepke1 ,deutsche ,klinik1 #ahfa4 #dbh ,lancet1 ,november #bh1 #ahhb4 ,in a similar case related by ,dr4 ,harrison1#dbi a man1 aged #ed1 took a packet of ,battle's vermin-killer1 mixed with about a drachm and a half of laudanum and some rum4 ,at the time he had eaten no food for days1 and had been drinking freely2 yet fifty minutes elapsed before the usual symptoms set in1 and no medical treatment was obtained until four hours after taking the dose4 ,he was then given chloral and other remedies1 and made a rapid recovery4 #dbi ,lancet1 ,may #ac1 #ahhb4 #cia4 ,action on ,animals4--,the action of strychnine has been experimentally studied on all classes of animals1 from the infusoria upwards4 ,the effects produced on animal forms which possess a nervous system are strikingly alike1 and even in the cephalopoda1 tetanic muscular spasm may be readily observed4 ,of all animals the frog shows the action of strychnine in its purest form1 especially if a dose be given of just sufficient magnitude to produce toxic effects4 ,the frog sits perfectly still and quiet1 unless acted upon by some external stimuli1 such as a breath of air1 a loud noise1 or the shaking of the vessel which contains it1 then an immediate tetanic convulsion of all the muscles is witnessed1 lasting a few seconds only1 when the animal again resumes its former posture4 ,this heightened state of reflex action has its analogue in hydrophobia as well as in idiopathic tetanus4 ,if the frog thus poisoned by a weak dose is put under a glass shade1 kept moist1 and sheltered from sound1 or from other sources of irritation1 no convulsions occur1 and after some days it is in its usual health4 ,if1 on the other hand1 by frequent stimuli1 convulsions are excited1 the animal dies4 ,m4 ,richet#dcj has contributed a valuable memoir to the ,academy of ,sciences on the toxic action of strychnine4 ,he has confirmed the statement of previous observers that1 with artificial respiration1 much larger doses of strychnine may be taken without fatal result than under normal conditions1 and has also recorded some peculiar phenomena4 ,operating on dogs and rabbits1 after first securing a canula in the trachea1 and then injecting beneath the skin or into the saphena vein #aj mgrms4 of strychnine hydrochlorate1 the animal is immediately1 or within a few seconds1 seized with tetanic convulsions1 and this attack would be mortal1 were it not for artificial respiration4 ,directly this is practised the attack ceases1 and the heart1 after a period of hurried and spasmodic beats1 takes again its regular rhythm4 ,stronger and stronger doses may then be injected without causing death4 ,as the dose is thus augmented1 the symptoms differ4 ,m4 ,richet distinguishes the following periods3--7#a47 ,a period of tetanus4 7#b47 ,a period of convulsion1 characterised by spasmodic and incessant contraction of all the muscles4 7#c47 ,a little later1 when the quantity exceeds #aj mgrms4 per kilo41 a choreic period1 which is characterised by violent rhythmic shocks1 very sudden and short1 repeated at intervals of about three to four seconds2 during these intervals there is almost complete relaxation4 7#d47 ,a period of relaxation2 this period is attained when the dose exceeds #dj mgrms4 per kilo4 ,reflex action is annihilated1 the spontaneous respiratory movements cease1 the heart beats tumultuously and regularly in the severe tetanic convulsions at first1 and then contracts with frequency but with regularity4 ,the pupils1 widely dilated at first1 become much contracted4 ,the arterial pressure1 enormously raised at the commencement1 diminishes gradually1 in one case from #jcd mm4 to #jje mm4 ,the temperature undergoes analogous changes1 and during the convulsions is extraordinarily elevated2 it may even attain #da or #db1 to sink in the period of relaxation to #cf4 ,dogs and rabbits which have thus received enormous quantities of strychnine 7e4g41 #ej mgrms4 per kilo471 may1 in this way1 live for several hours1 but the slightest interruption to the artificial respiration1 in the relaxed state1 is followed by syncope and death4 #dcj ,de l',action de la ,strychnine trs forte dose sur les ,mammifres4 ,comptes ,rend41 t4 xcl4 p4 #aca4 #cib4 ,effects on ,man3 ,symptoms4--,the commencement of symptoms may be extremely rapid1 the rapidity being mainly dependent on the form of the poison and the manner of application4 ,a soluble salt of strychnine injected subcutaneously will act within a few seconds2#dca in a case of amaurosis1 related by ,schuler1#dcb #ed mgrms4 of a soluble strychnine salt were introduced into the punctum lachrymale2--in less than four minutes there were violent tetanic convulsions4 ,in a case related by ,barker1 the symptoms commenced in three minutes from a dose of #cg grm4 7#ega grains74#dcc ,here the poison was not administered subcutaneously4 ,such short periods1 to a witness whose mind was occupied during the time1 might seem immediate4 ,on the other hand1 when nux vomica powder has been taken1 and when strychnine has been given in the form of pill1 no such rapid course has been observed1 or is likely to occur1 the usual course being for the symptoms to commence within half an hour4 ,it is1 however1 also possible for them to be delayed from one to two hours1 and under certain circumstances 7as in the case related by ,macredy7 for eight hours4 ,in a few cases1 there is first a feeling of uneasiness and heightened sensibility to external stimuli1 a strange feeling in the muscles of the jaw1 and a catching of the respiration2 but generally the onset of the symptoms is as sudden as epilepsy1 and previous to their appearance the person may be pursuing his ordinary vocation1 when1 without preliminary warning1 there is a shuddering of the whole frame1 and a convulsive seizure4 ,the convulsions take the form of violent general tetanus2 the limbs are stretched out involuntarily1 the hands are clenched1 the soles of the feet incurved1 and1 in the height of the paroxysm1 the back may be arched and rigid as a board1 the sufferer resting on head and heels1 and the abdomen tense4 ,in the grasp of the thoracic muscles the walls of the chest are set immovable1 and from the impending suffocation the face becomes congested1 the eyes prominent and staring4 ,the muscles of the lower jaw--in 8disease tetanus0 the first to be affected--are in 8strychnos tetanus10 as a rule1 the last2 a distinction1 if it were more constant1 of great clinical value4 ,the convulsions and remissions recur until death or recovery1 and1 as a rule1 within two hours from the commencement of the symptoms the case in some way or other terminates4 ,the number of the tetanic seizures noted has varied--in a few cases the third spasm has passed into death1 in others there have been a great number4 ,the duration of the spasm is also very different1 and varies from thirty seconds to five or even eight minutes1 the interval between lasting from forty-five seconds#dcd to one or even one and a half hours4#dce #dca ,in one of ,m4 ,richet's experiments1 a soluble strychnine salt injected into a dog subcutaneously acted in fourteen seconds4 #dcb ,quoted by ,taylor from ,med4 ,times and ,gazette1 ,july1 #ahfa4 #dcc ,a non-fatal dose may show its effects rapidly1 e4g41 there is a curious case of symptoms of poisoning caused by the last dose of a mixture which is recorded in ,pharm4 ,journ41 #ahic1 #gii4 ,a medical practitioner prescribed the following mixture3-- 4 ,tr4 strophanthi1 i4 ,liq4 strychni hydrochlorici1 iiss4 ,sol4 bismuthi et pepsin4 7,richardson's71 iss4 ,sp4 ammon4 aromat41 444 ,sp4 chloroformi1 aa4 iss4 ,aquam ad1 vi4 ft4 mist4 ,shake the bottle4 ,two teaspoonfuls when the attack threatens1 and repeat in an hour if necessary4 ,richardson's liquor bismuth contains #a_/bj grain of strychnine in each drachm4 ,the mixture was alkaline2 it contained #ag grain of strychnine and #chbe minims of chloroform4 ,the patient1 a woman1 #ed years of age1 had taken the previous doses with considerable relief2 but ten minutes after the last dose1 which she described as far more bitter than those she had taken previously1 she was seized with the usual symptoms of strychnine poisoning1 but recovered after five hours4 ,the explanation is pretty obvious2 the mixture was alkaline1 so that the strychnine was not in the form of a salt1 but in the free state1 and was therefore dissolved by the chloroform2 the amount of strychnine taken in each dose wholly depended on whether or not the mixture was shaken violently and poured out into the teaspoon immediately after shaking2 if allowed to repose the globules of chloroform saturated with strychnine would settle at the bottom1 and there form a stratum rich in strychnine2 so that the last dose would certainly contain an excess4 #dcd ,white1 ,brit4 ,med4 ,journ41 #ahfg4 #dce ,folkes1 ,med4 ,times1 #ahfi4 #cic4 ,diagnosis of ,strychnine ,poisoning4--,however striking and well defined the picture of strychnine tetanus may be1 mistakes in diagnosis are rather frequent1 especially when a medical man is hastily summoned1 has never seen a case of similar poisoning1 and has no suspicion of the possible nature of the seizure4 ,if a young woman1 for instance1 is the subject1 he may put it down to hysteria1 and certainly hysteria not unfrequently affects somewhat similar convulsions4 ,in a painful case in which the author was engaged1 a young woman either took or was given 7for the mystery was never cleared up fully7 a fatal dose of strychnine1 and though the symptoms were well marked1 the medical attendant was so possessed with the view that the case was due to hysteria1 that1 even after making the post-mortem examination1 and finding no adequate lesion1 he theorised as to the possibility of some fatal hysteric spasm of the glottis1 while there was ample chemical evidence of strychnine1 and a weighable quantity of the alkaloid was actually separated from the contents of the stomach4 ,the medical attendant of ,matilda ,clover1 one of ,neill's victims1 certified that the girl died from delirium tremens and syncope1 although the symptoms were typically those produced by strychnine4 ,such cases are particularly sad1 for we now know that1 with judicious treatment1 a rather large dose may be recovered from4 ,if the case is a male1 a confusion with epilepsy is possible1 though hardly to be explained or excused2 while in both sexes idiopathic tetanus is so extremely similar as to give rise to the idea that all cases of idiopathic tetanus are produced by poison1 perhaps secreted by the body itself4 ,as for the distinction between idiopathic and strychnic tetanus1 it is usually laid down 7#a7 that the intervals in the former are characterised by no relaxation of the muscles1 but that they continue contracted and hard2 and 7#b7 that there is a notable rise of temperature in disease tetanus proper1 and not in strychnine tetanus4 ,both statements are misleading1 and the latter is not true1 for in strychnic poisoning the relaxation is not constant1 and very high temperatures in animals have been observed4 #cid4 ,physiological ,action4--,the tetanic convulsions are essentially reflex1 and to be ascribed to a central origin2 the normal reflex sensibility is exaggerated and unnaturally extended4 ,if the ischiatic plexus supplying the one leg of an animal is cut through1 that leg takes no part in the general convulsions1 but if the artery of the leg alone is tied1 then the leg suffers from the muscular spasm1 as well as the limbs in which the circulation is unrestrained4 ,in an experiment by ,sir ,b4 ,w4 ,richardson1 a healthy dog was killed1 and1 as soon as practicable1 a solution of strychnine was injected through the systemic vessels by the aorta--the whole body became at once stiff and rigid as a board4 ,these facts point unmistakably to the spinal marrow as the seat of the toxic influence4 ,strychnine is1 par excellence1 a spinal poison4 ,on physiological grounds the grey substance of the cord is considered to have an inhibitory action upon reflex sensibility1 and this inhibitory power is paralysed by strychnine4 ,the spinal cord1 it would appear1 has the power of collecting strychnine from the circulation and storing it up in its structure4#dcf #dcf ,r4 ,w4 ,lovett1 ,journ4 ,physiol41 ix4 #ii-aaa4 ,much light has been thrown upon the cause of death by ,richet's experiments4#dcg ,it would seem that1 in some cases1 death takes place by a suffocation as complete as in drowning1 the chest and diaphragm being immovable1 and the nervous respiratory centres exhausted4 ,in such a case1 immediate death would be averted by a tracheal tube1 by the aid of which artificial respiration might be carried on2 but there is another asphyxia due to the enormous interstitial combustion carried on by muscles violently tetanised4 8,if10 says ,richet1 8after having injected into a dog a mortal dose of strychnine1 and employed artificial respiration according to the classic method twenty or thirty times a minute1 the animal dies 7sometimes at the end of ten minutes1 and in every case at the end of an hour or two71 and during life the arterial blood is examined1 it will be ascertained that it is black1 absolutely like venous blood40 #dcg ,op4 cit4 ,this view is also supported by the considerable rise of temperature noticed3 the blood is excessively poor in oxygen1 and loaded with carbon dioxide4 ,that this state of the blood is produced by tetanus1 is proved by the fact that an animal poisoned by strychnine1 and then injected subcutaneously with curare in quantity just sufficient to paralyse the muscular system1 does not exhibit these phenomena4 ,by the aid of artificial respiration1 together with the administration of curare1 an animal may live after a prodigious dose of strychnine4 ,meyer#dch has investigated carefully the action of strychnine on the blood-pressure--through a strong excitement of the vaso-motor centre1 the arteries are narrowed in calibre1 and the blood-pressure much increased2 the action of the heart in frogs is slowed1 but in the warm-blooded animals quickened4 #dch ,wiener ,akad4 ,sitzungsber41 #ahga4 #cie4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,there is but little characteristic in the post-mortem appearances from strychnine poisoning4 ,the body becomes very stiff a short time after death1 and this rigidity remains generally a long time4 ,in the notorious ,palmer case1 the body was rigid two months after death1 but1 on the other hand1 the rigor mortis has been known to disappear within twenty-four hours4 ,if the convulsions have been violent1 there may be minute hmorrhages in the brain and other parts4 ,i have seen considerable hmorrhage in the trachea from this cause4 ,when death occurs from asphyxia1 the ordinary signs of asphyxia will be found in the lungs1 c4 ,the heart mostly has its right side gorged with blood1 but in a few cases it is empty and contracted4 ,in a case which ,schauenstein has recorded#dci he found strychnine still undissolved1 coating the stomach as a white powder2 but this is very unusual1 and ,i believe unique4 ,the bladder often contains urine1 which1 it need scarcely be said1 should be preserved for chemical investigation4 #dci ,op4 cit4 #cif4 ,treatment4--,from the cases detailed1 and from the experiments on animals1 the direction which treatment should take is very clear4 ,as a matter of course1 if there is the slightest probability of any of the poison remaining in the stomach1 it should be removed4 ,it is doubtful whether the stomach pump can be ever applied with benefit in strychnine poisoning1 the introduction of the tube is likely to aggravate the tetanus1 but apomorphine can be injected subcutaneously4 ,large and frequent doses of chloral should be administered in order to lessen the frequency of convulsions1 or prevent their occurrence1 and it may be necessary in a few cases1 where death threatens by suffocation1 to perform tracheotomy1 and to use artificial respiration4 ,where chloral or chloroform is not at hand1 and in cases of emergency1 where this may easily happen1 the medical man must administer in full doses the nearest narcotic at hand4#ddj #ddj ,it is certain that lutidine would be a valuable antidote for strychnine4 ,c4 ,g4 ,williams found that lutidine injected into frogs already under the influence of strychnine1 arrested the convulsions1 or if given first1 and then followed by a fatal dose of strychnine1 it prevented the appearance of the tetanus4 7,see ante1 p4 #bgf1 footnote47 #cig4 ,separation of ,strychnine from ,organic ,matters4--,the separation of strychnine from organic matters1 c41 is undertaken strictly on the general principles already detailed4 ,it may happen1 however1 that in cases of poisoning there is the strongest evidence from symptoms in the person or animal that strychnine alone is to be sought for4 ,in an instance of the kind1 if a complex organic liquid 7such as the contents of the stomach7 is under examination1 it is best to remove the solid substances by filtration through glass1 wool1 or linen1 and evaporate nearly to dryness over the water-bath1 acidifying with acetic acid1 and then exhausting the residue repeatedly with boiling alcohol of #hj per cent4 ,the alcoholic extract is in its turn evaporated to dryness1 and taken up with water2 the aqueous solution is passed through a wet filter1 and then shaken up with the usual succession of fluids1 viz41 petroleum ether1 benzene1 chloroform1 and amyl alcohol1 which will remove a great number of impurities1 but will not dissolve the strychnine from the acid solution4 ,the amyl alcohol may lastly be removed by petroleum ether2 and on removal of the final extractive 7which should be done as thoroughly as possible7 chloroform is added1 and the fluid is alkalised by ammonia1 which precipitates the alkaloid in the presence of the solvent4 ,should the reverse process be employed--that is1 ammonia added first1 and then chloroform--the strychnine is not so perfectly dissolved1 since it has time to assume a crystalline condition4 ,on separation and evaporation of the chloroform1 the residue 7if much discoloured1 or evidently impure7 may be dissolved in alcohol or benzene1 and recrystallised several times4 ,cushman has published an improved method of separating strychnine1 which1 according to test experiments1 appears to give good results4 ,he describes the method as follows3#dda-- #dda 8,the post-mortem ,detection and ,estimation of ,strychnine10 by ,allerton ,s4 ,cushman--,chem4 ,news1 vol4 lxx4 #bh4 8,the stomach contents or viscera properly comminuted are weighed1 and an aliquot part taken for analysis4 ,the mass is digested in a beaker over night1 at a warm temperature1 with water acidulated with acetic acid4 ,the contents of the beaker are filtered by pressing through muslin1 and then passing through paper4 ,the clear filtrate is evaporated on the water-bath to soft dryness1 an excess of ordinary #hj per cent4 alcohol added1 and boiled ten minutes with stirring1 and allowed to stand one half hour at a warm temperature4 ,this extraction is repeated1 the alcohol extracts united1 filtered1 evaporated to soft dryness1 and the residue taken up with a little water acidulated with acetic acid1 and shaken out with pure acetic ether in a separating funnel4 ,successive fresh portions of acetic ether are used until the solvent shows by its colour1 and by the evaporation of a few drops1 that it does not contain extractive matter4 ,as many as twelve extractions are sometimes necessary to accomplish this4 ,care should be taken in each case to allow time for as complete separation as possible between the two layers4 ,the purified acid aqueous liquid1 which need not exceed in bulk #ej c4c41 is now returned to the separator1 an equal quantity of fresh acetic ether added1 and enough sodic carbonate in solution to render the mixture slightly alkaline1 and the separator is then thoroughly shaken for several minutes4 ,all the alkaloid should now be in solution in the acetic ether1 but a second shaking of the alkaline liquid1 with acetic ether1 is always made1 the two extracts united1 and evaporated in a glass dish over hot water to dryness4 ,it will now be found that the residue shows the alkaloid fairly pure1 but not pure enough for quantitative results4 ,the residue is dissolved in a few drops of dilute acetic acid1 warmed to complete solution1 filtered if necessary1 diluted to about #cj c4c41 and the solution transferred to a small separating funnel2 #cj c4c4 of ether-chloroform 7#a-a7 are now added1 and the separator shaken4 ,after separation the heavier ether-chloroform is allowed to run off1 another lot of #cj c4c4 of ether-chloroform is added1 the separator shaken1 and immediately enough ammonia-water added to render the mixture alkaline1 and the whole vigorously agitated for several minutes4 ,after separation is complete1 the ether-chloroform layer is run out into a clean #ej c4c4 glass-stoppered burette4 ,the alkaline water solution is agitated with #bj c4c4 more of the ether-chloroform1 separated1 and this extract added to that in the burette4 ,the burette is now supported over a small weighed glass dish1 which is kept warm on a water-bath1 and the liquid allowed to evaporate gently1 drop by drop1 until a sufficient quantity of the pure alkaloid has collected in the centre of the dish to render an accurate weighing possible1 or else all of the alkaloid may be collected and weighed at once4 ,after all possible tests have been made upon the weighed alkaloid1 the remainder is re-dissolved in a drop or two of acetic acid1 a little water added1 and the dish exposed under a bell-glass to the fumes of ammonia4 ,after standing some time all the strychnine is found crystallised out in the beautiful characteristic needle-formed crystals4 ,the mother-liquor is drawn off with a small fine-pointed tube and rubber bulb1 the crystals carefully washed with a little water and dried over sulphuric acid4 ,the glass dish containing these crystals is kept as the final exhibit1 and is shown in evidence4 ,another convenient exhibit may be prepared by moistening a small filter-paper with a solution of the alkaloid in dilute acetic acid1 then moistening with a solution of potassium dichromate3 this paper1 on being dried1 may be kept indefinitely4 ,on moistening it1 and touching it at any time with a drop of strong sulphuric acid1 a violet film1 changing to cherry-red1 is formed at the place of contact40 ,should search be made for minute portions of strychnine in the tissues1 considering the small amount of the poison which may produce death1 it is absolutely necessary to operate on a very large quantity of material4 ,it would be advisable to take the whole of the liver1 the brain1 spinal cord1 spleen1 stomach1 duodenum1 kidneys1 all the blood that can be obtained1 and a considerable quantity of muscular tissue1 so as to make in all about one-eighth to one-tenth of the whole body2 this may be cut up into small pieces1 and boiled in capacious flasks with alcohol1 acidified with acetic acid4 ,evaporation must be controlled by adapting to the cork an upright condenser4 ,should the analyst not have apparatus of a size to undertake this at one operation1 it may be done in separate portions--the filtrate from any single operation being collected in a flask1 and the spirit distilled off in order to be used for the next4 ,in this way1 a large quantity of the organs and tissues can be exhausted by half a gallon of alcohol4 ,finally1 most of the alcohol is distilled off1 and the remainder evaporated at a gentle heat in a capacious dish1 the final extract being treated1 evaporating to a syrup1 and using ,cushman's process 7ante1 p4 #ccd7 as just described4 ,it is only by working on this large scale that there is any probability of detecting absorbed strychnine in those cases where only one or two grains have destroyed life1 and even then it is possible to miss the poison4 ,strychnine is separated by the kidneys rapidly4 ,in a suicidal case recorded by ,schauenstein1#ddb death took place in an hour and a half after taking strychnine1 yet from #bjj c4c4 of the urine1 ,schauenstein was able to separate nitrate of strychnine in well-formed crystals4 ,dr4 ,kratter#ddc has made some special researches on the times within which strychnine is excreted by the kidneys4 ,in two patients1 who were being treated by subcutaneous injection1 half an hour after the injection of #ge mgrms4 of strychnine nitrate the alkaloid was recognised in the urine4 ,the strychnine treatment was continued for eight to ten days1 and then stopped2 two days after the cessation1 strychnine was found in the urine1 but none on the third day1 and the inference drawn is that the elimination was complete within forty-eight hours4 #ddb ,maschka's ,handbuch1 ,band #b1 p4 #fbj4 #ddc ,ibid4 ,strychnine has been detected in the blood of dogs and cats in researches specially undertaken for that purpose1 but sometimes a negative result has been obtained1 without apparent cause4 ,dragendorff#ddd gave dogs the largest possible dose of strychnine daily4 ,on the first few days no strychnine was found in the urine1 but later it was detected1 especially if food was withheld4 ,m',adam was the first who detected the absorbed poison1 recognising it in the muscles and urine of a poisoned horse1 and also in the urine of a hound4 ,dragendorff has found it in traces in the kidneys1 spleen1 and pancreas2 ,gay1 in different parts of the central nervous system1 and in the saliva4 ,so far as the evidence goes1 the liver is the best organ to examine for strychnine2 but all parts supplied with blood1 and most secretions1 may contain small quantities of the alkaloid4 ,at one time it was believed that strychnine might be destroyed by putrefaction1 but the question of the decomposition of the poison in putrid bodies may be said to be settled4 ,so far as all evidence goes1 strychnine is an extremely stable substance1 and no amount of putrescence will destroy it4 ,m',adam found it in a horse a month after death1 and in a duck eight weeks after2 ,nunneley in #ae animals forty-three days after death1 when the bodies were much decomposed2 ,roger in a body after five weeks' interment2 ,richter in putrid tissues exposed for eleven years to decomposition in open vessels2 and1 lastly1 ,w4 ,a4 ,noyes#dde in an exhumed body after it had been buried #cjh days4 #ddd ,in an animal rapidly killed by a subcutaneous injection of acetate of strychnine1 no strychnine was detected either in the blood or liver4--,dragendorff4 #dde ,journ4 ,americ4 ,chem4 ,soc41 xvi4 #b4 ,it would appear from ,ibsen's#ddf experiments that strychnine gets dissolved in the fluids of the dead body--so that whether strychnine remains or not1 greatly depends as to whether the fluids are retained or are allowed to soak away2 it is1 therefore1 most important in exhumations to save as much of the fluid as possible4 #ddf ,viertel4 f4 gericht4 ,med41 ,bd4 viii4 #cih4 ,identification of the ,alkaloid4--,a residue containing strychnine1 or strychnine mixed with brucine1 is identified-- 7#a47 ,by its alkaline reaction and its bitter taste4 ,no substance can possibly be strychnine unless it tastes remarkably bitter4 7#b47 ,by the extremely insoluble chromate of strychnine1 already described4#ddg ,a fluid containing #a 3 #ajjj of strychnine gives with chromate of potash 7if allowed to stand over-night7 a marked precipitate1 dissimilar to all others1 except those of lead and baryta chromates1 neither of which can possibly occur if any of the processes described are followed4 #ddg #a grm4 of strychnine gave #abhj grms4 of the chromate1 #gha per cent4 of strychnine2 #c gave #chaa of the chromate1 #ghgg per cent4 of strychnine4--,mohr4 7#c47 ,if the chromate just described is treated on a porcelain plate with a drop of pure strong sulphuric acid1 a deep rich blue colour1 passing through purple into red1 rapidly makes its appearance4 ,this colour possesses an absorption spectrum 7figured at p4 #ee74 ,dr4 ,guy1 neglecting intermediate colours1 aptly compares the succession--7#a7 to the rich blue of the ,orleans plum2 7#b7 to the darker purple of the mulberry2 and 7#c7 to the bright clear red of the sweet orange4 ,these characters--viz41 alkalinity1 bitterness1 and the property of precipitation by potassic chromate in a definite crystalline form1 the crystals giving the colours detailed--belong to no other substance known save strychnine1 and for all purposes sufficiently identify the alkaloid4 ,the same colour is obtained by mixing a drop of sulphuric acid with strychnine and a crystal1 or speck1 of any one of the following substances3--,ferridcyanide of potash1 permanganate of potash1 peroxide of lead1 peroxide of manganese1 and cerous hydroxide4 ,potassic permanganate and sulphuric acid is the most delicate1 and will detect #jjja mgrm4 of strychnine2 cerous hydroxide is1 on the other hand1 most convenient1 for cerous hydroxide is white2 all the others have colours of their own4 ,cerous hydroxide is prepared strychnine2 #c gave #chaa of the chromate1 #ghgg per cent4 of strychnine4--,mohr4 by dissolving cerium oxalate in dilute sulphuric acid and precipitating with ammonia1 filtering and well washing the precipitate2 and the latter may be used while moist1 and responds well to #a_/ajj mgrm4 of strychnine4 ,the influence of mixtures on the colour reactions of strychnine have been studied by ,flckiger1 who states3-- 8,no strychnine reaction appears with sulphuric acid containing chromic acid 7made by dissolving #jjb grm4 of pot4 bichromate in #aj c4c4 of water1 and then adding #cj grms4 strong sulphuric acid7 when brucine and strychnine mixed in equal parts are submitted to the test2 it succeeds1 however1 in this proportion with sulphuric acid containing potassium permanganate 7#jb grm4 pot4 permanganate in #aj c4c4 of water1 and #cj grms4 of strong sulphuric acid74 8,if the brucine is only one-tenth of the mixture1 the blue-violet colour is obtained4 ,a large excess of atropine does not prevent or obscure the strychnine reaction4 ,a solution of #a milligrm4 atropine sulphate evaporated to dryness1 together with #e c4c4 of a solution of strychnine 7#a 3 #ajj1jjj7 has no influence on the reaction1 neither in the proportion of #a mgrm4 to #a c4c4 of the same solution2 neither has cinchonine nor quinine any effect4 8,morphine obscures the reaction in the following proportions3-- 8,a solution of #jja mgrm4 strychnine evaporated with a solution of #a mgrm4 of morphine sulphate on a water-bath1 yields a blurred strychnine reaction when the residue is dissolved in sulphuric acid1 and a crystal of potassic permanganate added4 ,but still there is evidence whereby to suspect the presence of strychnine4 8,a solution of #b mgrms4 of morphine sulphate treated in like manner with #jja mgrm4 of strychnine yields like results4 8,a solution of #c mgrms4 of morphine sulphate evaporated to dryness1 with a solution of #jja mgrm4 strychnine yielded results with the potassic permanganate test the same as if no strychnine was present4 8,a solution of #a mgrm4 of morphine sulphate1 treated as above1 with a solution of #ja mgrm4 strychnine1 offered positive proof of the presence of the latter40#ddh #ddh ,flckiger's ,reactions1 translated by ,nagelvoort1 ,detroit1 #ahic4 ,dragendorff was able to render evident #jbe mgrm4 mixed with twenty times its weight of quin4 sulphate2 the same observer likewise recognised #jd mgrm4 of strychnine in thirty-three times its weight of caffeine4 ,veratrine is likewise not injurious4 ,the physiological test consists in administering the substance to some small animal 7preferably to a frog71 and inducing the ordinary tetanic symptoms4 ,it may be at once observed that if definite chemical evidence of strychnine has been obtained1 the physiological test is quite unnecessary2 and1 on the other hand1 should the application of a liquid or substance to a frog induce tetanus1 while chemical evidence of the presence of strychnine was wanting1 it would be hazardous to assert that strychnine was present1 seeing that caffeine1 carbolic acid1 picrotoxin1 certain of the opium alkaloids1 hypaphorine1 some of the ptomaines1 and many other substances induce similar symptoms4 ,the best method 7if the test is used at all7 is to take two frogs1#ddi and insert under the skin of the one the needle of a subcutaneous syringe1 previously charged with a solution of the substance1 injecting a moderate quantity4 ,the other frog is treated similarly with a very dilute solution of strychnine1 and the two are then placed under small glass shades1 and the symptoms observed and compared4 ,it is not absolutely necessary to inject the solution under the skin1 for if applied to the surface the same effects are produced2 but1 if accustomed to manipulation1 the operator will find the subcutaneous application more certain1 especially in dealing with minute quantities of the alkaloid4#dej #ddi ,a very practical disadvantage of the physiological test is the great difficulty of obtaining frogs exactly when wanted4 #dej ,methyl strychnine1 as well as methyl brucine1 has been shown by ,brown and ,fraser to have an effect exactly the opposite to that of strychnine1 paralysing the muscles like curare4 ,in the case1 therefore1 of the methyl compounds1 a physiological test would be very valuable1 since these compounds do not respond to the ordinary tests4 #cii4 ,hypaphorine4--,one substance is known which neither physiological test nor the colour reactions suffice to distinguish from strychnine1 viz41 hypaphorine1#dea the active matter of a papilionaceous tree growing in ,java--the ,hypaphorus subumbrans2 a small quantity of the alkaloid is in the bark1 a larger quantity is in the seed4 #dea ,dr4 ,c4 ,plugge1 ,arch4 f4 exp4 ,path4 u4 ,ph41 ,bd4 xxxii4 #cac4 ,hypaphorine forms colourless crystals which brown1 without melting1 above #bbj1 and exhale a vapour smelling like napththylamine4 ,the free alkaloid is soluble in water1 but has no action on litmus4 ,the salts are less soluble than the free alkaloid1 so that acids1 such as nitric or hydrochloric1 produce in a short time precipitates on standing4 ,solutions of the salts are not precipitated by alkalies2 chloroform1 ether1 benzene1 all fail to extract it from either alkaline or acid solutions4 ,it gives no precipitate with potassic chromate1 but most general alkaloidal reagents precipitate4 ,it gives a precipitate with iodine trichloride1 and has therefore probably a pyridine nucleus1 it may be an acid anilide4#deb ,it gives the same colours as strychnine with sulphuric acid and potassic permanganate or potassic chromate2 it causes in frogs tetanus1 but the dose has to be much larger than that of strychnine4 ,the duration of life in doses of #ae mgrms4 may extend to five days1 and frogs may even recover after #ej mgrms4 #deb ,julius ,tafel 7,ber41 #ahij1 #dab7 has shown that the colour reactions with ,h,,so and oxidising agents are the characteristic tests of an acid anilide4 ,the distinction between strychnine and hypaphorine is therefore easy2 besides it will not occur in a chloroform extract1 and it will not give a precipitate with potassic chromate4 #djj4 ,quantitative ,estimation of ,strychnine4--,the best process of estimating the proportion of each alkaloid in a mixture of strychnine and brucine1 is to precipitate them as picrates1 and to destroy the brucine picrate by nitric acid after obtaining the combined weight of the mixed picrates2 then to weigh the undestroyed strychnine picrate4 ,to carry out the process1 the solution of the mixed alkaloids must be as neutral as possible4 ,a saturated solution of picric acid is added drop by drop to complete precipitation4 ,a filter paper is dried and weighed1 and the precipitate collected on to this filter paper2 the precipitate is washed with cold water1 dried at #aje1 and weighed4 ,this weight gives the combined weight of both strychnine and brucine picrates4 ,the precipitate is now detached from the filter1 washed into a small flask1 and heated on the water-bath for some time with nitric acid diluted to #ajef gravity 7about #aa per cent4 ,,hno74 ,this process destroys the brucine picrate1 but leaves the strychnine picrate untouched4 ,the acid liquid is now neutralised with ammonia or soda1 and a trace of acetic acid added2 the precipitate of strychnine picrate is now collected and weighed4 ,the weight of this subtracted from the first weight1 of course1 gives that of the brucine picrate4 ,one part of strychnine picrate is equal to #jeicb strychnine2 and one part of brucine picrate is equal to #jfcbd brucine4 ,from the strychnine picrate the picric acid may be recovered and weighed by dissolving the picrate in a mineral acid and shaking out with ether2 from the acid liquid thus deprived of picric acid the alkaloid may be separated by alkalising with ammonia and shaking out with chloroform4 #dja4 ,brucine 7,c,h,n,o #d;,h,o7#dec occurs associated with strychnine in the plants already mentioned2 its best source is the so-called false angustura bark1 which contains but little strychnine4 ,its action is similar to that of strychnine4 ,if crystallised out of dilute alcohol it contains #d atoms of water1 easily expelled either in a vacuum over sulphuric acid or by heat4 ,crystallised thus1 it forms transparent four-sided prisms1 or arborescent forms1 like boric acid4 ,if thrown down by ammonia from a solution of the acetate1 it presents itself in needles or in tufts4 #dec ,sonnenschein has asserted that brucine may be changed into strychnine by the action of ,,no4 ,this statement has been investigated by ,a4 ,j4 ,cownley1 but not confirmed4--,pharm4 ,journ4 7#c71 vi4 p4 #hda4 ,the recently-crystallised alkaloid has a solubility different from that which has effloresced1 the former dissolving in #cbj parts of cold1 and #aej parts of boiling water2 whilst the latter 7according to ,pelletier and ,caventou7 requires #ejj of boiling1 and #hej parts of cold water for solution4 ,brucine is easily soluble in absolute1 as well as in ordinary alcohol2 #a part dissolves in #ag of chloroform1 in #fjb of benzene4 ,petroleum ether1 the volatile and fatty oils and glycerine1 dissolve the alkaloid slightly1 amyl alcohol freely2 it is insoluble in anhydrous ether4 ,the behaviour of brucine in the subliming cell is described at p4 #bfj4 ,anhydrous brucine melts in a tube at #agh4 ,the alcoholic solution of brucine turns the plane of polarisation to the left r -#aabg4 ,the taste is bitter and acrid4 ,soubeiran maintains that it can be recognised if #a part is dissolved in #ejj1jjj parts of water4 ,if nitric trioxide be passed into an alcoholic solution of brucine1 first brucine nitrate is formed2 but this passes again into solution1 from which1 after a time1 a heavy1 granular1 blood-red precipitate separates3 it consists of dinitro-brucine 7,c,h7,,no7,n,o74 ,brucine fully neutralises acids1 and forms salts1 which are for the most part crystalline4 ,the neutral sulphate 7,c,h,n,o,,sh,o #c;,h,o7 is in long needles1 easily soluble in water4 ,the acetate is not crystalline1 that of strychnine is so 7p4 #cba74 ,brucine is precipitated by ammonia1 by the caustic and carbonated alkalies1 and by most of the group reagents4 ,ammonia does not precipitate brucine1 if in excess2 on the other hand1 strychnine comes down if excess of ammonia is added immediately4 ,this has been proposed as a method of separation2 if the two alkaloids are present in acid solution1 ammonia in excess is added1 and the solution is immediately filtered2 the quantitative results are1 however1 not good1 the strychnine precipitate being invariably contaminated by brucine4 ,chromate and dichromate of potassium give no precipitate with neutral salts of brucine2 on the other hand1 strychnine chromate is at once formed if present4 ,it might1 therefore1 be used to separate strychnine from brucine4 ,the author has attempted this method1 but the results were not satisfactory4 #djb4 ,physiological ,action4--,the difference between the action of strychnine and that of brucine on man or animals is not great4 ,mays states that strychnine affects more the anterior1 brucine the posterior extremities4 ,in strychnine poisoning1 convulsions occur early1 and invariably take place before death2 but death may occur from brucine without any convulsions1 and in any case they develop late4 ,brucine diminishes local sensibility when applied to the skin2 strychnine does not4#ded ,in a physiological sense1 brucine may be considered a diluted strychnine4 ,the lethality of brucine1 especially as compared with strychnine1 has been investigated by ,f4 ,a4 ,falck4#dee ,he experimented on #aa rabbits1 injecting subcutaneously brucine nitrate1 in doses of varying magnitude1 from #ajj mgrms4 down to #bj mgrms4 per kilogram of body-weight4 ,he found that brucine presented three stages of symptoms4 ,in the first1 the respiration is quickened2 in #c of the #aa cases a strange injection of the ear was noticed2 during this period the pupils may be dilated4 ,in the second stage1 there are tetanic convulsions1 trismus1 opisthotonus1 oppressed respiration1 and dilated pupils4 ,in the third stage1 the animal is moribund4 ,falck puts the minimum lethal dose for rabbits at #bc mgrms4 per kilo4 ,strychnine kills #cjf times more quickly than brucine1 the intensity of the action of strychnine relative to that of brucine being as #a 3 #aagd4 ,falck has also compared the minimum lethal dose of strychnine and brucine with the tetanising opium alkaloids1 as shown in the following table3-- #ded ,journ4 ,physiol41 viii4 #cia-djc4 #dee ,brucin u4 ,strychnin2 eine toxikologische ,parallele1 von ,dr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,falck4 ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 gerichtl4 ,med41 ,band xxiii4 p4 #gh4 ,,table ,,showing ,,the ,,lethal ,,doses ,,of ,,various ,,tetanising ,,poisons4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,minimum ,lethal ,dose for every ,proportional ,kilogram ,weight ,strength4 of ,rabbit4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,mgrms4 ,strychnine nitrate1 #jf 444 ,thebaine nitrate1 #add #bdj ,brucine nitrate1 #bcj #chcc ,landanine nitrate1 #bif #dicc ,codeine nitrate1 #eab #hecc ,hydrocotarnine nitrate1 #bjch #cciff ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,if these views are correct1 it follows that the least fatal dose for an adult man would be #afd grm4 7about #bdf grains7 of brucine nitrate4 ,illustration3 ,brucine ,crystals4 7,from a ,photograph47 #djc4 ,tests4--,if to a solution of brucine in strong alcohol a little methyl iodide is added1 at the end of a few minutes circular rosettes of crystal groups appear 7see fig473 they are composed of methyl brucine iodide 7,c,h7,,ch7,n,o,,hi74 ,crystals identical in shape are also obtained if an alcoholic solution of iodine1 or hydriodic acid with iodine1 is added to an alcoholic solution of brucine4 ,a solution of strychnine gives with methyl iodide no similar reaction4 ,strychnine in alcoholic solution1 mixed with1 brucine in no way interferes with the test4 ,the methyl iodide test may be confirmed by the action of nitric acid4 ,with that reagent it produces a scarlet colour1 passing into blood-red1 into yellow-red1 and finally ending in yellow4 ,this can be made something more than a mere colour test1 for it is possible to obtain a crystalline body from the action of nitric acid on brucine4 ,if a little of the latter be put in a test-tube1 and treated with nitric acid of #ad specific gravity 7immersing the test-tube in cold water to moderate the action71 the red colour is produced4 ,on spectroscopic examination of the blood-red liquid a broad1 well-marked absorption band is seen1 the centre of which 7see page #ee7 is between ,e4 ,f4 ,w4 ,l4 about #ejj4 ,there is also a development of nitric oxide and carbon dioxide1 and the formation of methyl nitrite1 oxalic acid1 and kakotelin 7,c,h,n,o #e,,nho ,c,h,n,o ,n7,,ch7,o ,c,h,o #b,,no #b;,h,o74 ,on diluting abundantly with water1 the kakotelin separates in yellow flocks1 and may be crystallised out of dilute hydrochloric or dilute nitric acid in the form of yellow or orange-red crystals1 very insoluble in water1 but dissolving readily in dilute acid4 ,on removal by dilution of the product just named1 neutralisation with ammonia1 and addition of a solution of chloride of calcium1 the oxalate of lime is thrown down4 ,the nitric acid test is1 therefore1 a combined test1 consisting of--the production by the action of nitric acid 7#a7 of a red colour2 7#b7 of yellow scales or crystals insoluble in water2 7#c7 of oxalic acid4 ,no alkaloid save brucine is known to give this reaction4 ,there are other methods of producing the colour test4 ,if a few drops of nitric acid are mixed with the substance in a test-tube1 and then sulphuric acid cautiously added1 so as to form a layer at the bottom1 at the junction of the liquids a red zone1 passing into yellow1 is seen4 ,a solution of brucine is also coloured red by chlorine gas1 ammonia changing the colour into yellow4 ,flckiger#def has proposed as a test mercurous nitrate1 in aqueous solution with a little free nitric acid4 ,on adding this reagent to a solution of brucine salt1 and gently warming1 a fine carmine colour is developed4 #def ,archiv f4 ,pharm4 7#c71 vi4 #djd4 ,in regard to the separation of brucine from organic fluids or tissues1 the process already detailed for strychnine suffices4 ,it is of very great importance to ascertain whether both strychnine and brucine are present or not--the presence of both pointing to nux vomica or one of its preparations4 ,the presence of brucine may1 of course1 be owing to impure strychnine2 but if found in the tissues1 that solution of the question is improbable1 the commercial strychnine of the present day being usually pure1 or at the most containing so small a quantity of brucine as would hardly be separated from the tissues4 #djd4 ,igasurine is an alkaloid as yet but little studied2 it appears that it can be obtained from the boiling-hot watery extract of nux vomica seeds1 through precipitating the strychnine and brucine by lime1 and evaporation of the filtrate4 ,according to ,desnoix1#deg it forms white crystals containing #aj per cent4 of water of crystallisation4 #deg ,journ4 ,pharm4 7#c71 xxv4 #bjb4 ,it is said to be poisonous1 its action being similar to that of strychnine and brucine1 and in activity standing midway between the two4 #dje4 ,strychnic ,acid4--,pelletier and ,caventou obtained by boiling with spirit small1 hard1 warty crystals of an organic acid1 from ,s4 ignatius1 as well as from nux vomica seeds4 ,the seeds were first exhausted by ether1 the alcohol solution was filtered and evaporated1 and the extract treated with water and magnesia1 filtered1 and the residue first washed with cold water1 then with hot spirit1 and boiled lastly with a considerable quantity of water4 ,the solution thus obtained was precipitated with acetate of lead1 the lead thrown out by ,,sh1 and the solution evaporated1 the acid crystallising out4 ,it is a substance as yet imperfectly studied1 and probably identical with malic acid4 #b4 ,,the ,,quebracho ,,group ,,of ,,alkaloids4 #djf4 ,the bark of the ,quebracho ,blanco#deh 7,aspidosperma quebracho7 contains1 according to ,hesse's researches1 no fewer than six alkaloids--,quebrachine1 ,aspidospermine1 ,aspidospermatine1 ,aspidosamine1 and ,hypoquebrachine4 ,the more important of these are ,aspidospermine and ,quebrachine4 #deh ,see ,liebig's ,annal41 #baa1 #bdi-bhb2 ,ber4 der deutsch4 ,chem4 ,gesellsch41 #aa1 #bahi2 #ab1 #aefj4 ,aspidospermine 7,c,h,n,o7 forms colourless needles which melt at #bjf4 ,they dissolve in about #fjjj parts of water at #ad--dh parts of #ij per cent4 alcohol1 and #ajf parts of pure ether4 ,the alkaloid gives a fine magenta colour with perchloric acid4 ,quebrachine 7,c,h,n,o7 crystallises in colourless needles1 melting-point 7with partial decomposition7 #bae4 ,the crystals are soluble in chloroform1 with difficulty soluble in cold alcohol1 but easily in hot4 ,the alkaloid1 treated with sulphuric acid1 and peroxide of lead1 strikes a beautiful blue colour4 ,it also gives with sulphuric acid and potassic chromate the strychnine colours4 ,quebrachine1 dissolved in sulphuric acid containing iron1 becomes violet-blue1 passing into brown4 ,the alkaloid1 treated with strong sulphuric acid1 becomes brown2 on adding a crystal of potassic nitrate1 a blue colour is developed2 on now neutralising with caustic soda no red coloration is perceived4 ,dragendorff has recently studied the best method of extracting these alkaloids for toxicological purposes4 ,he recommends extraction of the substances with sulphuric acid holding water1 and shaking up with solvents4 ,aspidospermine is not extracted by petroleum ether or benzene from an acid watery extract1 but readily by chloroform or by amyl alcohol4 ,it is also separated from the same solution1 alkalised by ammonia1 by either amyl alcohol or chloroform2 with difficulty by petroleum ether2 some is dissolved by benzene4 ,quebrachine may be extracted from an acid solution by chloroform1 but not by petroleum ether4 ,alkalised by ammonia1 it dissolves freely in chloroform and in amyl alcohol4 ,traces are taken up by petroleum1 somewhat more by benzene4 ,aspidospermine is gradually decomposed in the body1 but ,quebrachine is more resistant1 and has been found in the stomach1 intestines1 blood1 and urine4 ,the toxicological action of the bark ranks it with the tetanic class of poisons4 ,in this country it does not seem likely to attain any importance as a poison4 #c4 ,,pereirine4 #djg4 ,pereirine--an alkaloid from pereira bark--gives a play of colours with sulphuric acid and potassic bichromate similar to but not identical with that of strychnine4 ,frhde's reagent strikes with it a blue colour4 ,on dissolving pereirine in dilute sulphuric acid1 and precipitating by gold chloride1 the precipitate is a beautiful red1 which1 on standing and warming1 is deepened4 ,pereirine may be extracted from an acid solution1 after alkalising with ammonia1 by ether or benzene4 #d4 ,,gelsemine4 #djh4 ,gelsemine 7,c,h,n,o7 is an alkaloid#dei which has been separated from ,gelsemium sempervirens1 the ,carolina jessamine1 a plant having affinities with several natural orders1 and placed by ,de ,candolle among the ,loganiace1 by ,chapman among the ,rubiace and by ,decaisne among the ,apocynace4 ,it grows wild in ,virginia and ,florida4#dfj ,gelsemine is a strong base2 it is yellowish when impure1 but a white amorphous powder when pure4 ,it fuses below #ajj into a transparent vitreous mass1 at higher temperatures it condenses on glass in minute drops2 its taste is extremely bitter2 it is soluble in #be parts of ether1 in chloroform1 bisulphide of carbon1 benzene1 and in turpentine2 it is not very soluble in alcohol1 and still less soluble in water1 but it freely dissolves in acidulated water4 ,the caustic alkalies precipitate it1 the precipitate being insoluble in excess2 it is first white1 but afterwards brick-red4 ,tannin1 picric acid1 iodised potassic iodide1 platinic chloride1 potassio-mercuric iodide1 and mercuric chloride all give precipitates4 ,frhde's reagent gives with gelsemine a brown changing to green4 #dei ,dr4 ,t4 ,g4 ,wormley separated1 in #ahgj1 a non-nitrogenised remarkably fluorescent body1 which he named gelsemic acid 7,amer4 ,journ4 of ,pharm41 #ahgj71 but ,sonnenschein and ,c4 ,robbins afterwards found gelsemic acid to be identical with sculin 7,ber4 der deutsch4 ,chem4 ,ges41 #ahgf1 #aahb74 ,dr4 ,wormley has1 however1 contested this1 stating that there are differences4 7,amer4 ,journ4 of ,pharm41 #ahhb1 p4 #ccg4 ,yearbook of ,pharmacy1 #ahhb1 p4 #afi47 #dfj ,the following are its botanical characters3--,calyx five-parted1 corolla funnel-shaped1 five-lobed1 somewhat oblique1 the lobes almost equal1 the posterior being innermost in bud2 stamens five2 anthers oblong sagittate1 style long and slender2 stigmas two1 each two-parted1 the divisions being linear2 fruit elliptical1 flattened contrary to the narrow partition1 two-celled1 septicidally two-valved1 the valves keeled2 seeds five to six in each cell1 large1 flat1 and winged2 embryo straight in fleshy albumen2 the ovate flat1 cotyledons much shorter than the slender radicle2 stem smooth1 twining and shrubby2 leaves opposite1 entire1 ovate1 or lanceolate1 shining on short petioles1 nearly persistent2 flowers large1 showy1 very fragrant1 yellow1 one to five in the axil of the leaves4 ,sulphuric acid dissolves gelsemine with a reddish or brownish colour2 after a time it assumes a pinkish hue1 and if warmed on the water-bath1 a more or less purple colour2 if a small crystal of potassic bichromate be slowly stirred in the sulphuric acid solution1 reddish purple streaks are produced along the path of the crystal2 ceric oxide exhibits this better and more promptly1 so small a quantity as #jja grain showing the reaction4 ,this reaction is something like that of strychnine1 but nitric acid causes gelsemine to assume a brownish-green1 quickly changing to a deep green--a reaction which readily distinguishes gelsemine from strychnine and other alkaloids4 #dji4 ,fatal ,dose4--#aj mgrms4 killed a frog within four hours1 and #h mgrms4 a cat within fifteen minutes4 ,a healthy woman took an amount of concentrated tincture1 which was equivalent to #aa mgrms4 7 grain71 and died in seven and a half hours4 #daj4 ,effects on ,animals--,physiological ,action4--,gelsemine acts powerfully on the respiration2 for example1 ,drs4 ,sydney ,ringer and ,murrell#dfa found1 on operating on the frog1 that in two minutes the breathing had become distinctly slower2 in three and a half minutes1 it had been reduced by one-third2 and in six minutes1 by one-half2 at the expiration of a quarter of an hour1 it was only one-third of its original frequency2 and in twenty minutes1 it was so shallow and irregular that it could no longer be counted with accuracy4 ,in all their experiments they found that the respiratory function was abolished before reflex and voluntary motion had become extinct4 ,in several instances the animals could withdraw their legs when their toes were pinched1 days after the most careful observations had failed to detect the existence of any respiratory movement4 ,the heart was seen beating through the chest wall long after the complete abolition of respiration4 #dfa ,lancet1 vol4 i41 #ahgf1 p4 #dae4 ,in their experiments on warm-blooded animals 7cats71 they noticed that in a few minutes the respirations were slowed down to #ab and even to #h1 and there was loss of power of the posterior extremities1 while at short intervals the upper half of the body was convulsed4 ,in about half an hour paralysis of the hind limbs was almost complete1 and the respiratory movements so shallow that they could not be counted4 ,in the case of a dog1 after all respiration had ceased tracheotomy was performed1 and air pumped in3 the animal recovered4 ,ringer and ,murrell consider that gelsemine produces no primary quickening of the respiration1 that it has no direct action on either the diaphragm or intercostal muscles1 that it paralyses neither the phrenic nor the intercostal nerves1 and that it diminishes the rate of respiration after both vagi have been divided4 ,they do not consider that gelsemine acts on the cord through ,setschenow's inhibitory centre1 but that it destroys reflex power by its direct action on the cord1 and that probably it has no influence on the motor nerves4 ,dr4 ,burdon ,sanderson has also investigated the action of gelsemine on the respiration1 more especially in relation to the movements of the diaphragm4 ,he operated upon rabbits2 the animal being narcotised by chloral1 a small spatula1 shaped like a teaspoon1 was introduced into the peritoneal cavity through an opening in the linea alba1 and passed upwards in front of the liver until its convex surface rested against the under side of the centrum tendineum4 ,the stem of the spatula was brought into connection with a lever1 by means of which its to-and-fro movements 7and consequently that of the diaphragm7 were inscribed4 ,the first effect is to augment the depth but not the frequency of the respiratory movements2 the next is to diminish the action of the diaphragm both in extent and frequency4 ,this happens in accordance with the general principle applicable to most cases of toxic action--viz41 that paresis of a central organ is preceded by over-action4 ,the diminution of movement upon the whole is progressive1 but this progression is interrupted1 because the blood is becoming more and more venous1 and1 therefore1 the phenomena of asphyxia are mixed up with the toxical effects4 ,dr4 ,sanderson concludes that the drug acts by paralysing the automatic respiratory centre2 the process of extinction1 which might be otherwise expected to be gradual and progressive1 is prevented from being so by the intervention of disturbances of which the explanation is to be found in the imperfect arterialisation of the circulating blood4 ,ringer and ,murrell have also experimented upon the action of gelsemine on the frog's heart4 ,in all cases it decreased the number of beats2 a small fatal dose produced a white contracted heart1 a large fatal dose1 a dark dilated heart2 in either case arrest of the circulation of course followed4 #daa4 ,effects on ,man4--,the preparations used in medicine are the fluid extract and the tincture of gelsemine2 the latter appears to contain the resin of the root as well as the active principle4 ,there are several cases on record of gelsemine1 or the plant itself1 having been taken with fatal effect4#dfb ,besides a marked effect on the respiration1 there is an effect upon the eye1 better seen in man than in the lower animals2 the motor nerves of the eye are attacked first1 objects cannot be fixed1 apparently dodging their position1 the eyelids become paralysed1 droop1 and cannot be raised by an effort of the will2 the pupils are largely dilated1 and at the same time a feeling of lightness has been complained of in the tongue2 it ascends gradually to the roof of the mouth1 and the pronunciation is slurred4 ,there is some paresis of the extremities1 and they refuse to support the body2 the respiration becomes laboured1 and the pulse rises in frequency to #abj or #acj beats per minute1 but the mind remains clear4 ,the symptoms occur in about an hour and a half after taking an overdose of the drug1 and1 if not excessive1 soon disappear1 leaving no unpleasantness behind4 ,if1 on the other hand1 the case proceeds to a fatal end1 the respiratory trouble increases1 and there may be convulsions1 and a course very similar to that seen in experimenting on animals4 ,large doses are especially likely to produce tetanus1 which presents some clinical differences distinguishing it from strychnine tetanus4 ,gelsemine tetanus is always preceded by a loss of voluntary reflex power1 respiration ceases before the onset of convulsions1 the posterior extremities are most affected1 and irritation fails to excite another paroxysm till the lapse of some seconds1 as if the exhausted cord required time to renew its energy2 finally1 the convulsions only last a short time4 #dfb ,see ,lancet1 #ahgc1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dge2 ,brit4 ,med4 and ,surg4 ,journ41 ,april #ahfi2 ,phil4 ,med4 and ,surg4 ,reporter1 #ahfa4 #dab4 ,extraction from ,organic ,matters1 or the ,tissues of the ,body4--,dragendorff states that1 from as little as half a grain of the root1 both gelsemine and gelsemic acid may be extracted with acid water1 and identified4 ,on extracting with water acidified with sulphuric acid1 and shaking up the acid liquid with chloroform1 the gelsemic acid 7sculin87 is dissolved1 and the gelsemine left in the liquid4 ,the chloroform on evaporation leaves gelsemic acid in little micro-crystals2 it may be identified by 7#a7 its crystallising in little tufts of crystals2 7#b7 its strong fluorescent properties1 one part dissolved in #ae1jjj1jjj parts of water showing a marked fluorescence1 which is increased by the addition of an alkali2 and 7#c7 by splitting up into sugar and another body on boiling with a mineral acid4 ,after separation of gelsemic acid1 the gelsemine is obtained by alkalising the liquid1 and shaking up with fresh chloroform2 on separation of the chloroform1 gelsemine may be identified by means of the reaction with nitric acid1 and also the reaction with potassic bichromate and sulphuric acid4 #e4 ,,cocaine4 #dac4 ,cocaine 7,c,h,,no74--,there are two cocaines--the one rotating a ray of polarised light to the left1 the other to the right4 ,the left cocaine is contained in the leaves of ,erythroxylon coca with other alkaloids1 and is in commerce4 ,cocaine has been used most extensively in medicine since the year #ahhd--;its chief use being as a local ansthetic4 ,chemically cocaine is a derivative of ecgonin1 being ecgonin-methyl-ester4 ,it has a pyridine nucleus1 and may be written ,c,h,n7,,ch7--,h,,cho--7,,coc,h7--,,ch,, cooch1 or expressed graphically as follows3-- ,,ch _/ ,,ch _/ ,,ch ,py ,h _/ ,,ch _/,c--,,cho7,c,h,,co7--,,ch,,cooch4 _/ ,,nch ,properties4--,cocaine is in the form of four- to six-sided prisms of the monoclinic system4 ,it is one of the few alkaloids which melt under the temperature of boiling water1 the melting-point being as low as #he in water4 ,it readily furnishes a sublimate at #ajj1 partially decomposing4 ,on boiling with hydrochloric acid cocaine is decomposed into methyl alcohol1 ecgonin1 and benzoic acid1 according to the following reaction3-- ,benzoic ,methyl ,cocaine4 acid4 ,ecgonin4 ,alcohol4 ,c,h,,no #b;,h,o ,c,h,,cooh ,c,h,,no ,,ch,,oh4 ,cocaine is but little soluble in water1 but easily dissolves in ether1 alcohol1 benzene1 chloroform1 and carbon disulphide2 an aqueous solution is alkaline to methyl-orange1 but not to phenol-phthalein4 ,it can be made synthetically by the reaction of ecgonin-methyl-ester with benzoyl chloride4 #dad4 ,cocaine ,hydrochlorate 7,c,h,,no,h,cl74--,crystallised from alcohol1 cocaine hydrochlorate appears in prismatic crystals2 these crystals1 according to ,hesse1#dfc when perfectly pure1 should melt at #ahf1 although the melting-point is generally given as #bjj or even #bjb4 ,cocaine hydrochlorate is soluble in half its weight of water1 insoluble in dry ether1 but readily soluble in alcohol1 amyl alcohol1 or chloroform4 #dfc ,o4 ,hesse1 ,annalen1 #bgf1 #cdb-cdd4 #dae4 ,pharmaceutical ,preparations4--,cocaine hydrochlorate is officinal4 ,gelatine discs1 weighing #aca mgrms4 7#a_/ej grain71 and each containing #jcc mgrm4 7#a_/bjj grain7 of the salt are officinal1 and used by ophthalmic surgeons4 ,a solution of the hydrochlorate1 containing #aj per cent4 of cocaine hydrochlorate and 7for the purposes of preserving the solution7 #jae per cent4 of salicylic acid is also officinal4 ,stronger solutions may also be met with2 for instance1 a #bj per cent4 solution in oil of cloves for external application in cases of neuralgia4 #daf4 ,separation of ,cocaine and ,tests4--,cocaine may be shaken out of solutions made slightly alkaline by ammonia by treatment with benzene2 it also passes into petroleum ether under the same circumstances4 ,the best method is to extract a solution1 made feebly alkaline1 thoroughly by ether1 and then shake it out by benzene and evaporate the separated benzene at the ordinary air temperature4 ,the property of the alkaloid to melt at or below the temperature of boiling water1 and the ready decomposition into benzoic acid and other products1 render cocaine easy of identification4 ,if1 for instance1 a small particle of cocaine is put in a tube1 a drop of strong sulphuric acid added and warmed by the water-bath1 colourless crystals of benzoic acid sublime along the tube1 and an aromatic odour is produced4 ,flckiger has recommended the production of benzoate of iron as a useful test both for cocaine and for cocaine hydrochlorate4 ,one drop of a dilute solution of ferric chloride added to a solution of #bj mgrms4 of cocaine hydrochlorate in #b c4c4 of water1 gives a yellow fluid1 which becomes red on boiling from the production of iron benzoate4 ,this reaction is of little use unless a solution of the same strength of ferric chloride1 but to which the substance to be tested has not been added1 is boiled at the same time for comparison1 because all solutions of ferric chloride deepen in colour on heating4 ,a solution of the alkaloid evaporated to dryness on the water-bath1 after being acidulated with nitric acid1 and then a few drops of alcoholic solution of potash or soda added1 develops an odour of benzoic ethyl-ester4 ,cocaine hydrochlorate1 when triturated with calomel1 blackens by the slightest humidity or by moistening it with alcohol4 ,cocaine in solution is precipitated by most of the group reagents1 but is not affected by mercuric chloride1 picric acid1 nor potassic bichromate4 ,added to the tests above mentioned1 there is the physiological action2 cocaine dilates the pupil1 tastes bitter1 and1 for the time1 arrests sensation2 hence the after-effect on the tongue is a sensation of numbness4 #dag4 ,symptoms4--,a large number of accidents occur each year from the external application of cocaine2 few1 however1 end fatally4 ,cocaine has thus produced poisonous symptoms when applied to the eye1 to the rectum1 to the gums1 to the urethra1 and to various other parts4 ,there have been a few fatal cases1 both from its external and internal administration2 ,mannheim1 for example1 has collected eleven of such instances4 ,the action of cocaine is twofold2 there is an action on the central and the peripheral nervous system4 ,in small doses cocaine excites the spinal cord and the brain2 in large it may produce convulsions and then paralysis4 ,the peripheral action is seen in the numbing of sensation4 ,there is always interference with the accommodation of vision1 and dilatation of the pupil4 ,the eyelids are wider apart than normal1 and there may be some protrusion of the eyeball4 ,the usual course of an acute case of poisoning is a feeling of dryness in the nose and throat1 difficulty of swallowing1 faintness1 and there is often vomiting2 the pulse is quickened2 there is first cerebral excitement1 followed usually by great mental depression4 ,occasionally there is an eruption on the skin4 ,hypersthesia of the skin is followed by great diminution of sensation1 the pupils1 as before stated1 are dilated1 the eyes protruding1 the eyelids wide open1 the face is pale1 and the perspiration profuse4 ,convulsions and paralysis may terminate the scene4 ,death takes place from paralysis of the breathing centre2 therefore the heart beats after the cessation of respiration4 ,as an antidote1 nitrite of amyl has apparently been used with success4 ,there is a form of chronic poisoning produced from the taking of small doses of cocaine daily4 ,the symptoms are very various1 and are referable to disturbance of the digestive organs1 and to the effect on the nervous system4 ,the patients become extremely emaciated1 and it seems to produce a special form of mania4 #dah4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,the appearances found in acute cases of poisoning have been hypermia of the liver1 spleen1 and kidneys1 as well as of the brain and spinal cord4 ,in the experimental poisoning of mice with cocaine ,ehrlich#dfd found a considerable enlargement of the liver4 #dfd ,deutsche med4 ,wochens41 #ahij1 ,no4 #cb4 #dai4 ,fatal ,dose4--,the fatal dose1 according to ,mannheim1#dfe must be considered as about #a grm4 7#aed grains72 the smallest dose known to have been fatal is #jjh grm4 7#ab grain7 for an adult1 and #jje grm4 7#jg grain7 for a child4 #dfe ,deutsch4 ,arch4 f4 klin4 ,med41 ,bd4 viii41 #ahia1 #chj4 #f4 ,,corydaline4 #dbj4 ,corydaline 7,c,h,,no7 is an alkaloid discovered by ,wackenroder 7#ahbf7 in the tubers of ,corydalis tuberosa2 crystallised in the cold and away from light1 out of a mixture of absolute alcohol and ether1 corydaline forms colourless1 flat1 prismatic crystals1 which quickly turn yellow on exposure to light or heat4 ,pure corydaline changes colour at about #abe1 softens at about #acc1 and melts finally at #acd to #ace4 ,it dissolves in ether1 chloroform1 carbon disulphide1 and benzene1 but not so readily in alcohol4 ,it is almost insoluble in cold water1 and but slightly soluble in boiling water4 ,water precipitates it from a solution in alcohol4 ,it is also soluble in dilute hydrochloric and sulphuric acids4 ,it gives a precipitate with potassium iodide if a solution of the hydrochloride be used4 ,the precipitate crystallises out of hot water in clusters of short lemon-yellow prismatic crystals1 and has the formula of ,c,h,,no,,hi4 ,corydaline platinochloride has the composition of 7,c,h,,no7,h,pt,cl1 containing ,pt #afid per cent41 and #bdd per cent4 of ,n4--,dobbie ,lauder1 ,journ4 ,chem4 ,soc41 ,march #ahib1 #bdd4 ,corydaline in large doses causes epileptiform convulsions4 ,death takes place from respiratory paralysis4 ,v4--,the ,aconite ,group of ,alkaloids4 #dba4 ,the officinal aconite is the ,aconitum napellus--monkshood or wolfsbane--a very common garden plant in this country1 and one cultivated for medicinal purposes4 ,many varieties of aconite exist in other regions1 which either are1 or could be1 imported4 ,of these the most important is the ,aconitum ferox1 a native of the ,himalayan mountains1 imported from ,india4 ,all the aconites1 so far as known1 are extremely poisonous1 and it appears probable that different species contain different alkaloids4 ,the root of ,a4 napellus is from #b to #d inches long1 conical in shape1 brown externally1 and white internally4 ,the leaves are completely divided at the base into five wedge-shaped lobes1 each of the five lobes being again divided into three linear segments4 ,the numerous seeds are three-sided1 irregularly twisted1 wrinkled1 of a dark-brown colour1 in length one-sixth of an inch1 and weighing #be to the grain 7,guy74 ,the whole plant is one of great beauty1 from #b to #f feet high1 and having a terminal spike of conspicuous blue flowers4 ,the root has been fatally mistaken for horse-radish1 an error not easily accounted for1 since no similarity exists between them4 #dbb4 ,pharmaceutical ,preparations of ,aconite4--,the preparations of aconite used in medicine are-- ,aconitine1 officinal in all the pharmacopias4 ,aconite liniment 7linimentum aconiti71 made from the root with spirit1 and flavoured with camphor2 officinal in the ,british ,pharmacopia4 ,it may contain about #bj per cent4 of aconitine4 ,aconite tincture1 officinal in all the pharmacopias4 ,aconite ointment1 #h grains of aconitine to the oz4 7i4e41 #aff per cent472 officinal in the ,british ,pharmacopia4 ,aconite extract1 the juice of the leaves evaporated2 officinal in most of the pharmacopias4 ,the strength in alkaloid of the extract varies2 in six samples examined by ,f4 ,casson1 the least quantity was #jaf per cent41 the maximum #jbh per cent4#dff #dff ,pharm4 ,journ41 #ahid1 #ija4 ,fleming's tincture of aconite is not officinal1 but is sold largely in commerce4 ,it is from three to four times stronger than the ,b4,p4 tincture4 #dbc4 ,the ,alkaloids of ,aconite4--,the researches of ,dr4 ,alder ,wright and ,luff1 and especially those of ,professor ,dunstan1#dfg have established that in the root of the true aconite there exist four alkaloids1 one only of which has been as yet crystallised4 #dfg ,various papers in ,journ4 ,chem4 ,soc41 #ahib-ahid4 ,three of the alkaloids have been fairly well worked out2 the fourth homo-napelline has not yet been satisfactorily investigated4 ,the three alkaloids are aconitine1 aconine and benzoyl-aconine2 besides which pyraconitine and pyraconine can be obtained by suitable treatment from aconitine and aconine4 ,the formul of the alkaloids and their derivatives are as follows3-- ,aconitine 7acetyl-benzoyl-aconine71 m4p41 #ahhfj1 ,c,h,,no ,benzoyl-aconine1 m4p41 #bfhj1 ,c,h,,no ,pyraconitine 7anhydro-benzoyl-aconine71 m4p41 #ahh-aij1 ,c,h,,no ,aconine1 m4p41 #acb1 ,c,h,,no ,pyraconine 7anhydro-aconine71 ,c,h,,no #dbd4 ,aconitine1 ,c,h,,no4--,this base has been shown by ,dunstan to be acetyl-benzoyl-aconine2 one molecule of the base breaking up1 on complete hydrolysis1 into one molecule of aconine1 one of acetic acid1 and one of benzoic acid-- ,acetic ,benzoic ,acid4 ,acid4 ,aconine4 ,c,h,,no #b;,h,o ,c,h,o ,c,h,o ,c,h,,no4 ,that is to say that #ajj parts of aconitine1 according to theory1 should yield3-- ,acetic acid1 #icg per cent42 benzoic acid1 #ahhe per cent42 and aconine1 #ggeb per cent4 ,pure aconitine has a tube melting-point of #ahhf4 ,the behaviour of a sample of ,merck's aconitine in the subliming cell1 which had a melting-point of #ahd1 was as described at page #bei4 ,aconitine dissolves in water at #bb in the proportion of #a in #ddca 7,dunstan72 it is soluble in #cg of absolute alcohol1 #fd of anhydrous ether1 #ee parts of chloroform and benzene 7,a4 ,jurgens72 it has basic properties1 and a cold watery solution has an alkaline reaction to cochineal1 but not to litmus nor to phenol-phthalein4 ,aconitine is not precipitated by mercuric potassium iodide1 but gives a voluminous precipitate with an aqueous solution of iodine in potassium iodide4 ,it gives a crystalline yellow gold compound with gold chloride1 which has a melting-point of #acee1 and according to its composition1 ,c,h,,no,h,au,cl1 should give #aii per cent4 of gold4 ,aconitine is best extracted from the plant1 or from organic matters generally1 by a #a per cent4 sulphuric acid2 this strength is stated not to hydrolyse aconitine if acting in the cold2 after purifying the acid liquid by shaking it with amyl alcohol1 and then with chloroform1 always operating in the cold1 the liquid is precipitated by ammonia in very slight excess1 and the liquid shaken with ether2 the ether is removed1 dehydrated by standing over calcium chloride1 and then evaporated spontaneously2 should the aconitine be mixed with the other alkaloids1 advantage can be taken of the method of separating aconitine by converting it into hydrobromide1 as described under 8,benzoyl-aconine40 #dbe4 ,tests for ,aconitine4--,the most satisfactory and the most delicate is the physiological test2 the minutest trace of an aconite-holding liquid1 applied to the tongue or lips1 causes a peculiar numbing1 tingling sensation which1 once felt1 can readily be remembered4 ,an alkaloidal substance which1 heated in a tube1 melts approximately near the melting-point of aconitine1 and gives off an acid vapour1 would render one suspicious of aconitine1 for most alkaloids give off alkaline vapours4 ,aconitine also may1 by heating with dilute acids1 be made to readily yield benzoic acid1 an acid easy of identification4 ,aconitine dissolved in nitric acid1 evaporated to dryness1 and then treated with alcoholic potash1 gives off an unmistakable odour of benzoic ester4 ,should there be sufficient aconitine recovered to convert it into the gold salt1 the properties of the gold salt 7that is1 its melting-point1 and the percentage of gold left after burning7 assist materially in the identification4 ,a minute quantity of aconitine dissolved in water1 acidified with acetic acid1 and a particle of ,,ki added and the solution allowed to evaporate1 gives crystals of aconitine hydriodide1 from which water will dissolve out the ,,ki4 ,iodine water gives a precipitate of a reddish-brown colour in a solution of #a 3 #bjjj4dfh #dfh ,a4 ,jurgens1 ,arch4 ,pharm4 7#c71 xxiv4 #abg1 #abh4 ,the chemical tests are supplementary to the physiological2 if the alkaloidal extract does not give the tingling1 numbing sensation1 aconitine cannot be present4 #dbf4 ,benzoyl-aconine 78isaconitine071 ,c,h,,no1 is obtained from aconitine by heating an aqueous solution of the sulphate or hydrochloride in a closed tube at #abj-acj for two or three hours1 a molecule of acetic acid 7#ibg per cent47 being split off1 and benzoyl-aconine left4 ,it may be separated from the mixed alkaloids of the ,aconitum napellus by dissolving in a #e per cent4 solution of hydrobromic acid 7excess of acid being avoided71 precipitating with a slight excess of ammonia1 and shaking out with ether4 ,the residue left after the ether is evaporated chiefly consists of aconitine2 it is dissolved in just sufficient hydrobromic acid and the exactly neutral hydrobromate solution allowed to evaporate spontaneously in a desiccator2 crystals of aconitine hydrobromide separate out1 the mother liquor containing some benzoyl-aconine and 8homonapelline40 ,the aqueous solution which has been exhausted with ether is now shaken out with chloroform4 ,this chloroform solution contains most of the benzoyl-aconine1 and on separation the residue is dissolved in just sufficient hydrochloric acid to form a neutral solution2 this solution is concentrated on the water-bath with constant stirring1 crystals of the hydrochloride form1 and are filtered off from time to time and washed with a little cold water1 the washings being added to the original liquid2 the different fractions are mixed together1 and the process repeated until they have a melting-point of #bfh4 ,benzoyl-aconine is obtained from the hydrochloride by precipitating the aqueous solution by the addition of dilute ammonia1 and extracting the solution with ether2 the solution in ether is washed with water1 dried by means of calcium chloride1 and then distilled off4 ,benzoyl-aconine is left as a transparent colourless non-crystalline varnish of a melting-point near #abe4 ,the solution in water is alkaline to litmus4 ,the base is readily soluble in alcohol1 in chloroform1 and in ether4 ,the alcoholic solution is dextrorotatory4 ,the solutions are bitter1 but do not give the tingling sensation characteristic of aconitine4 ,the hydrochloride1 the hydrobromide1 the hydriodide1 and the nitrate have been obtained in a crystalline state4 ,the most characteristic salt is1 however1 the aurochlor derivative4 ,when aqueous solutions of benzoyl-aconine chloride and auric chloride are mixed1 a yellow precipitate is thrown down1 which 7dissolved in alcohol1 after being dried over calcium chloride1 and slowly evaporated in a desiccator7 deposits colourless crystals entirely different from the yellow crystals of aconitine gold chloride4 ,these crystals have the composition ,c,h7,au,cl7,,no1 and therefore1 by theory1 should yield #bbf per cent4 of gold1 and #hb per cent4 of chlorine4 ,by hydrolysis benzoyl-aconine yields benzoic acid1 which can be shaken out of an acid solution by ether and identified2 one molecule of benzoic acid is formed from one molecule of benzoyl-aconine4 ,twenty per cent4 of benzoic acid should1 according to the formula1 be obtained2 ,professor ,dunstan found only #ahhe per cent4#dfi #dfi ,professor ,dunstan found1 as a means of two determinations1 #baf per cent4 of gold1 and #gh per cent4 of chlorine1 which comes nearer his old formula of ,c,h7,au,cl7,,no4--,journ4 ,chem4 ,soc41 ,april #ahic4 ,benzoic acid in the subliming cell begins to give a cloud at about #gg-hj1 and at or near #ajj sublimes most rapidly4 ,benzoic acid1 recovered from an acid solution by shaking out with ether1 may be recognised as follows3--,to the film left on evaporating off the ether add a drop of ,h,,so1 and a few crystals of sodic nitrate1 and heat gently for a short time2 pour the clear liquid into ammonia water1 and add a drop of ammonium sulphide4 ,a red-brown colour indicates benzoic acid4 ,the rationale of the test is as follows3--,dinitro-benzoic acid is first formed1 and next1 by the action of ammonium sulphide1 this is converted into the red-brown ammonium diamidobenzoate4--,e4 ,mohler1 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,chem4 7#c71 iii4 #dad-daf4 #dbg4 ,pyraconitine1 ,c,h,,no1 is anhydro-benzoyl-aconine2 it differs from benzoyl-aconine by a molecule of water2 picraconitine is obtained by keeping aconitine at its melting-point 7#ahh-aij7 for some time1 when acetic acid distils over and pyraconitine is left4 ,pyraconitine is an amorphous varnish1 sparingly soluble in water1 but readily dissolving in alcohol1 chloroform1 and ether2 it gives a pale yellow precipitate with gold chloride1 and forms crystalline salts with hydriodic1 hydrobromic1 and hydrochloric acids4 ,pyraconitine readily undergoes hydrolysis by the action of dilute acids1 or by potash or soda1 or with water in a closed tube2 the products are benzoic acid and an alkaloid1 to which the name of pyraconine has been given4 #dbh4 ,pyraconine1 ,c,h,,no4--,this base is anhydro-aconine1 the formula differing from aconine by one atom of water4 ,it is amorphous1 closely resembling aconine2 it is soluble in water and ether2 the aqueous solution has a somewhat sweet taste1 and is lvorotatory2 it combines with acids to form crystalline salts1 which are very soluble in water4 #dbi4 ,aconine1 ,c,h,,no1 m4p4 #acb4--;,aconine does not crystallise4 ,its aqueous solution is decidedly alkaline1 and1 like aconitine1 it is lvorotatory1 although to a less degree4 ,its taste is bitter1 but causes no tingling sensation4 ,aconine is very soluble in water or alcohol1 and slightly in chloroform1 but insoluble in ether or in petroleum ether4 ,it does1 however1 dissolve1 in the presence of aconitine1 slightly in ether4 ,the aqueous solutions reduce the salts of gold and silver1 and also ,fehling's solution4 ,a solution of aconine gives precipitates with the general alkaloidal reagents2 with mercuric chloride it gives a copious yellow precipitate1 which darkens on standing4 ,aconine hydrochloride1 the hydriodide1 the hydrobromide1 and the sulphate1 have all been crystallised2 solutions of these salts are lvorotatory4 #dcj4 ,commercial ,aconitine and the ,lethal ,dose of ,aconitine4--,commercial aconitine has in the past varied in appearance from that of a gummy amorphous mass up to a purer kind in white crystals4 ,professor ,dunstan#dgj has recently examined fourteen samples1 some of them of considerable age1 and only found two samples 7one of ,english1 another of ,german make7 which approached in melting-point and crystalline appearance pure aconitine2 the one1 the ,english1 melted at #ahf-ahg1 and contained about #c per cent4 of benzoyl-aconine2 the other1 a ,german specimen1 was almost pure2 the melting-point was #ahge4 ,at the present time it is1 however1 not difficult to obtain fairly pure crystalline aconitine1 and to assay it accurately by determining the proportion of acetic and benzoic acids4 ,the physiological action of commercial aconitine is1 however1 in all cases the same1 the difference being in quantitative not qualitative action2 in the small doses usually administered1 the physiological action depends wholly upon the true aconitine present1 the other bases being practically without toxic action4 ,professor ,plugge#dga has made some researches on the fatal dose 7for the lower animals7 of ,petit's1 ,merck's1 and ,friedlnder's aconitine nitrate1 which in #ahhb were the purest in commerce4 ,he administered the following doses to the animals mentioned3-- #dgj ,journ4 ,chem4 ,soc4 ,trans41 #ahic1 #dia4 #dga ,archiv de ,pharm41 ,jan4 #g1 #ahhb4 ,,table ,,showing ,,fatal ,,doses 7,,for ,,animals7 ,,of ,,aconitine4 ,,petit',s ,,crystalline ,,aconitine ,,nitrate4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,animals ,dose ,dose ,experimented ,given4 per ,result4 upon4 ,kilogrm4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,a ,frog1 #d mgrm4 #afj ,death in #fj ,minutes4 ,a ,rabbit1 #h #e-f #cj ,a ,dog1 #af #ba #bj #de #aj #adj #ej #jed ,recovered4 #fj #jge ,recovered4 ,a ,pigeon1 #jg #bb ,death in #ba ,minutes4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,merck',s ,,aconitine ,,nitrate4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,animals ,dose ,dose ,experimented ,given4 per ,result4 upon4 ,kilogrm4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,a ,frog1 #d mgrm4 #af ,recovered4 #aj #dj ,died in #aaj-cfj ,min4 #bj #hj #ge-acj #dj #afj #ej ,a ,rabbit1 #ce #b #ge #aj #fej #ae ,a ,dog1 #aj #afe #ae ,a ,pigeon1 444 #afe ,recovered4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,friedl,,nder',s ,,aconitine ,,nitrate4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,animals ,dose ,dose ,experimented ,given4 per ,result4 upon4 ,kilogrm4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,a ,frog1 #d mgrms4 #afj ,recovered4 #aj #djj ,death in #bj #hjj more than #dj #afjj #fj minutes4 ,a ,rabbit1 #f #daa ,recovered4 #bd #ahjj #ej #heej ,a ,dog1 #bh #fjj ,a ,pigeon1 #aj #ccd ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,the conclusions ,plugge draws from his researches are that ,petit's aconitine was at least eight times stronger than that of ,merck1 and seventy times more toxic than that of ,friedlnder1 while ,merck's 8aconitine again was twenty to thirty times stronger than ,friedlnder's40 ,he was inclined to put seven commercial samples which he has examined in the following diminishing order of toxicity3--7#a7 ,petit's crystalline aconitine nitrate2 7#b7 ,morson's aconitine nitrate2 7#c7 ,hottot's aconitine nitrate2 7#d7 ,hopkins ,williams' pseudaconitine2 7#e7 ,merck's aconitine nitrate2 7#f7 ,schuchart's aconitine sulphate2 and 7#g7 ,friedlnder's aconitine nitrate4 ,from a study of ,dr4 ,harley's experiments1#dgb however1 made a few years ago1 there would appear to have been but little difference between the activity of ,petit's and ,morson's aconitine4 ,dr4 ,harley experimented on a young cat1 #c lbs4 in weight1 and nearly killed it with a #a_/ajjj of a grain of ,morson's aconitine2 two other cats1 also weighing #c lbs4 each1 died in seven and a half hours and three-quarters of an hour respectively1 killed from a subcutaneous dose of of a grain4 ,reducing these values to the ordinary equivalents1 the dose1 after which the cat recovered with difficulty1 is equal to about #jdh mgrm4 per kilo41 while a certainly fatal dose is #jib mgrm4 per kilo42 therefore1 it seems likely that the least fatal dose for ,morson's1 as for ,petit's1 is some number between #jge and #ji mgrm4 per kilo4 #dgb 8,on the ,action and ,use of ,aconitine10 ,st4 ,thos4 ,hosp4 ,report1 #ahgd4 ,man is evidently more sensitive to aconitine than any of the dogs or cats experimented upon1 since1 in the ,german cases to be recorded1 #af mgrm4 of ,petit's aconitine nitrate1 taken by the mouth1 gave rise to symptoms so violent that it was evidently a dangerous dose1 while #d mgrms4 were rapidly fatal2 but if man took the same amount per kilo4 as dogs or cats1 he would require a little over #f mgrms4 to be certainly fatal4 ,it seems1 then1 from the evidence obtainable1 that #jc grain 7#b mgrms47 is about the least fatal dose for an adult man of standard weight4 ,this dose is equal to #jbh mgrm4 per kilo41 and1 of course1 refers either to ,morson's aconitine or ,french aconitine1 the alkaloid being taken by the mouth4 ,if given by subcutaneous injection1 probably #ae mgrm4 would kill1 for the whole of the poison is then thrown on the circulation at one time1 and there is no chance of its elimination by vomiting4 ,the lethal dose of the pure alkaloid being even approximately settled1 it is possible to get a more exact idea as to the suitable medicinal dose of the tincture and extract1 and also to study more profitably the 8quantitative toxicity40 ,the ,english officinal tincture1 although variable in strength1 may for our purposes be regarded as averaging #a per cent4 of alkaloid--that is1 in every #ajj parts by volume there will be #a part of the alkaloid by weight1 and ,fleming's tincture may be considered as one-third stronger1 containing in every #ajj parts #ac part of alkaloid4 ,the medicinal dose of the ,p4,b4 tincture is laid down as from #e to #ae min4--equal to from #jje to #jae grain of aconitine4 ,the ,german pharmacopia gives the maximum single dose as #a c4c4 7say #ae mins471 and the maximum quantity to be taken in the twenty-four hours as four times that quantity4 ,as before stated1 #b mgrms4 7#jcj grain7 of aconitine being considered a fatal dose1 this is equivalent to about #b c4c4 7#cj mins47 of the ,p4,b4 tincture1 or to #ab c4c4 7#bj mins47 of ,fleming's tincture in a single dose2 and on these theoretical grounds ,i should consider this dose dangerous1 and in the absence of prompt treatment likely to be fatal to an adult man4 ,the usual least fatal dose laid down in medical toxicological works1 however1 is greater than this--viz41 #cge c4c4 7a drachm74 ,in #ahfc a woman took #gj minims of ,fleming's tincture1 and a grain of acetate of morphine1 and died in about four hours2 but as this was a complex case of poisoning1 it is not of much value4 ,fifteen minims of the tincture caused very serious symptoms in the case of a woman under the care of ,dr4 ,topham1#dgc the effects lasting many hours4 ,probably the smallest quantity of the tincture recorded as having destroyed life is in the case of ,dr4 ,male1 of ,birmingham4#dgd ,he died from the effects of #hj drops taken in ten doses1 extending over a period of four days--the largest dose at any one time being #aj drops1 the total quantity would perhaps equal #jh grain of aconitine4 #dgc ,lancet1 ,july #ai1 #ahea1 p4 #ef4 #dgd ,med4 ,gaz41 vol4 xxxvi4 p4 #hfa1 quoted by ,taylor1 ,prin4 of ,med4 ,juris41 vol4 i4 p4 #dbf4 ,the ,p4,b4 extract is not a very satisfactory preparation1 varying much in strength4 ,it may be taken to average about #f per cent41 and if so1 applying the same reasoning as before1 from #bf to #cb grm4 7#d to #e grains7 would be a fatal dose4#dge ,on the other hand1 there is an alcoholic extract which is very powerful1 and averages #e per cent4 of aconitine3 #dj mgrms4 7#f grain7 of this extract would be likely to be fatal4 ,with regard to the root itself1 #ch grms4 7#fj grains7 have been known to produce death1 and from the average alkaloidal contents it is probable that #fdh grm4 7#aj grains7 would be a highly dangerous dose4 ,dunstan's researches will now alter probably the whole of the pharmacy of aconite1 and the tendency will be to make the preparations of greater activity1 and1 consequently1 to make the dangerous doses smaller than formerly4 #dge ,but there is a case reported by ,dr4 ,vachell1 of ,cardiff1 in which #b grains of extract of aconite taken in pills proved fatal4 ,now #b grains is the medicinal dose1 laid down as a maximum in the pharmacopia2 a complete revolution is1 therefore1 necessary in the use of these active remedies4 ,no extract or tincture should be used until its approximate strength in active principles is determined4 #dca4 ,effects of ,aconitine on ,animal ,life4--,there are few substances which have been experimented upon in such a variety of ways and upon so many classes of animals as aconitine in different forms2 but there does not seem to be any essential difference in the symptoms produced in different animals save that which is explained by the organisation of the life-form under experiment4 ,insects4--,the author has made experiments with the active principles of aconite upon blow-flies4 ,an extract was made by allowing the ordinary tincture to evaporate spontaneously at the temperature of the atmosphere4 ,if a minute dot of this is placed upon the head of a blow-fly1 absorption of the active principle takes place in from fifteen to thirty minutes1 and marked symptoms result4 ,the symptoms consist essentially of muscular weakness1 inability to fly1 and to walk up perpendicular surfaces2 there is also1 in all cases1 a curious entanglement of the legs1 and very often extrusion of the proboscis2 trembling of the legs and muscular twitchings are frequent4 ,a progressive paralysis terminates in from four to five hours in death2 the death is generally so gradual that it is difficult to know when the event occurs1 but in one case there were violent movements of the body1 and sudden death4#dgf #dgf ,it may be well to quote in full a typical experiment4 ,six ,p4,m41 a little extract smeared on the head of a blow-fly4 ,forty-five minutes after--makes no attempt to fly1 great muscular weakness1 no trembling or convulsive movements4 ,fifty minutes after--partial paralysis of right half of body1 so that the fly1 on moving1 goes in a circular direction1 the second pair of legs are curiously bent forward and useless2 the wings seem fairly strong4 ,seventy-five minutes--fly very dull1 always in one spot1 without movement2 when placed on a horizontal glass surface1 and the glass then very slowly inclined1 until it is at last quite perpendicular1 the fly falls4 ,there is now a strange entanglement of the legs4 #abe minutes--perfectly paralysed2 #ade minutes--dead4 ,fish4--,the action on fish has been studied by ,schulz and ,praag4 ,there is rapid loss of power and diminished breathing2 the respiration seems difficult1 and the fish rapidly die4 ,reptiles--,frogs4--,the most recent experiments on frogs are those of ,plugge1 and although his interpretation of the phenomena in some points is different from that of previous observers1 the symptoms themselves are1 as might have been expected1 not different from those described by ,achscharumow1 ,l4 v4 ,praag1 and others4 ,plugge found no qualitative difference in the action of any of the commercial samples of aconitine4 ,this fact gives the necessary value to all the old experiments1 for we now know that1 although they were performed with impure or weak preparations1 yet there is no reason to believe that the symptoms described were due to any other but the alkaloid aconitine in varying degrees of purity or dilution4 ,frogs show very quickly signs of weakness in the muscular power2 the respiration invariably becomes laboured1 and ceases after a few minutes2 the heart's action becomes slowed1 irregular1 and then stops in diastole4 ,the poisoned heart1 while still pulsating1 cannot be arrested either by electrical stimulation of the vagus or by irritation of the sinus1 nor when once arrested can any further contraction be excited in it4 ,opening of the mouth and apparent efforts to vomit1 ,plugge observed both with ,rana esculenta and ,rana temporaria4 ,he considers them almost invariable signs of aconitine poisoning4 ,a separation of mucus from the surface of the body of the frog is also very constantly observed4 ,dilatation of the pupils is frequent1 but not constant2 there may be convulsions1 both of a clonic and tonic character1 before death1 but fibrillar twitchings are seldom4 7,with regard to the dose required to affect frogs1 see ante1 pp4 #cee and #cef47 ,birds4--,there is a discrepancy in the descriptions of the action of aconitine on birds4 ,l4 v4 ,praag thought the respiration and circulation but little affected at first2 while ,achscharumow witnessed in pigeons dyspna1 dilatation of the pupils1 vomiting1 shivering1 and paresis4 ,it may be taken that the usual symptoms observed are some difficulty in breathing1 a diminution of temperature1 a loss of muscular power generally 7but not constantly71 dilatation of the pupils1 and convulsions before death4 ,mammals4--,the effects vary somewhat1 according to the dose4 ,very large doses kill rabbits rapidly4 ,they fall on their sides1 are violently convulsed1 and die in an asphyxiated condition2 but with smaller doses the phenomena first observed are generally to be referred to the respiration4 ,thus1 in an experiment on the horse1 ,dr4 ,harley found that the subcutaneous administration of #f mgrm4 7#ja grain7 caused in a weakly colt some acceleration of the pulse and a partial paralysis of the dilator narium4 ,double the quantity given to the same animal some time after1 caused1 in six hours and a half1 some muscular weakness1 and an evident respiratory trouble4 ,the horse recovered in eighteen hours4 #bg mgrms4 7#a_/bd grain7 given in the same way1 after a long interval of time1 caused1 at the end of an hour1 more pronounced symptoms2 the pulse1 at the commencement #ej1 rose in an hour and a half to #fh1 then the respiration became audible and difficult4 ,in an hour and three-quarters there were great restlessness and diminution of muscular power4 ,two hours after the injection the muscular weakness increased so much that the horse fell down2 he was also convulsed4 ,after eight hours he began to improve4 ,in another experiment1 #cbd mgrms4 7 grain7 killed a sturdy entire horse in two hours and twenty minutes1 the symptoms commencing within the hour1 and consisting of difficulty of breathing1 irregularity of the heart's action1 and convulsions4 ,the general picture of the effects of fatal1 but not excessive1 doses given to dogs1 cats1 rabbits1 c41 resembles closely that already described4 ,the heart's action is at first slowed1 then becomes quick and irregular1 there is dyspna1 progressive paralysis of the muscular power1 convulsions1 and death in asphyxia4 ,vomiting is frequently observed1 sometimes salivation1 and very often dilatation of the pupil4 ,sometimes the latter is abnormally active1 dilating and contracting alternately4 ,diarrha also occurs in a few cases4 ,vomiting is more frequent when the poison is taken by the mouth than when administered subcutaneously4#dgg #dgg ,the more important physiological researches on the action of aconite are contained in the following works and papers3-- ,,fleming1 ,a4--,an ,inquiry into the ,physiological and ,medicinal ,properties of the ,aconitum napellus1 to which are added observations on several other species of aconite1 #hvo1 ,lond41 #ahde4 ,,schulz1 ,f4 ,w4--,de ,aconitini ,effectu in ,organismum ,animalium4 ,v4 ,,praag4--,arch4 f4 ,path4 ,anat41 vii4 p4 #dch1 #ahed4 ,,hottot1 ,e4--,de l',aconitine et de ses ,effets ,physiologiques1 #dto1 ,paris1 #ahfc4 ,,achscharumow4--,arch4 f4 ,anatom4 u4 ,physiol41 #ahff4 ,b,,hn4--,herzgifte1 #ahga4 ,,ewers1 ,c4--,ueber die physiologischen ,wirkungen des aus ,aconitum ferox dargestellten ,aconitins 7,pseudoaconitin1 ,aconitinum anglicum1 ,nepalin71 #hvo1 ,dorpat1 #ahgc4 ,,guilaud4--,de l',aconite et de l',aconitine1 #dto1 ,montpellier1 #ahgd4 ,,francheschini1 ,m4 ,a4--,contribution a l'tude de l',action ,physiologique et ,thrapeutique de l',aconitine1 #dto1 ,paris1 #ahge4 ,,lewin4--,exp4 ,untersuch4 ber die ,wirkung d4 ,aconitins auf's ,herz4 ,diss41 ,berlin1 #ahge4 ,,giulini1 ,p4--,experimentelle ,untersuchungen ueber die ,wirkung des ,aconitins auf das ,nervensystem1 das ,herz1 u4 die ,athmung1 #hvo1 ,erlangen1 #ahgf4 ,,harley1 ,,dr4 ,,john4--8,on the ,action and ,uses of ,aconitia10 ,st4 ,thos4 ,hosp4 ,reports1 #ahgd4 ,v4 ,,schroff1 ,c4 ,jr4--,beitrag zur ,kenntniss des ,aconit41 #hvo1 ,wien1 #ahgf4 ,,plugge1 ,p4 ,c4--8,untersuchungen ueber die physiologische ,wirkung verschiedener ,handelssorten von ,aconitin1 u4 ,pseudoaconitin auf ,muskeln u4 ,nerven10 ,virch4 ,archiv1 ,bd4 #hg1 #ahhb1 ,s4 #daj4 #dcb4 ,statistics4--,during the ten years1 #ahhc-ib1 there were recorded in ,england and ,wales1 #dj accidental deaths from the various forms of aconite 7#ai males1 #ba females72 and #ai suicidal deaths 7#i males1 #aj females7 from the same cause1 which makes a total of #ei4 #dcc4 ,effects on ,man4--,i have collected from ,european medical literature1 #hg cases of poisoning by aconite in some form or other4 ,these comprise only #b cases of murder1 #g of suicide1 and #gg which were more or less accidental4 ,six of the cases were from the use of the alkaloid itself2 #aj were from the root2 in two cases children eat the flowers2 in #a1 the leaves of the plant were cooked and eaten by mistake2 in #g1 the tincture was mistaken for brandy1 sherry1 or liqueur2 the remainder were caused by the tincture1 the liniment1 or the extract4 #dcd4 ,poisoning by the ,root4--,a case of murder which occurred some years ago in ,america1 and also the ,irish case which took place in #ahda 7,reg4 v4 ,m',conkey71 were1 until the recent trial of ,lamson1 the only instances among ,english-speaking people of the use of aconite for criminal purposes2 but if we turn to the ,indian records1 we find that it has been largely used from the earliest times as a destroyer of human life4 ,in #ahdb a tank of water destined for the use of the ,british army in pursuit of the retreating ,burmese1 was poisoned by intentional contamination with the bruised root of ,aconitum ferox2 it was fortunately discovered before any harm resulted4 ,a preparation of the root is used in all the hill districts of ,india to poison arrows for the destruction of wild beasts4 ,a ,lepcha described the root to a ,british officer as being 8useful to sportsmen for destroying elephants and tigers1 useful to the rich for putting troublesome relations out of the way1 and useful to jealous husbands for the purpose of destroying faithless wives40 ,from the recorded cases1 the powdered root1 mixed with food1 or the same substance steeped in spirituous liquor1 is usually the part chosen for administration4 ,in ,m',conkey's case1 the man's wife purchased powdered aconite root1 mixed it with pepper1 and strewed it over some greens1 which she cooked and gave to him4 ,the man complained of the sharp taste of the greens1 and soon after the meal vomited1 and suffered from purging1 became delirious with lock-jaw1 and clenching of the hands2 he died in about three hours4 ,the chief noticeable post-mortem appearance was a bright red colour of the mucous membrane of the stomach4 ,the symptoms in this case were1 in some respects1 different from those met with in other cases of poisoning by the root4 ,a typical case is given by ,dr4 ,chevers 7op4 cit471 in which a man had taken by mistake a small portion of aconite root4 ,immediately after chewing it he felt a sweetish taste1 followed immediately by tingling of the lips and tongue1 numbness of the face1 and severe vomiting4 ,on admission to hospital he was extremely restless1 tossing his limbs about in all directions and constantly changing his position4 ,he complained of a burning sensation in the stomach1 and a tingling and numbness in every part of the body1 excepting his legs4 ,the tingling was specially marked in the face and tongue--so much so that he was constantly moving the latter to and fro in order to scratch it against the teeth4 ,retching and vomiting occurred almost incessantly1 and he constantly placed his hand over the cardiac region4 ,his face was anxious1 the eyes suffused1 the lips pale and exsanguine1 the eyelids swollen1 moderately dilated1 and insensible to the stimulus of light2 the respiration was laboured1 #fd in a minute2 the pulse #ff1 small and feeble4 ,there was inability to walk from loss of muscular power1 but the man was perfectly conscious4 ,the stomach-pump was used1 and albumen and milk administered4 ,three and three-quarter hours after taking the root the symptoms were increased in severity4 ,the tongue was red and swollen1 the pulse intermittent1 feeble1 and slower4 ,the tingling and numbness had extended to the legs4 ,on examining the condition of the external sensibility with a pair of scissors1 it was found that1 on fully separating the blades and bringing the points in contact with the skin over the arms and forearms1 he felt them as one1 although they were #d inches apart4 ,but the sensibility of the thighs and legs was less obtuse1 for he could feel the two points distinctly when they were #d inches apart1 and continued to do so until the distance between the points fell short of #b inches4 ,he began to improve about the ninth hour1 and gradually recovered1 although he suffered for one or two days from a slight diarrha4 ,as in the case detailed 7p4 #cfc71 no water was passed for a long time1 as if the bladder early lost its power4 #dce4 ,poisoning by the ,alkaloid ,aconitine4--,probably the earliest instance on record is the case related by ,dr4 ,golding ,bird in #ahdh4dgh ,what kind of aconitine was then in commerce ,i know not1 and since apparently a person of considerable social rank was the subject of the poisoning1 the case has been imperfectly reported4 ,it seems1 however1 that1 whether for purposes of suicide1 or experiment1 or as a medicine1 two grains and a half of aconitine were swallowed4 ,the symptoms were very violent1 consisting of vomiting1 collapse1 and attacks of muscular spasm2 the narrator describes the vomiting as peculiar4 8,it1 perhaps1 hardly deserved that title2 the patient was seized with a kind of general spasm1 during which he convulsively turned upon his abdomen1 and with an intense contraction of the abdominal muscles1 he jerked out1 as it were1 with a loud shout the contents of his stomach1 dependent apparently on the sudden contraction of the diaphragm40 ,on attempting to make him swallow any fluid1 a fearful spasm of the throat was produced2 it reminded his medical attendants of hydrophobia4 ,the patient recovered completely within twenty-four hours4 #dgh ,lancet1 vol4 i4 p4 #ad4 ,one of three cases reported by ,dr4 ,albert ,busscher1#dgi of poisoning by aconitine nitrate1 possesses all the exact details of an intentional experiment1 and is of permanent value to toxicological literature4 #dgi ,intoxicationsflle durch ,aconitin ,nitricum ,gallicum1 nebst ,sections ,bericht1 von ,dr4 ,albert ,busscher2 ,berl4 klinische ,wochenschrift1 #ahhj1 ,no4 #bd1 pp4 #cch1 #cef4 ,a labourer of ,beerta1 sixty-one years of age1 thin1 and of somewhat weak constitution1 suffered from neuralgia and a slight intermittent fever2 ,dr4 ,carl ,meyer prescribed for his ailment3-- 4 ,aconiti ,nitrici1 #b grm4 ,tr4 ,chenopodii ,ambrosioid41 #ajj grms4 ,m4,d4,s4 ,twenty drops to be taken four times daily4 ,the patient was instructed verbally by ,dr4 ,meyer to increase the dose until he attained a maximum of sixty drops per day4 ,the doses which the man actually took1 and the time of taking them1 are conveniently thrown into a tabular form as follows3-- ,no4 #a4 ,march #ad1 #g ,p4,m41 #e drops equal to aconitine nitrate1 #d mgrm4 #b4 #i ,p4,m41 #bj #af #c4 ,march #ae1 #h ,a4,m41 #bj #af #d4 #aa ,a4,m41 #bj #af #e4 #d ,p4,m41 #bj #af #f4 #i ,p4,m41 #bj #af #g4 ,march #af1 #aj ,p4,m41 #aj #h ,in the whole seven doses1 which were distributed over forty-eight hours1 he took #ib mgrms4 7#ad grain7 of aconitine nitrate4 ,on taking dose ,no4 #a1 he experienced a feeling of constriction 7,zusammenziehung71 and burning spreading from the mouth to the stomach1 but this after a little while subsided4 ,two hours afterwards he took ,no4 #b1 four times the quantity of ,no4 #a4 ,this produced the same immediate symptoms1 but soon he became cold1 and felt very ill4 ,he had an anxious oppressive feeling about the chest1 with a burning feeling about the throat2 the whole body was covered with a cold sweat1 his sight failed1 he became giddy1 there was excessive muscular weakness1 he felt as if he had lost power over his limbs1 he had great difficulty in breathing4 ,during the night he passed no water1 nor felt a desire to do so4 ,about half an hour after he had taken the medicine1 he began to vomit violently1 which relieved him much2 he then fell asleep4 ,dose ,no4 #c1 equal as before to #af mgrm41 he took in the morning4 ,he experienced almost exactly the same symptoms as before1 but convulsions were added1 especially of the face2 the eyes were also prominent2 twenty minutes after he had taken the dose1 vomiting came on1 after which he again felt better4 ,he took dose ,no4 #d1 and had the same repetition of symptoms1 but in the interval between the doses he felt weaker and weaker2 he had no energy1 and felt as if paralysed4 ,no4 #e was taken1 and produced1 like the others1 vomiting1 after which he felt relieved4 ,neither he nor his wife seemed all this time to have had any suspicion that the medicine was really doing harm1 but thought that the effects were due to its constant rejection by vomiting1 so1 in order to prevent vomiting with ,no4 #f1 he drank much cold water4 ,after thus taking the medicine1 the patient seemed to fall into a kind of slumber1 with great restlessness2 about an hour and a half afterwards he cried1 8,i am chilled2 my heart1 my heart is terribly cold4 ,i am dying2 ,i am poisoned40 ,his whole body was covered with perspiration2 he was now convulsed1 and lost sight and hearing2 his eyes were shut1 his lips cracked and dry1 he could scarcely open his mouth1 and he was extremely cold1 and thought he was dying4 ,the breathing was difficult and rattling2 from time to time the muscular spasms came on4 ,his wife now made a large quantity of hot strong black tea1 which she got him to drink with great difficulty2 although it was hot1 he did not know whether it was hot or cold4 ,about five minutes afterwards he vomited1 and did so several times2 this apparently relieved him1 and he sank into a quiet sleep2 during the night he did not urinate4 ,in the morning the wife went to ,dr4 ,carl ,meyer1 described the symptoms1 and accused the medicine4 ,so convinced was ,dr4 ,meyer that the medicine did not cause the symptoms1 that he poured out a quantity of the same1 equal to #d mgrms4 of aconitine nitrate1 and took it himself in some wine1 to show that it was harmless1 and ordered them to go on with it4 ,the unhappy physician died of aconitine poisoning five hours after taking the medicine4#dhj ,in the meantime1 the woman went home1 and her husband actually took a seventh1 but smaller dose1 which produced similar symptoms to the former1 but of little severity2 no more was taken4 #dhj ,the symptoms suffered by ,dr4 ,meyer are to be found in ,neder4 ,tijdschrift van ,geneeskunde1 #ahhj1 ,no4 #af4 ,the absence of diarrha1 and of the pricking sensations so often described1 is in this case noteworthy4 ,both diarrha and formication were also absent in a third case reported by ,dr4 ,busscher in the same paper4 #dcf4 ,the most important criminal case is undoubtedly that of ,lamson3--,at the ,central ,criminal ,court1 in ,march1 #ahhb1 ,george ,henry ,lamson1 surgeon1 was convicted of the murder of his brother-in-law1 ,percy ,malcolm ,john4 ,the victim was a weakly youth of eighteen years of age1 paralysed in his lower limbs from old standing spinal disease4 ,the motive for perpetrating the crime was that ,lamson1 through his wife 7,malcolm ,john's sister71 would receive1 on the death of his brother-in-law1 a sum of #aejj1 and1 according to the evidence1 it is probable that there had been one or more previous attempts by ,lamson on the life of the youth with aconitine given in pills and in powders4 ,however this may be1 on ,november #bd1 #ahhj1 ,lamson purchased #b grains of aconitine1 came down on ,dec4 #c to the school where the lad was placed1 had an interview with his brother-in-law1 and1 in the presence of the head-master1 gave ,malcolm ,john a capsule1 which he filled then and there with some white powder1 presumed at the time to be sugar4 ,lamson only stayed altogether twenty minutes in the house1 and directly after he saw his brother-in-law swallow the capsule1 he left4 ,within fifteen minutes ,malcolm ,john became unwell1 saying that he felt as if he had an attack of heart-burn1 and then that he felt the same as when his brother-in-law had on a former occasion given him a quinine pill4 ,violent vomiting soon set in1 and he complained of pains in his stomach1 a sense of constriction in his throat1 and of being unable to swallow4 ,he was very restless--so much so that he had to be restrained by force from injuring himself4 ,there was delirium a few minutes before death1 which took place about three hours and three-quarters after swallowing the fatal dose4 ,the post-mortem appearances essentially consisted of redness of the greater curvature of the stomach1 and the posterior portion of the same organ4 ,in one part there was a little pit1 as if a blister had broken2 the rest of the viscera were congested1 and the brain also slightly congested4#dha #dha ,to these cases of poisoning by the alkaloid aconitine may be added one recorded in ,bouchardat's ,annuaire de ,thrapeutie1 #ahha1 p4 #bgf4 ,the case in itself is of but little importance1 save to illustrate the great danger in permitting the dispensing of such active remedies of varying strength4 ,a gentleman suffering from 8angina pectoris0 was prescribed 8,hottot's aconitine0 in granules1 and directed carefully to increase the dose up to four granules1 according to the effect produced4 ,the prescription was taken to a pharmacist1 who1 instead of supplying ,hottot's aconitine1 supplied some other of unknown origin4 ,the medicine was taken daily1 and the dose raised to four granules1 which were taken with benefit until the whole was exhausted4 ,he then went to ,hottot's establishment1 and had a fresh supply1 presumably of the same substance1 but a very little time after he had taken his usual dose of four granules1 he suffered from symptoms of aconitine poisoning1 headache1 vertigo1 feebleness of the voice1 and muscular weakness1 and was alarmingly ill4 ,he recovered after some hours of medical treatment4 #dcg4 ,the symptoms of poisoning by the tincture1 extract1 or other preparation1 do not differ from those detailed4 ,as unusual effects1 occasionally seen1 may be noted profound unconsciousness lasting for two hours 7,topham's case71 violent twitching of the muscles of the face1 opisthotonos1 and violent convulsions4 ,it is important to distinguish the symptoms which are not constant from those which are constant1 or nearly so4 ,the tingling and creeping sensations about the tongue1 throat1 lips1 c41 are not constant2 they certainly were not present in the remarkable ,german case cited at p4 #cfc4 ,speaking generally1 they seem more likely to occur after taking the root or the ordinary medicinal preparations4 ,a dilated state of the pupil is by no means constant1 and not to be relied upon4 ,diarrha is seen after taking the root or tincture by the stomach1 but is often absent4 ,in short1 the only constant symptoms are difficulty of breathing1 progressive muscular weakness1 generally vomiting1 and a weak intermittent pulse4 #dch4 ,physiological ,action4--,aconitine1 according to ,dr4 ,s4 ,ringer1 is a protoplasmic poison1 destroying the functions of all nitrogenous tissue--first of the central nervous system1 next of the nerves1 and last of the muscles4 ,aconitine without doubt acts powerfully on the heart1 ultimately paralysing it2 there is first a slowing of the pulse1 ascribed to a central excitation of the vagus2 then a quickening1 due to paralysis of the peripheral termination of the vagus in the heart2 lastly1 the heart's action becomes slow1 irregular1 and weak1 and the blood-pressure sinks4 ,the dyspna and convulsions are the usual result1 seen among all warm-blooded animals1 of the heart affection4 ,plugge found that the motor nerves1 and more especially their intra-muscular terminations1 were always paralysed2 but if the dose was small the paralysis might be incomplete4 ,bhm and ,wartmann1 on the other hand1 considered that the motor paralysis had a central origin1 a view not supported by recent research4 ,the action of aconitine in this way resembles curare4 ,the muscles themselves preserve their irritability1 even after doses of aconitine which are five to ten times larger than those by which the nerve terminations are paralysed4 #dci4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,among animals 7mammals7 the appearances most constantly observed have been hypermia of the cerebral membranes and brain1 a fulness of the large veins1 the blood generally fluid--sometimes hypermia of the liver1 sometimes not4 ,when aconitine has been administered subcutaneously1 there have been no inflammatory appearances in the stomach and bowels4 ,in the case of ,dr4 ,carl ,meyer1 who died in five hours from swallowing #d mgrms4 of aconitine nitrate1 the corpse was of a marble paleness1 the pupils moderately dilated4 ,the colour of the large intestine was pale2 the duodenum was much congested1 the congestion being most intense the nearer to the stomach2 the mucous membrane of the stomach itself was strongly hypermic1 being of an intense red colour2 the spleen was enlarged1 filled with much dark blood4 ,the liver and kidneys were deeply congested1 the lungs also congested2 the right ventricle of the heart was distended with blood2 in the pericardium there was a quantity of bloody serum4 ,the brain was generally blood-red2 in the cerebral hemispheres there were several large circumscribed subarachnoid extravasations4 ,the substance of the brain on section showed many red bloody points4 ,in a case recorded by ,taylor1 in which a man died in three hours from eating a small quantity of aconitine root1 the only morbid appearance found was a slight reddish-brown patch on the cardiac end of the stomach1 of the size of half a crown2 all the other organs being healthy4 #ddj4 ,separation of ,aconitine from the ,contents of the ,stomach or the ,organs4--,it would appear certain that in all operations for the separation of aconite alkaloids 7whether from the organic matters which make up the plant1 or from those constituting animal tissues71 mineral acids and a high heat should be avoided4 ,a #a per cent4 sulphuric acid does not1 however1 hydrolyse1 if acting in the cold1 so that the process already given1 p4 #ceb1 may be followed4 ,the chemical examination in the ,lamson case was entrusted to ,dr4 ,stevenson1 assisted by ,dr4 ,dupr1 and was conducted on the principles detailed4 ,the contents of the stomach were treated with alcohol1 and digested at the ordinary temperature of the atmosphere2 the contents were already acid1 so no acid in this first operation was added4 ,the mixture stood for two days and was then filtered4 ,the insoluble portion was now exhausted by alcohol1 faintly acidulated by tartaric acid1 and warmed to #fj2 cooled and filtered1 the insoluble part being washed again with alcohol4 ,the two portions--that is1 the spirituous extract acid from acids pre-existing in the contents of the stomach1 and the alcohol acidified by tartaric acid--were evaporated down separately1 exhausted by absolute alcohol1 the solutions filtered1 evaporated1 and the residue dissolved in water4 ,the two aqueous solutions were now mixed1 and shaken up with ether1 which1 as the solution was acid1 would not remove any alkaloid1 but might remove various impurities2 the residue1 after being thus partially purified by ether1 was alkalised by sodic carbonate1 and the alkaloid extracted by a mixture of chloroform and ether4 ,on evaporation of the chloroform and ether1 the resulting extract was tested physiologically by tasting1 and also by injections into mice4 ,by means analogous to those detailed1 the experts isolated aconitine from the vomit1 the stomach1 liver1 spleen1 and urine1 and also a minute quantity of morphine1 which had been administered to the patient to subdue the pain during his fatal attack4 ,when tasted1 the peculiar numbing1 tingling sensation lasted many hours4 ,these extracts were relied upon as evidence1 for their physiological effect was identical with that produced by aconitine4 ,for example1 the extract obtained from the urine caused symptoms to commence in a mouse in two minutes1 and death in thirty minutes1 and the symptoms observed by injecting a mouse with known aconitine coincided in every particular with the symptoms produced by the extraction from the urine4 ,with regard to the manner of using 8life tests10 since in most cases extremely small quantities of the active principle will have to be identified1 the choice is limited to small animals1 and it is better to use mice or birds1 rather than reptiles4 ,in the ,lamson case1 subcutaneous injections were employed1 but it is a question whether there is not less error in administering it by the mouth4 ,if two healthy mice are taken1 and the one fed with a little meal1 to which a weighed quantity of the extract under experiment has been added1 while to the other some meal mixed with a supposed equal dose of aconitine is given1 then the symptoms may be compared2 and several objections to any operative proceeding on such small animals are obviated4 ,it is certain that any extract which causes distinct numbness of the lips will contain enough of the poison to kill a small bird or a mouse1 if administered in the ordinary way4#dhb #dhb ,dr4 ,a4 ,langaard has described a species of aconite root1 named by the ,japanese ,ksa-s4 ,from his experiments on frogs and rabbits1 its physiological action seems not to differ from that of aconitine generally4--,ueber eine ,art ,japanische ,akonit-knollen1 ,ksa-s genannt1 u4 ber das in denselben vorkommende ,akonitin4 ,virchow's ,archiv1 ,b4 #gi1 #ahhj1 p4 #bbi4 ,,vi4--,the ,mydriatic ,group of ,alkaloids--,atropine--,hyoscyamine--,so lanine--,cytisine4 #a4 ,,atropine4 #dda4 ,atropine 7,daturine71 ,c,h,,no4--,this important alkaloid has been found in all parts of the ,atropa belladonna1 or deadly nightshade1 and in all the species of ,datura4 ,the ,atropa belladonna is indigenous1 and may be found in some parts of ,england1 although it cannot be said to be very common4 ,it belongs to the ,solanace1 and is a herbaceous plant with broadly ovate entire leaves1 and lurid-purple axillary flowers on short stalks2 the berries are violet-black1 and the whole of the plant is highly poisonous4 ,the juice of the leaves stains paper a purple colour4 ,the seeds are very small1 kidney-shaped1 weighing about #ij to the grain2 they are covered closely with small1 round projections1 and are easily identified by an expert1 who may be supposed to have at hand 7as is most essential7 samples of different poisonous seeds for comparison4 ,the nightshade owes its poisonous properties to atropine4 ,the yield of the different parts of belladonna1 according to ,gunther1#dhc is as follows3-- #dhc ,pharm4 ,zeitschr4 f4 ,russl41 ,feb41 #ahfi2 ,dragendorff1 ,die chemische ,werthbestimmung einiger starkwirkenden ,droguen1 ,st4 ,petersburg1 #ahgd4 ,,table ,,showing ,,the ,,alkaloidal ,,content ,,of ,,various ,,parts ,,of ,,the ,,belladonna ,,plant4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,quantity of ,alkaloids ,quantity of ,alkaloids in the ,fresh in the ,dry ,substance1 per cent4 ,substance1 per cent4 ---------------------------------------- -- 7a47 ,by 7b47 ,by 7a47 ,by 7b47 ,by ,weighing4 ,titration4 ,weighing4 ,titration4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,leaves1 #jbjbb #jbjjgb #jhch #jhbh ,stalk1 #jjdbb 444 #jadf 444 ,ripe fruit1 #jbabh #jbjbeh #jhba #jhje ,seed1 #jbffgf 444 #jdjg 444 ,unripe fruit1 #jahgj #jaicj #jiee #jiee ,root1 #jjgib 444 #jbaj 444 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,atropine appears to exist in the plant in combination with malic acid4 ,according to a research by ,ladenburg1 hyoscyamine is associated with atropine1 both in the ,belladonna and ,datura plants4#dhd #dhd ,ber4 der deutsch4 ,chem4 ,ges41 ,bd4 #ac4 ,from a research by ,w4 ,schtte1#dhe it appears that the younger roots of wild belladonna contain hyoscyamine only1 whilst the older roots contain atropine as well as hyoscyamine1 but only in small proportion2 the same was observed to be the case in the older cultivated roots4 #dhe ,arch4 ,pharm41 ccxxix41 #dib-eca2 ,journ4 ,chem4 ,soc4 7abstract71 ,february #ahib1 #bca4 ,the ripe berries of cultivated ,atropa belladonna nigra contain atropine and hyoscyamine2 those of the wild plant contain atropine only2 the ripe fruit of ,atropa belladonna lutea contains only atropine and another base1 perhaps identical with atropamine2 the unripe fruit of wild ,atropa belladonna nigra contains hyoscyamine1 with only a small quantity of atropine4 ,the leaves of the yellow and black-fruited wild ,atropa belladonna contain hyoscyamine and atropine1 the latter being in small quantity only4 ,fresh and old seeds of ,datura ,stramonium contain chiefly hyoscyamine2 small quantities of atropine and scopolamine are also present4 #ddb4 ,the ,datura ,stramonium or ,thorn-apple is also indigenous in the ,british ,islands1 but1 like belladonna1 it cannot be considered a common plant4 ,datura belongs to the ,solanace2 it grows from #a to #b feet in height1 and is found in waste places4 ,the leaves are smooth1 the flowers white2 the fruit is densely spinous 7hence the name thorn-apple71 and is divided into four dissepiments below1 two at the top1 and containing many seeds4 ,the ,datura1 or the ,dhatura-plants1 of ,india have in that country a great toxicological significance1 the white-flowered datura1 or ,datura alba1 growing plentifully in waste places1 especially about ,madras4 ,the purple-coloured variety1 or ,datura fastuosa1 is also common in certain parts4 ,there is a third variety1 the ,datura atrox1 found about the coast of ,malabar4 ,the seeds of the white datura have been mistaken in ,india for those of capsicum4 ,the following are some of the most marked differences3-- ,,seeds ,,of ,,the ,,common ,,or ,,white ,,seeds ,,of ,,capsicum4 ,,datura4 7#a47 ,outline angular4 ,outline rounded4 7#b47 ,attached to the placenta by a ,attached to the placenta by a large1 white1 fleshy mass separ- cord from a prominence on the ating easily1 leaving a deep concave border of the seed4 furrow along half the length of the seed's concave border4 7#c47 ,surface scabrous1 almost re- ,uniformly scabrous1 the sides ticulate1 except on the two com- being equally rough with the pressed sides1 where it has borders4 become almost glaucous from pressure of the neighbouring seeds4 7#d47 ,convex border thick and ,convex border thickened1 but bulged with a longitudinal depres- uniformly rounded4 sion between the bulgings1 caused by the compression of the two sides4 7#e47 ,a suitable section shows the ,the embryo1 exposed by a suitable embryo curved and twisted in the section1 is seen to resemble in fleshy albumen4 outline very closely the figure #f4 7#f47 ,the taste of the datura seeds ,the taste of capsicum is pungent2 is very feebly bitter4 ,the watery a decoction irritates the eye decoction causes dilatation of the much1 but does not cause dilata- pupil4 tion of the pupil4 ,the identity of the active principle in both the datura and belladonna tribes is now completely established4#dhf #dhf ,see a research by ,ernst ,schmidt1 8,ueber die ,alkaloide der ,belladonna-,wurzel u4 des ,stechapfel-,samens10 ,lieb4 ,annl41 ,bd4 #bjh1 #ahha4 #ddc4 ,pharmaceutical ,preparations4--7a47 ,of the leaves4 ,extract of ,belladonna4--,this contains1 according to ,squire1#dhg;a from #jgc to #ag per cent4 of total alkaloids4 ,belladonna ,juice 7succus belladonn74--,strength in alkaloid about #jje per cent4 ,tincture of ,belladonna4--,half the strength of the juice1 and therefore yielding about #jjbe per cent4 of alkaloid4 #dhg;a ,companion to the ,british ,pharmacopia1 #ahid4 7b47 ,belladonna ,root4--,belladonna plaster contains #bj per cent4 of alcoholic extract of belladonna4 ,alcoholic ,extract of ,belladonna4--,this extract1 according to ,squire1#dhg;b contains from #af to #dde per cent4 of alkaloid4 ,belladonna liniment is an alcoholic extract with the addition of camphor2 its strength is about equal to #jb per cent4 of alkaloid4 ,belladonna ointment contains about #aj per cent4 of the alcoholic extract4 #dhg;b ,companion to the ,british ,pharmacopia1 #ahid4 7c47 ,the ,alkaloid4--,atropine ,discs 7lamell atropin74--,these are discs of gelatin1 each weighing about #a_/ej grain1 and containing for ophthalmic use #a_/ejjj grain of atropine sulphate4 ,similar discs are made for hypodermic use1 but stronger2 each containing #a_/abj grain4 ,solution of ,atropine ,sulphate4--,strength about #a per cent4 ,atropine ,ointment4--,strength about #a in #fj1 or #afj per cent4 of atropine4 7d47 ,stramonium4--,an extract of the seeds is officinal in ,britain2 the alkaloidal content is from #af to #ah per cent4 ,there is also a tincture which contains about #jjf per cent4 of alkaloid4 #ddd4 ,properties of ,atropine1 ,c,h,,no4--,atropine1 hyoscyamine1 and hyoscine have all the same formula1 but differ in their molecular constitution4 ,atropine by hydrolysis1 either by heating it with hydrochloric acid or baryta water1 is decomposed into tropine and tropic acid3-- ,c,h,,no ,h,o ,c,h,,no ,c,h,o4 ,atropine4 ,tropine4 ,tropic acid4 ,on the other hand1 by heating tropic acid and tropine together1 atropine is regenerated4 ,hence it is proved by analysis and synthesis1 that atropine is tropic acid-tropine1 just as aconitine is benzoyl-aconine4 ,tropic acid has been produced synthetically by boiling -chlorphenyl-propionic acid with potash1 which at once shows its constitutional formula1 viz43-- ,,ch,,oh _/ ,c,h,,ch 4 ,,cooh ,tropic acid has a melting-point of #aag to #aah4 ,tropine is a four-fold hydrated oxethyl-methyl-pyridine1 and has the constitutional formula of ,c,h7,h77,c,h,,oh7,n7,,ch72 hence the constitutional formula of atropine is-- ,,ch7,,oh7 _/ ,c,h--,,ch 4 ,,co--,o7,c,h--,c,h,n--,,ch7 ,tropine is a white1 crystalline1 strongly alkaline mass1 melting at #fj1 and volatilising at #bcj undecomposed4 ,it is soluble in water1 alcohol1 and ether1 and gives precipitates with tannic acid1 iodised hydriodic acid1 ,mayer's reagent1 gold chloride1 and mercuric chloride4 ,tropine gold chloride melts at #baj to #bab4 ,atropic acid 7,c,h,o71 melting-point #aih to #bjj1 and isatropic acid 7,c,h,o71 may also be obtained by the action of hydrochloric acid--the first1 in radiating crystals1 melting at #ajf1 and capable of distillation2 the second1 in thin rhombic plates1 melting about #bjj1 and not volatile4 ,picric acid also gives a precipitate of beautiful plates4 ,to obtain this the carbazotic acid must be in excess1 and time must be given for the precipitate to form4 ,atropine forms colourless crystals 7mostly in groups or tufts of needles and prisms71 which are heavier than water1 and possess no smell1 but an unpleasant1 long-enduring1 bitter taste4 ,the experiments of ,e4 ,schmidt place the melting-point between #aae and #aaee4 ,it is said to sublime scantily in a crystalline form1 but the writer has been unable to obtain any crystals by sublimation2 faint mists collect on the upper disc1 at about #abc1 but they are perfectly amorphous4 ,its reaction is alkaline2 one part requires1 of cold water1 #cjj2 of boiling1 #eh2 of ether1 #cj2 of benzene1 #dj2 and of chloroform1 #c parts for solution4 ,in alcohol and amyl alcohol it dissolves in almost every proportion4 ,it turns the plane of polarisation weakly to the left4 #dde4 ,tests4--,atropine mixed with nitric acid exhibits no change of colour4 ,the same is the case with concentrated sulphuric acid in the cold2 but on heating1 there ensues the common browning1 with development of a peculiar odour1 likened by ,gulielmo to orange flowers1 by ,dragendorff to the flowers of the ,prunus padus1 and by ,otto to the ,spira ulmaria--a sufficient evidence of the untrustworthiness of this as a distinctive test4 ,the odour1 indeed1 with small quantities1 is certainly not powerful1 nor is it strongly suggestive of any of the plants mentioned4 ,a far more intense odour is given off if a speck of atropine is evaporated to dryness with a few drops of strong solution of baryta1 and heated strongly2 the scent is decidedly analogous to that of hawthorn-blossom1 and unmistakably agreeable4 ,by boiling a small quantity of atropine1 say #a mgrm41 with #b mgrms4 of calomel and a very little water1 the calomel blackens1 and crystals may be obtained of a double salt2 this reaction is1 however1 given also by hyoscyamine and homatropine4 ,mercuric potassium iodide solution1 and mercuric bromide solution give amorphous precipitates1 which1 after a time1 become crystalline1 and have characteristic forms4 ,a solution of iodine in potassium iodide gives a precipitate with acidulated solutions of atropine in even a dilution of #a 3 #aj1jjj4 ,tannin precipitates1 and the precipitate is soluble in excess of the reagent4 ,if atropine be dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid1 and a #e per cent4 of gold chloride solution be added1 a precipitate of a gold compound 7,c,h,,no,h,cl,au,cl7 separates4 ,the precipitate is in the form of rosettes or needles2 melting-point #acg4 ,on boiling it with water1 however1 it melts into oily drops1 and this peculiar behaviour distinguishes it from the analogous salt of hyoscyamine1 which does not melt in boiling water4 ,the percentage of gold left on a combustion of atropine gold chloride is #cace per cent4 #ajj parts of the gold salt are equal to #dfb of atropine4 ,a platinum salt may also be obtained1 7,c,h,,no,h,cl71,pt,cl1 containing #bie per cent4 of platinum4 ,vitali's test is important2 it consists in the production of a violet colour with alcoholic potash after oxidation4 ,the test may be applied as follows3--,equal parts1 say #a mgrm41 of nitrate of sodium and of the substance to be tested1 are rubbed together with a glass rod on a porcelain slab1 and to this mixture #a drop of sulphuric acid is added2 the mixture is spread out in a thin film2 upon this is strewn a little powdered potassium hydrate1 and finally #a drop of alcohol added2 a violet colour is produced which passes into a fine red2 according to the author of the test1 #jjja mgrm4 of atropine sulphate can by this test be detected4 ,strychnine obscures this reaction4 ,atropine1 homatropine1 and hyoscyamine show an alkaline reaction with phenolphthalein3 atropine and homatropine give a precipitate with ,hg,cl4 ,hyoscyamine1 not cocaine1 precipitates ,hg,cl1 and is alkaline to litmus1 but not to phenolphthalein4 ,atropine behaves as follows3--7#a7 ,sodium nitrate1 sulphuric acid1 and afterwards sodium hydroxide1 gives a violet colour2 7#b7 the test as before1 but with nitrite instead of nitrate1 gives orange colour1 which1 on dilution with sodium hydroxide solution1 changes to red1 violet1 or lilac2 7#c7 when heated with glacial acetic acid and sulphuric acid for a sufficient time1 a greenish-yellow fluorescence is produced4--,flckiger1 ,pharm4 ,journ4 ,trans4 7#c71 vol4 xvi4 p4 #fja-fjb4 ,the two alkaloids1 strychnine and atropine1 are not likely to be often together in the human body1 but that it may sometimes occur is shown by a case recorded by ,l4 ,fabris4#dhh ,a patient in the hospital at ,padua had for some time been treated with daily injections of #c mgrms4 of strychnine nitrate2 unfortunately1 one day1 instead of the #c mgrms4 of strychnine1 the same quantity of atropine sulphate was injected1 and the patient died after a few hours1 with symptoms of atropine poisoning4 #dhh ,gazzetta1 xxii41 i4 #cdg-cej4 ,on chemical treatment of the viscera1 a mixture of alkaloids was obtained which did not give either the reactions of strychnine or of atropine4 ,to test the possibility of these alkaloids obscuring each other's reactions1 mixtures of #c per cent4 solutions 7the strength of the injections7 of atropine sulphate and strychnine nitrate were mixed together1 and strychnine tested for by the dichromate and sulphuric acid test4 ,a mixture of equal parts gave the strychnine reaction very clearly1 but the atropine reaction not at all2 #a strychnine with #c of atropine gave strychnine reaction1 but not that of atropine2 #a strychnine with #d atropine gave indistinct reaction for both alkaloids2 #a of strychnine with #e of atropine gave a momentary atropine reaction1 the violet was1 however1 almost immediately replaced by a red colour4 ,vitali's reaction was not clearly shown until the mixture was in the proportion of #i of atropine to #a of strychnine1 but mixtures in the proportion of #c strychnine and #a atropine will give distinct mydriasis4 ,in such a case1 of course1 the strychnine should be separated from the atropine2 this can be effected by precipitating the strychnine as chromate1 filtering and recovering from the filter the atropine by alkalising and shaking it out with ether4 ,the atropine may be farther purified by converting it into oxalate1 dissolving the oxalate in as small a quantity of alcohol as possible1 and precipitating the oxalate out with ether2 the precipitate is collected1 dissolved in as small a quantity of water as possible1 the water made alkaline1 and the base shaken out with ether4 ,the most reliable test for atropine1 or one of the mydriatic alkaloids1 is its action on the iris2 a solution of atropine1 even so weak as #a 3 #acj1jjj1 causing dilatation4#dhi ,this action on the iris has been studied by ,ruyter1#dij ,donders1 and von ,graefe4 #dhi ,de ,actione ,atrop ,belladonn in ,iridem1 ,traj4 ad ,rhen41 #aheb4 #dij ,arch4 ,ophthal41 ix4 #bfb1 #ahfd4 ,the action is local1 taking effect when in dilute solution only on the eye to which it has been applied2 and it has been produced on the eyes of frogs1 not only in the living subject1 but after the head has been severed from the body and deprived of brain4 ,the thinner the cornea1 the quicker the dilatation2 therefore1 the younger the person or animal1 the more suitable for experiment4 ,in frogs1 with a solution of #a 3 #bej1 dilatation commences in about five minutes2 in pigeons1 seven minutes2 and in rabbits1 ten minutes4 ,in man1 a solution of #a 3 #abj commences to act in about six to seven minutes1 reaches its highest point in from ten to fifteen minutes1 and persists more or less for six to eight days4 ,a solution of #a 3 #dhj acts first in fifteen to twenty minutes1 and reaches its greatest point in twenty minutes2 a solution of #a 3 #dh1jjj requires from three-quarters of an hour to an hour to show its effect4 ,dogs and cats are far more sensible to its influence than man1 and therefore more suitable for experiment4 ,if the expert chooses1 he may essay the proof upon himself1 controlling the dilatation by ,calabar bean2 but it is seldom necessary or advisable to make personal trials of this nature4#dia #dia ,a4 ,ladenburg 7,compt4 ,rend41 xc4 #ib71 having succeeded in reproducing atropine by heating tropine and tropic acid with hydrochloric acid1 by substituting various organic acids for the tropic acid1 has obtained a whole series of compounds to which he has given the name of tropeines4 ,one of these1 hydroxytoluol 7amygdalic7 tropeine1 he has named homatropine4 ,it dilates the pupil1 but is less poisonous than atropine4 #ddf4 ,statistics of ,atropine ,poisoning4--,since atropine is the active principle of belladonna and datura plants1 and every portion of these--root1 seeds1 leaves1 and fruit--has caused toxic symptoms1 poisoning by any part of these plants1 or by their pharmaceutical or other preparations1 may be considered with strict propriety as atropine poisoning4 ,our ,english death statistics for the ten years ending #ahib1 record #gi deaths 7#ej males and #bi females7 from atropine 7for the most part registered under the head of belladonna72 #bi 7or #cfg per cent47 were suicidal1 the rest accidental4 ,the greatest number of the accidental cases arise from mistakes in pharmacy2 thus1 belladonna leaves have been supplied for ash leaves2 the extract of belladonna has been given instead of extract of juniper2 the alkaloid itself has been dispensed in mistake for theine2#dib a more curious and marvellously stupid mistake is one in which it was dispensed instead of assaftida 7,schauenstein1 op4 cit41 p4 #feb74 ,further1 valerianate of atropine has been accidentally substituted for quinine valerianate1 and ,schauenstein relates a case in which atropine sulphate was administered subcutaneously instead of morphine sulphate2 but the result was not lethal4 ,many other instances might be cited4 ,the extended use of atropine as an external application to the eye naturally gives rise to a few direct and indirect accidents4 ,serious symptoms have arisen from the solution reaching the pharynx through the lachrymal duct and nose4 ,a curious indirect poisoning1 caused by the use of atropine as a collyrium1 is related by ,schauenstein4#dic ,a person suffered from all the symptoms of atropine poisoning2 but the channel by which it had obtained access to the system was a great mystery1 until it was traced to some coffee1 and it was then found that the cook had strained this coffee through a certain piece of linen1 which had been used months before1 soaked in atropine solution1 as a collyrium1 and had been cast aside as of no value4 #dib ,hohl1 ,de ,effectu ,atropini4 ,diss4 ,halle1 #ahfc4 #dic ,maschka's ,handbuch4 #ddg4 ,accidental and ,criminal ,poisoning by ,atropine4--,external applications of atropine are rapidly absorbed1 e4g41 if the foot of a rat be steeped for a little while in a solution of the alkaloid1 and the eyes watched1 dilatation of the pupils will soon be observed4 ,if the skin is broken1 enough may be absorbed to cause death4 ,a case is on record in which #ba grm4 of atropine sulphate1 applied as an ointment to the abraded skin1 was fatal4#did ,atropine has also been absorbed from the bowel2 in one case1 a clyster containing the active principles of #eb grms4 7#hj grains7 of belladonna root was administered to a woman twenty-seven years of age1 and caused death4 ,allowing the root to have been carefully dried1 and to contain #ba per cent4 of alkaloid1 it would seem that so little as #aji mgrms4 7#af grain7 may even prove fatal1 if left in contact with the intestinal mucous membrane4 ,belladonna berries and stramonium leaves and seeds are eaten occasionally by children4 ,a remarkable series of poisonings by belladonna berries occurred in ,london during the autumn of #ahdf4 #did ,ploss1 ,zeitschr4 f4 ,chir41 #ahfc4 ,criminal poisoning by atropine in any form is of excessive rarity in ,europe and ,america1 but in ,india it has been frightfully prevalent4 ,in all the ,asiatic cases the substance used has been one of the various species of datura1 and mostly the bruised or ground seeds1 or a decoction of the seeds4 ,in #abj cases recorded in papers and works on ,indian toxicology1 ,i find no less than #fc per cent4 of the cases criminal1 #ai per cent4 suicidal1 and #ah per cent4 accidental4 ,in noting these figures1 however1 it must be borne in mind that known criminal cases are more certain to be recorded than any other cases4 ,the drug has been known under the ,sanscrit name of dhatoora by the ,hindoos from most remote times4 ,it was largely used by the ,thugs1 either for the purpose of stupefying their victim or for killing him2 by loose wives to ensure for a time the fatuity of their husbands2 and1 lastly1 it seems in ,indian history to have played the peculiar rle of a state agent1 and to have been used to induce the idiocy or insanity of persons of high rank1 whose mental integrity was considered dangerous by the despot in power4 ,the ,hindoos1 by centuries of practice1 have attained such dexterity in the use of the 8datura0 as to raise that kind of poisoning to an art1 so that ,dr4 ,chevers1 in his ,medical ,jurisprudence for ,india1#die declares that 8there appears to be no drug known in the present day which represents in its effects so close an approach to the system of slow poisoning1 believed by many to have been practised in the ,middle ,ages1 as does the datura40 #die ,dr4 ,chevers's work contains a very good history of datura criminal poisoning4 #ddh4 ,fatal ,dose4--,it is impossible to state with precision the exact quantity which may cause death1 atropine being one of those substances whose effect1 varying in different cases1 seems to depend on special constitutional tendencies or idiosyncracies of the individual4 ,some persons take a comparatively large amount with impunity1 while others scarcely bear a very moderate dose without exhibiting unpleasant symptoms4 ,eight mgrms4 7 grain7 have been known to produce poisonous symptoms1 and #abi grm4 7#b grains7 death4 ,we may1 therefore1 infer that about #jfdh grm4 7#a grain7 would1 unchecked by remedies1 probably act fatally2 but very large doses have been recovered from1 especially when treatment has been prompt4 ,atropine is used in veterinary practice1 from #cbd to #fdh mgrms4 7 to #a grain7 and more being administered subcutaneously to horses2 but the extent to which this may be done with safety is not yet established4 #ddi4 ,action on ,animals4--,the action of atropine has been studied on certain beetles1 on reptiles 7such as the salamander1 triton1 frogs1 and others71 on guinea-pigs1 hedgehogs1 rats1 rabbits1 fowls1 pigeons1 dogs1 and cats4 ,among the mammalia there is no essential difference in the symptoms1 but great variation in the relative sensibility2 man seems the most sensitive of all1 next to man come the carnivora1 while the herbivora1 and especially the rodents1 offer a considerable resistance4 ,according to ,falck the lethal dose for a rabbit is at least #gi mgrm4 per kilo4 ,it is the general opinion that rabbits may eat sufficient of the belladonna plant to render their flesh poisonous1 and yet the animals themselves may show no disturbance in health2 but this must not be considered adequately established4 ,speaking very generally1 the higher the animal organisation the greater the sensibility to atropine4 ,frogs are affected in a peculiar manner4 ,according to the researches of ,fraser1#dif the animal is first paralysed1 and some hours after the administration of the poison lies motionless1 the only signs of life being the existence of a slight movement of the heart and muscular irritability4 ,after a period of from forty-eight to seventy-two hours1 the fore limbs are seized with tetanic spasms1 which develop into a strychnine-like tetanus4 #dif ,transact4 of ,edin4 ,roy4 ,soc41 vol4 xxv4 p4 #ddi4 ,journ4 of ,anat4 and ,physiol41 ,may #ahfi1 p4 #ceg4 #dej4 ,action on ,man4--,when atropine is injected subcutaneously1 the symptoms1 as is usually the case with drugs administered in this manner1 may come on immediately1 the pupil not unfrequently dilating almost before the injection is finished4 ,this is in no way surprising2 but there are instances in which decoctions of datura seeds have been administered by the stomach1 and the commencement of symptoms has been as rapid as in poisoning by oxalic or even prussic acid4 ,in a case tried in ,india in ,july #aheb1 the prosecutor declared that1 while a person was handing him a lota of water1 the prisoner snatched it away on pretence of freeing the water from dirt or straws1 and then gave it to him4 ,he then drank only two mouthfuls1 and1 complaining of the bitter taste1 fell down insensible within forty yards of the spot where he had drunk1 and did not recover his senses until the third day after4 ,in another case1 a man was struck down so suddenly that his feet were scalded by some hot water which he was carrying4--,chevers4 ,when the seeds1 leaves1 or fruit of atropine-holding plants are eaten1 there is1 however1 a very appreciable period before the symptoms commence1 and1 as in the case of opium poisoning1 no very definite rule can be laid down1 but usually the effects are experienced within half an hour4 ,the first sensation is dryness of the mouth and throat2 this continues increasing1 and may rise to such a degree that the swallowing of liquids is an impossibility4 ,the difficulty in swallowing does not seem to be entirely dependent on the dry state of the throat1 but is also due to a spasmodic contraction of the pharyngeal muscles4 ,tissore#dig found in one case such constriction that he could only introduce emetics by passing a catheter of small diameter4 ,the mucous membrane is reddened1 and the voice hoarse4#dih ,the inability to swallow1 and the changed voice1 bear some little resemblance to hydrophobia--a resemblance heightened to the popular mind by an inclination to bite1 which seems to have been occasionally observed2 the pupils are early dilated1 and the dilatation may be marked and extreme2 the vision is deranged1 letters and figures often appear duplicated2 the eyeballs are occasionally remarkably prominent1 and generally congested2 the skin is dry1 even very small quantities of atropine arresting the cutaneous secretion2 in this respect atropine and pilocarpine are perfect examples of antagonism4 ,with the dryness of skin1 in a large percentage of cases1 occurs a scarlet rash over most of the body4 ,this is generally the case after large doses1 but ,stadler saw the rash produced on a child three months old by #c mgrm4 of atropine sulphate4 ,it appeared three minutes after the dose1 lasted five hours1 and was reproduced by a renewed dose4#dii ,the temperature of the body with large doses is raised2 with small1 somewhat lowered4 ,the pulse is increased in frequency1 and is always above #ajj--mostly from #aae to #abj1 or even #aej1 in the minute4 ,the breathing is at first a little slowed1 and then very rapid4 ,vomiting is not common2 the sphincters may be paralysed so that the evacuations are involuntary1 and there may be also spasmodic contractions of the urinary bladder4 ,the nervous system is profoundly affected2 in one case there were clonic spasms1#ejj in another1#eja such muscular rigidity1 that the patient could with difficulty be placed on a chair4 ,the lower extremities are often partly paralysed1 there is a want of co-ordination1 the person reels like a drunken man1 or there may be general jactitation4 ,the disturbance of the brain functions is very marked2 in about #d per cent4 only of the recorded cases has there been no delirium1 or very little--in the majority delirium is present4 ,in adults this generally takes a garrulous1 pleasing form1 but every variety has been witnessed4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,giraud describes the delirium from datura 7which it may be necessary to again repeat is atropine delirium7 as follows3--8,he either vociferates loudly or is garrulous1 and talks incoherently2 sometimes he is mirthful1 and laughs wildly1 or is sad and moans1 as if in great distress2 generally he is observed to be very timid1 and1 when most troublesome and unruly1 can always be cowed by an angry word1 frequently putting up his hands in a supplicating posture4 ,when approached he suddenly shrinks back as if apprehensive of being struck1 and frequently he moves about as if to avoid spectra4 ,but the most invariable accompaniment of the final stage of delirium1 and frequently also that of sopor1 is in the incessant picking at real or imaginary objects4 ,at one time the patient seizes hold of parts of his clothes or bedding1 pulls at his fingers and toes1 takes up dirt and stones from the ground1 or as often snatches at imaginary objects in the air1 on his body1 or anything near him4 ,very frequently he appears as if amusing himself by drawing out imaginary threads from the ends of his fingers1 and occasionally his antics are so varied and ridiculous1 that ,i have seen his near relatives1 although apprehensive of danger1 unable to restrain their laughter40#ejb ,this active delirium passes into a somnolent state with muttering1 catching at the bedclothes1 or at floating spectra1 and in fatal cases the patient dies in this stage4 ,as a rule1 the sleep is not like opium coma2 there is complete insensibility in both1 but in the one the sleep is deep1 without muttering1 in the other1 from atropine1 it is more like the stupor of a fever4 ,the course in fatal cases is rapid1 death generally taking place within six hours4 ,if a person live over seven or eight hours1 he usually recovers1 however serious the symptoms may appear4 ,on waking1 the patient remembers nothing of his illness2 mydriasis remains some time1 and there may be abnormality of speech and weakness of the limbs1 but within four days health is re-established4 ,in cases where the seeds have been swallowed1 the symptoms may be much prolonged1 and they seem to continue until all the seeds have been voided--perhaps this is due to the imperfect but continuous extraction of atropine by the intestinal juices4 #dig ,gaz4 hebd41 #ahef4 #dih ,a friend of the author's was given1 by a mistake in dispensing1 #af minims of a solution of atropine sulphate1 equivalent to #a_/g grain of atropine 7or #ic mgrms74 ,ten minutes after taking the dose there was dilatation of the pupil1 indistinctness of vision1 with great dryness of the throat and difficulty in swallowing2 he attempted to eat a biscuit1 but1 after chewing it1 he was obliged to spit it out1 as it was not possible to swallow2 the throat was excessively sore1 and there was a desire to pass urine1 but only a few drops could be voided4 ,in forty-five minutes he was unable to stand or walk4 ,there was a bright rash on the chest4 ,in two hours he became insensible1 and was taken to the ,middlesex ,hospital1 recovering under treatment in about eight hours4 #dii ,med4 ,times1 #ahfh4 #ejj ,lancet1 vol4 i41 #ahha1 p4 #dad4 #eja ,ibid41 vol4 i41 #ahgf1 p4 #cdf4 #ejb ,in an ,english case of belladonna poisoning1 the patient1 a tailor1 sat for four hours1 moving his hands and arms as if sewing1 and his lips as if talking1 but without uttering a word4 ,chronic poisoning by atropine may1 from what has been stated1 be of great importance in ,india4 ,it is probable that its continuous effect would tend to weaken the intellect1 and there is no reason for any incredulity with regard to its power as a factor of insanity4 ,rossbach has ascertained that if dogs are1 day after day1 dosed with atropine1 they become emaciated2 but a certain tolerance is established1 and the dose has to be raised considerably after a time to produce any marked physiological effect4 #dea4 ,physiological ,action of ,atropine4--,from the numerous experiments on animals which have been performed for the purpose of elucidating the action of atropine1 it is clear that the terminations of the vagus in the heart muscle are first excited1 and then paralysed4 ,the excitor-motor ganglion is also paralysed1 and finally the heart itself2 death resulting from heart paralysis4 ,the respiratory disturbance is also to be ascribed to the vagus2 the terminations in the lung are paralysed1 and1 at the same time1 the poison circulating through the respiratory nervous centre stimulates it first1 and then it also becomes finally paralysed4 ,the small vessels are generally widened after a previous transitory narrowing4 ,organs containing unstriped muscular fibre are generally paralysed1 as well as the ends of the nerves regulating secretion--hence the dryness of the skin4 ,the action on the iris is not thoroughly elucidated4 #deb4 ,the diagnosis of atropine poisoning may be very difficult unless the attention of the medical man be excited by some suspicious circumstance4 ,a child suffering from belladonna rash1 with hot dry skin1 quick pulse1 and reddened fauces1 looks not unlike one under an attack of scarlet fever4 ,further1 as before mentioned1 some cases are similar to rabies2 and again1 the garrulous delirium and the hallucinations of an adult are often very similar to those of delirium tremens1 as well as tomania4 #dec4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,the post-mortem appearances do not seem to be characteristic1 save in the fact that the pupils remain dilated4 ,the brain is usually hypermic1 and in one case the absence of moisture seems to have been remarkable4 ,the stomach and intestines may be somewhat irritated if the seeds1 leaves1 or other parts of the plant have been eaten2 but the irritation is not constant if the poisoning has been by pure atropine1 and still less is it likely to be present if atropine has been administered subcutaneously4 #ded4 ,treatment4--,the great majority of cases recover under treatment4 ,in #aab cases collected by ,f4 ,a4 ,falck1 #ac only were fatal 7#aaf per cent474 ,the greater portion of the deaths in ,india are those of children and old people--persons of feeble vitality4 ,the ,asiatic treatment1 which has been handed down by tradition1 is the application of cold water to the feet2 but the method which has found most favour in ,england is treatment by pilocarpine1 a fifth of a grain or more being injected from time to time4 ,pilocarpine shows as perfect antagonism as possible2 atropine dries1 pilocarpine moistens the skin2 atropine accelerates1 pilocarpine slows the respiration4 ,dr4 ,sydney ,ringer and others have published a remarkable series of cases showing the efficacy of this treatment1 which1 of course1 is to be combined where necessary with emetics1 the use of the stomach-pump1 c4#ejc #ejc ,see1 for ,dr4 ,ringer's cases1 ,lancet1 vol4 i41 #ahgf1 p4 #cdf4 ,refer also to ,brit4 ,med4 ,journ41 vol4 i41 #ahha1 p4 #eid2 ib41 p4 #fei4 #dee4 ,separation of ,atropine from ,organic ,tissues1 c4--,from the contents of the stomach1 atropine may be separated by acidulating strongly with sulphuric acid 7#ae to #bj c4c4 of dilute ,h,,so to #ajj c4c471 digesting for some time at a temperature not exceeding #gj1 and then reducing any solid matter to a pulp by friction1 and filtering1 which can generally be effected by the aid of a filter-pump4 ,the liver1 muscles1#ejd and coagulated blood1 c41 may also be treated in a precisely similar way4 ,the acid liquid thus obtained1 is first1 to remove impurities1 shaken up with amyl alcohol1 and after the separation of the latter in the usual manner1 it is agitated with chloroform1 which will take up any of the remaining amyl alcohol1#eje and also serve to purify further4 ,the chloroform is then removed by a pipette 7or the separating flask before described71 and the fluid made alkaline1 and shaken up with ether1 which1 on removal1 is allowed to evaporate spontaneously4 ,the residue will contain atropine1 and this may be farther purified by converting it into oxalate1 as suggested1 page #cgd4 #ejd ,neither amyl alcohol nor chloroform removes atropine from an acid solution4 #eje ,atropine goes into the blood1 and appears to be present in the different organs in direct proportion to the quantity of blood they contain4 ,dragendorff has found in the muscles of rabbits fed upon belladonna sufficient atropine for quantitative estimation4 ,from the urine1#ejf atropine may be extracted by acidifying with sulphuric acid1 and agitation with the same series of solvents4 ,atropine has been separated from putrid matters long after death1 nor does it appear to suffer any decomposition by the ordinary analytical operations of evaporating solutions to dryness at #ajj4 ,in other words1 there seems to be no necessity for operations in vacuo1 in attempts at separating atropine4 #ejf ,dragendorff has found atropine in the urine of rabbits fed with belladonna2 the separation by the poison is so rapid that it often can only be recognised in the urine during the first hour after the poison has been taken4 ,,table ,,showing ,,the ,,alkaloidal ,,content ,,of ,,various ,,parts ,,of ,,the ,,henbane ,,plant4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,seeds1,leaves1 ,stalk1 ,root1 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,plant ,hyosc4- #ahfh4 444 #jehh #jjab #jabh ,desti- ,albus4 #ahfi4 444 #jdfi 444 #jagf tute ---------------------------------------- ---- of ,hyosc4- #ahfh4 444 #jaed #jjgj #jjbg ,flowers4 ,niger4 #ahfi4 444 #jaib #jjag #jjhj ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,hyosc4- #ahfh4 444 #jcei #jjcf #jadf ,plant ,albus4 #ahfi4 444 #jcbi #jjdh #jbfb in ---------------------------------------- ---- ,flower4 ,hyosc4- #ahfh4 444 #jadg #jjcb #jabg ,niger4 #ahfi4 444 #jbjf #jjcj #jach ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,hyosc4- #ahfh4 #jafb #jbaa #jjbg #jajf ,plant ,albus4 #ahfi4 #jagb #jaec #jjbi #jjhf in ---------------------------------------- ---- ,fruit4 ,hyosc4- #ahfh4 #jjge #jjfe #jjji #jjbh ,niger4 #ahfi4 #jaah #jaaj #jjaj #jjef ---------------------------------------- -------------- #b4 ,,hyoscyamine4 #def4 ,this powerful alkaloid is contained in small quantities in datura and belladonna1 and also is found in the common lettuce 7#jja per cent471#ejg and in ,scopola carmolica1 a solanaceous plant indigenous to ,austria and ,hungary#ejh2 but its chief source is the ,hyoscyamus niger and ,hyoscyamus alba 7black and white henbane73 it is also found in the ,duboisia myoporoides4 ,the latter plant was considered to contain a new alkaloid1 8,duboisine10 but duboisine is a mixture of hyoscyamine and hyoscine4 ,ladenburg's hyoscine accompanies hyoscyamine1 and is an isomeride of both atropine and hyoscyamine2 its chemical reactions are similar to those of hyoscyamine1 as well as its physiological effects4#eji #ejg ,t4 ,s4 ,dymond1 ,journ4 ,chem4 ,soc4 ,trans41 #ahib1 #ij4 #ejh ,w4 ,r4 ,dunstan and ,a4 ,e4 ,chaston4 ,pharm4 ,journ4 ,trans4 7#c71 xx4 #dfa-dfd4 #eji ,see ,ber4 der deutsch4 ,chem4 ,gesell41 #ac1 #aedi to #aeed4 ,by boiling hyoscine hydrochloride with animal charcoal1 and then precipitating with auric chloride1 a good crystalline compound1 melting at #aih1 can be obtained4 ,hyoscyamine 7,c,h,,no71 as separated in the course of analysis1 is a resinoid1 sticky1 amorphous mass1 difficult to dry1 and possessing a tobacco-like odour4 ,it can1 however1 be obtained in well-marked odourless crystals1 which melt at #ajh-aji1 a portion subliming unchanged4 ,it liquefies under boiling water without crystallisation4 ,according to ,thorey1#eaj hyoscyamine crystallises out of chloroform in rhombic tables1 and out of benzene in fine needles2 but out of ether or amyl alcohol it remains amorphous4 ,when perfectly pure1 it dissolves with difficulty in cold1 but more readily in hot1 water2 if impure1 it is hygroscopic1 and its solubility is much increased4 ,in any case1 it dissolves easily in alcohol1 ether1 chloroform1 amyl alcohol1 benzene1 and dilute acids4 ,hyoscyamine neutralises acids fully1 and forms crystallisable salts1 which assume for the most part the form of needles4 ,it is isomeric with atropine1 and is converted into atropine by heating to #aaj1 or warming with alcoholic potash4 ,the gold salt melts at #aei1 and does not melt in boiling water like the atropine gold salt4 #eaj ,pharm4 ,zeitschr4 f4 ,russl41 #ahfi4 #deg4 ,pharmaceutical and other ,preparations of ,henbane4--,the leaves are alone officinal in the ,european pharmacopias2 but the seeds and the root1 or the flowers1 may be met with occasionally1 especially among herbalists4 ,the table#eaa 7p4 #chb7 will give an idea of the alkaloidal content of the different parts of the plant4 #eaa ,this table1 taken from ,dragendorff's ,chemische ,werthbestimmung einiger starkwirkenden ,droguen1 embodies the researches of ,thorey4 ,in order to ascertain the percentage of the alkaloid in any part of the plant1 the process followed by ,thorey has the merit of simplicity4 ,the substance is first exhausted by petroleum ether1 which frees it from fat2 after drying1 it is extracted with #he per cent4 alcohol at a temperature not exceeding #dj4 ,the alcoholic extracts are then united1 the alcohol distilled off1 and the residue filtered4 ,the filtrate is now first purified by agitation with petroleum ether1 then saturated by ammonia1 and shaken up with chloroform4 ,the latter1 on evaporation1 leaves the alkaloid only slightly impure1 and1 after washing with distilled water1 if dissolved in dilute sulphuric acid1 a crystalline sulphate may be readily obtained4 ,a tincture and an extract of henbane leaves and flowering tops are officinal in most pharmacopias2 an extract of the seeds in that of ,france4 ,an oil of hyoscyamus is officinal in all the ,continental pharmacopias1 but not in the ,british4 ,henbane juice is recognised by the ,british pharmacopia2 it is about the same strength as the tincture4 ,an ointment1 made of one part of the extract to nine of simple ointment1 is officinal in the ,german pharmacopia4 ,the tincture 7after distilling off the spirit7 and the extracts 7on proper solution7 may be conveniently titrated by ,mayer's reagent 7p4 #bfc71 which1 for this purpose1 should be diluted one-half2 each c4c4 then1 according to ,dragendorff1 equalling #fih mgrms4 of hyoscyamine4 ,kruse found #jjdb per cent4 of hyoscyamine in a ,russian tincture1 and #bh per cent4 in a ,russian extract4 ,any preparation made with extract of henbane will be found to contain nitrate of potash1 for ,attfield has shown the extract to be rich in this substance4 ,the ointment will require extraction of the fat by petroleum ether2 this accomplished1 the determination of its strength is easy4 ,the oil of hyoscyamus is poisonous1 and contains the alkaloid4 ,an exact quantitative research is difficult2 but if #bj grms4 of the oil are shaken up for some time with water acidified by sulphuric acid1 the fluid separated from the oil1 made alkaline1 shaken up with chloroform1 and the latter removed and evaporated1 sufficient will be obtained to test successfully for the presence of the alkaloid1 by its action on the pupil of the eye4 #deh4 ,dose and ,effects4--,the dose of the uncrystalline hyoscyamine is #f mgrms4 7#a_/aj grain71 carefully increased4 ,i have seen it extensively used in asylums to calm violent or troublesome maniacs4 ,thirty-two mgrms4 7 grain7 begin to act within a quarter of an hour2 the face flushes1 the pupils dilate1 there is no excitement1 all muscular motion is enfeebled1 and the patient remains quiet for many hours1 the effects from a single dose not uncommonly lasting two days4 #fdh mgrms4 7#a grain7 would be a very large1 and possibly fatal1 dose4 ,the absence of delirium or excitement1 with full doses of hyoscyamine1 is a striking contrast to the action of atropine1 in every other respect so closely allied2 yet there are cases on record showing that the henbane root itself has an action similar to that of belladonna1 unless indeed one root has been mistaken for another2 e4g41 ,sonnenschein relates the following ancient case of poisoning3--,in a certain cloister the monks ate by error the root of henbane4 ,in the night they were all taken with hallucinations1 so that the pious convent was like a madhouse4 ,one monk sounded at midnight the matins1 some who thereupon came into chapel could not read1 others read what was not in the book1 others sang drinking songs--in short1 there was the greatest disturbance4 #dei4 ,separation of ,hyoscyamine from ,organic ,matters4--,the isolation of the alkaloid from organic tissues or fluids1 in cases where a medicinal preparation of henbane1 or of the leaves1 root1 c41 has been taken1 is possible1 and should be carried out on the principles already detailed4 ,hyoscyamine is mainly identified by its power of dilating the pupil of the eye4 ,it is said that so small a quantity as #jjhc mgrm4 7#a_/djjj grain7 will in fifteen minutes dilate the eye of a rabbit4 ,it is true that atropine also dilates the pupil2 but if sufficient of the substance should have been isolated to apply other tests1 it can be distinguished from atropine by the fact that the latter gives no immediate precipitate with platinic chloride1 whilst hyoscyamine is precipitated by a small quantity of platinic chloride1 and dissolved by a larger amount1 and also by the characters of the gold salt4 #c4 ,,hyoscine4 #dfj4 ,hyoscine1 ,c,h,,no4--,according to ,e4 ,schmidt#eab the formula is ,c,h,,no ,h,o1 and the alkaloid is identical with scopolamine4 ,scopolamine has a m4p4 of #ei1 gives an aurochloride1 crystallising in needles1 the m4p4 of which is #bab to #bad2 when boiled with baryta water1 it splits up into atropic acid and scopoline1 a base 7,c,h,,no71 m4p4 #aaj1 boiling-point1 #bda to #bdc2 scopoline forms an aurochloride1 m4p4 #bbc-bbe2 and a platinochloride1 m4p4 #bbh-bcj2 but ,ladenburg1#eac in answer to ,schmidt1 asserts that hyoscine exists1 and is not identical with scopolamine4 ,a sample of commercial hyoscine hydrobromide ,nagelvoort found to melt1 water-free1 at #aih2 other commercial samples of hydrobromide melted at #agi and #ahf2 the latter sample giving an aurochloride which melted at #aib4 ,pure hyoscine gold chloride is stated to melt at #aih4 ,its reactions are much the same as those of atropine1 but it does not blacken calomel4 ,it is very poisonous4 #eab ,arch4 ,pharm41 ccxxx4 #bjg-bca4 #eac ,ber41 xxv4 #bchh-bcid4 ,according to experiments on animals1 the heart is first slowed1 then quickened2 the first effect being due to a stimulation of the inhibitory nervous apparatus1 the second to a paralysing action on the same4 ,the temperature is not altered4 ,the pupils are dilated1 the saliva diminished4 ,the irritability of the brain is lessened4#ead #ead ,parloff1 ,st ,petersburg ,med4 ,chem4 ,acad41 ,dissert4 ,no4 #i1 #ahhi-ij4 #d4 ,,solanine4 #dfa4 ,distribution of ,solanine4--,solanine is a poisonous nitrogenised glucoside found in all parts of the plants belonging to the nightshade order4 ,the ,english common plants in which solanine occurs are the edible potato plant 7,solanum tuberosum71 the nightshade 7,solanum nigrum71 and the ,solanum dulcamara1 or bitter-sweet4 ,the berries of the ,solanum nigrum and those of ,s4 dulcamara contain about #jc per cent4 ,mature healthy potatoes appear to contain no solanine1 but from #aej grms4 of diseased potatoes ,g4 ,kassner#eae separated #cj to #ej mgrms4 #eae ,arch4 ,pharm4 7#c71 xxv4 #djb1 #djc4 ,r4 ,firbas1#eaf in a research on the active substances or young shoots of the ,s4 tuberosum found two products--one crystalline1 ,solanine2 the other amorphous1 ,solaneine4 ,he gives the following formula to solanine--,c,h,,no#d;,h,o2 when dried at #ajj it becomes anhydrous4 ,from a solution in #he per cent4 alcohol it crystallises in colourless needles1 m4p4 #bdd2 these are almost insoluble in ether and alcohol1 but are readily dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid4 ,on hydrolysis solanine breaks up into solanidine and a sugar1 according to the equation-- #eaf ,monatsh41 x4 #eda-efj2 ,journ4 ,chem4 ,soc4 7,abst471 ,jan4 #ahij4 ,c,h,,no ,c,h,,no #b;,c,h,o #d;,h,o4 #dfb4 ,properties of ,solanine4--,the reaction of the crystals is weakly alkaline2 the taste is somewhat bitter and pungent4 ,solanine is soluble in #hjjj parts of boiling water1 #djjj parts of ether1 #ejj parts of cold1 and #abe of boiling alcohol4 ,it dissolves well in hot amyl alcohol1 but is scarcely soluble in benzene4 ,an aqueous solution froths on shaking1 but not to the degree possessed by saponine solutions4 ,the amyl alcohol solution has the property of gelatinising when cold4 ,it does this if even so little as #a part of solanine is dissolved in #bjjj of hot amyl alcohol4 ,the jelly is so firm that the vessel may be inverted without any loss4 ,this peculiar property is one of the most important tests for the presence of solanine4 ,the hot ethylic alcohol solution will1 on cooling1 also gelatinise1 but a stronger solution is required4 ,from very dilute alcoholic solutions 7and especially with slow cooling7 solanine may be obtained in crystals4 ,in dilute mineral acids solanine dissolves freely1 and forms salts1 which for the most part have an acid reaction and are soluble in alcohol and in water1 but with difficulty in ether4 ,the compounds with the acids are not very stable1 and several of them are broken up on warming the solution1 solanine separating out from the aqueous solutions of the solanine salts4 ,the alkaloid may be precipitated by the fixed and volatile alkalies1 and by the alkaline earths4 ,solanine will stand boiling with strongly alkaline solutions without decomposition2 but dilute acids1 on warming1 hydrolyse4 ,by heating solanine in alcoholic solution with ethyl iodide in closed tubes1 and then treating the liquid with ammonia1 ethyl solanine in well-formed crystals can be obtained4 ,solanine is precipitated by phosphomolybdic acid1 but by very few other substances4 ,it gives1 for example1 no precipitate with the following reagents3--,platinic chloride1 gold chloride1 mercuric chloride1 potassic bichromate1 and picric acid4 ,tannin precipitates it only after a time4 ,sodic phosphate gives a crystalline precipitate of solanine phosphate1 if added to a solution of solanine sulphate4 ,both solanine and solanidine give with nitric acid at first a colourless solution1 which1 on gentle warming1 passes into blue1 then into light red1 and lastly becomes weakly yellow4 ,solanine1 dissolved in strong sulphuric acid1 to which a little ,frhde's reagent is added1 at first colours the fluid light brown2 after standing some time the edges of the drop becomes reddish-yellow1 and finally the whole a beautiful cherry-red1 which gradually passes into dark violet when violet-coloured flocks separate4 #dfc4 ,solanidine4--,solanidine has stronger basic properties than solanine4 ,its formula is ,c,h,,no4 ,it is obtained from an alcoholic solution in amorphous masses interspersed with needles2 m4p4 #aia4 ,it dissolves readily in hot alcohol1 with difficulty in ether4 ,with hydrochloric acid it forms a hydrochloride--#c7;,c,h,,no,h,cl7,h,cl ,h,o or #a;,h,o4 ,this hydrochloride is a slightly yellow powder1 only sparingly soluble in water1 and carbonising without melting when heated to #bhg4 ,solanidine also forms a sulphate1 #c7;,c,h,,no,h,,so7,h,,so #h;,h,o2 this salt is in the form of scaly plates1 melting at #bdg2 it dissolves readily in water4 ,the sugar obtained from the hydrolysis of solanidine is a yellow amorphous mass dissolving readily in water and wood spirit1 and has a specific rotatory power of ,d #bhfbc4 ,with ,phenylhydrazine hydrochloride and sodium acetate in aqueous solution it forms a glucosazone1 melting at #aii4 ,it is probably a mixture of sugars4 ,solaneine is the name that has been given to the amorphous substance accompanying solanine2 on hydrolysis it yields solanidine and the same sugar as solanine4 ,its formula is ,c,h,,no with #d;,h,o4 #dfd4 ,poisoning from ,solanine4--,poisoning from solanine has been1 in all recorded cases1 induced1 not by the pure alkaloid 7which is scarcely met with out of the laboratory of the scientific chemist71 but by the berries of the different species of ,solanum1 and has for the most part been confined to children4 ,the symptoms in about twenty cases1#eag which may be found detailed in the medical literature of this century1 have varied so greatly that the most opposite phenomena have been witnessed as effects of poisoning by the same substance4 ,the most constant phenomena are a quick pulse1 laboured respiration1 great restlessness1 and hypersthesia of the skin4 ,albumen in the urine is common4 ,nervous symptoms1 such as convulsions1 aphasia1 delirium1 and even catalepsy1 have been witnessed4 ,in some cases there have been the symptoms of an irritant poison--diarrha1 vomiting1 and pain in the bowels3 in many cases dilatation of the pupil has been observed4 #eag ,see 8,death of ,three ,children by ,s4 nigrum02 ,hirtz41 ,gaz4 ,med4 de ,strasbourg1 #ahdb2 ,maury1 ,gaz4 des ,hp41 #ahfd2 ,j4 ,b4 ,montane1 ,chim4 ,med41 #ahfb2 ,magne1 ,gaz4 des ,hp41 #ahfi2 ,manners1 ,edin4 ,med4 ,journ41 #ahfg4 ,cases of poisoning by bitter-sweet berries are recorded in ,lancet1 #ahef2 ,c4 ,bourdin1 ,gaz des ,hpitaux1 #ahfd2 ,bourneville1 the berries of ,s4 tuberosum1 ,brit4 ,med4 ,journ41 #ahei4 ,rabbits are killed by doses of #a grm4 per kilo4 ,the symptoms commence in about ten minutes after the administration1 and consist of apathy and a low temperature2 the breathing is much slowed4 ,convulsions set in suddenly before death1 and the pupils become dilated4 ,the post-mortem appearances in animals are intense redness and injection of the meninges of the cerebellum1 of the medulla oblongata1 and the spinal cord4 ,dark red blood is found in the heart1 and the kidneys are hypermic4 ,the intestinal mucous membrane is normal4 #dfe4 ,separation of ,solanine from the ,tissues of the ,body4--,dragendorff has proved the possibility of separating solanine from animal tissues by extracting it from a poisoned pig4 ,the best plan seems to be to extract with cold dilute sulphuric acid water1 which is then made alkaline by ammonia1 and shaken up with warm amyl alcohol4 ,this readily dissolves any solanine4 ,the peculiar property possessed by the alkaloid of gelatinising1 and the play of colours with ,frhde's reagent1 may then be essayed on the solanine thus separated4 #e4 ,,cytisine4 #dff4 ,the ,cytisus ,laburnum4--,the laburnum tree1 ,cytisus laburnum1 so common in shrubberies1 is intensely poisonous4 ,the flowers1 bark1 wood1 seeds1 and the root have all caused serious symptoms4 ,the active principle is an alkaloid1 to which the name of ,cytisine has been given4 ,the best source is the seeds4 ,the seeds are powdered and extracted with alcohol containing hydrochloric acid1 the alcohol distilled off1 the residue treated with water and filtered through a wet filter to remove any fatty oil1 the filtrate treated with lead acetate2 and1 after separating the precipitated colouring matter1 made alkaline with caustic potash1 and shaken with amyl alcohol4 ,the amyl alcohol is shaken with dilute hydrochloric acid1 the solution evaporated1 the crude crystals of hydrochloride thus obtained treated with alcohol to remove colouring matters1 and recrystallised several times from water2 it then forms well-developed1 colourless1 transparent prisms4 ,from the hydrochloride the free base is readily obtained4 ,cytisine1 ,c,h,n,o4--,to cytisine used to be ascribed the formula ,c,h,n,o1 but a study of the salt and new determinations appear to prove that it is identical with ulexine4#eah ,cytisine is in the form of white radiating crystals1 consisting1 when deposited from absolute alcohol1 of anhydrous prisms1 which melt at from #aeb to #aec4 ,cytisine has a strong alkaline reaction2 it is soluble in water1 alcohol1 and chloroform1 less so in benzene and amyl alcohol1 almost insoluble in cold light petroleum1 and insoluble in pure ether4 ,the specific rotatory power in solution is ,d#ag -#aaieg4 #eah ,a4 ,w4 ,gerrard and ,w4 ,h4 ,symons dispute this2 they ascribe to ulexine the formula of ,c,h,n,o1 to cytisine ,c,h,n,o4 ,ulexine is very hygroscopic1 cannot be sublimed1 even in a vacuum1 without decomposition1 and dissolves readily in chloroform2 on the contrary1 cytisine is not hygroscopic1 sublimes completely1 and is almost insoluble in chloroform1 ,pharm4 ,j4 7#c71 xx4 #ajag4 ,a4 ,partheil1 ,ber41 xxiii4 #cbja-cbjc2 ,arch4 ,pharm41 ccxxx4 #ddh-dih4 ,it is capable of sublimation in a current of hydrogen at #aede2 the sublimate is in the form of very long needles and small leaflets2 at higher temperatures it melts to a yellow oily fluid1 again becoming crystalline on cooling4 ,cytisine is a strong base2 it precipitates the earths and oxides of the heavy metals from solutions of the chlorides1 and1 even in the cold1 expels ammonia from its combinations4 ,cytisine forms numerous crystalline salts1 among which may be mentioned two platinochlorides1 ,c,h,n,,oh,pt,cl #b;,h,o and 7,c,h,n,o7,h,pt,cl1 crystallising in golden yellow needles1 which are tolerably soluble in water2 and the aurochloride1 ,c,h,n,o,h,au,cl1 crystallising in short1 red-brown1 hook-shaped needles2 m4p4 #bab to #bac1 without evolution of gas4 #dfg4 ,reactions of ,cytisine4--,concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves cytisine without colour2 if to the solution is added a drop of nitric acid1 it becomes orange-yellow1 and on addition of a crystal of potassic bichromate1 first yellow1 then dirty brown1 and lastly green4 ,concentrated nitric acid dissolves the base in the cold without colour1 but1 on warming1 it becomes orange-yellow4 ,picric1 tannic1 and phosphomolybdic acids1 potassic1 mercuric1 and potass4 cadmium iodides1 and iodine with potassic iodide1 all give precipitates4 ,neither potassic bichromate nor mercuric chloride precipitates cytisine1 even though the solution be concentrated4 ,the best single test appears to be the reaction discovered by ,magelhaes2 this consists in adding thymol to a solution of cytisine in concentrated sulphuric acid1 when a yellow colour1 finally passing into an intense red1 is produced4 #dfh4 ,effects on ,animals4--,w4 ,marm found subcutaneous doses of from #cj to #dj mgrms4 fatal to cats2 death was from paralysis of the respiration1 and could be avoided by artificial respiration4 ,cattle are sometimes accidentally poisoned by laburnum4 ,an instance of this is recorded in the ,veterinarian 7vol4 lv4 p4 #ib74 ,in ,lanark a storm had blown a large laburnum tree down to the ground2 it fell into a field in which some young heifers were grazing1 and they began to feed on the leaves and pods4 ,two or three died1 and three more were ill for some time1 but ultimately recovered4 ,the laburnum1 however1 does not always have this effect1 for there is a case related in the ,gardeners' ,chronicle1 in which five cows browsed for some time on the branches and pods of an old laburnum tree that had been thrown aside4 ,rabbits and hares are said to feed eagerly1 and without injury1 on the pods and branches4 #dfi4 ,effects on ,man4--,the sweet taste of many portions of the laburnum tree1 as well as its attractive appearance1 has been the cause of many accidents4 ,f4 ,a4 ,falck has been able to collect from medical literature no less than #aee cases--#abj of which were those of the accidental poisoning of children3 only #d 7or #bf per cent471 however1 died1 so that the poison is not of a very deadly character4 ,one of the earliest recorded cases is by ,christison4#eai ,a servant-girl of ,inverness1 in order to excite vomiting in her fellow-servant 7the cook71 boiled some laburnum bark in soup2 very soon after partaking of this soup1 the cook experienced violent vomiting1 which lasted for thirty-six hours2 she had intense pain in the stomach1 much diarrha1 and great muscular weakness2 she appears to have suffered from gastro-intestinal catarrh for some time1 but ultimately recovered4 #eai ,ed4 ,med4 ,journ41 #ahdc4 ,vallance#ebj has described the symptoms observed in the poisoning of fifty-eight boys1 who ate the root of an old laburnum tree1 being allured by its sweet taste4 ,all were taken ill with similar symptoms1 differing only in severity2 two who had eaten half an ounce 7nearly #h grms47 suffered with especial severity4 ,the symptoms were first vomiting1 then narcosis1 with convulsive movements of the legs and strange movements of the arms3 the pupils were dilated4 ,this dilatation of the pupil ,sedgwick also saw in the poisoning of two children who ate the root4 ,on the other hand1 when the flower1 seeds1 or other portions of the laburnum have been eaten1 the symptoms are mainly referable to the gastro-intestinal tract1 consisting of acute pain in the stomach1 vomiting1 and diarrha4 ,on these grounds it is therefore more than probable that there is another active principle in the root1 differing from that which is in those portions of the tree exposed to the influence of sunlight4#eba #ebj ,brit4 ,med4 ,journ41 #ahge4 #eba ,see also a case related by ,dr4 ,popham1 in which ten children ate laburnum seeds2 the pupils were dilated4 ,they all recovered4 ,b4 and ,f4 ,med4 ,chir4 ,review1 ,ap4 #ahfc2 also a case reported by ,h4 ,usher1 ,med4 ,times and ,gazette1 ,sept4 #ae1 #ahfb4 ,the post-mortem appearances are1 so far as known1 in no way characteristic4 ,,vii4--,the ,alkaloids of the ,veratrums4 #dgj4 ,the alkaloids of the veratrums have been investigated by ,dr4 ,alder ,wright1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,luff1 and several other chemists4#ebb #ebb 8,the ,alkaloids of the ,veratrums10 by ,c4 ,r4 ,alder ,wright1 ,d4,sc41 and ,a4 ,p4 ,luff1 ,journ4 ,chem4 ,soc41 ,july #ahgi2 8,the ,alkaloids of ,veratrum viride10 by ,c4 ,alder ,wright1 ,d4,sc41 ib41 #ahgi4 ,the method which ,wright and ,luff adopted to extract and separate these alkaloids from the root of ,v4 album and ,v4 viride1 essentially consisted in exhausting with alcohol1 to which a little tartaric acid has been added1 filtering1 distilling off the alcohol1 dissolving the residue in water1 alkalising with caustic soda1 and shaking up with ether4 ,the ethereal solution was next separated1 and then washed with water containing tartaric acid1 so as to obtain a solution of the bases as tartrates3 in this way the same ether could be used over and over again4 ,ultimately a rough separation was made by means of the different solubilities in ether1 pseudo-jervine being scarcely soluble in this medium1 whilst jervine1 veratralbine1 veratrine1 and cevadine are very soluble in it4 ,the yield of ,wright and ,luff's alkaloids was as follows3-- ,,table ,,showing ,,the ,,alkaloids ,,in ,,the ,,veratrums4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,v4 album4 ,v4 viride4 ,per ,kilo4 ,per ,kilo4 --------------------------------- ,jervine1 #ac grm4 #b grm4 ,pseudo-jervine1 #d #ae ,rubi-jervine1 #be #jb ,veratralbine1 #bb ,traces4 ,veratrine1 #je ,less than #jjd grm4 ,cevadine1 ,absent4 #dc ---------------------------------------- -------- ,from whence it appears that ,v4 album has only a very small quantity of veratrine1 that it is almost absent in ,v4 viride2 on the other hand1 ,v4 viride contains a fair quantity of cevadine1 an alkaloid absent in ,v4 album4 ,besides the six principles enumerated1 ,g4 ,salzberger has recently separated two other crystalline substances1 to which he has given the names of protoveratrine and protoveratridine1 and ,pehkschen has also separated a ninth substance1 to which he has given the name of veratroidine4 ,the formul of the nine bodies which have been separated from hellebore root are as follows3-- ,melting-point4 #a4 ,veratrine1 ,c,h,,no1 444 #b4 ,cevadine1 ,c,h,,no1 #bje-bjf #c4 ,protoveratrine1 ,c,h,,no1 #bde-bej #d4 ,pseudo-jervine1 ,c,h,,no 7,wright71 #bii-cjj ,c,h,,no 7,pehkschen71 444 #e4 ,veratralbine1 ,c,h,,no1 444 #f4 ,protoveratridine1 ,c,h,,no1 #bfe #g4 ,rubi-jervine1 ,c,h,,no 7,wright and ,luff71 #bcf 7,salzberger71 #bdj-bde #h4 ,jervine1 ,c,h,,no#b;,h,o1 #bcg-bci #i4 ,veratroidine1 ,c,h,,no1 #adi ,three of these alkaloids possess powerful sternutatory properties1 the least quantity applied to the nostrils exciting sneezing2 the three are veratrine1 cevadine1 and protoveratrine4 ,protoveratrine1 ,c,h,,no1 has been obtained by ,g4 ,salzberger#ebc from powdered hellebore root1 by the following process3-- #ebc ,arch4 ,pharm41 ccxxviii4 #dfb-dhc4 ,the powdered root is first freed from fatty and resinous matters by treatment with ether1 and then the fat-free powder is exhausted with alcohol4 ,the alcohol is evaporated off in a vacuum1 the extract mixed with much acetic acid water1 filtered from the insoluble residue1 and treated with metaphosphoric acid2 the voluminous precipitate contains much amorphous matter1 with insoluble compounds of jervine and rubi-jervine4 ,the precipitate is filtered off1 and the filtrate treated with excess of ammonia and shaken up with ether4 ,on separating the ether and distilling1 protoveratrine crystallises out1 and can be obtained pure by recrystallisation from strong alcohol4 ,protoveratrine crystallises in four-sided plates1 which melt with charring at #bde to #bej4 ,the base is insoluble in water1 benzene1 and light petroleum2 chloroform and boiling #if per cent4 alcohol dissolve it somewhat2 cold ether scarcely touches it1 boiling ether dissolves it a little4 ,concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves the alkaloid slowly with the production of a greenish colour1 which passes to cornflower blue1 and1 after some hours1 becomes violet4 ,sulphuric acid and sugar gives a different colour to that produced by commercial veratrine4 ,there is first a green colour which darkens into olive green1 then becomes dirty green1 and finally dark brown4 ,when warmed with strong sulphuric1 hydrochloric1 or phosphoric acids1 there is a strong odour of isobutyric acid developed4 ,dilute solutions of the salts are precipitated by ammonia1 ,nessler's reagent1 gold chloride1 potassium mercury iodide1 cadmium iodide1 phosphotungstic acid1 and picric acid2 no precipitate is produced by tannin1 platinum chloride1 or mercuric chloride4 #dga4 ,veratrine 7,c,h,,no7 is a crystallisable alkaloid1 which is a powerful irritant of the sensory nerves of the mucous membrane1 and excites violent sneezing4 ,treated with concentrated sulphuric acid1 it dissolves with a yellow colour1 deepening into orange1 then into blood-red1 and finally passing into carmine-red4 ,if the freshly-prepared sulphuric acid solution is now treated with bromine water1 a beautiful purple colour is produced4 ,concentrated hydrochloric acid dissolves veratrine without the production of colour1 but1 with careful warming1 it becomes beautifully red4 ,this reaction is very delicate1 occurring with #ag mgrm4 ,on saponification veratrine yields veratric acid4 ,veratric acid is procatechu-dimethylether acid1 and has the constitutional formula1 ,,cooh _/ ,c,h 7,,och7 ,veratric acid forms colourless needles and four-sided prisms which have a marked acid reaction2 it melts on heating to a colourless fluid1 and sublimes without decomposition2 it is easily soluble in hot alcohol1 but insoluble in ether4 ,if dissolved in nitric acid1 water separates nitro-veratric acid1 ,c,h7,,no7,o which crystallises out of alcohol in small yellow scales4 ,veratric acid unites with bases forming crystalline salts2 the silver salt has the composition of ,c,h,ag,o #cgcg per cent4 silver1 and may assist in identification4 ,it is crystalline with a melting point of #bje to #bjf4 ,cevadine1 ,c,h,,no 7,merck's veratrine74--,it has powerful sternutatory properties1 and1 under the influence of alcoholic potash1 yields tiglic#ebd acid and cevine1 ,c,h,,no4 #ebd ,tiglic acid1 ,c,h,o1 is a volatile acid1 m4p4 #fd1 boiling point1 #aihe2 it forms a soluble barium salt1 and an insoluble silver salt4 ,according to ,ahrens1 angelic acid is first formed1 and then converted into tiglic acid4 ,when the alkaloid is boiled with hydrochloric acid1 tiglic acid is formed1 and a ruby red mass4 ,nitric acid oxidises cevadine completely2 with potassic permanganate it yields acetic and oxalic acids2 with chromic acid it forms acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide4#ebe #ebe ,ber41 xxiii4 #bgjj-bgjg4 ,the ,continental authorities always give to cevadine the name of veratrine4 ,cevadine forms a crystalline aurochloride1 a crystalline mercurochloride1 ,c,h,,no,h,hg,cl1 and a crystalline picrate1 ,c,h,,no,c,h,n,o4 ,the mercury salt crystallises in small silvery plates1 and melts with decomposition at #agb4 ,the picrate forms stable crystals blackening at #bbe2 both of the latter salts are but little soluble in water1 but are soluble in alcohol4 ,cevadine also unites with bromine1 forming a tetrabromide1 an amorphous yellow powder insoluble in water1 but readily soluble in alcohol1 ether1 and chloroform4 #dgb4 ,jervine1 7,c,h,,no#b;,h,o7 7,wright and ,luff71 ,c,h,,no 7,pehkschen71#ebf crystallises in white needles1 and1 when anhydrous1 melts at #bcgg4 ,it is slightly lvorotatory4 ,at #be one part of the base dissolves in #afeh benzene1 #bfh ether1 #fj chloroform1 and #afh absolute alcohol4 ,it is insoluble in light petroleum1 and but slightly soluble in ethyl acetate1 water1 or carbon bisulphide4 ,it forms a very insoluble sulphate1 and a sparingly soluble nitrate and hydrochloride4 ,jervine gives1 with sulphuric acid and sugar1 a violet colour1 passing to blue4 ,treated with strong sulphuric acid it dissolves to a yellow fluid1 which becomes successively dark yellow1 brownish yellow1 and then greenish4 ,the green shade is immediately developed by diluting with water4 ,jervine does not produce sneezing4 #ebf ,jour4 ,pharm4 7#e71 xxii4 #bfe-bfi4 #dgc4 ,pseudo-jervine1 ,c,h,,no 7,wright71 m4p4 #bii2 ,c,h,,no1 m4p4 #bei 7,pehkschen71 may be obtained in a crystalline state4 ,one part is soluble in #aji parts of light petroleum1 #cgb parts of benzene1 #ajba parts of ether1 #d of chloroform1 and #ahe of absolute alcohol4 ,the pure base gives no colour with sulphuric1 nitric1 or hydrochloric acids4 ,it does not produce sneezing4 #dgd4 ,protoveratridine1 ,c,h,,no1 is probably derived from protoveratrine4 ,salzberger#ebg isolated it from powdered hellebore roots by treating the powder with barium hydroxide and water1 and extracting with ether4 ,the ether extract was separated and freed from ether in a current of hydrogen at a low temperature4 #ebg ,arch4 ,pharm41 ccxxviii4 #dfb-dhc4 ,from the dark green syrup obtained jervine crystallised out1 and from the mother liquor ultimately protoveratridine was separated4 ,protoveratridine crystallises in colourless four-sided plates1 which melt at #bfe4 ,it is almost insoluble in alcohol1 chloroform1 methyl alcohol1 and acetone1 and insoluble in benzene1 light petroleum1 and ether4 ,concentrated sulphuric acid gives a violet1 then a cherry-red colour4 ,its solution in concentrated hydrochloric acid becomes light red on warming1 and there is an odour of isobutyric acid4 ,it is readily soluble in dilute mineral acids1 and the solution1 on the addition of ammonia1 yields the alkaloid in a crystalline condition4 ,the sulphuric acid solution gives precipitates with phosphotungstic1 picric1 and tannic acids1 and with potassium mercury iodide2 but gives no precipitate with platinum chloride1 potassium-cadmium iodide1 or with ,millon's reagent4 ,it forms a platinum salt1 7,c,h,,no7,h,pt,cl #f;,h,o1 which is precipitated in large six-sided plates on adding alcohol to a mixed solution of platinum chloride and a salt of the base4 ,protoveratridine is not poisonous1 and does not cause sneezing4 ,its solutions are very bitter4 #dge4 ,rubi-jervine1 ,c,h,,no1 is a crystallisable base wholly different from jervine1 yet probably closely allied to it4 ,it forms a light yellow1 indistinctly crystalline gold salt 7,c,h,,no1,h,cl1,au,cl73 it gives a different play of colours from jervine with sulphuric acid4 ,the concentrated acid dissolves rubi-jervine to a clear yellow fluid1 becoming successively dark yellow1 brownish yellow1 and brownish blood-red1 changing after several hours to a brownish purple4 ,on diluting slightly with water the brownish-red liquid1 it becomes successively crimson1 purple1 dark lavender1 dark violet1 and ultimately light indigo4 ,its hydrochloride and sulphate are both more soluble than either of the corresponding salts of jervine or pseudo-jervine4 #dgf4 ,veratralbine1 ,c,h,,no1 an amorphous non-sternutatory base1 gives1 when a speck of the substance is dissolved in sulphuric acid1 a play of colours1 becoming successively yellow1 dark yellow1 brownish orange1 and brownish blood-red1 with a strong green fluorescence4 ,it yields no acid on saponification4 #dgg4 ,veratroidine1 ,c,h,,no1 is another base which has been separated by ,c4 ,pehkschen4#ebh ,its melting point is #adi4 ,one part dissolves in #ac of benzene1 #ei of chloroform1 and #i of ether4 ,it yields amorphous salts with the mineral acids1 and with oxalic and acetic acids4 ,it is precipitated by most of the group reagents4 ,with #aa per cent4 solution of hydrochloric acid it gives a beautiful rose colour4 #ebh ,op4 cit4 #dgh4 ,commercial ,veratrine4--,commercial veratrine is a mixture of alkaloids1 and has usually fairly constant properties1 one of which is its intense irritant action on the nostrils4 ,placed on moist blue-red litmus paper it gives a blue spot4 ,it is but little soluble in water1 #a 3 #aejj2 but readily dissolves in alcohol and chloroform2 it is but little soluble in amyl alcohol1 benzene1 and carbon disulphide4 ,when a very small quantity is treated with a drop of sulphuric acid1 the acid in the cold strikes a yellow colour2 on warming1 the colour becomes violet1 slowly changing to orange and cherry red4 ,sensible to #ajjth of mgrm4 ,if this test is performed in a test-tube1 a green-yellow fluorescence is also seen on the sides of the test-tube4 ,commercial veratrine strikes a pink-red colour with hydrochloric acid in the cold if a long time is allowed to elapse1 but it at once appears if the acid is warmed1 and is permanent4 ,the solution becomes fluorescent if two drops of acetic acid are added4 ,if a small quantity of commercial veratrine is added to melted oxalic acid and the warming continued1 a blood-red colour is obtained4 ,veratrine1 warmed with syrupy phosphoric acid1 develops an odour of butyric acid4 ,a dark green colour1 followed by reddish purple and blue colours1 is obtained by adding a sprinkling of finely-powdered sugar to a solution of veratrine in sulphuric acid4 ,this is best seen with a solution of #a to #aj1jjj2 if in dilution of #a to #ajj1jjj a grass-green colour is produced1 followed by purple and blue colours1 quickly changing to brown or black4#ebi #ebi ,flckiger's ,reactions1 #ahic4 ,when two or three drops of sulphuric acid and furfur aldehyde 7#e drops to #aj c4c4 of acid7 are added to minute particles of alkaloids1 a more or less characteristic colour makes its appearance2 this is particularly the case with veratrine4 ,a few particles rubbed with a glass rod1 and moistened with the reagent1 gives first a yellowish-green1 then an olive-green mixture1 the edges afterwards becoming a beautiful blue4 ,on warming1 the mixture gradually acquires a purple-violet colour4 ,the blue substance obtained in the cold is insoluble in alcohol1 ether1 or chloroform4 ,the least amount of water decolorises the solution1 and1 on adding much water1 a fairly permanent yellow solution is obtained4#ecj #ecj ,a4 ,wender1 ,chem4 ,zeitung1 xvii4 #iej1 #iea4 #dgi4 ,pharmaceutical ,preparations4--,the alkaloid is officinal in the ,english1 ,american1 and ,continental pharmacopias4 ,there is also an unguentum veratrin--strength about #ah per cent4 ,in the ,london pharmacopia of #ahea there used to be a wine of white hellebore1 the active principle of #bj parts of the root by weight being contained in #ajj parts by measure of the wine4 ,such a wine would contain about #jjhd per cent4 of total alkaloids4 ,of the green hellebore there is a tincture 7tinctura veratri viridis71 to make which four parts by weight of the root are exhausted by #bj parts by measure of spirits2 the strength varies1 but the average is #jjb per cent4 of total alkaloids4 #dhj4 ,fatal ,dose4--,the maximum dose of the commercial alkaloid is laid down as #aj mgrms4 7#ae grain71 which can be taken safely in a single dose1 but nothing sufficiently definite is known as to what is a lethal dose4 #ac grm4 of the powdered rhizome has caused death1 and1 on the other hand1 ten times that quantity has been taken with impunity1 so that at present it is quite an open question4 #dha4 ,effects on ,animals--,physiological ,action4--,experiments on animals have proved that the veratrums act on the sensory nerves of the skin1 and those of the mucous membranes of the nose and intestinal canal2 they are first excited1 afterwards paralysed4 ,when administered to frogs1 sugar and lactic acid appear in the urinary excretion4#eca ,it exercises a peculiar influence on voluntary muscle2 the contractility is changed1 so that1 when excited1 there is a long-continuing contraction1 and from a single stimulus more heat is disengaged than with healthy muscle2 the motor nerves are also affected4 ,the respiration1 at first quickened1 is then slowed1 and finally paralysed4 ,the heart's action is also first quickened1 the blood-pressure at the same time is raised1 and the small arteries narrowed in calibre2 later follow sinking of the pressure1 slowing of the heart1 and dilatation of the vessels1 and the heart becomes finally paralysed4 #eca ,zeit4 ,phys4 ,chem41 xvi4 #dec-dei4 #dhb4 ,effects on ,man4--,poisoning by veratrum1 sabadilla1 or pharmaceutical preparations containing veratrine1 is not common4 ,plenk witnessed a case in which the external application of sabadilla powder to the head caused delirium1 and ,lentin also relates a case in which an infant at the breast seems to have died from an external application made for the purpose of destroying lice4 ,in both instances1 however1 there is a possibility that some of the medicament was swallowed4 ,blas recorded1 in #ahfa1 the case of two children who drank a decoction of white hellebore1 the liquid being intended as an external application to an animal4 ,they showed serious symptoms1 but ultimately recovered4 ,a scientific chemist took #ch grms4 7#eh grains7 of the tincture of green hellebore for the purpose of experiment4 ,there followed violent symptoms of gastric irritation1 vomiting1 and diarrha1 but he also recovered4#ecb #ecb ,med4 ,times and ,gazette1 ,jan4 #c1 #ahfc4 ,casper relates the poisoning of a whole family by veratrum2 from the stomach of the mother 7who died7 and the remains of the repast 7a porridge of lentils7 veratrine was separated4 ,faber#ecc recorded the poisoning of thirty cows by veratrum2 eight died1 and it is noteworthy that violent poisonous symptoms were produced in animals partaking of their flesh and milk4 #ecc ,zeitschr4 f4 ,staatsarzneik41 #ahfb4 #dhc4 ,the symptoms appear soon after the ingestion1 and consist of a feeling of burning in the mouth1 spreading downwards to the stomach1 increased secretion of saliva1 and difficulty of swallowing2 then follow violent vomiting and diarrha1 with great pain in the bowels1 often tenesmus2 there is also headache1 giddiness1 a feeling of anxiety1 and the pupils are dilated4 ,the consciousness is ordinarily intact2 the pulse is weak and slow1 and the breathing embarrassed2 the skin is benumbed4 ,there may be also formicating feelings1 and twitchings in the muscles with occasionally the tetanic cramps1 which are constantly seen in frogs4 ,in cases which end fatally1 the disturbance of the breathing and circulation increases1 and death takes place in collapse4 ,an important case of slow poisoning is on record1#ecd in which two brothers1 aged twenty-one and twenty-two years1 died after nine and eleven weeks of illness1 evidently from repeated small doses of the powder of ,veratrum album4 ,they became very weak and thin1 suffered from diarrha and bloody stools1 sleeplessness1 disturbance of the intellect1 and delirium4 #ecd ,nivet and ,graud1 ,gaz4 ,hebdom41 #ahfa4 #dhd4 ,the post-mortem signs do not appear distinctive2 even in the case just mentioned--in which one would expect to find1 at all events1 an extensive catarrh of the intestinal canal--the results seem to have been negative4 #dhe4 ,separation from ,organic ,matters4--,the method of ,stas 7by which the organic matters1 whether the contents of the stomach or the tissues1 are treated with alcohol1 weakly acidified by tartaric acid7 is to be recommended4 ,after filtering1 the alcoholic extract may be freed from alcohol by careful distillation1 and the extract taken up with water4 ,by now acidifying gently the watery extract1 and shaking it up with ether and chloroform1 fatty matters1 resinous substances1 and other impurities1 are removed1 and it may then be alkalised by soda or potash1 and the veratrine extracted by ether4 ,the residue should be identified by the hydrochloric acid and by the sulphuric acid and bromine reactions2 care should also be taken to ascertain whether it excites sneezing4 ,a ptomaine1 discovered by ,brouardel1#ece was described by him as both chemically and physiologically analogous to veratrine4 ,a4 ,m4 ,deleziniere#ecf has since investigated this substance4 ,only when in contact with air does the analogy to veratrine obtain1 and ,deleziniere1 to ascertain its reactions1 studied it when in an atmosphere of nitrogen4 ,it appears to be a secondary monamine1 ,c,h,n1 and is in the form of a colourless1 oily liquid1 with an odour like that of the hawthorn4 ,it is insoluble in water1 but alcohol1 ether1 toluene1 and benzene dissolve it readily4 ,it oxidises in the presence of air4 ,the salts are deliquescent4 #ece ,moniteur ,scient4 7#c71 #aj1 #aadj4 #ecf ,bull4 ,soc4 ,chim4 7#c71 #a1 #agh-ahj4 ,,viii4--,physostigmine4 #dhf4 ,the ordeal bean of ,calabar 7,physostigma faba7 is a large1 all but tasteless1 kidney-shaped bean1 about an inch in length1 and half an inch thick2 its convex edge has a furrow with elevated ridges1 and is pierced by a small hole at one extremity4 ,the integuments are coffee-brown in colour1 thin1 hard1 and brittle2 they enclose two white cotyledons1 easily pulverisable1 and weighing on an average #cih grms4 7#fa grains74 ,the seed contains at least one alkaloid1 termed ,physostigmine 7first separated in #ahfd by ,jobst and ,hesse71 and possibly a second1 according to ,harnack and ,witkowsky1 who have discovered in association with physostigmine a new alkaloid1 which they call ,calabarine1 and which differs from physostigmine in being insoluble in ether and soluble in water4 ,it is also soluble in alcohol2 and further1 the precipitate produced by potassium iodo-hydrargyrate in calabarine solutions is insoluble in alcohol4 #dhg4 ,physostigmine1 or eserine1 is not easily obtained in a crystalline state1 being most frequently extracted as a colourless varnish1 drying into brittle masses4 ,it is1 however1 quite possible to obtain it in the form of partially-crystalline crusts1 or even rhombic plates1 by care being taken to perform the evaporation1 and all the operations1 at as low a temperature as possible1 and preferably in a dimly-lit room2 for1 if the temperature rises to #dj1 much of the alkaloid will be decomposed4 ,hesse recommends that the beans be extracted1 alcohol by the alcoholic solution alkalised by sodic carbonate1 and the liquid shaken up with ether1 which will retain the alkaloid4 ,the ether solution is now separated1 and acidified slightly with very dilute sulphuric acid2 the fluid1 of course1 separates into two layers1 the lower of which contains the alkaloid as a sulphate1 the upper is the ether1 which is withdrawn1 and the acid fluid passed through a moist filter4 ,the whole process is then repeated as a purification4 ,again1 ,vee1 who has repeatedly obtained the alkaloid in a crystalline condition1 directs the extraction of the beans by alcohol1 the alcoholic solution to be treated as before with sodic carbonate1 and then with ether2 the ethereal solution to be evaporated to dryness1 dissolved in dilute acid1 precipitated by sugar of lead1 and the filtrate from this precipitate alkalised by potassic bicarbonate1 and then shaken up with ether4 ,the ethereal solution is permitted to evaporate spontaneously1 the crystalline crusts are dissolved in a little dilute acid1 and the solution is lastly alkalised by potassic bicarbonate1 when1 after a few minutes1 crystalline plates are formed4 ,the formula ascribed to physostigmine is ,c,h,n,o4 ,it is strongly alkaline1 fully neutralising acids and forming tasteless salts4 ,it is easily melted1 and perhaps partly decomposed1 at a temperature of #de2 at #ajj it is certainly changed1 becoming of a red colour1 and forming with acids a red solution4 ,it dissolves easily in alcohol1 ether1 chloroform1 and bisulphide of carbon1 but is not easily soluble in water4 ,the salts formed by the alkaloid with the acids are generally hygroscopic and uncrystallisable1 but an exception is met with in the hydrobromide1 which crystallises in stellate groups4#ecg ,if ,,co is passed into water containing the alkaloid in suspension1 a clear solution is obtained2 but the slightest warmth decomposes the soluble salt and reprecipitates the alkaloid4 ,the hydrarg-hydroiodide 7,c,h,n,o1,,hi1#b;,hg,i7 is a white precipitate1 insoluble in water1 becoming yellow on drying1 soluble in ether and alcohol1 and from such solutions obtained in crystalline prismatic groups4 ,a heat of #gj melts the crystals1 and they solidify again in the amorphous condition4 #ecg ,m4 ,duquesnel1 ,pharm4 ,j4 ,trans4 7#c71 v4 #hdg4 ,it gives a precipitate with gold chloride1 reducing the gold2 also one with mercuric chloride easily soluble in hydrochloric acid4 ,it gives no precipitate with platinum chloride4 #dhh4 ,tests4--,da ,silva's#ech test for eserine is as follows3--,a minute fragment of eserine or one of its salts is dissolved in a few drops of fuming nitric acid2 this makes a yellow solution1 but evaporated to complete dryness it is pure green4 ,the green substance1 called by others chloreserine1 dissolves to a non-fluorescent green solution2 in water and also in strong alcohol it shows a band in the red between #fgj and #fhh1 a broader but more nebulous band in the blue and violet between #djj and #dah1 and a very feeble band in the orange4 #ech ,s4 ,j4 ,ferreira da ,silva1 ,compt4 ,rend41 cxvii4 #ccj1 #cca4 ,j4 ,b4 ,nagelvoort#eci has recommended the following tests3--7a7 ,an amorphous residue of a permanent blue colour is obtained if a trace of the alkaloid1 or one of its salts1 is evaporated in the presence of an excess of ammonia2 this blue alkaloid dissolves in dilute acids with a red colour2 sensitiveness #jjjjja gm4 7#a 3 #ajjjjj74 ,the solution has beautiful red fluorescence in reflected light2 when evaporated1 it leaves a residue that is green at first1 changing to blue afterwards1 the blue residue being soluble in water1 alcohol1 and chloroform1 but not in ether4 ,chloroform extracts the blue colour from the watery ammoniacal solution only partially4 ,the blue solutions are reddened at first by ,h,s1 and discoloured afterwards4 ,the blue colour is restored by expelling the ,h,s on the water-bath4 7b7 ,a red fluid is obtained when #jjaj gm4 eserine or its salicylate1 #jjej gm4 of slacked lime1 and #a c4c4 of water are added together4 ,warmed in a water-bath1 it turns green1 and a piece of red litmus-paper suspended in the test-tube turns blue2 a glass rod moistened with ,h,cl gives off the well-known white clouds characteristic of an ammonia reaction4 ,the green solution does not lose its colour by evaporation4 ,baryta water1 added to an eserine solution1 gives a white precipitate that turns red when strongly agitated1 sensitive to #jja mgrm4 7#a 3 #ajjjjj74 #eci ,flckiger's ,reactions1 #ahic4 #dhi4 ,pharmaceutical ,preparations4--,the only preparations officinal in this country are a spirituous extract 7,extractum physostigmatis71 used principally for external application1 the dose of which is not more than #aha mgrms4 7#ah grain71 and gelatine discs for the purpose of the ophthalmic surgeon1 each disc weighing about #a_/ejth grain1 and containing #a_/ajjj gr4 of the alkaloid4 #dij4 ,effects on ,animals4--,a large number of experiments have been made upon animals with physostigmine1 most of them with the impure alkaloid1 which is a mixture of calabarine and physostigmine4 ,now1 the action of calabarine seems to be the opposite to that of physostigmine--that is1 it causes tetanus4 ,hence1 these experiments are not of much value1 unless the different proportions of the alkaloids were known4 ,harnack and ,witkowsky#edj made1 however1 some researches with pure physostigmine1 of which the following are the main results3--,the smallest fatal dose for rabbits is #c mgrms4 per kilo42 cats about the same2 while dogs take from #d to #e mgrms4 per kilo4 ,frogs1 under the influence of the alkaloid1 lie paralysed without the power of spontaneous movement1 and the sensibility is diminished2 later1 the breathing ceases1 and the reflex irritability becomes extinguished4 ,the activity of the heart is through #e mgrm4 slowed1 but at the same time strengthened4 #edj ,arch4 f4 ,pathol4 u4 ,pharm41 #ahgf1 ,bd4 v4 ,the warm-blooded animals experimented upon show rapid paralysis of the respiratory centre1 but the animal by artificial respiration can be saved4 ,fibrillar muscular twitching of all the muscles of the body are observed4 ,death follows in all cases from paralysis of the respiration4 ,experiments 7first by ,bexold1 then by ,fraser and ,bartholow1 and lastly by ,schroff7 have amply shown that atropine is1 to a certain extent1 an antidote for physostigmine poisoning4 ,fraser also maintains an antagonism between strychnine and physostigmine1 and ,bennet that chloral hydrate is antagonistic to physostigmine4 ,effects on ,man4--,the bean has long been used by the superstitious tribes of the ,west ,coast of ,africa as an ordeal1 and is so implicitly believed in that the innocent1 when accused of theft1 will swallow it1 in the full conviction that their innocency will protect them1 and that they will vomit up the bean and live4 ,in this way1 no doubt1 life has often been sacrificed4 ,christison experimented upon himself with the bean1 and nearly lost his life4 ,he took #ab grains1 and was then seized with giddiness and a general feeling of torpor4 ,being alarmed at the symptoms1 he took an emetic1 which acted4 ,he was giddy1 faint1 and seemed to have lost all muscular power2 the heart and pulse were extremely feeble1 and beat irregularly4 ,he afterwards fell into a sleep1 and the next day he was quite well4 ,in ,august #ahfd forty-six children were poisoned at ,liverpool by eating some of the beans1 which had been thrown on a rubbish heap1 being part of the cargo of a ship from the ,west ,coast of ,africa4 ,a boy1 aged six1 ate six beans1 and died4 ,in ,april of the same year1 two children1 aged six and three years1 chewed and ate the broken fragments of one bean2 the usual symptoms of gastric irritation and muscular weakness followed1 but both recovered4 ,physostigmine contracts the iris to a point2 the action is quite local1 and is confined to the eye to which it is applied4 ,when administered internally1 according to some1 it has no effect on the eyes1 but according to others1 it has a weak effect in contracting the pupil4 ,in any case1 the difference of opinion shows that the effect1 when internally administered1 is not one of a marked character4 #dia4 ,physiological ,action4--,the physiological action of physostigmine is strikingly like that of nicotine1 which it resembles in being a respiratory poison1 first exciting1 afterwards paralysing the vagus4 ,like nicotine1 also1 it produces a great loss of muscular power2 it first excites1 and then paralyses the intra-muscular terminations of the nerves2 and1 again1 like nicotine1 it induces a tetanus of the intestine4 ,a difference between physostigmine and nicotine exists in the constant convulsive effects of the former1 and in the greater influence on the heart of the latter4 #dib4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,but little is known relative to the post-mortem appearances likely to be found in human poisoning2 redness of the stomach and intestines is probably the chief sign4 #dic4 ,separation of ,physostigmine4--,for the extraction of physostigmine from the fluids of the body1 ,dragendorff recommends benzene3 the alcoholic filtered extract 7first acidified7 may be agitated with such solvents as petroleum and benzene1 in order to remove colouring matter2 then alkalised and shaken up with benzene1 and the latter allowed to evaporate spontaneously--all the operations being1 as before stated1 carried on under #dj4 ,if much coloured1 it may be purified according to the principles before mentioned4 ,in cases where enough of the extract 7or other medicinal preparation7 has been taken to destroy life1 the analyst1 with proper care1 would probably not have much difficulty in separating a small quantity of the active principle4 ,it is rapidly eliminated by the saliva and other secretions4 ,in most cases it will be necessary to identify physostigmine by its physiological activity1 as well as by its chemical characters4 ,for this purpose a small quantity of the substance should be inserted in the eye of a rabbit2 if it contains the alkaloid in question1 in twenty minutes1 at the very latest1 there will be a strong contraction of the pupil1 and a congested state of the conjunctival vessels4 ,further researches may be made with a small quantity on a bird or frog4 ,the chief symptoms observed will be those of paralysis of the respiratory and voluntary muscles1 followed by death4 ,if a solution is applied to the web of a frog's foot1 the blood-vessels become dilated4 ,physostigmine appears1 according to ,dragendorff and ,pander1 to act as an irritant1 for they always observed gastro-enteritis as a result of the poison1 even when injected subcutaneously4 ,the enhanced secretion from all mucous surfaces1 and the enlargement of the blood-vessels1 are also very constant symptoms4 ,but of all these characteristics1 the contraction of the pupil is1 for the purposes of identification1 the principal4 ,a substance extracted from the tissue or other organic matters1 in the manner mentioned1 strongly contracting the pupil and giving the bromine reaction1 would1 in the present state of our knowledge1 be indicative of physostigmine1 and of that alone4 #did4 ,fatal ,dose of ,physostigmine4--,one mgrm4 7#jae grain7 as sulphate1 given by ,vee to a woman subcutaneously1 caused vomiting1 c41 after half an hour4 ,a disciple of ,gubler's took #b mgrms4 without apparent effect2 but another mgrm41 a little time after1 caused great contraction of the pupil and very serious symptoms1 which entirely passed off in four hours4 ,it would thus seem that three times this 7i4e41 #f mgrms47 would be likely to be dangerous4 ,if so1 man is far more sensitive to physostigmine than dogs or cats2 and #c mgrms4 per kilo4--that is1 about #bje mgrms4 7#c grains7--would be much beyond the least fatal dose4 ,,ix4--,pilocarpine4 #die4 ,from the leaves of the jaborandi1 ,pilocarpus pennatafolius 7,nat4 ,ord4 ,rutace71 two alkaloids have been separated--jaborandi and pilocarpine4 ,jaborandi 7,c,h,n,o7 is a strong base1 differing from pilocarpine in its sparing solubility in water1 and more ready solubility in ether2 its salts are soluble in water and alcohol1 but do not crystallise4 ,p4 ,ghastaing1#eda by treating pilocarpine with a large quantity of nitric acid1 obtained nitrate of jaborandi1 and operating in the same way with hydrochloric acid1 obtained the hydrochlorate of jaborandi2 hence1 it seems that jaborandi is derived from pilocarpine4 #eda ,compt4 ,rend41 vol4 xciv4 p4 #bbc4 #dif4 ,pilocarpine 7,c,h,n,o7 is a soft gelatinous mass1 but it forms with the mineral acids crystallisable salts4 ,the solutions are dextra-rotatory4 ,on boiling with water1 it decomposes into trimethylamine and m-pyridine lactic acid1 ,,ch _/ ,c,h,n,o ,h,o ,n7,,ch7 ,c,h,,ncho 3 ,,cooh hence it is a pyridine derivative1 and its graphic formula probably ,,co--,o ,c,h,n--,c--,n7,,ch7 ,,ch ,the nitrate and hydrochloride are at present much used in pharmacy4 ,pilocarpine gives a precipitate with phosphomolybdic acid1 potassio-mercuric iodide1 and most general alkaloidal reagents1 but none that are very distinctive4 ,when a solution of gold chloride is added to one of pilocarpine1 a salt falls1 having the composition ,c,h,n,o1,h,cl ,au,cl4 ,it is not very soluble in water 7about #a in #dfjj71 and has been utilised for the estimation of pilocarpine4 ,pilocarpine fused with potash yields trimethylamine1 carbon dioxide1 butyric1 and traces of acetic acid4 ,pilocarpine dissolves without the production of colour in sulphuric acid2 but1 with bichromate of potash and sulphuric acid1 a green colour is produced4 ,it may be extracted from an aqueous solution made alkaline by ammonia1 by shaking up with chloroform or benzene4 #dig4 ,tests4--,when a little of the alkaloid is mixed with ten times its weight of calomel1 and rubbed1 and moistened by the breath1 the calomel is blackened2 cocaine also acts similarly2 but the two could not be mistaken for each other4 ,if a solution of mercur-potassium iodide is added to a solution of the hydrochloride1 the amorphous precipitate becomes1 in the course of a day or two1 oily drops4 8,a solution of iodine in potassium iodide gives in pilocarpine solutions a brown precipitate that often crystallises to feathery brown crystals 7microscopically71 and of serrated form1 something like the blade of a scroll-saw1 when the crystallisation is incomplete40--,flckiger's ,reactions4 #dih4 ,effects4--,pilocarpine1 given subcutaneously in doses of about #cb mgrms4 7 grain71 causes within five minutes a profuse perspiration and salivation1 the face becomes flushed1 and the whole body sweats2 at the same time1 the buccal secretion is so much increased that in a few hours over a pint may be secreted4 ,the tears1 the bronchial secretion1 and the intestinal secretions are also augmented2 there are generally headache and a frequent desire to pass water2 the pulse is much quickened1 and the temperature falls from #ad to #d3 the symptoms last from two to five hours4 ,langley has shown that the over-action of the submaxillary gland is not affected by section either of the chorda tympani or of the sympathetic supplying the gland4 ,although pilocarpine quickens the pulse of man1 it slows1 according to ,langley1#edb the heart of the warm-blooded animals1 and that of the frog4 ,with regard to the frog1 ,dr4 ,s4 ,ringer's researches are confirmatory4 ,with large doses the heart stops in diastole4 ,if to the heart thus slowed1 or even when recently stopped1 a minute quantity of atropine be applied1 it begins to beat again4 ,there is also a most complete antagonism between atropine and pilocarpine in other respects1 atropine stopping the excessive perspiration1 and relieving the headache and pain about the pubes1 c4 ,pilocarpine1 given internally1 does not alter the size of the pupil1 but the sight may1 with large doses1 be affected4 ,if a solution is applied direct to the eye1 then the pupil contracts4 ,no fatal case of its administration has occurred in man4 ,the probable dangerous dose would be about #acj mgrms4 7#b grains7 administered subcutaneously4 ,pilocarpine must be classed among the heart poisons4 #edb 8,the ,action of ,jaborandi on the ,heart10 by ,j4 ,n4 ,langley1 ,b4,a41 ,journ4 ,anat4 and ,physiol41 vol4 x4 p4 #ahg4 ,x4--,taxine4 #dii4 ,properties of ,taxine4--,the leaves and berries1 and probably other portions of the yew tree 7,taxus baccata71 are poisonous4 ,the poison is alkaloidal1 and was first separated by ,marm4 ,taxine 7,c,h,o,n74--,taxine cannot be obtained in crystals1 but as a snow-white amorphous powder1 scarcely soluble in water1 but dissolving in alcohol1 in ether1 and in chloroform2 insoluble in benzene4 ,it melts at #hb1 gives an intense purple-red1 with sulphuric acid1 and colours ,frhde's reagent reddish-violet4 ,a slightly acid aqueous solution of the alkaloid gives precipitates with all the group reagents and with picric acid4 ,the salts are soluble in water2 the hydrochloride may be obtained by passing gaseous ,h,cl into anhydrous ether4 ,the platinichloride forms a yellow micro-crystalline powder 7,c,h,o,n7,h,pt,cl4 ,the salts are generally difficult to crystallise4#edc #edc ,a4 ,hilger and ,f4 ,brande1 ,ber41 xxiii4 #dfd-dfh4 #ejj4 ,poisoning by ,yew4--,falck has been able to collect no less than #cb cases of poisoning by different parts of the yew--#i were from the berries1 and the rest from the leaves4 ,they were all accidental2 #bj persons died1 or #fbe per cent4 #eja4 ,effects on ,animals--,physiological ,action4--,from the researches of ,marm-,borchers1 it appears that taxine acts upon the nervous centres--the nervous trunks themselves and the muscles remaining with their excitability unimpaired1 even some time after death4 ,taxine kills through paralysis of the respiration1 the heart beating after the breathing has stopped4 ,the leaves contain much formic acid1 and their irritant action on the intestine is referred to this cause4 #ejb4 ,effects on ,man4--,several deaths from yew have resulted in lunatic asylums from the patients chewing the leaves4 ,for example1 a few years ago1 at the ,cheshire ,county ,asylum1 a female1 aged #da1 was suddenly taken ill1 apparently fainting1 her face pale1 her eyes shut1 and pulse almost imperceptible4 ,upon the administration of stimulants1 she somewhat revived1 but in a little while became quite unconscious4 ,the pupils were contracted1 and there were epileptiform convulsions1 succeeded by stertorous breathing4 ,these convulsions returned from time to time1 the action of the heart became weaker1 and there was a remarkable slowing of the respirations1 with long intervals between the breathing4 ,the woman died within an hour from the time when her illness was first observed1 and within two hours of eating the leaves4 ,yew leaves were found in her stomach4 ,in another case that occurred at the ,parkside ,asylum1#edd the patient died suddenly in a sort of epileptic fit4 ,yew leaves were again found in the stomach4 ,in a case quoted by ,taylor1 in which a decoction of the leaves was drunk by a girl1 aged #ae1 for the purpose of exciting menstruation1 she took the decoction on four successive mornings4 ,severe vomiting followed1 and she died eight hours after taking the last dose4 ,in another case there were also no symptoms except vomiting1 followed by rapid death4 ,mr4 ,hurt1 of ,mansfield1 has recorded a case of poisoning by the berries4 ,the child died in convulsions before it was seen by any medical man4 #edd ,pharm4 ,journ4 7#c71 ,no4 #bid4 ,from these and other recorded cases1 the symptoms seem generally to be a quick pulse1 fainting or collapse1 nausea1 vomiting1 convulsions1 slow respiration1 and death1 as a rule sudden and unexpected4 ,we may suppose that the sudden death is really due to a rapid paralysis of the respiration1 and suffocation4 #ejc4 ,post-,mortem ,appearances4--,in the case of the girl who drank the decoction1 nothing unusual was observed in the stomach or organs of the body2 but when the leaves have been eaten1 usually more or less congestion of the mucous membrane of the stomach1 as well as of the bowels1 is apparent4 ,in the case of the child who ate the berries 7,hurt's case71 the stomach was filled with mucous and half-digested pulp of the berries and seeds4 ,the mucous membrane was red in patches and softened1 and the small intestines were also inflamed4 ,,xi4--,curarine4 #ejd4 ,commercial curare is a black1 shining1 resinoid mass1 about #hc per cent4 of which is soluble in water1 and #gi in weak spirit4 ,it is a complicated mixture of vegetable extracts1 from which1 however1 a definite principle possessing basic characters 7curarine7 has been separated4 ,the extract is an arrow poison#ede prepared by different tribes of ,indians in ,south ,america1 between the ,amazon and the ,orinoco2 therefore1 samples are found to vary much in their poisoning properties1 although it is noticeable that qualitatively they are the same1 and produce closely analogous symptoms4 ,it is supposed that some of the curare is derived from different species of strychnos4 ,this is the more probable1 because1 as before stated1 the ,south ,american strychnines paralyse1 and do not tetanise4 ,it is not unlikely that the active principles of curare 7or woorari7 may be methyl compounds similar to those which have been artificially prepared1 such as methyl strychnine and methyl brucine1 both of which have a curare-like action4 #ede ,a constituent of the ,borneo arrow poison is 8derrid10 a toxic principle obtained from a leguminous plant1 the ,derris elliptica2 it is a resinous substance1 which has not yet been obtained in the pure state4 ,it is said not to be a glucoside1 nor to contain any nitrogen 7,greshoff1 ,ber41 xxiii4 #cecg-ceej74 ,the ,comalis on the east coast of ,africa prepare an arrow poison from the aqueous extract of the root of ,oubaion1 a tree closely related to ,carissa ,schimperii4 ,oubain is prepared by treating the aqueous extract with lead acetate1 getting rid of excess of lead by ,,sh1 and concentrating in a vacuum4 ,the syrup is boiled with six times its volume of alcohol of #he1 and allowed to cool in shallow vessels2 crystals are obtained which are recrystallised1 first from alcohol1 and afterwards from water4 ,oubain1 ,c,h,o1 forms thin white nacreous lamell4 ,it is tasteless1 odourless1 and neutral1 almost insoluble in cold water1 and soluble in boiling water2 it dissolves readily in moderately concentrated alcohol1 is almost insoluble in absolute alcohol1 and insoluble in ether and chloroform4 ,its melting-point is #bjj4 ,the solution of oubain in water is lvorotatory ,d -#cdj4 ,it is a glucoside1 yielding on boiling with dilute acids a sugar4 ,it is very poisonous2 #b mgrms4 will kill a dog of #ab kilos4 weight in a few minutes1 if subcutaneously injected2 but1 taken by the stomach1 it produces no effect4--,arnaud1 ,compt4 ,rend41 cvi4 #ajaa-ajad4 ,curarine was first separated by ,preyer in a crystalline form in #ahfe4 ,he extracted curare with boiling alcohol1 to which a few drops of soda solution had been added1 evaporated off the alcohol1 took up the extract with water1 and1 after filtration1 precipitated by phosphomolybdic acid1 which had been acidified with nitric acid4 ,the precipitate was dried up with baryta water1 exhausted with boiling alcohol1 and curarine precipitated from the alcoholic solution by anhydrous ether4 ,it may also be obtained by precipitating with mercuric chloride solution1 and throwing out the mercury afterwards by means of hydric sulphide1 c4 ,curarine1 when pure1 forms colourless1 four-sided1 very hygroscopic prisms of bitter taste1 and weakly alkaline reaction2 soluble in water and alcohol in all proportions1 but with difficulty soluble in amyl alcohol and chloroform1 and not at all in anhydrous ether1 bisulphide of carbon1 or benzene4 ,the base forms crystallisable salts with hydrochloric1 nitric1 and acetic acids4 ,curarine strikes a purple colour with strong nitric acid4 ,concentrated solutions of curarine mixed with dilute glycerin1 give an amorphous precipitate with potassic bichromate1 and the precipitate treated with sulphuric acid strikes a beautiful blue colour4 ,curarine chromate is distinguished from strychnine chromate by its amorphous character1 and by its comparatively easy solubility4 ,if the chromates of strychnine and curarine be mixed1 and the mixed chromates be treated with ammonia1 strychnine will be precipitated1 and curarine pass into solution1 thus forming a ready method of separating them4 #eje4 ,physiological ,effects4--,according to ,voisin and ,liouville's experiments1 subcutaneous injections of curare on man cause1 in small doses1 strong irritation at the place of application1 swelling1 and pain4 ,the temperature of the body is raised from #a to #b1 and the number of respirations increased from #d to #h per minute4 ,the pulse becomes somewhat stronger and more powerful4 ,the urine is increased1 and contains sugar4 ,large doses administered to warm-blooded animals cause1 after a short time1 complete paralysis of voluntary motion and of reflex excitability1 and the animal dies in asphyxia1 the heart continuing to beat4 ,this state is best produced for the purpose of experiment on frogs1 and1 indeed1 is the best test for the poison4 ,a very minute dose injected beneath the skin of a frog soon paralyses both the voluntary and respiratory muscles2 the animal continues to breathe by the skin2 the heart beats normally1 or1 perhaps1 a little weakly1 and the frog may remain in this motionless condition for days and yet recover4 ,only curare and its congeners have this effect4 ,by tying the femoral artery of one of the frog's legs before administering the poison1 an insight into the true action of the drug is obtained4 ,it is then found that the reflex excitability and power of motion in the leg are retained1 although all the rest of the body is paralysed4 ,the only explanation of this is that curare does not act centrally1 but paralyses the intramuscular ends of the motor nerves4 ,curare is eliminated partly through the liver and partly through the kidneys4 ,dragendorff found it in the fces1 while a striking proof that it is excreted by the kidneys is given by the experiment of ,bidder1#edf in which the urine of a frog poisoned by curare was made to poison a second1 and the urine of the second1 a third4 ,the easy excretion of curare through the kidneys furnishes an explanation of the relatively large dose of curare which can be taken by the stomach without injury4 ,a dose which1 given by subcutaneous injection1 would produce violent symptoms1 perhaps death1 may yet be swallowed1 and no ill effects follow4 ,it is hence presumed that1 in the first case1 the poison is1 comparatively speaking1 slowly absorbed1 and almost as fast separated1 and put1 as it were1 outside the body by going into the urine2 while1 in the other case1 the whole dose is thrown suddenly into the circulation4 #edf ,arch4 f4 ,anat4 u4 ,physiol41 #ahgi1 p4 #eih4 #ejf4 ,separation of ,curarine4--,it is hardly probable that the toxicologist will have to look for curarine1 unless it has entered the body by means of a wound or by subcutaneous injection2 so that in all cases the absorbed poison alone must be sought for4 ,the seat of entry1 the liver1 the kidneys1 and the urine are the only parts likely to be of any use4 ,dragendorff recommends the extraction of the tissues with water feebly acidulated with a mineral acid1 to precipitate albuminous matters1 c41 by strong alcohol1 and separate1 by means of benzene1 fatty matters4 ,the liquid is then made alkaline1 and shaken up with petroleum ether1 which removes certain alkaloidal matters4 ,it is now evaporated to dryness1 mixed with finely-powdered glass1 and extracted with absolute alcohol4 ,the alcohol is evaporated to dryness1 and any curarine extracted from this residue with water4 ,by very careful drying up of this last extract1 and taking it up in alcohol1 the alkaloid is said to be obtained so pure as to respond to chemical tests4 ,the identification may be by the colour reaction of sulphuric acid described ante1 in all cases supplemented by its physiological action on frogs4#edg #edg ,it is known that curare may cause slight symptoms of excitation before the paralysis comes on4 ,m4 ,couty has succeeded in isolating these symptoms by employing feeble extracts of ,strychnos triplinervia1 or small doses of certain native preparations4 ,by these means1 in dogs1 a new phase of intoxication may be present for ten or even twenty minutes4 ,in the first instance the animal is agitated1 jumping1 scratching1 barking1 as if in a state of general hypersthesia4 ,then it presents half choreic shocks or tremors2 the pupils dilate1 and are alternately dilated and contracted4 ,the heart's action is increased or diminished in frequency2 sometimes there is vomiting1 micturition1 or defecation2 and there is always salivation4 ,finally1 the central and peripheral temperature are raised1 and the excitability of the muscles and nerves becomes highly increased4 ,with the native preparation of curare1 it is impossible to prolong this stage1 and symptoms of paralysis soon become associated with those of excitement4 ,the choreic shocks were found to be arrested by section of the sciatic nerve4 ,other experiments proved that the spasms originated from the spinal cord1 and were influenced by its preceding functional condition4 ,if the cord was tied in the mid-dorsal region1 and the curare injected1 the spasms were still produced in the hind legs2 but if1 after the operation1 the excitability of the posterior segment became lowered1 the spasm was no longer produced in the hind legs4 ,this dependence on a perfect functional activity is a point of difference of these spasms from those produced by strychnine1 and by asphyxia4 ,the action of small doses of curare is not1 however1 limited to the spinal cord4 ,the diminished frequency of the heart continues after section of the pneumogastrics1 and will even occur if the pneumogastrics have been previously divided4 ,from these facts ,m4 ,couty considers that curare must not be regarded as entirely destitute of a 8convulsant0 action1 nor of an action on the central nervous system4 ,,xii4--,colchicine4 #ejg4 ,the whole of the ,colchicum autumnale1 or common meadow-saffron1 is poisonous1 owing to the presence of an alkaloid 7discovered by ,pelletier and ,caventou7 called ,colchicine4 ,according to ,johannson's experiments1 the dried colchicum seeds contain #aae per cent4 of colchicine2 the leaves1 #adei per cent42 the bulbs1 from #ad to #aeh per cent42 and the roots1 #jfcd per cent4 ,the frequent poisoning of cattle in the autumn by colchicum1 its use in quack pills for rheumatism1 and its supposed occasional presence in beer1 give it an analytical importance4 #ejh4 ,colchicine 7,c,h,,no7 may be extracted from the seeds1 c41 in the manner recommended by ,hbler3--,the seeds are treated1 without crushing1 by hot #ij per cent4 alcohol1 and the alcoholic solution evaporated to a syrup1 which is diluted with twenty times its bulk of water and filtered2 the liquid is next treated with acetate of lead1 again filtered1 and the lead thrown out by phosphate of soda4 ,colchicine is now precipitated as a tannate4#edh ,the precipitation is best fractional1 the first and last portions being rejected as containing impurities4 ,the tannate is decomposed in the usual way with litharge and extracted by alcohol4 #edh ,the purest tannic acid must be used4 ,the commercial tannin may be purified by evaporating to dryness with litharge1 exhausting the tannate of lead repeatedly with boiling alcohol and water1 and1 lastly1 suspending in water1 and separating the lead by ,,sh4 ,a simpler method is1 however1 extraction by chloroform from an aqueous solution1 feebly acidified1 as recommended by ,dragendorff4 ,the parts of the plant are digested in very dilute acid water1 and the resulting solution concentrated and shaken up with chloroform1 which is best done in a separating tube4 ,colchicine contains four methoxyl groups1 and its constitutional formula is considered to be ,c,h,,nh7,,ch,,co77,,cooch77,,och74 ,its melting-point is #adc-adg4 ,it is usually a white1 gummy mass4 ,it is easily soluble in cold water1 in alcohol1 and in chloroform4 ,the solutions are lvorotatory4 ,it is hardly soluble in ether4 ,boiling with dilute acids or alkalies in closed tubes yields colchiceine4 ,colchiceine contains three methoxyl groups4 ,it melts at #aej1 dissolves but little in cold1 copiously in boiling water4 ,colchiceine appears to be an acid1 forming salts with the alkalies4 ,zeisel#edi has formed acetotrimethylcolchicinamide 7,n,h,ac,c,h7,o,me7,,conh7 by heating colchicine with alcoholic ammonia in closed tubes for four hours at #ajj4 ,the amide is crystallised from hot alcohol2 it is readily soluble in dilute ,h,cl1 almost insoluble in water2 when a strong hydrochloric acid solution of the amide is treated with a small amount of potassium nitrite a splendid violet colour is produced4 #edi ,monatsh41 ix4 #a-cj4 #eji4 ,tests4--,ferric chloride1 if added to an alcoholic solution of the alkaloid1 strikes a garnet red2 if to an aqueous solution a green or brownish-green2 nitric acid added to the solid substance gives a violet colour4 ,erdmann's reagent 7nitrosulphuric acid7 gives in succession green1 dark blue1 and violet colours1 ultimately turning yellow1 changed1 on addition of an alkali1 to raspberry-red4 ,mandelin's reagent 7#a grm4 of ammonium vanadate in #bjj grms4 of sulphuric acid7 gives a green colour4 #eaj4 ,pharmaceutical ,preparations4--,colchicine itself is officinal in ,austria--the wine in the ,british1 ,french1 and ,dutch1 and the seeds themselves in all the pharmacopias4 ,the wine of colchicum1 officinal in nearly all the pharmacopias1 is made with very different proportions of seeds or bulbs4 ,the tincture of colchicum is officinal in our own and in all the ,continental pharmacopias2 in the ,british1 one part of seeds is exhausted by eight parts of proof spirit4 ,a tincture of colchicum seeds1 examined by ,johannson1 contained #ah per cent4 of colchicine1 and a tincture prepared from the bulbs #ad per cent4 ,colchicum vinegar is not officinal in ,britain1 but one containing #ed per cent4 of acetic acid is so in the ,netherlands1 ,germany1 and ,france2 the strength appears to be about #jie per cent4 of colchicine4 ,an extract of colchicum is officinal in ,britain and ,france2 and an acetic extract in ,britain4 ,the latter is the most active of all the pharmaceutical preparations of colchicum4 ,lastly1 an oxymel of colchicum is in use in ,germany1 ,france1 and the ,netherlands4 ,quack and ,patent ,medicines4--,in all specifics for gout the analyst will naturally search for colchicum4 ,most gout pills contain the extracts2 and liquids1 such as 8,reynolds' gout specific10 the wine or the tincture1 variously flavoured and disguised4 ,the strength of the different pharmaceutical preparations may be ascertained by dissolving in chloroform1 evaporating off the chloroform1 dissolving in water 7which is finally acidified by from #g to #aj per cent4 of sulphuric acid71 and titrating with ,mayer's reagent 7see p4 #bfc74 ,if the solution is diluted so that there is about one part of colchicine in #fjj of the solution1 then each c4c4 of ,mayer's reagent equals #cag mgrms4 colchicine4 #eaa4 ,fatal ,dose4--,in ,taylor's ,principles of ,medical ,jurisprudence is mentioned an instance in which #c drachms of colchicum wine1 taken in divided doses1 caused death on the fourth day4 ,the quantity of the active principle in the colchicum wine1 as found by ,johannson 7,dragendorff71 being #jah per cent41 it follows that #bdd mgrms4 7#cgh grain7 were fatal1 though not given as one dose1 so that this quantity may be considered as the least fatal one4 ,casper puts the lethal dose of colchicine at from #be to #cj mgrms4 7#che to #dfc grain74 ,it is1 however1 incontestable that there are cases of recovery from as much as #gj mgrms4 7#ajh grain74 ,the lethal dose of the pharmaceutical preparations of colchicum may1 on these grounds1 be predicted from their alkaloidal contents1 and1 since the latter is not constant1 in any medico-legal inquiry1 it may be necessary1 where facility is given1 to ascertain the strength of the preparation administered4 #eab4 ,effects of ,colchicine on ,animals4--,the researches of ,rossbach show that the carnivor are more sensitive to colchicine than any other order of mammals4 ,frogs show a transitory excitement of the nervous system1 then there is loss of sensation1 paralysis of motion1 and of the respiratory apparatus2 the heart beats after the respiration has ceased4 ,death follows from paralysis of the respiration4 ,the mucous membrane of the intestine is much congested and swollen4 ,i have seen cattle die from the effects of eating the meadow-saffron2 the animals rapidly lose condition1 suffer great abdominal pain1 and are generally purged4 ,the farmers1 in certain parts of the country1 have had extensive losses from want of care and knowledge with regard to colchicum poisoning4 #eac4 ,effects of ,colchicum on ,man4--,colchicum poisoning in man#eej is not very common3 #b deaths 7accidental7 are recorded in ,england and ,wales during the ten years ending #ahib4 ,f4 ,a4 ,falck was able to collect from medical literature1 prior to #ahhj1 #ee cases1 and he gives the following analysis of the cases3--,in #b1 colchicum was taken for suicidal purposes2 of the unintentional poisonings1 #e were from too large a medicinal dose of colchicum wine1 syrup1 or extract1 given in cases of rheumatism2 in #ac cases1 colchicum was used as a purgative2 #db cases were owing to mistaking different preparations for drinks1 or cordials--the tincture in #e1 and the wine in #ad1 being taken instead of orange tincture1 quinine wine1 schnapps or ,madeira2 in #a case the corms were added to mulled wine1 in another1 the leaves consumed with salad2 in #af cases 7all children71 the seeds of colchicum were eaten4 ,forty-six of the #ee died--that is1 #hcg per cent4 #eej ,for the curious epidemic of diarrha which broke out in the ,rhone ,gorge in #aghe1 and was referred to colchicine1 see 8,foods10 p4 #bhg4 ,in the remarkable trial at the ,central ,criminal ,court1 in #ahfb1 of ,margaret ,wilson 7,reg4 v4 ,marg4 ,wilson71 who was convicted of the murder of a ,mrs4 ,somers1 the evidence given rendered it fairly probable that the prisoner had destroyed four people at different dates by colchicum4 ,the symptoms in all four cases were--burning pain in the throat and stomach1 intense thirst1 violent vomiting and purging1 coldness and clamminess of the skin1 excessive depression1 and great weakness4 ,one victim died on the second day1 another on the fifth1 a third on the eighth1 and the fourth on the fourteenth day4 ,schroff witnessed a case in which a man took #b grms4 7nearly #ca grains7 of the corms2 in one and a half hours he experienced general malaise2 on the next day there were flying muscular pains1 which at length were concentrated in the diaphragm1 and the breathing became oppressed2 there was also pain in the neighbourhood of the duodenum1 the abdomen was inflated with gas2 there was a sickly feeling and faintness4 ,then came on a sleepy condition1 lasting several hours1 followed by fever1 with excessive pain in the head1 noises in the ears1 and delirium2 there was complete recovery1 but the abdomen continued painful until the fifth day4 ,in another instance1 a gentleman1 aged #ej1eea had taken twenty-eight of ,blair's gout-pills in four and a half days for the relief of a rheumatic affection4 ,he suffered from nausea1 griping pains in the belly1 considerable diarrha1 vomiting1 and hiccough2 towards the end there was stupor1 convulsive twitchings of the muscles1 paralysis1 and death4 ,the fatal illness lasted fourteen days2 he was seen by three medical men at different dates--the first seems to have considered the case one of diarrha1 the second one of suppressed gout2 but ,dr4 ,c4 ,budd was struck with the similarity of the symptoms to those from an acrid poison1 and discovered the fact that the pills had been taken4 ,these pills ,i examined2 they were excessively hard1 and practically consisted of nothing else than the finely-ground colchicum corms2 six pills yielded #h mgrms4 of colchicine1 so that the whole twenty-eight would contain #ci mgrms4 7 grain74 ,dr4 ,budd considered that the whole of the pills1 which were of a stony hardness1 remained in the bowels for some time undigested1 so that the ultimate result was the same as if the whole had been taken in one dose4 #eea ,see ,lancet1 vol4 i41 #ahha1 p4 #cfh4 #ead4 ,the general symptoms produced by colchicum are--more or less burning pain in the whole intestinal tract1 vomiting1 diarrha1 with not unfrequently bloody stools2 but sometimes diarrha is absent4 ,in single cases tenesmus1 dysuria1 and1 in one case1 hmaturia have been noted4 ,the respiration is usually troubled1 the heart's action slowed1 the pulse small and weak1 and the temperature sinks4 ,in a few cases there have been pains in the limbs2 cerebral disturbance is rare2 but in two cases 7one described ante7 there was stupor4 ,muscular weakness has been observed generally4 ,in a few cases there have been cramps in the calves and in the foot1 with early collapse and death4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,schroff found in rabbits poisoned with from #a to #aj grm4 of colchicine1 tolerably constantly enteritis and gastritis1 and always a thick1 pitch-like blood in the heart and veins4 ,casper has carefully recorded the post-mortem appearances in four labourers1 ages ranging from fifteen to forty years1 who1 finding a bottle of colchicum-wine1 and supposing it to be some kind of brandy1 each drank a wine-glassful4 ,they all died from its effects4 ,in all four there was great hypermia of the brain membranes and of the kidneys4 ,the large veins were filled with thick1 dark1 cherry-red blood1 very similar to that seen in sulphuric acid poisoning4 ,there was an acid reaction of the contents of the stomach4 ,the lungs were moderately congested4 ,the mucous membrane of the stomach of the one who died first was swollen and scarlet with congestion2 with the second there was some filling of the vessels at the small curvature2 while the stomachs of the third and fourth were quite normal4 ,in #e cases described by ,roux there was also hypermia of the brain and kidneys1 but no gastritis or enteritis4 ,it is1 therefore1 evident that there are in man no constant pathological changes from colchicine poisoning4 #eae4 ,separation of ,colchicine from ,organic ,matters4--,w4 ,obolonski#eeb has recommended the following process3--,the finely divided viscera are triturated with powdered glass and digested for twelve hours with alcohol4 ,the liquid is squeezed out and the dry residue washed with alcohol4 ,the extract is concentrated at a temperature not exceeding #hj1 and the cooled residue made up to the original volume with alcohol4 ,the filtered liquid is evaporated as before1 and this operation repeated until no more clots separate on addition of water4 ,the residue is then dissolved in water1 the solution purified by shaking with light petroleum1 and the colchicine finally extracted with chloroform4 #eeb ,zeit4 anal4 ,chem41 xxix4 #dic4 ,in cases of poisoning by colchicum at ,berlin1 ,wittstock used the following process3--,the contents of the stomach were mixed with a large amount of alcohol1 a few drops of ,h,cl added1 and the whole well shaken2 the fluid was then filtered1 and the filtrate evaporated to a syrupy consistence at #cg4 ,the resulting residue was dissolved in distilled water1 the fat1 c41 filtered off1 and the liquid carefully evaporated4 ,from the extract foreign matter was again separated by treatment with alcohol and filtration1 and the last filtrate was evaporated to a syrupy consistence4 ,the syrupy fluid was taken up by distilled water1 filtered1 evaporated to #cj grms41 and #b grms4 of calcined magnesia with #ij grms4 of ether were added4 ,after a time1 the ether was removed1 and allowed to evaporate spontaneously4 ,the residue was once more taken up with water1 filtered from fat1 c41 and evaporated4 ,this final residue gave all the reactions of colchicine4 ,in medico-legal researches1 it must be remembered that colchicine is absorbed but slowly1 a not insignificant portion remaining in the bowels1 with the fces4 ,,xiii4--,muscarine and the ,active ,principles of ,certain ,fungi4 #eaf4 ,the ,amanita ,muscaria1 or fly-blown agaric1 is a very conspicuous fungus1 common in fir-plantations1 about the size and shape of the common mushroom2 but the external surface of the pileus is of a bright red1 or sometimes of a yellowish cast1 and studded over with warts4 ,the common name of the fungus denotes that it was used in former times as a popular insecticide2 the fungus was bruised1 steeped in milk1 and the milk exposed1 in the same way as we now expose arsenical fly-papers4 ,some peculiar properties of the agaric have long been known to the natives of ,kamschatka1 and of the north-eastern part of ,asia generally4 ,they collect the fungi in the hottest months1 and hang them up to dry4 ,the fungus is then rolled up in a kind of bolus1 and swallowed without chewing4 ,one large1 or two small1 fungi will produce a kind of intoxication1 which lasts a whole day4 ,it comes on in about two hours' time1 and is very similar to that of alcohol4 ,there is a giddy feeling1 the spirits are exalted1 the countenance becomes flushed1 involuntary actions and words follow1 and sometimes loss of consciousness4 ,it renders some persons remarkably active1 and proves highly stimulant to muscular exertion2 by too large a dose violent spasmodic effects are produced4 8,so very exciting to the nervous system in many individuals is this fungus1 that the effects are often very ludicrous4 ,if a person under its influence wishes to step over a straw or small stick1 he takes a stride or a jump sufficient to clear the trunk of a tree4 ,a talkative person cannot keep silence or secrets1 and one fond of music is perpetually singing4 ,the most singular effect of the amanita is the influence which it has over the urine4 ,it is said that from time immemorial the inhabitants have known that the fungus imparts an intoxicating quality to that secretion1 which continues for a considerable time after taking it4 ,for instance1 a man moderately intoxicated to-day will1 by the next morning1 have slept himself sober1 but 7as is the custom7 by taking a teacup of his urine he will be more powerfully intoxicated than he was the preceding day4 ,it is1 therefore1 not uncommon for confirmed drunkards to preserve their urine as a precious liquor against a scarcity of the fungus4 ,the intoxicating property of the urine is capable of being propagated2 for every one who partakes of it has his urine similarly affected4 ,thus1 with a very few amanitas1 a party of drunkards may keep up their debauch for a week4 ,dr4 ,langsdorf mentions that by means of the second person taking the urine of the first1 the third of the second1 and so on1 the intoxication may be propagated through five individuals40#eec #eec ,lindley's ,vegetable ,kingdom4 #eag4 ,a few cases of poisoning by the fly-blown agaric from time to time have occurred in ,europe1 where it has been eaten in mistake for the edible fungi1 or taken by children allured by the bright attractive colours4 ,in these cases the poisonous symptoms noticed have been those of gastro-intestinal irritation1 as shown by vomiting and diarrha1 dilated#eed pupils1 delirium1 tetanic convulsions1 slow pulse1 stertorous breathing1 collapse1 and death4 ,in a few cases epileptic attacks and trismus have been observed4 ,the course is usually a rapid one1 the death occurring within twelve hours4 ,in cases of recovery1 convalescence has been prolonged4 #eed ,this is the more curious1 for muscarine strongly contracts the pupil4 ,it1 however1 tends to prove what is stated in the text--viz41 that there is more than one poisonous substance in ,amanita4 ,the post-mortem characteristics are not distinctive1 a fluid condition of the blood1 hypermia of the brain1 liver1 and kidneys has been noticed4 #eah4 ,muscarine4--,these effects are partly due to an undiscovered1 toxic substance--which seems to be destroyed at the temperature of boiling water1 and is probably of rather easy destructibility--and of a very definite poisonous alkaloid 7muscarine7 first separated by a complex process by ,schmiedeberg and ,koppe in #ahfi4eee ,it is a trimethylammonium base1 and has lately been formed synthetically by ,schmiedeberg and ,harnack1#eef by treating cholin with nitric acid4 ,muscarine is isomeric with betain and oxycholin1 from which it is separated by its fluorescence and poisonous properties4 #eee ,das ,muscarin1 das giftige ,alkaloid des ,fliegenpilzes4 ,leipzig1 #ahfi4 #eef ,arch4 f4 exper4 ,path41 ,bd4 #d u4 #e4 ,the structural formula of muscarine1 and its connection with choline1 is as follows3-- ,,ch,,oh ,,ch ,n7,,ch7,,oh ,choline4 ,,ch,,oh ,,choh ,n7,,ch7,,oh ,muscarine4 ,an atom of hydrogen from the choline1 ,,ch1 group1 being replaced by hydroxyl4 ,muscarine is a colourless1 strongly alkaline1 syrupy fluid1 which1 if allowed to stand over sulphuric acid1 becomes gradually crystalline1 but liquefies again on exposure to the atmosphere4 ,it dissolves in water in every proportion1 and also in alcohol1 but is very little soluble in chloroform1 and insoluble in ether4 ,it is not precipitated by tannin3 it forms salts with acids1 and gives precipitates with auric chloride1 phosphotungstic1 and phosphomolybdic acids1 and also with potassio-mercuric iodide4 ,the last precipitate is at first amorphous1 but it gradually becomes crystalline4 ,this was the compound used by the discoverers to separate the base4 ,with many other general alkaloidal reagents muscarine forms no compound that is insoluble1 and therefore gives no precipitate1 such1 e4g41 as iodine with potassic iodide1 picric acid1 and platinic chloride4 ,muscarine is a stronger base than ammonia1 and precipitates copper and iron oxides from solutions of their salts4 ,muscarine is very poisonous2 #b to #d mgrms4 are sufficient in subcutaneous injection to kill cats in from two to twelve hours--larger doses in a few minutes2 but with rabbits the action is less intense4 ,cats become salivated1 their pupils contract1 they vomit1 and are purged1 the breathing becomes frequent1 and there is marked dyspna4 ,at a later stage the respirations are slower1 and there are convulsions1 and death4 ,the alkaloid has also been tried on man4 ,doses of from #c to #e mgrms41 injected subcutaneously1 cause1 after a few minutes' profuse salivation1 increased frequency of the pulse1 nausea1 giddiness1 confusion of thought and myosis1 but no vomiting1 and no diarrha4 ,small quantities applied to the eye cause1 after a few minutes1 a derangement of the accommodation1 but no change in the size1 of the pupil2 larger quantities cause also myosis1 which depends upon an excitement of the sphincter iridis1 or of the oculomotorius4 #eai4 ,the actions of muscarine and atropine are to a great extent antagonistic4 ,this is especially and beautifully demonstrated by the effects of the two substances on the frog's heart4 ,the action of muscarine upon the heart is to excite the inhibitory nerve apparatus1 while the action of atropine is to paralyse the same system4 ,one mgrm4 of muscarine1 injected subcutaneously into a frog1 arrests the heart in diastole1 but if a suitable dose of atropine is applied to the heart thus arrested1 it begins to beat again2 or1 if atropine is first given1 and then muscarine1 the heart does not stop4 ,the muscarine heart1 when it has ceased to beat1 may be successfully stimulated by galvanism4 ,muscarine at first excites the respiratory centre1 and then paralyses it4 #ebj4 ,detection of ,muscarine in the ,body4--,muscarine itself is not likely to be taken as a poison or administered2 but if it is sought for in the fly-blown agaric1 or in the tissues or organs of persons who have been poisoned by the fungus1 the process of ,brieger appears the best4 ,the process depends upon the fact that muscarine gives a soluble mercuric chloride compound1 and is not precipitated by chloride of platinum1 whilst most other substances accompanying it give more or less insoluble precipitates4 ,the substances are treated with water acidulated with hydrochloric acid1 and the acidulated extract concentrated 7best in a vacuum7 to a syrup4 ,the syrupy residue is now treated with water1 and the solution precipitated by means of mercuric chloride solution and any precipitate filtered off2 the filtrate is freed from mercury by ,,sh1 and evaporated to a syrup2 the syrup is repeatedly extracted with alcohol1 and the alcoholic solution precipitated with platinum chloride and any precipitate filtered off4 ,the filtrate is freed from alcohol1 and all the platinum thrown out of solution by ,,sh2 the aqueous filtrate is now concentrated to a small volume1 and again platinum chloride added1 any precipitate which forms is filtered off1 and the final filtrate allowed to crystallise4 ,if muscarine be present1 a crystalline compound of muscarine platinum chloride will form4 ,the crystals are usually octahedral in form1 and have the composition 7,c,h,,no,cl7,pt,cl2 the percentage of platinum is #cjda4 ,it would probably be necessary to identify farther1 by the action of the poison on a frog4 #eba4 ,the ,agaricus phalloides1 a common autumn fungus1 has been several times mistaken for mushrooms1 and has proved fatal2 of some #ec cases collected by ,falck1 no less than #dj1 or #ge per cent41 were fatal2 the real mortality is much lower than this1 for it is only such cases that are pronounced and severe which are likely to be recorded4 ,the fungus contains a toxalbumin which has been named 8phallin40 ,the action of this toxalbumin is to dissolve the blood corpuscles2 according to ,kobert1 even one #bej1jjjth dilution produces 8polycholie10 with all its consequences1 such as the escape of hmoglobin and its decomposition products in the blood and urine1 multiple blood coagulation through the fibrin ferment becoming free1 and serious cerebral disturbance4 ,if into a dog1 cat1 or rabbit1 only #je mgrm4 of phallin be injected intravenously1 within from twenty to thirty minutes blood from a vein shows that the serum has a red colour4 ,the symptoms in man first appear in from three to forty-eight hours2 there is mostly diarrha1 violent vomiting1 with cramp in the legs1 cyanosis1 and collapse4 ,there are also nervous phenomena1 convulsions1 trismus1 and1 in a few cases1 tetanic spasms4 ,the pulse1 in seven cases described by ,maschka1 was very small1 thready1 and quick1 but in others1 again1 small and slow4 ,the pupils have in some cases been dilated1 in others unchanged4 ,death is generally rapid4 ,in two of ,maschka's cases from sixty to sixty-eight hours after the investigation1 but in the rest from twelve to eighteen hours4 ,life may1 however1 be prolonged for several days4 ,in a case recorded by ,plowright1#eeg in which a boy had eaten a piece of the pileus1 death occurred on the fourth day4 #eeg ,lancet1 #ahgi4 #ebb4 ,the post-mortem appearances observed in ,maschka's seven cases were--absence of cadaveric rigidity1 dilatation of the pupil1 a dark red fluid condition of the blood1 numerous ecchymoses in the pleura1 in the substance of the lungs1 the pericardium1 the substance of the heart1 the liver1 kidneys1 and spleen4 ,the mucous membrane of the digestive canal presented nothing characteristic4 ,in two cases there were a few ecchymoses1 and in one the mucous membrane of the stomach was softened1 red1 and easily detached4 ,in one case only were any remnants of the fungus found1 by which the nature of the substance eaten could be determined4 ,the bladder in each case was full4 ,in three cases a fatty degeneration of the liver had commenced4 ,the same appearance was met with in some of the older cases related by ,orfila4 #ebc4 ,the ,agaricus pantherinus is said to be poisonous1 although ,hertwig found it to have no action when given to dogs4 ,the ,agaricus ruber1 a bright-hued fungus1 growing profusely on the ,hampshire coast1 of a purple-red colour--the colouring-matter not only covering the pileus1 but also extending down the stipe--is poisonous1 and has recently been chemically investigated by ,phipson1#eeh who has identified a colouring-matter ruberine1 and an alkaloid agarythrine4 ,agarythrine is separated by macerating the fungus 7from which the skin containing the colouring-matter has been removed7 as completely as possible in water acidulated with #h per cent4 of hydrochloric acid4 ,the filtered solution is neutralised by sodic carbonate1 and the alkaloid shaken up with ether4 ,on evaporation the ether leaves a white1 somewhat greasy-looking substance1 having a bitter burning taste1 and easily fusible into yellow globules1 giving forth an odour like quinoleine2 it is soluble in alcohol and ether4 ,from ,phipson's observations it would appear probable that the red colouring-matter is derived from a decomposition of this alkaloidal substance4 ,a rose-red colour is produced by the action of nitric acid1 and chlorinated lime first reddens and then bleaches it4 ,buchwald#eei has recorded three cases of poisoning by this fungus2 the patients were labourers1 who1 after eating the fungus1 suffered from vomiting1 thirst1 a 8drunken0 condition1 cramp1 albuminuria1 and disturbance of the sensory functions4 ,the fungus causes in cats myosis1 but is said not to affect rabbits4 #eeh ,chem4 ,news1 p4 #aii1 #ahhb4 #eei ,industr4 ,bl41 #ahgf4 #ebd4 ,the ,soletus satanas1 or luridus 7,lenz71 is poisonous2 very small quantities of the uncooked fungus caused in ,lenz1 who experimented upon its properties1 violent vomiting4 ,in cases in which this fungus has been eaten accidentally1 the symptoms have been very similar to cholera4 #ebe4 ,the ,common ,morelle seems under certain conditions to be poisonous4 ,from six to ten hours after ingestion there have appeared depression1 nausea1 jaundice1 dilated pupils1 and in the worst cases at the end of the first day1 delirium1 somnolence1 and muscular cramps1 followed by collapse and death4 ,in a case observed by ,kromholz1 the post-mortem appearances were jaundice1 a dark fluid state of the blood1 and hypermia of the brain and liver4 ,bostrm fed a dog with #ajj grms4 of the fresh young morelle2 the animal died on the third day1 and the canaliculi of the kidney were found filled with hmoglobin1 partly amorphous1 and partly crystalline4#efj #efj ,see ,casper's ,viertelj41 #ahdd2 ,keber1 ,preuss4 ,vereinszeitg4 #ahdf2 ,bostrm1 ,ber4 d4 ,phys4 ,med4 ,soc41 ,erlangen1 #ahhj2 ,schauenstein1 8,giftige ,schwmme0 in ,maschka's ,handbuch1 c4 ,,division ,,ii4--,,glucosides4 ,i4--,digitalis ,group4 #ebf4 ,the ,digitalis purpurea1 or foxglove1 is a plant extremely common in most parts of ,england1 and poisoning may occur from the accidental use of the root1 leaves1 or seeds4 ,the seeds are very small and pitted2 they weigh #aabf to a grain 7,guy71 are of a light brown colour1 and in form somewhat egg-shaped4 ,the leaves are large1 ovate1 crenate1 narrowed at the base1 rugous1 veined1 and downy1 especially on the under surface4 ,their colour is a dull green1 and they have a faint odour and a bitter1 nauseous taste4 ,the leaf is best examined in section4 ,its epidermis1 when fresh1 is seen to consist of transparent1 hexagonal1 colourless cells1 beneath which1 either singly or in groups1 there are round cells of a magenta tint1 and beneath these again a layer of columnar cells1 and near the lower surface a loose parenchyma4 ,the hairs are simple1 appearing scantily on the upper1 but profusely on the lower1 surface2 each is composed of from four to five joints or cells1 and has at its base a magenta-coloured cell4 ,the small leaves just below the seed-case1 and the latter itself1 are studded with glandular hairs4 ,the root consists of numerous long slender fibres4 #ebg4 ,chemical ,composition4--,it is now generally accepted that there exist in the foxglove1 at least1 four distinct principles--digitalin1 digitonin1 digitoxin1 and digitalein4 ,besides these there are several others of more or less definite composition1 which are all closely related1 and may be derived from a complex glucoside by successive removals of hydrogen in the form of water4 ,the following is the theoretical percentage composition of the digitalins1 the identity of which has been fairly established4 ,they are arranged according to their percentage in carbon3-- ,,table ,,showing ,,the ,,composition ,,of ,,the ,,digitalins4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,name4 ,formula4 ,percentage ,composition4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,digitalein1 ,c,h,o ,c4 #ecaf per cent4 ,h4 #hjh per cent4 ,digitonin1#efa ,c,h,o ,c4 #ecdd ,h4 #gdf ,digitalin1 ,c,h,o ,c4 #ehaf ,h4 #cfe ,digitaletin1 ,c,h,o ,c4 #fbda ,h4 #ced ,digitoxin1 ,c,h,o ,c4 #fcfc ,h4 #hjh ,digitaleretin1 ,c,h,o ,c4 #ffje ,h4 #deh ,paradigitaletin1 ,c,h,o ,c4 #fgag ,h4 #dc ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #efa ,according to ,kiliani1 digitonin has the composition of ,c,h,o1 and it breaks up1 when heated with hydrochloric acid1 as follows3-- ,c,h,o #b;,h,o ,c,h,o #b;,c,h,o4 ,digitonin4 ,digitogenin4 ,dextrose4 --,ber41 xxiii4 #aeee-aefh4 #ebh4 ,digitalein is a colourless1 amorphous body1 easily soluble in water and in cold absolute alcohol4 ,it may be precipitated from an alcoholic solution by the addition of much ether4 ,it is with difficulty soluble in chloroform1 and insoluble in ether4 ,it is precipitated from a watery solution by tannin1 or by basic lead acetate2 saponification by dilute acids splits it up into glucose and digitaleretin4 ,it has a sharp1 acrid taste1 and the watery solution froths on shaking4 #ebi1 ,digitonin1 a white amorphous body1 has many of the characters of saponin4 ,like saponin1 it is easily soluble in water1 and the solution froths1 and1 like saponin again1 it is precipitated by absolute alcohol1 by baryta water1 and by basic lead acetate4 ,it may be readily distinguished from saponin by treating a watery solution with sulphuric or hydrochloric acid4 ,on saponifying1 it is split up into digitogenin1 galactose1 and dextrose4 ,on heating1 a beautiful red colour develops4 ,it does not give the bromine reaction4 ,digitogenin is insoluble in water and aqueous alkalies2 it is somewhat soluble in alcohol1 chloroform1 and glacial acetic acid2 it forms a crystalline compound with alcoholic potash1 which is strongly alkaline1 and not very soluble in alcohol4 #ecj4 ,digitalin1 when perfectly pure1 forms fine1 white1 glittering1 hygroscopic needles1 or groups of crystalline tufts2 it is without smell1 but possesses a bitter taste1 which is at once of slow development and of long endurance4 ,on warming1 it becomes soft under #ajj1 and1 above that temperature1 is readily decomposed with evolution of white vapours4 ,it is insoluble in water1 in dilute soda solution1 in ether1 and in benzene4 ,it is soluble in chloroform1 especially in chloroform and alcohol1 and dissolves easily in warm acetic acid2 twelve parts of cold and six of boiling alcohol of #ij per cent4 dissolve one of digitalin4 ,dilute hydrochloric or sulphuric acid decompose it into glucose and digitaletin 7,c,h,o72 if the action is prolonged1 digitaleretin 7,c,h,o71 and finally dehydrated digitaleretin1 are formed4 ,concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves it with the production of a green colour1 which by bromine passes into violet-red1 but on the addition of water becomes green again4 ,hydrochloric acid dissolves it with the production of a greyish-yellow colour1 passing gradually into emerald green2 water precipitates from this solution a resinous mass4 #eca4 ,digitaletin4--,a substance obtained by ,walz on treating his digitalin by dilute acids4 ,it is crystalline1 and its watery solution tastes bitter4 ,it melts at #age1 and decomposes1 evolving an acid vapour at about #bjf4 ,it dissolves in #hdh parts of cold1 and #bbb of boiling1 water2 in #ce parts of cold1 and in from #b to #d of boiling1 alcohol4 ,it is with difficulty soluble in ether4 ,it dissolves in concentrated sulphuric acid1 developing a red-brown colour1 which1 on the addition of water1 changes to olive-green4 ,on boiling with dilute acids1 it splits up into sugar and digitaleretin4 #ecb4 ,digitoxin always accompanies digitalin in the plant1 and may by suitable treatment be obtained in glittering needles and tabular crystals4 ,it is insoluble in water and in benzene4 ,it dissolves with some difficulty in ether1 and is readily dissolved by alcohol or by chloroform4 ,on boiling with dilute acids1 it is decomposed into an amorphous1 readily soluble body1--,toxiresin4 ,digitoxin1 according to ,schmiedeberg1 only exists in the leaves of the digitalis plant1 and that in the proportion of #a part in #aj1jjj4 ,digitalin and digitoxin are par excellence the poisonous principles of the plant4 ,toxiresin is also intensely poisonous4 ,it may be obtained in crystals by extracting the dry exhausted leaves with alcohol of #ej per cent41 precipitating with lead acetate1 and washing the precipitate first with a dilute solution of sodium carbonate 7to remove colouring-matter71 and then with ether1 benzene1 and carbon disulphide1 in all of which it is insoluble2 on decomposing the lead compound1 digitoxin may be obtained in colourless scales or needle-shaped crystals4 #ecc4 ,digitaleretin1 the origin of which has been already alluded to1 is a yellowish-white1 amorphous powder1 possessing no bitter taste1 melting at #fj1 soluble in ether or in alcohol1 but insoluble in water4 ,paradigitaletin is very similar to the above1 but it melts at #ajj1 and is insoluble in ether4 #ecd4 ,several other derivatives have been obtained and described1 such as the inert digitin1 digitalacrin1 digitalein1 and others1 but their properties are1 as yet1 insufficiently studied4 ,digitalin1 as well as digitoxin1 may now be obtained pure from certain firms1 but the ordinary digitalin of commerce is1 for the most part1 of two kinds1 which may be distinguished as ,french and ,german digitalin4 ,the ,french digitalin1 or the digitalin of ,homolle1 is prepared by treating an aqueous extract of the digitalis plant with lead acetate1 and freeing the filtrate from lead1 lime1 and magnesia1 by successive additions of alkaline carbonate1 oxalate1 and phosphate1 and then precipitating with tannin4 ,the tannin precipitate is treated with litharge1 and the digitalins boiled and extracted from the mass by means of alcohol1 and lastly1 purifying with animal charcoal4 ,crystals are in this way obtained1 and by removing all substances soluble in ether by that solvent1 digitalin may be separated4 ,the ,german digitalin is prepared according to the process of ,walz1 and is extracted from the plant by treatment with alcohol of #heb4 ,the alcohol is removed by evaporation1 and the alcoholic extract taken up with water2 the watery extract is treated with lead acetate and litharge1 filtered1 the filtrate freed from lead by hydric sulphate1 and the excess of acid neutralised by ammonia1 and then tannin added to complete precipitation4 ,the precipitate is collected and rubbed with hydrated oxide of lead1 and the raw digitalin extracted by hot alcohol4 ,the alcohol1 on evaporation1 leaves a mixture of digitalin mixed with other principles and fatty matter4 ,if sold in this state1 it may contain from #b to #c per cent4 of digitalein and digitonin4 ,on treating the mixture with ether1 digitalin with some digitaletin is left behind1 being almost insoluble in ether4 ,since1 however1 digitaletin is very insoluble in cold water1 by treating the mixture with eight parts of its weight of cold water1 digitalin is dissolved out in nearly a pure state4 ,it may be further purified by treating the solution with animal charcoal1 recrystallisation from spirit1 c4 #ece4 ,reactions of the ,digitalins4--,digitonin is dissolved by dilute sulphuric acid 7#a 3 #c7 without colour1 and the same remark applies to hydrochloric acid2 on warming with either of these acids1 a violet-red colour appears2 this reaction thus serves to distinguish digitonin from the three other constituents1 as well as from saponin4 ,sulphuric and gallic acids colour the glucosides of digitalin1 digitalein1 and digitonin1 red1 but not digitoxin1 which can be identified in this way4 ,sulphuric acid and bromine give with digitalin a red1 and with digitalein a violet coloration1 which1 on the addition of water1 change respectively into emerald and light green4 ,this1 the most important chemical test we possess1 is sometimes called ,grandeau's test2 it is not of great delicacy1 the limit being about #a mgrm4 #ecf4 ,pharmaceutical ,preparations of ,digitalin4--,digitalin itself is officinal in the ,french1 ,belgium1 ,portuguese1 ,russian1 ,spanish1 and ,austrian pharmacopias4 ,it is prepared in our own by making a strong tincture of the leaves at #abj ,f42 the spirit is then evaporated off1 and the extract heated with acetic acid1 decolorised by animal charcoal1 and filtered4 ,after neutralisation with ammonia1 the digitalin is precipitated with tannin1 and the tannate of digitalin resolved into tannate of lead and free digitalin1 by rubbing it with oxide of lead and spirit4 ,digitalis leaf is officinal in most of the pharmacopias4 ,tincture of digitalis is officinal in our own and all the ,continental pharmacopias1 and an ethereal tincture is used in ,france and ,germany4 ,an ,acetum digitalis is officinal in the ,netherlands and ,germany2 an extract and infusion are also used to some extent4 ,with regard to the nature of the active principle in these different preparations1 according to ,dragendorff1 digitonin and digitalein are most plentiful in the acetic and aqueous preparations2 whilst in the alcoholic1 digitalin1 digitoxin1 and digitalein are present4 ,according to ,schmiedeberg1 commercial digitalin contains1 in addition to digitoxin1 digitonin1 digitalin1 and digitalein2 of these1 digitonin is greatest in amount4#efb #efb ,h4 ,kiliani1 ,ber41 xxiii4 #ecg4 ,fatal ,dose4--,the circumstance of commercial digitalin consisting of varying mixtures of digitoxin1 digitalin1 and digitalein1 renders it difficult to be dogmatic about the dose likely to destroy life4 ,besides1 with all heart-poisons1 surprises take place2 and very minute quantities have a fatal result when administered to persons with disease of the heart1 or to such as1 owing to some constitutional peculiarity1 have a heart easily affected by toxic agents4 ,digitoxin1 according to ,kopp's#efc experiments1 is from six to ten times stronger than digitalin or digitalein4 ,two mgrms4 caused intense poisonous symptoms4 ,digitoxin is contained in larger proportions in ,nativelle's digitalin than in ,homolle's1 or in the ,german digitalin4 ,the digitalin of ,homolle is prescribed in #a mgrm4 7#jae grain7 doses1 and it is thought dangerous to exceed #f mgrms4 #efc ,archiv f4 exp4 ,pathol4 u4 ,pharm41 vol4 iii4 p4 #bhd1 #ahge4 ,lemaistre has1 indeed1 seen dangerous symptoms arise from #b mgrms4 7#jc grain71 when administered to a boy fifteen years old4 ,it may be predicated from recorded cases and from experiment1 that digitoxin would probably be fatal to an adult man in doses of #d mgrms4 7#a_/af grain71 and digitalin1 or digitalein1 in doses of #bj mgrms4 7#c grain74 ,with regard to commercial digitalin1 as much as from #aj to #ab mgrms4 7#ae to #ah grain7 have been taken without a fatal result2 on the other hand1 #b mgrms4 gave rise to poisonous symptoms in a woman 7,battaille74 ,such discrepancies are to be explained on the grounds already mentioned4 ,it is1 however1 probable that #d mgrms4 7or #a_/af grain7 of ordinary commercial digitalin would be very dangerous to an adult4 ,it must also1 in considering the dose of digitalin1 be ever remembered that it is a cumulative poison1 and that the same dose--harmless if taken once--yet1 frequently repeated1 becomes deadly3 this peculiarity is shared by all poisons affecting the heart4 ,when it is desired to settle the maximum safe dose for the various tinctures1 extracts1 and infusions of digitalis used in pharmacy1 there is still greater difficulty1 a difficulty not arising merely from the varying strength of the preparations1 but also from the fact of the vomiting almost invariably excited by large doses4 ,individuals swallow quantities without death resulting1 simply because the poison is rapidly expelled2 whereas1 if the sophagus was ligatured 7as in the experiments on the lower animals formerly favoured by the ,french school of toxicologists71 death must rapidly ensue4 ,the following table is a guide to the maximum single dose1 and also the amount safe to administer in the twenty-four hours in divided doses4 ,as a general rule1 it may be laid down that double the maximum dose is likely to be dangerous3-- ,,table ,,showing ,,the ,,maximum ,,single ,,dose1 ,,and ,,maximum ,,quantity ,,of ,,the ,,different ,,preparations ,,of ,,digitalis1 ,,which ,,can ,,be ,,administered ,,in ,a ,,day4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,single ,dose4 ,per ,day4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,grains or ,grammes ,grains or ,grammes ,minims4 or c4c's4 ,minims4 or c4c's4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,powdered ,leaves1 #d grns4 #c grm4 #aed grns4 #aj grm4 ,infusion1 #dhj m4 #bhc c4c4 #addj m4 #hdi c4c4 ,tincture1 #de m4 #c c4c4 #ace m4 #i c4c4 ,digitalin1 #jc grn4 #jjb grm4 #ji grn4 #jjf grm4 ,extract1 #cj #b #abj #h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #ech4 ,statistics4--,the main knowledge which we possess of the action of digitalis is derived from experiments on animals1 and from occasional accidents in the taking of medicines2 but in comparison with certain toxic agents more commonly known1 the number of cases of death from digitalis is very insignificant4 ,of #db cases of digitalis-poisoning collected by ,husemann1 #a was criminal 7murder72 #a the result of mistaking the leaves for those of borage2 #db were caused in medicinal use--in #cc of these last too large a dose had been given1 in #c the drug was used as a domestic remedy1 in #b of the cases the prescription was wrongly read1 and in #a digitalis was used as a secret remedy4 ,twenty-two per cent4 of the #de were fatal4 #eci4 ,effects on ,man4--,it was first distinctly pointed out by ,tardieu that toxic doses of digitalis1 or its active principles1 produced not only symptoms referable to an action on the heart1 but also1 in no small degree1 gastric and intestinal irritation1 similar to that produced by arsenic4 ,tardieu also attempted to distinguish the symptoms produced by the pharmaceutical preparations of digitalis 7the tincture1 extract1 c471 and the glucoside digitalin2 but there does not appear a sufficient basis for this distinction4 ,the symptoms vary in a considerable degree in different persons1 and are more or less tardy or rapid in their development1 according to the dose4 ,moderate doses continued for some time 7as1 for example1 in the persistent use of a digitalis medicine7 may produce their first toxic effects even at the end of many days2 but when a single large dose is taken1 the symptoms are rarely delayed more than three hours4 ,they may commence1 indeed1 in half an hour1 but have been known to be retarded for more than twenty-four hours1 and the longer periods may be expected if digitalis is given in hard1 not easily soluble pills4 ,there is commonly a feeling of general malaise1 and then violent retching and vomiting4 ,the pulse at first may be accelerated1 but it soon is remarkably slowed--it sinks commonly down to #ej1 to #dj1 and has even been known as low as #be4 ,to these symptoms1 referable to the heart and to the digestive tract1 are added nervous troubles2 there are noises in the ears1 and disturbances of vision4 ,in a case related by ,taylor1 a red-coal fire seemed to the patient to be of a blue colour2 in another1 related by ,lersch1#efd there was blindness for eighteen hours1 and for some time a confusion in the discrimination in colours2 quiet delirium has also been noticed4 ,as the case proceeds1 the gastric symptoms also increase in severity2 the tongue ,christison1 in one case1 noticed to be enormously swollen1 and the breath ftid4 ,diarrha is commonly present1 although also sometimes absent4 ,the action of the kidneys is suppressed4 ,hiccough and convulsions close the scene4 #efd ,rhen4 ,west4 ,corr4 ,bl41 #ae1 #ahdh2 ,husemann in ,maschka's ,handbuch4 ,in the cumulative form1 the symptoms may suddenly burst out1 and the person pass into death in a fainting-fit without any warning4 ,as a rare effect1 hemiplegia may be mentioned4 ,this brief rsum of the symptoms may be further illustrated by the following typical cases3--,a recruit1 aged #bb1 desiring to escape from military service1 went to a so-called 8,freimacher0 who gave him #ajj pills1 of which he was to take eight in two doses daily4 ,eleven days after the use of the pills1 he became ill1 and was received into hospital1 where he suddenly died after three weeks' treatment4 ,his malady was at first ascribed to gastric catarrh2 for he suffered from loss of appetite1 nausea1 and constipation4 ,he complained of pain in the head1 and giddiness4 ,his breath smelled badly1 and the region of the stomach was painful on pressure4 ,the pulse was slow 7#ef71 the temperature of the body normal4 ,towards the end1 the pulse sank to #eb2 he suffered from vomiting1 noise in the ears1 troubles of vision1 great weakness1 and later1 hiccough and swelling in the neck4 ,the mere act of standing up in order to show his throat caused him to faint2 on the same day on which this occurrence took place1 he suddenly died on the way to the nightstool4 ,thirteen of the pills were found in the patient's clothes1 and from a chemical and microscopical examination it was found that they contained digitalis leaf in fine powder4 ,the quantity which the unfortunate man took in the four weeks was estimated at #acg grms4 7 about #baa grains74 ,two of his comrades had also been to the 8,freimacher10 and had suffered from the same symptoms1 but they had left off the use of the medicine before any very serious effect was produced4#efeeff #efe ,khnhorn1 ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ger4 ,med41 #ahgf1 n4 ,f4 xxiv4 p4 #djb4 #eff ,there is an interesting case on record1 in which a woman died from the expressed juice of digitalis4 ,she was twenty-seven years of age1 and took a large unknown quantity of the freshly expressed juice for the purpose of relieving a swelling of the limbs4 ,the symptoms came on almost immediately1 she was very sick1 and was attacked by a menorrhagia4 ,these symptoms continued for several days with increasing severity1 but it was not until the fifth day that she obtained medical assistance4 ,she was then found semi-comatose1 the face pale1 pulse slow1 epigastrium painful on pressure1 diarrha1 and hiccough were frequent4 ,she died on the twelfth day4 ,the post-mortem appearances showed nothing referable to digitalis save a few spots of inflammation on the stomach4--,causs1 ,bull4 de ,thrapeutique1 vol4 lvi4 p4 #ajj2 ,brit4 and ,for4 ,med4 ,chir4 ,review1 vol4 xxvi41 #ahfj1 p4 #ebc4 ,an instructive case of poisoning by digitoxin occurred in the person of ,dr4 ,koppe1 in the course of some experiments on the drug4 ,he had taken #ae mgrm4 in alcohol without result2 on the following day 7,may #ad7 he took #a mgrm4 at #i ,a4,m41 but again without appreciable symptoms4 ,four days later he took #b mgrms4 in alcoholic solution1 and an hour afterwards felt faint and ill1 with a feeling of giddiness2 the pulse was irregular1 of normal frequency1 #hj to #hd4 ,about three hours after taking the digitoxin1 ,dr4 ,koppe attempted to take a walk1 but the nausea1 accompanied with a feeling of weakness1 became so intense that he was obliged to return to the house4 ,five hours after the dose1 his pulse was #eh1 intermittent after about every #cj to #ej beats4 ,vomiting set in1 the matters he threw up were of a dark green colour2 after vomiting he felt better for a quarter of an hour1 then he again vomited much bilious matter2 the pulse sank to #dj1 and was very intermittent1 stopping after every #b or #c beats4 ,every time there was an intermission1 he felt a feeling of constriction and uneasiness in the chest4 ,six and a quarter hours after the dose there was again violent vomiting and retching1 with paleness of the face4 ,the muscular weakness was so great that he could not go to bed without assistance4 ,he had a disorder of vision1 so that the traits of persons well-known to him were changed1 and objects had a yellow tint4 ,he had a sleepless night1 the nausea and vomiting continuing4 ,during the following day the symptoms were very similar1 and the pulse intermittent1 #ed per minute4 ,he passed another restless night1 his short sleep being disturbed by terrible dreams4 ,on the third day he was somewhat better1 the pulse was #fj1 but irregular and still intermittent2 the nausea was also a little abated4 ,the night was similar in its disturbed sleep to the preceding4 ,he did not regain his full health for several days4#efg #efg ,arch4 f4 exp4 ,path4 u4 ,pharm41 vol4 iii4 p4 #bhi1 #ahge4 ,a third case may be quoted1 which differs very markedly from the preceding1 and shows what a protean aspect digitalin poisoning may assume4 ,a woman1 twenty-three years old1 took on ,june #bfth1 at #g ,a4,m41 for the purpose of suicide1 #af granules of digitalin4 ,two hours later there was shivering and giddiness1 so that she was obliged to go to bed4 ,in the course of the day she had hallucinations4 ,in the evening at #h ,p4,m41 after eating a little food1 she had a shivering fit so violent that her teeth chattered2 there was cold sweat1 and difficulty in breathing2 she became gradually again warm1 but could not sleep4 ,at #a ,a4,m4 the difficulty of breathing was so great that she dragged herself to the window1 and there remained until #c ,a4,m41 when she again went back to bed1 slept until #g ,a4,m41 and woke tolerably well4 ,since this attempt of self-destruction had failed1 she took #dj granules4 ,after one hour she became giddy1 had hallucinations1 chilliness1 cold sweats1 copious vomiting1 and colicky pains2 there was great muscular weakness1 but no diarrha4 ,towards evening the vomiting became worse4 ,there was no action of the bowels1 nor was any urine passed2 she felt as if her eyes were prominent and large4 ,the sufferings described lasted during the whole night until five o'clock the following day1 when the vomiting ceased1 whilst the hallucinations1 chilliness1 and cold sweat continued2 and the thirst1 sick feeling1 and weakness increased4 ,the next morning1 a physician found her motionless in bed1 with pale face1 notable double exophthalmus1 dilated pupils1 and cold skin1 covered with sweat2 the pulse was small and intermittent1 sometimes scarcely to be felt 7#df to #dh per minute72 the epigastrium was painful on pressure4 ,she passed this second night without sleep1 and in the morning the pulse had risen from #ef to #eh beats1 but was not quite so intermittent4 ,there was some action of the bowels1 but no urine was passed1 nor had any been voided from the commencement2 the bladder was not distended4 ,the following 7third7 day some red-coloured1 offensive urine was passed2 the skin was warmer1 and the pulse from #fj to #fd1 still somewhat intermittent--from this time she began to improve1 and made a good recovery4#efh #efh ,related by ,ducroix3 ,de l',empoisonnement par la ,digitale et la ,digitaline4 ,paris1 #ahfd4 #edj4 ,physiological ,action of the ,digitalins4--,whatever other physiological action this group may have1 its effect on the heart's action is so prominent and decided1 that the digitalins stand as a type of heart poisons4 ,the group of heart poisons has been much extended of late years1 and has been found to include the following3--,antiarin1 an arrow poison2 helleborin1 a glucoside contained in the hellebore family2 a glucoside found in the ,apocynace1 ,thevatii neriifolia1 and ,thevatia iccotli2 the poisonous principle of the ,nerium oleander and ,n4 odorum2 the glucoside of ,tanghinia venenifera2 convallamarin1 derived from the species of ,convallaria2 scillotoxin1 from the squill2 superbin1 from the ,indian lily2 and the alkaloid erythrophlin from the ,erythrophlum judiciale 7see p4 #dcb et seq474 ,this list is yearly increasing4 #eda4 ,local ,action4--,the digitalins have an exciting or stimulating action if applied to mucous membranes--e4g41 if laid upon the nasal mucous surface1 sneezing is excited2 if applied to the eye1 there is redness of the conjunctiv with smarting2 if to the tongue1 there is much irritation and a bitter taste4 ,the leaves1 the extract1 and the tincture all have this directly irritating action1 for they all redden and inflame mucous membranes4 #edb4 ,action on the ,heart4--,the earlier experimenters on the influence of digitalis on the heart were ,stannius and ,traube4 ,stannius#efi experimented on cats1 and found strong irregularity1 and1 lastly1 cessation in diastole1 in which state it responded no longer to stimuli4 ,rabbits and birds--especially those birds which lived on plants--were not so susceptible1 nor were frogs4 #efi ,arch4 f4 ,physiol4 ,traube#egj made his researches on dogs1 using an extract1 and administering doses which corresponded to from #e to #dj grms4 ,he divided the symptoms witnessed into four stages3-- #egj ,ann4 d4 ,charit-,krankenhauses1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ghe4 #ast ,stage4--,the pulse frequently diminishes1 while the pressure of the blood rises4 #bnd ,stage4--,not seen when large doses are employed2 pulse frequency1 as well as blood pressure1 abnormally low4 #crd ,stage4--,pressure low1 pulse beats above the normal frequency4 ,the slowing of the heart#ega is attributed to the stimulus of the inhibitory nerves1 but the later condition of frequency to their paralysis4 ,after the section of the vagi the slow pulse frequently remains1 and this is explained by the inhibitory action of the cardiac centre4 ,the vagus1 in point of time1 is paralysed earlier than the muscular substance of the heart4 #ega ,slowing of the pulse was mentioned first by ,withering 7,an ,account of the ,foxglove1 ,lond41 #aghe74 ,beddoes afterwards observed that digitalis increased the force of the circulation1 the slowing of the pulse not being always observed2 according to ,ackermann1 if the inhibitory apparatus is affected by atropine1 or if the patient is under deep narcosis1 the slowing is absent4 ,the increased blood pressure ,traube attributed to increased energy of the heart's contraction1 through the motor centre being stimulated later2 the commencing paralysis explains the abnormally low pressure4 ,there is1 however1 also an influence on vaso-motor nerves4 ,what ,dr4 ,johnson has described as the 8stop-cock0 action of the small arteries comes into play1 the small arteries contract and attempt1 as it were1 to limit the supply of poisoned blood4 ,ackermann1#egb indeed1 witnessed this phenomenon in a rabbit's mesentery1 distinctly seeing the arteries contract1 and the blood pressure rise after section of the spinal cord4 ,this observation1 therefore1 of ,ackermann's 7together with experiments of ,bhm#egc and ,l4 ,brunton#egd7 somewhat modifies ,traube's explanation1 and the views generally accepted respecting the cause of the increased blood pressure may be stated thus3--,the pressure is due to prolongation of the systolic stroke of the cardiac pump1 and to the 8stop-cock0 action of the arteries2 in other words1 there is an increase of force from behind 7vis a tergo71 and an increased resistance in front 7vis a fronte74 #egb ,deutsch4 ,arch4 f4 klin4 ,med41 vol4 xix4 p4 #abe4 #egc ,archiv f4 d4 ,ges4 ,phys41 vol4 v4 p4 #aec4 #egd ,on ,digitalis1 with ,some ,observations on the ,urine1 ,lond41 #ahfh4 #edc4 ,action of the ,digitalins on the ,muco-,intestinal ,tract and other ,organs4--,in addition to that on the heart1 there are other actions of the digitalins2 for example1 by whatever channel the poison is introduced1 vomiting has been observed4 ,even in frogs this1 in a rudimentary manner1 occurs4 ,the diuretic action which has been noticed in man is wanting in animals1 nor has a lessened diminution of urea been confirmed4 ,ackermann found the temperature during the period of increased blood pressure raised superficially1 but lowered internally4 ,according to ,boeck#ege there is no increase in the decomposition of the albuminoids4 #ege ,intoxication1 p4 #djd4 #edd4 ,the ,action of ,digitalin on the ,common ,blow-fly4--,the author has studied the effects of digitalin1 made up into a thin paste with water1 and applied to the head of the common blow-fly4 ,there are at once great signs of irritation1 the sucker is extruded to its full length1 and the fly works its fore feet1 attempting to brush or remove the irritating agent4 ,the next symptom is a difficulty in walking up a perpendicular glass surface4 ,this difficulty increases1 but it is distinctly observed that weakness and paralysis occur in the legs before they are seen in the wings4 ,within an hour the wings become paralysed also1 and the fly1 if jerked from its support1 falls like a stone4 ,the insect becomes dull and motionless1 and ultimately dies in from ten to twenty-four hours4 ,a dose1 in itself insufficient to destroy life1 does so on repetition at intervals of a couple of hours4 ,the observation is not without interest1 inasmuch as it shows that the digitalins are toxic substances to the muscular substance of even those life-forms which do not possess a heart4 #ede4 ,action of the ,digitalins on the ,frog's ,heart4--,the general action of the digitalins is best studied on the heart of the frog4 ,drs4 ,fagge and ,stevenson have shown#egf that1 under the influence of digitalin1 there is a peculiar form of irregularity in the beats of the heart of the frog2 the ventricle ultimately stops in the white contracted state1 the voluntary power being retained for fifteen to twenty minutes afterwards2 in very large doses there is1 however1 at once paralysis4 ,lauder ,brunton#egg considers the action on the heart to essentially consist in the prolongation of the systole4 #egf ,guy's ,hospl4 ,reports1 #crd ver41 vol4 xii4 p4 #cg4 #egg ,on ,digitalis1 with ,some ,observations on the ,urine1 ,lond41 #ahfh4 ,atropine or curare have no influence on the heart thus poisoned4 ,if the animal under the influence of digitalin be treated with muscarine1 it stops in diastole instead of systole4 ,on the other hand1 the heart poisoned by muscarine is relieved by digitalin1 and a similar influence appears to be exercised by atropine4 ,the systolic stillness of the heart is also removed by substances which paralyse the heart1 as delphinin1 saponin1 and apomorphin4 ,large doses of digitalin1 thrown suddenly on the circulation by intravenous injection1 cause convulsions and sudden death1 from quick palsy of the heart4 ,with frogs under these circumstances there are no convulsions1 but a reflex depression1 which1 according to ,weil#egh and ,meihuizen1#egi disappears on decapitation4 ,the central cerebral symptoms are without doubt partly due to the disturbance of the circulation1 and there is good ground for attributing them also to a toxic action on the nervous substance4 ,the arteries are affected as well as the heart1 and are reduced in calibre2 the blood pressure is also increased4#ehj ,this is essentially due to the firm1 strong contraction of the heart1 and also to the 8stop-cock0 action of the small arteries4#eha #egh ,archiv f4 ,anat4 u4 ,physiol41 #ahga1 p4 #bhb4 #egi ,archiv f4 d4 ,ges4 ,physiol41 vol4 vii4 p4 #bja4 #ehj ,the following is a brief summary of observations on the blood pressure2 four stages may be noticed--7#a7 ,rise of normal blood pressure1 not necessarily accompanied with a diminution of pulse frequency2 7#b7 continuation of heightened blood pressure1 the pulse being raised beyond the normal rate2 7#c7 continued high pressure1 with great irregularity of the heart and intermittent pulse2 7#d7 quick depression of pressure1 sudden stopping of the heart1 and death4 #eha ,according to ,boehm 7,arch4 f4 d4 ,ges4 ,physiol41 ,bd4 v4 ,s4 #ahi7 and to ,williams 7,arch4 f4 exper4 ,pathol41 ,bd4 xiii4 ,s4 #b71 the rise of pressure is due entirely to the heart1 and not to the contractions of the small arteries2 but ,i fail to see how the small arteries can contract1 and yet not heighten the pressure4 #edf4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,in the case of the recruit poisoned by digitalis leaf 7p4 #dbe71 the blood was found dark and fluid2 the right ventricle and auricle of the heart were filled with blood1 the left empty2 the brain and its membranes were anmic2 the stomach and mucous membrane of the intestines were in parts ecchymosed1 and there were patches of injection4 ,in the case of the widow ,de ,pauw1 poisoned with digitalin by the homopath 7,conty de la ,pommerais71 the only abnormality discovered was a few hypermic points in the mucous membrane of the stomach and small intestines4 ,it is then certain that although more or less redness of the lining membrane of the intestine track may be present1 yet1 on the other hand1 the active principle of the digitalis may destroy life1 and leave no appreciable sign4 #edg4 ,separation of the ,digitalins from ,animal ,tissues1 c4--,it is best to make an alcoholic extract after the method of ,stas1 the alcohol being feebly acidulated by acetic acid1 and all operations being carried on at a temperature below #fj4 ,the alcoholic extract is dissolved in water feebly acidulated by acetic acid1 and shaken up1 first with petroleum ether to remove impurities 7the ether will not dissolve any of the digitalins71 then with benzene1 and1 lastly1 with chloroform4 ,the benzene dissolves digitalein1 and the chloroform1 digitalin and digitoxin4 ,on allowing these solvents to evaporate spontaneously1 residues are obtained which will give the reactions already detailed4 ,neither the bromine nor any other chemical test is sufficient to identify the digitalins2 it is absolutely necessary to have resource to physiological experiment4 ,the method used by ,tardieu in the classical ,pommerais case may serve as a model1 more especially the experiments on frogs4 ,three frogs were properly secured1 the hearts exposed1 and the beats counted4 ,the number of beats was found to be fairly equal4 ,frog ,no4 #a was placed under such conditions that the heart was constantly moist4 ,frog ,no4 #b was poisoned by injecting into the pleura #f drops of a solution in which #aj mgrms4 of digitalin were dissolved in #e c4c4 of water4 ,the third frog was poisoned by a solution of the suspected extract4 ,the number of beats per minute were now counted at definite intervals of time as follows3-- ,,table ,,showing ,,the ,,action ,,of ,,digitalin ,,on ,,the ,,frog',s ,,heart4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,frog ,no4 #a4 ,frog ,no4 #b4 ,frog ,no4 #c4 ,unpoisoned4 ,poisoned by a ,poisoned by the known quantity suspected of digitalin4 extract4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,no4 of beats ,no4 of beats ,no4 of beats per minute4 per minute4 per minute4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,after #f minutes1 #db #bj #bf #aj #dj #af irregular4 #bd irregular4 #bj #dj #ae #bj #bh #ch #j #ab very irregular4 #ca #cf #j #j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,in operating in this way--which is strictly comparative1 and1 with care1 has few sources of error--if the heart of the frog poisoned with the unknown extract behaves in the number and irregularity of its contractions similarly to that of the digitalin-poisoned heart1 it is a fair inference that1 at all events1 a 8heart-poison0 has been separated2 but it is1 of course1 open to question whether this is a digitalin or one of the numerous groups of glucosides acting in the same way4 ,if sufficient quantity has been separated1 chemical reactions1 especially the bromine test 7,grandeau's test71 may decide1 but with the larger number 7yearly increasing7 of substances acting similarly on the heart1 great caution in giving an opinion will be necessary4 ,,ii4--,other ,poisonous ,glucosides ,acting on the ,heart4 #edh4 ,several members of these glucosides have been studied by ,schmiedeberg1#ehb and his convenient divisions will be followed here3-- #ehb ,beitrge zur ,kentniss der pharmakol4 ,gruppe des ,digitalins4 #a4 ,,crystallisable ,,glucosides4 ,antiarin 7,c,h,o74--,antiarin is an arrow poison obtained from the milky juice of the ,antiaris toxicaria growing in ,java4 ,antiarin is obtained in crystals1 by first treating the inspissated milky juice with petroleum ether to remove fatty and other matters1 and then dissolving the active principle out with absolute alcohol4 ,the alcoholic extract is taken up with water1 precipitated with lead acetate1 filtered1 and from the filtrate antiarin obtained by freeing the solution from lead1 and then evaporating4 ,de ,vry and ,ludwig obtained about #d per cent4 from the juice4 ,antiarin is crystalline1 the crystals containing #b atoms of water4 ,its melting-point is given as #bbjf2 the crystals are soluble in water 7#bed parts cold1 #bgd parts boiling71 they are not soluble in benzene1 and with difficulty in ether2 #a part of antiarin requiring #bgib parts of ether4 ,the watery solution is not precipitated by metallic salts4 ,on warming with dilute mineral acids1 antiarin splits up into a resin and sugar4 ,concentrated sulphuric acid gives with antiarin a yellow-brown solution1 hydrochloric and nitric acids strike no distinctive colours4 #edi4 ,effects4--,antiarin is essentially a muscular and a heart poison4 ,when given in a sufficient dose1 it kills a frog in from half an hour to an hour4 ,its most marked effect is on the cardiac muscle1 the heart beats more and more slowly1 and at last stops1 the ventricle being firmly contracted4 ,as with digitalin1 there is a very marked prolongation of the systole1 and as with digitalin1 after the beats have ceased1 a forcible dilatation of the ventricle will restore them 7,schmiedeberg74 ,it is doubtful whether by physiological experiment antiarin could be differentiated from digitalin4 #eej4 ,separation of ,antiarin4--,in any case of poisoning by antiarin1 it would be best to extract with alcohol1 evaporate1 dissolve the alcoholic extract in water1 precipitate with lead acetate1 filter1 free the filtrate from lead1 and then1 after alkalising with ammonia1 shake the filtrate successively with petroleum ether1 benzene1 and a small quantity of ether in the manner recommended at page #bdg1 et seq4 ,the liquid1 now freed from all fatty1 resinous1 and alkaloidal bodies1 is neutralised and evaporated to dryness in a vacuum1 and the dry residue taken up with absolute alcohol1 filtered1 the alcohol evaporated at a very low temperature1 and finally the extract dissolved in a small quantity of water1 and submitted to physiological tests4 #eea4 ,the ,active ,principles of the ,hellebores4--,the ,christmas rose 7,helleborus niger71 as well as ,h4 viridis1 ,h4 ftidus1 and1 in short1 all the species of hellebore1 are poisonous1 and if the root is treated with alcohol1 from the alcoholic extract may be separated two glucosides1 helleborin and helleborein4 ,helleborin is in the form of white1 glittering needles1 which1 if placed on the tongue1 are almost tasteless1 but if dissolved in alcohol1 and then tasted1 give a burning1 numbing sensation4 ,by boiling with zinc chloride1 helleborin splits up into sugar and a resin--helleboresin4 ,concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves the crystals with the production of a beautiful red colour2 on standing1 the solution after a while becomes colourless1 and a white powder separates4 ,helleborein forms colourless crystals1 mostly consisting of fine needles2 they have a bitter taste1 excite sneezing1 and are very hygroscopic4 ,the crystals easily dissolve in water and dilute alcohol1 but are with difficulty soluble in absolute alcohol1 and not soluble in ether4 ,they dissolve in fatty oils4 ,helleborein splits by the action of mineral acids into sugar and amorphous helleboretin4 ,helleboretin is in the moist condition of a beautiful violet-blue colour1 becoming1 when dried at #ajj1 dirty green4 ,concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves it with the production of a brown-yellow colour1 which on standing passes into violet and then into brown4 ,marm separated from ,h4 ftidus1 in addition1 a white1 intensely odorous substance1 but too small in quantity to thoroughly investigate its properties4 #eeb4 ,there is little doubt that hellebore owes its properties to the glucosides just described4 ,there are several instances of poisoning by hellebore root1#ehc and by the pharmaceutical preparations1 but none of poisoning by the pure active principles4 ,morgagni mentions a case in which #b grms4 7nearly #ca grains7 of the watery extract of ,h4 ,niger caused death within eight hours2 and ,ferrari saw1 after the use of the wine in which the root had been boiled1 two persons poisoned with a like result4 ,a more recent case was recorded by ,felletar1 in #ahge1 in which a person died from an infusion of hellebore2 there was1 however1 old standing heart-disease1 so that there may be a doubt as to the real cause of death in this instance4 ,schauenstein mentions a case in which the roots of hellebore were accidentally used in soup1 but the bitter taste prevented any quantity being eaten4 ,the physiological action1 especially of helleborein1 is that of an intense heart poison1 and the symptoms produced by the hellebores are so strikingly like those of the digitalins that it might be difficult to distinguish clinically between them4 ,in any case of poisoning1 the active principle must be separated in the form of an alcoholic extract1 and identified as a heart poison by physiological experiment4 #ehc ,there used to be a tincture officinal in our pharmacopia2 the root of ,h4 viridis is officinal in the ,german pharmacopia1 maximum single dose1 #c grm42 maximum total quantity in twenty-four hours1 #ab grm4 ,the tincture is also officinal on the ,continent4 #eec4 ,euonymin is found in a resin obtained from the ,euonymus atropurpureus2 it is crystalline1 crystallising in colourless1 cauliflower-like masses consisting of groups of stellate needles1 which are soluble in water1 but with difficulty in alcohol4 ,it is a glucoside1 and a powerful heart poison1 #a mgrm4 causing the heart of a frog to cease in diastole4#ehd #ehd ,schmiedeberg1 op4 cit41 from unpublished researches of ,professor ,h4 ,meyer1 ,dorpat4 #eed4 ,thevetin 7,c,h,o74--,a glucoside which has been separated from the ,thevetia nereifolia1 and perhaps also from the ,cerbera ,odallam4 ,it is soluble in #abd parts of water at #ad1 and is easily soluble in spirit1 but not in ether4 ,it is coloured by sulphuric acid red-brown1 passing into cherry-red1 and then1 in a few hours1 into violet4 ,on boiling with diluted acids1 it splits up into sugar and theveresin4 ,both thevetin and theveresin are powerful heart poisons4#ehe #ehe ,husemann1 ,archiv f4 exper4 ,path4 u4 ,pharmakol41 ,bd4 v41 ,s4 #bbh1 #ahgf4 #b4 ,,substances ,,partly ,,crystallisable ,,but ,,which ,,are ,,not ,,glucosides4 #eee4 ,strophantin is a very poisonous substance which belongs physiologically to this group1 but does not seem to be a glucoside4 ,it is soluble in water and in alcohol1 less so in ether and chloroform4 ,it is found in the komb1 manganja1 ine1 or onaje1 a ,west ,african poison derived from the ,strophanthus hispidus of the family of ,apocynace4 ,the poison has been investigated by several observers4#ehf #ehf ,digitoxin 7see ante1 p4 #dbj7 belongs to this group4 ,dr4 ,fraser considers1 from his experiments1 7#a7 ,that strophantin acts primarily on the heart1 producing1 as an end result1 heart paralysis1 with permanence of the ventricular systole4 7#b7 ,he found the pulmonary respiration to continue in cold-blooded animals many minutes after the heart was paralysed4 7#c7 ,the striped muscles of the body are affected1 and twitches occur in them2 their tonicity is exaggerated1 and finally their functional activity is destroyed4 ,this change is referred to an action on the muscular structure itself1 independent of that upon the heart1 and also independent of the cerebro-spinal nervous system4 7#d7 ,the reflex action of the spinal cord is suspended after the heart is paralysed1 but the motor conductivity of the spinal cord and of the nerve trunks continue after the striped muscles of the body are paralysed4 7#e7 ,the lymph-hearts of the frog continue to contract for many minutes after the blood-heart has been paralysed4 #eef4 ,apocynin4--,in the root of ,apocynum cannabinum a non-crystallisable substance1 soluble in alcohol and ether1 but not soluble easily in water1 has been separated and found to have a physiological activity similar to that of the digitalins4#ehg #ehg ,hardy et ,callois1 8,sur la matire active du ,strophanthus ,hispidus ou ,ine10 ,gaz4 ,med4 de ,paris2 ,pelikan1 ,compt4 ,rend41 t4 #fj1 p4 #abji1 #ahae2 ,sharpey1 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,may1 #ahfe2 ,fagge and ,stevenson1 ,pharm4 ,journ41 p4 #aa1 #ahfe-ff2 ,fraser1 ,journ4 of ,anatom4 and ,phys41 also ,proc4 of ,roy4 ,soc4 of ,edin42 ,poillo and ,carville1 ,arch4 de ,physiol4 ,norm4 et ,pathol41 #ahgb2 ,g4 ,valentin1 ,zeitschr4 et4 ,biologie41 x4 #acc1 #ahgd4 #c4 ,,non-,,crystallisable ,,glucosides ,,almost ,,insoluble ,,in ,,water4 #eeg4 ,scillain1 or ,scillitin1 a glucoside which has been separated from the bulbs of the common squill4 ,it is insoluble or nearly so in water1 but easily dissolves in alcohol4 ,it is little soluble in ether4 ,it acts upon the heart1 and is poisonous4 ,adonidin1 a very similar substance1 has been separated from the root of the ,adonis vernalis 7,nat4 ,ord4 ,ranunculace71 to which the name of adonidin has been given4#ehh ,it is an amorphous1 colourless substance1 without odour2 soluble in alcohol1 but with difficulty soluble in ether and water4 ,it is precipitated by tannin1 and on saponification by mineral acids1 splits up into sugar and a substance soluble in ether4 ,the effects on animals are identical with those of digitalin4 ,the root has been used recently in medicine1 and found to slow the heart and increase the urinary secretion2 in this also it is like digitalis4 #ehh ,cervello1 ,archiv fr exp4 ,path4 ,pharm41 #ahhb1 p4 #cch4 #eeh4 ,oleandrin4--,oleander leaves contain two chemically-different1 nitrogen-free substances4 ,the one is probably identical with digitalein2 but as this is not certain1 ,schmiedeberg proposes to call it provisionally neriin4 ,the other active substance is essentially the same as the oleandrin of ,lukomske#ehi and ,betelli4#eij ,oleandrin has basic properties1 and is separated in the form of an amorphous mass1 soluble in alcohol1 ether1 and chloroform1 and slightly soluble in water4 ,schmiedeberg obtained a third product from ,african leaves1 which he calls nerianthin4 ,this1 on treatment with sulphuric acid and bromine1 gives a beautiful colour peculiar to oleander leaves4 ,it is very similar in physiological and chemical properties to digitalin1 and is probably derived by decomposition from one of the principles already described4 ,there is also a product similar to digitaliresin4 #ehi ,repert4 de ,chimie de ,wurtz et ,bareswill1 t4 iii4 p4 #gg1 #ahfa4 #eij ,bull4 ,med4 di ,bologna1 t4 xix4 p4 #cba1 #ahfe4 ,the active principles of the oleander are separated by digestion of the leaves with alcohol of #ej per cent41 and precipitating the alcoholic extract with lead acetate and ammonia4 ,the first precipitate is yellow1 and is probably composed of a tannin-like substance2 the next precipitate is white1 consisting of the lead compound of neriin4 ,the precipitates are filtered off1 and the filtrate concentrated2 nerianthin1 after a while1 separates in light flocks1 and the filtrate from this contains some of the other products4 #eei4 ,neriin or ,oleander ,digitalin4--,neriin is1 in the presence of much free mineral acid1 precipitated by potass-bismuth iodide1 a reaction first pointed out by ,marm1#eia as useful in the isolation of the helleborins2 or it may be precipitated by tannin1 and then the precipitate decomposed by dissolving in alcohol1 and evaporating it to dryness with zinc oxide on the water-bath4 ,it is next extracted by absolute alcohol1 and precipitated by the addition of much ether4 ,the further purification consists of resolution in alcohol1 and fractional precipitation by ether4 ,if1 however1 the potass-bismuth iodide process is used1 the liquid must be acidified strongly with sulphuric acid1 and the precipitate washed with diluted sulphuric acid4 ,the precipitate may be decomposed by baryta1 filtered1 and the filtrate freed from baryta by carbon dioxide2 the filtrate from this contains neriin with baric iodide2 it is therefore treated with silver sulphate1 then again with baryta1 next with carbon dioxide1 and also with ,,sh to get rid of the last trace of silver4 ,the filtrate will also contain some oleandrin which1 by evaporating slowly in a vacuum1 separates gradually in the form of a clear1 resinous mass4 ,it can be filtered off1 and the neriin then may be precipitated pure by fractional precipitation4 ,its physiological action is the same as that of digitalein4 #eia ,zeitschr4 f4 rat4 ,med4 7#c ,r471 ,bd4 xxvi41 ,s4 #a1 #ahff4 #efj4 ,the nerium oleander has several times caused grave symptoms of poisoning1 and they have usually fairly agreed with those produced by foxglove4 ,for example1 ,maschka#eib relates the case of a boy1 two years old1 who ate two handfuls of the nerium oleander4 ,the effects commenced in ten minutes1 the child was uneasy1 and vomited4 ,in six hours a sleepy condition came on2 the face was pale1 the skin cold1 the pupils contracted1 and the pulse slow and irregular4 ,after the sickness the boy woke up1 but again fell asleep1 and this occurred frequently2 coffee was given1 which appeared to do good4 ,the pulse was intermittent4 ,on the following day the child was still ill1 with an intermittent pulse1 frequent vomiting1 feebleness1 sleeplessness1 and dilatation of the pupil2 there was no diarrha1 on the contrary1 the bowels were confined4 ,on the third day recovery followed4 #eib ,vierteljahrsschrift f4 gericht4 ,med41 ,bd4 ii41 ,no4 #ag1 #ahfj4 ,brit4 and ,for4 ,med4 ,chir4 ,review1 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #ebc1 #ahfj4 ,in an ,indian case1#eic the symptoms were altogether peculiar1 and belonged rather to the convulsive order4 ,a wood-cutter1 aged thirty-five1 near ,kholapore1 took1 for the purpose of suicide1 a little over an ounce of the expressed juice of the oleander4 ,the symptoms began so rapidly that he had not time to walk five yards before he fell insensible2 he was brought to the hospital in this state2 the face on his arrival was noticed to be flushed1 the breathing stertorous1 there were violent spasmodic contractions of the whole body1 more marked on the left than on the right side4 ,the effect of this was remarkable4 ,during the intervals of the spasm1 the patient lay evenly on his back1 and when the convulsions commenced the superior contraction of the left side threw him on to the right1 in which position he remained during the paroxysm1 after the subsidence of which he fell back into his old position4 ,the evacuations were involuntary and watery2 the man was insensible1 with frequent convulsions of the kind described1 for two days1 but on the third day became conscious1 and made a good recovery4 #eic ,transac4 of ,med4 and ,phys4 ,soc4 of ,bombay1 #ahei4 ,in any case of poisoning1 the methods by which neriin and oleandrin are separated from the plant can be applied to separate them from the tissues with more or less success4 ,here1 as in all the other digitalin-like glucosides1 physiological tests are alone of value in the final identification4 #efa4 ,the ,madagascar ,ordeal ,poison4--,to this group may also belong the poison of the ,tanghinia venenifera1 a tree in the ,island of ,madagascar1 the fruit of which is used as an ordeal poison4 ,it may be obtained in crystals2 it is insoluble in water1 and very poisonous4 ,the upas of ,singapore is also said to contain with strychnine a glucoside similar to antiarin4 #d4 ,,substances ,,which1 ,,with ,,other ,,toxic ,,effects1 ,,behave ,,like ,,the ,,digitalis4 #efb4 ,erythrophlein is an alkaloid1 not a glucoside1 and is obtained from the bark of the ,erythrophlum guineense 7,west ,africa74 ,it acts on the heart like digitalis1 and has also effects similar to picrotoxin4 ,,iii4--,saponin--,saponin ,substances4 #efc4 ,the term 8saponin0 of late years has been applied to a class of glucosides which possess the common property of being poisonous1 and1 when dissolved in water1 forming solutions which froth on shaking like soap-suds4 ,the substances which have these properties are not all of the same series chemically1 but those of the general formula1 ,cn,h#bn-#h,o1 are most numerous1 and the following is a list3-- ,name4 ,formula4 ,saponin1 senegin1 ,quillaja-sapotoxin1 ,sapindus-sapotoxin1 ,c,h,o4 ,grypsophila-sapotoxin1 ,agrostemma-sapotoxin1 ,saponin ,,ii41 digitonin1 saporubrin1 assamin1 ,c,h,o4 ,saponin ,,iii41 quillajic acid1 polygalic acid1 ,c,h,o4 ,herniari-saponin1 ,cyclamin1 sarsaparilla-saponin1 ,c,h,o4 ,sarsa-saponin1 ,c,h,o4 ,parillin1 ,c,h,o4 ,melanthin1 ,c,h,o4 ,possibly also dulcamarin ,c,h,o and syringen ,c,h,o may belong to this series4 ,there are some #aej distinct plants which thus yield saponins2 a few of these plants are as follows3--,saponaria officinalis1 ,gypsophila struthium1 ,agrostemma githago 7corn cockle71 ,polygala senega1 ,monimia polystachia1 the bark of ,quillaja saponaria1 and ,chrysophyllum glycyphleum4 ,the saponin separated from ,saponaria1 and from the corn cockle will be here described4 #efd4 ,properties4--,saponin is a white amorphous powder1 very soluble in water1 to which it gives the curious property of frothing just like soap solution4 ,to obtain this effect there must be at least #a mgrm4 in #a c4c4 of liquid4 ,saponin is neutral in reaction1 it has no odour1 but causes sneezing if applied to the mucous membrane of the nose2 the taste is at first sweet1 and then sharp and acrid4 ,it is almost entirely insoluble in absolute alcohol1 but dissolves in hot alcohol of #hc to separate again nearly completely on cooling4 ,it is precipitated by basic lead acetate1 and also by baryta water1 but in each case it is advisable to operate on concentrated solutions4 ,picric acid1 mercuric chloride1 and alkaloidal 8group reagents0 give no precipitate4 ,when a little of the solid substance is treated with 8,nessler0 reagent1 there is a greenish or yellow colour produced4 ,a drop of strong sulphuric acid1 mixed with a minute quantity of saponin1 strikes slowly a bright red colour1 which1 on heating1 deepens to maroon-brown4 ,nordhausen sulphuric acid shows this better and more rapidly4 ,if saponin is boiled with dilute acid it breaks up into sapogenin and sugar1 and therefore the liquid after neutralisation reduces 8,fehling40 ,this reaction is probably after the following equation3-- #b;,c,h,o #b;,h,o #b;,c,h,o #c;,c,h,o4 ,sapogenin may be separated by evaporating the neutralised liquid to dryness1 treating the dry residue with ether1 which dissolves out the sapogenin1 and finally recovering the substance from the ethereal solution1 and crystallising it from hot alcohol4 ,crystals are readily obtained if the alcoholic solution is allowed to evaporate spontaneously4 ,a solution of saponin exposed to the air gets turbid1 and develops carbon dioxide2 not unfrequently the solution becomes mouldy4 #efe4 ,effects4--,pelikan#eid has studied the effects of various saponins on frogs4 ,one to two drops of a saturated watery solution of saponin applied subcutaneously to the leg1 caused1 in from five to six minutes1 great weakness1 accompanied by a loss of sensibility2 but strong mechanical1 chemical1 or electrical stimuli applied to the foot excited reflex action1 for the ischiatic nerve still retained its functions4 ,nevertheless1 from the commencement1 the excitability of the poisoned muscles was much weakened1 and just before death quite disappeared4 ,section of the ischiatic nerve delayed the phenomena4 ,curarine did not seem to have any effect on the poisonous action4 ,a concentrated solution applied to the heart of a frog soon arrests its beats1 but weaker doses first excite1 and then retard4#eie #eid ,berl4 klin4 ,wochschr41 #cf1 #ahf4 #eie ,j4 ,hoppe1 ,nervenwirkung der ,heilmittel1 ,h4 #d1 #cg4 ,the author has studied the general action of saponin on kittens1 insects1 and infusoria4 ,small doses1 such as from #ac to #cb mgrms4 7 to grain71 were injected beneath the loose skin of the back of the neck of a kitten1 when there were immediate symptoms of local pain4 ,in from five to ten minutes the respiration notably quickened1 and the animal fell into a lethargic state1 with signs of general muscular weakness2 just before death the breathing became very rapid1 and there were all the signs of asphyxia4 ,the pathological appearances after death were fulness in the right side of the heart1 and intense congestion of the intestinal canal1 the stomach generally being perfectly normal in appearance1 and the kidneys and other organs healthy4 ,the least fatal dose for a kitten seems to be #ac mgrms41 or #jd grm4 to a kilogram4#eif #eif ,the action of saponin when applied in concentrated solution to flies is that of an intense irritant4 ,there is protrusion of the sucker1 and progressive paralysis4 ,the common infusoria live for some time in dilute solutions of saponin--this is also true of some of the higher forms2 for example1 a ,cyclops quadricornis seemed in no way affected by a #b per cent4 solution4 #eff4 ,action on ,man4--,the effects of saponin on man have been but little studied2 it has been administered by the mouth in doses of from #a to #b grm41 and in those doses seems to have distinct physiological effects4 ,there is increased mucous secretion1 and a feeling of nausea2 but neither diaphoresis nor diuresis has been observed4 ,from the foregoing study it may be predicated that #bf grms4 7#dj grains71 if administered subcutaneously to an adult1 would endanger life4 ,the symptoms would be great muscular prostration1 weakness of the heart's action1 and probably diarrha4 ,in fatal cases1 some signs of an irritant or inflammatory action on the mucous membranes of the stomach and intestines would be probable4 #efg4 ,separation of ,saponin4--,saponin is separated from bread1 flour1 and similar substances by the process given at p4 #aec1 8,foods40 ,the process essentially consists in extracting with hot spirit1 allowing the saponin to separate as the spirit cools1 collecting the precipitate on a filter1 drying1 dissolving in cold water1 and precipitating with absolute alcohol4 ,in operating on animal tissues1 a more elaborate process is necessary4 ,the author has successfully proceeded as follows3--,the finely divided organ is digested in alcohol of #hj to #ij per cent4 strength1 and boiled for a quarter of an hour2 the alcohol is filtered hot and allowed to cool1 when a deposit forms1 consisting of fatty matters1 and containing any saponin present4 ,the deposit is filtered off1 dried1 and treated with ether to remove fat4 ,the insoluble saponin remaining is dissolved in the least possible quantity of water1 and precipitated with absolute alcohol4 ,it is also open to the analyst to purify it by precipitating with baryta water1 the baryta compound being subsequently decomposed by carbon dioxide4 ,basic lead acetate may also be used as a precipitant1 the lead compound being1 as usual1 decomposed by hydric sulphide2 lastly1 a watery solution may be shaken up with chloroform1 which will extract saponin4 ,by some one of these methods1 selected according to the exigencies of the case1 there will be no difficulty in separating the glucoside in a fairly pure state4 ,the organ best to examine for saponin is the kidney4 ,in one of my own experiments1 in a cat poisoned with a subcutaneous dose of saponin 7#b grm471 evidence of the glucoside was obtained from the kidney alone4 ,the time after death at which it is probable that saponin could be detected is unknown2 it is a substance easily decomposed1 and1 therefore1 success in separating it from highly putrid matters is not probable4 #efh4 ,identification of ,saponin4--,an amorphous white powder1 very soluble in water1 insoluble in cold alcohol or ether1 having glucosidal reactions1 striking a red colour with sulphuric acid1 imparting a soap-like condition to water1 and poisonous to animals1 is most probably a saponin4 ,,division ,,iii4--,,certain ,,poisonous ,,anhydrides ,,of ,,organic ,,acids4 ,i4--,santonin4 #efi4 ,santonin 7,c,h,o7 is a neutral principle extracted from the unexpanded heads of various species of ,artemisia 7,nat4 ,ord4 ,composit74 ,the seeds contain1 according to ,dragendorff1 #bjc to #bac per cent4 of santonin1 and about #bbe per cent4 of volatile oil1 with #c per cent4 of fat and resin4 ,santonin forms brilliant1 white1 four-sided1 flat prisms1 in taste feebly bitter4 ,the crystals become yellow through age and exposure to light2 they melt at #afi1 and are capable of being sublimed2 they are scarcely soluble in cold water1 but dissolve in #bej parts of boiling water1 freely in alkaline water1 in #c parts of boiling alcohol1 and in #db parts of boiling ether4 ,santonin is the anhydride of santonic acid 7,c,h,o74 ,santonin unites with alkalies to form santonates4 ,sodic santonate 7,c,h,na,o #c;,h,o7 is officinal on the ,continent2 it forms colourless rhombic crystals1 soluble in #c parts of cold water4 #egj4 ,poisoning by ,santonin4--,eighteen cases of poisoning1 either by santonin or santonin-holding substances1 which ,f4 ,a4 ,falck has been able to collect1 were nearly all occasioned by its use as a remedy for worms4 ,a few were poisonings of children who had swallowed it by accident4 ,with one exception those poisoned were children of from two to twelve years of age2 in five the flower heads1 and in thirteen santonin itself was taken4 ,of the eighteen cases1 two only died 7about #aa per cent474 #ega4 ,fatal ,dose4--,so small a number of children have died from santonin1 that data are not present for fixing the minimum fatal dose4 #ab grm4 of santonin killed a boy of five and a half years of age in fifteen hours2 a girl1 ten years old1 died from a quantity of flower heads1 equal to #b grm4 of santonin4 ,the maximum dose for children is from #fe to #aid mgrms4 7#a to #c grains71 and twice the quantity for adults4 #egb4 ,effects on ,animals4--,experiments on animals with santonin have been numerous4 ,it has first an exciting action on the centres of nerves from the second to the seventh pairs1 and then follows decrease of excitability4 ,the medulla is later affected4 ,there are tetanic convulsions1 and death follows through asphyxia4 ,artificial respiration lessens the number and activity of the convulsions1 and chloroform1 chloral hydrate1 or ether1 also either prevent or shorten the attacks4 #egc4 ,effects on ,man4--,one of the most constant effects of santonin is a peculiar aberration of the colour-sense1 first observed by ,hufeland in #ahjf4 ,all things seem yellow1 and this may last for twenty-four hours1 seldom longer4 ,according to ,rose1 this apparent yellowness is often preceded by a violet hue over all objects4 ,if the lids are closed while the 8yellow sight0 is present1 the whole field is momentarily violet4 ,de ,martiny1#eig in a few cases1 found the 8yellow sight0 intermit and pass into other colours1 e4g41 after #c grm4 there was first the yellow perception1 then giving the same individual #f grm41 all objects seemed coloured red1 after half an hour orange1 and then again yellow4 ,in another patient the effect of the drug was to give 8green vision10 and in a third blue4 #eig ,gaz4 des ,hpit41 #ahfj4 ,hufner and ,helmholtz explain this curious effect as a direct action on the nervous elements of the retina1 causing them to give the perception of violet2 they are first excited1 then exhausted1 and the eye is 8violet blind40 ,on the other hand1 it has been suggested that santonin either colours the media of the eye yellow1 or that there is an increase in the pigment of the macula lutea4 ,i1 however1 cannot comprehend how the two last theories will account for the intermittency and the play of colours observed in a few cases4 ,to the affections of vision are also often added hallucinations of taste and smell2 there is headache and giddiness1 and in fourteen out of thirty of ,rose's observations vomiting occurred4 ,the urinary secretion is increased4 ,in large and fatal doses there are shivering of the body1 clonic1 and often tetanic convulsions2 the consciousness is lost1 the skin is cool1 but covered with sweat1 the pupils dilated1 the breathing becomes stertorous1 the heart's action weak and slow1 and death occurs in collapse--in the case observed by ,grimm in fifteen hours1 in one observed by ,linstow in forty-eight hours4 ,in those patients who have recovered1 there have also been noticed convulsions and loss of consciousness4 ,sieveking#eih has recorded the case of a child who took #ab grm4 7#ag grain7 santonin2 an eruption of nettle rash showed itself1 but disappeared within an hour4 #eih ,brit4 ,med4 ,journ41 #ahga4 #egd4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,the post-mortem appearances are not characteristic4 #ege4 ,separation of ,santonin from the ,contents of the ,stomach1 c4--,it is specially important to analyse the fces1 for it has been observed that some portion goes unchanged into the intestinal canal4 ,the urine1 also1 of persons who have taken santonin1 possesses some important peculiarities4 ,it becomes of a peculiar yellow-green1 the colour appearing soon after the ingestion of the drug1 and lasting even sixty hours4 ,the colour may be imitated1 and therefore confused with that which is produced by the bile acids2 a similar colour is also seen after persons have been taking rhubarb4 ,alkalies added to urine coloured by santonin or rhubarb strike a red colour4 ,if the urine thus reddened is digested on zinc dust1 santonin urine fades1 rhubarb urine remains red4 ,further1 if the reddened urine is precipitated by excess of milk of lime or baryta water and filtered1 the filtrate from the urine reddened by rhubarb is colourless1 in that reddened by santonin the colour remains4 ,santonin may be isolated by treating substances containing it with warm alkaline water4 ,the water may now be acidified and shaken up with chloroform1 which will dissolve out any santonin4 ,on driving off the chloroform1 the residue should be again alkalised1 dissolved in water1 and acidified with hydrochloric acid1 and shaken up with chloroform4 ,in this way1 by operating several times1 it may be obtained very pure4 ,santonin may be identified by its dissolving in alcoholic potash to a transitory carmine-red1 but the best reaction is to dissolve it in concentrated sulphuric acid1 to which a very little water has been added1 to warm on the water-bath1 and then to add a few drops of ferric chloride solution to the warm acid2 a ring of a beautiful red colour passing into purple surrounds each drop1 and after a little time1 on continuing the heat1 the purple passes into brown4 ,a distinctive reaction is also the production of 8iso-santonin02 this substance is produced by warming santonin on the water-bath with sulphuric acid for a few hours1 and then diluting with water2 iso-santonin is precipitated1 and may be crystallised from boiling alcohol4 ,iso-santonin melts at #ach2 it has the same composition as santonin4 ,it is distinguished from santonin by giving no red colour when treated with sulphuric or phosphoric acids4 ,,ii4--,mezereon4 #egf4 ,the ,daphne ,mezereum 7,l474--,mezereon1 an indigenous shrub belonging to the ,thymeleace1 is rather rare in the wild state1 but very frequent in gardens4 ,the flowers are purple and the berries red4 ,buckheim isolated by means of ether an acrid resin1 which was converted by saponifying agents into mezereic acid2 the acrid resin is the anhydride of the acid4 ,the resin is presumed to be the active poisonous constituent of the plant1 but the subject awaits further investigation4 ,there are a few cases of poisoning on record1 and they have been mostly from the berries4 ,thus1 ,linn has recorded an instance in which a little girl died after eating twelve berries4 ,the symptoms observed in the recorded cases have been burning in the mouth1 gastroenteritis1 vomiting1 giddiness1 narcosis1 and convulsions1 ending in death4 ,the lethal dose for a horse is about #cj grms4 of powdered bark2 for a dog1 the sophagus being tied1 #ab grms42 but smaller doses of the fresh leaves may be deadly4 ,,division ,,iv4--,,various ,,vegetable ,,poisonous ,,principles--,,not ,,admitting ,,of ,,classification ,,under ,,the ,,previous ,,three ,,divisions4 ,i4--,ergot of ,rye4 #egg4 ,ergot is a peculiar fungus attacking the rye and other graminaceous plants2#eii it has received various names1 ,claviceps purpurea 7,tulasne71 ,spermdia clavus 7,fries71 ,sclerotium clavus 7,d4,c471 c4 ,the peculiar train of symptoms arising from the eating of ergotised grain 7culminating occasionally in gangrene of the lower limbs71 its powerful action on the pregnant uterus1 and its styptic effects1 are well known4 #eii ,some of the ,cyperace are also attacked4 ,the very general use of the drug by accoucheurs has1 so to speak1 popularised a knowledge of its action among all classes of society1 and its criminal employment as an abortive appears to be on the increase4#fjj #fjj ,the ,russian peasantry use the drug for the same purpose4 ,vide ,mackenzie ,wallace's 8,russia10 i4 p4 #aag4 ,the healthy grain of rye1 if examined microscopically in thin sections1 is seen to be composed of the seed-coating1 made up of two layers1 beneath which are the gluten-cells1 whilst the great bulk of the seed is composed of cells containing starch4 ,in the ergotised grain1 dark 7almost black7 cells replace the seed-coat and the gluten-cells1 whilst the large starch-containing cells are filled with the small cells of the fungus and numerous drops of oil4 #egh4 ,the chemical constituents of ergot are a fixed oil1 trimethylamine1 certain active principles1 and colouring-matters4 ,the fixed oil is of a brownish-yellow colour1 of aromatic flavour and acrid taste2 its specific gravity is #jibd1 and it consists chiefly of palmitin and olein2 it has no physiological action4 ,trimethylamine is always present ready formed in ergot2 it can also be produced by the action of potash on ergot4 ,with regard to the active principles of ergot considerable confusion still exists1 and no one has hitherto isolated any single substance in such a state of purity as to inspire confidence as to its formula or other chemical characters4 ,they may1 however1 be briefly described4 ,c4 ,tamet#fja has separated an alkaloid1 which appears identical with ,wenzel's ergotinine4 ,to obtain this the ergot is extracted by alcohol of #hf1 the spirit removed by distillation1 and the residue cooled2 a resin 7which is deposited7 and a fatty layer 7which floats on the surface7 are separated from the extractive liquor and washed with ether2 the ethereal solution is filtered and shaken with dilute sulphuric acid1 which takes up the alkaloid2 the aqueous solution of the substance is then filtered1 rendered alkaline by ,,kho1 and agitated with chloroform4 ,the ergotinine is now obtained by evaporating the chloroform solution1 care being taken to protect it from contact with the air4 ,it gives precipitates with chloride of gold1 potassium iodohydrargyrate1 phosphomolybdic acid1 tannin1 bromine water1 and the chlorides of gold and platinum4 ,with moderately concentrated ,,so,h1 it gives a yellowish-red coloration1 changing to an intense violet1 a reaction which does not occur if the alkaloid has been exposed to the air4 ,the composition of the base is represented by the formula ,c,h,n,o1 and a crystalline sulphate and lactate have been obtained4#fjb #fja ,compt4 ,rendus1 vol4 xxxi4 p4 #hif4 #fjb ,compt4 ,rendus1 ,april #ahgh4 ,wenzel's ,ecboline is prepared by precipitating the cold watery extract of ergot with sugar of lead1 throwing out the lead in the usual way by hydric sulphide1 concentrating the liquid1 and adding mercuric chloride1 which only precipitates the ecboline4 ,the mercury salt is now decomposed with hydric sulphide1 and after the mercury precipitate has been filtered off1 the filtrate is treated with freshly precipitated phosphate of silver1 and refiltered2 lastly1 the liquid is shaken up with milk of lime1 again filtered1 and the lime thrown out by ,,co4 ,the last filtrate contains ecboline only1 and is obtained by evaporation at a gentle heat4 ,it is an amorphous1 feebly bitter substance1 with an alkaline reaction1 forming only amorphous salts4 ,the most recent research by ,dragendorff on ergot tends to show that ,wenzel's alkaloids1 ergotinine and ecboline1 are inactive4 ,dragendorff describes also 7a47 ,scleromucin1 a slimy substance which goes into solution upon extraction of the ergot with water1 and which is again precipitated by #dj to #de per cent4 alcohol4 ,it is colloidal and soluble with difficulty in water4 ,it contains nitrogen1 but gives no albuminoid reaction1 nor any reaction of an alkaloidal or glucosidal body2 it yields to analysis-- #hbf per cent4 ,water4 #bfh ,ash4 #cij ,carbon4 #fdd ,hydrogen4 #fda ,nitrogen4 7b47 ,sclerotic ,acid4--,a feebly-acid substance1 easily soluble in water and dilute and moderately concentrated alcohol4 ,it passes1 in association with other constituents of the ergot extract1 into the diffusate1 when the extract is submitted to dialysis2 but after its separation in a pure state it is1 like scleromucin1 colloidal4 ,it is precipitated by #he to #ij per cent4 alcohol1 together with lime1 potash1 soda1 silica1 and manganese2 but after maceration with hydrochloric acid1 the greater part of the ash constituents can be separated by a fresh precipitation with absolute alcohol4 ,the sample gave #djj per cent4 of carbon1 #eb per cent4 hydrogen1 #db per cent4 nitrogen1 #ej4f per cent4 oxygen1 with #cd per cent4 of ash4 ,sclerotic acid forms with lime a compound that is not decomposed by carbonic acid1 and which upon combustion leaves from #ai to #bj per cent4 of calcium carbonate4 ,both these substances are active1 although evidently impure4 ,sclerotic acid is sold in commerce1 and has been employed subcutaneously in midwifery practice in ,russia and ,germany for some time4 ,the inert principles of ergot are--7#a47 ,a red colouring matter1 ,sclererythrin1 insoluble in water1 but soluble in dilute and strong alcohol1 ether1 chloroform1 dilute solutions of potash1 ammonia1 c4 ,it can be obtained by dissolving in an alkali1 neutralising with an acid1 and shaking up with ether4 ,alcoholic solution of sclererythrin gives with aluminium sulphate1 and with zinc chloride1 a splendid red mixture2 with salts of calcium1 barium1 and many of the heavy metals1 it gives a blue precipitate2 the yield is only #a to #je in a thousand parts4 7#b47 ,another colouring-matter1 dissolving in concentrated sulphuric acid with the production of a fine blue violet colour1 the discoverer has named ,scleroidin4 ,this is not soluble in alcohol1 ether1 chloroform1 or water1 but dissolves in alkaline solutions1 potash producing a splendid violet colour2 yield about #a per #ajjj4 7#c1 #d47 ,two crystalline substances1 which may be obtained from ergot powder1 first treated with an aqueous solution of tartaric acid1 and the colouring-matters extracted by ether4 ,one ,dragendorff names ,sclerocrystallin 7,c,h,o72 it is in colourless needles1 insoluble in alcohol and water1 with difficulty soluble in ether1 but dissolving in ammonia and potash solutions4 ,the other crystalline substance is thought to be merely a hydrated compound of sclerocrystallin4 ,both are without physiological action4 ,kobert recognises two active substances in ergot1 and two alone2 the one he calls sphacelic acid1 the other cornutin4 #egi4 ,detection of ,ergot in ,flour 7see 8,foods074--,the best process is to exhaust the flour with boiling alcohol4 ,the alcoholic solution is acidified with dilute sulphuric acid1 and the coloured liquid examined by the spectroscope in thicker or thinner layers1 according to the depth of colour4 ,a similar alcoholic solution of ergot should be made1 and the spectrum compared4 ,if the flour is ergotised1 the solution will be more or less red1 and show two absorption bands1 one in the green1 and a broader and stronger one in the blue4 ,on mixing the original solution with twice its volume of water1 and shaking successive portions of this liquid with ether1 amyl alcohol1 benzene1 and chloroform1 the red colour1 if derived from ergot1 will impart its colour to each and all of these solvents4 #ehj4 ,pharmaceutical ,preparations4--,ergot itself is officinal in all the pharmacopias1 and occurs in grains from to #a inch in length1 and about the same breadth1 triangular1 curved1 obtuse at the ends1 of a purple colour1 covered with a bloom1 and brittle1 exhibiting a pinkish interior1 and the microscopical appearances already detailed4 ,ergot may also occur as a brown powder1 possessing the unmistakable odour of the drug4 ,a liquid extract of the ,b4,p4 is prepared by digesting #af parts of ergot in #hj parts of water for twelve hours1 the infusion is decanted or filtered off1 and the digestion repeated with #dj parts of water2 this is also filtered off1 and the residue pressed1 and the whole filtrate united and evaporated down to #aa parts2 when cold1 #f parts of rectified spirit are added1 and1 after standing1 the liquid is filtered and made up to measure #af4 ,a tincture and an infusion are also officinal2 the latter is very frequently used1 but seldom sold1 for it is preferable to prepare it on the spot4 ,the tincture experience has shown to be far inferior in power to the extract1 and it is not much used4 ,ergotin is a purified extract of uncertain strength2 it is used for hypodermic injection2 it should be about five times more active than the liquid extract4 #eha4 ,dose4--,the main difficulties in the statement of the medicinal dose1 and of the minimum quantity which will destroy life1 are the extreme variability of different samples of ergot1 and its readiness to decompose4 ,a full medicinal dose of ergot itself1 as given to a woman in labour1 is #d grms4 7#fag grains71 repeated every half hour4 ,in this way enormous doses may be given in some cases without much effect4 ,on the other hand1 single doses of from #a to #d grms4 have caused serious poisonous symptoms4 ,the extract and the tincture are seldom given in larger doses than that of a drachm as a first dose1 to excite uterine contraction4 ,in fact1 the medical practitioner has in many cases to experiment on his patient with the drug1 in order to discover1 not only the individual susceptibility1 but the activity of the particular preparation used4 ,from the experiments of ,nikitin1 it is probable that the least fatal dose of sclerotic acid for an adult man is #bj mgrms4 per kilogrm4 #ehb4 ,ergotism4--,ergotised cereals have played a great part in various epidemics1 probably from very early times1 but the only accurate records respecting them date from the sixteenth century4 ,according to ,dr4 ,tissot1#fjc the first recorded epidemic was in #aeif1 when a strange1 spasmodic1 convulsive disease broke out in ,hessia and the neighbouring regions4 ,it was probably due to spurred rye4 ,in ,voigtlnder1 the same disease appeared in #afdh1 #afdi1 and #afge2 in #agjb the whole of ,freiberg was attacked4 ,in ,germany and in ,france successive epidemics are described throughout the eighteenth century4 ,in ,france1 in #agaj1 ,ch4 ,noel1 physician at the ,htel ,dieu1 had no less than fifty cases under treatment at the same time4 #fjc ,dr4 ,tissot in ,phil4 ,trans41 vol4 lv4 p4 #ajf1 #agfe4 ,this is a ,latin letter by ,dr4 ,baker1 and gives a good history of the various epidemics of ergotism4 ,it is generally said that in #afcj1 ,thuillier1 in describing an ergot epidemic which broke out in ,cologne1 first referred the cause of the disease to spurred rye4 ,it is interesting to inquire into the mortality from this disease4 ,in #aggj1 in an epidemic described by ,taube1 in which #fjj were affected1 #af per cent4 died4 ,in a nineteenth-century epidemic 7#ahee71 in which1 according to ,husemann1 #cj were ill1 #bcc per cent4 died4 ,in other epidemics1 according to ,heusinger1 out of #ajb1 #ab per cent4 died2 according to ,griepenkerl1 out of #aee1 #be or #af per cent4 died2 and1 according to ,meyer1 of #bhc cases1 #f per cent4 died4 ,there are two forms of chronic poisoning by ergot--one a spasmodic form1 the other the gangrenous form4 #ehc4 ,the convulsive form of ergotism mostly begins with some cerebral disturbance4 ,there are sparks before the eyes1 giddiness1 noises in the ears1 and a creeping feeling about the body4 ,there is also very commonly ansthesia of the fingers and toes1 and later of the extremities1 of the back1 and even of the tongue4 ,diarrha1 vomiting1 colic1 and other signs of intestinal irritation seldom fail to be present2 there are also tetanic spasms of the muscles1 rising in some cases to well-marked tetanus2 epilepsy1 faintings1 aberrations of vision1 amaurosis1 and amblyopia are frequent2 the skin becomes of a yellow or earthy colour1 and is covered with a cold sweat2 boils and other eruptions may break out2 blebs1 like those caused by burns or scalds1 have in a few cases been noticed4 ,death may occur in from four to twelve weeks after the eating of the spurred grain from exhaustion4 ,in those individuals who recover1 there remain for some time weakness1 contractions of groups of muscles1 anmia1 or affections of vision4 #ehd4 ,the ,gangrenous ,form of ,ergotism4--,in this form there is generally acute pain in the limb or limbs which are to mortify2 and there may be prodromata1 similar to those already described4 ,the limb swells1 is covered with an erysipelatous blush1 but at the same time feels icy cold2 the gangrene is generally dry1 occasionally moist2 the mummified parts separate from the healthy by a moist1 ulcerative process2 and in this way the toes1 fingers1 legs1 and even the nose1 may be lost4 ,during the process of separation there is some fever1 and pymia may occur with a fatal result4 ,fontenelle described a case in which a rustic lost all the toes of one foot1 then those of the other2 after that1 the remnant of the first foot1 and lastly the leg4 ,but probably the most extraordinary case of gangrene caused by the use of ergot is that which occurred at ,wattisham1 ,suffolk1 in the family of a labouring man named ,john ,downing4 ,he had a wife and six children of various ages1 from fifteen years to four months4 ,on ,monday1 ,january #aj1 #agfb1 the eldest girl complained of a pain in the calf of her left leg2 in the evening1 her sister1 aged #aj1 also experienced the same symptoms4 ,on the following ,monday1 the mother and another child1 and on ,tuesday1 all the rest of the family except the father became affected4 ,the pain was very violent4 ,the baby at the breast lived a few weeks1 and died of mortification of the extremities4 ,the limbs of the family now began to slough off1 and the following are the notes on their condition made by an observer1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,wollaston1 ,f4,r4,s41 on ,april #ac3-- 8,the mother1 aged #dj4 ,right foot off at the ankle1 the left leg mortified2 a mere bone left1 but not off4 8,elizabeth1 aged #ac4 ,both legs off below the knees4 8,sarah1 aged #aj4 ,one foot off at the ankle4 8,robert1 aged #h4 ,both legs off below the knees4 8,richard1 aged #d4 ,both feet off at the ankle4 8,infant1 four months old1 dead40 ,the father was also attacked a fortnight after the rest of the family1 and in a slighter degree--the pain being confined to the fingers of his right hand1 which turned a blackish colour1 and were withered for some time1 but ultimately got better4 ,as a remarkable fact1 it is specially noted that the family were in other respects well4 ,they ate heartily1 and slept soundly when the pain began to abate4 ,the mother looked emaciated4 8,the poor boy in particular looked as healthy and florid as possible1 and was sitting on the bed1 quite jolly1 drumming with his stumps40 ,they lived as the country people at the time usually lived1 on dried peas1 pickled pork1 bread and cheese1 milk1 and small beer4 ,dr4 ,wollaston strictly examined the corn with which they made the bread1 and he found it 8very bad2 it was wheat that had been cut in a rainy season1 and had lain in the ground till many of the grains were black and totally decayed40#fjd #fjd ,in the ,phil4 ,trans4 for #agfb there are two strictly concordant accounts of this case2 and in the parish church of ,wattisham1 there is said to be a memorial tablet1 which runs as follows3--8,this inscription serves to authenticate the truth of a singular calamity which suddenly happened to a poor family in this parish1 of which six persons lost their feet by a mortification not to be accounted for4 ,a full narrative of their case is recorded in the ,parish ,register and ,philosophical ,transactions for #agfb40 #ehe4 ,symptoms of ,acute ,poisoning by ,ergot4--,in a fatal case of poisoning by ergot of rye1 recorded by ,dr4 ,davidson1#fje in which a hospital nurse1 aged #bh1 took ergot1 the symptoms were mainly vomiting of blood1 the passing of bloody urine1 intense jaundice1 and stupor4 ,but in other cases1 jaundice and vomiting of blood have not been recorded1 and the general course of acute poisoning shows1 on the one hand1 symptoms of intense gastro-intestinal irritation1 as vomiting1 colicky pains1 and diarrha2 and1 on the other1 of a secondary affection of the nervous system1 weakness of the limbs1 aberrations of vision1 delirium1 retention of urine1 coma1 and death4 #fje ,lancet1 ,sept4 #cj1 #ahhb4 #ehf4 ,physiological ,action as shown by ,experiments on ,animals4--,in spite of numerous experiments on animals and man1 the action of the ergot principles remains obscure4 ,it has been found in medicine to exert a specific action on the uterus1#fjf causing powerful contractions of that organ1 especially in labour4 ,it is also a hmostatic1 and is used to check bleeding from the lungs and other internal organs of the body4 ,this hmostatic action1 as well as the extraordinary property possessed by ergot1 of producing an arrest or disturbance of the circulation inducing gangrene has naturally led to the belief that ergot causes a narrowing in the calibre of the small arteries1 but this has not received the necessary experimental sanction4 ,holmes1#fjg ,eberty1 ,khler1#fjh and ,wernick1#fji all observed a contraction in the part to which the ergot was applied1 both in frogs and in warm-blooded animals2 but ,l4 ,hermann1#faj although he made many experiments1 and used the most different preparations1 never succeeded in observing a contraction4 ,it would also seem reasonable to expect that with a narrowing of the vessels1 which means a peripheral obstruction1 the blood-pressure would rise1 but on the contrary the pressure sinks1 a fact on which there is no division of opinion4 #fjf ,in a case in which the author was engaged1 a dabbler in drugs1 having seduced a young woman1 administered to her a dose of ergot which produced a miscarriage1 and for this offence he was convicted4 ,the defence raised was that ergot is a common medicine used by physicians in the treatment of amenorrha1 and other uterine affections4 ,although in itself this statement was perfectly true1 as a defence it was invalidated by the large dose given1 the fact of the seduction1 and the other circumstances of the case4 #fjg ,archiv d4 ,physiol4 ,norm4 u4 ,pathol41 iii4 p4 #chd4 #fjh ,ueber die ,wirkungen des ,secale ,cornutum1 ,dissert4 ,halle1 #ahgc4 #fji ,arch4 f4 pathol4 ,anat41 lvi4 p #eje4 #faj ,lehrbuch der exper4 ,toxicologie1 ,berlin1 #ahgd1 p4 #chf4 ,nikitin has made some researches with pure sclerotic acid1 which certainly possesses the most prominent therapeutic effects of ergot2 but since it is not the only toxic substance1 it may not represent the collective action of the drug1 just in the same way that morphine is not equivalent in action to opium4 ,cold-blooded animals are very sensitive to sclerotic acid2 of the warm-blooded the carnivor are more sensitive than the herbivor4 ,the toxic action is specially directed to the central nervous system--with frogs1 the reflex excitability is diminished to full paralysis2 with warm-blooded animals reflex excitability is only diminished1 and continues to exist even to death4 ,the temperature falls1 the breathing is slowed1 and the respiration stops before the heart ceases to beat2 the peristaltic action of the intestines is quickened1 and the uterus 7even of non-pregnant animals7 is thrown into contraction4 ,the terminations of the sensory nerves are paralysed by the direct action of sclerotic acid1 but they remain intact with general poisoning4 ,the heart of frogs is slowed by sclerotic acid4 ,eberty observed that this slowing of the heart 7he used ergotin7 was produced even after destruction of the spinal cord2 he therefore considered it as acting on the inhibitory nerve apparatus of the heart itself4 ,rossbach1 using ,wenzel's ecbolin1 has also studied its action on the heart of the frog1 and observed that the slowing affected the ventricles rather than the auricles1 so that for one ventricle-systole there were two contractions of the auricles2 besides which1 the contractions themselves were peculiar and abnormal in character4 ,the cause of death from sclerotic acid seems to be paralysis of the respiration4 ,it is said not to affect animal ftal life4 ,with regard to the effects produced by feeding animals with ergotised grain1 experiments made during the last century have proved that it produces a gangrenous disease1 e4g41 ,c4 ,salern mixed one part of spurred rye with two of good barley1 and fed pigs with the mixture2 a few days afterwards the pigs perished with dilated1 hard1 and black bellies1 and offensively ulcerated legs2 another pig fed entirely on the rye1 lost its four feet and both ears4 ,kobert#faa has investigated the effects produced on animals by 8sphacelic acid10 and by 8cornutin40 ,sphacelic acid appears to cause gangrene1 like ergot1 and ,kobert believes that in 8sphacelic acid0 is to be found the gangrene-producing substance4 ,in cases of death putrefaction is rapid1 the mucous membrane of the intestine is swollen1 and the spleen enlarged4 ,if the mucous membrane of the intestine is examined microscopically1 a large quantity of micro-organisms are found in the vessels1 in the villi1 between the muscular bundles and in the deeper layers of the intestinal walls2 this is evidence that the protective epithelial cells have been destroyed4 ,the mesentery of cats1 pigs1 and fowls1 contains numerous small extravasations of blood4 ,the organs generally1 and especially the subcutaneous cellular tissue1 are tinged with the colouring matters of the bile2 this ,kobert considers as evidence of weakened vitality of the red blood corpuscles4 ,the walls of the blood-vessels show hyaline degeneration1 and give with iodine a quasi-amyloid reaction4 ,the vessels are often partly filled with a hyaline mass1 in which1 at a later date1 a fine black pigment appears4 ,these pigmented hyaline masses probably occlude the vessels1 and hence cause gangrene4 #faa ,lehrbuch der ,intoxicationen1 by ,dr4 ,rudolph ,kobert1 ,stuttgart1 #ahic4 ,cornutin1 according to ,kobert1 first excites the vagus2 consequently there is slow pulse and heightened blood pressure2 then it paralyses the vaso-motor centre1 and the pulse is accelerated4 ,severe convulsions1 preceded by formication1 follow4 ,paralysis of the extensor muscles1 with permanent deformity1 may result4 ,cornutin stimulates the uterus to contraction1 but it does not act so well in this respect alone as when given with sphacelic acid4 ,in animals poisoned with cornutin1 no special pathological changes of a distinctive nature have been described4 #ehg4 ,separation of the ,active ,principles of ,ergot from ,animal ,tissues4--,there has been no experience in the separation of the constituents of ergot from the organs of the body2 an attempt might be made on the principles detailed in page #dbe1 but success is doubtful4 ,,ii4--,picrotoxin1 the ,active ,principle of the ,cocculus indicus 7,indian ,berry1 ,levant ,nut74 #ehh4 ,the berries of the ,menispermum cocculus comprise at least three definite crystalline principles3 menispermine1#fab paramenispermine 7nitrogen containing bases71 and picrotoxin1 which possesses some of the characters of an acid4 #fab ,menispermine 7,c,h,n,o871 discovered in #ahcd by ,pelletier and ,courbe1 is associated with a second named paramenispermine4 ,the powdered berries are extracted by alcohol of #cf2 the picrotoxin removed by hot water from the alcoholic extract2 the menispermine and paramenispermine dissolved out together by acidulated water1 and from this solution precipitated by ammonia4 ,the brown precipitate is dissolved by acetic acid1 filtered1 and again precipitated by ammonia4 ,this precipitate is dried1 treated with cold alcohol1 to separate a yellow resinous substance1 and lastly with ether1 which dissolves out the menispermine1 but leaves the paramenispermine4 ,menispermine forms white semi-transparent1 four-sided1 truncated prisms1 melting at #abj1 decomposed at a higher temperature1 insoluble in water1 but dissolving in warm alcohol and ether4 ,combined with #h atoms of water it crystallises in needles and prisms4 ,the crystals are without any taste2 in combination with acids1 salts may be formed4 ,paramenispermine forms four-sided prisms1 or radiating crystalline masses1 melting at #bej1 and subliming undecomposed4 ,the crystals are soluble in absolute ether1 insoluble in water1 and scarcely soluble in ether4 ,paramenispermine dissolves in acids1 but apparently without forming definite salts4 #ehi4 ,picrotoxin 7,c,h,o7 was discovered in #ahbj by ,boullay4 ,it is usually prepared by extracting the berries with boiling alcohol1 distilling the alcohol off1 boiling the alcoholic residue with a large quantity of water1 purifying the watery extract with sugar of lead1 concentrating the colourless filtrate by evaporation1 and crystallising the picrotoxin out of water4 ,picrotoxin crystallises out of water1 and also out of alcohol1 in colourless1 flexible1 four-sided prisms1 often arborescent1 and possessing a silky lustre4 ,they are unalterable in the air1 soluble in #aej parts of cold1 and #be parts of boiling water1 dissolving easily in acidified water1 in spirit1 in ether1 in amyl alcohol1 and chloroform4 ,they are without smell1 but have an extremely bitter taste4 ,caustic ammonia is also a solvent4 ,the crystals are neutral in reaction4 ,they melt at #aib-bjj ,c4 to a yellow mass2 at higher temperatures giving off an acid vapour1 with a caramel-like odour1 and lastly carbonising4 ,picrotoxin in cold concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves with the production of a beautiful gold-yellow to saffron-yellow colour1 which becomes on the addition of a trace of potassic bichromate1 violet passing into brown4 ,an alcoholic solution turns a ray of polarised light to the left ,d -#bha4 ,picrotoxin behaves towards strong bases like a weak acid4 ,its compounds with the alkalies and alkaline earths are gummy and not easily obtained pure4 ,compounds with quinine1 cinchonine1 morphine1 strychnine1 and brucine can be obtained in the crystalline condition4 ,dilute sulphuric acid transforms it1 with assimilation of water1 into a weak gummy-like acid1 which corresponds to the formula ,c,h,o4 ,nitric acid oxidises it to oxalic acid4 ,nitropicrotoxin and bromopicrotoxin1 ,c,h7,,no7,o1 and ,c,h,br,o1 can by appropriate treatment be obtained4 ,concentrated aqueous solutions of alkalies and ammonia decompose picrotoxin fully on warming4 ,it reduces alkaline copper solution1 and colours bichromate of potash a beautiful green4 ,the best test for its presence is1 however1 as follows3--,the supposed picrotoxin is carefully dried1 and mixed with thrice its bulk of saltpetre1 the mixture moistened with sulphuric acid1 and then decomposed with soda-lye in excess1 when there is produced a transitory brick-red colour4 ,for the reaction to succeed1 the picrotoxin should be tolerably pure4 ,solutions of picrotoxin are not precipitated by the chlorides of platinum1 mercury1 and gold1 iodide of potassium1 ferro- and ferri-cyanides of potassium1 nor by picric nor tannic acids4 #eij4 ,fatal ,dose4--,vossler killed a cat in two hours with a dose of #ab grm4 7#ah grain72 and another cat1 with the same dose1 died in #de minutes4 ,falck destroyed a young hound with #jf grm4 7#ib grain7 in #bd to #bf minutes4 ,given by subcutaneous or intravenous injection1 it is1 as might be expected1 still more lethal and rapid in its effects4 ,in an experiment of ,falck's1 #jc grm4 7#df grain71 injected into a vein1 destroyed a strong hound within #bj minutes2 #jaf grm4 7#bd grain7 injected under the skin1 killed a guinea-pig in #bb minutes2 and #jab grm4 7#ah grain7 a hare in #dj minutes4 ,hence it may be inferred that from #b to #c grains 7#abi to #aid centigrms47 would in all probability1 be a dangerous dose for an adult person4 #eia4 ,effects on ,animals4--,the toxic action of picrotoxin on fish and frogs has been proposed as a test4 ,the symptoms observed in fish are mainly as follows3--,the fish1 according to the dose1 show uncertain motions of the body1 lose their balance1 and finally float to the surface1 lying on one side1 with frequent opening of the mouth and gill-covers4 ,these symptoms are1 however1 in no way distinguishable from those induced by any poisonous substance in the water1 or by many diseases to which fish are liable4 ,nevertheless1 it may be conceded that in certain cases the test may be valuable--if1 e4g41 beer be the matter of research1 none of the methods used for the extraction of picrotoxin will be likely to extract any other substance having the poisonous action described on fish1 so that1 as a confirmatory test1 this may be of use4 ,frogs1 under the influence of picrotoxin1 become first uneasy and restless1 and then somewhat somnolent2 but after a short time tetanic convulsions set in1 which might lead the inexperienced to imagine that the animal was poisoned by strychnine4 ,there is1 however1 one marked distinction between the two--viz41 that in picrotoxin poisoning an extraordinary swelling of the abdomen has been observed1 a symptom which1 so far as known1 is due to picrotoxin alone4 ,the frog is1 therefore1 in this instance1 the most suitable object for physiological tests4 ,beer extract containing picrotoxin is fatal to flies2 but no definite conclusion can be drawn from this1 since many bitter principles 7notably quassia7 are in a similar manner fatal to insect life4 #eib4 ,effects on ,man4--,only two fatal cases of poisoning by picrotoxin are on record4 ,in #ahbi several men suffered from drinking rum which had been impregnated with ,cocculus indicus2 one died1 the rest recovered4 ,in the second case1 a boy1 aged #ab1 swallowed some of a composition which was used for poisoning fish1 the active principle of which was ,cocculus indicus2 in a few minutes the boy experienced a burning taste1 he had pains in the gullet and stomach1 with frequent vomiting1 and diarrha4 ,a violent attack of gastro-enteritis supervened1 with fever and delirium2 he died on the nineteenth day4 ,the post-mortem signs were those usual in peritonitis3 the stomach was discoloured1 and its coats thinner and softer than was natural2 there were also other changes1 but it is obvious that1 as the death took place so long after the event1 any pathological signs found are scarcely a guide for future cases4 #eic4 ,physiological ,action4--,the convulsions are considered to arise from an excitation of the medulla oblongata2 the vagus centre is stimulated1 and causes spasm of the glottis and slowing of the heart's action during the attack4 ,rhrig also saw strong contraction of the uterus produced by picrotoxin4 ,according to the researches of ,crichton ,browne1 chloral hydrate acts in antagonism to picrotoxin1 and prevents the convulsions in animals if the dose of picrotoxin is not too large4 #eid4 ,separation from ,organic ,matters4--,picrotoxin is extracted from aqueous acid solutions by either chloroform1 amyl alcohol1 or ether2 the first is the most convenient4 ,benzene does not extract it1 if employed in the same manner4 ,on evaporation of the solvent the crude picrotoxin can be crystallised out of water1 and its properties examined4 ,r4 ,palm#fac has taken advantage of the fact that picrotoxin forms a stable compound with freshly precipitated lead hydroxide1 by applying this property as follows3--the solution supposed to contain picrotoxin is evaporated to dryness1 and the extract then taken up in a very little water1 acidified and shaken out with ether4 ,the ether is evaporated1 the ethereal extract dissolved in a little water1 the aqueous solution filtered through animal charcoal1 and precipitated by means of lead acetate1 avoiding excess4 ,the solution is filtered and shaken with freshly prepared lead hydroxide4 ,the lead hydroxide is dried and tested direct for picrotoxin2 if it does contain picrotoxin then on adding to it concentrated ,h,,so a beautiful saffron yellow is produced as bright as if the substance was pure picrotoxin4 #fac ,j4 ,pharm41 7#e71 xvii4 #ai-bj4 ,,iii4--,the ,poison of ,illicium ,religiosum--,a ,japanese ,plant4 #eie4 ,a new poison belonging to the picrotoxin class has been described by ,dr4 ,a4 ,langaard4 ,in #ahhj1 #e children in ,japan were poisoned by the seeds of the ,illicium religiosum2 #c of the children died4 ,dr4 ,langaard then made various experiments on animals with an active extract prepared by exhaustion with spirit1 and ultimate solution of the extract in water4 ,eykmann has also imperfectly examined the chemistry of the plant1 and has succeeded in isolating a crystalline body which is not a glucoside2 it is soluble in hot water1 in chloroform1 ether1 alcohol1 and acetic acid1 but it is insoluble in petroleum ether2 it melts at #age1 and above that temperature gives an oily sublimate4 ,langaard's conclusions are that all parts of the plant are poisonous4 ,the poison produces excitation of the central apparatus of the medulla oblongata and clonic convulsions analogous to those produced by picrotoxin1 toxiresin1 and cicutoxin4 ,before the occurrence of convulsions1 the reflex excitability of frogs is diminished1 the respiratory centre is stimulated1 hence frequency of the respiration4 ,small doses cause slowing of the pulse through stimulation of the vagus and of the peripheral terminations of the vagus2 in the heart the functional activity is later diminished4 ,small doses kill by paralysing the respiratory centre1 large by heart paralysis4 ,the proper treatment seems to be by chloral hydrate1 for when animals are poisoned by small lethal doses it appears to save life1 although when the dose is large it has no effect4--,ueber die ,giftwirkung von ,japanischem ,sternanis 7,illicium religiosum1 ,sieb471 ,virch4 ,archiv1 ,bd4 lxxxvi41 #ahha1 ,s4 #bbb4 ,,iv4--,picric ,acid and ,picrates4 #eif4 ,picric ,acid1 ,,oh _/ ,c,h,n,o1 or ,c,h 7,,no7 is trinitrophenol2 it forms a number of salts1 all of which are more or less poisonous4 ,picric acid is much used in the arts1 especially as a dye4 ,the pure substance is in the form of pale yellow crystals1 not very soluble in cold water1 but readily soluble in hot water1 and readily soluble in benzene1 ether1 and petroleum ether4 ,the solution is yellow1 tastes bitter1 and dyes animal fibres1 such as wool2 but it can be washed out of plant fibres such as cotton4 #eig4 ,effects of ,picric ,acid4--,picric acid and its salts have a tendency to decompose the elements of the blood1 and to produce methmoglobin2 picric acid is also an excitor of the nervous system1 producing convulsions4 ,to these two effects must be added a third2 in acid solution it has a strong affinity for albumin1 so that if it meets with an acid tissue it combines with the tissue1 and in this way local necroses are set up4 ,the action on albumin is somewhat weakened by the reduction in the body of part of the picric acid to picraminic acid ,c,h7,,no7,,nh,,oh1 a substance that does not so readily form compounds with albuminous matters4 ,doses of #je to #ji grm4 7about #h to #ad grains7 may be taken several days in succession without marked symptoms4 ,ultimately1 however1 what is known as 8picric jaundice0 appears1 the conjunctiva and the whole skin being stained more or less yellow4 ,the urine1 at first of a dark yellow1 is later of a red brown colour4 ,dyspepsia1 with flatulence and an inclination to diarrha have been noticed4 ,a single dose of a gramme 7#aed grains7 caused in a case described by ,adler#fad pain in the stomach1 headache1 weakness1 diarrha1 vomiting of yellow matters1 quickening and afterwards slowing of the pulse2 the skin was of a brown yellow colour1 and there were nervous symptoms4 ,the urine was ruby red4 ,in both fces and urine picric acid could be recognised4 ,the excretion of picric acid continued for six days4 ,a microscopical examination of the blood showed a diminution of the red blood corpuscles1 an increase in the white4 ,chron#fae has described a case in which the application of #jde grm4 7#fi grains7 to the vagina produced yellowness of the skin in an hour1 and the urine was also coloured red4 ,erythema1 somnolence1 burning and smarting in the stomach and in the kidneys were also noticed4 #fad ,wiener4 med4 ,woch41 #ahhj1 #hai4 #fae ,j4 ,chron1 ,journ4 de ,thr41 #ahhj1 #aba4 #eih4 ,tests4--,picric acid is easily separated from either tissues or other organic matters4 ,these are acidified with sulphuric acid and then treated with #ie per cent4 alcohol2 the alcohol is filtered off1 distilled1 and the residue treated with ether2 this last ethereal extract will contain any picric acid that may be present4 ,if the ether extract contains much impurity1 it may be necessary to drive off the ether1 and to take up the residue with a little warm water1 then to cool1 filter through a moistened filter paper1 and test the aqueous solution4 ,picric acid1 warmed with ,,kcn and ,,kho gives a blood-red colour1 from the production of iso-purpurate of potash4 ,ammoniacal copper sulphate forms with picric acid yellow-green crystals which strongly refract the light4 ,if a solution of picric acid be reduced by the addition of a hydrochloric acid solution of stannous chloride1 the subsequent addition of ferric chloride produces a blue colour1 due to the formation of amidoimidophenol hydrochloride ,c,h,,oh7,,nh77,,nh7,h,cl4 ,v4--,cicutoxin4 #eii4 ,the ,cicuta virosa1 a not very common umbelliferous plant growing in moist places1 is extremely poisonous4 ,it is from #c to #d feet in height1 with white flowers2 the umbels are large1 the leaves are tripartite1 the leaflets linear lanceolate acute1 serrate decurrent2 the calyx has five leaf-like teeth1 the petals are obcordate with an inflex point2 the carpels have five equal broad flattened ridges with solitary stripes4 ,bhm#faf succeeded1 in #ahgf1 in separating an active principle from this plant4 ,the root was dried1 powdered1 and exhausted with ether2 on evaporation of the ether the extract was taken up with alcohol1 and after several days standing the filtrate was treated with petroleum ether2 after removing the petroleum1 the solution was evaporated to dryness in a vacuum2 it was found to be a resinous mass1 to which was given the name cicutoxin4 ,it was fully soluble in alcohol1 ether1 or chloroform1 and was very poisonous1 but what its exact chemical nature may be is still unknown4 #faf ,arch4 f4 exp4 ,path41 ,bd4 v41 #ahgf4 #fjj4 ,effects on ,animals4--,subcutaneously injected into frogs1 cicutoxin acts something like picrotoxin1 and something like the barium compounds4 ,ten to fifteen minutes after the injection the animal assumes a peculiar posture1 holding the legs so that the thigh is stretched out far from the trunk1 and the leg at right angles with the thigh2 voluntary motion is only induced by the strongest stimuli1 and when the frog springs1 he falls down plump with stiffly stretched-out limbs4 ,the frequency of breathing is increased1 the muscles of the abdomen are thrown into contraction1 and the lungs being full of air1 on mechanical irritation there is a peculiar loud cry1 depending upon the air being forced under the conditions detailed through the narrow glottis4 ,tetanic convulsions follow1 gradually paresis of the extremities appears1 and1 lastly1 full paralysis and death2 these symptoms are seen after doses of from #a to #b mgrms4 ,the lethal dose for cats is about #a centigrm4 per kilo4 ,diarrha1 salivation1 and frequent breathing are first seen1 and are followed by tonic and clonic convulsions1 then there is an interval1 during which there is heightened excitability of reflex action1 so that noises will excite convulsions4 ,small doses by exciting the vagus slow the pulse2 larger doses quicken the pulse1 and raise the arterial pressure4 ,cicutoxin is supposed to act specially on the medulla oblongata1 while the spinal cord and the brain are only secondarily affected4 #fja4 ,effects on ,man4--,f4 ,a4 ,falck was able to collect thirty-one cases of poisoning by cicuta2 of these #ad or #deb per cent4 died4 ,the symptoms are not dissimilar to those described in animals4 ,there are pain and burning in the stomach1 nausea1 vomiting1 headache1 and then tetanic convulsions4 ,these1 in some cases1 are very severe1 and resemble those induced by strychnine2 but in a few cases there is early coma without convulsions4 ,there is also difficulty or absolute impossibility of swallowing4 ,in fatal cases the respiration becomes stertorous1 the pulse small1 the pupils dilated1 and the face cyanotic1 and death occurs within some four hours1 and in a few cases later4 ,the fatal dose is unknown4 #fjb4 ,separation of ,cicutoxin from the ,body4--,an attempt might be made to extract cicutoxin from the tissues on the same principles as those by which it has been separated from the plant1 and identified by physiological experiments4 ,in all recorded cases1 identification has been neither by chemical nor physiological aids1 but by the recognition of portions of the plant4 ,,vi4--thusa ,cynapium 7,fool's ,parsley74 #fjc4 ,this plant has long been considered poisonous1 and a number of cases are on record in which it is alleged that death or illness resulted from its use4 ,dr4 ,john ,harley1#fag however1 in an elaborate paper1 has satisfactorily proved the innocence of this plant1 and has analysed the cases on record4 ,he has experimented on himself1 on animals1 and on men1 with the expressed juice and with the tincture4 ,the results were entirely negative3 some of the published cases he refers to conium1 and others to aconite4 #fag ,st4 ,thomas' ,hospital ,reports1 ,n4,s41 #ahge4 ,,vii4--nanthe ,crocata4 #fjd4 ,the ,water ,hemlock4#fah--,this1 a poisonous umbelliferous plant1 indigenous to ,england1 and growing in moist places such as ditches1 c41 is in flower in the month of ,august4 ,it resembles somewhat celery1 and the root is something like the parsnip1 for which it has been eaten4 ,all parts of the plant are said to be poisonous1 but the leaves and stalks only slightly so1 while the root is very deadly4 ,we unfortunately know nothing whatever about the active principles of the plant1 its chemistry has yet to be worked out4 ,m4 ,toulmouche 7,gaz4 ,md41 #ahdf7 has recorded1 as the expert employed in the case1 an attempt to murder by using the nanthe as a poison2 a woman scraped the root into her husband's soup with evil intent1 but the taste was unpleasant1 and led to the detection of the crime4 ,the root has been mistaken several times for parsnip and other edible roots1 and has thus led to poisonings4 ,the case of #cf soldiers poisoned in this way1 in #ageh1 has been recorded by ,orfila2 there was one death4 ,in #ahjc three soldiers were poisoned at ,brest--#a died4 ,in ,woolwich ,bossey witnessed the poisoning of #ba convicts who ate the roots and leaves of the plant--#f died4 ,in #aheh there were several sailors poisoned in a similar way--#b died2 while there have been numerous cases in which the plant has been partaken of by children4 #fah ,the earliest treatise on poisoning by the water-hemlock is by ,wepfer4 ,cicut ,aquat4 ,historia et ,nox1 #afgi2 for cases see ,trojanowsky1 ,dorp4 med4 ,ztg41 #ahge2 ,meyer1 ,med4 ,zeitg4 f4 ,preussen1 #ahdb2 ,schlesier in ,casper's ,wochenschrift1 #ahdc2 ,maly1 ster4 med ,wochenschr41 #ahdd2 ,badgeley1 ,montreal med4 ,gaz41 #ahdd2 ,lender1 ,viertelj4 f4 ger4 ,med41 #ahfe2 ,gampf1 ,cln4 ,pharm4 ,zeitg41 #ahge2 and the treatises of ,taylor and others4 #fje4 ,the effects of the poison may be gathered from a case of poisoning#fai which occurred in #ahhb at ,plymouth2 a ,greek sailor1 aged thirty1 found on the coast what he considered 8wild celery10 and ate part of the root and some of the stem4 ,two hours after this he ate a good meal and felt perfectly well1 but fifteen minutes later he suddenly and violently vomited2 the whole contents of the stomach were completely evacuated4 ,in five minutes he was completely unconscious1 and had muscular twitchings about the limbs and face4 ,there was a copious flow of a thick tenacious mucus from the mouth which hung about the lips and clothing in viscid strings4 ,twenty-four hours after the poisoning he was admitted into the ,south ,devon ,hospital apparently semi-comatose2 his legs dragged1 and he had only feeble control of them2 the extremities were cold1 but there was general free sweating4 ,he could be roused only with difficulty4 ,there were no spasms1 the pupils were dilated and sluggish1 the respiration only #ad per minute4 ,twelve hours after admission he became warmer1 and perspired freely2 he slept continuously1 but could easily be roused4 ,on the following day he was quite conscious1 and made a good recovery4 ,two companions who had also eaten a smaller quantity of the hemlock dropwort1 escaped with some numbing sensations1 and imperfect control over the extremities4 ,in the ,woolwich cases the symptoms seem to have been something similar2 in about twenty minutes1 one man1 without any apparent warning1 fell down in strong convulsions1 which soon ceased1 although he looked wild2 a little while afterwards his face became bloated and livid1 his breathing stertorous and convulsive1 and he died in five minutes after the first symptoms had set in4 ,a second died with similar symptoms in a quarter of an hour2 a third died in about an hour1 a fourth in a little more than an hour2 two other cases also proved fatal1 one in nine days1 the other in eleven4 ,in the two last cases there were signs of intestinal irritation4 ,the majority of the others fell down in a state of insensibility with convulsions1 the after-symptoms being more or less irritation of the intestinal canal4 #fai ,lancet1 ,dec4 #ah1 #ahhb4 #fjf4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,it was noticed in the ,woolwich cases that those who died quickly had congestion of the cerebral vessels1 and1 in one instance1 there was even extravasation of blood1 but the man who died first of all had no congestion of the cerebral vessels4 ,the lining membrane of the wind-pipe and air tubes was intensely injected with blood1 and the lungs were gorged with fluid blood2 the blood in the heart was black and fluid4 ,the stomach and intestines were externally of a pink colour4 ,the mucous membrane of the stomach was much corrugated1 and the follicles particularly enlarged4 ,in the two protracted cases the stomach was not reddened internally1 but the vessels of the brain were congested4 ,,viii4--,oil of ,savin4 #fjg4 ,the leaves of the ,sabina communis 7,juniperus ,sabina71 or common savin1 an evergreen shrub to be found in many gardens1 contains a volatile oil1 which has highly irritant properties4 ,savin leaves are occasionally used in medicine1 maximum dose #a grm4 7#aed grains74 ,there is also a tincture--maximum dose #c c4c4 7about #de mins47--and an ointment made by mixing eight parts of savin tops with three of yellow wax and sixteen parts of lard1 melting and digesting for twenty minutes1 and then straining through calico4 ,the oil1 a tincture1 and an ointment1 are officinal pharmaceutical preparations4 ,the oil of savin is contained to the extent of about #b per cent4 in the leaves and #aj per cent4 in the fruit4 ,it has a peculiar odour1 its specific gravity is #hi to #id1 and it boils at #aee to #afj4 ,an infusion of savin leaves 7the leaves being drunk with the liquid7 is a popular and very dangerous abortive4 ,it is stated by ,taylor that oil of savin has no abortive effect1 save that which is to be attributed to its general effect upon the system1 but this is erroneous4 ,rhrig found that1 when administered to rabbits1 it had a very evident effect upon the pregnant uterus1 throwing it into a tetanic contraction4 ,the action was evident after destruction of the spinal cord4 ,the plant causes great irritation and inflammation1 whether applied to the skin or taken internally4 ,the symptoms are excruciating pain1 vomiting1 and diarrha1 and the person dies in a kind of collapse4 ,in a case in which the author was engaged some years ago1 a woman1 pregnant by a married man1 took an unknown quantity of infusion of savin tops4 ,she was violently sick1 suffered great pain1 with diarrha1 and died in about #bf hours4 ,the pharynx was much reddened1 and the gullet even congested2 the stomach was inflamed1 and contained some greenish matter1 in which the author was able to detect savin tops1 as well as to separate by distillation a few drops of a strong savin-like smelling oil4 ,the time which would elapse between the swallowing of the poison and the commencement of the pain was an important factor in this case1 for the man was accused of having supplied her with the infusion4 ,from the redness of the pharynx1 and1 generally1 the rapid irritation caused by ethereal oils1 the author was of opinion that but a few minutes must have passed between the taking of the liquid and the sensation of considerable burning pain1 although it is laid down in some works1 as for example ,falck's ,toxicologie1 that commonly the symptoms do not commence for several hours4 ,symptoms which have been noticed in many cases are--some considerable irritation of the urinary organs1 such as strangury1 bloody urine1 c42 in a few cases vomiting of blood1 in others ansthesia1 convulsions1 and coma4 ,death may occur within #ab hours1 or may be postponed for two or three days4 #fjh4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,more or less inflammation of the bowels1 stomach1 and intestinal tract1 with considerable congestion of the kidneys1 are the signs usually found4 #fji4 ,separation of the ,poison and ,identification4--,hitherto reliance has been placed entirely on the finding of the savin tops1 or on the odour of the oil4 ,there is no reliable chemical test4 ,,ix4--,croton ,oil4 #faj4 ,croton oil is an oil expressed from the seeds of ,croton tiglium1 a plant belonging to the natural order ,euphorbiace1 growing in the ,west ,indies4 ,the seeds are oval in shape1 not unlike castor-oil seeds1 and about three-eighths of an inch in length4 ,both the seeds and the oil are very poisonous4 ,the chemical composition of croton oil can scarcely be considered adequately settled4 ,the most recent view1 however1 seems to be that it contains a fixed oil 7,c,h,o7 with certain glycerides4#fbj ,on saponifying and decomposing the soap a series of volatile fatty acids can be distilled over1 the principal of which are methyl crotonic acid1 with small quantities of formic1 acetic1 iso-butyric1 valeric1 and perhaps propionic1 and other acids4#fba ,the peculiar properties of croton are due rather to the fixed oil than to the volatile principles4 ,the only officinal preparation in the ,british pharmacopia is a 8croton oil liniment10 containing one part of croton oil to seven of equal parts of oil of cajuput and rectified spirit4 #fbj ,g4 ,schmidt1 ,arch4 ,pharm4 #c #ac1 #bac-bbi4 ,schlippe1 ,liebig's ,annalen1 #aje1 #a4 ,geuther and ,frhlich1 ,zeitschrift f4 ,chem41 #ahgj1 #bf and #edi2 ,journ4 ,chem4 ,society1 ,march #ahgi1 p4 #bba4 #fba ,benedikt has found #jee per cent4 of unsaponifiable matter in croton oil4 ,lewkowitsch gives the iodine value #ajag to #ajdg1 and solidifying point as #ahf-aij4 7,cheml4 ,analysis of the ,oils1 ,fats1 and ,waxes1 by ,r4 ,benedikt1 translated and enlarged by ,j4 ,lewkowitsch1 ,london1 #ahie47 #faa4 ,dose4--,the oil is given medicinally as a powerful purgative in doses up to #fe mgrms4 7about a grain74 ,it is used externally as an irritant or vesicant to the skin4 ,a very dangerous dose would be from fifteen to twenty times the medicinal dose4 ,effects4--,numerous cases of poisoning from large doses of croton oil are recorded in medical literature1 but the sufferers have mostly recovered4 ,the symptoms are pain1 and excessive purging and vomiting4 ,in the case of a chemist1#fbb who took half an ounce of impure croton oil instead of cod-liver oil1 the purging was very violent1 and he had more than a hundred stools in a few hours2 there was a burning pain in the gullet and stomach1 the skin was cyanosed1 the pupils dilated1 and great faintness and weakness were felt1 yet the man recovered4 ,a child1 aged four1 recovered from a teaspoonful of the oil given by mistake directly after a full meal of bread and milk4 ,in five minutes there were vomiting and violent purging1 but the child was well in two days4 ,a death occurred in ,paris1 in #ahci1 in four hours after taking two and a half drachms of the oil4 ,the symptoms of the sufferer1 a man1 were those just detailed1 namely1 burning pain in the stomach1 vomiting1 and purging4 ,singularly enough1 no marked change was noticed in the mucous membrane of the stomach when examined after death4 ,an aged woman died in #c days from a teaspoonful of croton-oil embrocation2 in this case there were convulsions4 #fbb ,revue de ,thrapeut41 ,may #ahha4 ,in the case of ,reg4 v4 ,massey and ,ferraud1#fbc the prisoners were charged with causing the death of a man1 by poisoning his food with jalap and six drops of croton oil4 ,the victim1 with others who had partaken of the food1 suffered from vomiting and purging2 he became better1 but was subsequently affected with inflammation and ulceration of the bowels1 of which he died4 ,in this case it was not clear whether the inflammation had anything to do with the jalap and croton oil or not1 and the prisoners were acquitted4 ,in a criminal case in the ,united ,states1 a man1 addicted to drink1 was given1 when intoxicated1 #b drachms of croton oil in a glass of whisky4 ,he vomited1 but was not purged1 and in about twelve hours was found dead4 ,the mucous membrane of the stomach and small intestines proved to be much inflamed1 and in some parts eroded1 and croton oil was separated from the stomach4 #fbc ,orfila1 t4 i4 p4 #ajh4 #fab4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,inflammation of the stomach and intestines are the signs usually found in man and animals4 #fac4 ,chemical ,analysis4--,the oil may be separated from the contents of the stomach by ether4 ,after evaporation of the ether1 the blistering or irritant properties of the oil should be essayed by placing a droplet on the inside of the arm4 ,x4--,the ,toxalbumins of ,castor-,oil ,seeds and of ,abrus4 #fad4 ,the ,toxalbumin of ,castor-,oil ,seeds4--,in castor-oil seeds1 besides the well-known purgative oil1 there exists an albuminous body intensely poisonous1 which has been carefully investigated by ,stillmark1#fbd under the direction of ,kobert4#fbe ,injected into the circulation it is more poisonous than strychnine1 prussic acid1 or arsenic2 and since the pressed seeds are without taste or smell1 this poison has peculiar dangers of its own4 #fbd ,h4 ,stillmark1 ,dorp4 ,arb41 ,bd4 iii41 #ahhi4 #fbe ,kobert's ,lehrbuch1 #dec-def4 ,it is essentially a blood poison1 coagulating the blood4 ,the blood1 if carefully freed from all fibrin1 is yet again brought to coagulation by a small amount of this body4 ,if castor-oil seeds are eaten1 a portion of the poison is destroyed by the digestive processes2 a part is not thus destroyed1 but is absorbed1 and produces in the blood-vessels its coagulating property4 ,where this takes place1 ulcers naturally form1 because isolated small areas are deprived of their blood supply4 ,these areas thus becoming dead1 may be digested by the gastric or intestinal fluids1 and thus1 weeks after1 death may be produced4 ,the symptoms noted are nausea1 vomiting1 colic1 diarrha1 tenesmus1 thirst1 hot skin1 frequent pulse1 sweats1 headache1 jaundice1 and death in convulsions or from exhaustion4 ,animals may be made immune by feeding them carefully with small doses1 gradually increased4 ,the post-mortem appearances are ulceration in the stomach and intestines4 ,in animals the appearances of hmorrhagic gastro-enteritis1 with diffuse nephritis1 hmorrhages in the mesentery and so forth have been found4 #fae4 ,toxalbumin of ,abrus4--,a toxalbumin is found in the ,abrus precatorius 7,jequirity7 which causes quite similar effects and symptoms4 ,that it is not identical is proved by the fact that1 though animals may become immune by repeated doses of ,jequirity against 8,abrin10 the similar substance from castor-oil seeds only confers immunity against the toxalbumin of those seeds1 and not against abrin2 and similarly abrin confers no immunity against the castor albumin4 ,either of these substances applied to the conjunctiva produces coagulation in the vessels and a secondary inflammation1 to which in the case of jequirity has been given the name of 8jequirity-ophthalmia40#fbf #fbf ,heinr4 ,hellin1 ,der giftige ,eiweisskorper-,abrin u4 seine ,wirkung auf das ,blut4 ,inaug4-,diss41 ,dorpat41 #ahia4 ,the general effect of these substances1 and1 above all1 the curious fact that a person may acquire by use a certain immunity from otherwise fatal doses is so similar to poisonous products evolved in the system of persons suffering from infectious fevers1 that they have excited of late years much interest1 and a study of their methods of action will throw light upon many diseased processes4 ,at present there are no chemical means of detecting the presence of the toxalbumins mentioned4 ,should they be ever used for criminal purposes1 other evidence will have to be obtained4 ,,xi4--,ictrogen4 #faf4 ,ictrogen4--,various lupins1 e4g41 ,lupinus luteus1 ,l4 angustifolius1 ,l4 thermis1 ,l4 linifolius1 ,l4 hirsutus1 contain a substance of which nothing chemically is known1 save that it may be extracted by weakly alkaline water1 and which has been named 8ictrogen02 this must not be confused with the alkaloid of lupins named 8lupinine10 a bitter tasting substance4 ,in large doses a nerve poison4 ,ictrogen has the unusual property of acting much like phosphorus4 ,it causes yellow atrophy of the liver1 and produces the following symptoms3--,intense jaundice2 at first enlargement of the liver1 afterwards contraction2 somnolence1 fever1 paralysis4 ,the urine contains albumen and the constituents of the bile4 ,after death there is found to be parenchymatous degeneration of the heart1 kidneys1 muscles1 and liver4 ,if the animal has suffered for some time the liver may be cirrhotic4 ,hitherto the cases of poisoning have been confined to animals4 ,many thousands of sheep and a few horses and deer have1 according to ,kobert1 died in ,germany from eating lupin seeds4 ,further information upon the active principles of lupins may be obtained by referring to the following treatises3--,g4 ,schneidemuhl1 ,die lupinen ,krankheit der ,schafe2 ,vortrge f4 ,thierrzte4 ,ser4 #f1 ,heft4 #d1 ,leipzig1 #ahhc4 ,c4 ,arnold and ,g4 ,schneidemuhl1 ,vierter ,beitrag zur ,klarstellung der ,ursache u4 des ,wesens der ,lupinose1 ,luneburg1 #ahhc2 ,julius ,lwenthal1 ,ueber die physiol4 u4 toxicol4 ,wirkungen der ,lupinenalkaloide1 ,inaug4-,diss41 ,knigsberg1 #ahhh4 ,,xii4--,cotton ,seeds4 #fag4 ,cotton seeds1 used as an adulterant to linseed cake1 c41 have caused the death of sheep and calves4 ,cotton seeds contain a poison of which nothing is chemically known1 save that it is poisonous4 ,it produces anmia and cachexia in animals when given in small repeated doses4 ,after death the changes are1 under these circumstances1 confined to the kidney2 these organs showing all the signs of nephritis4 ,if1 however1 the animal has eaten a large quantity of cotton seeds1 then there is gastro-enteritis1 as well as inflammation of the kidneys4 ,,xiii4--,lathyrus ,sativus4 #fah4 ,various species of vetchlings1 such as ,l4 sativus1 ,l4 cicera1 ,l4 clymenum1 are poisonous1 and have caused an epidemic malady in parts of ,spain1 ,africa1 ,france1 and ,italy1 among people who have eaten the seeds4 ,the symptoms are mainly referable to the nervous system1 causing a transverse myelitis and paraplegia4 ,in this country it is chiefly known as a poisonous food for horses2 the last instance of horse-poisoning by lathyrus was that of horses belonging to the ,bristol ,tramways and ,carriage ,company4#fbg ,the company bought some ,indian peas2 these peas were found afterwards to consist mainly of the seeds of ,lathyrus sativus1 for out of #cce peas no fewer than #cbe were the seeds of ,lathyrus4 ,the new peas were substituted for the beans the horses had been having previously on the #bnd ,november1 and the horses ate them up to the #bnd ,december4 ,soon after the new food had been given1 the horses began to stumble and fall about1 not only when at work1 but also in their stalls2 to these symptoms succeeded a paralysis of the larynx2 this paralysis was in some cases accompanied by a curious weird screaming1 which once having been heard could never be forgotten2 there was also gasping for breath and symptoms of impending suffocation4 ,a few of the horses were saved by tracheotomy4 ,some died of suffocation2 one horse beat its brains out in its struggles for breath2 #abg horses were affected2 #ab died4 #fbg ,bristol ,tramways and ,carriage ,company v4 ,weston ,co41 ,times1 ,july #ag1 #ahid4 ,the above train of symptoms has also been recorded in similar cases2 added to which paralysis of the lower extremities is frequent4 ,after death atrophy of the laryngeal muscles1 wasting of the nervus recurrens1 and atrophy of the ganglion cells of the vagus nucleus as also of the multipolar ganglion cells in the anterior horns of the spinal cord have been found4 ,the active principle of the seeds has not been satisfactorily isolated4 ,the symptoms suggest the action of a toxalbumin4 ,teilleux found a resin acid2 ,louis ,astier a volatile alkaloid1 and he explains the fact that the seeds1 after being heated1 are no longer poisonous by the dissipation of this alkaloid4 ,,xiv4--,arum--,bryony--,locust ,tree--,male ,fern4 #fai4 ,arum maculatum1 the common cuckoo-pint1 flowering in ,april and ,may1 and frequent in the hedges of this country1 is extremely poisonous4 ,bright red succulent attractive berries are seen on a single stalk1 the rest of the plant having rotted away1 and these berries are frequently gathered by children and eaten4 ,the poison belongs to the class of acrid irritants1 but its real nature remains for investigation4 ,some of the species of the same natural order growing in the tropics are far more intensely poisonous4 #fbj4 ,the ,black ,bryony4--,tamus communis1 the black bryony1 a common plant by the wayside1 flowering in ,may and ,june1 possesses poisonous berries1 which have been known to produce death1 with symptoms of gastro-enteritis4 ,in smaller doses the berries are stated to produce paralysis of the lower extremities4#fbh #fbh ,contagne1 ,lyon med41 xlvi41 #ahhd1 #bci4 #fba4 ,the ,locust ,tree4--,the ,robinia pseudo-acacia1 a papilionaceous tree1 contains a poison in the leaves and in the bark4 ,r4 ,coltmann #fbi has recorded a case in ,china of a woman1 twenty-four years of age1 who1 at a time of famine1 driven by hunger1 ate the leaves of this tree4 ,she became ill within forty-eight hours1 with high fever2 the tongue swelled and there was much erysipelatous-like infiltration of the tissues of the mouth2 later the whole body became swollen4 ,there was constipation and so much dema of the eyelids that the eyeballs were no longer visible4 ,recovery took place without special treatment4 ,power and ,cambier#fcj have separated from the bark an albumose1 which is intensely poisonous1 and is probably the cause of the symptoms detailed4 #fbi ,medical and ,surgical ,reporter1 lxi41 #ahhi4 #fcj ,pharm4 ,journ41 #ahij1 #gaa4 #fbb4 ,male ,fern4--,an ethereal extract of ,aspidium ,filix mas is used as a remedy against tape worm4 ,poullson#fca has collected up to the year #ahia sixteen cases of poisoning by male fern2 from which it would appear that #g to #aj grms4 7#ajc to #aed grains7 of the extract may be fatal to a child1 and #de grms4 7rather more than #a oz47 to an adult4 ,the active principle seems to be filicic acid and the ethereal oil4 ,filicic acid1 under the influence of saponifying agencies1 breaks up into butyric acid and phloroglucin4 #fca ,arch4 exp4 ,p41 ,bd4 #bi4 ,the symptoms produced are pain1 heaviness of the limbs1 faintness1 somnolence1 dilatation of the pupil1 albuminuria1 convulsions1 lock-jaw1 and collapse4 ,in animals there have also been noticed salivation1 amaurosis1 unsteady gait1 dragging of the hind legs1 dyspna1 and paralysis of the breathing centres4 ,the post-mortem appearances which have been found are as follows3--,redness and swelling with hmorrhagic spots of the mucous membranes of the stomach and intestines2 acute dema of the brain and spinal cord with petechia in the meninges2 the kidneys inflamed1 the liver and spleen congested1 and the lungs dematous4 ,there is no characteristic reaction for male fern2 the research most likely to be successful is to attempt to separate from an ethereal extract filicic acid1 and to decompose it into butyric acid and phloroglucin2 the latter tinges red a pine splinter moistened with hydrochloric acid4 ,,part ,,vii4--,,poisons ,,derived ,,from ,,living ,,or ,,dead ,,animal ,,substances4 ,,division ,i4--,,poisons ,,secreted ,,by ,,living ,,animals4 ,i4--,poisonous ,amphibia4 #fbc4 ,the glands of the skin of certain amphibia possess a secretion that is poisonous2 the animal is unable to empty the poison glands by any voluntary act1 but the secretion can readily be obtained by pressure4 ,zalesky found the juice in the skin glands of the ,salamandra maculosa1 milky1 alkaline in reaction1 and bitter in taste4 ,he isolated from it an organic base1 which he named ,salamandrine 7,c,h,n,o71 it is soluble in water and in alcohol1 and forms salts4 ,salamandrine is a strong poison2 injected subcutaneously into rabbits it causes shivering1 epileptiform convulsions1 and salivation2 then tetanus1 followed by oppressed respiration1 dilated pupils1 and ansthesia4 ,death occurs after a kind of paralytic state4 ,when given to dogs1 it causes vomiting4 ,in frogs1 tetanus occurs first and then paralysis--the result of all the experiments being that salamandrine acts on the brain and spinal cord1 leaving the heart and muscular substance unaffected4 ,a similar secretion obtained from the water salamander 7,triton cristatus71 causes1 according to ,vulpian1 the death of dogs in from three to eighteen hours2 the symptoms being progressive weakness1 slowing of the respiration1 and depression of the heart's action4 #fbd4 ,the secretion of the skin of the common toad contains methylcarbylaminic acid1 carbylamine1 and1 according to ,fornara1 an alkaloid which is soluble in alcohol1 and to which the name of phrynine has been applied2 its action is toxic on all animals experimented upon1 save toads4 ,administered subcutaneously to frogs1 it has a digitalis-like action1 causing rapid paralysis of the heart1 and the breathing soon after ceases2 the muscles become early rigid4 ,,ii4--,the ,poison of the ,scorpion4 #fbe4 ,there are several species of scorpions4 ,the small ,european variety 7,scorpio europus7 is found in ,italy1 the south of ,france1 and the ,tyrol2 the ,african scorpion 7,bothus afer1 ,l471 which attains the length of #af cm41 is found in ,africa and the ,east ,indies2 ,androctonus bicolor in ,egypt2 and the ,androctonus occitanus in ,spain1 ,italy1 ,greece1 and ,north ,africa4 ,in the last joint of the tail the scorpion is provided with a poisonous apparatus1 consisting of two oval glands1 the canal of which leads into a round bladder1 and this last is connected with a sting4 ,when the sting is inserted1 the bladder contracts1 and expels the poison through the hollow sting into the wound4 ,the smaller kinds of scorpion sting with as little general effect as a hornet1 but the large scorpion of ,africa is capable of producing death4 ,there is first irritation about the wound1 and an erysipelatous inflammation1 which may lead to gangrene4 ,vomiting and diarrha then set in1 with general weakness and a fever1 which may last from one to one and a half days2 in the more serious cases there are fainting1 delirium1 coma1 convulsions1 and death4 ,according to ,g4 ,sanarelli#fcb the blood corpuscles of birds1 fishes1 frogs1 and salamanders are dissolved by the poison2 only the nucleus remaining intact2 the blood corpuscles of warm-blooded animals are not affected4 #fcb ,g4 ,sanarelli1 ,bollet4 della ,soc4 della sez4 dei cult4 delle ,scienze med41 v41 #ahhh1 #bjb4 ,valentin made some experiments on frogs with the ,androctonus occitanus4 ,he found that soon after the sting the animal remains quiet1 but on irritation it moves1 and is thrown into a transitory convulsion2 to this follow twitchings of single muscular bundles4 ,the frog is progressively paralysed1 and the reflex irritability is gradually extinguished from behind forwards2 at first the muscles may be excited by electrical stimuli to the nerves1 but later they are only capable of contraction by direct stimuli4 ,,iii4--,poisonous ,fish4 #fbf4 ,a large number of fish possess poisonous properties2 in some cases the poison is local2 in others the poison is in all parts of the body4 ,many fish are provided with poison glands in connection with the fins or special weapons1 and such are used for purposes of defence2 for example1 ,synanceia brachio is provided with a back fin consisting of #ac spines1 each of which has two poison reservoirs2 the reservoirs are connected with #aj to #ab tubular glands which secrete the poison1 a clear feebly acid bluish fluid1 exciting in a concentrated condition1 local gangrene2 in a diluted one1 paralysis of the nervous centres4 ,another kind of localisation is the localisation in certain of the internal organs4 ,remy states1 that there are twelve varieties of ,tetrodon in ,japanese waters1 all of which are poisonous4 ,m4 ,minra and ,k4 ,takesaki#fcc find that the poison of the ,tetrodon is confined to the sexual organs of the female1 and at the time of activity of these glands1 the poisonous properties are most intense2 but1 even in winter1 when the glands are atrophied1 ,remy found the glands were so poisonous that he could prepare from them a fluid1 which1 administered subcutaneously1 killed dogs within two hours4 ,the symptoms in the dog are restlessness1 salivation1 vomiting of slimy masses1 dilatation of the pupil1 paralysis and great dyspna4 ,death occurs by the lung4 ,after death the appearances are similar to those from asphyxia2 in addition to which there are small ecchymoses in the stomach and intestines2 the salivary glands and pancreas are also injected4 ,the symptoms observed in man are similar1 there is headache1 dilated pupils1 vomiting1 sometimes hmatamesis1 convulsions1 paralysis1 dyspna and death4 #fcc ,virchow's ,archiv1 #ahij1 ,bd4 #abb4 ,some fishes are poisonous on account of the food they live upon2 the ,meletta venenosa is only poisonous when it feeds upon a certain green monad2 ,clupea thrissa1 ,c4 venenosa and certain species of ,scarus1 neither possess poison glands nor poisonous ovaries2 but also derive their poisonous properties from their food4 ,in the ,west ,indies it is well-known that fish caught off certain coral banks are unwholesome1 while the same species caught elsewhere may be eaten with safety4 ,a good many shell-fish1 especially mussels1 occasionally cause intense poisonous symptoms2 those usually noticed are high fever1 nettle rash1 dilated pupils1 and diarrha4 ,it may be that in these cases a ptomaine1 the product of bacterial action1 has been ingested4 ,to the agency of bacteria has been ascribed illness produced in ,russia by a good many fish of the sturgeon species4 ,the symptoms are those of cerebro-spinal paralysis4 ,the 8,icthyismus gastricus0 of ,germany may belong to the same type4 ,prochorow#fcd has described illness from ingestion of ,petromyzon fluviatilis in ,russia4 ,whether the fish was eaten raw or cooked1 the effect was the same1 producing a violent diarrha1 dysenteric in character4 ,even the broth in which the fish had been boiled produced symptoms4 ,fresh blood of the eel is stated to be intensely poisonous2 this property is apparently due to a toxalbumin2 ,pennavaria#fce relates the case of a man who took1 in #bjj c4c4 of wine1 #jfd kilo4 of fresh eel blood and suffered from diarrha with symptoms of collapse4 #fcd ,pharmac4 ,ztg41 #ahhe4 #fce ,il ,farmacista ,italiano1 xii41 #ahhh4 ,in the ,linnean ,transactions for ,november1 #ahfj1 is recorded a fatal accident1 which took place on board the ,dutch ship 8,postillion0 at ,simon's ,bay1 ,cape of ,good ,hope4 ,the boatswain and purser's steward partook of the liver of the toad or ball-bladder 7,diodon72 within twenty minutes the steward died2 in ten minutes the boatswain was violently ill2 the face flushed1 the eyes glistening1 and the pupils contracted2 there was cyanosis of the face1 the pulse was weak and intermittent1 and swallowing was difficult1 the breathing became embarrassed1 and the body generally paralysed4 ,death took place in seventeen minutes4 ,the liver of one fish only is said to have been eaten4 ,this might weigh #d drachms4 ,if the account given is literally correct1 the intensity of the poison equals that of any known substance4 ,the poisonous nature of the goby has also led to several accidents1 and we possess a few experiments made by ,dr4 ,collas1#fcf who fed chickens with different parts of the fish1 and proved that all parts were alike poisonous4 ,the effects were slow in developing2 they commenced in about an hour or an hour and a half1 and were well developed in five hours1 mainly consisting of progressive muscular weakness and prostration4 ,death occurred without convulsions4 #fcf ,soc4 ,sci4 ,rev41 ,july #ai1 #ahfb2 ,brit4 and ,for4 ,med4 ,chir4 ,rev41 ,oct4 #ahfb1 p4 #ecf4 ,,iv4--,poisonous ,spiders and ,other ,insects4 #fbg4 ,it is probable that all spiders are poisonous2 the only species1 however1 of which we have any definite information relative to their poisonous properties1 are ,lycosa tarantula and the ,latrodectus malmignatus1 to which may be added the ,new ,zealand katipo4 ,these spiders possess a poisonous gland connected with their masticatory apparatus1 which secretes a clear1 oily1 bitter acid-reacting fluid2 the acidity seems due to formic acid4 ,zangrilli has observed several cases of tarantula bite2 soon after the occurrence the part bitten is ansthetic1 after a few hours there are convulsive shiverings of the legs1 cramps of the muscles1 inability to stand1 spasm of the pharyngeal muscles1 quickening of the pulse1 and a three days' fever1 with vomiting of yellow1 bilious matter2 recovery follows after copious perspiration4 ,in one case there was tetanus1 and death on the fourth day4 ,the extraordinary effects attributed to the bite of the tarantula1 called tarantism in the ,middle ,ages1 are well detailed by ,hecker2#fcg this excitement was partly hysterical and partly delirious1 and has not been observed in modern times4 #fcg 8,the ,epidemics of the ,middle ,ages10 by ,j4 ,f4 ,c4 ,hecker1 translated by ,b4 ,g4 ,babington1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 7,the ,dancing ,mania1 chap1 ii41 c47 ,dax has described the effects of the bite of the ,l4 malmignatus2 it occasioned headache1 muscular weakness1 pain in the back1 cramps1 and dyspna2 the symptoms disappeared after several days4 #fbh4 ,the katipo is a small poisonous spider confined to ,new ,zealand4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,wright has recorded the case of a person who1 in #ahfe1 was bitten by this spider on the shoulder4 ,the part rapidly became swollen1 and looked like a large nettle-rash wheal2 in an hour the patient could hardly walk1 the respiration and circulation were both affected1 and there was great muscular prostration2 but he recovered in a few hours4 ,in other cases1 if the accounts given are to be relied upon1 the bite of the spider has produced a chronic illness1 accompanied by wasting of the body1 followed by death after periods varying from six weeks to three months4#fch #fch ,transac4 of the ,new ,zealand ,inst41 vol4 ii41 #ahfi2 ,brit4 and ,for4 ,med4 ,chir4 ,review1 ,july #ahga1 p4 #bcj4 #fbi4 ,ants4--,the various species of ants possess at the tail special glands which secrete formic acid4 ,certain exotic species of ants are provided with a sting1 but the common ant of this country has no special piercing apparatus4 ,the insect bites1 and then squirts the irritating secretion into the wound1 causing local symptoms of swelling and inflammation4 #fcj4 ,wasps1 c4--,wasps1 bees1 and hornets all possess a poison-bag and sting4 ,the fluid secreted is as clear as water1 and of an acid reaction2 it certainly contains formic acid1 with some other poisonous constituent4 ,an erysipelatous inflammation generally arises round the sting1 and in those cases in which persons have been attacked by a swarm of bees1 signs of general poisoning1 such as vomiting1 fainting1 delirium1 and stupor1 have been noticed4 ,death has occasionally resulted4 #fca4 ,cantharides4--,commercial cantharides is either the dried entire1 or the dried and powdered blister-beetle1 or ,spanish fly 7,cantharis vesicatoria74 ,the most common appearance is that of a greyish-brown powder1 containing shining green particles1 from which cantharidin is readily extracted by exhausting with chloroform1 driving off the chloroform by distillation or evaporation1 and subsequently treating the extract with bisulphide of carbon1 which dissolves the fatty matters only4 ,finally1 the cantharidin may be recrystallised from chloroform1 the yield being #chj to #egj per cent4 ,ferrer found in the wings and their cases1 #jhb per cent42 in the head and antenn1 #jhh2 in the legs1 #jia2 in the thorax and abdomen1 #bdj2 in the whole insect1 #bgh per cent4 ,wolff found in the ,lytta aspera1 #hae per cent42 ,ferrer in ,mylabris cichorei1 #a per cent42 in ,m4 punctum1 #aic2 and in ,m4 pustulata1 #cc per cent4 of cantharidin4 #fcb4 ,cantharidin 7,c,h,o7 has two crystalline forms--7#a7 ,right-angled four-sided columns with four surfaces1 each surface being beset with needles2 and 7#b7 flat tables4 ,it is the anhydride of a ketone acid 7cantharidic acid71 ,c,h,o-,,co-,,cooh4 ,it is soluble in alkaline liquids1 and can be recovered from them by acidifying and shaking up with ether1 chloroform1 or benzene2 it is almost completely insoluble in water4 #ajj parts of alcohol 7#ii per cent47 dissolve at #ah #jabe part2 #ajj of bisulphide of carbon1 at the same temperature1 #jjf part2 ether1 #aa part2 chloroform1 #ab part2 and benzene1 #b part4 ,cantharidin can be completely sublimed1 if placed in the subliming cell 7described at p4 #beh71 floating on mercury2 a scanty sublimate of crystals may be obtained at so low a temperature as #hbe2 at #he1 and above1 the sublimation is rapid4 ,if the cantharidin is suddenly heated1 it melts2 but this is not the case if the temperature is raised gradually4 ,the tube melting-point is as high as #bah4 ,potassic chromate with sulphuric acid decomposes cantharidin with the production of the green oxide of chromium4 ,an alkaline solution of permanganate1 iodic acid1 and sodium amalgam1 are all without influence on an alcoholic solution of cantharidin4 ,with bases1 cantharidin forms crystallisable salts1 and1 speaking generally1 if the base is soluble in water1 the 8cantharidate0 is also soluble2 the lime and magnesic salts dissolve readily4 ,from the soda or potash salt1 mineral acid will precipitate crystals of cantharidin2 on heating with pentasulphide of phosphorus1 o-xylol is produced4 #fcc4 ,pharmaceutical ,preparations of ,cantharides4--,the ,p4,b4 preparations of cantharides are--,acetum cantharides1 or vinegar of cantharides1 containing about #jd per cent4 of cantharidin4 ,tincture of cantharides1 containing about #jje per cent4 of cantharidin4 ,a solution of cantharides for blistering purposes1 ,liquor epispasticus1 a strong solution of the active principle in ether and acetic acid1 containing about #af per cent4 of cantharidin4 ,there are also--,an ointment2 a blistering paper1 ,charta epispastica2 a blistering plaster1 ,emplastrum cantharides2 and a warm plaster1 ,emplastrum calefaciens4 #fcd4 ,fatal ,dose4--,it is difficult to state the fatal dose of cantharidin1 the unassayed powder or tincture having mostly been taken4 ,a young woman died from #afb grm4 7#be grains7 of the powder1 which is perhaps equivalent to #fd mgrms4 7#a grain7 of cantharidin1 whilst the smallest dose of the tincture known to have been fatal is 7according to ,taylor7 an ounce4 ,this would be generally equivalent to #ae mgrms4 7#bd grain74 ,hence the fatal dose of cantharidin may be approximately stated as from #f mgrms4 upwards4 ,but1 on the other hand1 recovery has taken place from very large doses4 #fce4 ,effects on ,animals4--,certain animals do not appear susceptible to the action of cantharidin4 ,for example1 hedgehogs and swallows are said to be able to take it with impunity4 ,radecki#fci found that cantharidin might even be injected into the blood of fowls without any injury1 and frogs also seem to enjoy the same impunity2 while dogs1 cats1 and other animals are sensitive to the poison4 ,galippe ascertained that after the injection of #e mgrms4 into the veins of a dog1 there was exaltation of the sexual desire2 the pupils quickly dilated1 the dog sought a dark place1 and became sleepy4 ,animals when poisoned die in asphyxia from paralysis of the respiratory centre4 ,schachowa#fdj made some observations on the effect of cantharides on the renal excretion of a dog fed daily with #a grm4 in powder4 ,on the third day1 pus corpuscles were noticed2 on the fifth1 bacteria2 on the thirteenth1 the urine contained a large quantity of fatty matters1 and several casts2 and on the seventeenth1 red shrivelled blood corpuscles were observed4 #fci ,die ,cantharidin ,vergift41 ,diss41 ,dorpat1 #ahjf4 #fdj ,unters4 ber die ,nieren1 ,diss41 ,bern1 #ahgg2 ,cornil1 ,gaz4 ,md41 #ahhj4 ,effects on ,man4--,heinrich#fda made the following experiments upon himself3--,thirty living blister-beetles were killed1 and digested1 without drying1 in #ce grms4 of alcohol for fourteen days1 of this tincture ten drops were taken4 ,there ensued immediately a feeling of warmth in the mouth and stomach1 salivation1 the pulse was more frequent than in health1 there was a pleasant feeling of warmth about the body1 and some sexual excitement lasting three hours4 ,in half an hour there was abdominal pain1 diarrha1 and tenesmus1 and frequent painful micturition4 ,these symptoms subsided in a few hours1 but there was a want of appetite1 and pain about the kidneys lasting until the following day4 ,in the second experiment1 on taking #a cgrm4 of cantharidin1 there were very serious symptoms of poisoning4 ,blisters formed on the tongue1 and there was salivation1 with great difficulty in swallowing1 and a general feeling of illness4 ,seven hours after taking the poison1 there were frequent micturitions of bloody urine1 diarrha1 and vomiting4 ,twenty hours after the ingestion the face was red1 the skin hot1 the pulse twenty beats beyond the normal pulsation1 the tongue was denuded to two-thirds of its extent of its epithelium1 and the lips and mucous membrane were red and swollen2 there was great pain in the stomach1 intestines1 and in the neighbourhood of the kidneys1 continuous desire to micturate1 burning of the urethra1 and swelling of the glands4 ,there was no sexual excitement whatever2 the urine was ammoniacal1 and contained blood and pus2 the symptoms gradually subsided1 but recovery was not complete for fourteen days4 #fda ,schroff1 ,zeitschrift d4 ,ges4 d4 ,aerzte in ,wien1 #ac1 #ef4 #fcf4 ,the foregoing is a fair picture of what may be expected in cantharides poisoning4 ,it is remarkable that the popular idea as to the influence of cantharidin in exciting the sexual passion1 holds good only as to the entire cantharides1 and not with cantharidin4 ,it is very possible that cantharidin is not the only poisonous principle in the insect4 ,the symptoms in other cases1 fatal or not1 have been as follows3--,immediate burning in the mouth and throat1 extending to the stomach and alimentary canal1 and increasing in intensity until there is considerable pain4 ,then follow salivation1 difficulty in swallowing1 and vomiting1 and generally diarrha1 pain in the kidneys1 irritation of the bladder1 priapism1 and strangury1 are all present4 ,the pulse is accelerated1 the breathing disturbed1 there are pains in the head1 and often mydriasis1 giddiness1 insensibility1 delirium1 and convulsions2 trismus has been noticed4 ,the desire to micturate frequently is urgent1 the urine is generally bloody1 and contains pus4 ,pregnant women have been known to abort4 ,in a few of the cases in which a different course has been run1 the nervous symptoms have predominated over those of gastro-intestinal irritation1 and the patient has sunk in a kind of collapse4 ,in a case of chronic poisoning by cantharides1 extending over three months1 and recorded by ,tarchioni ,bonfanti1#fdb after the first dose appeared tetanic convulsions1 which subsided in twenty-four hours1 there was later cystitis1 and from time to time the tetanic convulsions returned2 gastro-enteritis followed with frequent vomiting1 when1 cantharides being found in the matters ejected1 the otherwise obscure nature of the illness was shown4 #fdb ,gaz4 ,med4 ,ital4 ,lomb41 #ahfc4 ,in a case recorded by ,sedgwick1#fdc following the gastro-enteric symptoms1 there were epileptic convulsions2 in this instance also was noticed an unpleasant smell1 recalling the notion formerly held that cantharides imparted a peculiar odour to the breath and urine4 ,in a case of chronic poisoning related by ,tardieu1 six students1 during several months1 used what they thought was pepper with their food1 but the substance proved to be really powdered cantharides4 ,the quantity taken each day was probably small1 but they suffered from pain about the loins1 and also irritation of the bladder4 ,there was no sexual excitement4 #fdc ,med4 ,times1 #ahfd4 #fcg4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,in a ,french criminal case1 in which a man poisoned his step-brother by giving cantharides in soup1 the pathological signs of inflammation of the gastro-intestinal tract were specially evident1 the mouth was swollen1 the tonsils ulcerated1 the gullet1 stomach1 and intestines were inflamed1 and the mucous membrane of the intestines covered with purulent matter4 ,in another case there was an actual perforation #c inches from the pylorus4 ,the inflammatory appearances1 however1 are not always so severe1 being confined to swelling and inflammation without ulceration4 ,in all cases there has been noted inflammation of the kidneys and urinary passages1 and this is seen even when cantharidin is administered to animals by subcutaneous injection4 ,in the urine will be found blood and fatty epithelial casts1 as well as pus4 ,the contents of the stomach or the intestines will probably contain some remnants of powdered cantharides1 if the powder itself has been taken4 #fch4 ,tests for ,cantharidin1 and its ,detection in the ,tissues1 c4--,the tests for cantharidin are--7#a47 ,its form1 7#b47 its action in the subliming cell1 and 7#c47 its power of raising a blister4 ,the most convenient method of testing its vesicating properties1 is to allow a chloroformic solution of the substance supposed to be cantharidin to evaporate to dryness1 to add to this a drop of olive oil 7or almond oil71 and to take a drop up on the smallest possible quantity of cotton wool1 and apply the wool to the inside of the arm1 covering it with good oilskin1 and strapping the whole on by the aid of sticking-plaster4 ,in about an hour or more the effect is examined4 ,the thin skin of the lips is far more easily blistered than that of the arm1 but the application there is inconvenient4 ,dragendorff has ascertained that cantharidin is not present in the contents of a blister raised by a cantharides plaster1 although it has been found in the urine of a person treated by one2 and ,pettenkofer has also discovered cantharidin in the blood of a boy to whose spine a blister had been applied4 ,the great insolubility of cantharidin in water has led to various hypotheses as to its absorption into the system4 ,it is tolerably easily dissolved by potash1 soda1 and ammonia solutions1 and is also taken up in small proportion by sulphuric1 phosphoric1 and lactic acids4 ,the resulting compounds quickly diffuse themselves through animal membranes4 ,even the salts with lime1 magnesia1 alumina1 and the heavy metals1 are not quite insoluble4 ,a solution of salt with cantharidin1 put in a dialysing apparatus1 separates in twenty-four hours enough cantharidin to raise a blister4 ,cantharidin has actually been discovered in the heart1 brain1 muscles1 contents of the stomach1 intestines1 and fces 7as well as in the blood and urine7 of animals poisoned by the substance4 ,a urine containing cantharidin is alkaline and albuminous4 ,cantharidin1 although readily decomposed by chemical agents1 is so permanent in the body that it has been detected in the corpse of a cat eighty-four days after death4 ,in any forensic case1 the defence will not improbably be set up that some animal 7e4g41 a fowl poisoned by cantharides7 has been eaten and caused the toxic symptoms1 for cantharides is an interesting example of a substance which1 as before stated1 for certain animals 7such as rabbits1 dogs1 cats1 and ducks71 is a strong poison1 whilst in others 7e4g41 hedgehogs1 fowls1 turkeys1 and frogs71 although absorbed and excreted1 it appears inert4 ,experiment has shown that a cat may be readily poisoned by a fowl saturated with cantharides2 and in ,algeria the military surgeons meet with cystitis among the soldiers1 caused by eating frogs in the months of ,may and ,june1 the frogs living in these months almost exclusively on a species of cantharides4 ,dragendorff recommends the following process3--,the finely-pulped substance is boiled in a porcelain dish with potash-lye 7#a part of potash and #ab to #ah of water7 until the fluid is of a uniform consistence4 ,the fluid1 after cooling1 is 7if necessary7 diluted with an equal bulk of water1 for it must not be too thick2 then shaken with chloroform in order to remove impurities2 and after separation of the chloroform1 strongly acidified with sulphuric acid1 and mixed with about four times its volume of alcohol of #ij to #ie per cent4 ,the mixture is kept for some time at a boiling temperature1 filtered hot1 and the alcohol distilled from the filtrate4 ,the watery fluid is now again treated with chloroform1 as above described4 ,the chloroform extract is washed with water1 the residue taken up on some hot almond oil1 and its blistering properties investigated4 ,the mass1 heated with potash in the above way1 can also be submitted to dialysis1 the diffusate supersaturated with sulphuric acid1 and shaken up with chloroform4 ,in order to test further for cantharidin1 it can be dissolved in the least possible potash or soda-lye4 ,the solution1 on evaporation in the water-bath1 leaves crystals of a salt not easily soluble in alcohol1 and the watery solution of which gives with chloride of calcium and baryta a white precipitate2 with sulphate of copper and sulphate of protoxide of nickel1 a green2 with cobaltous sulphate1 a red2 with sugar of lead1 mercury chloride and argentic nitrate1 a white crystalline precipitate4 ,with palladium chloride there occurs a yellow1 hair-like1 crystalline precipitate2 later crystals1 which are isomorphous with the nickel and copper salts4 ,if the tincture of cantharides has been used in considerable quantity1 the urine may be examined2 in such a case there will collect on the surface drops of a green oil1 which may be extracted by petroleum ether2 this oil is not blister-raising4 ,cantharides in powder may1 of course1 be detected by its appearance4 ,to the question whether the method proposed would extract any other blister-producing substance1 the answer is negative1 since ethereal oil of mustard would be decomposed1 and the active constituents of the ,euphorbias do not withstand the treatment with ,,kho4 ,oils of anemone and anemonin are dissolved by ,,kho1 and again separated out of their solutions1 but their blistering property is destroyed4 ,they are volatile1 and found in anemone and some of the ,ranunculace4 ,in the ,aqua pulsatilla there is an oil of anemone1 which may be obtained by shaking with ether2 but this oil is not permanent1 and if the ,aqua pulsatilla stand for a little time1 it splits up into anemonic acid and anemonin1 and then cannot be reobtained4 ,a blistering substance1 obtained from the ,anacardia orientalia and the fruit of the ,anacardium occidentale and ,semecarpus anacardium1 is not quite destroyed by a short action with potash1 but is by one of long duration2 this substance1 however1 cannot be confused with cantharidin1 for it is oily1 yellow1 easily soluble in alcohol and ether1 and differs in other respects4 ,v4--,snake ,poison4 #fci4 ,the poisonous snakes belong chiefly to two classes1 the ,proteroglypha and the ,solenoglypha4 ,weir ,mitchell and ,ed4 ,t4 ,reichert#fdd have made some important experiments on snake poison1 using the venom of some #bjj snakes4 ,most of the snakes were rattlesnakes1 a few were cobras and other species4 ,they came to the conclusion that the active constituents are contained in the fluid part alone1 the solid particles suspended in the fluid having no action4 ,the poison they considered to consist of two toxalbumins1 one a globulin1 acting more particularly on the blood1 the other1 a peptone 7albumose871 acting more particularly on the tissues4 ,differences in snake venom depend on the relative proportions of these two substances4 ,the peptone1 which acts more especially locally on the tissues1 determines an inflammatory action1 with much swelling and multiple extravasation of blood1 which may proceed to a moist gangrene4 ,the globulin has a paralysing influence on the heart1 the vasomotor centres1 the peripheral ends of the splanchnic nerves1 as well as on the respiratory centres of both warm and cold-blooded animals4 ,feoktisow's#fde researches show that although the heart continues to beat after the respiration has ceased for a few minutes1 it has no force4 ,the blood pressure sinks immediately after the injection4 ,whether the globulin is injected subcutaneously or direct into the veins1 there is commonly considerable extravasation of blood in the chest and abdomen2 the intestine is often filled with blood as well as the pericardium2 and the urine is bloody4 ,the poison of ,vipera ammodytes in watery solution may be boiled for six minutes1 and yet is as active as before4 ,according to ,lewin1 snake poison generally can be heated to #abe and yet preserve its poisonous properties4 ,these last observations are not in accordance with the belief of some that the active principle of snake venom is a ferment1 or1 indeed1 in harmony with the idea that it is a globulin or toxalbumin2 for such bodies have not1 so far as we know1 the stability to withstand so high a degree of heat4 #fdd ,smithsonian ,contributions to ,knowledge1 ,washington1 #ahhf4 #fde ,exp4 ,unters4 ber ,schlangengift4 ,inaug4 ,diss41 ,dorpat1 #ahhh4 #fdj4 ,the ,poison of the ,cobra4--,the poison excreted from the salivary glands of the cobra di capello is the most deadly animal fluid known4 ,when first ejected1 it is an amber-coloured1 rather syrupy1 frothy liquid1 of specific gravity #ajdf1 and of feeble acid reaction2 it dries rapidly on exposure to air to a yellow film1 which readily breaks up into brilliant yellow granules1 closely imitating crystals4 ,the yellow powder is very acrid and pungent to the nostrils1 and excites a painful 7though transitory7 inflammation1 if applied to the mucous membrane of the eye2 the taste is bitter1 and it raises little blisters on the tongue4 ,it is perfectly stable1 and preserves its activity for an indefinite time4 ,the dried poison as described is perfectly soluble in water1 and if the water is added in proper proportions1 the original fluid is without doubt reproduced1 the solution usually depositing a sediment of epithelial dbris1 and often containing little white threads4 ,the poison has been examined by several chemists1 but until of late years with a negative result4 ,the writer was the first to isolate1 in #ahgf1 a crystalline principle1 which appears to be the sole acting ingredient2 the yellow granules were dissolved in water1 the albumen which the venom so copiously contains coagulated by alcohol1 and separated by filtration2 the alcohol was then driven off at a gentle heat1 the liquid concentrated to a small bulk1 and precipitated with basic acetate of lead4 ,the precipitate was separated1 washed1 and decomposed in the usual way by ,,sh1 and on removing the lead sulphide1 crystals having toxic properties were obtained4 ,pedler1#fdf precipitating the albumen by alcohol1 and then to the alcoholic solution adding platinic chloride1 obtained a semi-crystalline precipitate1 which from an imperfect combustion he thinks may have something like the composition ,pt,cl7,c,h,n,o,h,cl74 ,i have examined the platinum compound1 and made several combustions of different fractions1 but was unable to obtain the compound in a sufficient state of purity to deduce a formula4 ,my analysis agreed with those of ,pedler for nitrogen--viz41 #iic per cent4 7,pedler1 #ifi72 hydrogen #dag 7,pedler1 #dbh72 but were higher for carbon1 #dah per cent4 7,pedler1 #ccdb per cent472 one fraction gave #gc per cent4 of platinum1 another double that amount4 ,material was insufficient to thoroughly investigate the compound1 but it was evident that several double salts were formed4 ,the blood of the cobra is also poisonous4 ,a4 ,calmette#fdg has found that #b c4c4 of fresh cobra blood1 injected into the peritoneum of a rabbit weighing #ae kilo41 causes death in six hours2 the same dose of the defibrinated blood injected into the veins is fatal in three minutes4 #fdf ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 vol4 xxvii4 p4 #ag4 #fdg ,compt4 ,rend41 ,soc4 de ,biol41 #ahid4 #fda4 ,fatal ,dose4--,from my experiments on cats1 rabbits1 and birds1 it seems probable that the least fatal dose for cats and rabbits1 lies between #g and #i mgrm4 per kilo41 and for birds somewhere about #g mgrm4 per kilo4 of the dried poison2 the venom contains about #fj per cent4 of albuminous matter1 and about #aj per cent4 of poisonous substance2 therefore1 the lethal power is represented by something like #jg to #ji mgrm4 per kilo41 if the pure toxic principle free from albumen and diluting impurities be considered4 #fdb4 ,effects on ,animals4--,almost immediately local pain or signs of uneasiness at the seat of injection are observed4 ,there is then a variable interval1 seldom exceeding #bj minutes 7and generally much less71 but in one of my experiments half an hour elapsed after the injection of a fatal dose before any effect was evident4 ,the symptoms once produced1 the course is rapid1 and consists1 first1 of acceleration of the respirations1 and then a progressive slowing1 soon followed by convulsions4 ,the convulsions are probably produced by the interference with the respiration and the deficient oxidation of the blood1 and are therefore1 the so-called 8carbonic acid convulsions40 ,there is paresis or paralysis of the limbs4 ,death seems to occur from asphyxia1 and the heart beats for one or more minutes after the respirations have ceased4 ,if the dose is so small as not to produce death1 no after-effects have been observed2 recovery is complete4 ,sir ,j4 ,fayrer1 and ,dr4 ,lauder ,brunton consider that the terminations of the motor nerves suffer2 on the other hand1 ,dr4 ,wall would explain the phenomena by referring the action entirely to the central nervous system1 and concludes that the effects of the cobra poison consist in the extinction of function extending from below upwards of the various nerve centres constituting the cerebro-spinal system4 ,in addition to this1 there is a special and rapid action on the respiratory and allied nuclei1 and this it is that causes death4 #fdc4 ,effects on ,man4--,by far the best account hitherto published of the effects of the cobra poison is a paper by ,dr4 ,wall1#fdh in which he points out the very close similarity between the symptoms produced and those of glosso-pharyngeal paralysis4 ,this is well shown in the following typical case3--,a coolie was bitten on the shoulder about twelve at midnight by a cobra2 he immediately felt burning pain at the spot bitten1 which increased4 ,in fifteen minutes afterwards he began1 he said1 to feel intoxicated1 but he seemed rational1 and answered questions intelligently4 ,the pupils were natural1 and the pulse normal2 the respirations were also not accelerated4 ,he next began to lose power over his legs1 and staggered4 ,in thirty minutes after the bite his lower jaw began to fall1 and frothy viscid mucous saliva ran from his mouth2 he spoke indistinctly1 like a man under the influence of liquor1 and the paralysis of the legs increased4 ,forty minutes after the bite1 he began to moan and shake his head from side to side1 and the pulse and respirations were somewhat accelerated2 but he was still able to answer questions1 and seemed conscious4 ,there was no paralysis of the arms4 ,the breathing became slower and slower1 and at length ceased one hour and ten minutes after the bite1 the heart beating for about one minute after the respiration had stopped4 #fdh 8,on the ,difference of the ,physiological ,effects ,produced by the ,poison of ,indian ,venomous ,snakes10 by ,a4 ,t4 ,wall1 ,m4,d41 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 #ahha1 vol4 xxxii4 p4 #ccc4 ,there is often very little sign of external injury1 merely a scratch or puncture being apparent1 but the areolar tissue lying beneath is of a purple colour1 and infiltrated with a large quantity of coagulable1 purple1 blood-like fluid4 ,in addition1 the whole of the neighbouring vessels are intensely injected1 the injection gradually diminishing as the site of the poisoned part is receded from1 so that a bright scarlet ring surrounds a purple area1 and this in its turn fades into the normal colour of the neighbouring tissues4 ,at the margin is also a purple blood-like fluid1 replaced by a pinkish serum1 which may often be traced up in the tissues surrounding the vessels that convey the poison to the system1 and may extend a considerable distance4 ,these appearances are to be accounted for in great part by the irritant properties of the cobra venom4 ,the local hypermia and the local pain are the first symptoms4 ,in man there follows an interval 7which may be so short as a few minutes1 or so long as four hours7 before any fresh symptoms appear2 the average duration of the interval is1 according to ,dr4 ,wall1 about an hour4 ,when once the symptoms are developed1 then the course is rapid1 and1 as in the case quoted1 a feeling like that of intoxication is first produced1 and then loss of power over the legs4 ,this is followed by a loss of power over the speech1 over swallowing1 and the movement of the lips2 the tongue becomes motionless1 and hangs out of the mouth2 the saliva is secreted in large quantities1 and runs down the face1 the patient being equally unable to swallow it or to eject it1 and the glosso-pharyngeal paralysis is complete4 #fdd4 ,antidotes and ,treatment4--,professor ,halford some years ago proposed ammonia1 and ,m4 ,lacerda in recent times has declared potassic permanganate an antidote to the cobra poison4 ,the ammonia theory has been long disproved1 and before ,lacerda had made his experiments ,i had published the chemical aspect of some researches1#fdi which showed that mixing the cobra venom with an alkaline solution of potassic permanganate destroyed its poisonous properties4 ,other experiments were also made in every conceivable way with potassic permanganate1 injecting it separately1 yet simultaneously1 into different parts of the same animal's body1 but so long as it does not come into actual contact with the poison it has no antidotal power whatever over the living subject4 ,other observers1 previous to the researches mentioned and since1 all agree that permanganate is no true antidote4#fej ,it only acts when it comes directly into contact with the venom1 but when the venom is once absorbed into the circulation potassic permanganate1 whether acid1 alkaline1 or neutral1 is powerless4 ,that it is of great use when applied to a bite is unquestionable1 for it neutralises or changes any of the venom hanging about the wound1 and which1 if allowed to remain1 might yet be absorbed2 but here it is obvious that the venom is1 so to speak1 outside the body4 ,a4 ,galmette 7,annales de l',institut ,pasteur1 #beth ,march #ahib7 has found that gold chloride forms an insoluble compound with the cobra poison1 which is not poisonous1 and that animal living tissues impregnated with gold chloride will not absorb the poison4 ,he even advances some evidence tending to show that gold chloride may overtake1 as it were1 the venom in the circulation1 and thus act as a true antidote4 ,this is improbable1 and1 until confirmed1 the general treatment most likely to be successful is the immediate sucking of the wound1 followed by the application of an alkaline solution of permanganate2 and lastly1 if the symptoms should nevertheless develop1 an attempt should be made to maintain the breathing by galvanism and artificial respiration4#fea #fdi ,analyst1 ,feb4 #bh1 #ahgg4 #fej ,see ,note on the effect of various substances in destroying the activity of the cobra poison4 ,by ,t4 ,lauder ,brunton and ,sir ,j4 ,fayrer1 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 vol4 xxvii4 p4 #ag4 #fea ,some of my experiments on the cobra poison may be briefly detailed1 illustrating the general statement in the text3-- #a4 ,a quantity equal to #a mgrm4 of the dried venom was injected subcutaneously into a chicken4 ,the symptoms began in two minutes with loss of power over both legs4 ,in eight minutes the legs were perfectly paralysed4 ,there were convulsive movements of the head and wings1 slowing of the respiration1 and death in ten minutes4 ,the same quantity of poison was treated with a little tannin1 and the clear liquid which separated from the precipitate injected into another chicken4 ,the respiration became affected in ten minutes2 in eighteen minutes the bird had become very quiet1 and lay insensible2 in twenty minutes it was dead1 the respiration ceasing before the heart4 #b4 ,in seven experiments with cobra poison1 first rendered feebly alkaline with an alkaline solution of potassic permanganate1 no effect followed4 ,three of the experiments were on chickens1 four on rabbits4 #c4 ,a chicken was injected with #a mgrm4 of cobra poison in one leg1 and in the other simultaneously with a solution of potassic permanganate4 ,death followed in sixteen minutes4 ,another chicken was treated in the same way1 but with injections of potassic permanganate solution every few minutes4 ,death resulted in thirty-seven minutes4 ,four other similar experiments were made--two with feebly alkaline permanganate1 two with permanganate made feebly acid with sulphuric acid--but death occurred with the usual symptoms4 #d4 ,cobra poison was mixed with a weak solution of iodine1 and a quantity equal to half a mgrm4 was injected into a chicken4 ,the symptoms began directly1 were fully developed in ten minutes1 and death took place in twenty-one minutes4 #e4 ,equal volumes of cobra venom and aldehyde were mixed1 and a quantity equivalent to #a mgrm4 of the cobra poison injected4 ,the symptoms were immediate paralysis and insensibility1 and the respiration rapidly fell4 ,death occurred in four minutes without convulsions4 #f4 ,the cobra venom was mixed with a feebly alkaline solution of pyrogallic acid1 and injected subcutaneously into a chicken4 ,in six minutes the usual symptoms commenced1 followed in thirteen minutes by death4 #g4 ,one mgrm4 was injected into a chicken4 ,the respirations at the commencement were #abj2 in twenty-two minutes they sank to #if1 in twenty-five minutes to #hd1 in twenty-seven minutes to #ah1 and then to occasional gasps1 with slight movement of the wings and toes4 ,there was death in thirty-two minutes after the injection4 #h4 ,a young rabbit was injected with #e mg4 7equal to #a mgrm4 per kilo47 of cobra poison4 ,in two hours it was apparently moribund1 with occasional short gasps4 ,artificial respiration was now attempted4 ,there was considerable improvement1 but it was intermitted during the night1 and the animal was found dead in the morning1 having certainly lived six hours4 #i4 ,a strong healthy kitten was injected with #a mgrm4 of cobra venom 7equal to #e mgrms4 per kilo474 ,in twenty minutes the symptoms were well developed1 and in an hour the animal was gasping--about twelve short respirations per minute4 ,artificial respiration was kept up for two hours1 and the animal recovered1 but there was great muscular weakness lasting for more than twenty-four hours4 #aj4 ,a brown rabbit1 weighing about #b kilos41 was injected with #ab mgrms4 7#f per kilo47 of the cobra poison4 ,the symptoms developed within ten minutes2 ammonia was injected1 and also given by the nostril4 ,the heart's action1 which1 previous to the administration of the ammonia1 had been beating feebly1 became accelerated1 but death followed within the hour1 the heart beating two minutes after the respiration had ceased4 #aa4 ,a brown rabbit1 about #b kilos4 in weight1 was injected with #ae mgrms4 of cobra poison 7#ge per kilo474 ,there were no symptoms for nearly an hour1 then sudden convulsions1 and death4 #ab4 ,another rabbit of the same size was treated similarly1 but immediately after the injection made to breathe nitrous oxide2 death took place in thirty minutes4 ,a rabbit1 a little over #b kilos4 in weight1 was injected with #g mgrms4 of cobra venom per kilo41 and then #aj mgrms4 of monobromated camphor were administered4 ,in fifteen minutes there was general paralysis of the limbs1 from which in a few minutes the animal seemed to recover2 thirty minutes after the injection there were no very evident symptoms1 but within forty minutes there was a sudden accession of convulsions1 and death4 ,experiments were also made with chloroform1 morphine1 and many other substances1 but none seemed to exercise any true antidotal effect4 #fde4 ,detection of the ,cobra ,venom4--,in an experiment on a rabbit1 the animal was killed by the subcutaneous injection of #h mgrms4 per kilo4 of the cobra poison4 ,immediately after death1 #b c4c4 of the blood were injected into a small rabbit2 in fifteen minutes there was slow respiration with pains in the limbs2 in thirty minutes this had1 in a great measure1 passed off1 and in a little time the animal was well4 ,in any case in which it is necessary to attempt to separate the cobra venom1 the most likely method of succeeding would be to make a cold alcoholic extract1 evaporate in a vacuum1 take up the residue in a little water1 and test its effect on small animals4 #fdf4 ,duboia ,russellii4--,the ,duboia russellii or ,russell's viper is one of the best known and most deadly of the ,indian vipers4 ,the effects of the poison of this viper are altogether different from those of the cobra4 ,the action commences by violent general convulsions1 which are often at once fatal1 or may be followed by rapid paralysis and death2 or these symptoms1 again1 may be recovered from1 and death follow at a later period4 ,the convulsions do not depend on asphyxia1 and with a small dose may be absent4 ,the paralysis is general1 and may precede for some time the extinction of the respiration1 the pupils are widely dilated1 there are bloody discharges1 and the urine is albuminous4 ,should the victim survive the first effects1 then blood-poisoning may follow1 and a dangerous illness result1 often attended with copious hmorrhages4 ,a striking example of this course is recorded in the ,indian ,med4 ,gaz41 ,june #a1 #ahgb4 ,a ,mahommedan1 aged #dj1 was bitten on the finger by ,russell's viper2 the bitten part was soon after excised1 and stimulants given4 ,the hand and arm became much swollen1 and on the same day he passed blood by the rectum1 and also bloody urine4 ,the next day he was sick1 and still passing blood from all the channels2 in this state he remained eight days1 losing blood constantly1 and died on the ninth day4 ,nothing definite is known of the chemical composition of the poison2 it is probably qualitatively identical with 8viperin40 #fdg4 ,the ,poison of the ,common ,viper4--,the common viper still abounds in certain parts of ,great ,britain1 as1 for example1 on ,dartmoor4 ,the venom was analysed in a partial manner by ,valentin4 ,in #ahdc ,prince ,lucien ,bonaparte separated a gummy varnish1 inodorous1 glittering1 and transparent1 which he called echidnin or viperin2 it was a neutral nitrogenous body without taste1 it arrested the coagulation of the blood1 and1 injected into animals1 produced all the effects of the bite of the viper4 ,phisalix and ,g4 ,bertrand have studied the symptoms produced in small animals after injection4 ,a guinea-pig1 weighing #ejj grms41 was killed by #jc grm4 of the dried venom dissolved in #ejjj parts of saline water2 the symptoms were nausea1 quickly passing into stupor4 ,the temperature of the body fell4 ,the autopsy showed the left auricle full of blood1 the intestine1 lungs1 liver1 and kidneys injected4 ,the blood of the viper is also poisonous1 and produces the same symptoms as the venom4#feb ,the same observers have shown 7,compt4 rend41 cxviii41 ,jan4 #ahid7 that the blood of the water-snake 7,tropidonotus natrix7 and of the ,thuringian adder 7,tropidonotus viperinus7 is poisonous1 producing the same symptoms as that of the viper4 #feb ,compt4 rend4 ,soc4 de ,biol41 t4 v4 #iig4 ,the ,venom of ,naja ,haje 7,cleopatra's ,asp74--,it has been stated that #bj1jjj persons annually die in ,ceylon from the bite of ,cleopatra's asp4 ,graziani 7,rif4 ,med41 ,october #g1 #ahic7 has undertaken a physiological study of the venom1 which has already received attention at the hands of ,calmette1 ,wall and ,armstrong1 ,weir ,mitchell1 ,reichardt1 and others4 ,the venom1 when dried1 appears as transparent scales1 easily soluble in water1 very slightly so in alcohol1 ether1 or chloroform2 its aqueous solution has an unpleasant odour1 and is neutral to test paper4 ,chemically it gives all the tests described by ,weir ,mitchell and others as characteristic of the venom of ,naja tripudians4 ,the physiological effects of this dried venom were tried on guinea-pigs1 rabbits1 and frogs1 to all of which it proved fatal in extremely minute doses4 ,the guinea-pig1 a few seconds after injection1 becomes paralysed in its hind limbs1 it foams at the mouth1 and makes violent attempts at vomiting4 ,the eyes are half closed1 but occasionally for short periods there is a partial disappearance of the paralysis1 and the animal makes feeble attempts to support itself4 ,respiratory embarrassment is soon added to the foregoing symptoms1 and the animal lies perfectly prone1 devoting all its attention to breathing1 which is rendered still more difficult by the vomiting and frothy saliva which is secreted in abundance4 ,finally death ensues from asphyxia4 ,the post-mortem examination reveals the heart still feebly beating1 the lungs pallid1 and the blood in the organs very dark4 ,the liver and kidneys are hypermic1 but the brain and cord1 with their coverings1 are anmic4 ,in the rabbit the course of the poisoning is practically identical with that described above4 ,histologically1 the following facts are made out in addition to the foregoing4 ,the red blood-corpuscles are in great measure broken down1 and there are also effusions into the muscular tissues4 ,the kidneys are very hypermic1 and there is marked degeneration of the epithelium lining the glomeruli and convoluted tubules4 ,the glomerular capsules are much distended1 and numerous leucocytes are discernible throughout the organ4 ,the liver1 also1 is hypermic1 and shows numerous broken-down blood-corpuscles1 and partial necrosis of many of the liver cells4 ,examination of the central nervous system reveals no particular changes4 ,,division ,,ii4--,,ptomaines--,,toxines4 #fdh4 ,definition of a ,ptomaine4--,a ptomaine may be considered as a basic chemical substance derived from the action of bacteria on nitrogenous substances4 ,if this definition is accepted1 a ptomaine is not necessarily formed in the dead animal tissue2 it may be produced by the living1 and1 in all cases1 it is the product of bacterial life4 ,a ptomaine is not necessarily poisonous2 many are known which are1 in moderate doses1 quite innocuous4 ,when ,selmi's researches were first published there was some anxiety lest the existence of ptomaines would seriously interfere with the detection of poison generally1 because some were said to be like strychnine1 others like colchicine1 and so forth4 ,farther research has conclusively shown that at present no ptomaine is known which so closely resembles a vegetable poison as to be likely in skilled hands to cause confusion4 ,isolation of ,ptomaines4 #fdi4 ,gautier's#fec ,process4--,the liquid is acidified with oxalic acid1 warmed1 filtered1 and distilled in a vacuum4 #fec ,ptomaines et ,leucomaines1 ,e4 ,j4 ,a4 ,gautier1 ,paris1 #ahhf4 ,in this way pyrrol1 skatol1 phenol1 indol1 and volatile fatty acids are separated and will be found in the distillate4 ,the residue in the retort is treated with lime1 filtered from the precipitate that forms1 and distilled in a vacuum1 the distillate being received in weak sulphuric acid4 ,the bases accompanied with ammonia distil over4 ,the distillate is now neutralised by sulphuric acid#fed and evaporated nearly to dryness1 separating the mother liquid from sulphate of ammonia1 which crystallises out4 ,the mother liquids are treated with absolute alcohol1 which dissolves the sulphates of the ptomaines4 ,the alcohol is got rid of by evaporation1 the residue treated with caustic soda1 and the bases shaken out by successive treatment with ether1 petroleum ether1 and chloroform4 ,the residue remaining in the retort with the excess of lime is dried1 powdered1 and exhausted with ether2 the ethereal extract is separated1 evaporated to dryness1 the dry residue taken up in a little water1 slightly acidulated1 and the bases precipitated by an alkali4 #fed ,the first acid apparently is so dilute that the distillate more than neutralises it1 hence more sulphuric acid is added to complete neutralisation4 #fej4 ,brieger's ,process4--,brieger#fee thus describes his process3-- #fee ,untersuchungen ber ,ptomaine1 ,theil iii41 ,berlin1 #ahhf4 8,the matters are finely divided and boiled with water feebly acidulated with hydrochloric acid4 8,care must be taken that on boiling1 the weak acid reaction must be retained1 and that this manipulation only lasts a few minutes4 ,illustration 8,the insoluble portion is filtered off1 and the filtrate evaporated1 either in the gas-oven or on the water-bath1 to syrupy consistency4 ,if the substances are offensive1 as alcoholic and watery extracts of flesh usually are1 the use of ,bocklisch's simple apparatus 7see diagram7 is to be recommended4 ,the filtrate to be evaporated is placed in a flask provided with a doubly perforated caoutchouc cork carrying two bent tubes2 the tube b terminates near the bottom of the flask1 while the tube a terminates a little above the level of the fluid to be evaporated4 ,the tube a is connected with a water pump which sucks away the escaping steam4 ,in order to avoid the running back of the condensed water forming in the cooler part of the tube1 the end of the tube a is twisted into a circular form4 ,through the tube b1 which has a fine capillary bore1 a stream of air is allowed to enter1 which keeps the fluid in constant agitation1 continually destroying the scum on the surface1 and avoiding sediments collecting at the bottom1 which may cause fracture of the flask4 ,according to the regulation of the air current1 a greater or smaller vacuum can be produced4 ,the fluid1 evaporated to the consistency of a syrup1 is treated with #if per cent4 alcohol1 filtered1 and the filtrate precipitated with lead acetate4 8,the lead precipitate is filtered off1 the filtrate evaporated to a syrup1 and the syrup again treated with #if per cent4 alcohol4 ,this is again filtered1 the alcohol got rid of by evaporation1 water added1 the lead thrown down by ,,sh1 and the fluid1 after the addition of a little hydrochloric acid1 evaporated to the consistence of a syrup2 this syrup is exhausted with #if per cent4 alcohol1 and precipitated with an alcoholic solution of mercury chloride4 ,the mercury precipitate is boiled with water1 and by the different solubility of the mercury salts of certain ptomaines some separation takes place4 ,if it is suspected that some of the ptomaines may have been separated with the lead precipitate1 this lead precipitate can be decomposed by ,,sh and investigated4 ,i have only 7says ,brieger7 in the case of mussels been able to extract from the lead precipitate small quantities of ptomaines4 8,the mercury filtrate is freed from mercury and evaporated1 the excess of hydrochloric acid being carefully neutralised by means of soda 7for it must only be slightly acid72 then it is again treated with alcohol1 so as to separate as much as possible the inorganic constituents4 ,the alcoholic extract is evaporated1 dissolved in a little water1 neutralised with soda1 acidulated with nitric acid1 and precipitated with phospho-molybdic acid4 ,the phospho-molybdic acid precipitate is decomposed with neutral lead acetate1 which process may be facilitated by heating on the water-bath4 ,after getting rid of the lead by treatment with ,,sh1 the fluid is evaporated to a syrup and alcohol added1 by which process many ptomaines may be eliminated as hydrochlorates2 or they can be converted into double salts 7of platinum or gold7 for the purpose of separation4 ,in the filtrate from phospho-molybdate1 ptomaines may also be found by treating with lead acetate to get rid of the phospho-molybdic acid1 and then adding certain reactives4 ,since it is but seldom that the hydrochlorates are obtained in a state of purity1 it is preferable to convert the substance separated into a gold or platinum salt or a picrate1 since the greater or less solubility of these compounds facilitates the purification of individual members2 but which reagent is best to add1 must be learned from experience4 ,the melting-point of these salts must always be taken1 so that an idea of their purity may be obtained4 ,it is also to be noted that many gold salts decompose on warming the aqueous solution2 this may be avoided by the addition of hydrochloric acid4 ,the hydrochlorates of the ptomaines are obtained by decomposing the mercury1 gold1 or platinum combinations by the aid of ,,sh1 while the picrates can be treated with hydrochloric acid and shaken up with ether1 which latter solvent dissolves the picric acid4 8,considerable difficulty in the purification of the ptomaines is caused by a nitrogenous1 amorphous1 non-poisonous1 albumin-like substance1 which passes into all solutions1 and can only be got rid of by careful precipitation with an alcoholic solution of lead acetate1 in which it is soluble in excess4 ,this albuminoid forms an amorphous compound with platinum1 and acts as a strongly reducing agent 7the platinum compound contains #bi per cent4 platinum74 ,when this albuminoid is eliminated1 then the hydrochlorates or the double salts of the ptomaines crystallise40 #fea4 ,the ,benzoyl ,chloride ,method4--,the fatty diamines in dilute aqueous solutions1 shaken with benzoyl chloride and soda1 are converted into insoluble dibenzoyl derivatives2 these may be separated from benzamide and other nitrogenous products by dissolving the precipitate in alcohol1 and pouring the solution into a large quantity of water4#fef ,compounds which contain two amido groups combined with one and the same carbon atom1 do not yield benzoyl derivatives when shaken with benzoyl chloride and soda4 ,hence this reaction can be utilised for certain of the ptomaines only4 ,the solution must be dilute1 because concentrated solutions of creatine1 creatinine1 and similar bodies also give precipitates with benzoyl chloride2 no separation1 however1 occurs unless these bodies are in the proportion of five per thousand4 #fef ,l4 ,v4 ,udrnsky and ,baumann1 ,ber41 xxi4 #bgdd4 ,the process is specially applicable for the separation of ethylenediamine1 pentamethylenediamine 7cadaverine71 and tetramethylenediamine 7putrescine7 from urine4 ,in a case of cystinuria ,udrnsky and ,e4 ,baumann#feg have found #jbd grm4 of benzoyltetramethylenediamine1 #jdb grm4 of benzoylpentamethylenediamine in a day4 ,diamines are absent in normal fces and urine4 ,stadthagen and ,brieger#feh have also found1 in a case of cystinuria diamines1 chiefly pentamethylenediamine4 #feg ,l4 ,v4 ,udrnsky and ,baumann1 ,zeit4 f4 physiol4 ,chem41 xiii4 #efb4 #feh ,arch4 pathol4 ,anatom41 cxv4 p4 #c4 ,the operation is performed by making the liquid alkaline with soda1 so that the alkalinity is equal to about #aj per cent41 adding benzoyl chloride1 shaking until the odour of benzoyl chloride disappears1 and then filtering2 to the filtrate more benzoyl chloride is added1 the liquid shaken1 and1 if a precipitate appears1 this is also filtered off1 and the process repeated until all diamines are separated4 ,the precipitate thus obtained is dissolved in alcohol1 and the alcoholic solution poured into a considerable volume of water and allowed to stand over night2 the dibenzoyl compound is then usually found to be in a crystalline condition4 ,the compound is crystallised once or twice from alcohol or ether1 and its melting-point and properties studied4 ,mixtures of diamines may be separated by their different solubilities in ether and alcohol4 ,a solution of #jjjghh grm4 of pentamethylenediamine in #ajj c4c4 of water gave #jjbah grm4 of the dibenzoyl-derivative when shaken with benzoyl chloride 7#e c4c47 and #dj c4c4 of soda 7#aj per cent47 and kept for twenty-four hours4 ,in a second experiment with a similar solution only #jjadb grm4 of dibenzoyl-derivative was obtained2#fei hence the process is not a good quantitative process1 and1 although convenient for isolation1 gives1 so far as the total amount recovered is concerned1 varying results4 #fei ,ber41 xxi4 #bgdd4 #feb4 ,the ,amines4--,the amines are bases originating from ammonia and built on the same type4 ,those that are interesting as poisons are monamines1 diamines1 and the quaternary ammonium bases4 ,considered as compound ammonias1 the amines are divided into primary or amide bases1 secondary or imid bases1 and tertiary or nitrile bases1 according as to whether one1 two1 or three atoms of hydrogen have been displaced from the ammonia molecule by an alkyl2 for instance1 methylamine ,,nh,,ch is a primary or amide base1 because only one of the three atoms of ,h in ,,nh has been replaced by methyl2 similarly1 dimethylamine is a secondary or imid base1 and trimethylamine is a tertiary or nitrile base4 ,the quaternary bases are derived from the hypothetical ammonium hydroxide ,,nh,,oh1 as1 for example1 tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide 7,c,h7,n1,,oh4 ,the diamines are derived from two molecules of ,,nh1 and therefore contain1 instead of one molecule of nitrogen1 two molecules of nitrogen2 in two molecules of ammonia there are six atoms of hydrogen1 two1 four1 or six of which may be replaced by alkyls2 as1 for example1 ,c,h _/ _/ ,n--,,hh--,n _/ _/ ,,hh ,ethylenediamine4 ,c,h _/ _/ ,n--,c,h--,n _/ _/ ,,hh ,diethylenediamine4 ,c,h _/ _/ ,n--,c,h--,n _/ _/ ,c,h ,triethylenediamine4 ,the monamines are similar to ammonia in their reactions2 some of them are stronger bases2 for instance1 ethylamine expels ammonia from its salts4 ,the first members of the series are combustible gases of pungent odour1 and easily soluble in water2 the higher homologues are fluids2 and the still higher members solids4 ,the hydrochlorides are soluble in absolute alcohol1 while chloride of ammonium is insoluble2 this property is taken advantage of for separating amines from ammonia4 ,the amines form double salts with platinic chloride2 this is also utilised for recognition1 for the purpose of separation1 and for purification2 for instance1 ammonium-platinum-chloride on ignition yields #dcii per cent4 of platinum1 and methylamine-platinum-chloride yields #dgd of platinum4 ,it is comparatively easy to ascertain whether an amine is primary1 secondary1 or tertiary4 ,the primary and secondary amines react with nitrous acid1 but not the tertiary2 the primary amines1 for instance1 are converted into alcohols1 and there is an evolution of nitrogen gas2 thus methylamine is decomposed into methyl alcohol1 nitrogen1 and water4 ,,ch,,nh 7,,oh7,,no ,,ch7,,oh7 ,n ,h,o4 ,the secondary amines1 treated in the same way1 evolve no nitrogen1 but are converted into nitrosamines2 thus dimethylamine1 when treated with nitrous acid1 yields nitrosodimethylamine1 7,,ch7,,nh 7,,oh7,,no 7,,ch77,,no7,n ,h,o2 and the nitrosamines respond to the test known as ,lieberman's nitroso-reaction1 which is thus performed3--,the substance is dissolved in phenol and a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid added4 ,the yellow colour at first produced changes into blue by adding to the acid liquid a solution of potash4 ,the primary amines1 and the primary amines alone1 treated with chloroform and alcoholic potash1 yield the peculiarly offensive smelling carbylamine or isonitrile 7,hofmann's test71 ,v ,,nh7,,ch7 ,c,h,cl #c,,koh ,c,n-,,ch #c,k,cl #c;,h,o4 ,again the primary bases1 when treated with corrosive sublimate and carbon disulphide1 evolve sulphuretted hydrogen1 and mustard oil is produced1 e4g41 ,,nh7,c,h7 ,,cs ,,cs,n-,c,h ,h,s4 ,ethylamine4 ,ethylmustard oil4 ,where a sufficient quantity of an amine is obtained1 the primary1 secondary1 or tertiary character of the amine may be deduced with certainty by treating it with methyl or ethyl iodide4 ,a molecule of the base is digested with a molecule of methyl iodide and distilled with potash2 the distillate is in the same manner again treated with methyl iodide and again distilled2 and the process is repeated until an ammonium base is obtained1 which will take up no more iodide4 ,if three methyl groups were in this way introduced1 the original substance was primary1 if two1 secondary1 if one1 tertiary4 ,the quaternary bases1 such as tetraethyl ammoniumoxhydrate1 decompose1 on heating1 into triethylamine and ethylene2 the corresponding methyl compound in like manner yields trimethylamine and methyl-alcohol4 ,on the other hand1 the primary1 secondary1 and tertiary bases do not decompose on heating1 but volatilise without decomposition4 ,the chief distinctions between these various amines are conveniently put into a tabular form as follows3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,primary1 ,secondary1 ,tertiary1 ,quaternary1 ,,nh,r4 ,,nhr4 ,,nr4 ,,nr7,,oh74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,on treating with #c #b #a 444 methyl iodide it takes up the follow- ing number of methyl groups1 ,reaction with ,decomposes ,formation nitrous acid1 with evolu-of nitro- 444 444 tion of samine4 nitrogen gas4 ,mustard oil1 c41 on,mustard oil treatment with ,,cs formed4 444 444 444 and sublimate1 ,chloroform and ,formation 444 444 444 alcoholic potash1 of carbyl- amine4 ,effect of strong ,sublimes4 ,sublimes4 ,sublimes4 ,decomposes4 heat1 ,on addition of ,combines to,combines to,combines to 444 acids1 form salts4form salts4form salts4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #fec4 ,methylamine1 ,,ch,,nh4--,this is a gas at ordinary temperatures2 it is inflammable1 and possesses a strong ammoniacal odour4 ,it has been found in herring brine1 and is present in cultures of the comma bacillus2 it has also been found in poisonous sausages1 but it is not in itself toxic4 ,it forms crystalline salts1 such as1 for example1 the hydrochloride1 the platinochloride 7,pt #dad per cent471 and the aurochloride 7,au #ecc per cent4 when anhydrous74 ,the best salt for estimation is the platinochloride1 insoluble in absolute alcohol and ether4 #fed4 ,dimethylamine1 7,,ch7,,nh4--,dimethylamine is also a gas2 it has been found in various putrefying substances4 ,it forms crystalline salts1 such as the hydrochloride1 the platinochloride 7,pt #cia per cent471 and an aurochloride 7,au #eace per cent474 ,it is not poisonous4 ,in ,brieger's process it may occur in both the mercuric chloride precipitate and filtrate4 ,from cadaverine it may be separated by platinum chloride2 cadaverine platinochloride is with difficulty soluble in cold water and crystallises from hot water1 while dimethylamine remains in the mother liquor4 ,from choline it may be separated by recrystallising the mercuric precipitate from hot water4 ,from methylamine it may be separated by converting into chloride and extracting with chloroform2 dimethylamine chloride is soluble1 methylamine chloride insoluble in chloroform4 #fee4 ,trimethylamine1 7,,ch7,n4--,trimethylamine in the free state is an alkaline liquid with a fishy odour1 boiling at #ic2 it is not toxic save in large doses4 ,it occurs in a great variety of plants1 and is also found in putrefying substances4 ,it is a product of the decomposition of choline1 betaine1 and neuridine1 when these substances are distilled with potash4 ,in ,brieger's process1 if an aqueous solution of mercuric chloride is used as the precipitant1 trimethylamine 7if present7 will be almost entirely in the filtrate1 from which it can be obtained by getting rid of the mercury by ,,sh1 filtering1 evaporating to dryness1 extracting with alcohol1 and precipitating the alcoholic solution with platinic chloride4 ,it forms crystalline salts with hydrochloric acid1 platinum chloride1 and gold chloride2 the platinum double salt yields #cg per cent4 of platinum1 the gold salt #did per cent4 gold4 ,the gold salt is easily soluble1 and this property permits its separation from choline1 which forms a compound with gold chloride soluble with difficulty4 #fef4 ,ethylamine1 ,c,h,,nh4--,ethylamine is in the free state an ammoniacal liquid boiling at #ahg4 ,it is a strong base1 miscible with water in every proportion4 ,it has been found in putrefying yeast1 in wheat flour1 and in the distillation of beet sugar residues4 ,it is not poisonous2 the hydrochloride forms deliquescent plates melting at #gf-hj2 the platinochloride contains #cia per cent4 of platinum1 and the gold salt #eace per cent4 of gold4 ,in other words1 the same percentages as the corresponding salts of dimethylamine1 with which1 however1 it cannot be confused4 #feg4 ,diethylamine1 7,c,h7,,nh1 is an inflammable liquid boiling at #ege2 it forms salts with hydrochloric acid1 platinum and gold1 c42 the gold salt contains #dgga per cent4 of gold1 and its melting-point is about #afe4 #feh4 ,triethylamine1 7,c,h7,n1 is an oily base but slightly soluble in water1 and boiling at #hi-hie4 ,it gives no precipitate with mercuric chloride in aqueous solution2 it forms a platinochloride containing #cah per cent4 of platinum4 ,it has been found in putrid fish4 #fei4 ,propylamine4--,there are two propylamines2 one1 normal propylamine1 ,,ch,,ch4,,ch4,,nh1 boiling at #dg-dh1 and iso-propylamine1 7,,ch7,,ch4,,nh1 boiling at #cae2 both are ammoniacal fish-like smelling liquids4 ,the hydrochloride of normal propylamine melts at #aee-aeh1 and iso-propylamine chloride melts at #acie4 ,it has been found in cultures of human fces on gelatin4 ,none of the above amines are sufficiently active in properties to be poisonous in the small quantities they are likely to be produced in decomposing foods4 #ffj4 ,iso-amylamine1 7,,ch7,,ch4,,ch4,,ch4,,nh1 is a colourless alkaline liquid1 possessing a peculiar odour4 ,it boils at #ig-ih4 ,it forms a deliquescent hydrochloride4 ,the platinochloride crystallises in golden yellow plates4 ,iso-amylamine occurs in the putrefaction of yeast1 and is a normal constituent of cod-liver oil4 ,it is intensely poisonous1 producing convulsions4 ,diamines4 #ffa4 ,rate of ,formation of ,diamines4--,diamines are formed in putrefactive processes1 generally where there is abundance of nitrogen4 ,garcia#ffj has attempted to trace the rates at which they are formed by allowing meat extracts to decompose1 precipitating by benzoyl chloride 7see p4 #dhg7 the dibenzoyl compound1 and weighing2 the following were the results obtained3-- #ffj ,zeit4 f4 physiol4 ,chemie1 xvii4 #f4 #ega4 ,time4 ,weight of benzoyl compound4 #bd hours1 #jef grm4 #b days1 #jge #c days1 #jhb #d days1 #jgc #e days1 #jeg #f days1 #jeh #ffb4 ,ethylidenediamine4--,brieger found in putrid haddock1 in the filtrate from the mercury chloride precipitate3--gadinine1 neuridine1 a base isomeric with ethylenediamine ,c,h,n 7but which ,brieger subsequently more or less satisfactorily identified with ethylidenediamine71 muscarine1 and triethylamine2 these bases were separated as follows3-- ,the filtrate from the mercury chloride solution was freed from mercury by ,,sh1 evaporated to a syrup1 and then extracted with alcohol4 ,from the alcoholic solution platinum chloride precipitated neuridine1 this was filtered off1 the filtrate freed from alcohol and platinum1 and the aqueous solution concentrated to a small volume and precipitated with an aqueous solution of platinum chloride2 this precipitated ethylidene platinum chloride4 ,the mother liquor from this precipitate was concentrated on the water-bath1 and1 on cooling1 the platinochloride of muscarine crystallised out4 ,from the mother liquor 7freed from the crystals71 on standing in a desiccator1 the gadinine double salt crystallised out1 and from the mother liquor 7freed from gadinine after removal of the platinum by ,,sh7 distillation with ,,kho recovered trimethylamine4 ,from the platinochloride of ethylenediamine1 the chloride can be obtained by treating with ,,sh1 filtering1 and evaporating2 by distilling the chloride with a caustic alkali1 the free base can be obtained by distillation4 ,ethylidenediamine is isomeric with ethylenediamine1 but differs from it in the following properties3--ethylidenediamine is poisonous1 ethylenediamine is non-poisonous4 ,ethylenediamine forms a platinochloride almost insoluble in hot water1 while the ethylidene salt is more easily soluble4 ,the properties of the gold salts are similar1 ethylenediamine forming a difficultly soluble gold salt1 ethylidene a rather soluble gold salt4 ,ethylidenediamine forms a hydrochloride1 ,c,h,n#b;,h,cl1 crystallising in long glistening needles1 insoluble in absolute alcohol1 rather soluble in water4 ,the hydrochloride gives precipitates in aqueous solution with phospho-molybdic acid1 phospho-antimonic acid1 and potassium bismuth iodide2 the latter is in the form of red plates4 ,the platinochloride1 ,c,h,n#b;,h,cl4,pt,cl 7,pt #dae per cent471 is in the form of yellow plates1 not very soluble in cold water4 ,ethylidenediamine1 when subcutaneously injected into guinea-pigs1 produces an abundant secretion from the mucous membranes of the nose1 mouth1 and eyes4 ,the pupils dilate1 and the eyeballs project4 ,there is acute dyspna2 death takes place after some twenty-four hours1 and the heart is stopped in diastole4 ,trimethylenediamine is believed to have been isolated by ,brieger from cultivations in beef broth of the comma bacillus4 ,it occurs in small quantity in the mercuric chloride precipitate1 and is isolated by decomposing the precipitate with ,,sh1 evaporating the filtrate from the mercury sulphide to dryness1 taking up the residue with absolute alcohol1 and precipitating by an alcoholic solution of sodium picrate4 ,the precipitate contains the picrate of trimethylenediamine1 mixed with the picrates of cadaverine and creatinine4 ,cadaverine picrate is insoluble in boiling absolute alcohol1 the other picrates soluble2 so the mixed picrates are boiled with absolute alcohol1 and the insoluble cadaverine filtered off4 ,next1 the picrates of creatinine and trimethylenediamine are freed from alcohol1 the solution in water acidified with hydrochloric acid1 the picric acid shaken out by treatment with ether1 and then the solution precipitated with platinum chloride2 the platinochloride of trimethylenediamine is not very soluble1 while creatinine easily dissolves2 so that separation is by this means fairly easy4 ,it also gives a difficultly soluble salt with gold chloride4 ,the picrate consists of felted needles1 melting-point #aih4 ,phospho-molybdic acid gives a precipitate crystallising in plates2 potassium bismuth iodide gives dark coloured needles4 ,it produces in animals violent convulsions and muscular tremors2 but the substance has hitherto been obtained in too small a quantity to be certain as to its identification and properties4 #ffc4 ,neuridine1 ,c,h,n4--,neuridine is a diamine1 and is apparently the most common basic product of putrefaction2 it has been obtained from the putrefaction of gelatin1 of horseflesh1 of fish1 and from the yelk of eggs4 ,it is usually accompanied by choline1 from which it can be separated by converting the bases into hydrochlorides1 choline hydrochloride being soluble in absolute alcohol1 neuridine scarcely so4 ,brieger isolated neuridine from putrid flesh by precipitating the watery extract with mercuric chloride4 ,he decomposed the mercury precipitate with ,,sh1 and1 after having got rid of the sulphide of mercury by filtration1 he concentrated the liquid to a small bulk1 when a substance separated in crystals similar in form to urea2 this was purified by recrystallisation from absolute alcohol1 and converted into the platinum salt4 ,another method which may be used for the separation and purification of neuridine is to dissolve it in alcohol and precipitate with an alcoholic solution of picric acid2 the picrate may be decomposed by treatment with dilute mineral acid1 and the picric acid removed by shaking with ether4 ,the free base has a strong seminal odour4 ,it is gelatinous1 and has not been crystallised4 ,it is insoluble in ether and in absolute alcohol1 and not readily soluble in amyl alcohol4 ,it gives white precipitates with mercuric chloride1 neutral and basic lead acetates4 ,it does not give ,hofmann's isonitrile reaction4 ,when distilled with a fixed alkali1 it yields di- and trimethylamine4 ,the hydrochloride1 ,c,h,n#b;,h,cl1 crystallises in long needles1 which are insoluble in absolute alcohol1 ether1 benzol1 chloroform1 petroleum ether1 and amyl alcohol2 but the hydrochloride is very soluble in water and in dilute alcohol4 ,the hydrochloride gives no precipitate with mercuric chloride1 potass-mercuric iodide1 potass-cadmium iodide1 iodine and iodide of potassium1 tannic acid1 ferricyanide of potassium1 ferric chloride1 and it does not give any colour with ,frhde's reagent4 ,on the other hand1 phosphotungstic acid1 phospho-molybdic acid1 picric acid1 potass-bismuth iodide1 platinum chloride1 and gold chloride all give precipitates4 ,neuridine hydrochloride is capable of sublimation1 and at the same time it is decomposed1 for the sublimed needles show red or blue colours4 ,neuridine platinochloride1 ,c,h,n#b;,h,cl4,pt,cl1 yields #chad per cent4 of platinum2 it crystallises in flat needles1 soluble in water1 from which it is precipitated on the addition of alcohol4 ,the aurochloride has the formula ,c,h,n#b;,h,cl#b;,au,cl2 it is rather insoluble in cold water1 and crystallises in bunches of yellow needles4 ,on ignition1 it should yield #daai per cent4 of gold4 ,the picrate1 ,c,h,n1#b;,c,h7,,no7,,oh1 is almost insoluble in cold water1 and crystallises in needles4 ,it is not fusible1 but decomposes at about #bcj4 ,neuridine is not poisonous4 #ffd4 ,cadaverine 7,pentamethylenediamine1 ,c,h,n ,,nh,,ch--,,ch--,,ch--,,ch,,ch,,nh7 is formed in putrid animal matters1 and in cultures of the genus ,vibrio4 ,it has been found in the urine and fces in cases of cystinuria1 and ,roos#ffa has separated it by the benzoyl-chloride method from the fces of a patient suffering from tertian ague4 ,it may be formed synthetically by dissolving trimethylcyanide in absolute alcohol1 and then reducing by sodium 7,mendius' reaction74 #ffa ,zeit4 f4 physiol4 ,chemie1 xvi41 #ahib4 ,cadaverine is a thick1 clear1 syrupy liquid1 with a peculiar coniine- as well as a semen-like odour4 ,it absorbs eagerly ,,co from the air1 and ultimately is converted into a solid crystalline mass4 ,it volatilises with the steam when boiled with water1 and may be distilled in the presence even of the caustic alkalies and the alkaline earths without decomposition4 ,it does not give oil of mustard when treated with ,,cs and mercuric chloride1 nor does it give with chloroform and alcoholic potash1 carbylamine 7isonitrile74 ,if dehydrated by ,,kho1 it boils at from #aae-abj 7,brieger74#ffb #ffb ,brieger has also given to the pure base a boiling-point of #age4 ,when cadaverine is treated with methyl iodide1 two atoms of hydrogen may be replaced with methyl1 forming the base ,c,h7,,ch7,n2 the platinochloride of this last base crystallises in long red needles4 ,cadaverine forms well-defined crystalline salts as well as compounds with metals4 ,cadaverine hydrochloride1 ,c,h,n#b;,h,cl1 crystallises in needles which are deliquescent1 or it may be obtained from an alcoholic solution in plates4 ,the crystals are insoluble in absolute alcohol1 but readily soluble in #if per cent4 alcohol4 ,putrescine hydrochloride1 on the other hand1 is with difficulty soluble in alcohol of that strength2 hence the two hydrochlorides can be separated by taking advantage of their difference in solubility in #if per cent4 alcohol2 but the better method for separation is the benzoyl-chloride process 7p4 #dhg74 ,on dry distillation1 cadaverine hydrochloride decomposes into ,,nh1,h,cl and piperidine ,c,h,n4 ,the compound with mercury chloride--,c,h,n#b;,h,cl1#d;,hg,cl 7,hg #fced per cent472 melting-point1 #bad-baf--;is insoluble in alcohol and in cold water2 this property is also useful to separate it from putrescine1 the mercury compound of which is soluble in cold water4 ,the platinochloride1 ,c,h,n#b;,h,cl1,pt,cl 7,pt #chjh per cent471 crystallises in dirty red needles2 but1 by repeated crystallisation1 it may be obtained in clear chrome yellow1 short1 octahedral prisms2 it is soluble with difficulty in hot water1 insoluble in cold water4 ,the salt decomposes at #bce-bcf4 ,the aurochloride--,c,h,n#b;,h,cl#b;,au,cl 7,au #ejda per cent471 melting-point #ahh--;crystallises partly in cubes and partly in needles1 and is easily soluble in water4 ,other salts are the picrate1 ,c,h,n#b;,c,h7,,no7,,oh1 melting-point #bba with decomposition2 with difficulty soluble in cold1 but dissolving in hot water1 and insoluble in absolute alcohol4 ,there are also a neutral oxalate1 ,c,h,n1,h,c,o #b;,h,o1 melting-point #afj2 and an acid oxalate1 ,c,h,n#b;,h,c,o ,h,o1 melting-point #adc with decomposition2 both these oxalates are insoluble in absolute alcohol4 ,cadaverine dibenzoyl--,c,h7,,nhcoc,h71 melting-point #abi-acj--;crystallises in needles and plates1 soluble in alcohol and slightly soluble in ether1 insoluble in water4 ,it is not acted on by hot dilute acids or alkalis1 and when dissolved in concentrated hydrochloric acid and alcohol it is1 only after prolonged boiling1 decomposed into benzoic acid and the free base4 ,the benzoic acid after getting rid of the alcohol by evaporation1 can be removed by shaking up with ether2 then the hydrochloride can be decomposed by an alkali and the free base obtained1 or the platinum salt of cadaverine may be formed by precipitation with platinum chloride4 ,should cadaverine and putrescine be in the same liquid1 the dibenzoyl compounds may be separated as follows3--the crystalline precipitate is collected on a filter1 washed with water until the filtrate runs clear1 and then dissolved in warm alcohol2 this solution is poured into twenty times its volume of ether and allowed to stand2 after a short time crystals form of the putrescine compound1 which are far less soluble in alcohol than those of cadaverine dibenzoyl2 these crystals are filtered off and repeatedly crystallised from alcohol until the melting-point is about #age-agf4 ,the filtrate contains the cadaverine compound2 this latter is recovered by evaporating off the ether-alcohol4 #ffe4 ,putrescine--,tetramethylenediamine1 ,c,h,n,,nh,,ch,,ch,,ch,,ch,,nh4 ,the free base is a clear liquid1 with a semen-like odour1 boiling-point #ace4 ,it is a common base in putrefying animal substances1 and also occurs in the urine in cases of cystinuria4 ,it can be obtained synthetically by reducing ethylene cyanide by the action of sodium in absolute alcohol4 ,the best method of separating putrescine is the benzoyl chloride method already given4 ,putrescine forms crystalline salts1 of which the following are the most important3-- ,putrescine hydrochloride1 ,c,h,n#b;,h,cl1 forms long colourless needles1 insoluble in absolute alcohol1 easily soluble in water4 ,the platinochloride1 ,c,h,n#b;,h,cl4,pt,cl 7,pt #cib per cent471 is with difficulty soluble in cold water4 ,when pure1 the salt is in the form of six-sided plates4 ,the aurochloride1 ,c,h,n#b;,h,cl4#b;,au,cl #b;,h,o 7,au #eac per cent471 is insoluble in cold water1 in contradistinction to cadaverine aurochloride1 which easily dissolves4 ,the picrate1 ,c,h,n#b;,c,h7,,no7,,oh1 is a salt of difficult solubility4 ,it crystallises in yellow plates4 ,it browns at #bcj1 and melts with evolution of gas at #bej4 ,dibenzoylputrescine1 ,c,h7,,nhcoc,h71 forms silky plates or long needles1 melting-point #age-agf4 ,by boiling it for twelve hours with alcohol and strong hydrochloric acid the compound may be broken up into hydrochloride of putrescine and free benzoic acid4 ,as stated before1 it is less soluble in alcohol than the corresponding compound of cadaverine4 ,putrescine is not poisonous4 ,on the other hand1 by repeated treatment with methyl iodide1 it takes up four methyl radicals1 and the tetramethyl compound1 ,c,h7,,ch7,n1 produces symptoms similar to those of muscarine poisoning4 #fff4 ,metaphenylenediamine1 ,,nh _/ ,c,h 1 ,,nh is a crystalline substance1 melting-point #fc1 boiling-point #bgf-bgg4 ,the crystals are easily soluble in alcohol or ether1 with difficulty in water4 ,the least trace of nitrous acid strikes a yellow colour from the formation of triamidobenzol4 #ffg4 ,paraphenylenediamine1 ,,nh _/ ,c,h 1 ,,nh is in the form of tabular crystals1 melting-point #adj1 boiling-point #bfg4 ,if this substance is oxidised with ferric chloride or manganese binoxide and sulphuric acid1 chinone is produced2 if treated with ,,sh and ferric chloride1 a violet sulphur-holding colouring matter1 allied to methylene blue1 is formed2 these reactions are tests for the presence of the para-compound4 ,both these diamines are poisonous4 ,metaphenylenediamine produces1 in the dog1 the symptoms of an aggravated influenza with continual sneezing and hoarse cough1 which1 if the dose is large enough1 ends in coma and death4 ,paraphenylenediamine produces exophthalmia1 the tissues of the eye undergoing complete alteration4#ffc #ffc ,comptes ,rend41 cvii4 #ecc-ece4 ,both compounds1 in doses of #ajj mgrms4 per kilo41 cause more or less salivation1 with diarrha4 ,the para-compound is more poisonous than the meta-compound4 ,so far as the author is aware1 neither of these diamines have been separated with certainty from the urine of sick persons1 nor from products of decomposition4 #ffh4 ,hexamethylenediamine1 ,c,h,n4--,hexamethylenediamine has been found by ,a4 ,garcia#ffd in a putrefying mixture of horse-flesh and pancreas4 #ffd ,zeit4 f4 physiol4 ,chemie1 xvii4 #edc-eee4 #ffi4 ,diethylenediamine1 ,c,h,n1 is a crystalline substance1 melting-point #ajd1 boiling-point #ade-adf4 ,after melting1 it solidifies on cooling1 forming a hard crystalline mass4 ,it is extremely soluble in water1 and is deposited from alcohol in large transparent crystals4 ,a technical product called 8spermin piperazidin0 or 8piperazine0 has been found by ,a4 ,w4 v4 ,hoffmann#ffe to be identical with diethylenediamine4 ,the hydrochloride crystallises in colourless needles1 insoluble in alcohol1 readily soluble in water4 ,the platinochloride1 ,c,h,n,h,pt,cl1 is in small yellow needles1 and is fairly easily soluble in hot water1 but dissolves but slightly in hot alcohol4 ,the mercuro-chloride1 ,c,h,n,h,hg,cl1 crystallises in concentrically grouped needles1 and is readily soluble in hot water1 but is reprecipitated on adding alcohol4 ,the picrate1 ,c,h,n1,c,h7,,no7,,oh1 crystallises from water in yellow needles1 almost insoluble in alcohol4#fff #ffe ,ber41 xxiii4 #cbig-ccjc4 #fff ,sieber1 ,j41 ,ber41 xxiii4 #cbf-cbg4 #fgj4 ,mydaleine is a poisonous base discovered by ,brieger in putrid animal matters4 ,it is probably a diamine1 but has not been obtained in sufficient quantity for accurate chemical study4 ,the platinochloride is extremely soluble in water1 and only comes down from an absolute alcohol solution4 ,it has been obtained in a crystalline form1 giving on analysis #chgd per cent4 of platinum1 ,c4 #ajhc per cent41 ,h4 #cbc per cent4 ,mydaleine is very poisonous4 ,small quantities injected into guinea-pigs cause dilatation of the pupil1 an abundant secretion from the nose and eyes1 and a rise of temperature4 ,fifty mgrms4 cause death4 ,the post-mortem appearances are not distinctive2 the heart is arrested in diastole2 the intestines and bladder are contracted4 ,in cats it causes profuse diarrha and vomiting4 #fga4 ,guanidine4--,guanidine may be considered to have a relation to urea2 for1 if the oxygen of urea is replaced by the imide group ,,nh1 guanidine originates thus3-- ,,nh _/ ,urea ,o,c ,,nh ,,nh _/ ,guanidine ,,nhc ,,nh ,hence guanidine from its structural formula is a carbodiamidimide4 ,guanidine may be formed by the action of oxidising agents1 such as potassic chlorate and hydrochloric acid1 on guanine2 or by heating amide cyanide with ammonium chloride1 and so forming guanidine chloride4 ,it is also produced from the oxidation of albumin4 ,when boiled with baryta-water it decomposes into urea and ammonia4 ,it combines with acids to form salts2 the gold salt1 ,,ch,n,h,cl1,au,cl1 is in the form of long yellow needles1 with difficulty soluble in water4 ,guanidine nitrate1 ,,ch,n,,hno1 is also almost insoluble in cold water and similar to urea nitrate4 ,by dissolving equivalent parts of phenol and guanidine in hot alcohol1 triphenylguanidine is formed2 on adding picric acid to a solution of triphenylguanidine1 phenylguanidine picrate1 ,,ch,ph,n,c,h7,,no7,,oh1 is formed1 and falls as a precipitate of slender needles1 melting-point #bjh2 this picrate is very slightly soluble1 #a part dissolving in #ab1bbj parts of water at #ae4 ,guanidine is poisonous4#ffg #ffg ,o4 ,prelinger1 ,monatsb41 xiii4 #ig-ajj4 ,a method of separating guanidine from urine has been worked out by ,gergers and ,baumann4#ffh ,the principle of the method is based upon the fact that guanidine is precipitated by mercurous oxide4 ,the urine is precipitated by hydrate of baryta1 the precipitate filtered off1 the alkaline filtrate neutralised by hydrochloric acid1 and the neutral filtrate evaporated to a syrup on the water-bath2 the syrup is exhausted by absolute alcohol1 and the alcoholic solution filtered2 this filtrate is freed from alcohol by distillation1 the alcohol-free residue dissolved in a little water1 shaken up with freshly precipitated mercury oxide1 and allowed to stand for two days in a warm place2 the precipitate formed is collected1 acidulated with ,h,cl and treated with ,,sh2 the mercury sulphide thus obtained is separated by filtration1 the filtrate evaporated1 and the residue dissolved in absolute alcohol4 ,this solution is precipitated by platinum chloride1 filtered1 separated from any platinum ammonium salt1 and evaporated to a small volume4 ,after long standing the guanidine salt crystallises out4 ,the best method to identify it appears to be1 to ascertain the absence of ammonia and of urea1 and then to gently warm the supposed guanidine with an alkali1 which breaks guanidine up into ammonia and urea1 according to the following equation3-- ,,nh,c7,,nh7 ,h,o ,,nh ,,co7,,nh74 #ffh ,pflger's ,archiv1 xii4 #bje4 ,the physiological effects of guanidine are as follows3-- ,a centigrm4 of guanidine salt injected into the lymph sac in the back of frogs produces1 after a few minutes1 muscular convulsions3 first1 there are fibrillar twitchings of the muscles of the back2 next1 these spread generally so that the whole surface of the frog seems to be in a wave-like motion4 ,irritation of the limbs produces tetanus4 ,there is1 at the same time1 increased secretion from the skin4 ,the breathing is irregular4 ,in large doses there is paralysis and death4 ,the heart is found arrested in diastole4 ,the fatal dose for a frog is #ej mgrms42 but #a mgrm4 will produce symptoms of illness4 ,in dogs there is paralysis1 convulsions1 vomiting1 and difficult breathing4 #fgb4 ,methylguanidine1 ,,nh4,,ch _/ ,,nh,c 4 ,,nh --,methylguanidine has been isolated by ,brieger from putrefying horse-flesh2 it has also been found in impure cultures in beef broth of ,finkler and ,prior's ,vibrio proteus4 ,bocklisch isolated it1 working with ,brieger's process1 from the mercuric chloride precipitate1 after removal of the mercury and concentration of the filtrate1 by adding a solution of sodium picrate4 ,the precipitate contained the picrates of cadaverine1 creatinine1 and methylguanidine2 cadaverine picrate1 insoluble in boiling absolute alcohol1 was separated by filtering from a solution of the picrates of the bases in boiling absolute alcohol2 the alcohol was evaporated from the filtrate and the residue taken up with water4 ,from this aqueous solution the picric acid was removed and then the solution precipitated with gold chloride2 methylguanidine was precipitated1 while creatinine remained in solution4 ,methylguanidine aurochloride1 ,c,h,n,h,cl4,au,cl 7,au #dgg per cent471 forms rhombic crystals easily soluble in alcohol and ether2 melting-point #aih4 ,the hydrochloride1 ,c,h,n,h,cl1 crystallises in needles insoluble in alcohol4 ,the picrate1 ,c,h,n,c,h7,,no7,,oh1 comes down at first as a resinous mass1 but1 after boiling in water1 is found to be in the form of needles soluble in hot absolute alcohol2 melting-point #aib4 ,the symptoms produced by methylguanidine are rapid respiration1 dilatation of the pupils1 paralysis1 and death1 preceded by convulsions4 ,the heart is found arrested in diastole4 #fgc4 ,saprine1 ,c,h,n4--,saprine is isomeric with cadaverine and neuridine2 it was found by ,brieger in human livers and spleens after three weeks' putrefaction4 ,saprine occurs1 in ,brieger's process1 in the mercury precipitate4 ,its reactions are very similar to those of cadaverine2 the main difference being that cadaverine hydrochloride gives a crystalline aurochloride1 saprine does not2 the platinum salt is also more soluble in water than the cadaverine salt4 ,it is not poisonous4 #fgd4 ,the ,choline ,group4--,the choline group consists of choline1 neurine1 betaine1 and muscarine4 ,all these bodies can be prepared from choline2 their relationship to choline can be readily gathered from the following structural formul3-- ,,ch,,oh ,,ch ,n7,,ch74,,oh ,choline4 ,,ch ,,ch ,n7,,ch74,,oh ,neurine4 ,,co,h ,,ch ,n7,,ch74,,oh ,betaine4 ,,ch,,oh ,,choh ,n7,,ch74,,oh ,muscarine4 ,choline is a syrup with an alkaline reaction4 ,on boiling with water1 it decomposes into glycol and trimethylamine4 ,it gives1 when oxidised1 muscarine4 ,it forms salts4 ,the hydrochloride is soluble in water and absolute alcohol2 neurine hydrochloride and betaine hydrochloride are but little soluble in absolute alcohol1 therefore this property can be utilised for their separation from choline4 ,the platinochloride is insoluble in absolute alcohol2 it melts at #bbe with effervescence1 and contains #caf per cent4 of platinum4 ,the mercurochloride is soluble with difficulty even in hot water4 ,the aurochloride 7,au #dde per cent47 is crystalline1 and with difficulty soluble in cold water2 but is soluble in hot water and in alcohol2 melting-point #bfd with decomposition4 ,choline is only poisonous in large doses4 #fge4 ,neurine 7,trimethyl-vinyl-ammonium hydrate71 ,c,h,n7,,ch7,,oh4--,neurine is one of the products of decomposition of choline4 ,it is poisonous1 and has been separated by ,brieger and others from decomposing animal matters4 ,in ,brieger's process1 neurine1 if present1 will be for the most part in the mercuric chloride precipitate1 and some portion will also be in the filtrate4 ,the mercury precipitate is decomposed by ,,sh1 the mercury sulphide filtered off1 and the filtrate1 concentrated1 treated with absolute alcohol and then precipitated by platinum chloride4 ,it is usually accompanied by choline2 the platinochloride of choline is readily soluble in water1 neurine platinochloride is soluble with difficulty2 this property is taken advantage of1 and the platinochloride crystallised from water until pure4 ,neurine has a strong alkaline reaction4 ,neurine chloride1 ,c,h,n4,cl1 crystallises in fine needles4 ,the platinochloride1 7,c,h,n,cl7,pt,cl 7,pt #ccf per cent471 crystallises in octahedra4 ,the salt is soluble with difficulty in hot water4 ,the aurochloride1 ,c,h,n,cl,au,cl 7,au #dfcg per cent471 forms flat prisms1 which1 according to ,brieger1 are soluble with difficulty in hot water4 ,neurine is intensely poisonous1 the symptoms being similar to those produced by muscarine4 ,atropine is an antidote to neurine1 relieving in suitable doses the effects1 and even rendering animals temporarily immune against the toxic action of neurine4 ,when a fatal dose of neurine is injected into a frog there is in a short time paralysis of the extremities4 ,the respiration stops first1 and afterwards the heart1 the latter in diastole4 ,the symptoms in rabbits are profuse nasal secretion and salivation with paralysis1 as in frogs4 ,applied to the eye1 neurine causes contraction of the pupil2 to a less degree the same effect is produced by the ingestion of neurine4 ,trimethyloxyammonium hydrochloride causes similar symptoms to neurine1 but the action is less powerful4--,v4 ,cervello1 ,arch4 ,ital4 ,biol41 vii4 #bcb-bcc4 #fgf4 ,betaine4--,betaine may be separated from a solution in alcohol as large deliquescent crystals2 the reaction of the crystals is neutral4 ,distilled with potash1 trimethylamine and other bases are formed4 ,betaine chloride1 ,c,h,,no,cl1 forms plates permanent in the air and insoluble in absolute alcohol4 ,a solution of the chloride in water gives1 with potassium mercuric iodide1 a light yellow or whitish yellow precipitate1 soluble in excess2 but1 on rubbing the sides of the tube with a glass rod1 the oily precipitate crystallises as yellow needles2 probably this is characteristic4 ,the aurochloride 7,au #dca percent47 forms fine cholesterine plates1 soluble in water2 melting-point #bji4 ,betaine is not poisonous4 #fgg4 ,peptotoxine4--,brieger submitted to the action of fresh gastric juice moist fibrin for twenty-four hours at blood heat4 ,the liquid was evaporated to a syrup and boiled with ethylic alcohol1 the ethylic alcohol was evaporated1 the residue digested with amylic alcohol1 and the amyl alcohol in its turn evaporated to dryness2 the residue was a brown amorphous mass that was poisonous4 ,it was farther purified by treating the extract with neutral lead acetate and then filtered2 the filtrate was freed from lead by ,,sh and treated with ether1 the ethereal extract being then separated and evaporated to dryness2 this last residue was taken up with amyl alcohol1 the alcohol evaporated to dryness1 and the residue finally taken up with water and filtered4 ,the filtrate is poisonous4 ,the poisonous substance1 to which ,brieger gave the provisional name of peptotoxine1 is a very stable substance1 resisting the action of a boiling temperature1 and even the action of strong alkalies4 ,it gives precipitates with alkaloidal group reagents1 and strikes a blue colour with ferric chloride and ferricyanide of potassium4 ,the most characteristic test seems to be its action with ,millon's reagent 7a solution of mercury nitrate in nitric acid containing nitrous acid72 this gives a white precipitate which1 on boiling1 becomes intensely red4 ,it is poisonous1 killing rabbits in doses of #je grm4 per kilogrm41 with symptoms of paralysis and coma4 ,the nature of this substance requires further elucidation4 #fgh4 ,pyridine ,alkaloid from the ,cuttle ,fish4--,o4 de ,coninck#ffi has obtained1 by ,gautier's process1 an alkaloid from the cuttle fish1 of the formula ,c,h,n1 in the form of a yellow1 mobile1 strongly odorous liquid1 very soluble in alcohol1 ether1 and acetone1 boiling-point #bjb4 ,it quickly absorbs moisture from the air4 ,it forms two mercuric chlorides1 one of which has the formula 7,c,h,n1,h,cl7,hg,cl2 this compound crystallises in small white needles1 slightly soluble in water and dilute alcohol1 but insoluble in absolute alcohol1 and decomposing when exposed to moist air4 ,the other salt is a sesqui-salt1 forming long yellowish needles1 insoluble in ordinary solvents1 and decomposing when exposed to moist air4 ,the alkaloid also forms deliquescent very soluble salts with hydrochloric and hydrobromic acids4 ,a platinum salt is also formed1 7,c,h,n7,h,pt,cl2 it is of a deep yellow colour1 almost insoluble in cold1 but soluble in hot water2 it is decomposed by boiling water1 with the formation of a very insoluble compound in the shape of a brown powder1 7,c,h,n7,pt,cl4 ,coninck's alkaloid1 on oxidation with potassic permanganate1 yields a gummy acid2 this acid1 on purifying it by conversion into a potassium salt and then into a cupric salt1 was found to be nicotinic acid2 so that the alkaloid is undoubtedly a pyridine compound2 indeed1 the acid1 distilled with lime1 yields pyridine4 #ffi ,comptes ,rend41 cvi4 #heh1 #hfa2 cviii4 #eh-ei1 #hji-haj2 cvi4 #afjd-afje4 #fgi4 ,poisons connected with ,tetanus4--,brieger1 in #ahhg1 isolated a base of unknown composition1 to which he gave the name of 8spasmotoxine40 ,it was produced in cultures of the tetanus bacillus in beef broth4 ,two more definite substances have also been discovered1 viz41 tetanine and tetanotoxine4 ,tetanine1 ,c,h,n,o1 is best isolated by the method of ,kitasato and ,weyl4#fgj ,their method of treating broth cultures of the tetanus bacillus is as follows3-- #fgj ,zeit4 f4 ,hygiene1 viii4 #djd4 ,the broth is digested with #jbe per cent4 ,h,cl for some hours at #dfj1 then rendered feebly alkaline1 and distilled in a vacuum4 ,the residue in the retort is then worked up for tetanine by ,brieger's method2 the distillate contains tetanotoxine1 ammonia1 indol1 hydrogen sulphide1 phenol1 and butyric acid4 ,on treating the contents of the retort by ,brieger's mercury chloride method1 the filtrate contains most of the poison4 ,the mercury is removed by ,,sh1 the filtered solution evaporated and exhausted by absolute alcohol1 in which the tetanine dissolves4 ,any ammonium chloride is thus separated1 ammonium chloride being insoluble in absolute alcohol4 ,the alcoholic solution1 filtered from any insoluble substance1 is next treated with an alcoholic solution of platinum chloride1 which precipitates creatinine 7and any ammonium salts71 but does not precipitate tetanine4 ,the platinum salt of tetanine may1 however1 be precipitated by the addition of ether to the alcoholic solution4 ,the platinum salt1 as obtained by precipitation from ether1 is very deliquescent2 it has1 therefore1 to be rapidly filtered off and dried in a vacuum4 ,it can then be recrystallised from hot #if per cent4 alcohol1 forming clear yellow plates2 these plates1 if dried in a vacuum1 become with difficulty soluble in water4 ,tetanine may be obtained as a free base by treating the hydrochloride with freshly precipitated moist silver oxide4 ,it forms a strongly alkaline yellow syrup1 and is easily decomposed in acid solution1 but is permanent in alkaline solutions4 ,the platinochloride1 as before observed1 is precipitable by ether from alcoholic solution2 it contains #bhc per cent4 of platinum1 and decomposes at #aig4 ,the base produces tetanus4 #fhj4 ,tetanotoxine may be distilled1 and be found in the distillate with other matters4 ,it forms an easily soluble gold salt1 melting-point #acj4 ,the platinochloride is soluble with difficulty1 and decomposes at #bdj4 ,the hydrochloride is soluble in alcohol and in water1 melting-point about #bje4 ,tetanotoxine produces tremor1 then paralysis1 and lastly1 violent convulsions4 #fha4 ,mydatoxine1 ,c,h,,no4--,a base obtained by ,brieger from horse-flesh in a putrefactive condition and other substances4 ,it is found in the mercury chloride precipitate4 ,the free base is an alkaline syrup1 isomeric with the base separated by ,brieger from tetanus cultures4 ,the hydrochloride is a deliquescent syrup1 not forming any compound with gold chloride1 but uniting with phospho-molybdic acid in forming a compound crystallising in cubes4 ,it forms a double salt with gold chloride1 sparingly soluble in water4 ,the platinochloride 7,pt #bi per cent47 is very soluble in water1 but not soluble in alcohol2 melting-point #aic with decomposition4 ,the base in large doses is poisonous1 causing lachrymation1 diarrha1 and convulsions4 #fhb4 ,mytilotoxine1 ,c,h,,no4--,this is believed to be the poison of mussels4 ,brieger isolated it as follows3-- ,the mussels were boiled with water acidified by hydrochloric acid2 the liquid was filtered1 and the filtrate evaporated to a syrup1 and the syrup was repeatedly extracted with alcohol4 ,it was found advisable to exhaust thoroughly with alcohol1 otherwise much poison remained behind4 ,the alcoholic solution was treated with an alcoholic solution of lead acetate4 ,the filtrate was evaporated and the residue extracted with alcohol4 ,the lead was removed by ,,sh1 the alcohol distilled off1 water added to the remaining syrup1 and the solution decolorised by boiling with animal charcoal4 ,the solution was neutralised by sodium carbonate1 acidulated with nitric acid1 and precipitated with phosphomolybdic acid4 ,the precipitate was then decomposed by warming with a neutral solution of lead acetate1 and the filtrate 7after the removal of the lead by the action of ,,sh7 was acidulated with ,h,cl and evaporated to dryness4 ,the residue was then extracted with absolute alcohol1 filtered from any insoluble chloride1 e4g41 betaine chloride1 and precipitated by mercury chloride in alcohol4 ,the free base has a most peculiar odour1 which disappears on exposure to air2 at the same time1 the poisonous properties also diminish4 ,the base is destroyed by boiling with sodium carbonate2 on the other hand1 the hydrochloride may be evaporated to dryness or be boiled without decomposing4 ,the hydrochloride crystallises in tetrahedra2 the aurochloride crystallises in cubes 7,au#daff per cent474 ,its melting-point is #ahb4 #fhc4 ,tyrotoxicon 7,diazobenzol1 ,c,h,n7,,oh774--,it appears1 from the researches of ,vaughan and others1 that diazobenzol is liable to be formed in milk and milk products1 especially in summer time4 ,it is confidently asserted by many that the summer diarrha of infants is due to this toxine2 however that may be1 it is well established that diazobenzol is a violent poison1 causing sickness1 diarrha1 and1 in large doses1 an acute malady scarcely distinguishable from cholera1 and which may end fatally4 ,there will always be difficulty in detecting it1 because of its instability4 ,the following is the best process of extraction from milk4 ,the milk will probably be acid from decomposition2 if so1 the whey must be separated by dilution and filtration2 without dilution it may be found impracticable to get a clear filtrate4 ,in order to keep the bulk down1 #be c4c4 of the milk may be diluted up to #ajj c4c41 and1 having obtained a clear filtrate from this #be c4c4 thus diluted1 the filtrate is used to dilute another #be c4c4 of milk and so on4 ,the acid filtrate is neutralised by sodium carbonate1 agitated with an equal volume of ether1 allowed to stand in a stoppered vessel for twenty-four hours1 and the ether then separated and allowed to evaporate spontaneously4 ,the residue is acidified with nitric acid and then treated with a saturated solution of potash1 which forms a stable compound with diazobenzol1 and the whole concentrated on the water-bath4 ,on cooling1 the tyrotoxicon compound forms six-sided plates4 ,before the whole of this process is undertaken1 it is well to make a preliminary test of the milk as follows3--,a little of the ether is allowed to evaporate spontaneously4 ,place on a porcelain slab two or three drops of a mixture of equal parts of sulphuric and carbolic acids1 and add a few drops of the aqueous solution2 if tyrotoxicon be present1 a yellow to orange-red colour is produced4 ,a similar colour is also produced by nitrates or nitrites1 which are not likely to be present under the circumstances1 milk having mere traces only of nitrates or nitrites2 it may also be due to butyric acid1 which1 in a decomposed milk1 may frequently be in solution4 ,therefore1 if a colour occurs1 this is not absolutely conclusive2 if1 however1 no colour is produced1 then it is certain that no diazobenzol has been separated4 ,that is all that can be said1 for the process itself is faulty1 and only separates a fractional part of the whole4 #fhd4 ,toxines of ,hog ,cholera4--,toxines have been isolated by ,f4 ,g4 ,novy#fga from a cultivation of ,salmon's bacillus in pork broth4 ,the fluid possessed a strong alkaline reaction4 ,for the isolation1 ,brieger's method was used4 ,the mercury chloride precipitate was amorphous and was converted into a chlorine-free platinum compound1 to which was assigned the composition of ,c,h,n,pt,o4 ,after separation of this compound1 the mother liquor still contained a platinum salt crystallising in needles1 and from this was obtained the chlorhydrate of a new base1 to which was given the name of susotoxine2 it had the composition of ,c,h,n#b;,h,cl1,pt,cl4 ,susotoxine gives general alkaloidal reactions1 and is very poisonous4 #fga ,med4 ,news1 ,september #ahij4 #fhe4 ,other ,ptomaines4--,besides the ptomaines which have been already described1 there are a number of others2 the following may be mentioned3 isoamylamine1#fgb 7,,ch7,,ch4,,ch4,,ch,,nh2 butylamine1 ,,ch,,ch,,ch,,ch,,nh2 dihydrolutidine1#fgc ,c,h,n2 hydrocollidine1#fgd ,c,h,n2 ,c,h,n 7a base isolated by ,guareschi and ,mosso#fge from ox-fibrin in a state of putrefaction by ,gautier's method2 it forms a crystalline hydrochloride and an insoluble platinochloride2 its action is like that of curare but weaker72 aselline1#fgf ,c,h,n1 isolated from cod-liver oil2 typhotoxine1#fgg ,c,h,,no1 isolated from cultures of ,eberth's bacillus4 ,so far as the published researches go1 it would appear that other crystalline substances have been isolated from the urine1 from the tissues1 and from the secretions of patients suffering from various diseases2 the quantity obtained in each case has1 however1 been1 under the most favourable circumstances1 less than a gramme2 often only a few milligrms4 ,to specifically declare that a few milligrms4 of a substance is a new body1 requires immense experience and great skill2 and1 even where those qualifications are present1 this is too often impossible4 ,this being so1 the long list of named ptomaines1 such as erysipeline1 varioline1 and others1 must have their existence more fully confirmed by more than one observer before they can be accepted as separate entities4 #fgb ,hesse1 ,chem4 ,jahresb41 #aheg1 #djc4 #fgc ,gautier1 ,a41 and ,morgues1 ,compt4 ,rend41 #ahhh4 #fgd ,gautier et ,etard1 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,chim41 xxxvii41 #ahhb4 #fge ,guareschi et ,mosso1 ,les ptomaines1 #ahhc4 #fgf ,gautier1 ,a41 et ,morgues1 ,compt4 ,rend41 #ahhh4 #fgg ,brieger1 #ahhe1 ,ptomaines1 iii4 ,,division ,,iii4--,,food ,,poisoning4 #fhf4 ,a large number of cases of poisoning by food occur yearly2 some are detailed in the daily press2 the great majority are neither recorded in any journal1 scientific or otherwise2 nor1 on account of their slight and passing character1 is medical aid sought4 ,the greatest portion of these cases are probably due to ptomaines existing in the food before being consumed2 others may be due to the action of unhealthy fermentation in the intestinal canal itself2 in a third class of cases1 it is probable that a true zymotic infection is conveyed and develops in the sufferer2 the latter class of cases1 as1 for instance1 the ,middlesborough epidemic of pleuro-pneumonia1 is outside the scope of this treatise4 ,confining the attention to cases of food poisoning in which the symptoms have been closely analysed and described1 the reader is referred to thirteen cases of food poisoning1 investigated by the medical officers of the ,local ,government ,board between the years #ahgh and #ahia1 as follows3-- #ahgh4 ,a ,case of ,poisoning at ,whitchurch from eating ,roast ,pork4--,only the leg of pork was poisonous1 other parts eaten without injury4 ,two persons died after about thirty hours' illness4 ,the pork itself1 on a particular ,sunday1 was innocuous2 it became poisonous between the ,sunday and the ,monday2 the toxicity appeared to gradually increase1 for those who ate it for dinner on the ,monday were not taken ill for periods of from seven to nineteen hours1 while two persons who ate of it in the evening were attacked four hours after eating4 #ahhj4 ,the ,welbeck ,epidemic1 due to eating cold boiled ham4 ,over fifty persons affected4 ,symptoms commenced in from twelve to forty-eight hours4 #ahha4 ,a ,series of ,poisoning from eating ,baked ,pork1 ,nottingham4--,probably the gravy was the cause and not the pork itself4 ,many persons seriously ill4 ,one died4 #ahha4 ,tinned ,american ,sausage4--,a man in ,chester died from eating tinned ,american sausage4 ,poison found to be unequally distributed in the sausage4 #ahhb4 ,poisoning at ,oldham by ,tinned ,pigs' ,tongues4--,two families affected4 ,symptoms commenced in about four hours4 ,all recovered4 ,after a few days' keeping it would appear that the poison had been decomposed4 #ahhb4 ,a ,family ,poisoned by ,roast ,beef at ,bishop ,stortford4--,only a particular piece of the ribs seemed to be poisonous1 the rest of the carcase being innocuous4 ,symptoms did not commence until several hours after ingestion4 #ahhb4 ,ten different ,families at ,whitchurch ,poisoned by eating ,brawn4--,first symptoms after about four hours4 #ahhd4 ,tinned ,salmon at ,wolverhampton4--,five persons1 two being children1 ate of tinned salmon at ,wolverhampton4 ,all suffered more or less4 ,the mother's symptoms began after twelve hours1 and she died in five days2 the son died in three days1 the symptoms commencing in ten hours4 ,the post-mortem signs were similar to those from phosphorus poisoning1 viz41 fatty degeneration4 ,mice fed on the material also suffered1 and their organs showed a similar degeneration4 #ahhf4 ,the ,carlisle ,a ,case4--,at a wedding breakfast in ,carlisle twenty-four persons were poisoned by food which had been kept in an ill-ventilated cellar4 ,the articles suspected were an ,american ham1 an open game pie1 and certain jellies4 ,the bride died4 ,symptoms commenced in from six to forty-three hours4 #ahhf4 ,poisoning by ,veal ,pie at ,iron ,bridge4--,twelve out of fifteen ate of the pie2 all were taken ill in from six to twelve hours4 #ahhg4 ,poisoning at ,retford of ,eighty ,persons from eating ,pork ,pie or ,brawn4--,symptoms commenced at various intervals1 from eight to thirty-six hours4 #ahhi4 ,the ,carlisle ,b ,case4--,poisoning by pork pies or boiled salt pork4 ,number of persons attacked1 about twenty-five4 #ahia4 ,poisoning by a ,meat ,pie at ,portsmouth4--,thirteen persons suffered from serious illness4 ,portions of the pies were poisonous to mice4 ,the symptoms in all these cases were not precisely alike2 but they were so far identical as to show as great a similarity as in cases when a number of persons are poisoned by the same chemical substance4 ,arsenic1 for instance1 produces several types of poisoning2 so does phosphorus4 ,severe gastro-enteric disturbance1 with more or less affection of the nervous system1 were the main characteristics4 ,these symptoms commenced1 as before stated1 at various intervals after ingestion of the food2 but they came on with extreme suddenness4 ,rigors1 prostration1 giddiness1 offensive diarrha1 followed by muscular twitchings1 dilatation of the pupil1 drowsiness1 deepening in bad cases to coma1 were commonly observed4 ,the post-mortem appearances were those of enteritis1 with inflammatory changes in the kidney and liver4 ,convalescence was slow2 sometimes there was desquamation of the skin4 ,in many of these cases ,dr4 ,klein found bacteria which1 under certain conditions1 were capable of becoming pathogenic2 but in no case does there seem to have been at the same time an exhaustive chemical inquiry2 so that1 although there was evidence of a poison passing through the kidney1 the nature of the poison still remains obscure4 ,the deaths in ,england and ,wales from unwholesome food during ten years were as follows3-- ,,deaths ,,in ,,england ,,and ,,wales ,,from ,,unwholesome ,,food ,,during ,,the ,,ten ,,years #ahhc-ahib4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #ahhc4 #ahhe4 #ahhg4 #ahhi4 #ahia4 ,to- #ahhd4 #ahhf4 #ahhh4 #ahij4 #ahib4tal4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,diseased #a 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 #a meat1 ,poisonous #b #c #b #a #a #d #c #b #i #f #cc fish1 ,unwholesome444 #a 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 #a brawn1 ,tinned 444 #b 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 #b salmon1 ,putrid 444 #a #a #a 444 444 #a 444 444 444 #d meat1 ,diseased 444 #a 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 #a food1 ,mussels1 444 #a 444 444 444 444 #a 444 444 444 #b ,tinned 444 444 444 444 #b 444 444 444 444 444 #b foods1 ,whelks1 444 444 444 444 #a 444 444 444 444 444 #a ,winkles1 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 444 #a ,ptomaines1 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 #a 444 #a ---------------------------------------- ---- #c #i #c #b #d #d #e #c #aj #f #di ---------------------------------------- --------------- #fhg4 ,german ,sausage ,poisoning4--,a series of cases may be picked out from the accounts of sausage poisoning in ,germany1 all of which evidently depend upon a poison producing the same symptoms1 and the essentially distinctive mark of which is extreme dryness of the skin and mucous membranes1 dilatation of the pupil1 and paralysis of the upper eyelids 7ptosis74 ,in an uncertain time after eating sausages or some form of meat1 from one to twenty-four hours1 there is a general feeling of uneasiness1 a sense of weight about the stomach1 nausea1 and soon afterwards vomiting1 and very often diarrha4 ,the diarrha is not severe1 never assumes a choleraic form1 and is unaccompanied by cramps in the muscles4 ,after a considerable interval there is marked dryness of the mucous membrane 7a symptom which never fails71 the tongue1 pharynx1 and the mouth generally seem actually destitute of secretion2 there is also an absence of perspiration1 the nasal mucous membrane participates in this unnatural want of secretion1 the very tears are dried up4 ,in a case related by ,kraatzer1#fgh the patient1 losing a son1 was much troubled1 but wept no tear4 ,this dryness leads to changes in the mucous membrane1 it shrivels1 and partly desquamates1 aphthous swellings may occur1 and a diffuse redness and diphtheritic-like patches have been noticed4 ,there is obstinate constipation1 probably from a dryness of the mucous lining of the intestines4 ,the breath has an unpleasant odour1 there is often a croupy cough1 the urinary secretion alone is not decreased but rather augmented4 ,swallowing may be so difficult as to rise to the grade of aphagia1 and the tongue cannot be manipulated properly1 so that the speech may be almost unintelligible4 ,at the same time1 marked symptoms of the motor nerves of the face are present1 the patient's sight is disturbed1 he sees colours or sparks before his eyes2 in a few cases there has been transitory blindness1 in others diplopia4 ,the pupil in nearly all the cases has been dilated1 also in exceptional instances it has been contracted4 ,the levator palpebrae superioris is paralysed1 and the resulting ptosis completes the picture4 ,consciousness remains intact almost to death1 there is excessive weakness of the muscles1 perhaps from a general paresis4 ,if the patient lives long enough1 he gets wretchedly thin1 and dies from marasmus4 ,in more rapidly fatal cases1 death follows from respiratory paralysis1 with or without convulsions4 #fgh ,quoted by ,husemann1 ,vergiftung durch ,wurstgift 7,maschka's ,handbook74 ,the post-mortem appearances which have been observed are--the mucous membranes of the mouth1 gullet1 and throat are white1 hard1 and parchment-like2 that of the stomach is more or less injected with numerous hmorrhages3 the kidneys are somewhat congested1 with some effusion of blood in the tubuli2 the spleen is large and very full of blood1 and the lungs are often dematous1 pneumonic1 or bronchitic4 ,,part ,,viii4--,,the ,,oxalic ,,acid ,,group ,,of ,,poisons4 #fhh4 ,oxalic acid is widely distributed both in the free state and in combination with bases throughout the vegetable kingdom1 and it also occurs in the animal kingdom4 ,in combination with potash it is found in the ,geranium acetosum 7,l471 ,spinacia oleracea 7,l471 ,phytolacca decandra 7,l471 ,rheum palmatum 7,l471 ,rumex acetosa1 ,atropa belladonna1 and several others2 in combination with soda in different species of ,salsola and ,salicornia2 and in combination with lime in most plants1 especially in the roots and bark4 ,many lichens contain half their weight of calcic oxalate1 and oxalic acid1 either free or combined1 is 7according to the observations of ,hamlet and ,plowright#fgi7 present in all mature non-microscopic fungi4 ,crystals of oxalate of lime may be frequently seen by the aid of the microscope in the cells of plants4 ,according to ,schmidt1#fhj this crystallisation only takes place in the fully mature cell1 for in actively growing cells the oxalate of lime is entirely dissolved by the albumen of the plant4 #fgi ,chem4 ,news1 vol4 xxxvi4 p4 #ic4 #fhj ,ann4 ,chem4 ,pharm41 vol4 lxi4 p4 #big4 ,in the animal kingdom oxalic acid is always present in the intestinal contents of the caterpillar4 ,in combination with lime1 it is constantly found in the allantois liquor of the cow1 the urine of man1 swine1 horses1 and cats4 ,with regard to human urine1 the presence or absence of oxalate of lime greatly depends upon the diet1 and also upon the individual1 some persons almost invariably secreting oxalates1 whatever their food may be4 #fhi4 ,oxalic ,acid1 ,h,c,o#b;,h,o 7#ij #cf71 specific gravity #afd1 occurs in commerce in prismatic crystals1 very similar to1 and liable to be mistaken for1 either magnesic or zincic sulphates4 ,the crystals are intensely acid1 easily soluble in water 7#a part requiring at #ade #ajdf parts of water72 they are also soluble in parts of cold1 and readily in boiling1 alcohol4 ,oxalic acid is slightly soluble in cold absolute ether2 but ether1 although extracting most organic acids from an aqueous solution1 will not extract oxalic acid4 ,oxalic acid sublimes slowly at #ajj1 but rapidly and completely at #aej2 the best means of obtaining the pure anhydride is to put a sufficient quantity of the acid into a strong flask1 clamp it by suitable connections to a mercury pump1 and sublime in a vacuum2 in this way a sufficient quantity may be sublimed a little above #ajj4 ,it is well to remember1 not only its low subliming temperature1 but also that an aqueous solution1 if kept at #ajj1 loses acid2 hence all evaporating or heating operations must not exceed #ih1 or there will be some loss4 ,the effect of heat is first to drive off water1 then1 if continued up to about #aij1 there is decomposition into carbon monoxide1 carbon dioxide1 water1 and formic acid2 the two reactions occurring simultaneously-- ,c,h,o ,,co ,,co ,h,o4 ,c,h,o ,,co ,,ch,o4 ,heated with sulphuric acid to #aaj1 the following decomposition takes place3-- ,h,c,o ,h,o ,,co ,,co4 ,oxalic acid decomposes fluor spar1 the phosphates of iron1 silver1 zinc1 copper1 and the arseniates of iron1 silver1 and copper4 ,it may be used to separate the sulphides of iron and manganese from the sulphides of zinc1 cadmium1 uranium1 cobalt1 mercury1 and copper--dissolving the former1 not the latter4 ,many minerals and other substances are also attacked by this acid4 ,if a solution of oxalic acid in water is boiled with ammonio or sodio terchloride of gold 7avoiding direct exposure to light7 the gold is precipitated-- #b;,au,cl #c;,h,c,o #f;,,co #f;,h,cl ,au4 ,when black oxide of manganese 7free from carbonate7 is mixed with an oxalate1 and treated with dilute sulphuric acid1 the oxalic acid is decomposed1 and carbon dioxide evolved-- ,mn,o ,h,c,o ,h,,so ,mn,s,o #b;,h,o #b;,,co4 ,a similar reaction occurs with permanganate of potash4 ,if to a solution of oxalic acid1 which may be neutralised with an alkali1 or may contain free acetic acid1 a solution of acetate of lime be added1 oxalate of lime is thrown down4 ,this salt1 important in an analytical point of view1 it will be well to describe4 #fij4 ,oxalate of ,lime 7,ca,c,o,h,o71 #a part #hfc crystallised oxalic acid4 ,this is the salt which the analyst obtains for the quantitative estimation of lime or oxalic acid2 it is not identical with that occurring in the vegetable kingdom1 the latter containing #c;,h,o4 ,oxalate of lime cannot be precipitated for quantitative purposes from solutions containing chromium1 aluminium1 or ferric iron1 since somewhat soluble salts are formed4 ,it dissolves in solutions of magnesium and manganese1#fha and citrate of soda1 and is also decomposed by boiling with solutions of copper1 silver1 lead1 cadmium1 zinc1 nickel1 cobalt1 strontium1 or barium4 ,it is insoluble in solutions of chlorides of the alkalies and alkaline earths1 and in water1 in alkaline solutions1 or in acetic acid2 and is soluble in mineral acid only when the acid is strong and in considerable excess4 ,it is unalterable in the air1 and at #ajj4 ,when carefully and slowly ignited it may be wholly converted into carbonate of lime2 if the heat is not properly managed 7that is1 if excessive71 caustic lime may be formed in greater or smaller quantity4 #fha ,but it is reprecipitated unaltered by excess of alkaline oxalate4 #fia4 ,use in the ,arts4--,oxalic acid is chiefly used by dyers and calico-printers1 but also by curriers and harness-makers for cleaning leather1 by marble masons for removing iron stains1 by workers in straw for bleaching1 and it is applied to various household purposes1#fhb such as the whitening of boards1 the removing of iron-mould from linen1 c4 ,the hydropotassic oxalate 7binoxalate of potash71 under the popular names of 8essential salt of lemons0 and salts of sorrel1 is used for scouring metals and for removing ink-stains from linen4 #fhb ,a 8,liquid ,blue10 used for laundry purposes1 contains much free oxalic acid4 #fib4 ,hydropotassic ,oxalate1 ,binoxalate of ,potash1 ,,khc,o7,h,o71 is a white salt1 acid in reaction1 soluble in water1 and insoluble in alcohol4 ,heated on platinum foil it leaves potassic carbonate1 which may be recognised by the usual tests4 ,its aqueous solution gives1 with a solution of acetate or sulphate of lime1 a precipitate of calcic oxalate insoluble in acetic acid4 #fic4 ,statistics4--,poisoning by oxalic acid is more frequent in ,england than in any other ,european country4 ,in the ten years #ahhc-ib1 there were registered in ,england and ,wales #bbb deaths from oxalic acid--of these #aii1 or #hif per cent41 were suicidal1 the remainder accidental4 ,the age and sex distribution of these cases is set out in the following table3-- ,,poisoning ,,by ,,oxalic ,,acid ,,in ,,england ,,and ,,wales ,,during ,,the ,,ten ,,years #ahhc-ahib4 ,,accident ,,or ,,negligence4 ,ages1 #j-a #a-e #e-ae #ae-be #be-fe #fe and ,total above ,males1 #a 444 444 #b 444 #ad #ag ,females1 444 444 444 #a #e 444 #f ---------------------------------------- ----- ,total1 #a 444 444 #c #e #ad #bc ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,suicide4 ,ages1 #ae-be #be-fe #fe and ,total above ,males1 #i #ajb #c #aad ,females1 #ba #fb #b #he ---------------------------- ,total1 #cj #afd #e #aii ---------------------------- #fid4 ,fatal ,dose4--,the smallest dose of oxalic acid known to have destroyed life is1 according to ,dr4 ,taylor1 #chh grms4 7#fj grains72 but recovery has taken place1 on prompt administration of remedies1 after eight times this quantity has been swallowed4 ,with regard to oxalate of soda1 or binoxalate of potash1 #adb grms4 7half an ounce7 have been taken without fatal result1 although the symptoms were very serious2 and it may be held that about that quantity would usually cause death4 ,oxalic acid is not used in medicine1 save as a salt1 e4g41 oxalate of cerium4 #fie4 ,effects of ,oxalic ,acid and ,oxalates on ,animals4--,the first cases of poisoning by oxalic acid occurred early in the nineteenth century1 a little more than fifty years after its discovery4 ,thompson#fhc was the first who attempted1 by experiment on animal life1 to elucidate the action of the poison2 he noted the caustic action on the stomach1 and the effects on the heart and nervous system1 which he attributed simply to the local injury through the sympathetic nerves4 ,orfila#fhd was the next who took the matter up1 and he made several experiments2 but it was ,robert ,christison#fhe who distinctly recognised the important fact that oxalic acid was toxic1 quite apart from any local effects1 and that the soluble oxalates1 such as sodic and potassic oxalates1 were violent poisons4 #fhc ,lond4 ,med4 ,rep41 vol4 iii4 p4 #chb4 #fhd ,trait de ,toxicologie4 #fhe ,edin4 ,med4 and ,surg4 ,journ41 #ahbc4 #fif4 ,kobert and ,kssner#fhf have made some extended researches on the effects of sodic oxalate on rabbits1 cats1 dogs1 guinea-pigs1 hedgehogs1 frogs1 c4--the chief results of which are as follows3--,on injection of sodic oxalate solution in moderate doses into the circulation1 the heart's action1 and1 therefore1 the pulse1 become arhythmic2 and a dicrotic or tricrotic condition of the pulse may last even half a day1 while at the same time the frequency may be uninfluenced4 ,the blood-pressure also with moderate doses is normal1 and with small atoxic doses there is no slowing of the respiration4 ,on the other hand1 toxic doses paralyse the respiratory apparatus1 and the animal dies asphyxiated4 ,with chronic and subacute poisoning the respiration becomes slower and slower1 and then ceases from paralysis of the respiratory muscles4 ,the first sign of poisoning1 whether acute or chronic1 is a sleepy condition2 dogs lie quiet1 making now and then a noise as if dreaming1 mechanical irritations are responded to with dulness4 ,the hind extremities become weak1 and then the fore4 ,this paresis of the hind extremities1 deepening into complete paralysis1 was very constant and striking4 ,take1 for example1 from the paper 7op4 cit47 the experiment in which a large cat received in six days five subcutaneous injections of #e c4c4 of a solution of sodic oxalate 7strength #a 3 #cj71 equalling #af grm42 the cat died1 as it were1 gradually from behind forwards1 so that on the sixth day the hinder extremities were fully motionless and without feeling4 ,the heart beat strongly4 ,the temperature of the poisoned animal always sinks below the normal condition4 ,convulsions in acute poisoning are common1 in chronic quite absent2 when present in acute poisoning1 they are tetanic or strychnic-like4 ,in all the experiments of ,kobert and ,kssner1 lethal doses of soluble oxalates caused the appearance of sugar in the urine4 #fhf ,exper4 ,wirkungen der ,oxalsure1 ,virch4 ,archiv1 ,bd4 lxxvii4 ,s4 #bji4 ,j4 ,uppmann#fhg made forty-nine experiments on dogs1 in which he administered relatively large doses by the stomach2 no poisonous effect followed4 ,emil ,pfeiffer#fhh gave a dog in three successive days #b1 #e1 and lastly #a grm4 oxalic acid with meat1 but no symptoms resulted4 ,yet that oxalic acid1 as sodic oxalate1 is poisonous to dogs1 if it once gets into the circulation1 cannot be disputed4 ,the accepted explanation is that the large amount of lime phosphates in the digestive canal of dogs is decomposed by oxalic acid1 and the harmless lime oxalate formed4 #fhg ,allg4 ,med4 central ,ztg41 #ahgg4 #fhh ,archiv der ,pharm4 7#c ,r471 ,bd4 xiii4 ,s4 #edd1 #ahgh4 ,oxalic acid is absorbed into the blood1 and leeches have been known to die after their application to a person who had taken a large dose4 ,thus ,christison#fhi quotes a case related by ,dr4 ,arrowsmith1 in which this occurred3--8,they were healthy1 and fastened immediately2 on looking at them a few minutes after1 ,i remarked that they did not seem to fill1 and on touching one it felt hard1 and instantly fell off motionless and dead2 the others were in the same state4 ,they had all bitten1 and the marks were conspicuous1 but they had drawn scarcely any blood4 ,they were applied about six hours after the acid had been taken40 #fhi ,treatise on ,poisons4 #fig4 ,effects of ,vaporised ,oxalic ,acid4--,eulenberg has experimented on pigeons on the action of oxalic acid when breathed4 ,in one of his experiments1 #ge grm4 of the acid was volatilised into a glass shade1 in which a pigeon had been placed2 after this had been done five times in two minutes1 there was uneasiness1 shaking of the head1 and cough1 with increased mucous secretion of the nasal membrane4 ,on continuing the transmission of the vapour1 after eight minutes there was again restlessness1 shaking of the head1 and cough2 after eleven minutes the bird fell and was convulsed4 ,on discontinuing the sublimation1 it got up and moved freely1 but showed respiratory irritation4 ,on the second day after the experiment1 it was observed that the bird's note was hoarse1 on the fourth day there was slowness of the heart's action and refusal of food1 and on the sixth day the bird was found dead4 ,examination after death showed slight injection of the cerebral membranes2 the cellular tissue in the neighbourhood of the trachea contained in certain places extravasations of blood1 varying from the size of a pea to that of a penny2 the mucous membrane of the larynx and trachea was swollen and covered with a thick croupous layer2 the lungs were partially hepatised1 and the pleura thickened2 the crop as well as the true intestines still contained some food4#fij #fij ,gewerbe ,hygiene1 p4 #dbc4 #fih4 ,the ,effects of ,oxalic ,acid and ,hydropotassic ,oxalate on ,man4--,the cases of oxalic poisoning have been invariably due to either oxalic acid or hydropotassic oxalate1 the neutral sodic or potassic oxalates having hitherto in no instance been taken4 ,the symptoms1 and even the locally destructive action of oxalic acid and the acid oxalate1 are so similar that neither from clinical nor post-mortem signs could they be differentiated by anyone not having a previous knowledge of the case4 ,the external application of oxalic acid does not appear to cause illness2 workmen engaged in trades requiring the constant use of the acid often have the nails white1 opaque1 and brittle2 but no direct injury to health is on record4 ,a large dose of either causes a local and a remote effect2 the local is very similar to that already described as belonging to the mineral acids1 i4e41 more or less destructive of the mucous membranes with which the acid comes in contact4 ,the remote effects may only be developed after a little2 they consist essentially of a profound influence on the nervous system4 ,though more than #abj cases of oxalic acid poisoning have occurred since ,christison wrote his treatise1 his graphic description still holds good4 8,if10 says he1 8a person immediately after swallowing a solution of a crystalline salt1 which tasted purely and strongly acid1 is attacked with burning in the throat1 then with burning in the stomach1 vomiting1 particularly of bloody matter1 imperceptible pulse1 and excessive languor1 and dies in half an hour1 or still more1 in twenty1 fifteen1 or ten minutes1 ,i do not know any fallacy which can interfere with the conclusion that oxalic acid was the cause of death4 ,no parallel disease begins so abruptly1 and terminates so soon2 and no other crystalline poison has the same effect40 ,the local action is that of a solvent on the mucous tissues4 ,if from #aj to #cj grms4 are swallowed1 dissolved in water1 there is an immediate sour taste1 pain1 burning in the stomach1 and vomiting4 ,the vomit may be colourless1 greenish1 or black1 and very acid2 but there is a considerable variety in the symptoms4 ,the variations may be partly explained by saying that1 in one class of cases1 the remote or true toxic effects of the poison predominate2 in a second1 the local and the nervous are equally divided2 while in a third1 the local effects seem alone to give rise to symptoms4 ,in a case at ,guy's ,hospital1 in #ahdb1 there was no pain1 but vomiting and collapse4 ,in another case which occurred in #ahgj1 a male 7aged #dh7 took #ajd grms4 7#afb grains72 he had threatening collapse1 cold sweats1 white and red patches on the tongue and pharynx1 difficulty in swallowing1 and contracted pupils4 ,blood was effused from the mouth and anus2 on the following day there were convulsions1 coma1 and death thirty-six hours after taking the poison4 ,in another case1 there was rapid loss of consciousness and coma1 followed by death in five hours4 ,death may be very rapid1 e4g41 in one case 7,med4 ,times and ,gaz41 #ahfh7 it took place in ten minutes2 there was bleeding from the stomach1 which doubtless accelerated the fatal result4 ,orfila has recorded a death almost as rapid from the acid oxalate of potash2 a woman took #ae grms42 there was no vomiting1 but she suffered from fearful cramps1 and death ensued in fifteen minutes4 ,in another case1 also recorded by ,orfila1 there was marked slowing of the pulse1 and soporific tendencies4 ,with both oxalic acid and the acid oxalate of potash1 certain nervous and other sequel are more or less constant1 always provided time is given for their development4 ,from the experiments already detailed on animals1 one would expect some paresis of the lower extremities1 but this has not been observed in man4 ,there is more or less inflammation of the stomach1 and often peritonitis2 in one case 7,brit4 ,med4 ,journal1 #ahgc7 there were cystitis and acute congestion of the kidneys with albuminuria4 ,in two cases quoted by ,taylor1 there was a temporary loss or enfeeblement of voice2 in one of the two1 the aphonia lasted for eight days4 ,in the other1 that of a man who had swallowed about #g grms4 7 oz47 of oxalic acid1 his voice1 naturally deep1 became in nine hours low and feeble1 and continued so for more than a month1 during the whole of which time he suffered in addition from numbness and tingling of the legs4 ,as a case of extreme rarity may be mentioned that of a young woman1#fia who took #ab grms4 7#ahe grains7 of the acid oxalate of potash1 and on the third day died2 before death exhibiting delirium so active and intense that it was described as 8madness40 #fia ,journ4 de ,chim4 ,md41 #ahci1 p4 #efd4 #fii4 ,physiological ,action4--,putting on one side the local effects of oxalic acid1 and regarding only its true toxic effects1 there is some difference of opinion as to its action4 ,l4 ,hermann considers it one of the heart poisons1 having seen the frog's heart arrested by subcutaneous doses of sodic oxalate1 an observation which is borne out by the experiments of ,cyon1#fib and not negatived by those of ,kobert and ,kssner4 ,the poison is believed to act on the extracardial ganglia4 ,onsum#fic held at one time a peculiar theory of the action of oxalic acid1 believing that it precipitated as oxalate of lime in the lung capillaries1 causing embolic obstruction2 but this view is not now accepted--there are too many obvious objections to it4 ,kobert and ,kssner do not consider oxalic acid a heart poison1 but believe that its action is directed to the central nervous system1 as attested by sinking of the blood-pressure1 the arhythm and retardation of the pulse1 the slow breathing1 the paralytic symptoms1 and the fibrillary muscular contraction2 but1 with regard to the latter1 ,locke#fid has observed that a frog's sartorius1 immersed in #jge sodium oxalate solution1 becomes in a few seconds violently active1 much more so than in ,biederman's normal saline solution4 ,after thirty to forty-five minutes it loses its irritability1 which1 however1 it partially recovers by immersion in #jf sodium chloride solution4 ,he thinks this may explain the symptoms of fibrillary muscular contraction observed by ,kobert and ,kssner1 which they ascribe to an action on the central nervous system4 #fib ,virch4 ,archiv1 ,bd4 xx4 ,s4 #bcc4 #fic ,almen afterwards supported ,onsum's view2 he made a number of microscopical observations1 and appears to have been the first who identified oxalate of lime in the kidneys 7,upsala1 ,lkarefrenings frhandl41 ,bd4 ii4 ,hft4 iv4 ,s4 #bfe74 #fid ,f4 ,s4 ,locke1 ,j4 ,phys41 xv4 #aai2 ,journ4 ,chem4 ,soc41 #ahic1 #dhj4 #gjj4 ,pathological ,changes4--,kobert and ,kssner observed that when oxalate of soda was subcutaneously injected into animals1 there was often abscess1 and even gangrene1 at the seat of the injection4 ,if the poison were injected into the peritoneal cavity1 death was so rapid as to leave little time for any coarse lesions to manifest themselves4 ,they were not able to observe a cherry-red colour of the blood1 nor did they find oxalate of lime crystals in the lung capillaries2 there were often embolic processes in the lung1 but nothing typical4 ,they came1 therefore1 to the conclusion that the state of the kidneys and the urine was the only typical sign4 ,the kidneys were dark1 full of blood1 but did not show any microscopic hmorrhages4 ,twelve hours after taking the poison there is observed in the cortical substance a fine striping corresponding to the canaliculi2 in certain cases the whole boundary layer is coloured white4 ,if the poisoning lasts a longer time1 the kidneys become less blood-rich1 and show the described white striping very beautifully2 this change persists several weeks4 ,the cause of this strange appearance is at once revealed by a microscopical examination2 it is due to a deposition of oxalate of lime2 no crystals are met with in the glomerules4 ,both by the microscope and by chemical means it may be shown that the content of the kidney in oxalates is large4#fie ,so far as the tissues generally are concerned1 free oxalic acid is not likely to be met with2 there is always present sufficient lime to form lime oxalate4 ,the urine was always albuminous and contained a reducing substance1 which vanished about the second day after the dose4 ,hyaline casts and deposits of oxalates in the urine never failed4#fif #fie ,the important fact of the oxalate-content of kidneys and urine1 and the expulsion of casts1 was first observed by ,mitscherlich in #ahed4 ,he noticed in a rabbit1 to which had been given #ge grms4 of oxalic acid1 and which had died in thirteen minutes1 8renes paululum magis sanguine replete videbantur1 in urina multa corpora inveniebantur1 qu tubulos ,bellenianos explese videntur0 7,de acidi acetici1 oxalici1 tartarici1 citrici1 formici1 et boracici1 c41 ,berlin74 #fif ,rabuteau has discovered by experiment that even the oxalates of iron and copper are decomposed and separated by the kidneys4 ,gaz4 ,md4 de ,paris1 #ahgd4 #gja4 ,observations of the pathological effects of the oxalates on man have been confined to cases of death from the corrosive substances mentioned1 and hence the intestinal tract has been profoundly affected4 ,in the museum of ,st4 ,thomas' ,hospital is a good example of the effects produced4 ,the case was that of a woman who had taken a large1 unknown quantity of oxalic acid1 and was brought to the hospital dead4 ,the mucous membrane of the gullet is much corrugated and divided into numerous parallel grooves1 these again by little transverse grooves1 so that the intersection of the two systems makes a sort of raised pattern4 ,it is noted that in the recent state the mucous membrane could be removed in flakes2 in the upper part it was whitish1 in the lower slate-coloured4 ,the stomach has a large perforation1 but placing the specimen beside another in the same museum which illustrates the effect of the gastric juice1 in causing an after-death solution of a portion of the stomach1 ,i was unable to differentiate between the two4 ,the mucous membrane had the same shreddy flocculent appearance1 and is soft and pale4 ,the pyloric end is said to have been of a blackish colour1 and no lymph was exuded4 #gjb4 ,the pathological changes by the acid oxalate of potash are identical with those of oxalic acid1 in both the gullet and stomach being nearly always more or less inflamed or corroded2 the inflammation in a few cases has extended right through into the intestinal canal2 there are venous hypermia1 hmorrhages1 and swelling of the mucous membrane of the stomach4 ,the hmorrhages are often punctiform1 but occasionally larger1 arranged in rows on the summits of the rug2 sometimes there is considerable bleeding4 ,in the greater number of cases there is no actual erosion of the stomach1 but the inner layer appears abnormally transparent4 ,on examining the mucous membrane under the microscope1 ,lesser#fig has described it as covered with a layer which strongly reflects light1 and is to be considered as caused by a fine precipitate of calcic oxalate4 ,lesser was unable to find in any case oxalic acid crystals1 or those of the acid oxalate of potash4 ,there are many cases of perforation on record1 but it is questionable whether they are not all to be regarded as post-mortem effects1 and not life-changes2 at all events1 there is little clinical evidence to support the view that these perforations occur during life4 ,in the case 7mentioned ante7 in which death took place by coma1 the brain was hypermic4 ,the kidneys1 as in the case of animals1 show the white zone1 and are congested1 and can be proved by microscopical and chemical means to be rich in oxalates4 #fig ,virchow's ,archiv1 ,bd4 lxxxiii4 ,s4 #bah1 #ahha4 #gjc4 ,separation of ,oxalic ,acid from ,organic ,substances1 the ,tissues of the ,body1 c4--,from what has been stated1 no investigation as to the cause of poison1 when oxalic acid is suspected1 can be considered complete unless the analyst has an opportunity of examining both the urine and the kidneys2 for although1 in most cases--when the acid itself1 or the acid potassic salt has been taken--there may be ample evidence1 both chemical and pathological1 it is entirely different if a case of poisoning with the neutral sodic salt should occur4 ,in this event1 there may be no congested appearance of any portion of the intestinal canal1 and the evidence must mainly rest on the urine and kidneys4 ,oxalic acid being so widely distributed in the vegetable kingdom1 the expert must expect1 in any criminal case1 to be cross-examined by ingenious counsel as to whether or not it was possible that the acid could have entered the body in a rhubarb-pie1 or accidentally through sorrel mixed with greens1 c4 ,to meet these and similar questions it is important to identify1 if possible1 any green matters found in the stomach4 ,in any case1 it must be remembered1 that although rhubarb has been eaten for centuries1 and every schoolboy has occasionally chewed small portions of sorrel1 no poisoning has resulted from these practices4 ,when oxalic acid has been taken into the stomach1 it will invariably be found partly in combination with lime1 soda1 ammonia1 c41 and partly free2 or if such antidotes as chalk has been administered1 it may be wholly combined4 ,vomiting is nearly always present1 and valuable evidence of oxalic acid may be obtained from stains on sheets1 carpets1 c4 ,in a recent case of probably suicidal poisoning1 the writer found no oxalic acid in the contents of the stomach1 but some was detected in the copious vomit which had stained the bed-clothes4 ,the urine also contained a great excess of oxalate of lime--a circumstance of little value taken by itself1 but confirmatory with other evidence4 ,if a liquid is strongly acid1 oxalic acid may be separated by dialysis from organic matters1 and the clear fluid thus obtained precipitated by sulphate of lime1 the oxalate of lime being identified by its microscopic form and other characters4 ,the usual general method for the separation of oxalic acid from organic substances or mixtures is the following3--,extract with boiling water1 filter 7which in some cases must be difficult or even impossible71 and then precipitate with acetate of lead4 ,the lead precipitate may contain1 besides oxalate of lead1 phosphate1 chloride1 sulphate1 and various organic substances and acids4 ,this is to be decomposed by sulphuretted hydrogen1 and on filtering off the sulphide of lead1 oxalic acid is to be tested for in the filtrate4 ,this process can only be adopted with advantage in a few cases1 and is by no means to be recommended as generally applicable4 ,the best general method1 and one which insures the separation of oxalic acid1 whether present as a free acid1 as an alkaline1 or a calcic oxalate1 is perhaps the following3--,the substance or fluid under examination is digested with hydrochloric acid until a fluid capable of filtration is obtained2 the free acid is neutralised by ammonia in very slight excess1 and permitted to deposit1 and the fluid is then carefully decanted1 and the deposit thrown on a filter4 ,the filtrate is added to the decanted fluid1 and precipitated with a slight excess of acetate of lime--this precipitate1 like the first1 being collected on a filter4 ,the first precipitate contains all the oxalic acid which was in combination with lime2 the second1 all that which was in the free condition4 ,both precipitates should be washed with acetic acid4 ,the next step is to identify the precipitate which is supposed to be oxalate of lime4 ,the precipitate is washed into a beaker1 and dissolved with the aid of heat by adding1 drop by drop1 pure hydrochloric acid2 it is then reprecipitated by ammonia1 and allowed to subside completely1 which may take some time4 ,the supernatant fluid is decanted1 and the precipitate washed by subsidence2 it is lastly dried over the water-bath in a tared porcelain dish1 and its weight taken4 ,the substance is then identified by testing the dried powder as follows3-- 7a7 ,it is whitish in colour1 and on ignition in a platinum dish leaves a grey carbonate of lime4 ,all other organic salts of lime--viz41 citrate1 tartrate1 c4--on ignition become coal-black4 7b7 ,a portion suspended in water1 to which is added some sulphuric acid1 destroys the colour of permanganate of potash--the reaction being similar to that on p4 #eaa--;a reaction by which1 as is well known1 oxalic acid or an oxalate may be conveniently titrated4 ,this reaction is so peculiar to oxalic acid1 that there is no substance with which it can be confounded4 ,it is true that uric acid in an acid solution equally decolorises permanganate1 but it does so in a different way2 the reaction between oxalic acid and permanganate being at first slow1 and afterwards rapid1 while the reaction with uric acid is just the reverse--at first quick1 and towards the end of the process extremely slow4 7c7 ,a portion placed in a test-tube1 and warmed with concentrated sulphuric acid1 develops on warming carbon oxide and carbon dioxide2 the presence of the latter is easily shown by adapting a cork and bent tube to the test-tube1 and leading the evolved gases through baryta water4 ,alexander ,gunn#fih has described a new method of both detecting and estimating oxalic acid2 it is based on the fact that a small trace of oxalic acid1 added to an acid solution of ferrous phosphate1 strikes a persistent lemon-yellow colour2 the depth of colour being proportionate to the amount of oxalic acid4 #fih ,pharm4 ,journal1 #ahic1 #djh4 ,the reagents necessary for both quantitative and qualitative testing are as follows3--,a standard solution of oxalic acid1 of which #ajj c4c4 equal #a grm41 and a solution of ferrous phosphate1 containing about #abe per cent4 of ,fe#b,,po1 with excess of phosphoric acid4 ,into each of two ,nessler graduated glasses #ge c4c4 of the ferrous phosphate solution are run and made up to #ej c4c4 with distilled water2 both solutions should be colourless2 #a1 #b1 or more c4c4 of the solution to be tested are then run into one of the ,nessler glasses2 if oxalic acid be present1 a more or less deep tint is produced2 this must be imitated by running the standard solution of oxalic acid into the second ,nessler cylinder--the calculation is the same as in other colorimetric estimations4 ,it does not appear to be reliable quantitatively1 if alum is present2 and it is self-evident that the solution to be tested must be fairly free from colour4 #gjd4 ,oxalate of ,lime in the ,urine4--,this well-known urinary sediment occurs chiefly as octahedra1 but hour-glass1 contracted or dumbbell-like bodies1 compound octahedra1 and small1 flattened1 bright discs1 not unlike blood discs1 are frequently seen4 ,it may be usually identified under the field of the microscope by its insolubility in acetic acid1 whilst the ammonio mag4 phosphate1 as well as the carbonate of lime1 are both soluble in that acid4 ,from urates it is distinguished by its insolubility in warm water4 ,a chemical method of separation is as follows3--,the deposit is freed by subsidence as much as possible from urine1 washed with hot water1 and then dissolved in hydrochloric acid and filtered2 to the filtrate ammonia is added in excess4 ,the precipitate may contain phosphates of iron1 magnesia1 lime1 and oxalate of lime4 ,on treatment of the precipitate by acetic acid1 the phosphates of the alkaline earths 7if present7 dissolve2 the insoluble portion will be either phosphate of iron1 or oxalate of lime1 or both4 ,on igniting the residue in a platinum dish1 any oxalate will be changed to carbonate1 and the carbonate of lime may be titrated with d4 n4 ,h,cl acid and cochineal solution1 and from the data thus obtained the oxalate estimated4 ,the iron can be tested qualitatively in the acid solution by ferrocyanide of potassium1 or it can be determined by the ordinary methods4 ,if the qualitative detection of oxalate of lime in the deposit is alone required1 it is quite sufficient evidence should the portion insoluble in acetic acid1 on ignition in a platinum dish1 give a residue effervescing on the addition of an acid4 #gje4 ,estimation of ,oxalic ,acid4--,oxalic acid is estimated in the free state by direct weighing1 or by titration either with alkali or by potassic permanganate1 the latter being standardised by oxalic acid4 ,if 7as is commonly the case7 oxalic acid is precipitated as oxalate of lime1 the oxalate may be-- 7a7 ,dried at #ajj and weighed directly1 having the properties already described4 7b7 ,titrated with dilate sulphuric acid and permanganate4 7c7 ,ignited1 and the resulting carbonate of lime weighed2 or dissolved in standard acid and titrated back--one part of calcic carbonate corresponds to #abf part of crystallised oxalic acid1 or #jij part of ,h,c,o2 similarly1 #a c4c4 of standard acid equals #je of calcic carbonate 7or #jfc of crystallised oxalic acid74 7d7 ,the oxalate may be dissolved in the smallest possible amount of hydrochloric acid1 and boiled with ammonio chloride of gold1 avoiding exposure to light2 every part of gold precipitated corresponds to #ifa part of crystallised oxalic acid4 7e7 ,the oxalate may be placed in ,geissler's carbonic acid apparatus1 with peroxide of manganese and diluted sulphuric acid4 ,the weight of the gas which at the end of the operation has escaped1 will have a definite relation to that of the oxalate1 and if multiplied by #adcah will give the amount of crystallised oxalic acid4 ,,certain ,,oxalic ,,bases--,,oxalmethyline--,,oxalpropylin e4 #gjf4 ,hugh ,schulz#fii and ,mayer have contributed the results of some important researches bearing upon a more exact knowledge of the effects of the oxalic group of poisons1 and upon the relation between chemical constitution and physiological effects4 ,they experimented upon oxalmethyline1 chloroxalmethyline1 and oxalpropyline4 #fii ,beitrag zur ,kenntniss der ,wirkung der ,oxalbasen auf den ,thierkrper4 ,arch4 f4 exper4 ,path4 u ,pharm41 #ahhb4 ,chloroxalmethyline 7,c,h,cl,n7 is a liquid1 boiling at #bje1 with a weakly narcotic smell4 ,a solution of the hydrochlorate of the base was employed4 ,subcutaneous injections of #je grm4 into frogs caused narcosis1 and both this and the ethylic compound deranged the heart's action1 decreasing the number of beats4 ,thus #je grm4 decreased the number of the beats of the heart of a frog in the course of one and three-quarter hours as follows3 #gb1 #fj1 #ef1 #ej1 #dd1 #dj1 #ce1 #j4 ,oxalmethyline produces somewhat similar symptoms1 but the nervous system is more affected than in that which contains chlorine4 ,oxalpropyline also causes narcosis1 and afterwards paralysis of the hinder extremities and slowing of the heart4 ,the difference between the chlorine-free and the chlorine-containing oxalic bases are summarised as follows3-- ,,frogs4 ,,chlorine-,,holding ,,bases4 ,,chlorine-,,free ,,bases4 ,notable narcosis2 no heightened ,narcosis occurs late1 and is reflex action1 muscular cramps1 little pronounced2 a notable in- nor spontaneous convulsions4 crease of reflex excitability2 more and more muscular paralysis2 between times1 muscular cramps4 ,,cats4 ,notable narcosis and salivation2 ,great excitement2 general no mydriasis2 convulsions and shivering1 rising to pure clonic paralysis2 no change in the convulsions2 paralysis of the respirations4 hind legs2 notable mydriasis1 jerking1 and superficial res- piration2 weak narcosis4 ,,dogs4 ,notable narcosis2 occasional ,narcosis evident2 the rest as in vomiting2 the rest as in cats4 cats4 ,,part ,,ix4--,,inorganic ,,poisons4 ,i4--,,precipitated ,,from ,a ,,hydrochloric ,,acid ,,solution ,,by ,,hydric ,,sulphide--,,precipitate ,,yellow ,,or ,,orange4#gjj ,arsenic--,antimony--,cadmium4 #gjj ,fresenius has pointed out that sulphur may mask small quantities of arsenic1 antimony1 tin1 c41 and he recommends that the turbid liquid in which apparently nothing but sulphur has separated should be treated as follows3--,a test-tube is half filled with the liquid1 and then a couple of c4c4 of petroleum ether or of benzene added1 the tube closed by the thumb1 and the contents well shaken4 ,the sulphur dissolves1 and is held in solution by the solvent1 which latter forms a clear upper layer4 ,if traces of a metallic sulphide were mixed with the sulphur1 thin coloured films are seen at the junction of the two layers1 and the sulphides may also coat the tube above the level of the liquid with a slight faintly-coloured pellicle 7,chem4 ,news1 ,jan4 #d1 #ahie74 #a4 ,,arsenic4 #gjg4 ,metallic ,arsenic1 at4 wt4 #ge1 specific gravity of solid #efb to #eif1 sublimes without fusion in small quantities at #aaj 7#bcj ,f47 ,guy4 ,it occurs in commerce in whitish-grey1 somewhat brittle1 crystalline masses1 and is obtained by subjecting arsenical pyrites to sublimation in earthen retorts1 the arsenic being deposited in suitable receivers on sheet iron4 ,metallic arsenic is probably not poisonous1 but may be changed by the animal fluids into soluble compounds1 and then exert toxic effects--volatilised metallic arsenic is easily transformed in the presence of air into arsenious acid1 and is therefore intensely poisonous4 #gjh4 ,arsenious ,anhydride--,arsenious ,acid--,white ,arsenic--,arsenic1 ,as,o #aih2 specific gravity of vapour1 #ache2 specific gravity of opaque variety1 #cfii2 specific gravity of transparent variety1 #cgche4 ,composition in #ajj parts1 ,as #gege1 ,o #bdbe2 therefore one part of metallic arsenic equals #acb of ,as,o4 ,it is entirely volatilised at a temperature of #bjdd4 ,in analysis it is obtained in brilliant octahedral crystals as a sublimate on discs of glass1 or within tubes1 the result of heating a film of metallic arsenic with access of air4 ,it is obtained in commerce on a very large scale from the roasting of arsenical pyrites4 ,as thus derived1 it is usually in the form of a white cake1 the arsenious acid existing in two forms--an amorphous and a crystalline--the cake being generally opaque externally1 whilst in the centre it is transparent4 ,according to ,kruger1 this change from the crystalline to the amorphous condition is dependent upon the absorption of moisture1 no alteration taking place in dry air4 ,both varieties of arsenious anhydride are acid to test-paper4 ,the solubility of arsenious acid is often a question involving chemical legal matters of great moment4 ,unfortunately1 however1 no precisely definite statement can be made on this point1 the reason being that the two varieties of arsenic occur in very different proportions in different samples4 ,both the amorphous and crystalline varieties having very unequal solubilities1 every experimenter in succession has given a different series of figures1 the only agreement amid the general discrepancy being that arsenic is very sparingly soluble in water4 ,the statement of ,taylor may1 however1 be accepted as very near the truth1 viz41 that an ounce of cold water dissolves from half a grain to a grain4 ,according to ,m4 ,l4 ,a4 ,buchner1#gja one part of crystalline arsenious acid dissolves after twenty-four hours' digestion in #cee parts of water at #ae2 and the amorphous1 under the same condition1 in #ajh of water4 ,a boiling solution of the crystalline acid1 left to stand for twenty-four hours1 retains one part of acid in #df of water2 a similar solution of the amorphous retains one of arsenic in #cj parts of water1 i4e41 #ajj parts of water dissolve from #bja to #cc parts of ,as,o4 #gja ,bull4 de la ,socit ,chem4 de ,paris1 t4 xx4 #aj1 #ahgc4 ,boiling water poured on the powdered substance retains in cooling a grain and a quarter to the ounce2 in other words1 #ajj parts of water retain #aj4 ,lastly1 arsenious acid boiled in water for an hour is dissolved in the proportion of #ab grains to the ounce1 i4e41 #ajj parts of water retain #be4 ,k4 ,chodomisky#gjb has investigated the solubility of recrystallised arsenious acid in dilute acids1 and his results are as follows3--#ajj c4c4 of #acb per cent4 hydrochloric acid dissolves #aae grm4 ,as,o at #ahe4 #ajj c4c4 of #f per cent4 hydrochloric acid dissolves #abg grm4 at #ahe4 #ajj c4c4 of pure hydrochloric acid of the ordinary commercial strength dissolves #ade grm4 ,as,o4 #ajj c4c4 of dilute sulphuric acid at #ah dissolves about #jed grm42 at #ahe from #jfe to #jgb grm42 and at #hj from #aji to #aai grm4 #gjb ,chem4 ,centrbl41 #ahhi1 #efi4 #gji4 ,arsine--,arseniuretted ,hydrogen1 ,h,as4--,mol4 weight1 #gh2 vol4 weight1 #ci2 specific gravity1 #bgjb2 weight of a litre1 #cdidd grammes2 percentage composition1 #iefi ,as1 #dca ,h2 volumetric composition1 #b vol4 ,h,as half vol4 ,as #c vol4 ,h4 ,a colourless inflammable gas1 of a ftid alliaceous odour1 coercible into a limpid colourless liquid at a temperature of from -#cj to -#dj4 ,the products of the combustion of arseniuretted hydrogen are water and arsenious acid2 thus1 #b;,h,as #f,o #c;,h,o ,as,o4 ,if supplied with air in insufficient quantity1 if the flame itself be cooled by 7for example7 a cold porcelain plate1 or if the gas pass through a tube any portion of which is heated to redness1 the gas is decomposed and the metal separated4 ,such a decomposition may be compared to the deposit of carbon from ordinary flames1 when made to play upon a cooled surface4 ,it may also be decomposed by the electric spark1#gjc e4g41 if the gas is passed slowly through a narrow tube #jg to #jh mm4 internal diameter1 provided with wires #je to #jf mm4 apart1 and a small induction coil used connected with two large ,bunsen's cells1 then1 under these conditions1 arsenic as a metal is deposited in the neighbourhood of the sparks4 ,for the decomposition to be complete1 the gas should not be delivered at a greater speed than from #aj to #ae c4c4 per minute4 ,the gas burns with a blue-white flame1 which is very characteristic1 and was first observed by ,wackenroder4 ,it cannot1 however1 be properly seen by using the ordinary apparatus of ,marsh1 for the flame is always coloured from the glass2 but if the gas is made to stream through a platinum jet1 and then ignited1 the characters mentioned are very noteworthy4 #gjc ,n4 ,klobrikow1 ,zeit4 ,anal4 ,chem41 xxix4 #abi-acc4 ,oxygen or air1 and arsine1 make an explosive mixture4 ,chlorine decomposes the gas with great energy1 combining with the hydrogen1 and setting free arsenic as a brown cloud2 any excess of chlorine combines with the arsenic as a chloride4 ,sulphur1 submitted to arseniuretted hydrogen1 forms sulphuretted hydrogen1 whilst first arsenic and then sulphide of arsenic separate4 ,phosphorus acts in a similar way4 ,arseniuretted and sulphuretted hydrogen may be evolved at ordinary temperatures without decomposition2 at the boiling-point of mercury 7#cej7 they are decomposed1 sulphide of arsenic and hydrogen being formed2 thus1 #c;,h,s #b;,as,h ,as,s #f;,h1 a reaction which is of some importance from a practical point of view4 ,many metals have also the property of decomposing the gas at high temperatures1 and setting hydrogen free4 ,metallic oxides1 again1 in like manner combine with arsenic1 and set water free1 e4g41 #c;,cu,o #b;,h,as ,cu,as #c;,h,o4 ,arsine acts on solutions of the noble metals like phosphuretted hydrogen1 precipitating the metal and setting free arsenious acid2 for example1 nitrate of silver is decomposed thus-- #ab;,ag,n,o #b;,h,as #c;,h,o ,as,o #ab;,,hno #ab;,ag4 ,vitali#gjd thinks the reaction is in two stages1 thus3-- #gjd ,l',orosi1 #ahib1 #cig-daa4 7#a7 #b;,as,h #ab;,ag,n,o #b7;,ag,as#c;,ag,n,o7 #f;,,hno4 7#b7 #b7;,ag,as1#c;,ag,n,o7 #f;,h,o #f;,,hno #f;,ag #b;,h,as,o4 ,this reaction admits of valuable practical application to the estimation of arsenic2 for the precipitated silver is perfectly arsenic-free2 the excess of nitrate of silver is easily got rid of by a chloride of sodium solution1 and the absorption and decomposition of the gas are complete4 ,in cases of poisoning by arsine1 the blood1 when examined by the spectroscope 7a process the analyst should never omit where it is possible71 is of a peculiar inky colour1 and the bands between ,d and ,c are melted together1 and have almost vanished4 ,such blood1 exposed to oxygen remains unaltered4 #gaj4 ,arsine in the ,arts1 c4--,in the bronzing of brass1 in the desilverising of lead by zinc1 and subsequent treatment of the silver zinc with hydrochloric acid1 in the tinning of sheet iron1 and similar processes1 either from the use of acids containing arsenic as an impurity1 or from the application of arsenic itself1 arsine is evolved4 #gaa4 ,effects on ,animals and ,man of ,breathing ,arsine4--,the most general effect on mammals is to produce jaundice1 bloody urine1 and bile4 ,in the course of numerous experiments on dogs1 ,stadelmann#gje found that by making them breathe a dose of arsine1 which would not be immediately fatal1 icterus was always produced under these circumstances1 and could be always detected by the appearance of the tissues4 ,the bile is remarkably thickened1 and the theory is1 that in such cases the jaundice is purely mechanical1 the gall-duct being occluded by the inspissated bile4 ,rabbits experimented upon similarly showed increased biliary secretion1 but no jaundice2 while it was proved that cats are not so sensitive to arsine as either rabbits or dogs4 ,there are not wanting instances of arsine having been breathed by man--the discoverer of the gas1 ,gehlen1 was in fact the first victim on record4 ,in order to discover a flaw in his apparatus he smelt strongly at the joints1 and died in eight days from the effects of the inhalation4 #gje ,die ,arsenwasserstoff-,vergiftung1 ,archiv f4 exper4 ,path4 u4 ,pharm41 ,leipzig1 #ahhb4 ,nine persons1 workmen in a factory1 were poisoned by arsine being evolved during the treatment by hydrochloric acid of silver-lead containing arsenic4 ,three of the nine died2 their symptoms were briefly as follows3-- 7#a7 ,h4 ,k41 #bb years old2 his duty was to pour hydrochloric acid on the metal4 ,towards mid-day1 after this operation1 he complained of nausea1 giddiness1 and malaise4 ,in the afternoon he felt an uncommon weight of the limbs1 and an oppression in breathing4 ,his fellow-workmen thought that he looked yellow4 ,on going home he lay down and passed into a narcotic sleep4 ,next morning he went to his work as usual1 but was not capable of doing anything2 he passed bloody urine several times throughout the day1 and fell into a deep sleep1 from which he could scarcely be roused4 ,on the third day after the accident1 a physician called in found him in a deep sleep1 with well-developed jaundice1 the temperature moderately high1 pulse #ajj4 ,on the fifth day the jaundice diminished1 but it was several months before he could resume his work4 7#b7 ,j4 ,t41 aged #ai1 suffered from similar symptoms after five and a half hours' exposure to the gas4 ,he went home1 vomited1 was jaundiced1 and suffered from bloody urine2 in six days became convalescent1 but could not go to work for many months4 7#c7 ,c4 ,e4 was very little exposed1 but was unwell for a few days4 7#d7 ,l4 ,m41 #cg years old1 was exposed two days to the gas2 he vomited1 had bloody urine1 passed into a narcotic sleep1 and died in three days from the date of the first exposure4 7#e7 ,j4 ,s41 aged #dj1 was exposed for two days to the gas2 the symptoms were similar to ,no4 #d1 there was suppression of urine1 the catheter drawing blood only1 and death in eight days4 7#f7 ,m4 ,e41 #cf years old2 death in three days with similar symptoms4 7#g71 7#h71 and 7#i7 suffered like ,nos4 #a and #b1 and recovered after several months4 ,the chief post-mortem appearance was a dirty green colour of the mucous membrane of the intestines1 and congestion of the kidneys4 ,arsenic was detected in all parts of the body4#gjf #gjf ,trost1 ,vergiftung durch ,arsenwasserstoff bei der technischen ,gewinnung des ,silbers1 ,vierteljahrsschrift f4 gericht4 ,med41 xviii4 ,bd41 #b ,heft1 ,s4 #f1 #ahgc4 ,two cases are detailed by ,dr4 ,valette in ,tardieu's tude4#gjg ,a mistake occurred in a laboratory1 by which a solution of arsenic 7instead of sulphuric acid7 was poured on zinc to develop hydrogen4 ,of the two sufferers1 the one recovered after an illness of about a week or ten days1 the other died at the end of twenty-eight days4 ,the main symptoms were yellowness of skin1 vomiting1 bloody urine1 great depression1 slight diarrha1 headache1 and in the fatal case a morbiliform eruption4 ,in a case recorded in the ,british ,medical ,journal1 ,november #d1 #ahgf1 there were none of the usual symptoms of gastric irritation1 but loss of memory of recent acts1 drowsiness1 and giddiness4 #gjg ,ambroise ,tardieu1 tude ,mdico-lgale sur l',empoisonnement1 ,obs4 xxv4 p4 #ddi4 #gab4 ,the ,sulphides of ,arsenic4--,of the sulphides of arsenic1 two only1 realgar and orpiment1 are of any practical importance4 ,realgar1 ,as,s #bad2 specific gravity1 #ccef2 composition in #ajj parts1 ,as #gjja1 ,s #biia2 average composition of commercial product1 ,as #ge1 ,s #be4 ,realgar is found native in ruby-red crystals1 and is also prepared artificially by heating together #i parts of arsenic and #d of sulphur1 or #aih parts of arsenious anhydride with #aab parts of sulphur1 #b;,as,o #g,s #b;,as,s #c,,so4 ,it is insoluble in water and in hydrochloric acid1 but is readily dissolved by potassic disulphide1 by nitric acid1 and by aqua regia4 ,it is decomposed by caustic potash1 leaving undissolved a brown sediment 7,as,s71 which contains #ife per cent4 of arsenic4 ,the dissolved portion is readily converted into arsine by aluminium4 #gac4 ,orpiment1 or ,arsenic ,trisulphide4--,as,s #bdf2 specific gravity1 #cdh2 composition in #ajj parts1 ,as #fjih1 ,s #cijb2 found native in crystals1 presents itself in the laboratory usually as a brilliant yellow amorphous powder1 on passing sulphuretted hydrogen through an acid solution of arsenious acid or an arsenite4 ,it is very insoluble in water 7about one in a million1 ,fresenius71 scarcely soluble in boiling concentrated hydrochloric acid1 and insoluble generally in dilute acids4 ,red fuming nitric acid dissolves it1 converting it into arsenic and sulphuric acids2 ammonia and other alkaline sulphides1 the alkalies themselves1 alkaline carbonates1 bisulphide of potassium1 and aqua regia1 all dissolve it readily4 ,in the arts it is used as ,king's yellow 7see p4 #ecb74 ,tanners also formerly employed a mixture of #ij parts of orpiment and #aj of quicklime1 under the name of ,rusma1 as a depilatory2 but the alkaline sulphides from gas-works are replacing this to a great extent4 #gad4 ,haloid ,arsenical ,compounds4--,the ,chloride of ,arsenic1 ,as,cl #ahae2 specific gravity liquid1 #j #bbje2 boiling-point #acd 7#bgcb;,f471 is a heavy1 colourless1 oily liquid1 which has been used as an escharotic in cancerous affections 7principally by quacks74 ,in one process of detecting and estimating arsenic1 the properties of this substance are utilised 7see p4 #ege74 ,it is immediately decomposed by water into arsenious and hydrochloric acids4 ,the ,iodide of ,arsenic 7,as,i7 is used occasionally in skin diseases1 but is of little interest to the analyst2 it is commonly seen in the form of brick-red brilliant flakes4 #gae4 ,arsenic in the ,arts4--,the metal is used in various alloys2 for example1 speculum metal is made of tin1 copper1 and a little arsenic2 white copper is an alloy of copper and arsenic2 shot is composed of #ajjj parts of lead mixed with #c of arsenic2 the common ,britannia metal used for tea-pots1 spoons1 c41 often contains arsenic2 and brass is bronzed with a thin film of arsenic4 ,it was formerly much employed in the manufacture of glass1 but is being gradually superseded4 ,it is also now used to some extent in the reduction of indigo blue1 and in that of nitro-benzole in the manufacture of aniline4 ,in cases of suspected poisoning1 therefore1 and the finding of arsenic in the stomach1 or elsewhere1 it may be set up as a defence that the arsenic was derived from shot used in the cleansing of bottles1 from the bottles themselves1 or from metal vessels1 such as tea-pots1 c4 ,the arsenic in all these alloys being extremely insoluble1 any solution to a poisonous extent is in the highest degree improbable4 ,it may1 however1 be necessary to treat the vessels with the fluid or fluids which have been supposed to exert this prejudicial action1 and test them for arsenic4 ,the treatment should1 of course1 be of a severe and exhaustive character1 and the fluids should be allowed to stand cold in the vessels for twenty-four hours2 then the effect of a gentle heat should be studied1 and1 lastly1 that of boiling temperatures4 ,the analysis of the alloy itself1 or of the glass1 it would seldom be of value to undertake1 for the crushed and finely divided substance is in a condition very different from that of the article when entire1 and inferences drawn from such analytical data would be fallacious4 ,arsenious anhydride is also used for the preservation of wood1 and is thrown occasionally into the holds of vessels in large quantities to prevent vegetable decomposition4 ,in ,india1 again1 a solution of arsenic is applied to the walls as a wash1 in order to prevent the attacks of insects4 #gaf4 ,pharmaceutical1 ,non-officinal1 and other ,preparations of ,arsenic4--7#a7 ,pharmaceutical ,preparations4--,the ,liquor arsenicalis 7,fowler's solution71 or solution of arsenic of the pharmacopia1 is composed of3-- ,carbonate of ,potash1 #hg grains 7#efd grms47 ,arsenious ,acid1 #hg 7#efd 7 ,compound ,tincture of ,lavender1 #e drachms 7#aggb c4c47 dissolved in #a pint 7#efgi c4c47 of water2 every ounce1 therefore1 contains #dc grains of arsenious acid 7or #ajj c4c4 #i;,as,o72 the strength is therefore nearly #a per cent4 ,liquor ,ammonii ,arsenitis 7not officinal7 is made of the same strength1 ammonium carbonate being substituted for potassic carbonate4 ,the hydrochloric solution of arsenic is simply arsenious acid dissolved in hydrochloric acid2 its strength should be exactly the same as that of ,fowler's solution4 ,a solution of arseniate of soda#gjh contains the anhydrous salt in the proportion of #d grains to the ounce 7#i in #ajj c4c47 of water4 #gjh ,the formula for arseniate of soda is ,na,h,as,o#g;,h,o1 but it sometimes contains more water4 ,liquor ,arsenii et ,hydrargyri ,iodidi 7,donovan's ,solution of ,arsenic74--,this is not officinal1 but is used to some extent in skin diseases2 it is a solution of the iodides of mercury and arsenic2 strength about #a per cent4 of each of the iodides4 ,arseniate of ,iron1 ,fe,as,o1 is an amorphous green powder1 used to some extent in medicine4 ,it should contain #ccf per cent4 of metallic arsenic4 ,clemen's ,solution4--,a solution of the bromide and arseniate of potassium2 strength equal to #a per cent4 arsenious acid4 ,officinal in ,u4,s41 ,france1 and ,norway4 ,pilula ,asiatica 7not officinal7 is composed of arsenious acid1 extract of gentian1 and black pepper4 ,there is #a_/abth of a grain 7#ed milligrams7 of arsenious acid in each pill4 ,dr4 ,de ,valanguis' ,solutio solventes mineralis is composed of #cj grains of ,as,o dissolved by #ij minims of ,h,cl in #bj oz4 of water2 strength #jjcd per cent4 ,as,o4 7#b7 ,veterinary ,arsenical ,medicine4--,common veterinary preparations containing arsenic are3--,a ball for worms1 containing in parts-- ,calomel1 #ac per cent4 ,arsenious ,acid1 #ac ,tin ,filings1 #ggi ,venice ,turpentine1#gji #aie #gji ,the ,venice turpentine is rarely found in ordinary commerce1 what is sold under that name consisting of black resin and oil of turpentine4 ,a common tonic ball3#gaj-- #gaj ,a similar preparation in common use has the addition of sulphate of zinc4 ,arsenious ,acid1 #e to #aj grains 7#cbd to #fdh grm47 ,aniseed1 oz4 7#adagdd grms47 ,opium1 #cj grains 7 #aid 7 ,treacle1 q4 s4 ,an arsenical ball1 often given by grooms to horses for the purpose of improving their coats1 contains in #ajj parts3-- ,arsenious ,acid1 #be per cent4 ,pimento1 #aib ,extract of ,gentian1 #ghc ,another ball in use is composed of arsenic and verdigris 7acetate of copper71 of each #h grains 7#eah grm472 cupric sulphate1 #bj grains 7#ac grm472 q4 s4 of linseed meal and treacle4 7#c7 ,rat and ,fly ,poisons1 c4--,an arsenical paste sold for rats has the following composition3-- ,arsenious ,acid1 #ej per cent4 ,lampblack1 #f ,wheat ,flour1 #dfc ,suet1 #dfc ,oil of ,aniseed1 a small quantity4 ,another rat poison is composed as follows3-- ,white ,arsenic1 #dfh per cent4 ,carbonate of ,baryta1 #dfh ,rose-pink1#gaa #eh ,oil of ,aniseed1 #b ,oil of ,rhodium1 #b #gaa ,alum and carbonate of lead coloured with ,brazil and peach woods4 ,various arsenical preparations are used to kill flies2 the active principle of the brown 8papier moure0 is arsenious acid4 ,a dark grey powder1 which used to be sold under the name of fly-powder1 consisted of metallic arsenic that had been exposed some time to the air4 ,fly-water is a strong solution of arsenious acid of uncertain strength1 sweetened with sugar1 treacle1 or honey4 ,another fly-poison consists of a mixture of arsenious acid1 tersulphide of arsenic1 treacle1 and honey4 7#d7 ,quack and other ,nostrums4--,the analyst may meet with several quack preparations for external use in cancer4 ,a celebrated arsenical paste for this purpose is composed of3-- ,arsenious ,acid1 #h per cent4 ,cinnabar1 #gj ,dragon's ,blood1 #bb ,frres ,come's ,cancer ,paste is composed of arsenious acid1 #a2 charcoal1 #a2 red mercury sulphide1 #d2 water1 q4 s4 ,the tasteless 8ague drops0 used in the fen countries are simply a solution of arsenite of potash4 ,davidson's ,cancer ,remedy consists1 according to ,dr4 ,paris1 of equal parts of arsenious acid and powdered hemlock4 ,in ,india1 arsenic given as a medicine by native practitioners1 or administered as a poison1 may be found coloured and impure1 from having been mixed either with cow's urine1 or with the juice of leaves1 c4#gab #gab ,chevers1 ,med4 ,jurisprudence for ,india1 p4 #aaf4 ,arsenious acid is used by dentists to destroy the nervous pulp of decayed and painful teeth1 about the twenty-fifth of a grain 7#be mgrms47 being placed in the cavity4 ,a common formula is arsenious acid1 #b2 sulphate of morphine1 #a2 creasote1 q4 s4 to make a stiff paste4 ,there is no record of any accident having resulted from this practice hitherto2 but since the dentist seldom weighs the arsenic1 it is not altogether free from danger4 7#e7 ,pigments1 c4--,king's yellow should be ,as,s1 the trisulphide of arsenic or orpiment4 ,it is frequently adulterated with #hj to #ij per cent4 of arsenious acid1 and in such a case is1 of course1 more poisonous4 ,king's yellow1 if pure1 yields to water nothing which gives any arsenical reaction4 ,a blue pigment1 termed mineral blue1 consists of about equal parts of arsenite of copper and potash1 and should contain #chg per cent4 of metallic arsenic 7 to #eajhd ,as,o,h7 and #aef of copper4 ,schweinfurt green 7,syn4 ,emerald-green71 7,cu,as,o7,cu7,c,h,o7 is a cupric arsenite and acetate1 and should contain #be per cent4 of copper and #ehd per cent4 of arsenious acid4 ,in analysis1 the copper in this compound is readily separated from the arsenic by first oxidising with nitric acid1 and then adding to the nitric acid solution ammonia1 until the blue colour remains undissolved4 ,at this point ammonium oxalate is added in excess1 the solution is first acidified by hydrochloric or nitric acid1 and1 on standing1 the copper separates completely 7or almost so7 as ,oxalate1 the arsenic remaining in solution4 ,another method is to pass ,,sh to saturation1 collect the sulphides on a filter1 and1 after washing and drying the mixed sulphides1 oxidise with fuming nitric acid1 evaporate to dryness1 and again treat with nitric acid4 ,the residue is fused with soda and potassic nitrate1 the fused mass is dissolved in water1 acidulated with nitric acid1 and the copper is precipitated by potash2 the solution is filtered1 and in the filtrate the arsenic is precipitated as ammonio-magnesian arseniate or as trisulphide4#gac #gac ,p4 ,gucci1 ,chem4 ,centrbl41 #ahhg1 #aebh4 ,scheele's green 7,cu,h,as,o7 is a hydrocupric arsenite1 and contains #ebh per cent4 of arsenious anhydride and #cch per cent4 of copper4 7#f7 ,external ,application of ,arsenic for ,sheep1 c4--,many of these are simply solutions of arsenic1 the solution being made by the farmer4 ,most of the yellow sheep-dipping compounds of commerce are made up either of impure carbonate of potash1 or of soda ash1 arsenic1 soft soap1 and sulphur4 ,the ,french bain de ,tessier is composed of3-- ,arsenious ,acid1 #ajj kgrm4 ,ferrous ,sulphate1 #ajjj ,peroxide of ,iron1 #jdj ,gentian ,powder1 #jbj ,this is to be added to #ajj kgrms4 of water4 ,another common application consists of alum and arsenic 7#aj or #ab to #a71 dissolved in two or three hundred parts of water4 7#g7 ,arsenical ,soaps1 c4--,arsenic is used in preserving the skins of animals4 ,one of the compounds for this purpose1 known under the name of ,bcoeur's arsenical soap1 has the following composition3-- ,camphor1 #cd per cent4 ,arsenic1 #bjb ,carbonate of ,potash1 #efb ,lime1#gad #bjb #gad ,the dust from the preserved skins of animals has caused1 at least1 one case of poisoning4 ,ann4 d',hyg4 ,pub4 et de ,md4 ,lg41 #b sr41 #ahgj1 t4 xxxiii1 p4 #cad4 7#h7 ,arsenical compounds used in pyrotechny3-- ,parts4 ,blue fires--7#a7 ,realgar1 #b ,charcoal1 #c ,potassic ,chlorate1 #e ,sulphur1 #ac ,nitrate of ,baryta1 #gg ----- 7#b7 ,sulphur1 #dji ,nitre1 #cfh ,sulphide of ,antimony1 #abc ,arsenic1 #e ,charcoal1 #e ----- ,green fires--,metallic ,arsenic1 #b ,charcoal1 #c ,chlorate of ,potash1 #e ,sulphur1 #ac ,nitrate of ,baryta1 #g ------ ,light green fire--,charcoal1 #age ,sulphide of ,arsenic1 #age ,sulphur1 #ajej ,chlorate of ,potash1 #bcbe ,nitrate of ,baryta1 #fbej ------ ,white fire--7#a7 ,arsenious ,acid1 #gf ,charcoal1 #afc ,sulphide of ,antimony1 #abbg ,nitrate of ,potash1 #cfei ,sulphur1 #dhge ------ 7#b7 ,realgar1 #fa ,sulphur1 #bab ,nitrate of ,potash1 #gbg ------ #gag4 ,statistics4--,during the ten years #ahhc-ib there were registered in ,england and ,wales #aac deaths from arsenic2 of these #eg1 or about half1 were suicidal deaths1 and #e were classed under the head of 8murder02 the rest were due to accident4 ,the age and sex distribution of persons dying from accidental or suicidal arsenical poisoning are detailed in the following table3-- ,,deaths ,,from ,,arsenic ,,during ,,the ,,ten ,,years #ahhc-ahib4 ,,accident ,,or ,,negligence4 ,ages1 #a-e #e-ae #ae-be #be-fe #fe and ,total above ,males1 #a #d #c #bc #f #cg ,females1 #d 444 #c #d #c #ad --------------------------------------- ,total1 #e #d #f #bg #i #ea --------------------------------------- ,,suicide4 ,ages1 #ae-be #be-fe #fe and ,total above ,males1 #c #cb #b #cg ,females1 #e #ab #c #bj ---------------------------- ,total1 #h #dd #e #eg ---------------------------- #gah4 ,law ,relative to the ,sale of ,arsenic4--,by the #adth of ,vict4 c4 #ab1 every person selling arsenic is bound to keep a written record of every particular relative to each transaction1 such as the name1 abode1 and calling of the purchaser1 the purpose for which the poison is required1 and the quantity sold1 c4 ,these particulars are to be signed also by the purchaser4 ,no person 7sec4 #b7 is allowed to sell arsenic to any one unknown to the seller1 unless in the presence of a witness whom the seller is acquainted with4 ,the arsenic sold 7sec4 #c7 is to be mixed with soot or indigo in the proportion of half an ounce of indigo to a pound of arsenic4 ,it1 therefore1 follows that the coloured substance should not contain more than #gj per cent4 of arsenious acid4 ,the ,act applies to all the colourless preparations of arsenic3 but it is not to affect chemists in making up prescriptions for medical men1 or in supplying medical men2 nor is it to affect the wholesale dealers in supplying arsenic to retail shops1 c4 ,the penalty for conviction is #bj1 or less4#gae #gae ,commercial arsenic is often much adulterated1 especially with gypsum1 chalk1 c4 ,these are most readily detected by subliming the arsenic4 ,the sublimed arsenic itself may not be entirely pure1 sometimes containing arsenical sulphides and antimonious oxide4 #gai4 ,dose4--,the smallest dose of arsenic known to have proved fatal to a human being is #af grm4 7#b grains74 ,farriers and grooms are in the habit of giving as much as l#c grm4 7#bj grains7 a day to a horse1 so that the poisonous dose for this animal must be very large4 ,the maximum dose for the horned cattle appears to be from #cb to #ch grm4 7#e to #f grains72 that for a dog is #af mgrms4 7 grain71 and even this may1 in the smaller kinds1 cause illness4 ,the following may be considered as dangerous doses of arsenic3--#ac grm4 7#b grains7 for an adult2 #ai grm4 7#cj grains7 for a horse2 #fd grm4 7#aj grains7 for a cow2 and #cb to #fd mgrms4 7 to #a grain7 for a dog4 #gbj4 ,effects of ,arsenious ,acid on ,plants4--,if the root or stem of a plant is immersed in a solution of arsenious acid1 the hue of the leaves soon alters in appearance1 the green colour becomes of a whitish or brownish hue1 and the plant withers2 the effect being very similar to that produced by hot water4 ,the toxic action may be traced from below upwards1 and analysis will detect minute quantities of arsenic in all portions of the plant4 ,it has1 however1 been shown by ,gorup-,besanez1#gaf that if arsenious acid be mixed with earth1 and plants grown in such earth1 they only take up infinitesimal quantities of arsenic4 ,hence1 in cases of cattle poisoning1 any defence based upon the alleged presence of arsenic in the pasture will be more ingenious than just4 #gaf ,annal4 d4 ,chemie u4 ,pharmacie1 ,bd4 cxxvii41 ,h4 #b1 #bdc4 ,the influence of arsenical fumes as evolved from manufactories upon shrubs and trees is in general insignificant4 ,pines and firs1 five to six years old1 have been known to suffer from a disease in which there is a shedding of the leaves1 the more tender herbage being at the same time affected4 ,whatever dangers the practice of steeping corn intended for seed in a solution of arsenious acid1 as a preventive of 8smut10 may possess1 it does not appear to influence deleteriously the growth of the future plant4 ,superphosphate of manure is frequently rich in arsenic4 ,dr4 ,edmund ,davy asserts that plants to which such manure is applied take up arsenic in their tissues1 and ,m4 ,andonard has made a similar statement4 ,tuson#gag has also undertaken some experiments1 which confirm ,andonard and ,davy's researches4 ,the bearing of this with relation to the detection of arsenic in the stomachs of the herbivora needs no comment4 #gag ,cooley's ,dictionary1 ,art4 8,arsenic40 #gba4 ,effects on ,animal ,life--,animalcules4--,all infusoria and forms of animalcule-life hitherto observed perish rapidly if a minute quantity of arsenious acid is dissolved in the water in which they exist4 ,insects4--,the common arsenical fly-papers afford numerous opportunities for observing the action of arsenic on ordinary flies2 within a few minutes 7five to ten after taking the poison into their digestive organs7 they fall1 apparently from paralysis of the wings1 and die4 ,spiders and all insects into which the poison has been introduced exhibit a similar sudden death4 ,it is said that in the neighbourhood of arsenical manufactories there is much destruction among bees and other forms of insect life4 ,annelids4--,if arsenious acid is applied to the external surface of worms or leeches1 the part which it touches perishes first1 and life is extinguished successively in the others4 ,if a wound is made first1 and the arsenious acid then applied to it1 the effects are only intensified and hastened4 ,there is always noticed an augmentation of the excretions2 the vermicular movements are at first made more lively1 they then become languid1 and death is very gradual4 ,birds4--,the symptoms with birds are somewhat different1 and vary according to the form in which the poison is administered1 viz41 whether as a vapour or in solution4 ,in several experiments made by ,eulenberg on pigeons1 the birds were secured under glass shades1 and exposed to the vapour of metallic arsenic vaporised by heat4 ,it is scarcely necessary to remark that in operating in this way1 the poisoning was not by metallic arsenic vapour1 but by that of arsenious acid4 ,one of these experiments may be cited3--,a pigeon was made to breathe an atmosphere charged with vapour from the volatilisation of metallic arsenic4 ,the bird was immediately restless2 in thirty minutes it vomited repeatedly1 and the nasal apertures were noticed to be moist2 after a little while1 the bird1 still breathing the arsenious acid atmosphere1 was much distressed1 shook its head repeatedly1 and yawned2 in fifty minutes the respiration was laboured1 and in fifty-nine minutes there was much vomiting4 ,on removing the bird1 after it had been exposed an hour to the vapour 7#af grm4 of metallic arsenic having been evaporated in all71 it rapidly recovered4 ,six days after1 the pigeon was again exposed in the same way to the vapour1 but this time #ef grm4 of metallic arsenic was volatilised4 ,in fifteen minutes there was retching1 followed by vomiting4 ,on taking it out after an hour it remained very quiet1 ate nothing1 and often puffed itself out2 the breathing was normal1 movements free1 but it had unusual thirst4 ,on the second and third day the excretions were frequent and fluid2 the cardiac pulsations were slowed1 and the bird was disinclined to move4 ,on the fourth day it continued in one place1 puffing itself out2 towards evening the respirations slowed1 the beak gaping at every inspiration4 ,on attempting flight1 the wings fluttered and the bird fell on its head4 ,after this it lay on its side1 with slow1 laboured respiration1 the heart-beats scarcely to be felt1 and death took place without convulsions1 and very quietly4 ,on examining the organs after death1 the brain and spinal cord were very bloodless2 there were ecchymoses in the lungs2 but little else characteristic4 ,the experiment quoted has a direct bearing upon the breathing of arsenical dust2 as1 for example1 that which floats in the air of a room papered with an easily detached arsenical pigment4 ,other experiments on birds generally have shown that the symptoms produced by arsenious acid in solution1 or in the solid form1 in a dose insufficient to destroy life1 are languor1 loss of appetite1 and the voidance of large quantities of liquid excreta like verdigris4 ,with fatal doses1 the bird remains quiet2 there are fluid1 sometimes bloody1 excretions2 spasmodic movements of the pharynx1 anti-peristaltic contraction of the sophagus1 vomiting1 general trembling of the body1 thirst1 erection of the feathers1 and laboured respiration4 ,the bird becomes very feeble1 and the scene mostly closes with insensibility and convulsions4 ,mammals1 such as cats1 dogs1 c41 suffer from symptoms fairly identical with those observed in man2 but the nervous symptoms 7according to ,p4 ,hugo7 do not predominate1 while with rabbits and guinea-pigs1 nervous symptoms are more marked and constant4#gah ,there are vomiting1 purging1 and often convulsions and paralysis before death4 ,it has been noticed that the muscles after death are in a great state of contraction4 ,the slow poisoning of a dog1 according to ,lolliot1#gai produced an erythematous eruption in the vicinity of the joints1 ears1 and other parts of the body2 there were conjunctivitis1 increased lachrymal secretion1 and photophobia2 the hair fell off4 #gah ,archiv f4 exper4 ,path4 u4 ,pharmakol1 ,leipzig1 #ahhb4 #gai tude ,physiol4 d',arsne1 ,thse1 ,paris1 #ahfh4 #gbb4 ,effects of ,arsenious ,acid on ,man4--,the symptoms produced by arsenious acid vary according to the form of the poison--whether solid1 vaporous1 or soluble--according to the condition of bodily health of the person taking it1 and according to the manner in which it is introduced into the animal economy1 while they are also in no small degree modified by individual peculiarities of organisation and by habit1 as1 for instance1 in the arsenic-eaters4 ,arsenic-,eaters4--,in all ,european countries grooms and horse-dealers are acquainted with the fact that a little arsenic given daily in the corn improves the coat1 increases1 probably1 the assimilation of the food1 and renders the horse plump and fat4 ,on the ,continent grooms have been known to put a piece of arsenic1 the size of a pea1 in a little oatmeal1 make it into a ball1 tie it up in a linen rag1 and attach it to the bit2 the saliva dissolves1 little by little1 the poison1 while both the gentle irritation and physiological action excite a certain amount of salivation1 and the white foam at the mouth1 and the champing of the horse1 are thought vastly to improve the appearance4 ,shot1 which contains a small quantity of arsenic1 have been used for the same purpose1 and from half a pound to a pound of small shot has been given to horses4 ,when a horse has been for a long time dosed with arsenic1 it seems necessary to continue the practice2 if this is not done1 the animal rapidly loses his condition4 ,the explanation probably is1 that the arsenic stimulates the various cells and glands of the intestinal tract to a superaction1 the natural termination of which is an enfeeblement of their secreting power--this especially in the absence of the stimulus4 ,turning from equine involuntary arsenic-eaters1 we find the strange custom of arsenic-eating voluntarily pursued by the races of lower ,austria and ,styria1 especially by those dwelling on the mountains separating ,styria from ,hungary4 ,in ,india also 7and especially in the ,punjaub7 the same practice prevails1 and here it is often taken as an aphrodisiac4 ,the mountaineers imagine that it increases the respiratory power1 nor is there wanting some evidence to show that this is actually the fact1 and medicinal doses of arsenic have been in use for some time in cases of asthma and other diseases of the chest4 ,the arsenic-eaters begin with a very small dose1 which is continued for several weeks or months1 until the system gets accustomed to it4 ,the amount is then slightly augmented until relatively large doses are taken with impunity4 ,in one case#gbj it appears that a countryman1 in good health1 and sixty years of age1 took daily #d grains of arsenious acid1 a habit which he had inherited from his father1 and which he in turn bequeathed to his son4 #gbj ,tardieu1 op4 cit4 ,the existence of such a custom as arsenic-eating1 in its literal sense1 has more than once been doubted1 but all who have travelled over ,styria and other places where the habit prevails have convinced themselves that the facts have not been overstated4 ,for example1 ,dr4 ,maclagan1 in company with ,dr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,rutter1#gba visited ,styria in #ahfe1 and having carefully weighed #e or #f grains of arsenic1 saw these doses actually swallowed by two men4 ,on collecting their urine1 about two hours afterwards1 abundant quantitative evidence of its presence was found2 but in neither of the men were there the slightest symptoms of poisoning4 ,it is obvious that the existence of such a habit might seriously complicate any inquiry into arsenical poisoning in these regions4 #gba ,edin4 ,med4 ,journ41 ,april #ahfe2 ,brit4 and ,for4 ,med4 ,chir4 ,journ41 ,oct4 #ahfe4 #gbc4 ,manner of ,introduction of ,arsenic4--,arsenious acid exerts a poisonous action1 whether it is taken by the stomach1 or introduced into the system by any other channel whatever4 ,the differences in the symptoms produced by external application 7as through a wound71 and by swallowing arsenious acid in substance or in solution1 are not so marked as might be expected4 ,it was probably ,hunter who first distinctly recognised the fact that arsenic1 even when introduced outwardly by application to an abraded surface1 exerts a specific effect on the mucous membrane of the stomach4 ,brodie#gbb states1 8,mr4 ,home informed me that in an experiment made by ,mr4 ,hunter himself1 in which arsenic was applied to a wound in a dog1 the animal died in twenty-four hours1 and the stomach was found to be considerably inflamed4 ,i repeated this experiment several times1 taking the precaution of always applying a bandage to prevent the animal licking the wound4 ,the result was that the inflammation of the stomach was commonly more violent and more immediate than when the poison was administered internally1 and that it preceded in appearance the inflammation of the wound40 #gbb ,phil4 ,trans41 #ahab4 #gbd4 ,cases of ,poisoning by the ,external ,application of ,arsenic4--,a mass-poisoning by the external use of arsenical violet powder to infants occurred in ,england some years ago4 ,two deaths from this cause were established by coroners' inquests4#gbc ,dr4 ,tidy found the violet powders used in the two cases to have the following composition3-- #gbc 8,gleanings in ,toxicology10 by ,c4 ,meymott ,tidy1 ,m4,b4--,lancet1 ,aug4 #ba1 #ahgh4 #a4 #b4 ,per cent4 ,per cent4 ,arsenious ,acid1 #che #chc ,starch 7,potato71 #edh #eed ,magnesia1 c4 #fg #fcgbd #gbd ,two recipes were handed in at the coroner's inquest which pretty fairly represent the composition of ordinary commercial violet powder3-- ,first ,quality1 sold at #gs4 per gross4 ,starch ,powder1 #bh lbs4 ,magnesia1 #a lb4 ,orris-root1 #a lb4 ,violet ,perfume1 #a oz4 ,essence of ,roses1 #e drops4 ,second ,quality1 sold at #fs4 per gross4 ,terra ,alba 7,sulphate of ,lime71 #ad lbs4 ,potato ,starch1 #ba lbs4 ,magnesia1 #c lbs4 ,orris-root1 #a lb4 ,violet ,perfume1 #a oz4 ,essence of ,roses1 #e drops4 ,although the children were poisoned by absorption through the skin 7unless it is allowed that some may have found its way in the form of arsenical dust into the throat1 or1 what is still more probable1 that the infants may from time to time have seized the puff-ball and sucked it71 the large quantity of #dba grm4 7#fe grains7 of arsenious acid was separated in the one case1 and #aid grm4 7#c grains7 in the other4 ,in these cases arose the question which is sure to recur in legal inquiries into poisoning by absorption1 viz41 whether the poison lying on the surface and folds of the skin could not have been mixed during the post-mortem examination with the organs of the body8 ,in these particular cases special care appears to have been taken1 and the answer was satisfactory4 ,it is not amiss1 however1 to call attention to the extreme precaution which such instances necessitate4 ,a woman1 aged #ea1 had used a solution of arsenious acid to cure the itch2 erysipelas of the body1 however1 followed1 and she died after a long illness--one of the symptoms noted being trembling and paresis of the limbs4#gbe ,in a case recorded by ,desgranges1#gbf a young chambermaid had applied to the unwounded scalp an arsenical ointment for the purpose of destroying vermin4 ,she also suffered from a severe erysipelas1 and the hair fell off4 ,quacks have frequently applied various arsenical pastes to ulcers and cancerous breasts with a fatal result4 ,instances of this abound2 in one1 a charlatan applied to a chronic ulcer of the leg an arsenical caustic2 the patient showed symptoms of violent poisoning1 and died on the sixth day4#gbg ,in another1 a lady suffering from some form of tumour of the breast1 applied to an unqualified practitioner1 who made from fifteen to twenty punctures with a lancet in the swelling1 covered a piece of bread with an arsenical compound1 and applied the bread thus prepared to the breast4 ,twelve hours afterwards symptoms of violent gastric irritation commenced2 and vomiting and a sanguinolent diarrha followed1 with death on the fifth day4 ,arsenic was found in all the organs4#gbh ,such examples might be multiplied4 ,arsenic has been in more than one case introduced criminally into the vagina with a fatal result4#gbi ,foder1 e4g41 has recorded the case of a maid-servant who poisoned her mistress by intentionally administering several arsenical enemata4#gcj ,arsenious acid again has been respired in the form of vapour4 ,one of the best instances of this is recorded by ,taylor1 and was the subject of a trial at the ,york ,lent ,assizes1 #ahfd4 ,the prisoner placed some burning pyrites at the doorway of a small room1 in which there were eight children1 including an infant in the cradle4 ,the other children were removed speedily1 but the infant was exposed to the vapour for an hour2 it suffered from vomiting and diarrha1 and died in twenty-four hours4 ,there was slight inflammation of the stomach and intestines1 the brain and lungs were congested1 and the lining membrane of the trachea of a bright red colour4 ,arsenic was detected in the stomach1 in the lungs1 and spleen4 ,the pyrites contained arsenic1 and the fatal fumes were in effect composed of sulphurous and arsenious acids4 #gbe ,belloc1 ,md4 ,lg41 t4 iv4 p4 #abd4 #gbf ,recueil de la ,soc4 de ,md4 de ,paris1 t4 vi4 p4 #bb1 ,an4 vii42 also ,tardieu1 tude ,md4 ,lgale1 sur l',empoisonnement1 ,obs4 xxvii4 p4 #deg4 #gbg ,mean1 ,bibliothque ,md41 t4 lxxiv41 #ahba1 p4 #dja4 #gbh ,tardieu1 op4 cit41 ,obs4 xxix42 ,dr4 ,vernois1 ,ann4 d',hyg4 et de ,md4 ,lg41 t4 xxxvi41 #ast ser41 p4 #ada1 #ahdf4 #gbi ,ansiaulx1 ,clinique ,chirurgicale4 ,mangor 7,acta4 ,societ4 ,reg4 ,hafniens1 iii4 p4 #agh7 gives the case of a man who poisoned his three wives successively with arsenic--the two last by introducing into the vagina a powder composed of flour and arsenic4 ,another similar case is related by ,brisken4 ,mangor made experiments on mares1 showing that when arsenic is applied to the vagina1 death may result from inflammation4 #gcj ,md4 ,lgale1 iv4 #gbe4 ,arsenic in ,wall-,papers4--,it is now an accepted fact that arsenical colours on wall-papers cause illness4 ,the symptoms are those of chronic poisoning1 and present nothing distinctive from the effects produced from small doses of arsenic4 ,kirschgasser#gca has described the symptoms in detail of twenty-six cases4 ,that arsenic is actually present in patients suffering is often susceptible of proof1 by examining skilfully and carefully a considerable volume 7from one to two days' collection7 of the urine2 in most of the cases thus examined arsenic has been discovered4 ,this poisoning is produced1 sometimes from the dust1 at others from a volatile compound of arsenic1 which has the following properties3--,it is very volatile 7perhaps a gas71 it has a strong alliaceous odour1 it is not entirely decomposed by a solution of silver nitrate1 but is apparently decomposed by a boiling acid solution of potassic permanganate4 ,the author suggests that it may be a compound of ,,co and ,as1 but this is only a supposition4 ,the existence of this volatile substance has been settled beyond all question by the experiments of ,gosio1#gcb confirmed by those of ,charles ,robert ,sanger4#gcc #gca ,vierteljahr4 f4 gericht ,med41 ,n4 ,f41 ix4 #if4 #gcb ,azione di alcune ,muffe sui ,compositi fissi d',arsenico4 ,ministero dell' ,interno1 ,laboratori ,scientifici della ,direzione di ,sanita1 ,roma1 #ahib4 #gcc 8,on the ,formation of ,volatile ,compounds of ,arsenic from ,arsenical ,wall-,papers10 ,american ,academy of ,arts and ,sciences1 vol4 xxix4 ,this substance appears to be readily enough produced by the action of the common moulds upon organic matter in the presence of small amounts of arsenic2 the moulds vary in this property3 ,mucor1 ,mucedo1 and ,aspergillum glaucum react well2 on the contrary1 ,penicillium glaucum1 ,mucor ramosus1 and several others have either no action1 or the action is but slight4 ,one mould1 the ,penicillium brevicaule1 has quite a special endowment in forming this peculiar arsenical compound2 so much so1 that ,gosio has proposed its use as a reagent for arsenic1 the garlic odour being perceived when the fungus is made to grow in solutions containing organic matter and only traces of arsenic4 #gbf4 ,forms of ,arsenical ,poisoning4--,there are at least four distinct forms of arsenical poisoning1 viz41 an acute1 subacute1 a nervous1 and a chronic form4 ,acute ,form4--,all those cases in which the inflammatory symptoms are severe from the commencement1 and in which the sufferer dies within twenty-four hours1 may be called acute4 ,the commencement of the symptoms in these cases is always within the hour2 they have been known1 indeed1 to occur within eight minutes1 but the most usual time is from twenty minutes to half an hour4 ,there is an acrid feeling in the throat1 with nausea2 vomiting soon sets in1 the ejected matters being at first composed of the substances eaten2 later they may be bilious or even bloody1 or composed of a whitish liquid4 ,diarrha follows and accompanies the vomiting1 the motions are sometimes like those met with in ordinary diarrha and ,english cholera1 and sometimes bloody4 ,there is coldness of the extremities1 with great feebleness1 and the pulse is small and difficult to feel4 ,the face1 at first very pale1 takes a bluish tint1 the temperature falls still lower2 the patient sinks in collapse1 and death takes place in from five to twenty hours after the taking of the poison4 ,there can scarcely be said to be any clinical feature which distinguishes the above description from that of cholera2 and supposing that cholera were epidemic1 and no suspicious circumstance apparently present1 there can be little doubt that a most experienced physician might mistake the cause of the malady1 unless surrounding circumstances give some hint or clue to it4 ,in the acute form diarrha may be absent1 and the patient die1 as it were1 from 8shock40 ,this was probably the cause of death in a case related by ,casper1#gcd that of ,julius ,bolle1 poisoned by his wife4 ,he took an unknown quantity of arsenic in solution at seven in the morning1 and in about three-quarters of an hour afterwards suffered from pain and vomiting1 and died in little more than three hours4 ,there were no signs of inflammation in the stomach and intestines1 but from the contents of the stomach were separated #jacb grm4 of arsenious acid1 and #jjeac grm4 from pieces of the liver1 spleen1 kidneys1 lung1 and blood4 ,the dose actually taken is supposed not to have been less than #chh grm4 7#f grains74 #gcd ,case #ahh in ,casper's ,handbuch4 #gbg4 ,the ,subacute ,form4--,the subacute form is that which is most common2 it exhibits some variety of phenomena1 and individual cases vary much in the matter of time4 ,the commencement of symptoms is1 as in the most acute form1 usually within the hour1 but exceptions to this rule occur4 ,in a case quoted by ,taylor1#gce and recorded by ,m4 ,tonnelier1 the poison did not cause any marked illness for eight hours2 it was found1 on post-mortem examination1 that a cyst had been formed in the stomach which sheathed the arsenic over1 and in some degree explained this delay4 ,in another case1 again1 ten hours elapsed1 and this is considered to be the maximum period yet observed4 ,as with the acute form1 there is a feeling of nausea1 followed by vomiting1 which continues although the stomach is quite empty2 at first the ejected matter is a watery fluid1 but later it may be streaked with blood4 ,the tongue is thickly coated2 there is great thirst1 but the drinking of any liquid 7even of ice-cold water7 increases the vomiting4 ,nearly always pain is felt in the epigastrium1 spreading all over the abdomen1 and extending to the loin 7which is tense and tender on pressure74 ,deglutition is often painful1 and is accompanied by a sort of spasmodic constriction of the pharyngeal muscles4 ,diarrha follows the vomiting1 and has the same characters as that previously described2 occasionally1 however1 this feature is absent4 ,in the case recorded by ,martineau1#gcf a man1 aged #be1 was seized at #aj ,a4,m4 suddenly with vomiting1 which persisted all that day and the next1 during which time the bowels were obstinately confined4 ,on the second day a purgative was administered1 whereupon diarrha set in1 and continued until his death1 which occurred in about two days and sixteen hours from the commencement of the symptoms4 ,this case is also remarkable from the absence of pain or tenderness of the abdomen4 #gce ,taylor's ,principles and ,practice of ,jurisprudence1 vol4 i4 p4 #bea2 ,flandin1 vol4 i4 p4 #ece4 #gcf ,tardieu1 op4 cit41 ,obs4 xix4 ,in subacute cases the urine has several times been suppressed1 and it is generally scanty and red in colour4 ,irregularity of the heart's action and feebleness are tolerably constant phenomena4 ,as the end approaches1 there is excessive muscular weakness1 the face is pale1 the eyes hollow2 the mucous membranes first1 and then the skin1 take a bluish tint2 the skin itself is covered with perspiration1 and there has been noticed a peculiar odour1 which has been likened to arsine 7arseniuretted hydrogen74 ,the respiration is troubled1 convulsive movements of the limbs have been observed1 and cramps in the calves of the legs2 death follows in a variable time--from twenty-four hours to several days4 ,in certain cases there is a curious remission after violent symptoms1 the patient rallies and seems to have recovered2 but the appearance is deceptive1 for the symptoms recur1 and death follows4 ,recovery may also take place partially from the primary effects1 and then inflammatory changes in the stomach1 c41 set in1 with fever and the ordinary symptoms which are common in all internal inflammation4 ,a single dose of arsenious acid may cause a prolonged and fatal illness1 one of the best known examples being that of the suicide of the ,duc de ,praslin1#gcg who took1 with suicidal intent1 on ,wednesday1 ,august #ah1 #ahdg1 a dose of arsenious acid4 ,the exact time of the act could not be ascertained1 but the first effects appeared at #aj ,p4,m42 there were the usual signs of vomiting1 followed on the next day by diarrha1 fainting1 and extreme feebleness of the pulse4 ,on ,friday there was a remission of the symptoms1 but great coldness of the limbs1 intermittency and feebleness of the heart's action1 and depression4 ,on ,saturday there was slight fever1 but no pain or tenderness in the abdomen1 vomiting1 or diarrha2 on this day no urine was passed4 ,on the ,sunday he complained of a severe constriction of the throat1 and deglutition was extremely painful2 thirst was extreme1 the tongue intensely red1 as well as the mucous membrane of the mouth and pharynx1 and the patient had a sensation of burning from the mouth to the anus4 ,the abdomen was painful and distended1 the heat of the skin was pronounced1 the pulse frequent and irregular1--sometimes strong1 at others feeble1--the bowels had to be relieved by injections1 the urine was in very small quantity2 during the night there was no sleep4 ,the duke died at #d4ce ,a4,m4 on ,tuesday the #bdth1 the sixth day2 intelligence was retained to the last4 ,as the end approached1 the respiration became embarrassed1 the body extremely cold1 and the pulse very frequent4 #gcg ,tardieu1 8,relation ,mdico-,lgale de l',assassinat de la ,duchesse de ,praslin10 ,ann4 d',hyg4 ,pub4 et de ,mdico-,lg41 #ahdg1 t4 xxxviii4 p4 #cij2 also op4 cit41 ,obs4 xi4 #gbh4 ,in the nervous form the ordinary vomiting and purging are either entirely suppressed1 or present in but feeble degree2 and under this heading are classed the rare cases in which1 in place of the ordinary symptoms1 affections of the nervous system predominate4 ,narcotism1 paresis1 deepening into paralysis1 delirium1 and even acute mania1 as well as epileptiform convulsions1 have all been recorded4 ,in short1 the symptoms show so much variety1 that an idea of the malady produced in this very rare form can only be obtained by studying the clinical history of cases which have presented this aspect4 ,in a case recorded by ,guilbert1#gch a man1 thirty-five years of age1 had swallowed a solution of arsenic1 half of which was immediately rejected by vomiting4 ,a little while afterwards his respiration became laborious2 the eyes were bathed with tears1 which were so acrid as to inflame the eyelids and the cheeks2 the muscles of the face were from time to time convulsed2 he perspired much1 and the perspiration had a ftid odour2 there was some diarrha1 the urine was suppressed1 and from time to time he was delirious4 ,afterwards the convulsions became general1 and the symptoms continued with more or less severity for five days4 ,on the sixth a copious miliary eruption broke out1 and the symptoms became less severe4 ,the eruption during fifteen days every now and again reappeared1 and at the end of that time the patient was convalescent1 but weak1 liable to ophthalmia1 and had a universal trembling of the limbs4 #gch ,journal de ,van der ,monde1 #agef1 t4 iv4 p4 #cec2 ,tardieu1 op4 cit41 ,obs4 xiii4 p4 #dcj4 ,in one of ,brodie's#gci experiments on rabbits1 #g grains of arsenious acid were inserted in a wound in the back2 the effect of which was to paralyse the hind legs4 ,in other experiments on animals1 paralysis of the hind legs has been frequently noticed1 but paralysis certainly is rare in man2 in the case1 however1 recorded by ,barrier1#gdj of the five men who took by mistake a solution of arsenious acid1 one of them was found stretched on the ground with the inferior extremities paralysed4 #gci 8,the ,action of ,poisons10 ,phil4 ,trans41 #ahab4 #gdj ,journ4 de ,mdecine1 #aghc1 p4 #cec2 ,tardieu1 op4 cit41 ,obs4 xiv4 p4 #dca4 ,in a case of 8mass0 poisoning reported by ,dr4 ,coqueret1#gda three persons ate by mistake an unknown quantity of arsenious acid--two of them only suffered slightly1 but the third severely1 vomiting occurring almost immediately1 and continuing with frequency until the end of the fourth day4 ,two hours after swallowing the poison1 the patient took the hydrated oxide of iron as an antidote4 ,on the sixth day there was stupor and a semi-delirious state1 with an eruption of a pustular character compared to that of the small-pox4 ,these symptoms continued more or less until the fifteenth day1 when they diminished1 and ultimately the patient recovered4 ,in a case related by ,tardieu1#gdb in which a person died on the eleventh day from the effects of the poison1 towards the end1 as a specially marked symptom1 there was noted hypersthesia of the inferior extremities1 so that the least touch was painful4 #gda ,journ4 de ,connaiss4 ,md4 ,chirurg41 #ahci1 p4 #aee2 ,tardieu1 op4 cit41 ,obs4 xv4 p4 #dhb4 #gdb ,op4 cit41 ,obs4 xvii4 p4 #dcd4 #gbi4 ,absence of ,symptoms4--,in a few cases there have been a remarkable absence of symptoms1 and this both in man and animals4 ,seven horses were fed with oats accidentally mixed with arseniate of soda4 ,the first succumbed three hours after taking the poison1 without having presented any symptom whatever2 he fell suddenly1 and in a short time expired4#gdc ,it is related by ,orfila1#gdd that a woman1 aged #bg1 expired in about twelve hours from a large dose of arsenious acid2 there were the usual post-mortem appearances1 but in life no sign of pain1 no vomiting1 and but little thirst4 #gdc ,bouley 7,jeune71 ,ann4 d',hyg4 et de ,mdico-,lg41 #ahcd1 t4 xii4 p4 #cic4 #gdd ,tome i4 ,obs4 iv4 p4 #cad4 #gcj4 ,slow ,poisoning4--,slow poisoning has been caused accidentally by arsenical wall-paper1 in the manufacture of arsenical pigments1 by the admixture of small quantities of arsenic with salt or other condiments1 and repeated small doses have been used for criminally producing a fatal illness intended to simulate disease from natural causes4 ,the illness produced by small intermittent doses may closely resemble in miniature1 as it were1 those produced by large amounts2 but1 on the other hand1 they may be different and scarcely to be described otherwise than as a general condition of ill-health and malaise4 ,in such cases there is loss of appetite1 feebleness1 and not unfrequently a slight yellowness of the skin4 ,a fairly constant effect seen1 when a solution of arsenious acid is given continuously for a long time1 is an inflammation of the conjunctiv1 as well as of the nasal mucous membrane--the patient complains of 8always having a cold40 ,this inflammatory action also affects the pharynx1 and may extend to the air-passages1 and even to the lung-tissue4 ,at the same time there is often seen an exanthem1 which has received a specific name--8eczema arsenicale40 ,salivation is present1 the gums are sore1 at times lacerated4 ,in chronic poisoning by arsenic1 nervous symptoms are almost constant1 and exhibit great variety2 there may be numbness1 or the opposite condition1 hypersthesia1 in the extremities4 ,in certain cases fainting1 paresis1 paralysis1 and sometimes convulsions occur2 towards the end a sort of hectic fever supervenes1 and the patient dies of exhaustion4 #gca4 ,the ,maybrick ,case4#gde--,the ,maybrick case may be considered an example of poisoning extending over a considerable period of time3--,mr4 ,james ,maybrick1 a ,liverpool cotton-broker1 aged #di1 married ,florence ,elizabeth1 an ,american lady1 aged #ba4 ,they had two children4 ,the marriage proved an unhappy one4 ,some two years before his death in ,may #ahhi they had occupied two separate rooms4 ,seven weeks before the husband's death1 ,mrs4 ,maybrick went to ,london on a false pretext1 and lived for some days at an hotel1 ostensibly the wife of another man4 ,two days after her return1 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,maybrick attended the ,grand ,national race meeting1 and there a serious quarrel arose between them respecting the man with whom she had cohabited in ,london2 they returned from the race1 each separately1 and she slept apart4 ,next day an apparent reconciliation took place through the intervention of ,dr4 ,fuller1 the family medical attendant4 #gde 8,the ,maybrick ,trial and ,arsenical ,poisoning10 by ,thos4 ,stevenson1 ,m4,d41 ,guy's ,hosp4 ,rep41 #ahhi4 ,on or about ,april #ab-aith1 #ahhi1 ,mrs4 ,maybrick purchased arsenical fly-papers4 ,on ,april #ac-bjth ,mr4 ,maybrick visited ,london1 and consulted ,dr4 ,fuller for dyspepsia1 who prescribed nux vomica1 acids1 and mild remedies 7but no arsenic72 in one bottle of medicine1 ostensibly made according to ,dr4 ,fuller's prescription1 arsenic was subsequently found4 ,up to ,saturday1 ,april #bgth1 ,mr4 ,maybrick was in his usual health2 he was then sick1 numbed1 and in pain1 and had cramps2 he told his clerk he had been an hour in the water-closet1 but whether for diarrha or constipation does not appear2 he ascribed the symptoms to an overdose of ,fuller's medicine4 ,about this date fly-papers were found by the servants soaking in ,mrs4 ,maybrick's bedroom in a sponge-basin1 carefully covered up4 ,on the #bith she again purchased two dozen fly-papers from another chemist4 ,on ,april #bhth ,mr4 ,maybrick was sick and ill2 at #aa ,a4,m4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,humphreys was called in2 ,mr4 ,maybrick complained of a peculiar sensation about his heart1 and said he was in dread of paralysis4 ,he attributed his illness to a strong cup of tea taken before breakfast4 ,on the following day he was better1 and on the #cjth still improving4 ,on ,may #ast and #bnd ,mr4 ,maybrick went to his office and lunched1 both days1 off revalenta food1 prepared at home and warmed at his office in a new saucepan purchased for the occasion2 on one of these days the lunch was forgotten1 and was sent to ,mr4 ,maybrick by his wife2 and on one of the two days1 it is not clear which1 ,mr4 ,maybrick complained that his lunch did not agree with him1 and he attributed it to inferior sherry put into his food4 ,in a jug found at the office1 and in which food had been taken there1 a trace of the food still remained after ,mr4 ,maybrick's death1 and arsenic was found therein4 ,on ,may #crd the last fatal illness set in4 ,it is uncertain what food he had after breakfast2 he went to the office1 and returned home between #e and #f ,p4,m4 ,he had been seen by ,dr4 ,humphreys in the morning1 and appeared then not quite so well2 he found him at midnight suffering from what he thought was severe sciatica2 the patient said he had been sick from revalenta4 ,on ,may #dth he was continually sick1 nothing could be retained on the stomach1 but the sciatic pain was gone2 on ,may #eth the vomiting continued1 the patient complained of the sensation of a hair sticking in the throat1 and of a filthy taste in the mouth4 ,the throat and fauces were only slightly reddened1 the tongue was furred4 ,on ,may #fth there was less vomiting1 but otherwise the condition was the same1 and ,fowler's solution ordered1 but only a quantity equal to #a_/cjj grain was actually taken4 ,may #gth the condition was improved1 but there was no increase of power4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,carter was called in consultation4 ,the vomiting was passing away1 and diarrha commencing4 ,the throat was red1 dry1 and glazed2 there were incessant attempts to cough up an imaginary hair4 ,no cramps1 no pain in the stomach or intestines1 nor conjunctivitis4 ,on this day the first direct evidence of diarrha is recorded1 the medical men actually seeing a loose motion4 ,the result of the consultation was that ,mr4 ,maybrick must have taken some irritant in his food or drink4 ,on the #hth a professional nurse took charge4 ,during the #hth and #ith severe tenesmus set in with diarrha1 and blood was observed in the fces4 ,now arsenic was suspected1 the urine was examined by ,dr4 ,humphreys1 and a rough analysis was made of some ,neaves' food which the patient had been taking4 ,the patient died on the #ajth1 at #h4cj ,p4,m4 ,the post-mortem appearances were as follows3-- ,the tongue was dark1 the top of the gullet slightly red1 but otherwise healthy1 save at the lower end1 where the mucous membrane was gelatinous1 and was dotted over with black dots1 like frogs' spawn4 ,there was a small shallow ulcer in the mucous membrane of the larynx at the back of the epiglottis4 ,the free margin of the epiglottis was rough and eroded2 and on the posterior aspect of the ericoid cartilage there were two small red patches4 ,in the stomach were from #e-f ozs4 of brownish fluid4 ,at the cardiac end there was a large vermilion-red patch1 interspersed here and there with small dark ecchymoses 7spoken of by ,dr4 ,humphreys as a flea-bitten appearance72 to this followed a non-inflamed space1 and near the pyloric orifice1 and extending #b inches from it1 was another red inflamed portion of mucous membrane4 ,in the small intestine the mucous membrane was red and inflamed1 from #c inches below the pylorus to about #c feet downwards4 ,about #ah or #bj feet lower down1 i4e41 a little below the ileo-ccal valve1 the mucous membrane was again inflamed to a lesser extent over a space of about #b feet2 the lower end of the rectum was also red and inflamed4 ,no arsenic was found in the stomach or its contents1 or in the spleen4 ,arsenic was present in the liver1 in the intestines1 and in the kidneys4 ,the quantity separated altogether amounted to over #ja grain4 ,the liver weighed #dh ozs41 and from #ab ozs4 of the liver #jjgf grain of arsenic1 reckoned as ,as,o1 was separated4 ,the whole course of the symptoms and the post-mortem examination showed that the deceased died from an irritant poison2 and from the fact of a small quantity of arsenic having been found in the body1 there can be little doubt but that the poison was arsenic4 ,the symptoms were somewhat anomalous1 but not more so than in other recorded cases of undoubted arsenical poisoning4 ,the facts that tended to connect the accused with the death were as follows3--,on the night of either ,may #ith or the #ajth ,mrs4 ,maybrick was observed to remove from the table an opened bottle of ,valentine's meat juice1 and take it into an inner dressing-room1 and then replace it--the acts being surreptitious4 ,in replacing it1 she was observed to take it either from the pocket of her dressing-gown or from an inner pocket4 ,the lining of this pocket was found to be impregnated with ,as,o4 ,the juice was found to contain #je grain ,as,o1 and the liquid was of lower gravity than commercial juice2 it had probably1 therefore1 been diluted4 ,the following is a list of things containing arsenic3-- #a4 ,mrs4 ,maybrick's dressing-gown4 #b4 apron4 #c4 ,a handkerchief wrapped around a bottle4 #d4 ,packet of arsenic 8for cats40 7,arsenious acid mixed with char- coal47 ,tumbler containing milk1 with handkerchief soaking in it2 at least #bj grains of ,as,o in the tumbler mixed with charcoal4 #e4 ,a portion of a handkerchief4 #f4 ,a bottle containing a strong solution of arsenious acid and several grains of undissolved arsenious acid4 #g4 ,a bottle containing from #ae-bj grains of solid arsenic and a few drops of solution4 #h4 ,a saturated solution of arsenious acid and some solid arsenious acid4 #i4 ,valentine's meat juice4 #aj4 ,price's glycerin2 grain in the whole bottle4 #aa4 ,a bottle containing #ja grain of arsenious acid4 #ab4 ,a bottle from ,mr4 ,maybrick's office containing a few drops of medicine prescribed by ,dr4 ,fuller 7decidedly arsenical74 #ac4 ,jug from the office with remains of food4 #ad4 ,sediment from trap of w4c4 and lavatory drain containing ,as,o4 ,mrs4 ,maybrick was convicted1 but afterwards the sentence was commuted to penal servitude for life4 #gcb4 ,post-mortem ,appearances in ,animals4--,p4 ,hugo#gdf has made some minute researches as to the pathological appearances met with in animals4 ,his experiments were made on seven dogs1 eight guinea-pigs1 five rabbits1 two pigeons1 and five cats--all poisoned by arsenious acid4 ,according to ,hugo1 so far as these animals were concerned1 changes were more constant in the intestine than in the stomach4 #gdf ,beitrge zur ,pathologie der acuten ,arsenikvergiftung41 ,archiv fr exper4 ,pathol4 u4 ,pharmakol41 ,leipzig1 #ahhb4 ,stomach4--,changes in the mucous membrane were especially noticed in the great curvature and towards the pylorus2 the pylorus itself1 and a part of the cardiac portion1 remained unchanged4 ,the mucous membrane in dogs and cats was red1 with a tinge of blue--in many cases the redness was in streaks1 with injection of the capillaries4 ,the stomach of plant-eaters was less altered1 and a microscopical examination of the mucous tissues did not show any fatty change4 ,the ,intestines4--,in dogs and cats changes were evident2 in rabbits and guinea-pigs they were not so marked1 but the intestines of the last were extremely tender and brittle1 very moist1 and filled with a slimy1 serous1 grey-white fluid2 nevertheless1 the changes in all these animals appear to be of essentially the same nature4 ,the most striking effect is the shedding of a pseudo-membrane2 in quite recent cases there is a layer of from #a to #a mm4 wide of a transparent1 frog-spawn-like jelly streaking the intestine4 ,in later stages it becomes thicker1 while occasionally it resembles a diphtheritic exudation4 ,the mucous membrane itself is deep purple-red1 showing up by the side of the pseudo-membrane4 ,with regard to the villi1 the epithelial layer is detached1 and the capillary network filled with blood and enlarged4 ,the ,liver4--,hugo met only occasionally with fatty degeneration of the liver1 but there was marked steatosis of the epithelium of the gall-bladder of dogs4 ,a fact not prominently noticed before1 is 7at all events1 in dogs7 a serous transudation into the pleural sac and acute dema of the lungs2 the exudation may be excessive1 so that more than #ajj c4c4 of serous fluid can be obtained from the thorax2 there is also usually much fluid in the pericardium4 ,in two of ,hugo's experiments there was fluid in the cerebral ventricles2 and in all there was increased moisture of the brain substance with injection of the capillary vessels1 especially of the pia4 #gcc4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,a remarkable preservation of the body is commonly1 but not constantly1 observed4 ,when it does occur it may have great significance1 particularly when the body is placed under conditions in which it might be expected to decompose rapidly4 ,in the celebrated ,continental case of the apothecary ,speichert 7#ahgf71 ,speichert's wife was exhumed eleven months after death4 ,the coffin stood partly in water1 the corpse was mummified4 ,the organs contained arsenic1 the churchyard earth no arsenic4 ,r4 ,koch was unable to explain the preservation of the body1 under these conditions1 in no other way than from the effect of arsenic2 and this circumstance1 with others1 was an important element which led to the conviction of ,speichert4 ,when arsenious acid is swallowed in substance or solution1 the most marked change is that in the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines2 and1 even when the poison has been absorbed by the skin1 or taken in any other way1 there may be a very pronounced inflammatory action4 ,on the other hand1 this is occasionally absent4 ,orfila#gdg relates a case in which a man died in thirteen hours after having taken #ab grms4 of arsenious acid3--8,the mucous membrane of the stomach presented in its whole extent no trace of inflammation1 no redness1 and no alteration of texture40 ,many other similar cases are on record2 and1 according to ,harvey's statistics1 in #aig cases1 #cf 7about #ahb per cent47 presented no lesion of the stomach4 #gdg ,tome i4 ,obs4 v4 ,the usual changes produced by arsenious acid may be studied in the museums of the ,london hospitals4 ,in ,guy's ,hospital ,museum there are three preparations4 ,in preparation #agih is seen a large stomach with the mucous membrane at certain points abraded1 and at the great curvature the whole coats are thinned2 it is also somewhat congested4 ,in preparation #agih is a portion of coagulated lymph1 from the stomach of a lad1 aged #ad1 who had taken accidentally a piece of cheese charged with arsenious acid1 prepared for the purpose of destroying rats4 ,he lived twenty-eight hours1 and presented the ordinary symptoms4 ,the lymph has a membranous appearance1 and the rug of the stomach are impressed upon it4 ,it is said when recent to have presented numerous bright bloody spots1 although there was no visible breach of substance on the surface of the stomach4 ,the mucous membrane of the stomach is stated to have been injected1 and there was also diffuse injection of the duodenum4 ,preparation #agih is the stomach of a person who survived thirteen hours after taking a fatal dose of arsenious acid2 and in the same museum there is a wax model of the appearances which the fresh preparation exhibited1 showing a large oval patch coated with mucus and the poison4 ,the stomach was intensely inflamed1 the ccum injected4 ,the rest of the intestine was healthy4 ,in the museum of ,university ,college there are two preparations1 one#gdh exhibiting intense swelling and congestion of the gastric mucous membrane1 which is of a perfectly vermilion colour4 ,another preparation 7,no4 #bhfh7 shows the effect of a small dose of arsenic on the stomach2 there are spots of arborescent extravasation1 and slight congestion of the summits of the rug1 but in other respects it is normal4 ,there is also a cast of ,peyer's patches from the same case1 showing great prominence of the glands1 with some injection of the intestinal mucous membrane4 #gdh ,this preparation at the time of my visit had no number4 ,in ,st4 ,thomas' ,hospital there is an interesting preparation 7,no4 #h7 showing the gastric mucous membrane dotted all over with minute ulcers1 none of which have an inflammatory zone4#gdi ,i have not1 however1 seen in any museum a preparation of the curious emphysematous condition of the mucous membrane1 which has more than once been met with4 ,for example1 in a case related by ,tardieu1#gej ,schwann1 a labourer1 died from the effects of arsenic in thirty-six hours4 ,the autopsy showed that the mucous membrane of the stomach and small intestine was covered with a pasty coating1 and was elevated in nearly its whole extent by bull filled with gas1 forming true emphysematous swellings which encroached upon the diameter of the intestine4 ,there was neither redness nor ulceration1 but the mucous membrane was softened4 #gdi ,in a case related by ,orfila1 t4 i4 ,obs4 xv41 death resulted from the outward application of arsenic2 the mucous membrane of the stomach was natural in colour1 but there were four ulcers1 one of which was #ej centimetres in diameter4 #gej ,op4 cit41 ,obs4 i4 p4 #dfh4 ,the author saw1 many years ago1 at ,barnard ,castle1 an autopsy made on a gentleman who died from arsenic4 ,in this case the mucous membrane of the stomach presented a peculiar appearance1 being raised here and there by little blebs1 and very slightly reddened4 #gcd4 ,the inflammatory and other changes rarely affect the gullet4 ,brodie#gea never observed inflammation of the sophagus as an effect of arsenic2 but1 when arsenic is swallowed in the solid state1 as in the suicide of ,soufflard1 graphically described by ,orfila1#geb it may be affected4 ,in ,soufflard's case there was a vivid injection of the pharynx and gullet4 #gea ,phil4 ,trans41 #ahab4 #geb ,t4 i4 p4 #cai4 ,in many instances1 when the arsenic has been taken in the solid form1 the crystals with mucus and other matters adhere to the lining membrane4 ,i have seen in the stomach of a horse1 poisoned by an ounce of arsenic1 an exquisite example of this4 ,the inflammatory changes may be recognised many months after death owing to the antiseptic properties of arsenic2 nevertheless1 great caution is necessary in giving an opinion1 for there is often a remarkable redness induced by putrefactive changes in healthy stomachs4 ,casper1#gec on this point1 very justly observes3--8,if ,orfila quotes a case from ,lepelletier1 in which the inflammatory redness of the mucous membrane of the stomach was to be recognised after nine months' interment1 and if ,taylor cites two cases in which it was observed nineteen and twenty-one months after death respectively1 this is in contradiction of all that ,i1 on my part1 have seen in the very numerous exhumed corpses examined by me in relation to the gradual progress of putrefaction and of saponification1 and ,i cannot help here suspecting a confusion with the putrefactive imbibition redness of the mucous membrane40 #gec ,handbuch1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dbj4 ,if examined microscopically1 the liver and kidneys show no change1 save a fatty degeneration and infiltration of the epithelial cells4 ,in the muscular substance of the heart1 under the endocardium1 there is almost constantly noticed ecchymosis4 ,in the most acute cases1 in which a cholera-like diarrha has exhausted the sufferer1 the blood may be thickened from loss of its aqueous constituents1 and the whole of the organs will present that singularly dry appearance found in all cases in which there has been a copious draining away of the body fluids4 ,in the narcotic form of arsenical poisoning1 the vessels of the brain have been noted as congested1 but this congestion is neither marked nor pathognomonic4 ,among the rare pathological changes may be classed glossitis1 in which the whole tongue has swollen1 and is found so large as almost to fill the mouth4 ,this has been explained1 in one case1 as caused by solid arsenious acid having been left a little time in the mouth before swallowing it4 ,on the other hand1 it has also been observed when the poison has been absorbed from a cutaneous application4 ,when arsenic has been introduced into the vagina1 the ordinary traces of inflammatory action have been seen1 and1 even without direct contact1 an inflammation of the male and female sexual organs has been recorded1 extending so far as gangrene4 ,as a rule1 putrefaction is remarkably retarded1 and is especially slow in those organs which contain arsenic2 so that1 if the poison has been swallowed1 the stomach will retain its form1 and1 even to a certain extent1 its natural appearance1 for an indefinite period4 ,in corpses long buried of persons dying from arsenical poisoning1 the ordinary process of decay gives place to a saponification1 and such bodies present a striking contrast to others buried in the same graveyard4 ,this retardation of putrefaction is what might1 priori1 be expected1 for arsenic has been long in use as a preservative of organic tissues4 #gce4 ,physiological ,action of ,arsenic4--,the older view with regard to the essential action of arsenic was1 without doubt1 that the effects were mainly local1 and that death ensued from the corrosive action on the stomach and other tissues--a view which is in its entirety no longer accepted2 nevertheless1 it is perfectly true that arsenic has a corrosive local action2 it will raise blisters on the skin1 will inflame the tongue or mucous membranes with which it comes in contact2 and1 in those rapid cases in which extensive lesions have been found in the alimentary canal1 it can hardly be denied that instances of death have occurred more from the local than the constitutional action4 ,in the vast majority of cases1 however1 there is certainly insufficient local action to account for death1 and we must refer the lethal result to a more profound and intimate effect on the nervous centres4 ,the curious fact1 that1 when arsenic is absorbed from a cutaneous surface or from a wound1 the mucous membrane of the stomach inflames1 is explained by the absorption of the arsenic into the blood and its separation by the mucous membrane1 in its passage exerting an irritant action4 ,the diarrha and hypermia of the internal abdominal organs have been referred to a paralysis of the splanchnic nerves1 but ,esser considers them due to an irritation of the ganglia in the intestinal walls4 ,binz has advanced a new and original theory as to the action of arsenious acid2 he considers that the protoplasm of the cells of many tissues possess the power of oxidising arsenious acid to arsenic acid1 and this arsenic acid is again1 by the same agency1 reduced to arsenious acid1 in this way1 by the alternate oxidation and reduction of the arsenious acid1 the cells are decomposed1 and a fatty degeneration takes place4 ,thus arsenic causes fatty changes in the liver1 kidney1 and other cells by a process analogous to the action of phosphorus4 ,t4 ,araki#ged also considers that both arsenic and phosphorus lessen oxidation1 and points out that lactic acid appears in the urine when either of these poisons are taken1 such acid being the result of insufficient oxidation4 ,a notable diminution of arterial pressure has been observed4 ,in an experiment by ,hugo#gee #jc grm4 of ,as,o was injected intravenously1 the normal arterial pressure being #agh mm4 ,ten minutes after injection the pressure sank to #dg mm42 in sixteen minutes it again rose to #abg mm4 ,accumulative action of arsenic does not occur4 ,hebra has given1 in skin diseases1 during many months1 a total quantity of #ab grms4 without evil result4 #ged ,zeit4 physiol4 ,chem41 xvii4 #caa-cci4 #gee ,op4 cit4 #gcf4 ,elimination of ,arsenic4--,arsenic is separated especially by the urine1#gef then through the bile1 and by the perspiration4 ,the eruption often observed on the skin has been referred to the local action of small quantities of arsenic in this way eliminated4 ,it is found in the urine first after from five to six hours1 but the elimination from a single dose is not finished till a period of from five to eight days2 it has often been looked for twelve days after taking it1 but very seldom found4 ,according to ,vitali1 the arsenic in the urine is not free1 but probably displaces phosphorus in phospho-glyceric acid2 possibly it may also replace phosphorus in lecithin4 #gef ,an old experiment of ,orfila's has some practical bearings1 and may be cited here4 ,a dog was treated by #ab grm4 of arsenious acid1 and supplied plentifully with liquid to drink2 his urine1 analysed from time to time during ten days1 gave abundant evidences of arsenic4 ,on killing the animal by hanging on the tenth day1 no arsenic could be detected in any of the organs of the body2 it had been1 as it were1 washed out4 #gcg4 ,antidote and ,treatment4--,in any case in which there is opportunity for immediate treatment1 ferric hydrate should be administered as an antidote4 ,ferric hydrate converts the soluble arsenious acid into the insoluble ferric arseniate1 the ferric oxide being reduced to ferrous oxide4 ,it is necessary to use ferric hydrate recently prepared1 for if dried it changes into an oxyhydrate1 or even if kept under water the same change occurs1 so that 7according to the experiments of ,messrs4 ,t4 ,h4 ,smith7 after four months the power of the moist mass is reduced to one-half1 and after five months to one-fourth4 ,it is obvious that ferric hydrate is not in the true sense of the word an antidote1 for it will only act when it comes in contact with the arsenious acid2 and1 when once the poison has been removed from the stomach by absorption into the tissues1 the administration of the hydrate is absolutely useless4 ,ferric hydrate may be readily prepared by adding strong ammonia to the solution or tincture of ferric chloride1 found in every medical man's surgery and in every chemist's shop1 care being taken to add no caustic excess of ammonia2 the liquid need not be filtered1 but should be at once administered4 ,with regard to other methods of medical treatment1 they are simply those suggested by the symptoms and well-known effects of the poison4 ,when absorbed1 the drinking of water in excess cannot but assist its elimination by the kidneys4 #gch4 ,detection of ,arsenic4--,the analyst may have to identify arsenic in substance1 in solution1 in alloys1 in wall-papers1 in earth1 and in various animal1 fatty1 resinous1 or other organic matters4 ,arsenious ,acid in ,substance4--,the general characters of arsenious acid have been already described1 and are themselves so marked as to be unmistakable4 ,the following are the most conclusive tests3-- 7#a7 ,a small fragment placed in the subliming cell 7p4 #beh71 and heated to about the temperature of #acgg 7#bhf ,f471 at once sublimes in the form of an amorphous powder1 if the upper glass disc is cool2 but if heated 7as it should be7 to nearly the same temperature as the lower1 characteristic crystals are obtained1 remarkable for their brilliancy and permanency1 and almost always distinct and separate4 ,the prevailing form is the regular octahedron1 but the rhombic dodecahedron1 the rectangular prism1 superimposed crystals1 half crystals1 deep triangular plates like tetrahedra1 and irregular and confused forms1 all occasionally occur4 ,illustration 7#b7 ,a beautiful and well-known test is that of ,berzelius3--,a small hard-glass tube is taken1 and the closed end drawn out to the size of a knitting needle4 ,within the extreme point of this fine part is placed the fragment 7which may be no more than a milligramme7 and a splinter of charcoal1 fine enough to enter freely the narrow part1 as shown in the figure4 ,the portion of the tube containing the charcoal 7e7 is first heated until it glows1 and then the extreme end2 if arsenic is present1 a mirror-like coating is easily obtained in the broader portion of the tube 7d74 ,that this coating is really arsenical can be established by the behaviour of metallic crusts of arsenic towards solvents 7as given at p4 #eeg74 ,the portion of the tube containing the crust may also be broken up1 put in a very short1 wide test-tube 7the mouth of which is occupied by a circle of thin microscopic glass7 and heated1 when the arsenic will sublime on to the glass disc1 partly as a metal and partly as crystalline arsenious acid4 7#c7 ,arsenious acid1 itself inodorous1 when heated on coal1 after mixing it with moist oxalate of potash1 evolves a peculiar garlic-like odour4 ,to this test oxide of antimony adulterated with arsenic will respond1 if there is only a thousandth part present4 ,simply projecting arsenious acid on either red-hot charcoal or iron produces the same odour4 7#d7 ,a little bit of arsenious acid1 heated in a matrass with two or three times its weight of acetate of potash1 evolves the unsupportable odour of kakodyl4 ,arsenites and ,arseniates1 mixed with oxalate of soda and heated in a matrass1 afford distinct mirrors1 especially the arsenites of the earths and silver2 those of copper and iron are rather less distinct4 ,sulphides of ,arsenic are reduced by any of the processes described on p4 #egc et seq4 ,in ,solution4--,an acid solution of arsenious acid gives1 when treated with ,,sh1 a canary-yellow precipitate1 soluble in ammonia1 carbonate of ammonia1 and bisulphite of potash1 and also a metallic sublimate when heated in a tube with the reducing agents in the manner described at p4 #ege4 ,by these properties the sulphide is distinguished and1 indeed1 separated from antimony1 tin1 and cadmium4 ,the sulphides of tin and cadmium are certainly also yellow1 but the latter is quite insoluble in ammonia1 while the former gives no metallic sublimate when heated with reducing substances4 ,the sulphide of antimony1 again1 is orange1 and quite insoluble in potassic bisulphite1 and scarcely dissolves in ammonia4 ,a small piece of sodium amalgam placed in a test-tube or flask containing an arsenic-holding liquid1 or the liquid made alkaline with soda or potash and a little bit of aluminium added1 produces in a short time arsine1 which will blacken a piece of paper1 soaked in nitrate of silver1 and inserted in the mouth of the flask4 ,this is certainly the most convenient test for arsenic4 ,no antimoniuretted hydrogen 7stibine7 is given off from an alkaline solution and no ,,sh4 ,marsh's ,original ,test for ,arsenic consisted in evolving nascent hydrogen by zinc and sulphuric acid1 and then adding the liquid to be tested4 ,the apparatus for ,marsh's test1 in its simplest form1 consists of a flask provided with a cork conveying two tubes1 one a funnel reaching nearly to the bottom of the flask2 the other1 a delivery tube1 which is of some length1 is provided with a chloride of calcium bulb1#geg and towards the end is turned up at right angles1 the end being narrowed4 ,by evolving hydrogen from zinc and sulphuric acid1 and then adding portions of the liquid through the funnel1 arseniuretted hydrogen in a dry state is driven along the leading tube1 can be ignited on its issue1 and on depressing a piece of cold porcelain1 a dark metallic spot of arsenic is obtained4#geh ,or1 if any portion of the tube be made red-hot1 the metal is deposited in the same way as a ring4 ,the apparatus admits of much complication and variety4 ,one of the most useful additions is1 perhaps1 the interposition of a small gasometer4 ,this consists of a cylindrical glass vessel with entrance and exit tubes1 open at the bottom1 immersed in water in a larger vessel1 and counterpoised by weights and rollers1 exactly like the large gasometers used at gasworks2 the exit tube must have a stop-cock1 and the gas must pass over calcic chloride in order to dry it thoroughly4 #geg ,otto recommends the first half of the drying tube connected with the development flask to be filled with caustic potash1 the latter half with chloride of calcium 7,ausmittelung der ,gifte74 ,dragendorff approves of this1 but remarks that it should be used when arsenic alone is searched for1 since caustic potash decomposes stibine4 ,the potash fixes ,,sh1 and prevents the formation of chloride of arsenic2 on the other hand1 it absorbs some little ,as,h4 #geh ,for identification of arsenical films1 see p4 #eeg4 ,m4 ,blondlot has observed#gei that if pure zinc1 a weak solution of arsenious acid1 and a sulphuric acid containing nitric acid or nitrous compounds1 be mixed together1 the arsenic passes into a solid hydrate1 which is deposited on the surface of the zinc2 this is1 however1 prevented by the addition of a little stannous chloride dissolved in hydrochloric acid4 #gei ,blondlot1 8,transformation de l'arsenic en hydrure solide par l'hydrogne aissant sous l'influence des composs nitreux40--,jour4 de ,pharm4 et de ,chim41 #c;e sr41 t4 xliv4 p4 #dhf4 ,the precautions to be observed in ,marsh's test are3-- 7#a7 ,absolute freedom of the reagents used from arsenic1 antimony1#gfj and other impurities4 #gfj ,with regard to purity of reagents1 ,sonnenschein states that he has once found chlorate of potash contaminated with arsenic4--,sonnenschein1 ,gericht4 ,chemie1 p4 #aci4 7#b7 ,the sulphuric acid should be diluted with five times its weight of water1 and if freshly prepared should be cooled before use4 ,strong acid must not be employed4#gfa #gfa ,m4 ,a4 ,gautier uses sulphuric acid diluted with five times its weight of water2 when the hydrogen has displaced the air1 he adds to the arsenical matter #de grms4 of this acid and #e grms4 of pure sulphuric acid4--,bull4 de la ,socit ,chim4 de ,paris1 #ahge1 t4 xxiv4 7#c7 ,the fluid to be tested should be poured in little by little4 7#d7 ,nitrous compounds1 nitric acid1 hydrochloric acid1 chlorides1 are all more or less prejudicial4 7#e7 ,the gas should come off regularly in not too strong a stream1 nor out of too small an opening4 7#f7 ,the gas should pass through the red-hot tube at least one hour1 if no stain is at once detected4 7#g7 ,towards the end of the operation1 a solution of stannous chloride in hydrochloric acid is to be added to the contents of the flask4 ,this addition precipitates any arsenic present in a finely divided state1 in which it is readily attacked by nascent hydrogen4#gfb #gfb ,f4 ,w4 ,schmidt1 ,zeit4 anorg4 ,chem41 i4 #cec-cei4 ,the characteristics of the metallic stains which may occur either on glass or porcelain in the use of ,marsh's test1 may be noted as under3-- ,,mirror ,,or ,,crust ,,of ,,arsenic ,,mirror ,,or ,,crust ,,of ,,antimony ,is deposited at a little distance ,is deposited close to the flame1 from the flame4 and on both sides of it1 and is therefore notched4 ,an arsenical stain is in two ,the stain is tolerably homo- portions1 the one brownish1 the geneous1 and usually has a tin- other a glittering black4 like lustre4 ,on heating1 it is rapidly ,volatilisation very slow2 no volatilised as arsenious acid4 crystalline sublimate obtainable4 ,on transmission of a stream of ,the same process applied in the ,,sh1 whilst immediately behind the case of antimony produces the stain a gentle heat is applied1 orange or black sulphide2 and on the arsenic is changed to yellow passing dry ,cl,h1 chloride of sulphide2#gfc if dry ,cl,h is now antimony volatilises without the transmitted1 the arsenical application of heat4 sulphide is unchanged4 ,chloride of lime dissolves the ,antimony not affected4 ,dissolves arsenic completely4 slowly but completely the antimony stain4 ,protochloride of tin has no action ,no precipitate with antimony4 on metallic arsenic4 ,the arsenic stain1 dissolved in aqua regia1 or ,cl,h and chlorate of potash1 and then treated with tartaric acid1 ammonia1 and magnesia mixture1 gives a precipitate of ammonia magnesian arseniate4#gfd #gfc ,it is desirable to dissolve away the free sulphur often deposited with the arsenical sulphide by bisulphide of carbon4 #gfd ,schnbein has proposed ozone as an oxidiser of arsenical stains4 ,the substance containing the stain1 together with a piece of moist phosphorus1 is placed under a shade1 and left there for some time2 the oxidisation product is1 of course1 coloured yellow by ,,sh if it is arsenious acid1 orange if antimony4 ,the vapour of iodine colours metallic arsenic pale yellow1 and later a brownish hue2 on exposure to the air it loses its colour4 ,iodine1 on the other hand1 gives with antimony a carmelite brown1 changing to orange4 ,an arsenical ring may be also treated as follows3--,precipitated zinc sulphide is made into a paste with a little water1 and introduced into the end of the tube2 the same end is then plunged into dilute sulphuric acid1 and the ring heated1 when the arsenical sulphide will be produced4 ,the mirror or crust of arsenic is usually described and weighed as being composed of the pure metal1 but ,j4 ,w4 ,rettgers has investigated the matter1 and the following is an abstract of his results3-- ,there is no amorphous form of arsenic1 the variety generally thus called being crystalline4 ,two modifications can be distinguished3 the one being a hexagonal silver-white variety possessed of metallic lustre1 specifically heavier and less volatile than the second kind1 which is black in colour1 crystallises apparently in the regular system1 and constitutes the true arsenic mirror4 ,the former modification corresponds to red hexagonal phosphorus 7red phosphorus having been recently proved by the author to be crystalline71 and the latter to yellow phosphorus1 which crystallises in the regular system4 ,both modifications of arsenic are perfectly opaque2 deposits which are yellow or brown1 and more or less transparent1 consist of the suboxide and hydride1 ,as,o and ,as,h4 ,the brown spot on porcelain produced by contact with a flame of arseniuretted hydrogen is not a thin film of ,as1 but one of the brown solid hydride ,as,h1 formed by the decomposition of ,as,h4 ,this view is confirmed by the fact that arsenic sublimed in an indifferent gas 7e4g41 ,,co7 is deposited in one or other of the modifications described above1 the brown transparent product being obtained only in the presence of ,h or ,o4 ,moreover1 pure arsenic is insoluble in all solvents1 whereas the film on porcelain 7,as,h7 is soluble in many solvents1 including hydrocarbons of the benzene series 7e4g41 xylene71 warm methylene iodide1 and hot caustic potash4 ,hence quantitative results from weighing arsenical mirrors can never be accurate1 because the mirrors consist of mixtures of hydride and suboxide4 ,reinsch's ,test4--,a piece of bright copper foil1 boiled in an acid liquid containing either arsenic or antimony1 or both1 becomes coated with a dark deposit of antimony or arsenic1 as the case may be4 ,the arsenical stain1 according to ,lippert1 is a true alloy1 consisting of #a arsenic to #e copper4#gfe ,properly applied1 the copper will withdraw every trace of arsenic or antimony from a solution4 ,dr4 ,john ,clark#gff has lately introduced some improvements in ,reinsch's process4 ,his experiments have been directed to the means of proving the presence of arsenic or antimony in the stain on the copper with greater certainty1 and at the same time estimating the amount when they occur together4 #gfe ,journ4 f4 pract4 ,chem41 xiii4 #afh4 #gff ,journ4 ,chem4 ,soc41 ,june #ahic1 #hhf4 ,the material to be tested is boiled gently in a porcelain vessel with dilute hydrochloric acid and a small strip of copper about #a inch long by inch broad1 till the absence of arsenic or antimony has been ascertained1 or a coating has been produced4 ,when the coating is decided1 the piece of copper is taken out1 washed first with water1 then with a little alcohol to get rid of fatty matter1 and finally with water4 ,it is then placed in a mixture of dilute caustic potash and peroxide of hydrogen1 and allowed to digest in the cold4 ,at the same time a second piece of copper is introduced into the material which has given a deposit on the first piece1 the washings of the first piece being added1 and the boiling continued4 ,the treatment of the first piece of copper by caustic potash and peroxide of hydrogen dissolves any antimony or arsenic and restores the copper to its original brightness2 when this is accomplished1 the second piece of copper is taken out and replaced by the first1 and this second piece1 if stained1 is digested with potash1 peroxide of hydrogen1 and washed as in the former case4 ,the process is repeated until the slips of copper cease to be stained in the slightest degree--until1 in short1 the whole arsenic or antimony has been withdrawn4 ,the alkaline liquid contains the arsenic1 as arsenate of potassium2 the antimony1 if present1 as antimonate2 and the solution is also contaminated by a little hydrated copper oxide2 this latter separates on boiling1 and can be filtered off1 and the filtrate is boiled down to a small bulk4 ,the liquid is washed into a small distillation-flask with strong hydrochloric acid1 ferrous chloride is added1 the flask1 fitted with a safety tube1 is connected with a condenser1 and the arsenic distilled into water4 ,to obtain the last traces of arsenic it may be necessary to distil it twice in this way1 adding1 each time1 fresh strong acid and distilling to dryness4 ,the distillate is then tested for arsenic by adding an equal bulk of saturated ,,sh water4 ,the sulphide of arsenic may be dealt with as described 7p4 #egc74 ,the residue in the flask is now tested for antimony by saturating with ,,sh2 should antimony be present1 the precipitate by ,,sh will probably be dark coloured1 because of a small quantity of copper4 ,the precipitate is collected1 dissolved in dilute caustic soda1 boiled1 filtered to remove copper sulphide1 the filtrate acidified by hydrochloric acid1 and sulphuretted hydrogen water added4 ,if antimony was present1 this time the precipitate will be of an orange colour1 and may be dealt with as described 7p4 #ehi74 ,the test experiments with regard to this combined process appear satisfactory4 #gci4 ,arsenic in ,glycerin4--,arsenic has been frequently found in commercial glycerin1 the quantity varying from #ja to #a mgrm4 in #ajj c4c4 ,the best method to detect the presence of arsenic in glycerin is as follows3--,a mixture of #e c4c4 of hydrochloric acid 7#a 3 #g7 and #a grm4 of pure zinc is placed in a long test-tube1 the mouth of which is covered with a disc of filter-paper previously moistened with one or two drops of mercuric chloride solution1 and dried4 ,if arsenic is present1 a yellow stain is produced upon the filter-paper within fifteen minutes1 and it subsequently becomes darker4#gfg #gfg 8,arsenic in ,glycerin10 by ,dr4 ,h4 ,b4 ,h4 ,paul and ,a4 ,j4 ,cownley1 ,pharm4 ,journ41 ,feb4 #bd1 #ahid4 #gdj4 ,arsenic in ,organic ,matters4--,orfila and the older school of chemists took the greatest care1 in searching for arsenic1 to destroy the last trace of organic matter4 ,orfila's practice was to chop up the substance and make it into a paste with #djj to #gjj grms4 of water2 to this #jaj grm4 ,,kho in alcohol was added1 and #jbj grm4 of potassic nitrate4 ,the substances were heated up to from #hj to #ij for some time1 until they were pretty well dissolved2 the organic matter was then burnt off in a ,hessian crucible heated to redness1 on which small quantities of the matters were placed at a time4 ,when the whole had thus been submitted to red heat1 the melted mass was run into an almost red-hot porcelain basin1 and allowed to cool4 ,afterwards1 it was again heated with concentrated sulphuric acid1 until all nitric and nitrous fumes were dissipated2 on dissolving and filtering in water1 the liquid was introduced into a ,marsh's apparatus4 ,orfila never seems to have failed in detecting arsenic by this process4 ,for an organ like the liver1 he considered that #ajj grms4 of potash and #hf of strong sulphuric acid were necessary in order to destroy the organic matters4 ,the liability of the various reagents used to impurity1 and the probability of loss in these operations1 have tended to discredit destruction of the organic matter by a red heat1 and chemists generally have preferred to oxidise animal matters by a moist process4 ,the organic substance is divided finely and digested with dilute hydrochloric acid1 and from time to time crystals of potassic chlorate are thrown in until all the fluid is very thin and capable of passing through a filter4 ,the filtrate must now be submitted to the prolonged action of sulphuretted hydrogen1#gfh and the sulphide of arsenic separated from free sulphur by dissolving in sodic sulphide4 ,after filtering1 the arsenic sulphide may be again thrown down by the addition of hydrochloric acid1 collected on a filter1 and still further purified by solution in ammonic carbonate2 once more precipitated by hydrochloric acid1 and lastly identified by conversion into magnesia pyro-arseniate 7see p4 #egb74 ,the above process is a general and safe way of detecting arsenic in almost any organic tissue1 but the author prefers the distillation process described p4 #ege et seq4 #gfh ,the ,,sh should be washed by passing it through two or more washing bottles supplied with warm dilute ,h,cl--a few samples of sulphide of iron give off an arseniferous gas1 so that this precaution is necessary4 ,from ordinary pills1 quack extracts1 and similar preparations1 drying1 powdering1 and exhaustion with boiling dilute ,h,cl1 will remove the whole of the arsenic1 if in a soluble state4 ,oils and matters consisting almost entirely of fat1 suspected of containing arsenic1 are gently heated1 and allowed to deposit any insoluble matter they may contain2 the oil is then decanted1 and1 if necessary1 filtered from any deposit2 saponified by alcoholic potash1 the soap decomposed by ,h,cl1 the fatty acids separated1 and the arsenic looked for both in the first deposit and in the solution1 now fairly free from fat1 and easy to treat4 ,in searching for arsenic in the fluids or tissues of the body1 the analyst is generally at the mercy of the pathologist1 and sometimes the work of the chemist leads to a negative result1 solely from not having the proper organ sent to him4#gfi #gfi ,for example1 in cases of poisoning by external application1 more than once merely the empty stomach and a piece of intestine have been forwarded to the writer4 ,brodie long ago stated that when arsenious acid had been given in solution to any animal capable of vomiting1 no arsenic could be detected in the stomach2 this statement is too absolute1 but in the majority of cases true4 ,in all cases the chemist should have portions of the brain1 spinal cord1 liver1 kidneys1 lungs1 and muscular tissue1 as well as the stomach and its contents4 ,according to the experiments of ,scolosuboff1#ggj arsenic is generally greatest in the marrow1 then in the brain1 next in the liver1 and least in the muscles1 and the following may be taken as a fairly accurate statement of the relative proportion in which arsenic is likely to be found in the body1 #ajj grms4 being taken of each3-- #ggj ,bull4 ,soc4 ,chim4 7#b71 xxiv4 p4 #abd4 ,muscles1 #a ,liver1 #ajh ,brain1 #cfe ,spinal ,marrow1 #cgc ,but ,ludwig's#gga experiments and conclusions are entirely opposed to this1 since both in acute and chronic cases he found as follows 7per cent4 ,as,o73-- #gga ,ueber die ,verhaltung des ,arsens im thierischen ,organismus nach ,einverleibung von ,arseniger ,sure4 ,med4 ,jahrbuch1 #ahhj4 ,brain1 #jjjb ,liver1 #jja ,kidney1 #jjjd ,muscle1 #jjjbe ,so that he detected in the liver five times more than in the brain4 ,m4 ,p4 ,hamberg has also confirmed the fact1 that more is found in the liver and kidneys than in the nervous tissues4 ,chittenden#ggb found in a body the following quantities of arsenic estimated as arsenious acid3-- #ggb ,american ,chemical ,journal1 v4 #h4 ,grain4 ,stomach and gullet1 #jaeh ,intestines1 #jcad ,liver1 #jbah ,kidney1 #jjbi ,lungs and spleen1 #jagb ,heart1 #jaab ,brain1 #jjge ,diaphragm1 #jjaj ,the whole arsenic present was estimated as equal to #ca grains of arsenious acid1 viz41 #bfbh grains absorbed1 and #jdgb unabsorbed2 of the absorbed portion #hc per cent4 was found in the liver4 ,with regard to the preliminary treatment of the stomach and fluids submitted to the analyst1 the careful noting of appearances1 the decantation1 washing1 and examination#ggc 7microscopical and chemical7 of any deposit1 are precautions so obviously dictated by common sense1 that they need only be alluded to in passing4 ,of some considerable moment is the question which may be put to the analyst in court1 in reference to the possible entrance of arsenic into the living body1 by accidental and1 so to speak1 subtle means4 ,such are the inhaling of the fumes from the burning of arsenical candles1#ggd and of emanations from papers 7see p4 #eda71gge as well as the possible entrance of arsenic into the body after death from various sources1 such as arsenical earth1 c4#ggf #ggc ,from some observations of ,fresenius in a recent number of the ,zeitschrift f4 anal4 ,chem41 it would seem necessary to test all glass vessels used2 for it is difficult at present to purchase arsenic-free glass4 #ggd ,see a case of poisoning 7non-fatal7 of a lady by the use of arsenical candles1 ,med4 ,times and ,gazette1 vol4 iii41 #ahgf1 p4 #cfg4 #gge ,to solve this question1 it has been at times considered necessary to analyse an extraordinary number of things4 ,in the 8affaire ,danval0 7,journ4 d',hygine1 #b;e sr41 ,no4 #ajh1 ,july #ahgh71 more than sixty different articles1 comprising drugs1 drinks1 perfumes1 bed-curtains1 wall-paper1 and other matters1 were submitted to the experts4 #ggf ,the following important case is related by ,sonnenschein3-- ,nicholas ,nobel and his wife1 ,jerome1 were buried two metres from each other in the churchyard at ,spinal1 the earth of which notoriously contained arsenic4 ,a suspicion of poisoning arose4 ,the bodies were exhumed1 and arsenic was found in the stomach and intestines of ,nobel1 but not the slightest trace in the corpse of the wife4 ,the remains of the bodies were reinterred1 and after six months1 on a fresh suspicion of poisoning arising1 again exhumed4 ,the corpse of the woman had been put naked in the moist earth during a heavy shower1 but this time also no arsenic was detected in it4 #gda4 ,imbibition of ,arsenic after ,death4--,the arguments which are likely to be used1 in favour of a corpse having become arsenical may be gathered from a case related by ,sonnenschein3--,certain bodies were exhumed in two churchyards2 the evidence went to show that they had been poisoned by arsenic1 and this substance was actually found in the bodies1 while at the same time it was discovered to exist also in traces in the earth of the churchyard4 ,the theory for the defence was1 that although the arsenic in the earth was in an insoluble state1 yet that it might combine with lime as an arsenite of lime2 this arsenite would become soluble by the action of carbonic acid set free by vegetation1 and filter down to the corpse4 ,sonnenschein suspended a quantity of this earth in water1 and passed ,,co through it for twelve hours2 on filtering1 the liquid gave no evidence of arsenic4 ,a similar result was obtained when an artificial mixture of #a grm4 of arsenious acid and #a pound of earth were submitted to the same process4 ,the fact would appear to stand thus3 oxide of iron in ordinary earth retains arsenic1 and requires treatment with a concentrated acid to dissolve it4 ,it therefore follows that1 if a defence of arsenical earth is likely to be set up1 and the analyst finds that by mere extraction of the tissues by water he can detect arsenic1 the defence is in all probability unsound4 ,the expert should1 of course1 deal with this question on its merits1 and without prejudice4 ,according to ,eulenberg1#ggg in arsenical earth--if1 after having been crushed and washed1 it lies for some time exposed to the disintegrating action of the air--soluble arsenical salts are formed1 which may find their way into brooks and supplies of drinking water4 ,we may infer that it is hardly probable 7except under very peculiar circumstances7 for a corpse to be contaminated internally with an estimable quantity of arsenic from the traces of arsenic met with in a few churchyards4 #ggg ,gewerbe ,hygiene1 p4 #bcd4 ,it occasionally happens that an exhumation is ordered a very long time after death1 when no organs or parts 7save the bones7 are to be distinguished4 ,in the case of a man long dead1 the widow confessing that she had administered poison1 the bones were analysed by ,sonnenschein1 and a small quantity of arsenic found4 ,conirbe and ,orfila have both asserted that arsenic is a normal constituent of the bones--a statement which has been repeatedly disproved4 ,sonnenschein relates3#ggh--8;,i procured from a churchyard of this place 7,berlin7 the remnants of the body of a person killed twenty-five years previously1 and investigated several others in a similar way1 without finding the least trace of arsenic4 ,similar experiments in great number were repeated in my laboratory1 but in no case was arsenic recognised40 ,the opinion of the expert1 should he find arsenic in the bones1 must be formed from the amount discovered1 and other circumstances4 #ggh ,gerichtl4 ,chem41 p4 #bab4 ,a difficult case on which to form an opinion is one recorded by ,william ,p4 ,mason1#ggi as follows3-- #ggi ,chem4 ,news1 ,feb4 #bc1 #ahid4 ,the deceased1 a farmer1 bachelor1 sixty-five years of age1 and in good health1 was taken violently sick shortly after breakfast1 with vomiting and distress in the stomach4 ,although a physician was summoned1 the symptoms increased in severity1 and a little after midnight death ensued4 ,the funeral took place three days later4 ,certain very damaging pieces of circumstantial evidence having been collected1 the housekeeper was arrested on the charge of murder1 it having been shown1 among other things1 that on the day preceding the death she had purchased an ounce of white arsenic4 ,thirty-five days after death 7from ,march #bj to ,april #be7 the body was exhumed1 and found in a state of remarkable preservation1 and free from cadaveric smell4 ,the stomach presented evidences of inflammation4 ,portions sent for analysis were the stomach1 portion of intestine1 portion of liver1 one kidney1 and the heart4 ,arsenic was found in all these parts4 ,white octahedral crystals were found in the contents of the stomach1 which on separation gave arsenical reaction4 ,the arsenic found was3-- ,stomach and intestine1 #jbcgf grm4 ,liver and kidney1 #jjjcb ,heart1 #jjjjg ------ ,total as metallic arsenic1 #jbdae ,the amount of arsenic recovered and produced in court was in quantity sufficient to produce death4 ,some time after the analytical report was made to the coroner1 it was learned that an embalming fluid1 highly arsenical in character1 had been used upon the body by the undertaker at the time of preparation for burial4 ,no injection of this embalming fluid was practised1 but cloths wrung out in the fluid were laid upon the face and chest1 and were kept constantly wet therewith during a period of many hours4 ,in all about two quarts of embalming fluid were so used4 ,its composition appeared to be a strongly acidified solution of sodium arsenite and zinc sulphate4 ,only the arsenic and zinc were determined quantitatively1 and they were found to be1 zinc 7metallic71 #aigh per cent41 and arsenic 7metallic71 #acfe per cent4 by weight4 ,an amount of this fluid measuring #aeg c4c4 would thus contain a weight of arsenic equal to that actually recovered from the body4 ,extended medical testimony was offered by the prosecution1 tending to show that1 under the given circumstances1 no fluid of any kind could have reached the stomach through the nose or mouth after death1 thus anticipating what the defence afterwards claimed1 that the undertaker was responsible for the arsenic discovered in the remains4 ,in order to gather further light upon the possibility of cadaveric imbibition of embalming fluid through the unbroken skin1 test was made for zinc in the heart and stomach1 and distinct traces of the metal were found in each instance4 ,that at least a portion of the arsenic found in the body was due to post-mortem causes was thus distinctly proven4 ,a weighed portion 7#fb grms47 of the stomach and contents was then most carefully analysed quantitatively for both zinc and arsenic with the following results3--,arsenic1 #jjfdh grm41 and zinc1 #jjjgi grm4 ,bearing in mind the relative quantities of the two metals in the embalming fluid1 it will be seen that the arsenic found in the #fb grms4 of the stomach was nearly twelve times larger than it should have been to have balanced the zinc which was also present4 ,this fact1 together with the discovery of crystals of white arsenic in the stomach1 constituted the case for the prosecution1 so far as the chemical evidence was concerned4 ,the defence made an unsuccessful effort to show that the crystals of the tri-oxide originated from the spontaneous evaporation of the embalming fluid4 ,the prosecution met this point by proving that such fluid had been abundantly experimented upon by exposure to a very low temperature during an interval of several months1 and also by spontaneous evaporation with a view of testing that very question1 and that the results had in every case been negative4 ,special importance was given these experiments1 because of the well-known separation of octahedral crystals during the spontaneous evaporation of a hydrochloric acid solution of the white oxide1 it having also appeared that1 in the manufacture of the embalming fluid1 the arsenic was used as white arsenic4 ,a very strong point was finally raised for the defence by the inability of the expert on the side of the prosecution to state positively whether or not an embalming fluid of the above composition would diffuse as a whole through dead tissue1 or its several parts would be imbibed at different rates of speed1 the zinc portion becoming arrested by albuminoid material and being therefore outstripped by the arsenic1 or vice versa4 ,the prisoner was ultimately acquitted4 ,in a case which occurred in the ,western ,states of ,america1 there was good reason for believing that arsenic had been introduced into the corpse of a man after his decease4 ,with regard to the imbibition of arsenic thus introduced1 ,orfila#ghj says3--8,i have often introduced into the stomach 7as well as the rectum7 of the corpses of men and dogs #b to #c grms4 of arsenious acid1 dissolved in from #djj to #ejj grms4 of water1 and have examined the different viscera at the end of eight1 ten1 or twenty days4 ,constantly ,i have recognised the effects of cadaveric imbibition4 ,sections of the liver or other organs which touch the digestive canal1 carefully cut and analysed1 furnished arsenic1 which could not be obtained sensibly 7or not at all7 from sections which had not been in contact with this canal4 ,if the corpse remained long on the back after arsenious acid had been introduced into the stomach1 ,i could obtain this metal from the left half of the diaphragm and from the inferior lobe of the left lung1 whilst ,i did not obtain it from other portions of the diaphragm nor from the right lung40 ,dr4 ,reece has also made some experiments on the imbibition of arsenic after death4 ,he injected solutions of arsenious acid into the stomach of various warm-blooded animals1 and found at various periods arsenic1 not alone in the intestinal canal1 but also in the spleen1 liver1 and kidneys4 #ghj ,op4 cit41 t4 i4 p4 #cji4 #gdb4 ,analysis of ,wall-,paper for ,arsenic4--,the separation of arsenic from paper admits of great variety of manipulation4 ,a quick special method is as follows3--,the paper is saturated with chlorate of potash solution1 dried1 set on fire in a suitable plate1 and instantly covered with a bell-glass4 ,the ash is collected1 pulverised1 and exhausted with cold water1 which has previously thoroughly cleansed the plate and bell-glass2 the arsenic in combination with the potash is dissolved1 whilst oxides of chromium1 copper1 aluminium1 tin1 and lead remain in the insoluble portion4#gha #gha ,kapferschlaeger3 ,rev4 ,universelle des ,mines1 #ahgf4 ,fresenius and ,hintz#ghb have elaborated a method for the examination of wall-papers1 fabrics1 yarns1 and similar substances1 which1 provided the reagents are pure1 is accurate and easy4 ,twenty-five grms4 of the substance are placed in a half-litre distilling flask or retort1 and #bej c4c4 of ,h,cl1 specific gravity #aai1 added2 after digestion for an hour1 #e c4c4 of a saturated solution of ferrous chloride are added1 and the liquid slowly distilled until frothing stops any farther distillation4 ,a further quantity of #ajj c4c4 ,h,cl is then added1 and distilled over4 ,the receiver1 in each case1 contains water1 and must be kept cool4 ,the united distillates are diluted to #hjj c4c4 and saturated with ,,sh4 ,the arsenious sulphide is collected on an asbestos filter4 ,after partial washing1 it is heated with bromine in ,h,cl of #ai specific gravity1 and the solution again distilled with ferrous chloride4 ,the distillate1 on now being treated with ,,sh1 gives arsenious sulphide free from organic matter4 #ghb ,zeit4 anal4 ,chem41 xxvii4 #agi-ahb4 #gdc4 ,estimation of ,arsenic4--,most of the methods for the quantitative determination of arsenic are also excellent tests for its presence4 ,it may be regarded1 indeed1 as an axiom in legal chemistry1 that the precise amount of every substance detected1 if it can be weighed or estimated by any process whatever1 should be accurately stated4 ,indefinite expressions1 such as 8a small quantity was found10 8traces were detected10 c41 are most objectionable4 ,the more perfect of the methods of evolving arsenic can be made quantitative4 ,for example1 the galvanic process introduced by ,bloxam may be utilised as follows3--,a fractional part of the arsenical solution is taken for the experiment2 the bottom of a narrow-necked bottle of about #ajj c4c4 capacity is removed1 and replaced by a piece of vegetable parchment4 ,the neck of the bottle carries a cork1 which is pierced by 7#a7 a platinum wire1 which is attached to a platinum electrode2 7#b7 a short tube1 bent at right angles1 and connected by piping with a longer tube1 which has also a rectangular bend1 and dips into a solution of silver nitrate2 7#c7 an ordinary funnel-tube1 reaching nearly to the bottom4 ,the bottle is placed in a beaker of such a size as to leave a small interval between the two1 and the whole apparatus stands in a large vessel of cold water4 ,dilute sulphuric acid is now put into the bottle1 and also into the beaker1 so that the fluid reaches exactly the same level in each4 ,the positive platinum electrode of a battery of six of ,grove's cells1 or other efficient combination1 is immersed in the liquid outside the bottle1 connection with the negative plate is established1 and hydrogen very soon comes off1 and passes over into the nitrate of silver solution4 ,when all the air is expelled1 a portion of the rectangular tube is heated to redness1 and if there is no stain nor any reduction of the silver1 the acid is pure4 ,if the gas is passed for a long time into the silver solution1 the silver will be reduced to some extent by the hydrogen1 although arsenic-free2#ghc so that it is better to rely upon the metallic ring or stain1 which is certain to be formed on heating a portion of the tube red-hot1 and keeping it at that temperature for at least ten minutes4 ,the liquid is then passed through the funnel in successive portions2 if arsenic is present1 there will be a decided metallic ring on heating the tube as before1 and if antimony is present1 there will also be a stain2 the distinctions between these stains have been described at p4 #eeg4 #ghc ,nitrate of silver solution is reduced by ,h1 ,,ch1 ,,ph1 and ,sb,h2 hence it is absolutely necessary in any qualitative examination to prove that arsenious acid has actually been produced in the silver solution4 ,the tube is kept red-hot until the stain is very distinct2 then the source of heat is removed1 and the gas allowed to bubble through the argentic nitrate solution1 which it decomposes1 as before detailed 7p4 #ebf74 ,this process is continued until1 on placing the delivery tube in a sample of clear nitrate of silver solution1 there is no darkening of colour4 ,in certain cases this may take a long time1 but the apparatus1 once set to work1 requires little superintendence4 ,at the conclusion1 the whole of the arsenic is separated1--part is in the silver solution as arsenious acid1 part in the tube as a ring of metallic arsenic4 ,the portion of the tube containing the metallic arsenic should be cut off with a file and weighed1 the arsenic then removed and re-weighed2 the loss is the metal approximately4 ,or1 the weight of the film may be estimated by having a set of similar deposits of known weight or quantities1 in tubes exactly corresponding to those used in the analysis1 and comparing or matching them4 ,the arsenious acid in the nitrate of silver may be dealt with in several ways4 ,the equation given 7p4 #ebf7 shows clearly that pure arsine1 passed into nitrate of silver solution1 decomposes it in such a manner that1 if either the silver deposited or the free acid is estimated1 the quantity of arsenic can from such data be deduced4 ,in operating on organic liquids1 ammonia and other products may be given off1 rendering either of the indirect processes inadvisable4 ,a very convenient method1 applicable in many cases1 is to throw out the silver by hydrochloric acid1 alkalise the filtrate by bicarbonate of soda1 and titrate with iodine solution4 ,the latter is made by dissolving exactly #abg grms4 of pure dry iodine by the aid of #ah grms4 of potassic iodide in one litre of water1 observing that the solution must take place in the cold1 without the application of heat4 ,the principle of the titration is1 that arsenious acid1 in the presence of water and free alkali1 is converted into arsenic acid-- ,as,o #d;,i #b,na,o ,as,o #d,na,i4 ,the end of the reaction is known by adding a little starch-paste to the solution2 as soon as a blue colour appears1 the process is finished4 ,another convenient way by which 7in very dilute solutions of arsenious acid7 the arsenic may be determined1 is a colorimetric method1 which depends on the fact that sulphuretted hydrogen1 when arsenious acid is present in small quantity1 produces no precipitate at first1 but a yellow colour1 proportionate to the amount of arsenic present4 ,the silver solution containing arsenious acid is freed from silver by hydrochloric acid2 a measured quantity of saturated ,,sh water is added to a fractional and1 if necessary1 diluted portion1 in a ,nessler cylinder or colorimetric apparatus1 and the colour produced exactly imitated1 by the aid of a dilute solution of arsenious acid1 added from a burette to a similar quantity of ,,sh water in another cylinder1 the fluid being acidified with ,h,cl4 #gdd4 ,destruction of the ,organic ,matter by ,nitric ,acid1 and ,subsequent ,reduction of the ,arsenic ,acid to ,arsine 7,arseniuretted ,hydrogen71 and final ,estimation as ,metallic ,arsenic4--,this process1 which is essentially a combination of several1 has been much improved in its details by ,r4 ,h4 ,chittenden and ,h4 ,h4 ,donaldson4#ghd #ajj grms4 of the suspected matters1 cut up into small pieces1 are heated in a porcelain dish of suitable size1 stirred by means of a glass rod with #bc c4c4 of pure concentrated nitric acid1 and heated up to from #aej to #afj4 ,when the matters assume a yellow or orange colour1 the bath is removed from the source of heat1 and #c c4c4 of pure concentrated sulphuric acid added1 and the mixture stirred1 when the mass becomes brown1 swells up1 and evolves dense nitrous and other fumes4 ,the vessel is again heated to #ahj1 and while hot #h c4c4 of pure concentrated nitric acid are added1 drop by drop1 with continual stirring4 ,after this addition1 it is heated to #bjj for fifteen minutes1 and the result on cooling is a hard carbonaceous residue wholly free from nitric acid4 ,the arsenic is in this way oxidised into arsenic acid1 which is easily soluble in water4 ,the contents of the dish are1 therefore1 perfectly extracted by boiling water1 the aqueous extract filtered1 and evaporated to dryness4 ,the next process is to obtain the arsenic in a metallic state3-- #ghd ,american ,chem4 ,journ41 vol4 ii41 ,no4 #d2 ,chem4 ,news1 ,jan4 #ahha1 p4 #ba4 ,the flask1 a ,bunsen's wash-bottle of #bjj c4c4 capacity1 is provided with a small separating funnel of #fe c4c4 capacity1 with glass stop-cock4 ,this is a very material aid to the obtaining of a slow and even evolution of gas1 an important desideratum when all loss is to be avoided2 for with only a funnel tube1 every time a small portion of fluid is added1 a sudden rush of gas takes place1 with probably a small1 but still more or less appreciable1 loss4 ,but the separating funnel1 filled with the acid mixture1 can be so arranged as to give a constant and regular supply of fluid at the rate of two or three drops per minute1 more or less4 ,the gas generated is dried by a calcic chloride tube1 and then passes through a tube of hard glass1 heated to a red heat by a miniature furnace of three ,bunsen lamps with spread burners1 so that a continuous flame of #f inches is obtained1 and with a proper length of cooled tube not a trace of arsenic passes by4 ,the glass tube where heated is wound with a strip of wire gauze1 both ends being supported upon the edges of the lamp frame1 so that the tube does not sink down when heated4 ,the small furnace is provided with two appropriate side pieces of sheet metal1 so that a steady flame is always obtained4 ,when the quantity of arsenic is very small1 the tube is naturally so placed that the mirror is deposited in the narrow portion2 but when the arsenic is present to the extent of #jjje grm41 the tube should be #f mm4 in inner diameter1 and so arranged that fully #b inches of this large tube are between the flame and the narrow portion4 ,when the quantity of arsenic is less1 the tube can naturally be smaller4 ,acids of different strengths are made as follows3-- ,acid ,no4 #a4 #ede c4c4 pure conc4 ,h,,so4 #ejjj c4c4 ,h,o4 ,acid ,no4 #b4 #aji c4c4 pure conc4 ,h,,so4 #afdj c4c4 ,acid ,no4 #a4 ,acid ,no4 #c4 #bah c4c4 pure conc4 ,h,,so4 #afdj c4c4 ,acid ,no4 #a4 ,acid ,no4 #d4 #ecj c4c4 pure conc4 ,h,,so4 #abdh c4c4 ,h,o4 #be to #ce grms4 of granulated zinc1 previously alloyed with a small quantity of platinum1 are placed in the generator1 and everything being in position1 the apparatus is filled with hydrogen by the use of a small quantity of acid ,no4 #b4 ,after a sufficient time has elapsed1 the gas is lighted at the jet1 and the glass tube heated to a bright redness4 ,the arsenical solution in concentrated form is mixed with #de c4c4 of acid ,no4 #b1 and the mixture passed into the separating funnel1 from which it is allowed to flow into the generator at such a rate that the entire fluid is introduced in one hour or one and a half2 #dj c4c4 of acid ,no4 #c are then added and allowed to flow slowly into the generator1 and1 lastly1 #de c4c4 of acid ,no4 #d4 ,the amount of time required will vary with the amount of arsenic3 #b to #c mgrms4 of arsenic will require about two to three hours for the entire decomposition1 while #d to #e mgrms4 will need perhaps three to four hours4 ,where the amount of arsenic is small1 only #be grms4 of zinc are needed1 and but #de c4c4 of acid ,no4 #b1 #cj c4c4 of acid ,no4 #c1 and #cj c4c4 of acid ,no4 #d2 but when #d to #e mgrms4 of arsenic are present1 it is better to take the first mentioned quantities of zinc and acids4 ,the arsenic being thus collected as a large or small mirror of metal1 the tube is cut at a safe distance from the mirror1 so that a tube of perhaps #b to #f grms4 weight is obtained4 ,this is carefully weighed1 and then the arsenic removed by simple heating2 or1 if the arsenic is to be saved 7as in a toxicological case71 dissolved out with strong nitric acid4 ,the tube is then cleaned1 dried1 and again weighed1 the difference giving the weight of metallic arsenic1 from which1 by a simple calculation1 the amount of arsenious oxide can be obtained4 ,some test results are given as follows2 they were obtained by introducing definite quantities of arsenious oxide in the form of a solution mixed with #de c4c4 of ,no4 #b acid1 c43-- ,quantity of ,wt4 of ,metallic ,theoretical ,wt4 of ,arsenic introduced4 ,arsenic found4 ,metallic ,arsenic4 #jjje grm4 ,as,o #jjjcgc #jjjcgh #jjje #jjjcgj #jjjcgh #jjjd #jjjcjj #jjjcjc #jjjb #jjjaea #jjjaea ,sanger estimates and tests for minute quantities of arsenic by the ,marsh-,berzelius process1 and uses a generator of hydrogen2 that is to say1 the hydrogen is evolved in the ordinary way from zinc and sulphuric acid1 and the issuing gas dried by calcic chloride2 but into this flask is also delivered from another flask1 charged with sulphuric acid and zinc1 pure hydrogen1 so that into the second flask1 little by little1 may be added the solution to be tested2 and1 owing to the generating flask1 the gas may be made to give a uniform current1 and at the end of the operation all arsine swept out4 ,to estimate the quantities of arsenic in the gas1 the reduction tube is heated1 and a mirror or mirrors obtained1 and compared with a set of standard mirrors4 ,the standard mirrors are made as follows3--,one grm4 of arsenious oxide1 purified by repeated sublimation1 is dissolved with the aid of a little sodic bicarbonate1 and1 after acidification with dilute sulphuric acid1 made up to #a litre4 ,this standard solution contains #a mgrm4 of ,as,o in every c4c41 and is used to make a second standard solution1 containing #jja mgrm41 to every c4c41 by diluting #aj c4c4 to a litre4 ,of this last solution1 #a c4c41 #b c4c41 #c c4c41 and so on1 are measured and introduced into the reduction flask1 and the standard mirrors obtained4 ,it is recommended1 for obvious reasons1 to make more than one standard for each quantity1 for the appearance of the mirrors from the same amount of arsenic varies4 ,the tubes are hermetically sealed1 and1 when not in use1 kept in the dark4 ,this process is convenient for small amounts of arsenic2 but1 as stated before1 the results are given as metallic arsenic1 whereas the films appear never to be composed of pure metallic arsenic1 but a mixture of hydride and suboxide4 ,test experiments give1 however1 fair results4#ghe #ghe ,proc4 ,american ,academy of ,arts and ,sciences1 vol4 xxvi4 #gde4 ,arsine ,developed from an ,alkaline ,solution4--,fleitmann discovered in #ahea that arsenic1 mixed with finely divided zinc1 and excess of soda or potash added1 evolved arsine2 but no stibine was evolved under the same conditions4 ,in #ahgc ,j4 ,w4 ,gatehouse suggested the use of aluminium and sodic hydrate as a modification of ,fleitmann's test1 for the purpose of distinguishing between arsenic and antimony2 and this is now the usual process adopted4 ,the hydrogen comes off regularly even in the cold1 but it is best to apply a little heat4 ,this test will evolve arsine from arsenious acid1 and also from arsenic trisulphide2 but it is not available for the detection of arsenic1 when the arsenic is in the form of arsenic acid4 ,according to ,clark1#ghf it is not adapted for quantitative purposes1 because1 owing to the formation of solid hydride1 about one-fifth remains behind4 #ghf ,journ4 ,chem4 ,soc41 #ahic1 #hhd4 ,e4 ,w4 ,davy1 in #ahgf1 proposed the use of sodium amalgam for the generation of arsine2 on the whole1 it is1 however1 not so convenient as the aluminium process4 ,the liquid to be tested is made strongly alkaline with pure sodic or potassic hydrate placed in a flask connected with a tube dipping into a #d per cent4 solution of silver nitrate1 a few pieces of sheet aluminium added1 and the flask gently heated2 any arsine present will reduce the silver4 ,the silver solution thus blackened may be treated in the manner described 7p4 #efg74 #gdf4 ,precipitation as ,tersulphide4--,despite the advantages of some of the processes described1 which are 7to a certain extent7 easy and accurate1 not a few chemists still prefer the old method of precipitation with hydric sulphide ,,sh1 because1 although tedious1 it has stood the test of experience4 ,if this be used1 it is well in most cases to pass sulphurous anhydride through the liquid until it smells strongly of the gas1 for by this means any arsenic acid present is reduced1 the sulphurous anhydride is quickly got rid of by a current of carbonic anhydride1 and then the liquid is saturated with hydric sulphide4 ,in the ordinary way1 much time is often wasted in saturating the liquid with this gas4 ,those1 however1 who have large laboratories1 and daily employ hydric sulphide1 possess 7or should possess7 a water saturated with the gas under pressure2 such a liquid1 added in equal volume to an arsenical solution1 is able to convert the whole of the arsenic into sulphide in a very few minutes4 ,those who do not possess this hydric sulphide water can saturate in an hour the liquid to be tested1 by passing the gas in under pressure4#ghg ,a convenient method is to evolve ,,sh from sulphide of antimony and ,cl,h2 the gas passes first into a wash-bottle1 and then into a strong flask containing the solution under trial4 ,this flask is furnished with a safety-valve1 proportioned to the strength of the apparatus2 the two tubes dipping into the wash-bottle and the last flask are provided with ,bunsen's valves1 which only allow the gas to pass in one direction4 ,the hydric sulphide is then driven over by heat1 and when sufficient gas has in this way passed into the liquid1 the flame is withdrawn1 and the apparatus allowed to stand for some hours1 the valves preventing any backward flow of the liquid or gas4 ,when the precipitate has settled to the bottom1 the supernatant fluid is carefully passed through a filter1 and the precipitate washed by decantation in the flask1 without transference to the filter1 if it can be avoided4 #ghg ,hydric sulphide gas has been liquefied1 and is now an article of commerce1 being sold in iron bottles4 ,the impure sulphide is washed with water1 then with alcohol1 then with carbon disulphide1 then1 after having got rid of the lead1 again with alcohol1 and finally with water2 it is then dissolved in ammonia1 the ammonia solution filtered1 and the filtrate evaporated to dryness on a sand-bath1 at a somewhat high temperature2 in this way it is freed from sulphur and1 to a great extent1 from organic matter2 after weighing1 it may be purified or identified by some of the following methods3-- 7a7 ,solution in ,ammonia and ,estimation by ,iodine4#ghh--,the filter is pierced1 the sulphide washed into a flask by ammonia water 7which need not be concentrated71 and dissolved by warming1 filtered from any insoluble matter1 and estimated by iodine and starch4 #ghh ,p4 ,champion and ,h4 ,pellett1 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,chim4 7#b71 xxvj4 pp4 #eda-edd4 7b7 ,oxidation of the ,sulphide and ,precipitation as ,ammonia ,magnesian ,arseniate1 or ,magnesia ,pyro-,arseniate4--,the tersulphide1 as before1 is dissolved in ammonia 7not omitting the filter-paper1 which should be soaked in this reagent71 the solution filtered1 and evaporated to dryness4 ,the dry residue is now oxidised by fuming nitric acid1 taking care to protect the dish with a large watch-glass 7or other cover7 during the first violent action2 the dish is then heated in the water-bath until all the sulphur has disappeared1 and only a small bulk of the liquid remains2 it is then diluted and precipitated by 8magnesia mixture40#ghi ,the fluid must stand for several hours1 and1 if the arsenic is to be determined as the usual ammoniacal salt1 it must be passed through a weighed filter1 and washed with a little ammoniacal water 7#a 3 #c74 ,the solubility of the precipitate is considerable1 and for every #af c4c4 of the filtrate 7not the washings7 #a mgrm4 must be allowed4 ,the precipitate1 dried at #ajj1 #b7,,nh,mg,as,o7,h,o1 represents #cidg per cent4 metallic arsenic4 #ghi ,magnesia ,mixture3-- ,sulphate of magnesia1 #a ,chloride of ammonium1 #a ,solution of ammonia1 #d ,water1 #h ,dissolve2 then allow to stand for several days2 finally filter1 and keep for use4 ,the solubility of the magnesium arseniate itself1 and the general dislike which chemists have to weighing in such hygroscopic material as a filter1 are1 perhaps1 the main reasons for the variation of this old method1 which has lately come into notice4 ,rose proposed some time ago the conversion of the double salt into the pyro-arseniate--a method condemned by ,fresenius and ,parnell1 but examined and pronounced a practicable and accurate process by ,remol1 ,rammelsberg1 ,thorpe1 ,fuller1 ,wittstein1 ,emerson1 ,macivor1 ,wood1 and ,brauner4 ,the modification of ,rose's process1 recommended by ,wood1#gij and still further improved by ,brauner1#gia may be accepted4 #gij ,zeitschrift fr anal4 ,chem41 vol4 xiv4 p4 #cef4 #gia ,ibid41 xvj4 pp4 #eg1 #eh4 ,the precipitation is effected by magnesia mixture1 with the addition of half its bulk of alcohol4 ,the solution is allowed to stand for several hours1 until it is possible to decant the clear liquid from the precipitate2 the latter is now dissolved in ,cl,h1 reprecipitated as before1 thrown on a small filter1 and washed with a mixture of one volume of ammonia1 two volumes of alcohol1 and three of water4 ,the precipitate is now dried1 and transferred as completely as possible from the filter into a small porcelain crucible1 included in a larger one made of platinum1 moistened with nitric acid1 covered and heated at first gently1 lastly to a bright redness2 the filter is then treated similarly1 and the crucible with its contents weighed4 ,pyro-arseniate of arsenic 7,mg,as,o7 contains #dhbi per cent4 of metallic arsenic4 7c7 ,conversion of the ,trisulphide of ,arsenic into the ,arsenomolybdate of ,ammonia4--,the purified sulphide is oxidised by nitric acid1 the acid solution is rendered alkaline by ammonia1 and then precipitated by a molybdenum solution1 made as follows3--#ajj grms4 of molybdic acid are dissolved in #aej c4c4 of ordinary ammonia and #hj of water2 this solution is poured drop by drop into #ejj c4c4 of pure nitric acid and #cjj c4c4 of water2 it is allowed to settle1 and1 if necessary1 filtered4 ,the molybdic solution must be mixed in excess with the liquid under treatment1 the temperature raised to #gj or #hj1 and nitric acid added in excess until a yellow coloration appears2 the liquid is then passed through a tared filter1 and dried at #ajj4 ,it contains #ea per cent4 of arsenic acid #cc ,as4#gib #gib ,champion and ,pellett1 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,chim41 ,jan4 #g1 #ahgg4 7d7 ,conversion of the ,sulphide into ,metallic ,arsenic4--,if there should be any doubt as to the nature of the precipitated substances1 the very best way of resolving this doubt is to reduce the sulphide to metal2 the easiest method of proving this is to dissolve in potash and obtain arsine by the action of aluminium2 or if it is desired to evolve arsine from an acid solution with zinc in the usual way1 then by dissolving a slight excess of zinc oxide in potash or soda1 and dissolving in this the arsenic sulphide2 the zinc combines with all the sulphur1 and converts the sulpharsenite into arsenite2 the zinc sulphide is filtered off1 and the filtrate acidified and introduced into ,marsh's apparatus4 ,the original process of ,fresenius was to mix the sulphide with carbonate of soda and cyanide of potassium1 and place the mixture in the wide part of a tube of hard ,german glass1 drawn out at one end to a capillary fineness4 ,carbonic anhydride1 properly dried1 was passed through the tube1 and the portion containing the mixture heated to redness2 in this way the arsenical sulphide was reduced1 and the metal condensed in the capillary portion1 where the smallest quantity could be recognised4 ,a more elaborate and accurate process1 based on the same principles1 has been advocated by ,mohr4#gic #gic ,mohr's ,toxicologie1 p4 #eg4 ,a convenient quantity of carbonate of soda is added to the sulphide1 and the whole mixed with a very little water1 and gently warmed4 ,the yellow precipitate is very soon dissolved1 and then the whole is evaporated carefully1 until it is in a granular1 somewhat moist1 adhesive state4 ,it is now transferred to a glass tube1 open at top and bottom1 but the top widened into a funnel2 this tube is firmly held perpendicularly on a glass plate1 and the prepared sulphide hammered into a compact cylinder by the aid of a glass rod1 which just fits the tube4 ,the cylinder is now dried over a flame1 until no more moisture is to be detected1 and then transferred into a glass tube #d or #e inches long1 and with one end drawn to a point 7the weight of this tube should be first accurately taken74 ,the tube is connected with the following series3--7#a7 ,a chloride of calcium tube2 7#b7 a small bottle containing nitrate of silver solution2 7#c7 a hydrogen-generating bottle containing zinc and sulphuric acid4 ,the hydrogen goes through the argentic nitrate solution1 leaving behind any sulphur and arsenic it may contain2 it is then dried by chloride of calcium1 and streams in a pure dry state over the cylinder of prepared sulphide 7no error with regard to impurities in the gas is likely to occur2 but in rigid inquiries it is advisable to heat a portion of the tube1 previous to the insertion of the cylinder1 for some time1 in order to prove the absence of any external arsenical source72 when it is certain that pure hydrogen1 unmixed with air1 is being evolved1 the portion of the tube in which the cylinder rests is heated slowly to redness1 and the metallic arsenic sublimes at a little distance from the source of heat4 ,loss is inevitable if the tube is too short1 or the stream of hydrogen too powerful4 ,the tube after the operation is divided1 the portion soiled by the soda thoroughly cleansed1 and then both parts weighed2 the difference between the weight of the empty tube and the tube arsenic gives the metallic arsenic4 ,this is the process as recommended by ,mohr2 it may1 however1 be pointed out that the glass tube itself loses weight when any portion of it is kept red-hot for some little time2 and1 therefore1 unless the crust is required in the original tube1 it is better to divide it1 carefully weigh the arsenical portion1 remove the crust1 and then re-weigh4 ,the method is not perfectly accurate4 ,the mirror is not pure metallic arsenic 7see p4 #ega71 and if the white alkaline residue be examined1 arsenic will be detected in it1 the reason being that the arsenical sulphide generally contains pentasulphide of arsenic as well as free sulphur4 ,now the pentasulphide does not give up metallic arsenic when treated as before detailed2 nor1 indeed1 does the trisulphide1 if mixed with much sulphur1 yield an arsenical crust4 ,it is1 therefore1 of great moment to free the precipitate as much as possible from sulphur1 before attempting the reduction4 ,the development of a reducing gas from a special and somewhat complicated apparatus is not absolutely necessary4 ,the whole process of reduction1 from beginning to end1 may take place in a single tube by any of the following processes3--7#a7 ,the sulphide is mixed with oxalate of soda 7a salt which contains no water of crystallisation71 and the dry mixture is transferred to a suitable tube1 sealed at one end4 ,an arsenical mirror is readily obtained1 and1 if the heat is continued long enough1 no arsenic remains behind--an excellent and easy method1 in which the reducing gas is carbonic oxide1 in an atmosphere of carbonic anhydride4 7#b7 ,the sulphide is oxidised by aqua regia1 and the solution evaporated to complete dryness4 ,the residue is then dissolved in a few drops of water1 with the addition of some largish grains of good wood charcoal 7which absorb most of the solution71 and the whole carefully dried4 ,the mass is now transferred to a tube closed at one end1 a little charcoal added in the form of an upper layer1 and heat applied first to this upper layer1 so as to replace the air with ,,co1 and then to bring the whole tube gradually to redness from above downwards4 ,in this case also the whole of the arsenic sublimes as a metallic mirror4 ,there are various other modifications1 but the above are trustworthy1 and quite sufficient4 ,brugelmann's method of determining arsenic1 elsewhere described1 would appear to possess some advantages1 and to promise well2 but the writer has had no personal experience of it with regard to arsenic4 #gdg4 ,conversion of ,arsenic into ,arsenious ,chloride 7,as,cl74--,this process1 first employed by ,schneider and ,fyfe1 and afterwards modified by ,taylor1 differs from all the preceding1 since an attempt is made to separate by one operation volatile metallic chlorides1 and to destroy the organic matter1 and thus obtain two liquids--one a distillate--tolerably clear and free from solid particles1 whilst the mass in the retort retains such metals as copper1 and is in every way easy to deal with4 ,schneider and ,fyfe employed sulphuric acid and common salt2 but ,taylor recommends hydrochloric acid1 which is in every respect preferable4 ,as recommended by ,taylor1 all matters1 organic or otherwise1 are to be completely desiccated before their introduction into a retort1 and on these dried substances sufficient pure hydrochloric acid poured1 and the distillation pushed to dryness4 ,every one is well aware how tedious is the attempt to dry perfectly the organs of the body 7such as liver1 c47 at any temperature low enough to ensure against volatilisation of such a substance as1 e4g41 calomel4 ,this drying has1 therefore1 been the great stumbling-block which has prevented the general application of the process4 ,it will be found1 however1 that drying in the ordinary way is by no means necessary4 ,the writer cuts up the solid organ 7such as liver1 brain1 c47 with scissors into small pieces1 and transfers them to a retort fitted by an air-tight joint to a ,liebig condenser2 the condenser in its turn being connected with a flask by a tube passing through an india-rubber stopper dipping into a little water4 ,another tube from the same flask is connected with india-rubber piping1 which is connected with a water-pump1 the fall tube of which terminates in the basement of a house over a gully4 ,the distillation is now carried on to carbonisation2 on cooling1 a second quantity of hydrochloric acid is added1 and the last fraction of the distillate examined for arsenic4 ,if any is found1 a third distillation is necessary4 ,at the termination of the operation the retort is washed with water1 the solution filtered1 and this solution and the distillate are each separately examined for arsenic4 ,if properly performed1 however1 the second distillation brings over the whole of the arsenical chloride1#gid and none will be found in the retort4 ,with the above arrangement there can be no odour1 nor is there any loss of substance4 ,in the distillate the arsenic can hardly be in the form of arsenious chloride1 but rather arsenious acid and hydrochloric acid2 for the chloride easily splits up in the presence of water into these substances4 ,it is best to convert it into the trisulphide4 ,taylor#gie recommends evolving arsine in the usual way1 and passing the arsine 7,as,h7 into solution of silver nitrate1 finally estimating it as an arseniate of silver4 ,objections with regard to the impurity of reagents should be met by blank experiments4 ,kaiser#gif has proposed and practised a modification of this method1 which essentially consists in the use of sulphuric acid and sodic chloride 7as in ,schneider and ,fyfe's original process71 and in passing the distillate first into a flask containing a crystal or two of potassium chlorate1 and thence into an absorption bulb2 in the latter most of the arsenic is found in the form of arsenic acid1 the chloride having been oxidised in its passage4 ,the apparatus is1 however1 complicated in this way without a corresponding advantage4#gig ,lastly1 ,e4 ,fischer#gih has shown that it is a considerable advantage to add from #aj to #bj c4c4 of a saturated solution of ferrous chloride before distilling with ,h,cl4 ,in this way all the arsenic1 whether as arsenic or arsenious acids1 is easily converted into chloride4 #gid ,dragendorff asserts to the contrary2 but we may quote the authority of ,taylor1 who has made several experiments1 in which he obtained all the arsenic as chloride4 ,the writer has performed the process many times1 each time carefully testing the mass in the retort for arsenic2 but the result proved that it had entirely passed over4 #gie ,principles of ,medical ,jurisprudence1 vol4 i4 p4 #bfg4 #gif ,zeitschr4 f4 anal4 ,chem41 xiv4 pp4 #bej-bha4 #gig ,selmi 7,atti dell4 ,accademia dei ,lincei1 ,fasc4 ii41 #ahgi7 proposed a modification of ,schneider's process4 ,the substances are treated with hot1 pure sulphuric acid1 and at the same time the liquid is traversed by a stream of hydrochloric acid gas4 ,the resulting distillate is tested for arsenic by ,marsh's process4 ,selmi states that1 operating in this way1 he has detected #a_/djj of a mgrm4 of ,as,o in #ajj grms4 of animal matter4 #gih ,scheidung u4 ,bestimmung d4 ,arsens2 ,liebig's ,annalen d4 ,chemie1 ,bd4 ccvii4 p4 #ahb4 #b4 ,,antimony4 #gdh4 ,metallic ,antimony4--,atomic weight1 #abjc 7,r4 ,schneider71 #abjad 7,cook#gii72 specific gravity1 #fgae2 fusing-point about #fba 7#aaej ,f474 ,in the course of analysis1 metallic antimony may be seen as a black powder thrown down from solutions2 as a film deposited on copper or platinum2 and1 lastly1 as a ring on the inside of a tube from the decomposition of stibine4 ,at a bright red-heat it is volatilised slowly1 even when hydrogen is passed over it2 chlorine1 bromine1 and iodine combine with it directly4 ,it may be boiled in concentrated ,cl,h without solution2 but aqua regia1 sulphides of potassium and sodium readily dissolve it4 ,the distinction between thin films of this metal and of arsenic on copper and glass are pointed out at pp4 #eeg and #eei4 ,it is chiefly used in the arts for purposes of alloy1 and enters to a small extent into the composition of fireworks 7vide pp4 #ecd and #eha74 #gii ,ann4 ,phys4 ,chem4 7#b71 v4 pp4 #bee-bha4 #gdi4 ,antimonious ,sulphide4--,sulphide of antimony #ccf2 composition in #ajj parts1 ,sb #gagf1 ,s #bhbd4 ,the commercial article1 known under the name of black antimony1 is the native sulphide1 freed from silicious matter by fusion1 and afterwards pulverised4 ,it is a crystalline metallic-looking powder1 of a steel-grey colour1 and is often much contaminated with iron1 lead1 copper1 and arsenic4 ,the amorphous sulphide 7as obtained by saturating a solution of tartar emetic with ,,sh7 is an orange-red powder1 soluble in potash and in ammonic1 sodic1 and potassic sulphides2 and dissolving also in concentrated hydrochloric acid with evolution of ,,sh4 ,it is insoluble in water and dilute acid1 scarcely dissolves in carbonate of ammonia1 and is quite insoluble in potassic bisulphite4 ,if ignited gently in a stream of carbonic acid gas1 the weight remains constant4 ,to render it anhydrous1 a heat of #bjj is required4 ,the recognition of arsenic in the commercial sulphide is most easily effected by placing #b grms4 or more in a suitable retort 7with condenser71 adding hydrochloric acid1 and distilling4 ,the chloride of arsenic passes over before the chloride of antimony2 and by not raising the heat too high1 very little antimony will come over1 even if the distillation be carried almost to dryness4 ,the arsenic is detected in the distillate by the ordinary methods4 ,several lamentable accidents have happened through mistaking the sulphide of antimony for oxide of manganese1 and using it with potassic chlorate for the production of oxygen4 ,the addition of a drop of hydrochloric acid1 it is scarcely necessary to say1 will distinguish between the two4 ,antimony is frequently estimated as sulphide4 ,an amorphous tersulphide of mercury1 containing a small admixture of antimonious oxide and sulphide of potassium1 is known under the name of ,kermes mineral1 and has lately been employed in the vulcanising of india-rubber4 ,prepared in this way1 the latter may be used for various purposes1 and thus become a source of danger4 ,it behoves the analyst1 therefore1 in searching for antimony1 to take special care not to use any india-rubber fittings which might contain the preparation4 ,a pentasulphide of antimony 7from the decomposition of ,schleppe's salt ,na,sb,s #i;,h,o1 when heated with an acid7 is used in calico-printing4 #gej4 ,tartarated ,antimony1 ,tartrate of ,potash and ,antimony1 or ,tartar ,emetic1 is1 in a medico-legal sense1 the most important of the antimonial salts4 ,its formula is ,k,sb,c,h,o,h,o1 and #ajj parts1 theoretically1 should contain #ceb per cent4 of metallic antimony4 ,the ,b4,p4 gives a method of estimation of tartar emetic not free from error1 and ,professor ,dunstan has proposed the following3--,dissolve #jc grm4 of tartar emetic in #hj c4c4 of water1 add to this #aj c4c4 of a #e per cent4 solution of sodium bicarbonate1 and immediately titrate with a decinormal solution of iodine1 using starch as an indicator4 ,one c4c4 of n_/#aj iodine #jjaff grm4 tartar emetic2 therefore1 if pure1 the quantity used by #jc grm4 should be #ah c4c4 ,tartar emetic occurs in commerce in colourless1 transparent1 rhombic1 octahedral crystals1 slightly efflorescing in dry air4 ,a crystal1 placed in the subliming cell 7p4 #beh71 decrepitates at #aicc 7#chj ,f471 sublimes at #bdhh 7#dhj ,f47 very slowly and scantily1 and chars at a still higher temperature1 #bhgg 7#eej ,f474 ,on evaporating a few drops of a solution of tartar emetic1 and examining the residue by the microscope1 the crystals are either tetrahedra1 cubes1 or branched figures4 #ajj parts of cold water dissolve #e of tartar emetic1 whilst the same quantity of boiling water dissolves ten times as much1 viz41 #ej4 ,the watery solution decomposes readily with the formation of alg2 it gives no precipitate with ferrocyanide of potassium1 chloride of barium1 or nitrate of silver1 unless concentrated4 #gea4 ,metantimonic ,acid1 so familiar to the practical chemist from its insoluble sodium salt1 is technically applied in the painting of glass1 porcelain1 and enamels2 and in an impure condition1 as antimony ash1 to the glazing of earthenware4 #geb4 ,pharmaceutical1 ,veterinary1 and ,quack ,preparations of ,antimony4#hjj #hjj ,the history of antimony as a drug is curious4 ,its use was prohibited in ,france in #aeff1 because it was considered poisonous1 one ,besnier being actually expelled from the faculty for transgressing the law on this point4 ,the edict was repealed in #afej2 but in #affh there was a fresh enactment1 confining its use to the doctors of the faculty4 7#a7 ,pharmaceutical ,preparations3-- ,oxide of ,antimony 7,sb,o7 is a white powder1 fusible at a low red heat1 and soluble without effervescence in hydrochloric acid1 the solution responding to the ordinary tests for antimony4 ,arsenic may be present in it as an impurity2 the readiest means of detection is to throw small portions at a time on glowing charcoal1 when very small quantities of arsenic will1 under such conditions1 emit the peculiar odour4 ,carbonate of lime appears also to have been found in the oxide of commerce4 ,antimonial ,powder is composed of one part of oxide of antimony and two parts of phosphate of lime2 in other words1 it ought to give #ccc per cent4 of ,sb,o4 ,tartar ,emetic itself has been already described4 ,the preparations used in medicine are-- ,the ,wine of ,antimony 7,vinum antimoniale71 which is a solution of tartar emetic in sherry wine1 and should contain #b grains of the salt in each ounce of the wine 7#jde grm4 in #ajj c4c474 ,antimony ,ointment 7,unguentum antimonii tartarati7 is a mechanical mixture of tartar emetic and lard1 or simple ointment2#hja strength #bj per cent4 ,there is no recorded case of conviction for the adulteration of tartar emetic2 cream of tartar is the only probable addition4 ,in such a case the mixture is less soluble than tartar emetic itself1 and on adding a small quantity of carbonate of soda to a boiling solution of the suspected salt1 the precipitated oxide at first thrown down1 becomes redissolved4 #hja ,simple ointment is composed of white wax #b1 lard #c1 almond oil #c parts4 ,solution of ,chloride of ,antimony is a solution of the terchloride in hydrochloric acid2 it is a heavy liquid of a yellowish-red colour1 powerfully escharotic2 its specific gravity is #adg2 on dilution with water1 the whitish-yellow oxychloride of antimony is precipitated4 ,one drachm 7#cedi c4c47 mixed with #d ounces 7#aab c4c47 of a solution of tartaric acid 7#be 3 #d7 gives a precipitate with ,,sh1 which weighs at least #bb grains 7#adbe grm474 ,this liquid is used on very rare occasions as an outward application by medical men2 farriers sometimes employ it in the foot-rot of sheep4 ,purified ,black ,antimony 7,antimonium nigrum purificatum7 is the purified native sulphide ,sb,s2 it should be absolutely free from arsenic4 ,sulphurated ,antimony 7,antimonium sulphuratum7 is a mixture of sulphide of antimony1 ,sb,s1 with a small and variable amount of oxide1 ,sb,o4 ,the ,p4,b4 states that #fj grains 7#chhh grms47 dissolved in ,cl,h1 and poured into water1 should give a white precipitate of oxychloride of antimony1 which 7properly washed and dried7 weighs about #ec grains 7#cddd grms474 ,the officinal compound pill of subchloride of mercury 7,pilula hydrargyri subchloridi composita7 contains #a grain 7#jfdh grm47 of sulphurated antimony in every #e grains 7#cbd grm471 i4e41 #bj per cent4 7#b7 ,patent and ,quack ,pills3-- ,dr4 ,j4 ,johnson's ,pills4--,from the formula each pill should contain3-- ,grains4 ,grms4 ,compound ,extract of ,colocynth1 #be #afb ,calomel1 #fb #jci ,tartar ,emetic1 #jd #jjb ,oil of ,cassia1 #ab #jjg ---- ---- #cbh #baj ,the oil of cassia can be extracted by petroleum ether2 the calomel sublimed and identified by the methods given in the article on 8,mercury02 the antimony deposited in the metallic state on platinum or tin2 and the colocynth extracted by dissolving in water1 acidifying1 and shaking up with chloroform4 ,on evaporating the chloroform the residue should taste extremely bitter2 dissolved in sulphuric acid it changes to a red colour1 and dissolved in ,frhde's reagent to a cherry-red4 ,it should also have the ordinary reactions of a glucoside4 ,mitchell's ,pills contain in each pill3-- ,grains4 ,grms4 ,aloes1 #aa #jgj ,rhubarb1 #af #ajc ,calomel1 #af #jaj ,tartar ,emetic1 #je #jjc ---- ---- #bia #ahf ,the mineral substances in this are easy of detection by the methods already given2 the aloes by the formation of chrysammic acid1 and the rhubarb by its microscopical characters4 ,dixon's ,pills probably contain the following in each pill3-- ,grains4 ,grms4 ,compound ,extract of ,colocynth1 #bj #abif ,rhubarb1 #aj #jfdh ,tartar ,emetic1 #jf #jjch ---- ----- #cjf #aihb 7#c7 ,antimonial ,medicines1 chiefly ,veterinary3#hjb-- #hjb ,there has long prevailed an idea 7the truth of which is doubtful7 that antimony given to animals improves their condition2 thus1 the ,encyclop4 ,brit41 #eth ed41 art4 8,antimony03--8,a horse that is lean and scrubby1 and not to be fatted by any means1 will become fat on taking a dose of antimony every morning for two months together4 ,a boar fed for brawn1 and having an ounce of antimony given him every morning1 will become fat a fortnight sooner than others put into the stye at the same time1 and fed in the same manner1 but without the antimony40 ,probably the writer means by the term antimony the impure sulphide4 ,to this may be added the undoubted fact1 that in ,brunswick the breeders of fat geese add a small quantity of antimonious oxide to the food1 as a traditional custom4 ,liver of ,antimony is a preparation formerly much used by farriers4 ,it is a mixture of antimonious oxide1 sulphide of potassium1 carbonate of potassium1 and undecomposed trisulphide of antimony 7and may also contain sulphate of potassium71 all in very undetermined proportions4 ,when deprived of the soluble potash salts1 it becomes the washed saffron of antimony of the old pharmacists4 ,a receipt for a grease-ball1 in a modern veterinary work1 gives1 with liver of antimony1 cream of tartar and guaiacum as ingredients4 ,hind's ,sweating-ball is composed of #fj grains 7#chhh grms47 of tartar emetic and an equal portion of assaftida1 made up into a ball with liquorice-powder and syrup4 ,the assaftida will be readily detected by the odour1 and the antimony by the methods already recommended4 ,ethiops of ,antimony1 very rarely used now1 is the mechanical mixture of the sulphides of antimony and mercury--proportions1 #c of the former to #b of the latter4 ,the ,flowers of ,antimony is an impure oxysulphide of antimony1 with variable proportions of trioxide and undecomposed trisulphide4 ,diaphoretic ,antimony 7calcined antimony7 is simply antimoniate of potash4 ,glass of ,antimony is a mixture of sulphide and oxide of antimony1 contaminated with a small quantity of silica and iron4 ,a quack pill1 by name1 ,ward's ,red ,pill1 is said to contain glass of antimony and dragon's blood4 ,antimonial ,compounds used in ,pyrotechny3-- ,blue ,fire3-- ,antimonious sulphide1 #a ,sulphur1 #b ,nitre1 #f ,this composition is used for the blue or ,bengal signal-light at sea4 ,bisulphide of carbon and water are solvents which will easily separate the powder into its three constituents4 ,crimson ,fire3-- ,potassic ,chlorate1 #agbe ,alder or ,willow ,charcoal1 #de ,sulphur1 #ah ,nitrate of ,strontia1 #ee ,antimonious ,sulphide1 #ee ,the spectroscope will readily detect strontia and potassium1 and the analysis presents no difficulty4 ,in addition to these a very great number of other pyrotechnical preparations contain antimony4 #gec4 ,alloys4--,antimony is much used in alloys4 ,the ancient ,pocula emetica1 or everlasting emetic cups1 were made of antimony1 and with wine standing in them for a day or two1 they acquired emetic properties4 ,the principal antimonial alloys are ,britannia and type metal1 the composition of which is as follows3-- ,tin1 ,copper1 ,antimony1 per cent4 per cent4 per cent4 ,britannia ,metal1 ,best1 #ibj #ah #fb ,common1 #iba #bj #ei ,for ,castings1 #ibi #ah #ec ,for ,lamps1 #idj #ac #dg ,tea ,lead1 ,antimony1 ,block ,tin1 per cent4 per cent4 per cent4 ,type ,metal1 7#a47 #ge #bj #e 7#b47 #gj #be #e ,metal for ,stereotype1 #hdb #ace #bc ,there is also antimony in brass1 concave mirrors1 bell-metal1 c4 #ged4 ,pigments4--,cassella and ,naples yellow are principally composed of the antimoniate of lead4 ,antimony ,yellow is a mixture of antimoniate of lead with basic chloride of lead4 #gee4 ,dose4--,a medicinal dose of a soluble antimonial salt should not exceed #igb mgrms4 7#a grain74 ,with circumstances favouring its action1 a dose of #abif mgrms4 7#b grains7 has proved fatal2#hjc but this is quite exceptional1 and few medical men would consider so small a quantity dangerous for a healthy adult1 especially since most posological tables prescribe tartar emetic as an emetic in doses from #fdh to #aidd mgrms4 7#a to #c grains74 ,the smallest dose which has killed a child appears to be #dhe mgrms4 7 grain74#hjd ,the dose of tartar emetic for horses and cattle is very large1 as much as #ehcb grms4 7#ij grains7 being often given to a horse in his gruel three times a day4 #ch grms4 7#fj grains7 are considered a full1 but not an excessive1 dose for cattle2 #ch grm4 7#f grains7 is used as an emetic for pigs1 and half this quantity for dogs4 #hjc ,taylor1 ,guy's ,hosp4 ,reports1 ,oct4 #aheg4 #hjd ,op4 cit4 #gef4 ,effects of ,tartar ,emetic and of ,antimony ,oxide on ,animals4--,large doses of tartar emetic act on the warm-blooded animals as on man2 whether the poison is taken by the mouth1 or injected subcutaneously1 all animals able to vomit#hje do so4 ,the heart's action1 at first quickened1 is afterwards slowed1 weakened1 and lastly paralysed4 ,this action is noticed in cold as well as in warm-blooded animals4 ,it is to be ascribed to a direct action on the heart2 for if the brain and spinal cord of the frog be destroyed--or even if a solution of the salt be applied direct to the frog's heart separated from the body--the effect is the same4 ,the weak action of the heart1 of course1 causes the blood-pressure to diminish1 and the heart stops in diastole4 ,the voluntary muscles of the body are also weakened2 the breathing is affected1 partly from the action on the muscles4 ,the temperature of the body is depressed 7according to ,f4 ,a4 ,falck's researches7 from #dd to #fb4 #hje ,l4 ,hermann 7,lehrbuch der experimentellen ,toxicologie7 remarks that the vomiting must be considered as a reflex action from the inflammatory excitement of the digestive apparatus1 especially of the stomach4 ,it is witnessed if the poison is administered subcutaneously or injected into the brain4 ,indeed1 it is established that 7at least1 so far as the muscles are concerned7 the co-ordinated movements producing vomiting are caused by excitement of the medulla oblongata4 ,giannussi and others found that after section between the first and third vertebr of dogs1 and subsequent administration of tartar emetic1 no vomiting took place2 and ,grimm's researches seem to show that the suspected vomit-centre is identical with the respiratory centre1 so that the vomiting movement is only an abnormal respiratory movement4 ,l4 ,hermann1 however1 considers the theory that when tartar emetic is introduced into the vessels the vomit-centre is directly excited1 erroneous1 for 7#a7 in introducing it by the veins much larger doses are required to excite vomiting than by the stomach2 and 7#b71 after subcutaneous injection of the salt1 antimony is found in the first vomit4 ,his explanation1 therefore1 is that antimony is excreted by the intestinal tract1 and in its passage excites this action4 ,majendie's well-known experiment--demonstrating that1 after extirpation of the stomach1 vomiting movements were noticed--is not considered opposed to this view4 ,the effect of small doses given repeatedly to animals has been several times investigated4 ,dr4 ,nevin#hjf experimented upon eleven rabbits1 giving them tartar emetic four times a day in doses of #cbd mgrms4 7 grain71 #fdh mgrms4 7#a grain71 and #abif mgrms4 7#b grains74 ,five died1 the first after four1 the last after seventeen days2 three were killed after one1 three1 and four days respectively1 two after an interval of fourteen days1 and one thirty-one days after taking the last dose4 ,there was no vomiting2 diarrha was present in about half the number2 one of the rabbits1 being with young1 aborted4 ,the chief symptoms were general dulness1 loss of appetite1 and in a few days great emaciation4 ,four of the five that died were convulsed before death1 and several of the animals exhibited ulcers of the mucous membrane of the mouth1 in places with which the powder had come in contact4 ,caillol and ,livon have also studied the action of small doses of the white oxide of antimony given in milk to cats4 ,a cat took in this way in #aji days #fbh grm4 ,the animal passed gradually into a cachectic state1 diarrha supervened1 and it died miserably thin and exhausted4 #hjf ,lever1 ,med4 ,chir4 ,journ41 ,no4 #a4 #geg4 ,effects of ,tartar ,emetic on ,man4#hjg--,the analogy between the symptoms produced by arsenic and antimony is striking1 and in some acute cases of poisoning by tartar emetic1 there is but little 7if any7 clinical difference4 ,if the dose of tartar emetic is very large1 there may be complete absence of vomiting1 or only a single evacuation of the stomach4 ,thus1 in a case mentioned by ,taylor1 in which a veterinary surgeon swallowed by mistake #ac grms4 7#bjj grains7 of tartar emetic1 vomiting after fifteen minutes could only be induced by tickling the throat4 ,so1 again1 in the case reported by ,mr4 ,freer1 a man1 aged #bh1 took #ggg grms4 7#abj grains7 of tartar emetic by mistake for ,epsom salts2 he vomited only once2 half an hour after taking the poison he had violent pain in the stomach and abdomen1 and spasmodic contraction of the abdomen and arms2 the fingers were firmly contracted1 the muscles quite rigid1 and there was involuntary aqueous purging4 ,after six hours1 during which he was treated with green tea1 brandy1 and decoction of oak-bark1 he began to recover1 but suffered for many nights from profuse perspirations4 #hjg ,antimony occasionally finds its way into articles of food through obscure channels4 ,dr4 ,page has recorded the fact of antimonial lozenges having been sold openly by an itinerant vendor of confectionery4 ,each lozenge contained nearly a quarter of a grain 7#af mgrms471 and they caused well-marked symptoms of poisoning in the case of a servant and two children4 ,how the antimony got in was unknown4 ,in this case it appears to have existed not as tartar emetic1 but as an insoluble oxide1 for it would not dialyse in aqueous solution4--8,on a remarkable instance of ,poisoning by means of ,lozenges containing ,antimony10 by ,david ,page1 ,m4,d41 ,medical ,officer of ,health1 ,lancet1 vol4 i41 #ahgi1 p4 #fii4 ,with more moderate and yet large doses1 nausea and vomiting are very prominent symptoms1 and are seldom delayed more than half an hour4 ,the regular course of symptoms may therefore be summed up thus3--,a metallic taste in the mouth1 repeated vomitings1 which are sometimes bloody1 great faintness and depression1 pains in the abdomen and stomach1 and diarrha1 which may be involuntary4 ,if the case is to terminate fatally1 the urine is suppressed1 the temperature falls1 the face becomes cyanotic1 delirium and convulsions supervene1 and death occurs in from two to six days4 ,antimony1 like arsenic1 often produces a pustular eruption4 ,solitary cases deviate more or less from the course described1 i4e41 severe cramps affecting all the muscles1 hmorrhage from the stomach1 kidney1 or bowel1 and death from collapse in a few hours1 have all been noticed4 ,in a case recorded by ,mr4 ,morley1#hjh a surgeon's daughter1 aged #ah1 took by mistake an unknown quantity of antimonial wine2 she soon felt sleepy and powerless1 and suffered from the usual symptoms in combination with tetanic spasms of the legs4 ,she afterwards had enteritis for three weeks1 and on recovery her hair fell off4 ,orfila relates a curious case of intense spasm of the gullet from a large dose of tartar emetic4 #hjh ,brit4 ,med4 ,journ41 ,oct4 #ad1 p4 #gj4 #geh4 ,chronic ,antimonial ,poisoning4--,the cases of ,palmer and ,j4 ,p4 ,cook1 ,m4 ,mullen1 ,freeman1 ,winslow1 ,pritchard1 and the remarkable ,bravo case have1 in late years1 given the subject of chronic antimonial poisoning a considerable prominence4 ,in the trials referred to1 it was shown that medical men might easily mistake the effects of small doses of antimony given at intervals for the action of disease--the symptoms being great nausea1 followed by vomiting1 chronic diarrha1 alternating with constipation1 small frequent pulse1 loss of voice1 great muscular weakness1 depression1 with coldness of the skin and a clammy perspiration4 ,in the case of ,mrs4 ,pritchard1#hji her face was flushed1 and her manner so excited as to give an ordinary observer the idea that she had been drinking2 and with the usual symptoms of vomiting and purging1 she suffered from cramps in the hands4 ,dr4 ,pritchard tried to make it appear that she was suffering from typhoid fever1 which the symptoms in a few respects only resembled4 #hji ,edin4 ,med4 ,journ41 #ahfe4 ,according to ,eulenberg1 workmen1 exposed for a long period to the vapour of the oxide of antimony1 suffer pain in the bladder and a burning sensation in the urethra1 and continued inhalation even leads to impotence and wasting of the testicles4#haj #haj ,in the first operations of finishing printers' types1 the workmen inhale a metallic dust1 which gives rise to effects similar to lead colic2 and probably in this case the lead is more active than the associated antimony4 #gei4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,the effect of large doses of tartar emetic is mainly concentrated upon the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane4 ,there is an example in the museum of ,university ,college ,hospital of the changes which resulted from the administration of tartar emetic in the treatment of pneumonia4 ,these are ascribed in the catalogue1 in part to the local action of the medicine1 and in part to the extreme prostration of the patient4 ,in the preparation 7,no4 #ajeb7 the mucous membrane over the fore border of the epiglottis and adjacent part of the pharynx has been destroyed by sloughing2 the ulceration extends into the upper part of the sophagus4 ,about an inch below its commencement1 the mucous membrane has been entirely removed by sloughing and ulceration1 the circular muscular fibres being exposed4 ,above the upper limit of this ulcer1 the mucous membrane presents several oval1 elongated1 and ulcerated areas1 occupied by strips of mucous membrane which have sloughed4 ,in other places1 irregular portions of the mucous membrane1 of a dull ashen-gray colour1 have undergone sloughing2 the edges of the sloughing portion are of colours varying from brown to black4 ,it is seldom that so much change is seen in the gullet and pharynx as this museum preparation exhibits2 but redness1 swelling1 and the general signs of inflammation are seldom absent from the stomach and some parts of the intestines4 ,on the lining membrane of the mouth1 ulcers and pustules have been observed4 ,in ,dr4 ,nevin's experiments on the chronic poisoning of rabbits already referred to1 the post-mortem appearances consisted in congestion of the liver in all the rabbits2 in nearly all there was vivid redness of the stomach2 in two cases there was ulceration2 in some1 cartilaginous hardness of the pylorus2 while1 in others1 the small intestines presented patches of inflammation4 ,in two of the rabbits the solitary glands throughout the intestines were prominent1 yellow in colour1 and loaded with antimony4 ,the colon and rectum were healthy1 the kidneys congested2 the lungs were in most congested1 in some actually inflamed1 or hepatised and gorged with blood4 ,bloody extravasations in the chest and abdomen were frequent4 ,saikowsky1#haa in feeding animals daily with antimony1 found invariably in the course of fourteen to nineteen days fatty degeneration of the liver1 and sometimes of the kidney and heart4 ,in the experiment of ,caillol and ,livon also all the organs were pale1 the liver had undergone fatty degeneration1 and the lung had its alveoli filled with large degenerated cells1 consisting almost entirely of fat4 ,the mesenteric glands also formed large caseous masses1 yellowish-white in colour1 which1 under the microscope1 were seen to be composed of fatty cells1 so that there is a complete analogy between the action of arsenic and antimony on the body tissues4 #haa ,virchow's ,arch4 f4 path4 ,anat41 ,bd4 xxv42 also1 ,centralblatt f4 ,med4 ,wissen41 ,no4 #bc1 #ahfe4 #gfj4 ,elimination of ,antimony4--,antimony is mainly eliminated by the urine4 ,in #ahdj1 ,orfila showed to the ,acadmie de ,mdecine metallic antimony1 which he had extracted from a patient who had taken #ab grm4 of tartar emetic in twenty-four hours4 ,he also obtained antimony from an old woman1 aged #hj1 who twelve hours before had taken #f grm4 7#i grains7--a large dose1 which had neither produced vomiting nor purging4 ,in ,dr4 ,kevin's experiments on rabbits1 antimony was discovered in the urine after the twelfth dose1 and even in the urine of an animal twenty-one days after the administration of the poison had been suspended4 #gfa4 ,antidotes for ,tartar ,emetic4--,any infusion containing tannin or allied astringent principles1 such as decoctions of tea1 oak-bark1 c41 may be given with advantage in cases of recent poisoning by tartar emetic1 for any of the salt which has been expelled by vomiting may in this way be decomposed and rendered harmless4 ,the treatment of acute poisoning which has proved most successful1 has been the encouraging of vomiting by tickling the fauces1 giving strong green tea and stimulants4 7,see ,appendix47 #gfb4 ,effects of ,chloride or ,butter of ,antimony4--,only a few cases of poisoning by butter of antimony are on record3 its action1 generally speaking1 on the tissues is like that of an acid1 but there has been considerable variety in the symptoms4 ,five cases are recorded by ,taylor2 three of the number recovered after taking respectively doses of #gg grms4 7#b drachms7 and #aee grms4 7#d drachms71 and two died after taking from #eff to #aac grms4 7#b to #d ounces74 ,in one of these cases the symptoms were more like those of a narcotic poison1 in the other fatal case there was abundant vomiting with purging4 ,the autopsy in the first case showed a black appearance from the mouth to the jejunum1 as if the parts had been charred1 and extensive destruction of the mucous membrane4 ,in the other case there were similar changes in the stomach and the upper part of the intestines1 but neither the lips nor the lower end of the gullet were eroded4 ,in a case recorded by ,mr4 ,barrington ,cooke1#hab a farmer's wife1 aged #dj1 of unsound mind1 managed to elude the watchfulness of her friends1 and swallowed an unknown quantity of antimony chloride about #a4cj ,p4,m4 ,shortly afterwards she vomited several times1 and had diarrha2 at #b4cj a medical man found her lying on her back insensible1 and very livid in the face and neck4 ,she was retching1 and emitting from her mouth a frothy mucous fluid1 mixed with ejected matter of a grumous colour2 the breathing was laboured and spasmodic2 the pulse could not be felt1 and the body was cold and clammy4 ,she expired at #c4cj1 about one hour and a half from the commencement of symptoms1 and probably within two hours from the taking of the poison4 ,the autopsy showed no corrugation of the tongue or inner surface of the lining membrane of the mouth1 and no appearance of the action of a corrosive upon the lips1 fauces1 or mucous membrane of the sophagus4 ,the whole of the mucous membrane of the stomach was intensely congested1 of a dark and almost black colour1 the rest of the viscera were healthy4 ,chemical analysis separated antimony equivalent to nearly a grm4 7#ae grains7 of the chloride1 with a small quantity of arsenic1 from the contents of the stomach4 #hab ,lancet1 ,may #ai1 #ahhc4 #gfc4 ,detection of ,antimony in ,organic ,matters4--,in acute poisoning by tartar emetic it is not impossible to find a mere trace only in the stomach1 the greater part having been expelled by vomiting1 which nearly always occurs early1 so that the most certain method is1 where possible1 to analyse the ejected matters4 ,if it should be suspected that a living person is being slowly poisoned by antimony1 it must be remembered that the poison is mainly excreted by the kidneys1 and the urine should afford some indication4 ,the readiest way to test is to collect a considerable quantity of the urine 7if necessary1 two or three days' excretion71 concentrate by evaporation1 acidify1 and then transfer the liquid to a platinum dish1 in which is placed a slip of zinc4 ,the whole of the antimony is in time deposited on the platinum dish1 and being thus concentrated1 may be subsequently identified in any way thought fit4 ,organic liquids are boiled with hydrochloric acid2 organic solids are extracted with the same acid in the manner described 7p4 #ea72 or1 if the distillation process given at p4 #egf be employed1 the antimony may be found partly in the distillate1 and partly in the retort4 ,in any case1 antimony in solution may be readily detected in a variety of ways--one of the most convenient being to concentrate on tin or platinum1 to dissolve out the antimonial film by sulphide of ammonium1 and thus produce the very characteristic orange sulphide4 ,if a slip of pure tinfoil be suspended for six hours in a solution1 which should not contain more than one-tenth of its bulk of ,cl,h1 and exhibit no stain or deposit1 it is certain that antimony cannot be present4 ,it may also conveniently be deposited on a platinum dish1#hac by filling the same with the liquid properly acidulated1 and inserting a rod of zinc2 the metallic antimony can afterwards be washed1 dried1 and weighed4 #hac ,according to ,fresenius 7,zeitschr4 f4 anal4 ,chem41 i4 #dde71 a solution which contains #a_/ajjjj of its weight of antimony1 treated in this way1 gives in two minutes a brown stain1 and in ten a very notable and strong dark brown film4 ,when in the proportion of #a to #bj1jjj1 the reaction begins to be certain after a quarter of an hour2 with greater dilution it requires longer time1 #a to #dj1jjj giving a doubtful reaction1 and #a to #ej1jjj not responding at all to this test4 ,reinsch's and ,marsh's tests have been already described 7pp4 #eeh and #eei71 and require no further notice4 ,there is1 however1 a very beautiful and delicate means of detecting antimony1 which should not be omitted4 ,it is based upon the action of stibine 7,sb,h7 on sulphur4#had ,when this gas is passed over sulphur1 it is decomposed according to equation1 #b,sb,h #f,s ,sb,s #c,,sh1 the action taking place slowly in diffused daylight1 but very rapidly in sunshine4 ,an ordinary flask for the evolution of hydrogen 7either by galvanic processes or from zinc and sulphuric acid71 with its funnel and drying-tubes1 is connected with a narrow tube having a few fragments of sulphur1 kept in place by plugs of cotton wool4 ,the whole apparatus is placed in sunshine2 if no orange colour is produced when the hydrogen has been passing for some time1 the liquid to be tested is poured in gradually through the funnel1 and if antimony should be present1 the sulphur acquires a deep orange colour4 ,this is distinct even when so small a quantity as #jjja grain has been added through the funnel4 ,the sulphide of antimony thus mixed with sulphur can1 if it is thought necessary1 be freed from the sulphur by repeated exhaustion with bisulphide of carbon4 ,the stibine does not1 however1 represent all the antimony introduced1 a very large proportion remaining in the evolution flask2#hae hence it cannot be employed for quantitative purposes4 ,moreover1 the test can1 of course1 only be conveniently applied on sunny days1 and is1 therefore1 in ,england more adapted for summer4#haf ,often1 however1 as mentioned elsewhere1 when the analyst has no clue whatever to the nature of the poison1 it is convenient to pass ,,sh in the liquid to saturation4#hag ,in such a case1 if antimony is present 7either alone or in combination with other sulphides71 it remains on the filter1 and must be separated and identified as follows3--,the sulphides are first treated with a solution of carbonate of ammonia1 which will dissolve arsenic1 if present1 and next saturated in situ with pure sulphide of sodium1 which will dissolve out sulphide of antimony1 if present4 ,the sulphide of antimony will present the chemical characters already described1 more particularly-- #had ,see ,ernest ,jones on 8,stibine10 ,journ4 ,chem4 ,soc41 vol4 i41 #ahgf4 #hae ,rieckter1 ,jahresbericht1 #ahfe1 p4 #bee4 #haf ,the action of salts of csium with chloride of antimony might be used as a test for the latter4 ,a salt of csium gives a white precipitate with chloride of antimony in concentrated ,cl,h2 it contains #cjeca per cent4 of antimony1 and corresponds to the formula ,sb,cl,cs,cl4 ,chloride of tin acts similarly4--,e4 ,godeffroy1 ,berichte der deutschen ,chem4 ,gesellschaft1 ,berlin1 #ahgd4 #hag ,the solution must not be too acid4 7#a7 ,it will evolve ,,sh when treated with ,h,cl1 and at the same time pass into solution4#hah #hah ,by adding chloride of tin to a solution of chloride of antimony in sufficient quantity1 and passing ,,so through the liquid1 the whole of the antimony can be thrown down as sulphide1 whilst the tin remains in solution4 ,thus1-- #i,sn,cl #b,sb,cl #c,,so #ab;,cl,h ,sb,s #i,sn,cl #f,,oh4 --,federow1 ,zeitschrift fr ,chemie1 #ahfi1 p4 #af4 7#b7 ,the solution evaporated to get rid of free ,h,cl gives with water a thick cheesy precipitate of basic chloride of antimony4 ,this may be seen if only a drop or two of the solution be taken and tested in a watch-glass4 7#c7 ,if tartaric acid be added to the solution1 this precipitation does not occur4 7#d7 ,the solution from 7#c7 gives an orange precipitate with ,,sh4 ,such a substance can only be sulphide of antimony4 ,with regard to 7#b71 bismuth would act similarly1 but under the circumstances could not be present1 for the sulphide of bismuth is insoluble in sodic sulphide4 #gfd4 ,quantitative ,estimation4--,the quantitative estimation of antimony is best made by some volumetric process1 e4g41 the sulphide can be dissolved in ,h,cl1 some tartrate of soda added1 and then carbonate of soda to weak alkaline reaction4 ,the strength of the solution of tartarised antimony thus obtained can now be estimated by a decinormal solution of iodine1 the end reaction being indicated by the previous addition of a little starch solution1 or by a solution of permanganate of potash1 either of which should be standardised by the aid of a solution of tartar emetic of known strength4 #c4 ,,cadmium4 #gfe4 ,cadmium1 ,cd #aab2 specific gravity1 #hf to #hfi2 fusing-point1 #bbgh 7#ddb ,f472 boiling-point1 #hfj 7#aehj ,f474--,cadmium in analysis is seldom separated as a metal1 but is estimated either as oxide or sulphide4 #gff4 ,cadmium ,oxide1 ,cd,o #abh--;cadmium1 #hge per cent42 oxygen1 #abe per cent4--is a yellowish or reddish-brown powder1 non-volatile even at a white heat2 insoluble in water1 but dissolving in acids4 ,ignited on charcoal1 it is reduced to metal1 which volatilises1 and is then deposited again as oxide1 giving to the coal a distinct coat of an orange-yellow colour in very thin layers2 in thicker layers1 brown4 #gfg4 ,cadmium ,sulphide1 ,cd,s #add--;,cd1 #ggg per cent42 ,s1 #bbc per cent4--known as a mineral termed ,greenockite4 ,when prepared in the wet way1 it is a lemon-yellow powder1 which cannot be ignited in hydrogen without loss1 and is insoluble in water1 dilute acids1 alkalies1 alkaline sulphides1 sulphate of soda1 and cyanide of potassium4 ,the solution must not contain too much hydrochloric acid1 for the sulphide is readily soluble with separation of sulphur in concentrated hydrochloric acid4 ,it may be dried in the ordinary way at #ajj without suffering any decomposition4 #gfh4 ,medicinal ,preparations4--,the ,iodide of ,cadmium 7,cd,i7 occurs in white1 flat1 micaceous crystals1 melting at about #baee 7#daii ,f471 and at a dull red heat giving off violet vapour4 ,in solution1 the salt gives the reactions of iodine and cadmium4 ,the ointment of iodide of cadmium 7,unguentum cadmii iodidi7 contains the iodide in the proportion of #fb grains to the ounce1 or #ad per cent4 ,cadmium ,sulphate is officinal in the ,belgian1 ,portuguese1 and ,french pharmacopias4 #gfi4 ,cadmium in the ,arts1 c4--,cadmium is used in various alloys4 ,the sulphide is found as a colouring ingredient in certain toilet soaps1 and it is much valued by artists as a pigment4 ,the iodide of cadmium is employed in photography1 and an amalgam of metallic cadmium to some extent in dentistry4 #ggj4 ,fatal ,dose of ,cadmium4--,although no deaths from the use of cadmium appear to have as yet occurred1 its use in photography1 c41 may lead to accidents4 ,there can be no question about the poisonous action of cadmium1 for ,marm1#hai in his experiments on it with animals1 observed giddiness1 vomiting1 syncope1 difficulty in respiration1 loss of consciousness1 and cramps4 ,the amount necessary to destroy life can only be gathered from the experiments on animals4 ,a strong hound died after the injection of #jc grm4 7#dfb grain7 subcutaneously of a salt of cadmium2 rabbits are poisoned if from #aid to #chh mgrms4 7#c to #f grain7 are introduced into the stomach4 ,a watery solution of #e grm4 7#ge grains7 of the bromide administered to a pigeon caused instant death1 without convulsion2 the same dose of the chloride killed a second pigeon in six minutes2 #be grm4 7#che grains7 of sulphite of cadmium administered to a pigeon excited vomiting1 and after two hours diarrha2 it died in eight days4 ,another pigeon died from a similar dose in fourteen days1 and cadmium1 on analysis1 was separated from the liver4 ,from the above cases it would seem probable that #d grms4 7#fag grains7 would be a dangerous dose of a soluble salt of cadmium for an adult1 and that in a case of chronic poisoning it would most probably be found in the liver4 #hai ,zeitschr4 f4 rationelle ,med41 vol4 xxix4 p4 #a1 #ahfg4 #gga4 ,separation and ,detection of ,cadmium4--,if cadmium be in solution1 and the solution is not too acid1 on the addition of ,,sh there is precipitated a yellow sulphide1 which is distinguished from antimony and arsenical sulphides by its insolubility in ammonia and alkaline sulphides4 ,should all three sulphides be on the filter 7an occurrence which will seldom1 perhaps never1 happen71 the sulphide of arsenic can be dissolved out by ammonia1 the antimony by sulphide of sodium1 leaving the sulphide of cadmium as the residue4#hbj #hbj ,it is unnecessary to state that absence of sulphur is presupposed4 ,the further tests of the sulphide are3-- 7#a7 ,it dissolves in dilute nitric acid to a colourless fluid1 with separation of sulphur4 7#b7 ,the solution1 filtered and freed from excess of nitric acid by evaporation1 gives with a solution of ammonic carbonate a white precipitate of carbonate of cadmium insoluble in excess4 ,this distinguishes it from zinc1 which gives a similar white precipitate1 but is soluble in the excess of the precipitant4 7#c7 ,the carbonate thus obtained1 heated on platinum foil1 is changed into the brown-red non-volatile oxide4 7#d7 ,the oxide behaves on charcoal as already detailed4 7#e7 ,a metallic portion can be obtained by melting the oxide with cyanide of potassium2 it is between zinc and tin in brilliancy1 and makes a mark on paper like lead1 but not so readily4 ,there are many other tests1 but the above are conclusive4 ,if cadmium in any case be specially searched for in the organs or tissues1 the latter should be boiled with nitric acid4 ,the acid solution is filtered1 saturated with caustic potash1 evaporated to dryness1 and ignited2 the residue is dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid1 and treated after filtration with ,,sh4 ,cadmium may also be estimated volumetrically by digesting the sulphide in a stoppered flask with ferric chloride and hydrochloric acid2 the resulting ferrous compound is titrated with permanganate1 each c4c4 of a d4n4 solution of permanganate #jjef grm4 of cadmium4 ,,ii4--,,precipitated ,,by ,,hydric ,,sulphide ,,in ,,hydrochloric ,,acid ,,solution--,,black4 ,lead--,copper--,bismuth--,silver--,merc ury4 #a4 ,,lead4 #ggb4 ,lead1 ,pb #bjg4--,lead is a well-known bluish-white1 soft metal2 fusing-point1 #cbe2 specific gravity1 #aacf4 ,oxides of ,lead4--,the two oxides of lead necessary to notice here briefly are--litharge and minium4 ,litharge1 or ,oxide of ,lead1 ,pb,o #bbc2 specific gravity1 #ib to #ie--,pb #ibhb per cent41 ,o #gah--;is either in crystalline scales1 a fused mass1 or a powder1 varying in colour 7according to its mode of preparation7 from yellow to reddish-yellow or orange4 ,when prepared below the temperature of fusion it is called 8massicot40 ,it may be fused without alteration in weight2 in a state of fusion it dissolves silicic acid and silicates of the earths4 ,it must not be fused in platinum vessels4 ,minium1 or ,red ,lead1 #b,pb,o1 ,pb,o2 specific gravity1 #ijh1 is a compound of protoxide of lead with the dioxide4 ,it is of a brilliant red colour1 much used in the arts1 and especially in the preparation of flint-glass4 #ggc4 ,sulphide of ,lead1 ,pb,s #bci2 ,pb1 #hffa per cent41 ,s1 #acci per cent41 occurring in the usual way1 is a black precipitate insoluble in water1 dilute acids1 alkalies1 and alkaline sulphides4 ,it dissolves in strong nitric acid with separation of sulphur1 and in strong hydrochloric acid1 with evolution of ,,sh4 ,fuming nitric acid does not separate sulphur1 but converts the sulphide into sulphate4 #ggd4 ,sulphate of ,lead1 ,pb,s,o #cjc2 specific gravity1 #fc2 ,pb,o1 #gcfa per cent41 ,,so1 #bfci per cent41 when produced artificially is a heavy white powder1 of great insolubility in water1 #bb1hjj parts of cold water dissolving only one of lead sulphate2 and if the water contains sulphuric acid1 no less than #cf1ejj parts of water are required4 ,the salts of ammonia 7especially the acetate and tartrate7 dissolve the sulphate1 and it is also soluble in hyposulphite of soda4 ,the sulphate can be readily changed into the carbonate of lead1 by boiling it with solutions of the alkaline carbonates4 ,the sulphate of lead1 fused with cyanide of potassium1 yields metallic lead2 it may be also reduced on charcoal1 and alone it may be fused without decomposition1 provided reducing gases are excluded4 #gge4 ,acetate of ,lead1 ,sugar of ,lead1 ,pb7,c,h,o7#c,,oh #cgi1 is found in commerce in white1 spongy masses composed of acicular crystals4 ,it may1 however1 be obtained in flat four-sided prisms4 ,it has a sweet metallic taste1 is soluble in water1 and responds to the usual tests for lead4 ,the ,p4,b4 directs that #ch grains dissolved in water require1 for complete precipitation1 #bjj grain measures of the volumetric solution of oxalic acid1 corresponding to #bbc grains of oxide of lead4 #ggf4 ,chloride of ,lead1 ,pb,cl #bgh2 specific gravity1 #eh2 ,pb1 #gddh per cent41 ,cl1 #beeb per cent41 is in the form of brilliant crystalline needles4 ,it is very insoluble in cold water containing hydrochloric or nitric acids4 ,according to ,bischof1 #afce parts of water containing nitric acid dissolve one part only of chloride of lead4 ,it is insoluble in absolute alcohol1 and sparingly in alcohol of #gj to #hj per cent4 ,it fuses below red heat without losing weight2 at higher temperatures it may be decomposed4 ,carbonate of ,lead4--,the commercial carbonate of lead 7according to the exhaustive researches of ,wigner and ,harland#hba7 is composed of a mixture of neutral carbonate of lead and hydrate of lead1 the best mixture being #be per cent4 of hydrate1 corresponding to an actual percentage of #abc per cent4 carbonic acid4 ,the nearer the mixture approximates to this composition the better the paint2 whilst samples containing as much as #afcc per cent41 or as little as #ajci per cent41 of ,,co are practically useless4 #hba 8,on the ,composition of ,commercial ,samples of ,white ,lead10 by ,g4 ,w4 ,wigner and ,r4 ,h4 ,harland4--,analyst1 #ahgg1 p4 #bjh4 #ggg4 ,preparations of ,lead used in ,medicine1 the ,arts1 c4 7#a7 ,pharmaceutical3-- ,lead ,plaster 7,emplastrum plumbi7 is simply a lead soap1 in which the lead is combined with oleic and margaric acids1 and contains some mechanically included glycerin4 ,lead ,iodide1 ,pb,i1 is contained in the ,emplastrum plumbi iodidi to the extent of #aj per cent41 and in the ,unguentum plumbi iodidi to the extent of about #abe per cent4 ,acetate of ,lead is contained in a pill1 a suppository1 and an ointment4 ,the pill 7,pilula plumbi cum opio7 contains #ge per cent4 of lead acetate1 and #abe per cent4 of opium1 the rest confection of roses4 ,the suppository 7,suppositoria plumbi composita7 contains #bj per cent4 of acetate of lead1 and #ff per cent4 of opium1 mixed with oil of theobroma4 ,the ointment 7,unguentum plumbi acetatis7 contains #bjf per cent4 of lead acetate1 mixed with benzoated lard4 ,the solution of subacetate of lead 7,liquor plumbi subacetatis7 is the subacetate1 ,pb7,c,h,o7,pb,o1 dissolved in water2 it contains nearly #bg per cent4 of subacetate4 ,a dilute solution of the stronger1 under the name of ,liquor plumbi subacetatis dilutus1 and commonly called ,goulard water1 is prepared by mixing #a part 7by volume7 of the solution and #a part of spirit1 and #gh parts of distilled water2 the strength is equal to #abe per cent4 ,there is an ointment1 called the ,compound ,ointment of subacetate of lead1 which contains the subacetate in about the proportion of #b per cent4 of the oxide1 the other constituents being camphor1 white wax1 and almond oil4 ,carbonate of ,lead4--,the ointment 7,unguentum plumbi carbonatis7 should contain about #abe per cent4 of the carbonate1 and the rest simple ointment4 7#b7 ,quack ,nostrums1 c43-- ,the quack medicines composed of lead are not very numerous4 ,liebert's ,cosmetique ,infaillible is said to have for its basis nitrate of lead4 ,one of 8,ali ,ahmed's ,treasures of the ,desert10 viz41 the antiseptic malagma1 is a plaster made up of lead plaster #cge per cent41 frankincense #be per cent41 salad oil #be per cent41 beeswax #abe per cent4 ,lewis' ,silver ,cream contains white precipitate and a salt of lead4 ,goulard's ,balsam is made by triturating acetate of lead with hot oil of turpentine4 ,there are various ointments in use made up of litharge4 ,some herbalists in the country 7from cases that have come under the writer's own knowledge7 apply to cancerous ulcers1 c41 a liniment of linseed and other common oils mixed with litharge and acetate of lead4 ,acetate of lead may also be found as a constituent of various eye-waters4 7#c7 ,preparations of ,lead used in the ,arts1 c43-- ,ledoyen's ,disinfecting ,fluid has for its basis nitrate of lead4 ,in various hair-dyes the following are all used3--,litharge1 lime1 and starch2 lime and carbonate of lead2 lime and acetate of lead2 litharge1 lime1 and potassic bicarbonate4 ,the detection of lead in the hair thus treated is extremely easy2 it may be dissolved out by dilute nitric acid4 ,lead ,pigments4--,the principal pigments of lead are white1 yellow1 and red4 ,white ,pigments3-- ,white ,lead1 ,flake ,white ,ceruse1 ,mineral ,white1 are so many different names for the carbonate of lead already described4 ,newcastle ,white is white lead made with molasses vinegar4 ,nottingham ,white4--,white lead made with alegar 7sour ale71 often1 however1 replaced by permanent white1 i4e41 sulphate of baryta4 ,miniature ,painters' ,white1 ,white ,precipitate of ,lead1 is simply lead sulphate4 ,pattison's ,white is an oxychloride of lead1 ,pb,cl,pb,o4 ,yellow ,pigments3-- ,chrome ,yellow may be a fairly pure chromate of lead1 or it may be mixed with sulphates of lead1 barium1 and calcium4 ,the pigment known as 8,cologne yellow0 consists of #be parts of lead chromate1 #ae of lead sulphate1 and #fj of calcic sulphate4 ,the easiest method of analysing chrome yellow is to extract with boiling hydrochloric acid in the presence of alcohol1 which dissolves the chromium as chloride1 and leaves undissolved chloride of lead1 sulphate of lead1 and other substances insoluble in ,cl,h4 ,every grain of chromate of lead should yield #jbd grain of oxide of chromium1 and #jd grain of chloride of lead4 ,turner's ,yellow1 ,cassella ,yellow1 ,patent ,yellow1 is an oxychloride of lead 7,pb,cl#g,pb,o7 extremely fusible4 ,dutch ,pink sometimes contains white lead4 ,red ,pigments3-- ,chrome ,red is a bichromate of lead4 ,red ,lead or ,minium is the red oxide of lead4 ,orange ,red is an oxide prepared by calcining the carbonate4 ,the chief preparations of lead which may be met with in the arts1 in addition to the oxides and the carbonate1 are-- ,the ,nitrate of ,lead1 much used in calico-printing4 ,the ,pyrolignite of ,lead1 which is an impure acetate used in dyeing2 and ,the ,sulphate of ,lead is a by-product in the preparation of acetate of aluminium for dyeing4 ,the alloys containing lead are extremely numerous2 but1 according to the experiments of ,knapp1#hbb the small quantity of lead in those used for household purposes has no hygienic importance4 #hbb ,dingl4 ,polytech4 ,journ41 vol4 ccxx4 pp4 #ddf-dec4 #ggh4 ,statistics of ,lead-,poisoning4--,in the ten years1 #ahhc to #ahib1 no less than #ajdc persons died from the effects of lead2 of these1 #c only were suicidal1 the remaining #ajdj were mainly from the manufacture of white lead or from the use of lead in the arts or from the accidental contamination of food or drink4 ,the following table shows in what manner the #ajdj were distributed as to age and sex3-- ,,deaths ,,from ,,lead-,,poisoning ,,in ,,england ,,and ,,wales ,,during ,,the ,,ten ,,years #ahhc-ahib4 ,ages1 #j-a #a-e #e-ae #ae-be #be-fe #fe and ,total above ,males1 444 #d #ad #dd #gcc #cf #hca ,females1 #c #e 444 #fh #abi #d #bji ---------------------------------------- ----- ,total1 #c #i #ad #aab #hfb #dj #ajdj ---------------------------------------- ----- #ggi4 ,lead as a ,poison4--,all the compounds of lead are said to be poisonous2 but this statement cannot be regarded as entirely correct1 for the sulphocyanide has been proved by experiment not to be so1#hbc and the sulphide is also probably inactive4 ,in the treatment of cases of lead-poisoning1 the flowers of sulphur given internally appear to be successful4#hbd #hbc ,eulenberg1 ,gewerbe ,hygiene1 p4 #gab4 #hbd ,mohr's ,toxicologie1 p4 #gh4 ,lead-poisoning1 either in its obscure form 7producing uric acid in the blood1 and1 as a consequence1 indigestion and other evils71 or in the acute form 7as lead colic and various nervous affections71 is most frequent among those who are habitually exposed to the influence of the metal in its different preparations1 viz41 workers of lead1 house-painters1 artists1 gilders1 workers of arsenic1 workers of gold1 calico-printers1 colourists1 type-founders1 type-setters1 shot-founders1 potters1 faience makers1 braziers1 and many others4#hbe ,in white-lead factories so large a number of the employs suffer from poisoning that it has excited more than once the attention of the ,government4#hbf #hbe ,the attention which the use of lead in the arts has always excited is evident from the fact that one of the oldest works on ,trade ,hygiene 7by ,stockhausen7 is entitled1 ,de lithargyrii fumo noxio1 morbifico ejusque metallico frequentiori morbo vulgo dicto httenkatze1 ,gaslar1 #aeef4 #hbf ,a departmental committee1 appointed to inquire into the white lead and allied industries1 in a report presented to the ,home ,secretary stated3-- 8#h4 7a7 ,it is known that if lead 7in any form71 even in what may be called infinitesimal quantities1 gains entrance into the system for a lengthened period1 by such channels as the stomach1 by swallowing lead dust in the saliva1 or through the medium of food and drink2 by the respiratory organs1 as by the inhalation of dust2 or through the skin2 there is developed a series of symptoms1 the most frequent of which is colic4 ,nearly all the individuals engaged in factories where lead or its compounds are manipulated look pale1 and it is this bloodlessness and the presence of a blue line along the margin of the gums1 close to the teeth1 that herald the other symptoms of plumbism4 7b7 ,a form of paralysis known as wrist-drop or lead-palsy occasionally affects the hands of the operatives4 ,there is1 in addition1 a form of acute lead-poisoning1 most frequently met with in young girls from #ah to #bd years of age1 which is suddenly developed and is extremely fatal4 ,in it the first complaint is headache1 followed sooner or later by convulsions and unconsciousness4 ,death often terminates such a case within three days4 ,in some cases of recovery from convulsions total blindness remains4 8#i4 ,there has been considerable doubt as to the channels by which the poison enters the system4 ,the committee have taken much evidence on this subject1 and have arrived at the conclusion 7a7 that carbonate of lead may be absorbed through the pores of the skin1 and that the chance of this is much increased during perspiration and where there is any friction between the skin and the clothing2 7b7 that minute portions of lead are carried by the hands1 under and round the nails1 c41 on to the food1 and so into the stomach2 7c7 but that the most usual manner is by the inhalation of lead dust4 ,some of this becomes dissolved in the alkaline secretions of the mouth1 and is swallowed by the saliva1 thus finding its way to the stomach4 ,other particles of dust are carried to the lungs1 where they are rendered soluble and absorbed by the blood40--,report of ,chief ,inspector of ,factories for #ahic4 ,lead1 again1 has been found by the analyst in most of the ordinary foods1 such as flour1 bread1 beer1 cider1 wines1 spirits1 tea1 vinegar1 sugar1 confectionery1 c41 as well as in numerous drugs1 especially those manufactured by the aid of sulphuric acid 7the latter nearly always containing lead71 and those salts or chemical products which 7like citric and tartaric acids7 are crystallised in leaden pans4 ,hence it follows that in almost everything eaten or drunk the analyst1 as a matter of routine1 tests for lead4 ,the channels through which it may enter into the system are1 however1 so perfectly familiar to practical chemists1 that a few unusual instances of lead-poisoning only need be quoted here4 ,a cabman suffered from lead colic1 traced to his taking the first glass of beer every morning at a certain public-house2 the beer standing in the pipes all night1 as proved by analysis1 was strongly impregnated with lead4#hbg #hbg ,chem4 ,news4 ,the employment of red lead for repairing the joints of steam pipes has before now caused poisonous symptoms from volatilisation of lead4#hbh ,the use of old painted wood in a baker's oven1 and subsequent adherence of the oxide of lead to the outside of the loaves1 has caused the illness of sixty-six people4#hbi #hbh ,eulenberg1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #gjh4 #hbi ,annales d',hygine4 ,seven persons became affected with lead-poisoning through horse-hair coloured with lead4#hcj #hcj ,hitzig1 ,studien ber ,bleivergiftung4 ,the manufacture of ,american overland cloth creates a white-lead dust1 which has caused serious symptoms among the workmen 7,dr4 ,g4 ,johnson74 ,the cleaning of pewter pots1#hca the handling of vulcanised rubber1#hcb the wrapping up of various foods in tinfoil1#hcc and the fingering of lead counters covered with brine by fishmongers1 have all caused accidents in men4 #hca ,med4 ,gazette1 xlviij4 #ajdg4 #hcb ,pharm4 ,journ41 #ahgj1 p4 #dbf4 #hcc ,taylor1 ,prin4 ,med4 ,jurisprud41 i4 ,the lead in glass1 though in the form of an insoluble silicate1 is said to have been dissolved by vinegar and other acid fluids to a dangerous extent4 ,this1 however1 is hardly well established4#hcd #hcd ,see ,aerztl4 ,intelligenzbl4 f4 ,baiern1 ,jahrg41 #ahfi2 ,buchner's ,rep4 ,pharm41 ,bd4 xix4 p4 #a2 ,med4 ,centrbl41 ,jahrg41 #ahfi1 p4 #dj4 #ghj4 ,effects of ,lead ,compounds on ,animals4--,orfila and the older school of toxicologists made a number of experiments on the action of sugar of lead and other compounds1 but they are of little value for elucidating the physiological or toxic action of lead1 because they were1 for the most part1 made under unnatural conditions1 the gullet being ligatured to avoid expulsion of the salt by vomiting4 ,harnack1 in order to avoid the local and corrosive effects of sugar of lead1 used an organic compound1 viz41 plumbic triethyl acetate1 which has no local action4 ,frogs exhibited symptoms after subcutaneous doses of from #b to #c mgrms41 rabbits after #dj mgrms42 there was increased peristaltic action of the intestines1 with spasmodic contraction rising to colic1 very often diarrha1 and death followed through heart paralysis4 ,dogs given the ethyl compound exhibited nervous symptoms like chorea4 ,gusserno#hce has also made experiments on animals as to the effects of lead1 using lead phosphate1 and giving from #ab grm4 to a rabbit and a dog daily4 ,rosenstein#hcf and ,heubel#hcg used small doses of acetate1 the latter giving dogs daily from #b to #e grm4 ,the results arrived at by ,gusserno were1 mainly1 that the animals became emaciated1 shivered1 and had some paralysis of the hinder extremities2 while ,rosenstein observed towards the end epileptiform convulsions1 and ,heubel alone saw1 in a few of his cases1 colic4 ,a considerable number of cattle have been poisoned from time to time with lead1 and one instance of this fell under my own observation4 ,a pasture had been manured with refuse from a plumber's yard1 and pieces of paint were in this way strewn about the field in every direction2 a herd of fifteen young cattle were placed in the field1 and in two or three days they all1 without exception1 began rapidly to lose condition1 and to show peculiar symptoms--diarrha1 loss of appetite2 in two1 blindness1 the retina presenting an appearance not unlike that seen in ,bright's disease2 in three1 a sort of delirium4 ,four died1 and showed on post-mortem examination granular conditions of the kidneys1 which was the most striking change observable4 ,in the fatal cases1 paralysis of the hind extremities1 coma1 and convulsions preceded death4 ,in another case#hch seven cows and a bull died from eating lead paint2 the symptoms were loss of appetite1 obstinate constipation1 suspension of rumination1 dry muffle1 quick breathing1 and coma4 ,in other cases a marked symptom has been paralysis4 ,cattle#hci have also several times been poisoned from eating grass which has been splashed by the spray from bullets1 as in pastures in the vicinity of rifle butts2 here we must allow that the intestinal juices have dissolved the metal1 and transformed it into compounds capable of being taken into the system4 #hce ,virchow's ,archiv4 f4 path4 ,anat41 vol4 xxi4 p4 #ddc4 #hcf ,ib41 vol4 xxxix4 pp4 #a and #gd4 #hcg ,pathogenese u4 ,symptome der chronischen ,bleivergiftung1 ,berlin1 #ahga4 #hch ,see a paper by ,professor ,tuson1 ,veterinarian1 vol4 xxxviii41 #ahfa4 #hci ,ib42 also ,taylor1 ,op4 cit4 #gha4 ,effects of ,lead ,compounds on ,man--,acute ,poisoning4--,acute poisoning by preparations of lead is not common1 and1 when it does occur1 is seldom fatal4 ,with regard to the common acetate1 it would seem that a large single dose is less likely to destroy life than smaller quantities given in divided doses for a considerable period4 ,the symptoms produced by a considerable dose of sugar of lead usually commence within a few minutes2 there is immediately a metallic taste1 with burning1 and a sensation of great dryness in the mouth and throat2 vomiting1 which occurs usually within fifteen minutes1 is in very rare cases delayed from one to two hours4 ,the retching and vomiting are very obstinate1 and continue for a long time2 the matters thrown up are sometimes streaked with blood2 there is pain in the abdomen of a colicky character--a pain relieved by pressure4 ,the bowels are1 as a rule1 constipated1 but occasionally relaxed4 ,the stools at a later date are black from the presence of lead sulphide4 ,the urine1 as a rule1 is diminished4 ,the breath has a foul odour1 and the tongue is coated2 the skin is dry1 and the pulse small and frequent4 ,the full development of the toxic action is completed by the appearance of various nervous phenomena--headache1 shooting pains in the limbs1 cramps in the legs1 and local numbness4 ,all the symptoms enumerated are not present in each case2 the most constant are the vomiting and the colic4 ,if the sufferer is to die1 death occurs about the second or third day4 ,if the patient recovers1 convalescence may be much retarded1 as shown in the case of two girls1#hdj who had each swallowed an ounce of lead acetate by mistake1 and who suffered even after the lapse of a year from pain and tenderness in the stomach and sickness4 #hdj ,prov4 ,med4 ,journal1 #ahdf4 ,there are 8mass-poisonings0 by acetate of lead on record1 which afford considerable insight into the varying action of this salt on different individuals4 ,a case 7e4g47 occurred at ,stourbridge in #ahdj1hda in which no less than #ejj people were poisoned by thirty pounds of lead acetate being accidentally mixed with eighty sacks of flour at a miller's4 ,the symptoms commenced after a few days2 constriction of the throat1 cramping and twisting pains round the umbilicus1 rigidity of the abdominal muscles1 dragging pains at the loins1 cramps and paralysis of the lower extremities4 ,there was obstinate constipation2 the urine was scanty and of a deep red colour1 and the secretions were generally arrested2 the pulse was slow and feeble2 the countenance depressed1 often livid2 and the gums showed the usual blue line4 ,the temperature of the skin was low4 ,in only a few cases was there sickness1 and in these it soon ceased4 ,it is curious that not one of the #ejj cases proved fatal1 although some of the victims were extremely ill1 and their condition alarming4 ,it was specially observed that1 after apparent convalescence1 the symptoms1 without any obvious cause1 suddenly returned1 and this even in a more aggravated form4 ,remittance of this kind is of medico-legal import2 it might1 for example1 be wrongly inferred that a fresh dose had been taken4 ,in the #ejj cases there were no inflammatory symptoms2 complete recovery took some time4 ,on examining the bread the poison was found so unequally distributed that no idea could be formed as to the actual amount taken4 #hda ,recorded by ,mr4 ,bancks1 ,lancet1 ,may #e1 #ahdi1 p4 #dgh4 ,there is also recorded#hdb an outbreak of lead-poisoning among #aej men of the #gth ,infantry at ,tione1 in the ,southern ,tyrol4 ,one case proved fatal1 forty-five required treatment in hospital4 ,the symptoms were pallor1 a blue line in the gums1 metallic taste in the mouth1 a peculiar odour of the breath1 a loaded tongue with a bluish tint1 obstinate constipation with loss of appetite whilst all complained1 in addition1 of dragging of the limbs and of the muscles of the chest1 and difficulty of breathing4 ,in the severer cases there were tetanic spasms1 muscular tremors1 and ansthesia of the fingers and toes4 ,the pulse and temperature were normal1 save in a few cases in which there were fever and sweats at night4 ,in none was there colic1 but the constipation was obstinate4 ,in two of the worst cases there was strangury4 ,acute cases occur occasionally from poisoning by the carbonate of lead4 ,dr4 ,snow recorded an instance 7in #ahdd7 of a child who had eaten a piece as big as a marble1 ground up with oil4 ,for three days the child suffered from pain in the abdomen and vomiting1 and died ninety hours after taking the poison4 ,in another case1 in which a young man took from #ai to #bj grms4 of lead carbonate in mistake for chalk as a remedy for heartburn1 the symptoms of vomiting1 pain in the stomach1 c41 commenced after a few hours2 but1 under treatment with magnesic sulphate1 he recovered4 #hdb ,knigschmied1 ,centralbl4 ,allg4 fr ,gesundheitspflege1 #b ,jahrg41 ,heft #a4 ,the chromate of lead is still more poisonous 7see ,art4 8,chromium074 #ghb4 ,chronic ,poisoning by ,lead4--,chronic poisoning by lead--often caused by strange and unsuspected channels1 more frequently an incident1 nay1 almost a necessity1 of certain trades1 and occasionally induced by a cunning criminal for the purpose of simulating natural disease--is of great toxicological and hygienic importance4 ,in the white-lead trade it is1 as might be expected1 most frequently witnessed2 but also in all occupations which involve the daily use of lead in almost any shape4 ,the chief signs of chronic poisoning are those of general ill-health2 the digestion is disturbed1 the appetite lessened1 the bowels obstinately confined1 the skin assumes a peculiar yellowish hue1 and sometimes the sufferer is jaundiced4 ,the gums show a black line from two to three lines in breadth1 which microscopical examination and chemical tests alike show to be composed of sulphide of lead2 occasionally the teeth turn black4#hdc ,the pulse is slow1 and all secretions are diminished4 ,pregnant women have a tendency to abort4 ,there are also special symptoms1 one of the most prominent of which is often lead colic4 #hdc ,the black line soon develops2 ,masazza has seen it in a dog1 exposed to the influence of lead1 in so short a period as three days 7,riforma med41 #ahhi1 ,nos4 #bdh-beg1 #a74 ,in #adb cases of lead-poisoning1 treated between #aheb and #ahfb at the ,jacob's ,hospital1 ,leipzig1 forty-four patients 7or about #ca per cent47 suffered from colic4 ,arthralgia--that is1 pains in the joints--is also very common2 it seldom occurs alone1 but in combination with other symptoms4 ,thus1 in seventy-five cases of lead-arthralgia treated at ,jacob's ,hospital1 in only seven were pain in the joints without other complications1 fifty-six being accompanied by colic1 five by paralysis1 and seven by other affections of the nervous system4 ,the total percentage of cases of lead-poisoning1 in which arthralgia occurs1 varies from #cb to #eg per cent4 ,paralysis1 in some form or other1 ,tanqueril#hdd found in #e to #h per cent4 of the cases1 and noticed that it occurred as early as the third day after working in lead4 ,the muscles affected are usually those of the upper extremity1 then the legs1 and still more rarely the muscles of the trunk4 ,it is only exceptionally that the paralysis extends over an entire limb2 it more usually affects a muscular group1 or even a single muscle4 ,its common seat is the extensors of the hand and fingers2 hence the expression 8dropped-wrist10 for the hands droop1 and occasionally the triceps and the deltoid are affected4 ,the paralysis is usually symmetrical on both sides4 ,although the extensors are affected most1 the flexors nearly always participate1 and a careful investigation will show that they are weakened4 ,if the paralysis continues1 there is a wasting and degeneration of the muscle1 but this is seen in paralysis from any cause4 ,the muscular affection may cause deformities in the hands1 shoulders1 c4 ,ansthesia of portions of the skin is generally present in a greater or less degree4 ,a complete analgesia affecting the whole body has been noticed to such an extent that there was absolute insensibility to burns or punctures2 but it is usually confined to the right half of the body1 and is especially intense in the right hand and wrist4 #hdd ,tanqueril des ,planches1 ,trait des ,maladies de ,plomb1 ,paris1 #ahci4 ,tanqueril's monograph is a classical work full of information4 #ghc4 ,the older writers recognised the toxic effect of lead on the nervous system4 ,thus ,dioscorides speaks of delirium produced by lead1 ,aretaeus of epilepsy1 and ,paul of gina refers to it as a factor of epilepsy and convulsions4 ,but in #ahcj1 ,tanqueril first definitely described the production of a mental disease1 which he called 8lead encephalopathy40 ,this he divided into four forms--7#a7 a delirious form2 7#b7 a comatose2 7#c7 a convulsive2 and 7#d7 a combined form1 comprising the delirious1 convulsive1 and comatose4 ,dr4 ,henry ,rayner1#hde and a few other ,english alienists1 have directed their attention to this question2 and1 according to ,dr4 ,rayner's researches1 the number of male patients admitted into ,hanwell ,asylum1 engaged in trades such as plumbing1 painting1 and the like1 is larger in proportion to the number admitted from other trades than it should be1 compared with the proportion of the various trades in the county of ,middlesex1 as ascertained from the census4 ,putting aside coarse lead-poisoning1 which may occasionally produce acute mania1 the insanity produced by prolonged minute lead intoxications possesses some peculiar features4 ,it develops slowly1 and in nearly all cases there are illusions of the senses1 of hearing1 taste1 or smell1 and especially of sight4 ,thus1 in one of ,dr4 ,rayner's cases the patient saw round him 8wind-bags blown out to look like men10 apparitions which made remarks to him1 and generally worried him4 ,besides this form1 there is also another which closely resembles general paralysis1 and1 in the absence of the history1 might be mistaken for it4 #hde ,see an important paper1 8,insanity from ,lead-,poisoning10 by ,drs4 ,h4 ,rayner1 ,robertson1 ,savage1 and ,atkins1 ,journ4 of ,mental ,science1 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #bbb2 also a paper by ,dr4 ,barton1 ,allgemeine ,zeitschrift fr ,psychiatrie1 ,bd4 xxxvij4 ,h4 #d1 p4 #i4 #ghd4 ,the degenerative influence on the organ of sight is shown in six of ,dr4 ,robertson's patients1 whose insanity was ascribed to lead--four of the six were either totally or partially blind4 ,the amaurosis has been known to come on suddenly1 and after a very brief exposure to lead1 e4g41 a man1 thirty-four years of age1 after working for three days in a white-lead factory1 was seized with intense ciliary neuralgia1 had pains in his limbs and symptoms of lead-poisoning1 and the right eye became amaurotic4#hdf ,this form of impairment or loss of vision is different from the ,retinitis albuminurica1#hdg which may also be produced as a secondary effect of the poison2 the kidneys in such cases being profoundly affected4 ,the kind of diseased kidney produced by lead is the granular contracted kidney4 #hdf ,samelsohn1 ,monatsbl4 f4 ,augenheilk41 vol4 xi4 p4 #bdf1 #ahgc4 ,see also a case of lead amaurosis1 described by ,mr4 ,w4 ,holder1 ,pharm4 ,journ41 ,oct4 #ad1 #ahgf4 #hdg ,ran1 ,arch4 f4 ,ophthal41 vol4 i4 7#b71 p4 #bje1 #aheh1 and ,schmidt's ,jahrbuch1 ,bd4 cxxxiii4 p4 #aaf2 ,bd4 cxliii4 p4 #fg4 ,eulenberg speaks of the sexual functions being weakened1 leading to more or less impotence4 ,lewy1#hdh in #aahf patients suffering from lead-poisoning1 has found caries or necrosis in twenty-two cases1 or about #ah per cent42 fifteen were carious affections of the upper jaw1 four of the fore-arm1 two of the thigh1 and one of the rib and sternum4 ,epilepsy and epileptiform convulsions occur in a few cases2 it is very possible that the epilepsy may be a result of the urmic poisoning induced by diseased kidneys4 #hdh ,die ,berufskrank4 d4 ,bleiarbeiter1 ,wien1 #ahgc1 ,s4 #fa4 ,five cases of fatal poisoning occurred between #ahhd-f among the employs of a certain white-lead factory in the east of ,london4 ,the cases presented the following common characters4 ,they were all adult women1 aged from #ah to #cc1 and they had worked at the factory for short periods1 from three to twelve months4 ,they all exhibited mild symptoms of plumbism1 such as a blue line round the gums1 and more or less ill-defined indisposition2 paralyses were absent4 ,they were all in their usual state of health within a few hours or days preceding death4 ,death was unexpected1 mostly sudden4 ,in four cases it was preceded by epileptic fits and coma2 but in the fifth case no convulsions were noted1 although they may have occurred in the night4 ,the author#hdi had an opportunity of investigating by chemical means the distribution of lead in the fourth and fifth cases in the liver1 kidney1 and brain4 #hdi 8,the ,distribution of ,lead in the ,brains of two ,lead ,factory ,operatives10 ,journ4 of ,mental ,science1 ,jan4 #ahhh4 ,in the fourth case1 from #djb grms4 of liver #bdbf mgrms4 of lead sulphate were separated4 ,the right kidney 7weighing #ha grms47 yielded #edb mgrms4 of lead sulphate4 ,the brain was dehydrated with alcohol1 and then treated with ether1 hot alcohol1 and chloroform until an albuminoid residue remained2 lead was extracted from each of these portions1 viz41 the alcohol used for dehydration1 the ethereal and chloroform extracts1 and the albuminoid residue1 as follows3-- ,mgrms4 of ,lead ,sulphate4 ,soluble in cold alcohol1 #aaa ,soluble in ether and chloroform and hot alcohol1 #bedg ,albuminoid residue1 #ggf #cdcd ,in the fifth case1 the brain was examined more in detail1 and the lead present estimated in the following solutions and substances3-- #a4 ,alcohol used for dehydration4 ,this may be called 8the watery extract10 for1 after the brain has remained in strong alcohol for some weeks1 the result is that the alcohol contains much water and substances extracted with water4 #b4 ,white matter--7a7 from cerebrum2 7b7 from cerebellum4 #c4 ,kephalin--7a7 from cerebrum2 7b7 from cerebellum4 #d4 ,ether extract1 kephalin-free--7a7 from cerebrum2 7b7 from cerebellum4 #e4 ,substances soluble in cold alcohol--7a7 from cerebrum2 7b7 from cerebellum4 #f4 ,the albuminoid residue--7a7 from cerebrum2 7b7 from cerebellum4 ,the general results were as follows3-- ,cerebrum1 ,cerebellum1 #dfjh grms4 #aefb grms4 ,mgrms4 of ,pb,s,o4 ,mgrms4 of ,pb,s,o4 ,white matter freed from kephalin by ether1 #jj #ej ,kephalin1 #ae #fj ,ether extract1 kephalin-free1 #jj #jj ,substances soluble in cold alcohol1 #jj #jj ,albuminoid residue1 #djj #fj ---- ---- #dae #agj ,the aqueous extract contained #ae mgrm4 of lead sulphate4 ,in neither of the cases did the pathologist ascertain the total weight of the brain1 but1 presuming that the weight was an average weight1 and that the lead in the remainder of the brain was similarly distributed1 the amount of lead calculated as sulphate would amount to #aag mgrms4 ,from these results it appears to the author probable that lead forms a substitution compound with some of the organic brain matters4 ,this view would explain the absence of changes apparent to the eye found in so many of the fatal cases of lead encephalopathy4 #ghe4 ,lead taken for a long time causes the blood to be impregnated with uric acid4 ,in #acf cases of undoubted gout1 #ah per cent4 of the patients were found to follow lead occupations1 and presented signs of lead impregnation4#hej #hej 8,on ,lead ,impregnation in ,relation to ,gout10 by ,dyce ,duckworth1 ,m4,d41 ,st4 ,barth4 ,hosp4 ,reports1 vol4 xvii41 #ahha4 ,ellenberger and ,hofmeister#hea found that1 with chronic poisoning of sheep with lead1 excretion of hippuric acid ceased1 and the output of uric acid was diminished4 ,this may be explained by the formation of glycocol being arrested4 #hea ,arch4 f4 wiss4 u4 pract4 ,thierheilk41 ,bd4 x41 #ahhd4 #ghf4 ,there are some facts on record which would seem to countenance the belief that disease1 primarily caused by an inorganic body like lead1 may be transmitted4 ,m4 ,paul 7e4g47 has related the history of the offspring 7thirty-two in number7 of seven men1 who were suffering from lead-poisoning--eleven were prematurely born and one still-born2 of the remaining twenty1 eight died in the first year1 four in the second1 and five in the third year1 so that of the whole thirty-two1 only three survived three years4 ,the influence of the poison on pregnant women is1 indeed1 very deleterious4 ,m4 ,paul noted that in four women who were habitually exposed to the influence of lead1 and had fifteen pregnancies1 ten terminated by abortion1 two by premature confinement1 three went the full term1 but one of the three children was born dead1 a second only lived twenty-four hours2 so that1 out of the whole fifteen1 one only lived fully4 ,in another observation of ,m4 ,paul's1 five women had two natural confinements before being exposed to lead4 ,after exposure1 the history of the thirty-six pregnancies of these women is as follows3--there were twenty-six abortions 7from two to five months71 one premature confinement1 two infants born dead1 and five born alive1 four of whom died in the first year4 ,chronic poisoning may be nearly always accounted for by the inhaling of lead dust1 or by the actual swallowing of some form of lead2 but1 if we are to accept the fact narrated by the late ,dr4 ,taylor1 viz41 that he himself had an attack of lead colic from sitting in a room for a few hours daily1 in which there was a large canvas covered with white lead and drying oil1 and one or two other similar cases1#heb we must allow that there is some subtle volatile organic compound of lead evolved4 ,in the present state of our knowledge1 it seems more reasonable to account for such cases by the suggestion that lead has entered the system by an unsuspected channel4 #heb ,the gate-keeper of a graveyard at ,bordeaux continually used the remnants of crosses1 covered with lead paint1 to replenish his fire2 the chimney smoked2 gradually paralysis of the extensors of the right wrist developed itself1 and he suffered from colic and other signs of lead-poisoning4--,marmisse1 ,gaz4 des ,hpit41 ,no4 #be1 #ahff4 ,in #ahhb1 a very interesting case occurred at ,keighley1 in which a mechanic1 aged #db1 died from the supposed effects of lead-poisoning1 induced from drinking the town water1 which was proved by ,mr4 ,allen to contain about of a grain of lead per gallon4 ,for six months he had been out of health1 and a week before his death he suffered from colic1 vomiting1 constipation1 and a blue line round the gums1 and occasional epileptiform seizures4 ,after death the kidneys were found granular1 and the heart somewhat enlarged4 ,the viscera were submitted to ,mr4 ,allen for analysis2 no lead was found in the heart or brain1 a slight1 non-estimable trace in the kidneys1 and about a grain was separated from the liver and spleen4 ,dr4 ,tidy1 who was called in as an expert1 gave a very guarded opinion1 rather against the theory of direct lead-poisoning2 and the verdict returned by the jury was to the effect that the deceased died from granular kidney1 accelerated by lead-poisoning4 ,murder by the administration of doses of sugar of lead is rare1 but such a case has occurred4 ,at the ,central ,criminal ,court1 in ,december #ahhb1 ,louisa ,jane ,taylor was indicted for poisoning ,mary ,ann ,tregillis at ,plumstead1 and convicted4 ,from the evidence it appeared that the prisoner1 who was thirty-six years of age1 came to reside with ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,tregillis1 an aged couple of eighty-five and eighty-one years respectively4 ,the prisoner was proved to have purchased at different times an ounce and half an ounce of sugar of lead1 and to have added a white powder to the medicine of ,mrs4 ,tregillis4 ,the illness of the latter extended from about ,august #bc to ,october #bc--;a period of two months4 ,it is difficult to say when the first dose could have been given1 but it was probably some time between ,august #ac and #bc1 while the administration1 without doubt1 ceased on or before ,october #f1 for on that date different nursing arrangements were made4 ,the symptoms observed were nausea1 vomiting1 pain in the pit of the stomach1 burning in the throat1 very dark teeth1 a blue line round the gums1 and slight jaundice4 ,there was great muscular weakness1 with trembling of the hands1 and a week before death there was paralysis of the right side4 ,lead was discovered in most of the viscera1 which were in great part normal1 but the kidneys were wasted1 and the mucous membrane blackened4 ,the actual quantity of lead recovered by analysis was small1 viz41 #afb mgrms4 7 grain7 from the liver2 from #h ounces of brain1 #cb mgrms4 7#a_/bj grain72 from half of the stomach1 #afb mgrms4 7 grain72 and from the spleen1 the kidneys1 and the lungs1 small quantities4 ,it is1 therefore1 probable that1 if the whole body had been operated upon1 the yield would have been more than #ae grm4 7a little over #b grains72 but then1 it must be remembered that the deceased lived1 at least1 seventeen days after the last dose4 #ghg4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,in acute cases of poisoning by the acetate1 there may sometimes be found a slight inflammatory appearance of the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines4 ,orfila considered that streaks of white points adherent to the mucous membrane were pathognomonic2 but there have been several cases in which only negative or doubtful signs of inflammatory or other action have presented themselves4 ,a general contraction of the intestines has often been noticed1 and is of considerable significance when present2 so also is a grey-black mucous membrane caused by deposited lead sulphide4 ,loen found in dogs and guinea-pigs1 poisoned by lead1 local inflammation areas in the lungs1 liver1 and kidneys2 but in no case fatty degeneration of the epithelial cells of the liver1 kidneys1 or intestines4 ,as a rule1 no unabsorbed poison will be found in the stomach2 the case related by ,christison1 in which a person died on the third day after taking at a single dose some large quantity of acetate of lead2 and at the autopsy a fluid was obtained from the stomach1 which had a sweet metallic taste1 on evaporation smelt of acetic acid1 and from which metallic lead was obtained--is so very extraordinary in every respect1 that its entire accuracy is to be questioned4 ,in death from chronic lead-poisoning1 there is but little that can be called diagnostic2 a granular condition of the kidneys1 and all the pathological changes dependent on such a condition1 are most frequently seen4 ,if the patient has suffered from colic1 a constriction of portions of the intestine has been noticed2 also1 in cases in which there has been long-standing paralysis of groups of muscles1 these muscles are wasted1 and possibly degenerated4 ,in instances1 again1 in which lead has induced gout1 the pathological changes dependent upon gout will be prominent4 ,the blue line around the gums1 and sometimes a coloration by sulphide of lead of portions of the intestines1 may help a proper interpretation of the appearances seen after death2 but all who have given any attention to the subject will agree that1 simply from pathological evidence1 it is impossible to diagnose chronic lead-poisoning4 #ghh4 ,physiological ,action of ,lead4--,the action of lead is still obscure1 but it is considered to have an effect mainly on the nervous centres4 ,the paralysed muscles respond to the direct current1 but not to the induced1 leading to the suspicion that the intramuscular terminations of the nerves are paralysed1 but that the muscular substance itself is unattacked4 ,on the other hand1 the restriction of the action to groups of muscles supports the theory of central action4 ,the lead colic is due to a true spasmodic constriction of the bowel1 the exciting cause of which lies in the walls of the bowel itself2 the relief given by pressure is explained by the pressure causing an anmia of the intestinal walls1 and thus lessening their sensibility4 ,the slowing of the pulse produced by small doses is explained as due to a stimulation of the inhibitory nerves2 and1 lastly1 many nervous phenomena1 such as epilepsy1 c41 are in part due to imperfect elimination of the urinary excreta1 causing similar conditions to those observed in urmia4 #ghi4 ,elimination of ,lead4--,when a large dose of acetate or carbonate is taken1 part is transformed into more or less insoluble compounds--some organic1 others inorganic2 so that a great portion is not absorbed into the body at all1 but passes into the intestines1 where1 meeting with hydric sulphide1 part is changed into sulphide1 colouring the alvine evacuations black4 ,some of the lead which is absorbed is excreted by the kidneys1 but the search often yields only traces4 ,thudichum#hec states that in fourteen cases of lead-poisoning1 in two only was obtained a weighable quantity from a day's urine2 in the remaining twelve lead was detected1 but only by the brownish colour produced in an acid solution of the ash by hydric sulphide4 #hec ,pathology of the ,urine1 p4 #eej4 ,the elimination of lead by the kidneys is favoured by certain medicines1 such1 for example1 as potassic iodide4 ,annuschat found in dogs poisoned by lead from #ch to #da mgrms4 in #ajj c4c4 of urine2 but1 after doses of potassic iodide1 the content of lead rose to #fi and even to #ad mgrms4 ,lead appears to be eliminated by the skin1 being taken up by the epithelial cells1 and minute1 insoluble particles coming away with these cells4 ,if a person who has taken small doses of lead for a time be placed in a sulphur water-bath1 or have his skin moistened with a #e per cent4 solution of sodium sulphide1 the upper layer of the epidermis is coloured dark2 but the perspiration excited by pilocarpin or other agency contains no lead4 #gij4 ,fatal ,dose--7a47 ,sugar of ,lead4--,it may almost be said that it is impossible to destroy human life with any single dose likely to be taken or administered4 ,in three cases an ounce 7#bhc grms47 has been taken without fatal result4 ,although it must be allowed that repeated moderate doses1 extending over some time1 are more dangerous to health and life than a single large dose1 yet there seems to be in some individuals a great tolerance of lead4 ,christison has given #ah grm4 in divided doses daily for a long time without any bad effect1 save the production of a slight colic4 ,swieten has also given daily #ci grms4 7#fj grains7 in ten days without observing toxic effects4 ,that1 in other cases1 less than a grain per gallon of some lead compound dissolved in drinking-water1 or in some way introduced into the economy1 causes serious illness1 is most inexplicable4 7b47 ,the ,basic ,acetate in solution is more poisonous apparently than the acetate--#fj c4c4 7#a drms47 have caused serious symptoms4 7c47 ,the ,carbonate of ,lead4--,doses of anything like #bh grms4 7an ounce7 would probably be very dangerous to an adult2 the only case of death on record is that of a child who took some unknown quantity1 probably1 from the description of the size of the lump1 about #aj grms4 7#b drms474 #gia4 ,antidotes and ,treatment4--,soluble sulphates 7especially magnesic sulphate7 have been given largely in both acute and chronic cases2 in the acute1 it stands to reason that it is well to ensure the presence of plenty of sulphates in the stomach and intestines1 in order to form the sparingly soluble lead sulphate1 should any residue remain2 but to expect this double decomposition to go on in the blood and tissues is not based upon sound observation4 ,the chronic lead-poisoning is best treated by removal from the source of mischief1 the administration of large quantities of distilled water1 and medicinal doses of potassic iodide4 #gib4 ,localisation of ,lead4--,in a dog1 which was killed by chronic lead-poisoning1 ,heubel found in the bones #jah to #jbg per #ajjj of lead2 in the kidneys1 #jag to #jbj2 liver1 #jaj to #jcc2 spinal cord1 #jjf to #jaa2 brain1 #jjd to #jje2 muscles1 #jjb to #jjd2 in the intestines traces1 #jja to #jjb2 in the spleen1 the blood1 and the bile1 he also only found traces4 ,ellenberger and ,hofmeister found in the kidneys of the sheep1 #jdd to #jdg2 liver1 #jcf to #jfe2 pancreas1 #jed2 salivary glands1 #jdb2 bile1 #jaa to #jdj2 bones1 #jcb2 fces1 #jbb2 spleen1 #jad2 central nervous system1 #jjg to #jah2 blood1 #jje to #jab2 flesh1 #jje to #jjh2 urine1 #jjf to #jjh2 and in the unstriped muscles and the lungs1 #jjc per #ajjj of lead4 ,without going so far as to say that lead is a natural constituent of the body1 it is certain that it may be frequently met with in persons who have been apparently perfectly healthy1 and quite free from all symptoms of lead-poisoning4 ,legrip found in the liver and spleen of a healthy person1 #ed mgrms4 of lead oxide in every kilogram2 ,oidtmann1 in the liver of a man fifty-six years of age1 #a mgrm4 of lead oxide per kilogram1 and in the spleen #c mgrms4 per kilogram4 ,hence1 the analyst1 in searching for poison1 must be very careful in his conclusions4 ,grave and serious errors may also arise from complications2 suppose1 e4g41 that a deceased person previous to death had partaken of game1 and inadvertently swallowed a shot--if the analyst had not carefully searched the contents of the stomach for solid bodies1 but merely treated them at once with acid solvents1 he would naturally get very decided lead reactions1 and would possibly conclude1 and give evidence to the effect1 that a poisonous soluble salt of lead had been administered shortly before death4 #gic4 ,detection and ,estimation of ,lead4--,a great number of fluids 7such as beer1 wines1 vinegar1 water1 c471 if they contain anything like the amount of one-tenth of a milligramme in #ajj c4c41 will give a very marked dark colour with ,,sh4 ,it is1 however1 usually safest in the first place to concentrate the liquid1 to add an acid1 and deposit the lead on platinum1 in the way to be shortly described4 ,nearly all the lead from oils and fatty matter may be dissolved out by shaking up the fat with dilute nitric acid2 if necessary1 the fat should previously be melted4 ,if 7in the usual course of routine research7 a hydrochloric acid solution is obtained from the treatment or destruction of organic substances by that agent1 and lead sulphide 7mixed possibly with other sulphides7 is filtered off1 any arsenical sulphide may first be extracted from the filter by ammonia1 and any antimonious sulphide by sodic sulphide2 then the sulphide may be extracted by warm hydrochloric acid1 which will leave undissolved such sulphides as those of copper and mercury4 ,on diluting the liquid1 and filtration at a boiling temperature1 crystals of lead chloride will be deposited on cooling4 ,if1 however1 organic matters are specially searched for lead1 hydrochloric acid is not the best solvent1 but nitric should always be preferred2 and1 if there is reason to think that the lead exists in the form of sulphate1 then the proper solvent is either the acetate or the tartrate of ammonia2 but1 in either case1 the solution should contain an excess of ammonia4 ,it must1 however1 be remembered that organic matters retain lead with great tenacity1 and that in all cases where it can with any convenience be effected1 the substances should be not only carbonised1 but burnt to an ash2 for ,boucher has shown#hed that carbon retains lead1 and that the lead in carbon resists to a considerable extent the action of solvents4 #hed ,ann4 d',hygine1 t4 xli4 ,in the case of sulphate of lead1 which may be always produced in an ash from organic substances by previous treatment with sufficient sulphuric acid1 a very excellent method of identification is to convert it into sugar of lead4 ,to do this1 it is merely necessary to boil it with carbonate of ammonia1 which changes it into carbonate of lead2 treatment with acetic acid will now give the acetate2 the solution may 7if the lead is in very small quantity7 be concentrated in a watch-glass1 a drop evaporated to dryness on a circle of thin microscopic glass1 and the crystals examined by the microscope2 the same film next exposed to the fumes of ,,sh1 which will blacken it2 and lastly1 the solution 7which should be sweet7 tasted4 ,a crystalline substance1 possessing a sweet taste1 and blackening when exposed to ,,sh1 can1 under the circumstances1 be no other substance than acetate of lead4 ,if the analyst does not care for this method1 there is room for choice4 ,lead in solution can be converted into sulphide2 in this case it is1 however1 absolutely necessary that there should be no great excess of acid1 since as little as #be per cent4 of free hydrochloric acid will prevent all the lead going down4 ,on obtaining the sulphide1 the latter1 as already described1 can be converted into chloride by hydrochloric acid1 and the crystalline chloride is extremely characteristic4 ,from the solution of the chloride the metal may be obtained in a solid state by inserting a piece of zinc in the solution contained in a crucible2 the lead will be deposited gradually1 and can be then collected1 washed1 and finally fused into a little globule on charcoal4 ,a lead bead flattens easily when hit with a hammer1 and makes a mark on paper4 ,solutions of the chloride also give a heavy precipitate of lead sulphate1 when treated with a solution of sodic sulphate4 ,when lead is in very minute quantity1 an electrolytic method is generally preferable2 the lead is precipitated on platinum by using exactly the same apparatus as in ,bloxam's test1 described at p4 #eff2 the liquid to be tested being placed in the inner cell1 the lead film may now be identified1 dissolved in nitric acid1 and estimated by a colorimetric process4 ,for the estimation of the minute fractions of a grain by a colour method1 it is merely necessary to have a very dilute solution of acetate of lead1 to add a known volume of ,,sh water to the liquid to be tested in a ,nessler cylinder1 noting the colour1 and add to another a known quantity of the standard lead solution and the same quantity of ,,sh as was added to the first4 ,the process has an advantage which is great1 viz41 that it either detects copper1 or proves its absence at the same time2 and there are few cases in which the analyst does not look for copper as well as for lead4 ,lead1 if in sufficient quantity1 may be most conveniently estimated as oxide1 sulphate1 or chloride2 the chief properties of these substances have been already described4 #gid4 ,the ,detection of ,lead in ,tartaric ,acid1 in ,lemonade1 and ,arated ,waters4--,to detect lead in tartaric acid a convenient method is to burn it to an ash1 digest in a little strong sulphuric acid1 and then add either sodic chloride or a drop of ,h,cl2 lead1 if present1 is precipitated as chloride1 giving a pearly opalescence4 ,lemonades often contain minute quantities of iron and copper as well as lead4 ,neither copper nor iron are precipitated by ammonium sulphide in presence of potassic cyanide4 ,on the other hand1 the sulphide of lead is not soluble in the alkaline cyanides4 ,hence a liquid which1 on the addition of potassium cyanide and then ammonium sulphide1 becomes dark coloured1 or from which a precipitate separates1 contains lead4#hee #hee ,f4 ,l4 ,teed1 ,analyst1 xvii4 #adb-adc4 #b4 ,,copper4 #gie4 ,copper1 ,cu #fce2 specific gravity1 from #hiba to #hieb2 fusing-point1 #ajia 7#aiif ,f474 ,copper in analysis occurs either as a film or coating on such metals as platinum1 iron1 c41 or in a state of fine division2 or1 finally1 as a bead4 ,in thin films1 copper has a yellowish or a yellowish-red colour2 it dissolves readily in nitric1 slowly in hydrochloric acid4 ,if air be excluded1 hydrochloric acid fails to dissolve copper1 and the same remark applies to ammonia2 but1 if there be free access of air1 ammonia also acts as a slow solvent4 ,metallic copper in a fine state of division can be fused at a white heat to a bright bluish-green globule1 which1 on cooling1 is covered with black oxide4 #gif4 ,cupric ,oxide 7,cu,o #gie2 specific gravity1 #fe1 composition in #ajj parts1 ,cu #gihe1 ,o #bjae7 is a brownish-black powder1 which remains in the absence of reducing gases unaltered at a red heat4 ,it is nearly insoluble in water1 but soluble in ,cl,h1 ,,no,h1 c42 it is hygroscopic1 and1 as every one who has made a combustion knows1 is readily reduced by ignition with charcoal in the presence of reducing gases4 #gig4 ,cupric ,sulphide1 ,cu,s #iee1 produced in the wet way1 is a brownish powder so insoluble in water that1 according to ,fresenius1 #iej1jjj parts of water are required to dissolve one part4 ,it is not quite insoluble in ,cl,h1 and dissolves readily in nitric acid with separation of sulphur4 ,by ignition in a stream of ,h it may be converted into the subsulphide of copper4 ,it must always be washed by ,,sh water4 #gih4 ,solubility of ,copper in ,water and ,various ,fluids4--,the solubility of copper in water and saline solutions has been very carefully studied by ,carnelley4#hef ,distilled water exerts some solvent action1 the amount varying1 as might be expected1 according to the time of exposure1 the amount of surface exposed1 the quantity of water acting upon the copper1 c4 ,it would appear that1 under favourable circumstances1 #ajj c4c4 of distilled water may dissolve #c mgrm4 of copper 7#b grain per gallon74 #hef ,journ4 ,chem4 ,soc41 #ahgf1 vol4 ii4 p4 #d4 ,with regard to salts1 those of ammonium exert a solvent action on copper more decided than that of any others known4 ,with the others1 however1 the nature of the base exerts little influence1 the action of the salt depending chiefly on the nature of its acid radical4 ,thus1 beginning with the least effective1 the following is the order of dissolving strength3--,nitrates1 sulphates1 carbonates1 and chlorides4 ,it will then at once be evident that a water1 contaminated by sewage1 and therefore containing plenty of ammonia and chlorides1 might exert a very considerable solvent action on copper4 ,almost all the oils and fats1 as well as syrups1 dissolve small quantities of copper2 hence its frequent presence in articles of food cooked or prepared in copper vessels4 ,in the very elaborate and careful experiments of ,mr4 ,w4 ,thompson1#heg the only oils which took up no copper1 when digested on copper foil1 were ,english neats'-foot oil1 tallow oil1 one sample of olive oil1 palm-nut oil1 common tallow oil1 and white oil1 which was protected from the air by a thick coating of oxidised oil on its surface4 #heg 8,action of ,fatty ,oils on ,metallic ,copper10 ,chem4 ,news1 vol4 xxxiv4 pp4 #agf1 #bjj1 #cac4 ,the formation of copper compounds with the fatty acids takes place so readily that ,jeannel#heh has proposed the green colouring of fats by copper as a test for the presence of copper2 and ,bottger#hei recommends a copper holding brandy to be shaken up with olive oil to free it from copper4 #heh ,l',union pharmac41 xvii4 #ha4 #hei ,arch4 de ,pharm41 #ahec1 cxxvi4 #fg4 ,lehmann has made some useful researches on the amount of copper taken up by fats under different conditions4 #ajj c4c4 of strongly rancid fat dissolved in fourteen days #hg mgrms4 of copper2 but when heated to #afj for one hour1 and then allowed to stand1 a similar amount was found4 ,some rancid butter was rubbed into a brass bowl of #ij c4c4 capacity1 and then allowed to stand for twenty-four hours2 the butter became of a blue-green colour4 ,into this dish1 thus partially attacked by fatty acids1 #ej c4c4 of rancid butter was poured in a melted condition1 and allowed to stand for twenty-four hours4 ,the amount taken up was found to be equal to #aj mgrms4 of copper for every #ajj c4c4 of fluid butter4 ,hilger found a fatty soup1 which had stood twelve hours in a clean copper vessel1 to contain #jafc per cent4 copper4 ,according to ,tschirch1 the easiest fatty salt to form is the oleate1 hydrated copper oxide dissolving in oleic acid with great ease1 and even copper oxide dissolving to some extent2 the palmitate and the stearate are not so readily produced2 hence the amount of copper dissolved is greater in the case of olive oil and butter 7both rich in oleic acids7 than in the case of the firmer animal fats4 ,acid solutions1 such as clarets1 acetic acid1 vinegars1 and so forth1 as might be expected1 dissolve more or less copper4 ,the amount likely to be dissolved in practice has been investigated by ,lehmann4 ,he steeped #fjj square metres of copper sheeting or brass sheeting in vessels holding #b litres of acid claret2 the sheets were in some of the experiments wholly immersed1 in others partly so4 ,more copper was dissolved by the wine when the copper was partly immersed than when it was wholly immersed2 and more copper was dissolved from brass sheeting than from pure copper sheeting4 ,with a sheet of copper1 partly immersed1 claret may contain as much as #ef mgrms4 per litre4 ,lehmann also investigated the amount of copper1 as acetate1 which could be dissolved in wine before the taste betrayed its presence3 with #ej mgrms4 per litre no copper taste2 with #ajj mgrms4 there was a weak after taste2 with #aej mgrms4 it was scarcely drinkable1 and there was a strong after taste2 with #bjj mgrms4 per litre it was quite undrinkable1 and the colour was changed to bluish-green4 ,vinegar1 acting under the most favourable circumstances on sheet brass or copper1 dissolved1 in seven days1 #aie mgrms4 of copper per litre from the copper sheet1 #aie from the brass sheet4 ,lehmann discusses the amount of copper which may be taken at a meal under the circumstance that everything eaten or drank has been artificially coppered1 but none 8coppered0 to the extent by which the presence of the metal could be betrayed by the taste2 and the following is1 he thinks1 possible3-- #cjj c4c4 of soup boiled in a copper vessel1 #bj mgrms4 ,cu4 #a litre of wine which has been standing in a copper vessel1 #ej #ej c4c4 vinegar which has been kept in a copper vessel1 #aj #ej grms4 of fat which has been used for frying in a copper vessel1 #e #bjj grms4 of strongly coppered peas1 #ej #ejj grms4 of strongly coppered bread1 #fj ,the total only amounts to #aie mgrms4 of copper1 which only slightly exceeds a high medicinal dose4 ,the metal is tasted more easily in liquids1 such as wine1 than in bread2 bread may be coppered so that at a meal a person might eat #bjj mgrms4 of a copper compound without tasting it4 ,it is pretty well accepted that cooking in clean bright copper vessels will not contaminate any ordinary food sufficiently to be injurious to health4 #gii4 ,copper in the ,vegetable and ,animal ,kingdom and in ,foods4--,copper is widely distributed in the vegetable kingdom1 and is a constant constituent of the chief foods we consume2 the following quantities1 for example1 have been separated from the chief cereals3-- ,wheat1 #eb to #ajh mgrms4 per kilo4 ,rye1 #e mgrms4 ,oats1 #he ,barley1 #aah ,rice1 #af ,bread1 #ae to #dd mgrms4 ,it has also been found in vermicelli 7#b-aj mgrms4 per kilo471 groats 7#af-c mgrms4 per kilo471 potatoes 7#ah mgrm4 per kilo471 beans 7#b-aa mgrms4 per kilo474 ,in similar small quantities it has also been found in carrots1 chicory1 spinach1 hazel-nuts1 blackberries1 peaches1 pears1 figs1 plums1 tamarinds1 black pepper1 and many other fruits and spices4 ,the most common food which has a high copper content is cocoa1 which contains from #ab mgrms4 to #bi mgrms4 per kilo41 the highest amount of copper being in the outer husk2 copper has also been found in many supplies of drinking water1 in arated waters1 in brandies1 wines1 and many drugs4 ,it has been calculated that the ordinary daily food of an average man contains the following3-- ,copper4 #ijj grms4 bread1 #jde mgrm4 #bfj grms4 meat1 #jbe #bjj grms4 fruit and vegetables1 #jbe ---- #jie mgrm4 ,that is to say1 that1 neglecting altogether foods artificially contaminated with copper1 each of us eats daily about #a mgrm4 of copper 7#jjae grain74 ,in the animal kingdom it is a constant and natural constituent of the blood of the cephalopods1 crustacea1 and gasteropods1 and is nearly always present in the liver and kidneys of domestic animals1 as well as in men4 ,dr4 ,dupr#hfj found #jce to #jbi grain 7#ah to #b mgrms47 in human livers1 or about #a part in #ejj1jjj4 ,bergeron and ,l4 ,l',hte's researches on fourteen bodies1 specially examined for copper1 fully substantiate those of ,dr4 ,dupr2 in twelve the copper was found in quantities of from #g to #ae mgrm42 in the remaining two the amount of copper was very minute1 and was not estimated4#hfa ,copper is also found normally in the kidneys1 and ,dupr #hfb detected in human kidneys about #a in #ajj1jjj parts2 it is also found in the bile1 and in minute traces in the blood4#hfc #hfj ,analyst1 ,no4 #ac1 #ahgg4 #hfa ,compt4 ,rendus1 vol4 lxxx4 p4 #bfh4 #hfb ,op4 cit4 #hfc ,hoppe-,seyler1 ,handbuch der physiologisch4 ,analyse1 p4 #dae4 ,in the kidneys and livers of the ruminants copper may always be found1 a sheep's liver containing about #a part in #bj1jjj4hfd ,church found copper in the feathers of the wings of the turaco2 melopsitt in the feathers of a parroquet 7,melopsittacus undulatus74#hfe ,in these cases the copper enters into the composition of the colouring matter to which the name of 8turacin0 has been given4 ,turacin contains #g per cent4 of copper1 and gives to analysis numbers which agree with the formula of ,c,h,cu,n,o4 #hfd ,dupr1 op4 cit4 #hfe ,chem4 ,news1 xxviij4 #bab4 ,copper has been discovered in arated waters1 its presence being due to the use of copper cylinders1 the tin lining of which had been rendered defective by corrosion4#hff #hff 8,on the ,presence of ,lead and ,copper in ,arated ,waters10 by ,dr4 ,james ,milne1 ,chem4 ,news1 xxxi4 p4 #gg4 ,accidents may also occur from the use of copper boilers4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,thompson found in one case#hfg no less than #cege grains in a gallon 7#ea mgrms4 per litre7 in water drawn from a kitchen boiler4 #hfg ,chem4 ,news1 xxxi4 ,no4 #hja4 ,at ,roubaix1 in ,france1 sulphide of copper had been deposited on the roof1 as a consequence of the use of copper flues2 the sulphide was changed into sulphate by the action of the air1 and washed by the rain into the water-tank4#hfh #hfh ,author's ,dictionary of ,hygine1 p4 #afg4 ,that preserved vegetables are made of a bright and attractive green colour by impregnation with copper1 from the deliberate use of copper vessels for this purpose1 is a fact long known4 ,green peas especially have been coloured in this way1 and a number of convictions for this offence have taken place in ,england4 #hjj4 ,the 8,coppering0 of ,vegetables4--,the fact that green vegetables1 such as peas1 beans1 cucumbers1 and so forth1 preserve their green colour1 if boiled in copper vessels1 has long been known4 ,in this 8coppering0 the ,french have been more active than the ,english traders2 the ,french operate in two different ways4 ,one method is1 to dip from #fj to #gj litres of the green vegetables in #ajj litres of #jc to #jg per cent4 of copper sulphate1 to leave them there for from five to fifteen minutes1 then to remove them1 wash and sterilise in an autoclave4 ,a second method is to put the vegetables into a copper vessel1 the wall of which is connected with the negative pole of an electric current1 the positive pole dips in a solution of salt in the same vessel1 the current is allowed to pass for three minutes1 and the vegetables are afterwards sterilised4 ,fruits are simply allowed to stand with water in copper vessels1 the natural acidity of the juice dissolving sufficient copper4 ,the amount of copper taken up in this way is appreciable1 but yet not so much as might be expected2 the prosecutions for selling 8coppered0 peas in ,england have been based upon quantities varying from #a to #c grains per lb42 the highest published amount of copper found in peas artificially coloured is #jbg per kilo41 or #ahi grains per lb4 ,the reason why vegetables preserve their green colour longer when treated with a copper salt has been proved by ,tschirch#hfi to be owing to the formation of a phyllocyanate of copper4 #hfi ,das ,kupfer1 ,stuttgart1 #ahic4 ,phyllocyanic acid is a derivative of chlorophyll1 and allied to it in composition2 the formula of ,c,h,n,o has been ascribed to it4 ,under the action of acids generally1 mineral or organic1 chlorophyll splits up into this acid and other compounds4 ,copper phyllocyanate1 7,c,h,n,o7,cu1 contains #hee per cent4 of copper2 it forms black lamell1 dissolving easily in strong alcohol and chloroform1 but insoluble in water2 it is a little soluble in ether1 insoluble in petroleum ether1 and dissolved neither by dilute acetic acid1 nor by dilute nor concentrated hydrochloric acid4 ,the compound dissolves in caustic alkali on warming4 ,in alcohol it forms a beautiful non-fluorescent solution4 ,a solution of #a 3 #ajj1jjj is still coloured strongly green4 ,this solution1 in a stratum of #be mm4 thick1 gives four absorption bands when submitted to spectroscopic observation1 and ,tschirch has worked out a process of estimation of the amount of copper phyllocyanate based upon the disappearance of these bands on dilution4 ,green substances1 so carefully treated that they only contain phyllocyanate of copper1 would yield but small quantities of copper1 and probably they would not be injurious to health2 but the coppering is usually more extensive1 and copper leguminate and other compounds are formed2 for the vegetables1 when exhausted by alcohol1 give a residue which1 successively exhausted by water1 by soda-lye1 and lastly by hydrochloric acid1 parts with copper into the three solvents mentioned4 ,it might be argued that1 from the insoluble character of the phyllocyanate of copper1 and especially seeing that it does not dissolve in strong hydrochloric acid1 that it would be perfectly innocuous2 but ,tschirch has proved that1 whether the tartrate of copper 7dissolving easily in water71 or copper oxide 7not dissolving at all in water1 but soluble in hydrochloric acid71 or phyllocyanate of copper 7insoluble both in water and in hydrochloric acid7 be used1 the physiological effect is the same4 ,copper may be found in spirits1 owing to the use of copper condensers1 a remark which applies also to the essential oils1 such as oleum cajepute1 menth1 c4#hgj ,in ,france1 it has been added fraudulently to absinthe1 to improve its colour4#hga ,green sweetmeats1 green toys1 green papers1 have all been found to contain definite compounds of copper to a dangerous extent4 #hgj ,according to ,eulenberg 7,gewerbe ,hygiene1 p4 #gaf71 ,oleum cajepute1 ,menth4 pip41 ,meliss1 ,tanaceti1 c41 are almost always contaminated with copper4 #hga ,tardieu1 tude ,md4 ,lg4 sur l',empoisonnement4 #hja4 ,preparations of ,copper used in ,medicine and the ,arts4 7#a7 ,medicinal ,preparations3-- ,sulphate of ,copper1 ,cupri ,sulphas1 ,cu,s,o#e;,h,o4--,this well-known salt is soluble in water at ordinary temperature1 #c parts of water dissolving #a of the sulphate2 but boiling water dissolves double its weight2 #a part of copper sulphate dissolves in #b of glycerin2 it reddens litmus1 and is slightly efflorescent2 its solution responds to all the usual tests for copper and sulphuric acid4 ,a watery solution of the salt to which twice its volume of a solution of chlorine has been added1 gives1 when treated with ammonia in excess1 a clear sapphire-blue solution1 leaving nothing undissolved1 and thus showing the absence of iron4 ,besides iron1 sulphate of copper has been found to contain zincic sulphate4 ,nitrate of ,copper1 ,cu7,,no7#c;,h,o1 is officinal2 it is very soluble4 ,cuprum ,aluminatum4--,a preparation1 called cuprum aluminatum 7,pierre divine71 is in use in ,france and ,germany1 chiefly as an external wash4 ,it is composed of #af parts cupric sulphate1 #af potassic nitrate1 #af alum1 fused in a crucible1 a little camphor being afterwards added4 ,regular and irregular medical practitioners1 veterinary surgeons1 farriers1 and grooms1 all use sulphate of copper 7bluestone7 as an application to wounds4 ,copper as an internal remedy is not in favour either with quacks or vendors of patent medicines4 ,the writer has not yet found any patent pill or liquid containing it4 7#b7 ,copper in the ,arts4--,copper is used very extensively in the arts2 it enters into the composition of a number of alloys1 is one of the chief constituents of the common bronzing powders1 is contained in many of the lilac and purple fires of the pyrotechnist1 and in a great variety of pigments4 ,the last-mentioned1 being of special importance1 will be briefly described3-- ,pigments3-- ,schweinfurt and ,scheele's ,green#hgb are respectively the aceto-arsenite and the arsenite of copper 7see article 8,arsenic074 #hgb ,the synonyms for ,schweinfurt green are extremely numerous3--,mitic green1 ,viennic green1 imperial green1 emerald green1 are the principal terms in actual use4 ,brighton ,green is a mixture of impure acetate of copper and chalk4 ,brunswick ,green1 originally a crude chloride of copper1 is now generally a mixture of carbonate of copper and chalk or alumina4 ,mountain ,green1 or ,mineral ,green1 is the native green carbonate of copper1 either with or without a little orpiment4 ,neuwieder ,green is either the same as mountain green1 or ,schweinfurt green mixed with gypsum or sulphate of baryta4 ,green ,verditer is a mixture of oxide and carbonate of copper with chalk4 ,verdigris is an acetate of copper1 or a mixture of acetates4 ,its formula is usually represented as 7,c,h,o7,cu,o4 ,it is much used in the arts1 and to some extent as an external application in medicine4 ,its most frequent impurities or adulterations are chalk and sulphate of copper4 #hjb4 ,dose--,medicinal ,dose of ,copper4--,since sulphate of copper is practically the only salt administered internally1 the dose is generally expressed as so many grains of sulphate4 ,this salt is given in quantities of from #jaf to #abi grm4 7 to #b grains7 as an astringent or tonic2 as an emetic1 from #cbd to #fdh grm4 7#e to #aj grains74 ,the sulphate of copper is given to horses and cattle in such large doses as from #cj up to #abj grains 7#ai to #gg grms472 to sheep1 from #ac to #bf grms4 7#bj to #dj grains72 rabbits1 #jfdh to #abif grm4 7#a to #b grains74 #hjc4 ,effects of ,soluble ,copper ,salts on ,animals4--,harnack has made some experiments on animals with an alkaline tartrate of copper1 which has no local action1 nor does it precipitate albumin4 to mgrm4 of copper oxide in this form1 administered subcutaneously1 was fatal to frogs1 #je grm4 to rabbits1 #d grm4 to dogs4 ,the direct excitability of the voluntary muscles was gradually extinguished1 and death took place from heart paralysis4 ,vomiting was only noticed when the poison was administered by the stomach4#hgc ,the temperature of animals poisoned by copper1 sinks1 according to the researches of ,f4 ,a4 ,falck1 many degrees4 ,these observations are in agreement with the effects of copper salts on man1 and with the experiments of ,orfila1 ,blake1 ,c4 ,ph4 ,falck1 and others4 #hgc ,on the other hand1 ,brunton and ,west have observed vomiting produced in animals after injection of copper peptone into the jugular vein4--,barth4 ,hosp4 ,rep41 #ahgg1 xii4 ,roger#hgd experimented on the effect of copper leguminate which was administered subcutaneously2 he found gradual increasing paralysis of the motor spinal tracts1 which finally destroyed life by paralysis of the breathing centre4 ,the heart beat after the breathing had stopped4 ,the irritability and contractility of the muscles of frogs were lost1 while sensibility remained4 ,he also found that1 if the copper was injected into the intestinal vessels1 the dose had to be doubled in order to destroy life2 this is1 doubtless1 because the liver1 as it were1 strained the copper off and excreted it through the bile4 ,roger was unable to destroy life by large doses of copper given by the mouth1 for then vomiting supervened and the poison in great part was removed4 #hgd ,revue de ,mdecine1 #ahgg1 xii4 ,bernatzic#hge considers that the poisonous properties of copper are similar to those of zinc and silver4 ,he says3 8,silver1 copper1 and zinc are1 in their medicinal application1 so much allied that1 with regard to their action1 they graduate one into the other and show only minor differences2 copper1 which is a little the more poisonous of the three so far as its remote action is concerned1 stands between the other two4 ,if taken1 in not too small a quantity1 for a long time1 the functional activity of the muscular and nervous systems is influenced injuriously1 the development of the animal cells is inhibited1 the number of the red blood corpuscles decreased1 and therefore the oxidising process and metabolism are likewise diminished1 leading ultimately to a condition of marked cachexia4 4 4 4 ,from a toxic point of view1 the three metals named also stand near each other1 and their compounds differ from other metals injurious to the organism in this1 that they do not produce notable changes of the tissues or coarse functional disturbances leading to death as other poisonous metals1 and therefore are not to be considered poisons in the same sense as lead1 mercury1 arsenic1 antimony1 phosphorus are considered poisons2 for1 on stopping the entry of the poison1 any injurious effect is completely recovered from and the functions again become normal40 #hge ,encycloped4 d4 ges4 ,heilkunde1 xi4 ,s4 #dbi4 ,lehmann#hgf has also experimented on the effects of copper2 his experiments were made on both animals and men4 ,he found that small quantities were more thoroughly absorbed than medium or large doses2 the method of separation appeared to be different in different animals--thus1 the chief copper-excreting organ in dogs is the liver2 in rabbits1 the intestine2 and in man1 the kidneys4 ,of #c mgrms4 of copper taken by a man in three days1 #a mgrm41 or a third1 was recovered from the urine4 ,lehmann experimented on #f rabbits1 #d cats1 and #a dog4 ,during the first few days the animals were given #aj to #cj mgrms4 of copper1 in the form of a salt1 in their food2 then the dose was raised to #ej mgrms4 or even to #ajj mgrms41 and the experiment continued for from two to four months2 in one case1 six months4 ,the sulphate1 acetate1 chloride1 oleate1 butyrate1 and lactate were all tried1 but no essential difference in action discovered4 ,apart from slight vomiting1 and in a few cases1 as shown by post-mortem1 a slight catarrh of the stomach1 the animals remained well4 ,a few increased in weight4 ,nervous symptoms1 cramps1 convulsions1 diarrha1 or the reverse1 were not observed4 ,the analysis of the organs showed considerable copper absorption2 the liver of the cats gave a mean amount of #ab mgrms4 of copper1 and in the other organs there was more copper than is found in cases of acute poisoning4 #hgf ,mnch4 med4 ,wochenschrift1 #ahia1 ,nr4 #ce u4 #cf4 ,lehmann has also made experiments upon himself and his pupils on the effect of the sulphate and the acetate when taken for a long time3-- ,one of the experimenters took for #ej days #aj mgrms4 daily ,cu as sulphate4 then for #cj #bj ,another took for #c days #e mgrms4 as acetate4 then for #aj days #aj #a day #ae #ai days #bj #ah days #cj ,none of these daily doses had the least effect4 ,five farther experiments showed that #ge to #abg mgrms4 of copper in peas and beans1 divided in two meals1 could be taken daily without effect2 but if #abg mgrms4 were taken at one meal in #bjj grms4 of peas1 then1 after a few hours1 there might be vomiting2 and ,lehmann concludes that doses of copper in food of about #ajj mgrms4 may produce some transient derangement in health1 such as sickness1 a nasty taste in the mouth1 and a general feeling of discomfort1 but nothing more2 some slight colicky pains and one or two loose motions are also possible1 but were not observed in ,lehmann's experiments4 #hjd4 ,toxic ,dose of ,copper ,salts4--,this is a difficult question1 because copper salts generally act as an emetic1 and therefore very large doses have been taken without any great injury4 ,in fact1 it may be laid down that a medium dose taken daily for a considerable time is far more likely to injure health1 or to destroy life1 than a big dose taken at once4 ,in ,tschirch's#hgg careful experiments on animals1 he found #aj mgrm4 doses of ,cu,o given daily to rabbits1 the weight of which varied from #abjj to #afej grms41 caused injury to health1 that is1 about #ce mgrms4 per kilo4 ,if man is susceptible in the same proportion1 then daily doses of #bbge mgrms4 7or about #c grains7 would cause serious poisonous symptoms2 although double or treble that quantity might in a single dose be swallowed and1 if thrown up speedily1 no great harm result4 #abj grms4 of sulphate of copper have been swallowed1 and yet the patient recovered after an illness of two weeks4#hgh ,lewin#hgi mentions the case of an adult who recovered after ten days' illness1 although the dose was #ae grms42 there is also on record the case of a child1 four and a half years old1 who recovered after a dose of #afe grms4 7a little over half an ounce74 ,on the other hand1 #gg grms4 have been with difficulty recovered from4#hhj ,a woman died in seventy-two hours after taking #bg grms4 7#g drms47 of copper sulphate mixed with #aaf grms4 7#c drms47 of iron sulphide2 #eff grms4 7#b ozs47 of copper acetate have caused death in three days2 #adb grms4 7#je oz47 in sixty hours4#hha #hgg ,das ,kupfer1 ,stuttgart1 #ahic4 #hgh ,referred to by ,bernatzic1 on the authority of ,ketli1 in ,encycl4 d4 ges4 ,heilkunde1 xi4 ,s4 #dcc4 #hgi ,toxicologie1 ,s4 #acc4 #hhj ,d ,taylor1 op4 cit4 #hha ,sonnenschein1 op4 cit4 #hje4 ,cases of ,acute ,poisoning4--,acute poisoning by salts of copper is rare2 in the ten years ending #ahib1 there were registered in ,england #h deaths from this cause--#c suicidal 7#b males1 #a female7 and #e accidental 7#d males1 #a female74 ,the symptoms produced by the sulphate of copper are those of a powerful irritant poison3 there is immediate and violent vomiting2 the vomited matters are of a greenish colour--a green distinguished from bile by the colour changing to blue on the addition of ammonia4 ,there is pain in the stomach1 and in a little time affections of the nervous system1 as shown by spasms1 cramps1 paralysis1 and even tetanus4 ,jaundice is a frequent symptom1 if life is prolonged sufficiently to admit of its occurrence4 ,one of the best examples of acute poisoning by copper sulphate is recorded by ,maschka4#hhb ,a youth1 sixteen years old1 took an unknown large dose of powdered copper sulphate1 mixed with water4 ,half an hour afterwards there was violent vomiting1 and he was taken to the hospital4 ,there was thirst1 retching1 constriction in the throat1 a coppery taste in the mouth1 and pain in the epigastrium1 which was painful on pressure4 ,the vomit was of a blue colour1 and small undissolved crystals of copper sulphate were obtained from it4 ,the patient was pale1 the edges of the lips and the angles of the mouth were coloured blue1 the surface of the tongue had also a blue tint1 the temperature was depressed1 the extremities cold1 nails cyanotic1 and the pulse small and quick4 ,several loose greenish-yellow evacuations were passed2 there was no blood4 ,the urine was scanty1 but contained neither blood nor albumen4 ,during the night the patient was very restless2 the next morning he had violent headache1 pain in the epigastrium1 burning in the mouth and gullet1 but no vomiting4 ,the urine was scanty1 contained blood1 albumen1 and colouring matter from the bile4 ,on the fourth day there was marked jaundice4 ,the mucous membrane was very pale1 the temperature low1 pulse frequent1 and great weakness1 cardiac oppression1 and restlessness were experienced4 ,there were diarrha and tenesmus1 the motions being streaked with blood2 the urine also contained much blood4 ,the liver was enlarged4 ,the patient died in a state of collapse on the seventh day4 #hhb ,wiener med4 ,wochenschr41 #ahga1 ,nro4 #bf1 p4 #fbh4 ,in #ahcf a girl1 sixteen months old1 was given bluestone to play with1 and ate an unknown quantity2 a quarter of an hour afterwards the child was violently sick1 vomiting a bluish-green liquid containing some pieces of sulphate of copper4 ,death took place in four hours1 without convulsions1 and without diarrha4 #hjf4 ,subacetate of ,copper1 ,subchloride1 and ,carbonate1 all act very similarly to the sulphate when given in large doses4 #hjg4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,in ,maschka's case1 the chief changes noted were in the liver1 kidneys1 and stomach4 ,the substance of the liver was friable and fatty2 in the gall-bladder there were but a few drops of dark tenacious bile4 ,the kidneys were swollen1 the cortical substance coloured yellow1 the pyramids compressed and pale brown4 ,in the mucous membrane of the stomach there was an excoriation the size of a shilling1 in which the epithelium was changed into a dirty brown mass1 easily detached1 laying bare the muscular substance beneath1 but otherwise normal4 ,in a case of poisoning by verdigris 7subacetate of copper7 recorded by ,orfila1#hhc the stomach was so much inflamed and thickened that towards the pyloric end the opening into the intestine was almost obliterated4 ,the small intestines throughout were inflamed1 and perforation had taken place1 so that part of the green liquid had escaped into the abdomen4 ,the large intestines were distended in some parts1 contracted in others1 and there was ulceration of the rectum4 ,in other cases a striking discoloration of the mucous membrane1 being changed by the contact of the salt to a dirty bluish-green1 has been noticed1 and1 when present1 will afford valuable indications4 #hhc ,toxicologie1 vol4 i4 p4 #ghg 7#eth ed474 #hjh4 ,chronic ,poisoning by ,copper4--,symptoms have arisen among workers in copper or its salts1 and also from the use of food accidentally contaminated by copper1 which lend support to the existence of chronic poisoning4 ,in the symptoms there is a very great resemblance to those produced by lead4 ,there is a green line on the margin of the gums4 ,dr4 ,clapton#hhd found the line very distinct in a sailor and two working coppersmiths1 and the two men were also seen by ,dr4 ,taylor4 ,cases of chronic poisoning among coppersmiths have also been treated by ,dr4 ,cameron1#hhe but this symptom was not noticed4 ,corrigan speaks of the line round the gums1 but describes it as purple-red4 ,among workers in copper1 ,lancereaux#hhf has seen a black coloration of the mucous membrane of the digestive canal2 its chemical characters appear to agree with those of carbon4 #hhd ,med4 ,times and ,gazette1 ,june #ahfh1 p4 #feh4 #hhe ,med4 ,times and ,gazette1 #ahgj1 vol4 i4 p4 #eha4 #hhf ,atlas of ,pathological ,anatomy4 ,metallic copper itself is not poisonous4 ,a ,mr4 ,charles ,reed has published a letter in the ,chemical ,news of ,jan4 #ab1 #ahid1 stating that he was1 when a boy1 wounded in the shin by a copper percussion-cap1 and the cap remained in the tissues2 it was removed from the shin after a sojourn thereof some twelve years2 about the year #ahgc he noticed that whenever a piece of clean iron or steel came in contact with his perspiration it was at once covered with a bright coating of copper1 and this continued until the percussion-cap was removed4 ,presuming the truth of this1 it shows conclusively that metallic copper deposited in the tissues is in itself not poisonous1 and farther1 that one method of elimination is by the skin4 ,the experiments already cited throw doubt as to whether repeated small doses of copper taken for a long time produce in a scientific sense chronic poisoning2 those which apparently support the view that there is such a thing as chronic poisoning by copper1 have been produced by copper mixed with other metals2 and there is the possibility that these cases are really due to lead or arsenic1 and not to copper4 ,the great use of late years of solutions of copper sulphate as a dressing to plants1 for the purpose of preventing the ravages of various parasites1 has provided1 so far as animals are concerned1 much material for the judgment of this question4 ,sheep have been fed with vines which have been treated with copper sulphate1 oxen and pigs have consumed for a long time grass treated with a #c per cent4 of copper sulphate1 without the least health disturbance4 ,mach#hhg has fed cows with green food coppered up to #bjj mgrms4 of copper sulphate1 without observing the slightest bad effect1 for long periods of time2 and ,tschirch#hhh summarises the evidence as to chronic poisoning as follows3--8,so it appears the contention that there is no chronic poisoning in men or animals is at present uncontradicted2 it is farther to be considered proved that the small amounts of copper naturally in food1 or carefully introduced into food1 are not injurious to the health of those that take such food1 because the liver1 kidneys1 and other organs excrete the copper through the urine and bile1 and prevent a pernicious accumulation40 ,at the same time1 ,tschirch does not consider the question is definitely settled2 the experiments should1 he thinks1 have been continued not for months1 but for years1 to obtain a trustworthy judgment4 #hhg ,mach1 ,bericht ber die ,ergebnisse der im ,jahre #ahhf ausgefhrten ,versuche zur ,bekmpfung der ,peronospora1 ,st4 ,michele1 ,tyrol4 #hhh ,op4 cit4 ,it may also be remarked that1 if we are to rely upon the separation of copper by the kidneys and the liver1 those organs are presumed to be in a healthy state1 which is not the case with a percentage of the population2 to persons whose liver or kidneys are unsound1 even the small amounts of copper found in 8coppered0 peas may act as a poison1 and the experiments previously detailed throw no light upon the action of copper under such circumstances4 #hji4 ,detection and ,estimation of ,copper4--,copper may occur either in the routine process of precipitating by ,,sh1 or it may1 as is generally the case1 be searched for specially4 ,if copper is looked for in a precipitate produced by ,,sh1 it is taken for granted that the precipitate has first been treated successively by carbonate of ammonia1 sulphide of sodium1 and hydrochloric acid2 in other words1 arsenic1 antimony1 and lead have been removed4 ,the moist precipitate is now treated with warm nitric acid1 which dissolves out copper sulphide with separation of sulphur2 if there is sufficient copper1 the fluid shows a blue colour1 which of itself is an indication of copper being present4 ,the further tests are--7#a7 ,ammonia gives a deeper blue2 7#b7 ferrocyanide of potash a brown-red colour or precipitate2 7#c7 a few drops mixed with a solution of tartrate of soda1 alkalised with sodic hydrate1 and boiled with a crystal or two of grape-sugar1 gives quickly a red precipitate of oxide of copper2 7#d7 a needle or a clean iron wire1 or any simple galvanic combination1 immersed in1 or acting on1 the liquid1 soon becomes coated with the very characteristic reddish metallic film4 ,various other tests might be mentioned1 but the above are ample4 ,special ,examinations for ,copper4 7#a7 ,in ,water and ,liquids generally4--,the liquid may be concentrated1 and the copper separated by electrolysis4 ,a simple method is to place the liquid in a large platinum dish1 and insert a piece of zinc1 adding a sufficient quantity of ,cl,h to dissolve the zinc entirely2 the copper is found as an adherent film on the inner surface of the dish4 ,it is neater1 however1 and more accurate1 to connect the platinum dish with the negative plate of a battery1 suspending in the liquid the positive electrode4 ,the modifications of this method are numerous2 some chemists use 7especially for small quantities of copper7 two small platinum electrodes1 either of foil or of wire1 and on obtaining the film1 weigh the electrode1 then dissolve the copper off by nitric acid1 and re-weigh4 ,such solid substances as peas are conveniently mashed up into a paste with water and ,cl,h2 an aliquot part is carefully weighed and put in a platinum dish1 connected1 as before described1 with a battery2 at the end of from twelve to twenty-four hours all the copper is deposited1 and the dish with its film dried and weighed4 ,the weight of the clean dish1 minus the coppered dish1 of course equals the copper4 ,fat and oils are best thoroughly washed with hot acid water1 which will1 if properly performed1 extract all the copper4 ,by the use of separating funnels and wet filters1 the fat or oil can be separated from the watery liquid4 ,a galvanic test has been proposed1 which is certainly very delicate1 #a_/ajj of a mgrm4 in solution being recognised with facility4 ,a zinc platinum couple is made with two wires2 on leaving this in an acid liquid containing a mere trace of copper1 after several hours the platinum will be found discoloured4 ,if the discoloration is from copper1 on exposing the wire to hydrobromic acid fumes 7easily produced from the action of potassic bromide and sulphuric acid7 and bromine1 the wire will become of a violet colour4 ,this colour is easily recognised by rubbing the wire on a piece of porcelain4#hhi #hhi ,chem4 ,news1 ,nov4 #cj1 #ahgg4 7#b7 ,animal ,matters1 such as the liver1 brain1 spinal cord1 c41 are best entirely burnt to an ash1 and the copper looked for in the latter4#hij ,the same remark applies to bread and substances consisting almost entirely of starchy matters4 ,any injurious quantity of copper can1 however1 be extracted with hydrochloric acid and water2 and1 although this method of extraction is not quite so accurate1 it is quicker4 #hij ,in exhumation of long buried bodies1 it may be necessary to know the composition of the soil4 ,sonnenschein mentions a skull1 now in the museum at ,madrid1 which was dug out of an old ,roman mine1 and is quite green from copper compounds4--,sonnenschein's ,handbuch1 p4 #hc4 #haj4 ,volumetric ,processes for the ,estimation of ,copper4--,a number of volumetric processes have been devised for the estimation of copper1 but for the purposes of this work it is unnecessary to detail them4 ,when copper is in too small a quantity to be weighed1 it may then be estimated by a colorimetric process4 ,one of the best of these is based upon the brown colour which ferrocyanide of potash produces in very dilute solutions of copper4 ,a standard copper solution is obtained by dissolving sulphate of copper in a litre of water1 so that each c4c4 contains #ja mgrm4 ,cu1 and a solution of ferrocyanide of potash in water is prepared1 strength #d per cent4 ,it is also convenient to have a solution of nitrate of ammonia1 which is found to render the reaction much more delicate4 ,the further details are on the well-known lines of colorimetric estimations4 #c4 ,,bismuth4 #haa4 ,bismuth1 ,bi #baj2 sp4 gr41 #igii2 fusing-point1 #bfd 7#ejgb ,f474--,bismuth1 as obtained in the course of analysis1 is either a black metallic powder or an extremely brittle bead of a reddish-white colour4 ,the compounds which it will be necessary to briefly notice are the peroxide and tersulphide4 #hab4 ,the peroxide of bismuth1 ,bi,o #dfh2 sp4 gr41 #hbaa2 ,bi1 #hifd per cent41 ,o1 #ajcf per cent41 as prepared by igniting the carbonate or nitrate1 is a pale lemon coloured powder1 which can be fused without loss of weight1 but is reduced on charcoal1 or in a stream of carbon dioxide1 to the metallic state4 ,it is also reduced by fusion with potassic cyanide or by ignition with ammonium chloride4 #hac4 ,the ,sulphide of ,bismuth1 ,bi,s #eaf2 ,bi1 #habe per cent41 ,s1 #ahge per cent41 occurs1 in the course of analysis1 as a brownish-black or quite black precipitate1 insoluble in water1 dilute acids1 alkalies1 alkaline sulphides1 sulphate of soda1 and cyanide of potassium1 but dissolving in moderately concentrated nitric acid with separation of sulphur4 ,it continually increases in weight when dried in the ordinary way1 and is completely reduced when fused with cyanide of potassium4 #had4 ,preparations of ,bismuth used in ,medicine and the ,arts4 7#a7 ,pharmaceutical ,preparations3-- ,bismuthi ,subnitras1 ,bi,o,n,o4,h,o4--,a heavy white powder1 insoluble in water1 and responding to the usual tests for bismuth and nitric acid4 ,the formula should yield #gg per cent4 of bismuth oxide4 ,commercial preparations1 however1 vary from #gi to #hb per cent4 ,bismuth ,lozenges 7,trochisci bismuthi7 are composed of subnitrate of bismuth1 magnesia carbonate1 precipitated lime carbonate1 sugar1 and gum1 mixed with rose water4 ,each lozenge should contain #jac grm4 7#b grains7 of subnitrate of bismuth4 ,solution of ,citrate of ,bismuth and ,ammonia 7,liquor ,bismuthi et ,ammoni citratis71 a colourless neutral or slightly alkaline fluid1 sp4 gr4 #ajg1 responding to the tests for bismuth and ammonia4 ,as an impurity lead may be present1 citric acid being so frequently contaminated with lead4 ,carbonate of bismuth 7,bismuthi carbonas71 7,bi,o,,co7,h,o is a fine white powder answering to the tests for carbon dioxide and bismuth2 it should yield #hia per cent4 of bismuth oxide4 ,a ,nitrate of ,bismuth1 ,bi7,,no71 an oleate of bismuth1 an oxide of bismuth1 a subgallate of bismuth 7dermatol71 and a subiodide of bismuth are also used in medicine4 7#b7 ,bismuth in the ,arts4#hia #hia ,bismuth is contained in all copper coinage--from the ,bactrian coins to our own2 in all cupreous ores1 except the carbonates1 and in nearly all specimens of commercial copper4--,field1 ,chem4 ,news1 xxxvi4 #bfa4 ,the chief use of bismuth is in alloys and solders4 ,the ,chromate is employed in calico-printing1 and the subnitrate as a paint under the name of pearl-white4 ,the salts of bismuth also occur in washes for the hair1 and pearl-white is used as a cosmetic1 but only to a small extent4 #hae4 ,medicinal ,doses of ,bismuth4--,the subnitrate and carbonate are prescribed in doses from #jfdh to #abif grm4 7#a to #bj grains72 the valerianate1 from #abif to #fdh grm4 7#b to #aj grains72 and the solution1 from #ag c4c4 to #eb c4c4 7 drachm to #a drachm74 #haf4 ,toxic ,effects of ,bismuth4--,from the researches of ,meyer and ,steinfeld#hib on animals1 it appears that if birds or mammals are poisoned with bismuth salts introduced subcutaneously1 or by direct injection1 into the veins1 death follows in from twenty-four to forty-eight hours1 the fatal issue being preceded by convulsions2 after death1 the colon is intensely blackened1 and it may be ulcerated1 while the small intestines and the stomach are healthy4 ,if1 however1 sulphur preparations are given by the mouth1 there is then blackening of the stomach1 and there may also be ulcers4 ,meyer is of the opinion that ,,sh precipitates bismuth in the parenchyma1 and the particles occluding the capillaries thus cause small local necroses2 that which escapes precipitation is mainly excreted by the kidneys4 ,poisonous symptoms in man have been known to occur from the treatment of wounds with bismuth preparations2#hic the symptoms have been somewhat similar to mercurial poisoning2 there have been noticed stomatitis with salivation1 loosening of the teeth1 a black colour of the mucous membrane of the mouth and ulceration1 also catarrh of the intestines1 and the inflammatory condition of the kidneys usual when that organ has to excrete metallic substances not natural to the body1 the 8metallniere10 or metal kidney1 of the ,german writers4 ,one case is recorded of death in nine days of an adult after taking #gg grms4 7#b drms47 of bismuth subnitrate4 ,the recorded symptoms were a metallic taste in the mouth1 pain in the throat1 vomiting1 purging1 coldness of the surface1 and spasms of the arms and legs4 ,a post-mortem examination showed inflammatory changes in the gullet1 windpipe1 and throughout the intestinal canal4 ,recovery has1 however1 taken place from a single dose three times the amount mentioned4 ,it is possible that the fatal case was due to impure bismuth4 #hib ,l4 ,feder-,meyer1 ,rossbach's pharmak4 ,unters41 iii41 #ahhb1 ,no4 #bc2 ,steinfeld1 ,wirkung des ,wismut4 ,inaug4 ,diss41 ,dorpat1 #ahhd2 ,arch4 exp4 ,p41 ,bd4 xx4 #ahhf4 #hic ,b4 ,med4 ,journal1 #ahhg1 i4 #gdi4 #hag4 ,extraction and ,detection of ,bismuth in ,animal ,matters4--,bismuth appears to be excreted principally by the bowels as sulphide of bismuth2 but it has also been detected in the urine1 spleen1 and liver2 and ,lubinsky has found it in the saliva and in the epithelium of the mouth of persons taking one of its preparations4 ,without denying the possibility of its existing in a soluble state in the saliva1 its presence in the mouth may1 under such circumstances1 be ascribed to the lodgment of particles of subnitrate or subcarbonate of bismuth in the interstices of the teeth1 c4 ,it will then be evident that1 if a person is supposed to have been poisoned by a large dose of bismuth1 and the analyst fail to find it in the stomach1 the contents of the bowels should be next examined4 ,the extraction of bismuth must be undertaken by nitric acid1 and boiling for at least two hours may be necessary to dissolve it out from the tissues4 ,such organs as the liver and spleen are boiled in a finely divided state with a litre of dilute nitric acid 7strength1 #e per cent471 for the time mentioned1 filtered1 and the filtrate evaporated to dryness2 the remainder is then carbonised by strong nitric acid2 and1 finally1 the charcoal is boiled with equal parts of nitric acid and water1 and the whole evaporated to dryness4 ,by this method every trace of bismuth is extracted4 ,the dry residue may now be brought into solution1 and tested for bismuth4 ,the best solvent for the nitrate of bismuth is dilute nitric acid #ej per cent42 the dry residue is therefore dissolved in #ajj or #bjj c4c4 of the acid1 and fractional parts taken for examination3-- 7#a7 ,the solution1 poured into a large volume of warm distilled water1 gives a crystalline precipitate of subnitrate of bismuth4 ,the only metal giving a similar reaction is antimony1 and this is excluded by the method employed4 7#b7 ,the filtered fluid gives on addition of sodic chloride a precipitate of oxychloride4 ,this1 again1 is distinguished from oxychloride of antimony by its insolubility in tartaric acid4 7#c7 ,any bismuth precipitate1 fused with soda on charcoal1 gives a brittle bead of bismuth2 the coal is coated whilst warm a dark orange-yellow1 on cooling citron-yellow4 7#d7 ,the bead may be identified by powdering it1 placing it in a short subliming tube1 and passing over it dry chlorine4 ,the powder first turns black1 then melts to an amber-yellow fluid1 and finally1 by prolonged heating1 sublimes as terchloride of bismuth4 7#e7 ,a very delicate test proposed by ,abel and ,field1 in #ahfb1hid specially for the detection of bismuth in copper 7but by no means confined to mineral analysis71 utilises the fact that1 if iodide of lead be precipitated from a fluid containing the least trace of bismuth1 instead of the yellow iodide the scales assume a dark orange to a crimson tint4 ,a solution of nitrate of lead is used2 to the nitric acid solution ammonia and carbonate of ammonia added2 the precipitate washed1 and dissolved in acetic acid2 and1 finally1 excess of iodide of potassium added4 ,it is said that thus so small a quantity as #jjjbe grm4 may be detected in copper with the greatest ease1 the iodide of lead becoming dark orange2 #jja grain imparts a reddish-brown tinge1 and #ja grain a crimson4 #hid ,journ4 ,chem4 ,soc41 #ahfb1 vol4 xiv4 p4 #bij2 ,chem4 ,news1 vol4 xxxvi4 p4 #bfa4 7#f7 ,a solution of a bismuth salt1 which must contain no free ,h,cl1 when treated with #aj parts of water1 #b of potassium iodide1 and #a part of cinchonine1 gives a red orange precipitate of cinchonine iod4-bismuth4#hie #hie ,e4 ,lgar1 ,bull4 de la ,soc4 ,chim41 vol4 iv41 #ahhh1 #ia4 7#g7 ,van ,kobell's test1 as modified by ,hutchings1#hif and proposed more especially for the detection of bismuth in minerals1 is capable of being applied to any solid compound suspected of containing the metal3--,a mixture of precipitated and purified cuprous iodide1 with an equal volume of flowers of sulphur1 is prepared1 and #b parts of this mixture are made into a paste with #a part of the substance1 and heated on a slip of charcoal on an aluminium support by the blowpipe flame4 ,if bismuth be present1 the red bismuth iodide will sublime1 and on clean aluminium is easily distinguishable4 #hif ,chem4 ,news1 vol4 xxxvi4 p4 #bdi4 ,there are many other tests1 but the above are sufficient4 #hah4 ,estimation of ,bismuth4--,the estimation of bismuth1 when in any quantity easily weighed1 is1 perhaps1 best accomplished by fusing the sulphide1 oxide1 or other compound of bismuth1 in a porcelain crucible with cyanide of potassium2 the bismuth is reduced to the metallic state1 the cyanide can be dissolved out1 and the metallic powder washed 7first with water1 lastly with spirit71 dried1 and weighed4 ,mr4 ,pattison ,muir has shown#hig that bismuth may be separated from iron1 aluminium1 chromium1 and manganese1 by adding ammonia to the acid solutions of these metals4 #hig ,pattison ,muir on 8,certain ,bismuth ,compounds10 ,journ4 ,chem4 ,soc41 p4 #g1 #ahgf4 ,this observation admits of many applications1 and may be usefully taken advantage of in the separation of bismuth from the nitric acid solution of such animal matters as liver1 c4 ,the acid liquid is partially neutralised by ammonia1 and1 on diluting with warm water containing a little sodium or ammonium chloride1 the whole of the bismuth is precipitated as oxychloride1 which may be collected1 and fused with cyanide of potassium1 as above4 ,if the bismuth precipitate is in small quantity1 or if a number of estimations of bismuth are to be made1 it is most convenient to use a volumetric process4 ,in the case first mentioned1 the oxychloride could be dissolved in nitric acid1 sodium acetate added in excess1 and sufficient acetic acid to dissolve any precipitate which has been produced1 and then titrated by the following method1 which we also owe to ,mr4 ,pattison ,muir3-- ,estimation of ,bismuth by ,potassium ,dichromate4#hih--;,a solution of recrystallised potassium dichromate 7strength1 #a per cent47 is prepared4 ,a known weight of pure bismuthous oxide 7,bi,o7 is dissolved in excess of nitric acid1 and a solution of sodium acetate is added to this liquid until a copious white precipitate is thrown down2 acetic acid is then added in quantity sufficient to dissolve the precipitate completely1 and to insure that1 when the liquid is made up with water to a fixed volume1 no precipitate shall be formed4 ,a certain volume of this liquid is withdrawn by means of a pipette1 placed in a beaker1 and heated to boiling2 the potassium dichromate is then gradually run in from a burette1 the liquid being boiled between each addition of the solution1 until a drop of the supernatant liquid gives a faint reddish-brown coloration when spotted with silver nitrate on a white slab4 #hih ,pattison ,muir on 8,certain ,bismuth ,compounds10 ,journ4 ,chem4 ,soc41 vol4 i4 p4 #fei1 #ahgi4 ,another very generally applicable volumetric method for bismuth has been proposed by ,mr4 ,muir4#hii ,this depends on the fact 7observed by ,sonchay and ,leussen71#ijj that normal bismuth oxalate splits up on boiling into a basic oxalate of the composition ,bi,o#b;,c,o ,,oh1 but slightly soluble in nitric acid4 ,the process is performed by precipitating the bismuth by excess of oxalic acid1 dissolving the precipitate 7first purified from free oxalic acid7 in dilute hydrochloric acid1 and lastly1 titrating by permanganate4 ,the absence of free hydrochloric acid before precipitating must be insured4 #hii ,ibid41 #ahgg4 #ijj ,ann4 ,chem4 ,pharm41 vol4 cv4 p4 #bde4 #d4 ,,silver4 #hai4 ,silver #ajh2 specific gravity1 #aje2 fusing-point1 #ajbc 7#ahgc ,f474--,silver1 as separated in analysis1 is either a very white1 glittering1 metallic bead1 or a dull grey powder4 ,it does not lose weight on ignition1 and is soluble in dilute nitric acid4 #hbj4 ,chloride of ,silver1 ,ag,cl #adce2 specific gravity1 #eeeb2 ,ag1 #gebg per cent41 ,cl1 #bdgc per cent41 is a dense1 white1 curdy precipitate1 when produced in the wet way4 ,it is very insoluble in water1 dilute nitric acid1 and dilute sulphuric acid2 in many warm solutions 7especially aqueous solutions of the chlorides generally71 the alkaline and alkaline-earthy nitrates1 and tartaric acid solutions1 the silver is dissolved to an appreciable extent1 but deposited again on diluting and cooling4 ,the complete solvents of chloride of silver are--ammonia1 cyanide of potassium1 and hyposulphite of soda4 ,chloride of silver cannot be fused at a high heat without some slight loss by volatilisation2 on coal in the ,r4,f41 it fuses very easily to a globule4 ,it can with soda be reduced to metal1 and can also readily be reduced by ignition in a current of hydrogen1 carbon oxide1 or carburetted hydrogen gas4 #hba4 ,sulphide of ,silver1 ,ag,s #bdh2 specific gravity1 #gb2 ,ag1 #hga per cent41 ,s1 #abi per cent41 when prepared in the wet way1 is a black precipitate1 insoluble in water1 dilute acids1 and alkaline sulphides4 ,if ignited in hydrogen it may be reduced to the metallic state2 it is soluble in nitric acid1 with separation of sulphur4 #hbb4 ,preparations of ,silver used in ,medicine and the ,arts4 7#a7 ,medicinal ,preparations3-- ,nitrate of ,silver1 ,ag,n,o2 ,ag1 #fcea per cent41 ,n,o1 #cfdi per cent4 ,this salt is either sold crystallised in colourless rhombic prisms1 or in the form of small white pencils or sticks4 ,it gives the reactions for silver and nitric acid1 and stains the skin black4 #ajj parts1 dissolved in distilled water1 should give1 with hydrochloric acid1 a precipitate which1 when washed and dried1 weighs #hcd parts4 ,the silver is1 however1 far more quickly estimated by the blowpipe than in the wet way4 ,one grm4 fused in a cavity on charcoal should give a little globule of metallic silver1 weighing about #fcea grm4 ,the chief adulterations of this substance are copper1 lead1 and nitrate of potash4 ,if all the silver is precipitated by hydrochloric acid1 carefully filtered off1 and the filtrate evaporated to dryness1 any residue will denote adulteration or impurity4 ,argenti ,oxidum1 ,oxide of ,silver1 ,ag,o #bcb2 ,ag1 #icai per cent4--,a dark olive-brown powder1 soluble in ammonia and nitric acid4 ,by ignition it readily yields metallic silver4 ,the ,p4,b4 directs that #bi grains of the oxide should yield #bg of metallic silver4 ,nitrate of ,silver and ,potash 7,argentum nitricum cum kali nitrico71 ,ag,n,o ,,kno4--,this preparation is in most of the pharmacopias1 ,austrian1 ,german1 ,danish1 ,swedish1 ,russian1 ,swiss1 and the ,british2 it is directed by the ,b4,p4 to be composed of #a part of silver nitrate and #a part of potassic nitrate fused together4 ,a 8toughened silver nitrate0 is made by fusing together potassic nitrate #e1 silver nitrate #ie4 ,mild caustic points are used by oculists by fusing #a of silver nitrate with #b1 #c1 #c1 and #d parts of potassic nitrate4 7#b7 ,silver in the ,arts4--,the uses of the metal in coinage1 articles for domestic purposes1 for ornament1 c41 are too well known to require enumeration4 ,the only forms in which silver is likely to give rise to accident are the salts used in medicine1 photography1 in the dyeing of hair1 and in the manufacture of marking inks4 ,hair-dyes4--,about one-half of the hair-dyes in use are made with nitrate of silver4 ,the following are only a few of the recipes3-- ,aqua ,orientalis4--,grain silver #b drms41 nitric acid #a oz41 steel filings #d drms41 distilled water #a oz4--the whole finally made up to #c fluid ozs41 and filtered4 ,argentan ,tincture4--,nitrate of silver #a drachm1 rose water #a fluid oz41 sufficient nitrate of copper to impart a greenish tint4 ,eau d',afrique4--,two solutions--one of nitrate of silver1 the other of potash1 containing ammonium sulphide4 ,the photographer uses various salts of silver1 the chief of which are--the nitrate1 iodide1 bromide1 cyanide1 and chloride of silver4 ,marking ,inks4--,some of the more important recipes for marking ink are as follows3-- ,nitrate of silver #aj part1 hot distilled water #cf parts1 mucilage1 previously rubbed with sap-green1 #aj part4 ,with this is sold a 8pounce10 or preparation consisting of a coloured solution of sodic carbonate4 ,another preparation is very similar1 but with the addition of ammonia and some colouring matter1 such as indigo1 syrup of buckthorn1 or sap-green4 ,a third is made with tartaric acid and nitrate of silver1 dissolved in ammonia solution1 and coloured4 ,redwood's ,ink consists of equal parts of nitrate of silver and potassic bitartrate1 dissolved in ammonia1 with the addition of archil green and sugar2 according to the formula1 #ajj parts should equal #aff of silver nitrate4 ,soubeiran's ,ink is composed of cupric nitrate #c1 argentic nitrate #h1 sodic carbonate #d1 and the whole made up to #ajj parts1 in solution of ammonia4 ,in one of ,mr4 ,reade's inks1 besides silver1 an ammoniacal solution of a salt of gold is used4 #hbc4 ,medicinal ,dose of ,silver ,compounds4--,the nitrate and the oxide of silver are given in doses from #jafb to #abif grm4 7 grain to #b grains74 ,anything like #aidd to #beib grm4 7#c or #d grains7 would be considered a large1 if not a dangerous dose2 but nothing definite is known as to what would be a poisonous dose4 #hbd4 ,effects of ,nitrate of ,silver on ,animals4--,nitrate of silver is changed into chloride by the animal fluids1 and also forms a compound with albumen4 ,silver chloride and silver albumenate are both somewhat soluble in solutions containing chlorides of the alkalies1 which explains how a metallic salt1 so very insoluble in water1 can be absorbed by the blood4 ,the action of soluble salts of silver on animals has been several times investigated4 ,there appears to be some difference between its effects on warm and cold-blooded animals4 ,in frogs there is quickly an exaltation of the functions of the spinal cord1 tetanic convulsions appear1 similar to those induced by strychnine2 later1 there is disturbance of the respiration and cessation of voluntary motion4 ,the first symptoms with dogs and cats are vomiting and diarrha2 muscular weakness1 paralysis1 disturbance of the respiration1 and weak clonic convulsions follow4 ,rouget1 as well as ,curci1 considers that the action of silver is directed to the central nervous system2 there is first excitement1 and then follows paralysis of the centres of respiration and movement4 ,death occurs through central asphyxia4 ,according to the researches of ,f4 ,a4 ,falck1 subcutaneous injections of silver nitrate into rabbits cause a fall of temperature of #fg to #agf1 the last being the greatest fall which1 in his numerous researches on the effect of poisons on temperature1 he has seen4 ,chronic poisoning1 according to the experiments of ,bogoslowsky on animals1 produces emaciation1 fatty degeneration of the liver1 kidneys1 and also of the muscles--a statement confirmed by others4 #hbe4 ,toxic ,effects of ,silver ,nitrate in ,man--7#a7 ,acute ,poisoning4--,this is very rare4 ,orfila relates an attempt at suicide2 but most of the cases have been accidental1 and of these1 in recent times1 about five are recorded1 mostly children4 ,the accident is usually due to the application of the solid nitrate to the throat1 as an escharotic1 the stick breaking or becoming detached1 and being immediately swallowed2 such an accident is related by ,scattergood4#ija ,a piece of silver nitrate inch long1 slipped down the throat of a child1 aged fifteen months--vomiting immediately occurred1 followed by convulsions and diarrha2 chloride of sodium was administered1 but the child died in six hours4 ,in other cases paralysis and an unconscious state has been observed4 #ija ,brit4 ,med4 ,journal1 ,may #ahga4 7#b7 ,chronic ,poisoning4--,salts of silver taken for a long period cause a peculiar and indelible colour of the skin1 the body becomes of a greyish-blue to black colour1 it begins first around the nails and fingers1 then patches of a similar hue appear in different parts of the body1 and gradually coalesce1 being most marked in those parts exposed to the light4 ,the colour is not confined to the outer skin1 but is also seen in the mucous membranes4 ,there is also a slight inflammation of the gums1 and a violet line around their edge4 ,ginpon observed this line after two months' treatment of a patient by silver nitrate2 the whole quantity taken being #ci grms4 7about #fj grains74 ,the peculiar colour of the skin is only seen after large dose2 after #h grms4 taken in divided doses ,chaillon could not observe any change1 but after #ae grms4 had been taken it was evident4 ,so also ,riemer has recorded a case1 in which1 after a year's use of silver nitrate 7total quantity #agd grms47 a greyish-black colour of the face was produced1 and1 when nearly double the quantity had been taken1 the colour had invaded the whole body4 #hbf4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,in the acute case recorded by ,scattergood1 the mucous membranes of the gullet1 of the great curvature of the stomach1 and parts of the duodenum and jejunum were eroded1 and particles of curd-like silver chloride adhered to the mucous membrane4 ,in the case recorded by ,riemer of the long-continued use of silver nitrate1 the serous and mucous membranes were coloured dark2 the choroid plexus was of a blue-black2 the endocardium1 the valves of the heart1 and the aorta pale to dark grey1 as well as the rest of the vessels2 the colouring was confined to the intima4 ,the liver and kidney also showed similar pigmentation4 ,the pigment 7probably metallic silver7 was in the form of very fine grains1 and1 as regards the skin1 was situate under the rete ,malpighia in the upper layer of the corium1 and also in the deeper connective tissue and in the sweat glands4 ,liouville has also found the kidneys of a woman similarly pigmented1 who took silver nitrate daily for #bgj days1 in all about #g grms41 five years before her death4 #hbg4 ,detection and ,estimation of ,silver4--,the examination of the solid salts of silver usually met with 7viz41 the nitrate1 bromide1 iodide1 cyanide1 and chloride7 is most speedy by the dry method on charcoal2 in this way in less than #abj seconds any practical chemist could identify each compound4 ,the nitrate1 bromide1 iodide1 and cyanide1 all1 if ignited on charcoal1 yield buttons of metallic silver--deflagration1 bromine vapours1 iodine vapours1 and cyanogen vapours being the respective phenomena observed4 ,chloride of silver fuses to a pearl-grey1 brown1 or black globule on charcoal1 according to its purity2 but is only in the ,r4,f4 gradually reduced to metal4 ,with soda1 or fused in hydrogen or coal gas1 the reduction is rapid enough4 ,nitrate of ,silver in solution might be identified by a very large number of tests1 since it forms so many insoluble salts4 ,in practice one is1 however1 satisfied with three tests1 viz43 7#a7 ,a curdy precipitate of chloride1 on the addition of hydrochloric acid or alkaline chlorides1 soluble only in ammonia1 cyanide of potassium1 or hyposulphite of soda2 7#b7 a yellow precipitate1 but little soluble in ammonia1 on the addition of iodide of potassium2 and 7#c7 a blood-red precipitate on the addition of chromate of potash4 ,the separation of silver from the contents of the stomach is best ensured by treating it with cyanide of potassium2 for1 unless a very large quantity of silver nitrate has been taken1 it is tolerably certain that the whole of it has passed into chloride1 and will1 therefore1 not be attacked easily by acids4 ,the contents of the stomach1 then1 or the tissues themselves1 are placed in a flask and warmed for some time with cyanide of potassium1 first1 if necessary1 adding ammonia4 ,the fluid is separated from the solid matters by subsidence 7for an alkaline fluid of this kind will scarcely filter71 and then decomposed by hydrochloric acid in excess4 ,the flask containing this fluid is put on one side in a warm place1 and the clear fluid decanted from the insoluble chloride4 ,the latter is now collected on a filter1 well washed with hot water1 and then dried and reduced on charcoal2 or it may be put in a little porcelain crucible with a rod of zinc and a few drops of hydrochloric acid4 ,the silver is soon deposited1 and must be washed with water1 then with sulphuric acid4 ,by the aid of a wash-bottle the particles of silver are now collected on a small filter1 again washed1 and on the moist mass a crystal of nitrate of potash and a little carbonate of soda laid4 ,the whole is then dried1 and all the filter cut away1 save the small portion containing the silver4 ,this small portion is now heated on charcoal until a little button of pure silver is obtained1 which may first be weighed1 then dissolved in nitric acid1 and tested by the methods detailed4 ,in a similar way hair1 suspected of being dyed with silver1 can be treated with chlorine gas1 and the chloride dissolved in potassic cyanide4 ,spots on linen1 and1 generally1 very small quantities of silver1 may be detected by a simple galvanic process3--,the substance is treated with solution of cyanide of potassium1 and submitted to a weak galvanic current1 using for the negative plate a slip of copper1 for the positive1 platinum2 the silver is deposited on the former4 #e4 ,,mercury4 #hbh4 ,mercury1 ,hg #bjj2 specific gravity1 #aceif2 boiling-point1 #cej 7#ffb ,f472 it becomes solid at -#cid 7-#ci ,f474 ,this well known and familiar fluid metal evaporates and sublimes to a minute extent at all temperatures above #e4 ,when precipitated or deposited in a finely divided state1 the metal can be united into a single globule only if it is fairly pure2 very slight fatty impurities especially will prevent the union4 ,it is insoluble in hydrochloric acid1 soluble to a slight extent in dilute cold sulphuric acid1 and completely soluble in concentrated sulphuric and in nitric acids4 ,it combines directly with chlorine1 bromine1 and iodine1 which1 in presence of free alkali1 readily dissolve it4 ,it is unalterable at #ajj1 and1 when exposed to a high temperature1 sublimes unchanged4 ,mercurous ,chloride 7,calomel1 ,hg,cl #bcee2 specific gravity1 #gagh2 subliming temperature1 #aaaf2 ,hg1 #hdid per cent41 ,cl1 #aejf per cent471 when prepared in the wet way is a heavy white powder1 absolutely insoluble in cold1 but decomposed by boiling water4 ,it may be converted into the mercuric chloride by chlorine water and aqua regia4 ,chloride of ammonium1 potassium1 and sodium1 all decompose calomel into metallic mercury and mercuric chloride4 ,it is easily reduced to metal in a tube with soda1 potash1 or burnt magnesia4 #hbi4 ,sulphide of ,mercury 7,hg,s1 ,hg1 #hfba per cent41 ,s1 #acgi per cent47 is a black powder1 dissolving in nitromuriatic acid1 but very insoluble in other acids or in water4 ,it is also insoluble in alkaline sulphides1 with the exception of potassic sulphide4 #hcj4 ,medicinal ,preparations of ,mercury4--,mercury in the liquid state has been occasionally administered in constipation2 its internal use is now 7or ought to be7 obsolete4 ,gmelin has found samples contaminated with metallic bismuth--a metal which only slightly diminishes the fluidity of mercury2 the impurity may be detected by shaking the mercury in air1 and thus oxidising the bismuth4 ,mercury may also contain various mechanical impurities1 which are detected by forcing the metal by means of a vacuum pump through any dense filtering substance4 ,tin and zinc may be dissolved out by hydrochloric acid1 and all fixed impurities 7such as lead and bismuth7 are at once discovered on subliming the metal4 ,mercury and ,chalk 7,hydrargyrum cum creta74--,mercury1 #cccc per cent42 chalk1 #fffg4 ,blue ,pill 7,pilula hydrargyri74--,mercury in a finely divided state1 mixed with confection of roses and liquorice root2 the mercury should be in the proportion of #cccc per cent4#ijb #ijb ,the chemical composition of blue pill varies according to its age4 ,harold ,senier has made a careful series of analyses1 with the following result 7,pharm4 ,journ41 ,feb4 #e1 #ahgf73-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,age4 ,metallic ,mercuric ,mercurous ,ash4 ,organic ,mercury4 ,oxide4 ,oxide4 ,matter4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #a #ah hours1 #cbdi none4 a trace4 #abj #ffca #b #c weeks1 #cbbf #ji #be #abj #ffbj #c #c months1 #cbfj #bd #fb #aah #ffcf #d #c #caae #dd #afj #aab #fefi #e #f #cbdd #ej #hj #agj #fdef #f #ad #bihf #ih #bfj #abj #fecf #g #ai #caei #ej #bej #ajj #fdda #h #b years1 #bhdj #ahj #dbb #baj #fcdh #i 787 #cjbc #ajf #cbd #aje #fddd ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,mercury ,plaster 7,emplastrum hydrargyri74--,made with mercury1 olive oil1 sulphur1 and lead plaster2 it should contain ,hg1 #cc per cent42 sulphur1 #ah per cent4 ,ammoniac and ,mercury ,plaster 7,emplastrum ammoniaci cum hydrargyro74--,gum1 ammonia1 mercury1 olive oil1 and sulphur2 it should contain #bj per cent4 of ,hg1 and #a per cent4 of sulphur4 ,mercurial ,ointment 7,unguentum hydrargyri74--,mercury mixed with lard and suet1 the strength should be nearly #ej per cent4 mercury2 commercial samples often contain as little as #ch per cent4 ,compound ,mercury ,ointment 7,unguentum hydrargyri compositum74--,made with ointment of mercury1 yellow wax1 olive oil1 and camphor2 it should contain #bbb per cent4 ,hg4 ,liniment of ,mercury 7,linimentum hydrargyri7 is made of mercurial ointment1 solution of ammonia1 and liniment of camphor2 it contains about #af per cent4 of mercury4 ,mercurial ,suppositories 7,suppositoria hydrargyri74--,composed of ointment of mercury and oil of theobroma4 ,each suppository should weigh #ae grains and contain of its weight of mercurial ointment4 ,acetate of ,mercury 7,mercurous acetate7 is not contained in the ,b4,p41 but is officinal on the ,continent4 ,it is a salt occurring in white micaceous scales1 soluble in #acc parts of cold water1 giving the reactions of acetic acid and mercury1 and very readily decomposed4 ,mercuric ,ethyl ,chloride 7,hydrargyrum thylo-chloratum7 is used as a medicine on the ,continent4 ,it occurs in white1 glittering1 crystalline scales1 which take on pressure a metallic appearance1 and possess a peculiar ethereal odour2 it is but little soluble in water and ether1 with difficulty in cold alcohol1 but copiously soluble on boiling1 and depositing crystals on cooling4 ,it sublimes at about #dj without residue2 on quick heating it burns with a weak flame1 developing a vapour of metallic taste and unpleasant odour4 ,it gives no precipitate with silver nitrate1 nor with albumen4 ,corrosive ,sublimate 7,mercuric chloride71 ,hg,cl #bga2 ,hg1 #gch per cent41 ,cl1 #bfa per cent4--,in commerce this salt occurs in transparent1 heavy1 colourless masses1 which have a crystalline fracture2 if placed in the subliming cell described at p4 #beh1 it sublimes at about #hbb 7#ahj ,f471 and melts at higher temperatures4 ,the sublimate is generally in groups of plates drawn to a point at both ends1 in crystalline needles1 or in octahedra with a rectangular base4 ,it dissolves in #af parts of cold water and about #c of boiling1 and is very soluble in solutions of the alkaline chlorides2 it dissolves also in ether1 and can be1 to a great extent1 withdrawn from aqueous solutions by this agent4 ,alcohol dissolves nearly one-third its weight of the salt1 and its own weight when boiling4 ,it combines with albumen2 gives1 when in solution1 a precipitate of mercuric oxide when tested with solution of potash2 a white precipitate with ammonia2 a scarlet with iodide of potassium2 and a black precipitate of finely divided mercury with protochloride of tin4 ,if a crystal 7when placed in the subliming cell7 gives a crystalline sublimate at about the temperature mentioned1 and this sublimate becomes of a red colour when treated with a droplet of iodide of potassium1 it can be no other substance than corrosive sublimate4 ,solution of ,perchloride of ,mercury 7,liquor hydrargyri perchloridi7 is simply #aj grains of perchloride of mercury and chloride of ammonium in a pint of water2 #ajj c4c4 therefore should contain #aad mgrms4 corrosive sublimate4 ,yellow ,mercurial ,lotion 7,lotio hydrargyri flava74--,perchloride of mercury1 #ah grains1 mixed with #aj ounces of solution of lime4 ,calomel#ijc 7,hydrargyri subchloridum74--,the properties of calomel have been already described4 ,it sometimes contains as an impurity corrosive sublimate1 which may be dissolved out by ether4 ,carbonate of lead1 sulphate1 and carbonate of baryta1 gum1 and starch1 are the usual adulterants mentioned4 ,if on the application of heat calomel entirely sublimes1 it must be free from the substances enumerated4 #ijc ,it would appear that in ,america a cosmetic is in use1 consisting of calomel mixed into a paste with water4--,vide 8,a ,dangerous ,cosmetic10 by ,c4 ,h4 ,piesse1 ,analyst 7#be71 #ahgh1 p4 #bda4 ,oleate of ,mercury 7,hydrargyri oleatum7 is composed of #a part of yellow oxide and #i parts of oleic acid4 ,black ,mercurial ,lotion 7,lotio hydrargyri nigra74--,calomel1 #cj grains1 mixed with #aj fluid ounces of lime-water4 ,compound ,pill of ,subchloride of ,mercury4--,calomel and sulphurated antimony1 each #a ounce1 guiac resin #b ounces1 castor-oil #a fluid ounce4 ,one grain 7#jfdh grm47 of calomel1 and the same quantity of antimony sulphide1 are contained in every #e grains 7#cbd mgrms47 of the pill mass1 i4e41 calomel #bj per cent4 ,ointment of ,subchloride of ,mercury 7,unguentum hydrargyri subchloridi74--,calomel mixed with benzoated lard2 strength about #a 3 #f4 ,white ,precipitate 7,hydrargyrum ammoniatum1 ,,nh,hg,cl74--,a white1 heavy powder1 subliming by heat without residue1 and insoluble in water1 alcohol1 and ether4 ,with soda1 it yields a metallic sublimate4 ,when boiled with potash1 ammonia is evolved1 the yellow oxide of mercury formed1 and chloride of potassium passes into solution4 ,it should contain #gie per cent4 of mercury4 ,the fusible white precipitate of the pharmacopia of the ,netherlands does not appear to be of constant composition1 varying between #fid to #fef per cent4 of mercury4#ijd ,it melts on heating1 and leaves as a residue chloride of sodium4 #ijd ,hirsch1 ,die ,prfung der ,arzeneimittel4 ,commercial white precipitate is frequently adulterated2 ,barnes has found carbonates of lead and lime1 the latter to the extent of nearly #b per cent4#ije ,calomel1 according to ,nickles1#ijf has been substituted for white precipitate1 but this was several years ago4 ,the methods for detection are obvious4 #ije ,proceed4 ,brit4 ,pharm4 ,conf41 #ahfg1 p4 #aj4 #ijf ,journ4 ,pharm4 et ,chim41 le ,srie1 #aheh1 vol4 viij4 p4 #cii4 ,ointment of ,ammoniated ,mercury 7,unguentum hydrargyri ammoniati74--#a part of ammoniated mercury mixed with #i parts of simple ointment4 ,red ,iodide of ,mercury 7,hydrargyrum iodidum rubrum1 ,hg,i74--,a crystalline powder of a scarlet colour1 becoming yellow on gentle heating4 ,it is very insoluble in water1 one part requiring from #fjjj to #gjjj parts2 soluble in #acj parts of cold1 #aej of hot alcohol2 and dissolving freely in ether1 or in aqueous solution of iodide of potassium4 ,ointment of ,red ,iodide of ,mercury 7,unguentum hydrargyri iodidi rubri74--#af grains of the substance mixed with an ounce of simple ointment4 ,green ,iodide of ,mercury 7,hydrargyri iodidum viride1 ,hg,i74--,a dingy1 greenish-yellow powder1 darkening on exposure to light1 and easily decomposed into the red iodide4 ,red ,oxide of ,mercury 7,hydrargyri oxidum rubrum71 ,hg,o #baf2 ,hg1 #ibab per cent42 specific gravity1 #aa to #aac2 small1 red1 shining1 crystalline scales1 very insoluble in water1 requiring about #bj1jjj parts2 entirely soluble in hydrochloric acid4 ,by a heat below redness it may be volatilised1 and at the same time decomposed into mercury and oxygen4 ,its principal impurity is nitric acid1 readily detected by the usual tests1 or by heating in a test-tube1 when1 if nitric acid is present1 orange vapours will be evolved4 ,fixed red powders 7such as brick-dust and minium7 are detected by being left as a residue1 after the application of heat sufficient to volatilise the mercury4 ,an ointment 7strength #a 3 #h7 is officinal4 ,sulphate of ,mercury4--,a white crystalline powder1 decomposed by water into the very insoluble basic salt of mercury1 known as ,turbith mineral1 ,hg,s,o#b;,hg,o4 ,turbith1 or ,turpeth1 ,mineral is contained in the ,french pharmacopia1 ,hg,s,o#b;,hg,o2 ,hg1 #hbd per cent42 specific gravity1 #hcai4 ,it requires for solution #bjjj parts of cold1 and #fjj of boiling water2 but dissolves with tolerable ease in hydrochloric acid4 ,the ,sulphide of ,mercury1 known in commerce under the name of ,ethiops mineral1 is officinal in ,france1 the ,netherlands1 and ,germany4 ,its properties have been already described4 ,the ,german and ,dutch pharmacopias require in it #ej1 the ,french only #cc per cent4 of metallic mercury4 ,hahnemann's ,soluble ,mercury 7,hydrargyrum solubile ,hahnemanni7 is officinal in the ,dutch pharmacopia4 ,as found in commerce it contains metallic mercury1 nitric acid1 and ammonia4 ,the mercury should be in the proportion of #hfcc per cent41 the ammonia #bdd per cent4 ,crystallised ,nitrate of ,mercury 7,hydrargyrum nitricum oxidulatum7 is officinal in the pharmacopias of ,germany1 ,switzerland1 and ,france4 ,the salt is in white crystals1 giving the reactions of nitric acid and mercury1 decomposed by the addition of water1 but fully soluble in water1 if first moistened with nitric acid4 ,the formula of the neutral salt is ,hg#b,,no,hg,o#b;,h,o1 which requires #fid per cent4 of mercury4 ,an acid solution of mercuric nitrate is officinal4 ,an ,ointment of ,nitrate of ,mercury 7,unguentum hydrargyri nitratis7 7often called citrine ointment7 is contained in the ,b4,p42 it is made with #d parts of mercury1 nitric acid #ab1 lard #ae1 olive oil1 #cb2 the strength is about #a in #ae4 ,a ,chloride of ,mercury and ,quinine exists in commerce1 prepared by mixing #a part of corrosive sublimate in solution with #c parts of quinine chloride1 evaporating1 and crystallising4 ,cyanide of ,mercury1 ,hg,cy1 is contained in the ,french pharmacopia4 ,it occurs in small1 colourless1 prismatic crystals1 easily soluble in water4 ,if to the solution chloride of tin be added1 a black precipitate of reduced metal and stannous oxide is thrown down1 and the odour of prussic acid is developed4 ,mercuric ,sulphide 7,sulphide of ,mercury1 ,cinnabar1 ,vermilion7 is officinal in ,germany1 the ,netherlands1 and ,france2 ,hg,s #bcb2 specific gravity1 solid1 #hb2 ,hg1 #hfba per cent41 ,o1 #acgi per cent4 ,for medicinal purposes it is made artificially4 ,it is a beautiful red powder1 insoluble in all alkaline and all acid liquids1 with the exception of aqua regia4 ,the solution gives the reactions of a sulphide and mercury4 ,on heating1 it must burn away entirely without residue2 adulterations or impurities are--minium1 lead1 copper1 and other metals4 ,the detection of minium is conveniently executed in the dry way4 ,pure cinnabar1 when heated in a matrass1 gives a black sublimate1 which becomes red on friction4 ,if minium is present1 sulphide of lead remains as a residue1 and may be recognised on coal2 the same remark applies to sulphide of antimony4 ,if it be desired to take the percentage of mercury in cinnabar1 equal parts of oxalate and cyanide of potassium should be well mixed with the cinnabar1 and heated in the bent tube described at p4 #fed2 by this means the whole of the metallic mercury is readily obtained4#ijg #ijg ,dr4 ,sutro has published a case 7quoted by ,taylor71 in which the vapour of vermilion1 applied externally1 produced poisonous symptoms2 yet1 according to ,polak1 the ,persians inhale it medicinally1 smoking it with tobacco1 catechu1 mucilage1 c41 the only bad effect being an occasional stomatitis4--,eulenberg1 ,gewerbe ,hygiene1 p4 #gda4 #hca4 ,mercury in the ,arts4--,the use of mercury in the arts is so extensive1 that any one in analytical practice is almost certain occasionally to meet with cases of accidental poisoning1 either from the vapour#ijh or some of its combinations4 #ijh ,a singular case is cited by ,tardieu 7tude md4-lgal sur l',empoisonnement71 in which a man1 supposing he had some minerals containing gold1 attempted the extraction by amalgamation with mercury4 ,he used a portable furnace 7for the purpose of volatilising the mercury7 in a small room1 and his wife1 who assisted him1 suffered from a very well-marked stomatitis and mercurial eruption4 ,quicksilver is used in the extraction of gold1 the silvering of mirrors1 the construction of barometers1 and various scientific instruments and appliances2 also for the preservation of insects1 and occasionally for their destruction4#iji ,an alloy with zinc and cadmium is employed by dentists for stopping teeth2 but there is no evidence that it has been at all injurious1 the mercury1 probably1 being in too powerful a state of combination to be attacked by the fluids in the mouth4#iaj ,cinnabar has also been employed to give a red colour to confections1 and it may be found in tapers1 cigarette papers1 and other coloured articles4 ,the nitrate of mercury in solution finds application in the colouring of horn1 in the etching of metals1 in the colouring of the finer sorts of wool1 and in the hat manufacture4 #iji ,forty-three persons were salivated from fumigating rooms with mercury for the purpose of destroying bugs 7,sonnenschein's ,handbuch1 p4 #if74 #iaj ,more danger is to be apprehended from the vulcanised rubber for artificial teeth2 and1 according to ,dr4 ,taylor1 accidents have occurred from the use of such supports or plates4 ,the sulphocyanide of mercury gives1 when burnt1 a most abundant ash1 a fact utilised in the toy known as ,pharaoh's serpent2 the products of combustion are mercurial vapours and sulphurous anhydride4 ,that the substance itself is poisonous1 is evident from the following experiment3--#e grm4 was given to a pigeon without immediate result2 but ten hours afterwards it was indisposed1 refused its food1 and in forty hours died without convulsions4#iaa #iaa ,eulenberg1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #dgb4 #hcb4 ,the more ,common ,patent and ,quack ,medicines containing ,mercury4 ,mordant's ,norton's ,drops4--,this patent medicine is a mixture of the tincture of gentian and ginger1 holding in solution a little bichloride of mercury1 and coloured with cochineal4 ,solomon's ,anti-impetigines is a solution of bichloride of mercury1 flavoured and coloured4 ,poor ,man's ,friend4--,an ointment of nitrate of mercury4 ,brown's ,lozenges4--,each lozenge contains grain of calomel1 and #c grains of resinous extract of jalap2 the rest is white sugar and tragacanth4 ,ching's ,worm ,lozenges4--,each lozenge contains #a grain of calomel2 the rest white sugar and tragacanth1 with saffron as a colouring matter4 ,storey's ,worm ,cakes4--,each cake #b grains of calomel1 #b grains of cinnabar1 #f grains of jalap1 #e grains of ginger1 and the remainder sugar and water4 ,wright's ,pearl ,ointment is said to be made up of #h ozs4 of white precipitate rubbed to a cream in #a pint of ,goulard's extract1 and to the mixture is added #g lbs4 of white wax and #aj lbs4 of olive oil4 ,keyser's ,pills4--,the receipt for these pills is--red oxide of mercury #a oz41 distilled vinegar 7dilute acetic acid7 #a pint2 dissolve1 add to the resulting solution manna #b lbs41 and triturate for a long time before the fire1 until a proper consistence is attained2 lastly1 divide the mass into pills of #a grain each4 ,mitchell's ,pills4--,each pill contains aloes #h grain1 rhubarb #af grain1 calomel #af grain1 tartar emetic #je grain4 ,many ,antibilious ,pills will be found to contain calomel1 a few mercury in a finely divided state4 #hcc4 ,mercury in ,veterinary ,medicine4--,farmers and farriers use the ointment 7blue ointment7 to a dangerous extent1 as a dressing for the fly1 and wholesale poisoning of sheep has been in several instances the consequence4#iab ,ethiops mineral and ,turpeth mineral are given to dogs when affected by the distemper1 worms1 or the mange4 ,mercury1 however1 is not very frequently given to cattle by veterinary surgeons1 ruminants generally appearing rather susceptible to its poisonous effects4 #iab ,twenty-five tons of blue ointment are said to have been sold to farmers by a druggist in ,boston1 ,lincolnshire1 in the course of a single year4--,taylor's ,medical ,jurisprudence1 vol4 i4 p4 #bgi4 #hcd4 ,medicinal and ,fatal ,dose--,horses4--,cinnabar #adb grms1 7 oz471 calomel #adb grms4 7 oz47 or more1 corrosive sublimate #ac to #ch grm4 7#b to #f grains71 and as much as #ac grm4 7#bj grains7 have been given in farcy4 ,cattle4--,mercury with chalk #ch to #aaf grms4 7#a to #c drms471 calomel #ch to #gg grms4 7#a to #b drms47 for worms2 #fe to #ac grm4 7#aj to #bj grains7 as an alterative2 ,ethiops mineral1 #gg to #aee grms4 7#b to #d drms474 ,dogs4--,ethiops or ,turpeth mineral #ac to #ac grm4 7#b to #bj grains71 according to the size4 ,fowls4--,mercury and chalk are given in fractions of a grain4 ,hogs are also treated with mercury and chalk2 the dose usually given does not exceed #cb grm4 7#e grains74 ,it may be remarked that many of the doses quoted appear very large2 the writer cannot but consider that #bj grains of corrosive sublimate administered to a horse would be more likely to kill the animal than to cure the disease4 ,man4--,corrosive sublimate has been fatal in a dose so small as #ai grm4 7#c grains72 white precipitate has caused dangerous symptoms in doses of from #ai to #bf grm4 7#cj to #dj grains72 the cyanide of mercury has killed a person in a dose of #fd grm4 7#aj grains7--,christison2 and ,turpeth mineral has proved fatal in doses of #bf grms4 7#dj grains74 ,other preparations of mercury have also been fatal1 but a doubt has existed as to the precise quantity4 ,sometimes1 also1 there is probably a chemical change in the substance1 so that it is impossible to state the fatal dose4 ,for example1 it is well known that calomel1 under the influence of alkaline chlorides1 can be converted into the bichloride--a fact which probably explains the extensive corrosive lesions that have been found after death from large doses of calomel4 #hce4 ,poisoning by ,mercury--,statistics4--,in the ,registrar-,general's death returns for the ten years ending #ahib1 it appears that in ,england the deaths from mercurial poisoning#iac were #dj males1 #ai females2 of these1 #af males and #ah females were cases of suicide1 the remainder were referred to accident4 #iac ,the deaths are registered under the term 8,mercury10 but the majority are poisonings by 8,corrosive ,sublimate40 ,the effects of the different compounds of mercury may be divided into two groups1 viz41 7#a7 ,those caused by the finely divided metal and the non-corrosive compounds2 7#b7 the effects caused by the corrosive compounds4 #hcf4 7#a7 ,effects of ,mercurial ,vapour1 and of the ,non-,corrosive ,compounds of ,mercury4 7a7 ,vegetable ,life4--,priestly and ,boussingault have shown that plants under a glass shade in which mercury is exposed in a saucer1 first exhibit black spots on the leaves2 ultimately1 the latter blacken entirely1 and the plants die4 7b7 ,animal ,life4--,mercury in the form of vapour is fatal to animal life1 but it is only so by repeated and intense application4 ,eulenberg#iad placed a rabbit under a large glass shade1 and for four days exposed it daily for two hours to the volatilisation of #b grms4 of mercury on warm sand2 on the sixth and seventh day #ae grm4 was volatilised4 ,on the fifteenth day there was no apparent change in the aspect of the animal2 #e grms4 of mercury were then heated in a retort1 and the vapour blown in at intervals of ten minutes4 ,fourteen days afterwards the gums were reddened and swollen1 and the appetite lost2 the conjunctiv were also somewhat inflamed4 ,the following day these symptoms disappeared1 and the animal remained well4 #iad ,op4 cit41 p4 #gbh4 ,in another experiment #bj grms4 of mercury were volatilised1 and a rabbit exposed to the vapour under a small glass shade4 ,the following day the conjunctiv were moist and reddened2 two days afterwards #aj grms4 of mercury were volatilised in the same way2 and in two days' interval other #aj grms4 were volatilised in three-quarters of an hour4 ,there was no striking change noticeable in the condition of the animal1 but within forty-eight hours it was found dead4 ,the cause of death proved to be an extravasation of blood at the base of the brain4 ,the bronchia were reddened throughout1 and the lungs congested4 ,mercury1 as with man1 is also readily absorbed by the broken or unbroken skin2 hence thousands of sheep have been poisoned by the excessive and ignorant external application of mercurial ointment as a remedy against the attacks of parasites4 ,the sheep become emaciated1 refuse food1 and seem to be in pain1 breathing with short quick gasps4 ,in experiments on rabbits1 dogs1 and warm-blooded animals generally1 salivation and stomatitis are found to occur as regularly as in man2 so also in animals and man1 paralytic and other nervous affections have been recorded4 #hcg4 7c7 ,effects on ,man4--,in #ahajiae an extraordinary accident produced1 perhaps1 the largest wholesale poisoning by mercurial vapour on record4 ,the account of this is as follows3--,h4,m4,s4 8,triumph10 of seventy-four guns1 arrived in the harbour of ,cadiz in the month of ,february #ahaj2 and in the following ,march1 a ,spanish vessel1 laden with mercury for the ,south ,american mines1 having been driven on shore in a gale1 was wrecked4 ,the 8,triumph0 saved by her boats #acj tons of the mercury1 and this was stowed on board4 ,the mercury was first confined in bladders1 the bladders again were enclosed in small barrels1 and the barrels in boxes4 ,the heat of the weather1 however1 was at this time considerable2 and the bladders1 having been wetted in the removal from the wreck1 soon rotted1 and mercury1 to the amount of several tons1 was speedily diffused as vapour through the ship1 mixing more or less with the bread and the other provisions4 ,in three weeks #bjj men were affected with ptyalism1 ulceration of the mouth1 partial paralysis1 and1 in many instances1 with diarrha4 ,the 8,triumph0 was now ordered to ,gibraltar1 the provisions were removed1 and efforts were made to cleanse the vessel4 ,on restowing the hold1 every man so employed was salivated4 ,the effects noted were not confined to the officers and ship's company1 for almost all the stock died from the fumes--mice1 cats1 a dog1 and even a canary bird shared the same fate1 though the food of the latter was kept in a bottle closely corked up4 ,the vapour was very deleterious to those having any tendency to pulmonic affections4 ,three men1 who had never complained before they were saturated with mercury1 died of phthisis2 one1 who had not had any pulmonic complaint1 was left behind at ,gibraltar1 where his illness developed into a confirmed phthisis4 ,two died from gangrene of the cheeks and tongue4 ,a woman1 confined to bed with a fractured limb1 lost two of her teeth2 and many exfoliations of the jaw took place4 #iae 8,an ,account of the ,effect of ,mercurial ,vapours on the ,crew of ,his ,majesty's ,ship #8,triumph1' in the year #ahaj40--,phil4 ,trans41 #aac1 #ahbc4 ,accidents from the vapour of mercury1 quite independently of its applications in the arts1 have also occurred1 some of them under curious circumstances2 such1 for example1 is the case mentioned in the footnote to p4 #fci4 ,witness1 again1 a case mentioned by ,seidel1#iaf in which a female1 on the advice of an old woman1 inhaled for some affection or other #be grms4 of mercury poured on red-hot coals1 and died in ten days with all the symptoms of mercurial poisoning4 #iaf ,maschka's ,handbuch1 ,bd4 ii4 #bie4 ,the metal taken in bulk into the stomach has been considered non-poisonous1 and1 probably1 when perfectly pure1 it is so2 we have1 however1 the case of a girl who swallowed #d ozs4 by weight of the liquid metal1 for the purpose of procuring abortion--this it did not effect2 but1 in a few days1 she suffered from a trembling and shaking of the body and loss of muscular power4 ,these symptoms continued for two months1 but there was no salivation and no blue marks on the gums4 ,this case is a rare one1 and a pound or more has been taken without injury4 #hch4 ,absorption of ,mercury by the ,skin4--,mercury in a finely divided form1 rubbed into the skin1 is absorbed1 and all the effects of mercurialism result4 ,this method of administering mercury for medicinal purposes has long been in use1 but1 when the inunction is excessive1 death may occur4 ,thus1 ,leiblinger records a case in which three persons were found dead in bed2 the day before they had rubbed into the body1 for the purpose of curing the itch1 a salve containing #bgj grms4 of mercury finely divided4 ,it is difficult to say in what proportion workers in mercury1 such as water-gilders1 c41 suffer4 ,according to ,hirt1 not only do #ae to #ba per cent4 of the workmen employed in smelting mercury ores suffer acutely1 but as high a proportion as #hg per cent4 are slightly affected4 #hci4 ,symptoms of ,poisoning by ,mercury ,vapour4--,the symptoms of poisoning by mercury vapour1 or by the finely divided metal1 are the same as those which arise from the corrosive salts1 with the exception of the local action4 ,in mild cases there is pallor1 languor1 and sore mouth 7from slightly inflamed gums71 ftid breath1 and disorder of the digestive organs4 ,if the action is more intense1 there is an inflammation of the gums and1 indeed1 of the whole mouth1 and salivation1 which is sometimes so profuse that as much as two gallons of saliva have been secreted daily4 ,the saliva is alkaline1 has a bad odour1 and its specific gravity in the early stages is increased1 but ultimately becomes normal2 the gums are raised into slight swellings1 which gradually enlarge and coalesce4 ,the teeth that are already carious1 decay more rapidly2 they become loose1 and some may be shed2 the inflammatory action may extend to the jaw1 and necrosis of portions of the bone is no unusual occurrence4 ,on recovery1 the cheeks sometimes form adhesions with the gums1 and cicatrices always mark the loss of substance which such an affection entails4 ,with the stomatitis there are disturbances of the gastro-intestinal tract--nausea and vomiting1 pain in the stomach1 and diarrha alternating with constipation4 ,conjunctivitis is very common1 both in man and animals1 from exposure to mercury vapours4 ,the further action of the metal is shown in its profound effects on the nervous system4 ,the patient is changed in his disposition1 he is excitable1 nervous1 or torpid2 there are sleeplessness and bad dreams1 at the same time headache1 noises in the ears1 giddiness1 faintings1 c4 #hdj4 ,mercurial ,tremor4--,mercurial tremor#iag may follow1 or accompany the above state1 or it may be the chief and most prominent effect4 ,it specially affects the arms1 partly withdrawing the muscles from the control of the will1 so that a person affected with mercurial tremor is incapacitated for following any occupation1 especially those requiring a delicate and steady touch4 ,in cases seriously affected1 the tremor spreads gradually to the feet and legs1 and finally the whole body may be invaded4 ,the patient is no longer master of his muscles--the muscular system is in anarchy1 each muscle aimlessly contracting and relaxing independently of the rest--the movement of the legs becomes uncertain1 the speech stuttering1 the facial expressions are even distorted into grimaces1 and the sufferer sinks into a piteous state of helplessness4 ,the convulsive movements generally cease during sleep4 ,the tremors are accompanied by interference with the functions of other organs3 the respiration is weakened and difficult2 dyspna1 or an asthmatic condition1 results2 the pulse is small and slow2 paresis1 deepening into paralysis of the extremities1 or of a group of muscles1 follows2 and1 lastly1 if the condition is not alleviated1 the patient becomes much emaciated and sinks from exhaustion4 ,pregnant women are liable to abortion1 and the living infants of women suffering from tremor have also exhibited tremor of the limbs4 #iag ,a case of mercurial tremor 7in ,bericht4 des ,k4 ,k4 ,allgem4 ,krankenhauses zu ,wien im ,jahre #ahgb1 ,wien1 #ahgc7 is interesting1 as showing the influence of pregnancy4 ,a woman1 twenty years of age1 employed in making barometers1 had1 in #ahfi1 mercurial tremor and salivation4 ,during a three months' pregnancy the tremor ceased1 but again appeared after she had aborted4 ,she again became pregnant1 and the tremor ceased until after her confinement in ,november #ahga4 ,the tremor was so violent that the patient could not walk2 she also had stomatitis2 but ultimately1 by treatment with galvanism and other remedies1 she recovered4 ,in the case of the 8mass poisoning0 on board the 8,triumph10 it has been mentioned that several of the sailors became consumptive1 and the same effect has been noticed among all workers in the metal2 it is now1 indeed1 an accepted fact that the cachexia induced by mercurialismus produces a weak habit of body specially liable to the tuberculous infection4 ,the course of the poisoning is generally more rapid when it has resulted from the taking of mercury internally as a medicine than when inhaled by workers in the metal1 e4g41 a patient suffering from mercurial tremor shown to the ,medical ,society by ,mr4 ,spencer ,watson in #ahgb1 had resisted for seven years the influence of the fumes of mercury2 and then succumbed1 exhibiting the usual symptoms4 ,idiosyncrasy plays a considerable rle2 some persons 7and especially those whose kidneys are diseased7 bear small doses of mercury ill1 and are readily salivated or affected2 this is evidently due to imperfect elimination4 #hda4 ,mercuric ,methide1 ,hg7,,ch74--,this compound is obtained by the action of methyl iodide on sodium amalgam in the presence of acetic ether4 ,it is a dense1 stable liquid1 of highly poisonous properties4 ,in #ahfe1 mercuric methide1 in course of preparation in a ,london laboratory1 caused two cases of very serious slow poisoning4#iah ,one was that of a ,german1 aged #cj1 who was engaged in preparing this compound for three months1 and during this time his sight and hearing became impaired2 he was very weak1 his gums were sore1 and he was ultimately admitted into ,st4 ,bartholomew's ,hospital1 ,february #crd1 #ahfe4 ,his urine was found to be albuminous1 and his mental faculties very torpid4 ,on the #ith he became noisy1 and had to be put under mechanical restraint4 ,on the #ajth he was semi-comatose1 but there was no paralysis2 his breath was very offensive1 his pupils dilated2 at intervals he raised himself and uttered incoherent howls4 ,there was neither sensation nor motion in the left leg1 which was extended rigidly2 the knee and the foot were turned slightly inward4 ,on the #adth he died insensible4 #iah ,st4 ,barth4 ,hosp4 ,reports1 vol4 i41 #ahff1 p4 #ada4 ,the only appearance of note seen at the autopsy was a congestion of the grey matter in the brain2 the kidneys and liver were also congested1 and there were ecchymoses in the kidneys4 ,the second case--a young man1 aged #bc1 working in the same laboratory--was admitted into the hospital1 ,march #bhth1 #ahfe4 ,in the previous ,january he had been exposed to the vapour of mercuric methide for about a fortnight2 during the illness of the other assistant he felt ill and weak1 and complained of soreness of the gums and looseness of the teeth4 ,he had also dimness of vision1 pain and redness of the eyes1 giddiness1 nausea and vomiting1 the ejected matters being greenish and watery4 ,at the beginning of ,march his sight and taste became imperfect--all things tasted alike2 his tongue was numb and his gums sore1 he was also salivated slightly4 ,a week before admission he lost his hearing1 and first his hands and then his feet became numb2 on admission his breath was very offensive1 his pupils dilated2 the sight impaired2 he was very deaf1 and his powers of speech1 taste1 and smell were deficient4 ,there was ansthesia of the body1 and the movement of the limbs was sluggish and difficult4 ,he continued in the hospital for nearly a month1 with but little change4 ,on ,april #bdth1 it was noticed that he was getting thinner and slightly jaundiced2 he moved his arms aimlessly in an idiotic manner1 and passed his urine involuntarily4 ,on ,april #bgth he was more restless1 and even violent1 shrieking out and making a loud1 incoherent noise1 or laughing foolishly2 he passed his motions and urine beneath him4 ,on ,july #gth he was in a similar state--perfectly idiotic4 ,he died on ,april #gth1 #ahff1 about a year and three months from his first exposure to the vapour2 the immediate cause of death was pneumonia4 ,the post-mortem appearances of the brain and membranes differed little from the normal state2 the grey matter was pink1 but otherwise healthy2 there was a considerable amount of cerebro-spinal fluid2 the arachnoid along the longitudinal fissure was thickened2 the total weight of the brain with medulla was #da ozs4 ,the stomach was of enormous size2 the pyramids of the kidneys were congested1 as was also the small intestine2 the lungs showed the usual signs of pneumonia4#iai #iai ,st4 ,barth4 ,hosp4 ,reports1 vol4 ii4 p4 #baa4 #hdb4 ,effects of the ,corrosive ,salts of ,mercury4--,the type of the corrosive salts is mercuric chloride1 or corrosive sublimate--a compound which acts violently when administered1 either externally or internally1 in large doses4#ibj ,if the poison has been swallowed1 the symptoms come on almost immediately1 and always within the first half hour2 the whole duration also is rapid4 ,in #cf cases collected by ,f4 ,a4 ,falck1 #aa died on the first or second day1 and #aa on the fifth day2 so that #fa per cent4 died in five days--the remainder lived from six to twenty-six days4 ,the shortest fatal case on record is one communicated to ,dr4 ,taylor by ,mr4 ,welch2 in this instance the man died from an unknown quantity within half an hour4 #ibj ,the effects on animals are similar to those on man4 ,richard ,mead gave a dog with bread #ch grms4 7#fj grains7 of corrosive sublimate3--8,within a quarter of an hour he fell into terrible convulsions1 casting up frequently a viscid frothy mucus1 every time more and more bloody1 till1 tired and spent with this hard service1 he lay down quietly1 as it were1 to sleep1 but died the next morning40 ,in the very act of swallowing1 a strong metallic taste and a painful sensation of constriction in the throat are experienced4 ,there is a burning heat in the throat extending downwards to the stomach4 ,all the mucous membranes with which the solution comes in contact are attacked1 shrivelled1 and whitened2 so that1 on looking into the mouth1 the appearance has been described as similar to that produced by the recent application of silver nitrate4 ,the local changes may be so intense as to cause dema of the glottis1 and death through asphyxia4 ,in a few minutes violent pain is felt in the stomach2 so much so1 that the sufferer is drawn together1 and is in a fainting condition2 but there are rare cases in which pain has been absent4 ,there are nausea and vomiting1 the ejected matters being often streaked with blood2 after the vomiting there is purging2 here also the motions are frequently bloody4#iba ,the temperature of the body sinks1 the respiration is difficult1 and the pulse small1 frequent1 and irregular4 ,the urine is generally scanty1 and sometimes completely suppressed4#ibb ,sometimes there is profuse hmorrhage from the bowel1 stomach1 or other mucous membrane1 and such cases are accompanied by a considerable diminution of temperature4 ,in a case recorded by ,lwy1#ibc after a loss of blood by vomiting and diarrha1 the temperature sank to #ccd4 ,the patient dies in a state of collapse1 or insensibility1 and death is often preceded by convulsions4 #iba ,the mixture of blood with the evacuations is more constantly observed in poisoning by corrosive sublimate than in poisoning by arsenic1 copper1 or lead4 #ibb ,in a case recorded by ,dr4 ,wegeler 7,casper's ,wochenschrift1 ,january #aj1 #ahdf1 p4 #cj71 a youth1 aged #ag1 swallowed #aaf grms4 7#c drachms7 of the poison4 ,no pain was experienced on pressure of the abdomen2 he died on the sixth day1 and during the last three days of life no urine was secreted4 #ibc ,vierteljahrsschr4 fr ger4 ,med41 #ahfd1 vol4 i4 p4 #ahg4 #hdc4 ,two remarkable cases of death from the external use of corrosive sublimate are recorded by ,anderseck4 ,an ointment1 containing corrosive sublimate1 was rubbed into the skin of two girls1 servants1 in order to cure the itch4 ,the one1 during the inunction1 complained of a burning of the skin2 the other also1 a little while after1 suffered in the same way4 ,during the night the skin of each swelled1 reddened1 and became acutely painful4 ,there were thirst and vomiting1 but no diarrha1 ,on the following day there was an eruption of blebs or little blisters4 ,on the third day they had diarrha1 tenesmus1 fever1 and diminution of the renal secretion2 on the fourth day1 ftid breath1 stomatitis1 hypersthesia of the body1 and a feeling of 8pins and needles0 in the hands and feet were noted4 ,the first girl died in the middle of the fifth day1 fully conscious2 the other died on the sixth4 ,so also ,taylor#ibd gives the case of a girl1 aged #i1 who died from the effects of an alcoholic solution of corrosive sublimate 7strength1 #hj grains to the oz47 applied to the scalp as a remedy for ringworm4 ,the same author#ibe further quotes the case of two brothers who died--the one on the fifth1 the other on the eleventh day--from the effects of absorbing corrosive sublimate through the unbroken skin4 #ibd ,op4 cit4 #ibe ,poisons1 #ahdh1 p4 #cid4 #hdd4 ,the ,nitrates of ,mercury are poisons1 but little 7if at all7 inferior in corrosive action to mercuric chloride4 ,death has resulted from both the external and internal use4 ,application of the nitrate as an escharotic to the os uteri1 in one case1#ibf produced all the symptoms of mercurial poisoning1 but the woman recovered2 in another case1#ibg its use as a liniment caused death4 #ibf ,med4 ,gazette1 vol4 #de1 p4 #ajbe4 #ibg ,edin4 ,monthly ,journal1 #ahfd1 p4 #afg4 #hde4 ,when taken internally1 the symptoms are scarcely different from those produced by corrosive sublimate4 ,it seems an unlikely vehicle for criminal poisoning1 yet1 in the case of ,reg4 v4 ,e4 ,smith 7,leicester ,summer ,assizes1 #aheg71 a girl was proved to have put a solution of nitrate of mercury in some chamomile tea1 which had been prescribed for the prosecutrix4 ,the nauseous taste prevented a fatal dose being taken2 but the symptoms were serious4 #hdf4 ,mercuric ,cyanide acts in a manner very similar to that of corrosive sublimate1 #ac grm4 7about #bj grains7 in one case1#ibh and in another#ibi half the quantity1 having destroyed life4 #ibh ,orfila1 i4 p4 #gce4 #ibi ,christison1 p4 #dbg4 #hdg4 ,white ,precipitate 7ammoniated mercury71 as a poison1 is weak4 ,out of fourteen cases collected by ,taylor1 two only proved fatal2 one of these formed the subject of a trial for murder1 ,reg4 v4 ,moore 7,lewes ,lent ,assizes1 #ahfj74 ,the effects produced are vomiting1 purging1 c41 as in corrosive sublimate4#icj ,other preparations of mercury1 such as the red iodide1 the persulphide1 and even calomel1#ica have all a more or less intense poisonous action1 and have caused serious symptoms and death4 #icj ,see ,dr4 ,th4 ,stevenson1 8,poisoning by ,white ,precipitate10 ,guy's ,hospital ,reports1 vol4 xix4 p4 #dae4 #ica ,seidel quotes a case from ,hasselt1 in which a father1 for the purpose of obtaining insurance money1 killed his child by calomel4 #hdh4 ,treatment of ,acute and ,chronic ,poisoning4--,in acute poisoning1 vomiting usually throws off some of the poison1 if it has been swallowed2 and the best treatment seems to be1 to give copious albuminous drinks1 such1 for example1 as the whites of eggs in water1 milk1 and the like4 ,the vomiting may be encouraged by subcutaneous injections of apomorphine4 ,the after-treatment should be directed to eliminating the poison1 which is most safely effected by very copious drinks of distilled water 7see 8,appendix074 ,the treatment of slow poisoning is mainly symptomatic2 medicinal doses of zinc phosphide seem to have done good in mercurial tremors4 ,potassic iodide is also supposed to assist the elimination of mercury4 #hdi4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,the pathological effects seen after chronic poisoning are too various to be distinctive4 ,in the museum of the ,royal ,college of ,surgeons there is 7,no4 #beei7 the portion of a colon derived from a lady aged #gd4icb ,this lady had been accustomed for forty-three years to take a grain of calomel every night2 for many years she did not suffer in health1 but ultimately she became emaciated and cachectic1 with anasarca and albuminuria4 ,the kidneys were found to be granular1 and the mucous membrane of a great part of the intestine of a remarkable black colour1 mottled with patches of a lighter hue1 presenting somewhat the appearance of a toad's back4 ,from the portion of colon preserved mercury was readily obtained by means of ,reinsch's test4 ,the black deposit is in the submucosa1 and it is1 without doubt1 mercurial1 and probably mercury sulphide4 ,in acute poisoning 7especially by the corrosive salts7 the changes are great and striking4 ,after rapid death from corrosive sublimate1 the escharotic whitening of the mouth1 throat1 and gullet1 already described1 will be seen4 ,the mucous membrane right throughout1 from mouth to anus1 is more or less affected and destroyed1 according to the dose and concentration of the poison4 ,the usual appearances in the stomach are those of intense congestion1 with ecchymoses1 and portions of it may be destroyed4 ,sometimes the coats are very much blackened2 this is probably due to a coating of sulphide of mercury4 #icb ,path4 ,soc4 ,trans41 xviii4 #aaa4 ,in ,st4 ,george's ,hospital ,museum 7,ser4 ix4 #dc1 y4 #ccg7 there is a stomach1 rather large1 with thickened mucous coats1 and having on the mucous surface a series of parallel black1 or black-brown lines of deposit2 it was derived from a patient who died from taking corrosive sublimate4 ,with the severe changes mentioned1 perforation is rare4#icc ,in the intestines there are found hypermia1 extravasations1 loosening of the mucous membrane1 and other changes4 ,the action is particularly intense about the ccum and sigmoid flexure2 in one case1#icd indeed1 there was little inflammatory redness of the stomach or of the greater portion of the intestine1 but the whole surface of the ccum was of a deep black-red colour1 and there were patches of sloughing in the coats4 ,the kidneys are often swollen1 congested1 or inflamed2 changes in the respiratory organs are not constantly seen1 but in a majority of the cases there have been redness and swelling of the larynx1 trachea1 and bronchi1 and sometimes hepatisation of smaller or larger portions of the lung4 #icc ,there is only one case of perforation on record4 #icd ,lancet1 #ahde1 p4 #gjj4 ,in ,st4 ,george's ,hospital ,museum1 there are 7from a patient dying in the hospital7 preparations which well illustrate what pathological changes may be expected in any case surviving for a few days4 ,the patient was ,francis ,l----1 aged #de1 admitted to the hospital1 ,february #bg1 #ahdb4 ,he took a quantity of corrosive sublimate spread on bread and butter1 was immediately sick1 and was unable to take as much as he had intended4 ,the stomach-pump and other remedies were used4 ,on the following day his mouth was sore1 and on ,march #ast his vision was dim2 his mouth was drawn over to the right side1 and he lost power over the left eyelid1 but he had no pain2 he passed some blood from the bowel4 ,on the #bnd he passed much blood1 and was salivated2 still no pain4 ,on ,march #d1 on the evening of the sixth day1 he expired2 he was drowsy during the last day1 and passed watery evacuations4 ,prep4 #ad;a1 ,ser4 ix41 shows the pharynx1 sophagus1 and tongue2 there is ulceration of the tonsils1 and fibrinous exudation on the gullet4 ,the stomach 7#dc;b1 #aii7 shows a large dark slough1 three inches from the cardiac extremity2 the margin surrounding the slough is thickened1 ulcerated1 and irregular in shape1 the submucous tissue1 to some extent1 being also thickened2 there is fibrine in the ileum1 pharynx1 and part of the larynx4 ,the action extended to the whole intestine1 the rectum in prep4 #ade;a1 #cf1 is seen to be thickened1 and has numerous patches of effused fibrine4 ,it is a curious fact that the external application of corrosive sublimate causes inflammatory changes in the alimentary canal of nearly the same intensity as if the poison had been swallowed4 ,thus1 in the case of the two girls mentioned ante 7p4 #fdg71 there was found an intense inflammation of the stomach and intestines1 the mucous tissues being scarlet-red1 swollen1 and with numerous extravasations4 #hej4 ,the effects of the nitrate of mercury are similar to the preceding2 in the few cases which have been recorded1 there has been intense redness1 and inflammation of the stomach and intestines1 with patches of ecchymosis4 ,white precipitate1 cyanide of mercury1 mercuric iodide1 and mercurous sulphide 7turpeth-mineral7 have all caused inflammation1 more or less intense1 of the intestinal tract4 #hea4 ,elimination of ,mercury4--,the question of the channels by which mercury is eliminated is of the first importance4 ,it would appear certain that it can exist in the body for some time in an inactive state1 and then1 from some change1 be carried into the circulation and show its effects4#ice ,voit considers that mercury combines with the albuminous bodies1 separating upon their oxidation1 and then becoming free and active4#icf #ice ,tuson gave a mare1 first1 #d grains1 and afterwards #e grains of corrosive sublimate twice a day2 at the end of fourteen days1 in a pint of urine no mercury was detected1 but at the end of three weeks it was found4 #icf ,voit1 ,physiol4 chem4 ,unters41 ,augsburg1 #aheg4 ,ullmann#icg found most mercury in the following order3--,kidneys1 liver1 spleen1 a small quantity in the stomach1 no mercury in the small intestine1 but some in the large intestine2 small weighable quantities in the heart and skeletal muscles1 also in the lungs2 but no mercury1 when the dose was small1 in brain1 the salivary glands1 abdominal glands1 thyroid glands1 the bile1 or the bones4 #icg ,chem4 ,centr41 #ahib1 ii4 #ida4 ,the main channel by which absorbed mercury passes out of the body is the kidneys1 whilst mercurial compounds of small solubility are in great part excreted by the bowel4 ,a4 ,bynssen1#ich after experimenting with mercuric chloride 7giving #jae to #ae grm41 with a little morphine hydrochlorate71 came to the conclusion that it could be detected in the urine about two hours1 and in the saliva about four hours1 after its administration2 he considered that the elimination was finished in twenty-four hours4 #ich ,journal de l',anat4 et de ,physiol41 #ahgb1 ,no4 #e1 p4 #ejj4 ,on the separation of mercury by the urine1 see also ,salkowsky in ,virchow's ,archiv1 #ahff4 ,from the body of a hound that1 in the course of thirty-one days1 took #bghi grms4 of calomel 7#bcfh ,hg7 in eighty-seven doses1 about #id per cent4 of the substance was recovered on analysis3-- ,mercurous ,sulphide4 ,grms4 ,in the fces1 #baage urine1 #jjeej brain1 heart1 lungs1 spleen1 pancreas1 kidneys1 scrotum1 and penis1 #jjjij liver1 #jjadj muscles1 #jjaad ------ #bbjfi ,this equals #ai of metallic mercury4#ici ,thus1 of the whole #bb grms4 of mercuric sulphide separated1 over #ie per cent4 was obtained from the fces4 #ici ,riederer1 in ,buchner's ,neues ,repert4 f4 ,pharm41 ,bd4 xvii4 #c1 #beg1 #ahfh4 ,this case is of considerable interest1 for there are recorded in toxicological treatises a few cases of undoubted mercurial poisoning in which no poison had been detected1 although there was ample evidence that it had been administered by the mouth4 ,in such cases1 it is probable that the whole length of the intestinal canal had not been examined1 and the analysis failed from this cause4 ,when 7as not unfrequently happens7 the mercurial poison has entered by the skin1 it is evident that the most likely localities are the urine1 the liver1 and the kidneys4#idj #idj ,a woman died from the effects of a corrosive sublimate lotion applied by a quack to a wound in her leg4 ,the writer found no poison in the stomach1 but separated a milligramme of metallic mercury from the liver2 the urine and intestines were not sent4 ,in a case related by ,vidal1#ida the ,liquor ,bellostii 7or solution of mercuric nitrate7 was ordered by mistake instead of a liniment4 ,although externally applied1 it caused salivation1 profuse diarrha1 and death in nine days4 ,the whole of the intestinal tract was found inflamed with extravasations1 and mercury detected in the liver4 #ida ,gaz4 des ,hp41 ,juillet #ahfd4 ,in any case of external application1 if death ensues directly from the poison1 evidence of its presence will probably be found2 but too much stress must not be laid upon the detection of mercury1 for1 as ,dr4 ,taylor says1 8,nothing is more common than to discover traces of mercury in the stomach1 bowels1 liver1 kidneys1 or other organs of a dead body40#idb #idb ,taylor1 ,medical ,jurisprudence1 i4 p4 #bhh4 #heb4 ,tests for ,mercury4--,mercury1 in combination and in the solid form1 is most readily detected by mixing the substance intimately with dry anhydrous sodic carbonate1 transferring the mixture to a glass tube1 sealed at one end1 and applying heat4 ,if mercury be present1 a ring of minute globules condenses in the cool part of the tube4 ,if the quantity of mercury is likely to be very minute1 it is best to modify the process by using a subliming cell 7p4 #beh71 and thus obtain the sublimate on a circle of thin glass in a convenient form for microscopical examination4 ,if there is any doubt whether the globules are those of mercury or not1 this may be resolved by putting a fragment of iodine on the lower disc of the subliming cell1 and then completing it by the disc which contains the sublimate 7of course1 the supposed mercurial surface must be undermost72 on placing the cell in a warm1 light place1 after a time the scarlet iodide is formed1 and the identification is complete4 ,similarly1 a glass tube containing an ill-defined metallic ring of mercury can be sealed or corked up with a crystal of iodine1 and1 after a few hours1 the yellow iodide1 changing to scarlet1 will become apparent4 ,there are few 7if any7 tests of greater delicacy than this4 ,mercury in solution can be withdrawn by acidulating the liquid1 and then inserting either simply a piece of gold foil1 gold wire1 or bright copper foil2 or else1 by a galvanic arrangement1 such as iron wire wound round a gold coin1 or gold foil attached to a rod of zinc2 or1 lastly1 by the aid of gold or copper electrodes in connection with a battery4 ,by any of these methods1 mercury is obtained in the metallic state1 and the metal with its film can be placed in a subliming cell1 and globules deposited and identified1 as before described4 ,the ,precipitating ,reagents for mercury are numerous3 a solution of stannous chloride1 heated with a solution of mercury1 or any combination1 whether soluble or insoluble1 reduces it to the metallic state4 ,mercurous ,salts in solution yield1 with potash1 soda1 or lime1 a black precipitate of mercurous oxide4 ,mercuric ,salts1 a bright yellow precipitate of mercuric oxide4 ,mercurous ,salts yield black precipitates1 with sulphides of ammonium and hydrogen4 ,mercuric ,salts give a similar reaction1 but1 with sulphuretted hydrogen1 first a whitish precipitate1 passing slowly through red to black4 ,mercurous ,salts1 with solutions of the chlorides1 give a white precipitate of calomel2 the ,mercuric ,salts yield no precipitate under similar circumstances4 ,mercurous ,salts1 treated with iodide of potassium1 give a green mercurous iodide2 ,mercuric1 a scarlet4 #hec4 ,the ,detection of ,mercury in ,organic ,substances and ,fluids4--,ludwig's process1 previously described1 is found in practice the best4 ,fluids1 such as urine1 must be evaporated to dryness1 and then treated with hydrochloric acid4 ,such organs as the liver are cut up and boiled in #bj per cent4 ,h,cl4 ,distinct evidence of mercury in the liver has been obtained on a piece of copper gauze1 in a case where a child had been given #b grains of calomel before death4 8,four ounces of the liver were treated with hydrochloric acid and water1 and a small piece of pure copper placed in the acid liquid while warm1 and kept there for about forty-eight hours4 ,it acquired a slight silvery lustre1 and globules of mercury were obtained from it by sublimation40 ,to detect the cyanide of mercury may require special treatment1 and ,vitali#idc recommends the following process3--,the fluid is acidified with tartaric acid and neutralised by freshly precipitated ,ca,c,o2 a slight excess of hydric sulphide is added1 and the flask allowed to rest for twenty-four hours in the cold4 ,then a further quantity of ,,sh is added1 and a current of hydrogen passed through the liquid2 the effluent gas is first made to bubble through a solution of bismuth nitrate in dilute nitric acid 7for the purpose of absorbing ,,sh71 and then through aqueous potash 7to absorb ,h,cl72 in the first flask the analyst will separate and identify mercury sulphide1 while in the last flask there will be potassic cyanide1 which will respond to the usual tests4 #idc ,l',orosi1 xii4 #aha-aif4 ,in those cases where no special search is made for mercury1 but an acid 7hydrochloric7 solution is treated with sulphuretted hydrogen1 mercury is indicated by the presence of a black precipitate1 which does not dissolve in warm nitric acid4 ,the further treatment of the black sulphide may be undertaken in two ways3-- 7#a7 ,it is collected on a porcelain dish1 with the addition of a little nitric acid1 and evaporated to dryness in order to destroy organic matter4 ,hydrochloric and a few drops of nitric acid are next added2 the action is aided by a gentle heat1 the solution finally evaporated to dryness on the water-bath1 and the residue taken up by warm distilled water4 ,the solution is that of a persalt of mercury1 and the mercury can be separated by electrolysis1 or indicated by the tests already detailed4 7#b7 ,the other method1 and the most satisfactory1 is to mix the sulphide while moist with dry carbonate of soda1 make it into a pellet which will easily enter a reducing or subliming tube1 dry it carefully1 and obtain a sublimate of metallic mercury4 ,a neat method of recognising mercury when deposited as a film on copper has been proposed by ,e4 ,brugnatelli3#idd the copper1 after being washed1 is transferred to a glass vessel1 and a porcelain lid1 on which a drop of gold chloride solution has been placed1 adjusted over the dish4 ,the whole is heated by a water-bath4 ,the mercury vapour reduces the gold chloride1 and gold is deposited as a bluish-violet stain2 #a_/aj mgrm4 mercury may by this test be identified4 #idd ,gazzetta1 xix4 #dah-dbb4 ,of special methods for the separation and detection of mercury1 ,ludwig's#ide is1 without a doubt1 the best when organic matters have to be dealt with2 the finely divided solid substances are boiled for some hours with hydrochloric acid1 strength #bj per cent42 then the liquid is cooled to #fj1 and potassic chlorate added in half gramme quantities until the dark liquid becomes clear2 the liquid is cooled and filtered1 and the substances on the filter washed with water4 ,to the filtrate #e grms4 of zinc dust are added1 and the liquid is violently shaken from time to time2 a second portion is afterwards added1 and also vigorously shaken4 ,after some hours the clear liquid is separated from the zinc and the zinc washed1 first with water1 then with a little soda solution1 and finally1 again with water4 ,the zinc is now collected on a glass-wool filter1 treated with absolute alcohol to remove water1 and dried by suction in a stream of air4 ,the zinc is put into a combustion-tube1 the tube being drawn out into a thin capillary extremity1 and a combustion made1 the mercury collecting at the capillary part4 ,it is a necessary refinement1 should the zinc be contaminated with a trace of organic matter1 to pack the combustion-tube as follows3--,first1 the zinc dust on which any mercury present has been deposited1 then a plug of asbestos2 next1 some cupric oxide2 and lastly1 some pure zinc dust4 ,bondzynski#idf prefers to use copper rather than zinc2 for he says that zinc so frequently contains cadmium1 which latter metal also gives a mirror1 so that1 unless the mercury is afterwards identified by turning it into an iodide1 error may be caused4 #ide ,zeit4 f4 physiolog4 ,chemie1 #ahhb1 i4 #die2 ,chem4 ,centrblt41 #ahib1 ii4 #ida4 #idf ,zeit4 f4 anal4 ,chem41 xxxii4 #cjb-cje4 ,illustration #hed4 ,estimation of ,mercury4--,all pharmaceutical substances containing mercury1 as well as the sulphide prepared in the wet way1 and minerals1 are best dealt with by obtaining and weighing the metal in the solid state4 ,the assay is very simple and easy when carried out on the method that was first1 perhaps1 proposed by ,domeyko4 ,a glass tube 7which should not be too thin71 closed at one end1 is bent1 as shown in the figure1 the diameter should be about three lines1 the length from #g to #h inches1 the shorter arm not exceeding #b inches4 ,the powdered substance is mixed with two or three times its weight of litharge1 and introduced into the tube at a4 ,the portion of the tube containing the mercury is at first heated gently1 but finally brought to a temperature sufficient to fuse the substance and soften the glass4 ,the mercury collects in an annular film at b in the cooler limb1 and may now1 with a little management of the lamp1 be concentrated in a well-defined ring2 the portion of the tube containing this ring is cut off1 weighed1 then cleansed from mercury1 and reweighed4 ,many of the pharmaceutical preparations do not require litharge1 which is specially adapted for ores1 and heating with sodic carbonate 7in great excess7 will suffice4 ,mercury mixed with organic matter must be first separated as described1 by copper or gold1 the silvered foil rolled up1 dried1 introduced into the bent tube1 and simply heated without admixture with any substance2 the weight may be obtained either by weighing the foil before and after the operation1 or as above4 #hee4 ,volumetric ,processes for the ,estimation of ,mercury4--,when a great number of mercurial preparations are to be examined1 a volumetric process is extremely convenient4 ,there are several of these processes1 some adapted more particularly for mercuric1 and others for mercurous compounds4 ,for mercuric1 the method of ,personne#idg is the best4 ,the conversion of the various forms of mercury into corrosive sublimate may be effected by evaporation with aqua regia1 care being taken that the bath shall not be at a boiling temperature1 or there will be a slight loss4 #idg ,comptes ,rendus1 lvi4 #fh2 ,sutton's ,vol4 ,anal41 #agg4 ,personne prefers to heat with caustic soda or potash1 and then pass chlorine gas into the mixture2 the excess of chlorine is expelled by boiling1 mercuric chloride in presence of an alkaline chloride not being volatilised at #ajj4 ,the standard solutions required for this process are3-- 7#a7 #ccb grms4 of potassic iodide in #a litre of water1 #a c4c4 #jja grm4 ,hg1 or #jjacee grm4 ,hg,cl4 7#b7 ,a solution of mercuric chloride containing #acee grms4 to the litre1 #a c4c4 #ja grm4 ,hg4 ,the process is founded on the fact that1 if a solution of mercuric chloride be added to one of potassic iodide1 in the proportion of one of the former to four of the latter1 mercuric iodide is formed1 and immediately dissolved1 until the balance is overstepped1 when the red colour is developed2 the final reaction is very sharp1 and with solutions properly made is very accurate4 ,the mercuric solution must always be added to the alkaline iodide2 a reversal of the process does not answer4 ,it therefore follows that the solution to be tested must be made up to a definite bulk1 and added to a known quantity of the potassic iodide until the red colour appears4 ,mercurous ,salts may be titrated with great accuracy by a decinormal solution of sodic chloride4 ,this is added to the cold solution in very slight excess1 the calomel filtered off1 the filtrate neutralised by pure carbonate of soda1 and the amount of sodic chloride still unused found by titration with nitrate of silver1 the end reaction being indicated by chromate of potash4 ,several other volumetric processes are fully described in works treating upon this branch of analysis4 ,,iii4--,,precipitated ,,by ,,hydric ,,sulphide ,,from ,a ,,neutral ,,solution4 ,zinc--,nickel--,cobalt4 #a4 ,,zinc4 #hef4 ,zinc--,at4 wt41 #fe2 specific gravity1 #fh to #ga2 fusing-point1 #dab 7#ggc ,f47--is a hard1 bluish-white1 brittle metal1 with a crystalline fracture4 ,between #ajj and #aej it becomes ductile1 and may be easily wrought1 but at a little higher temperature it again becomes brittle1 and at a bright red heat it fuses1 and then volatilises1 the fumes taking fire when exposed to the air4 ,in analysis1 zinc occurs either as a metallic deposit on a platinum foil or dish1 or as a brittle bead1 obtained by reducing a zinc compound with soda on charcoal4 ,the salts of zinc to be briefly described here are the carbonate1 the oxide1 and the sulphide1--all of which are likely to occur in the separation and estimation of zinc1 and the sulphate and chloride1--salts more especially found in commerce1 and causing accidents from time to time4 #heg4 ,carbonate of ,zinc1 in the native form of calamine1 contains1 as is well known1 #fdh per cent4 of oxide of zinc2 but the carbonate obtained in the course of an analysis by precipitating the neutral hot solution of a soluble salt of zinc by carbonate of potash or soda1 is carbonate of zinc plus a variable quantity of hydrated oxide of zinc4 ,unless the precipitation takes place at a boiling temperature1 the carbonic anhydride retains a portion of the oxide of zinc in solution4 ,by ignition of the carbonate1 oxide of zinc results4 #heh4 ,oxide of ,zinc 7,zn,o #ha2 specific gravity1 #efab2 ,zn1 #hjbd1 ,o1 #aigf7 is a white powder when cool1 yellow when hot4 ,if mixed with sufficient powdered sulphur1 and ignited in a stream of hydrogen1 the sulphide is produced2 if ignited in the pure state in a rapid stream of hydrogen gas1 metallic zinc is obtained2 but1 if it is only a feeble current1 the oxide of zinc becomes crystalline1 a portion only being reduced4 #hei4 ,sulphide of ,zinc 7,zn,s #ig2 specific gravity1 #da2 ,zn1 #fgja1 ,s1 #cbii74--,the sulphide obtained by treating a neutral solution of a soluble salt of zinc by hydric sulphide is hydrated sulphide1 insoluble in water1 caustic alkalies1 and alkaline sulphides1 but dissolving completely in nitric or in hydrochloric acid4 ,when dry1 it is a white powder1 and if ignited contains some oxide of zinc4 ,the anhydrous sulphide is produced by mixing the precipitated sulphide with sulphur1 and igniting in a crucible in a stream of hydrogen gas4 ,pharmaceutical ,preparations4--,the officinal compounds of zinc used in medicine are the acetate1 carbonate1 chloride1 oxide1 sulphate1 sulphocarbolate1 and valerianate4 ,sulphate of ,zinc 7,zn,s,o#g;,h,o #afa #abf2 specific gravity1 crystals1 #aica74--,this salt is officinal in all the pharmacopias1 is used in calico-printing1 and is commonly known as white vitriol4 ,by varying the temperature at which the crystals are allowed to be formed1 it may be obtained with #f1 #e1 #b1 or #a atoms of water4 ,the commercial sulphate is in crystals exactly similar to those of ,epsom salts2 it is slightly efflorescent1 and gives the reactions of zinc and sulphuric acid4 #hfj4 ,chloride of ,zinc is obtained by dissolving zinc in hydrochloric acid1 or by direct union of zinc and chlorine4 ,chloride of zinc is the only constituent in the well-known 8,burnett's disinfectant fluid40 ,a solution of chloride of zinc may be heated until it becomes water-free2 when this takes place it still remains fluid1 and makes a convenient bath1 for warmth may be applied to it above #cgj without its emitting fumes to inconvenience2 at a red heat it distils4 ,a concentrated solution of zinco-ammonic chloride 7#b;,h,n,cl,zn,cl7 is used for the purpose of removing the film of oxide from various metals preparatory to soldering4 #hfa4 ,zinc in the ,arts4--,the use of zinc as a metal in sheeting cisterns1 articles for domestic use1 alloys1 c41 is well known2 oxide of zinc enters largely into the composition of india-rubber4 ,sulphide of zinc has been employed as a substitute for white lead1 and may possibly supersede it4 ,zinc white is further employed as a pigment1 and1 mixed with albumen1 is an agent in calico-printing2 it is also used in the decoloration of glass1 in the polishing of optical glasses1 and in the manufacture of artificial meerschaum pipes4#idh #idh ,artificial meerschaum pipes are composed of zinc white1 magnesia usta1 and caseine ammonium4 ,chromate of ,zinc 7,zn,cr,o7 is used in calico-printing1 and there is also in commerce a basic chromate known as zinc yellow4 ,zinc green1 or ,rinman's green1 is a beautiful innocuous colour1 formed by igniting a mixture of dry zincic and cobaltous carbonates4 ,the use of zinc vessels in the preparation of foods may occasionally bring the metal under the notice of the analyst4 ,when exposed to a moist atmosphere1 zinc becomes covered with a thin film of oxide1 perfectly insoluble in ordinary water2 but1 if the water should be charged with common salt1 a considerable quantity may be dissolved4 ,it may generally be laid down as a rule that the solvent power of water on zinc has a direct relation to the chlorides present1 whilst carbonate of lime greatly diminishes this solubility4#idi #idi ,ziurek1 indeed1 found in a litre of water contained in a zinc cistern no less than #ajajd grm4 of zinc1 and the same water showed only #jjgd grm4 of common salt to the litre4--,vierteljahrsschr4 fr gericht4 ,medicin1 #ahfg1 ,bd4 #f1 p4 #cef4 ,milk may become contaminated by zinc2 for1 it is a matter of common knowledge1 that milk contained in zinc vessels does not readily turn sour4 ,this may be explained by the zinc oxide combining with the lactic acid1 and forming the sparingly soluble lactate of zinc #b7;,c,h,o7,zn #c;,h,o1 thus withdrawing the lactic acid as fast as it is formed1 preventing the coagulation of the casein4 ,with regard to this important practical subject1 ,,mm4 ,payne and ,chevallier made several experiments on the action of brandy1 wine1 vinegar1 olive oil1 soup1 milk1 c41 and proved that zinc is acted on by all these1 and especially by alcoholic1 acetic1 and saline liquids4 ,m4 ,schauffle has repeated these experiments1 and determined the amount of zinc dissolved in fifteen days by different liquids from a galvanised iron as well as a zinc vessel4 ,the amount found was as follows3-- ,the liquid from ,the liquid from the galvanised the zinc vessel1 iron vessel1 grms4 per litre4 grms4 per litre4 ,brandy1 #jie #jgj ,wine1 #cie #daj ,orange-flower water1 #jej #jge ,vinegar1 #cage #fjge ,fatty soup1 #jdf #ajj ,weak soup1 #jhf #agf ,milk1 #eac #gjj ,salt water1 #age #jdj ,seltzer water1 #jce #jcj ,distilled water1 traces4 traces4 ,ordinary water1 traces4 traces4 ,olive oil1 none4 none4 #hfb4 ,effects of ,zinc1 as shown by ,experiments on ,animals4--,harnack1 in experiments with sodium-zinc oxide pyrophosphate1 has shown that the essential action of zinc salts is to paralyse the muscles of the body and the heart1 and1 by thus affecting the circulation and respiration1 to cause death2 these main results have been fully confirmed by ,blake1 ,letheby1 and ,c4 ,ph4 ,falck4 ,for rabbits the lethal dose is #jh to #ji grm4 of zinc oxide1 or about #jd per kilogrm4 ,the temperature during acute poisoning sinks notably--according to ,f4 ,a4 ,falck's researches on rabbits1 from about #gc to #acj4 ,zinc is eliminated mainly by the urine1 and has been recognised in that fluid four to five days after the last dose4 ,it has also been separated in small quantity from the milk and the bile4 #hfc4 ,effects of ,zinc ,compounds on ,man--7a7 ,zinc ,oxide4--,the poisonous action of zinc oxide is so weak that it is almost doubtful whether it should be considered a poison4 ,dr4 ,marcett has given a pound 7#decf grms47 during a month in divided doses without injury to a patient afflicted with epilepsy2 and the workmen in zinc manufactories cover themselves from head to foot with the dust without very apparent bad effects4 ,it is not1 however1 always innocuous1 for ,popoff has recorded it as the cause of headache1 pain in the head1 cramps in the calves of the legs1 nausea1 vomiting1 and diarrha2 and he also obtained zinc from the urine of those suffering in this manner4#iej ,again1 a pharmacy student#iea filled a laboratory with oxide of zinc vapour1 and suffered from well-marked and even serious poisonous symptoms1 consisting of pain in the head1 vomiting1 and a short fever4 ,it must be remembered that1 as the ordinary zinc of commerce is seldom free from arsenic1 and some samples contain gallium1 the presence of these metals may possibly have a part in the production of the symptoms described4 #iej ,the so-called 8zinc fever0 has only been noticed in the founding of brass2 it is always preceded by well-marked shivering1 the other symptoms being similar to those described4 #iea ,rust's ,magazin1 ,bd4 xxi4 #efc4 #hfd4 7b7 ,sulphate of ,zinc4--,sulphate of zinc has been very frequently taken by accident or design1 but death from it is rare4 ,the infrequency of fatal result is due1 not to any inactivity of the salt1 but rather to its being almost always expelled by vomiting1 which is so constant and regular an effect1 that in doses of #ac grm4 7#bj grains71 sulphate of zinc is often relied upon in poisoning from other substances to quickly expel the contents of the stomach4 ,in a case reported by ,dr4 ,gibb1 an adult female swallowed #dcc grms4 7#fg grains71 but no vomiting occurred1 and it had to be induced by other emetics2 this case is unique4 ,it is difficult to say what would be a fatal dose of zinc sulphate1 but the serious symptoms caused by #bh grms4 7#a oz47 in the case of a groom in the service of ,dr4 ,mackenzie1 leads to the view that1 although not fatal in that particular instance1 it might be in others4 ,the man took it in mistake for ,epsom salts3 a few minutes after he was violently sick and purged1 and was excessively prostrated1 so that he had to be carried to his home2 the following day he had cramps in the legs1 and felt weak1 but was otherwise well4 ,in a criminal case related by ,tardieu and ,roussin1 a large dose of zinc sulphate1 put into soup1 caused the death of an adult woman of sixty years of age in about thirty hours4#ieb ,the symptoms were violent purging and vomiting1 leading to collapse4 ,from half of the soup a quantity of zinc oxide1 equal to #af grm4 of zinc sulphate1 was separated4 ,zinc was also found in the stomach1 liver1 intestines1 and spleen--7see also a case of criminal poisoning recorded by ,chevallier74#iec #ieb ,taylor notices this case1 but adds that she died in three days4 ,this is a mistake1 as the soup was taken on the #abth of ,june1 probably at mid-day1 and the woman died on the #acth1 at #h ,p4,m4 #iec 8,observations toxicologiques sur le zinc10 ,annales d',hygine ,publique1 ,july #ahgh1 p4 #aec4 #hfe4 7c7 ,zinc ,chloride4--,chloride of zinc is a powerful poison1 which may kill by its primary or secondary effects2 its local action as a caustic is mainly to be ascribed to its intense affinity for water1 dehydrating any tissue with which it comes in contact4 ,the common use of disinfecting fluids containing zinc chloride1 such as ,burnett's fluid1 leads to more accidents in ,england than in any other ,european country4 ,of twenty-six cases of poisoning by this agent1 twenty-four occurred in ,england1 and only two on the ,continent4 ,death may follow the external use of zinc chloride4 ,some years ago1 a quack at ,barnstaple1 ,devon1 applied zinc chloride to a cancerous breast2 the woman died with all the general symptoms of poisoning by zinc1 and that metal was found in the liver and other organs4 ,the symptoms observed in fatal cases of chloride of zinc poisoning are--immediate pain in the throat1 and burning of the lips1 tongue1 c4 ,there is difficulty in swallowing1 an increase in the secretion of saliva1 vomiting of bloody matters1 diarrha1 collapse1 coma1 and death4 ,in some cases life has been prolonged for days2 but1 on the other hand1 death has been known to occur in a few hours4 ,in those cases in which either recovery has taken place1 or in which death is delayed1 nervous symptoms rarely fail to make their appearance4 ,in a case recorded by ,dr4 ,r4 ,hassall1 #c ounces of ,burnett's fluid were swallowed4 ,the usual symptoms of intense gastro-intestinal irritation ensued1 but there was no purging until the third day2 after the lapse of a fortnight1 a train of nervous symptoms set in1 indicated by a complete perversion of taste and smell4 ,in other cases1 aphonia1 tetanic affections of groups of muscles1 with great muscular weakness and impairment of sight1 have been noticed4 ,very large doses of zinc chloride have been recovered from1 e4g41 a man had taken a solution equivalent to about #ac grms4 7#bjj grains7 of the solid chloride4 ,vomiting came on immediately1 and there was collapse1 but he recovered in sixteen days4 ,on the other hand1 #ch grm4 7#f grains7 has destroyed life after several weeks' illness4 #hff4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,in poisoning by sulphate of zinc1 the appearances usually seen are inflammation1 more or less intense1 of the mucous membrane of the stomach and bowels4 ,in the museums of the ,london hospitals1 ,i could only find 7#ahhb7 a single specimen preserved illustrating the effects of this poison4 ,this preparation is in ,st4 ,george's ,hospital ,museum1 and shows 7ser4 ix4 #dc and #aih7 the stomach of a man who died from zinc sulphate1 and whose case is reported in the ,lancet1 #ahei4 ,the mucous membrane is wrinkled all over like a piece of tripe2 when recent it was vascular and indurated1 but uniformly of a dirty grey colour2 the lining membrane of the small intestine is very vascular1 and in the duodenum and upper part of the jejunum the colour is similar to that of the stomach1 but in a less marked degree2 the stomach and intestines are contracted4 ,the pathological appearances after chloride of zinc vary according to the period at which death takes place4 ,when it has occurred within a few hours1 the lining membrane of the mouth and gullet shows a marked change in texture1 being white and opaque1 the stomach hard and leathery1 or much corrugated or ulcerated4 ,in cases in which life has been prolonged1 contractions of the gullet and stomach may occur very similar to those caused by the mineral acids1 and with a similar train of symptoms4 ,in a case which occurred under ,dr4 ,markham's#ied observation1 a person died ten weeks after taking the fatal dose1 the first symptoms subsiding in a few days1 and the secondary set of symptoms not commencing for three weeks4 ,they then consisted mainly of vomiting1 until the patient sank from exhaustion4 ,the stomach was constricted at the pyloric end1 so that it would scarcely admit a quill4 #ied ,med4 ,times and ,gazette1 ,june #aa1 #ahei1 p4 #eie4 ,in ,guy's ,hospital there is a good preparation1 #agii1 from the case of ,s4 ,r41 aged #bb2 she took a tablespoonful of ,burnett's fluid1 and died in about fourteen weeks4 ,there were at first violent vomiting and purging1 but she suffered little pain1 and in a day or two recovered sufficiently to move about the house2 but the vomiting after food continued1 everything being ejected about five minutes after swallowing4 ,before death she suffered from pneumonia4 ,the stomach is seen to be much contracted--#e inches in length2 it is ulcerated both near the pylorus and near the gullet2 at the latter part there is a pouch-like portion of the mucous membrane of the stomach adherent to the spleen1 which communicates by a perforation with an abscess formed and bounded by the stomach1 diaphragm1 and spleen2 it contained #c ozs4 of dirty-looking pus4 ,at the pylorus1 in the centre1 there is a second perforation1 but extravasation of the contents is prevented by the adherent omentum and transverse colon4 ,the muscular coats are thickened4 #hfg4 ,detection of ,zinc in ,organic ,liquids or ,solids4--,in cases where the poison has been expelled from the stomach by vomiting1 the muscles and bones would appear to be the best tissues to examine chemically2 for ,matzkewitsch investigated very carefully a dog poisoned by #ajj parts of zinc1 subcutaneously injected in the form of acetate1 and found it distributed over the several organs of the body in the following ratios3--,muscles #fje1 bones #bdda1 stomach and intestines #dfc1 skin #cgj1 place of injection #bai1 liver #age1 lungs and heart #afh1 kidneys1 bladder1 and urine #aad4 ,the only certain method of detection is to produce the sulphide of zinc1 best effected by saturating a neutral or feebly acid liquid with hydric sulphide4 ,if an organic liquid1 which can be easily filtered1 is operated upon1 it may be strongly acidulated with acetic acid1 and at once treated with hydric sulphide4 ,if1 however1 zinc is sought for as a part of a systematic examination 7as will most likely be the case71 the solution will have been treated with hydrochloric acid1 and already tested for arsenic1 antimony1 lead1 c41 and filtered from any precipitate4 ,in such a case the hydrochloric acid must first be replaced by acetic1 which is effected by adding a slight excess of sodic acetate2 the right quantity of the latter is easily known1 if the hydrochloric acid originally added was carefully measured1 and its specific gravity ascertained2 #cgb of crystallised sodic acetate saturating one of ,h,cl4 ,lastly1 should the distillation process1 given at p4 #di1 have been adopted1 the contents of the retort will only require to be treated with water1 filtered1 and saturated with sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,in any of the above cases1 should a white1 dirty white or lightish-coloured precipitate 7which is not sulphur7 be thrown down1 zinc may be suspected2 it will1 however1 be absolutely necessary to identify the sulphide1 for there are many sources of error4 ,the most satisfactory of all identifications is the production of ,rinman's green4 ,the supposed sulphide is dissolved off the filter with hot nitric acid1 a drop or more 7according to the quantity of the original precipitate7 of solution of cobalt nitrate added1 the solution precipitated with carbonate of soda and boiled1 to expel all carbonic anhydride2 the precipitate is then collected on a filter1 washed1 dried1 and ignited in a platinum dish4 ,if zinc be present in so small a proportion as #aajj1jjj part1 the mass will be permanently green4 #hfh4 ,other methods of procedure are as follows3--,the supposed zinc sulphide 7after being well washed7 is collected in a porcelain dish1 and dissolved in a few drops of sulphuric acid1 filtered1 nitric acid added1 evaporated to dryness1 and heated to destroy all organic matter4 ,when cool1 the mass is treated with water acidulated by sulphuric acid1 and again filtered4 ,the solution may contain iron as well as zinc1 and if the former 7on testing a drop with ferrocyanide of potash7 appears in any quantity1 it must be separated by the addition of ammonia in excess to the ammoniacal filtrate2 sodic carbonate is added in excess1 the liquid well boiled1 and the precipitate collected on a filter and washed4 ,the carbonate of zinc thus obtained is converted into zinc oxide by ignition1 and weighed4 ,if oxide of zinc1 it will be yellow when hot1 white when cold3 it will dissolve in acetic acid2 give a white precipitate with sulphuretted hydrogen2 and1 finally1 if heated on charcoal in the oxidising flame1 and moistened with cobalt nitrate solution1 a green colour will result4 ,zinc may also be separated from liquids by electrolysis4 ,the simplest way is to place the fluid under examination in a platinum dish of sufficient size1 acidify1 and insert a piece of magnesium tape4 ,the metallic film so obtained may be dissolved by hydrochloric acid1 and the usual tests applied4 #b4 ,,nickel--,,cobalt4 #hfi4 ,the salts of nickel and cobalt have at present no toxicological importance1 although1 from the experiments of ,anderson ,stuart1#iee both may be classed as poisonous4 ,the experiments of ,gmelin had1 prior to ,stuart's researches1 shown that nickel sulphate introduced into the stomach acted as an irritant poison1 and1 if introduced into the blood1 caused death by cardiac paralysis4 ,anderson ,stuart1 desiring to avoid all local irritant action1 dissolved nickel carbonate in acid citrate of soda by the aid of a gentle heat2 he then evaporated the solution1 and obtained a glass which1 if too alkaline1 was neutralised by citric acid1 until its reaction approximated to the feeble alkalinity of the blood2 the cobalt salt was produced in the same way4 ,the animals experimented on were frogs1 fish1 pigeons1 rats1 guinea-pigs1 rabbits1 cats1 and dogs--in all #bjj4 ,the lethal dose of nickelous oxide1 when subcutaneously injected in the soluble compound described1 was found to be as follows3--frogs1 #jh grm4 per kilogram2 pigeons1 #jf2 guinea-pigs1 #jcj2 rats1 #jbe2 cats1 #ja2 rabbits1 #jji2 and dogs1 #jjg4 ,the cobaltous oxide was found to be much less active1 requiring the above doses to be increased about two-thirds4 ,in other respects1 its physiological action seems to be very similar to that of nickelous oxide4 #iee 8,nickel and ,cobalt2 their ,physiological ,action on the ,animal ,organism10 by ,t4 ,p4 ,anderson ,stuart1 ,m4,d41 ,journ4 of ,anat4 and ,physiol41 vol4 xvii41 ,oct4 #ahhb4 #hgj4 ,symptoms--,frogs4--,a large dose injected into the dorsal lymph sac of the frog causes the following symptoms3--,the colour of the skin all over the body becomes darker and more uniform1 and not infrequently a white froth is abundantly poured over the integument4 ,in an interval of about twenty minutes the frog sits quietly1 the eyes retracted and shut2 if molested1 it moves clumsily4 ,when quiet1 the fore limbs are weak1 and the hind legs drawn up very peculiarly1 the thighs being jammed up so against the body1 that they come to lie on the dorsal aspect of the sides of the frog1 and the legs are so much flexed that the feet lie on the animal's back1 quite internal to the plane of the thighs4 ,soon fibrillary twitchings are observed in the muscles of the abdominal wall1 then feeble twitchings of the fingers1 and muscles of the fore limbs generally2 lastly1 the toes are seen to twitch1 and then the muscles of the hind limbs--this order is nearly always observed2 now spasmodic gaping and incordinate movements are seen1 and the general aspect is not unlike the symptoms caused by picrotoxin4 ,after this1 tetanus sets in1 and the symptoms then resemble those of strychnine2 the next stage is stupefaction and voluntary motor paresis2 the respiratory movements become feeble1 and the paresis passes into paralysis4 ,the heart beats more and more slowly and feebly1 and death gradually and imperceptibly supervenes4 ,the post-mortem appearances are well marked1 i4e41 rigor mortis1 slight congestion of the alimentary tract1 the heart with the auricle much dilated and filled with dark blood1 the ventricle mostly small1 pale1 and semi-contracted4 ,for some time after death1 the nerve trunks and muscles react to the induction current4 ,pigeons4--,in experiments on pigeons the symptoms were those of dulness and stupor1 jerkings of different sets of muscles1 and then death quietly4 ,guinea-pigs4--,in guinea-pigs there were dulness and stupefaction1 with some weakness of the hind limbs4 ,rats4--,the symptoms in rats were almost entirely nervous2 they became drowsy and apathetic1 and there was paralysis of the hind legs4 ,rabbits4--,in rabbits1 also1 the symptoms were mainly those caused by an affection of the nervous system4 ,there was paralysis1 which affected either the hind legs only1 or all four limbs4 ,the cervical muscles became so weak that the animal was unable to hold its head up4 ,diarrha occurred and persisted until death4 ,if the dose is not large enough to kill rapidly1 the reflex irritability is decidedly increased1 so that the slightest excitation may cause the animal to cower and tremble all over4 ,now appear twitchings and contractions of single groups of muscles1 and this excitement becomes general4 ,the respirations also become slower and more difficult1 and sometimes there is well-marked dilatation of the vessels of the ears and fundi oculi4 ,convulsions close the scene4 #hga4 ,circulation4--,the effect of the salt on the frog's heart was also studied in detail4 ,it seems that1 under the influence of a soluble salt of nickel1 the heart beats more and more slowly1 it becomes smaller and paler1 and does not contract evenly throughout the whole extent of the ventricle2 but the rhythm of the ventricular and auricular contractions is never lost4 ,it is probable that there is a vaso-motor paralysis of the abdominal vessels2 the blood-pressure falls1 and the heart is not stimulated by the blood itself as in its normal state4 ,in support of this view1 it is found that1 by either pressing on the abdomen or simply inverting the frog1 the heart swells up1 fills with blood1 and for a time beats well4 ,nervous ,system4--,the toxic action is referable to the central nervous system1 and not to that of peripheral motor nerve-endings or motor nerve-fibres4 ,it is probable that both nickel and cobalt paralyse to some extent the cerebrum4 ,the action on the nerve-centres is similar to that of platinum or barium1 and quite different from that of iron4 #hgb4 ,action on ,striped ,muscle4--,neither nickel nor cobalt has any effect on striped muscle4 ,in this they both differ from arsenic1 antimony1 mercury1 lead1 and iron--all of which1 in large doses1 diminish the work which healthy muscle is capable of performing4 #hgc4 ,separation of ,nickel or ,cobalt from the ,organic ,matters or ,tissues4--,it is very necessary1 if any case of poisoning should occur by either or both of these metals1 to destroy completely the organic matters by the process already detailed on p4 #ea4 ,both nickel and cobalt are thrown down1 if in the form of acetate1 from a neutral solution by sulphuretted hydrogen2 but the precipitation does not take place in the presence of free mineral acid2 hence1 in the routine process of analysis1 sulphuretted hydrogen is passed into the acid liquid1 and any precipitate filtered off4 ,the liquid is now made almost neutral by potassic carbonate1 and then potassic acetate added1 and a current of sulphuretted hydrogen passed through it4 ,the sulphides of cobalt and nickel1 if both are present1 will be thrown down2 under the same circumstances zinc1 if present1 would also be precipitated4 ,cobalt is separated from zinc by dissolving the mixed sulphides in nitric acid1 precipitating the carbonates of zinc and cobalt by potassic carbonate1 collecting the carbonates1 and1 after washing1 igniting them gently in a bulb tube1 in a current of dry hydrochloric acid2 volatile zinc chloride is formed and distils over1 leaving cobalt chloride4 #hgd4 ,to estimate cobalt1 sulphide of cobalt may be dissolved in nitric acid1 and then precipitated by pure potash2 the precipitate washed1 dried1 ignited1 and weighed2 #ajj parts of cobaltous oxide 7,co,o7 equals #gcdd of metallic cobalt4 ,cobalt is separated from nickel by a method essentially founded on one proposed by ,liebig4 ,the nitric acid solution of nickel and cobalt 7which must be free from all other metals1 save potassium or sodium7 is nearly neutralised by potassic carbonate1 and mixed with an excess of hydrocyanic acid1 and then with pure caustic potash4 ,the mixture is left exposed to the air in a shallow dish for some hours1 a tripotassic cobalticyanide 7,k,co,cy7 and a nickelo-potassic cyanide 7#b,k,cy1 ,ni,cy7 are in this way produced4 ,if this solution is now boiled with a slight excess of mercuric nitrate1 hydrated nickelous oxide is precipitated1 but potassic cobalticyanide remains in solution1 and may be filtered off4 ,on carefully neutralising the alkaline filtrate with nitric acid1 and adding a solution of mercurous nitrate1 the cobalt may then be precipitated as a mercurous cobalticyanide1 which may be collected1 washed1 dried1 decomposed by ignition1 and weighed as cobaltous oxide4 ,after obtaining both nickel and cobalt oxides1 or either of them1 they may be easily identified by the blowpipe4 ,the oxide of nickel gives1 in the oxidising flame with borax1 a yellowish-red glass1 becoming paler as it cools2 the addition of a potassium salt colours the bead blue4 ,in the reducing flame the metal is reduced1 and can be seen as little greyish particles disseminated through the bead4 ,cobalt gives an intense blue colour to a bead of borax in the oxidising flame4 ,,iv4--,,precipitated ,,by ,,ammonium ,,sulphide4 ,iron--,chromium--,thallium--,aluminium- -,uranium4 #a4 ,,iron4 #hge4 ,it was ,orfila's opinion that all the salts of iron were poisonous1 if given in sufficient doses2 but such salts as the carbonate1 the phosphate1 and a few others1 possessing no local action1 may be given in such very large doses1 without causing disturbance to the health1 that the statement must only be taken as applying to the more soluble iron compounds4 ,the two preparations of iron which have any forensic importance are the perchloride and the sulphate4 #hgf4 ,ferric ,chloride 7,fe,cl #cbe74--;,anhydrous ferric chloride will only be met with in the laboratory4 ,as a product of passing dry chlorine over red-hot iron1 it sublimes in brown scales1 is very deliquescent1 and hisses when thrown into water4 ,there are two very definite hydrates--one with #f atoms of water1 forming large1 red1 deliquescent crystals2 and another with #ab of water1 less deliquescent1 and crystallising in orange stellate groups4 ,the pharmaceutical preparations in common use are3-- ,stronger ,solution of ,perchloride of ,iron 7,liquor ,ferri ,perchloridi ,fortior74--,an orange-brown liquid of specific gravity #adb1 and containing about #eh per cent4 of ferric chloride4 ,tincture of ,perchloride of ,iron 7,tinctura ,ferri ,perchloridi71 made by diluting #a part of the strong solution with #a volume of rectified spirit1 and adding distilled water to measure #d4 ,solution of ,perchloride of ,iron 7,liquor ,ferri ,perchloridi74--,simply #e volumes of the strong solution made up to #bj by the addition of water2 hence1 of the same strength as the tincture4 #hgg4 ,effects of ,ferric ,chloride on ,animals4--,a very elaborate series of researches on rabbits1 dogs1 and cats was undertaken a few years ago by ,,mm4 ,brenger-,fraud and ,porte#ief to elucidate the general symptoms and effects produced by ferric chloride under varying conditions4 ,first1 a series of experiments showed that1 when ferric chloride solution was enclosed in gelatine capsules and given with the food of the animal1 it produced either no symptoms or but trifling inconvenience1 even when the dose exceeded #a grm4 per kilogrm42 anhydrous ferric chloride and the ferric chloride solution were directly injected into the stomach1 yet1 when food was present1 death did not occur1 and the effects soon subsided4 ,in animals which were fasting1 quantities of the solution equal to #e grm4 per kilogrm4 and above caused death in from one hour to sixteen hours1 the action being much accelerated by the addition of alcohol--as1 for example1 in the case of the tincture3 the symptoms were mainly vomiting and diarrha1 sometimes the vomiting was absent4 ,in a few cases the posterior extremities were paralysed1 and the pupils dilated3 the urine was scanty or quite suppressed2 death was preceded by convulsions4 #ief 8tude sur l'empoisonnement par le perchlorure de fer10 par ,,mm4 ,brenger-,fraud et ,porte1 ,annales d',hygine ,publique1 #ahgi4 #hgh4 ,effects on ,man4--,perchloride of iron in the form of tincture has been popularly used in ,england1 from its supposed abortive property1 and is sold under the name of 8steel drops40 ,it has been frequently taken by mistake for other dark liquids2 and there is at least one case on record in which it was proved to have been used for the purpose of murder4 ,the latter case#ieg is peculiarly interesting from its great rarity2 it occurred in ,martinique in #ahgd-ahgf1 no less than four persons being poisoned at different dates4 ,all four were presumed to have had immoral relations with a certain widow ,x----1 and to have been poisoned by her son4 ,in three of the four cases1 viz41 ,char----1 ,duf----1 and ,lab----1 the cause of death seems pretty clear2 but the fourth1 ,ab----1 a case of strong suspicion1 was not sufficiently investigated4 ,all three took the fatal dose in the evening1 between eight and nine o'clock--,lab---- the #bgth of ,december #ahgd1 ,duf---- the #bbnd of ,february #ahgf1 and ,char---- on the #adth of ,may #ahgf4 ,they had all passed the day in tippling1 and they all had eaten nothing from mid-day1 so that the stomach would1 in none of the three1 contain any solid matters4 ,the chloride was given to them in a glass of 8punch10 and there was strong evidence to show that the son of the widow ,x---- administered it4 ,char---- died after about thirteen hours' illness1 ,duf---- and ,lab---- after sixty-five hours' illness2 ,ab---- lived from three to four days4 ,with ,char---- the symptoms were very pronounced in an hour1 and consisted essentially of violent colicky pain in the abdomen and diarrha1 but there was no vomiting2 ,duf---- had also great pain in the abdomen and suppression of the urine4 ,lab---- had most violent abdominal pains2 he was constipated1 and the urinary secretion was arrested2 there was besides painful tenesmus4 ,according to the experiments of ,brenger-,fraud and ,porte1#ieh the perchloride in the above cases was taken under conditions peculiarly favourable for the development of its toxic action1 viz41 on an empty stomach and mixed with alcohol4 #ieg ,fully reported in ,brenger-,fraud's paper1 loc4 cit4 #ieh ,dub4 ,med4 ,press1 ,february #ba1 #ahdi4 ,there have been several cases of recovery from large doses of the tincture1 e4g41 that of an old man1 aged #gb1 who had swallowed #he c4c4 7#c ozs47 of the tincture2 the tongue swelled1 there were croupy respiration and feeble pulse1 but he made a good recovery4 ,in other cases1#iei #bhc c4c4 7an ounce7 and more have caused vomiting and irritation of the urinary organs4 ,the perchloride is not unfrequently used to arrest hmorrhage as a topical application to the uterine cavity--a practice not free from danger1 for it has before now induced violent inflammation and death from peritonitis4 #iei ,provincial ,journal1 ,april #g and #ba1 #ahdg1 p4 #ahj2 see also ,taylor's ,principles and ,practice of ,medical ,jurisprudence1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbj1 #bnd ,edition4 #hgi4 ,elimination of ,iron ,chloride4--,most of the iron is excreted in the form of sulphide by the fces1 and colours them of a black hue2 a smaller portion is excreted by the urine4 #hhj4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,in the experiments on animals already referred to1 the general changes noted were dryness1 pallor1 and parchment-like appearance of the cavity of the mouth1 the mucous membrane being blackened by the contact of the liquid4 ,the gullet was pale and dry1 not unfrequently covered with a blackish layer4 ,the mucous membrane of the stomach was generally healthy throughout2 but1 if the dose was large and very concentrated1 there might be one or more hypermic spots2 otherwise1 this did not occur4 ,the internal surface of the intestines1 similarly1 showed no inflammation1 but was covered with brownish coating which darkened on exposure to the air4 ,the liver1 in all the experiments1 was large and gorged with black and fluid blood2 there were ecchymoses in the lungs and venous congestion4 ,the kidneys were usually hypermic1 and contained little hmorrhages4 ,there was also general encephalic engorgement1 and in one experiment intense congestion of the meninges was observed4 ,few opportunities have presented themselves for pathological observations relative to the effects produced by ferric chloride on man4 ,in a case related by ,christison1 in which a man swallowed #dbd c4c4 7#a oz47 of the tincture1 and died in five weeks1 there was found thickening and inflammation of the pyloric end of the stomach4 ,the case of ,char----1 already alluded to1 is that in which the most complete details of the autopsy are recorded1 and they coincide very fairly with those observed in animals2 the tongue was covered with a greenish fur1 bordered at the edges with a black substance1 described as being like 8mud02 the lining membrane of the gullet was pale1 but also covered with this dark 8mud40 ,the stomach contained a greenish-black liquid2 the liver was large and congested2 the kidneys were swollen1 congested1 and ecchymosed2 the cerebral membranes were gorged with blood1 and the whole brain hypermic4 #hha4 ,ferrous ,sulphate1 ,copperas1 or ,green ,vitriol1 ,fe,s,o#g;,h,o #aeb #abf2 specific gravity1 anhydrous1 #cach2 crystals1 #aheg2 composition in #ajj parts1 ,fe,o1 #beib2 ,,so1 #bhgg2 ,h,o1 #decb4--,this salt is in beautiful1 transparent1 bluish-green1 rhomboidal prisms4 ,the crystals have an astringent1 styptic taste1 are insoluble in alcohol1 but dissolve in about #ae times their weight of water2 the commercial article nearly always responds to the tests1 both for ferrous and ferric salts1 containing a little persalt4 ,the medicinal dose of this salt is usually given as from #jfdh to #cbd grm4 7#a to #e grains71 but it has been prescribed in cases requiring it in gramme 7#aed grains7 doses without injury4 ,sulphate of iron has many technical applications2 is employed by all shoemakers1 and is in common use as a disinfectant4 ,the salt has been employed for criminal purposes in ,france1 and in this country it is a popular abortive4 ,in recorded cases1 the symptoms1 as well as the pathological appearances1 have a striking resemblance to those produced by the chloride4 ,there are usually colic1 vomiting1 and purging2 but in one case 7reported by ,chevallier71 in which a man gave a large dose of sulphate of iron to his wife1 there was neither vomiting nor colic2 the woman lost her appetite1 but slowly recovered4 ,probably the action of ferrous sulphate1 like that of the chloride1 is profoundly modified by the presence or absence of food in the stomach4 ,anything like #bhc grms4 7an ounce7 of sulphate of iron must be considered a dangerous dose1 for1 though recovery has taken place from this quantity1 the symptoms have been of a violent kind4 #hhb4 ,search for ,iron ,salts in the ,contents of the ,stomach1 c4--,iron1 being a natural component of the body1 care must be taken not to confound the iron of the blood or tissues with the 8iron0 of a soluble salt4 ,orfila attempted to distinguish between the two kinds of iron by treating the contents of the stomach1 the intestines1 and even the tissues1 with cold acetic acid1 and allowing them to digest in it for many hours before filtering and testing for iron in the filtrate1 and this is generally the process which has been adopted4 ,the acid filtrate is first treated with sulphuretted hydrogen1 which gives no precipitate with iron1 and then with sulphide of ammonium1 which precipitates iron black4 ,the iron sulphide may be dissolved by a little hydrochloric acid and a drop of nitric acid1 and farther identified by its forming ,prussian blue when tested by ferrocyanide of potash1 or by the bulky precipitate of oxide1 when the acid liquid is alkalised by ammonia4 ,in the case of ,duf----1 the experts attempted to prove the existence of foreign iron in the liver by taking #ajj grms4 of ,duf----'s liver and #ajj grms4 of the liver of a non-poisoned person1 and destroying each by nitro-muriatic acid1 and estimating in each acid solution the ferric oxide4 ,duf----'s liver yielded in #ajj parts #jh mgrm4 of ferric oxide1 the normal liver #jbb--nearly three times less than ,duf----'s4 ,to obtain iron from the urine1 the fluid must be evaporated down to a syrup in a platinum dish1 a little nitric acid added1 heated1 and finally completely carbonised4 ,the residue is dissolved in hydrochloric acid4 ,normal urine always contains an unweighable trace of iron2 and1 therefore1 any quantity1 such as a mgrm4 of ferric oxide1 obtained by careful precipitation of the hydrochloric acid solution out of #bjj to #cjj c4c4 of urine1 would be good evidence that a soluble salt of iron had been taken4 ,the hydrochloric acid solution is first precipitated by ammonia and ammonic sulphide4 ,the precipitate thus obtained will not be pure iron sulphide1 but mixed with the earth phosphates4 ,it should be redissolved in ,h,cl1 precipitated by sodic carbonate1 then acidified by acetic acid and sodic acetate added1 and the solution well boiled2 the iron will then be precipitated for the most part as oxide mixed with a little phosphate of iron4 ,since1 as before mentioned1 a great portion of the iron swallowed as a soluble salt is converted into insoluble compounds and excreted by the fces1 it is1 in any case where poisoning by iron is suspected1 of more importance to examine chemically the fces and the whole length of the alimentary canal1 than even the contents of the stomach4 ,in particular1 any black material lying on the mucous membrane may be sulphide of iron mixed with mucus1 c41 and should be detached1 dissolved in a little hydrochloric acid1 and the usual tests applied4 ,in the criminal cases alluded to1 there were iron stains on certain linen garments which acquired an importance1 for1 on dissolving by the aid of nitric acid1 they gave the reactions of chlorine and iron4 ,any stains found should be cut out1 steeped in water1 and boiled4 ,if no iron is dissolved the stain should then be treated with dilute nitric acid1 and the liquid tested with ferrocyanide of potash1 c4 ,it need scarcely be observed that iron-mould is so common on shirts and any fabric capable of being washed1 that great care must be exercised in drawing conclusions from insoluble deposits of the oxide4 #b4 ,,chromium4 #hhc4 ,the only salts of chromium of toxicological importance are the neutral chromate of potash1 the bichromate of potash1 and the chromate of lead4 ,neutral ,chromate of ,potash1 ,cr,o,k,o #aidg1 containing #efg per cent4 of its weight of chromic anhydride1 ,cr,o4--,this salt is in the form of citron-yellow rhombic crystals1 easily soluble in water1 but insoluble in alcohol4 ,its aqueous solution is precipitated yellow by lead acetate or basic acetate2 the precipitate being insoluble in acetic acid4 ,if chromate of potash in solution is tested with silver nitrate1 the red chromate of silver is thrown down2 the precipitate is with difficulty soluble in dilute nitric acid4 #hhd4 ,potassic ,bichromate1 ,cr,o,k,o #bieb1 containing #fhjg per cent4 of its weight of chromic anhydride1 ,cr,o4--,this salt is in beautiful large1 red1 transparent1 four-sided tables2 it is anhydrous and fuses below redness4 ,at a high temperature it is decomposed into green oxide of chromium and yellow chromate of potash4 ,it is insoluble in alcohol1 but readily soluble in water4 ,the solution gives the same precipitates with silver1 lead1 and barium as the neutral chromate4 ,on digesting a solution of the bichromate with sulphuric acid and alcohol1 the solution becomes green from the formation of chromic oxide4 #hhe4 ,neutral ,lead ,chromate1 ,pb,cr,o #cbce1 composition in #ajj parts1 ,pb,o1 #fhid1 ,cr,o1 #cajf4--,this is technically known as 8,chrome ,yellow10 and is obtained as a yellow precipitate whenever a solution of plumbic acetate is added1 either to the solutions of potassic chromate or bichromate2 by adding chrome yellow to fused potassic nitrate1 8chrome red0 is formed2 it has the composition ,cr,o#b,pb,o4 ,neutral lead chromate is insoluble in acids1 but may be dissolved by potassic or sodic hydrates4 #hhf4 ,use in the ,arts4--,potassic bichromate is extensively used in the arts--in dyeing1 calico-printing1 the manufacture of porcelain1 and in photography2 the neutral chromate has been employed to a small extent as a medicine1 and is a common laboratory reagent2 lead chromate is a valuable pigment4 #hhg4 ,effects of some of the ,chromium ,compounds on ,animal ,life4--,in the chromates of potash there is a combination of two poisonous metals1 so that it is not surprising that ,gmelin found the chloride of chromium1 ,cr,cl1 less active than the neutral chromate of potash2 #ai grm4 of the last1 administered to a rabbit by the stomach1 caused death within two hours1 while #c grms4 of chromous chloride had no action4 ,subcutaneous doses of #b to #d grm4 of neutral chromate 7according to the experiments of ,e4 ,gergens#ifj and ,carl ,posner#ifa7 act with great intensity on rabbits4 ,immediately after the injection the animals are restless1 and show marked dyspna2 death often takes place within a few hours4 #ifj ,arch4 f4 experiment4 ,pathol4 u4 ,pharmakol41 ,bd4 #f1 ,hft4 #a and #b1 #adh1 #ahge4 #ifa ,virchow's ,archiv f4 path4 ,anat41 ,bd4 #gi1 ,hft4 #b1 #ccc1 #ahhj4 ,diarrha does not seem1 as a rule1 to follow when the salt is administered by subcutaneous injection to animals2 but ,gmelin's rabbits had considerable diarrha when #ai grm4 was introduced into the stomach4 ,the same quantity1 injected beneath the skin of a dog1 caused loss of appetite1 and1 after six days1 there was a dry exanthem on the back1 and the hair fell off in patches2 there was1 however1 neither diarrha nor vomiting4 ,bichromate of potash causes 7according to the researches of ,pelikan7#ifb symptoms similar to those produced by arsenic or corrosive sublimate2 it acts as a powerful irritant of the stomach and intestinal canal1 and may even cause inflammation2 on its absorption a series of symptoms are produced1 of which the most prominent are albuminuria1 bloody urine1 and emaciation4 ,from #jf to #cf grm4 7#a-e grains7 is fatal to rabbits and dogs4 #ifb ,beitrge zur gerichtl4 ,medicin1 ,toxikol4 u4 ,pharmakodynamik1 ,wrzburg1 #aheh4 #hhh4 ,effects of some of the ,chromium ,salts on ,man--,bichromate ,disease4--,in manufacturing potassic bichromate1 the workmen exposed to the dust have suffered from a very peculiar train of symptoms1 known under the name of 8bichromate disease40 ,it was first described in ,england by ,sir ,b4 ,w4 ,richardson4#ifc ,it appears that if the workmen inspire the particles chiefly through the mouth1 a bitter and disagreeable taste is experienced1 with an increase of saliva4 ,this increase of the buccal secretion gets rid of most of the poison1 and in that case but little ill effect is experienced2 but those who keep the mouth closed and inspire by the nose1 suffer from an inflammation of the septum1 which gradually gets thin1 and ultimately ulcerated2 finally the whole of the septum is in this way destroyed4 ,it is stated that when a workman has lost his nasal septum1 he no longer suffers from nasal irritation1 and has a remarkable immunity from catarrh4 ,the ,chemical ,works ,committee of ,inquiry report 7#ahic7 that the manufacture of bichromate of potash or soda is practically in the hands of three firms at ,glasgow1 ,rutherglen1 and ,falkirk1 and that they visited all of them1 and found 8that almost all the men working where dust was prevalent1 more especially between the furnaces and the dissolving tanks1 had either perforation of the septum of the nose1 or had lost the septum altogether40 ,the bichromate also causes painful skin affections--eruptions akin to eczema or psoriasis2 also very deep and intractable ulcerations4 ,these the workers call 8chrome holes40 ,these cutaneous maladies start from an excoriation2 so long as the skin is not broken1 there seems to be little local effect1 if any4 ,the effects of the bichromate are also seen in horses employed at the factories2 the salt getting into a wound or crack in the leg1 produces ulceration3 horses may even lose their hoofs4 #ifc ,brit4 and ,for4 ,med4 ,chirurg4 ,review1 ,oct4 #ahfc4 ,see also a paper by the same writer1 read before the ,medical ,society1 reported in the ,lancet1 ,march #aa1 #ahhb4 #hhi4 ,acute poisoning by the chromates is rare4 ,in the ten years ending #ahib1 in ,england and ,wales1 #d accidental deaths are ascribed to potassic bichromate and #a to chromic acid4 ,falck has1 however1 been able to find in medical literature #ag cases1 #f of which were suicidal1 #aj accidental1 and in #a the bichromate was used as an abortive4 ,in a case of poisoning by the chromate of potash 7related by ,maschka71#ifd in which a woman1 aged #be1 took for a suicidal purpose a piece of potassic chromate1 which she described as the size of a hazel-nut 7it would probably be at least #f grms4 in weight71 the chief symptoms were vomiting1 diarrha1 pain in the stomach1 and rapid collapse2 death took place fourteen hours after swallowing the poison4 #ifd ,prager ,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 d4 prakt4 ,heilk41 ,bd4 #aca1 #cg1 #ahgg2 ,schmidt's ,jahrb4 #ahgh1 ,bd4 #agh1 #bcg4 ,see also ,schuchardt in ,maschka's ,handbuch1 ,bd4 ii4 p4 #c4 ,in poisoning by potassic bichromate1 there may be much variety in the symptoms1 the more usual being those common to all irritant poisons1 i4e41 vomiting1 diarrha1 and collapse1 with cramps in the limbs and excessive thirst2 and the rarer affecting more especially the nervous system1 such as narcosis1 paralysis of the lower limbs1 and dilatation of the pupils2 occasionally there is slight jaundice4 ,in a case recorded by ,dr4 ,macniven1#ife a man took a lump of bichromate of potash1 estimated to be over #b drachms 7#gg grms474 ,the symptoms commenced in fifteen minutes1 and consisted of lightness in the head1 and a sensation of great heat in the body1 which was followed by a cold sweat2 in twenty minutes he vomited2 he then suffered from great pain in the stomach1 giddiness1 specks before the eyes1 a devouring thirst1 and there was loss of power over the legs4 ,these symptoms1 again1 were followed by severe rigors and great coldness of the extremities4 ,on the patient's admission to hospital1 two hours after taking the poison1 it was noted that the pupils were dilated1 the face pale and cold1 and the pulse feeble4 ,he complained of intense epigastric pain1 and a feeling of depression2 there was some stupor2 the stomach was emptied by emetics and by the stomach-pump1 and the patient treated with tepid emollient drinks1 whilst subcutaneous doses of sulphuric ether were administered4 ,he made a good recovery4 #ife 8,on a ,case of ,poisoning with ,bichromate of ,potash10 by ,ed4 ,o4 ,macniven1 ,m4,b41 ,lancet1 ,sept4 #bb1 #ahhc4 ,in a case recorded by ,mr4 ,wilson1#iff a man1 aged #fd1 was found dead in his bed twelve hours after he had gone to rest4 ,during the night he was heard to snore loudly2 there were no signs of vomiting or purging1 and bichromate of potash was found in the stomach4#ifg #iff ,med4 ,gazette1 vol4 #cc1 #gcd4 #ifg ,see also cases recorded by ,dr4 ,m',lachlan1 ,glasgow ,med4 ,journ41 ,july #ahha2 ,dr4 ,m',crorie1 ibid41 ,may #ahha2 ,dr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,warwick1 ,lancet1 ,jan4 #ca1 #ahhj2 and ,dr4 ,dunbar ,walker1 ibid41 ,sept4 #bg1 #ahgi--;a summary of all of which may be found in ,dr4 ,macniven's paper1 loc4 cit4 #hij4 ,chromate of lead has also caused death4 ,in one case#ifh the breathing of chromate of lead dust seems to have been fatal2 and there is also a double poisoning recorded by ,dr4 ,linstow1#ifi of two children1 aged three and a half and one and three-quarter years respectively1 who ate some yellow ornaments1#igj which were used to adorn a cake1 and which contained chrome yellow 7chromate of lead74 ,the younger died in two and the elder in five days4 ,the symptoms were redness of the face1 dulness1 and an inclination to sleep2 neither complained of pain2 the younger one had a little diarrha1 but the elder neither sickness nor purging4 #ifh ,ueber tdtliche ,vergiftung durch ,einathmen des ,staubes von mit ,chromsuren ,blei-,oxyde gefrbten ,garne4--,vierteljahrsschr4 f4 ger4 ,med41 #ahgg1 ,bd4 xxvii4 ,hft4 i4 p4 #bi4 #ifi ,ibid41 ,bd4 xx4 s4 #fj1 #ahgd4 #igj ,the ornaments were imitations of bees2 each contained #bg grm4 gum tragacanth1 #jjdb grm4 neutral lead chromate4 #hia4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,we possess some very exact researches#iga upon the pathological changes induced by subcutaneous injections of solutions of potassic bichromate on animals1 and especially on the changes which the kidneys undergo4 ,if the animal is killed1 or dies a few hours after the injection1 there are apparently no striking appearances1 but a closer microscopical examination shows considerable changes4 ,the epithelium of the tubuli contorti exhibits a yellow cloudiness1 and the outline of the cells is irregular and jagged4 ,the glomeruli are moderately injected1 and their capsules contain an albuminous exudation2 the canaliculi are filled with round cells imbedded in a fluid which1 on heating1 coagulates1 and is therefore albuminous or fibrinous2 probably this is the first stage of the formation of fibrinous casts4 #iga ,c4 ,posner1 op4 cit4 ,in the case quoted of the woman who poisoned herself with potassic chromate1 very striking changes were found in the stomach and intestines4 ,the stomach contained above a litre of dark chocolate fluid of alkaline reaction2 the mucous membrane1 in the neighbourhood of the cardiac and pyloric extremities1 was swollen and red in sharply defined patches2 portions of the epithelial layer were detached1 the rest of the mucous membrane was of a yellow-brown colour1 and the whole intestine1 from the duodenum to the sigmoid flexure1 was filled with a partly bloody1 partly treacly-looking fluid2 the mucous membrane1 throughout its entire extent1 was swollen1 with numerous extravasations1 and in places there were losses of substance4 ,similar appearances to these have been found in other instances2 the anomalous case recorded by ,mr4 ,wilson 7ante7 is an exception4 ,in this instance a pint of inky1 turbid liquid1 which yielded to analysis potassic bichromate1 was found in the stomach2 but there were no marked changes anywhere1 save a slight redness of the cardiac end of the gullet4 ,in ,linstow's two cases of poisoning by lead chromate1 there were found in both fatty degeneration of the liver cells1 and red points or patches of redness in the stomach and intestines4 ,in the elder boy the changes in the duodenum were very intense1 the mucous membrane was swollen and easily detached1 in the upper part strongly injected with blood2 in one place there was a perforation1 and in several places the membrane was extremely thin4 ,in the younger boy the kidneys seem to have been normal1 in the elder congested and containing pus4 ,although it was clear that the two children died from lead chromate1 a chemical analysis gave no result4 #hib4 ,detection of the ,chromates and ,separation of the ,salts of ,chromium from the ,contents of the ,stomach1 c4--,if in the methodical examination of an acid liquid1 which has been already filtered from any precipitate that may have been obtained by sulphuretted hydrogen1 this liquid is made alkaline 7the alkali only being added in slight excess71 and hydrated chromic oxide is thrown down mixed1 it may be with other metals of the second class1 the precipitate may then be fused with nitre and potassic carbonate1 and will yield potassic chromate1 soluble in water1 and recognised by the red precipitate which it gives with silver nitrate1 the yellow with lead acetate1 and the green colour produced by boiling with dilute sulphuric acid and a little alcohol or sugar4 ,if by treating a complex liquid with ammonium hydrosulphide1 sulphides of zinc1 manganese1 and iron are thrown down mixed with chromic oxide1 the same principles apply4 ,if a chromate is present in the contents of the stomach1 and the organic fluid is treated with hydrochloric acid and potassic chlorate1 chromic chloride is formed1 and dissolving imparts a green colour to the liquid--this in itself will be strong evidence of the presence of a chromate1 but it should be supplemented by throwing down the oxide1 and transforming it in the way detailed into potassic chromate4 ,a general method of detecting and estimating both chromium and barium in organic matters has been worked out by ,l4 de ,koningh4#igb ,the substances are burnt to an ash in a platinum dish4 ,the ash is weighed2 to the ash is added four times its weight of potassium sodium carbonate and the same amount of potassium nitrate2 and the whole is fused for fifteen minutes4 ,the fused mass is boiled with water and filtered2 if chromium is present1 the filtrate is of a more or less pronounced yellow colour1 but manganese may produce a green colour and mask the yellow2 this colour is removed by boiling with a little alcohol4 ,the liquid is concentrated down to #bj c4c41 filtered into a test-tube1 and a colorimetric estimation made of the chromium present by imitating the colour by a solution of potassium chromate of known strength4 ,to prove that the colour is really due to chromium1 acetic acid and lead acetate are added1 when the yellow chromate of lead is at once thrown down4 7,if lead was in the ash1 a yellow precipitate may appear on the addition of acetic acid47 ,to the portion of ash insoluble in water strong hydrochloric acid is added1 and to the acid solution a large excess of calcium sulphate is added2 this precipitates barium as sulphate free from lead sulphate1 for1 if the latter should be present1 it does not1 under the circumstances1 come down1 being soluble in strong hydrochloric acid4 #igb ,arch4 ,pharm4 7#c71 xxvii4 #idd4 #c4 ,,thallium4 #hic4 ,thallium was discovered by ,crookes in #ahfa4 ,its atomic weight is #bjd2 specific gravity1 #aaha to #aaia2 melting-point1 #bij4 ,it is a heavy diamagnetic metal1 very similar to lead in its physical properties4 ,the nitrate and sulphate of thallium are both soluble in water1 the carbonate less so1 requiring about #be parts of water for solution1 while the chloride is sparingly soluble1 especially in hydrochloric acid4 #hid4 ,effects4--,all the salts of thallium are poisonous4 ,one of the earlier experimenters on the physiological action1 ,paulet1 found #a grm4 7#aed grains7 of thallium carbonate sufficient to kill a rabbit in a few hours2 there were loss of muscular power1 trembling of the limbs1 and death apparently from asphyxia4 ,lamy#igc used thallium sulphate1 and found that dogs were salivated1 and suffered from trembling of the limbs1 followed by paralysis4 ,the most definite results were obtained by ,marm1#igd who found that #jd to #jf grm4 of a soluble thallium salt1 injected subcutaneously or directly into the veins1 and #e grm4 administered through the stomach of rabbits1 caused death4 ,the action is cumulative1 and something like that of mercury3 there are redness and swelling of the mucous membrane of the stomach1 with mucous bloody discharges2 hmorrhage may also occur from the lungs4 ,thallium is eliminated through the urine1 and is also found in the fces2 it passes into the urine from three to five minutes after injection3 the elimination is slow1 often taking as long as three weeks4 ,it has been found in the milk1 in the tears1 in the mucous membrane of the mouth1 of the trachea1 in the secretion of the gastric mucous membrane1 and in the pericardial fluid2 and in these places1 whether the poison has been introduced by subcutaneous injection1 or by any other channel4 ,it seems probable that the reason of its being detected so readily in all the secretions is the minute quantity which can be discovered by spectroscopic analysis4 #igc ,chem4 ,news1 #ahfc4 #igd ,gttinger ,gelehrt4 ,nachrichten1 ,aug4 #ad1 ,no4 #bj4 #hie4 ,separation of ,thallium from ,organic ,fluids or ,tissues4--,the salts of thallium1 if absorbed1 would only be extracted in traces from the tissues by hydrochloric acid1 so that1 in any special search1 the tissues are best destroyed by either sulphuric or nitric acid1 or both4 ,in the ordinary method of analysis1 when an acid liquid is first treated with sulphuretted hydrogen1 and then made alkaline by ammonia and ammonic sulphide1 thallium would be thrown down with the manganese and iron of the blood4 ,from the mixed sulphides1 thallium may be separated by oxidising and dissolving the sulphides with nitric acid1 evaporating off the excess of acid1 dissolving in a very little hot water1 and precipitating thallous chloride by solution of common salt4 ,the ease1 however1 with which thallium may be separated from solutions of its salts by galvanism is so great as to render all other processes unnecessary3 the best way1 therefore1 is to obtain a deposit of the metal on platinum by a current from one or more cells1 and then to examine the deposit spectroscopically4 ,thallium gives1 when heated in a ,bunsen flame1 a magnificent green line1 the centre of which corresponds with wave length #ecdi2 a second green line1 the centre of which coincides with ,w4,l4 #efh1 may also be distinguished4 #d4 ,,aluminium4 #hif4 ,aluminium and its ,salts4--,a strong solution of acetate of alumina has irritant properties1 and has given rise to accidents4 ,the term alum1 in a chemical sense1 is given to a class of bodies of the type of ,al,k,s,o4 ,common alum is at the present time ammonia alum1 ,,nh,al7,,so7 #ab;,h,o2 when made anhydrous by heat it is known by the name of burnt alum1 and possesses caustic properties4 #hig4 ,action of ,alum ,salts4--,death or illness has hitherto only taken place from the ingestion of large doses of alum or the acetate1 and the symptoms in these cases have been those of an irritant poison2 we are1 however1 indebted to ,paul ,siem#ige for a research on the absorbed substance1 in which the local effects as far as possible have been reduced4 #ige ,ueber die ,wirkungen des ,aluminiums u4 ,berylliums1 ,inaug4 ,diss41 ,dorpat1 #ahhf2 ,schmidt's ,jahrbuch1 vol4 ccxi4 #abh4 ,siem's research was made on frogs1 cats1 and dogs4 ,for frogs he employed a double salt1 consisting of sodic and aluminic lactate1 to which he ascribed the formula ,al7,c,h,o77,c,h,na,o71 equal to #aeb per cent4 of ,al,o4 ,twenty to thirty mgrms41 administered by subcutaneous injection to frogs1 caused death in from ten to twenty-four hours4 ,after the injection there was restlessness1 and1 ultimately1 general paralysis of the central nervous system4 ,the circulation was not affected2 the heart was the last to die4 ,for warm-blooded animals he used the double tartrate of sodium and aluminium4 ,beginning with a small dose subcutaneously administered1 he gradually increased it1 and found1 under these circumstances1 that the lethal dose for rabbits was #jc grm4 per kilo4 of body weight2 for dogs #jbe grm41 and for cats #jbe to #jbh grm42 if1 however1 a single dose was administered1 then cats could be killed by #jae grm4 per kilo4 ,the symptoms commenced ten to twelve hours after the injection of a large dose1 but with a medium dose the symptoms might be delayed for from three to four days1 then there was loss of appetite1 constipation1 emaciation1 languor1 and a disinclination to move4 ,vomiting and loss of sensation to pain followed1 the power of swallowing even saliva was lost1 and a condition supervened similar to bulbar paralysis4 ,however true this picture may be when large doses are given subcutaneously1 it does not follow that hydrate of alumina in small doses1 given by the mouth1 mixed with food1 produces any symptoms whatever4 ,alum baking-powders1 containing from #cj to #dj per cent4 of alum mixed with carbonate of soda1 are in commerce1 and have been for a long time1 many tons being sold yearly4 ,when water is added to such powders decomposition takes place1 the result being sodic sulphate and aluminic hydrate1 carbonic acid being given off4 ,were the hydrate1 in small doses1 capable of producing indigestion or disease of the central nervous system1 it seems astonishing that1 considering the enormous number of persons who use alum baking-powders1 there should not be some definite evidence of its effect4 ,the author and his family for months together have used alum baking-powders without any apparent injury1 and there is little doubt that alumina hydrate passes out of the system mainly by the bowel1 without being absorbed to any great extent4 ,in a trial with regard to an alum baking-powder at ,pontypridd 7#ahic71 the prosecution advanced the theory1 and supported it by eminent scientific opinion1 that aluminium hydrate was dissolved by the hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice1 forming chloride of aluminium1 some of which might be absorbed and enter the circulation2 that which was not absorbed in the stomach passed on1 and1 meeting the alkaline fluids of the intestines1 was again separated as aluminium hydrate1 and as such absorbed4 ,if this does occur1 still there is no direct evidence of its toxic influence in the small quantities used in baking-powder4 ,it may be pointed out1 also1 that with regard to the possible lethal effect of a non-corrosive salt of alum1 presuming that the lethal dose for man is the same as that for a cat1 the amount of alumina to kill a #fh-kilogramme man would have to be equal to #ag grms41 or about #c ozs4 of ammonia alum4 ,this important question can only be settled by careful feeding of animals carried on for a long period of time4 #hih4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,in the few cases in which persons have been killed by large doses of alum or its salts there have been found corrosion of the mouth1 throat1 and stomach1 and hypermia of the kidneys and intestine4 ,in the animals experimented upon by ,paul ,siem1 hypermia of the intestine1 fatty degeneration of the liver and hyaline degeneration of the kidneys were the chief changes noted4 #hii4 ,detection of ,alumina4--,in all operations for the detection of alumina1 glass and porcelain vessels are to be avoided4 ,the substances should be burned to an ash in a platinum dish1 the ash treated with hydrochloric acid1 the acid driven off by heat1 and a few drops of nitric acid added1 and dissolved in hydrochloric acid1 and the solution boiled and filtered4 ,if organs of the body are operated upon1 iron and phosphoric acid will be present in the ash2 this will1 indeed1 be the case with most organic substances4 ,the filtered solution is boiled1 and1 while boiling1 poured into a strong solution of sodic hydrate contained in a silver or platinum dish2 the iron will now separate as oxide1 and can be filtered off4 ,to the filtrate is added a little sodic phosphate2 it is then feebly acidified with hydrochloric acid1 and ammonia added just sufficient to render it alkaline2 a light whitish cloud of alumina phosphate1 should alumina be present1 is thrown down1 and can be collected1 thoroughly washed1 dried1 ignited1 and weighed as alumina phosphate4#igf ,the alumina phosphate is then fused with sodic sulphate in a platinum dish or crucible1 and the fused mass treated with hot water2 the sodic phosphate dissolves1 and the alumina oxide may be filtered off and dissolved in a little hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid4 #igf ,one part of al4 phosphate is equal to #jdb ,al,o1 #cgcc ammonia alum1 and #ddha potash alum4 ,a solution thus prepared has the following properties3-- ,ammonium sulphide2 white precipitate of hydroxide4 ,potash or soda2 white precipitate1 soluble in excess4 ,ammonia2 white precipitate1 only slightly soluble in excess4 ,there is also a blowpipe-test3 if a little of the hydroxide be collected1 moistened with cobalt nitrate1 and heated on charcoal by the oxidising flame1 alumina1 under these circumstances1 becomes of a blue colour4 #e4 ,,uranium4 #ijj4 ,uranium4--,the salts of uranium are intensely poisonous4 ,the nitrate of uranium is used in photography and the arts1 and is a common reagent in chemical laboratories4 ,according to ,kowalewsky1#igg the acetate of uranium possesses an unusual power of uniting with albumin2 the other soluble uranium salts act also in a similar way4 ,hence concentrated solutions of uranium salts corrode the mucous membranes1 transforming1 for example1 the walls of the stomach into a dead uranic albuminate4 ,if a non-corrosive salt of uranium is injected subcutaneously1 glycosuria is produced1 with fatty degeneration of the walls of the blood-vessels1 and fatty changes in the kidneys1 liver1 c4 ,the animal wastes and ultimately dies2 #je to #bj mgrms4 of ,,uo per kilogrm4 will kill a cat1 dog1 or rabbit1 if injected subcutaneously4 ,the nitrate or acetate1 when given by the mouth1 produces gastro-enteritis and nephritis1 with hmorrhages in the substance of the kidney4 ,uranium is not used in medicine4 #igg ,ztschr4 f4 ,anal4 ,chemie1 xxiv41 #ahhe1 p4 #eea4 #ija4 ,detection and ,estimation of ,uranium4--,uranium forms uranous and uranic salts4 ,both classes of salts are not precipitated by ,,sh1 but are precipitable by ammonium sulphide1 and1 therefore1 in toxicological analyses are likely to be met with in conjunction with iron4 ,the sulphides of iron and uranium may be dissolved in strong hydrochloric acid1 boiled to expel ,,sh1 and the solution then oxidised with a little nitric acid2 the solution is now alkalised with ammonium carbonate1 which precipitates the iron as oxide and leaves the uranium in solution4 ,on now acidifying with nitric acid in slight excess1 a solution of sodic phosphate will precipitate uranium phosphate as a white precipitate1 alkalies will give a yellow precipitate1 alkaline carbonates a yellow precipitate soluble in excess4 ,barium carbonate also gives a precipitate1 and is useful in separations4 ,uranium oxide gives a green glass in the oxidising flame with borax or with sodic metaphosphate4 ,v4--,,alkaline ,,earths4 ,barium4 #ijb4 ,the soluble salts of barium are undoubtedly poisonous1 and are of frequent occurrence in the arts4 ,the chloride of barium is used in the staining of wool1 the nitrate and the chlorate in the green fires of the pyrotechnist1 the oxide and the carbonate in the manufacture of glass4 ,the chromate is used by artists under the name of 8yellow ultramarine10 while the sulphate1 technically known as 8permanent white10 is1 on account of its weight and cheapness1 occasionally used as an adulterant of white powders and other substances4 ,barium sulphide1 under various names1 such as ,bottcher's depilatory1 ,thompson's hair destroyer1 ,poudre pilatoire1 and other names1 is in commerce1 and has caused poisonous symptoms4#igh #igh ,barium carbonate and sulphate are usually enumerated as occasional adulterants of bread1 but there is no modern authentic instance of this4 #ijc4 ,chloride of ,barium1 ,ba,cl#b;,h,o #bjh #cf2 anhydrous1 ,ba1 #fehf per cent41 ,cl1 #cdad2 specific gravity1 #cge1 is in commerce in the form of white1 four-sided1 tabular crystals2 water dissolves about half its weight at ordinary temperatures1 three-fourths at #ajj4 ,its solution gives a white precipitate with sulphuric acid1 quite insoluble in water and nitric acid4 ,the salt imparts a green hue to an otherwise colourless flame2 viewed by the spectroscope1 green bands will be visible4 ,we may note that chloride of barium gives two different spectra--the one at the moment of the introduction of the salt1 the other when the substance has been exposed for some time to a high temperature4 ,this is caused by a rapid loss of chlorine1 so that the first spectrum is due to ,ba,cl1 with a variable mixture of ,ba,cl1 the second to ,ba,cl alone4 #ijd4 ,baric ,carbonate1 ,ba,c,o #aig2 specific gravity1 #dc2 ,ba,o1 #ggfi per cent41 ,,co1 #bbca1 in its native form termed ,witherite1 is a dense1 heavy powder1 insoluble in pure water1 but dissolving in acetic1 nitric1 and hydrochloric acids1 the solution giving the reactions of barium4 ,a rat-poison may be met with composed of baric carbonate1 sugar1 and oatmeal1 flavoured with a little oil of aniseed and caraway4 #ije4 ,sulphate of ,barium1 ,ba,s,o2 specific gravity1 #dei2 ,ba,o1 #feff per cent41 ,,so1 #cdcd per cent41 is a pure white powder when recently precipitated1 absolutely insoluble in water1 and practically insoluble in cold dilute acids4 ,it is quite unalterable in the air at a red heat2 on ignition with charcoal1 it may be converted almost entirely into sulphide of barium2 and by ignition with ,ca,cl into chloride4 #ijf4 ,effects of the ,soluble ,salts of ,barium on ,animals4--,one of the early notices of the poisonous characters of barium compounds was by ,james ,watt1#igi who found that witherite1 given to dogs1 produced vomiting1 diarrha1 and death in a few hours4 ,sir ,benj4 ,brodie#ihj administered barium chloride1 and noticed its paralysing effect on the heart4 ,orfila#iha made several experiments1 and observed that #d grms4 of the carbonate produced death in dogs in periods varying from one to five hours2 but in these experiments the gullet was tied4 ,the later investigators have been ,gmelin1 ,onsum1 ,cyon1 and ,bhm4#ihb ,gmelin found barium carbonate and barium chloride act in a very similar manner2 and1 indeed1 it is improbable that barium carbonate1 as carbonate1 has any action1 but1 when swallowed1 the hydrochloric and other acids of the stomach form with it soluble compounds4 ,j4 ,onsum made eight experiments with both barium carbonate and chloride on animals4 ,the respiration was quickened and1 at the same time1 made weak and shallow2 the heart's action was accelerated2 the animals became restless3 and there was great muscular prostration1 with paralytic symptoms2 convulsions did not occur in any one of the eight animals4 ,he found1 on post-mortem examination1 the right side of the heart full of blood from backward engorgement2 he describes a plugging of the small arteries with little fibrinous coagula1 having an inorganic nucleus1 with constant hmorrhagic extravasations4 ,onsum seems to have held the theory that the baryta salts circulated in the blood1 and then formed insoluble compounds1 which were arrested in the lungs1 causing minute emboli1 just in the same way as if a finely-divided solid were introduced directly into the circulation by the jugular vein4 #igi ,memoirs of the ,literary and ,philosophical ,society of ,manchester1 #agij1 vol4 iii4 p4 #fji4 #ihj ,phil4 ,trans41 #ahab4 #iha ,trait des ,poisons1 #crd ed41 t4 i41 ,paris1 #ahbf4 #ihb ,gmelin1 ,c4 ,g41 ,versuche ber die ,wirkungen des ,baryts1 ,strontians1 ,chroms1 ,molybdns1 ,wolframs1 ,tellurs1 u4 s4 w4 auf den thierischen ,organismus1 ,tbingen1 #ahbd2 ,onsum1 ,j41 ,virchow's ,archiv1 ,bd4 #b1 #ahfc2 ,cyon1 ,m41 ,archiv f4 ,anatomie1 ,physiologie1 c41 #ahff2 ,bhm1 ,archiv f4 experiment4 ,pathol41 ,bd4 #c1 #ahgd4 ,onsum stands alone in this view4 ,cyon found no emboli in the lungs1 and refers the toxic effect to a paralysing influence on the heart and voluntary muscles1 and also on the spinal cord4 ,cyon1 to settle the embolic theory1 injected into the one jugular vein of a rabbit barium chloride1 and into the other sodic sulphate1 but the small arteries and capillaries of the lungs remained clear4 ,bhm1 operating on frogs1 found a great similarity between the action of small doses of barium salts and that of certain organic poisons2 as1 for example1 cicutoxin1 #jab to #jb grm4 subcutaneously injected into frogs1 acted as a heart-poison4 ,so also ,blake#ihc found the heart slowed1 and concluded that barium chloride had a direct action on the cardiac muscle1 and also a toxic influence on the nervous system4 ,f4 ,a4 ,falck1 in experiments on rabbits1 found a great reduction of temperature after poisoning with barium chloride 7#c to #abf74 #ihc ,journ4 of ,anat4 and ,physiol4 #bnd series1 #ahgd4 #ijg4 ,effects of the ,salts of ,barium on ,man4--,there were about fifteen cases of poisoning by barium salts on record by the end of #ahhc--three of which were suicidal1 but most of them were due to accident or mistake4 ,in three cases1 barium chloride was taken instead of ,glauber's salts2 in one1 instead of ,carlsbad salts2 in another1 a mixture of barium nitrate and sulphur1 instead of pure sulphur2 in a sixth case1 a mixture of barium acetate and raspberry syrup1 instead of sodic ethylsulphate2 in a seventh1 a chemist put a larger dose than was ordered by the prescription2 and in four cases barium carbonate had been mixed with flour1 and this flour used in the making of pastry4 ,of the fifteen cases1 nine1 or #fj per cent41 proved fatal2 the fifteen cases have now 7#ahid7 been increased to twenty-six4 ,fatal ,dose4--,the recorded cases of poisoning have not satisfactorily settled the question as to the least fatal dose of the barium salts4 #fe grms4 7about #ajj grains7 of the chloride have destroyed the life of an adult woman in fifteen hours2 #ad grms4 7 oz47 of the nitrate of baryta have killed a man in six and a half hours2 and the carbonate of baryta has destroyed a person in the relatively small dose of #ch grms4 7#fj grains74 ,on the other hand1 certain ,continental physicians have prescribed barium chloride in large medicinal doses2 for example1 ,pirondi#ihd and ,lisfranc#ihe have gradually raised the dose of barium chloride from #d decigrams up to #c grms4 7#dh grains7 daily1 given1 of course1 in divided doses4 ,pirondi himself took in a day #gg grms4 7#aai grains7 without bad effect4 #ihd ,de la ,tumeur ,blanche de ,genou1 d4 #b1 ,paris1 #ahcf4 #ihe ,gaz4 ,med4 de ,paris1 #ahce1 ,no4 #ad4 #ijh4 ,symptoms4--,the local action of barium salts must be sharply distinguished from the action of the absorbed salts4 ,kobert divides the symptoms into seven groups3-- 7#a7 ,local1 consisting in malaise1 nausea1 salivation1 vomiting1 and pain in the stomach4 ,this group merges so much into the next as hardly to admit of precise separation4 7#b7 ,excitation of the alimentary canal1 both of the nervous and muscular apparatus4 ,hence vomiting1 painful colic1 and acute diarrha4 ,all these phenomena may be produced in animals by subcutaneous injection1 and1 therefore1 do not depend alone upon local action4 7#c7 ,excitation of the brain motor centres1 which leads to convulsions1 or may result in paralysis4 ,about half the recorded cases of barium poisoning in the human subject have been convulsed2 the other half paralysed4 ,in one case mania resulted4 7#d7 ,weakness or destruction of the power of muscular contraction2 this produces in frogs1 when the muscular test movements are recorded graphically1 a veratrin-like convulsion curve4 ,in the human subject the effect is that of great muscular weakness4 7#e7 ,digitalin-like influence on the heart and blood-vessels1 showing itself in great slowing of the pulse1 prcordial anxiety1 and strong beating of the heart 7not only sensible to the patient1 but which can be heard and felt by the bystanders74 ,the arteries are incompressible and rigid1 the blood-pressure strikingly raised4 ,the blood-vessels of old people do not stand the pressure1 hence hmorrhages in the lungs1 stomach1 and other organs4 ,frogs die with the heart in systole4 7#f7 ,catarrhal affection of the conjunctiva1 the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract1 and the nose4 7#g7 ,formation of insoluble baryta salts in the blood-vessels1 according to ,onsum4 ,this has not been observed in man1 and the fact is disputed 7see ante74 ,in ,dr4 ,tidy's case1#ihf in which a man1 suffering from rheumatism1 but otherwise healthy1 took a mixture of barium nitrate1 flowers of sulphur1 and potassic chlorate1 instead of sulphur1 the symptoms were blisters on the tongue1 a burning pain in the gullet and stomach1 with vomiting1 diarrha1 convulsions1 aphonia1 and coldness of the extremities4 ,a case1 copiously detailed by ,seidel1#ihg in which a pregnant woman1 twenty-eight years old1 took carbonate of baryta for the purpose of self-destruction1 is interesting4 ,she probably took the poison some little time before six in the evening2 she vomited and had great pain in the stomach1 but slept during the night without further sickness4 ,the next morning1 after drinking some coffee1 the sickness was renewed2 nevertheless1 at #g ,a4,m41 she repaired to her employment1 which was distant an hour's walk2 she probably suffered much on the way1 for she did not arrive until #i ,a4,m4 ,the vomiting1 accompanied by diarrha1 continuing1 she was sent to bed at #b ,p4,m4 ,she was very cold1 and complained of great weakness2 the vomiting now ceased4 ,at #h ,p4,m4 she shivered violently1 could scarcely swallow1 and the respiration was oppressed4 ,at #aa she seemed a little improved2 but at #c ,a4,m4 she was found much worse1 breathing rapidly1 but fully conscious2 at #d ,a4,m4 she was again seen1 but found dead2 she thus lived about thirty-four hours after taking the fatal dose4 #ihf ,pharm4 ,journ41 ,june #ahfh4 #ihg ,eulenberg's ,vierteljahrsschrift f4 ger4 ,med41 ,bd4 #bg1 #bac4 #iji4 ,distribution of ,barium in the ,body4--,neumann has shown that1 after repeated injection of insoluble barium sulphate into the veins of rabbits1 barium is to be found in the liver1 kidneys1 spleen1 and spinal cord1 but not in the muscles1 thymus1 or brain4 ,g4 ,linossier#ihh has made a similar series of experiments1 but with the more soluble carbonate1 and this salt was injected into animals for a period of thirty days4 ,all the organs contained some barium2 lungs1 muscles1 and the heart only contained traces1 the liver rather more1 the kidneys1 brain1 and spinal cord still more1 and1 lastly1 the bones a considerable quantity1 as much as #jjef per cent4 #ihh ,compt4 rend4 ,soc4 ,biol4 7#h71 iv4 #abb-abc4 #iaj4 ,post-mortem ,appearances4--,the post-mortem appearances are usually changes in the stomach and intestinal tract1 but there are only rarely traces of great inflammation4 ,it is true1 that in a case recorded by ,wach1#ihi perforation of the stomach was found2 but1 since there was old-standing disease of both liver and stomach1 it is not clear that this is to be attributed entirely to poison4 ,in the case of suicide just detailed1 the mucous membrane of the stomach was much ecchymosed2 over the whole were strewn little white grains1 sticking to the mucous membrane1 and there were also ecchymoses in the duodenum4 #ihi ,henke's ,zeitschrift f4 ,staatsarzneik41 #ahce1 ,bd4 #cj1 ,hft4 #a1 #a4 #iaa4 ,the ,separation of ,barium ,salts from ,organic ,solids or ,fluids1 and their ,identification4--,in the usual course of examination of an unknown substance1 the matter will already have been extracted by hydrochloric acid1 and the solution successively treated with hydric and ammonic sulphides4 ,the filtrate from any precipitate1 after being boiled1 would in such a case give a precipitate if treated with sulphuric acid1 should a salt of barium soluble in hydrochloric acid be present4 ,if there1 however1 should be special grounds to search for baryta in particular1 it is best to extract the substances with pure boiling water1 to concentrate the solution1 and then add sulphuric acid1 collecting any precipitate which may form4 ,if the latter is found to be sulphate of baryta1 it must be derived from some soluble salt1 such as the nitrate or the chloride4 ,the substances which have been exhausted with water are now treated with hydrochloric acid1 and to the acid filtrate sulphuric acid is added4 ,if sulphate of baryta is thrown down1 the baryta present must have been a salt1 insoluble in water1 soluble in acids--probably the carbonate4 ,lastly1 the organic substances may be burnt to an ash1 the ash fused with carbonate of soda1 the mass1 when cool1 dissolved in ,h,cl1 and the solution precipitated with sulphuric acid4 ,any baryta now obtained was present1 probably in the form of sulphate2 nevertheless1 if obtained from the tissues1 it would prove that a soluble salt had been administered1 for 7so far as is known7 sulphate of barium is not taken up by the animal fluids1 and is innocuous4 ,the sulphate of barium is identified as follows3-- 7#a7 ,a part of the well-washed precipitate is boiled with distilled water1 filtered1 and to the filtrate a solution of chloride of barium added4 ,if there is no precipitate1 the sulphate can be none other than baric sulphate1 for all the rest1 without exception1 are soluble enough to give a slight cloud with baric chloride4 7#b7 ,the sulphate may be changed into sulphide by ignition on charcoal1 the sulphide treated with ,h,cl1 the solution evaporated to dryness1 and the resulting chloride examined spectroscopically2 or1 the sulphide may be mixed with chloride of calcium1 taken up on a loop of platinum wire1 heated strongly in the flame of a ,bunsen burner1 and the flame examined by the spectroscope4 7#c7 ,a solution of the chloride of barium obtained from 7#b7 gives a yellow precipitate with neutral chromate of potash1 insoluble in water1 but soluble in nitric acid4 ,,appendix4 ,treatment by ,antidotes or otherwise of ,cases of ,poisoning4 #iab4 ,all medical men in practice are liable to be summoned hastily to cases of poisoning4 ,in such emergencies not a moment is to be lost1 for valuable lives have ere this been sacrificed simply from the delay caused by searching for medicines and instruments1 and visiting the patient unprovided with suitable remedies4 ,hence it is far the safest plan for every medical man to provide himself with an 8antidote bag10 which1 to be complete1 should be furnished with the following requisites3-- ,i4 ,,instruments3-- 7#a47 ,a stomach-pump or tube1#iij with proper mouth gags4 #iij ,the stomach-tube is simply a tube of india-rubber1 from #f to #h feet in length1 one end of which should be a little stiff1 and have a solid rounded extremity pierced with two lateral oval holes--catheter-like2 but1 on an emergency1 any india-rubber tube of a suitable length will do4 ,it is used by passing the proper end gently down the throat into the stomach2 if the patient is insensible1 or1 as in some determined suicides1 obstinate1 the jaws must be forcibly opened by the handle of a spoon1 and some solid substance placed between the teeth so as to give sufficient room for the entry of the tube4 ,if the tube is now passed in the median line well into the grasp of the pharynx1 it is actually drawn down into the stomach by the pharyngeal muscles1 so that the operator has1 as it were1 only to 8pay out0 a sufficient quantity of the tubing4 ,holding the tube in a perpendicular position1 it may then be filled with water by means of a small funnel4 ,when full1 the end must be pinched and brought down to the ground to deliver in a basin2 it will then act as a syphon and the contents of the stomach will be syphoned off4 ,the tube is elevated again above the body1 and the stomach filled with water2 this syphoned off1 and the process repeated4 ,coffee1 also1 or antidotes may be conveniently introduced4 ,if the recumbent position is necessary1 the patient must1 of course1 be placed on a bed or table1 in order that there should be sufficient fall for the syphon4 7#b47 ,a hypodermic syringe4 7#c47 ,an ordinary bleeding lancet4 7#d47 ,a glass-syringe with suitable canula1 which may1 in case of necessity1 be used for transfusion4 7#e47 ,bistoury1 forceps and tubes suitable for performing tracheotomy4 ,a small battery 7interrupted current74 ,,ii4 ,,emetics3-- 7#a47 ,sulphate of zinc4 7#b47 ,apomorphine4 7#c47 ,mustard4 7#d47 ,ipecacuanha4 ,the sulphate of zinc may either be carried in #cj-;grain powders or in the ordinary solid crystalline state1 together with a little measure made out of a small pill-box which1 when exactly full1 is found to contain from #be to #cj grains4 ,a still more convenient form is that of the compressed tablets1 sold as a speciality by one or more firms4 ,the same remarks apply to ipecacuanha4 ,the apomorphine hydrochlorate should be in solution1 a suitable strength is #b per cent42 a few drops of this substance1 injected hypodermically1 will cause vomiting in a few minutes4 ,besides the above list1 the bag should be furnished with a selection of the so-called antidotes4 ,,iii4 ,,antidotes3-- 7a47 ,chemicals neutralising the poison4 ,acetic acid and calcined magnesia4 7b47 ,precipitants of alkaloids4 ,tannin--,a solution of iodine in potassic iodide4 7c47 ,narcotics1 or ansthetics1 for the treatment of the tetanic class4 ,chloral--chloroform4 7d47 ,substances which act physiologically4 ,french oil of turpentine4--,a solution of atropine sulphate for hypodermic use 7strength #h per cent472 hypodermic dose from #e to #f drops4 ,solution of nitrate of pilocarpine 7strength #e per cent472 dose1 #aj drops or more4 ,muscarine--a solution in water 7strength #e per cent472 dose1 #aj drops4 ,morphine meconate in solution 7strength #aj per cent472 dose1 from #e drops4 ,a solution of nitrate of strychnine 7strength #b per cent472 hypodermic dose1 from #b to #c drops4 ,potassium ,permanganate in crystals4 ,to these may be added a bottle of ,wyeth's dialysed iron for use in arsenic poisoning1 a flask of brandy1 some chloric ether1 aromatic spirits of ammonia1 and some really good extract of coffee4 ,,treatment4 #iac4 ,,acid ,,carbolic4 ,use the stomach-tube or pump1 unless there is great destruction of the mucous membrane4 ,in the latter case1 excite vomiting by injecting subcutaneously from #e to #f drops of the apomorphine solution2 or give an emetic of zinc sulphate1 ipecacuanha1 or mustard4 ,the stomach may1 by the aid of the tube1 be washed out with a weak alkaline solution of soda2 albumen may also be given1 and such stimulants as brandy and water1 chloric ether1 and aromatic spirits of ammonia4 ,it is important to apply warmth to the extremities4 ,inject subcutaneously from #b to #c drops of the atropine hypodermic solution4 ,nitrite of amyl by inhalation is said to have been useful4 ,in desperate cases bleeding1 followed by transfusion1 is to be considered4 ,,acids--,,mineral1 including ,,sulphuric1 ,,nitric1 ,,hydrochloric1 ,,glacial ,,acetic ,,acids4 ,stomach-tube or pump1 inadmissible4 ,neutralise by calcined magnesia1 lime1 chalk1 or soda1 but not with potash1 if there is choice4 ,if no neutralising agent can be immediately procured1 then dilute with plenty of water4 ,other remedies are--oil1 milk1 white of eggs1 gruel4 ,it is often recommended in such cases to administer hypodermically a little morphine4 ,,aconite--,,aconitine4 ,use at once the stomach-tube or pump1 or give emetics of sulphate of zinc1 or hypodermic solution of apomorphine4 ,keep the patient in the recumbent posture4 ,after the stomach has been emptied1 give atropine1 either by hypodermic injection or by the mouth1 say #d drops of the ,p4,b4 solution2 failing atropine1 #bj drops of the tincture of belladonna4 ,the dose may be repeated more or less frequently according to the condition of the patient4 ,if there is great tendency to heart-syncope1 tincture of digitalis in -drachm doses by the mouth1 or in hypodermic doses of from #aj drops upwards4 ,apply a mustard poultice to the pericardium2 aid vomiting and elimination of the poison by plenty of water1 to which may be added brandy or any form of alcohol4 ,inhalations of nitrite of amyl are said to have been useful4 ,if the breathing stops1 try artificial respiration4 ,,alcohol4 ,empty the stomach by the tube or pump1 and then wash it out with warm coffee2 if the stomach-tube is not at hand1 then empty the stomach by hypodermic injection of #e drops of apomorphine1 or by a mustard emetic1 or sulphate of zinc4 ,keep the body very warm1 but the cold douche may be applied to the head4 ,endeavours should be made to rouse the patient1 if insensible1 by shaking1 shouting at him1 c4 ,inhalations of amyl nitrite are said to be useful4 ,,alkalies--,,ammonia--,,potash--,,soda4 --,stomach-pump or tube not to be used4 ,vomiting nearly always present1 or may be produced by administering plenty of lukewarm water2 after which give dilute vinegar1 or the juice of lemons or oranges2 olive oil1 the white of eggs1 barley water1 arrowroot1 and always plenty of water may be administered4 ,there may be dema of the glottis1 especially if ammonia has been taken4 ,in such a case1 and death threatening from suffocation1 perform tracheotomy4 ,in poisoning by ammonia1 with croupous respiration1 keep the room warm1 and fill it with steam by means of a bronchitis kettle4 ,relieve pain by small doses of morphine injected subcutaneously4 ,,ammonia4--,see ,,alkalies4 ,,antiarin4--,see ,,digitalis4 ,,antimony--,,tartar-,,emetic--,,antimon ial ,,wine1 ,c4 ,the stomach will generally have been emptied by vomiting4 ,in those rare cases in which this does not take place1 use the stomach-pump or tube1 or give hypodermic injection of apomorphine4 ,follow this with doses of strong tea1 or give half-a-drachm of tannin or gallic acid in warm water4 ,give also demulcent drinks1 and stimulants in small doses1 frequently repeated4 ,keep the patient very warm by hot blankets and wraps4 ,the interrupted galvanic current to the heart may be useful4 ,,apocynin4--,see ,,digitalis4 ,,arsenic4 ,use the stomach-pump or tube1 or empty stomach by emetics1 such as hypodermic solution of apomorphine1 or give mustard or sulphate of zinc4 ,the stomach should then be washed out by large quantities of water1 most conveniently administered by the pump or tube4 ,if the tube or pump is not at hand1 then administer at once either dialysed iron1 or the freshly-precipitated hydrated oxide of iron1 obtained by precipitating the ordinary perchloride by means of carbonate of soda or ammonia1 avoiding excess of the latter4 ,if the operator has sufficient chemical knowledge to precipitate the iron with fair exactness1 so that there is no great excess of ammonia1 or of sodic carbonate1 then filtration is unnecessary4 ,in other cases1 filter through a handkerchief4 ,oil1 mucilaginous drinks1 the white of eggs1 and1 if faintness exists1 small doses of stimulants may all be given4 ,if the skin is cold1 warmth must be applied to the body by means of hot blankets1 c4 ,pain may be relieved by morphine4 ,,atropine--,,belladonna--,,tincture ,,of ,,belladonna4 ,empty the stomach by means of the stomach-pump or tube4 ,give an enema of coffee4 ,administer half a grain of pilocarpine nitrate2 or1 if that is not at hand1 morphine or opium in suitable doses will act to a certain extent antagonistic to the poison4 ,a subcutaneous dose of muscarine may be administered instead of pilocarpine1 but is not quite so good4 ,hot water to the feet1 alternate douches of cold and hot water are found useful4 ,if the respiration seems likely to stop1 artificial respiration must be practised4 ,,belladonna4--,see ,,atropine4 ,,benzene4 ,if swallowed1 then empty the stomach by pump or tube1 or by the hypodermic injection of apomorphine2 or give emetics1 such as zinc sulphate1 mustard1 or ipecacuanha4 ,if the vapour has been inhaled1 this is unnecessary4 ,plenty of fresh air4 ,a subcutaneous dose of atropine1 say #a-fjth of a grain1 or from #cj to #dj drops of belladonna tincture4 ,alternate douches of hot and cold water to the chest1 artificial respiration1 if necessary4 ,the heart to be maintained by mild interrupted shocks of the battery over the region of the heart4 ,,bichromate ,,of ,,potash4--,see ,,chromium4 ,,brucine4--,see ,,strychnine4 ,,calabar ,,bean--,,physostigmine4 ,use stomach-pump or tube1 or emetics1 such as sulphate of zinc1 mustard1 or ipecacuanha2 or1 better still1 hypodermic solution of apomorphine4 ,give hypodermic doses of #a-fjth grain atropine until the pupils dilate4 ,this treatment seeming to fail1 chloral in #aj-;grain doses1 every quarter of an hour1 has been recommended4 ,in certain cases strychnine has been used in hypodermic doses of #a-abth of a grain4 ,stimulants and artificial respiration will probably be necessary in some cases4 ,,camphor4 ,use stomach-pump or tube1 or empty the stomach by emetics4 ,hypodermic injections of brandy1 inhalations of ether1 the alternate hot and cold douche1 warmth to the extremities by hot blankets1 c41 seem to be the best methods of treatment4 ,,cantharides--,,cantharidine4 ,use stomach-pump or tube1 if the mucous membrane of the throat is not inflamed2 or1 administer hypodermic dose of apomorphine1 or give emetics--sulphate of zinc1 mustard1 or ipecacuanha4 ,allay pain with morphine4 ,give plenty of water and demulcent drinks4 ,,chloral4 ,use stomach-pump or tube1 and1 when the stomach is emptied1 introduce by the same means warm coffee1 or give a hypodermic injection of apomorphine1 or administer emetics of sulphate of zinc1 or mustard1 or ipecacuanha4 ,an enema of coffee will be useful4 ,keep the limbs warm4 ,administer hypodermically #b or #c drops of the solution of strychnine at intervals of from fifteen to twenty minutes4 ,rouse the patient by various means1 such as shouting1 shaking1 flapping the skin with a wet towel1 c4 ,inhalations of amyl nitrite are recommended4 ,artificial respiration may be necessary4 ,,chlorate ,,of ,,potash4 ,use the same treatment as for nitrate of potash 7which see1 p4 #fif74 ,,chloride ,,of ,,zinc4--,see ,,zinc4 ,,chloroform--7,inhaled74 ,give plenty of fresh air1 pull the tongue forward1 and commence at once artificial respiration4 ,if the heart has stopped1 strike the chest two or three times very hard1 over the region of the heart2 this has been found occasionally to restore its beat4 ,apply the battery1 but with a weak current only2 one pole may be placed on the larynx1 the other at the pit of the stomach4 ,inhalations of nitrite of amyl are useful4 ,the hot and cold douche may also be used4 ,,chloroform--7,swallowed74 ,empty the stomach by pump or tube1 or by emetics1 such as #e drops of the hypodermic solution of apomorphine1 or sulphate of zinc1 or mustard4 ,give an enema of hot coffee4 ,administer large draughts of water1 which may advantageously contain a little sodic carbonate in solution4 ,attempt to rouse the patient4 ,nitrite of amyl inhalations1 and1 if necessary1 artificial respiration may be used4 ,,chromate ,,of ,,potash4--,see ,,chromium4 ,,chromic ,,acid4--,see ,,chromium4 ,,chromium--,,bichromate ,,of ,,potash--,,chromate ,,of ,,potash--,,chromic ,,acid4 ,empty the stomach by pump or tube2 administer a subcutaneous injection of apomorphine1 or give sulphate of zinc1 mustard1 or ipecacuanha as emetics4 ,follow up by administering1 suspended in water1 calcined magnesia1 or carbonate of magnesia1 or chalk4 ,demulcent drinks1 such as barley-water1 c4 ,,cocculus ,,indicus4--,see ,,picrotoxin4 ,,colchicum--,,meadow ,,saffron--,,colchicum ,,wine1 ,,tincture1 ,c4 ,use stomach-pump or tube1 or empty the stomach by emetics1 such as sulphate of zinc1 or mustard1 or ipecacuanha2 or1 better than all1 give a hypodermic injection of #d or #e drops of the solution of apomorphine4 ,give tannin or gallic acid in -drachm doses1 or strong tea or coffee4 ,allay the pain in the bowels and purging by small doses of opium or morphine4 ,keep the extremities warm1 apply hot fomentations to the abdomen2 stimulants may be used1 give plenty of water and demulcent drinks4 ,,colocynth4 ,treatment on the same lines as that for ,,colchicum4 ,,conium--,,hemlock4 ,empty the stomach by the pump or tube1 or give a hypodermic injection of #d or #e drops of the solution of apomorphine1 or emetics of sulphate of zinc1 or mustard4 ,keep up the temperature of the body by hot wraps4 ,administer1 as a drink1 strong tea1 tannin1 gallic acids1 or any harmless vegetable decoction containing tannin4 ,stimulants may be administered4 ,if necessary1 use artificial respiration4 ,,copper--,,salts ,,of4 ,empty stomach by pump or tube1 and either inject by the same means or administer white of egg in solution in water2 if no white of eggs can be had1 substitute milk2 give plenty of water and emollient drinks4 ,pain may be allayed by opium or morphine4 ,,corrosive ,,sublimate--,,perchloride ,,of ,,mercury--,,nitrate ,,of ,,mercury4 ,empty the stomach by the tube or pump1 and wash the organ out with plenty of white of egg1 dissolved in water or milk4 ,if the stomach-pump is not at hand1 then give emetics1 such as the solution of apomorphine1 hypodermically1 in from #d to #e-;drop doses1 or a zinc sulphate emetic1 or mustard1 or ipecacuanha4 ,probably violent vomiting is already present1 then stomach-tube or emetics are unnecessary3 but1 in any case1 give plenty of albuminous fluids1 such as white of egg in water or milk4 ,if neither of these is at hand1 chop any fresh meat up as finely as can be done in a short space of time1 diffuse in water1 and administer4 ,follow up with demulcent drinks1 such as barley-water1 flour and water1 c4 ,pain may be allayed with a little opium or morphine4 ,stimulants are admissible1 if necessary4 ,,croton ,,oil4 ,empty stomach by means of tube or pump1 or give emetics of mustard or sulphate of zinc1 or administer hypodermic injection of apomorphine4 ,give #aj drops of laudanum every twenty minutes or half hour1 until the pain and purging are somewhat abated1 or else inject subcutaneously small doses of morphine at intervals4 ,give plenty of demulcent drinks4 ,two or three drops of essence of camphor in milk are useful4 ,stimulants1 such as brandy1 ammonia1 or chloric ether1 are admissible4 ,,cytisine4--,see ,,laburnum4 ,,curarine--,,woorari--,,urari4 ,the poison is of course introduced by a wound2 if any is likely to be still in the wound apply a ligature1 suck the wound1 and then wash it with a slightly alkaline solution of potassic permanganate4 ,keep up the respiration artificially1 give plenty of water and a dose of spirits of nitre1 apply warmth to the loins4 ,by these means the poison will be rapidly separated by the urine2 and1 if the patient can only be kept alive by artificial respiration for a little time1 he may recover1 for elimination is very rapid4 ,,cyanide ,,of ,,potassium4--,see ,,prussic ,,acid4 ,,digitalis ,,group ,,of ,,heart ,,poisons1 including1 besides the ,,digitalins1 ,,antiarin1 ,,apocynin1 ,,neriin1 ,,oleandrin1 ,,evonymin1 ,,thevetin1 ,,scillain1 ,,strophantin1 and ,,erythrophlein4 ,empty the stomach by the tube or pump1 or administer a subcutaneous dose 7#d drops7 of apomorphine1 or give a tablespoonful of mustard in water1 or sulphate of zinc4 ,follow up with strong tea1 or half a drachm of tannin1 or gallic acid in aqueous solution4 ,a very small dose of aconitine nitrate in solution 7say #a-bjjth of a grain7 may be injected subcutaneously and the effect watched2 if in a little time it seems to do good1 repeat the dose4 ,on no account let the patient rise from the recumbent posture1 or he may faint to death4 ,stimulants in small doses may be given frequently by the mouth1 or1 if there is vomiting1 by the bowel4 ,,ergot4 ,use stomach-pump or tube1 or empty the stomach by a mustard or sulphate of zinc emetic1 or give a subcutaneous injection of apomorphine4 ,give a purgative1 such as a drop of croton oil1 and assist its action by plenty of warm drinks4 ,tannin and gallic acid have also been recommended1 but are probably of but little use4 ,after the bowels have well acted1 and the stomach has been emptied1 give small doses of opium at intervals4 ,dr4 ,murrell recommends #a-ejth of a grain of nitro-glycerin every fifteen minutes4 ,the recumbent position is necessary1 and the circulation should be maintained by warmth1 and1 if necessary1 by friction4 ,,erythrophlein4--,see ,,digitalis4 ,,ether4--,the same treatment as with ,,chloroform4 ,,evonymin4--,see ,,digitalis4 ,,fungi4--,see ,,mushrooms4 ,,gelseminine4 ,if seen soon after taking the dose1 use the stomach-pump or tube1 or give a tablespoonful of mustard4 ,administer a small dose of atropine subcutaneously1 or give by the mouth tincture of belladonna in #bj-;drop doses4 ,stimulants are admissible4 ,if necessary1 use artificial respiration4 ,rouse the patient by hot and cold douches4 ,,hemlock4--,see ,,coniine--,,conium4 ,,henbane--,,hyoscyamine4--,the same treatment as for ,,atropine4 ,,hydrochloric ,,acid4--,see ,,acids1 ,,mineral4 ,,hydrocyanic ,,acid4--,see ,,prussic ,,acid4 ,,hyoscyamine4--,the same treatment as for ,,atropine4 ,,iodine4 ,empty the stomach by pump or tube1 or administer emetics1 such as the hypodermic solution of apomorphine1 or give by the mouth mustard or sulphate of zinc4 ,give plenty of starch diffused in warm water1 or in the form of a dilute paste2 or give any farinaceous substance whatever1 such as arrowroot1 boiled rice1 or flour1 or thin gruel4 ,inhalations of amyl nitrite have been recommended4 ,pain may be relieved by morphine or opium4 ,,jaborandi4--,treatment the same as ,,pilocarpine4 ,,laburnum ,,seeds--,,cytisine4 ,empty stomach by tube or pump1 and wash it out with tea or coffee1 or give 7as an emetic7 a hypodermic dose of apomorphine1 or 7by the mouth7 mustard or zinc sulphate2 follow up this treatment by an enema1 or a brisk purgative4 ,stimulants may be administered1 the patient may be roused by the hot or cold douche4 ,,laudanum4--,see ,,morphine4 ,,laurel ,,water4--,see ,,prussic ,,acid4 ,,lead--,,salts ,,of4 ,empty stomach by pump or tube1 or administer subcutaneously a dose of apomorphine1 #d to #e drops2 or give by the mouth a sulphate of zinc or mustard emetic4 ,follow up with half a drachm of dilute sulphuric acid1 or half an ounce of magnesic or sodic sulphate4 ,milk and albuminous fluids may be given4 ,allay pain with opium or morphine4 ,treat colic with hot fomentations4 ,,meadow ,,saffron4--,see ,,colchicum4 ,,mercury1 ,,salts ,,of4--,see ,,corrosive ,,sublimate4 ,,monkshood4--,see ,,aconite4 ,,morphine--,,opium--,laudanum and preparations in which the ,,opium ,,alkaloids predominate4 ,if taken by the mouth1 give at once a solution of potassium permanganate and then empty the stomach1 but1 if taken by hypodermic injection1 both these would be useless4 ,the stomach in opium-poisoning is best relieved by the pump or tube1 and should then be well washed out with hot coffee1 leaving in the organ a pint or more4 ,if the stomach-pump or tube is not at hand1 a large subcutaneous dose of apomorphine 7say #aj minims7 may be given1 or mustard or zinc sulphate1 but there may be difficulty in obtaining vomiting from any emetic4 ,attempt to rouse the patient by the battery1 if at hand2 by flips with a towel1 and by shaking4 ,in all books will be found the usual direction that you are to keep walking the patient about2 but this treatment is questionable1 and likely to favour the toxic action of morphine on the heart4 ,ammonia may be applied to the nostrils4 ,hot coffee may also be introduced into the bowels by an enema apparatus1 or by a simple tube4 ,the alternate cold and hot douche to the head is good1 but the body should be kept warm with hot wraps4 ,small subcutaneous doses of atropine 7say #a-bjth of a grain7 may be administered1 repeating the close every twenty minutes1 and watching the effect4 ,if necessary1 apply artificial respiration4 ,inhalations of nitrite of amyl have been used4 ,,muscarine4--,see ,,mushrooms4 ,,mushrooms--,,muscarine--,,poisonous ,,fungi ,,generally4 ,empty stomach by stomach-pump or tube1 or give a subcutaneous dose of apomorphine1 or administer by the mouth either mustard or zinc sulphate4 ,inject as soon as possible a subcutaneous dose of #b to #d drops of the solution of atropine2 or1 after the stomach has been emptied1 give tincture of belladonna every half hour1 in from #bj to #cj-min4 doses4 ,it is equally important to remove the remains of the fungi from the intestines1 and for this purpose it is well to give a dose of castor oil1 and to use an enema4 ,stimulants may be given4 ,the body should be kept warm4 ,,neriin4--,see ,,digitalis4 ,,nicotine--,,tobacco4 ,unless the stomach has been already emptied by vomiting1 use stomach-pump or tube1 or give an emetic of mustard and plenty of water4 ,inject subcutaneously a small dose of strychnine 7say #a-beth of a grain of the nitrate71 or give half a drachm of tincture of nux vomica4 ,stimulants1 such as brandy1 chloric ether1 c41 may be given4 ,keep the body warm1 but the cold douche may be applied to the head4 ,tannin and vegetable infusions containing tannin may also be given1 but it is questionable if they are of much use1 unless any remnants remain in the stomach4 ,keep the patient lying down for fear of fatal syncope4 ,,nitre--,,nitrate ,,of ,,potash4 ,empty the stomach immediately by the pump or tube1 or give a subcutaneous dose of apomorphine 7from #b to #c drops71 or administer by the mouth a tablespoonful of mustard1 or a scruple of sulphate of zinc4 ,dilute the poison1 and attempt to wash it out of the system by giving plenty of water or mucilaginous drinks4 ,apply hot fomentations to the loins1 and keep the patient as warm as possible4 ,stimulants that are likely to increase the kidney congestion are to be avoided4 ,inhalations of nitrite of amyl have been recommended4 ,,nitric ,,acid4--,see ,,acids1 ,,mineral4 ,,nitro-,,benzene4 ,empty the stomach at once by the stomach-pump or tube1 and wash the organ out with plenty of warm water1 to which advantageously a little spirit may be added2 or give emetics1 such as zinc sulphate or mustard4 ,administer stimulants1 either by the stomach-tube1 as an enema1 or by subcutaneous injection4 ,keep up the respiration artificially1 if necessary1 and maintain the heart's action by application of weak1 interrupted shocks to the chest-wall1 by means of the battery4 ,rouse the patient by the douche4 ,atropine subcutaneously has been recommended4 ,,nitrous ,,oxide ,,gas4 ,the treatment is the same essentially as for chloroform 7which see74 ,inhalations of oxygen may do good1 but oxygen is very rarely at hand4 ,,nux ,,vomica4--,see ,,strychnine4 ,,oleandrin4--,see ,,digitalis4 ,,opium4--,see ,,morphine4 ,,oxalic ,,acid--,,binoxalate ,,of ,,potash--,,sodic ,,oxalate4 ,unless the patient has already vomited freely1 empty the stomach at once by emetics of zinc sulphate or mustard2 or the stomach-pump or tube may1 in most cases1 be used4 ,if the acid has been taken1 neutralise by chalk1 lime water1 or1 better1 by saccharated lime water2 but on no account neutralise by carbonate of soda or any alkali1 for the alkaline oxalates are extremely poisonous4 ,assist elimination by the kidneys by giving plenty of water2 apply hot fomentations to the loins4 ,an enema may be given1 if necessary1 to empty the bowels well4 ,,phosphorus4 ,empty the stomach by tube or pump1 and1 at the same time1 wash the organ out with water to which has been added a drachm of ,french turpentine1 or give emetics4 ,the best emetic for phosphorus is said to be sulphate of copper1 #d or #e grains dissolved in water1 and given every ten minutes until vomiting is produced4 ,in default of sulphate of copper1 then sulphate of zinc or mustard4 ,give -drachm doses of turpentine1 floating on water or on mucilage1 every half hour4 ,inhalations of turpentine vapour1 much diluted1 are also of service4 ,the ,american and ,german turpentines are said to be of no avail4 ,probably the turpentine will freely purge the patient2 but1 if not1 the bowels should be opened by a suitable purgative1 such1 for instance1 as magnesic sulphate4 ,,physostigmine4--,see ,,calabar ,,bean4 ,,picrotoxin--,,cocculus ,,indicus4 ,use stomach-pump or tube1 or empty stomach by usual emetics1 e4g41 mustard1 zinc sulphate1 or apomorphine1 subcutaneously4 ,chloral1 in doses of from #aj to #bj grains1 may be given every half hour to allay or prevent tetanus1 the effects being1 of course1 watched4 ,for the same purpose bromide of potassium has been recommended4 ,in severe cases1 it may be combined with choral1 #a drachm of the bromide with #bj grains of chloral4 ,,pilocarpine4 ,the best treatment is a subcutaneous dose of atropine 7say #a-fjth of a grain7 or tincture of belladonna by the mouth in #bj-minim doses1 to be repeated every twenty minutes until the pupils dilate4 ,,potash4--,see ,,alkalies ,,prussic ,,acid4#iia #iia ,j4 ,kossa1 considering that potassium permanganate ought1 theoretically1 to act as a chemical antidote to potassium cyanide1 by checking the paralysis of the respiratory centres1 has performed some experiments4 ,rabbits were shown to be fatally affected in a few minutes by #jja grm4 of the poison1 but if1 at the time of administration1 #je grm4 of permanganate dissolved in #ej c4c4 of water was also introduced into the stomach1 doses of cyanide up to #ja grm4 failed to cause death4 ,larger quantities 7#jb grm47 proved fatal under similar conditions1 but the action of the poison was much delayed4 ,successful experiments were also performed with aqueous solutions of hydrocyanic acid containing #ja per cent4 ,it is suggested1 therefore1 that1 in cases of cyanide poisoning1 to litre of a #c to #e per cent4 solution of permanganate should be administered immediately 7,vratch1 through ,nouv4 rem41 ix4 #efg74 ,use stomach-pump or tube1 or1 if not at hand1 an emetic of mustard or sulphate of zinc4 ,if the breathing has stopped1 try artificial respiration and weak shocks to the heart4 #a-fjth of a grain of atropine subcutaneously is recommended to assist the heart's action4 ,a brandy enema may be given1 or brandy injected under the skin4 ,the body must be kept warm1 but the cold douche may be advantageously applied to the head4 ,,salts ,,of ,,sorrel4--,see ,,oxalic ,,acid4 ,,savin4 ,if the patient has not already emptied the stomach by repeated vomiting1 and the throat is not inflamed1 use the stomach-pump or tube1 and wash the organ out with water1 or give any one of the usual emetics--such as mustard1 sulphate of zinc1 or ipecacuanha4 ,if the bowels have not acted well1 give a dose of castor oil2 allay pain with small doses of morphine4 ,,scillain4--,see ,,digitalis4 ,,snakes1 ,,bite ,,of4 ,suck the wound1 and apply an alkaline solution of permanganate of potash4 ,in severe cases of cobra poisoning and other extremely venomous snakes1 death threatening1 the only likely means of saving life would be bleeding at one arm and transfusing blood by the other4 ,ammonia may be given by the mouth1 and also smelt4 ,in cobra poisoning and venoms which kill mainly through the respiration1 the breathing must be kept up artificially2 and1 should there be signs of the heart failing1 weak1 interrupted galvanic shocks may be applied to the walls of the chest4 ,lacerda's plan of injecting permanganate of potash under the skin is not alone useless but mischievous1 for it takes up time which might be more valuably employed4 ,,soda ,,caustic4--,see ,,alkalies4 ,,solanine--,,solanum ,,dulcamara--,,bitter ,,sweet--,,woody ,,nightshade4--,the same treatment as for ,,atropine 7which see74 ,,stramonium4--,the same treatment as for ,,atropine4 ,,strophantin4--,see ,,digitalis4 ,,strychnine--,,brucine--,,nux ,,vomica4 ,empty the stomach as quickly as possible by an emetic of mustard1 or zinc sulphate1 or by a hypodermic solution of apomorphine 7#d drops74 ,the stomach-pump or tube inadmissible2 for1 if tetanus is present1 it cannot be applied2 or1 if absent1 it is likely to excite a spasm4 ,place patient at once under chloroform or ether1 and keep up a gentle narcosis for several hours1 if necessary4 ,darken the room1 stifle all noise2 if in a town1 and opportunity permit1 have straw or peat placed at once before the house to deaden noise4 ,if the spasms threaten the respiration1 artificial respiration is absolutely necessary2 and1 to facilitate this1 it would be justifiable1 in a dangerous case1 to perform tracheotomy1 of course under chloroform4 ,chloral may be given in place of chloroform1 but the latter is best2 the dose of chloral should be1 at least1 half a drachm1 and if no effect is produced in half an hour1 then doses of #bj grains should be given at intervals of a quarter of an hour4 ,if neither chloroform nor chloral is at hand1 the juice from a recently-smoked pipe may be diffused in a little water and a few drops injected subcutaneously1 and the effect watched4 ,if there is a marked improvement the treatment may be persevered in4 ,bromide of potassium in combination with chloral has been recommended4 ,nitrite of amyl inhalations are said to be of use4 ,curarine in a subcutaneous dose of one-third of a grain is antagonistic so far that it paralyses the voluntary muscles4 ,,sulphuric ,,acid4--,see ,,acids1 ,,mineral4 ,,tartar ,,emetic4--,see ,,antimony4 ,,tartaric ,,acid4--,the same treatment as for ,,oxalic ,,acid 7which see74 ,,thevetin4--,see ,,digitalis4 ,,tobacco4--,see ,,nicotine4 ,,turpentine4 ,empty stomach by tube or pump1 or administer the usual emetics1 such as mustard1 or sulphate of zinc1 or ipecacuanha1 or give hypodermically #c or #d drops of the solution of apomorphine4 ,if purging is not already present1 empty the bowel by enema2 give plenty of water and demulcent drinks to aid elimination by kidneys4 ,apply hot fomentations to the loins4 ,allay pain with opium or morphine4 ,,veratrine4 ,empty the stomach by the tube or pump1 or give any one of the usual emetics--such as mustard1 or zinc sulphate1 or ipecacuanha4 ,keep the patient lying down4 ,stimulants may be administered4 ,an enema of hot coffee has been recommended4 ,keep the body warm with wraps1 hot blankets1 c4 ,,white ,,precipitate4--,the same treatment as for ,,corrosive ,,sublimate4 ,,wasps1 ,,bees1 ,,hornets--,,sting ,,of4 ,an onion immediately applied to the part stung is a favourite popular remedy2 but ammonia is better4 ,extract the sting1 if it remains in the wound4 ,give stimulants1 if necessary4 ,,zinc4 ,the only salt likely to cause poisonous symptoms is the chloride1 which is used in the arts1 and is the active principle of ,burnett's disinfecting fluid4 ,stomach-pump or tube inadmissible4 ,give plenty of water1 in which carbonate of soda is dissolved2 or1 if that is not at hand1 carbonate of potash4 ,eggs and milk should also be given4 ,solutions of tannin1 strong tea1 and the like1 also1 to some extent1 neutralise the poison4 ,the pain in the abdomen is to be allayed in the usual way--by hot fomentations and small frequent doses of morphine or opium4 ,,domestic ,,ready ,,remedies ,,for ,,poisoning4 #iad4 ,large households1 more especially those in which no one possesses any special medical knowledge1 would do well to furnish an ,,antidote ,,cupboard1 for use in cases of emergency4 ,this cupboard may contain3-- 7#a47 ,the ,multiple ,antidote1 which consists of saturated solution of sulphate of iron #ajj parts1 water #hjj1 magnesia #hh1 animal charcoal #dd parts4 ,it is best to have the animal charcoal and magnesia mixed together in the dry state and kept in a well-corked bottle2 when required for use1 the saturated solution of sulphate of iron is mixed with eight times its bulk of water1 and the mixture of charcoal and magnesia added with constant stirring4 ,the multiple antidote may be given in wine-glassful doses1 frequently repeated1 in poisoning by arsenic1 zinc1 opium1 digitalis1 mercury1 or strychnine2 it is of no use in phosphorus poisoning1 or in poisoning by the caustic alkalies or antimony4 7#b47 ,calcined ,magnesia1 for use in poisoning by acids4 7#c47 ,french ,turpentine1 for poisoning by phosphorus4 7#d47 ,powdered ipecacuanha in a well-corked bottle2 the bottle containing a small pill-box which is cut down1 so that when full it contains #cj grains--the proper dose as an emetic4 ,a similar small supply of sulphate of zinc may also be provided4 7#e47 ,a tin of mustard4 7#f47 ,a bottle of vinegar4 ,if1 then1 provided with such a supply1 any member is known to have taken poison1 and yet the precise poison is not known1 give a sulphate of zinc or ipecacuanha emetic1 and follow it up by the multiple antidote1 which is in itself not poisonous4 ,if ,,phosphorus has been taken1 then give the ,french turpentine as directed under ,phosphorus 7p4 #fig74 ,if ,,acids1 neutralise by the calcined magnesia 7see ,acids1 mineral1 p4 #fhg74 ,if ,,alkalies1 neutralise with vinegar 7see ,alkalies1 p4 #fhh74 ,,index4 ,abel and ,field's test for bismuth1 #fbg4 ,abrin1 #dfb4 ,abrus1 #dfb4 ,absynthin1 #bdd4 ,acetaldehyde1 #aed4 ,acetanilide1 #dj4 ,aceta-trimethyl-colchicin-amide1 #dji4 ,acetic acid1 #aaj4 ,deaths from1 #bi4 ,acetum digitalis1 #dbb4 ,acetyl phenyl hydrazine1 #dj4 ,acid1 carbolic4 ,see ,carbolic acid4 ,acid hmatin1 ,spectrum of1 #eh4 ,acids1 mineral4 ,see ,hydrochloric1 ,nitric1 ,sulphuric acid1 c4 ,acolyctin1 #beb4 ,aconine1 #cea1 #ced4 ,aconite alkaloids1 #cea4 ,aconite1 ,bibliography of papers relating to physiological action of1 #cfj1 #cfa4 ,deaths from1 #cj4 extract1 #cea4 liniment1 #cea4 ointment1 #cea4 treatment of poisoning by 7,app471 #fhg4 ,old knowledge of1 #c4 ,pharmaceutical preparations of1 #cea4 poisoning1 ,statistics of1 #cfa4 ,post-mortem appearances after poisoning by1 #cff4 root1 ,poisoning by1 #cfa4 seeds1 #cej4 tincture1 #cea4 ,aconitine1 #bdc1 #beb1 #bec1 #cea4 acetate1 #bde 7footnote74 action on fish1 #cei4 frogs1 #cei4 insects1 #ceh4 mammals1 #cei1 #cfj4 ,carbon and nitrogen percentage in1 #bfb4 ,colour reactions of1 #bdj4 ,commercial1 #cee4 gold salt1 #bfd1 #ceb4 ,phospho-molybdate of1 #bch4 ,physiological action of1 #cff4 ,poisoning by1 #cfb4 ,properties of1 #cea1 #ceb4 ,separation of1 from tissues1 c41 #cfg4 ,sublimation of1 #bei4 ,tests for1 #ceb1 #cec4 ,value of ,mayer's precipitate of1 #bfc4 ,acquetta di ,perugia1 #aa4 ,acqua ,toffana1 #aj1 #aa4 ,adder1 ,thuringian1 #dhd4 ,adonidin1 #dcd4 ,arated waters1 ,detection of lead in1 #fji4 sculin1 #cde 7footnote74 thusa cynapium1 #deg4 ,agaricus pantherinus1 #dah4 phalloides1 ,poisoning by1 #dag4 ruber1 #dah4 ,agrostemma sapotoxin1 #dcf4 ,ague drops1 #ecb4 ,alchid ,becher1 #e4 ,alcohol1 ,deaths from1 #bi4 ,detection of1 in chloroform1 #add4 ,excretion of1 #aci4 ,fatal dose of1 #acg4 ,post-mortem appearances after 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precipitate of1 #bfc4 ,morelle1 ,poisonous properties of1 #dah4 ,morson's ,english creasote1 #agi4 ,moulds1 ,effects of1 on arsenical wallpapers1 #edb4 ,mountain green1 #faf4 ,mucor phymocetes1 #e4 ,multiple antidote 7,app471 #gja4 ,muscarine1 #dac-dag4 ,action of1 on heart in poisoning by digitalin1 #dbi1 ,carbon and nitrogen content of1 #bfb4 ,detection of1 #daf1 #dag4 ,gold salt of1 #bfd4 ,poisoning by1 #dad-dag4 ,solution of 7,app471 #fhf4 ,treatment of poisoning by 7,app471 #fie4 ,mussels1 ,poisoning by1 #ejd4 ,mydaleine1 #dih4 ,mydatoxine1 #ejd4 ,mytilotoxine1 #ejd4 ,nagelvoort's test for physostigmine1 #cii4 ,naja ,haje1 ,poison of1 #dhd4 ,naples yellow1 #ehb4 ,naphtha1 ,deaths from1 #bi4 ,naphthal-amine 7acyclic and aromatic71 #cf4 ,narceine1 #bdg1 #bec1 #bed4 ,carbon and nitrogen content of1 #bfb4 ,colour reactions of1 #bdj4 ,effects of1 #cac4 ,melting point of1 #bei4 ,platinum salts of1 #bfd4 ,properties of1 #cab4 ,narcotine1 #beb4 ,carbon and nitrogen content of1 #bfb4 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,deaths from1 #bi4 ,effects of1 on animals1 #eac4 leeches1 #ead4 man1 #eae4 ,estimation of1 #eba1 #ebb4 ,fatal dose of1 #eac4 in the form of vapour1 #ead4 ,pathological changes produced by1 #eaf1 #eah4 ,physiological action of1 #eaf4 ,properties of1 #eaj1 #eaa4 ,separation of1 #eab4 ,statistics of poisoning by1 #eab4 ,treatment of poisoning by 7,app471 #fig4 ,uses in the arts of1 #eab4 ,oxal-methyline1 #ebb4 ,oxal-propyline1 #ebb4 ,oxyacanthine1 ,carbon and nitrogen content of1 #bfb4 ,oxycresol1 #agi4 ,oxymandelic acid1 #bbi4 ,pagenstecher and ,schnbein's test for prussic acid1 #bje4 ,papaverine1 #bdf1 #bec4 ,carbon and nitrogen content of1 #bfb4 ,colour reactions of1 #bdj4 ,effects of1 #cad4 ,melting-point of1 #bei4 ,platinum salt of1 #bfd4 ,spectrum of colour reactions of1 #ee4 ,papier moure1 #eca4 ,paraceto-amido-phenol1 #cg4 ,para-coniine1 #bff4 ,para-cresol1 #agi4 ,para-digitaletin1 #dai1 #dba4 ,para-dinitrobenzol1 #ahi4 ,paraffin1 ,deaths from1 #bi4 oil1 #acj4 ,paraldehyde1 #aed4 ,paralysis from lead1 #fjj4 ,paramenispermine1 #dea4 ,para-phenylene-diamine1 #dig4 ,paregoric4 ,see ,opium4 ,parillin1 #dcg4 ,pattison's white1 #eid4 ,payne and ,chevallier's experiments on zinc1 #feg4 ,peach1 ,prussic acid in1 #aie4 ,pedler's experiments on cobra poison1 #dgh4 ,pelikan's observations on the poisonous properties of potassic dichromate1 #fga4 ,pellagra's test for morphine1 #bie4 ,pennyroyal1 ,deaths from1 #cj4 ,pental1 #aed4 ,pentamethylene-diamine1 #did-dif4 ,pentane1 #aed4 ,peptotoxine1 #ejb4 ,perchloride of iron solution1 #fff4 ,pereirine1 #cdd1 #cde4 ,personnes' method of volumetrically estimating mercury1 #fee4 ,petroleum1 #abi-aca4 ,effects of1 #acj4 naphtha1 #acj4 ,petit's aconitine nitrate1 #cee4 ,petromyzon fluviatilis1 #dfi4 ,pfaff's prussic acid1 #aic4 ,pharaoh's serpent1 #fci4 ,phenic acid4 ,see ,carbolic acid4 ,phenol4 ,see ,carbolic acid4 ,phenylene-diamine1 #dj4 ,phenylsulphate of potassium1 #aha4 ,phloro-glucin1 #cg1 #dff4 ,phlorol1 #agi4 ,pierre divine1 #faf4 ,phosphine1 #bac4 ,production of1 as a test for phosphorus1 #bcj4 ,spectrum of1 #bcb4 ,phospho-molybdic acid as a test1 #bcg4 ,phosphorated oil1 #bac4 ,phospho-tungstic acid1 #bch4 ,phosphorus1 #e1 #bab-bce4 ,antidotes to poisoning by1 #bbc2 7,app471 #fig4 ,criminal poisoning by1 #bba4 ,deaths from1 #bi4 ,detection of1 #bbi4 ,effects of1 #bag4 ,fatal dose of1 #baf4 paste1 #bad4 ,period of death by1 #bbj4 period after which it may be detected1 #bcd4 period of commencement of symptoms1 #bbj4 ,poisoning effects of1 #bia4 ,post-mortem appearances in cases of poisoning by1 #bbd4 ,properties of1 #bab4 ,quantitative estimation of1 #bcd4 ,separation of1 #ea4 ,statistics of poisoning by1 #bae4 ,treatment of poisoning 7,app471 #fig4 vapour1 ,effects of1 #bbj1 #bba4 ,phosphuretted hydrogen4 ,see ,phosphine4 ,physostigmine1 #bea1 #cig-dja4 ,carbon and nitrogen content of1 #bfb4 ,effects of1 on animals and man1 #djj4 ,extract of1 #cih4 ,fatal dose of1 #djb4 ,pharmaceutical 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content of1 #bfb4 ,phospho-molybdate of1 #bch4 ,platinum salt of1 #bfd4 ,piturie1 #bgi4 ,platinum chloride as a test for alkaloids1 #bcg4 ,plugge's researches on fatality of aconite1 #cee4 ,pocula emetica1 #ehb4 ,poisons1 ,author's classification of1 #be4 ,classification of1 #bc4 ,general method of search for1 #df-ed4 ,husemann's definition of1 #bb4 ,kobert's classification of1 #bd4 definition of1 #bc4 ,legal definition of1 #bj4 ,lore of1 #a-ac4 ,scientific definition of1 #bb1 #bc4 ,statistics relative to1 #bh-cd4 ,polygalic acid1 #dcf4 ,pommerais1 ,case of1 #dcj1 #dca4 ,poor man's friend1 #fci4 ,poppy syrup1 #bhg4 tea1 #bhi4 ,populin1 #bdc4 ,pork1 poisoning by1 #ejg1 #ejh4 ,porta1 ,j4 ,baptista1 #aj4 ,portsmouth-case of food poisoning1 #ejh4 ,potash binoxalate1 ,deaths from1 #bi4 ,fatal dose of1 #eac4 ,pathological changes produced by1 #eah4 carbonates1 #aag4 caustic1 ,deaths from1 #bi4 ,colour reactions with the alkaloids1 #bdj 7footnote74 ,pharmaceutical preparations of1 #aag4 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pilatoire1 #fhj4 ,powell's balsam of aniseed1 #bhg4 ,preyer's separation of curarine1 #djf4 ,prince of ,wales1 precaution against poison1 #ab4 ,pritchard1 ,mrs41 ,poisoning of1 #ehe4 ,propylamine1 #dia4 ,protapine1 ,reactions of1 #cag4 ,protoveratridine1 #cic4 ,protoveratrine1 #cia4 ,prussic acid4 ,see ,hydrocyanic acid4 ,pseudo-jervine1 #bic4 -morphine1 #caf4 ,ptomaine analogous to coniine1 #bfi4 nicotine1 #bgh4 veratrine1 #cig4 ,definition of1 #dhe4 ,putrescine1 #dif1 #dig4 ,pyraconine1 #cea1 #ced4 ,pyraconitine1 #cea1 #ced4 ,pyridine1 #ci1 #bgf4 alkaloid in the cuttle fish1 #ejb4 ,pyro-catechin1 #age4 ,pyro-gallol1 #cg4 ,quebrachine1 #cdd4 ,spectra of colour reactions of1 #ee4 ,quillaja-sapotoxin1 #dcf4 ,quillajic acid1 #dcf4 ,quinidine colour reaction with potash1 #bdj 7footnote74 ,value of ,mayer's precipitate of1 #bfc4 ,quinine1 #bdh1 #beb4 ,carbon and nitrogen content of1 #bfb4 ,colour reactions of1 #bdj4 ,gold and platinum salts of1 #bfd4 ,phospho-molybdate of1 #bch4 ,spectrum of colour reaction1 #ee4 ,value of ,mayer's precipitate of1 #bfc4 ,rat poison1 #eca1 #fhj4 ,rayner1 ,dr4 ,henry1 on connection between insanity and lead poisoning1 #fjj1 #fja4 ,realgar1 #ebh4 ,red lead1 #eid4 ,redwood's ink1 #fcj4 ,r4 v4 ,lamson1 #cfd1 #cfe4 ,r4 v4 ,m',conkey1 #cfa4 ,r4 v4 ,moore1 #fdh4 ,r4 v4 ,smith1 #fdh4 ,r4 v4 ,taylor1 #fjd4 ,r4 v4 ,wilson1 #daa4 ,r4 v4 ,wren1 #cbd4 ,reid1 ,dr41 on ,darlaston case of poisoning by carbon monoxide1 #fh4 ,reinsch's test for arsenic1 #eeh1 #eei4 ,resorcin1 #ch4 ,retford case of food poisoning1 #ejh4 ,rettgers's observations on arsenical mirror1 #eeh4 ,reynold's gout specific1 #daj4 ,rhigolene1 #abi4 ,rhadine1 ,carbon and nitrogen content of1 #bfb4 ,properties of1 #caf4 ,rhubarb syrup1 ,death from1 #cj4 ,rice1 ,content of copper in1 #fab4 ,richardson's liquor bismuthi1 #ccj 7footnote74 ,richet's observations on strychnine poisoning1 #cbi1 #ccb4 ,rinman's green1 #feg4 ,production of1 #ffb4 ,ringer and ,murrell's observations on gelseminine1 #cdf4 ,river's prussic acid1 #aic4 ,robinia pseudo-acacia1 #dfe4 ,robiquet's prussic acid1 #aic4 ,roburite in connection with dinitrobenzol poisoning1 #aij4 ,rogers' experiments on copper1 #fag4 ,roman knowledge of poisons1 #b4 ,rowalewsky's experiments on uranium1 #fgi4 ,rubi-jervine1 #cid4 ,russell's viper1 #dhc4 ,rye1 ,content of copper in1 #fab4 ,sabadilline1 #bdi1 #beb4 ,carbon and nitrogen content of1 #bfb4 ,spectra of colour reactions of1 #ee4 ,sabatrin1 #beb4 ,sabina communis1 #dei4 ,saikowsky on antimony poisoning1 #ehf4 ,st4 ,croix as a poisoner1 #aa4 ,st4 ,ignatius' bean1 ,extract of1 #cbc4 ,salamandrine1 #dfg4 ,salicin1 #bed4 ,melting-point of1 #bfj4 ,salicylic acid1 #ch1 #agi4 ,salmon1 ,poisoning by tinned1 #ejg4 ,sanarelli's observations on the poison of the scorpion1 #dfh4 ,sanger's method of estimating arsenic1 #egj4 ,sanguinarine1 carbon and nitrogen content of1 #bfb4 ,spectra of colour reactions of1 #ee4 ,santonin1 #bdd1 #dci-ddb4 ,effects of1 on animals and man1 #ddj4 ,fatal dose of1 #ddj4 ,poisoning by1 #ddj4 ,post-mortem appearances in cases of poisoning by1 #dda4 ,separation of1 #dda1 #ddb4 ,sapindus sapotoxin1 #dcf4 ,sapogenin1 #dcg4 ,saponin1 #bdf1 #bed1 #dcf-dci4 ,detection of1 #dci4 ,effects of1 #dcg1 #dch4 ,melting-point of1 #bfj4 ,properties of1 #dcg4 ,separation of1 #dch4 ,saprine1 #ejj4 ,sarracinin1 #bdi4 ,sarsaparilla saponin1 #dcf4 ,sarsa-saponin1 #dcf4 ,sausage1 ,poisoning from1 #ejg1 #eji1 #eaj4 ,savin oil1 #dei1 #dfj4 ,savin1 ,treatment of poisoning by 7,app471 #fih4 ,schacht's method of assaying opium1 #bhd 7footnote74 ,schauffle's observations on the solubility of zinc1 #feg1 #feh4 ,scheele1 #ad4 ,scheele's green1 #faf4 prussic acid1 #aic4 ,scheibler's process for alkaloids1 #bch1 #bee4 ,schleppe's salt1 #egh4 ,schmiedeberg's process for estimating chloroform1 #aec4 ,schneider and ,fyfe's method of developing arsenic chloride1 #egf4 ,schnbein's test for prussic acid1 #bjf4 ,schraeder's prussic acid1 #aic4 ,schroff's case of poisoning by colchicum corms1 #daa4 ,schulze's reagent1 #bci4 ,schweinfurt green1 #ecb1 #faf4 ,scillain1 #dcd4 ,scillitin1 #dcd4 ,sclererythrin1 #ddd1 #dde4 ,sclerocrystallin1 #dde4 ,scleroidin1 #dde4 ,scleromucin1 #ddd4 ,sclerotic acid1 #ddd4 ,scolosuboff's experiments on the localisation of arsenic1 #efa4 ,scorpion poison1 #dfh4 8,sea ,hare0 as a poison1 #c4 ,seidel's case of barium poisoning1 #fhc4 mercury poisoning1 #fdc4 ,senegin1 #bdf1 #bed1 #dcf4 ,senier's analysis of blue pill1 #fcd4 ,shale naphtha1 #aej4 ,sheep dipping arsenical compounds1 #eec4 ,siebold's test for morphine1 #bie4 ,siem's researches on alumina1 #fgg4 ,silico-tungstic acid1 #bch4 ,silver1 #fbh4 ,chronic poisoning by salts of1 #fca4 chloride1 #fbi4 cyanide1 #bje1 #baa4 ,detection of1 #fcb4 ,doses of salts of1 #fcj4 ,use of1 in the arts1 #fcj4 nitrate1 #fbi4 ,deaths from1 #bi4 ,effects of1 on man and animals1 #fcj1 #fca4 ,tests for1 #fcb4 oxide1 #fbi4 ,post-mortem appearances in case of poisoning by the salts of1 #feb4 ,separation of1 #ej1 #eb4 sulphide1 #fbi4 ,sjokvist's method of estimating free hydrochloric acid1 #ajj4 ,smelling salts1 #aab4 ,snell's case of dinitrobenzol poisoning1 #aij4 ,soap pill 7compound71 #bhf4 ,soda bicarbonate1 #aah4 ,deaths from caustic1 #bi4 oxalate1 #eac4 ,properties of1 #aag4 ,statistics of poisoning by1 #aah4 ,sodic chloride1 #abb4 cyanide1 #baj4 nitrate1 #abd4 ,sodium salts1 #abb-abh4 ,tests for1 #aba4 ,sokoloff's method of separating prussic acid1 #bjg4 ,solanidine1 #chf4 ,solanine1 #che4 ,carbon and nitrogen content of1 #bfb4 ,colour reactions of1 #bdj4 ,spectra of colour reactions1 #ee4 ,phospho-molybdate of1 #bch4 ,poisoning by1 #chg4 ,properties of1 #chf4 ,separation of1 #chg4 ,treatment of poisoning by 7,app471 #fii4 ,solomon's anti-impetigines1 #fci4 ,soothing syrup1 ,deaths from1 #cj4 ,soubeiran's ink1 #fcj4 ,spanish fly1 #dga4 ,sparteine1 #bdi1 #bgi1 #bhj4 ,spectroscope as an aid to identification of poisons1 #ed-ef4 ,spectrum of aniline1 #bha4 blood in nitrobenzol poisoning1 #aia4 phosphine poisoning1 #bcb4 ,sphacelic acid1 #dde1 #dej4 ,spiders1 ,poisonous1 #dgj1 #dga4 ,spiritus ,etheris ,nitrosi1 ,deaths from1 #bi4 ,staphisagrine1 ,carbon and nitrogen content of1 #bfb4 ,stas1 ,process of1 for alkaloids1 #bci4 ,statira1 ,poisoning of1 #f4 ,statistics of poisoning1 #cb1 #cc4 ,steel drops1 #ffg4 ,stibine1 #ehh4 ,stillbazoline1 #bff4 ,stockman and ,dott's observations on morphine poisoning1 #bii4 ,stomach1 ,redness of1 #eea4 ,storey's worm cakes1 #fdj4 ,stourbridge case of lead poisoning1 #eih4 ,stramonium extract1 #cga4 tincture1 #cga4 ,strophantin1 #dcd4 ,struve's experiments on the detection of potassic cyanide1 #bji4 ,strychnic acid1 #cdd4 ,strychnine1 #bdh4 and atropine1 ,tests for1 #cgc4 ,action of1 on cephalopods1 #dc1 #cbh4 frogs1 #cbh4 infusoria1 #db4 man1 #cbi4 ,carbon and nitrogen content of1 #bfb4 chromate1 #cba4 ,colour reactions of1 #bdj4 ,deaths from1 #cj4 ,double salts of1 #cbb4 ,estimation of1 #cci4 ethyl and methyl1 #bea4 ,fatal dose of1 #cbe-cbh4 ,gold and platinum salts of1 #bfd4 ,identification of1 #ccg1 #cch4 ,iodide of1 #cbb4 nitrate1 #cba4 ,fatal dose of1 #cdb4 phospho-molybdate1 #bch4 ,physiological action of1 #ccb4 test for1 #cch1 #cci4 picrate1 #cbe1 #cdj4 ,poisoning by1 #cca4 ,post-mortem appearances in cases of poisoning by1 #ccc4 ,properties of1 #cai-cba4 ,separation of1 from brucine1 #cbc4 ,separation of1 from organic matters1 #ccd4 ,spectra of colour tests1 #ee4 ,statistics of poisoning by1 #cbd4 ,sublimate of1 #bfj4 sulphate1 #cba4 ,sulpho-cyanide of1 #cbb4 ,treatment of poisoning by 7,app471 #ccc1 #fii4 trichloride1 #cbb4 ,value of ,mayer's precipitate of1 #bfc4 ,sublimation of the alkaloids1 #bef-bfa4 ,sugar of lead1 #eic4 ,fatal dose of1 #fjf1 #fjg4 ,suicide by poison1 #b4 ,suicidal poisoning1 #cb4 ,sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,see ,hydric sulphide4 ,sulphuric acid1 #ge4 ,accidental1 criminal1 and suicidal poisoning by1 #gg1 #gh4 ,character of blood in cases of poisoning by1 #ij4 ,chronic poisoning by1 #hf4 ,deaths from1 #bi4 ,detection and estimation of1 #hg4 ,external effects of1 #ha4 ,fatal dose of1 #gh4 ,internal effects of1 #hb4 ,local action of1 #gi4 ,post-mortem appearances in cases of poisoning by1 #hc1 #he4 ,properties of1 #ge4 spots on clothing1 c41 #ha4 ,statistics as to poisoning by1 #gf1 #gg4 ,symptoms produced by1 #ha4 ,urine in cases of poisoning by1 #hh4 anhydride1 #gf4 ,sulphur in bile1 #ij4 ,suppositoria plumbi composita1 #eic4 ,susotoxine1 #eje4 ,syringin1 #bdg1 #dcg4 ,tamus ,communis1 #dfe4 ,tanqueril's observations on lead poisoning1 #fjj4 ,tarantula1 #dgj4 ,tar oil1 ,deaths from1 #cj4 ,tartar emetic4 ,see ,antimony4 ,tartaric acid1 ,deaths from1 #bi4 ,detection of lead in1 #fji1 #faj4 ,tartas' case of poisoning by nitric acid1 #ajg4 ,taxine1 #djd1 #dje4 ,terebenthene hydrochloride1 #acd4 ,terpenes1 #acc4 ,teschemacher and ,smith's method for assaying opium1 #bhc4 ,tetanine1 #ejc4 ,tetanotoxine1 #ejc1 #ejd4 ,tetramethylenediamine1 #dif1 #dig4 ,tetrodon1 #dfi4 ,thallium1 #fge1 #fgf4 ,thebaine1 #bec4 ,carbon and nitrogen content of1 #bfb4 ,colour reactions of1 #bdj4 ,effects of1 #cae4 ,gold and platinum salts of1 #bfd4 nitrate1 ,lethal dose of1 #cdb4 ,properties of1 #cad1 #cae4 ,sublimate of1 #bei4 ,theine1 #bdc4 ,carbon and nitrogen content of1 #bfb4 ,gold and platinum salts of1 #bfd4 ,phospho-molybdate of1 #bch4 ,sublimate of1 #beg-bfj4 ,theobromine1 #dj1 #bdf4 ,carbon and nitrogen content of1 #bfb4 ,phospho-molybdate of1 #bch4 ,platinum1 salt of1 #bfd4 ,sublimate of1 #bfj4 ,theveresin1 #dcd4 ,thevetin1 #dcd4 ,thompson's hair destroyer1 #fhj4 ,w41 observation on solubility of copper in oils1 #faa4 ,thorn ,apple1 ,deaths from 7see ,datura71 #cj4 ,thudichum's method of separating potass-phenyl sulphate from urine1 #aha4 ,tiglic acid1 #cib4 ,tin1 separation of1 #ej-eb4 ,tincture of digitalis1 #dbb4 iron1 #fff4 ,tione1 ,mass poisoning by lead in1 #eii4 ,tobacco1 ,deaths from1 #cj4 ,effects of1 #bgd4 juice1 ,effects of1 #bgc1 #bge4 smoke1 ,chemical composition of1 #bge1 #bgf 7footnote74 ,species of1 #bfi1 #bgj4 ,toffana1 #aj4 ,toluylenediamine1 #dj4 ,tongue1 ,poisoning by tinned1 #ejg4 ,toxalbumins of ,castor and ,abrus1 #dfb1 #dfc4 ,toxic action and chemical composition1 #ce-db4 mydriasis and myosis1 #df4 ,toxines of ,hog cholera1 #eje4 ,toxiresin1 #dba4 ,traube's observations on the action of digitalis1 #dbh4 ,tri-bromo-phenol1 #agh4 ,tri-chlor-morphine1 #bii4 ,tri-ethyl-amine1 #dia4 ,tri-ethyl-phosphine1 #afe4 ,trimethylamine1 #bej1 #ddc1 #dia4 ,carbon and nitrogen content of1 #bfb4 ,trimethylenediamine1 #dic4 ,trimethyl-hydroxy-amine1 #eja4 ,trimethyl-vinyl-ammonium hydrate1 #eja4 ,triton cristatus1 #dfg4 ,tritopine1 ,properties of1 #cag4 ,triumph 7,h4,m4,s471 ,mass poisoning by mercury on1 #fdb4 ,tropic acid1 #cga4 ,tropidonotus natrix1 #dhc4 viperinus1 #dhd4 ,tropine1 #cga4 ,tschirch's observations and experiments on copper poisoning1 #faa1 #fai1 #fbb4 ,turacin1 #fac4 ,turbith mineral1 #fcg4 ,turner's yellow1 #eid4 ,turpentine1 #acc1 #acd4 ,deaths from1 #bi4 ,treatment of poisoning by 7,app471 #gjj4 ,type metal1 #ehb4 ,typho-toxine1 #ejf4 ,tyrotoxicon1 #ejd1 #eje4 ,udrnsky and ,baumann's process for isolating diamines1 #dhh4 ,ullmann on the localisation of mercury1 #fej4 ,upas tree of ,singapore1 #dcf4 ,uppmann's experiments on oxalic acid1 #ead4 ,uranium1 #fgi4 ,uric acid in cases of lead poisoning1 #fjc4 ,urine1 examination of1 for poison1 #bcc4 in poisoning by carbolic acid1 #aha4 in poisoning by chloral1 #afa4 in poisoning by phosphorus1 #bbb4 in poisoning by sulphuric acid1 #hh4 ,urobutylchloral acid1 #afa4 ,urochloral acid1 #afa4 ,valanguis' solutio solventes mineralis1 #eca4 ,valentine's experiments on scorpion poison1 #dfh4 ,van ,kobell's test for bismuth1 #fbg4 ,vauquelin's prussic acid1 #aic4 ,vas' observations on tobacco juice1 #bgc4 ,veal1 poisoning by1 #ejg4 ,vegetation1 ,action of hydrochloric acid on1 #id4 nitric acid1 #ajd4 ,venetian poisoners1 #i4 ,venturoli's process for the separation of prussic acid1 #bjh4 ,veratralbine1 #cid4 ,veratric acid1 #cib4 ,veratrine1 #bdh1 #beb1 #cij-cib4 ,action of1 on infusoria1 #db4 ,carbon and nitrogen content of1 #bfb4 ,colour reactions of1 #bdj4 ,commercial1 #cid1 #cie4 ,effects of1 on animals and man1 #cie1 #cif4 ,fatal dose1 #cie4 ,gold salt of1 #bfd4 ,phospho-molybdate of1 #bch4 ,separation of1 from organic matters1 #cig4 ,spectra of colour reactions1 #ee4 ,treatment of poisoning by 7,app471 #gjj4 ,value of ,mayer's precipitate of1 #bfc4 ,veratroidine1 #cid4 ,veratroidine1 ,carbon and nitrogen content of1 #bfb4 ,veratrum1 ,old knowledge of1 #d4 ,verdigris1 #faf4 ,vermicelli1 ,content of copper in1 #fab4 ,vermilion1 #fch4 ,vermin killers1 ,composition of1 #cbd4 ,deaths from1 #cj4 ,vetchlings1 #dfd4 ,veterinary arsenical medicines1 #eca4 ,vidali's method of estimating chloroform1 #aec 7footnote74 testing for atropine1 #cgc4 testing for mercury cyanide1 #feb4 testing for morphine1 #bie4 ,villiers and ,favolle's test for hydrochloric acid1 #ii4 ,vinylamine1 #da4 ,viper1 #dgg4 ,vis' constitutional formula for atropine1 #bid4 ,vohl and ,eulenberg's observations on tobacco smoke1 #bgf 7footnote74 ,voisin and ,liouville's experiments on curare1 #djg4 ,wagner's method of obtaining sulphates of the alkaloids1 #bfc4 ,wall on the effects of cobra poison1 #dgi4 ,waller's1 ,e41 method of assaying carbolic acid powders1 #ahb4 ,waltisham cases of ergot poisoning1 #ddg1 #ddh4 ,walz's method of preparing digitalin1 #dba4 ,ward's red pill1 #eha4 ,wasps1 ,poison of1 #dga4 ,water gas1 ,leeds case of poisoning by1 #fg4 hemlock1 ,deaths from4 ,see nanthe crocata1 #cj4 salamander1 #dfg4 snake1 blood of1 #dhe4 ,welbeck cases of food poisoning1 #ejg4 ,wheat1 ,content of copper in1 #fab4 ,whin flower1 ,death from1 #cj4 ,whitchurch case of food poisoning1 #ejg4 ,white lead1 #eid1 #eie4 ,whitelock's case of carbolic acid poisoning1 #aga4 ,white precipitate1 #fcf1 #fdh4 ,williams' apparatus1 #dd4 ,witherite1 #fhj4 ,wittstock's process for colchicine1 #dac4 ,wolverhampton case of poisoning by tinned salmon1 #ejg4 ,wormwood1 #bdd4 ,woudreton1 ,confession of1 #h4 ,wright's pearl ointment1 #fdj4 ,wunderlich's case of poisoning by nitric acid1 #ajf4 ,wyeth's dialysed iron 7,app471 #fhf4 ,wyss 7,oscar7 case of poisoning by sulphuric acid1 #hd4 ,xanthin1 #ci1 #dj4 ,xanthogenic acid1 #afe4 ,yellow atrophy of the liver1 distinguished from phosphorus poisoning1 #bbf4 ,yew1 ,poisoning by1 #djd4 ,zinc ammonia chloride1 #feg4 carbonate1 #fef4 chloride1 #fef4 ,deaths from poisoning by1 #bi4 ,poisonous effects of1 #fei1 #ffj4 ,post-mortem appearances after poisoning by1 #ffj1 #ffa4 ,detection of1 #ffa4 ,effects of1 #feh4 green1 #feg4 in the arts1 #feg4 oxide1 #fef4 ,effects of1 on man1 #feh4 ,separation of1 #ec4 sulphate1 #fef4 ,poisonous effects of1 #fei4 ,post-mortem appearances after poisoning by #ffj4 sulphide1 #fef1 #feg4 ,properties of1 #ffa4 ,tests for1 #ffb4 poisoning by soluble salts of 7,app471 #gjj4 white1 #feg4 yellow1 #feg4 ,,neill ,,and ,,company1 ,,printers1 ,,edinburgh4 ,a ,,catalogue ,,of ,,medical ,,works ,,published ,,by ,,charles ,,griffin ,,company1 ,,limited4 ,illustration ,,messrs4 ,,charles ,,griffin ,,company',s ,,publications may be obtained through any ,bookseller in the ,united ,kingdom1 or will be sent direct on receipt of a remittance to cover published price4 ,to prevent delay1 ,orders should be accompanied by a ,remittance4 ,cheques and ,postal ,orders to be crossed 8,,smith1 ,,payne ,,smiths40 ,general and ,technical ,catalogues1 ,post-free on ,application4 ,,london3 ,,exeter ,,street1 ,,strand4 ,,index ,,to ,,authors4 ,,page ,,aitchison 7,r471 ,medical ,handbook1 #bc ,,aitken 7,sir ,w41 ,m4,d471 ,science and ,practice of ,medicine1 #bf ,,anderson 7,prof4 ,m',call71 ,skin ,diseases1 #ac ,,blyth 7,a4 ,w471 ,foods and ,poisons1 #ca ,,burnet 7,r41 ,m4,d471 ,foods and ,dietaries1 #cc ,,bury 7,judson1 ,m4,d47 ,clinical ,medicine1 #g ,,caird ,,cathcart1 ,surgical ,handbook1 #bc ,,clark 7,sir ,andrew71 ,fibroid ,phthisis1 #f ,,crimp 7,w4 ,s471 ,sewage ,disposal ,works1 #ba ---- and ,,cooper1 ,sanitary ,rules1 #bd ,,davies 7,surg4 ,major71 ,hygiene1 #bd ,,davis 7,prof4 ,j4 ,r4 ,a471 ,biology1 #cj ---- ,the ,flowering ,plant1 #cj ---- ,zoological ,pocket-book1 #cj ,,donald 7,arch41 ,m4,d471 ,midwifery1 #be ,,donkin 7,h4 ,bryan71 ,diseases of ,childhood1 #i ,,duckworth 7,sir ,d41 ,m4,d471 ,gout1 #aj ,,dupre and ,,hake1 ,manual of ,chemistry1 #cb ,,elborne 7,w471 ,pharmacy1 #cb ,,garrod 7,a4 ,e41 ,m4,d471 ,rheumatism1 #aa ,,haddon 7,prof471 ,embryology1 #bb ,,hellier 7,dr471 ,infancy and ,infant-,rearing1 #ce ,,hewitt 7,f4 ,w41 ,m4,d471 ,ansthetics1 #bf ,,hill 7,dr471 ,physiologist's ,note-,book1 #bg ,,horsley 7,v471 ,brain and ,spinal ,cord1 #ae ---- ,brain ,surgery1 #ae ,,humphry 7,laur471 ,manual of ,nursing1 #cc ,,hunter 7,wm4 ,m4,d471 ,diseases of the ,blood1 #i ,,jaksch 7v47 and ,,cagney1 ,clinical ,diagnosis1 #h ,,landis 7,dr471 ,management of ,labour1 #be ,,landois and ,,stirling',s ,physiology1 #e ,,lewis 7,bevan71 ,mental ,diseases1 #af ,,macalister 7,prof471 ,human ,anatomy1 #d ,,macready 7,j41 ,f4,r4,c4,s471 ,ruptures1 #ai ,,mann 7,prof4 ,dixon1 ,m4,d471 ,forensic ,medicine and ,toxicology1 #ai ,,mercier 7,ch41 ,m4,d471 ,asylum ,management1 #ag ,,meyer and ,,fergus1 ,ophthalmology1 #ad ,,obersteiner and ,,hill1 ,central ,nervous ,organs1 #ah ,,page 7,h4 ,w41 ,f4,r4,c4,s471 ,railway ,injuries1 #bj ,,phillips 7,dr4 ,j471 ,diseases of ,women1 #be ,,pollard 7,b41 ,f4,r4,c4,s471 ,diseases of ,childhood 7,surgical71 #i ,,porter and ,,godwin1 ,surgeon's ,pocket-book1 #bd ,,reid 7,geo41 ,d4,p4,h471 ,practical ,sanitation1 #cd ,,rideal 7,samuel1 ,d4,sc471 ,disinfectants1 #cc ,,riddell 7,j4 ,scott1 ,m4,d471 ,manual of ,ambulance1 #ce ,,ross and ,,bury1 ,peripheral ,neuritis1 #ae ,,sansom 7,a4 ,e41 ,m4,d471 ,diseases of the ,heart1 #ab ,,sexton 7,prof471 ,quantitative ,analysis1 #cb ---- ,qualitative ,analysis1 #cb ,,smith 7,johnson1 ,f4,r4,c4,s471 ,sea-,captain's ,medical ,guide1 #ce ,,squire1 7,ed4 ,j1 ,m4,d471 ,consumption1 ,hygienic ,prevention of1 #cd ,,stirling 7,prof471 ,practical ,physiology1 #bh ---- ,practical ,histology1 #bi ,,thorburn 7,w471 ,surgery of ,spine1 #bj ,,thornton 7,j471 ,surgery of ,kidneys1 #bj ,,westland 7,a41 ,m4,d471 ,the ,wife and ,mother1 #ce ,,scientific ,,societies 7,year-book of71 #cf ,,index ,,to ,,subjects4 ,,page ,,ambulance1 #ce ,,an,,sthetics1 #bf ,,anatomy1 ,human1 #d ,anatomy and ,physiology 7,journal of71 #bb ,,asylum ,,management1 #ag ,,biology1 #cj ,,blood1 ,diseases of1 #i ,,botany1 #cj ,,brain1 ,the1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai ,,chemistry1 ,inorganic1 #cb ---- ,analysis1 ,qualitative and ,quantitative1 #cb ,,childhood1 ,diseases of1 #i ,,clinical ,diagnosis1 #h ,,clinical ,medicine1 #f1 #g ,,consumption1 #f1 #cd ,,dietaries for the ,sick1 #cc ,,disinfection and ,,disinfectants1 #cc ,,embryology1 #bb ,,eye1 ,diseases of the1 #ad ,,foods1 ,analysis of1 #ca ,,foods and ,dietaries1 #cc ,,forensic ,,medicine1 #ai ,,gout1 #aj ,,heart1 ,diseases of the1 #ab ,,histology1 #bi ,,hygiene and ,public ,health1 #bd1 #ca1 #cc1 #cd ,,infants1 ,rearing of1 #ce ,,insanity1 ,medico-legal ,evidence of1 #ai ,,kidneys1 ,surgery of the1 #bj ,,laboratory ,hand-books-- ,chemistry1 #cb ,histology1 #bi ,pharmacy1 #cb ,physiology1 #bh ,,medical ,,societies1 ,papers read annually before1 #cf ,,medicine1 ,science and ,practice of1 #bf ,,mental ,,diseases1 #af1 #ag ,,nervous ,,organs1 ,central1 #ah ,,nursing1 ,medical and ,surgical1 #cc ,,obstetrics1 #be ,,pharmacy1 #cb ,,phthisis1 ,fibroid1 #f ,,physiologist',s ,note-book1 #bg ,,physiology1 #e1 #bh ,,pocket-,,book of ,hygiene1 #bd ---- ,medical1 #bc ---- of ,sanitary ,rules1 #bd ---- ,surgical1 #bc1 #bd ---- ,zoological1 #cj ,,poisons1 ,detection of1 #ca ,,railway ,,injuries1 #bj ,,rheumatism1 #aa ,,ruptures1 #ai ,,sanitation1 #cd ,,sea-,,captains1 ,medical ,guide for1 #ce ,,sewage ,disposal ,works1 #ba ,,skin1 ,diseases of the1 #ac ,,spinal ,cord1 #bj ,,surgery of ,brain1 #ae ---- ,civil1 #bc ---- of ,kidneys1 #bj ---- ,military1 #bd ---- of ,spinal ,cord1 #bj ,,women1 ,diseases of1 #be1 #ce ,,zoology1 #cj ,charles ,griffin ,co4's ,medical ,series4 ,standard ,works of ,reference for ,practitioners and ,students4 ,issued in ,,library ,,style1 large #hvo1 ,handsome ,cloth1 very fully ,illustrated4 #a4 ,,anatomy ,,and ,,physiology4 ,,page ,human ,anatomy1 ,,prof4 ,,macalister1 ,m4,d41 #d ,human ,physiology1 ,,profs4 ,,landois ,,and ,,stirling1 #e ,embryology1 ,,prof4 ,,haddon1 #bb #b4 ,,the ,,brain1 ,,nervous ,,system1 ,,and ,,legal ,,medicine4 ,the ,brain and ,spinal ,cord1 ,,victor ,,horsley1 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 #ae ,central ,nervous ,organs1 ,,drs4 ,,obersteiner ,,and ,,hill1 #ah ,peripheral ,neuritis1 ,,drs4 ,,ross ,,and ,,bury1 #ae ,mental ,diseases1 ,,bevan ,,lewis1 ,m4,r4,c4,s41 #af ,asylum ,management1 ,,chas4 ,,mercier1 ,m4,d41 #ag ,forensic ,medicine and ,toxicology1 ,,prof4 ,,dixon ,,mann1 #ai #c4 ,,diagnosis ,,and ,,treatment ,,of ,,disease4 ,clinical ,diagnosis1 ,,drs4 ,v4 ,,jaksch ,,and ,,cagney1 #h ,clinical ,medicine1 ,,judson ,,bury1 ,m4,d41 #f-g ,fibroid ,phthisis1 ,,sir ,,and4 ,,clark1 ,m4,d41 #f ,gout1 ,,sir ,,dyce ,,duckworth1 ,m4,d41 #aj ,rheumatism1 ,,arch4 ,,garrod1 ,m4,d41 #aa ,diseases of the ,blood1 ,,wm4 ,,hunter1 ,m4,d41 #i ,childhood1 ,,bryan ,,donkin1 ,m4,d41 #i the ,eye1 ,,drs4 ,,meyer ,,and ,,fergus1 #ad the ,heart1 ,a4 ,e4 ,,sansom1 ,m4,d41 #ab the ,skin1 ,,prof4 ,m',,call ,,anderson1 #ac #d4 ,,surgery4 ,brain ,surgery1 ,,victor ,,horsley1 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 #ae ,surgery of the ,kidneys1 ,,knowsley ,,thornton1 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 #bj ,spinal ,cord1 ,,wm4 ,,thorburn1 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 #bj ,surg4 ,diseases of ,childhood1 ,,bilton ,,pollard1 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 #i ,railway ,injuries1 ,h4 ,w4 ,,page1 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 #bj ,ruptures1 ,j4 ,f4 ,c4 ,,macready1 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 #ai ,other ,volumes in active ,preparation4 ,by ,prof4 ,,macalister1 ,m4,p41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,human ,,anatomy 7,,systematic ,,and ,,topographical71 ,a ,,text-,,book ,,of3 ,,including ,,the ,,embryology1 ,,histology1 ,,and ,,morphology ,,of ,,man1 ,,with ,,special ,,reference ,,to ,,the ,,requirements ,,of ,,practical ,,surgery ,,and ,,medicine4 ,,by ,,alexander ,,macalister1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,s4,a41 ,professor of ,anatomy in the ,university of ,cambridge1 and ,fellow of ,st4 ,john's ,college2 ,examiner in ,human ,anatomy1 ,university of ,london4 ,in ,large #hvo4 ,with #haf ,illustrations4 ,handsome ,cloth1 #cfs4 ,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,press4 8,by far ,,the ,,most ,,important ,,work ,,on ,,this ,,subject that has appeared in recent years1 4 4 4 treating its subject ,,thoroughly ,,and ,,comprehensively4 4 4 4 ,the histology of the tissues is most ably and lucidly described40--,the ,lancet4 8,,this ,,splendid ,,volume fills up what was a great want in works on human anatomy4444 ,we get morphology as a basis1 and thread our way upwards40--,saturday ,review4 8,contains an enormous amount of valuable matter4 4 4 4 ,a work which we feel sure will be a main factor in the advancement of scientific anatomy4 ,in addition1 we must mention the ,,fine ,,collection ,,of ,,illustrations40--,dublin ,medical ,journal4 8,many of the figures are of great beauty4 4 4 4 ,the chapters on the brain and spinal cord1 the ear1 and the eye1 contain all that is really valuable in the most recent researches40--,glasgow ,medical ,journal4 8,the book bears an unmistakable stamp of erudition and labour1 and will be ,,valued both by teachers and pupils ,,as ,a ,,work ,,of ,,reference40--,british ,medical ,journal4 8,dr4 ,macalister's extensive knowledge of comparative anatomy enables him to speak with authority on many interesting but difficult morphological problems4 4 4 4 ,a ,,very ,,able and ,,scientific treatise40--,edinburgh ,medical ,journal4 ,professors ,,landois and ,,stirling4 ,,human ,,physiology 7,a ,,text-,,book ,,of74 ,,with ,,special ,,reference ,,to ,,practical ,,medicine4 ,by ,,dr4 ,l4 ,,landois1 ,,professor ,,of ,,physiology1 ,,university ,,of ,,greifswald4 ,translated from the ,seventh ,german ,edition1 with ,annotations and ,additions1 ,by ,,wm4 ,,stirling1 ,m4,d41 ,sc4,d41 ,,brackenbury ,,professor ,,of ,,physiology ,,in ,,owens ,,college1 ,,and ,,victoria ,,university1 ,,manchester2 ,,examiner ,,in ,,the ,,universities of ,,oxford1 ,,edinburgh1 ,,and ,,london3 ,,and ,,for ,,the ,,fellowship ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,college ,,of ,,surgeons1 ,,england4 ,in ,two ,large #hvo ,volumes1 ,handsome ,cloth1 #dbs4 ,with #hde ,illustrations 7some in ,colours74 ,,fourth ,,english ,,edition4 ,,general ,,contents4 ,part ,i4--,physiology of the ,blood1 ,circulation1 ,respiration1 ,digestion1 ,absorption1 ,animal ,heat1 ,metabolic ,phenomena of the ,body2 ,secretion of ,urine2 ,structure of the ,skin4 ,part ,,ii4--,physiology of the ,motor ,apparatus2 the ,voice and ,speech2 ,general ,physiology of the ,nerves3 ,electro-,physiology2 the ,brain2 ,organs of ,sight1 ,hearing1 ,smell1 ,taste1 ,touch2 ,physiology of ,development4 ,since its first appearance in #ahhj1 ,prof4 ,,landois' ,,text-,,book ,,of ,,physiology has been translated into three ,foreign languages1 and passed through ,,seven ,,large ,,editions4 ,the ,fourth ,english ,edition has again been thoroughly revised1 and a new feature introduced--that of printing some of the ,illustrations in ,colours4 ,the number of figures has also been largely increased1 from #did in the ,first1 to #hde in the present ,edition4 ,in order to do full justice to the coloured illustrations1 and to admit of more of the text being printed in large type1 it has been found necessary to put the work once again in two volumes4 ,opinions of the ,press4 8,so great are the advantages offered by ,prof4 ,,landois' ,,text-,,book1 from the ,,exhaustive and ,,eminently ,,practical manner in which the subject is treated1 that it has passed through ,,four large editions in the same number of years4 4 4 4 ,dr4 ,,stirling's annotations have materially added to the value of the work4 ,admirably adapted for the ,,practitioner4 4 4 4 ,with this ,text-book at command1 ,,no ,,student ,,could ,,fail ,,in ,,his ,,examination40--,the ,lancet4 8,one of the ,,most ,,practical ,,works on ,physiology ever written1 forming a #8bridge' between ,physiology and ,practical ,medicine4 4 4 4 ,its chief merits are its completeness and conciseness4 4 4 4 ,the additions by the ,editor are able and judicious4 ,,excellently ,,clear1 ,,attractive1 ,,and ,,succinct40--,brit4 ,med4 ,journal4 8,the great subjects dealt with are treated in an admirably clear1 terse1 and happily-illustrated manner4 ,at every turn the doctrines laid down are illuminated by reference to facts of ,clinical ,medicine or ,pathology40--,practitioner4 8,we have no hesitation in saying that ,,this ,,is ,,the ,,work to which the ,,practitioner will turn whenever he desires light thrown upon1 or information as to how he can best investigate1 the phenomena of a ,,complicated ,,or ,,important ,,case4 ,to the ,,student it will be ,,equally ,,valuable40--,edinburgh ,medical ,journal4 8,,landois ,,and ,,stirling',s work cannot fail to establish itself as one of the most useful and popular works known to ,english readers40--,manchester ,medical ,chronicle4 8,as a work of reference1 ,,landois and ,,stirling's ,treatise ,,ought ,,to ,,take ,,the ,,foremost ,,place among the text books in the ,english language4 ,the woodcuts are noticeable for their number and beauty40--,glasgow ,medical ,journal4 8,unquestionably the most admirable exposition of the relations of ,human ,physiology to ,practical ,medicine that has ever been laid before ,english readers40--,students' ,journal4 ,,in ,,handsome ,,cloth4 ,,price ,,one ,,guinea ,,net4 ,new ,work by ,sir ,,andrew ,,clark1 ,bart41 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,with ,tables and ,eight ,plates in ,colours4 ,,fibroid ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,lung1 ,,including ,,fibroid ,,phthisis4 ,,by ,sir ,,andrew ,,clark1 ,bart41 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,late ,consulting ,physician and ,lecturer on ,clinical ,medicine to the ,london ,hospital1 ,,and ,w4 ,j4 ,,hadley1 ,m4,d41 and ,,arnold ,,chaplin1 ,m4,d41 ,assistant ,physicians to the ,city of ,london ,hospital for ,diseases of the ,chest4 8,it was due to ,sir ,andrew ,clark that a ,,permanent ,,record of his ,,most ,,important ,,piece ,,of ,,pathological and ,,clinical ,,work should be published 4 4 4 the subject had been in his mind for many years1 and the present volume1 ,,completely written and twice revised before his lamented death1 embodies his ,,latest ,,views upon it4 4 4 4 ,a volume which will be ,,highly ,,valued ,,by ,,every ,,clinical ,,physician40--,british ,medical ,journal4 ,from ,dr4 ,,judson ,,bury',s ,,new ,,work on 8,,clinical ,,medicine0 7,see opposite page47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bba4--,showing wasting of ,pectorales1 and the drawing up of the ,upper ,angles of the ,scapul4 ,from the ,section on ,examination of the ,nervous ,system 7,disorders of ,muscular ,action74 ,in ,large #hvo1 ,handsome ,cloth1 ,with numerous ,illustrations and ,coloured ,plate4 #bas4 ,,clinical ,,medicine4 ,a ,,practical ,,handbook ,,for ,,practitioners ,,and ,,students4 ,,by ,,judson ,,bury1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,p41 ,senior ,assist4 ,phys41 ,manchester ,royal ,infirmary4 8,we may say at once that ,dr4 ,judson ,bury has ,,succeeded ,,well4 ,his book is planned upon ,,rational ,,lines1 4 4 4 intended for ,,practical ,,service4 4 4 4 ,his work will take a ,,prominent ,,place amongst books of its class1 and is one1 too1 to which the clinical student can ,,trust1 as being reliable4 4 4 4 ,the illustrations are numerous and ,,telling40--,the ,lancet4 8,this ,manual is sure ,,at ,,once to take a ,,foremost ,,place as a guide in clinical work4 4 4 4 ,seeks to utilise at the bedside the most recent researches of the ,physiologist1 the ,chemist1 and the ,bacteriologist4 4 4 4 ,belongs to the same series of ,manuals which has given us the issue of ,,landois' #8,physiology1' wherein ,prof4 ,,stirling sought to bring the most advanced ,physiology into relationship with clinical work2 and the very valuable treatise of ,v4 ,,jaksch on #8,clinical ,diagnosis40--,british ,medical ,journal4 8,this is the latest of the splendid ,series of ,text-books which ,messrs4 ,charles ,griffin ,company have been the means of placing in the hands of the profession4 ,the volume will maintain the reputation of its predecessors1 and we ,,heartily ,,congratulate ,dr4 ,judson ,bury on the ,,excellence of his book and the ,,sterling ,,contribution to medical literature which1 in its publication1 he has made40--,dublin ,medical ,journal4 ,,general ,,contents4 ,introductory4--,symptoms and ,physical ,signs--,importance of ,inspection--,method of ,examining a ,patient--,case-taking4 ,symptoms for the most part ,subjective in ,character4--,symptoms indicating ,disturbance of the ,functions of the ,nervous ,system--,indicating ,disturbance of the ,functions of the ,respiratory and ,circulatory ,organs--,indicating ,disturbance of the ,functions of the ,digestive ,organs--,indicating ,disturbance of the ,urinary ,organs4 ,examination of the ,surface of the ,body4--,changes in ,size and ,shape--,expression of ,face--,attitude--,walking4 ,temperature4--,temperature in ,health--in ,disease4 ,examination of the ,skin and its ,appendages4--,changes in the ,colour of the ,skin--,the ,moisture of the ,skin--,cutaneous ,eruptions3--,i4 ,general ,diseases with ,cutaneous ,lesions2 ,,ii4 ,diseases of the ,skin due to ,parasites2 ,,iii4 ,local ,diseases of the ,skin not due to ,cutaneous ,parasites--,abnormal ,conditions of the ,nails4 ,examination of the ,respiratory ,system4--,artificial ,divisions of the ,chest--,inspection--,palpation--,percus sion--,auscultation--,the ,sputum--,the ,examination of the ,larynx4 ,examination of the ,circulatory ,system4--,anatomical ,relations of the ,heart--,inspection and ,palpation--,percussion-,auscultation--, the ,pulse4 ,examination of the ,blood4 ,examination of the ,digestive ,system and of the ,abdominal ,organs4--,the ,tongue--,the ,teeth--,the ,gums--,the ,mucous ,membrane of the ,mouth--,saliva--,the ,soft ,palate1 ,fauces and ,pharynx--,the sophagus--,the ,abdomen---,the ,stomach--,examination of ,vomited ,matters--,investigation of the ,contents of the ,stomach and of its ,activity during ,digestion--,the ,intestines--,examination of the ,fces---,the ,liver and ,gall ,bladder--,the ,spleen--,the ,pancreas--,the ,omentum--,the ,mesentery and ,retroperitoneal ,glands--,the ,kidneys4 ,examination of the ,urine4--,variations in the ,quantity of the ,urine--,in the ,colour--,odour--,consistence--,transluc ency--,specific ,gravity and ,reaction of the ,urine--,chemical ,examination of the ,urine--,sediments and ,microscopical ,examination of the ,urine3--7a7 ,unorganised ,sediments2 7b7 ,organic ,deposits4 ,examination of ,puncture ,fluids4--,exudations--,transudations--, contents of ,cysts4 ,examination of the ,nervous ,system4--,anatomical and ,physiological ,introduction--,investigation of the ,symptoms ,produced by ,diseases of the ,nervous ,system3--,disorders of ,muscular ,action2 of ,sensation2 of ,reflex ,action2 of ,language2 of ,vision2 of ,hearing2 of ,taste2 of ,smell4 ,by ,prof4 von ,,jaksch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hf4--;a1 b4 ,cylindroids from the urine in congested kidney4 ,,clinical ,,diagnosis3 ,,the ,bacteriological1 ,chemical1 and ,microscopical ,evidence of ,disease4 ,,by ,,prof4 ,r4 ,v4 ,,jaksch1 ,of the ,university of ,prague4 ,,translated ,,from ,,the ,,third ,,german ,,edition ,,and ,,enlarged ,,by ,,james ,,cagney1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 ,phys4 to the ,hosp4 for ,epilepsy and ,paralysis1 ,regent's ,park4 ,with ,,additional ,,illustrations1 many ,coloured4 ,in large #hvo4 ,handsome ,cloth4 #bes4 ,,second ,,english ,,edition4 ,,general ,,contents4 ,the ,blood--,the ,buccal ,secretion--,the ,nasal ,secretion--,the ,sputum--,the ,gastric ,juice and ,vomit--,the ,fces--,examination of the ,urine--,investigation of ,exudations1 ,transudations1 and ,cystic ,fluids--,the ,secretions of the ,genital ,organs--,methods of ,bacteriological ,research--,bibliography4 ,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,press4 8,a striking example of the application of the ,methods of ,science to ,medicine4 4 4 4 ,,stands ,,almost ,,alone amongst books of this class in the width of its range1 the ,,thoroughness of its exposition1 and the clearness of its style4 ,its value has been recognised in many countries4 4 4 4 ,the translator has done his share of the work in an admirable manner4 4 4 4 ,a standard work 4 4 4 as ,,trustworthy as it is ,,scientific4 4 4 4 ,the numerous and artistic illustrations form a great feature of the work1 and have been admirably reproduced40--,lancet4 8,supplies a real want4 4 4 4 ,rich in information1 accurate in detail1 lucid in style40--,brit4 ,med4 ,journal4 8,possesses a ,,high ,,value4 4 4 4 ,there is a most admirable bibliography40--,edinburgh ,med4 ,review4 8,a new and valuable work 4 4 4 worthy of a ,,first ,,place ,,as ,a ,,text-,,book4 4 4 4 ,of great value both to medical practitioners and medical students40--,journal of ,american ,med4 ,association1 ,chicago4 ,in ,large #hvo1 ,handsome ,cloth4 #afs4 ,,the ,,diseases ,,of ,,childhood 7,,medical74 ,,by ,h4 ,,bryan ,,donkin1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,p41 ,,physician ,,to ,,the ,,westminster ,,hospital ,,and ,,the ,,east ,,london ,,hospital ,,for ,,children3 ,,joint ,,lecturer ,,on ,,medicine ,,and ,,clinical ,,medicine ,,at ,,the ,,westminster ,,hospital ,,medical ,,school4 ,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,press4 ,the ,lancet4--8,,dr4 ,,donkin's book is in every sense of the word a piece of ,,original ,,work1 ,,remarkably ,,well ,,written1 and founded on his own ,,large ,,experience40 ,british ,medical ,journal4--8,,dr4 ,,donkin's work possesses characters which will earn for it a ,,distinct ,,place in the estimation of the profession4 4 4 4 ,may be confidently recommended to the study of every practitioner who takes an interest in the subjects with which it deals40 ,practitioner4--8,unquestionably a ,,very ,,valuable contribution to the list of works on the diseases of childhood40 ,edinburgh ,medical ,journal4--8,a thoughtful1 accurate1 and compendious treatise1 written in a charming style1 and with much vigour40 ,medical ,magazine4--8,a ,,truly ,,practical work1 the record of the personal experience and observation of an independent mind40 ,,the ,,diseases ,,of ,,childhood 7,,surgical74 ,,by ,,bilton ,,pollard1 ,m4,b41 ,b4,s41 ,f4,r4,c4,s1 ,surgeon1 ,n4,e4 ,hospital for ,children2 ,assist4-,surgeon1 ,university ,college ,hospital2 ,assist4 ,prof4 of ,clinical ,surgery and ,teacher of ,practical ,surgery1 ,university ,college4 ,,each ,,volume ,,published ,,separately4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,blood4 ,,by ,,william ,,hunter1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,assist4-,phys4 ,london ,fever ,hospital2 ,arris and ,gale ,lect4 ,r4,c4,s4 ,eng41 c41 c4 ,by ,,sir ,,dyce ,,duckworth1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,p4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,human ,articular ,cartilage from head of a metatarsal bone 7,normal74 ,,gout 7,a ,,treatise ,,on74 ,,by ,,sir ,,dyce ,,duckworth1 ,m4,d4 ,edin41 ,,ll4,d41 ,hon4 ,physician to ,h4,r4,h4 the ,prince of ,wales1 ,physician to1 and ,lecturer on ,clinical ,medicine in1 ,st4 ,bartholomew's ,hospital4 ,in ,large #hvo4 ,with ,chromo-,lithograph1 ,folding ,plate1 and ,illustrations in the ,text4 ,handsome ,cloth1 #bes4 ,this work is the result of the special opportunities which ,london ,practice affords as1 probably1 the largest field of observation for the study of ,gout4 ,it is based on the experience derived from both ,hospital and ,private ,practice1 each of which furnishes distinctive phases of the disease4 ,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,press4 8,thoroughly practical and highly philosophical4 ,the practitioner will find in its pages an ,,enormous ,,amount ,,of ,,information4 4 4 4 ,a monument of clinical observation1 of extensive reading1 and of close and careful reasoning40--,practitioner4 8,all the known facts of ,gout are carefully passed in review4 4 4 4 ,we have chapters upon the clinical varieties of ,gout1 and the affections of special organs and textures4 4 4 4 ,a very ,,valuable ,,storehouse of material on the nature1 varieties1 and treatment of ,gout40--,lancet4 8,a very well written1 clear1 and ,,thoroughly ,,satisfactory ,,epitom of our present knowledge upon the subject of ,gout40--,philadelphia ,therapeutic ,gazette4 8,impartial in its discussion of theories1 full and accurate in its description of clinical facts1 and a ,,trustworthy ,,guide ,,to ,,treatment40--,british ,medical ,journal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,gangliform ,swelling on the ,dorsum of the ,hand of a ,child aged ,eight4 ,by ,a4 ,e4 ,,garrod1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,p4 ,rheumatism ,,and ,rheumatoid ,arthritis 7,a ,,treatise ,,on74 ,,by ,,archibald ,e4 ,,garrod1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d4 ,oxon41 ,f4,r4,c4,p41 ,assistant-,physician to the ,west ,london ,hospital1 c4 ,in ,large #hvo1 with ,charts and ,illustrations4 ,handsome ,cloth1 #bas4 ,the author's aim is to give a consistent picture of ,rheumatism as a systemic disease presenting one definite set of phenomena1 the result1 it is believed1 of one single and specific morbid process4 ,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,press4 8,the wide subject of the etiology of rheumatism is carefully treated4 4 4 4 ,the discussion of etiology is completed by a full analysis of the conditions which determine individual attacks4 4 4 4 ,dr4 ,garrod is to be congratulated on having put before the profession ,,so ,,clear ,,and ,,coherent an account of the rheumatic diseases4 ,the style of his work is eminently readable40--,lancet4 8,well written and reliable4 4 4 4 ,we have little doubt that this monograph will take rank with the best treatises on special medical subjects in the ,english language40--,dublin ,medical ,journal4 8,an ,,excellent ,,account of the clinical features of the diseases in question4 ,the chapters on treatment are ,,thoroughly ,,practical40--,manchester ,medical ,chronicle4 ,in ,large #hvo1 with ,illustrations in the ,text and #ac ,folding-,plates1 #bhs4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,heart ,,and ,,thoracic ,,aorta 7,,the ,,diagnosis ,,of74 by ,a4 ,,ernest ,,sansom1 ,m4,d1 ,f4,r4,c4,p41 ,physician to the ,london ,hospital2 ,consulting ,physician1 ,north-,eastern ,hospital for ,children2 ,examiner in ,medicine1 ,royal ,college of ,physicians 7,conjoint ,board for ,england71 and ,university of ,durham2 ,lecturer on ,medical ,jurisprudence and ,public ,health1 ,london ,hospital ,medical ,college1 c4 7,from ,chap4 ix4--8,the ,observed ,signs of ,neuro-,cardiac ,disease407 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,case of ,grave's disease with well-marked retraction of upper eyelid 7,stellway's sign74 ,there was very little projection of the eyeball1 though prominence appeared to be extreme4 ,patient aged twenty-four4 7,from a photograph47 8,dr4 ,sansom has opened to us a ,,treasure-,,house ,,of ,,knowledge4 4 4 4 ,the originality of the work is shown on every page1 an originality so complete as to mark it out from every other on the subject with which we are acquainted40--,practitioner4 8,a book which does credit to ,british ,scientific ,medicine4 ,we warmly commend it to all engaged in clinical work40--,the ,lancet4 ,by ,,professor ,t4 ,m',,call ,,anderson1 ,m4,d4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,now ,ready1 with ,four ,chromo-,lithographs1 ,steel ,plate1 and numerous ,woodcuts4 #bes4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,skin 7,a ,,treatise ,,on71 ,with ,special ,reference to ,diagnosis and ,treatment1 ,including an ,analysis of #ab1jjj ,consecutive ,cases4 ,by ,t4 ,m',,call ,,anderson1 ,m4,d41 ,professor of ,clinical ,medicine1 ,university if ,glasgow4 ,,professor ,m',,call ,,anderson's ,treatise1 affording1 as it does1 a complete rsum of the best modern practice1 is written--not from the standpoint of the ,university ,professor--but from that of one who1 during upwards of a quarter of a century1 has been actively engaged both in private and in hospital practice1 with unusual opportunities for studying this class of disease1 hence the ,,practical and ,,clinical directions given are of great value4 ,speaking of the practical aspects of ,dr4 ,,anderson's work1 the ,british ,medical ,journal says3--8,skin diseases are1 as is well known1 obstinate and troublesome1 and the knowledge that there are ,,additional ,,resources besides those in ordinary use will give confidence to many a puzzled medical man1 and enable him to encourage a doubting patient4 ,,almost ,,any ,,page ,,might ,,be ,,used ,,to ,,illustrate ,,the ,,fulness ,,of ,,the ,,work ,,in ,,this ,,respect4 4 4 4 ,the chapter on ,eczema1 that universal and most troublesome ailment1 describes in a comprehensive spirit1 and with the greatest accuracy of detail1 the various methods of treatment4 ,dr4 ,anderson writes with the authority of a man who has tried the remedies which he discusses1 and the information and advice which he gives cannot fail to prove extremely valuable40 ,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,press4 8,professor ,m',call ,anderson has produced a work likely to prove ,,very ,,acceptable to the busy practitioner4 ,the sections on treatment are very full4 ,for example1 ,,eczema has #aaj pages given to it1 and #gc of these pages are devoted to treatment40--,lancet4 8,beyond doubt1 the ,,most ,,important ,,work on ,skin ,diseases that has appeared in ,england for many years4 4 4 4 ,conspicuous for the ,,amount ,,and ,,excellence of the ,,clinical ,,and ,,practical information which it contains40--,british ,medical ,journal4 8,the work may be regarded as a storehouse of ,,facts gathered and sifted by one whose opinion is entitled to the highest respect1 and we have no hesitation in stating our belief that it has ,,no ,,equal in this country40--,edinburgh ,medical ,journal4 8,,essentially a useful book1 clear and graphic in description1 dogmatic and hopeful on questions of treatment40--,birmingham ,medical ,review4 ,by ,drs4 ,,meyer and ,,fergus4 ,now ,ready1 with ,three ,coloured ,plates and numerous ,illustrations4 ,royal #hvo1 ,handsome ,cloth1 #bes4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,eye 7,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,on71 ,,by ,,edouard ,,meyer1 ,prof4 l'cole ,pratique de la ,facult de ,mdecine de ,paris1 ,chev4 of the ,leg4 of ,honour1 c4 ,translated from the ,third ,french ,edition1 with ,additions as contained in the ,fourth ,german ,edition1 ,by ,f4 ,,fergus1 ,m4,b41 ,ophthalmic ,surgeon1 ,glasgow ,infirmary4 ,the particular features that will most commend ,dr4 ,meyer's work to ,english readers are--its ,,conciseness1 its ,,helpfulness in explanation1 and the ,,practicality of its directions4 ,the best proof of its worth may1 perhaps1 be seen in the fact that it has now gone through three ,french and four ,german editions1 and has been translated into most ,european languages--,italian1 ,spanish1 ,russian1 and ,polish--and even into ,japanese4 ,opinions of the ,press4 8,a ,,good ,,translation ,,of ,a ,,good ,,book4 4 4 4 ,a ,,sound ,,guide in the diagnosis and treatment of the various diseases of the eye that are likely to fall under the notice of the general ,practitioner4 ,the ,paper1 ,type1 and ,chromo-,lithographs are all that could be desired4 4 4 4 ,we know of no work in which the ,,diseases and ,,deformities of the ,,lids are more fully treated4 ,numerous figures illustrate almost every defect remediable by operation40--,practitioner4 8,a ,,very ,,trustworthy ,,guide in all respects4 4 4 4 ,,thoroughly ,,practical4 ,excellently translated1 and very well got up4 ,type1 ,woodcuts1 and ,chromo-,lithographs are alike excellent40--,lancet4 8,any ,student will find this work of ,,great ,,value4 4 4 4 ,the chapter on ,cataract is excellent4 4 4 4 ,the ,illustrations describing the various plastic operations are specially helpful40--,brit4 ,med4 ,journal4 8,an ,,excellent ,,translation of a standard ,french ,text-,book4 4 4 4 ,we can cordially recommend ,dr4 ,meyer's work4 ,it is essentially a ,,practical ,,work4 ,the ,publishers have done their part in the ,,tasteful and ,,substantial ,,manner ,,characteristic ,,of ,,their ,,medical ,,publications4 ,the ,type and the ,illustrations are in marked contrast to most medical works40--,ophthalmic ,review4 _/ ,in ,large #hvo1 with ,numerous ,illustrations1 ,handsome ,cloth1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,the ,,brain ,,and ,,spinal ,,cord 7,the ,structure and ,functions of74 ,,by ,,victor ,,horsley1 ,b4,s41 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,professor of ,pathology1 ,university ,college2 ,assistant-,surgeon1 ,university ,college ,hospital1 c4 8,the portion treating of the development of the ,nervous ,system from the simplest animals up to man1 everywhere replete with interest4 4 4 4 ,in the last four ,lectures we have most clearly stated the results of modern work4 4 4 4 ,,well ,,worth the study of all who wish to apply the lessons of recent physiological research40--,edinburgh ,medical ,journal4 8,we ,,heartily ,,commend the book to all readers and to ,,all ,,classes ,,of ,,students ,,alike1 as being almost the only lucid account extant1 embodying the ,,latest ,,researches and their conclusions40--,british ,medical ,journal4 ,,in ,,preparation--,,by ,,the ,,same ,,author4 ,,surgery ,,of ,,the ,,brain4 ,,by ,,victor ,,horsley1 ,f4,r4,s1 c41 ,assistant ,surgeon1 ,university ,college ,hospital2 ,professor of ,pathology1 ,university ,college1 c41 c4 ,in ,large #hvo4 ,with ,illustrations4 #bas4 ,,on ,,peripheral ,,neuritis4 ,,by ,,jas4 ,,ross1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,late ,physician to the ,manchester ,royal ,infirmary1 and ,joint ,professor of ,medicine at the ,owens ,college2 ,,and ,,judson ,,bury1 ,m4,d41 ,m4,r4,c4,p41 ,senior ,assistant ,physician to the ,manchester ,royal ,infirmary4 8,it will for many years remain the ,,authoritative ,,text-,,book on peripheral neuritis40--,british ,medical ,journal4 8,a monument of industry--should be carefully read by all40--,edinburgh ,medical ,journal4 8,a ,,most ,,complete and masterly treatise40--,sheffield ,med4 ,journal4 ,by ,w4 ,,bevan ,,lewis4 ,,mental ,,diseases 7,a ,,text-,,book ,,of73 ,having ,special ,reference to the ,pathological ,aspects of ,insanity4 ,,by ,w4 ,,bevan ,,lewis1 ,l4,r4,c4,p4 ,lond41 ,m4,r4,c4,s4 ,eng41 ,medical ,director of the ,west ,riding ,asylum1 ,wakefield4 ,in ,large #hvo1 with ,eighteen ,lithographic ,plates and ,illustrations in the ,text4 ,handsome ,cloth1 #bhs4 ,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,press4 8,will take the ,,highest ,,rank as a ,text-,book of ,mental ,diseases40--,british ,medical ,journal4 8,without doubt the ,,best ,,book in ,english of its kind4 4 4 4 ,the chapter on ,epileptic ,insanity and that on the ,pathology of ,insanity are perfect1 and show a power of work and originality of thought which are admirable40--,journal of ,mental ,science4 8,the work1 all through1 is the outcome of original observation and research40--,mind4 8,a ,,splendid ,,addition to the literature of mental diseases4 4 4 4 ,the anatomical and histological section is ,,admirably ,,done4 4 4 4 ,the clinical section is concise and tersely written4 ,it is1 however1 to the pathological section that the work owes its chief merit4 ,as a ,,standard ,,work on the pathology of mental diseases this work should occupy a prominent place in the library of every alienist physician40--,dublin ,medical ,journal4 8,affords a fulness of information which it would be difficult to find in any other treatise in the ,english language40--,edin4 ,medical ,journal4 8,we record our conviction that the book is the best and most complete treatise upon the pathological aspect of the subject with which we are familiar4 4 4 4 ,an ,,absolutely ,,indispensable addition to every alienist's and neurologist's library40--,the ,alienist and ,neurologist4 8,it would be quite impossible to say too much in praise of the ,,illustrations40--,american ,journal of ,insanity4 8,the ,section on ,pathological ,anatomy is ,,unrivalled in ,english literature40--,bulletin de la ,soc4 ,md4 ,mentale de ,belgique4 ,large #hvo1 ,handsome ,cloth1 #afs4 ,,lunatic ,,asylums3 ,,their ,,organisation ,,and ,,management4 ,,by ,,charles ,,mercier1 ,m4,b41 ,late ,senior ,assistant-,medical ,officer at ,leavesden ,asylum1 and at the ,city of ,london ,asylum4 ,,part ,i4 ,,housing4--,general ,principles3 ,sanitary ,conditions--,supervision--,treatment and ,grouping--,precautions--,size2 ,cost2 ,equipment2 ,accessibility4 ,general ,arrangements3 ,general ,construction2 ,walls2 ,floors2 ,windows2 ,blinds2 ,locks--,heating2 ,open ,fires2 ,hot ,coils in the ,wards2 ,hot ,coils outside the ,ward2 ,the ,fire-places2 ,fire-guards--,lighting2 ,gas ,meters--,water2 ,the ,softening of ,water2 ,water ,meters4 ,wards and ,ward ,offices3 7a7 ,the ,day ,rooms--,furniture2 ,floor ,covering2 ,curtains2 ,tables2 ,seats2 ,screens2 ,bookcase2 ,newspaper ,stand2 ,letter-,box2 ,piano2 ,decorations2 ,flowers and ,plants2 ,medicine and other ,cupboards--7b7 ,dormitories--,beds2 ,woven ,wire ,mattresses2 ,bed ,feet2 ,special ,forms of ,bedstead2 ,mattresses2 ,pillows2 ,blankets2 ,quilts2 ,chamber ,utensils2 ,mirrors2 ,brushes and ,combs2 ,lockers2 ,screens--,supervision ,dormitories--,single ,rooms2 ,shutters2 ,ventilation and ,lighting--,padded ,rooms--,bath ,rooms and ,baths--,urinals--,water-,closets2 ,position2 ,floor and ,walls2 ,forms2 ,water ,waste ,preventers--,lavatories2 ,basins2 ,towels--,sculleries--,slop and ,brush ,closets--,boot ,rooms--,soiled ,linen ,closets--,coal ,stores--,ward ,stores4 ,the ,dining and ,recreation ,halls1 ,chapel1 c43 ,recreation ,hall2 ,heating2 ,ventilation--,the ,chapel--,receiving ,room--,visiting ,room4 ,communication3 ,passages2 ,staircases4 ,administrative ,portion3 ,the ,kitchen--,scullery--,laundry--,wash ,house2 ,drying ,room2 ,ironing ,room2 ,foul ,laundry2 ,boiler ,house--,stores--,workshops--,offices2 ,superintendent's2 ,assistant ,medical ,officer's2 ,other ,officers'2 ,library2 ,dispensary2 ,mortuary2 ,photographic ,studio4 ,accommodation for the ,staff3 ,for the ,medical ,superintendent--,for ,attendants--,for ,assistant ,medical ,officers4 ,airing ,courts3 ,plants--,flower ,beds--,paths--,seats--,birds and ,games4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,food ,,and ,,clothing4--,food3 ,character of ,food--,beverages--,dietaries4 ,testing3 ,meat2 ,salt ,meat2 ,flour2 ,bread2 ,butter2 ,milk2 ,cheese2 ,sugar2 ,tea2 ,coffee2 ,cocoa2 ,vinegar2 ,pepper2 ,mustard2 ,salt2 ,beer2 ,tinned ,provisions2 ,rice2 ,peas and ,beans2 ,potatoes4 ,storing and ,keeping3 ,meat2 ,tea2 ,coffee2 ,cocoa2 ,mustard2 ,pepper2 and ,spices2 ,tinned ,goods2 ,milk2 ,butter2 ,cheese2 ,potatoes4 ,serving3 ,mode of--,table ,furniture--,extra ,diets4 ,clothing3 ,women's ,clothing2 ,dresses2 ,petticoats2 ,stays2 ,undermost ,garment2 ,stockings2 ,boots2 ,hats and ,bonnets2 ,shawls2 ,men's ,clothing2 ,trousers2 ,coats2 ,waistcoats2 ,shirts and ,undershirts2 ,drawers2 ,neckties2 ,boots2 ,overcoats2 ,hats and ,caps4 ,,part ,,iii4 ,,occupation ,,and ,,amusement4--,occupation3 ,inducement to ,work--,difficulty from want of ,intelligence--,dangers--,from ,use of ,tools2 ,from ,relaxation of ,supervision2 ,to ,security2 ,to ,health2 ,from ,mingling of the ,sexes4 ,amusements3 in the ,wards--in the ,airing ,courts2 ,quoits2 ,bowls2 ,lawn-,tennis2 ,skittles2 ,badminton2 ,rackets2 ,fives2 ,croquet2 ,golf2 ,cricket2 ,football2 ,grounds2 ,other ,open-,air ,amusements2 ,races1 c4--,recreations in the ,recreation ,hall2 ,dances2 ,theatricals2 ,concerts4 ,,part ,,iv4 ,,detention ,,and ,,care4--,detention3 ,meaning of ,term2 ,limitation of ,restraint4 ,care3 ,suicide2 ,suicidal ,tendency in the ,first ,degree--,suicides in the ,second ,degree--,suicides in the ,third ,degree--,treatment of the ,first ,degree--,treatment of the ,third ,degree--,supervision--,precautions2 ,razors2 ,knives and ,scissors2 ,broken ,glass and ,crockery2 ,home-,made ,knives2 ,points of ,suspension2 ,means of ,suspension2 ,fire2 ,water4 ,violence3 ,provocations and ,inducements--,aggressive ,restraint--,closeness of ,aggregation--,insane ,peculiarities--,treatment of ,violent ,patients--,dispersion--,removal of ,causes--,change of ,surroundings--,forewarnings of ,violence--,mode of ,assault--,assaults with ,weapons--,precautions as to ,weapons--,management of ,patients when ,violent--,pretended ,violence4 ,accident3 ,causes of ,accidents--,falls--,epileptic ,fits--,warnings of ,fits--,amplitude of ,warning--,direction of ,fall--,labour of ,epileptics--,various ,precautions for ,epileptics--,falls from ,defective ,footgear--from ,feebleness--from ,jostling--from ,obstacles--from ,defects in ,flooring--,suffocation2 ,impaction of ,food in the ,throat--,precautions--,inhalation of ,food into the ,windpipe--,epileptics at ,night--,scalding--,fire--,precautions in ,construction--,precautions in ,management--,provisions for the ,safety of ,patients--,locks of ,single ,rooms--,removal of ,patients should be ,practised--,fire-,extinguishing ,apparatus4 ,cleanliness3 ,bathing--,dirty ,habits--,causes2 ,treatment2 ,neatness of ,apparel4 ,,part ,v4 ,,the ,,staff4--,responsibility--,treatment according to ,deserts2 ,awards to ,merit2 ,awards to ,faulty ,conduct2 ,amount of ,punishment2 ,punishment should be ,prompt2 ,punishment should fit the ,crime2 ,who should ,punish2 ,reward and ,punishment both necessary--,supervision2 ,inspection2 ,surprise ,visits--,reports4 ,the ,chaplain3 ,the ,library--,repairing ,books--,torn ,pages3 ,loose ,pages2 ,back half off2 ,back wholly gone2 ,covers ,torn2 ,re-sewing--,other ,duties4 ,the ,superintendent3 ,supremacy--,character--,duties--,medica l ,duties4 ,statutory ,duties3 ,duties attending the ,reception of ,patients--,original ,reception--,private ,patient--,reception on ,judicial ,order on ,petition2 ,the ,order2 ,the ,certificates4 ,by ,drs4 ,,obersteiner and ,,hill4 ,,the ,,central ,,nervous ,,organs3 ,a ,,guide ,,to ,,the ,,study ,,of ,,their ,,structure ,,in ,,health ,,and ,,disease4 ,,by ,,professor ,h4 ,,obersteiner1 ,university of ,vienna4 ,,translated1 ,,with ,,annotations ,,and ,,additions1 ,,by ,,alex ,,hill1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 ,master of ,downing ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,with all the ,original ,illustrations4 ,large #hvo1 ,handsome ,cloth1 #bes4 ,the ,publishers have the pleasure to announce that to the ,english version of this important ,treatise1 numerous original ,,additions and a ,,glossary of the subject have been contributed by the ,,editor1 whose admirable work in this department of research is so well known4 ,these ,additions greatly increase the value of the book to students4 ,special attention is also directed to the ,,illustrations4 ,many of these are on a plan peculiarly helpful to the student--the one-half being in outline1 the other filled in4 ,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,press4 8,dr4 ,hill has enriched the work with many notes of his own4 4 4 4 ,dr4 ,hill's translation is most accurate1 the ,english is excellent1 and the book is very readable4 4 4 4 ,dr4 ,obersteiner's work is admirable4 ,he has a marvellous power of marshalling together a large number of facts1 all bearing on an extremely intricate subject1 into a harmonious1 clear1 consecutive whole4 4 4 4 ,,invaluable as a text-book40--,british ,medical ,journal4 8,a ,,most ,,valuable ,,contribution to the ,study of the ,anatomy and ,pathology of the ,nervous ,system4 ,we cannot speak too highly of the ability and skill which ,prof4 ,obersteiner has brought to bear on this most difficult subject1 and of the way in which the whole work is illustrated40--,brain4 8,the ,,fullest and ,,most ,,accurate ,,exposition now attainable of the results of anatomical inquiry4 ,the ,translation is done by one who is himself a ,master of ,anatomy1 able not only to follow his author1 but also to supplement him with the results of independent research4 ,dr4 ,hill's additions add materially to the value of the original4 ,the work is specially commended to all students of mental science4 4 4 4 ,the illustrative figures are of particular excellence and admirably instructive40--,mind4 ,in ,large #hvo1 ,handsome ,cloth4 #bas4 ,,forensic ,,medicine ,,and ,,toxicology4 for the ,use of ,practitioners and ,students4 ,,by ,j4 ,,dixon ,,mann1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,p41 ,professor of ,medical ,jurisprudence and ,toxicology in ,owens ,college1 ,manchester2 ,examiner in ,forensic ,medicine in the ,university of ,london1 and in the ,victoria ,university2 ,physician to the ,salford ,royal ,hospital4 ,,part ,i4--,forensic ,medicine4 ,,part ,,ii4--,insanity in its ,medico-legal ,bearings4 ,,part ,,iii4--,toxicology4 ,dublin ,medical ,journal4--8,by far the ,,most ,,reliable1 ,,most ,,scientific1 and ,,most ,,modern book on ,medical ,jurisprudence with which we are acquainted40 ,the ,law ,journal4--8,this new work will be of value to all those who as medical men or lawyers are engaged in cases where the testimony of medical experts forms a part of the evidence4 4 4 4 ,a ,,most ,,useful work of reference40 ,medical ,press4--8,this ,,excellent ,,text-,,book cannot fail to be a success2 it gives all a student requires for examination1 and all that is necessary for the practitioner40 ,in ,large #hvo1 ,handsome ,cloth4 #bes4 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,ruptures4 ,,by ,,jonathan ,f4 ,c4 ,h4 ,,macready1 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 ,surgeon to the ,great ,northern ,central ,hospital2 to the ,city of ,london ,hospital for ,diseases of the ,chest1 ,victoria ,park2 to the ,cheyne ,hospital for ,sick and ,incurable ,children2 and to the ,city of ,london ,truss ,society4 ,with ,twenty-four ,lithographed ,plates and ,illustrations in the ,text4 ,lancet4--8,a ,,mine ,,of ,,wealth to those who will study it--a great storehouse of ,,facts40 ,edinburgh ,medical ,journal4--8,certainly by far the ,,most ,,complete and ,,authoritative ,,work on the subject with which we are acquainted4 ,the text is clear and concise1 the numerous illustrations are ,,reproductions ,,from ,,photographs from nature2 the author's statements are founded on an ,,unique ,,experience1 watch is freely drawn upon40 ,dublin ,journal of ,medical ,science4--8,this really is a ,,complete ,,monograph on the subject40 ,by ,w4 ,,thorburn1 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,eng4 ,,the ,,surgery ,,of ,,the ,,spinal ,,cord 7,a ,contribution to the ,study of73 ,by ,,william ,,thorburn1 ,b4,s41 ,b4,sc41 ,m4,d4 ,lond41 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,eng41 ,assistant ,surgeon to the ,manchester ,royal ,infirmary4 ,in ,large #hvo1 with ,illustrations and ,tables4 ,handsome ,cloth1 #abs4 #f;d4 8,we congratulate ,dr4 ,thorburn on his ,,masterly ,,monograph40--,saturday ,review4 8,a ,,most ,,valuable ,,contribution to the literature of a field of surgery which1 although but recently brought under cultivation1 is already yielding such brilliant results40--,birmingham ,medical ,review4 8,really the ,,fullest ,,record we have of ,spinal ,surgery4 4 4 4 ,the work marks an important advance in modern ,surgery40 8,a most ,,thorough and ,,exhaustive work on ,spinal ,surgery40--,bristol ,medical ,journal4 8,a ,,most ,,valuable contribution both to ,physiology and ,surgery40--,ophthalmic ,review4 8,a ,,very ,,valuable contribution to practical neurology4 4 4 4 ,this book is an excellent1 clear1 concise monograph40--,philadelphia ,therapeutic ,gazette4 ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,,page1 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,,railway ,,injuries3 ,with ,special ,reference to those of the ,back and ,nervous ,system1 in their ,medico-,legal and ,clinical ,aspects4 ,by ,,herbert ,w4 ,,page1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,c4 7,cantab71 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 7,eng471 ,surgeon to ,st4 ,mary's ,hospital1 ,dean1 ,st4 ,mary's ,hospital ,medical ,school1 c4 ,in ,large #hvo4 ,handsome ,cloth1 #fs4 8,a work ,,invaluable to those who have many railway cases under their care pending litigation4 4 4 4 ,a book which every lawyer as well as doctor should have on his shelves40--,british ,medical ,journal4 8,deserves the most careful study4 4 4 4 ,a book which every medical man would do well to read before he presents himself for examination and cross-examination in the witness-box on a railway case40--,dublin ,med4 ,journal4 8,this book will undoubtedly be of great use to ,lawyers40--,law ,times4 ,by ,j4 ,,knowsley ,,thornton1 ,m4,b41 ,m4,c4 ,,the ,,surgery ,,of ,,the ,,kidneys1 ,being the ,harveian ,lectures1 #ahhi4 ,by ,j4 ,,knowsley ,,thornton1 ,m4,b41 ,m4,c41 ,surgeon to the ,samaritan ,free ,hospital1 c4 ,in ,demy #hvo1 with ,illustrations4 ,handsome ,cloth1 #es4 8,the name and experience of the author confer on the ,lectures the stamp of authority40--,british ,medical ,journal4 8,these ,lectures are an exposition by the hand of an ,,expert of what is known and has been done1 up to the present1 in the ,surgery of the ,kidneys40--,edinburgh ,medical ,journal4 8,the book will necessarily be widely read1 and will have an important influence on the progress of this domain of ,surgery40--,university ,medical ,magazine4 ,,second ,,revised ,,and ,,enlarged ,,edition4 ,with ,illustrations in the ,text1 and ,thirty-,seven ,plates4 ,large #hvo4 ,handsome ,cloth1 #cjs4 ,,sewage ,,disposal ,,works3 ,a ,,guide ,,to ,,the ,construction of ,works for the ,prevention of the ,pollution by ,sewage of ,rivers and ,estuaries4 ,,by ,w4 ,,santo ,,crimp1 ,,mem4 ,,inst4 ,c4,e41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,late ,assistant-,engineer to the ,london ,county ,council4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,,revised ,,and ,,enlarged4 ,,part ,i4--,,introductory4 ,introduction4 ,details of ,river ,pollutions and ,recommendations of ,various ,commissions4 ,hourly and ,daily ,flow of ,sewage4 ,the ,pail ,system as ,affecting ,sewage4 ,the ,separation of ,rain-water from the ,sewage ,proper4 ,settling ,tanks4 ,chemical ,processes4 ,the ,disposal of ,sewage-sludge4 ,the ,preparation of ,land for ,sewage ,disposal4 ,table of ,sewage ,farm ,management4 ,,part ,,ii4--,,sewage ,,disposal ,,works ,,in ,,operation--,,their ,,construction1 ,,maintenance1 ,,and ,,cost4 ,illustrated by ,plates showing the ,general ,plan and ,arrangement adopted in each ,district4 ,,london4 ,doncaster ,irrigation ,farm4 ,beddington ,irrigation ,farm1 ,borough of ,croydon4 ,bedford ,sewage ,farm ,irrigation4 ,dewsbury and ,hitchin ,intermittent ,filtration4 ,merton1 ,croydon ,rural ,sanitary ,authority4 ,rochester1 ,kent1 and ,swanwick1 ,derbyshire4 ,the ,ealing ,sewage ,works4 ,chiswick4 ,kingston-on-,thames1 ,a4,b4,c4 ,process4 ,salford ,sewage ,works4 ,bradford1 ,precipitation4 ,new ,malden1 ,chemical ,treatment and ,small ,filters4 ,friern ,barnet4 ,acton1 ,ferozone and ,polarite ,process4 ,ilford1 ,chadwell1 and ,dagenham ,sewage ,disposal ,works4 ,coventry4 ,wimbledon4 ,birmingham4 ,margate4 ,portsmouth4 ,,berlin4 ,sewage ,precipitation ,works1 ,dortmund 7,germany74 ,treatment of ,sewage by ,electrolysis4 8,all persons interested in ,sanitary ,science owe a debt of gratitude to ,mr4 ,crimp4 4 4 4 ,his work will be especially useful to ,,sanitary ,,authorities and their advisers 4 4 4 ,,eminently ,,practical ,,and ,,useful 4 4 4 gives plans and descriptions of ,,many ,,of ,,the ,,most ,,important ,,sewage ,,works of ,england 4 4 4 with very valuable information as to the cost of construction and working of each4 4 4 4 ,the carefully-prepared drawings permit of an easy comparison between the different systems40--,lancet4 8,probably the ,,best ,,and ,,most ,,complete ,,treatise on the subject which has appeared in our language4 4 4 4 ,will prove of the greatest use to all who have the problem of ,sewage ,disposal to face4 4 4 4 ,the general construction1 drawings1 and type are all excellent40--,edinburgh ,medical ,journal4 ,by ,prof4 ,a4 ,c4 ,,haddon4 ,,embryology 7,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,the ,,study ,,of74 ,,by ,,alfred ,c4 ,,haddon1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,r4,i4,a41 ,professor of ,zoology1 ,royal ,college of ,science1 ,dublin4 ,in ,large #hvo1 with #aij ,illustrations4 ,handsome ,cloth1 #ahs4 ,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,press4 8,,well and ,,clearly ,,written4 4 4 4 ,many important discoveries or theories are described1 which are necessarily absent from ,balfour's work40--,nature4 8,dr4 ,haddon has written the ,,best of the three modern ,english works on the subject40--,dublin ,medical ,journal4 8,the later chapters of ,prof4 ,haddon's work ably demonstrate the development of organs from the mesoblast and epiblast40--,brit4 ,med4 ,journal4 8,the zoological student1 to whom as a text-book it is invaluable1 will find it ,,thorough1 ,,trustworthy1 ,,and ,,sound in all its teachings1 and well up to date4 4 4 4 ,we specially commend the book to our readers40--,nat4 ,monthly4 ,,the ,,journal ,,of ,,anatomy ,,physiology3 ,,normal ,,and ,,pathological4 ,conducted by ,,sir ,,george ,,murray ,,humphry1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,professor of ,surgery1 ,late ,professor of ,anatomy in the ,university of ,cambridge2 ,,sir ,,william ,,turner1 ,m4,b41 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,prof4 of ,anatomy in the ,university of ,edinburgh2 ,,and ,j4 ,g4 ,m',,kendrick1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,prof4 of the ,institutes of ,medicine in the ,university of ,glasgow4 ,published ,quarterly1 ,price #fs4 ,annual ,subscription1 #bjs42 ,post ,free1 #bas4 ,subscriptions payable in advance4 ,by ,r4 ,s4 ,,aitchison4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,pocket-,size1 ,elegantly bound in ,leather1 ,rounded edges1 #hs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,medical ,,handbook ,for the use of ,practitioners and ,students4 ,,by ,r4 ,s4 ,,aitchison1 ,m4,b4 7,,edin471 ,f4,r4,c4,p4,e41 ,physician1 ,new ,town ,dispensary1 ,edinburgh2 ,visiting ,physician1 ,st4 ,cuthbert's ,hospital1 ,edinburgh1 c41 c4 ,,with ,,numerous ,,illustrations4 ,general ,contents4--,introduction--,diagnosis1 ,case-,taking1 c4--,diseases of the ,circulatory ,system--,diseases of the ,respiratory ,system--,the ,urine--,diseases of the ,urinary ,system--,diseases of the ,digestive ,system--,diseases of the ,nervous ,system--,diseases of the ,hmopoietic ,system--,constitutional and ,general ,diseases--,fevers and ,miasmatic ,diseases--,general ,data1 ,rules1 and ,tables useful for ,reference--,post-mortem ,examination--,rules for ,prescribing--,prescriptions4 8,such a work as this is really ,,necessary for the busy practitioner4 ,the field of medicine is so wide that even the best informed may at the moment miss the salient points in diagnosis 4 4 4 he needs to refresh and revise his knowledge1 and to focus his mind on those things which are ,,essential4 ,we can speak ,,highly of ,dr4 ,aitchison's ,handbook4 4 4 4 ,,honestly ,,executed4 ,no mere compilation1 the scientific spirit and standard maintained throughout put it on a higher plane4 4 4 4 ,,excellently got up1 handy and portable1 and well adapted for ,,ready ,,reference40--,the ,lancet4 8,as a means of ready reference1 ,,most ,,complete4 ,the busy practitioner will often turn to its pages40--,journ4 of the ,american ,med4 ,association4 ,by ,,mm4 ,,caird and ,,cathcart4 ,,fifth ,,edition1 ,revised4 ,pocket-,size1 ,elegantly bound in ,leather1 ,rounded edges1 #hs4 #f;d4 ,with very ,numerous ,illustrations4 ,a ,,surgical ,,handbook1 ,for ,practitioners1 ,students1 ,house-,surgeons1 and ,dressers4 ,,by ,f4 ,m4 ,,caird1 ,m4,b41 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 ,c4 ,w4 ,,cathcart1 ,m4,b41 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 ,assistant-,surgeons1 ,royal ,infirmary1 ,edinburgh4 ,general ,contents4--,case-,taking--,treatment of ,patients before and after ,operation--,ansthetics3 ,general and ,local--,antiseptics and ,wound-,treatment--,arrest of ,hmorrhage--,shock and ,wound-,fever--,emergency ,cases--,tracheotomy3 ,minor ,surgical ,operations--,bandaging--,fractures--,di slocations1 ,sprains1 and ,bruises--,extemporary ,appliances and ,civil ,ambulance ,work--,massage--,surgical ,applications of ,electricity--,joint-,fixation and ,fixed ,apparatus--,the ,urine--,the ,syphon and its ,uses--,trusses and ,artificial ,limbs--,plaster-,casting--,post-,mortem ,examination--,appendix3 ,various ,useful ,hints1 ,suggestions1 and ,recipes4 8,,thoroughly ,,practical ,,and ,,trustworthy1 well up to date1 ,,clear1 ,,accurate1 ,,and ,,succinct4 ,the book is handy1 and very well got up40--,lancet4 8,,admirably ,,arranged4 ,the best practical little work we have seen4 ,the matter is as good as the manner40--,edinburgh ,medical ,journal4 8,will prove of real service to the ,practitioner who wants a useful vade mecum40--,british ,medical ,journal4 8,fulfils admirably the objects with which it has been written40--,glasgow ,medical ,journal4 8,,this ,,excellent ,,little ,,work4 ,clear1 concise1 and very readable4 ,gives attention to important details often omitted1 but ,,absolutely ,,necessary ,,to ,,success40--,athenum4 8,a dainty volume40--,manchester ,medical ,chronicle4 ,griffin's ,pocket-,book ,series4 ,by ,drs4 ,,porter and ,,godwin4 ,,fourth ,,edition4 ,revised and ,enlarged4 ,leather1 ,rounded ,edges1 with #abh ,illustrations and ,folding-plate4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,,the ,,surgeon',s ,,pocket-,,book4 ,specially adapted to the ,public ,medical ,services4 ,,by ,,surgeon-,,major ,j4 ,h4 ,,porter4 ,,revised ,,and ,,in ,,great ,,part ,,rewritten ,,by ,,brigade-,,surgeon ,c4 ,h4 ,y4 ,,godwin1 ,late ,professor of ,military ,surgery in the ,army ,medical ,school4 8,every ,medical ,officer is recommended to have the ',surgeon's ,pocket-,book1' by ,surgeon-,major ,porter1 accessible to refresh his memory and fortify his judgment40--,prcis of ,field-,service ,medical ,arrangements for ,afghan ,war4 8,the present editor--,brigade-,surgeon ,godwin--has introduced so much that is new and practical1 that we can recommend this ',surgeon's ,pocket-,book' as an ,,invaluable ,,guide to all engaged1 or likely to be engaged1 in ,field ,medical ,service40--,lancet4 8,a complete vade mecum to guide the military surgeon in the field40--,british ,medical ,journal4 ,pocket ,size4 ,leather4 ,with ,illustrations4 ,at ,press4 ,,practical ,,hygiene3 ,,including ,air and ,ventilation2 ,water1 ,supply and ,purity2 ,food and the ,detection of ,adulterations2 ,sewage ,removal1 ,disposal1 and ,treatment2 ,epidemics1 c41 c4 ,,by ,,surgeon-,,major ,a4 ,m4 ,,davies1 ,d4,p4,h4,camb41 ,late ,assistant-,professor of ,hygiene1 ,army ,medical ,school4 ,,pocket ,,size4 ,,leather4 ,,shortly4 ,,sanitary ,,rules ,,and ,,tables3 ,a ,pocket-,book of ,data and ,general ,information ,useful to ,medical ,men1 ,medical ,officers of ,health1 ,sanitary ,authorities1 ,municipal ,engineers1 ,surveyors1 and ,sanitary ,inspectors4 ,,by ,w4 ,,santo ,,crimp1 ,m4,,inst4,c4,e41 ,f4,g4,s1 ,,and ,,charles ,,hamlet ,,cooper1 ,a4,m4,i4,c4,e4 ,with ,numerous ,illustrations and ,plate in ,colours4 #es4 ,,midwifery 7,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,the ,,study ,,of47 ,for the ,use of ,young ,practitioners1 ,students1 and ,midwives4 ,,by ,,archibald ,,donald1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 ,c4,m4,,edin41 ,surgeon to ,st4 ,mary's ,hospital for ,women and ,children1 ,manchester2 and the ,manchester and ,salford ,lying-in ,institution4 ,british ,gyncological ,journal4--8,,highly ,,creditable to the author1 and should prove of ,,great ,,value to ,midwifery ,students and ,junior ,practitioners40 ,sheffield1 ,medical ,journal4--8,as an introduction to the study of ,midwifery1 ,,no ,,better ,,book could be placed in the hands of the ,student40 ,in ,crown #hvo1 with ,illustrations4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,the ,,diseases ,,of ,,women 7,,outlines ,,of74 ,a ,,concise ,,handbook ,,for ,,students4 ,,by ,,john ,,phillips1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,p41 ,physician1 ,british ,lying-in ,hospital2 ,assist4 ,obst4 ,physician1 ,king's ,college ,hospital2 ,fell4 and ,mem4 ,bd4 for ,exam4 of ,midwives1 ,obstet4 ,society2 ,examiner in ,midwifery1 ,university of ,glasgow1 c41 c4 ,dr4 ,phillips' work is ,,essentially ,,practical in its nature1 and will be found invaluable to the student and young practitioner4 8,contains a ,,great ,,deal ,,of ,,information in a ,,very ,,condensed form4 4 4 4 ,the value of the work is increased by the number of sketch diagrams1 some of which are ,,highly ,,ingenious40--,edin4 ,med4 ,journal4 8,dr4 ,,phillips' ,,manual is written in a ,,succinct style4 ,he rightly lays stress on ,anatomy4 ,the passages on ,,case-,,taking are ,,excellent4 ,dr4 ,phillips is very trustworthy throughout in his views on ,,therapeutics4 ,he supplies an excellent series of ,,simple but ,,valuable ,,prescriptions1 an ,,indispensable ,,requirement for students40--,brit4 ,med4 ,journal4 8,this ,,excellent ,,text-,,book 4 4 4 gives just what the student requires4 4 4 4 ,the prescriptions cannot but be helpful40--,medical ,press4 ,in #hvo1 with ,illustrations4 ,cloth1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,the ,management of ,labour and of the ,lying-in ,period4 ,,by ,,prof4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,landis1 ,m4,d41 ,starling ,medical ,college4 8,fully accomplishes the object kept in view by its author4 4 4 4 ,will be found of ,,great ,,value by the young practitioner40--,glasgow ,medical ,journal4 ,,by ,,sir ,,william ,,aitken1 ,m4,d4 ,edin41 ,f4,r4,s1 ,late ,professor of ,pathology in the ,army ,medical ,school2 ,examiner in ,medicine for the ,military ,medical ,services of the ,queen2 ,fellow of the ,sanitary ,institute of ,great ,britain2 ,corresponding ,member of the ,royal ,imperial ,society of ,physicians of ,vienna1 and of the ,society of ,medicine and ,natural ,history of ,dresden4 ,,seventh ,,edition4 ,,the ,,science ,,and ,,practice ,,of ,,medicine4 ,in ,two ,volumes1 ,royal #hvo1 ,cloth1 #dbs4 8,the ,,standard ,,text-,,book in the ,english ,language4 4 4 4 ,there is1 perhaps1 no work more indispensable for the ,practitioner and ,student40--,edin4 ,medical ,journal4 ,,outlines ,,of ,,the ,,science ,,and ,,practice ,,of ,,medicine4 ,a ,,text-,,book ,,for ,,students4 ,second ,edition4 ,crown #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 8,students preparing for examinations will hail it as a perfect godsend for its conciseness40--,athenum4 ,in ,large ,crown #hvo4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,an,,sthetics ,,and ,,their ,,administration3 ,a ,,practical ,,hand-,,book ,,for ,,medical ,,and ,,dental ,,practitioners ,,and ,,students4 ,,by ,,frederic ,,hewitt1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 ,ansthetist and ,instructor in ,ansthetics1 ,london ,hospital2 ,chloroformist and ,lecturer on ,ansthetics1 ,charing ,cross ,hospital2 ,ansthetist1 ,dental ,hospital1 ,london2 and ,national ,orthopdic ,hospital1 c41 c4 8,the ,,most ,,trustworthy book for reference on the subject with which we are acquainted40--,edinburgh ,med4 ,journal4 8,should be on ,,every medical bookshelf40--,practitioner4 8,may truly be described as a valuable addition to medical literature4 4 4 4 ,,absolutely ,,essential to junior practitioners40--,practitioner4 8,the ,,best ,,treatise on the subject we have yet read40--,dublin ,journ4 ,med4 ,science4 ,in ,large #hvo4 ,cloth1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,the ,,physiologist',s ,,note-,,book3 ,a ,,summary ,,of ,,the ,present ,state of ,physiological ,science for ,students4 ,,by ,,alex ,,hill1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 ,master of ,downing ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,with ,numerous ,illustrations and ,blank ,pages for ,,ms4 ,notes4 ,general ,contents4--,the ,blood--,the ,vascular ,system--,the ,nerves--,muscle--,digestion--,the ,skin--,the ,kidneys--,respiration--,the ,senses--,voice and ,speech--,central ,nervous ,system--,reproduction--,chemistry of the ,body4 ,,chief ,,features ,,of ,,dr4 ,,hill',s ,,note-,,book4 #a4 ,it helps the ,student to ,,codify ,,his ,,knowledge4 #b4 ,gives a grasp of ,,both ,,sides of an argument4 #c4 ,is ,,indispensable for ,,rapid ,,recapitulation4 ,the ,lancet says of it3--8,the work which the ,master of ,downing ,college modestly compares to a ,note-book is an ,,admirable ,,compendium of our present information 4 4 4 will be a ,,real ,,acquisition to ,students 4 4 4 gives all ,,essential ,,points4 4 4 4 ,the ,,typographical ,,arrangement is a chief feature of the book4 4 4 4 ,secures at a glance the ,,evidence on both sides of a theory40 ,the ,hospital says3--8,the ,physiologist's ,note-book bears the hall-mark of the ,cambridge ,school1 and is the work of one of the most successful of her teachers4 4 4 4 ,will be ,,invaluable to students40 ,the ,british ,medical ,journal commends in the volume--8,its admirable diagrams1 its running bibliography1 its clear ,tables1 and its concise statement of the anatomical aspects of the subject40 8,if a ,student could rely on remembering every word which he had ever heard or read1 such a book as this would be unnecessary2 but experience teaches that he constantly needs to recall the form of an argument and to make sure of the proper classification of his facts1 although he does not need a second time to follow the author up all the short steps by which the ascent was first made4 ,with a view to rendering the book useful for rapid recapitulation1 ,i have endeavoured to strike out every word which was not essential to clearness1 and thus1 without ,i hope falling into #8telegram' ,english1 to give the text the form which it may be supposed to take in a well-kept ,note-book2 at the same time1 space has been left for the introduction in ,,ms4 of such additional facts and arguments as seem to the reader to bear upon the subject-matter4 ,for the same reason the drawings are reduced to diagrams4 ,all details which are not necessary to the comprehension of the principles of construction of the apparatus or organ1 as the case may be1 are omitted1 and it is hoped that the drawings will1 therefore1 be easy to grasp1 remember1 and reproduce4 8,as it is intended that the #8,note-book' should be essentially a ,student's book1 no references are given to foreign literature or to recondite papers in ,english2 but1 on the other hand1 references are given to a number of classical ,english memoirs1 as well as to descriptions in text-books which appear to me to be particularly lucid1 and the ,student is strongly recommended to study the passages and ,papers referred to40--,extract from ,author's ,preface4 ,by ,,william ,,stirling1 ,m4,d41 ,sc4,d41 ,professor in the ,victoria ,university1 ,brackenbury ,professor of ,physiology and ,histology in the ,owens ,college1 ,manchester2 and ,examiner in the ,universities of ,oxford1 ,edinburgh1 and ,london2 and for the ,fellowship of the ,royal ,college of ,surgeons1 ,england4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,in ,extra ,crown #hvo1 with #bcd ,illustrations4 ,cloth1 #is4 ,,practical ,,physiology 7,outlines of73 ,a ,manual for the ,physiological ,laboratory1 ,,including ,,chemical ,,and ,,experimental ,,physiology1 ,,with ,,reference ,,to ,,practical ,,medicine4 ,part ,i4--,chemical ,physiology4 ,part ,,ii4--,experimental ,physiology4 ,in the ,second ,edition1 revised and enlarged1 the number of ,illustrations has been increased from #adb to #bcd4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aah4--;,horizontal ,myograph of ,frdricq4 ,m1 ,glass plate1 moving on the guides f1 f2 l1 ,lever2 m1 ,muscle2 p1 e1 e1 ,electrodes2 ,t1 ,cork plate2 a1 ,counterpoise to lever2 ,r1 ,key in primary circuit4 ,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,press4 8,this valuable little manual4 4 4 4 ,the ,,general ,,conception of the book is ,,excellent2 the arrangement of the exercises is all that can be desired2 the descriptions of experiments are ,,clear1 ,,concise1 and to the point40--,british ,medical ,journal4 8,the ,second ,edition has been thoroughly worked up to date1 and a large number of well-executed woodcuts added4 ,it may be recommended to the student as one of the ,,best ,,manuals he can possess as a guide and companion in his ,physiological ,work1 and as one that will usefully supplement the course given by a ,physiological ,teacher40--,lancet4 8,the student is enabled to perform for himself most of the experiments usually shown in a systematic course of lectures on physiology1 and the practice thus obtained must prove ,,invaluable4 4 4 4 ,may be confidently recommended as a guide to the student of physiology1 and1 we doubt not1 will also find its way into the hands of many of our scientific and medical practitioners40--,glasgow ,medical ,journal4 8,an exceedingly convenient ,handbook of ,experimental ,physiology40--,birmingham ,medical ,review4 ,companion ,volume by ,prof4 ,stirling4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,in ,extra ,crown #hvo1 with #cfh ,illustrations4 ,cloth1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,practical ,,histology 7,outlines of73 ,a ,,manual ,,for ,,students4 ,dr4 ,stirling's 8,outlines of ,practical ,histology0 is a compact ,handbook for students1 providing a ,,complete ,,laboratory ,,course1 in which almost every exercise is accompanied by a drawing4 ,very many of the ,illustrations have been prepared expressly for the work4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bjj4--,l4,s41 ,cervical ,ganglion of ,dog4 c1 ,capsule2 s1 ,lymph sinus2 ,f1 ,follicle2 a1 ,medullary cord2 b1 ,lymph paths of the medulla2 ,v1 ,section of a blood-vessel2 ,,hf1 ,fibrous part of the hilum4 #aj4 ,,opinions ,,of ,,the ,,press4 8,the general plan of the work is ,,admirable4 4 4 4 ,it is very evident that the suggestions given are the outcome of a ,,prolonged ,,experience in teaching ,practical ,histology1 combined with a ,,remarkable ,,judgment in the selection of ,,methods4 4 4 4 ,merits the highest praise for the ,,illustrations1 which are at once clear and faithful40--,british ,medical ,journal4 8,we can confidently recommend this small but ,,concisely-,,written and ,,admirably ,,illustrated work to students4 ,they will find it to be a ,,very ,,useful and ,,reliable ,,guide in the laboratory1 or in their own room4 ,all the principal ,,methods of preparing tissues for section are given1 with such precise directions that little or no difficulty can be felt in following them in their most minute details4 4 4 4 ,the volume proceeds from a ,,master in his craft40--,lancet4 8,we have no doubt the ,,outlines will meet with most favourable acceptance among workers in ,histology40--,glasgow ,medical ,journal4 ,,works ,by ,j4 ,r4 ,,ainsworth ,,davis1 ,b4 ,a41 ,,professor ,,of ,,biology1 ,,university ,,college1 ,,aberystwyth4 ,,biology 7,,an ,,elementary ,,text-,,book ,,of74 ,,second ,,edition4 ,in ,two ,parts4 ,,part ,i4 ,,vegetable ,,morphology ,,and ,,physiology4 ,with ,complete ,index-,glossary and #abh ,illustrations4 ,price #hs4 #f;d4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,animal ,,morphology ,,and ,,physiology4 ,with ,complete ,index-,glossary and #ajh ,illustrations4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,each ,,part ,,sold ,,separately4 ,,note4--,the ,,second ,,edition has been thoroughly ,revised and ,enlarged1 and includes all the leading selected ,,types in the various ,organic ,groups4 ,of the ,,second ,,edition1 the ,british ,medical ,journal says3--8,certainly ,,the ,,best #8,,biology' with which we are acquainted1 and it owes its pre-eminence to the fact that it is an ,,excellent attempt to present ,biology to the ,student as a ,,correlated and ,,complete ,,science4 ,the glossarial ,index is a ,,most ,,useful addition40 8,furnishes a ,,clear and ,,comprehensive exposition of the subject in a ,,systematic form40--,saturday ,review4 8,literally ,,packed with information40--,glasgow ,medical ,journal4 ,,the ,,flowering ,,plant1 ,,as ,,illustrating ,,the ,,first ,,principles ,,of ,,botany4 ,specially adapted for ,london ,matriculation1 ,s4 ,kensington1 and ,university ,local ,examinations in ,botany4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4 #cs4 #f;d4 8,it would be hard to find a ,text-book which would better guide the student to an accurate knowledge of modern discoveries in ,botany4 4 4 4 ,the ,,scientific ,,accuracy of statement1 and the concise exposition of ,,first ,,principles make it valuable for educational purposes4 ,in the chapter on the ,physiology of ,flowers1 an admirable rsum is given1 drawn from ,darwin1 ,hermann ,mller1 ,kerner1 and ,lubbock1 of what is known of the ,fertilization of ,flowers40--,journal of the ,linnean ,society4 ,recommended by the ,national ,home-,reading ,union2 and also for use in the ,university ,correspondence ,classes4 ,a ,,zoological ,,pocket-,,book3 or1 ,synopsis of ,animal ,classification4 ,comprising ,definitions of the ,phyla1 ,classes1 and ,orders1 with explanatory ,remarks and ,tables4 ,by ,dr4 ,,emil ,,selenka1 ,professor in the ,university of ,erlangen4 ,authorised ,english translation from the ,third ,german ,edition4 ,in ,small ,post #hvo1 ,interleaved for the use of ,students4 ,limp ,covers1 #ds4 8,dr4 ,selenka's ,manual will be found useful by all ,students of ,zoology4 ,it is a ,,comprehensive and ,,successful attempt to present us with a scheme of the natural arrangement of the animal world40--,edin4 ,med4 ,journal4 8,will prove very serviceable to those who are attending ,biology ,lectures4 4 4 4 ,the translation is accurate and clear40--,lancet4 ,,works by ,a4 ,,wynter ,,blyth1 ,m4,r4,c4,s41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,public ,analyst for the ,county of ,devon1 and ,medical ,officer of ,health for ,st4 ,marylebone4 ,,new ,,edition4 ,revised and partly ,rewritten4 ,,foods3 ,,their ,,composition ,,and ,,analysis4 ,in ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 with ,elaborate ,tables1 ,folding ,litho-,plate1 and ,photographic ,frontispiece4 ,,third ,,edition4 ,price #afs4 ,,general ,,contents4 ,history of ,adulteration--,legislation1 ,past and ,present--,apparatus useful to the ,food-,analyst--8,ash0--,sugar--,confect ionery--,honey-- ,treacle--,jams and ,preserved ,fruits--,starches--,wheaten-,flour--,br ead-- ,oats--,barley--,rye--,rice--,maize--,mi llet--,potato--,peas--,chinese ,peas-- ,lentils--,beans--,,milk--,cream--,butte r--,cheese--,tea--,coffee--,cocoa and ,chocolate--,alcohol--,brandy--,rum--,wh isky--,gin--,arrack--,liqueurs--,beer-- ,wine--,vinegar--,lemon and ,lime ,juice--,mustard--,pepper--,sweet and ,bitter ,almond--,annatto--,olive ,oil--,water4 ,appendix3 ,text of ,english and ,american ,adulteration ,acts4 8,thoroughly practical4 4 4 4 ,should be in the hands of every medical practitioner40--,lancet4 8,an admirable digest of the most recent state of knowledge4 4 4 4 ,interesting even to lay readers40--,chemical ,news4 8,,stands ,,unrivalled for completeness of information40--,sanitary ,record4 ,the ,,third ,edition contains many ,notable ,additions1 especially on the subject of ,,milk and its relation to ,,fever ,,epidemics1 the ,,purity of ,,water-,,supply1 the ,,margarine ,,act1 c41 c4 ,,poisons3 ,,their ,,effects ,,and ,,detection4 ,with ,tables and ,illustrations4 ,price #afs4 ,,general ,,contents4 ,historical ,introduction--,statistics--,general ,methods of ,procedure--,life ,tests--,special ,apparatus--,classification3 ,i4--,,organic ,,poisons3 7a47 ,sulphuric1 ,hydrochloric1 and ,nitric ,acids1 ,potash1 ,soda1 ,ammonia1 c42 7b47 ,petroleum1 ,benzene1 ,camphor1 ,alcohols1 ,chloroform1 ,carbolic ,acid1 ,prussic ,acid1 ,phosphorus1 c42 7c47 ,hemlock1 ,nicotine1 ,opium1 ,strychnine1 ,aconite1 ,atropine1 ,digitalis1 c42 7d47 ,poisons derived from ,animal ,substances2 7e47 ,the ,oxalic ,acid ,group4 ,,ii4--,,inorganic ,,poisons3 ,arsenic1 ,antimony1 ,lead1 ,copper1 ,bismuth1 ,silver1 ,mercury1 ,zinc1 ,nickel1 ,iron1 ,chromium1 ,alkaline ,earths1 c4 ,appendix3 7,a47 ,examination of ,blood and ,blood-,spots2 7,b47 ,hints for ,emergencies4 8,one of the best and most comprehensive works on the subject40--,saturday ,review4 8,a sound and ,practical ,manual of ,toxicology1 which cannot be too warmly recommended4 4 4 4 ,one of its chief merits is that it discusses substances which have been overlooked40--,chemical ,news4 ,,hygi,,ne ,,and ,,public ,,health 7,a ,dictionary of73 ,embracing the following subjects3-- ,i4--,,sanitary ,,chemistry3 the ,composition and ,dietetic ,value of ,foods1 with the ,detection of ,adulterations4 ,,ii4--,,sanitary ,,engineering3 ,sewage1 ,drainage1 ,storage of ,water1 ,ventilation1 ,warming1 c4 ,,iii4--,,sanitary ,,legislation3 the whole of the ,,public ,,health ,,act1 together with portions of other ,sanitary ,statutes1 in a form admitting of easy and rapid ,reference4 ,,iv4--,,epidemic ,,and ,,epizootic ,,diseases3 their ,history and ,propagation with the ,measures for ,disinfection4 ,v4--,,hygi,,ne--,,military1 ,,naval1 ,,private1 ,,public1 ,,school4 ,royal #hvo1 #fgb pp41 ,cloth1 with ,map and #adj ,illustrations1 #bhs4 8,a work that must have entailed a vast amount of labour and research4 4 4 4 ,will become a ,,standard ,,work ,,in ,,public ,,health40--,medical ,times and ,gazette4 8,contains a great mass of information of easy reference40--,sanitary ,record4 ,by ,w4 ,,elborne1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,in ,extra ,crown #hvo1 with ,litho-plates and ,numerous ,illustrations4 ,cloth1 #hs4 #f;d4 ,,elements ,,of ,,practical ,,pharmacy ,,and ,,dispensing4 ,,by ,,william ,,elborne1 ,b4,a4,,cantab41 ,demonstrator of ,materia ,medica and ,teacher of ,pharmacy at ,university ,college1 ,london2 ,pharmacist to ,university ,college ,hospital2 ,member of the ,pharmaceutical ,society of ,great ,britain2 ,fellow of the ,chemical and ,linnean ,societies of ,london2 formerly ,assistant-,lecturer in ,pharmacy and ,materia ,medica at the ,owens ,college1 ,manchester4 8,a work which we can very highly recommend to the perusal of all ,students of ,medicine4 4 4 4 ,,admirably ,,adapted to their requirements40--,edinburgh ,medical ,journal4 8,mr4 ,elborne evidently appreciates the ,requirements of ,medical ,students1 and there can be no doubt that any one who works through this ,course will obtain an excellent insight into ,chemical ,pharmacy40--,british ,medical ,journal4 8,the system 4 4 4 which ,mr4 ,elborne here sketches is thoroughly sound40--,chemist and ,druggist4 ,formerly ,published under the ,title of 8,,pharmacy ,,and ,,materia ,,medica40 ,by ,,drs4 ,,dupr ,,and ,,hake4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,inorganic ,,chemistry 7,a ,short ,manual of74 ,,by ,a4 ,,dupr1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,,and ,,wilson ,,hake1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 of the ,westminster ,hospital ,medical ,school4 8,a well-written1 clear1 and accurate ,elementary ,manual of ,inorganic ,chemistry4 4 4 4 ,we agree heartily in the system adopted by ,drs4 ,dupr and ,hake4 ,,will ,,make ,,experimental ,,work ,,trebly ,,interesting ,,because ,,intelligible40--,saturday ,review4 ,,works by ,prof4 ,,humboldt ,,sexton1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,glasgow and ,west of ,scotland ,technical ,college4 ,,outlines ,,of ,,quantitative ,,analysis4 ,with ,illustrations4 ,,fourth ,,edition4 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 #cs4 8,a practical work by a practical man 4 4 4 will further the attainment of accuracy and method40--,journal of ,education4 8,an ,,admirable little volume 4 4 4 well fulfils its purpose40--,schoolmaster4 8,a ,,compact ,,laboratory ,,guide for beginners was wanted1 and the want has been ,,well ,,supplied4 4 4 4 ,a good and useful book40--,lancet4 ,,by ,,the ,,same ,,author4 ,,outlines ,,of ,,qualitative ,,analysis4 ,with ,illustrations4 ,,third ,,edition4 ,crown #hvo1 ,cloth1 #cs4 #f;d4 8,the work of a thoroughly practical chemist 4 4 4 and one which may be unhesitatingly recommended40--,british ,medical ,journal4 8,compiled with great care1 and will supply a want40--,journal of ,education4 ,,twelfth ,,edition4 ,with ,numerous ,illustrations1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,nursing 7,a ,manual of73 ,,medical ,,and ,,surgical4 ,,by ,,laurence ,,humphry1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 ,m4,r4,c4,s41 ,assistant-,physician to1 late ,lecturer to ,probationers at1 ,addenbrooke's ,hospital1 ,cambridge4 ,,general ,,contents4--,the ,general ,management of the ,sick ,room in ,private ,houses--,general ,plan of the ,human ,body--,diseases of the ,nervous ,system--,respiratory ,system--,heart and ,blood-,vessels--,digestive ,system--,skin and ,kidneys--,fevers--,diseases of ,children--,wounds and ,fractures--,management of ,child-,bed--,sick-,room ,cookery1 c41 c4 8,in the fullest sense ,mr4 ,humphry's book is a ,,distinct ,,advance on all previous ,manuals4 4 4 4 ,its value is greatly enhanced by copious woodcuts and diagrams of the bones and internal organs1 by many ,illustrations of the art of ,,bandaging1 by ,temperature charts indicative of the course of some of the most characteristic diseases1 and by a goodly array of ,,sick-,,room ,,appliances with which ,,every ,,nurse should endeavour to become acquainted40--,british ,medical ,journal4 8,we should advise ,,all ,,nurses to possess a copy of the work4 ,we can confidently recommend it as an ,,excellent ,,guide and companion40--,hospital4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,handsome ,cloth1 #ds4 ,,foods ,,and ,,dietaries3 ,,how ,,and ,,when ,,to ,,feed ,,the ,,sick4 ,,by ,r4 ,w4 ,,burnet1 ,m4,d41 ,m4,r4,c4,p41 ,physician to the ,great ,northern ,central ,hospital1 c4 ,,general ,,contents4--,,diet in ,diseases of the ,stomach1 ,intestinal ,tract1 ,liver1 ,lungs1 ,heart1 ,kidneys1 c42 in ,diabetes1 ,scurvy1 ,anmia1 ,scrofula1 ,gout1 ,obesity1 ,rheumatism1 ,influenza1 ,alcoholism1 ,nervous ,disorders1 ,diathetic ,diseases1 ,diseases of ,children1 with ,sections on ,prepared and ,predigested ,foods1 and on ,invalid ,cookery4 8,the directions given are ,,uniformly ,,judicious4 4 4 4 ,may be confidently taken as a ,,reliable ,,guide in the art of feeding the sick40--,brit4 ,med4 ,journal4 8,to all who have much to do with ,invalids1 ,dr4 ,burnet's book will be of great use4 4 4 4 ,the subject is ,,treated with ,,admirable ,,sense and ,,judgment by ,dr4 ,burnet4 ,the careful study of such books as this will very much help the ,practitioner in the ,treatment of cases1 and powerfully aid the action of remedies40--,lancet4 ,shortly4 ,in ,crown #hvo extra4 ,handsome ,cloth4 ,,disinfection ,,disinfectants3 ,a ,,practical ,,guide ,to the various ,disinfectants now in ,use--their ,nature and ,properties1 with the ,methods of ,analysis and of ,application4 ,,by ,,samuel ,,rideal1 ,d4,,sc4 ,,lond4 ,in ,crown #hvo4 ,with ,frontispiece4 ,handsome ,cloth4 #fs4 ,,consumption 7,,the ,,hygienic ,,prevention ,,of74 ,,by ,j4 ,,edward ,,squire1 ,m4,d41 ,d4,p4,h4 ,,camb41 ,physician to the ,north ,london ,hospital for ,consumption and ,diseases of the ,chest2 ,fellow of the ,royal ,med4-,chirurg4 ,society1 and of the ,british ,institute of ,public ,health1 c41 c4 ,,general ,,contents4--,,the ,,nature ,,of ,,consumption--,,preventive ,,measures3 ,in ,infancy1 ,childhood1 ,school ,life1 ,adult ,life2 ,exercise1 ,clothing1 ,diet2 the ,household1 ,choice of ,occupation1 ,residence--,,state ,,hygiene--,,management ,,of ,,early ,,consumption3--,question of ,curability1 ,climatic ,conditions1 ,travelling1 c4 8,we can safely say that ,dr4 ,,squire's work ,,will ,,repay ,,study even by the most cultivated physician4 4 4 4 ,although the book is not a large one1 it is ,,full ,,of ,,instructive ,,matter1 and is written in a judicious spirit1 besides being ,,very ,,readable40--,the ,lancet4 ,,practical ,,sanitation3 ,a ,,handbook ,,for ,,sanitary ,,inspectors ,,and ,,others ,,interested ,,in ,,sanitation4 ,,by ,,george ,,reid1 ,m4,d41 ,d4,p4,h41 ,fellow of the ,sanitary ,institute of ,great ,britain1 and ,medical ,officer1 ,staffordshire ,county ,council4 ,,with ,,an ,,appendix ,,on ,,sanitary ,,law ,,by ,,herbert ,,manley1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,b41 ,d4,p4,h41 ,medical ,officer of ,health for the ,county ,borough of ,west ,bromwich4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,revised4 ,with ,illustrations4 ,price #fs4 ,,general ,,contents4 ,introduction--,water ,supply3 ,drinking ,water1 ,pollution of ,water--,ventilation and ,warming--,principles of ,sewage ,removal--,details of ,drainage2 ,refuse ,removal and ,disposal--,sanitary and ,insanitary ,work and ,appliances--,details of ,plumbers' ,work--,house ,construction--,infection and ,disinfection--,food1 ,inspection of2 ,characteristics of ,good ,meat2 ,meat1 ,milk1 ,fish1 c41 unfit for ,human ,food--,appendix2 ,sanitary ,law2 ,model ,bye-,laws1 c4 8,a ,,very ,,useful ,,handbook1 with a very useful ,appendix4 ,we recommend it not only to ,sanitary ,inspectors1 but to ,,all interested in ,sanitary matters40--,sanitary ,record4 ,shortly4 ,with ,numerous ,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo extra4 ,handsome ,cloth4 ,,the ,,sea-,,captain',s ,,medical ,,guide4 ,,by ,,wm4 ,,johnson ,,smith1 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 ,l4,s4,a41 ,of the ,seamen's ,hospital1 ,greenwich2 ,surgeon1 ,seamen's ,hospital1 ,royal ,albert ,docks2 ,surgeon1 ,seamen's ,hospital ,society1 c41 c4 ,transcriber's ,notes ,this text follows the original work4 ,inconsistencies in spelling1 hyphenation1 capitalisation1 etc4 have been retained1 except as mentioned below4 ,this applies to chemical compound names as well4 ,textual remarks3 ,page #ac1 ,footnote #ah1 ,jerome ,cardan3 also known as ,jrme ,cardan1 ,girolamo ,cardano1 ,hieronymus ,cardanus4 ,page #ah1 ,praag van1 ,leonides3 should be ,leonides van ,praag1 ,isidorus4 ,this is the 7enlarged7 ,dutch translation of ,werber's book4 ,page #eb3 reference to the separate article on 7the detection of7 ,tin3 there is no such article in the book4 ,page #fb1 footnote #ee3 micro-millimetre should be micro-metre4 ,page #age1 structural formulas3 the original work gives two identical structural formulas2 both are correct1 but they do not show the difference between the two compounds4 ,page #aib1 that of ,borussica3 possibly a typographical error for ,borussia 7,borussica is the adjective74 ,page #cii1 #aha mgrms4 7#ah grain73 at least one of the numbers is wrong 7possibly the second number should be #bh74 ,page #ejg3 #fd mgmrs4 7#a grain73 this should probably be either #fd mgrms4 or #a grain4 ,in the context1 the latter seems more probable4 ,buchner_/,bchner are different persons1 both are spelled correctly4 ,hofman_/,hoffman_/,hofmann_/,hoffmann1 ,khler_/,koehler1 ,lin_/,linn1 ,pellagra_/,pellagri1 ,schuchardt_/,schuchart3 possibly these are spelling variants or typographical errors referring to the same persons4 ,kapferschlaeger3 should possibly be ,kupferschlaeger4 ,schauffle3 should possibly be ,schauffele or ,schuffele4 ,the index has been left as in the original work1 even though it is not always alphabetic4 ,advertisements3 there are some references to pages #ce and #cf of the advertisements4 ,these pages were not present in the original4 ,changes made to the text ,some minor obvious punctuation and typographical errors have been corrected silently4 ,french accents and ,german umlauts have been added or corrected where needed4 ,multi-page tables have been combined into single tables2 many tables have been re-arranged4 ,structural formulas have been moved to separate lines4 ,some sections starting with were printed as section headers in the original work2 they have been treated as regular numbered sections here4 ,footnotes have been moved to under the paragraph1 table1 etc4 they refer to4 ,various pages3 ,chever_/,chever's changed to ,chevers_/,chevers's ,ein natrliches ,system der ,gift-wirkungen_/,giftwirkungen standardised to ,gift-,wirkungen as in ,loew's original ,aertzt 7also in compound words7 changed to ,aerzt ,brenger-,frraud changed to ,brenger-,fraud ,l4 ,l4 ,hote and similar spellings changed to ,l4 ,l',hte ,grhaut changed to ,grhant ,page xxv3 ,duboia ,ruselli changed to ,duboia ,rusellii ,page xxix3 ,aerated changed to ,arated as in text ,page xxx3 7#c7 ,silver in the ,arts changed to 7#b7 ,silver in the ,arts ,page xxxii3 #ij-cib changed to #cij-cib ,page #ad3 ,mdicine changed to ,mdecine ,page #af3 ,vnneuse changed to ,vnneuses ,page #ag3 ,dagendorff changed to ,dragendorff ,page #ah3 ,webber changed to ,werber2 ,in ,zwee ,theilen changed to ,in ,zwei ,theilen ,page #be3 list under ,a4 numbered 7as following lists7 ,page #bg3 ,mezerein changed to ,mezereon ,page #ca3 ,section number #ba4 added ,page #ci3 alloxanthin changed to alloxantin as elsewhere ,page #dd3 ,v changed to ,v as in illustration ,page #ea3 chloralhydrate changed to chloral hydrate as elsewhere ,page #fj1 table3 ,june changed to ,jan4 7as described in text below table7 ,page #fd3 ,ni7,,co7 changed to ,ni7,,co7 ,page #hb3 ,salkowski changed to ,salkowsky as elsewhere ,page #id1 footnote #ib3 ,schwefelsure changed to ,schwefelsure- ,page #if3 bood changed to blood ,page #abd3 of the legs2 changed to of the legs72 ,page #abi3 ,,part ,,iv changed to ,,part ,v ,page #acd3 tape-worn changed to tape-worm ,page #ada3 ,,iv4 ,ether4 changed to ,,iv4--,ether4 for consistency with other headings ,page #adc3 ,soubeyran changed to ,soubeiran ,page #afd1 footnote #aid3 #ahfe changed to #ahef ,page #bad3 to contains changed to to contain2 ,afol4 changed to ,afl4 ,page #bbb3 that normal changed to than normal ,page #bcb3 ,boisbeaudran changed to ,boisbaudran ,page #bcb3 see ,index changed to ,see #cad ,page #bdf3 ,jervin changed to ,jervine ,page #bdi3 inserted in table ,page #beg3 ,mikroscop changed to ,mikroskop ,page #bgj3 table and paragraph 8,it is therefore obvious 4440 moved to before description of analysis ,page #bgg3 4 lutidine changed to -lutidine ,page #bhj1 #cdj1 platinum compound3 ,c,h etc4 changed to 7,c,h etc4 ,page #bii1 #cei3 of the ,french2 changed to of the ,french72 ,page #cjb3 menbrane changed to membrane ,page #cac3 r changed to r as elsewhere ,page #cah1 #chd3 7,c,h,o-- changed to 7,c,h,o7-- ,page #cbj3 ,pettenkoffer changed to ,pettenkofer ,page #cbh3 cephalapoda changed to cephalopoda ,page #cbi3 under goes changed to undergoes ,page #cga1 footnotes #dhg;a and #dhg;b3 the original work has one footnote with two footnote anchors2 the footnote has been copied for clarity ,page #cgc3 homotatropine changed to homatropine ,page #cih3 ,harnach changed to ,harnack ,page #dji3 skaken changed to shaken ,page #dbc3 #ae to #ac grain changed to #ae to #ah grain ,page #ddh3 ,they eat changed to ,they ate ,page #ddi3 ,wenzeln's changed to ,wenzel's ,page #dea3 ,d changed to ,d as elsewhere ,page #deh3 oenanthe changed to nanthe as elsewhere ,page #dfe3 toxalumin changed to toxalbumin ,page #dfi3 ,petromyzon fluviatalis changed to ,petromyzon fluviatilis ,page #dia3 bot hare changed to both are ,page #dib3 ,heading ,,diamines4 changed to ,diamines4 for consistency ,page #ead3 ,uppmain changed to ,uppmann ,page #ecc3 bain de tersier changed to bain de ,tessier ,page #ecd1 table3 #be-ce changed to #be-fe ,page #ehh3 pp4 #eeh and #eee changed to pp4 #eeh and #eei ,page #eia1 ,heading ,,ii4 ,,precipitate changed to ,,precipitated as elsewehere ,page #fad3 lamellae changed to lamell as elsewhere ,page #fag3 7#bj to #dj grains2 changed to 7#bj to #dj grains72 ,page #fcg1 ,ointment of ,red ,iodide of ,mercury3 closing 7 added after rubri ,page #fch3 ,hahneman's changed to ,hahnemann's ,page #fef3 from to time changed to from time to time ,page #ffb3 deat changed to death ,page #fgi3 mgrs4 changed to mgrms4 as elsewhere ,page #fhf3 ,,antidotes3-- changed to ,,iii4 ,,antidotes3-- ,page #fih3 zine changed to zinc ,page #gjb3 ,acolycoctin changed to ,acolyctin ,page #gjd3 ,fleetman's changed to ,fleitmann's ,page #gje3 ,bcur changed to ,bcoeur2 ,page #gjf3 ,bynsen's changed to ,bynssen's ,page #gaj3 ,duboia ,ruselii changed to ,duboia ,rusellii ,page #gaa3 ,gnzburgh changed to ,gnzburg ,page #gac3 ,jecquirity changed to ,jequirity2 ,kreosote changed to ,kreozote2 ,lanthropine changed to ,lanthopine ,page #gae3 ,mithridates changed to ,mithradetes ,page #gag3 ,pharoah's serpent changed to ,pharaoh's serpent ,page #gai3 ,rettger's changed to ,rettgers's ,page #gbj3 ,sanarelle's changed to ,sanarelli's2 ,scheppe's changed to ,schleppe's2 ,schrder changed to ,schraeder ,page #gba3 antimpetigines changed to anti-impetigines ,page #gbb3 ,teschmacher changed to ,teschemacher ,page #gbc3 ,vidale's changed to ,vidali's ,page #gci3 ,bain de ,tersier changed to ,bain de ,tessier