,! ,gold5 ,b\gh ,a ,/udy 9 ,magic & ,religion ,by ,james ,george ,fraz]1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 ,litt4,d4 ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge ,pr(essor ( ,social ,an?ropology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,liv]pool ,vol4 ,,ix4 ( ,,xii4 ,"p ,,vi3 ,! ,scapegoat4 ,new ,york & ,london ,mac,millan & ,co4 #aiac ,,cont5ts ,preface4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,transf]5ce ( ,evil4 #a4 ,! ,transf]5ce to ,inanimate ,objects4 #b4 ,! ,transf]5ce to ,/ones & ,/icks4 #c4 ,! ,transf]5ce to ,animals4 #d4 ,! ,transf]5ce to ,m54 #e4 ,! ,transf]5ce ( ,evil 9 ,europe4 #f4 ,! ,nail+ ( ,evils4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,omnipres5ce ( ,demons4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,public ,expulsion ( ,evils4 #a4 ,! ,occasional ,expulsion ( ,evils4 #b4 ,! ,p]iodic ,expulsion ( ,evils4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,public ,scapegoats4 #a4 ,! ,expulsion ( ,embodi$ ,evils4 #b4 ,! ,occasional ,expulsion ( ,evils 9 a ,mat]ial ,vehicle4 #c4 ,! ,p]iodic ,expulsion ( ,evils 9 a ,mat]ial ,vehicle4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,on ,scapegoats 9 ,g5]al4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,human ,scapegoats 9 ,classical ,antiquity4 #a4 ,! ,human ,scapegoat 9 ,anci5t ,rome4 #b4 ,! ,human ,scapegoat 9 ,anci5t ,greece4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,kill+ ! ,god 9 ,mexico4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,! ,saturnalia & ,k9dr$ ,fe/ivals4 #a4 ,! ,roman ,saturnalia4 #b4 ,! ,k+ ( ! ,bean & ! ,fe/ival ( ,fools4 #c4 ,! ,saturnalia & ,l5t4 #d4 ,saturnalia 9 ,anci5t ,greece4 #e4 ,saturnalia 9 ,we/]n ,asia4 #f4 ,conclusion4 ,note4 ,! ,crucifixion ,( ,*ri/4 ,index4 ,footnotes ,cov] ,art ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! above cov] image 0 produc$ by ! submitt] at ,di/ribut$ ,pro(read]s1 & is be+ plac$ into ! public doma94 ,,preface4 ,) ,! ,scapegoat our g5]al discussion ( ! !ory & practice ( ! ,dy+ ,god is br\ght to a conclusion4 ,! aspect ( ! subject ) :i* we are "h *iefly conc]n$ is ! use ( ! ,dy+ ,god z a scapegoat to free 8 wor%ipp]s f ! tr\bles ( all sorts ) :i* life on e>? is beset4 ,i h s\ght to trace ?is curi\s usage to its orig91 to decompose ! idea ( ! ,div9e ,scapegoat into ! elem5ts out ( :i* x appe>s to be comp\nd$4 ,if ,i am "r1 ! idea resolves itself into a simple confusion betwe5 ! mat]ial & ! immat]ial1 betwe5 ! real possibility ( transf]r+ a physical load to o!r %\ld]s & ! suppos$ possibility ( transf]r+ our bodily & m5tal ailm5ts to ano!r :o w be> !m = u4 ,:5 we survey ! hi/ory ( ?is pa!tic fallacy f its crude inception 9 savag]y to its full developm5t 9 ! speculative !ology ( civiliz$ nations1 we _c b wond] at ! s+ul> p[] :i* ! human m9d possesses ( transmut+ ! lead5 dross ( sup]/ition into a glitt]+ semblance ( gold4 ,c]ta9ly 9 no?+ is ?is al*emy ( ?\ght m conspicu\s ?an 9 ! process :i* has ref9$ ! base & fooli% cu/om ( ! scapegoat into ! sublime conception ( a ,god :o dies to take away ! s9s ( ! _w4 ,along ) ! discussion ( ! ,scapegoat ,i h includ$ 9 ?is volume an acc\nt ( ! rem>kable religi\s ritual ( ! ,aztecs1 9 :i* ! !ory ( ! ,dy+ ,god f\nd its mo/ sy/ematic & mo/ tragic expression4 ,!re is no?+1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 to %ew t ! m5 & wom51 :o 9 ,mexico di$ cruel dea?s 9 ! "* ( gods & goddesses1 7 reg>d$ z scapegoats by _! wor%ipp]s & execution]s2 ! int5tion ( slay+ !m seems r to h be5 to re9=ce by a riv] ( human blood ! tide ( life :i* might else gr[ /agnant & /ale 9 ! ve9s ( ! deities4 ,h5ce ! ,aztec ritual1 :i* prescrib$ ! slaught]1 ! roa/+ alive1 & ! flay+ ( m5 & wom5 9 ord] t ! gods might rema9 = ev] "y & /rong1 con=ms to ! g5]al !ory ( deicide :i* ,i h (f]$ 9 ?is "w4 ,on t !ory dea? is a portal ?r\gh :i* gods & m5 alike mu/ pass to escape ! decrepitude ( age & to atta9 ! vig\r ( et]nal y\?4 ,! conception may be said to culm9ate 9 ! ,brahmanical doctr9e t 9 ! daily sacrifice ! body ( ! ,creator is brok5 anew = ! salvation ( ! _w4 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]4 ,,cambridge1 #ba/ ,june1 #aiac4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,transf]5ce ,,( ,,evil4 #a4 ,! ,transf]5ce to ,inanimate ,objects4 7,m#a7 ,9 ! prec$+ p>ts ( ?is "w we h trac$ ! practice ( kill+ a god among peoples 9 ! hunt+1 pa/oral1 & agricultural /ages ( society2 & ,i h attempt$ to expla9 ! motives :i* l$ m5 to adopt s curi\s a cu/om4 ,"o aspect ( ! cu/om /ill rema9s to be notic$4 ,! accumulat$ mis=tunes & s9s ( ! :ole p are sometimes laid ^u ! dy+ god1 :o is suppos$ to be> !m away = ev]1 leav+ ! p innoc5t & happy4 ,! notion t we c transf] our guilt & suff]+s to "s o!r be+ :o w be> !m = u is famili> to ! savage m9d4 ,x arises f a v obvi\s confusion betwe5 ! physical & ! m5tal1 betwe5 ! mat]ial & ! immat]ial4 ,because x is possible to %ift a load ( wood1 /ones1 or :at n1 f our own back to ! back ( ano!r1 ! savage fancies t x is equally possible to %ift ! burd5 ( 8 pa9s & sorr[s to ano!r1 :o w suff] !m 9 8 /ead4 ,^u ?is idea he acts1 & ! result is an endless numb] ( v unamiable devices = palm+ (f ^u "s "o else ! tr\ble :i* a man %r9ks f be>+ himself4 ,9 %ort1 ! pr9ciple ( vic>i\s suff]+ is commonly und]/ood & practis$ by races :o /& on a l[ level ( social & intellectual culture4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages ,i %all illu/rate ! !ory & ! practice z !y are f\nd among savages 9 all _! nak$ simplicity1 undisguis$ by ! ref9em5ts ( metaphysics & ! subtleties ( !ology4 7,m#b7 ,! devices to :i* ! cunn+ & selfi% savage resorts = ! sake ( eas+ himself at ! exp5se ( 8 neighb\r are manifold2 only a few typical examples out ( a multitude c be cit$4 ,at ! outset x is to be obs]v$ t ! evil ( :i* a man seeks to rid himself ne$ n be transf]r$ to a p]son2 x may equally well be transf]r$ to an animal or a ?+1 ?\gh 9 ! la/ case ! ?+ is (t5 only a vehicle to convey ! tr\ble to ! fir/ p]son :o t\*es x4 ,9 "s ( ! ,ea/ ,indian isl&s !y ?9k t epilepsy c be cur$ by /rik+ ! pati5t on ! face ) ! leaves ( c]ta9 trees & !n ?r[+ !m away4 ,! disease is believ$ to h pass$ into ! leaves1 & to h be5 ?r[n away ) !m47#a7 ,9 ! ,w>ramunga & ,tj+illi tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia m5 :o suff]$ f heada*e h (t5 be5 se5 we>+ wom5's head-r+s4 8,?is 0 connect$ ) ! belief t ! pa9 9 ! head w\ld pass into ! r+s1 & t !n x c\ld be ?r[n away ) !m into ! bu%1 & s got rid ( effectually4 ,! natives h a v firm belief 9 ! efficacy ( ?is treatm5t4 ,9 ! same way :5 a man suff]s f int]nal pa91 usually br\ght on by ov]eat+1 8 wife's head-r+s are plac$ on 8 /oma*2 ! evil magic :i* is caus+ all ! tr\ble passes into !m1 & !y are !n ?r[n away into ! bu%es1 :]e ! magic is suppos$ to leave !m4 ,aft] a "t !y are se>*$ = by ! woman1 :o br+s !m back1 & aga9 we>s !m 9 ! ord9>y way407#b7 ,among ! ,sihanaka ( ,madagasc>1 :5 a man is v sick1 8 relatives are sometimes bidd5 by ! div9] to ca/ out ! evil by means ( a v>iety ( ?+s1 su* z a /ick ( a p>ticul> sort ( tree1 a rag1 a p9* ( e>? f an ant's ne/1 a little money1 or :at n4 ,:atev] !y may be1 !y are br\ght to ! pati5t's h\se & held by a man ne> ! door1 :ile an exorci/ /&s 9 ! h\se & pron\nces ! =mula necess>y = ca/+ out ! disease4 ,:5 he has done1 ! ?+s are ?r[n away 9 a s\?w>d direction1 & all ! p 9 ! h\se1 includ+ ! sick man1 if he has /r5g? en\gh1 %ake _! loose robes & spit t[>ds ! door 9 ord] to exp$ite ! dep>ture ( ! malady47#c7 ,:5 an ,atkhan ( ! ,aleutian ,isl&s _h committ$ a grave s9 & desir$ to unburd5 himself ( 8 guilt1 he proce$$ z foll[s4 ,hav+ *os5 a "t :5 ! sun 0 cle> & uncl\d$1 he pick$ up c]ta9 we$s & c>ri$ !m ab\t 8 p]son4 ,!n he laid !m d[n1 & call+ ! sun to witness1 ca/ 8 s9s ^u !m1 aft] :i*1 hav+ eas$ 8 he>t ( all t weigh$ ^u x1 he ?rew ! we$s into ! fire1 & fanci$ t ?us he cleans$ himself ( 8 guilt47#d7 ,9 ,v$ic times a y\ng] bro!r :o m>ri$ be=e 8 eld] bro!r 0 ?\ght to h s9n$ 9 s do+1 b !re 0 a c]emony by :i* he c\ld purge himself ( 8 s94 ,fett]s ( re$-grass 7 laid on him 9 tok5 ( 8 guilt1 & :5 !y _h be5 wa%$ & spr9kl$ !y 7 flung into a foam+ torr5t1 :i* swept !m away1 :ile ! evil 0 bidd5 to vani% ) ! foam ( ! /ream47#e7 ,! ,matse negroes ( ,togol& ?9k t ! riv] ,awo has p[] to c>ry away ! sorr[s ( mank9d4 ,s :5 "o ( _! fri5ds has di$1 & _! he>ts are heavy1 !y g to ! riv] ) leaves ( ! raphia palm ti$ r\nd _! necks & drums 9 _! h&s4 ,/&+ on ! bank !y beat ! drums & ca/ ! leaves into ! /ream4 ,z ! leaves float away out ( sight to ! s\nd ( ! rippl+ wat] & ! roll ( ! drums1 !y fancy t _! sorr[ too is lift$ f !m47#f7 ,simil>ly1 ! anci5t ,greeks imag9$ t ! pangs ( love might be heal$ by ba?+ 9 ! riv] ,selemnus47#g7 ,! ,indians ( ,p]u s\ght to purify !mselves f _! s9s by plung+ _! heads 9 a riv]2 !y said t ! riv] wa%$ _! s9s away47#h7 7,m#c7 ,an ,arab cure = melan*oly or madness caus$ by love is to put a di% ( wat] on ! suff]]'s head1 drop melt$ lead into x1 & !n bury ! lead 9 an op5 field2 ?us ! mis*ief t 0 9 ! man goes away47#i7 ,among/ ! ,miotse ( ,*9a1 :5 ! elde/ son ( ! h\se atta9s ! age ( sev5 ye>s1 a c]emony call$ 8driv+ away ! devil0 takes place4 ,! fa!r makes a kite ( /raw & lets x fly away 9 ! des]t1 be>+ away all evil ) x47#aj7 ,:5 an ,indian ( ,santiago ,tepehuacan is ill1 he w sometimes attempt to rid himself ( ! malady by bak+ ?rice sev5 cakes2 ( ^! he places sev5 9 ! top ( ! highe/ p9e-tree ( ! =e/1 sev5 he lays at ! foot ( ! tree1 & sev5 he ca/s into a well1 ) ! wat] ( :i* he !n wa%es himself4 ,by ?is means he transf]s ! sickness to ! wat] ( ! well & s is made :ole47#aa7 ,! ,bag&a believ$ t plague 0 caus$ by ! god ,kaumpuli1 :o resid$ 9 a deep hole 9 8 temple4 ,to prev5t him f escap+ & deva/at+ ! c\ntry1 !y batt5$ him d[n 9 ! hole by cov]+ ! top ) planta9-/ems & pil+ wild-cat-sk9s ov] !m2 !re 0 no?+ l wild-cat-sk9s to keep him d[n1 s hundr$s ( wild cats 7 hunt$ & kill$ e ye> to supply ! necess>y sk9s4 ,h[ev]1 sometimes 9 spite ( ^! precautions ! god contriv$ to escape1 & !n ! p di$4 ,:5 a g>d5 or h\se 0 plague-/rick51 ! prie/s purifi$ x by transf]r+ ! disease to a planta9-tree & !n c>ry+ away ! tree to a piece ( wa/e l&4 ,! way 9 :i* !y effect$ ! transf]5ce ( ! disease 0 ?is4 ,!y fir/ made a numb] ( little %ields & spe>s out ( planta9 fibre & re$s & plac$ !m at int]vals along ! pa? lead+ f ! g>d5 to ! ma9 road4 ,a "y planta9-tree1 ab\t to be> fruit1 0 !n cut d[n1 ! /em 0 laid 9 ! pa? lead+ to "o ( ! plague-/rick5 huts1 & x 0 spe>$ ) n less ?an tw5ty re$ spe>s1 :i* 7 left /ick+ 9 x1 :ile "s ( ! planta9-fibre %ields 7 also fa/5$ to x4 ,?is tree 0 !n c>ri$ d[n ! pa? to ! wa/e l& & left !re4 ,x w5t by ! "n ( ! ,scapegoat 7kyonzire74 ,to make q sure t ! plague1 aft] be+ ?us deposit$ 9 ! wild]ness1 %\ld n return by ! way x w5t1 ! prie/s rais$ an ar*1 cov]$ ) b>kclo?1 ov] ! pa? at ! po9t :]e x div]g$ f ! ma9 road4 ,?is ar* 0 ?\ght to int]pose an insurm\ntable b>ri] to ! return ( ! plague47#ab7 7,m#d7 ,dyak prie/esses expel ill-luck f a h\se by hew+ & sla%+ ! air 9 e corn] ( x ) wood5 swords1 :i* !y aft]w>ds wa% 9 ! riv]1 to let ! ill-luck float away d[n /ream4 ,sometimes !y sweep mis=tune out ( ! h\se ) brooms made ( ! leaves ( c]ta9 plants & spr9kl$ ) rice-wat] & blood4 ,hav+ swept x clean out ( e room & into a toy-h\se made ( bamboo1 !y set ! little h\se ) its load ( bad luck adrift on ! riv]4 ,! curr5t c>ries x away out to sea1 :]e x %ifts its baleful c>go to a c]ta9 kettle-%ap$ %ip1 :i* floats 9 mid-ocean & receives 9 its capaci\s hold all ! ills t fle% is heir to4 ,well w\ld x be ) mank9d if ! evils rema9$ = ev] toss+ f> away on ! bill[s2 b1 alas1 !y are disp]s$ f ! %ip to ! f\r w9ds1 & settle aga91 & yet aga91 on ! we>y ,dyak _w4 ,on ,dyak riv]s y may see _m ( ! m9iature h\ses1 lad5 ) manifold mis=tunes1 bobb+ up & d[n on ! curr5t1 or /ick+ fa/ 9 ! ?ickets t l9e ! banks47#ac7 7,m#e7 ,^! examples illu/rate ! purely b5efic5t side ( ! transf]5ce ( evil2 !y %ew h[ m5 seek to alleviate human suff]+s by div]t+ !m to mat]ial objects1 :i* are !n ?r[n away or o!rwise dispos$ ( s z to r5d] !m innocu\s4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 ! transf]5ce ( evil to a mat]ial object is only a /ep t[>ds foi/+ x ^u a liv+ p]son4 ,?is is ! malefic5t side ( su* transf]5ces4 ,x is exemplifi$ 9 ! foll[+ cases4 ,to cure too?a*e "s ( ! ,au/ralian blacks apply a heat$ spe>-?r[] to ! *eek4 ,! spe>-?r[] is !n ca/ away1 & ! too?a*e goes ) x 9 ! %ape ( a black /one call$ k>riit*4 ,/ones ( ?is k9d are f\nd 9 old m\nds & s&hills4 ,!y are c>efully collect$ & ?r[n 9 ! direction ( enemies 9 ord] to give !m too?a*e47#ad7 ,9 ,mirzapur a mode ( transf]r+ disease is to fill a pot ) fl[]s & rice & bury x 9 a pa?way cov]$ up ) a flat /one4 ,:oev] t\*es ?is is suppos$ to contract ! disease4 ,! practice is call$ *alauwa1 or 8pass+ on0 ! malady4 ,?is sort ( ?+ goes on daily 9 ,upp] ,india4 ,(t5 :ile walk+ ( a morn+ 9 ! baza> y w see a little pile ( e>? adorn$ ) fl[]s 9 ! middle ( ! road4 ,su* a pile usually conta9s "s scabs or scales f ! body ( a smallpox pati5t1 :i* are plac$ !re 9 ! hope t "s "o may t\* !m1 & by cat*+ ! disease may relieve ! suff]]47#ae7 ,! ,bahima1 a pa/oral p ( ! ,ug&a ,protectorate1 (t5 suff] f deep-seat$ abscesses3 8_! cure = ?is is to transf] ! disease to "s o!r p]son by obta9+ h]bs f ! m$ic9e-man1 rubb+ !m ov] ! place :]e ! swell+ is1 & bury+ !m 9 ! road :]e p cont9ually pass2 ! fir/ p]son :o /eps ov] ^! buri$ h]bs contracts ! disease1 & ! orig9al pati5t recov]s407#af7 ,! practice ( ! ,wagogo ( ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa is simil>4 ,:5 a man is ill1 ! native doctor w take him to a cross-road1 :]e he prep>es 8 m$ic9es1 utt]+ at ! same "t ! incantations :i* are necess>y to give ! drugs _! m$ical virtue4 ,"p ( ! dose is !n adm9i/]$ to ! pati5t1 & "p is buri$ "u a pot turn$ upside d[n at ! cross-road4 ,x is hop$ t somebody w /ep ov] ! pot1 & cat*+ ! disease1 :i* lurks 9 ! pot1 w !reby relieve ! orig9al suff]]4 ,a v>iation ( ?is cure is to pla/] "s ( ! m$ic9e1 or a little ( ! pati5t's blood1 on a wood5 peg & to drive ! peg into a tree2 any "o :o passes ! tree & is s imprud5t z to draw out ! peg1 w c>ry away ) x ! disease47#ag7 7,m#f7 ,sometimes 9 case ( sickness ! malady is transf]r$ to an effigy z a prelim9>y to pass+ x on to a human be+4 ,?us among ! ,bag&a ! m$ic9e-man w\ld sometimes make a model ( 8 pati5t 9 clay2 !n a relative ( ! sick man w\ld rub ! image ov] ! suff]]'s body & ei!r bury x 9 ! road or hide x 9 ! grass by ! wayside4 ,! fir/ p]son :o /epp$ ov] ! image or pass$ by x w\ld cat* ! disease4 ,sometimes ! effigy 0 made out ( a planta9-fl[] ti$ up s z to look l a p]son2 x 0 us$ 9 ! same way z ! clay figure4 ,b ! use ( images = ?is malefic5t purpose 0 a capital crime2 any p]son caught 9 ! act ( bury+ "o ( !m 9 ! public road w\ld surely h be5 put to dea?47#ah7 ,among ! ,s5a-speak+ p to ! nor? ( ! ,zambesi1 :5 any "o is ill1 ! doctor makes a little pig ( /raw to :i* he transf]s ! sickness4 ,! little pig is !n set on ! gr\nd :]e two pa?s meet1 & any pass]-by :o *ances to kick x ov] is sure to absorb ! illness & to draw x away f ! pati5t47#ai7 ,among ! ,korkus1 a =e/ tribe ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces 9 ,india1 :5 a p]son wi%es to transf] 8 sickness to ano!r1 he contrives to obta9 ! lo9-clo? ( 8 int5d$ victim & pa9ts two figures on x 9 lamp black1 "o upright & ! o!r upside d[n4 ,z soon z ! own] ( ! lo9-clo? puts x on1 he falls a victim to ! ailm5t :i* afflict$ ! arti/ :o drew ! figures47#bj7 ,e n9e ye>s a ,mongol celebrates a memorial fe/ival ( 8 bir? = ! purpose ( ensur+ ! cont9uance ( 8 life & welf>e4 ,at ?is solemn c]emony two lambsk9s1 "o black & ! o!r :ite1 are spread on ! floor ( ! hut1 :i* is fur!r cov]$ ) a felt c>pet1 & on ! c>pet are made n9e little ridges ( e>? br\ght f n9e m\nta9s1 ! bottom ( a riv]1 & a sepul*ral m\nd4 ,! own] ( ! hut1 = ^: b5efit ! rite is p]=m$1 next seats himself on ! black lambsk91 & opposite him is set an effigy ( himself made ( d\gh by a lama4 ,! prie/ !n ?r[s a black /one at ! effigy1 pray+ t ! black arr[ ( dea? may pi]ce x1 aft] :i* he ?r[s a :ite /one at ! ma/] ( ! hut1 pray+ t ! bright beam ( life may end[ him ) wondr\s /r5g?4 ,aft] t ! ,mongol gets up1 /eps ov] "o ( ! ridges ( e>? & says1 8,i h ov]come a mi%ap1 ,i h escap$ a dea?40 ,?is c]emony he p]=ms n9e times1 /epp+ ov] all ! ridges1 "o aft] ! o!r4 ,!n he sits d[n on ! :ite lambsk91 & ! lama takes ! d\gh effigy1 sw+s x ?rice r\nd ! man :om x repres5ts1 spits on x ?rice1 & h&s x to att5dants :o c>ry x away into ! /eppe4 ,a little holy wat] spr9kl$ ov] ! ,mongol n[ completes 8 protection aga9/ p]ils & dang]s47#ba7 ,?is la/ is a case ( ! b5efic5t transf]5ce ( evil2 = 9 x no attempt seems to be made to %ift ! burd5 ( mis=tune to anybody else4 #b4 ,! ,transf]5ce to ,/ones & ,/icks4 7,m#g7 ,9 ! we/]n di/rict ( ! isl& ( ,timor1 :5 m5 or wom5 are mak+ long & tir+ j\rneys1 !y fan !mselves ) leafy bran*es1 :i* !y aft]w>ds ?r[ away on p>ticul> spots :]e _! =efa!rs did ! same be=e !m4 ,! fatigue :i* !y felt is ?us suppos$ to h pass$ into ! leaves & to be left beh9d4 ,o!rs use /ones in/ead ( leaves47#bb7 ,simil>ly 9 ! ,bab> ,ar*ipelago tir$ p w /rike !mselves ) /ones1 believ+ t !y ?us transf] to ! /ones ! we>9ess :i* !y felt 9 _! own bodies4 ,!y !n ?r[ away ! /ones 9 places :i* are specially set ap>t = ! purpose47#bc7 ,a l belief & practice 9 _m di/ant p>ts ( ! _w h giv5 rise to ^? cairns or heaps ( /icks & leaves :i* travell]s (t5 obs]ve beside ! pa?1 & to :i* e pass+ native adds 8 contribution 9 ! %ape ( a /one1 or /ick1 or leaf4 ,?us 9 ! ,solomon & ,banks' ,isl&s ! natives are wont to ?r[ /icks1 /ones1 or leaves ^u a heap at a place ( /eep desc5t1 or :]e a difficult pa? beg9s1 say+1 8,!re goes my fatigue40 ,! act is n a religi\s rite1 = ! ?+ ?r[n on ! heap is n an (f]+ to spiritual p[]s1 & ! words :i* accompany ! act are n a pray]4 ,x is no?+ b a magical c]emony = gett+ rid ( fatigue1 :i* ! simple savage fancies he c embody 9 a /ick1 leaf1 or /one1 & s ca/ x f him47#bd7 7,m#h7 ,an e>ly ,spani% mission>y to ,nic>agua1 obs]v+ t along ! pa?s !re 7 heaps ( /ones on :i* ! ,indians z !y pass$ ?rew grass1 ask$ !m :y !y did s4 8,because we ?9k10 0 ! answ]1 8t !reby we are kept f we>9ess & hung]1 or at lea/ t we suff] less f !m407#be7 ,:5 ! ,p]uvian ,indians 7 climb+ /eep m\nta9s & felt we>y1 !y us$ to halt by ! way at c]ta9 po9ts :]e !re 7 heaps ( /ones1 :i* !y call$ apa*itas4 ,on ^! heaps ! we>y m5 w\ld place o!r /ones1 & !y said t :5 !y did s1 _! we>9ess left !m47#bf7 ,9 ! passes ( ! ea/]n ,&es1 on ! bord]s ( ,arg5t9a & ,bolivia1 8l>ge cairns are con/antly f\nd1 & e ,puna ,indian1 on pass+1 adds a /one & a coca leaf1 s t nei!r he nor 8 bea/ ( burd5 may tire on ! way407#bg7 ,9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,t>ahum>es & ,tepehuanes 9 ,mexico heaps ( /ones & /icks may be obs]v$ on high po9ts1 :]e ! track leads ov] a ridge betwe5 two or m valleys4 8,e ,indian :o passes su* a pile adds a /one or a /ick to x 9 ord] to ga9 /r5g? = 8 j\rney4 ,among ! ,t>ahum>es only ! old m5 obs]ve ?is cu/om4 ,:5ev] ! ,tepehuanes c>ry a corpse1 !y re/ x = "s fifte5 m9utes on su* a heap by ! wayside t ! deceas$ may n be fatigu$ b /rong en\gh to f9i% 8 long j\rney to ! l& ( ! dead4 ,"o ( my ,hui*ol companions /opp$ on rea*+ ?is pile1 pull$ up "s grass f ! gr\nd & pick$ up a /one z big z 8 fi/4 ,hold+ bo? toge!r he spat on ! grass & on ! /one & !n rubb$ !m quickly ov] 8 knees4 ,he also made a c\ple ( passes ) !m ov] 8 *e/ & %\ld]s1 exclaim+ #8,k5e/quai6' 7,may ,i n get tir$67 & !n put ! grass on ! heap & ! /one on top ( ! grass407#bh7 ,9 ,guatemala also piles ( /ones may be se5 at ! p>t+s ( ways & on ! tops ( cliffs & m\nta9s4 ,e pass+ ,indian us$ to ga!r a h&ful ( grass1 rub 8 legs ) x1 spit on x1 & deposit x ) a small /one on ! pile1 firmly p]suad$ t by s do+ he w\ld re/ore _! flagg+ vig\r to 8 we>y limbs47#bi7 ,"h ! rubb+ ( ! limbs ) ! grass1 l ! ,bab> cu/om ( /rik+ ! body ) a /one1 0 d\btless a mode ( extract+ ! fatigue f !m z a prelim9>y to ?r[+ x away4 7,m#i7 ,simil>ly on ! plateau betwe5 ,lakes ,tanganyika & ,nyassa ! native c>ri]s1 be=e !y asc5d a /eep hill ) _! loads1 w pick up a /one1 spit on x1 rub ! calves ( _! legs ) x1 & !n deposit x on "o ( ^? small piles ( /ones :i* are commonly to be f\nd at su* spots 9 ?is "p ( ,africa4 ,a rec5t ,engli% travell]1 :o notic$ ! cu/om1 0 in=m$ t ! c>ri]s practise x 8to make _! legs light107#cj7 9 o!r words1 to extract ! fatigue f !m4 ,on ! banks ( ! ,kei riv] 9 ,s\!rn ,africa ano!r ,engli% travell] notic$ "s heaps ( /ones4 ,on enquir+ :at !y meant1 he 0 told by 8 guides t :5 a ,caffre felt we>y he _h b to add a /one to ! heap to rega9 fre% vig\r47#ca7 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,s\? ,africa1 p>ticul>ly on ! ,zambesi1 piles ( /icks take ! place ( cairns4 8,sometimes ! natives w rub _! leg ) a /ick1 & ?r[ ! /ick on ! heap1 #8to get rid ( fatigue1' !y av[4 ,o!rs say t ?r[+ a /one on ! heap gives "o fre% vig\r = ! j\rney407#cb7 7,m#aj7 ,f o!r acc\nts ( ! ,caffre cu/om we le>n t ^! cairns are g5]ally on ! sides or tops ( m\nta9s1 & t be=e a native deposits 8 /one on ! pile he spits on x47#cc7 ,! practice ( spitt+ on ! /one :i* ! we>y wayf>] lays on ! pile is probably a mode ( transf]r+ 8 fatigue ! m effectually to ! mat]ial vehicle :i* is to rid him ( x4 ,we h se5 t ! practice prevails among ! ,indians ( ,guatemala & ! natives ( ! ,tanganyika plateau1 & x appe>s to be obs]v$ also "u simil> circum/ances 9 ,corea1 :]e ! cairns are to be f\nd especially on ! tops ( passes47#cd7 ,f ! primitive po9t ( view no?+ c be m natural ?an t ! cairns or ! heaps ( /icks & leaves to :i* ! tir$ travell] adds 8 contribution %\ld /& at ! top ( passes &1 9 g5]al1 on ! highe/ po9ts ( ! road4 ,! wayf>] :o has toil$1 ) a*+ limbs & ?robb+ temples1 up a long & /eep asc5t1 is aw>e ( a sudd5 alleviation z soon z he has rea*$ ! summit2 he feels z if a weight _h be5 lift$ f him1 & to ! savage1 ) 8 concrete mode ( ?\ght1 x seems natural & easy to ca/ ! weight f him 9 ! %ape ( a /one or /ick1 or a bun* ( leaves or ( grass4 ,h5ce x is t ! piles :i* repres5t ! accumulat$ we>9ess ( _m foot-sore & heavy-lad5 travell]s are to be se5 :]ev] ! road runs highe/ 9 ! l(ty regions ( ,bolivia1 ,tibet1 ,bhootan1 & ,burma17#ce7 9 ! passes ( ! ,&es & ! ,himalayas1 z well z 9 ,corea1 ,caffr>ia1 ,guatemala1 & ,melanesia4 7,m#aa7 ,:ile ! m\nta9e] ,indians ( ,s\? ,am]ica imag9e t !y c rid !mselves ( _! fatigue 9 ! %ape ( a /ick or a /one1 o!r or ! same aborig9es ( t cont95t believe t !y c let x out ) _! blood4 ,a ,fr5* explor]1 :o _h se5 mu* ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians1 tells u t 8!y expla9 ev]y?+ t !y exp]i5ce by attribut+ x to sorc]y1 to ! influ5ce ( malefic5t be+s4 ,?us an ,indian on ! m>*1 :5 he feels we>y1 nev] fails to ascribe 8 we>9ess to ! evil _s2 & if he has no div9] at h&1 he w\nds himself 9 ! knees1 ! %\ld]s1 & on ! arms 9 ord] to let out ! evil ) ! blood4 ,t is :y _m ,indians1 especially ! ,aucas ,araucanians1 h always _! arms cov]$ ) sc>s4 ,?is cu/om1 diff]5tly appli$1 is almo/ g5]al 9 ,am]ica2 = ,i f\nd x up to ! foot ( ! ,&es1 9 ,bolivia1 among ! ,*iriguana & ,yurac>es nations407#cf7 7,m#ab7 ,b x is n m]e bodily fatigue :i* ! savage fancies he c rid himself ( by ! simple exp$i5t ( ?r[+ a /ick or a /one4 ,unable cle>ly to di/+ui% ! immat]ial f ! mat]ial1 ! ab/ract f ! concrete1 he is assail$ by vague t]rors1 he feels himself expos$ to "s ill-def9$ dang] on ! sc5e ( any great crime or great mis=tune4 ,! place to him seems haunt$ gr\nd4 ,! ?rong+ memories t cr[d ^u 8 m9d1 if !y are n mi/ak5 by him = gobl9s & phantoms1 oppress 8 fancy ) a lead5 weight4 ,8 impulse is to flee f ! dreadful spot1 to %ake (f ! burd5 t seems to cl+ to him l a nightm>e4 ,?is1 9 8 simple s5su\s way1 he ?9ks he c d by ca/+ some?+ at ! horrid place & hurry+ by4 ,= w n ! contagion ( mis=tune1 ! horror t clut*$ at 8 he>t-/r+s1 be div]t$ f himself into ! ?+8 w x n ga!r up 9 itself all ! evil influ5ces t ?reat5$ him1 & s leave him to pursue 8 j\rney 9 safety & peace8 ,"s su* tra9 ( ?\ght1 if ^! grop+s & fumbl+s ( a m9d 9 d>kness des]ve ! "n ( ?\ght1 seems to expla9 ! cu/om1 obs]v$ by wayf>]s 9 _m l&s1 ( ?r[+ /icks or /ones on places :]e some?+ horrible has happ5$ or evil de$s h be5 done4 ,:5 ,sir ,francis ,y\nghusb& 0 travell+ across ! great des]t ( ,gobi 8 c>avan desc5d$1 t[>ds dusk on a ,june ev5+1 into a long depression betwe5 ! hills1 :i* 0 notori\s z a haunt ( robb]s4 ,8 guide1 ) a t]ror-/rick5 face1 told h[ n long be=e n9e m5 out ( a s+le c>avan _h be5 murd]$1 & ! re/ left 9 a pitiable /ate to cont9ue _! j\rney on foot across ! awful des]t4 ,a horseman1 too1 _h j be5 se5 rid+ t[>ds ! hills4 8,we _h accord+ly to keep a %>p look-out1 & :5 we rea*$ ! foot ( ! hills1 halt$1 &1 tak+ ! loads (f ! camels1 wrapp$ ourselves up 9 our %eepsk9s & wat*$ ?r\gh ! long h\rs ( ! night4 ,day broke at la/1 & !n we sil5tly advanc$ & ent]$ ! hills4 ,v weird & fanta/ic 9 _! rugg$ outl9e 7 !y1 & "h & !re a cairn ( /ones m>k$ :]e "s c>avan _h be5 attack$1 & z we pass$ ^! ea* man ?rew "o m /one on ! heap407#cg7 ,9 ! ,norwegian di/rict ( ,tellem>k5 a cairn is pil$ up :]ev] any?+ fe>ful has happ5$1 & e pass]-by mu/ ?r[ ano!r /one on x1 or "s evil w befall him47#ch7 ,9 ,sw$5 & ! ,e/honian isl& ( ,oesel ! same cu/om is practis$ on sc5es ( cl&e/9e or illicit love1 ) ! /range addition 9 ,oesel t :5 a man has lo/ 8 cattle he w g to su* a spot1 &1 :ile he fl+s a /ick or /one on x1 w say1 8,i br+ !e wood4 ,let me soon f9d my lo/ cattle407#ci7 ,f> f ^! nor!rn l&s1 ! ,dyaks ( ,batang ,lup> keep up an obs]vance ( ! same sort 9 ! =e/s ( ,borneo4 ,beside _! pa?s may be se5 heaps ( /icks or /ones :i* are call$ 8ly+ heaps40 ,ea* heap is 9 memory ( "s man :o told a /up5d\s lie or disgracefully fail$ 9 c>ry+ out an engagem5t1 & ev]ybody :o passes adds a /ick or /one to ! pile1 say+ z he does s1 8,= ,s-&-s's ly+ heap407#dj7 ,! ,dyaks ?9k x a sacr$ duty to add to e su* 8li>'s m\nd0 7tugong bula7 :i* !y pass2 !y imag9e t ! omission ( ! duty w\ld draw d[n on !m a sup]natural puni%m5t4 ,h5ce1 h[ev] press$ a ,dyak may be = "t1 he w always /op to ?r[ on ! pile "s bran*es or twigs47#da7 ,! p]son to />t su* a heap is "o ( ! m5 :o has suff]$ by a malici\s lie4 ,he takes a /ick1 ?r[s x d[n on "s spot :]e p are con/antly pass+1 & says1 8,let any "o :o does n add to ?is li>'s heap suff] f pa9s 9 ! head40 ,o!rs !n d likewise1 & e pass]-by ?r[s a /ick on ! spot le/ he %\ld suff] pa9s4 ,9 ?is way ! heap (t5 gr[s to a l>ge size1 & ! li> by ^: "n x is kn[n is greatly a%am$47#db7 7,m#ac7 ,b x is on sc5es ( murd] & sudd5 dea? t ?is rude me?od ( av]t+ evil is mo/ commonly practis$4 ,! cu/om t e pass]-by mu/ ca/ a /one or /ick on ! spot :]e "s "o has come to a viol5t end1 :e!r by murd] or o!rwise1 has be5 obs]v$ 9 practically ! same =m 9 su* _m & div]se p>ts ( ! _w z ,irel&1 ,france1 ,spa91 ,sw$51 ,g]many1 ,bohemia1 ,lesbos1 ,morocco1 ,arm5ia1 ,pale/9e1 ,arabia1 ,india1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,v5ezuela1 ,bolivia1 ,celebes1 & ,new ,zeal&47#dc7 ,9 ,fiji1 = example1 x 0 ! practice = e pass]-by to ?r[ a leaf on ! spot :]e a man _h be5 clubb$ to dea?2 8?is 0 consid]$ z an (f]+ ( respect to him1 &1 if n p]=m$1 !y h a notion !y w soon be kill$ !mselves407#dd7 ,sometimes ! sc5e ( ! murd] or dea? may also be ! grave ( ! victim1 b x ne$ n always be s1 & 9 ,europe1 :]e ! dead are buri$ 9 consecrat$ gr\nd1 ! two places w\ld seldom co9cide4 ,h[ev]1 ! cu/om ( ?r[+ /ones or /icks on a grave has und\bt$ly be5 obs]v$ by pass]s-by 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 & t1 too1 ev5 :5 ! graves are n ^? ( p]sons :o h come to a viol5t end4 ,?us we are told t ! p ( ,unala%ka1 "o ( ! ,aleutian ,isl&s1 bury _! dead on ! summits ( hills & raise a little hillock ov] ! grave4 8,9 a walk into ! c\ntry1 "o ( ! natives1 :o att5d$ me1 po9t$ out sev]al ( ^! receptacles ( ! dead4 ,!re 0 "o ( !m1 by ! side ( ! road lead+ f ! h>b\r to ! village1 ov] :i* 0 rais$ a heap ( /ones4 ,x 0 obs]v$1 t e "o :o pass$ x1 add$ "o to x407#de7 ,! ,r\manians ( ,transylvania ?9k t a dy+ man %\ld h a burn+ c&le 9 8 h&1 & t any "o :o dies )\t a light has no "r to ! ord9>y fun]al c]emonies4 ,! body ( su* an un=tunate is n laid 9 holy gr\nd1 b is buri$ :]ev] x may be f\nd4 ,8 grave is m>k$ only by a heap ( dry bran*es1 to :i* ea* pass]-by is expect$ to add a h&ful ( twigs or a ?orny b\gh47#df7 ,! ,hott5tot god or h]o ,heitsi-eibib di$ sev]al times & came to life aga94 ,:5 ! ,hott5tots pass "o ( 8 num]\s graves !y ?r[ a /one1 a bu%1 or a fre% bran* on x = good luck47#dg7 ,ne> ! =m] mission-/ation ( ,blydeuitzigt 9 ,cape ,colony !re 0 a spot call$ ,devil's ,neck :]e1 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,bu%m51 ! devil 0 int]r$4 ,to h9d] 8 resurrection /ones 7 pil$ 9 heaps ab\t ! place4 ,:5 a ,bu%man1 travell+ 9 ! company ( a mission>y1 came 9 sight ( ! spot he seiz$ a /one & hurl$ x at ! grave1 rem>k+ t if he did n d s 8 neck w\ld be twi/$ r\nd s t he w\ld h to look backw>ds = ! t]m ( 8 natural life47#dh7 ,/ones are ca/ by pass]s-by on ! graves ( murd]]s 9 "s p>ts ( ,s5egambia47#di7 ,9 ,syria deceas$ robb]s are n buri$ l hone/ folk1 b left to rot :]e !y lie2 & a pile ( /ones is rais$ ov] ! m\ld]+ corpse4 ,e "o :o passes su* a pile mu/ fl+ a /one at x1 on pa9 ( incurr+ ,god's malison47#ej7 ,betwe5 sixty & sev5ty ye>s ago an ,engli%man 0 travell+ f ,sidon to ,tyre ) a c\ple ( ,musalmans4 ,:5 he drew ne> ,tyre 8 companions pick$ up "s small /ones1 arm$ him 9 ! same fa%ion1 & reque/$ him to be s k9d z to foll[ _! example4 ,soon aft]w>ds !y came 9 sight ( a conical heap ( pebbles & /ones /&+ 9 ! road1 at :i* ! two ,musalmans hurl$ /ones & curses ) great vehem5ce & rem>kable volubility4 ,:5 !y _h dis*>g$ ?is pi\s duty to _! satisfaction1 !y expla9$ t ! missiles & mal$ictions 7 direct$ at a celebrat$ robb] & murd]]1 :o _h be5 knock$ on ! head & buri$ !re "s half a c5tury be=e47#ea7 7,m#ad7 ,9 ^! latt] cases x may p]haps be ?\ght t ! /icks & /ones s]ve no o!r purpose ?an to keep (f ! angry & dang]\s gho/ :o might be suppos$ to haunt ei!r ! place ( dea? or ! grave4 ,?is int]pretation seems c]ta9ly to apply to "s cases ( ! cu/om4 ,= example1 9 ,pom]ania & ,we/ ,prussia ! gho/s ( suicides are mu* fe>$4 ,su* p]sons are buri$1 n 9 ! *ur*y>d1 b at ! place :]e !y took _! lives1 & e pass]-by mu/ ca/ a /one or a /ick on ! spot1 or ! gho/ ( ! suicide w haunt him by night & give him no re/4 ,h5ce ! piles ( /icks or /ones accumulat$ on ! graves ( ^! poor wret*es sometimes atta9 a consid]able size47#eb7 ,simil>ly ! ,bag&a ( ,c5tral ,africa us$ to /& 9 great fe> ( ! gho/s ( suicides & !y took _m precautions to dis>m or ev5 de/roy ^! dang]\s spirits4 ,= ?is purpose ! bodies ( suicides 7 remov$ to wa/e l& or cross-roads & burn$ !re1 toge!r ) ! wood ( ! h\se 9 :i* ! de$ _h be5 done or ( ! tree on :i* ! p]son _h hang$ himself4 ,by ^! means !y imag9$ t !y de/roy$ ! gho/ s t he c\ld n come & lure o!rs to foll[ 8 bad example4 ,le/1 h[ev]1 ! gho/ %\ld survive ! de/ruction ( 8 body by fire1 ! ,bag&a1 9 pass+ any place :]e a suicide _h be5 burnt1 always ?rew grass or /icks on ! spot to prev5t ! gho/ f cat*+ !m4 ,& !y did ! same1 = ! same reason1 :5ev] !y pass$ ! places on wa/e gr\nd :]e p]sons accus$ ( wit*craft & f\nd guilty by ! poison ordeal _h be5 burnt to dea?4 ,bag&a wom5 _h a special reason = dread+ all graves :i* 7 believ$ to be haunt$ by dang]\s gho/s2 =1 imag9+ t !y c\ld conceive *ildr5 )\t int]c\rse ) ! o!r sex1 !y fe>$ to be impregnat$ by ! entrance into !m ( ! gho/s ( suicides & o!r un=tunate or uncanny p1 su* z p]sons ) a light complexion1 tw9s1 & p>ticul>ly all :o _h ! mi%ap to be born feet =emo/4 ,= t reason ,bag&a wom5 7 at pa9s1 :5ev] !y pass$ ! graves ( any su* p]sons1 to ?r[ /icks or grass ^u !m2 8= by s do+ !y ?\ght t !y c\ld prev5t ! gho/ ( ! dead f ent]+ into !m1 & be+ reborn40 ,h5ce ! m\nds :i* accumulat$ ov] ^! graves became 9 c\rse ( "t l>ge en\gh to deflect ! pa? & to attract ! att5tion ( travell]s4 ,x 0 n m]ely matrons :o ?us took c>e n to become mo!rs unaw>e2 ! same fe>s 7 ent]ta9$ & ! same precautions 7 adopt$ by all wom51 :e!r old or "y1 :e!r m>ri$ or s+le2 s9ce !y ?\ght t !re 0 no woman1 :atev] h] age or condition1 :o might n be impregnat$ by ! entrance into h] ( a _s47#ec7 ,9 ^! cases1 !re=e1 ! ?r[+ ( /icks or grass at graves is a purely def5sive measure2 ! missiles are int5d$ to w>d (f ! assaults ( dang]\s gho/s4 ,simil>ly we are told t 9 ,madagasc> solit>y graves by ! wayside h a s9i/] reputation1 & t pass]s-by1 )\t look+ back1 w ?r[ /ones or clods at !m 8to prev5t ! evil spirits f foll[+ !m407#ed7 ,! ,m>aves ( ,s\? ,africa1 l ! ,bag&a1 us$ to burn wit*es alive & to ?r[ /ones on ! places ( execution :5ev] !y pass$ !m1 s t 9 "t regul> cairns gradually rose on ^! spots47#ee7 ,no d\bt ) ^! ,m>aves1 z ) ! ,bag&a1 ! motive = ?r[+ missiles at su* places is to protect !mselves aga9/ ! gho/s4 ,a protective motive is also assign$ = a simil> cu/om obs]v$ 9 ,*ota ,nagpur1 a region ( ,india :i* is ! home ( _m primitive tribes4 ,!re heaps ( /ones or ( leaves & bran*es may (t5 be se5 beside ! pa?2 !y are suppos$ to m>k ! places :]e p h be5 kill$ by wild bea/s1 & ! natives ?9k t any pass]-by :o fail$ to add a /one or a /ick to ! pile w\ld himself be seiz$ & dev\r$ by a wild animal47#ef7 ,"h1 ?\gh ! gho/ is n explicitly m5tion$1 we may p]haps suppose t out ( spite he is in/rum5tal 9 caus+ o!rs to p]i% by ! same untimely dea? by :i* he 0 himself c>ri$ (f4 ,! ,kayans ( ,borneo imag9e t !y c put evil spirits to flight by hurl+ /icks or /ones at !m2 s on a j\rney !y w let fly volleys ( su* missiles at ! rocks & d5s :]e demons are kn[n to reside47#eg7 ,h5ce1 :5ev] ! ?r[+ ( /ones at a grave is reg>d$ z an insult to ! dead1 we may suppose t ! missiles are int5d$ to hit & hurt ! gho/4 ,?us ,euripides repres5ts ! murd]] ,aegi/hus z leap+ on ! tomb ( 8 victim ,agamemnon & pelt+ x ) /ones27#eh7 & ,prop]tius invites all lov]s to dis*>ge /ones & curses at ! di%on\r$ grave ( an old bawd47#ei7 7,m#ae7 ,b if ?is !ory seems adequately to acc\nt = "s cases ( ! cu/om ) :i* we are conc]n$1 x app>5tly fails to expla9 o!rs4 ,! view t ! /icks & /ones hurl$ at c]ta9 places are weapons turn$ aga9/ dang]\s or malignant spirits is plausible 9 cases :]e su* spirits are believ$ to be 9 ! neighb\rhood2 b 9 cases :]e no su* spirits are ?\ght to be lurk+1 we mu/1 x w\ld seem1 ca/ ab\t = "s o!r explanation4 ,= example1 we h se5 t x has be5 cu/om>y to ?r[ /icks or /ones on spots :i* h be5 defil$ by de$s ( moral turpitude )\t any %$d+ ( blood1 & aga9 on spots :]e we>y travell]s /op to re/4 ,x is difficult to suppose t 9 ^! latt] cases ! evil de$s or ! s5sations ( fatigue are conceiv$ 9 ! concrete %ape ( demons :om x is necess>y to repel by missiles1 ?\gh _m ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians1 z we saw1 d attribute fatigue to a demon4 ,/ill m difficult is x to apply ! purely def5sive !ory to cases :]e b5efic5t spirits are imag9$ to be hov]+ some:]e ne>1 & :]e ! ?r[+ ( ! /ones or /icks is app>5tly reg>d$ by ^? :o practise x z a tok5 ( respect r ?an ( ho/ility4 ,?us among/ ! ,masai1 :5 any "o dies away f ! kraal1 8 body is left ly+ on ! spot :]e he di$1 & all p]sons pres5t ?r[ bun*es ( grass or leaves on ! corpse4 ,aft]w>ds e pass]-by ca/s a /one or a h&ful ( grass on ! place1 & ! m ! dead man 0 respect$1 ! long] is ! usage obs]v$47#fj7 ,x is especially ! graves ( ,masai m$ic9e-m5 t are hon\r$ 9 ?is way47#fa7 ,9 ! =e/ ne> ,ave/ad1 9 ,sw$51 ! travell]1 ,cl>ke1 obs]v$ 8sev]al heaps made ) /icks & /ones2 ^u :i* ! natives1 z !y pass1 ca/ ei!r a /one1 or a little e>?1 or ! b\gh ( a tree2 deem+ x an un*>itable act to omit ?is tribute1 9 _! j\rneys to & fro4 ,z ?is cu/om appe>$ closely alli$ to ! pi\s practice 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&1 ( ca/+ a /one ^u ! cairn ( a deceas$ p]son1 we1 ( c\rse1 conclud$ ^! heaps 7 places ( sepulture40 ,!y 7 said to be ! graves ( a b& ( robb]s1 :o _h plund]$ m]*ants on _! passage ?r\gh ! =e/1 b _h aft]w>ds be5 kill$ & buri$ :]e !y fell47#fb7 ,h[ev]1 9 all ^! cases ! practice ( ?r[+ /ones on ! grave1 ?\gh int]pret$ z a m>k ( respect & *>ity1 may really be bas$ on ! fe> ( ! gho/s1 s t ! motive = obs]v+ ! cu/om may be m]ely t ( self-def5ce aga9/ a dang]\s _s4 ,yet ?is explanation c h>dly apply to c]ta9 o!r cases4 ,?us 9 ,syria x is a common practice ) pi\s ,moslems1 :5 !y fir/ come 9 sight ( a v sacr$ place1 su* z ,hebron or ! tomb ( ,moses1 to make a little heap ( /ones or to add a /one to a heap :i* has be5 already made4 ,h5ce e "h & !re ! travell] passes a :ole s]ies ( su* heaps by ! side ( ! track47#fc7 ,9 ,nor!rn ,africa ! usage is simil>4 ,cairns are commonly erect$ on spots f :i* ! dev\t pilgrim fir/ disc]ns ! %r9e ( a sa9t af> (f2 h5ce !y are g5]ally to be se5 on ! top ( passes4 ,= example1 9 ,morocco1 at ! po9t ( ! road f ,casablanca to ,azemm\r1 :]e y fir/ come 9 sight ( ! :ite city ( ! sa9t gleam+ 9 ! di/ance1 !re rises an enorm\s cairn ( /ones %ap$ l a pyramid sev]al hundr$s ( feet high1 & beyond x on bo? sides ( ! road !re is a sort ( avalan*e ( /ones1 ei!r /&+ s+ly or arrang$ 9 little pyramids4 ,e pi\s ,mohamm$an ^: eyes are gladd5$ by ! bless$ sight ( ! sacr$ t[n adds 8 /one to "o ( ! piles or builds a little pile = himself47#fd7 7,m#af7 ,su* a cu/om c h>dly be expla9$ z a precaution adopt$ aga9/ a dang]\s influ5ce suppos$ to emanate f ! sa9t & to communicate itself ev5 to p at a di/ance4 ,on ! contr>y1 x po9ts r to a desire ( communion ) ! holy man ?an to a wi% to keep him at bay4 ,! mode ( communion adopt$1 h[ev] /range x may seem to u1 is app>5tly q 9 h>mony ) ! me?ods by :i* good ,mohamm$ans 9 ,nor!rn ,africa attempt to appropriate to !mselves ! bless$ influ5ce 7b>aka7 :i* is suppos$ to radiate on all sides f ! p]son ( a liv+ sa9t4 8,x is impossible to imag9e10 we are told1 8! extremity to :i* ! belief 9 ! bless$ influ5ce ( sa9ts is c>ri$ 9 ,nor? ,africa4 ,to =m an exact idea ( x y mu/ see a great sa9t 9 ! mid/ ( ! fai?ful4 #8,! p fl+ !mselves d[n on 8 pa? to kiss ! skirt ( 8 robe1 to kiss 8 /irrup if he is on horseback1 to kiss ev5 8 footpr9t if he is on foot4 ,^? :o are too f> f him to be able to t\* 8 h& t\* him ) _! /aff1 or fl+ a /one at him :i* !y h m>k$ previ\sly s z to be able to f9d x aft]w>ds & to embrace x dev\tly4' 07#fe7 ,?us ?r\gh ! *annel ( ! /one or ! /ick1 :i* has be5 9 bodily contact ) ! liv+ sa9t1 8 bless$ influ5ce fl[s to ! devotee :o has wield$ ! /ick or hurl$ ! /one4 ,9 l mann] we may p]haps suppose t ! man :o adds a /one to a cairn 9 hon\r ( a dead sa9t hopes to b5efit by ! sa9tly efflu5ce :i* di/ils 9 a my/]i\s fa%ion ?r\gh ! /one to him47#ff7 7,m#ag7 ,:5 we survey ! _m diff]5t cases 9 :i* pass+ travell]s are accu/om$ to add /ones or /icks to exi/+ piles1 x seems difficult1 if n impossible1 to expla9 !m all on "o pr9ciple2 diff]5t & ev5 opposite motives appe>1 at lea/ at fir/ sight1 to h op]at$ 9 diff]5t cases to produce cu/oms sup]ficially alike4 ,sometimes ! motive = ?r[+ ! /one is to w>d (f a dang]\s _s2 sometimes x is to ca/ away an evil2 sometimes x is to acquire a good4 ,yet1 p]haps1 if we c\ld trace !m back to _! orig9 9 ! m9d ( primitive man1 we might f9d t !y all resolve !mselves m or less exactly into ! pr9ciple ( ! transf]5ce ( evil4 ,= to rid ourselves ( an evil & to acquire a good are (t5 m]ely opposite sides ( "o & ! same op]ation2 = example1 a convalesc5t rega9s heal? 9 exactly ! same proportion z he %akes (f 8 malady4 ,& ?\gh ! practice ( ?r[+ /ones at dang]\s spirits especially at mis*iev\s & malignant gho/s ( ! dead1 appe>s to spr+ f a diff]5t motive1 yet x may be que/ion$ :e!r ! diff]5ce is really z great to ! savage z x seems to u4 ,to primitive man ! idea ( spiritual & gho/ly p[]s is /ill m indef9ite ?an x is to 8 civiliz$ bro!r3 x fills him ) a vague uneas9ess & al>m2 & ?is s5tim5t ( dread & horror he1 9 accordance ) 8 habitual modes ( ?\ght1 conceives 9 a concrete =m z some?+ mat]ial :i* ei!r surr\nds & oppresses him l a fog1 or has ent]$ into & tak5 tempor>y possession ( 8 body4 ,9 ei!r case he imag9es t he c rid himself ( ! uncanny ?+ by /ripp+ x f 8 sk9 or wr5*+ x out ( 8 body & transf]r+ x to "s mat]ial sub/ance1 :e!r a /ick1 a /one1 or :at n1 :i* he c ca/ f him1 & s1 be+ eas$ ( 8 burd51 c ha/5 away f ! dreadful spot ) a light] he>t4 ,?us ! ?r[+ ( ! /icks or /ones w\ld be a =m ( c]emonial purification1 :i* among primitive peoples is commonly conceiv$ z a sort ( physical r ?an moral purgation1 a mode ( sweep+ or sc\r+ away ! morbid matt] by :i* ! pollut$ p]son is suppos$ to be infect$4 ,?is notion p]haps expla9s ! rite ( /one-?r[+ obs]v$ by pilgrims at ,mecca2 on ! day ( sacrifice e pilgrim has to ca/ sev5 /ones on a cairn1 & ! rite is repeat$ ?rice on ! ?ree foll[+ days4 ,! traditional explanation ( ! cu/om is t ,mohamm$ "h drove away ! devil ) a %[] ( /ones27#fg7 b ! orig9al idea may p]haps h be5 t ! pilgrims cleanse !mselves by transf]r+ _! c]emonial impurity to ! /ones :i* !y fl+ on ! heap4 7,m#ah7 ,! !ory t ! ?r[+ ( /ones is practis$ 9 c]ta9 circum/ances z a mode ( purification tallies v well ) ! tradition z to ! orig9 ( ^? cairns :i* 7 to be se5 by wayside images ( ,h]mes 9 anci5t ,greece1 & to :i* e pass]-by add$ a /one4 ,x 0 said t :5 ,h]mes 0 tri$ by ! gods = ! murd] ( ,argus all ! gods flung /ones at him z a means ( free+ !mselves f ! pollution contract$ by blood%$2 ! /ones ?us ?r[n made a great heap1 & ! cu/om ( re>+ su* heaps at wayside images ( ,h]mes cont9u$ ev] aft]w>ds47#fh7 ,simil>ly ,plato recomm5d$ t if any man _h murd]$ 8 fa!r or "m1 8 bro!r or si/]1 8 son or daught]1 he %\ld be put to dea?1 & t 8 body %\ld be ca/ =? nak$ at a cross-road outside ( ! city4 ,!re ! magi/rates %\ld assemble on behalf ( ! city1 ea* c>ry+ 9 8 h& a /one1 :i* he 0 to ca/ at ! head ( ! corpse by way ( purify+ ! city f ! pollution x _h contract$ by ! crime4 ,aft] t ! corpse 0 to be c>ri$ away & flung outside ! b\nd>ies47#fi7 ,9 ^! cases x w\ld seem t ! pollution incurr$ by ! vic9ity ( a murd]] is ?\ght to be ga!r$ up 9 ! /ones z a mat]ial vehicle & to be ?r[n away ) !m4 ,a sacrificial cu/om ( ! ,brahmans1 prescrib$ 9 "o ( _! sacr$ books1 is susceptible ( a l int]pretation4 ,at a c]ta9 /age ( ! ritual ! sacrific] is direct$ to put a /one into a wat]-pot & to ?r[ x away 9 a s\?-we/]ly direction1 because t is ! region ( ,nirriti1 ! goddess ( ,evil or ,de/ruction4 ,) ! /one & ! pit*] he is suppos$ to ca/ away 8 pa9 & evil2 & he c transf] ! pa9 to ano!r by say+1 z he ?r[s away ! /one & ! pit*]1 8,let ?y pa9 ent] him :om we hate10 or 8,let ?y pa9 ent] s-&-s10 nam+ 8 enemy2 b 9 ord] to ensure ! transf]5ce ( ! pa9 to 8 enemy he mu/ take c>e t ! /one or ! pit*] is brok547#gj7 7,m#ai7 ,?is mode ( int]pret+ ! cu/om ( ?r[+ /icks & /ones on piles appe>s pref]able to ! "o :i* has g5]ally f\nd fav\r ) ,european travell]s & writ]s4 ,imp]fectly acqua9t$ = ! mo/ "p ) ! notions :i* und]lie primitive magic1 b v famili> ) ! religi\s conception ( a deity :o requires sacrifice ( 8 wor%ipp]s1 !y are apt to int]pret ! missiles 9 "q z *eap & easy (f]+s pres5t$ by pi\s b frugal wor%ipp]s to gho/s or spirits ^: fav\r !y desire to w947#ga7 ,:e!r a likely mode ( conciliat+ a gho/ or _s is to ?r[ /icks & /ones at him is a "q ab\t :i* op9ions might p]haps diff]4 ,x is difficult to speak ) confid5ce ab\t ! ta/es ( spiritual be+s1 b z a rule !y be> a rem>kable lik5ess to ^? ( m]e ord9>y mortals1 & x may be said )\t fe> ( contradiction t few ( ! latt] w\ld be gratifi$ by be+ set up z a common t>get to be aim$ at ) /icks & /ones by ev]ybody :o pass$ )9 range47#gb7 ,yet x is q possible t a c]emony1 :i* at fir/ 0 purely magical1 may 9 "t h a religi\s gloss or int]pretation put on x ev5 by ^? :o practise x2 & ?is seems 9 fact to h sometimes happ5$ to ! p>ticul> cu/om "u consid]ation4 ,c]ta9ly "s p accompany ! ?r[+ ( ! /one on ! pile ) ! pres5tation ( useful articles1 :i* c h>dly s]ve any o!r purpose ?an t ( propitiat+ "s local spirits4 ,?us travell]s 9 ,sikhim & ,bhootan (f] fl\r & w9e1 z well z /ones1 at ! cairns2 & !y also burn inc5se & recite incantations or pray]s17#gc7 or !y te> /rips f _! g>m5ts1 tie !m to twigs or /ones1 & !n lay !m on ! cairn1 call+ out to ! _s ( ! m\nta91 8,pray accept our (f]+6 ,! spirits are victori\s6 ,! devils are defeat$607#gd7 ,indians ( ,guatemala (f]$1 accord+ to _! means1 a little cotton1 salt1 cacao1 or *ili47#ge7 ,!y n[ burn copal & sometimes dance on ! tops ( ! passes :]e ! cairns are to be se51 b p]haps ^! devotions may be paid to ! crosses :i* at ! pres5t day are g5]ally set up 9 su* situations47#gf7 ,! ,indian ( ,bolivia w squirt out ! juice ( 8 coca-quid1 or ?r[ ! quid itself on ! cairn1 to :i* he adds a /one2 occasionally he goes s f> z to /ick fea!rs or a lea!rn s&al or two on ! pile4 ,9 pass+ ! cairns he w sometimes pull a hair or two out ( 8 eyebr[s or eyela%es & puff !m away t[>ds ! sun47#gg7 ,p]uvian ,indians us$ simil>ly to make *eap (f]+s ( *ew$ coca or maize1 old %oes1 & s =?1 on ! cairns47#gh7 ,9 ,sw$5 & ,corea a little money is sometimes ?r[n on a cairn in/ead ( a /ick or /one47#gi7 ,! %r9e ( ! ,jungle ,"m 9 ,nor!rn ,india is usually a pile ( /ones & bran*es to :i* e pass]-by contributes4 ,:5 %e is displeas$1 %e lets a tig] or leop>d kill h] neglig5t vot>y4 ,%e is ! great goddess ( ! h]dsm5 & o!r dwell]s 9 ! =e/1 & !y v[ to h] a cock & a goat1 or a "y pig1 if %e saves !m & _! cattle f bea/s ( prey47#hj7 ,9 ! jungles ( ,mirzapur ! cairn :i* m>ks ! spot :]e a man has be5 kill$ by a tig]1 & to :i* ea* pass]-by contributes a /one1 is commonly 9 *>ge ( a ,baiga or aborig9al prie/1 :o (f]s ^u x a cock1 a pig1 or "s spirits1 & occasionally lights a little lamp at ! %r9e47#ha7 ,among/ ! ,bag&a memb]s ( ! ,bean clan wor%ipp$ ! _s ( ! riv] ,nakiza4 8,!re 0 no temple1 b !y _h two l>ge heaps ( /icks & grass1 "o on ei!r side ( ! riv] by ! =d2 to ^! heaps ! memb]s w5t1 :5 !y wi%$ to make an (f]+ to ! _s1 or to seek 8 assi/ance4 ,! (f]+s 7 usually goats1 be]1 b>kclo?1 & f[ls4 ,:5 p cross$ ! riv] !y ?rew a little grass or "s /icks on to ! heap be=e cross+1 & aga9 a little m on to ! second heap aft] cross+2 ?is 0 _! (f]+ to ! _s = a safe cross+407#hb7 ,!re is a =d on ! ,calab> riv] 9 ,we/ ,africa :i* has an ill repute1 = ! /ream is broad1 ! curr5t rapid1 & !re are crocodiles 9 ! deep places4 ,beside ! =d is a l>ge oval-%ap$ /one :i* ! ,ekoi reg>d z an alt> ( ,nimm1 a p[]ful goddess1 :o dwells 9 ! dep? ( ! riv] ,kwa & manife/s h]self 9 ! lik5ess n[ ( a crocodile & n[ ( a snake4 ,9 ord] to ensure a safe passage ?r\gh ! riv] x is cu/om>y to pluck a leaf1 rub x on ! =ehead ov] ! p9eal gl&1 & ?r[ x on a heap ( leaves 9 front ( ! /one4 ,z he rubs ! leaf on 8 =ehead1 ! p]son :o is ab\t to plunge into ! riv] prays1 8,may ,i be free f dang]6 ,may ,i g ?r\gh ! wat] to ! o!r side6 ,may ,i see no evil60 ,& :5 he ?r[s ! leaf on ! heap he prays aga91 say+1 8,i am com+ across ! riv]1 may ! crocodile lay d[n 8 head607#hc7 ,"h ! leaves appe> to be a propitiatory (f]+ pres5t$ to ! dread goddess 9 ! hope t %e w suff] h] wor%ipp] to pass ! =d unmole/$4 ,at ano!r b small] /ream1 call$ ! ,riv] ( ,good ,=tune1 ! ,ekoi simil>ly rub leaves on _! =eheads1 pray+ = luck1 & ?r[ !m on a heap be=e !y pass ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,!y ?9k t he :o complies ) ?is cu/om w h good luck ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,aga91 :5 ! ,ekoi kill a *ameleon on ! road1 !y d n ?r[ ! body away 9 ! =e/1 b lay x by ! wayside1 & all :o pass by pluck a few leaves & drop !m on ! dead animal1 say+1 8,look6 ,"h is y\r mat40 ,9 ?is way heaps ( leaves accumulate ov] ! c>cases ( *ameleons4 ,! cu/om is int5d$ to appease ! %ade ( ! *ameleon1 :o1 if he 7 n pacifi$1 w\ld g to ! ,e>?-god ,obassi ,nsi & pray = v5geance on ! race ( ^? :o _h caus$ 8 dea?47#hd7 ,! ,wa%amba ( ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa believe t c]ta9 /ony & dang]\s places 9 ! pa?s are ! abodes ( spirits2 h5ce at any su* spot a travell] :o w\ld h a prosp]\s j\rney mu/ dance a little & deposit a few small /ones47#he7 ,! dance & ! /ones are presumably int5d$ to s(t5 ! he>t ( ! spirits & induce !m to look fav\rably on ! danc]4 ,9 ,papa ,we/ray1 "o ( ! ,orkney ,isl&s1 !re is a ru9$ *apel call$ ,/4 ,tr$wels1 8at ! door ( :i* !re is a heap ( /ones2 :i* 0 ! sup]/ition ( ! common p1 :o h su* a v5]ation = ?is *apel above any o!r1 t !y nev] fail1 at _! com+ to x1 to ?r[ a /one z an (f]+ be=e ! door3 & ?is !y reckon an indisp5sable duty enjo9$ by _! ance/ors407#hf7 7,m#bj7 ,pray]s1 too1 z we h se51 are sometimes (f]$ at ^! piles4 ,9 ,laos heaps ( /ones may be se5 beside ! pa?1 on :i* ! pass5g] w deposit a pebble1 a bran*1 or a leaf1 :ile he besee*es ! ,"l ( ! ,diamond to be/[ on him good luck & long life47#hg7 ,9 ! ,himalayan di/ricts ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces ( ,india heaps ( /ones & /icks are (t5 to be se5 on hills or at cross-roads4 ,!y are =m$ by ! contributions ( pass+ travell]s1 ea* ( :om 9 add+ 8 /one or /ick to ! pile prays1 say+1 8,?\ goddess ^: home is on ! ridge1 eat] ( wood & /one1 pres]ve me407#hh7 ,tibetan travell]s mutt] a pray] at ! cairns on ! tops ( passes to :i* !y add a few /ones ga!r$ by !m on ! asc5t47#hi7 ,a native ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,africa :o places a small /one on a cairn is wont to say z he does s1 8,cairn1 grant me /r5g? & prosp]ity407#ij7 ,9 ! same circum/ances ! ,hott5tot prays = pl5ty ( cattle17#ia7 & ! ,caffre t 8 j\rney may be prosp]\s1 t he may h /r5g? to accompli% x1 & t he may obta9 an abundant supply ( food by ! way47#ib7 ,x is said t sick ,bu%m5 us$ to g on pilgrimage to ! cairn call$ ! ,devil's ,neck1 & pray to ! _s ( ! place to heal !m1 :ile !y rubb$ ! sick "p ( _! body & cri$1 8,woe6 woe60 ,on special occasions1 too1 !y resort$ ?i!r & implor$ ! _s's help47#ic7 ,su* cu/oms seem to indicate ! gradual trans=mation ( an old magical c]emony into a religi\s rite ) its *>act]i/ic features ( pray] & sacrifice4 ,yet beh9d ^! lat] accretions1 z we may p]haps reg>d !m1 x seems possible 9 _m1 if n 9 all1 cases to disc]n ! nucleus to :i* !y h atta*$ !mselves1 ! orig9al idea :i* !y t5d to conceal & 9 "t to transmute4 ,t idea is ! transf]5ce ( evil f man to a mat]ial sub/ance :i* he c ca/ f him l an outworn g>m5t4 #c4 ,! ,transf]5ce to ,animals4 7,m#ba7 ,animals are (t5 employ$ z a vehicle = c>ry+ away or transf]r+ ! evil4 ,a ,gu9ea negro :o happ5s to be unwell w sometimes tie a live *ick5 r\nd 8 neck1 s t x lies on 8 brea/4 ,:5 ! bird flaps its w+s or *eeps ! man ?9ks x a good sign1 suppos+ ! *ick5 to be afflict$ ) ! v pa9 f :i* he hopes soon to be releas$1 or :i* he w\ld o!rwise h to endure47#id7 ,:5 a ,moor has a heada*e he w sometimes take a lamb or a goat & beat x till x falls d[n1 believ+ t ! heada*e w ?us be transf]r$ to ! animal47#ie7 ,9 ,morocco mo/ weal?y ,moors keep a wild bo> 9 _! /ables1 9 ord] t ! j9n & evil spirits may be div]t$ f ! horses & ent] into ! bo>47#if7 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,alg]ia p ?9k t typhoid fev] c be cur$ by tak+ a tortoise1 putt+ x on its back 9 ! road1 & cov]+ x ov] ) a pot4 ,! pati5t recov]s1 b :oev] upsets ! pot cat*es ! fev]4 ,9 ,tlemc5 a pregnant woman is protect$ aga9/ j9n by means ( a black f[l :i* is kept 9 ! h\se f ! sev5? mon? ( h] pregnancy till h] deliv]y4 ,f9ally1 ! olde/ woman 9 ! h\se releases ! f[l 9 ! ,jews' qu>t]2 ! bird is suppos$ to c>ry ! j9n away ) x47#ig7 ,among/ ! ,caffres ( ,s\? ,africa1 :5 o!r rem$ies h fail$1 8natives sometimes adopt ! cu/om ( tak+ a goat into ! pres5ce ( a sick man1 & confess ! s9s ( ! kraal ov] ! animal4 ,sometimes a few drops ( blood f ! sick man are all[$ to fall on ! head ( ! goat1 :i* is turn$ out into an un9habit$ "p ( ! veldt4 ,! sickness is suppos$ to be transf]r$ to ! animal1 & to become lo/ 9 ! des]t407#ih7 ,aft] an illness a ,be*uana k+ seat$ himself ^u an ox :i* lay /ret*$ on ! gr\nd4 ,! native doctor next p\r$ wat] on ! k+'s head till x ran d[n ov] 8 body4 ,!n ! head ( ! ox 0 held 9 a vessel ( wat] till ! animal expir$2 :]eupon ! doctor decl>$1 & ! p believ$1 t ! ox di$ ( ! k+'s disease1 :i* _h be5 transf]r$ f him to x47#ii7 ,! ,bag&a ( ,c5tral ,africa also attempt$ to transf] illness f a p]son to an animal4 8,! m$ic9e-man w\ld take ! animal1 pass "s h]bs ov] ! sick man1 tie ^! to ! animal1 & !n drive x away to "s wa/e l&1 :]e he w\ld kill x1 tak+ ! meat z 8 p]quisite4 ,! sick man w\ld be expect$ to recov]407#ajj7 ,! ,akikuyu ( ,ea/ ,africa ?9k t a man c transf] ! guilt ( ince/ by means ( 8an ignoble c]emony0 to a goat1 :i* is !n kill$2 ?is saves ! life ( ! culprit1 :o o!rwise mu/ die47#aja7 ,:5 disease breaks out among ! cattle ( ! ,bahima1 a pa/oral p ( ,c5tral ,africa1 ! prie/ 8collects h]bs & o!r rem$ies to attract ! disease f ! cattle4 ,an animal is *os5 f ! h]d 9 ! ev5+1 :i* is to be ! scapegoat = ! h]d2 ! h]bs1 etc41 are ti$ r\nd its neck1 ) c]ta9 feti*es to ensure ! illness leav+ ! o!r animals2 ! c[ is driv5 r\nd ! outside ( ! kraal sev]al times1 & aft]w>ds plac$ inside ) ! h]d = ! night4 ,e>ly ! foll[+ morn+ ! animal is tak5 out & aga9 driv5 r\nd ! kraal2 ! prie/ !n kills x 9 ! gateway1 & "s ( ! blood is spr9kl$ ov] ! p belong+ to ! kraal1 & also ov] ! h]d4 ,! p next file out1 ea* "o jump+ ov] ! c>case ( ! c[1 & all ! animals are driv5 ov] x 9 ! same way4 ,! disease is ?us transf]r$ to ! scapegoat & ! h]d is sav$4 ,all ! feti*es & h]bs1 :i* 7 ^u ! scapegoat1 are fa/5$ ^u ! door-po/s & l9tel ( ! kraal to prev5t ! disease f ent]+ aga9407#ajb7 7,m#bb7 ,:5 ! cattle ( ! ,huzuls1 a pa/oral p ( ! ,c>pa?ians1 are sick & ! own] attributes ! sickness to wit*craft1 he ?r[s gl[+ coals into a vessel ( wat] & !n p\rs ! wat] on a black dog2 ?us ! sickness passes into ! dog & ! cattle are made :ole47#ajc7 ,9 ,arabia1 :5 ! plague is rag+1 ! p w sometimes lead a camel ?r\gh all ! qu>t]s ( ! t[n 9 ord] t ! animal may take ! pe/il5ce on itself4 ,!n !y /rangle x 9 a sacr$ place & imag9e t !y h rid !mselves ( ! camel & ( ! plague at "o bl[47#ajd7 ,9 ,annam1 :5 sickness is caus$ by ! pres5ce ( a demon 9 ! body ( ! suff]]1 a skilful exorci/ w decoy ! unw>y devil into a f[l & !n1 quick z ?\ght1 decapitate ! bird & ?r[ x out ( ! door4 ,b le/ ! fi5d %\ld survive ?is sev]e op]ation1 cabali/ic figures are po/$ on ! outside ( ! door1 :i* preclude him f ent]+ ! premises & assault+ ! pati5t afre%47#aje7 ,x is said t :5 smallpox is rag+ ! savages ( ,=mosa w drive ! demon ( disease into a s[1 !n cut (f ! animal's e>s & burn !m or x1 believ+ t 9 ?is way !y rid !mselves ( ! plague47#ajf7 ,:5 a ,kabyle *ild is p9+ = jeal\sy ( a y\ng] bro!r or si/]1 ! p>5ts imag9e t !y c cure x z foll[s4 ,!y take fifte5 gra9s ( :eat1 wrap !m up 9 a packet1 & leave ! packet all night "u ! head ( ! jeal\s *ild4 ,!n 9 ! morn+ !y ?r[ ! gra9s into an ant-hill1 say+1 8,salutation to y1 oh beautiful be+s clad 9 black2 salutation to y :o dig ! e>? s well )\t ! aid ( any hoe by ! help ( ,god & ! angels6 ,may ea* ( y take 8 %>e ( ! jeal\sy atta*$ to ^! gra9s607#ajg7 7,m#bc7 ,among/ ! ,malagasy ! vehicle = c>ry+ away evils is call$ a faditra4 8,! faditra is any?+ select$ by ! sikidy div9+ bo>d = ! purpose ( tak+ away any hurtful evils or diseases t might prove injuri\s to an individual's happ9ess1 peace1 or prosp]ity4 ,! faditra may be ei!r a%es1 cut money1 a %eep1 a pumpk91 or any?+ else ! sikidy may *oose to direct4 ,aft] ! p>ticul> article is appo9t$1 ! prie/ c\nts ^u x all ! evils t may prove injuri\s to ! p]son = :om x is made1 & :i* he !n *>ges ! faditra to take away = ev]4 ,if ! faditra be a%es1 x is bl[n1 to be c>ri$ away by ! w9d4 ,if x be cut money1 x is ?r[n to ! bottom ( deep wat]1 or :]e x c nev] be f\nd4 ,if x be a %eep1 x is c>ri$ away to a di/ance on ! %\ld]s ( a man1 :o runs ) all 8 might1 mumbl+ z he goes1 z if 9 ! greate/ rage aga9/ ! faditra1 = ! evils x is be>+ away4 ,if x be a pumpk91 x is c>ri$ on ! %\ld]s to a little di/ance1 & !re da%$ ^u ! gr\nd ) e appe>ance ( fury & indignation407#ajh7 ,a ,malagasy 0 in=m$ by a div9] t he 0 doom$ to a bloody dea?1 b t possibly he might av]t 8 fate by p]=m+ a c]ta9 rite4 ,c>ry+ a small vessel full ( blood ^u 8 head1 he 0 to m\nt ^u ! back ( a bullock2 :ile ?us m\nt$1 he 0 to spill ! blood ^u ! bullock's head1 & !n s5d ! animal away into ! wild]ness1 :5ce x might nev] return47#aji7 7,m#bd7 ,among ! ,toradjas ( ,c5tral ,celebes a *ief's daught]1 :o suff]$ f kleptomania1 0 heal$ by a wise woman1 :o plac$ a bag conta9+ spid]s & crabs on ! pati5t's h&s4 ,! physician calculat$ t ! preh5sile claws ( ^! creatures1 s sugge/ive ( a ?ief's h&s 9 ! act ( clos+ on 8 prey1 w\ld lay hold ( ! vici\s prop5sity 9 ! "y woman's m9d & extract x z neatly z a pair ( =ceps nips out a ?orn f ! fle%47#aaj7 ,! ,battas ( ,sumatra h a c]emony :i* !y call 8mak+ ! curse to fly away40 ,:5 a woman is *ildless1 a sacrifice is (f]$ to ! gods ( ?ree gras%opp]s1 repres5t+ a head ( cattle1 a buffalo1 & a horse4 ,!n a swall[ is set free1 ) a pray] t ! curse may fall ^u ! bird & fly away ) x47#aaa7 8,! entrance into a h\se ( an animal :i* does n g5]ally seek to %>e ! abode ( man is reg>d$ by ! ,malays z om9\s ( mis=tune4 ,if a wild bird flies into a h\se1 x mu/ be c>efully caught & sme>$ ) oil1 & mu/ !n be releas$ 9 ! op5 air1 a =mula be+ recit$ 9 :i* x is bidd5 to fly away ) all ! ill-luck & mis=tunes 7sial jambalang7 ( ! occupi]407#aab7 ,9 antiquity ,greek wom5 seem to h done ! same ) swall[s :i* !y caught 9 ! h\se3 !y p\r$ oil on !m & let !m fly away1 app>5tly = ! purpose ( remov+ ill-luck f ! h\sehold47#aac7 ,! ,huzuls ( ! ,c>pa?ians imag9e t !y c transf] freckles to ! fir/ swall[ !y see 9 spr+ by wa%+ _! face 9 fl[+ wat] & say+1 8,swall[1 swall[1 take my freckles1 & give me rosy *eeks407#aad7 ,at ! cleans+ ( a lep] & ( a h\se suspect$ ( be+ ta9t$ ) leprosy among ! ,hebrews ! prie/ us$ to let a liv+ bird fly away into ! op5 field17#aae7 no d\bt 9 ord] to c>ry away ! leprosy ) x4 ,simil>ly among ! anci5t ,arabs a wid[ 0 expect$ to live seclud$ 9 a small t5t = a ye> aft] h] husb&'s dea?2 !n a bird or a %eep 0 br\ght to h]1 %e made ! creature t\* h] p]son1 & let x g4 ,x 0 believ$ t ! bird or ! %eep w\ld n live long !reaft]2 d\btless x 0 suppos$ to suff] f ! uncleanness or ta9t ( dea? :i* ! wid[ _h transf]r$ to x47#aaf7 7,m#be7 ,among ! ,majhw>1 a ,dravidian race ( ,s\? ,mirzapur1 if a man has di$ ( a contagi\s disease1 su* z *ol]a1 ! village prie/ walks 9 front ( ! fun]al procession ) a *ick5 9 8 h&s1 :i* he lets loose 9 ! direction ( "s o!r village z a scapegoat to c>ry ! infection away4 ,none b ano!r v exp]i5c$ prie/ w\ld aft]w>ds d>e to t\* or eat su* a *ick547#aag7 ,among ! ,badagas ( ! ,neilgh]ry ,hills 9 ,s\!rn ,india1 :5 a dea? has tak5 place1 ! s9s ( ! deceas$ are laid ^u a buffalo calf4 ,= ?is purpose ! p ga!r r\nd ! corpse & c>ry x outside ( ! village4 ,!re an eld] ( ! tribe1 /&+ at ! head ( ! corpse1 recites or *ants a long li/ ( s9s su* z any ,badaga may commit1 & ! p repeat ! la/ words ( ea* l9e aft] him4 ,! confession ( s9s is ?rice repeat$4 8,by a conv5tional mode ( expression1 ! sum total ( s9s a man may d is said to be ?irte5 hundr$4 ,admitt+ t ! deceas$ has committ$ !m all1 ! p]=m] cries al\d1 #8,/ay n _! flight to ,god's pure feet4' ,z he closes1 ! :ole assembly *ants al\d #8,/ay n _! flight4' ,aga9 ! p]=m] ent]s into details1 & cries1 #8,he kill$ ! crawl+ snake4 ,x is a s94' ,9 a mom5t ! la/ ^w is caught up1 & all ! p cry #8,x is a s94' ,z !y %\t1 ! p]=m] lays 8 h& ^u ! calf4 ,! s9 is transf]r$ to ! calf4 ,?us ! :ole catalogue is gone ?r\gh 9 ?is impressive way4 ,b ?is is n en\gh4 ,z ! la/ %\t #8,let all be well' dies away1 ! p]=m] gives place to ano!r1 & aga9 confession is made1 & all ! p %\t #8,x is a s94' ,a ?ird "t x is done4 ,!n1 /ill 9 solemn sil5ce1 ! calf is let loose4 ,l ! ,jewi% scapegoat1 x may nev] be us$ = secul> "w40 ,at a ,badaga fun]al witness$ by ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,c4 ,clayton ! buffalo calf 0 l$ ?rice r\nd ! bi]1 & ! dead man's h& 0 laid on its head4 8,by ?is act1 ! calf 0 suppos$ to receive all ! s9s ( ! deceas$4 ,x 0 !n driv5 away to a great di/ance1 t x might contam9ate no "o1 & x 0 said t x w\ld nev] be sold1 b look$ on z a d$icat$ sacr$ animal407#aah7 8,! idea ( ?is c]emony is1 t ! s9s ( ! deceas$ ent] ! calf1 or t ! task ( 8 absolution is laid on x4 ,!y say t ! calf v soon disappe>s1 & t x is nev] aft] he>d (407#aai7 ,"s ( ! ,todas ( ! ,neilgh]ry ,hills 9 l mann] let loose a calf z a fun]al c]emony2 ! int5tion may be to transf] ! s9s ( ! deceas$ to ! animal4 ,p]haps ! ,todas h borr[$ ! c]emony f ! ,badagas47#abj7 ,9 ,kumaon1 a di/rict ( ,nor?-,we/]n ,india1 ! cu/om ( lett+ loose a bullock z a scapegoat at a fun]al is occasionally obs]v$4 ,a bell is hung on ! bullock's neck1 & bells are ti$ to its feet1 & ! animal is told t x is to be let g 9 ord] to save ! _s ( ! deceas$ f ! torm5ts ( hell4 ,sometimes ! bullock's "r qu>t] is br&$ ) a trid5t & ! left ) a discus47#aba7 ,p]haps ! orig9al int5tion ( su* cu/oms 0 to bani% ! contagion ( dea? by means ( ! animal1 :i* c>ri$ x away & s ensur$ ! life ( ! survivors4 ,! idea ( s9 is n primitive4 #d4 ,! ,transf]5ce to ,m54 7,m#bf7 ,aga91 m5 sometimes play ! "p ( scapegoat by div]t+ to !mselves ! evils t ?reat5 o!rs4 ,an anci5t ,h9doo ritual describes h[ ! pangs ( ?ir/ may be transf]r$ f a sick man to ano!r4 ,! op]ator seats ! pair on bran*es1 back to back1 ! suff]] ) 8 face to ! ea/1 & ! :ole man ) 8 face to ! we/4 ,!n he /irs "s gruel 9 a vessel plac$ on ! pati5t's head & h&s ! /ir-ab\t to ! o!r man to dr9k4 ,9 ?is way he transf]s ! pangs ( ?ir/ f ! ?ir/y s\l to ! o!r1 :o oblig+ly receives !m 9 8 /ead47#abb7 ,!re is a pa9ful ,telugu rem$y = a fev]3 x is to embrace a bald-head$ ,brahman wid[ at ! e>lie/ /reak ( dawn4 ,by do+ s y get rid ( ! fev]1 & no d\bt 7?\gh ?is is n expressly affirm$7 y at ! same "t transf] x to ! bald-head$ wid[47#abc7 ,:5 a ,c+halese is dang]\sly ill1 & ! physicians c d no?+1 a devil-danc] is call$ 91 :o by mak+ (f]+s to ! devils1 & danc+ 9 ! masks appropriate to !m1 conjures ^! demons ( disease1 "o aft] ! o!r1 out ( ! sick man's body & into 8 own4 ,hav+ ?us successfully extract$ ! cause ( ! malady1 ! artful danc] lies d[n on a bi]1 & %amm+ dea?1 is c>ri$ to an op5 place outside ! village4 ,"h1 be+ left to himself1 he soon comes to life aga91 & ha/5s back to claim 8 rew>d47#abd7 ,9 #aeij a ,scot* wit* ( ! "n ( ,agnes ,sampson 0 convict$ ( cur+ a c]ta9 ,rob]t ,k]s ( a disease 8laid ^u him by a we/l& w>lock :5 he 0 at ,dumfries1 :ilk sickness %e took ^u h]self1 & kept ! same ) great groan+ & torm5t till ! morn1 at :ilk "t !re 0 a great d9 he>d 9 ! h\se40 ,! noise 0 made by ! wit* 9 h] ef=ts to %ift ! disease1 by means ( clo!s1 f h]self to a cat or dog4 ,un=tunately ! attempt p>tly misc>ri$4 ,! disease miss$ ! animal & hit ,alex&] ,d\glas ( ,dalkei?1 :o dw9$ & di$ ( x1 :ile ! orig9al pati5t1 ,rob]t ,k]s1 0 made :ole47#abe7 ,! ,dyaks believe t c]ta9 m5 possess 9 !mselves ! p[] ( neutraliz+ bad om5s4 ,s1 :5 evil om5s h al>m$ a f>m] = ! safety ( 8 crops1 he takes a small portion ( 8 f>m produce to "o ( ^! wise m51 :o eats x raw = a small consid]ation1 8& !reby appropriates to himself ! evil om51 :i* 9 him becomes innocu\s1 & ?us deliv]s ! o!r f ! ban ( ! pemali or taboo407#abf7 7,m#bg7 8,9 "o "p ( ,new ,zeal& an expiation = s9 0 felt to be necess>y2 a s]vice 0 p]=m$ ov] an individual1 by :i* all ! s9s ( ! tribe 7 suppos$ to be transf]r$ to him1 a f]n /alk 0 previ\sly ti$ to 8 p]son1 ) :i* he jump$ into ! riv]1 & !re unb9d+1 all[$ x to float away to ! sea1 be>+ _! s9s ) x407#abg7 ,9 great em]g5cies ! s9s ( ! ,rajah ( ,manipur us$ to be transf]r$ to somebody else1 usually to a crim9al1 :o e>n$ 8 p>don by 8 vic>i\s suff]+s4 ,to effect ! transf]5ce ! ,rajah & 8 wife1 clad 9 f9e robes1 ba!d on a scaffold erect$ 9 ! baza>1 :ile ! crim9al cr\*$ b5ea? x4 ,) ! wat] :i* dripp$ f !m on him _! s9s also 7 wa%$ away & fell on ! human scapegoat4 ,to complete ! transf]5ce ! ,rajah & 8 wife made ov] _! f9e robes to _! sub/itute1 :ile !y !mselves1 clad 9 new raim5t1 mix$ ) ! p till ev5+4 ,b at ! close ( ! day !y ent]$ into retreat & rema9$ 9 seclusion = ab\t a week1 dur+ :i* !y 7 e/eem$ sacr$ or taboo$47#abh7 ,fur!r1 9 ,manipur 8!y h a notewor?y sy/em ( keep+ c\nt ( ! ye>s4 ,ea* ye> is nam$ aft] "s man1 :o--= a consid]ation--und]takes to be> ! =tune good or bad ( ! ye>4 ,if ! ye> be good1 if !re be no pe/il5ce & a good h>ve/1 he gets pres5ts f all sorts ( p1 & ,i rememb] he>+ t 9 #ahih1 :5 ! *ol]a 0 at its wor/1 a deputation came to ! ,political ,ag5t & ask$ him to puni% ! "n-giv]1 z x 0 obvi\s t he 0 responsible = ! epidemic4 ,9 =m] times he w\ld h got into tr\ble407#abi7 ,! nom9ation ( ! eponym1 or man :o is to give 8 "n to ! ye>1 takes place at a fe/ival call$ ,*ir\ba1 :i* falls ab\t ! middle ( ,april4 ,x is ! prie/s :o nom9ate ! eponym1 aft] comp>+ 8 horoscope ) t ( ! ,rajah & ( ! ,/ate g5]ally4 ,! retir+ (ficial1 :o gave 8 "n to ! pa/ ye>1 addresses 8 successor z foll[s3 8,my fri5d1 ,i bore & took away all evil spirits & s9s f ! ,rajah & 8 p dur+ ! la/ ye>4 ,d ?\ likewise f to-morr[ until ! next ,*ir\ba40 ,!n ! incom+ (ficial1 :o is to give 8 "n to ! ,new ,ye>1 addresses ! ,rajah 9 ^! words3 8,o son ( heav51 ,rul] ( ! ,k+s1 great & anci5t ,"l1 ,inc>nation ( ,god1 ! great ,"l ,pakhangba1 ,ma/] ( ! bright ,sun1 ,"l ( ! ,pla9 & ,despot ( ! ,hills1 ^: k+dom is f ! hills on ! ea/ to ! m\nta9s on ! we/1 ! old ye> p]i%es1 ! new come?4 ,new is ! sun ( ! new ye>1 & bright z ! new sun %alt ?\ be1 & mild )al z ! moon4 ,may ?y beauty & ?y /r5g? gr[ ) ! gr[? ( ! new ye>4 ,f to-day w ,i be> on my head all ?y s9s1 diseases1 mis=tunes1 %ame1 mis*ief1 all t is aim$ 9 battle aga9/ !e1 all t ?reat5s !e1 all t is bad & hurtful = !e & ?y k+dom40 ,= ^! important s]vices ! eponym or vic> receives f ! ,rajah a numb] ( gifts1 includ+ a basket ( salt1 & 8 grateful c\ntry rew>ds 8 self-sacrific+ devotion by be/[+ _m privileges on him47#acj7 ,else:]e1 p]haps1 if we knew m ab\t ! matt]1 we might f9d t eponym\s magi/rates :o give _! names to ! ye> h be5 simil>ly reg>d$ z public scapegoats1 :o bore on _! devot$ heads ! mis=tunes1 ! s9s1 & ! sorr[s ( ! :ole p47#aca7 7,m#bh7 ,9 ! ,jataka1 or collection ( ,indian /ories :i* n>rate ! _m transmigrations ( ! ,buddha1 !re is an in/ructive tale1 :i* sets =? h[ s9s & mis=tunes c be transf]r$ by means ( spittle to a holy ascetic4 ,a lady ( easy virtue1 we are told1 _h lo/ ! fav\r ( ,k+ ,d&aki & be?\ght h]self h[ %e c\ld recov] x4 ,z %e walk$ 9 ! p>k revolv+ ^! ?+s 9 h] m9d1 %e spi$ a dev\t ascetic nam$ ,kisavac*a4 ,a ?\ght /ruck h]4 8,surely10 said %e to h]self1 8?is mu/ be ,ill ,luck4 ,i w get rid ( my s9 on 8 p]son & !n g & ba!40 ,no soon] said ?an done4 ,*ew+ h] too?pick1 %e collect$ a l>ge clot ( spittle 9 h] m\? ) :i* %e beslav]$ ! matt$ locks ( ! v5]able man1 & hav+ hurl$ h] too?pick at 8 head into ! b>ga9 %e dep>t$ ) a m9d at peace & ba!d4 ,! /ratagem 0 entirely successful2 = ! k+ took h] into 8 good graces aga94 ,n long aft] x *anc$ t ! k+ depos$ 8 dome/ic *apla9 f 8 (fice4 ,naturally *agr9$ at ?is loss ( royal fav\r1 ! cl]gyman repair$ to ! k+'s light o' love & enquir$ h[ %e _h contriv$ to recapture ! mon>*'s affection4 ,%e told him frankly h[ %e _h got rid ( h] s9 & em]g$ )\t a /a9 on h] "* by simply spitt+ on ! head ( ,ill ,luck 9 ! royal p>k4 ,! *apla9 took ! h9t1 & ha/5+ to ! p>k bespatt]$ 9 l mann] ! sacr$ locks ( ! holy man2 & 9 consequ5ce he 0 soon re9/at$ 9 (fice4 ,x w\ld h be5 well if ! ?+ _h /opp$ !re1 b un=tunately x did n4 ,by & bye x happ5$ t !re 0 a di/urbance on ! k+'s fronti]1 & ! k+ put himself at ! head ( 8 army to g =? & fight4 ,an unhappy idea occurr$ to 8 dome/ic *apla94 ,elat$ by ! success ( ! exp$i5t :i* _h re/or$ him to royal fav\r1 he ask$ ! k+1 8,sire1 d y wi% = victory or defeat80 8,:y = victory1 ( c\rse10 repli$ ! k+4 8,!n y take my advice10 said ! *apla92 8j g & spit on ! head ( ,ill ,luck1 :o dwells 9 ! royal p>k2 y w ?us transf] all y\r s9 to 8 p]son40 ,x seem$ to ! k+ a capital idea & he improv$ on x by propos+ t ! :ole army %\ld accompany him & get rid ( _! s9s 9 l mann]4 ,!y all did s1 beg9n+ ) ! k+1 & ! /ate ( ! holy man's head :5 !y _h all done is some?+ frightful to contemplate4 ,b ev5 ?is 0 n ! wor/4 ,= aft] ! k+ _h gone1 up came ! comm&]-9-*ief & see+ ! sad plight ( ! pi\s ascetic1 he took pity on him & _h 8 poor b$abbl$ hair ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,! fatal consequ5ces ( ?is k9dly-meant b mo/ injudici\s %ampoo may easily be anticipat$4 ,! s9s :i* _h be5 transf]r$ ) ! saliva to ! p]son ( ! devotee 7 n[ re/or$ to _! respective own]s2 & to puni% !m = _! guilt fire fell f heav5 & de/roy$ ! :ole k+dom = sixty leagues r\nd ab\t47#acb7 7,m#bi7 ,a less h>mless way ( reliev+ an army f guilt or mis=tune us$ 9 =m] times to be actually practis$ by ! ,bag&a4 ,:5 an army _h return$ f w>1 & ! gods w>n$ ! k+ by _! oracles t "s evil _h atta*$ itself to ! soldi]s1 x 0 cu/om>y to pick out a woman slave f ! captives1 toge!r ) a c[1 a goat1 a f[l1 & a dog f ! booty1 & to s5d !m back "u a /rong gu>d to ! bord]s ( ! c\ntry f :i* !y _h come4 ,!re _! limbs 7 brok5 & !y 7 left to die2 = !y 7 too crippl$ to crawl back to ,ug&a4 ,9 ord] to ensure ! transf]5ce ( ! evil to ^! sub/itutes1 bun*es ( grass 7 rubb$ ov] ! p & cattle & !n ti$ to ! victims4 ,aft] t ! army 0 pron\nc$ clean & 0 all[$ to return to ! capital4 ,a simil> mode ( transf]r+ evil to human & animal victims 0 practis$ by ! ,bag&a :5ev] ! gods w>n$ ! k+ t 8 h]$it>y foes ! ,banyoro 7 work+ magic aga9/ him & 8 p47#acc7 7,m#cj7 ,9 ,travancore1 :5 a rajah is ne> 8 end1 !y seek out a holy ,brahman1 :o cons5ts to take ^u himself ! s9s ( ! dy+ man 9 consid]ation ( ! sum ( t5 ?\s& rupees4 ,?us prep>$ to immolate himself on ! alt> ( duty z a vic>i\s sacrifice = s91 ! sa9t is introduc$ into ! *amb] ( dea?1 & closely embraces ! dy+ rajah1 say+ to him1 8,o ,k+1 ,i und]take to be> all y\r s9s & diseases4 ,may y\r ,highness live long & reign happily40 ,hav+ ?us1 ) a noble devotion1 tak5 to himself ! s9s ( ! suff]]1 & likewise ! rupees1 he is s5t away f ! c\ntry & nev] m all[$ to return47#acd7 ,closely ak9 to ?is is ! old ,wel% cu/om kn[n z 8s9-eat+40 ,accord+ to ,aubrey1 8,9 ! ,c\nty ( ,h]e=d 0 an old ,cu/ome at fun]alls to hire poor p1 :o 7 to take ^u !m all ! s9nes ( ! p>ty deceas$4 ,"o ( !m ,i rememb] liv$ 9 a cottage on ,rosse-high way4 7,he 0 a long1 leane1 ugly1 lam5table poor raskal47 ,! mann] 0 t :5 ! ,corps 0 br\ght out ( ! h\se & layd on ! ,bi]e2 a ,loafe ( bread 0 br\ght out1 & deliv]$ to ! ,s9ne-eat] ov] ! corps1 z also a ,maz>-b[le ( maple 7,gossips b[le7 full ( be]1 :i* he 0 to dr9ke up1 & sixp5ce 9 money1 9 consid]ation :]e( he took ^u him 7ipso facto7 all ! ,s9nes ( ! ,defunct1 & fre$ him 7or h]7 f walk+ aft] !y 7 dead4444 ,?is ,cu/ome 7?\gh r>ely us$ 9 our dayes7 yet by "s p 0 obs]v$ ev5 9 ! /ricte/ "t ( ye ,presbyt]ian gov]nm5t3 z at ,dynd]1 vol5s nol5s ! ,p>son ( ye ,p>i%1 ! k9r$ ( a woman deceas$ !re _h ?is c]emonie punctually p]=m$ accord+ to h] ,w3 & also ! l 0 donne at ye ,city ( ,h]e=d 9 ^! times1 :5 a woman kept _m ye>es be=e h] dea? a ,maz>d-b[le = ! ,s9ne-eat]2 & ! l 9 o!r places 9 ?is ,c\ntie2 z also 9 ,brecon1 e4g4 at ,llangors1 :]e ,mr4 ,gw9 ! m9i/] ab\t #afdj c\ld no h9d] ye p]=m+ ( ?is anci5t cu/ome4 ,i believe ?is cu/om 0 h]et(ore us$ ov] all ,wales4444 ,9 ,nor? ,wales ! ,s9ne-eat]s are frequ5tly made use (2 b !re1 in/ead ( a ,b[le ( ,be]e1 !y h a b[le ( ,milke407#ace7 ,accord+ to a lett] dat$ ,febru>y #a1 #agad-ae1 8)9 ! memory ( our fa!rs1 9 ,%rop%ire1 9 ^? villages adjoyn+ to ,wales1 :5 a p]son dy$1 !re 0 notice giv5 to an old sire 7= s !y call$ him71 :o pres5tly repair$ to ! place :]e ! deceas$ lay1 & /ood be=e ! door ( ! h\se1 :5 "s ( ! family came out & furni%$ him ) a cricket1 on :i* he sat d[n fac+ ! door4 ,!n !y gave him a groat1 :i* he put 9 8 pocket2 a cru/ ( bread1 :i* he eat2 & a full b[le ( ale1 :i* he drank (f at a draught4 ,aft] ?is he got up f ! cricket & pron\nc$1 ) a compos$ ge/ure1 ! ease & re/ ( ! s\l dep>t$ = :i* he w\ld pawn 8 own s\l4 ,?is ,i _h f ! +5i\s ,john ,aubrey1 ,esq407#acf7 ,9 mod]n times "s d\bt has be5 ?r[n on ,aubrey's acc\nt ( ! cu/om47#acg7 ,! practice1 h[ev]1 is report$ to h prevail$ 9 a valley n f> f ,ll&ebie to a rec5t p]iod4 ,an in/ance 0 said to h occurr$ ab\t sixty ye>s ago47#ach7 7,m#ca7 ,aubrey's /atem5t is moreov] support$ by ! analogy ( simil> cu/oms 9 ,india4 ,:5 ! ,rajah ( ,tanjore di$ 9 #ahja1 "s ( 8 bones & ! bones ( ! two wives1 :o 7 burn$ ) 8 corpse1 7 gr\nd to p[d] & eat51 mix$ ) boil$ rice1 by twelve ,brahmans4 ,x 0 believ$ t ! s9s ( ! deceas$ pass$ into ! bodies ( ! ,brahmans1 :o 7 paid = ! s]vice47#aci7 ,a ,brahman1 resid5t 9 a village ne> ,raipur1 /at$ t he _h eat5 food 7rice & milk7 out ( ! h& ( ! dead ,rajah ( ,bilaspur1 & t 9 consequ5ce he _h be5 plac$ on ! ?rone = ! space ( a ye>4 ,at ! end ( ! ye> he _h be5 giv5 pres5ts & !n turn$ out ( ! t]ritory & =bidd5 app>5tly to return4 ,he 0 an outca/ among 8 fell[s = hav+ eat5 out ( a dead man's h&47#adj7 ,a simil> cu/om is believ$ to obta9 9 ! hill /ates ab\t ,kangra1 & to h giv5 rise to a ca/e ( 8outca/e0 ,brahmans4 ,at ! fun]al ( a ,rani ( ,*amba rice & ghee 7 eat5 out ( ! h&s ( ! corpse by a ,brahman paid = ! purpose4 ,aft]w>ds a /rang]1 :o _h be5 caught outside ! ,*amba t]ritory1 0 giv5 ! co/ly wrapp+s ( ! corpse1 !n told to dep>t & nev] %ew 8 face 9 ! c\ntry aga947#ada7 ,9 ,oude :5 an infant 0 kill$ x us$ to be buri$ 9 ! room :]e x _h be5 born4 ,on ! ?irte5? day aft]w>ds ! prie/ _h to cook & eat 8 food 9 t room4 ,by do+ s he 0 suppos$ to take ! :ole s9 ^u himself & to cleanse ! family f x47#adb7 ,at ,ut* ,kurgan 9 ,turke/an ,mr4 ,s*uyl] saw an old man :o 0 said to get 8 liv+ by tak+ on himself ! s9s ( ! dead1 & !nce=? devot+ 8 life to pray] = _! s\ls47#adc7 7,m#cb7 ,9 ,tahiti1 :]e ! bodies ( *iefs & p]sons ( rank 7 embalm$ & pres]v$ above gr\nd 9 special %$s or h\ses erect$ = !m1 a prie/ 0 employ$ at ! fun]al rites :o bore ! title ( ! 8corpse-pray+ prie/40 ,8 (fice 0 s+ul>4 ,:5 ! h\se = ! dead _h be5 prep>$1 & ! corpse plac$ on ! plat=m or bi]1 ! prie/ ord]$ a hole to be made 9 ! floor1 ne> ! foot ( ! plat=m4 ,ov] ?is he pray$ to ! god by :om x 0 suppos$ t ! s\l ( ! deceas$ _h be5 call$ away4 ,! purport ( 8 pray] 0 t all ! dead man's s9s1 especially ! "o = :i* 8 s\l _h be5 requir$ ( him1 might be deposit$ !re1 t !y might n atta* 9 any degree to ! survivors1 & t ! ang] ( ! god might be appeas$4 ,he next address$ ! corpse1 usually say+1 8,) y let ! guilt n[ rema940 ,! pill> or po/ ( ! corpse1 z x 0 call$1 0 !n plant$ 9 ! hole1 & ! hole fill$ up4 ,z soon z ! c]emony ( deposit+ ! s9s 9 ! hole 0 ov]1 all :o _h t\*$ ! body or ! g>m5ts ( ! deceas$1 :i* 7 buri$ or de/roy$1 fl$ precipitately into ! sea1 to cleanse !mselves f ! pollution :i* !y _h contract$ by t\*+ ! corpse4 ,!y also ca/ into ! sea ! g>m5ts !y _h worn :ile !y 7 p]=m+ ! la/ (fices to ! dead4 ,hav+ f9i%$ _! ablutions1 !y ga!r$ a few pieces ( coral f ! bottom ( ! sea1 & return+ ) !m to ! h\se address$ ! corpse1 say+1 8,) y may ! pollution be40 ,s say+ !y ?rew d[n ! coral on ! top ( ! hole :i* _h be5 dug to receive ! s9s & ! defilem5t ( ! dead47#add7 ,9 ?is in/ance ! s9s ( ! dep>t$1 z well z ! pollution :i* ! primitive m9d commonly associates ) dea?1 are n borne by a liv+ p]son1 b buri$ 9 a hole4 ,yet ! fundam5tal idea--t ( ! transf]5ce ( s9s--is ! same 9 ! ,tahitian z 9 ! ,wel% & ,indian cu/oms2 :e!r ! vehicle or receptacle de/9$ to cat* & draw (f ! evil be a p]son1 an animal1 or a ?+1 is = ! purpose 9 h& a matt] ( little mom5t47#ade7 #e4 ,! ,transf]5ce ( ,evil 9 ,europe4 7,m#cc7 ,! examples ( ! transf]5ce ( evil hi!rto adduc$ h be5 mo/ly drawn f ! cu/oms ( savage or b>b>\s peoples4 ,b simil> attempts to %ift ! burd5 ( disease1 mis=tune1 & s9 f "o's self to ano!r p]son1 or to an animal or ?+1 h be5 common also among ! civiliz$ nations ( ,europe1 bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times4 ,a ,roman cure = fev] 0 to p>e ! pati5t's nails1 & /ick ! p>+s ) wax on a neighb\r's door be=e sunrise2 ! fev] !n pass$ f ! sick man to 8 neighb\r47#adf7 ,simil> devices mu/ h be5 resort$ to by ! ,greeks2 = 9 lay+ d[n laws = 8 ideal /ate1 ,plato ?9ks x too mu* to expect t m5 %\ld n be al>m$ at f9d+ c]ta9 wax figures adh]+ to _! doors or to ! tomb/ones ( _! p>5ts1 or ly+ at cross-roads47#adg7 ,among ! ru9s ( ! great sanctu>y ( ,aesculapius1 :i* 7 excavat$ n v long ago 9 an op5 valley among ! m\nta9s ( ,epidaurus1 inscriptions h be5 f\nd record+ ! miracul\s cures :i* ! god ( heal+ p]=m$ = 8 fai?ful wor%ipp]s4 ,"o ( !m tells h[ a c]ta9 ,p&>us1 a ,!ssalian1 0 fre$ f ! lett]s :i*1 z a =m] slave or prison] ( w>1 he bore tattoo$ or br&$ on 8 br[4 ,he slept 9 ! sanctu>y ) a fillet r\nd 8 head1 & 9 ! morn+ he discov]$ to 8 joy t ! m>ks ( %ame--! blue or sc>let lett]s--_h be5 transf]r$ f 8 br[ to ! fillet4 ,by & by !re came to ! sanctu>y a wick$ man1 also ) br&s or tattoo m>ks on 8 face1 :o _h be5 *>g$ by ,p&>us to pay 8 debt ( gratitude to ! god1 & _h receiv$ ! ca% = ! purpose4 ,b ! cunn+ fell[ ?\ght to *eat ! god & keep ! money all to himself4 ,s :5 ! god appe>$ to him 9 a dream & ask$ anxi\sly aft] ! money1 he boldly d5i$ t he _h x1 & impud5tly pray$ ! god to remove ! ugly m>ks f 8 own braz5 br[4 ,he 0 told to tie ! fillet ( ,p&>us ab\t 8 head1 !n to take x (f1 & look at 8 face 9 ! wat] ( ! sacr$ well4 ,he did s1 & sure en\gh he saw on 8 =ehead ! m>ks ( ,p&>us 9 addition to 8 own47#adh7 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury ( our era ,m>cellus ( ,bordeaux prescrib$ a cure = w>ts1 :i* has /ill a great vogue among ! sup]/iti\s 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe4 ,d\btless x 0 an old traditional rem$y 9 ! f\r?1 & w long survive ! expiry ( ! tw5tie?1 c5tury4 ,y are to t\* y\r w>ts ) z _m little /ones z y h w>ts2 !n wrap ! /ones 9 an ivy leaf1 & ?r[ !m away 9 a ?or\ghf>e4 ,:oev] picks !m up w get ! w>ts1 & y w be rid ( !m47#adi7 ,a simil> cure = w>ts1 ) su* trifl+ v>iations z ! sub/itution ( peas or b>ley = pebbles1 & a rag or a piece ( pap] = an ivy leaf1 has be5 prescrib$ 9 mod]n times 9 ,italy1 ,france1 ,au/ria1 ,engl&1 & ,scotl&47#aej7 ,ano!r fav\rite way ( pass+ on y\r w>ts to somebody else is to make z _m knots 9 a /r+ z y h w>ts2 !n ?r[ ! /r+ away or place x "u a /one4 ,:oev] treads on ! /one or picks up ! ?read w get ! w>ts in/ead ( y2 sometimes to complete ! transf]5ce x is ?\ght necess>y t he %\ld undo ! knots47#aea7 ,or y ne$ only place ! knott$ ?read be=e sunrise 9 ! sp\t ( a pump2 ! next p]son :o works ! pump w be sure to get y\r w>ts47#aeb7 ,equally effective me?ods are to rub ! tr\blesome excresc5ces ) d[n or fat1 or to ble$ !m on a rag1 & !n ?r[ away ! d[n1 ! fat1 or ! bloody rag4 ,! p]son :o picks up "o or o!r ( ^! ?+s w be sure to release y f y\r w>ts by involunt>ily transf]r+ !m to himself47#aec7 ,p 9 ! ,orkney ,isl&s w sometimes wa% a sick man1 & !n ?r[ ! wat] d[n at a gateway1 9 ! belief t ! sickness w leave ! pati5t & be transf]r$ to ! fir/ p]son :o passes ?r\gh ! gate47#aed7 ,a ,bav>ian cure = fev] is to write ^u a piece ( pap]1 8,fev]1 /ay away1 ,i am n at home10 & to put ! pap] 9 somebody's pocket4 ,! latt] !n cat*es ! fev]1 & ! pati5t is rid ( x47#aee7 ,or ! suff]] may cure himself by /ick+ a twig ( ! eld]-tree 9 ! gr\nd )\t speak+4 ,! fev] !n adh]es to ! twig1 & :oev] pulls up ! twig w cat* ! disease47#aef7 ,a ,bohemian prescription = ! same malady is ?is4 ,take an empty pot1 g ) x to a cross-road1 ?r[ x d[n1 & run away4 ,! fir/ p]son :o kicks aga9/ ! pot w cat* y\r fev]1 & y w be cur$47#aeg7 ,9 ,old5burg !y say t :5 a p]son lies sweat+ ) fev]1 he %\ld take a piece ( money to himself 9 b$4 ,! money is aft]w>ds ?r[n away on ! /reet1 & :oev] picks x up w cat* ! fev]1 b ! orig9al pati5t w be rid ( x47#aeh7 7,m#cd7 ,(t5 9 ,europe1 z among savages1 an attempt is made to transf] a pa9 or malady f a man to an animal4 ,grave writ]s ( antiquity recomm5d$ t1 if a man be /ung by a scorpion1 he %\ld sit ^u an ass ) 8 face to ! tail1 or :isp] 9 ! animal's e>1 8,a scorpion has /ung me02 9 ei!r case1 !y ?\ght1 ! pa9 w\ld be transf]r$ f ! man to ! ass47#aei7 ,_m cures ( ?is sort are record$ by ,m>cellus4 ,= example1 he tells u t ! foll[+ is a rem$y = too?a*e4 ,/&+ boot$ "u ! op5 sky on ! gr\nd1 y cat* a frog by ! head1 spit into its m\?1 ask x to c>ry away ! a*e1 & !n let x g4 ,b ! c]emony mu/ be p]=m$ on a lucky day & at a lucky h\r47#afj7 ,9 ,*e%ire ! ailm5t kn[n z aph?a or ?ru%1 :i* affects ! m\? or ?roat ( infants1 is n uncommonly treat$ 9 mu* ! same mann]4 ,a "y frog is held = a few mom5ts ) its head inside ! m\? ( ! suff]]1 :om x is suppos$ to relieve by tak+ ! malady to itself4 8,i assure y10 said an old woman :o _h (t5 sup]9t5d$ su* a cure1 8we us$ to he> ! poor frog :oop+ & c\gh+1 mortal bad1 = days aft]2 x w\ld h made y\r he>t a*e to he> ! poor creature c\gh+ z x did ab\t ! g>d5407#afa7 ,aga9 ,m>cellus tells u t if ! foam f a mule's m\?1 mix$ ) w>m wat]1 be drunk by an a/hmatic pati5t1 he w at once recov]1 b ! mule w die47#afb7 ,an anci5t cure = ! gripes1 record$ bo? by ,pl9y & ,m>cellus1 0 to put a live duck to ! belly ( ! suff]]2 ! pa9s pass$ f ! man into ! bird1 to :i* !y prov$ fatal47#afc7 ,accord+ to ! same writ]s a /oma*ic compla9t ( :i* ! cause 0 unkn[n might be cur$ by apply+ a bl9d puppy to ! suff]+ "p = ?ree days4 ,! secret disord] ?us pass$ into ! puppy2 x di$1 & a po/-mortem exam9ation ( its little body reveal$ ! cause ( ! disease f :i* ! man _h suff]$ & ( :i* ! dog _h di$47#afd7 ,once m1 ,m>cellus advises t :5 a man 0 afflict$ ) a disord] ( ! inte/9es ! physician %\ld cat* a live h>e1 take ! huckle-bone f "o ( its feet & ! d[n f ! belly1 !n let ! h>e g1 pron\nc+ z he did s ! words1 8,run away1 run away1 little h>e1 & take away ) y ! inte/9e pa940 ,fur!r1 ! doctor 0 to fa%ion ! d[n into ?read1 ) :i* he 0 to tie ! huckle-bone to ! pati5t's body1 tak+ great c>e t ! ?read %\ld n be t\*$ by any woman47#afe7 ,a ,nor?ampton%ire1 ,devon%ire1 & ,wel% cure = a c\gh is to put a hair ( ! pati5t's head betwe5 two slices ( butt]$ bread & give ! s&wi* to a dog4 ,! animal w !reupon cat* ! c\gh & ! pati5t w lose x47#aff7 ,sometimes an ailm5t is transf]r$ to an animal by %>+ food ) x4 ,?us 9 ,old5burg1 if y are sick ( a fev] y set a b[l ( sweet milk be=e a dog & say1 8,good luck1 y h\nd6 may y be sick & ,i be s\nd60 ,!n :5 ! dog has lapp$ "s ( ! milk1 y take a swig at ! b[l2 & !n ! dog mu/ lap aga91 & !n y mu/ swig aga92 & :5 y & ! dog h done x ! ?ird "t1 he w h ! fev] & y w be quit ( x4 ,a peasant woman 9 ,abbehaus5 told h] pa/or t %e suff]$ f fev] = a :ole ye> & f\nd no relief4 ,at la/ somebody advis$ h] to give "s ( h] food to a dog & a cat4 ,%e did s & ! fev] pass$ f h] into ! animals4 ,b :5 %e saw ! poor sick bea/s always be=e h]1 %e wi%$ x undone4 ,!n ! fev] left ! cat & ! dog & return$ to h]47#afg7 7,m#ce7 ,a ,bohemian cure = fev] is to g out into ! =e/ be=e ! sun is up & look = a snipe's ne/4 ,:5 y h f\nd x1 take out "o ( ! "y birds & keep x beside y = ?ree days4 ,!n g back into ! wood & set ! snipe free4 ,! fev] w leave y at once4 ,! snipe has tak5 x away4 ,s 9 ,v$ic times ! ,h9doos ( old s5t consumption away ) a blue jay4 ,!y said1 8,o consumption1 fly away1 fly away ) ! blue jay6 ,) ! wild ru% ( ! /orm & ! :irlw9d1 oh1 vani% away607#afh7 ,9 ,old5burg !y sometimes hang up a goldf9* or a turtle-dove 9 ! room ( a consumptive pati5t1 hop+ t ! bird may draw away ! malady f ! suff]] to itself47#afi7 ,a prescription = a c\gh 9 ,sund]l& is to %ave ! pati5t's head & hang ! hair on a bu%4 ,:5 ! birds c>ry ! hair to _! ne/s1 !y w c>ry ! c\gh ) x47#agj7 ,9 ! ,m>k ( ,br&5burg a cure = heada*e is to tie a ?read ?rice r\nd y\r head & !n hang x 9 a loop f a tree2 if a bird flies ?r\gh ! loop1 x w take y\r heada*e away ) x47#aga7 ,a ,saxon rem$y = rupture 9 a *ild is to take a snail1 ?ru/ x at sunset into a holl[ tree1 & /op up ! hole ) clay4 ,!n z ! snail p]i%es ! *ild recov]s4 ,b ?is cure mu/ be accompani$ by ! recitation ( a prop] =m ( words2 o!rwise x has no effect47#agb7 ,a ,bohemian rem$y = jaundice is z foll[s4 ,take a liv+ t5*1 tie x to y\r b>e back & c>ry x ab\t ) y = a :ole day4 ,! t5* w turn q yell[ & die4 ,!n ?r[ x into runn+ wat]1 & y\r jaundice w dep>t ) x47#agc7 ,9 ! village ( ,ll&egla 9 ,wales !re is a *ur* d$icat$ to ! virg9 m>tyr ,/4 ,tecla1 :]e ! fall+ sickness is1 or us$ to be1 cur$ by be+ transf]r$ to a f[l4 ,! pati5t fir/ wa%$ 8 limbs 9 a sacr$ well h>d by1 dropp$ f\rp5ce into x z an (f]+1 walk$ ?rice r\nd ! well1 & ?rice repeat$ ! ,"l's pray]4 ,!n ! f[l1 :i* 0 a cock or a h5 accord+ z ! pati5t 0 a man or a woman1 0 put into a basket & c>ri$ r\nd fir/ ! well & aft]w>ds ! *ur*4 ,next ! suff]] ent]$ ! *ur* & lay d[n "u ! communion table till break ( day4 ,aft] t he (f]$ sixp5ce & dep>t$1 leav+ ! f[l 9 ! *ur*4 ,if ! bird di$1 ! sickness 0 suppos$ to h be5 transf]r$ to x f ! man or woman1 :o 0 n[ rid ( ! disord]4 ,z late z #ahee ! old p>i% cl]k ( ! village rememb]$ q well to h se5 ! birds /agg]+ ab\t f ! effects ( ! fits :i* _h be5 transf]r$ to !m47#agd7 ,9 ,s\? ,glamorgan & ,we/ ,pembroke%ire x is ?\ght possible to get rid ( w>ts by means ( a snail4 ,y take a snail ) a black %ell1 y rub x on ea* w>t & say1 8,w>t1 w>t1 on ! snail's %ell black1 ,g away soon1 & nev] come back40 ,!n y put ! snail on ! bran* ( a tree or bramble & y nail x d[n ) z _m ?orns z y h w>ts4 ,:5 ! snail has rott$ away on ! b\gh1 y\r w>ts w h vani%$4 ,ano!r ,wel% cure = w>ts is to impale a frog on a /ick & !n to rub ! w>ts on ! creature4 ,! w>ts disappe> z ! frog expires47#age7 ,9 bo? ^! cases we may assume t ! w>ts are transf]r$ f ! human suff]] to ! suff]+ animal4 7,m#cf7 ,(t5 ! suff]] seeks to %ift 8 burd5 ( sickness or ill-luck to "s inanimate object4 ,9 ,a!ns !re is a little *apel ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ built aga9/ an anci5t column4 ,fev] pati5ts resort ?i!r1 & by atta*+ a wax$ ?read to ! inn] side ( ! column believe t !y transf] ! fev] f !mselves to ! pill>47#agf7 ,9 ! ,m>k ( ,br&5burg !y say t if y suff] f gidd9ess y %\ld /rip y\rself nak$ & run ?rice r\nd a flax-field aft] sunset2 9 t way ! flax w get ! gidd9ess & y w be rid ( x47#agg7 ,sometimes an attempt is made to transf] ! mis*ief1 :atev] x may be1 to ! moon4 ,9 ,old5burg a peasant relat$ h[ he rid himself ( a bony excresc5ce by /rok+ x ?rice crosswise 9 ! "n ( ! ,tr9ity1 & !n mak+ a ge/ure z if he 7 seiz+ ! de=mity & hurl+ x t[>ds ! moon4 ,9 ! same "p ( ,g]many a cure = w>ts is to /& 9 ! light ( a wax+ moon s t y _c see y\r own %ad[1 !n hold ! disfigur$ h& t[>ds ! moon1 & /roke x ) ! o!r h& 9 ! direction ( ! lum9>y4 ,"s say t 9 do+ ?is y %\ld pron\nce ^! words1 8,moon1 free me f ^! v]m9407#agh7 7,m#cg7 ,b p]haps ! ?+ mo/ commonly employ$ 9 ,europe z a receptacle = sickness & tr\ble ( all sorts is a tree or bu%4 ,! modes ( transf]r+ ! mis*ief to x are _m4 ,= example1 ! ,e/honians say t y ought n to g out ( ! h\se on a spr+ morn+ be=e y h eat5 or drunk2 = if y d1 y may *ance to he> "o ( 8! s\nds :i* are n he>d 9 w9t]10 su* z ! song ( a bird1 & t w\ld be unlucky4 ,!y ?9k t if y ?us let y\rself be deceiv$ or outwitt$1 z !y call x1 by a bird1 y w be visit$ by all sorts ( ill-luck dur+ ! ye>2 inde$ x may v well happ5 t y w fall sick & die be=e ano!r spr+ comes r\nd4 ,h[ev]1 !re is a way ( av]t+ ! evil4 ,y h m]ely to embrace a tree or g ?rice r\nd x1 bit+ into ! b>k ea* "t or te>+ away a /rip ( ! b>k ) y\r tee?4 ,?us ! bad luck passes f y to ! tree1 :i* accord+ly )]s away47#agi7 ,9 ,sicily x is believ$ t all k9ds ( m>vell\s cures c be effect$ on ! night :i* prec$es ,asc5sion ,day4 ,= example1 p :o suff] f goitre bite ! b>k ( a pea*-tree j at ! mom5t :5 ! clocks are /rik+ midnight4 ,?us ! malady is transf]r$ to ! sap ( ! tree1 & its leaves )] away 9 exact proportion z ! pati5t recov]s4 ,b 9 ord] t ! cure may be successful x is absolutely ess5tial t ! b>k %\ld be bitt5 at midnight precisely2 a bite be=e or aft] t wit*+ h\r is lab\r ?r[n away47#ahj7 ,on ,/4 ,george's ,day1 ,s\? ,slavonian lads & lasses climb ?rice up & d[n a cornel-tree1 say+1 8,my laz9ess & sleep9ess to y1 cornel-tree1 b heal? & booty 787 to me40 ,!n z !y w5d homew>ds !y turn once m t[>ds ! tree & call out1 8,cornel-tree6 cornel-tree6 ,i leave y my laz9ess & sleep9ess407#aha7 ,! same p attempt to cure fev] by transf]r+ x to a dw>f eld]-bu%4 ,hav+ f\nd su* a bu% ) ?ree %oots spr++ f ! root1 ! pati5t grasps ! po9ts ( ! ?ree %oots 9 8 h&1 b5ds !m d[n to ! gr\nd1 & fa/5s !m !re ) a /one4 ,"u ! ar* ?us =m$ he creeps ?rice2 !n he cuts (f or digs up ! ?ree %oots1 say+1 8,9 ?ree %oots ,i cut ?ree sicknesses out4 ,:5 ^! ?ree %oots gr[ "y aga91 may ! fev] come back407#ahb7 ,a ,bulg>ian cure = fev] is to run ?rice r\nd a will[-tree at sunrise1 cry+1 8,! fev] %all %ake !e1 & ! sun %all w>m me407#ahc7 ,9 ! ,greek isl& ( ,k>pa?os ! prie/ ties a r$ ?read r\nd ! neck ( a sick p]son4 ,next morn+ ! fri5ds ( ! pati5t remove ! ?read & g out to ! hillside1 :]e !y tie ! ?read to a tree1 ?9k+ t !y ?us transf] ! sickness to ! tree47#ahd7 ,italians attempt to cure fev] 9 l mann] by fa/5+ x to a tree4 ,! suff]] ties a ?read r\nd 8 left wri/ at night1 & hangs ! ?read on a tree next morn+4 ,! fev] is ?us believ$ to be ti$ up to ! tree1 & ! pati5t to be rid ( x2 b he mu/ be c>eful n to pass by t tree aga91 o!rwise ! fev] w\ld break loose f its bonds & attack him afre%47#ahe7 ,an old ,fr5* rem$y = fev] 0 to b9d ! pati5t himself to a tree & leave him !re = a "t2 "s said t ! c]emony %\ld be p]=m$ fa/+ & e>ly 9 ! morn+1 t ! cord or /raw rope ) :i* ! p]son 0 b\nd to ! tree %\ld be left !re to rot1 & t ! suff]] %\ld bite ! b>k ( ! tree be=e return+ home47#ahf7 ,9 ,bohemia ! fri5ds ( a fev] pati5t w sometimes c>ry him head =emo/1 by means ( /raw ropes1 to a bu%1 on :i* !y dump him d[n4 ,!n he mu/ jump up & run home4 ,! fri5ds :o c>ri$ him also flee1 leav+ ! /raw ropes & likewise ! fev] beh9d !m on ! bu%47#ahg7 7,m#ch7 ,sometimes ! sickness is transf]r$ to ! tree by mak+ a knot 9 "o ( its b\ghs4 ,?us 9 ,meckl5burg a rem$y = fev] is to g be=e sunrise to a will[-tree & tie z _m knots 9 "o ( its bran*es z ! fev] has la/$ days2 b go+ & com+ y mu/ be c>eful n to speak a ^w47#ahh7 ,a ,flemi% cure = ! ague is to g e>ly 9 ! morn+ to an old will[1 tie ?ree knots 9 "o ( its bran*es1 say1 8,good-morr[1 ,old ,"o1 ,i give !e ! cold2 good-morr[1 ,old ,"o10 !n turn & run away )\t look+ r\nd47#ahi7 ,9 ,rh5i% ,bav>ia ! cure = g\t is simil>4 ,! pati5t recites a spell or pray] :ile he /&s at a will[-bu% hold+ "o ( its b\ghs4 ,:5 ! my/ic words h be5 spok51 he ties a knot 9 ! b\gh & dep>ts cur$4 ,b all 8 life long he mu/ nev] g ne> t will[-bu% aga91 or ! g\t w come back to him47#aij7 ,9 ,sonn5b]g1 if y w\ld rid y\rself ( g\t y %\ld g to a "y fir-tree & tie a knot 9 "o ( its twigs1 say+1 8,god greet !e1 noble fir4 ,i br+ !e my g\t4 ,"h w ,i tie a knot & b9d my g\t into x4 ,9 ! "n10 etc47#aia7 ,n f> f ,m>burg1 at a place call$ ,neuh(1 !re is a wood ( bir*es4 ,?i!r on a morn+ be=e sunrise1 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! moon1 b&s ( g\ty p may (t5 be se5 hobbl+ 9 sil5ce4 ,ea* ( !m takes 8 /& be=e a sep>ate tree & pron\nces ^! solemn words3 8,"h /& ,i be=e ! judgm5t b> ( ,god & tie up all my g\t4 ,all ! disease 9 my body %all rema9 ti$ up 9 ?is bir*-tree40 ,mean:ile ! good physician ties a knot 9 a bir*-twig1 repeat+ ?rice1 8,9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r10 etc47#aib7 7,m#ci7 ,ano!r way ( transf]r+ g\t f a man to a tree is ?is4 ,p>e ! nails ( ! suff]]'s f+]s & clip "s hairs f 8 legs4 ,bore a hole 9 an oak1 /uff ! nails & hair 9 ! hole1 /op up ! hole aga91 & sme> x ) c['s dung4 ,if1 = ?ree mon?s !reaft]1 ! pati5t is free ( g\t1 y may be sure ! oak has x 9 8 /ead47#aic7 ,a ,g]man cure = too?a*e is to bore a hole 9 a tree & cram "s ( ! suff]]'s hair into x47#aid7 ,9 ^! cases1 ?\gh no d\bt ! tree suff]s ! pangs ( g\t or too?a*e respectively1 x does s ) a sort ( /oical equanimity1 giv+ no outw>d & visible sign ( ! pa9s t rack x inw>dly4 ,x is n always s1 h[ev]4 ,! tree _c inv>iably suppress e symptom ( its suff]+4 ,x may hide its too?a*e1 b x _c s easily hide its w>ts4 ,9 ,*e%ire if y w\ld be rid ( w>ts1 y h only to rub !m ) a piece ( bacon1 cut a slit 9 ! b>k ( an a%-tree1 & slip ! bacon "u ! b>k4 ,soon ! w>ts w disappe> f y\r h&1 only h[ev] to reappe> 9 ! %ape ( r\gh excresc5ces or knobs on ! b>k ( ! tree47#aie7 ,aga9 9 ,beauce & ,p]*e1 two prov9ces ( ,france1 fev] may be transf]r$ to a "y asp5 by ins]t+ ! p>+s ( ! pati5t's nails 9 ! tree & !n pla/]+ up ! hole to prev5t ! fev] f gett+ out4 ,b ! op]ation mu/ be p]=m$ by night47#aif7 ,h[ subject an asp5 is to fev] mu/ be obvi\s to ! meane/ capacity f ! trembl+ ( its leaves 9 e brea? ( w9d2 no?+ !re=e c be easi] or m natural ?an to transf] ! malady1 ) its fits ( %ak+1 to ! tree4 ,at ,b]khamp/ead1 9 ,h]t=d%ire1 !re us$ to be c]ta9 oak-trees :i* 7 long celebrat$ = ! cure ( ague4 ,! transf]5ce ( ! malady to ! tree 0 simple b pa9ful4 ,a lock ( ! suff]]'s hair 0 pegg$ into an oak2 !n by a sudd5 wr5* he left 8 hair & 8 ague beh9d him 9 ! tree47#aig7 7,m#dj7 ,x seems cle> t1 ?\gh y may /[ away y\r pa9 or sickness 9 a tree1 !re is a consid]able risk ( its com+ out aga94 ,to obviate ?is dang] common prud5ce sugge/s t y %\ld plug or bung up ! hole z tight z y c4 ,& ?is1 z we %\ld naturally expect1 is (t5 done4 ,a ,g]man cure = too?a*e or heada*e is to wrap "s ( ! suff]]'s cut hair & nails 9 pap]1 make a hole 9 ! tree1 /uff ! p>cel into x1 & /op up ! hole ) a plug made f a tree :i* has be5 /ruck by lightn+47#aih7 ,9 ,bohemia !y say t1 if y feel ! fev] com+ on1 y %\ld pull out "s ( y\r hair1 te> (f a /rip ( a g>m5t y are we>+1 & bore a hole 9 a will[-tree4 ,hav+ done s1 y put ! hair & ! rag 9 ! hole & /op x up ) a w$ge ( haw?orn4 ,!n g home )\t look+ back1 & if a voice calls to y1 be sure n to answ]4 ,:5 y h compli$ ) ?is prescription1 ! fev] w cease47#aii7 ,9 ,old5burg a common rem$y = fev] is to bore a hole 9 a tree1 brea! ?rice into ! hole1 & !n plug x up4 ,once a man :o _h ?us %ut up 8 fev] 9 a tree 0 je]$ at by a sceptical acqua9tance = 8 cr$ulity4 ,s he w5t secretly to ! tree & drew ! /opp]1 & out came t fev] & attack$ ! sceptic47#bjj7 ,sometimes !y say t ! tree into :i* y ?us brea! y\r fev] or ague %\ld be a holl[ will[1 & t 9 go+ to ! tree y %\ld be c>eful n to utt] a ^w1 & n to cross wat]47#bja7 ,aga91 we read ( a man :o suff]$ acute pa9s 9 8 arm4 ,s 8!y beat up r$ corals ) oak5 leaves1 & hav+ kept !m on ! "p affect$ till suppuration1 !y did 9 ! morn+ put ?is mixture into an hole bor$ ) an aug] 9 ! root ( an oak1 respect+ ! ea/1 & /op up ?is hole ) a peg made ( ! same tree2 f !nce=? ! pa9 did altoge!r cease1 & :5 !y took out ! amulet imm$iately ! torm5ts return$ %>p] ?an be=e407#bjb7 ,^! facts seem to put x beyond ! rea* ( reasonable d\bt t ! pa9 or malady is actually 9 ! tree & wait+ to pop out1 if only x gets ! *ance4 #f4 ,! ,nail+ ( ,evils4 7,m#da7 ,(t5 ! pati5t1 )\t tr\bl+ to bore a hole 9 ! tree1 m]ely knocks a w$ge1 a peg1 or a nail into x1 believ+ t he ?us pegs or nails ! sickness or pa9 into ! wood4 ,?us a ,bohemian cure = fev] is to g to a tree & hamm] a w$ge into x ) ! words 8,!re1 ,i knock y 91 t y may come no m out to me407#bjc7 ,a ,g]man way ( gett+ rid ( too?a*e is to g 9 sil5ce be=e sunrise to a tree1 especially a will[-tree1 make a slit 9 ! b>k on ! nor? side ( ! tree1 or on ! side t looks t[>ds ! sunrise1 cut out a spl9t] f ! place ?us laid b>e1 poke ! spl9t] into ! a*+ too? till blood comes1 !n put back ! spl9t] 9 ! tree1 fold d[n ! b>k ov] x1 & tie a /r+ r\nd ! trunk1 t ! spl9t] may gr[ into ! trunk z be=e4 ,z x does s1 y\r pa9 w vani%2 b y mu/ be c>eful n to g ne> ! tree aft]w>ds1 or y w get ! too?a*e aga94 ,& any "o :o pulls ! spl9t] out w also get ! too?a*e4 ,he has 9 fact uncork$ ! too?a*e :i* 0 safely bottl$ up 9 ! tree1 & he mu/ take ! natural consequ5ce ( 8 ra% act47#bjd7 ,a simpl] plan1 practis$ 9 ,p]sia z well z 9 ,france & ,g]many1 is m]ely to scrape ! a*+ too? ) a nail or a twig till x ble$s1 & !n hamm] ! nail or ! twig into a tree4 ,9 ! ,vosges1 9 ,voigtl&1 & probably else:]e1 x is believ$ t any p]son :o %\ld draw out su* a nail or twig w\ld get ! too?a*e47#bje7 ,an old lime-tree at ,evess51 9 ,brunswick1 is /udd$ ) nails ( v>i\s %apes1 includ+ screw-nails1 :i* h be5 driv5 into x by p]sons :o suff]$ f a*+ tee?47#bjf7 ,9 ! ,m>k ( ,br&5burg !y say t ! c]emony %\ld be p]=m$ :5 ! moon is on ! wane1 & t ! bloody nail %\ld be knock$1 )\t a ^w be+ spok51 into ! nor? side ( an oak-tree1 :]e ! sun _c %9e on x2 aft] t ! p]son w h no m too?a*e s long z ! tree rema9s /&+47#bjg7 ,"h x is pla9ly impli$ t ! too?a*e is bottl$ up 9 ! tree4 ,if fur!r pro( 7 ne$$ t 9 su* cases ! malady is actually transf]r$ to ! tree & /[$ away 9 its trunk1 x w\ld be af=d$ by ! belief t if ! tree is cut d[n ! too?a*e w return to ! orig9al suff]]47#bjh7 ,rupture z well z too?a*e c be nail$ to an oak4 ,= t purpose all t ne$ be done is to take a c(f9-nail & t\* ) x ! injur$ "p ( ! pati5t2 !n set ! suff]] b>efoot be=e an oak-tree1 & knock ! nail into ! trunk above 8 head4 ,t transf]s ! rupture to ! tree1 & t is :y y may (t5 see ! boles ( anci5t oaks /udd$ ) nails47#bji7 7,m#db7 ,su* rem$ies are n conf9$ to ,europe4 ,at ,bilda 9 ,alg]ia1 !re is a sacr$ old olive-tree1 9 :i* pilgrims1 especially wom51 knock nails = ! purpose ( ridd+ !mselves ( _! ailm5ts & tr\bles47#baj7 ,aga91 ! ,majhw>s1 a ,dravidian tribe 9 ! hill c\ntry ( ,s\? ,mirzapur1 believe t all disease is due to gho/s1 b t gho/s1 :5 !y become tr\blesome1 c be %ut up 9 a c]ta9 tree1 :i* gr[s on a little islet 9 a v deep pool ( ! ,suk&>1 a tribut>y ( ! ,kanh> riv]4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ! c\ntry is infe/$ by gho/s1 9 o!r words :5 disease is rag+1 a skilful wiz>d seeks = a piece ( de]-horn 9 ! jungle4 ,:5 he has f\nd x1 he hamm]s x ) a /one into ! tree & ?us %uts up ! gho/4 ,! tree is cov]$ ) hundr$s ( su* pieces ( horn47#baa7 ,aga91 :5 a new settlem5t is be+ made 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces ( ,india1 x is deem$ necess>y to appreh5d & lay by ! heels ! local deities1 :o might o!rwise d a deal ( mis*ief to ! intrud]s on _! doma94 ,a sorc]] is call$ 9 to d ! bus9ess4 ,= days he m>*es ab\t ! place mu/]+ ! gods to ! tuck ( drum4 ,:5 !y are all assembl$1 two m5 kn[n z ! ,e>?man & ! ,leafman1 :o repres5t ! gods ( ! e>? & ( ! trees respectively1 become full ( ! _s1 be+ tak5 possession ( bodily by ! local deities4 ,9 ?is exalt$ /ate !y %\t & cap] ab\t 9 a f9e fr5zy1 & _! seem+ly disjo9t$ ejaculations1 :i* are really ! div9e voice speak+ ?r\gh !m1 are int]pret$ by ! sorc]]4 ,:5 ! critical mom5t has come1 ! wiz>d ru%es 9 betwe5 ! two inc>nations ( div9ity1 clut*es at ! spirits :i* are hov]+ ab\t !m 9 ! air1 & p\rs gra9s ( sesame ?r\gh _! h&s into a p]=at$ piece ( ! wood ( ! sacr$ fig-tree4 ,!n )\t a mom5t's delay he pla/]s up ! hole ) a mixture ( clay & c[-dung1 & c>efully buries ! piece ( wood on ! spot :i* is to be ! %r9e ( ! local deities4 ,ne$less to say t ! gods !mselves are bung$ up 9 ! wood & are q incapable ( do+ fur!r mis*ief1 provid$ always t ! usual (f]+s are made to !m at ! %r9e :]e !y live 9 durance vile47#bab7 ,9 ?is case ! s\rce ( mis*ief is imprison$1 n 9 a tree1 b 9 a piece ( "o2 b ! pr9ciple is cle>ly ! same4 ,simil>ly 9 ,corea an ,engli% lady obs]v$ at a cross-road a small log ) sev]al holes l ^? ( a m\se-trap1 "o ( :i* 0 plugg$ up d\bly ) bungs ( wood4 ,%e 0 told t a demon1 ^: ravages spread sickness 9 a family1 _h be5 inveigl$ by a sorc]ess into t hole & securely bung$ up4 ,x 0 ?\ght prop] = all pass]s-by to /ep ov] ! inc>c]at$ devil1 :e!r to express _! scorn & abhorr5ce ( him1 or m probably z a means ( keep+ him =cibly d[n47#bac7 ,9 ,co*9*9a a tr\blesome gho/ c be conf9$ to ! grave by ! simple process ( knock+ a nail or ?ru/+ a b> ( iron into ! e>? at ! po9t :]e ! head ( ! corpse may be presum$ to repose47#bad7 7,m#dc7 ,f knock+ ! mis*ief into a tree or a log x is only a /ep to knock+ x into a /one1 a door-po/1 a wall1 or su* l4 ,at ! head ( ,gl5 ,mor1 ne> ,port ,*>lotte1 9 ,islay1 !re may be se5 a l>ge b\ld]1 & x is said t :oev] drives a nail into ?is /one w !reaft] be secure f attacks ( too?a*e4 ,a f>m] 9 ,islay told an enquir] "s ye>s ago h[ a pass+ /rang] once cur$ 8 gr&mo!r ( too?a*e by driv+ a horse-nail into ! l9tel ( ! kit*5 door1 w>n+ h] at ! same "t to keep ! nail !re1 & if x %\ld come loose j to tap x ) a hamm] till x _h a grip aga94 ,%e _h no m too?a*e = ! re/ ( h] life47#bae7 ,9 ,brunswick x is op5 to any "o to nail 8 too?a*e ei!r into a wall or into a tree1 z he ?9ks fit2 ! pa9 is cur$ q z well 9 ! "o way z 9 ! o!r47#baf7 ,s 9 ,beauce & ,p]*e a heal] has be5 kn[n to place a new nail on ! a*+ too? ( a suff]] & !n knock ! nail into a door1 a beam1 or a joi/47#bag7 ,! proc$ure 9 ,nor? ,africa is simil>4 ,y write c]ta9 ,arabic lett]s & numb]s on ! wall2 !n1 :ile ! pati5t puts a f+] on ! a*+ too?1 y knock a nail1 ) a light tap ( a hamm]1 into ! fir/ lett] on ! wall1 recit+ a v]se ( ! ,coran z y d s4 ,next y ask ! suff]] :e!r ! pa9 is n[ abat$1 & if he says 8,yes0 y draw out ! nail entirely4 ,b if he says 8,no10 y %ift ! nail to ! next lett] 9 ! wall1 & s on1 till ! pa9 goes away1 :i* x always does1 soon] or lat]47#bah7 ,a ,bohemian :o fe>s he is ab\t to h an attack ( fev] w snat* up ! fir/ ?+ t comes to h& & nail x to ! wall4 ,t keeps ! fev] f him47#bai7 7,m#dd7 ,z 9 ,europe we nail too?a*e or fev] to a wall1 s 9 ,morocco !y nail devils4 ,a h\se 9 ,mogador hav+ be5 infe/$ ) devils1 :o ?rew /ones ab\t x 9 a way t made life a burd5 to ! inmates1 a holy man 0 call$ 9 to exorcise !m1 :i* he did effectually by pron\nc+ an incantation & driv+ a nail into ! wall2 at e /roke ( ! hamm] a hiss+ s\nd ann\nc$ t ano!r devil _h receiv$ 8 quietus47#bbj7 ,among ! mod]n ,arabs ! s\l ( a murd]$ man mu/ be nail$ d[n4 ,?us if a man be murd]$ 9 ,egypt1 8 gho/ w rise f ! gr\nd :]e 8 blood 0 %$3 b x c be prev5t$ f do+ s by driv+ a new nail1 :i* has nev] be5 us$1 into ! e>? at ! spot :]e ! murd] 0 committ$4 ,9 ,tripoli ! practice is simil>4 ,"s ye>s ago a native 0 murd]$ close to ! door ( a little ,italian inn4 ,imm$iately ! ,arabs ( ! neighb\rhood ?rong$ ?i!r & effectually laid ! gho/ ) hamm] & nail4 ,:5 ! innkeep] ra%ly attempt$ to remove ! nail1 he 0 w>n$ t to d s w\ld be to set ! gho/ free47#bba7 ,9 mod]n ,egypt numb]s ( p afflict$ ) heada*e us$ to knock a nail into ! great wood5 door ( ! old s\? gate ( ,cairo1 = ! purpose ( *>m+ away ! pa92 o!rs :o suff]$ f too?a*e us$ to extract a too? & ins]t x 9 a crevice ( ! door1 or fix x 9 "s o!r way1 9 ord] to be rid ( too?a*e = ! future4 ,a holy & miracul\s p]sonage1 invisible to mortal eyes1 0 suppos$ to h "o ( 8 /ations at ?is gate47#bbb7 ,9 ,mosul also a %eikh c cure heada*e by fir/ lay+ 8 h&s on ! suff]]'s head & !n hamm]+ a nail into a wall47#bbc7 ,n f> f ,neu5kir*51 9 ,old5burg1 !re is a f>mh\se to :i*1 :ile ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> 0 rag+1 ! plague came l\ng+ along f ! neighb\r+ t[n 9 ! %ape ( a blui% vap\r4 ,ent]+ ! h\se x popp$ into a hole 9 ! door-po/ ( "o ( ! rooms4 ,! f>m] saw 8 *ance1 & quick z ?\ght he seiz$ a peg & hamm]$ x into ! hole1 s t ! plague c\ld n possibly get out4 ,aft] a "t1 h[ev]1 ?9k+ ! dang] 0 pa/1 he drew out ! peg4 ,alas6 ) ! peg came creep+ & curl+ out ( ! hole ! blue vap\r once m4 ,! plague ?us let loose seiz$ on e memb] ( ! family 9 t unhappy h\se & left n "o ( !m alive47#bbd7 ,aga91 ! great plague :i* deva/at$ ! anci5t _w 9 ! reign ( ,m>cus ,anton9us is said to h orig9at$ 9 ! curiosity & gre$ ( "s ,roman soldi]s1 :o1 pillag+ ! city ( ,seleucia1 came ^u a n>r[ hole 9 a temple & incauti\sly enl>g$ ! op5+ 9 ! expectation ( discov]+ treasure4 ,b t :i* came =? f ! hole 0 n treasure b ! plague4 ,x _h be5 p5t up 9 a secret *amb] by ! magic art ( ! ,*aldeans2 b n[1 releas$ f its prison by ! ra% act ( ! spoil]s1 x /alk$ abroad & spread dea? & de/ruction f ! ,euphrates to ! ,nile & ! ,atlantic47#bbe7 7,m#de7 ,! simple c]emony1 9 :i* to ?is day ! sup]/ition ( ,european peasants sees a sov]eign rem$y = plague & fev] & too?a*e1 has come d[n to u f a remote antiquity2 = 9 days :5 z yet ,p>is & ,london 7 n1 :5 ,france /ill rev]$ ! ,druids z ! ma/]s ( all k1 human & div9e1 & :5 our own c\ntry 0 /ill cov]$ ) virg9 =e/s1 ! home ( savage bea/s & savage m51 ! same c]emony 0 solemnly p]=m$ f "t to "t by ! highe/ magi/rate at ,rome1 to /ay ! ravages ( pe/il5ce or retrieve disa/] t ?reat5$ ! f\ndations ( ! national life4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury be=e our era ! city ( ,rome 0 desolat$ by a great plague :i* rag$ = ?ree ye>s1 c>ry+ (f "s ( ! highe/ dignit>ies & a great multitude ( common folk4 ,! hi/orian :o records ! calamity in=ms u t :5 a banquet _h be5 (f]$ to ! gods 9 va91 & nei!r human c\nsels nor div9e help avail$ to mitigate ! viol5ce ( ! disease1 x 0 resolv$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,roman hi/ory to in/itute dramatical p]=mances z an appropriate means ( appeas+ ! wra? ( ! cele/ial p[]s4 ,accord+ly actors 7 fet*$ f ,etruria1 :o danc$ c]ta9 simple & decor\s dances to ! music ( a flute4 ,b ev5 ?is novel spectacle fail$ to amuse or t\*1 to move to te>s or laught] ! sull5 gods4 ,! plague /ill rag$1 & at ! v mom5t :5 ! actors 7 play+ _! be/ 9 ! circus beside ! ,tib]1 ! yell[ riv] rose 9 angry flood & drove play]s & spectators1 wad+ & spla%+ ?r\gh ! fa/-deep5+ wat]s1 away f ! %[4 ,x 0 cle> t ! gods spurn$ plays z well z pray]s & banquets2 & 9 ! g5]al con/]nation x 0 felt t "s m effectual measure %\ld be tak5 to put an end to ! sc\rge4 ,old m5 rememb]$ t a plague _h once be5 /ay$ by ! knock+ ( a nail into a wall2 & accord+ly ! ,s5ate resolv$ t n[ 9 _! extremity1 :5 all o!r means _h fail$1 a supreme magi/rate %\ld be appo9t$ = ! sole purpose ( p]=m+ ?is solemn c]emony4 ,! appo9tm5t 0 made1 ! nail 0 knock$1 & ! plague ceas$1 soon] or lat]47#bbf7 ,:at bett] pro( c\ld be giv5 ( ! sav+ virtue ( a nail8 7,m#df7 ,twice m )9 ! same c5tury ! ,roman p _h rec\rse to ! same v5]able c]emony z a cure = public calamities ) :i* ! ord9>y rem$ies1 civil & religi\s1 seem$ unable to cope4 ,"o ( ^! occasions 0 a pe/il5ce27#bbg7 ! o!r 0 a /range mortality among ! lead+ m51 :i* public op9ion trac$1 rightly or wrongly1 to a s]ies ( nef>i\s crimes p]petrat$ by noble matrons1 :o took _! husb&s (f by poison4 ,! crimes1 real or imag9>y1 7 set d[n to fr5zy1 & no?+ c\ld be ?\ght ( s likely to m9i/] to m9ds diseas$ z ! knock+ ( a nail into a wall4 ,se>* among ! annals ( ! city prov$ t 9 a season ( civil discord1 :5 ! /ate _h be5 r5t by p>ty feud1 ! same "t-hon\r$ rem$y1 ! same soo?+ balm1 _h be5 appli$ ) ! happie/ results to ! j>r+ int]e/s & heat$ passions ( ! disputants4 ,accord+ly ! old no/rum 0 tri$ once m1 & aga9 success appe>$ to ju/ify ! exp]im5t47#bbh7 7,m#dg7 ,if ! ,romans 9 ! f\r? c5tury be=e ,*ri/ ?us deem$ x possible to rid !mselves ( pe/il5ce1 fr5zy1 & s$ition by hamm]+ !m into a wall1 ev5 z ,fr5* & ,g]man peasants /ill rid !mselves ( fev] & too?a*e by knock+ !m into a tree1 _! prud5t ance/ors appe> to h det]m9$ t s salut>y a measure %\ld n be re/rict$ 9 its scope to meet+ special & urg5t em]g5cies z !y arose1 b %\ld regul>ly diffuse its b5efits ov] ! community by anticipat+ &1 z x 71 nipp+ 9 ! bud evils :i*1 left un*eck$1 might gr[ to dang]\s proportions4 ,?is1 we may conjecture1 0 ! orig9al int5tion ( an anci5t ,roman law :i* orda9$ t ! highe/ magi/rate ( ! republic %\ld knock 9 a nail e ye> on ! ?irte5? day ( ,septemb]4 ,! law might be se51 c\*$ 9 old-fa%ion$ language1 engrav$ on a tablet :i* 0 fa/5$ to a wall ( ! temple ( ,capitol9e ,jupit]2 & al?\gh ! place :]e ! nails 7 driv5 9 is n[h]e def9itely /at$ by classical writ]s1 !re are "s gr\nds = ?9k+ t x may h be5 ! same wall on :i* ! law t sanction$ ! cu/om 0 exhibit$4 ,livy tells u t ! duty ( affix+ ! nail1 at "o "t dis*>g$ by ! consuls1 0 aft]w>ds committ$ to dictators1 ^: high] rank consort$ bett] ) ! dignity & importance ( ! function4 ,at a lat] "t ! cu/om fell into abeyance1 & ! anci5t c]emony 0 reviv$ only f "t to "t 9 seasons ( grave p]il or extraord9>y calamity1 :i* seem$ to atte/ ! displeasure ( ! gods at mod]n ways1 & dispos$ m5 to be?9k !m ( ance/ral lore & to walk 9 ! old pa?s47#bbi7 7,m#dh7 ,9 antiquity ! annual practice ( hamm]+ a nail into a wall 0 n conf9$ to ,rome4 ,x 0 obs]v$ also at ,vuls9ii1 9 ,etruria1 :]e ! nails ?us fix$ 9 ! temple ( ! goddess ,nortia s]v$ z a conv5i5t means ( record+ & numb]+ ! ye>s47#bcj7 ,to ,roman antiqu>ies ( a lat] p]iod x seem$1 naturally en\gh1 t su* a practice _h inde$ no o!r object ?an t ( m>k+ ! flight ( "t 9 ages :5 writ+ 0 b little us$47#bca7 ,yet a little reflection w probably conv9ce u t ?is1 ?\gh x 0 d\btless a useful consequ5ce ( ! cu/om1 c h>dly h be5 its orig9al int5tion4 ,= x w sc>cely be disput$ t ! annual obs]vance ( ! cu/om _c be :olly dissociat$ f its occasional obs]vance 9 seasons ( great dang] or calamity1 & t :atev] explanation we give ( ! "o ought to apply to ! o!r also4 ,n[ x is pla9 t if we />t f ! annual obs]vance & reg>d x z no m ?an a timekeep] or mode ( record+ ! ye>s1 we %all nev] rea* an adequate explanation ( ! occasional obs]vance4 ,if ! nails 7 m]ely ready reckon]s ( ! ye>s1 h[ c\ld !y come to be us$ z supreme rem$ies = pe/il5ce1 fr5zy1 & s$ition1 resort$ to by ! /ate 9 desp]ate em]g5cies :5 all ! ord9>y res\rces ( policy & religion _h fail$8 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we />t f ! occasional obs]vance & view x1 9 accordance ) mod]n analogies1 z a rude attempt to dispose ( intangible evils z if !y 7 ?+s t c\ld be h&l$ & put away out ( sight1 we c readily und]/& h[ su* an attempt1 f be+ made occasionally1 might come to be repeat$ annually = ! sake ( wip+ out all ! old tr\bles & mis=tunes ( ! pa/ ye> & enabl+ ! community to />t afre%1 un5cumb]$ by a f>del ( ills1 at ! beg9n+ ( a new ye>4 ,=tunately we c %ew t ! analogy :i* is ?us assum$ to exi/ betwe5 ! ,roman cu/om & mod]n sup]/ition is n a m]ely fanciful "o2 9 o!r words1 x c be prov$ t ! ,romans1 l mod]n cl[ns1 did believe 9 ! possibility ( nail+ d[n tr\ble1 9 a lit]al & physical s5se1 into a mat]ial sub/ance4 ,pl9y tells u t an alleg$ cure = epilepsy1 or ! fall+ sickness1 0 to drive an iron nail into ! gr\nd on ! spot :i* 0 fir/ /ruck by ! pati5t's head z he fell47#bcb7 ,9 ! light ( ! mod]n in/ances :i* h come be=e u1 we c h>dly d\bt t ! cure 0 suppos$ to consi/ 9 actually nail+ ! disease into ! e>? 9 su* a way t x c\ld n get up & attack ! suff]] aga94 ,precisely p>allel is a ,suffolk cure = ague4 ,y mu/ g by night alone to a cross-road1 & j z ! clock /rikes ! midnight h\r y mu/ turn y\rself ab\t ?rice & drive a t5p5ny nail up to ! head into ! gr\nd4 ,!n walk away backw>ds f ! spot be=e ! clock is done /rik+ twelve1 & y w miss ! ague2 b ! next p]son :o passes ov] ! nail w cat* ! malady 9 y\r /ead47#bcc7 ,"h x is pla9ly assum$ t ! ague ( :i* ! pati5t is reliev$ has be5 left by him nail$ d[n into ! e>? at ! cross-road1 & we may fairly suppose t a simil> assumption und]lay ! ,roman cure = epilepsy4 ,fur!r1 we seem to be n[ ju/ifi$ 9 hold+ t orig9ally1 :5 a ,roman dictator s\ght to /ay a plague1 to re/ore concord1 or to t]m9ate an epidemic ( madness by knock+ a nail into a wall1 he 0 do+ = ! commonweal? exactly :at any private man might d = an epileptic pati5t by knock+ a nail into ! gr\nd on ! spot :]e 8 poor fri5d _h collaps$4 ,9 o!r words1 he 0 hamm]+ ! plague1 ! discord1 or ! madness into a hole f :i* x c\ld n get out to afflict ! community aga947#bcd7 7,m#di7 ,diff]5t 9 pr9ciple f ! =ego+ cu/oms appe>s to be ! ,loango practice ( /ick+ nails into wood5 idols or feti%es4 ,! int5tion ( knock+ a nail into a wor%ipful image is said to be simply to attract ! notice ( ! deity 9 a =cible mann] to ! reque/ ( 8 wor%ipp]2 x is l p9*+ a man or runn+ a p9 into 8 leg z a h9t t y desire to speak ) him4 ,h5ce 9 ord] to be q sure ( rivet+ ! god's att5tion ! nails are sometimes made r$-hot47#bce7 ,ev5 ! mo/ abs5t-m9d$ deity c\ld h>dly ov]look a petition urg$ 9 s importunate a fa%ion4 ,! practice is resort$ to 9 _m em]g5cies4 ,= example1 :5 a man has be5 robb$1 he w g & get a prie/ to knock a nail into an idol4 ,! %>p pang naturally exasp]ates ! deity & he seeks to wreak 8 wra? on ! ?ief1 :o is ! real occasion ( 8 suff]+4 ,s :5 ! ?ief he>s ( :at has be5 done1 he br+s back ! /ol5 goods 9 fe> & trembl+4 ,simil>ly a nail may be knock$ into an idol = ! purpose ( mak+ somebody fall ill2 & if a sick man fancies t 8 illness is due to an enemy :o has play$ him ?is trick1 he w s5d to ! prie/ ( ! idol & pay him to remove ! nail47#bcf7 ,?is mode ( refre%+ ! memory & /imulat+ ! activity ( a sup]natural be+ is n conf9$ to ! negroes ( ,loango2 x is practis$ also by ,fr5* ,ca?olics1 z we le>n f ,sir ,john ,rhys4 8,"s ye>s ago10 he writes1 8:5 ,i 0 on a visit at ! late ,erne/ ,r5an's h\se at ,rosmapamon1 ne> ,p]ros-,guirec on ! nor? coa/ ( ,brittany1 our g5ial ho/ took 8 fri5ds "o day to see "s ( ! sights ( t neighb\rhood4 ,among o!r ?+s :i* he %[$ u 0 a /atue ( ,/4 ,guirec /&+ at ! head ( an op5 creek4 ,x 0 ( wood1 & altoge!r a v rude "w ( art1 if su* x might be call$2 b :at attract$ our att5tion mo/ 0 ! fact t x _h innum]able p9s /uck into x4 ,we ask$ ,m4 ,r5an :at ! p9s meant1 & 8 explanation 0 exce$+ly qua9t4 ,he said t :5 any "y woman 9 ! neighb\rhood made up h] m9d t %e %\ld m>ry1 %e came !re & ask$ ! sa9t to provide h] ) a husb&1 & to d s )\t undue delay4 ,%e _h e confid5ce 9 ! will+ness & ability ( ! sa9t to oblige h]1 b %e 0 haunt$ by ! fe> t he might be o!rwise engag$ & =get h] reque/4 ,s %e w\ld /ick p9s into him1 & ?us goad him1 z %e fanci$1 to ex]t himself on h] behalf4 ,?is is :y ! sa9t's /atue 0 full ( p9s407#bcg7 ,simil>ly 9 ,japan suff]]s f too?a*e sometimes /ick ne$les into a will[-tree1 8believ+ t ! pa9 caus$ to ! tree-_s w =ce x to ex]cise its p[] to cure407#bch7 7,m#ej7 ,?us x w\ld seem t we mu/ di/+ui% at lea/ two uses ( nails or p9s 9 _! application to spirits & spiritual influ5ces4 ,9 "o set ( cases ! nails act z corks or bungs to bottle up & imprison a tr\blesome _s2 9 ! o!r set ( cases !y act z spurs or goads to refre% 8 memory & /imulate 8 activity4 ,b s f> z ! evid5ce :i* ,i h cit$ all[s u to judge1 ! use ( nails z spiritual bungs appe>s to be common] ?an _! use z m5tal refre%]s4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,omnipres5ce ,,( ,,demons4 7,m#ea7 ,9 ! =ego+ *apt] ! primitive pr9ciple ( ! transf]5ce ( ills to ano!r p]son1 animal1 or ?+ 0 expla9$ & illu/rat$4 ,a consid]ation ( ! means tak51 9 accordance ) ?is pr9ciple1 to rid individuals ( _! tr\bles & di/resses l$ u to believe t at ,rome simil> means _h be5 adopt$ to free ! :ole community1 at a s+le bl[ ( ! hamm]1 f div]se evils t afflict$ x4 ,i n[ propose to %ew t su* attempts to dismiss at once ! accumulat$ sorr[s ( a p are by no means r>e or exceptional1 b t on ! contr>y !y h be5 made 9 _m l&s1 & t f be+ occasional !y t5d to become p]iodic & annual4 7,m#eb7 ,x ne$s "s ef=t on our "p to realise ! frame ( m9d :i* prompts ^! attempts4 ,br$ 9 a philosophy :i* /rips nature ( p]sonality & r$uces x to ! unkn[n cause ( an ord]ly s]ies ( impressions on our s5ses1 we f9d x h>d to put ourselves 9 ! place ( ! savage1 to :om ! same impressions appe> 9 ! guise ( spirits or ! h&iwork ( spirits4 ,= ages ! army ( spirits1 once s ne>1 has be5 rec$+ fur!r & fur!r f u1 bani%$ by ! magic w& ( sci5ce f he>? & home1 f ru9$ cell & ivi$ t[]1 f haunt$ glade & lonely m]e1 f ! riv5 murky cl\d t bel*es =? ! lightn+1 & f ^? fair] cl\ds t pill[ ! silv] moon or fret ) flakes ( burn+ r$ ! gold5 eve4 ,! spirits are gone ev5 f _! la/ /ronghold 9 ! sky1 ^: blue ar* no long] passes1 except ) *ildr51 = ! scre5 t hides f mortal eyes ! glories ( ! cele/ial _w4 ,only 9 poets' dreams or impassion$ flights ( oratory is x giv5 to cat* a glimpse ( ! la/ flutt] ( ! /&>ds ( ! retreat+ ho/1 to he> ! beat ( _! invisible w+s1 ! s\nd ( _! mock+ laught]1 or ! swell ( angel music dy+ away 9 ! di/ance4 ,f> o!rwise is x ) ! savage4 ,to 8 imag9ation ! _w /ill teems ) ^? motley be+s :om a m sob] philosophy has disc>d$4 ,fairies & gobl9s1 gho/s & demons1 /ill hov] ab\t him bo? wak+ & sleep+4 ,!y dog 8 foot/eps1 dazzle 8 s5ses1 ent] into him1 h>ass & deceive & torm5t him 9 a ?\s& freaki% & mis*iev\s ways4 ,! mi%aps t befall him1 ! losses he su/a9s1 ! pa9s he has to endure1 he commonly sets d[n1 if n to ! magic ( 8 enemies1 to ! spite or ang] or caprice ( ! spirits4 ,_! con/ant pres5ce we>ies him1 _! sleepless malignity exasp]ates him2 he longs ) an unspeakable long+ to be rid ( !m altoge!r1 & f "t to "t1 driv5 to bay1 8 pati5ce utt]ly exhau/$1 he turns fi]cely on 8 p]secutors & makes a desp]ate ef=t to *ase ! :ole pack ( !m f ! l&1 to cle> ! air ( _! sw>m+ multitudes1 t he may brea! m freely & g on 8 way unmole/$1 at lea/ = a "t4 ,?us x comes ab\t t ! endeav\r ( primitive p to make a clean sweep ( all _! tr\bles g5]ally takes ! =m ( a gr& hunt+ out & expulsion ( devils or gho/s4 ,!y ?9k t if !y c only %ake (f ^! _! accurs$ torm5tors1 !y w make a fre% />t 9 life1 happy & innoc5t2 ! tales ( ,ed5 & ! old poetic gold5 age w come true aga94 7,m#ec7 ,h5ce1 be=e we review "s examples ( ^! _s-hunts1 x may be well to adduce evid5ce ( ! deep hold :i* a belief 9 ! omnipres5ce & malignity ( spirits has ^u ! primitive m9d4 ,! read] w be bett] able to und]/& ! savage rem$y :5 he has an inkl+ ( ! nature ( ! evil :i* x is design$ to combat4 ,9 cit+ ! evid5ce ,i %all = ! mo/ "p reproduce ! exact words ( my au?orities le/ ,i %\ld incur ! suspicion ( deep5+ unduly ! %ad[s 9 a gloomy picture4 7,m#ed7 ,?us 9 reg>d to ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia we are told t 8! numb] ( sup]natural be+s1 fe>$ if n lov$1 t !y ackn[l$ge is exce$+ly great2 = n only are ! heav5s peopl$ ) su*1 b ! :ole face ( ! c\ntry sw>ms ) !m2 e ?icket1 mo/ wat]+-places1 & all rocky places ab\nd ) evil spirits4 ,9 l mann]1 e natural ph5om5on is believ$ to be ! "w ( demons1 none ( :i* seem ( a b5ign nature1 "o & all app>5tly /riv+ to d all imag9able mis*ief to ! poor blackfell[407#bci7 8,! negro10 says ano!r writ]1 8is wont to reg>d ! :ole _w ar\nd him z peopl$ ) invisible be+s1 to :om he imputes e mis=tune t happ5s to him1 & f ^: h>mful influ5ce he seeks to protect himself by all k9ds ( magic means407#bdj7 ,! ,bantu negroes ( ,we/]n ,africa 8reg>d _! god z ! creator ( man1 plants1 animals1 & ! e>?1 & !y hold t hav+ made !m1 he takes no fur!r int]e/ 9 ! affair4 ,b n s ! cr[d ( spirits ) :i* ! univ]se is peopl$1 !y take only too mu* int]e/1 & ! ,bantu wi%es !y w\ld n & is p]petually say+ s 9 8 pray]s1 a l>ge p]c5tage :]e( am\nts to1 #8,g away1 we don't want y4' #8,come n into ?is h\se1 ?is village1 or its plantations4' 0 ,almo/ all ^! subord9ate spirits are malevol5t47#bda7 ,a simil> b full] acc\nt ( ! ,we/ ,african cre$ is giv5 by a ,g]man writ]1 ^: /atem5ts apply p>ticul>ly to ! ,ewe-speak+ negroes ( ! ,slave ,coa/4 ,he says3 8,?us ! t]m feti%ism d5otes ! attitude ( ! ,ewes1 or ( ,we/ ,african negro tribes 9 g5]al1 t[>ds magic2 x =ms "o ( ! pr9cipal con/itu5ts ( _! religion4 ,! o!r ma9 con/itu5t is _! attitude to ! gods1 :i* is prop]ly demonolatry4 ,! ,ewe names ! gods dr[o1 t is1 int]m$i>ies1 namely1 betwe5 a ,supreme ,be+1 :om he calls ,mawu 7#8! ,unsurpassable'71 & mank9d4 ,! dr[o ) :om ! ,ewe has to d1 to :om 8 (f]+s & 8 respects are paid1 are ?us subord9ate deities1 :o accord+ to ! etymological mean+ ( ! ^w dro are conceiv$ z judg+1 compos+ disputes1 & m$iat+ among m54 ,! exi/5ce ( a ,supreme ,be+ is by no means unfamili> to ! ,ewe2 he has 8 ,mawu (t5 9 8 m\?1 especially 9 talk+ ) ! mission>y1 & he will+ly ackn[l$ges t ,mawu creat$ him & ! gods4 ,b he c only conceive ( ?is ,supreme ,be+ on ! analogy ( 8 own p]sonality & n z omnipres5t & s =?4 ,x is impossible t ?is ,mawu c tr\ble himself ab\t details 9 ! creation or ev5 ab\t e individual man & 8 petty affairs2 :at w\ld be ! use ( ! _m high] & l[] spirits ) :i* ! _w is fill$ be=e 8 eyes8 ,! ,we/ ,african p]haps conceives ( ,god z transc5dant1 b n z imman5t2 a creation he possibly appreh5ds1 b n an omnipres5t gov]nm5t ( ! _w by ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,t gov]nm5t is c>ri$ on by ,mawu at a di/ance by means ( ! _m spirits or subord9ate gods :om he has creat$ = ! purpose4444 ,a portion ( ! gods fills ! air1 :]e=e ! =ces & ! ph5om5a ( nature are deifi$ z _! manife/ations4 ,! elem5ts are ?\ght to be mov$ by ! gods ( ! air4 ,9 ! /orm & ! w9d1 9 ?und] & lightn+ ! ,ewe sees ! manife/ation ( p>ticul>ly p[]ful gods4 ,9 ! my/]i\s roll & ro> ( ! deep sea ! ,ewe1 l ! negro 9 g5]al1 beholds ! sway ( a v mighty god or ( a :ole ho/ ( gods4 ,fur!r1 ! e>? itself is also ! abode ( a multitude ( spirits or gods1 :o h 9 x _! sph]e ( activity4 ,!y inhabit c]ta9 great m\nta9s1 great holl[ trees1 caves1 riv]s1 & especially woods4 ,9 su* woods ( ! gods no timb] may be fell$4 ,?us ! gods fill n only ! air & ! sea1 !y also walk on e>?1 on all pa?s2 !y lurk "u ! trees1 !y t]rify ! lonely wayf>]1 !y disquiet & plague ev5 ! sleep]4 ,:5 ! negro rises f ! /ool on :i* he has be5 sitt+1 he nev] fails to turn x upside d[n1 to prev5t a _s f sitt+ d[n on x4444 ,! _s-_w falls into two ma9 classes3 !re are good & k9dly spirits1 ^: help is eag]ly s\ght by (f]+s2 b !re are also gloomy & rev5geful spirits1 ^: approa* & influ5ce p eag]ly endeav\r to av]t1 & aga9/ :om all possible means are employ$ to ban !m f ! h\ses & villages4 ,! p are mu* m zeal\s 9 _! devotion to ! evil spirits ?an 9 _! devotion to ! good4 ,! reason is t ! feel+ ( fe> & ! consci\sness ( guilt are mu* /rong] ?an ! emotions ( love & gratitude = b5efits receiv$4 ,h5ce ! wor%ip ( ! false gods or spirits among ?is p1 & among ! ,we/ ,african negro tribes 9 g5]al1 is prop]ly speak+ a wor%ip ( demons or devils407#bdb7 7,m#ee7 ,aga91 a mission>y :o sp5t fifte5 ye>s among ! ,boloki ( ! ,upp] ,congo ,riv] tells u t 8! religion ( ! ,boloki has its basis 9 _! fe> ( ^? num]\s invisible spirits :i* surr\nd !m on e side1 & are con/antly try+ to compass _! sickness1 mis=tune & dea?2 & ! ,boloki's sole object 9 practis+ _! religion is to cajole1 or appease1 *eat1 or conqu] & kill ^? spirits t tr\ble !m--h5ce _! nganga m$ic9e-m51 _! rites1 _! c]emonies & _! *>ms4 ,if !re 7 no evil spirits to be circumv5t$ !re w\ld be no ne$ ( _! m$ic9e m5 & _! *>ms407#bdc7 8,! ,boloki folk believe !y are surr\nd$ by spirits :i* try to ?w>t !m at e twi/ & turn1 & to h>m !m e h\r ( ! day & night4 ,! riv]s & creeks are cr[d$ ) ! spirits ( _! ance/ors1 & ! =e/s & bu% are full also ( spirits1 ev] seek+ to injure ! liv+ :o are ov]tak5 by night :5 travell+ by road or canoe4 ,i nev] met among !m a man d>+ en\gh to g at night ?r\gh ! =e/ t divid$ ,monsembe f ! upp] villages1 ev5 ?\gh a l>ge rew>d 0 (f]$4 ,_! inv>iable reply 03 #8,!re are too _m spirits 9 ! bu% & =e/4' 07#bdd7 ,! spirits :i* ^! p dread s mu* are ! m+oli or disembodi$ s\ls ( ! dead2 ! life ( ! ,boloki is describ$ z 8"o long drawn out fe> ( :at ! m+oli may next d to !m40 ,^! dang]\s be+s dwell ev]y:]e1 l& & wat] are full ( !m2 !y are ev] ready to p\nce on ! liv+ & c>ry !m away or to smite !m ) disease & kill !m4 ,?\gh !y are invisible to common eyes1 ! m$ic9e-man c see !m1 & c cork !m up 9 calaba%es or cov] !m up ) saucepans2 inde$1 if x is made wor? 8 :ile1 he c ev5 de/roy !m altoge!r47#bde7 ,aga91 ( ! ,bantu tribes ( ,s\? ,africa we read t 8ne>] ?an ! spirits ( deceas$ *iefs or ( _! own ance/ors 0 a :ole ho/ ( hobgobl9s1 wat] sprites1 & malevol5t demons1 :o met ! ,bantu turn :i* way !y w\ld4 ,!re 0 no beautiful fairyl& = !m1 = all ! be+s :o haunt$ ! m\nta9s1 ! pla9s1 & ! riv]s 7 m9i/]s ( evil4 ,! mo/ fe>$ ( ^! 0 a l>ge bird t made love to wom5 & incit$ ^? :o return$ its affection to cause ! dea? ( ^? :o did n1 & a little mis*iev\s imp :o 0 also amor\sly incl9$4 ,_m in/ances c\ld be ga!r$ f ! records ( magi/rates' c\rts 9 rec5t ye>s ( dem5t$ wom5 hav+ admitt$ _! acqua9tance ) ^! fabul\s creatures1 z well z ( :ole communities liv+ 9 t]ror ( !m407#bdf7 ,h[ev]1 x w\ld be no d\bt a great mi/ake to imag9e t ! m9ds ( ! ,bantu1 or inde$ ( any savages1 are p]petually occupi$ by a dread ( evil spirits27#bdg7 ! savage & inde$ ! civiliz$ man is incapable1 at lea/ 9 8 normal /ate1 ( su* excessive preoccupation ) a s+le idea1 :i*1 if prolong$1 c\ld h>dly fail to end 9 insanity4 7,m#ef7 ,speak+ ( ! spirits :i* ! ,indians ( ,guiana attribute to all objects 9 nature1 ,sir ,ev]>d ,f4 im ,?urn obs]ves t 8! :ole _w ( ! ,indian sw>ms ) ^! be+s4 ,if by a mighty m5tal ef=t we c\ld = a mom5t rev]t to a simil> m5tal position1 we %\ld f9d ourselves ev]y:]e surr\nd$ by a ho/ ( possibly hurtful be+s1 s _m 9 numb] t to describe !m z innum]able w\ld fall ridicul\sly %ort ( ! tru?4 ,x is n !re=e wond]ful t ! ,indian fe>s to move beyond ! light ( 8 camp-fire aft] d>k1 or1 if he is oblig$ to d s1 c>ries a fire-br& ) him t he may at lea/ see among :at enemies he walks2 nor is x wond]ful t occasionally ! air r\nd ! settlem5t seems to ! ,indian to gr[ s full ( be+s1 t a peaiman sorc]]1 :o is suppos$ to h ! p[] ( tempor>ily driv+ !m away1 is employ$ to effect a g5]al cle>ance ( ^! be+s1 if only = a "t4 ,t is ! ma9 belief1 ( ! k9d t is g5]ally call$ religi\s1 ( ! ,indians ( ,guiana407#bdh7 ,! ,l5gua ,indians ( ! ,p>aguayan ,*aco believe 9 c]ta9 demons :i* !y call kilyikhama4 8,! kilyikhama are conf9$ to no p>ticul> place4 ,"t & di/ance d n seem to affect !m 9 ! lea/4 ,!y are held 9 great awe by ! ,indian1 & :i!rsoev] he turns1 :e!r by day or night1 b p>ticul>ly at night1 he is subject to _! malign influ5ces4444 ,!y live 9 con/ant dread ( ^! sup]natural be+s1 & if no?+ else contribut$ to make _! life mis]able1 ?is ev]-pres5t dread ( ! kilyikhama w\ld be 9 itself q suffici5t to rob x ( mo/ ( its joy407#bdi7 7,m#eg7 ,v diff]5t f ! life ( ^! ,indians ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican =e/s & prairies is ! life ( ! ,esquimaux on ! desolate %ores ( ,labrador2 yet !y too live 9 l bondage to ! evil creatures ( _! own imag9ation4 8,all ! affairs ( life are suppos$ to be "u ! control ( spirits1 ea* ( :i* rules ov] a c]ta9 elem5t1 & all ( :i* are "u ! direction ( a great] _s4 ,ea* p]son is suppos$ to be att5d$ by a special gu>dian :o is malignant 9 "*1 ev] ready to seize ^u ! lea/ occasion to "w h>m ^u ! individual :om x accompanies4 ,z ?is is an evil _s1 its good (fices & assi/ance c be obta9$ by propitiation only4 ,! p]son /rives to keep ! good-w ( ! evil _s by (f]+s ( food1 wat]1 & clo?+40 8,besides ?is class ( spirits1 !re are ! spirits ( ! sea1 ! l&1 ! sky 7= be x und]/ood t ! ,eskimo "k no?+ ( ! air71 ! w9ds1 ! cl\ds1 & ev]y?+ 9 nature4 ,e cove ( ! sea-%ore1 e po9t1 isl&1 & prom95t rock has its gu>dian _s4 ,all are ( ! malignant type1 & to be propitiat$ only by acceptable (f]+s f p]sons :o desire to visit ! locality :]e x is suppos$ to reside4 ,( c\rse "s ( ! spirits are m p[]ful ?an o!rs1 & ^! are m to be dread$ ?an ^? able to inflict less h>m4 ,^! m9or spirits are "u ! control ( ! great _s1 ^: "n is ,tung ak4 ,?is "o great _s is m p[]ful ?an all ! re/ besides4 ,! less] spirits are imm$iately "u 8 control & ev] ready to obey 8 comm&4 ,! %aman 7or conjuror7 alone is suppos$ to be able to deal ) ! ,tung ak4 ,:ile ! %aman does n pr(ess to be sup]ior to ! ,tung ak1 he is able to enli/ 8 assi/ance & ?us be able to control all ! und]tak+s 8 pr(ession may call =4 ,?is ,tung ak is no?+ m or less ?an dea?1 :i* ev] seeks to torm5t & h>ass ! lives ( p t _! spirits may g to dwell ) him407#bej7 7,m#eh7 ,bright] at fir/ sight & m pleas+ is ! my?ology ( ! isl&]s ( ! ,pacific1 z ! picture ( x is drawn = u by "o :o seems to h felt ! *>m ( ^? beliefs :i* x 0 8 mission to de/roy4 8,by _! rude my?ology10 he says1 8ea* lovely isl& 0 made a sort ( fairy-l&1 & ! spells ( en*antm5t 7 ?r[n ov] its v>i$ sc5es4 ,! s5tim5t ( ! poet t #8,millions ( spiritual creatures walk ! e>?1 ,unse51 bo? :5 we wake1 & :5 we sleep1' 0 "o famili> to _! m9ds2 & x is impossible n to feel int]e/$ 9 a p :o 7 accu/om$ to consid] !mselves surr\nd$ by invisible intellig5ces1 & :o recogniz$ 9 ! ris+ sun--! mild & silv] moon--! %oot+ />--! meteor's transi5t flame--! ocean's ro>--! tempe/'s bla/1 or ! ev5+ breeze--! movem5ts ( mighty spirits4 ,! m\nta9's summit1 & ! fleecy mi/s t hang ^u its br[s--! rocky defile--! foam+ cat>act--& ! lonely dell--7 all reg>d$ z ! abode or resort ( ^! invisible be+s407#bea7 ,yet ! spiritual p[]s :i* compass$ ! life ( ! isl&]s on e side appe> to h be5 f> f fri5dly to man4 ,speak+ ( _! beliefs t\*+ ! s\ls ( ! dead1 ! same writ] says t ! ,polynesians 8imag9$ !y liv$ 9 a _w ( spirits1 :i* surr\nd$ !m night & day1 wat*+ e action ( _! lives1 & ready to av5ge ! slighte/ neglect or ! lea/ disob$i5ce to _! injunctions1 z proclaim$ by _! prie/s4 ,^! dread$ be+s 7 seldom ?\ght to resort to ! habitations ( m5 on err&s ( b5evol5ce407#beb7 ,! ,tahitians1 :5 !y 7 visit$ by ,capta9 ,cook1 believ$ t 8sudd5 dea?s & all o!r accid5ts are effect$ by ! imm$iate action ( "s div9ity4 ,if a man only /umble aga9/ a /one & hurt 8 toe1 !y impute x to an ,eatooa2 s t !y may be lit]ally said1 agreeably to _! sy/em1 to tread en*ant$ gr\nd407#bec7 8,! ,maori gods10 says a well-in=m$ writ]1 87 demons1 ^: evil designs c\ld only be c\nt]act$ by p[]ful spells & *>ms2 ^! prov+ effectual1 sacrifices & (f]+s 7 made to soo! ! vanqui%$ spirits & appease _! wra?40 8,! gods 9 g5]al appe>$ 9 ! :irlw9d & lightn+1 answ]+ _! vot>ies 9 ! clap ( ?und]4 ,! inf]ior be+s made !mselves visible 9 ! =m ( liz>ds1 mo?s1 butt]flies1 spid]s1 & ev5 flies2 :5 !y spoke x 0 9 a l[ :i/l+ tone4 ,!y 7 suppos$ to be s num]\s z to surr\nd ! liv+ 9 cr[ds1 kei te muia nga wairua p5ei nga wairoa1 #8! spirits ?rong l mosquitoes1' ev] wat*+ to inflict evil407#bed7 7,m#ei7 ,aga91 we are in=m$ t ! popul> religion ( ! ,pelew ,isl&]s 8has ref]5ce to ! gods 7kali?s7 :o may be useful or h>mful to m5 9 all _! do+s4 ,_! imag9ation peoples ! sea1 ! wood1 ! e>? ) num]\s gods1 & :atev] a man und]takes1 be x to cat* fi% or fell a tree1 he mu/ fir/ propitiate ! deities1 or r gu>d himself aga9/ _! spiteful ang]1 :i* c only be done by means ( c]ta9 spells & incantations4 ,! k ( ^! incantations is limit$ to a v few p]sons1 & =ms 9 fact ! secret ( ! arts & indu/ries :i* are pli$ 9 ! isl&s4 ,a ma/] ( 8 craft is n he :o c build a good h\se or a faultless canoe1 b he :o possesses ! golay or magic p[] to ban ! tree-gods1 t !y may n prove hurtful to ! workm5 & to ! p :o aft]w>ds use ! ?+s4 ,all ^! gods ( ! e>?1 ! woods1 ! m\nta9s1 ! brooks are v mis*iev\s & dang]\s1 & mo/ diseases are caus$ by !m4 ,h5ce ! p]sons :o possess ! magic p[] are dread$1 frequ5tly employ$1 & well paid2 b 9 extreme cases !y are reg>d$ z sorc]]s & treat$ accord+ly4 ,if "o ( !m builds a h\se = somebody & is dissatisfi$ ) 8 remun]ation1 he /irs up ! tree-god to av5ge him4 ,s ! inhabitants ( ! h\se he has built fall sick1 & if help is n =?com+ !y die407#bee7 ,( ! ,mortlock ,isl&]s we are told t 8_! imag9ation peopl$ ! :ole ( nature ) spirits & deities1 ( :om ! numb] 0 pa/ f9d+ out407#bef7 7,m#fj7 ,speak+ ( ! natives ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s a writ] obs]ves t 8! basis ( all ! sup]/iti\s beliefs ( ! ,negritos1 :at might else be t]m$ _! religion1 is ! con/ant pres5ce ( ! spirits ( ! dead ne> :]e !y liv$ :5 alive4 ,all places are inhabit$ by ! spirits4 ,all adv]se circum/ances1 sickness1 failure ( crops1 unsuccessful hunts1 are attribut$ to !m407#beg7 ,z to ! ,melanesians ( ,new ,brita9 we read t 8ano!r deeply root$ belief :i* ex]cises an extraord9>y influ5ce on ! life & cu/oms ( ^! p is a belief 9 demons4 ,to _! ?9k+ ! demons1 tamb>an 7a ^w synonym\s ) #8poor wret*1' #8suff]]'7 are spirits entirely p]v]se1 deceitful1 malefic5t1 & ceaselessly occupi$ 9 injur+ u4 ,diseases1 dea?1 ! p]turbations ( nature1 all un=tunate ev5ts are imput$ to !m4 ,! demons exi/ 9 legions2 !y live ev]y:]e1 especially 9 ! =e/s1 des]t places1 & ! dep?s ( ! sea407#beh7 ,! beliefs & cu/oms ( "o p>ticul> tribe ( ?is great isl&--! ,livuans1 :o occupy ! ea/]n coa/ ( ! ,gazelle ,p59sula 9 ,new ,brita9--h be5 describ$ by a ,ca?olic mission>y 9 simil> t]ms4 8,! di/ru/ful natives10 he tells u1 8h n atta9$ to a belief 9 a b5efic5t1 compassionate deity4 ,all ! m num]\s1 h[ev]1 are ! evil spirits ) :i* !y p ! univ]se4 ,^! are legion4 ,! p[] :i* ! natives ascribe to ^! spirits ext5ds n m]ely to ! prop]ty ( mank9d b also to life & dea?4 ,! ,livuan always believes t he c trace ! p]nici\s influ5ce ( ^! tamb>an 7devils7 on 8 actions4 ,9 8 conviction1 ! :ole ?\ghts & endeav\rs ( ! evil spirits h no o!r object ?an to injure m5 9 e possible way4 ,?is dismal1 com=tless sup]/ition weighs heavy on ! native407#bei7 ,aga91 ano!r writ] :o liv$ = ?irty ye>s among ! ,melanesians ( ! ,bism>ck ,ar*ipelago1 ( :i* ,new ,brita9 =ms "p1 obs]ves t 8we (t5 f9d ! view express$ t ! native is a be+ :o lives only = ! day1 )\t c>es ( any k9d4 ,! view is v errone\s1 = 9 fact he leads a life :i* is plagu$ by c>es ( all sorts4 ,among/ ! greate/ plagues ( 8 life is 8 bottomless sup]/ition4 ,he sees himself surr\nd$ at e /ep by evil spirits & _! influ5ces4 ,he tru/s nobody1 = :o kn[s :e!r 8 ne>e/ neighb\r1 8 pr(ess$ly be/ fri5d1 is n plott+ to br+ tr\ble1 sickness1 & ev5 dea? on him by means ( magic8 ,ev]y:]e he sees sn>es set = him1 ev]y:]e he sc5ts trea*]y & guile4 ,we ne$ n wond]1 !re=e1 t mi/ru/ is a lead+ feature 9 ! "* n only ( ! ,new ,britons1 b ( ! ,melanesians g5]ally4444 ,! native is simply n accessible to rational motives4 ,! only motive he und]/&s is sorc]y on ! "p ( malici\s m5 or ! influ5ce ( evil spirits407#bfj7 7,m#fa7 ,a ,dut* mission>y1 :o sp5t tw5ty-five ye>s among ! natives ( ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea1 tells u t 89 _! ignorance ( a liv+ ,god ! ,papuans p e>? & air1 l& & sea ) my/]i\s malignant p[]s1 :i* take up _! abode 9 /ones & trees or 9 m5 & cause all k9ds ( mis=tunes1 especially sickness & dea?407#bfa7 ,aga91 speak+ ( ! ,bukaua1 a tribe ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 a ,g]man mission>y writes t 8! ,bukaua kn[s himself to be surr\nd$ by spirits 7balum7 at e /ep4 ,an insight into ! life & mode ( ?\ght ( ! natives1 z ! latt] is express$ especially 9 _! /ories1 confirms ?is view completely4 ,:at wond] t ! fe> ( spirits dom9ates ! :ole exi/5ce ( ! ,bukaua & causes him to tremble ev5 9 ! h\r ( dea?8 ,!re are spirits ( ! bea*1 ! wat]1 ! fields1 ! =e/s1 spirits t reside 9 ! villages & p>ticul> places1 & a sort ( vagabonds1 :o c take up _! abode ev5 9 lifeless ?+s40 ,!n aft] describ+ ! demons ( ! bea*1 ! wat]1 & ! field1 ! writ] proce$s z foll[s3 8,( =e/ spirits ! numb] is inf9ite2 = x is above all 9 ! my/]i\s d>kness1 ! tangl$ wild]nesses ( ! virg9 =e/ t ! spirits love to dwell4 ,!y hold _! meet+s 9 :at are call$ evil places4 ,!y are nev] b5t on good4 ,especially at nightfall ! native fancies he he>s ! voice ( ! spirits 9 ! hum & *irp+ ( ! insects 9 ! =e/4 ,!y lure hunt+ dogs f ! trail4 ,!y make wild bo>s rabid2 9 ! =m ( snakes !y make inroads into human dwell+s2 !y drive m5 crazy or into fits2 !y play rogui% tricks ( all sorts407#bfb7 7,m#fb7 ,among ! tribes :o inhabit ! s\?-ea/]n coa/s ( ,new ,gu9ea 8a dea? 9 a village is ! occasion ( br++ pl5ty ( gho/s to escort _! new companion1 & p]haps fet* "s "o else4 ,all night ! fri5ds ( ! deceas$ sit up & keep ! drums go+ to drive away ! spirits4 ,:5 ,i 0 sleep+ "o night at ,hood ,bay1 a p>ty ( "y m5 & boys came r\nd ) /icks1 /rik+ ! f5ces & po/s ( h\ses all ?r\gh ! village4 ,?is ,i f\nd 0 always done :5 any "o di$1 to drive back ! spirits to _! own qu>t]s on ! adjac5t m\nta9 tops4 ,b x is ! spirits ( ! inl& tribes1 ! aborig9es ( ! c\ntry1 t ! coa/ tribes mo/ fe>4 ,! road f ! int]ior to ,port ,moresby pass$ close to our h\se1 & ! natives told u t ! b>k+ ( our ,engli% dog at night _h fright5$ ! evil spirits s effectually t !y _h _h no gho/ly visitors s9ce we came4 ,i 0 camp+ out "o night 9 ! bu% ) "s coa/ natives1 at a "t :5 a numb] ( ! natives ( ! int]ior 7 hunt+ 9 ! neighb\rhood2 notic+ t ! m5 ) me did n g to sleep1 ,i ask$ if !y 7 afraid ( ! m\nta9 m54 #8,no1' !y repli$1 #8b ! :ole pla9 is full ( ! spirits :o come ) !m4' ,all calamities are attribut$ to ! p[] & malice ( ^! evil spirits4 ,dr\ght & fam9e1 /orm & flood1 disease & dea? are all suppos$ to be br\ght by #8,vata' & 8 ho/s407#bfc7 7,m#fc7 ,! inhabitants ( ,timor1 an isl& to ! s\?-we/ ( ,new ,gu9ea1 rev]e ! "l ( heav51 ! sun1 ! mi/ress ( ! e>?1 & ! spirits ( ! dead4 8,^! la/ dwell1 "s ) ! mi/ress ( ! e>? "u gr\nd1 o!rs on graves1 o!rs 9 /ones & spr+s & woods1 "s on m\nta9s & "s 9 ! habitations ( _! k9sfolk1 :]e !y take up _! abode 9 ! middle ( ! pr9cipal po/ ( ! h\se or 9 copp] cymbals1 9 swords & pikes4 ,o!rs aga9 assume ! %ape ( pigs & de] & bees2 m5 :o h fall5 9 battle love especially to turn into bees1 t !y may roam ov] ! e>? at w4 ,! gho/s :o reside ) ! mi/ress ( ! e>? are male & female1 & _! (fspr+ sw>m by myriads 9 ! air1 s t ! p ?9k y _c /ir )\t /rik+ aga9/ "o ( !m4 ,accord+ to _! :im ( ! mom5t ! gho/s are good or bad40 8,all diseases :i* are n due to infection or transmitt$ by inh]itance are ascrib$ to ! mi/ress ( ! e>?1 to ! gho/s1 & to _! wick$ (fspr+1 :o inflict !m z puni%m5ts = insults & injuries1 = insuffici5t food1 = ! kill+ ( de] & ( wild pigs1 9 :i* ! gho/s take up _! abode tempor>ily1 & also = ! sale ( cymbals1 swords & pikes1 9 :i* a gho/ _h settl$407#bfd7 ,! natives ( ,amboyna ?9k t 8woods1 m\nta9s1 trees1 /ones1 inde$ ! :ole univ]se1 is inhabit$ by a multitude ( spirits1 ( :om _m are ! s\ls ( ! dead407#bfe7 ,9 ,bolang ,mongondo1 a di/rict ( ,celebes1 8all calamities1 great & small1 ( :atev] k9d1 & by :atev] "n !y are call$1 t befall m5 & animals1 villages1 g>d5s & s =?1 are attribut$ to evil or angry spirits4 ,! sup]/ition is indescribably great4 ,! smalle/ w\nd1 ! lea/ indisposition1 ! mo/ trifl+ adv]sity 9 ! field1 at ! fi%+1 on a j\rney or :at n1 is believ$ by ! natives to be traceable to ! ang] ( _! ance/ors4 ,! sup]/ition cripples e ef=t to rem$y ! calamities except by sacrifice4 ,!re is p]haps no c\ntry ! inhabitants ( :i* "k s little ab\t simples z ,bolang ,mongondo4 ,:at a native ( ,bolang ,mongondo calls m$ic9e is no?+ b sacrifice1 magic1 & talismans4 ,& ! me?od ( cur+ a sick man always consi/s 9 ! use ( magic1 or 9 ! propitiation ( angry ance/ral spirits by means ( (f]+s1 or 9 ! bani%m5t ( evil spirits4 ,! application ( "o or o!r ( ^! ?ree me?ods dep5ds aga9 on ! decision ( ! sorc]]1 :o plays a great "p 9 e case ( sickness407#bff7 7,m#fd7 ,9 ! isl& ( ,bali 8all ! att5tion paid to ! sick has its root solely 9 ! excessive sup]/ition ( ^! isl&]s1 :i* leads !m to impute e unpleasantness 9 life1 e adv]sity to ! influ5ce ( evil spirits or ( m5 :o are 9 "s way 9 league ) !m4 ,! belief 9 wit*es & wiz>ds is ev]y:]e great 9 ! ,indies1 b p]haps n[h]e is x s univ]sal & s /rong z 9 ,bali407#bfg7 ,9 ,java1 we are told1 x is n m]ely great %ady trees t are believ$ to be ! abode ( spirits4 8,9 o!r places also1 :]e ! vital en]gy ( nature manife/s itself /rik+ly & impressively1 a feel+ ( v5]ation is /irr$1 z on ! sea-%ore1 9 deep woods1 on /eep m\nta9 sides4 ,all su* spots are suppos$ to be ! abode ( spirits ( v>i\s k9ds1 ^: mighty p[] is reg>d$ ) rev]5ce & awe1 ^: ang] is dread$1 & ^: fav\r is hop$ =4 ,b :]ev] !y dwell1 :e!r 9 sc5es ( lovel9ess t move ! he>t1 or 9 spots t affect ! m9d ) fright & horror1 ! nature & disposition ( ^! spirits appe> n to diff]4 ,!y are a s\rce ( fe> & anxiety 9 ! "o case j z mu* z 9 ! o!r4 ,to none ( !m did ,i ev] he> moral qualities ascrib$4 ,!y are mighty1 !y are pot5tates1 & !re=e x is well ) him :o has _! fav\r & ill ) him :o has x n2 ?is holds true ( !m all40 8,! numb] ( ! spirits is innum]able & inconceivable4 ,all ! ph5om5a ( nature1 :i* we trace to fix$ laws & con/ant =ces1 are suppos$ by ! ,javanese to be wr\ght by spirits407#bfh7 7,m#fe7 ,! natives ( ! valley ( ! ,b>ito 9 ,borneo hold t 8! air is fill$ ) c\ntless hantoes 7spirits74 ,e object has su* a _s :i* wat*es ov] x & seeks to def5d x f dang]4 ,x is ^! spirits especially t br+ sickness & mis=tune on m51 & = t reason (f]+s are (t5 made to !m & also to ! p[]ful ,sangsangs 7angels71 :]eas ! supreme ,god1 ! orig9al f\nta9 ( all good1 is neglect$407#bfi7 ,( ! ,battas or ,bataks ( ,sumatra we are told t 8! key-note ( _! religi\s mood is fe> ( ! unkn[n p[]s1 a *ildi% feel+ ( dep5d5ce1 ! outcome ( a belief 9 sup]natural influ5ces to :i* man is con/antly expos$1 9 wond]s & wit*craft1 :i* hamp] 8 free action4 ,!y feel !mselves cont9ually surr\nd$ by unse5 be+s & dep5d5t on !m = ev]y?+40 8,e mis=tune bespeaks ! ill-w ( ! ho/ile spirits4 ,! :ole _w is a meet+-place ( demons1 & mo/ ( ! ph5om5a ( nature are an expression ( _! p[]4 ,! only means ( rem$y+ or c\nt]act+ _! baleful influ5ce is to drive away ! spirits by means ( c]ta9 words1 z well z by ! use ( amulets & ! (f]+ ( sacrifices to ! gu>dian spirits407#bgj7 ,to ! same effect ano!r au?ority on ! religion ( ! ,battas rem>ks t 8! common man has only a v dim & mi/y notion ( 8 triune god1 & tr\bles himself f> m ab\t ! legions ( spirits :i* p ! :ole _w ar\nd him1 & aga9/ :i* he mu/ always be protect$ by magic spells407#bga7 ,aga91 speak+ ( ! same p1 a ,dut* mission>y obs]ves t 8if !re is /ill any adh]5t ( ,r\sseau's sup]ficial !ories ab\t ! idyllically happy & c>eless life ( p #89 a /ate ( nature1' he ought to come & sp5d a little "t among ! ,bataks & keep 8 eyes & e>s op54 ,he w\ld soon be conv9c$ ( ! holl[ness & falsehood ( ^! phrases & w\ld le>n to feel a deep compassion = human be+s liv+ 9 p]petual fe> ( evil spirits407#bgb7 7,m#ff7 ,! religion ( ! ,nicob> ,isl&]s 8is an undisguis$ animism1 & ! :ole ( _! v frequ5t & elaborate c]emonies & fe/ivals are aim$ at exorcis+ & sc>+ spirits 7#8devils1' z !y h be5 taught to call !m74 ,fe> ( spirits & gho/s 7iwi7 is ! guide to all c]emonies1 & ! life ( ! p is v l>gely tak5 up ) c]emonials & fea/s ( all k9ds4 ,^! are usually held at night1 & :e!r directly religi\s or m]ely convivial1 seem all to h an orig9 9 ! ov]ma/]+ fe> ( spirits t possesses ! ,nicob>ese4 ,x has s f> prov$ in]adicable1 = two c5turies ( v>i$ & almo/ cont9u\s mission>y ef=t has _h no appreciable effect on x407#bgc7 ,! ,mantras1 an aborig9al race ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 8f9d or put a _s ev]y:]e1 9 ! air !y brea!1 9 ! l& !y cultivate1 9 ! =e/s !y inhabit1 9 ! trees !y cut d[n1 9 ! caves ( ! rocks4 ,accord+ to !m1 ! demon is ! cause ( ev]y?+ t turns out ill4 ,if !y are sick1 a demon is at ! bottom ( x2 if an accid5t happ5s1 x is /ill ! _s :o is at "w2 !reupon ! demon takes ! "n ( ! p>ticul> evil ( :i* he is suppos$ to be ! cause4 ,h5ce ! demon be+ assum$ z ! au?or ( e ill1 all _! sup]/itions resolve !mselves into en*antm5ts & spells to appease ! evil _s1 to r5d] mild & tractable ! fi]ce/ bea/s407#bgd7 ,to ! m9d ( ! ,kamt*atkan e corn] ( e>? & heav5 seem$ full ( spirits1 :om he rev]$ & dread$ m ?an ,god47#bge7 7,m#fg7 ,9 ,india f ! e>lie/ times d[n to ! pres5t day ! real religion ( ! common folk appe>s always to h be5 a belief 9 a va/ multitude ( spirits1 ( :om _m1 if n mo/1 are mis*iev\s & h>mful4 ,z 9 ,europe b5ea? a sup]ficial lay] ( ,*ri/ianity a fai? 9 magic & wit*craft1 9 gho/s & gobl9s has always surviv$ & ev5 fl\ri%$ among ! weak & ignorant1 s x has be5 & s x is 9 ! ,ea/4 ,brahmanism1 ,buddhism1 ,islam may come & g1 b ! belief 9 magic & demons rema9s un%ak5 ?r\gh !m all1 &1 if we may judge ( ! future f ! pa/1 is likely to survive ! rise & fall ( o!r hi/orical religions4 ,= ! great fai?s ( ! _w1 j 9 s f> z !y are ! outcome ( sup]ior intellig5ce1 ( pur] morality1 ( extraord9>y f]v\r ( aspiration aft] ! ideal1 fail to t\* & move ! common man4 ,!y make claims ^u 8 intellect & 8 he>t to :i* nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r is capable ( respond+4 ,! philosophy !y tea* is too ab/ract1 ! morality !y inculcate too exalt$ = him4 ,! ke5] m9ds embrace ! new philosophy1 ! m g5]\s spirits are fir$ by ! new morality2 & z ! _w is l$ by su* m51 _! fai? soon] or lat] becomes ! pr(ess$ fai? ( ! multitude4 ,yet ) ! common h]d1 :o compose ! great bulk ( e p1 ! new religion is accept$ only 9 outw>d %[1 because x is impress$ ^u !m by _! natural lead]s :om !y _c *oose b foll[4 ,!y yield a dull ass5t to x ) _! lips1 b 9 _! he>t !y nev] really ab&on _! old sup]/itions2 9 ^! !y *]i% a fai? su* z !y _c repose 9 ! cre$ :i* !y nom9ally pr(ess2 & to ^!1 9 ! trials & em]g5cies ( life1 !y h rec\rse z to infallible rem$ies1 :5 ! promises ( ! high] fai? h fail$ !m1 z inde$ su* promises are apt to d47#bgf7 7,m#fh7 ,to e/abli% = ,india 9 p>ticul> ! tru? ( ! propositions :i* ,i h j advanc$1 x may be en\gh to cite ! evid5ce ( two writ]s ( high au?ority1 "o ( :om deals ) ! mo/ anci5t =m ( ,indian religion kn[n to u1 :ile ! o!r describes ! popul> religion ( ! ,h9doos at ! pres5t day4 8,accord+ to ! cre$ ( ! ,v$ic ages10 says ,pr(essor ,old5b]g1 8! :ole _w 9 :i* man lives is animat$4 ,sky & e>?1 m\nta91 =e/1 trees & bea/s1 ! e>?ly wat] & ! heav5ly wat] ( ! cl\ds1--all is fill$ ) liv+ spiritual be+s1 :o are ei!r fri5dly or ho/ile to mank9d4 ,unse5 or embodi$ 9 visible =m1 ho/s ( spirits surr\nd & hov] ab\t human habitations1--be/ial or mis%ap5 gobl9s1 s\ls ( dead fri5ds & s\ls ( foes1 sometimes z k9dly gu>dians1 (t5] z mis*ief-mak]s1 br++ disease & mis=tune1 suck+ ! blood & /r5g? ( ! liv+4 ,a s\l is attribut$ ev5 to ! object fa%ion$ by human h&s1 ^: functions are felt to be fri5dly or ho/ile4 ,! w>rior pays 8 devotion to ! div9e w>-*>iot1 ! div9e arr[1 ! drum2 ! pl\ghman to ! pl\gh%>e2 ! gambl] to ! dice2 ! sacrific]1 ab\t :om naturally we h ! mo/ exact in=mation1 rev]es ! /one t presses out ! juice ( ! ,soma1 ! /raw on :i* ! gods recl9e1 ! po/ to :i* ! sacrificial victim is b\nd1 & ! div9e doors ?r\gh :i* ! gods come =? to enjoy ! sacrifice4 ,at "o "t ! be+s 9 ^: pres5ce man feels himself are reg>d$ by him z really end[$ ) s\ls2 at ano!r "t1 9 h>mony ) a m advanc$ conception ( ! _w1 !y are imag9$ z sub/ances or fluids inve/$ ) b5efic5t or malefic5t prop]ties3 belief oscillates to & fro betwe5 ! "o mode ( ?\ght & ! o!r4 ,! art ( turn+ to acc\nt ! op]ations ( ^! animat$ be+s1 ! play ( ^! sub/ances & =ces1 is magic r ?an wor%ip 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! f\ndations ( ?is fai? & ( ?is magic are an inh]itance f ! remote/ pa/1 f a p]iod1 to put x %ortly1 ( %amani/ic fai? 9 spirits & s\ls1 ( %amani/ic magic4 ,su* a p]iod has be5 pass$ ?r\gh by ! =efa!rs ( ! ,indo-,g]manic race z well z by o!r peoples407#bgg7 7,m#fi7 ,com+ d[n to ! ,h9doos ( ! pres5t day1 we f9d t _! attitude t[>ds ! spiritual _w is describ$ z foll[s by ,pr(essor ,moni] ,williams4 8,! pla9 fact und\bt$ly is t ! great majority ( ! inhabitants ( ,india are1 f ! cradle to ! burn+-gr\nd1 victims ( a =m ( m5tal disease :i* is be/ express$ by ! t]m demonophobia4 ,!y are haunt$ & oppress$ by a p]petual dread ( demons4 ,!y are firmly conv9c$ t evil spirits ( all k9ds1 f malignant fi5ds to m]ely mis*iev\s imps & elves1 are ev] on ! wat* to h>m1 h>ass1 & torm5t !m1 to cause plague1 sickness1 fam9e1 & disa/]1 to imp$e1 injure1 & m> e good "w407#bgh7 ,else:]e ! same writ] has express$ ! same view some:at m fully4 8,9 fact10 he says1 8a belief 9 e k9d ( demoniacal influ5ce has always be5 f ! e>lie/ times an ess5tial +r$i5t 9 ,h9du religi\s ?\ght4 ,! idea probably _h its orig9 9 ! suppos$ peopl+ ( ! air by spiritual be+s--! p]sonifications or companions ( /orm & tempe/4 ,c]ta9ly no "o :o has ev] be5 br\ght into close contact ) ! ,h9dus 9 _! own c\ntry c d\bt ! fact t ! wor%ip ( at lea/ n9ety p] c5t4 ( ! p ( ,india 9 ! pres5t day is a wor%ip ( fe>4 ,n t ! exi/5ce ( good deities presid$ ov] by "o ,supreme ,be+ is d\bt$2 b t ^! deities are believ$ to be too absolutely good to ne$ propitiation2 j z 9 anci5t hi/ories ( ! ,slav races1 we are told t !y believ$ 9 a :ite god & a black god1 b paid adoration to ! la/ alone1 hav+1 z !y suppos$1 no?+ to appreh5d f ! b5efic5ce ( ! fir/ or :ite deity4 ,! simple tru? is t evil ( all k9ds1 difficulties1 dang]s & disa/]s1 fam9es1 diseases1 pe/il5ces & dea?1 are ?\ght by an ord9>y ,h9du to proce$ f demons1 or1 m prop]ly speak+1 f devils1 & f devils alone4 ,^! malignant be+s are held1 z we h se51 to possess v>y+ degrees ( rank1 p[]1 & malevol5ce4 ,"s aim at de/roy+ ! entire _w1 & ?reat5 ! sov]eignty ( ! gods !mselves4 ,"s delight 9 kill+ m51 wom51 & *ildr51 out ( a m]e ?ir/ = human blood4 ,"s take a m]e mis*iev\s pleasure 9 torm5t+1 or revel 9 ! infliction ( sickness1 injury1 & mis=tune4 ,all make x _! bus9ess to m> or imp$e ! progress ( good works & useful und]tak+s407#bgi7 7,m#gj7 ,x w\ld be easy b t$i\s to illu/rate 9 detail ?is g5]al acc\nt ( ! dread ( demons :i* prevails among ! inhabitants ( ,india at ! pres5t day4 ,a v few p>ticul> /atem5ts mu/ suffice4 ,?us1 we are told t ! ,oraons1 a ,dravidian race 9 ,b5gal1 8ackn[l$ge a ,supreme ,god1 ador$ z ,dh>mi or ,dh>me%1 ! ,holy ,"o1 :o is manife/ 9 ! sun1 & !y reg>d ,dh>me% z a p]fectly pure1 b5efic5t be+1 :o creat$ u & w\ld 9 8 goodness & m]cy pres]ve u1 b t 8 b5evol5t designs are ?w>t$ by malignant spirits :om mortals mu/ propitiate1 z ,dh>me% _c or does n int]f]e1 if ! _s ( evil once fa/5s ^u u4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( no use to pray to ,dh>me% or to (f] sacrifices to him2 s ?\gh ackn[l$g$1 recognis$1 & rev]5c$1 he is neglect$1 :il/ ! malignant spirits are ador$40 ,aga91 x is said ( ^! ,oraons t1 8z ! sole object ( _! religi\s c]emonies is ! propitiation ( ! demons :o are ev] ?w>t+ ! b5evol5t int5tions ( ,dh>me%1 !y h no notion ( a s]vice ( ?anksgiv+40 ,once m1 aft] giv+ a li/ ( ,oraon demons1 ! same writ] goes on3 8,besides ?is sup]/iti\s dread ( ! spirits above nam$1 ! ,oraon's imag9ation trembl+ly w&]s 9 a _w ( gho/s4 ,e rock1 road1 riv]1 & grove is haunt$407#bhj7 ,aga91 a mission>y :o sp5t _m ye>s among ! ,ka*>is ( ,assam tells u t 8! religion ( ! ,ka*ri race is di/9ctly ( ! type commonly kn[n z #8animi/ic' & its und]ly+ pr9ciple is *>act]i/ically "o ( fe> or dread4 ,! /atem5t ,timor fecit deos c]ta9ly holds good ( ?is p 9 its wide/ & /ricte/ s5se2 & _! religion ?us /&s 9 v m>k$1 n to say viol5t1 contra/ ) ! tea*+ ( ! ,fai? 9 ,*ri/4 ,9 ! typical ,ka*ri village z a rule nei!r idol nor place ( wor%ip is to be f\nd2 b to ! ,ka*ri m9d & imag9ation e>?1 air1 & sky are alike peopl$ ) a va/ numb] ( invisible spiritual be+s1 kn[n usually z ,modai1 all possess+ p[]s & faculties f> great] ?an ^? ( man1 & almo/ inv>iably incl9$ to use ^! p[]s = malignant & malevol5t1 r ?an b5evol5t1 purposes4 ,9 a c]ta9 /age ( moral & spiritual developm5t m5 are und\bt$ly influ5c$ f> m by :at !y fe> ?an by :at !y love2 & ?is tru? c]ta9ly applies to ! ,ka*ri race 9 ! mo/ unqualifi$ way407#bha7 ,aga91 ! ,siy9s1 :o inhabit ! ,*9 ,hills ( nor?-ea/]n ,india1 on ! bord]s ( ,burma1 8say t !re is no ,supreme ,god & no o!r _w save ?is1 :i* is full ( evil spirits :o inhabit ! fields1 infe/ ! h\ses1 & haunt ! jungles4 ,^! spirits mu/ be propitiat$ or brib$ to refra9 f do+ ! p>ticul> h>m ( :i* ea* is capable1 = "o c de/roy crops1 ano!r c make wom5 b>r51 & a ?ird cause a liz>d to ent] ! /oma* & dev\r ! b[els407#bhb7 8,l mo/ m\nta9e]s1 ! p ( ,sikhim & ! ,tibetans are ?or\gh-go+ demon-wor%ipp]s4 ,9 e nook1 pa?1 big tree1 rock1 spr+1 wat]fall & lake !re lurks a devil2 = :i* reason few individuals w v5ture out alone aft] d>k4 ,! sky1 ! gr\nd1 ! h\se1 ! field1 ! c\ntry h ea* _! special demons1 & sickness is always attribut$ to malign demoniacal influ5ce407#bhc7 8,ev5 ! pure/ ( all ! ,lamai/ sects--! ,ge-lug-pa--are ?or\gh-pac$ devil-wor%ipp]s1 & value ,buddhism *iefly because x gives !m ! :ip-h& ov] ! devils :i* ev]y:]e vex humanity ) disease & disa/]1 & ^: f]ocity weighs heavily on all407#bhd7 ,! ,lu%ais ( ,assam believe 9 a b5efic5t _s nam$ ,pa?ian1 :o made ev]y?+ b tr\bles himself v little ab\t m54 ,f> m important 9 ord9>y life are ! num]\s demons 7huai71 :o inhabit e /ream1 m\nta91 & =e/1 & are all malignant4 ,to _! ag5cy are ascrib$ all ! illnesses & mis=tunes t afflict humanity1 & a ,lu%ai's :ole life is sp5t 9 propitiat+ !m4 ,x is ! sorc]] 7pui?iam7 :o kn[s :at demon is caus+ any p>ticul> tr\ble1 & x is he :o c prescribe ! sort ( sacrifice :i* w appease ! wra? ( ! fi5d4 ,e =m ( sickness is set d[n to ! influ5ce ( "s demon or o!r1 & all ! tales ab\t ^! spiritual foes beg9 or end ) ! recurr5t phrase1 8,!re 0 mu* sickness 9 our village407#bhe7 ,9 ,travancore 8! m9or sup]/itions connect$ ) demon-wor%ip are well-nigh innum]able2 !y ent] into all ! feel+s1 & are associat$ ) ! :ole life ( ^! p4 ,e disease1 accid5t1 or mis=tune is attribut$ to ! ag5cy ( ! devils1 & great caution is ex]cis$ to avoid ar\s+ _! fury407#bhf7 7,m#ga7 ,) reg>d to ! inhabitants ( ,ceylon we are told t 8! fi5ds :i* !y conceive to be hov]+ ar\nd !m are )\t numb]4 ,e disease or tr\ble t assails !m is produc$ by ! imm$iate ag5cy ( ! demons s5t to puni% !m3 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 e bless+ or success comes directly f ! h&s ( ! b5efic5t & supreme ,god4 ,to scre5 !mselves f ! p[] ( ! inf]ior deities1 :o are all repres5t$ z wick$ spirits1 & ^: p[] is by no means irresi/ible1 !y we> amulets ( v>i\s descriptions2 & employ a v>iety ( *>ms & spells to w>d (f ! influ5ce ( wit*craft & en*antm5ts by :i* !y ?9k !mselves beset on all sides40 8,x is probable t1 by degrees1 int]c\rse ) ,europeans w entirely d away ^! sup]/iti\s fe>s1 z ! ,c+lese ( ! t[ns h already made consid]able progress 9 subdu+ _! gloomy appreh5sions4 ,n s ! poor wret*$ peasants :o inhabit ! m m\nta9\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & live at a di/ance f our settlem5ts4 ,^! unhappy p h nev] = a mom5t _! m9ds free f ! t]ror ( ^? demons :o seem p]petually to hov] ar\nd !m4 ,_! imag9ations are s di/urb$ by su* ideas t x is n uncommon to see _m driv5 to madness f ?is cause4 ,sev]al ,c+lese lunatics h fall5 "u my own obs]vation2 & ^u inquir+ into ! circum/ances :i* _h depriv$ !m ( _! reason1 ,i univ]sally f\nd t _! wret*$ /ate 0 to be trac$ solely to ! excess ( _! sup]/iti\s fe>s4 ,! spirits ( ! wick$ subord9ate demons are ! *ief objects ( fe> among ! ,ceylonese2 & impress _! m9ds ) mu* m awe ?an ! m p[]ful div9ities :o disp5se bless+s among !m4 ,!y inde$ ?9k t _! c\ntry is 9 a p>ticul> mann] deliv]$ ov] to ! dom9ion ( evil spirits407#bhg7 7,m#gb7 ,9 ,ea/]n z well z ,s\!rn ,asia ! same view ( nature z p]vad$ by a multitude ( spirits1 mo/ly mis*iev\s & malignant1 has surviv$ ! nom9al e/abli%m5t ( a high] fai?4 8,9 spite ( _! long conv]sion1 _! s9c]e belief 91 & _! pure =m (1 ,buddhism1 :i* expressly repudiates & =bids su* wor%ip1 ! ,burmans & ,tale9s 7or ,mons7 h 9 a great measure kept _! anci5t _s or demon wor%ip4 ,) ! ,tale9s ?is is m especially ! case4 ,inde$1 ) ! c\ntry population ( ,pegu ! wor%ip1 or x %\ld r be said ! propitiation1 ( ! #8nats' or spirits1 ent]s into e act ( _! ord9>y life1 & ,buddha's doctr9e seems kept = sacr$ days & _! visits to ! ky\ng 7mona/]y7 or to ! pagoda407#bhh7 ,or1 z ano!r writ] puts x1 8! propitiat+ ( ! nats is a "q ( daily conc]n to ! l[] class ,burman1 :ile ! wor%ip at ! pagoda is only ?\ght ( once a week4 ,= ! nat may prove de/ructive & ho/ile at any "t1 :]eas ! acquisition ( koo?oh m]it at ! pagoda is a ?+ :i* may be set ab\t 9 a bus9ess-l way1 & at prop] & conv5i5t seasons407#bhi7 ,b ! t]m wor%ip1 we are in=m$1 h>dly conveys a prop] notion ( ! attitude ( ! ,burmese t[>ds ! nats or spirits4 8,ev5 ! ,k>5s & ,ka*9s1 :o h no o!r =m ( belief1 d n reg>d !m o!rwise ?an z malevol5t be+s :o mu/ be look$ up to ) fe>1 & propitiat$ by regul> (f]+s4 ,!y d n want to h any?+ to d ) ! nats2 all !y seek is to be let alone4 ,! bamboo pipes ( _s1 ! bones ( sacrificial animals1 ! hat*ets1 swords1 spe>s1 b[s & arr[s t l9e ! way to a ,ka*9 village1 are plac$ !re n ) ! idea ( attract+ ! spirits1 b ( prev5t+ !m f com+ "r among ! h\ses 9 se>* ( _! requirem5ts4 ,if !y want to dr9k1 ! rice _s has be5 p\r$ out1 & ! bamboo /\p is !re 9 evid5ce ( ! libation2 ! blood-/a9$ skulls ( ox51 pigs1 & ! fea!rs ( f[ls %[ t !re has be5 no /9t ( meat (f]+s2 %\ld ! nats wax qu>relsome1 & wi% to fight1 !re are ! axes & dahs ) :i* to comm5ce ! fray4 ,only let !m be grateful1 & leave _! trembl+ wor%ipp]s 9 peace & quietness407#bij7 7,m#gc7 ,simil>ly ! ,lao or ,laosians ( ,siam1 ?\gh !y are nom9ally ,buddhi/s1 & h monks & pagodas ) images ( ,buddha1 are said to pay m respect to spirits or demons ?an to ^! idols47#bia7 8,! desire to propitiate ! good spirits & to exorcise ! bad ones is ! prevail+ influ5ce ^u ! life ( a ,laosian4 ,) phees evil spirits to "r ( him1 to left ( him1 9 front ( him1 beh9d him1 all r\nd him1 8 m9d is haunt$ ) a p]petual desire to make t]ms ) !m1 & to ensure ! assi/ance ( ! great ,buddha1 s t he may pres]ve bo? body & s\l f ! h&s ( ! spirits407#bib7 8,indep5d5tly ( ! demons :o are 9 hell1 ! ,siamese recognise ano!r sort ( devils diffus$ 9 ! air3 !y call !m phi2 ^! are1 !y say1 ! demons :o d h>m to m5 & :o appe> sometimes 9 horrible %apes4 ,!y put d[n to ! acc\nt ( ^! malign spirits all ! calamities :i* happ5 9 ! _w4 ,if a "m has lo/ a *ild1 x is a phi :o has done ! ill turn2 if a sick man is giv5 ov]1 x is a phi t is at ! bottom ( x4 ,to appease him1 !y invoke him & make him (f]+s :i* !y hang up 9 des]t places407#bic7 ,z to ! ,?ay1 a widely spread race ( ,indo-,*9a17#bid7 a ,fr5* mission>y writes z foll[s3 8,x may be said t ! ,?ay lives 9 con/ant int]c\rse ) ! invisible _w4 ,!re is h>dly an act ( 8 life :i* is n regulat$ by "s religi\s belief4 ,!re are two wor%ips1 ! wor%ip ( ! spirits & ! wor%ip ( ! dead1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are sc>cely di/+ui%able f ea* o!r1 s9ce ! dead become spirits by ! m]e fact ( _! dea?4 ,8 simple imag9ation repres5ts to him ! _w ( spirits z a sort ( d\ble ( ! /ate ( ?+s "h bel[4 ,at ! summit is ,po ,!n1 ! fa!r ( ! empyrean4 ,bel[ him are ! ,!n--,!n ,bun1 ,!n ,kum1 ,!n ,kom1 ( :om ! *ief is ,!n ,luong1 #8! great ,!n4' ,! dead g & cultivate 8 rice-fields 9 heav5 & cle> 8 m\nta9s1 j z !y did _! own 9 _! life on e>?4 ,he has to wife a goddess ,me ,bau4 ,besides ^! heav5ly spirits1 ! ,?ay reckons a multitude ( o!rs "u ! "n ( phi4 ,8 sci5ce be+ n v ext5sive1 _m ?+s seem extraord9>y to him4 ,if he _c expla9 a c]ta9 natural ph5om5on1 8 p]plexity does n la/ long4 ,x is ! "w ( a phi1 he says1 & 8 prie/s take c>e n to dissuade him4 ,h5ce he sees spirits ev]y:]e4 ,!re are phi on ! /eep m\nta9s1 9 ! deep woods1 ! phi bai :o1 by night on ! m\nta91 imitate ! ra9 & ! /orms & leave no trace ( _! passage4 ,if !y %ew !mselves1 !y appe> 9 ! =m ( gigantic animals & cause t]rible /oma* tr\bles1 su* z di>rha1 dys5t]y1 & s on4444 ,! l>ge animals ( ! =e/1 wild ox5 & buffaloes1 rh9oc]oses1 elephants1 & s on1 h _! gu>dian spirits4 ,h5ce ! prud5t hunt] le>ns at ! outset to exorcise !m 9 ord] t1 :5 he has kill$ ^! animals1 he may be able to cut !m up & eat _! fle% )\t hav+ to fe> ! v5geance ( _! invisible gu>dian4 ,spirits also gu>d ! cle>+s :i!r ! de] come by night to dr9k4 ,! hunt] %\ld sacrifice a f[l to !m f "t to "t1 if he w\ld br+ d[n 8 game ) ease4 ,! gun itself has a _s :o looks to x t ! p[d] explodes4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,?ay _c take a s+le /ep )\t meet+ a _s on ! pa?407#bie7 8,?us ! life ( ! ,?ay seems regulat$ d[n to its smalle/ details by cu/om f\nd$ on 8 belief 9 ! spirits4 ,spirits p]petually wat* him1 ready to puni% 8 neglig5ces1 & he is afraid4 ,fe> is n only = him ! beg9n+ ( wisdom1 x is ! :ole ( 8 wisdom4 ,love has only a v mod]ate place 9 x4 ,ev5 ! respect 9 :i* he holds 8 dead1 & ! hon\rs :i* he pays !m on v>i\s occasions1 seem to be dom9at$ by a sup]/iti\s fe>4 ,x seems t ! sacrifices :i* he (f]s to !m aim r at av]t+ f himself ! evils :i* he dreads ?an at hon\r+ wor?ily ! memory ( 8 deceas$ k9sfolk & at pay+ !m ! tribute ( 8 affection & gratitude4 ,once !y sleep _! la/ sleep yond] 9 ! %ad[ ( ! great trees ( ! =e/1 none goes to %$ a te> & murmur a pray] on _! grave4 ,no?+ b calamity suffices to rescue !m f ! oblivion into :i* !y _h fall5 9 ! memory ( ! liv+407#bif7 7,m#gd7 8,! dogma1 prevail+ 9 ,*9a f ! e>lie/ times1 t ! univ]se is fill$ 9 all its p>ts ) %5 & kwei1 naturally implies t devils & demons mu/ also sw>m ab\t ! homes ( m5 9 numb]s ine/imable4 ,x is1 9 fact1 an axiom :i* con/antly comes out 9 conv]s+ ) ! p1 t !y haunt e frequ5t$ & lonely spot1 & t no place exi/s :]e man is safe f !m407#big7 8,! wor%ip & propitiation ( ! gods1 :i* is ! ma9 "p ( ,*9a's religion1 has no high] purpose ?an t ( induc+ ! gods to protect man aga9/ ! _w ( evil1 or1 by desc5d+ among m51 to drive spectres away by _! intimidat+ pres5ce4 ,?is cult implies invocation ( happ9ess2 b z happ9ess m]ely means abs5ce ( mis=tune :i* ! spectres cause1 su* a cult is tantam\nt to ! dis>m+ ( spectres by means ( ! gods4444 ,taoism may !n actually be def9$ z ,exorcis+ ,poly!ism1 a cult ( ! gods ) :i* ,ea/]n ,asiatic imag9ation has fill$ ! univ]se1 connect$ ) a highly develop$ sy/em ( magic1 consi/+ = a great "p 9 exorcism4 ,?is cult & magic is1 ( c\rse1 pr9cipally 9 ! h&s ( prie/s4 ,b1 besides1 ! lay _w1 enslav$ to ! int5se belief 9 ! p]il\s omnipres5ce ( spectres1 is engag$ e day 9 a re/less def5sive & (f5sive w> aga9/ ^? be+s407#bih7 7,m#ge7 ,9 ,corea1 8among ! reasons :i* r5d] ! %aman a necessity are ^!4 ,9 ,korean belief1 e>?1 air1 & sea are peopl$ by demons4 ,!y haunt e umbrage\s tree1 %ady rav9e1 cry/al spr+1 & m\nta9 cre/4 ,on gre5 hill-slopes1 9 peaceful agricultural valleys1 9 grassy dells1 on wood$ upl&s1 by lake & /ream1 by road & riv]1 9 nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 & we/1 !y ab\nd1 mak+ malignant sport ( human de/9ies4 ,!y are on e ro(1 ceil+1 fireplace1 kang & beam4 ,!y fill ! *imney1 ! %$1 ! liv+-room1 ! kit*5--!y are on e %elf & j>4 ,9 ?\s&s !y waylay ! travell] z he leaves 8 home1 beside him1 beh9d him1 danc+ 9 front ( him1 :irr+ ov] 8 head1 cry+ out ^u him f e>?1 air1 & wat]4 ,!y are numb]$ by ?\s&s ( billions1 & x has be5 well said t _! ubiquity is an unholy trave/y ( ! ,div9e ,omnipres5ce4 ,?is belief1 & x seems to be ! only "o he has1 keeps ! ,korean 9 a p]petual /ate ( n]v\s appreh5sion1 x surr\nds him ) indef9ite t]rors1 & x may truly be said ( him t he #8passes ! "t ( 8 soj\rn+ "h 9 fe>4' ,e ,korean home is subject to demons1 "h1 !re1 & ev]y:]e4 ,!y t\* ! ,korean at e po9t 9 life1 mak+ 8 well-be+ dep5d on a cont9ual s]ies ( acts ( propitiation1 & !y av5ge e omission ) m]ciless sev]ity1 keep+ him "u ?is yoke ( bondage f bir? to dea?40 8,koreans attribute e ill by :i* !y are afflict$ to demoniacal influ5ce4 ,bad luck 9 any transaction1 (ficial malevol5ce1 illness1 :e!r sudd5 or prolong$1 pecuni>y mis=tune1 & loss ( p[] or position1 are due to ! malignity ( demons4 ,x is ov] su* evils t ! ,pan-su %aman is suppos$ to h p[]1 & to be able to t]m9ate !m by magical rites1 he be+ possess$ by a p[]ful demon1 ^: /r5g? he is able to wield407#bii7 7,m#gf7 ,( ! nomadic ,koryaks ( nor?-ea/]n ,asia x is said t 8all _! religi\s cu/oms h only ref]5ce to ! evil spirits ( ! e>?4 ,_! religion is ?us a cunn+ diplomacy or negotiation ) ^! spirits 9 ord]1 z f> z possible1 to det] !m f actions :i* w\ld be injuri\s to m54 ,ev]y:]e1 on e m\nta91 9 ! sea1 by ! riv]s1 9 ! =e/1 & on ! pla9s _! fancy sees demons lurk+1 :om !y picture to !mselves z purely malignant & v gre$y4 ,h5ce ! frequ5t (f]+s by :i* !y seek to satisfy ! gre$ ( ^! insatiable be+s1 & to r$eem t :i* !y value & hold de>4 ,^? ( ! p :o are believ$ to be able to div9e mo/ easily ! wi%es ( ! evil ones & :o enjoy _! fav\r to a c]ta9 ext5t are call$ %amans1 & ! religi\s c]emonies :i* !y p]=m are %amanism4 ,9 e case ! %amans mu/ give _! advice z to h[ ! devils are to be got rid (1 & mu/ reveal ! wi%es ( ! demons407#cjj7 ,z to ^! demons ( ! e>?1 :o infe/ ! ,koryaks1 we are told t 8:5 visit+ ! h\ses to cause diseases & to kill p1 !y ent] f "u gr\nd1 ?r\gh ! he>?-fire1 & return ! same way4 ,x happ5s at times t !y /eal p1 & c>ry !m away4 ,!y are invisible to human be+s1 & are capable ( *ang+ _! size4 ,!y are sometimes s num]\s 9 h\ses1 t !y sit on ! p1 & fill up all corn]s4 ,) hamm]s & axes !y knock p ov] _! heads1 ?us caus+ heada*es4 ,!y bite1 & cause swell+s4 ,!y %oot invisible arr[s1 :i* /ick 9 ! body1 caus+ dea?1 if a %aman does n pull !m out 9 "t4 ,! kalau demons te> out pieces ( fle% f p1 ?us caus+ sores & w\nds to =m on _! bodies407#cja7 7,m#gg7 ,! ,gilyaks ( ! ,amoor valley 9 ea/]n ,asia believe t besides ! gods 8!re are evil sup]natural be+s :o d him h>m4 ,!y are devils1 call$ mil'k1 k9r4 ,^! be+s appe> 9 ! mo/ v>i$ =ms & are di/+ui%$ accord+ to ! degree ( _! h>mfulness4 ,!y appe> n[ 9 ! =m ( a ,gilyak1 n[ 9 ! =m ( an animal1 f a be> d[n to a toad & a liz>d4 ,!y exi/ on ! l& & 9 ! sea1 "u ! e>? & 9 ! sky4 ,"s ( !m =m special tribes ( trea*]\s be+s ^: ess5tial nature x is to be de/ructive4 ,o!rs are isolat$ individuals1 ru9$ be+s1 #8lo/ sons' ( families ( b5efic5t be+s1 :o are exceptional 9 _! ho/ility to man4 ,! =m] class are naturally ! mo/ dang]\s4 ,"s are :olly occupi$ 9 robb+ ! ,gilyak on ! road 7! spirits ( loss--g]niwu*-en72 o!rs empty 8 b>ns1 8 traps1 8 pitfalls1 & s on2 la/ly !re are su* also1 ! mo/ dreadful ( all1 :o lie 9 wait = 8 life & br+ sickness & dea?4 ,7 !re no su* be+s1 m5 w\ld n die4 ,a natural dea? is impossible4 ,dea? is ! result ( ! wiles ( ^! trea*]\s be+s407#cjb7 7,m#gh7 ,9 ! m we/]ly p>ts ( ! old _w ! same belief 9 ! omnipres5ce & mis*iev\s p[] ( spirits has prevail$ f antiquity to ! pres5t day4 ,if we may judge f ! fragm5ts ( _! lit]ature :i* h be5 deciph]$1 few p seem to h suff]$ m f ! p]si/5t assaults ( demons ?an ! anci5t ,babylonians & ,assyrians1 & ! evil spirits t prey$ on !m 7 ( a peculi>ly cruel & malignant sort2 ev5 ! gods !mselves 7 n exempt f _! attacks4 ,^! baleful be+s lurk$ 9 solit>y places1 9 graves1 9 ! %ad[ ( ru9s & on ! tops ( m\nta9s4 ,!y dwelt 9 ! wild]ness1 9 ! holes & d5s ( ! e>?1 !y issu$ f ! l[] p>ts ( ! gr\nd4 ,no?+ c\ld resi/ !m 9 heav5 above1 no?+ c\ld )/& !m on e>? bel[4 ,!y roam$ ! /reets1 !y leap$ f h\se to h\se4 ,! high & ?ick f5ces !y p5etrat$ l a flood1 ! door c\ld n /ay !m1 nor ! bolt make !m turn back4 ,!y glid$ ?r\gh ! door l a s]p5t1 !y pi]c$ ?r\gh ! planks l ! w9d4 ,!re 0 no place1 h[ev] small1 :i* !y c\ld n invade1 none s l>ge t !y c\ld n fill4 ,& _! wick$ness 0 equal to _! p[]4 8,!y are wick$1 !y are wick$10 says an incantation4 ,no pray]s c\ld move !m1 no supplications c\ld make !m rel5t2 = !y knew no pity1 !y he>k5$ n to reason1 !y knew no tro?4 ,to !m all mann] ( evil 0 ascrib$4 ,_! pres5ce 0 felt n only 9 ! t]rible w9ds t swept ! l&1 9 ! fev]s br$ ( ! m>%es1 & 9 ! diseases eng5d]$ by ! damp heat ( summ]4 ,all ! petty annoyances ( life--a sudd5 fall1 an unlucky ^w1 a heada*e1 a paltry qu>rel--7 set d[n to ! ag5cy ( fi5ds2 & all ! fi]ce emotions t r5d ! m9d--love1 hate1 jeal\sy1 & madness--7 equally ! "w ( ^! invisible torm5tors4 ,m5 & wom5 /ood 9 con/ant dang] ( !m4 ,!y tore ! wife f ! bosom ( h] husb&1 ! son f ! knees ( 8 fa!r4 ,!y ate ! fle% & drank ! blood ( m51 !y prev5t$ !m f sleep+ or tak+ food1 & to adopt a metaphor f "o ( ! texts1 8!y gr\nd ! c\ntry l fl\r40 ,almo/ e "p ( ! human frame 0 m5ac$ by a special fi5d4 ,"o demon assail$ ! head1 ano!r ! neck1 ano!r ! hips1 & s on4 ,!y b\nd a man's h&s1 !y fett]$ 8 feet1 !y spat poison & gall on him4 ,day & night mu/ he w&] )\t re/2 sighs & lam5tations 7 8 food4 ,!y attack$ ev5 ! animals4 ,!y drove doves f _! dovecotes1 & swall[s f _! ne/s2 !y smote ! bull & ! ass4 ,!y pursu$ ! cattle to _! /alls3 !y lodg$ ) ! horses 9 ! /able3 !y caus$ ! %e-ass to misc>ry1 & ! "y ass at its "m's dugs to p9e away4 ,ev5 lifeless ?+s c\ld be possess$ by !m2 = !re 7 demons t ru%$ aga9/ h\ses & took walls by /orm1 t %ut !mselves up 9 doors1 & hid !mselves "u bolts4 ,inde$ !y ?reat5$ ! :ole _w ) de/ruction1 & !re 0 none t c\ld deliv] f !m save only ! mighty god ,m>duk47#cjc7 7,m#gi7 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! anci5t ,egyptians 8!re 7 good spirits z well z bad1 b ! ,book ( ! ,dead practically ignores ! =m]1 & its magical =mulae 7 direct$ entirely aga9/ ! op]ations ( evil spirits4 ,?\gh naturally ( a gay & light-he>t$ disposition1 ! ,egyptian mu/ h liv$ 9 a p]petual /ate ( fe> ( spirits ( all k9ds1 spirits ( calamity1 disease1 & sickness1 spirits ( angry gods & ance/ors1 & above all ! _s ( ,dea?4 ,8 imag9ation fill$ ! _w ) spirits1 ^: acts seem$ to him to be g5]ally malevol5t1 & 8 magical & religi\s lit]ature & 8 amulets te/ify to ! v real t]ror ) :i* he reg>d$ 8 future exi/5ce 9 ! _w ( spirits4 ,escape f su* spirits 0 impossible1 = !y c\ld n die407#cjd7 ,9 mod]n ,egypt ! j9n1 a class ( spiritual be+s int]m$iate betwe5 angels & m51 are believ$ to p]vade ! solid matt] ( ! e>? z well z ! firmam5t1 & !y inhabit riv]s1 ru9$ h\ses1 wells1 ba?s1 ov5s1 & s =?4 ,s ?ickly d !y sw>m t 9 p\r+ wat] or o!r liquids on ! gr\nd an ,egyptian w commonly exclaim or mutt] 8,de/oor60 !reby ask+ ! p]mission or crav+ ! p>don ( any j9n :o might *ance to be !re1 & :o might o!rwise res5t be+ sudd5ly s\s$ ) wat] or unsav\ry fluids4 ,s too :5 p light a fire1 let d[n a bucket into a well1 or p]=m o!r necess>y functions1 !y w say 8,p]mission60 or 8,p]mission1 ye bless$607#cje7 ,aga91 9 ,egypt x is n consid]$ prop] to sweep out a h\se at night1 le/ 9 do+ s y %\ld knock aga9/ a j9nee1 :o might av5ge ! insult47#cjf7 7,m#hj7 ,! e>lie/ ( ! ,greek philosoph]s1 ,?ales1 held t ! _w is full ( gods or spirits27#cjg7 & ! same primitive cre$ 0 exp\nd$ by "o ( ! late/ pagan ?9k]s ( antiquity4 ,porphyry decl>$ t demons appe>$ 9 ! lik5ess ( animals1 t e h\se & e body 0 full ( !m1 & t =ms ( c]emonial purification1 su* z beat+ ! air & s =?1 _h no o!r object b t ( driv+ away ! importunate sw>ms ( ^! invisible b dang]\s be+s4 ,he expla9$ t evil spirits delight$ 9 food1 especially 9 blood & impurities1 t !y settl$ l flies on u at meals1 & t !y c\ld only be kept at a di/ance by c]emonial obs]vances1 :i* 7 direct$1 n to pleas+ ! gods1 b simply & solely to beat+ (f devils47#cjh7 ,8 !ory ( religi\s purification seems fai?fully to reflect ! cre$ ( ! savage on ?is subject17#cji7 b a philosoph] is p]haps ! la/ p]son :om we %\ld expect to f9d act+ z a mirror ( savag]y4 ,x is less surpris+ to meet ) ! same v5]able doctr9e1 ! same _w-wide sup]/ition 9 ! m\? ( a m$iaeval abbot2 = we "k t a belief 9 devils has ! au?ority ( ! f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity & is sanction$ by ! tea*+ ( ! *ur*4 ,no ,esquimau on ! froz5 %ores ( ,labrador1 no ,indian 9 ! swelt]+ =e/s ( ,guiana1 no c[]+ ,h9doo 9 ! jungles ( ,b5gal1 c\ld well h a m con/ant & abid+ s5se ( ! pres5ce ( malignant demons ev]y:]e ab\t him ?an _h ,abbot ,ri*alm1 :o rul$ ov] ! ,ci/]cian mona/]y ( ,s*n?al 9 ! fir/ half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! curi\s "w to :i* he gave ! "n ( ,revelations1 he set =? h[ he 0 daily & h\rly infe/$ by devils1 :om1 ?\gh he c\ld n see1 he he>d1 & to :om he imput$ all ! ailm5ts ( 8 fle% & all ! frailties ( 8 _s4 ,if he felt squeami%1 he 0 sure t ! feel+ 0 wr\ght 9 him by demoniacal ag5cy4 ,if puck]s appe>$ on 8 nose1 if 8 l[] lip droop$1 ! devils _h aga9 to answ] = x2 a c\gh1 a cold 9 ! head1 a hawk+ & spitt+1 c\ld h none b a sup]natural & devili% orig94 ,if1 pac+ 9 8 or*>d on a sunny autumn morn+1 ! portly abbot /oop$ to pick up ! mell[ fruit t _h fall5 9 ! night1 ! blood t m\nt$ to 8 purple face 0 s5t c\rs+ ?i!r by 8 invisible foes4 ,if ! abbot toss$ on 8 sleepless c\*1 :ile ! moonlight1 /ream+ 9 at ! w9d[1 ca/ ! %ad[s ( ! /an*ions l black b>s on ! floor ( 8 cell1 x 0 n ! fleas & s =? t kept him awake--oh no6 8,v]m910 said he sagely1 8d n really bite02 !y seem to bite inde$1 b x is all ! "w ( devils4 ,if a monk snor$ 9 ! dormitory1 ! unseemly noise proce$$ n f him1 b f a demon lurk+ 9 8 p]son4 ,especially dang]\s 7 ! demons ( intoxication4 ,^! subtle fi5ds commonly lodg$ at ! tav]ns 9 ! neighb\r+ t[n1 b on fea/ days !y 7 apt to slip ?r\gh ! mona/]y gates & glide unse5 among ! monks seat$ at ! refectory table1 or ga!r$ r\nd ! ro>+ fire on ! he>?1 :ile ! bleak w9d :i/l$ 9 ! abbey t[]s1 & a m g5]\s v9tage ?an usual gl[$ & sp>kl$ 9 ! flagons4 ,if at su* times a jolly1 rosy-fac$ bro!r appe>$ to ! c>nal eye & e> to gr[ ob/rep]\s or maudl91 to speak ?ick or to reel & /agg] 9 8 gait1 be sure x 0 n ! fi]y _s ( ! grape t mov$ ! holy man2 x 0 a _s ( q a diff]5t ord]4 ,hold+ su* views on ! s\rce ( all bodily & m5tal indisposition1 x 0 natural en\gh t ! abbot %\ld prescribe rem$ies :i* are n to be f\nd 9 ! ph>macopia1 & :i* w\ld be ask$ = 9 va9 at an apo!c>y's4 ,!y consi/$ *iefly ( holy wat] & ! sign ( ! cross2 ?is la/ he recomm5d$ p>ticul>ly z a specific = flea-bites47#caj7 7,m#ha7 ,x is easy to sugge/ t ! abbot's wits 7 unsettl$1 t he suff]$ f halluc9ations1 & s =?4 ,?is may h be5 s2 yet a mode ( ?\ght l 8 seems to be too common ov] a great "p ( ! _w to all[ u to attribute x purely to m5tal d]angem5t4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 ! g5]al level ( k 0 l[1 a /ate ( m9d l ,ri*alm's may h be5 %>$ by multitudes ev5 ( educat$ p1 :o h n1 h[ev]1 l him1 left a monum5t ( _! folly to po/]ity4 ,at ! pres5t day1 ?r\gh ! advance & spread ( k1 x might be difficult to f9d any p]son ( ackn[l$g$ sanity hold+ ! abbot's op9ions on ! subject ( demons2 b 9 remote p>ts ( ,europe a little rese>* might %ew t ! cre$ ( ,porphyry & ,ri*alm is /ill held1 ) b little v>iation1 by ! mass ( ! p4 ,?us we are told t ! ,r\manians ( ,transylvania 8believe !mselves to be surr\nd$ on all sides by :ole legions ( evil spirits4 ,^! devils are fur!rmore assi/$ by ismejus 7ano!r sort ( dragon71 wit*es1 & gobl9s1 & to ea* ( ^! dang]\s be+s are ascrib$ p>ticul> p[]s on p>ticul> days & at c]ta9 places4 ,_m & curi\s are !re=e ! means by :i* ! ,r\manians endeav\r to c\nt]act ^! baleful influ5ces2 & a :ole complicat$ /udy1 ab\t z labori\s z ! ma/]+ ( an unkn[n language1 is requir$ 9 ord] to tea* an un=tunate peasant to /e] cle> ( ! dang]s by :i* he supposes himself to be beset on all sides407#caa7 7,m#hb7 ,simil> beliefs are held to ?is day by ! ,arm5ians1 :o1 ?\gh !y are n a ,european p1 h bask$ 9 ! light ( ,*ri/ianity f a "t :5 ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,europe 0 /ill plung$ 9 hea!n d>kness4 ,all ! activities1 we are told1 ( ^! pr(ess+ ,*ri/ians 8are p>alyz$ aft] sunset1 because at e /ep !y quake ) fe>1 believ+ t ! evil demons are ev]y:]e pres5t 9 ! air1 9 ! wat]1 on ! e>?4 ,by day ! evil ones are "u ! e>?1 !re=e boil+ hot wat] may n be p\r$ on ! gr\nd1 because x s9ks into ! e>? & burns ! feet ( ! *ildr5 ( ! evil spirits4 ,b 9 ! ev5+ ! sup]/iti\s ,arm5ian w p\r no wat] at all on ! e>?1 because ! evil ones are ev]y:]e pres5t on ! e>?4 ,"s ( !m are walk+ ab\t1 o!rs are sitt+ at table & fea/+1 s t !y might be di/urb$ by ! p\r+ out ( wat]1 & !y w\ld take v5geance = x4 ,also by night y %\ld n smite ! gr\nd ) a /ick1 nor sweep out ! h\se1 nor remove ! dung f ! /able1 because )\t kn[+ x y might hit ! evil spirits4 ,b if y are compell$ to sweep by night1 y s+e ! tip ( ! broom s z to fright5 ! evil ones away 9 "t4 ,y mu/ n g out at night b>ehead$1 = ! evil ones w\ld smite y on ! head4 ,x is also dang]\s to dr9k wat] out ( a vessel 9 ! d>k1 especially :5 ! wat] is drawn f a brook or riv]2 = ! evil ones 9 ! wat] hit out1 or !y pass ) ! wat] into a man4 ,!re=e 9 dr9k+ y %\ld hold a knife ) ?ree blades or a piece ( iron 9 ! wat]4 ,! baleful influ5ce ( ! nocturnal demons ext5ds also to useful objects2 h5ce aft] sunset p d n l5d salt or fire & d n %ake out ! tableclo?1 because !reby ! salt w\ld lose its sav\r & ! welf>e ( ! h\se w\ld dep>t407#cab7 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,public ,,expulsion ,,( ,,evils4 #a4 ,! ,occasional ,expulsion ( ,evils4 7,m#hc7 ,we c n[ und]/& :y ^? g5]al cle>ances ( evil1 to :i* f "t to "t ! savage resorts1 %\ld commonly take ! =m ( a =cible expulsion ( devils4 ,9 ^! evil spirits primitive man sees ! cause ( _m if n ( mo/ ( 8 tr\bles1 & he fancies t if he c only deliv] himself f !m1 ?+s w g bett] ) him4 ,! public attempts to expel ! accumulat$ ills ( a :ole community may be divid$ into two classes1 accord+ z ! expell$ evils are immat]ial & invisible or are embodi$ 9 a mat]ial vehicle or scapegoat4 ,! =m] may be call$ ! direct or imm$iate expulsion ( evils2 ! latt] ! indirect or m$iate expulsion1 or ! expulsion by scapegoat4 ,we beg9 ) examples ( ! =m]4 7,m#hd7 ,9 ! isl& ( ,rook1 betwe5 ,new ,gu9ea & ,new ,brita91 :5 any mis=tune has happ5$1 all ! p run toge!r1 scream1 curse1 h[l1 & beat ! air ) /icks to drive away ! devil 7,m>sba71 :o is suppos$ to be ! au?or ( ! mi%ap4 ,f ! spot :]e ! mi%ap took place !y drive him /ep by /ep to ! sea1 & on rea*+ ! %ore !y r$\ble _! %\ts & bl[s 9 ord] to expel him f ! isl&4 ,he g5]ally retires to ! sea or to ! isl& ( ,lott947#cac7 ,! natives ( ,new ,brita9 ascribe sickness1 dr\ght1 ! failure ( crops1 & 9 %ort all mis=tunes1 to ! influ5ce ( wick$ spirits4 ,s at times :5 _m p sick5 & die1 z at ! beg9n+ ( ! ra9y season1 all ! inhabitants ( a di/rict1 arm$ ) bran*es & clubs1 g out by moonlight to ! fields1 :]e !y beat & /amp on ! gr\nd ) wild h[ls till morn+1 believ+ t ?is drives away ! devils2 & = ! same purpose !y ru% ?r\gh ! village ) burn+ tor*es47#cad7 ,! natives ( ,new ,cal$onia are said to believe t all evils are caus$ by a p[]ful & malignant _s2 h5ce 9 ord] to rid !mselves ( him !y w f "t to "t dig a great pit1 r\nd :i* ! :ole tribe ga!rs4 ,aft] curs+ ! demon1 !y fill up ! pit ) e>?1 & trample on ! top ) l\d %\ts4 ,?is !y call bury+ ! evil _s47#cae7 ,among ! ,di]i tribe ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 :5 a s]i\s illness occurs1 ! m$ic9e-m5 expel ,coot*ie or ! devil by beat+ ! gr\nd 9 & outside ( ! camp ) ! /uff$ tail ( a kang>oo1 until !y h *as$ ! demon away to "s di/ance f ! camp47#caf7 ,9 "s ,s\? ,african tribes x is a g5]al rule t no common man may m$dle ) spirits1 :e!r good or bad1 except to (f] ! cu/om>y sacrifices4 ,demons may haunt him & make 8 life a burd5 to him1 b he mu/ submit to _! ma*9ations until ! matt] is tak5 up by ! prop] au?orities4 ,a baboon may be s5t by evil spirits & p]* on a tree )9 gun%ot1 or regale itself 9 8 maize-field2 b to fire at ! bea/ w\ld be worse ?an suicide4 ,s long z a man rema9s a solit>y suff]]1 he has little *ance ( r$ress4 ,x is suppos$ t he has committ$ "s crime1 & t ! ance/ors 9 _! wra? h s5t a demon to torm5t him4 ,b %\ld 8 neighb\rs also suff]2 %\ld ! baboon f *oice or necessity 7= m5 d sometimes pluck up c\rage to sc>e ! brutes7 select a fre% field = its depr$ations1 or ! ro( ( ano!r man's b>n = its p]*1 ! case beg9s to we> a diff]5t complexion4 ,! magicians n[ deal ) ! matt] s]i\sly4 ,"o man may be haunt$ = 8 s9s by a demon1 b a :ole community infe/$ by devils is ano!r matt]4 ,to %oot ! baboon1 h[ev]1 w\ld be useless2 x w\ld m]ely enrage ! demon & increase ! dang]4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d is to asc]ta9 ! p]man5t abode ( ! devil4 ,x is g5]ally a deep pool ) ov]hang+ banks & d>k recesses4 ,!re ! villag]s assemble ) ! prie/s & magicians at _! head1 & set ab\t pelt+ ! demon ) /ones1 m51 wom51 & *ildr5 all jo9+ 9 ! assault1 :ile !y load ! object ( _! fe> & hate ) ! f\le/ abuse4 ,drums too are beat51 & horns bl[n at int]vals1 & :5 ev]ybody has be5 work$ up to su* a fr5zy ( excitem5t t "s ev5 fancy !y see ! imp dodg+ ! missiles1 he sudd5ly takes to flight1 & ! village is rid ( him = a "t4 ,aft] t1 ! crops may be protect$ & baboons kill$ ) impunity47#cag7 7,m#he7 ,:5 a village has be5 visit$ by a s]ies ( disa/]s or a sev]e epidemic1 ! inhabitants ( ,m9ahassa 9 ,celebes lay ! blame ^u ! devils :o are infe/+ ! village & :o mu/ be expell$ f x4 ,accord+ly1 e>ly "o morn+ all ! p1 m51 wom51 & *ildr51 quit _! homes1 c>ry+ _! h\sehold goods ) !m1 & take up _! qu>t]s 9 tempor>y huts :i* h be5 erect$ outside ! village4 ,"h !y sp5d sev]al days1 (f]+ sacrifices & prep>+ = ! f9al c]emony4 ,at la/ ! m51 "s we>+ masks1 o!rs ) _! faces black5$1 & s on1 b all arm$ ) swords1 guns1 pikes1 or brooms1 /eal cauti\sly & sil5tly back to ! des]t$ village4 ,!n1 at a signal f ! prie/1 !y ru% furi\sly up & d[n ! /reets & into & "u ! h\ses 7:i* are rais$ on piles above ! gr\nd71 yell+ & /rik+ on walls1 doors1 & w9d[s1 to drive away ! devils4 ,next1 ! prie/s & ! re/ ( ! p come ) ! holy fire & m>* n9e times r\nd ea* h\se & ?rice r\nd ! ladd] t leads up to x1 c>ry+ ! fire ) !m4 ,!n !y take ! fire into ! kit*51 :]e x mu/ burn = ?ree days cont9u\sly4 ,! devils are n[ driv5 away1 & great & g5]al is ! joy47#cah7 ,! ,alfoors ( ,halmah]a attribute epidemics to ! devil :o comes f o!r villages to c>ry !m (f4 ,s1 9 ord] to rid ! village ( ! disease1 ! sorc]] drives away ! devil4 ,f all ! villag]s he receives a co/ly g>m5t & places x on f\r vessels1 :i* he takes to ! =e/ & leaves at ! spot :]e ! devil is suppos$ to be4 ,!n ) mock+ words he bids ! demon ab&on ! place47#cai7 ,9 ! ,kei ,isl&s to ! s\?-we/ ( ,new ,gu9ea1 ! evil spirits1 :o are q di/9ct f ! s\ls ( ! dead1 =m a mighty ho/4 ,almo/ e tree & e cave is ! lodg+-place ( "o ( ^! fi5ds1 :o are moreov] extremely irascible & apt to fly out on ! smalle/ provocation4 ,to speak l\dly 9 pass+ _! abode1 to ease nature ne> a haunt$ tree or cave1 is en\gh to br+ d[n _! wra? on ! (f5d]1 & he mu/ ei!r appease !m by an (f]+ or burn ! scrap+s ( a buffalo's horn or ! hair ( a ,papuan slave1 9 ord] t ! smell may drive ! f\l fi5ds away4 ,! spirits manife/ _! displeasure by s5d+ sickness & o!r calamities4 ,h5ce 9 times ( public mis=tune1 z :5 an epidemic is rag+1 & all o!r rem$ies h fail$1 ! :ole population g =? ) ! prie/ at _! head to a place at "s di/ance f ! village4 ,"h at sunset !y erect a c\ple ( poles ) a cross-b> betwe5 !m1 to :i* !y atta* bags ( rice1 wood5 models ( pivot-guns1 gongs1 bracelets1 & s on4 ,!n1 :5 ev]ybody has tak5 8 place at ! poles & a dea?-l sil5ce reigns1 ! prie/ lifts up 8 voice & addresses ! spirits 9 _! own language z foll[s3 8,ho6 ho6 ho6 ye evil spirits :o dwell 9 ! trees1 ye evil spirits :o live 9 ! grottoes1 ye evil spirits :o lodge 9 ! e>?1 we give y ^! pivot-guns1 ^! gongs1 etc4 ,let ! sickness cease & n s _m p die ( x40 ,!n ev]ybody runs home z fa/ z _! legs c c>ry !m47#cbj7 7,m#hf7 ,9 ! isl& ( ,nias1 :5 a man is s]i\sly ill & o!r rem$ies h be5 tri$ 9 va91 ! sorc]] proce$s to exorcise ! devil :o is caus+ ! illness4 ,a pole is set up 9 front ( ! h\se1 & f ! top ( ! pole a rope ( palm-leaves is /ret*$ to ! ro( ( ! h\se4 ,!n ! sorc]] m\nts ! ro( ) a pig1 :i* he kills & all[s to roll f ! ro( to ! gr\nd4 ,! devil1 anxi\s to get ! pig1 lets himself d[n ha/ily f ! ro( by ! rope ( palm-leaves1 & a good _s1 invok$ by ! sorc]]1 prev5ts him f climb+ up aga94 ,if ?is rem$y fails1 x is believ$ t o!r devils mu/ /ill be lurk+ 9 ! h\se4 ,s a g5]al hunt is made aft] !m4 ,all ! doors & w9d[s 9 ! h\se are clos$1 except a s+le dorm]-w9d[ 9 ! ro(4 ,! m51 %ut up 9 ! h\se1 hew & sla% ) _! swords "r & left to ! cla% ( gongs & ! rub-a-dub ( drums4 ,t]rifi$ at ?is onslaught1 ! devils escape by ! dorm]-w9d[1 & slid+ d[n ! rope ( palm-leaves take !mselves (f4 ,z all ! doors & w9d[s1 except ! "o 9 ! ro(1 are %ut1 ! devils _c get into ! h\se aga94 ,9 ! case ( an epidemic1 ! proce$+s are simil>4 ,all ! gates ( ! village1 except "o1 are clos$2 e voice is rais$1 e gong & drum beat51 e sword br&i%$4 ,?us ! devils are driv5 out & ! la/ gate is %ut beh9d !m4 ,= eight days !reaft] ! village is 9 a /ate ( siege1 no "o be+ all[$ to ent] x47#cba7 7,m#hg7 ,! means adopt$ 9 ,nias to exclude an epidemic f a village :i* has n yet be5 infect$ by x are some:at simil>2 b z !y exhibit an int]e/+ comb9ation ( religi\s ritual ) ! purely magical c]emony ( exorcism1 x may be wor? :ile to describe !m4 ,:5 x is kn[n t a village is suff]+ f ! ravages ( a dang]\s malady1 ! o!r villages 9 ! neighb\rhood take :at !y reg>d z effective measures = secur+ immunity f ! disease4 ,"s ( ^! measures comm5d !mselves to u z rational & o!rs d n4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 qu>ant9e is e/abli%$ 9 ea* village1 n only aga9/ ! inhabitants ( ! infect$ village1 b aga9/ all /rang]s2 no p]son f outside is all[$ to ent]4 ,9 ! second place1 a fea/ is made by ! p = "o ( _! idols :o goes by ! "n ( ,fang]oe w*1 or ,protector f sickness4 ,all ! p ( ! village mu/ p>ticipate 9 ! sacrifice & be> a %>e ( ! co/4 ,! pr9cipal idol1 cr[n$ ) palm-leaves1 is set up 9 front ( ! *ief's h\se1 & all ! inhabitants :o c d s ga!r ab\t x4 ,! names ( ^? :o _c att5d are m5tion$1 app>5tly z a sub/itute = _! att5dance 9 p]son4 ,:ile ! prie/ is recit+ ! spells = ! bani%m5t ( ! evil spirits1 all p]sons pres5t come =w>d & t\* ! image4 ,a pig is !n kill$ & its fle% furni%es a common meal4 ,! m\? ( ! idol is sme>$ ) ! bloody he>t ( ! pig1 & a di%ful ( ! cook$ pork is set be=e him4 ,( ! fle% ?us consecrat$ to ! idol none b prie/s & *iefs may p>take4 ,idols call$ daha1 or bran*es ( ! pr9cipal idol1 are also set up 9 front ( all ! o!r h\ses 9 ! village4 ,moreov]1 bogies made ( black wood ) :ite eyes1 to :i* ! brok5 crock]y ( ! inhabitants has freely contribut$1 are plac$ at ! entrances ( ! village to sc>e ! demon & prev5t him f ent]+4 ,all sorts ( objects :it5$ ) *alk are also hung up 9 front ( ! h\ses to keep ! devil out4 ,:5 eight days h elaps$1 x is ?\ght t ! sacrifice has tak5 effect1 & ! prie/ puts an end to ! qu>ant9e4 ,all boys & m5 n[ assemble = ! purpose ( expell+ ! evil _s4 ,l$ by ! prie/1 !y m>* f\r times1 ) a prodigi\s noise & upro>1 f "o end ( ! village to ! o!r1 sla%+ ! air ) _! knives & /abb+ x ) _! spe>s to fright5 ! devil away4 ,if all ^! ef=ts prove va91 & ! dread$ sickness breaks out1 ! p ?9k x mu/ be because !y h dep>t$ f ! ways ( _! fa!rs by rais+ ! price ( victuals & pigs too high or by enri*+ !mselves ) unju/ ga94 ,accord+ly a new idol is made & set up 9 front ( ! *ief's h\se2 & :ile ! prie/ engages 9 pray]1 ! *ief & ! magnates ( ! village t\* ! image1 v[+ z !y d s to return to ! old ways & curs+ all su* z may refuse _! cons5t or violate ! new law ?us solemnly enact$4 ,!n all pres5t betake !mselves to ! riv] & erect ano!r idol on ! bank4 ,9 pres5ce ( ?is latt] idol ! weights & measures are comp>$1 & any t exce$ ! lawful /&>d are at once r$uc$ to x4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done1 !y rock ! image to & fro to signify1 or p]haps r to ensure1 !reby t he :o does n keep ! new law %all suff] mis=tune1 or fall sick1 or be ?w>t$ 9 "s way or o!r4 ,!n a pig is kill$ & eat5 on ! bank ( ! riv]4 ,! fea/ be+ ov]1 ea* family contributes a c]ta9 sum 9 tok5 t !y make re/itution ( _! unlawful ga9s4 ,! money ?us collect$ is ti$ 9 a bundle1 & ! prie/ holds ! bundle up t[>ds ! sky & d[n t[>ds ! e>? to satisfy ! god ( ! upp] & ! god ( ! ne!r _w t ju/ice has n[ be5 done4 ,aft] t he ei!r fl+s ! bag ( money into ! riv] or buries x 9 ! gr\nd beside ! idol4 ,9 ! latt] case ! money naturally disappe>s1 & ! p expla9 its disappe>ance by say+ t ! evil _s has come & fet*$ x47#cbb7 ,a me?od l t :i* at ! pres5t day ! p ( ,nias adopt = ! sake ( conjur+ ! demon ( disease 0 employ$ 9 antiquity by ! ,caunians ( ,asia ,m9or to bani% c]ta9 =eign gods :om !y _h imprud5tly e/abli%$ 9 _! c\ntry4 ,all ! m5 ( milit>y age assembl$ "u arms1 & ) spe>-?ru/s 9 ! air drove ! /range gods /ep by /ep f ! l& & across ! b\nd>ies47#cbc7 7,m#hh7 ,! ,solomon ,isl&]s ( ,b\ga9ville ,/raits believe t epidemics are always1 or ne>ly always1 caus$ by evil spirits2 & accord+ly :5 ! p ( a village h be5 suff]+ g5]ally f colds1 !y h be5 kn[n to bl[ con*-%ells1 beat t9s1 %\t1 & knock on ! h\ses = ! purpose ( expell+ ! demons & s cur+ _! colds47#cbd7 ,:5 *ol]a has brok5 out 9 a ,burmese village ! able-bodi$ m5 scramble on ! ro(s & lay ab\t !m ) bamboos & billets ( wood1 :ile all ! re/ ( ! population1 old & "y1 /& bel[ & ?ump drums1 bl[ trumpets1 yell1 scream1 beat floors1 walls1 t9 pans1 ev]y?+ to make a d94 ,?is upro>1 repeat$ on ?ree successive nights1 is ?\ght to be v effective 9 driv+ away ! *ol]a demons47#cbe7 ,! ,%ans ( ,k5gtung1 a prov9ce ( ,upp] ,burma1 imag9e t epidemics are br\ght ab\t by ! pr[l+ gho/s ( wick$ m51 su* z ?ieves & murd]]s1 :o _c re/ b g ab\t do+ all ! h>m !y c to ! liv+4 ,h5ce :5 sickness is rife1 ! p take /eps to expel ^! dang]\s spirits4 ,! ,buddhi/ prie/s ex]t !mselves actively 9 ! b5efic5t ent]prise4 ,!y assemble 9 a body at ! ,t[n ,c\rt & read ! scriptures4 ,guns are fir$ & processions m>* to ! city gates1 by :i* ! fi5ds are suppos$ to take _! dep>ture4 ,!re small trays ( food are left = !m1 b ! l>g] (f]+s are deposit$ 9 ! middle ( ! t[n47#cbf7 ,:5 smallpox fir/ appe>$ among/ ! ,kumis ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india1 !y ?\ght x 0 a devil come f ,aracan4 ,! villages 7 plac$ 9 a /ate ( siege1 no "o be+ all[$ to leave or ent] !m4 ,a monkey 0 kill$ by be+ da%$ on ! gr\nd1 & its body 0 hung at ! village gate4 ,its blood1 mix$ ) small riv] pebbles1 0 spr9kl$ on ! h\ses1 ! ?re%old ( e h\se 0 swept ) ! monkey's tail1 & ! fi5d 0 adjur$ to dep>t47#cbg7 ,dur+ ! hot summ] *ol]a is endemic 9 ,s\!rn ,*9a1 & f "t to "t1 :5 ! mortality is great1 vigor\s attempts are made to expel ! demons :o d all ! mis*ief4 ,= ?is salut>y purpose processions p>ade ! /reets by night2 images ( ! gods are borne 9 !m1 tor*es wav$1 gongs beat51 guns fir$1 crack]s popp$1 swords br&i%$1 demon-dispell+ trumpets bl[n1 & prie/s 9 full canonicals trot up & d[n j+l+ h&-bells1 w9d+ bla/s on buffalo horns1 & recit+ exorcisms4 ,sometimes ! deities are repres5t$ 9 ^! processions by liv+ m51 :o are believ$ to be possess$ by ! div9e _s4 ,su* a man-god may be se5 nak$ to ! wai/ ) 8 di%evell$ hair /ream+ d[n 8 back2 long dagg]s are /uck 9 8 *eeks & arms1 s t ! blood drips f !m4 ,9 8 h& he c>ries a two-edg$ sword1 ) :i* he deals d\ghty bl[s at ! invisible foes 9 ! air2 b sometimes he inflicts bloody w\nds on 8 own back ) ! weapon or ) a ball :i* is /udd$ ) long %>p nails4 ,o!r inspir$ m5 are c>ri$ 9 arm*airs1 ( :i* ! seat1 back1 arms1 & foot-re/ are set ) nails or compos$ ( r[s ( p>allel sword-blades1 t cut into ! fle% ( ! wret*es seat$ on !m3 o!rs are /ret*$ at full l5g? on b$s ( nails4 ,= h\rs ^! ble$+ vot>ies are c>ri$ ab\t ! city4 ,aga91 x is n uncommon to see 9 ! procession a m$ium or man-god ) a ?ick ne$le ?ru/ ?r\gh 8 tongue4 ,8 bloody spittle drips on %eets ( pap]1 :i* ! cr[d eag]ly scrambles =1 kn[+ t ) ! blood !y h absorb$ ! devil-dispell+ p[] inh]5t 9 ! man-god4 ,! bloody pap]s1 pa/$ on ! l9tel1 walls1 or b$s ( a h\se or on ! bodies ( ! family1 are suppos$ to af=d complete protection aga9/ *ol]a4 ,su* are ! me?ods by :i* 9 ,s\!rn ,*9a ! demons ( disease are bani%$ ! city47#cbh7 7,m#hi7 ,9 ,japan ! old-fa%ion$ me?od ( /ay+ an epidemic is to expel ! demon ( ! plague f e h\se into :i* he has ent]$4 ,! treatm5t beg9s ) ! h\se 9 :i* ! malady has appe>$ 9 ! milde/ =m4 ,fir/ ( all a ,%9to prie/ makes a prelim9>y visit to ! sick-room & extracts f ! demon a promise t he w dep>t ) him at 8 next visit4 ,! day aft] he comes aga91 &1 seat+ himself ne> ! pati5t1 besee*es ! evil _s to come away ) him4 ,mean:ile r$ rice1 :i* is us$ only on special occasions1 has be5 plac$ at ! suff]]'s head1 a clos$ litt] made ( p9e b\ghs has be5 br\ght 91 & f\r m5 equipp$ ) flags or weapons h tak5 po/ 9 ! f\r corn]s ( ! room to prev5t ! demon f seek+ refuge !re4 ,all are sil5t b ! prie/4 ,! pray] be+ ov]1 ! sick man's pill[ is ha/ily ?r[n into ! litt]1 & ! prie/ cries1 8,all "r n[60 ,at t ! be>]s d\ble ) x into ! /reet1 ! p )9 & )\t beat ! air ) swords1 /icks1 or any?+ t comes to h&1 :ile o!rs assi/ 9 ! cure by bang+ away at drums & gongs4 ,a procession is n[ =m$ 9 :i* only m5 take "p1 "s ( !m c>ry+ bann]s1 o!rs provid$ ) a drum1 a bell1 a flute1 a horn1 & all ( !m we>+ fillets & horns ( twi/$ /raw to keep ! demon away f !mselves4 ,z ! procession />ts an old man *ants1 8,:at god are y be>+ away80 ,to :i* ! o!rs respond 9 *orus1 8,! god ( ! pe/ we are be>+ away60 ,!n to ! music ( ! drum1 ! bell1 ! flute1 & ! horn ! litt] is borne ?r\gh ! /reets4 ,dur+ its passage all ! p 9 ! t[n :o are n tak+ "p 9 ! c]emony rema9 indoors1 e h\se along ! r\te ( ! procession is c>efully clos$1 & at ! cross-roads swordsm5 are /ation$1 :o gu>d ! /reet by hew+ ! air to "r & left ) _! blades1 le/ ! demon %\ld escape by t way4 ,! litt] is ?us c>ri$ to a retir$ spot betwe5 two t[ns & left !re1 :ile all :o escort$ x ?i!r run away4 ,only ! prie/ rema9s beh9d = half an h\r to complete ! exorcism & ! cure4 ,! be>]s ( ! litt] sp5d ! night pray+ 9 a temple4 ,next day !y return home1 b n until !y h plung$ into a cold ba? 9 ! op5 air to prev5t ! demon f foll[+ !m4 ,! same litt] s]ves to convey ! evil _s f e h\se 9 ! t[n47#cbi7 ,9 ,corea1 :5 a pati5t is recov]+ f ! smallpox1 a f>ewell d9n] is giv5 9 hon\r ( ! dep>t+ _s ( ! disease4 ,fri5ds & relations are invit$1 & ! _s's %>e ( ! good ?+s is pack$ on ! back ( a hobby-horse & despat*$ to ! b\nd>y ( ! t[n or village1 :ile respectful f>ewells are spok5 & he>ty good wi%es utt]$ = 8 prosp]\s j\rney to 8 own place47#ccj7 ,9 ,tonqu9 also a banquet is sometimes giv5 to ! demon ( sickness to induce him to g quietly away f ! h\se4 ,! mo/ hon\rable place at ! fe/ive bo>d is res]v$ = ! fi5d2 pray]s1 c>esses1 & pres5ts are lavi%$ on him2 b if he proves obdurate1 !y assail him ) co>se abuse & drive him f ! h\se ) musket-%ots47#cca7 7,m#ij7 ,:5 an epidemic is rag+ on ! ,gold ,coa/ ( ,we/ ,africa1 ! p w sometimes turn out1 arm$ ) clubs & tor*es1 to drive ! evil spirits away4 ,at a giv5 signal ! :ole population beg9 ) frightful yells to beat 9 e corn] ( ! h\ses1 !n ru% l mad into ! /reets wav+ tor*es & /rik+ frantically 9 ! empty air4 ,! upro> goes on till somebody reports t ! c[$ & daunt$ demons h made good _! escape by a gate ( ! t[n or village2 ! p /ream out aft] !m1 pursue !m = "s di/ance into ! =e/1 & w>n !m nev] to return4 ,! expulsion ( ! devils is foll[$ by a g5]al massacre ( all ! cocks 9 ! village or t[n1 le/ by _! unseasonable cr[+ !y %\ld betray to ! bani%$ demons ! direction !y mu/ take to return to _! old homes4 ,= 9 t c\ntry ! =e/ gr[s s ?ick or ! grass s high t y c seldom see a village till y are close ^u x2 & ! fir/ w>n+ ( y\r approa* to human habitations is ! cr[+ ( ! cocks47#ccb7 ,at ,great ,bassam1 9 ,gu9ea1 ! ,fr5* travell] ,hecqu>d witness$ ! exorcism ( ! evil _s :o 0 believ$ to make wom5 b>r54 ,! wom5 :o wi%$ to become mo!rs (f]$ to ! feti% w9e-vessels or /atuettes repres5t+ wom5 suckl+ *ildr54 ,!n be+ assembl$ 9 ! feti% hut1 !y 7 spr9kl$ ) rum by ! prie/1 :ile "y m5 fir$ guns & br&i%$ swords to drive away ! demon47#ccc7 ,:5 smallpox breaks out 9 a village ( ! ,cam]oons1 9 ,we/ ,africa1 ! _s ( ! disease is driv5 out ( ! village by a 8bu%man0 or memb] ( ! oppress$ ,bassa tribe1 ! memb]s ( :i* are reput$ to possess high magical p[]s4 ,! mode ( expulsion consi/s 9 drumm+ & danc+ = sev]al days4 ,!n ! village is enclos$ by ropes made ( creep]s 9 ord] t ! disease may n return4 ,ov] ! pr9cipal pa?s ar*es ( b5t poles are made1 & f[ls are buri$ z sacrifices4 ,plants ( v>i\s sorts & ! mu%room-%ap$ ne/s ( t]mite ants are hung f ! ar*es1 & a dog1 fre%ly kill$1 is susp5d$ ov] ! middle ( ! entrance47#ccd7 ,! ,gallas try to drive away fev] by fir+ guns1 %\t+1 & light+ great fires47#cce7 ,:5 sickness 0 preval5t 9 a ,huron village1 & all o!r rem$ies _h be5 tri$ 9 va91 ! ,indians _h rec\rse to ! c]emony call$ ,lon\yroya1 8:i* is ! pr9cipal inv5tion & mo/ prop] means1 s !y say1 to expel f ! t[n or village ! devils & evil spirits :i* cause1 induce1 & import all ! maladies & infirmities :i* !y suff] 9 body & m9d40 ,accord+ly1 "o ev5+ ! m5 w\ld beg9 to ru% l madm5 ab\t ! village1 break+ & upsett+ :atev] !y came across 9 ! wigwams4 ,!y ?rew fire & burn+ br&s ab\t ! /reets1 & all night long !y ran h[l+ & s++ )\t cessation4 ,!n !y all dream$ ( some?+1 a knife1 dog1 sk91 or :atev] x might be1 & :5 morn+ came !y w5t f wigwam to wigwam ask+ = pres5ts4 ,^! !y receiv$ sil5tly1 till ! p>ticul> ?+ 0 giv5 !m :i* !y _h dream$ ab\t4 ,on receiv+ x !y utt]$ a cry ( joy & ru%$ f ! hut1 amid ! congratulations ( all pres5t4 ,! heal? ( ^? :o receiv$ :at !y _h dream$ ( 0 believ$ to be assur$2 :]eas ^? :o did n get :at !y _h set _! he>ts ^u reg>d$ _! fate z seal$47#ccf7 7,m#ia7 ,sometimes1 in/ead ( *as+ ! demon ( disease f _! homes1 savages pref] to leave him 9 peaceable possession1 :ile !y !mselves take to flight & attempt to prev5t him f foll[+ 9 _! tracks4 ,?us :5 ! ,patagonians 7 attack$ by smallpox1 :i* !y attribut$ to ! ma*9ations ( an evil _s1 !y us$ to ab&on _! sick & flee1 sla%+ ! air ) _! weapons & ?r[+ wat] ab\t 9 ord] to keep (f ! dreadful pursu]2 & :5 aft] sev]al days' m>* !y rea*$ a place :]e !y hop$ to be beyond 8 rea*1 !y us$ by way ( precaution to plant all _! cutt+ weapons ) ! %>p edges turn$ t[>ds ! qu>t] f :i* !y _h come1 z if !y 7 repell+ a *>ge ( cavalry47#ccg7 ,simil>ly1 :5 ! ,lules or ,tonocotes ,indians ( ! ,gran ,*aco 7 attack$ by an epidemic1 !y regul>ly s\ght to evade x by flight1 b 9 s do+ !y always foll[$ a s9u\s1 n a /raight1 c\rse2 because !y said t :5 ! disease made aft] !m he w\ld be s exhau/$ by ! turn+s & w9d+s ( ! r\te t he w\ld nev] be able to come up ) !m47#cch7 ,:5 ! ,indians ( ,new ,mexico 7 decimat$ by smallpox or o!r infecti\s disease1 !y us$ to %ift _! qu>t]s e day1 retreat+ into ! mo/ seque/]$ p>ts ( ! m\nta9s & *oos+ ! ?ornie/ ?ickets !y c\ld f9d1 9 ! hope t ! smallpox w\ld be too afraid ( scrat*+ himself on ! ?orns to foll[ !m47#cci7 ,:5 "s ,*9s on a visit to ,rangoon 7 attack$ by *ol]a1 !y w5t ab\t ) drawn swords to sc>e away ! demon1 & !y sp5t ! day hid+ "u bu%es s t he might n be able to f9d !m47#cdj7 #b4 ,! ,p]iodic ,expulsion ( ,evils4 7,m#ib7 ,! expulsion ( evils1 f be+ occasional1 t5ds to become p]iodic4 ,x comes to be ?\ght desirable to h a g5]al riddance ( evil spirits at fix$ times1 usually once a ye>1 9 ord] t ! p may make a fre% />t 9 life1 fre$ f all ! malignant influ5ces :i* h be5 long accumulat+ ab\t !m4 ,"s ( ! ,au/ralian blacks annually expell$ ! gho/s ( ! dead f _! t]ritory4 ,! c]emony 0 witness$ by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,ridley on ! banks ( ! ,riv] ,b>wan4 8,a *orus ( tw5ty1 old & "y1 7 s++ & beat+ "t ) boom]angs4444 ,sudd5ly1 f "u a %eet ( b>k d>t$ a man ) 8 body :it5$ by pipeclay1 8 head & face col\r$ ) l9es ( r$ & yell[1 & a tuft ( fea!rs fix$ by means ( a /ick two feet above ! cr[n ( 8 head4 ,he /ood tw5ty m9utes p]fectly /ill1 gaz+ upw>ds4 ,an aborig9al :o /ood by told me he 0 look+ = ! gho/s ( dead m54 ,at la/ he began to move v sl[ly1 & soon ru%$ to & fro at full spe$1 fl\ri%+ a bran* z if to drive away "s foes invisible to u4 ,:5 ,i ?\ght ?is pantomime mu/ be almo/ ov]1 t5 m1 simil>ly adorn$1 sudd5ly appe>$ f beh9d ! trees1 & ! :ole p>ty jo9$ 9 a brisk conflict ) _! my/]i\s assailants4444 ,at la/1 aft] "s rapid evolutions 9 :i* !y put =? all _! /r5g?1 !y re/$ f ! excit+ toil :i* !y _h kept up all night & = "s h\rs aft] sunrise2 !y seem$ satisfi$ t ! gho/s 7 driv5 away = twelve mon?s4 ,!y 7 p]=m+ ! same c]emony at e /ation along ! riv]1 & ,i am told x is an annual cu/om407#cda7 7,m#ic7 ,c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye> m>k !mselves naturally out z appropriate mom5ts = a g5]al expulsion ( devils4 ,su* a mom5t occurs t[>ds ! close ( an ,arctic w9t]1 :5 ! sun reappe>s on ! horizon aft] an abs5ce ( weeks or mon?s4 ,accord+ly1 at ,po9t ,b>r[1 ! mo/ nor!rly extremity ( ,alaska1 & ne>ly ( ,am]ica1 ! ,esquimaux *oose ! mom5t ( ! sun's reappe>ance to hunt ! mis*iev\s _s ,tua f e h\se4 ,! c]emony 0 witness$ by ! memb]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,pol> ,exp$ition1 :o w9t]$ at ,po9t ,b>r[4 ,a fire 0 built 9 front ( ! c\ncil-h\se1 & an old woman 0 po/$ at ! entrance to e h\se4 ,! m5 ga!r$ r\nd ! c\ncil-h\se1 :ile ! "y wom5 & girls drove ! spirits out ( e h\se ) _! knives1 /abb+ vici\sly "u ! bunk & de]-sk9s1 & call+ ^u ,tua to be gone4 ,:5 !y ?\ght he _h be5 driv5 out ( e hole & corn]1 !y ?ru/ him d[n ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! floor & *as$ him into ! op5 air ) l\d cries & frantic ge/ures4 ,mean:ile ! old woman at ! entrance ( ! h\se made passes ) a long knife 9 ! air to keep him f return+4 ,ea* p>ty drove ! _s t[>ds ! fire & invit$ him to g into x4 ,all 7 by ?is "t drawn up 9 a semicircle r\nd ! fire1 :5 sev]al ( ! lead+ m5 made specific *>ges aga9/ ! _s2 & ea* aft] 8 spee* bru%$ 8 clo!s viol5tly1 call+ on ! _s to leave him & g into ! fire4 ,two m5 n[ /epp$ =w>d ) rifles load$ ) blank c>tridges1 :ile a ?ird br\ght a vessel ( ur9e & flung x on ! flames4 ,at ! same "t "o ( ! m5 fir$ a %ot into ! fire2 & z ! cl\d ( /eam rose x receiv$ ! o!r %ot1 :i* 0 suppos$ to f9i% ,tua = ! "t be+47#cdb7 7,m#id7 ,9 late autumn1 :5 /orms rage ov] ! l& & break ! icy fett]s by :i* ! froz5 sea is z yet b slightly b\nd1 :5 ! loos5$ floes are driv5 aga9/ ea* o!r & break ) l\d cra%es1 & :5 ! cakes ( ice are pil$ 9 wild disord] "o ^u ano!r1 ! ,esquimaux ( ,baff9 ,l& fancy !y he> ! voices ( ! spirits :o p ! mis*ief-lad5 air4 ,!n ! gho/s ( ! dead knock wildly at ! huts1 :i* !y _c ent]1 & woe to ! hapless wight :om !y cat*2 he soon sick5s & dies4 ,!n ! phantom ( a huge hairless dog pursues ! real dogs1 :i* expire 9 convulsions & cramps at sight ( him4 ,all ! c\ntless spirits ( evil are abroad1 /riv+ to br+ sickness & dea?1 f\l wea!r & failure 9 hunt+ on ! ,esquimaux4 ,mo/ dread$ ( all ^! spectral visitants are ,s$na1 mi/ress ( ! ne!r _w1 & h] fa!r1 to ^: %>e dead ,esquimaux fall4 ,:ile ! o!r spirits fill ! air & ! wat]1 %e rises f "u gr\nd4 ,x is !n a busy season = ! wiz>ds4 ,9 e h\se y may he> !m s++ & pray+1 :ile !y conjure ! spirits1 seat$ 9 a my/ic gloom at ! back ( ! hut1 :i* is dimly lit by a lamp burn+ l[4 ,! h>de/ task ( all is to drive away ,s$na1 & ?is is res]v$ = ! mo/ p[]ful en*ant]4 ,a rope is coil$ on ! floor ( a l>ge hut 9 su* a way z to leave a small op5+ at ! top1 :i* repres5ts ! brea?+ hole ( a seal4 ,two en*ant]s /& beside x1 "o ( !m grasp+ a spe> z if he 7 wat*+ a seal-hole 9 w9t]1 ! o!r hold+ ! h>poon-l9e4 ,a ?ird sorc]] sits at ! back ( ! hut *ant+ a magic song to lure ,s$na to ! spot4 ,n[ %e is he>d approa*+ "u ! floor ( ! hut1 brea?+ heavily2 n[ %e em]ges at ! hole2 n[ %e is h>poon$ & s9ks away 9 angry ha/e1 dragg+ ! h>poon ) h]1 :ile ! two m5 hold on to ! l9e ) all _! might4 ,! /ruggle is sev]e1 b at la/ by a desp]ate wr5* %e te>s h]self away & returns to h] dwell+ 9 ,adlivun4 ,:5 ! h>poon is drawn up out ( ! hole x is f\nd to be spla%$ ) blood1 :i* ! en*ant]s pr\dly exhibit z a pro( ( _! pr[ess4 ,?us ,s$na & ! o!r evil spirits are at la/ driv5 away1 & next day a great fe/ival is celebrat$ by old & "y 9 hon\r ( ! ev5t4 ,b !y mu/ /ill be cauti\s1 = ! w\nd$ ,s$na is furi\s & w seize any "o %e may f9d outside ( 8 hut2 s !y all we> amulets on ! top ( _! hoods to protect !mselves aga9/ h]4 ,^! amulets consi/ ( pieces ( ! fir/ g>m5ts t !y wore aft] bir?47#cdc7 7,m#ie7 ,! ,koryaks ( ! ,taigonos ,p59sula1 9 nor?-ea/]n ,asia1 celebrate annually a fe/ival aft] ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,ri* m5 invite all _! neighb\rs to ! fe/ival1 (f] a sacrifice to 8,!-,"o-on-,high10 & slaught] _m re9de] = _! gue/s4 ,if !re is a %aman pres5t he goes all r\nd ! int]ior ( ! h\se1 beat+ ! drum & driv+ away ! demons 7kalau74 ,he se>*es all ! p 9 ! h\se1 & if he f9ds a demon's arr[ /ick+ 9 ! body ( "o ( !m1 he pulls x out1 ?\gh naturally ! arr[ is invisible to common eyes4 ,9 ?is way he protects !m aga9/ disease & dea?4 ,if !re is no %aman pres5t1 ! demons may be expell$ by ! ho/ or by a woman skill$ 9 incantations47#cdd7 7,m#if7 ,! ,iroquois inaugurat$ ! new ye> 9 ,janu>y1 ,febru>y1 or ,m>* 7! "t v>i$7 ) a 8fe/ival ( dreams0 l t :i* ! ,hurons obs]v$ on special occasions47#cde7 ,! :ole c]emonies la/$ sev]al days1 or ev5 weeks1 & =m$ a k9d ( saturnalia4 ,m5 & wom51 v>i\sly disguis$1 w5t f wigwam to wigwam sma%+ & ?r[+ d[n :atev] !y came across4 ,x 0 a "t ( g5]al lic5se2 ! p 7 suppos$ to be out ( _! s5ses1 & !re=e n to be responsible = :at !y did4 ,accord+ly1 _m seiz$ ! opportunity ( pay+ (f old scores by belab\r+ obnoxi\s p]sons1 dr5*+ !m ) ice-cold wat]1 & cov]+ !m ) fil? or hot a%es4 ,o!rs seiz$ burn+ br&s or coals & flung !m at ! heads ( ! fir/ p]sons !y met4 ,! only way ( escap+ f ^! p]secutors 0 to guess :at !y _h dream$ (4 ,on "o day ( ! fe/ival ! c]emony ( driv+ away evil spirits f ! village took place4 ,m5 clo!d 9 ! sk9s ( wild bea/s1 _! faces cov]$ ) hide\s masks1 & _! h&s ) ! %ell ( ! tortoise1 w5t f hut to hut mak+ frightful noises2 9 e hut !y took ! fuel f ! fire & scatt]$ ! emb]s & a%es ab\t ! floor ) _! h&s4 ,! g5]al confession ( s9s :i* prec$$ ! fe/ival 0 probably a prep>ation = ! public expulsion ( evil influ5ces2 x 0 a way ( /ripp+ ! p ( _! moral burd5s1 t ^! might be collect$ & ca/ out4 ,?is ,new ,ye> fe/ival is /ill celebrat$ by "s ( ! hea!n ,iroquois1 ?\gh x has be5 %orn ( its =m] turbul5ce4 ,a conspicu\s feature 9 ! c]emony is n[ ! sacrifice ( ! ,:ite ,dog1 b ?is appe>s to h be5 add$ to ! fe/ival 9 comp>atively mod]n times1 & does n figure 9 ! olde/ descriptions ( ! c]emonies4 ,we %all return to x lat] on47#cdf7 ,a great annual fe/ival ( ! ,*]okee ,indians 0 ! ,propitiation1 8,cem5tation10 or ,purification fe/ival4 8,x 0 celebrat$ %ortly aft] ! fir/ new moon ( autumn1 & consi/$ ( a multiplicity ( rigor\s rites1 fa/+s1 ablutions1 & purifications4 ,among ! mo/ important function>ies on ! occasion 7 sev5 exorcis]s or cleans]s1 ^: duty x 01 at a c]ta9 /age ( ! proce$+s1 to drive away evil & purify ! t[n4 ,ea* "o bore 9 8 h& a :ite rod ( sycamore4 #8,! lead]1 foll[$ by ! o!rs1 walk$ ar\nd ! national heptagon1 & com+ to ! treasure or /ore-h\se to ! we/ ( x1 !y la%$ ! eaves ( ! ro(s ) _! rods4 ,! lead] !n w5t to ano!r h\se1 foll[$ by ! o!rs1 s++1 & repeat$ ! same c]emony until e h\se 0 purifi$4' ,?is c]emony 0 repeat$ daily dur+ ! cont9uance ( ! fe/ival4 ,9 p]=m+ _! ablutions !y w5t into ! wat]1 & all[$ _! old clo!s to be c>ri$ away by ! /ream1 by :i* means !y suppos$ _! impurities remov$407#cdg7 7,m#ig7 ,9 ,septemb] ! ,incas ( ,p]u celebrat$ a fe/ival call$ ,situa1 ! object ( :i* 0 to bani% f ! capital & its vic9ity all disease & tr\ble4 ,! fe/ival fell 9 ,septemb] because ! ra9s beg9 ab\t ?is "t1 & ) ! fir/ ra9s !re 0 g5]ally mu* sickness4 ,& ! melan*oly begott5 by ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r & ! sickl9ess ( ! season may well h be5 height5$ by ! /]nness ( a l&scape :i* at all times is fitt$ to oppress ! m9d ) a s5se ( desolation & gloom4 ,= ,cuzco1 ! capital ( ! ,incas & ! sc5e ( ! c]emony1 lies 9 a high upl& valley1 b>e & treeless1 %ut 9 on e side by ! mo/ arid & =bidd+ m\nta9s47#cdh7 ,z a prep>ation = ! fe/ival ! p fa/$ on ! fir/ day ( ! moon aft] ! autumnal equ9ox4 ,hav+ fa/$ dur+ ! day1 & ! night be+ come1 !y bak$ a co>se pa/e ( maize4 ,?is pa/e 0 made ( two sorts4 ,"o 0 knead$ ) ! blood ( *ildr5 ag$ f five to t5 ye>s1 ! blood be+ obta9$ by ble$+ ! *ildr5 betwe5 ! eyebr[s4 ,^! two k9ds ( pa/e 7 bak$ sep>ately1 because !y 7 = diff]5t uses4 ,ea* family assembl$ at ! h\se ( ! elde/ bro!r to celebrate ! fea/2 & ^? :o _h no eld] bro!r w5t to ! h\se ( _! next relation ( great] age4 ,on ! same night all :o _h fa/$ dur+ ! day wa%$ _! bodies1 & tak+ a little ( ! blood-knead$ pa/e1 rubb$ x ov] _! head1 face1 brea/1 %\ld]s1 arms1 & legs4 ,!y did ?is 9 ord] t ! pa/e might take away all _! infirmities4 ,aft] ?is ! head ( ! family ano9t$ ! ?re%old ) ! same pa/e1 & left x !re z a tok5 t ! inmates ( ! h\se _h p]=m$ _! ablutions & cleans$ _! bodies4 ,meantime ! ,high ,prie/ p]=m$ ! same c]emonies 9 ! temple ( ! ,sun4 ,z soon z ! ,sun rose1 all ! p wor%ipp$ & bes\ght him to drive all evils out ( ! city1 & !n !y broke _! fa/ ) ! pa/e t _h be5 knead$ )\t blood4 ,:5 !y _h paid _! wor%ip & brok5 _! fa/1 :i* !y did at a /at$ h\r1 9 ord] t all might adore ! ,sun z "o man1 an ,inca ( ! blood royal came =? f ! =tress1 z a mess5g] ( ! ,sun1 ri*ly dress$1 ) 8 mantle gird$ r\nd 8 body1 & a lance 9 8 h&4 ,! lance 0 deck$ ) fea!rs ( _m hues1 ext5d+ f ! blade to ! socket1 & fa/5$ ) r+s ( gold4 ,he ran d[n ! hill f ! =tress br&i%+ 8 lance1 till he rea*$ ! c5tre ( ! great squ>e1 :]e /ood ! gold5 urn1 l a f\nta91 t 0 us$ = ! sacrifice ( ! f]m5t$ juice ( ! maize4 ,"h f\r o!r ,incas ( ! blood royal await$ him1 ea* ) a lance 9 8 h&1 & 8 mantle gird$ up to run4 ,! mess5g] t\*$ _! f\r lances ) 8 lance1 & told !m t ! ,sun bade !m1 z 8 mess5g]s1 drive ! evils out ( ! city4 ,! f\r ,incas !n sep>at$ & ran d[n ! f\r royal roads :i* l$ out ( ! city to ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! _w4 ,:ile !y ran1 all ! p1 great & small1 came to ! doors ( _! h\ses1 & ) great %\ts ( joy & gladness %ook _! clo!s1 z if !y 7 %ak+ (f du/1 :ile !y cri$1 8,let ! evils be gone4 ,h[ greatly desir$ has ?is fe/ival be5 by u4 ,o ,creator ( all ?+s1 p]mit u to rea* ano!r ye>1 t we may see ano!r fea/ l ?is40 ,aft] !y _h %ak5 _! clo!s1 !y pass$ _! h&s ov] _! heads1 faces1 arms1 & legs1 z if 9 ! act ( wa%+4 ,all ?is 0 done to drive ! evils out ( _! h\ses1 t ! mess5g]s ( ! ,sun might bani% !m f ! city2 & x 0 done n only 9 ! /reets ?r\gh :i* ! ,incas ran1 b g5]ally 9 all qu>t]s ( ! city4 ,moreov]1 !y all danc$1 ! ,inca himself among/ !m1 & ba!d 9 ! riv]s & f\nta9s1 say+ t _! maladies w\ld come out ( !m4 ,!n !y took great tor*es ( /raw1 b\nd r\nd ) cords4 ,^! !y light$1 & pass$ f "o to ! o!r1 /rik+ ea* o!r ) !m1 & say+1 8,let all h>m g away40 ,mean:ile ! runn]s ran ) _! lances = a qu>t] ( a league outside ! city1 :]e !y f\nd f\r o!r ,incas ready1 :o receiv$ ! lances f _! h&s & ran ) !m4 ,?us ! lances 7 c>ri$ by relays ( runn]s = a di/ance ( five or six leagues1 at ! end ( :i* ! runn]s wa%$ !mselves & _! weapons 9 riv]s1 & set up ! lances1 9 sign ( a b\nd>y )9 :i* ! bani%$ evils might n return47#cdi7 7,m#ih7 ,! negroes ( ,gu9ea annually bani% ! devil f all _! t[ns ) mu* c]emony at a "t set ap>t = ! purpose4 ,at ,axim1 on ! ,gold ,coa/1 ?is annual expulsion is prec$$ by a fea/ ( eight days1 dur+ :i* mir? & jollity1 skipp+1 danc+1 & s++ prevail1 & 8a p]fect lampoon+ lib]ty is all[$1 & sc&al s highly exalt$1 t !y may freely s+ ( all ! faults1 villanies1 & frauds ( _! sup]iors z well z inf]iors1 )\t puni%m5t1 or s mu* z ! lea/ int]ruption40 ,on ! eigh? day !y hunt out ! devil ) a dismal cry1 runn+ aft] him & pelt+ him ) /icks1 /ones1 & :atev] comes to h&4 ,:5 !y h driv5 him f> en\gh out ( ! t[n1 !y all return4 ,9 ?is way he is expell$ f m ?an a hundr$ t[ns at ! same "t4 ,to make sure t he does n return to _! h\ses1 ! wom5 wa% & sc\r all _! wood5 & e>!n vessels1 8to free !m f all uncleanness & ! devil407#cej7 ,a lat] writ] tells u t 8on ! ,gold ,coa/ !re are /at$ occasions1 :5 ! p turn out en masse 7g5]ally at night7 ) clubs & tor*es to drive away ! evil spirits f _! t[ns4 ,at a giv5 signal1 ! :ole community />t up1 comm5ce a mo/ hide\s h[l+1 beat ab\t 9 e nook & corn] ( _! dwell+s1 !n ru% into ! /reets1 ) _! tor*es & clubs1 l s _m frantic maniacs1 beat ! air1 & scream at ! top ( _! voices1 until "s "o ann\nces ! dep>ture ( ! spirits ?r\gh "s gate ( ! t[n1 :5 !y are pursu$ sev]al miles into ! woods1 & w>n$ n to come back4 ,aft] ?is ! p brea! easi]1 sleep m quietly1 h bett] heal?1 & ! t[n is once m *e]$ by an abundance ( food407#cea7 7,m#ii7 ,! c]emony z x is practis$ at ,gatto1 9 ,b591 has be5 describ$ by an ,engli% travell]4 ,he says3 8,x 0 ab\t ?is "t t ,i witness$ a /range c]emony1 peculi> to ?is p1 call$ ! "t ( ! #8gr& devils4' ,eight m5 7 dress$ 9 a mo/ curi\s mann]1 hav+ a dress made ( bamboo ab\t _! bodies1 & a cap on ! head1 ( v>i\s col\rs & ornam5t$ ) r$ fea!rs tak5 f ! p>rot's tail2 r\nd ! legs 7 twi/$ /r+s ( %ells1 :i* made a clatt]+ noise z !y walk$1 & ! face & h&s ( ea* individual 7 cov]$ ) a net4 ,^! /range be+s g ab\t ! t[n1 by day & by night1 = ! t]m ( "o mon?1 utt]+ ! mo/ discordant & frightful noises2 no "o dur/ v5ture out at night = fe> ( be+ kill$ or s]i\sly maltreat$ by ^! fell[s1 :o are !n especially engag$ 9 driv+ ! evil spirits f ! t[n4 ,!y g r\nd to all ! *ief's h\ses1 & 9 addition to ! noise !y make1 p]=m "s extraord9>y feats 9 tumbl+ & gymna/ics1 = :i* !y receive a few c[ries407#ceb7 7,m#ajj7 ,at ,cape ,coa/ ,ca/le1 on ! ,gold ,coa/1 ! c]emony 0 witness$ on ! n9? ( ,octob] #ahdd by an ,engli%man1 :o has describ$ x z foll[s3 8,to-night ! annual cu/om ( driv+ ! evil _s1 ,abonsam1 out ( ! t[n has tak5 place4 ,z soon z ! eight o'clock gun fir$ 9 ! =t ! p began fir+ muskets 9 _! h\ses1 turn+ all _! furniture out ( doors1 beat+ ab\t 9 e corn] ( ! rooms ) /icks1 etc41 & scream+ z l\dly z possible1 9 ord] to fright5 ! devil4 ,be+ driv5 out ( ! h\ses1 z !y imag9e1 !y salli$ =? into ! /reets1 ?r[+ light$ tor*es ab\t1 %\t+1 scream+1 beat+ /icks toge!r1 rattl+ old pans1 mak+ ! mo/ horrid noise1 9 ord] to drive him out ( ! t[n into ! sea4 ,! cu/om is prec$$ by f\r weeks' dead sil5ce2 no gun is all[$ to be fir$1 no drum to be beat51 no palav] to be made betwe5 man & man4 ,if1 dur+ ^! weeks1 two natives %\ld disagree & make a noise 9 ! t[n1 !y are imm$iately tak5 be=e ! k+ & f9$ heavily4 ,if a dog or pig1 %eep or goat be f\nd at l>ge 9 ! /reet1 x may be kill$1 or tak5 by anyone1 ! =m] own] n be+ all[$ to dem& any comp5sation4 ,?is sil5ce is design$ to deceive ,abonsam1 t1 be+ (f 8 gu>d1 he may be tak5 by surprise1 & fright5$ out ( ! place4 ,if anyone die dur+ ! sil5ce1 8 relatives are n all[$ to weep until ! f\r weeks h be5 complet$407#cec7 7,m#aja7 ,at ,onit%a1 on ! ,nig]1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,taylor witness$ ! celebration ( ,new ,ye>'s ,day by ! negroes4 ,x fell on ! tw5tie? ( ,decemb] #aheh4 ,e family br\ght a firebr& out into ! /reet1 ?rew x away1 & exclaim$ z !y return$1 8,! gods ( ! new ye>6 ,new ,ye> has come r\nd aga940 ,mr4 ,taylor adds1 8,! mean+ ( ! cu/om seems to be t ! fire is to drive away ! old ye> ) its sorr[s & evils1 & to embrace ! new ye> ) he>ty reception407#ced7 ,( all ,abyss9ian fe/ivals t ( ,mascal or ! ,cross is celebrat$ ) ! greate/ pomp4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ! int]val betwe5 ,/4 ,john's day & ! fea/ a desultory w>f>e is wag$ betwixt ! y\? ( opposite sexes 9 ! t[ns4 ,!y all sally out 9 ! ev5+s1 ! boys arm$ ) nettles or ?i/les & ! girls ) g\rds conta9+ a fil?y solution ( all sorts ( abom9ations4 ,:5 any ( ! ho/ile p>ties meet1 !y beg9 by revil+ ea* o!r 9 ! f\le/ language1 f :i* !y proce$ to p]sonal viol5ce1 ! boys /++ ! girls ) _! nettles1 :ile ! girls dis*>ge _! /9k-pots 9 ! faces ( _! adv]s>ies4 ,^! ho/ilities may p]haps be reg>d$ z a prep>ation = ! fe/ival ( ! ,cross4 ,! eve ( ! fe/ival witnesses a c]emony :i* d\btless belongs to ! _w-wide class ( cu/oms we are deal+ )4 ,at sunset a dis*>ge ( fire>ms takes place f all ! pr9cipal h\ses4 8,!n e "o provides himself ) a tor*1 & dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! night bonfires are k9dl$1 & ! p p>ade ! t[n1 c>ry+ _! light$ tor*es 9 _! h&s4 ,!y g ?r\gh _! h\ses1 too1 pok+ a light into e d>k corn] 9 ! hall1 "u ! c\*es1 9 ! /ables1 kit*51 etc41 z if look+ = some?+ lo/1 & call+ out1 #8,akho1 akhoky6 turn out ! sp9age1 & br+ 9 ! porridge2 ,mascal is come6'444 ,aft] ?is !y play1 & poke fun & tor*es at ea* o!r40 ,next morn+1 :ile x is /ill d>k1 bonfires are k9dl$ on ! heights ne> ! t[ns1 & p rise e>ly to see !m4 ,! ris+ sun ( ,mascal f9ds ! :ole population ( ,abyss9ia awake47#cee7 7,m#ajb7 ,sometimes ! date ( ! annual expulsion ( devils is fix$ ) ref]5ce to ! agricultural seasons4 ,?us at ,kiriw9a1 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,new ,gu9ea1 :5 ! new yams _h be5 h>ve/$1 ! p fea/$ & danc$ = _m days1 & a great deal ( prop]ty1 su* z armlets1 native money1 & s =?1 0 display$ conspicu\sly on a plat=m erect$ = ! purpose4 ,:5 ! fe/ivities 7 ov]1 all ! p ga!r$ toge!r & expell$ ! spirits f ! village by %\t+1 beat+ ! po/s ( ! h\ses1 & ov]turn+ ev]y?+ "u :i* a wily _s might be suppos$ to lurk4 ,! explanation :i* ! p gave to a mission>y 0 t !y _h ent]ta9$ & fea/$ ! spirits & provid$ !m ) ri*es1 & x 0 n[ "t = !m to take _! dep>ture4 ,_h !y n se5 ! dances1 & he>d ! songs1 & gorg$ !mselves on ! s\ls ( ! yams1 & appropriat$ ! s\ls ( ! money & all ! o!r f9e ?+s set out on ! plat=m8 ,:at m c\ld ! spirits want8 ,s out !y mu/ g47#cef7 ,among ! ,hos ( ,togol& 9 ,we/ ,africa ! expulsion ( evils is p]=m$ annually be=e ! p eat ! new yams47#ceg7 ,! *iefs meet toge!r & summon ! prie/s & magicians4 ,!y tell !m t ! p are n[ to eat ! new yams & to be m]ry1 !re=e !y mu/ cleanse ! t[n & remove ! evils4 ,= t purpose !y take leaves ( ! adzu & wo trees1 toge!r ) creep]s & a%es4 ,! leaves & creep]s !y b9d fa/ to a pole ( an adzu tree1 :ile !y pray t ! evil spirits1 ! wit*es1 & all ! ills 9 ! t[n may pass into ! bundle & be b\nd4 ,!n !y make a pa/e out ( ! a%es & sme> x on ! bundle1 say+1 8,we sme> x on ! face ( all ! evil ones :o are 9 ?is bundle1 9 ord] t !y may n be able to see40 ,) t !y ?r[ ! bundle1 t is1 ! pole wrapt 9 leaves & creep]s1 on ! gr\nd & !y all mock at x4 ,!n !y prep>e a m$ic9e & take ! v>i\s leaf-wrapt poles1 into :i* !y h conjur$ & b\nd up all mis*ief1 c>ry !m out ( ! t[n1 & set !m up 9 ! e>? on v>i\s roads lead+ into ! t[n4 ,:5 !y h done ?is1 !y say t !y h bani%$ ! evils f ! t[n & %ut ! door 9 _! face4 ,) ! m$ic9e1 :i* ! eld]s h prep>$1 all m51 wom51 *ildr5 & *iefs wa% _! faces4 ,aft] t ev]ybody goes home to sweep out 8 h\se & home/ead4 ,! gr\nd 9 front ( ! home/eads is also swept1 s t ! t[n is ?or\ghly cleans$4 ,all ! /alks ( grass & refuse ( /ock yams t h be5 swept toge!r !y ca/ out ( ! t[n1 & !y rail at ! /ock yams4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! night ! eld]s assemble & b9d a toad to a "y palm-leaf4 ,!y say t !y w n[ sweep out ! t[n & end ! c]emony4 ,= t purpose !y drag ! toad ?r\gh ! :ole t[n 9 ! direction ( ,m\nt ,adaklu4 ,:5 t has be5 done1 ! prie/s say t !y w n[ remove ! sicknesses4 ,9 ! ev5+ !y give public notice t !y are ab\t to g on ! road1 & t !re=e no "o may light a fire on ! he>? or eat food4 ,next morn+ ! wom5 ( ! t[n sweep out _! h\ses & he>?s & deposit ! sweep+s on brok5 wood5 plates4 ,_m wrap !mselves 9 torn mats & tatt]$ clo!s2 o!rs swa! !mselves 9 grass & creep]s4 ,:ile !y d s1 !y pray1 say+1 8,all ye sicknesses t are 9 our body & plague u1 we are come to-day to ?r[ y out40 ,:5 !y />t to d s1 ! prie/ gives ord]s t ev]ybody is to scream once & at ! same "t to smite 8 m\?4 ,9 a mom5t !y all scream1 smite _! m\?s1 & run z fa/ z !y c 9 ! direction ( ,m\nt ,adaklu4 ,z !y run1 !y say1 8,out to-day6 ,out to-day6 ,t :i* kills anybody1 out to-day6 ,ye evil spirits1 out to-day6 & all t causes our heads to a*e1 out to-day6 ,anlo & ,adaklu are ! places :i!r all ill %all betake itself60 ,n[ on ,m\nt ,adaklu !re gr[s a klo tree1 & :5 ! p h come to ! tree !y ?r[ ev]y?+ away & return home4 ,on _! return !y wa% !mselves ) ! m$ic9e :i* is set =? 9 ! /reets2 !n !y ent] _! h\ses47#ceh7 7,m#ajc7 ,among ! ,hos ( ,nor?-,ea/]n ,india ! great fe/ival ( ! ye> is ! h>ve/ home1 held 9 ,janu>y1 :5 ! gran>ies are full ( gra91 & ! p1 to use _! own expression1 are full ( devilry4 8,!y h a /range notion t at ?is p]iod1 m5 & wom5 are s ov]*>g$ ) vici\s prop5sities1 t x is absolutely necess>y = ! safety ( ! p]son to let (f /eam by all[+ = a "t full v5t to ! passions40 ,! c]emonies op5 ) a sacrifice to ! village god ( ?ree f[ls1 a cock & two h5s1 "o ( :i* mu/ be black4 ,along ) !m are (f]$ fl[]s ( ! ,palas tree 7,butea frondosa71 bread made f rice-fl\r1 & sesamum se$s4 ,^! (f]+s are pres5t$ by ! village prie/1 :o prays t dur+ ! ye> ab\t to beg9 !y & _! *ildr5 may be pres]v$ f all mis=tune & sickness1 & t !y may h seasonable ra9 & good crops4 ,pray] is also made 9 "s places = ! s\ls ( ! dead4 ,at ?is "t an evil _s is suppos$ to infe/ ! place1 & to get rid ( x m51 wom51 & *ildr5 g 9 procession r\nd & ?r\gh e "p ( ! village ) /icks 9 _! h&s1 z if beat+ = game1 s++ a wild *ant1 & %\t+ vocif]\sly1 till !y feel assur$ t ! evil _s mu/ h fl$4 ,!n !y give !mselves up to fea/+ & dr9k+ rice-be]1 till !y are 9 a fit /ate = ! wild debau* :i* foll[s4 ,! fe/ival n[ 8becomes a saturnale1 dur+ :i* s]vants =get _! duty to _! ma/]s1 *ildr5 _! rev]5ce = p>5ts1 m5 _! respect = wom51 & wom5 all notions ( mode/y1 delicacy1 & g5tl5ess2 !y become rag+ bac*antes40 ,usually ! ,hos are quiet & res]v$ 9 mann]1 decor\s & g5tle to wom54 ,b dur+ ?is fe/ival 8_! natures appe> to und]go a tempor>y *ange4 ,sons & daught]s revile _! p>5ts 9 gross language1 & p>5ts _! *ildr52 m5 & wom5 become almo/ l animals 9 ! indulg5ce ( _! amor\s prop5sities40 ,! fe/ival is n held simultane\sly 9 all ! villages4 ,! "t dur+ :i* x is celebrat$ 9 ! diff]5t villages ( a di/rict may be f a mon? to six weeks1 & by a preconc]t$ arrangem5t ! celebration beg9s at ea* village on a diff]5t date & la/s ?ree or f\r days2 s ! inhabitants ( ea* may take "p 9 a long s]ies ( orgies4 ,on ^! occasions ! utmo/ lib]ty is giv5 to ! girls1 :o may abs5t !mselves = days ) ! "y m5 ( ano!r village2 p>5ts at su* times nev] attempt to lay _! daught]s "u any re/ra9t4 ,! ,mund>is1 k9sm5 & neighb\rs ( ! ,hos1 keep ! fe/ival 9 mu* ! same mann]4 8,! resemblance to a ,saturnale is v complete1 z at ?is fe/ival ! f>m lab\r]s are fea/$ by _! ma/]s1 & all[$ ! utmo/ fre$om ( spee* 9 address+ !m4 ,x is ! fe/ival ( ! h>ve/ home2 ! t]m9ation ( "o ye>'s toil1 & a slight respite f x be=e !y comm5ce aga9407#cei7 7,m#ajd7 ,among/ "s ( ! ,h9doo ,koo% tribes1 z among ! ,hos & ,mund>is1 ! expulsion ( devils takes place aft] h>ve/4 ,:5 ! la/ crop ( autumn has be5 got 91 x is ?\ght necess>y to drive away evil spirits f ! gran>ies4 ,a k9d ( porridge call$ mool is eat51 & ! head ( ! family takes 8 mat*lock & fires x into ! floor4 ,!n1 go+ outside1 he sets to "w load+ & fir+ till 8 p[d]-horn is exhau/$1 :ile all 8 neighb\rs are simil>ly employ$4 ,! next day is sp5t 9 rejoic+s4 ,9 ,*itral ?is fe/ival is call$ 8devil-driv+407#cfj7 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,khonds ( ,india expel ! devils at se$-"t in/ead ( at h>ve/4 ,at ?is "t !y wor%ip ,pitt]i ,p5nu1 ! god ( increase & ( ga9 9 e %ape4 ,on ! fir/ day ( ! fe/ival a rude c> is made ( a basket set ^u a few /icks1 ti$ ^u bamboo roll]s = :eels4 ,! prie/ takes ?is c> fir/ to ! h\se ( ! l9eal head ( ! tribe1 to :om prec$5ce is giv5 9 all c]emonies connect$ ) agriculture4 ,"h he receives a little ( ea* k9d ( se$ & "s fea!rs4 ,he !n takes ! c> to all ! o!r h\ses 9 ! village1 ea* ( :i* contributes ! same ?+s4 ,la/ly1 ! c> is conduct$ to a field )\t ! village1 att5d$ by all ! "y m51 :o beat ea* o!r & /rike ! air viol5tly ) long /icks4 ,! se$ ?us c>ri$ out is call$ ! %>e ( ! 8evil spirits1 spoil]s ( ! se$40 8,^! are consid]$ to be driv5 out ) ! c>2 & :5 x & its cont5ts are ab&on$ to !m1 !y are held to h no excuse = int]f]+ ) ! re/ ( ! se$-corn40 ,next day ea* h\sehold kills a hog ov] ! se$ = ! ye>1 & prays to ,pitt]i ,p5nu1 say+1 8,o ,pitt]i ,p5nu6 ?is se$ we %all s[ to-morr[4 ,"s ( u1 y\r suppliants1 w h a great return1 "s a small return4 ,let ! lea/ fav\r$ h a full basket1 let ! mo/ fav\r$ h _m baskets4 ,give n ?is se$ to ant1 or rat1 or hog4 ,let ! /ems :i* %all spr+ f x be s /\t t ! e>? %all tremble "u !m4 ,let ! ra9 f9d no hole or outlet :]eby to escape f our fields4 ,make ! e>? s(t l ! a%es ( c[-dung4 ,to him :o has no iron :]e) to %oe 8 pl\gh1 make ! wood ( ! doh-tree l iron4 ,provide o!r food ?an our se$ = ! p>rot1 ! cr[1 & all ! f[ls & bea/s ( ! jungle4 ,let n ! :ite ant de/roy ! roots1 nor ! wild hog cru% ! /em to get at ! fruit2 & make our crops ( all k9ds h a bett] flav\r ?an t ( ^? ( any o!r c\ntry40 ,! eld]s !n fea/ ^u ! hogs4 ,! "y m5 are exclud$ f ! repa/1 b enjoy ! privilege ( waylay+ & pelt+ ) jungle-fruit _! eld]s z !y return f ! fea/4 ,^u ! ?ird day ! l9eal head ( ! tribe goes out & s[s 8 se$1 aft] :i* all ! re/ may d s47#cfa7 7,m#aje7 ,9 ,ran*i1 a di/rict ( ,*ota ,nagpur 9 ,b5gal1 a c]emony is p]=m$ e ye> by "o ( ! clans to drive away disease4 ,%\ld x prove ineffectual1 all ! villag]s assemble by night & walk ab\t ! village 9 a body arm$ ) clubs1 se>*+ = ! disease4 ,ev]y?+ !y f9d outside ( ! h\ses !y sma%4 ,h5ce on t day ! p ?r[ out _! *ipp$ crock]y1 old pots & pans1 & o!r tra% into ! c\rty>d1 s t :5 ! se>* p>ty comes along !y may belab\r ! heap ( rubbi% to _! he>t's cont5t2 ! cra% ( %att]$ crock]y & ! clatt] ( %iv]$ pans indicates1 we are told1 t ! disease has dep>t$2 p]haps x might be m /rictly accurate to say t !y h fright5$ x away4 ,at all ev5ts a v l\d noise is made 8s t ! disease may n rema9 hidd5 any:]e407#cfb7 ,9 a village ( ! ,mossos1 an aborig9al tribe ( s\?-we/]n ,*9a1 a ,fr5* travell] witness$ ! annual c]emony ( ! expulsion ( devils4 ,two magicians1 we>+ mitres ( r$ pa/ebo>d1 w5t f h\se to h\se1 att5d$ by a troop ( *ildr51 _! faces sme>$ ) fl\r1 "s ( :om c>ri$ tor*es & o!rs cymbals1 :ile all made a deaf5+ noise4 ,aft] danc+ a wild dance 9 ! c\rty>d ( ! h\se1 !y ent]$ ! pr9cipal room1 :]e ! p]=m]s 7 regal$ ) a draught ( ard5t spirits1 ( :i* !y spr9kl$ a few drops on ! floor4 ,!n ! magicians recit$ _! spells to oblige ! evil spirits to quit ! *amb] & ! good spirits to ent] x4 ,at ! end ( ea* phrase1 ! *ildr51 speak+ = ! spirits1 answ]$ ) a %\t1 8,we g0 or 8,we come40 ,t conclud$ ! c]emony 9 ! h\se1 & ! noisy procession fil$ out to repeat x 9 ! next47#cfc7 7,m#ajf7 ,! p ( ,bali1 an isl& to ! ea/ ( ,java1 h p]iodical expulsions ( devils ^u a great scale4 ,g5]ally ! "t *os5 = ! expulsion is ! day ( ! 8d>k moon0 9 ! n9? mon?4 ,:5 ! demons h be5 long unmole/$ ! c\ntry is said to be 8w>m10 & ! prie/ issues ord]s to expel !m by =ce1 le/ ! :ole ( ,bali %\ld be r5d]$ un9habitable4 ,on ! day appo9t$ ! p ( ! village or di/rict assemble at ! pr9cipal temple4 ,"h at a cross-road (f]+s are set out = ! devils4 ,aft] pray]s h be5 recit$ by ! prie/s1 ! bla/ ( a horn summons ! devils to p>take ( ! meal :i* has be5 prep>$ = !m4 ,at ! same "t a numb] ( m5 /ep =w>d & light _! tor*es at ! holy lamp :i* burns be=e ! *ief prie/4 ,imm$iately aft]w>ds1 foll[$ by ! by/&]s1 !y spread 9 all directions & m>* ?r\gh ! /reets & lanes cry+1 8,dep>t6 g away60 ,:]ev] !y pass1 ! p :o h /ay$ at home ha/51 by a deaf5+ clatt] on doors1 beams1 rice-blocks1 & s =?1 to take _! %>e 9 ! expulsion ( devils4 ,?us *as$ f ! h\ses1 ! fi5ds flee to ! banquet :i* has be5 set out = !m2 b "h ! prie/ receives !m ) curses :i* f9ally drive !m f ! di/rict4 ,:5 ! la/ devil has tak5 8 dep>ture1 ! upro> is succe$$ by a dead sil5ce1 :i* la/s dur+ ! next day also4 ,! devils1 x is ?\ght1 are anxi\s to return to _! old homes1 & 9 ord] to make !m ?9k t ,bali is n ,bali b "s des]t isl&1 no "o may /ir f 8 own abode = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,ev5 ord9>y h\sehold "w1 includ+ cook+1 is discont9u$4 ,only ! wat*m5 may %ew !mselves 9 ! /reets4 ,wrea?s ( ?orns & leaves are hung at all ! entrances to w>n /rang]s f ent]+4 ,n till ! ?ird day is ?is /ate ( siege rais$1 & ev5 !n x is =bidd5 to "w at ! rice-fields or to buy & sell 9 ! m>ket4 ,mo/ p /ill /ay at home1 /riv+ to :ile away ! "t ) c>ds & dice47#cfd7 7,m#ajg7 ,! ,%ans ( ,s\!rn ,*9a annually expel ! fire-_s4 ,! c]emony 0 witness$ by ! ,engli% ,mission "u ,colonel ,slad5 on ! ?irte5? ( ,augu/ #ahfh4 ,bullocks & c[s 7 slaught]$ 9 ! m>ket-place2 ! meat 0 all sold1 "p ( x 0 cook$ & eat51 :ile ! re/ 0 fir$ out ( guns at sund[n4 ,! pieces ( fle% :i* fell on ! l& 7 suppos$ to become mosquitoes1 ^? :i* fell 9 ! wat] 7 believ$ to turn into lee*es4 ,9 ! ev5+ ! *ief's reta9]s beat gongs & blew trumpets2 & :5 d>kness _h set 91 tor*es 7 lit1 & a p>ty1 prec$$ by ! musicians1 se>*$ ! c5tral c\rt = ! fire-_s1 :o is suppos$ to lurk ab\t at ?is season ) evil int5t4 ,!y !n ransack$ all ! rooms & ! g>d5s1 ?r[+ ! light ( ! tor*es into e nook & corn] :]e ! evil _s might f9d a hid+-place47#cfe7 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,fiji an annual c]emony took place :i* has mu* ! aspect ( an expulsion ( devils4 ,! "t ( its celebration 0 det]m9$ by ! appe>ance ( a c]ta9 fi% or sea-slug 7balolo7 :i* sw>ms out 9 d5se %oals f ! coral reefs on a s+le day ( ! ye>1 usually 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! moon 9 ,novemb]4 ,! appe>ance ( ! sea-slugs 0 ! signal = a g5]al fea/ at ^? places :]e !y 7 tak54 ,an influ5tial man asc5d$ a tree & pray$ to ! _s ( ! sky = good crops1 fair w9ds1 & s on4 ,!reupon a trem5d\s clatt]1 ) drumm+ & %\t+1 0 rais$ by all ! p 9 _! h\ses = ab\t half an h\r4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by a dead quiet = f\r days1 dur+ :i* ! p fea/$ on ! sea-slug4 ,all ?is "t no "w ( any k9d might be done1 n ev5 a leaf pluck$ nor ! (fal remov$ f ! h\ses4 ,if a noise 0 made 9 any h\se1 z by a *ild cry+1 a =feit 0 at once exact$ by ! *ief4 ,at daylight on ! expiry ( ! f\r? night ! :ole t[n 0 9 an upro>2 m5 & boys scamp]$ ab\t1 knock+ ) clubs & /icks at ! doors ( ! h\ses & cry+ 8,s9>iba60 ,?is conclud$ ! c]emony47#cff7 ,! natives ( ,tumleo1 a small isl& (f ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 also cat* ! sea-slug 9 ! mon? ( ,novemb]1 & at ?is season !y obs]ve a curi\s c]emony1 :i* may p]haps be expla9$ z an expulsion ( evils or demons4 ,! lads1 & sometimes gr[n m5 ) !m1 g 9 troops into ! =e/ to se>* = grass-arr[s 7rng74 ,:5 !y h collect$ a /ore ( ^! arr[s1 !y take sides &1 arm$ ) little b[s1 engage 9 a regul> battle4 ,! arr[s fly z ?ick z hail1 & ?\gh no "o is kill$1 _m receive sk9 w\nds & are cov]$ ) blood4 ,! ,ca?olic mission>y :o reports ! cu/om c\ld n asc]ta9 ! reasons = obs]v+ x4 ,p]haps "o set ( combatants repres5ts ! demons or embodi$ evils ( ! ye>1 :o are defeat$ & driv5 away by ! *ampions ( ! p4 ,! mon? 9 :i* ^! combats take place 7,novemb] & ! beg9n+ ( ,decemb]7 is sometimes nam$ aft] ! grass-arr[s & sometimes aft] ! sea-slug47#cfg7 7,m#ajh7 ,on ! la/ night ( ! ye> !re is obs]v$ 9 mo/ ,japanese h\ses a c]emony call$ 8! exorcism ( ! evil _s40 ,x is p]=m$ by ! head ( ! family4 ,clad 9 8 f9e/ robes1 ) a sword1 if he has ! "r ( be>+ "o1 at 8 wai/1 he goes ?r\gh all ! rooms at ! h\r ( midnight1 c>ry+ 9 8 left h& a box ( roa/$ beans on a lacqu]$ /&4 ,f "t to "t he dips 8 "r h& into ! box & scatt]s a h&ful ( beans on a mat1 pron\nc+ a cabali/ic =m ( words ( :i* ! mean+ is1 8,g =?1 demons6 ,ent] ri*es607#cfh7 ,accord+ to ano!r acc\nt1 ! c]emony takes place on ! night be=e ! beg9n+ ( spr+1 & ! roa/$ beans are flung aga9/ ! walls z well z on ! floors ( ! h\ses47#cfi7 ,:ile ! duty ( expell+ ! devils %\ld1 /rictly speak+1 be dis*>g$ by ! head ( ! h\se1 x is (t5 delegat$ to a s]vant4 ,:e!r ma/] or s]vant1 ! p]=m] goes by ! "n ( ye>-man 7to%i-otoko71 ! rite be+ prop]ly p]=m$ on ! la/ day ( ! ye>4 ,! words 8,out ) ! devils0 7,oni ha soto7 are pron\nc$ by him 9 a l\d voice1 b ! words 8,9 ) ! luck0 7fuku ha u*i7 9 a l[ tone4 ,9 ! ,%ogun's palace ! c]emony 0 p]=m$ by a ye>-man specially appo9t$ = ! purpose1 :o scatt]$ p>*$ beans 9 all ! pr9cipal rooms4 ,^! beans 7 pick$ up by ! wom5 ( ! palace1 :o wrapp$ z _m ( !m 9 pap] z !y !mselves 7 ye>s old1 & !n flung !m backw>ds out ( doors4 ,sometimes p :o _h rea*$ an unlucky ye> w\ld ga!r ^! beans1 "o = ea* ye> ( _! life & "o ov]1 & wrap !m 9 pap] toge!r ) a small copp] co9 :i* _h be5 rubb$ ov] _! body to transf] ! ill-luck4 ,! packet 0 aft]w>ds ?r[n away at a cross-road4 ,?is 0 call$ 8fl++ away ill-luck0 7yaku sute747#cgj7 ,accord+ to ,lafcadio ,he>n1 ! ca/+-out ( devils f ! h\ses is p]=m$ by a pr(essional exorcis] = a small fee1 & ! peas :i* he scatt]s ab\t ! h\se are aft]w>ds swept up & c>efully kept until ! fir/ peal ( ?und] is he>d 9 spr+1 :5 x is cu/om>y to cook & eat "s ( !m4 ,aft] ! demons h be5 ?or\ghly expell$ f a h\se1 a *>m is set up ov] ! door to prev5t !m f return+3 x consi/s ( a wood5 skew] ) a holly leaf & ! dri$ head ( a fi% l a s>d9e /uck on x47#cga7 7,m#aji7 ,on ! ?ird day ( ! t5? mon? 9 e ye> ! ,hak-,ka1 a native race 9 ! prov9ce ( ,canton1 sweep _! h\ses & turn ! accumulat$ fil? out ( doors1 toge!r ) ?ree /icks ( inc5se & "s mock money made ( pap]4 ,at ! same "t !y call out1 8,let ! devil ( pov]ty dep>t6 ,let ! devil ( pov]ty dep>t60 ,by p]=m+ ?is c]emony !y hope to pres]ve _! homes f p5ury47#cgb7 ,among "s ( ! ,h9doos ( ! ,punjaub on ! morn+ aft] ,diwali or ! fe/ival ( lamps1 at :i* ! s\ls ( ance/ors are believ$ to visit ! h\se1 ! olde/ woman ( ! family takes a corn-sieve or w9n[+ basket & a broom1 to bo? ( :i* magical virtues are ascrib$1 & beats !m 9 e corn] ( ! h\se1 exclaim+1 8,god abide1 & pov]ty dep>t60 ,! sieve is !n c>ri$ out ( ! village1 g5]ally to ! ea/ or nor?1 & be+ ?r[n away is suppos$ to be> away ) x ! pov]ty & di/ress ( ! h\sehold4 ,or ! woman fl+s all ! sweep+s & rubbi% out ( doors1 say+1 8,let all dirt & wret*$ness dep>t f "h1 & all good =tune come 9407#cgc7 ,! ,p]sians us$ annually to expel ! demons or gobl9s 7,dives7 f _! h\ses 9 ! mon? ( ,decemb]4 ,= ?is purpose ! ,magi wrote c]ta9 words ) saffron on a piece ( p>*m5t or pap] & !n held ! writ+ ov] a fire into :i* !y ?rew cotton1 g>lic1 grapes1 wild rue1 & ! horn ( an animal t _h be5 kill$ on ! sixte5? ( ,septemb]4 ,! spell ?us prep>$ 0 nail$ or glu$ to ! inside ( ! door1 & ! door 0 pa9t$ r$4 ,next ! prie/ took "s s& & spread x out ) a knife1 :ile he mutt]$ c]ta9 pray]s4 ,aft] t he /rew$ ! s& on ! floor1 & ! en*antm5t 0 complete4 ,! demons n[ imm$iately vani%$1 or at lea/ 7 depriv$ ( all _! malignant p[]47#cgd7 7,m#aaj7 ,= ages x has be5 cu/om>y 9 ,*9a to expel ! demons f h\se & home1 f t[ns & cities1 at ! end ( e ye>4 ,su* g5]al expulsions ( devils g by ! "n ( no4 ,!y are (t5 m5tion$ & describ$ 9 ,*9ese lit]ature4 ,= example1 "u ! ,han dyna/y1 9 ! second c5tury ( our era1 8x 0 ord]$ t fang-siang %i ) f\r eyes ( gold1 mask$ ) be>sk9s1 & we>+ black coats ) r$ skirts1 be>+ lances & br&i%+ %ields1 %\ld always p]=m at ! end ( ! ye> 9 ! twelf? mon? ! no ( ! season1 9 ! re> ( hundr$s ( (ficial s]vants & boys1 & se>* ! int]ior ( ! palace1 9 ord] to expel ! demons ( plague4 ,) b[s ( pea* wood & arr[s ( ! ?orny jujube !y %oot at ! spectres1 & ) porcela9 drums !y drum at !m2 moreov] !y ?r[ r$ balls & c]eals at !m1 9 ord] to remove disease & calamity407#cge7 ,aga91 9 a poem ( ! same p]iod we read t 8at ! end ( ! ye> ! great no takes place = ! purpose ( driv+ (f all spectres4 ,! fang-siang c>ry _! spe>s1 wu & hih hold _! bundles ( re$4 ,t5 ?\s& lads ) r$ heads & black clo!s1 ) b[s ( pea* wood & arr[s ( ?orny jujube %oot at r&om all ar\nd4 ,%[]s ( pot%]ds & pebbles come d[n l ra91 infallibly kill+ /rong spectres z well z ! weak4 ,flam+ tor*es run aft] ^! be+s1 s t a sp>kl+ & /ream+ gl>e *ases ! r$ plague to all sides2 !reupon !y de/roy !m 9 ! imp]ial moats & break d[n ! susp5sion bridges 7to prev5t _! return7407#cgf7 ,at a lat] p]iod ,*9ese hi/orians in=m u t ! h\se ( ,tsi caus$ ! annual expulsion ( demons to be p]=m$ on ! la/ day ( ! ye> by two gr\ps1 ea* ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty lads1 & twelve animals head$ by drums & w9d in/rum5ts4 ,! gates ( ! w>ds & ( ! city walls 7 flung op51 & ! emp]or witness$ ! c]emony seat$ on 8 ?rone 9 ! mid/ ( 8 (fic]s4 ,) roll+ drums ! procession ent]$ ! palace ?r\gh ! we/]n gate1 & pass$ ?r\gh all p>ts ( x 9 two divisions1 ev5 asc5d+ ! t[]s1 :ile !y hopp$1 jump$ & %riek$2 & on quitt+ ! palace !y spread out 9 six directions till !y rea*$ ! city walls47#cgg7 ,at ! pres5t "t x is cu/om>y 9 e "p ( ,*9a to fire (f crack]s on ! la/ day & night ( ! ye> = ! purpose ( t]rify+ & expell+ ! devils3 enorm\s quantities ( ! explosives are consum$ at ?is season3 ! p seem to vie ) "o ano!r z to :o %all let (f ! mo/ crack]s & make ! mo/ noise4 ,sometimes long /r+s ( ^! fireworks hang f balconies & eaves & keep up a cont9u\s crackl+ = half an h\r toge!r or m2 9 great cities ! prolong$ & e>-splitt+ d9 is v annoy+ to =eign]s4 ,to ! e>s ( ! ,*9ese ! noise appe>s to be agreeable1 if n = its own sake1 at lea/ = ! b5eficial effect x is suppos$ to produce by driv+ demons away4 ,inde$ !y seem to be ( op9ion t any noise1 provid$ x be suffici5tly h>% & l\d1 s]ves ?is useful purpose4 ,! s\nd ( brass in/rum5ts is p>ticul>ly t]rify+ to devils2 h5ce ! great use :i* ! ,*9ese make ( gongs 9 rites ( exorcism4 ,! cla% ( gongs1 we are told1 res\nds ?r\gh ! ,*9ese empire daily1 especially 9 summ]1 :5 a rise 9 ! dea?-rate1 :i* ignorant ,europeans attribute to m]e climatic influ5ces1 /imulates ! p to r$\ble _! ef=ts = ! bani%m5t ( ! fi5ds1 :o are ! real cause ( all ! mis*ief4 ,at su* times y may see & he> gr\ps ( b5evol5t & public-spirit$ m5 & wom5 bang+ gongs1 cla%+ cymbals1 & drubb+ drums = h\rs toge!r4 ,no prote/ is made by _! neighb\rs1 no compla9t t !y di/urb ! night's re/ ( ! sick & ! tir$4 ,p li/5 ) resignation or r ) gratitude & complac5cy to ! deaf5+ upro> rais$ by ^! g5]\s philan?ropi/s1 :o ?us devote _! s]vices gratuit\sly to ! cause ( ! public heal?47#cgh7 ,9 ,corea1 also1 ! devils are driv5 out ( ! t[ns on ,new ,ye>'s ,eve by ! fir+ ( guns & ! popp+ ( crack]s47#cgi7 7,m#aaa7 ,9 ,tonqu9 a !ckydaw or g5]al expulsion ( malevol5t spirits commonly took place once a ye>1 especially if !re 0 a great mortality among/ m51 ! elephants or horses ( ! g5]al's /able1 or ! cattle ( ! c\ntry1 8! cause ( :i* !y attribute to ! malici\s spirits ( su* m5 z h be5 put to dea? = treason1 rebellion1 & conspir+ ! dea? ( ! k+1 g5]al1 or pr9ces1 & t 9 rev5ge ( ! puni%m5t !y h suff]$1 !y are b5t to de/roy ev]y?+ & commit horrible viol5ce4 ,to prev5t :i* _! sup]/ition has sugge/$ to !m ! in/itution ( ?is !ckydaw1 z a prop] means to drive ! devil away1 & purge ! c\ntry ( evil spirits40 ,! day appo9t$ = ! c]emony 0 g5]ally ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,febru>y1 "o mon? aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! new ye>1 :i* fell on ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,janu>y4 ,! int]m$iate mon? 0 a season ( fea/+1 m]ry-mak+ ( all k9ds1 & g5]al lic5ce4 ,dur+ ! :ole mon? ! great seal 0 kept %ut up 9 a box1 face d[nw>ds1 & ! law 01 z x 71 laid asleep4 ,all c\rts ( ju/ice 7 clos$2 debtors c\ld n be seiz$2 small crimes1 su* z petty l>c5y1 fight+1 & assault1 escap$ ) impunity2 only treason & murd] 7 tak5 acc\nt ( & ! malefactors deta9$ till ! great seal %\ld come into op]ation aga94 ,at ! close ( ! saturnalia ! wick$ spirits 7 driv5 away4 ,great masses ( troops & artill]y hav+ be5 drawn up ) fly+ col\rs & all ! pomp ( w>1 8! g5]al beg9ne? !n to (f] meat (f]+s to ! crim9al devils & malevol5t spirits 7= x is usual & cu/om>y likewise among/ !m to fea/ ! condemn$ be=e _! execution71 invit+ !m to eat & dr9k1 :5 pres5tly he accuses !m 9 a /range language1 by *>act]s & figures1 etc41 ( _m (f5ces & crimes committ$ by !m1 z to _! hav+ disquiet$ ! l&1 kill$ 8 elephants & horses1 etc41 = all :i* !y ju/ly des]ve to be *a/is$ & bani%$ ! c\ntry4 ,:]eupon ?ree great guns are fir$ z ! la/ signal2 ^u :i* all ! artill]y & musquets are dis*>g$1 t1 by _! mo/ t]rible noise ! devils may be driv5 away2 & !y are s bl9d z to believe = c]ta91 t !y really & effectually put !m to flight407#chj7 7,m#aab7 ,9 ,cambodia ! expulsion ( evil spirits took place 9 ,m>*4 ,bits ( brok5 /atues & /ones1 consid]$ z ! abode ( ! demons1 7 collect$ & br\ght to ! capital4 ,"h z _m elephants 7 collect$ z c\ld be got toge!r4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! full moon volleys ( musketry 7 fir$ & ! elephants *>g$ furi\sly to put ! devils to flight4 ,! c]emony 0 p]=m$ on ?ree successive days47#cha7 ,9 ,siam ! bani%m5t ( demons is annually c>ri$ into effect on ! la/ day ( ! old ye>4 ,a signal gun is fir$ f ! palace2 x is answ]$ f ! next /ation1 & s on f /ation to /ation1 till ! fir+ has rea*$ ! out] gate ( ! city4 ,?us ! demons are driv5 out /ep by /ep4 ,z soon z ?is is done a consecrat$ rope is fa/5$ r\nd ! circuit ( ! city walls to prev5t ! bani%$ demons f return+4 ,! rope is made ( t\gh c\*-grass & is pa9t$ 9 alt]nate /ripes ( r$1 yell[1 & blue47#chb7 ,accord+ to a m rec5t acc\nt1 ! ,siamese c]emony takes place at ! ,new ,ye> holidays1 :i* are ?ree 9 numb]1 beg9n+ ) ! fir/ ( ,april4 ,= ! fea/+ :i* accompanies ^! holidays a special k9d ( cake is made1 8:i* is z mu* 9 dem& z our own ,%rove-,tuesday pancakes or our ,good-,friday hot cross-buns4 ,! temples are ?rong$ ) wom5 & *ildr5 mak+ (f]+s to ,buddha & 8 prie/s4 ,! p inaugurate _! ,new ,ye> ) num]\s *>itable & religi\s de$s4 ,! ri* ent]ta9 ! monks1 :o recite appropriate pray]s & *ants4 ,e dep>t$ s\l returns to ! bosom ( 8 family dur+ ^! ?ree days1 fre$ f any fett]s t may h b\nd him 9 ! regions ( indef9able locality4 ,on ! ?ird day ! religi\s obs]vances t]m9ate1 & ! rema9+ h\rs are devot$ to #8! _w1 ! fle%1 & ! devil4' ,gambl+ is n conf9$ to ! lic5s$ h\ses1 b may be indulg$ 9 any:]e4 ,games ( *ance hold p[]ful sway 9 e h\se z long z ! lic5ce to p>ticipate 9 !m la/s4 ,prie/s 9 small companies occupy po/s at regul> int]vals r\nd ! city wall1 & sp5d _! "t 9 *ant+ away ! evil spirits4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! second day1 ! gho/ly visitors f ! l[] realms lose ! luxury ( be+ exorcis$ ) psalms4 ,e p]son :o has a gun may fire x z (t5 z he pleases1 & ! noise ?us made is und\bt$ly fe>ful en\gh 9 its int5sity to cause any w&]+ travell] f ! f>-(f fi]y l& to retrace 8 /eps ) spe$4 ,! bang & rattle ( pi/ols1 muskets1 %ot-guns1 & rifles cease n till ! break ( day1 by :i* "t ! city is effectually cle>$ ( all its inf]nal visitors407#chc7 ,f ?is acc\nt we le>n t among ! spirits ?us bani%$ are ! s\ls ( ! dead1 :o revisit _! liv+ fri5ds once a ye>4 ,to ! same effect1 app>5tly1 ,bi%op ,bruguire1 writ+ f ,bangkok 9 #ahbi1 tells u t 8! ?ree fir/ days ( ! moon ( ,april are days ( solemn fe/ivity = ! pi\s ,siamese4 ,t day ,lucif] op5s all ! gates ( ! abyss1 ! s\ls ( ! dead1 :i* are %ut up !re1 come =? & p>take ( a repa/ 9 ! bosom ( _! family4 ,!y are treat$ spl5didly4 ,"o ( ^! ?ree days a monk repairs to ! palace to prea* be=e ! k+4 ,at ! end ( ! s]mon a preconc]t$ signal is giv51 & 9 a mom5t ! cannons are fir$ 9 all ! qu>t]s ( ! city to *ase ! devil out ( ! walls or to kill him1 if he d>es to resi/4 ,on ! fir/ day a tempor>y k+ is nam$1 :o be>s ! title ( phaja-pholla!p2 dur+ ^! ?ree days he enjoys all ! royal pr]ogatives1 ! real k+ rema9+ %ut up 9 8 palace407#chd7 7,m#aac7 ,a simil> belief & a simil> cu/om prevail 9 ,japan4 ,!re1 too1 ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ return to _! old homes once a ye>1 & a fe/ival call$ ! ,fea/ ( ,lant]ns is made to welcome !m4 ,!y come at ev5+ on ! ?irte5? day ( ! sev5? mon? ( ! old cal5d>1 :i* falls t[>ds ! end ( ,augu/4 ,x is ne$ful to light !m on _! way4 ,accord+ly bamboos ) pretty col\r$ lant]ns atta*$ to !m are fa/5$ on ! tombs1 & be+ ?ickly set !y make an illum9ation on ! hills1 :]e ! bury+-gr\nds are g5]ally situat$4 ,lamps ( _m hues or r[s ( tap]s are also lit & set out 9 front ( ! h\ses & 9 ! g>d5s1 & small fires are k9dl$ 9 ! /reets1 s t ! :ole city is 9 a blaze ( light4 ,aft] ! sun has set1 a great multitude issues f ! t[n1 = e family goes =? to meet its return+ dead4 ,:5 !y come to ! spot :]e !y believe ! s\ls to be1 !y welcome ! unse5 visitors & invite !m to re/ aft] _! j\rney1 & to p>take ( refre%m5ts :i* !y (f] to !m4 ,hav+ all[$ ! s\ls "t en\gh to satisfy _! hung] & recov] f _! fatigue1 !y escort !m by tor*light1 *att+ gaily ) !m1 into ! city & to ! h\ses :]e !y liv$ & di$4 ,^! are also illum9at$ ) brilliant lant]ns2 a banquet is spread on ! tables2 & ! places ( ! dead1 :o are suppos$ to absorb ! e!real ess5ce ( ! food1 are laid = !m z if !y 7 alive4 ,aft] ! repa/ ! liv+ g f h\se to h\se to visit ! s\ls ( _! dead fri5ds & neighb\rs2 & ?us !y sp5d ! night runn+ ab\t ! t[n4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! ?ird day ( ! fe/ival1 :i* is ! fifte5? day ( ! mon?1 ! "t has come = ! s\ls to return to _! own place4 ,fires aga9 blaze 9 ! /reets to light !m on ! road2 ! p aga9 escort !m c]emoni\sly to ! spot :]e !y met !m two days be=e2 & 9 "s places !y s5d ! lant]ns float+ away on riv]s or ! sea 9 m9iature boats1 :i* are lad5 ) provisions = ! spirits on _! way to _! long home4 ,b !re is /ill a fe> t "s poor s\ls may h lagg$ beh9d1 or ev5 conceal$ !mselves 9 a nook or corn]1 lo? to "p f ! sc5es ( _! =m] life & f ^? !y love4 ,accord+ly /eps are tak5 to hunt out ^! lagg>ds & s5d !m pack+ aft] _! fell[-gho/s4 ,) ?is int5tion ! p ?r[ /ones on ! ro(s ( _! h\ses 9 great pr(usion2 & go+ ?r\gh e room arm$ ) /icks !y deal swa%+ bl[s all ab\t !m 9 ! empty air to *ase away ! l+]+ s\ls4 ,?is !y d1 we are told1 out ( a reg>d = _! own com=t q z mu* z f ! affection !y be> to ! dead2 = !y fe> to be di/urb$ by unseasonable app>itions if !y suff]$ ! airy visitors to rema9 9 ! h\se47#che7 7,m#aad7 ,?us 9 spite ( ! k9dly welcome giv5 to ! s\ls1 ! fe> :i* !y inspire comes out pla9ly 9 ! pa9s tak5 to ensure _! dep>ture2 & ?is fe> ju/ifies u 9 includ+ su* =c$ dep>tures among ! c]emonies = ! expulsion ( evils ) :i* we are "h conc]n$4 ,x may be rememb]$ t ! annual bani%m5t ( gho/s has be5 practis$ by savages s l[ 9 ! scale ( humanity z ! ,au/ralian aborig9es47#chf7 ,at ! o!r end ( ! scale x 0 obs]v$ 9 classical antiquity by ! civiliz$ ,greeks & ,romans4 ,! ,a!nians believ$ t at ! fe/ival ( ! ,an!/]ia ! s\ls ( ! dead came back f ! ne!r _w & w5t ab\t ! city4 ,accord+ly ropes 7 fa/5$ r\nd ! temples to keep out ! w&]+ gho/s2 & ) a l int5tion ! p *ew$ buck?orn 9 ! morn+ & sme>$ ! doors ( _! h\ses ) pit*1 app>5tly ?9k+ t any ra% spirits :o might attempt to ent] w\ld /ick fa/ 9 ! pit* & be glu$1 l s _m flies1 to ! door4 ,b at ! end ( ! fe/ival ! s\ls 7 bidd5 to dep>t 9 ^! words3 8,out ( ! door ) y1 s\ls4 ,! ,an!/]ia is ov]407#chg7 ,yet = ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! unse5 gue/s dur+ _! %ort /ay e>!nw>e pots full ( boil$ food appe> to h be5 ev]y:]e prep>$ ?r\gh\t ! city2 b probably ^! 7 plac$ 9 ! /reet outside ! h\ses1 9 ord] to give ! gho/s no excuse = ent]+ & di/urb+ ! inmates4 ,no prie/ w\ld eat ( ! food ?us (f]$ to ! dead17#chh7 b pr[l+ begg>s probably _h no su* scruples4 ,simil>ly :5 ! ,sea ,dyaks ( ,s>awak celebrate _! great ,fe/ival ( ,dep>t$ ,spirits at int]vals :i* v>y f "o to ?ree or f\r ye>s1 food is prep>$ = ! dead & !y are summon$ f _! f>-(f home to p>take ( x2 b x is put outside at ! entrance ( ! h\se4 ,& be=e ! g5]al arrival ( ! s\ls1 :ile ! p are busy brew+ ! dr9k = ! fea/1 ea* family takes c>e to hang an e>!nw>e pot full ( ! liquor outside ( ! s+le room :i* x occupies 9 ! l>ge common h\se1 le/ "s ?ir/y s\l %\ld arrive prematurely f ! o!r _w1 &1 =c+ 8 way into ! dome/ic circle1 %\ld n m]ely slake 8 ?ir/ b c>ry (f "o ( ! liv+47#chi7 ,dur+ ?ree days 9 ,may ! ,romans held a fe/ival 9 hon\r ( ! gho/s4 ,! temples 7 %ut1 d\btless to keep out ! gho/ly sw>ms2 b1 z 9 ,japan1 e h\se seems to h be5 ?r[n op5 to receive ! spirits ( its own dep>t$4 ,:5 ! reception 0 ov]1 ea* head ( a family arose at dead ( night1 wa%$ 8 h&s1 & hav+ made ) f+]s & ?umb c]ta9 magic signs to w>d (f gho/s1 he proce$$ to ?r[ black beans ov] 8 %\ld] )\t look+ beh9d him4 ,z he did s1 he said n9e times1 8,) ^! beans ,i r$eem me & m9e02 & ! gho/s1 foll[+ unse5 at 8 heels1 pick$ up ! beans & left him & 8 alone4 ,!n he dipp$ 8 h&s aga9 9 wat]1 cla%$ bronze vessels toge!r to make a d91 & begg$ ! gho/s to dep>t f 8 h\se1 say+ n9e times1 8,g =?1 pat]nal %ades60 ,aft] t he look$ beh9d him1 & ! c]emony 0 ov]3 ! gho/s _h tak5 _! leave = ano!r ye>47#cij7 7,m#aae7 ,annual expulsions ( demons1 wit*es1 or evil influ5ces appe> to h be5 common among ! hea!n ( ,europe1 if we may judge f ! relics ( su* cu/oms among _! desc5dants at ! pres5t day4 ,?us among ! hea!n ,wotyaks1 a ,f9ni% p ( ,ea/]n ,russia1 all ! "y girls ( ! village assemble on ! la/ day ( ! ye> or on ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 arm$ ) /icks1 ! ends ( :i* are split 9 n9e places4 ,) ^! !y beat e corn] ( ! h\se & y>d1 say+1 8,we are driv+ ,satan out ( ! village40 ,aft]w>ds ! /icks are ?r[n into ! riv] bel[ ! village1 & z !y float d[n /ream ,satan goes ) !m to ! next village1 f :i* he mu/ be driv5 out 9 turn4 ,9 "s villages ! expulsion is manag$ o!rwise4 ,! unm>ri$ m5 receive f e h\se 9 ! village groats1 fle%1 & br&y4 ,^! !y take to ! fields1 light a fire "u a fir-tree1 boil ! groats1 & eat ( ! food !y h br\ght ) !m1 aft] pron\nc+ ! words1 8,g away into ! wild]ness1 come n into ! h\se40 ,!n !y return to ! village & ent] e h\se :]e !re are "y wom54 ,!y take hold ( ! "y wom5 & ?r[ !m into ! sn[1 say+1 8,may ! spirits ( disease leave y40 ,! rema9s ( ! groats & ! o!r food are !n di/ribut$ among all ! h\ses 9 proportion to ! am\nt t ea* contribut$1 & ea* family consumes its %>e4 ,accord+ to a ,wotyak ( ! ,malmyz di/rict ! "y m5 ?r[ into ! sn[ :omev] !y f9d 9 ! h\ses1 & ?is is call$ 8driv+ out ,satan02 moreov]1 "s ( ! boil$ groats are ca/ into ! fire ) ! words1 8,o god1 afflict u n ) sickness & pe/il5ce1 give u n up z a prey to ! spirits ( ! wood40 ,b ! mo/ antique =m ( ! c]emony is t obs]v$ by ! ,wotyaks ( ! ,kasan ,gov]nm5t4 ,fir/ ( all a sacrifice is (f]$ to ! ,devil at noon4 ,!n all ! m5 assemble on horseback 9 ! c5tre ( ! village1 & decide ) :i* h\se !y %all beg94 ,:5 ?is "q1 :i* (t5 gives rise to hot disputes1 is settl$1 !y te!r _! horses to ! pal+1 & arm !mselves ) :ips1 clubs ( lime-wood1 & bundles ( light$ twigs4 ,! light$ twigs are believ$ to h ! greate/ t]rors = ,satan4 ,?us arm$1 !y proce$ ) frightful cries to beat e corn] ( ! h\se & y>d1 !n %ut ! door1 & spit at ! eject$ fi5d4 ,s !y g f h\se to h\se1 till ! ,devil has be5 driv5 f e "o4 ,!n !y m\nt _! horses & ride out ( ! village1 yell+ wildly & br&i%+ _! clubs 9 e direction4 ,outside ( ! village !y fl+ away ! clubs & spit once m at ! ,devil47#cia7 ,! ,*]emiss1 ano!r ,f9ni% p ( ,ea/]n ,russia1 *ase ,satan f _! dwell+s by beat+ ! walls ) cudgels ( lime-wood4 ,= ! same purpose !y fire guns1 /ab ! gr\nd ) knives1 & ins]t burn+ *ips ( wood 9 ! crevices4 ,also !y leap ov] bonfires1 %ak+ out _! g>m5ts z !y d s2 & 9 "s di/ricts !y bl[ on long trumpets ( lime-tree b>k to fright5 him away4 ,:5 he has fl$ to ! wood1 !y pelt ! trees ) "s ( ! *eese-cakes & eggs :i* furni%$ ! fea/47#cib7 7,m#aaf7 ,9 ,*ri/ian ,europe ! old hea!n cu/om ( expell+ ! p[]s ( evil at c]ta9 times ( ! ye> has surviv$ to mod]n times4 ,?us 9 "s villages ( ,calabria ! mon? ( ,m>* is inaugurat$ ) ! expulsion ( ! wit*es4 ,x takes place at night to ! s\nd ( ! *ur* bells1 ! p runn+ ab\t ! /reets & cry+1 8,m>* is come40 ,!y say t ! wit*es roam ab\t 9 ,m>*1 & ! c]emony is repeat$ e ,friday ev5+ dur+ ! mon?47#cic7 ,(t51 z might h be5 anticipat$1 ! anci5t pagan rite has atta*$ itself to *ur* fe/ivals4 ,= example1 9 ,calabria at ,ea/]tide e family provides itself 9 "t ) a supply ( holy wat]1 & :5 ! *ur* bells proclaim ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ ! p spr9kle ! h\se ) ! wat]1 say+ 9 a l\d voice1 8,esciti =a srici uorvi1 esciti =a t5taziuni1 esca u malu ed entri u b5e40 ,at ! same "t !y knock on doors & w9d[s1 on *e/s & o!r articles ( furniture47#cid7 ,aga91 9 ,albania on ,ea/] ,eve ! "y p light tor*es ( res9\s wood & m>* 9 procession1 sw++ !m1 ?r\gh ! village4 ,at la/ !y ?r[ ! tor*es into ! riv]1 cry+1 8,ha1 ,kore6 we ?r[ y into ! riv]1 l ^! tor*es1 t y may nev] return407#cie7 ,silesian peasants believe t on ,good ,friday ! wit*es g _! r\nds & h great p[] = mis*ief4 ,h5ce ab\t ,oels1 ne> ,/rehlitz1 ! p on t day arm !mselves ) old brooms & drive ! wit*es f h\se & home1 f f>my>d & cattle-/all1 mak+ a great upro> & clatt] z !y d s47#cif7 7,m#aag7 ,! belief 9 ! malefic5t p[] & activity ( wit*es & wiz>ds w\ld seem to h weigh$ almo/ z heavily on ! hea!n ( ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,europe 9 prehi/oric times z x /ill weighs on ! m9ds ( ,african negroes & o!r savages 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,b :ile ^! unhall[$ be+s 7 always ) our =efa!rs1 !re 7 times & seasons ( ! ye> :5 !y 7 suppos$ to be p>ticul>ly mis*iev\s1 & :5 accord+ly special precautions _h to be tak5 aga9/ !m4 ,among su* times 7 ! twelve days f ,*ri/mas to ,twelf? ,night1 ! ,eve ( ,/4 ,george1 ! ,eve ( ,may ,day 7,walpurgis ,night71 & ,midsumm] ,eve47#cig7 7,m#aah7 ,9 ,c5tral ,europe x 0 app>5tly on ,walpurgis ,night1 ! ,eve ( ,may ,day1 above all o!r times t ! baleful p[]s ( ! wit*es 7 ex]t$ to ! fulle/ ext5t2 no?+ !re=e c\ld be m natural ?an t m5 %\ld be on _! gu>d aga9/ !m at t season1 & t1 n cont5t ) m]ely /&+ on _! def5ce1 !y %\ld boldly h s\ght to c>ry ! w> into ! enemy's qu>t]s by attack+ & =cibly expell+ ! uncanny crew4 ,among/ ! weapons ) :i* !y f\ght _! invisible adv]s>ies 9 ^! grim enc\nt]s 7 holy wat]1 ! fumes ( inc5se or o!r combu/ibles1 & l\d noises ( all k9ds1 p>ticul>ly ! cla%+ ( metal in/rum5ts1 among/ :i* ! r++ ( *ur* bells 0 p]haps ! mo/ effectual47#cih7 ,"s ( ^! /rong measures are /ill 9 use among ! peasantry1 or 7 s d[n to rec5t ye>s1 & !re seems no reason to suppose t _! magical virtue has be5 at all impair$ by lapse ( "t4 ,9 ! ,tyrol1 z 9 o!r places1 ! expulsion ( ! p[]s ( evil at ?is season goes by ! "n ( 8,burn+ out ! ,wit*es40 ,x takes place on ,may ,day1 b p h be5 busy ) _! prep>ations = days be=e4 ,on a ,?ursday at midnight bundles are made up ( res9\s spl9t]s1 black & r$ spott$ hemlock1 cap]spurge1 rosem>y1 & twigs ( ! sloe4 ,^! are kept & burn$ on ,may ,day by m5 :o mu/ fir/ h receiv$ pl5>y absolution f ! ,*ur*4 ,on ! la/ ?ree days ( ,april all ! h\ses are cleans$ & fumigat$ ) junip] b]ries & rue4 ,on ,may ,day1 :5 ! ev5+ bell has rung & ! twilight is fall+1 ! c]emony ( 8,burn+ out ! ,wit*es0 beg9s4 ,m5 & boys make a racket ) :ips1 bells1 pots1 & pans2 ! wom5 c>ry c5s]s2 ! dogs are un*a9$ & run b>k+ & yelp+ ab\t4 ,z soon z ! *ur* bells beg9 to r+1 ! bundles ( twigs1 fa/5$ on poles1 are set on fire & ! inc5se is ignit$4 ,!n all ! h\se-bells & d9n]-bells are rung1 pots & pans are cla%$1 dogs b>k1 e "o mu/ make a noise4 ,& amid ?is hubbub all scream at ! pit* ( _! voices1 8,wit* flee1 flee f "h1 ,or x w g ill ) !e40 ,!n !y run sev5 times r\nd ! h\ses1 ! y>ds1 & ! village4 ,s ! wit*es are smok$ out ( _! lurk+-places & driv5 away47#cii7 7,m#aai7 ,! cu/om ( expell+ ! wit*es on ,walpurgis ,night is /ill1 or 0 d[n to ?irty or =ty ye>s ago1 obs]v$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,bav>ia & among ! ,g]mans ( ,bohemia4 ,?us 9 ! ,bhm]wald ,m\nta9s1 :i* divide ,bav>ia f ,bohemia1 all ! "y fell[s ( ! village assemble aft] sunset on "s height1 especially at a cross-road1 & crack :ips = a :ile 9 unison ) all _! /r5g?4 ,?is drives away ! wit*es2 = s f> z ! s\nd ( ! :ips is he>d1 ^! malefic5t be+s c d no h>m4 ,! peasants believe firmly 9 ! efficacy ( ?is rem$y4 ,a yokel w tell 8 sons to be sure to crack _! :ips l\dly & hit ! wit*es h>d2 & to give m /+ to e bl[ ! :ip-la%es are knott$4 ,on return+ to ! village ! lads (t5 s+ songs & collect contributions ( eggs1 l>d1 bread1 & butt]4 ,9 "s places1 :ile ! "y fell[s are crack+ _! :ips1 ! h]dsm5 w9d _! horns1 & ! long-drawn notes1 he>d f>-(f 9 ! sil5ce ( night1 are v effectual = bann+ ! wit*es4 ,9 o!r places1 aga91 ! y\? bl[ ^u s-call$ %awms made ( peel$ will[-wood 9 front ( e h\se1 especially 9 front ( su* h\ses z are suspect$ ( h>b\r+ a wit*47#djj7 ,9 ,voigtl&1 a bleak m\nta9\s region ( ,c5tral ,g]many7#dja7 bord]+ on ! ,frank5wald ,m\nta9s1 ! belief 9 wit*craft is /ill widely spread4 ,! "t :5 ! wit*es are p>ticul>ly dread$ is ,walpurgis ,night1 b !y play _! pranks also on ,midsumm] ,eve1 ,/4 ,?omas's ,eve1 & ,*ri/mas ,eve4 ,on ^! days !y try to make _! way into a neighb\r's h\se & to borr[ or /eal some?+ f x2 & woe betide ! man 9 ^: h\se !y h succe$$ 9 _! nef>i\s err&6 ,x is on ,walpurgis ,night & ,midsumm] ,eve t !y ride ?r\gh ! air a/ride ( pit*=ks & *urn-da%]s4 ,!y also bewit* ! cattle2 s to protect ! poor bea/s f _! helli% ma*9ations ! p on ^! days *alk up ?ree crosses on ! doors ( ! cattle-/alls or hang up ,/4 ,john's wort1 m>joram1 & s =?4 ,v (t51 too1 ! village y\? turn out 9 a body & drive ! wit*es away ) ! crack+ ( :ips1 ! fir+ ( guns1 & ! wav+ ( burn+ besoms ?r\gh ! air1 n to m5tion %\ts & noises ( all sorts47#djb7 ,su* cu/oms appe> to be obs]v$ g5]ally 9 ,?r+51 ( :i* ,voigtl& is a "p4 ,! p ?9k t ! bl[s ( ! :ip actually fall on ! wit*es hov]+ unse5 9 ! air1 & t s f> z ! crack+ ( ! :ips is he>d1 ! crops w be good & no?+ w be /ruck by lightn+17#djc7 no d\bt because ! wit*es h be5 bani%$ by ! s\nd4 7,m#abj7 ,9 ,bohemia _m are ! precautions tak5 by ! peasantry1 bo? ,g]man & ,cze*1 to gu>d !mselves & _! cattle aga9/ ! wit*es on ,walpurgis ,night4 ,?orny bran*es are laid on ! ?re%olds ( c[-h\ses & dwell+s to keep out ! inf]nal crew1 & aft] sunset boys arm$ ) :ips & guns drive !m f ! villages ) a prodigi\s upro> & burn !m 9 bonfires on ! neighb\r+ heights4 ,x is true t ! wit*es !mselves are n se51 ?\gh effigies ( !m are sometimes consum$ 9 ! bonfires4 ,?is 8,burn+ ( ! ,wit*es10 z x is call$1 protects ! crops f _! ravages4 ,g]man lads also employ goats' horns z a means ( driv+ away ! wit*es at ! mom5t :5 !y issue =? f kit*5-*imneys on _! way to ! wit*es' ,sabba?47#djd7 ,"s m9or v>iations 9 ! mode ( expell+ ! wit*es on ,walpurgis ,night h be5 not$ 9 ! ,g]man villages ( ,we/]n ,bohemia4 ,?us 9 ,absrot ! village y\? g out to cross-roads & !re beat ! gr\nd ) bo>ds1 no d\bt = ! purpose ( ?ra%+ ! wit*es :o are commonly suppos$ to assemble at su* spots4 ,9 ,deslaw51 aft] ! ev5+ bells h rung1 p g ?r\gh ! h\ses beat+ ! walls or floors ) bo>ds2 !n !y issue =? into ! roads1 head$ by a boy :o c>ries ! effigy ( a wit* made up ( rags4 ,!reupon gr[n-up folk crack :ips & fire %ots4 ,9 ,s*nw]t ! "y p g 9 b&s ?r\gh ! village & ! mead[s1 mak+ a great noise ) bells1 flutes1 & :ips1 = ! m noise !y make ! m effectual is ! c]emony suppos$ to be4 ,meantime ! old] m5 are busy fir+ %ots ov] ! fields & ! dungheaps4 ,9 ,ho*(5 troops ( *ildr5 g f h\se to h\se on ,walpurgis ,ev5+1 mak+ a great clatt] ) t9 cans & kettles1 :ile !y scream1 8,wit*1 g out1 y\r h\se is burn+40 ,?is is call$ 8,driv+ out ! ,wit*es407#dje7 ,! ,g]man peasants ( ,moravia1 also1 univ]sally believe t on ,walpurgis ,night ! wit*es ride ?r\gh ! air on broom/icks & pit*=ks 9 ord] to revel ) ,satan1 _! ma/]1 at ! old hea!n places ( sacrifice1 :i* are commonly on heights4 ,to gu>d ! cattle & horses f _! insidi\s attacks x is usual to put knives "u ! ?re%olds & to /ick sprigs ( bir* 9 ! dungheaps4 ,=m]ly lads us$ to ga!r on ! heights :]e ! wit*es 7 believ$ to assemble2 & by hurl+ besoms1 dipp$ 9 pit* & ignit$1 !y attempt$ to bani% ! invisible foe47#djf7 7,m#aba7 ,9 ,silesia also1 we are told1 ! belief 9 wit*craft /ill occupies a l>ge space 9 ! m9ds ( ! p4 ,x is on ,walpurgis ,night t ! wit*es are let loose & all ! p[]s ( magic h full sway4 ,at t "t ! cottag]s n uncommonly see a wit* a/ride a hay=k or broom/ick em]g+ f ! *imney4 ,h5ce p are c>eful to remove all ut5sils f ! fireplace1 or ! wit*es w\ld ride on !m1 :5 !y g ) ! ,evil ,"o to a cross-road or a gall[s-hill1 !re to dance wild dances 9 a circle on ! sn[ or to cut cap]s on ! corn-fields4 ,/eps are tak5 to gu>d village1 h\se1 & f>my>d aga9/ _! incursions4 ,?ree crosses are *alk$ up on e door1 & little bir*-trees fa/5$ ov] ! h\se-door1 because ! wit*es mu/ c\nt e leaf on ! tree be=e !y c cross ! ?re%old1 & :ile !y are /ill c\nt+1 ! day breaks & _! p[] is gone4 ,on t ev5+ ! cattle are especially expos$ to ! attacks ( ! wit*es1 & prud5t f>m]s resort to _m exp$i5ts = ! sake ( protect+ ! animals f ! wiles ( ^! malignant be+s4 ,no wise man w\ld sell milk or butt] on ,walpurgis ,night2 if he did1 8 c[s w\ld c]ta9ly be bewit*$4 ,& all ! "w ( ! byres %\ld be f9i%$ & ! cattle f$ be=e sund[n1 :i* is ! "t :5 ! wit*es beg9 to sw>m 9 ! air4 ,besides ! usual crosses *alk$ on ! door ( ! byre1 x is cu/om>y to fa/5 ov] x ?ree horse-%oes1 or a hol$ fl9t1 or a goat's horns ) f\r bran*es2 x is well1 too1 to nail bits ( buck?orn crosswise ov] e entrance1 & to lean pit*=ks & h>r[s aga9/ ! doors ) ! %>p po9ts turn$ outw>ds4 ,a sod fre%ly cut f a mead[ & spr9kl$ ) m>%-m>igolds has likewise a v good effect :5 x is plac$ be=e a ?re%old4 ,moreov] 9 ! ,grnb]g di/rict "y m5 g clank+ *a9s ?r\gh ! village & f>my>ds1 = iron sc>es ! wit*es2 also !y knock at ! doors & !y prance ?r\gh ! y>ds a/ride on pit*=ks & broom/icks1 all to drive away ! wit*es1 b 9 do+ s !y mu/ be sure n to speak a ^w4 ,a v p[]ful means ( keep+ wit*es at bay are ! ,walpurgis bonfires1 :i* are /ill k9dl$ 9 ! ,hoy]sw]da di/rict & ! ,is] ,m\nta9s4 ,! fires are f$ ) ! /umps ( old brooms1 & ! p dance r\nd !m & wave burn+ besoms1 j z !y d at ! ,midsumm] bonfires4 ,ab\t ,hoy]sw]da !y call ^! fires1 z usual1 8,burn+ ! ,wit*es407#djg7 7,m#abb7 ,! ,w5ds ( ,saxony adopt v simil> precautions aga9/ wit*es on ! ev5+ ( ,walpurgis ,day4 ,any "o :o has be5 9 ,lusatia on ! la/ day ( ,april mu/ rememb] ! fires :i* he saw blaz+ on ! m\nta9s & 9 ! valleys & ! pla9s4 ,t is ! ,wit*-burn+ 7kuzl>nie pali74 ,= weeks be=e t ! boys & lads h be5 collect+ old brooms1 & :5 ! "t comes !y sally =? & dance ) ! burn+ besoms on ! fields2 ! fire is ?\ght to ban ! wit*es & f\l fi5ds4 ,also on t day p m>* ab\t ! fields & mead[s cl9k+ /ones on scy!s2 = ! noise is also deem$ effectual 9 driv+ ! wit*es away47#djh7 ,at ,p5zance 9 ,cornwall boys run ab\t bl[+ horns on ! ?irtie? ( ,april 7,walpurgis ,day71 & :5 que/ion$ :y !y d s !y say t !y are 8sc>+ away ! devil40 ,! horns us$ = ?is purpose are made ( t9 & %ap$ l a h]ald's trumpet2 !y v>y 9 l5g? f a foot to a y>d & c give =? a v l\d bla/47#dji7 ,! cu/om is probably a relic ( a g5]al expulsion ( wit*es & demons on t day4 7,m#abc7 ,ano!r wit*+ "t is ! p]iod ( twelve days betwe5 ,*ri/mas 7! tw5ty-fif? ( ,decemb]7 & ,epiphany 7! six? ( ,janu>y74 ,a ?\s& qua9t sup]/itions clu/] r\nd t my/ic season4 ,x is !n t ! ,wild ,huntsman sweeps ?r\gh ! air1 ! p[]s ( evil are let loose1 w]ewolves are pr[l+ r\nd1 & ! wit*es "w _! wick$ w4 ,h5ce 9 "s p>ts ( ,silesia ! p burn p9e-res9 all night long betwe5 ,*ri/mas & ! ,new ,ye> 9 ord] t ! pung5t smoke may drive wit*es & evil spirits f> away f h\se & home/ead2 & on ,*ri/mas ,eve & ,new ,ye>'s ,eve !y fire %ots ov] fields & mead[s1 into %rubs & trees1 & wrap /raw r\nd ! fruit-trees1 to prev5t ! spirits f do+ !m h>m47#daj7 ,on ,new ,ye>'s ,eve1 :i* is ,sa9t ,sylve/]'s ,day1 ,bohemian lads1 arm$ ) guns1 =m !mselves into circles & fire ?rice into ! air4 ,?is is call$ 8,%oot+ ! ,wit*es0 & is suppos$ to fright5 ! wit*es away4 ,:ile ! "y fell[s are r5d]+ ?is s]vice to ! community1 ! h\sewives g ab\t _! h\ses spr9kl+ holy wat] 9 all ! rooms & *alk+ ?ree crosses on e door17#daa7 no d\bt to accel]ate ! dep>ture ( ! wit*es1 & to prev5t _! return4 ,at ,trie/e on ,/4 ,sylve/]'s ,eve p =m processions & drive ! evil spirits ) /icks & brooms out ( ! h\ses1 :ile !y invite ! good spirits & good luck to come & dwell !re47#dab7 ,9 ! t[n ( ,bigg>1 9 ,lan>k%ire1 x has be5 cu/om>y f "t immemorial to celebrate a cu/om call$ 8burn+ out ! ,old ,ye>0 on ! ?irty-fir/ ( ,decemb]4 ,a l>ge bonfire1 to :i* all ! onlook]s ?9k x _! duty to contribute fuel1 is k9dl$ 9 ! ev5+ at ! t[n cross1 & fires are also light$ on ! adjac5t hills47#dac7 ,:5 we rememb] h[ common x is 9 ,c5tral ,europe to k9dle fires at critical seasons = ! purpose ( burn+ ! wit*es1 we may suspect t :at ! good p ( ,bigg> orig9ally int5d$ to burn on ! la/ night ( ! ye> 0 n ! ,old ,ye> b ! wit*es4 ,x w\ld h be5 well = ,scotl& & = ,europe if ! practice ( burn+ wit*es _h always be5 c>ri$ out 9 ?is h>mless fa%ion4 ,a visitor to ,scotl& 9 #afdd saw n9e wit*es ( fle% & blood burn$ at "o "t on ,lei? ,l9ks47#dad7 7,m#abd7 ,! la/ ( ! my/ic twelve days is ,epiphany or ,twelf? ,night1 & x has be5 select$ z a prop] season = ! expulsion ( ! p[]s ( evil 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe4 ,?us at ,brunn5 on ! ,lake ( ,luc]ne ! boys g ab\t 9 procession on ,twelf? ,night1 c>ry+ tor*es & lant]ns1 & mak+ a great noise ) horns1 c[-bells1 :ips1 & s =?4 ,?is is said to fright5 away ! two female spirits ( ! wood1 ,/rudeli & ,/rtteli4 ,( ^! two names ,/rudeli seems to mean 8wit*0 & ,/rtteli 8nightm>e40 ,! p believe t if !y d n make en\gh noise1 !re w be little fruit t ye>47#dae7 ,on ! same day ! inhabitants ( ! ,muota ,valley1 imm$iately to ! ea/ ( ,brunn51 us$ to make a simil> racket1 no d\bt = a simil> purpose4 ,!y collect$ *a9s1 pots & pans1 c[-bells1 horns1 & su* l musical in/rum5ts4 ,he :o c\ld borr[ a numb] ( horse's bells & we> !m on 8 p]son s t ! jangl+ s\nd$ af> (f 0 deem$ uncommonly lucky4 ,?us equipp$ p>ties ( p m>*$ ab\t mak+ all ! d9 !y c\ld2 sometimes !y w\ld meet & jo9+ all _! ef=ts 9 "o conc]t$ bur/ ( h>mony or discord w\ld raise su* a hubbub t ! surr\nd+ rocks rang aga9 ) ! s\nd47#daf7 ,9 ,labruguire1 also1 a canton ( ,s\!rn ,france1 ! evil spirits are expell$ at ! same season4 ,! canton lies 9 ! picturesque & little-kn[n region ( ! ,black ,m\nta9s1 :i* =m a sort ( l9k betwe5 ! ,pyr5ees & ! ,cev5nes1 & h pres]v$ 9 _! remote recesses c]ta9 types ( life :i* h long disappe>$ else:]e4 ,on ! eve ( ,twelf? ,day ! inhabitants ru% ?r\gh ! /reets jangl+ bells1 clatt]+ kettles1 & do+ ev]y?+ to make a discordant noise4 ,!n by ! light ( tor*es & blaz+ faggots !y set up a prodigi\s hue & cry1 an e>-splitt+ upro>1 hop+ !reby to *ase all ! w&]+ gho/s & devils f ! t[n47#dag7 7,m#abe7 ,) ?is noisy c]emony we may comp>e a simil> cu/om :i* is /ill obs]v$ ye> by ye> at ! same season 9 ! long & spaci\s ,piazza ,navona at ,rome4 ,!re on ! night be=e ,epiphany a d5se cr[d assembles1 & div]ts itself by rais+ a hide\s upro>4 ,soon aft] supp] troops ( "y folk & o!rs m>* ?r\gh ! /reets1 prec$$ by puppets or pa/ebo>d figures & all mak+ ! utmo/ possible d94 ,!y conv]ge f diff]5t qu>t]s on ! ,piazza ,navona1 !re to unite 9 "o prolong$ & deaf5+ outbur/ ( clangor\s discord4 ,! fav\rite musical in/rum5ts employ$ 9 ?is cats' conc]t are p5ny trumpets1 ( :i*1 toge!r ) tamb\r9es1 bells1 & s =?1 ! %ops take c>e to provide a l>ge /ock z a prep>ation = ! p&emonium ( ! ev5+4 ,! c]emony is suppos$ to be 9 hon\r ( a c]ta9 my?ical old hag call$ ,befana1 effigies ( :om1 made ( rags1 are put by wom5 & *ildr5 9 ! w9d[s on ,twelf? ,night4 ,h] "n ,befana is cle>ly a popul> corruption ( ,epiphany1 ! ecclesia/ical "n ( ! fe/ival2 b view$ 9 connexion ) ! popul> celebrations :i* we h exam9$ %e may be suspect$ to be ( hea!n r ?an ,*ri/ian orig94 ,9 fact we may conjecture t %e 0 ( old a wit*1 & t ! noisy rite 9 ! ,piazza ,navona is no?+ b a relic ( an annual expulsion ( wit*es at ?is season47#dah7 ,a c]emony ( ! same sort is annually obs]v$ on ! same ev5+1 ! ,eve ( ,epiphany1 by ! peasantry :o inhabit ! m\nta9s ( ! ,tuscan ,romagna4 ,a troop ( lads p>ade ! /reets ( ! village mak+ a fi5di% noise by means ( bells & kit*5 ut5sils ( t9 & brass1 :ile o!rs bl[ bla/s on horns & re$-pipes4 ,!y drag ab\t a c>t conta9+ an effigy ( an old woman made up ( rags & t[1 :i* repres5ts ,befana 7,epiphany74 ,:5 !y come to ! village squ>e !y put fire to ! effigy1 :i* soon vani%es 9 smoke & flames amid a *orus ( cries1 %rieks1 & o!r =ms ( ru/ic melody47#dai7 ,simil> c]emonies are probably obs]v$ on ! same ev5+ 9 o!r p>ts ( ,italy4 7,m#abf7 ,9 ! ,%etl& ,isl&s ! ,yule or ,*ri/mas holidays beg91 or us$ to beg91 sev5 days be=e ,*ri/mas & la/ till ,ant9mas1 t is1 ! tw5ty-f\r? day aft] ,*ri/mas4 ,9 ! ,%etl& p>lance ^! holidays are kn[n z 8! ,yules40 ,on ! fir/ night1 call$ ,tul-ya's e'en1 sev5 days be=e ,*ri/mas1 c]ta9 mis*iev\s elves1 :om ! ,%etl&]s "n ,tr[s1 8receiv$ p]mission to leave _! homes 9 ! he>t ( ! e>? & dwell1 if x s pleas$ !m1 above gr\nd4 ,!re seem$ to h be5 no d\bt t ^? creatures pref]r$ disport+ !mselves among ! dwell+s ( m5 to resid+ 9 _! own subt]ranean abodes1 = !y avail$ !mselves ( e p]mission giv51 & creat$ no little di/urbance among ! mortals :om !y visit$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( all ,yule-tide obs]vances 0 ! #8sa9+' requir$ to gu>d life or prop]ty f ! ,tr[s4 ,if ! prop] obs]vances 7 omitt$1 ! #8grey-folk' 7 sure to take advantage ( ! opportunity407#dbj7 ,on ! la/ day ( ! holidays1 ! tw5ty-f\r? day aft] ,*ri/mas1 :i* 9 ,%etl& goes by ! "n ( ,up-helly-a'1 ,uphellia1 or ,uphaliday1 8! doors 7 all op5$1 & a great deal ( pantomimic *as+ & driv+ & disp]s+ ( unse5 creatures took place4 ,_m pi\s ejaculations 7 utt]$1 & iron 0 o/5tati\sly display$1 #8= ,tr[s c nev] abide ! sight o' iron4' ,! ,bible 0 read & quot$4 ,p mov$ ab\t 9 gr\ps or c\ples1 nev] s+ly1 & infants 7 c>efully gu>d$ z well z sa9$ by vigilant & le>n$ #8wise wom54' ,alas1 ! poor ,tr[s6 _! "t ( frolic & lib]ty 0 end$1 & on ,tw5ty-f\r? night !y retir$ to _! gloomy abodes b5ea? ! sod1 seldom f9d+ opportunity to reappe> aga91 & nev] ) ! same lic5ce1 until ! ,yules return$4 ,all t pantomime1 all t invok+ ( holi] ,p[]s1 7 b me?ods ( #8spe$+ ! p>t+ gue/1' & mortals 7 rejoic+ t ! unbidd51 unwelcome grey-folk mu/ dep>t4 ,:5 day dawn$ aft] ,tw5ty-f\r? night ! ,tr[s _h vani%$ & ! ,yules 7 end$407#dba7 ,( late ye>s ,up-helly-a' has be5 celebrat$ 9 ,l]wick ) pomp\s & elaborate masqu]ades4 ,! *ief ev5t ( ! ev5+ is a tor*-light procession ( mask]s or 8guiz]s10 z !y are call$1 :o escort ! model ( a ,norse galley ?r\gh ! /reets1 & f9ally set x on fire by ?r[+ _! tor*es into x4 ,b 9 ?is =m ! celebration seems to date only f ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 9 =m] times an old boat fill$ ) t> & ignit$ 0 dragg$ ab\t & blaz+ t>-b>rels 7 drawn or kick$ ?r\gh ! /reets47#dbb7 ,! fire1 h[ev] procur$1 0 probably 9 orig9 int5d$ to *ase away ! l+]+ ,tr[s f ! t[n at ! end ( ! holidays4 7,m#abg7 ,?us x w\ld seem t ! cu/om ( annually bani%+ wit*es & demons on a day or night set ap>t = ! purpose has n be5 conf9$ to ,c5tral ,europe1 b c be trac$ f ,calabria & ,rome 9 ! s\? to ! ,%etl& ,isl&s 9 ! f> nor?4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,public ,,scapegoats4 #a4 ,! ,expulsion ( ,embodi$ ,evils4 7,m#abh7 ,?us f> we h dealt ) t class ( ! g5]al expulsion ( evils :i* ,i h call$ direct or imm$iate4 ,9 ?is class ! evils are invisible1 at lea/ to common eyes1 & ! mode ( deliv]ance consi/s = ! mo/ "p 9 beat+ ! empty air & rais+ su* a hubbub z may sc>e ! mis*iev\s spirits & put !m to flight4 ,x rema9s to illu/rate ! second class ( expulsions1 9 :i* ! evil influ5ces are embodi$ 9 a visible =m or are at lea/ suppos$ to be load$ ^u a mat]ial m$ium1 :i* acts z a vehicle to draw !m (f f ! p1 village1 or t[n4 7,m#abi7 ,! ,pomos ( ,cali=nia celebrate an expulsion ( devils e sev5 ye>s1 at :i* ! devils are repres5t$ by disguis$ m54 8,tw5ty or ?irty m5 array !mselves 9 h>lequ9 rig & b>b>ic pa9t1 & put vessels ( pit* on _! heads2 !n !y secretly g out into ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s4 ,^! are to p]sonify ! devils4 ,a h]ald goes up to ! top ( ! assembly-h\se1 & makes a spee* to ! multitude4 ,at a signal agre$ ^u 9 ! ev5+ ! masqu]ad]s come 9 f ! m\nta9s1 ) ! vessels ( pit* flam+ on _! heads1 & ) all ! frightful accessories ( noise1 motion1 & co/ume :i* ! savage m9d c devise 9 repres5tation ( demons4 ,! t]rifi$ wom5 & *ildr5 flee = life1 ! m5 huddle !m inside a circle1 &1 on ! pr9ciple ( fight+ ! devil ) fire1 !y sw+ blaz+ firebr&s 9 ! air1 yell1 :oop1 & make frantic da%es at ! m>aud+ & blood?ir/y devils1 s creat+ a t]rific spectacle1 & /rik+ great fe> into ! he>ts ( ! assembl$ hundr$s ( wom51 :o are scream+ & fa9t+ & cl++ to _! valor\s protectors4 ,f9ally ! devils succe$ 9 gett+ into ! assembly-h\se1 & ! brave/ ( ! m5 ent] & hold a p>ley ) !m4 ,z a conclusion ( ! :ole f>ce1 ! m5 summon c\rage1 ! devils are expell$ f ! assembly-h\se1 & ) a prodigi\s r[ & racket ( %am fight+ are *as$ away into ! m\nta9s407#dbc7 ,9 spr+1 z soon z ! will[-leaves 7 full gr[n on ! banks ( ! riv]1 ! ,m&an ,indians celebrat$ _! great annual fe/ival1 "o ( ! features ( :i* 0 ! expulsion ( ! devil4 ,a man1 pa9t$ black to repres5t ! devil1 ent]$ ! village f ! prairie1 *as$ & fright5$ ! wom51 & act$ ! "p ( a buffalo bull 9 ! buffalo dance1 ! object ( :i* 0 to ensure a pl5tiful supply ( buffaloes dur+ ! ensu+ ye>4 ,f9ally he 0 *as$ f ! village1 ! wom5 pursu+ him ) hisses & gibes1 beat+ him ) /icks1 & pelt+ him ) dirt47#dbd7 ,! ,mayas ( ,yucatan divid$ ! ye> into eighte5 mon?s ( tw5ty days ea*1 & !y add$ five supplem5t>y days at ! end ( ! ye> 9 ord] to make a total ( ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five days4 ,^! five supplem5t>y days 7 deem$ unlucky4 ,9 ! c\rse ( !m ! p bani%$ ! evils t might ?reat5 !m 9 ! ye> on :i* !y 7 ab\t to ent]4 ,= t purpose !y made a clay image ( ! demon ( evil ,uuayayab1 t is u-uayab-haab1 8,he by :om ! ye> is poison$10 confront$ x ) ! deity :o _h supreme p[] ov] ! com+ ye>1 & !n c>ri$ x out ( ! village 9 ! direction ( t c>d9al po9t to :i*1 on ! sy/em ( ! ,mayan cal5d>1 ! p>ticul> ye> 0 suppos$ to belong4 ,hav+ ?us rid !mselves ( ! demon1 !y look$ =w>d to a happy ,new ,ye>47#dbe7 7,m#acj7 ,"s ( ! native tribes ( ,c5tral ,que5sl& believe 9 a noxi\s be+ call$ ,molonga1 :o pr[ls unse5 & w\ld kill m5 & violate wom5 if c]ta9 c]emonies 7 n p]=m$4 ,^! c]emonies la/ = five nights & consi/ ( dances1 9 :i* only m51 fanta/ically pa9t$ & adorn$1 take "p4 ,on ! fif? night ,molonga himself1 p]sonifi$ by a man trick$ out ) r$ o*re & fea!rs & c>ry+ a long fea!r-tipp$ spe>1 ru%es =? f ! d>kness at ! spectators & makes z if he w\ld run !m ?r\gh4 ,great is ! excitem5t1 l\d are ! %rieks & %\ts1 b aft] ano!r feign$ attack ! demon vani%es 9 ! gloom47#dbf7 ,on ! la/ night ( ! ye> ! palace ( ! ,k+s ( ,cambodia is purg$ ( devils4 ,m5 pa9t$ z fi5ds are *as$ by elephants ab\t ! palace c\rts4 ,:5 !y h be5 expell$1 a consecrat$ ?read ( cotton is /ret*$ r\nd ! palace to keep !m out47#dbg7 ,9 ,munz]abad1 a di/rict ( ,mysore 9 ,s\!rn ,india1 :5 *ol]a or smallpox has brok5 out 9 a p>i%1 ! inhabitants assemble & conjure ! demon ( ! disease into a wood5 image1 :i* !y c>ry1 g5]ally at midnight1 into ! next p>i%4 ,! inhabitants ( t p>i% 9 l mann] pass ! image on to _! neighb\rs1 & ?us ! demon is expell$ f "o village aft] ano!r1 until he comes to ! bank ( a riv] into :i* he is f9ally ?r[n47#dbh7 ,russian villag]s seek to protect !mselves aga9/ epidemics1 :e!r ( man or bea/1 by draw+ a furr[ ) a pl\gh "r r\nd ! village4 ,! pl\gh is dragg$ by f\r wid[s & ! c]emony is p]=m$ at night2 all fires & lights mu/ be ext+ui%$ :ile ! pl\gh is go+ ! r\nd4 ,! p ?9k t no unclean _s c pass ! furr[ :i* has ?us be5 trac$4 ,9 ! village ( ,dubr[its*i a puppet is c>ri$ be=e ! pl\gh ) ! cry1 8,out ( ! village ) ! unclean _s60 & at ! end ( ! c]emony x is torn 9 pieces & ! fragm5ts scatt]$ ab\t47#dbi7 ,no d\bt ! demon ( ! disease is suppos$ to be 9 ! puppet & to be de/roy$ ) x4 ,sometimes 9 an ,e/honian village a rum\r w get ab\t t ! ,evil ,"o himself has be5 se5 9 ! place4 ,in/antly ! :ole village is 9 an upro>1 & ! entire population1 arm$ ) /icks1 flails1 & scy!s1 turns out to give him *ase4 ,!y g5]ally expel him 9 ! %ape ( a wolf or a cat1 occasionally !y brag t !y h beat5 ! devil to dea?47#dcj7 ,at ,c>mona1 9 ,&alusia1 on "o day ( ! ye>1 boys are /ripp$ nak$ & sme>$ ) glue 9 :i* fea!rs are /uck4 ,?us disguis$1 !y run f h\se to h\se1 ! p try+ to avoid !m & to b> _! h\ses aga9/ !m47#dca7 ,! c]emony is probably a relic ( an annual expulsion ( devils4 7,m#aca7 ,"s ( ! ,khasis ( ,assam annually expel ! demon ( plague4 ,! c]emony is call$ ,beh-di5g-khlam1 t is 8,driv+ away 7beh7 ! plague 7khlam7 ) /icks 7di5g702 x takes place 9 ! ,deep-wat] mon? 7,june74 ,on ! day fix$ = ! expulsion ! m5 rise e>ly & beat ! ro( ) /icks1 call+ ^u ! demon ( ! plague to leave ! h\se4 ,lat] 9 ! day !y g d[n to ! /ream :]e ! goddess ,aitan dwells4 ,!n long poles or bamboos1 newly cut1 are laid across ! /ream & ! p jump on !m1 try+ to break !m2 :5 !y succe$1 !y give a great %\t4 ,next a v l>ge pole or bamboo is simil>ly laid across ! /ream1 & ! p divide !mselves into two p>ties1 "o on ea* side ( ! /ream1 & pull aga9/ ea* o!r at opposite ends ( ! pole4 ,accord+ to "o acc\nt ! p>ty :i* succe$s 9 dragg+ ! pole to _! side ( ! /ream is suppos$ to ga9 heal? & prosp]ity dur+ ! com+ ye>4 ,accord+ to ano!r acc\nt1 if ! p on ! ea/ bank w9 9 ! conte/ or 8tug-(-w>10 good luck & prosp]ity are assur$2 b if ! p on ! we/ bank are victori\s1 !n ev]y?+ w g wrong4 ,on ?is occasion ! p disguise !mselves z giants & wild bea/s1 & !y p>ade images ( s]p5ts1 elephants1 tig]s1 peacocks1 & s on4 ,! m5 dance ) en?usiasm1 & ! girls1 dress$ 9 _! be/1 look on4 ,be=e ! assembly breaks up1 ! m5 play a sort ( game ( hockey ) wood5 balls47#dcb7 ,9 ?is c]emonial conte/ or 8tug ( w>0 betwe5 two p>ties ( ! p1 we may conjecture t ! "o p>ty repres5ts ! expell$ demons ( ! plague2 & if t is s1 we may p]haps assume t 9 ! /ruggle ! repres5tatives ( ! demons g5]ally all[ !mselves to be ov]come by _! adv]s>ies1 9 ord] t ! village may be free f pe/il5ce 9 ! com+ ye>4 ,simil>ly 9 autumn ! ,c5tral ,esquimaux divide !mselves into two p>ties1 repres5t+ summ] & w9t] respectively1 :i* pull at opposite ends ( a rope2 & !y draw om5s ( ! wea!r to be expect$ 9 ! com+ w9t] accord+ z ! p>ty ( summ] or ( w9t] prevails 9 ! /ruggle47#dcc7 ,t 9 su* conte/s1 resembl+ our ,engli% game ( 8,fr5* & ,engli%0 or ! 8,tug ( ,w>10 ! "o side may repres5t demons is prov$ by a cu/om obs]v$ by ! ,*ukmas1 a tribe ( ! ,*ittagong ,hill ,tracts 9 ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india4 8,on ! dea? ( a ,dewan or ( a prie/ a curi\s sport is cu/om>y at ! fun]al4 ,! corpse is convey$ to ! place ( cremation on a c>2 to ?is c> ropes are atta*$1 & ! p]sons att5d+ ! c]emony are divid$ into two equal bodies & set to "w to pull 9 opposite directions4 ,"o side repres5ts ! good spirits2 ! o!r1 ! p[]s ( evil4 ,! conte/ is s arrang$ t ! =m] are victori\s4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! "y m5 repres5t+ ! demons are incl9$ to pull too vigor\sly1 b a /ick g5]ally quells ?is unseemly ard\r 9 ! cause ( evil407#dcd7 ,! conte/ is l t betwe5 ! angels & devils depict$ 9 ! frescoes ( ! ,campo ,santo at ,pisa4 ,9 ,burma a simil> /ruggle takes place at ! fun]al ( a ,buddhi/ monk :o pass$ = a sa9t 9 ! popul> e/imation3 ropes are atta*$ to opposite ends ( ! c> on :i* ! c(f9 is plac$1 all ! able-bodi$ m5 ( ! neighb\rhood hold on to "o or o!r ( ! two ends & pull z if = de> life aga9/ ea* o!r2 ev5 ! wom5 & girls sometimes jo9 9 ! tug ( w>1 & policem5 h be5 se51 9 a /ate ( frantic excitem5t1 wav+ _! batons to enc\rage ! combatants & dragg+ back %irk]s by ma9 =ce into ! fight+ l9e4 ,! /ruggle is sometimes prolong$ = h\rs or ev5 days47#dce7 ,) ! example ( ! ,*ukmas be=e u1 we may conjecture t ! orig9al motive ( ?is int]nec9e /rife 0 a p]suasion t ! et]nal happ9ess or mis]y ( ! dep>t$ sa9t dep5d$ on ! issue ( ?is conte/ betwe5 ! p[]s ( good & evil = ! possession ( 8 mortal rema9s4 7,m#acb7 ,b 9 ,burma ! tug ( w> has be5 employ$ = m secul> purposes ?an ! salvation or p]dition ( s\ls4 8,! inhabitants10 we are told1 8/ill h a cu/om ( pull+ a rope to produce ra94 ,a ra9 p>ty & a dr\ght p>ty tug aga9/ ea* o!r1 ! ra9 p>ty be+ all[$ ! victory1 :i* 9 ! popul> notion is g5]ally foll[$ by ra9407#dcf7 ,! mode 9 :i* ?is salut>y result foll[s f tugg+ at a rope is expla9$ by ! ,burmese doctr9e ( nats or spirits :o cause ra94 ,b x is only :5 ^! spirits sport 9 ! air t ra9 falls2 :5 !y %ut !mselves up 9 _! h\ses !re is dr\ght4 ,n[ 9 "s ,burmese writ+s 8x is said1 t :5 ! sun is 9 ! pa? ( ! goat1 ^! ,nat d n *use to leave _! h\ses on acc\nt ( ! great heat1 :5ce !re is !n no ra94 ,= ?is reason1 ! inhabitants ( ! ,burma empire1 9 times ( dr\ght1 are wont to assemble 9 great numb]s1 ) drums & a long cable4 ,divid+ !mselves into two p>ties1 ) a va/ %\t+ & noise1 !y drag ! cable contr>y ways1 ! "o p>ty endeav\r+ to get ! bett] ( ! o!r3 & !y ?9k1 by ?is means1 to invite ! ,nat to come out f _! h\ses1 & to sport 9 ! air4 ,! ?und] & lightn+1 :i* frequ5tly prec$e ra91 are ! cla%+ & %9+ ( ! arms ( ^! ,nat1 :o sometimes sport 9 mock battles407#dcg7 ,app>5tly1 !re=e1 9 ! tug ( w>1 practis$ z a ra9-*>m1 ! "o p>ty repres5t ! spirits :o h to be dragg$ reluctantly f _! h\ses 9 ord] to make ra9 9 ! sky4 ,simil>ly 9 ! ,timor-laut ,isl&s1 :5 ! p want a ra9y w9d f ! we/1 ! population ( ! village1 m51 wom51 & *ildr5 divide into two p>ties & pull aga9/ ea* o!r at ! end ( a long bamboo4 ,b ! p>ty at ! ea/]n end mu/ pull ! h>d]1 9 ord] to draw ! desir$ w9d out ( ! we/47#dch7 ,we c n[ p]haps und]/& :y among ! ,khasis ! victory ( ! ea/]n side 9 ! tug ( w> is ?\ght to progno/icate good luck & prosp]ity1 & :y ! victory ( ! we/]n side is believ$ to port5d ! contr>y2 ! di/9ction is at once intelligible :5 we rememb] t 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,khasis ! ra9y w9d is ! monsoon :i* bl[s f ! s\?-we/1 :]eas ! w9d :i* bl[s f ! s\?-ea/ is hot & dry47#dci7 ,?us a victory ( ! ea/]n p>ty 9 ! tug ( w> means t !y h drawn ra9 & consequ5tly f]tility into ! c\ntry f ! we/2 :]eas a victory ( ! we/]n p>ty signifies t !y h dragg$ dr\ght & consequ5tly de>? into ! c\ntry f ! ea/4 7,m#acc7 ,h[ev]1 a some:at diff]5t turn is giv5 to ! c]emony ( rope-pull+ 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies by ano!r writ]1 :o in=ms u1 t :ile ! conte/ only takes place 9 "s ( ^! isl&s :5 ra9 is want$1 x is closely connect$ ) ^? lic5ti\s rites p]=m$ = ! f]tilization ( ! gr\nd :i* h be5 describ$ 9 ano!r "p ( ?is "w47#ddj7 ,accord+ to ?is acc\nt ! m5 & wom5 appe> to take opposite sides 9 ! tug ( w>1 & 9 pull+ aga9/ ea* o!r !y imitate by _! movem5ts ! union ( ! sexes47#dda7 ,if t is s1 x w\ld seem t ! rite is a magical c]emony design$ to promote ! f]tility ( ! gr\nd by means ( homoeopa?ic or imitative magic4 ,! same may p]haps be ! int5tion ( ! tug ( w> z x is practis$ = ! b5efit ( ! crops by "s ( ! ,naga tribes ( ,assam1 & ?is is ! m likely because 9 ! case ( ^! tribes we are def9itely told t ! sexes take opposite sides1 ! wom5 & girls tugg+ aga9/ ! m5 & boys4 ,?is is done by ! ,tangkhuls ( ,assam a mon? aft] ! rice has be5 s[n2 ! c]emony is p]=m$ 89 ord] to take ! om5s = ! future ( ! crops10 & x 8is foll[$ by consid]able lic5se40 ,! tug ( w> betwe5 ! sexes ) its att5dant lic5se is repeat$ be=e ! fir/-fruits are cut by ! sacr$ headman47#ddb7 ,9 ,corea ab\t ! fifte5? day ( ! fir/ mon? villages engage 9 ! same k9d ( conte/ ) ea* o!r1 & x is ?\ght t ! village :i* w9s w h a good h>ve/4 ,! rope :i* !y pull is made ( /raw1 two feet 9 diamet]1 ) its ends divid$ into bran*es4 ,! m5 lay hold ( ! ma9 /em1 :ile ! wom5 grasp ! bran*es1 & !y (t5 tug h>d] ?an ! m51 = !y load _! skirts ) /ones1 :i* adds weight to ! =ce ( _! muscles47#ddc7 ,9 ,kamt*atka1 :5 ! fi%+ season is ov]1 ! p us$ to divide into two p>ties1 "o ( :i* tri$ to pull a bir*-tree by a /rap ?r\gh ! smoke-hole into _! subt]ranean w9t] dwell+1 :ile ! o!r p>ty outside1 pull+ at ! end ( ! tree1 endeav\r$ to h9d] !m4 ,if ! p>ty 9 ! h\se succe$$1 !y rais$ %\ts ( joy & set up a grass effigy ( a wolf1 :i* !y pres]v$ c>efully ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 believ+ t x esp\s$ _! "y wom5 & prev5t$ !m f giv+ bir? to tw9s4 ,= !y deem ! bir? ( tw9s a dreadful mis=tune & a horrible s92 !y put x d[n to ! wolf 9 ! =e/1 & all :o *ance to be 9 ! h\se at ! "t %ew a clean pair ( heels1 leav+ ! "m & h] infants to %ift = !mselves4 ,%\ld ! tw9s be bo? girls1 ! calamity is ev5 great]47#ddd7 ,9 ! village ( ,doreh1 9 ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea1 :5 "s ( ! inhabitants h gone on a long j\rney1 ! p :o /ay at home engage 9 a ,tug ( ,w> among !mselves to det]m9e :e!r ! j\rney w be prosp]\s or n4 ,"o side repres5ts ! voyag]s & ! o!r side ^? :o are left beh9d4 ,!y pull at opposite ends ( a long bamboo1 & if ! bamboo breaks or ! side :i* repres5ts ! p at home is oblig$ to let g1 ! om5 is fav\rable47#dde7 7,m#acd7 ,9 ,morocco1 also1 ! ,tug ( ,w> is resort$ to z a means ( influ5c+ ! wea!r1 sometimes 9 ord] to procure ra9 & sometimes to procure sun%9e2 & "h m5 & wom5 appe> usually to take opposite sides 9 ! conte/4 ,= example1 among ! ,igliwa1 a ,b]b] p ( ! ,great ,atlas1 :5 ra9 is want$1 !y take a rope & ! m5 pull at "o end & wom5 at ! o!r4 ,:ile !y are tugg+ away1 a man sudd5ly cuts ! rope & ! wom5 fall d[n4 ,! same device = procur+ ra9 9 "t ( dr\ght is practis$ by ! ,ait ,w>a91 ano!r ,b]b] tribe ( ,morocco2 b among !m 9 ! heat ( ! conte/ ! wom5 z well z ! m5 w sometimes let g ! rope & all[ ! opposite p>ty to fall on _! backs4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,tsl1 ano!r ,b]b] tribe ( ,morocco1 employ ! ,tug ( ,w> = ! opposite purpose ( ensur+ a supply ( sun%9e & heat 9 autumn1 :5 !y wi% to dry _! figs & grapes2 ! conte/ takes place at night by ! light ( ! moon47#ddf7 ,! app>5t contradiction ( employ+ ! same proc$ure = opposite purposes vani%es if we suppose t1 z ! ,assamese cu/om seems to indicate1 ! int5tion is to draw ei!r a ra9y or a dry w9d out ( ! qu>t]s f :i* ! breezes t br+ ra9 or sun%9e usually bl[1 & :i* w usually be on opposite sides ( ! sky4 ,h5ce 9 ord] fully to und]/& ! ,tug ( ,w>1 :5 x is practis$ = ! purpose ( influ5c+ ! wea!r1 we %\ld "k1 fir/1 ! directions f :i* ! ra9y & ! dry w9ds respectively come 9 ! c\ntry "u consid]ation1 & second1 ! direction 9 :i* ! rope is /ret*$ betwe5 ! cont5d+ p>ties4 ,if1 = example1 z happ5s 9 ,assam1 ! ra9y w9d bl[s f ! we/1 & a victory ( ! ea/]n p>ty 9 ! ,tug ( ,w> is an om5 ( prosp]ity1 we may conclude ) a fair degree ( probability t ! int5tion ( ! conte/ is to draw ! ra9 f ! qu>t] ( ! sky 9 :i* x is l+]+4 ,b ^! niceties ( obs]vation h usually escap$ ! att5tion ( ^? :o h describ$ ! ,tug ( ,w>4 7,m#ace7 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,morocco games ( ball are play$ = ! sake n[ ( procur+ ra9 & n[ ( procur+ dry wea!r2 ! ball is sometimes propell$ ) /icks & sometimes ) ! feet ( ! competitors4 ,an ,arab que/ion$ z to :y a game ( ball %\ld br+ on ra9 expla9$ t ! ball is d>k l a ra9-cl\d47#ddg7 ,p]haps ! answ] furni%es ! clue to ! mean+ ( ! rite4 ,if 9 su* games play$ to influ5ce ! wea!r ! ball repres5ts a ra9-cl\d1 ! success or failure ( ! *>m w dep5d on :i* side contrives to get ! ball home 9 ! enemy's qu>t]s4 ,= example1 if ra9 is desir$ & ! ra9y w9d bl[s 9 ,morocco1 z may p]haps be assum$1 f ! we/1 !n %\ld ! we/]n side succe$ 9 driv+ ! ball ?r\gh ! ea/]n goal1 !re w be ra92 b if ! ea/]n p>ty w9s1 !n ! ra9 is driv5 away & ! dr\ght w cont9ue4 ,?us a game ( ball w\ld 9 !ory & practice answ] exactly to ! ,tug ( ,w> practis$ = ! same purposes4 7,m#acf7 ,9 ,morocco1 h[ev]1 ! ,tug ( ,w> is app>5tly us$ also = ! purpose ( ensur+ prosp]ity 9 g5]al )\t any special ref]5ce to ! wea!r4 ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck 0 in=m$ by an old ,arab f ! ,hia9a t ! ,tug ( ,w> 8is no long] practis$ at ! ,great ,fea/1 z x 0 9 8 *ildhood1 b t x is p]=m$ 9 ! autumn :5 ! ?re%+ is go+ on & ! fruits are ripe4 ,!n m5 & wom5 h a tug ( w> by moonlight s t ! bs1 or evil1 %all g away1 t ! ye> %all be good1 & t ! p %all live 9 peace4 ,"s man secretly cuts two ( ! ?ree cords ( :i* ! rope is made1 ) ! result t bo? p>ties tumble d[n407#ddh7 ,9 ?is conte/ "o p>ty p]haps repres5ts ! p[]s ( good & ! o!r ! p[]s ( evil 9 g5]al4 ,b :y 9 ^! ,moroccan cases ( ! ,tug ( ,w> ! rope %\ld be s (t5 cut & "o or bo? sides laid on _! backs1 is n manife/4 ,p]haps ! simple device ( sudd5ly slack+ ! rope 9 ord] to make ! opposite side lose _! foot+1 & s to haul ! rope away f !m be=e !y c recov] !mselves1 may h l$ to ! m tr5*ant measure ( cutt+ x ) a knife = ! same purpose4 7,m#acg7 ,^! examples make x probable t :]ev] ! ,tug ( ,w> is play$ only at c]ta9 def9ite seasons or on c]ta9 p>ticul> occasions1 x 0 orig9ally p]=m$1 n z a m]e pa/ime1 b z a magical c]emony design$ to "w "s good = ! community4 ,fur!r1 we may surmise t 9 _m cases ! two cont5d+ p>ties repres5t respectively ! p[]s ( good & evil /ruggl+ aga9/ ea* o!r = ! ma/]y1 & z ! community has always an int]e/ 9 ! preval5ce ( ! p[]s ( good1 x may well happ5 t ! p[]s ( evil d n always get fair play 9 ^! conflicts2 ?\gh no d\bt :5 x comes to be 8pull devil1 pull bak]10 ! devil is apt1 9 ! _s ( a true sportsman1 to tug ) z he>ty good w z 8 f> m des]v+ adv]s>y ! bak]4 ,to take cases 9 :i* ! game is play$ )\t any alleg$ practical motive1 ! ,roocooy5 ,indians ( ,fr5* ,guiana engage 9 ! ,tug ( ,w> z a sort ( int]lude dur+ ! c]emonial tortures ( ! y\?47#ddi7 ,among ! ,c+alese ! game 8is connect$ ) ! sup]/iti\s wor%ip ( ! goddess ,pat92 & is m int5d$ = a propitiation to t deity1 ?an consid]$ z an indulg5ce1 or pursu$ z an ex]cise4 ,two opposite p>ties procure two /icks ( ! /ronge/ & t\ghe/ wood1 & s crook$ z to hook into "o ano!r )\t slipp+2 !y !n atta* /rong cords or cable-rattans ( suffici5t l5g? to all[ ( e "o lay+ hold ( !m4 ,! cont5d+ p>ties !n pull until "o ( ! /icks gives way40 ,! victori\s piece ( wood is gaily decorat$1 plac$ 9 a palanqu91 & borne ?r\gh ! village amid noisy rejoic+s1 (t5 accompani$ ) co>se & obsc5e expressions47#dej7 ,! use ( f\l language on ?is occasion sugge/s t ! c]emony is "h1 z else:]e1 obs]v$ = ! purpose ( ensur+ f]tility4 ,9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n prov9ces ( ,india ! game is play$ on ! f\rte5? day ( ! light half ( ! mon? ,ku>4 ,! rope 7b>ra7 is made ( ! grass call$ makra1 & is ?ick] ?an a man's arm4 ,! v>i\s qu>t]s ( a village pull aga9/ ea* o!r1 & ! "o :i* is victori\s keeps possession ( ! rope dur+ ! ensu+ ye>4 ,x is *iefly 9 ! ea/ ( ^! prov9ces t ! game is play$2 9 ! we/ x is unkn[n47#dea7 ,sometimes ! conte/ is betwe5 ! inhabitants ( neighb\r+ villages1 & ! rope is /ret*$ across ! b\nd>y2 pl5ty is suppos$ to att5d ! victori\s side47#deb7 ,at ! ,great ,fea/1 a ye>ly sacrificial fe/ival ( ! ,mohamm$an _w1 "s tribes 9 ,morocco practise a ,tug ( ,w>4 ,?us among ! ,ait ,sadd5 x is obs]v$ on ! fir/ day ( ! fe/ival be=e ! sacrifice2 among ! ,ait ,yusi x is p]=m$ ei!r be=e ! religi\s s]vice or 9 ! aft]noon ( ! same day1 & also 9 ! morn+ ( ! ,little ,fea/4 ,bo? sexes g5]ally take "p 9 ! conte/1 ! m5 tugg+ at "o end ( ! rope & ! wom5 at ! o!r1 & sometimes ! weak] p>ty applies = help to p]sons ( ! same sex 9 a neighb\r+ village4 ,:5 !y are all h>d at x1 ! m5 may sudd5ly let g ! rope & s s5d ! wom5 sprawl+ on _! backs47#dec7 7,m#ach7 ,at ,ludl[ 9 ,%rop%ire a gr& ,tug ( ,w> us$ to take place on ,%rove ,tuesday betwe5 ! inhabitants ( ,broad ,/reet ,w>d on ! "o side & ( ,corve ,/reet ,w>d on ! o!r4 ,! rope 0 ?ree in*es ?ick & ?irty-six y>ds long1 ) a r$ knob at "o end & a blue knob at ! o!r4 ,! rope 0 paid out by ! ,mayor 9 p]son f a w9d[ 9 ! ,m>ket ,hall at f\r o'clock 9 ! aft]noon4 ,! %ops !n put up _! %utt]s1 & ! population engag$ 9 ! /ruggle ) en?usiasm1 g5tle & simple1 lawy]s & p>sons be>+ a h& on "o side or ! o!r1 till _! clo!s 7 torn to tatt]s on _! backs4 ,! injur$ 7 c>ri$ into ! neighb\r+ h\ses1 :]e _! hurts 7 att5d$ to4 ,if ! p>ty ( ! ,r$ ,knob won1 !y c>ri$ ! rope 9 triumph to ! ,riv] ,leme & dipp$ x 9 ! wat]4 ,f9ally1 ! rope 0 sold1 ! money :i* x br\ght 9 0 devot$ to ! pur*ase ( be]1 & dr9k+1 squabbl+1 & fight+ end$ ! happy day4 ,?is anci5t & highly popul> pa/ime 0 suppress$ 9 #ahea on ! frivol\s pretext t x gave rise to disord]ly sc5es & dang]\s accid5ts47#ded7 ,a simil> cu/om has long be5 obs]v$ on ,%rove ,tuesday at ,pre/eign 9 ,radnor%ire4 ,! rope is pull$ by two p>ties repres5t+ ! upp] & ! l[] portions ( ! t[n1 :o /rive to drag x ei!r to a po9t 9 ! we/ wall or to ano!r po9t 9 ,broad ,/reet1 :]e ! ,riv] ,lugg is rea*$47#dee7 ,9 ! ,bocage ( ,norm&y mo/ desp]ate /ruggles us$ to take place betwe5 neighb\r+ p>i%es on ,%rove ,tuesday = ! possession ( a l>ge lea!rn ball /uff$ ) bran & call$ a s\le4 ,! ball 0 laun*$ on ! village gre5 & cont5d$ = by repres5tatives ( diff]5t p>i%es1 :o sometimes numb]$ sev5 or eight hundr$1 :ile five or six ?\s& p might assemble to witness ! combat2 = inde$ x 0 a fight r ?an a game4 ,! conflict 0 ma9ta9$ ) ! utmo/ fury2 old scores 7 paid (f betwe5 p]sonal enemies2 !re 7 always _m w\nd$1 & sometimes !re 7 dea?s4 ,! aim ( ea* side 0 to drive ! ball ov] a /ream & to lodge x 9 a h\se ( _! own p>i%4 ,x 0 ?\ght t ! p>i% :i* 0 victori\s 9 ! /ruggle w\ld h a bett] crop ( apples t ye> ?an its neighb\rs4 ,at ,l&e-,patry ! ball 0 provid$ by ! bride :o _h be5 la/ m>ri$1 & %e _h ! hon\r ( ?r[+ x into ! ar5a4 ,! sc5e ( ! fi]ce/ battles 0 ,/4 ,pi]re d',entremont1 on ! highroad betwe5 ,cond & ,t9*ebray4 ,aft] sev]al unsuccessful attempts ! cu/om 0 suppress$ at t village 9 #aheb ) ! help ( f\r or five brigades ( police4 ,x is n[ ev]y:]e ext9ct47#def7 ,! belief t ! p>i% :i* succe$$ 9 c>ry+ ! ball home w\ld h a bett] crop ( apples t ye> raises a presumption t ^! conflicts 7 orig9ally practis$ z magical rites to ensure f]tility4 ,! local cu/om ( ,l&e-,patry1 :i* requir$ t ! ball %\ld be provid$ & ?r[n by ! la/ bride17#deg7 po9ts 9 ! same direction4 ,x is possible t ! popul> ,engli%1 or r ,scot*1 game ( football _h a simil> orig93 ! w9n+ side may h imag9$ t !y secur$ good crops1 good wea!r1 or o!r sub/antial advantages to _! village or w>d4 7,m#aci7 ,9 l mann]1 :]ev] a %am or a real conflict takes place betwe5 two p>ties annually1 above all at ! ,new ,ye>1 we may suspect t ! old int5tion 0 to ensure prosp]ity 9 "s =m = ! p ?r\gh\t ! foll[+ ye>1 :e!r by obta9+ possession ( a mat]ial object 9 :i* ! luck ( ! ye> 0 suppos$ to be embodi$1 or by defeat+ & driv+ away a b& ( m5 :o p]sonat$ ! p[]s ( evil4 ,= example1 among ! ,t5gg]ese ( ea/]n ,java ! ,new ,ye> fe/ival regul>ly includes a %am fight f\ght betwe5 two b&s ( m51 :o are arm$ ) spe>s & swords & advance aga9/ ea* o!r aga9 & aga9 at a danc+ /ep1 ?ru/+ at _! adv]s>ies ) _! spe>s1 b always tak+ c>e to miss _! aim47#deh7 ,aga91 9 ,f]ghana1 a prov9ce ( ,turke/an1 x is or us$ to be cu/om>y on ! fir/ day ( ! ye> = ! k+ & *iefs to divide into two p>ties1 ea* ( :i* *ose a *ampion4 ,!n ! two *ampions1 clad 9 arm\r1 engag$ 9 a combat ) ea* o!r1 :ile ! cr[d jo9$ 9 ) bricks & /ones4 ,:5 "o ( !m 0 sla9 ! scrimmage /opp$1 & om5s 7 drawn z to :e!r ! ye> on :i* !y _h ent]$ w\ld be prosp]\s or ! rev]se47#dei7 ,9 ^! combats x seems probable t "o side repres5ts ! demons or o!r p[]s ( evil :om ! p hope to vanqui% & expel at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,new ,ye>4 ,(t5]1 h[ev]1 ! expell$ demons are n repres5t$ at all1 b are und]/ood to be pres5t invisibly 9 ! mat]ial & visible vehicle :i* conveys !m away4 ,"h1 aga91 x w be conv5i5t to di/+ui% betwe5 occasional & p]iodical expulsions4 ,we beg9 ) ! =m]4 #b4 ,! ,occasional ,expulsion ( ,evils 9 a ,mat]ial ,vehicle4 7,m#adj7 ,! vehicle :i* conveys away ! demons may be ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,a common "o is a little %ip or boat4 ,?us1 9 ! s\!rn di/rict ( ! isl& ( ,c]am1 :5 a :ole village suff]s f sickness1 a small %ip is made & fill$ ) rice1 tobacco1 eggs1 & s =?1 :i* h be5 contribut$ by all ! p4 ,a little sail is hoi/$ on ! %ip4 ,:5 all is ready1 a man calls out 9 a v l\d voice1 8,o all ye sicknesses1 ye smallpoxes1 agues1 measles1 etc41 :o h visit$ u s long & wa/$ u s sorely1 b :o n[ cease to plague u1 we h made ready ?is %ip = y & we h furni%$ y ) prov5d] suffici5t = ! voyage4 ,ye %all h no lack ( food nor ( betel-leaves nor ( areca nuts nor ( tobacco4 ,dep>t1 & sail away f u directly2 nev] come ne> u aga92 b g to a l& :i* is f> f "h4 ,let all ! tides & w9ds waft y spe$ily ?i!r1 & s convey y ?i!r t = ! "t to come we may live s\nd & well1 & t we may nev] see ! sun rise on y aga940 ,!n t5 or twelve m5 c>ry ! vessel to ! %ore1 & let x drift away ) ! l&-breeze1 feel+ conv9c$ t !y are free f sickness = ev]1 or at lea/ till ! next "t4 ,if sickness attacks !m aga91 !y are sure x is n ! same sickness1 b a diff]5t "o1 :i* 9 due "t !y dismiss 9 ! same mann]4 ,:5 ! demon-lad5 b>k is lo/ to sight1 ! be>]s return to ! village1 :]eupon a man cries out1 8,! sicknesses are n[ gone1 vani%$1 expell$1 & sail$ away40 ,at ?is all ! p come runn+ out ( _! h\ses1 pass+ ! ^w f "o to ! o!r ) great joy1 beat+ on gongs & on t9kl+ in/rum5ts47#dfj7 7,m#ada7 ,simil> c]emonies are commonly resort$ to 9 o!r ,ea/ ,indian isl&s4 ,?us 9 ,timor-laut1 to mislead ! demons :o are caus+ sickness1 a small proa1 conta9+ ! image ( a man & provision$ = a long voyage1 is all[$ to drift away ) w9d & tide4 ,z x is be+ laun*$1 ! p cry1 8,o sickness1 g f "h2 turn back2 :at d y "h 9 ?is poor l&80 ,?ree days aft] ?is c]emony a pig is kill$1 & "p ( ! fle% is (f]$ to ,dudilaa1 :o lives 9 ! sun4 ,"o ( ! olde/ m5 says1 8,old sir1 ,i besee* y make well ! gr&*ildr51 *ildr51 wom51 & m51 t we may be able to eat pork & rice & to dr9k palm-w9e4 ,i w keep my promise4 ,eat y\r %>e1 & make all ! p 9 ! village well40 ,if ! proa is /r&$ at any inhabit$ spot1 ! sickness w break out !re4 ,h5ce a /r&$ proa excites mu* al>m among/ ! coa/ population1 & !y imm$iately burn x1 because demons fly f fire47#dfa7 ,9 ! isl& ( ,buru ! proa :i* c>ries away ! demons ( disease is ab\t tw5ty feet long1 rigg$ out ) sails1 o>s1 an*or1 & s on1 & well /ock$ ) provisions4 ,= a day & a night ! p beat gongs & drums1 & ru% ab\t to fright5 ! demons4 ,next morn+ t5 /alw>t "y m5 /rike ! p ) bran*es1 :i* h be5 previ\sly dipp$ 9 an e>!n pot ( wat]4 ,z soon z !y h done s1 !y run d[n to ! bea*1 put ! bran*es on bo>d ! proa1 laun* ano!r boat 9 great ha/e1 & t[ ! disease-burd5$ b>k f> out to sea4 ,!re !y ca/ x (f1 & "o ( !m calls out1 8,gr&fa!r ,smallpox1 g away--g will+ly away--g visit ano!r l&2 we h made y food ready = ! voyage1 we h n[ no?+ m to give40 ,:5 !y h l&$1 all ! p ba! toge!r 9 ! sea47#dfb7 ,9 ?is c]emony ! reason = /rik+ ! p ) ! bran*es is cle>ly to rid !m ( ! disease-demons1 :i* are !n suppos$ to be transf]r$ to ! bran*es4 ,h5ce ! ha/e ) :i* ! bran*es are deposit$ 9 ! proa & t[$ away to sea4 ,s 9 ! inl& di/ricts ( ,c]am1 :5 smallpox or o!r sickness is rag+1 ! prie/ /rikes all ! h\ses ) consecrat$ bran*es1 :i* are !n ?r[n into ! riv]1 to be c>ri$ d[n to ! sea27#dfc7 exactly z among/ ! ,wotyaks ( ,russia ! /icks :i* h be5 us$ = expell+ ! devils f ! village are ?r[n into ! riv]1 t ! curr5t may sweep ! baleful burd5 away47#dfd7 ,9 ,amboyna1 = a simil> purpose1 ! :ole body ( ! pati5t is rubb$ ) a live :ite cock1 :i* is !n plac$ on a little proa & committ$ to ! waves27#dfe7 & 9 ! ,bab> ar*ipelago ! b>k :i* is to c>ry away to sea ! sickness ( a :ole village conta9s a b[l ( a%es tak5 f e kit*5 9 ! village1 & ano!r b[l into :i* all ! sick p h spat47#dff7 ,! plan ( putt+ puppets 9 ! boat to repres5t sick p]sons1 9 ord] to lure ! demons aft] !m1 is n uncommon47#dfg7 ,= example1 mo/ ( ! pagan tribes on ! coa/ ( ,borneo seek to drive away epidemic disease z foll[s4 ,!y c>ve "o or m r\gh human images f ! pi? ( ! sago palm & place !m on a small raft or boat or full-rigg$ ,malay %ip toge!r ) rice & o!r food4 ,! boat is deck$ ) blossoms ( ! areca palm & ) ribbons made f its leaves1 & ?us adorn$ ! little craft is all[$ to float out to sea ) ! ebb-tide1 be>+1 z ! p fondly ?9k or hope1 ! sickness away ) x47#dfh7 7,m#adb7 ,9 ,selangor1 "o ( ! native /ates 9 ! ,malay ,p59sula1 ! %ip employ$ 9 ! export ( disease is1 or us$ to be1 a model ( a special k9d ( ,malay craft call$ a lan*ang4 ,?is 0 a two-ma/$ vessel ) gall]ies =e & aft1 arm$ ) cannon1 & us$ by ,malay rajahs on ! coa/ ( ,sumatra4 ,s gallant a %ip w\ld be highly acceptable to ! spirits1 & to make x /ill m beautiful 9 _! eyes x 0 n uncommonly /a9$ yell[ ) turm]ic or saffron1 = among ! ,malays yell[ is ! royal col\r4 ,"s ye>s ago a v f9e model ( a lan*ang1 ) its c>go ( sickness1 0 t[$ d[n ! riv] to sea by ! ,gov]nm5t /eam laun*4 ,a common spell utt]$ at ! laun*+ ( "o ( ^! %ips runs z foll[s3-- 8,ho1 eld]s ( ! upp] rea*es1 ,eld]s ( ! l[] rea*es1 ,eld]s ( ! dry l&1 ,eld]s ( ! riv]-flats1 ,assemble ye1 ,o p1 lords ( hill & hill-foot1 ,lords ( cav]n & hill-lock$ bas91 ,lords ( ! deep primeval =e/1 ,lords ( ! riv]-b5ds1 ,come on bo>d ?is lan*ang1 assembl+ 9 y\r multitudes4 ,s may ye dep>t ) ! ebb+ /ream1 ,dep>t on ! pass+ breeze1 ,dep>t 9 ! yawn+ e>?1 ,dep>t 9 ! r$-dy$ e>?4 ,g ye to ! ocean :i* has no wave1 ,& ! pla9 :]e no gre5 h]b gr[s1 ,& nev] return hi!r4 ,b if ye return hi!r1 ,ye %all be consum$ by ! curse4 ,at sea ye %all get no dr9k1 ,a%ore ye %all get no food1 ,b gape 9 va9 ab\t ! _w407#dfi7 7,m#adc7 ,! practice ( s5d+ away diseases 9 boats is kn[n outside ! limits ( ! ,malay region4 ,?us :5 smallpox rag$ among ! ,yabim ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 !y us$ to make a little model ( a canoe ) ma/1 sail1 & rudd]4 ,!n !y said to ! small vessel1 on :i* ! _s ( smallpox 0 suppos$ to h tak5 8 passage1 8,be> him away to ano!r village4 ,:5 ! p come =? to draw y a%ore1 give !m #8! ?+' & d to !m :at y h done to u40 ,le/ ! _s %\ld be hungry on ! voyage1 !y put "s t>o on bo>d1 & to make sure ( gett+ rid ( ! disease1 !y wip$ _! h&s on ! t9y canoe1 aft] :i* !y let x drift away4 ,x (t5 happ5$ t ! w9d or tide drove ! vessel back to ! place f :i* x />t$4 ,!n !re w\ld be a deaf5+ rub-a-dub ( drums & bl[+ ( %ell-trumpets2 & ! little %ip1 or r its invisible pass5g]1 w\ld be aga9 apo/rophiz$1 8,d g away1 y h already rag$ among u s t ! air is poison$ ) ! /5* ( corpses40 ,if ?is "t x sail$ away1 !y w\ld /& on ! %ore & wat* x ) glad he>ts disappe>+2 !n !y w\ld climb ! trees to get a la/ glimpse ( x till x vani%$ 9 ! di/ance4 ,aft] t !y came d[n joyfully & said to ea* o!r1 8,we h _h en\gh ( x4 ,! sickness has happily gone away407#dgj7 ,:5 ! ,tagbanuas & o!r tribes ( ! ,philipp9es suff]$ f epidemics1 !y us$ to make little models ( %ips1 supply !m ) rice & fre% dr9k+ wat]1 & laun* !m on ! sea1 9 ord] t ! evil spirits might sail away 9 !m47#dga7 ,:5 ! p ( ,tikopia1 a small isl& 9 ! ,pacific1 to ! nor? ( ! ,new ,hebrides1 7 attack$ by an epidemic c\gh1 !y made a little canoe & adorn$ x ) fl[]s4 ,f\r sons ( ! pr9cipal *iefs c>ri$ x on _! %\ld]s all r\nd ! isl&1 accompani$ by ! :ole population1 "s ( :om beat ! bu%es1 :ile o!rs utt]$ l\d cries4 ,on return+ to ! spot f :i* !y _h set out1 !y laun*$ ! canoe on ! sea47#dgb7 ,9 ! ,nicob> ,isl&s1 9 ! ,bay ( ,b5gal1 :5 !re is mu* sickness 9 a village or no fi% are caught1 ! blame is laid ^u ! spirits4 ,!y mu/ be propitiat$ ) (f]+s4 ,all relations & fri5ds are invit$1 a huge pig is roa/$1 & ! be/ ( x is eat51 b "s p>ts are (f]$ to ! %ades4 ,! heap ( (f]+s rema9s 9 front ( ! h\se till x is c>ri$ away by ! ris+ tide4 ,!n ! prie/s1 _! faces r$d5$ ) pa9t & sw9e's blood1 pret5d to cat* ! demon ( disease1 & aft] a h&-to-h& tussle1 =ce him into a model boat1 made ( leaves & deck$ ) g>l&s1 :i* is !n t[$ s f> to sea t nei!r w9d nor tide is likely to drive x back to ! %ore47#dgc7 ,9 ,annam1 :5 ! population ( a village has be5 decimat$ by *ol]a1 !y make a raft & lade x ) (f]+s ( money & food1 su* z a suck+ pig1 bananas1 & oranges4 ,/icks ( inc5se also smoke on ! float+ alt>2 & :5 all is ready & e>ne/ pray]s h be5 utt]$1 ! raft is ab&on$ to ! curr5t ( ! riv]4 ,! p hope t ! demon ( *ol]a1 allur$ & gratifi$ by ^! (f]+s1 w float away on ! raft & tr\ble !m no m47#dgd7 7,m#add7 ,(t5 ! vehicle :i* c>ries away ! collect$ demons or ills ( a :ole community is an animal or scapegoat4 ,9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ( ,india1 :5 *ol]a breaks out 9 a village1 e "o retires aft] sunset to 8 h\se4 ,! prie/s !n p>ade ! /reets1 tak+ f ! ro( ( ea* h\se a /raw1 :i* is burnt ) an (f]+ ( rice1 ghee1 & turm]ic1 at "s %r9e to ! ea/ ( ! village4 ,*ick5s daub$ ) v]milion are driv5 away 9 ! direction ( ! smoke1 & are believ$ to c>ry ! disease ) !m4 ,if !y fail1 goats are tri$1 & la/ ( all pigs47#dge7 ,:5 *ol]a rages among ! ,bh>s1 ,malians1 & ,kurmis ( ,india1 !y take a goat or a buffalo--9 ei!r case ! animal mu/ be a female1 & z black z possible--!n hav+ ti$ "s gra91 cloves1 & r$ lead 9 a yell[ clo? on its back !y turn x out ( ! village4 ,! animal is conduct$ beyond ! b\nd>y & n all[$ to return47#dgf7 ,sometimes ! buffalo is m>k$ ) a r$ pigm5t & driv5 to ! next village1 :]e he c>ries ! plague ) him47#dgg7 ,! p ( ! city & cantonm5ts ( ,sag> be+ afflict$ ) a viol5t influ5za1 ,g5]al ,sir ,william ,sleeman receiv$ a reque/ f ! old ,que5 ,d[ag] ( ,sag> 8to all[ ( a noisy religi\s procession = ! purpose ( implor+ deliv]ance f ?is great calamity4 ,m51 wom51 & *ildr5 9 ?is procession 7 to d _! utmo/ to add to ! noise by #8rais+ _! voices 9 psalmody1' beat+ ^u _! brass pots & pans ) all _! might1 & dis*>g+ fire>ms :]e !y c\ld get !m2 & be=e ! noisy cr[d 0 to be driv5 a buffalo1 :i* _h be5 pur*as$ by g5]al subscription1 9 ord] t e family might p>ticipate 9 ! m]it4 ,!y 7 to foll[ x out = eight miles1 :]e x 0 to be turn$ loose = any man :o w\ld take x4 ,if ! animal return$1 ! disease1 x 0 said1 mu/ return ) x1 & ! c]emony be p]=m$ ov] aga94444 ,x 01 h[ev]1 subsequ5tly det]m9$ t ! animal %\ld be a goat1 & he 0 driv5 be=e ! cr[d accord+ly4 ,i h on sev]al occasions be5 reque/$ to all[ ( su* noisy pjs 9 cases ( epidemics407#dgh7 ,once1 :5 influ5za 0 rag+ 9 ,pi?oria1 a village to ! nor?-we/ ( ,sag>1 a man _h a small c>riage made1 aft] a plan ( 8 own1 = a pair ( scapegoats1 :i* 7 h>ness$ to x & driv5 to a wood at "s di/ance1 :]e !y 7 let loose4 ,f t h\r ! disease entirely ceas$ 9 ! t[n4 ,! goats nev] return$2 _h !y done s1 x 0 affirm$ t ! disease mu/ h come back ) !m47#dgi7 7,m#ade7 ,! use ( a scapegoat is n uncommon 9 ! hills ( ! ,ea/]n ,ghats4 ,9 #ahhf1 dur+ a sev]e outbreak ( smallpox1 ! p ( ,jepur did rev]5ce to a goat1 m>*$ x to ! ,ghats1 & let x loose on ! pla9s47#dhj7 ,9 ,s\!rn ,konkan1 on ! appe>ance ( *ol]a1 ! villag]s w5t 9 procession f ! temple to ! extreme b\nd>ies ( ! village1 c>ry+ a basket ( cook$ rice cov]$ ) r$ p[d]1 a wood5 doll repres5t+ ! pe/il5ce1 & a cock4 ,! head ( ! cock 0 cut (f at ! village b\nd>y1 & ! body 0 ?r[n away4 ,:5 *ol]a _h ?us be5 transf]r$ f "o village to ano!r1 ! second village obs]v$ ! same c]emony & pass$ on ! sc\rge to its neighb\rs1 & s on ?r\gh a numb] ( villages47#dha7 ,among ! ,korwas ( ,mirzapur1 :5 *ol]a has brok5 out1 ! prie/ (f]s a black cock or1 if ! disease is v malignant1 a black goat1 at ! %r9e ( ! local deity1 & !n drives ! animal away 9 ! direction ( "s o!r village4 ,b x has n gone f> be=e he ov]takes x1 kills x1 & eats x2 :i* he may d ) p]fect safety 9 virtue ( 8 sacr$ (fice4 ,aga91 :5 *ol]a is rag+ among ! ,pat>is1 an aborig9al ,dravidian race ( ,s\? ,mirzapur1 ! wiz>d & ! village eld]s fe$ a black cock ) gra9 & drive x beyond ! b\nd>ies1 ord]+ ! f[l to take ! disease away ) x4 ,a little oil1 r$ lead1 & a spangle worn by a woman on h] =ehead are usually fa/5$ to ! bird's head be=e x is let loose4 ,! co/ ( pur*as+ ! cock is defray$ by public subscription4 ,:5 su* a bird ( ill-om5 appe>s 9 a village1 ! prie/ takes x to ! %r9e ( ! local deity & sacrifices x !re2 b sometimes he m]ely b[s be=e x at ! %r9e & passes x on to "s o!r village4 ,if a murra9 attacks _! cattle1 ! ,kh>w>s ( ,nor!rn ,india take a black cock & put r$ lead on its head1 antimony on its eyes1 a spangle on its =ehead1 & a pewt] bangle on its leg2 ?us array$ !y let x loose1 call+ out to ! disease1 8,m\nt on ! f[l & g else:]e into ! rav9es & ?ickets2 de/roy ! s940 ,p]haps1 z has be5 sugge/$1 ?is trick+ out ( ! bird ) wom5's ornam5ts may be a relic ( "s gross] =m ( expiation 9 :i* a human be+ 0 sacrific$ or bani%$47#dhb7 ,*>ms ( ?is sort 9 ,india no d\bt date f a remote antiquity4 ,an anci5t ,indian book ( magic1 kn[n z ! ,kausika ,sutra1 describes a c]emony ( lett+ loose aga9/ a ho/ile army a :ite-foot$ ewe 9 :i* ! p[] ( disease 0 believ$ to be inc>nate47#dhc7 ,9 ! same treatise we read ( a mode ( gett+ rid ( ill-luck by fa/5+ a hook to ! left leg ( a cr[1 atta*+ a sacrificial cake to ! hook1 & !n lett+ ! bird fly away 9 a s\?-we/]ly direction1 :ile ! prie/ or magician recites z usual ! appropriate =mula47#dhd7 7,m#adf7 ,among/ ! ,d9kas1 a pa/oral p ( ! ,:ite ,nile1 ea* family possesses a sacr$ c[4 ,:5 ! c\ntry is ?reat5$ ) w>1 fam9e1 or any o!r public calamity1 ! *iefs ( ! village require a p>ticul> family to surr5d] _! sacr$ c[ to s]ve z a scapegoat4 ,! animal is driv5 by ! wom5 to ! br9k ( ! riv] & across x to ! o!r bank1 !re to w&] 9 ! wild]ness & fall a prey to rav5+ bea/s4 ,!n ! wom5 return 9 sil5ce & )\t look+ beh9d !m2 7 !y to ca/ a backw>d glance1 !y imag9e t ! c]emony w\ld h no effect47#dhe7 ,:5 influ5za broke out 9 a virul5t =m among ! negroes ( ,togol& dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahib1 ! natives set ! tr\ble d[n to ! ma*9ations ( evil spirits1 :o mu/ be expell$ ! c\ntry4 ,! pr9cipal in/rum5t ( expulsion 0 a fat toad1 :i* 0 dragg$ ?r\gh ! /reets ( e t[n or village1 foll[$ by an eld] :o spr9kl$ holy wat] to "r & left4 ,all ! evil 0 ?us conc5trat$ 9 ! toad1 :i* 0 f9ally ?r[n away into ! =e/4 ,?us ! natives expect$ to rid ! village ( ! influ5za47#dhf7 ,9 #aheg1 :5 ! ,aym>a ,indians ( ,bolivia & ,p]u 7 suff]+ f a plague1 !y load$ a black llama ) ! clo!s ( ! plague-/rick5 p1 spr9kl$ br&y on ! clo!s1 & !n turn$ ! animal loose on ! m\nta9s1 hop+ t x w\ld c>ry ! pe/ away ) x47#dhg7 7,m#adg7 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,india a pr9cipal means ( expell+ an epidemic is a little toy *>iot call$ a ra?a or ra?1 9 :i* ! goddess ( ! disease is suppos$ to be c>t$ away4 ,x is c>ri$ or drawn 9 procession to ! next village1 ! inhabitants ( :i* pass x on 9 l mann]1 ) great alacrity1 to _! neighb\rs4 ,?us ! goddess & ! plague are transf]r$ f village to village1 until at la/ !y come to "o :i* is s f> away f its next neighb\r t ! p d n c>e to und]take ! long we>y j\rney4 ,9 t case !y cont5t !mselves ) convey+ ! *>iot to a place s %ut 9 by hills t ! disease _c possibly escape1 & !re !y leave x to die4 ,or if ! village is ne> ! sea1 !y dr[n ! sickness by ?r[+ ! *>iot into ! wat]4 ,h[ev]1 9 ,c5tral ,india ! real home ( ! goddess ( *ol]a is at ,unk>e%w>2 & accord+ly ! *>iot 9 :i* %e is politely escort$ out ( a village is f9ally deposit$ at or ne> t place4 ,x is usual & prop] = ! p ( a village to give a fri5dly notice to _! neighb\rs t !y are go+ to c>t ! *ol]a1 smallpox1 or :atev] x may be1 to _! village1 s t ! inhabitants may be ready to receive ! goddess ) due hon\r & to escort h] on h] progress4 ,b "s unneighb\rly folk1 )\t giv+ notice1 g by night & /eal?ily deposit ! *>iot on ! outskirts ( ! next village4 ,if ! inhabitants are n on ! wat*1 & suff] ! fatal little vehicle to rema9 !re1 ! disease w naturally cleave to !m4 ,sometimes1 p]haps g5]ally1 ! procession ) ! *>iot is accompani$ by a goat1 a cock1 & a pot ( native be] or w9e1 :i* s]ve z additional attractions to ! goddess to set out on h] travels47#dhh7 7,m#adh7 ,occasionally ! scapegoat is a man4 ,= example1 f "t to "t ! gods us$ to w>n ! ,k+ ( ,ug&a t 8 foes ! ,banyoro 7 work+ magic aga9/ him & 8 p to make !m die ( disease4 ,to av]t su* a cata/rophe ! k+ w\ld s5d a scapegoat to ! fronti] ( ,bunyoro1 ! l& ( ! enemy4 ,! scapegoat consi/$ ( ei!r a man & a boy or a woman & h] *ild1 *os5 because ( "s m>k or bodily defect1 :i* ! gods _h not$ & by :i* ! victims 7 to be recogniz$4 ,) ! human victims 7 s5t a c[1 a goat1 a f[l1 & a dog2 & a /rong gu>d escort$ !m to ! l& :i* ! god _h indicat$4 ,!re ! limbs ( ! victims 7 brok5 & !y 7 left to die a l+]+ dea? 9 ! enemy's c\ntry1 be+ too crippl$ to crawl back to ,ug&a4 ,! disease or plague 0 ?\ght to h be5 ?us transf]r$ to ! victims & to h be5 convey$ back 9 _! p]sons to ! l& f :i* x came4 ,s1 too1 aft] a w> ! gods sometimes advis$ ! k+ to s5d back a scapegoat 9 ord] to free ! w>riors f "s evil t _h atta*$ itself to ! army4 ,"o ( ! wom5 slaves1 a c[1 a goat1 a f[l1 & a dog w\ld be *os5 f among ! captives & s5t back to ! bord]s ( ! c\ntry :5ce !y _h come2 !re !y 7 maim$ & left to die4 ,aft] t ! army w\ld be pron\nc$ clean & all[$ to return to ! capital4 ,9 ea* case a bundle ( h]bs w\ld be rubb$ ov] ! p & ! cattle1 & w\ld !n be ti$ to ! victims1 :o w\ld ?us c>ry back ! evil ) !m47#dhi7 ,a simil> use ( scapegoats1 human & animal1 0 regul>ly made aft] a ,k+ ( ,ug&a _h be5 cr[n$4 ,two m5 7 br\ght to ! k+2 "o ( !m he w\nd$ slightly ) an arr[ %ot f a b[4 ,! man 0 !n s5t away1 "u a /rong gu>d1 z a scapegoat to ,bunyoro1 ! enemy's c\ntry1 & ) him 7 s5t a c[1 a goat1 & a dog4 ,on 8 sad j\rney he took ) him ! du/ & a%es ( ! sacr$ fire1 :i* _h burn$ day & night at ! entrance to ! late k+'s enclosure & _h be5 ext+ui%$1 z usual1 at 8 dea?4 ,arriv$ at _! de/9ation1 ! man & ! animals 7 maim$ & left to die4 ,!y 7 believ$ to be> away ) !m any uncleanness t might cleave to ! new ,k+ or ,que547#dij7 7,m#adi7 ,"s ( ! aborig9al tribes ( ,*9a1 z a protection aga9/ pe/il5ce1 select a man ( great muscul> /r5g? to act ! "p ( scapegoat4 ,hav+ besme>$ 8 face ) pa9t1 he p]=ms _m antics ) ! view ( entic+ all pe/il5tial & noxi\s influ5ces to atta* !mselves to him only4 ,he is assi/$ by a prie/4 ,f9ally ! scapegoat1 hotly pursu$ by m5 & wom5 beat+ gongs & tom-toms1 is driv5 ) great ha/e out ( ! t[n or village47#dia7 ,9 ! ,punjaub a cure = ! murra9 is to hire a man ( ! ,*am> ca/e1 turn 8 face away f ! village1 br& him ) a r$-hot sickle1 & let him g out into ! jungle tak+ ! murra9 ) him4 ,he mu/ n look back47#dib7 ,:5 disease breaks out among a h]d1 ! ,oraons take ! h]dsman himself1 tie a wood5 bell f "o ( ! c[s r\nd 8 neck1 beat him ) /icks1 & drive him out ( ! village to a cross-road1 :]e ! bell & /icks are deposit$47#dic7 ,9 ! t]ritory ( ,kumaon1 ly+ on ! s\!rn slopes ( ! ,we/]n ,himalayas1 ! cu/om ( employ+ a human scapegoat appe>s to h tak5 a some:at peculi> =m 9 ! c]emony kn[n z ,b>at4 ,fir/ ( all a ?ick rope ( grass is /ret*$ f ! top ( a cliff to ! valley b5ea?1 :]e x is made fa/ to po/s driv5 into ! gr\nd4 ,next a wood5 saddle1 ) a v %>p ridge & unpadd$1 is atta*$ by ?ongs to ! cable1 along :i* x runs 9 a deep groove4 ,a man n[ seats himself on ! saddle & is /rapp$ to x1 :ile s&-bags or heavy /ones are susp5d$ f 8 feet to secure 8 balance4 ,!n1 aft] v>i\s c]emonies h be5 p]=m$ & a kid sacrific$1 he ?r[s himself z f> back 9 ! saddle z he c g1 & is />t$ (f to slide d[n ! rope into ! valley4 ,away he %oots at an ev]-increas+ spe$2 ! saddle "u him1 h[ev] well greas$1 emits volumes ( smoke dur+ ! great] "p ( 8 progress2 & he is ne>ly s5seless :5 he rea*es ! bottom4 ,"h m5 are wait+ to cat* him & run =w>d ) him "s di/ance 9 ord] to break gradually ! =ce ( 8 desc5t4 ,?is c]emony1 reg>d$ z a propitiation ( ,mahadeva1 is p]=m$ z a means ( deliv]+ a community f pres5t or imp5d+ calamity4 ,?us1 = example1 x 0 p]=m$ :5 *ol]a 0 rag+ at ,almora1 & ! p trac$ ! immunity !y enjoy$ to ! due obs]vance ( ! rite4 ,ea* di/rict has its h]$it>y ,badi1 z ! p]=m] is call$2 he is support$ by annual contributions 9 gra9 f ! inhabitants1 z well z by special paym5ts = ea* p]=mance4 ,:5 ! c]emony is ov]1 ! grass rope is cut up & di/ribut$ among ! villag]s1 :o hang ! pieces z *>ms at ! eaves ( _! h\ses2 & !y pres]ve ! hair ( ! ,badi = a simil> purpose4 ,yet :ile 8 sev]$ locks br+ f]tility to o!r p's l&s1 he entails /]ility on 8 own2 & x is firmly believ$ t no se$ s[n by 8 h& c\ld ev] spr\t4 ,=m]ly ! rule prevail$ t1 if a ,badi _h ! mis=tune to fall f ! rope 9 ! c\rse ( 8 fly+ desc5t1 he 0 imm$iately despat*$ ) a sword by ! spectators4 ,! rule has naturally be5 aboli%$ by ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t2 b its =m] obs]vance seems to indicate t ! cu/om ( lett+ a man slide d[n a rope z a *>m to av]t calamity is only a mitigation ( an old] cu/om ( putt+ him to dea?47#did7 7,m#aej7 ,a some:at simil> c]emony is annually p]=m$ at ,lhasa a few days aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! ,tibetan ,new ,ye>1 :i* falls 9 spr+4 ,! sc5e ( ! p]=mance is ,potala ,hill1 on ! summit & slope ( :i* is built ! sup]b ca/le ( ! ,gr& ,lama ( ,tibet1 a massive & impos+ pile ( build+s :i* attracts ! eye & dom9ates ! l&scape f af>4 ,on ! day 9 "q a rope ( hide is /ret*$ f ! top to ! bottom ( ! /eep hill1 & m5 f a di/ant prov9ce ( ,tibet climb up x ) ! agility ( monkeys4 ,!y are call$ ,fly+ ,spirits4 ,arriv$ at ! top1 ea* ( !m places a piece ( wood on 8 brea/1 /ret*es out 8 h&s & feet1 & lett+ himself g %oots d[n ! rope 79 ! words ( a ,*9ese writ]7 8l ! bolt fly+ f ! b[1 or ! swall[ skimm+ ! wat]4 ',tis a wondr\s sight60 ,consid]+ t ^! p]=m]s are call$ ,spirits1 & t ! p]=mance takes place a few days aft] ! ,new ,ye>1 a season s commonly select$ = ! expulsion ( demons1 we may conjecture t ! ,fly+ ,spirits repres5t ! p[]s ( evil :o are ?us %ot out ( ! ,tibetan pope's palace at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>47#die7 #c4 ,! ,p]iodic ,expulsion ( ,evils 9 a ,mat]ial ,vehicle4 7,m#aea7 ,9 ?is la/ case ! expulsion ( evils1 if ,i am "r 9 s int]pret+ ! c]emony1 is p]iodic1 n occasional1 be+ repeat$ e spr+ at ! beg9n+ ( a new ye>4 ,x br+s u accord+ly to ! consid]ation ( a :ole class ( su* cases1 = ! m$iate expulsion ( evils by means ( a scapegoat or o!r mat]ial vehicle1 l ! imm$iate expulsion ( !m 9 invisible =m1 t5ds to become p]iodic1 & = a l reason4 ,?us 9 ,p]ak1 a /ate on ! we/ coa/ ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 x 0 9 anci5t times ! cu/om to p]=m p]iodically a c]emony int5d$ to ensure ! prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry by ! propitiation ( fri5dly spirits & ! expulsion ( evil influ5ces4 ,! writ] :o records ! cu/om is unc]ta9 z to ! p]iod :i* elaps$ betwe5 two successive celebrations2 he sugge/s ) hesitation t ! rite 0 p]=m$ once 9 sev5 ye>s or once 9 a ,rajah's reign4 ,! "n ( ! c]emony 0 plas negri1 :i* means 8! cleans+ ( ! c\ntry f evils40 ,:5 ! "t came1 ! ,rajah1 ! *iefs1 & a great foll[+ ( p assembl$ at a po9t z f> up ! riv] z possible1 b %ort ( ! rapids :i* fur!r up imp$e navigation4 ,!re a numb] ( rafts 7 prep>$1 "s ( !m elaborately built ) h\ses on !m4 ,f\r ( !m 7 devot$ to ! f\r great classes ( spirits :i* are f\nd 9 ,p]ak1 namely ! ,hantu ,blian or 8,tig]-spirits10 ! ,hantu ,sungkei1 ! ,hantu ,malayu1 & ! ,j9 ,raja4 ,9 ea* ( ^! rafts a numb] ( wiz>ds 7pawangs7 took up _! po/1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> class ( demon :i* !y affect$4 ,! procession 0 head$ by ! raft devot$ to ! ,tig]-spirits2 & 9 x 0 set up a prah tree ) all its bran*es1 kept erect by /ays4 ,x 0 foll[$ by ! ?ree rafts d$icat$ to ! o!r ?ree classes ( spirits1 & beh9d !m came a tra9 ( o!r rafts be>+ m]e common mortals1 ! royal b&sm51 ! ,rajah himself1 ! *iefs1 & ! p4 ,z ! long procession float$ d[n ! riv] ) ! curr5t1 ! wiz>ds1 /&+ on %eets ( t91 wav$ :ite clo?s & %\t$ invocations to ! spirits & demons :o inhabit$ ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* ! rafts 7 drift+ seaw>d4 ,! burd5 ( ! invocations 0 to invite ! spirits & demons to come abo>d ! rafts & p>take ( ! food :i* _h be5 consid]ately made ready = !m4 ,at e village on ! bank l>ge en\gh to possess a mosque 7= ! ,malays ( ,p]ak are pr(ess+ ,mohamm$ans7 ! procession halt$2 a buffalo1 subscrib$ = by ! inhabitants1 0 slaught]$1 & its head plac$ on "o ( ! _s-b>ks1 :ile p fea/$ on ! fle%4 ,! c]emony end$ at ,bras ,basah1 a village on ! left bank ( ! ,p]ak riv]1 n f> f its m\?4 ,!re ! rafts 7 ab&on$ to ! curr5t1 :i* swept !m out to sea17#dif7 d\btless be>+ ) !m ! hapless demons :o _h be5 lur$ by ! tempt+ vi&s to emb>k & 7 n[ left to toss =lorn on ! great deep at ! m]cy ( ! waves & ! w9ds4 7,m#aeb7 ,aga91 e ye>1 g5]ally 9 ,m>*1 ! p ( ,leti1 ,moa1 & ,lakor1 isl&s ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 s5d away all _! diseases to sea4 ,!y make a proa ab\t six feet long1 rig x ) sails1 o>s1 rudd]1 & o!r ge>1 & e family deposits 9 x "s rice1 fruit1 a f[l1 two eggs1 insects t ravage ! fields1 & s on4 ,!n !y let x drift away to sea1 say+1 8,take away f "h all k9ds ( sickness1 take !m to o!r isl&s1 to o!r l&s1 di/ribute !m 9 places t lie ea/w>d1 :]e ! sun rises407#dig7 ,! ,biajas ( ,borneo annually s5d to sea a little b>k lad5 ) ! s9s & mis=tunes ( ! p4 ,! crew ( any %ip t falls 9 ) ! ill-om5$ b>k at sea w suff] all ! sorr[s ) :i* x is lad547#dih7 ,a l cu/om is annually obs]v$ by ! ,dusuns ( ! ,tu>an di/rict 9 ,briti% ,nor? ,borneo4 ,! c]emony is ! mo/ important ( ! :ole ye>4 ,its aim is to br+ good luck to ! village dur+ ! ensu+ ye> by solemnly expell+ all ! evil spirits t may h collect$ 9 or ab\t ! h\ses ?r\gh\t ! la/ twelve mon?s4 ,! task ( r\t+ out ! demons & bani%+ !m devolves *iefly on wom51 :o inde$ play ! pr9cipal "p 9 all religi\s c]emonies among ! ,dusuns1 :ile ! humble duty ( beat+ drums & bang+ gongs is dis*>g$ by memb]s ( ! inf]ior sex4 ,on ?is mom5t\s occasion a procession ( wom51 9 full c]emonial dress1 goes f h\se to h\se1 /opp+ at ea* to g ?r\gh _! p]=mances4 ,at ! head ( ! procession m>*es a boy c>ry+ a spe> on :i* is impal$ a bundle ( palm leaves conta9+ rice4 ,he is foll[$ by two m51 :o c>ry a l>ge gong & a drum slung on a pole betwe5 !m4 ,!n come ! wom54 ,"o ( !m c>ries a small suck+ pig 9 a basket on h] back2 & all ( !m be> w&s1 ) :i* !y belab\r ! little pig at ! appropriate mom5t2 its squeals help to attract ! vagrant spirits4 ,at e h\se ! wom5 dance & s+1 cla%+ ca/anets or cymbals ( brass & j+l+ bun*es ( little brass bells 9 bo? h&s4 ,:5 ! p]=mance has be5 repeat$ at e h\se 9 ! village1 ! procession defiles d[n to ! riv] & all ! evil spirits1 :i* ! p]=m]s h *as$ f ! h\ses1 foll[ !m to ! edge ( ! wat]4 ,!re a raft has be5 made ready & moor$ to ! bank4 ,x conta9s (f]+s ( food1 clo?1 cook+-pots1 & swords2 & ! deck is cr[d$ ) figures ( m51 wom51 animals1 & birds1 all made out ( ! leaves ( ! sago palm4 ,! evil spirits n[ emb>k on ! raft1 & :5 !y are all abo>d1 x is pu%$ (f & all[$ to float d[n ) ! curr5t1 c>ry+ ! demons ) x4 ,%\ld ! raft run agr\nd ne> ! village1 x is %ov$ (f ) all spe$1 le/ ! invisible pass5g]s %\ld seize ! opportunity ( l&+ & return+ to ! village4 ,f9ally1 ! suff]+s ( ! little pig1 ^: squeals s]v$ to decoy ! demons f _! lurk+-places1 are t]m9at$ by dea?1 = x is kill$ & its c>case ?r[n away47#dii7 7,m#aec7 ,e ye>1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! dry season1 ! ,nicob> ,isl&]s c>ry ! model ( a %ip ?r\gh _! villages4 ,! devils are *as$ out ( ! huts1 & driv5 on bo>d ! little %ip1 :i* is !n laun*$ & suff]$ to sail away ) ! w9d47#ejj7 ,! c]emony has be5 describ$ by a cate*i/1 :o witness$ x at ,c> ,nicob> 9 ,july #ahig4 ,= ?ree days ! p 7 busy prep>+ two v l>ge float+ c>s1 %ap$ l canoes1 fitt$ ) sails1 & load$ ) c]ta9 leaves1 :i* possess$ ! valuable prop]ty ( expell+ devils4 ,:ile ! "y p 7 ?us engag$1 ! exorci/s & ! eld]s sat 9 a h\se s++ songs by turns2 b (t5 !y w\ld come =?1 pace ! bea* arm$ ) rods1 & =bid ! devil to ent] ! village4 ,! f\r? day ( ! solemnity bore ! "n ( ,int-nga-,sya1 :i* means 8,expell+ ! ,devil by ,sails40 ,9 ! ev5+ all ! villag]s assembl$1 ! wom5 br++ baskets ( a%es & bun*es ( devil-expell+ leaves4 ,^! leaves 7 !n di/ribut$ to ev]ybody1 old & "y4 ,:5 all 0 ready1 a b& ( robu/ m51 att5d$ by a gu>d ( exorci/s1 c>ri$ "o ( ! c>s d[n to ! sea on ! "r side ( ! village gravey>d1 & set x float+ 9 ! wat]4 ,z soon z !y _h return$1 ano!r b& ( m5 c>ri$ ! o!r c> to ! bea* & float$ x simil>ly 9 ! sea to ! left ( ! gravey>d4 ,! demon-lad5 b>ks be+ n[ laun*$1 ! wom5 ?rew a%es f ! %ore1 & ! :ole cr[d %\t$1 say+1 8,fly away1 devil1 fly away1 nev] come aga960 ,! w9d & ! tide be+ fav\rable1 ! canoes sail$ quickly away2 & t night all ! p fea/$ toge!r ) great joy1 because ! devil _h dep>t$ 9 ! direction ( ,*[ra4 ,a simil> expulsion ( devils takes place once a ye> 9 o!r ,nicob> villages2 b ! c]emonies are held at diff]5t times 9 diff]5t places47#eja7 7,m#aed7 ,at ,sucla-,tir?a1 9 ,india1 an e>!n pot conta9+ ! accumulat$ s9s ( ! p is 7annually87 set adrift on ! riv]4 ,leg5d says t ! cu/om orig9at$ ) a wick$ prie/ :o1 aft] aton+ = 8 guilt by a c\rse ( au/]ities & expiatory c]emonies1 0 direct$ to sail ^u ! riv] 9 a boat ) :ite sails4 ,if ! :ite sails turn$ black1 x w\ld be a sign t 8 s9s 7 =giv5 him4 ,!y did s1 & he joyfully all[$ ! boat to drift ) 8 s9s to sea47#ejb7 ,among/ _m ( ! aborig9al tribes ( ,*9a1 a great fe/ival is celebrat$ 9 ! ?ird mon? ( e ye>4 ,x is held by way ( a g5]al rejoic+ ov] :at ! p believe to be a total annihilation ( ! ills ( ! pa/ twelve mon?s4 ,! de/ruction is suppos$ to be effect$ 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,a l>ge e>!nw>e j> fill$ ) gunp[d]1 /ones1 & bits ( iron is buri$ 9 ! e>?4 ,a tra9 ( gunp[d]1 communicat+ ) ! j>1 is !n laid2 & a mat* be+ appli$1 ! j> & its cont5ts are bl[n up4 ,! /ones & bits ( iron repres5t ! ills & disa/]s ( ! pa/ ye>1 & ! disp]sion ( !m by ! explosion is believ$ to remove ! ills & disa/]s !mselves4 ,! fe/ival is att5d$ ) mu* revell+ & drunk5ness47#ejc7 ,on ,new ,ye>'s ,day p 9 ,corea seek to rid !mselves ( all _! di/resses by pa9t+ images on pap]1 writ+ aga9/ !m _! tr\bles ( body or m9d1 & aft]w>ds giv+ ! pap]s to a boy to burn4 ,ano!r me?od ( effect+ ! same object at ! same season is to make rude dolls ( /raw1 /uff !m ) a few copp] co9s1 & ?r[ !m into ! /reet4 ,:oev] picks up su* an effigy gets all ! tr\bles & !reby relieves ! orig9al suff]]47#ejd7 ,aga91 on ! f\rte5? day ( ! fir/ mon? ! ,coreans fly pap] kites inscrib$ ) a wi% t all ! ills ( ! ye> may fly away ) !m47#eje7 ,mr4 ,george ,bogle1 ! ,engli% envoy s5t to ,tibet by ,w>r5 ,ha/+s1 witness$ ! celebration ( ! ,tibetan ,new ,ye>'s ,day at ,te%u ,lumbo1 ! capital ( ! ,te%u ,lama4 ,monks walk$ 9 procession r\nd ! c\rt to ! music ( cymbals1 tabors1 trumpets1 hautboys & drums4 ,!n o!rs1 clad 9 masqu]ade dress & we>+ masks :i* repres5t$ ! heads ( animals1 mo/ly wild bea/s1 danc$ ) antic motions4 8,aft] ?is1 ! figure ( a man1 *alk$ ^u pap]1 0 laid ^u ! gr\nd4 ,_m /range c]emonies1 :i* to me :o did n und]/& !m appe>$ :imsical1 7 p]=m$ ab\t x2 & a great fire be+ k9dl$ 9 a corn] ( ! c\rt1 x 0 at l5g? held ov] x1 & be+ =m$ ( combu/ibles1 vani%$ ) mu* smoke & explosion4 ,i 0 told x 0 a figure ( ! devil407#ejf7 ,ano!r ,tibetan mode ( expell+ demons f a dwell+ is to make a pa/e image1 into :i* ! lamas by _! incantations conjure all ! evil spirits t may be lurk+ 9 ! h\se4 ,?is image is c>ri$ to a di/ance by a runn] & ?r[n away4 ,he is att5d$ by m51 :o %\t at ! top ( _! voices1 br&i% swords1 & fire guns1 all to fright5 ! demons & drive !m f> f human habitations47#ejg7 7,m#aee7 ,at ,old ,calab> on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 ! devils & gho/s are1 or us$ to be1 publicly expell$ once 9 two ye>s4 ,among ! spirits ?us driv5 f _! haunts are ! s\ls ( all ! p :o di$ s9ce ! la/ lu/ration ( ! t[n4 ,ab\t ?ree weeks or a mon? be=e ! expulsion1 :i* accord+ to "o acc\nt takes place 9 ! mon? ( ,novemb]1 rude effigies repres5t+ m5 & animals1 su* z crocodiles1 leop>ds1 elephants1 bullocks1 & birds1 are made ( wick]-"w or wood1 & be+ hung ) /rips ( clo? & b$iz5$ ) gew-gaws1 are set be=e ! door ( e h\se4 ,ab\t ?ree o'clock 9 ! morn+ ( ! day appo9t$ = ! c]emony ! :ole population turns out into ! /reets1 & proce$s ) a deaf5+ upro> & 9 a /ate ( ! wilde/ excitem5t to drive all lurk+ devils & gho/s into ! effigies1 9 ord] t !y may be bani%$ ) !m f ! abodes ( m54 ,= ?is purpose b&s ( p roam ?r\gh ! /reets knock+ on doors1 fir+ guns1 beat+ drums1 bl[+ on horns1 r++ bells1 clatt]+ pots & pans1 %\t+ & halloo+ ) might & ma91 9 %ort mak+ all ! noise x is possible = !m to raise4 ,! hubbub goes on till ! approa* ( dawn1 :5 x gradually subsides & ceases altoge!r at sunrise4 ,by ?is "t ! h\ses h be5 ?or\ghly swept1 & all ! fright5$ spirits are suppos$ to h huddl$ into ! effigies or _! flutt]+ drap]y4 ,9 ^! wick] figures are also deposit$ ! sweep+s ( ! h\ses & ! a%es ( ye/]day's fires4 ,!n ! demon-lad5 images are ha/ily snat*$ up1 c>ri$ 9 tumultu\s procession d[n to ! br9k ( ! riv]1 & ?r[n into ! wat] to ! tuck ( drums4 ,! ebb-tide be>s !m away seaw>d1 & ?us ! t[n is swept clean ( gho/s & devils = ano!r two ye>s4 ,?is bi5nial expulsion ( spirits goes by ! "n ( ,ndok1 & ! effigies by :i* x is effect$ are call$ ,nabikem or ,nabikim47#ejh7 7,m#aef7 ,fur!r to ! we/ simil> c]emonies are or 7 till rec5tly enact$ at ,porto ,novo1 ! seaport ( ,dahomey4 ,"o ( !m has be5 describ$ by an eye-witness1 a ,ca?olic mission>y1 :o int]pret$ ! rites z a ,fun]al ( ,dea?4 ,he says3 8,"s "t ago a curi\s ev5t took place3 ! ,k+ _h comm&$ to celebrate ! fun]al ( ,dea?4 ,e ye>1 at ! season ( ! ra9s1 ! pr$ecessors ( 8 sable ,maje/y1 9 ord] to pres]ve ! life ( _! de> subjects1 _h caus$ ! feti% ( t t]rible & pitiless enemy1 :o sp>es n ev5 k+s1 to be dr[n$ 9 ! lagoon4 ,t(fa wi%$ to comply ) ! traditions ( 8 ance/ors40 ,h[ev]1 ! c]emony z describ$ by ! mission>y seems to con=m closely to ! type ( ! expulsion ( gho/s & demons4 ,two days be=e ! cr[n+ act ( ! celebration ! /reets 7 c>efully swept & all ! fil? :i* usually encumb]$ !m 0 remov$1 8le/ ,dea? %\ld !re f9d a refuge40 ,all ! p f ! neighb\r+ villages assembl$2 _! feti%es1 daub$ ) r$ pa9t1 7 c>ri$ 9 great pomp ?r\gh ! /reets ( ! capital att5d$ by noisy processions ( mumm]s4 ,a great multitude pass$ ! night 9 ! public squ>e1 dr9k+1 s++1 & %\t+4 ,f9ally1 a numb] ( rude & hide\s effigies 7 escort$ by a noisy cr[d to ! %ore ( ! lagoon2 !re canoes 7 wait+ to receive !m & paddle !m out to deep wat]1 :]e !y 7 flung ov]bo>d4 ,^! effigies ! mission>y reg>d$ z s _m images ( ,dea?1 :o ?us receiv$ 8 passport & 0 dismiss$ f ! t]ritory ( ,porto ,novo4 ,b m probably !y repres5t$ ! ho/s ( demons & gho/s :o 7 believ$ to lurk ab\t ! t[n & to massacre p "u ! =m ( sickness & disease4 ,hav+ made a clean sweep ( ! :ole baleful crew ! inhabitants no d\bt ?\ght t !y _h remov$ ! pr9cipal1 if n ! only1 cause ( dea?1 & t accord+ly !y _h tak5 out a new lease ( life47#eji7 ,x is n )\t int]e/ to obs]ve t 9 cleans+ _! /reets ! p did actually retr5* "o ( ! mo/ fruitful s\rces ( disease & dea?1 especially 9 ! swelt]+ heat ( a damp tropical climate2 h5ce ! measures !y took = ! prolongation ( _! lives 7 really to a c]ta9 ext5t effectual1 ?\gh !y did n accompli% _! object 9 ! precise way !y imag9$4 ,s curi\sly does x (t5 happ5 t ! savage rea*es ! goal ( 8 wi%es by a road :i* to civiliz$ man might appe> at fir/ sight to lead f> away f x4 7,m#aeg7 ,be=e ! ,hos ( ,togol&1 to ! we/ ( ,dahomey1 celebrate _! fe/ival ( ! new yams1 :i* has be5 describ$ 9 ano!r "p ( ?is "w17#eaj7 !y say t x is necess>y to clean ! t[n & to put x 9 ord]4 ,! way 9 :i* !y d s is ?is4 ,!y take leaves ( two p>ticul> sorts ( trees 7! adzu & ! wo71 toge!r ) creep]s & a%es1 & b9d all ! leaves fa/ to a pole ( ! adzu tree4 ,z !y d s !y pray or comm& ! evil spirits1 ! wit*es1 & all o!r evils 9 ! t[n to ent] into ! b& & be b\nd ) x4 ,!n !y make a pa/e out ( ! a%es mix$ ) ur9e & sme> x on ! bundle ( leaves1 say+1 8,we sme> x on ! face ( ! ,evil ,ones :o are 9 ?is bundle1 9 ord] t !y may n be able to see any m40 ,!n !y ?r[ ! bundle on ! gr\nd & mock at x4 ,next !y take all ! simil> poles1 wrapt 9 creep]s1 9 :i* !y h b\nd up all ! evil p[]s1 & c>ry !m out ( ! t[n & /ick !m 9 ! gr\nd on ! v>i\s roads lead+ into ! t[n4 ,:5 !y h done ?is1 !y say t !y h driv5 ! evils out ( ! t[n & %ut ! door aga9/ !m4 ,aft] t !y wa% ! faces ( all ! p ) a m$ic9e :i* has be5 prep>$ by ! olde/ m54 ,!reupon !y all return home to sweep out _! h\ses & y>ds2 !y sweep ev5 ! gr\nd 9 front ( ! y>ds1 s t ! :ole t[n is ?or\ghly clean4 ,all ! grass-/alks & refuse ( /ock-yams :i* h be5 swept toge!r are c>ri$ out ( ! t[n1 & ! p rail at ! /ock-yams4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! night ! olde/ m5 assemble & tie a toad to a "y palm-leaf4 ,!y say t !y wi% n[ to sweep ! t[n & f9i% ! c]emony4 ,s !y drag ! toad beh9d !m ?r\gh ! :ole t[n 9 ! direction ( ,m\nt ,adaklu4 ,:5 t has be5 done1 ! prie/s say t !y w n[ remove ! sicknesses4 ,9 ! ev5+ !y give public notice t !y are ab\t to take to ! road1 s nobody may light a fire on ! he>? or eat4 ,at dead ( night1 :5 p are asleep1 ?ree m5 g ?r\gh ! t[n4 ,"o ( !m drags beh9d !m a toad fa/5$ to a bun* ( h]bs2 ano!r c>ries a calaba% ( holy h]bs & wat]1 ) :i* he spr9kles ! /reets2 & ! ?ird :i/les s(tly4 ,z soon z !y h ?us pass$ ?r\gh ! :ole t[n1 !y ?r[ away ! toad & ! holy h]bs 9 ! direction ( ,m\nt ,adaklu4 ,next morn+ ! wom5 sweep out _! h\ses & he>?s & set ! sweep+s on brok5 wood5 plates4 ,_m put on torn mats or torn clo!s2 o!rs tie grasses & creep]s ab\t !m4 ,:ile !y d s1 !y pray1 say+1 8,all ye sicknesses :i* are 9 our body & plague u1 we are come ?is day to ca/ y out60 ,:5 !y set out s to d1 ! prie/ comm&s e man to cry out ?rice & !reby to smite himself on ! m\?4 ,9 a mom5t !y all cry out1 smite !mselves on ! m\?1 & run z fa/ z _! legs c c>ry !m 9 ! direction ( ,m\nt ,adaklu4 ,z !y run1 !y say1 8,out to-day6 ,out to-day6 ,:at kills anybody1 out to-day6 ,ye evil spirits1 out to-day6 ,& all t makes our heads to a*e1 out to-day6 ,anlo & ,adaklu are ! places :i!r all evil ought to g40 ,n[ on ,m\nt ,adaklu !re /&s a klo tree2 & :5 !y h come ?i!r !y ?r[ ev]y?+ away & return home4 ,aft] _! return e man wa%es himself ) ! m$ic9e :i* is set =? = t purpose 9 ! public /reet2 !n he goes into 8 h\se4 ,su* is ! c]emony by :i* ! ,hos prep>e !mselves to eat ! new yams47#eaa7 ,?us among ! ,hos ! public expulsion ( evils is def9itely connect$ ) ! crops & !re=e takes place e ye>1 n e two ye>s1 z at ,old ,calab>4 7,m#aeh7 ,simil> annual expulsions ( embodi$ evils are n unkn[n 9 ,europe4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ,ea/] ,sunday ! gypsies ( ,s\!rn ,europe take a wood5 vessel l a b&-box1 :i* re/s cradle-wise on two cross pieces ( wood4 ,9 ?is !y place h]bs & simples1 toge!r ) ! dri$ c>case ( a snake1 or liz>d1 :i* e p]son pres5t mu/ fir/ h t\*$ ) 8 f+]s4 ,! vessel is !n wrapt 9 :ite & r$ wool1 c>ri$ by ! olde/ man f t5t to t5t1 & f9ally ?r[n into runn+ wat]1 n1 h[ev]1 be=e e memb] ( ! b& has spat into x once1 & ! sorc]ess has utt]$ "s spells ov] x4 ,!y believe t by p]=m+ ?is c]emony !y dispel all ! illnesses t w\ld o!rwise h afflict$ !m 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>2 & t if any "o f9ds ! vessel & op5s x out ( curiosity1 he & 8 w be visit$ by all ! maladies :i* ! o!rs h escap$47#eab7 7,m#aei7 ,! scapegoat by means ( :i* ! accumulat$ ills ( a :ole ye> are publicly expell$ is sometimes an animal4 ,= example1 among ! ,g>os ( ,assam1 8besides ! sacrifices = individual cases ( illness1 !re are c]ta9 c]emonies :i* are obs]v$ once a ye> by a :ole community or village1 & are int5d$ to safegu>d its memb]s f dang]s ( ! =e/1 & f sickness & mi%ap dur+ ! com+ twelve mon?s4 ,! pr9cipal ( ^! is ! ,asongtata c]emony4 ,close to ! outskirts ( e big village a numb] ( /ones may be notic$ /uck into ! gr\nd1 app>5tly )\t ord] or me?od4 ,^! are kn[n by ! "n ( asong1 & on !m is (f]$ ! sacrifice :i* ! ,asongtata dem&s4 ,! sacrifice ( a goat takes place1 & a mon? lat]1 t ( a langur 7,entellus monkey7 or a bamboo-rat is consid]$ necess>y4 ,! animal *os5 has a rope fa/5$ r\nd its neck & is l$ by two m51 "o on ea* side ( x1 to e h\se 9 ! village4 ,x is tak5 inside ea* h\se 9 turn1 ! assembl$ villag]s1 mean:ile1 beat+ ! walls f ! outside1 to fright5 & drive out any evil spirits :i* may h tak5 up _! resid5ce )94 ,! r\nd ( ! village hav+ be5 made 9 ?is mann]1 ! monkey or rat is l$ to ! outskirts ( ! village1 kill$ by a bl[ ( a dao1 :i* disemb[els x1 & !n crucifi$ on bamboos set up 9 ! gr\nd4 ,r\nd ! crucifi$ animal long1 %>p bamboo /akes are plac$1 :i* =m *evaux de frise r\nd ab\t x4 ,^! commemorate ! days :5 su* def5ces surr\nd$ ! villages on all sides to keep (f human enemies1 & !y are n[ a symbol to w>d (f sickness & dang]s to life f ! wild animals ( ! =e/4 ,! langur requir$ = ! purpose is hunt$ d[n "s days be=e1 b %\ld x be f\nd impossible to cat* "o1 a br[n monkey may take its place2 a hulock may n be us$407#eac7 ,"h ! crucifi$ ape or rat is ! public scapegoat1 :i* by its vic>i\s suff]+s & dea? relieves ! p f all sickness & mi%ap 9 ! com+ ye>4 7,m#afj7 ,aga91 on "o day ( ! ye> ! ,bhotiyas ( ,juh>1 9 ! ,we/]n ,himalayas1 take a dog1 intoxicate him ) spirits & bhang or hemp1 & hav+ f$ him ) sweetmeats1 lead him r\nd ! village & let him loose4 ,!y !n *ase & kill him ) /icks & /ones1 & believe t1 :5 !y h done s1 no disease or mis=tune w visit ! village dur+ ! ye>47#ead7 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,breadalbane x 0 =m]ly ! cu/om on ,new ,ye>'s ,day to take a dog to ! door1 give him a bit ( bread1 & drive him out1 say+1 8,get away1 y dog6 ,:atev] dea? ( m5 or loss ( cattle w\ld happ5 9 ?is h\se to ! end ( ! pres5t ye>1 may x all light on y\r head607#eae7 ,x appe>s t ! :ite dogs annually sacrific$ by ! ,iroquois at _! ,new ,ye> ,fe/ival are1 or h be51 reg>d$ z scapegoats4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,j4 ,v4 ,h4 ,cl>k1 :o witness$ ! c]emony 9 ,janu>y #ahda1 on ! fir/ day ( ! fe/ival all ! fires 9 ! village 7 ext+ui%$1 ! a%es scatt]$ to ! w9ds1 & a new fire k9dl$ ) fl9t & /eel4 ,on a subsequ5t day1 m5 dress$ 9 fanta/ic co/umes w5t r\nd ! village1 ga!r+ ! s9s ( ! p4 ,:5 ! morn+ ( ! la/ day ( ! fe/ival 0 come1 two :ite dogs1 decorat$ ) r$ pa9t1 wampum1 fea!rs1 & ribbons1 7 l$ out4 ,!y 7 soon /rangl$1 & hung on a ladd]4 ,fir+ & yell+ succe$$1 & half an h\r lat] ! animals 7 tak5 into a h\se1 8:]e ! p's s9s 7 transf]r$ to !m40 ,! c>cases 7 aft]w>ds burnt on a pyre ( wood47#eaf7 ,accord+ to ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,kirkl&1 :o wrote 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! a%es ( ! pyre ^u :i* "o ( ! :ite dogs 0 burnt 7 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! village & spr9kl$ at ! door ( e h\se47#eag7 ,=m]ly1 h[ev]1 z we h se51 ! ,iroquois expulsion ( evils 0 imm$iate & n by scapegoat47#eah7 ,on ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 :i* 0 ! t5? day ( ! sev5? mon?1 ! ,jewi% high-prie/ laid bo? 8 h&s on ! head ( a live goat1 confess$ ov] x all ! iniquities ( ! ,*ildr5 ( ,israel1 &1 hav+ !reby transf]r$ ! s9s ( ! p to ! bea/1 s5t x away into ! wild]ness47#eai7 7,m#afa7 ,! scapegoat ^u :om ! s9s ( ! p are p]iodically laid1 may also be a human be+4 ,at ,onit%a1 on ! ,nig]1 two human be+s us$ to be annually sacrific$ to take away ! s9s ( ! l&4 ,! victims 7 pur*as$ by public subscription4 ,all p]sons :o1 dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 _h fall5 into gross s9s1 su* z inc5di>ism1 !ft1 adult]y1 wit*craft1 & s =?1 7 expect$ to contribute #bh ngugas1 or a little ov] #b4 ,! money ?us collect$ 0 tak5 into ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry & exp5d$ 9 ! pur*ase ( two sickly p]sons 8to be (f]$ z a sacrifice = all ^! abom9able crimes--"o = ! l& & "o = ! riv]40 ,a man f a neighb\r+ t[n 0 hir$ to put !m to dea?4 ,on ! tw5ty-sev5? ( ,febru>y #aheh ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,c4 ,taylor witness$ ! sacrifice ( "o ( ^! victims4 ,! suff]] 0 a woman1 ab\t n9ete5 or tw5ty ye>s ( age4 ,!y dragg$ h] alive along ! gr\nd1 face d[nw>ds1 f ! k+'s h\se to ! riv]1 a di/ance ( two miles1 ! cr[ds :o accompani$ h] cry+1 8,wick$ness6 wick$ness60 ,! int5tion 0 8to take away ! iniquities ( ! l&4 ,! body 0 dragg$ along 9 a m]ciless mann]1 z if ! weight ( all _! wick$ness 0 ?us c>ri$ away407#ebj7 ,simil> cu/oms are said to be /ill secretly practis$ e ye> by _m tribes on ! delta ( ! ,nig] 9 spite ( ! vigilance ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t47#eba7 ,among ! ,yoruba negroes ( ,we/ ,africa 8! human victim *os5 = sacrifice1 & :o may be ei!r a free-born or a slave1 a p]son ( noble or weal?y p>5tage1 or "o ( humble bir?1 is1 aft] he has be5 *os5 & m>k$ out = ! purpose1 call$ an ,oluwo4 ,he is always well f$ & n\ri%$ & suppli$ ) :atev] he %\ld desire dur+ ! p]iod ( 8 conf9em5t4 ,:5 ! occasion arrives = him to be sacrific$ & (f]$ up1 he is commonly l$ ab\t & p>ad$ ?r\gh ! /reets ( ! t[n or city ( ! ,sov]eign :o w\ld sacrifice him = ! well-be+ ( 8 gov]nm5t & ( e family & individual "u x1 9 ord] t he might c>ry (f ! s91 guilt1 mis=tune & dea? ( all )\t exception4 ,a%es & *alk w\ld be employ$ to hide 8 id5tity by ! "o be+ freely ?r[n ov] 8 head1 & 8 face pa9t$ ) ! latt]1 :il/ individuals w\ld (t5 ru% out ( _! h\ses to lay _! h&s ^u him t !y might ?us transf] to him _! s91 guilt1 tr\ble1 & dea?4 ,?is p>ad+ done1 he is tak5 ?r\gh a tempor>y sacr$ %$ ( palm & o!r tree bran*es1 & especially ( ! =m]1 ! ,igbodu7#ebb7 & to its fir/ division1 :]e _m p]sons might foll[ him1 & ?r\gh a second :]e only ! *iefs & o!r v important p]sons might escort & accompany him to1 & to a ?ird :]e only ! ,babalawo prie/ & 8 (ficial assi/ant1 ! ,ajigbona1 are p]mitt$ to ent] ) him4 ,"h1 aft] he himself has giv5 out or />t$ 8 la/ song1 :i* is to be tak5 up by ! l>ge assembly ( p :o w h be5 wait+ to he> 8 la/ ^w or 8 la/ groan1 8 head is tak5 (f & 8 blood (f]$ to ! gods4 ,! ann\ncem5t ( 8 la/ ^w or 8 la/ groan he>d & tak5 up by ! p1 w\ld be a signal = joy1 gladness1 & ?anksgiv+1 & = drum beat+ & danc+1 z an expression ( _! gratification because _! sacrifice has be5 accept$1 ! div9e wra? is appeas$1 & ! prospect ( prosp]ity or increas$ prosp]ity assur$407#ebc7 7,m#afb7 ,9 ,siam x us$ to be ! cu/om on "o day ( ! ye> to s+le out a woman brok5 d[n by debau*]y1 & c>ry h] on a litt] ?r\gh all ! /reets to ! music ( drums & hautboys4 ,! mob insult$ h] & pelt$ h] ) dirt2 & aft] hav+ c>ri$ h] ?r\gh ! :ole city1 !y ?rew h] on a dunghill or a h$ge ( ?orns outside ! ramp>ts1 =bidd+ h] ev] to ent] ! walls aga94 ,!y believ$ t ! woman ?us drew ^u h]self all ! malign influ5ces ( ! air & ( evil spirits47#ebd7 ,9 ,japan ! 8tsu9a or oni-y>ahi1 t is to say1 demon expell+1 is a sort ( drama 9 :i* disease1 or m g5]ally ill-luck1 is p]sonifi$1 & driv5 away ) ?reats & a %[ ( viol5ce4 ,l ! oho-h>ahi17#ebe7 x 0 p]=m$ on ! la/ day ( ! ye>4 ,?is association is only natural4 ,! demons ( ! tsu9a are p]sonifi$ w9try influ5ces1 ) ! diseases :i* !y br+ ) !m1 :ile ! oho-h>ahi is int5d$ to cleanse ! p f s9 & uncleanness1 ?+s closely relat$ to disease1 z well z f disease itself4 ,?\gh probably ( ,*9ese orig91 ! tsu9a is a tol]ably anci5t rite4 ,x is allud$ to 9 ! ,nihongi "u ! date ,a4,d4 #fhi4 ,x 0 at "o "t p]=m$ at ,c\rt on an impos+ scale4 ,f\r b&s ( tw5ty y\?s1 ea* we>+ a f\r-ey$ mask1 & ea* c>ry+ a halb]d 9 ! left h&1 m>*$ simultane\sly f ! f\r gates ( ! palace1 driv+ ! devils be=e !m4 ,ano!r acc\nt ( ?is c]emony says t a man disguis$ himself z ! demon ( pe/il5ce1 9 :i* g>b he 0 %ot at & driv5 (f by ! c\rti]s arm$ ) pea*-wood b[s & arr[s ( re$4 ,pea*-wood /aves 7 us$ = ! same purpose4 ,!re 0 =m]ly a practice at ,asakusa 9 ,tokio on ! la/ day ( ! ye> = a man got up z a devil to be *as$ r\nd ! pagoda !re by ano!r we>+ a mask4 ,aft] ?is #c1jjj tickets 7 scrambl$ = by ! spectators4 ,^! 7 c>ri$ away & pa/$ up ov] ! doors z a *>m aga9/ pe/il5ce407#ebf7 ,! ,battas ( ,sumatra (f] ei!r a r$ horse or a buffalo z a public sacrifice to purify ! l& & obta9 ! fav\r ( ! gods4 ,=m]ly1 x is said1 a man 0 b\nd to ! same /ake z ! buffalo1 & :5 !y kill$ ! animal1 ! man 0 driv5 away2 no "o might receive him1 conv]se ) him1 or give him food47#ebg7 ,d\btless he 0 suppos$ to c>ry away ! s9s & mis=tunes ( ! p4 7,m#afc7 ,human scapegoats1 z we %all see pres5tly1 7 well kn[n 9 classical antiquity1 & ev5 9 m$ival ,europe ! cu/om seems n to h be5 :olly ext9ct4 ,9 ! t[n ( ,halb]/adt1 9 ,?r+51 !re 0 a *ur* said to h be5 f\nd$ by ,*>lemagne4 ,9 ?is *ur* e ye> !y *ose a man1 :o 0 believ$ to be /a9$ ) he9\s s9s4 ,on ! fir/ day ( ,l5t he 0 br\ght to ! *ur*1 dress$ 9 m\rn+ g>b1 ) 8 head muffl$ up4 ,at ! close ( ! s]vice he 0 turn$ out ( ! *ur*4 ,dur+ ! =ty days ( ,l5t he p]ambulat$ ! city b>efoot1 nei!r ent]+ ! *ur*es nor speak+ to any "o4 ,! canons took x 9 turn to fe$ him4 ,aft] midnight he 0 all[$ to sleep 9 ! /reets4 ,on ! day be=e ,good ,friday1 aft] ! consecration ( ! holy oil1 he 0 readmitt$ to ! *ur* & absolv$ f 8 s9s4 ,! p gave him money4 ,he 0 call$ ,adam1 & 0 n[ believ$ to be 9 a /ate ( innoc5ce47#ebh7 ,at ,entlebu*1 9 ,switz]l&1 d[n to ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! cu/om ( annually expell+ a scapegoat 0 pres]v$ 9 ! c]emony ( driv+ 8,po/]li0 f ! village into ! l&s ( ! neighb\r+ village4 8,po/]li0 0 repres5t$ by a lad disguis$ z an old wit* or z a goat or an ass4 ,amid a deaf5+ noise ( horns1 cl>ionets1 bells1 :ips1 & s =?1 he 0 driv5 out4 ,sometimes 8,po/]li0 0 repres5t$ by a puppet1 :i* 0 drawn on a sl$ge & left 9 a corn] ( ! neighb\r+ village4 ,! c]emony took place on ! ,?ursday ev5+ ( ! la/ week b "o be=e ,*ri/mas47#ebi7 7,m#afd7 ,9 ,muni* d[n to ab\t a hundr$ ye>s ago ! expulsion ( ! devil f ! city us$ to be annually enact$ on ,asc5sion ,day4 ,on ! ,eve ( ,asc5sion ,day a man disguis$ z a devil 0 *as$ ?r\gh ! /reets1 :i* 7 !n n>r[ & dirty 9 contra/ to ! broad1 well-kept ?or\ghf>es1 l9$ ) impos+ build+s1 :i* n[ di/+ui% ! capital ( ,bav>ia4 ,8 pursu]s 7 dress$ z wit*es & wiz>ds & provid$ ) ! indisp5sable crut*es1 brooms1 & pit*=ks :i* make up ! outfit ( ^! uncanny be+s4 ,:ile ! devil fl$ be=e !m1 ! troop ( mask]s made aft] him ) wild :oops & halloos1 & :5 !y ov]took him !y duck$ him 9 puddles or roll$ him on dunghills4 ,9 ?is way ! demon at la/ succe$$ 9 rea*+ ! palace1 :]e he put (f 8 hide\s & n[ fil?y disguise & 0 rew>d$ = 8 vic>i\s suff]+s by a copi\s meal4 ,! devili% co/ume :i* he _h ?r[n (f 0 !n /uff$ ) hay & /raw & convey$ to a p>ticul> *ur* 7! ,frau5kir*e71 :]e x 0 kept ov] night1 be+ hung by a rope f a w9d[ 9 ! t[]4 ,on ! aft]noon ( ,asc5sion ,day1 be=e ! ,vesp] s]vice began1 an image ( ! ,savi\r 0 drawn up to ! ro( ( ! *ur*1 no d\bt to symbolize ! ev5t :i* ! day commemorates4 ,!n burn+ t[ & waf]s 7 ?r[n on ! p4 ,meantime ! effigy ( ! devil1 pa9t$ black1 ) a pair ( horns & a loll+ r$ tongue1 _h be5 dangl+ f ! *ur* t[]1 to ! delight ( a gap+ cr[d ( spectators ga!r$ be=e ! *ur*4 ,x 0 n[ flung d[n into _! mid/1 & a fi]ce /ruggle = possession ( x took place among ! rabble4 ,f9ally1 x 0 c>ri$ out ( ! t[n by ! ,is> gate & burn$ on a neighb\r+ height1 89 ord] t ! f\l fi5d might d no h>m to ! city40 ,! cu/om di$ out at ,muni* t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury2 b x is said t simil> c]emonies are obs]v$ to ?is day 9 "s villages ( ,upp] ,bav>ia47#ecj7 7,m#afe7 ,?is qua9t c]emony sugge/s t ! p>don$ crim9al :o us$ to play ! pr9cipal "p 9 a solemn religi\s procession on ,asc5sion ,day at ,r\57#eca7 may 9 l mann] h orig9ally s]v$1 if n z a repres5tative ( ! devil1 at lea/ z a public scapegoat1 :o reliev$ ! :ole p ( _! s9s & sorr[s = a ye> by tak+ !m ^u himself4 ,?is w\ld expla9 :y ! gaol _h to be rak$ 9 ord] to furni% "o :o w\ld p>ade ) ! highe/ ecclesia/ical dignit>ies 9 _! gorge\s ve/m5ts ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,r\51 :ile ! *ur* bells peal$ out1 ! cl]gy *ant$1 bann]s wav$1 & e circum/ance comb9$ to enhance ! pomp & spl5d\r ( ! pageant4 ,x w\ld add a pa!tic significance to ! cr[n+ act ( ! c]emony1 :5 on a l(ty plat=m 9 ! public squ>e1 ) ! eyes ( a great & sil5t multitude turn$ ^u him1 ! condemn$ malefactor receiv$ f ! ,*ur* ! absolution & remission ( 8 s9s2 = if ! rite is to be int]pret$ 9 ! way "h sugge/$1 ! s9s :i* 7 ?us =giv5 7 ^? n ( "o man only b ( ! :ole p4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t :5 ! s9n]1 n[ a s9n] no m1 rose f 8 knees & ?rice lift$ ! silv] %r9e ( ,/4 ,roma9 9 8 arms1 ! :ole va/ assembly 9 ! squ>e broke out into joy\s cries ( 8,noel6 ,noel6 ,noel60 :i* !y und]/ood to signify1 8,god be ) u60 ,9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries no m appropriate season c\ld be select$ = ! c]emony ( ! human scapegoat ?an ,asc5sion ,day1 :i* commemorates ! dep>ture f e>? ( ,him :o1 9 ! belief ( millions1 took away ! s9s ( ! _w47#ecb7 7,m#aff7 ,sometimes ! scapegoat is a div9e animal4 ,! p ( ,malab> %>e ! ,h9doo rev]5ce = ! c[1 to kill & eat :i* 8!y e/eem to be a crime z he9\s z homicide or wilful murd]40 ,nev]!less ! 8,bramans transf] ! s9s ( ! p into "o or m ,c[s1 :i* are !n c>ry'd away1 bo? ! ,c[s & ! ,s9s :]e) ^! ,bea/s are *>g$1 to :at place ! ,braman %all appo9t407#ecc7 ,:5 ! anci5t ,egyptians sacrific$ a bull1 !y invok$ ^u its head all ! evils t might o!rwise befall !mselves & ! l& ( ,egypt1 & !reupon !y ei!r sold ! bull's head to ! ,greeks or ca/ x into ! riv]47#ecd7 ,n[1 x _c be said t 9 ! times kn[n to u ! ,egyptians wor%ipp$ bulls 9 g5]al1 = !y seem to h commonly kill$ & eat5 !m47#ece7 ,b a good _m circum/ances po9t to ! conclusion t orig9ally all cattle1 bulls z well z c[s1 7 held sacr$ by ! ,egyptians4 ,= n only 7 all c[s e/eem$ holy by !m & nev] sacrific$1 b ev5 bulls might n be sacrific$ unless !y _h c]ta9 natural m>ks2 a prie/ exam9$ e bull be=e x 0 sacrific$2 if x _h ! prop] m>ks1 he put 8 seal on ! animal 9 tok5 t x might be sacrific$2 & if a man sacrific$ a bull :i* _h n be5 seal$1 he 0 put to dea?4 ,moreov]1 ! wor%ip ( ! black bulls ,apis & ,mnevis1 especially ! =m]1 play$ an important "p 9 ,egyptian religion2 all bulls t di$ a natural dea? 7 c>efully buri$ 9 ! suburbs ( ! cities1 & _! bones 7 aft]w>ds collect$ f all p>ts ( ,egypt & int]r$ 9 a s+le spot2 & at ! sacrifice ( a bull 9 ! great rites ( ,isis all ! wor%ipp]s beat _! brea/s & m\rn$47#ecf7 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 we are p]haps entitl$ to inf] t bulls 7 orig9ally1 z c[s 7 always1 e/eem$ sacr$ by ! ,egyptians1 & t ! sla9 bull ^u ^: head !y laid ! mis=tunes ( ! p 0 once a div9e scapegoat4 ,x seems n improbable t ! lamb annually sla9 by ! ,madis ( ,c5tral ,africa is a div9e scapegoat1 & ! same supposition may p>tly expla9 ! ,zuni sacrifice ( ! turtle47#ecg7 7,m#afg7 ,la/ly1 ! scapegoat may be a div9e man4 ,?us1 9 ,novemb] ! ,gonds ( ,india wor%ip ,ghansyam ,deo1 ! protector ( ! crops1 & at ! fe/ival ! god himself is said to desc5d on ! head ( "o ( ! wor%ipp]s1 :o is sudd5ly seiz$ ) a k9d ( fit &1 aft] /agg]+ ab\t1 ru%es (f into ! jungle1 :]e x is believ$ t1 if left to himself1 he w\ld die mad4 ,h[ev]1 !y br+ him back1 b he does n recov] 8 s5ses = "o or two days4 ,! p ?9k t "o man is ?us s+l$ out z a scapegoat = ! s9s ( ! re/ ( ! village47#ech7 ,9 ! temple ( ! ,moon ! ,albanians ( ! ,ea/]n ,caucasus kept a numb] ( sacr$ slaves1 ( :om _m 7 inspir$ & prophesi$4 ,:5 "o ( ^! m5 exhibit$ m ?an usual symptoms ( inspiration or insanity1 & w&]$ solit>y up & d[n ! woods1 l ! ,gond 9 ! jungle1 ! high prie/ _h him b\nd ) a sacr$ *a9 & ma9ta9$ him 9 luxury = a ye>4 ,at ! end ( ! ye> he 0 ano9t$ ) ungu5ts & l$ =? to be sacrific$4 ,a man ^: bus9ess x 0 to slay ^! human victims & to :om practice _h giv5 dext]ity1 advanc$ f ! cr[d & ?ru/ a sacr$ spe> into ! victim's side1 pi]c+ 8 he>t4 ,f ! mann] 9 :i* ! sla9 man fell1 om5s 7 drawn z to ! welf>e ( ! commonweal?4 ,!n ! body 0 c>ri$ to a c]ta9 spot :]e all ! p /ood ^u x z a purificatory c]emony47#eci7 ,?is la/ circum/ance cle>ly indicates t ! s9s ( ! p 7 transf]r$ to ! victim1 j z ! ,jewi% prie/ transf]r$ ! s9s ( ! p to ! scapegoat by lay+ 8 h&s on ! animal's head2 & s9ce ! man 0 believ$ to be possess$ by ! div9e _s1 we h "h an und\bt$ example ( a man-god sla9 to take away ! s9s & mis=tunes ( ! p4 7,m#afh7 ,9 ,tibet ! c]emony ( ! scapegoat pres5ts "s rem>kable features4 ,! ,tibetan new ye> beg9s ) ! new moon :i* appe>s ab\t ! fifte5? ( ,febru>y4 ,= tw5ty-?ree days aft]w>ds ! gov]nm5t ( ,lhasa1 ! capital1 is tak5 out ( ! h&s ( ! ord9>y rul]s & entru/$ to ! monk ( ! ,debang mona/]y :o (f]s to pay ! highe/ sum = ! privilege4 ,! successful bidd] is call$ ! ,jalno1 & he ann\nces 8 accession to p[] 9 p]son1 go+ ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,lhasa ) a silv] /ick 9 8 h&4 ,monks f all ! neighb\r+ mona/]ies & temples assemble to pay him homage4 ,! ,jalno ex]cises 8 au?ority 9 ! mo/ arbitr>y mann] = 8 own b5efit1 z all ! f9es :i* he exacts are 8 by pur*ase4 ,! pr(it he makes is ab\t t5 times ! am\nt ( ! pur*ase money4 ,8 m5 g ab\t ! /reets 9 ord] to discov] any conduct on ! "p ( ! inhabitants t c be f\nd fault )4 ,e h\se 9 ,lhasa is tax$ at ?is "t1 & ! slighte/ (f5ce is puni%$ ) unsp>+ rig\r by f9es4 ,?is sev]ity ( ! ,jalno drives all work+ classes out ( ! city till ! tw5ty-?ree days are ov]4 ,b if ! laity g out1 ! cl]gy come 94 ,all ! ,buddhi/ mona/]ies ( ! c\ntry = miles r\nd ab\t op5 _! gates & disgorge _! inmates4 ,all ! roads t lead d[n into ,lhasa f ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s are full ( monks hurry+ to ! capital1 "s on foot1 "s on horseback1 "s rid+ asses or l[+ ox51 all c>ry+ _! pray]-books & cul9>y ut5sils4 ,9 su* multitudes d !y come t ! /reets & squ>es ( ! city are encumb]$ ) _! sw>ms1 & inc>nad9$ ) _! r$ cloaks4 ,! disord] & confusion are indescribable4 ,b&s ( ! holy m5 trav]se ! /reets *ant+ pray]s or utt]+ wild cries4 ,!y meet1 !y jo/le1 !y qu>rel1 !y fight2 bloody noses1 black eyes1 & brok5 heads are freely giv5 & receiv$4 ,all day long1 too1 f be=e ! peep ( dawn till aft] d>kness has fall51 ^! r$-cloak$ monks hold s]vices 9 ! dim inc5se-lad5 air ( ! great ,ma*9drana? temple1 ! ca!dral ( ,lhasa2 & ?i!r !y cr[d ?rice a day to receive _! doles ( tea & s\p & money4 ,! ca!dral is a va/ build+1 /&+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! city1 & surr\nd$ by baza>s & %ops4 ,! idols 9 x are ri*ly inlaid ) gold & preci\s /ones4 7,m#afi7 ,tw5ty-f\r days aft] ! ,jalno has ceas$ to h au?ority1 he assumes x aga91 & = t5 days acts 9 ! same arbitr>y mann] z be=e4 ,on ! fir/ ( ! t5 days ! prie/s aga9 assemble at ! ca!dral1 pray to ! gods to prev5t sickness & o!r evils among ! p1 8&1 z a peace-(f]+1 sacrifice "o man4 ,! man is n kill$ purposely1 b ! c]emony he und]goes (t5 proves fatal47#edj7 ,gra9 is ?r[n aga9/ 8 head1 & 8 face is pa9t$ half :ite1 half black40 ,?us grotesquely disguis$1 & c>ry+ a coat ( sk9 on 8 arm1 he is call$ ! ,k+ ( ! ,ye>s1 & sits daily 9 ! m>ket-place1 :]e he helps himself to :atev] he likes & goes ab\t %ak+ a black yak's tail ov] ! p1 :o ?us transf] _! bad luck to him4 ,on ! t5? day1 all ! troops 9 ,lhasa m>* to ! great temple & =m 9 l9e be=e x4 ,! ,k+ ( ! ,ye>s is br\ght =? f ! temple & receives small donations f ! assembl$ multitude4 ,he !n ridicules ! ,jalno1 say+ to him1 8,:at we p]ceive ?r\gh ! five s5ses is no illusion4 ,all y tea* is untrue10 & ! l4 ,! ,jalno1 :o repres5ts ! ,gr& ,lama = ! "t be+1 conte/s ^! h]etical op9ions2 ! dispute waxes w>m1 & at la/ bo? agree to decide ! que/ions at issue by a ca/ ( ! dice1 ! ,jalno (f]+ to *ange places ) ! scapegoat %\ld ! ?r[ be aga9/ him4 ,if ! ,k+ ( ! ,ye>s w9s1 mu* evil is progno/icat$2 b if ! ,jalno w9s1 !re is great rejoic+1 = x proves t 8 adv]s>y has be5 accept$ by ! gods z a victim to be> all ! s9s ( ! p ( ,lhasa4 ,=tune1 h[ev]1 always fav\rs ! ,jalno1 :o ?r[s sixes ) unv>y+ success1 :ile 8 oppon5t turns up only ones4 ,nor is ?is s extraord9>y z at fir/ sight x might appe>2 = ! ,jalno's dice are m>k$ ) no?+ b sixes & 8 adv]s>y's ) no?+ b ones4 ,:5 he sees ! f+] ( ,provid5ce ?us pla9ly po9t$ aga9/ him1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,ye>s is t]rifi$ & flees away ^u a :ite horse1 ) a :ite dog1 a :ite bird1 salt1 & s =?1 :i* h all be5 provid$ = him by ! gov]nm5t4 ,8 face is /ill pa9t$ half :ite & half black1 & he /ill we>s 8 lea!rn coat4 ,! :ole populace pursues him1 hoot+1 yell+1 & fir+ blank %ots 9 volleys aft] him4 ,?us driv5 out ( ! city1 he is deta9$ = sev5 days 9 ! great *amb] ( horrors at ! ,samyas mona/]y1 surr\nd$ by mon/r\s & t]rific images ( devils & sk9s ( huge s]p5ts & wild bea/s4 ,!nce he goes away into ! m\nta9s ( ,*etang1 :]e he has to rema9 an outca/ = sev]al mon?s or a ye> 9 a n>r[ d54 ,if he dies be=e ! "t is out1 ! p say x is an auspici\s om52 b if he survives1 he may return to ,lhasa & play ! "p ( scapegoat ov] aga9 ! foll[+ ye>47#eda7 7,m#agj7 ,?is qua9t c]emonial1 /ill annually obs]v$ 9 ! seclud$ capital ( ,buddhism--! ,rome ( ,asia--is int]e/+ because x exhibits1 9 a cle>ly m>k$ religi\s /ratification1 a s]ies ( div9e r$eem]s !mselves r$eem$1 ( vic>i\s sacrifices vic>i\sly aton$ =1 ( gods und]go+ a process ( fossilization1 :o1 :ile !y reta9 ! privileges1 h disburd5$ !mselves ( ! pa9s & p5alties ( div9ity4 ,9 ! ,jalno we may )\t undue /ra9+ disc]n a successor ( ^? tempor>y k+s1 ^? mortal gods1 :o pur*ase a %ort lease ( p[] & glory at ! price ( _! lives4 ,t he is ! tempor>y sub/itute ( ! ,gr& ,lama is c]ta92 t he is1 or 0 once1 liable to act z scapegoat = ! p is made ne>ly c]ta9 by 8 (f] to *ange places ) ! real scapegoat--! ,k+ ( ! ,ye>s--if ! arbitram5t ( ! dice %\ld g aga9/ him4 ,x is true t ! conditions "u :i* ! "q is n[ put to ! haz>d h r$uc$ ! (f] to an idle =m4 ,b su* =ms are no m]e mu%room gr[?s1 spr++ up ( !mselves 9 a night4 ,if !y are n[ lifeless =malities1 empty husks devoid ( significance1 we may be sure t !y once _h a life & a mean+2 if at ! pres5t day !y are bl9d alleys lead+ n[h]e1 we may be c]ta9 t 9 =m] days !y 7 pa?s t l$ some:]e1 if only to dea?4 ,t dea? 0 ! goal to :i* ( old ! ,tibetan scapegoat pass$ aft] 8 brief p]iod ( lic5ce 9 ! m>ket-place1 is a conjecture t has mu* to comm5d x4 ,analogy sugge/s x2 ! blank %ots fir$ aft] him1 ! /atem5t t ! c]emony (t5 proves fatal1 ! belief t 8 dea? is a happy om51 all confirm x4 ,we ne$ n wond] !n t ! ,jalno1 aft] pay+ s de> to act z deputy-deity = a few weeks1 %\ld h pref]r$ to die by deputy r ?an 9 8 own p]son :5 8 "t 0 up4 ,! pa9ful b necess>y duty 0 accord+ly laid on "s poor devil1 "s social outca/1 "s wret* ) :om ! _w _h gone h>d1 :o readily agre$ to ?r[ away 8 life at ! end ( a few days if only he might h 8 fl+ 9 ! meantime4 ,= obs]ve t :ile ! "t all[$ to ! orig9al deputy--! ,jalno--0 measur$ by weeks1 ! "t all[$ to ! deputy's deputy 0 cut d[n to days1 t5 days accord+ to "o au?ority1 sev5 days accord+ to ano!r4 ,s %ort a rope 0 d\btless ?\ght a long en\gh te!r = s black or sickly a %eep2 s few s&s 9 ! h\r-glass1 slipp+ s fa/ away1 suffic$ = "o :o _h wa/$ s _m preci\s ye>s4 ,h5ce 9 ! jack-pudd+ :o n[ masqu]ades ) motley c\nt5ance 9 ! m>ket-place ( ,lhasa1 sweep+ up mis=tune ) a black yak's tail1 we may fairly see ! sub/itute ( a sub/itute1 ! vic> ( a vic>1 ! proxy on ^: back ! heavy burd5 0 laid :5 x _h be5 lift$ f nobl] %\ld]s4 ,b ! clue1 if we h foll[$ x aright1 does n /op at ! ,jalno2 x leads /raight back to ! pope ( ,lhasa himself1 ! ,gr& ,lama1 ( :om ! ,jalno is m]ely ! tempor>y vic>4 ,! analogy ( _m cu/oms 9 _m l&s po9ts to ! conclusion t1 if ?is human div9ity /oops to resign 8 gho/ly p[] = a "t into ! h&s ( a sub/itute1 x is1 or r 0 once1 = no o!r reason ?an t ! sub/itute might die 9 8 /ead4 ,?us ?r\gh ! mi/ ( ages unillum9$ by ! lamp ( hi/ory1 ! tragic figure ( ! pope ( ,buddhism--,god's vic> on e>? = ,asia--looms dim & sad z ! man-god :o bore 8 p's sorr[s1 ! ,good ,%eph]d :o laid d[n 8 life = ! %eep4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,on ,,scapegoats ,,9 ,,g5]al4 7,m#aga7 ,! =ego+ survey ( ! cu/om ( publicly expell+ ! accumulat$ evils ( a village or t[n or c\ntry sugge/s a few g5]al obs]vations4 7,m#agb7 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x w n be disput$ t :at ,i h call$ ! imm$iate & ! m$iate expulsions ( evil are id5tical 9 int5tion2 9 o!r words1 t :e!r ! evils are conceiv$ ( z invisible or z embodi$ 9 a mat]ial =m1 is a circum/ance entirely subord9ate to ! ma9 object ( ! c]emony1 :i* is simply to effect a total cle>ance ( all ! ills t h be5 infe/+ a p4 ,if any l9k 7 want+ to connect ! two k9ds ( expulsion1 x w\ld be furni%$ by su* a practice z t ( s5d+ ! evils away 9 a litt] or a boat4 ,= "h1 on ! "o h&1 ! evils are invisible & intangible2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is a visible & tangible vehicle to convey !m away4 ,& a scapegoat is no?+ m ?an su* a vehicle4 7,m#agc7 ,9 ! second place1 :5 a g5]al cle>ance ( evils is resort$ to p]iodically1 ! int]val betwe5 ! celebrations ( ! c]emony is commonly a ye>1 & ! "t ( ye> :5 ! c]emony takes place usually co9cides ) "s well-m>k$ *ange ( season1 su* z ! beg9n+ or end ( w9t] 9 ! arctic & temp]ate zones1 & ! beg9n+ or end ( ! ra9y season 9 ! tropics4 ,! increas$ mortality :i* su* climatic *anges are apt to produce1 especially among/ ill-f$1 ill-clo!d1 & ill-h\s$ savages1 is set d[n by primitive man to ! ag5cy ( demons1 :o mu/ accord+ly be expell$4 ,h5ce1 9 ! tropical regions ( ,new ,brita9 & ,p]u1 ! devils are or 7 driv5 out at ! beg9n+ ( ! ra9y season2 h5ce1 on ! dre>y coa/s ( ,baff9 ,l&1 !y are bani%$ at ! approa* ( ! bitt] arctic w9t]4 ,:5 a tribe has tak5 to husb&ry1 ! "t = ! g5]al expulsion ( devils is naturally made to agree ) "o ( ! great epo*s ( ! agricultural ye>1 z s[+1 or h>ve/2 b1 z ^! epo*s !mselves naturally co9cide ) *anges ( season1 x does n foll[ t ! transition f ! hunt+ or pa/oral to ! agricultural life involves any alt]ation 9 ! "t ( celebrat+ ?is great annual rite4 ,"s ( ! agricultural communities ( ,india & ! ,h9doo ,koo%1 z we h se51 hold _! g5]al cle>ance ( demons at h>ve/1 o!rs at s[+-"t4 ,b1 at :atev] season ( ! ye> x is held1 ! g5]al expulsion ( devils commonly m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! new ye>4 ,=1 be=e ent]+ on a new ye>1 p are anxi\s to rid !mselves ( ! tr\bles t h h>ass$ !m 9 ! pa/2 h5ce x comes ab\t t 9 s _m communities ! beg9n+ ( ! new ye> is inaugurat$ ) a solemn & public bani%m5t ( evil spirits4 7,m#agd7 ,9 ! ?ird place1 x is to be obs]v$ t ?is public & p]iodic expulsion ( devils is commonly prec$$ or foll[$ by a p]iod ( g5]al lic5se1 dur+ :i* ! ord9>y re/ra9ts ( society are ?r[n aside1 & all (f5ces1 %ort ( ! grave/1 are all[$ to pass unpuni%$4 ,9 ,gu9ea & ,tonqu9 ! p]iod ( lic5se prec$es ! public expulsion ( demons2 & ! susp5sion ( ! ord9>y gov]nm5t 9 ,lhasa previ\s to ! expulsion ( ! scapegoat is p]haps a relic ( a simil> p]iod ( univ]sal lic5se4 ,among/ ! ,hos ( ,india ! p]iod ( lic5se foll[s ! expulsion ( ! devil4 ,among/ ! ,iroquois x h>dly appe>s :e!r x prec$$ or foll[$ ! bani%m5t ( evils4 ,9 any case1 ! extraord9>y relaxation ( all ord9>y rules ( conduct on su* occasions is d\btless to be expla9$ by ! g5]al cle>ance ( evils :i* prec$es or foll[s x4 ,on ! "o h&1 :5 a g5]al riddance ( evil & absolution f all s9 is 9 imm$iate prospect1 m5 are enc\rag$ to give ! re9 to _! passions1 tru/+ t ! com+ c]emony w wipe out ! score :i* !y are runn+ up s fa/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! c]emony has j tak5 place1 m5's m9ds are fre$ f ! oppressive s5se1 "u :i* !y g5]ally lab\r1 ( an atmosph]e sur*>g$ ) devils2 & 9 ! fir/ revulsion ( joy !y ov]leap ! limits commonly impos$ by cu/om & morality4 ,:5 ! c]emony takes place at h>ve/-"t1 ! elation ( feel+ :i* x excites is fur!r /imulat$ by ! /ate ( physical wellbe+ produc$ by an abundant supply ( food47#edb7 7,m#age7 ,f\r?ly1 ! employm5t ( a div9e man or animal z a scapegoat is especially to be not$2 inde$1 we are "h directly conc]n$ ) ! cu/om ( bani%+ evils only 9 s f> z ^! evils are believ$ to be transf]r$ to a god :o is aft]w>ds sla94 ,x may be suspect$ t ! cu/om ( employ+ a div9e man or animal z a public scapegoat is mu* m widely diffus$ ?an appe>s f ! examples cit$4 ,=1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 ! cu/om ( kill+ a god dates f s e>ly a p]iod ( human hi/ory t 9 lat] ages1 ev5 :5 ! cu/om cont9ues to be practis$1 x is liable to be mis9t]pret$4 ,! div9e "* ( ! animal or man is =gott51 & he comes to be reg>d$ m]ely z an ord9>y victim4 ,?is is especially likely to be ! case :5 x is a div9e man :o is kill$4 ,= :5 a nation becomes civiliz$1 if x does n drop human sacrifices altoge!r1 x at lea/ selects z victims only su* wret*es z w\ld be put to dea? at any rate4 ,?us ! kill+ ( a god may sometimes come to be conf\nd$ ) ! execution ( a crim9al4 7,m#agf7 ,if we ask :y a dy+ god %\ld be *os5 to take ^u himself & c>ry away ! s9s & sorr[s ( ! p1 x may be sugge/$ t 9 ! practice ( us+ ! div9ity z a scapegoat we h a comb9ation ( two cu/oms :i* 7 at "o "t di/9ct & indep5d5t4 ,on ! "o h& we h se5 t x has be5 cu/om>y to kill ! human or animal god 9 ord] to save 8 div9e life f be+ weak5$ by ! inroads ( age4 ,on ! o!r h& we h se5 t x has be5 cu/om>y to h a g5]al expulsion ( evils & s9s once a ye>4 ,n[1 if x occurr$ to p to comb9e ^! two cu/oms1 ! result w\ld be ! employm5t ( ! dy+ god z a scapegoat4 ,he 0 kill$1 n orig9ally to take away s91 b to save ! div9e life f ! deg5]acy ( old age2 b1 s9ce he _h to be kill$ at any rate1 p may h ?\ght t !y might z well seize ! opportunity to lay ^u him ! burd5 ( _! suff]+s & s9s1 9 ord] t he might be> x away ) him to ! unkn[n _w beyond ! grave4 7,m#agg7 ,! use ( ! div9ity z a scapegoat cle>s up ! ambiguity :i*1 z we saw1 appe>s to hang ab\t ! ,european folk-cu/om ( 8c>ry+ out ,dea?407#edc7 ,gr\nds h be5 %ewn = believ+ t 9 ?is c]emony ! s-call$ ,dea? 0 orig9ally ! _s ( vegetation1 :o 0 annually sla9 9 spr+1 9 ord] t he might come to life aga9 ) all ! vig\r ( y\?4 ,b1 z ,i po9t$ out1 !re are c]ta9 features 9 ! c]emony :i* are n explicable on ?is hypo!sis alone4 ,su* are ! m>ks ( joy ) :i* ! effigy ( ,dea? is c>ri$ out to be buri$ or burnt1 & ! fe> & abhorr5ce ( x manife/$ by ! be>]s4 ,b ^! features become at once intelligible if we suppose t ! ,dea? 0 n m]ely ! dy+ god ( vegetation1 b also a public scapegoat1 ^u :om 7 laid all ! evils t _h afflict$ ! p dur+ ! pa/ ye>4 ,joy on su* an occasion is natural & appropriate2 & if ! dy+ god appe>s to be ! object ( t fe> & abhorr5ce :i* are prop]ly due n to himself1 b to ! s9s & mis=tunes ) :i* he is lad51 ?is arises m]ely f ! difficulty ( di/+ui%+1 or at lea/ ( m>k+ ! di/9ction1 betwe5 ! be>] & ! burd54 ,:5 ! burd5 is ( a baleful "*1 ! be>] ( x w be fe>$ & %unn$ j z mu* z if he 7 himself in/9ct ) ^? dang]\s prop]ties ( :i*1 z x happ5s1 he is only ! vehicle4 ,simil>ly we h se5 t disease-lad5 & s9-lad5 boats are dread$ & %unn$ by ,ea/ ,indian peoples47#edd7 ,aga91 ! view t 9 ^! popul> cu/oms ! ,dea? is a scapegoat z well z a repres5tative ( ! div9e _s ( vegetation d]ives "s support f ! circum/ance t its expulsion is always celebrat$ 9 spr+ & *iefly by ,slavonic peoples4 ,= ! ,slavonic ye> began 9 spr+27#ede7 & ?us1 9 "o ( its aspects1 ! c]emony ( 8c>ry+ out ,dea?0 w\ld be an example ( ! widespread cu/om ( expell+ ! accumulat$ evils ( ! old ye> be=e ent]+ on a new "o4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,human ,,scapegoats ,,9 ,,classical ,,antiquity4 #a4 ,! ,human ,scapegoat 9 ,anci5t ,rome4 7,m#agh7 ,we are n[ prep>$ to notice ! use ( ! human scapegoat 9 classical antiquity4 ,e ye> on ! f\rte5? ( ,m>* a man clad 9 sk9s 0 l$ 9 procession ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,rome1 beat5 ) long :ite rods1 & driv5 out ( ! city4 ,he 0 call$ ,mamurius ,veturius17#edf7 t is1 8! old ,m>s107#edg7 & z ! c]emony took place on ! day prec$+ ! fir/ full moon ( ! old ,roman ye> 7:i* began on ! fir/ ( ,m>*71 ! sk9-clad man mu/ h repres5t$ ! ,m>s ( ! pa/ ye>1 :o 0 driv5 out at ! beg9n+ ( a new "o4 ,n[ ,m>s 0 orig9ally n a god ( w> b ( vegetation4 ,= x 0 to ,m>s t ! ,roman husb&man pray$ = ! prosp]ity ( 8 corn & 8 v9es1 8 fruit-trees & 8 copses27#edh7 x 0 to ,m>s t ! prie/ly college ( ! ,arval ,bro!rs1 ^: bus9ess x 0 to sacrifice = ! gr[? ( ! crops17#edi7 address$ _! petitions almo/ exclusively27#eej7 & x 0 to ,m>s1 z we saw17#eea7 t a horse 0 sacrific$ 9 ,octob] to secure an abundant h>ve/4 ,moreov]1 x 0 to ,m>s1 "u 8 title ( 8,m>s ( ! woods0 7,m>s ,silvanus71 t f>m]s (f]$ sacrifice = ! welf>e ( _! cattle47#eeb7 ,we h already se5 t cattle are commonly suppos$ to be "u ! special patronage ( tree-gods47#eec7 ,once m1 ! consecration ( ! v]nal mon? ( ,m>* to ,m>s seems to po9t him out z ! deity ( ! spr\t+ vegetation4 ,?us ! ,roman cu/om ( expell+ ! old ,m>s at ! beg9n+ ( ! new ye> 9 spr+ is id5tical ) ! ,slavonic cu/om ( 8c>ry+ out ,dea?10 if ! view "h tak5 ( ! latt] cu/om is correct4 ,! simil>ity ( ! ,roman & ,slavonic cu/oms has be5 already rem>k$ by s*ol>s1 :o appe>1 h[ev]1 to h tak5 ,mamurius ,veturius & ! correspond+ figures 9 ! ,slavonic c]emonies to be repres5tatives ( ! old ye> r ?an ( ! old god ( vegetation47#eed7 ,x is possible t c]emonies ( ?is k9d may h come to be ?us int]pret$ 9 lat] times ev5 by ! p :o practis$ !m4 ,b ! p]sonification ( a p]iod ( "t is too ab/ract an idea to be primitive47#eee7 ,h[ev]1 9 ! ,roman1 z 9 ! ,slavonic1 c]emony1 ! repres5tative ( ! god appe>s to h be5 treat$ n only z a deity ( vegetation b also z a scapegoat4 ,8 expulsion implies ?is2 = !re is no reason :y ! god ( vegetation1 z su*1 %\ld be expell$ ! city4 ,b x is o!rwise if he is also a scapegoat2 x !n becomes necess>y to drive him beyond ! b\nd>ies1 t he may c>ry 8 sorr[ful burd5 away to o!r l&s4 ,&1 9 fact1 ,mamurius ,veturius appe>s to h be5 driv5 away to ! l& ( ! ,oscans1 ! enemies ( ,rome47#eef7 7,m#agi7 ,! bl[s ) :i* ! 8old ,m>s0 0 expell$ ! city seem to h be5 adm9i/]$ by ! danc+ prie/s ( ,m>s1 ! ,salii4 ,at lea/ we "k t 9 _! songs ^! prie/s made m5tion ( ,mamurius ,veturius27#eeg7 & we are told t on a day d$icat$ to him !y beat a hide ) rods47#eeh7 ,x is !re=e highly probable t ! hide :i* !y drubb$ on t day 0 ! "o worn by ! repres5tative ( ! deity ^: "n !y simultane\sly *ant$4 ,?us on ! f\rte5? day ( ,m>* e ye> ,rome witness$ ! curi\s spectacle ( ! human inc>nation ( a god *as$ by ! god's own prie/s ) bl[s f ! city4 ,! rite becomes at lea/ intelligible on ! !ory t ! man s beat5 & expell$ /ood = ! outworn deity ( vegetation1 :o _h to be replac$ by a fre% & vigor\s "y div9ity at ! beg9n+ ( a ,new ,ye>1 :5 ev]y:]e ar\nd 9 field & mead[1 9 wood & ?icket ! v]nal fl[]s1 ! spr\t+ grass1 & ! op5+ buds & blossoms te/ifi$ to ! /irr+ ( new life 9 nature aft] ! long torpor & /agnation ( w9t]4 ,! danc+ prie/s ( ! god d]iv$ _! "n ( ,salii f ! leaps or dances :i* !y 7 b\nd to execute z a solemn religi\s c]emony e ye> 9 ! ,comitium1 ! c5tre ( ,roman political life47#eei7 ,twice a ye>1 9 ! spr+ mon? ( ,m>* & ! autumn mon? ( ,octob]1 !y dis*>g$ ?is sacr$ duty27#efj7 & z !y did s !y invok$ ,saturn1 ! ,roman god ( s[+47#efa7 ,z ! ,romans s[$ ! corn bo? 9 spr+ & autumn17#efb7 & z d[n to ! pres5t "t 9 ,europe sup]/iti\s ru/ics are wont to dance & leap high 9 spr+ = ! purpose ( mak+ ! crops gr[ high17#efc7 we may conjecture t ! leaps & dances p]=m$ by ! ,salii1 ! prie/s ( ! old ,italian god ( vegetation1 7 simil>ly suppos$ to quick5 ! gr[? ( ! corn by homoeopa?ic or imitative magic4 ,! ,salii 7 n limit$ to ,rome2 simil> colleges ( danc+ prie/s are kn[n to h exi/$ 9 _m t[ns ( anci5t ,italy27#efd7 ev]y:]e1 we may conjecture1 !y 7 suppos$ to contribute to ! f]tility ( ! e>? by _! leaps & dances4 ,at ,rome !y 7 divid$ into two colleges1 ea* compos$ ( twelve memb]s2 & x is n impossible t ! numb] twelve 0 fix$ ) ref]5ce to ! twelve mon?s ( ! old lun> ye>27#efe7 ! ,fratres ,arvales1 or 8,bre?r5 ( ! ,pl\gh$ ,fields10 ano!r ,roman college ( prie/s1 ^: functions 7 purely agricultural1 & :o wore z a badge ( _! (fice a wrea? ( corn-e>s1 7 also twelve 9 numb]1 p]haps = a simil> reason47#eff7 ,nor 0 ! m>tial equipm5t ( ! ,salii s ali5 to ?is peaceful function z a mod]n read] might naturally suppose4 ,ea* ( !m wore on 8 head a peak$ helmet ( bronze1 & at 8 side a sword2 on 8 left arm he c>ri$ a %ield ( a peculi> %ape1 & 9 8 "r h& he wield$ a /aff ) :i* he smote on ! %ield till x rang aga947#efg7 ,su* weapons 9 prie/ly h&s may be turn$ aga9/ spiritual foes2 9 ! prec$+ pages we h met ) _m examples ( ! use ( mat]ial arms to r\t ! ho/ ( demons :o oppress ! imag9ation ( primitive man1 & we h se5 t ! cla% & clang\r ( metal is (t5 deem$ p>ticul>ly effective 9 putt+ ^! baleful be+s to flight47#efh7 ,may x n h be5 s ) ! m>tial prie/s ( ,m>s8 ,we "k t !y p>ad$ ! city = days toge!r 9 a regul> ord]1 tak+ up _! qu>t]s = ! night at a diff]5t place ea* day2 & z !y w5t !y danc$ 9 triple "t1 s++ & cla%+ on _! %ields & tak+ _! "t f a fugleman1 :o skipp$ & po/ur$ at _! head47#efi7 ,we may conjecture t 9 s do+ !y 7 suppos$ to be expell+ ! p[]s ( evil :i* _h accumulat$ dur+ ! prec$+ ye> or six mon?s1 & :i* ! p pictur$ to !mselves 9 ! =m ( demons lurk+ 9 ! h\ses1 temples1 & ! o!r edifices ( ! city4 ,9 savage communities su* tumultu\s & noisy processions (t5 p>ade ! village = a simil> purpose4 ,simil>ly1 we h se5 t among ! ,iroquois m5 9 fanta/ic co/ume us$ to g ab\t collect+ ! s9s ( ! p z a prelim9>y to transf]r+ !m to ! scapegoat dogs2 & we h met ) _m examples ( arm$ m5 ru%+ ab\t ! /reets & h\ses to drive out demons & evils ( all k9ds47#egj7 ,:y %\ld x n h be5 s also 9 anci5t ,rome8 ,! religion ( ! old ,romans is full ( relics ( savag]y4 7,m#ahj7 ,if !re is any tru? 9 ?is conjecture1 we may suppose t1 z prie/s ( a god :o manife/$ 8 p[] 9 ! vegetation ( spr+1 ! ,salii turn$ _! att5tion above all to ! demons ( blight & inf]tility1 :o might be ?\ght by _! malefic5t activity to c\nt]act ! g5ial influ5ce ( ! k9dly god & to endang] ! f>m]'s prospects 9 ! com+ summ] or w9t]4 ,! conjecture may be support$ by analogies drawn f ! cu/oms ( mod]n ,european peasants z well z ( savages4 ,?us1 to beg9 ) savages1 we h se5 t at ! "t ( s[+ ! ,khonds drive out ! 8evil spirits1 spoil]s ( ! se$0 f e h\se 9 ! village1 ! expulsion be+ effect$ by "y m5 :o beat ea* o!r & /rike ! air viol5tly ) long /icks47#ega7 ,if ,i am "r 9 connect+ ! v]nal & ! autumnal processions ( ! ,salii ) ! v]nal & ! autumnal s[+1 ! analogy betwe5 ! ,khond & ! ,roman cu/oms w\ld be v close4 ,9 ,we/ ,africa ! fields ( ! ,k+ ( ,:ydah1 accord+ to an old ,fr5* travell]1 8are ho$ & s[$ be=e any ( 8 subjects has leave to hoe & s[ a foot ( 8 own l&s4 ,^! lab\rs are p]=m$ ?rice a ye>4 ,! *iefs lead _! p be=e ! k+'s palace at daybreak1 & !re !y s+ & dance = a full qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,half ( ^! p are arm$ z 9 a day ( battle1 ! o!r half h only _! f>m tools4 ,!y g all toge!r s++ & danc+ to ! sc5e ( _! lab\rs1 & !re1 keep+ "t to ! s\nd ( ! in/rum5ts1 !y "w ) su* spe$ & neatness t x is a pleasure to behold4 ,at ! end ( ! day !y return & dance be=e ! k+'s palace4 ,?is ex]cise refre%es !m & does !m m good ?an all ! repose !y c\ld take407#egb7 ,f ?is acc\nt we might inf] t ! danc+ 0 m]ely a recreation ( ! field-lab\r]s1 & t ! music ( ! b& _h no o!r object ?an to animate !m 9 _! "w by enabl+ !m to ply _! mattocks 9 "t to its /irr+ /ra9s4 ,b ?is inf]5ce1 ?\gh x seems to h be5 drawn by ! travell] :o has furni%$ ! acc\nt1 w\ld probably be errone\s4 ,= if half ( ! m5 7 arm$ z = w>1 :at 7 !y do+ 9 ! fields all ! "t t ! o!rs 7 digg+8 ,a clue to unravel ! my/]y is furni%$ by ! description :i* a lat] ,fr5* travell] gives ( a simil> sc5e witness$ by him ne> ,timbo 9 ,fr5* ,gu9ea4 ,he saw "s natives at "w prep>+ ! gr\nd = s[+4 8,x is a v curi\s spectacle3 fifty or sixty blacks 9 a l9e1 ) b5t backs1 are smit+ ! e>? simultane\sly ) _! little iron tools1 :i* gleam 9 ! sun4 ,t5 paces 9 front ( !m1 m>*+ backw>ds1 ! wom5 s+ a well m>k$ air1 clapp+ _! h&s z = a dance1 & ! hoes keep "t to ! song4 ,betwe5 ! work]s & ! s+]s a man runs & dances1 cr\*+ on 8 hams l a cl[n1 :ile he :irls ab\t 8 musket & p]=ms o!r manuvres ) x4 ,two o!rs dance1 also pir\ett+ & smit+ ! e>? "h & !re ) _! little hoe4 ,all t is necess>y = exorcis+ ! spirits & caus+ ! gra9 to spr\t407#egc7 ,"h1 :ile ! song ( ! wom5 gives ! "t to ! /rokes ( ! hoes1 ! dances & o!r antics ( ! arm$ man & 8 colleagues are int5d$ to exorcise or w>d (f ! spirits :o might int]f]e ) ! digg]s & s prev5t ! gra9 f spr\t+4 7,m#aha7 ,aga91 an old travell] 9 s\!rn ,india tells u t 8! m5 ( ,calicut1 :5 !y wi% to s[ rice1 obs]ve ?is practice4 ,fir/1 !y pl\gh ! l& ) ox5 z we d1 & :5 !y s[ ! rice 9 ! field !y h all ! in/rum5ts ( ! city cont9ually s\nd+ & mak+ m]ry4 ,!y also h t5 or twelve m5 clo!d l devils1 & ^! unite 9 mak+ great rejoic+ ) ! play]s on ! in/rum5ts1 9 ord] t ! devil may make t rice v productive407#egd7 ,we may suspect t ! noisy music is play$ & ! mumm]s cut _! cap]s = ! purpose r ( repell+ demons ?an ( induc+ !m to fav\r ! gr[? ( ! rice4 ,h[ev]1 :]e our in=mation is s scanty x w\ld be ra% to dogmatize4 ,p]haps ! old travell] 0 "r 9 ?9k+ t ! mumm]s p]sonat$ devils4 ,among ! ,kayans ( ,c5tral ,borneo m5 disguis$ 9 wood5 masks & great masses ( gre5 foliage c]ta9ly play ! "p ( demons = ! purpose ( promot+ ! gr[? ( ! rice j be=e ! se$ is committ$ to ! gr\nd2 & x is notable t among ! p]=mances :i* !y give on ?is occasion are w> dances47#ege7 ,aga91 among ! ,kaua & ,kobeua ,indians ( ,nor?-,we/]n ,brazil mask$ m5 :o repres5t spirits or demons ( f]tility p]=m dances or r pantomimes = ! purpose ( /imulat+ ! gr[? ( plants1 quick5+ ! wombs ( wom51 & promot+ ! multiplication ( animals47#egf7 7,m#ahb7 ,fur!r1 we are told t 8! natives ( ,aracan dance 9 ord] to r5d] propiti\s ! spirits :om !y believe to preside ov] ! s[+ & ov] ! h>ve/4 ,!re are def9ite times = do+ x1 & we may say t 9 _! eyes x is1 z x 71 an act ( religion407#egg7 ,ano!r p :o dance dilig5tly to obta9 good crops are ! ,t>ahum>e ,indians ( ,mexico4 ,!y subsi/ by agriculture & _! ?\ghts accord+ly turn mu* on ! supply ( ra91 :i* is ne$$ = _! fields4 ,accord+ to !m1 8! fav\r ( ! gods may be won by :at = want ( a bett] t]m may be call$ danc+1 b :at 9 reality is a s]ies ( monoton\s movem5ts1 a k9d ( rhy?mical ex]cise1 kept up sometimes = two nights4 ,by d9t ( su* h>d "w !y ?9k to prevail ^u ! gods to grant _! pray]s4 ,! danc+ is accompani$ by ! song ( ! %aman1 9 :i* he communicates 8 wi%es to ! unse5 _w1 describ+ ! beautiful effect ( ! ra91 ! fog1 & ! mi/ on ! vegetable _w4 ,he invokes ! aid ( all ! animals1 m5tion+ ea* by "n1 & also calls on !m1 especially ! de] & ! rabbit1 to multiply t ! p may h pl5ty to eat4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,t>ahum>es ass]t t ! dances h be5 taught !m by ! animals4 ,l all primitive p1 !y are close obs]v]s ( nature4 ,to !m ! animals are by no means inf]ior creatures2 !y und]/& magic & are possess$ ( mu* k1 & may assi/ ! ,t>ahum>es 9 mak+ ra94 ,9 spr+1 ! s++ ( ! birds1 ! coo+ ( ! dove1 ! croak+ ( ! frog1 ! *irp+ ( ! cricket1 all ! s\nds utt]$ by ! d5iz5s ( ! gre5sw>d1 are to ! ,indian appeals to ! deities = ra94 ,= :at o!r reason %\ld !y s+ or call8 ,= ! /range behavi\r ( _m animals 9 ! e>ly spr+ ! ,t>ahum>es c f9d no o!r explanation b t ^! creatures1 too1 are int]e/$ 9 ra94 ,& z ! gods grant ! pray]s ( ! de] express$ 9 its antics & dances1 & ( ! turkey 9 its curi\s play+1 by s5d+ ! ra91 !y easily inf] t to please ! gods !y1 too1 mu/ dance z ! de] & play z ! turkey4 ,f ?is x w be und]/ood t dance ) ^! p is a v s]i\s & c]emoni\s matt]1 a k9d ( wor%ip & incantation r ?an amusem5t407#egh7 7,m#ahc7 ,! two pr9cipal dances ( ^! ,indians1 ! rutuburi & ! yum>i1 are suppos$ to h be5 taught !m by ! turkey & ! de] respectively4 ,!y are danc$ by numb]s ( m5 & wom51 ! two sexes keep+ ap>t f ea* o!r 9 ! dance1 :ile ! %aman s+s & %akes 8 rattle4 ,b 8a l>ge ga!r+ is n necess>y 9 ord] to pray to ! gods by danc+4 ,sometimes ! family dances alone1 ! fa!r tea*+ ! boys4 ,:ile do+ agricultural "w1 ! ,indians (t5 depute "o man to dance yum>i ne> ! h\se1 :ile ! o!rs att5d to ! "w 9 ! fields4 ,x is a curi\s sight to see a lone man tak+ 8 devotional ex]cise to ! tune ( 8 rattle 9 front ( an app>5tly des]t$ dwell+4 ,! lonely wor%ipp] is do+ 8 %>e ( ! g5]al "w by br++ d[n ! fructify+ ra9 & by w>d+ (f disa/]1 :ile ! re/ ( ! family & _! fri5ds plant1 hoe1 we$1 or h>ve/4 ,9 ! ev5+1 :5 !y return f ! field1 !y may jo9 him = a little :ile2 b (t5 he goes on alone1 danc+ all night1 & s++ himself ho>se1 & ! ,indians told me t ?is is ! v h>de/ k9d ( "w1 & exhau/+ ev5 to !m4 ,solit>y wor%ip is also obs]v$ by m5 :o g out hunt+ de] or squirrels = a communal fea/4 ,e "o ( !m dances yum>i alone 9 front ( 8 h\se = two h\rs to insure success on ! hunt2 & :5 putt+ corn to spr\t = ! mak+ ( tesv9o ! own] ( ! h\se dances = a :ile1 t ! corn may spr\t well40 ,ano!r dance is ?\ght to cause ! grass & funguses to gr[1 & ! de] & rabbits to multiply2 & ano!r is suppos$ to draw ! cl\ds toge!r f ! nor? & s\?1 s t !y cla% & desc5d 9 ra947#egi7 7,m#ahd7 ,! ,cora ,indians ( ,mexico celebrate a fe/ival ( s[+ %ortly be=e !y commit ! se$ ( ! maize to ! gr\nd4 ,! fe/ival falls 9 ,june1 because t is ! mon? :5 ! ra9y season sets 91 supply+ ! moi/ure ne$$ = ! gr[? ( ! maize4 ,at ! fe/ival two old wom51 :o repres5t ! goddesses ( s[+1 dance side by side & imitate ! process ( s[+ by digg+ holes 9 ! e>? ) long /icks & ins]t+ ! se$ ( ! maize 9 ! holes2 :]eupon a man :o repres5ts ! ,morn+ ,/> p\rs wat] on ! buri$ se$s4 ,?is solemn dance is accompani$ by ! s++ ( an appropriate hymn1 :i* may be comp>$ to ! song ( ! ,arval ,bro!rs 9 anci5t ,rome47#ehj7 7,m#ahe7 ,we h se5 t 9 _m p>ts ( ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 & ,france ! peasants are /ill1 or 7 till lately1 accu/om$ to dance & leap high 9 ord] t ! crops may gr[ tall4 ,su* leaps & dances are sometimes p]=m$ by ! s[] imm$iately be=e or aft] he s[s ! se$2 b (t5 !y are execut$ by ! p on a fix$ day ( ! ye>1 :i* 9 "s places is ,twelf? ,night 7! six? ( ,janu>y71 or ,c&lemas 7! second ( ,febru>y7 or ,walpurgis ,night1 t is1 ! ,eve ( ,may ,day2 b app>5tly ! fav\rite season = ^! p]=mances is ! la/ day ( ! ,c>nival1 namely ,%rove ,tuesday47#eha7 ,9 su* cases ! leaps & dances are p]=m$ by e man = 8 own beho(2 he skips & jumps m]ely 9 ord] t 8 own corn1 or flax1 or hemp may spr+ up & ?rive4 ,b sometimes 9 mod]n ,europe1 z 7if ,i am "r7 9 anci5t ,rome1 ! duty ( danc+ = ! crops 0 committ$ to b&s or troops ( m51 :o cut _! cap]s = ! b5efit ( ! :ole community4 ,= example1 at ,grub1 9 ! ,swiss canton ( ! ,grisons 7,graubnd571 ! practice us$ to be z foll[s4 8,! peasants ( ,grub10 we are in=m$1 8h /ill "s h]$it>y cu/oms1 9 t !y assembl$ 9 "s ye>s1 mo/ly at ! "t ( ! summ] sol/ice1 disguis$ !mselves z mask]s s z to be unrecognizable1 arm$ !mselves ) weapons def5sive & (f5sive1 took e man a great club or cudgel1 m>*$ 9 a troop toge!r f "o village to ano!r1 & execut$ high leaps & /range antics4 ,!y ran full tilt at ea* o!r1 /ruck e man 8 fell[ ) all 8 might1 s t ! bl[ res\nd$1 & cla%$ _! great /aves & cudgels4 ,h5ce !y 7 call$ by ! c\ntry folk ! ,/opf]4 ,^! fooli% pranks !y play$ f a sup]/iti\s notion t _! corn w\ld ?rive ! bett]2 b n[ !y h left (f1 & ^! ,/opf] are no long] 9 any repute40 ,ano!r au?ority1 aft] describ+ ! cu/om1 rem>ks3 8,) ?is cu/om 0 =m]ly connect$ ! belief t its obs]vance br\ght a fruitful ye>407#ehb7 7,m#ahf7 ,9 ! ,au/rian prov9ces ( ,salzburg & ,tyrol b&s ( mumm]s we>+ grotesque masks1 ) bells j+l+ on _! p]sons1 & c>ry+ long /icks or poles 9 _! h&s1 us$ =m]ly to run & leap ab\t on c]ta9 days ( ! ye> = ! purpose ( procur+ good crops4 ,!y 7 call$ ,p]*t51 a "n d]iv$ f ,p]*ta1 ,b]*ta1 or ,p]*t1 a my?ical old woman1 :e!r goddess or elf1 :o is well kn[n all ov] ,s\? ,g]many2 ,mrs4 ,p]*ta 7,frau ,p]*ta71 z !y call h]1 is to be met ) 9 ,elsace1 ,swabia1 ,bav>ia1 ,au/ria1 & ,switz]l&1 b n[h]e1 p]haps1 s commonly z 9 ,salzburg & ! ,tyrol4 ,9 ! ,tyrol %e appe>s z a little old woman ) a v wr9kl$ face1 bright lively eyes1 & a long hook$ nose2 h] hair is di%evell$1 h] g>m5ts tatt]$ & torn4 ,h5ce !y say to a slatt]nly w5*1 8,y are a regul> ,p]*ta40 ,%e goes ab\t especially dur+ ! twelve days f ,*ri/mas to ,twelf? ,night 7,epiphany71 above all on ! ,eve ( ,twelf? ,night1 :i* is (t5 call$ ,p]*ta's ,day4 ,_m precautions mu/ be obs]v$ dur+ ^! my/ic days 9 ord] n to incur h] displeasure1 = %e is mis*iev\s to man & bea/4 ,if %e appe>s 9 ! byre1 a di/emp] breaks out among ! c[s4 ,t is :y dur+ ^! days ! byres mu/ be kept v clean & /raw laid on ! ?re%old2 o!rwise y w f9d bald pat*es on y\r %eep & goats next morn+1 & next summ] ! hair :i* has be5 fil*$ f ! animals w desc5d 9 hail-/ones f ! sky4 ,old ,mrs4 ,p]*ta also keeps a v %>p eye on sp9n]s dur+ ! twelve days2 %e inspects all di/affs & sp9n+-:eels 9 ! h\ses1 & if %e f9ds any flax or t[ unspun on !m1 %e te>s x to bits1 & %e does n sp>e ! lazy sp9n]1 = %e scrat*es h] & smacks h] f+]s s t !y be> ! m>ks ( x = ! re/ ( h] life4 ,inde$ %e sometimes does mu* m2 = %e rips up ! belly ( ! slugg>d & /uffs x ) flax4 ,t is ! puni%m5t ) :i* a ,bav>ian "m w ?reat5 an idle jade ( a girl :o has left "s flax on h] di/aff on ,new ,ye>'s ,eve4 ,h[ev]1 !y say 9 ,bav>ia t if y only eat pl5ty ( ! ri* juicy cakes :i* are bak$ = ,mrs4 ,p]*ta on h] day1 ! old woman's knife w glance (f y\r body )\t mak+ any impression on x4 ,p]*ta (t5 comes n alone b att5d$ by _m little *ildr51 :o foll[ h] z *ick5s waddle aft] ! "m h52 & if y %\ld see any little *ild lagg+ beh9d ! re/ & blubb]+1 y may be q sure t t *ild has be5 baptiz$4 ,on ! ,eve ( ,twelf? ,night ev]ybody %\ld eat pancakes bak$ ( meal & milk or wat]4 ,if anybody does n d s1 old ,mrs4 ,p]*ta comes & slits up 8 /oma*1 takes out ! o!r food1 fills up ! vacuity s creat$ ) a tangl$ ske9 & bricks1 & !n sews up ! orifice neatly1 us+1 s+ul>ly en\gh1 a pl\gh%>e = a ne$le & an iron *a9 = ?read4 ,9 o!r or ! same places %e does ! same ?+ to anybody :o does n eat h]r+s & dumpl+s on ,twelf? ,night4 ,"s say t %e rides on ! /orm l ! ,wild ,huntsman1 foll[$ by a boi/]\s noisy pack1 & c>ry+ (f p into f> c\ntries4 ,yet )al old ,mrs4 ,p]*ta has h] r$eem+ qualities4 ,good *ildr5 :o sp9 dilig5tly & le>n _! lessons %e rew>ds ) nuts & sug> plums4 ,x has ev5 be5 affirm$ t %e makes ! pl\gh$ l& fruitful & causes ! cattle to ?rive4 ,:5 a mi/ floats ov] ! fields1 ! peasants see h] figure glid+ along 9 a :ite mantle4 ,on ! ,eve ( ,twelf? ,night good p leave ! rema9s ( _! supp] = h] on ! table1 & :5 !y h gone to b$ & all is quiet 9 ! h\se1 %e comes 9 ! lik5ess ( an old wiz5$ little woman1 ) all ! *ildr5 ab\t h]1 & p>takes ( ! brok5 victuals4 ,b woe to ! pry+ wight :o peeps at h] ?r\gh ! key-hole6 ,_m a man has be5 bl9d$ by h] = a :ole ye> z a puni%m5t = 8 ill-tim$ curiosity47#ehc7 7,m#ahg7 ,! processions ( mask]s :o took _! "n ( ,p]*t5 f ?is qua9t creation ( ! popul> fancy 7 kn[n z ,p]*t5-runn+ or ,p]*t5-leap+ f ! runs & leaps :i* ! m5 took 9 _! wild headlong c\rse ?r\gh ! /reets & ov] ! fields4 ,!y appe> to h be5 held 9 all ! ,alp9e regions ( ,g]many1 b are be/ kn[n to u 9 ! ,tyrol & ,salzburg4 ,! appropriate season = ! celebration ( ! rite 0 ,p]*ta's ,day1 t is1 ,twelf? ,night or ,epiphany1 ! six? ( ,janu>y1 b 9 "s places x 0 held on ,%rove ,tuesday1 ! la/ day ( ! ,c>nival1 ! v day :5 _m f>m]s ( ,c5tral ,europe jump to make ! crops gr[ tall4 ,correspond+ to ! d\ble "* ( ,p]*ta z a p[] = good & evil1 ! mask]s are divid$ into two sets kn[n respectively z ! ,beautiful & ! ,ugly ,p]*t54 ,at ,li5z 9 ! ,tyrol1 :]e ! mask]s made _! appe>ance on ,%rove ,tuesday1 ! ,beautiful ,p]*t5 7 deck$ ) ribbons1 galloons1 & s =?1 :ile ! ugly ,p]*t5 made !mselves z hide\s z !y c\ld by hang+ rats & mice1 *a9s & bells ab\t _! p]sons4 ,all wore on _! heads tall po9t$ caps ) bells atta*$ to !m2 _! faces 7 conceal$ by masks1 & 9 _! h&s !y all c>ri$ long /icks4 ,! /icks ( ! ,beautiful ,p]*t5 7 adorn$ ) ribbons2 ^? ( ! ,ugly ,p]*t5 end$ 9 ! heads ( devils4 ,?us equipp$ !y leap$ & ran ab\t ! /reets & w5t into ! h\ses4 ,among/ !m 0 a cl[n :o blew a%es & soot 9 p's faces ?r\gh a bl[-pipe4 ,x 0 all v m]ry & frolicsome1 except :5 8! wild ,p]*ta0 h]self came1 invisible to ord9>y eyes1 ^u ! sc5e4 ,!n h] namesakes ! ,p]*t5 grew wild & furi\s too2 !y scatt]$ & fl$ = _! lives to ! ne>e/ h\se1 = z soon z !y got "u ! gutt] ( a ro( !y 7 safe4 ,b if %e caught !m1 %e tore !m 9 pieces4 ,to ?is day y may see ! graves :]e ! mangl$ bodies ( h] victims lie buri$4 ,:5 no su* int]ruption took place1 ! noisy r\t ( mask]s ru%$ madly ab\t1 ) j+l+ bells & res\nd+ cracks ( :ips1 ent]+ ! h\ses1 danc+ "h1 dr9k+ !re1 teas+ wayf>]s1 or rac+ f village to village l ! ,wild ,hunt itself 9 ! sky2 till at ! close ( ! w9t] day ! *ur* bells rang ! ,ave ,m>ia4 ,!n at la/ ! wild upro> di$ away into sil5ce4 ,su* tumultu\s masqu]ades 7 ?\ght to be v b5eficial to ! crops2 a bad h>ve/ w\ld be set d[n to ! omission ( ! ,p]*t5 to skip & jump ab\t 9 _! usual fa%ion47#ehd7 7,m#ahh7 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,salzburg ! ,p]*t5 mumm]s are also divid$ into two sets1 ! ,beautiful ,p]*t5 & ! ,ugly ,p]*t54 ,! ,ugly ,p]*t5 are prop]ly speak+ twelve "y m5 dress$ 9 black %eepsk9s & we>+ hoods ( badg]-sk9s & grotesque wood5 masks1 :i* repres5t ei!r co>se human features ) long tee? & horns1 or else ! features ( fabul\s animals ) beaks & bri/les or movable jaws4 ,!y all c>ry bells1 bo? l>ge & small1 fa/5$ to broad lea!rn girdles4 ,! procession 0 head$ by a man ) a big drum1 & aft] him came lads be>+ huge tor*es & lant]ns fa/5$ to tall poles2 = 9 ,salzburg or "s p>ts ( x ^! mumm]s play$ _! pranks by night4 ,beh9d ! tor*be>]s came two ,fools1 a male & a female1 ! latt] act$ by a lad 9 woman's clo!s4 ,! male ,fool c>ri$ a sausage-l roll1 ) :i* he /ruck at all wom5 or girls ( 8 acqua9tance :5 !y %ew$ !mselves at ! op5 doors or w9d[s4 ,along ) ! ,p]*t5 !mselves w5t a tra9 ( "y fell[s crack+ :ips1 bl[+ horns1 or j+l+ bells4 ,! ways might be miry & ! night pit* d>k1 b ) fl>+ lights ! procession swept rapidly by1 ! m5 leap+ along ) ! help ( _! long /icks & wak+ ! e*oes ( ! slumb]+ valley by _! l\d upro>4 ,f "t to "t !y /opp$ at a f>m1 danc$ & cut _! cap]s be=e ! h\se1 = :i* !y 7 rew>d$ by pres5ts ( food & /rong dr9k2 to (f] !m money w\ld h be5 an insult4 ,by midnight ! p]=mance came to an end1 & ! tir$ mask]s disp]s$ to _! homes4 7,m#ahi7 ,! ,beautiful ,p]*t5 9 ,salzburg are attir$ v diff]5tly f ! ,ugly ,p]*t51 b _! co/ume v>ies ) ! di/rict4 ,?us 9 ! ,pongau di/rict ! di/9ctive feature ( _! co/ume is a tall & heavy framework cov]$ ) bright r$ clo? & decorat$ ) a pr(usion ( silv] jewelry & filagree "w4 ,?is framework is sometimes n9e or t5 feet high & =ty or fifty p\nds 9 weight4 ,! p]=m] c>ries x above 8 head by means ( iron supports re/+ on 8 %\ld]s or 8 back4 ,to run or jump "u ! weight ( su* an encumbrance is impossible2 ! danc] has to cont5t himself ) turn+ r\nd & r\nd sl[ly & clumsily4 ,v diff]5t is ! headdress ( ! ,beautiful ,p]*t5 9 ! ,p9zgau di/rict ( ,salzburg4 ,!re ! p]=m]s are dress$ 9 sc>let & we> /raw hats1 f :i* bun*es ( :ite fea!rs1 arrang$ l fans1 nod & flutt] 9 ! w9d4 ,r$ %oes & :ite /ock+s complete _! attire4 ,?us lightly equipp$ !y hop & jump & /amp briskly 9 ! dance4 ,unlike _! ,ugly namesakes1 :o seem n[ to be ext9ct1 ! ,beautiful ,p]*t5 /ill p>ade f "t to "t among ! peasantry ( ! ,salzburg highl&s2 b ! int]vals betwe5 _! appe>ances are irregul>1 v>y+ f f\r to sev5 ye>s or m4 ,unlike ! ,ugly ,p]*t51 !y we> no masks & appe> 9 full daylight1 always on ,p]*ta's ,day 7,twelf? ,night1 ! six? ( ,janu>y7 & ! two foll[+ ,sundays4 ,!y are att5d$ by a tra9 ( foll[]s :o make a great d9 ) bells1 :ips1 pipes1 horns1 rattles1 & *a9s4 ,among/ !m "o or two cl[ns1 clo!d 9 :ite & we>+ tall po9t$ hats ( :ite felt ) _m j+l+ bells atta*$ to !m1 play a conspicu\s "p4 ,!y c>ry ea* a sausage-%ap$ roll /uff$ ) t[1 & ) ?is in/rum5t !y /rike lightly su* wom5 & girls among ! spectators z !y desire p>ticul>ly to fav\r4 ,ano!r att5dant c>ries ! effigy ( a baby 9 swaddl+ b&s1 made ( l95 rags1 & fa/5$ to a /r+2 ?is effigy he ?r[s at wom5 & girls & !n pulls back aga91 b he does ?is only to wom5 & girls :om he respects & to :om he wi%es well4 ,at ,/4 ,johann ! ,p]*t5 c>ry drawn swords2 ea* is att5d$ by a lad dress$ z a woman2 & !y are foll[$ by m5 clad 9 black %eepsk9s1 we>+ ! masks ( devils1 & hold+ *a9s 9 _! h&s47#ehe7 7,m#aij7 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! qua9t p]=mances /ill enact$ by ! ,p]*t5 & _! att5dants 9 ! ,au/rian highl&s8 ,! subject has be5 c>efully inve/igat$ by a highly compet5t enquir]1 ,mrs4 ,&ree-,eysn4 ,%e has visit$ ! di/ricts1 witness$ ! p]=mances1 collect$ in=mation1 & /udi$ ! co/umes4 ,x may be well to quote h] conclusion3 8,if we enquire into ! inn] mean+ :i* und]lies ! ,p]*t5-race & k9dr$ processions1 we mu/ confess t x is n at fir/ sight obvi\s1 & t ! orig9al mean+ appe>s blurr$ & indi/9ct4 ,nev]!less f _m features :i* !y pres5t 9 common x c be demon/rat$ t ! processions 7 held = ! purpose ( driv+ away demons & _h = _! object to promote f]tility4 ,9 fav\r ( ?is view x may be urg$1 fir/ ( all1 t _! appe>ance is ev]y:]e greet$ ) joy1 because x promises f]tility & a good h>ve/4 #8,x is a good ye>1' !y say 9 ,salzburg4 ,if ! processions are prev5t$ f tak+ place1 de>? & a bad h>ve/ are to be appreh5d$4 ,! peasants ( ! ,tyrol /ill believe t ! m ,p]*t5 run ab\t1 ! bett] w ! ye> be1 & !re=e !y treat !m to br&y & cakes4 ,9 ,li5z1 :5 ! h>ve/ turns out ill1 !y say t !y omitt$ to let ! ,p]*t5 run ov] ! fields1 & = t reason ! peasant 9 ! ,s>n valley gets ! ,p]*t5 to leap ab\t on 8 fields1 = !n !re w be a good ye>4 8,if f]tility & bless+ are to be p\r$ out on field1 h\se1 & home/ead1 x is obvi\s t ev]y?+ t c\ld h9d] or h>m mu/ be av]t$ & driv5 away4 ,:5 we consid] h[ ev5 at ! pres5t "t1 & /ill m 9 times gone by1 mu* t is h>mful is attribut$ to ! malevol5ce ( invisible p[]s1 we c readily und]/& :y p %\ld resort to measures :i* !y deem effective = ! purpose ( dis>m+ ^! malevol5t be+s4 ,n[ x is a common belief t c]ta9 masks possess ! virtue ( bann+ demons1 & t l\d noise & d9 are a means ( keep+ (f evil spirits or h9d]+ _! activity4 ,9 ! procession ( ! ,p]*t5 we see ! pr9ciple ( ! bani%m5t ( evil c>ri$ out 9 practice4 ,! p attack ! evil spirits & seek to *ase !m away by putt+ on frightful masks1 ) :i* !y confront ! demon4 ,= "o sort ( malevol5t spirits "o k9d ( mask appe>s suitable1 & = ano!r ano!r2 ?is _s is daunt$ by ?is mask1 & t _s by t2 & s !y came to discrim9ate4 ,orig9ally1 p>ticul> masks may h be5 us$ aga9/ p>ticul> evil spirits1 b 9 c\rse ( "t !y 7 confus$1 ! individual ta/e ( ! mak] ( ! mask c\nt$ = some?+1 & s gradually x result$ 9 c>v+ all k9ds ( horrible1 fanta/ic1 & hide\s masks :i* _h no?+ 9 common b _! g5]al t5d5cy to fright5 away all evil spirits407#ehf7 7,m#aia7 ,9 support ( h] view t ! procession ( ! ,p]*t5 aims *iefly at bani%+ demons :o might o!rwise blight ! crops1 ,mrs4 ,&ree-,eysn lays /ress on ! bells :i* figure s prom95tly 9 ! co/ume ( ^! mask]s2 = ! s\nd ( bells1 z %e rem9ds u1 is commonly believ$ to be a pot5t means ( driv+ evil spirits away4 ,! notion is too famili> to call = pro(17#ehg7 b a s+le case f ,c5tral ,africa may be cit$ z an illu/ration4 ,! ,teso p1 :o inhabit a l& ( roll+ pla9s betwe5 ,m\nt ,elgon & ,lake ,kioga1 8make use ( bells to exorcise ! /orm fi5d2 a p]son :o has be5 injur$ by a fla% or 9 ! result+ fire we>s bells r\nd 8 ankles = weeks aft]w>ds4 ,:5ev] ra9 ?reat5s1 & ra9 9 ,ug&a almo/ always comes 9 company ) ?und] & lightn+1 ?is p]son w p>ade ! village = an h\r1 ) ! j+l+ bells ^u 8 legs & a w& ( papyrus 9 8 h&1 att5d$ by z _m ( 8 family z may happ5 to be at h& & n employ$ 9 necess>y duties407#ehh7 ,! resemblance ( su* m51 ) _! bells & w&s1 to ! ,au/rian ,p]*t5 ) _! bells & w&s is1 on ! !ory 9 "q1 fairly close2 bo? ( !m g ab\t to dispel demons by ! s\nd ( _! bells & probably also by ! bl[s ( _! rods4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( _! efficacy 9 bann+ fi5ds1 c]ta9 x is t 9 ! ,tyrol1 :]e ! ,p]*t5 play _! pranks1 ! *ime ( bells is us$ = ! express purpose ( caus+ ! grass to gr[ 9 spr+4 ,?us 9 ! l[] valley ( ! ,inn1 especially at ,s*waz1 on ! tw5ty-f\r? ( ,april 7!re reckon$ ,/4 ,george's ,day7 troops ( "y fell[s g ab\t r++ bells1 "s ( :i* !y hold 9 _! h&s1 :ile o!rs are atta*$ to _! p]sons2 & ! peasants say1 8,:]ev] ! ,grass-r+]s come1 !re ! grass gr[s well1 & ! corn be>s abundant fruit40 ,h5ce ! bell-r+]s are welcom$ & treat$ :]ev] !y g4 ,=m]ly1 x is said1 !y wore masks1 l ! ,p]*t51 b aft]w>ds !y cont5t$ !mselves ) black5+ _! faces ) soot47#ehi7 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,tyrol ! bell-r++ processions take place at ! ,c>nival1 b _! object is ! same2 = 8x is believ$ t by ?is noisy procession gr[? 9 g5]al1 b especially ! gr[? ( ! mead[s1 is promot$407#eij7 ,aga91 at ,b]gell1 9 ! ,swiss canton ( ! ,grisons1 *ildr5 g 9 procession on ! fir/ ( ,m>* r++ bells1 89 ord] t ! grass may gr[407#eia7 ,s 9 ,hilde%eim1 on ! aft]noon ( ,asc5sion ,day1 "y girls asc5d ! *ur* t[] & r+ all ! *ur* bells1 89 ord] t !y may get a good h>ve/ ( flax2 ! girl :o1 hang+ on to ! bell-rope1 is swung highe/ by ! sw+ ( ! bell1 w get ! longe/ flax407#eib7 ,"h ! s\nd ( ! bells z a means ( promot+ ! gr[? ( ! flax is re9=c$ by ! upw>d sw+ ( ! bell1 :i*1 c>ry+ ) x ! bell-r+] at ! end ( ! rope1 naturally causes ! flax 9 l mann] to rise high 9 ! air4 ,x is a simple piece ( imitative magic1 l ! leaps & b\nds :i* ! peasants ( ,c5tral ,europe (t5 execute = precisely ! same purpose4 ,once m1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,tyrol on ,s5seless ,?ursday1 :i* is ! la/ ,?ursday 9 ,c>nival1 "y m5 9 motley attire1 ) :ips & brooms1 run ab\t crack+ _! :ips & mak+ believe to sweep away ! onlook]s ) _! brooms4 ,!y are call$ ,huttl] or ,huddl]4 ,! p say t if ^! fell[s d n run ab\t1 ! flax w n ?rive1 & t on ! contr>y ! m ( !m run ab\t1 ! bett] w ! flax gr[4 ,& :]e !re are _m ( !m1 !re w be mu* maize47#eic7 ,9 ?is cu/om ! crack+ ( ! :ips may be suppos$ to s]ve ! same purpose z ! r++ ( ! bells by fright5+ & bani%+ ! demons ( inf]tility & de>?4 ,ab\t ,hall1 9 ! nor!rn ,tyrol1 ! c]emony ( ! ,hudel-runn+1 z x is call$1 is or us$ to be z foll[s4 ,a peasant-f>m]1 g5]ally well-to-d & respect$1 rigs himself out 9 motley & hides 8 face "u a mask2 r\nd 8 wai/ he we>s a girdle cramm$ ) rolls1 :ile 9 8 h& he wields a long :ip1 f :i* m ?an fifty cracknels dangle on a /r+4 ,?us array$ he sudd5ly bur/s f ! ale-h\se door into ! public view1 solicit$ !reto by ! cries ( ! /reet ur*9s1 :o h be5 anxi\sly wait+ = 8 appe>ance4 ,he ?r[s among/ !m ! /r+ ( cracknels1 & :ile !y are scrambl+ = ^! da9ties1 he lays on to !m mo/ lib]ally ) 8 :ip4 ,hav+ fai?fully dis*>g$ ?is public duty1 he m>*es d[n betwe5 r[s ( peasants1 :o h meantime tak5 up _! position 9 a long /reet4 ,among/ !m he picks out "o :o is to run be=e him4 ,! man select$ = ! hon\r accord+ly takes to 8 heels1 hotly pursu$ by ! o!r ) ! :ip1 :o la%es ! feet ( ! fugitive till he comes up ) him4 ,hav+ run him d[n1 he leads him back to ! aleh\se1 :]e he treats him to a roll & a glass ( w9e4 ,aft] t ! mask] runs a simil> race ) ano!r man2 & s x goes on1 "o race aft] ano!r1 till ! sun sets4 ,!n ! mumm] d(fs 8 mask & leads ! dance 9 ! aleh\se4 ,! object ( ^! races is said to be to ensure a good crop ( flax & maize47#eid7 7,m#aib7 ,9 ^! races ( mumm]s1 :e!r kn[n z ,p]*t5 or ,huttl]1 !re are c]ta9 features :i* x is difficult to expla9 on ! !ory t ! aim ( ! p]=m]s is simply to drive away demons1 & t ! hide\s masks :i* !y assume h no o!r int5tion ?an t ( fright5+ ^! uncanny be+s4 ,= obs]ve t 9 ! la/ example ! bl[s ( ! :ip fall n on ! airy sw>ms ( invisible spirits1 b on ! solid p]sons ( /reet ur*9s & /urdy yokels1 :o c h>dly be suppos$ to receive ! *a/isem5t vic>i\sly = ! demons4 ,aga91 :at are we to make ( ! rolls & cracknels ) :i* 9 ?is case ! mumm] is lad51 & :i* he di/ributes among 8 victims1 z if to console !m 9 "o "p ( _! p]son = ! pa9 :i* he has inflict$ on ano!r8 ,surely ?is b\nty seems to inve/ him ) some?+ m ?an ! purely negative "* ( an exorcis] ( evil2 x appe>s to raise him to ! positive "* ( a disp5s] ( good4 ,! same rem>k applies to ! action ( ! ,p]*t5 :o /rike wom5 lightly1 z a m>k ( fri5d%ip & reg>d1 ) ! sausage-l rolls :i* !y c>ry 9 _! h&s1 or ?r[ !m1 z a m>k ( fav\r1 ! effigy ( a baby4 ,! only probable explanation ( ^! practices1 z ,mrs4 ,&ree-,eysn rightly po9ts out1 is t ! mumm]s !reby int5d to f]tilize ! wom5 :om !y hon\r by ^! att5tions47#eie7 ,"h1 aga91 !re=e ! mask]s appe> z ! actual disp5s]s ( good1 ! be/[]s ( fruitfulness1 n m]ely ! av]t]s ( evil4 ,if t is s1 we seem b\nd to inf] t ^! mask$ m5 repres5t or embody ! spirits :o quick5 ! se$ bo? 9 ! e>? & 9 ! wombs ( wom54 ,t 0 ! view ( ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ! highe/ au?ority on ! agricultural sup]/itions ( ,european peasantry4 ,aft] review+ ^! & _m m simil> processions1 he concludes t if ! comp>ison :i* he has in/itut$ betwe5 !m holds good1 all ^! v>i\s mumm]s 87 int5d$ by ! orig9al f\nd]s ( ! processions to repres5t demons ( vegetation1 :o by _! m]e appe>ance & cries drove away ! p[]s t h9d] gr[? & woke to new life ! slumb]+ spirits ( ! grasses & corn-/alks407#eif7 ,?us ,mannh>dt admitt$ t ^! noisy processions ( mask$ m5 are really suppos$ to dispel ! evil spirits ( blight & inf]tility1 :ile at ! same "t he held t ! m5 !mselves orig9ally p]sonat$ vegetation-spirits4 ,& he ?\ght x probable t ! orig9al significance ( ^! p]=mances 0 9 lat] times misund]/ood & int]pret$ z a simple expulsion ( wit*es & o!r uncanny be+s t haunt ! fields47#eig7 7,m#aic7 ,on ! :ole ?is conclusion ( an enquir] rem>kable = a r>e comb9ation ( le>n+1 sobriety1 & insight1 is p]haps ! mo/ probable t c n[ be rea*$ ) ! evid5ce at our disposal4 ,x is confirm$ by "s ( ! savage masqu]ades 9 :i* ! mask]s def9itely repres5t spirits ( f]tility 9 ord] to promote ! fruitfulness ( ! e>? & ( wom527#eih7 & x is support$ by ! evid5ce ( _m o!r ru/ic mumm]ies 9 ,europe1 = example1 by ! ,engli% rites ( ,pl\gh ,monday1 9 :i* ! danc]s1 or r jump]s1 :o wore bun*es ( corn 9 _! hats z !y leap$ into ! air1 are mo/ naturally int]pret$ z ag5ts or repres5tatives ( ! corn-_s47#eii7 ,x is1 !re=e1 wor? obs]v+ t 9 "s places ! danc]s ( ,pl\gh ,monday1 :o att5d$ ! pl\gh 9 its p]egr9ations ?r\gh ! /reets & fields1 are describ$ z morris-danc]s47#fjj7 ,if ! description is correct1 x implies t !y _h bells atta*$ to _! co/ume1 :i* w\ld fur!r assimilate !m to ! ,p]*t5 & o!r masqu]ad]s ( ,c5tral ,europe2 = ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! morris-dance is t ! p]=m]s we> bells fa/5$ to _! legs :i* j+le at e /ep47#fja7 ,we may suppose t if ! m5 :o ran & cap]$ beside ! pl\gh on ,pl\gh ,monday really wore bells1 ! orig9al int5tion ( ?is app5dage to _! co/ume 0 ei!r to dispel ! demons :o might h9d] ! gr[? ( ! corn1 or to wak5 ! spirits ( vegetation f _! long w9t] sleep4 ,9 fav\r ( ! view :i* sees 9 all ^! dances & mumm]ies r ! bani%m5t ( :at is evil ?an ! direct promotion ( :at is good1 x may be urg$ t "s ( ! danc]s we> swords17#fjb7 a weapon :i* c]ta9ly seems bett] fitt$ to combat demons ?an to prune fruit-trees or turn up ! sod4 ,fur!r1 x des]ves to be not$ t _m ( ! p]=mances take place ei!r on ,twelf? ,day or1 l ! celebration ( ,pl\gh ,monday1 v %ortly aft] x2 & t 9 ! ,"l ( ,misrule1 :o reign$ f ,*ri/mas to ,twelf? ,day17#fjc7 we h a cle> trace ( "o ( ^? p]iods ( g5]al lic5ce & susp5sion ( ord9>y gov]nm5t1 :i* s commonly occur at ! end ( ! old ye> or ! beg9n+ ( ! new "o 9 connexion ) a g5]al expulsion ( evils4 7,m#aid7 ,survey+ ^! masqu]ades & processions1 z !y h be5 or /ill are celebrat$ 9 mod]n ,europe1 we may say 9 g5]al t !y appe> to h be5 orig9ally int5d$ bo? to /imulate ! gr[? ( vegetation 9 spr+ & to expel ! demoniac or o!r evil influ5ces :i* 7 ?\ght to h accumulat$ dur+ ! prec$+ w9t] or ye>2 & t ^! two motives ( /imulation & expulsion1 bl5d$ & p]haps confus$ toge!r1 appe> to expla9 ! qua9t co/umes ( ! mumm]s1 ! multitud9\s noises :i* !y make1 & ! bl[s :i* !y direct ei!r at invisible foes or at ! visible & tangible p]sons ( _! fell[s4 ,9 ! latt] case ! beat+ may be suppos$ to s]ve z a means ( =cibly free+ ! suff]]s f ! demons or o!r evil ?+s t cl+ to !m unse54 7,m#aie7 ,to apply ^! conclusions to ! ,roman cu/om ( expell+ ,mamurius ,veturius or 8! ,old ,m>s0 e ye> 9 spr+1 we may say t !y l5d "s support to ! !ory :i* sees 9 8! ,old ,m>s0 ! outworn deity ( vegetation driv5 away to make room1 ei!r = a y\ng] & m vigor\s p]sonification ( v]nal life1 or p]haps = ! return ( ! same deity refre%$ & r5ovat$ by ! treatm5t to :i* he _h be5 subject$1 & p>ticul>ly by ! vigor\s application ( ! rod to 8 sacr$ p]son4 ,=1 z we %all see pres5tly1 ,k+ ,solomon 0 by no means s+ul> 9 8 op9ion ( ! refre%+ influ5ce ( a s\nd ?ra%+4 ,s f> z 8! ,old ,m>s0 0 suppos$ to c>ry away ) him ! accumulat$ weaknesses & o!r evils ( ! pa/ ye>1 s f> w\ld he s]ve z a public scapegoat1 l ! effigy 9 ! ,slavonic cu/om ( 8,c>ry+ out ,dea?10 :i* appe>s n only to repres5t ! vegetation-_s ( ! pa/ ye>1 b also to act z a scapegoat1 c>ry+ away ) x a heavy load ( suff]+1 mis=tune1 & dea?4 #b4 ,! ,human ,scapegoat 9 ,anci5t ,greece4 7,m#aif7 ,! anci5t ,greeks 7 also famili> ) ! use ( a human scapegoat4 ,9 ,plut>*'s native t[n ( ,*a]onea a c]emony ( ?is k9d 0 p]=m$ by ! *ief magi/rate at ! ,t[n ,hall1 & by ea* h\sehold] at 8 own home4 ,x 0 call$ ! 8expulsion ( hung]40 ,a slave 0 beat5 ) rods ( ! agnus ca/us1 & turn$ out ( doors ) ! words1 8,out ) hung]1 & 9 ) weal? & heal?40 ,:5 ,plut>* held ! (fice ( *ief magi/rate ( 8 native t[n he p]=m$ ?is c]emony at ! ,t[n ,hall1 & he has record$ ! discussion to :i* ! cu/om aft]w>ds gave rise47#fjd7 ,! c]emony closely resembles ! ,japanese1 ,h9doo1 & ,highl& cu/oms already describ$47#fje7 7,m#aig7 ,b 9 civiliz$ ,greece ! cu/om ( ! scapegoat took d>k] =ms ?an ! innoc5t rite ov] :i* ! amiable & pi\s ,plut>* presid$4 ,:5ev] ,m>seilles1 "o ( ! busie/ & mo/ brilliant ( ,greek colonies1 0 ravag$ by a plague1 a man ( ! poor] classes us$ to (f] himself z a scapegoat4 ,= a :ole ye> he 0 ma9ta9$ at ! public exp5se1 be+ f$ on *oice & pure food4 ,at ! expiry ( ! ye> he 0 dress$ 9 sacr$ g>m5ts1 deck$ ) holy bran*es1 & l$ ?r\gh ! :ole city1 :ile pray]s 7 utt]$ t all ! evils ( ! p might fall on 8 head4 ,he 0 !n ca/ out ( ! city or /on$ to dea? by ! p outside ( ! walls47#fjf7 ,! ,a!nians regul>ly ma9ta9$ a numb] ( degrad$ & useless be+s at ! public exp5se2 & :5 any calamity1 su* z plague1 dr\ght1 or fam9e1 befell ! city1 !y sacrific$ two ( ^! outca/s z scapegoats4 ,"o ( ! victims 0 sacrific$ = ! m5 & ! o!r = ! wom54 ,! =m] wore r\nd 8 neck a /r+ ( black1 ! latt] a /r+ ( :ite figs4 ,sometimes1 x seems1 ! victim sla9 on behalf ( ! wom5 0 a woman4 ,!y 7 l$ ab\t ! city & !n sacrific$1 app>5tly by be+ /on$ to dea? outside ! city47#fjg7 ,b su* sacrifices 7 n conf9$ to extraord9>y occasions ( public calamity2 x appe>s t e ye>1 at ! fe/ival ( ! ,?>gelia 9 ,may1 two victims1 "o = ! m5 & "o = ! wom51 7 l$ out ( ,a!ns & /on$ to dea?47#fjh7 ,! city ( ,abd]a 9 ,?race 0 publicly purifi$ once a ye>1 & "o ( ! burgh]s1 set ap>t = ! purpose1 0 /on$ to dea? z a scapegoat or vic>i\s sacrifice = ! life ( all ! o!rs2 six days be=e 8 execution he 0 excommunicat$1 89 ord] t he alone might be> ! s9s ( all ! p407#fji7 7,m#aih7 ,f ! ,lov]'s ,leap1 a :ite bluff at ! s\!rn end ( _! isl&1 ! ,leucadians us$ annually to hurl a crim9al into ! sea z a scapegoat4 ,b to light5 8 fall !y fa/5$ live birds & fea!rs to him1 & a flotilla ( small boats wait$ bel[ to cat* him & convey him beyond ! b\nd>y4 ,probably ^! humane precautions 7 a mitigation ( an e>li] cu/om ( fl++ ! scapegoat into ! sea to dr[n1 j z 9 ,kumaon ! cu/om ( lett+ a man slide d[n a rope f ! top ( a cliff appe>s to be a modification ( an old] practice ( putt+ him to dea?4 ,! ,leucadian c]emony took place at ! "t ( a sacrifice to ,apollo1 :o _h a temple or sanctu>y on ! spot47#faj7 ,else:]e x 0 cu/om>y to ca/ a "y man e ye> into ! sea1 ) ! pray]1 8,be ?\ our (fsc\r+40 ,?is c]emony 0 suppos$ to rid ! p ( ! evils by :i* !y 7 beset1 or accord+ to a some:at diff]5t int]pretation x r$eem$ !m by pay+ ! debt !y ow$ to ! sea-god47#faa7 ,z practis$ by ! ,greeks ( ,asia ,m9or 9 ! six? c5tury be=e our era1 ! cu/om ( ! scapegoat 0 z foll[s4 ,:5 a city suff]$ f plague1 fam9e1 or o!r public calamity1 an ugly or de=m$ p]son 0 *os5 to take ^u himself all ! evils :i* afflict$ ! community4 ,he 0 br\ght to a suitable place1 :]e dri$ figs1 a b>ley loaf1 & *eese 7 put into 8 h&4 ,^! he ate4 ,!n he 0 beat5 sev5 times ^u 8 g5ital organs ) squills & bran*es ( ! wild fig & o!r wild trees1 :ile ! flutes play$ a p>ticul> tune4 ,aft]w>ds he 0 burn$ on a pyre built ( ! wood ( =e/ trees2 & 8 a%es 7 ca/ into ! sea47#fab7 ,a simil> cu/om appe>s to h be5 annually celebrat$ by ! ,asiatic ,greeks at ! h>ve/ fe/ival ( ! ,?>gelia47#fac7 7,m#aii7 ,9 ! ritual j describ$ ! sc\rg+ ( ! victim ) squills1 bran*es ( ! wild fig1 & s =?1 _c h be5 int5d$ to aggravate 8 suff]+s1 o!rwise any /ick w\ld h be5 good en\gh to beat him )4 ,! true mean+ ( ?is "p ( ! c]emony has be5 expla9$ by ,w4 ,mannh>dt47#fad7 ,he po9ts out t ! anci5ts attribut$ to squills a magical p[] ( av]t+ evil influ5ces1 & t accord+ly !y hung !m up at ! doors ( _! h\ses & made use ( !m 9 purificatory rites47#fae7 ,h5ce ! ,arcadian cu/om ( :ipp+ ! image ( ,pan ) squills at a fe/ival1 or :5ev] ! hunt]s return$ empty-h&$17#faf7 mu/ h be5 meant1 n to puni% ! god1 b to purify him f ! h>mful influ5ces :i* 7 imp$+ him 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 div9e functions z a god :o %\ld supply ! hunt] ) game4 ,simil>ly ! object ( beat+ ! human scapegoat on ! g5ital organs ) squills & s on1 mu/ h be5 to release 8 reproductive en]gies f any re/ra9t or spell "u :i* !y might be laid by demoniacal or o!r malignant ag5cy2 & z ! ,?>gelia at :i* he 0 annually sacrific$ 0 an e>ly h>ve/ fe/ival celebrat$ 9 ,may17#fag7 we mu/ recognize 9 him a repres5tative ( ! creative & f]tiliz+ god ( vegetation4 ,! repres5tative ( ! god 0 annually sla9 = ! purpose ,i h indicat$1 t ( ma9ta9+ ! div9e life 9 p]petual vig\r1 unta9t$ by ! weakness ( age2 & be=e he 0 put to dea? x 0 n unnatural to /imulate 8 reproductive p[]s 9 ord] t ^! might be transmitt$ 9 full activity to 8 successor1 ! new god or new embodim5t ( ! old god1 :o 0 d\btless suppos$ imm$iately to take ! place ( ! "o sla947#fah7 ,simil> reason+ w\ld lead to a simil> treatm5t ( ! scapegoat on special occasions1 su* z dr\ght or fam9e4 ,if ! crops did n answ] to ! expectation ( ! husb&man1 ?is w\ld be attribut$ to "s failure 9 ! g5]ative p[]s ( ! god ^: function x 0 to produce ! fruits ( ! e>?4 ,x might be ?\ght t he 0 "u a spell or 0 gr[+ old & feeble4 ,accord+ly he 0 sla9 9 ! p]son ( 8 repres5tative1 ) all ! c]emonies already describ$1 9 ord] t1 born "y aga91 he might infuse 8 own y\?ful vig\r into ! /agnant en]gies ( nature4 ,on ! same pr9ciple we c und]/& :y ,mamurius ,veturius 0 beat5 ) rods1 :y ! slave at ! ,*a]onean c]emony 0 beat5 ) ! agnus ca/us 7a tree to :i* magical prop]ties 7 ascrib$717#fai7 :y ! effigy ( ,dea? 9 "s p>ts ( ,europe is assail$ ) /icks & /ones17#fbj7 & :y at ,babylon ! crim9al :o play$ ! god 0 sc\rg$ be=e he 0 crucifi$47#fba7 ,! purpose ( ! sc\rg+ 0 n to int5sify ! agony ( ! div9e suff]]1 b on ! contr>y to dispel any malignant influ5ces by :i* at ! supreme mom5t he might conceivably be beset4 7,m#bjj7 ,?us f> ,i h assum$ t ! human victims at ! ,?>gelia repres5t$ ! spirits ( vegetation 9 g5]al17#fbb7 b x has be5 well rem>k$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,paton t ^! poor wret*es seem to h masqu]ad$ z ! spirits ( fig-trees 9 p>ticul>4 ,he po9ts out t ! process ( caprification1 z x is call$1 t is1 ! artificial f]tilization ( ! cultivat$ fig-trees by hang+ /r+s ( wild figs among ! b\ghs1 takes place 9 ,greece & ,asia ,m9or 9 ,june ab\t a mon? aft] ! date ( ! ,?>gelia1 & he sugge/s t ! hang+ ( ! black & :ite figs r\nd ! necks ( ! two human victims1 "o ( :om repres5t$ ! m5 & ! o!r ! wom51 may h be5 a direct imitation ( ! process ( caprification design$1 on ! pr9ciple ( imitative magic1 to assi/ ! f]tilization ( ! fig-trees4 ,& s9ce caprification is 9 fact a m>riage ( ! male fig-tree ) ! female fig-tree1 ,mr4 ,paton fur!r supposes t ! loves ( ! trees may1 on ! same pr9ciple ( imitative magic1 h be5 simulat$ by a mock or ev5 a real m>riage betwe5 ! two human victims1 "o ( :om appe>s sometimes to h be5 a woman4 ,on ?is view ! practice ( beat+ ! human victims on _! g5itals ) bran*es ( wild fig-trees & ) squills 0 a *>m int5d$ to /imulate ! g5]ative p[]s ( ! man & woman :o = ! "t be+ p]sonat$ ! male & ! female fig-trees respectively1 & :o by _! union 9 m>riage1 :e!r real or pret5d$1 7 believ$ to help ! trees to be> fruit47#fbc7 7,m#bja7 ,! !ory is +5i\s & attractive2 & to "s ext5t x is borne out by ! ,roman celebration ( ! ,nonae ,caprot9ae1 :i* ,i h describ$ 9 an e>li] "p ( ?is "w47#fbd7 ,= on ! ,nonae ,caprot9ae1 ! n9? ( ,july1 ! female slaves1 9 ! attire ( free wom51 fea/$ "u a wild fig-tree1 cut a rod f ! tree1 beat ea* o!r1 p]haps ) ! rod1 & (f]$ ! milky juice ( ! tree to ! goddess ,juno ,caprot9a1 ^: surname seems to po9t h] out z ! goddess ( ! wild fig-tree 7caprificus74 ,"h ! rites p]=m$ 9 ,july by wom5 "u ! wild fig-tree1 :i* ! anci5ts rightly reg>d$ z a male & employ$ to f]tilize ! cultivat$ female fig-tree1 c h>dly be dissociat$ f ! caprification or artificial m>riage ( ! fig-trees :i*1 accord+ to ,columella1 0 be/ p]=m$ 9 ,july2 & if ! bl[s :i* ! wom5 gave ea* o!r on ?is occasion 7 adm9i/]$1 z seems highly probable1 by ! rod :i* !y cut f ! wild fig-tree1 ! p>allel betwe5 ! ,roman & ! ,greek c]emony w\ld be /ill clos]2 s9ce ! ,greeks1 z we saw1 beat ! g5itals ( ! human victims ) bran*es ( wild fig-trees4 ,x is true t ! human sacrifices1 :i* =m$ s prom95t a feature 9 ! ,greek celebration ( ! ,?>gelia1 d n figure 9 ! ,roman celebration ( ! ,nonae ,caprot9ae )9 hi/orical times2 yet a trace ( !m may p]haps be detect$ 9 ! tradition t ,romulus himself my/]i\sly disappe>$ on t v day 9 ! mid/ ( a trem5d\s ?und]-/orm1 :ile he 0 review+ 8 army outside ! walls ( ,rome at ! ,goat's ,m>% 78ad ,caprae paludem071 a "n :i* sugge/s t ! place 0 n f> di/ant f ! wild fig-tree or ! goat-fig 7caprificus71 z ! ,romans call$ x1 :]e ! slave wom5 p]=m$ _! curi\s c]emonies4 ,! leg5d t he 0 cut 9 pieces by ! patricians1 :o c>ri$ away ! morsels ( 8 body "u _! robes & buri$ !m 9 ! e>?17#fbe7 exactly describes ! treatm5t :i* ! ,khonds us$ to accord to ! bodies ( ! human victims = ! purpose ( f]tiliz+ _! fields47#fbf7 ,c ! k+ h play$ at ,rome ! same fatal "p 9 ! f]tilization ( fig-trees :i*1 if ,mr4 ,paton is "r1 0 play$ 9 ,greece by ! male victim8 ,! tradition>y "t1 place1 & mann] ( 8 dea? all sugge/ x4 ,s _m co9cid5ces betwe5 ! ,greek & ,roman c]emonies & traditions c h>dly be :olly accid5tal2 & accord+ly ,i incl9e to ?9k t !re may well be an elem5t ( tru? 9 ,mr4 ,paton's !ory1 ?\gh x mu/ be confess$ t ! anci5t writ]s :o describe ! ,greek cu/om appe> to reg>d x m]ely z a purification ( ! city & n at all z a mode ( f]tiliz+ fig-trees47#fbg7 ,9 simil> c]emonies1 :i* comb9e ! elem5ts ( purification & f]tilization1 ! notion ( purification app>5tly t5ds gradually to ov]%ad[ ! notion ( f]tilization 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o practise ! rites4 ,x seems to h be5 s 9 ! case ( ! annual expulsion ( ,mamurius ,veturius f anci5t ,rome & 9 ! p>allel processions ( ! ,p]*t5 9 mod]n ,europe2 x may h be5 s also 9 ! case ( ! human sacrifices at ! ,?>gelia47#fbh7 7,m#bjb7 ,! int]pretation :i* ,i h adopt$ ( ! cu/om ( beat+ ! human scapegoat ) c]ta9 plants is support$ by _m analogies4 ,we h already met ) examples ( a practice ( beat+ sick p ) ! leaves ( c]ta9 plants or ) bran*es 9 ord] to rid !m ( noxi\s influ5ces47#fbi7 ,"s ( ! ,dravidian tribes ( ,nor!rn ,india1 :o attribute epilepsy1 hy/]ia1 & simil> maladies to demoniacal possession1 endeav\r to cure ! suff]] by ?ra%+ him s\ndly ) a sacr$ iron *a91 :i* is believ$ to h ! effect ( imm$iately expell+ ! demon47#fcj7 ,:5 a h]d ( camels refuses to dr9k1 ! ,arabs w sometimes beat ! male bea/s on ! back to drive away ! j9n :o are rid+ !m & fright5+ ! females47#fca7 ,9 ,bikol1 ! s\?-we/]n "p ( ,luzon1 x 0 g5]ally believ$ t if ! evil _s ,aswang 7 n prop]ly exorcis$ he took possession ( ! bodies ( ! dead & torm5t$ !m4 ,h5ce to deliv] a corpse f 8 clut*es ! native prie/esses us$ to beat x ) a bru% or :isk made ( ! leaves ( ! aromatic ,*9a orange1 :ile !y *ant$ a c]ta9 song1 ?r[+ _! bodies into contortions & utt]+ %rill cries1 z if ! evil _s _h ent]$ into !mselves4 ,! s\l ( ! deceas$1 ?us deliv]$ f ! cruel tyranny ( ,aswang1 0 !n free to roam at pleasure along ! *>m+ lanes or 9 ! ?ick %ade ( ! =e/47#fcb7 7,m#bjc7 ,sometimes x appe>s t a beat+ is adm9i/]$ = ! purpose ( ridd+ p ( a gho/ :o may be cl++ too closely to _! p]sons2 9 su* cases ! bl[s1 ?\gh !y desc5d on ! bodies ( ! liv+1 are really aim$ at ! _s ( ! dead1 & h no o!r object ?an to drive x away1 j z a coa*man w flick ! back ( a horse ) 8 :ip to rid ! bea/ ( a fly4 ,at a fun]al 9 ! isl& ( ,halmah]a1 be=e ! c(f9 is l[]$ into ! grave1 all ! relations :ip !mselves on ! head & %\ld]s ) w&s made ( plants :i* are believ$ to possess ! p[] ( keep+ (f evil spirits4 ,! int5tion ( ! cu/om is said to be to br+ back _! own spectres or s\ls & to prev5t !m f foll[+ ! gho/2 b ?is may fairly be int]pret$ to mean t ! bl[s are direct$ to bru%+ (f ! gho/1 :o w\ld o!rwise ab/ract ! s\l ( ! p]son on ^: body he 0 all[$ to settle4 ,?is int]pretation is /rongly confirm$ by ! practice1 obs]v$ by ! same p on ! same occasion1 ( ?r[+ ! trunk ( a banana-tree into ! grave1 & tell+ ! dead man t x is a companion = him2 = ?is practice is expressly int5d$ to prev5t ! deceas$ f feel+ lonely1 & s com+ back to fet* away a fri5d47#fcc7 ,:5 ,mr4 ,bat*elor return$ to a hut aft] visit+ ! grave ( an old ,a9o woman1 h] relations br\ght him a b[l ( wat] to ! door & reque/$ him to wa% 8 face & h&s4 ,:ile he did s1 ! wom5 beat him & bru%$ him d[n ) sacr$ :ittl$ /icks 7inao74 ,on enquir+ into ! mean+ ( ?is treatm5t1 he discov]$ t x 0 int5d$ to purify him f all uncleanness contract$ at ! grave ?r\gh contact ) ! gho/ ( ! deceas$1 & t ! beat+ & bru%+ ) ! :ittl$ /icks _h = its object to drive away all evil influ5ces & diseases ) :i* ! gho/ ( ! old woman might h attempt$ to infect him out ( spite = 8 trespass+ on h] doma947#fcd7 ,! ,banmanas ( ,s5egambia ?9k t ! s\l ( a dead infant becomes = a "t a w&]+ & malefic5t _s4 ,accord+ly :5 a baby dies1 all ! uncircumcis$ *ildr5 ( ! same sex 9 ! village run ab\t ! /reets 9 a b&1 ea* arm$ ) ?ree or f\r supple rods4 ,"s ( !m ent] e h\se to beg1 & :ile !y are do+ s1 "o ( ! troop1 propp+ himself aga9/ ! wall ) 8 h&s1 is la%$ by ano!r ( ! *ildr5 on 8 back or legs till ! blood fl[s4 ,ea* ( ! *ildr5 takes x 9 turn to be ?us :ipp$4 ,! object ( ! :ipp+1 we are told1 8appe>s to be to pres]ve ! uncircumcis$ *ild f be+ c>ri$ (f by its comrade :o has j di$407#fce7 ,! sev]e sc\rg+s inflict$ on ea* o!r by "s ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians at c]emonies connect$ ) ! dead may be simil>ly int5d$ to *ase away ! dang]\s gho/1 :o is conceiv$ z /ick+ l a lee* or a bur to ! sk9 ( ! liv+47#fcf7 ,! anci5t ,greeks employ$ ! laurel v commonly z an in/rum5t ( c]emonial purification27#fcg7 & f ! monum5ts :i* repres5t ! purgation ( ,ore/es f ! guilt ( matricide7#fch7 x seems probable t ! regul> rite ( cleans+ a homicide consi/$ ess5tially 9 spr9kl+ him ) pig's blood & beat+ him ) a laurel b\gh1 = ! purpose1 z we may conjecture1 ( :isk+ away ! wra?ful gho/ ( 8 victim1 :o 0 ?\ght to buzz ab\t him l an angry wasp 9 summ]4 ,if t 0 s1 ! ,greek ritual ( purification s+ul>ly resembles ! ,nicob>ese c]emony ( exorcism2 = :5 a man is suppos$ to be possess$ by devils1 ! ,nicob>ese rub him all ov] ) pig's blood & beat him ) bun*es ( c]ta9 leaves1 to :i* a special p[] ( exorcis+ demons is attribut$4 ,z fa/ z ea* devil is ?us dis5gag$ f 8 p]son1 x is c>efully fold$ up 9 leaves1 to be aft]w>ds ?r[n into ! sea at daybreak47#fci7 7,m#bjd7 ,at ! autumn fe/ival 9 ,p]u p us$ to /rike ea* o!r ) tor*es1 say+1 8,let all h>m g away407#fdj7 ,e ye> :5 ! ,pleiades reappe>$ 9 ! sky1 ! ,guaycurus1 an ,indian nation ( ! ,gran ,*aco1 held a fe/ival ( rejoic+1 at :i* m51 wom51 & *ildr5 all ?ra%$ ea* o!r1 expect+ !reby to procure heal?1 abundance1 & victory ov] _! enemies47#fda7 ,indians ( ! ,quixos1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 be=e !y set out on a long hunt+ exp$ition1 cause _! wives to :ip !m ) nettles1 believ+ t ?is r5d]s !m fleet]1 & helps !m to ov]take ! pecc>ies4 ,!y resort to ! same proce$+ z a cure = sickness47#fdb7 ,! ,roocooy5 ,indians ( ,fr5* ,guiana tra9 up "y p 9 ! way !y %\ld g by caus+ !m to be /ung by ants & wasps2 & at ! c]emony held = ?is purpose ! gr[n-up p improve ! occasion by all[+ !mselves to be :ack$ by ! *ief ) a /ick ov] ! arms1 ! legs1 & ! *e/4 ,!y appe> to lab\r "u an impression t ?is conveys to !m all sorts ( moral & physical excell5ces4 ,"o ( ! tribe1 ambiti\s ( acquir+ ! ,european virtues1 begg$ a ,fr5* travell] to be s k9d z to give him a good hid+4 ,! travell] oblig+ly did 8 be/ to gratify him1 & ! face ( ! ,indian beam$ ) gratitude z ! bl[s fell on 8 nak$ back47#fdc7 ,! ,delaw>e ,indians _h two sov]eign rem$ies = s92 "o 0 an emetic1 ! o!r a ?ra%+4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! rem$y 0 adm9i/]$ by means ( twelve diff]5t /icks1 ) :i* ! s9n] 0 belab\r$ f ! soles ( 8 feet up to 8 neck4 ,9 bo? cases ! s9s 7 suppos$ to be expell$ f ! body1 & to pass out ?r\gh ! ?roat47#fdd7 ,at ! inauguration ( a k+ 9 anci5t ,india x 0 cu/om>y = ! prie/s to /rike him lightly on ! back ) /icks4 8,by beat+ him ) /icks10 x 0 said1 8!y guide him safely ov] judicial puni%m5t2 :5ce ! k+ is exempt f puni%m5t1 because !y guide him safely ov] judicial puni%m5t407#fde7 ,on ! ?irtie? ( ,decemb] ! hea!n ( ,h>ran us$ to receive ?ree1 five1 or sev5 bl[s apiece f a prie/ ) a tam>isk bran*4 ,aft] ! beat+ _h be5 duly adm9i/]$ ! prie/ on behalf ( ! :ole community pray$ = long life1 mu* (fspr+1 p[] & glory ov] all peoples1 & ! re/oration ( _! anci5t k+dom47#fdf7 7,m#bje7 ,sometimes1 9 ! op9ion ( ^? :o resort to x1 ! effect ( a beat+ is n m]ely ! negative "o ( dispell+ demoniac or o!r baneful influ5ces2 x conf]s positive b5efits by virtue ( c]ta9 useful prop]ties suppos$ to inh]e 9 ! in/rum5t ) :i* ! beat+ is adm9i/]$47#fdg7 ,?us among ! ,kai ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 :5 a man wi%es to make 8 banana %oots be> fruit quickly1 he beats !m ) a /ick cut f a banana-tree :i* has already borne fruit47#fdh7 ,"h x is obvi\s t fruitfulness is believ$ to inh]e 9 a /ick cut f a fruitful tree & to be imp>t$ by contact to ! "y banana plants4 ,simil>ly 9 ,new ,cal$onia a man w beat 8 t>o plants lightly ) a bran*1 say+ z he does s1 8,i beat ?is t>o t x may gr[10 aft] :i* he plants ! bran* 9 ! gr\nd at ! end ( ! field47#fdi7 ,among ! ,indians ( ,brazil at ! m\? ( ! ,amazon1 :5 a man wi%es to increase ! size ( 8 g5]ative organ1 he /rikes x ) ! fruit ( a :ite aquatic plant call$ an an+a1 :i* gr[s luxuriantly on ! banks ( ! riv]4 ,! fruit1 :i* is in$ible1 resembles a banana1 & is cle>ly *os5 = ?is purpose on acc\nt ( its %ape4 ,! c]emony %\ld be p]=m$ ?ree days be=e or aft] ! new moon47#fej7 ,9 ! c\nty ( ,bekes1 9 ,hung>y1 b>r5 wom5 are f]tiliz$ by be+ /ruck ) a /ick :i* has fir/ be5 us$ to sep>ate pair+ dogs47#fea7 ,"h a f]tiliz+ virtue is cle>ly suppos$ to be inh]5t 9 ! /ick & to be convey$ by contact to ! wom54 ,! ,toradjas ( ,c5tral ,celebes ?9k t ! plant ,draca5a t]m9alis has a /rong s\l1 because :5 x is lopp$1 x soon gr[s up aga94 ,h5ce :5 a man is ill1 8 fri5ds w sometimes beat him on ! cr[n ( ! head ) ,draca5a leaves 9 ord] to /r5g!n 8 weak s\l ) ! /rong s\l ( ! plant47#feb7 ,at ,m[at 9 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea small boys are beat5 lightly ) /icks dur+ ,decemb] 8to make !m gr[ /rong & h>dy407#fec7 7,m#bjf7 ,among ! ,arabs ( ,morocco ! ,great ,fea/1 :i* is ! annual sacrificial fe/ival ( ,mohamm$an peoples1 is ! occasion :5 m5 g ab\t beat+ p ) ! k9dly int5tion ( heal+ or prev5t+ sickness & b5efit+ ! suff]]s g5]ally4 ,9 "s tribes ! op]ator is muffl$ 9 ! bloody sk9s ( sacrific$ %eep1 & he /rikes ev]ybody )9 rea* ( him ) a flap ( ! sk9 or a foot ( ! %eep :i* dangles loose f 8 arm2 sick p pres5t !mselves to him 9 ord] to receive ! heal?-giv+ bl[s1 & mo!rs br+ _! little *ildr5 to him = ! same purpose4 ,anybody :om he hits on ! head w be free f heada*e4 ,nor does he conf9e 8 att5tion to p2 he goes ab\t /rik+ ! t5ts also1 9 ord] t !y too may receive _! %>e ( ! bless$ influ5ce 7b>aka7 t radiates l sun%9e f a bloody %eepsk94 ,f ! co/ume :i* he we>s ! mask] is kn[n z ! 8,lion ) ,%eepsk9s02 & he himself p>ticipates 9 ! bless+s :i* he diffuses s lib]ally ar\nd him4 ,h5ce 9 at lea/ "o tribe he is g5]ally a p]son :o suff]s f "s illness1 because he expects to be heal$ by ! magic virtue or hol9ess ( ! bloody sk9s47#fed7 ,simil>ly1 z we %all see pres5tly1 9 anci5t ,mexico ! m5 :o masqu]ad$ 9 ! sk9s ( ! human victims 7 commonly p]sons :o suff]$ f sk9 disease1 because !y ?\ght t ! ble$+ sk9 ( a man :o _h be5 kill$ 9 ! "* ( a god mu/ surely possess a sov]eign virtue = ! heal+ ( disease47#fee7 ,9 ,morocco ! sk9-clad mumm] sometimes op]ates ) /icks in/ead ( a flap ( ! sk91 & sometimes ! sk9s 9 :i* he is muffl$ are ^? ( goats in/ead ( %eep1 b 9 all cases ! effect1 or at lea/ ! int5tion1 is probably ! same47#fef7 7,m#bjg7 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,ea/]n & ,c5tral ,europe a simil> cu/om is v commonly obs]v$ 9 spr+4 ,on ! fir/ ( ,m>* ! ,albanians /rike m5 & bea/ ) cornel bran*es1 believ+ t ?is is v good = _! heal?47#feg7 ,9 ,m>* ! ,greek peasants ( ,cos swit* _! cattle1 say+1 8,x is ,m>*1 & up ) y\r tail60 ,!y ?9k t ! c]emony b5efits ! animals1 & br+s good luck4 ,x is nev] obs]v$ at any o!r "t ( ! ye>47#feh7 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,meckl5burg x is cu/om>y to beat ! cattle be=e sunrise on ! morn+ ( ,good ,friday ) rods ( buck?orn1 :i* are aft]w>ds conceal$ 9 "s secret place :]e nei!r sun nor moon c %9e on !m4 ,! belief is t ?\gh ! bl[s light ^u ! animals1 ! pa9 ( !m is felt by ! wit*es :o are rid+ ! bea/s47#fei7 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,is]lohn1 9 ,we/phalia1 ! h]dsman rises at peep ( dawn on ,may morn+1 climbs a hill1 & cuts d[n ! "y r[an-tree :i* is ! fir/ to cat* ! beams ( ! ris+ sun4 ,) ?is he returns to ! f>m-y>d4 ,! heif] :i* ! f>m] desires to 8quick50 is !n l$ to ! dunghill1 & ! h]dsman /rikes x ov] ! h9d-qu>t]s1 ! haun*es1 & ! udd]s ) a bran* ( ! r[an-tree1 say+1 8,quick1 quick1 quick6 ,br+ milk into ! dugs4 ,! sap is 9 ! bir*es4 ,! heif] receives a "n4 8,quick1 quick1 quick6 ,br+ milk into ! dugs4 ,! sap comes 9 ! bee*es1 ,! leaf comes on ! oak4 8,quick1 quick1 quick6 ,br+ milk into ! dugs4 ,9 ! "n ( ! sa9t$ ,greta1 ,gold-fl[] %all be ?y "n10 & s on47#ffj7 ,! int5tion ( ! c]emony appe>s to be to make sure t ! heif] %all 9 due "t yield a pl5tiful supply ( milk2 & ?is is p]haps suppos$ to be br\ght ab\t by driv+ away ! wit*es1 :o are p>ticul>ly apt1 z we h se517#ffa7 to rob ! c[s ( _! milk on ! morn+ ( ,may ,day4 ,c]ta9ly 9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ,scotl& pieces ( r[an-tree & woodb9e us$ to be plac$ ov] ! doors ( ! byres on ,may ,day to keep ! wit*es f ! c[s2 sometimes a s+le rod ( r[an1 cov]$ ) not*es1 0 f\nd to answ] ! purpose4 ,an ev5 m effectual gu>d aga9/ wit*craft 0 to tie a small cross ( r[an-wood by a sc>let ?read to ea* bea/'s tail2 h5ce p said1 8,rawn-tree 9 r$-?re$ ,pits ! wit*es t' _! spe$407#ffb7 ,9 ,g]many also ! r[an-tree is a protection aga9/ wit*craft27#ffc7 & ,norwegian sailors & fi%]m5 c>ry a piece ( x 9 _! boats = good luck47#ffd7 ,?us ! b5efit to "y c[s ( beat+ !m ) r[an appe>s to be n s mu* ! positive "o ( p\r+ milk into _! udd]s1 z m]ely ! negative "o ( av]t+ evil influ5ce2 & ! same may p]haps be said ( mo/ ( ! beat+s ) :i* we are "h conc]n$4 7,m#bjh7 ,on ,good ,friday & ! two previ\s days p 9 ,croatia & ,slavonia take rods ) !m to *ur*1 & :5 ! s]vice is ov] !y beat ea* o!r 8fre% & heal?y407#ffe7 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,russia p return+ f ! *ur* on ,palm ,sunday beat ! *ildr5 & s]vants :o h /ay$ at home ) palm bran*es1 say+1 8,sickness into ! =e/1 heal? into ! bones407#fff7 ,a simil> cu/om is widely kn[n "u ! "n ( ,s*mecko/]n or 8,ea/] ,smacks0 9 "s p>ts ( ,g]many & ,au/ria4 ,! regions 9 :i* ! practice prevails are = ! mo/ "p di/ricts 9 :i* ! p ei!r are or once 7 pr$om9antly ( ,slavonic blood1 su* z ,ea/ & ,we/ ,prussia1 ,voigtl&1 ,silesia1 ,bohemia1 & ,moravia4 ,:ile ! ,g]man population call ! cu/om ,s*mecko/]n1 ! ,slavonic inhabitants give x1 accord+ to _! p>ticul> language or dialect1 a v>iety ( names :i* signify to beat or sc\rge4 ,x is usually obs]v$ on ,ea/] ,monday1 less frequ5tly on ,ea/] ,saturday or ,ea/] ,sunday4 ,troops ( boys or lads g f h\se to h\se on ! morn+ ( ,ea/] ,monday beat+ e girl or woman :om !y meet2 !y ev5 make _! way into ! b$rooms1 & if !y f9d any girls or wom5 /ill ab$1 !y compel !m ) bl[s to get up4 ,ev5 gr[n-up m5 indulge !mselves 9 ! pa/ime ( go+ to ! h\ses ( fri5ds & relations to inflict ! 8,ea/] ,smacks40 ,9 "s places1 = example 9 ! ,leobs*tz di/rict ( ,silesia1 ! boys & m5 fur!r claim & ex]cise ! "r ( dr5*+ all ! girls & wom5 ) wat] on ,ea/] ,monday2 & = ?is purpose !y g5]ally g ab\t arm$ ) squirts1 :i* are n always *>g$ ) eau de ,cologne4 ,next day1 ,ea/] ,tuesday1 ! wom5 h ! "r to retaliate on ! m52 h[ev]1 !y d n z a rule g ab\t ! /reets b conf9e _! op]ations to _! own h\ses1 beat+ & *as+ f _! b$s any lads or m5 !y c f9d ly+ 9 !m4 ,*ildr5 are less discrim9at+ 9 _! 8,ea/] ,smacks10 :i* !y be/[ imp>tially on p>5ts & relations1 fri5ds & /rang]s1 )\t obs]v+ ! subtle di/9ction ( sex4 ,9 _m places x is only ! wom5 :o are privileg$ to receive ! smacks4 ,! in/rum5t ) :i* ! beat+ is adm9i/]$ is 9 "s di/ricts1 su* z ,li?uania1 ,saml&1 & ,neum>k1 a twig or bran* ( bir* on :i* ! fre% gre5 leaves h j spr\t$4 ,if ! bir*-trees h n budd$ 9 "t1 x is cu/om>y to keep ! rods 9 pickle = days or ev5 weeks1 nurs+ !m t5d]ly 9 w>m wat]2 & if t measure also fails1 !y are heat$ 9 ! /ove-pipe4 ,b m commonly ! in/rum5t ( torture is a bran* ( will[ ) catk9s on x1 :i* has also be5 nurs$ 9 w>m wat] or ! *imney s z to be ripe = execution on ,ea/] ,monday4 ,a numb] ( ^! bir* or will[ twigs are usually ti$ toge!r into a swit*1 & ornam5t$ ) motley ribbons & pieces ( silk pap]1 s t !y pres5t ! appe>ance ( a nosegay2 inde$1 9 nor!rn ,bohemia spr+ fl[]s =m "p ( ! decoration4 ,9 "s places1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,silesia & ,moravia1 pieces ( licorice root are sub/itut$ = will[ twigs2 or aga9 9 ! v9e-gr[+ di/ricts ( ,bohemia v9e-bran*es are us$ = ! same purpose4 ,sometimes a sc\rge made ( lea!r /raps ( v>i\s col\rs takes ! place ( a gre5 b\gh4 ,! bl[s are commonly inflict$ on ! h&s & feet2 & 9 "s places1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,bohemia1 ! victims are expect$ to rew>d _! torm5tors ) a pres5t ( r$ ,ea/] eggs2 nay sometimes a woman is b\nd to give an egg = e bl[ %e receives4 ,9 ! aft]noon ! lads c>ry _! eggs to high gr\nd & let !m roll d[n ! slope2 he ^: egg rea*es ! bottom fir/1 w9s all ! re/4 ,! beat+ is suppos$ to br+ good luck to ! beat51 or to w>rant !m aga9/ flies & v]m9 dur+ ! summ]1 or to save !m f pa9s 9 _! back ?r\gh\t ! :ole ye>4 ,at ,gilg5burg 9 ,masur5 ! rods or bundles ( twigs are aft]w>ds laid by & us$ to drive ! cattle out to pa/ure = ! fir/ "t aft] _! w9t] conf9em5t47#ffg7 7,m#bji7 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,g]many & ,au/ria a cu/om l t ( 8,ea/] ,smacks0 is obs]v$ at ! ,*ri/mas holidays1 especially on ,holy ,innoc5ts' ,day1 ! tw5ty-eigh? ( ,decemb]4 ,"y m5 & wom5 beat ea* o!r mutually1 b on diff]5t days1 ) bran*es ( fre% gre51 :e!r bir*1 will[1 or fir4 ,?us1 = example1 among ! ,g]mans ( we/]n ,bohemia x is cu/om>y on ,/4 ,b>b>a's ,day 7! f\r? ( ,decemb]7 to cut twigs or bran*es ( bir* & to /eep !m 9 wat] 9 ord] t !y may put out leaves or buds4 ,!y are aft]w>ds us$ by ea* sex to beat ! o!r on subsequ5t days ( ! ,*ri/mas holidays4 ,9 "s villages bran*es ( will[ or *]ry-trees or rosem>y are employ$ = ! same purpose4 ,) ^! gre5 b\ghs1 sometimes ti$ 9 bundles ) r$ or gre5 ribbons1 ! "y m5 g ab\t beat+ ! "y wom5 on ! morn+ ( ,/4 ,/eph5's ,day 7! tw5ty-six? ( ,decemb]7 & also on ,holy ,innoc5ts' ,day 7! tw5ty-eigh? ( ,decemb]74 ,! beat+ is inflict$ on ! h&s1 feet1 & face2 & 9 ,neugramat9 x is said t %e :o is n ?us beat5 ) fre% gre5 w n h]self be fre% & gre54 ,z ! bl[s desc5d1 ! "y m5 recite v]ses import+ t ! beat+ is adm9i/]$ z a complim5t & 9 ord] to b5efit ! heal? ( ! victim4 ,= ! s]vice :i* !y ?us r5d] ! damsels !y are rew>d$ by !m ) cakes1 br&y1 or money4 ,e>ly 9 ! morn+ ( ,new ,ye>'s ,day ! lasses pay (f ! lads 9 ! same k9d47#ffh7 ,a simil> cu/om is also obs]v$ 9 c5tral & s\?-we/ ,g]many1 especially 9 ,voigtl&4 ,?us 9 ,voigtl& & ! :ole ( ! ,saxon ,erz-gebirge ! lads beat ! lasses & wom5 on ! second day ( ! ,*ri/mas holidays ) some?+ gre51 su* z rosem>y or junip]2 & if possible ! beat+ is inflict$ on ! wom5 z !y lie 9 b$4 ,z !y beat !m1 ! lads say 8,fre% & gre56 ,pretty & f9e6 ,g+]bread & br&y-w9e60 ,! la/ words ref] to ! pres5t ( g+]bread & br&y :i* ! lads expect to receive f ! lasses = ! tr\ble ( ?ra%+ !m4 ,next day ! lasses & wom5 retaliate on ! lads & m547#ffi7 ,9 ,?r+5 on ,holy ,innoc5ts' ,day 7! tw5ty-eigh? ( ,decemb]7 *ildr5 arm$ ) rods & gre5 b\ghs g ab\t ! /reets beat+ pass]s-by & dem&+ a pres5t 9 return2 !y ev5 make _! way into ! h\ses & beat ! maid-s]vants4 ,9 ,orlagau ! cu/om is call$ 8:ipp+ ) fre% gre540 ,on ! second day ( ! ,*ri/mas holidays ! girls g to _! p>5ts1 godp>5ts1 relations1 & fri5ds1 & beat !m ) fre% gre5 bran*es ( fir2 next day ! boys & lads d ! same4 ,! words spok5 :ile ! beat+ is be+ adm9i/]$ are 8,good morn+6 fre% gre56 ,long life6 ,y mu/ give u a bright ?al]10 & s on47#fgj7 7,m#baj7 ,9 ^! ,european cu/oms ! int5tion ( beat+ p]sons1 especially ( ! o!r sex1 ) fre% gre5 leaves appe>s unque/ionably to be ! b5efic5t "o ( r5ew+ _! life & vig\r1 :e!r ! purpose is suppos$ to be accompli%$ directly & positively by imp>t+ ! vital en]gy ( ! fre% gre5 to ! p]sons1 or negatively & indirectly by dispell+ any injuri\s influ5ces1 su* z ! ma*9ations ( wit*es & demons1 by :i* ! p]sons may be suppos$ to be beset4 ,! application ( ! bl[s by ! "o sex to ! o!r1 especially by "y m5 to "y wom51 sugge/s t ! beat+ is or 0 orig9ally int5d$ above all to /imulate ! reproductive p[]s ( ! m5 or wom5 :o receiv$ x2 & ! pa9s tak5 to ensure t ! bran*es ) :i* ! /rokes are giv5 %\ld h budd$ or blossom$ out j be=e _! s]vices are want$ speak /rongly 9 fav\r ( ! view t 9 ^! cu/oms we h a delib]ate attempt to transfuse a /ore ( vital en]gy f ! vegetable to ! animal _w4 7,m#baa7 ,^! analogies1 accord+ly1 support ! int]pretation :i*1 foll[+ my pr$ecessors ,w4 ,mannh>dt & ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,paton1 ,i h giv5 ( ! beat+ inflict$ on ! human victims at ! ,greek h>ve/ fe/ival ( ! ,?>gelia4 ,t beat+1 be+ adm9i/]$ to ! g5]ative organs ( ! victims by fre% gre5 plants & bran*es1 is mo/ naturally expla9$ z a *>m to increase ! reproductive en]gies ( ! m5 or wom5 ei!r by communicat+ to !m ! fruitfulness ( ! plants & bran*es1 or by ridd+ !m ( malefic5t influ5ces2 & ?is int]pretation is confirm$ by ! obs]vation t ! two victims repres5t$ ! two sexes1 "o ( !m /&+ = ! m5 9 g5]al & ! o!r = ! wom54 ,! season ( ! ye> :5 ! c]emony 0 p]=m$1 namely ! "t ( ! corn h>ve/1 tallies well ) ! !ory t ! rite _h an agricultural significance4 ,fur!r1 t x 0 above all int5d$ to f]tilize ! fig-trees is /rongly sugge/$ by ! /r+s ( black & :ite figs :i* 7 hung r\nd ! necks ( ! victims1 z well z by ! bl[s :i* 7 giv5 _! g5ital organs ) ! bran*es ( a wild fig-tree2 s9ce ?is proc$ure closely resembles ! proc$ure :i* anci5t & mod]n husb&m5 9 ,greek l&s h regul>ly resort$ to = ! purpose ( actually f]tiliz+ _! fig-trees4 ,:5 we rememb] :at an important "p ! artificial f]tilization ( ! date palm-tree appe>s to h play$ ( old n only 9 ! husb&ry b 9 ! religion ( ,mesopotamia17#fga7 !re seems no reason to d\bt t ! artificial f]tilization ( ! fig-tree may 9 l mann] h v9dicat$ = itself a place 9 ! solemn ritual ( ,greek religion4 7,m#bab7 ,if ^! consid]ations are j1 we mu/ app>5tly conclude t :ile ! human victims at ! ,?>gelia c]ta9ly appe> 9 lat] classical times to h figur$ *iefly z public scapegoats1 :o c>ri$ away ) !m ! s9s1 mis=tunes1 & sorr[s ( ! :ole p1 at an e>li] "t !y may h be5 look$ on z embodim5ts ( vegetation1 p]haps ( ! corn b p>ticul>ly ( ! fig-trees2 & t ! beat+ :i* !y receiv$ & ! dea? :i* !y di$ 7 int5d$ prim>ily to brace & refre% ! p[]s ( vegetation !n beg9n+ to droop & langui% "u ! torrid heat ( ! ,greek summ]4 7,m#bac7 ,! view "h tak5 ( ! ,greek scapegoat1 if x is correct1 obviates an objection :i* might o!rwise be br\ght aga9/ ! ma9 argum5t ( ?is book4 ,to ! !ory t ! prie/ ( ,aricia 0 sla9 z a repres5tative ( ! _s ( ! grove17#fgb7 x might h be5 object$ t su* a cu/om has no analogy 9 classical antiquity4 ,b reasons h n[ be5 giv5 = believ+ t ! human be+ p]iodically & occasionally sla9 by ! ,asiatic ,greeks 0 regul>ly treat$ z an embodim5t ( a div9ity ( vegetation4 ,probably ! p]sons :om ! ,a!nians kept to be sacrific$ 7 simil>ly treat$ z div9e4 ,t !y 7 social outca/s did n matt]4 ,on ! primitive view a man is n *os5 to be ! m\?-piece or embodim5t ( a god on acc\nt ( 8 high moral qualities or social rank4 ,! div9e afflatus desc5ds equally on ! good & ! bad1 ! l(ty & ! l[ly4 ,if !n ! civiliz$ ,greeks ( ,asia & ,a!ns habitually sacrific$ m5 :om !y reg>d$ z inc>nate gods1 !re c be no inh]5t improbability 9 ! supposition t at ! dawn ( hi/ory a simil> cu/om 0 obs]v$ by ! semi-b>b>\s ,lat9s 9 ! ,arician ,grove4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,kill+ ,,! ,,god ,,9 ,,mexico4 7,m#bad7 ,by no p does ! cu/om ( sacrific+ ! human repres5tative ( a god appe> to h be5 obs]v$ s commonly & ) s mu* solemnity z by ! ,aztecs ( anci5t ,mexico4 ,) ! ritual ( ^! rem>kable sacrifices we are well acqua9t$1 = x has be5 fully describ$ by ! ,spani>ds :o conqu]$ ,mexico 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ^: curiosity 0 naturally excit$ by ! discov]y 9 ?is di/ant region ( a b>b>\s & cruel religion :i* pres5t$ _m curi\s po9ts ( analogy to ! doctr9e & ritual ( _! own *ur*4 8,!y took a captive10 says ! ,jesuit ,aco/a1 8su* z !y ?\ght good2 & a=e !y did sacrifice him unto _! idols1 !y gave him ! "n ( ! idol1 to :om he %\ld be sacrific$1 & app>ell$ him ) ! same ornam5ts l _! idol1 say+1 t he did repres5t ! same idol4 ,& dur+ ! "t t ?is repres5tation la/$1 :i* 0 = a ye> 9 "s fea/s1 9 o!rs six mon?s1 & 9 o!rs less1 !y rev]5c$ & wor%ipp$ him 9 ! same mann] z ! prop] idol2 & 9 ! meantime he did eat1 dr9k1 & 0 m]ry4 ,:5 he w5t ?r\gh ! /reets1 ! p came =? to wor%ip him1 & e "o br\ght him an alms1 ) *ildr5 & sick folks1 t he might cure !m1 & bless !m1 suff]+ him to d all ?+s at 8 pleasure1 only he 0 accompani$ ) t5 or twelve m5 le/ he %\ld fly4 ,& he 7to ! end he might be rev]5c$ z he pass$7 sometimes s\nd$ ^u a small flute1 t ! p might prep>e to wor%ip him4 ,! fea/ be+ come1 & he gr[n fat1 !y kill$ him1 op5$ him1 & ate him1 mak+ a solemn sacrifice ( him407#fgc7 7,m#bae7 ,?is g5]al description ( ! cu/om may n[ be illu/rat$ by p>ticul> examples4 ,?us at ! fe/ival call$ ,toxcatl1 ! greate/ fe/ival ( ! ,mexican ye>1 a "y man 0 annually sacrific$ 9 ! "* ( ,tezcatlipoca1 8! god ( gods10 aft] hav+ be5 ma9ta9$ & wor%ipp$ z t great deity 9 p]son = a :ole ye>4 ,accord+ to ! old ,franciscan monk ,sahagun1 our be/ au?ority on ! ,aztec religion1 ! sacrifice ( ! human god fell at ,ea/] or a few days lat]1 s t1 if he is "r1 x w\ld correspond 9 date z well z 9 "* to ! ,*ri/ian fe/ival ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ! ,r$eem]47#fgd7 ,m exactly he tells u t ! sacrifice took place on ! fir/ day ( ! fif? ,aztec mon?1 :i* accord+ to him began on ! tw5ty-?ird or tw5ty-sev5? day ( ,april47#fge7 ,h[ev]1 accord+ to o!r ,spani% au?orities ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! fe/ival la/$ f ! n9? to ! n9ete5? day ( ,may1 & ! sacrifice ( ! human victim 9 ! "* ( ! god 0 p]=m$ on ! la/ ( ^! days47#fgf7 ,an em95t mod]n au?ority1 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,sel]1 is ( op9ion t ! fe/ival orig9ally celebrat$ ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>1 & t x fell on ! day :5 ! sun on 8 passage nor?w>d to ! tropic ( ,canc] /ood 9 ! z5i? ov] ! city ( ,mexico1 :i* 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury w\ld be ! n9? or t5? day ( ,may 7old /yle7 or ! n9ete5? or tw5tie? day ( ,may 7new /yle747#fgg7 ,:atev] ! exact date ( ! celebration may h be51 we are told t ! 8fea/ 0 n made to any o!r end1 b to dem& ra91 9 ! same mann] t we solemnize ! ,rogations2 & ?is fea/ 0 always 9 ,may1 :i* is ! "t t !y h mo/ ne$ ( ra9 9 ^? c\ntries407#fgh7 7,m#baf7 ,at ?is fe/ival ! great god di$ 9 ! p]son ( "o human repres5tative & came to life aga9 9 ! p]son ( ano!r1 :o 0 de/9$ to enjoy ! fatal hon\r ( div9ity = a ye> & to p]i%1 l all 8 pr$ecessors1 at ! end ( x4 ,! "y man s+l$ out = ?is high dignity 0 c>efully *os5 f among ! captives on ! gr\nd ( 8 p]sonal beauty4 ,he _h to be ( unblemi%$ body1 slim z a re$ & /raight z a pill>1 nei!r too tall nor too %ort4 ,if ?r\gh high liv+ he grew too fat1 he 0 oblig$ to r$uce himself by dr9k+ salt wat]4 ,& 9 ord] t he might behave 9 8 l(ty /ation ) becom+ grace & dignity he 0 c>efully tra9$ to comport himself l a g5tleman ( ! fir/ quality1 to speak correctly & elegantly1 to play ! flute1 to smoke cig>s & to snuff at fl[]s ) a d&ifi$ air4 ,he 0 hon\rably lodg$ 9 ! temple :]e ! nobles wait$ on him & paid him homage1 br++ him meat & s]v+ l a pr9ce4 ,! k+ himself saw to x t he 0 app>ell$ 9 gorge\s attire1 8= already he e/eem$ him z a god40 ,eagle d[n 0 gumm$ to 8 head & :ite cock's fea!rs 7 /uck 9 8 hair1 :i* droop$ to 8 girdle4 ,a wrea? ( fl[]s l roa/$ maize cr[n$ 8 br[s1 & a g>l& ( ! same fl[]s pass$ ov] 8 %\ld]s & "u 8 arm-pits4 ,gold5 ornam5ts hung f 8 nose1 gold5 armlets adorn$ 8 arms1 gold5 bells j+l$ on 8 legs at e /ep he took2 e>r+s ( turquoise dangl$ f 8 e>s1 bracelets ( turquoise b$eck$ 8 wri/s2 necklaces ( %ells encircl$ 8 neck & dep5d$ on 8 brea/2 he wore a mantle ( network1 & r\nd 8 middle a ri* wai/-clo?4 ,:5 ?is bejewell$ exquisite l\ng$ ?r\gh ! /reets play+ on 8 flute1 puff+ at a cig>1 & smell+ at a nosegay1 ! p :om he met ?rew !mselves on ! e>? be=e him & pray$ to him ) sighs & te>s1 tak+ up ! du/ 9 _! h&s & putt+ x 9 _! m\?s 9 tok5 ( ! deepe/ humiliation & subjection4 ,wom5 came =? ) *ildr5 9 _! arms & pres5t$ !m to him1 salut+ him z a god4 ,= 8he pass$ = our ,"l ,god2 ! p ackn[l$g$ him z ! ,"l40 ,all :o ?us wor%ipp$ him on 8 passage he salut$ gravely & c\rte\sly4 ,le/ he %\ld flee1 he 0 ev]y:]e att5d$ by a gu>d ( eight pages 9 ! royal liv]y1 f\r ( !m ) %av5 cr[ns l ! palace-slaves1 & f\r ( !m ) ! fl[+ locks ( w>riors2 & if he contriv$ to escape1 ! capta9 ( ! gu>d _h to take 8 place z ! repres5tative ( ! god & to die 9 8 /ead4 ,tw5ty days be=e he 0 to die1 8 co/ume 0 *ang$1 & f\r damsels1 delicately nurtur$ & be>+ ! names ( f\r goddesses--! ,goddess ( ,fl[]s1 ! ,goddess ( ! ,"y ,maize1 ! ,goddess 8,our ,"m among ! ,wat]10 & ! ,goddess ( ,salt--7 giv5 him to be 8 brides1 & ) !m he consort$4 ,dur+ ! la/ five days div9e hon\rs 7 %[]$ on ! de/9$ victim4 ,! k+ rema9$ 9 8 palace :ile ! :ole c\rt w5t aft] ! human god4 ,solemn banquets & dances foll[$ ea* o!r 9 regul> succession & at appo9t$ places4 ,on ! la/ day ! "y man1 att5d$ by 8 wives & pages1 emb>k$ 9 a canoe cov]$ ) a royal canopy & 0 f]ri$ across ! lake to a spot :]e a little hill rose f ! edge ( ! wat]4 ,x 0 call$ ! ,m\nta9 ( ,p>t+1 because "h 8 wives bade him a la/ f>ewell4 ,!n1 accompani$ only by 8 pages1 he repair$ to a small & lonely temple by ! wayside4 ,l ! ,mexican temples 9 g5]al1 x 0 built 9 ! =m ( a pyramid2 & z ! "y man asc5d$ ! /airs he broke at e /ep "o ( ! flutes on :i* he _h play$ 9 ! days ( 8 glory4 ,on rea*+ ! summit he 0 seiz$ & held d[n by ! prie/s on 8 back ^u a block ( /one1 :ile "o ( !m cut op5 8 brea/1 ?ru/ 8 h& into ! w\nd1 & wr5*+ out 8 he>t held x up 9 sacrifice to ! sun4 ,! body ( ! dead god 0 n1 l ! bodies ( common victims1 s5t roll+ d[n ! /eps ( ! temple1 b 0 c>ri$ d[n to ! foot1 :]e ! head 0 cut (f & spitt$ on a pike4 ,su* 0 ! regul> end ( ! man :o p]sonat$ ! greate/ god ( ! ,mexican pan!on47#fgi7 7,m#bag7 ,b he 0 n ! only man :o play$ ! "p ( a god & 0 sacrific$ z su* 9 ! mon? ( ,may4 ,! great god ,vitzilopo*tli or ,huitzilopo*tli 0 also wor%ipp$ at ! same season4 ,an image ( him 0 made out ( d\gh 9 human %ape1 array$ 9 all ! ornam5ts ( ! deity1 & set up 9 8 temple4 ,b ! god _h also 8 liv+ repres5tative 9 ! p]son ( a "y man1 :o1 l ! human repres5tative ( ,tezcatlipoca1 p]sonat$ ! div9ity = a :ole ye> & 0 sacrific$ at ! end4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,may x 0 ! duty ( ! div9e man1 de/9$ s soon to die1 to lead ! dances :i* =m$ a conspicu\s feature ( ! fe/ivities4 ,c\rti]s & w>riors1 old & "y1 danc$ 9 w9d+ figures1 hold+ ea* o!r by ! h&2 & ) !m danc$ "y wom51 :o _h tak5 a v[ to dance ) roa/$ maize4 ,on _! heads ^! damsels wore cr[ns ( roa/$ maize2 fe/oons ( maize hung f _! %\ld]s & cross$ on _! brea/s2 _! faces 7 pa9t$1 & _! arms & legs 7 cov]$ ) r$ fea!rs4 ,danc+ 9 ?is attire ! damsels 7 said to hold ! god ,vitzilopo*tli 9 _! arms2 b !y conduct$ !mselves ) ! utmo/ gravity & decorum4 ,if any man s f> =got himself z to toy ) "o ( ! maid5s1 ! eld] w>riors dealt ) him promptly & sev]ely1 reproa*+ him = ! sacrilege ( :i* he _h be5 guilty4 ,sahagun comp>es ^! ,may dances to ! dances ( peasant m5 & wom5 9 old ,ca/ile1 & ! cr[ns ( maize worn by ! girls he comp>es to ! g>l&s ( fl[]s worn by ru/ic ,ca/ilian maid5s 9 ! mon? ( ,may4 ,s !y danc$ till nightfall4 ,next morn+ !y danc$ aga91 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! day ! man :o repres5t$ ! god ,vitzilopo*tli 0 put to dea?4 ,he _h ! privilege ( *oos+ ! h\r :5 he 0 to die4 ,:5 ! fatal mom5t drew ne>1 !y clo!d him 9 a curi\s dress ( pap] pa9t$ all ov] ) black circles2 on 8 head !y clapp$ a pap] mitre deck$ ) eagle fea!rs & nodd+ plumes1 among :i* 0 fa/5$ a blood-/a9$ obsidian knife4 ,?us attir$1 ) gold5 bells j+l+ at 8 ankles1 he l$ ! dance at all ! balls ( ! fe/ival1 & ?us attir$ he w5t to 8 dea?4 ,! prie/s seiz$ him1 /ret*$ him out1 gripp$ him tight1 cut out 8 he>t1 & held x up to ! sun4 ,8 head 0 sev]$ f ! trunk & spik$ beside ! head ( ! o!r human god1 :o _h be5 sacrific$ n long be=e47#fhj7 7,m#bah7 ,9 ,*olula1 a weal?y trad+ city ( ,mexico1 ! m]*ants wor%ipp$ a god nam$ ,quetzalcoatl4 ,8 image1 set ^u a ri*ly decorat$ alt> or p$e/al 9 a spaci\s temple1 _h ! body ( a man b ! head ( a bird1 ) a r$ beak surm\nt$ by a cre/1 ! face dy$ yell[1 ) a black b& runn+ f ! eyes to bel[ ! beak1 & ! tongue loll+ out4 ,on its head 0 a pap] mitre pa9t$ black1 :ite1 & r$2 on its neck a l>ge gold5 jewel 9 ! %ape ( butt]fly w+s2 ab\t its body a fea!r mantle1 black1 r$1 & :ite2 gold5 socks & gold5 s&als encas$ its legs & feet4 ,9 ! "r h& ! image wield$ a wood5 in/rum5t l a sickle1 & 9 ! left a buckl] cov]$ ) ! black & :ite plumage ( sea-birds47#fha7 ,! fe/ival ( ?is god 0 celebrat$ on ! ?ird day ( ,febru>y4 ,=ty days be=e ! fe/ival 8! m]*ants b\ght a slave well proportion$1 )\t any fault or blemi%1 ei!r ( sickness or ( hurt1 :om !y did attire ) ! ornam5ts ( ! idol1 t he might repres5t x =ty days4 ,be=e 8 clo?+ !y did cleanse him1 wa%+ him twice 9 a lake1 :i* !y call$ ! lake ( ! gods2 & be+ purifi$1 !y attir$ him l ! idol4 ,dur+ ^! =ty days1 he 0 mu* respect$ = 8 sake :om he repres5t$4 ,by night !y did imprison him 7z ha? be5 said7 le/ he %\ld fly1 & 9 ! morn+ !y took him out ( prison1 sett+ him ^u an em95t place1 :]e !y s]v$ him1 giv+ him exquisite meats to eat4 ,aft] he _h eat51 !y put a *a9 ( fl[]s ab\t 8 neck1 & _m nosegays 9 8 h&s4 ,he _h a well-appo9t$ gu>d1 ) mu* p to accompany him4 ,:5 he w5t ?r\gh ! city1 he w5t danc+ & s++ ?r\gh all ! /reets1 t he might be kn[n = ! resemblance ( _! god1 & :5 he began to s+1 ! wom5 & little *ildr5 came =? ( _! h\ses to salute him1 & to (f] unto him z to _! god4 ,two old m5 ( ! anci5ts ( ! temple came unto him n9e days be=e ! fea/1 & humbl+ !mselves be=e him1 !y said ) a l[ & submissive voice1 #8,sir1 y mu/ und]/& t n9e days h5ce ! ex]cise ( danc+ & s++ do? end1 & ?\ mu/ !n die'2 & !n he mu/ answ]1 #8,9 a good h\r4' ,!y call ?is c]emony ,neylo ,maxilt ,ileztli1 :i* is to say1 ! adv]tisem5t2 & :5 !y did ?us adv]tise him1 !y took v c>eful he$ :e!r he 7 sad1 or if he danc$ z joyfully z he 0 accu/om$1 ! :i* if he did n z *e]fully z !y desir$1 !y made a fooli% sup]/ition 9 ?is mann]4 ,!y pres5tly took ! sacrifiz+ razors1 ! :i* !y wa%$ & cleans$ f ! blood ( m5 :i* rema9$ ( ! =m] sacrifices4 ,( ?is wa%+ !y made a dr9k m+l$ ) ano!r liquor made ( cacao1 giv+ x him to dr9k2 !y said t ?is w\ld make him =get :at _h be5 said unto him1 & w\ld make him 9 a mann] ins5sible1 return+ to 8 =m] danc+ & mir?4 ,!y said1 moreov]1 t he w\ld (f] himself *e]fully to dea?1 be+ en*ant$ ) ?is dr9k4 ,! cause :y !y s\ght to take f him ?is heav9ess1 01 = t !y held x = an ill augury1 & a =e-tell+ ( "s great h>m4 ,! day ( ! fea/ be+ come1 aft] !y _h done him mu* hon\r1 sung1 & giv5 him inc5se1 ! sacrific]s took him ab\t midnight & did sacrifice him1 z ha? be5 said1 (f]+ 8 he>t unto ! ,moon1 ! :i* !y did aft]w>ds ca/ aga9/ ! idol1 lett+ ! body fall to ! bottom ( ! /airs ( ! temple1 :]e su* z _h (f]$ him took him up1 :i* 7 ! m]*ants1 ^: fea/ x 04 ,!n hav+ c>ri$ him into ! *iefe/ man's h\se among/ !m1 ! body 0 dre/ ) div]se sauces1 to celebrate 7at ! break ( day7 ! banquet & d9n] ( ! fea/1 hav+ fir/ bid ! idol good morr[1 ) a small dance1 :i* !y made :il/ ! day did break1 & t !y prep>$ ! sacrifice4 ,!n did all ! m]*ants assemble at ?is banquet1 especially ^? :i* made x a trafick to buy & sell slaves1 :o 7 b\nd e ye> to (f] "o1 = ! resemblance ( _! god4 ,?is idol 0 "o ( ! mo/ hon\r$ 9 all ! l&2 & !re=e ! temple :]e he 01 0 ( great au?ority407#fhb7 7,m#bai7 ,! hon\r ( liv+ = a %ort "t 9 ! "* ( a god & dy+ a viol5t dea? 9 ! same capacity 0 n re/rict$ to m5 9 ,mexico2 wom5 7 all[$1 or r compell$1 to enjoy ! glory & to %>e ! doom z repres5tatives ( goddesses4 ,?us 9 ! sev5? mon? ( _! ye>1 :i* correspond$ r\ghly to ,june1 ! ,aztecs celebrat$ a fe/ival 9 hon\r ( ,huixtocihuatl1 ! ,goddess ( ,salt4 ,%e 0 said to be a si/] ( ! ,ra9 ,gods1 b hav+ qu>rell$ ) !m %e 0 bani%$ & driv5 to take up h] abode 9 ! salt wat]4 ,be+ ( an +5i\s turn ( m9d1 %e inv5t$ ! process ( extract+ salt by means ( pans2 h5ce %e 0 wor%ipp$ by all salt-mak]s z _! patron goddess4 ,h] g>m5ts 7 yell[2 on h] head %e wore a mitre surm\nt$ by bun*es ( wav+ gre5 plumes1 :i* %one ) gre5i% iridesc5t hues 9 ! sun4 ,h] robe & petticoats 7 embroid]$ ) patt]ns simulat+ ! waves ( ! sea4 ,gold5 e>-r+s 9 ! =m ( fl[]s dangl$ at h] e>s2 gold5 bells j+l$ at h] ankles4 ,9 "o h& %e c>ri$ a r\nd %ield pa9t$ ) ! leaves ( a c]ta9 plant & adorn$ ) droop+ fr+es ( p>rots' fea!rs2 9 ! o!r h& %e c>ri$ a /\t baton end+ 9 a knob & b$eck$ ) pap]1 artificial fl[]s1 & fea!rs4 ,= t5 days be=e h] fe/ival a woman p]sonat$ ! goddess & wore h] gorge\s co/ume4 ,x 0 h] duty dur+ ^! days to lead ! dances :i* at ?is season 7 danc$ by ! wom5 & girls ( ! salt-mak]s4 ,!y danc$1 "y1 old1 & *ildr51 9 a r+1 all hold+ a cord1 _! heads cr[n$ ) g>l&s ( a fragrant fl[] 7,artemisia lac9iata7 & s++ airs 9 a %rill soprano4 ,9 ! middle ( ! r+ danc$ ! woman :o repres5t$ ! goddess1 ) h] gold5 bells j+l+ at e /ep1 br&i%+ h] %ield1 & m>k+ ! "t ( ! dance & song ) h] baton4 ,on ! la/ day1 ! eve ( ! fe/ival1 %e _h to dance all night )\t re/+ till break ( day1 :5 %e 0 to die4 ,old wom5 support$ h] 9 ! we>y task1 & !y all danc$ toge!r1 arm 9 arm4 ,) h]1 too1 danc$ ! slaves :o 7 to die ) h] 9 ! morn+4 ,:5 ! h\r 0 come1 !y l$ h]1 /ill p]sonat+ ! goddess1 up ! /eps ( ! temple ( ,tlaloc1 foll[$ by ! doom$ captives4 ,arriv$ at ! summit ( ! pyramid1 ! but*]y began ) ! captives1 :ile ! woman /ood look+ on4 ,h] turn be+ come1 !y ?rew h] on h] back on ! block1 & :ile five m5 held h] d[n & two o!rs compress$ h] ?roat ) a billet ( wood or ! sword ( a sword-fi% to prev5t h] f scream+1 ! prie/ cut op5 h] brea/ ) 8 knife1 & ?ru/+ 8 h& into ! w\nd tore out h] he>t & flung x into a b[l4 ,:5 all 0 ov]1 ! salt-mak]s :o _h witness$ ! sacrifice w5t home to dr9k & make m]ry47#fhc7 7,m#bbj7 ,aga91 9 ! eigh? mon? ( ! ,mexican ye>1 :i* answ]$ to ! latt] end ( ,june & ! e>ly "p ( ,july1 ! ,aztecs sacrific$ a woman :o p]sonat$ ,xilon51 ! goddess ( ! "y maize-cobs 7xilotl74 ,! fe/ival at :i* ! sacrifice took place 0 held on ! t5? day ( ! mon? ab\t ! "t :5 ! maize is ne>ly ripe1 & :5 fibres %oot+ =? f ! gre5 e> %ew t ! gra9 is fully =m$4 ,= eight days be=e ! fe/ival m5 & wom51 clad 9 ri* g>m5ts & deck$ ) jewels1 danc$ & sang toge!r 9 ! c\rts ( ! temples1 :i* 7 brilliantly illum9at$ = ! purpose4 ,r[s ( tall brazi]s s5t up a flick]+ blaze1 & tor*be>]s held al(t huge tor*es ( p9ewood4 ,"s ( ! danc]s !mselves c>ri$ heavy tor*es1 :i* fl>$ & splutt]$ z !y danc$4 ,! dances began at sund[n & la/$ till ab\t n9e o'clock4 ,none b tri$ & di/+ui%$ w>riors might take "p 9 !m4 ,! wom5 wore _! long hair hang+ loose on _! back & %\ld]s1 9 ord] t ! tassels ( ! maize might likewise gr[ long & loose1 = ! m tassels ! m gra9 9 ! e>4 ,m5 & wom5 danc$ hold+ ea* o!r by ! h& or ) _! arms r\nd ea* o!r's wai/s1 m>k+ "t exactly ) _! feet to ! music ( ! drums & mov+ out & 9 among ! flam+ brazi]s & tor*es4 ,! dances 7 /rictly decor\s4 ,if any man 0 detect$ mak+ love to "o ( ! wom5 danc]s1 he 0 publicly disgrac$1 sev]ely puni%$1 & nev] all[$ to dance & s+ 9 public aga94 ,on ! eve ( ! fe/ival ! woman :o 0 to die 9 ! "* ( ! ,goddess ( ! ,"y ,maize 0 array$ 9 ! ri* robes & spl5did jewels ( ! div9ity :om %e p]sonat$4 ,! upp] "p ( h] face 0 pa9t$ r$ & ! l[] "p yell[1 probably to assimilate h] to ! ruddy & orange hues ( ! ripe maize4 ,h] legs & arms 7 cov]$ ) r$ fea!rs4 ,%e wore a pap] cr[n deck$ ) a bun* ( fea!rs2 necklaces ( gems & gold encircl$ h] neck2 h] g>m5ts 7 embroid]$ ) qua9t figures2 h] %oes 7 /rip$ ) r$4 ,9 h] left h& %e held a r\nd %ield1 9 h] "r a crimson baton4 ,?us array$1 %e 0 l$ by o!r wom5 to (f] inc5se 9 f\r diff]5t places4 ,all ! re/ ( ! night %e & !y danc$ & sang 9 front ( ! temple ( ! goddess ,xilon51 ^: liv+ image %e 0 suppos$ to be4 ,9 ! morn+ ! nobles danc$ a solemn dance by !mselves1 lean+1 or mak+ believe to lean1 on /alks ( maize4 ,! wom51 prank$ ) g>l&s & fe/oons ( yell[ fl[]s1 danc$ also by !mselves along ) ! victim4 ,among ! prie/s ! "o :o 0 to act z execution] wore a f9e bun* ( fea!rs on 8 back4 ,ano!r %ook a rattle be=e ! doom$ woman z %e m\nt$ up ! /eps ( ! temple ( ,c9teotl1 ! ,goddess ( ! ,maize4 ,on rea*+ ! summit %e 0 seiz$ by a prie/1 :o ?rew h] on 8 back1 :ile ! sacrific] sev]$ h] head f h] body1 tore out h] he>t1 & ?rew x 9 a sauc]4 ,:5 ?is sacrifice _h be5 p]=m$ 9 hon\r ( ,xilon51 ! ,goddess ( ! ,"y ,maize1 ! p 7 free to eat ! gre5 e>s ( maize & ! bread t 0 bak$ ( x4 ,no "o w\ld h d>$ to eat ( ^! ?+s be=e ! sacrifice47#fhd7 7,m#bba7 ,aga91 9 ! sev5te5? mon? ( ! ,mexican ye>17#fhe7 :i* correspond$ to ! latt] "p ( ,decemb] & ! e>ly "p ( ,janu>y1 ! ,aztecs sacrific$ a woman1 :o p]sonat$ ! goddess ,ilamatecutli or ,tonan1 :i* means 8,our ,"m40 ,h] fe/ival fell on ,*ri/mas ,day1 ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,decemb]4 ,! image ( ! goddess wore a two-fac$ mask ) l>ge m\?s & protrud+ eyes4 ,! woman :o repres5t$ h] 0 dress$ 9 :ite robes & %od ) :ite s&als4 ,ov] h] :ite mantle %e wore a lea!rn j]k91 ! l[] edge ( :i* 0 cut into a fr+e ( /raps1 & to ! end ( ea* /rap 0 fa/5$ a small %ell4 ,z %e walk$1 ! %ells cla%$ toge!r & made a noise :i* 0 he>d af> (f4 ,! upp] half ( h] face 0 pa9t$ yell[ & ! l[] half black2 & %e wore a wig4 ,9 h] h& %e c>ri$ a r\nd :itewa%$ %ield decorat$ 9 ! middle ) a circle ( eagle fea!rs1 :ile :ite h]on plumes1 end+ 9 eagle fea!rs1 droop$ f x4 ,?us array$ & p]sonat+ ! goddess1 ! woman danc$ alone to music play$ by old m51 & z %e danc$ %e sigh$ & wept at ! ?\ght ( ! dea? t 0 s ne>4 ,at noon or a little lat] ! dance ceas$2 & :5 ! sun 0 decl9+ 9 ! we/1 !y l$ h] up ! long asc5t to ! summit ( ,huitzilopo*tli's temple4 ,beh9d h] m>*$ ! prie/s clad 9 ! trapp+s ( all ! gods1 ) masks on _! faces4 ,"o ( !m wore ! co/ume & ! mask ( ! goddess ,ilamatecutli1 :om ! victim also repres5t$4 ,on rea*+ ! l(ty plat=m :i* cr[n$ ! pyramidal temple1 !y slew h] 9 ! usual fa%ion1 wr5*$ out h] he>t1 & cut (f h] head4 ,! dripp+ head 0 giv5 to ! prie/ :o wore ! co/ume & mask ( ! goddess & wav+ x up & d[n he danc$ r\nd ! plat=m1 foll[$ by all ! o!r prie/s 9 ! attire & masks ( ! gods4 ,:5 ! dance _h la/$ a c]ta9 "t1 ! lead] gave ! signal1 & !y all troop$ d[n ! long flight ( /airs to disrobe !mselves & deposit ! masks & co/umes 9 ! *apels :]e !y 7 usually kept4 ,next day ! p indulg$ 9 a c]ta9 pa/ime4 ,m5 & boys furni%$ !mselves ) little bags or nets /uff$ ) pap]1 fl[]s ( gal+ale1 or gre5 leaves ( maize1 :i* !y ti$ to /r+s1 & us$ !m z in/rum5ts to /rike any girl or woman !y might meet 9 ! /reets4 ,sometimes ?ree or f\r ur*9s w\ld ga!r r\nd "o girl1 beat+ h] till %e cri$2 b "s %rewd w5*es w5t ab\t t day arm$ ) /icks1 ) :i* !y retaliat$ sm>tly on _! assailants4 ,x 0 a p5al (f5ce to put /ones or any?+ else t c\ld hurt 9 ! bags47#fhf7 7,m#bbb7 ,9 ! prec$+ cu/om1 :at are we to make ( ! sacrifice ( a woman1 :o p]sonat$ ! goddess1 by a man :o also wore ! co/ume & mask ( ! goddess1 & :o imm$iately aft] ! sacrifice danc$ ) ! ble$+ head ( ! victim8 ,p]haps ! int5tion ( ! /range rite 0 to repres5t ! resurrection ( ! sla9 goddess 9 ! p]son ( ! prie/ :o wore h] co/ume & mask & dangl$ ! sev]$ head ( h] slaught]$ repres5tative4 ,if t 0 s1 x w\ld expla9 ano!r & /ill gha/li] rite1 9 :i* ! ,mexicans seem to h set =? ! doctr9e ( ! div9e resurrection4 ,?is 0 to sk9 ! sla9 woman :o _h p]sonat$ ! goddess & !n to clo! 9 ! bloody sk9 a man1 :o pranc$ ab\t 9 x1 z if he 7 ! dead woman or r goddess come to life aga94 ,?us 9 ! elev5? ,mexican mon?1 :i* correspond$ to ! latt] "p ( ,augu/ & ! e>ly "p ( ,septemb]1 !y celebrat$ a fe/ival 9 hon\r ( a goddess call$ ! ,"m ( ! ,gods 7,teteo innan7 or ,our ,ance/ress 7,toci71 or ! ,he>t ( ! ,e>?1 & !y sacrific$ a woman clad 9 ! co/ume & ornam5ts ( ! goddess4 ,%e 0 a slave b\ght = ! purpose by ! guilds ( physicians1 surgeons1 blood-lett]s1 midwives & =tune-tell]s1 :o p>ticul>ly wor%ipp$ ?is deity4 ,:5 ! poor wret* came =? deck$ 9 all ! trapp+s ( ! goddess1 ! p1 we are told1 look$ on h] z equival5t to ! ,"m ( ! ,gods h]self & paid h] z mu* hon\r & rev]5ce z if %e _h inde$ be5 t great div9ity4 ,= eight days !y danc$ sil5tly 9 f\r r[s1 if dance x c\ld be call$ 9 :i* ! danc]s sc>cely /irr$ _! legs & bodies1 b cont5t$ !mselves ) mov+ _! h&s1 9 :i* !y held bran*es ( blossoms1 up & d[n 9 "t to ! tuck ( drum4 ,^! dances began 9 ! aft]noon & la/$ till ! sun w5t d[n4 ,no "o might speak dur+ _! p]=mance2 only "s lively y\?s mimick$ by a boom+ murmur ( ! lips ! rub-a-dub ( ! drums4 ,:5 ! dances 7 ov]1 ! m$ical wom51 "y & old1 divid$ !mselves into two p>ties & engag$ 9 a %am fight be=e ! woman :o act$ ! "p ( ! ,"m ( ! ,gods4 ,?is !y did to div]t h] & keep h] f be+ sad & %$d+ te>s2 = if %e wept1 !y deem$ x an om5 t _m m5 w\ld die 9 battle & _m wom5 9 *ildb$4 ,! fight betwe5 ! wom5 consi/$ 9 ?r[+ balls ( moss1 leaves1 or fl[]s at ea* o!r2 & %e :o p]sonat$ ! goddess l$ "o ( ! p>ties to ! attack4 ,^! mock battles la/$ f\r days4 7,m#bbc7 ,aft] t !y l$ ! woman :o 0 to die to ! m>ket-place1 t %e might bid x f>ewell2 & by way ( do+ s %e scatt]$ ! fl\r ( maize :]ev] %e w5t4 ,! prie/s !n att5d$ h] to a build+ ne> ! temple 9 :i* %e 0 to be sacrific$4 ,! k ( h] doom 0 kept f h] z f> z possible4 ,! m$ical wom5 & ! midwives com=t$ h]1 say+1 8,be n ca/ d[n1 swee!>t2 ?is night ?\ %alt sleep ) ! k+2 !re=e rejoice40 ,!n !y put on h] ! ornam5ts ( ! goddess1 & at midnight l$ h] to ! temple :]e %e 0 to die4 ,on ! passage n a ^w 0 spok51 n a c\gh 0 he>d2 cr[ds 7 ga!r$ to see h] pass1 b all kept a pr(\nd sil5ce4 ,arriv$ at ! summit ( ! temple %e 0 hoi/$ on to ! back ( "o prie/1 :ile ano!r adroitly cut (f h] head4 ,! body1 /ill w>m1 0 sk9n$1 & a tall robu/ "y man clo!d himself 9 ! ble$+ sk9 & s became 9 turn a liv+ image ( ! goddess4 ,"o ( ! woman's ?ighs 0 flay$ sep>ately1 & ! sk9 c>ri$ to ano!r temple1 :]e a "y man put x ov] 8 face z a mask & s p]sonat$ ! maize-goddess ,c9teotl1 daught] ( ! ,"m ( ! ,gods4 ,meantime ! o!r1 clad 9 ! re/ ( ! woman's sk91 hurri$ d[n ! /eps ( ! temple4 ,! nobles & w>riors fl$ be=e him1 c>ry+ blood-/a9$ besoms ( c\*grass1 b turn$ to look back at him f "t to "t & smote ^u _! %ields z if to bid him come on4 ,he foll[$ h>d aft] !m & all :o saw t flight & pursuit quak$ ) fe>4 ,on arriv+ at ! foot ( ! temple ( ,huitzilopo*tli1 ! man :o wore ! sk9 ( ! dead woman & p]sonat$ ! ,"m ( ! ,gods1 lift$ up 8 arms & /ood l a cross be=e ! image ( ! god2 ?is action he repeat$ f\r times4 ,!n he jo9$ ! man :o p]sonat$ ! maize-goddess ,c9teotl1 & toge!r !y w5t sl[ly to ! temple ( ! ,"m ( ! ,gods1 :]e ! woman _h be5 sacrific$4 ,all ?is "t x 0 night4 ,next morn+ at break ( day ! man :o p]sonat$ ! ,"m ( ! ,gods took up 8 po/ on ! highe/ po9t ( ! temple2 !re !y deck$ him 9 all ! gorge\s trapp+s ( ! goddess & set a spl5did cr[n on 8 head4 ,!n ! captives 7 set 9 a r[ be=e him1 & array$ 9 all 8 f9]y he slaught]$ f\r ( !m ) 8 own h&3 ! re/ he left to be but*]$ by ! prie/s4 ,a v>iety ( c]emonies & dances foll[$4 ,among/ o!rs1 ! blood ( ! human victims 0 collect$ 9 a b[l & set be=e ! man :o p]sonat$ ! ,"m ( ! ,gods4 ,he dipp$ 8 f+] into ! blood & !n suck$ 8 bloody f+]2 & :5 he _h suck$ x he b[$ 8 head & utt]$ a dolor\s groan1 :]eat ! ,indians believ$ ! e>? itself %ook & trembl$1 z did all :o he>d x4 ,f9ally ! sk9 ( ! sla9 woman & ! sk9 ( h] ?igh 7 c>ri$ away & deposit$ sep>ately at two t[]s1 "o ( :i* /ood on ! bord] ( ! enemy's c\ntry47#fhg7 7,m#bbd7 ,?is rem>kable fe/ival 9 hon\r ( ! ,"m ( ! ,gods is said to h be5 imm$iately prec$$ by a simil> fe/ival 9 hon\r ( ! ,maize ,goddess ,*icomecohuatl47#fhh7 ,! image ( ?is goddess 0 ( wood & repres5t$ h] z a girl ( ab\t twelve ye>s ( age we>+ fem99e ornam5ts pa9t$ 9 gay col\rs4 ,on h] head 0 a pa/ebo>d mitre2 h] long hair fell on h] %\ld]s2 9 h] e>s %e _h gold5 e>r+s2 r\nd h] neck %e wore a necklace ( gold5 maize-cobs /rung on a blue ribbon1 & 9 h] h&s %e held ! lik5ess ( maize-cobs made ( fea!rs & g>ni%$ ) gold4 ,h] fe/ival1 :i* 0 obs]v$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\ntry ) great devotion on ! fifte5? day ( ,septemb]1 0 prec$$ by a /rict fa/ ( sev5 days1 dur+ :i* old & "y1 sick & :ole1 ate no?+ b brok5 victuals & dry bread & drank no?+ b wat]1 & did p5ance by draw+ blood f _! e>s4 ,! blood s drawn 0 kept 9 vessels1 :i* 7 n sc\r$1 s t a dry cru/ =m$ ov] x4 ,on ! day be=e ! fa/ began ! p ate & drank to _! he>t's cont5t1 & !y sanctifi$ a woman to repres5t ,atlatatonan1 ! ,goddess ( ,lep]s1 dress+ h] up 9 an appropriate co/ume4 ,:5 ! fa/ 0 ov]1 ! high prie/ ( ! temple ( ,tlaloc sacrific$ ! woman 9 ! usual way by te>+ out h] he>t & hold+ x up z an (f]+ to ! sun4 ,h] body1 ) all ! robes & ornam5ts %e _h worn1 0 ca/ into a well or vault 9 ! temple1 & along ) ! corpse 7 ?r[n 9 all ! plates & di%es out ( :i* ! p _h eat51 & all ! mats on :i* !y _h sat or slept dur+ ! fa/1 z if1 says ! hi/orian1 !y _h be5 infect$ ) ! plague ( leprosy4 ,aft] t ! p 7 free to eat bread1 salt1 & tomatoes2 & imm$iately aft] ! sacrifice ( ! woman :o p]sonat$ ! ,goddess ( ,leprosy !y sanctifi$ a "y slave girl ( twelve or ?irte5 ye>s1 ! prettie/ !y c\ld f9d1 to repres5t ! ,maize ,goddess ,*icomecohuatl4 ,!y inve/$ h] ) ! ornam5ts ( ! goddess1 putt+ ! mitre on h] head & ! maize-cobs r\nd h] neck & 9 h] h&s1 & fa/5+ a gre5 fea!r upright on ! cr[n ( h] head to imitate an e> ( maize4 ,?is !y did1 we are told1 9 ord] to signify t ! maize 0 almo/ ripe at ! "t ( ! fe/ival1 b because x 0 /ill t5d] !y *ose a girl ( t5d] ye>s to play ! "p ( ! ,maize ,goddess4 ,! :ole long day !y l$ ! poor *ild 9 all h] f9]y1 ) ! gre5 plume nodd+ on h] head1 f h\se to h\se danc+ m]rily to *e] p aft] ! dulness & privations ( ! fa/4 7,m#bbe7 ,9 ! ev5+ all ! p assembl$ at ! temple1 ! c\rts ( :i* !y lit up by a multitude ( lant]ns & c&les4 ,!re !y pass$ ! night )\t sleep+1 & at midnight1 :ile ! trumpets1 flutes1 & horns disc\rs$ solemn music1 a portable framework or palanqu9 0 br\ght =?1 b$eck$ ) fe/oons ( maize-cobs & pepp]s & fill$ ) se$s ( all sorts4 ,?is ! be>]s set d[n at ! door ( ! *amb] 9 :i* ! wood5 image ( ! goddess /ood4 ,n[ ! *amb] 0 adorn$ & wrea!d1 bo? outside & inside1 ) wrea?s ( maize-cobs1 pepp]s1 pumpk9s1 roses1 & se$s ( e k9d1 a wond] to behold2 ! :ole floor 0 cov]$ deep ) ^! v]dant (f]+s ( ! pi\s4 ,:5 ! music ceas$1 a solemn procession came =? ( prie/s & dignit>ies1 ) fl>+ lights & smok+ c5s]s1 lead+ 9 _! mid/ ! girl :o play$ ! "p ( ! goddess4 ,!n !y made h] m\nt ! framework1 :]e %e /ood upright on ! maize & pepp]s & pumpk9s ) :i* x 0 /rew$1 h] h&s re/+ on two banni/]s to keep h] f fall+4 ,!n ! prie/s swung ! smok+ c5s]s r\nd h]2 ! music /ruck up aga91 & :ile x play$1 a great dignit>y ( ! temple sudd5ly /epp$ up to h] ) a razor 9 8 h& & adroitly %ore (f ! gre5 fea!r %e wore on h] head1 toge!r ) ! hair 9 :i* x 0 fa/5$1 snipp+ ! lock (f by ! root4 ,! fea!r & ! hair he !n pres5t$ to ! wood5 image ( ! goddess ) great solemnity & elaborate c]emonies1 weep+ & giv+ h] ?anks = ! fruits ( ! e>? & ! abundant crops :i* %e _h be/[$ on ! p t ye>2 & z he wept & pray$1 all ! p1 /&+ 9 ! c\rts ( ! temple1 wept & pray$ ) him4 ,:5 t c]emony 0 ov]1 ! girl desc5d$ f ! framework & 0 escort$ to ! place :]e %e 0 to sp5d ! re/ ( ! night4 ,b all ! p kept wat* 9 ! c\rts ( ! temple by ! light ( tor*es till break ( day4 7,m#bbf7 ,! morn+ be+ come1 & ! c\rts ( ! temple be+ /ill cr[d$ by ! multitude1 :o w\ld h deem$ x sacrilege to quit ! prec9cts1 ! prie/s aga9 br\ght =? ! damsel attir$ 9 ! co/ume ( ! goddess1 ) ! mitre on h] head & ! cobs ( maize ab\t h] neck4 ,aga9 %e m\nt$ ! portable framework or palanqu9 & /ood on x1 support+ h]self by h] h&s on ! banni/]s4 ,!n ! eld]s ( ! temple lift$ x on _! %\ld]s1 & :ile "s swung burn+ c5s]s & o!rs play$ on in/rum5ts or sang1 !y c>ri$ x 9 procession ?r\gh ! great c\rty>d to ! hall ( ! god ,huitzilopo*tli & !n back to ! *amb]1 :]e /ood ! wood5 image ( ! ,maize ,goddess1 :om ! girl p]sonat$4 ,!re !y caus$ ! damsel to desc5d f ! palanqu9 & to /& on ! heaps ( corn & vegetables t _h be5 spread 9 pr(usion on ! floor ( ! sacr$ *amb]4 ,:ile %e /ood !re all ! eld]s & nobles came 9 a l9e1 "o beh9d ! o!r1 c>ry+ ! sauc]s ( dry & clott$ blood :i* !y _h drawn f _! e>s by way ( p5ance dur+ ! sev5 days' fa/4 ,"o by "o !y squatt$ on _! haun*es be=e h]1 :i* 0 ! equival5t ( fall+ on _! knees ) u1 & scrap+ ! cru/ ( blood f ! sauc] ca/ x d[n be=e h] z an (f]+ 9 return = ! b5efits :i* %e1 z ! embodim5t ( ! ,maize ,goddess1 _h conf]r$ ^u !m4 ,:5 ! m5 _h ?us humbly (f]$ _! blood to ! human repres5tative ( ! goddess1 ! wom51 =m+ a long l9e1 did s likewise1 ea* ( !m dropp+ on h] hams be=e ! girl & scrap+ h] blood f ! sauc]4 ,! c]emony la/$ a long "t1 = great & small1 "y & old1 all )\t exception _h to pass be=e ! inc>nate deity & make _! (f]+4 ,:5 x 0 ov]1 ! p return$ home ) glad he>ts to fea/ on fle% & vi&s ( e sort z m]rily1 we are told1 z good ,*ri/ians at ,ea/] p>take ( meat & o!r c>nal m]cies aft] ! long ab/95ce ( ,l5t4 ,& :5 !y _h eat5 & drunk _! fill & re/$ aft] ! night wat*1 !y return$ q refre%$ to ! temple to see ! end ( ! fe/ival4 ,& ! end ( ! fe/ival 0 ?is4 ,! multitude be+ assembl$1 ! prie/s solemnly inc5s$ ! girl :o p]sonat$ ! goddess2 !n !y ?rew h] on h] back on ! heap ( corn & se$s1 cut (f h] head1 caught ! gu%+ blood 9 a tub1 & spr9kl$ ! blood on ! wood5 image ( ! goddess1 ! walls ( ! *amb]1 & ! (f]+s ( corn1 pepp]s1 pumpk9s1 se$s1 & vegetables :i* cumb]$ ! floor4 ,aft] t !y flay$ ! headless trunk1 & "o ( ! prie/s made %ift to squeeze himself into ! bloody sk94 ,hav+ done s !y clad him 9 all ! robes :i* ! girl _h worn2 !y put ! mitre on 8 head1 ! necklace ( gold5 maize-cobs ab\t 8 neck1 ! maize-cobs ( fea!rs & gold 9 8 h&s2 & ?us array$ !y l$ him =? 9 public1 all ( !m danc+ to ! tuck ( drum1 :ile he act$ z fugleman1 skipp+ & po/ur+ at ! head ( ! procession z briskly z he c\ld be expect$ to d1 incommod$ z he 0 by ! tight & clammy sk9 ( ! girl & by h] clo!s1 :i* mu/ h be5 mu* too small = a gr[n man47#fhi7 7,m#bbg7 ,9 ! =ego+ cu/om ! id5tification ( ! "y girl ) ! ,maize ,goddess appe>s to be complete4 ,! gold5 maize cobs :i* %e wore r\nd h] neck1 ! artificial maize cobs :i* %e c>ri$ 9 h] h&s1 ! gre5 fea!r :i* 0 /uck 9 h] hair 9 imitation 7we are told7 ( a gre5 e> ( maize1 all set h] =? z a p]sonification ( ! corn-_s2 & we are expressly in=m$ t %e 0 specially *os5 z a "y girl to repres5t ! "y maize1 :i* at ! "t ( ! fe/ival _h n yet fully rip5$4 ,fur!r1 h] id5tification ) ! corn & ! corn-goddess 0 cle>ly ann\nc$ by mak+ h] /& on ! heaps ( maize & !re receive ! homage & blood-(f]+s ( ! :ole p1 :o !reby return$ h] ?anks = ! b5efits :i* 9 h] "* ( a div9ity %e 0 suppos$ to h conf]r$ ^u !m4 ,once m1 ! practice ( behead+ h] on a heap ( corn & se$s & spr9kl+ h] blood1 n only on ! image ( ! ,maize ,goddess1 b on ! piles ( maize1 pepp]s1 pumpk9s1 se$s1 & vegetables1 c seem+ly h _h no o!r object b to quick5 & /r5g!n ! crops ( corn & ! fruits ( ! e>? 9 g5]al by infus+ into _! repres5tatives ! blood ( ! ,corn ,goddess h]self4 ,! analogy ( ?is ,mexican sacrifice1 ! mean+ ( :i* appe>s to be indisputable1 may be all[$ to /r5g!n ! int]pretation :i* ,i h giv5 ( o!r human sacrifices (f]$ = ! crops47#fij7 ,if ! ,mexican girl1 ^: blood 0 spr9kl$ on ! maize1 inde$ p]sonat$ ! ,maize ,goddess1 x becomes m ?an ev] probable t ! girl ^: blood ! ,pawnees simil>ly spr9kl$ on ! se$ corn p]sonat$ 9 l mann] ! female ,_s ( ! ,corn2 & s ) ! o!r human be+s :om o!r races h slaught]$ = ! sake ( promot+ ! gr[? ( ! crops4 7,m#bbh7 ,la/ly1 ! conclud+ act ( ! sacr$ drama1 9 :i* ! body ( ! dead ,maize ,goddess 0 flay$ & h] sk9 worn1 toge!r ) all h] sacr$ insignia1 by a man :o danc$ be=e ! p 9 ?is grim attire1 seems to be be/ expla9$ on ! hypo!sis t x 0 int5d$ to ensure t ! div9e dea? %\ld be imm$iately foll[$ by ! div9e resurrection4 ,if t 0 s1 we may inf] ) "s degree ( probability t ! practice ( kill+ a human repres5tative ( a deity has commonly1 p]haps always1 be5 reg>d$ m]ely z a means ( p]petuat+ ! div9e en]gies 9 ! fulness ( y\?ful vig\r1 unta9t$ by ! weakness & frailty ( age1 f :i* !y mu/ h suff]$ if ! deity _h be5 all[$ to die a natural dea?4 7,m#bbi7 ,?is int]pretation ( ! ,mexican cu/om ( flay+ human be+s & p]mitt+ or requir+ o!r p]sons to p>ade publicly 9 ! sk9s ( ! victims may p]haps be confirm$ by a consid]ation ( ! fe/ival at :i* ?is /range rite 0 obs]v$ on ! l>ge/ scale1 & :i* accord+ly w5t by ! "n ( ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,flay+ ( ,m5 7,tlacaxipeualiztli74 ,x 0 celebrat$ 9 ! second mon? ( ! ,aztec ye>1 :i* correspond$ to ! la/ days ( ,febru>y & ! e>ly "p ( ,m>*4 ,! exact day ( ! fe/ival 0 ! tw5tie? ( ,m>*1 accord+ to "o pi\s *ronicl]1 :o notes ) unction t ! bloody rite fell only "o day lat] ?an ! fea/ :i* ,holy ,*ur* solemnizes 9 hon\r ( ! glori\s ,/4 ,joseph4 ,! god :om ! ,aztecs wor%ipp$ 9 ?is /range fa%ion 0 nam$ ,xipe1 8! ,flay$ ,"o10 or ,totec1 8,our ,"l40 ,on ?is occasion he also bore ! solemn "n ( ,y\allauan1 8,he :o dr9ks 9 ! ,night40 ,8 image 0 ( /one & repres5t$ him 9 human =m ) 8 m\? op5 z if 9 ! act ( speak+2 8 body 0 pa9t$ yell[ on ! "o side & drab on ! o!r2 he wore ! sk9 ( a flay$ man ov] 8 own1 ) ! h&s ( ! victim dangl+ at 8 wri/s4 ,on 8 head he _h a hood ( v>i\s col\rs1 & ab\t 8 lo9s a gre5 petticoat rea*+ to 8 knees ) a fr+e ( small %ells4 ,9 8 two h&s he grasp$ a rattle l ! head ( a poppy ) ! se$s 9 x2 :ile on 8 left arm he support$ a yell[ %ield ) a r$ rim4 ,at 8 fe/ival ! ,mexicans kill$ all ! prison]s !y _h tak5 9 w>1 m51 wom51 & *ildr54 ,! numb] ( ! victims 0 v great4 ,a ,spani% hi/orian ( ! sixte5? c5tury e/imat$ t 9 ,mexico m p us$ to be sacrific$ on ! alt> ?an di$ a natural dea?4 ,all :o 7 sacrific$ to ,xipe1 8! ,flay$ ,god10 7 !mselves flay$1 & m5 :o _h made a special v[ to ! god put on ! sk9s ( ! human victims & w5t ab\t ! city 9 t guise = tw5ty days1 be+ ev]y:]e welcom$ & rev]$ z liv+ images ( ! deity4 ,=ty days be=e ! fe/ival1 accord+ to ! hi/orian ,duran1 !y *ose a man to p]sonate ! god1 clo!d him 9 all ! insignia ( ! div9ity1 & l$ him ab\t 9 public1 do+ him z mu* rev]5ce all ^! days z if he _h really be5 :at he pret5d$ to be4 ,moreov]1 e p>i% ( ! capital did ! same2 ea* ( !m _h its own temple & appo9t$ its own human repres5tative ( ! deity1 :o receiv$ ! homage & wor%ip ( ! p>i%ion]s = ! =ty days4 7,m#bcj7 ,on ! day ( ! fe/ival ^! mortal gods & all ! o!r prison]s1 ) ! exception ( a few :o 7 res]v$ = a diff]5t dea?1 7 kill$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! sc5e ( ! slaught] 0 ! plat=m on ! summit ( ! god ,huitzilopo*tli's temple4 ,"s ( ! poor wret*es fa9t$ :5 !y came to ! foot ( ! /eps & _h to be dragg$ up ! long /aircase by ! hair ( _! heads4 ,arriv$ at ! summit !y 7 slaught]$ "o by "o on ! sacrificial /one by ! high prie/1 :o cut op5 _! brea/s1 tore out _! he>ts1 & held !m up to ! sun1 9 ord] to fe$ ! great lum9>y ) ^! ble$+ relics4 ,!n ! bodies 7 s5t roll+ d[n ! /aircase1 clatt]+ & turn+ ov] & ov] l g\rds z !y bump$ f /ep to /ep till !y rea*$ ! bottom4 ,!re !y 7 receiv$ by o!r prie/s1 or r human but*]s1 :o ) a dext]ity acquir$ by practice slit ! back ( ea* body f ! nape ( ! neck to ! heels & peel$ (f ! :ole sk9 9 a s+le piece z neatly z if x _h be5 a %eepsk94 ,! sk9less body 0 !n fet*$ away by its own]1 t is1 by ! man :o _h captur$ ! prison] 9 w>4 ,he took x home ) him1 c>v$ x1 s5t "o ( ! ?ighs to ! k+1 & o!r jo9ts to fri5ds1 or invit$ !m to come & fea/ on ! c>case 9 8 h\se4 ,! sk9s ( ! human victims 7 also a p]quisite ( _! captors1 & 7 l5t or hir$ out by !m to m5 :o _h made a v[ ( go+ ab\t clad 9 ! hides = tw5ty days4 ,su* m5 clo!d 9 ! reek+ sk9s ( ! but*]$ prison]s 7 call$ ,xixipeme or ,tototect9 aft] ! god ,xipe or ,totec1 ^: liv+ image !y 7 e/eem$ & ^: co/ume !y wore4 ,among ! devotees :o b\nd !mselves to ?is pi\s ex]cise 7 p]sons :o suff]$ f loa?some sk9 diseases1 su* z smallpox1 abscesses1 & ! it*2 & among !m !re 0 a fair spr9kl+ ( debau*ees1 :o _h drunk !mselves ne>ly bl9d & hop$ to recov] ! use ( _! preci\s eyes by p>ad+ = a mon? 9 ?is curi\s mantle4 ,?us array$1 !y w5t f h\se to h\se ?r\gh\t ! city1 ent]+ ev]y:]e & ask+ alms = ! love ( ,god4 ,on ent]+ a h\se ea* ( ^! rev]5d palm]s 0 made to sit on a heap ( leaves2 fe/oons ( maize & wrea?s ( fl[]s 7 plac$ r\nd 8 body2 & he 0 giv5 w9e to dr9k & cakes to eat4 ,& :5 a "m saw "o ( ^! fil?y b sanctifi$ ruffians pass+ along ! /reet1 %e w\ld run to him ) h] infant & put x 9 8 arms t he might bless x1 :i* he did ) unction1 receiv+ an alms f ! happy "m 9 return4 ,! e>n+s ( ^! begg+-fri>s on _! r\nds 7 sometimes consid]able1 = ! ri* p rew>d$ !m h&somely4 ,:atev] !y 71 ! collectors paid !m 9 to ! own]s ( ! sk9s1 :o ?us made a pr(it by hir+ out ^! valuable articles ( prop]ty4 ,e night ! we>]s ( ! sk9s deposit$ !m 9 ! temple & fet*$ !m aga9 next morn+ :5 !y set out on _! r\nds4 ,at ! end ( ! tw5ty days ! sk9s 7 dry1 h>d1 %rivell$ & %runk51 & !y smelt s villa9\sly t p held _! noses :5 !y met ! holy begg>s array$ 9 _! fetid mantles4 ,! "t be+ come to rid !mselves ( ^! encumbrances1 ! devotees walk$ 9 solemn procession1 we>+ ! rott5 sk9s & /9k+ l dead dogs1 to ! temple call$ ,yopico1 :]e !y /ripp$ !mselves ( ! hides & plung$ !m into a tub or vat1 aft] :i* !y wa%$ & scrubb$ !mselves ?or\ghly1 :ile _! fri5ds smack$ _! b>e bodies l\dly ) wet h&s 9 ord] to squeeze out ! human grease ) :i* !y 7 saturat$4 ,f9ally1 ! sk9s 7 solemnly buri$1 z holy relics1 9 a vault ( ! temple4 ,! burial s]vice 0 accompani$ by *ant+ & att5d$ by ! :ole p2 & :5 x 0 ov]1 "o ( ! high dignit>ies prea*$ a s]mon to ! assembl$ congregation1 9 :i* he dwelt ) pa!tic eloqu5ce on ! meanness & mis]y ( human exi/5ce & exhort$ 8 he>]s to lead a sob] & quiet life1 to cultivate ! virtues ( rev]5ce1 mode/y1 humility & ob$i5ce1 to be k9d & *>itable to ! poor & to /rang]s2 he w>n$ !m aga9/ ! s9s ( robb]y1 =nication1 adult]y1 & covet\sness2 & k9dl+ ) ! gl[ ( 8 oratory1 he passionately admoni%$1 entreat$1 & implor$ all :o he>d him to *oose ! good & %un ! evil1 draw+ a dreadful picture ( ! ills t w\ld ov]take ! wick$ "h & h]eaft]1 :ile he pa9t$ 9 allur+ col\rs ! bliss 9 /ore = ! righte\s & ! rew>ds !y might expect to receive at ! h&s ( ! deity 9 ! life to come4 7,m#bca7 ,:ile mo/ ( ! m5 :o masqu]ad$ 9 ! sk9s ( ! human victims appe> to h p]sonat$ ! ,flay$ ,god ,xipe1 ^: "n !y bore 9 ! =m ,xixipeme1 o!rs assum$ ! ornam5ts & bore ! names ( o!r ,mexican deities1 su* z ,huitzilopo*tli & ,quetzalcoatl2 ! c]emony ( inve/+ !m ) ! sk9s & ! insignia ( div9ity 0 call$ netcotoquiliztli1 :i* means 8to ?9k !mselves gods40 ,among/ ! gods ?us p]sonat$ 0 ,totec4 ,8 human repres5tative wore1 ov] ! sk9 ( ! flay$ man1 all ! spl5did trapp+s ( ! deity4 ,on 8 head 0 plac$ a curi\s cr[n decorat$ ) ri* fea!rs4 ,a gold5 cresc5t dangl$ f 8 nose1 gold5 e>r+s f 8 e>s1 & a necklace ( hamm]$ gold encircl$ 8 neck4 ,8 feet 7 %od 9 r$ %oes decorat$ ) quail's fea!rs2 8 lo9s 7 begirt ) a petticoat ( gorge\s plumage2 & on 8 back ?ree small pap] flags flutt]$ & ru/l$ 9 ! w9d4 ,9 8 left h& he c>ri$ a gold5 %ield & 9 8 "r a rattle1 :i* he %ook & rattl$ z he walk$ ) a maje/ic danc+ /ep4 ,seats 7 always prep>$ = ?is human god2 & :5 he sat d[n1 !y (f]$ him a pa/e made ( uncook$ maize-fl\r4 ,also !y pres5t$ to him little bun*es ( cobs ( maize *os5 f ! se$-corn2 & he receiv$ z (f]+s ! fir/ fruits & ! fir/ fl[]s ( ! season47#fia7 7,m#bcb7 ,9 ! eighte5? & la/ mon? ( _! ye>1 :i* fell 9 ,janu>y1 ! ,mexicans held a fe/ival 9 hon\r ( ! god ( fire4 ,e f\r? ye> ! fe/ival 0 celebrat$ on a gr& scale by ! sacrifice ( a great _m m5 & wom51 husb&s & wives1 :o 7 dress$ 9 ! trapp+s ( ! fire-god & reg>d$ z 8 liv+ images4 ,b\nd h& & foot1 !y 7 ?r[n alive into a great furnace1 & aft] roa/+ 9 x = a little 7 rak$ out ( ! fire be=e !y 7 dead 9 ord] to all[ ! prie/ to cut ! he>ts out ( _! scor*$1 bli/]$1 & /ill wri?+ bodies 9 ! usual way47#fib7 ,! int5tion ( ! sacrifice probably 0 to ma9ta9 ! ,fire-god 9 full vig\r1 le/ he %\ld gr[ decrepit or ev5 die ( old age1 & mank9d %\ld ?us be depriv$ ( 8 valuable s]vices4 ,?is important object 0 atta9$ by fe$+ ! fire ) live m5 & wom51 :o ?us z x 7 p\r$ a fre% /ock ( vital en]gy into ! ve9s ( ! ,fire-god & p]haps ( 8 wife also4 ,b !y _h to be rak$ out ( ! flames be=e !y 7 dead2 = cle>ly x w\ld nev] d to let !m die 9 ! fire1 else ! ,fire-god :om !y p]sonat$ w\ld die also4 ,= ! same reason _! he>ts _h to be torn f _! bodies :ile !y 7 /ill palpitat+2 :at use c\ld ! ,fire-god make ( human he>ts t 7 burnt to c9d]s8 7,m#bcc7 ,?is 0 ! ord9>y mode ( sacrific+ ! human repres5tatives ( ! ,fire-god e f\r? ye>4 ,b 9 ,quauhtitlan1 a city di/ant f\r leagues f ! city ( ,mexico1 ! cu/om 0 diff]5t4 ,on ! eve ( ! fe/ival two wom5 7 behead$ on ! alt> ( ! temple & aft]w>ds flay$1 faces & all1 & _! ?igh bones extract$4 ,next morn+ two m5 ( high rank clo!d !mselves 9 ! sk9s1 includ+ ! sk9s ( ! wom5's faces1 :i* !y put ov] _! own2 & ?us array$ & c>ry+ 9 _! h&s ! ?igh bones ( ! victims !y came d[n ! /eps ( ! temple ro>+ l wild bea/s4 ,a va/ cr[d ( p _h assembl$ to witness ! spectacle1 & :5 !y saw ! two m5 com+ d[n ! /eps 9 ! dripp+ sk9s1 br&i%+ ! bones1 & bell[+ l bea/s1 !y 7 fill$ ) fe> & said1 8,!re come our gods60 ,arriv$ at ! foot ( ! /aircase ^! human gods engag$ 9 a dance1 :i* !y kept up = ! re/ ( ! day1 nev] dive/+ !mselves ( ! bloody sk9s till ! fe/ival 0 ov]47#fic7 7,m#bcd7 ,! !ory t ! cu/om ( we>+ ! sk9 ( a flay$ man or woman & p]sonat+ a god 9 t co/ume is int5d$ to repres5t ! resurrection ( ! deity d]ives "s support f ! class ( p]sons :o made a v[ to masqu]ade 9 ! sk9s4 ,!y 71 z we h se51 especially m5 :o suff]$ f diseases ( ! sk9 & ! eyes3 !y hop$1 we are told1 by we>+ ! sk9s to be cur$ ( _! ailm5ts1 & ! old ,spani% monk :o records ! belief adds dryly t "s 7 cur$ & "s 7 n47#fid7 ,we may conjecture t by donn+ ! sk9s ( m5 :o _h act$ ! "p ( gods !y expect$ to sl\gh (f _! own diseas$ old sk9s & to acquire new & heal?y sk9s1 l ^? ( ! deities4 ,?is notion may h be5 sugge/$ to !m by ! obs]vation ( c]ta9 animals1 su* z s]p5ts & liz>ds1 :i* seem to r5ew _! y\? by ca/+ _! sk9s & appe> refre%$ & r5ovat$ 9 new integum5ts4 ,t _m savages h notic$ su* trans=mations 9 ! animal _w is prov$ by ! tales :i* "s ( !m tell to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( dea? among mank9d4 ,= example1 ! ,arawaks ( ,briti% ,guiana say t man 0 creat$ by a good be+ :om !y call ,kururumany4 ,once on a "t ?is k9dly creator came to e>? to see h[ 8 creature man 0 gett+ on4 ,b m5 7 s ungrateful t !y tri$ to kill _! ,mak]4 ,h5ce he took f !m ! gift ( immortality & be/[$ x ^u animals t *ange _! sk9s1 su* z snakes1 liz>ds1 & beetles47#fie7 ,aga91 ! ,tamana*i]s1 an ,indian tribe ( ! ,or9oco1 tell h[ ! creator k9dly int5d$ to make m5 immortal by tell+ !m t !y %\ld *ange _! sk9s4 ,he meant to say t by s do+ !y %\ld r5ew _! y\? l s]p5ts & beetles4 ,b ! glad tid+s 7 receiv$ ) su* incr$ulity by an old woman t ! creator 9 a huff *ang$ 8 tune & said v curtly1 8,ye %all die407#fif7 7,m#bce7 ,9 ,annam !y say t ,ngoc hoang s5t a mess5g] f heav5 to in=m m5 t :5 !y rea*$ old age !y %\ld *ange _! sk9s & live = ev]1 b t :5 s]p5ts grew old1 !y mu/ die4 ,un=tunately = ! human race ! message 0 p]v]t$ 9 ! transmission1 s t m5 d n *ange _! sk9s & are !re=e mortal1 :]eas s]p5ts d ca/ _! old sk9s & accord+ly live = ev]47#fig7 ,accord+ to ! natives ( ,nias ! p]sonage :o 0 *>g$ by ! creator ) ! duty ( putt+ ! la/ t\*es to man broke 8 fa/ on bananas in/ead ( on riv]-crabs1 z he %\ld h done2 = _h he only eat5 riv]-crabs1 m5 w\ld h *ang$ _! sk9s l crabs1 & l crabs w\ld h nev] di$4 ,b ! s]p5ts1 wis] 9 _! g5]ation ?an m51 ate ! crabs1 & t is :y !y too are immortal47#fih7 ,/ories ( ! same sort are curr5t among ! ,melanesians4 ,?us ! natives ( ! ,gazelle ,p59sula 9 ,new ,brita9 acc\nt = ! orig9 ( dea? by a tale v l t told 9 ,annam4 ,! ,good ,_s1 !y say1 lov$ m5 & wi%$ to make !m immortal1 b he hat$ s]p5ts & wi%$ to kill !m4 ,s he despat*$ 8 bro!r to mank9d ) ?is *e]+ message3 8,g to m5 & take !m ! secret ( immortality4 ,tell !m to ca/ _! sk9 e ye>4 ,s w !y be protect$ f dea?1 = _! life w be con/antly r5ew$4 ,b tell ! s]p5ts t !y mu/ h5ce=? die40 ,?r\gh ! c>elessness or trea*]y ( ! mess5g] ?is message 0 rev]s$2 s t n[1 z we all "k1 m5 die & s]p5ts live = ev] by annually ca/+ _! sk9s47#fii7 ,aga91 if we c tru/ ! traditions ( ! ,banks' ,isl&]s & ,new ,hebrideans1 !re 0 a "t :5 m5 did really ca/ _! sk9s & r5ew _! y\?4 ,! melan*oly *ange to mortality 0 br\ght ab\t by an old woman1 :o mo/ un=tunately resum$ h] old ca/-(f sk9 to please an infant1 :i* squall$ at see+ h] 9 h] new integum5t47#gjj7 ,! ,gallas ( ,ea/ ,africa say t ,god s5t a c]ta9 bird 7holawaka1 8! %eep ( ,god07 to tell m5 t !y w\ld n die1 b t :5 !y grew old !y w\ld sl\gh _! sk9s & s r5ew _! y\?4 ,b ! bird fooli%ly or malici\sly deliv]$ ! message to s]p5ts in/ead ( to m51 & t is :y ev] s9ce m5 h be5 mortal & s]p5ts immortal4 ,= t evil de$ ,god puni%$ ! bird ) a pa9ful malady f :i* x suff]s to ?is day1 & x sits on ! tops ( trees & moans & wails p]petually47#gja7 7,m#bcf7 ,?us x appe>s t "s peoples h n only obs]v$ ! curi\s trans=mations :i* c]ta9 animals und]go1 b h imag9$ t by means ( su* trans=mations ! animals p]iodically r5ew _! y\? & live = ev]4 ,f su* obs]vations & fancies x is an easy /ep to ! conclusion t man might simil>ly take a fre% lease ( life & r5ew ! lease indef9itely1 if only he c\ld contrive l ! animals to get a new sk94 ,?is desirable object ! ,mexicans app>5tly s\ght to accompli% by flay+ m5 & we>+ _! ble$+ sk9s l g>m5ts ?r[n ov] _! own4 ,by s do+ p]sons :o suff]$ f cutane\s diseases hop$ to acquire a new & heal?y sk92 & by s do+ ! prie/s attempt$ n m]ely to revive ! gods :om !y _h j sla9 9 ! p]sons ( _! human repres5tatives1 b also to re/ore to _! wa/+ & decay+ frames all ! vig\r & en]gy ( y\?4 7,m#bcg7 ,! rites describ$ 9 ! prec$+ pages suffice to prove t human sacrifices ( ! sort ,i suppose to h prevail$ at ,aricia7#gjb7 71 z a matt] ( fact1 sy/ematically (f]$ on a l>ge scale by a p ^: level ( culture 0 probably n inf]ior1 if inde$ x 0 n di/9ctly sup]ior1 to t occupi$ by ! ,italian races at ! e>ly p]iod to :i* ! orig9 ( ! ,arician prie/hood mu/ be ref]r$4 ,! positive & indubitable evid5ce ( ! preval5ce ( su* sacrifices 9 "o "p ( ! _w may reasonably be all[$ to /r5g!n ! probability ( _! preval5ce 9 places = :i* ! evid5ce is less full & tru/wor?y4 ,tak5 all toge!r1 ! facts :i* we h pass$ 9 review seem to %ew t ! cu/om ( kill+ m5 :om _! wor%ipp]s reg>d z div9e has prevail$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,b to cl9* ! argum5t1 x is cle>ly desirable to prove t ! cu/om ( putt+ to dea? a human repres5tative ( a god 0 kn[n & practis$ 9 anci5t ,italy else:]e ?an 9 ! ,arician ,grove4 ,?is pro( ,i n[ propose to adduce4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,saturnalia ,,& ,,k9dr$ ,,fe/ivals4 #a4 ,! ,roman ,saturnalia4 7,m#bch7 ,9 an e>li] "p ( ?is book we saw t _m peoples h be5 us$ to obs]ve an annual p]iod ( lic5se1 :5 ! cu/om>y re/ra9ts ( law & morality are ?r[n aside1 :5 ! :ole population give !mselves up to extravagant mir? & jollity1 & :5 ! d>k] passions f9d a v5t :i* w\ld nev] be all[$ !m 9 ! m /aid & sob] c\rse ( ord9>y life4 ,su* outbur/s ( ! p5t-up =ces ( human nature1 too (t5 deg5]at+ into wild orgies ( lu/ & crime1 occur mo/ commonly at ! end ( ! ye>1 & are frequ5tly associat$1 z ,i h _h occasion to po9t out1 ) "o or o!r ( ! agricultural seasons1 especially ) ! "t ( s[+ or ( h>ve/4 ,n[1 ( all ^! p]iods ( lic5se ! "o :i* is be/ kn[n & :i* 9 mod]n languages has giv5 its "n to ! re/1 is ! ,saturnalia4 ,?is fam\s fe/ival fell 9 ,decemb]1 ! la/ mon? ( ! ,roman ye>1 & 0 popul>ly suppos$ to commemorate ! m]ry reign ( ,saturn1 ! god ( s[+ & ( husb&ry1 :o liv$ on e>? long ago z a righte\s & b5efic5t k+ ( ,italy1 drew ! rude & scatt]$ dwell]s on ! m\nta9s toge!r1 taught !m to till ! gr\nd1 gave !m laws1 & rul$ 9 peace4 ,8 reign 0 ! fabl$ ,gold5 ,age3 ! e>? br\ght =? abundantly3 no s\nd ( w> or discord tr\bl$ ! happy _w3 no baleful love ( lucre work$ l poison 9 ! blood ( ! indu/ri\s & cont5t$ peasantry4 ,slav]y & private prop]ty 7 alike unkn[n3 all m5 _h all ?+s 9 common4 ,at la/ ! good god1 ! k9dly k+1 vani%$ sudd5ly2 b 8 memory 0 *]i%$ to di/ant ages1 %r9es 7 re>$ 9 8 hon\r1 & _m hills & high places 9 ,italy bore 8 "n47#gjc7 ,yet ! bright tradition ( 8 reign 0 cross$ by a d>k %ad[3 8 alt>s are said to h be5 /a9$ ) ! blood ( human victims1 = :om a m m]ciful age aft]w>ds sub/itut$ effigies47#gjd7 ,( ?is gloomy side ( ! god's religion !re is little or no trace 9 ! descriptions :i* anci5t writ]s h left u ( ! ,saturnalia4 ,fea/+ & revelry & all ! mad pursuit ( pleasure are ! features t seem to h especially m>k$ ?is c>nival ( antiquity1 z x w5t on = sev5 days 9 ! /reets & public squ>es & h\ses ( anci5t ,rome f ! sev5te5? to ! tw5ty-?ird ( ,decemb]47#gje7 7,m#bci7 ,b no feature ( ! fe/ival is m rem>kable1 no?+ 9 x seems to h /ruck ! anci5ts !mselves m ?an ! lic5se grant$ to slaves at ?is "t4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! free & ! s]vile classes 0 tempor>ily aboli%$4 ,! slave might rail at 8 ma/]1 intoxicate himself l 8 bett]s1 sit d[n at table ) !m1 & n ev5 a ^w ( repro( w\ld be adm9i/]$ to him = conduct :i* at any o!r season might h be5 puni%$ ) /ripes1 imprisonm5t1 or dea?47#gjf7 ,nay1 m1 ma/]s actually *ang$ places ) _! slaves & wait$ on !m at table2 & n till ! s]f _h done eat+ & dr9k+ 0 ! bo>d cle>$ & d9n] set = 8 ma/]47#gjg7 ,s f> 0 ?is inv]sion ( ranks c>ri$1 t ea* h\sehold became = a "t a mimic republic 9 :i* ! high (fices ( /ate 7 dis*>g$ by ! slaves1 :o gave _! ord]s & laid d[n ! law z if !y 7 inde$ inve/$ ) all ! dignity ( ! consul%ip1 ! praetor%ip1 & ! b5*47#gjh7 ,l ! pale reflection ( p[] ?us accord$ to bondsm5 at ! ,saturnalia 0 ! mock k+%ip = :i* freem5 ca/ lots at ! same season4 ,! p]son on :om ! lot fell enjoy$ ! title ( k+1 & issu$ comm&s ( a playful & ludicr\s nature to 8 tempor>y subjects4 ,"o ( !m he might ord] to mix ! w9e1 ano!r to dr9k1 ano!r to s+1 ano!r to dance1 ano!r to speak 9 8 own dispraise1 ano!r to c>ry a flute-girl on 8 back r\nd ! h\se47#gji7 7,m#bdj7 ,n[1 :5 we rememb] t ! lib]ty all[$ to slaves at ?is fe/ive season 0 suppos$ to be an imitation ( ! /ate ( society 9 ,saturn's "t1 & t 9 g5]al ! ,saturnalia pass$ = no?+ m or less ?an a tempor>y revival or re/oration ( ! reign ( t m]ry mon>*1 we are tempt$ to surmise t ! mock k+ :o presid$ ov] ! revels may h orig9ally repres5t$ ,saturn himself4 ,! conjecture is /rongly confirm$1 if n e/abli%$1 by a v curi\s & int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,saturnalia 0 celebrat$ by ! ,roman soldi]s /ation$ on ! ,danube 9 ! reign ( ,maximian & ,diocletian4 ,! acc\nt is pres]v$ 9 a n>rative ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,dasius1 :i* 0 une>!d f a ,greek manuscript 9 ! ,p>is libr>y1 & publi%$ by ,pr(essor ,franz ,cumont ( ,gh5t4 ,two brief] descriptions ( ! ev5t & ( ! cu/om are conta9$ 9 manuscripts at ,milan & ,b]l92 "o ( !m _h already se5 ! light 9 an obscure volume pr9t$ at ,urb9o 9 #agbg1 b its importance = ! hi/ory ( ! ,roman religion1 bo? anci5t & mod]n1 appe>s to h be5 ov]look$ until ,pr(essor ,cumont drew ! att5tion ( s*ol>s to all ?ree n>ratives by publi%+ !m toge!r "s ye>s ago47#gaj7 ,accord+ to ^! n>ratives1 :i* h all ! appe>ance ( be+ au!ntic1 & ( :i* ! longe/ is probably bas$ on (ficial docum5ts1 ! ,roman soldi]s at ,duro/orum 9 ,l[] ,moesia celebrat$ ! ,saturnalia ye> by ye> 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,?irty days be=e ! fe/ival !y *ose by lot f among/ !mselves a "y & h&some man1 :o 0 !n clo!d 9 royal attire to resemble ,saturn4 ,?us array$ & att5d$ by a multitude ( soldi]s he w5t ab\t 9 public ) full lic5se to indulge 8 passions & to ta/e ( e pleasure1 h[ev] base & %ameful4 ,b if 8 reign 0 m]ry1 x 0 %ort & end$ tragically2 = :5 ! ?irty days 7 up & ! fe/ival ( ,saturn _h come1 he cut 8 own ?roat on ! alt> ( ! god :om he p]sonat$47#gaa7 ,9 ! ye> #cjc ,a4,d4 ! lot fell ^u ! ,*ri/ian soldi] ,dasius1 b he refus$ to play ! "p ( ! hea!n god & soil 8 la/ days by debau*]y4 ,! ?reats & argum5ts ( 8 comm&+ (fic] ,bassus fail$ to %ake 8 con/ancy1 & accord+ly he 0 behead$1 z ! ,*ri/ian m>tyrologi/ records ) m9ute accuracy1 at ,duro/orum by ! soldi] ,john on ,friday ! tw5tie? day ( ,novemb]1 be+ ! tw5ty-f\r? day ( ! moon1 at ! f\r? h\r4 ,s9ce ?is n>rative 0 publi%$ by ,pr(essor ,cumont1 its hi/orical "*1 :i* _h be5 d\bt$ or d5i$1 has receiv$ /rong confirmation f an int]e/+ discov]y4 ,9 ! crypt ( ! ca!dral :i* cr[ns ! promontory ( ,ancona !re is pres]v$1 among o!r rem>kable antiquities1 a :ite m>ble s>cophagus be>+ a ,greek inscription1 9 *>act]s ( ! age ( ,ju/9ian1 to ! foll[+ effect3 8,"h lies ! holy m>tyr ,dasius1 br\ght f ,duro/orum40 ,! s>cophagus 0 transf]r$ to ! crypt ( ! ca!dral 9 #ahdh f ! *ur* ( ,san ,pellegr9o1 "u ! high alt> ( :i*1 z we le>n f a ,lat9 inscription let into ! masonry1 ! m>tyr's bones /ill repose ) ^? ( two o!r sa9ts4 ,h[ long ! s>cophagus 0 deposit$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,san ,pellegr9o1 we d n "k2 b x is record$ to h be5 !re 9 ! ye> #afej4 ,we may suppose t ! sa9t's relics 7 transf]r$ = safety to ,ancona at "s "t 9 ! tr\bl$ c5turies :i* foll[$ 8 m>tyrdom1 :5 ,moesia 0 occupi$ & ravag$ by successive hordes ( b>b>ian invad]s47#gab7 ,at all ev5ts x appe>s c]ta9 f ! indep5d5t & mutually confirmatory evid5ce ( ! m>tyrology & ! monum5ts t ,dasius 0 no my?ical sa9t1 b a real man1 :o suff]$ dea? = 8 fai? at ,duro/orum 9 "o ( ! e>ly c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,f9d+ ! n>rative ( ! nameless m>tyrologi/ ?us e/abli%$ z to ! pr9cipal fact record$1 namely1 ! m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,dasius1 we may reasonably accept 8 te/imony z to ! mann] & cause ( ! m>tyrdom1 all ! m because 8 n>rative is precise1 circum/antial1 & entirely free f ! miracul\s elem5t4 ,accord+ly ,i conclude t ! acc\nt :i* he gives ( ! celebration ( ! ,saturnalia among ! ,roman soldi]s is tru/wor?y4 7,m#bda7 ,?is acc\nt sets 9 a new & lurid light ! (fice ( ! ,k+ ( ! ,saturnalia1 ! anci5t ,"l ( ,misrule1 :o presid$ ov] ! w9t] revels at ,rome 9 ! "t ( ,horace & ( ,tacitus4 ,x seems to prove t 8 bus9ess _h n always be5 t ( a m]e h>lequ9 or m]ry-&rew ^: only c>e 0 t ! revelry %\ld run high & ! fun gr[ fa/ & furi\s1 :ile ! fire blaz$ & crackl$ on ! he>?1 :ile ! /reets sw>m$ ) fe/ive cr[ds1 & ?r\gh ! cle> fro/y air1 f> away to ! nor?1 ,soracte %ew$ 8 coronal ( sn[4 ,:5 we comp>e ?is comic mon>* ( ! gay1 ! civiliz$ metropolis ) 8 grim c\nt]p>t ( ! rude camp on ! ,danube1 & :5 we rememb] ! long array ( simil> figures1 ludicr\s yet tragic1 :o 9 o!r ages & 9 o!r l&s1 we>+ mock cr[ns & wrapp$ 9 sceptr$ palls1 h play$ _! little pranks = a few brief h\rs or days1 !n pass$ be=e _! "t to a viol5t dea?1 we c h>dly d\bt t 9 ! ,k+ ( ! ,saturnalia at ,rome1 z he is depict$ by classical writ]s1 we see only a feeble emasculat$ copy ( t orig9al1 ^: /rong features h be5 =tunately pres]v$ = u by ! obscure au?or ( ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,dasius4 ,9 o!r words1 ! m>tyrologi/'s acc\nt ( ! ,saturnalia agrees s closely ) ! acc\nts ( simil> rites else:]e1 :i* c\ld n possibly h be5 kn[n to him1 t ! sub/antial accuracy ( 8 description may be reg>d$ z e/abli%$2 & fur!r1 s9ce ! cu/om ( putt+ a mock k+ to dea? z a repres5tative ( a god _c h gr[n out ( a practice ( appo9t+ him to preside ov] a holiday revel1 :]eas ! rev]se may v well h happ5$1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t 9 an e>li] & m b>b>\s age x 0 ! univ]sal practice 9 anci5t ,italy1 :]ev] ! wor%ip ( ,saturn prevail$1 to *oose a man :o play$ ! "p & enjoy$ all ! tradition>y privileges ( ,saturn = a season1 & !n di$1 :e!r by 8 own or ano!r's h&1 :e!r by ! knife or ! fire or on ! gall[s-tree1 9 ! "* ( ! good god :o gave 8 life = ! _w4 ,9 ,rome itself & o!r great t[ns ! gr[? ( civilization _h probably mitigat$ ?is cruel cu/om long be=e ! ,augu/an age1 & trans=m$ x into ! innoc5t %ape x we>s 9 ! writ+s ( ! few classical writ]s :o be/[ a pass+ notice on ! holiday ,k+ ( ! ,saturnalia4 ,b 9 remot] di/ricts ! old] & /]n] practice may long h surviv$2 & ev5 if aft] ! unification ( ,italy ! b>b>\s usage 0 suppress$ by ! ,roman gov]nm5t1 ! memory ( x w\ld be h&$ d[n by ! peasants & w\ld t5d f "t to "t1 z /ill happ5s ) ! l[e/ =ms ( sup]/ition among ourselves1 to lead to a recrudesc5ce ( ! practice1 especially among ! rude soldi]y on ! outskirts ( ! empire ov] :om ! once iron h& ( ,rome 0 beg9n+ to relax its grasp47#gac7 7,m#bdb7 ,! resemblance betwe5 ! ,saturnalia ( anci5t & ! ,c>nival ( mod]n ,italy has (t5 be5 rem>k$2 b 9 ! light ( all ! facts t h come be=e u1 we may well ask :e!r ! resemblance does n am\nt to id5tity4 ,we h se5 t 9 ,italy1 ,spa91 & ,france1 t is1 9 ! c\ntries :]e ! influ5ce ( ,rome has be5 deepe/ & mo/ la/+1 a conspicu\s feature ( ! ,c>nival is a burlesque figure p]sonify+ ! fe/ive season1 :i* aft] a %ort c>e] ( glory & dissipation is publicly %ot1 burnt1 or o!rwise de/roy$1 to ! feign$ grief or g5u9e delight ( ! populace47#gad7 ,if ! view "h sugge/$ ( ! ,c>nival is correct1 ?is grotesque p]sonage is no o!r ?an a direct successor ( ! old ,k+ ( ! ,saturnalia1 ! ma/] ( ! revels1 ! real man :o p]sonat$ ,saturn &1 :5 ! revels 7 ov]1 suff]$ a real dea? 9 8 assum$ "*4 ,! ,k+ ( ! ,bean on ,twelf? ,night & ! m$iaeval ,bi%op ( ,fools1 ,abbot ( ,unreason1 or ,"l ( ,misrule are figures ( ! same sort & may p]haps h _h a simil> orig94 ,we w consid] !m 9 ! foll[+ section4 #b4 ,! ,k+ ( ! ,bean & ! ,fe/ival ( ,fools4 7,m#bdc7 ,! cu/om ( elect+ by lot a ,k+ & (t5 also a ,que5 ( ! ,bean on ,twelf? ,night 7,epiphany1 ! six? ( ,janu>y7 or on ! eve ( t fe/ival us$ to prevail 9 ,france1 ,belgium1 ,g]many1 & ,engl&1 & x is /ill kept up 9 "s p>ts ( ,france4 ,x may be trac$ back to ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury at lea/1 & no d\bt dates f a v mu* m remote antiquity4 ,at ! ,fr5* c\rt ! ,k+s !mselves did n disda9 to c\nt5ance ! mock royalty1 & ,l\is ,,xiv4 ev5 support$ ) c\rtly grace ! %ad[y dignity 9 8 own p]son4 ,e family z a rule elect$ its own ,k+4 ,on ! eve ( ! fe/ival a great cake 0 bak$ ) a bean 9 x2 ! cake 0 divid$ 9 portions1 "o = ea* memb] ( ! family1 toge!r ) "o = ,god1 "o = ! ,virg91 & sometimes "o also = ! poor4 ,! p]son :o obta9$ ! portion conta9+ ! bean 0 proclaim$ ,k+ ( ! ,bean4 ,:]e a ,que5 ( ! ,bean 0 elect$ z well z a ,k+1 a second bean 0 sometimes bak$ 9 ! cake = ! ,que54 ,?us at ,blank5heim1 ne> ,neu]burg1 9 ! ,eifel1 a black & a :ite bean 7 bak$ 9 ! cake2 he :o drew ! piece ) ! black bean 0 ,k+1 & %e :o drew ! :ite bean 0 ,que54 ,9 ,fran*e-,comt1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 !y us$ to put z _m :ite h>icot beans 9 a hat z !re 7 p]sons pres5t1 & two col\r$ beans 7 add$2 ! beans 7 drawn at haphaz>d f ! hat by a *ild1 & !y :o got ! col\r$ beans 7 ,k+ & ,que54 ,9 ,engl& & p]haps else:]e ! practice 0 to put a bean 9 ! cake = ! ,k+ & a pea = ! ,que54 ,b 9 "s places only ! ,k+ 0 elect$ by lot1 & aft] 8 election he *ose 8 ,que5 = himself4 ,sometimes a co9 0 sub/itut$ = ! bean 9 ! cake2 b ?\gh ?is usage 0 foll[$ 9 s\!rn ,g]many z e>ly z ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 x is probably an innovation on ! old] cu/om ( employ+ a bean z ! lot4 ,9 ,france ! di/ribution ( ! pieces ( ! cake among ! p]sons pres5t 0 made 9 accordance ) ! directions ( a *ild1 ! y\nge/ boy pres5t1 :o 0 plac$ "u or on ! table & address$ by ! "n ( 8,phoebe0 or 8,tb02 he answ]$ 9 ,lat9 8,dom9e40 ,! ma/] ( ! h\se1 hold+ a piece ( ! cake 9 8 h&1 ask$ ! *ild to :om he %\ld give x1 & ! *ild nam$ any p]son he pleas$4 ,sometimes ! fir/ slice ( cake 0 regul>ly assign$ to 8! good ,god0 & set aside = ! poor4 ,9 ! "n 8,phoebe0 or 8,tb10 by :i* ! *ild 0 address$1 le>n$ antiqu>ies h detect$ a ref]5ce to ! oracle ( ,apollo2 b m probably ! "n is a simple corruption ( ! ,lat9 or ,fr5* ^w = bean 7,lat9 faba1 ,fr5* fve74 ,imm$iately on 8 election ! ,k+ ( ! ,bean 0 en?ron$1 salut$ by all1 & ?rice lift$ up1 :ile he made crosses ) *alk on ! beams & raft]s ( ! ceil+4 ,great virtue 0 attribut$ to ^! :ite crosses4 ,!y 7 suppos$ to protect ! h\se = ! :ole ye> aga9/ 8all injuryes & h>mes ,( curs$ devils1 sprites1 & bugges1 ( conjur+s & *>mes40 ,!n fea/+ & revelry began & 7 kept up m]rily )\t respect ( p]sons4 ,e "t ! ,k+ or ,que5 drank1 ! :ole company 0 expect$ to cry1 8,! ,k+ dr9ks60 or 8,! ,que5 dr9ks60 ,any p]son :o fail$ to jo9 9 ! cry 0 puni%$ by hav+ 8 face black5$ ) soot or a burn$ cork or sme>$ ) ! lees ( w9e4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ,ard5nes ! cu/om 0 to fa/5 great horns ( pap] 9 ! hair ( ! del9qu5t & to put a huge pair ( spectacles on 8 nose2 & he _h to we> ^! badges ( infamy till ! end ( ! fe/ival47#gae7 ,! cu/om ( elect+ a ,k+ & ,que5 ( ! ,bean on ,twelf? ,day is /ill kept up all ov] ! nor? ( ,france4 ,a m9iature porcela9 figure ( a *ild is sometimes sub/itut$ = ! bean 9 ! cake4 ,if ! lot1 :e!r bean or doll1 falls to a boy he becomes ,k+ & *ooses 8 ,que52 if x falls to a girl %e becomes ,que5 & *ooses h] ,k+47#gaf7 7,m#bdd7 ,s f>1 ap>t f ! crosses *alk$ up to ban hobgobl9s1 wit*es1 & bugs1 ! ,k+ & ,que5 ( ! ,bean might seem to be m]ely playful p]sonages appo9t$ at a season ( fe/ivity to lead ! revels4 ,h[ev]1 a m s]i\s significance 0 sometimes atta*$ to ! (fice & to ! c]emonies ( ,twelf? ,day 9 g5]al4 ,?us 9 ,lorra9e ! height ( ! hemp crop 9 ! com+ ye> 0 progno/icat$ f ! height ( ! ,k+ & ,que52 if ! ,k+ 0 ! tall] ( ! two1 x 0 suppos$ t ! male hemp w\ld be high] ?an ! female1 b t ! contr>y w\ld happ5 if ! ,que5 7 tall] ?an ! ,k+47#gag7 ,aga91 9 ! ,vosges ,m\nta9s1 on ! bord]s ( ,fran*e-,comt1 x is cu/om>y on ,twelf? ,day = p to dance on ! ro(s 9 ord] to make ! hemp gr[ tall47#gah7 ,fur!r1 9 _m places ! beans us$ 9 ! cake 7 c>ri$ to ! *ur* to be bless$ by ! cl]gy1 & p drew om5s f ! cake z to ! good or ill t w\ld befall !m ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,moreov]1 c]ta9 =ms ( div9ation 7 resort$ to on ,twelf? ,night = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ 9 :i* mon? ( ! ye> :eat w\ld be de>e/47#gai7 7,m#bde7 ,9 ,fran*e-,comt1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,montagne du ,d\bs1 x is /ill ! cu/om on ! ,eve ( ,twelf? ,night 7! fif? ( ,janu>y7 to light bonfires1 :i* appe> to h1 9 ! popul> m9d1 "s ref]5ce to ! crops4 ,! :ole population takes "p 9 ! fe/ivity4 ,9 ! aft]noon ! "y folk draw a c>t ab\t ! /reet collect+ fuel4 ,"s p contribute faggots1 o!rs bundles ( /raw or ( dry hemp /alks4 ,t[>ds ev5+ ! :ole ( ! fuel ?us collect$ is pil$ up a little way f ! h\ses & set on fire4 ,:ile x blazes1 ! p dance r\nd x1 cry+1 8,good ye>1 come back6 ,bread & w9e1 come back60 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,pont>li] ! "y folk c>ry light$ tor*es ab\t ! fields1 %ak+ sp>ks ov] ! s[$ l&s & %\t+1 8,c\aille1 c\aille1 blanconnie60--words ( :i* ! mean+ has be5 =gott547#gbj7 ,a simil> cu/om is commonly obs]v$ on ! same day 7! ,eve ( ,twelf? ,night1 ! fif? ( ,janu>y7 9 ! ,bocage ( ,norm&y1 except t x is ! fruit-trees r ?an ! s[$ fields to :i* ! fire is appli$4 ,:5 ! ev5+ %ad[s h fall5 on ! l&scape1 ! d>kness beg9s to be illum9at$ "h & !re by tw9kl+ po9ts ( fire1 :i* multiply z ! night gr[s late1 till !y appe> z num]\s on e>? z ! />s 9 ! sky4 ,ab\t e village1 9 ! fields & or*>ds1 on ! cre/s ( ! hills1 w&]+ lights may be disc]n$1 vani%+ & sudd5ly reappe>+1 ga!r+ toge!r & !n disp]s+1 pursu+ ea* o!r caprici\sly1 & trac+ brok5 l9es1 sp>kl+ arabesques ( fire 9 ! gloom ( night ,! peasants are obs]v+ ! c]emony ( ! 8,moles & ,field-mice0 7,taupes et ,mulots72 & t ev5+ !re is n a hamlet1 n a f>m1 h>dly a solit>y cottage t does n contribute its flame to ! g5]al illum9ation1 till ! :ole horizon seems 9 a blaze1 & h\ses1 woods1 & hills /& out 9 d>k relief aga9/ ! gl[ ( ! sky4 ,! villages vie ) ea* o!r 9 ! numb] & brilliancy ( ! fires !y c exhibit on ?is occasion4 ,woods & h$ges are sc\r$ to provide ! mat]ials = ! blaze4 ,tor*es ( /raw w\nd ab\t poles are provid$ 9 abundance2 & arm$ ) !m m5 & wom51 lads & lasses1 boys & girls1 p\r =? f ! h\ses at nightfall into ! fields & or*>ds4 ,!re !y run ab\t among ! trees1 wav+ ! light$ tor*es "u ! bran*es & /rik+ ! trunks ) !m s t ! sp>ks fly out 9 %[]s4 ,& z !y d s !y s+ or scream at ! top ( _! voices c]ta9 traditional curses aga9/ ! animals & insects t injure ! fruit-trees4 ,!y bid ! moles & field-mice to dep>t f _! or*>ds1 ?reat5+ to break _! bones & burn _! be>ds if !y t>ry4 ,! m !y d ?is1 ! l>g]1 !y believe1 w be ! crop ( fruit 9 ! foll[+ autumn4 ,:5 ev]ybody has ru%$ ab\t 8 own or*>d1 mead[ or pa/ure 9 ?is fa%ion1 !y all assemble on a height or cre/ ( a hill1 :]e !y picnic1 ea* br++ 8 %>e ( provisions1 cid]1 or br&y to ! fea/4 ,!re1 too1 !y k9dle a huge bonfire1 & dance r\nd x1 cap]+ & br&i%+ _! tor*es 9 wild en?usiasm47#gba7 ,cu/oms ( ! same sort us$ to be obs]v$ on ! same day 7! ,eve ( ,epiphany1 ! fif? ( ,janu>y7 9 ! ,ard5nes4 ,p ran ab\t ) burn+ tor*es1 comm&+ ! moles & field-mice to g =?4 ,!n !y ?rew ! tor*es on ! gr\nd1 & believ$ t by ?is proce$+ !y purifi$ ! e>? & made x fruitful47#gbb7 7,m#bdf7 ,?is c]emony appe>s to be int5d$ to ensure a good crop ( fruit by burn+ out ! animals & insects t h>m ! fruit-trees4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,engl& x us$ to be cu/om>y to light fires at ! same season = ! purpose1 app>5tly1 ( procur+ a pl5tiful crop ( :eat 9 ! ensu+ autumn4 ,?us1 89 ! p>i% ( ,pauntley1 a village on ! bord]s ( ! c\nty ( ,gl\ce/]1 next ,worce/]%ire1 & 9 ! neighb\rhood1 a cu/om prevails1 :i* is int5d$ to prev5t ! smut 9 :eat4 ,on ! ,eve ( ,twelf?-day1 all ! s]vants ( e f>m] assemble toge!r 9 "o ( ! fields t has be5 s[n ) :eat4 ,at ! end ( twelve l&s1 !y make twelve fires 9 a r[ ) /raw1 ar\nd "o ( :i*1 mu* l>g] ?an ! re/1 !y dr9k a *e]ful glass ( cid] to _! ma/]'s heal?1 & success to ! future h>ve/2 !n1 return+ home1 !y fea/ on cakes soak$ 9 cid]1 :i* !y claim z a rew>d = _! pa/ lab\rs 9 s[+ ! gra9407#gbc7 ,simil>ly 9 ,h]e=d%ire1 8on ! ,eve ( ,twelf? ,day1 at ! approa* ( ev5+1 ! f>m]s1 _! fri5ds1 s]vants1 etc41 all assemble1 &1 ne> six o'clock1 all walk toge!r to a field :]e :eat is gr[+4 ,! highe/ "p ( ! gr\nd is always *os51 :]e twelve small fires1 & "o l>ge "o are light$ up4 ,! att5dants1 head$ by ! ma/] ( ! family1 pl$ge ! company 9 old cyd]1 :i* circulates freely on ^! occasions4 ,a circle is =m$ r\nd ! l>ge fire1 :5 a g5]al %\t & halloo+ takes place1 :i* y he> answ]$ f all ! villages & fields ne>2 z ,i h myself c\nt$ fifty or sixty fires burn+ at ! same "t1 :i* are g5]ally plac$ on "s em95ce4 ,?is be+ f9i%$1 ! company all return to ! h\se1 :]e ! good h\sewife & h] maids are prep>+ a good supp]1 :i* on ?is occasion is v pl5tiful4 ,a l>ge cake is always provid$1 ) a hole 9 ! middle4 ,aft] supp]1 ! company all att5d ! bailiff 7or head ( ! ox57 to ! wa9-h\se1 :]e ! foll[+ p>ticul>s are obs]v$4 ,! ma/]1 at ! head ( 8 fri5ds1 fills ! cup 7g5]ally ( /rong ale71 & /&s opposite ! fir/ or f9e/ ( ! ox5 7tw5ty-f\r ( :i* ,i h (t5 se5 ti$ up 9 _! /alls toge!r72 he !n pl$ges him 9 a curi\s toa/2 ! company !n foll[ 8 example ) all ! o!r ox51 address+ ea* by _! "n4 ,?is be+ ov]1 ! l>ge cake is produc$1 & is1 ) mu* c]emony1 put on ! horn ( ! fir/ ox1 ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! cake2 he is !n tickl$ to make him toss 8 head3 if he ?r[s ! cake beh9d1 x is ! mi/ress's p]quisite2 if be=e 79 :at is t]m$ ! boosy71 ! bailiff claims ?is prize4 ,?is end$1 ! company all return to ! h\se1 ! doors ( :i* are 9 ! meantime lock$1 & n op5$ till "s joy\s songs are sung4 ,on ent]+1 a sc5e ( mir? & jollity comm5ces1 & reigns ?ro' ! h\se till a late1 or r an e>ly1 h\r1 ! next morn+407#gbd7 7,m#bdg7 ,! cu/om 0 kn[n z ,wassail+ & x 0 believ$ to h a b5eficial effect on ! crops47#gbe7 ,accord+ to "o ,h]e=d%ire in=mant1 8on ,twelf? ,day !y make twelve fires ( /raw & "o l>ge "o to burn ! old wit*2 !y s+1 dr9k1 & dance r\nd x2 )\t ?is fe/ival !y ?9k !y %\ld h no crop407#gbf7 ,?is explanation ( ! l>ge fire on ,twelf? ,day is rem>kable & may supply ! key to ! :ole cu/om ( k9dl+ fires on ! fields or 9 ! or*>ds on t day4 ,we h se5 t wit*es & fi5ds ( v>i\s sorts are believ$ to be let loose dur+ ! ,twelve ,days & t 9 "s places !y are =mally driv5 away on ,twelf? ,night47#gbg7 ,x may well be t ! fires light$ on t day 7 ev]y:]e prim>ily int5d$ to burn ! wit*es & o!r malefic5t be+s sw>m+ invisible 9 ! mis*ief-lad5 air1 & t ! b5efit suppos$ to be conf]r$ by ! fires on ! crops 0 n s mu* ! positive "o ( quick5+ ! gr[? ( vegetation by g5ial w>m? z ! negative "o ( de/roy+ ! baleful influ5ces :i* w\ld o!rwise bla/ ! fruits ( ! e>? & ( ! trees4 ,?is int]pretation ( ! ,engli% & ,fr5* cu/om ( light+ fires 9 fields & or*>ds on ,twelf? ,night is confirm$ by a p>allel cu/om obs]v$ by ,mac$onian peasants = ! express purpose ( burn+ up c]ta9 malici\s fi5ds1 :o are believ$ to be abroad at ?is season4 ,^! noxi\s be+s are kn[n z ,k>kantz>i or ,skatsantz>i4 ,!y are ?\ght to be liv+ p1 :e!r m5 or wom51 :o dur+ ! ,twelve ,days are trans=m$ into horrible mon/]s1 ) long nails1 r$ faces1 blood%ot eyes1 snott]+ noses1 & slobb]+ m\?s4 ,9 ?is hide\s guise !y roam ab\t by night haunt+ h\ses & mak+ ! peasant's life well-nigh unbe>able2 !y knock at ! doors & %\ld !y be refus$ admittance !y w scramble d[n ! *imney & p9*1 worry1 & defile ! sleep]s 9 _! b$s4 ,! only way to escape f ^! torm5t]s is to seize & b9d !m fa/ ) a /raw rope4 ,if y h no su* rope or y\r he>t fails y1 !re is no?+ = x b to %ut y\rself up 9 ! h\se be=e d>k1 fa/5 ! door tight1 block up ! *imney1 & wait = daylight2 = x is only at night t ! mon/]s are on ! pr[l1 dur+ ! day !y resume _! ord9>y human %ape4 ,h[ev]1 9 "s places /r5u\s ef=ts are made dur+ ! ,twelve ,days to de/roy ^! hateful nocturnal gobl9s by fire4 ,= example1 on ,*ri/mas ,eve "s p burn ! ,k>kantz>i by light+ faggots ( holm-oak & ?r[+ !m out into ! /reets at e>ly dawn4 ,9 o!r places1 notably at ,mel5ik1 !y scald ! fi5ds to dea? on ,new ,ye>'s ,eve by means ( pancakes frizzl+ & hiss+ 9 a pan4 ,:ile ! goodwife is bak+ ! cakes1 ! goodman disguises himself z "o ( ! fi5ds 9 a fur coat turn$ inside out1 & 9 8 assum$ "* dances & s+s outside ! door1 :ile he invites 8 wife to jo9 him 9 ! dance4 ,9 o!r di/ricts p collect faggots dur+ ! :ole ( ! ,twelve ,days & lay !m up on ! he>?4 ,!n on ! ,eve ( ,twelf? ,night !y set fire to ! pile 9 ord] t ! gobl9s1 :o are suppos$ to be lurk+ "u ! a%es1 may utt]ly p]i%47#gbh7 ,?us ! view t ! l>ge fire 9 ,h]e=d%ire on ,twelf? ,night is int5d$ 8to burn ! old wit*0 is f> m probable ?an ! op9ion t x repres5ts ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 & t ! o!r twelve fires /& = ! twelve apo/les47#gbi7 ,?is latt] int]pretation is 9 all probability no?+ m ?an a ,*ri/ian gloss put ^u an old hea!n cu/om ( :i* ! mean+ 0 =gott54 7,m#bdh7 ,! ,gl\ce/]%ire cu/om 0 describ$ by ! ,engli% travell] ,?omas ,p5nant 9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,he says3 8,a cu/om sav\r+ ( ! ,scot* ,bel-ti5 prevales 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 p>ticul>ly ab\t ,new5t & ! neighb\r+ p>i%es1 on ! twelf? day1 or on ! ,epiphany1 9 ! ev5+4 ,all ! s]vants ( e p>ticul> f>m] assemble toge!r 9 "o ( ! fields t has be5 s[n ) :eat2 on ! bord] ( :i*1 9 ! mo/ conspicu\s or mo/ elevat$ place1 !y make twelve fires ( /raw1 9 a r[2 ar\nd "o ( :i*1 made l>g] ?an ! re/1 !y dr9k a *e]ful glass ( cyd] to _! ma/]'s heal?1 success to ! future h>ve/1 & !n return+ home1 !y fea/ on cakes made ( c>raways1 etc41 soak$ 9 cyd]1 :i* !y claim z a rew>d = _! pa/ lab\rs 9 s[+ ! gra9407#gcj7 ,9 ,%rop%ire also x us$ to be cu/om>y to k9dle fe/al fires on ! tops ( hills & o!r high places on ,twelf? ,night47#gca7 ,aga91 9 ,irel& 8on ,twelf?-,eve 9 ,*ri/mas1 !y use to set up z high z !y c a sieve ( oats1 & 9 x a doz5 ( c&les set r\nd1 & 9 ! c5tre "o l>g]1 all light$4 ,?is 9 memory ( our ,savi\r & 8 ,apo/les1 lights ( ! _w407#gcb7 ,d[n to ! pres5t "t1 app>5tly1 9 ! c\nty ( ,roscommon1 8,twelf? ,night1 :i* is ,old ,*ri/mas ,day1 is a great] day ?an ,*ri/mas ,day itself4 ,?irte5 ru%lights are made 9 remembrance ( ! numb]s at ! ,la/ ,supp]1 & ea* is nam$ aft] "s memb] ( ! family4 ,if !re are n en\gh 9 ! h\sehold o!r relations' names are add$4 ,! c&les are /uck 9 a cake ( c[-dung & light$1 & z ea* burns out1 s w be ! l5g? ( ea* p]son's life4 ,ru%lights are only us$ = ?is occasion407#gcc7 7,m#bdi7 ,9 ^! ,engli% & ,iri% cu/oms obs]v$ on ,twelf? ,night ! twelve fires or c&les probably ref] ei!r to ! twelve days f ,*ri/mas to ,epiphany or to ! twelve mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,9 fav\r ( ?is view x may be said t accord+ to a popul> op9ion1 :i* has be5 report$ 9 ,engl&7#gcd7 & is widely diffus$ 9 ,g]many & ! ,g]man prov9ces ( ,au/ria1 ! wea!r ( ! twelve days 9 "q det]m9es ! wea!r ( ! twelve foll[+ mon?s1 s t f ! wea!r on ea* ( ^! days x is possible to pr$ict ! wea!r ( ! correspond+ mon? 9 ! ensu+ ye>47#gce7 ,h5ce 9 ,swabia ! days are call$ 8! ,twelve ,lot ,days02 & _m p seek to pry into ! future ) sci5tific precision by means ( twelve circles1 ea* subdivid$ into f\r quadrants1 :i* !y *alk up ov] ! p>l\r door or inscribe on pap]4 ,ea* circle repres5ts a mon?1 & ea* quadrant repres5ts a qu>t] ( a mon?2 & accord+ z ! sky is ov]ca/ or cle> dur+ ea* qu>t] ( a day f ,*ri/mas to ,epiphany1 y %ade ! correspond+ quadrant ( a circle or leave x a blank4 ,by ?is contrivance1 z simple z x is +5i\s1 y may =eca/ ! wea!r = ! :ole ye> ) m or less ( accuracy47#gcf7 ,at ,hosskir* 9 ,swabia !y say t y c pr$ict ! wea!r = ! twelve mon?s f ! wea!r ( ! twelve h\rs ( ,twelf? ,day alone47#gcg7 ,a some:at diff]5t sy/em ( meteorology is adopt$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,switz]l&1 ,g]many1 & ,au/ria4 ,on ,*ri/mas1 ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 or ano!r ( ! twelve days y take an onion1 slice x 9 two1 peel (f twelve coats1 & spr9kle a p9* ( salt 9 ea* ( !m4 ,! twelve coats ( ! onion /& = ! twelve mon?s ( ! ye>1 & f ! am\nt ( moi/ure :i* has ga!r$ 9 ea* ( !m next morn+ y may =etell ! am\nt ( ra9 t w fall 9 ! correspond+ mon?47#gch7 7,m#bej7 ,b ! belief t ! wea!r ( ! twelve mon?s c be pr$ict$ f ! wea!r ( ! twelve days is n conf9$ to ! ,g]manic peoples4 ,x occurs also 9 ,france & among ! ,celts ( ,brittany & ,scotl&4 ,?us 9 ! ,bocage ( ,norm&y 8! village old wives h a v simple means ( div9+ ! g5]al temp]ature ( ! com+ season4 ,accord+ to !m1 ! twelve days betwe5 ,*ri/mas & ,epiphany1 includ+ ,epiphany1 repres5t ! twelve mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,s ! ?+ to d is to m>k ! temp]ature ( ea* ( ^! days1 = ! temp]ature ( ! correspond+ mon? w be relatively ! same4 ,"s p say t ?is exp]i5ce is r>ely at fault1 & m tru/ is put 9 x ?an 9 ! pr$ictions ( ! ,d\ble-,ligois407#gci7 ,9 ,corn\aille1 ,brittany1 x is popul>ly believ$ t ! wea!r ( ! la/ six days ( ,decemb] & ! fir/ six ( ,janu>y progno/icates ! wea!r ( ! twelve mon?s2 b 9 o!r p>ts ( ,brittany x is ! fir/ twelve days ( ,janu>y t are suppos$ to be om9\s ( ! wea!r = ! ye>4 ,^! days are call$ g\r-dezi\1 :i* is commonly int]pret$ 8male days10 b is said to mean prop]ly 8additional or supplem5t>y days407#gdj7 ,aga91 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& ! twelve days ( ,*ri/mas 7,da la?a dheug na ,nollaig7 87 ! twelve days comm5c+ f ! ,nativity or ,big ,nollaig1 & 7 deem$ to repres5t1 9 respect ( wea!r1 ! twelve mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,"s say ! days %\ld be calculat$ f ,new ,ye>'s ,day407#gda7 ,o!rs aga9 reckon ! ,twelve ,days f ! ?irty-fir/ ( ,decemb]4 ,?us ,p5nant tells u t 8! ,highl&]s =m a sort ( almanack or presage ( ! wea!r ( ! ensu+ ye> 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 !y make obs]vation on twelve days1 beg9n+ at ! la/ ( ,decemb]1 & hold z an infallible rule1 t :atsoev] wea!r happ5s on ea* ( ^? days1 ! same w prove to agree 9 ! correspond5t mon?s4 ,?us1 ,janu>y is to answ] to ! wea!r ( ,decemb] #ca/2 ,febru>y to t ( ,janu>y #a/2 & s ) ! re/4 ,old p /ill pay great att5tion to ?is augury407#gdb7 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t 9 ! ,celtic regions ( ,scotl& & ,france popul> op9ion hesitates z to ! exact date ( ! twelve days1 "s p dat+ !m f ,*ri/mas1 o!rs f ! ,new ,ye>1 & o!rs aga9 f ! ?irty-fir/ ( ,decemb]4 ,?is hesitation has an important be>+ on ! "q ( ! orig9 ( ! twelve days' p]iod1 z ,i %all po9t out imm$iately4 7,m#bea7 ,?us 9 ! popul> m9d ! twelve days f ,*ri/mas to ,epiphany are conceiv$ z a m9iature ( ! :ole ye>1 ! "* ( ea* p>ticul> day answ]+ to ! "* ( a p>ticul> mon?4 ,! conception appe>s to be v anci5t1 = x meets u aga9 among ! ,aryans ( ! ,v$ic age 9 ,india4 ,!y1 too1 appe> to h inve/$ twelve days 9 midw9t] ) a sacr$ "* z a "t :5 ! ?ree ,ribhus or g5ii ( ! seasons re/$ f _! lab\rs 9 ! home ( ! sun-god2 & ^! twelve re/-days !y call$ 8an image or copy ( ! ye>407#gdc7 7,m#beb7 ,?is curi\s co9cid5ce1 if su* x is1 betwe5 ! w9t] fe/ivals ( ! anci5t ,aryans ( ,india & _! mod]n k9sfolk 9 ,europe seems to be be/ expla9$ on ! !ory t ! twelve days 9 "q d]ive _! sanctity f ! position :i* !y occupi$ 9 ! cal5d> ( ! primitive ,aryans4 ,! co9cid5ce ( ! "n = mon? ) ! "n = moon 9 ! v>i\s ,aryan languages7#gdd7 po9ts to ! conclusion t ! ye> ( our remote ance/ors 0 prim>ily bas$ on obs]vation ( ! moon r ?an ( ! sun2 b z a ye> ( twelve lun> mon?s or ?ree hundr$ & fifty-f\r days 7reckon+ ! mon?s at tw5ty-n9e & ?irty days alt]nately7 falls %ort ( ! sol> ye> ( ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five & a qu>t] days by r\ndly twelve days1 ! discrepancy c\ld n fail to attract ! att5tion ( an intellig5t p1 su* z ! primitive ,aryans mu/ be suppos$ to h be51 :o _h made "s progress 9 ! arts ( life2 & ! mo/ obvi\s way ( remov+ ! discrepancy & equat+ ! lun> ) ! sol> ye> is to add twelve days at ! end ( ea* p]iod ( twelve lun> mon?s s z to br+ ! total days ( ! ye> up to ?ree hundr$ & sixty-six4 ,! equation is n inde$ p]fectly exact1 b x may well h be5 suffici5tly s = ! rudim5t>y sci5ce ( ! primitive ,aryans47#gde7 ,z _m savage races 9 mod]n times h obs]v$ ! discrepancy betwe5 sol> & lun> "t & h essay$ to correct x by obs]vations ( ! sun or ! con/ellations1 especially ! ,pleiades17#gdf7 !re seems no reason to d\bt t ! ance/ors ( ! ,indo-,european peoples 9 prehi/oric times 7 able to make simil> obs]vations1 & t !y 7 n1 z has be5 sugge/$1 r$uc$ to ! necessity ( borr[+ ! k ( su* simple & obvi\s facts f ! />-gaz]s ( anci5t ,babylonia4 ,le>n$ m5 :o make little use ( _! eyes except to read books are too apt to und]rate ! obs]vational p[]s ( ! savage1 :o lives "u totally diff]5t conditions f u1 sp5d+ mo/ ( 8 "t 9 ! op5 air & dep5d+ = 8 v exi/5ce on ! accuracy ) :i* he notes ! v>i$ & *ang+ aspects ( nature4 7,m#bec7 ,x has be5 propos$ to expla9 ! manifold sup]/itions :i* clu/] r\nd ! ,twelve ,days1 or r ! ,twelve ,nights1 z !y are m popul>ly call$17#gdg7 by ref]5ce to ! place :i* !y occupy 9 ! ,*ri/ian cal5d>1 beg9n+ z !y d imm$iately aft] ,*ri/mas & end+ ) ,epiphany47#gdh7 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 x is difficult to see :y ! int]val betwe5 ^! two p>ticul> fe/ivals %\ld h attract$ to itself a great] mass ( sup]/iti\s belief & cu/om ?an ! int]val betwe5 any o!r two ,*ri/ian fe/ivals 9 ! cal5d>2 if x really did s1 ! gr\nd ( its special attraction is /ill to seek1 & on ?is ess5tial po9t ! advocates ( ! ,*ri/ian orig9 ( ! ,twelve ,nights ?r[ no light4 ,9 ! second place1 ! sup]/iti\s beliefs & cu/oms !mselves appe> to h no relation to ,*ri/ianity b to be purely pagan 9 "*4 ,la/ly1 a fatal objection to ! !ory 9 "q is t ! place ( ! ,twelve ,days 9 ! cal5d> is n uni=mly fix$ to ! int]val betwe5 ,*ri/mas & ,epiphany2 x v>ies consid]ably 9 popul> op9ion 9 diff]5t places1 b x is significant t ! v>iations nev] exce$ c]ta9 comp>atively n>r[ limits4 ,! twelve-days' fe/ival1 s to speak1 oscillates to & fro ab\t a fix$ po9t1 :i* is ei!r ! end ( ! ye> or ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,?us 9 ,silesia ! ,twelve ,days are usually reckon$ to fall be=e ,*ri/mas in/ead ( aft] x2 ?\gh 9 ! ,poli% di/ricts & ! m\nta9\s region ( ! c\ntry ! ord9>y ,g]man op9ion prevails t ! days imm$iately foll[ ,*ri/mas47#gdi7 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,bav>ia ! ,twelve ,days are c\nt$ f ,/4 ,?omas's ,day 7! tw5ty-fir/ ( ,decemb]7 to ,new ,ye>'s ,day2 :ile 9 p>ts ( ,meckl5burg !y beg9 ) ,new ,ye>'s ,day & s co9cide ) ! fir/ twelve days ( ,janu>y17#gej7 & ?is la/ mode ( reckon+ f9ds fav\r1 z we saw1 ) "s ,celts ( ,brittany & ,scotl&47#gea7 ,^! v>iations 9 ! dat+ ( ! ,twelve ,days seem irreconcilable ) ! !ory t !y d]ive _! sup]/iti\s "* purely f ! accid5t t !y fall betwe5 ,*ri/mas & ,epiphany2 accord+ly we may safely dismiss ! !ory ( _! ,*ri/ian orig9 & recognize1 ) _m good au?orities17#geb7 9 ! ,twelve ,days ! relics ( a purely pagan fe/ival1 :i* 0 probably celebrat$ long be=e ! f\ndation ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 tru? ! hypo!sis ( ! ,*ri/ian d]ivation ( ! ,twelve ,days 9 all probability exactly inv]ts ! hi/orical ord] ( ! facts4 ,on ! :ole ! evid5ce goes to %ew t ! great ,*ri/ian fe/ivals 7 arbitr>ily tim$ by ! *ur* s z to co9cide ) previ\sly exi/+ pagan fe/ivals = ! sake ( wean+ ! hea!n f _! old fai? & br++ !m ov] to ! new religion4 ,to make ! transition z easy z possible ! ecclesia/ical au?orities1 9 aboli%+ ! anci5t rites1 appo9t$ c]emonies ( some:at simil> "* on ! same days1 or ne>ly s1 ?us fill+ up ! spiritual void by a new creation :i* ! wor%ipp] might accept z an adequate sub/itute = :at he _h lo/4 ,*ri/mas & ,ea/]1 ! two pivots on :i* ! ,*ri/ian cal5d> revolves1 appe> bo? to h be5 in/itut$ ) ?is int5tion3 ! "o sup]s$$ a midw9t] fe/ival ( ! bir? ( ! sun-god1 ! o!r sup]s$$ a v]nal fe/ival ( ! dea? & resurrection ( ! vegetation-god47#gec7 7,m#bed7 ,if ! twelve days f ,*ri/mas to ,epiphany 7 inde$ an anci5t int]cal>y p]iod ins]t$ = ! purpose ( equat+ ! lun> to ! sol> ye>1 we c bett] und]/& ! curi\s sup]/itions t h clu/]$ r\nd !m & ! qua9t cu/oms t h be5 annually obs]v$ dur+ _! cont9uance4 ,to ! primitive m9d x might well seem t an int]cal>y p]iod /&s outside ( ! regul> ord] ( ?+s1 =m+ "p nei!r ( ! lun> nor ( ! sol> sy/em2 x is an excresc5ce1 inevitable b unacc\ntable1 :i* breaks ! smoo? surface ( ord9>y exi/5ce1 an eddy :i* int]rupts ! ev5 fl[ ( mon?s & ye>s4 ,h5ce x may be inf]r$ t ! ord9>y rules ( conduct d n apply to su* extraord9>y p]iods1 & t accord+ly m5 may d 9 !m :at !y w\ld nev] dream ( do+ at o!r times4 ,?us int]cal>y days t5d to deg5]ate into seasons ( unbridl$ lic5se2 !y =m an int]regnum dur+ :i* ! cu/om>y re/ra9ts ( law & morality are susp5d$ & ! ord9>y rul]s abdicate _! au?ority 9 fav\r ( a tempor>y reg5t1 a sort ( puppet k+1 :o be>s a m or less indef9ite1 caprici\s1 & prec>i\s sway ov] a community giv5 up = a "t to riot1 turbul5ce1 & disord]4 ,if t is s--?\gh x mu/ be confess$ t ! view "h sugge/$ is to a great ext5t conjectural--we may p]haps detect ! la/ surviv+ repres5tatives ( su* puppet k+s 9 ! ,k+ ( ! ,bean & o!r grotesque figures ( ! same sort :o us$ to p>ade ) ! mimic pomp ( sov]eignty on "o or o!r ( ! twelve days betwe5 ,*ri/mas & ,epiphany4 ,= ! ,k+ ( ! ,bean 0 by no means ! only su* rul] ( ! fe/ive season1 nor 0 ,twelf? ,night ! only day on :i* he & 8 colleagues play$ _! pranks4 ,we w conclude ?is "p ( our subject ) a brief notice ( "s ( ^! mumm]s4 7,m#bee7 ,9 ! fir/ place x des]ves to be notic$ t 9 _m p>ts ( ! cont95t1 su* z ,france1 ,spa91 ,belgium1 ,g]many1 & ,au/ria1 ,twelf? ,day is regul>ly associat$ ) ?ree my?ical k+s nam$ ,casp>1 ,mel*ior1 & ,bal?as>1 & d]ives its popul> appellation f !m1 be+ kn[n 9 ,g]many & ,au/ria z ! ,day ( ! ,?ree ,k+s 7,dreiknig/ag7 & 9 ,france z ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,k+s 7,fte des ,rois74 ,fur!r1 x has be5 cu/om>y 9 _m places to repres5t ! ?ree k+s by mumm]s1 :o g ab\t array$ 9 royal co/ume f door to door1 s++ songs & collect+ contributions f ! h\seholds :i* !y visit47#ged7 ,! cu/om may v well be old] ?an ,*ri/ianity1 ?\gh x has receiv$ a ,*ri/ian col\r+2 = ! my?ical k+s are commonly id5tifi$ ) ! wise m5 ( ! ,ea/1 :o are said to h be5 attract$ to ! infant ,*ri/ at ,be?lehem by ! sight ( 8 /> 9 ! sky47#gee7 ,yet !re is no ,biblical au?ority = reg>d+ ^! wise m5 z k+s or = fix+ _! numb] at ?ree4 ,9 ,fran*e-,comt ! old cu/om is /ill obs]v$1 or at all ev5ts x 0 s d[n to rec5t ye>s4 ,! ,?ree ,k+s are p]sonat$ by ?ree boys dress$ 9 long :ite %irts ) col\r$ sa%es r\nd _! wai/s2 on _! heads !y we> po9t$ mitres ( pa/ebo>d decorat$ ) a gilt /> & float+ ribbons4 ,ea* c>ries a long w& topp$ by a />1 :i* he keeps con/antly turn+4 ,! "o :o p]sonates ,mel*ior has 8 face black5$ ) soot1 because ,mel*ior is suppos$ to h be5 a negro k+4 ,:5 !y ent] a h\se1 !y s+ a song1 sett+ =? t !y are ?ree k+s :o h come f ?ree diff]5t c\ntries1 l$ by a />1 to adore ! infant ,jesus at ,be?lehem4 ,aft] ! song ! negro k+ solicits contributions by %ak+ 8 money-box or hold+ out a basket1 9 :i* ! inmates ( ! h\se deposit eggs1 nuts1 apples & s =?4 ,by way ( ?anks = ?is lib]ality ! ?ree k+s *ant a /ave 9 :i* !y call d[n ! bless+ ( ,god on ! h\sehold47#gef7 ,! cu/om is simil> 9 ! ,vosges ,m\nta9s1 :]e ! ,?ree ,k+s are held 9 great v5]ation & invok$ by h$ge doctors to effect v>i\s cures4 ,= example1 if a man drops to ! gr\nd ) ! fall+ sickness1 y ne$ only :isp] 9 8 "r e>1 8,gasp>d f]t myrrham1 ?us ,mel*ior1 ,bal?as> aurum10 & he w get up at once4 ,b to make ! cure complete y mu/ knock ?ree nails into ! e>? on ! precise spot :]e he fell2 ea* nail mu/ be exactly ( ! l5g? ( ! pati5t's little f+]1 & z y knock x 9 y mu/ take c>e to utt] ! suff]]'s "n47#geg7 ,9 _m ,cze* villages ( ,bohemia ! *ildr5 :o play ! "p ( ! ,?ree ,k+s assimilate !mselves to ! wise m5 ( ! ,ea/ 9 ! gospel by c>ry+ gilt pap]1 inc5se1 & myrrh ) !m on _! r\nds1 :i* !y di/ribute z gifts 9 ! h\ses !y visit1 receiv+ 9 return money or pres5ts 9 k9d4 ,moreov] !y fumigate & spr9kle ! h\ses & describe crosses & lett]s on ! doors4 ,among/ ! ,g]mans ( ,we/ ,bohemia x is ! s*oolma/] :o1 accompani$ by "s boys1 goes ! r\nd ( ! village on ,twelf? ,day4 ,he *alks up ! lett]s ,c4 ,m4 ,b4 7! initials ( ,casp>1 ,mel*ior1 & ,bal?as>71 toge!r ) ?ree crosses1 on e door1 & fumigates ! h\se ) a burn+ c5s] 9 ord] to gu>d x f evil influ5ces & infecti\s diseases47#geh7 ,"s p us$ to we> z an amulet a picture repres5t+ ! adoration ( ! ,?ree ,k+s ) a ,lat9 inscription to ! foll[+ effect3 8,holy ?ree k+s1 ,casp>1 ,mel*ior1 ,bal?as>1 pray = u1 n[ & 9 ! h\r ( our dea?40 ,! picture 0 ?\ght to protect ! we>] n only f epilepsy1 heada*e1 & fev]1 b also f ! p]ils ( ! roads1 f ! bite ( mad dogs1 f sudd5 dea?1 f sorc]y & wit*craft47#gei7 ,:atev] its orig91 ! fe/ival ( ! ,?ree ,k+s goes back to ! middle ages1 = x is kn[n to h be5 celebrat$ ) great pomp at ,milan 9 #accf4 ,on t occasion ! ,?ree ,k+s appe>$ we>+ cr[ns1 rid+ ri*ly cap>ison$ horses1 & surr\nd$ by pages1 bodygu>ds1 & a great ret9ue ( foll[]s4 ,be=e !m 0 c>ri$ a gold5 />1 & !y (f]$ gifts ( gold1 frank9c5se1 & myrrh to ! infant ,*ri/ cradl$ 9 a mang] beside ! high alt> ( ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,eu/orgius47#gfj7 7,m#bef7 ,9 our own c\ntry a popul> figure dur+ ! ,*ri/mas holidays us$ to be ! ,"l ( ,misrule1 or1 z he 0 call$ 9 ,scotl&1 ! ,abbot ( ,unreason1 :o l$ ! revels at t m]ry season 9 ! halls ( colleges1 ! ,inns ( ,c\rt1 ! palace ( ! k+1 & ! mansions ( nobles47#gfa7 ,writ+ at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! antiqu>y ,john ,/[ tells u t1 89 ! fea/ ( ,*ri/mas1 !re 0 9 ! ,k+'s h\se1 :]esoev] he 0 lodg$1 a ,"l ( ,misrule1 or ,ma/] ( ,m]ry ,disports2 & ! l _h ye 9 ! h\se ( e nobleman ( hon\r or good wor%ip1 7 he spiritual or temporal4 ,among/ ! :i* ! ,mayor ( ,london1 & ei!r ( ! ,%]iffs1 _h _! sev]al ,lords ( ,misrule1 ev] cont5d+1 )\t qu>rel or (f5ce1 :o %\ld make ! r>e/ pa/imes to delight ! behold]s4 ,^! ,lords beg9n+ _! rule on ,alhollon eve1 cont9u$ ! same til ! morr[ aft] ! ,fea/ ( ! ,purification1 commonly call$ ,c&lemas day4 ,9 all :i* space !re 7 f9e & subtle disguis+s1 masks & mumm]ies1 ) play+ at c>ds = c\nt]s1 nails1 & po9ts1 9 e h\se1 m = pa/ime ?an = ga9407#gfb7 ,aga91 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! ard5t royali/ ,sir ,?omas ,urquh>t wrote t 8!y may be likewise said to use _! k+ 444 z ab\t ,*ri/mas we d ! ,k+ ( ,misrule2 :om we inve/ ) t title to no o!r end1 b to c\nt5ance ! ,bac*analian riots & prepo/]\s disord]s ( ! family1 :]e he is in/all$407#gfc7 ,f ! =m] passage x appe>s t ! ,lords ( ,misrule (t5 or ev5 g5]ally reign$ = m ?an ?ree mon?s 9 w9t]1 namely f ,allhall[ ,ev5 7! ?irty-fir/ ( ,octob]1 ! ,eve ( ,all ,sa9ts' ,day7 till ,c&lemas 7! second ( ,febru>y74 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 _! reign seems to h be5 re/rict$ to ! ,twelve ,nights4 ,?us we are told t ,george ,f]r]s ( ,l9coln's ,inn 0 ,"l ( ,misrule = twelve days "o ye> :5 ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vi4 kept 8 ,*ri/mas ) op5 h\se at ,gre5wi*47#gfd7 ,at ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 a ,ma/] ( ,arts us$ to be appo9t$ to ?is hon\rable (fice1 :i* he held = ! twelve days f ,*ri/mas to ,twelf? ,day1 & he resum$ (fice on ,c&lemas ,day4 ,8 duty 0 to regulate ! games & div]sions ( ! /ud5ts1 p>ticul>ly ! plays :i* 7 act$ 9 ! college hall4 ,simil> ma/]s ( ! revels 7 commonly in/itut$ 9 ! colleges at ,ox=d2 = example1 at ,m]ton ,college ! fell[s annually elect$ ab\t ,/4 ,edmund's ,day1 9 ,novemb] a ,"l ( ,misrule or1 z he 0 call$ 9 ! regi/]s1 a ,k+ ( ! ,bean 7,rex ,fab>um71 :o held (fice till ,c&lemas & sometimes assum$ a numb] ( ridicul\s titles4 ,9 ! ,inn] ,temple a ,"l ( ,misrule us$ to be appo9t$ on ,/4 ,/eph5's ,day 7! tw5ty-six? ( ,decemb]72 surr\nd$ by 8 c\rti]s1 :o 7 dubb$ by v>i\s d]ogatory or ribald names1 he presid$ at ! danc+1 fea/+1 & m9/relsy 9 ! hall4 ,( ! mock mon>* :o 9 ! ,*ri/mas holidays ( #afce held (fice 9 ! ,middle ,temple ! jurisdiction1 privileges1 & p>ade h be5 m9utely describ$4 ,he 0 att5d$ by 8 "l keep]1 "l treasur]1 ) eight :ite /aves1 a b& ( g5tleman p5sion]s ) poleaxes1 & two *apla9s4 ,he d9$ "u a canopy ( /ate bo? 9 ! hall & 9 8 own *amb]s4 ,he receiv$ _m petitions1 :i* he pass$ on 9 regal /yle to 8 ,ma/] ( ,reque/s2 & he att5d$ s]vice 9 ! ,temple *ur*1 :]e 8 *apla9s prea*$ be=e him & did him rev]5ce4 ,8 exp5ses1 defray$ f 8 own purse1 am\nt$ to no less ?an two ?\s& p\nds47#gfe7 8,i rememb] to h he>d a ,b5*] ( ! ,temple tell a /ory ( a tradition 9 _! h\se1 :]e !y _h =m]ly a cu/om ( *oos+ k+s = su* a season1 & all[+ him 8 exp5ces at ! *>ge ( ! society3 ,"o ( our k+s1 said my fri5d1 c>ri$ 8 royal incl9ation a little too f>1 & !re 0 a committee ord]$ to look into ! managem5t ( 8 treasury4 ,among o!r ?+s x appe>$1 t 8 ,maje/y walk+ incog4 9 ! cloi/]1 _h ov]he>d a poor man say to ano!r1 ,su* a small sum w\ld make me ! happie/ man 9 ! _w4 ,! k+ out ( 8 royal compassion privately inquir$ into 8 "*1 & f9d+ him a prop] object ( *>ity1 s5t him ! money4 ,:5 ! committee read ! report1 ! h\se pass$ 8 acc\nts ) a plaudite )\t fur!r exam9ation1 ^u ! recital ( ?is article 9 !m1 #8,= mak+ a man happy1 #aj3j3j4' 07#gff7 7,m#beg7 ,at ! ,engli% c\rt ! annual ,"l ( ,misrule is n to be conf\nd$ ) ! ,ma/] ( ! ,revels1 :o 0 a p]man5t (ficial & probably despis$ ! tempor>y ,"l z an up/>t rival & intrud]4 ,c]ta9ly !re seems to h be5 at times bad blood betwe5 !m4 ,"s correspond5ce :i* pass$ betwe5 ! two m]ry mon>*s 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,vi4 has be5 pres]v$1 & f x we le>n t on "o occasion ! ,"l ( ,misrule _h mu* difficulty 9 extract+ f ! ,ma/] ( ! ,revels ! fool's coat1 hobby-horses1 & o!r trump]y p>aph]nalia :i* he requir$ = ! prop] support ( 8 dignity4 ,inde$ ! co/umes furni%$ by 8 rival 7 s %abby t 8 lord%ip return$ !m ) a note1 9 :i* he in=m$ ! ,ma/] ( ! ,revels t ! g5tlem5 ( rank & position :o 7 to we> ^! liv]ies /ood too mu* on _! dignity to be se5 pranc+ ab\t ! /reets ( ,london rigg$ out 9 su* old slops4 ,! ,lords ( ,c\ncil _h actually to int]pose 9 ! petty squabble betwe5 ! two pot5tates47#gfg7 7,m#beh7 ,9 ,france ! c\nt]p>ts ( ^! ,engli% ,lords ( ,misrule masqu]ad$ 9 cl]ical attire z mock ,bi%ops1 ,ar*bi%ops1 ,popes1 or ,abbots4 ,! fe/ival at :i* !y disport$ !mselves 0 kn[n z ! ,fe/ival ( ,fools 7,fte des ,f\s71 :i* fell 9 diff]5t places at diff]5t dates1 sometimes on ,*ri/mas ,day1 sometimes on ,/4 ,/eph5's ,day 7! tw5ty-six? ( ,decemb]71 sometimes on ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 & sometimes on ,twelf? ,day4 ,accord+ to "o acc\nt 8on ! fir/ day1 :i* 0 ! fe/ival ( ,*ri/mas1 ! l[] ord]s ( cl]gy & monks cri$ 9 unison ,nol 7,*ri/mas7 & gave !mselves up to jollity4 ,on ! morr[1 ,/4 ,/eph5's ,day1 ! deacons held a c\ncil to elect a ,pope or ,patri>* ( ,fools1 a ,bi%op or ,ar*bi%op ( ,innoc5ts1 an ,abbot ( ,n9nies2 next day1 ! fe/ival ( ,/4 ,john1 ! subdeacons began ! dance 9 8 hon\r2 aft]w>ds1 on ! f\r? day1 ! fe/ival ( ! ,holy ,innoc5ts1 ! *ori/]s & m9or cl]gy claim$ ! ,pope or ,bi%op or ,abbot elect1 :o made 8 triumphal entry into ! *ur* on ,circumcision ,day 7! fir/ ( ,janu>y7 & sat en?ron$ pontifically till ! ev5+ ( ,epiphany4 ,x 0 !n ! joy\s reign ( ?is ,pope or ?is ,bi%op or ?is ,abbot ( ,folly :i* con/itut$ ! ,fe/ival ( ,fools & dom9at$ its :imsical phases1 ! grotesque & sometimes impi\s masqu]ades1 ! m]ry & (t5 disgu/+ sc5es1 ! furi\s orgies1 ! dances1 ! games1 ! pr(ane songs1 ! impud5t p>odies ( ! ca?olic liturgy407#gfh7 ,at ^! p>odies ( ! mo/ solemn rites ( ! *ur* ! prie/s1 we>+ grotesque masks & sometimes dress$ z wom51 danc$ 9 ! *oir & sang obsc5e *ants3 laym5 disguis$ z monks & nuns m+l$ ) ! cl]gy3 ! alt> 0 trans=m$ into a tav]n1 :]e ! deacons & subdeacons ate sausages & black-pudd+s or play$ at dice & c>ds "u ! nose ( ! celebrant2 & ! c5s]s smok$ ) bits ( old %oes in/ead ( inc5se1 fill+ ! *ur* ) a f\l /5*4 ,aft] play+ ^! pranks & runn+1 leap+1 & cutt+ cap]s ?r\gh ! :ole *ur*1 !y rode ab\t ! t[n 9 mean c>ts1 ex*ang+ scurrilities ) ! cr[ds ( laugh+ & je]+ spectators47#gfi7 7,m#bei7 ,among/ ! buffoon]ies ( ! ,fe/ival ( ,fools "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable 0 ! introduction ( an ass into ! *ur*1 :]e v>i\s pranks 7 play$ ) ! animal4 ,at ,autun ! ass 0 l$ ) great c]emony to ! *ur* "u a clo? ( gold1 ! corn]s ( :i* 7 held by f\r canons2 & on ent]+ ! sacr$ edifice ! animal 0 wrapt 9 a ri* cope1 :ile a p>ody ( ! mass 0 p]=m$4 ,a regul> ,lat9 liturgy 9 glorification ( ! ass 0 *ant$ on ^! occasions1 & ! celebrant prie/ imitat$ ! bray+ ( an ass4 ,at ,beauvais ! c]emony 0 p]=m$ e ye> on ! f\rte5? ( ,janu>y4 ,a "y girl ) a *ild 9 h] arms rode on ! back ( ! ass 9 imitation ( ! ,flight into ,egypt4 ,escort$ by ! cl]gy & ! p %e 0 l$ 9 triumph f ! ca!dral to ! p>i% *ur* ( ,/4 ,/eph54 ,!re %e & h] ass 7 introduc$ into ! *ancel & /ation$ on ! left side ( ! alt>2 & a long mass 0 p]=m$ :i* consi/$ ( scraps borr[$ indiscrim9ately f ! s]vices ( _m *ur* fe/ivals ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,9 ! int]vals ! s+]s qu5*$ _! ?ir/3 ! congregation imitat$ _! example2 & ! ass 0 f$ & wat]$4 ,! s]vices ov]1 ! animal 0 br\ght f ! *ancel into ! nave1 :]e ! :ole congregation1 cl]gy & laity mix$ up toge!r1 danc$ r\nd ! animal & bray$ l asses4 ,f9ally1 aft] vesp]s & compl9e1 ! m]ry procession1 l$ by ! prec5tor & prec$$ by a huge lant]n1 defil$ ?r\gh ! /reets to w9d up ! day ) indec5t f>ces 9 a great !atre erect$ opposite ! *ur*47#ggj7 7,m#bfj7 ,a pale reflection or dim9utive copy ( ! ,fe/ival ( ,fools 0 ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,innoc5ts1 :i* 0 celebrat$ on ,*ild]mas or ,holy ,innoc5ts' ,day1 ! tw5ty-eigh? ( ,decemb]4 ,! cu/om 0 widely obs]v$ bo? 9 ,france & ,engl&4 ,9 ,france on ,*ild]mas or ! eve ( ! fe/ival ! *ori/]s assembl$ 9 ! *ur* & *ose "o ( _! numb] to be a ,boy ,bi%op1 :o (ficiat$ 9 t "* ) mock solemnity4 ,su* burlesques ( ecclesia/ical ritual appe> to h be5 common on t day 9 mona/]ies & conv5ts1 :]e ! (fices p]=m$ by ! cl]gy & laity 7 inv]t$ = ! occasion4 ,at ! ,franciscan mona/]y ( ,antibes1 = example1 ! lay bro!rs1 :o usually work$ 9 ! kit*5 & ! g>d51 took ! place ( ! prie/s on ,*ild]mas & celebrat$ mass 9 *ur*1 clad 9 tatt]$ sac]dotal ve/m5ts turn$ inside out1 hold+ ! books upside d[n1 we>+ spectacles made ( orange peel1 mumbl+ an un9telligible j>gon1 & utt]+ frightful cries4 ,^! buffoon]ies 7 kept up c]ta9ly z late z ! eighte5? c5tury17#gga7 & probably lat]4 ,9 ! great conv5t ( ! ,congrgation de ,notre ,dame at ,p>is d[n to ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! nuns & _! girl pupils regul>ly ex*ang$ p>ts on ,holy ,innoc5ts' ,day4 ,! pupils pret5d$ to be nuns & a select few ( !m 7 attir$ z su*1 :ile ! nuns made believe to be pupils1 )\t h[ev] *ang+ _! dress47#ggb7 7,m#bfa7 ,9 ,engl& ! ,boy ,bi%op 0 widely popul> dur+ ! lat] ,middle ,ages & only succumb$ to ! au/]ity ( ! ,re=mation4 ,he is kn[n1 = example1 to h (ficiat$ 9 ,/4 ,paul's1 ,london1 9 ! ca!drals ( ,salisbury1 ,exet]1 ,h]e=d1 ,gl\ce/]1 ,li*field1 ,norwi*1 ,l9coln1 & ,york1 9 great collegiate *ur*es su* z ,bev]ley m9/]1 ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ,cant]bury1 & ,ott]y ,/4 ,m>y's1 9 college *apels su* z ,magdal5 & ,all ,s\ls' at ,ox=d1 9 ! private *apels ( ! k+1 & 9 _m p>i% *ur*es ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! election 0 usually made on ,/4 ,ni*olas's ,day 7! six? ( ,decemb]71 b ! (fice & au?ority la/$ till ,holy ,innoc5ts' ,day 7! tw5ty-eigh? ( ,decemb]74 ,bo? days 7 appropriate1 = ,/4 ,ni*olas 0 ! patron sa9t ( s*ool *ildr51 & ,holy ,innoc5ts' ,day commemorates ! slaught] ( ! "y *ildr5 by ,h]od4 ,9 ca!drals ! ,bi%op 0 *os5 f among ! *oir boys4 ,aft] 8 election he 0 completely app>ell$ 9 ! episcopal ve/m5ts1 ) a mitre & crosi]1 bore ! title & display$ ! /ate ( a ,bi%op1 & exact$ c]emonial ob$i5ce f 8 fell[s1 :o 7 dress$ l prie/s4 ,!y took possession ( ! *ur* &1 ) ! exception ( mass1 p]=m$ all ! c]emonies & (fices4 ,! ,boy ,bi%op prea*$ f ! pulpit4 ,at ,salisbury ! c]emonies at :i* he presid$ are elaborately regulat$ by ! /atutes ( ,rog] de ,mortival1 enact$ 9 #acai2 & two ( ! great s]vice-books ( ! ,s>um use1 ! ,brevi>y & ! ,processional1 furni% full details ( ! m9i/rations ( ! ,boy ,bi%op & 8 fell[s4 ,he is ev5 said to h enjoy$ ! "r ( dispos+ ( su* preb5ds z happ5$ to fall vacant dur+ ! days ( 8 episcopacy4 ,b ! pranks ( ! mock bi%op 7 n conf9$ to ! *ur*4 ,array$ 9 full canonicals he 0 l$ ab\t ) songs & dances f h\se to h\se1 bless+ ! gr9n+ p & collect+ money 9 return = 8 b5$ictions4 ,at ,york 9 ! ye> #acif ! ,boy ,bi%op is kn[n to h gone on 8 r\nds to places s f> di/ant z ,bridl+ton1 ,le$s1 ,bev]ley1 ,f\nta9s ,abbey1 & ,all]ton2 & ! pr(its :i* he made 7 consid]able4 ,william ( ,wykeham orda9$ 9 #adjj t a ,boy ,bi%op %\ld be *os5 at ,w9*e/] ,college & ano!r at ,new ,college1 ,ox=d1 & t he %\ld recite ! (fice at ! ,fea/ ( ! ,innoc5ts4 ,8 example 0 foll[$ "s =ty ye>s aft]w>ds 9 ! /atutes ( ! royal f\ndations ( ,eton ,college & ( ,k+'s ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,f be+ elect$ on ,/4 ,ni*olas's ,day ! ,boy ,bi%op 0 sometimes call$ a ,ni*olas ,bi%op 7,episcopus ,ni*olat5sis747#ggc7 ,9 ,spani% ca!drals1 also1 x appe>s to h be5 cu/om>y on ,/4 ,ni*olas's ,day to elect a *ori/] to ! (fice ( ,bi%op4 ,he ex]cis$ a c]ta9 jurisdiction till ,holy ,innoc5ts' ,day1 & 8 preb5d>ies took secul> (fices1 act+ 9 ! capacity ( alguazils1 cat*poles1 dog-:ipp]s1 & sweep]s47#ggd7 7,m#bfb7 ,on ! :ole x seems difficult to suppose t ! a curi\s sup]/itions & qua9t c]emonies1 ! outbur/s ( pr(anity & ! inv]sions ( ranks1 :i* *>act]ize ! popul> celebration ( ! twelve days f ,*ri/mas to ,epiphany1 h any connexion ) ! episodes ( ,*ri/ian hi/ory believ$ to be commemorat$ by ^! two fe/ivals4 ,m probably !y are relics ( an old hea!n fe/ival celebrat$ dur+ ! twelve int]cal>y days :i* our =efa!rs annually ins]t$ 9 _! cal5d> at midw9t] 9 ord] to equalize ! %ort lun> ye> ( twelve mon?s ) ! long] sol> ye> ( ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five or sixty-six days4 ,we ne$ n assume t ! lic5se & buffoon]ies ( ! fe/ive season 7 borr[$ f ! ,roman ,saturnalia2 bo? celebrations may well h be5 p>allel & indep5d5t d$uctions f a l primitive philosophy ( nature4 ,!re is n inde$1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 any direct evid5ce t ! ,saturnalia at ,rome 0 an int]cal>y fe/ival2 b ! lic5se :i* *>act]iz$ x1 & ! tempor>y reign ( a mock k+1 :o p]sonat$ ,saturn1 sugge/ t x may h be5 s4 ,if we 7 bett] acqua9t$ ) ! int]cal>y p]iods ( peoples at a comp>atively l[ level ( culture1 we might f9d t !y are commonly m>k$ by simil> outbreaks ( lawlessness & simil> reigns ( m or less nom9al & f>cical rul]s4 ,b un=tunately we "k too little ab\t ! obs]vance ( su* p]iods among primitive peoples to be w>rant$ 9 mak+ any positive affirmation on ! subject4 7,m#bfc7 ,h[ev]1 !re are gr\nds = ?9k+ t int]cal>y p]iods h commonly be5 e/eem$ unlucky4 ,! ,aztecs c]ta9ly reg>d$ z v unlucky ! five supplem5t>y days :i* !y add$ at ! end ( e ye> 9 ord] to make up a total ( ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five days47#gge7 ,^! five supplem5t>y days1 correspond+ to ! la/ f\r ( ,janu>y & ! fir/ ( ,febru>y1 7 call$ nemontemi1 :i* means 8vacant10 8sup]flu\s10 or 8useless40 ,be+ d$icat$ to no god1 !y 7 deem$ inauspici\s1 equally unfit = ! s]vices ( religion & ! transaction ( civil bus9ess4 ,dur+ _! cont9uance no sacrifices 7 (f]$ by ! prie/s & no wor%ipp]s frequ5t$ ! temples4 ,no cases 7 tri$ 9 ! c\rts ( ju/ice4 ,! h\ses 7 n swept4 ,p ab/a9$ f all actions ( importance & conf9$ !mselves to p]=m+ su* z c\ld n be avoid$1 or sp5t ! "t 9 pay+ visits to ea* o!r4 ,9 p>ticul> !y 7 c>eful dur+ ^! fatal days n to fall asleep 9 ! daytime1 n to qu>rel1 & n to /umble2 because !y ?\ght t if !y did su* ?+s at t "t !y w\ld cont9ue to d s = ev]4 ,p]sons born on any ( ^! days 7 deem$ un=tunate1 de/9$ to fail 9 _! und]tak+s & to live 9 wret*$ness & pov]ty all _! "t on e>?47#ggf7 ,! ,mayas ( ,yucatan employ$ a cal5d> l t ( ! ,aztecs1 & !y too look$ ^u ! five supplem5t>y days at ! end ( ! ye> z unlucky & ( evil om52 h5ce !y gave no names to ^! days1 & :ile !y la/$ ! p /ay$ = ! mo/ "p at home2 !y nei!r wa%$ !mselves1 nor comb$ _! hair1 nor l\s$ ea* o!r2 & !y did no s]vile or fatigu+ "w le/ "s evil %\ld befall !m47#ggg7 7,m#bfd7 ,! anci5t ,egyptians l ! ,aztecs consid]$ a ye> to consi/ ( ?ree hundr$ & sixty ord9>y days divid$ into mon?s & ek$ out ) five supplem5t>y days s z to br+ ! total numb] ( days 9 ! ye> up to ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five2 b :]eas ! ,aztecs divid$ ! ?ree hundr$ & sixty ord9>y days into eighte5 arbitr>y divisions or mon?s ( tw5ty days ea*1 ! ,egyptians1 keep+ mu* clos] to ! natural p]iods m>k$ by ! phases ( ! moon1 divid$ ^! days into twelve mon?s ( ?irty days ea*47#ggh7 ,?is mode ( regulat+ ! cal5d> appe>s to be exce$+ly anci5t 9 ,egypt & may ev5 date f ! prehi/oric p]iod2 = ! five days ov] & above ! ye> 7h>u duat hiru ronpit7 are expressly m5tion$ 9 ! texts ( ! pyramids47#ggi7 ,! my? told to expla9 _! orig9 0 z foll[s4 ,once on a "t ! e>?-god ,keb lay secretly ) ! sky-goddess ,nut1 & ! sun-god ,ra 9 8 ang] curs$ ! goddess1 say+ t %e %\ld give bir? to h] (fspr+ nei!r 9 any mon? nor 9 any ye>4 ,he ?\ght1 no d\bt1 by ?is imprecation to prev5t h] f br++ =? ! fruit ( h] womb4 ,b he 0 outwitt$ by ! wily ,?o?1 :o engag$ ! goddess ( ! moon 9 a game ( draughts & hav+ won ! game took z a =feit f h] ! sev5tie? "p ( e day 9 ! ye>1 & out ( ! fractions ?us ab/ract$ he made up five new days1 :i* he add$ to ! old ye> ( ?ree hundr$ & sixty days4 ,z ^! days =m$ no "p ei!r ( a mon? or ( a ye>1 ! goddess ,nut might be deliv]$ 9 !m )\t r5d]+ ! sun-god's curse void & ( no effect4 ,accord+ly %e bore ,osiris on ! fir/ ( ! days1 ,horus on ! second1 ,set or ,typhon on ! ?ird1 ,isis on ! f\r?1 & ,neph?ys on ! fif?4 ,( ^! five supplem5t>y or int]cal>y days ! ?ird1 z ! bir?day ( ! evil deity ,set or ,typhon1 0 deem$ unlucky1 & ! ,egyptian k+s nei!r transact$ bus9ess on x nor att5d$ to _! p]sons till nightfall47#ghj7 ,?us x appe>s t ! anci5t ,egyptians reg>d$ ! five supplem5t>y or int]cal>y days z belong+ nei!r to a mon? nor to a ye>1 b z /&+ outside ( bo? & =m+ an extraord9>y p]iod q ap>t & di/9ct f ! ord9>y c\rse ( "t4 ,x is probable1 ?\gh we _c prove x1 t 9 all c\ntries int]cal>y days or mon?s h be5 s consid]$ by ! primitive a/ronom]s :o fir/ obs]v$ ! discrepancy betwe5 sol> & lun> "t & attempt$ to reconcile x by ! exp$i5t ( int]calation4 7,m#bfe7 ,?us we inf] ) "s probability t ! sacr$ ,twelve ,days or ,nights at midw9t] d]ive _! peculi> "* 9 popul> cu/om & sup]/ition f ! circum/ance t !y 7 orig9ally an int]cal>y p]iod ins]t$ annually at ! end ( a lun> ye> ( ?ree hundr$ & fifty-f\r days = ! purpose ( equat+ x to a sol> ye> reckon$ at ?ree hundr$ & sixty-six days4 ,h[ev]1 !re are gr\nds = ?9k+ t at a v e>ly "t ! ,aryan peoples s\ght to correct _! lun> ye>1 n by ins]t+ twelve supplem5t>y days e ye>1 b by all[+ ! annual defici5cy to accumulate = sev]al ye>s & !n supply+ x by a :ole int]cal>y mon?4 ,9 ,india ! ,aryans ( ! ,v$ic age appe> to h adopt$ a ye> ( ?ree hundr$ & sixty days1 divid$ into twelve mon?s ( ?irty days ea*1 & to h rem$i$ ! annual defici5cy ( five days by int]calat+ a :ole mon? ( ?irty days e fif? ye>1 ?us regulat+ _! cal5d> accord+ to a five ye>s' cycle47#gha7 ,! ,celts ( ,gaul1 z we le>n f ! ,coligny cal5d>1 also adopt$ a five ye>s' cycle1 b !y manag$ x diff]5tly4 ,!y reta9$ ! old lun> ye> ( ?ree hundr$ & fifty-f\r days divid$ into twelve mon?s1 six ( ?irty days & six ( tw5ty-n9e days2 b in/ead ( int]calat+ twelve days e ye> to re/ore ! balance betwe5 lun> & sol> "t !y int]calat$ a mon? ( ?irty days e two & a half ye>s1 s t 9 ea* cycle ( five ye>s ! total numb] ( int]cal>y days 0 sixty1 :i* 0 equival5t to int]calat+ twelve days annually4 ,?us ! result at ! end ( ea* cycle ( five ye>s 0 precisely ! same z x w\ld h be5 if !y _h foll[$ ! old sy/em ( annual int]calation47#ghb7 ,:y !y ab&on$ ! simple & obvi\s exp$i5t ( annually int]calat+ twelve days1 & adopt$ in/ead ! m recondite sy/em ( int]calat+ a mon? ( ?irty days e two & a half ye>s1 is n pla94 ,x may be t religi\s or political motives unkn[n to u concurr$ ) practical consid]ations to recomm5d ! *ange4 ,"o result ( ! re=m w\ld be ! abolition ( ! tempor>y k+ :o1 if ,i am "r1 us$ to be> a some:at tumultu>y sway ov] ! community dur+ ! saturnalia ( ! ,twelve ,days4 ,p]haps ! annually recurr+ disord]s :i* att5d$ t p]iod ( lic5se 7 n ! lea/ urg5t ( ! reasons :i* mov$ ! rul]s to /rike ! twelve int]cal>y days out ( ! ye> & to replace !m by an int]cal>y mon? at long] int]vals4 7,m#bff7 ,h[ev] t may be1 ! equival5ce ( ! new int]cal>y mon? to ! old int]cal>y ,twelve ,days multipli$ by two & a half is /rongly sugge/$ by a rem>kable feature ( ! ,coligny cal5d>2 = 9 x ! ?irty days ( ! int]cal>y mon?1 :i* bore ! "n ( ,ciallos1 are nam$ aft] ! ord9>y twelve mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,?us ! fir/ day ( ! int]cal>y mon? is call$ ,samon1 :i* is ! "n ( ! fir/ mon? ( ! ye>2 ! second day ( ! mon? is call$ ,dumannos1 :i* is ! "n ( ! second mon? ( ! ye>2 ! ?ird day ( ! mon? is call$ ,rivros1 :i* is ! "n ( ! ?ird mon? ( ! ye>2 ! f\r? day ( ! mon? is call$ ,anacan1 :i* is ! "n ( ! f\r? mon? ( ! ye>2 & s on ) all ! re/1 s t ! ?irty days ( ! int]cal>y mon? be> ! names ( ! twelve mon?s ( ! ye> repeat$ two & a half times47#ghc7 ,?is seems to %ew t1 j z our mod]n peasants reg>d ! ,twelve ,days z repres5t+ ea* a mon? ( ! ye> 9 _! *ronological ord]1 s ! old ,celts ( ,gaul :o drew up ! ,coligny cal5d> reg>d$ ! ?irty days ( ! int]cal>y mon? z repres5t+ ! ?irty ord9>y mon?s :i* 7 to foll[ x till ! next int]calation took place4 ,& we may conjecture t j z our mod]n peasants /ill draw om5s f ! ,twelve ,days = ! twelve succe$+ mon?s1 s ! old ,celts drew om5s f ! ?irty days ( ! int]cal>y mon? = ! ?irty mon?s ( ! two & a half succe$+ ye>s4 ,inde$ we may suppose t ! re=m]s ( ! cal5d> transf]r$1 or attempt$ to transf]1 to ! new int]cal>y mon? ! :ole ( ! qua9t cu/oms & sup]/itions :i* f "t immemorial _h clu/]$ r\nd ! twelve int]cal>y days ( ! old ye>4 ,?us1 l ! old ,twelve ,days ( midw9t]1 ! ?irty days ( ! new int]cal>y mon? may h =m$ an int]regnum or break 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( gov]nm5t1 a tumultu>y p]iod ( g5]al lic5se1 dur+ :i* ! ord9>y rules ( law & morality 7 susp5d$ & ! direction ( affairs committ$ to a tempor>y & m or less f>cical rul] or ,k+ ( ! ,bean1 :o may possibly h _h to pay ) 8 life = 8 brief reign ( ?irty days4 ,! float+ traditions ( su* m]ry mon>*s & ( ! c>eless happy-g-lucky life "u !m may h cry/alliz$ 9 aft] ages into ! leg5d ( ,saturn & ! ,gold5 ,age4 ,if t 0 s--& ,i put =w>d ! hypo!sis = no m ?an a web ( conjectures wov5 f ! gossam] ?reads ( popul> sup]/ition--we c und]/& :y ! ,twelve ,days1 int]calat$ e ye> 9 ! old cal5d>1 %\ld h surviv$ to ! pres5t day 9 ! memory ( ! p1 :]eas ! ?irty days1 int]calat$ e two & a half ye>s 9 ! new cal5d>1 h long be5 =gott54 ,x is ! simple/ ideas t live longe/ 9 ! simple m9ds ( ! peasantry2 & s9ce ! int]calation ( twelve days 9 e ye> to all[ ! lagg+ moon to keep pace ) ! long] /ride ( ! sun is c]ta9ly an easi] & m obvi\s exp$i5t ?an to wait = two & a half ye>s till he has outrun h] by ?irty days1 we ne$ n wond] t ?is anci5t mode ( h>moniz+ lun> & sol> "t %\ld h l+]$ 9 ! recollection & 9 ! usages ( ! p ages aft] ! m r\ndab\t me?od1 :i* reflective m9ds _h devis$ = accompli%+ ! same end1 _h fad$ alike f ! memory ( ! peasant & ! page ( ! hi/orian4 #c4 ,! ,saturnalia & ,l5t4 7,m#bfg7 ,z ! ,c>nival is always held on ! la/ ?ree days be=e ! beg9n+ ( ,l5t1 its date %ifts some:at f ye> to ye>1 b x inv>iably falls ei!r 9 ,febru>y or ,m>*4 ,h5ce x does n co9cide ) ! date ( ! ,saturnalia1 :i* )9 hi/orical times seems to h be5 always celebrat$ 9 ,decemb] ev5 9 ! old days1 be=e ,caes>'s re=m ( ! cal5d>1 :5 ! ,roman ye> end$ ) ,febru>y in/ead ( ,decemb]47#ghd7 ,yet if ! ,saturnalia1 l _m o!r seasons ( lic5se1 0 orig9ally celebrat$ z a sort ( public purification at ! end ( ! old ye> or ! beg9n+ ( ! new "o1 x may at a /ill m remote p]iod1 :5 ! ,roman ye> began ) ,m>*1 h be5 regul>ly held ei!r 9 ,febru>y or ,m>* & !re=e at approximately ! same date z ! mod]n ,c>nival4 ,s /rong & p]si/5t are ! cons]vative in/9cts ( ! peasantry 9 respect to old cu/om1 t x w\ld be no matt] = surprise if1 9 rural di/ricts ( ,italy1 ! anci5t fe/ival cont9u$ to be celebrat$ at ! anci5t "t long aft] ! (ficial celebration ( ! ,saturnalia 9 ! t[ns _h be5 %ift$ f ,febru>y to ,decemb]4 ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 :i* /ruck at ! root ( (ficial or civic paganism1 has always be5 tol]ant ( its ru/ic c\s9s1 ! popul> fe/ivals & c]emonies :i*1 unaffect$ by political & religi\s revolutions1 by ! pass+ ( empires & ( gods1 h be5 c>ri$ on by ! p ) b little *ange f "t immemorial1 & repres5t 9 fact ! orig9al /ock f :i* ! /ate religions ( classical antiquity 7 comp>atively late (f%oots4 ,?us x may v well h come ab\t t :ile ! new fai? /amp$ out ! ,saturnalia 9 ! t[ns1 x suff]$ ! orig9al fe/ival1 disguis$ by a diff]5ce ( date1 to l+] unmole/$ 9 ! c\ntry2 & s ! old fea/ ( ,saturn1 "u ! mod]n "n ( ! ,c>nival1 has reconqu]$ ! cities1 & goes on m]rily "u ! eye & ) ! sanction ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 7,m#bfh7 ,! op9ion t ! ,saturnalia orig9ally fell 9 ,febru>y or ! beg9n+ ( ,m>* receives "s support f ! circum/ance t ! fe/ival ( ! ,matronalia1 at :i* mi/resses fea/$ _! slaves j z ma/]s did !irs at ! ,saturnalia1 always cont9u$ to be held on ! fir/ ( ,m>*1 ev5 :5 ! ,roman ye> began ) ,janu>y47#ghe7 ,x is fur!r n a little recomm5d$ by ! consid]ation t ?is date w\ld be em95tly appropriate = ! fe/ival ( ,saturn1 ! old ,italian god ( s[+ & plant+4 ,x has always be5 a puzzle to expla9 :y su* a fe/ival %\ld h be5 held at midw9t]2 b on ! pres5t hypo!sis ! my/]y vani%es4 ,) ! ,italian f>m] ,febru>y & ,m>* 7 ! great season ( ! spr+ s[+ & plant+27#ghf7 no?+ c\ld be m natural ?an t ! husb&man %\ld inaugurate ! season ) ! wor%ip ( ! deity to :om he ascrib$ ! function ( quick5+ ! se$4 ,x is no small confirmation ( ?is !ory t ! la/ day ( ! ,c>nival1 namely ,%rove ,tuesday1 is /ill1 or 0 d[n to rec5t times1 ! cu/om>y season 9 ,c5tral ,europe = promot+ ! gr[? ( ! crops by means ( leaps & dances47#ghg7 ,! cu/om fits 9 v well ) ! view :i* d]ives ! ,c>nival f an old fe/ival ( s[+ su* z ! ,saturnalia probably 0 9 its orig94 ,fur!r1 ! orgia/ic "* ( ! fe/ival is readily expla9$ by ! help ( facts :i* met u 9 a =m] "p ( our inve/igation4 ,we h se5 t betwe5 ! s[] & ! se$ !re is commonly suppos$ to exi/ a sympa!tic connexion ( su* a nature t 8 conduct directly affects & c promote or ret>d ! gr[? ( ! crops47#ghh7 ,:at wond] !n if ! simple husb&man imag9$ t by cramm+ 8 belly1 by swill+ & guzzl+ j be=e he proce$$ to s[ 8 fields1 he !reby imp>t$ additional vig\r to ! se$87#ghi7 7,m#bfi7 ,b :ile 8 crude philosophy may ?us h pa9t$ gluttony & intoxication 9 ! agreeable col\rs ( duties :i* he ow$ to himself1 to 8 family1 & to ! commonweal?1 x is possible t ! ze/ ) :i* he acquitt$ himself ( 8 obligations may h be5 :ett$ by a less com=table reflection4 ,9 mod]n times ! indulg5ce ( ! ,c>nival is imm$iately foll[$ by ! ab/95ce ( ,l5t2 & if ! ,c>nival is ! direct desc5dant ( ! ,saturnalia1 may n ,l5t 9 l mann] be m]ely ! cont9uation1 "u a ?9 disguise1 ( a p]iod ( temp]ance :i* 0 annually obs]v$1 f sup]/iti\s motives1 by ,italian f>m]s long be=e ! ,*ri/ian era8 ,direct evid5ce ( ?is1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 is n =?com+2 b we h se5 t a practice ( ab/95ce f fle%ly lu/s has be5 obs]v$ by v>i\s peoples z a sympa!tic *>m to fo/] ! gr[? ( ! se$27#gij7 & su* an obs]vance w\ld be an appropriate sequel to ! ,saturnalia1 if t fe/ival 0 inde$1 z ,i conjecture x to h be51 orig9ally held 9 spr+ z a religi\s or magical prep>ation = s[+ & plant+4 ,:5 we consid] h[ widely diffus$ is ! belief 9 ! sympa!tic influ5ce :i* human conduct1 & especially ! int]c\rse ( ! sexes1 ex]ts on ! fruits ( ! e>?1 we may be all[$ to conjecture t ! ,l5t5 fa/1 ) ! rule ( cont95ce :i* is recomm5d$1 if n /rictly enjo9$1 by ! ,ca?olic & ,coptic *ur*es dur+ t season17#gia7 0 9 its orig9 int5d$1 n s mu* to commemorate ! suff]+s ( a dy+ god1 z to fo/] ! gr[? ( ! se$1 :i* 9 ! bleak days ( e>ly spr+ ! husb&man commits ) anxi\s c>e & misgiv+ to ! bosom ( ! nak$ e>?4 ,ecclesia/ical hi/orians h be5 puzzl$ to say :y aft] mu* hesitation & great div]sity ( usage 9 diff]5t places ! ,*ri/ian *ur* f9ally adopt$ =ty days z ! prop] p]iod = ! m\rnful celebration ( ,l5t47#gib7 ,p]haps 9 com+ to ?is decision ! au?orities 7 guid$1 z s (t51 by a reg>d = an exi/+ pagan celebration ( simil> "* & duration :i* !y hop$ by a *ange ( "n to conv]t into a ,*ri/ian solemnity4 ,su* a hea!n ,l5t !y may h f\nd to h& 9 ! rites ( ,p]sephone1 ! ,greek goddess ( ! corn1 ^: image1 c>v$ out ( a tree1 0 annually br\ght into ! cities & m\rn$ = =ty nights1 aft] :i* x 0 burn$47#gic7 ,! "t ( ye> :5 ^! lam5tations took place is n m5tion$ by ! old ,*ri/ian writ] :o records !m2 b !y w\ld fall mo/ appropriately at ! season :5 ! se$ 0 s[n or1 9 my?ical language1 :5 ! corn-goddess 0 buri$1 :i* 9 anci5t ,italy1 z we saw1 0 done above all 9 ! mon?s ( ,febru>y & ,m>*4 ,we "k t at ! "t ( ! autumnal s[+ ,greek wom5 held a sad & s]i\s fe/ival because ! ,corn-goddess ,p]sephone or ! ,maid51 z !y call$ h]1 !n w5t d[n into ! e>? ) ! s[n gra91 & ,demet] fondly m\rn$ h] daught]'s abs5ce2 h5ce 9 sympa?y ) ! sorr[ful "m ! wom5 likewise m\rn$ & obs]v$ a solemn fa/ & ab/a9$ f ! m>riage b$47#gid7 ,x is reasonable1 !re=e1 to suppose t !y practis$ simil> rules ( m\rn+ & ab/95ce = a l reason at ! "t ( ! spr+ s[+1 & t ! anci5t ritual survives 9 ! mod]n ,l5t1 :i* pres]ves ! memory ( ! ,mat] ,dolorosa1 ?\gh x has sub/itut$ a dead ,son = a dead ,daught]4 7,m#bgj7 ,be t z x may1 x is wor?y ( note t 9 ,burma a simil> fa/1 :i* ,engli% writ]s call ! ,buddhi/ ,l5t1 is obs]v$ = ?ree mon?s e ye> :ile ! pl\gh+ & s[+ ( ! fields g =w>d2 & ! cu/om is believ$ to be f> old] ?an ,buddhism1 :i* has m]ely giv5 x a sup]ficial t+e l ! v5e] ( ,*ri/ianity :i*1 if ,i am "r1 has ov]laid an old hea!n obs]vance 9 ,l5t4 ,?is ,burmese ,l5t1 we are told1 cov]s ! ra9y season f ! full moon ( ,july to ! full moon ( ,octob]4 8,?is is ! "t to pl\gh1 ?is is ! "t to s[2 on ! villag]s' ex]tions 9 ^! mon?s dep5ds all _! ma9t5ance = ! re/ ( ! ye>4 ,e man1 e woman1 e *ild1 has h>d "w ( "s k9d or ano!r4 ,& s1 :at ) ! difficulties ( travell+1 :at ) ! "w !re is to d1 & :at ) ! cu/om ( ,l5t1 e "o /ays at home4 ,x is ! "t = pray]1 = fa/+1 = improv+ ! s\l4 ,_m m5 dur+ ^! mon?s w live ev5 z ! monks live1 w eat b be=e midday1 w ab/a9 f tobacco4 ,!re are no plays dur+ ,l5t1 & !re are no m>riages4 ,x is ! "t = prep>+ ! l& = ! crop2 x is ! "t = prep>+ ! s\l = et]nity4 ,! congregations on ! ,sundays w be f> great] at ?is "t ?an at any o!r2 !re w be m ?\ght ( ! s]i\s ?+s ( life407#gie7 #d4 ,saturnalia 9 ,anci5t ,greece4 7,m#bga7 ,beyond ! limits ( ,italy fe/ivals ( ! same g5]al "* z ! ,saturnalia appe> to h be5 held ov] a consid]able area ( ! anci5t _w4 ,a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! ,saturnalia1 z we saw1 0 an inv]sion ( social ranks1 ma/]s *ang+ places ) _! slaves & wait+ ^u !m1 :ile slaves 7 indulg$ ) a semblance n m]ely ( fre$om b ev5 ( p[] & (fice4 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,greece ! same holl[ %[ ( grant+ lib]ty to slaves 0 made at c]ta9 fe/ivals4 ,?us at a ,cretan fe/ival ( ,h]mes ! s]vants fea/$ & _! ma/]s wait$ ^u !m4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,g]ae/ius ! ,troez5ians obs]v$ a c]ta9 solemnity la/+ _m days1 on "o ( :i* ! slaves play$ at dice ) ! citiz5s & 7 treat$ to a banquet by _! lords4 ,! ,!ssalians held a great fe/ival call$ ,peloria1 :i* ,baton ( ,s9ope id5tifi$ ) ! ,saturnalia1 & ( :i* ! antiquity is v\*$ = by a tradition t x orig9at$ ) ! ,pelasgians4 ,at ?is fe/ival sacrifices 7 (f]$ to ,pelorian ,zeus1 tables spl5didly adorn$ 7 set out1 all /rang]s 7 invit$ to ! fea/1 all prison]s releas$1 & ! slaves sat d[n to ! banquet1 enjoy$ full fre$om ( spee*1 & 7 s]v$ by _! ma/]s47#gif7 7,m#bgb7 ,b ! ,greek fe/ival :i* appe>s to h correspond$ mo/ closely to ! ,italian ,saturnalia 0 ! ,cronia or fe/ival ( ,cronus1 a god ^: b>b>\s my? & cruel ritual cle>ly belong to a v e>ly /ratum ( ,greek religion1 & :o 0 by ! unanim\s voice ( antiquity id5tifi$ ) ,saturn4 ,we are told t 8 fe/ival 0 celebrat$ 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,greece1 b especially at ,a!ns1 :]e ! old god & 8 wife ,rhea _h a %r9e ne> ! /ately1 b f> m mod]n1 temple ( ,olympian ,zeus4 ,a joy\s fea/1 at :i* ma/]s & slaves sat d[n toge!r1 =m$ a lead+ feature ( ! solemnity4 ,at ,a!ns ! fe/ival fell 9 ! height ( summ]1 on ! twelf? day ( ! mon? ,hecatombaeon1 =m]ly call$ ! mon? ( ,cronus1 :i* answ]$ ne>ly to ,july2 & tradition ran t ,cecrops1 ! fir/ k+ ( ,attica1 _h f\nd$ an alt> 9 hon\r ( ,cronus & ,rhea1 & _h orda9$ t ma/] & man %\ld %>e a common meal :5 ! h>ve/ 0 got 947#gig7 ,yet !re are indications t at ,a!ns ! ,cronia may once h be5 a spr+ fe/ival4 ,= a cake ) twelve knobs1 :i* p]haps ref]r$ to ! twelve mon?s ( ! ye>1 0 (f]$ to ,cronus by ! ,a!nians on ! fifte5? day ( ! mon? ,elaphebolion1 :i* correspond$ r\ghly to ,m>*17#gih7 & !re are traces ( a lic5se accord$ to slaves at ! ,dionysiac fe/ival ( ! op5+ ( ! w9e-j>s1 :i* fell on ! elev5? day ( ! prec$+ mon? ,an!/]ion47#gii7 ,at ,olympia ! fe/ival ( ,cronus und\bt$ly occurr$ 9 spr+2 = "h a l[ b /eep hill1 n[ cov]$ ) a tangl$ gr[? ( d>k holly-oaks & firs1 0 sacr$ to him1 & on its top c]ta9 magi/rates1 :o bore ! title ( k+s1 (f]$ sacrifice to ! old god at ! v]nal equ9ox 9 ! ,elean mon? ,elaphius47#hjj7 7,m#bgc7 ,9 ?is la/ c]emony1 :i* probably w5t on ye> by ye> long be=e ! up/>t ,zeus _h a temple built = himself at ! foot ( ! hill1 !re are two po9ts ( special int]e/1 fir/ ! date ( ! c]emony1 & second ! title ( ! celebrants4 ,fir/1 z to ! date1 ! spr+ equ9ox1 or ! tw5ty-fir/ ( ,m>*1 mu/ h fall5 s ne> ! fifte5? day ( ! ,a!nian mon? ,elaphebolion1 t we may fairly ask :e!r ! ,a!nian cu/om ( (f]+ a cake to ,cronus on t day may n also h be5 an equ9octial c]emony4 ,9 ! second place1 ! title ( k+s borne by ! magi/rates :o sacrific$ to ,cronus r5d]s x probable t1 l magi/rates ) simil> high-s\nd+ titles else:]e 9 republican ,greece1 !y 7 ! l9eal desc5dants ( sacr$ k+s :om ! sup]/ition ( _! subjects inve/$ ) ! attributes ( div9ity47#hja7 ,if t 0 s1 x w\ld be natural en\gh t "o ( ^! nom9al k+s %\ld pose z ! god ,cronus 9 p]son4 ,=1 l 8 ,italian c\nt]p>t ,saturn1 ! ,greek ,cronus 0 believ$ to h be5 a k+ :o reign$ 9 heav5 or on e>? dur+ ! blissful ,gold5 ,age1 :5 m5 pass$ _! days l gods )\t toil or sorr[1 :5 life 0 a long r\nd ( fe/ivity1 & dea? came l sleep1 sudd5 b g5tle1 ann\nc$ by none ( 8 sad =]unn]s1 ! ailm5ts & infirmities ( age47#hjb7 ,?us ! analogy ( ! ,olympian ,cronia1 probably "o ( ! olde/ ( ,greek fe/ivals1 to ! ,italian ,saturnalia w\ld be v close if orig9ally1 z ,i conjecture1 ! ,saturnalia fell 9 spr+ & ,saturn 0 p]sonat$ at x1 z we h good reason to believe1 by a man dress$ z a k+4 ,may we g a /ep fur!r & suppose t1 j z ! man :o act$ ,k+ ,saturn at ! ,saturnalia 0 =m]ly sla9 9 t "*1 s "o ( ! k+s :o celebrat$ ! ,cronia at ,olympia n only play$ ! "p ( ,cronus1 b 0 sacrific$1 z god & victim 9 "o1 on ! top ( ! hill8 ,cronus c]ta9ly bore a s9i/] reputation 9 antiquity4 ,he pass$ = an unnatural p>5t :o _h dev\r$ 8 own (fspr+1 & he 0 regul>ly id5tifi$ by ! ,greeks ) ! cruel ,semitic ,baals :o delight$ 9 ! sacrifice ( human victims1 especially ( *ildr547#hjc7 ,a leg5d :i* sav\rs /rongly ( infant sacrifice is report$ ( a %r9e t /ood at ! v foot ( ! god's own hill at ,olympia27#hjd7 & a q unambigu\s /ory 0 told ( ! sacrifice ( a babe to ,lycaean ,zeus on ,m\nt ,lycaeus 9 ,arcadia1 :]e ! wor%ip ( ,zeus 0 probably no?+ b a cont9uation1 "u a new "n1 ( ! old wor%ip ( ,cronus1 & :]e human victims appe> to h be5 regul>ly (f]$ d[n to ! ,*ri/ian era47#hje7 ,! ,rhodians annually sacrific$ a man to ,cronus 9 ! mon? ,metageitnion2 at a lat] "t !y kept a condemn$ crim9al 9 prison till ! fe/ival ( ! ,cronia 0 come1 !n l$ him =? outside ! gates1 made him drunk ) w9e1 & cut 8 ?roat47#hjf7 ,) ! p>allel ( ! ,saturnalia be=e our eyes1 we may surmise t ! victim :o ?us end$ 8 life 9 a /ate ( intoxication at ! ,cronia p]haps p]sonat$ ,k+ ,cronus himself1 ! god :o reign$ 9 ! happy days ( old :5 m5 _h no?+ to d b to eat & dr9k & make m]ry4 ,at lea/ ! ,rhodian cu/om l5ds "s c\nt5ance to ! conjecture t =m]ly a human victim may h figur$ at ! sacrifice :i* ! s-call$ k+s (f]$ to ,cronus on 8 hill at ,olympia4 ,9 ?is connexion x is to be rememb]$ t we h already f\nd well-atte/$ examples ( a cu/om ( sacrific+ ! scions ( royal h\ses 9 anci5t ,greece47#hjg7 ,if ! god to :om1 or p]haps r 9 ^: "*1 ! pr9ces 7 sacrific$1 0 ,cronus1 x w\ld be natural t ! ,greeks ( a lat] age %\ld id5tify him ) ,baal or ,molo*1 to :om 9 l mann] ,semitic k+s (f]$ up _! *ildr54 ,! ,laphy/ian ,zeus ( ,!ssaly & ,boeotia1 :om tradition associat$ ) ^! human sacrifices1 0 probably1 l ! ,lycaean ,zeus ( ,arcadia1 no?+ b ! aborig9al deity1 commonly kn[n z ,cronus1 ^: gloomy rites ! ,greek invad]s suff]$ ! prie/s ( ! vanqui%$ race to cont9ue aft] ! anci5t mann]1 :ile !y quiet$ _! scruples ( consci5ce or satisfi$ _! pride z conqu]ors by inve/+ ! blood?ir/y old savage ) ! "n1 if n ) ! "*1 ( _! own mild] deity1 ! humane & graci\s ,zeus4 #e4 ,saturnalia 9 ,we/]n ,asia4 7,m#bgd7 ,:5 we pass f ,europe to we/]n ,asia1 f anci5t ,greece to anci5t ,babylon & ! regions :]e ,babylonian influ5ce p5etrat$1 we are /ill met ) fe/ivals :i* be> ! close/ resemblance to ! olde/ =m ( ! ,italian ,saturnalia4 ,! read] may rememb] ! fe/ival ( ! ,sacaea1 on :i* ,i _h occasion to t\* 9 an e>li] "p ( ?is "w47#hjh7 ,x 0 held at ,babylon dur+ five days ( ! mon? ,l\s1 beg9n+ ) ! sixte5? day ( ! mon?4 ,dur+ its cont9uance1 j z at ! ,saturnalia1 ma/]s & s]vants *ang$ places1 ! s]vants issu+ ord]s & ! ma/]s obey+ !m2 & 9 ea* h\se "o ( ! s]vants1 dress$ z a k+ & be>+ ! title ( ,zoganes1 bore rule ov] ! h\sehold4 ,fur!r1 j z at ! ,saturnalia 9 its orig9al =m a man 0 dress$ z ,k+ ,saturn 9 royal robes1 all[$ to indulge 8 passions & caprices to ! full1 & !n put to dea?1 s at ! ,sacaea a condemn$ prison]1 :o probably also bore = ! "t be+ ! title ( ,zoganes1 0 array$ 9 ! k+'s attire & suff]$ to play ! despot1 to use ! k+'s concub9es1 & to give himself up to fea/+ & debau*]y )\t re/ra9t1 only h[ev] 9 ! end to be /ript ( 8 borr[$ f9]y1 sc\rg$1 & hang$ or crucifi$47#hji7 ,f ,/rabo we le>n t ?is ,asiatic c\nt]p>t ( ! ,saturnalia 0 celebrat$ 9 ,asia ,m9or :]ev] ! wor%ip ( ! ,p]sian goddess ,anaitis _h e/abli%$ itself4 ,he describes x z a ,bac*ic orgy1 at :i* ! revell]s 7 disguis$ z ,scy?ians1 & m5 & wom5 drank & dalli$ toge!r by day & night47#haj7 7,m#bge7 ,z ! wor%ip ( ,anaitis1 ?\gh ( ,p]sian orig91 appe>s to h be5 deeply leav5$ ) co>se elem5ts :i* x d]iv$ f ! religion ( ,babylon17#haa7 we may p]haps reg>d ,mesopotamia z ! orig9al home f :i* ! ,sacaean fe/ival spread we/w>d into o!r p>ts ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,n[ ! ,sacaean fe/ival1 describ$ by ! ,babylonian prie/ ,b]osus 9 ! fir/ book ( 8 hi/ory ( ,babylon1 has be5 plausibly id5tifi$7#hab7 ) ! great ,babylonian fe/ival ( ! ,new ye> call$ ,zakmuk1 ,zagmuk1 ,zakmuku1 or ,zagmuku1 :i* has become kn[n to u 9 rec5t times ?r\gh inscriptions4 ,! ,babylonian ye> began ) ! spr+ mon? ( ,nisan1 :i* seems to h cov]$ ! second half ( ,m>* & ! fir/ half ( ,april4 ,?us ! ,new ,ye> fe/ival1 :i* occupi$ at lea/ ! fir/ elev5 days ( ,nisan1 probably includ$ ! spr+ equ9ox4 ,x 0 held 9 hon\r ( ,m>duk or ,m]oda*1 ! *ief god ( ,babylon1 ^: great temple ( ,esagila 9 ! city =m$ ! religi\s c5tre ( ! solemnity4 ,= "h1 9 a spl5did *amb] ( ! va/ edifice1 all ! gods 7 believ$ to assemble at ?is season "u ! presid5cy ( ,m>duk = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! fates = ! new ye>1 especially ! fate ( ! k+'s life4 ,on ?is occasion ! k+ ( ,babylon 0 b\nd annually to r5ew 8 regal p[] by grasp+ ! h&s ( ! image ( ,m>duk 9 8 temple1 z if to signify t he receiv$ ! k+dom directly f ! deity & 0 unable )\t ! div9e assi/ance & au?ority to reta9 x = m ?an a ye>4 ,unless he ?us =mally re9/at$ himself on ! ?rone once a ye>1 ! k+ ceas$ to reign legitimately4 ,:5 ,babylonia 0 conqu]$ by ,assyria1 ! ,assyrian mon>*s !mselves us$ to come to ,babylon & p]=m ! c]emony ( grasp+ ! god's h&s 9 ord] to e/abli% by ?is solemn act _! title to ! k+dom :i* !y _h won = !mselves by ! sword2 until !y _h done s1 !y 7 n recogniz$ z k+s by _! ,babylonian subjects4 ,"s ( !m inde$ f\nd ! c]emony ei!r s burd5some or s humiliat+ to _! pride z conqu]ors1 t r ?an p]=m x !y r5\nc$ ! title ( k+ ( ,babylon altoge!r & cont5t$ !mselves ) ! m mode/ title ( reg5t4 ,ano!r notable feature ( ! ,babylonian fe/ival ( ! ,new ,ye> appe>s to h be5 a c]emonial m>riage ( ! god ,m>duk2 = 9 a hymn relat+ to ! solemnity x is said ( ! deity t 8he ha/5$ to 8 bridal40 ,! fe/ival 0 ( ho> antiquity1 = x 0 kn[n to ,gudea1 an old k+ ( ,s\!rn ,babylonia :o fl\ri%$ betwe5 two & ?ree ?\s& ye>s be=e ! beg9n+ ( our era1 & x is m5tion$ 9 an e>ly acc\nt ( ! ,great ,flood4 ,at a mu* lat] p]iod x is repeat$ly ref]r$ to by ,k+ ,nebu*adnezz> & 8 successors4 ,nebu*adnezz> records h[ he built ( bricks & bitum5 a *apel or alt>1 8a ?+ ( joy & rejoic+10 = ! great fe/ival ( ,m>duk1 ! "l ( ! gods2 & we read ( ! ri* & abundant (f]+s :i* 7 made by ! high prie/ at ?is "t47#hac7 7,m#bgf7 ,un=tunately ! notices ( ?is ,babylonian fe/ival ( ! ,new ,ye> :i* h come d[n to u deal *iefly ) its my?ical aspect & ?r[ little light on ! mode ( its celebration4 ,h5ce its id5tity ) ! ,sacaea mu/ rema9 = ! pres5t a m or less probable hypo!sis4 ,9 fav\r ( ! hypo!sis may be alleg$ 9 ! fir/ place ! resemblance ( ! names ,sacaea & ,zoganes to ,zakmuk or ,zagmuku1 if t 0 ! real pronunciation ( ! "n17#had7 & 9 ! second place ! v significant /atem5t t ! fate ( ! k+'s life 0 suppos$ to be det]m9$ by ! gods1 "u ! presid5cy ( ,m>duk1 at ! ,zakmuk or ,new ,ye>'s fe/ival47#hae7 ,:5 we rememb] t ! c5tral feature ( ! ,sacaea appe>s to h be5 ! sav+ ( ! k+'s life = ano!r ye> by ! vic>i\s sacrifice ( a crim9al on ! cross or ! gall[s1 we c und]/& t ! season 0 a critical "o = ! k+1 & t x may well h be5 reg>d$ z det]m9+ 8 fate = ! ensu+ twelve mon?s4 ,! annual c]emony ( r5ew+ ! k+'s p[] by contact ) ! god's image1 :i* =m$ a lead+ feature ( ! ,zakmuk fe/ival1 w\ld be v appropriately p]=m$ imm$iately aft] ! execution or sacrifice ( ! tempor>y k+ :o di$ 9 ! room ( ! real mon>*4 7,m#bgg7 ,a difficulty1 h[ev]1 9 ! way ( id5tify+ ! ,sacaea ) ! ,zakmuk arises f ! /atem5t ( ,b]osus t ! ,sacaea fell on ! sixte5? day ( ,l\s1 :i* 0 ! t5? mon? ( ! ,syro-,mac$onian cal5d> & appe>s to h ne>ly co9cid$ ) ,july4 ,?us if ! ,sacaea occurr$ 9 ,july & ! ,zakmuk 9 ,m>*1 ! !ory ( _! id5tity c\ld n be ma9ta9$4 ,b ! dat+ ( ! mon?s ( ! ,syro-,mac$onian cal5d> is a matt] ( "s unc]ta9ty2 ! mon? ( ,l\s 9 p>ticul> appe>s to h fall5 at diff]5t times ( ! ye> 9 diff]5t places17#haf7 & until we h asc]ta9$ beyond ! rea* ( d\bt :5 ,l\s fell at ,babylon 9 ! "t ( ,b]osus1 x w\ld be premature to all[ mu* weight to ! seem+ discrepancy 9 ! dates ( ! two fe/ivals4 ,at all ev5ts1 :e!r ! fe/ivals 7 ! same or diff]5t1 we are confront$ ) difficulties :i* 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k may be pron\nc$ insoluble4 ,if ! fe/ivals 7 ! same1 we _c expla9 _! app>5t diff]5ce ( date3 if !y 7 diff]5t1 we _c expla9 _! app>5t simil>ity ( "*4 ,9 :at foll[s ,i %all1 ) "s em95t ,ori5tal s*ol>s17#hag7 provisionally assume ! id5tity ( ,zakmuk & ,sacaea1 b ,i w\ld ask ! read] to be> cle>ly 9 m9d t ! hypo!sis leaves ! app>5t discrepancy ( _! dates unexpla9$4 ,t[>ds a solution ( ! problem ,i c only sugge/ conjecturally ei!r t ! date ( ! fe/ival _h be5 = "s reason %ift$ 9 ! "t ( ,b]osus1 or t two diff]5t fe/ivals ( ! same type may h be5 held at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>1 "o 9 spr+ & "o 9 summ]1 p]haps by two di/9ct b k9dr$ tribes1 :o reta9$ _! sep>ate religi\s rites aft] !y _h coalesc$ 9 ! ,babylonian empire4 ,bo? conjectures might be support$ by analogies4 ,on ! "o h&1 = example1 9 ! ,jewi% cal5d> ,new ,ye>'s ,day 0 %ift$ "u ,babylonian influ5ce f autumn to spr+17#hah7 & 9 a lat] "p ( ?is "w we %all see t ! ,*9ese fe/ival ( new fire1 at fir/ celebrat$ 9 spr+1 0 aft]w>ds %ift$ to ! summ] sol/ice1 only h[ev] to be br\ght back at a lat] "t to its orig9al date4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! popul> fe/ivals ( our ,european peasantry af=d _m examples ( rites :i* appe> to be simil> 9 "*1 ?\gh !y fall at diff]5t times ( ! ye>2 su*1 = in/ance1 are ! c]emonies conc]n$ ) vegetation on ,may ,day1 ,:itsuntide1 & ,midsumm] ,day17#hai7 & ! fire fe/ivals :i* are di/ribut$ at /ill wid] int]vals ?r\gh\t ! mon?s47#hbj7 ,simil>ly 9 anci5t ,italy ! agricultural fe/ival ( ! ,amb>valia 0 celebrat$ by ,italian f>m]s at diff]5t dates 9 diff]5t places47#hba7 ,^! cases may w>n u aga9/ ! dang] ( ha/ily inf]r+ an ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ,zakmuk & ,sacaea on ! gr\nd ( a real or app>5t diff]5ce 9 _! dates4 7,m#bgh7 ,a fre% & p[]ful argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! id5tity ( ! two fe/ivals is furni%$ by ! connexion :i* has be5 trac$ betwe5 bo? ( !m & ! ,jewi% fea/ ( ,purim47#hbb7 ,!re are good gr\nds = believ+ t ,purim 0 unkn[n to ! ,jews until aft] ! exile1 & t !y le>n$ to obs]ve x dur+ _! captivity 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! fe/ival is fir/ m5tion$ 9 ! book ( ,e/h]1 :i* by ! majority ( critics is assign$ to ! f\r? or ?ird c5tury ,b4,c417#hbc7 & :i* c]ta9ly _c be old] ?an ! ,p]sian p]iod1 s9ce ! sc5e ( ! n>rative is laid 9 ,susa at ! c\rt ( a ,p]sian k+ ,ahasu]us1 ^: "n appe>s to be ! ,hebrew equival5t ( ,x]xes4 ,! next ref]5ce to ,purim occurs 9 ! second book ( ,maccabees1 a "w writt5 probably ab\t ! beg9n+ ( our era47#hbd7 ,?us f ! abs5ce ( all notice ( ,purim 9 ! old] books ( ! ,bible1 we may fairly conclude t ! fe/ival 0 in/itut$ or import$ at a comp>atively late date among ! ,jews4 ,! same conclusion is support$ by ! book ( ,e/h] itself1 :i* 0 manife/ly writt5 to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! fea/ & to sugge/ motives = its obs]vance4 ,=1 accord+ to ! au?or ( ! book1 ! fe/ival 0 e/abli%$ to commemorate ! deliv]ance ( ! ,jews f a great dang] :i* ?reat5$ !m 9 ,p]sia "u ! reign ( ,k+ ,x]xes4 ,?us ! op9ion ( mod]n s*ol>s t ! fea/ ( ,purim1 z celebrat$ by ! ,jews1 0 ( late date & ori5tal orig91 is borne out by ! tradition ( ! ,jews !mselves4 ,an exam9ation ( t tradition & ! mode ( celebrat+ ! fea/ r5d]s x probable t ,purim is no?+ b a m or less disguis$ =m ( ! ,babylonian fe/ival ( ! ,sacaea or ,zakmuk4 7,m#bgi7 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! fea/ ( ,purim 0 & is held on ! f\rte5? & fifte5? days ( ,ad>1 ! la/ mon? ( ! ,jewi% ye>1 :i* corresponds r\ghly to ,m>*47#hbe7 ,?us ! date agrees ne>ly1 ?\gh n exactly1 ) ! date ( ! ,babylonian ,zakmuk1 :i* fell a =tnight lat] 9 ! e>ly days ( ! foll[+ mon? ,nisan4 ,a trace ( ! orig9al celebration ( ,purim 9 ,nisan may p]haps be f\nd 9 ! /atem5t t 8!y ca/ ,pur1 t is1 ! lot1 be=e ,haman0 9 ,nisan1 ! fir/ mon? ( ! ye>47#hbf7 ,x has be5 sugge/$ ) "s plausibility t ! ,jews may h %ift$ ! date ( ,purim 9 ord] t ! new & =eign fe/ival might n cla% ) _! own old fe/ival ( ! ,passov]1 :i* began on ! f\rte5? day ( ,nisan4 ,ano!r circum/ance :i* speaks at once = ! ali5 orig9 ( ,purim & = its id5tity ) ,zakmuk is its "n4 ,! au?or ( ! book ( ,e/h] d]ives ! "n ,purim f pur1 8a lot107#hbg7 b no su* ^w ) ?is signification exi/s 9 ,hebrew1 & h5ce we are driv5 to look = ! mean+ & etymology ( ,purim 9 "s o!r language4 ,a speci\s !ory is t ! "n 0 d]iv$ f an ,assyrian ^w puvru1 8an assembly10 & ref]r$ prim>ily to ! great assembly ( ! gods :i*1 z we h se51 =m$ a *ief feature ( ! fe/ival ( ,zakmuk1 & 0 held annually 9 ! temple ( ,m>duk at ,babylon = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! fates or lots ( ! new ye>27#hbh7 ! augu/ assembly appe>s to h be5 occasionally1 if n regul>ly1 designat$ by ! v "n puvru47#hbi7 ,on ?is hypo!sis ! traditional ,jewi% explanation ( ! "n ,purim pres]v$ a g5u9e k]nel ( hi/orical tru?1 or at lea/ ( my?ical fancy1 "u ! husk ( a v]bal error2 = ! "n1 if ?is d]ivation ( x is correct1 really signifi$1 n 8! lots10 b ! assembly = draw+ or o!rwise det]m9+ ! lots4 ,ano!r explanation :i* has be5 (f]$ is 8t pr or br seems to be an old ,assyrian ^w = #8/one1' & t !re=e x is possible t ! ^w 0 also us$ to signify #8lot1' l ! ,hebrew #8lot1' :i* orig9ally1 no d\bt1 meant #8little /one4' 07#hcj7 ,ei!r ( ^! explanations ( ! "n ,purim1 by trac+ x back to ! ,new ,ye> assembly ( ! gods at ,babylon = settl+ ! lots1 furni%es an adequate explanation ( ! traditional association ( ,purim ) ! ca/+ ( lots--an association all ! m rem>kable & all ! m likely to be anci5t because !re is no?+ to ju/ify x ei!r 9 ! ,hebrew language or 9 ! ,jewi% mode ( celebrat+ ! fe/ival4 ,:5 to ?is we add ! joy\s1 nay1 extravagant fe/ivity :i* has always be5 *>act]i/ic ( ,purim1 & is entirely 9 keep+ ) a ,new ,ye> celebration1 we may p]haps be ?\ght to h made out a fairly probable case = hold+ t ! ,jewi% fea/ is d]iv$ f ! ,babylonian ,new ,ye> fe/ival ( ,zakmuk4 ,:e!r ! ,jews borr[$ ! fea/ directly f ! ,babylonians or indirectly ?r\gh ! ,p]sian conqu]ors ( ,babylon is a "q :i* des]ves to be consid]$2 b ! ,p]sian col\r+ ( ! book ( ,e/h] speaks /rongly = ! view t ,purim came to ,israel by way ( ,p]sia1 or at all ev5ts f ,babylon "u ,p]sian rule1 & ?is view is confirm$ by o!r evid5ce1 to :i* ,i %all h to ask ! read]'s att5tion a little lat] on4 7,m#bhj7 ,if ! l9ks :i* b9d ,purim to ,zakmuk are reasonably /rong1 ! *a9 ( evid5ce :i* connects ! ,jewi% fe/ival ) ! ,sacaea is mu* /rong]4 ,nor is ?is surpris+ :5 we rememb] t1 :ile ! popul> mode ( celebrat+ ,zakmuk is unkn[n1 we possess important & tru/wor?y details z to ! mann] ( hold+ ! ,sacaea4 ,we h se5 t ! ,sacaea 0 a wild ,bac*analian revel at :i* m5 & wom5 disguis$ !mselves & drank & play$ toge!r 9 a fa%ion t 0 m gay ?an mode/4 ,n[ ?is is1 or us$ to be1 precisely ! nature ( ,purim4 ,! two days ( ! fe/ival1 accord+ to ! au?or ( ! book ( ,e/h]1 7 to be kept = ev] z 8days ( fea/+ & gladness1 & ( s5d+ portions "o to ano!r1 & gifts to ! poor407#hca7 ,& ?is joy\s "* ! fe/ival seems always to h reta9$4 ,! au?or ( a tract 9 ! ,talmud lays x d[n z a rule t at ! fea/ ( ,purim e ,jew is b\nd to dr9k until he _c di/+ui% betwe5 ! words 8,curs$ be ,haman0 & 8,bless$ be ,mordecai02 & he tells h[ on "o occasion a c]ta9 ,rabba drank s deep at ,purim t he murd]$ a rabbi )\t kn[+ :at he 0 ab\t4 ,inde$ ,purim has be5 describ$ z ! ,jewi% ,bac*analia1 & we are told t at ?is season ev]y?+ is lawful :i* c contribute to ! mir? & gaiety ( ! fe/ival47#hcb7 ,writ]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ass]t t dur+ ! two days1 & especially on ! ev5+ ( ! second day1 ! ,jews did no?+ b fea/ & dr9k to repletion1 play1 dance1 s+1 & make m]ry2 9 p>ticul> !y disguis$ !mselves1 m5 & wom5 ex*ang+ clo!s1 & ?us attir$ ran ab\t l mad1 9 op5 defiance ( ! ,mosaic law1 :i* expressly =bids m5 to dress z wom5 & wom5 z m547#hcc7 ,among ! ,jews ( ,frank=t1 :o inhabit$ ! squalid b qua9t & picturesque old /reet kn[n z ! ,jud5gasse1 :i* _m ( u /ill rememb]1 ! revelry at ,purim ran z high z ev] 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! gluttony & intoxication began punctually at ?ree o'clock 9 ! aft]noon ( ! fir/ day & w5t on until ! :ole community seem$ to h tak5 leave ( _! s5ses4 ,!y ate & drank1 !y frolick$ & cut cap]s1 !y reel$ & /agg]$ ab\t1 !y %riek$1 yell$1 /amp$1 clatt]$1 & broke ea* o!r's heads ) wood5 hamm]s till ! blood fl[$4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! fir/ day ! wom5 7 all[$1 z a special fav\r1 to op5 _! lattic$ w9d[ & look into ! m5's synagogue1 because ! great deliv]ance ( ! ,jews f _! enemies 9 ! "t ( ,k+ ,ahasu]us 0 said to h be5 effect$ by a woman4 ,a feature ( ! fe/ival :i* %\ld n be ov]look$ 0 ! act+ ( ! /ory ( ,e/h] z a com$y1 9 :i* ,e/h]1 ,ahasu]us1 ,haman1 ,mordecai1 & o!rs play$ _! p>ts aft] a fa%ion t sometimes deg5]at$ f f>ce into ribaldry47#hcd7 ,?us on ! :ole we may take x t ,purim has always be5 a ,saturnalia1 & !re=e corresponds 9 "* to ! ,sacaea z t fe/ival has be5 describ$ = u by ,/rabo4 7,m#bha7 ,b fur!r1 :5 we exam9e ! n>rative :i* pr(esses to acc\nt = ! in/itution ( ,purim1 we discov] 9 x n only ! /ronge/ traces ( ,babylonian orig91 b also c]ta9 s+ul> analogies to ^? v features ( ! ,sacaean fe/ival ) :i* we are "h m imm$iately conc]n$4 ,! book ( ,e/h] turns ^u ! =tunes ( two m51 ! vizi] ,haman & ! despis$ ,jew ,mordecai1 at ! c\rt ( a ,p]sian k+4 ,mordecai1 we are told1 _h giv5 mortal (f5ce to ! vizi]1 :o accord+ly prep>es a tall gall[s on :i* he hopes to see 8 enemy hang$1 :ile he himself expects to receive ! highe/ m>k ( ! k+'s fav\r by be+ all[$ to we> ! royal cr[n & ! royal robes1 & ?us attir$ to p>ade ! /reets m\nt$ on ! k+'s own horse & att5d$ by "o ( ! noble/ pr9ces1 :o %\ld proclaim to ! multitude 8 tempor>y exaltation & glory4 ,b ! artful intrigues ( ! wick$ vizi] misc>ri$ & result$ 9 precisely ! opposite ( :at he _h hop$ & expect$2 = ! royal hon\rs :i* he _h look$ = fell to 8 rival ,mordecai1 & he himself 0 hang$ on ! gall[s :i* he _h made ready = 8 foe4 ,9 ?is /ory we seem to detect a rem9isc5ce1 m or less confus$1 ( ! ,zoganes ( ! ,sacaea1 9 o!r words1 ( ! cu/om ( inve/+ a private man ) ! insignia ( royalty = a few days & !n putt+ him to dea? on ! gall[s or ! cross4 ,x is true t 9 ! n>rative ! "p ( ! ,zoganes is divid$ betwe5 two actors1 "o ( :om hopes to play ! k+ b is hang$ in/ead1 :ile ! o!r acts ! royal "p & escapes ! gall[s to :i* he 0 de/9$ by 8 enemy4 ,b ?is bisection1 s to say1 ( ! ,zoganes may h be5 delib]ately inv5t$ by ! ,jewi% au?or ( ! book ( ,e/h] = ! sake ( sett+ ! orig9 ( ,purim1 :i* x 0 8 purpose to expla91 9 a light t %\ld reflect glory on 8 own nation4 ,or1 p]haps m probably1 x po9ts back to a cu/om ( appo9t+ two mock k+s at ! ,sacaea1 "o ( :om 0 put to dea? at ! end ( ! fe/ival1 :ile ! o!r 0 all[$ to g free1 at lea/ = a "t4 ,we %all be ! m incl9$ to adopt ! latt] hypo!sis :5 we obs]ve t correspond+ to ! two rival aspirants to ! tempor>y k+%ip !re appe> 9 ! ,jewi% n>rative two rival que5s1 ,va%ti & ,e/h]1 "o ( :om succe$s to ! high e/ate f :i* ! o!r has fall54 ,fur!r1 x is to be not$ t ,mordecai1 ! successful c&idate = ! mock k+%ip1 & ,e/h]1 ! successful c&idate = ! que5%ip1 are l9k$ toge!r by close ties bo? ( int]e/ & blood1 ! two be+ said to be c\s9s4 ,?is sugge/s t 9 ! orig9al /ory or ! orig9al cu/om !re may h figur$ two pairs ( k+s & que5s1 ( :om "o pair is repres5t$ 9 ! ,jewi% n>rative by ,mordecai & ,e/h] & ! o!r by ,haman & ,va%ti4 7,m#bhb7 ,"s confirmation ( ?is view is furni%$ by ! names ( two at lea/ out ( ! f\r p]sonages4 ,x seems to be n[ g5]ally recogniz$ by ,biblical s*ol>s t ! "n ,mordecai1 :i* has no mean+ 9 ,hebrew1 is no?+ b a slightly alt]$ =m ( ,m>duk or ,m]oda*1 ! "n ( ! *ief god ( ,babylon1 ^: great fe/ival 0 ! ,zakmuk2 & fur!r1 x is g5]ally admitt$ t ,e/h] 9 l mann] is equival5t to ,i%t>1 ! great ,babylonian goddess :om ! ,greeks call$ ,a/>te1 & :o is m famili> to ,engli% read]s z ,a%t>o?4 ,! d]ivation ( ! names ( ,haman & ,va%ti is less c]ta91 b "s high au?orities are dispos$ to accept ! view ( ,j5s5 t ,haman is id5tical ) ,humman or ,homman1 ! national god ( ! ,elamites1 & t ,va%ti is 9 l mann] an ,elamite goddess ^: "n ,j5s5 read z ,ma%ti 9 inscriptions4 ,n[1 :5 we consid] t ! ,elamites 7 f "t immemorial ! h]$it>y foes ( ! ,babylonians & _h _! capital at ,susa1 ! v place 9 :i* ! sc5e ( ! book ( ,e/h] is laid1 we c h>dly d5y ! plausibility ( ! !ory t ,haman & ,va%ti on ! "o side & ,mordecai & ,e/h] on ! o!r repres5t ! antagonism betwe5 ! gods ( ,elam & ! gods ( ,babylon1 & ! f9al victory ( ! ,babylonian deities 9 ! v capital ( _! rivals47#hce7 8,x is !re=e possible10 says ,pr(essor ,nldeke1 8t we "h h to d ) a fea/ :]eby ! ,babylonians commemorat$ a victory ga9$ by _! gods ov] ! gods ( _! neighb\rs ! ,elamites1 aga9/ :om !y _h s (t5 wag$ w>4 ,! ,jewi% fea/ ( ,purim is an annual m]rymak+ ( a :olly secul> k9d1 & x is kn[n t !re 7 simil> fea/s among ! ,babylonians4 ,t ! ,jews 9 ,babylonia %\ld h adopt$ a fe/ival ( ?is sort _c be deem$ improbable1 s9ce 9 mod]n ,g]many1 to cite an analog\s case1 _m ,jews celebrate ,*ri/mas aft] ! mann] ( _! ,*ri/ian fell[-c\ntrym51 9 s f> at lea/ z x is a secul> in/itution4 ,x is true t hi!rto no ,babylonian fea/ co9cid+1 l ,purim1 ) ! full moon ( ! twelf? mon? has be5 discov]$2 b our k ( ! ,babylonian fea/s is d]iv$ f docum5ts ( an e>li] p]iod4 ,possibly ! cal5d> may h und]gone "s *ange by ! "t :5 ! ,jewi% fea/ ( ,purim 0 e/abli%$4 ,or x may be t ! ,jews int5tionally %ift$ ! date ( ! fe/ival :i* !y borr[$ f ! hea!n407#hcf7 7,m#bhc7 ,h[ev]1 ! !ory ( an opposition betwe5 ! gods ( ,babylon & ! gods ( ,elam at ! fe/ival appe>s to break d[n at a crucial po9t2 = ! late/ & mo/ accurate read+ ( ! ,elamite inscriptions proves1 ,i am in=m$1 t ! "n ( ! goddess :i* ,j5s5 read z ,ma%ti1 & :i* on t assumption he legitimately comp>$ to ! ,hebrew ,va%ti17#hcg7 mu/ really be read z ,p>ti1 betwe5 :i* & ,va%ti !re is no connexion4 ,accord+ly1 9 a discussion ( ! orig9 ( ,purim x is saf] at pres5t to lay no weight on ! suppos$ religi\s antagonism betwe5 ! deities ( ,babylon & ,elam47#hch7 7,m#bhd7 ,if we are "r 9 trac+ ! orig9 ( ,purim to ! ,babylonian ,sacaea & 9 f9d+ ! c\nt]p>t ( ! ,zoganes 9 ,haman & ,mordecai1 x w\ld appe> t ! ,zoganes dur+ 8 five days ( (fice p]sonat$ n m]ely a k+ b a god1 :e!r t god 0 ! ,babylonian ,m>duk or "s o!r deity n yet id5tifi$4 ,! union ( ! div9e & royal *>act]s 9 a s+le p]son is s common t we ne$ n be surpris$ at meet+ ) x 9 anci5t ,babylon4 ,& ! view t ! mock k+ ( ! ,sacaea di$ z a god on ! cross or ! gall[s is no novelty4 ,! acute & le>n$ ,mov]s long ago obs]v$ t 8we %\ld be ov]look+ ! religi\s significance ( ori5tal fe/ivals & ! connexion ( ! ,sacaea ) ! wor%ip ( ,anaitis1 if we 7 to treat z a m]e je/ ! cu/om ( disguis+ a slave z a k+4 ,we may take x = c]ta9 t ) ! royal dignity ! k+ ( ! ,sacaea assum$ also ! "* ( an ori5tal rul] z repres5tative ( ! div9ity1 & t :5 he took 8 pleasure among ! wom5 ( ! k+'s h>em1 he play$ ! "p ( ,s&an or ,s>danapalus himself4 ,= accord+ to anci5t ori5tal ideas ! use ( ! k+'s concub9es con/itut$ a claim to ! ?rone1 & we "k f ,dio t ! five-days' k+ receiv$ full p[] ov] ! h>em4 ,p]haps he began 8 reign by publicly cohabit+ ) ! k+'s concub9es1 j z ,absalom w5t 9 to 8 fa!r's concub9es 9 a t5t spread on ! ro( ( ! palace be=e all ,israel1 = ! purpose ( !reby mak+ kn[n & /r5g!n+ 8 claim to ! ?rone407#hci7 7,m#bhe7 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ?is latt] conjecture1 !re c be no d\bt t ,mov]s is "r 9 lay+ great /ress bo? on ! p]mission giv5 to ! mock k+ to invade ! real k+'s h>em1 & on ! intimate connexion ( ! ,sacaea ) ! wor%ip ( ,anaitis4 ,t connexion is v\*$ = by ,/rabo1 & :5 we consid] t 9 ,/rabo's "t ! cult ( ! old ,p]sian goddess ,anaitis 0 ?or\ghly saturat$ ) ,babylonian elem5ts & _h practically m]g$ 9 ! s5sual wor%ip ( ! ,babylonian ,i%t> or ,a/>te17#hdj7 we %all incl9e to view ) fav\r ,mov]s's fur!r conjecture1 t a female slave may h be5 appo9t$ to play ! div9e que5 to ! "p ( ! div9e k+ support$ by ! ,zoganes1 & t rem9isc5ces ( su* a que5 h surviv$ 9 ! my? or leg5d ( ,semiramis4 ,accord+ to tradition1 ,semiramis 0 a fair c\rtesan belov$ by ! k+ ( ,assyria1 :o took h] to wife4 ,%e won ! k+'s he>t s f> t %e p]suad$ him to yield up to h] ! k+dom = five days1 & hav+ assum$ ! sceptre & ! royal robes %e made a great banquet on ! fir/ day1 b on ! second day %e %ut up h] husb& 9 prison or put him to dea? & !nce=w>d reign$ alone47#hda7 ,tak5 ) ,/rabo's evid5ce z to ! association ( ! ,sacaea ) ! wor%ip ( ,anaitis1 ?is tradition seems cle>ly to po9t to a cu/om ( giv+ ! ,zoganes1 dur+ 8 five days' reign1 a que5 :o repres5t$ ! goddess ,anaitis or ,semiramis or ,a/>te1 9 %ort ! great ,asiatic goddess ( love & f]tility1 by :atev] "n %e 0 call$4 ,= t 9 ,ea/]n leg5d ,semiramis 0 a real que5 ( ,assyria1 :o _h absorb$ _m ( ! attributes ( ! goddess ,a/>te1 appe>s to be e/abli%$ by ! rese>*es ( mod]n s*ol>s2 9 p>ticul> x has be5 %ewn by ,rob]tson ,smi? t ! wor%ip ( ,anaitis is n only modell$ on ,a/>te wor%ip 9 g5]al1 b corresponds to t p>ticul> type ( x :i* 0 specially associat$ ) ! "n ( ,semiramis47#hdb7 ,! id5tity ( ,anaitis & ! my?ical ,semiramis is cle>ly prov$ by ! circum/ance t ! great sanctu>y ( ,anaitis at ,zela 9 ,pontus 0 actually built ^u a m\nd ( ,semiramis27#hdc7 probably ! old wor%ip ( ! ,semitic goddess always cont9u$ !re ev5 aft] h] ,semitic "n ( ,semiramis or ,a/>te _h be5 ex*ang$ = ! ,p]sian "n ( ,anaitis1 p]haps 9 ob$i5ce to a decree ( ! ,p]sian k+ ,artax]xes ,,ii41 :o fir/ spread ! wor%ip ( ,anaitis 9 ! we/ ( ,asia47#hdd7 ,x is highly significant1 n only t ! ,sacaean fe/ival 0 annually held at ?is anci5t seat ( ! wor%ip ( ,semiramis or ,a/>te2 b fur!r1 t ! :ole city ( ,zela 0 =m]ly inhabit$ by sacr$ slaves & h>lots1 rul$ ov] by a supreme pontiff1 :o adm9i/]$ x z a sanctu>y r ?an z a city47#hde7 ,=m]ly1 we may suppose1 ?is prie/ly k+ himself di$ a viol5t dea? at ! ,sacaea 9 ! "* ( ! div9e lov] ( ,semiramis1 :ile ! "p ( ! goddess 0 play$ by "o ( ! sacr$ pro/itutes4 ,! probability ( ?is is greatly /r5g!n$ by ! exi/5ce ( ! s-call$ m\nd ( ,semiramis "u ! sanctu>y4 ,= ! m\nds ( ,semiramis1 :i* 7 po9t$ out all ov] ,we/]n ,asia17#hdf7 7 said to h be5 ! graves ( h] lov]s :om %e buri$ alive47#hdg7 ,! tradition ran t ! great & lu/ful que5 ,semiramis1 fe>+ to contract a lawful m>riage le/ h] husb& %\ld deprive h] ( p[]1 admitt$ to h] b$ ! h&some/ ( h] soldi]s1 only1 h[ev]1 to de/roy !m all aft]w>ds47#hdh7 ,n[ ?is tradition is "o ( ! sure/ indications ( ! id5tity ( ! my?ical ,semiramis ) ! ,babylonian goddess ,i%t> or ,a/>te4 ,= ! fam\s ,babylonian epic :i* rec\nts ! de$s ( ! h]o ,gilgame% tells h[1 :5 he clo!d himself 9 royal robes & put 8 cr[n on 8 head1 ! goddess ,i%t> 0 smitt5 ) love ( him & woo$ him to be h] mate4 ,b ,gilgame% reject$ h] insidi\s advances1 = he knew ! sad fate t _h ov]tak5 all h] lov]s1 & he reproa*$ ! cruel goddess1 say+3-- 8,tammuz1 ! lov] ( ?y y\?1 ,?\ cause/ to weep e ye>4 ,! bright-col\r$ allallu bird ?\ did/ love4 ,?\ did/ cru% him & break 8 p9ions4 ,9 ! woods he /&s & lam5ts1 #8,o my p9ions6' ,?\ did/ love ! lion ( p]fect /r5g?1 ,sev5 & sev5 times ?\ did/ dig pit-falls = him4 ,?\ did/ love ! horse t joy$ 9 ! fray1 ,) :ip & spur & la% ?\ did/ urge him on4 ,?\ did/ =ce him on = sev5 d\ble h\rs1 ,?\ did/ =ce him on :5 we>i$ & ?ir/y2 ,8 "m ! goddess ,silili ?\ made/ weep4 ,?\ did/ also love a %eph]d ( ! flock1 ,:o cont9ually p\r$ out = !e ! libation1 ,& daily slaught]$ kids = !e2 ,b ?\ did/ smite him1 & did/ *ange him into a wolf1 ,s t 8 own %eep-boys hunt$ him1 ,& 8 own h\nds tore him to pieces40 7,m#bhf7 ,! h]o also tells ! mis]able end ( a g>d5] 9 ! s]vice ( ! goddess's fa!r4 ,! hapless swa9 _h once be5 hon\r$ ) ! love ( ! goddess1 b :5 %e tir$ ( him %e *ang$ him into a cripple s t he c\ld n rise f 8 b$4 ,!re=e ,gilgame% fe>s to %>e ! fate ( all h] =m] lov]s & spurns h] pr(f]$ fav\rs47#hdi7 ,b x is n m]ely t ! my? ( ,i%t> ?us tallies ) ! leg5d ( ,semiramis2 ! wor%ip ( ! goddess 0 m>k$ by a pr(ligacy :i* has f\nd its e*o 9 ! loose "* ascrib$ by tradition to ! que54 ,inscriptions1 :i* confirm & supplem5t ! evid5ce ( ,h]odotus1 in=m u t ,i%t> 0 s]v$ by h>lots ( ?ree diff]5t classes all d$icat$ to h] wor%ip4 ,inde$1 !re is reason to ?9k t ^! wom5 p]sonat$ ! goddess h]self1 s9ce "o ( ! names giv5 to !m is appli$ also to h]47#hej7 7,m#bhg7 ,?us we c h>dly d\bt t ! my?ical ,semiramis is sub/antially a =m ( ,i%t> or ,a/>te1 ! great ,semitic goddess ( love & f]tility2 & if ?is is s1 we may assume ) at lea/ a fair degree ( probability t ! high pontiff ( ,zela or 8 deputy1 :o play$ ! k+ ( ! ,sacaea at ! sanctu>y ( ,semiramis1 p]i%$ z "o ( ! unhappy lov]s ( ! goddess1 p]haps z ,tammuz1 :om %e caus$ 8to weep e ye>40 ,:5 he _h run 8 brief meteoric c>e] ( pleasure & glory1 8 bones w\ld be laid 9 ! great m\nd :i* cov]$ ! m\ld]+ rema9s ( _m mortal gods1 8 pr$ecessors1 :om ! goddess _h hon\r$ ) h] fatal love47#hea7 7,m#bhh7 ,"h !n at ! great sanctu>y ( ! goddess 9 ,zela x appe>s t h] my? 0 regul>ly translat$ into action2 ! /ory ( h] love & ! dea? ( h] div9e lov] 0 p]=m$ ye> by ye> z a sort ( my/]y-play by m5 & wom5 :o liv$ = a season & sometimes di$ 9 ! "* ( ! vision>y be+s :om !y p]sonat$4 ,! int5tion ( ^! sacr$ dramas1 we may be sure1 0 nei!r to amuse nor to in/ruct an idle audi5ce1 & z little 7 !y design$ to gratify ! actors1 to ^: bas] passions !y gave ! re9s = a "t4 ,!y 7 solemn rites :i* mimick$ ! do+s ( div9e be+s1 because man fanci$ t by su* mimicry he 0 able to arrogate to himself ! div9e functions & to ex]cise !m = ! good ( 8 fell[s4 ,! op]ations ( nature1 to 8 ?9k+1 7 c>ri$ on by my?ical p]sonages v l himself2 & if he c\ld only assimilate himself to !m completely he w\ld be able to wield all _! p[]s4 ,?is is probably ! orig9al motive ( mo/ religi\s dramas or my/]ies among rude peoples4 ,! dramas are play$1 ! my/]ies are p]=m$1 n to tea* ! spectators ! doctr9es ( _! cre$1 /ill less to ent]ta9 !m1 b = ! purpose ( br++ ab\t ^? natural effects :i* !y repres5t 9 my?ical disguise2 9 a ^w1 !y are magical c]emonies & _! mode ( op]ation is mimicry or sympa?y4 ,we %all probably n err 9 assum+ t _m my?s1 :i* we n[ "k only z my?s1 _h once _! c\nt]p>t 9 magic2 9 o!r words1 t !y us$ to be act$ z a means ( produc+ 9 fact ! ev5ts :i* !y describe 9 figurative language4 ,c]emonies (t5 die out :ile my?s survive1 & ?us we are left to inf] ! dead c]emony f ! liv+ my?4 ,if my?s are1 9 a s5se1 ! reflections or %ad[s ( m5 ca/ ^u ! cl\ds1 we may say t ^! reflections cont9ue to be visible 9 ! sky & to in=m u ( ! do+s ( ! m5 :o ca/ !m1 long aft] ! m5 !mselves are n only beyond our range ( vision b sunk b5ea? ! horizon4 7,m#bhi7 ,! pr9ciple ( mimicry is implant$ s deep 9 human nature & has ex]t$ s f>-rea*+ an influ5ce on ! developm5t ( religion z well z ( ! arts t x may be well1 ev5 at ! co/ ( a %ort digression1 to illu/rate by example "s ( ! modes 9 :i* primitive man has attempt$ to apply x to ! satisfaction ( 8 wants by means ( religi\s or magical dramas4 ,= x seems probable t ! mask$ dances & c]emonies1 :i* h play$ a great "p 9 ! social life ( savages 9 _m qu>t]s ( ! _w1 7 prim>ily design$ to subs]ve practical purposes r ?an simply to /ir ! emotions ( ! spectators & to :ile away ! languor & t$ium ( idle h\rs4 ,! actors s\ght to draw d[n bless+s on ! community by mimick+ c]ta9 p[]ful sup]human be+s & 9 _! assum$ "* work+ ^? b5efic5t miracles :i* 9 ! capacity ( m]e m5 !y w\ld h confess$ !mselves p[]less to effect4 ,9 fact ! aim ( ^! elem5t>y dramas1 :i* conta9 9 g]m ! trag$y & com$y ( civiliz$ nations1 0 ! acquisition ( sup]human p[] = ! public good4 ,t ?is is ! real int5tion ( at lea/ _m ( ^! dramatic p]=mances w appe> f ! foll[+ acc\nts1 :i* = ! sake ( accuracy ,i w quote = ! mo/ "p 9 ! words ( ! orig9al obs]v]s4 7,m#bij7 ,a conspicu\s feature 9 ! social life ( ! ,indian tribes ( ,nor?-,we/]n ,am]ica are ! elaborate mask$ dances or pantomimes 9 :i* ! actors p]sonate spirits or leg5d>y animals4 ,mo/ ( !m appe> design$ to br+ be=e ! eyes ( ! p ! gu>dian spirits ( ! clans4 8,ow+ to ! fact t ^! spirits are h]$it>y1 _! gifts are always conta9$ 9 ! leg5d detail+ _! acquisition by ! ance/or ( a clan4 ,! pr9cipal gifts 9 ^! tales are ! magic h>poon :i* insures success 9 sea-ott] hunt+2 ! dea? br+] :i*1 :5 po9t$ aga9/ enemies1 kills !m2 ! wat] ( life :i* resuscitates ! dead2 ! burn+ fire :i*1 :5 po9t$ aga9/ an object1 burns x2 & a dance1 a song1 & cries :i* are peculi> to ! _s4 ,! gift ( ?is dance means t ! protg ( ! _s is to p]=m ! same dances :i* h be5 %[n to him4 ,9 ^! dances he p]sonates ! _s4 ,he we>s 8 mask & 8 ornam5ts4 ,?us ! dance mu/ be consid]$ a dramatic p]=mance ( ! my? relat+ to ! acquisition ( ! _s1 & %[s to ! p t ! p]=m] by 8 visit to ! _s has obta9$ 8 p[]s & desires4 ,:5 n[adays a _s appe>s to a "y ,indian1 he gives him ! same dance1 & ! y\? also returns f ! initiation fill$ ) ! p[]s & desires ( ! _s4 ,he au!nticates 8 initiation by 8 dance 9 ! same way z 8 my?ical ance/or did4 ,! obta9+ ( ! magical gifts f ^! spirits is call$ lokoala1 :ile ! p]son :o has obta9$ !m becomes naualaku1 sup]natural1 :i* is also ! quality ( ! _s himself4 ,! ornam5ts ( all ^! spirits are describ$ z made ( c$> b>k1 :i* is dy$ r$ 9 ! juice ( ald] b>k4 ,!y appe> to _! devotees only 9 w9t]1 & !re=e ! dances are also p]=m$ only 9 w9t]407#heb7 ,9 "s ( ! dances ! p]=m]s imitate animals1 & ! explanation :i* ! ,indians give ( ^! dances is t 8! c]emonial 0 in/itut$ at ! "t :5 m5 _h /ill ! =m ( animals2 be=e ! trans=m] _h put ev]y?+ into its pres5t %ape4 ,! pres5t c]emonial is a repetition ( ! c]emonial p]=m$ by ! man animals or1 z we may say1 a dramatization ( ! my?4 ,!re=e ! p :o d n repres5t spirits1 repres5t ^! animals407#hec7 7,m#bia7 ,ano!r obs]v] ( ^! ,indians writes on ! same subject z foll[s3 8,! dukwally 7i4e41 lokoala7 & o!r tamanawas7#hed7 p]=mances are exhibitions int5d$ to repres5t incid5ts connect$ ) _! my?ological leg5ds4 ,!re are a great v>iety1 & !y seem to take ! place1 9 a measure1 ( !atrical p]=mances or games dur+ ! season ( ! religi\s fe/ivals4 ,!re are no p]sons especially set ap>t z prie/s = ! p]=mance ( ^! c]emonies1 al?\gh "s1 :o seem m exp]t ?an o!rs1 are usually hir$ to give life to ! sc5es1 b ^! p]=m]s are q z (t5 f\nd among ! slaves or common p z among ! *iefs1 & except+ dur+ ! cont9uance ( ! fe/ivities are n look$ on z ( any p>ticul> importance4 ,on inquir+ ! orig9 ( ^! c]emonies1 ,i 0 in=m$ t !y did n orig9ate ) ! ,indians1 b 7 revelations ( ! gu>dian spirits1 :o made kn[n :at !y wi%$ to be p]=m$4 ,an ,indian1 = in/ance1 :o has be5 consult+ ) 8 gu>dian _s1 :i* is done by go+ ?r\gh ! wa%+ & fa/+ process be=e describ$1 w imag9e or ?9k he is call$ ^u to repres5t ! owl4 ,he arranges 9 8 m9d ! /yle ( dress1 ! numb] ( p]=m]s1 ! songs & dances or o!r movem5ts1 &1 hav+ ! plan p]fect$1 ann\nces at a tamanawas meet+ t he has _h a revelation :i* he w imp>t to a select few4 ,^! are !n taught & drill$ 9 /rict secrecy1 & :5 !y h p]fect$ !mselves1 w sudd5ly make _! appe>ance & p]=m be=e ! a/oni%$ tribe4 ,ano!r ,indian gets up ! repres5tation ( ! :ale1 o!rs d ! same ( birds1 & 9 fact ( ev]y?+ t !y c ?9k (4 ,if any p]=mance is a success1 x is repeat$1 & gradually comes to be look$ ^u z "o ( ! regul> ord] 9 ! c]emonies2 if x does n satisfy ! audi5ce1 x is laid aside4 ,?us !y h p]=mances t h be5 h&$ d[n f remote ages1 :ile o!rs are ( a m rec5t date407#hee7 7,m#bib7 ,ano!r writ]1 :o travell$ among ! ,indians ( ,nor?-,we/]n ,am]ica1 has express$ himself on ?is subject z foll[s3 8,! task ( repres5t+ ! gods is und]tak5 9 e tribe by "s intellig5t &1 accord+ to _! own acc\nt1 inspir$ m52 !y =m ! ,secret ,societies1 9 ord] t _! secret arts & doctr9es1 _! mumm]ies & masqu]ades may n be reveal$ to ! un9itiat$ & to ! public4 ,! int5tion ( ^! exhibitions is to confirm ! fai? ( ! "y p & ! wom5 9 ! anci5t traditions z to ! int]c\rse ( ! gods ) m5 & z to _! own intimate relations to ! gods4 ,9 ord] to conv9ce possible d\bt]s1 ! memb]s ( ! ,secret ,societies h _h rec\rse to all k9ds ( my/]i\s means1 :i* to a civiliz$ man mu/ appe> ! height ( savag]y2 = example1 !y mutilate _! bodies1 r5d corpses 9 pieces & dev\r !m1 te> pieces out ( ! bodies ( liv+ m51 & s on4 ,fur!r1 ! almo/ morbid vanity ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,indians & _! desire to w9 fame1 respect1 & di/9ction may h s]v$ z a motive = jo9+ ! ,secret ,societies2 s9ce e memb] ( !m enjoys great respect4 8,!re 7 & /ill are hundr$s ( masks 9 use1 e "o ( :i* repres5ts a _s :o occurs 9 _! leg5ds4 ,9 ! exhibitions !y appe> s+ly or 9 gr\ps1 accord+ z ! leg5d to be repres5t$ requires1 & ! mask$ m5 are !n look$ ^u by ! a/oni%$ cr[d1 n only z actors repres5t+ ! gods1 b z ! v gods !mselves :o h come d[n f heav5 to e>?4 ,h5ce e su* repres5tative mu/ d exactly :at leg5d says ! _s did4 ,if ! repres5tative we>s no mask1 z (t5 happ5s ) ! ,hametzes 7! ,cannibals or ,bit]s7 or ! ,pakwalla 7,m$ic9e-m571 !n ! _s :om he repres5ts has pass$ into 8 body1 & accord+ly ! man possess$ by ! _s is n responsible = :at he does amiss 9 ?is condition4 ,z ! use ( masks ?r[s a sort ( my/]i\s glam\r ov] ! p]=mance & at ! same "t all[s ! actor to rema9 unkn[n1 ! peculi>ly sacr$ fe/ivals are mu* (t5] celebrat$ ) masks ?an )\t !m4 ,9 e ,secret ,society !re are def9ite rules z to h[ (t5 & h[ long a mask may be us$4 ,among/ ! ,kwakiutl ! masks may n1 "u ! heavie/ p5alties1 be dispos$ ( = f\r w9t]s1 ! season :5 su* fe/ivals are usually celebrat$4 ,aft] t "t !y may be de/roy$ or hidd5 9 ! =e/1 t no un9itiat$ p]son may f9d !m1 or !y may be f9ally sold4 ,! masks are made only 9 secret1 g5]ally 9 ! deep solitude ( ! woods1 9 ord] t no un9itiat$ p]son may detect ! mak] at "w4444 7,m#bic7 8,! dance is accompani$ by a song :i* celebrates 9 boa/ful words ! p[] ( ! gods & ! mighty de$s repres5t$ 9 ! p]=mance4 ,at ! ma9 "p ( ! p]=mance all pres5t jo9 9 ! song1 = x is g5]ally kn[n to ev]ybody & is repeat$ 9 recitative aga9 & aga94 ,x seems t new songs & new p]=mances are con/antly spr++ up 9 "o or o!r ( ! villages ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( "s intellig5t "y man1 hi!rto )\t a song ( 8 own1 :o treats 9 a poetical fa%ion "s leg5d :i* has be5 h&$ d[n orally f _! =efa!rs4 ,= e man :o takes "p 9 ! p]=mances & fe/ivals mu/ make 8 db ) a song compos$ by himself4 ,9 ?is way new songs & dances are con/antly orig9at+1 ! mat]ial = !m be+1 ( c\rse1 always tak5 f ! tribal deities ( ! p>ticul> s+] & poet407#hef7 7,m#bid7 ,simil> masqu]ades are 9 vogue among ! neighb\rs ( ^! ,indians1 ! ,esquimaux ( ,b]+ ,/rait1 & f ! foll[+ acc\nt x w appe> t ! p]=mances are bas$ on simil> ideas & beliefs4 8,%amans make masks repres5t+ grotesque faces ( sup]natural be+s :i* !y claim to h se54 ,^! may be yu-1 :i* are ! spirits ( ! elem5ts1 ( places1 & ( inanimate ?+s 9 g5]al2 ! tunght1 or w&]+ g5ii1 or ! %ades ( p & animals4 ,! fir/-nam$ are se5 9 lonely places1 on ! pla9s & m\nta9s or at sea1 & m r>ely ab\t ! villages1 by ! clairvoyant vision ( ! %amans4 ,!y are usually invisible to common eyes1 b sometimes r5d] !mselves visible to ! p = v>i\s purposes4 8,_m ( !m1 especially among ! tunght1 are ( evil "*1 br++ sickness & mis=tune ^u p f m]e wantonness or = "s fanci$ injury4 ,! ,eskimo believe t ev]y?+1 animate or inanimate1 is possess$ ( a %ade1 hav+ semihuman =m & features1 enjoy+ m or less fre$om ( motion2 ! %amans give =m to _! ideas ( !m 9 masks1 z well z ( o!rs :i* !y claim inhabit ! moon & ! sky-l&4 ,9 _! daily life1 if ! p witness "s /range occurr5ce1 are curi\sly affect$1 or h a rem>kable adv5ture1 dur+ :i* !y seem to be influ5c$ or aid$ 9 a sup]natural mann]1 ! %amans int]pret ! mean+ & describe ! appe>ance ( ! be+ t ex]t$ its p[]4 7,m#bie7 8,curi\s my?ological bea/s are also said to inhabit bo? l& & sea1 b to become visible only on special occasions4 ,^! ideas furni% mat]ial ^u :i* _! fancy works1 conjur+ up /range =ms t are usually modifications ( kn[n creatures4 ,x is also believ$ t 9 e>ly days all animate be+s _h a dual exi/5ce1 becom+ at w ei!r l man or ! animal =ms !y n[ we>4 ,9 ^? e>ly days !re 7 b few p2 if an animal wi%$ to assume its human =m1 ! =e>m1 w+1 or o!r limb 0 rais$ & pu%$ up ! muzzle or beak z if x 7 a mask1 & ! creature became manlike 9 =m & features4 ,?is idea is /ill held1 & x is believ$ t _m animals n[ possess ?is p[]4 ,! manlike =m ?us appe>+ is call$ ! inua1 & is suppos$ to repres5t ! ?9k+ "p ( ! creature1 & at dea? becomes its %ade4 ,%amans are believ$ to h ! p[] ( see+ ?r\gh ! animal mask to ! manlike features beh9d4 ,! ideas held on ?is subject are well illu/rat$ 9 ! ,rav5 leg5ds1 :]e ! *anges are made repeat$ly f "o =m to ano!r4 7,m#bif7 8,masks may also repres5t totemic animals1 & ! we>]s dur+ ! fe/ivals are believ$ actually to become ! creature repres5t$ or at lea/ to be end[$ ) its spiritual ess5ce4 ,"s ( ! masks ( ! l[] ,yukon & ! adjac5t t]ritory to ! ,kuskokwim are made ) d\ble faces4 ,?is is done by hav+ ! muzzle ( ! animal fitt$ ov] & conceal+ ! face ( ! inua bel[1 ! out] mask be+ held 9 place by pegs s arrang$ t x c be remov$ quickly at a c]ta9 "t 9 ! c]emony1 ?us symboliz+ ! trans=mation4 ,ano!r /yle ( mask f ! l[] ,kuskokwim has ! "u face conceal$ by a small h+$ door on ea* side1 :i* op5s out at ! prop] "t 9 a c]emony1 indicat+ ! metamorphosis4 ,:5 ! mask repres5ts a totemic animal1 ! we>] ne$s no d\ble face1 s9ce he repres5ts 9 p]son ! %ade ( ! totemic animal4 8,:5 worn 9 any c]emonial1 ei!r z a totem mask or z repres5t+ ! %ade1 yu- or tunghk1 ! we>] is believ$ to become my/]i\sly & unconsci\sly imbu$ ) ! _s ( ! be+ :i* 8 mask repres5ts1 j z ! namesakes are ent]$ into & possess$ by ! %ades at c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,fe/ival to ! ,dead44447#heg7 8,mask fe/ivals are usually held z a species ( ?anksgiv+ to ! %ades & p[]s ( e>?1 air1 & wat] = giv+ ! hunt] success4 ,! inuas or %ades ( ! p[]s & creatures ( ! e>? are repres5t$ t !y may be propitiat$1 ?us insur+ fur!r success407#heh7 7,m#big7 ,! religi\s ritual ( ! ,cora ,indians ( ,mexico comprises elaborate dramatic c]emonies or dances1 9 :i* ! actors or danc]s id5tify !mselves ) ! gods1 su* z ! god ( ! ,morn+ ,/>1 ! goddess ( ! ,moon1 & ! div9ities ( ! ,ra94 ,^! dances =m ! pr9cipal "p ( ! ,cora fe/ivals & are accompani$ by liturgical songs1 ! words ( :i* ! ,indians believe to h be5 reveal$ to _! =efa!rs by ! gods & to ex]cise a direct magical influ5ce ^u ! deities !mselves & ?r\gh !m ^u nature47#hei7 ,! ,kobeua & ,kaua ,indians ( ,nor?-,we/]n ,brazil p]=m mask$ dances at _! fe/ivals 9 hon\r ( ! dead4 ,! mask]s imitate ! actions & ! habits ( birds1 bea/s1 & insects4 ,= example1 !re is a l>ge azure-blue butt]fly :i* delights ! eye ) ! spl5d\r ( its col\r1 l a fall5 fragm5t ( ! sky2 & 9 ! butt]fly dance two m5 repres5t ! play ( ^! brilliant insects 9 ! sun%9e1 flutt]+ on ! w+ & settl+ on s&banks & rocks4 ,aga91 ! slo? is act$ by a mask] :o holds on to a cross-beam ( ! h\se by means ( a hook$ /ick1 9 imitation ( ! sluggi% creature :i* w hang by its claws f ! b\gh ( a tree = h\rs toge!r )\t /irr+4 ,aga91 ! d>t+ ( swall[s1 z !y flit to & fro across a riv]1 is mimick$ by mask$ m5 danc+ side by side3 ! sw>m+ ( s&flies 9 ! air is act$ by a sw>m ( mask]s2 & s ) ! movem5ts ( ! black vulture1 ! owl1 ! jagu>1 ! aracu fi%1 ! h\se-spid]1 & ! dung-beetle4 ,yet ^! repres5tations are n simple dramas design$ to amuse & div]t ! m\rn]s 9 _! h\r ( sorr[2 ! ,indian attributes to !m a mu* deep] significance1 = "u ! out] husk ( bea/s & birds & insects he believes t !re lurk f\l fi5ds & p[]ful spirits4 8,all ^! mimicries are bas$ on an idea ( magical effici5cy4 ,!y are int5d$ to br+ bless+ & f]tility to ! village & its inhabitants1 to ! plantations1 & to ! :ole ( surr\nd+ nature1 !reby comp5sat+1 z x 71 = ! loss ( ! dead man 9 ^: hon\r ! fe/ival is held4 ,by copy+ z fai?fully z possible ! movem5ts & actions ( ! be+ :om he p]sonates1 ! actor id5tifies himself ) him4 ,! my/]i\s =ce :i* resides 9 ! mask passes into ! danc]1 turns ! man himself into a mighty demon1 & end[s him ) ! p[] ( bann+ demons or e>n+ _! fav\r4 ,especially is x ! int5tion by means ( mimicry to obta9 = man control ov] ! demons ( gr[? & ! spirits ( game & fi%40 ,:5 ! fe/ival is ov]1 ! masks are burn$1 & ! demons1 :i* are ?\ght to h animat$ !m1 take flight to _! own place1 x may be to ! o!r _w or to a m\nta9 top1 or to ! side ( a ?und]+ cascade47#hfj7 7,m#bih7 ,! ,monumbo ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea p]=m mask$ dances 9 :i* ! danc]s p]sonate sup]natural be+s or animals1 su* z kang>oos1 dogs1 & cass[>ies4 ,!y consecrate ! masks by fumigat+ !m ) ! smoke ( a c]ta9 creep]1 & believe t by do+ s !y put life into !m4 ,accord+ly !y aft]w>ds treat ! masks ) respect1 talk to !m z if !y 7 alive1 & refuse to "p ) !m to ,europeans4 ,c]ta9 ( ! masks !y ev5 reg>d z gu>dian spirits & appeal to !m = f9e wea!r1 help 9 ! *ase or 9 w>1 & s =?4 ,e clan owns "s masks & ! head man ( ! clan makes all ! arrangem5ts = a masqu]ade4 ,! dances are accompani$ by songs ( :i* ! words are un9telligible ev5 to ! natives !mselves47#hfa7 ,aga91 ! ,kayans ( ,c5tral ,borneo p]=m mask$ dances = ! purpose ( ensur+ abundant crops ( rice4 ,! actors p]sonate demons1 we>+ grotesque masks on _! faces1 _! bodies swa!d 9 cumbr\s masses ( gre5 leaves4 8,9 accordance ) _! belief t ! spirits are m p[]ful ?an m51 ! ,kayans assume t :5 !y imitate ! =m ( spirits & play _! "p1 !y acquire sup]human p[]4 ,h5ce j z _! spirits c fet* back ! s\ls ( m51 s !y imag9e t !y c lure to !mselves ! s\ls ( ! rice407#hfb7 7,m#bii7 ,:5 ! ,sea ,dyaks ( ,borneo h tak5 a human head1 !y hold a ,head-fea/ 7,gaw ,pala7 9 hon\r ( ! w>-god or bird-*ief ,s+alang ,burong1 :o lives f> away above ! sky4 ,at ?is fe/ival a long liturgy call$ m5gap is *ant$1 ! god is invok$1 & is believ$ to be pres5t 9 ! p]son ( an actor1 :o poses z ! deity & blesses ! p 9 8 "n4 8,b ! invocation is n made by ! human p]=m] 9 ! mann] ( a pray] direct to ?is great be+2 x takes ! =m ( a /ory1 sett+ =? h[ ! my?ical h]o ,kl+ or ,kli5g made a head-fea/ & fet*$ ,s+alang ,burong to x4 ,?is ,kl+1 ab\t :om !re are _m fables1 is a _s1 & is suppos$ to live some:]e or o!r n f> f mank9d1 & to be able to conf] b5efits ^u !m4 ,! ,dyak p]=m] or p]=m]s !n1 z !y walk up & d[n ! long v]&ah ( ! h\se s++ ! m5gap1 9 reality describe ,kl+'s ,gaw ,pala head-fea/1 & h[ ,s+alang ,burong 0 invit$ & came4 ,9 ?\ght ! ,dyaks id5tify !mselves ) ,kl+1 & ! resultant signification is t ! recitation ( ?is /ory is an invocation to ,s+alang ,burong1 :o is suppos$ to come n to ,kl+'s h\se only1 b to ! actual ,dyak h\se :]e ! fea/ is celebrat$2 & he is receiv$ by a p>ticul> c]emony1 & is (f]$ food or sacrifice40 ,at ! close ( ! c]emony 8! p]=m] goes along ! h\se1 beg9n+ ) ! head man1 t\*es ea* p]son 9 x1 & pron\nces an invocation ^u him4 ,9 ?is he is suppos$ to p]sonate ,s+alang ,burong & 8 sons-9-law1 :o are believ$ to be ! real actors4 ,s+alang ,burong himself n5jangs ! headm51 & 8 sons-9-law1 ! birds1 bless ! re/4 ,! t\* ( ! human p]=m]1 & ! accompany+ invocation are ?\ght to effect a communication betwe5 ^! bird-spirits f ! skies & ea* individual be+4 ,! great bird-*ief & 8 dep5dants come f above to give m5 _! *>ms & _! bless+s4 ,^u ! m5 ! p]=m] invokes physical /r5g? & brav]y 9 w>2 & ^u ! wom5 luck ) paddy1 clev]ness 9 ,dyak fem99e accompli%m5ts1 & beauty 9 =m & complexion407#hfc7 7,m#cjj7 ,?us ! dramatic p]=mances ( ^! primitive peoples are 9 fact religi\s or (t5] p]haps magical c]emonies1 & ! songs or recitations :i* accompany !m are spells or incantations1 ?\gh ! real "* ( bo? is apt to be ov]look$ by civiliz$ man1 accu/om$ z he is to see 9 ! drama no?+ m ?an an agreeable pa/ime or at be/ a vehicle ( moral in/ruction4 ,yet if we c\ld trace ! drama ( ! civiliz$ nations back to its orig91 we might f9d t x _h its roots 9 magical or religi\s ideas l ^? :i* /ill m\ld & direct ! mask$ dances ( _m savages4 ,c]ta9ly ! ,a!nians 9 ! heyday ( _! brilliant civilization reta9$ a lively s5se ( ! religi\s import ( dramatic p]=mances2 = !y associat$ !m directly ) ! wor%ip ( ,dionysus & all[$ !m to be enact$ only dur+ ! fe/ivals ( ! god47#hfd7 ,9 ,india1 also1 ! drama appe>s to h be5 develop$ out ( religi\s dances or pantomimes1 9 :i* ! actors recit$ ! de$s & play$ ! p>ts ( national gods & h]oes47#hfe7 ,h5ce x is at lea/ a legitimate hypo!sis t ! crim9al1 :o masqu]ad$ z a k+ & p]i%$ 9 t "* at ! ,bac*analian fe/ival ( ! ,sacaea1 0 only "o ( a company ( actors1 :o figur$ on t occasion 9 a sacr$ drama ( :i* ! sub/ance has be5 pres]v$ to u 9 ! book ( ,e/h]4 7,m#cja7 ,:5 once we p]ceive t ! gods & goddesses1 ! h]oes & h]o9es ( my?ology h be5 repres5t$ (ficially1 s to say1 by a long succession ( liv+ m5 & wom5 :o bore ! names & 7 suppos$ to ex]cise ! functions ( ^! fabul\s creatures1 we h atta9$ a po9t ( vantage f :i* x seems possible to propose t]ms ( peace betwe5 two rival s*ools ( my?ologi/s :o h be5 wag+ fi]ce w> on ea* o!r = ages4 ,on ! "o h& x has be5 argu$ t my?ical be+s are no?+ b p]sonifications ( natural objects & natural processes2 on ! o!r h&1 x has be5 ma9ta9$ t !y are no?+ b notable m5 & wom5 :o 9 _! lifetime1 = "o reason or ano!r1 made a great impression on _! fell[s1 b ^: do+s h be5 di/ort$ & exagg]at$ by a false & cr$ul\s tradition4 ,^! two views1 x is n[ easy to see1 are n s mutually exclusive z _! support]s h imag9$4 ,! p]sonages ab\t :om all ! m>vels ( my?ology h be5 told may h be5 real human be+s1 z ! ,euhem]i/s allege2 & yet !y may h be5 at ! same "t p]sonifications ( natural objects or processes1 z ! adv]s>ies ( ,euhem]ism ass]t4 ,! doctr9e ( inc>nation supplies ! miss+ l9k t 0 ne$$ to unite ! two seem+ly inconsi/5t !ories4 ,if ! p[]s ( nature or a c]ta9 dep>tm5t ( nature be conceiv$ z p]sonifi$ 9 a deity1 & t deity c become inc>nate 9 a man or woman1 x is obvi\s t ! inc>nate deity is at ! same "t a real human be+ & a p]sonification ( nature4 ,to take ! in/ance ) :i* we are "h conc]n$1 ,semiramis may h be5 ! great ,semitic goddess ( love1 ,i%t> or ,a/>te1 & yet %e may be suppos$ to h be5 inc>nate 9 a woman or ev5 9 a s]ies ( real wom51 :e!r que5s or h>lots1 ^: memory survives 9 anci5t hi/ory4 ,saturn1 aga91 may h be5 ! god ( s[+ & plant+1 & yet may h be5 repres5t$ on e>? by a succession or dyna/y ( sacr$ k+s1 ^: gay b %ort lives may h contribut$ to build up ! leg5d ( ! ,gold5 ,age4 ,! long] ! s]ies ( su* human div9ities1 ! great]1 obvi\sly1 ! *ance ( _! my? or leg5d surviv+2 & :5 moreov] a deity ( a uni=m type 0 repres5t$1 :e!r "u ! same "n or n1 ov] a great ext5t ( c\ntry by _m local dyna/ies ( div9e m5 or wom51 x is cle> t ! /ories ab\t him w\ld t5d /ill fur!r to p]si/ & be /]eotyp$4 7,m#cjb7 ,! conclusions :i* we h rea*$ 9 reg>d to ! leg5d ( ,semiramis & h] lov]s probably holds good ( all ! simil> tales t 7 curr5t 9 antiquity ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/2 9 p>ticul>1 x may be assum$ to apply to ! my?s ( ,aphrodite & ,adonis 9 ,syria1 ( ,cybele & ,attis 9 ,phrygia1 & ( ,isis & ,osiris 9 ,egypt4 ,if we c\ld trace ^! /ories back to _! orig91 we might f9d t 9 e case a human c\ple act$ ye> by ye> ! p>ts ( ! lov+ goddess & ! dy+ god4 ,we "k t d[n to ,roman times ,attis 0 p]sonat$ by prie/s :o bore 8 "n27#hff7 & if )9 ! p]iod ( :i* we h k ! dead ,attis & ! dead ,adonis 7 repres5t$ only by effigies1 we may surmise t x _h n always be5 s1 & t 9 bo? cases ! dead god 0 once repres5t$ by a dead man4 ,fur!r1 ! lic5se accord$ to ! man :o play$ ! dy+ god at ! ,sacaea speaks /rongly 9 fav\r ( ! hypo!sis t be=e ! inc>nate deity 0 put to a public dea? he 0 9 all cases all[$1 or r requir$1 to enjoy ! embraces ( a woman :o play$ ! goddess ( love4 ,! reason = su* an en=c$ union ( ! human god & goddess is n h>d to div9e4 ,if primitive man believes t ! gr[? ( ! crops c be /imulat$ by ! int]c\rse ( common m5 & wom517#hfg7 :at %[]s ( bless+s w he n anticipate f ! comm]ce ( a pair :om 8 fancy inve/s ) all ! dignity & p[]s ( deities ( f]tility8 7,m#cjc7 ,?us ! !ory ( ,mov]s1 t at ! ,sacaea ! ,zoganes repres5t$ a god & pair$ ) a woman :o p]sonat$ a goddess1 turns out to re/ on deep] & wid] f\ndations ?an t able s*ol> 0 aw>e (4 ,he ?\ght t ! div9e c\ple :o figur$ by deputy at ! c]emony 7 ,semiramis & ,s&an or ,s>danapalus4 ,x n[ appe>s t he 0 sub/antially "r z to ! goddess2 b we h /ill to enquire into ! god4 ,!re seems to be no d\bt t ! "n ,s>danapalus is only ! ,greek way ( repres5t+ ,a%urbanapal1 ! "n ( ! greate/ & ne>ly ! la/ k+ ( ,assyria4 ,b ! records ( ! real mon>* :i* h come to light )9 rec5t ye>s give little support to ! fables t atta*$ to 8 "n 9 classical tradition4 ,= !y prove t1 f> f be+ ! effem9ate weakl+ he seem$ to ! ,greeks ( a lat] age1 he 0 a w>like & enlight5$ mon>*1 :o c>ri$ ! arms ( ,assyria to di/ant l&s & fo/]$ at home ! gr[? ( sci5ce & lett]s47#hfh7 ,/ill1 ?\gh ! hi/orical reality ( ,k+ ,a%urbanapal is z well atte/$ z t ( ,alex&] or ,*>lemagne1 x w\ld be no wond] if my?s ga!r$1 l cl\ds1 r\nd ! great figure t loom$ l>ge 9 ! /ormy sunset ( ,assyrian glory4 ,n[ ! two features t /& out mo/ prom95tly 9 ! leg5ds ( ,s>danapalus are 8 extravagant debau*]y & 8 viol5t dea? 9 ! flames ( a great pyre1 on :i* he burn$ himself & 8 concub9es to save !m f fall+ into ! h&s ( 8 victori\s enemies4 ,x is said t ! womani% k+1 ) pa9t$ face & array$ 9 female attire1 pass$ 8 days 9 ! seclusion ( ! h>em1 sp9n+ purple wool among 8 concub9es & wall[+ 9 s5sual delights2 & t 9 ! epitaph :i* he caus$ to be c>v$ on 8 tomb he record$ t all ! days ( 8 life he ate & drank & toy$1 rememb]+ t life is %ort & full ( tr\ble1 t =tune is unc]ta91 & t o!rs w\ld soon enjoy ! good ?+s :i* he mu/ leave beh9d47#hfi7 ,^! traits be> little resemblance to ! portrait ( ,a%urbanapal ei!r 9 life or 9 dea?2 = aft] a brilliant c>e] ( conque/ ! ,assyrian k+ di$ 9 old age1 at ! height ( human ambition1 ) peace at home & triumph abroad1 ! admiration ( 8 subjects & ! t]ror ( 8 foes4 ,b if ! traditional *>act]i/ics ( ,s>danapalus h>monize b ill ) :at we "k ( ! real mon>* ( t "n1 !y fit well en\gh ) all t we "k or c conjecture ( ! mock k+s :o l$ a %ort life & a m]ry dur+ ! revelry ( ! ,sacaea1 ! ,asiatic equival5t ( ! ,saturnalia4 ,we c h>dly d\bt t = ! mo/ "p su* m51 ) dea? />+ !m 9 ! face at ! end ( a few days1 s\ght to dr[n c>e & dead5 fe> by plung+ madly into all ! fleet+ joys t /ill (f]$ !mselves "u ! sun4 ,:5 _! brief pleasures & %>p suff]+s 7 ov]1 & _! bones or a%es m+l$ ) ! du/1 :at m natural t on _! tomb--^? m\nds 9 :i* ! p saw1 n untruly1 ! graves ( ! lov]s ( ,semiramis--!re %\ld be c>v$ "s su* l9es z ^? :i* tradition plac$ 9 ! m\? ( ! great ,assyrian k+1 to rem9d ! he$less pass]-by ( ! %ortness & vanity ( life8 7,m#cjd7 ,:5 we turn to ,s&an1 ! o!r leg5d>y or my?ical be+ :om ,mov]s ?\ght t ! ,zoganes may h p]sonat$1 we f9d ! argum5ts 9 support ( 8 !ory /ill /rong]4 ,! city ( ,t>sus 9 ,cilicia is said to h be5 f\nd$ by a c]ta9 ,s&an :om ! ,greeks id5tifi$ ) ,h]cules2 & at ! fe/ival ( ?is god or h]o an effigy ( him 0 burn$ on a great pyre47#hgj7 ,?is ,s&an is d\btless ! same ) ! ,s&es :om ,aga?ias calls ! old ,p]sian ,h]cules4 ,pr(ess+ to give a li/ ( ! gods :om ! ,p]sians wor%ipp$ be=e ! days ( ,zoroa/]1 ! ,byzant9e hi/orian m5tions ,bel1 ,s&es1 & ,anaitis1 :om he id5tifies ) ,zeus1 ,h]cules1 & ,aphrodite respectively47#hga7 ,z we "k t ,bel 0 a ,babylonian1 n a ,p]sian deity1 & t 9 lat] times ,anaitis 0 practically equival5t to ! ,babylonian ,i%t> or ,a/>te1 a /rong presumption is rais$ t ,s&es also 0 a ,babylonian or at all ev5ts ,semitic deity1 & t 9 speak+ ( him z ,p]sian ! hi/orian confus$ ! anci5t ,p]sians ) ! ,babylonians & p]haps o!r /ocks ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,! presumption is /r5g!n$ :5 we f9d t 9 ,lydia ! surname ( ,s&on1 d\btless equival5t to ,s&an1 is said to h be5 borne by ,h]cules because he wore a woman's g>m5t call$ a s&yx1 f9e & diaphan\s z gossam]1 at ! bidd+ ( ,que5 ,omphale1 :om ! h]o s]v$ = ?ree ye>s 9 ! guise ( a female slave1 clad 9 purple1 humbly c>d+ wool & submitt+ to be slapp$ by ! saucy que5 ) h] gold5 slipp]47#hgb7 ,! famili> leg5d t ,h]cules burn$ himself alive on a great pyre completes ! p>allel betwe5 ! effem9ate ,h]cules ,s&on ( ,lydia & ! ,assyrian ,s>danapalus4 ,s exact a p>allel mu/ surely re/ on a common base ( cu/om z well z ( my?4 ,t base1 accord+ to ! conjecture ( ! admirable s*ol> ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 may h be5 a cu/om ( dress+ up an effigy ( an effem9ate ,asiatic deity 9 ! semblance ( a revell]1 & !n publicly burn+ x on a pyre4 ,su* a cu/om appe>s to h prevail$ n only at ,t>sus 9 ,cilicia1 b also 9 ,lydia2 = a co9 ( ! ,lydian ,philadelphia1 a city :i* lay n f> f ! old royal capital ,s>des1 exhibits a device l t on co9s ( ,t>sus1 consi/+ ( a figure /ret*$ on a pyre4 8,we may suppose10 says ,mll]1 8t 9 ! old ,assyrian my?ology a c]ta9 be+ call$ ,s&an1 or p]haps ,s>dan1 figur$ beside ,baal & ,mylitta or ,a/>te4 ,! "* ( ?is my?ical p]sonage is "o :i* (t5 meets u 9 ori5tal religion--! extreme ( voluptu\sness & s5suality comb9$ ) miracul\s =ce & h]oic /r5g?4 ,we may imag9e t at ! great fe/ivals ( ,n9eveh ?is ,s&an or ,s>dan 0 exhibit$ z a buxom figure ) womani% features1 ! pale face pa9t$ ) :ite lead1 ! eyebr[s & eyela%es black5$ ) kohl1 8 p]son load$ ) gold5 *a9s1 r+s1 & e>r+s1 array$ 9 a bright r$ transp>5t g>m5t1 grasp+ a goblet 9 "o h& & p]haps1 z a symbol ( /r5g?1 a d\ble axe 9 ! o!r1 :ile he sat cross-legg$ & surr\nd$ by wom5 on a spl5didly adorn$ c\* "u a purple canopy1 altoge!r n unlike ! figure ( ,adonis at ! c\rt fe/ivals ( ,alex&ria4 ,!n ! p ( #8mad ,n9eveh1' z ! poet ,phocylides call$ x1 #8! well-fav\r$ h>lot1' z ! prophet ,nahum has x1 w\ld rejoice & make m]ry ) ?is _! d>l+ h]o4 ,aft]w>ds !re may h be5 ano!r %[1 :5 ?is gorge\s ,s&an or ,s>dan 0 to be se5 on a huge pyre ( preci\s wood1 drap$ 9 gold-embroid]$ tape/ry & lad5 ) inc5se & spices ( e sort1 :i* be+ set on fire1 to ! h[l+ ( a c\ntless multitude & ! deaf5+ d9 ( %rill music1 s5t up a mon/r\s pill> ( fire :irl+ t[>ds heav5 & flood$ half ,n9eveh ) smoke & smell407#hgc7 7,m#cje7 ,! di/+ui%$ s*ol> :om ,i h j quot$ does n fail to recognize ! "p :i* imag9ation plays 9 ! picture he has set be=e u2 b he rem9ds u v prop]ly t 9 hi/orical enquiries imag9ation mu/ always supply ! cem5t t b9ds toge!r ! brok5 fragm5ts ( tradition4 ,"o ?+1 he ?9ks1 em]ges cle>ly f ! pres5t inve/igation3 ! wor%ip & leg5d ( an effem9ate h]o l ,s&an appe> to h spread1 by means ( an e>ly diffusion ( ! ,semitic /ock1 fir/ to ! neighb\rhood ( ,t>sus 9 ,cilicia & aft]w>ds to ,s>des 9 ,lydia4 ,9 fav\r ( ! =m] preval5ce ( ! rite 9 ,lydia x may be add$ t ! olde/ dyna/y ( ,lydian k+s trac$ _! desc5t1 n only f ! my?ical ,assyrian h]o ,n9us1 b also f ! ,greek h]o ,h]cules17#hgd7 ^: leg5d>y dea? 9 ! fire f9ds at lea/ a curi\s e*o 9 ! /ory t ,croesus1 ! la/ k+ ( ,lydia1 0 laid by 8 ,p]sian conqu]or ,cyrus on a great pyre ( wood1 & 0 only sav$ at ! la/ mom5t f be+ consum$ 9 ! flames47#hge7 ,may n ?is /ory embody a rem9isc5ce ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! anci5t k+s ( ,lydia1 z liv+ embodim5ts ( _! god1 =m]ly met _! end8 ,x 0 ?us1 z we h se51 t ! old ,prussian rul]s us$ to burn !mselves alive 9 front ( ! sacr$ oak27#hgf7 & by an odd co9cid5ce1 if x is no?+ m1 ! ,greek ,h]cules direct$ t ! pyre on :i* he 0 to be consum$ %\ld be made ( ! wood ( ! oak & ! wild olive47#hgg7 ,"s gr\nds h also be5 %ewn = ?9k+ t 9 c]ta9 ,s\? ,african tribes ! *iefs may =m]ly h be5 burnt alive z a religi\s or magical c]emony47#hgh7 ,all ^! facts & indications t5d to support ! view ( ,mov]s t at ! ,sacaea also ! man :o play$ ! god = five days 0 orig9ally burnt at ! end ( !m47#hgi7 ,dea? by hang+ or crucifixion may h be5 a lat] mitigation ( 8 suff]+s1 ?\gh x is q possible t bo? =ms ( execution or r ( sacrifice may h be5 comb9$ by hang+ or crucify+ ! victim fir/ & burn+ him aft]w>ds17#hhj7 mu* z our =efa!rs us$ to disemb[el traitors aft] susp5d+ !m = a few m9utes on a gibbet4 ,at ,t>sus app>5tly ! cu/om 0 /ill fur!r s(t5$ by burn+ an effigy in/ead ( a man2 b on ?is po9t ! evid5ce is n explicit4 ,x is wor? obs]v+ t z late z ,lucian's "t ! pr9cipal fe/ival ( ! ye> at ,hi]apolis--! great seat ( ! wor%ip ( ,a/>te--fell at ! beg9n+ ( spr+ & took its "n ( ! ,pyre or ! ,tor* f ! tall ma/s :i* 7 burnt 9 ! c\rt ( ! temple ) %eep1 goats1 & o!r animals hang+ f !m47#hha7 ,"h ! season1 ! fire1 & ! gall[s-tree all fit our hypo!sis2 only ! man-god is want+4 7,m#cjf7 ,if ! ,jewi% fe/ival ( ,purim 01 z ,i h attempt$ to %ew1 directly desc5d$ ei!r f ! ,sacaea or f "s o!r ,semitic fe/ival1 ( :i* ! c5tral feature 0 ! sacrifice ( a man 9 ! "* ( a god1 we %\ld expect to f9d traces ( human sacrifice l+]+ ab\t x 9 "o or o!r ( ^? mitigat$ =ms to :i* ,i h j ref]r$4 ,?is expectation is fully borne out by ! facts4 ,= f an e>ly "t x has be5 cu/om>y ) ! ,jews at ! fea/ ( ,purim to burn or o!rwise de/roy effigies ( ,haman4 ,! practice 0 well kn[n "u ! ,roman empire1 = 9 ! ye> #djh ,a4,d4 ! emp]ors ,honorius & ,!odosius issu$ a decree comm&+ ! gov]nors ( ! prov9ces to take c>e t ! ,jews %\ld n burn effigies ( ,haman on a cross at "o ( _! fe/ivals47#hhb7 ,we le>n f ! decree t ! cu/om gave great (f5ce to ! ,*ri/ians1 :o reg>d$ x z a blasphem\s p>ody ( ! c5tral my/]y ( _! own religion1 little suspect+ t x 0 no?+ b a cont9uation1 9 a mild] =m1 ( a rite t _h probably be5 celebrat$ 9 ! ,ea/ long ages be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,app>5tly ! cu/om long surviv$ ! publication ( ! edict1 = 9 a =m ( abjuration :i* ! ,greek *ur* impos$ on ,jewi% conv]ts & :i* seems to date f ! t5? c5tury1 ! r5egade is made to speak z foll[s3 8,i curse also ^? :o celebrate ! fe/ival ( ! s-call$ ,mordecai on ! fir/ ,sabba? 7,saturday7 ( ! ,*ri/ian fa/1 & :o nail ,haman =soo? to ! tree1 atta*+ to x ! symbol ( ! cross & burn+ him along ) x1 :ile !y heap all sorts ( imprecations & curses on ! ,*ri/ians407#hhc7 ,a ,jewi% acc\nt ( ! cu/om z x 0 obs]v$ 9 ,babylonia & ,p]sia 9 ! t5? c5tury ( our era runs z foll[s3 8,x is cu/om>y 9 ,babylonia & ,elam = boys to make an effigy resembl+ ,haman2 ?is !y susp5d on _! ro(s1 f\r or five days be=e ,purim4 ,on ,purim day !y erect a bonfire1 & ca/ ! effigy into its mid/1 :ile ! boys /& r\nd ab\t x je/+ & s++4 ,& !y h a r+ susp5d$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! fire1 :i* 7r+7 !y hold & wave f "o side ( ! fire to ! o!r407#hhd7 ,aga91 ! ,arab hi/orian ,albrn1 :o wrote 9 ! ye> #ajjj ,a4,d41 in=ms u t at ,purim ! ,jews ( 8 "t rejoic$ greatly ov] ! dea? ( ,haman1 & t !y made figures :i* !y beat & burn$1 8imitat+ ! burn+ ( ,haman40 ,h5ce "o "n = ! fe/ival 0 ,hmn-,sr47#hhe7 ,ano!r ,arabic writ]1 ,makrz1 :o di$ 9 #addb ,a4,d41 says t at ! fea/ ( ,purim1 :i* fell on ! fifte5? day ( ! mon? ,ad>1 "s ( ! ,jews us$ to make effigies ( ,haman :i* !y fir/ play$ ) & !n ?rew into ! fire47#hhf7 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ! ,italian ,jews celebrat$ ,purim 9 a lively fa%ion :i* has be5 comp>$ by _! own hi/orians to t ( ! ,c>nival4 ,! *ildr5 us$ to range !mselves 9 r[s opposite ea* o!r & pelt "o ano!r ) nuts1 :ile gr[n-up p rode on horseback ?r\gh ! /reets ) p9e bran*es 9 _! h&s or blew trumpets & made m]ry r\nd a puppet repres5t+ ,haman1 :i* 0 set on a plat=m or scaffold & !n solemnly burnt on a pyre47#hhg7 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! ,jews ( ,frank=t us$ at ,purim to make pyramids ( ?9 wax c&les1 :i* !y set on fire2 also !y fa%ion$ images ( ,haman & 8 wife out ( c&les & burn$ !m on ! read+-desk 9 ! synagogue47#hhh7 7,m#cjg7 ,n[1 :5 we consid] ! close correspond5ce 9 "* z well z 9 date betwe5 ! ,jewi% ,purim & ! ,*ri/ian ,c>nival1 & rememb] fur!r t ! effigy ( ,c>nival1 :i* is n[ de/roy$ at ?is m]ry season1 _h probably its prototype 9 a liv+ man :o 0 put to a viol5t dea? 9 ! "* ( ,saturn at ! ,saturnalia1 analogy ( itself w\ld sugge/ t 9 =m] times ! ,jews1 l ! ,babylonians1 f :om !y appe> to h d]iv$ _! ,purim1 may at "o "t h burn$1 hang$1 or crucifi$ a real man 9 ! "* ( ,haman4 ,!re are "s positive gr\nds = ?9k+ t ?is 0 s4 ,! e>ly *ur* hi/orian ,socrates in=ms u t at ,inme/>1 a t[n 9 ,syria1 ! ,jews 7 wont to obs]ve c]ta9 sports among !mselves1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* !y play$ _m fooli% pranks4 ,9 ! ye> #daf ,a4,d41 be+ heat$ ) w9e1 !y c>ri$ ^! sports fur!r ?an usual & began d]id+ ,*ri/ians & ev5 ,*ri/ himself1 & to give ! m ze/ to _! mock]y !y seiz$ a ,*ri/ian *ild1 b\nd him to a cross1 & hung him up4 ,at fir/ !y only laugh$ & je]$ at him1 b soon1 _! passions gett+ ! bett] ( !m1 !y ill-treat$ ! *ild s t he di$ "u _! h&s4 ,! ?+ got nois$ abroad1 & result$ 9 a s]i\s brawl betwe5 ! ,jews & _! ,*ri/ian neighb\rs4 ,! au?orities !n /epp$ 91 & ! ,jews _h to pay de> = ! crime !y _h p]petrat$ 9 sport47#hhi7 ,! ,*ri/ian hi/orian does n m5tion1 & p]haps did n "k1 ! "n ( ! drunk5 & jovial fe/ival :i* end$ s tragically2 b we c h>dly d\bt t x 0 ,purim1 & t ! boy :o di$ on ! cross repres5t$ ,haman47#hij7 ,9 m$ival & mod]n times _m accusations ( ritual murd]s1 z !y are call$1 h be5 br\ght aga9/ ! ,jews1 & ! argum5ts = & aga9/ ! *>ge h be5 discuss$ on bo? sides ) a heat :i*1 h[ev] natural1 has t5d$ r to inflame ! passions ( ! disputants ?an to elicit ! tru?47#hia7 ,into ?is tr\bl$ ar5a ,i pref] n to ent]2 ,i w only obs]ve t1 s f> z ,i h look$ into ! alleg$ cases1 & ^! are report$ 9 suffici5t detail1 ! majority ( ! victims are said to h be5 *ildr5 & to h met _! fate 9 spr+1 (t5 9 ! week be=e ,ea/]4 ,?is la/ circum/ance po9ts1 if !re is any tru? 9 ! accusations1 to a connexion ( ! human sacrifice ) ! ,passov]1 :i* falls 9 ?is week1 r ?an ) ,purim1 :i* falls a mon? e>li]4 ,inde$ x has (t5 be5 made a "p ( ! accusation t ! blood ( ! y\?ful victims 0 int5d$ to be us$ at ! ,passov]4 ,if all ! *>ges ( ritual murd] :i* h be5 br\ght aga9/ ! ,jews 9 mod]n times are n1 z seems mo/ probable1 m]e idle calumnies1 ! baneful fruit ( bigotry1 ignorance1 & malice1 ! extraord9>y t5acity ( life exhibit$ by ! l[e/ =ms ( sup]/ition 9 ! m9ds ( ignorant p1 :e!r !y are ,jews or ,g5tiles1 w\ld suffice to acc\nt = an occasional recrudesc5ce ( primitive b>b>ity among ! mo/ degrad$ "p ( ! ,jewi% community4 ,to make ! ,jews z a nation responsible = outrages :i*1 if !y occur at all1 are d\btless q z repugnant to !m z !y are to e humane m9d1 w\ld be a mon/r\s inju/ice2 x w\ld be z fair to *>ge ,*ri/ians 9 g5]al ) complicity 9 ! incalculably great] numb] ( massacres & atrocities ( e k9d t h be5 p]petrat$ by ,*ri/ians 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/ianity1 n m]ely on ,jews & hea!n1 b on m5 & wom5 & *ildr5 :o pr(ess$--& di$ =--! same fai? z _! tortur]s & murd]]s4 ,if de$s ( ! sort alleg$ h be5 really done by ,jews--a "q on :i* ,i mu/ decl9e to pron\nce an op9ion--!y w\ld int]e/ ! /ud5t ( cu/om z isolat$ in/ances ( rev]sion to an old & b>b>\s ritual :i* once fl\ri%$ commonly en\gh among ! ance/ors bo? ( ,jews & ,g5tiles1 b on :i*1 z on a noxi\s mon/]1 an enlight5$ humanity has long set its heel4 ,su* cu/oms die h>d2 x is n ! fault ( society z a :ole if sometimes ! reptile has /r5g? en\gh left to lift its v5om\s head & /+4 7,m#cjh7 ,b betwe5 ! /age :5 human sacrifice goes on unaba%$ 9 ! light ( common day1 & ! /age :5 x has be5 driv5 out ( sight into d>k holes & corn]s1 !re int]v5es a p]iod dur+ :i* ! cu/om is sl[ly dw9dl+ away "u ! gr[+ light ( k & philan?ropy4 ,9 ?is middle p]iod _m subt]fuges are resort$ to = ! sake ( pres]v+ ! old ritual 9 a =m :i* w n (f5d ! new morality4 ,a common & successful device is to consummate ! sacrifice on ! p]son ( a malefactor1 ^: dea? at ! alt> or else:]e is little likely to excite pity or indignation1 s9ce x p>takes ( ! "* ( a puni%m5t1 & p recognize t if ! miscreant _h n be5 dealt ) by ! prie/1 x w\ld h be5 ne$ful 9 ! public int]e/ to h& him ov] to ! execution]4 ,we h se5 t 9 ! ,rhodian sacrifices to ,cronus a condemn$ crim9al 0 aft] a "t sub/itut$ = an innoc5t victim27#hib7 & !re c be little d\bt t at ,babylon ! crim9als1 :o p]i%$ 9 ! "* ( gods at ! ,sacaea1 enjoy$ an hon\r :i*1 at an e>li] p]iod1 _h be5 res]v$ = m respectable p]sons4 ,x seems !re=e by no means impossible t ! ,jews1 9 borr[+ ! ,sacaea f ,babylon "u ! new "n ( ,purim1 %\ld h borr[$ along ) x ! cu/om ( putt+ to dea? a malefactor :o1 aft] masqu]ad+ z ,mordecai 9 a cr[n & royal robe1 0 hang$ or crucifi$ 9 ! "* ( ,haman4 ,!re are "s gr\nds = ?9k+ t ?is or some?+ ( ?is sort 0 done2 b a consid]ation ( !m _h bett] be def]r$ till we h cle>$ up "s po9ts :i* /ill rema9 obscure 9 ,purim1 & 9 ! acc\nt :i* ! ,jews give ( its orig94 7,m#cji7 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 x des]ves to be rem>k$ t ! joy\s fe/ival ( ,purim on ! f\rte5? & fifte5? days ( ! mon? ,ad> is inv>iably prec$$ by a fa/1 kn[n z ! fa/ ( ,e/h]1 on ! ?irte5?2 inde$1 "s ,jews fa/ = sev]al days be=e ,purim47#hic7 ,9 ! book ( ,e/h] ! fa/ is traditionally expla9$ z a commemoration ( ! m\rn+ & lam5tation excit$ among ! ,jews by ! decree ( ,k+ ,ahasu]us t !y %\ld all be massacr$ on ! ?irte5? day ( ! mon? ,ad>2 = 89 e prov9ce1 :i!rsoev] ! k+'s comm&m5t & 8 decree came1 !re 0 great m\rn+ among ! ,jews1 & fa/+1 & weep+1 & wail+2 & _m lay 9 sackclo? & a%es40 ,& ,e/h]1 be=e %e w5t into ! pres5ce ( ! k+ to plead = ! lives ( h] p1 8bade !m return answ] unto ,mordecai1 ,g1 ga!r toge!r all ! ,jews t are pres5t 9 ,%u%an1 & fa/ ye = me1 & nei!r eat nor dr9k ?ree days1 night or day3 ,i also & my maid5s w fa/ 9 l mann]40 ,h5ce fa/+ & lam5tation 7 orda9$ z ! prop] prep>ation = ! happy fea/ ( ,purim :i* commemorat$ ! great deliv]ance ( ! ,jews f ! de/ruction t _h ?reat5$ !m on ! ?irte5? day ( ,ad>47#hid7 ,n[ we h se5 t1 9 ! op9ion ( "s em95t mod]n s*ol>s1 ! basis ( ! book ( ,e/h] is n hi/ory b a ,babylonian my?1 :i* celebrat$ ! triumphs & suff]+s ( deities r ?an ( m54 ,on ?is hypo!sis1 h[ is ! fa/ t prec$es ,purim to be expla9$8 ,! be/ solution appe>s to be t ( ,j5s51 t ! fa/+ & m\rn+ 7 orig9ally = ! suppos$ annual dea? ( a ,semitic god or h]o ( ! type ( ,tammuz or ,adonis1 ^: resurrection on ! foll[+ day occasion$ t outbur/ ( joy & gladness :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ,purim4 ,! p>ticul> god or h]o1 ^: dea? & resurrection ?us t\*$ ) sorr[ & fill$ ) joy ! he>ts ( 8 wor%ipp]s1 may h be51 accord+ to ,j5s51 ei!r ! great h]o ,gilgame%1 or 8 comrade & fri5d ,eabani47#hie7 ,! d\ghty de$s & adv5tures ( ?is mighty pair are ! !me ( ! longe/ ,babylonian poem t has be5 z yet discov]$4 ,x is record$ on twelve tablets1 & ?is circum/ance has sugge/$ to "s s*ol>s ! view t ! /ory may be a sol> my?1 descriptive ( ! sun's annual c\rse ?r\gh ! twelve mon?s or ! twelve signs ( ! zodiac4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ! sc5e ( ! poem is laid *iefly at ! v anci5t ,babylonian city ( ,ere*1 ! *ief seat ( ! wor%ip ( ! goddess ,i%t> or ,a/>te1 :o plays an important "p 9 ! /ory4 ,= ! goddess is said to h be5 smitt5 ) ! *>ms ( ,gilgame%1 & to h made love to him2 b he spurn$ h] pr(f]$ fav\rs1 & !reaft] fell into a sore sickness1 probably ?r\gh ! wra? ( ! (f5d$ goddess4 ,8 comrade ,eabani also r\s$ ! fury ( ,i%t>1 & 0 w\nd$ to dea?4 ,= twelve days he l+]$ on a b$ ( pa91 &1 :5 he di$1 8 fri5d ,gilgame% m\rn$ & lam5t$ = him1 & re/$ n until he _h prevail$ on ! god ( ! dead to suff] ! _s ( ,eabani to return to ! upp] _w4 ,! resurrection ( ,eabani1 record$ on ! twelf? tablet1 =ms ! conclusion ( ! long poem47#hif7 ,j5s5's !ory is t ! dea? & resurrection ( a my?ical be+1 :o comb9$ 9 himself ! features ( a sol> god & an anci5t k+ ( ,ere*1 7 celebrat$ at ! ,babylonian ,zakmuk or fe/ival ( ! ,new ,ye>1 & t ! transf]5ce ( ! drama f ,ere*1 its orig9al seat1 to ,babylon l$ naturally to ! sub/itution ( ,m>duk1 ! great god ( ,babylon1 = ,gilgame% or ,eabani 9 ! "p ( ! h]o4 ,al?\gh ,j5s5 app>5tly does n id5tify ! ,zakmuk ) ! ,sacaea1 a little consid]ation w %ew h[ well 8 g5]al !ory ( ,zakmuk fits 9 ) ^? features ( ! ,sacaean fe/ival :i* h em]g$ 9 ! c\rse ( our enquiry4 ,at ! ,sacaean fe/ival1 if ,i am "r1 a man1 :o p]sonat$ a god or h]o ( ! type ( ,tammuz or ,adonis1 enjoy$ ! fav\rs ( a woman1 probably a sacr$ h>lot1 :o repres5t$ ! great ,semitic goddess ,i%t> or ,a/>te2 & aft] he _h ?us done 8 "p t[>ds secur+1 by means ( sympa!tic magic1 ! revival ( plant life 9 spr+1 he 0 put to dea?4 ,we may suppose t ! dea? ( ?is div9e man 0 m\rn$ ov] by 8 wor%ipp]s1 & especially by wom51 9 mu* ! same fa%ion z ! wom5 ( ,j]usalem wept = ,tammuz at ! gate ( ! temple17#hig7 & z ,syrian damsels m\rn$ ! dead ,adonis1 :ile ! riv] ran r$ ) 8 blood4 ,su* rites appe>1 9 fact1 to h be5 common all ov] ,we/]n ,asia2 ! p>ticul> "n ( ! dy+ god v>i$ 9 diff]5t places1 b 9 sub/ance ! ritual 0 ! same4 ,fundam5tally1 ! cu/om 0 a religi\s or r magical c]emony int5d$ to ensure ! revival & reproduction ( life 9 spr+4 7,m#caj7 ,n[1 if ?is int]pretation ( ! ,sacaea is correct1 x is obvi\s t "o important feature ( ! c]emony is want+ 9 ! brief notices ( ! fe/ival t h come d[n to u4 ,! dea? ( ! man-god at ! fe/ival is record$1 b no?+ is said ( 8 resurrection4 ,yet if he really p]sonat$ a be+ ( ! ,adonis or ,attis type1 we may feel pretty sure t 8 dramatic dea? 0 foll[$ at a %ort] or long] int]val by 8 dramatic revival1 j z at ! fe/ivals ( ,attis & ,adonis ! resurrection ( ! dead god quickly succe$$ to 8 mimic dea?47#hih7 ,"h1 h[ev]1 a difficulty pres5ts itself4 ,at ! ,sacaea ! man-god di$ a real1 n a m]e mimic dea?2 & 9 ord9>y life ! resurrection ev5 ( a man-god is at lea/ n an ev]yday occurr5ce4 ,:at 0 to be done8 ,! man1 or r ! god1 0 und\bt$ly dead4 ,h[ 0 he to come to life aga98 ,obvi\sly ! be/1 if n ! only way1 0 to set ano!r & liv+ man to support ! "* ( ! reviv+ god1 & we may conjecture t ?is 0 done4 ,we may suppose t ! insignia ( royalty :i* _h adorn$ ! dead man 7 transf]r$ to 8 successor1 :o1 array$ 9 !m1 w\ld be pres5t$ to 8 rejoic+ wor%ipp]s z _! god come to life aga92 & by 8 side w\ld probably be display$ a woman 9 ! "* ( 8 div9e consort1 ! goddess ,i%t> or ,a/>te4 ,9 fav\r ( ?is hypo!sis x may be obs]v$ t x at once furni%es a cle> & intelligible explanation ( a rem>kable feature 9 ! book ( ,e/h] :i* has n yet1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 be5 adequately elucidat$2 ,i mean t app>5t duplication ( ! pr9cipal *>act]s to :i* ,i h already direct$ ! read]'s att5tion4 ,if ,i am "r1 ,haman repres5ts ! tempor>y k+ or mortal god :o 0 put to dea? at ! ,sacaea2 & 8 rival ,mordecai repres5ts ! o!r tempor>y k+ :o1 on ! dea? ( 8 pr$ecessor1 0 inve/$ ) 8 royal insignia1 & exhibit$ to ! p z ! god come to life aga94 ,simil>ly ,va%ti1 ! depos$ que5 9 ! n>rative1 corresponds to ! woman :o play$ ! "p ( que5 & goddess to ! fir/ mock k+1 ! ,haman2 & h] successful rival1 ,e/h] or ,i%t>1 answ]s to ! woman :o figur$ z ! div9e consort ( ! second mock k+1 ! ,mordecai or ,m>duk4 ,a trace ( ! sexual lic5se accord$ to ! mock k+ ( ! fe/ival seems to be pres]v$ 9 ! /atem5t t ,k+ ,ahasu]us f\nd ,haman fall5 on ! b$ ) ,e/h] & ask$1 8,w he ev5 =ce ! que5 be=e me 9 ! h\se807#hii7 ,we h se5 t ! mock k+ ( ! ,sacaea did actually possess ! "r ( us+ ! real k+'s concub9es1 & !re is mu* to be said = ! view ( ,mov]s t he began 8 %ort reign by ex]cis+ ! "r 9 public47#ijj7 ,9 ! p>allel ritual ( ,adonis ! m>riage ( ! goddess ) h] ill-fat$ lov] 0 publicly celebrat$ ! day be=e 8 mimic dea?47#ija7 ,a cle> rem9isc5ce ( ! "t :5 ! relation betwe5 ,e/h] & ,mordecai 0 conceiv$ z mu* m intimate ?an m]e c\s9%ip appe>s to be pres]v$ 9 "s ( ! ,jewi% plays act$ at ,purim1 9 :i* ,mordecai appe>s z ! lov] ( ,e/h]2 & ?is significant indication is confirm$ by ! tea*+ ( ! rabbis t ,k+ ,ahasu]us nev] really knew ,e/h]1 b t a phantom 9 h] lik5ess lay ) him :ile ! real ,e/h] sat on ! lap ( ,mordecai47#ijb7 7,m#caa7 ,! ,p]sian sett+1 9 :i* ! ,hebrew au?or ( ! book ( ,e/h] has fram$ 8 highly-col\r$ picture1 naturally sugge/s t ! ,jews d]iv$ _! fea/ ( ,purim n directly f ! old ,babylonians1 b f _! ,p]sian conqu]ors4 ,ev5 if ?is c\ld be demon/rat$1 x w\ld 9 no way invalidate ! !ory t ,purim orig9at$ 9 ! ,babylonian fe/ival ( ! ,sacaea1 s9ce we "k t ! ,sacaea 0 celebrat$ by ! ,p]sians47#ijc7 ,h5ce x becomes wor? :ile to enquire :e!r 9 ! ,p]sian religion we c detect any traces ( a fe/ival ak9 to ! ,sacaea or ,purim4 ,"h ,lag>de has %ewn ! way by direct+ att5tion to ! old ,p]sian c]emony kn[n z ! 8,ride ( ! ,be>dless ,"o407#ijd7 ,?is 0 a rite p]=m$ bo? 9 ,p]sia & ,babylonia at ! beg9n+ ( spr+1 on ! fir/ day ( ! fir/ mon?1 :i* 9 ! mo/ anci5t ,p]sian cal5d> correspond$ to ,m>*1 s t ! date ( ! c]emony agrees ) t ( ! ,babylonian ,new ,ye> fe/ival ( ,zakmuk4 ,a be>dless &1 if possible1 "o-ey$ buffoon 0 set nak$ on an ass1 a horse1 or a mule1 & conduct$ 9 a sort ( mock triumph ?r\gh ! /reets ( ! city4 ,9 "o h& he held a cr[ & 9 ! o!r a fan1 ) :i* he fann$ himself1 compla9+ ( ! heat1 :ile ! p pelt$ him ) ice & sn[ & dr5*$ him ) cold wat]4 ,he 0 suppos$ to drive away ! cold1 & to aid him p]haps 9 dis*>g+ ?is useful function he 0 f$ ) hot food1 & hot /uffs 7 sme>$ on 8 body4 ,rid+ on 8 ass & att5d$ by all ! k+'s h\sehold1 if ! city happ5$ to be ! capital1 or1 if x 0 n1 by all ! reta9]s ( ! gov]nor1 :o 7 also m\nt$1 he p>ad$ ! /reets & extort$ contributions4 ,he /opp$ at ! doors ( ! ri*1 & if !y did n give him :at he ask$ =1 he bef\l$ _! g>m5ts ) mud or a mixture ( r$ o*re & wat]1 :i* he c>ri$ 9 an e>!nw>e pot4 ,if a %opkeep] hesitat$ a mom5t to respond to 8 dem&s1 ! importunate begg> _h ! "r to confiscate all ! goods 9 ! %op2 s ! tradesm5 :o saw him be>+ d[n on !m1 n unnaturally ha/5$ to anticipate 8 wants by contribut+ ( _! sub/ance be=e he c\ld bo>d !m4 ,ev]y?+ t he ?us collect$ f break ( day to ! "t ( morn+ pray]s belong$ to ! k+ or gov]nor ( ! city2 b ev]y?+ t he laid h&s on betwe5 ! fir/ & ! second h\r ( pray] he kept = himself4 ,aft] ! second pray]s he disappe>$1 & if ! p caught him lat] 9 ! day !y 7 free to beat him to _! he>t's cont5t4 8,9 l mann]10 proce$s "o ( ! native writ]s :o has describ$ ! cu/om1 8p at ! pres5t "t appo9t a ,new ,ye> ,"l & make m]ry4 ,& ?is !y d because ! season1 :i* is ! beg9n+ ( ,azur or ,m>*1 co9cides ) ! sun's entry into ,aries1 = on t day !y disport !mselves & rejoice because ! w9t] is ov]407#ije7 7,m#cab7 ,n[ 9 ?is h>lequ91 :o rode ?r\gh ! /reets att5d$ by all ! k+'s m51 & levy+ contributions :i* w5t ei!r to ! royal treasury or to ! pocket ( ! collector1 we recognize ! famili> features ( ! mock or tempor>y k+1 :o is inve/$ = a %ort "t ) ! pomp & privileges ( royalty = reasons :i* h be5 already expla9$47#ijf7 ,! abrupt disappe>ance ( ! ,p]sian cl[n at a c]ta9 h\r ( ! day1 c\pl$ ) ! leave giv5 to ! populace to ?ra% him if !y f\nd him aft]w>ds1 po9ts pla9ly en\gh to ! h>d] fate t probably await$ him 9 =m] days1 :5 he paid ) 8 life = 8 brief t5ure ( a k+ly cr[n4 ,! resemblance betwe5 8 burlesque progress & t ( ,mordecai ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,susa is obvi\s2 ?\gh ! ,jewi% au?or ( ,e/h] has depict$ 9 bright] col\rs ! pomp ( 8 h]o 89 royal app>el ( blue & :ite1 & ) a great cr[n ( gold1 & ) a robe ( f9e l95 & purple10 rid+ ! k+'s own *>g]1 & l$ ?r\gh ! city by "o ( ! k+'s mo/ noble pr9ces47#ijg7 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two sc5es is probably n to be expla9$ simply by ! desire ( ! ,jewi% writ] to %$ a halo ( glory r\nd ! p]sonage :om he reg>d$ z ! deliv]] ( 8 p4 ,s long z ! tempor>y k+ 0 a real sub/itute = ! reign+ mon>*1 & _h to die soon] or lat] 9 8 /ead1 x 0 natural t he %\ld be treat$ ) a great] %[ ( def]5ce1 & %\ld simulate 8 royal bro!r m closely ?an a cl[n :o _h no?+ worse ?an a beat+ to fe> :5 he laid d[n 8 (fice4 ,9 %ort1 aft] ! s]i\s mean+ ( ! cu/om _h be5 =gott51 & ! sub/itute 0 all[$ to escape ) 8 life1 ! high trag$y ( ! anci5t c]emony w\ld rapidly deg5]ate into f>ce4 7,m#cac7 ,b :ile ! 8,ride ( ! ,be>dless ,"o0 is1 f "o po9t ( view1 a deg5]ate copy ( ! orig9al1 reg>d$ f ano!r po9t ( view1 x pres]ves "s features :i* are almo/ c]ta9ly primitive1 ?\gh !y d n appe> 9 ! k9dr$ ,babylonian & ,jewi% fe/ivals4 ,! ,p]sian cu/om be>s ! /amp ( a popul> fe/ivity r ?an ( a /ate c]emonial1 & ev]y:]e x seems z if popul> fe/ivals1 :5 left to propagate !mselves freely among ! folk1 reveal _! old mean+ & int5tion m transp>5tly ?an :5 !y h be5 adopt$ into ! (ficial religion & en%r9$ 9 a ritual4 ,! simple ?\ghts ( our simple =efa!rs are bett] und]/ood by _! unlett]$ desc5dants ?an by ! majority ( educat$ p2 _! rude rites are m fai?fully pres]v$ & m truly int]pret$ by a rude peasantry ?an by ! prie/1 :o wraps up _! nak$ness 9 ! gorge\s pall ( religi\s pomp1 or by ! philosoph]1 :o dissolves _! crudities into ! ?9 air ( allegory4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance ! purpose ( ! 8,ride ( ! ,be>dless ,"o0 at ! beg9n+ ( spr+ is suffici5tly obvi\s2 x 0 meant to ha/5 ! dep>ture ( w9t] & ! approa* ( summ]4 ,we are expressly told t ! cl[n :o w5t ab\t fann+ himself & compla9+ ( ! heat1 :ile ! populace sn[ball$ him1 0 suppos$ to dispel ! cold2 & ev5 )\t any su* assurance we %\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 inf]r+ z mu* f 8 behavi\r4 ,on ! pr9ciples ( homoeopa?ic or imitative magic1 :i* is little m ?an an elaborate sy/em ( make-believe1 y c make ! wea!r w>m by pret5d+ t x is s2 or if y _c1 y may be sure t !re is "s p]son wis] ?an y\rself :o c4 ,su* a wiz>d1 9 ! e/imation ( ! ,p]sians1 0 ! be>dless "o-ey$ man :o w5t ?r\gh ! p]=mance ,i h describ$2 & no d\bt 8 physical defects 7 believ$ to contribute 9 "s occult mann] to ! success ( ! rite4 ,! c]emony 0 ?us1 z ,lag>de acutely p]ceiv$1 ! ori5tal equival5t ( ^? popul> ,european cu/oms :i* celebrate ! adv5t ( spr+ by repres5t+ 9 a dramatic =m ! expulsion or defeat ( w9t] by ! victori\s summ]47#ijh7 ,b :]eas 9 ,europe ! two rival seasons are (t51 if n regul>ly1 p]sonat$ by two actors or two effigies1 9 ,p]sia a s+le actor suffic$4 ,:e!r he def9itely repres5t$ w9t] or summ] is n q cle>2 b 8 pret5ce ( suff]+ f heat & 8 f9al disappe>ance sugge/ t1 if he p]sonifi$ ei!r ( ! seasons1 x 0 ! dep>t+ w9t] r ?an ! com+ summ]4 7,m#cad7 ,if !re is any tru? 9 ! connexion ?us trac$ betwe5 ,purim & ! 8,ride ( ! ,be>dless ,"o10 we are n[ 9 a position f9ally to unmask ! lead+ p]sonages 9 ! book ( ,e/h]4 ,i h attempt$ to %ew t ,haman & ,va%ti are little m ?an d\bles ( ,mordecai & ,e/h]1 :o 9 turn conceal "u a ?9 disguise ! features ( ,m>duk & ,i%t>1 ! great god & goddess ( ,babylon4 ,b :y1 ! read] may ask1 %\ld ! div9e pair be ?us duplicat$ & ! two pairs set 9 opposition to ea* o!r8 ,! answ] is sugge/$ by ! popul> ,european celebrations ( spr+ to :i* ,i h j adv]t$4 ,if my int]pretation ( ^! cu/oms is "r1 ! contra/ betwe5 ! summ] & w9t]1 or betwe5 ! life & dea?1 :i* figure 9 effigy or 9 ! p]sons ( liv+ repres5tatives at ! spr+ c]emonies ( our peasantry1 is fundam5tally a contra/ betwe5 ! dy+ or dead vegetation ( ! old & ! spr\t+ vegetation ( ! new ye>--a contra/ :i* w\ld lose no?+ ( its po9t :51 z 9 anci5t ,rome & ,babylon & ,p]sia1 ! beg9n+ ( spr+ 0 also ! beg9n+ ( ! new ye>4 ,9 ^! & 9 all ! c]emonies we h be5 exam9+ ! antagonism is n betwe5 p[]s ( a diff]5t ord]1 b betwe5 ! same p[] view$ 9 diff]5t aspects z old & "y2 x is1 9 %ort1 no?+ b ! et]nal & pa!tic contra/ betwe5 y\? & age4 ,& z ! p[] or _s ( vegetation is repres5t$ 9 religi\s ritual & popul> cu/om by a human pair1 :e!r !y be call$ ,i%t> & ,tammuz1 or ,v5us & ,adonis1 or ! ,que5 & ,k+ ( ,may1 s we may expect to f9d ! old decrepit _s ( ! pa/ ye> p]sonat$ by "o pair1 & ! fre% "y _s ( ! new ye> by ano!r4 ,?is1 if my hypo!sis is "r1 is ! ultimate explanation ( ! /ruggle betwe5 ,haman & ,va%ti on ! "o side1 & _! d\bles ,mordecai & ,e/h] on ! o!r4 ,9 ! la/ analysis bo? pairs /ood = ! p[]s t make = ! f]tility ( plants & p]haps also ( animals27#iji7 b ! "o pair embodi$ ! fail+ en]gies ( ! pa/1 & ! o!r ! vigor\s & gr[+ en]gies ( ! com+ ye>47#iaj7 ,bo? p[]s1 on my hypo!sis1 7 p]sonifi$ n m]ely 9 my?1 b 9 cu/om2 = ye> by ye> a human c\ple und]took to quick5 ! life ( nature by a union 9 :i*1 z 9 a microcosm1 ! loves ( tree & plant1 ( h]b & fl[]1 ( bird & bea/ 7 suppos$ 9 "s my/ic fa%ion to be summ$ up47#iaa7 ,orig9ally1 we may conjecture1 su* c\ples ex]cis$ _! functions = a :ole ye>1 on ! conclusion ( :i* ! male p>tn]--! div9e k+--0 put to dea?2 b 9 hi/orical times x seems t1 z a rule1 ! human god--! ,saturn1 ,zoganes1 ,tammuz1 or :atev] he 0 call$--enjoy$ 8 div9e privileges1 & dis*>g$ 8 div9e duties only = a %ort "p ( ! ye>4 ,?is curtailm5t ( 8 reign on e>? 0 probably introduc$ at ! "t :5 ! old h]$it>y div9ities or deifi$ k+s contriv$ to %ift ! mo/ pa9ful "p ( _! duties to a sub/itute1 :e!r t sub/itute 0 a son or a slave or a malefactor4 ,hav+ to die z a k+1 x 0 necess>y t ! sub/itute %\ld also live z a k+ = a season2 b ! real mon>* w\ld naturally re/rict )9 ! n>r[e/ limits bo? ( "t & ( p[] a reign :i*1 s long z x la/$1 necess>ily encroa*$ ^u & inde$ sup]s$$ 8 own47#iab7 ,:at became ( ! div9e k+'s female p>tn]1 ! human goddess :o %>$ 8 b$ & transmitt$ 8 b5efic5t en]gies to ! re/ ( nature1 we _c say4 ,s f> z ,i am aw>e1 !re is little or no evid5ce t %e l him suff]$ dea? :5 h] prim>y function 0 dis*>g$47#iac7 ,! nature ( mat]nity sugge/s an obvi\s reason = sp>+ h] a little long]1 till t my/]i\s law1 :i* l9ks toge!r woman's life ) ! *ang+ aspects ( ! nightly sky1 _h be5 fulfill$ by ! bir? ( an infant god1 :o %\ld 9 8 turn1 re>$ p]haps by h] t5d] c>e1 gr[ up to live & die = ! _w4 #f4 ,conclusion4 7,m#cae7 ,we may n[ sum up ! g5]al results ( ! enquiry :i* we h pursu$ 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 ,we h f\nd evid5ce t fe/ivals ( ! type ( ! ,saturnalia1 *>act]iz$ by an inv]sion ( social ranks & ! sacrifice ( a man 9 ! "* ( a god1 7 at "o "t held all ov] ! anci5t _w f ,italy to ,babylon4 ,su* fe/ivals seem to date f an e>ly age 9 ! hi/ory ( agriculture1 :5 p liv$ 9 small communities1 ea* presid$ ov] by a sacr$ or div9e k+1 ^: prim>y duty 0 to secure ! ord]ly succession ( ! seasons1 ! f]tility ( ! e>?1 & ! fecundity bo? ( cattle & ( wom54 ,associat$ ) him 0 8 wife or o!r female consort1 ) :om he p]=m$ "s ( ! necess>y c]emonies1 & :o !re=e %>$ 8 div9e "*4 ,orig9ally 8 t]m ( (fice appe>s to h be5 limit$ to a ye>1 on ! conclusion ( :i* he 0 put to dea?2 b 9 "t he contriv$ by =ce or craft to ext5d 8 reign & sometimes to procure a sub/itute1 :o aft] a %ort & m or less nom9al t5ure ( ! cr[n 0 sla9 9 8 /ead4 ,at fir/ ! sub/itute = ! div9e fa!r 0 probably ! div9e son1 b aft]w>ds ?is rule 0 no long] insi/$ on1 & /ill lat] ! gr[? ( a humane feel+ dem&$ t ! victim %\ld always be a condemn$ crim9al4 ,9 ?is advanc$ /age ( deg5]ation x is no wond] if ! light ( div9ity suff]$ eclipse1 & _m %\ld fail to detect ! god 9 ! malefactor4 ,yet ! d[nw>d c>e] ( fall5 deity does n /op "h2 ev5 a crim9al comes to be ?\ght too good to p]sonate a god on ! gall[s or 9 ! fire2 & !n !re is no?+ left b to make up a m or less grotesque effigy1 & s to hang1 burn1 or o!rwise de/roy ! god 9 ! p]son ( ?is sorry repres5tative4 ,by ?is "t ! orig9al mean+ ( ! c]emony may be s completely =gott5 t ! puppet is suppos$ to repres5t "s hi/orical p]sonage1 :o e>n$ ! hatr$ & contempt ( 8 fell[s 9 8 life1 & ^: memory has ev] s9ce be5 held up to et]nal execration by ! annual de/ruction ( 8 effigy4 ,! figures ( ,haman1 ( ! ,c>nival1 & ( ,w9t] or ,dea? :i* are or us$ to be annually de/roy$ 9 spr+ by ,jews1 ,ca?olics1 & ! peasants ( ,c5tral ,europe respectively1 appe> to be all l9eal desc5dants ( ^? human inc>nations ( ! p[]s ( nature ^: life & dea? 7 deem$ ess5tial to ! welf>e ( mank9d4 ,b ( ! ?ree ! only "o :i* has pres]v$ a cle> trace ( its orig9al mean+ is ! effigy ( ,w9t] or ,dea?4 ,9 ! o!rs ! anci5t significance ( ! cu/om z a magical c]emony design$ to direct ! c\rse ( nature has be5 almo/ :olly obscur$ by a ?ick aft]gr[? ( leg5d & my?4 ,! cause ( ?is di/9ction is t1 :]eas ! practice ( de/roy+ an effigy ( ,w9t] or ,dea? has be5 h&$ d[n f "t immemorial ?r\gh g5]ations ( simple peasants1 ! fe/ivals ( ,purim & ! ,c>nival1 z well z _! ,babylonian & ,italian prototypes1 ! ,sacaea & ! ,saturnalia1 7 = c5turies dome/icat$ 9 cities1 :]e !y 7 necess>ily expos$ to ^? ?\s& trans=m+ & dis9tegrat+ curr5ts ( speculation & enquiry1 ( prie/craft & policy1 :i* roll _! turbid wat]s ?r\gh ! busy haunts ( m51 b leave undefil$ ! limpid spr+s ( my?ic fancy 9 ! c\ntry4 7,m#caf7 ,if !re is any tru? 9 ! analysis ( ! ,saturnalia & k9dr$ fe/ivals :i* ,i h n[ br\ght to a close1 x seems to po9t to a rem>kable homog5eity ( civilization ?r\gh\t ,s\!rn ,europe & ,we/]n ,asia 9 prehi/oric times4 ,h[ f> su* homog5eity ( civilization may be tak5 z evid5ce ( homog5eity ( race is a "q = ! e?nologi/2 x does n conc]n u "h4 ,b )\t discuss+ x1 ,i may rem9d ! read] t 9 ! f> ea/ ( ,asia we h met ) tempor>y k+s ^: magical functions & intimate relation to agriculture /& out 9 ! cle>e/ light27#iad7 :ile ,india furni%es examples ( k+s :o h regul>ly be5 oblig$ to sacrifice !mselves at ! end ( a t]m ( ye>s47#iae7 ,all ^! ?+s appe> to hang toge!r2 all ( !m may1 p]haps1 be reg>d$ z ! %att]$ remnants ( a uni=m zone ( religion & society :i* at a remote era belt$ ! ,old ,_w f ! ,m$it]ranean to ! ,pacific4 ,:e!r t 0 s or n1 ,i may at lea/ claim to h made x probable t if ! ,k+ ( ! ,wood at ,aricia liv$ & di$ z an inc>nation ( a sylvan deity1 ! functions he ?us dis*>g$ 7 by no means s+ul>1 & t = ! ne>e/ p>allel to !m we ne$ n g beyond ! b\nds ( ,italy1 :]e ! div9e k+ ,saturn--! god ( ! s[n & spr\t+ se$--0 annually sla9 9 ! p]son ( a human repres5tative at 8 anci5t fe/ival ( ! ,saturnalia4 7,m#cag7 ,x is possible t su* sacrifices ( deifi$ m51 p]=m$ = ! salvation ( ! _w1 may h help$ to beget ! notion t ! univ]se or "s "p ( x 0 orig9ally creat$ out ( ! bodies ( gods (f]$ up 9 sacrifice4 ,c]ta9ly x is curi\s t notions ( ?is sort meet u precisely 9 p>ts ( ! _w :]e su* sacrifices appe> to h be5 regul>ly accompli%$4 ,?us 9 anci5t ,mexico1 :]e ! sacrifice ( human be+s 9 ! "* ( gods =m$ a conspicu\s feature ( ! national religion1 x is said t 9 ! beg9n+1 :5 z yet ! light ( day 0 n1 ! gods creat$ ! sun to illum9e ! e>? by volunt>ily burn+ !mselves 9 ! fire1 leap+ "o aft] ! o!r into ! flames ( a great furnace47#iaf7 ,aga91 9 ! ,babylonian ,g5esis ! great god ,bel creat$ ! _w by cleav+ ! female mon/] ,tiamat 9 twa9 & us+ ! sev]$ halves ( h] body to =m ! heav5 & ! e>?4 ,aft]w>ds1 p]ceiv+ t ! e>? 0 wa/e & void1 he oblig+ly ord]$ "o ( ! gods to cut (f 81 ! ,creator's1 head1 & ) ! fl[+ blood mix$ ) clay he knead$ a pa/e out ( :i* he m\ld$ m5 & animals47#iag7 ,simil>ly 9 a hymn ( ! ,rig ,v$a we read h[ ! gods creat$ ! _w out ( ! dismemb]$ body ( ! great primordial giant ,puru%u4 ,! sky 0 made out ( 8 head1 ! e>? out ( 8 feet1 ! sun out ( 8 eye1 & ! moon out ( 8 m9d2 animals & m5 7 also eng5d]$ f 8 dripp+ fat or 8 limbs1 & ! great gods ,indra & ,agni sprang f 8 m\?47#iah7 ,! crude1 nay savage1 acc\nt ( creation ?us set =? by ! poet 0 reta9$ by ! ,brahman doctors ( a lat] age & ref9$ by !m into a subtle !ory ( sacrifice 9 g5]al4 ,accord+ to !m ! _w 0 n only creat$ 9 ! beg9n+ by ! sacrifice ( ! creator ,prajapati1 ! ,"l ( ,creatures2 to ?is day x is r5ew$ & pres]v$ solely by a repetition ( t my/ic sacrifice 9 ! daily sacrificial ritual celebrat$ by ! ,brahmans4 ,e day ! body ( ! ,creator & ,savi\r is brok5 anew1 & e day x is piec$ toge!r = ! re/oration & cons]vation ( a univ]se :i* o!rwise mu/ dissolve & be %att]$ into fragm5ts4 ,?us is ! _w cont9ually creat$ afre% by ! self-sacrifice ( ! deity2 &1 wond]ful to relate1 ! prie/ :o (f]s ! sacrifice id5tifies himself ) ! ,creator1 & s by ! v act ( sacrific+ r5ews ! univ]se & keeps up un9t]rupt$ ! revolution ( "t & matt]4 ,all ?+s dep5d on 8 b5efic5t1 nay div9e activity1 f ! heav5 above to ! e>? b5ea?1 f ! greate/ god to ! meane/ worm1 f ! sun & moon to ! humble/ blade ( grass & ! m9ute/ p>ticle ( du/4 ,happily ?is gr&iose !ory ( sacrifice z a process ess5tial to ! salvation ( ! _w does n oblige ! prie/ to imitate 8 glori\s prototype by dismemb]+ 8 own body & %$d+ 8 blood on ! alt>2 on ! contr>y a com=table coroll>y d$uc$ f x holds out to him ! pleas+ prospect ( liv+ = ! unspeakable b5efit ( society to a good old age1 inde$ ( /ret*+ out ! brief span ( human exi/5ce to a full hundr$ ye>s47#iai7 ,well is x1 n only = ! prie/ b = mank9d1 :5 ) ! sl[ progress ( civilization & humanity ! h>d facts ( a cruel ritual h ?us be5 s(t5$ & dilut$ into ! nebul\s ab/ractions ( a my/ical !ology4 ,,note4 ,,! ,,crucifixion ,,( ,,*ri/47#ibj7 7,m#cah7 ,an em95t s*ol> has rec5tly po9t$ out ! rem>kable resemblance betwe5 ! treatm5t ( ,*ri/ by ! ,roman soldi]s at ,j]usalem & ! treatm5t ( ! mock k+ ( ! ,saturnalia by ! ,roman soldi]s at ,duro/orum2 & he w\ld expla9 ! simil>ity by suppos+ t ! soldi]s ridicul$ ! claims ( ,*ri/ to a div9e k+dom by array+ him 9 ! famili> g>b ( old ,k+ ,saturn1 ^: qua9t p]son figur$ s prom95tly at ! w9t] revels47#iba7 ,ev5 if ! !ory %\ld prove to be "r1 we c h>dly suppose t ,*ri/ play$ ! "p ( ! regul> ,saturn ( ! ye>1 s9ce at ! beg9n+ ( our era ! ,saturnalia fell at midw9t]1 :]eas ,*ri/ 0 crucifi$ at ! ,passov] 9 spr+4 ,!re is1 inde$1 z ,i h po9t$ out1 "s reason to ?9k t :5 ! ,roman ye> began 9 ,m>* ! ,saturnalia 0 held 9 spr+1 & t 9 remote di/ricts ! fe/ival always cont9u$ to be celebrat$ at ! anci5t date4 ,if ! ,roman g>rison ( ,j]usalem con=m$ to ! old fa%ion 9 ?is respect1 x seems n q impossible t _! celebration ( ! ,saturnalia may h co9cid$ ) ! ,passov]2 & t ?us ,*ri/1 z a condemn$ crim9al1 may h be5 giv5 up to !m to make sport ) z ! ,saturn ( ! ye>4 ,b on ! o!r h& x is r unlikely t ! (fic]s1 z repres5tatives ( ! ,/ate1 w\ld h all[$ _! m5 to hold ! fe/ival at any b ! (ficial date2 ev5 9 ! di/ant t[n ( ,duro/orum we saw t ! ,roman soldi]s celebrat$ ! ,saturnalia 9 ,decemb]4 ,?us if ! legion>ies at ,j]usalem really int5d$ to mock ,*ri/ by treat+ him l ! burlesque k+ ( ! ,saturnalia1 !y probably did s only by way ( a je/ :i* 0 9 m s5ses ?an "o unseasonable4 7,m#cai7 ,b closely z ! passion ( ,*ri/ resembles ! treatm5t ( ! mock k+ ( ! ,saturnalia1 x resembles /ill m closely ! treatm5t ( ! mock k+ ( ! ,sacaea47#ibb7 ,! description ( ! mock]y by ,/4 ,mat!w is ! fulle/4 ,x runs ?us3 8,!n releas$ he ,b>abbas unto !m3 & :5 he _h sc\rg$ ,jesus1 he deliv]$ him to be crucifi$4 ,!n ! soldi]s ( ! gov]nor took ,jesus into ! common hall1 & ga!r$ unto him ! :ole b& ( soldi]s4 ,& !y /ripp$ him1 & put on him a sc>let robe4 ,& :5 !y _h platt$ a cr[n ( ?orns1 !y put x ^u 8 head1 & a re$ 9 8 "r h&3 & !y b[$ ! knee be=e him1 & mock$ him1 say+1 ,hail1 ,k+ ( ! ,jews6 ,& !y spit ^u him1 & took ! re$1 & smote him on ! head4 ,& aft] t !y _h mock$ him1 !y took ! robe (f f him1 & put 8 own raim5t on him1 & l$ him away to crucify him407#ibc7 ,comp>e ) ?is ! treatm5t ( ! mock k+ ( ! ,sacaea1 z x is describ$ by ,dio ,*ryso/om3 8,!y take "o ( ! prison]s condemn$ to dea? & seat him ^u ! k+'s ?rone1 & give him ! k+'s raim5t1 & let him "l x & dr9k & run riot & use ! k+'s concub9es dur+ ^! days1 & no man prev5ts him f do+ j :at he likes4 ,b aft]w>ds !y /rip & sc\rge & crucify him407#ibd7 ,n[ x is q possible t ?is rem>kable resemblance is aft] all a m]e co9cid5ce1 & t ,*ri/ 0 execut$ 9 ! ord9>y way z a common malefactor2 b on ! o!r h& !re are s _m scatt]$ h9ts & indications ( some?+ unusual1 s _m brok5 l9es seem+ly conv]g+ t[>ds ! cross on ,calv>y1 t x is wor? :ile to foll[ !m up & see :]e !y lead u4 ,9 attempt+ to draw ^! fragm5t>y data toge!r1 to bridge ! *asms1 & to re/ore ! %att]$ :ole1 we mu/ bew>e ( mi/ak+ hypo!sis = ! facts :i* x only pr(esses to cem5t2 yet ev5 if our hypo!sis %\ld be ?\ght to be> a some:at undue proportion to ! facts1 ! excess may p]haps be ov]look$ 9 consid]ation ( ! obscurity & ! importance ( ! enquiry4 7,m#cbj7 ,we h se5 reason to ?9k t ! ,jewi% fe/ival ( ,purim is a cont9uation1 "u a *ang$ "n1 ( ! ,babylonian ,sacaea1 & t 9 celebrat+ x by ! de/ruction ( an effigy ( ,haman ! mod]n ,jews h kept up a rem9isc5ce ( ! anci5t cu/om ( crucify+ or hang+ a man 9 ! "* ( a god at ! fe/ival4 ,is x n possible t at an e>li] "t !y may1 l ! ,babylonians !mselves1 h regul>ly compell$ a condemn$ crim9al to play ! tragic "p1 & t ,*ri/ ?us p]i%$ 9 ! "* ( ,haman8 ,! resemblance betwe5 ! hang$ ,haman & ! crucifi$ ,*ri/ /ruck ! e>ly ,*ri/ians !mselves2 & :5ev] ! ,jews de/roy$ an effigy ( ,haman !y 7 accus$ by _! ,*ri/ian neighb\rs ( d]id+ ! mo/ sacr$ my/]y ( ! new fai?47#ibe7 ,x is probable t on ?is pa9ful subject ! ,*ri/ians 7 too s5sitive2 rememb]+ ! mann] ( _! ,f\nd]'s dea? x 0 natural t !y %\ld w9ce at any po9t$ allusion to a cross1 a gall[s1 or a public execution1 ev5 :5 ! %aft 0 n aim$ at !m4 ,an objection to suppos+ t ,*ri/ di$ z ! ,haman ( ! ye> is t accord+ to ! ,gospel n>rative ! crucifixion occurr$ at ! ,passov]1 on ! f\rte5? day ( ! mon? ,nisan1 :]eas ! fea/ ( ,purim1 at :i* ! hang+ ( ,haman w\ld naturally take place1 fell exactly a mon? e>li]1 namely1 on ! f\rte5? day ( ! mon? ,ad>4 ,i h no wi% to bl9k or ext5uate ! s]i\s nature ( ! difficulty aris+ f ?is discrepancy ( dates1 b ,i w\ld sugge/ "s consid]ations :i* may make u hesitate to decide t ! discrepancy is fatal4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is possible1 ?\gh p]haps n probable1 t ,*ri/ian tradition %ift$ ! date ( ! crucifixion by a mon? 9 ord] to make ! great sacrifice ( ! ,lamb ( ,god co9cide ) t annual sacrifice ( ! ,passov] lamb :i* 9 ! belief ( pi\s he>ts _h s long =e%ad[$ x & 0 !nce=? to cease47#ibf7 ,in/ances ( g5tle pressure br\ght to be>1 = purposes ( edification1 on /ubborn facts are p]haps n :olly unkn[n 9 ! annals ( religion4 ,b ! express te/imony ( hi/ory is nev] to be lightly set aside2 & 9 ! inve/igation ( its problems a solution :i* assumes ! v]acity & accuracy ( ! hi/orian is1 on an ev5 balance ( probabilities1 always to be pref]r$ to "o :i* impugns !m bo?4 ,n[ 9 ! pres5t case we h se5 reason to ?9k t ! ,babylonian ,new ,ye> fe/ival1 ( :i* ,purim 0 a cont9uation1 did fall 9 ,nisan at or ne> ! "t ( ! ,passov]1 & t :5 ! ,jews borr[$ ! fe/ival !y alt]$ ! date f ,nisan to ,ad> 9 ord] to prev5t ! new fea/ f cla%+ ) ! old ,passov]4 ,a rem9isc5ce ( ! orig9al date ( ,purim p]haps survives1 z ,i h already po9t$ out1 9 ! /atem5t 9 ! book ( ,e/h] t ,haman caus$ pur or lots to be ca/ be=e him f ! mon? ( ,nisan onw>d47#ibg7 ,x ?us seems n impossible t occasionally1 = "s special reason1 ! ,jews %\ld h celebrat$ ! fea/ ( ,purim1 or at lea/ ! dea? ( ,haman1 at or ab\t ! "t ( ! ,passov]4 ,b !re is ano!r possibility :i*1 remote & fanciful z x may appe>1 des]ves at lea/ to be m5tion$4 ,! mock k+ ( ! ,saturnalia1 ^: resemblance to ! dy+ ,*ri/ 0 fir/ po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,w5dl&1 0 all[$ a p]iod ( lic5se ( ?irty days be=e he 0 put to dea?4 ,if we c\ld suppose t 9 l mann] ! ,jews sp>$ ! human repres5tative ( ,haman = "o mon? f ,purim1 ! date ( 8 execution w\ld fall exactly on ! ,passov]4 ,:i*1 if any1 ( ^! conjectural solutions ( ! difficulty is ! true "o1 ,i w n und]take to say4 ,i am fully consci\s ( ! d\bt & unc]ta9ty t hang r\nd ! :ole subject2 & if 9 ?is & :at foll[s ,i ?r[ out "s h9ts & sugge/ions1 x is m 9 ! hope ( /imulat+ & direct+ fur!r enquiry ?an ) any expectation ( rea*+ def9ite conclusions4 7,m#cba7 ,x may be object$ t ! mock]y ( ,*ri/ 0 done1 n by ! ,jews1 b by ! ,roman soldi]s1 :o knew & c>$ no?+ ab\t ,haman2 h[ !n c we suppose t ! purple or sc>let robe1 ! sceptre ( re$1 & ! cr[n ( ?orns1 :i* ! soldi]s ?ru/ ^u ,*ri/1 7 ! regul> insignia ( ! ,haman ( ! ye>8 ,to ?is we may reply1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ev5 if ! legions /ation$ 9 ,syria 7 n recruit$ 9 ! c\ntry1 !y may h contract$ "s ( ! native sup]/itions & h fall5 9 ) ! local cu/oms4 ,?is is n an idle conjecture4 ,we "k t ! ?ird legion dur+ its /ay 9 ,syria le>n$ ! ,syrian cu/om ( salut+ ! ris+ sun1 & t ?is =mal salute1 p]=m$ by ! :ole regim5t z "o man at a critical mom5t ( ! great battle ( ,b$riacum1 actually help$ to turn ! scale :5 ! =tune ( empire hung trembl+ 9 ! balance47#ibh7 ,b x is n necess>y to suppose t ! g>rison ( ,j]usalem really %>$ ! beliefs & prejudices ( ! mob :om !y ov]aw$2 soldi]s ev]y:]e are ready to g ) a cr[d b5t on sport1 )\t ask+ any curi\s que/ions z to ! hi/ory or quality ( ! ent]ta9m5t1 & we %\ld probably d ! humanity ( ,roman soldi]s too mu* hon\r if we imag9$ t !y w\ld be det]r$ by any qualm ( consci5ce f jo9+ 9 ! pa/ime1 :i* is /ill s popul>1 ( bait+ a ,jew to dea?4 ,b 9 ! second place x %\ld be obs]v$ t1 accord+ to "o ( ! ,evangeli/s1 x 0 n ! soldi]s ( ,pilate :o mock$ ,jesus1 b ! soldi]s ( ,h]od17#ibi7 & we may fairly assume t ,h]od's gu>ds 7 ,jews4 7,m#cbb7 ,! hypo!sis t ! crucifixion ) all its cruel mock]y 0 n a puni%m5t specially devis$ = ,*ri/1 b 0 m]ely ! fate t annually befell ! malefactor :o play$ ,haman1 appe>s to g "s way t[>ds reliev+ ! ,gospel n>rative ( c]ta9 difficulties :i* o!rwise beset x4 ,if1 z we read 9 ! ,gospels1 ,pilate 0 really anxi\s to save ! innoc5t man ^: f9e be>+ seems to h /ruck him1 :at 0 to h9d] him f do+ s8 ,he _h ! p[] ( life & dea?2 :y %\ld he n h ex]cis$ x on ! side ( m]cy1 if 8 own judgm5t incl9$ t way8 ,8 reluctant acquiesc5ce 9 ! importunate dem& ( ! rabble becomes easi] to und]/& if we assume t cu/om oblig$ him annually at ?is season to give up to !m a prison] on :om !y might play _! cruel pranks4 ,on ?is assumption ,pilate _h no p[] to prev5t ! sacrifice2 ! mo/ he c\ld d 0 to *oose ! victim4 ,aga91 consid] ! rem>kable /atem5t ( ! ,evangeli/s t ,pilate set up ov] ! cross a sup]scription /at+ t ! man :o hung on x 0 k+ ( ! ,jews47#icj7 ,is x likely t 9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius a ,roman gov]nor1 ) ! fe> ( ! jeal\s & suspici\s old emp]or be=e 8 eyes1 w\ld h v5tur$1 ev5 9 mock]y1 to blazon =? a s$iti\s claim ( ?is sort unless x 7 ! regul> =mula employ$ on su* occasions1 recogniz$ by cu/om1 & !re=e n liable to be miscon/ru$ into treason by ! malignity ( in=m]s & ! fe>s ( a tyrant8 ,b if ! trag$y ( ! ill-fat$ aspirant aft] royal hon\rs 0 annually enact$ at ,j]usalem by a prison] :o p]i%$ on ! cross1 x becomes probable t ! "p ( 8 successful rival 0 also play$ by ano!r actor :o p>ad$ 9 ! same k+ly trapp+s b did n %>e ! same fate4 ,if ,jesus 0 ! ,haman ( ! ye>1 :]e 0 ! ,mordecai8 ,p]haps we may f9d him 9 ,b>abbas4 7,m#cbc7 ,we are told by ! ,evangeli/s t at ! fea/ :i* witness$ ! crucifixion ( ,*ri/ x 0 ! cu/om = ! ,roman gov]nor to release "o prison]1 :omsoev] ! p desir$1 & t ,pilate1 conv9c$ ( ! innoc5ce ( ,jesus1 attempt$ to p]suade ! multitude to *oose him z ! man :o %\ld g free4 ,b1 h\nd$ on by ! prie/s & eld]s :o _h m>k$ out ,jesus = de/ruction1 ! rabble w\ld n he> ( ?is1 & clam\r$ = ! blood ( ,jesus1 :ile !y dem&$ ! release ( a c]ta9 miscreant1 by "n ,b>abbas1 :o lay 9 gaol = murd] & s$ition4 ,accord+ly ,pilate _h to give way3 ,*ri/ 0 crucifi$ & ,b>abbas set at lib]ty47#ica7 ,n[ :at1 we may ask1 0 ! reason = sett+ free a prison] at ?is fe/ival8 ,9 ! abs5ce ( positive in=mation1 we may conjecture t ! gaol-bird ^: cage 0 ?r[n op5 at ?is "t _h to pur*ase 8 fre$om by p]=m+ "s s]vice f :i* dec5t p w\ld %r9k4 ,su* a s]vice may v well h be5 t ( go+ ab\t ! /reets1 rigg$ out 9 tawdry spl5d\r ) a t9sel cr[n on 8 head & a %am sceptre 9 8 h&1 prec$$ & foll[$ by all ! tag-rag & bobtail ( ! t[n hoot+1 je]+1 & break+ co>se je/s at 8 exp5se1 :ile "s pret5d$ to salaam 8 mock maje/y1 & o!rs belab\r$ ! donkey on :i* he rode4 ,x 0 9 ?is fa%ion1 probably1 t 9 ,p]sia ! be>dless & "o-ey$ man made 8 undignifi$ progress ?r\gh ! t[n1 to ! delight ( ragamuff9s & ! t]ror ( %opkeep]s1 ^: goods he unc]emoni\sly confiscat$ if !y did n ha/5 to lay _! peace-(f]+s at 8 feet4 ,s1 p]haps1 ! ruffian ,b>abbas1 :5 8 irons 7 knock$ (f & ! prison door _h grat$ on its h+es to let him =?1 ta/$ ! fir/ sweets ( lib]ty 9 ?is public mann]1 ev5 if he 0 n suff]$1 l 8 "o-ey$ bro!r1 to make raids ) impunity on ! /alls ( ! m]*ants & ! tables ( ! money-*ang]s4 ,a curi\s confirmation ( ?is conjecture is suppli$ by a passage 9 ! writ+s ( ,philo ! ,jew1 :o liv$ at ,alex&ria 9 ! "t ( ,*ri/4 ,he tells u t :5 ,agrippa1 ! gr&son ( ,h]od1 _h receiv$ ! cr[n ( ,judaea f ,caligula at ,rome1 ! new k+ pass$ ?r\gh ,alex&ria on 8 way to 8 own c\ntry4 ,! disord]ly populace ( t great city1 animat$ by a he>ty dislike ( 8 nation1 seiz$ ! opportunity ( v5t+ _! spite by publicly defam+ & ridicul+ ! ,jewi% mon>*4 ,among o!r ?+s !y laid hold ( a c]ta9 h>mless lunatic nam$ ,c>abas1 :o us$ to roam ! /reets />k nak$1 ! butt & laugh+-/ock ( ur*9s & idl]s4 ,?is poor wret* !y set up 9 a public place1 clapp$ a pap] cr[n on 8 head1 ?ru/ a brok5 re$ into 8 h& by way ( a sceptre1 & hav+ huddl$ a mat in/ead ( a royal robe ab\t 8 nak$ body1 & surr\nd$ him ) a gu>d ( bludgeon-m51 !y did obeisance to him z to a k+ & made a %[ ( tak+ 8 op9ion on que/ions ( law & policy4 ,to po9t ! je/ unmi/akably at ! ,syrian k+ ,agrippa1 ! by/&]s rais$ cries ( 8,m>96 ,m>960 :i* !y und]/ood to be ! ,syrian ^w = 8"l407#icb7 ,?is mock]y ( ! ,jewi% k+ closely resembles ! mock]y ( ,*ri/2 & ! joke1 su* z x 01 w\ld receive a ke5] edge if we c\ld suppose t ! riff-raff ( ,alex&ria 7 famili> ) ! ,jewi% practice ( sett+ up a %am k+ on c]ta9 occasions1 & t !y meant by implication to ridicule ! real ,k+ ,agrippa by comp>+ him to 8 holiday c\nt]feit4 ,may we g a /ep fur!r & conjecture t "o at lea/ ( ! titles ( ! mock k+ ( ! ,jews 0 regul>ly ,b>abbas8 ,! poor imbecile :o masqu]ad$ 9 a pap] cr[n at ,alex&ria 0 probably a ,jew1 o!rwise ! je/ w\ld h lo/ mu* ( its po9t2 & 8 "n1 accord+ to ! ,greek manuscripts ( ,philo1 0 ,c>abas4 ,b ,c>abas is mean+less 9 ,hebrew1 :]eas ,b>abbas is a regul>ly =m$ ,hebrew ^w mean+ 8,son ( ! ,fa!r40 ,! palaeographic diff]5ce betwe5 ! two =ms is slight1 & p]haps we %all h>dly be deem$ v ra% if we conjecture t 9 ! passage 9 "q ,philo himself wrote ,b>abbas1 :i* a ,greek copyi/1 ignorant ( ,hebrew1 aft]w>ds corrupt$ into ,c>abas4 ,if ?is 7 grant$1 we %\ld /ill h to assume t bo? ,philo & ! au?ors ( ! ,gospels fell into ! mi/ake ( treat+ z ! "n ( an individual :at 9 fact 0 a title ( (fice4 7,m#cbd7 ,?us ! hypo!sis :i*1 ) great diffid5ce1 ,i w\ld put =w>d = consid]ation is ?is4 ,x 0 cu/om>y1 we may suppose1 ) ! ,jews at ,purim1 or p]haps occasionally at ,passov]1 to employ two prison]s to act ! p>ts respectively ( ,haman & ,mordecai 9 ! passion-play :i* =m$ a c5tral feature ( ! fe/ival4 ,bo? m5 p>ad$ = a %ort "t 9 ! insignia ( royalty1 b _! fates 7 diff]5t2 = :ile at ! end ( ! p]=mance ! "o :o play$ ,haman 0 hang$ or crucifi$1 ! "o :o p]sonat$ ,mordecai & bore 9 popul> p>lance ! title ( ,b>abbas 0 all[$ to g free4 ,pilate1 p]ceiv+ ! trump]y nature ( ! *>ges br\ght aga9/ ,jesus1 tri$ to p]suade ! ,jews to let him play ! "p ( ,b>abbas1 :i* w\ld h sav$ 8 life2 b ! m]ciful attempt fail$ & ,jesus p]i%$ on ! cross 9 ! "* ( ,haman4 ,! description ( 8 la/ triumphal ride into ,j]usalem reads almo/ l an e*o ( t brilliant progress ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,susa :i* ,haman aspir$ to & ,mordecai accompli%$2 & ! acc\nt ( ! raid :i* he imm$iately aft]w>ds made ^u ! /alls ( ! huck/]s & money-*ang]s 9 ! temple1 may raise a "q :e!r we h n "h a trace ( ^? arbitr>y rights ov] prop]ty :i* x has be5 cu/om>y on su* occasions to accord to ! tempor>y k+47#icc7 7,m#cbe7 ,if x be ask$ :y "o ( ^! tempor>y k+s %\ld be> ! rem>kable title ( ,b>abbas or 8,son ( ! ,fa!r10 ,i c only surmise t ! title may p]haps be a relic ( ! "t :5 ! real k+1 ! deifi$ man1 us$ to r$eem 8 own life by deput+ 8 son to reign = a %ort "t & to die 9 8 /ead4 ,we h se5 t ! cu/om ( sacrific+ ! son = ! fa!r 0 common1 if n univ]sal1 among ,semitic peoples2 & if we are "r 9 our int]pretation ( ! ,passov]1 t fe/ival--! traditional date ( ! crucifixion--0 ! v season :5 ! dreadful sacrifice ( ! fir/-born 0 consummat$47#icd7 ,h5ce ,b>abbas or ! 8,son ( ! ,fa!r0 w\ld be a natural en\gh title = ! man or *ild :o reign$ & di$ z a sub/itute = 8 royal sire4 ,ev5 9 lat] times1 :5 ! fa!r provid$ a less preci\s sub/itute ?an 8 own (fspr+1 x w\ld be q 9 accordance ) ! =mal cons]vatism ( religion t ! old title %\ld be reta9$ aft] x _h ceas$ to be appropriate2 inde$ ! efficacy ( ! sacrifice might be ?\ght to require & ju/ify ! pi\s fiction t ! sub/itute 0 ! v son ( t div9e fa!r :o %\ld h di$1 b :o pref]r$ to live1 = ! good ( 8 p4 ,if 9 ! "t ( ,*ri/1 z ,i h conjectur$1 ! title ( ,b>abbas or ,son ( ! ,fa!r 0 be/[$ on ! ,mordecai1 ! mock k+ :o liv$1 r ?an on ! ,haman1 ! mock k+ :o di$ at ! fe/ival1 ?is di/9ction c h>dly h be5 orig9al2 = at fir/1 we may suppose1 ! same man s]v$ 9 bo? capacities at diff]5t times1 z ! ,mordecai ( "o ye> & ! ,haman ( ! next4 ,! two *>act]s1 z ,i h attempt$ to %ew1 are probably no?+ b two diff]5t aspects ( ! same deity consid]$ at "o "t z dead & at ano!r z ris52 h5ce ! human be+ :o p]sonat$ ! ris5 god w\ld 9 due "t1 aft] he _h enjoy$ 8 div9e hon\rs = a season1 act ! dead god by dy+ 9 good e>ne/ 9 8 own p]son2 = x w\ld be unreasonable to expect ( ! ord9>y man-god t he %\ld play ! two p>ts 9 ! rev]se ord] by dy+ fir/ & com+ to life aft]w>ds4 ,9 bo? p>ts ! sub/itute w\ld /ill be1 :e!r 9 sob] fact or 9 pi\s fiction1 ! ,b>abbas or ,son ( t div9e ,fa!r :o g5]\sly gave 8 own son to die = ! _w47#ice7 7,m#cbf7 ,to conclude ?is speculation1 into :i* ,i h p]haps be5 l$ by ! int]e/ & importance ( ! subject some:at deep] ?an ! evid5ce w>rants1 ,i v5ture to urge 9 its fav\r t x seems to %$ fre% light on "s ( ! causes :i* contribut$ to ! rem>kably rapid diffusion ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,we "k f a fam\s lett] ( ! y\ng] ,pl9y address$ to ! ,emp]or ,trajan 9 ! ye> #aab ,a4,d4 t by ! beg9n+ ( our era1 less ?an a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! ,f\nd]'s dea?1 ,*ri/ianity _h made su* /rides 9 ,bi?ynia & ,pontus t n only cities b villages & rural di/ricts 7 affect$ by x1 & t multitudes ( bo? sexes & ( e age & e rank pr(ess$ its t5ets2 inde$ ?+s _h gone s f> t ! temples 7 almo/ des]t$1 ! sacr$ rites ( ! public religion discont9u$1 & h>dly a pur*as] c\ld be f\nd = ! sacrificial victims47#icf7 ,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t ! new fai? _h elem5ts 9 x :i* appeal$ p[]fully to ! ,asiatic m9d4 ,:at ^! elem5ts 71 ! pres5t inve/igation has p]haps to "s ext5t disclos$4 ,we h se5 t ! conception ( ! dy+ & ris5 god 0 no new "o 9 ^! regions4 ,all ov] ,we/]n ,asia f "t immemorial ! m\rnful dea? & happy resurrection ( a div9e be+ appe> to h be5 annually celebrat$ ) alt]nate rites ( bitt] lam5tation & exultant joy2 & ?r\gh ! veil :i* my?ic fancy has wov5 r\nd ?is tragic figure we c /ill detect ! features ( ^? great ye>ly *anges 9 e>? & sky :i*1 "u all di/9ctions ( race & religion1 mu/ always t\* ! natural human he>t ) alt]nate emotions ( gladness & regret1 because !y exhibit on ! va/e/ scale op5 to our obs]vation ! my/]i\s /ruggle betwe5 life & dea?4 ,b man has n always be5 will+ to wat* passively ?is mom5t\s conflict2 he has felt t he has too great a /ake 9 its issue to /& by ) fold$ h&s :ile x is be+ f\ght out2 he has tak5 sides aga9/ ! =ces ( dea? & decay--has flung into ! trembl+ scale all ! weight ( 8 puny p]son1 & has exult$ 9 8 fanci$ /r5g? :5 ! great balance has sl[ly incl9$ t[>ds ! side ( life1 little kn[+ t = all 8 /r5u\s ef=ts he c z little /ir t balance by a hair's-bread? z c ! primrose on a mossy bank 9 spr+ or ! dead leaf bl[n by ! *illy brea? ( autumn4 ,n[h]e d ^! ef=ts1 va9 & pitiful1 yet pa!tic1 appe> to h be5 made m p]si/5tly & sy/ematically ?an 9 ,we/]n ,asia4 ,9 "n !y v>i$ f place to place1 b 9 sub/ance !y 7 all alike4 ,a man1 :om ! fond imag9ation ( 8 wor%ipp]s inve/$ ) ! attributes ( a god1 gave 8 life = ! life ( ! _w2 aft] infus+ f 8 own body a fre% curr5t ( vital en]gy into ! /agnant ve9s ( nature1 he 0 cut (f f among ! liv+ be=e 8 fail+ /r5g? %\ld initiate a univ]sal decay1 & 8 place 0 tak5 by ano!r :o play$1 l all 8 pr$ecessors1 ! ev]-recurr+ drama ( ! div9e resurrection & dea?4 ,su* a drama1 if our int]pretation ( x is "r1 0 ! orig9al /ory ( ,e/h] & ,mordecai or1 to give !m _! old] names1 ( ,i%t> & ,m>duk4 ,x 0 play$ 9 ,babylonia1 & f ,babylonia ! return+ captives br\ght x to ,judaea1 :]e x 0 act$1 r z an hi/orical ?an a my?ical piece1 by play]s :o1 hav+ to die 9 grim e>ne/ on a cross or gall[s1 7 naturally drawn r f ! gaol ?an ! gre5-room4 ,a *a9 ( causes :i*1 because we _c foll[ !m1 might 9 ! loose language ( daily life be call$ an accid5t1 det]m9$ t ! "p ( ! dy+ god 9 ?is annual play %\ld be ?ru/ ^u ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 :om ! enemies he _h made 9 high places by 8 outspok5 /rictures 7 resolv$ to put out ( ! way4 ,!y succe$$ 9 ridd+ !mselves ( ! popul> & tr\blesome prea*]2 b ! v /ep by :i* !y fanci$ !y _h simultane\sly /amp$ out 8 revolution>y doctr9es contribut$ m ?an any?+ else !y c\ld h done to scatt] !m broadca/ n only ov] ,judaea b ov] ,asia2 = x impress$ ^u :at _h be5 hi!rto ma9ly an e?ical mission ! "* ( a div9e revelation culm9at+ 9 ! passion & dea? ( ! inc>nate ,son ( a heav5ly ,fa!r4 ,9 ?is =m ! /ory ( ! life & dea? ( ,jesus ex]t$ an influ5ce :i* x c\ld nev] h _h if ! great tea*] _h di$1 z is commonly suppos$1 ! dea? ( a vulg> malefactor4 ,x %$ r\nd ! cross on ,calv>y a halo ( div9ity :i* multitudes saw & wor%ipp$ af> (f2 ! bl[ /ruck on ,golgo?a set a ?\s& expectant /r+s vibrat+ 9 unison :]ev] m5 _h he>d ! old1 old /ory ( ! dy+ & ris5 god4 ,e ye>1 z ano!r spr+ bloom$ & ano!r autumn fad$ across ! e>?1 ! field _h be5 pl\gh$ & s[n & borne fruit ( a k9d till x receiv$ t se$ :i* 0 de/9$ to spr+ up & ov]%ad[ ! _w4 ,9 ! great army ( m>tyrs :o 9 _m ages & 9 _m l&s1 n 9 ,asia only1 h di$ a cruel dea? 9 ! "* ( gods1 ! dev\t ,*ri/ian w d\btless disc]n types & =]unn]s ( ! com+ ,savi\r--/>s t h]ald$ 9 ! morn+ sky ! adv5t ( ! ,sun ( ,righte\sness--e>!n vessels :]e9 x pleas$ ! div9e wisdom to set be=e hung]+ s\ls ! bread ( heav54 ,! sceptic1 on ! o!r h&1 ) equal confid5ce1 w r$uce ,jesus ( ,naz>e? to ! level ( a multitude ( o!r victims ( a b>b>\s sup]/ition1 & w see 9 him no m ?an a moral tea*]1 :om ! =tunate accid5t ( 8 execution inve/$ ) ! cr[n1 n m]ely ( a m>tyr1 b ( a god4 ,! div]g5ce betwe5 ^! views is wide & deep4 ,:i* ( !m is ! tru] & w 9 ! end prevail8 ,"t w decide ! "q ( preval5ce1 if n ( tru?4 ,yet we w\ld fa9 believe t 9 ?is & 9 all ?+s ! old maxim w hold good--,magna e/ v]itas et praevalebit4 ,,index4 ,abbot ( ,folly 9 ,france1 #ccd ---- ( ,unreason 9 ,scotl&1 #cca ,abd]a1 human scapegoats at1 #bed ,abeghian1 ,manuk1 quot$1 #ajg sq4 ,abjuration1 =m (1 impos$ on ,jewi% conv]ts1 #cic ,abonsam1 an evil _s on ! ,gold ,coa/1 #acb ,abrahams1 ,israel1 #cic n4 #b ,abruzzi1 ,epiphany 9 !1 #afg n4 #b ,absalom1 8 int]c\rse ) 8 fa!r's concub9es1 #cfh ,absrot1 village ( ,bohemia1 #afa ,ab/95ce z a *>m to promote ! gr[? ( ! se$1 #cdg sqq4 ,abyss9ian fe/ival ( ,mascal or ! ,cross1 #acc sq4 ,accusations ( ritual murd]s br\ght aga9/ ! ,jews1 #cid sqq4 ,acilis5a1 9 ,arm5ia1 ! wor%ip ( ,anaitis at1 #cfi n4 #a ,aco/a1 ,j4 de1 quot$1 #bge sq41 #bgg ,adaklu1 ,m\nt1 9 ,we/ ,africa1 #ace sq41 #bjf sq4 ,adam & ,eve1 #bei n4 #c ,ad>1 a ,jewi% mon?1 #cfa1 #cid1 #cig1 #cih1 #dae ,adonis at ,alex&ria1 #cij2 annual dea? & resurrection (1 #cih2 8 m>riage ) ,i%t> 7,aphrodite71 #dja4 ,see also ,tammuz ---- & ,aphrodite1 #chf ,aegi/hus & ,agamemnon1 #ai ,aesculapius at ,epidaurus1 #dg ,africa1 ,nor!rn1 cairns 91 #ba2 popul> cure = too?a*e 91 #fb2 ,s\?1 dread ( demons 91 #gg sq42 tribes (1 _! expulsion ( demons1 #aaj sq42 ,we/1 demons 91 #gd sqq4 ,agamemnon & ,aegi/hus1 #ai ,aga?ias on ,s&es1 #chi ,agni1 creation ( ! great god1 #daj ,agnus ca/us1 us$ 9 c]emony ( beat+1 #beb1 #beg ,agricultural ye>1 expulsions ( demons tim$ to co9cide ) seasons ( !1 #bbe ,agrippa1 ,k+ ( ,judaea1 8 mock]y at ,alex&ria1 #dah ,ague1 popul> cures =1 #ef1 #eg sq42 ,suffolk cure =1 #fh ,ahasu]us1 ,k+1 #cig1 #dja2 ! ,hebrew equival5t ( ,x]xes1 #cfj ,ait ,sadd51 !1 ( ,morocco1 #ahb ---- ,w>a91 a ,b]b] tribe1 #agh ,aitan1 a goddess1 #agc ,akamba1 !1 ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa1 riddles among !1 #abb n4 ,akikuyu ( ,ea/ ,africa1 #cb ,alaska1 ! ,esquimaux (1 #abd ,albania1 expulsion ( ,kore on ,ea/] ,eve 91 #aeg ,albanian cu/om ( beat+ m5 & bea/s 9 ,m>*1 #bff ,albanians ( ! ,caucasus1 _! use ( human scapegoats1 #bah ,albrn1 ,arab hi/orian1 #cic ,al5on1 ! ,boy ,bi%op at1 #ccg n4 #a ,aleutian ,isl&s1 #c1 #af ,alex&ria1 ,adonis at1 #cij2 mock]y ( ,k+ ,agrippa at1 #dah ,alex&rian cal5d>1 #cie n4 #a ,alfoors ( ,c5tral ,celebes1 riddles among !1 #abb n4 ---- ( ,halmah]a1 _! expulsion ( ! devil1 #aab ,alg]ia1 #ca2 popul> cure 91 #fj ,all ,s\ls' ,college1 ,ox=d1 ! ,boy ,bi%op at1 #ccg ,allallu bird belov$ by ,i%t>1 #cga ,allhall[ ,ev51 #ccb ,almora1 9 ,kumaon1 #aig ,alt>s1 bloodless1 #cjg ,amb>valia1 !1 #cei ,amboyna1 belief 9 spirits 91 #he2 disease-transf]5ce 91 #ahg ,am]ett1 a ,p]sian ar*angel1 #cgc n4 #a ,am]ica1 ,indian tribes ( ,nor?-,we/]n1 _! mask$ dances1 #cge sqq4 ,amoor1 ,gilyaks ( !1 #aja ,am%asp&s1 ,p]sian ar*angels1 #cgc n4 #a ,amulets aga9/ demons1 #ie ,anacan1 a mon? ( ! ,gallic cal5d>1 #cdc ,anadates1 at ,zela1 #cgc n4 #a ,anaitis1 a ,p]sian goddess1 #cee1 #cfh1 #cfi1 #cgj1 #chi1 #djb n4 #a1 #dba n4 #a ,ance/ral spirits1 propitiation (1 #hf ,ancona1 s>cophagus ( ,/4 ,dasius at1 #caj ,&alusia1 #agc ,&]son1 ,j4 ,d41 #agf n4 #c ,&]son1 ,miss1 ( ,b>skimm+1 #afi n4 #b ,&ree-,eysn1 ,mrs41 quot$1 #bde sq4 ,animals1 transf]5ce ( evil to1 #ca sqq42 z scapegoats1 #ca sqq41 #aij sqq41 #bjh sqq41 #baf sq42 gu>dian spirits (1 #ih2 pray$ to1 #bcf2 dances taught by1 #bcg2 imitat$ 9 dances1 #cgf1 #cgg1 #cha1 #chb ,an+a1 aquatic plant 9 ,brazil1 #bfd ,annam1 #cc2 demon ( *ol]a s5t away on a raft f1 #aij2 explanation ( human mortality 91 #cjc ,an!/]ia1 ,a!nian fe/ival ( ! dead1 #aeb sq4 ,an!/]ion1 an ,a!nian mon?1 #ceb ,antibes1 ,holy ,innoc5ts' ,day at1 #ccf sq4 ,ant9mas1 #afg ,antiquity1 human scapegoats 9 classical1 #bbi sqq4 ,anton9us1 ,m>cus1 plague 9 8 reign1 #fd ,ants1 jeal\sy transf]r$ to1 #cc2 /++ p )1 #bfc ,anu1 ,babylonian god1 visit ( ,i%t> to1 #cii n4 #a ,apa*itas1 heaps ( /ones1 #i ,aphrodite & ,adonis1 #chf ,aphrodite1 ! ,ori5tal1 #cfi n4 #a ,apis1 sacr$ ,egyptian bull1 #bag ,apollo1 temple (1 at ! ,lov]'s ,leap1 #bed ---- & ,artemis1 cake ) twelve knobs (f]$ to1 #cea n4 #c ,april1 ,siamese fe/ival ( ! dead 91 #aej ,arab cure = melan*oly1 #d ,arabia1 #cc ,arabs1 _! cu/om z to wid[s1 #ce2 _! cu/om 9 reg>d to murd]1 #fc2 beat camels to deliv] !m f j9n1 #bfj2 ( ,morocco1 _! cu/om at ! ,great ,fea/1 #bfe ,aracan1 #ab n4 #a1 #aag2 dances = ! crops 91 #bcf ,araucanians1 !1 ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ab ,arawaks ( ,briti% ,guiana1 _! explanation ( human mortality1 #cjb sq4 ,arcadian cu/om ( beat+ ,pan's image1 #bef ,ar* to %ut out plague1 #e2 creep+ ?r\gh1 z a cure1 #ee ,ar*es made ov] pa?s at expulsion ( demons1 #aac1 #abj sq4 ,arctic regions1 c]emonies at ! reappe>ance ( ! sun 9 !1 #abd sq41 #abe n4 #a ,ard5nes1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,bean 9 !1 #cad2 ! ,eve ( ,epiphany 9 !1 #cag ,arg5t9a1 #i ,argus1 ! murd] (1 #bd ,aricia1 #cje2 ! prie/ (1 #bgc2 ,k+ ( ! ,wood at1 #dji ,arician grove1 !1 #bgd1 #cje ---- prie/hood1 #cje ,aries1 ! con/ellation1 ! sun 91 #cfa n4 #a1 #djc ,arm5ia1 ! wor%ip ( ,anaitis 91 #cfi n4 #a ,arm5ians1 _! belief 9 demons1 #ajg sq4 ,arr[s1 invisible1 ( demons1 #aja1 #abf ,artax]xes ,,ii41 8 promotion ( ! wor%ip ( ,anaitis1 #cgj ,artemisia lac9iata1 g>l&s (1 #bhd ,aru ,ar*ipelago1 #aba n4 #c ,arval ,bro!rs1 ! college ( !1 at ,rome1 #bcj1 #bcb1 #bch ,aryan cu/om ( c\nt+ by nights in/ead ( days1 #cbf n4 #b ---- languages1 names = moon & mon? 91 #cbe ---- peoples1 _! correction ( ! lun> ye>1 #cdb ,aryans ( ! ,v$ic age1 #cbd2 _! cal5d>1 #cbe1 #cdb ,ascalon1 ,d]ceto at1 #cgj n4 #a ,asc5sion ,day1 cures on ,eve (1 #ed2 annual expulsion ( ! devil on1 #bad sq42 c]emony at ,r\5 on1 #bae sq42 bells rung to make flax gr[ on1 #bdg sq4 ,a%-tree 9 popul> cure1 #eg ,a%antee1 annual p]iod ( lic5se 91 #bbf n4 #a ,a%t>o?1 #cff ,a%urbanapal & ,s>danapalus1 #chg sq4 ,asia1 ,saturnalia 9 ,we/]n1 #ced sqq4 ,asia ,m9or1 use ( human scapegoats by ! ,greeks (1 #bee ,asongtata1 an annual c]emony1 #bjh ,asp5 9 popul> cure1 #eg ,ass 9 cure = scorpion's bite1 #di sq42 introduc$ into *ur* at ,fe/ival ( ,fools1 #cce sq42 triumphal ride ( a buffoon on an1 #djb sq4 ,assam1 ! ,ka*>is (1 #ic2 ! ,lu%ais (1 #id2 ! ,khasis (1 #agc2 ! ,nagas (1 #agg2 ! ,g>os (1 #bjh sq4 ,assembly ( ! gods at ! ,new ,ye> 9 ,babylon1 #cef ,assimilation ( human victims to trees1 #beg1 #bei n4 #c ,assyria1 ,a%urbanapal1 k+ (1 #chg sq4 ,assyrian mon>*s1 conqu]ors ( ,babylonia1 #cef ,assyrians1 ! anci5t1 _! belief 9 demons1 #ajb ,a/>te or ,i%t>1 a great ,babylonian goddess1 #cfe4 ,see also ,i%t> ---- & ,semiramis1 #cfi sqq4 ,a/on1 ,w4 ,g41 quot$1 #bac n4 #a ,aswang1 an evil _s1 exorcism (1 #bfj ,a!nians1 _! use ( human scapegoats1 #bec sq42 _! mode ( reckon+ a day1 #cbf n4 #b2 _! religi\s dramas1 #chd ,a!ns1 ,cronus & ! ,cronia at1 #cea sq4 ,atkhans1 !1 ( ,aleutian ,isl&s1 #c ,atlas1 ,b]b]s ( ! ,great1 #agh ,atlatatonan1 ,mexican goddess ( lep]s1 #bib2 woman annually sacrific$ 9 ! "* (1 #bib ,atonem5t1 ! ,jewi% ,day (1 #baj ,attis & ,cybele1 #chf ,aubrey1 ,john1 on s9-eat+1 #dc sq4 ,aucas1 !1 ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ab ,au/ralia1 ,c5tral1 #b ----1 demons 91 #gd2 annual expulsion ( gho/s 91 #abc sq4 ,au/ria1 cure ( w>ts 91 #dh ,autumn1 c]emony ( ! ,esquimaux 9 late1 #abe ,autun1 ! ,fe/ival ( ,fools at1 #cce ,ave/ad 9 ,sw$51 #bj ,axim1 on ! ,gold ,coa/1 #aca ,aym>a ,indians1 _! rem$y = plague1 #aic ,azazel1 #baj n4 #d ,aztecs1 _! cu/om ( sacrific+ human repres5tatives ( gods1 #bge2 _! five supplem5t>y days1 #cci ,azur1 ! mon? ( ,m>*1 #djc ,baal1 human sacrifices to1 #cec1 #ced ,babalawo1 prie/1 #bab ,bab> ,ar*ipelago1 #h2 sickness expell$ 9 a boat f !1 #ahg ,baboons s5t by evil spirits1 #aaj sq4 ,baby1 effigy (1 us$ to f]tilize wom51 #bde1 #bdi ,babylon1 fe/ival ( ! ,sacaea at1 #ced sqq4 ,babylonia1 belief 9 demons 9 anci5t1 #ajb sq42 conqu]$ by ,assyria1 #cef2 ! fea/ ( ,purim 91 #cic ,babylonian cal5d>1 #cih n4 #b ,bac*analia1 ,purim a ,jewi%1 #cfc ,badagas1 !1 ( ! ,neilgh]ry ,hills1 #cf ,badi1 p]=m] at a c]emony1 #aig ,baff9 ,l&1 ! ,esquimaux (1 #abe ,bag&a1 !1 ( ,c5tral ,africa1 #d1 #g1 #ag sq41 #bg1 #cb2 human scapegoats among !1 #db ,bahima1 !1 ( ! ,ug&a ,protectorate1 #f1 #cb ,baiga1 aborig9al prie/1 #bg ,bali1 belief 9 demons 91 #hf2 p]iodical expulsion ( demons 91 #adj ,ball1 games (1 play$ z a magical c]emony1 #agi sq42 9 ,norm&y1 #ahc sq4 ,balolo1 a sea-slug1 #ada ,bamboo-rat sacrific$ = riddance ( evils1 #bjh sq4 ,bananas1 mode ( f]tiliz+1 #bfd2 ! cause ( human mortality1 #cjc ,bangkok1 #aej ,bani%m5t ( evil spirits1 #hf ,banks' ,isl&s1 #i ,banks' ,isl&]s1 _! /ory ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #cjd ,banmanas ( ,s5egambia1 _! cu/om at ! dea? ( an infant1 #bfa sq4 ,banquets 9 hon\r ( ! spirits ( disease1 #aai ,bantu tribes1 #gg ,banyoro1 !1 #db1 #aid ,b>abbas & ,*ri/1 #dag sqq4 ,b>aka1 bless$ influ5ce1 #bfe ,b>at1 a c]emony p]=m$ 9 ,kumaon1 #aif ,b>ito1 riv] 9 ,borneo1 #hg ,b>on1 ,s41 quot$1 #adh ,b>wan1 riv]1 #abc ,bassa tribe1 ( ! ,cam]oons1 #abj ,bassus1 ,roman (fic]1 #cji ,basutos1 !1 #cj n4 #b ,bat*elor1 ,rev4 ,j41 #bfa ,baton ( ,s9ope1 #cej ,battas or ,bataks ( ,sumatra1 #cd2 _! belief 9 demons1 #hg sq42 _! use ( human scapegoats1 #bac ,battle1 annual1 among boys 9 ,tumleo1 #adc ,bav>ia1 mode ( reckon+ ! ,twelve ,days 91 #cbg ----1 ,rh5i%1 #ef ,bav>ian cure = fev]1 #di ,baw5da1 !1 #cj n4 #b ,bean1 ! ,k+ ( !1 #cac sqq42 ! ,que5 ( !1 #cac1 #cae ---- clan1 !1 #bg ,beans ?r[n ab\t ! h\se at ! expulsion ( demons1 #adc sq42 ?r[n ab\t ! h\se at ! expulsion ( gho/s1 #aee 8,be>dless ,"o1 ! ,ride ( !10 #djb sq4 ,beat+ z a mode ( purification1 #bfb ---- human scapegoats1 #aif1 #beb1 #bee1 #bef sq41 #bgb sq4 ---- p z a mode ( convey+ good qualities1 #bfb sqq42 ) sk9s ( sacrificial victims1 #bfe2 ) gre5 b\ghs1 #bgj sqq4 ---- p]sons1 animals1 or ?+s to deliv] !m f demons & gho/s1 #bei sqq4 ,beat+ ! air to drive away demons or gho/s1 #aji1 #aaa1 #aae1 #abb1 #aca1 #aeb1 #aef1 #bcd ,beauce & ,p]*e1 9 ,france1 #eg1 #fb ,beauvais1 ! ,fe/ival ( ,fools at1 #cce sq4 ,be*uana k+1 cure (1 #ca sq4 ,b$riacum1 ! battle (1 #daf ,befana at ,rome & else:]e1 #afg ,beh>1 #cg n4 #d ,bekes1 9 ,hung>y1 mode ( f]tiliz+ wom5 91 #bfd ,bel1 a ,babylonian deity1 #chi ,bele?us1 ,j41 #bgj n4 ,belgium1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,bean 91 #cac ,bella ,coola ,indians ( ,n4 ,w4 ,am]ica1 _! mask$ dances1 #cgf n4 #b ,bells on animal us$ z scapegoat1 #cg2 rung to expel demons1 #aag2 rung z a protection aga9/ wit*es1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afa1 #afe1 #aff2 us$ 9 ! expulsion ( evils1 #aif1 #bjj2 us$ at ! expulsion ( demons1 #bad1 #bdf sq41 #bea2 worn by danc]s1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bdf sqq41 #bej sq42 rung to make grass & flax gr[1 #bdg sq42 gold51 worn by human repres5tatives ( gods 9 ,mexico1 #bgh1 #bhj1 #bhd ,b591 "t ( ! 8gr& devils0 91 #aca sq4 ,b]gell 9 ! ,grisons1 #bdg ,b]khamp/ead1 cure = ague 91 #eg sq4 ,b]osus1 ,babylonian hi/orian1 #cee1 #ceh1 #cei ,besisi ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 _! c>nival at rice-h>ve/1 #bbf n4 #a ,be?lehem1 ! /> (1 #ccj ,bevan1 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,a41 #cfg n4 #b ,bev]ley m9/]1 ! ,boy ,bi%op at1 #ccg ,bh>s ( ,india1 #aij ,bhootan1 cairns 91 #bf ,bhotiyas ( ,juh>1 _! use ( a scapegoat1 #bji ,biajas ( ,borneo1 _! expulsion ( evils1 #bjj ,bigg>1 8,burn+ out ! ,old ,ye>0 at1 #afe ,bikol1 9 ,luzon1 #bfj ,bilaspur1 #dd ,bilda 9 ,alg]ia1 #fj ,bir*1 sprigs (1 a protection aga9/ wit*es1 #afb2 us$ to beat p ) at ,ea/] & ,*ri/mas1 #bfi1 #bgj ---- -trees 9 popul> cure = g\t1 #ef sq4 ,bird-*ief ( ! ,sea ,dyaks1 #chc1 #chd ,birds z scapegoats1 #ce sq41 #ea sq4 ,bi%op1 ! ,boy1 on ,holy ,innoc5ts' ,day1 #ccf sqq4 ---- ( ,innoc5ts1 #ccc ,bi%op1 ,mrs41 quot$1 #ii sq4 ,bism>ck ,ar*ipelago1 ! ,melanesians ( !1 _! belief 9 demons1 #hc ,bi?ynia & ,pontus1 rapid spread ( ,*ri/ianity 91 #dbj sq4 ,biy>s ( ,n4 ,w4 ,india1 #bcj n4 #g ,black animals z scapegoats1 #aij1 #aib1 #aic ---- god & :ite god among ! ,slavs1 #ib ,black & :ite 9 relation to human scapegoats1 #bbj1 #bec1 #beg1 #bgb ---- ,m\nta9s 9 ,s4 ,france1 #aff ,blank5heim 9 ! ,eifel1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,bean at1 #cac ,blood1 fatigue let out )1 #ab2 ( *ildr5 us$ to knead a pa/e1 #abi2 ( pigs us$ 9 purificatory rites1 #bfb2 drawn f e>s z p5ance1 #bib ,bloodless alt>s1 #cjg ,bl[s to drive away gho/s1 #bfj sqq4 ,bo>s1 evil spirits transf]r$ to1 #ca ,boas1 ,franz1 quot$1 #cge sq4 ,bocage ( ,norm&y1 games ( ball 9 !1 #ahc sq42 mode ( =eca/+ ! wea!r 91 #cbc2 ,eve ( ,twelf? ,night 9 !1 #caf sq4 ,bock1 ,c41 quot$1 #ig ,bogle1 ,george1 envoy to ,tibet1 #bjc ,bohemia1 8,ea/] ,smacks0 91 #bfh1 #bfi2 ! ,?ree ,k+s ( ,twelf? ,day 91 #ccj ----1 ! ,g]mans ( ,we/]n1 _! cu/om at ,*ri/mas1 #bgj2 ,twelf? ,day among1 #cca ,bohemian cures = fev]1 #di1 #ea1 #ee sq41 #eh1 #ei1 #fc2 rem$y = jaundice1 #eb ,bhm]wald ,m\nta9s1 #aei ,bolang ,mongondo 9 ,celebes1 #he sq41 #aba n4 #c ,bolbe 9 ,mac$onia1 lake (1 #adb n4 #a ,bolivia1 #i2 ,indians (1 #bf1 #aic ,boloki1 !1 ( ! ,upp] ,congo1 _! fe> ( demons1 #gf sq4 ,bonfires1 leap+ ov]1 #aef2 on ! ,eve ( ,twelf? ,day1 #caf sqq4 ,book ( ! ,dead1 ! ,egyptian1 #ajc ,borneo1 ! ,dyaks (1 #ad1 #chc2 belief 9 demons 91 #hg2 ! ,kayans (1 #aed n41 #bcf1 #chb sq42 sickness expell$ 9 a %ip f1 #ahg2 ! ,biajas & ,dusuns (1 #bjj ,b\rlet1 ,a41 quot$1 #ig sqq4 ,boy ,bi%op on ,holy ,innoc5ts' ,day1 #ccf sqq4 ,brahmanism1 ve/iges (1 "u ,mohamm$anism1 #ij n4 #a ,brahmans1 sacrificial cu/om ( !1 #be2 z human scapegoats1 #db sq41 #dd sq42 _! !ory ( sacrifice1 #daj sq4 ,bran*es1 fatigue transf]r$ to1 #h2 sickness transf]r$ to1 #ahf ,br&5burg1 ,m>k (1 cure = heada*e & gidd9ess 91 #eb1 #ec2 cure = too?a*e 91 #fj ,bras ,basah1 a village on ! ,p]ak riv]1 #aii ,brass in/rum5t s\nd$ to fright5 away demons1 #adg ,brazil1 ,indians ( ,nor?-,we/]n1 #bcf2 cu/om (1 #bfd2 _! mask$ dances1 #cha ,breadalbane1 use ( a scapegoat 91 #bji 8,bre?r5 ( ! ,pl\gh$ ,fields10 #bcb ,bride1 ! la/1 privilege (1 #ahc ,brittany1 cu/om ( /ick+ p9s into a sa9t's image 91 #gj2 riddles 91 #aba sq41 n42 =eca/+ ! wea!r 91 #cbc sq4 ,brooms us$ to sweep mis=tune out ( h\se1 #e ,broom/icks1 wit*es ride on1 #afb ,br[n1 ,dr4 ,george1 quot$1 #adb n4 #a ,bruguire1 ,mgr41 quot$1 #ig1 #aej sq4 ,brunn51 ,twelf? ,night at1 #afe ,bu*anan1 ,francis1 quot$1 #age sq4 ,buck?orn *ew$ to keep (f gho/s1 #aec2 z a *>m aga9/ wit*craft1 #aec n4 #a1 #afc2 us$ to beat cattle1 #bff ,buddha1 transmigrations (1 #da2 9 relation to spirits1 #ig2 (f]+s to1 #aej ,buddhism 9 ,burma1 #ie sq42 ! pope (1 #bbc ,buddhi/ ,l5t1 !1 #cdi sq4 ---- monk1 c]emony at ! fun]al ( a1 #age ---- prie/s expel demons1 #aaf ,buddhi/s ( ,ceylon1 #ij n4 #a2 nom9al1 #ig ,budge1 ,e4 ,a4 ,wallis1 quot$1 #ajc sq4 ,buffalo calf1 s9s ( dead transf]r$ to a1 #cf sq4 ---- dance to ensure a supply ( buffaloes1 #aga ,buffaloes z scapegoats1 #aij1 #aia ,buffoon]ies at ! ,fe/ival ( ,fools1 #cce sq4 ,bukaua1 !1 ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 _! belief 9 demons1 #hc sq4 ,bulg>ian cure = fev]1 #ee ,bulg>ians1 _! way ( keep+ (f gho/s1 #aec n4 #a ,bulls z scapegoats 9 anci5t ,egypt1 #baf sq4 ,bunyoro1 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 #aie ,burial ( infants1 #de ,burkitt1 ,pr(essor ,f4 ,c41 #dbj n4 #a ,burlesques ( ecclesia/ical ritual1 #ccf sq4 ,burma1 belief 9 demons 91 #ie sq42 expulsion ( demons 91 #aaf sq42 ! tug-(-w> 91 #age sq4 ,burmese ,l5t1 #cdi sq4 8,burn+ ! ,old ,ye>10 #bcj n4 #g2 at ,bigg>1 #afe ---- ( ,s&an & ,h]cules1 #chh sqq4 ---- wit*es alive1 #ai1 #cai2 on ,may ,day 9 ! ,tyrol1 #aeh sq42 on ,walpurgis ,night 9 ,bohemia2 #afa1 9 ,silesia & ,saxony1 #afc ,buru1 demons ( sickness expell$ 9 a proa f1 #ahf ,bury+ ! evil _s1 #aaj ,bu%es1 ailm5ts transf]r$ to1 #ed1 #ef ,bu%m51 !1 #af1 #cj ,butt]flies1 annual expulsion (1 #aei n4 #a ,butt]fly dance1 #cha ,caffres ( ,s\? ,africa1 #aa1 #cj1 #ca ,cairns to :i* e pass]-by adds a /one1 #i sqq42 ne> %r9es ( sa9ts1 #ba2 (f]+s at1 #bf sqq4 ,see also ,heaps ,cairo1 cure = too?a*e & heada*e at1 #fc ,cake on ,twelf? ,night us$ to det]m9e ! ,k+1 #cac sqq42 put on horn ( ox1 #cah sq42 (f]$ to ,cronus1 #cea ,cakes1 special1 at ,new ,ye>1 #adi sq42 ) twelve knobs (f]$ to gods1 #cea n4 #c ,calab>1 ,old1 bi5nial expulsion ( demons at1 #bjc sq4 ---- ,riv]1 #bh ,calabria1 annual expulsion ( wit*es 91 #aeg ,cal5d> ( ! ,mayas ( ,yucatan1 #aga2 ( ! primitive ,aryans1 #cbe2 ( ! ,celts ( ,gaul1 #cdb sqq42 ! ,coligny1 #cdb sqq42 ! ,alex&rian1 #cie n4 #a2 ! ,babylonian1 #cih n4 #b ,calicut1 c]emonies at s[+ 91 #bce ,cali=nia1 ! ,pomos (1 #agj sq4 ,cambodia1 annual expulsion ( demons 91 #adi2 palace ( ! ,k+s ( ,cambodia purg$ ( devils1 #agb ,cambridge1 ,"l ( ,misrule at1 #ccj ,camel1 plague transf]r$ to1 #cc ,camels infe/$ by j9n1 #bfj ,cam]oons1 !1 ( ,we/ ,africa1 #abj ,c&lemas1 dances at1 #bch ---- ,day1 #ccb1 #ccc ,c&les1 twelve1 on ,twelf? ,night1 #cba sq42 burnt at ! ,fea/ ( ,purim1 #cid ,cannibal banquets1 #bgi n4 #a1 #bhc1 #bih ,canton1 ! prov9ce (1 #add ,caprification1 ! artificial f]tilization ( fig-trees1 #beg ,caprificus1 ! wild fig-tree1 #beh ,c> ,nicob>1 annual expulsion ( devils 91 #bja sq4 ,c>abas & ,b>abbas1 #dah sq4 ,c>mona 9 ,&alusia1 #agc ,c>nival1 bell-r++ processions at !1 #bdg2 ,s5seless ,?ursday 91 #bdh2 9 relation to ! ,saturnalia1 #cab1 #cde sqq4 ---- & ,purim1 #cid 8,c>ry+ out ,dea?10 #bbg sq41 #bcj1 #beb ,casablanca 9 ,morocco1 #ba ,casp>1 ,mel*ior1 & ,bal?as>1 ! ,?ree ,k+s ( ,twelf? ,day1 #cbi sqq4 ,ca/ilian peasants1 _! dances 9 ,may1 #bhj ,ca/+ ! sk9 suppos$ to be a mode ( r5ew+ y\?1 #cjb sqq4 ,cattle expos$ to attacks ( wit*es1 #afb2 beat5 to d !m good1 #bff sq4 ,caucasus1 ! ,albanians ( !1 #bah ,caunians ( ,asia ,m9or1 _! expulsion ( =eign gods1 #aaf ,cecrops1 fir/ k+ ( ,attica1 #cea ,c$>-b>k ornam5ts worn 9 dances1 #cgf ,celebes1 ,bolang ,mongondo 91 #he1 #aba2 ,m9ahassa 91 #aaa sq4 ----1 ,c5tral1 #cd1 #abb n41 #bfe ,celts1 _! mode ( =eca/+ ! wea!r ( ! ye>1 #cbc sq42 ( ,gaul1 _! cal5d>1 #cdb sqq4 ,c]am1 sicknesses expell$ 9 a %ip f1 #ahe ,ceylon1 fe> ( demons 91 #id sq4 ,*a]onea1 ! 8expulsion ( hung]0 at1 #beb ,*a9 us$ to expel demons1 #bfj ,*a9s clank$ z a protection aga9/ wit*es1 #afc2 clank$ 9 masqu]ade1 #bdd ,*aldeans1 magic (1 #fd ,*alk+ up crosses z a protection aga9/ wit*es1 #afb sq4 ,*am> ca/e1 #aif ,*amba 9 ,india1 #de ,*amb]s1 ,e4 ,k41 quot$1 #ccf n4 #a ,*ameleon1 c]emony at kill+ a1 #bh ,*>iots1 epidemics s5t away 9 toy1 #aic sq4 ,*]emiss ( ,russia1 _! expulsion ( ,satan1 #aef ,*]okee ,indians1 annual expulsion ( evils among !1 #abh ,*e%ire1 cure = ?ru% 91 #ej2 cure = w>ts 91 #eg ,*ick5s z scapegoats1 #aij ,*icomecohuatl1 ,mexican goddess ( maize1 #bhf n4 #a1 #bia1 #bib2 girl annually sacrific$ 9 ! "* (1 #bib sqq4 ,*ild]mas 7,holy ,innoc5ts' ,day71 #ccf ,*ildr5 p]sonat+ spirits1 #aci ,*9a1 ! ,miotse (1 #d2 belief 9 demons 91 #ih2 m5 possess$ by spirits 91 #aag2 ! ,mossos (1 #aci2 ! ,%ans ( ,s\!rn1 #ada2 annual expulsion ( demons 91 #ade sqq4 ----1 aborig9al tribes (1 _! use ( a human scapegoat1 #aif2 _! annual de/ruction ( evils1 #bjb ,*9ese fe/ival ( new fire1 #cei ,*9s ( ,burma1 _! way ( keep+ (f *ol]a1 #abc ,*ir\ba1 fe/ival 9 ,manapur1 #dj ,*irus ( ,assam1 #agg n4 #c ,*itral1 devil-driv+ 91 #acg ,*ittagong1 #fc n4 #d ---- ,hill ,tracts1 ! ,*ukmas ( !1 #agd ,*o]ilus1 hi/orian1 #chh n4 #a ,*ol]a s5t away 9 animal scapegoats1 #aij1 #aia sq4 ----1 demon (1 #agb2 expell$1 #aaf1 #aag2 s5t away on a raft1 #aij ----1 goddess (1 #aid ,*olula1 a city ( ,mexico1 #bha ,*ota ,nagpur 9 ,india1 #ai2 annual expulsion ( disease 91 #aci ,*ri/1 ! crucifixion (1 #dab sqq4 ,*ri/ian fe/ivals1 ! great1 tim$ by ! ,*ur* to co9cide ) old pagan fe/ivals1 #cbh ,*ri/ianity1 ,lat91 its tol]ance ( ru/ic paganism1 #cdf ,*ri/mas1 cu/om ( "y m5 & wom5 beat+ ea* o!r at1 #bgj2 an old midw9t] fe/ival ( ! sun-god1 #cbh ---- ,day1 ,mexican fe/ival on1 #bhg2 ,old 7,twelf? ,night71 #cba ---- ,eve1 wit*es active on1 #afj ,*ukmas1 ! tug-(-w> among !1 #agd ,*ur* bells a protection aga9/ wit*craft1 #aeg1 #aeh ,*urn-da%]s ridd5 by wit*es1 #afj ,*wolsohn1 ,d41 on ! wor%ip ( ,haman1 #cff n4 #a ,ciallos1 int]cal>y mon? ( ,gallic cal5d>1 #cdc ,cilicia1 ,t>sus 91 #chh1 #chi1 #cia ,c+alese1 ! tug-(-w> among !1 #aha2 devil-danc]s1 #ch ,c9teotl or ,c5teotl1 ,mexican goddess ( maize1 #bhf n4 #a1 #bij ,circumcision ,day1 #ccd ,clang\r ( metal us$ to dispel demons1 #bcc ,clank+ *a9s z a protection aga9/ wit*es1 #afc ,cl>k1 ,j4 ,v4 ,h41 #bji ,cl>ke1 ,e4 ,d41 quot$1 #bj sq4 ,cla%+ ( metal in/rum5ts a protection aga9/ wit*craft1 #aeh2 us$ to dispel demons1 #bcc ,clavig]o1 hi/orian ( ,mexico1 #bhf n4 #a ,clipp+s ( nails 9 popul> cures1 #eg1 #eh ,cl[ns 9 processions1 #bdd sq4 ,co*9*9a1 mode ( dispos+ ( gho/s 91 #fb ,cock1 disease transf]r$ to a :ite1 #ahg2 :ite1 z scapegoat1 #baj n4 #d ,cocks z scapegoats1 #aia sq4 ,coligny cal5d> ( ,gaul1 #cdb sqq4 ,columella on caprification1 #beh ,comana1 sacr$ h>lots at1 #cgj n4 #a2 wor%ip ( ,ma at1 #dba n4 #a ,comitium1 dances ( ! ,salii 9 !1 #bcb ,communion by means ( /ones1 #ba sq4 ,concub9es ( a k+ tak5 by 8 successor1 #cfh ,cond 9 ,norm&y1 #ahc ,confession ( s9s1 #ca1 #cf1 #abg ,conflicts1 annual1 at ! ,new ,ye>1 old int5tion (1 #ahd ,congrgation de ,notre ,dame at ,p>is1 #ccg ,consumption1 cure =1 #ea ,cook1 ,a4 ,b41 #bdf n4 #b ,cook1 ,capta9 ,james1 #hj ,coot*ie1 a demon1 #aaj ,cora ,indians ( ,mexico1 _! dance at s[+1 #bch2 _! dramatic dances1 #cha ,coran1 !1 #fb ,corea1 #aa1 #bg2 traps = demons 91 #fa sq42 belief 9 demons 91 #ii sq42 _s ( disease expell$ 91 #aai2 annual expulsion ( demons 91 #adg2 ! tug-(-w> 91 #agg sq4 ,coreans1 _! annual c]emonies = ! riddance ( evils1 #bjb sq4 ,corn fe/ivals ( ! ,cora ,indians1 #cha ---- -e>s1 wrea? (1 z badge ( prie/ly (fice1 #bcb ---- -sieve beat5 at c]emony1 #ade ,cornel-tree 9 popul> rem$y1 #ee ,corn\aille 9 ,brittany1 #cbc 8,corpse-pray+ prie/10 #de ,corpses dev\r$ by memb]s ( ,secret ,societies1 #cgg ,cos1 cu/om ( ,greek peasants 91 #bff ,cosmogonies1 primitive1 p]haps influ5c$ by human sacrifices1 #dji sqq4 ,cosqu91 ,e41 on ! book ( ,e/h]1 #cfg n4 #c ,c\ghs transf]r$ to animals1 #ea1 #eb ,c\pp1 ,mgr41 quot$1 #hb ,crabs *ange _! sk91 #cjc ,crack]s ignit$ to expel demons1 #aag1 #adf sq4 ,creation ( ! _w1 leg5ds (1 influ5c$ by human sacrifices1 #dji sqq4 ,creator behead$1 #daj2 sacrifices himself daily to create ! _w afre%1 #daa ,creep+ ?r\gh an ar* z a cure1 #ee ,cretan fe/ival ( ,h]mes1 #cej ,crimes1 /icks or /ones pil$ on ! sc5e (1 #ac sqq4 ,crim9als sacrific$1 #ced1 #cif sq41 #djh ,croatia1 ,good ,friday cu/om 91 #bfh ,croesus on ! pyre1 #cia ,cronia1 a ,greek fe/ival resembl+ ! ,saturnalia1 #cea2 at ,olympia1 #ceb sq4 ,cronion1 a ,greek mon?1 #cea n4 #b ,cronus & ! ,cronia1 #cea sq42 & ! ,gold5 ,age1 #cec2 & human sacrifice1 #cec sq41 #cig ,cross-roads1 #f1 #g1 #aj1 #bd2 (f]+s at1 #adj2 c]emonies at1 #add1 #aei1 #afa1 #aif2 wit*es at1 #afb ,crosses pa9t$ ) t> z *>ms aga9/ gho/s & vampyres1 #aec n4 #a2 *alk$ on doors z protection aga9/ wit*craft1 #afj1 #afb sq42 :ite1 made by ! ,k+ ( ! ,bean1 #cad ,cr[ z scapegoat1 #aic ,crucifixion ( ,*ri/1 #dab sqq4 ,cumont1 ,franz1 #cji1 #cic n4 #a ,cuzco1 its sc5]y1 #abh sq4 ,cybele & ,attis1 #chf ,cyrus & ,croesus1 #cia ,dahomey1 ,porto ,novo 91 #bje ,dalton1 ,e4 ,t41 quot$1 #ib sq4 ,dance at cairns1 #bi2 ! buffalo dance to ensure a supply ( buffaloes1 #aga2 to cause ! grass to gr[1 #bch ,danc]s p]sonate spirits1 #cge ,dances ( ! wit*es1 #afb2 ( ! ,salii1 #bcb2 to promote ! gr[? ( ! crops1 #bcb sqq41 #cdg2 at s[+1 #bcd sqq42 taught by animals1 #bcg2 = ra91 #bcf sq41 #bch2 solemn ,mexican1 #bhj1 #bhd1 #bhf1 #bhg1 #bhh1 #bhi2 ( ,ca/ilian peasants 9 ,may1 #bhj2 ( salt-mak]s 9 ,mexico1 #bhd2 to make hemp gr[ tall1 #cae2 z dramatic p]=mances ( my?s1 #cge sqq42 be/[$ on m5 by spirits1 #cge2 9 imitation ( animals1 #cgf1 #cgg1 #cha1 #chb ,dances1 mask$1 to promote f]tility1 #bcf2 ( savages1 #cgd sqq42 to ensure good crops1 #chb ,danc+ to obta9 ! fav\r ( ! gods1 #bcf ,d&aki1 ,k+1 #da 8,d>k0 moon & 8light0 moon1 #adj1 #ada n4 #a ,d>w91 ,sir ,francis1 #aec n4 #a ,dasius1 m>tyrdom ( ,/41 #cjh sqq4 ,dass]a fe/ival 9 ,nepaul1 #bbf n4 #a ,date palm1 artificial f]tilization ( !1 #bgb sq4 ,davies1 ,t4 ,witton1 #cfj n4 #b ,dead1 disembodi$ s\ls ( !1 dread$1 #gg2 wor%ip ( !1 #ig2 gho/s ( !1 p]iodically expell$1 #abc sq42 s\ls ( !1 receiv$ by _! relations once a ye>1 #aej sqq4 ----1 spirits ( !1 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 #hb2 9 ,timor1 #he ,dea?1 ! fun]al (1 #bje2 ! c]emony ( c>ry+ out1 #bbg sq41 #bcj1 #beb2 savage tales ( ! orig9 (1 #cjb sqq4 ,debang mona/]y at ,lhasa1 #bah ,decemb]1 annual expulsion ( demons 91 #ade2 cu/om ( ! hea!n ( ,h>ran 91 #bfc sq42 ! ,saturnalia held 91 #cjf1 #cjg1 #cde ,decle1 ,l41 #aa n4 #a ,de ,goeje1 ,m4 ,j41 #bd n4 #a ,deifi$ m51 sacrifices (1 #dji ,delaw>e ,indians1 _! rem$ies = s9s1 #bfc ,demonophobia 9 ,india1 #ia ,demon-wor%ip1 #id1 #if4 ,see also ,propitiation ,demons bung$ up1 #fa sq42 omnipres5ce (1 #gb sqq42 propitiation (1 #ic1 #id1 #if1 #ajj2 religi\s purification int5d$ to w>d (f1 #ajd2 cause sickness1 failure ( crops1 etc41 #aji sqq42 ( *ol]a1 #aaf1 #aag1 #abc2 m5 disguis$ z1 #agj sq41 #agb1 #agc2 decoy$ by a pig1 #bjj1 #bja2 conjur$ into images1 #aga1 #agb1 #agc1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bje2 put to flight by clang\r ( metal1 #bcc2 bann$ by masks1 #bdf2 exorcis$ by bells1 #bdf sq41 #bea4 ,see also ,devil & ,devils ,de ,mortival1 ,rog]1 #cch ,d]ceto1 ! fi% goddess ( ,ascalon1 #cgj n4 #a ,de ,ricci1 ,s41 #cdc n4 ,deslaw51 village ( ,bohemia1 #afa ,devil driv5 away by pap] kites1 #d ,devil-driv+ 9 ,*itral1 #acg ,devil's ,neck1 !1 #af1 #cj ,devils p]sonat$ by m51 #bce4 ,see ,demons ,devon%ire1 cure = c\gh 91 #ea ,dh>mi or ,dh>me%1 ! ,supreme ,god ( ! ,oraons1 #ib sq4 ,dice us$ 9 div9ation1 #bbj2 play$ at fe/ivals1 #cej ,di]i tribe ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 _! expulsion ( a demon1 #aaj ,d9kas1 _! use ( c[s z scapegoats1 #aic ,dio ,*ryso/om on ! ,sacaea1 #cfh2 8 acc\nt ( ! treatm5t ( ! mock k+ ( ! ,sacaea1 #dad ,dionysiac fe/ival ( ! op5+ ( ! w9e j>s1 #cea sq4 ,dionysus & ! drama1 #chd ,disease transf]r$ to o!r p1 #f sq42 transf]r$ to tree1 #g2 caus$ by gho/s1 #he2 annual expulsion (1 #aci2 s5t away 9 little %ips1 #ahe sqq4 ,dittm>1 ,c4 von1 quot$1 #ajj sq4 ,div9ation on ,twelf? ,night1 #caf ,div9e animals z scapegoats1 #baf sq41 #bbf sq4 ---- m5 z scapegoats1 #bag sqq41 #bbf sq4 ,dog1 sickness transf]r$ to1 #cc2 z scapegoat1 #ea1 #bjh sq42 sacrifice ( :ite1 #abg ,dog-demon ( epilepsy1 #fi n4 ,doreh 9 ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea1 ! tug-(-w> at1 #agh ,d\bs1 ,montagne de1 #caf ,d\glas1 ,alex&]1 victim ( wit*craft1 #ci ,d\tt1 ,e41 #bb n4 #b ,doves ( ,a/>te1 ! sacr$1 #cgj n4 #a ,draca5a t]m9alis1 its leaves us$ to beat ! sick1 #bfe ,dramas1 sacr$1 z magical rites1 #cgc sqq4 ,dravidian tribes ( ,n4 ,india1 _! cure = epilepsy1 #bei sq4 ,dreams1 fe/ival (1 among ! ,iroquois1 #abg ,dreiknig/ag1 ,twelf? ,day1 #cbi 8,driv+ out ! ,wit*es10 #afb ,dr[o1 gods1 #gd ,drums beat5 to expel demons1 #aaa1 #aac1 #aaf1 #abj1 #abf1 #adf1 #bjd ,dubr[its*i1 a ,russian village1 #agc ,duck z scapegoat1 #ej ,dudilaa1 a _s :o lives 9 ! sun1 #ahf ,dumannos1 a mon? ( ! ,gallic cal5d>1 #cdc ,duran1 ,diego1 ,spani% hi/orian ( ,mexico1 #bie n4 #a1 #big1 #cjj n4 #a ,duro/orum 9 ,moesia1 celebration ( ! ,saturnalia at1 #cji ,dussaud1 ,r51 #bb n4 #b ,dusuns ( ,borneo1 _! annual expulsion ( evils1 #bjj sq4 ,dyak prie/esses1 #e2 transf]5ce ( evil1 #e2 mode ( neutraliz+ bad om5s1 #ci ,dyaks1 _! 8ly+ heaps10 #ad2 _! ,head ,fea/1 #chc ,dy+ god z scapegoat1 #bbg ,eabani1 ,babylonian h]o1 #cih sq4 ,e>s1 blood drawn f1 z p5ance1 #bib ,e>?1 ! ,mi/ress ( !1 #he ---- -god1 #bh2 ! ,egyptian1 #cda ,e>?man1 !1 #fa ,ea/1 ! ,wise ,m5 ( !1 #ccj sq4 ---- ,indian ,isl&s1 #b ---- ,indies1 ! tug-(-w> 9 !1 #agg ,ea/] an old v]nal fe/ival ( ! vegetation-god1 #cbh ---- eggs1 #bfi ---- ,eve 9 ,albania1 expulsion ( ,kore on1 #aeg ---- ,monday1 8,ea/] ,smacks0 on1 #bfh 8---- ,smacks0 9 ,g]many & ,au/ria1 #bfh sq4 ---- ,sunday1 c]emony on ! ,eve (1 #bjg sq4 ---- ,tuesday1 8,ea/] ,smacks0 on1 #bfh ,ea/]tide1 expulsion ( evils at1 9 ,calabria1 #aeg ,eck1 ,r4 van1 quot$1 #hf ,edw>d ,,vi41 8 ,"l ( ,misrule1 #ccb1 #ccd ,effigies1 disease transf]r$ to1 #g2 demons conjur$ into1 #bjd1 #bje2 sub/itut$ = human victims1 #djh ,effigy ( baby us$ to f]tilize wom51 #bde1 #bdi ,eggs1 r$ ,ea/]1 #bfi ,egypt1 mode ( lay+ gho/s 91 #fc2 mod]n1 belief 9 ! j9n 91 #ajd2 ,isis & ,osiris 91 #chf ,egyptians1 ! anci5t1 _! belief 9 spirits1 #ajc sq42 _! use ( bulls z scapegoats1 #baf sq42 ! five supplem5t>y days ( _! ye>1 #cdj sq4 ,eifel1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,bean 9 !1 #cac ,eight days1 fea/ & lic5se (1 be=e expulsion ( demons1 #aca ,ekoi1 !1 ( ,we/ ,africa1 #bh ,elamite deities 9 opposition to ,babylonian deities1 #cff2 inscriptions1 #cfg ,elamites1 ! h]$it>y foes ( ! ,babylonians1 #cff ,elaphebolion1 an ,a!nian mon?1 #cea ,elaphius1 an ,elean mon?1 #ceb ,eld] bro!r1 ! s9 ( m>ry+ be=e an1 #c ,elgon1 ,m\nt1 #bdf ,elis1 law (1 #ceb n4 #b ,ellis1 ,w41 quot$1 #hj ,embodi$ evils1 expulsion (1 #agj sqq4 ,emetics z rem$ies = s9s1 #bfc ,endle1 ,s41 quot$1 #ic ,engl&1 cure ( w>ts 91 #dh2 ! ,k+ ( ! ,bean 91 #cac2 ! ,boy ,bi%op 91 #ccg sq4 ,enigmas1 c]emonial use (1 #aba n4 #c4 ,see ,riddles ,entlebu* 9 ,switz]l&1 expulsion ( ,po/]li at1 #bad ,epidaurus1 ,aesculapius at1 #dg ,epidemics attribut$ to demons1 #aaa sqq42 kept (f by means ( a pl\gh1 #agb sq42 s5t away 9 toy *>iots1 #aic sq4 ,epilepsy1 cure =1 #b1 #cca2 ,highl& treatm5t (1 #fh n4 #b2 ,roman cure =1 #fh2 ,h9doo cure =1 #fi n42 cur$ by beat+1 #bfj4 ,see also ,fall+ ,sickness ,epiphany1 annual expulsion ( ! p[]s ( evil at1 #afe sqq42 ! ,k+ ( ! ,bean on1 #cac sqq4 ,see also ,twelf? ,night ,eponyms1 annual1 z scapegoats1 #ci sqq4 ,equ9ox1 ! v]nal1 fe/ival ( ,cronus at1 #ceb2 ,p]sian m>riages at !1 #djf n4 #c ,equos1 a ,gallic mon?1 #cdc n4 ,ere*1 ,babylonian city1 ,i%t> at1 #cih1 #cii ,erz-gebirge1 ! ,saxon1 #bga ,esagila1 temple at ,babylon1 #cef ,esquimaux ( ,labrador1 _! fe> ( demons1 #gi sq42 ( ,po9t ,b>r[1 _! expulsion ( ,lua1 #abd sq42 ( ,baff9 ,l&1 _! expulsion ( ,s$na1 #abe sq42 ! ,c5tral1 ! tug-(-w> among !1 #agd2 ( ,b]+ ,/rait1 _! masqu]ades1 #cgi sq4 ,e/h]1 fa/ (1 #cig sq42 ! /ory (1 act$ z a com$y at ,purim1 #cfd ----1 ! book (1 its date & purpose1 #cfj2 its ,p]sian col\r+1 #cfb1 #dja2 duplication ( ! p]sonages 91 #djj sq42 ! p]sonages unmask$1 #dje sqq4 ---- & ,mordecai equival5t to ,i%t> & ,m>duk1 #dje2 ! duplicates ( ,va%ti & ,haman1 #djf ---- & ,va%ti1 tempor>y que5s1 #dja ,e/honian mode ( transf]r+ bad luck to trees1 #ed2 expulsion ( ! devil1 #agc ,eton ,college1 ,boy ,bi%op at1 #cch ,euhem]ism1 #che ,euripides1 #ai ,europe1 transf]5ce ( evil 91 #dg sqq42 annual expulsion ( demons & wit*es 91 #aee sqq42 annual expulsion ( evils 91 #bjg sqq42 masqu]ades 9 mod]n1 #bea sq4 ,european folk-cu/om ( 8c>ry+ out ,dea?10 #bbg sq4 ,eve & ,adam1 #bei n4 #c ,ev5+ ,/>1 ! goddess ( !1 #cfi n4 #a ,evess51 9 ,brunswick1 #fj ,evil1 ! transf]5ce (1 #a sqq42 transf]r$ to o!r p1 #e sqq42 transf]r$ to /icks & /ones1 #h sqq42 transf]r$ to animals1 #ca sqq42 transf]r$ to m51 #ch sqq42 transf]5ce (1 9 ,europe1 #dg sqq4 ---- spirits1 bani%m5t (1 #hf4 ,see ,demons ,evil-,m]oda*1 ,babylonian k+1 #cfg n4 #b ,evils transf]r$ to trees1 #ed sqq42 nail$ into trees1 walls1 etc41 #ei sqq42 occasional expulsion (1 #aji sqq41 #ahe sqq42 p]iodic expulsion (1 #abc sqq41 #aih sqq42 expulsion ( embodi$1 #agj sqq42 expulsion (1 9 a mat]ial vehicle1 #ahe sqq4 ,see also ,expulsion ,ewe1 :ite-foot$1 z scapegoat1 #aib sq4 ,ewe-speak+ negroes ( ! ,slave ,coa/1 #gd ,excommunication ( human scapegoat1 #bed ,execution by /on+1 #bd n4 #b ,exet]1 ! ,boy ,bi%op at1 #ccg ,exorcis+ spirits at s[+ ! se$1 #bce ,exorcism ( devils 9 ,morocco1 #fc2 annual1 ( ! evil _s 9 ,japan1 #adc sq42 ,nicob>ese c]emony (1 #bfb ,exorci/s1 #b sq41 #cc ,expiation = s91 #ci ,expulsion ( evils1 #aji sqq42 ! direct or imm$iate & ! indirect or m$iate1 #aji1 #bbd2 occasional1 #aji sqq41 #ahe sqq42 p]iodic1 #abc sqq41 #aih sqq42 ( embodi$ evils1 #agj sqq42 ( evils 9 a mat]ial vehicle1 #ahe sqq42 annual1 ( demons & wit*es 9 ,europe1 #aee sqq42 ( ,tr[s 9 ,%etl&1 #afh sq42 ( hung] at ,*a]onea1 #beb2 ( w9t]1 c]emony ( !1 #djd sq4 ,faditras among ! ,malagasy1 #cc sq4 ,fai?s ( ! _w1 ! great1 _! little influ5ce on common m51 #hi ,fall+ sickness1 cure =1 #eb1 #ccj4 ,see also ,epilepsy ,fans1 !1 ( ,we/ ,africa1 #cj n4 #b 8,fa/ ( ,e/h]0 be=e ,purim1 #cig sq4 ,fatigue transf]r$ to /ones or /icks1 #h sqq42 let out ) blood1 #ab ,fawckn]1 ,capta9 ,james1 quot$1 #aca sq4 ,fe> z a s\rce ( religion1 #ic ,fea/1 ! ,great1 9 ,morocco1 #ahj1 #ahb1 #bfe ---- ( ,lant]ns 9 ,japan1 #aea sq4 ,febru>y & ,m>*1 ! season ( ! spr+ s[+ 9 ,italy1 #cdf ,f]ghana 9 ,turke/an1 #ahd ,f]r]s1 ,george1 a ,"l ( ,misrule1 #ccb ,f]tility ( ! gr\nd1 magical c]emony to promote !1 #agg ,f]tilization1 artificial1 ( fig-trees1 #beg sqq41 #bgb sq42 ( ! date palm1 #bgb ,f]tiliz+ virtue attribut$ to c]ta9 /icks1 #bfd 8,fe/ival ( dreams0 among ! ,iroquois1 #abg ---- ( ! ,flay+ ( ,m51 ,mexican1 #bif sqq4 ---- ( ,fools 9 ,france1 #ccd sqq42 9 ,g]many1 ,bohemia1 & ,engl&1 #ccf n4 #a ---- ( ! ,innoc5ts1 #ccf sqq4 ,fe/ivals1 ! great ,*ri/ian1 tim$ by ! ,*ur* to co9cide ) old pagan fe/ivals1 #cbh ,fte des ,f\s 9 ,france1 #ccd sqq4 ---- des ,rois1 ,twelf? ,day1 #cbi ,fev]1 rem$y =1 #ch2 ,roman cure =1 #dg2 popul> cures =1 #dg1 #di1 #ea1 #ec1 #ee1 #ef1 #eh1 #ei1 #fc2 driv5 away by fir+ guns1 etc41 #aba ,field+1 ,h41 quot$1 #cdi sq4 ,fi5ds burnt 9 fire1 #cbj ,fig1 ! wild1 human scapegoats beat5 ) bran*es (1 #bee ,fig-tree1 sacr$1 #fa ---- -trees artificially f]tiliz$1 #beg sqq41 #bgb sq42 p]sonat$ by human victims1 #beg ,fights1 annual1 at ! ,new ,ye>1 old int5tion (1 #ahd ,figs1 black & :ite1 worn by human scapegoats1 #bec1 #beg1 #bgb ,fiji1 #ae2 annual c]emony at appe>ance ( sea-slug 91 #ada sq4 ,fir us$ to beat p ) at ,*ri/mas1 #bgj1 #bga ---- -trees 9 popul> cure1 #ef ,fire1 ,mexican god (1 #cjj2 human sacrifices to1 #cjj sqq42 to burn wit*es1 #cai ---- new1 at ,new ,ye>1 #bji2 ,*9ese fe/ival ( !1 #cei ---- sacr$1 ( ,k+ ( ,ug&a1 #aie2 k9dl$ by friction1 #cia n4 #d ---- -_s1 annual expulsion ( !1 #ada ,fires ext+ui%$ dur+ c]emony1 #agb2 c]emonial1 on ,eve ( ,twelf? ,day1 #caf sqq42 to burn fi5ds1 #cbj4 ,see also ,bonfires ,five days' duration ( mock k+'s reign1 #djg n4 #a ---- days' reign ( mock k+ at ! ,sacaea1 #cee1 #ceg2 ( ,semiramis1 #cfi ,flax1 gidd9ess transf]r$ to1 #ec2 bells rung to make flax gr[1 #bdg sq4 ,flay+ ( ,m51 ,mexican fe/ival ( !1 #bif sqq4 ,flemi% cure = ague1 #ef ,flight f ! demons ( disease1 #abb sq4 ,fl9t1 hol$1 a protection aga9/ wit*es1 #afb ,flood1 ! great1 #cii n4 #a ,fl[]s1 ! goddess (1 #bgh ,fly+ ,spirits1 !1 at ,lhasa1 #aig sq4 ,food set out = gho/s1 #aed ,fools 9 processions ( mask]s1 #bdc ----1 fe/ival (1 9 ,france1 #ccd sqq42 9 ,g]many1 ,bohemia1 & ,engl&1 #ccf n4 #a ,football1 sugge/$ orig9 (1 #ahd ,=ds1 (f]+s & pray]s at1 #bg sq4 ,=mosa1 #cc ,=ty days1 man treat$ z a god dur+1 #bha2 man p]sonat+ god dur+1 #big ---- nights ( m\rn+ = ,p]sephone1 #cdh ,f\c>t1 ,g41 quot$1 #cda n4 #a ,f\nta9s ,abbey1 #cch ,f[l]1 ,w4 ,w>de1 #fg n4 #b1 #bbi n4 #a ,f[ls z scapegoats1 #ca1 #cc1 #cf1 #eb sq4 ,france1 cure ( w>ts 91 #dh2 cure = too?a*e 91 #ei2 ! ,k+ ( ! ,bean 91 #cac sqq42 ,fe/ival ( ,fools 91 #ccd sqq4 ,fran*e-,comt1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,bean 91 #cac2 bonfires on ! ,eve ( ,twelf? ,night 91 #caf2 ! ,?ree ,k+s ( ,twelf? ,day 91 #ccj2 ,l5t 91 #cdh n4 #a ,frank5wald ,m\nta9s1 #afj ,frank=t1 ! fea/ ( ,purim at1 #cid ,fratres ,arvales1 #bcb 8,fr5* & ,engli%0 or ! 8,tug-(-w>0 z a religi\s or magical rite1 #agd sqq4 ,fr5* cure = fev]1 #ee ,fre% & gre51 beat+ p1 #bgj sq4 ,frogs1 malady transf]r$ to1 #ej1 #ec ,fruit-trees1 fire appli$ to1 on ,eve ( ,twelf? ,night1 #cag ,fruitful tree1 use ( /ick cut f a1 #bfd ,fumigation ) junip] & rue z a precaution aga9/ wit*es1 #aeh ,fun]al1 relations :ipp$ at a1 #bfj sq4 ---- ( ,dea?1 #bje ---- c]emony 9 ,ug&a1 #de n4 #b2 ( a ,buddhi/ monk1 #age ,furr[ drawn r\nd village z protection aga9/ epidemic1 #agb ,gallas1 _! mode ( expell+ fev]1 #aba2 annual p]iod ( lic5se among !1 #bbf n4 #a2 _! /ory ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #cjd ,gall[s-hill1 wit*es at1 #afb ,gambl+ all[$ dur+ ?ree days ( ! ye>1 #aej ,games ( ball play$ to produce ra9 or dry wea!r1 #agi sq4 ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 #acj n4 #a ,g>os ( ,assam1 _! annual use ( a scapegoat1 #bjh sq4 ,gatto1 9 ,b591 #aca ,gaul1 ! ,celts (1 _! cal5d>1 #cdb sqq4 ,gazelle ,p59sula 9 ,new ,brita91 #hb1 #cjc ,ge-lug-pa1 a ,lamai/ sect1 #id ,g]ae/ius1 a ,greek mon?1 #cej ,g]>d1 ,e41 quot$1 #ajf sq4 ,g]many1 cure = too?a*e 91 #ei2 ! ,k+ ( ! ,bean 91 #cac ,ghansyam ,deo1 a deity ( ! ,gonds1 #bag ,ghats1 ! ,ea/]n1 use ( scapegoats 9 !1 #aia ,gho/s ( suicides fe>$1 #ag sq42 impregnation ( wom5 by1 #ah2 %ut up 9 wood1 #fj sq42 modes ( lay+1 #fc2 diseases caus$ by1 #he2 ( ! dead p]iodically expell$1 #abc sq42 ,roman fe/ival (1 9 ,may1 #aed sq42 driv5 (f by bl[s1 #bfj sqq4 ,gidd9ess1 cure =1 #ec ,gilgame%1 ! epic (1 #cga1 #cih sq42 8 "n =m]ly read z ,izdub>1 #cgb n4 #a2 a ,babylonian h]o1 belov$ by ! goddess ,i%t>1 #cga sq41 #cih sq4 ,gilgamus1 a ,babylonian k+1 #cgb n4 #a ,gilg5burg 9 ,masur51 #bfi ,gilyaks ( ! ,amoor1 _! belief 9 demons1 #aja sq4 ,glamorgan%ire1 cure = w>ts 91 #ec ,gl5 ,mor1 9 ,islay1 #fb ,gl\ce/]1 ! ,boy ,bi%op at1 #ccg ,gl\ce/]%ire1 ,eve ( ,twelf? ,day 91 #cah1 #cba ,goat's ,m>% at ,rome1 #beh ,goats1 evil transf]r$ to1 #ca1 #cb2 z scapegoats1 #aij1 #aia1 #aib ,gobi1 ! des]t (1 #ac ,god1 kill+ !1 #a2 ! black & ! :ite1 #ib2 dy+1 z scapegoat1 #bbg2 ! kill+ ( !1 9 ,mexico1 #bge sqq42 resurrection ( !1 #djj ,gods & goddesses repres5t$ by liv+ m5 & wom51 #che sq4 ----1 ,mexican1 burn !mselves to create ! sun1 #daj2 ,"m ( !1 #bhi2 woman annually sacrific$ 9 ! "* ( ! ,"m ( !1 #bhi sq4 ---- %ut up 9 wood1 #fa2 ( ! ,maoris1 #ha2 ( ! ,pelew ,isl&]s1 #ha sq42 p]sonat$ by prie/s1 #bhg2 repres5t$ 9 masqu]ades1 #cgg ,goitre1 popul> cure =1 #ed ,gold ,coa/ ( ,we/ ,africa1 expulsion ( demons on !1 #abj1 #aca sqq4 ,gold5 ,age1 !1 #cec1 #chf2 ! reign ( ,saturn1 #cjf1 #cdd ,gold5 bells worn by human repres5tatives ( gods 9 ,mexico1 #bgh1 #bhj1 #bhd ,gomes1 ,e4 ,h41 on ! head-fea/ ( ! ,sea ,dyaks1 #chd n4 #a ,gonds ( ,india1 human scapegoats among !1 #bag sq4 ,gongs beat5 to expel demons1 #aac1 #aag1 #adg ,good ,friday1 #bad2 expulsion ( wit*es 9 ,silesia on1 #aeg2 cattle beat5 on1 #bff2 cu/om ( beat+ ea* o!r ) rods on1 #bfh ,g\die1 ,mr4 ,gilb]t1 #afi n4 #b ,g\r-dezi\1 8,supplem5t>y ,days10 9 ,brittany1 #cbd ,g\t1 popul> cures =1 #ef sq4 ,graetz1 ,h41 #cie n4 #a ,gran ,*aco1 ,indians ( !1 #abb1 #bfb ,grass to gr[1 dances to cause !1 #bch2 bells rung to cause !1 #bdg ,gras%opp]s1 sacrifice (1 #ce 8,grass-r+]s10 #bdg ,graubnd5 7! ,grisons71 #bci ,graves1 heaps ( /icks or /ones on1 #ae sqq4 ,great ,bassam 9 ,gu9ea1 exorcism ( evil _s at1 #abj ---- ,fea/1 !1 9 ,morocco1 #ahj1 #ahb1 #bfe 8---- ,purification10 ,japanese c]emony1 #bac n4 #a ,greece1 anci5t1 cu/om ( /one-?r[+ 91 #bd sq42 human scapegoats 91 #beb sqq42 ,saturnalia 91 #cej sqq4 ,greek use ( swall[s z scapegoats1 #ce2 ( laurel 9 purification1 #bfb ,greek wom51 _! m\rn+ = ,p]sephone1 #cdi ,greeks1 ! anci5t1 _! cure = love1 #c ---- ( ,asia ,m9or1 _! use ( human scapegoats1 #bee ,gre5 b\ghs1 cu/om ( beat+ "y p )1 at ,*ri/mas1 #bgj ,grisons1 masqu]ades 9 !1 #bci ,groot1 ,j4 ,j4 ,m4 de1 quot$1 #ii ,grove1 ! ,arician1 #cje ,grub 9 ! ,grisons1 masqu]ade at1 #bci ,grubb1 ,w4 ,b>brooke1 quot$1 #gh sq4 ,grnb]g 9 ,silesia1 #afc ,gu>dian spirits ( animals1 #ih ,guatemala1 #aj2 ,indians (1 #bf ,guaycurus1 ,indian nation1 _! c]emony at appe>ance ( ! ,pleiades1 #bfb ,gudea1 k+ ( ,s\!rn ,babylonia1 #cef ,guess+ dreams1 #abg ,guiana1 ,briti%1 ! ,arawaks (1 #cjb ----1 ,fr5*1 ! ,roocooy5 ,indians (1 #aha1 #bfc2 _! fe> ( demons1 #gh sq4 ,gu9ea1 annual expulsion ( ! devil 91 #aca ----1 ,fr5*1 #bce ---- negroes1 #ca ,guns fir$ to expel demons1 #aaf sq41 #aai1 #abj1 #aba1 #abe1 #acb1 #acc1 #acg1 #adg1 #adh1 #adi1 #aej1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bba n4 #a2 aga9/ wit*es1 #afj1 #afa1 #afd ,gypsies1 annual c]emony p]=m$ by !1 #bjg sq4 ,hag51 ,b41 quot$1 #hg sq4 ,hair ( pati5t ins]t$ 9 oak1 #eg sq4 ,hak-,ka1 !1 a native race 9 ! prov9ce ( ,canton1 #add ,halb]/adt 9 ,?r+51 annual c]emony at1 #bad ,hall 9 ! ,tyrol1 #bdh ,halmah]a1 ! ,alfoors (1 #aab2 c]emonies at a fun]al 91 #bfj sq4 ,haman1 effigies (1 burnt at ,purim1 #cib sqq4 ---- & ,mordecai1 #cfd sqq42 z tempor>y k+s1 #djj sq4 ---- & ,va%ti ! duplicates ( ,mordecai & ,va%ti1 #djf ,haman1 a god wor%ipp$ by ! hea!n ( ,h>ran1 #cff n4 #a ,hmn-,sr1 a "n = ,purim1 #cic ,hamm$a?a1 fa!r ( ,haman1 #cgc n4 #a ,hamm]1 sick p /ruck ) a1 #bei n4 #d ,h&s ( deity1 c]emony ( grasp+ !1 #cef ,hantoes1 spirits1 #hg ,h>e z scapegoat1 #ej sq4 ,h>lots1 sacr$1 #cgj1 #cga1 #cgb2 at ,comana1 #dba n4 #a ,h>poon+ a _s1 #abf ,h>ran1 ! hea!n (1 _! cu/om 9 ,decemb]1 #bfc sq42 _! m>riage fe/ival ( all ! gods1 #bgc n4 #a2 wor%ip a god ,haman1 #cff n4 #a ,h>rison1 ,miss ,j4 ,e41 #aec n4 #a ,h>?oorn1 ,s4 ,e41 quot$1 #hf sq4 ,h>tl&1 ,e4 ,s41 #bb n4 #b1 #fi n4 #a ,h>ve/1 annual expulsion ( demons at or aft]1 #acg sq41 #bbe ,hasselt1 ,j4 ,l4 van1 quot$1 #hc ,ha/+s1 ,w>r51 #bjc ,haupt1 ,p41 #djf n4 #b ,hawk1 om5s f1 #chd n4 #a ,haw?orn a *>m aga9/ gho/s1 #aec n4 #a ,heada*e1 cure =1 #b1 #eb1 #eh1 #fc1 #fd ,head-fea/ ( ! ,sea ,dyaks1 #chc1 #chd n4 #a ,headman sacr$1 #agg n4 #c ,heaps ( /ones1 /icks1 or leaves1 to :i* e pass]-by adds1 #i sqq42 on ! sc5e ( crimes1 #ac sqq42 on graves1 #ae sqq42 8ly+ heaps10 #ad ,he>n1 ,lafcadio1 #add ,he>ts ( human victims (f]$ to ! sun1 #bgi1 #bih ,hebrews1 _! cu/om z to leprosy1 #ce ,hebron1 #ba ,hecatombaeon1 an ,a!nian mon?1 #cea ,hecqu>d1 ,h41 #abj ,heitsi-eibib1 ,hott5tot god or h]o1 #af ,hemp1 augury z to ! height ( !1 #cae2 dances to make hemp gr[ tall1 #cae ,h]cules1 cake ) twelve knobs (f]$ to1 #cea n4 #c2 id5tifi$ ) ,s&an1 #chh2 8 dea? on a pyre1 #cia ---- & ,omphale1 #chi ,h]e=d1 ! ,boy ,bi%op at1 #ccg ,h]e=d%ire1 ! s9-eat] 91 #dc2 ,eve ( ,twelf? ,day 91 #cah sqq4 ,h]mes1 wayside images (1 #bd2 ,cretan fe/ival (1 #cej ---- & ,argus1 #bd ,h]odotus on ! wor%ip ( ,i%t> 7,a/>te71 #cgb ,hide beat5 ) rods1 #bca ,hi]apolis1 fe/ival ( ! ,pyre at1 #cib ,highl&s ( ,scotl&1 #bj2 ! ,twelve ,days 9 !1 #cbd ,hilde%eim1 bell-r++ at1 on ,asc5sion ,day1 #bdg sq4 ,himalayan di/ricts ( ,n4 ,w4 ,india1 #bi ,h9doo ,koo%1 expulsion ( demons 9 !1 #bbe ---- tribes1 _! annual expulsion ( demons aft] h>ve/1 #acg ,h9doos1 transf]5ce ( evil among !1 #ch2 _! fe> ( demons1 #ia sq4 ,hirt1 ,h41 #cbe n4 #c ,hobby-horse to c>ry away _s ( smallpox1 #aai ,ho*(51 village ( ,bohemia1 #afa ,hockey play$ z a c]emony1 #agd ,hol$ fl9t a protection aga9/ wit*es1 #afb ,holy ,innoc5ts' ,day1 #ccf1 #ccg1 #cch2 "y p beat ea* o!r on1 #bgj1 #bga ,homoeopa?ic or imitative magic1 #agg ,homog5eity ( civilization 9 prehi/oric times 9 ,s\!rn ,europe & ,we/]n ,asia1 #dji ,honorius & ,!odosius1 decree (1 #cib ,hood ,bay 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 #hd ,horns bl[n to expel demons1 #aaa1 #aag1 #bjd1 #bad2 to ban wit*es1 #afj1 #afa1 #afe1 #aff2 at ,p5zance on eve ( ,may ,day1 #afc sq42 by mask]s1 #bdc1 #bdd ---- ( /raw worn to keep (f demons1 #aah2 ( goat a protection aga9/ wit*es1 #afb ,horse sacrific$ to ,m>s1 #bcj2 belov$ by ,i%t>1 #cga1 #djg n4 #b2 belov$ by ,semiramis1 #djg n4 #b ---- -%oes a protection aga9/ wit*es1 #afb ,horus1 ! bir? (1 #cda ,hos ( ,n4 ,e4 ,india1 _! annual expulsion ( demons at h>ve/1 #acf sq4 ---- ( ,togol&1 _! annual expulsion ( evils1 #acd sqq41 #bjf sq4 ,hosskir* 9 ,swabia1 #cbc ,hott5tots1 !1 #af1 #bi ,hoy]sw]da 9 ,silesia1 #afc ,huddl] or ,huttl] 9 ! ,tyrol1 #bdh ,hudel-runn+ 9 ! ,tyrol1 #bdh ,hui*ol ,indians ( ,mexico1 #aj1 #cdg n4 #c ,huitzilopo*tli1 great ,mexican god1 #bhj1 #cjj2 "y man sacrific$ 9 ! "* (1 #bhj sq42 temple (1 #bhg1 #bij1 #big2 hall (1 #bid ,huixtocihuatl1 ,mexican goddess ( ,salt1 #bhc2 woman annually sacrific$ 9 ! "* (1 #bhc sq4 ,human god & goddess1 _! en=c$ union1 #chf sq4 ---- repres5tatives ( gods sacrific$ 9 ,mexico1 #bge sqq4 ---- sacrifice1 successive mitigations (1 #cif sq41 #djh ---- sacrifices1 _! influ5ce on cosmogonical !ories1 #dji sqq4 ---- scapegoats1 #ch sqq41 #aid sqq41 #baj sqq42 9 anci5t ,rome1 #bbi sqq42 9 classical antiquity1 #bbi sqq42 9 anci5t ,greece1 #beb sqq42 reason = beat+ !1 #bef sq42 victims1 m5 clad 9 ! sk9s (1 #bfe sq4 ,hung]1 expulsion (1 at ,*a]onea1 #beb ,hurons1 _! way ( expell+ sickness1 #aba ,husb&man1 ! ,roman1 8 pray]s to ,m>s1 #bbi ,huss1 ,john1 #ccf n4 #a ,huttl] or ,huddl] 9 ! ,tyrol1 #bdh ,huzuls1 !1 ( ! ,c>pa?ians1 #cb sq41 #ce ,hyg9us on ! dea? ( ,semiramis1 #djg n4 #b ,hy/]ia cur$ by beat+1 #bfj ,id5tification ( girl ) ,maize ,goddess1 #bie ,idols1 nails knock$ into1 #fi sq4 ,igbodu1 a sacr$ grove1 #bab ,igliwa1 a ,b]b] tribe1 #agh ,ilamatecutli1 ,mexican goddess1 #bhg2 woman sacrific$ 9 ! "* (1 #bhg sq4 ,ill ,luck embodi$ 9 an ascetic1 #da2 ! ca/+ away (1 #add ,im ,?urn1 ,sir ,ev]>d ,f41 quot$1 #gh ,images1 demons conjur$ into1 #aga1 #agb1 #agc1 #bjc ,imme/> 9 ,syria1 #cid ,immortality1 h[ m5 lo/ ! boon (1 #cjb sqq4 ,impregnation ( wom5 by gho/s1 #ah ,inanimate objects1 transf]5ce ( evil to1 #a sqq4 ,inao1 sacr$ :ittl$ /icks1 #bfa ,inauguration ( a k+ 9 anci5t ,india1 #bfc ,incas ( ,p]u1 _! annual expulsion ( evils1 #abh sqq4 ,inc5se us$ aga9/ wit*es1 #aeh1 #aei ,india1 fe> ( demons 91 #hi sqq42 epidemics s5t away 9 toy *>iots 91 #aic sq42 ,dravidian tribes ( ,nor!rn1 #bei2 inauguration ( a k+ 9 anci5t1 #bfc2 ! ,twelve ,days 9 anci5t1 #cbd sq42 orig9 ( ! drama 91 #chd sq4 ----1 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces (1 #g2 expulsion ( disease 9 !1 #aij ----1 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces (1 #fa2 ! tug-(-w> 91 #aha ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 expulsion ( diseases 9 !1 #aii ---- tribes ( ,n4 ,w4 ,am]ica1 _! mask$ dances1 #cge sqq4 ,indians1 mutual sc\rg+s ( ,s\? ,am]ican1 #bfb ,indo-,*9a1 wor%ip ( spirits 91 #ig sq4 ,indra1 creation ( ! great god1 #daj ,infant1 *ildr5 :ipt at dea? ( an1 #bfa sq4 ,infants1 burial (1 #de ,inf]tility1 evil spirits (1 #bej ,influ5za expell$ by scapegoat1 #aia1 #aic ,initiation by spirits1 #cge ,innoc5ts1 ,bi%op (1 9 ,france1 #ccd2 ,fe/ival ( !1 #ccf sqq4 ,innoc5ts' ,day1 #ccf1 #ccg1 #cch2 "y p beat ea* o!r on1 #bgj1 #bga ,inspir$ m5 9 ,*9a1 #aag ,int]cal>y mon?1 #cdb sqq4 ---- p]iod ( five days1 #djg n4 #a ---- p]iods1 cu/oms & sup]/itions atta*+ to1 #cbh sq42 deem$ unlucky1 #cci sqq4 ,int]calation1 rudim5t>y1 to equate lun> & sol> ye>s1 #cbe sqq4 ,int]regnum on int]cal>y days1 #cbh sq4 ,inv]sion ( social ranks at ! ,saturnalia & k9dr$ fe/ivals1 #cjh1 #cej1 #djg ,irel&1 ,twelf? ,night 91 #cba sq4 ,iroquois1 _! 8fe/ival ( dreams10 #abg2 _! use ( scapegoats1 #bji sq41 #bcc ,is] ,m\nta9s 9 ,silesia1 #afc ,is]lohn 9 ,we/phalia1 #bff ,i%t>1 a great ,babylonian goddess1 #cfe2 associat$ ) ,sirius1 #cei n4 #a2 at ,ere*1 #cih2 h] visit to ,anu1 #cii n4 #a2 goddess ( f]tility 9 animals1 #djf n4 #a ,see also ,a/>te ---- & ,gilgame%1 #cga sq41 #cih sq4 ---- & ,semiramis1 #cfi sqq4 ---- & ,tammuz1 #cii1 #djf ,isis1 ! bir? (1 #cda ---- & ,osiris1 #chf ,italian cure = fev]1 #ee2 season ( s[+ 9 spr+1 #cdf ,italy1 cure ( w>ts 91 #dh ,izdub>4 ,see ,gilgame% ,jackson1 ,pr(essor ,h5ry1 #ce n4 #c ,jacobs51 ,j4 ,adrian1 on ! ,secret ,societies ( ,n4 ,w4 ,am]ica1 #cgg sqq4 ,jalno1 tempor>y rul] at ,lhasa1 #bah1 #bbj1 #bba1 #bbb ,james1 ,m4 ,r41 #cie notes #b & #c ,jamieson1 ,j41 on ,tr[s1 #afh n4 #a1 #afi n4 #b ,japan1 cure = too?a*e 91 #ga2 expulsion ( demons 91 #aah sq41 #adc sq42 ,fea/ ( ,lant]ns 91 #aea sq42 annual expulsion ( evil 91 #bab sq4 ,ja/r[1 ,m41 on ! epic ( ,gilgame%1 #cii n4 #a ,jataka1 !1 #da ,jaundice1 cure =1 #eb ,java1 belief 9 demons 91 #hf sq42 ! ,t5gg]ese (1 #ahd ,jay1 blue1 z scapegoat1 #ea ,jeal\sy1 cure =1 #cc ,j5s51 ,p41 #cfb n4 #a2 8 !ory ( ,haman & ,va%ti z ,elamite deities1 #cff sq42 on ,anaitis1 #cfi n4 #a2 on ! fa/ ( ,e/h]1 #cih sq4 ,jepur 9 ,india1 use ( scapegoat at1 #aia ,j]usalem1 ! weep+ = ,tammuz at1 #djj ,jewi% cal5d>1 ,new ,ye>'s ,day ( !1 #cei ---- conv]ts1 =m ( abjuration us$ by1 #cic ---- ,day ( ,atonem5t1 #baj ---- fe/ival ( ,purim1 #cfj sqq4 ---- use ( scapegoats1 #baj ,jews accus$ ( ritual murd]s1 #cid sqq42 ! great deliv]ance ( !1 at ,purim1 #cih ,j9n1 belief 9 !1 #ajd2 infe/+ camels1 #bfj ,jo*elson1 ,w41 quot$1 #aja ,johns1 ,rev4 ,c4 ,h4 ,w41 #ceg n4 #b1 #cfg notes #b & #c ,j\/ra1 ,m41 quot$1 #hh ,juh>1 ! ,bhotiyas (1 #bji ,july1 ! ,nonae ,caprot9ae 91 #beh ,june1 ,mexican human sacrifice 91 #bhc ,jungle ,"m1 !1 #bg ,junip] burn$ to keep out gho/s1 #aed n42 us$ to beat p )1 #bga ---- b]ries1 fumigation )1 z a precaution aga9/ wit*es1 #aeh ,juno ,caprot9a1 #beh ,jupit]1 temple ( ,capitol9e1 #ff ,kabyle cure = jeal\sy1 #cc ,ka*>is1 !1 ( ,assam1 _! fe> ( demons1 #ic ,ka*9s ( ,burma1 _! belief 9 demons1 #if ,kai1 !1 ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 #bfd ,kalau1 demons1 #aja ,kali?s1 gods ( ! ,pelew ,isl&]s1 #ha sq4 ,kamt*atka1 ! tug-(-w> 91 #agh ,kamt*atkans1 _! fe> ( demons1 #hi ,kanagra 9 ,india1 #de ,kanh> riv]1 #fj ,k>5s ( ,burma1 _! belief 9 demons1 #if ,k>kantz>i1 fi5ds or mon/]s 9 ,mac$onia1 #cbj ,k>pa?os1 a ,greek isl&1 #ee ,kasan ,gov]nm5t 9 ,russia1 ! ,wotyaks ( !1 #aef ,kaua ,indians ( ,n4 ,w4 ,brazil1 #bcf2 _! mask$ dances1 #cha ,kaumpuli1 god ( plague1 #d ,kausika ,sutra1 ,indian book ( magic1 #aib ,kayans1 !1 ( ,borneo1 #ai1 #aed n42 _! mask$ dances1 #bcf1 #chb sq4 ,keb1 ! ,egyptian ,e>?-god1 #cda ,kei ,isl&s1 expulsion ( demons 9 !1 #aab sq4 ---- riv]1 #aa ,k5gtung 9 ,burma1 #aaf ,k5n$y1 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,r4 ,s41 quot$1 #baj n4 #d ,kh>w>s ( ,n4 ,india1 _! use ( scapegoats1 #aib ,khasis ( ,assam1 _! annual expulsion ( demon ( plague1 #agc ,khonds1 _! annual expulsion ( demons at se$-"t1 #ach1 #bcd2 _! treatm5t ( human victims1 #bei ,kill+ ! god1 #a2 9 ,mexico1 #bge sqq4 ,k+1 tempor>y1 9 ,siam1 #aea2 9 anci5t ,india1 inauguration ( a1 #bfc2 assembly = det]m9+ ! fate ( !1 #cef2 mock or tempor>y1 #djc sq4 ---- & ,que5 ( ,may1 #djf ---- ( ! ,bean1 #cac sqq42 at ,m]ton ,college1 ,ox=d1 #ccb ---- ( ! ,saturnalia1 #cjh1 #caa1 #cab ---- ( ! ,ye>s at ,lhasa1 #bbj1 #bba ,k+'s ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,boy ,bi%op at1 #cch ,k+s1 ! ,?ree1 on ,twelf? ,day1 #cbi sqq42 magi/rates at ,olympia call$1 #ceb2 m>ry ! wives & concub9es ( _! pr$ecessors1 #cfh ,k+sley1 ,m>y ,h41 quot$1 #gd ,kioga ,lake1 #bdf ,kiriw9a1 9 ,s4 ,e4 ,new ,gu9ea1 #acd ,kirkl&1 ,rev4 ,mr41 #baj ,kit*+1 ,a4 ,l41 quot$1 #bdf sq4 ,kites1 artificial1 us$ to drive away ! devil1 #d2 pap]1 fl[n z scapegoats1 #bjc ,kle9tits*51 ,p4 ,a41 quot$1 #hb sq4 ,kleptomania1 cure =1 #cd ,kl+ or ,kli5g1 a my?ical h]o ( ! ,dyaks1 #chc1 #chd n4 #a ,knives "u ! ?re%old1 a protection aga9/ wit*es1 #afb ,knots ti$ 9 bran*es ( trees z rem$ies1 #ef sq4 ,knott$ ?read 9 magic1 #dh ,kobeua ,indians ( ,n4 ,w4 ,brazil1 _! mask$ dances1 #bcf1 #cha ,kore1 expulsion (1 on ,ea/] ,eve 9 ,albania1 #aeg ,korkus1 !1 ( ,india1 #g ,korwas ( ,mirzapur1 _! use ( scapegoats1 #aib ,koryaks1 !1 ( ,n4 ,e4 ,asia1 _! belief 9 demons1 #ajj sq42 expulsion ( demons among !1 #abf sq4 ,kub>y1 ,j41 quot$1 #ha sq4 ,kumaon1 9 ,n4 ,w4 ,india1 #cg2 slid+ d[n a rope 91 #aif sq4 ,kumis1 !1 ( ,s4 ,e4 ,india1 #aag ,kurmis ( ,india1 #aij ,kururumany1 ! ,arawak creator1 #cjb ,kuskokw9 ,riv]1 #chj ,kwakiutl ,indians ( ,n4 ,w4 ,am]ica1 _! mask$ dances1 #cgf n4 #b1 #cgh ,labrador1 fe> ( demons 91 #gi sq4 ,labruguire1 9 ,s4 ,france1 #aff ,lag>de1 on ! 8,ride ( ! ,be>dless ,"o10 #djb1 #dje ,lakor1 isl& (1 #aii ,lama ( ,tibet1 ! ,gr&1 #aig1 #bbj1 #bba1 #bbb ----1 ! ,te%u1 #bjc ,lamai/ sects1 #id ,lan*ang1 a ,malay craft1 #ahg ,l&e-,patry 9 ,norm&y1 #ahc ,lane1 ,e4 ,w41 quot$1 #ajd ,lant]ns1 fea/ (1 9 ,japan1 #aea sq4 ,laos1 #bi ,laosians ( ,siam1 _! belief 9 demons1 #ig ,la/ day ( ! ye>1 annual expulsion ( demons on !1 #ade sqq4 ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 its tol]ance ( ru/ic paganism1 #cdf ,laurel 9 purification1 #bfb ,laurels1 c]emony ( r5ew+ !1 #cdf n4 #a ,lawes1 ,w4 ,g41 quot$1 #hd sq4 ,lead1 melt$1 9 cure1 #d ,leafman1 !1 #fa ,leap+ ov] bonfires1 #aef ,leaps to promote ! gr[? ( ! crops1 #bcb1 #bch sqq4 ,leaves1 disease transf]r$ to1 #b2 fatigue transf]r$ to1 #h sqq42 us$ to expel demons1 #bja1 #bjf2 sickness transf]r$ to1 #bei2 us$ 9 exorcism1 #bfb ,lehmann-,haupt1 ,c4 ,f41 #dab n4 #a1 #dae n4 #a ,lehn]1 ,/efan1 quot$1 #hc sq4 ,lei? ,l9ks1 wit*es burnt on1 #afe ,leme1 ! riv]1 #ahb ,l5gua ,indians1 #gh ,l5t1 c]emony at ,halb]/adt 91 #bad2 p]haps d]iv$ f an old pagan p]iod ( ab/95ce obs]v$ = ! gr[? ( ! se$1 #cdg sqq4 ---- & ! ,saturnalia1 #cde sqq4 ,l5t5 fa/1 its orig91 #cdh ,leobs*tz di/rict ( ,silesia1 #bfh ,leprosy1 ,hebrew cu/om z to1 #ce2 ,mexican goddess (1 #bib ,l]wick1 c]emony ( ,up-helly-a' at1 #afi ,leti1 isl& (1 #aii ,leucadians1 _! use ( human scapegoats1 #bed ,lhasa1 c]emony ( ! ,tibetan ,new ,ye> at1 #aig sq41 #bah sqq4 8,li>'s m\nd1 !10 9 ,borneo1 #ad ,lic5se1 mon? ( g5]al1 #adh2 p]iods (1 prec$+ or foll[+ ! annual expulsion ( demons1 #bbe sq41 #cjf1 #cbh sq41 #cdc1 #cdd2 grant$ to slaves at ! ,saturnalia1 #cjg sq41 #cej sq41 #cea sq4 ,lic5ti\s rites = ! f]tilization ( ! gr\nd1 #agg ,li*field1 ! ,boy ,bi%op at1 #ccg ,licorice root us$ to beat p ) at ,ea/]1 #bfi ,liebre*t1 ,f41 #cib n4 #a ,li5z 9 ! ,tyrol1 masqu]ade at1 #bdb1 #bde ,lime-tree 9 popul> cure1 #ei sq4 ,limewood us$ at expulsion ( demons1 #aef ,l9coln1 ! ,boy ,bi%op at1 #ccg ,lion belov$ by ,i%t>1 #cga 8---- ) ! ,%eepsk9s10 #bfe ,livuans1 !1 ( ,new ,brita91 #hb ,livy on ! annual cu/om ( knock+ a nail1 #ff2 on ! ,saturnalia1 #cde n4 #a ,liz>d or snake 9 annual c]emony = ! riddance ( evils1 #bjh ,liz>ds & s]p5ts suppos$ to r5ew _! y\? by ca/+ _! sk9s1 #cjb sqq4 ,llama1 black1 z scapegoat1 #aic ,loango1 practice ( knock+ nails into idols 91 #fi sq4 ,lokoala1 initiation by spirits1 #cgf ,"l ( ! ,diamond1 #bi ---- ( ,misrule1 #bea2 9 ,engl&1 #cca sqq4 ,lorra9e1 ,k+ & ,que5 ( ! ,bean 91 #cae ,lo?1 ,j41 #cbe n4 #c ,lots ca/ at ,purim1 #cfa sq4 ,l\is ,,xiv4 z ,k+ ( ! ,bean1 #cac ,l\s1 a ,babylonian mon?1 #cee1 #ceh ,love1 cure =1 #c ,lov]'s ,leap1 #bed ,lov]s ( ,semiramis & ,i%t>1 _! sad fate1 #cga sq4 ,lucian1 z to ! rites ( ,hi]apolis1 #cib ,ludl[ 9 ,%rop%ire1 ! tug-(-w> at1 #ahb ,lugg1 riv]1 #ahc ,lules or ,tonocotes ( ! ,gran ,*aco1 _! behavi\r 9 an epidemic1 #abb sq4 ,lumholtz1 ,c41 quot$1 #aj1 #cdg n4 #c ,lun> ye> equat$ to sol> ye> by int]calation1 #cbe1 #cdb sq4 ,lusatia1 ! 8,wit*-burn+0 91 #afc ,lu%ais ( ,assam1 _! belief 9 demons1 #id ,luzon1 exorcism 91 #bfj ,lycaeus1 ,m\nt1 9 ,arcadia1 human sacrifice on1 #cec ,lydia1 ! burn+ ( k+s 91 #cia ,lydus1 ,joannes1 #bbi n4 #a ,ma1 goddess wor%ipp$ at ,comana1 #dba n4 #a ,mac,culloch1 ,j4 ,a41 #cbf n4 ,macdonald1 ,rev4 ,james1 #aaa n4 #a ,macdonell1 ,lady ,agnes1 #afd n4 #a ,mac$onian sup]/itions z to ! ,twelve ,days1 #cbj ,ma*9drana? temple at ,lhasa1 #bai ,mack5zie1 ,%]iff ,david ,j41 #afi n4 #b ,macrobius on in/itution ( ! ,saturnalia1 #cde n4 #a ,madagasc>1 #ai ,madis1 !1 ( ,c5tral ,africa1 #bag ,magdal5 ,college1 ,ox=d1 ! ,boy ,bi%op at1 #ccg ,magic 9 anci5t ,india1 #ia2 & wit*craft1 p]man5ce ( ! belief 91 #hi2 homoeopa?ic or imitative1 #agg1 #bcb1 #beg ,magnesia on ! ,mae&]1 #cig n4 #b ,mahadeva1 propitiation (1 #aig ,maize1 ! goddess ( ! ,"y1 #bgh2 ,mexican goddesses (1 #bhe sq41 #bhf n4 #a1 #bij1 #bia1 #bib1 #bid1 #bie ,majhw>s1 ,dravidian race ( ,mirzapur1 #cf1 #fj ,makrz1 ,arabic writ]1 #cic ,malab>1 use ( c[s z scapegoats 91 #baf ,malagasy1 faditras among !1 #cc sq4 ,malay ,p59sula1 ! ,besisi ( !1 #bbf n4 #a ,malays1 _! use ( birds z scapegoats1 #ce2 /ratification ( religi\s beliefs among !1 #ij n4 #a ,mallans ( ,india1 #aij ,mamurius ,veturius 9 anci5t ,rome1 #bbi sqq41 #beb1 #beg ,man-god 9 ,*9a1 #aag sq4 ,m&an ,indians1 _! annual expulsion ( ! devil1 #aga ,manipur1 ,rajah (1 #ci sq42 annual eponyms 91 #ci sq4 ,mannh>dt1 ,w41 on processions ( mask]s1 #bej2 on beat+ human scapegoats1 #bee1 #bgb ,mantras1 !1 ( ! ,malay ,p59sula1 _! fe> ( demons1 #hh sq4 ,maori gods1 #ha ,m>aves1 !1 ( ,s\? ,africa1 #ai ,m>cellus ( ,bordeaux1 #dh1 #ej ,m>*1 annual expulsion ( demons 91 #adi2 annual expulsion ( wit*es 91 #aeg2 annual expulsion ( evils 91 #aii2 c]emony ( ,mamurius ,veturius 91 #bbi1 #bca2 old ,roman ye> began 91 #bca1 #cde2 dances ( ! ,salii 91 #bcb2 bell-r++ procession on ! fir/ (1 #bdg2 cu/om ( beat+ p & cattle 91 #bff2 m>riage fe/ival ( all ! gods 91 #cgc n4 #a2 fe/ival ( ! ,matronalia 91 #cdf ,m>duk or ,m]oda*1 ,babylonian god1 #cef1 #ceg1 #cii2 z a deliv]] f demons1 #ajc2 8 c]emonial m>riage at ,new ,ye>1 #cef2 ! vot>ies (1 #cgb n4 #b ,m>joram a protection aga9/ wit*craft1 #afj ,m>-na1 a ,phili/9e deity1 #dah n4 #a ,m>riage ( ! god ,m>duk1 #cef ----1 mock or real1 ( human victims1 #beg sq4 ---- fe/ival ( all ! gods1 #bgc n4 #a ,m>s a god ( vegetation1 #bbi sq42 ! ,old1 at ,rome1 #bbi1 #bca1 #beb ---- ,silvanus1 #bcj ,m>saba1 a demon1 #aji ,m>seilles1 human scapegoats at1 #bec ,m>%-m>igolds a protection aga9/ wit*es1 #afc ,m>t91 ,rev4 ,john1 quot$1 #acb sq4 ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,dasius1 #cjh sqq4 ,mascal or ,fe/ival ( ! ,cross 9 ,abyss9ia1 #acc sq4 ,ma%ti1 suppos$ "n ( ,elamite goddess1 #cff sq4 ,mask1 two-fac$1 worn by image ( goddess1 #bhg4 ,see also ,masks ,mask$ dances & c]emonies ( savages1 #cgd sqq42 to promote f]tility1 #bcf ,mask]s 9 ! ,tyrol & ,salzburg1 #bdb sqq42 z be/[]s ( f]tility1 #bdi2 suppos$ to be inspir$ by ! spirits :om !y repres5t1 #chj1 #chb1 #chc ,masks worn at expulsion ( demons1 #aaa1 #abg1 #ade1 #bac2 int5d$ to ban demons1 #bdf2 worn at c]emonies to promote ! gr[? ( ! crops1 #bcf1 #bdj1 #bdb sqq41 #bdg1 #bdh sq42 worn by ! ,p]*t51 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bde1 #bdg2 worn by prie/s :o p]sonate gods1 #bhg2 worn 9 religi\s dances & p]=mances1 #cge1 #cgf n4 #b1 #cgh1 #cgi1 #chj1 #chb2 burn$ at end ( masqu]ade1 #chb2 treat$ z animate #chb ,masqu]ades 9 mod]n ,europe1 int5tion ( c]ta91 #bea sq4 ,ma/] ( ! ,revels1 #ccc sq4 ,masur51 8,ea/] ,smacks0 91 #bfi ,mate]1 ,s41 quot$1 #id ,mat] ,dolorosa1 ! anci5t & ! mod]n1 #cdi ,mat]ial vehicles ( immat]ial ?+s 7fe>1 mis=tune1 disease1 etc471 #a sqq41 #bb n4 #b1 #bc sqq4 ,mat]ialization ( pray]1 #bb n4 #b ,matronalia1 fe/ival ( !1 9 ,m>*1 #cdf ,matse negroes ( ,togol&1 #c ,mawu1 ,supreme ,be+ ( ,ewe negroes1 #gd sq4 ,maxwell1 ,w4 ,e41 quot$1 #ij n4 #a ,may1 ,mexican human sacrifices 91 #bgf1 #bhj2 dances ( ,ca/ilian peasants 91 #bhj2 ! ,k+ & ,que5 (1 #djf ---- ,day1 #cei2 ,eve (1 wit*es abroad on1 #aeh sqq42 9 ! ,tyrol1 8,burn+ out ( ! ,wit*es0 on1 #aeh sq42 wit*es rob c[s ( milk on1 #bfg ---- morn+1 cu/om ( h]dsm5 on1 #bff ,mayas ( ,yucatan1 _! annual expulsion ( ! demon1 #aga2 _! cal5d>1 #aga2 _! five supplem5t>y days1 #cdj ,mecca1 /one-?r[+ at1 #bd ,meckl5burg1 cu/om on ,good ,friday 91 #bff2 mode ( reckon+ ! ,twelve ,days 91 #cbg ,m$ic9e-man1 ne$ (1 #gf ,melanesia1 belief 9 demons 91 #hb ,mel5ik 9 ,mac$onia1 #cbj ,m51 evil transf]r$ to1 #ch sqq42 possess$ by spirits 9 ,*9a1 #aag2 div9e1 z scapegoats1 #bag sqq42 sacrifices ( deifi$1 #dji ---- & wom5 =bidd5 by ,mosaic law to int]*ange dress1 #cfc ,m5gap1 a ,dyak liturgy1 #chc ,m]oda* or ,m>duk1 ,babylonian deity1 #cef ,m]ton ,college1 ,ox=d1 ,k+ ( ! ,bean at1 #ccb ,metageitnion1 a ,greek mon?1 #ced ,mexican temples1 _! =m1 #bgi ,mexico1 ,indians (1 #aj2 ! ,cora ,indians (1 #bch1 #cha2 ! ,t>ahum>e ,indians (1 #bcf sq42 use ( sk9s ( human victims 9 anci5t1 #bfe sq42 kill+ ! god 91 #bge sqq42 /ory ( ! creation ( ! sun 91 #daj ,mey]1 ,edu>d1 #cdi n4 #d ,midsumm] ,day1 #cei ---- ,eve1 wit*es active on1 #aeh1 #afj ,milan1 fe/ival ( ! ,?ree ,k+s ( ,twelf? ,day at1 #cca ,milk1 heif]s beat5 to make !m yield1 #bff sq4 ,milky juice ( wild fig-tree 9 religi\s rite1 #beh ,mimicry ! pr9ciple ( religi\s or magical dramas1 #cgd ,m9ahassa 9 ,celebes1 expulsion ( demons 91 #aaa sq4 ,m+oli1 spirits ( ! dead1 #gg ,miotse1 !1 ( ,*9a1 #d ,mirzapur1 #f1 #bg1 #cf2 ! ,korwas & ,pat>is (1 #aib ,mis=tune swept out ( h\se ) brooms1 #e ,misrule1 ! ,"l (1 #bea2 9 ,engl&1 #cca sqq4 ,missiles hurl$ at dang]\s gho/s or spirits1 #ag sqq4 ,mi/ress ( ! ,e>?1 #he ,mitigations ( human sacrifice1 #cif sq41 #djh ,mnevis1 sacr$ ,egyptian bull1 #bag ,moa1 isl& (1 #aii ,mock k+1 #djc sq4 ---- m>riage ( human victims1 #beg sq4 ,mock]y ( ,*ri/1 #dab sqq4 ,modai1 invisible spirits1 #ic ,moesia1 ,duro/orum 9 ,l[]1 #cji ,mogador1 #fc ,mohamm$ & ! devil1 #bd ,mohamm$an cu/om ( rais+ cairns1 #ba ---- sa9ts1 #ba1 #bb 8,moles & ,field-mice10 fire c]emony on ,eve ( ,twelf? ,night1 #cag ,mol9a1 ,spani% hi/orian1 #acj n4 #a ,molonga1 a demon1 #agb ,momms51 ,augu/1 #aec n4 #a ,mongol transf]5ce ( evil1 #g sq4 ,monkey sacrific$ = riddance ( evils1 #bjh sq4 ,montagne du ,d\bs1 #caf ,mon? dur+ :i* m5 disguis$ z devils g ab\t1 #acb2 ( g5]al lic5se be=e expulsion ( demons1 #adh2 int]cal>y1 #cdb sqq4 ---- & moon1 names =1 9 ,aryan languages1 #cbe ,monumbo1 !1 ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 _! mask$ dances1 #chb ,moon1 bodily ailm5ts transf]r$ to !1 #ec sq42 ! wan+1 #fj2 ! 8d>k0 & ! 8light10 #adj1 #ada n4 #a2 temple ( !1 #bah2 he>ts ( human victims (f]$ to !1 #bhb2 ! goddess ( !1 #cda1 #cha ---- & mon?1 names =1 9 ,aryan languages1 #cbe ,moors ( ,morocco1 #ca ,moravia1 precautions aga9/ wit*craft 91 #afb2 8,ea/] ,smacks0 91 #bfh1 #bfi ,mordecai1 8 triumphal ride 9 ,susa1 #djc ---- & ,e/h] equival5t to ,m>duk & ,i%t>1 #dje2 ! duplicates ( ,haman & ,va%ti1 #djf ---- & ,haman1 #cfd sqq42 z tempor>y k+s1 #djj sq4 ,morn+ ,/>1 p]sonat$ by a man1 #bch2 ! god ( !1 #cha ,morocco1 #ba1 #ca2 exorcism 91 #fc2 ! tug-(-w> 91 #agh sq41 #ahb2 cu/om ( beat+ p 91 #bfe1 #bff ,morris-danc]s1 #bej sq4 ,mortality1 savage explanations ( human1 #cjb sqq4 ,mortlock ,isl&]s1 _! belief 9 spirits1 #hb ,mosaic law =bids int]*ange ( dress betwe5 m5 & wom51 #cfc ,moses1 ! tomb (1 #ba ,moslem cu/om ( rais+ cairns1 #ba ,mossos ( ,*9a1 _! annual expulsion ( demons1 #aci ,mosul1 cure = heada*e at1 #fd ,"m ( ! ,gods1 ,mexican goddess1 #bhi2 woman annually sacrific$ 9 ! "* ( !1 #bhi sq4 ---- -k9 9 royal families1 #cfh n4 #a ,m\lton1 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,h41 #cbe n4 #c1 #cgc n4 #a ,m\nds ( ,semiramis1 #cgj1 #cga1 #cgc ,m\nta9 ( ,p>t+1 #bgi ,mov]s1 ,f4 ,c41 on ! ,sacaea1 #cfh1 #chg1 #chh1 #cia ,m[at 9 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 #bfe ,mrus1 !1 ( ,aracan1 #ab n4 #a ,mule z scapegoat1 #ej ,mll]1 ,k4 ,o41 on ,s&an1 #chi sq4 ,mund>is1 !1 ( ,n4 ,e4 ,india1 _! annual saturnalia at h>ve/1 #acg ,muni*1 annual expulsion ( ! devil at1 #bad sq4 ,munz]abad 9 ,s4 ,india1 #agb ,muota ,valley 9 ,switz]l&1 #aff ,murd]1 heaps ( /icks or /ones on sc5es (1 #ae ,mylitta1 ,babylonian goddess1 #cgb n4 #b1 #cij ,mysore 9 ,s4 ,india1 #agb ,my/]ies z magical c]emonies1 #cgd ,my?ical be+s repres5t$ by m5 & wom51 #che sq4 ,my?s 9 relation to magic1 #cgd2 p]=m$ dramatically 9 dances1 #cge sqq4 ,nabu1 ,babylonian god1 #ceh n4 ,nagas ( ,assam1 ! tug-(-w> among !1 #agg ,nahum1 ! prophet1 on ,n9eveh1 #cij ,nahunt1 an ,elamite goddess1 #cfi n4 #a ,nail+ evils into trees1 walls1 etc41 #ei sqq4 ,nails1 clipp+s (1 9 popul> cures1 #eg1 #eh2 knock$ into trees1 walls1 etc41 z rem$y1 #ei sqq42 knock$ into idols or feti%es1 #fi sq42 knock$ 9 gr\nd z cure = epilepsy1 #ccj ,nakiza1 ! riv]1 #bg ,nat sup]/ition 9 ,burma1 #ij n4 #a ,nats1 spirits 9 ,burma1 #age sq42 propitiation (1 #if ,navona1 ,piazza1 at ,rome1 c]emony ( ,befana on !1 #aff sq4 ,nebu*adnezz>1 8 record ( ! fe/ival ( ,m>duk1 #ceg ,negritos1 religion ( !1 #hb ,neilgh]ry ,hills1 #cf1 #cg ,nelson1 ,e4 ,w41 on ! masqu]ades ( ! ,esquimaux1 #cgi sqq4 ,nemontemi1 ! five supplem5t>y days ( ! ,aztec cal5d>1 #cci ,nepaul1 ,dass]a fe/ival 91 #bbf n4 #a ,neph?ys1 ! bir? (1 #cda ,nettles1 :ipp+ )1 #bfc ,neugramat9 9 ,bohemia1 #bgj ,neumann1 ,j4 ,b41 quot$1 #hg ,new ,brita91 ! ,melanesians (1 _! belief 9 demons1 #hb sq42 expulsion ( devils 91 #aji sq42 ,gazelle ,p59sula 91 #cjc ---- ,cal$onia1 bury+ ! evil _s 91 #aaj2 mode ( promot+ gr[? ( t>os 91 #bfd ---- ,college1 ,ox=d1 ,boy ,bi%op at1 #cch ---- ,gu9ea1 annual expulsion ( demons 91 #acd ---- ,gu9ea1 ,briti%1 #bfe2 belief 9 gho/s 91 #hd sq4 ---- ,gu9ea1 ,dut*1 #agh2 ! ,papuans (1 _! belief 9 demons1 #hc ---- ,gu9ea1 ,g]man1 ! ,yabim (1 #ahh2 ! ,bukaua (1 _! belief 9 demons1 #hc sq42 ! ,kai (1 #bfd2 ! ,monumbo (1 #chb ---- ,hebrideans1 _! /ory ( ! orig9 ( dea?1 #cjd ---- yams1 c]emonies be=e eat+ !1 #acd sqq4 ---- ,ye>1 expulsion ( evils at !1 #abg1 #acc1 #adi sq41 #aee2 n reckon$ f fir/ mon?1 #adi n4 #b2 %am fight at !1 #ahd2 c]emony at ! ,tibetan1 #aig sq42 fe/ival among ! ,iroquois1 #bji sq42 ! ,tibetan1 #bah2 fe/ival at ,babylon1 #cef sqq4 ---- ,ye>'s ,day 9 ,corea1 annual riddance ( evil on1 #bjb2 9 ,tibet1 c]emony on1 #bjc2 among ! ,swahili1 #bbf n4 #a2 "y wom5 beat "y m5 on1 #bga2 ( ! ,jewi% cal5d>1 #cei ---- ,zeal&1 human scapegoats 91 #ci ,nganga1 m$ic9e-man1 #gf ,ngoc hoang1 8 message to m51 #cjc ,nias1 expulsion ( demons 91 #aac sqq42 explanation ( human mortality 91 #cjc ,nic>agua1 #i ,ni*olas ,bi%op1 #cch ,nicob> ,isl&]s1 _! belief 9 demons1 #hh2 _! annual expulsion ( demons1 #bja sq4 ---- ,isl&s1 demon ( disease s5t away 9 a boat f !1 #ahi sq4 ,nicob>ese c]emony ( exorcism1 #bfb ,nights1 cu/om ( reckon+ by1 #cbf n4 #b ,n9eveh1 tomb ( ,s>danapalus at1 #chh n4 #a2 ! burn+ ( ,s&an at1 #cij ,n9us1 ,assyrian h]o1 #cia ,nirriti1 goddess ( evil1 #be ,nisan1 ,jewi% mon?1 #cef1 #cfa1 #dae ,no1 annual expulsion ( demons 9 ,*9a1 #ade sq4 ,noises made to expel demons1 #aji sqq41 #adg ,nldeke1 ,pr(essor ,?41 on ,purim & ,e/h]1 #cff1 #cfg n4 #a1 #cfh n42 on ,omanos & ,anadates1 #cgc n4 #a ,nonae ,caprot9ae1 ,roman celebration ( !1 #beh ,norm&y1 ! ,bocage (1 #ahc sq41 #caf1 #cbc ,nor?ampton%ire cure = c\gh1 #ea ,nortia1 ,etruscan goddess1 #fg ,norwegian sailors1 _! use ( r[an1 #bfg ,norwi*1 ! ,boy ,bi%op at1 #ccg ,novemb]1 annual c]emony 91 at cat*+ sea-slug1 #adc2 expulsion ( demons 91 #bjd ,nut1 ! ,egyptian sky-goddess1 #cda ,nyassa1 ,lake1 #aj ,oak & wild olive1 pyre ( ,h]cules made (1 #cia ---- -trees 9 popul> cures1 #eg1 #fj ,obassi ,nsi1 e>?-god1 #bh ,octob]1 annual expulsion ( demons 91 #bbf n4 #a2 ,roman sacrifice ( horse 91 #bcj ,oels1 9 ,silesia1 #aeg ,oesel1 ,e/honian isl&1 #ad ,(f]+s at cairns1 #bf sqq42 to demons1 #if ,oho-h>ahi1 a ,japanese c]emony1 #bac ,old ,*ri/mas ,day 7,twelf? ,night71 #cba ,old5b]g1 ,h41 quot$1 #ij sq4 ,old5burg1 popul> cures 91 #di1 #ea1 #eb1 #ec-eh ,oldfield1 ,h4 ,a41 quot$1 #bbf n4 #a ,olive1 wild1 & oak1 pyre ( ,h]cules made (1 #cia ---- -tree 9 popul> rem$y1 #fj ,olympia1 fe/ival ( ,cronus at1 #ceb sq4 ,olyn?iac1 riv]1 #adb n4 #a ,olyn?us1 tomb (1 #adc n4 ,omanos at ,zela1 #cgc n4 #a ,om5s1 mode ( neutraliz+ bad1 #ci ,omnipres5ce ( demons1 #gb sqq4 ,omphale & ,h]cules1 #chi ,"o-ey$ buffoon 9 ,new ,ye> c]emony1 #djb ,onions us$ to =etell wea!r ( ! ye>1 #cbc ,onit%a1 on ! ,nig]1 annual expulsion ( evils at1 #acc2 use ( human scapegoats at1 #baj sq4 ,op5+ ( ! ,w9e-j>s1 ,dionysiac fe/ival ( !1 #ceb ,oraons1 !1 ( ,b5gal1 _! belief 9 demons1 #ic sq42 _! use ( a human scapegoat1 #aif ,or*>ds1 fire appli$ to1 on ,eve ( ,twelf? ,day1 #cag1 #cai1 #cbj ,ore/es1 purification (1 #bfb ,orig9 ( dea?1 savage tales ( !1 #cjb sqq4 ,or9oco1 ,indians ( !1 #cjc ,orkney ,isl&s1 #bi2 transf]5ce ( sickness 9 !1 #di ,orlagau 9 ,?r+51 #bga ,oscans1 ! enemies ( ,rome1 #bca ,osiris1 ! bir? (1 #cda ---- & ,isis1 #chf ,ott]y ,/4 ,m>y's1 ! ,boy ,bi%op at1 #ccg ,oude1 burial ( infants 91 #de 8,our ,"m among ! ,wat]10 ,mexican goddess1 #bgh ,owl repres5t$ dramatically z a my/]y1 #cgg ,ox1 disease transf]r$ to1 #ca sq4 ,ox5 pl$g$ on ,eve ( ,twelf? ,day1 #cai ,ox=d1 ,lords ( ,misrule at1 #ccb ,pair+ dogs1 /ick t has beat51 #bfd ,palm ,sunday1 ,russian cu/om on1 #bfh ,pan's image beat5 by ! ,arcadians1 #bef ,pancakes to scald fi5ds on ,new ,ye>'s ,eve1 #cbj ,p&>us1 tattoo m>ks (1 #dg sq4 ,papa ,we/ray1 "o ( ! ,orkney ,isl&s1 #bi ,papuans1 _! belief 9 demons1 #hc ,p>k9son1 ,r41 quot$1 #hc ,p>ti1 "n ( an ,elamite deity1 #cfg ,passov]1 accusations ( murd]s at1 #cie sq42 ! crucifixion ( ,*ri/ at1 #dad sqq4 ,patagonians1 _! rem$y = smallpox1 #abb ,pat>is ( ,mirzapur1 _! use ( scapegoats1 #aib ,pa?ian1 a b5efic5t _s1 #id ,paton1 ,l4 ,b41 #cfj n4 #a ,paton1 ,w4 ,r41 on human scapegoats 9 anci5t ,greece1 #beg sq41 #bei1 #bgb2 on ,adam & ,eve1 #bei n4 #c2 on ! crucifixion1 #dac n4 #b ,pauntley1 p>i% (1 ,eve ( ,twelf? ,day 91 #cah ,pawnees1 _! human sacrifice1 #bif ,payne1 ,e4 ,j41 #bhf n4 #a ,pea*-tree 9 popul> rem$y1 #ed ,peaiman1 sorc]]1 #gh ,peg us$ to transf] disease to tree1 #g ,pegg+ ailm5ts into trees1 #eh sqq4 ,pelew ,isl&]s1 _! gods1 #ha sq4 ,peloria1 a ,!ssalian fe/ival resembl+ ! ,saturnalia1 #cej ,pelorian ,zeus1 #cej ,pemali1 taboo1 #ci ,pembroke%ire1 cure = w>ts 91 #ec ,p5ance by draw+ blood f e>s1 #bib ,p5nant1 ,?omas1 quot$1 #cba1 #cbd ,p5zance1 horn-bl[+ at1 on ! ,eve ( ,may ,day1 #afc sq4 ,p]ak1 p]iodic expulsion ( evils 91 #aih sqq42 ! rajah (1 #aih sq4 ,p]*e & ,beauce1 9 ,france1 #eg1 #fb ,p]*ta1 ,frau1 #bdj sq4 ,p]*ta's ,day1 #bdj1 #bdb1 #bdd ,p]*t51 mask]s 9 ,salzburg & ! ,tyrol1 #bdj1 #bdb sqq4 ,p]cival1 ,r41 quot$1 #id sq4 ,p]ham1 ,rev4 ,j41 on ! ,head-fea/ ( ! ,sea ,dyaks1 #chc sq4 ,p]iodic expulsion ( evils 9 a mat]ial vehicle1 #aih sqq4 ,p]iods ( lic5se prec$+ or foll[+ ! annual expulsion ( demons1 #bbe sq4 1 #bee n4 #a ,p]sephone1 m\rn+ =1 #cdh sq4 ,p]sia1 cure = too?a*e 91 #ei2 ! fea/ ( ,purim 91 #cic ,p]sian framework ( ! book ( ,e/h]1 #cfb1 #dja ---- k+s m>ri$ ! wives ( _! pr$ecessors1 #cfh n4 #a ---- m>riages at ! v]nal equ9ox1 #djf n4 #c ,p]sians annually expel demons1 #ade2 ! ,sacaea celebrat$ by !1 #djb ,p]u1 ,indians (1 #c2 ,incas (1 #abh2 ,aym>a ,indians (1 #aic2 autumn fe/ival 91 #bfb ,p]uvian ,indians1 #i1 #bg ,phees 7phi71 evil spirits1 #ig ,philadelphia 9 ,lydia1 co9 (1 #chi ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 spirits ( ! dead 9 !1 #hb ,philipp9es1 ! ,tagbanuas ( !1 #ahi ,philo ( ,alex&ria1 on ! mock]y ( ,k+ ,agrippa1 #dah ,phocylides1 ! poet1 on ,n9eveh1 #cij ,phrygia1 ,cybele & ,attis 91 #chf ,piazza ,navona at ,rome1 ,befana on !1 #aff sq4 ,pig us$ to decoy demons1 #bjj1 #bja ,pig's blood us$ 9 purificatory rites1 #bfb ,pilate & ,*ri/1 #daf sq4 ,piles ( /icks or /ones4 ,see ,heaps ,pill>1 fev] transf]r$ to a1 #ec ,p9e-res9 burnt z a protection aga9/ wit*es1 #afd ,p9s /uck into sa9t's image1 #gj sq4 ,p9zgau di/rict ( ,salzburg1 #bdd ,pit* sme>$ on doors to keep out gho/s1 #aec ,pit*=ks ridd5 by wit*es1 #afj1 #afb ,pi?oria1 village 9 ,india1 #aia ,pitt]i ,p5nu1 ! god ( increase1 #ach ,plague transf]r$ to planta9-tree1 #d sq42 god (1 #d2 transf]r$ to camel1 #cc2 prev5tive (1 #fd2 demon (1 expell$1 #agc2 s5t away 9 scapegoat1 #aic ,plato on p>ricide1 etc41 #bd sq42 on poets1 #ce n4 #c2 on sorc]y1 #dg ,playfair1 ,major ,a41 quot$1 #bjh sq4 ,pleiades1 c]emony at ! appe>ance ( !1 #bfb2 obs]v$ by savages1 #cbf ,pl9y on cure ( w>ts1 #dh n4 #b2 on cure = epilepsy1 #fh ,pl9y's lett] to ,trajan1 #dbj ,pl\gh drawn r\nd village to keep (f epidemic1 #agb sq4 ---- ,monday1 ! rites (1 #bej sq4 ,pl\gh+1 c]emonies at1 #bce ,plut>* on 8! expulsion ( hung]10 #beb ,po ,!n1 a great _s1 #ig ,po9t ,b>r[1 ! ,esquimaux (1 #abd ,pollution caus$ by murd]1 #be ,polynesia1 demons 91 #hj sq4 ,pom]ania1 #ag ,pomos ( ,cali=nia1 _! expulsion ( devils1 #agj sq4 ,pongau di/rict ( ,salzburg1 #bdd ,pont>li]1 ,eve ( ,twelf? ,day 91 #caf ,pontiff ( ,zela 9 ,pontus1 #cgj1 #cgb ,pontus1 rapid spread ( ,*ri/ianity 91 #dbj sq4 ,porphyry on demons1 #ajd ,port ,*>lotte 9 ,islay1 #fb ---- ,moresby 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 #hd ,porto ,novo1 annual expulsion ( demons at1 #bje ,poseidon1 cake ) twelve knobs (f]$ to1 #cea ,po/]li1 expulsion (1 #bad ,potala ,hill at ,lhasa1 #aig ,pov]ty1 annual expulsion (1 #add sq4 ,p[]s1 ,/eph51 quot$1 #agj sq4 ,prajapati1 ! sacrifice ( ! creator1 #daa ,pray]1 ! mat]ialization (1 #bb n4 #b2 at s[+1 #ach ,pray]s at cairns or heaps ( /icks or leaves1 #bf1 #bh1 #bi sq4 ,pre/eign 9 ,radnor%ire1 ! tug-(-w> at1 #ahb sq4 ,prie/1 ! corpse-pray+1 #de ,prie/s p]sonat+ gods1 #bhg ,proa1 demons ( sickness expell$ 9 a1 #ahe sqq42 diseases s5t away 9 a1 #aii sq4 ,processions = ! expulsion ( demons1 #aag1 #bcc2 bell-r++1 at ! ,c>nival1 #bdg2 to drive away demons ( inf]tility1 #bde2 ( mask]s1 ,w4 ,mannh>dt on1 #bej ,procopius1 quot$1 #abe n4 #a ,prop]tius1 #ai ,propitiation ( ance/ral spirits1 #hf2 ( demons1 #ic1 #id1 #if1 #ajj ,prussia1 8,ea/] ,smacks0 91 #bfh ----1 ,we/1 #ag ,prussian rul]s1 =m]ly burnt1 #cia ,public expulsion ( evils1 #aji sqq4 ---- scapegoats1 #agj sqq4 ,puru1 8assembly10 #cfa ,pui?iam1 sorc]]1 #id ,puna ,indians1 #i ,punjaub1 human scapegoats 9 !1 #aif ,puppy1 bl9d1 z scapegoat1 #ej ,pur 9 ! s5se ( 8lot10 #cfa ,purification by ba?+ or wa%+1 #c sq42 by means ( /one-?r[+1 #bc sqq42 religi\s1 int5d$ to keep (f demons1 #ajd sq42 ! ,great1 a ,japanese c]emony1 #bac n4 #a2 by beat+1 #bfb2 ,fea/ ( !1 7,c&lemas71 #ccb ---- fe/ival among ! ,*]okee ,indians1 #abh ,purim1 ! ,jewi% fe/ival (1 #cfj sqq42 cu/om ( burn+ effigies ( ,haman at1 #cib sqq42 comp>$ to ! ,c>nival1 #cid2 its relation to ,p]sia1 #dja sqq4 ,puru%u1 great primordial giant1 #daj ,pyre1 tradition>y dea? ( ,asiatic k+s & h]oes on a1 #chg1 #chh1 #chi sqq42 fe/ival ( !1 at ,hi]apolis1 #cib ,py?agoras1 8 say+ z to swall[s1 #ce n4 #c ,quauhtitlan1 city 9 ,mexico1 #cja ,que5 ( ! ,bean1 #cac1 #cae ,que5sl&1 tribes ( ,c5tral1 _! expulsion ( a demon1 #agb ,quetzalcoatl1 a ,mexican god1 #bha1 #cjj2 man sacrific$ 9 ! "* (1 #bha sq4 8,quick5+0 heif]s ) a bran* ( r[an1 #bff sq4 ,quixos1 ,indians ( !1 #bfc ,ra1 ! ,egyptian ,sun-god1 #cda ,races to ensure good crops1 #bdi ,radnor%ire1 #ahb ,rafts1 evils expell$ 91 #aii1 #bjj sq4 ,ra91 *>ms to produce1 #age sq41 #agh sq42 or dr\ght1 games ( ball play$ to produce1 #agi sq42 dances to obta91 #bcf sq41 #bch2 fe/ival to procure1 #bgg2 div9ities ( !1 #cha ---- gods ( ,mexico1 #bhc ,ra9y season1 expulsion ( demons at ! beg9n+ ( !1 #bbe ,rajah ( ,manipur1 #ci sq42 ( ,travancore1 #db sq42 ( ,tanjore1 #dd ,ramsay1 ,sir ,w4 ,m41 #dba n4 #a ,ran*i1 9 ,*ota ,nagpur1 #aci ,rattles to keep out gho/s1 #aed n4 ,rav5 leg5ds among ! ,esquimaux1 #chj ,r$ ?read 9 popul> cure1 #ee ---- & yell[ pa9t on human to repres5t col\rs ( maize1 #bhe ,re$1 ,w4 ,a41 quot$1 #hb ,re9a*1 ,salomon1 #dbj n4 #a ,r5an1 ,erne/1 #gj ,r5ewal1 annual1 ( k+'s p[] at ,babylon1 #cef1 #ceh ,resurrection1 ! div9e1 9 ,mexican ritual1 #bhh1 #bif1 #cjb2 ( ! dead god1 #djj ,revelry at ,purim1 #cfc sq4 ,revels1 ,ma/] ( !1 #ccc sq4 ,rhea1 wife ( ,cronus1 #cea ,rhodians1 _! annual sacrifice ( a man to ,cronus1 #cec sq41 #cig ,rhys1 ,sir ,john1 #cdc n42 quot$1 #gj sq4 ,ribhus1 ,v$ic g5ii ( ! seasons1 #cbe ,rice-h>ve/1 c>nival at !1 #bbf n4 #a ,ri*alm1 ,abbot1 8 fe> ( devils1 #aje sq4 ,riddles ask$ at c]ta9 seasons or on c]ta9 occasions1 #abj sq41 n4 8,ride ( ! ,be>dless ,"o10 a ,p]sian ,new ,ye> c]emony1 #djb sq4 ,ridgeway1 ,w41 #cec n4 #d2 on ! orig9 ( ,greek trag$y1 #chd n4 #b ,ridley1 ,rev4 ,w41 quot$1 #abc sq4 ,ri$el1 ,j4 ,g4 ,f41 quot$1 #he ,rig ,v$a1 /ory ( creation 9 !1 #daj ,r+ susp5d$ 9 ,purim bonfire1 #cic ,r+s1 heada*e transf]r$ to1 #b ,ritual murd]1 accusations (1 br\ght aga9/ ! ,jews1 #cid sqq4 ,riv] ( ,good ,=tune1 #bh ,riv]s us$ to sweep away evils1 #c sq41 #e2 (f]+s & pray]s to1 #bg sq4 ,rivros1 a mon? ( ! ,gallic cal5d>1 #cdc ,rockhill1 ,w4 ,w41 #bbj n4 #a ,rogations1 #bgg ,roman cure = fev]1 #dg2 = epilepsy1 #fh ---- fe/ival 9 hon\r ( gho/s1 #aed sq4 ---- husb&man1 8 pray]s to ,m>s1 #bbi ---- seasons ( s[+1 #bcb ---- soldi]s1 celebration ( ! ,saturnalia by1 #cjh sq4 ,romans1 _! mode ( reckon+ a day1 #cbf n4 #b ,rome1 ! knock+ ( nails 9 anci5t1 #fd sqq42 ,piazza ,navona at1 #aff sq42 anci5t1 human scapegoats 91 #bbi sqq42 ! ,saturnalia at1 #cjg sq4 ,romulus1 disappe>ance (1 #beh ,roocooy5 ,indians ( ,fr5* ,guiana1 #bfc2 _! tug-(-w>1 #aha ,ro(1 dances on !1 #cae ,rook1 expulsion ( devil 9 isl& (1 #aji ,rope1 c]emony ( slid+ d[n a1 #aif sqq4 ,ropes us$ to keep (f demons1 #abj1 #adi2 us$ to exclude gho/s1 #aeb sq41 #aed n4 ,ros*]1 ,w4 ,h41 on ! ,salii1 #bca n4 #c ,roscommon1 ,twelf? ,night 91 #cba sq4 ,rosem>y1 us$ to beat p )1 #bgj1 #bga ,r\51 c]emony on ,asc5sion ,day at1 #bae sq4 ,r\manians ( ,transylvania1 #af2 _! belief 9 demons1 #ajf sq4 ,r[an-tree1 cattle beat5 ) bran*es (1 on ,may ,day1 #bff sq42 us$ to keep wit*es f c[s1 #bfg ,rue1 fumigation )1 z a precaution aga9/ wit*es1 #aeh ,rupture1 popul> cures =1 #eb1 #fj ,russia1 ! ,wotyaks (1 #aee sq4 ,russian cu/om on ,palm ,sunday1 #bfh ---- villag]s1 _! precautions aga9/ epidemics1 #agb sq4 ,rutuburi1 a dance ( ! ,t>ahum>e ,indians1 #bcg ,sacaea1 a ,babylonian fe/ival1 #ced sqq42 9 relation to ,purim1 #cei sqq42 & ,zakmuk1 #cii2 celebrat$ by ! ,p]sians1 #djb ,sacr$ dramas1 z magical rites1 #cgc sqq4 ---- h>lots1 #cgj1 #cga1 #cgb ---- slaves1 #cgj ,sacrifice1 human1 successive mitigations (1 #cif sq41 #djh2 ! ,brahmanical !ory (1 #daj sq4 ,sacrifices1 human1 _! influ5ce on cosmogonical !ories1 #dji sqq42 ( deifi$ m51 #dji ,sacrificial victims1 beat+ p ) ! sk9s (1 #bfe ,sag> 9 ,india1 use ( scapegoat at1 #aij sq4 ,sahagun1 ,b4 de1 #bgf1 #bhj1 #cjj n4 #a1 #cja n4 #a 8,sa9+10 a protection aga9/ spirits1 #afh ,/4 ,b>b>a's ,day1 cu/om ( putt+ rods 9 pickle on1 #bgj ,/4 ,dasius1 m>tyrdom (1 #cjh sqq4 ,/4 ,edmund's ,day 9 ,novemb]1 #ccb ,/4 ,eu/orgius1 *ur* (1 at ,milan1 #cca ,/4 ,george1 ,eve (1 wit*es active on !1 #aeh ,/4 ,george's ,day among ! ,s\? ,slavs1 #ed ,/4 ,guirec1 #gj ,/4 ,hiztib\zit1 #dac n4 #b ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 #ec ,/4 ,john 7! ,evangeli/71 fe/ival (1 #ccd ,/4 ,john's ,day 9 ,abyss9ia1 #acc ,/4 ,john's wort a protection aga9/ wit*craft1 #afj ,/4 ,joseph1 fea/ (1 #big ,/4 ,ni*olas ,day1 #ccg1 #cch ,/4 ,paul's1 ,london1 ! ,boy ,bi%op at #ccg ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ,cant]bury1 ! ,boy ,bi%op at1 #ccg ,/4 ,pet]'s ,day 7#bbnd ,febru>y71 c]emony on1 #aei n4 #a ,/4 ,pi]re d',entremont 9 ,norm&y1 #ahc ,/4 ,roma91 ! %r9e (1 at ,r\51 #baf ,/4 ,/eph5's ,day1 #ccc1 #ccd2 cu/om ( beat+ "y wom5 on1 #bgj ,/4 ,sylve/]'s ,day 7,new ,ye>'s ,eve71 precautions aga9/ wit*es on1 #afd sq4 ---- ,eve at ,trie/e1 #afe ,/4 ,tecla1 #eb ,/4 ,?omas's ,eve1 wit*es active on1 #afj ,sa9ts1 cairns ne> %r9es (1 #ba2 ,mohamm$an1 #ba1 #bb ,salii1 ! danc+ prie/s ( ,m>s1 #bca sqq4 ,salisbury1 ! ,boy ,bi%op at1 #ccg1 #cch ,salt1 ! goddess (1 #bgh1 #bhc ---- -mak]s wor%ip ! goddess ( ,salt1 #bhc2 _! dance1 #bhd ,salut+ ! ris+ sun1 a ,syrian cu/om1 #daf ,salzburg1 ! ,p]*t5 91 #bdj1 #bdb sqq4 ,samon1 a mon? ( ! ,gallic cal5d>1 #cdc ,sampson1 ,agnes1 a wit*1 #ch ,samsi-,adad1 k+ ( ,assyria1 #cgj n4 #a ,samyas mona/]y ne> ,lhasa1 #bbj ,san ,pellegr9o1 *ur* (1 at ,ancona1 #caj ,s&an1 #cfh2 leg5d>y or my?ical h]o ( ,we/]n ,asia1 #chh sqq4 ,s&es1 ! ,p]sian ,h]cules1 #chi4 ,see ,s&an ,santiago ,tepehuacan1 ,indians (1 #d1 #cdg4 #d ,s>awak1 ! ,sea ,dyaks (1 #aed ,s>dan or ,s&an1 ! burn+ (1 #chi sq4 ,s>danapalus1 #cfh2 ! epitaph (1 #chh ---- & ,a%urbanapal1 #chg sq4 ,s>des 9 ,lydia1 #chi1 #cia ,s>n1 valley ( !1 9 ,salzburg1 #bde ,s>um use1 s]vice-books ( !1 #cch ,satan annually expell$ by ! ,wotyaks1 #aee sq42 by ! ,*]emiss1 #aef ,saturn1 ! ,roman god ( s[+1 #bcb1 #cjf1 #cjg n4 #a2 8 fe/ival ! ,saturnalia1 #cjf sqq42 & ! ,gold5 ,age1 #cjf1 #cdd1 #chf2 man put to dea? 9 ! "* (1 #cji2 d$ication ( ! temple (1 #cde n4 #a2 ! old ,italian god ( s[+1 #cdf ,saturnalia among ! ,hos & ,mund>is ( ,n4 ,e4 ,india1 #acf sq42 & k9dr$ fe/ivals1 #cjf sqq42 ! ,roman1 #cjf sqq42 z celebrat$ by ,roman soldi]s1 #cjh sq42 ! ,k+ ( !1 #cjh1 #caa1 #cab2 its relation to ! ,c>nival1 #cab1 #cde sqq42 & ,l5t1 #cde sqq42 9 anci5t ,greece1 #cej sqq42 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 #ced sqq42 wide preval5ce ( fe/ivals l !1 #djg sqq4 ,savages1 _! regulation ( ! cal5d>1 #cbf ,saxon cure = rupture1 #eb ,scapegoat1 planta9-tree z a1 #e2 deck$ ) wom5's ornam5ts1 #aib2 ,jewi% use (1 #baj2 a mat]ial vehicle = ! expulsion ( evils1 #bbd ,scapegoats1 immat]ial objects z1 #a sqq42 animals z1 #ca sqq41 #aij sqq41 #bjh sqq42 birds z1 #ce sq42 human be+s z1 #ch sqq41 #baj sqq42 public1 #agj sqq42 div9e animals z1 #baf sq41 #bbf sq42 div9e m5 z1 #bag sqq41 #bbf sq42 9 g5]al1 #bbd sqq4 ----1 human1 #aid sqq42 9 classical antiquity1 #bbi sqq42 9 anci5t ,greece1 #beb sqq42 beat51 #beb1 #bee2 /on$1 #bec1 #bed2 ca/ into ! sea1 #bed sq42 reason = beat+ !1 #bef sq4 8,sc>+ away ! devil0 at ,p5zance on ! ,eve ( ,may ,day1 #afc sq4 ,sc>let ?read 9 *>m aga9/ wit*craft1 #bfg ,s*e*t]1 ,dr4 ,s41 #cfd n4 #a ,s*eil1 ,fa!r1 on ,elamite inscriptions1 #cfg n4 #c ,s*mecko/]n 9 ,g]many & ,au/ria1 #bfh sq4 ,s*n?al1 ! abbot (1 #aje ,s*nw]t1 village ( ,bohemia1 #afa ,s*rad]1 ,o41 #cbf n4 ,s*uyl]1 ,e41 #de ,s*waz1 on ! ,inn1 ! 8grass-r+]s0 at1 #bdg ,scorpion's bite1 cure =1 #di sq4 ,scot* wit*1 #ch sq4 ,scotl&1 ! ,highl&s (1 #bj2 cure ( w>ts 91 #dh2 wit*es burnt 91 #afe2 ,abbot ( ,unreason 91 #cca4 ,see also ,highl&s ,sc\rg+s1 mutual1 ( ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians1 #bfb ,scy?ian k+s m>ri$ ! wives ( _! pr$ecessors1 #cfh n4 #a ,scy?ians1 revell]s disguis$ z1 #cee ,sea1 scapegoats ca/ into !1 #bed sq4 ---- ,dyaks ( ,s>awak1 _! ,fe/ival ( ,dep>t$ ,spirits1 #aed ,sea-god1 sacrifice to1 #bee ---- -slugs1 c]emonies at ! annual appe>ance (1 #ada sqq4 ,secret ,societies 9 ,nor?-,we/]n ,am]ica1 #cgg sq4 ,s$na1 ,mi/ress ( ! ,ne!r ,_w1 among ! ,esquimaux1 #abe sq4 ,se$-"t1 annual expulsion ( demons at1 #ach ,selangor1 demons ( disease expell$ 9 a %ip f1 #ahg sq4 ,selemnus1 ! riv]1 #c ,sel]1 ,e41 #bgg ,seleucia1 #fd ,semiramis1 my?ical & hi/orical1 #cfi sqq42 ! m\nds (1 #cgj1 #cga1 #cgc1 #chh n4 #a2 ! sad fate ( h] lov]s1 #cga2 burnt h]self on a pyre1 #djg n4 #b ,s5a-speak+ p1 #g ,s5egambia1 #af2 ! ,banmanas (1 #bfa ,s5seless ,?ursday 9 ,c>nival1 #bdh ,septemb]1 expulsion ( evils by ! ,incas ( ,p]u 91 #abh ,s]p5ts & liz>ds suppos$ to r5ew _! y\? by ca/+ _! sk9s1 #cjb sqq4 ,s]vians1 _! precaution aga9/ vampyres1 #aec n4 #a ,set1 ! bir? (1 #cda ,%am fight at ,new ,ye>1 #ahd2 z religi\s rite1 #bhi ,%aman1 function ( !1 #gi sq4 ,%amans1 necessity (1 #ii1 #ajj2 expel demons1 #abf2 among ! ,esquimaux1 #cgi1 #chj ,%ammuramat & ,semiramis1 #cgj n4 #a ,%ampoo1 ! fatal1 #db ,%ans ( ,k5gtung1 _! expulsion ( demons1 #aaf sq42 ( ,s\!rn ,*9a1 _! annual expulsion ( ! fire-_s1 #ada ,%awms bl[n to ban wit*es1 #afj ,%eepsk9s1 p beat5 )1 #bfe ,%eph]d belov$ by ,i%t>1 #cga ,%etl& ,isl&s1 ,yule 9 !1 #afg sqq4 ,%9to prie/1 #aaf ,%ip1 sicknesses expell$ 9 a1 #ahe sqq42 demons expell$ 9 a1 #bja sq4 ,%ogun's palace 9 ,japan1 #add 8,%oot+ ! ,wit*es10 #afd ,%rop%ire1 #ahb2 ! s9-eat] 91 #dd2 fires on ,twelf? ,night 91 #cba ,%rove ,tuesday1 ! tug-(-w> on1 #ahb sq42 dances to promote ! gr[? ( ! crops on1 #bci1 #cdg ,siam1 ! ,laosians (1 #ig2 annual expulsion ( demons 91 #adi sqq42 human scapegoats 91 #bab ,siamese ye> ( twelve lun> mon?s1 #adi n4 #b ,sicily1 ,asc5sion ,day 91 #ed ,sickness transf]r$ to animals 9 ,europe1 #di sqq42 ascrib$ to demons1 #aji sqq4 ,sicknesses expell$ 9 a %ip1 #ahe sqq4 ,sihanaka1 !1 ( ,madagasc>1 #b ,sikhim1 cairns 91 #bf2 demonolatry 91 #id ,sil5ce1 compulsory1 to deceive demons1 #acb sq41 #adj4 ,comp>e #adb ,silesia1 expulsion ( wit*es on ,good ,friday 91 #aeg2 precautions aga9/ wit*es 91 #afb sq41 #afd2 8,ea/] ,smacks0 91 #bfh1 #bfi2 mode ( reckon+ ! ,twelve ,days 91 #cbg ,silili1 a ,babylonian goddess1 #cga ,s9-eat]1 !1 #dc sq4 ,s9-eat+ 9 ,wales1 #dc sq4 ,s+alang ,burong1 a ,dyak w>-god1 #chc ,s9s1 confession (1 #cf1 #abg2 transf]r$ to a buffalo calf1 #cf sq42 transf]r$ vic>i\sly to human be+s1 #ci sqq42 ( p transf]r$ to animals1 #baj2 ,delaw>e ,indian rem$ies =1 #bfc ,sirius associat$ ) ,i%t>1 #cei n4 #a ,situa1 annual fe/ival ( ! ,incas1 #abh ,siy9s1 ( ,n4 ,e4 ,india1 _! belief 9 demons1 #ic ,sk9 disease1 suppos$ rem$y =1 #bff2 ,mexican rem$y =1 #bih ,sk9s1 creatures t sl\gh _!1 suppos$ to r5ew _! y\?1 #cjb sqq4 ---- ( human victims1 worn by m5 9 ,mexico1 #bfe sq41 #bhh1 #bij1 #bid sq41 #bif sqq41 #cja sq4 ---- ( sacrificial victims us$ to beat p1 #bfe ,sky-goddess1 ! ,egyptian1 #cda ,slad51 ,colonel1 #ada ,slave ,coa/1 #gd ---- wom51 religi\s c]emony p]=m$ by1 #beh ,slaves1 lic5se grant$ to1 at ! ,saturnalia1 #cjg sq41 #cej sq41 #cea sq42 fea/$ by _! ma/]s1 #cjh1 #cej sq42 fea/$ by _! mi/resses1 #cdf ,slavonia1 ,good ,friday cu/om 91 #bfh ,slavonic cu/om ( 8c>ry+ out ,dea?10 #bcj ---- peoples1 8,ea/] ,smacks0 among !1 #bfh ---- ye>1 ! beg9n+ ( !1 #bbh ,slavs1 black god & :ite god among !1 #ib ,sleeman1 ,g5]al ,sir ,william1 #aia ,slo?1 ! animal1 imitat$ by mask]1 #cha ,sl\gh+ ! sk9 suppos$ to be a mode ( r5ew+ y\?1 #cjb sqq4 ,smallpox1 cure =1 #f2 attribut$ to a devil1 #aag1 #aai1 #abj1 #abc2 expell$ 9 a proa1 #ahf ----1 demon (1 #agb2 s5t away 9 a canoe1 #ahh sq4 ,smell1 f\l1 us$ to drive demons away1 #aab ,smi?1 ,w4 ,rob]tson1 on ,semiramis1 #cfi sq4 ,smut 9 :eat1 c]emony to prev5t1 #cah ,snails z scapegoats1 #eb1 #ec ,snake or liz>d 9 annual c]emony = ! riddance ( evils1 #bjh ,snipe z scapegoat1 #ea ,social ranks1 inv]sion (1 at fe/ivals1 #cej1 #djg ,socrates1 *ur* hi/orian1 #cid ,sods1 fre%ly cut1 a protection aga9/ wit*es1 #afc ,soldi]s1 ,roman1 celebration ( ! ,saturnalia by1 #cjh sq4 ,solomon ,isl&]s1 _! expulsion ( demons1 #aaf ---- ,isl&s1 #i ,sol/ice1 ! w9t]1 c]emony aft] !1 #abg ,soma1 wor%ip (1 #ij ,songs1 liturgical1 reveal$ by gods1 #cha ---- & dances1 h[ !y orig9ate1 #cgh sq4 ,sonn5b]g1 popul> cure = g\t 91 #ef ,soracte1 ,m\nt1 #caa ,sorc]]s z protectors aga9/ demons1 #id2 exorcise demons1 #aac ,s\le1 a ball cont5d$ = 9 ,norm&y1 #ahc ,s\ls ( ! dead receiv$ once a ye> by _! relations1 #aej sqq4 ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians1 #ab1 #bj ,s[ z scapegoat1 #cc ,s[+1 pray] at1 #ach2 expulsion ( demons at1 #bbe2 ! god (1 #bcb2 dances at1 #bcd sqq42 ,saturn ! god (1 #cdf2 9 ,italy1 season ( ! spr+1 #cdf ,s[n fields1 fire appli$ to1 on ,eve ( ,twelf? ,night1 #caf1 #cah1 #cba ,spa91 ! ,boy ,bi%op 91 #cch ,spe>1 sacr$1 #bah ,spe>s us$ to expel demons1 #aae1 #aaf ,spirits1 retreat ( ! army (1 #gb sq42 gu>dian1 #ih2 good & evil1 p]sonat$ by *ildr51 #aci2 ,fe/ival ( ,dep>t$1 #aed ,spitt+ z a mode ( transf]r+ evil1 #c1 #aj1 #aa2 z a mode ( transf]r+ disease1 #ahg2 at c]emony = expulsion ( evils1 #bjh ,spittle z a protection aga9/ demons1 #aah ,spr+1 rites to ensure ! revival ( life 91 #djj ,squills us$ to beat human scapegoats1 etc41 #bee sq4 ,/>1 ! ,morn+1 p]sonat$ by a man1 #bch2 ( ,be?lehem1 #ccj ,/eele1 ,sir ,ri*>d1 quot$1 #ccc ,/]nb]g1 ,l41 quot$1 #aja sq4 ,/icks1 f]tiliz+ virtue attribut$ to c]ta91 #bfd sq4 ---- & /ones1 evils transf]r$ to1 #h sqq42 pil$ on ! sc5e ( crimes1 #ac sqq4 ,see also ,?r[+ ,/++ "y p ) ants & wasps1 cu/om (1 #bfc ,/one-?r[+ at ,mecca1 rite (1 #bd2 9 anci5t ,greece1 #bd sq4 ,/ones heap$ up ne> %r9es ( sa9ts1 #ba2 communion by means (1 #ba sq42 ?r[n at demons1 #aca1 #adf1 #aeb ---- & /icks1 evil transf]r$ to1 #h sqq42 pil$ on ! sc5e ( crimes1 #ac sqq4 ,see also ,?r[+ ,/on+1 execution by1 #bd n4 #b ---- human scapegoats1 #bec1 #bed ,/opf]1 mask]s 9 ,switz]l&1 #bci ,/[1 ,john1 on ,lords ( ,misrule1 quot$1 #cca sq4 ,/rabo1 on ! ,sacaea1 #cee1 #cfi2 on ! wor%ip at ,zela1 #cgj n4 #d2 on ! sanctu>y at ,zela1 #dba n4 #a ,/rack1 ,h4 ,l41 #cie n4 #c ,/ratification ( religi\s beliefs among ! ,malays1 #ij n4 #a ,/raw wrapt r\nd fruit-trees z a protection aga9/ evil spirits1 #afd ,/rehlitz1 9 ,silesia1 #aeg ,/rudeli & ,/rtteli1 #afe ,sub/itutes 9 human sacrifice1 #cif sq41 #djh ,sucla-,tir?a 9 ,india1 expulsion ( s9s 91 #bjb ,suff]+1 pr9ciple ( vic>i\s1 #a sq4 ,suffolk cure = ague1 #fh ,suicides1 gho/s (1 fe>$1 #ag sq4 ,suk&> riv]1 #fj ,sumatra1 ! ,battas or ,bataks (1 #hg1 #bac ,sun1 appeal to !1 #c2 *>m to prev5t ! sun f sett+1 #cj n4 #b2 reappe>ance (1 9 ! ,arctic regions1 c]emonies at1 #abd sq41 #abe n4 #a2 temple ( !1 at ,cuzco1 #abi2 _s :o lives 9 !1 #ahf2 he>ts ( human victims (f]$ to !1 #bgi1 #bih2 ,mexican /ory ( ! creation ( !1 #daj2 ,syrian cu/om ( salut+ ! ris+1 #daf ---- -god1 ,*ri/mas1 an old pagan fe/ival ( !1 #cbh2 ! ,egyptian1 #cda ,sund]l&1 cure = c\gh 91 #eb ,sntevgel or ,sunn5vgel1 #aei n4 #a ,sup]human p[] suppos$ to be acquir$ by actors 9 sacr$ dramas1 #chb1 #chc ,supplem5t>y days ( ! ye>1 #aga ,supreme ,be+ 9 ,we/ ,africa1 #gd sq4 ---- ,god ( ! ,oraons1 #ib sq4 ,susa1 capital ( ! ,elamites1 #cff ,swabia1 ! 8,twelve ,lot ,days0 91 #cbb ,swahili1 !1 ( ,ea/ ,africa1 _! ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 #bbf n4 #a ,swall[ dance1 #cha ,swall[s z scapegoats1 #ce ,sw$51 #ad1 #bj1 #bg ,sweep+ mis=tune out ( h\se ) brooms1 #e ---- out ! t[n1 annual c]emony (1 #ace ,swords us$ to w>d (f or expel demons1 #aac1 #aah1 #aai1 #abj1 #abc1 #bjc2 c>ri$ by mumm]s1 #bde ,syria1 #ag1 #ba2 ,aphrodite & ,adonis 91 #chf ,syro-,mac$onian cal5d>1 #ceh n4 #a ,tagbanuas ( ! ,philipp9es1 _! cu/om ( s5d+ spirits ( disease away 9 little %ips1 #ahi ,tahiti1 transf]5ce ( s9s 91 #de sq4 ,tahitians1 !1 #hj ,taigonos ,p59sula1 #abf ,tale9s1 !1 ( ,burma1 _! wor%ip ( demons1 #if ,talmud1 !1 on ,purim1 #cfc ,tamana*i]s1 ,indian tribe ( ! ,or9oco1 #cjc ,tamanawas1 dramatic p]=mances ( my?s1 #cgf1 #cgg ,tam>isk bran*es us$ to beat p c]emonially1 #bfc ,tamb>an1 demons1 #hb1 #hc ,tammuz1 ! lov] ( ,i%t>1 #cga1 #cgc2 annual dea? & resurrection (1 #cih2 at ,j]usalem1 ! weep+ =1 #djj4 ,see also ,adonis ---- & ,i%t>1 #cii1 #djf ,tanganyika1 ,lake1 #aj ,tangkhuls ( ,assam1 #agg ,tanjore1 ,rajah (1 #dd ,taoism1 #ii ,t> to keep out gho/s & wit*es1 #aec n4 #a ---- -b>rels burnt1 #afi ,t>ahum>es1 !1 ( ,mexico1 #aj2 _! dances = ! crops1 #bcf sqq4 ,t>os1 mode ( f]tiliz+1 #bfd ,t>sus 9 ,cilicia1 ,s&an at1 #chh1 #chi1 #cia1 #cib ,taupes et ,mulots1 fire c]emony on ,eve ( ,twelf? ,night1 #cag ,tav]ni]1 ,j4 ,b41 quot$1 #adh n4 #a ,taylor1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,c41 quot$1 #acc1 #baa ,taylor1 ,rev4 ,r41 quot$1 #ha ,tellem>k5 9 ,norway1 #ad ,telugu rem$y = a fev]1 #ch ,temple1 ,sir ,ri*>d ,c41 quot$1 #hh ,temple1 ! ,inn] & ! ,middle1 ,lords ( ,misrule 9 !1 #ccc ---- *ur*1 ,"l ( ,misrule 9 !1 #ccc ,tempor>y k+1 #djc sq42 9 ,siam1 #aea ,t5* z scapegoat1 #eb ,t5gg]ese ( ,java1 _! %am fight at ,new ,ye>1 #ahd ,tepehuanes1 !1 ( ,mexico1 #aj ,te%u ,lama1 !1 #bjc ---- ,lumbo 9 ,tibet1 #bjc ,teso p ( ,c5tral ,africa1 _! use ( bells to exorcise fi5ds1 #bdf sq4 ,tezcatlipoca1 great ,mexican god1 #bgf2 "y man annually sacrific$ 9 ! "* (1 #bgf sqq4 ,?ales on spirits1 #ajd ,?>gelia1 human scapegoats at ! fe/ival ( !1 #bed1 #bee1 #bef1 #beg1 #bei1 #bgb1 #bgc ,?ay1 !1 ( ,indo-,*9a1 _! wor%ip ( spirits1 #ig sq4 ,!al1 ,g4 ,mc,call1 on fe> ( demons1 #gg sq4 ,!ckydaw1 expulsion ( demons1 #adg sq4 ,!n1 spirits1 #ig ,!odosius & ,honorius1 decree (1 #cib ,!ory ( sacrifice1 ! ,brahmanical1 #daj sq4 ,?ompson ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia1 _! *>ms aga9/ gho/s1 #aed n4 ,?orns1 wrea?s (1 #adj ,?race1 ,abd]a 91 #bed ,?ra%+ p to d !m good1 #bfb sqq4 ,see also ,beat+ & ,:ipp+ ,?read1 r$1 9 popul> cure1 #ee ,?ree ,k+s on ,twelf? ,day1 #cbi sqq4 ,?re%old protect$ aga9/ wit*es by knives1 #afb2 by sods1 #afc ,?r[+ ( /icks or /ones int]pret$ z an (f]+ or tok5 ( respect1 #bj sqq41 #be sqq42 z a mode ( riddance ( evil1 #bc sqq4 ,?ule1 c]emony 9 ,?ule at ! annual reappe>ance ( ! sun1 #abe n4 #a ,?und]1 ! fir/ peal he>d 9 spr+1 #add2 demon (1 exorcis$ by bells1 #bdf sq4 ,?r+51 expulsion ( wit*es 91 #afj2 cu/om ( beat+ p on ,holy ,innoc5ts' ,day 91 #bga ,tiamat1 my?ical ,babylonian mon/]1 #daj ,tibet1 demonolatry 91 #id2 human scapegoats 91 #bah sqq4 ,tig]-spirits1 #aii ,tikopia1 isl& (1 #ahi ,timbo 9 ,fr5* ,gu9ea1 #bce ,"t1 p]sonification ( p]iods (1 #bcj ,timor1 ! isl& (1 #h2 belief 9 ! spirits ( ! dead 91 #he ,timor fecit deos1 #ic ,timor-laut ,isl&s1 ! tug-(-w> 9 !1 #agf2 demons ( sicknesses expell$ 9 a proa f1 #ahe sq4 ,t9*ebray 9 ,norm&y1 #ahc ,tj+illi tribe ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 #b ,tlacaxipeualiztli1 ,mexican fe/ival1 #bif ,tlaloc1 temple (1 9 ,mexico1 #bhd1 #bib ,tlemc5 9 ,alg]ia1 #ca ,toad z scapegoat1 #aic1 #bjf sq4 ,toboongkoo1 !1 ( ,c5tral ,celebes1 riddles among !1 #aab n4 ,toci1 ,mexican goddess1 #bhi ,todas1 !1 ( ! ,neilgh]ry ,hills1 #cg ,togol&1 #c2 ! ,hos (1 #acd1 #bjf2 ! negroes (1 _! rem$y = influ5za1 #aic ,tokio1 annual expulsion ( demons at1 #bac ,tomb ( ,moses1 #ba ,tonan1 ,mexican goddess1 #bhg2 woman sacrific$ 9 ! "* (1 #bhg sq4 ,tonocotes4 ,see ,lules ,tonqu91 demon ( sickness expell$ 91 #aai2 annual expulsion ( demons 91 #adg sq4 ,too?a*e1 cure =1 #f1 #eg1 #eh1 #ei sq41 #fb1 #fc1 #ga ,toradjas1 !1 ( ,c5tral ,celebes1 #cd2 _! cure by beat+1 #bfe ,tor*es us$ 9 ! expulsion ( demons1 #aaj1 #aag1 #abj1 #acj1 #aca1 #acb1 #acc sq41 #aci1 #adj1 #adf1 #aeg1 #aga2 us$ 9 ! expulsion ( wit*es1 etc41 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afj1 #afc1 #afe1 #aff2 c>ri$ 9 procession by mask]s1 #bdc2 appli$ to fruit-trees on ,eve ( ,twelf? ,night1 #caf sq4 ,torquemada1 ,j4 de1 ,spani% hi/orian ( ,mexico1 #bgi n4 #a1 #bhf n4 #a1 #cjj n4 #a ,totec1 ,mexican god1 #big1 #bih2 p]sonat$ by a man we>+ ! sk9 ( a human victim1 #cjj ,totonacs1 _! wor%ip ( ! corn-_s1 #bhf n4 #a ,tototect91 m5 clad 9 sk9s ( human victims1 #bih ,toxcatl1 fif? mon? ( old ,mexican ye>1 #adi n4 #b2 ,mexican fe/ival1 #bgf ,trajan1 ,pl9y's lett] to1 #dbj ,transf]5ce ( evil1 #a sqq42 to o!r p1 #e sqq42 to /icks & /ones1 #h sqq42 to animals1 #ca sqq42 to m51 #ch sqq42 9 ,europe1 #dg sqq4 ,trans=mation ( animals into m51 #chj ,transylvania1 ! ,r\manians (1 #af1 #ajf sq4 ,travancore1 ,rajah (1 #db sq42 demon-wor%ip 91 #id ,tree1 disease transf]r$ to1 #f2 use ( /ick cut f a fruitful1 #bfd ,trees1 evils transf]r$ to1 #eb1 #ed sqq4 ,trie/e1 ,/4 ,sylve/]'s ,eve at1 #afe ,tr9ity1 ! ,batta1 #hh n4 #a ---- ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,"l ( ,misrule at1 #ccb ,tr9\xtion1 #cdc n4 ,tripoli1 mode ( lay+ gho/s 91 #fc ,troez5ians1 _! fe/ival resembl+ ! ,saturnalia1 #cej ,tr[s 9 ,%etl&1 #afh sq4 ,trumpets bl[n to expel demons1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aef2 bl[n at ! fea/ ( ,purim1 #cid ,tsu9a1 expulsion ( demons 9 ,japan1 #bab sq4 ,tsl1 a ,b]b] tribe1 #agi ,tu>an di/rict ( ,briti% ,nor? ,borneo1 #bjj ,tug-(-w> z a religi\s or magical rite1 #agc sqq42 z a *>m to produce ra91 #age sq41 #agh sq4 ,tul-ya's e'en 9 ,%etl&1 #afh ,tullus ,ho/ilius1 #cde n4 #a ,tumleo1 annual fight 91 #adb sq4 ,tuna1 a _s1 expulsion (1 #abd sq4 ,tung ak1 a p[]ful _s1 #gi1 #hj ,turke/an1 #de2 ,f]ghana 91 #ahd ,turki% tribes ( ,c5tral ,asia1 riddles among !1 #abb n4 ,turn]1 ,l4 ,m41 quot$1 #gi sq4 ,tuscan ,romagna1 !1 #afg ,twelf? ,day1 s]i\s significance (1 #cae2 ! ,?ree ,k+s on1 #cbi sqq4 ,see also ,twelf? ,night ---- ,day1 ,eve (1 #cah2 expulsion ( wit*es1 etc41 on1 #aff sq4 ---- ,night1 expulsion ( ! p[]s ( evil on1 #afe sqq42 dances on1 #bch2 ,p]*ta's ,day1 #bdd2 7,epiphany71 ! ,k+ ( ! ,bean on1 #cac sqq4 ,see also ,twelf? ,day ---- ,night1 ,eve (1 #caf2 old ,mrs4 ,p]*ta on1 #bdj1 #bda2 c]emonial fires on1 #caf sqq4 ,twelve ,days1 wea!r ( ! twelve mon?s suppos$ to be det]m9$ by ! wea!r ( !1 #cbb sqq42 9 ,mac$onia1 sup]/itions z to !1 #cbj2 9 anci5t ,india1 #cbd sq42 acc\nt$ a m9iature ( ! ye>1 #cbd2 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&1 #cbd2 diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! date ( !1 #cbd1 #cbg2 probably an old int]cal>y p]iod at midw9t]1 #cch sq41 #cdb ---- ,days f ,*ri/mas to ,twelf? ,night 7,epiphany71 precautions aga9/ wit*es dur+ !1 #aeh sqq41 #afd sqq4 ---- ,days or ,twelve ,nights n ( ,*ri/ian orig91 #cbf sqq4 ---- fires on ,eve ( ,twelf? ,day1 #cah sq41 #cba sq4 ,two-fac$ mask worn by image ( goddess1 #bhg ,typhon1 ! bir? (1 #cda ,tyre & ,sidon1 #ag ,tyrol1 annual 8,burn+ out ( ! ,wit*es0 9 !1 #aei sq42 ! ,p]*t5 9 !1 #bdj1 #bdb sq42 ,s5seless ,?ursday 9 !1 #bdh ,ug&a ,protectorate1 #f1 #db2 fun]al c]emony 91 #de n1 #b2 human scapegoats 91 #aid sq4 ,see also ,bag&a ,unala%ka1 "o ( ! ,aleutian ,isl&s1 #af ,unk>e%w>1 ! goddess ( *ol]a at1 #aid ,unreason1 ,abbot (1 9 ,scotl&1 #cca ,up-helly-a' 9 ,%etl&1 #afh sq4 ,urquh>t1 ,sir ,?omas1 quot$1 #ccb ,us5]1 ,h41 #afg n4 #a1 #bbi n4 #b ,ut* ,kurgan1 9 ,turke/an1 #de ,vampyres1 *>ms aga9/1 #aec n4 #a ,va%ti & ,e/h]1 tempor>y que5s1 #dja ---- & ,haman ! duplicates ( ,e/h] & ,mordecai1 #djf ,v$ic times1 #c2 cure = consumption 91 #ea2 ! cre$ ( !1 #ij2 riddles 91 #abb n42 ! ,aryans ( !1 #cbd ,vegetation1 ,m>s a deity (1 #bbi sq42 out-worn deity (1 #bca2 processions repres5t+ spirits (1 #bej ---- -god1 ,ea/] an old v]nal fe/ival ( !1 #cbh ,vehicle1 expulsion ( evils 9 a mat]ial1 #ahe sqq41 #aih sqq41 #bbd ,vehicles1 mat]ial1 ( immat]ial ?+s 7fe>1 mis=tune1 disease1 etc471 #a sqq41 #bb n4 #b1 #bc sqq4 ,v5us & ,adonis1 #djf4 ,see also ,adonis1 ,aphrodite ,v]rall1 ,a4 ,w41 #cia n4 #d ,vic>i\s suff]+1 pr9ciple (1 #a sq4 ,vi5ne1 ! ,boy ,bi%op at1 #ccg n4 #a ,vieux-,pont1 9 ,orne1 #ahc n4 #c ,vitzilopo*tli1 great ,mexican god1 #bhj2 "y man annually sacrific$ 9 ! "* (1 #bhj sq4 ,vohumano or ,vohu ,manah1 a ,p]sian ar*angel1 #cgc n4 #a ,voigtl&1 cure = too?a*e 91 #ei2 belief 9 wit*craft 91 #afj2 8,ea/] ,smacks0 91 #bfh2 "y p beat ea* o!r at ,*ri/mas 91 #bga ,vosges1 cure = too?a*e 9 !1 #ei ---- ,m\nta9s1 dances on ,twelf? ,day 9 !1 #cae2 ! ,?ree ,k+s ( ,twelf? ,day 9 !1 #ccj ,vuls9ii 9 ,etruria1 #fg ,wagogo1 !1 ( ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa1 #f ,walpurgis ,night1 wit*es abroad on1 #aeh sqq42 annual expulsion ( wit*es on1 #aei sqq42 dances on1 #bch ,w>ramunga tribe ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 #b ,w>ts1 transf]5ce (1 #dh sq42 popul> cures =1 #ed1 #eg ,wa%amba1 !1 ( ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa1 #bi ,wasps1 /++ p )1 #bfc ,wassail+ on ,eve ( ,twelf? ,day1 #cai ,wax figures 9 magic1 #dg ,weapons turn$ aga9/ spiritual foes1 #bcc ,we>9ess transf]r$ to /ones or /icks1 #h sqq4 ,wea!r ( ! twelve mon?s det]m9$ by ! wea!r ( ! ,twelve ,days1 #cbb sqq4 ,web]1 ,a41 on orig9 ( ! ,twelve ,days1 #cbe n4 #c ,weeks1 ,rev4 ,john ,h41 quot$1 #gf sq4 ,weights & measures1 false1 correct$ 9 "t ( epidemic1 #aae ,we9hold1 ,k41 #cbg n4 #d ,wel% cure = c\gh1 #ea ---- cu/om ( s9-eat+1 #dc sq4 ,w5dl&1 ,p41 on ! crucifixion ( ,*ri/1 #dab sq41 #dah n4 #a ,w5ds ( ,saxony1 _! precautions aga9/ wit*es1 #afc ,we/]m>ck1 ,dr4 ,edw>d1 #ahj ,we/phalia1 #bff ,we/phalian =m ( ! expulsion ( evil1 #aei n4 #a ,:ale repres5t$ dramatically z a my/]y1 #cgg ,:ipp+ p to rid !m ( gho/s1 #bfj sqq4 ,:ips us$ 9 ! expulsion ( demons & wit*es1 #aef1 #aei1 #afj1 #afa1 #afe1 #bad2 us$ by mask]s1 #bdc1 #bdd ,:ite z a col\r to repel demons1 #aae ---- & black 9 relation to human scapegoats1 #bbj2 figs worn by human scapegoats1 #bec1 #beg1 #bgb ---- cock1 disease transf]r$ to1 #ahg2 z scapegoat1 #baj n4 #d ---- crosses made by ! ,k+ ( ! ,bean1 #cad ---- dog1 sacrifice (1 #abg2 z scapegoat1 #bji sq4 ---- god & black god among ! ,slavs1 #ib ---- ,nile1 ! ,d9kas ( !1 #aic ,:itsuntide1 #cei ,:ydah1 ! ,k+ (1 #bcd ,wid[1 bald-head$1 9 cure1 #ch ,wid[s1 cleans+ (1 #ce sq4 ,wild ,huntsman1 #afd1 #bda ,willcock1 ,dr4 ,j41 #afi n4 #b ,william ( ,wykeham1 #cch ,williams1 ,moni]1 quot$1 #ia sq4 ,will[ us$ to beat p ) at ,ea/] & ,*ri/mas1 #bfi1 #bgj ---- -trees 9 popul> rem$ies1 #ef1 #eh1 #ei ,will[-wood us$ aga9/ wit*es1 #afj ,w9*e/] ,college1 ,boy ,bi%op at1 #cch ,w9d1 *>m to produce a ra9y or dry1 #agf1 #agh sq4 ,w9n[+-basket beat5 at c]emony1 #ade ,w9t]1 c]emony at ! end (1 #abd2 dances p]=m$ only 91 #cgf2 c]emony ( ! expulsion (1 #djd sq42 effigies (1 de/roy$1 #djh sq4 ---- sol/ice1 c]emony aft] !1 #abf ,wit*1 fire to burn old1 on ,twelf? ,day1 #cai ,wit*craft 9 ,scotl&1 #ch sq42 on ! ,congo1 dread (1 #gg n4 #b2 p]man5ce ( ! belief 91 #hi2 9 ,moravia1 precautions aga9/1 #afb ,wit*es burnt alive1 #ai2 ! burn+ out ( !1 9 ! ,tyrol1 #aeh sq42 9 ,bohemia1 #afa2 9 ,silesia & ,saxony1 #afc2 special precautions aga9/1 at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>1 #aeg sqq42 annually expell$ 9 ,calabria1 ,silesia1 & o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 #aeg sqq42 active dur+ ! ,twelve ,days f ,*ri/mas to ,twelf? ,night1 #aeh sqq42 %oot+ !1 #afd2 driv+ out !1 #afd2 burnt 9 ,scotl&1 #afe2 beat5 ) buck?orn1 #bff2 rob c[s ( milk on ,may ,day1 #bfg ,wives ( a k+ tak5 by 8 successor1 #cfh n4 #a ,woman's ornam5ts1 scapegoat deck$ )1 #aib ,wom5 impregnat$ by gho/s1 #ah2 f]tiliz$ by effigy ( a baby1 #bde1 #bdi2 mode ( f]tiliz+1 #bfd2 put to dea? 9 ! "* ( goddesses 9 ,mexico1 #bhc sqq4 ,wood1 ,k+ ( !1 at ,aricia1 #dji ,_w conceiv$ z animat$1 #ij sq42 daily creat$ afre% by ! self-sacrifice ( ! deity1 #daa ,wor%ip ( ! dead1 #ig2 paid to human repres5tatives ( gods 9 ,mexico1 #bgh1 #bhb1 #bhi1 #bic ,wotyaks ( ,russia1 annual expulsion ( ,satan among !1 #aee sq4 ,wuttke1 ,a41 #cbg n4 #d ,x]xes id5tifi$ ) ,ahasu]us1 #cfj ,xilon51 ,mexican goddess ( ! ,"y ,maize1 #bhe2 woman annually sacrific$ 9 ! "* (1 #bhe sq4 ,xipe1 ,mexican god1 #big1 #bih1 #bii2 /atuette (1 #bia n4 #a2 8 fe/ival1 #bif sqq42 8 image1 #big ,xixipeme1 m5 clad 9 sk9s ( human victims1 #bih1 #bii ,yabim ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea1 _! cu/om ( s5d+ disease away 9 a small canoe1 #ahh sq4 ,yams1 c]emonies be=e eat+ ! new1 #acd ,ye>1 burn+ out ! ,old1 #afe1 #bcj n4 #g2 ! old ,roman1 began 9 ,m>*1 #bbi2 suppos$ repres5tatives ( ! old1 #bcj4 ,see also ,new ,ye> ----1 lun>1 ( old ,roman cal5d>1 #bcb2 equat$ to sol> ye> by int]calation1 #cbe1 #cdb sq4 ----1 sol>1 int]calation ( !1 #djg n4 #a ---- -man1 !1 9 ,japan1 #add ,ye>s nam$ aft] eponym\s magi/rates1 #ci sq4 ----1 ! ,k+ ( !1 #bbj1 #bba ,yell[ ! royal col\r among ! ,malays1 #ahg ,yopico1 temple 9 ,mexico1 #bii ,york1 ! ,boy ,bi%op at1 #ccg1 #cch ,yoruba negroes ( ,we/ ,africa1 _! use ( human scapegoats1 #baa sq4 ,y\nghusb&1 ,sir ,francis1 #ac ,y\? suppos$ to be r5ew$ by sl\gh+ ( sk91 #cjb sqq4 ,yucatan1 ! ,mayas (1 #aga1 #cdj ,yukon ,riv]1 ! ,l[]1 #chj ,yules1 !1 9 ,%etl&1 #afh ,yum>i1 a dance ( ! ,t>ahum>e ,indians1 #bcg sq4 ,zakmuk or ,zagmuk1 ! ,babylonian fe/ival ( ! ,new ,ye>1 #cef sqq4 ---- & ! ,sacaea1 #cii ,zambesi1 ! riv]1 #g1 #aa ,zela 9 ,pontus1 ,anaitis & ! ,sacaea at1 #cgj1 #cgb1 #cgc1 #dba n4 #a2 ,omanos & ,anadates at1 #cgc n4 #a ,zeus1 cake ) twelve knobs (f]$ to1 #cea2 an up/>t at ,olympia1 #ceb2 id5tifi$ ) ! ,babylonian ,bel1 #chi ----1 ,laphy/ian1 associat$ ) human sacrifices1 #ced ----1 ,lycaean1 human sacrifices to1 #cec1 #ced ----1 ,olympian1 8 temple at ,a!ns1 #cea ----1 ,pelorian1 #cej ,zimm]n1 ,h41 #ceh n41 #cei n4 #a1 #cfa n4 #d1 #djf n4 #b ,zoganes1 a mock k+ at ,babylon1 #cee1 #ceg1 #cfe1 #cfh1 #cfi1 #chg1 #chh1 #djf ,zoroa/]1 #chi ,zndel1 ,g41 on demonolatry 9 ,we/ ,africa1 #gd sqq4 ,zuni sacrifice ( turtle1 #bag ,,footnotes ,m#a ,! pr9ciple ( vic>i\s suff]+4 ,m#b ,transf]5ce ( evil to ?+s4 ,evils swept away by riv]s4 #a ,j4 ,g4 ,f4 ,ri$el1 ,de sluik- en kroe%>ige rass5 tuss*5 ,selebes en ,papua 7,! ,hague1 #ahhf71 pp4 #bff sq41 #cje1 #ceg sq42 comp>e id41 pp4 #ada1 #cdj4 #b ,baldw9 ,sp5c] & ,f4 ,j4 ,gill51 ,! ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia 7,london1 #aijd71 p4 #dgd4 #c ,j4 ,pe>se1 8,cu/oms connect$ ) ,dea? & ,burial among ! ,sihanaka10 ,! ,antanan>ivo ,annual & ,madagasc> ,magaz9e1 vol4 ii41 ,repr9t ( ! ,second f\r ,numb]s 7,antanan>ivo1 #ahif71 pp4 #adf sq4 #d ,ivan ,petr(f1 ,report on ! ,population1 ,indu/ries1 & ,res\rces ( ,alaska1 p4 #aeh4 #e ,h4 ,old5b]g1 ,die ,religion des ,v$a 7,b]l91 #ahid71 p4 #cbb4 #f ,j4 ,spie?1 ,die ,ewe-,/mme 7,b]l91 #aijf71 p4 #hjj4 #g ,pausanias1 vii4 #bc4 #c4 #h ,p4 ,j4 de ,arriaga1 ,extirpacion de la ,idolatria del ,piru 7,lima1 #afba71 p4 #bi4 ,m#c ,transf]5ce ( evil to ?+s4 #i ,?is ,i le>n$ f my fri5d ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 :o m5tion$ z 8 au?ority ,david ( ,antio*1 ,tazy91 9 ! /ory 8,orwa40 #aj ,r4 ,&ree1 ,e?nographis*e ,p>allele und ,v]glei*e 7,/uttg>t1 #ahgh71 pp4 #bi sq4 #aa 8,lettre du cur de ,santiago ,tepehuacan son vque sur les murs et c\tumes des ,indi5s s\mis ses so9s10 ,bullet9 de la ,socit de ,gographie 7,p>is71 ,deuxime ,srie1 ii4 7#ahcd7 p4 #ahb4 #ab ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 ,! ,bag&a 7,london1 #aiaa71 pp4 #cji sq4 ,m#d ,dyak transf]5ce ( evil to ?+s4 #ac ,c4 ,hupe1 8,korte ,v]h&el+ ov] de ,godsdi5/1 ,z$5 enz4 d] ,dajakk]s10 ,tijds*rift voor ,nerl&s ,indi1 #ahdf1 dl4 iii4 pp4 #adi sq42 ,f4 ,grab[sky1 8,die ,!ogonie d] ,dajak5 auf ,borneo10 ,int]nationales ,ar*iv fr ,e?nographie1 v4 7#ahib7 p4 #aca4 ,m#e ,evils transf]r$ to o!r p]sons ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ?+s4 #ad ,j4 ,dawson1 ,au/ralian ,aborig9es 7,melb\rne1 ,sydney1 & ,adelaide1 #ahha71 p4 #ei4 #ae ,w4 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion & ,folk-lore ( ,nor!rn ,india 7,we/m9/]1 #ahif71 i4 #afd sq4 #af ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 8,! ,bahima1 a ,c[ ,tribe ( ,enkole10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxvii4 7#aijg7 p4 #ajc4 #ag ,rev4 ,j4 ,cole1 8,notes on ! ,wagogo ( ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxiii4 7#aijb7 p4 #cac4 ,m#f ,evils transf]r$ to images4 ,mongol transf]5ce ( evil to ?+s4 #ah ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 ,! ,bag&a 7,london1 #aiaa71 pp4 #cdc sq4 #ai ,dudley ,kidd1 ,! ,ess5tial ,kafir 7,london1 #aijd71 p4 #adf4 #bj ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 ,e?nographic ,survey1 iii41 ,draft ,articles on ,=e/ ,tribes 7,allahabad1 #aijg71 p4 #fc4 #ba ,m4 v4 ,beguel91 8,religise ,volksbru*e d] ,mongol510 ,globus1 lvii4 7#ahij7 pp4 #bji sq4 ,m#g ,fatigue transf]r$ to /ones1 /icks1 or leaves4 #bb ,j4 ,g4 ,f4 ,ri$el1 8,die ,l&s*aft ,dawan od] ,we/-,timor10 ,deuts*e geographis*e ,bltt]1 x4 #bca4 #bc ,j4 ,g4 ,f4 ,ri$el1 ,de sluik- en kroe%>ige rass5 tuss*5 ,selebes en ,papua 7,! ,hague1 #ahhf71 p4 #cdj4 #bd ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,d4,d41 ,! ,melanesians 7,ox=d1 #ahia71 p4 #ahf4 ,m#h ,heaps ( /ones or /icks among ! ,am]ican ,indians4 #be ,g4 ,f4 de ,ovi$o1 ,hi/oire du ,nic>agua 7,p>is1 #ahdj71 pp4 #db sq4 7,t]naux-,compans1 ,voyages1 ,relations et ,mmoires orig9aux1 p\r s]vir l',hi/oire de la ,dc\v]te de l',amrique74 #bf ,p4 ,j4 de ,arriaga1 ,extirpacion de la ,idolatria del ,piru 7,lima1 #afba71 pp4 #cg1 #acj4 ,z to ! cu/om comp>e ,j4 ,j4 von ,ts*udi1 ,p]u 7,/4 ,gall51 #ahdf71 ii4 #gg sq42 ,h4 ,a4 ,w$dell1 ,voyage dans le ,nord de la ,bolivia et dans les p>ties vois9es du ,pr\ 7,p>is & ,london1 #ahec71 pp4 #gd sq4 ,^! latt] writ]s int]pret ! /ones z (f]+s4 #bg ,b>on ,e4 ,nord5skild1 8,travels on ! ,b\nd>ies ( ,bolivia & ,arg5t9a10 ,! ,geographical ,j\rnal1 xxi4 7#aijc7 p4 #eah4 #bh ,c4 ,lumholtz1 ,unkn[n ,mexico 7,london1 #aijc71 ii4 #bhb4 #bi ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg1 ,hi/oire des ,nations civilises du ,mexique et de l',amrique-,c5trale 7,p>is1 #aheg-ahei71 ii4 #efd2 comp>e iii4 #dhf4 ,indians ( ,guatemala1 :5 !y cross a pass = ! fir/ "t1 /ill commonly add a /one to ! cairn :i* m>ks ! spot4 ,see ,c4 ,sapp]1 8,die ,gebru*e und religis5 ,ans*auung5 d] ,kek*i-,indian]10 ,int]nationales ,ar*iv fr ,e?nographie1 viii4 7#ahie7 p4 #aig4 ,m#i ,heaps ( /ones or /icks among ! natives ( ,africa4 #cj ,f4 ,f4 ,r4 ,boileau1 8,! ,nyasa-,tanganyika ,plateau10 ,! ,geographical ,j\rnal1 xiii4 7#ahii7 p4 #ehi4 ,9 ! same region ,mr4 ,l4 ,decle obs]v$ _m trees or rocks on :i* 7 plac$ little heaps ( /ones or bits ( wood1 to :i* 9 pass+ ea* ( 8 m5 add$ a fre% /one or bit ( wood or a tuft ( grass4 8,?is10 says ,mr4 ,l4 ,decle1 8is a tribute to ! spirits1 ! g5]al precaution to ensure a safe return0 7,?ree ,ye>s 9 ,savage ,africa1 ,london1 #ahih1 p4 #bhi74 ,a simil> practice prevails among ! ,wanyamwezi 7ibid4 p4 #cde74 ,comp>e ,j4 ,a4 ,grant1 ,a ,walk across ,africa 7,ed9burgh & ,london1 #ahfd71 pp4 #acc sq4 #ca ,c[p] ,rose1 ,f\r ,ye>s 9 ,s\!rn ,africa 7,london1 #ahbi71 p4 #adg4 #cb ,dudley ,kidd1 ,! ,ess5tial ,kafir 7,london1 #aijd71 p4 #bfd4 ,m#aj ,! heaps ( /ones or /icks g5]ally on ! tops ( m\nta9s or passes4 #cc ,s4 ,kay1 ,travels & ,rese>*es 9 ,caffr>ia 7,london1 #ahcc71 pp4 #baa sq42 ,rev4 ,h4 ,callaway1 ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ! ,amazulu1 i4 #ff2 ,d4 ,leslie1 ,among ! ,zulus & ,amatongas 7,ed9burgh1 #ahge71 pp4 #adf sq4 ,comp>e ,h4 ,li*t5/e91 ,reis5 im sdli*5 ,africa 7,b]l91 #ahaa-ahab71 i4 #daa4 #cd ,w4 ,g[l&1 8,dolm5s & o!r ,antiquities ( ,corea10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxiv4 7#ahie7 pp4 #cbh sq42 ,mrs4 ,bi%op1 ,korea & h] ,neighb\rs 7,london1 #ahih71 i4 #adg1 ii4 #bbc4 ,bo? writ]s speak z if ! practice 7 to spit on ! cairn r ?an on ! p>ticul> /one :i* ! travell] adds to x2 inde$1 ,mrs4 ,bi%op omits to notice ! cu/om ( add+ to ! cairns4 ,mr4 ,g[l& says t almo/ e travell] c>ries up at lea/ "o /one f ! valley & lays x on ! pile4 #ce ,d4 ,=bes1 8,on ! ,aym>a ,indians ( ,p]u & ,bolivia10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,e?nological ,society ( ,london1 ii4 7#ahgj7 pp4 #bcg sq42 ,g4 ,c4 ,mu/]s1 8,notes on ,bolivia10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 xlvii4 7#ahgg7 p4 #baa2 ,t4 ,t4 ,coop]1 ,travels ( a ,pione] ( ,comm]ce 7,london1 #ahga71 p4 #bge2 ,j4 ,a4 ,h4 ,l\is1 ,! ,gates ( ,?ibet1 a ,bird's ,eye ,view ( ,indep5d5t ,sikkhim1 ,briti% ,bhootan1 & ! ,doo>s 7,calcutta1 #ahid71 pp4 #aaa sq42 ,a4 ,ba/ian1 ,die ,vlk] des /li*5 ,asi51 ii4 7,leipsic1 #ahff7 p4 #dhc4 ,s among ! ,mrus ( ,aracan1 e man :o crosses a hill1 on rea*+ ! cre/1 plucks a fre% "y %oot ( grass & lays x on a pile ( ! )]$ deposits ( =m] travell]s 7,t4 ,h4 ,lew91 ,wild ,races ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india1 ,london1 #ahgj1 pp4 #bcb sq474 ,m#aa ,fatigue let out ) ! blood4 #cf ,a4 d',orbigny1 ,voyage dans l',amrique ,mridionale1 ii4 7,p>is & ,/rasburg1 #ahci-ahdc7 pp4 #ib sq4 ,m#ab ,piles ( /ones or /icks on ! sc5e ( crimes4 ,! ,li>'s ,heap4 #cg 7,sir7 ,f4 ,e4 ,y\nghusb&1 8,a ,j\rney across ,c5tral ,asia10 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 x4 7#ahhh7 p4 #did4 #ch ,f4 ,liebre*t1 ,zur ,volkskunde 7,heilbronn1 #ahgi71 pp4 #bgd sq4 #ci ,f4 ,liebre*t1 ,zur ,volkskunde1 p4 #bgd2 ,j4 ,b4 ,holzmay]1 8,osiliana10 ,v]h&lung5 d] gelehrt5 ,e/nis*5 ,gesells*aft zu ,dorpat1 vii4 7#ahgb7 p4 #gc4 #dj ,sp5s] ,/4 ,john1 ,life 9 ! ,=e/s ( ! ,f> ,ea/#b 7,london1 #ahfc71 i4 #hh4 #da ,e4 ,h4 ,gomes1 ,sev5te5 ,ye>s among ! ,sea ,dyaks ( ,borneo 7,london1 #aiaa71 pp4 #ff sq4 #db ,*4 ,hose & ,w4 ,mc,dougall1 ,! ,pagan ,tribes ( ,borneo 7,london1 #aiab71 i4 #abc4 ,m#ac ,heaps ( /ones1 /icks1 or leaves on sc5es ( murd]4 ,heaps ( /ones or /icks on graves4 #dc ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 8,a ,bat* ( ,iri% ,folk-lore10 ,folk-lore1 iv4 7#ahic7 pp4 #ceg1 #cfj2 ,laisnel de la ,salle1 ,croyances et ,lg5des du ,c5tre de la ,france 7,p>is1 #ahge71 ii4 #ge1 #gg2 ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities1 ii4 #cji2 ,hylt5-,cavallius1 quot$ by ,f4 ,liebre*t1 ,zur ,volkskunde1 p4 #bgd2 ,k4 ,haupt1 ,sag5bu* d] ,lausitz 7,leipsic1 #ahfb-ahfc71 ii4 #fe2 ,k4 ,mll5h(f1 ,sag51 ,mr*5 und ,li$] d] ,h]zog?m] ,s*leswig1 ,hol/e9 und ,lau5burg 7,kiel1 #ahde71 p4 #abe2 ,a4 ,kuhn1 ,mrkis*e ,sag5 und ,mr*5 7,b]l91 #ahdc71 p4 #aac2 ,a4 ,kuhn und ,w4 ,s*w>tz1 ,norddeuts*e ,sag51 ,mr*5 und ,gebru*e 7,leipsic1 #ahdh71 p4 #he2 ,a4 ,trei*el1 8,reisighufung und ,/e9hufung an ,mord/ell510 ,am ,ur-,quelle1 vi4 7#ahif7 p4 #bbj2 ,georgeakis et ,p9eau1 ,folk-lore de ,lesbos1 p4 #cbc2 ,a4 ,le>$1 ,morocco & ! ,moors 7,london1 #ahgf71 pp4 #aje sq42 ,e4 ,d\tt1 8,figuig10 ,la ,gographie1 ,bullet9 de la ,socit de ,gographie 7,p>is71 vii4 7#aijc7 p4 #aig2 id41 ,magie et ,religion dans l',afrique du ,nord 7,algi]s1 #aijh71 pp4 #dbd sq42 ,a4 von ,hax?aus51 ,transkaukasia 7,leipsic1 #ahef71 i4 #bbb2 ,c4 ,t4 ,wilson1 ,peasant ,life 9 ! ,holy ,l& 7,london1 #aijf71 p4 #bhe2 ,w4 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion & ,folk-lore ( ,nor!rn ,india 7,we/m9/]1 #ahif71 i4 #bfg sq42 ,j4 ,bricknell1 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a 7,dubl91 #agcg71 p4 #chj2 ,j4 ,adair1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,indians 7,london1 #agge71 p4 #ahd2 ,k4 ,m>t91 ,b]i*t b] e9e ,reise na* ,n$]l&s* ,we/-,indi51 ,er/] ,!il 7,leyd51 #ahhg71 p4 #aff2 ,g4 ,c4 ,mu/]s1 8,notes on ,bolivia10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 xlvii4 7#ahgg7 p4 #baa2 ,b4 ,f4 ,mat!s1 ,e9ige ,eig5?mli*keit5 9 d5 ,fe/5 und ,gewohnheit5 d] ,makass>5 und ,bg9es51 p4 #be 7sep>ate repr9t f ,travaux de la #f;e ,session du ,congrs ,int]national des ,ori5tali/es ,leide1 vol4 ii472 ,r4 ,a4 ,cruise1 ,j\rnal ( a ,t5 ,mon?s' ,resid5ce 9 ,new ,zeal& 7,london1 #ahbc71 p4 #ahf4 #dd ,*4 ,wilkes1 ,n>rative ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 ,new ,edition 7,new ,york1 #ahea71 iii4 #ej4 #de ,capta9 ,james ,cook1 ,voyages 7,london1 #ahji71 vi4 #dgi4 #df ,e4 ,g]>d1 ,! ,l& beyond ! ,=e/ 7,ed9burgh & ,london1 #ahhh71 i4 #caa1 #cah4 #dg ,h4 ,li*t5/e91 ,reis5 im ,sdli*5 ,africa 7,b]l91 #ahaa-ahab71 i4 #cdi sq42 ,sir ,james ,e4 ,alex&]1 ,exp$ition ( ,discov]y into ! ,int]ior ( ,africa 7,london1 #ahch71 i4 #aff2 ,c4 ,j4 ,&]sson1 ,lake ,ngami1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahef71 p4 #cbg2 ,w4 ,h4 ,i4 ,bleek1 ,reyn>d ! ,fox 9 ,s\? ,africa 7,london1 #ahfd71 p4 #gf2 ,?4 ,hahn1 ,tsuni-,goam1 ! ,supreme ,be+ ( ! ,khoi-,khoi 7,london1 #ahha71 p4 #ef4 ,comp>e ,! ,dy+ ,god1 p4 #c4 #dh ,?4 ,hahn1 8,die ,bus*mnn]10 ,globus1 xviii4 #ada4 #di ,?4 ,waitz1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvlk]1 ii4 7,leipsic1 #ahfj7 p4 #aie1 ref]r+ to ,raff5el1 ,n\veau ,voyage dans le pays des ngres 7,p>is1 #ahef71 i4 #ic sq4 #ej ,eijb ,abla1 8,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss ab]glubis*] ,gebru*e 9 ,syri510 ,zeits*rift des ,deuts*5 ,palae/9a-,v]e9s1 vii4 7#ahhd7 p4 #ajb4 #ea ,note by ,g4 ,p4 ,badg]1 on ,! ,travels ( ,ludovico di ,v>!ma1 translat$ by ,j4 ,w4 ,jones 7,hakluyt ,society1 #ahfc71 p4 #de4 ,= m evid5ce ( ! cu/om 9 ,syria see ,w4 ,m4 ,?omson1 ,! ,l& & ! ,book 7,london1 #ahei71 p4 #dij2 ,f4 ,sessions1 8,"s ,syrian ,folklore ,notes10 ,folk-lore1 ix4 7#ahih7 p4 #ae2 ,a4 ,jauss51 ,c\tumes des ,arabes au pays de ,moab 7,p>is1 #aijh71 p4 #ccf4 ,m#ad ,/ones & /icks hurl$ z missiles at dang]\s gho/s & demons4 ,missiles to w>d (f dang]\s gho/s4 #eb ,a4 ,trei*el1 8,reisig- und ,/e9hufung bei ,ermordet5 od] ,selb/mrd]n10 ,v]h&lung5 d] ,b]l9] ,gesells*aft fr ,an?ropologie1 ,e?nologie und ,urges*i*te1 #ahhh1 p4 7#efi7 7b\nd up ) ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 xx4 #ahhh74 #ec ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 ,! ,bag&a 7,london1 #aiaa71 pp4 #bj sq41 #df sq41 #abd sq41 #abf sq41 #bhi sq4 ,/ones are n m5tion$ among ! missiles hurl$ at gho/s1 probably because /ones are sc>ce 9 ,ug&a4 ,see ,j4 ,roscoe1 op4 cit4 p4 #e4 #ed ,fa!r ,f9az1 ,s4,j41 9 ,les ,missions ,ca?oliques1 vii4 7#ahge7 p4 #cbh4 #ee 8,d] ,muata ,cazembe und die ,vlk]/mme d] ,m>aves1 ,*evas1 ,muembas1 ,lundas1 und &]e von ,sd-,afrika10 ,zeits*rift fr allgeme9e ,erdkunde1 vi4 7#ahef7 p4 #bhg4 #ef ,j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal1 lxxii4 ,"p iii4 7,calcutta1 #aijd7 p4 #hg4 #eg ,a4 ,w4 ,nieuw5huis1 ,9 ,c5traal ,borneo 7,leyd51 #aijj71 i4 #adf4 #eh ,euripides1 ,electra1 #cbg sq4 #ei ,prop]tius1 v4 #e4 #gg sq4 ,m#ae ,b ! /ones & /icks ?r[n on heaps _c always be expla9$ z missiles dis*>g$ at spiritual foes4 ,cairns rais$ 9 hon\r ( ,moslem sa9ts4 #fj ,m4 ,m]k]1 ,die ,masai 7,b]l91 #aijd71 p4 #aic4 #fa ,a4 ,c4 ,hollis1 ,! ,masai 7,ox=d1 #aije71 pp4 #cje sq4 #fb ,e4 ,d4 ,cl>ke1 ,travels 9 v>i\s ,c\ntries ( ,europe & ,asia1 vi4 7,london1 #ahbc7 p4 #afe4 #fc ,w4 ,h4 ,d4 ,r\se1 8,notes f ,syria10 ,folk-lore1 vi4 7#ahie7 p4 #agc4 ,comp>e ,f4 ,sessions1 8,"s ,syrian ,folklore ,notes1 ga!r$ on ,m\nt ,lebanon10 ,folk-lore1 ix4 7#ahih7 p4 #ae4 #fd ,e4 ,d\tt1 ,magie et ,religion dans l' ,afrique du ,nord 7,algi]s1 #aijh71 pp4 #dbj-dbb4 ,m#af ,/ones z *annels ( communication ) sa9ts1 liv+ or dead4 #fe ,e4 ,d\tt1 ,magie et ,religion dans l',afrique du ,nord1 p4 #ddj1 quot+ ,de ,sgonzac1 ,voyage au ,m>oc1 p4 #hb4 #ff ,i foll[ ! exposition ( ,e4 ,d\tt1 ^: acc\nt ( ! sanctity or magical influ5ce 7b>aka7 ascrib$ to ! p]sons ( liv+ ,mohamm$an sa9ts 7m>ab\ts7 is v in/ructive4 ,see 8 ,magie et ,religion dans l',afrique du ,nord1 pp4 #dch sqq4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,h>tl& _h previ\sly expla9$ ! cu/om ( ?r[+ /ones & /icks on cairns z acts ( c]emonial union ) ! _s :o is suppos$ to reside 9 ! cairn4 ,see 8 ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 ii4 7,london1 #ahie7 p4 #abh4 ,:ile ?is !ory (f]s a plausible explanation ( "s cases ( ! cu/om1 ,i d n ?9k t x w cov] !m all4 ,m4 ,r5 ,dussaud argues t ! /ones deposit$ at %r9es ( holy m5 are simply mat]ial embodim5ts ( ! pray]s :i* at ! same "t ! suppliants address to ! sa9ts2 & he holds t ! practice ( deposit+ /ones at su* places re/s on a pr9ciple entirely diff]5t f t ( ?r[+ /ones = ! purpose ( repell+ evil spirits4 ,see ,r5 ,dussaud1 8,la matrialisation de la prire en ,ori5t10 ,bullet9s et ,mmoires de la ,socit d' ,an?ropologie de ,p>is1 ,v4 ,srie1 vii4 7#aijf7 pp4 #bac-bbj4 ,if ,i am "r1 ! fundam5tal idea 9 ^! cu/oms is nei!r t ! /ones or /icks are (f]+s pres5t$ to good spirits nor t !y are missiles hurl$ at bad ones1 b t !y embody ! evil1 :e!r disease1 mis=tune1 fe>1 horror1 or :at n1 ( :i* ! p]son attempts to rid himself by transf]r+ x to a mat]ial vehicle4 ,b ,i am f> f confid5t t ?is explanation applies to all cases4 ,9 p>ticul> x is difficult to reconcile x ) ! cu/om1 describ$ 9 ! text1 ( ?r[+ a m>k$ /one at a holy man & !n recov]+ x4 ,are we to suppose t ! /one c>ries away ! evil to ! good man & br+s back 8 bless+ in/ead8 ,! idea is p]haps too subtle & f>-fet*$4 ,! ^w b>aka1 :i* 9 ,nor? ,africa describes ! p[]ful & 9 g5]al b5efic5t1 yet dang]\s1 influ5ce :i* emanates f holy p]sons & ?+s1 is no d\bt id5tical ) ! ,hebrew brakhah 77 8bless+40 ,! importance :i* ! anci5t ,hebrews ascrib$ to ! bless+ or ! curse ( a holy man is famili> to u f _m passages 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,see1 = example1 ,g5esis xxvii41 xlviii4 #h sqq42 ,deut]onomy xxvii4 #aa sqq41 xxviii4 #a sqq4 ,m#ag ,! rite ( ?r[+ /icks or /ones is p]haps be/ expla9$ z a mode ( purification1 ! evil be+ ?\ght to be embodi$ 9 ! missile :i* is ?r[n away4 #fg ,e4 ,d\tt1 ,magie et ,religion dans l',afrique du ,nord 7,algi]s1 #aijh71 pp4 #dcj sq42 ,j4 ,wellhaus51 ,re/e arabis*5 ,heid5tums#b 7,b]l91 #ahig71 p4 #aaa4 ,! explanation giv5 9 ! text is reg>d$ z probable by ,pr(essor ,m4 ,j4 de ,goeje 7,int]nationales ,ar*iv fr ,e?nographie1 xvi4 1#aijd1 p4 #db47 ,m#ah ,?is int]pretation ( /one-?r[+ agrees ) anci5t ,greek & ,indian tradition & cu/om4 #fh ,etymologicum ,magnum1 s4v4 1 pp4 #cge sq42 ,eu/a?ius on ,hom]1 ,odyssey1 xvi4 #dga4 ,z to ! heaps ( /ones see ,cornutus1 ,!ologiae ,graecae ,comp5dium1 #af2 ,babrius1 ,fabulae1 xlviii4 #a sq42 ,suidas1 s4v4 2 ,s*olia/ on ,nic&]1 ,!r4 #aej2 ,m4 ,p4 ,nilsson1 ,grie*is*e ,fe/e 7,leipsic1 #aijf71 pp4 #chh sqq4 ,! me?od ( execution by /on+ may p]haps h be5 resort$ to 9 ord] to avoid ! pollution :i* w\ld be entail$ by contact ) ! guilty & dy+ man4 #fi ,plato1 ,laws1 ix4 #ab1 p4 #hgc ,a-,c 4 #gj ,satapa?a ,brahmana1 ix4 #a4 #b4 #i-ab1 ,"p iv4 p4 #aga ( ,j4 ,eggel+'s translation 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xliii41 ,ox=d1 #ahig74 ,z to ,nirriti1 ! ,goddess ( ,de/ruction1 see ,h4 ,old5b]g1 ,die ,religion des ,v$a 7,b]l91 #ahid71 pp4 #cbc1 #cea1 #ced1 #dhi note #c4 ,m#ai ,! ?r[+ ( /icks or /ones on piles is sometimes expla9$ z a sacrifice4 ,c]ta9ly ! ?r[+ ( /ones is sometimes accompani$ by sacrifices4 ,heaps ( /icks at ! =ds ( riv]s 9 ,africa4 #ga ,see1 = example1 ,o4 ,baumann1 ,dur* ,massail& zur ,nilquelle 7,b]l91 #ahid71 p4 #bad2 ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson1 8,notes on ! ,%uswap ,p ( ,briti% ,columbia10 ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,canada1 ix4 7#ahia7 section ii4 p4 #ch2 ,f4 ,liebre*t1 ,zur ,volkskunde 7,heilbronn1 #ahgi71 pp4 #bfg sq41 #bgc sq41 #bgf1 #bgh sq42 ,r4 ,&ree1 ,e?nographis*e ,p>allel5 und ,v]glei*e 7,/uttg>t1 #ahgh71 p4 #dh2 ,catat1 9 ,le ,t\r du ,monde1 lxv4 7#ahic71 p4 #dj4 ,"s ( ^! writ]s h made a special /udy ( ! practices 9 "q4 ,see ,f4 ,liebre*t1 8,die geworf55 ,/e9e10 ,zur ,volkskunde1 pp4 #bfg-bhd2 ,r4 ,&ree1 8,/e9hauf510 ,e?nographis*e ,p>allel5 und ,v]glei*e1 pp4 #df-eh2 ,e4 ,s4 ,h>tl&1 ,! ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 ii4 7,london1 #ahie7 pp4 #bjd sqq42 ,e4 ,d\tt1 ,magie et ,religion dans l',afrique du ,nord 7,algi]s1 #aijh71 pp4 #dai sqq4 ,) ! views ( ! la/ ( ^! writ]s ,i am 9 g5]al agreem5t4 #gb ,h[ev]1 at ! wat]fall ( ,kriml1 9 ! ,tyrol1 x is cu/om>y = e pass]-by to ?r[ a /one into ! wat]2 & ?is att5tion is said to put ! wat]-spirits 9 high good hum\r2 = !y foll[ ! wayf>] :o has compli$ ) ! cu/om & gu>d him f all ! p]ils ( ! dang]\s pa?4 ,see ,f4 ,panz]1 ,beitrag zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie 7,muni*1 #ahdh-ahee71 ii4 #bcf sq4 #gc ,j4 ,a4 ,h4 ,l\is1 ,! ,gates ( ,?ibet1 ,second ,edition 7,calcutta1 #ahid71 pp4 #aaa sq4 #gd ,l4 ,a4 ,waddell1 ,among ! ,himalayas 7,we/m9/]1 #ahii71 pp4 #aae1 #ahh4 #ge ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg1 ,hi/oire des nations civilises du ,mexique et de l',amrique-,c5trale1 ii4 #efd4 #gf ,c4 ,sapp]1 8,die ,gebru*e und religis5 ,ans*auung5 d] ,kek*-,indian]10 ,int]nationales ,ar*iv fr ,e?nographie1 viii4 7#ahie7 pp4 #aig sq4 #gg ,d4 ,=bes1 8,on ! ,aym>a ,indians ( ,bolivia & ,p]u10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,e?nological ,society ( ,london1 ii4 7#ahgj7 pp4 #bcg sq42 ,g4 ,c4 ,mu/]s1 8,notes on ,bolivia10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 xlvii4 7#ahgg7 p4 #baa2 ,b>on ,e4 ,nord5skild1 8,travels on ! ,b\nd>ies ( ,bolivia & ,arg5t9a10 ,! ,geographical ,j\rnal1 xxi4 7#aijc7 p4 #eah4 #gh ,p4 ,j4 de ,arriaga1 ,extirpacion de la ,idolatria del ,piru 7,lima1 #afba71 pp4 #cg1 #acj4 #gi ,f4 ,liebre*t1 ,zur ,volkskunde1 p4 #bgd2 ,brett1 8,dans la ,core ,sept5trionale10 ,les ,missions ,ca?oliques1 xxxi4 7#ahii7 p4 #bcg4 #hj ,w4 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion & ,folk-lore ( ,nor!rn ,india 7,we/m9/]1 #ahif71 i4 #aae4 8,9 "s p>ts ( ,bilaspore !re may be se5 heaps ( /ones1 :i* are kn[n z kuriy1 f ! ^w kurhon1 mean+ to heap or pile-up4 ,j h[ & :y ! practice 0 />t$ ! p _c expla92 b to ?is day e "o :o passes a kuriy w take up a /one & ?r[ x on ! pile4 ,?is1 !y say1 has be5 done z long z !y c rememb]0 7,e4 ,m4 ,gordon1 ,indian ,folk ,tales1 ,london1 #aijh1 p4 #ad74 #ha ,w4 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion & ,folk-lore ( ,nor!rn ,india 7,we/m9/]1 #ahif71 i4 #bfg sq4 #hb ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 ,! ,bag&a 7,london1 #aiaa71 p4 #afc4 #hc ,p4 ,amaury ,talbot1 ,9 ! ,%ad[ ( ! ,bu% 7,london1 #aiab71 p4 #bdb4 ,z to ! goddess ,nimm1 see id41 pp4 #b sq4 #hd ,p4 ,amaury ,talbot1 op4 cit4 p4 #ia4 #he ,a4 ,k>asek1 8,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,was*ambaa10 ,baessl]-,ar*iv1 i4 7#aiaa7 p4 #aid4 #hf ,m4 ,m>t91 8,a ,description ( ! ,we/]n ,isl&s ( ,scotl&10 9 ,john ,p9k]ton's ,voyages & ,travels 7,london1 #ahjh-ahad71 iii4 #fia4 ,m#bj ,! ?r[+ ( /ones & /icks is sometimes accompani$ by pray]s4 ,gradual trans=mation ( an old magical c]emony into a religi\s rite4 #hg ,e4 ,aymoni]1 ,notes sur le ,laos 7,saigon1 #ahhe71 p4 #aih4 #hh ,e4 ,t4 ,atk9son1 ,! ,himalayan ,di/ricts ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces ( ,india1 ii4 7,allahabad1 #ahhd7 p4 #hcb4 #hi ,t4 ,t4 ,coop]1 ,travels ( a ,pione] ( ,comm]ce 7,london1 #ahga71 p4 #bge4 ,comp>e ,w4 ,w4 ,rockhill1 ,! ,l& ( ! ,lamas 7,london1 #ahia71 pp4 #abf sq4 #ij ,rev4 ,j4 ,macdonald1 8,mann]s1 ,cu/oms1 ,sup]/itions1 & ,religions ( ,s\? ,african ,tribes10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xx4 7#ahia7 p4 #abf4 #ia ,sir ,james ,e4 ,alex&]1 ,exp$ition ( ,discov]y into ! ,int]ior ( ,africa 7,london1 #ahch71 i4 #aff4 #ib ,s4 ,kay1 ,travels & ,rese>*es 9 ,caffr>ia 7,london1 #ahcc71 pp4 #baa sq4 ,:5 ! ,bi%op ( ,capet[n once pass$ a heap ( /ones on ! top ( a m\nta9 9 ! ,amapondo c\ntry he 0 told t 8x 0 cu/om>y = e travell] to add "o to ! heap t x might h a fav\rable influ5ce on 8 j\rney1 & enable him to arrive at "s kraal :ile ! pot is yet boil+0 7,j4 ,%oot]1 ,! ,kaffirs ( ,natal1 ,london1 #aheg1 p4 #bag74 ,"h !re is no m5tion ( a pray]4 ,simil>ly a ,basuto on a j\rney1 :5 he fe>s t ! fri5d ) :om he is go+ to /ay may h eat5 up all ! food be=e 8 gue/'s arrival1 places a /one on a cairn to av]t ! dang] 7,e4 ,casalis1 ,! ,basutos1 ,london1 #ahfa1 p4 #bgb74 ,! reason alleg$ = ! practice 9 ^! cases is p]haps equival5t to ! "o assign$ by ! ,melanesians & o!rs2 by ridd+ ! travell] ( 8 fatigue x enables him to j\rney fa/] & s to rea* 8 de/9ation be=e supp] is ov]4 ,b sometimes a travell+ ,m[5da w place a /one1 n on a cairn1 b 9 ! =k ( a tree1 say+1 8,may ! sun n set be=e ,i rea* my de/9ation40 ,see ,rev4 ,e4 ,gotts*l+1 8,! ,baw5da10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxv4 7#aije7 p4 #cha4 ,?is la/ cu/om is a *>m to prev5t ! sun f sett+4 ,see ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #cah4 ,9 ,s5egal ! cu/om ( ?r[+ /ones on cairns by ! wayside is said to be obs]v$ 89 ord] to ensure a spe$y & prosp]\s return40 ,see ,dr4 ,bellamy1 8,notes e?nographiques recueillies dans le ,haut-,sngal10 ,revue d' ,e?nographie1 v4 7#ahhf7 p4 #hc4 ,9 ! ,fan c\ntry ( ,we/ ,africa ! cu/om ( add+ a leafy bran* to a heap ( su* bran*es 9 ! =e/ 0 expla9$ by a native1 :o said t x 0 done to prev5t ! trees & bran*es f fall+ on ! travell]'s head1 & _! roots f w\nd+ 8 feet4 ,see ,fa!r ,trilles1 8,mille lieues dans l'inconnu10 ,les ,missions ,ca?oliques1 xxxiv4 7#aijb7 p4 #adb4 #ic ,?4 ,hahn1 8,die ,bus*mnn]10 ,globus1 xviii4 #ada4 ,z to ! cairn 9 "q1 see above1 p4 #af4 ,m#ba ,evils transf]r$ to animals 9 ,africa4 #id ,j4 ,smi?1 ,trade & ,travels 9 ! ,gulph ( ,gu9ea 7,london1 #ahea71 p4 #gg4 #ie ,o4 ,dapp]1 ,description de l',afrique 7,am/]dam1 #afhf71 p4 #aag4 #if ,a4 ,le>$1 ,morocco & ! ,moors 7,london1 #ahgf71 p4 #cja4 ,comp>e ,e4 ,d\tt1 ,magie et ,religion dans l',afrique du ,nord 7,algi]s1 #aijh71 p4 #ded4 #ig ,e4 ,d\tt1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ded sq4 #ih ,dudley ,kidd1 ,! ,ess5tial ,kafir 7,london1 #aijd71 p4 #bfa4 #ii ,rev4 ,john ,campbell1 ,travels 9 ,s\? ,africa 7,london1 #ahbb71 ii4 #bjg sq4 #ajj ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 ,! ,bag&a 7,london1 #aiaa71 pp4 #cdb sq4 #aja ,p4 ,cayzac1 8,la religion des ,kikuyu10 ,an?ropos1 v4 7#aiaj7 p4 #caa4 #ajb ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 8,! ,bahima1 a ,c[ ,tribe ( ,enkole10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxvii4 7#aijg7 p4 #aaa4 ,m#bb ,evils transf]r$ to animals 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 #ajc ,dr4 ,r4 ,f4 ,ka9dl1 8,zaub]glaube bei d5 ,huzul510 ,globus1 lxxvi4 7#ahii7 p4 #bed4 #ajd ,j4 ,goldzih]1 ,muhamm$anis*e ,/udi5 7,halle a4 ,s41 #ahhh-ahij71 i4 #cd4 #aje ,e4 ,diguet1 ,les ,annamites 7,p>is1 #aijf71 pp4 #bhc sq4 #ajf ,w4 ,mll]1 8b] die ,wild5/mme d] ,insel ,=mosa10 ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 xlii4 7#aiaj7 p4 #bcg4 ,! writ]'s use ( ! pron\n 7sie7 is ambigu\s4 #ajg ,fa!r ,e4 ,amat1 9 ,annales de la ,propagation de la ,foi1 lxx4 7#ahih7 pp4 #bff sq4 ,m#bc ,vehicles = ! transf]5ce ( evils 9 ,madagasc>4 #ajh ,rev4 ,w4 ,ellis1 ,hi/ory ( ,madagasc> 7,london1 ,n4,d471 i4 #dbb sq42 comp>e id41 pp4 #bcb1 #dce1 #dcf sq42 ,rev4 ,j4 ,sibree1 ,! ,great ,african ,isl& 7,london1 #ahhj71 pp4 #cjc sq4 ,z to div9ation by ! sikidy1 see ,j4 ,sibree1 8,div9ation among ! ,malagasy10 ,folk-lore1 iii4 7#ahib7 pp4 #aic-bbf4 #aji ,w4 ,ellis1 op4 cit4 i4 #cgd2 ,j4 ,sibree1 ,! ,great ,african ,isl&1 p4 #cjd2 ,j4 ,cam]on1 9 ,antanan>ivo ,annual & ,madagasc> ,magaz9e1 ,repr9t ( ! ,fir/ ,f\r ,numb]s 7,antanan>ivo1 #ahhe71 p4 #bfc4 ,m#bd ,extraction ( kleptomania by spid]s & crabs4 ,evils transf]r$ to birds1 :i* fly away ) !m4 #aaj ,n4 ,adriani en ,alb4 ,c4 ,kruijt1 ,de ,b>e'e-sprek5de ,toradja's van ,midd5-,celebes1 i4 7,batavia1 #aiab7 p4 #cii4 #aaa ,w4 ,kdd+1 8,die ,bataks*5 ,gtt]10 ,allgeme9e ,missions-,zeits*rift1 xii4 7#ahhe7 p4 #dgh2 ,dr4 ,r4 ,rm]1 8,bijdrage tot de ,g5eeskun/ d] ,k>o-,batak's10 ,tijds*rift voor ,indis*e ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde1 l4 7#aijh7 p4 #bbc4 #aab ,w4 ,e4 ,maxwell1 8,! ,folklore ( ! ,malays10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,/raits ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,no4 #g 7,june1 #ahha71 p4 #bg2 ,w4 ,w4 ,skeat1 ,malay ,magic 7,london1 #aijj71 pp4 #ecd sq4 #aac ,dio ,*ryso/om1 ,orat4 liii4 vol4 ii4 pp4 #afd sq4 ed4 ,l4 ,d9dorf 7,leipsic1 #aheg74 ,comp>e ,plato1 ,republic1 iii4 #i1 p4 #cih ,a1 :o ironically proposes to dismiss poets f 8 ideal /ate 9 ! same mann]4 ,^! passages ( ,plato & ,dio ,*ryso/om 7 po9t$ out to me by my fri5d ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,jackson4 ,!re 0 a ,greek say+1 attribut$ to ,py?agoras1 t swall[s %\ld n be all[$ to ent] a h\se 7,plut>*1 ,quae/4 ,conviv4 viii4 #g1 #a74 #aad ,dr4 ,r4 ,f4 ,ka9dl1 8,zaub]glaube bei d5 ,huzul510 ,globus1 lxxvi4 7#ahii7 pp4 #bee sq4 #aae ,leviticus xiv4 #g1 #ec4 #aaf ,j4 ,wellhaus51 ,re/e arabis*5 ,heid5tumes 7,b]l91 #ahhg71 p4 #aef2 ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 ,new ,edition 7,london1 #ahid71 pp4 #dbb1 #dbh4 ,m#be ,evils transf]r$ to animals 9 ,india4 #aag ,w4 ,crooke1 ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces & ,oudh 7,calcutta1 #ahif71 iii4 #dcd4 #aah ,e4 ,?ur/on1 ,ca/es & ,tribes ( ,s\!rn ,india 7,madras1 #aiji71 i4 #aac-aag2 id41 ,e?nographic ,notes 9 ,s\!rn ,india 7,madras1 #aijf71 pp4 #aib-aif2 ,capta9 ,h4 ,h>kness1 ,description ( a ,s+ul> ,aborig9al ,race inhabit+ ! ,summit ( ! ,neilgh]ry ,hills 7,london1 #ahcb71 p4 #acc2 ,f4 ,metz1 ,! ,tribes inhabit+ ! ,neilgh]ry ,hills1 ,second ,edition 7,mangalore1 #ahfd71 p4 #gh2 ,jagor1 8,ueb] die ,badagas im ,nilgiri-,gebirge10 ,v]h&lung5 d] ,b]l9] ,gesells*aft fr ,an?ropologie 7#ahgf71 pp4 #aif sq4 ,at ! ,badaga fun]als witness$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,?ur/on 8no calf 0 br\ght ne> ! corpse1 & ! celebrants ( ! rites 7 satisfi$ ) ! m]e m5tion by "n ( a calf1 :i* is male or female accord+ to ! sex ( ! deceas$40 #aai ,h4 ,h>kness1 l4c4 #abj ,j4 ,w4 ,breeks1 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,primitive ,tribes & ,monum5ts ( ! ,nlagiris 7,london1 #ahgc71 pp4 #bc sq42 ,w4 ,h4 ,r4 ,riv]s1 ,! ,todas 7,london1 #aijf71 pp4 #cgf sq4 #aba ,e4 ,t4 ,atk9son1 ,! ,himalayan ,di/ricts ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces ( ,india1 ii4 7,allahabad1 #ahhd7 pp4 #ibg sq4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ,nor?-,we/]n ,india on ! elev5? day aft] a dea? a bull calf is let loose ) a trid5t br&$ on its %\ld] or qu>t] 8to become a pe/40 ,see 7,sir7 ,d5zil ,c4 ,j4 ,ibbetson1 ,report on ! ,revision ( ,settlem5t ( ! ,panipat ,tahsil & ,k>nal ,p>ganah ( ! ,k>nal ,di/rict 7,allahabad1 #ahhc71 p4 #acg4 ,9 ,beh>1 a di/rict ( ,b5gal1 a bullock is also let loose on ! elev5? day ( m\rn+ = a ne> relative4 ,see ,g4 ,a4 ,gri]son1 ,bihr ,peasant ,life 7,calcutta1 #ahhe71 p4 #dji4 ,m#bf ,evils transf]r$ to human be+s 9 ,india & else:]e4 #abb ,w4 ,cal&1 ,alt9dis*es ,zaub]ritual 7,am/]dam1 #aijj71 p4 #hc2 ,hymns ( ! ,a?>va-,v$a1 translat$ by ,maurice ,bloomfield 7,ox=d1 #ahig71 pp4 #cjh sq4 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xlii474 #abc ,m4 ,n4 ,v5ketswami1 8,telugu ,sup]/itions10 ,! ,indian ,antiqu>y1 xxiv4 7#ahie7 p4 #cei4 #abd ,a4 ,grnw$el1 8,s9halesis*e ,mask510 ,int]nationales ,ar*iv fr ,e?nographie1 vi4 7#ahic7 pp4 #he sq4 #abe ,j4 ,g4 ,dalyell1 ,d>k] ,sup]/itions ( ,scotl& 7,ed9burgh1 #ahcd71 pp4 #ajd sq4 ,i h mod]nis$ ! spell+4 #abf ,j4 ,p]ham1 8,sea ,dyak ,religion10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,/raits ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,no4 #aj 7,decemb] #ahhb71 p4 #bcb4 ,m#bg ,s9s & mis=tunes transf]r$ to human scapegoats 9 ,new ,zeal& & ,manipur4 ,annual eponyms 9 ,manipur4 ,eponym\s magi/rates z public scapegoats4 #abg ,rev4 ,ri*>d ,taylor1 ,te ,ika ,a ,maui1 or ,new ,zeal& & its ,inhabitants1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahgj71 p4 #aja4 #abh ,t4 ,c4 ,hodson1 8,! ,native ,tribes ( ,manipur10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxi4 7#aija7 p4 #cjb2 id41 ,! ,mei!is 7,london1 #aijh71 pp4 #ajf sq4 #abi ,t4 ,c4 ,hodson1 8,! ,native ,tribes ( ,manipur10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxi4 7#aija7 p4 #cjb4 #acj ,t4 ,c4 ,hodson1 ,! ,mei!is 7,london1 #aijh71 pp4 #ajd-ajf4 #aca ,comp>e ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #aaf sq4 ,m#bh ,indian /ory ( ! transf]5ce ( s9s to a holy man4 #acb ,! ,jataha or ,/ories ( ! ,buddha's =m] ,bir?s1 vol4 v41 translat$ by ,h4 ,t4 ,francis 7,cambridge1 #aije71 pp4 #ga sq4 ,m#bi ,transf]5ce ( evils to human scapegoats 9 ,ug&a4 #acc ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 ,! ,bag&a 7,london1 #aiaa71 p4 #cdb4 ,m#cj ,transf]5ce ( s9s to a ,brahman 9 ,travancore4 ,transf]5ce ( s9s to a ,s9-eat] 9 ,engl&4 #acd ,rev4 ,s4 ,mate]1 ,native ,life 9 ,travancore 7,london1 #ahhc71 p4 #acf4 #ace ,j4 ,aubrey1 ,rema9es ( ,g5tilisme & ,judaisme 7,folk-lore ,society1 ,london1 #ahha71 pp4 #ce sq4 #acf ,bag=d's lett] 9 ,lel&'s ,collectanea1 i4 #gf1 quot$ by ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities1 ii4 #bdf sq41 ,bohn's edition 7,london1 #ahhb-ahhc74 #acg ,9 ,! ,academy1 #ac? ,nov4 #ahge1 p4 #eje1 ,mr4 ,d4 ,silvan ,evans /at$ t he knew ( no su* cu/om any:]e 9 ,wales2 & ! cu/om seems to be n[ q unkn[n 9 ,%rop%ire4 ,see ,c4 ,s4 ,burne & ,g4 ,f4 ,jackson1 ,%rop%ire ,folk-lore 7,london1 #ahhc71 pp4 #cjg sq4 #ach ,! au?ority = ! /atem5t is a ,mr4 ,moggridge1 report$ 9 ,ar*aeologia ,cambr5sis1 second s]ies1 iii4 #ccj4 ,b ,mr4 ,moggridge did n speak f p]sonal k1 & z he appe>s to h tak5 x = grant$ t ! practice ( plac+ bread & salt ^u ! brea/ ( a corpse 0 a survival ( ! cu/om ( 8s9-eat+10 8 evid5ce mu/ be receiv$ ) caution4 ,he repeat$ 8 /atem5t1 9 some:at vagu] t]ms1 at a meet+ ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 #ad? ,decemb] #ahge4 ,see ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 v4 7#ahgf7 pp4 #dbc sq4 ,m#ca ,transf]5ce ( s9s to a s9-eat] 9 ,india4 #aci ,j4 ,a4 ,dubois1 ,murs des ,peuples de l',inde 7,p>is1 #ahbe71 ii4 #cb sq4 #adj ,r4 ,ri*>dson1 9 ,panjab ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 p4 #hf1 #fgd 7,may1 #ahhd74 #ada ,panjab ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 p4 #hf1 #fgd1 ii4 p4 #ic1 #eei 7,m>*1 #ahhe74 ,"s ( ^! cu/oms h be5 already ref]r$ to 9 a diff]5t connexion4 ,see ,! ,dy+ ,god1 p4 #aed4 ,9 ,ug&a ! elde/ son us$ to p]=m a fun]al c]emony1 :i* consi/$ 9 *ew+ "s se$s :i* he took ) 8 lips f ! h& ( 8 dead fa!r2 "s ( ^! se$s he !n blew ov] ! corpse & ! re/ ov] "o ( ! *ildless wid[s :o !reaft] became 8 wife4 ,! mean+ ( ! c]emony is obscure4 ,! elde/ son 9 ,ug&a nev] inh]it$ 8 fa!r's prop]ty4 ,see ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 ,! ,bag&a 7,london1 #aiaa71 p4 #aag4 #adb ,panjab ,notes & ,qu]ies1 iii4 p4 #agi1 #gde 7,july1 #ahhf74 #adc ,e4 ,s*uyl]1 ,turki/an 7,london1 #ahgf71 ii4 #bh4 ,m#cb ,transf]5ce ( s9s 9 ,tahiti4 #add ,w4 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahcb-ahcf71 i4 #dja sqq4 #ade ,! ,wel% cu/om ( 8s9-eat+0 has be5 int]pret$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,h>tl& z a modification ( an old] cu/om ( eat+ ! corpse4 ,see 8 article1 8,! ,s9-eat]10 ,folk-lore1 iii4 7#ahib7 #ade-aeg2 ,! ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 ii4 #bia sqq41 iii4 p4 ix4 ,i _c ?9k 8 int]pretation probable or borne out by ! evid5ce4 ,! ,badaga cu/om ( transf]r+ ! s9s ( ! dead to a calf :i* is !n let loose & nev] us$ aga9 7above1 pp4 #cf sq471 ! ,tahitian cu/om ( bury+ ! s9s ( a p]son ^: body is c>efully pres]v$ by be+ embalm$1 & ! ,manipur & ,travancore cu/oms ( transf]r+ ! s9s ( a ,rajah be=e 8 dea? 7pp4 #ci1 #db sq47 e/abli% ! practice ( transf]r+ s9s 9 cases :]e !re c be no "q ( eat+ ! corpse4 ,! orig9al int5tion ( su* practices 0 p]haps n s mu* to take away ! s9s ( ! deceas$ z to rid ! survivors ( ! dang]\s pollution ( dea?4 ,?is comes out to "s ext5t 9 ! ,tahitian cu/om4 ,m#cc ,transf]5ce ( evils 9 anci5t ,greece4 ,! transf]5ce ( w>ts4 ,transf]5ce ( sickness 9 ,scotl&1 ,g]many1 & ,au/ria4 #adf ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xxviii4 #hf4 #adg ,plato1 ,laws1 xi4 #ab1 p4 #icc ,b4 #adh 1 #ahhc1 col4 #bac1 #bad2 ,g4 ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1#b ,no4 #hjb1 l9es #dh sqq4 7vol4 ii4 pp4 #feb sq474 #adi ,m>cellus1 ,de m$icam5tis1 xxxiv4 #ajb4 ,a simil> cure is describ$ by ,pl9y 7,nat4 ,hi/4 xxii4 #adi72 y are to t\* ! w>ts ) *ick-peas on ! fir/ day ( ! moon1 wrap ! peas 9 a clo?1 & ?r[ !m away beh9d y4 ,b ,pl9y does n say t ! w>ts w be transf]r$ to ! p]son :o picks up ! peas4 ,on ?is subject see fur!r ,j4 ,h>dy1 8,w>t & ,w5 ,cures10 ,folk-lore ,record1 i4 7#ahgh7 pp4 #baf-bbh4 #aej ,z4 ,zanetti1 ,la ,m$ic9a delle no/re donne 7,citt di ,ca/ello1 #ahib71 pp4 #bbd sq42 ,j4 ,b4 ,?i]s1 ,trait des ,sup]/itions 7,p>is1 #afgi71 p4 #cba2 ,b4 ,s\*1 ,croyances1 prsages et traditions div]ses 7,niort1 #ahhj71 p4 #ai2 ,j4 ,w4 ,wolf1 ,beitrge zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie 7,gtt+51 #aheb-aheg71 i4 #bdh1 #egf2 ,dr4 ,r4 ,f4 ,ka9dl1 8,aus dem ,volksglaub5 d] ,rut55 9 ,galizi510 ,globus1 lxiv4 7#ahic7 p4 #ic2 ,j4 ,h>l& & ,t4 ,t4 ,wilk9son1 ,lanca%ire ,folk-lore 7,man*e/] & ,london1 #ahhb71 p4 #aeg2 ,g4 ,w4 ,black1 ,folk-m$ic9e 7,london1 #ahhc71 p4 #da2 ,w4 ,gregor1 ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor?-,ea/ ( ,scotl& 7,london1 #ahha71 p4 #di2 ,j4 ,g4 ,campbell1 ,wit*craft & ,second ,sight 9 ! ,highl&s & ,isl&s ( ,scotl& 7,glasg[1 #aijb71 pp4 #id sq4 #aea ,l4 ,/rack]jan1 ,ab]glaube und ,sag5 aus dem ,h]zog?um ,old5burg 7,old5burg1 #ahfg71 ii4 #ga1 #he2 ,e4 ,monseur1 ,le ,folklore ,wallon 7,brussels1 ,n4,d471 p4 #bi2 ,h4 ,zahl]1 ,die ,krankheit im ,volksglaub5 des ,simm5?als 7,b]n1 #ahih71 p4 #ic2 ,r4 ,&ree1 ,brauns*weig] ,volkskunde 7,brunswick1 #ahif71 p4 #cjf4 #aeb ,a4 ,birl+]1 ,volk/hmli*es aus ,s*wab5 7,freiburg im ,breisgau1 #ahfa-ahfb71 i4 #dhc4 #aec ,?i]s1 ,s\*1 ,/rack]jan1 ,monseur1 ll4cc42 ,j4 ,g4 ,campbell1 ,wit*craft & ,second ,sight 9 ! ,highl&s & ,isl&s ( ,scotl& 7,glasg[1 #aijb71 p4 #ie4 #aed ,*4 ,rog]s1 ,social ,life 9 ,scotl& 7,ed9burgh1 #ahhd-ahhf71 iii4 #bbf4 #aee ,g4 ,lamm]t1 ,volksm$iz9 und m$iz9is*] ,ab]glaube 9 ,bay]n 7,wrzburg1 #ahfi71 p4 #bfd4 #aef ,ibid4 p4 #bfc4 #aeg ,j4 ,v4 ,grohmann1 ,ab]glaub5 und ,gebru*e aus ,bhm5 und ,mhr5 7,prague & ,leipsic1 #ahfd71 p4 #afg1 #aahj4 #aeh ,l4 ,/rack]jan1 ,ab]glaube und ,sag5 aus dem ,h]zog?um ,old5burg 7,old5burg1 #ahfg71 i4 #ga1 #he4 ,m#cd ,sickness transf]r$ to asses1 frogs1 dogs1 & o!r animals4 #aei ,geoponica1 xiii4 #i1 xv4 #a2 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xxviii4 #aee4 ,! au?orities = ^! cures are respectively ,apuleius & ,democritus4 ,! latt] is probably n ! atomic philosoph]4 ,see ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 8,! ,language ( ,animals10 ,! ,ar*ological ,review1 vol4 i4 7,may1 #ahhh7 p4 #ahj1 note #adj4 #afj ,m>cellus1 ,de m$icam5tis1 xii4 #bd4 #afa ,w4 ,g4 ,black1 ,folk-m$ic9e 7,london1 #ahhc71 pp4 #ce sq4 #afb ,m>cellus1 ,de m$icam5tis1 xvii4 #ah4 #afc ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xxx4 #fa2 ,m>cellus1 ,de m$icam5tis1 xxvii4 #cc4 ,! latt] writ] m5tions 7op4 cit4 xxviii4 #abc7 t ! same malady might simil>ly be transf]r$ to a live frog4 #afd ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xxx4 #fd2 ,m>cellus1 ,de m$icam5tis1 xxviii4 #acb4 #afe ,m>cellus1 ,de m$icam5tis1 xxix4 #ce4 #aff ,w4 ,h5d]son1 ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties 7,london1 #ahgi71 p4 #adc2 ,w4 ,g4 ,black1 ,folk-m$ic9e1 p4 #ce2 ,m>ie ,trevelyan1 ,folk-lore & ,folk-/ories ( ,wales 7,london1 #aiji71 p4 #bbf4 #afg ,l4 ,/rack]jan1 ,ab]glaube und ,sag5 aus dem ,h]zog?um ,old5burg 7,old5burg1 #ahfg71 i4 #gb1 #hf4 ,m#ce ,sickness transf]r$ to birds1 snails1 fi%1 & f[ls4 #afh ,j4 ,v4 ,grohmann1 ,ab]glaub5 und ,gebru*e aus ,bhm5 und ,mhr5 7,prague & ,leipsic1 #ahfd71 p4 #aff1 #aagc1 quot+ ,kuhn's translation ( ,rig-v$a1 x4 #ig4 #ac4 ,a slightly diff]5t translation ( ! v]se is giv5 by ,h4 ,grassmann1 :o "h foll[s ,r4 ,ro? 7,rig-v$a b]setzt1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cgi74 ,comp>e ,hymns ( ! ,rigv$a1 translat$ by ,r4 ,t4 ,h4 ,griffi? 7,b5>es1 #ahhi-ahib71 iv4 #cab4 #afi ,l4 ,/rack]jan1 op4 cit4 i4 #gb1 #hg4 #agj ,w4 ,h5d]son1 ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties 7,london1 #ahgi71 p4 #adc4 #aga ,j4 ,d4 ,h4 ,temme1 ,die ,volkssag5 d] ,altm>k 7,b]l91 #ahci71 p4 #hc2 ,a4 ,kuhn1 ,mrkis*e ,sag5 und ,mr*5 7,b]l91 #ahdc71 p4 #chd1 #fb4 #agb ,r4 ,wuttke1 ,s*sis*e ,volkskunde#b 7,dresd51 #aija71 p4 #cgb4 #agc ,j4 ,v4 ,grohmann1 op4 cit4 p4 #bcj1 #affc4 ,a simil> rem$y is prescrib$ 9 ,bav>ia4 ,see ,g4 ,lamm]t1 ,volksm$iz9 und m$iz9is*] ,ab]glaube 9 ,bay]n 7,wrzburg1 #ahfi71 p4 #bdi4 #agd ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities1 ii4 #cge2 ,w4 ,g4 ,black1 ,folk-m$ic9e1 p4 #df4 #age ,m>ie ,trevelyan1 ,folk-lore & ,folk-/ories ( ,wales 7,london1 #aiji71 pp4 #bbi sq4 ,m#cf ,sickness & ill-luck transf]r$ to inanimate objects4 #agf ,b4 ,s*midt1 ,das ,volksleb5 d] ,neugrie*5 7,leipsic1 #ahga71 p4 #hb4 #agg ,a4 ,kuhn1 ,mrkis*e ,sag5 und ,mr*5 7,b]l91 #ahdc71 p4 #chf4 #agh ,l4 ,/rack]jan1 ,ab]glaube und ,sag5 aus dem ,h]zog?um ,old5burg 7,old5burg1 #ahfg71 i4 #gd1 #ia4 ,m#cg ,sickness & tr\ble transf]r$ to trees & bu%es4 #agi ,f4 ,j4 ,wi$emann1 ,aus dem inn]5 und uss]n ,leb5 d] ,eh/5 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahgf71 pp4 #dea sq4 #ahj ,le ,t\r du ,monde1 lxvii4 7#ahid7 p4 #cjh2 id41 ,n\velle ,srie1 v4 7#ahii7 p4 #eba4 #aha ,f4 ,s4 ,krauss1 ,volksglaube und religis] ,brau* d] ,sdslav5 7,mn/] i4 ,w41 #ahij71 pp4 #ce sq4 #ahb ,f4 ,s4 ,krauss1 op4 cit4 p4 #ci4 #ahc ,a4 ,/rausz1 ,die ,bulg>5 7,leipsic1 #ahih71 p4 #djj1 comp>e p4 #dja4 #ahd ,blackwood's ,magaz9e1 ,febru>y #ahhf1 p4 #bci4 #ahe ,z4 ,zanetti1 ,la m$ic9a delle no/re donne 7,citt di ,ca/ello1 #ahib71 p4 #gc4 #ahf ,j4 ,b4 ,?i]s1 ,trait des ,sup]/itions 7,p>is1 #afgi71 pp4 #cbc sq4 #ahg ,j4 ,v4 ,grohmann1 ,ab]glaub5 und ,gebru*e aus ,bhm5 und ,mhr5 7,prague & ,leipsic1 #ahfd71 p4 #afg1 #aagh4 ,a ,belgian cure ( ! same sort is report$ by ,j4 ,w4 ,wolf 7,beitrge zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie1 ,gtt+51 #aheb-aheg1 i4 #bbc 7wrongly numb]$ #bai71 #bef74 ,m#ch ,sickness transf]r$ to trees by means ( knots4 #ahh ,l4 ,/rack]jan1 ,ab]glaube und ,sag5 aus dem ,h]zog?um ,old5burg 7,old5burg1 #ahfg71 i4 #gd1 #ij4 #ahi ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie#d 7,b]l91 #ahge-ahgh71 ii4 #igi4 #aij ,bav>ia1 ,l&es- und ,volkskunde des ,knigrei*s ,bay]n1 iv4 #b 7,muni*1 #ahfg71 p4 #djf4 #aia ,a4 ,s*lei*]1 ,volk/mli*es aus ,sonn5b]g 7,weim>1 #aheh71 p4 #aej2 ,a4 ,wits*el1 ,sag51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e aus ,?r+5 7,vi5na1 #ahgh71 p4 #bhc1 #hb4 #aib ,w4 ,kolbe1 ,hessis*e ,volks-,sitt5 und ,gebrau*e#b 7,m>burg1 #ahhh71 pp4 #hh sq4 ,m#ci ,sickness transf]r$ to trees by means ( ! pati5t's hair or nails4 #aic ,c4 ,mey]1 ,d] ,ab]glaube des ,mittelalt]s 7,ble1 #ahhd71 p4 #ajd4 #aid ,h4 ,zahl]1 ,die ,krankheit im ,volksglaub5 des ,simm5?als 7,b]n1 #ahih71 p4 #id4 #aie ,w4 ,g4 ,black1 ,folk-m$ic9e1 p4 #ch4 #aif ,f4 ,*apiseau1 ,le ,folk-lore de la ,beauce et du ,p]*e 7,p>is1 #aijb71 i4 #bac4 #aig ,w4 ,g4 ,black1 ,folk-m$ic9e1 p4 #ci4 ,m#dj ,too?a*e1 heada*e1 & fev]s plugg$ up 9 trees4 #aih ,a4 ,wuttke1 ,d] deuts*e ,volksab]glaube#b 7,b]l91 #ahfi71 p4 #caj1 #dij4 #aii ,j4 ,v4 ,grohmann1 ,ab]glaub5 und ,gebru*e aus ,bhm5 und ,mhr51 p4 #afe1 #aafj4 #bjj ,l4 ,/rack]jan1 ,ab]glaube und ,sag5 aus dem ,h]zog?um ,old5burg1 ii4 #gd sq41 #hi4 #bja ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie1#d ii4 #igi4 #bjb ,t4 ,j4 ,pettigrew1 ,on ,sup]/itions connect$ ) ! ,hi/ory & ,practice ( ,m$ic9e & ,surg]y 7,london1 #ahdd71 p4 #gg2 ,w4 ,g4 ,black1 ,folk-m$ic9e1 p4 #cg4 ,m#da ,sickness & pa9 pegg$ or nail$ into trees4 #bjc ,j4 ,v4 ,grohmann1 ,ab]glaub5 und ,gebru*e aus ,bhm5 und ,mhr51 p4 #afg1 #aahb4 #bjd ,l4 ,/rack]jan1 ,ab]glaube und ,sag5 aus dem ,h]zog?um ,old5burg1 i4 #gc1 #hi2 ,a4 ,wuttke1 ,d] deuts*e ,volksab]glaube1#b pp4 #cji sq41 #dij4 #bje ,l4 ,f4 ,sauv1 ,le ,folk-lore des ,hautes-,vosges 7,p>is1 #ahhi71 p4 #dj2 ,a4 ,meyrac1 ,traditions1 ,c\tumes1 ,lg5des et ,contes des ,ard5nes 7,*>leville1 #ahij71 p4 #agd2 ,a4 ,s*lei*]1 ,volk/mli*es aus ,sonn5b]g 7,weim]1 #aheh71 p4 #adi2 ,j4 ,a4 ,e4 ,khl]1 ,volksbrau*1 ,ab]glaub51 ,sag5 und &re alte ,ueb]lief]ung5 im ,voigtl&e 7,leipsic1 #ahfg71 p4 #dad2 ,a4 ,witzs*el1 ,sag51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e aus ,?r+5 7,vi5na1 #ahgh71 p4 #bhc1 #gi2 ,h4 ,zahl]1 ,die ,krankheit im ,volksglaub5 des ,simm5?als 7,b]n1 #ahih71 p4 #ic4 #bjf ,r4 ,&ree1 ,brauns*weig] ,volkskunde 7,brunswick1 #ahif71 p4 #cjg4 #bjg ,a4 ,kuhn1 ,mrkis*e ,sag5 und ,mr*5 7,b]l91 #ahdc71 p4 #chd1 #ff4 #bjh ,h4 ,zahl]1 loc4 cit4 #bji ,p4 ,wagl]1 ,die ,ei*e 9 alt] und neu] ,zeit1 i4 7,wurz51 ,n4,d47 p4 #bc4 ,m#db ,gho/s & gods bung$ up 9 ,india4 ,demon plugg$ up & gho/ nail$ d[n4 #baj ,e4 ,d\tt1 ,magie et ,religion dans l',afrique du ,nord 7,algi]s1 #aijh71 p4 #dcf4 #baa ,w4 ,crooke1 ,! ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces & ,oudh 7,calcutta1 #ahif71 iii4 #dcf sq42 comp>e id41 ,popul> ,religion & ,folk-lore ( ,nor!rn ,india 7,we/m9/]1 #ahif71 i4 #dc1 #afb4 ,comp>e ,e4 ,?ur/on1 ,e?nographic ,notes 9 ,s\!rn ,india 7,madras1 #aijf71 pp4 #cac1 #cca4 #bab ,w4 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion & ,folk-lore ( ,nor!rn ,india 7,we/m9/]1 #ahif71 i4 #ajb sq4 #bac ,mrs4 ,bi%op1 ,korea & h] ,neighb\rs 7,london1 #ahih71 ii4 #adc sq4 #bad ,p4 ,giran1 ,magie et ,religion ,annamites 7,p>is1 #aiab71 pp4 #acb sq4 ,m#dc ,evils nail$ into /ones1 walls1 door-po/s1 & s on4 #bae ,r4 ,c4 ,maclagan1 8,notes on folk-lore ,objects collect$ 9 ,argyle%ire10 ,folk-lore1 vi4 7#ahie7 p4 #aeh4 #baf ,r4 ,&ree1 ,brauns*weig] ,volkskunde 7,brunswick1 #ahif71 p4 #cjg4 #bag ,f4 ,*apiseau1 ,le ,folk-lore de la ,beauce et du ,p]*e 7,p>is1 #aijb71 i4 #agj4 #bah ,e4 ,d\tt1 ,magie et ,religion dans l',afrique du ,nord 7,algi]s1 #aijh71 pp4 #bbh sq4 #bai ,j4 ,v4 ,grohmann1 ,ab]glaub5 und ,gebru*e aus ,bhm5 und ,mhr51 p4 #aaf1 #aagb4 ,m#dd ,devils & gho/s nail$ d[n 9 ,morocco1 ,tunis1 & ,egypt4 ,heada*e nail$ into a door or a wall4 ,plague pegg$ into a hole4 #bbj ,a4 ,le>$1 ,morocco & ! ,moors 7,london1 #ahgf71 pp4 #bge sqq4 #bba ,r4 ,c4 ,?ompson1 ,semitic ,magic 7,london1 #aijh71 p4 #ag4 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ,mac$onia demons & gho/s c be hamm]$ into walls4 ,see ,g4 ,f4 ,abbott1 ,mac$onian ,folklore 7,cambridge1 #aijc71 p4 #bba4 ,9 ,*ittagong1 z soon z a c(f9 has be5 c>ri$ out ( ! h\se1 a nail is knock$ into ! ?re%old 8to prev5t dea? f ent]+ ! dwell+1 at lea/ = a "t40 ,see ,?4 ,br5gi]1 8,les funrailles ,*ittagong10 ,les ,missions ,ca?oliques1 xiii4 7#ahha7 p4 #ejd4 #bbb ,e4 ,w4 ,lane1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians 7,paisley & ,london1 #ahie71 *4 x4 p4 #bdj4 #bbc ,r4 ,c4 ,?ompson1 ,semitic ,magic 7,london1 #aijh71 p4 #ah4 #bbd ,l4 ,/rack]jan1 ,ab]glaube und ,sag5 aus dem ,h]zog?um ,old5burg1 ii4 #abj1 #dbh a4 ,a simil> /ory is told ( a h\se 9 ,neu5burg 7op4 cit4 ii4 #ahb1 #eab c74 #bbe ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 xxiii4 #f4 #bd4 ,m#de ,plague nail$ d[n 9 anci5t ,rome4 #bbf ,livy1 vii4 #a-c4 ,! plague rag$ f #cfe to #cfc ,b4,c41 :5 x 0 happily /ay$ 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 ! text4 ,m#df ,pe/il5ce & civil discord nail$ into a wall 9 ,rome4 #bbg ,livy1 ix4 #bh4 ,?is happ5$ 9 ! ye> #cac ,b4,c4 #bbh ,livy1 viii4 #ah4 ,^! ev5ts took place 9 #cca ,b4,c4 ,m#dg ,! annual c]emony ( knock+ 9 a nail at ,rome4 #bbi ,livy1 vii4 #c4 ,livy says no?+ z to ! place :]e ! nails 7 affix$2 b f ,fe/us 7p4 #ef ed4 ,c4 ,o4 ,mll]7 we le>n t x 0 ! wall ( a temple1 & z ! date ( ! c]emony 0 also ! date ( ! d$ication ( ! temple ( ,jupit] on ! ,capitol 7,plut>*1 ,publicola1 #ad71 we may fairly conjecture t ?is temple 0 ! sc5e ( ! rite4 ,x is ! m necess>y to call att5tion to ! unc]ta9ty :i* exi/s on ?is po9t because mod]n writ]s1 p]haps misund]/&+ ! words ( ,livy1 h commonly /at$ z a fact :at is at be/ only a m or less probable hypo!sis4 ,octavian seems to h provid$ = ! knock+ ( a nail into ! temple ( ,m>s by m5 :o _h held ! (fice ( c5sor4 ,see ,dio ,cassius1 lv4 #aj1 4 ,m#dh ,! c]emony 0 probably a purificatory rite design$ to dis>m & disable all evils t might ?reat5 ! ,roman /ate 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>4 ,roman cure = epilepsy4 #bcj ,livy1 vii4 #c4 ,fe/us speaks 7p4 #ef ed4 ,c4 ,o4 ,mll]7 ( 8! annual nail1 :i* 0 fix$ 9 ! walls ( temples = ! purpose ( numb]+ ! ye>s10 z if ! practice 7 common4 ,f ,cic]o's pass+ ref]5ce to ! cu/om 78,ex hoc die clavum anni movebis10 ,epi/4 ad ,atticum1 v4 #ae4 #a7 we see t x 0 matt] ( notoriety4 ,h5ce we may safely reject ,momms5's !ory1 :i* ,mr4 ,w4 ,w>de ,f[l] is dispos$ to accept 7,! ,roman ,fe/ivals ( ! p]iod ( ! ,republic1 ,london1 #ahii1 pp4 #bcd sq471 t ! suppos$ annual cu/om nev] exi/$ except 9 ! bra9s ( ,roman ,dryasdu/s4 #bca ,see ,livy & ,fe/us1 ll4cc4 #bcb ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xxviii4 #fc4 #bcc ,c\nty ,folk-lore1 ,suffolk1 edit$ by ,lady ,e4 ,c4 ,gurdon 7,london1 #ahic71 p4 #ad4 ,9 ! nor?-we/ ,highl&s ( ,scotl& x us$ to be cu/om>y to bury a black cock alive on ! spot :]e an epileptic pati5t fell d[n4 ,along ) ! cock 7 buri$ p>+s ( ! pati5t's nails & a lock ( 8 hair4 ,see 7,sir7 ,ar?ur ,mit*ell1 ,on v>i\s ,sup]/itions 9 ! ,nor?-,we/ ,highl&s & ,isl&s ( ,scotl& 7,ed9burgh1 #ahfb71 p4 #bf2 ,j4 ,g4 ,campbell1 ,wit*craft & ,second ,sight 9 ! ,highl&s & ,isl&s ( ,scotl& 7,glasg[1 #aijb71 p4 #ig4 ,probably ! disease 0 suppos$ to be buri$ ) ! cock 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! anci5t ,h9doos imag9$ t epilepsy 0 caus$ by a dog-demon4 ,:5 a boy fell d[n 9 a fit1 8 fa!r or o!r compet5t p]son us$ to wrap ! suff]] 9 a net1 & c>ry him into ! hall1 n ?r\gh ! door1 b ?r\gh an op5+ made = ! purpose 9 ! ro(4 ,!n tak+ up "s e>? 9 ! middle ( ! hall1 at ! place :]e p gambl$1 he spr9kl$ ! spot ) wat]1 ca/ dice on x1 & laid ! boy on 8 back on ! dice4 ,aft] t he pray$ to ! dog-demon1 say+1 8,doggy1 let him loose6 ,rev]5ce be to !e1 b>k]1 b5d]6 ,doggy1 let him loose6 ,rev]5ce be to !e1 b>k]1 b5d]60 ,see ,! ,grihya ,sutras1 translat$ by ,h4 ,old5b]g1 ,"p i4 7,ox=d1 #ahhf7 pp4 #bif sq42 id4 ,"p ii4 7,ox=d1 #ahib7 pp4 #bai sq41 #bhf sq4 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vols4 xxix4 & xxx474 ,app>5tly ! place :]e p gambl$ 0 = "s reason suppos$ to be a spot :]e an epileptic c\ld dive/ himself mo/ readily ( 8 malady4 ,b ! connexion ( ?\ght is obscure4 #bcd ,! analogy ( ! ,roman cu/om to mod]n sup]/iti\s practices has be5 rightly po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,h>tl& 7,folk-lore1 iv4 7#ahic7 pp4 #deg1 #dfd2 ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 ii4 #ahh71 b ,i am unable to accept 8 g5]al explanation ( ^! & "s o!r practices z modes ( communion ) a div9ity4 ,m#di ,knock+ nails into idols z a means ( attract+ ! att5tion ( ! deity or _s4 #bce ,a4 ,ba/ian1 ,die deuts*e ,exp$ition an d] ,loango-,k/e 7,j5a1 #ahgd-ahge71 ii4 #agf4 #bcf ,a4 ,ba/ian1 op4 cit4 ii4 #age-agh4 ,comp>e ,fa!r ,campana1 8,congo1 ,mission ,ca?olique de ,l&ana10 ,les ,missions ,ca?oliques1 xxvii4 7#ahie7 p4 #ic2 ,notes ,analytiques sur les ,collections ,e?nographiques du ,muse du ,congo1 i4 7,brussels1 #aijb-aijf7 pp4 #aec1 #bdf2 ,b4 ,h4 ,mull51 8,feti%es f ,l&ana1 ,s\?-,we/ ,africa10 ,man1 v4 7#aije7 pp4 #ajb-ajd2 ,r4 ,e4 ,d5nett1 8,bavili ,notes10 ,folk-lore1 xvi4 7#aije7 pp4 #chb sqq42 id41 ,at ! ,back ( ! ,black ,man's ,m9d 7,london1 #aijf71 pp4 #he sqq41 #ia sqq4 ,! ,e?nological ,museum at ,b]l9 possesses a numb] ( rude images f ,loango & ,congo1 :i* are ?ickly /udd$ ) nails hamm]$ into _! bodies4 ,! int5tion ( ! cu/om1 z expla9$ to me by ,pr(essor von ,lus*an1 is to pa9 ! feti% & s to refre% 8 memory1 le/ he %\ld =get to d 8 duty4 #bcg ,sir ,john ,rhys1 8,celtae & ,galli10 ,proce$+s ( ! ,briti% ,academy1 ii4 7#aije-aijf7 pp4 #aad sq4 #bch ,lafcadio ,he>n1 ,glimpses ( ,unfamili> ,japan 7,london1 #ahid71 ii4 #eih sq41 note4 ,m#ej ,two diff]5t spiritual applications ( nails or p9s4 ,m#ea ,attempts to get rid ( ! accumulat$ sorr[s ( a :ole p4 ,m#eb ,sorr[s conceiv$ ( z ! "w ( demons4 ,m#ec ,primitive belief 9 ! omnipres5ce ( demons4 ,m#ed ,demons 9 ,au/ralia & ,we/ ,africa4 #bci ,a4 ,oldfield1 8,! ,aborig9es ( ,au/ralia10 ,transactions ( ! ,e?nological ,society ( ,london1 ,n4,s41 iii4 7#ahfe7 p4 #bbh4 #bdj ,j4 ,bttik(f]1 8,e9iges b] die ,e+eborn5 von ,lib]ia10 ,int]nationales ,ar*iv fr ,e?nographie1 i4 7#ahhh7 p4 #he4 #bda ,m>y ,h4 ,k+sley1 ,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa 7,london1 #ahig7 pp4 #ddb sq4 #bdb ,g4 ,zndel1 8,l& und ,volk d] ,ewe] auf d] ,sclav5k/e 9 ,we/afrika10 ,zeits*rift d] ,gesells*aft fr ,erdkunde zu ,b]l91 xii4 7#ahgg7 pp4 #dab-dad4 ,full details z to ! religi\s cre$ ( ! ,ewes1 includ+ _! belief 9 a ,supreme ,be+ 7,mawu71 are giv51 to a great ext5t 9 ! words ( ! natives !mselves1 by ! ,g]man mission>y ,jakob ,spie? 9 8 elaborate & valuable works ,die ,ewe-,/mme 7,b]l91 #aijf7 & ,die ,religion d] ,ewe] 9 ,sd-,togo 7,leipsic1 #aiaa74 ,z to ,mawu 9 p>ticul>1 ! mean+ ( ^: "n is some:at unc]ta91 see ,j4 ,spie?1 ,die ,ewe-,/mme1 pp4 #dba sqq42 ,die ,religion d] ,ewe] 9 ,sd-,togo1 pp4 #ae sqq4 ,m#ee ,demons on ! ,congo4 ,demons 9 ,s\? ,africa4 #bdc ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,weeks1 8,an?ropological ,notes on ! ,bangala ( ! ,upp] ,congo ,riv]10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xl4 7#aiaj7 p4 #cgg4 #bdd ,rev4 ,john ,h4 ,weeks1 ,among ,congo ,cannibals 7,london1 #aiac71 p4 #bfa4 #bde ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,weeks1 8,an?ropological ,notes on ! ,bangala ( ! ,upp] ,congo ,riv]10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xl4 7#aiaj7 pp4 #cfh1 #cgj4 ,! s+ul> =m ( m+oli is mongoli1 8a disembodi$ _s40 ,comp>e id41 ,among ,congo ,cannibals 7,london1 #aiac71 p4 #beb2 & aga9 ibid4 p4 #bge4 ,b great z is ! fe> ( evil spirits among ! natives ( ! ,congo1 _! dread ( wit*craft seems to be /ill m int5se4 ,see ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,weeks1 8,notes on "s ,cu/oms ( ! ,l[] ,congo ,p10 ,folk-lore1 xx4 7#aiji7 pp4 #ea sq43 8,! belief 9 wit*craft affects _! lives 9 a va/ numb] ( ways1 & t\*es !m socially at a hundr$ diff]5t po9ts4 ,x regulates _! actions1 modifies _! mode ( ?\ght & spee*1 controls _! conduct t[>ds ea* o!r1 causes cruelty & call\sness 9 a p n naturally cruel1 & sets ! v>i\s memb]s ( a family aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,a man may believe any !ory he likes ab\t creation1 ab\t ,god1 & ab\t ! abode ( dep>t$ spirits1 b he mu/ believe 9 wit*es & _! influ5ce = evil1 & mu/ 9 unmi/akable t]ms give expression to t belief1 or be accus$ ( wit*craft himself4444 ,b = wit*craft no "o w\ld die1 & ! e>ne/ long+ ( all "r-m9d$ m5 & wom5 is to cle> x out ( ! c\ntry by kill+ e discov]$ wit*4 ,x is an act ( self-pres]vation4444 ,belief 9 wit*es is int]wov$ into ! v fibre ( e ,bantu-speak+ man & woman1 & ! p]son :o does n believe 9 !m is a mon/]1 a wit*1 to be kill$ z soon z possible40 ,c\ld we weigh aga9/ ea* o!r ! two great t]rors :i* beset ! m9ds ( savages all ov] ! _w1 x seems probable t ! dread ( wit*es w\ld be f\nd f> to outweigh ! dread ( evil spirits4 ,h[ev]1 x is ! fe> ( evil spirits ) :i* we are at pres5t conc]n$4 #bdf ,g4 ,mc,call ,!al1 ,records ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,africa1 vii4 7#aija7 pp4 #dje sq4 #bdg ,on ?is subject ,mr4 ,dudley ,kidd has made "s judici\s obs]vations 7,savage ,*ildhood1 ,london1 #aijf1 pp4 #aca sq474 ,he says3 8,! ,kafirs c]ta9ly d n live 9 ev]la/+ dread ( spirits1 = ! *ief "p ( _! life is n sp5t 9 ?9k+ at all4 ,a m]ri] set ( p x w\ld be h>d to f9d4 ,!y are s easy-go+ t x w\ld seem to !m too mu* burd5 to be = ev] ?9k+ ( spirits40 ,m#ef ,demons 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 #bdh 7,sir7 ,e4 ,f4 im ,?urn1 ,among ! ,indians ( ,guiana4 7,london1 #ahhc71 pp4 #cef sq4 ,z to ! dread :i* ! ,brazilian ,indians ent]ta9 ( demons1 see ,j4 ,b4 von ,spix & ,c4 ,f4 ,ph4 von ,m>tius1 ,reise 9 ,brasili5 7,muni*1 #ahbc-ahca71 iii4 #aajh-aaaa4 #bdi ,w4 ,b>brooke ,grubb1 ,an ,unkn[n ,p 9 an ,unkn[n ,l& 7,london1 #aiaa71 pp4 #aah1 #aai4 ,m#eg ,demons 9 ,labrador4 #bej ,l4 ,m4 ,turn]1 8,e?nology ( ! ,ungava ,di/rict1 ,hudson ,bay ,t]ritory10 ,elev5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology 7,wa%+ton1 #ahid71 pp4 #aic sq4 ,m#eh ,demons 9 ,polynesia4 ,demons 9 ,new ,zeal&4 #bea ,w4 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahcb-ahcf71 i4 #cca4 #beb ,w4 ,ellis1 op4 cit4 i4 #djf4 #bec ,! ,voyages ( ,capta9 ,james ,cook r\nd ! ,_w 7,london1 #ahji71 vi4 #aeb4 #bed ,r4 ,taylor1 ,te ,ika a ,maui1 or ,new ,zeal& & its ,inhabitants1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahgj71 p4 #ajd4 ,m#ei ,demons 9 ! ,pelew ,isl&s4 #bee ,j4 ,kub>y1 8,die ,religion d] ,pelau]10 9 ,a4 ,ba/ian's ,all]lei aus ,volks- und ,m5s*5kunde 7,b]l91 #ahhh71 i4 #df4 #bef ,j4 ,kub>y1 8,die ,bewohn] d] ,mortlock-,inseln10 ,mit!ilung5 d] geographis*5 ,gesells*aft 9 ,hamburg1 #ahgh-gi1 p4 #cf4 ,m#fj ,demons 9 ! ,philipp9es & 9 ,melanesia4 #beg ,w4 ,a4 ,re$1 ,negritos ( ,zambales 7,manilla1 #aijd71 p4 #fe 7,e?nological ,survey ,publications1 vol4 ii4 ,"p i474 #beh ,mgr4 ,c\pp 8,en ,n\velle-,pomranie10 ,les ,missions ,ca?oliques1 xxiii4 7#ahia7 pp4 #cee sq4 #bei ,p4 ,a4 ,kle9tits*51 ,die ,k/5bewohn] d] ,gazellehalb9sel 7,hiltrup bei ,mn/]1 preface dat$ #aijf71 pp4 #ccf sq4 ,comp>e ,joa*im ,graf ,pfeil1 ,/udi5 und ,beoba*tung5 aus d] ,sdsee 7,brunswick1 #ahii71 p4 #aei2 id41 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxvii4 7#ahih7 pp4 #ahc sq4 #bfj ,r4 ,p>k9son1 ,dreissig ,jahre 9 d] ,sdsee 7,/uttg>t1 #aijg71 pp4 #abj1 #aba4 ,m#fa ,demons 9 ,dut* ,new ,gu9ea & ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea4 #bfa ,j4 ,l4 van ,hasselt1 8,die ,papua/mme an d] ,geelv9kbai 7,neu-gu9ea710 ,mitteilung5 d] ,geographis*5 ,gesells*aft zu ,j5a1 ix4 7#ahia7 p4 #ih4 ,z to ,mr4 van ,hasselt's tw5ty-five ye>s' resid5ce among ^! savages1 see id41 p4 #bb4 #bfb ,/efan ,lehn]1 8,bukaua10 9 ,r4 ,neuhauss's ,deuts* ,neu-,gu9ea1 iii4 7,b]l91 #aiaa7 pp4 #dad-daf4 ,m#fb ,demons 9 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea4 #bfc ,w4 ,g4 ,lawes1 8,notes on ,new ,gu9ea & its ,inhabitants10 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 #ahhj1 p4 #fae4 ,m#fc ,demons 9 ,timor & ,celebes4 #bfd ,j4 ,g4 ,f4 ,ri$el1 8,die ,l&s*aft ,dawan od] ,we/-,timor10 ,deuts*e geographis*e ,bltt]1 x4 #bgh sq4 #bfe ,g4 ,w4 ,w4 ,c4 ,b>on van ,hovell1 ,ambon en me] bepaaldelijk de ,oelias]s 7,dordre*t1 #ahge71 p4 #adh4 #bff ,n4 ,p4 ,wilk5 en ,j4 ,a4 ,s*w>z1 8,het heid5dom en de ,islam 9 ,bolaang ,mongond\10 ,m$$eel+5 van wege het ,n$]l&s*e ,z5del+g5oots*ap1 xi4 7#ahfg7 p4 #bei4 ,m#fd ,demons 9 ,bali & ,java4 #bfg ,r4 van ,eck1 8,s*ets5 van het eil& ,bali10 ,tijds*rift voor ,n$]l&s* ,indi1 ,augu/1 #ahhj1 p4 #hc4 #bfh ,s4 ,e4 ,h>?oorn1 8,de ,z5d+ op ,java en me] bepaald die van ,malang10 ,m$$eel+5 van wege het ,n$]l&s*e ,z5del+g5oots*ap1 iv4 7#ahfj7 pp4 #aaf sq4 ,m#fe ,demons 9 ,borneo & ,sumatra4 #bfi ,c4 ,a4 ,l4 ,m4 ,s*wan]1 ,borneo1 ,bes*rijv+ van het /roomgebi$ van d5 ,b>ito 7,am/]dam1 #ahec-ed71 i4 #agf4 #bgj ,j4 ,b4 ,neumann1 8,het ,pane- en ,bila-/roomgebi$10 ,tijds*rift van het ,n$]l&s* ,a>drijkskundig ,g5oots*ap1 ,twe$e ,s]ie1 iii4 ,afdeel+1 me] uitgebreide artikel51 ,no4 #b 7,am/]dam1 #ahhf71 p4 #bhg4 #bga ,b4 ,hag51 8,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,batt>eligion10 ,tijds*rift voor ,indis*e ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde1 xxviii4 7#ahhc7 p4 #ejh4 ,! p]sons ( ! ,batta ,tr9ity are ,bat>aguru1 ,sori1 & ,balabulan4 ,! mo/ fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 ! p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity appe>s to be t "o ( !m is all[$ to eat pork1 :ile ! o!rs are n 7ibid4 p4 #eje74 #bgb ,m4 ,j\/ra1 8,het lev51 de z$5 en gewoont5 d] ,bataks10 ,m$$eel+5 van wege het ,n$]l&s*e ,z5del+g5oots*ap1 xlvi4 7#aijb7 p4 #dab4 ,m#ff ,demons 9 ! ,nicob>s1 9 ! ,malay ,p59sula1 & 9 ,kamt*atka44 #bgc ,! ,c5sus ( ,india1 #aija1 vol4 iii4 ,! ,&aman & ,nicob> ,isl&s1 by ,lieut4-,colonel ,sir ,ri*>d ,c4 ,temple 7,calcutta1 #aijc71 p4 #bjf4 #bgd ,borie1 8,notice sur les ,mantras1 tribu sauvage de la pn9sule ,malaise10 ,tijds*rift voor ,indis*e ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde1 x4 7#ahfj7 p4 #dcd4 #bge ,s4 ,kras*59nik[1 ,bes*reibung des ,l&es ,kamts*atka 7,lemgo1 #agff71 p4 #bae4 ,m#fg ,demons 9 ,india4 ,! high gods come & g1 b demons rema94 #bgf ,we may comp>e ! in/ructive rem>ks made by ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,maxwell on ! /ratification ( religi\s beliefs among ! ,malays 78,! ,folk-lore ( ! ,malays10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,/raits ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,no4 #g1 ,june1 #ahha1 pp4 #aa sq474 ,he says3 8,two successive religi\s *anges h tak5 place among !m1 & :5 we h succe$$ 9 id5tify+ ! ve/iges ( ,brahmanism :i* und]ly ! ext]nal =ms ( ! fai? ( ,muhamm$1 long e/abli%$ 9 all ,malay k+doms1 we are only half-way ?r\gh our task4 ,!re yet rema9 ! p[]ful influ5ces ( ! /ill e>li] indig5\s fai? to be not$ & acc\nt$ =4 ,j z ! ,buddhi/s ( ,ceylon turn1 9 times ( sickness & dang]1 n to ! consolations (f]$ by ! cre$ ( ,buddha1 b to ! propitiation ( ! demons fe>$ & rev]5c$ by _! e>ly prog5itors1 & j z ! ,burmese & ,tala+s1 ?\gh ,buddhi/s1 reta9 9 full =ce ! :ole ( ! ,nat sup]/ition1 s among ! ,malays1 9 spite ( c5turies :i* h pass$ s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( an ali5 wor%ip1 ! ,muhamm$an peasant may be f\nd invok+ ! protection ( ,h9du gods aga9/ ! spirits ( evil ) :i* 8 primitive fai? has peopl$ all natural objects40 ,m#fh ,demons 9 anci5t ,india4 #bgg ,h4 ,old5b]g1 ,die ,religion des ,v$a 7,b]l91 #ahid71 pp4 #ci sq4 ,m#fi ,demons 9 mod]n ,india4 #bgh ,moni] ,williams1 ,religi\s ,?\ght & ,life 9 ,india 7,london1 #ahhc71 pp4 #baj sq4 #bgi ,moni] ,williams1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bcj sq4 ,! views "h express$ by ! late ,pr(essor ,moni] ,williams are confirm$ f p]sonal k by ,mr4 ,e4 ,t4 ,atk9son1 ,! ,himalayan ,di/ricts ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces ( ,india1 ii4 7,allahabad1 #ahhd7 p4 #hdj4 ,m#gj ,demons 9 ,b5gal1 ,assam1 ! ,*9 ,hills ,sikhim1 ,tibet1 & ,travancore4 #bhj ,e4 ,t4 ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology ( ,b5gal 7,calcutta1 #ahgb71 pp4 #bef1 #beg1 #beh4 #bha ,rev4 ,s4 ,endle1 ,! ,ka*>is 7,london1 #aiaa71 p4 #cc4 #bhb ,b]tram ,s4 ,c>ey & ,h4 ,n4 ,tuck1 ,! ,*9 ,hills1 i4 7,rangoon1 #ahif7 p4 #aif4 #bhc ,l4 ,a4 ,waddell1 8,demonolatry 9 ,sikhim ,lamaism10 ,! ,indian ,antiqu>y1 xxiii4 7#ahid7 p4 #aig4 #bhd ,l4 ,a4 ,waddell1 ,! ,buddhism ( ,tibet 7,london1 #ahie71 p4 #aeb4 #bhe ,lt4-,colonel ,j4 ,%akespe>1 ,! ,lu%ei ,kuki ,clans 7,london1 #aiab71 pp4 #fa1 #fe sq41 #fg4 #bhf ,rev4 ,s4 ,mate]1 ,! ,l& ( ,*>ity 7,london1 #ahhc71 p4 #bjg4 ,m#ga ,demons 9 ,ceylon4 #bhg ,r4 ,p]cival1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,isl& ( ,ceylon1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahje71 pp4 #baa-bac4 ,m#gb ,demons 9 ,burma4 #bhh ,c4 ,j4 ,f4 ,s4 ,=bes1 ,briti% ,burma 7,london1 #ahgh71 pp4 #bba sq4 #bhi ,%way ,yoe1 ,! ,burman1 8 ,life & ,notions 7,london1 #ahhb71 i4 #bgf sq4 #bij ,%way ,yoe1 op4 cit4 i4 #bgh4 8,to ! ,burman10 says ,a4 ,ba/ian1 8! :ole _w is fill$ ) nats4 ,m\nta9s1 riv]s1 wat]s1 ! e>?1 etc41 h all _! nat40 7,die ,vlk] des /li*5 ,asi51 ii4 #dig74 ,m#gc ,demons 9 ,siam & ,indo-,*9a4 #bia ,mgr4 ,pallegoix1 ,description du royaume ,?ai ou ,siam 7,p>is1 #ahed71 i4 #db4 #bib ,c4 ,bock1 ,temples & ,elephants 7,london1 #ahhd71 p4 #aih4 #bic ,mgr4 ,bruguire1 9 ,annales de l',association de la ,propagation de la ,foi1 v4 7#ahca7 p4 #abh4 #bid ,j4 ,d5ik]1 ,! ,races ( ,man 7,london1 #aijj71 pp4 #djj sqq4 #bie ,a4 ,b\rlet1 8,les ,?ay10 ,an?ropos1 ii4 7#aijg7 p4 #fai4 #bif ,a4 ,b\rlet1 op4 cit4 p4 #fcb4 ,m#gd ,demons 9 ,*9a4 #big ,j4 ,j4 ,m4 de ,groot1 ,! ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,*9a1 v4 7,leyd51 #aijg7 p4 #dgj4 #bih ,j4 ,j4 ,m4 de ,groot1 op4 cit4 vi4 7,leyd51 #aiaj7 pp4 #icj-icb4 ,?is six? volume ( ,pr(essor de ,groot's great "w is ma9ly devot$ to an acc\nt ( ! ceaseless w> wag$ by ! ,*9ese p on demons or spectres 7kwei74 ,a m summ>y notice ( ?is curi\s national delusion w be f\nd 9 8 "w ,! ,religion ( ! ,*9ese 7,new ,york1 #aiaj71 *apt] ii41 8,! ,/ruggle aga9/ ,spectres10 pp4 #cc-fa4 ,m#ge ,demons 9 ,corea4 #bii ,mrs4 ,bi%op 7,isabella ,l4 ,bird71 ,korea & h] ,neighb\rs 7,london1 #ahih71 ii4 #bbg sq41 #bbi4 ,i h tak5 ! lib]ty ( *ang+ ! writ]'s 8daemon0 & 8daemoniacal0 into 8demon0 & 8demoniacal40 ,m#gf ,demons among ! ,koryaks4 #cjj ,c4 von ,dittm>1 8b] die ,kork5 und die ihn5 sehr nahe v]w&t5 ,ts*ukts*510 ,bullet9 de la ,classe ,hi/orico-philologique de l',acadmie ,impriale des ,sci5ces de ,/4 ,pt]sb\rg1 xiii4 7#ahef7 coll4 #abc sq4 #cja ,w4 ,jo*elson1 ,! ,koryak 7,leyd5 & ,new ,york1 #aijh71 p4 #bh 7,! ,jesup ,nor? ,pacific ,exp$ition1 ,memoir ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory74 ,m#gg ,demons among ! ,gilyaks4 #cjb ,l4 ,/]nb]g1 8,die ,religion d] ,giljak510 ,ar*iv fr ,religionswiss5s*aft1 viii4 7#aije7 pp4 #dfj sq4 ,m#gh ,demons 9 anci5t ,babylonia & ,assyria4 #cjc ,m4 ,ja/r[1 ,! ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria 7,bo/on1 #ahih71 pp4 #bfj sqq42 id41 ,die ,religion ,babyloni5s und ,assyri5s1 i4 7,giess51 #aije7 pp4 #bgh sqq42 ,c4 ,fossey1 ,la ,magie ,assyri5ne 7,p>is1 #aijb71 pp4 #bg-cj1 #cd2 ,e4 ,s*rad]1 ,die ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t1 ,dritte ,auflage1 neu be>beitet von ,h4 ,zimm]n und ,h4 ,w9ckl] 7,b]l91 #aijb71 pp4 #deh sqq4 ,m#gi ,demons 9 anci5t & mod]n ,egypt4 #cjd ,e4 ,a4 ,wallis ,budge1 ,osiris & ! ,egyptian ,resurrection 7,london1 #aiaa71 ii4 #aej4 #cje ,e4 ,w4 ,lane1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,mod]n ,egyptians 7,paisley & ,london1 #ahie71 *ap4 x4 pp4 #bca sq4 #cjf ,c4 ,b4 ,klunz+]1 ,bild] aus ,ob]gypt51 d] ,w/e und dem ,ro!n ,me]e 7,/uttg>t1 #ahgg71 p4 #chb2 comp>e ibid4 pp4 #cgd sq4 ,m#hj ,demons 9 anci5t ,greece & m$iaeval ,europe4 #cjg ,ari/otle1 ,de anima1 i4 #e4 #ag2 ,diog5es ,la]tius1 i4 #a4 #bg4 #cjh ,porphyry1 quot$ by ,eusebius1 ,praep>atio ,evangelii1 iv4 #bc4 #cji ,else:]e ,i h attempt$ to %ew t a p>ticul> class ( purifications--^? obs]v$ by m\rn]s--is int5d$ to protect ! liv+ f ! disembodi$ spirits ( ! dead 78,on c]ta9 ,burial ,cu/oms z illu/rative ( ! ,primitive ,!ory ( ! ,s\l10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xv4 7#ahhf7 pp4 #fd sqq474 #caj ,c4 ,mey]1 ,d] ,ab]glaube des ,mittelalt]s 7,ble1 #ahhd71 pp4 #aji-aaa1 #aia sq4 ,m#ha ,demons 9 mod]n ,europe4 #caa ,e4 ,g]>d1 ,! ,l& beyond ! ,=e/ 7,ed9burgh & ,london1 #ahhh71 i4 #cbh4 ,! sup]/itions ( ! ,r\manians ( ,transylvania h be5 collect$ by ,w4 ,s*midt 9 8 tract ,das ,jahr und se9e ,tage 9 ,me9ung und ,brau* d] ,romn5 ,sieb5brg5s 7,h]mann/adt1 #ahff74 ,m#hb ,demons 9 mod]n ,arm5ia4 #cab ,manuk ,abeghian1 ,d] arm5is*e ,volksglaube 7,leipsic1 #ahii71 pp4 #ca sq4 ,m#hc ,g5]al cle>ances ( evils take ! =m ( expulsions ( demons4 ,m#hd ,g5]al expulsions ( demons 9 ,melanesia1 ,au/ralia & ,s\? ,africa4 #cac ,paul ,re9a1 8b] die ,bewohn] d] ,insel ,rook10 ,zeits*rift fr allgeme9e ,erdkunde1 ,n4,f41 iv4 7#aheh7 p4 #cef4 #cad ,r4 ,p>k9son1 ,im ,bism>ck-,ar*ipel 7,leipsic1 #ahhg71 p4 #adb2 id41 ,dreissig ,jahre 9 d] ,sdsee 7,/uttg>t1 #aijg71 p4 #aai4 #cae ,o4 ,opigez1 8,ap]u gnral sur la ,n\velle-,caldonie10 ,bullet9 de la ,socit de ,gographie 7,p>is71 ,,vii4 ,srie1 vii4 7#ahhf7 p4 #ddc4 #caf ,s4 ,gason1 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxiv4 7#ahie7 p4 #agj4 #cag ,rev4 ,james ,macdonald1 ,religion & ,my? 7,london1 #ahic71 pp4 #ajj-ajb4 ,! writ]1 :o describes ! c]emony at fir/ h&1 rem>ks t 8!re is no p]iodic purg+ ( devils1 nor are m spirits ?an "o expell$ at a "t40 ,he adds3 8,i h notic$ frequ5tly a connection betwe5 ! quantity ( gra9 t c\ld be sp>$ = mak+ be]1 & ! frequ5cy ( ga!r+s = ! purg+ ( evils40 ,m#he ,g5]al expulsion ( demons 9 ,m9ahassa1 ,halmah]a1 & ! ,kei ,isl&s4 #cah ,p4 ,n4 ,wilk51 8,de godsdi5/ en godsdi5/plegtigh$5 d] ,alfo]5 9 de ,m5ahassa op het eil& ,celebes10 ,tijds*rift voor ,n$]l&s* ,indi1 ,decemb] #ahdi1 pp4 #cib-cid2 id41 8,bijdrag5 tot de k5nis van de z$5 en gewoont5 d] ,alfo]5 9 de ,m9ahassa10 ,m$$eel+5 van wege het ,n$]l&s*e ,z5del+g5oots*ap1 vii4 7#ahfc7 pp4 #adi sqq42 ,j4 ,g4 ,f4 ,ri$el1 8,de ,m9ahasa 9 #ahbe10 ,tijds*rift voor ,indis*e ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde1 xviii4 7#ahgb7 pp4 #eba sq4 ,wilk5's fir/ & full] acc\nt is repr9t$ 9 ,n4 ,graafl&'s ,de ,m9ahassa 7,rott]dam1 #ahfi71 i4 #aag-abj4 ,a ,g]man translation ( ,wilk5's e>li] article is pr9t$ 9 ,zeits*rift fr allgeme9e ,erdkunde1 ,n4,f41 x4 7#ahfa7 pp4 #dc-fa4 #cai ,j4 ,g4 ,f4 ,ri$el1 8,galela und ,tobelores510 ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 xvii4 7#ahhe7 p4 #hb2 ,g4 ,a4 ,wilk51 8,het ,%amanisme bij de ,volk5 van de ,indis*5 ,ar*ipel10 ,bijdrag5 tot de ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s* ,indie1 xxxvi4 7#ahhg7 p4 #dhd2 id41 ,v]spreide ,ges*rift5 7,! ,hague1 #aiab71 iii4 #chc4 ,:5 smallpox is rag+1 ! ,toradjas ( ,c5tral ,celebes ab&on ! village & live 9 ! bu% = sev5 days 9 ord] to make ! _s ( smallpox believe t !y are all dead4 ,b x does n appe> t !y =cibly expel him f ! village4 ,see ,n4 ,adriani en ,alb4 ,c4 ,kruijt1 ,de ,b>e'e-sprek5de ,toradja's van ,midd5-,celebes1 i4 7,batavia1 #aiab7 p4 #dag4 #cbj ,c4 ,m4 ,pleyte1 8,e?nographis*e ,bes*rijv+ d] ,kei-eil&510 ,tijds*rift van het ,n$]l&s* ,a>drijkskundig ,g5oots*ap1 ,twe$e ,s]ie1 x4 7#ahic7 pp4 #hcd sq4 ,a brief] acc\nt ( ! cu/om _h previ\sly be5 giv5 by ,j4 ,g4 ,f4 ,ri$el 7,de sluik- en kroe%>ige rass5 tuss*5 ,selebes en ,papua1 ,! ,hague1 #ahhf1 p4 #bci74 ,m#hf ,demons ( sickness expell$ 9 ,nias4 #cba ,j4 ,t4 ,nieuw5huis5 en ,h4 ,c4 ,b4 von ,ros5b]g1 8,v]slag omtr5t het eil& ,nias10 ,v]h&el+5 van het ,bataviaas* ,g5oots*ap van ,kun/5 en ,wet5s*ap51 xxx4 7,batavia1 #ahfc7 pp4 #aaf sq42 ,h4 von ,ros5b]g1 ,d] ,malayis*e ,ar*ipel 7,leipsic1 #ahgh71 pp4 #agd sq4 ,comp>e ,l4 ,n4 ,h4 ,a4 ,*atel91 8,godsdi5/ en ,bijgelo( d] ,niass]s10 ,tijds*rift voor ,indis*e ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde1 xxvi4 7#ahhj7 p4 #aci2 ,e4 ,modigliani1 ,un ,viaggio a ,nz 7,milan1 #ahij71 pp4 #aie1 #chb4 ,! ,dyaks also drive ! devil at ! po9t ( ! sword f a h\se :]e !re is sickness4 ,see ,c4 ,hupe1 8,korte v]h&el+ ov] de godsdi5/1 z$51 enz4 d] ,dajakk]s10 ,tijds*rift voor ,nerl&s ,indi1 #ahdf1 dl4 iii4 p4 #adi4 ,m#hg ,spiritual qu>ant9e aga9/ demons ( sickness 9 ,nias4 #cbb ,fr4 ,kram]1 8,d] ,gtz5di5/ d] ,niass]10 ,tijds*rift voor ,indis*e ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde1 xxxiii4 7#ahij7 pp4 #dhf-dhh4 #cbc ,h]odotus1 i4 #agb4 ,m#hh ,demons ( sickness expell$ 9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 ,burma1 ,india1 ,*9a4 #cbd ,g4 ,c4 ,:eel]1 8,sket* ( ! ,totemism & ,religion ( ! ,p ( ! ,isl&s 9 ! ,b\ga9ville ,/raits 7,we/]n ,solomon ,isl&s710 ,ar*iv fr ,religionswiss5s*aft1 xv4 7#aiab7 pp4 #di1 #ea sq4 #cbe ,c4 ,j4 ,f4 ,s4 ,=bes1 ,briti% ,burma 7,london1 #ahgh71 p4 #bcc2 ,%way ,yoe1 ,! ,burman1 8 ,life & ,notions 7,london1 #ahhb71 i4 #bhb1 ii4 #aje sqq42 ,a4 ,ba/ian1 ,die ,vlk] des /li*5 ,asi51 ii4 #ih2 ,max & ,b]?a ,f]r>s1 ,burma 7,london1 #aijj71 p4 #abh4 #cbf 7,sir7 ,j4 ,george ,scott & ,j4 ,p4 ,h>diman1 ,gazette] ( ,upp] ,burma & ! ,%an ,/ates1 ,"p ii4 vol4 i4 7,rangoon1 #aija7 p4 #ddj4 #cbg ,t4 ,h4 ,lew91 ,wild ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india 7,london1 #ahgj71 p4 #bbf4 #cbh ,j4 ,j4 ,m4 de ,groot1 ,! ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,*9a1 vi4 7,leyd51 #aiaj7 pp4 #iha sqq42 id41 ,! ,religion ( ! ,*9ese 7,new ,york1 #aiaj71 pp4 #dj sqq4 ,m#hi ,demons ( sickness expell$ 9 ,japan1 ,corea & ,tonqu94 #cbi ,?is description is tak5 f a newspap]-cutt+1 :i* 0 s5t to me f ! we/ ( ,scotl& 9 ,octob] #ahij1 b )\t ! "n or date ( ! pap]4 ,! acc\nt1 :i* is head$ 8,exorcism ( ! ,pe/ ,demon 9 ,japan10 purports to be d]iv$ f a s]ies ( notes on m$ical cu/oms ( ! ,japanese1 :i* 7 contribut$ by ,dr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,h4 ,hall1 ( ! ,u4,s4 ,navy1 to ! ,sei-,i ,kwai ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 ,comp>e ,lafcadio ,he>n1 ,glimpses ( ,unfamili> ,japan 7,london1 #ahid71 i4 #adg4 #ccj ,masanao ,koike1 8,zwei ,jahr5 9 ,korea10 ,int]nationales ,ar*iv fr ,e?nographie1 iv4 7#ahia7 p4 #aj2 ,mrs4 ,bi%op1 ,korea & h] ,neighb\rs 7,london1 #ahih71 ii4 #bdj4 #cca ,lettres difiantes et curieuses1 ,n\velle dition 7,p>is1 #aghj-aghc71 xvi4 #bjf4 ,x w be notic$ t 9 ?is & ! prec$+ case ! pr9ciple ( expulsion is appli$ = ! b5efit ( an individual1 n ( a :ole community4 ,yet ! me?od ( proc$ure 9 bo? is s simil> to t adopt$ 9 ! cases "u consid]ation t ,i h all[$ myself to cite !m4 ,m#ij ,demons ( sickness expell$ 9 ,africa1 ,am]ica4 #ccb ,g4 ,zndel1 8,l& und ,volk d] ,ewe] auf d] ,sclav5k/e 9 ,we/afrika10 ,zeits*rift d] ,gesells*aft fr ,erdkunde zu ,b]l91 xii4 7#ahgg7 pp4 #dad sq4 #ccc ,h4 ,hecqu>d1 ,reise an die ,k/e und 9 das ,inn]e von ,we/-,afrika 7,leipsic1 #ahed71 p4 #dc4 #ccd ,dr4 ,a4 ,plehn1 8,beoba*tung5 9 ,kam]un1 b] die ,ans*auung5 und ,gebru*e e9ig] ,neg]/mme10 ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 xxxvi4 7#aijd7 pp4 #gag sq4 #cce ,ph4 ,paulits*ke1 ,e?nographie ,nordo/-,afrikas3 die mat]ielle ,cultur d] ,dankil1 ,galla und ,soml 7,b]l91 #ahic71 p4 #agg4 #ccf ,f4 ,gabriel ,sag>d1 ,le ,gr& ,voyage du ,pays des ,hurons1 pp4 #bgi sqq4 7#aie sq4 ( ! repr9t1 ,p>is1 ,libraire ,tross1 #ahfe74 ,comp>e ,relations des ,jsuites1 #afci1 pp4 #hh-ib 7,canadian repr9t1 ,quebec1 #aheh71 f :i* x appe>s t ea* man dem&$ ! subject ( 8 dream 9 ! =m ( a riddle1 :i* ! he>]s tri$ to solve4 ,! cu/om ( ask+ riddles at c]ta9 seasons or on c]ta9 special occasions is curi\s & has n yet1 s f> z ,i "k1 be5 expla9$4 ,p]haps enigmas 7 orig9ally circumlocutions adopt$ at times :5 = c]ta9 reasons ! speak] 0 =bidd5 ! use ( direct t]ms4 ,!y appe> to be especially employ$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( a dead body4 ,?us 9 ,bolang ,mongondo 7,celebes7 riddles may nev] be ask$ except :5 !re is a corpse 9 ! village4 ,see ,n4 ,p4 ,wilk5 en ,j4 ,a4 ,s*w>z1 8,all]lei ov] het l& en volk van ,bolang ,mongond\10 ,m$$eel+5 van wege het ,n$]l&s*e ,z5del+g5oots*ap1 xi4 7#ahfg7 p4 #ceg4 ,9 ! ,aru ar*ipelago1 :ile a corpse is unc(f9$1 ! wat*]s prop\nd riddles to ea* o!r1 or r !y ?9k ( ?+s :i* ! o!rs h to guess4 ,see ,j4 ,g4 ,f4 ,ri$el1 ,de sluik- en kroe%>ige rass5 tuss*5 ,selebes en ,papua1 pp4 #bfg sq4 ,9 ,brittany aft] a burial1 :5 ! re/ h gone to p>take ( ! fun]al banquet1 old m5 rema9 beh9d 9 ! gravey>d1 & hav+ seat$ !mselves on mall[s1 ask ea* o!r riddles4 ,see ,a4 de ,nore1 ,c\tumes1 ,my!s et ,traditions des ,prov9ces de ,france 7,p>is & ,lyons1 #ahdf71 p4 #aii4 ,among ! ,akamba ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa boys & girls at circumcision h to int]pret c]ta9 pictographs cut on /icks3 ^! pictographs are call$ 8riddles40 ,see ,c4 ,w4 ,hobley1 ,e?nology ( ,a-,kamba & o!r ,ea/ ,african ,tribes 7,cambridge1 #aiaj71 pp4 #ga sq4 ,9 ,v$ic times ! prie/s propos$ enigmas to ea* o!r at ! great sacrifice ( a horse4 ,see ,! ,satapa?a ,brahmana1 translat$ by ,j4 ,eggel+1 ,"p v4 7,ox=d1 #aijj71 pp4 #cad-caf 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xliv472 ,h4 ,old5b]g1 ,die ,religion des ,v$a 7,b]l91 #ahid71 p4 #dge4 ,comp>e ,o4 ,s*rad]1 ,reallexikon d] indog]manis*5 ,alt]tumskunde 7,/rasburg1 #aija71 pp4 #fdg sq4 ,among ,turki% tribes ( ,c5tral ,asia girls publicly prop\nd riddles to _! woo]s1 :o are puni%$ if !y _c read !m4 ,see ,h4 ,vamb]y1 ,das ,trk5volk 7,leipsic1 #ahhe71 pp4 #bcb sq4 ,among ! ,alfoors ( ,c5tral ,celebes riddles may only be ask$ dur+ ! season :5 ! fields are be+ till$ & ! crops are gr[+4 ,p meet+ toge!r at ?is "t occupy !mselves ) ask+ riddles & tell+ /ories4 ,z soon z "s "o has f\nd ! answ] to a riddle1 !y all cry out1 8,make our rice to gr[1 make fat e>s to gr[ bo? 9 ! valleys & on ! heights40 ,b dur+ ! mon?s :i* elapse betwe5 h>ve/ & ! prep>ation ( new l& = tillage ! prop\nd+ ( enigmas is /rictly =bidd54 ,! writ] :o reports ! cu/om conjectures t ! cry 8,make our rice to gr[0 is address$ to ! s\ls ( ! ance/ors4 ,see ,a4 ,c4 ,kruijt1 8,e5 en &] aanga&e het gee/elijk en maats*appelijk lev5 van d5 ,poso-,alfo]10 ,m$$eel+5 van wege het ,n$]l&s*e ,z5del+g5oots*ap1 xxxix4 7#ahie7 pp4 #adb sq4 ,among/ ! ,toboongkoo ( ,c5tral ,celebes riddles are prop\nd$ at h>ve/ & by wat*]s ov] a corpse4 ,see ,a4 ,c4 ,kruijt1 8,e5ige e?nografis*e aanteek5+5 omtr5t de ,tobo5gkoe en de ,tomori10 ,m$$eel+5 van wege het ,n$]l&s*e ,z5del+g5oots*ap1 xliv4 7#aijj7 pp4 #bbc1 #bbh4 ,m#ia ,flight f ! demons ( sickness4 #ccg ,a4 d',orbigny1 ,voyage dans l',amrique ,mridionale1 ii4 7,p>is & ,/rasburg1 #ahci-ahdc7 p4 #aij4 #cch ,p$ro ,lozano1 ,description ,*orographica del ,t]r5o1 ,rios1 ,arboles1 y ,animales de las dilatadissimas ,prov9cias del ,gran ,*aco1 ,gualamba1 etc4 7,cordova1 #agcc7 p4 #ajj4 #cci ,h4 ,h4 ,bancr(t1 ,natives ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates 7,london1 #ahge-ahgf71 i4 #ehi note #bei1 quot+ ,arlegui1 ,*rn4 de ,zacatecas1 pp4 #aeb-c1 #ahb4 #cdj ,b]tram ,s4 ,c>ey & ,h4 ,n4 ,tuck1 ,! ,*9 ,hills1 i4 7,rangoon1 #ahif7 p4 #aih4 ,m#ib ,! p]iodic expulsion ( evils4 ,annual expulsion ( gho/s 9 ,au/ralia4 #cda ,rev4 ,w4 ,ridley1 9 ,j4 ,d4 ,lang's ,que5sl& 7,london1 #ahfa71 p4 #dda4 ,comp>e ,rev4 ,w4 ,ridley1 ,kamil>oi 7,sydney1 #ahge71 p4 #adi4 ,m#ic ,annual expulsion ( ,tua among ! ,esquimaux ( ,alaska4 #cdb ,report ( ! ,int]national ,pol> ,exp$ition to ,po9t ,b>r[1 ,alaska 7,wa%+ton1 #ahhe71 pp4 #db sq4 ,x is said t 9 ,?ule1 :]e ! sun disappe>$ bel[ ! horizon = =ty days e w9t]1 ! greate/ fe/ival ( ! ye> 0 held :5 ! lum9>y reappe>$4 8,x seems to me10 says ,procopius1 :o records ! fact1 8t ?\gh ! same ?+ happ5s e ye>1 ^! isl&]s are v mu* afraid le/ ! sun %\ld fail !m altoge!r40 ,see ,procopius1 ,de bello ,go?ico1 ii4 #ae4 ,m#id ,annual expulsion ( ,s$na among ! ,esquimaux ( ,baff9 ,l&4 #cdc ,fr4 ,boas1 8,! ,eskimo10 ,proce$+s & ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,canada = #ahhg1 vol4 v4 7,montreal1 #ahhh7 sect4 ii4 #cf sq42 id41 8,! ,c5tral ,eskimo10 ,six? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology 7,wa%+ton1 #ahhh71 pp4 #fjc sq4 ,else:]e1 h[ev]1 ! writ] m5tions a diff]5t explanation ( ! cu/om ( h>poon+ ,s$na4 ,he says3 8,s$na feels k9dly t[>ds ! p if !y h succe$$ 9 cutt+ h]4 ,if !re is no blood on ! knife1 x is an ill om54 ,z to ! reason :y ,s$na mu/ be cut1 ! p say t x is an old cu/om1 & t x makes h] feel bett]1 t x is ! same z giv+ a ?ir/y p]son dr9k40 ,see ,fr4 ,boas1 8,! ,eskimo ( ,baff9 ,l& & ,hudson ,bay10 ,bullet9 ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 xv4 7,new ,york1 #aija7 p4 #aci4 ,h[ev]1 ?is explanation may well be an aft]?\ght devis$ to ?r[ light on an old cu/om ( :i* ! orig9al mean+ _h be5 =gott54 ,m#ie ,annual expulsion ( demons among ! ,koryaks4 #cdd ,w4 ,jo*elson1 ,! ,koryak 7,leyd5 & ,new ,york1 #aijh71 p4 #hh 7,! ,jesup ,nor? ,pacific ,exp$ition1 vol4 vi41 ,memoir ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory74 ,m#if ,annual expulsion ( demons among ! ,iroquois & ! ,*]okees44 #cde ,above1 p4 #aba4 #cdf ,relations des ,jsuites1 #afef1 pp4 #bf-bh 7,canadian repr9t1 ,quebec1 #aheh72 ,j4 ,f4 ,lafitau1 ,murs des ,sauvages ,am]iqua9s 7,p>is1 #agbd71 i4 #cfg-cfi2 ,*>levoix1 ,hi/oire de la ,n\velle ,france1 vi4 #hb sqq42 ,timo?y ,dwight1 ,travels 9 ,new ,engl& & ,new ,york 7,london1 #ahbc71 iv4 #bja sq42 ,l4 ,h4 ,morgan1 ,league ( ! ,iroquois 7,ro*e/]1 #ahea71 pp4 #bjg sqq42 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,a4 ,smi?1 8,my?s ( ! ,iroquois10 ,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology 7,wa%+ton1 #ahhc71 pp4 #aab sqq42 ,horatio ,hale1 8,iroquois ,sacrifice ( ! ,:ite ,dog10 ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian1 vii4 7#ahhe7 pp4 #g sqq42 ,w4 ,m4 ,beau*amp1 8,iroquois ,:ite ,dog ,fea/10 ibid4 pp4 #bce sqq4 8,!y _h "o day 9 ! ye> :i* might be call$ ! ,fe/ival ( ,fools2 = 9 fact !y pret5d$ to be mad1 ru%+ f hut to hut1 s t if !y ill-treat$ any "o or c>ri$ (f any?+1 !y w\ld say next day1 #8,i 0 mad2 ,i _h n my s5ses ab\t me4' ,& ! o!rs w\ld accept ?is explanation & exact no v5geance0 7,l4 ,h5nep91 ,description de la ,l\isiane1 ,p>is1 #afhc1 pp4 #ga sq474 #cdg ,j4 ,h4 ,payne1 quot$ 9 8,obs]vations on ! ,creek & ,*]okee ,indians1 by ,w4 ,b>tram1 #aghi1 ) prefatory & supplem5t>y notes by ,e4 ,g4 ,squi]10 ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,e?nological ,society1 vol4 iii4 ,"p i4 7#ahec7 p4 #gh4 ,m#ig ,annual expulsion ( evils among ! ,incas ( ,p]u4 #cdh ,c4 ,gay1 8,fragm5t d'un voyage dans le ,*ili et au ,cusco patrie des anci5s ,incas10 ,bullet9 de la ,socit de ,gographie 7,p>is71 ii4 ,srie1 xix4 7#ahdc7 pp4 #bi sq4 #cdi ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 ,royal ,comm5t>ies ( ! ,yncas1 translat$ by 7,sir7 ,clem5ts ,r4 ,m>kham 7,hakluyt ,society1 ,london1 #ahfi-ahga71 ,"p i4 bk4 vii4 *4 #f1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bbh sqq42 ,mol9a1 8,fables & ,rites ( ! ,yncas10 9 ,rites & ,laws ( ! ,yncas 7,hakluyt ,society1 #ahgc71 pp4 #bj sqq42 ,j4 de ,aco/a1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indies1 bk4 v4 *4 #bh1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cge sq4 7,hakluyt ,society1 ,london1 #ahhj74 ,! acc\nts ( ,g>cilasso & ,mol9a are some:at discrepant1 b ?is may be expla9$ by ! /atem5t ( ! latt] t 89 "o ye> !y add$1 & 9 ano!r !y r$uc$ ! numb] ( c]emonies1 accord+ to circum/ances40 ,mol9a places ! fe/ival 9 ,augu/1 ,g>cilasso & ,aco/a 9 ,septemb]4 ,accord+ to ,g>cilasso !re 7 only f\r runn]s 9 ,cuzco2 accord+ to ,mol9a !re 7 f\r hundr$4 ,aco/a's acc\nt is v brief4 ,9 ! description giv5 9 ! text features h be5 borr[$ f all ?ree acc\nts1 :]e ^! seem$ consi/5t ) ea* o!r4 ,m#ih ,annual expulsion ( demons among ! negroes ( ,gu9ea4 #cej ,w4 ,bosman1 8,description ( ! ,coa/ ( ,gu9ea10 9 ,j4 ,p9k]ton's ,voyages & ,travels1 xvi4 7,london1 #ahad7 p4 #djb2 ,pi]re ,b\*e1 ,la ,cte des ,esclaves 7,p>is1 #ahhe71 p4 #cie4 #cea ,rev4 ,j4 ,leighton ,wilson1 ,we/]n ,africa 7,london1 #ahef71 p4 #bag4 ,m#ii ,annual expulsion ( demons 9 ,b594 #ceb ,n>rative ( ,capta9 ,james ,fawckn]'s ,travels on ! ,coa/ ( ,b591 ,we/ ,africa 7,london1 #ahcg71 pp4 #ajb sq4 ,m#ajj ,annual expulsion ( demons at ,cape ,coa/ ,ca/le4 #cec 8,extracts f ,di>y ( ! late ,rev4 ,john ,m>t91 ,wesleyan ,mission>y 9 ,we/ ,africa1 #ahdc-ahdh10 ,man1 xii4 7#aiab7 pp4 #ach sq4 ,comp>e ,major ,a4 ,j4 ,n4 ,treme>ne1 ,! ,tail$ ,head-hunt]s ( ,nig]ia 7,london1 #aiab71 pp4 #bjb sq4 ,m#aja ,annual expulsion ( evils on ! ,nig] & 9 ,abyss9ia4 #ced ,s4 ,cr[!r & ,j4 ,c4 ,taylor1 ,! ,gospel on ! ,banks ( ! ,nig] 7,london1 #ahei71 p4 #cbj4 #cee ,mansfield ,p>kyns1 ,life 9 ,abyss9ia1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahfh71 pp4 #bhe sq4 ,m#ajb ,annual expulsion ( spirits at ! yam h>ve/ 9 ,new ,gu9ea4 ,annual expulsion ( demons among ! ,hos ( ,we/ ,africa be=e eat+ ! new yams4 #cef ,george ,br[n1 ,d4,d41 ,melanesians & ,polynesian 7,london1 #aiaj71 pp4 #dac sq4 #ceg ,z to ! c]emony ( eat+ ! new yams1 see ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 ii4 #eh sqq4 #ceh ,j4 ,spie?1 ,die ,ewe-,/mme 7,b]l91 #aijf71 pp4 #cje-cjg4 ,at ,kot$\g\ a ,fr5* (fic] saw a numb] ( disguis$ m5 call$ d\ danc+ & p]=m+ v>i\s antics ab\t ! h\ses1 "u ! trees1 & 9 ! fields4 ,hemp & palm leaves 7 sewn on _! g>m5ts & !y wore caps ( hemp surm\nt$ by a cre/ ( r$-o*r$ wood1 sometimes by a wood5 beak ( a bird4 ,he ga!r$ t ! c]emony takes place at ! beg9n+ ( w9t]1 & he ?\ght t ! processions 8are p]haps int5d$ to drive away ! evil spirits at ! season ( tillage or p]haps also to procure ra940 ,see ,le ,capita9e ,b+]1 ,du ,nig] au ,golfe de ,gu9e p> le pays de ,kong et le ,mossi 7,p>is1 #ahib71 pp4 #cgh-chj4 ,m#ajc ,annual expulsion ( demons among ! ,hos ( ,nor?-,ea/]n ,india at h>ve/4 #cei ,e4 ,t4 ,dalton1 ,descriptive ,e?nology ( ,b5gal 7,calcutta1 #ahgb71 pp4 #aif sq4 ,we h se5 t among ! ,pondos ( ,s\? ,africa ! h>ve/ fe/ival ( fir/-fruits is 9 l mann] a p]iod ( lic5ce & debau*]y4 ,see ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 ii4 #ff sq4 ,m#ajd ,annual expulsion ( demons among ! ,h9doo ,koo% tribes at h>ve/4 ,annual expulsion ( demons among ! ,khonds at s[+4 #cfj ,major ,j4 ,biddulph1 ,tribes ( ! ,h9doo ,koo% 7,calcutta1 #ahhj71 p4 #ajc4 #cfa ,w4 ,macph]son1 ,memorials ( ,s]vice 9 ,india f ! ,correspond5ce ( ! late ,major ,s4 ,c4 ,macph]son 7,london1 #ahfe71 pp4 #ceg sq4 ,possibly ?is case belongs m /rictly to ! class ( m$iate expulsions1 ! devils be+ driv5 out ^u ! c>4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ! c> ) its cont5ts is reg>d$ r z a bribe to induce !m to g ?an z a vehicle 9 :i* !y are actually c>t$ away4 ,anyh[ x is conv5i5t to take ?is case along ) ^? o!r expulsions ( demons :i* are ! accompanim5t ( an agricultural fe/ival4 ,m#aje ,annual expulsion ( disease 9 ,*ota ,nagpur4 ,annual expulsion ( demons among ! ,mossos ( ,*9a4 #cfb ,h4 ,c4 ,/reatfield1 8,ran*i10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal1 lxxii4 ,"p iii4 7,calcutta1 #aijd7 p4 #cf4 #cfc ,le ,t\r du ,monde1 iii4 7,p>is1 #ahig7 pp4 #bbg sq41 quot+ ,aux s\rces de l',irra\addi1 d',hano ,calcutta p> t]re1 p> ,m4 ,e4 ,r\x1 ,troisime ,p>tie4 ,m#ajf ,p]iodical expulsion ( demons 9 ,bali4 #cfd ,r4 van ,eck1 8,s*ets5 van het eil& ,bali10 ,tijds*rift voor ,n$]l&s* ,indi1 ,n4,s41 viii4 7#ahgi7 pp4 #eh-fj4 ,van ,eck's acc\nt is repr9t$ 9 ,j4 ,jacobs's ,e5ig5 tijd ond] de ,balirs 7,batavia1 #ahhc71 pp4 #aij sqq4 ,accord+ to ano!r writ]1 ea* village may *oose its own day = expell+ ! devils1 b ! c]emony mu/ always be p]=m$ at ! new moon4 ,a necess>y prelim9>y is to m>k exactly ! b\nd>ies ( ! village t]ritory1 & ?is is done by /ret*+ ! leaves ( a c]ta9 palm across ! roads at ! b\nd>ies4 ,see ,f4 ,a4 ,liefr9ck1 8,bijdrage tot de k5nis van het eil& ,bali10 ,tijds*rift voor ,indis*e ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde1 xxxiii4 7#ahij7 pp4 #bdf sq4 ,z to ! 8d>k moon0 x is to be obs]v$ t "s ea/]n nations1 p>ticul>ly ! ,h9doos & ! ,burmese1 divide ! mon?ly cycle ( ! moon into two p>ts1 :i* !y call ! light moon & ! d>k moon respectively4 ,! light moon is ! fir/ half ( ! mon?1 :5 ! lum9>y is wax+2 ! d>k moon is ! second half ( ! mon?1 :5 ! lum9>y is wan+4 ,see ,francis ,bu*anan1 8,on ! ,religion & ,lit]ature ( ! ,burmas10 ,asiatick ,rese>*es1 vi4 7,london1 #ahja7 p4 #aga4 ,! ,bal9ese h no d\bt d]iv$ ! di/9ction1 l mu* else1 f ! ,h9doos4 ,m#ajg ,annual expulsion ( ! fire-_s among ! ,%ans4 ,annual c]emony 9 ,fiji4 ,annual c]emony 9 ,tumleo4 #cfe ,j4 ,&]son1 ,m&alay to ,momi5 7,london1 #ahgf71 p4 #cjh4 #cff ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 ,e?nography & ,philology1 by ,h4 ,hale 7,philadelphia1 #ahdf71 pp4 #fg sq42 ,*4 ,wilkes1 ,n>rative ( ! ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 ,new ,edition 7,new ,york1 #ahea71 iii4 #ij sq41 #cdb4 ,accord+ to ! latt] writ]1 ! sea-slug 0 eat5 by ! m5 alone1 :o liv$ dur+ ! f\r days 9 ! temple1 :ile ! wom5 & boys rema9$ %ut up 9 _! h\ses4 ,z to ! annual appe>ance & cat* ( ! sea-slug 9 ! seas ( ,fiji1 see fur!r ,b4 ,seeman1 ,viti1 an ,acc\nt ( a ,gov]nm5t ,mission to ! ,vitian or ,fijian ,isl&s 9 ! ,ye>s #ahfj-ahfb 7,cambridge1 #ahfb71 pp4 #ei-fa2 ,basil ,?omson1 ,! ,fijians 7,london1 #aijh71 pp4 #cbd-cbg4 ,a some:at diff]5t acc\nt ( ! appe>ance ( ! slug 7,palolo v]idis7 9 ! ,samoan ,sea is giv5 f p]sonal obs]vation by ,dr4 ,george ,br[n4 ,he says3 8,?is annelid1 z f> z ,i c rememb]1 is ab\t #h or #ab in*es long1 & some:at ?ick] ?an ord9>y pip+-cord4 ,x is f\nd only on two morn+s 9 ! ye>1 & ! "t :5 x w appe> & disappe> c be accurately pr$ict$4 ,z a g5]al rule only a few palolo are f\nd on ! fir/ day1 ?\gh occasionally ! l>ge quantity may appe> fir/2 b1 z a rule1 ! l>ge quantity appe>s on ! second morn+4 ,& x is only f\nd on ^! morn+s = a v limit$ p]iod1 viz4 f e>ly dawn to ab\t sev5 o'clock1 i4e4 = ab\t two h\rs4 ,x !n disappe>s until ! foll[+ ye>1 except 9 "s r>e in/ances1 :5 x is f\nd = ! same limit$ p]iod 9 ! foll[+ mon? aft] its fir/ appe>ance4 ,i kept records ( ! "t1 & ( ! /ate ( ! moon1 = "s ye>s1 ) ! foll[+ result3 t x always appe>$ on two out ( ! foll[+ ?ree days1 viz4 ! day be=e1 ! day (1 & ! day aft] ! la/ qu>t] ( ! ,octob] moon40 ,see ,george ,br[n1 ,d4,d41 ,melanesians & ,polynesians 7,london1 #aiaj71 pp4 #ace sq4 ,! slug is also caught 9 ! sea (f ,samoa1 accord+ to "o acc\nt1 at int]vals ( six mon?s4 ,"o ( its appe>ances takes place on ! eigh? day aft] ! new moon ( ,octob]4 ,s regul> are ! appe>ances ( ! creature t ! ,samoans reckon _! "t by !m4 ,see ,e4 ,boisse1 8,les les ,samoa1 ,nukunono1 ,fakaafo1 ,wallis et ,hoorn10 ,bullet9 de la ,socit de ,gographie 7,p>is71 vi4 ,srie1 x4 7#ahge7 pp4 #dcj sq4 ,9 antiquity e ye> va/ %oals ( a small fi% us$ to asc5d ! riv] ,olyn?iac f ! lake ( ,bolbe 9 ,mac$onia1 & all ! p ( ! neighb\rhood caught & salt$ great /ore ( !m4 ,!y ?\ght t ! fi% 7 s5t to !m by ,bolbe1 ! "m ( ,olyn?us1 & !y not$ x z a curi\s fact t ! fi% nev] swam high] up ?an ! tomb ( ,olyn?us1 :i* /ood on ! bank ( ! riv] ,olyn?iac4 ,! %oals always made _! appe>ance 9 ! mon?s ( ,an!/]ion & ,elaphebolion1 & z ! p ( ,apollonia 7a city on ! bank ( ! lake7 celebrat$ _! fe/ival ( ! dead at t season1 =m]ly 9 ! mon? ( ,elaphebolion1 b aft]w>ds 9 ! mon? ( ,an!/]ion1 !y imag9$ t ! fi% came at t "t on purpose4 ,see ,a!naeus1 viii4 #aa1 p4 #ccd ,f4 #cfg ,m4 ,j4 ,erdweg1 8,die ,bewohn] d] ,insel ,tumleo ,b]l9haf51 ,deuts*-,new-,gu9ea10 ,mit!ilung5 d] an?ropologis*5 ,gesells*aft 9 ,wi51 xxxii4 7#aijb7 pp4 #cbi sq4 ,m#ajh ,annual expulsion ( demons 9 ,japan4 #cfh ,a4 ,humb]t1 ,le ,japon illu/r 7,p>is1 #ahgj71 ii4 #cbf4 #cfi ,a4 ,ba/ian1 ,die ,vlk] des /li*5 ,asi51 v4 7,j5a1 #ahfi7 p4 #cfg4 #cgj ,w4 ,g4 ,a/on1 ,%9to 7,london1 #aije71 p4 #cji4 #cga ,lafcadio ,he>n1 ,glimpses ( ,unfamili> ,japan 7,london1 #ahid71 ii4 #dih sq4 ,! writ] agrees ) ,mr4 ,a/on z to ! =mula ( exorcism--8,oni wa soto6 fuku wa u*i01 8,devils out6 ,good =tune 960 ,m#aji ,annual expulsion ( pov]ty & demons 9 ,*9a1 ,india1 & ,p]sia4 #cgb ,eitel1 8,les ,hak-ka10 ,l',an?ropologie1 iv4 7#ahic7 pp4 #age sq4 #cgc ,panjab ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 pp4 #adf sq41 #gib 7,june1 #ahhe72 ,d4 ,c4 ,j4 ,ibbetson1 ,outl9es ( ,panjab ,e?nography 7,calcutta1 #ahhc71 p4 #aai2 ,w4 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion & ,folklore ( ,nor!rn ,india 7,we/m9/]1 #ahif71 ii4 #ahh1 #bie sq4 #cgd ,john ,ri*>dson1 ,diction>y ( ,p]sian1 ,arabic1 & ,engli%1 ,new ,edition 7,london1 #ahbi71 p4 liii4 ,m#aaj ,annual expulsion ( demons 9 ,*9a at ! end ( ! ye>4 #cge ,j4 ,j4 ,m4 de ,groot1 ,! ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,*9a1 vi4 7,leyd51 #aiaj7 pp4 #igg sq4 #cgf ,j4 ,j4 ,m4 de ,groot1 op4 cit4 vi4 #igh4 #cgg ,j4 ,j4 ,m4 de ,groot1 op4 cit4 vi4 #igi4 #cgh ,j4 ,j4 ,m4 de ,groot1 ,! ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ,*9a1 vi4 #idd sqq42 id41 ,! ,religion ( ,*9a 7,new ,york1 #aiaj71 pp4 #ch sq42 ,j4 ,h4 ,gray1 ,*9a 7,london1 #ahgh71 i4 #bea sq4 #cgi ,w4 ,woodville ,rockhill1 8,notes on "s ( ! ,laws1 ,cu/oms1 & ,sup]/itions ( ,korea10 ,! ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 iv4 7#ahia7 p4 #ahe4 ,m#aaa ,annual expulsion ( demons 9 ,tonqu94 #chj ,s4 ,b>on1 8,description ( ! ,k+dom ( ,tonque510 9 ,j4 ,p9k]ton's ,voyages & ,travels1 ix4 7,london1 #ahaa7 pp4 #fgc1 #fie sq42 comp>e ,ri*>d1 8,hi/ory ( ,tonqu910 ibid4 p4 #gdf4 ,! acc\nt ( ! c]emony by ,tav]ni] 7:om ,b>on criticises v unfav\rably7 is some:at diff]5t4 ,accord+ to him1 ! expulsion ( wick$ s\ls at ! ,new ,ye> is comb9$ ) sacrifice to ! hon\r$ dead4 8,at ! beg9n+ ( e ye> !y h a great solemnity 9 hon\r ( ! dead1 :o 7 9 _! lives r5[n$ = _! noble actions & val\r1 reckon+ rebels among !m4 ,!y set up sev]al alt>s1 "s = sacrifices1 o!rs = ! names ( ! p]sons !y design to hon\r2 & ! k+1 pr9ces1 & m&>9s are pres5t at !m1 & make ?ree pr(\nd rev]5ces to ! alt>s :5 ! sacrifices are f9i%$2 b ! k+ %oots five times aga9/ ! alt>s :]e ! rebels' names are2 !n ! great guns are let (f1 & ! soldi]s give vollies ( small %ot1 to put ! s\ls to flight4 ,! alt>s & pap]s made use ( at ! sacrifices are burnt1 & ! bonzes & sages g to eat ! meat made use ( at ! sacrifice0 7,tav]ni]1 9 ,john ,h>ris's ,collection ( ,voyages & ,travels1 vol4 i4 7,london1 #agdd7 p4 #hbc74 ,! translation is some:at abridg$4 ,= ! ,fr5* orig9al1 see ,j4 ,b4 ,tav]ni]1 ,voyages en ,turquie1 en ,p]se1 et aux ,indes 7,! ,hague1 #agah71 iii4 #bcj sq4 ,m#aab ,annual expulsion ( demons 9 ,cambodia & ,siam4 #cha 4 ,aymoni]1 ,notice sur le ,cambodge 7,p>is1 #ahge71 p4 #fb4 #chb ,a4 ,ba/ian1 ,die ,vlk] des /li*5 ,asi51 iii4 7,j5a1 #ahfg7 pp4 #bcg1 #bih1 #cad1 #ebi sq42 ,mgr4 ,pallegoix1 ,description du ,royaume ,?ai ou ,siam 7,p>is1 #ahed71 i4 #beb4 ,ba/ian 7p4 #cad71 ) :om ,pallegoix seems to agree1 di/9ctly /ates t ! expulsion takes place on ! la/ day ( ! ye>4 ,yet bo? say t x occurs 9 ! f\r? mon? ( ! ye>4 ,accord+ to ,pallegoix 7i4 #bec7 ! ,siamese ye> is compos$ ( twelve lun> mon?s1 & ! fir/ mon? usually beg9s 9 ,decemb]4 ,h5ce ! expulsion ( devils w\ld commonly take place 9 ,m>*1 z 9 ,cambodia4 ,9 ,laos ! ye> beg9s 9 ! fif? mon? & x ends 9 ! fif? mon? ( ! foll[+ ye>4 ,see ,lieut5ant-,colonel ,t\rni]1 ,notice sur le ,laos ,franais 7,hanoi1 #aijj71 p4 #ahg4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,e4 ,sel] ! fe/ival ( ,toxcatl1 celebrat$ 9 ! fif? mon?1 0 ! old ,mexican fe/ival ( ! ,new ,ye>4 ,see ,e4 ,sel]1 ,altmexikanis*e ,/udi51 ii4 7,b]l91 #ahii7 pp4 #aec1 #aff sq4 7,v]ff5tli*ung5 aus dem knigli*5 ,museum fr ,vlk]kunde1 vi4 ,heft #b_/d74 ,h5ce x appe>s t 9 "s cal5d>s ! ye> is n reckon$ to beg9 ) ! fir/ mon?4 #chc ,erne/ ,"y1 ,! ,k+dom ( ! ,yell[ ,robe 7,we/m9/]1 #ahih71 pp4 #ace sq4 #chd 8,lettre de ,mgr4 ,bruguire1 vque de ,capse1 ,m4 ,b\squet1 vicaire-gnral d',aire10 ,annales de l',association de la ,propagation de la ,foi1 v4 7,p>is & ,lyons1 #ahca7 p4 #ahh4 ,z to ! tempor>y k+ ( ,siam1 8 privileges & ! c]emony ( pl\gh+ :i* he p]=ms1 see ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #adi-aea4 ,m#aac ,annual reception & expulsion ( ! spirits ( ! dead 9 ,japan4 #che ,*>levoix1 ,hi/oire et description g5]ale du ,japon 7,p>is1 #agcf71 i4 #abh sq42 ,c4 ,p4 ,?unb]g1 ,voyages au ,japon 7,p>is1 #agif71 iv4 #ah-bj2 ,a4 ,ba/ian1 ,die ,vlk] des /li*5 ,asi51 v4 7,j5a1 #ahfi7 p4 #cfd2 ,beau=t1 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xv4 7#ahhf7 p4 #ajb2 ,a4 ,morgan1 9 ,j\rnal ( ,am]ican ,folk-lore1 x4 7#ahig7 pp4 #bdd sq42 ,lafcadio ,he>n1 ,glimpses ( ,unfamili> ,japan 7,london1 #ahid71 i4 #ajf-aaj1 ii4 #ejd sq4 ,! cu/om ( welcom+ ! s\ls ( ! dead back to _! old homes once a ye> has be5 obs]v$ 9 _m l&s4 ,see ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #cja sqq4 ,m#aad ,annual reception & expulsion ( ! spirits ( ! dead 9 anci5t ,greece & ,rome4 #chf ,above1 pp4 #abc sq4 #chg ,hesy*ius1 s4v4 2 1 4 ,photius1 ,lexicon1 s4vv4 2 444 2 2 4 ,id41 s4vv4 2 1 1 4 ,pollux1 viii4 #ada3 4 ,z to ! clos+ ( ! temples1 see fur!r ,a!naeus1 x4 #di1 p4 #ddg ,c4 ,z to ! ,an!/]ia 9 g5]al1 see ,e4 ,rohde1 ,psy*e#c 7,tb+5 & ,leipsic1 #aijc71 i4 #bcf sqq41 :o rightly adopts ,hesy*ius's second explanation ( 4 ,! reasons giv5 by ,augu/ ,momms5 = reject+ t explanation betray an imp]fect acqua9tance ) popul> sup]/ition 7,fe/e d] ,/adt ,a!n im ,alt]tum1 ,leipsic1 #ahih1 p4 #chf1 note #a74 ,comp>e ,miss ,j4 ,e4 ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 ,second ,edition 7,cambridge1 #aijh71 pp4 #cb sqq4 ,! ,greeks ?\ght t bran*es ( buck?orn 7rhamnus7 fa/5$ to doors or w9d[s kept out wit*es 7,dioscorides1 ,de mat]ia m$ica1 i4 #aai74 ,a simil> virtue 0 attribut$ to buck?orn or haw?orn by ! anci5t ,romans & mod]n ,european peasants4 ,see ,a4 ,kuhn1 ,die ,h]abkunft des ,feu]s und des ,gtt]tranks#b 7,gt]slh1 #ahhf71 pp4 #bji sq42 ,j4 ,murr1 ,pflanz5welt 9 d] grie*is*5 ,my?ologie 7,innsbruck1 #ahij71 pp4 #ajd-ajf2 ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #ed sq41 #aia4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,murr1 rhamnus is ,lycium europaeum ,l4 ,i le>n f ,miss ,j4 ,e4 ,h>rison t ,sir ,francis ,d>w9 believes x to be buck?orn 7,rhamnus ca?>ticus74 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,bosnia1 :5 peasant wom5 g to pay a visit 9 a h\se :]e a dea? has occurr$ !y put a little haw?orn 7,weissdorn7 beh9d _! headclo?1 & on return+ f ! h\se !y ?r[ x away on ! /reet4 ,!y ?9k t if ! deceas$ has turn$ into a vampyre1 he w be s occupi$ 9 pick+ up ! haw?orn1 t he w n be able to foll[ !m to _! homes4 ,see ,f4 ,s4 ,krauss1 8,vampyre im sdslavis*5 ,volksglaub510 ,globus1 lxi4 7#ahib7 p4 #cbf4 ,at *ildbir? also ! ,greeks sme>$ pit* on _! h\ses to keep out ! demons 7 7 :o attack wom5 at su* times 7,photius1 ,lexicon1 s4v4 74 ,to ?is day ! ,bulg>ians try to keep w&]+ gho/s f _! h\ses by pa9t+ crosses ) t> on ! outside ( _! doors1 :ile on ! inside !y hang a tangl$ ske9 compos$ ( c\ntless brok5 ?reads4 ,! gho/ _c ent] until he has c\nt$ all ! ?reads1 & be=e he has done ! sum ! cock cr[s & ! poor s\l mu/ return to ! grave4 ,see ,a4 ,/rausz1 ,die ,bulg>5 7,leipsic1 #ahih71 p4 #ded4 ,! ,s]vians pa9t crosses ) t> on ! doors ( h\ses & b>ns to keep out vampyres4 ,see ,f4 ,s4 ,krauss1 8,vampyre im sdslavis*5 ,volksglaub510 ,globus1 lxi4 7#ahib7 p4 #cbf4 ,9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& x 0 believ$ t t> put on a door kept wit*es away4 ,see ,j4 ,g4 ,campbell1 ,wit*craft & ,second ,sight 9 ! ,highl&s & ,isl&s ( ,scotl& 7,glasg[1 #aijb71 p4 #ac4 ,! ,?ompson ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia us$ to b> _! h\ses aga9/ gho/s by means n unlike ^? adopt$ by ! ,a!nians at ! ,an!/]ia4 ,:5 a dea? _h happ5$1 !y hung a /r+ ( de]-ho(s across ! inside ( ! h\se1 & an old woman (t5 pull$ at ! /r+ to make ! ho(s rattle4 ,?is kept ! gho/ out4 ,!y also plac$ bran*es ( junip] at ! door or burn$ !m 9 ! fire = ! same purpose4 ,see ,james ,teit1 8,! ,?ompson ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia0 7,april #aijj71 p4 #ccb 7,! ,jesup ,nor? ,pacific ,exp$ition1 ,memoir ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory74 ,) ! ,a!nian use ( ropes to keep gho/s out ( ! temples at ! ,an!/]ia we may comp>e ! ,siamese cu/om ( rop+ demons out ( ! city at ! ,new ,ye> 7above1 p4 #adi74 ,ropes ( rice-/raw1 :i* are suppos$ to repel demoniacal & evil influ5ces1 are hung by ! ,japanese 9 front ( %r9es1 & at ! ,new ,ye> !y hang !m also be=e ord9>y h\ses4 ,see ,w4 ,g4 ,a/on1 ,%9to 7,london1 #aije71 pp4 #cce sq4 ,"s ( ! ,kayans ( ,borneo /ret* ropes r\nd _! h\ses to keep out demons ( disease2 9 ord] to d s m effectually leaves ( a c]ta9 plant or tree are fa/5$ to ! rope4 ,see ,a4 ,w4 ,nieuw5huis1 ,qu] dur* ,borneo1 i4 7,leyd51 #aijd7 p4 #ddh4 #chh ,s*olia/ on ,ari/ophanes1 ,frogs1 #bah4 #chi ,j4 ,p]ham1 8,sea ,dyak ,religion10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,/raits ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,no4 #ad1 ,decemb] #ahhd1 pp4 #bif-bih4 #cij ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 v4 #dai-dhf2 ,v>ro1 quot$ by ,nonius ,m>cellus1 p4 #ace 7p4 #adb ed4 ,qui*]at71 s4v4 8,lemures02 ,fe/us1 p4 #hg ed4 ,c4 ,o4 ,mll]1 s4v4 8,fabam40 ,ovid1 :o is our *ief au?ority = ! c]emony1 speaks z if ! fe/ival la/$ only "o day 7! n9? ( ,may74 ,b we "k f ! inscrib$ cal5d>s t x la/$ ?ree days4 ,see ,w4 ,w>de ,f[l]1 ,! ,roman ,fe/ivals ( ! p]iod ( ! ,republic 7,london1 #ahii71 pp4 #ajf sqq4 ,m#aae ,annual expulsion ( ,satan among ! ,wotyaks & ,*]emiss ( ,russia4 #cia ,max ,bu*1 ,die ,wotjk5 7,/uttg>t1 #ahhb71 pp4 #aec sq4 #cib ,a4 ,ba/ian1 ,d] ,m5s* 9 d] ,ges*i*te 7,leipsic1 #ahfj71 ii4 #id2 ,p4 v4 ,/591 8,e9 neu] ,beitrag zur ,e?nographie d] ,ts*]emiss510 ,globus1 lviii4 7#ahij7 p4 #bjd4 ,m#aaf ,annual expulsion ( wit*es & o!r p[]s ( evil 9 ,*ri/ian ,europe4 #cic ,v9c5zo ,dorsa1 ,la tradizione greco-lat9a negli usi e nelle cr$5ze popol>i della ,calabria ,cit]iore 7,cos5za1 #ahhd71 pp4 #db sq4 #cid ,v9c5zo ,dorsa1 ,la tradizione greco-lat9a negli usi e nelle cr$5ze popol>i della ,calabria ,cit]iore1 p4 #dh4 #cie ,j4 ,g4 von ,hahn1 ,albanesis*e ,/udi5 7,j5a1 #ahed71 i4 #afj4 ,comp>e ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #bfd sq4 #cif ,p4 ,dre*sl]1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube 9 ,s*lesi5 7,leipsic1 #aijc-aijf71 i4 #hf4 ,m#aag ,widespread fe> ( wit*es & wiz>ds 9 ,europe4 #cig ,z to ! activity ( ! evil p[]s on ! twelve days f ,*ri/mas to ,twelf? ,night1 see ,gu/av ,bilf+]1 ,das g]manis*e ,julfe/ 7,/uttg>t1 #aija71 pp4 #gd sqq42 z to wit*es on ,/4 ,george's ,eve1 ,may ,eve1 & ,midsumm] ,eve1 see ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #eb sqq41 #abg1 #ccd sqq4 ,m#aah ,annual expulsion ( wit*es on ,walpurgis ,night 7! ,eve ( ,may ,day71 on ,may ,day 9 ! ,tyrol4 #cih ,g4 ,bilf+]1 ,das g]manis*e ,julfe/ 7,/uttg>t1 #aija71 p4 #gf4 #cii ,j4 ,m4 ,ritt] von ,alp5burg1 ,my!n und ,sag5 ,tirols 7,zuri*1 #aheg71 pp4 #bfj sq4 ,comp>e ,j4 ,e4 ,waldfreund1 8,volksgebru*e und ,ab]glaub510 ,zeits*rift fr deuts*e ,my?ologie und ,sitt5kunde1 iii4 7#ahee7 p4 #cci4 ,a ,we/phalian =m ( ! expulsion ( evil is ! driv+ out ! ,sntevgel1 ,sunn5vgel1 or ,somm]vgel1 t is1 ! butt]fly4 ,on ,/4 ,pet]'s ,day1 #bbnd ,febru>y1 *ildr5 g f h\se to h\se knock+ on !m ) hamm]s & s++ dogg]el rhymes 9 :i* !y bid ! ,somm]vgel to dep>t4 ,pres5ts are giv5 to !m at e h\se4 ,or ! p ( ! h\se !mselves g ?r\gh all ! rooms1 knock+ on all ! doors1 to drive away ! ,sunn5vgel4 ,if ?is c]emony is omitt$1 x is ?\ght t v>i\s mis=tunes w be ! consequ5ce4 ,! h\se w sw>m ) rats1 mice1 & o!r v]m91 ! cattle w be sick1 ! butt]flies w multiply at ! milk-b[ls1 etc4 ,see ,j4 ,f4 ,l4 ,woe/e1 ,volksb]lief]ung5 9 d] ,grafs*aft ,m>k 7,is]lohn1 #ahdh71 p4 #bd2 ,j4 ,w4 ,wolf1 ,beitrge zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie1 i4 7,gtt+5 & ,leipsic1 #aheb7 p4 #hg2 ,a4 ,kuhn1 ,we/flis*e ,sag51 ,gebru*e und ,mr*5 7,leipsic1 #ahei71 ii4 pp4 #aai-aba1 #cff-cgd2 ,montanus1 ,die deuts*5 ,volksfe/e1 ,volksbru*e1 und deuts*] ,volksglaube 7,is]lohn1 ,n4,d471 pp4 #ba sq42 ,u4 ,jahn1 ,die deuts*5 ,opf]gebru*e bei ,ack]bau und ,viehzu*t 7,breslau1 #ahhd71 pp4 #id-if4 ,m#aai ,annual expulsion ( wit*es on ,walpurgis ,night 9 ,bav>ia & ,voigtl&4 #djj ,bav>ia1 ,l&es- und ,volkskunde des ,knigrei*s ,bay]n 7,muni*1 #ahfj-ahff71 ii4 #bgb1 iii4 #cjb sq41 #icd2 ,o4 ,freih]r von ,re9sb]g-,dr+sfeld1 ,das fe/li*e ,jahr 7,leipsic1 #ahfc71 p4 #acg4 #dja ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 ,n9? ,edition1 xx4 #dic4 #djb ,r4 ,eisel1 ,sag5bu* des ,voigtl&es 7,g]a1 #ahga71 p4 #baj4 #djc ,augu/ ,witzs*el1 ,sitt51 ,sag5 und ,gebru*e aus ,?r+5 7,vi5na1 #ahgh71 pp4 #bfb sq4 ,m#abj ,annual 8,burn+ ( ! ,wit*es0 on ,walpurgis ,night 9 ,bohemia4 #djd ,o4 ,freih]r von ,re9sb]g-,dr+sfeld1 ,fe/-,kal5d] aus ,bhm5 7,prague1 preface dat$ #ahfa71 pp4 #baj-bab2 id41 ,das fe/li*e ,jahr 7,leipsic1 #ahfc71 p4 #acg2 ,alois ,john1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube im deuts*5 ,we/bhm5 7,prague1 #aije71 pp4 #gj-gc4 #dje ,alois ,john1 op4 cit4 p4 #ga4 #djf ,willibald ,mll]1 ,beitrge zur ,volkskunde d] ,deuts*5 9 ,mhr5 7,vi5na & ,olmutz1 #ahic71 p4 #cbd4 ,m#aba ,annual 8,burn+ ( ! ,wit*es0 on ,walpurgis ,night 9 ,silesia4 #djg ,p4 ,dre*sl]1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube 9 ,s*lesi5 7,leipsic1 #aijc-aijf71 i4 #ajh-aaj4 ,) reg>d to ! dance ( ! wit*es 9 ! sn[1 x is a common say+ 9 ! nor!rn di/rict ( ! ,h>z ,m\nta9s t ! wit*es mu/ dance ! sn[ away on ! top ( ! ,blocksb]g on ! fir/ ( ,may4 ,see ,a4 ,kuhn und ,w4 ,s*w>tz1 ,norddeuts*e ,sag51 ,mr*5 und ,gebru*e 7,leipsic1 #ahdh71 p4 #cgf4 ,at ,dabel[ 9 ,meckl5burg all ut5sils are remov$ f ! fireplace on ,walpurgis ,night1 le/ ! wit*es %\ld ride on !m to ! ,blocksb]g4 ,see ,a4 ,kuhn & ,w4 ,s*w>tz1 l4c4 ,m#abb ,annual 8,burn+ ( ! ,wit*es0 on ,walpurgis ,night among ! ,w5ds ( ,saxony4 #djh ,r4 ,wuttke1 ,s*sis*e ,volkskunde 7,dresd51 #aija71 p4 #cei4 #dji ,lady ,agnes ,macdonell1 9 ,! ,times1 ,may #crd1 #aiac1 p4 #f4 ,9 a lett] to me 7dat$ #ca1 ,k5s+ton ,p>k ,g>d5s1 ,may #e? #aiac7 ,lady ,macdonell 0 k9d en\gh to give me "s fur!r p>ticul>s z to ! cu/om4 ,x seems t ! boys use _! horns on ,may ,day z well z on ! ?irtie? ( ,april4 ,processions ( boys & girls decorat$ ) fl[]s & leaves1 & c>ry+ flags & horns1 w5t ab\t ,p5zance on ,may ,day ( ! pres5t ye> 7#aiac74 ,! horns are /raight2 "s ( !m t]m9ate 9 a bell-%ap$ op5+1 o!rs h no su* app5dage4 ,! latt] & pla9] are ! old] patt]n4 ,m#abc ,annual expulsion ( wit*es dur+ ! ,twelve ,days f ,*ri/mas to ,epiphany4 8,burn+ out ! ,old ,ye>0 at ,bigg>4 #daj ,p4 ,dre*sl]1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube 9 ,s*lesi5 7,leipsic1 #aijc-aijf71 i4 #ae-ah4 ,) reg>d to ! sup]/itions atta*$ to ^! twelve days or twelve nights1 z ! ,g]mans call !m1 see fur!r ,a4 ,kuhn und ,w4 ,s*w>tz1 ,norddeuts*e ,sag51 ,mr*5 und ,gebru*e 7,leipsic1 #ahdh71 pp4 #djh-dah2 ,a4 ,kuhn1 ,sag51 ,gebru*e und ,mr*5 aus ,we/fal5 7,leipsic1 #ahei71 ii4 #aaa-aag2 ,l4 ,/rack]jan1 ,ab]glaube und ,sag5 aus dem ,h]zog?um ,old5burg 7,old5burg1 #ahfg71 ii4 #bh sqq42 ,m4 ,toepp51 ,ab]glaub5 aus ,masur5#b 7,danzig1 #ahfg71 pp4 #fa sqq42 ,a4 ,wuttke1 ,d] deuts*e ,volksab]glaube#b 7,b]l91 #ahfi71 pp4 #fa sqq41 #gd2 ,e4 ,mogk1 8,my?ologie10 9 ,h4 ,paul's ,grundriss d] g]manis*5 ,philologie1#b iii4 7,/rasburg1 #aijj7 pp4 #bfj sq42 ,alois ,john1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube im deuts*5 ,we/bhm5 7,prague1 #aije71 pp4 #aa sqq4 #daa ,o4 ,freih]r von ,re9sb]g-,dr+sfeld1 ,fe/-,kal5d] aus ,bhm5 7,prague1 preface dat$ #ahfa71 p4 #fjb4 #dab ,w4 ,g4 ,a/on1 ,%9to 7,london1 #aije71 p4 #cab1 ref]r+ to ,lady ,burton's life ( h] husb&4 #dac ,t4 ,?iselton ,dy]1 ,briti% ,popul> ,cu/oms 7,london1 #ahgf71 p4 #ejf4 #dad ,j4 ,g4 ,dalyell1 ,! ,d>k] ,sup]/itions ( ,scotl& 7,ed9burgh1 #ahcd71 p4 #fgj4 ,m#abd ,annual expulsion ( wit*es & demons 9 ,switz]l& & ,france4 #dae ,h4 ,us5]1 8,italis*e ,my!n10 ,rhe9is*es ,museum1 ,n4,f41 xxx4 7#ahge7 p4 #aih2 id41 ,kle9e ,s*rift51 iv4 7,leipzic & ,b]l91 #aiac71 p4 #aji2 ,e4 ,h(fmann-,kray]1 ,fe/e und ,bru*e des ,s*weiz]volkes 7,zuri*1 #aiac71 p4 #aja4 #daf ,h4 ,h]zog1 ,s*weiz]is*e ,volksfe/e1 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e 7,a>an1 #ahhd71 pp4 #bab sq4 #dag ,a4 de ,nore1 ,c\tumes1 ,my!s1 et ,traditions des ,prov9ces de ,france 7,p>is & ,lyons1 #ahdf71 pp4 #ha1 #he4 ,m#abe ,befana 9 ! ,piazza ,navona at ,rome1 9 ! ,tuscan ,romagna4 #dah ,z to ,befana & h] connexion ) ,epiphany1 see ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie1#d i4 #bcd4 ,! p]sonifi$ ,befana1 an ugly b good-natur$ old woman1 is kn[n 9 ,sicily z well z ,italy4 ,see ,g4 ,pitr1 ,spettacoli e ,fe/e ,popol>i ,siciliane 7,pal]mo1 #ahha71 p4 #afg4 ,z to ! c]emony 9 ! ,piazza ,navona1 see ,h4 ,us5]1 8,italis*e ,my!n10 ,kle9e ,s*rift51 iv4 7,leipsic & ,b]l91 #aiac7 pp4 #ajh sqq41 :o rightly comp>es x to ! ,swiss c]emonies obs]v$ at & ne> ,brunn5 on ,twelf? ,night4 ,i witness$ ! noisy sc5e 9 ! ,piazza ,navona 9 ,janu>y1 #aija4 #dai ,p4 ,fabbri1 8,canti popol>i raccolti sui monti della ,romagna-,toscana10 ,ar*ivio p] lo ,/udio delle ,tradizioni ,popol>i1 xxii4 7#aijc7 pp4 #cef sq42 ,h4 ,us5]1 ,kle9e ,s*rift51 iv4 #ajh note #fb4 ,9 ! ,abruzzi1 on ! ev5+ be=e ,epiphany1 musicians g f h\se to h\se s]5ad+ ! inmates ) songs & ! /ra9s ( fiddles1 guit>s1 organs1 & s =?4 ,!y are accompani$ by o!rs c>ry+ lant]ns1 tor*es1 or burn+ bran*es ( junip]4 ,see ,antonio de ,n9o1 ,usi e ,co/umi ,abruzzesi 7,flor5ce1 #ahgi-ahhc71 ii4 #agh-ahj2 ,g4 ,f9amore1 ,cr$5ze1 ,usi e ,co/umi ,abruzzesi 7,pal]mo1 #ahij71 pp4 #hh sq4 ,su* h\se to h\se visitations may be a relic ( an old expulsion ( wit*es & demons4 ,m#abf ,expulsion ( ! ,tr[s 9 ,%etl& on ,up-helly-a'1 ! tw5ty-f\r? day aft] ,*ri/mas4 #dbj ,rev4 ,biot ,edmond/on & ,jessie ,m4 ,e4 ,saxby1 ,! ,home ( a ,naturali/ 7,london1 #ahhh71 p4 #acf4 ,comp>e ,c\nty ,folk-lore1 vol4 iii4 ,orkney & ,%etl& ,isl&s1 collect$ by ,g4 ,f4 ,black 7,london1 #aijc71 p4 #aif4 ,z to ! ,tr[s1 ^: "n is d\btless id5tical ) ! ,norse ,trolls 7,sw$i% troll1 ,norwegian trold71 see ,edmond/on & ,saxby1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ahi sqq42 ,john ,jamieson1 ,etymological ,diction>y ( ! ,scotti% ,language1 ,new ,edition1 edit$ by ,j4 ,longmuir & ,d4 ,donaldson 7,paisley1 #ahgi-ahhb71 iv4 #fcj sq41 :o obs]ves t 8:ile ! ,fairies are uni=mly repres5t$ z social1 *e]ful1 & b5evol5t be+s1 ! ,tr[s are describ$ z gloomy & malignant1 ev] prone to injure m540 #dba ,rev4 ,biot ,edmond/on & ,jessie ,m4 ,e4 ,saxby1 ,! ,home ( a ,naturali/ 7,london1 #ahhh71 p4 #adf4 ,comp>e ,c\nty ,folk-lore1 vol4 iii4 ,orkney & ,%etl& ,isl&s1 collect$ by ,g4 ,f4 ,black 7,london1 #aijc71 pp4 #bjb sq4 #dbb ,! ,%etl& ,news1 ,febru>y #a/1 #aiac1 p4 #e4 ,z ,janu>y #e? is reckon$ ,*ri/mas 9 ,%etl&1 ! celebration ( ,up-helly-a' falls on ,janu>y #bi?4 ,see ,j4 ,nicolson1 9 ,! ,_w's ,"w & ,play1 ,febru>y1 #aijf1 pp4 #bhc sqq4 ,= fur!r in=mation relat+ to ! c]emony ,i am indebt$ to ! k9dness ( ,%]iff-,sub/itute ,david ,j4 ,mack5zie 7=m]ly ( ,l]wick1 n[ ( ,kilm>nock74 ,accord+ to "o ( 8 correspond5ts1 ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,willcock ( ,l]wick1 ! pres5t elaborate =m ( ! c]emony dates only f #ahhb1 :5 ! ,duke ( ,ed9burgh visit$ ,l]wick on naval bus9ess1 & ,up-helly-a' 0 celebrat$ 9 8 hon\r on a gr&] scale ?an ev] be=e4 ,yet ,dr4 ,willcock app>5tly does n d5y ! antiquity ( ! fe/ival 9 a simpl] =m1 = 9 8 lett] he says3 8,9 =m] times an old boat fill$ ) t> 0 set on fire & dragg$ ab\t1 z 7 also light$ t>-b>rels40 ,ano!r au?ority on ,%etl& antiquities1 ,mr4 ,gilb]t ,g\die1 writes to ,%]iff ,mack5zie t 8! kick+ ab\t & burn+ a t>-b>rel is v old 9 ,l]wick40 ,comp>e ,c\nty ,folk-lore1 iii4 ,orkney & ,%etl& ,isl&s1 collect$ by ,g4 ,f4 ,black 7,london1 #aijc71 p4 #bje3 8,=m]ly1 blaz+ t>-b>rels 7 dragg$ ab\t ! t[n1 & aft]w>ds1 ) ! fir/ break ( morn+1 da%$ ov] ! knab into ! sea40 ,up-helly-a'1 ! ,%etl& "n = ,ant9mas1 is no d\bt ! same ) ,uphalyday1 :i* ,dr4 ,j4 ,jamieson 7,diction>y ( ! ,scotti% ,language1 ,new ,edition1 iv4 #fgf7 def9es z 8! fir/ day aft] ! t]m9ation ( ! ,*ri/mas holidays10 quot+ two (ficial docum5ts ( ,a4,d4 #adid & #aeda respectively4 ,i h to ?ank my fri5d ,miss ,&]son ( ,b>skimm+1 ,mau*l9e1 ,ayr%ire1 = k9dly call+ my att5tion to ?is int]e/+ relic ( ! pa/4 ,m#abg ,annual expulsion ( wit*es & demons 9 ,europe4 ,m#abh ,! expulsion ( embodi$ evils4 ,m#abi ,expulsion ( demons p]sonifi$ by m5 among ! ,am]ican ,indians4 ,expulsion ( a demon embodi$ 9 an image among ! ,mayas ( ,yucatan4 #dbc ,/eph5 ,p[]s1 ,tribes ( ,cali=nia 7,wa%+ton1 #ahgg71 p4 #aei4 #dbd ,g4 ,catl91 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ,f\r? ,edition 7,london1 #ahdd71 i4 #aff sqq42 id41 ,o-kee-pa1 a ,religi\s ,c]emony1 & o!r ,cu/oms ( ! ,m&ans 7,london1 #ahfg74 #dbe ,diego de ,l&a1 ,relation des ,*oses de ,yucatan 7,p>is1 #ahfd71 pp4 #bjc-bje1 #baa-bae2 ,e4 ,sel]1 8,! ,mexican ,*ronology10 ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology1 ,bullet9 #bh 7,wa%+ton1 #aijd71 p4 #ag4 ,z to ! ,maya cal5d> see fur!r ,cyrus ,?omas1 ,! ,maya ,ye> 7,wa%+ton1 #ahid71 pp4 #ai sqq4 7,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 ,bureau ( ,e?nology74 ,m#acj ,expulsion ( a demon p]sonifi$ by a man among ! aborig9es ( ,que5sl&4 ,expulsion ( demons embodi$ 9 effigies 9 ,india & ,russia4 ,expulsion ( demons embodi$ 9 animals or boys 9 ,e/honia & ,spa94 #dbf ,w4 ,e4 ,ro?1 ,e?nological ,/udies among ! ,nor?-,we/-,c5tral ,que5sl& ,aborig9es 7,brisbane & ,london1 #ahig71 pp4 #abj-abe4 #dbg ,j4 ,m\ra1 ,le ,royaume du ,cambodge 7,p>is1 #ahhc71 i4 #agb4 ,comp>e above1 p4 #adi4 #dbh ,r4 ,h4 ,elliot1 ,exp]i5ces ( a ,plant] 9 ! ,jungles ( ,mysore 7,london1 #ahga71 i4 #fj sq4 #dbi ,a4 ,c4 ,w9t]1 8,russis*e ,volksbru*e bei ,seu*510 ,globus1 lxxix4 7#aija7 p4 #cjb4 ,= ! ,russian c]emony ( draw+ a pl\gh r\nd a village to keep out ! cattle plague1 see also ,w4 ,r4 ,s4 ,ral/on1 ,songs ( ! ,russian ,p1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahgb71 pp4 #cif sqq4 #dcj ,j4 ,g4 ,kohl1 ,die deuts*-russis*5 ,o/seeprov9z5 7,dresd5 & ,leipsic1 #ahda71 ii4 #bgh4 #dca ,folk-lore ,j\rnal1 vii4 7#ahhi7 p4 #agd4 ,m#aca ,annual expulsion ( ! demon ( plague among ! ,khasis ( ,assam4 ,! ,tug ( ,w> probably a conte/ ) demons repres5t$ by human be+s4 ,! ,tug ( ,w> at fun]als 9 ,*ittagong & ,burma4 #dcb ,major ,p4 ,r4 ,t4 ,gurdon1 ,! ,khasis 7,london1 #aijg71 p4 #aeg2 ,a4 ,ba/ian1 9 ,v]h&lung5 d] ,b]l9] ,gesells*aft fr ,an?ropologie1 ,e?nologie1 und ,urges*i*te1 #ahha1 p4 #aea2 id41 ,vlk]/mme am ,brahmaputra 7,b]l91 #ahhc71 pp4 #f sq4 #dcc ,fr4 ,boas1 8,! ,c5tral ,eskimo10 ,six? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology 7,wa%+ton1 #ahhh71 p4 #fje4 ,see ,! ,dy+ ,god1 p4 #bei4 #dcd ,capt4 ,t4 ,h4 ,lew91 ,wild ,races ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india 7,london1 #ahgj71 p4 #ahe4 #dce ,fa!r ,sang]mano1 ,description ( ! ,burmese ,empire 7,rangoon1 #ahhe71 p4 #ih2 ,capt4 ,c4 ,j4 ,f4 ,s4 ,=bes1 ,briti% ,burma 7,london1 #ahgh71 pp4 #baf sq42 ,%way ,yoe1 ,! ,burman1 8 ,life & ,notions 7,london1 #ahhb71 ii4 #ccd sq41 #cdb4 ,m#acb ,! ,tug ( ,w> z a ra9-mak+ c]emony 9 ,burma & else :]e4 #dcf ,f4 ,e4 ,sawy]1 8,s4 ,s)9 & ,ra9mak]s10 ,! ,folk-lore ,j\rnal1 i4 7#ahhc7 p4 #bad4 #dcg ,francis ,bu*anan1 8,on ! ,religion & ,lit]ature ( ! ,burmas10 ,asiatick ,rese>*es1 vi4 7,london1 #ahja7 pp4 #aic sq4 ,comp>e ,lieut4-,g5]al ,a4 ,fyt*e1 ,burma ,pa/ & ,pres5t 7,london1 #ahgh71 i4 #bdh note #a2 ,max & ,b]?a ,f]r>s1 ,burma 7,london1 #aijj71 p4 #ahd2 7,sir7 ,j4 ,g4 ,scott & ,j4 ,p4 ,h>diman1 ,gazette] ( ,upp] ,burma & ! ,%an ,/ates 7,rangoon1 #aijj-aija71 ,"p ii4 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ie1 #bgi4 #dch ,j4 ,g4 ,f4 ,ri$el1 ,de sluik- en kroe%>ige rass5 tuss*5 ,celebes en ,papua 7,! ,hague1 #ahhf71 p4 #bhb4 #dci ,= p>ticul>s z to ! w9ds ( ,assam ,i am indebt$ to my fri5d ,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,&]son1 =m]ly ( ! ,indian ,civil ,s]vice1 :o resid$ _m ye>s 9 t c\ntry4 ,m#acc ,! ,tug ( ,w> betwe5 ! sexes4 ,! ,tug ( ,w> 9 ,kamt*atka & ,new ,gu9ea4 #ddj ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #ih sq4 #dda ,g4 ,w4 ,w4 ,c4 ,b>on van ,hoevell1 8,leti-eil&510 ,tijds*rift voor ,indis*e ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde1 xxxiii4 7#ahij7 p4 #bjg4 ,h[ev]1 x is n q cle> f ! writ]'s words 78,imm]s de mann5 en vr\w5 9 twee p>tije5 v]deelt en elk e5 /uk van de rot5 9 de h&e h\d5de boots5 to* ook door't voor- en a*t]ov]buig5 van't li*aam de beweg+5 van cohabitie na07 :e!r ! m5 & wom5 take opposite sides or are di/ribut$ betwe5 ! two4 #ddb ,t4 ,c4 ,hodson1 ,! ,naga ,tribes ( ,manipur 7,london1 #aiaa71 p4 #afh2 comp>e #fd4 8,! ,*irus h six crop fe/ivals1 "o ( :i*1 t be=e ! crops are cut1 is m>k$ by a rope-pull+ c]emony ( ! same nature z t obs]v$ among ! ,tangkhuls0 7op4 cit4 p4 #agb74 ,! headman 7khullkpa7 8is a sacrosanct p]son1 ! repres5tative ( ! village 9 all religi\s rites1 & surr\nd$ by special alim5t>y1 social & conjugal g5nas0 or taboos 7op4 cit4 p4 #aaj74 #ddc ,/ew>t ,cul91 ,korean ,games 7,philadelphia1 #ahie71 p4 #ce2 ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 ,! ,/udy ( ,man 7,london & ,new ,york1 #ahih71 p4 #bgd4 #ddd ,g4 ,w4 ,/ell]1 ,bes*reibung von dem ,l&e ,kamts*atka 7,frank=t & ,leipsic1 #aggd71 pp4 #cbg sq4 #dde ,h4 von ,ros5b]g1 ,d] malayis* ,ar*ipel 7,leipsic1 #ahgh71 p4 #dfb4 ,m#acd ,! ,tug ( ,w> 9 ,morocco to procure ra9 or sun%9e4 #ddf ,edw>d ,we/]m>ck1 8,! ,popul> ,ritual ( ! ,great ,fea/ 9 ,morocco10 ,folk-lore1 xxii4 7#aiaa7 pp4 #aeh sq42 id41 ,c]emonies & ,beliefs connect$ ) ,agriculture1 ,c]ta9 ,dates ( ! ,sol> ,ye>1 & ! ,wea!r 9 ,morocco 7,hels+=s1 #aiac71 p4 #abb4 ,m#ace ,games ( ball 9 ,morocco to procure ra9 or sun%9e4 #ddg ,e4 ,we/]m>ck1 ,c]emonies & ,beliefs connect$ ) ,agriculture1 ,c]ta9 ,dates ( ! ,sol> ,ye>1 & ! ,wea!r 9 ,morocco 7,hels+=s1 #aiac74 pp4 #aba sq4 ,m#acf ,! ,tug ( ,w> 9 ,morocco to ensure prosp]ity4 #ddh ,e4 ,we/]m>ck1 8,! ,popul> ,ritual ( ! ,great ,fea/ 9 ,morocco10 ,folk-lore1 xxii4 7#aiaa7 p4 #aei4 ,m#acg ,spiritual significance ( ! ,tug ( ,w>4 ,! ,tug ( ,w> 9 ,fr5* ,guiana1 9 ,nor?-,we/]n ,india4 #ddi ,h4 ,c\dreau1 ,*ez nos ,indi5s1 ,quatre ,annes dans la ,guayane ,franaise 7,p>is1 #ahie71 p4 #bcd4 #dej ,major ,=bes1 ,elev5 ,ye>s 9 ,ceylon 7,london1 #ahdj71 i4 #ceh4 #dea ,sir ,h5ry ,m4 ,elliot1 ,memoirs on ! ,hi/ory1 ,folk-lore1 & ,di/ribution ( ! ,races ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces ( ,india1 edit$1 revis$1 & re-arrang$ by ,john ,beames 7,london1 #ahfi71 i4 #bce4 #deb ,w4 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion & ,folk-lore ( ,nor!rn ,india 7,we/m9/]1 #ahif71 ii4 #cba4 #dec ,e4 ,we/]m>ck1 8,! ,popul> ,ritual ( ! ,great ,fea/ 9 ,morocco10 ,folk-lore1 xxii4 7#aiaa7 p4 #aeh4 ,m#ach ,! ,tug ( ,w> 9 ,%rop%ire & ,radnor%ire4 ,conte/s = a ball 7s\le7 9 ,norm&y4 #ded ,john ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities ( ,great ,brita91 ,new ,edition 7,london1 #ahhc71 i4 #ib2 ,miss ,c4 ,s4 ,burne & ,miss ,g4 ,f4 ,jackson1 ,%rop%ire ,folk-lore 7,london1 #ahhc71 pp4 #cai-cba4 #dee ,c4 ,s4 ,burne & ,g4 ,f4 ,jackson1 op4 cit4 p4 #cba4 #def ,jules ,lecur1 ,esquisses du ,bocage ,norm& 7,cond-sur-,noireau1 #ahhc-ahhg71 i4 #ac1 ii4 #aec-afe4 ,comp>e ,laisnel de la ,salle1 ,croyances et ,lg5des du ,c5tre de la ,france 7,p>is1 #ahge71 i4 #hf sqq42 & z to ! game ( s\le1 see ,gu]ry1 9 ,mmoires des ,antiquaires de ,france1 viii4 7#ahbi7 pp4 #dei-dfa4 #deg ,9 ! p>i% ( ,vieux-,pont1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,orne1 ! man :o is la/ m>ri$ be=e ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t mu/ ?r[ a ball f ! foot ( ! cross4 ,! village lads compete ) ea* o!r = its possession4 ,to w9 x ! lad mu/ c>ry x ?r\gh ?ree p>i%es )\t be+ ov]tak5 by 8 rivals4 ,see ,a4 de ,nore1 ,c\tumes1 ,my!s1 et ,traditions des ,prov9ces de ,france 7,p>is & ,lyons1 #ahdf71 pp4 #bdd sq4 ,m#aci ,annual %am fights may repres5t conte/s ) demons4 #deh ,j4 ,h4 ,f4 ,kohlbrugge1 8,die ,t5gg]es51 e9 alt] ,javanis*] ,volks/amm10 ,bijdrag5 tot de ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*-,indi1 liii4 7#aija7 pp4 #adj sq4 #dei ,ed\>d ,*avannes1 ,docum5ts sur les ,t\-,kiue 7,turcs7 ,occid5taux 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #aijc71 p4 #adh4 ,m#adj ,demons ( sickness expell$ 9 a small %ip 9 ,c]am4 #dfj ,franois ,val5tyn1 ,oud- en nieuw ,o/-,indin 7,dordre*t & ,am/]dam1 #agbd-agbf71 iii4 #ad4 ,l4 de ,back] 7,l',ar*ipel ,indi51 ,p>is1 #ahgd1 pp4 #cgg sq47 copies f ,val5tyn4 ,m#ada ,demons ( sickness expell$ 9 a small %ip 9 ,timor-laut1 9 a %ip 9 ,buru1 remov$ f ! p]sons ( ! suff]]s4 #dfa ,j4 ,g4 ,f4 ,ri$el1 ,de sluik- en kroe%>ige rass5 tuss*5 ,selebes en ,papua 7,! ,hague1 #ahhf71 pp4 #cjd sq4 #dfb ,j4 ,g4 ,f4 ,ri$el1 op4 cit4 pp4 #be sq4 #dfc ,ibid4 p4 #ada4 #dfd ,see above1 p4 #aee4 #dfe ,j4 ,g4 ,f4 ,ri$el1 op4 cit4 p4 #gh4 #dff ,ibid4 p4 #ceg4 #dfg ,ibid4 pp4 #bff1 #cjd sq41 #cbg1 #ceg2 ,h4 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,natives ( ,s>awak & ,briti% ,nor? ,borneo 7,london1 #ahif71 i4 #bhd4 #dfh ,*4 ,hose & ,w4 ,mc,dougall1 ,! ,pagan ,tribes ( ,borneo 7,london1 #aiab71 ii4 #abb sq4 ,m#adb ,demons ( disease expell$ 9 a %ip 9 ,selangor4 #dfi ,w4 ,w4 ,skeat1 ,malay ,magic 7,london1 #aijj71 pp4 #dcc-dce4 ,= o!r examples ( s5d+ away plague-lad5 boats 9 ! ,malay region see ,j4 ,g4 ,f4 ,ri$el1 op4 cit4 pp4 #aha1 #baj2 ,r4 van ,eck1 8,s*ets5 van het eil& ,bali10 ,tijds*rift voor ,n$]l&s* ,indi1 ,n4,s41 viii4 7#ahgi7 p4 #ajd2 ,a4 ,ba/ian1 ,indonesi51 i4 #adg2 ,c4 ,hupe1 8,korte v]h&el+ ov] de godsdi5/1 z$51 enz4 d] ,dajakk]s10 ,tijds*rift voor ,nerl&s ,indi1 #ahdf1 dl4 iii4 #aej2 ,c4 ,f4 ,h4 ,camp51 8,de godsdi5/begripp5 d] ,halmah]as*e ,alfo]510 ,tijds*rift voor ,indis*e ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde1 xxvii4 7#ahhb7 p4 #dda2 ,j\rnal ( ! ,/raits ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,no4 #ab1 pp4 #bbi-bca2 ,a4 ,l4 van ,hasselt1 ,volksbes*rijv+ van ,midd5-,sumatra 7,leyd51 #ahhb71 p4 #ih2 ,c4 ,m4 ,pleyte1 8,e?nographis*e ,bes*rijv+ d] ,kei-,eil&510 ,tijds*rift van het ,n$]l&s* ,a>drijkskundig ,g5oots*ap1 ,twe$e ,s]ie1 x4 7#ahic7 p4 #hce2 ,h4 ,l+ ,ro?1 8,l['s ,natives ( ,s>awak10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxii1 7#ahic7 p4 #be2 ,c4 ,sn\ck ,hurgronje1 ,de ,atjeh]s 7,batavia & ,leyd51 #ahic-ahid71 i4 #dfa sq42 ,j4 ,a4 ,jacobs51 ,reis5 9 d] ,inselwelt des ,b&a-,me]es 7,b]l91 #ahif71 p4 #aaj4 ,m#adc ,demons ( sickness expell$ 9 small %ips 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 ! ,philipp9es1 ,tikopia1 & ! ,nicob> ,isl&s4 #dgj ,h4 ,zahn1 8,die ,jabim10 9 ,r4 ,neuhauss's ,deuts* ,neu-,gu9ea1 iii4 7#aiaa7 pp4 #cbi sq4 #dga ,f4 ,blum5tritt1 8b] die ,e+ebor55 d] ,insel ,palawan und d] ,inselgruppe d] ,talamian510 ,globus1 lix4 7#ahia7 p4 #ahc4 #dgb ,j4 ,dumont ,d',urville1 ,voyage aut\r du monde et la re*]*e de ,la ,pr\se1 sur la corvette ,a/rolabe 7,p>is1 #ahcb-ahcc71 v4 #caa4 #dgc ,roep/orff1 8,e9 ,gei/]boot d] ,nicob>es510 ,v]h&lung5 d] ,b]l9] ,gesells*aft fr ,an?ropologie1 ,e?nologie und ,urges*i*te 7#ahha71 p4 #dja2 ,w4 ,svoboda1 8,die ,bewohn] des ,nikob>5-,ar*ipels10 ,int]nationales ,ar*iv fr ,e?nographie1 vi4 7#ahic7 pp4 #aj sq4 #dgd ,p4 ,d5joy1 8,an-nam1 ,mdec9s et ,sorci]s1 ,remdes et ,sup]/itions10 etc41 ,bullet9s de la ,socit d',an?ropologie de ,p>is1 v4 7#ahid7 pp4 #dji sq4 ,comp>e 4 ,aymoni]1 ,voyage dans le ,laos 7,p>is1 #ahie-ahig71 i4 #aba4 ,= ,siamese applications ( ! same pr9ciple to ! cure ( individuals1 see ,a4 ,ba/ian1 ,die ,vlk] des /li*5 ,asi51 iii4 7,j5a1 #ahfg7 pp4 #bie sq41 #dhe sq4 ,m#add ,demons ( sickness expell$ 9 ! =m ( animals 9 ,india4 #dge ,panjab ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 p4 #dh1 #dah 7,janu>y1 #ahhd74 #dgf ,id41 iii4 p4 #ha1 #cgc 7,febru>y #ahhf74 #dgg ,w4 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion & ,folk-lore ( ,nor!rn ,india 7,we/m9/]1 #ahif71 i4 #adb4 ,bulls are us$ z scapegoats = *ol]a 9 ,ca%me] 7,h4 ,g4 ,m4 ,murray-,aynsley1 9 ,folk-lore1 iv4 7#ahic7 pp4 #cih sq474 #dgh ,major-,g5]al ,sir ,w4 ,h4 ,sleeman1 ,rambles & ,recollections ( ,indian ,(ficial1 ,new ,edition 7,we/m9/]1 #ahic71 i4 #bjc4 #dgi ,major-,g5]al ,sir ,w4 ,h4 ,sleeman1 op4 cit4 i4 #aih4 ,m#ade ,goats & cocks employ$ z scapegoats 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,india4 #dhj ,f4 ,fawcett1 8,on ! ,saoras 7or ,sav>as71 an ,aborig9al ,hill ,p ( ! ,ea/]n ,ghats10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,bombay1 i4 #bac1 note4 #dha ,mr4 ,y4 ,v4 ,a?alye1 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,bombay1 i4 #cg4 #dhb ,w4 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion & ,folk-lore ( ,nor!rn ,india 7,we/m9/]1 #ahif71 i4 #afi sq42 id41 ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces & ,oudh 7,calcutta1 #ahif71 iii4 #dde4 #dhc ,kausika ,sutra1 xiv4 #bb 7,w4 ,cal&1 ,alt9dis*es ,zaub]ritual1 ,am/]dam1 #aijj1 p4 #bi72 ,h4 ,old5b]g1 ,die ,religion des ,v$a 7,b]l91 #ahid71 p4 #dih4 #dhd ,kausika ,sutra1 xviii4 #af 7,w4 ,cal&1 ,alt9dis*es ,zaub]ritual1 pp4 #dd sq474 ,m#adf ,c[s1 toads1 & llamas z scapegoats 9 ,africa & ,am]ica4 #dhe ,dom ,daniel ,s\r ,dh>im ,d5a 7a ,d9ka conv]t71 9 ,annales de la ,propagation de la ,foi1 lx4 7#ahhh7 pp4 #eg sq4 #dhf ,h4 ,seidel1 8,krankheit1 ,tod1 und ,begrbnis bei d5 ,togoneg]n10 ,globus1 lxxii4 7#ahig7 p4 #bd4 #dhg ,d4 ,=bes1 8,on ! ,aym>a ,indians ( ,bolivia & ,p]u10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,e?nological ,society ( ,london1 vol4 ii4 ,no4 #c 7,octob]1 #ahgj71 p4 #bcg4 ,m#adg ,goddess ( disease expell$ 9 a toy *>iot4 #dhh ,jivangi ,jim%$ji ,modi1 ,b4,a41 8,on ! ,*>iot ( ! ,goddess1 a ,suppos$ ,rem$y = driv+ out an ,epidemic10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,bombay1 vol4 iv4 ,no4 #h 7,bombay1 #ahii71 pp4 #dbj-dbd2 ,capta9 ,c4 ,eck=d ,lu>d1 9 ,c5sus ( ,india1 #aija1 vol4 xix41 ,c5tral ,india 7,luckn[1 #aijb71 p4 #gh4 ,m#adh ,human scapegoats 9 ,ug&a4 #dhi ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 ,! ,bag&a 7,london1 #aiaa71 p4 #cdb4 #dij ,rev4 ,j4 ,roscoe1 ,! ,bag&a1 pp4 #aji1 #bjj4 ,z to ! p]petual fire at ! entrance to a k+'s enclosure1 see id4 pp4 #ajc1 #aig1 #bjb sq4 ,m#adi ,human scapegoats 9 ,*9a & ,india4 ,indian c]emony ( slid+ d[n a rope4 #dia ,j4 ,h4 ,gray1 ,*9a 7,london1 #ahgh71 ii4 #cjf4 #dib ,panjab ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 p4 #ge1 #eih 7,april1 #ahhd72 ,w4 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion & ,folk-lore ( ,nor!rn ,india 7,we/m9/]1 #ahif71 i4 #agj4 #dic ,rev4 ,f4 ,hahn1 8,"s ,notes on ! ,religion & ,sup]/itions ( ! ,ors0 ,j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal1 lxxii4 ,"p iii4 7,calcutta1 #aijd7 p4 #ag2 comp>e ,h4 ,c4 ,/reatfield1 ibid4 p4 #cg4 #did ,nor? ,indian ,notes & ,qu]ies1 i4 pp4 #ee1 #gd sq41 #gg1 #dag1 #dii1 #eaf 7,july & ,augu/1 #ahia71 quot+ ,g4 ,w4 ,traill1 ,/ati/ical ,sket* ( ,kumaun1 pp4 #fh sq41 & ,moorcr(t & ,trebeck1 ,travels 9 ! ,himalayan ,prov9ces ( ,h9du/an & ! ,panjb1 i4 #ag sq4 ,comp>e ,e4 ,t4 ,atk9son1 ,! ,himalayan ,di/ricts ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces ( ,india1 ii4 7,allahabad1 #ahhd71 pp4 #hcd sq4 ,m#aej ,tibetan ,new ,ye> c]emony ( slid+ d[n a rope4 #die ,w4 ,woodville ,rockhill1 8,tibet1 ,a ,geographical1 ,e?nographical1 & ,hi/orical ,sket*1 d]iv$ f ,*9ese ,s\rces10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society = #ahia 7,london1 #ahia71 p4 #bji4 ,comp>e ,hue1 ,s\v5irs d'un ,voyage dans la ,t>t>ie et le ,?ibet1 ,sixime dition 7,p>is1 #ahgh71 ii4 #cgi sq4 ,= a description ( ,potala ,hill & its gr& palace1 see ,l4 ,au/9e ,waddell1 ,lhasa & its ,my/]ies 7,london1 #aije71 pp4 #ccj sqq41 #chg sqq4 ,m#aea ,p]iodic expulsion ( evils 9 a mat]ial vehicle4 ,p]iodic expulsion ( spirits 9 rafts f ,p]ak4 #dif ,/raits ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ,no4 #c 7,s+apore1 #ahhf71 pp4 #hj sq4 ,m#aeb ,annual expulsion ( evils 9 small %ips 9 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 #dig ,j4 ,g4 ,f4 ,ri$el1 ,de sluik- en kroe%>ige rass5 tuss*5 ,selebes en ,papua 7,! ,hague1 #ahhf71 p4 #cic4 #dih ,a4 ,ba/ian1 ,d] ,m5s* 9 d] ,ges*i*te 7,leipsic1 #ahfj71 ii4 #ic4 #dii ,ivor ,h4 ,n4 ,evans1 8,notes on ! ,religi\s ,beliefs1 ,sup]/itions1 ,c]emonies & ,tabus ( ! ,dusuns ( ! ,tu>an & ,tempassuk ,di/ricts1 ,briti% ,nor? ,borneo10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xlii4 7#aiab7 pp4 #chb-chd4 ,m#aec ,annual expulsion ( demons 9 little %ips 9 ! ,nicob> ,isl&s4 #ejj ,a4 ,ba/ian1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ia4 #eja ,v4 ,solomon1 8,extracts f ,di>ies kept 9 ,c> ,nicob>10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxii4 7#aijb7 pp4 #bbh sq4 ,m#aed ,annual expulsion ( embodi$ evils 9 ,india1 ,*9a1 & ,corea4 ,annual expulsion or de/ruction ( demons embodi$ 9 images 9 ,tibet4 #ejb ,capta9 ,f4 ,wil=d1 8,an ,essay on ! ,sacr$ ,isles 9 ! ,we/10 ,asiatic ,rese>*es1 ix4 7,london1 #ahji7 pp4 #if sq4 #ejc ,j4 ,h4 ,gray1 ,*9a 7,london1 #ahgh71 ii4 #cjf sq4 #ejd ,w4 ,woodville ,rockhill1 8,notes on "s ( ! ,laws1 ,cu/oms1 & ,sup]/itions ( ,corea10 ,! ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 iv4 7#ahia7 p4 #ahe2 ,mrs4 ,bi%op1 ,korea & h] ,neighb\rs 7,london1 #ahih71 ii4 #ef4 #eje ,/ew>t ,cul91 ,korean ,games 7,philadelphia1 #ahie71 p4 #ab4 #ejf ,n>ratives ( ! ,mission ( ,george ,bogle to ,tibet & ( ! ,j\rney ( ,?omas ,mann+ to ,lhasa1 edit$ by 7,sir7 ,clem5ts ,r4 ,m>kham 7,london1 #ahgf71 pp4 #ajf sq4 ,comp>e ,s>at ,*&ra ,das1 ,j\rney to ,lhasa & ,c5tral ,tibet 7,london1 #aijb71 p4 #aaf4 #ejg ,mission>y ,fage1 9 ,annales de la ,propagation de la ,foi1 xxix4 7#aheg7 p4 #cba4 ,m#aee ,bi5nial expulsion ( demons embodi$ 9 effigies at ,old ,calab>4 #ejh ,t4 ,j4 ,hut*9son1 ,impressions ( ,we/]n ,africa 7,london1 #aheh71 p4 #afb2 ,rev4 ,j4 ,macdonald1 ,religion & ,my? 7,london1 #ahic71 pp4 #aje-ajg2 ,hugh ,goldie1 ,calab> & its ,mission1 ,new ,edition 7,ed9burgh & ,london1 #aija71 pp4 #di sq42 ,miss ,m>y ,h4 ,k+sley1 ,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa 7,london1 #ahig71 p4 #die2 ,major ,a4 ,g4 ,leon>d1 ,! ,l[] ,nig] & its ,tribes 7,london1 #aijf71 pp4 #ddi-dea4 ,! c]emony takes place bo? 9 ,creek ,t[n & ,duke ,t[n4 ,! date ( x1 accord+ to ,miss ,k+sley1 is ei!r e ,novemb] or e second ,novemb]2 b ) ! exception ( ,mr4 ,macdonald1 :o does n m5tion ! p]iod1 ! o!r au?orities agree 9 describ+ ! c]emony z bi5nial4 ,accord+ to ,major ,leon>d x is celebrat$ usually t[>ds ! end ( ! ye>4 ,miss ,k+sley speaks ( ! effigies be+ set up 9 ! h\ses !mselves2 b all ! o!r writ]s say or imply t !y are set up at ! doors ( ! h\ses 9 ! /reets4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,goldie ! spirits expell$ are 8all ! gho/s ( ^? :o h di$ s9ce ! la/ lu/ration40 ,he makes no m5tion ( devils4 ,m#aef ,annual expulsion ( demons embodi$ 9 effigies at ,porto ,novo4 #eji ,mission>y ,f4 ,t]ri51 9 ,annales de la ,propagation de la ,foi1 liv4 7#ahhb7 pp4 #cge-cgg4 ,m#aeg ,annual expulsion ( embodi$ evils among ! ,hos ( ,togol&4 #eaj ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 ii4 #eh sqq4 #eaa ,jakob ,spie?1 ,die ,ewe-,/mme 7,b]l91 #aijf71 pp4 #cje-cjg4 ,we h se5 7above1 p4 #aic7 t ^! p us$ a toad z a scapegoat to free !m f ! influ5za4 ,m#aeh ,annual expulsion ( embodi$ evils among ! gypsies4 #eab ,h4 von ,wlislocki1 ,volksglaube und religis] ,brau* d] ,zigeun] 7,mn/] i4 ,w41 #ahia71 pp4 #fe sq4 ,m#aei ,annual expulsion ( evils 9 an animal scapegoat among ! ,g>os ( ,assam4 #eac ,major ,a4 ,playfair1 ,! ,g>os 7,london1 #aiji71 p4 #ib4 ,m#afj ,dogs z scapegoats 9 ,india1 ,scotl& & ,am]ica4 ,! ,jewi% scapegoat4 #ead ,e4 ,t4 ,atk9son1 8,notes on ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion 9 ! ,himalaya ( ! ,nor?-,we/ ,prov9ces10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal1 liii4 ,pt4 i4 7#ahhd7 p4 #fb2 id41 ,! ,himalayan ,di/ricts ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces ( ,india1 ii4 7,allahabad1 #ahhd7 p4 #hga4 #eae ,scotl& & ,scotsm5 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 f ! ,,mss4 ( ,john ,ramsay ( ,o*t]tyre1 edit$ by ,alex4 ,all>dyce 7,ed9burgh1 #ahhh71 ii4 #dci4 #eaf ,w4 ,m4 ,beau*amp1 8,! ,iroquois ,:ite ,dog ,fea/10 ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian1 vii4 7#ahhe7 p4 #bcg4 #eag ,ibid4 p4 #bcf2 ,t4 ,dwight1 ,travels 9 ,new ,engl& & ,new ,york 7,london1 #ahbc71 iv4 #bjb4 #eah ,above1 p4 #abg4 #eai ,leviticus xvi4 ,! ^w translat$ 8scapegoat0 9 ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion is ,azazel1 :i* appe>s r to be ! "n ( a bad angel or demon1 to :om ! goat 0 s5t away4 8,9 lat] ,jewi% lit]ature 7,book ( ,eno*7 ,azazel appe>s z ! pr9ce ( ! fall5 angels1 ! (fspr+ ( ! unions describ$ 9 ,g54 vi4 #a ff4 ,! famili> r5d]+ #8scapegoat1' i4e4 ! goat :i* is all[$ to escape1 goes back to ! cap] emiss>ius ( ! ,vulgate1 & is bas$ on an unt5able etymology0 7,pr(essor ,a4 ,r4 ,s4 ,k5n$y1 9 8 comm5t>y on ,leviticus xvi4 #h1 9 ! ,c5tury ,bible74 ,!re is "s gr\nd = ?9k+ t ! animal 0 kill$ by be+ ?r[n ov] a c]ta9 crag t ov]hangs a rocky *asm n f> f ,j]usalem4 ,see ,encyclopdia ,biblica1 ed4 ,t4 ,k4 ,*eyne & ,j4 ,s4 ,black1 vol4 i4 7,london1 #ahii7 coll4 #cid sqq41 s4v4 8,azazel40 ,mod]n ,jews sacrifice a :ite cock on ! eve ( ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 n9e days aft] ! beg9n+ ( _! ,new ,ye>4 ,! fa!r ( ! family knocks ! cock ?rice aga9/ 8 own head1 say+1 8,let ?is cock be a sub/itute = me1 let x take my place1 let dea? be laid ^u ?is cock1 b a happy life be/[$ on me & on all ,israel40 ,!n he cuts its ?roat & da%es ! bird viol5tly on ! gr\nd4 ,! inte/9es are ?r[n on ! ro( ( ! h\se4 ,! fle% ( ! cock 0 =m]ly giv5 to ! poor4 ,see ,j4 ,buxtorf1 ,synagoga ,judaica 7,ble1 #affa71 *4 xxv4 pp4 #ejh sqq4 ,m#afa ,human scapegoats =m]ly put to dea? e ye> 9 ,africa4 #ebj ,s4 ,cr[!r & ,j4 ,c4 ,taylor1 ,! ,gospel on ! ,banks ( ! ,nig] 7,london1 #ahei71 pp4 #cdc-cde4 ,comp>e ,j4 ,f4 ,s*n & ,s4 ,cr[!r1 ,j\rnals 7,london1 #ahdh71 pp4 #dh sq4 ,! acc\nt ( ! cu/om by ,j4 ,africanus ,b4 ,horton 7,we/ ,african ,c\ntries & ,peoples1 pp4 #ahe sq47 is tak5 entirely f ,taylor4 #eba ,major ,a4 ,g4 ,leon>d1 ,! ,l[] ,nig] & its ,tribes 7,london1 #aijf71 pp4 #ddf sqq4 #ebb ,an ,igbodu is a sacr$ grove 9 :i* oracles are giv54 ,x is divid$ into ?ree comp>tm5ts by f5ces ( palm bran*es & ! omu %rub4 ,into ! fir/ comp>tm5t wom5 & un9itiat$ m5 may ent]2 into ! o!r two only prie/ly (ficials are p]mitt$1 accord+ to _! rank 9 ! hi]>*y1 to ent]4 ,see ,bi%op ,james ,johnson1 8,yoruba ,hea!nism10 quot$ by ,r4 ,e4 ,d5nett1 ,at ! ,back ( ! ,black ,man's ,m9d 7,london1 #aijf71 p4 #bed4 #ebc ,bi%op ,james ,johnson1 op4 cit4 p4 #bfc4 ,bi%op ,johnson is a native ,african4 ,x does n appe> :e!r ! sacrifice :i* he describes is occasional or p]iodical4 ,m#afb ,human scapegoats =m]ly put to dea? e ye> 9 ,siam4 ,annual human scapegoats 9 ,japan & ,sumatra4 #ebd ,turp91 8,hi/ory ( ,siam10 9 ,j4 ,p9k]ton's ,voyages & ,travels 7,london1 #ahjh-ahad71 ix4 #egi4 #ebe ,! oho-h>ahi or 8,great ,purification0 is a c]emony1 :i* us$ to be p]=m$ 9 ! ,japanese capital twice e ye>1 namely on ! la/ days ( ! six? & twelf? mon?4 ,x includ$ a prelim9>y lu/ration1 expiatory (f]+s1 & ! recital ( a norito or =mula 7n a pray]71 9 :i* ! ,mikado1 by virtue ( an au?ority transmitt$ to him f ! ,sun-goddess1 pron\nc$ to 8 m9i/]s & p ! absolution & remission ( _! s9s4 ,see ,w4 ,g4 ,a/on1 ,%9to 7,london1 #aije71 pp4 #bid sqq4 ,! writ] adds 7p4 #bie73 8,! ,*9ese _h an oho-h>ahi1 def9$ by ,mr4 ,giles 9 8 ,*9ese ,diction>y z #8a religi\s c]emony ( purification p]=m$ 9 spr+ & autumn1 ) a view to secure div9e protection = agricultural int]e/s4' 0 ,! popul> celebrations ( ! fir/ ( ,may & ! fir/ ( ,novemb] 9 ,europe seem to be relics ( simil> bi5nial purifications4 #ebf ,w4 ,g4 ,a/on1 ,%9to1 pp4 #cjh sq4 #ebg ,w4 ,kdd+1 8,die ,bataks*5 ,gtt] und ihr ,v]hltnis zum ,brahmanismus10 ,allgeme9e ,missions-,zeits*rift1 xii4 7#ahhe7 pp4 #dgf1 #dgh4 ,m#afc ,annual human scapegoats 9 ,europe4 ,! expulsion ( ,po/]li 9 ,switz]l&4 #ebh ,a5eas ,sylvius1 ,op]a 7,ble1 #aega71 pp4 #dbc sq4 #ebi ,h4 ,us5]1 8,italis*e ,my!n10 ,rhe9is*es ,museum1 ,n4,f41 xxx4 7#ahge7 p4 #aih2 id41 ,kle9e ,s*rift51 iv4 7,leipsic & ,b]l91 #aiac7 pp4 #aji sq4 ,! cu/om seems to h be5 reviv$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 p]haps x may /ill be obs]v$4 ,see ,h4 ,h]zog1 ,s*weiz]is*e ,volksfe/e1 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e 7,a>au1 #ahhd71 pp4 #bic sq42 ,e4 ,h(fmann-,kray]1 ,fe/e und ,bru*e des ,s*weiz]volkes 7,zuri*1 #aiac71 p4 #aja4 ,m#afd ,annual expulsion ( ! devil1 p]sonifi$ by a man1 f ,muni* on ,asc5sion ,day4 #ecj ,l4 ,curtius1 8,*ri/i ,himmelfahrt10 ,ar*iv fr ,religionswiss5s*aft1 xiv4 7#aiaa7 p4 #cjg1 quot+ ! ,mn*5] ,neue/5 ,na*ri*t51 ,no4 #bce1 ,may #ba/1 #aiji4 ,m#afe ,! p>don$ crim9al at ,r\5 on ,asc5sion ,day may h be5 a public scapegoat4 #eca ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #afd sqq4 #ecb ,on ! use ( eponym\s magi/rates z annual scapegoats see above1 pp4 #ci-da4 ,m#aff ,div9e animals z scapegoats 9 ,india & anci5t ,egypt4 #ecc ,j4 ,?omas ,phillips1 ,acc\nt ( ! ,religion1 ,mann]s1 & ,le>n+ ( ! ,p ( ,malab> 7,london1 #agag71 pp4 #f1 #ab sq4 #ecd ,h]odotus1 ii4 #ci4 #ece ,h]odotus1 ii4 #ch-da2 ,sir ,j4 ,g>dn] ,wilk9son1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 ,new ,edition 7,london1 #ahgh71 iii4 #djc sqq4 #ecf ,h]odotus1 l4c4 ,z to ! wor%ip ( sacr$ bulls 9 anci5t ,egypt1 see fur!r ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 ii4 #cd sqq4 #ecg ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 ii4 #age sqq41 #cad sq4 ,m#afg ,div9e m5 z scapegoats among ! ,gonds ( ,india & ! ,albanians ( ! ,caucasus4 #ech ,panjab ,notes & ,qu]ies1 ii4 p4 #ed1 #cce 7,decemb]1 #ahhd74 #eci ,/rabo1 xi4 #d4 #g1 p4 #ejc4 ,= ! cu/om ( /&+ ^u a sacrific$ victim1 comp>e ,demo/h5es1 ,or4 xxiii4 #fh1 p4 #fdb2 ,pausanias1 iii4 #bj4 #i4 ,m#afh ,annual human scapegoats 9 ,tibet4 ,! ,jalno1 ! tempor>y rul] ( ,lhasa4 ,m#afi ,! ,jalno & ! ,k+ ( ! ,ye>s4 ,expulsion ( ! ,k+ ( ! ,ye>s4 #edj ,! c]emony ref]r$ to is p]haps ! "o p]=m$ on ! t5? day1 z describ$ 9 ! text4 #eda 8,report ( a ,r\te ,survey by ,pundit--f ,nepal to ,lhasa10 etc41 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 xxxviii4 7#ahfh7 pp4 #afg1 #agj sq42 8,f\r ,ye>s ,j\rney+ ?r\gh ,great ,tibet1 by "o ( ! ,trans-,himalayan ,explor]s10 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 ,n4,s4 vii4 7#ahhe7 pp4 #fg sq42 ,w4 ,woodville ,rockhill1 8,tibet1 a ,geographical1 ,e?nographical1 & ,hi/orical ,sket*1 d]iv$ f ,*9ese ,s\rces10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society = #ahia 7,london1 #ahia71 pp4 #baa sq42 ,l4 ,a4 ,waddell1 ,! ,buddhism ( ,tibet 7,london1 #ahie71 pp4 #ejd sqq41 #eab sq42 ,j4 ,l4 ,dutreuil de ,rh9s1 ,mission ,sci5tifique dans la ,haute ,asie #ahij-ahie3 ,rcit du ,voyage 7,p>is1 #ahig71 pp4 #beg sq4 ,! acc\nts supplem5t ea* o!r1 ?\gh !y diff] 9 "s p>ticul>s4 ,i h endeav\r$ to comb9e !m4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,rockhill's acc\nt1 :i* is drawn f ,*9ese s\rces1 at "o po9t ( ! c]emonies ! troops m>* ?rice r\nd ! temple & fire volleys ( musketry to drive away ! devil4 ,) ! l int5t !y dis*>ge a great old cannon1 :i* be>s ! inscription1 8,my p[] breaks up & de/roys rebellion40 ,! same acc\nt speaks ( a f5c+ ) battle-axes by a troop ( boy-danc]s1 a great illum9ation ( ! ca!dral ) lant]ns1 & its decoration ) figures made out ( butt] & fl\r to repres5t m51 animals1 dragons1 etc42 also x makes m5tion ( a horse-race & a foot-race1 bo? run by boys4 ,! cl]ical invasion ( ! capital at ?is season is graphically describ$ by an eye-witness4 ,see ,huc1 ,s\v5irs d'un ,voyage dans la ,t>t>ie et le ,?ibet1 ,sixime dition 7,p>is1 #ahgh71 ii4 #chj sq4 ,m#agj ,! ,gr& ,lama1 ! ,jalno1 & ! ,k+ ( ! ,ye>s 9 _! relations to ea* o!r4 ,probability t ( old ! ,tibetan scapegoat 0 put to dea? z a sub/itute = ! ,gr& ,lama4 ,m#aga ,g5]al rem>ks4 ,m#agb ,fir/1 ! imm$iate & ! m$iate expulsions ( evil are id5tical 9 int5tion4 ,m#agc ,second1 ! annual expulsion ( evil g5]ally co9cides ) "s well-m>k$ *ange ( season1 su* z ! beg9n+ or end ( w9t]1 ! beg9n+ or end ( ! ra9y season1 etc4 ,m#agd ,?ird1 ! annual expulsion ( evil is commonly prec$$ or foll[$ by a p]iod ( g5]al lic5se4 #edb ,9 ! ,dass]a fe/ival1 z celebrat$ 9 ,nepaul1 we seem to h ano!r in/ance ( ! annual expulsion ( demons prec$$ by a "t ( lic5se4 ,! fe/ival occurs at ! beg9n+ ( ,octob] & la/s t5 days4 8,dur+ its cont9uance !re is a g5]al holiday among all classes ( ! p4 ,! city ( ,ka?m&u at ?is "t is requir$ to be purifi$1 b ! purification is effect$ r by pray] ?an by wat]-cleans+4 ,all ! c\rts ( law are clos$1 & all prison]s 9 jail are remov$ f ! prec9cts ( ! city4444 ,! ,kal5d> is cle>$1 or !re is a jail-deliv]y always at ! ,dass]a ( all prison]s40 ,?is seems a trace ( a p]iod ( lic5se4 ,at ?is "t 8x is a g5]al cu/om = ma/]s to make an annual pres5t1 ei!r ( money1 clo!s1 buffaloes1 goats1 etc41 to su* s]vants z h giv5 satisfaction dur+ ! pa/ ye>4 ,x is 9 ?is respect1 z well z 9 ! fea/+ & dr9k+ :i* goes on1 some?+ l our #8box+-"t' at ,*ri/mas40 ,on ! sev5? day at sunset !re is a p>ade ( all ! troops 9 ! capital1 includ+ ! artill]y4 ,at a giv5 signal ! regim5ts beg9 to fire1 ! artill]y takes x up1 & a g5]al fir+ goes on = ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 :5 x sudd5ly ceases4 ,?is probably repres5ts ! expulsion ( ! demons4 8,! gr& cutt+ ( ! rice-crops is always po/pon$ till ! ,dass]a is ov]1 & comm5ces all ov] ! valley ! v day aft]w>ds40 ,see ! description ( ! fe/ival 9 ,h4 ,a4 ,oldfield's ,sket*es f ,nipal 7,london1 #ahhj71 ii4 #cdb-cea4 ,on ! ,dass]a 9 ,india1 see ,j4 ,a4 ,dubois1 ,murs1 ,in/itutions et ,crmonies des ,peuples de l',inde 7,p>is1 #ahbe71 ii4 #cbi sqq4 ,! ,besisi ( ! ,malay ,p59sula hold a regul> c>nival at ! end ( ! rice-h>ve/1 :5 !y are said to be all[$ to ex*ange wives4 ,see ,w4 ,w4 ,skeat & ,c4 ,o4 ,blagd51 ,pagan ,races ( ! ,malay ,p59sula 7,london1 #aijf71 ii4 #gj1 #gf1 #ade1 comp>e #abj sq4 ,among/ ! ,swahili ( ,ea/ ,africa ,new ,ye>'s ,day 0 =m]ly a day ( g5]al lic5se1 8e man did z he pleas$4 ,old qu>rels 7 settl$1 m5 7 f\nd dead on ! foll[+ day1 & no inquiry 0 in/itut$ ab\t ! matt]40 ,see ,*4 ,new1 ,life1 ,w&]+s1 & ,lab\rs 9 ,ea/]n ,africa 7,london1 #ahgc71 p4 #fe2 & ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1#b iii4 #bej4 ,an annual p]iod ( an>*y & lic5se1 la/+ ?ree days1 is report$ by ,borelli to be obs]v$ by "s ( ! ,gallas4 ,see ,ph4 ,paulits*ke1 ,e?nographie ,nordo/-,afrikas3 die gei/ige ,cultur d] ,dankil1 ,galla und ,somal 7,b]l91 #ahif71 p4 #aeh4 ,9 ,a%antee ! annual fe/ival ( ! new yams is a "t ( g5]al lic5se4 ,see ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 ii4 #fb4 ,m#age ,f\r?1 ! use ( a div9e man or animal z a scapegoat is rem>kable4 ,m#agf ,:y a dy+ god %\ld s]ve z a scapegoat4 ,m#agg ,! use ( a div9ity z scapegoat expla9s an ambiguity 9 ! c]emony ( 8,c>ry+ out ,dea?40 #edc ,see ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #bcc sqq41 #bfd4 #edd ,above1 pp4 #ahf1 #ahi1 #bja4 #ede ,h4 ,us5]1 8,italis*e ,my!n10 ,rhe9is*es ,museum1 ,n4,f4 7#ahge7 xxx4 #aid2 id41 ,kle9e ,s*rift51 iv4 7,leipsic & ,b]l91 #aiac7 p4 #aje4 ,m#agh ,annual expulsion ( 8! ,old ,m>s0 9 ! mon? ( ,m>* 9 anci5t ,rome4 #edf ,joannes ,lydus1 ,de m5sibus1 iii4 #bi1 iv4 #cf4 ,lydus places ! expulsion on ! ,ides ( ,m>*1 t is #ae? ,m>*4 ,b ?is seems to be a mi/ake4 ,see ,h4 ,us5]1 8,italis*e ,my!n10 ,rhe9is*es ,museum1 xxx4 7#ahge7 pp4 #bji sqq42 id41 ,kle9e ,s*rift51 iv4 7,leipsic & ,b]l91 #aiac7 pp4 #abb sqq4 ,aga91 ,lydus does n expressly say t ,mamurius ,veturius 0 driv5 out ( ! city1 b he implies x by m5tion+ ! leg5d t 8 my?ical prototype 0 beat5 ) rods & expell$ ! city4 ,la/ly1 ,lydus only m5tions ! "n ,mamurius4 ,b ! full "n ,mamurius ,veturius is pres]v$ by ,v>ro1 ,de l+ua lat9a1 vi4 #de2 ,fe/us1 ed4 ,c4 ,o4 ,mll]1 p4 #aca2 ,plut>*1 ,numa1 #ac4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,w>de ,f[l] is dispos$ to be sceptical z to ! antiquity ( ! c]emony ( expell+ ,mamurius4 ,see 8 ,roman ,fe/ivals ( ! p]iod ( ! ,republic 7,london1 #ahii71 pp4 #dd-ej4 #edg ,h4 ,us5]1 8,italis*e ,my!n10 pp4 #bab sq42 id41 ,kle9e ,s*rift51 iv4 #abe sq42 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]1 ,apollon und ,m>s 7,leipsic1 #ahgc71 p4 #bg2 ,l4 ,prell]1 ,rmis*e ,my?ologie#c 7,b]l91 #ahha-ahhc71 i4 #cfj2 ,a4 ,vaniek1 ,grie*is*-late9is*es etymologis*es ,wrt]bu* 7,leipsic1 #ahgg71 p4 #gae4 ,! ?ree latt] s*ol>s take ,veturius z annuus1 because vetus is etymologically equival5t to 4 ,b1 z ,us5] argues1 x seems q unall[able to take ! ,greek mean+ ( ! ^w in/ead ( ! ,lat94 #edh ,cato1 ,de agri cultura1 #ada4 #edi ,v>ro1 ,de l+ua lat9a1 v4 #he4 #eej ,see ! song ( ! ,arval ,bro!rs 9 ,acta ,fratrum ,arvalium1 ed4 ,g4 ,h5z5 7,b]l91 #ahgd71 pp4 #bf sq42 ,j4 ,wordswor?1 ,fragm5ts & ,specim5s ( ,e>ly ,lat9 7,ox=d1 #ahgd71 p4 #aeh2 ,h4 ,dessau1 ,inscriptiones ,lat9ae ,selectae1 ii4 ,p>s i4 7,b]l91 #aijb7 p4 #bgf4 #eea ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 ii4 #db sqq4 #eeb ,cato1 ,de agri cultura1 #hc4 #eec ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #ej sq41 #ee1 #abd sq4 #eed ,l4 ,prell]1 ,rmis*e ,my?ologie1#c i4 #cfj2 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]1 ,apollon und ,m>s1 p4 #di2 id41 ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 ii4 #bdjh sq42 ,h4 ,us5]1 op4 cit4 ,! c]emony also closely resembles ! ,highl& ,new ,ye> c]emony already describ$4 ,see ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 ii4 #cbb sqq4 #eee ,b ! ,biyrs1 a mix$ tribe ( ,nor?-,we/]n ,india1 obs]ve an annual c]emony :i* !y call 8burn+ ! old ye>40 ,! old ye> is repres5t$ by a /ake ( ! wood ( ! cotton-tree1 :i* is plant$ 9 ! gr\nd at an appo9t$ place outside ( ! village1 & !n burn$ on ! day ( ! full moon 9 ! mon? ( ,ps4 ,fire is fir/ put to x by ! village prie/1 & !n all ! p foll[ 8 example1 p>* /alks ( b>ley 9 ! fire1 & aft]w>ds eat !m4 ,next day !y ?r[ ! a%es ( ! burnt wood 9 ! air2 & on ! morr[ ! fe/ival ends ) a regul> saturnalia1 at :i* dec5cy & ord] are =gott54 ,see ,w4 ,crooke1 ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces & ,oudh 7,calcutta1 #ahif71 ii4 #acg sq4 ,comp>e id41 ,popul> ,religion & ,folk-lore ( ,nor!rn ,india 7,we/m9/]1 #ahif71 ii4 #cai4 #eef ,prop]tius1 v4 #b4 #fa sq42 ,h4 ,us5]1 8,italis*e ,my!n10 p4 #baj2 id41 ,kle9e ,s*rift51 iv4 #abc4 ,m#agi 8,! ,old ,m>s0 seems to h be5 beat5 by ! ,salii1 ! danc+ prie/s ( ,m>s4 ,! dances ( ! ,salii 9 spr+ & autumn 7 p]haps int5d$ to quick5 ! gr[? ( ! corn s[n at ^! seasons4 ,! arm$ processions ( ! ,salii may h be5 int5d$ to r\t out & expel ! demons lurk+ 9 ! city4 #eeg ,v>ro1 ,de l+ua lat9a1 vi4 #de ed4 ,c4 ,o4 ,mll]2 ,fe/us1 s4v4 8,mamuri ,veturi10 p4 #aca ed4 ,c4 ,o4 ,mll]2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iii4 #chi sqq42 ,plut>*1 ,numa1 #ac4 #eeh ,s]vius1 on ,virgil1 ,a54 vii4 #ahh1 8,cui scil4 ,mamurio et diem consecr>unt1 quo pellem virgis f]iunt02 ,m9ucius ,felix1 ,octavius1 #bd1 8,nudi cruda hieme discurrunt1 alii inc$unt pilleati1 scuta vet]a circumf]unt1 pelles ca$unt40 ,nei!r ,s]vius nor ,m9ucius ,felix expressly m5tions ! ,salii1 b ! description giv5 by ! latt] writ] 78pilleati1 scuta vet]a circumf]unt07 proves t he alludes to !m4 ,! expression ( ,m9ucius ,felix pelles ca$unt is conclusive 9 fav\r ( pellem 9 ! passage ( ,s]vius1 :]e "s w\ld wrongly sub/itute peltam1 ! read+ ( a s+le ,,ms4 ,t ! beat+ ( ! sk9-clad repres5tative ( ,mamurius 0 done by ! ,salii 0 long ago rightly po9t$ out by ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*] 7,apollon und ,m>s1 p4 #di74 #eei ,v>ro1 ,de l+ua lat9a1 v4 #he1 8,saliia salit&o1 quod fac]e 9 comitio 9 sacris quotannis et sol5t et deb5t40 ,comp>e ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iii4 #chg1 8,iam d$]at ,saliis a saltu nom9a dicta02 ,plut>*1 ,numa1 #ac2 ,dionysius ,halic>nas5sis1 ,antiquitates ,romanae1 ii4 #gj4 #efj ,j4 ,m>qu>dt1 ,rmis*e ,/aatsv]waltung1 iii4#b 7,leipsic1 #ahhe7 p4 #dca2 ,g4 ,wiss[a1 ,religion und ,kultus d] ,rm]#b 7,muni*1 #aiab71 p4 #add2 ,w4 ,w>de ,f[l]1 ,! ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce ( ! ,roman ,p 7,london1 #aiaa71 pp4 #if sq4 #efa ,fe/us1 ed4 ,c4 ,o4 ,mll]1 p4 #cbe1 8,qui deus 9 sali>ibus ,saturnus nom9atur1 videlicet a sationibus40 ,9 ?is passage ,rits*l reads ,saeturnus = ,saturnus4 ,! be/ ,,mss4 ( ! epitome read ,sateurnus4 ,see ,j4 ,wordswor?1 ,fragm5ts & ,specim5s ( ,e>ly ,lat9 7,ox=d1 #ahhd71 p4 #dje4 ,z to ,saturn 9 ?is capacity see bel[1 p4 #cjf4 #efb ,columella1 ,de re ru/ica1 ii4 #i4 #f sq4 #efc ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #acg sqq4 #efd ,j4 ,m>qu>dt1 ,rmis*e ,/aatsv]waltung1 iii4#b 7,leipsic1 #ahhe7 pp4 #dbg sq4 #efe ,l4 ,prell]1 ,rmis*e ,my?ologie#c 7,b]l91 #ahha-ahhc71 i4 #cei4 ,z to ! lun> ye> ( ! old ,roman ,cal5d> see ,l4 ,idel]1 ,h&bu* d] ma!matis*5 und te*nis*5 ,*ronologie 7,b]l91 #ahbe-ahbf71 ii4 #ch sqq4 #eff ,z to _! numb] & badge see ,aulus ,gellius1 vi4 7vii41 ed4 ,m4 ,h]tz7 #g4 #h2 z to _! function see ,v>ro1 ,de l+ua lat9a1 v4 #he1 8,fratres ,arvales dicti sunt1 qui sacra publica faciunt propt]ea ut fruges f]ant arva1 a f]5do et arvis fratres arvales dicti40 #efg ,livy1 i4 #bj4 #d2 ,plut>*1 ,numa1 #ac2 ,dionysius ,halic>nas5sis1 ,antiquitates ,romanae1 ii4 #gj4 ,livy only m5tions ! %ields4 ,f an anci5t relief we le>n t ! /aves ( ! ,salii t]m9at$ 9 a knob at ea* end4 ,h5ce we may correct ! /atem5t ( ,dionysius1 :o describes ! weapon d\btfully z 4 ,see ,j4 ,m>qu>dt1 ,rmis*e ,/aatsv]waltung1 iii4#b #dcb1 note #f4 #efh ,see above1 pp4 #aac1 #aaf1 #aag1 #acb1 #aci1 #ada1 #adg1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afa1 #afc1 #afe1 #aff1 #ahf1 #aia1 #aif1 #bjj1 #bjd1 #bad4 #efi ,livy1 i4 #bj4 #d2 ,j4 ,m>qu>dt1 op4 cit4 iii4#b #dcb sq42 ,w4 ,smi?1 ,diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman ,antiquities1 ,?ird ,edition 7,london1 #ahia71 vol4 ii4 p4 #eij1 s4v4 8,salii40 #egj ,see above1 pp4 #aaa sqq4 ,m#ahj ,! demons expell$ by ! ,salii may h be5 above all ! demons ( blight & inf]tility4 ,?is conjecture is support$ by analog\s c]emonies p]=m$ by savages = ! purpose ( driv+ (f ! demons t w\ld h>m ! crops4 #ega ,see above1 p4 #ach4 #egb ,labat1 ,voyage du ,*evali] ,des ,m>*ais en ,gu9e1 ,isles vois9es1 et ,cay5ne 7,am/]dam1 #agca71 ii4 #hj 7p4 #ii ( ! ,p>is edition74 #egc ,olivi] de ,s&]val1 ,de l',atlantique au ,nig] p> le ,f\tah-,djallon 7,p>is1 #ahhc71 p4 #bcj4 ,! phrase :i* ,i h translat$ 8= exorcis+ ! spirits0 is 8p\r conjur] les esprits40 ,m#aha ,dances ( mask$ m5 9 ,india1 ,borneo1 & ,s\? ,am]ica to promote ! gr[? ( ! crops4 #egd ,ludovico di ,v>!ma1 ,travels 9 ,egypt1 ,syria1 etc41 translat$ by ,j4 ,w4 ,jones 7,hakluyt ,society1 ,london1 #ahfc71 pp4 #aff sq4 #ege ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 i4 #ie1 #ahf sq4 #egf ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 i4 #aaa sq4 ,m#ahb ,dances 9 ,aracan = ! sake ( ! crops4 ,dances ( ! ,t>ahum>e ,indians ( ,mexico to procure ra9 = _! crops4 #egg ,annales de la ,propagation de la ,foi1 liii4 7#ahha7 p4 #agh4 #egh ,c4 ,lumholtz1 ,unkn[n ,mexico 7,london1 #aijc71 i4 #ccj sq4 ,m#ahc ,dances ( ! ,t>ahum>e ,indians to cause ra9 to fall1 corn to spr\t1 grass to gr[1 & animals to multiply4 #egi ,c4 ,lumholtz1 ,unkn[n ,mexico 7,london1 #aijc71 i4 #cce sqq41 #ceb sq4 ,m#ahd ,dance ( ! ,cora ,indians at ! s[+ fe/ival4 #ehj ,k4 ,?4 ,preuss1 ,die ,nay>it-,exp$ition1 ,i4 ,die ,religion d] ,cora-,indian] 7,leipsic1 #aiab71 pp4 xcviii4 sq41 #fa-fc4 ,z to ! s[+ fe/ival ( ! ,mexican ,indians1 comp>e ,k4 ,?4 ,preuss1 8,die religis5 ,gesnge und ,my!n e9ig] ,/mme d] mexikanis*5 ,si]ra ,madre10 ,ar*iv fr ,religionswiss5s*aft1 xi4 7#aijh7 pp4 #cgd sqq4 ,m#ahe ,dances & leaps ( ,european peasants to make ! corn gr[ tall4 #eha ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #acg-aci4 #ehb ,dr4 ,f4 ,j4 ,vonbun1 ,beitrge zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie gesammelt 9 ,*urrhaeti5 7,*ur1 #ahfb71 p4 #ba1 quot+ ,j4 ,/umpf & ,ulr4 ,campell4 ,z ! passage is curi\s & ! "w probably r>e1 ,i w quote ! orig9al 9 full3 8,si*]li* au* im zusamm5hange mit ,don>cultus w> e9 brau* d] leute 9 d] ,grub 79 ,graubnd574 #8,die l&leute 9 d] ,grub hab5 no* etwas an]]bte bru*e1 indem dass sie si* zu etli*5 jahr5 7mei/5s zur zeit d] sonn5w5de7 besammelt51 v]butzt5 7si* als mask5 v]mummt57 und e9&] unbekannt ma*t51 legt5 h>nis* und gewe] an1 und nahm j$] e9 gross5 kolb5 od] knttel1 zug5 9 e9] rott mit e9&] von e9em dorf zum &]n1 trib5 hohe sprnge und seltsame ab5!ur4--,sie luff5 ge/racks laufs ane9&]1 /iess5 mit krft5 je e9] d5 &]n1 dass es erhillt1 /iess5 laut mit ihr5 grss5 /ck5 und kntteln1 desweg5 sie vom l&volk g5annt w]d5 die ,/opf]4 ,diese ?ore*te ab5!u] trib5 sie zum ab]glaub51 dass ihn5 das korn de/obas g]a!n slle1 hab5 ab] anjetzo abgelass51 und s9d diese ,/opf] 9 ke9] a*tung mehr4' 7,joh4 ,/umpf74 ,au* ,ulr4 ,campell erwhnt dieses volksbrau* 7s4 #aa7 und bem]kt3 #8mit diesem gebrau*e h+ frh] d] glaube zusamm51 dass dess5 ausbung e9 fru*tb>es jahr br+e4' 0 ,! ^w ,/opf] means 8/opp]10 8ramm]10 8cramm]10 etc4 ,m#ahf ,dances ( mumm]s call$ ,p]*t5 9 ,au/ria = ! good ( ! crops4 ,! my?ical old woman call$ ,p]*ta4 #ehc ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie#d 7,b]l91 #ahge-ahgh71 i4 #bbf sqq41 iii4 #hh sq42 ,fr4 ,panz]1 ,beitrag zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie 7,muni*1 #ahdh-ahee71 i4 #bdg sq41 ii4 #cha2 ,i4 ,v4 ,z+]le1 8,p]ahta 9 ,tirol10 ,zeits*rift fr deuts*e ,my?ologie1 iii4 7,gtt+51 #ahee71 pp4 #bjc-bjf2 id41 ,sitt51 ,bru*e und ,me9ung5 des ,tirol] ,volkes#b 7,innsbruck1 #ahga71 pp4 #abh sq41 #ach sq42 ,j4 ,m4 ,ritt] von ,alp5burg1 ,my!n und ,sag5 ,tirols 7,zri*1 #aheg71 pp4 #df-ea1 #fc-fe2 ,bav>ia1 ,l&es- und ,volkskunde des ,knigrei*s ,bay]n 7,muni*1 #ahfj-ahfg71 i4 #cfe2 ,a4 ,wuttke1 ,d] deuts*e ,volksab]glaube#b 7,b]l91 #ahfi71 #be1 pp4 #be-bg2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,d] ,baumkultus d] ,g]man5 und ihr] ,na*b>/mme 7,b]l91 #ahge71 pp4 #edb sq42 ,k>l ,we9hold1 ,we9a*t-,spiele und ,li$] aus ,sddeuts*l& und ,s*lesi5 7,vi5na1 #ahge71 pp4 #ai sqq42 ,e4 ,mogk1 9 ,h4 ,paul's ,grundriss d] g]manis*5 ,philologie1#b iii4 7,/rasburg1 #aijj71 pp4 #bhj sq4 7:]e x is said t ,p]*ta 8sp5det dem ,ack] ,fru*tb>keit und ls/ das ,vieh g$eih5072 ,e4 ,h4 ,mey]1 ,my?ologie d] ,g]man5 7,/rasburg1 #aijc71 pp4 #dbd sqq42 ,p4 ,h]rmann1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie 7,leipsic1 #aijf71 pp4 #cjc sqq42 ,m4 ,&ree-,eys51 ,volkskundli*es aus dem bayris*-/]rei*is*5 ,alp5gebiet 7,brunswick1 #aiaj71 pp4 #aef sqq42 ,e4 ,h(fmann-,kray]1 ,fe/e und ,bru*e des ,s*weiz]volkes 7,zri*1 #aiac71 pp4 #aah sqq4 ,m#ahg ,! runn+ & leap+ ( ! ,p]*t5 mumm]s on ,twelf? ,night4 ,! ,beautiful ,p]*t5 & ! ,ugly ,p]*t54 #ehd ,j4 ,grimm1 ,deuts*e ,my?ologie1#d i4 #bca2 ,i4 ,v4 ,z+]le1 ,sitt51 ,bru*e und ,me9ung5 des ,tirol] ,volkes#b 7,innsbruck1 #ahga71 pp4 #ach sq42 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 pp4 #edb sq42 ,j4 ,m4 ,ritt] von ,alp5burg1 ,my!n und ,sag5 ,tirols 7,zri*1 #aheg71 pp4 #ej sq42 ,k4 ,we9hold1 ,we9a*t-,spiele und ,li$] aus ,sddeuts*l& und ,s*lesi5 7,vi5na1 #ahge71 pp4 #ba sqq4 ,m#ahh ,! ,ugly ,p]*t5 9 ,salzburg4 ,m#ahi ,! ,beautiful ,p]*t5 9 ,salzburg4 #ehe ,m>ie ,&ree-,eysn1 ,volkskundli*es aus dem bayris*-/]rei*is*5 ,alp5gebiet 7,brunswick1 #aiaj71 pp4 #aef-age4 ,m#aij ,mrs4 ,&ree-,eysn on ! ,p]*t52 accord+ to h]1 ! processions ( ,p]*t5 are int5d$ to promote f]tility by bani%+ ! demons t w\ld ?w>t x4 #ehf ,m>ie ,&ree-,eysn1 ,volkskundli*es aus dem bayris*-/]rei*is*5 ,alp5gebiet 7,brunswick1 #aiaj71 pp4 #agi sq4 ,! au?oress k9dly pres5t$ me ) a copy ( h] valuable "w 9 ,may #aiaj1 :5 ,i _h ! pleasure ( visit+ h] & h] husb&1 ! em95t an?ropologi/1 ! late ,dr4 ,ri*>d ,&ree1 9 _! home at ,muni*4 ,m#aia ,! bells worn by ! ,p]*t5 mumm]s may be int5d$ to ban demons4 ,bells rung to make ! grass gr[ 9 spr+4 ,bells rung to make ! flax gr[4 ,:ips crack$ to make ! flax gr[4 #ehg ,see ,p4 ,s>tori1 8,glock5sag5 und ,glock5ab]glaube10 ,zeits*rift des ,v]e9s fr ,volkskunde1 vii4 7#ahig7 pp4 #cfj sqq4 ,! use 9 classical antiquity ( bells1 gongs1 & ! cla% ( bronze g5]ally to ban ! demon ho/ has be5 le>n$ly illu/rat$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,cook 9 8 article1 8,! ,gong at ,dodona10 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 xxii4 7#aijb7 pp4 #ad sqq4 #ehh ,rev4 ,a4 ,l4 ,kit*+1 ,on ! ,backwat]s ( ! ,nile 7,london1 #aiab71 p4 #bfd4 ,z to ! c\ntry ( ! ,teso p1 :o d n belong to ! ,bantu /ock1 see id41 pp4 #bf sq4 #ehi ,m>ie ,&ree-,eysn1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ahj-ahb4 ,z to ! cu/om ( 8r++-out ! grass10 see fur!r ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 p4 #edj2 ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #cdc sq4 #eij ,m>ie ,&ree-,eysn1 op4 cit4 p4 #ahb4 #eia ,m>ie ,&ree-,eysn1 l4c4 #eib ,k4 ,seif>t1 ,sag51 ,mr*51 ,s*wnke und ,gebru*e aus ,/adt und ,/ift ,hilde%eim#b 7,hilde%eim1 #ahhi71 p4 #ahj4 ,= m evid5ce ( ! suppos$ f]tiliz+ influ5ce ( bells1 see ,p4 ,s>tori1 8,glock5sag5 und ,glock5ab]glaube10 ,zeits*rift des ,v]e9s fr ,volkskunde1 vii4 7#ahig7 pp4 #cfc sq4 #eic ,i4 ,v4 ,z+]le1 ,sitt51 ,bru*e und ,me9ung5 des ,tirol] ,volkes#b 7,innsbruck1 #ahga71 pp4 #ace sq41 #aci1 #aaif1 #abaa1 #abab4 #eid ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 pp4 #bfh sq4 ,m#aib ,c]ta9 features 9 ^! processions or races ( mumm]s seem to %ew t ! mumm]s repres5t b5efic5t spirits ( f]tility1 :o quick5 ! se$ 9 ! gr\nd & (fspr+ 9 ! wombs ( wom54 ,! view ( ,w4 ,mannh>dt4 #eie ,m>ie ,&ree-,eysn1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ahb sq4 #eif ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 p4 #edh4 #eig ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 l4c4 ,m#aic ,confirmations ( ?is view4 ,! use ( bells & swords 9 ^! c]emonies4 #eih ,see above1 p4 #bcf4 #eii ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 ii4 #cbe sqq4 #fjj ,t4 ,f4 ,?iselton ,dy]1 ,briti% ,popul> ,cu/oms 7,london1 #ahgf71 p4 #cb2 ,c\nty ,folk-lore1 ,pr9t$ ,extracts1 ,no4 #c1 ,leice/]%ire & ,rutl&%ire1 collect$ & edit$ by ,c4 ,j4 ,billson 7,london1 #ahie71 pp4 #ic sq4 #fja ,mrs4 ,lilly ,grove 7,mrs4 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]71 ,danc+ 7,london1 #ahie71 pp4 #adg sqq42 ,e4 ,k4 ,*amb]s1 ,! ,m$iaeval ,/age 7,ox=d1 #aijc71 i4 #aie sqq4 #fjb ,z to ! swords c>ri$ by ! ,p]*t5 see above1 p4 #bde2 z to ^? c>ri$ by ! danc]s on ,pl\gh ,monday1 see ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities ( ,great ,brita9 7,london1 #ahhb-ahhc71 i4 #eje4 ,z to ! sword-dance 9 g5]al1 see ,k4 ,mll5h(f1 8b] d5 ,s*w]ttanz10 9 ,fe/gab5 fr ,gu/av ,homey] 7,b]l91 #ahga71 pp4 #aaa-adg 7:o comp>es ! dances ( ! ,salii72 ,mrs4 ,lilly ,grove1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ahi sqq41 #baa sqq42 ,e4 ,k4 ,*amb]s1 op4 cit4 i4 #ahb sqq4 #fjc ,see bel[1 pp4 #cca sqq4 ,m#aid ,^! masqu]ades orig9ally int5d$ bo? to /imulate vegetation 9 spr+ & to expel demons4 ,m#aie ,application ( ^! conclusions to ! expulsion ( 8! ,old ,m>s0 9 anci5t ,rome4 ,m#aif ,human scapegoats 9 anci5t ,greece4 ,! 8,expulsion ( ,hung]0 at ,*a]onea4 #fjd ,plut>*1 ,quae/4 conviv4 vi4 #h4 #fje ,see above1 pp4 #adc sqq41 #bji4 ,m#aig ,human scapegoats at ,m>seilles4 ,human scapegoats put to dea? at ,a!ns4 ,human scapegoats annually /on$ to dea? at ,abd]a4 #fjf ,s]vius on ,virgil1 ,a54 iii4 #eg1 foll[+ ,petronius2 ,lactantius ,placidius1 ,comm5t>ii 9 ,/atii ,!baida x4 #gic1 p4 #deb1 ed4 ,r4 ,jahnke 7,leipsic1 #ahih74 ,accord+ to ! =m] writ]1 ! scapegoat 0 ca/ out 78projiciebatur072 accord+ to ! latt]1 he 0 /on$ to dea? by ! p outside ( ! walls 78extra pom]ia saxis occidebatur a populo074 ,! /atem5t ( "s mod]n writ]s t he 0 kill$ by be+ hurl$ f a height re/s on a read+ 78praecipitabatur0 = 8projiciebatur07 9 ! text ( ,s]vius1 :i* appe>s to h no manuscript au?ority & to be m]ely a conjecture ( ,r4 ,/ephan's4 ,yet ! conjecture has be5 ins]t$ 9 ! text by ,f4 ,bue*el] 9 8 edition ( ,petronius 7,?ird ,edition1 ,b]l91 #ahhb1 p4 #aji7 )\t any intimation t all ! ,,mss4 pres5t a diff]5t read+4 ,see ! critical edition ( ,s]vius edit$ by ,g4 ,?ilo & ,h4 ,hag51 vol4 i4 7,leipsic1 #ahha71 p4 #cdf4 #fjg ,helladius1 9 ,photius1 ,biblio!ca1 p4 #ecd ,a1 ed4 ,im4 ,bekk] 7,b]l91 #ahbd72 ,s*olia/ on ,ari/ophanes1 ,frogs1 #gcd1 & on ,knights1 #aacf2 ,hesy*ius1 ,lexicon1 s4v4 2 comp>e ,suidas1 ,lexicon1 s4vv4 1 1 & 2 ,lysias1 ,orat4 vi4 #ec4 ,t !y 7 /on$ is an inf]5ce f ,h>pocration4 ,see next note4 ,:5 ! p ( ,cyr5e sacrific$ to ,saturn 7,cronus71 !y wore cr[ns ( fre% figs on _! heads4 ,see ,macrobius1 ,saturn1 i4 #g4 #be4 #fjh ,h>pocration1 ,lexicon1 s4v4 1 :o says 1 1 4 ,he does n expressly /ate t !y 7 put to dea?2 b z he says t ! c]emony 0 an imitation ( ! execution ( a my?ical ,ph>macus :o 0 /on$ to dea?1 we may inf] t ! victims 7 kill$ by be+ /on$4 ,suidas 7s4v4 7 copies ,h>pocration4 ,z to ! human scapegoats employ$ by ! ,greeks at ! ,?>gelia & on o!r occasions see ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung5 7,/rasburg1 #ahhd71 pp4 #abd sqq42 ,j4 ,tpff]1 ,beitrge zur grie*is*5 ,alt]tumswiss5s*aft 7,b]l91 #ahig71 pp4 #acj sqq42 ,augu/ ,momms51 ,fe/e d] ,/adt ,a!n im ,alt]tum 7,leipsic1 #ahih71 pp4 #dfh sqq42 ,miss ,j4 ,e4 ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 ,second ,edition 7,cambridge1 #aijh71 pp4 #ie sqq42 ,m4 ,p4 ,nilsson1 ,grie*is*e ,fe/e 7,leipsic1 #aijf71 pp4 #aje sqq42 ,w4 ,r4 ,paton1 8,! & ! ,/ory ( ! ,fall10 ,revue ,ar*ologique1 iv4 ,srie ix4 7#aijg7 pp4 #ea-eg4 #fji ,ovid1 ,ibis1 #dfg sq43 8,aut te devoveat c]tis ,abd]a diebus ,saxaque devotum gr&9e plura petant10 ) ! two s*olia quot$ respectively by ,m4 ,p4 ,nilsson1 ,grie*is*e ,fe/e1 p4 #ajh note #f1 & by ,o4 ,s*neid]1 9 8 ,callima*ea 7,leipsic1 #ahgj-ahgc71 ii4 #fhd4 ,! s*olia/ ref]s to ,callima*us z 8 au?ority4 ,m#aih ,annual human scapegoats 9 ,leucadia4 ,human scapegoats annually put to dea? at ! fe/ival ( ! ,?>gelia 9 ,asia ,m9or4 #faj ,/rabo1 x4 #b4 #i1 p4 #edb2 ,photius1 ,lexicon1 s4v4 2 ,l4 ,ampelius1 ,lib] ,memorialis1 viii4 #d2 ,s]vius1 on ,virgil1 ,a54 iii4 #bgi2 ,ptolemaeus ,hephae/41 ,nov4 ,hi/or4 9 ,photius1 ,biblio!ca1 cod4 #aij1 p4 #aec1 ed4 ,im4 ,bekk]2 ,my?ographi ,graeci1 ed4 ,a4 ,we/]mann 7,brunswick1 #ahdc71 pp4 #aih sq4 ,accord+ to ! manuscript read+ 9 ,photius1 l4c41 ! prie/s flung !mselves into ! sea2 b ! read+ has be5 alt]$ by ! editors4 ,z to ! ,kumaon c]emony see above1 pp4 #aif sq4 #faa ,suidas & ,photius1 ,lexicon1 s4v4 4 ,! ^w :i* ,i h translat$ 8(fsc\r+0 77 occurs 9 #a ,cor9?ians iv4 #ac1 :]e x is simil>ly translat$ 9 ! ,engli% v]sion4 ,x means prop]ly t on :i* some?+ is wip$ (f1 l a sponge or a du/]4 #fab ,j4 ,tzetzes1 ,*iliades1 v4 #gbf-gfa 7ed4 ,?4 ,kiessel+1 ,leipsic1 #ahbf74 ,tzetzes's au?ority is ! satirical poet ,hipponax4 ,! tune :i* 0 play$ by ! flutes :ile ! man 0 be+ beat5 is m5tion$ by ,hesy*ius1 s4v4 4 ,comp>e id41 s4v4 2 ,plut>*1 ,de musica1 #h4 #fac ,?is may be inf]r$ f ! v]se ( ,hipponax1 quot$ by ,a!naeus1 ix4 #i1 p4 #cgj ,b1 :]e = we %\ld p]haps read ) ,s*neidew9 7,poetae lyrici ,graeci1#c ed4 ,?4 ,b]gk1 ii4 #gfc74 ,m#aii ,mannh>dt's int]pretation ( ! cu/om ( beat+ ! human scapegoat on ! g5itals3 x 0 int5d$ to free 8 reproductive en]gies f any re/ra9t laid on !m by demoniacal or o!r malignant ag5cy4 #fad ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung5 7,/rasburg1 #ahhd71 pp4 #aac sqq41 especially #abc sq41 #acc4 #fae ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 xx4 #aja2 ,dioscorides1 ,de mat]ia m$ica1 ii4 #bjb2 ,lucian1 ,necyom4 #g2 id41 ,alex&]1 #dg2 ,!ophra/us1 ,sup]/iti\s ,man4 #faf ,!ocritus1 vii4 #ajf sqq4 ) ! s*olia/4 #fag ,comp>e ,aug4 ,momms51 ,heortologie 7,leipsic1 #ahfd71 pp4 #dad sqq41 id41 ,fe/e d] ,/adt ,a!n im ,alt]tum 7,leipsic1 #ahih71 pp4 #dfh sq41 #dgi sqq42 ,m4 ,p4 ,nilsson1 ,grie*is*e ,fe/e 7,leipsic1 #aijf71 pp4 #aje1 iii sqq42 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,antike ,wald- und ,feldkulte 7,b]l91 #ahgg71 p4 #bae4 #fah ,at c]ta9 sacrifices 9 ,yucatan blood 0 drawn f ! g5itals ( a human victim & sme>$ on ! face ( ! idol4 ,see ,diego de ,l&a1 ,relation des *oses de ,yucatan1 texte espagnol et traduction franaise p> l',abb ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg 7,p>is1 #ahfd71 p4 #afg4 ,0 ! orig9al int5tion ( ?is rite to transfuse into ! god a fre% supply ( reproductive en]gy8 #fai ,aelian1 ,nat4 ,anim4 ix4 #bf4 #fbj ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #bci sq4 #fba ,! ,dy+ ,god1 p4 #aad4 ,m#bjj ,w4 ,r4 ,paton's view t ! human scapegoats at ! ,?>gelia p]sonat$ ! spirits ( fig-trees1 & t ! c]emony 0 a magical rite = ! f]tilization ( fig-trees1 be+ copi$ f ! process ( caprification4 #fbb ,on ! o!r h&1 ,w4 ,mannh>dt reg>d$ ! victims z repres5t+ ! demons ( inf]tility1 de>?1 & sickness1 :o 9 ! p]sons ( _! repres5tatives 7 ?us h\nd$ ) bl[s out ( ! city4 ,see 8 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #abi4 #fbc ,w4 ,r4 ,paton1 8,! & ! ,/ory ( ! ,fall10 ,revue ,ar*ologique1 iv4 ,srie1 ix4 7#aijg7 pp4 #ea sqq4 ,m#bja ,?is !ory is confirm$ by a comp>ison ) ! ,roman rites ( ! ,nonae ,caprot9ae4 #fbd ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #cac sqq4 #fbe ,dionysius ,halic>nas5sis1 ,antiquitates ,romanae1 ii4 #ef4 #d4 ,comp>e ,livy1 i4 #af4 #d2 ,plut>*1 ,romulus1 #bg4 #fbf ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 i4 #bdh4 ,comp>e ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #cca sqq4 #fbg ,see1 = example1 ,helladius1 cit$ by ,photius1 ,biblio!ca1 p4 #ecd a1 ed4 ,im4 ,bekk]1 2 ,h>pocration1 s4v4 7vol4 i4 p4 #bih1 ed4 ,g4 ,d9dorf71 2 ,s*olia/ on ,ari/ophanes1 ,knights1 #aacf1 1 1 4 #fbh ,mr4 ,paton +5i\sly sugge/s t 9 ! ,biblical n>rative ( ,adam & ,eve1 :o = eat+ a p>ticul> fruit 7 condemn$ to dea? & driv5 out ( ! happy g>d5 ) aprons ( fig-leaves ab\t _! lo9s 7,g5esis iii471 we h a rem9isc5ce ( a cu/om ( f]tiliz+ fig-trees by a pair ( human scapegoats1 :o1 l ! victims at ! ,?>gelia1 assimilat$ !mselves to ! tree by we>+ its foliage or fruit4 ,see ,w4 ,r4 ,paton1 8,! & ! ,/ory ( ! ,fall10 ,revue ,ar*ologique1 iv4 ,srie1 ix4 7#aijg7 pp4 #ee sq4 ,m#bjb ,beat+ z a mode ( dispell+ evil influ5ces4 #fbi ,above1 pp4 #b1 #ahf4 ,comp>e ,plut>*1 ,p>allela1 #ce1 :]e a woman is repres5t$ z go+ f h\se to h\se /rik+ sick p ) a hamm] & bidd+ !m be :ole4 #fcj ,w4 ,crooke1 ,popul> ,religion & ,folk-lore ( ,nor!rn ,india 7,we/m9/]1 #ahif71 i4 #ii1 #aee2 id41 ,tribes & ,ca/es ( ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,prov9ces & ,oudh 7,calcutta1 #ahif71 iii4 #ccc1 #dda1 #dde4 #fca ,a4 ,c]teux et ,e4 ,h4 ,c>noy1 ,l',algrie ,traditionnelle 7,p>is & ,algi]s1 #ahhd71 p4 #ahi4 #fcb ,h4 ,k]n1 8,e5 ,spanis* s*rijv] ov] d5 godsdi5/ d] heid5s*e ,bikoll]s10 ,bijdrag5 tot de ,taal- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde van ,n$]l&s*-,indi1 xlvii4 7#ahig7 pp4 #bcb sq4 ,! ,spani% au?ority is ,fa!r ,jos ,ca/ao4 ,an anci5t ,egyptian relief f ,saqq>ah repres5ts a mummy at ! entrance ( ! tomb1 :ile ! wom5 te> out _! hair & ! m5 wave palm-bran*es1 app>5tly to drive evil spirits away4 ,! cu/om has be5 inh]it$ by ! mod]n ,arabs1 :o simil>ly beat (f ! invisible foes ) palm-bran*es4 ,see ,a4 ,wi$emann1 ,h]odots ,zweites ,bu* 7,leipsic1 #ahij71 p4 #cdg4 ,h[ev]1 9 ^! cases ! bl[s seem to be adm9i/]$ to ! demons & n to ! corpse4 ,m#bjc ,beat+ p to rid !m ( cl++ gho/s4 ,exorcism ( gho/s by means ( leaves & pig's blood4 #fcc ,j4 ,m4 van ,ba>da1 8,ile de ,halmaheira10 ,bullet9s de la ,socit d',an?ropologie de ,p>is1 ,quatrime ,srie1 iii4 7#ahib7 p4 #ede4 ,z to ?r[+ a banana-trunk into ! grave1 see ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 ii4 #ig4 #fcd ,rev4 ,j4 ,bat*elor1 ,! ,a9u & _! ,folk-lore 7,london1 #aija71 p4 #eej4 #fce ,revue d',e?nographie1 iii4 7#ahhe7 pp4 #cie sq4 #fcf ,r4 ,s*omburgk1 ,reis5 9 ,britis*-,guiana 7,leipsic1 #ahdg-ahdh71 ii4 #deg sqq42 ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,b]nau1 ,mission>y ,lab\rs 9 ,briti% ,guiana 7,london1 #ahdg71 p4 #eb2 ,c4 ,f4 ,ph4 von ,m>tius1 ,zur ,e?nographie ,am]ika's1 zumal ,brasili5s 7,leipsic1 #ahfg71 pp4 #fid sq42 ,j4 ,crevaux1 ,voyages dans l',amrique du ,sud 7,p>is1 #ahhc71 p4 #edh4 #fcg ,s]vius1 on ,virgil1 ,a54 i4 #cbi4 ,= m evid5ce see ,c4 ,boetti*]1 ,d] ,baumkultus d] ,hell55 7,b]l91 #ahef71 pp4 #cfi sqq4 #fch ,see my note on ,pausanias1 ii4 #ca4 #h1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bgf sqq4 #fci ,v4 ,solomon1 8,extracts f ,di>ies kept 9 ,c> ,nicob>10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxxii4 7#aijb7 p4 #bbg4 ,m#bjd ,beat+ practis$ by ,s\? ,am]ican ,indians & o!rs z a mode ( convey+ good qualities4 #fdj ,j4 de ,aco/a1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indies1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cge 7,hakluyt ,society1 ,london1 #ahhj74 ,see above1 pp4 #abh sqq4 #fda ,p4 ,lozano1 ,descripcion ,*orographica del t]r5o1 rios1 arboles1 y animales de las dilatadissimas prov9cias del ,gran ,*aco1 ,gualamba1 etc4 7,cordova1 #agcc71 p4 #fg4 ,! reappe>ance ( ! ,pleiades probably m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> = ^! p4 ,see ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 i4 #cjg sqq4 #fdb ,g4 ,osculati1 ,esplorazione delle regioni equatoriali lungo il ,napo ed il fiume delle ,amazzoni 7,milan1 #ahej71 p4 #aah4 #fdc ,h4 ,c\dreau1 ,*ez nos ,indi5s3 quatre annes dans la ,guyane ,franaise 7,p>is1 #ahie71 p4 #edd4 #fdd ,g4 ,h4 ,loskiel1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,mission ( ! ,unit$ ,bre?r5 among ! ,indians 9 ,nor? ,am]ica 7,london1 #agid71 ,"p i4 p4 #cg4 #fde ,! ,satapa?a ,brahmana1 v4 #d4 #d4 #g1 translat$ by ,j4 ,eggel+1 ,"p iii4 7,ox=d1 #ahid7 p4 #ajh 7,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xli474 #fdf ,d4 ,*wolsohn1 ,die ,ssabi] und d] ,ssabismus 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahef71 ii4 #cd4 ,m#bje ,beat+ p ) in/rum5ts :i* possess & imp>t special virtues4 #fdg ,on ! positive b5efits suppos$ 9 c]ta9 cases to fl[ f a beat+ comp>e ,s4 ,re9a*1 8,la flagellation rituelle10 ,cultes1 ,my!s et ,religions1 i4 7,p>is1 #aije7 pp4 #ahj sqq42 ,e4 ,s4 ,h>tl&1 ,primitive ,pat]nity 7,london1 #aiji-aiaj71 i4 #ajb sqq4 #fdh ,*4 ,keyss]1 8,aus dem ,leb5 d] ,kaileute10 9 ,r4 ,neuhauss's ,deuts* ,neu-,gu9ea1 iii4 7,b]l91 #aiaa7 p4 #abd4 #fdi ,fa!r ,lamb]t1 8,murs et ,sup]/itions de la tribu ,blep10 ,les ,missions ,ca?olique1 xii4 7#ahhj7 p4 #bgc2 id41 ,murs et ,sup]/itions des ,no-,caldoni5s 7,n\ma1 #aijj71 p4 #bah4 #fej ,f4 ,j4 de ,santa-,anna ,n]y1 ,folk-lore ,brsili5 7,p>is1 #ahhi71 p4 #bec4 #fea ,r4 ,temesvry1 ,volksbru*e und ,ab]glaub5 9 d] ,geburt%ilfe und d] ,pflege des ,neugebor55 9 ,ung>n 7,leipsic1 #aijj71 p4 #h4 ,comp>e ,e4 ,s4 ,h>tl&1 ,primitive ,pat]nity 7,london1 #aiji-aiaj71 i4 #ajf4 #feb ,a4 ,c4 ,kruyt1 8,het kopp5snell5 d] ,toradja's van ,midd5-,celebes1 en zijne beteek5is10 ,v]slag5 en ,m$$eel+5 d] ,kon9klijke ,akademie van ,wet5s*app51 ,afdeel+ ,lett]kunde1 iv4 ,reeks1 iii4 7,am/]dam1 #ahii7 p4 #aii4 #fec ,e4 ,be>dmore1 8,! ,natives ( ,m[at1 ,daudai1 ,new ,gu9ea10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xix4 7#ahij7 p4 #dfd4 ,m#bjf ,cu/om 9 ,morocco ( beat+ p ) ! sk9s ( sacrific$ %eep or goats4 #fed ,e4 ,we/]m>ck1 8,! ,popul> ,ritual ( ! ,great ,fea/ 9 ,morocco10 ,folk-lore1 xxii4 7#aiaa7 pp4 #afc-afe4 #fee ,see bel[1 pp4 #bih1 #cjb1 #cjd4 #fef ,e4 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 pp4 #afe sq41 #agj1 #agh4 ,! purificatory "* ( ! rite is duly recognis$ by ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck 7op4 cit4 p4 #agh74 ,m#bjg ,european cu/om ( beat+ cattle ) bran*es to make !m heal?y or drive away ! wit*es f !m4 ,! r[an-tree z a protection aga9/ wit*craft4 #feg ,j4 ,g4 v4 ,hahn1 ,albanesis*e ,/udi5 7,j5a1 #ahed71 i4 #aee4 #feh ,w4 ,h4 ,d4 ,r\se1 8,folk-lore f ! ,s\!rn ,sporades10 ,folk-lore1 x4 7#ahii7 p4 #agi4 #fei ,k4 ,b>ts*1 ,sag51 ,mr*5 und ,gebru*e aus ,meckl5burg 7,vi5na1 #ahgi-ahhj71 ii4 p4 #beh1 #acdh4 #ffj ,j4 ,f4 ,l4 ,woe/e1 ,volksb]lief]ung5 9 d] ,grafs*aft ,m>k 7,is]lohn1 #ahdh71 pp4 #be sq42 ,a4 ,kuhn1 ,die ,h]abkunft des ,feu]s und des ,gtt]tranks#b 7,gt]sloh1 #ahhf71 pp4 #afa sqq4 ,! c]emony takes its "n ( 8quick5+0 f ,quieke or ,quick5baum1 a ,g]man "n = ! r[an-tree4 ,quick5-tree is also an ,engli% "n = ! r[an4 #ffa ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #eb sqq4 #ffb ,rev4 ,w4 ,gregor1 ,notes on ! ,folk-lore ( ! ,nor?-ea/ ( ,scotl& 7,london1 #ahha71 p4 #ahh4 #ffc ,a4 ,wuttke1 ,d] deuts*e ,volksab]glaube#b 7,b]l91 #ahfi71 p4 #ajf1 #ade4 #ffd ,j4 ,f4 ,l4 ,woe/e1 ,volksb]lief]ung5 9 d] ,grafs*aft ,m>k 7,is]lohn1 #ahdh71 p4 #bf4 ,comp>e ,a4 ,kuhn1 ,die ,h]abkunft des ,feu]s und des ,gtt]tranks#b 7,gt]sloh1 #ahhf71 p4 #agi4 ,m#bjh ,european cu/om ( beat+ p ) bran*es at ,ea/] to d !m good3 8,ea/] ,smacks40 #ffe ,f4 ,s4 ,krauss1 ,kroati5 und ,slavoni5 7,vi5na1 #ahhi71 p4 #ajh4 #fff ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 p4 #beg4 #ffg ,?4 ,v]nalek51 ,my!n und ,bru*e des ,volkes 9 /]rei* 7,vi5na1 #ahei71 pp4 #cjj sq42 ,o4 ,freih]r von ,re9sb]g-,dr+sfeld1 ,fe/-,kal5d] aus ,bhm5 7,prague1 preface dat$ #ahfa71 pp4 #afc-afg2 ,a4 ,pet]1 ,volk/hmli*es aus /]rei*is*-,s*lesi5 7,troppau1 #ahfe-ahfg71 ii4 #bhe2 ,j4 ,a4 ,e4 ,khl]1 ,volksbrau*1 ,ab]glaub51 ,sag5 und &re alte b]lief]ung5 im ,voigtl&e 7,leipsic1 #ahfg71 pp4 #agc sq42 ,m4 ,toepp51 ,ab]glaub5 aus ,masur5#b1 7,danzig1 #ahfg71 pp4 #fi sq42 ,a4 ,wuttke1 ,d] deuts*e ,volksab]glaube#b 7,b]l91 #ahfi71 p4 #gj1 #hc2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,d] ,baumkultus 7,b]l91 #ahge71 pp4 #beh-bfc2 ,w4 ,mll]1 ,beitrge zur ,volkskunde d] ,deuts*5 9 ,mhr5 7,vi5na & ,olmtz1 #ahic71 pp4 #cbb1 #cii sq42 ,dr4 ,f4 ,tetzn]1 8,die ,ts*e*5 und ,mhr] 9 ,s*lesi510 ,globus1 lxxviii4 7#aijj7 p4 #cdj2 ,p4 ,dre*sl]1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube 9 ,s*lesi5 7,leipsic1 #aijc-aijf71 pp4 #ajj sq42 ,alois ,john1 ,sitte1 ,brau*e und ,volksglaube im deuts*5 ,we/bhm5 7,prague1 #aije71 pp4 #fg sq4 ,mannh>dt's :ole discussion ( :at he calls 8! ,bl[ ) ! ,rod ( ,life0 78,d] ,s*lag mit d] ,leb5srute07 des]ves to be /udi$4 ,see 8 ,baumkultus1 pp4 #bea-cjc2 & comp>e 8 treatm5t ( ! same !me1 8,d] ,s*lag mit dem ,februum10 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung5 7,/rasburg1 #ahhd71 pp4 #aac-aec4 ,! cu/om ( 8,ea/] ,smacks0 c be trac$ back to ! twelf? c5tury1 :5 ! practice 0 = wom5 to beat _! husb&s on ,ea/] ,monday & = husb&s to retaliate on _! wives on ,ea/] ,tuesday4 ,see ,j4 ,bele?us1 ,rationale ,div9orum ,(ficiorum1 cap4 #abj1 app5d$ to ,g4 ,dur&us's ,rationale ,div9orum ,(ficiorum 7,lyons1 #aehd71 p4 #edf recto3 8,not&um quoque e/ 9 pl]isque regionibus secundo die po/ ,pas*a muli]es m>itos suos v]b]>e1 ac vicissim viros eas t]tio die quemadmodum licebat s]vis 9 ,decembri dom9os suos impune accus>e40 ,m#bji ,european cu/om ( beat+ p ) bran*es 9 ! ,*ri/mas holidays 7,holy ,innoc5ts' ,day1 etc47 to d !m good4 #ffh ,alois ,john1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube im deuts*5 ,we/bhm5 7,prague1 #aije71 pp4 #e1 #bc sq41 #be1 #bh4 ,comp>e ,?4 ,v]nalek51 ,my!n und ,bru*e des ,volkes 9 /]rei* 7,vi5na1 #ahei71 pp4 #cja sq4 #ffi ,j4 ,a4 ,e4 ,khl]1 ,volksbrau*1 ,ab]glaub51 ,sag5 und &re alte b]lief]ung5 im ,voigtl&e 7,leipsic1 #ahfg71 p4 #agd2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 pp4 #bfd sq4 #fgj ,augu/ ,witzs*el1 ,sag51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e aus ,?r+5 7,vi5na1 #ahgh71 pp4 #aha sq42 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,baumkultus1 p4 #bfe4 ,comp>e ,g4 ,bilf+]1 ,unt]s*ung5 b] die ,zeitre*nung d] alt5 ,g]man51 ii41 ,das ,g]manis*e ,julfe/ 7,/uttg>t1 #aija71 pp4 #he sq4 ,m#baj ,! int5tion ( beat+ p ) fre% gre5 leaves is to r5ew _! life & vig\r4 ,m#baa ,h5ce ! cu/om ( beat+ ! human victims at ! ,?>gelia ) fig-bran*es & squills 0 probably a *>m to increase _! reproductive en]gies4 #fga ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #bd sq4 ,x is highly significant t ! hea!n ( ,h>ran celebrat$ ! m>riage fe/ival ( all ! gods & goddesses 9 ! v mon? 7,m>*7 9 :i* ! artificial f]tilization ( ! date-palm 0 effect$ 7,d4 ,*wolsohn1 ,die ,ssabi] und d] ,ssabismus1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahef1 ii4 #cf1 #bea74 ,! frequ5cy ) :i* ! artificial f]tilization ( ! palm-tree by a my?ical w+$ figure is repres5t$ on ,assyrian monum5ts furni%es /rong evid5ce ( ! religi\s & economic importance ( ! c]emony4 ,m#bab ,h5ce ! human victims at ! ,?>gelia may h prim>ily repres5t$ spirits ( vegetation4 ,m#bac ,p>allel betwe5 ! human sacrifices at ! ,?>gelia & ! bloody ritual ( ! ,arician ,grove4 #fgb ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #dj sqq41 ii4 #cgf sqq4 ,m#bad ,! cu/om ( sacrific+ human repres5tatives ( ! gods among ! ,aztecs ( ,mexico4 #fgc ,j4 de ,aco/a1 ,! ,natural & ,moral ,hi/ory ( ! ,indies 7,london1 ,hakluyt ,society1 #ahhj71 ii4 #cbc4 ,i h mod]niz$ ! spell+ ( ! old ,engli% translator1 ^: v]sion 0 orig9ally publi%$ 9 #afjd4 ,aco/a resid$ bo? 9 ,p]u & ,mexico1 & publi%$ 8 "w at ,seville 9 #aeij4 ,x 0 repr9t$ 9 a conv5i5t =m at ,madrid 9 #ahid4 ,comp>e ,a4 de ,h]r]a1 ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ! ,va/ ,cont95t & ,isl&s ( ,am]ica1 translat$ by ,capta9 ,john ,/ev5s 7,london1 #agbe-agbf71 iii4 #bjg sq4 ,m#bae ,sacrifice ( a man 9 ! "* ( ! great god ,tezcatlipoca at ! fe/ival ( ,toxcatl 9 ! fif? ,aztec mon?4 #fgd ,b4 de ,sahagun1 ,hi/oire ,gnrale des ,*oses de la ,n\velle-,espagne1 traduite p> ,d4 ,j\rdanet et ,r4 ,simon 7,p>is1 #ahhj71 pp4 #fa sq43 8,on appelait le c9quime moi toxcatl4 ,au premi] j\r on faisait une gr&e fte en l'honneur du dieu appel ,titlacauan1 autrem5t dit ,tezcatlipoca1 que l'on croyait tre le dieu des dieux4 ,c'tait en son honneur que l'on tuait1 le j\r de sa fte1 un jeune homme *oisi4444 ,cette fte tait la pr9cipale de t\tes1 comme qui dirait la ,pque1 et1 en ralit1 elle se clbrait aux environs de la ,pque de rsurrection1 ou quelques j\rs aprs40 ,comp>e ,j4 de ,torquemada1 ,mon>quia ,indiana1 lib4 x4 cap4 #ad1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bef 7,madrid1 #agbc74 ,z to ,tezcatlipoca1 ! greate/ ( ! ,mexican gods1 see ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 ,ges*i*te d] am]ikanis*5 ,urreligion5 7,ble1 #ahfg71 pp4 #fac sqq42 ,h4 ,h4 ,bancr(t1 ,! ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates 7,london1 #ahge-ahgf71 iii4 #aii sqq41 #bcg sqq42 ,e4 ,sel]1 ,altmexikanis*e ,/udi51 ii4 7,b]l91 #ahii7 pp4 #abe sqq4 7,v]ff5tli*ung5 aus dem knigli*5 ,museum fr ,vlk]kunde1 vol4 vi4 ,heft #b_/d74 #fge ,on ! tw5ty-?ird ( ,april accord+ to ! ,spani% text ( ,sahagun's "w z translat$ 9 ,fr5* by ,d4 ,j\rdanet & ,r4 ,simeon 7p4 #eb72 ! tw5ty-sev5? ( ,april accord+ to ! ,aztec text ( ,sahagun's "w z translat$ into ,g]man by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,sel] 7,altmexikanis*e ,/udi51 ii4 #aid74 #fgf ,j4 de ,aco/a1 ,natural & ,moral ,hi/ory ( ! ,indies 7,hakluyt ,society1 ,london1 #ahhj71 ii4 #cgh1 #chj2 ,diego ,duran1 ,hi/oria de las ,indias de ,nueva ,espaa 7,mexico1 #ahfg-ahhj71 ii4 #ii1 #aja2 ,manuscrit ,ramirez1 ,hi/oire de l',orig9e des ,indi5s qui habit5t la ,n\velle ,espagne selon leurs traditions1 publi p> ,d4 ,*>nay 7,p>is1 #aijc71 pp4 #aei1 #afj sq4 ,accord+ to ,clavig]o1 ! fif? ,mexican mon?1 9 :i* ! sacrifice ( ! human repres5tative ( ,tezcatlipoca took place1 began on ! #ag? ( ,may 7,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 translat$ by ,c4 ,cull51 ,london1 #ahjg1 i4 #bii72 b ?is mu/ be an error4 #fgg ,e4 ,sel]1 ,altmexikanis*e ,/udi51 ii4 7,b]l91 #ahii7 pp4 #aag note #a1 #aba-abe1 #aec sq41 #aff sq4 7,v]ff5tli*ung5 aus dem knigli*5 ,museum fr ,vlk]kunde1 vol4 vi4 ,heft #b_/d74 #fgh ,j4 de ,aco/a1 op4 cit4 ii4 #chj2 ,diego ,duran1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aja2 ,manuscrit ,ramirez1 ,hi/oire de l',orig9e des ,indi5s qui habit5t la ,n\velle ,espagne selon leurs traditions1 publi p> ,d4 ,*>nay 7,p>is1 #aijc71 p4 #afj2 ,j4 de ,torquemada1 ,mon>quia ,indiana1 lib4 x4 cap4 #ad1 vol4 ii4 p4 #beg 7,madrid1 #agbc74 ,i h mod]niz$ ! spell+ ( ,aco/a's old translator 7,edw>d ,grim/on74 ,m#baf ,! tra9+ & equipm5t ( ! human god4 ,! mann] ( ! sacrifice4 #fgi ,b4 de ,sahagun1 ,hi/oire ,gnrale des ,*oses de la ,n\velle ,espagne1 traduite p> ,d4 ,j\rdanet1 et ,r4 ,simon 7,p>is1 #ahhj71 pp4 #fa sq41 #if-ii1 #ajc2 ,e4 ,sel]1 ,altmexikanis*e ,/udi51 ii4 7,b]l91 #ahii71 pp4 #aaf-afe1 #aid-bji 7! latt] passage conta9s ! ,aztec text ( ,sahagun's acc\nt ) a ,g]man translation72 ,j4 de ,aco/a1 ,! ,natural & ,moral ,hi/ory ( ! ,indies 7,hakluyt ,society1 ,london1 #ahhj71 pp4 #cej sq42 ,manuscrit ,ramirez1 ,hi/oire de l',orig9e des ,indi5s qui habit5t la ,n\velle ,espagne selon leurs traditions1 publi p> ,d4 ,*>nay 7,p>is1 #aijc71 pp4 #aeg sqq41 #ahj sq42 ,diego ,duran1 ,hi/oria de las ,indias de ,nueva ,espaa 7,mexico1 #ahfg-ahhj71 ii4 #ih-aje2 ,j4 de ,torquemada1 ,mon>quia ,indiana1 lib4 x4 cap4 #ad1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bef sqq4 7,madrid1 #agbc72 ,f4 ,s4 ,clavig]o1 ,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 translat$ by ,*>les ,cull51 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahjg71 i4 #cjj2 ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg1 ,hi/oire des ,nations civilises du ,mexique et de l',amrique-,c5trale 7,p>is1 #aheg-ahei71 iii4 #eaj-eab2 ,h4 ,h4 ,bancr(t1 ,! ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates 7,london1 #ahge-ahgf71 iii4 #cai sq4 ,accord+ to ,torquemada ! fle% ( ! human victim 0 eat5 by ! eld]s 8z a sacr$ & div9e fle%02 b ?is is n m5tion$ by ! o!r au?orities ( ! sixte5? c5tury cit$ above4 ,else:]e 7,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 ii4 #ib sq47 ,i cit$ ?is cannibal banquet z an example ( a sacram5tal communion ) ! deity2 b ! sil5ce ( mo/ e>ly writ]s on ! po9t makes x d\btful :e!r ! cu/om has be5 correctly report$ by ,torquemada & lat] writ]s4 ,m#bag ,sacrifice ( a man 9 ! "* ( ! great ,mexican god ,vitzilopo*tli 7,huitzilopo*tli7 9 ! mon? ( ,may4 #fhj ,b4 de ,sahagun1 ,hi/oire ,gnrale des ,*oses de la ,n\velle ,espagne1 traduite p> ,d4 ,j\rdanet et ,r4 ,simon 7,p>is1 #ahhj71 pp4 #ii-ajd2 ,e4 ,sel]1 ,altmexikanis*e ,/udi51 ii4 7,b]l91 #ahii7 pp4 #aei-afe1 #bjb-bji2 ,f4 ,s4 ,clavig]o1 ,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 translat$ by ,*4 ,cull51 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahjg71 i4 #cja-cjc2 ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg1 ,hi/oire des ,nations civilises du ,mexique et de l',amrique-,c5trale1 iii4 #eab-eaf2 ,h4 ,h4 ,bancr(t1 ,! ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 ii4 #cba-cbd4 ,z to ! dances ( ! maid5s we>+ g>l&s ( maize1 see also ,j4 de ,aco/a1 ,natural & ,moral ,hi/ory ( ! ,indies 7,london1 #ahhj71 ii4 #chj4 ,m#bah ,sacrifice ( a man 9 ! "* ( ! great ,mexican god ,quetzalcoatl 9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y4 #fha ,j4 de ,aco/a1 ,! ,natural & ,moral ,hi/ory ( ! ,indies 7,hakluyt ,society1 ,london1 #ahhj71 ii4 #cba2 ,diego ,duran1 ,hi/oria de las ,indias de ,nueva ,espaa 7,mexico1 #ahfg-ahhj71 ii4 #aah-abj2 ,manuscrit ,ramirez1 ,hi/oire de l',orig9e des ,indi5s qui habit5t la ,n\velle ,espagne selon leurs traditions1 publi p> ,d4 ,*>nay 7,p>is1 #aijc71 pp4 #ahb sq4 ,aco/a's description ( ! idol is abridg$4 ,z to ! ,mexican god ,quetzalcoatl1 wor%ipp$ especially by ! p ( ,*olula1 see ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 ,ges*i*te d] am]ikanis*5 ,urreligion5 7,ble1 #ahfg71 pp4 #egg sqq42 ,h4 ,h4 ,bancr(t1 ,! ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates 7,london1 #ahge-ahgf71 iii4 #bdh sqq4 #fhb ,j4 de ,aco/a1 ,! ,natural & ,moral ,hi/ory ( ! ,indies 7,hakluyt ,society1 ,london1 #ahhj71 ii4 #chd-chf4 ,i h mod]niz$ ! old translator's spell+4 ,! acc\nts ( ,duran & ! anonym\s au?or ( ! ,ramirez manuscript agree v]bally ) t ( ,aco/a4 ,x is pla9 t ,aco/a & ,duran drew on ! same s\rce1 :i* may be ! ,ramirez manuscript4 ,h[ev]1 ,duran is ! only "o ( ! ?ree :o gives ! date ( ! fe/ival 7! ?ird ( ,febru>y74 ,see ,diego ,duran1 ,hi/oria de las ,indias de ,nueva ,espaa 7,mexico1 #ahfg-ahhj71 ii4 #abj sq42 ,manuscrit ,ramirez1 ,hi/oire de l',orig9e des ,indi5s qui habit5t la ,n\velle ,espagne selon leurs traditions1 publi p> de ,*>nay 7,p>is1 #aijc71 pp4 #ahb sqq4 ,comp>e ,a4 de ,h]r]a1 ,! ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ! ,va/ ,cont95t & ,isl&s ( ,am]ica1 translat$ by ,capta9 ,john ,/ev5s 7,london1 #agbe-agbf71 iii4 #bah sq42 ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 ,ges*i*te d] am]ikanis*5 ,urreligion5 7,ble1 #ahfg71 pp4 #ehi sq42 ,h4 ,h4 ,bancr(t1 ,! ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates 7,london1 #ahge-ahgf71 iii4 #bhf4 ,m#bai ,sacrifice ( a woman 9 ! "* ( ! ,mexican ,goddess ( ,salt 9 ! mon? ( ,june4 #fhc ,b4 de ,sahagun1 ,hi/oire ,gnrale des ,*oses de la ,n\velle ,espagne1 traduite p> ,d4 ,j\rdanet et ,r4 ,simon 7,p>is1 #ahhj71 pp4 #fd1 #aae-aag2 ,j4 de ,torquemada1 ,mon>quia ,indiana 7,madrid1 #agbc71 lib4 x4 cap4 #ah1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfh4 ,comp>e ,f4 ,s4 ,clavig]o1 ,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 translat$ by ,c4 ,cull5 7,london1 #ahjg71 i4 #cje2 ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg1 ,hi/oire des ,nations ,civilises du ,mexique et de l',amrique-,c5trale1 iii4 #eag sq42 ,h4 ,h4 ,bancr(t1 ,! ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 ii4 #cbe-cbg4 ,m#bbj ,sacrifice ( a woman 9 ! "* ( ! ,mexican ,goddess ( ! ,"y ,maize ab\t ,mid-summ]4 #fhd ,b4 de ,sahagun1 ,hi/oire ,gnrale des ,*oses de la ,n\velle ,espagne1 traduite p> ,d4 ,j\rdanet ,r4 ,simon 7,p>is1 #ahhj71 pp4 #fe sq41 #aah-abf2 ,j4 de ,torquemada1 ,mon>quia ,indiana 7,madrid1 #agbc71 lib4 x4 cap4 #ai1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bfi-bga2 ,e4 ,j4 ,payne1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,new ,_w call$ ,am]ica1 i4 7,ox=d1 #ahib7 pp4 #dba-dbc4 ,comp>e ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg1 ,hi/oire des ,nations civilises du ,mexique et de l',amrique-,c5trale1 iii4 #eah-ebj2 ,h4 ,h4 ,bancr(t1 ,! ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 ii4 #cbf sq4 ,i h foll[$ ,torquemada 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bfi7 & ! ,fr5* translators ( ,sahagun 7p4 #fe1 note #b7 9 d]iv+ ! "n ( ,xilon5 f xilotl 9 ! s5se ( 8"y cobs ( maize40 ,b accord+ to ,e4 ,j4 ,payne1 ! ^w xilotl means 8hair10 & ,xilon5 is 8,hairy ,"m0 7,mat] comata7 ) ref]5ce to ! hair-l fibres or tassels t %oot f ! maize-cobs4 ,see ,e4 ,j4 ,payne1 op4 cit4 i4 #dag4 ,on ei!r int]pretation ! goddess is a p]sonification ( ! "y maize4 ,! goddess ( ! maize 9 g5]al 0 call$ ,c9teotl or ,c5teotl 7,c5teutl71 a "n :i*1 accord+ to ,torquemada1 is d]iv$ f c5tli1 8maize-cob0 7,mon>quia ,indiana1 lib4 vi4 cap4 #be1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eb74 ,b ,e4 ,j4 ,payne1 :ile he reg>ds ,c9teotl z ! maize-goddess1 expla9s h] "n diff]5tly4 ,he says 7op4 cit4 i4 #daf sq473 8,! ,totonacs wor%ipp$ ! corn-_s "u names :i* 7 translat$ into ,mexican z ,tz9teotl 7goddess ( beg9n+ or orig97 & ,tonacayohua 7provid] ( our food74 ,!y consid]$ h] to be ! wife ( ! sun1 _! supreme god4 ,!oretically subord9at$ to him1 ! maize-goddess 0 9 practice ! *ief deity ( ! ,totonacs3 x 0 to h] s]vice t ! pr9cipal w>riors1 quitt+ _! wives & *ildr51 d$icat$ !mselves 9 _! old age40 ,simil>ly ,clavig]o1 :o liv$ _m ye>s 9 ,mexico & le>n$ ! ,mexican language1 expla9s ,c9teotl 7,tz9teotl7 to mean 8orig9al goddess02 he adds t ! ,maize ,goddess *ang$ h] "n 8accord+ to ! diff]5t /ates ( ! gra9 9 ! progress ( its gr[?0 7,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 translat$ by ,c4 ,cull51 i4 #bec note p74 ,ano!r "n appli$ to ! ,maize ,goddess ,c9teotl 0 ,*icomecohuatl or 8,sev5 ,snakes40 ,see ,j4 de ,torquemada1 ,mon>quia ,indiana1 lib4 x4 cap4 #ac1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bee2 ,j4 ,g4 ,mll]1 ,ges*i*te d] am]ikanis*5 ,urreligion5 7,ble1 #ahfg71 pp4 #dia sqq42 ,e4 ,sel]1 ,altmexikanis*e ,/udi51 ii4 7,b]l91 #ahii7 pp4 #ajh sq41 #aab4 ,"s h held t ,c9teotl 0 a ,maize ,god r ?an a ,maize ,goddess4 ,see ,h4 ,h4 ,bancr(t1 ,! ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 iii4 #cdi sqq4 ,m#bba ,sacrifice ( a woman 9 ! "* ( ! ,mexican goddess 8,our ,"m0 on ,*ri/mas ,day4 #fhe ,! ,mexican ye> ( ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five days 0 divid$ into eighte5 mon?s ( tw5ty days ea*1 ) five supplem5t>y days ov]4 ,see ,j4 de ,torquemada1 ,mon>quia ,indiana1 lib4 x4 cap4 #cf1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cjj 7,madrid1 #agbc72 ,b4 de ,sahagun1 ,hi/oire ,gnrale des ,*oses de la ,n\velle ,espagne1 traduite p> ,d4 ,j\rdanet et ,r4 ,simeon 7,p>is1 #ahhj71 p4 lxvii42 ,f4 ,s4 ,clavig]o1 ,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 translat$ by ,c4 ,cull5 7,london1 #ahjg71 i4 #bij sq4 #fhf ,b4 de ,sahagun1 ,hi/oire ,gnrale des ,*oses de la ,n\velle ,espagne1 traduite p> ,d4 ,j\rdanet et ,r4 ,simeon 7,p>is1 #ahhj71 pp4 #ge1 #aeh-afj2 ,j4 de ,torquemada1 ,mon>quia ,indiana1 lib4 x4 cap4 #bi1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bhd sq4 7,madrid1 #agbc74 ,comp>e ,f4 ,s4 ,clavig]o1 ,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 translat$ by ,c4 ,cull5 7,london1 #ahjg71 i4 #cab2 ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg1 ,hi/oire des ,nations ,civilises du ,mexique et de l' ,amrique-,c5trale1 iii4 #ece sq42 ,h4 ,h4 ,bancr(t1 ,! ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 ii4 #ccg sq4 ,m#bbb ,sacrifice ( a woman 9 ! "* ( ! ,mexican goddess ! ,"m ( ! ,gods at ! end ( ,augu/ or beg9n+ ( ,septemb]4 ,m#bbc ,! f>ewell to ! m>ket4 ,! sk9 ( ! sacrific$ woman flay$ & worn by a man :o p]sonat$ ! goddess4 #fhg ,b4 de ,sahagun1 ,hi/oire ,gnrale des ,*oses de la ,n\velle ,espagne1 traduite p> ,d4 ,j\rdanet et ,r4 ,simeon 7,p>is1 #ahhj71 pp4 #ah sq41 #fh sq41 #acc-aci3 ,j4 de ,torquemada1 ,mon>quia ,indiana 7,madrid1 #agbc71 lib4 x4 cap4 #bc1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bge sq42 ,diego ,duran1 ,hi/oria de las ,indias de ,nueva ,espaa 7,mexico1 #ahfg-ahhj71 ii4 #ahe-aia4 ,comp>e ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg1 ,hi/oire des ,nations civilises du ,mexique et de l',amrique-,c5trale1 iii4 #ebc-ebe2 ,h4 ,h4 ,bancr(t1 ,! ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 iii4 #cec-cei2 ,e4 ,j4 ,payne1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,new ,_w call$ ,am]ica1 i4 7,ox=d1 #ahib71 pp4 #dgj sq4 ,a /atue ( basalt1 ab\t half ! size ( life1 said to h come f ,tezcuco1 repres5ts a man clo!d 9 a human sk9 :i* he we>s on 8 body1 8 arms1 & 8 face2 8 own sk9 is pa9t$ bright r$1 ! o!r sk9 a dirty :ite4 ,see ,h4 ,h4 ,bancr(t1 op4 cit4 iv4 #ebb2 ,m>quis de ,nadaillac1 ,l',amrique ,prhi/orique 7,p>is1 #ahhc71 p4 #bie1 fig4 #aai4 ,9 ! ,art ,museum 7,kun/-,museum7 at ,ble !re is a /atuette ( ! same sort4 ,x is labell$3 8,xipe4 ,d] 9 e9] ,m5s*5haut gekleidete ,gott4 ,ges*4 v4 ,h4 ,luk4 ,vis*] 7#ahbh-ahcg740 ,! figure is ab\t eighte5 in*es high & appe>s to be made ( a por\s /one4 ,x repres5ts a man seat$ on 8 haun*es ) 8 feet cross$ 9 front ( him & 8 h&s re/+ on 8 knees4 ,8 own sk91 ( :i* ! legs1 feet1 h&s1 wri/s1 neck & "p ( ! face are visible1 is col\r$ a t]ra-cotta r$4 ,! re/ ( 8 body is cov]$ by ! repres5tation ( ! sk9 ( a human victim1 ( a greyi% col\r1 q di/9ct f t ( ! we>]1 & ?is sk9 is also worn l a mask on 8 face4 ,at 8 back ! jacket ( human sk9 only p>tially meets1 display+ ! we>]'s r$ sk9 "u x = "s di/ance2 x is z if ! sk9 ( ! human victim _h be5 split up ! back & !n drawn toge!r & fa/5$ at ! back ( ! we>] l an ill-fitt+ & imp]fectly button$ coat4 ,! h&s ( ! human victim are repres5t$ dangl+ at ! wri/s ( ! seat$ figure4 ,i saw ?is rem>kable /atuette 9 ! ,museum at ,ble on ,july #be?1 #aiab1 b ,i 0 n able to remove x f ! case = clos] exam9ation4 ,z to ,xipe1 ! ,mexican god clad 9 a human sk91 :om ! /atuette repres5ts1 see bel[1 pp4 #bif sqq4 ,m#bbd ,"y girl *os5 to p]sonate ! ,mexican ,goddess ( ! ,maize1 ,*icomecohuatl4 #fhh ,z to ?is "n = ! ,maize ,goddess1 see above1 p4 #bhf1 note #a4 ,m#bbe ,adoration ( ! girl :o p]sonat$ ! ,goddess ( ! ,maize4 ,m#bbf ,! girl :o p]sonat$ ! ,goddess ( ! ,maize c>ri$ 9 procession & wor%ipp$ ) (f]+s ( human blood4 ,! human repres5tative ( ! ,maize ,goddess put to dea? on a heap ( corn & h] sk9 flay$ & worn by a prie/4 #fhi ,diego ,duran1 ,hi/oria de las ,indias de ,nueva ,espaa 7,mexico1 #ahfg-ahhj71 ii4 #agi-ahd4 ,?is rem>kable fe/ival appe>s n to be notic$ by ! o!r e>ly ,spani% writ]s su* z ,sahagun1 ,aco/a1 & ,torquemada1 :o h giv5 u detail$ descriptions ( ! ,mexican fe/ivals4 ,x might p]haps h be5 conjectur$ t ,duran 0 "h describ+ ! simil> fe/ival ( ! ,"m ( ! ,gods 7see above1 pp4 #bhh sqq471 :i* fell ab\t ! same "t ( ! ye>4 ,b ! conjecture is exclud$ by ! simple fact t ,duran describes bo? fe/ivals1 ! "o imm$iately aft] ! o!r1 assign+ z _! dates ! fifte5? & sixte5? ( ,septemb] respectively 7op4 cit4 ii4 #ahj1 #ahe sq474 ,almo/ no?+ is kn[n ab\t ,duran except t he 0 a ,spani% monk1 app>5tly a native ( ,mexico1 :o _h weak heal? & di$ 9 #aehh4 ,8 "w rema9$ 9 manuscript till x 0 edit$ at ,mexico 9 #ahfg-ahhj by ,jos ,f4 ,ramirez4 ,! orig9al manuscript is pres]v$ 9 ! ,natonal ,libr>y at ,madrid4 ,! acc\nts conta9$ 9 8 hi/ory be> int]nal m>ks ( au!nticity & are 9 g5]al support$ by ! indep5d5t te/imony ( ! o!r e>ly ,spani% au?orities4 ,m#bbg ,id5tification ( ! human victim ) ! ,goddess ( ,maize :om %e p]sonat$4 #fij ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 i4 #bcf sqq4 ,m#bbh ,! resurrection ( ! ,maize ,goddess set =? by ! we>+ ( ! sk9 ( h] human repres5tative4 ,m#bbi ,xipe1 ! ,flay$ ,god1 & ! ,mexican fe/ival ( ! ,flay+ ( ,m54 ,m#bcj ,! human %ambles4 ,! holy begg>s clad 9 ! sk9s ( ! flay$ human victims4 ,m#bca ,v>i\s ,mexican gods p]sonat$ by ! m5 clad 9 ! sk9s ( ! human victims4 #fia ,b4 de ,sahagun1 ,hi/oire ,gnrale des ,*oses de la ,n\velle ,espagne1 traduite p> ,d4 ,j\rdanet et ,r4 ,simeon 7,p>is1 #ahhj71 pp4 #cg sq41 #eh-fj1 #hg-id1 #ehd sq42 ,e4 ,sel]1 ,altmexikanis*e ,/udi51 ii4 7,b]l91 #ahii7 pp4 #gf-ajj1 #aga-ahh 7! latt] passage gives ! ,aztec text ( ,sahagun's acc\nt ) a ,g]man translation72 ,diego ,duran1 ,hi/oria de las ,indias de ,nueva ,espaa 7,mexico1 #ahfg-ahhj71 ii4 #adg-aee2 ,j4 de ,torquemada1 ,mon>quia ,indiana1 lib4 x4 cap4 #aa1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #beb sq4 7,madrid1 #agbc74 ,comp>e ,f4 ,s4 ,clavig]o1 ,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 translat$ by ,c4 ,cull51 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahjg71 i4 #big sq42 ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg1 ,hi/oire des ,nations civilises du ,mexique et de l',amrique-,c5trale 7,p>is1 #aheg-ahei71 iii4 #ejc sq42 ,h4 ,h4 ,bancr(t1 ,! ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates 7,london1 #ahge-ahgf71 ii4 #cjf sqq4 ,accord+ to ,torquemada1 ! prison]s 7 flay$ alive1 b ?is /atem5t is n1 s f> z ,i "k1 support$ by ! o!r e>ly ,spani% au?orities4 ,x is ,duran :o gives ! #bj? ( ,m>* z ! date ( ! fe/ival at :i* ! captives 7 kill$ & sk9n$2 b ?is is inconsi/5t ) ! evid5ce ( ,sahagun1 accord+ to :om ! second ,aztec mon?1 9 :i* ! fe/ival fell1 end$ ) ! #ac? ( ,m>*4 ,see ,b4 de ,sahagun1 ,hi/oire ,gnrale des ,*oses de la ,n\velle ,espagne1 p4 #ea4 ,m#bcb ,m5 roa/$ alive z images ( ! ,fire-god4 #fib ,j4 de ,torquemada1 ,mon>quia ,indiana1 lib4 x4 cap4 #cj1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bhe sq4 7,mexico1 #agbc72 ,b4 de ,sahagun1 ,hi/oire ,gnrale des ,*oses de la ,n\velle ,espagne1 traduite p> ,d4 ,j\rdanet et ,r4 ,simeon 7,p>is1 #ahhj71 pp4 #afd sq4 ,! latt] writ] does n describe ! mode 9 :i* ! victims 7 sacrific$ at ?is quadri5nial fe/ival2 b he describes z 9 ! text ! annual sacrifice ( victims 9 hon\r ( ! fire-god 9 ! t5? mon? ( ! ,mexican ye> 7op4 cit4 pp4 #fg sq41 #abi sqq474 ,comp>e ,f4 ,s4 ,clavig]o1 ,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 translat$ by ,c4 ,cull51 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahjg71 i4 #cjf sq42 ,h4 ,h4 ,bancr(t1 ,! ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 ii4 #cbi sq4 ,m#bcc ,wom5 flay$ 9 hon\r ( ! ,fire-god & _! sk9s worn by m5 :o p]sonat$ gods4 #fic ,j4 de ,torquemada1 ,mon>quia ,indiana1 lib4 x4 cap4 #cj1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bhf 7,madrid1 #agbc74 ,comp>e ,f4 ,s4 ,clavig]o1 ,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 translat$ by ,c4 ,cull51 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahjg71 i4 #bhc sq42 ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg1 ,hi/oire des ,nations civilises du ,mexique et de l',amrique-,c5trale1 iii4 #eci sq4 ,m#bcd ,! p]sonation ( a god by a man we>+ ! sk9 ( a human victim is probably int5d$ to repres5t & ensure ! resurrection ( ! deity4 ,! idea ( resurrection f ! dead is sugge/$ by ! obs]vation ( snakes & o!r creatures t ca/ _! sk9s4 #fid ,b4 de ,sahagun1 ,hi/oire ,gnrale des ,*oses de la ,n\velle ,espagne1 traduite p> ,d4 ,j\rdanet et ,r4 ,simeon1 pp4 #cg1 #ic2 ,e4 ,sel]1 ,altmexikanis*e ,/udi51 ii4 7,b]l94 #ahhi7 pp4 #if1 #ahe 7quot+ ! ,aztec text ( ,sahagun74 #fie ,r4 ,s*omburgk1 ,reis5 9 ,britis*-,guiana 7,leipsic1 #ahdg-ahdh71 ii4 #cai4 ,i h already notic$ ?is & ! foll[+ /ories ( ! orig9 ( dea? 9 ,! ,belief 9 ,immortality1 i4 #fi sqq4 #fif ,r4 ,s*omburgk1 op4 cit4 ii4 #cbj4 ,m#bce ,savage notion t m5 w\ld h be5 immortal1 if only !y c\ld h ca/ _! sk9s l s]p5ts & crabs4 #fig ,a4 ,l&es1 8,contes et ,lg5des ,annamites10 ,co*9*9e franaise1 ,excursions et ,reconnaissances1 ,no4 #be 7,saigon1 #ahhf71 pp4 #ajh sq4 #fih ,h4 ,sund]mann1 8,die ,insel ,nias und die ,mission daselb/10 ,allgeme9e ,missions-,zeits*rift1 xi4 7#ahhd7 p4 #dea2 id41 ,die ,insel ,nias und die ,mission daselb/ 7,b>m51 #aije71 p4 #fh2 ,e4 ,modigliani1 ,un ,viaggio a ,nias 7,milan1 #ahij71 p4 #bie2 ,a4 ,fehr1 ,d] ,niass] im ,leb5 und ,/]b5 7,b>m51 #aija71 p4 #h4 #fii ,p4 ,kle9tits*51 ,die ,k/5bewohn] d] ,gazellehalb9sel 7,hiltrup bei ,mn/]1 preface dat$ ,*ri/mas1 #aijf71 p4 #ccd4 #gjj ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians 7,ox=d1 #ahia71 pp4 #bfj1 #bfe2 ,w4 ,gray1 8,"s ,notes on ! ,tannese10 ,int]nationales ,ar*iv fr ,e?nographie1 vii4 7#ahid7 p4 #bcb4 ,! same /ory ( ! orig9 ( dea? has be5 record$ 9 ! ,%ortl&s ,isl&s & among ! ,kai ( ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea4 ,see ,c4 ,ribbe1 ,zwei ,jahre unt] d5 ,kannibal5 d] ,salomo-,inseln 7,dresd5-,blas[itz1 #aijc71 p4 #adh2 ,*4 ,keyss]1 8,aus dem ,leb5 d] ,kaileute10 9 ,r4 ,neuhauss's ,deuts* ,neu-,gu9ea1 iii4 7,b]l91 #aiaa7 pp4 #afa sq4 ,x is also told ) "s v>iations by ! natives ( ! ,admiralty ,isl&s4 ,see ,josef ,mei]1 8,my!n und ,sag5 d] ,admiralitts9sulan]10 ,an?ropos1 iii4 7#aijh7 p4 #aic4 #gja ,miss ,a4 ,w]n]1 8,two ,galla ,leg5ds10 ,man1 xiii4 7#aiac7 pp4 #ij sq4 ,m#bcf ,h5ce ! ,mexicans app>5tly ?\ght t !y c\ld r5ew _! own sk9s by putt+ on ^? ( o!r p4 ,m#bcg ,g5]al conclusion3 ! cu/om ( putt+ human be+s to dea? 9 ! "* ( gods has prevail$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 #gjb ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #dj sqq41 ii4 #cgf sqq4 ,m#bch ,annual p]iods ( lic5se4 ,! ,roman ,saturnalia4 #gjc ,virgil1 ,georg4 ii4 #ecf-edj1 ,a54 viii4 #cai-cbg1 ) ! comm5ts ( ,s]vius2 ,tibullus1 i4 #c4 #ce-dh2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 i4 #bcc sqq42 ,lucian1 ,saturnalia1 #g2 ,macrobius1 ,saturn4 i4 #g4 #ba-bf2 ,ju/91 xliii4 #a4 #c-e2 ,aurelius ,victor1 ,origo g5tis ,romanae1 #c2 ,dionysius ,halic>nas5sis1 ,antiquit4 ,rom4 i4 #cd4 ,on ,saturn & ! ,saturnalia see especially ,l4 ,prell]1 ,rmis*e ,my?ologie1#c ii4 #aj sqq4 ,comp>e ,j4 ,m>qu>dt1 ,rmis*e ,/aatsv]waltung1 iii4#b 7,leipsic1 #ahhe7 pp4 #ehf sqq42 ,w4 ,w>de ,f[l]1 ,! ,roman ,fe/ivals ( ! ,p]iod ( ! ,republic 7,london1 #ahii71 pp4 #bfh-bgc2 ,g4 ,wiss[a1 ,religion und ,kultus d] ,rm]#b 7,muni*1 #aiab71 pp4 #bjd sqq42 id41 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,ausfhrli*es ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 iv4 #dbg sqq4 ,a good acc\nt ( ! ,saturnalia1 bas$ on ! texts ( ! classical writ]s1 is giv5 by ,dezobry 7,rome au sicle d',augu/e1#c iii4 #adc sqq474 ,! "n ,saturn seems to be etymologically ak9 to satus & satio1 8a s[+0 or 8plant+40 ,comp>e ,v>ro1 ,de l+ua ,lat9a1 v4 #fd1 8,ab satu e/ dictus ,saturnus02 ,fe/us1 s4v4 8,opima spolia10 p4 #ahf ed4 ,c4 ,o4 ,mll]3 8ipse ,saturnus agrorum cultor habetur1 nom9atus a satu1 t55sque falcem eff+itur1 quae e/ insigne agricolae40 ,comp>e ,t]tullian1 ,ad ,nationes1 ii4 #ab2 ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus ,nationes1 iv4 #i2 ,augu/9e1 ,de civitate ,dei1 vii4 #b1 #c1 #ac1 #ae1 #ah1 #ai4 ,! god's "n appe>s 9 ! =m ,saeturnus inscrib$ on an anci5t b[l 7,h4 ,dessau1 ,inscriptiones ,lat9ae ,selectae1 vol4 ii4 p>s i4 p4 #b1 ,no4 #biff74 #gjd ,dionysius ,halic>nas5sis1 ,ant4 ,rom4 i4 #ch2 ,macrobius1 ,saturn4 i4 #g4 #ca2 ,lactantius1 ,div94 ,in/4 i4 #ba2 ,arnobius1 ,adv]sus ,nationes1 ii4 #fh4 #gje ,= ! g5]al dissipation ( ! ,saturnalia see ,s5eca1 ,epi/4 #ah2 = ! sev5 days ( ! popul> fe/ival see ,m>tial1 xiv4 #gb4 #b2 ,macrobius1 ,sat4 i4 #aj4 #b2 ,lucian1 ,saturnalia1 #ba4 ,m#bci ,! lic5se grant$ to slaves at ! ,saturnalia4 ,! mock ,k+ ( ! ,saturnalia4 #gjf ,horace1 ,sat4 ii4 #g4 #d sq42 ,macrobius1 ,saturn4 i4 #g4 #bf2 ,ju/91 xliii4 #a4 #d2 ,plut>*1 ,sulla1 #ah2 ,lucian1 ,saturnalia1 #e1 #g2 ,porphyry1 ,de antro nymph>um1 #bc4 #gjg ,macrobius1 ,saturn4 i4 #ab4 #g1 i4 #bd4 #bc2 ,sol9us1 i4 #ce2 ,joannes ,lydus1 ,de m5sibus1 iii4 #ae2 ,a!naeus1 xiv4 #dd1 p4 #fci ,b2 ,dio ,cassius1 lx4 #ai4 #gjh ,s5eca1 ,epi/4 #dg4 #ad4 ,comp>e ,porphyry1 ,de ab/95tia1 ii4 #bc4 #gji ,tacitus1 ,annals1 xiii4 #ae2 ,arrian1 ,epicteti ,diss]t4 i4 #be4 #h2 ,lucian1 ,saturnalia1 #d4 ,m#bdj ,p]sonation ( ,saturn at ! ,saturnalia by a soldi] :o aft]w>ds suff]$ dea?4 ,! s>cophagus ( ,/4 ,dasius1 ! m>tyr on :om ! lot fell to play ! "p ( ,saturn4 #gaj 8,les ,actes de ,s4 ,dasius10 ,analecta ,boll&iana1 xvi4 7#ahig7 pp4 #e-af4 ,i h to ?ank ,pr(4 ,cumont = c\rte\sly s5d+ me a copy ( ?is important pap]4 ,! be>+ ( ! new evid5ce on ! ,saturnalia has be5 fur!r discuss$ by ,messrs4 ,p>m5ti] & ,cumont 78,le roi des ,saturnales10 ,revue de ,philologie1 xxi4 7#ahig7 pp4 #adc-aec74 #gaa ,! phrase ( ! ,p>is ,,ms4 is ambigu\s 7 1 72 b ! o!r two v]sions say pla9ly t ! mock k+ p]i%$ by 8 own h& 7 1 ,b]l9 ,,ms42 1 ,milan ,,ms474 #gab ,franz ,cumont1 8,le tombeau de ,s4 ,dasius de ,duro/orum10 ,analecta ,boll&iana1 xxvii4 7,brussels1 #aijh7 pp4 #cfi-cgb4 ,! inscription on ! s>cophagus runs ?us3 4 ,! inscription on ! alt> runs ?us3 8,vet]e diruta nobiliorem ,,ff4 ,k>melitani excalciati aram extrux]unt subt] qua sanctorum m>tyrum ,p]egr9i ,flaviani ,dasii corpora et infantium ab ,h]ode necatorum ossa m9us dec5t] antiquitus recondita honorific5tius et populo spect&a reponi curav]unt die virg9i et matri ,!resiae sacro anno ,,mdccciv40 ,m#bda ,! mock ,k+ ( ! ,saturnalia may h be5 ! deg5]ate successor ( a s]ies ( tempor>y k+s :o p]sonat$ ,saturn at ! ,saturnalia & 7 put to dea? 9 ! "* ( ! god4 #gac ,! op9ion t at ,rome a man us$ to be sacrific$ at ! ,saturnalia _c be reg>d$ z 9 itself improbable1 :5 we rememb] t d[n app>5tly to ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity a human victim 0 slaught]$ e ye> at ,rome 9 hon\r ( ,latian ,jupit]4 ,see ,t]tullian1 ,apologeticus1 #i1 ,contra ,gno/icos ,scorpiace1 #g2 ,m9ucius ,felix1 ,octavius1 #bb & #cj2 ,lactantius1 ,div94 ,in/it4 i4 #ba2 ,porphyry1 ,de ab/95tia1 ii4 #ef4 ,we may conjecture t at fir/ ! sacrifice took place on ! top ( ! ,alban ,m\nta91 & 0 (f]$ to ,saturn1 to :om1 z we h se51 high places 7 sacr$4 ,m#bdb ,! mod]n ,c>nival p]haps ! equival5t ( ! anci5t ,saturnalia4 #gad ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #bbj sqq4 ,m#bdc ,! ,k+ ( ! ,bean on ,twelf? ,night4 ,crosses made by ! ,k+ ( ! ,bean to protect ! h\se aga9/ demons & wit*craft4 #gae ,joannes ,boemus1 ,mores1 ,leges1 et ,ritus ,omnium ,g5tium 7,lyons1 #aeda71 p4 #abb2 ,! ,popi% ,k+dome or reigne ( ,anti*ri/1 writt5 9 ,lat9 v]se by ,?omas ,naogeorgus & ,engly%$ by ,b>nabe ,googe1 #aegj1 edit$ by ,r4 ,c4 ,hope 7,london1 #ahhj71 pp4 #de sq42 ,e4 ,pasqui]1 ,re*]*es de la ,france 7,p>is1 #afcc71 pp4 #cge sq42 ,r4 ,h]rick1 8,twelf? ,night1 or ,k+ & ,que5e10 ,! ,works ( ,rob]t ,h]rick 7,ed9burgh1 #ahbc71 ii4 #aga sq42 ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities ( ,great ,brita9 7,london1 #ahhc71 i4 #ba sqq42 ,t4 ,f4 ,?iselton ,dy]1 ,briti% ,popul> ,cu/oms 7,london1 #ahgf71 pp4 #bd-bh2 ,r4 ,*amb]s1 ,! ,book ( ,days 7,london & ,ed9burgh1 #ahhf71 i4 #fa sqq42 ,desgranges1 8,usages du ,canton de ,bonneval10 ,mmoires de la ,socit ,royale des ,antiquaires de ,france1 i4 7,p>is1 #ahag7 pp4 #bcc-bcf2 ,l4 ,beaulieu1 ,ar*ologie de la ,lorra9e 7,p>is1 #ahdj-ahdc71 i4 #bee sq42 ,re9sb]g-,dr+sfeld1 ,cal5dri] ,belge 7,brussels1 #ahfa-ahfb71 i4 #bc sqq42 id41 ,das fe/li*e ,jahr 7,leipsic1 #ahfc71 pp4 #bj-bc2 ,e4 ,cortet1 ,essai sur les ,ftes religieuses 7,p>is1 #ahfg71 pp4 #bi-ej2 ,j4 ,h4 ,s*mitz1 ,sitt5 und ,sag51 ,li$]1 ,spr*wrt] und ,r?sel des ,eifl] ,volkes 7,trves1 #ahef-aheh71 i4 #f2 ,laisnel de la ,salle1 ,croyances et ,lg5des du ,c5tre de la ,france 7,p>is1 #ahge71 i4 #ai-bi2 ,j4 ,lecur1 ,esquisses du ,bocage ,norm& 7,cond-sur-,noireau1 #ahhc-ahhg71 ii4 #abe2 ,l4 ,bonnemre1 8,le ,j\r des ,rois en ,norm&ie10 ,revue des ,traditions populaires1 ii4 7#ahhg7 pp4 #ee sq42 ,p4 ,sbillot1 8,la ,fte des ,rois10 ,revue des ,traditions populaires1 iii4 7#ahhh7 pp4 #g-ab2 ,a4 ,meyrac1 ,traditions1 ,c\tumes1 ,lg5des et ,contes des ,ard5nes 7,*>leville1 #ahij71 pp4 #gd sq42 ,j4 ,l4 ,m4 ,nogus1 ,les ,murs d'autrefois en ,sa9tonge et en ,aunis 7,sa9tes1 #ahia71 pp4 #di sqq42 ,l4 ,f4 ,sauv1 ,le ,folk-lore des ,hautes-,vosges 7,p>is1 #ahhi71 pp4 #af sq42 ,*4 ,beauqui]1 ,les ,mois en ,fran*e-,comt 7,p>is1 #aijj71 pp4 #af sq42 ,f4 ,*apiseau1 ,le ,folk-lore de la ,beauce et du ,p]*e 7,p>is1 #aijb71 i4 #cab-cae2 ,anatole ,france1 8,le roy boit10 ,annales ,politiques et ,littraires1 #e ,janvi]1 #aijb1 pp4 #d sq42 ,la ,bresse ,l\hannaise1 ,janvi]1 #aijf1 pp4 #db-df4 ,! cu/om ( mak+ :ite crosses on ! ceil+ is report$ = ,g]many & ,switz]l&1 b app>5tly n = ,france4 ,x is m5tion$ 9 ! e>lie/ ( ! works cit$ above1 namely t ( ,joannes ,boemus1 ^: description applies especially to ,franconia 7,frank574 #gaf ,?is ,i le>n f my fri5d ,m4 ,lon ,*\ville ( ,r\5 & ,cambridge4 ,! cu/om is also kept up 9 ,bresse 7,la ,bresse ,l\hannaise1 ,janvi]1 #aijf1 pp4 #dd-df74 ,m#bdd ,s]i\s significance ( ! ,k+ ( ! ,bean & ,twelf? ,night4 ,div9ation on ,twelf? ,night4 #gag ,l4 ,beaulieu1 ,ar*ologie de la ,lorra9e 7,p>is1 #ahdj-ahdc71 i4 #bef note #a2 ,e4 ,cortet1 ,essai /ir les ,ftes religieuses 7,p>is1 #ahfg71 p4 #dc4 #gah ,l4 ,f4 ,sauv1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ag sq4 #gai ,anatole ,france1 8,le roy boit10 ,annales ,politiques et ,littraires1 #e ,janvi]1 #aijb1 p4 #e4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,france div9ation 0 practis$ = ?is purpose on ,*ri/mas ,day4 ,twelve gra9s ( :eat1 ea* repres5t+ a mon? ( ! ye>1 7 plac$1 "o aft] ! o!r1 on a hot fire-%ovel2 if ! gra9 b\nc$ up f ! %ovel1 :eat w\ld be de> 9 ! correspond+ mon?1 b x w\ld be *eap if ! gra9 rema9$ /ill4 ,see ,j4 ,b4 ,?i]s1 ,trait des ,sup]/itions 7,p>is1 #afgi71 p4 #bfh4 ,see fur!r ,p4 ,sbillot1 ,le ,folk-lore de ,france1 iii4 7,p>is1 #aijf7 pp4 #eaj sq4 ,m#bde ,bonfires on ! ,eve ( ,twelf? ,night4 ,fire appli$ to ! fruit-trees on ! ,eve ( ,twelf? ,night 9 ,norm&y & ! ,ard5nes4 #gbj ,*4 ,beauqui]1 ,les ,mois en ,fran*e-,comt 7,p>is1 #aijj71 p4 #ab4 #gba ,j4 ,lecur1 ,esquisses du ,bocage ,norm& 7,cond-sur-,noireau1 #ahhc-ahhg71 ii4 #abf-abi4 ,comp>e ,amlie ,bosquet1 ,la ,norm&ie ,romanesque et ,m]veilleuse 7,p>is & ,r\51 #ahde71 pp4 #bie sq42 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,d] ,baumkultus 7,b]l91 #ahge71 pp4 #ecf sqq4 #gbb ,a4 ,meyrac1 ,traditions1 ,c\tumes1 ,lg5des et ,contes des ,ard5nes 7,*>leville1 #ahij71 pp4 #ge sq4 ,m#bdf ,fires k9dl$ on ,twelf? ,night or ! ,eve ( ,twelf? ,night 9 ,engl& = ! sake ( ! crops4 #gbc ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities ( ,great ,brita91 ,new ,edition 7,london1 #ahhc71 i4 #cc4 ,9 _m p>i%es ( ,gl\ce/]%ire x us$ to be cu/om>y on ,twelf? ,day to light twelve small fires & "o l>ge "o 7,j4 ,br&1 op4 cit4 i4 #bh74 #gbd ,! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 vol4 lxi41 ,febru>y1 #agia1 p4 #aaf4 ,! article is sign$ ,j4 ,w4 & dat$ 8,h]e=d1 ,jan4 #bd40 ,! passage is quot$1 correctly 9 sub/ance1 b ) _m v]bal *anges1 by ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities ( ,great ,brita91 i4 #cj sq41 & by 7,mrs47 ,e4 ,m4 ,lea!r1 ,! ,folk-lore ( ,h]e=d%ire 7,h]e=d & ,london1 #aiab71 p4 #ic4 ,m#bdg ,"o ( ! fires on ,twelf? ,day said to be int5d$ 8to burn ! old wit*40 ,p>allel cu/om obs]v$ 9 ,mac$onia on ! ,eve ( ,twelf? ,night4 #gbe 7,mrs47 ,ella ,m>y ,lea!r1 ,! ,folk-lore ( ,h]e=d%ire 7,h]e=d & ,london1 #aiab71 pp4 #ic sq4 #gbf 7,mrs47 ,e4 ,m4 ,lea!r1 op4 cit4 pp4 #id sq4 #gbg ,see above1 pp4 #afd sqq4 #gbh ,g4 ,f4 ,abbott4 ,mac$onian ,folk-lore 7,cambridge1 #aijc71 pp4 #gc-ge4 #gbi ,?is op9ion is m5tion$ by 7,mrs47 ,e4 ,m4 ,lea!r1 ,! ,folk-lore ( ,h]e=d%ire1 p4 #ie4 ,m#bdh ,o!r acc\nts ( ! fires on ,twelf? ,night 9 ,engl& & ,irel&4 #gcj ,?omas ,p5nant1 8,a ,t\r 9 ,scotl&1 #agfi10 9 ,john ,p9k]ton's ,voyages & ,travels 7,london1 #ahjh-ahad71 iii4 #di4 #gca ,?omas ,hyde1 ,hi/oria religionis vet]um ,p]s>um 7,ox=d1 #agjj71 p4 #beg4 #gcb ,sir ,h5ry ,pi]s1 ,description ( ! ,c\nty ( ,we/mea?1 quot$ by ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities ( ,great ,brita9 7,london1 #ahhc71 i4 #be4 #gcc ,h4 ,j4 ,byrne1 8,all ,hall[s ,eve & o!r ,fe/ivals 9 ,connaught10 ,folk-lore1 xviii4 7#aijg7 p4 #dci4 ,m#bdi ,belief ( ! ,g]manic peoples t ! wea!r = ! twelve mon?s ( ! ye> is det]m9$ by ! wea!r ( ! ,twelve ,days4 #gcd ,c4 ,s4 ,burne & ,g4 ,f4 ,jackson1 ,%rop%ire ,folk-lore 7,london1 #ahhc71 p4 #djh4 #gce ,! ,popi% ,k+dome or reigne ( ,anti*ri/1 writt5 9 ,lat9 v]se by ,?omas ,naogeorgus & ,engly%$ by ,b>nabe ,googe1 #aegj1 edit$ by ,r4 ,c4 ,hope 7,london1 #ahhj71 p4 #df2 ,e4 ,mei]1 ,deuts*e ,sag51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e aus ,s*wab5 7,/uttg>t1 #aheb71 p4 #dgc1 #bcg2 ,a4 ,birl+]1 ,volk/hmli*es aus ,s*wab5 7,freiburg im ,breisgau1 #ahfa-ahfb71 i4 #dfh1 #fif2 ,a4 ,kuhn und ,w4 ,s*w>tz1 ,norddeuts*e ,sag51 ,mr*5 und ,gebru*e 7,leipsic1 #ahdh71 p4 #daa2 ,a4 ,kuhn1 ,sag51 ,gebru*e und ,mr*5 aus ,we/fal5 7,leipsic1 #ahei71 ii4 #aae1 #ced2 ,a4 ,wuttke1 ,d] deuts*e ,volksab]glaube#b 7,b]l91 #ahfi71 p4 #fa1 #gd2 ,montanus1 ,die deuts*5 ,volksfe/e1 ,volksbru*e und deuts*] ,volksglaube 7,is]lohn1 ,n4,d471 p4 #ah2 ,m4 ,toepp51 ,ab]glaub5 aus ,masur5#b 7,danzig1 #ahfg71 p4 #fa2 ,l4 ,/rack]jan1 ,ab]glaube und ,sag5 aus dem ,h]zog?um ,old5burg 7,old5burg1 #ahfg71 ii4 #bi1 #bid2 ,augu/ ,witzs*el1 ,sag51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e aus ,?r+5 7,vi5na1 #ahgh71 p4 #age2 ,k4 ,b>ts*1 ,sag51 ,mr*5 und ,gebru*e aus ,meckl5burg 7,vi5na1 #ahhj71 p4 #bej1 #abib2 ,*ri/ian ,s*nell]1 ,mr*5 und ,sag5 aus ,wls*tirol 7,innsbruck1 #ahfg71 p4 #bca2 ,j4 ,haltri*1 ,zur ,volkskunde d] ,sieb5brg] ,sa*s5 7,vi5na1 #ahhe71 p4 #bhb2 ,willibald ,mll]1 ,beitrge zur ,volkskunde d] ,deuts*5 9 ,mhr5 7,vi5na & ,olmutz1 #ahic71 p4 #cag2 ,alois ,john1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube im deuts*5 ,we/bhm5 7,prague1 #aije71 p4 #ab2 ,p4 ,dre*sl]1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube 9 ,s*lesi5 7,leipsic1 #aijc-aijf71 i4 #af sq4 #gcf ,e4 ,mei]1 ,deuts*e ,sag51 ,sitt5 und ,gebru*e aus ,s*wab5 7,/uttg>t1 #aheb71 p4 #dgc1 #bcg2 ,a4 ,birl+]1 ,volk/hmli*es aus ,s*wab5 7,freiburg im ,breisgau1 #ahfa-ahfb71 i4 #dfh1 #fif4 #gcg ,a4 ,birl+]1 op4 cit4 i4 #dgj4 #gch ,f4 ,j4 ,vonbun1 ,beitrge zur deuts*5 ,my?ologie 7,*ur1 #ahfb71 p4 #aca2 ,a4 ,birl+]1 ,volk/hmli*es aus ,s*wab51 i4 #dfi2 ,*r4 ,s*nell]1 ,mr*5 und ,sag5 aus ,wls*tirol 7,innsbruck1 #ahfg71 p4 #bca4 ,m#bej ,belief ( ! ,celtic peoples t ! wea!r = ! twelve mon?s ( ! ye> is det]m9$ by ! wea!r ( ! ,twelve ,days4 #gci ,jules ,lecoeur1 ,esquisses du ,bocage ,norm& 7,cond-sur-,noireau1 #ahhc-ahhg71 ii4 #bj sq4 #gdj ,j4 ,lo?1 8,les d\ze j\rs supplm5taires 7g\rdezi\7 des ,bretons et les d\ze j\rs des ,g]ma9s et des ,ind\s10 ,revue ,celtique1 xxiv4 7#aijc7 pp4 #caj sq4 #gda ,j4 ,g4 ,campbell1 ,wit*craft & ,second ,sight 9 ! ,highl&s & ,isl&s ( ,scotl& 7,glasg[1 #aijb71 p4 #bdc4 #gdb ,?omas ,p5nant1 8,a ,t\r 9 ,scotl& & ,voyage to ! ,hebrides 9 #aggb10 9 ,john ,p9k]ton's ,voyages & ,travels 7,london1 #ahjh-ahad71 iii4 #chd4 ,m#bea ,! ,twelve ,nights among ! anci5t ,aryans ( ,india4 #gdc ,! ,hymns ( ! ,rigv$a1 translat$ by ,r4 ,t4 ,h4 ,griffi? 7,b5>es1 #ahhi-ahib71 book iv4 hymn #cc1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aej sqq42 ,h4 ,zimm]1 ,alt9dis*es ,leb5 7,b]l91 #ahgi71 pp4 #cfe-cfg2 ,a4 ,hillebr&t1 ,ritual-,litt]atur1 ,v$is*e ,opf] und ,zaub] 7,/rasburg1 #ahig71 pp4 #e sq4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,ribhus are v obscure figures 9 ,v$ic my?ology4 ,comp>e ,h4 ,old5b]g1 ,die ,religion des ,v$a 7,b]l91 #ahid71 pp4 #bce sq42 ,a4 ,a4 ,macdonnell1 ,v$ic ,my?ology 7,/rasburg1 #ahig71 pp4 #aca sqq4 ,m#beb ,! ,twelve ,nights are probably an anci5t int]cal>y p]iod introduc$ to equate twelve lun> mon?s to ! sol> ye>4 #gdd ,f4 ,max ,mll]1 ,lectures on ! ,sci5ce ( ,language1 ,six? ,edition 7,london1 #ahga71 i4 #f sqq42 ,o4 ,s*rad]1 ,reallexikon d] indog]manis*5 ,alt]tumskunde 7,/rasburg1 #aija71 p4 #edg2 id41 ,spra*v]glei*ung und ,urges*i*te#c 7,j5a1 #aijf-aijg71 ii4 #bbh4 #gde ,?is explanation ( ! sacr$ness ( ! twelve days among ! ,indo-,european peoples ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/ is due to ,a4 ,web]4 ,see ,o4 ,s*rad]1 ,reallexikon d] indog]manis*5 ,alt]tumskunde 7,/rasburg1 #aija71 pp4 #cia-cid2 id41 ,spra*v]glei*ung und ,urges*i*te#c 7,j5a1 #aijf-aijg71 ii4 #b4 pp4 #bbh-bcd4 ,x is accept$ by ,j4 ,lo? 79 ,revue ,celtique1 xxiv4 #aijc1 pp4 #caa sq471 ,pr(essor ,h4 ,hirt 7,die ,indog]man51 ,/rasburg1 #aije-aijg1 ii4 #ecg1 #edd71 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,h4 ,m\lton 7,two ,lectures on ! ,sci5ce ( ,language1 ,cambridge1 #aijc1 pp4 #dg sq471 & ,j4 ,a4 ,mac,culloch 79 ,dr4 ,j4 ,ha/+s's ,encyclopa$ia ( ,religion & ,e?ics1 iii4 #ha sq471 b is reject$ on :at seem to me insuffici5t gr\nds by ,pr(essor ,o4 ,s*rad] 7ll4cc474 #gdf ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 i4 #cjg sqq4 ,m#bec ,! sup]/itions atta*+ to ! ,twelve ,nights are n ( ,*ri/ian orig94 #gdg ,die ge/riegelte ,rock5philosophie 7,*emnitz1 #agei71 pp4 #hfj1 #hfa2 ,bav>ia1 ,l&es- und ,volkskunde des ,knigrei*s ,bay]n 7,muni*1 #ahfj-ahfg71 i4 #cfe2 ,a4 ,wuttke1 ,d] deuts*e ,volksab]glaube#b 7,b]l91 #ahfi71 p4 #fa2 ,p4 ,dre*sl]1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube 9 ,s*lesi5 7,leipsic1 #aijc-aijf71 i4 #ae2 ,a4 ,john1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube im deuts*5 ,we/bhm5 7,prague1 #aije71 p4 #aa4 ,! phrase 8! ,twelve ,nights0 9 ! s5se ( 8! ,twelve ,days & ,nights0 is d\btless d]iv$ f ! anci5t ,aryan cu/om ( c\nt+ by nights in/ead ( by days & ( reg>d+ ! p]iod ( ! e>?'s revolution on its axis z beg9n+ ) ! night r ?an ) ! day4 ,see ,caes>1 ,de bello ,gallico1 vi4 #ah2 ,tacitus1 ,g]mania1 #aa2 ,o4 ,s*rad]1 ,reallexikon d] indog]manis*5 ,alt]tumskunde 7,/rasburg1 #aija71 pp4 #hdd sqq42 ,j4 ,lo?1 8,l',anne celtique10 ,revue ,celtique1 xxv4 7#aijd7 pp4 #aae sqq4 ,! ,a!nians reckon$ a day f sunset to sunset1 & ! ,romans reckon$ x f midnight to midnight 7,c5sor9us1 ,de die natali1 xxiii4 #c74 #gdh ,a4 ,tille1 ,die ,ges*i*te d] deuts*5 ,weihna*t 7,leipsic1 preface dat$ #ahic71 pp4 #c sq41 #bha sqq42 ,o4 ,s*rad]1 ,reallexikon d] indog]manis*5 ,alt]tumskunde 7,/rasburg1 #aija71 p4 #cib4 #gdi ,p4 ,dre*sl]1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube 9 ,s*lesi5 7,leipsic1 #aijc-aijf71 i4 #ae4 #gej ,a4 ,wuttke1 ,d] deuts*e ,volksab]glaube#b 7,b]l91 #ahfi71 p4 #fa1 #gd4 ,z to ! v>y+ dates ( ! ,twelve ,nights see fur!r ,e4 ,mogk1 8,my?ologie10 9 ,h4 ,paul's ,grundriss d] g]manis*5 ,philologie1 iii4#b 7,/rasburg1 #aijj71 p4 #bfj4 #gea ,see above1 p4 #cbd4 #geb ,?us ,a4 ,wuttke obs]ves t by f> ! great] "p ( ! sup]/itions atta*+ to ! ,twelve ,nights are ( purely hea!n orig9 7,d] deuts*e ,volksab]glaube1#b p4 #fa72 & ,k4 ,we9hold simil>ly rem>ks t ! sup]/itions 9 "q _c h orig9at$ 9 ,*ri/ian dogmas1 & t !y po9t to ! sacr$ness ( ! w9t] sol/ice among ! hea!n tribes ( ,g]many 7,we9a*t-,spiele und ,li$] aus ,sddeuts*l& und ,s*lesi51 ,vi5na1 #ahge1 p4 #d74 #gec ,see ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #bed sqq42 & = ,ea/] 9 p>ticul> see my lett] 8,attis & ,*ri/10 ,! ,a!naeum1 ,no4 #dahd1 ,janu>y #d?1 #aijh1 pp4 #ai sq42 ,franz ,cumont1 ,les ,religions ori5tales dans le ,paganisme roma9#b 7,p>is1 #aiji71 pp4 #ajf sq41 #ccc sq4 ,m#bed ,an int]cal>y p]iod a natural subject ( sup]/ition to primitive peoples4 ,m#bee ,! ,?ree ,k+s ( ,twelf? ,night4 #ged ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities ( ,great ,brita9 7,london1 #ahhc71 i4 #ba sq42 ,e4 ,cortet1 ,essai sur les ,ftes religieuses 7,p>is1 #ahfg71 pp4 #cb1 #ch1 #ci-db2 ,re9sb]g-,dr+sfeld1 ,cal5dri] ,belge 7,brussels1 #ahfa-ahfb71 i4 #ba sq41 #cj sq42 id41 ,fe/-,kal5d] aus ,bhm5 7,prague1 ,n4,d471 p4 #ah2 id41 ,das fe/li*e ,jahr 7,leipsic1 #ahfc71 pp4 #bc-bf2 ,bav>ia1 ,l&es- und ,volkskunde des ,knigrei*s ,bay]n 7,muni*1 #ahfj-ahfg71 ii4 #bfb sq42 ,l4 ,f4 ,sauv1 ,le ,folk-lore des ,hautes-,vosges 7,p>is1 #ahhi71 pp4 #ae-ah2 ,*4 ,beauqui]1 ,les ,mois en ,fran*e-,comt 7,p>is1 #aijj71 pp4 #ac-ae2 ,la ,bresse ,l\hannaise1 ,janvi]1 #aijf1 p4 #db2 ,p4 ,dre*sl]1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube 9 ,s*lesi5 7,leipsic1 #aijc-aijf71 i4 #ea2 ,a4 ,john1 ,sitte1 ,brau* und ,volksglaube im deuts*5 ,we/bhm5 7,prague1 #aije71 pp4 #cb-cd2 ,e4 ,h(fmann-,kray]1 ,fe/e und ,bru*e des ,s*weiz]volkes 7,zri*1 #aiac71 pp4 #ajd1 #aba4 #gee ,mat!w ii4 #a-ab4 #gef ,*4 ,beauqui]1 ,les ,mois en ,fran*e-,comt 7,p>is1 #aijj71 pp4 #ac-af4 #geg ,l4 ,f4 ,sauv1 ,le ,folk-lore des ,hautes-,vosges 7,p>is1 #ahhi71 pp4 #ae-ag4 ,comp>e ! old ,roman cure = ! fall+ sickness 7above1 p4 #fh74 #geh ,o4 ,freih]r von ,re9sb]g-,dr+sfeld1 ,fe/-,kal5d] aus ,bhm5 7,prague1 ,n4,d471 pp4 #ag sq4 #gei ,re9sb]g-,dr+sfeld1 ,cal5dri] ,belge 7,brussels1 #ahfa-ahfb71 i4 #bb4 ,! m]e names ( ! ?ree k+s worn on ! p]son 7 believ$ to be a cure = epilepsy4 ,see ,j4 ,b4 ,?i]s1 ,trait des ,sup]/itions 7,p>is1 #afgi71 pp4 #cej sq4 #gfj ,r4 ,*amb]s1 ,! ,book ( ,days 7,london & ,ed9burgh1 #ahhf71 i4 #fb1 ref]r+ to ,w>ton's ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,poetry4 ,m#bef ,! ,"l ( ,misrule 9 ,engl&4 ,reign ( ! ,"l ( ,misrule dur+ ! ,twelve ,days4 ,"l ( ,misrule 9 ! ,temple4 #gfa ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities ( ,great ,brita9 7,london1 #ahhc71 i4 #dig sqq42 ,e4 ,k4 ,*amb]s1 ,! ,m$iaeval ,/age 7,ox=d1 #aijc71 i4 #djc sqq4 #gfb ,john ,/[1 ,a ,survey ( ,london1 writt5 9 ! ye> #aeih1 edit$ by ,william ,j4 ,?oms 7,london1 #ahgf71 p4 #cg4 #gfc ,sir ,?omas ,urquh>t1 ,! ,discov]y ( a mo/ ,exquisite ,jewel1 m preci\s ?an ,diamonds in*as$ 9 ,gold 7,ed9burgh1 #aggd71 p4 #adf4 #gfd ,j4 ,br&1 op4 cit4 i4 #dii4 #gfe ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities ( ,great ,brita9 7,london1 #ahhc71 i4 #dig sqq4 ,z to ! ,lords ( ,misrule 9 colleges & ! ,inns ( ,c\rt see fur!r ,e4 ,k4 ,*amb]s1 ,! ,m$iaeval ,/age1 i4 #djg sqq4 #gff ,sir ,ri*>d ,/eele1 9 ,! ,spectator1 ,friday1 #ad? ,decemb] #agaa4 ,m#beg ,"l ( ,misrule at ! ,engli% ,c\rt4 #gfg ,e4 ,k4 ,*amb]s1 ,! ,m$iaeval ,/age1 i4 #dje-djg4 ,m#beh ,! ,fe/ival ( ,fools 9 ,france4 #gfh ,l4 ,j4 ,b4 ,br5g]-,f]aud1 ,sup]/itions et ,survivances1 iv4 7,p>is1 #ahif7 pp4 #d sq41 quot+ ,jacob1 ,murs et ,c\tumes du ,moy5-,age4 ,comp>e ,e4 ,cortet1 ,essai sur les ,ftes religieuses 7,p>is1 #ahfg71 pp4 #ej sqq4 ,9 "s places ! fe/ival 0 held on ! octave ( ,epiphany4 ,see ,e4 ,k4 ,*amb]s1 ,! ,m$iaeval ,/age 7,ox=d1 #aijc71 i4 #cbc4 #gfi ,e4 ,cortet1 op4 cit4 p4 #ea2 ,papon1 ,hi/oire ,gnrale de la ,prov5ce1 iii4 p4 #bab1 quot$ by ,l4 ,j4 ,b4 ,br5g]-,f]aud1 op4 cit4 iv4 #i sq42 ,e4 ,k4 ,*amb]s1 ,! ,m$iaeval ,/age 7,ox=d1 #aijc71 i4 #bic sq41 quot+ a circul> lett] :i* 0 address$ by ! ,faculty ( ,!ology at ,p>is to ! bi%ops & *apt]s ( ,france on ,m>* #ab?1 #adde4 ,_m details z to ! mode ( celebrat+ ! ,fe/ival ( ,fools 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,france are on record4 ,see ,a4 de ,nore1 ,c\tumes1 ,my!s1 et ,traditions des ,prov9ces de ,france 7,p>is & ,lyons1 #ahdf71 pp4 #bic-bie2 ,e4 ,cortet1 op4 cit4 pp4 #eb sqq42 ,l4 ,j4 ,b4 ,br5g]-,f]aud1 op4 cit4 iv4 #e sqq42 ,g4 ,bilf+]1 ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,zeitre*nung d] alt5 ,g]man51 ii4 ,das g]manis*e ,julfe/ 7,/uttg>t1 #aija71 pp4 #gb sq42 & especially ,e4 ,k4 ,*amb]s1 ,! ,m$iaeval ,/age1 i4 #bgd sqq4 ,m#bei ,buffoon]ies 9 ! *ur*es at ! ,fe/ival ( ,fools4 #ggj ,e4 ,cortet1 ,essai sur les ,ftes religieuses 7,p>is1 #ahfg71 pp4 #ec-ef2 ,l4 ,j4 ,b4 ,br5g]-,f]aud1 ,sup]/itions et ,survivances1 iv4 #bh-da2 ,e4 ,k4 ,*amb]s1 ,! ,m$iaeval ,/age 7,ox=d1 #aijc71 i4 #ccj-ccd4 ,:ile ! ,fe/ival ( ,fools appe>s to h be5 mo/ popul> 9 ,france1 x is kn[n to h be5 celebrat$ also 9 ,g]many1 ,bohemia1 & ,engl&4 ,see ,e4 ,k4 ,*amb]s1 op4 cit4 i4 #cah sqq4 ,9 8 y\? ! ,bohemian re=m] ,john ,huss took "p 9 ^! mumm]ies4 ,! revell]s wore masks4 8,a cl]k1 grotesquely ve/$1 0 dubb$ #8bi%op1' set on an ass ) 8 face to ! tail1 & l$ to mass 9 ! *ur*4 ,he 0 regal$ on a platt] ( bro? & a b[l ( be]1 & ,huss recalls ! unseemly revel :i* took place4 ,tor*es 7 borne in/ead ( c&les1 & ! cl]gy turn$ _! g>m5ts inside out & danc$0 7,e4 ,k4 ,*amb]s1 op4 cit4 i4 #cbj sq474 ,m#bfj ,fe/ival ( ! ,innoc5ts & ! ,boy ,bi%op 9 ,france4 #gga ,e4 ,cortet1 ,essai sur les ,ftes religieuses1 p4 #eh2 ,e4 ,k4 ,*amb]s1 ,! ,m$iaeval ,/age 7,ox=d1 #aijc71 i4 #cag sq41 #ccf sqq4 ,comp>e ,l4 ,j4 ,b4 ,br5g]-,f]aud1 ,sup]/itions et ,survivances1 iv4 #be-bh4 ,f ! evid5ce collect$ by ! latt] writ] x appe>s t 9 "s places ! election ( ! ,boy ,bi%op took place on o!r days ?an ,*ild]mas4 ,at ,al5on ! election took place on ! six? ( ,decemb]2 at ,vi5ne1 9 ,dauph91 on ! fifte5?1 & at ,soissons on ,/4 ,?omas's ,day 7! tw5ty-fir/ ( ,decemb]74 #ggb ,?is ,i le>n f my wife1 :o z a girl 0 educat$ 9 ! conv5t4 ,m#bfa ,! ,boy ,bi%op 9 ,engl&4 #ggc ,j4 ,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities ( ,great ,brita9 7,london1 #ahhc71 i4 #dba-dca2 ,e4 ,k4 ,*amb]s1 ,! ,m$iaeval ,/age 7,ox=d1 #aijc71 i4 #ceb sqq42 7,mrs47 ,ella ,m>y ,lea!r1 ,! ,folk-lore ( ,h]e=d%ire 7,h]e=d & ,london1 #aiab71 pp4 #ach sq42 ,c\nty ,folk-lore1 ,,ii4 ,nor? ,rid+ ( ,york%ire1 ,york & ! ,a9/y1 edit$ by ,mrs4 ,gut* 7,london1 #aija71 pp4 #ceb sq4 #ggd ,j4 ,br&1 op4 cit4 i4 #dbf4 ,m#bfb ,! cu/oms & sup]/itions associat$ ) ! ,twelve ,days or ,nights are probably relics ( an old hea!n fe/ival ( int]calation at midw9t]4 ,m#bfc ,sup]/itions associat$ ) int]cal>y p]iods among ! ,aztecs ( ,mexico & ! ,mayas ( ,yucatan4 #gge ,z to ! ,aztec ye> see above1 p4 #bhg note #a4 #ggf ,b4 de ,sahagun1 ,hi/oire ,gnrale des ,*oses de la ,n\velle ,espagne1 traduite p> ,d4 ,j\rdanet et ,r4 ,simeon 7,p>is1 #ahhj71 pp4 #gg1 #bhc2 ,e4 ,sel]1 8,! ,mexican ,*ronology10 9 ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bh 7,wa%+ton1 #aijd71 p4 #af 7:]e "s extracts f ! ,aztec text ( ,sahagun are quot$ & translat$72 ,j4 de ,aco/a1 ,natural & ,moral ,hi/ory ( ! ,indies 7,hakluyt ,society1 ,london1 #ahhj71 ii4 #cib4 #ggg ,diego de ,l&a1 ,relation des ,*oses de ,yucatan 7,p>is1 #ahfd71 pp4 #bjd sq41 #bgf sq4 ,m#bfd ,! five supplem5t>y days ( ! ye> 9 anci5t ,egypt4 #ggh ,gem9us1 ,elem5ta ,a/ronomiae1 viii4 #ah1 p4 #ajf1 ed4 ,c4 ,manitius 7,leipsic1 #ahih74 #ggi ,g4 ,f\c>t1 9 ,dr4 ,j4 ,ha/+s's ,encyclopa$ia ( ,religion & ,e?ics1 iii4 7#aiaj7 p4 #ic4 ,pr(essor ,ed4 ,mey] adduces a/ronomical & o!r gr\nds = ?9k+ t ! anci5t ,egyptian cal5d>1 z we "k x1 began on ! #ai? ( ,july1 #dbda ,b4,c41 :i* accord+ly he calls 8! olde/ sure date 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w40 ,see ,ed4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]tums#b1 i4 #b4 7,/uttg>t & ,b]l91 #aiji71 pp4 #aja sq41 #aig2 & aga9/ ?is view ,c4 ,f4 ,lehmann-,haupt1 9 ! ,engli% ,hi/orical ,review1 ,april #aiac1 p4 #cdh4 #ghj ,plut>*1 ,isis et ,osiris1 #ab4 ,comp>e ,diodorus ,siculus1 i4 #ac4 #d sq4 ,z to ,keb & ,nut1 ! p>5ts ( ,osiris1 ,isis1 & ! re/1 see ,a4 ,erman1 ,die gyptis*e ,religion 7,b]l91 #aije71 p4 #bi4 ,! ,egyptian deities ,keb1 ,nut1 & ,?o? are call$ by ,plut>* by ! ,greek names ( ,cronus1 ,rhea1 & ,h]mes4 ,on acc\nt ( ^! ,greek names ! my? 0 long ?\ght to be ( comp>atively rec5t date2 8b ! ,leyd5 ,papyrus 7i4 #cdf7 has %[n t ! leg5d exi/$ 9 its ess5tial features 9 ! "t ( ! ,!bans1 & ! ,texts ( ! ,pyramids h c>ri$ x back to ! v beg9n+s ( ,egyptian my?ology0 7,g4 ,f\c>t1 l4c474 ,z five days are ! sev5ty-second1 n ! sev5tie?1 "p ( ?ree hundr$ & sixty days1 x 0 propos$ by ,wytt5ba* to read in/ead ( 9 ,plut>*'s text4 ,see ,d4 ,wytt5ba*ius1 ,animadv]siones 9 ,plut>*i ,moralia 7,leipsic1 #ahbj-ahcd71 iii4 #adc sq4 ,m#bfe ,e>ly attempts ( ! ,aryan peoples to correct ! lun> ye> by int]calat+ a mon? at int]vals ( sev]al ye>s in/ead ( int]calat+ twelve days 9 e ye>4 #gha ,h4 ,zimm]1 ,alt9dis*es ,leb5 7,b]l91 #ahgi71 pp4 #cfe-cgj4 ,comp>e ,! ,hymns ( ! ,rigv$a1 translat$ by ,r4 ,t4 ,h4 ,griffi? 7,b5>es1 #ahhi-ahib71 ,book i4 ,hymn #afd1 /anza #dh 7vol4 i4 p4 #bic71 ,book iii4 ,hymn #ee1 /anza #ah 7vol4 ii4 pp4 #gf sq474 #ghb ,j4 ,a4 ,mac,culloch1 9 ,dr4 ,j4 ,ha/+s's ,encyclopa$ia ( ,religion & ,e?ics1 iii4 7,ed9burgh1 #aiaj7 pp4 #gh sqq4 ,comp>e ,s4 de ,ricci1 8,le cal5dri] ,gaulois de ,coligny10 ,revue ,celtique1 xix4 7#ahih7 pp4 #bac-bbc2 id41 8,le cal5dri] ,celtique de ,coligny10 ,revue ,celtique1 xxi4 7#aijj7 pp4 #aj-bg2 id41 8,un passage rem>quable du cal5dri] de ,coligny10 ,revue ,celtique1 xxiv4 7#aijc7 pp4 #cac-caf2 ,j4 ,lo?1 8,l'anne ,celtique10 ,revue ,celtique1 xxv4 7#aijd7 pp4 #aac-afb2 ,sir ,john ,rhys1 8,! ,coligny ,cal5d>01 ,proce$+s ( ! ,briti% ,academy1 #aiji-aiaj1 pp4 #bjg sqq4 ,z ! cal5d> /&s1 ! numb] ( days 9 ! ord9>y ye> is #cee1 n #ced1 sev5 ( ! mon?s hav+ ?irty days & five ( !m tw5ty-n9e days4 ,b ! mon? ,equos has atta*$ to x ! sign ,,anm1 :i* is atta*$ to all ! mon?s ( tw5ty-n9e days b to none ( ! mon?s ( ?irty days except ,equos1 all ( :i*1 except ,equos1 are m>k$ ) ! sign ,,mat4 ,h5ce1 foll[+ a sugge/ion ( ,m4 ,s4 de ,ricci 7,revue ,celtique1 xxi4 #be71 ,i suppose t ! mon? ,equos _h regul>ly tw5ty-n9e days in/ead ( ?irty1 & t ! attribution ( ?irty days to x is an error ( ! scribe or mason :o engrav$ ! cal5d>4 ,9 ! ,coligny cal5d> ! summ] sol/ice seems to be m>k$ by ! ^w tr9\xtion affix$ to ! sev5te5? day ( ! fir/ mon? 7,samonios1 ne>ly equival5t to our ,june74 ,z int]pret$ by ,sir ,john ,rhys 7op4 cit4 p4 #bag71 ! ^w means 8a p]iod ( ?ree nights ( equal l5g?40 ,if he is "r1 x foll[s t ! ,celts :o con/ruct$ ! cal5d> _h obs]v$ ! summ] sol/ice4 ,m#bff ,equival5ce ( ! new int]cal>y mon? to ! old int]cal>y ,twelve ,days multipli$ by two & a half4 ,! int]cal>y mon? may h be5 a p]iod ( lic5se1 dur+ :i* ! re9s ( gov]nm5t 7 held by a tempor>y k+4 #ghc ,j4 ,a4 ,mac,culloch1 9 ,dr4 ,j4 ,ha/+s's ,encyclopa$ia ( ,religion & ,e?ics1 iii4 #gi4 ,comp>e ,sir ,j4 ,rhys1 8,! ,coligny ,cal5d>10 ,proce$+s ( ! ,briti% ,academy1 #aiji-aiaj1 pp4 #bib sq4 ,m#bfg ,! mod]n ,c>nival is p]haps ! equival5t ( ! anci5t ,saturnalia4 #ghd ,we "k f ,livy 7xxii4 i4 #ai sq47 t ! ,saturnalia 0 celebrat$ 9 ,decemb] z e>ly z ! ye> #bag ,b4,c42 & 9 8 le>n$ discussion ( ! prop] date ( ! fe/ival ! antiqu>y ,macrobius gives no h9t t x ev] fell at any o!r "t ?an 9 ,decemb] 7,saturnal4 i4 #aj74 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake to inf] f ,livy's acc\nt ( ! ,saturnalia 9 ! ye> #bag ,b4,c4 t he suppos$ ! fe/ival to h be5 fir/ in/itut$ 9 t ye>2 = else:]e 7ii4 #ba4 #a7 he tells u t x 0 e/abli%$ at ! "t :5 ! temple ( ,saturn 0 d$icat$1 namely 9 ! ye> #dig ,b4,c4 ,macrobius 7,saturn4 i4 #h4 #a7 ref]s ! in/itution ( ! ,saturnalia to ,k+ ,tullus ,ho/ilius4 ,m probably ! fe/ival 0 ( immemorial antiquity4 ,m#bfh ,! ,saturnalia may h orig9ally fall5 at ! end ( ,febru>y1 :i* w\ld be an appropriate "t = a fe/ival ( s[+4 #ghe ,macrobius1 ,sat4 i4 #ab4 #g2 ,sol9us1 i4 #ce1 p4 #ac ed4 ,?4 ,momms5 7,b]l91 #ahfd72 ,joannes ,lydus1 ,de ,m5sibus1 iii4 #ae4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we "k t ! c]emony ( r5ew+ ! laurels1 :i* orig9ally took place on ! fir/ ( ,m>*1 0 long aft]w>ds transf]r$ to ! fir/ ( ,janu>y4 ,see ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iii4 #ace sqq41 & ,macrobius1 ,saturn4 i4 #ab4 #f1 comp>$ ) ,geoponica1 xi4 #b4 #f1 :]e ! note ( ! comm5tator ,niclas may be consult$4 ,?is transf]5ce is /rictly analog\s to ! *ange :i* ,i conjecture to h be5 made 9 ! date ( celebrat+ ! ,saturnalia4 #ghf ,palladius1 ,de re ru/ica1 books iii4 & iv4 passim4 #ghg ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #acg-aci4 #ghh ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #acf-add1 ii4 #ig sqq4 #ghi ,comp>e ,c4 ,lumholtz1 ,unkn[n ,mexico 7,london1 #aijc71 ii4 #bfh3 8,to ! ,hui*ol s closely are corn1 de]1 & hikuli associat$ t by consum+ ! bro? ( ! de]-meat & ! hikuli !y ?9k ! same effect is produc$--namely1 mak+ ! corn gr[4 ,!re=e :5 cle>+ ! fields !y eat hikuli be=e />t+ ! day's "w40 ,m#bfi ,! ,l5t5 fa/ 9 spr+ may be an old hea!n p]iod ( ab/95ce int5d$ to promote ! gr[? ( ! se$4 ,autumnal rites ( m\rn+ & fa/+ = ! sake ( ! se$4 #gij ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #ajd sqq4 ,! ,indians ( ,santiago ,tepehuacan ab/a9 f fle%1 eggs1 & grease :ile !y are engag$ 9 s[+ cotton & *ilis1 because !y believe t 7 !y to p>take ( ^! vi&s at t "t1 ! blossoms w\ld fall & ! crop w\ld suff]4 ,see 8,lettre du cur de ,santiago ,tepehuacan son vque sur les murs et c\tumes des ,indi5s10 ,bullet9 de la ,socit de ,gographie 7,p>is71 ,deuxime ,srie1 ii4 7#ahcd7 p4 #aha4 #gia ,9 ,fran*e-,comt n only husb&s & wives 7 expect$ to be cont95t f ! fir/ ,sunday ( ,l5t to ! fir/ ,sunday aft] ,ea/]1 b ev5 swee!>ts sep>at$ dur+ t "t1 bidd+ ea* o!r a =mal f>ewell on ! fir/ ( ^! days & meet+ aga9 ) simil> =mality on ! la/4 ,see ,c4 ,beauqui]1 ,les ,mois en ,fran*e-,comt 7,p>is1 #aijj71 p4 #ce4 ,i am in=m$ t ! obs]vance ( *a/ity dur+ ,l5t is enjo9$ g5]ally by ! ,ca?olic *ur*4 ,z to its injunction by ! ,coptic *ur* see ,f4 ,w/5feld1 ,macrizi's ,ges*i*te d] ,copt5 7,gtt+51 #ahde71 p4 #hd2 ,il ,fe?a ,naga/1 o ,legislazione dei ,re1 codice ecclesia/ico e civile di ,abiss9ia1 tradotto e annotato da ,ignazio ,guidi 7,rome1 #ahii71 p4 #afd4 #gib ,socrates1 ,hi/oria ,ecclesia/ica1 v4 #bb2 ,sozom5us1 ,hi/oria ,ecclesia/ica1 vii4 #ai 7,migne1 ,patrologia ,graeca1 lxvii4 coll4 #fcb-fcf1 #adgg72 ,w4 ,smi? & ,s4 ,*ee?am1 ,diction>y ( ,*ri/ian ,antiquities1 s4v4 8,l5t10 vol4 ii4 pp4 #igb sq42 ,mgr4 ,l4 ,du*esne1 ,orig9es du ,culte ,*rti5 7,p>is1 #aijc71 pp4 #bda-bdc4 #gic ,firmicus ,mat]nus1 ,de errore pr(an>um religionum1 #bg4 #gid ,plut>*1 ,isis et ,osiris1 #fi3 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 4 ,z to ! fe/ival & ! rule ( *a/ity obs]v$ at x1 see fur!r ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 i4 #aaf1 ii4 #ag sq4 ,m#bgj ,! ,buddhi/ ,l5t4 #gie ,h4 ,field+1 ,! ,s\l ( a ,p 7,london1 #ahih71 pp4 #agb sq4 ,! or?odox explanation ( ! cu/om is t dur+ ^! ?ree mon?s ! ,buddha retir$ to a mona/]y4 ,b 8! cu/om 0 f> old] ev5 ?an t--s old t we d n "k h[ x arose4 ,its orig9 is lo/ 9 ! mi/s ( f>-away "t40 ,comp>e ,c4 ,j4 ,f4 ,s4 ,=bes1 ,briti% ,burma 7,london1 #ahgh71 pp4 #agj sq42 ,%way ,yoe1 ,! ,burman1 8 ,life & ,notions 7,london1 #ahhb71 i4 #beg1 #bfb sqq4 ,m#bga ,inv]sion ( social ranks at anci5t ,greek fe/ivals held 9 ,crete1 ,troez51 & ,!ssaly4 #gif ,a!naeus1 xiv4 #dd sq41 pp4 #fci ,b-#fdj ,a4 ,m#bgb ,! ,greek fe/ival ( ! ,cronia comp>$ to ! ,roman ,saturnalia4 ,! ,olympian ,cronia held at ! spr+ equ9ox4 #gig ,macrobius1 ,saturn4 i4 #g4 #cg & i4 #aj4 #bb2 ,demo/h5es1 ,or4 xxiv4 #bf1 p4 #gjh4 ,z to ! temple ( ,cronus & ,rhea1 see ,pausanias1 i4 #ah4 #g2 ,im4 ,bekk]'s ,anecdota ,graeca 7,b]l91 #ahad-ahba71 i4 p4 #bgc1 l9es #bj sq4 ,t ! ,attic mon? ,hecatombaeon 0 =m]ly call$ ,cronius is m5tion$ by ,plut>* 7,!seus1 #ab74 ,o!r ,greek /ates1 includ+ ,samos1 ,amorgos1 ,p]9?us1 & ,patmos1 _h a mon? call$ ,cronion1 t is1 ! mon? ( ,cronus1 :i* seems to h co9cid$ ) ,june or ,july4 ,see ,g4 ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge ,inscriptionum ,graec>um#b 7,leipsic1 #ahih-aija71 ,nos4 #fdd & #fde2 ,e4 ,bis*(f1 8,de fa/is ,graecorum antiquioribus10 ,leipzig] ,/udi5 fr classis*5 ,philologie1 vii4 7#ahhd7 p4 #djj4 ,at ,magnesia on ! ,mae&] ! mon? ( ,cronion 0 ! "t ( s[+ 7,ditt5b]g]1 op4 cit4 ,no4 #eec1 l9es #ae sq471 :i* _c h fall5 9 ! height ( summ]4 ,comp>e ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 ii4 #h4 #gih ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,attic>um1 iii4 ,no4 #gg2 ,*4 ,mi*el1 ,recueil d',inscriptions ,grecques 7,brussels1 #aijj71 ,no4 #fib1 pp4 #eie sq42 ,i4 de ,prott et ,l4 ,zieh51 ,leges ,graecorum ,sacrae1 i4 7,leipsic1 #ahif71 ,no4 #c1 pp4 #g sq42 ,e4 ,s4 ,rob]ts & ,e4 ,a4 ,g>dn]1 ,introduction to ,greek ,epigraphy1 ,"p ,,ii4 7,cambridge1 #aije71 ,no4 #adb1 pp4 #chg sq4 ,f ! same inscription we le>n t cakes ) twelve knobs 7 (f]$ to o!r deities1 includ+ ,apollo & ,artemis1 ,zeus1 ,poseidon1 & ,h]cules4 #gii ,s*olia/ on ,hesiod1 ,works & ,days1 #cgj 7p4 #agj ed4 ,e4 ,vollbehr1 ,kiel1 #ahdd73 1 1 4 ,z to ! fe/ival ( ! op5+ ( ! w9e-j>s see ,augu/ ,momms51 ,heortologie 7,leipsic1 #ahfd71 pp4 #cdi sqq42 id41 ,fe/e d] ,/adt ,a!n im ,alt]tum 7,leipsic1 #ahih71 pp4 #chd sqq4 8,:5 ! slaves10 says ,plut>*1 8fea/ at ! ,cronia or g ab\t celebrat+ ! fe/ival ( ,dionysus 9 ! c\ntry1 ! %\ts !y raise & ! tumult !y make 9 _! rude m]rim5t are intol]able0 7,non posse suavit] vivi secundum ,epicurum1 #bf74 ,t ! orig9al fe/ival ( ,cronus fell at ,a!ns 9 ,an!/]ion is ! view ( ,aug4 ,momms5 7,heortologie1 pp4 #bb1 #gi2 ,fe/e d] ,/adt ,a!n1 p4 #djb74 #hjj ,pausanias1 vi4 #bj4 #a4 ,comp>e ,dionysius ,halic>nas5sis1 ,antiquit4 ,rom4 i4 #cd4 ,! magi/rates call$ 8k+s0 77 by ,pausanias are d\btless id5tical ) 8! k+s0 7 7 m5tion$ 9 a law ( ,elis1 :i* 0 f\nd inscrib$ on a bronze plate at ,olympia4 ,see ,h4 ,roehl1 ,inscriptiones ,graecae ,antiquissimae 7,b]l91 #ahhb71 ,no4 #aab1 p4 #ci2 ,c4 ,cau]1 ,delectus ,inscriptionum ,graec>um propt] dialectum memorabilium#b 7,leipsic1 #ahhc71 ,no4 #bec1 p4 #age2 ,h4 ,collitz1 ,sammlung d] grie*is*5 ,dialekt-,ins*rift51 ,no4 #aaeb 7vol4 i4 ,gtt+51 #ahhd1 p4 #cba72 ,*4 ,mi*el1 ,recueil d',inscriptions ,grecques1 ,no4 #aie1 p4 #agi4 ,m#bgc ,! magi/rates call$ ,k+s :o celebrat$ ! ,cronia at ,olympia may h p]sonat$ ,k+ ,cronus himself4 ,p]haps ! man :o annually p]sonat$ ,k+ ,cronus 0 put to dea?4 ,a man annually sacrific$ to ,cronus at ! ,cronia 9 ,rhodes4 #hja ,see ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 i4 #dd sqq41 ii4 #agg1 #cfa4 #hjb ,hesiod1 ,works & ,days1 #aaa1 #afi2 ,plato1 ,politicus1 p4 #bfi ,a2 ,diodorus ,siculus1 iii4 #fa1 v4 #ff2 ,julian1 ,epi/ola ad ,!mi/ium1 p4 #beh ,c 7pp4 #ccd sq41 ed4 ,f4 ,c4 ,h]tle91 ,leipsic1 #ahge-ahgf72 8,anonymi ,*ronologica10 pr9t$ 9 ,l4 ,d9dorf's edition ( ,j4 ,malalas 7,bonn1 #ahca71 p4 #ag4 ,see fur!r ,m4 ,may]'s article 8,kronos10 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 ii4 7,leipsic1 #ahij-ahig7 col4 #adeh4 #hjc ,see ,m4 ,may]1 op4 cit4 ii4 #aeja sqq4 #hjd ,pausanias1 vi4 #bj4 #d sq4 #hje ,plato1 ,republic1 ix4 p4 #efe ,d ,e2 pseudo-,plato1 ,m9os1 p4 #cae ,c2 ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 viii4 #ha2 ,pausanias1 viii4 #b & #ch2 ,porphyry1 ,de ab/95tia1 ii4 #bg2 ,augu/9e1 ,de civitate ,dei1 xviii4 #ag4 ,! sugge/ion t ,lycaean ,zeus may h be5 m]ely a successor ( ,cronus is due to my fri5d ,pr(essor ,w4 ,ridgeway4 #hjf ,porphyry1 ,de ab/95tia1 ii4 #ed4 #hjg ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #afa sqq4 ,m#bgd ,! ,babylonian fe/ival ( ! ,sacaea4 #hjh ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #aac sqq4 #hji ,a!naeus1 xiv4 #dd1 p4 #fci ,c2 ,dio ,*ryso/om1 ,or4 iv4 #fi sq4 7vol4 i4 p4 #gf ed4 ,l4 ,d9dorf1 ,leipsic1 #aheg74 ,f ,a!naeus we le>n t ! fe/ival 0 describ$ or m5tion$ by ,b]osus 9 8 fir/ book & by ,ctesias 9 8 second4 #haj ,/rabo1 xi4 #h4 #e1 p4 #eab4 ,m#bge ,! ,sacaea by "s id5tifi$ ) ,zakmuk or ,zagmuk1 ! ,babylonian fe/ival ( ! ,new ,ye>1 :i* 0 held ab\t ! spr+ equ9ox 9 ,m>*4 ,annual r5ewal ( ! k+ ( ,babylon's p[] at ! ,zakmuk fe/ival4 #haa ,/rabo1 xi4 #ad4 #af1 pp4 #ecb sq42 ,ed4 ,mey]'s article 8,anaitis10 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 i4 7,leipsic1 #ahhd-ahij7 pp4 #ccj sqq4 #hab ,by ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce1 ,religion ( ! ,anci5t ,babylonians 7,london & ,ed9burgh1 #ahhg71 p4 #fh2 ,bruno ,meissn]1 8,zur ,ent/ehungsges*i*te des ,purimfe/es10 ,zeits*rift d] deuts*5 morg5lndis*5 ,gesells*aft1 l4 7#ahif7 pp4 #bif-cja2 ,h4 ,w9ckl]1 ,altori5talis*e ,=s*ung51 ,zweite ,reihe1 ii4 ,heft #c 7,leipsic1 #aijj71 p4 #cde2 ,c4 ,brockelmann1 8,wes5 und ,ursprung des ,eponymats 9 ,assyri510 ,zeits*rift fr ,assyriologie1 xvi4 7#aijb7 pp4 #cia sq4 #hac ,p4 ,j5s51 ,die ,kosmologie d] ,babyloni] 7,/rasburg1 #ahij71 pp4 #hd sqq42 ,h4 ,zimm]n1 8,zur ,frage na* dem ,ursprunge des ,purimfe/es10 ,zeits*rift fr die altte/am5tli*e ,wiss5s*aft1 xi4 7#ahia7 pp4 #aei sqq42 ,a4 ,j]emias1 s4v4 8,m>duk10 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexicon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 ii4 #bcdg sq42 ,m4 ,ja/r[1 ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria 7,bo/on1 ,u4,s4,a41 #ahih71 pp4 #ahf1 #fgg sqq42 ,r4 ,f4 ,h>p]1 ,assyrian & ,babylonian ,lit]ature 7,new ,york1 #aija71 pp4 #acf sq41 #acg1 #adj1 #adi2 ,c4 ,brocklemann1 8,wes5 und ,ursprung des ,eponymats 9 ,assyri510 ,zeits*rift fr ,assyriologie1 xvi4 7#aijb7 pp4 #cia sqq42 ,h4 ,zimm]n1 9 ,e4 ,s*rad]'s ,die ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t#c 7,b]l91 #aijb71 pp4 #cgj sq41 #cgd1 #chd n4#d1 #djb1 #ead sqq42 id41 8,zum ,babylonis*5 ,neujahrsfe/10 ,b]i*te b] die ,v]h&lung5 d] knigli* ,s*sis*5 ,gesells*aft d] ,wiss5s*aft5 zu ,leipzig1 ,philologis*-hi/oris*e ,klasse1 lviii4 7#aijf7 pp4 #abf-aef2 ,m4 ,j4 ,lagrange1 tudes sur les ,religions ,smitiques#b 7,p>is1 #aije72 pp4 #bhe sqq4 ,k+ ,gudea is ?\ght to h fl\ri%$ ab\t #bcdj ,b4,c4 ,see ,ed4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]tums1#b i4 #b4 7,/uttg>t & ,b]l91 #aiji7 pp4 #dhh sq4 ,z to ! c]emony ( grasp+ ! h&s ( ,m>duk's image1 see also ,c4 ,f4 ,lehmann 7-,haupt71 amaumuk91 ,knig von ,babyloni5 7,leipsic1 #ahib71 pp4 #ej sqq42 ,sir ,g4 ,masp]o1 ,hi/oire ,anci5ne des ,peuples de l',ori5t ,classique1 iii4 ,les ,empires 7,p>is1 #ahii74 pp4 #cha sq4 ,m#bgf ,reasons = id5tify+ ! ,sacaea ) ,zakmuk4 #had ,on ?is subject ! ,ma/] ( ,/4 ,ca?>9e's ,college1 ,cambridge 7! ,rev4 ,c4 ,h4 ,w4 ,johns71 has k9dly furni%$ me ) ! foll[+ note3 8,,zag is ! "n ( ! ideogram mean+ #8head or beg9n+4' ,,mu is ! sign = #8ye>4' ,:5 put toge!r ,,zag-,,mu means #8beg9n+ ( ye>4' ,b ,,zag-,,mu-,,ku means ,,zag ,,mu-d1 i4e4 ,,zag ) ,,mu suffix$4 ,!re=e x is ! "n ( ! ideogram1 & !re is z yet no pro( t x 0 ev] read ,zakmuk4 ,h5ce any simil>ity ( s\nd ) ei!r ,sacaea or ,zoganes is prec>i\s4 ,i _c prove t ! signs 7 nev] read ,zakmuku1 b t is n a ,semitic ^w nor a ,sum]ian ^w40 #hae ,! /atem5t occurs 9 an inscription ( ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,see ,p4 ,j5s51 ,die ,kosmologie d] ,babyloni]1 p4 #he2 ,h4 ,zimm]n1 9 ,e4 ,s*rad]'s ,die ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t#c 7,b]l91 #aijb71 p4 #djb4 ,! title ( ! presid5t ( ! div9e synod1 8k+ ( ! gods ( heav5 & e>?10 is believ$ by ,pr(essor ,zimm]n to h orig9ally ref]r$ to ! god ,nabu1 ?\gh at a lat] "t x 0 appli$ to ,m>duk4 ,m#bgg ,a difficulty 9 id5tify+ ! ,sacaea ) ,zakmuk is t ! two fe/ivals seem to h be5 celebrat$ at diff]5t times ( ! ye>1 ,zakmuk fall+ 9 ,m>* & ! ,sacaea 9 ,july4 ,sugge/$ ways ( meet+ ! difficulty4 #haf ,see ,! ,dy+ ,god1 p4 #aaf note #a4 ,9 ,egypt ! ,mac$onian cal5d> seems to h fall5 into great confusion4 ,see ,w4 ,ditt5b]g]1 ,ori5tis ,graeci ,inscriptiones ,selectae 7,leipsic1 #aijc-aije71 ii4 pp4 #fdi sq4 ,i w\ld rem9d ! read] t :ile ! dates ( ! ,syro-,mac$onian mon?s v>i$ 9 diff]5t places1 _! ord] 0 ! same ev]y:]e4 #hag ,see above1 p4 #cee1 note #e4 ,on ! o!r h& ,pr(4 ,h4 ,zimm]n pref]s to suppose t ! ,sacaea 0 q di/9ct f ,zakmuk1 & t x fell 9 ,july at ! "t ( ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius1 :i* seems to h be5 associat$ ) ! goddess ,i%t>4 ,see ,h4 ,zimm]n1 9 ,e4 ,s*rad]'s ,die ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t#c 7,b]l91 #aijb71 pp4 #dbf sq4 #hah ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 s4v4 8,ye>10 vol4 iv4 7,london1 #aijc7 coll4 #ecfe sqq4 #hai ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #ei sqq4 #hbj ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ,second ,edition1 iii4 #bcg sqq4 #hba ,j4 ,m>qu>dt1 ,rmis*e ,/aatsv]waltung#b 7,leipsic1 #ahhe71 pp4 #bjj sq4 ,m#bgh ,an argum5t = id5tify+ ,sacaea & ,zakmuk is ! app>5t connexion ( bo? ) ! ,jewi% fe/ival ( ,purim4 #hbb ,h4 ,zimm]n1 8,zur ,frage na* dem ,ursprunge des ,purimfe/es10 ,zeits*rift fr die altte/am5tli*e ,wiss5s*aft1 xi4 7#ahia7 pp4 #aeg-afi2 ,w4 ,n[ack1 ,lehrbu* d] hebris*5 ,ar*ologie 7,freiburg i4 ,b4 & ,leipsic1 #ahid71 ii4 #aih sqq42 ,br4 ,meissn]1 8,zur ,ent/ehungsges*i*te des ,purimfe/es10 ,zeits*rift d] deuts*5 morg5lndis*5 ,gesells*aft1 l4 7#ahif7 pp4 #bif-cja2 ,fr4 ,cumont1 8,le roi des ,saturnales10 ,revue de ,philologie1 xxi4 7#ahig7 p4 #aej2 ,p4 ,haupt1 ,purim 7,leipsic1 #aijf74 ,! v>i\s !ories :i* h be5 prop\nd$ z to ! orig9 ( ,purim are /at$ & discuss$ by ,pr(4 ,l4 ,b4 ,paton 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,book ( ,e/h] 7,ed9burgh1 #aijh71 pp4 #gg-id4 ,see also ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 s4v4 8,purim10 vol4 iii4 7,london1 #aijb7 coll4 #cigf sqq4 #hbc ,s4 ,r4 ,driv]1 ,introduction to ! ,lit]ature ( ! ,old ,te/am5t#h 7,ed9burgh1 #aiji71 p4 #dhd4 ,pr(essor ,t4 ,witton ,davies w\ld date ! book ab\t #acj ,b4,c4 ,see ,ezra1 ,nehemiah & ,e/h]1 edit$ by ,rev4 ,t4 ,witton ,davies 7,ed9burgh & ,london1 ,n4,d471 pp4 #bii-cja 7,! ,c5tury ,bible74 #hbd #b ,maccabees xv4 #cf4 ,z to ! date ( ?is book1 see ,s4 ,r4 ,driv]1 op4 cit4 p4 #dha4 ,m#bgi ,! ,jewi% fe/ival ( ,purim seems to be d]iv$ f ! ,babylonian fe/ival ( ,zakmuk4 #hbe ,we "k f ,josephus 7,antiquit4 iii4 #aj4 #e7 t 9 ! mon? ,nisan1 ! fir/ mon? ( ! ,jewi% ye>1 ! sun 0 9 ,aries4 ,n[ ! sun is 9 ,aries f ,m>* #bj? or #ba/ to ,april #ai? or #bj?2 h5ce ,nisan answ]s approximately to ,april1 & ,ad> to ,m>*4 #hbf ,e/h] iii4 #g4 #hbg ,e/h] iii4 #g1 ix4 #bf4 #hbh ,?is is ! view ( ,h4 ,zimm]n 7,zeits*rift fr die altte/am5tli*e ,wiss5s*aft1 xi4 7#ahia7 pp4 #aeg sqq471 & x is fav\r$ by ,w4 ,n[ack 7,lehrbu* d] hebris*5 ,ar*ologie1 ii4 #aih sq474 ,comp>e ,h4 ,zimm]n1 9 ,e4 ,s*rad]'s ,die ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t#c 7,b]l91 #aijb71 p4 #eah4 #hbi ,p4 ,j5s51 ,die ,kosmologie d] ,babyloni]1 pp4 #bdj sq4 #hcj ,! explanation is t ( ,p4 ,j5s51 quot$ by ,?4 ,nldeke 9 ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 s4v4 8,e/h]10 vol4 ii4 7,london1 #aija7 col4 #adjd note #a4 ,9 ,greek1 = a simil> reason1 ! ^w = 8pebble0 & 8vote0 is id5tical 774 ,z to ?is etymology see also ,c4 ,h4 ,w4 ,johns1 s4v4 8,purim10 ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 iii4 7,london1 #aijb7 coll4 #cigi sq4 ,m#bhj ,connexion ( ,purim ) ! ,sacaea4 ,! joy\s nature ( ,purim4 #hca ,e/h] x4 #bb4 #hcb ,j4 ,buxtorf1 ,synagoga ,judaica 7,ble1 #affa71 pp4 #eed sq41 #eei sq4 #hcc ,j4 ,buxtorf1 op4 cit4 p4 #eei2 ,s*ick>d1 quot$ by ,lag>de1 8,purim10 ,abh&lung5 d] kn4 ,gesells*aft d] ,wiss5s*aft5 zu ,gtt+51 xxxiv4 7#ahhg7 pp4 #ed sq4 ,comp>e ,j4 ,*r4 ,g4 ,bod5s*atz1 ,kir*li*e ,v]fassung d] heutig5 ,jud5 7,erlang51 #agdh71 ii4 #bef4 ,= ! rule =bidd+ m5 & wom5 to ex*ange g>m5ts1 see ,deut]onomy xxii4 #e4 #hcd ,j4 ,j4 ,s*udt1 ,jdis*e ,m]kwrdigkeit5 7,frank=t & ,leipsic1 #agad71 ii4 ,!il1 pp4 #cji1 #cad1 #caf1 iv4 ,!iles die ii4 ,cont9uation1 p4 #cdg2 ,i4 ,abrahams1 ,jewi% ,life 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7,london1 #ahif71 pp4 #bfa sqq4 ,i h to ?ank my le>n$ fri5d ,dr4 ,s4 ,s*e*t] = br++ bo? ^! works to my notice4 ,m#bha ,! orig9 ( ,purim accord+ to ! book ( ,e/h]4 ,! rival pairs ,mordecai & ,e/h] on ! "o side1 ,haman & ,va%ti on ! o!r4 ,m#bhb ,analysis ( ! names ,mordecai & ,e/h]1 ,haman & ,va%ti4 ,j5s5's !ory t ,haman & ,va%ti 7 ,elamite deities 9 opposition to ! ,babylonian deities ,mordecai 7,m>duk7 & ,e/h] 7,i%t>74 #hce ,p4 ,j5s51 8,elamitis*e ,eig5nam510 ,wi5] ,zeits*rift fr die ,kunde des ,morg5l&es1 vi4 7#ahib7 pp4 #dg-gj2 comp>e ib4 pp4 #bji-bab4 ,all ,j5s5's etymologies are accept$ by ,w4 ,n[ack 7,lehrbu* d] hebris*5 ,ar*ologie1 ,freiburg i4 ,bad5 & ,leipsic1 #ahid1 ii4 #aii sq472 ,h4 ,gunkel 7,s*pfung und ,*aos1 ,gtt+51 #ahie1 pp4 #caj sq472 ,d4 ,g4 ,wildebo] 79 8 comm5t>y on ,e/h]1 pp4 #agc sqq41 =m+ "p ( ,k4 ,m>ti's ,kurz] ,h&-,comm5t> zum alt5 ,te/am5t1 ,freiburg i4 ,b4 #ahih72 ,?4 ,nldeke 7s4v4 8,e/h]10 ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 vol4 ii4 coll4 #adjd sq472 & ,h4 ,zimm]n 79 ,e4 ,s*rad]'s ,die ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t1#c ,b]l91 #aijb1 pp4 #dhe1 #eaf sq474 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,br4 ,meissn] 7,zeits*rift d] deuts*5 morg5lndis*5 ,gesells*aft1 ,i4 7#ahif7 p4 #cja7 & ,m4 ,ja/r[ 7,! ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 p4 #fhf1 note #b7 susp5d _! judgm5t z to ! id5tification ( ,haman & ,va%ti ) ,elamite deities1 ?\gh !y app>5tly reg>d ! id5tification ( ,mordecai & ,e/h] ) ,m>duk & ,i%t> z q c]ta94 ,! d\bt :i* ^! s*ol>s felt z to ! d]ivation ( "o at lea/ ( ^! names 7,va%ti7 is n[ kn[n to be well f\nd$4 ,see bel[1 p4 #cfg1 note #c4 ,x des]ves to be not$ t on ! tw5ty-sev5? day ( ! mon? ,tammuz ! hea!n ( ,h>ran us$ to sacrifice n9e male lambs to ,haman1 8! supreme ,god1 ! fa!r ( ! gods10 & !y ate & drank on t day4 ,*wolsohn sugge/s a comp>ison ( ! fe/ival ) ! ,a!nian ,cronia4 ,see ,d4 ,*wolsohn1 ,die ,ssabi] und d] ,ssabismus 7,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahef71 ii4 #bg sq41 #baa sqq4 #hcf ,?4 ,nldeke1 s4v4 8,e/h]10 9 ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 vol4 ii4 7,london1 #aija7 coll4 #adje4 ,b 9 a lett]1 writt5 to me 7#bj? ,may #aija7 s9ce ! publication ( ! la/ edition ( ?is book1 ,pr(essor ,nldeke expresses a d\bt :e!r he has n foll[$ ,j5s5's my?ological id5tifications 9 ! book ( ,e/h] too f>4 ,m#bhc ,b ! propos$ etymology ( ,va%ti is unt5able4 #hcg 8,! *ange ( m to w or v 7! ,hebrew waw7 is frequ5t & c]ta90 7! ,rev4 ,c4 ,h4 ,w4 ,johns 9 a lett] to me1 ,may #ai?1 #aiac74 ,! *ange is v\*$ = also by my fri5d ,pr(essor ,a4 ,a4 ,bevan1 :o cites z an in/ance ! "n ( ! ,babylonian k+ ,amel-,m>duk1 :i* 9 ,hebrew is *ang$ into ,evil-,m]oda* 7#b ,k+s xxv4 #bg2 ,j]emiah lii4 #ca74 ,see ,e4 ,s*rad]1 ,die ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t#c 7,b]l91 #aijb71 p4 #cif4 #hch ,! "n ( ! ,elamite goddess is read z ,p>ti by ! ,rev4 ,fa!r ,s*eil4 ,see ,e4 ,cosqu91 ,le ,prologue-cadre des ,mille et ,une ,nuits1 les ,lg5des ,p]ses1 et le ,livre d',e/h] 7,p>is1 #aiji71 p4 #fh 7extract f ! ,revue ,biblique ,int]nationale1 ,janvi] et ,avril1 #aiji1 publi%$ by ! ,dom9icans ( ,j]usalem74 ,! ,ma/] ( ,/4 ,ca?>9e's ,college1 ,cambridge 7! ,rev4 ,c4 ,h4 ,w4 ,johns71 has k9dly exam9$ ! facsimile ( ! inscriptions = me4 ,he in=ms me t ,fa!r ,s*eil's read+ is correct & t ! read+ ,ma%ti is q wrong4 ,he fur!r tells me t ,j5s5 0 misl$ by an incorrect edition ( ! inscriptions to :i* alone he _h access4 ,! signs = p> 7or b>7 & ma% 9 ! inscriptions resemble ea* o!r & !re=e might easily be confus$ by a copyi/4 ,all ,j5s5's etymologies1 except t ( ,mordecai1 are adv]sely criticiz$ by ,m4 ,emile ,cosqu9 9 ! "w to :i* ,i h ref]r$ 7pp4 #fg sqq474 ,he pref]s ) ,opp]t to d]ive all ! names except ,mordecai 7! id5tity ( :i* ) ,m>duk he does n dispute7 f ! old ,p]sian4 ,h[ev]1 ^! d]ivations f ! ,p]sian are reject$ by ,pr(essor ,?4 ,nldeke1 ^: op9ion on su* a po9t is entitl$ to c>ry great weight4 ,see ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 ii4 7,london1 #aija7 col4 #adjb1 s4v4 8,e/h]40 ,m#bhd ,! mock k+ ( ! ,sacaea seems to h p]sonat$ a god4 ,! view ( ,mov]s4 #hci ,f4 ,c4 ,mov]s1 ,die ,pho5izi]1 i4 7,bonn1 #ahda7 pp4 #dij sq42 #b ,samuel xvi4 #ba sq41 comp>e xii4 #h4 ,x 0 a well-atte/$ cu/om ( ! ,assyrian k+s1 :5 !y _h conqu]$ a city1 to take into _! h>em ! daught]s ( ! vanqui%$ pr9ces & rul]s4 ,see ,c4 ,f4 ,lehmann 7-,haupt71 amaumutkn ,knig von ,babyloni5 7,leipsic1 #ahib71 p4 #ca4 ,! ,p]sian & ,scy?ian k+s seem also to h m>ri$ ! wives ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,see ,h]odotus1 iii4 #fh & #hh1 iv4 #gh2 ,k4 ,neumann1 ,die ,hell55 im ,sky!nl&e1 i4 7,b]l91 #ahee7 p4 #cja4 ,su* a cu/om po9ts to an old sy/em ( "m-k9 "u :i* ! royal dignity 0 transmitt$ ?r\gh wom54 ,see ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #bfh sqq4 ,m#bhe ,! mock k+ ( ! ,sacaea may h mat$ ) a woman :o play$ ! "p ( a goddess1 :e!r ,anaitis1 ,a/>te1 or ,semiramis4 ,id5tity ( ! my?ical ,semiramis ) ,a/>te4 ,! lov]s ( ,semiramis & ,i%t> 7,a/>te74 #hdj ,ed4 ,mey]1 s4v4 8,anaitis10 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 i4 7,leipsic1 #ahhd-ahij7 coll4 #ceb sq4 ,at ! temple ( ,anaitis 9 ,acilis5a1 a city ( ,arm5ia1 ! daught]s ( ! noble/ families regul>ly pro/itut$ !mselves = a long "t be=e m>riage 7,/rabo1 xi4 #ad4 #af1 p4 #ecb74 ,aga?ias id5tifi$ ,anaitis ) ,aphrodite 7,hi/4 ii4 #bd71 & :5 ! ,greeks spoke ( ! ,ori5tal ,aphrodite1 !y meant ,a/>te or "o ( h] equival5ts4 ,j5s5 proposes to id5tify ,anaitis ) an ,elamite goddess ,nahunt1 :om he takes to h be5 equival5t to ,i%t> or ,a/>te1 especially 9 h] quality ( ! ,ev5+ ,/>4 ,see 8 article1 8,elamitis*e ,eig5nam510 ,wi5] ,zeits*rift fr die ,kunde des ,morg5l&es1 vi4 7#ahib7 pp4 #fd-fg1 #gj4 #hda ,diodorus ,siculus1 ii4 #bj2 ,aelian1 ,v>4 ,hi/4 vii4 #a4 #hdb ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 8,ctesias & ! ,semiramis ,leg5d10 ,engli% ,hi/orical ,review1 ii4 7#ahhg7 pp4 #cjc-cag4 ,among/ o!r evid5ce1 ,smi? ref]s to ,diodorus ,siculus1 f ^: acc\nt 7ii4 #d7 ( ! bir? ( ,semiramis he inf]s t %e 8is ! daught] ( ,d]ceto1 ! fi% goddess ( ,ascalon1 & is h]self ! ,a/>te ^: sacr$ doves 7 hon\r$ at ,ascalon & ?r\gh\t ,syria40 ,x seems probable t ! leg5d>y ,semiramis is to be id5tifi$ ) ,%ammuramat1 ! 8palace wife0 ( ,samsi-,adad1 k+ ( ,assyria1 & "m ( ,k+ ,adad-,nir>i2 %e liv$ t[>ds ! end ( ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c41 & is kn[n to u f ,assyrian inscriptions4 ,see ,c4 ,f4 ,lehmann-,haupt1 ,die hi/oris*e ,semiramis und ihre ,zeit 7,tb+51 #aiaj71 pp4 #a sqq42 id41 s4v4 8,semiramis10 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexicon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 iv4 coll4 #fgh sqq4 #hdc ,/rabo1 xii4 #c4 #cg1 p4 #eei1 comp>e xi4 #h4 #d1 p4 #eab4 ,zela is ! mod]n ,zileh1 a t[n ( ab\t #bj1jjj inhabitants clu/]$ at ! foot ( ! s-call$ m\nd ( ,semiramis1 :i* is an inconsid]able protub]ance ( natural rock cr[n$ by ! walls ( an old citadel4 ,! place is s+ul>ly de/itute ( anci5t rema9s1 b e ye> 9 ! fir/ =tnight ( ,decemb] a fair is held 9 ! t[n1 to :i* m]*ants come n only f ! :ole ( ,asia ,m9or1 b also f ! ,caucasus1 ,arm5ia1 & ,p]sia4 ,?is fair may v well be a direct desc5dant ( a great fe/ival held 9 hon\r ( ,anaitis or ,a/>te4 ,see ,g4 ,p]rot et ,*4 ,*ipiez1 ,hi/oire de l',art dans l',antiquit1 iv4 7,p>is1 #ahhg7 p4 #fdi2 ,f4 ,cumont et ,e4 ,cumont1 ,voyage d',exploration ar*ologique dans le ,pont et la ,petite ,armnie 7,brussels1 #aijf71 pp4 #ahh sqq4 #hdd ,b]osus1 cit$ by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,protrept4 v4 #fe1 p4 #eg ed4 ,pott] 7:]e = we %\ld read 1 z is done by ,c4 ,mll]1 ,fragm5ta ,hi/oricorum ,graecorum1 ii4 #eji74 #hde ,/rabo1 xi4 #h4 #d1 p4 #eab1 xii4 #c4 #cg1 p4 #eei4 ,! nature ( ! at ,zela is indicat$ by ,/rabo 9 a passage 7xii4 #c4 #cf7 :]e he describes a simil> /ate ( ?+s at ,comana1 a city n f> f ,zela4 ,8 words are 1 4 #hdf ,h]odotus1 i4 #ahd2 ,/rabo1 xvi4 i4 #b1 p4 #gcg2 ,diodorus ,siculus1 ii4 #ad4 #hdg ,ctesias1 cit$ by ,john ( ,antio*1 9 ,c4 ,mll]'s ,fragm5ta ,hi/oricorum ,graecorum1 iv4 #eci4 #hdh ,diodorus ,siculus1 ii4 #ac4 ,note t ! fir/ husb& ( ,semiramis is said to h hang$ himself 7,diodorus ,siculus1 ii4 #f74 ,m#bhf ,! sacr$ h>lots ( ,i%t>4 #hdi ,a4 ,j]emias1 ,izdub>-,nimrod1 7,leipsic1 #ahia71 pp4 #bc sqq42 ,m4 ,ja/r[1 ,! ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria 7,bo/on1 ,u4,s4,a41 #ahih71 p4 #dhb2 ,l4 ,w4 ,k+1 ,babylonian ,religion & ,my?ology 7,london1 #ahii71 pp4 #aei sqq42 ,p4 ,j5s51 ,assyris*-,babylonis*e ,my!n und ,ep5 7,b]l91 #aijj71 pp4 #afi1 #aga2 ,r4 ,f4 ,h>p]1 ,assyrian & ,babylonian ,lit]ature 7,new ,york1 #aija71 pp4 #cch sq42 ,das ,gilgames*-,epos1 neu b]setzt von ,ar?ur ,ungnad und geme9v]/ndli* erklrt von ,hugo ,gressmann 7,gtt+51 #aiaa71 pp4 #ca sq4 ,! true "n ( ! ,babylonian h]o1 :i* us$ to be read z ,izdub>1 has be5 f\nd to be ,gilgame%4 ,see ,m4 ,ja/r[1 op4 cit4 pp4 #dfh sq42 ,h4 ,zimm]n1 9 ,e4 ,s*rad]'s ,die ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t#c 7,b]l91 #aijb71 p4 #eff note #d2 ,a4 ,ungnad1 ,das ,gilgames*-,epos1 pp4 #gf sq4 ,aelian m5tions 7,de natura animalium1 xii4 #ba7 a ,babylonian k+1 ,gilgamus1 ^: "n is d\btless id5tical ) t ( ! h]o4 #hej ,a4 ,j]emias1 op4 cit4 pp4 #ei sq42 ,m4 ,ja/r[1 op4 cit4 pp4 #dge sq41 #dhd sq42 ,h]odotus1 i4 #aii4 ,! "n :i* ,h]odotus gives to ! goddess is ,mylitta1 b ?is is only a corruption ( "o ( h] ,semitic titles1 :e!r ,baala? 7,hebrew 7 8mi/ress10 or p]haps r ,mullittu1 f ,mu'allidtu 7,hebrew 71 8%e :o helps to ! bir?40 ,see ,e4 ,mey]1 s4v4 8,a/>te10 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,ros*]'s ,lexicon d] grie*4 und rm4 ,my?ologie1 i4 #fdh2 ,h4 ,zimm]n1 9 ,e4 ,s*rad]'s ,die ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t#c 7,b]l91 #aijb71 p4 #dbc note #g4 ,! female 8vot>ies ( ,m>duk0 are repeat$ly m5tion$ 9 ! code ( ,hammurabi4 ,see ,c4 ,h4 ,w4 ,johns1 ,babylonian & ,assyrian ,laws1 ,contracts1 & ,lett]s 7,ed9burgh1 #aijd71 pp4 #ed1 #ee1 #ei1 #fj1 #fa2 ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 p4 #fc4 ,m#bhg ,! my? ( ,i%t> 7,a/>te7 & h] lov]s act$ at ! ,sacaea 9 ,zela4 #hea ,along ) ,anaitis at ,zela !re 7 wor%ipp$ two deities nam$ ,omanos & ,anadates2 ,/rabo says t !y 7 ,p]sian div9ities1 & c]ta9ly _! ritual z describ$ by him 0 purely ,p]sian4 ,see ,/rabo1 xi4 #h4 #d1 p4 #eab1 xv4 #c4 #ae1 p4 #gcc2 ,franz ,cumont1 ,les ,religions ori5tales dans le ,paganisme roma9#b 7,p>is1 #aiji71 pp4 #bad sq4 ,x has be5 propos$ to id5tify _! names1 fir/1 ) ^? ( ! two ,p]sian ar*angels 7,am%asp&s71 ,vohumano or ,vohu ,manah 78,good ,?\ght07 & ,am]ett 78,immortality071 &1 second1 ) ^? ( ,haman & 8 fa!r ,hamm$a?a 9 ! book ( ,e/h] 7iii4 #a74 ,9 ord] to support ! id5tification ( ,anadates ) ,am]ett & ,hamm$a?a x has be5 fur!r propos$ to alt] ,anadates into ,amadates or ,am>dates 9 ! text ( ,/rabo1 :i* w\ld assimilate ! "n to ,amurdd1 a late =m ( ,am]ett4 ,see ,p4 ,j5s51 ,hittit] und ,arm5i] 7,/rasburg1 #ahih71 p4 #aha2 ,franz ,cumont1 ,textes et ,monum5ts figurs relatifs aux ,my/res de ,mi?ra1 i4 7,brussels1 #ahii7 pp4 #acj1 #aca2 ,h4 ,w9ckl]1 ,altori5talis*e ,=s*ung51 ,dritte ,reihe1 i4 7,leipsic1 #aija7 p4 #d2 ,h4 ,zimm]n1 9 ,e4 ,s*rad]'s ,die ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t#c 7,b]l91 #aijb71 p4 #eaf note #c2 ,p4 ,haupt1 ,purim 7,leipsic1 #aijf71 p4 #bf2 ,l4 ,b4 ,paton1 ,critical & ,exegetical ,comm5t>y on ! ,book ( ,e/h] 7,ed9burgh1 #aijh71 pp4 #hh1 #ib4 ,z to ! ,p]sian ar*angels 7,am%asp&s7 see ,c4 ,p4 ,tiele1 ,ges*i*te d] ,religion im ,alt]tum 7,go?a1 #ahif-aijc71 ii4 #bjj sqq42 ,l4 ,h4 ,gray1 8,! ,d\ble ,nature ( ! ,iranian ,ar*angels10 ,ar*iv fr ,religionswiss5s*aft1 vii4 7#aijd7 pp4 #cde sqq42 ,j4 ,h4 ,m\lton1 ,e>ly ,religi\s ,poetry ( ,p]sia 7,cambridge1 #aiaa71 pp4 #eh sqq4 ,b ap>t f ! philological difficulty creat$ by ! =cible alt]ation ( ,/rabo's text 9 ord] to br+ x into con=mity ) ! !ory1 x is difficult to see h[ ! highly ab/ract conceptions ( ! ar*angels 8,good ,?\ght0 & 8,immortality0 c\ld h pass$ into ! highly concrete & by no means angelic figures ( ,haman & ,hamm$a?a4 ,?is latt] difficulty has be5 po9t$ out to me 9 a lett] 7#h? ,june1 #aija7 by my fri5d ! ,rev4 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,h4 ,m\lton1 :o fur!r in=ms me t 9 ,p]sian religion ,vohu ,manah is nev] l9k$ ) ,am]ett1 :]eas ,am]ett is con/antly l9k$ ) ano!r ar*angel ,haurvatt 78,heal?074 ,pr(essor ,!odor ,nldeke 9 a lett] to me 7#bj? ,may1 #aija7 also expresses himself sceptical z to ! propos$ id5tifications2 he tells me t ! "n ( a ,p]sian god _c end 9 data1 j z ! "n ( a ,greek god _c end 9 - or -4 ,on ! :ole x seems bett] to leave ,omanos & ,anadates out ( ! pres5t discussion4 ,m#bhh ,su* sacr$ dramas are magical rites int5d$ to influ5ce ! c\rse ( nature4 ,m#bhi ,magical int5tion ( sacr$ dramas & mask$ dances among savages4 ,m#bij ,mask$ dances among ! ,indians ( ,nor?-,we/ ,am]ica4 #heb ,franz ,boas1 8,! ,social ,organization & ! ,secret ,societies ( ! ,kwakiutl ,indians10 ,report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum = #ahie 7,wa%+ton1 #ahig71 p4 #cif4 #hec ,franz ,boas1 op4 cit4 pp4 #dbj sq4 ,! description applies specially to ! mask$ dances ( ! ,kwakiutl tribe1 b probably x holds good = ! simil> dances ( ! o!r ,indian tribes on ! same coa/4 ,?us among ! ,bella ,coola ,indians 8! masks us$ 9 ! dances repres5t my?ical p]sonages1 & ! dances are pantomimic repres5tations ( my?s4 ,among o!rs1 ! ?und] bird & 8 s]vant 444 appe> 9 ! dances0 7,f4 ,boas1 op4 cit4 p4 #fea74 ,m#bia ,^! mask$ dances repres5t my?ical incid5ts & are suppos$ to h be5 reveal$ to ! ,indians by _! gu>dian spirits4 #hed ,tamanawas or taman\s is a ,*9ook t]m signify+ 8gu>dian spirits40 ,see ,totemism & ,exogamy1 iii4 #dje sqq4 #hee ,james ,g4 ,swan1 ,! ,indians ( ,cape ,flatt]y1 p4 #ff1 quot$ by ,franz ,boas1 op4 cit4 pp4 #fcg sq4 ,m#bib ,gods or spirits p]sonat$ by ! actors 9 ! mask$ dances4 ,m#bic ,! dances accompani$ by songs4 #hef ,j4 ,adrian ,jacobs51 8,geheimbnde d] ,k/5bewohn] ,nordwe/-,am]ica's10 ,v]h&lung5 d] ,b]l9] ,gesells*aft fr ,an?ropologie1 ,e?nologie und ,urges*i*te 7#ahia71 pp4 #chd sq4 ,! passage has be5 already quot$ by me 9 ,totemism & ,exogamy1 iii4 #ejj-ejb4 ,m#bid ,spirits p]sonat$ by mask$ p]=m]s among ! ,esquimaux ( ,b]+ ,/rait4 ,m#bie ,! animal masks worn by ! actors4 ,m#bif ,id5tification ( ! mask$ actor ) ! my?ical be+ :om he repres5ts4 #heg ,z to ! belief ( ^! ,esquimaux t at ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,dead ! spirits ( ! dep>t$ ent] into & animate _! human namesakes1 see ,taboo & ! ,p]ils ( ! ,s\l1 p4 #cga4 #heh ,e4 ,w4 ,nelson1 8,! ,eskimo ab\t ,b]+ ,/rait10 ,eighte5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology1 ,"p i4 7,wa%+ton1 #ahii7 pp4 #cid sq4 ,m#big ,dramatic c]emonies ( ! ,cora ,indians ( ,mexico 9 :i* ! actors p]sonate gods4 ,mask$ dances ( ! ,brazilian ,indians to ensure f]tility & abundance4 #hei ,k4 ,?4 ,preuss1 ,die ,nay>it ,exp$ition1 ,i4 ,die ,religion d] ,cora ,indian] 7,leipsic1 #aiab71 pp4 xcii4 sqq41 xcv4 sqq4 #hfj ,?4 ,ko*-,grnb]g1 ,zwei ,jahre unt] d5 ,indian]n 7,b]l91 #aiji-aiaj71 i4 #acj-adj1 ii4 #afi-bja4 ,! passage translat$ 9 ! text occurs 9 vol4 ii4 p4 #aif4 ,m#bih ,mask$ dances ( ! ,monumbo 9 ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea4 ,mask$ dances ( ! ,kayans ( ,borneo4 #hfa ,f4 ,vormann1 8,tnze und ,tanzfe/li*keit5 d] ,monumbo-,papua 7,deuts*-,neugu9ea710 ,an?ropos1 vi4 7#aiaa7 pp4 #dae sq41 #dah sqq41 #dbf sq4 #hfb ,a4 ,w4 ,nieuw5huis1 ,qu] dur* ,borneo 7,leyd51 #aijd-aijg71 i4 #cbd4 ,z to ^! masqu]ades ( ! ,kayans see ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 i4 #ie sq41 #ahf sq4 ,m#bii ,dramatic p]=mances ( ! ,sea ,dyaks ( ,borneo1 9 :i* ! actor p]sonates a god4 #hfc ,rev4 ,j4 ,p]ham1 8,m5gap1 ! ,song ( ! ,dyak ,sea ,fea/10 ,j\rnal ( ! ,/raits ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,no4 #b 7,s+apore1 ,decemb]1 #ahgh71 pp4 #abc sq41 #acd2 ,h4 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,! ,natives ( ,s>awak & ,briti% ,nor? ,borneo 7,london1 #ahif71 ii4 #agd sq41 #ahc4 ,comp>e ,e4 ,h4 ,gomes1 ,sev5te5 ,ye>s among ! ,sea ,dyaks ( ,borneo 7,london1 #aiaa71 pp4 #bac sq43 8,?is song ( ! head fea/ takes ! =m ( a /ory sett+ =? h[ ! my?ical h]o ,kli5g held a head fea/ on 8 return f ! w>pa?1 & invit$ ! god ( w>1 ,s+alang ,burong1 to att5d x4 ,x describes at great l5g? all t happ5$ on t occasion4 ,! s++ ( ?is song takes up ! :ole night4 ,x beg9s be=e #h ,p4,m41 & la/s till next morn+4 ,except = a %ort int]val = re/ 9 ! middle ( ! night1 ! p]=m]s are m>*+ & s++ all ! "t40 ,on ! ?ird day ( ! fe/ival ! p g out on ! op5-air plat=m 9 front ( ! h\se & sacrifice a pig4 8,! p %\t toge!r 7manjong7 at %ort int]vals until a hawk is se5 fly+ 9 ! heav5s4 ,t hawk is ,s+alang ,burong1 :o has tak5 t =m to manife/ himself to !m4 ,he has accept$ _! (f]+s & has he>d _! cry0 7,e4 ,h4 ,gomes1 op4 cit4 p4 #bad74 ,m#cjj ,religi\s or magical orig9 ( ! drama4 #hfd ,a4 ,e4 ,haigh1 ,! ,attic ,!atre 7,ox=d1 #ahhi71 pp4 #d sqq1 ,! religi\s orig9 ( ,greek trag$y is ma9ta9$ by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,ridgeway 7,! ,orig9 ( ,trag$y1 ,cambridge1 #aiaj71 b he f9ds its imm$iate inspiration 9 ! wor%ip ( ! dead r ?an 9 ! wor%ip ( ,dionysus4 #hfe ,h4 ,old5b]g1 ,die ,lit]atur des alt5 ,indi5 7,/uttg>t & ,b]l91 #aijc71 pp4 #bcf sqq4 ,pr(essor ,old5b]g holds t ! evolution ( ! ,indian drama 0 probably n influ5c$ by t ( ,greece4 ,m#cja ,! repres5tation ( my?ical be+s by liv+ m5 & wom5 may furni% a common gr\nd :]e two rival s*ools ( my?ology c meet & be reconcil$4 ,m#cjb ,! leg5d ( ,semiramis & h] lov]s a duplicate ( ! my? ( ,aphrodite & ,adonis1 ( ,cybele & ,attis1 ( ,isis & ,osiris4 #hff ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #bci sq4 #hfg ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #ig sqq4 ,m#cjc ,s>danapalus & ,a%urbanapal4 ,! leg5d>y dea? ( ,s>danapalus 9 ! fire4 #hfh ,c4 ,p4 ,tiele1 ,babylonis*-,assyris*e ,ges*i*te 7,go?a1 #ahhf-ahhh71 pp4 #cea sqq42 ,m4 ,ja/r[1 ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria 7,bo/on1 ,u4,s4,a41 #ahih71 p4 #dc2 ,sir ,g4 ,masp]o1 ,hi/oire ,anci5ne des ,peuples de l',ori5t ,classique1 iii4 ,les ,empires 7,p>is1 #ahii71 pp4 #cgh sqq42 ,c4 ,f4 ,h>p]1 ,assyrian & ,babylonian ,lit]ature 7,new ,york1 #aija71 pp4 #id sqq4 #hfi ,a!naeus1 xii4 #ch sq41 pp4 #ebh ,f-#ecj ,c2 ,diodorus ,siculus1 ii4 #bc & #bg2 ,ju/91 i4 #c4 ,sev]al diff]5t v]sions ( ! k+'s epitaph h come d[n to u4 ,i h foll[$ ! v]sion ( ,*o]ilus1 ! orig9al ( :i* is said to h be5 c>v$ 9 ,*aldean lett]s on a tomb/one t surm\nt$ a great b>r[ at ,n9eveh4 ,?is b>r[ may1 z ,i sugge/ 9 ! text1 h be5 "o ( ! s-call$ m\nds ( ,semiramis4 ,m#cjd ,! burn+ ( ,s&an1 a my?ical god or h]o ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]'s description ( ! burn+ ( ,s&an4 #hgj ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 xiv4 #h2 ,dio ,*ryso/om1 ,or4 xxxiii4 p4 #djh 7vol4 ii4 p4 #af ed4 ,l4 ,d9dorf1 ,leipsic1 #aheg74 ,co9s ( ,t>sus exhibit ! effigy on ! pyre1 :i* seems to be compos$ ( a pyramid ( great beams re/+ on a cubical base4 ,see ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 8,s&on und ,s>danapal10 ,kun/>*ologis*e ,w]ke 7,b]l91 #ahgc71 iii4 #h sqq41 ^: valuable essay ,i foll[4 ,= full] details see ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #ia sqq41 #aci sqq4 #hga ,aga?ias1 ,hi/4 ii4 #bd4 #hgb ,joannes ,lydus1 ,de magi/ratibus1 iii4 #fd2 ,apollodorus1 ,biblio!ca1 ii4 #f4 #b sq42 ,lucian1 ,dial4 deorum1 xiii4 #b4 #hgc ,k4 ,o4 ,mll]1 8,s&on und ,s>danapal10 ,kun/>*ologis*e ,w]ke 7,b]l91 #ahgc71 iii4 #af sq4 ,! writ] adds t !re is au?ority = e /roke 9 ! picture4 ,8 pr9cipal s\rce is ! sixty-second spee* ( ,dio ,*ryso/om 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bjb ed4 ,l4 ,d9dorf71 :]e ! unmanly ,s>danapalus1 seat$ cross-legg$ on a gild$ c\* ) purple hang+s1 is comp>$ to 8! ,adonis = :om ! wom5 wail40 ,m#cje ,dea? 9 ! fire ( m5 :o p]sonate gods or h]oes4 #hgd ,h]odotus1 i4 #g4 #hge ,h]odotus1 i4 #hf sq41 ) ,j4 ,c4 ,f4 ,bhr's note4 ,accord+ to ano!r & p]haps m probable tradition ! k+ s\ght a volunt>y dea? 9 ! flames4 ,see ,bac*ylides1 iii4 #bd-fb2 ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #ada sqq4 #hgf ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #da sq4 #hgg ,sophocles1 ,tra*9iae1 #aaie sqq43 1 4 ,! passage 0 po9t$ out to me by my fri5d ! late ,dr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,v]rall4 ,! poet's language sugge/s t ( old a sacr$ fire 0 k9dl$ by ! friction ( oak & wild olive wood1 & t 9 accordance ) a notion common among rude peoples1 "o ( ! pieces ( wood 79 ?is case ! wild olive7 0 reg>d$ z male & ! o!r 7! oak7 z female4 ,on ?is hypo!sis1 ! fire 0 k9dl$ by drill+ a hole 9 a piece ( oak ) a /ick ( wild olive4 ,z to ! diff]5t sorts ( wood us$ by ! anci5ts 9 mak+ fire by friction1 see ,a4 ,kuhn1 ,die ,h]abkunft des ,feu]s und des ,gtt]tranks#b 7,gt]sloh1 #ahhf71 pp4 #ce sqq42 ,! ,magic ,art & ! ,evolution ( ,k+s1 ii4 #bdi sqq4 ,9 ,s\? ,africa a special fire is procur$ = sacrifices by ! friction ( two pieces ( ! ,uzwati tree1 :i* are kn[n respectively z husb& & wife4 ,see ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 ii4 #fe4 #hgh ,spirits ( ! ,corn & ( ! ,wild1 ii4 #fh4 #hgi ,f4 ,c4 ,mov]s1 ,die ,pho5izi]1 i4 7,bonn1 #ahda7 p4 #dif4 #hhj ,?is sugge/ion 0 made by ,f4 ,liebre*t1 ,zur ,volkskunde 7,heilbronn1 #ahgi71 p4 #i4 ,x occurr$ to me indep5d5tly4 #hha ,lucian1 ,de dea ,syria1 #di4 ,m#cjf ,traces ( human sacrifice 9 ! ,jewi% fe/ival ( ,purim2 effigies ( ,haman burnt4 #hhb ,codex ,!odosianus1 ,lib4 ,,xvi4 ,tit4 viii4 #ah3 8,judaeos quodam fe/ivitatis suae soll5i ,aman ad po5ae quondam recordationem inc5d]e1 et sanctae crucis adsimulatam speciem 9 contemptu ,*ri/ianae fidei sacrilega m5te exur]e prov9ci>um rectores prohibeant3 ne locis suis fidei no/rae signum immisceant1 s$ ritus suos infra contemptum ,*ri/ianae legis ret9eant3 amissuri s9e dubio p]missa hact5us1 nisi ab inlicitis temp]av]9t40 ,! decree is dat$ at ,con/ant9ople1 9 ! consul%ip ( ,bassus & ,philip4 ,= locis we %\ld probably read jocis ) ,momms54 #hhc ,fr4 ,cumont1 8,une =mule grecque de r5onciation au judasme10 ,wi5] ,/udi51 xxiv4 7#aijb7 p4 #dfh4 ,! 8,*ri/ian fa/0 ref]r$ to 9 ! =mula is no d\bt ,l5t4 ,! m5tion ( ! ,jewi% ,sabba? 7! ,*ri/ian ,saturday7 raises a difficulty1 :i* has be5 po9t$ out by ! editor1 ,franz ,cumont1 9 a note 7p4 #dgj73 8,! fe/ival ( ,purim 0 celebrat$ on ! #ad? ( ,ad>1 t is1 9 ,febru>y or ,m>*1 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,l5t2 b t fe/ival1 ! date ( :i* is fix$ 9 ! ,jewi% cal5d>1 does n always fall on a ,saturday4 ,ei!r ! au?or made a mi/ake or ! civil au?ority oblig$ ! ,jews to transf] _! rejoic+s to a ,sabba?0 7,saturday74 #hhd ,israel ,abrahams1 ,! ,book ( ,delight & o!r ,pap]s 7,philadelphia1 #aiab71 pp4 #bff sq4 ,mr4 ,abrahams +5i\sly sugge/s 7op4 cit4 pp4 #bfg sq47 t ! r+ wav$ ov] ! fire 0 an emblem ( ! sun1 & t ! k9dl+ ( ! ,purim fires 0 orig9ally a c]emony ( imitative magic to ensure a supply ( sol> light & heat4 #hhe ,albrn1 ,! ,*ronology ( ,anci5t ,nations1 translat$ & edit$ by ,dr4 ,c4 ,edw>d ,sa*au 7,london1 #ahgi71 pp4 #bgc sq4 #hhf ,quot$ by ,lag>de1 8,purim10 p4 #ac 7,abh&lung5 d] knigli*5 ,gesells*aft d] ,wiss5s*aft5 zu ,gtt+51 xxxiv4 #ahhg74 #hhg ,m4 ,gdemann1 ,ges*i*te des ,erziehungswes5s und d] ,cultur d] ab5dlndis*5 ,jud5 7,vi5na1 #ahhj-ahhh71 ii4 #baa sq42 ,i4 ,abrahams1 ,jewi% ,life 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7,london1 #ahif71 pp4 #bfj sq4 #hhh ,j4 ,j4 ,s*udt1 ,jdis*e ,m]kwrdigkeit5 7,frank=t & ,leipsic1 #agad71 ii4 ,!il1 p4 #cji4 ,m#cjg ,accusations ( ritual murd] br\ght aga9/ ! ,jews4 ,! accusations probably false4 #hhi ,socrates1 ,hi/oria ,ecclesia/ica1 vii4 #af2 ,!ophanes1 ,*ronographia1 ed4 ,j4 ,class5 7,bonn1 #ahci-ahda71 vol4 i4 p4 #abi4 ,!ophanes places ! ev5t 9 ! ye> #djh ,a4,d4 ,f a note 9 ,migne's edition ( ,socrates1 ,i le>n t 9 ! ,alex&rian cal5d>1 :i* ,!ophanes us$1 ! ye> #djh correspond$ to ! ye> :i* 9 our reckon+ began on ! fir/ ( ,septemb] #dae4 ,h5ce if ! murd] 0 p]petrat$ 9 spr+ at ,purim x mu/ h tak5 place 9 #daf4 #hij ,?is is ! view ( ,h4 ,graetz 7,ges*i*te d] ,jud51#b iv4 ,leipsic1 #ahff1 pp4 #cic sq47 & ,dr4 ,m4 ,r4 ,james 7,life & ,miracles ( ,/4 ,william ( ,norwi* 7,cambridge1 #ahif71 by ,a4 ,jessopp & ,m4 ,r4 ,james1 pp4 lxiii4 sq474 #hia ,= an exam9ation ( "s ( ^! report$ murd]s1 see ,m4 ,r4 ,james1 op4 cit4 pp4 lxii4 sqq42 ,h4 ,l4 ,/rack1 ,das ,blut im ,glaub5 und ,ab]glaub5 d] ,m5s*heit 7,muni*1 #aijj71 pp4 #aba sqq4 ,bo? writ]s incl9e to dismiss ! *>ges z gr\ndless4 ,m#cjh ,mitigation ( human sacrifice by ! sub/itution ( a crim9al = ! victim4 #hib ,above1 pp4 #cec sq4 ,m#cji ,! 8fa/ ( ,e/h]0 be=e ,purim4 ,j5s5's !ory t ! 8fa/ ( ,e/h]0 0 orig9ally a m\rn+ = ! annual dea? ( a deity l ,tammuz4 #hic ,j4 ,buxtorf1 ,synagoga ,judaica 7,ble1 #affa71 cap4 xxix4 p4 #eed2 ,j4 ,*r4 ,g4 ,bod5s*atz1 ,kir*li*e ,v]fassung d] heutig5 ,jud5 7,erlang51 #agdh71 ii4 #bec sq4 #hid ,e/h] iv4 #c & #af1 ix4 #ca4 #hie ,s f> z ,i "k1 ,pr(essor ,j5s5 has n yet publi%$ 8 !ory1 b he has /at$ x 9 lett]s to correspond5ts4 ,see ,w4 ,n[ack1 ,lehrbu* d] hebris*5 ,ar*ologie 7,freiburg i4 ,bad5 & ,leipsic1 #ahid71 ii4 #bjj2 ,h4 ,gnkel1 ,s*pfung und ,*aos 7,gtt+51 #ahie71 pp4 #caa sqq42 ,d4 ,g4 ,wildebo]1 9 8 comm5t>y on ,e/h]1 pp4 #agd sq4 7,kurz] ,h&-,comm5t> zum ,alt5 ,te/am5t1 h]ausgegeb5 von ,d4 ,k4 ,m>ti1 ,lief]ung #f1 ,freiburg i4 ,b41 #ahih74 ,9 ! ,babylonian cal5d> ! #ac? ( ,ad> 0 s f> a fa/ day t on x no fi% or f[l might be eat54 ,9 "o tablet ! #ac? ( ,ad> is m>k$ 8n good10 :ile ! #ad? & #ae? are m>k$ 8good40 ,see ,c4 ,h4 ,w4 ,johns1 s4v4 8,purim10 ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 iii4 7,london1 #aijb7 col4 #cihj4 #hif ,m4 ,ja/r[1 ,! ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria 7,bo/on1 ,u4,s4,a41 #ahih71 pp4 #dga sq41 #dge sq41 #dha-dhf1 #eaj-eab2 ,l4 ,w4 ,k+1 ,babylonian ,religion & ,my?ology 7,london1 #ahii71 pp4 #adf sqq42 ,p4 ,j5s51 ,assyris*-,babylonis*e ,my!n und ,ep5 7,b]l91 #aijj71 pp4 #aaf-bgc2 ,r4 ,f4 ,h>p]1 ,assyrian & ,babylonian ,lit]ature 7,new ,york1 #aija71 pp4 #cbd-cfh2 ,h4 ,zimm]n1 9 ,e4 ,s*rad]'s ,die ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t#c 7,b]l91 #aijb71 pp4 #eff-ehb2 ,das ,gilgames*-,epos1 neu b]setzt von ,ar?ur ,ungnad und geme9v]/ndli* erklrt von ,hugo ,gressmann 7,gtt+51 #aiaa74 ,pr(essor ,ja/r[ po9ts out t ?\gh a relation _c be trac$ betwe5 ea* ( ! tablets ( ! poem & ! correspond+ mon? ( ! ye>1 su* a relation appe>s und\bt$ly to exi/ betwe5 "s ( ! tablets & ! mon?s4 ,?us1 = example1 ! six? tablet describes ! affection ( ,i%t> = ,gilgame%1 & ! visit :i* %e paid to ,anu1 h] fa!r 9 heav51 to compla9 ( ! h]o's contemptu\s rejection ( h] love4 ,n[ ! six? ,babylonian mon? 0 call$ ! 8,mission ( ,i%t>10 & 9 x 0 held ! fe/ival ( ,tammuz1 ! hapless lov] ( ! goddess4 ,aga91 ! /ory ( ! great flood is told 9 ! elev5? tablet1 & ! elev5? mon? 0 call$ ! 8mon? ( ra940 ,see ,m4 ,ja/r[1 op4 cit4 pp4 #dhd1 #eaj4 #hig ,ezekiel viii4 #ad4 ,m#caj ,! resurrection ( ! dead god p]haps repres5t$ by a liv+ man :o aft]w>ds di$ 9 e>ne/ 9 ! "* ( ! god4 ,?is w\ld expla9 ! app>5t duplication ( ! pr9cipal *>act]s 9 ! book ( ,e/h]3 ,haman & ,va%ti w\ld repres5t ! gods dy+1 :ile ,mordecai & ,e/h] w\ld repres5t ! gods ris+ f ! dead4 #hih ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 pp4 #ahc sq41 #bbg4 #hii ,e/h] vii4 #h4 #ijj ,see above1 p4 #cfh4 #ija ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ,second ,edition1 p4 #ahc4 #ijb ,j4 ,j4 ,s*udt1 ,jdis*e ,m]kwrdigkeit5 7,frank=t & ,leipsic1 #agad71 ii4 ,!il1 p4 #caf4 ,m#caa ,! ,p]sian sett+ ( ! book ( ,e/h]4 ,! ,p]sian c]emony ( ! 8,ride ( ! ,be>dless ,"o0 9 spr+4 #ijc ,dio ,*ryso/om makes ,diog5es say to ,alex&] ! ,great1 1 7,or4 iv4 vol4 i4 p4 #gf ed4 ,l4 ,d9dorf74 ,! fe/ival 0 m5tion$ by ,ctesias 9 ! second book ( 8 ,p]sian hi/ory 7,a!naeus1 xiv4 #dd p4 #fci ,c72 & d[n to ! "t ( ,/rabo x 0 associat$ ) ! nom9al wor%ip ( ! ,p]sian goddess ,anaitis 7,/rabo1 xi4 #h4 #d & #e1 p4 #eab74 #ijd ,lag>de1 8,purim10 pp4 #ea sqq4 7,abh&lung5 d] knigl4 ,gesells*aft d] ,wiss5s*aft5 zu ,gtt+51 xxxiv4 #ahhg74 #ije ,?4 ,hyde1 ,hi/oria religionis vet]um ,p]s>um 7,ox=d1 #agjj71 pp4 #ahc1 #bdi-bea2 ,albrn1 ,! ,*ronology ( ,anci5t ,nations1 translat$ & edit$ by ,dr4 ,c4 ,edw>d ,sa*au 7,london1 #ahgi71 p4 #baa4 ,m#cab ,! 8,be>dless ,"o0 9 ! ,p]sian c]emony is app>5tly ! deg5]ate successor ( a tempor>y k+4 #ijf ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #adh sqq4 #ijg ,e/h] vi4 #h sq41 viii4 #ae4 ,m#cac ,! 8,ride ( ! ,be>dless ,"o0 seems to be a magical c]emony = ! expulsion ( w9t]4 #ijh ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #bed sqq4 ,m#cad ,! opposition ( ,haman & ,va%ti to ,mordecai & ,e/h] seems to be a contra/ betwe5 ! annual dea? ( nature 9 w9t] & its revival 9 spr+4 #iji ,! goddess ,i%t> c]ta9ly seems to h embodi$ ! pr9ciple ( f]tility 9 animals z well z 9 plants2 = 9 ! poem :i* describes h] desc5t into ! _w ( ! dead x is said t 8,aft] ! mi/ress ,i%t> _h desc5d$ to ! l& ( ,no-,return1 ,! bull did n m\nt ! c[1 nor did ! ass leap ^u ! %e-ass1 ,! man did n approa* ! maid 9 ! /reet1 ,! man lay d[n to sleep ^u 8 own c\*1 ,:ile ! maid slept by h]self40 ,see ,c4 ,f4 ,h>p]1 ,assyrian & ,babylonian ,lit]ature 7,new ,york1 #aija71 pp4 #daj sq42 ,p4 ,j5s51 ,assyris*-,babylonis*e ,my!n und ,ep5 7,b]l91 #aijj71 p4 #hg4 #iaj ,! int]pretation "h giv5 ( ! f\r pr9cipal p]sonages 9 ! book ( ,e/h] 0 sugge/$ by me 9 ! second edition ( ?is book 7#aijj74 ,x agrees sub/antially ) ! "o :i* has s9ce be5 adopt$ by ,pr(essor ,h4 ,zimm]n 79 ,e4 ,s*rad]'s ,die ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t1#c ,b]l91 #aijb1 p4 #eai71 & by ,pr(essor ,p4 ,haupt 7,purim1 ,leipsic1 #aijf1 pp4 #ba sq474 #iaa ,9 ?is connexion x des]ves to be not$ t among ! anci5t ,p]sians m>riages are said to h be5 usually celebrat$ at ! v]nal equ9ox 7,/rabo1 xv4 #c4 #ag1 p4 #gcc74 #iab ,! five days' duration ( ! mock k+'s reign may possibly h be5 an int]cal>y p]iod introduc$1 z 9 anci5t ,egypt & ,mexico1 = ! purpose ( equaliz+ a ye> ( #cfj days 7twelve mon?s ( #cj days ea*7 to a sol> ye> reckon$ at #cfe days4 ,see above1 pp4 #cci sqq4 #iac ,h[ev]1 ! leg5d t ,semiramis burn$ h]self on a pyre 9 ,babylon = grief at ! loss ( a fav\rite horse 7,hyg9us1 ,fab4 #bdc2 comp>e ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 viii4 #aee7 may p]haps po9t to an old cu/om ( compell+ ! human repres5tative ( ! goddess to p]i% 9 ! flames4 ,we h se5 7above1 p4 #cga7 t "o ( ! lov]s ( ,i%t> _h ! =m ( a horse4 ,h5ce ! leg5d record$ by ,hyg9us is a fre% l9k 9 ! *a9 ( evid5ce :i* b9ds ,semiramis to ,i%t>4 ,m#cae ,wide preval5ce ( fe/ivals l ! ,saturnalia 9 antiquity4 ,su* fe/ivals seem to h be5 held by agricultural communities = ! good ( ! crops1 & at !m ! k+ or 8 sub/itute appe>s to h p]sonat$ ! god ( f]tility1 & to h be5 put to dea? 9 t "* 9 ord] to ensure t ! god %\ld rise f ! dead ) r5ew$ y\? & vig\r4 ,m#caf ,! fe/ivals po9t to a rem>kable homog5eity ( civilization ov] a great "p ( ! ,old ,_w 9 antiquity4 #iad ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #adh sqq4 #iae ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #df sqq4 ,m#cag ,! p]iodical sacrifice ( deifi$ m5 = ! sake ( ma9ta9+ ! c\rse ( nature p]haps helps to expla9 traditions :i* repres5t ! _w or p>ts ( x z creat$ out ( ! bodies ( gods4 ,! ,brahmanical !ory ( ! p]petual r5ewal ( ! creation 9 ! daily sacrifice4 #iaf ,b4 de ,sahagun1 ,hi/oire ,gnrale des ,*oses de la ,n\velle ,espagne1 traduite p> ,d4 ,j\rdanet et ,r4 ,simeon 7,p>is1 #ahhj71 pp4 #dgh-dhj4 ,comp>e ,e4 ,sel]1 ,altmexikanis*e ,/udi51 ii4 7,b]l91 #ahii7 p4 #aag4 #iag ,b]osus1 quot$ by ,eusebius1 ,*ronicorum lib] prior1 ed4 ,a4 ,s*o5e 7,b]l91 #ahge71 coll4 #ad-ah2 id41 9 ,fragm5ta ,hi/oricorum ,graecorum1 ed4 ,c4 ,mull]1 ii4 #dig sq42 ,p4 ,j5s51 ,assyris*-,babylonis*e ,my!n und ,ep5 7,b]l91 #aijj71 pp4 #b sqq42 ,l4 ,w4 ,k+1 ,babylonian ,religion & ,my?ology 7,london1 #ahii71 pp4 #ed sqq42 ,m4 ,ja/r[1 ,! ,religion ( ,babylonia & ,assyria 7,bo/on1 ,u4,s4,a41 #ahih71 pp4 #djh sqq42 ,h4 ,zimm]n1 9 ,e4 ,s*rad]'s ,die ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t#c 7,b]l91 #aijb71 pp4 #dhh sqq42 ,m4 ,j4 ,lagrange1 tudes sur les ,religions ,smitiques#b 7,p>is1 #aije71 pp4 #cff sqq42 ,r4 ,w4 ,rog]s1 ,cunei=m ,p>allels to ! ,old ,te/am5t 7,ox=d1 preface dat$ #aiaa71 pp4 #ca sq41 #cf4 ,9 ! ,hebrew acc\nt ( ! creation 7,g5esis i4 #b7 8! deep0 7 thom7 is a rem9isc5ce ( ! ,babylonian my?ical mon/] ,tiamat4 #iah ,hymns ( ! ,rig ,v$a1 x4 #ij 7vol4 iv4 pp4 #bhi-bic ( ,r4 ,t4 ,h4 ,griffi?'s translation1 ,b5>es1 #ahhi-ahib74 ,comp>e ,a4 ,a4 ,macdonell1 ,v$ic ,my?ology 7,/rasburg1 #ahig71 pp4 #ab sq4 #iai ,! ,satapa?a ,brhmana1 translat$ by ,julius ,eggel+1 ,"p iv4 7,ox=d1 #ahig7 pp4 xiv4-xxiv4 7,! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 xliii474 ,comp>e ,sylva9 ,lvi1 ,la doctr9e du sacrifice dans les ,brhmanas 7,p>is1 #ahih71 pp4 #ac sqq4 #ibj ,! foll[+ ,note =m$ "p ( ! text 9 ! ,second ,edition ( ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh 7,london1 #aijj71 vol4 iii4 pp4 #ahf-aih4 ,! hypo!sis :i* x sets =? has n be5 confirm$ by subsequ5t rese>*1 & is admitt$ly 9 a high degree speculative & unc]ta94 ,h5ce ,i h remov$ x f ! text b pres]v$ x z an app5dix on ! *ance t1 "u a pile ( conjectures1 x conta9s "s gra9s ( tru? :i* may ultimately contribute to a solution ( ! problem4 ,z my views on ?is subject appe> to h be5 /rangely misund]/ood1 ,i desire to po9t out explicitly t my !ory assumes ! hi/orical reality ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e? z a great religi\s & moral tea*]1 :o f\nd$ ,*ri/ianity & 0 crucifi$ at ,j]usalem "u ! gov]nor%ip ( ,pontius ,pilate4 ,! te/imony ( ! ,gospels1 confirm$ by ! ho/ile evid5ce ( ,tacitus 7,annals1 xv4 #dd7 & ! y\ng] ,pl9y 7,epi/4 x4 #if71 appe>s amply suffici5t to e/abli% ^! facts to ! satisfaction ( all unprejudic$ enquir]s4 ,x is only ! details ( ! life & dea? ( ,*ri/ t rema91 & w probably always rema91 %r\d$ 9 ! mi/s ( unc]ta9ty4 ,! d\bts :i* h be5 ca/ on ! hi/orical reality ( ,jesus are 9 my judgm5t unwor?y ( s]i\s att5tion4 ,q ap>t f ! positive evid5ce ( hi/ory & tradition1 ! orig9 ( a great religi\s & moral re=m is inexplicable )\t ! p]sonal exi/5ce ( a great re=m]4 ,to dissolve ! f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity into a my?1 z "s w\ld d1 is h>dly less absurd ?an x w\ld be to d ! same = ,mohamm$1 ,lu!r1 & ,calv94 ,su* dissolv+ views are = ! mo/ "p ! dreams ( /ud5ts :o "k ! great _w *iefly ?r\gh its pale reflection 9 books4 ,^! extravagances ( scepticism h be5 well expos$ by ,pr(essor ,c4 ,f4 ,lehmann-,haupt 9 8 ,israel1 se9e ,entwicklung im ,rahm5 d] ,weltges*i*te 7,tb+51 #aiaa71 pp4 #bge-bhe4 ,9 repr9t+ ! /atem5t ( my !ory ,i h add$ a few notes1 :i* are di/+ui%$ by be+ enclos$ 9 squ>e brackets4 ,m#cah ,! mock]y ( ,*ri/ comp>$ to ! mock]y ( ! ,k+ ( ! ,saturnalia4 #iba ,p4 ,w5dl&1 8,jesus als ,saturnali5-,knig10 ,h]mes1 xxxiii4 7#ahih7 pp4 #age-agi4 ,m#cai ,! mock]y ( ,*ri/ comp>$ to ! mock]y ( ! ,k+ ( ! ,sacaea4 #ibb ,! resemblance _h /ruck me :5 ,i wrote ?is book orig9ally #ahhi-ahij1 b z ,i c\ld n def9itely expla9 x ,i pref]r$ to leave x unnotic$4 ,! fir/ 9 rec5t ye>s to call att5tion to ! resemblance seems to h be5 ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,paton1 :o fur!r conjectur$ t ! crucifixion ( ,*ri/ betwe5 two malefactors 0 n accid5tal1 b _h a ritual significance 8z an expiatory sacrifice to a triple god40 ,see ,f4 ,c4 ,conybe>e1 ,! ,apology & ,acts ( ,apollonius & o!r ,monum5ts ( ,e>ly ,*ri/ianity 7,london1 #ahid71 pp4 #beg sqq42 ,w4 ,r4 ,paton1 8,die ,kreuzigung ,jesu10 ,zeits*rift fr die neute/am5tli*e ,wiss5s*aft1 ii4 7#aija7 pp4 #cci-cda4 ,! gr\nds = ! conjecture are some:at sl5d]4 ,x is true t a ,p]sian m>tyr1 ,s4 ,hiztib\zit1 is said to h be5 crucifi$ betwe5 two malefactors on a hill top1 opposite ! sun 7,f4 ,c4 ,conybe>e1 op4 cit4 p4 #bgj71 b ! n>rator ( ! m>tyrdom gives no h9t ( any sacr$ significance atta*+ to ! triple crucifixion4 #ibc ,mat!w xxvii4 #bf-ca4 ,m>k's description 7xv4 #ae-bj7 is ne>ly id5tical4 #ibd ,dio ,*ryso/om1 ,or4 iv4 vol4 i4 p4 #gf ed4 ,l4 ,d9dorf4 ,z ,i h already m5tion$1 ! ,greek ^w :i* describes ! execution 77 leaves x unc]ta9 :e!r ! man 0 crucifi$ or hang$4 ,m#cbj ,at ,purim ! ,jews may h annually put to dea? a man 9 ! "* ( ,haman1 & ,*ri/ may h p]i%$ 9 t "*4 ,b ! ,passov]1 at :i* ,*ri/ 0 crucifi$1 fell a mon? aft] ,purim4 ,p]haps ! annual ,haman1 l ! annual ,saturn1 0 all[$ a mon?'s lic5se be=e be+ put to dea?4 #ibe ,see above1 p4 #cib4 #ibf ,! extreme improbability involv$ 9 ! sugge/$ transf]5ce ( ! date ( ! ,crucifixion is rightly emphasiz$ by my colleague & fri5d ,pr(essor ,c4 ,f4 ,lehmann-,haupt 9 "s obs]vations & criticisms ) :i* he has fav\r$ me4 ,he writes3 8,i reg>d x z out ( ! "q t #8,*ri/ian tradition %ift$ ! date ( ! ,crucifixion by a mon?4' ,y y\rself reg>d x z improbable2 b 9 my op9ion x is impossible4 ,all t we he> ( ! ,passion is only explicable by ! ,passov] fe/ival & by ! circum/ance t at t "t e believ+ ,jew _h to make a pilgrimage to ,j]usalem4 ,)\t ! backgr\nd ( ! fe/ival all t we "k ( ! ,crucifixion & ( :at l$ up to x is totally un9telligible40 #ibg ,e/h] iii4 #g4 ,m#cba ,! "p tak5 by ! soldi]s 9 ! mock]y ( ,*ri/4 #ibh ,tacitus1 ,hi/4 iii4 #bd sq41 comp>$ ) ii4 #gd4 #ibi ,luke xxiii4 #aa4 ,m#cbb ,! !ory t ,*ri/ di$1 n z a malefactor1 b 9 ! "* ( ,haman helps to expla9 bo? ,pilate's reluctance to put him to dea?1 & x also expla9s ! rem>kable sup]scription on ! cross4 #icj ,mat!w xxvii4 #cg2 ,m>k xv4 #bf2 ,luke xxiii4 #ch2 ,john xix4 #ai4 ,m#cbc ,! "p ( ,mordecai 9 ! annual drama 9 :i* ,*ri/ di$ z ,haman may h be5 play$ by ,b>abbas4 ,! mock ,k+ ,c>abas 9 ,egypt4 #ica ,mat!w xxvii4 #ae-bf2 ,m>k xv4 #f-ae2 ,luke xxiii4 #af-be2 ,john xviii4 #ch-dj4 #icb ,philo ,judaeus1 ,adv]sus ,flaccum1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ebj-ebc ed4 ,?4 ,mangey 7,london1 #agdb74 ,! fir/ to call att5tion to ?is passage 0 ,mr4 ,p4 ,w5dl& 78,jesus als ,saturnali5-,knig10 ,h]mes1 xxxiii4 7#ahih7 pp4 #age sq474 ,m>-na1 8,our ,"l10 0 ! title ( a ,phili/9e deity wor%ipp$ at ,gaza & else:]e4 ,see ,c4 ,p4 ,tiele1 ,ges*i*te d] ,religion im ,alt]tum 7,go?a1 #ahif-aijc71 i4 #beh4 ,comp>e ,hebrew & ,engli% ,lexicon1 edit$ by ,f4 ,br[n1 ,s4 ,r4 ,driv]1 & ,*4 ,a4 ,briggs 7,ox=d1 #aijf71 p4 #aaja4 ,m#cbd ,hypo!sis t e spr+ at ,purim or ,passov] ! ,jews p>ad$ two prison]s 9 ! *>act]s ( ,haman & ,mordecai1 ( :om "o 0 put to dea? & ! o!r releas$4 #icc ,mat!w xxi4 #a-ac2 ,m>k xi4 #a-ag2 ,luke xix4 #bh-df2 ,john xii4 #ab-ae4 ,z to ! lic5se accord$ to tempor>y k+s1 see ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #ef sq41 #adh sqq4 ,m#cbe ,b>abbas 78,son ( ! ,fa!r07 may h be5 ! regul> title ( ! prison] :o 0 releas$ 9 ! "* ( ,mordecai4 #icd ,! ,dy+ ,god1 pp4 #aff sqq4 #ice ,9 fav\r ( ! !ory 9 ! text1 :i* supposes t 9 ! tragic drama ( ! crucifixion ,jesus & ,b>abbas play$ p>ts :i* 7 ! complem5ts1 if n ! duplicates1 ( ea* o!r1 x might1 z ,m4 ,salomon ,re9a* has po9t$ out1 be alleg$ t 9 ! ,arm5ian & old ,syriac v]sions ( ,mat!w xxvii4 #af & #ag1 z well z 9 "s ,greek cursive manuscripts1 ! "n ( ! prison] :om ,pilate propos$ to release is giv5 z ,jesus ,b>abbas1 a read+ :i* 0 also kn[n to ,orig5 & 0 n absolutely reject$ by him4 ,see ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica 7,london1 #ahii-aijc71 s4v4 8,b>abbas10 vol4 i4 col4 #dgg2 ,evangelion da-,meph>re%e1 edit$ by ,f4 ,c4 ,burkitt 7,cambridge1 #aijd71 i4 #afe1 ii4 #bgg sq4 ,9 ! latt] passage ,pr(4 ,burkitt argues t ,jesus ,b>abbas 0 probably ! orig9al read+ 9 ! ,greek text1 ?\gh ! "n ,jesus is omitt$ 9 ne>ly all our exi/+ manuscripts4 ,comp>e ,s4 ,re9a*1 8,le roi supplici10 ,cultes1 ,my!s1 et ,religions1 i4 7,p>is1 #aije7 pp4 #cci sq4 ,m#cbf ,! !ory t ,*ri/ 0 put to dea?1 n z a crim9al1 b z ! annual repres5tative ( a god1 ^: c\nt]p>ts 7 well kn[n all ov] ,we/]n ,asia1 may help to expla9 8 e>ly deification & ! rapid spread ( 8 wor%ip4 #icf ,pl9y1 ,epi/4 x4 #if4 ,! prov9ce :i* ,pl9y gov]n$ 0 kn[n (ficially z ,bi?ynia & ,pontus1 & ext5d$ f ! riv] ,rhyndacos on ! we/ to beyond ,amisus on ! ea/4 ,see ,pr(essor ,sir ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay1 ,! ,*ur* 9 ! ,roman ,empire 7,london1 #ahic71 p4 #bbd4 ,pr(essor ,ramsay is ( op9ion 8t ! description ( ! great p[] acquir$ by ! new religion 9 ! prov9ce applies to ,ea/]n ,pontus at lea/40 ,! *ief religi\s c5tre ( ?is di/rict appe>s to h be5 ! great sanctu>y ( ,anaitis or ,semiramis at ,zela1 to :i* ,i h already _h occasion to call ! read]'s att5tion4 ,/rabo tells u 7xii4 #c4 #cg7 t all ! p ( ,pontus took _! mo/ solemn oa?s at ?is %r9e4 ,9 ! same di/rict !re 0 ano!r v popul> sanctu>y ( a simil> type at ,comana1 :]e ! wor%ip ( a native goddess call$ ,ma 0 c>ri$ on by a ho/ ( sacr$ h>lots & by a high prie/1 :o wore a diadem & 0 second only to ! k+ 9 rank4 ,at ! fe/ivals ( ! goddess cr[ds ( m5 & wom5 flock$ into ,comana f all ! region r\nd ab\t1 f ! c\ntry z well z f ! cities4 ,! luxury & debau*]y ( ?is holy t[n sugge/ to ,/rabo a comp>ison ) ! fam\s or r infam\s ,cor9?4 ,see ,/rabo1 xii4 #c4 #cb & #cf1 comp>$ ) xii4 #b4 #c4 ,su* 7 "s ( ! hot-b$s 9 :i* ! se$s ( ,*ri/ianity fir/ /ruck root4