,transcrib]'s note3 ,m9or spell+ & punctuation inconsi/5cies be5 h>moniz$4 ,obvi\s pr9t] errors h be5 repair$4 ,italic text has be5 m>k$ ) und]scores4 ,please see ! end ( ?is book = fur!r notes4 ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,animals ,illu/ration3 ,,bra9 ,,( ,,an ,,an?ropoid ,,ape1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,motor ,,c5tres4 7,f a pap] by ,sir ,victor ,horsley & ,dr4 ,beevor4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc41 #ahib47 ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,animals ,,by ,,/eph5 ,,paget ,,) ,,an ,,introduction ,,by ,,"l ,,li/] ,,?ird ,,& ,,revis$ ,,edition ,p]haps x is wrong to comp>e s9 ) s91 b ,i decl>e to y1 ! m ,i ?9k ( x1 ! m intimately does ?is ,prejudice seem to me to corrupt ! s\l1 ev5 beyond ^? s9s :i* are commonly call$ m deadly4--,,c>d9al ,,newman4 ,,new ,,york ,,william ,,wood ,,& ,,company ,,mdccccvii ,,to ,,*>les ,,alfr$ ,,ballance ,m4,s41 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,,& ,,william ,,hunt] ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,p4 ,,preface ,! fir/ edition ( ?is book 0 publi%$ 9 #aijj4 ,= twelve ye>s x _h be5 my bus9ess1 z ,secret>y to ! ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,m$ic9e by ,rese>*1 to "k some?+ ab\t exp]im5ts on animals1 & to foll[ ! work+ ( ! ,act ( #ahgf2 & to give facts & ref]5ces to a v l>ge numb] ( applicants4 ,believ+ t an acc\nt ( ^! exp]im5ts1 & ( ! conditions impos$ on !m by ! ,act1 might s]ve a useful purpose1 ,i propos$ to ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,association t ,i %\ld write a book on ! subject4 ,! ,c\ncil accept$ ?is proposal2 & decid$ t ! book %\ld be writt5 = g5]al read+1 t x %\ld n be anonym\s1 & t x %\ld be publi%$ )\t res]ve4 ,x 01 ( c\rse1 a d\btful & emb>rass+ task4 ,b1 f twelve ye>s' exp]i5ce ( ! ?+s said by ! *ief oppon5ts ( all exp]im5ts on animals1 ,i knew t !re 0 only "o way ( do+ x--to give ! orig9al au?orities1 ! pla9 facts1 ! v words1 *apt] & v]se = ev]y?+4 ,among ^? :o k9dly revis$ ! pro(s 7 ,pr(4 ,rose ,brad=d & ,pr(4 ,/>l+1 :o revis$ ,"p ,i42 ,mr4 ,%attock1 :o revis$ ,"p ,,ii42 & ,pr(4 ,s*f]4 ,valuable help 0 giv5 by ,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,cl>ke1 ,sir ,victor ,horsley1 ,dr4 ,beevor1 ,pr(4 ,ronald ,ross1 & ! late ,dr4 ,wa%b\rn2 & ,i 0 all[$ to make free use ( ,mr4 ,george ,p]net's c>eful rese>*es into ! hi/ory ( ! subject4 ,"l ,li/] himself did me ! hon\r to read & correct1 ) ! utmo/ pati5ce1 ,p>ts ,i4 & ,,ii4 ,9 ! second edition 7#aijd7 "s mi/akes 7 correct$1 & "s facts 7 add$4 ,! pres5t edition has be5 ?or\ghly revis$2 & ,i h includ$ 9 x a repr9t1 ) "s *anges & omissions1 ( a pamphlet1 ,! ,case aga9/ ,anti-vivisection1 :i* ,i wrote 9 #aijd4 #aijf4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition ,?is "w by ,mr4 ,paget is entirely a lab\r ( love4 ,n be+ himself engag$ 9 rese>*es involv+ exp]im5ts ^u ! l[] animals1 he is n directly int]e/$ 9 ! subject4 ,b1 9 8 (ficial capacity z ,secret>y 7#ahhg-ahii7 to ! ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,m$ic9e by ,rese>*1 he has become widely conv]sant ) su* inve/igations1 & has be5 deeply impress$ ) ! greatness ( ! b5efits :i* !y h conf]r$ ^u mank9d1 & ! griev\s mi/ake t is made by ^? :o desire to suppress !m4 ,! action ( ^! well-mean+ p]sons is bas$ ^u ignorance4 ,!y all[ t man is p]mitt$ to inflict pa9 ^u ! l[] animals :5 "s sub/antial advantage is to be ga9$2 b !y d5y t any good has ev] result$ f ! rese>*es :i* !y condemn4 ,h[ f> su* /atem5ts are f ! tru? w be evid5t to ^? :o p]use ?is book4 ,its e>li] pages deal ) ,physiology1 ! ma9 basis ( all s\nd m$ic9e & surg]y4 ,! examples giv5 9 ?is dep>tm5t are n num]\s2 !y are1 h[ev]1 suffici5tly /rik+1 z indications t1 f ! discov]y ( ! circulation ( ! blood onw>ds1 our k ( heal?y animal function has be5 ma9ly d]iv$ f exp]im5ts on animals4 ,! *ief bulk ( ! "w is devot$ to ! class ( inve/igations :i* are mo/ frequ5t at ! pres5t day2 & x %[s :at a flood ( light has be5 already ?r[n by ,bact]iology ^u ! nature ( human disease & ! means ( combat+ x4 ,! *apt] on ! ,action ( ,drugs w be to _m a />tl+ disclosure ( ! gross ignorance t prevail$ among physicians ev5 9 ! e>li] "p ( la/ c5tury4 ,! great revolution t has s9ce tak5 place is no d\bt l>gely due to advances 9 sci5ces o!r ?an ,biology1 especially ,*emi/ry4 ,b x c\ld n h atta9$ its pres5t proportions )\t ! ev]-increas+ k ( ,physiology1 bas$ on exp]im5ts on animals2 & ,mr4 ,paget %[s h[ l>ge a %>e ^! h _h 9 ! direct inve/igation ( articles ( ! ,mat]ia ,m$ica4 ,! conclud+ "p ( ! volume discusses ! re/rictions :i* h be5 plac$ by ! legislature 9 ?is c\ntry on ^? engag$ 9 ^! rese>*es1 ) ! view ( obviat+ possible abuse4 ,:e!r ! ,act 9 "q has be5 really useful1 :e!r x has n done m h>m ?an good1 by hamp]+ & sometimes entirely prev5t+ legitimate & b5efic5t inve/igation1 ,i w n n[ discuss4 ,mean:ile ,i comm5d ,mr4 ,paget's book to ! c>eful consid]ation ( ! read]4 ,,li/]4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,,exp]im5ts ,,9 ,,physiology ,,page ,i4 ,,! ,,blood #c ,,ii4 ,,! ,,lacteals #ai ,,iii4 ,,! ,,ga/ric ,,juice #bd ,,iv4 ,,glycog5 #cj ,v4 ,,! ,,pancreas #cf ,,vi4 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,bone #dj ,,vii4 ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em #dd ,,"p ,,ii ,,exp]im5ts ,,9 ,,pa?ology1 ,,mat]ia ,,m$ica1 ,,& ,,!rapeutics ,i4 ,,inflammation1 ,,suppuration1 ,,& ,,blood-,,poison+ #ge ,,ii4 ,,an?rax #hg ,,iii4 ,,tub]cle #if ,,iv4 ,,diph!ria #ajb ,v4 ,,tetanus #abh ,,vi4 ,,rabies #acg ,,vii4 ,,*ol]a #aeb ,,viii4 ,,plague #afh ,,ix4 ,,typhoid ,,fev]2 ,,malta ,,fev] #aif ,x4 ,,! ,,mosquito3 ,,mal>ia1 ,,yell[ ,,fev]1 ,,fil>iasis #bad ,,xi4 ,,p>asitic ,,diseases #bdc ,,xii4 ,,myxo$ema #bdg ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,drugs #bea ,,xiv4 ,,snake-,,v5om #bei ,,"p ,,iii ,,! ,,act ,,relat+ ,,to ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,animals ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,& ,,irel& ,i4 ,,text ,,( ,,! ,,act #bga ,,ii4 ,,an,,/hetics ,,"u ,,! ,,act #bha ,,iii4 ,,inspectors' ,,report1 #aije #bhc ,,"p ,,iv ,,! ,,case ,,aga9/ ,,anti-,,vivisection ,i4 ,,anti-,,vivisection ,,societies #big ,,ii4 ,,lit]ature #cac ,,iii4 ,,argum5ts #cbe ,,iv4 ,,our ,,cause ,,9 ,,p>liam5t #cfg ,v4 ,a ,,hi/orical ,,p>allel #cga ,,index #cgg ,,"p ,i ,,exp]im5ts ,,9 ,,physiology ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,animals ,i ,,! ,,blood ,i4--,,be=e ,,h>vey ,gal51 born at ,p]gamos1 #aca ,a4,d41 prov$ by exp]im5ts on animals t ! bra9 is z w>m z ! he>t1 aga9/ ! ,ari/otelian doctr9e t ! (fice ( ! bra9 is to keep ! he>t cool4 ,he also prov$ t ! art]ies dur+ life conta9 blood1 n ,greek3 pneuma1 or ! brea? ( life3-- ,ourselves1 hav+ ti$ ! expos$ art]ies above & bel[1 op5$ !m betwe5 ! ligatures1 & %[$ t !y 7 inde$ full ( blood4 ,?\gh all vessels ble$ :5 !y are w\nd$1 yet ?is exp]im5t 0 necess>y to refute ! fanciful tea*+ ( ,erasi/ratus & 8 foll[]s1 ( :om ,gal5 says3-- ,erasi/ratus is pleas$ to believe t an art]y is a vessel conta9+ ! brea? ( life1 & a ve9 is a vessel conta9+ blood2 & t ! vessels1 divid+ aga9 & aga91 come at la/ to be s small t !y c close _! ultimate pores1 & keep ! blood controll$ )9 !m2 yea1 ?\gh ! pores ( ! ve9 & ( ! art]y lie side by side1 yet ! blood rema9s )9 its prop] b\nds1 n[h]e pass+ into ! vessels ( ! brea? ( life4 ,b :5 ! blood is driv5 ) viol5ce f ! ve9s into ! art]ies1 =?) !re is disease2 & ! blood is p\r$ ! wrong way into ! art]ies1 & !re )/&s & da%es itself aga9/ ! brea? ( life com+ f ! he>t1 & turns ! c\rse ( x--& ?is =soo? is fev]4 ,= _m c5turies aft] ,gal51 m5 7 cont5t to wor%ip 8 "n & 8 doctr9es1 & =sook 8 me?od4 ,!y did n foll[ ! way ( exp]im5t1 & inv5t$ !ories t 7 no help ei!r 9 sci5ce or 9 practice4 ,"h1 9 ,gal5's obs]vation ( liv+ art]ies1 0 a great opportunity = physiology2 b ! example t he set to ^? :o came aft] him 0 =gott5 by !m1 &1 f ! "t ( ,gal5 to ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance1 physiology rema9$ almo/ :]e he _h left x4 ,( ! m5 ( ! ,r5aissance1 ,s]vetus1 ,csalp9us1 ,ru9ius1 & o!rs1 ,h>vey's ne> pr$ecessors1 ?is mu* only ne$ be said "h1 t !y did n discov] ! circulation ( ! blood2 & t ! claim made a few ye>s ago to ?is discov]y1 on behalf ( ,csalp9us1 by 8 c\ntrym51 0 n successful4 ,b x is probable t ,realdus 7#aeaf-aeeg7 did und]/& ! passage ( blood ?r\gh ! lungs1 b n ! g5]al circulation4 ,he says3-- ,! blood is c>ri$ ?r\gh ! pulmon>y art]y to ! lung1 & !re is att5uat$2 !nce1 mix$ ) air1 x is c>ri$ ?r\gh ! pulmon>y ve9 to ! left v5tricle ( ! he>t3 :i* ?+ no man hi!rto has not$ or left on record1 ?\gh x is mo/ wor?y ( ! obs]vation ( all m54444 ,& ?is is z true z tru? itself2 = if y w look1 n only 9 ! dead body b also 9 ! liv+ animal1 y w always f9d ?is pulmon>y ve9 full ( blood1 :i* assur$ly x w\ld n be if x 7 design$ only = air & vap\rs4444 ,v]ily1 ,i pray y1 ,o c&id read]1 /udi\s ( au?ority1 b m /udi\s ( tru?1 to make exp]im5t on animals4 ,y w f9d ! pulmon>y ve9 full ( blood1 n air or fuligo1 z ^! m5 call x1 ,god help !m4 ,only !re is no pulsation 9 ! ve94 7,de ,re ,anatomic1 ,v5ice1 #aeei47 ,fabricius ab ,aquap5d5te1 ,h>vey's ma/] at ,padua1 publi%$ 8 "w on ! valves ( ! ve9s--,de ,v5>um ,o/iolis--9 #afjc4 ,he did n discov] !m4 ,sylvius speaks ( !m 9 8 ,isagoge 7,v5ice1 #aeee71 & !y 7 kn[n to ,amatus 7#aeeb71 & ev5 to ,!odoretus1 ,bi%op ( ,syria1 :o liv$1 z ,john ,hunt] said ( ,s5n]tus1 ! ,"l kn[s h[ long ago4 ,b ,fabricius /udi$ !m mo/ c>efully2 & 9 anatomy he left no?+ m to be said ab\t !m4 ,9 physiology1 8 "w 0 ( little value2 = he held t !y 7 design$ to ret>d ! blood 9 "s measure1 le/ x %\ld run pell-mell into ! feet1 h&s1 & f+]s1 !re to be impact$3 !y 7 to prev5t di/5sion ( ! ve9s1 & to ensure ! due n\ri%m5t ( all p>ts ( ! body4 ,x is true t he comp>$ !m to ! locks or weirs ( a riv]1 b he und]/ood nei!r ! c\rse nor ! =ce ( ! blood3 z ,h>vey said ( him1 ,! man :o discov]$ ^! valves did n und]/& _! "r use2 nei!r did !y :o came aft] him--,h>um valvul>um usum rectum inv5tor non e/ assecutus1 nec alii addid]unt2 non e/ enim ne pond]e deorsum sanguis 9 inf]iora totus ruat2 sunt namque 9 jugul>ibus deorsum spectantes1 et sangu9em sursum f]ri prohib5tes4 ,m5 _h no idea ( ! rapidity & volume ( ! circulation2 !y ?\ght ( a sort ( ,/ygian tide1 ooz+ ?is way or t way 9 ! vessels--,csalp9us 0 ( op9ion t x w5t "o way 9 ! daytime & ano!r at night--nor did !y see t ! pulmon>y circulation & ! g5]al circulation are "o sy/em1 ! same blood cov]+ ! :ole c\rse4 ,! "w t !y did 9 anatomy 0 magnific5t2 ,vesalius1 & ! o!r great anatomi/s ( 8 "t1 are unsurpass$4 ,b physiology _h be5 h9d]$ = ages by fanta/ic imag9+s1 & ! facts ( ! circulation ( ! blood 7 almo/ z f> f _! int]pretation 9 ! sixte5? c5tury z !y _h be5 9 ! "t ( ,gal54 ,,ii4--,,h>vey 7#aegh-afeg7 ,! ,de ,motu ,cordis et ,sangu9is 9 ,animalibus 0 publi%$ at ,frankfurt 9 #afbh4 ,& x beg9s ) ^! words3 ,cum multis vivorum dissectionibus1 uti ad manum dabantur3-- ,:5 by _m dissections ( liv+ animals1 z !y came to h&1 ,i fir/ gave myself to obs]v+ h[ ,i might discov] ) my own eyes1 & n f books & ! writ+s ( o!r m51 ! use & purpose ( ! movem5t ( ! he>t 9 animals1 =?) ,i f\nd ! matt] h>d inde$1 & full ( difficulty3 s t ,i began to ?9k1 ) ,frascatorius1 t ! movem5t ( ! he>t 0 kn[n to ,god alone4 ,= ,i c\ld n di/+ui% aright ei!r ! nature ( its sy/ole & dia/ole1 or :5 or :]e dilatation & contraction took place2 & ?is because ( ! swiftness ( ! movem5t1 :i* 9 _m animals 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 l a fla% ( lightn+1 reveal$ itself to sight & !n 0 gone2 s t ,i came to believe t ,i saw sy/ole & dia/ole n[ ?is way n[ ! o!r1 & movem5ts n[ ap>t & n[ toge!r4 ,:]e=e my m9d wav]$2 ,i _h no?+ assur$ to me1 :e!r decid$ by me or tak5 f o!r m53 & ,i did n wond] t ,&reas ,laur5tius _h writt5 t ! movem5t ( ! he>t 0 :at ! ebb & fl[ ( ! ,euripus _h be5 to ,ari/otle4 ,at la/1 hav+ daily us$ great] disquisition & dilig5ce1 by frequ5t exam9ation ( _m & v>i\s liv+ animals--multa frequ5t] et v>ia animalia viva introspici5do--& _m obs]vations put toge!r1 ,i came to believe t ,i _h succe$$1 & _h escap$ & got out ( ?is labyr9?1 & !re) _h discov]$ :at ,i desir$1 ! movem5t & use ( ! he>t & ! art]ies4 ,& f t "t1 n only to my fri5ds1 b also 9 public 9 my anatomical lectures1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,academy1 ,i did n fe> to set =? my op9ion 9 ?is matt]4 ,x is pla91 f ,h>vey's own words1 t he gives to exp]im5ts on animals a =emo/ place among 8 me?ods ( "w4 ,take only ! head+s ( 8 fir/ f\r *apt]s3-- i4 ,caus1 quibus ad scrib5dum auctor p]motus fu]it4 ii4 ,ex vivorum dissectione1 qualis fit cordis motus4 iii4 ,art]i>um motus qualis1 ex vivorum dissectione4 iv4 ,motus cordis et auricul>um qualis1 ex vivorum dissectione4 ,he ?ru/s x on u1 he puts x 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,read ! end ( 8 ,preface3-- ,!re=e1 f ^! & _m m ?+s ( ! k9d1 x is pla9 7s9ce :at has be5 said by m5 be=e me1 ( ! movem5t & use ( ! he>t & art]ies1 appe>s inconsi/5t or obscure or impossible :5 "o c>efully consid]s x7 t we %all d well to look deep] into ! matt]2 to obs]ve ! movem5ts ( ! art]ies & ! he>t1 n only 9 man1 b 9 all animals t h he>ts2 & by frequ5t dissection ( liv+ animals1 & mu* use ( our own eyes1 to disc]n & inve/igate ! tru?--vivorum dissectione frequ5ti1 multque autopsi1 v]itatem disc]n]e et inve/ig>e4 ,f9ally1 take ! fam\s passage 9 ! eigh? *apt]1 ,de copi sangu9is transeuntis p] cor e v5is 9 art]ias1 et de circul>i motu sangu9is3-- ,& n[1 z = ! great quantity & =w>d movem5t ( ?is blood on its way1 :5 ,i %all h said :at ?+s rema9 to be said--?\gh !y are well wor? consid]+1 yet !y are s new & /range t ,i n only fe> h>m f ! envy ( c]ta9 m51 b am afraid le/ ,i make all m5 my enemies2 s does cu/om1 or a doctr9e once imbib$ & fix$ d[n by deep roots1 l second nature1 hold good among all m51 & rev]5ce = antiquity con/ra9s !m4 ,be t z x may1 ! die is ca/ n[3 my hope is 9 ! love ( tru?1 & ! c&\r ( le>n$ m9ds4 ,i be?\ght me h[ great 0 ! quantity ( ?is blood4 ,bo? f ! dissection ( liv+ animals = ! sake ( exp]im5t1 ) op5+ ( ! art]ies1 ) obs]vations manifold2 & f ! symmetry ( ! size ( ! v5tricles1 & ( ! vessels ent]+ & leav+ ! he>t--because ,nature1 do+ no?+ 9 va91 _c 9 va9 h giv5 su* size to ^! vessels above ! re/--& f ! h>moni\s & happy device ( ! valves & fibres1 & all o!r fabric ( ! he>t2 & f _m o!r ?+s--:5 ,i _h aga9 & aga9 c>efully consid]$ x all1 & _h turn$ x ov] 9 my m9d _m times--,i mean ! great quantity ( ! blood pass+ ?r\gh1 & ! swiftness ( its passage--& ,i did n see h[ ! juices ( ! food 9 ! /oma* c\ld help ! ve9s f be+ empti$ & dra9$ dry1 & ! art]ies contr>iwise f be+ ruptur$ by ! excessive fl[ ( blood into !m1 unless blood 7 always gett+ r\nd f ! art]ies into ! ve9s1 & s back to ! "r v5tricle--,i began to ?9k to myself :e!r ! blood _h a c]ta9 movem5t1 z 9 a circle--coepi egomet mecum cogit>e1 an motionem qu&am quasi 9 circulo hab]et--:i* aft]w>d ,i f\nd 0 true4 ,?is vehem5t passage1 :i* goes ) a ru% l t ( ! blood itself1 is a good example ( ! wid? & dep? ( ,h>vey's "w--h[ he us$ all me?ods t 7 op5 to him4 ,he liv$ to f\rscore ye>s2 an old man1 he says1 f> advanc$ 9 ye>s1 & occupi$ ) o!r c>es3 &1 ne> ! end ( 8 life1 he told ! ,hon4 ,rob]t ,boyle t ! arrangem5t ( ! valves ( ! ve9s _h giv5 him 8 fir/ idea ( ! circulation ( ! blood3-- ,i rememb] t :5 ,i ask$ our fam\s ,h>vey1 9 ! only disc\rse ,i _h ) him1 :i* 0 b a :ile be=e he di$1 :at 7 ! ?+s :i* induc$ him to ?9k ( ! circulation ( ! blood1 he answ]$ me t :5 he took notice t ! valves 9 ! ve9s ( s _m p>ts ( ! body 7 s plac$ t !y gave free passage ( ! blood t[>ds ! he>t1 b oppos$ ! passage ( ! v5al blood ! contr>y way1 he 0 invit$ to imag9e t s provid5t a cause z ,nature _h n s plac$ s _m valves )\t design2 & no design seem$ m probable ?an t1 s9ce ! blood c\ld n well1 because ( ! int]pos+ valves1 be s5t by ! ve9s to ! limbs1 x %\ld be s5t by ! art]ies1 & return ?r\gh ! ve9s1 ^: valves did n oppose its c\rse t way4 ,b betwe5 ?is obs]vation1 :i* invit$ him to imag9e a !ory1 & 8 f9al pro(s ( ! circulation1 lay a ho/ ( difficulties2 & x is c]ta91 f 8 own acc\nt ( 8 "w1 t exp]im5ts on animals 7 ( ! utmo/ help to him 9 lead+ him out ( ! labyr9?4 ,,iii4--,,aft] ,,h>vey #a4 ,! ,capill>ies ,! capill>y vessels 7 n kn[n 9 ,h>vey's "t3 ! capillam5ta ( ,csalp9us 7 n ! capill>ies1 b ! ,greek3 neura ( ,ari/otle4 ,x 0 believ$ t ! blood1 betwe5 ! smalle/ art]ies & ! smalle/ ve9s1 made its way ?r\gh bl9d porosities 9 ! tissues1 z wat] p]colates ?r\gh e>? or ?r\gh a sponge4 ,! fir/ acc\nt ( ! capill>ies is 9 two lett]s 7,de ,pulmonibus1 #affa7 f ,malpighi1 pr(essor ( m$ic9e at ,bologna1 to ,borelli1 pr(essor ( ma!matics at ,pisa4 ,9 8 fir/ lett]1 ,malpighi writes t he has tri$ 9 va91 by inject+ ! dead body1 to discov] h[ ! blood passes f ! art]ies into ! ve9s3-- ,?is enigma hi!rto di/racts my m9d1 ?\gh = its solution ,i h made _m & _m attempts1 all 9 va91 ) air & v>i\s col\r$ fluids4 ,hav+ inject$ ink ) a syr+e into ! pulmon>y art]y1 ,i h aga9 & aga9 se5 x escape 7become extravasat$ into ! tissues7 at sev]al po9ts4 ,! same ?+ happ5s ) an injection ( m]cury4 ,^! exp]im5ts d n give u ! natural pa?way ( ! blood4 ,b1 9 8 second lett]1 he describes h[ he has exam9$1 ) a microscope ( two l5ses1 ! lung & ! mes5t]y ( a frog1 & has se5 ! capill>ies1 & ! blood 9 !m3-- ,su* is ! div>ication ( ^! little vessels1 com+ (f f ! ve9 & ! art]y1 t ! ord] 9 :i* ! vessel ramifies is no long] pres]v$1 b x looks l a network wov5 f ! (f%oots ( bo? vessels4 ,he 0 able1 9 a dead frog1 to see ! capill>ies2 & !n1 9 a liv+ frog1 to see ! blood mov+ 9 !m4 ,b1 9 spite ( ?is "w1 x took ne>ly half a c5tury be=e ,h>vey's tea*+ 0 believ$ by all m5--,tantum consuetudo apud omnes valet4 #b4 ,! ,blood-pressure ,h>vey _h se5 ! facts ( blood-pressure--! great quantity ( blood pass+ ?r\gh1 & ! swiftness ( its passage--b he _h n measur$ x4 ,keill's exp]im5ts on ! blood-pressure 7#agah7 7 inexact1 & ( no value2 & ! fir/ exact measurem5ts 7 made by ,/eph5 ,hales1 :o 0 rector ( ,f>r+don1 ,hamp%ire1 & m9i/] ( ,t$d+ton1 ,middlesex2 a ,doctor ( ,div9ity1 & a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,8 exp]im5ts1 9 _! wid? & div]sity1 7 n surpass$ ev5 by ^? ( ,john ,hunt]1 & 7 ext5d$ f> ov] physiology1 vegetable physiology1 organic & inorganic *emi/ry1 & physics2 !y rang$ f ! inv5tion ( a sea-gauge to ! /udy ( solv5ts = ! /one1 & he seems to h exp]im5t$ on e =ce 9 ,nature4 ,! titles ( 8 two volumes ( ,/atical ,essays 7#agbf-agcc7 %[ ! great ext5t ( 8 non-cl]ical "w3-- ,volume ,i4 ,/atical ,essays1 conta9+ ,vegetable ,/atics1 or an ,acc\nt ( "s ,/atical ,exp]im5ts on ! ,sap 9 ,vegetables1 be+ an ,essay t[>ds a ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,vegetation2 also1 a ,specim5 ( an ,attempt to ,analyse ! ,air1 by a great ,v>iety ( ,*ymio-,/atical ,exp]im5ts4 ,volume ,,ii4 ,/atical ,essays1 conta9+ ,hmo/atics1 or an ,acc\nt ( "s ,hydraulic & ,hydro/atical ,exp]im5ts made on ! ,blood & ,blood-vessels ( ,animals2 also1 an ,acc\nt ( "s ,exp]im5ts on ,/ones 9 ! ,kidneys & ,bladd]1 ) an ,enquiry into ! ,nature ( ^? anomal\s ,concretions4 ,we c nev] want matt] = new exp]im5ts1 he says 9 8 preface4 ,we are z yet got little fur!r ?an to ! surface ( ?+s3 we mu/ be cont5t1 9 ?is our infant /ate ( k1 :ile we "k 9 "p only1 to imitate *ildr51 :o1 = want ( bett] skill & abilities1 & ( m prop] mat]ials1 amuse !mselves ) slight build+s4 ,! f>!r advances we make 9 ! k ( ,nature1 ! m probable & ! ne>] to tru? w our conjectures approa*3 s t succe$+ g5]ations1 :o %all h ! b5efit & advantage bo? ( _! own obs]vations & ^? ( prec$+ g5]ations1 may !n make consid]able advances1 :5 _m %all run to & fro1 & k %all be increas$4 ,8 acc\nt ( 8 plan ( measur+ ! blood-pressure1 & ( "o ( _m exp]im5ts t he made on x1 is z foll[s3-- ,f9d+ b little satisfaction 9 :at _h be5 attempt$ on ?is subject by ,borellus & o!rs1 ,i endeav\r$1 ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s s9ce1 by prop] exp]im5ts1 to f9d :at 0 ! real =ce ( ! blood 9 ! crural art]ies ( dogs1 & ab\t six ye>s aft]w>ds ,i repeat$ ! l exp]im5ts on two horses1 & a fall[ doe2 b did n !n pursue ! matt] any fur!r1 be+ disc\rag$ by ! disagreeabl5ess ( anatomical dissections4 ,b hav+ ( late ye>s f\nd by exp]i5ce ! advantage ( mak+ use ( ! /atical way ( inve/igation1 n only 9 our rese>*es into ! nature ( vegetables1 b also 9 ! *ymical analysis ( ! air1 ,i 0 induc$ to hope = "s success1 if ! same me?od ( enquiry 7 appli$ to animal bodies4444 ,hav+ laid op5 ! left crural art]y 7( a m>e71 ,i ins]t$ into x a brass pipe ^: bore 0 #a_/f ( an in* 9 diamet]2 & to t1 by means ( ano!r brass pipe :i* 0 fitly adapt$ to x1 ,i fix$ a glass tube ( ne>ly ! same diamet]1 :i* 0 #i feet 9 l5g?2 !n1 unty+ ! ligature on ! art]y1 ! blood rose 9 ! tube #h feet #c in*es p]p5dicul> above ! level ( ! left v5tricle ( ! he>t1 b x did n atta9 to its full height at once3 x ru%$ up gradually at ea* pulse #ab1 #h1 #f1 #d1 #b1 & sometimes #a in*4 ,:5 x 0 at its full height1 x w\ld rise & fall at & aft] ea* pulse #b1 #c1 or #d in*es1 & sometimes x w\ld fall #ab or #ad in*es1 & h !re = a "t ! same vibrations up & d[n1 at & aft] ea* pulse1 z x _h :5 x 0 at its full height1 to :i* x w\ld rise aga91 aft] =ty or fifty pulses4 #c4 ,! ,collat]al ,circulation ,aft] ,hales1 came ,john ,hunt]1 :o 0 five ye>s old :5 ! ,/atical ,essays 7 publi%$4 ,8 exp]im5ts on ! blood 7 mo/ly conc]n$ ) its prop]ties1 n ) its c\rse2 b "o great exp]im5t mu/ be not$ "h t puts him 9 l9e ) ,h>vey1 ,malpighi1 & ,hales4 ,he got f x 8 k ( ! collat]al circulation2 he le>n$ h[ ! ob/ruction ( an art]y is foll[$ by enl>gem5t ( ! vessels 9 its neighb\rhood1 s t ! p>ts beyond ! ob/ruction d n suff] f want ( blood3 & ! facts ( collat]al circulation 7 fre% 9 8 m9d :51 a few mon?s lat]1 he conceiv$ & p]=m$ 8 op]ation = aneurysm 7,decemb] #aghe74 ,! old op]ation gave him no help "h2 & ,anel's op]ation 0 b a s+le in/ance1 & no sure guide = ,hunt]1 because ,anel's pati5t _h a diff]5t sort ( aneurysm4 ,hunt] knew t ! collat]al circulation c\ld be tru/$ to n\ri% ! limb1 if ! femoral art]y 7 ligatur$ 9 ,hunt]'s canal = ! cure ( popliteal aneurysm2 & he got ?is k f ! exp]im5t t he _h made on "o ( ! de] 9 ,ri*mond ,p>k1 to see ! influ5ce ( ligature ( ! c>otid art]y on ! gr[? ( ! antl]4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ?is exp]im5t 0 giv5 by ,sir ,ri*>d ,ow51 :o _h x f ,mr4 ,clift1 ,hunt]'s devot$ pupil & fri5d3-- ,9 ! mon? ( ,july1 :5 ! bucks' antl]s 7 half-gr[n1 he caus$ "o ( !m to be caught & ?r[n2 &1 kn[+ ! art]ial supply to ! hot 'velvet1' z ! keep]s call x1 ,hunt] cut d[n ^u & ti$ ! ext]nal c>otid2 ^u :i*1 lay+ 8 h& ^u ! antl]1 he f\nd t ! pulsations ( ! art]ial *annels /opp$1 & ! surface soon grew cold4 ,! buck 0 releas$1 & ,hunt] speculat$ on ! result--:e!r ! antl]1 arre/$ at mid-gr[?1 w\ld be %$ l ! full-gr[n "o1 or be long] reta9$4 ,a week or s aft]w>d he drove d[n aga9 to ! p>k1 & caus$ ! buck to be caught & ?r[n4 ,! w\nd 0 heal$ ab\t ! ligature2 b on lay+ 8 h& on ! antl]1 he f\nd to 8 surprise t ! w>m? _h return$1 & ! *annels ( supply to ! velvety =mative cov]+ 7 aga9 pulsat+4 ,8 fir/ impression 0 t 8 op]ation _h be5 defective4 ,to te/ ?is1 he _h ! buck kill$ & s5t to ,leice/] ,squ>e4 ,! art]ial sy/em 0 inject$4 ,hunt] f\nd t ! ext]nal c>otid _h be5 duly ti$4 ,b c]ta9 small bran*es1 com+ (f on ! proximal or he>t's side ( ! ligature1 _h enl>g$2 &1 trac+-on ^!1 he f\nd t !y _h ana/omos$ ) o!r small bran*es f ! di/al cont9uation ( ! c>otid1 & ^! new *annels _h re/or$ ! supply to ! gr[+ antl]4444 ,"h 0 a consequ5ce ( 8 exp]im5t he _h n at all =ese5 or expect$4 ,a new prop]ty ( ! liv+ art]ies 0 unfold$ to him4 ,all ! anatomi/s _h ov]look$ ?is physiological *ange 9 ! liv+ body1 br\ght ab\t by disease4 ,& ! surgeons1 s9ce anatomy c\ld n help !m1 _h be5 driv5 by ! mortality ( ! old op]ation to ! practice ( amputation4 #d4 ,! ,m]curial ,manomet] ,hale's exp]im5ts on ! blood-pressure 7 admirable 9 _! "t2 b nei!r he nor 8 successors c\ld take into acc\nt all ! physiological & ma!matical facts ( ! case4 ,b a great advance 0 made 9 #ahbh1 :5 ,poiseuille publi%$ 8 !sis1 ,sur la ,=ce du ,coeur ,aortique1 ) a description ( ! m]curial manomet]4 ,poiseuille _h begun ) ! receiv$ idea t ! blood-pressure 9 ! art]ies w\ld v>y accord+ to ! di/ance f ! he>t1 b he f\nd by exp]im5t t ?is doctr9e 0 wrong3-- ,at my fir/ exp]im5ts1 wi%+ to make sure :e!r ! op9ions1 giv5 priori1 7 true1 ,i obs]v$ to my great a/oni%m5t t two tubes1 appli$ at ! same "t to two art]ies at diff]5t di/ances f ! he>t1 gave columns ( exactly ! same height1 & n1 z ,i _h expect$1 ( diff]5t heights4 ,?is made ! "w v mu* simpl]1 because1 to :atev] art]y ,i appli$ ! in/rum5t1 ,i obta9$ ! same results t ,i %\ld h got by plac+ x on ! asc5d+ aorta itself4 ,he f\nd also1 by exp]im5ts1 t ! coagulation ( ! blood 9 ! tube c\ld be prev5t$ by fill+ "o "p ( ! tube ) a saturat$ solution ( sodium c>bonate4 ,! tube1 ?us prep>$1 0 connect$ ) ! art]y by a f9e cannula1 exactly fitt+ ! art]y4 ,) ?is in/rum5t1 ,poiseuille 0 able to obta9 results f> m accurate ?an ^? ( ,hales1 & to obs]ve ! div]se influ5ces ( ! respiratory movem5ts on ! blood-pressure4 ,he sums up 8 results 9 ^! words3-- ,i come to ?is irrevocable conclusion1 t ! =ce ) :i* a molecule ( blood moves1 :e!r 9 ! c>otid1 or 9 ! aorta1 etc41 is exactly equal to ! =ce :i* moves a molecule 9 ! smalle/ art]ial bran*2 or1 9 o!r words1 t a molecule ( blood moves ) ! same =ce ov] ! :ole c\rse ( ! art]ial sy/em--:i*1 priori1 ) all ! physiologi/s1 ,i 0 f> f ?9k+4 ,& he adds1 9 a footnote3-- ,:5 ,i say t ?is =ce is ! same ov] ! :ole c\rse ( ! art]ial sy/em1 ,i d n mean to d5y t x mu/ ne$s be modifi$ at c]ta9 po9ts ( ?is sy/em1 :i* pres5t a special arrangem5t1 su* z ! ana/omos+ ar*es ( ! mes5t]y1 ! art]ial circle ( ,willis1 etc4 ,lat]1 9 #ahce1 he publi%$ a v valuable memoir on ! movem5t ( ! blood 9 ! capill>ies "u diff]5t conditions ( heat1 cold1 & atmosph]ic pressure4 #e4 ,! ,regi/ration ( ! ,blood-pressure ,poiseuille's "w1 9 its turn1 0 left beh9d z physiology w5t =w>d3 especially1 ! discov]y ( ! vaso-motor n]ves compell$ physiologi/s to reconsid] ! :ole subject ( ! blood-pressure4 ,if ,poiseuille's !sis 7#ahbh7 be comp>$ ) ,m>ey's book 7#ahfc71 ,physiologie ,mdicale de la ,circulation du ,sang1 x w be evid5t at once h[ mu* wid] & deep] ! problem _h become4 ,poiseuille's !sis is *iefly conc]n$ ) ma!matics & hydro/atics2 x sugge/s no me?od ( imm$iate p]man5t regi/ration ( ! pulse1 & is ( no great value to practical m$ic9e3 ,m>ey's book1 by its v title1 %[s :at a long advance _h be5 made betwe5 #ahbh & #ahfc--,physiologie ,mdicale de la ,circulation du ,sang1 base sur l'tude graphique des m\vem5ts du coeur et du p\ls artriel1 avec application aux maladies de l'app>eil circulatoire4 ,?\gh ! contra/ is great betwe5 ,hales' may-pole & ,poiseuille's manomet]1 !re is ev5 a great] contra/ betwe5 ,poiseuille's ma!matical calculations & ,m>ey's practical use ( ! sphygmograph = ! /udy ( ! blood-pressure 9 heal? & disease4 ,m>ey _h ! happ9ess ( see+ m$ic9e1 physiology1 & physics1 all ?ree ( !m work+ to "o end3-- ,la circulation du sang e/ un des sujets p\r lesquels la mdec9e a le plus beso9 de s'clair] de la physiologie1 et o celle-ci son t\r tire le plus de lumire des sci5ces physiques4 ,ces d]nires annes sont m>ques p> deux gr&s progrs qui ouvr5t aux re*]*es v5ir des horizons n\veaux3 en ,allemagne1 l'introduction des procds graphiques dans l'tude du m\vem5t du sang2 en ,france1 la dmon/ration de l'influ5ce du sy/me n]veux sur la circulation priphrique4 ,cette d]nire dc\v]te1 que n\s devons ,m4 ,cl4 ,b]n>d1 et qui depuis dix ans a donn tant d'impulsion la sci5ce1 montre mieux que t\te autre combi5 la physiologie e/ indisp5sable la mdec9e1 t&is que les travaux allem&s ont bi5 fait ressortir l'importance des connaissances physiques dans les tudes mdicales4 ,m>ey's sphygmograph 0 n ! fir/ in/rum5t ( its k9d4 ,!re _h be51 be=e x1 ,hrisson's sphygmomet]1 ,ludwig's kymographion1 & ! sphygmographs ( ,volckmann1 ,k+1 & ,vi]ordt4 ,b1 if "o comp>es a ,vi]ordt trac+ ) a ,m>ey trac+1 x w be pla9 t ,m>ey's results 7 f> advanc$ beyond ! useless oscillations iso*rones record$ by ,vi]ordt's in/rum5t4 ,beside ?is improv$ sphygmograph1 ,*auveau & ,m>ey also inv5t$ ! c>diograph1 = ! obs]vation ( ! blood-pressure )9 ! cavities ( ! he>t4 ,_! c>diograph 0 a set ( v delicate ela/ic tamb\rs1 re/+ on ! he>t1 or pass$ ?r\gh f9e tubes into ! cavities ( ! he>t1#a & communicat+ impulses to lev]s ) writ+-po9ts4 ,^! writ+-po9ts1 t\*+ a revolv+ cyl9d]1 record$ ! v>iations ( ! endoc>dial pressure1 & ! duration ( ! auricul> & v5tricul> contractions4 #a ,on peut s'assur] de l'innocuit de ce premi] temps de l'expri5ce en exam9ant l'animal1 qui n'e/ nullem5t tr\bl1 qui m>*e et mange comme de c\tume4 ,en comptant le *iffre du p\ls1 on tr\ve quelquefois une lgre accl]ation1 surt\t dans les premi]s in/ants2 mais les m\vem5ts du coeur sont t\j\rs rguli]s1 et donn5t1 l'auscultation1 des bruits d'un c>actre normal4 7,m>ey1 loc4 cit4 p4 #fc47 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is impossible "h to describe ! subsequ5t /udy ( ^? m ab/ruse problems t ! old] physiologi/s _h n s mu* z ?\ght (3 ! m9ute/ v>iations ( ! blood-pressure1 ! multiple influ5ces ( ! n]v\s sy/em on ! he>t & blood-vessels1 ! relations betwe5 blood-pressure & secretion1 ! automatism ( ! he>t-beat1 ! influ5ce ( gravitation1 & o!r f9] & m complex issues ( physiology4 ,b1 ev5 if "o /ops at ,m>ey's book1 n[ m ?an =ty ye>s old1 !re is an abundant record ( good "w1 f ! discov]y ( ! circulation to ! inv5tion ( ! sphygmograph4 ,,ii ,,! ,,lacteals ,asellius1 9 8 acc\nt ( 8 discov]y ( ! lacteal vessels 7#afbb71 is ( op9ion t c]ta9 ( ! anci5ts _h se5 ^! vessels1 b _h n recognis$ !m4 ,he has a great rev]5ce = au?ority3 ,hippocrates1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ! ,/oics1 ,h]ophilus1 ,gal51 ,pollux1 ,rhases1 & a ho/ ( o!r names1 he quotes !m all1 & all ) pr(\nd respect2 & comes to ?is conclusion3 ,x did n escape ! anci5ts1 t c]ta9 vessels mu/ ne$s be conc]n$ ) conta9+ & c>ry+ ! *yle1 & c]ta9 o!r vessels ) ! blood3 b ! true & v vessels ( ! *yle1 t is1 my 've9s1' ?\gh !y 7 se5 by "s ( ! anci5ts1 yet !y 7 recognis$ by none ( !m4 ,he c =give !m all1 except ,gal51 qui videtur nosse omn9o debuisse--b1 z = ,gal51 ,i "k n at all :at ,i am to ?9k4 ,= he1 :o made m ?an six hundr$ sections ( liv+ animals1 z he boa/s himself1 & s (t5 op5$ _m animals :5 !y 7 lately f$1 are we to ?9k x possible t ^! ve9s nev] %[$ !mselves to him1 t he nev] _h !m "u 8 eyes1 t he nev] inve/igat$ !m--he to :om ,erasi/ratus _h giv5 s great cause = se>*+ out ! :ole matt]8 ,probably1 ! milk-:ite ?reads _h be5 tak5 = n]ves by ^? :o _h se5 !m3 & ^? :o _h nev] se5 !m1 b believ$ 9 _! exi/5ce1 re/$ _! belief on a g5]al idea t ! *yle mu/1 someh[1 h vessels ( its own ap>t f ! blood-vessels4 ,:at ,gal5 & ,erasi/ratus mu/ h se51 ,asellius & ,pecquet discov]$3 & ,h>vey gives a c>eful review ( ! discov]y 9 8 lett]s to ,n>di 7,may #afeb7 & to ,morison 7,novemb] #afec74 ,he does n accept x2 b ! po9t is t he recognises x z a new ?+ altoge!r4 ,a ye> or two aft] he _h made ! discov]y1 ,asellius di$2 & 8 "w 0 publi%$ 9 #afbg by two ,milanese physicians1 & 0 d$icat$ by !m to ! s5ate ( ! ,academy ( ,milan1 :]e ,asellius _h be5 pr(essor ( anatomy4 ,! full title ( 8 book is1 ,de ,lactibus sive ,lacteis ,v5is1 qu>to ,vasorum ,mes>aicorum g5]e novo inv5to1 ,gasp>is ,asellii ,cremon5sis1 ,anatomici ,tic95sis1 ,diss]tatio4 ,qu s5t5ti anatomic mult vel p]p]am recept convelluntur vel p>tim p]cept illu/rantur4 ,he gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! discov]y1 9 ! *apt] entitl$ ,hi/oria prim vasorum i/orum inv5tionis cum fide n>rata4 ,on #bcrd ,july #afbb1 demon/rat+ ! movem5t ( ! diaphragm 9 a dog1 he obs]v$ sudd5ly1 z x 71 _m ?reads1 v ?9 & v :ite1 disp]s$ ?r\gh ! :ole mes5t]y & ?r\gh ! inte/9es1 ) ramifications almo/ endless--plurimos1 eosque t5uissimos c&ido-sissimosque ceu funiculos p] omne mes5t]ium et p] inte/9a inf9itis propemodum propag9ibus disp]sos3-- ,?9k+ at fir/ sight t !y 7 n]ves1 ,i did n greatly he$ !m4 ,b soon ,i saw t ,i 0 wrong1 = ,i be?\ght me t ! n]ves1 :i* belong to ! inte/9es1 are di/9ct f ^! ?reads1 & v diff]5t f !m1 & h a sep>ate c\rse4 ,:]e=e1 /ruck by ! newness ( ! matt]1 ,i /opp$ = a "t sil5t1 :ile "o way & ano!r !re came to my m9d ! controv]sies t occupy anatomi/s1 z to ! mes5t]ic ve9s & _! use2 :i* controv]sies are z full ( qu>rels z ( words4 ,:5 ,i _h pull$ myself toge!r1 to make exp]im5t1 tak+ a v %>p scalpel1 ,i pi]ce "o ( ! l>g] ?reads4 ,sc>cely _h ,i hit x (f1 :5 ,i see a :ite fluid runn+ out1 l milk or cream4 ,at :i* sight1 :5 ,i c\ld n hold my joy1 turn+ to ^? :o 7 !re1 fir/ to ,alex&] ,tad9us & ,s5ator ,septalius1 bo? ( !m memb]s ( ! mo/ hon\rable ,college ( ,physicians1 &1 at ! "t ( ?is writ+1 (fic]s ( ! public heal?1 ',i h f\nd x1' ,i say l ,ar*im$es2 & !re) invite !m to ! s pleasant sight ( a ?+ s unwont$2 !y be+ agitat$1 l myself1 by ! newness ( x4 ,he !n describes ! collapse & disappe>ance ( ! vessels at dea?1 & ! _m exp]im5ts :i* he made = fur!r /udy ( !m2 & ! failure1 :5 he tri$ to f9d !m 9 animals n lately f$4 ,he did n trace !m beyond ! mes5t]y1 & believ$ t !y empti$ !mselves into ! liv]4 ,! discov]y ( _! connection ) ! receptaculum *yli & ! ?oracic duct 0 made by ,jehan ,pecquet ( ,dieppe1 ,madame de ,svign's doctor1 h] good little ,pecquet4 ,! full title ( 8 book 7#bnd ed41 #afed7 is1 ,exprim5ta ,nova ,anatomica1 quibus incognitum hact5us ,receptaculum1 et ab eo p] ,?oracem 9 ramos usque subclavios ,vasa ,lactea deteguntur4 ,he has n ! academical le>n+ ( ,asellius1 nor 8 obsequi\s reg>d = ! anci5ts2 & ! discov]y ( ! ?oracic duct came1 z x 7 by *ance1 out ( an exp]im5t t 0 ( itself :olly useless4 ,he _h kill$ an animal by remov+ its he>t1 & !n saw a small quantity ( milky fluid com+ f ! cut end ( ! v5a cava--,albicantem sub9de ,lactei liquoris1 nec c]te p>um fluidi scaturig9em1 intra ,v5 ,cav fi/ulam1 circa dextri s$em ,v5triculi1 miror efflu]e--& f\nd t ?is fluid 0 id5tical ) ! *yle 9 ! lacteals4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t1 he succe$$ 9 f9d+ ! ?oracic duct--,at la/1 by c>eful exam9ation deep d[n along ! sides ( ! dorsal v]tebr1 a sort ( :it5ess1 z ( a lacteal vessel1 cat*es my eyes4 ,x lay 9 a s9u\s c\rse1 close up aga9/ ! sp9e4 ,i 0 9 d\bt1 = all my scrut9y1 :e!r ,i _h to d ) a n]ve or ) a vessel4 ,!re=e1 ,i put a ligature a little bel[ ! clavicul> ve9s2 & !n ! flaccidity above ! ligature1 & ! swell+ ( ! di/5d$ duct bel[ ! ligature1 broke d[n my d\bt--,ergo subducto paulo infra ,claviculas v9culo1 cum a ligatur sursum flaccesc]et1 sup]/ite deorsum turg5tis alveoli tumore1 dubium meum p5itus en]vavit4444 ,laxatis v9culis1 lacteus utr9que rivulus 9 ,cavam affatim ,*ylum pr(udit4 ,x is to be not$ t ,asellius & ,pecquet1 bo? ( !m1 made _! discov]ies z x 7 by *ance4 ,unless dige/ion 7 go+ on1 ! lacteals w\ld be empty & invisible2 &1 on ! dead body1 lacteals1 receptaculum1 & ?oracic duct w\ld all be empty4 ,= ^! reasons1 x co/ a va/ numb] ( exp]im5ts to prove ! exi/5ce1 & to discov] ! c\rse1 ( ^! vessels4 ,once f\nd 9 liv+ animals1 !y c\ld be inject$ & dissect$ 9 ! dead body2 b !y _h be5 ov]look$ by ,vesalius & ! m5 ( 8 "t4 ,f ! discov]y ( ! lacteals came ! discov]y ( ! :ole lymphatic sy/em4 ,d>emb]g1 9 8 ,hi/oire des ,sci5ces ,mdicales 7,p>is1 #ahgj71 aft] an acc\nt ( ,pecquet's "w1 says3-- ,up to ?is po9t1 we h se5 ,engli%1 ,italians1 & ,fr5* work+ toge!r1 ) m or less success & g5ius1 to trace ! true ways ( blood & *yle3 !re is yet "o field ( "w to op5 up1 ! lymphatics ( ! body4 ,! *ief hon\r "h belongs1 )\t d\bt1 to ! ,sw$e ,rudbeck1 ?\gh ! ,dane ,b>?ol9 has disput$ x ) him1 ) equal acrimony & inju/ice4 ,rudbeck's "w 7#afea-ed7 co9cides exactly1 9 po9t ( "t1 ) ! fir/ & second editions1 #afea & #afed1 ( ,pecquet's ,de ,lactibus4 ,x may be said1 !re=e1 t ! :ole doctr9e ( ! lymphatic sy/em 0 r\gh$ out half-way ?r\gh ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,,iii ,,! ,,ga/ric ,,juice ,f _m causes1 ! exp]im5tal /udy ( ! dige/ive processes came lat] ?an ! /udy ( ! circulation4 ,z an object ( speculative ?\ght1 dige/ion 0 a l[] phase ( life1 ! "w ( crass spirits1 less noble ?an ! blood2 f ! po9t ( view ( sci5ce1 x c\ld n be /udi$ ahead ( organic *emi/ry1 & got no help f any o!r sort ( k2 &1 f ! m$ical po9t ( view1 x 0 ! f9al result ( _m unkn[n int]nal =ces t c\ld n be obs]v$ or e/imat$ ei!r 9 life or aft] dea?4 ,x did n1 l ! circulation1 c5tre itself r\nd "o problem2 x c\ld n be focuss$ by ! "w ( "o man4 ,= ^! reasons1 & especially because ( its absolute dep5d5ce on *emi/ry = ! int]pretation ( its facts1 x _h to bide its "t2 & ,raumur's exp]im5ts are sep>at$ f ! publication ( ,h>vey's ,de ,motu ,cordis et ,sangu9is by a hundr$ & ?irty ye>s4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! fir/ exp]im5ts on dige/ion is tak5 f ,claude ,b]n>d's ,physiologie ,opratoire1 #ahgi3-- ,! true exp]im5tal /udy ( dige/ion is ( comp>atively rec5t date2 ! anci5ts 7 cont5t to f9d comp>isons1 m or less happy1 ) common facts4 ,?us1 = ,hippocrates1 dige/ion 0 a 'coction'3 = ,gal51 a 'f]m5tation1' z ( w9e 9 a vat4 ,9 lat] times1 van ,helmont />t$ ?is comp>ison aga93 = him1 dige/ion 0 a f]m5tation l t ( bread3 z ! bak]1 hav+ knead$ ! bread1 keeps a little ( ! d\gh to leav5 ! next lot knead$1 s1 said van ,helmont1 ! inte/9al canal nev] completely empties itself1 & ! residue t x keeps aft] ea* dige/ion becomes ! leav5 t %all s]ve = ! next dige/ion4 ,! fir/ exp]im5tal /udies on ! dige/ion date f ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 ! ,academy ( ,flor5ce 0 ! sc5e ( a fam\s & long controv]sy betwe5 ,borelli & ,valisni]i4 ,! =m] saw no?+ m 9 dige/ion ?an a purely me*anical act1 a "w ( attrition :]eby ! +e/a 7 f9ely divid$ & z x 7 pulv]is$3 & 9 support ( ?is op9ion ,borelli invok$ ! facts t he _h obs]v$ relat+ to ! gizz>d ( birds4 ,we "k t ?is sac1 ) its v ?ick muscul> walls1 c ex]cise on its cont5ts pressure en\gh to break ! h>de/ bodies4 ,id5tify+ ! human /oma* ) ! bird's gizz>d1 ,borelli 0 l$ to attribute to ! walls ( ! /oma* an enorm\s =ce1 e/imat$ at m ?an a ?\s& p\nds2 ^: action1 he said1 0 ! v ess5ce ( dige/ion4 ,valisni]i1 on ! contr>y1 hav+ _h occasion to op5 ! /oma* ( an o/ri*1 _h f\nd !re a fluid :i* seem$ to act on bodies imm]s$ 9 x2 ?is fluid1 he said1 0 ! active ag5t ( dige/ion1 a k9d ( aqua =tis t dissolv$ food4 ,^! two oppos$ views1 result+ r f obs]vations ?an f regul>ly in/itut$ exp]im5ts1 7 ! />t+-po9t ( ! exp]im5tal rese>*es und]tak5 by ,raumur 9 #ageb4 ,to resolve ! problem set by ,borelli & ,valisni]i1 ,raumur made birds swall[ food enclos$ 9 f5e/rat$ tubes1 s t ! food1 protect$ f ! me*anical action ( ! walls ( ! /oma*1 0 yet expos$ to ! action ( ! ga/ric fluid4 ,! fir/ tubes us$ 7glass1 t91 etc47 7 cru%$1 b5t1 or flatt5$ by ! action ( ! walls ( ! gizz>d2 & ,raumur fail$ to oppose to ?is =ce a suffici5t resi/ance1 till he employ$ lead5 tubes ?ick en\gh n to be flatt5$ by a pressure ( #dhd p\nds3 :i* 01 9 fact1 ! =ce ex]cis$ by ! contractile walls ( ! gizz>d 9 turkeys1 ducks1 & f[ls "u obs]vation4 ,^! lead5 tubes--fill$ ) ord9>y gra91 & clos$ only by a nett+ t let pass ! ga/ric juices--^! tubes1 aft] a long /ay 9 ! /oma*1 /ill enclos$ gra9 :olly intact1 unless x _h be5 cru%$ be=e ! exp]im5t4 ,:5 !y 7 fill$ ) meat1 x 0 f\nd *ang$1 b n dige/$4 ,raumur 0 ?us l$ at fir/ to consid] dige/ion1 9 ! gall9ace1 z pure & simple trituration4 ,b1 repeat+ ^! exp]im5ts on birds ( prey1 he obs]v$ t dige/ion 9 !m consi/s ess5tially 9 dissolution1 )\t any especial me*anical action1 & t x is ! same ) ! dige/ion ( meat 9 all animals ) membran\s /oma*s4 ,to procure ?is dissolv+ fluid1 ,raumur made ! birds swall[ sponges ) ?reads atta*$3 )draw+ ^! sponges aft] a def9ite p]iod1 he squeez$ ! fluid into a glass1 & te/$ its action on meat4 ,t 0 ! fir/ attempt at artificial dige/ion 9 vitro4 ,he did n c>ry ^! la/ inve/igations v f>1 & did n obta9 v decisive results2 nev]!less he mu/ be consid]$ z ! discov]] ( artificial dige/ion4 ,aft] ,raumur1 ! ,abb ,spallanzani 7#aghc7 made simil> obs]vations on _m o!r animals1 includ+ c>nivora4 ,he %[$ t ev5 9 ! gall9ace !re 0 dissolution ( food1 n m]e trituration3 & obs]v$ h[ aft] dea? ! ga/ric fluid may "u c]ta9 conditions act on ! walls ( ! /oma* itself4 ,h5ce=? ! exp]im5tal me?od _h cut ! knot ( ! "q rais$ by ! !ories ( ,borelli & ,valisni]i3 dige/ion c\ld no long] be acc\nt$ any?+ b a dissolution ( food by ! fluid ( ! /oma*1 ! ga/ric juice4 ,b m5 _h /ill to und]/& ?is ga/ric juice1 & to det]m9e its nature & mode ( action4 ,no?+ c\ld be m contradictory ?an ! views on ?is matt]4 ,*aussi] & ,dumas1 ( ,montpelli]1 reg>d$ ! ga/ric juice z ( v v>iable composition1 "o "t alkal9e1 ano!r acid1 accord+ to ! food +e/$4 ,side by side ) ^! :olly !oretical op9ions1 c]ta9 results ( exp]im5ts _h l$ to ideas j z errone\s1 = want ( rigor\s criticism ( me?ods2 x 0 ?us t ,montgre d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( ! ga/ric juice z a special fluid2 :at m5 took = ga/ric juice1 he said1 0 no?+ b ! saliva turn$ acid 9 ! /oma*4 ,to prove 8 po9t1 he made ! foll[+ exp]im5t3--,he ma/icat$ a bit ( bread1 !n put x out on a plate2 x 0 at fir/ alkal9e1 !n at ! end ( "s "t x became acid4 ,9 ^? days 7#ahac7 ?is exp]im5t 0 a real emb>rassm5t to ! m5 :o believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( a special ga/ric juice3 we h n[ no ne$ to refute x4 ,^! few in/ances suffice to %[ h[ ! physiologi/s 7 unsettl$ z to ! nature & prop]ties ( ! ga/ric juice4 ,!n 7#ahbc7 ! ,academy _h ! happy idea ( propos+ dige/ion z a subject = a prize4 ,ti$emann & ,gmel9 9 ,g]many1 ,leuret & ,lassaigne 9 ,france1 submitt$ works ( equal m]it1 & ! ,academy divid$ ! prize betwe5 !m4 ,! "w ( ,ti$emann & ,gmel9 is ( especial int]e/ to u on acc\nt ( ! great numb] ( _! exp]im5ts1 f :i* came n only ! absolute pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ga/ric juice1 b also ! /udy ( ! trans=mation ( />* into glucose4 ,?us ! !ory ( dige/ion ent]$ a new phase3 x 0 f9ally recognis$1 at lea/ = c]ta9 sub/ances1 t dige/ion is n simply dissolution1 b a true *emical trans=mation4 7,cl4 ,b]n>d1 loc4 cit47 ,9 #ahbe ,dr4 ,william ,beaumont1 a surgeon 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 began 8 fam\s exp]im5ts on ,alexis ,/4 ,m>t91 a "y ,canadian travell+ = ! ,am]ican ,fur ,company1 :o 0 %ot 9 ! abdom5 on #f? ,june #ahbb1 & recov]$1 b 0 left ) a p]man5t op5+ 9 8 /oma*4 ,s9ce ! surg]y ( ^? days did n fav\r an op]ation to close ?is fi/ula1 ,dr4 ,beaumont took ,/4 ,m>t9 into 8 s]vice1 & betwe5 #ahbe & #ahcc made a va/ numb] ( exp]im5ts on him4 ,^! he publi%$1#b & !y 7 ( great value4 ,b x is to be not$ t ! gr\nd _h be5 cle>$ already1 fifty ye>s be=e1 by ,raumur & ,spallanzani3-- ,i make no claim to orig9ality 9 my op9ions1 z x respects ! exi/5ce & op]ation ( ! ga/ric juice4 ,my exp]im5ts confirm ! doctr9es 7) "s modifications7 taught by ,spallanzani1 & _m ( ! mo/ enlight5$ physiological writ]s4 7,preface to ,dr4 ,beaumont's book47 #b ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on ! ,ga/ric ,juice1 & ! ,physiology ( ,dige/ion1 by ,william ,beaumont1 ,m4,d42 ,ed9burgh1 #ahch4 ,fur!r1 x is to be not$ t ,alexis ,/4 ,m>t9's case proves t a ga/ric fi/ula is n pa9ful4 ,scores ( exp]im5ts 7 made on him1 (f & on1 = n9e ye>s3-- ,dur+ ! :ole ( ^! p]iods1 f ! spr+ ( #ahbd to ! pres5t "t 7#ahcc71 he has enjoy$ g5]al good heal?1 & p]haps suff]$ mu* less pr$isposition to disease ?an is common to m5 ( 8 age & circum/ances 9 life4 ,he has be5 active1 a?letic1 & vigor\s2 ex]cis+1 eat+1 & dr9k+ l o!r heal?y & active p4 ,= ! la/ f\r mon?s he has be5 unusually ple?oric & robu/1 ?\gh con/antly subject$ to a cont9u\s s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ! int]ior ( ! /oma*2 all[+ to be introduc$ or tak5 out at ! ap]ture diff]5t k9ds ( food1 dr9ks1 ela/ic ca!t]s1 !rmomet] tubes1 ga/ric juice1 *yme1 etc41 almo/ daily1 & sometimes h\rly4 ,su* h be5 ?is man's condition & circum/ances = sev]al ye>s pa/2 & he n[ enjoys ! mo/ p]fect heal? & con/itutional s\ndness1 ) e function ( ! sy/em 9 full =ce & vig\r4 7,dr4 ,beaumont1 loc4 cit4 p4 #bj47 ,9 #ahcd ,eb]l publi%$ a s]ies ( obs]vations on ! extraction ( ga/ric juice f ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* aft] dea?2 9 #ahdb ,blondlot ( ,nancy /udi$ ! ga/ric juice ( animals by ! me?od ( a fi/ula1 su* z ,alexis ,/4 ,m>t9 _h (f]$ = ,dr4 ,beaumont's obs]vation4 ,aft] ,blondlot1 came exp]im5ts on ! movem5ts ( ! /oma*1 & on ! manifold influ5ces ( ! n]v\s sy/em on dige/ion4 ,x has be5 said1 times pa/ numb]1 t an animal ) a fi/ula is 9 pa94 ,x is n true4 ,! case ( ,/4 ,m>t9 is b "o out ( a multitude ( ^! cases3 an artificial orifice ( ?is k9d is n pa9ful4 ,,iv ,,glycog5 ,claude ,b]n>d's discov]y ( glycog5 9 ! liv] _h a pr(\nd influ5ce bo? on physiology & on pa?ology4 ,take fir/ its influ5ce on pa?ology4 ,diabetes 0 kn[n to ,celsus1 ,aretu1 & ,gal52 ,willis1 9 #afgd1 & ,morton1 9 #afge1 not$ ! di/9ctive sweetness ( ! ur9e2 & _! successors prov$ ! pres5ce ( sug> 9 x4 ,rollo1 9 #aghg1 obs]v$ t vegetable food 0 bad = diabetic pati5ts1 & introduc$ ! /rict use ( a meat diet4 ,b ,gal5 _h believ$ t diabetes 0 a disease ( ! kidneys1 & mo/ m5 /ill foll[$ him3 nor did ,rollo greatly advance pa?ology by foll[+ n ,gal51 b ,aretu4 ,lat]1 ) ! developm5t ( organic *emi/ry1 came ! "w ( ,*evreuil 7#ahae71 ,ti$emann & ,gmel9 7#ahbc71 & o!r illu/ri\s *emi/s3 & ! pa?ology ( diabetes grew m & m difficult3-- ,^! obs]vations gave rise to two !ories3 ! "o1 t sug> is =m$ ) abnormal rapidity 9 ! inte/9e1 absorb$ into ! blood1 & excret$ 9 ! ur9e2 ! o!r1 t diabetes is due to imp]fect de/ruction ( ! sug>1 ei!r 9 ! inte/9e or 9 ! blood4 ,"s held t x und]w5t conv]sion into lactic acid z x 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! inte/9al walls1 :ile o!rs believ$ x to be de/roy$ 9 ! blood by means ( ! alkali !re9 conta9$4#c #c ,reynolds' ,sy/em ( ,m$ic9e1 vol4 v41 art4 ,diabetes ,mellitus4 ,?us1 be=e ,claude ,b]n>d 7#ahac-ahgh71 ! pa?ology ( diabetes 0 almo/ wor?less4 ,&1 9 physiology1 8 "w 0 h>dly less important ?an ! "w ( ,h>vey4 ,a full acc\nt ( x1 9 all its be>+s1 is giv5 9 ,sir ,mi*ael ,fo/]'s ,life ( ,claude ,b]n>d 7,fi%] ,unw91 #ahii74 ,9 ,b]n>d's ,leons sur le ,diabte et la ,glycog5se ,animale 7,p>is1 #ahgg71 !re is a s5t5ce t has be5 misquot$ _m times3-- ,sans d\te1 nos ma9s sont vides auj\rd'hui1 mais notre b\*e peut tre ple9e de lgitimes promesses p\r l'av5ir4 ,?is s5t5ce has be5 work$ s h>d t "s ( ! words h got rubb$ (f x3 & ! /atem5t g5]ally made is ( ?is k9d3-- ,claude ,b]n>d himself confess$ t 8 h&s 7 empty1 b 8 m\? 0 full ( promises4 ,( c\rse1 he did n mean t he 0 wrong 9 8 facts4 ,b1 9 ?is p>ticul> lecture1 he is speak+ ( ! want ( m sci5ce 9 practice1 look+ =w>d to a "t :5 treatm5t %\ld be bas$ on sci5ce1 n on tradition4 ,m$ic9e1 he says1 is nei!r sci5ce nor art4 ,n sci5ce--,tr\v]ait-on auj\rd'hui un seul mdec9 raisonnable et in/ruit osant dire qu'il prvoit d'une manire c]ta9e la m>*e et l'issue d'une maladie ou l'effet d'une remde8 ,n art1 because art has always some?+ to %[ = its tr\ble3 a /atue1 a picture1 a poem--,le mdec9 arti/e ne cre ri51 et ne laisse aucune oeuvre d'art1 mo9s d'appliqu] ce titre la gurison du malade4 ,mais qu& le malade meurt1 e/-ce galem5t son oeuvre8 ,et qu& il gurit1 peut-il di/+u] sa "p de celle de la nature8 ,to ,claude ,b]n>d1 exp]im5ts on animals = ! direct advancem5t ( m$ic9e seem$ a new ?+3 new1 at all ev5ts1 9 comp>ison ) ! me?ods ( "s m5 ( 8 "t4 ,he 0 only say+ :at ,sir ,john ,burdon ,s&]son said 9 #ahge to ! ,royal ,commission3-- ,x is my pr(\nd conviction t a future w come1 x may be a some:at di/ant future1 9 :i* ! treatm5t ( disease w be really guid$ by sci5ce4 ,j z completely z me*anical sci5ce has come to be ! guide ( ! me*anical arts1 d ,i believe1 & ,i feel confid5t1 t physiological sci5ce w ev5tually come to be ! guide ( m$ic9e & surg]y4 ,anyh[1 lectur+ a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago on diabetes1 8 special subject1 ,claude ,b]n>d spoke out 8 long+ to compel m5 into ! ways ( sci5ce1 to give !m "s imm$iate sign :i* !y c\ld n refuse to see3-- ,at ?is pres5t "t1 m$ic9e is pass+ f "o p]iod to ano!r4 ,! old traditions are los+ gr\nd1 & sci5tific m$ic9e 7la mdec9e exprim5tale7 has got hold ( all our y\ng] m53 e day x ga9s gr\nd1 & w e/abli% itself aga9/ all its critics1 & 9 spite ( ! excesses ( ^? :o are ov]-zeal\s = its hon\r4444 ,& :5 m5 ask u :at are ! results ( sci5tific m$ic9e1 we are driv5 to answ] t x is sc>cely born1 t x is /ill 9 ! mak+4 ,^? :o c>e = no?+ b an imm$iate practical application mu/ rememb] ,frankl9's words1 ,:at is ! use ( a new-born *ild1 b to become a man8 ,if y delib]ately reject sci5tific m$ic9e1 y fail to see ! natural developm5t ( man's m9d 9 all ! sci5ces4 ,)\t d\bt1 our h&s are empty to-day1 b our m\? may well be fill$ ) legitimate promises = ! future4 ,he di$ 9 #ahgh4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! discov]y ( glycog5 is tak5 f 8 ,n\velle ,fonction du ,foie 7,p>is1 #ahec73-- ,my fir/ rese>*es into ! assimilation & de/ruction ( sug> 9 ! liv+ organism 7 made 9 #ahdc3 & 9 my inaugural !sis 7,dec4 #ahdc7 ,i publi%$ my fir/ exp]im5ts on ! subject4 ,i succe$$ 9 demon/rat+ a fact hi!rto unkn[n1 t cane-sug> _c be directly de/roy$ 9 ! blood4 ,if y inject ev5 a v small quantity ( cane-sug>1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 into ! blood or "u ! sk9 ( a rabbit1 y f9d x aga9 9 ! ur9e un*ang$1 ) all its *emical prop]ties ! same4444 ,i _h soon to give up my fir/ po9t ( view1 because ?is "q ( ! exi/5ce ( a sug>-produc+ organ1 t ,i _h ?\ght su* a h>d problem ( physiology1 0 really ! fir/ ?+ reveal$ to me1 z x 7 ( itself1 at once4 ,he kept two dogs on diff]5t diets1 "o ) sug>1 ! o!r )\t x2 !n kill$ !m dur+ dige/ion1 & te/$ ! blood 9 ! hepatic ve9s3-- ,:at 0 my surprise1 :5 ,i f\nd a consid]able quantity ( sug> 9 ! hepatic ve9s ( ! dog t _h be5 f$ on meat only1 & _h be5 kept = eight days )\t sug>3 j z ,i f\nd x 9 ! o!r dog t _h be5 f$ = ! same "t on food ri* 9 sug>4444 ,f9ally1 aft] _m attempts--aprs beauc\p d'essais et plusieurs illusions que je fus oblig de rectifi] p> des ttonnem5ts--,i succe$$ 9 %[+1 t 9 dogs f$ on meat ! blood pass+ ?r\gh ! portal ve9 does n conta9 sug> be=e x rea*es ! liv]2 b :5 x leaves ! liv]1 & comes by ! hepatic ve9s into ! inf]ior v5a cava1 ?is same blood conta9s a consid]able quantity ( a sug>y sub/ance 7glucose74 ,8 fur!r discov]y1 t ?is =mation ( sug> is increas$ by puncture ( ! floor ( ! f\r? v5tricle1 0 publi%$ 9 #ahdi4 ,x is impossible to exagg]ate ! importance ( ,claude ,b]n>d's s+le-h&$ "w 9 ?is field ( physiology & pa?ology3-- ,z a m]e contribution to ! hi/ory ( sug> )9 ! animal body1 z a l9k 9 ! *a9 ( special problems connect$ ) dige/ion & nutrition1 its value 0 v great4 ,ev5 great]1 p]haps1 0 its effect z a contribution to g5]al views4 ,! view t ! animal body1 9 contra/ to ! plant1 c\ld n con/ruct1 c\ld only de/roy1 01 z we h se51 already be+ %ak54 ,b evid5ce1 h[ev] /rong1 (f]$ 9 ! =m ( num]ical comp>isons betwe5 income & output1 fail$ to produce any?+ l ! conviction :i* 0 br\ght home to e "o by ! demon/ration t a sub/ance 0 actually =m$ )9 ! animal body1 & by ! exhibition ( ! sub/ance s =m$4 ,no less revolution>y 0 ! demon/ration t ! liv] _h o!r ?+s to d 9 ! animal economy besides secret+ bile4 ,?is1 at "o bl[1 de/roy$ ! !n dom9ant conception t ! animal body 0 to be reg>d$ z a bundle ( organs1 ea* ) its appropriate function1 a conception :i* did mu* to n>r[ inquiry1 s9ce :5 a suitable function _h once be5 assign$ to an organ !re seem$ no ne$ = fur!r inve/igations4444 ,no less pregnant ( future discov]ies 0 ! idea sugge/$ by ?is newly-f\nd-out action ( ! hepatic tissue1 ! idea happily =mulat$ by ,b]n>d z 'int]nal secretion4' ,no "p ( physiology is at ! pres5t day be+ m fruitfully /udi$ ?an t :i* deals ) ! *anges :i* ! blood und]goes z x sweeps ?r\gh ! sev]al tissues1 *anges by ! c>eful adaptation ( :i* :at we call ! heal? ( ! body is secur$1 *anges ! failure or discordance ( :i* entails disease4 ,! /udy ( ^! int]nal secretions con/itutes a pa? ( inquiry :i* has already be5 trod ) conspicu\s success1 & :i* promises to lead to untold discov]ies ( ! greate/ mom5t2 ! gate to ?is pa? 0 op5$ by ,b]n>d's "w4 7,sir ,m4 ,fo/]1 loc4 cit47 ,b ! "w to be done1 be=e all ! cl9ical facts ( ! disease c be /at$ 9 t]ms ( physiology1 is n yet f9i%$4 ,9 ,engl&1 especial hon\r is due to ,dr4 ,pavy = 8 life-long /udy ( ?is mo/ complex problem4 ,v ,,! ,,pancreas ,"h aga9 ,claude ,b]n>d's "n mu/ be put fir/4 ,be=e him1 ! div]se actions ( ! pancreatic juice _h h>dly be5 /udi$4 ,vesalius1 greate/ ( all anatomi/s1 makes no m5tion ( ! duct ( ! pancreas1 & speaks ( ! gl& itself z ?\gh its purpose 7 j to support ! p>ts 9 its neighb\rhood--ut v5triculo in/> sub/]niculi ac pulv9>is subjiciatur4 ,! duct 0 discov]$ by ,wirsung1 9 #afdb3 b anatomy c\ld n see ! ?+s t belong to physiology4 ,l9danus 7#afec7 said1 ,i _c d\bt t ! pancreas expurgates1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ,nature1 ^? impurities ( ! blood t are too crass & inept to be tam$ by ! sple53 &1 9 ! extraord9>y c\rse1 all black bile1 begott5 ( disease or intemp]ate liv+4 ,:>ton 7#afef7 said1 ,x m9i/]s to ! n]ves1 tak+ up c]ta9 ( _! sup]fluities1 & remitt+ !m ?r\gh its duct into ! inte/9es4 ,& ,tommaso ,b>?ol9i 7#afff7 call$ x ! bili>y vesicle ( ! sple54 ,?is *aos ( ideas 0 br\ght into "s sort ( ord] by ,regni] de ,graaf1 pupil ( ,franois de ,bois 7,sylvius74 ,de ,bois _h guess$ t ! pancreas mu/ be consid]$ n accord+ to its position 9 ! body1 b accord+ to its /ructure3 t x 0 analog\s to ! saliv>y gl&s4 ,he urg$ 8 pupil to make exp]im5ts on x3 & de ,graaf says3-- ,i put my h& to ! "w3 & ?\gh _m times ,i despair$ ( success1 yet at la/1 by ! bless+ ( ,god on my "w & pray]s1 9 ! ye> #affj ,i discov]$ a way ( collect+ ! pancreatic juice4 ,&1 by fur!r exp]im5t1 he refut$ ,b>?ol9i's !ory t ! pancreas 0 dep5d5t on ! sple54 ,sylvius _h suppos$ t ! pancreatic juice 0 slightly acid1 & de ,graaf fail$ to note ?is mi/ake2 b x 0 correct$ by ,bohn's exp]im5ts 9 #agaj4 ,ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s come betwe5 ,regni] de ,graaf & ,claude ,b]n>d3 x is no wond] t ,sir ,mi*ael ,fo/] says t de ,graaf's "w 0 v imp]fect & fruitless4 ,s late z #ahdj1 !re 0 yet no cle> und]/&+ ( ! action ( ! pancreas4 ,physiology c\ld n advance )\t organic *emi/ry2 de ,graaf c\ld no m discov] ! amylolytic action ( ! pancreatic juice ?an ,galvani c\ld inv5t wireless telegraphy4 ,! physiologi/s _h to wait till *emi/ry 0 ready to help !m3-- ,( c\rse1 :ile physical & *emical laws 7 /ill lo/ 9 a *aos ( undet]m9$ facts1 x 0 impossible t m5 %\ld analyse ! ph5om5a ( life3 fir/1 because ^! ph5om5a g back to ! laws ( *emi/ry & physics2 & next1 because !y _c be /udi$ )\t ! app>atus1 in/rum5ts1 & all o!r me?ods ( analysis t we owe to ! laboratories ( ! *emi/s & ! physici/s4 7,cl4 ,b]n>d1 ,phys4 ,opr41 p4 #fa47 ,!re=e de ,graaf fail$1 because he got no help f o!r sci5ces4 ,b x _c be call$ failure2 he mu/ be contra/$ ) ! m5 ( 8 "t1 ,l9danus & ,b>?ol9i1 facts aga9/ !ories1 n ) m5 ( ?is c5tury4 ,& ,claude ,b]n>d w5t back to de ,graaf's me?od ( ! fi/ula1 hav+ to guide him ! facts ( *emi/ry obs]v$ by ,val5t91 ,ti$emann & ,gmel91 & ,eb]l4 ,8 "w began 9 #ahdf1 & ! ,acadmie des ,sci5ces aw>d$ a prize to x 9 #ahej3-- ,let ?is vague conception 7! acc\nt ( ! pancreas giv5 9 ,johannes ,mll]'s ,text-book ( ,physiology7 be comp>$ ) ! k :i* we at pres5t h ( ! sev]al di/9ct actions ( ! pancreatic juice1 & ( ! pr$om9ant importance ( ?is fluid n only 9 inte/9al dige/ion b 9 dige/ion z a :ole1 & x w be at once se5 :at a great advance has tak5 place 9 ?is matt] s9ce ! e>ly =ties4 ,t advance we owe 9 ! ma9 to ,b]n>d4 ,val5t91 x is true1 _h 9 #ahdd n only inf]r$ t ! pancreatic juice _h an action on />*1 b confirm$ 8 view by actual exp]im5t ) ! juice express$ f ! gl&2 & ,eb]l _h sugge/$ t ! juice _h "s action on fat2 b ,b]n>d at "o /roke made cle> its ?reefold action4 ,he %[$ t x on ! "o h& emulsifi$1 & on ! o!r h& split up1 into fatty acids & glyc]9e1 ! neutral fats2 he cle>ly prov$ t x _h a p[]ful action on />*1 conv]t+ x into sug>2 & la/ly1 he laid b>e its rem>kable action on proteid matt]s4 7,sir ,mi*ael ,fo/]1 loc4 cit47 ,f9ally came ! discov]y t ! pancreas--ap>t f its influ5ces on dige/ion--contributes its %>e1 l ! ductless gl&s1 to ! g5]al *emi/ry ( ! body3-- ,x 0 discov]$1 a few ye>s ago1 by von ,m]+ & ,m9k[ski1 t if1 in/ead ( m]ely div]t+ its secretion1 ! pancreas is bodily remov$1 ! metabolic processes ( ! organism1 & especially ! metabolism ( c>bo-hydrates1 are entirely d]ang$1 ! result be+ ! production ( p]man5t diabetes4 ,b if ev5 a v small "p ( ! gl& is left )9 ! body1 ! c>bo-hydrate metabolism rema9s unalt]$1 & !re is no diabetes4 ,! small portion ( ! organ :i* has be5 all[$ to rema9 7& :i* ne$ n ev5 be left 9 its prop] place1 b may be transplant$ "u ! sk9 or else:]e7 is suffici5t1 by ! ex*anges :i* g on betwe5 x & ! blood g5]ally1 to prev5t ^? s]i\s consequ5ces to ! composition ( ! blood1 & ! g5]al con/itution ( ! body1 :i* result f ! complete removal ( ?is organ4 7,pr(4 ,s*f]1 #ahid47 ,"h1 9 ?is pres5t /udy ( pancreatic diabetes1 by ,dr4 ,vaughan ,h>ley & o!rs1 are facts z important z any t ,b]n>d made out3 9 no way contradict+ 8 "w1 b add+ to x4 ,! pancreas is no long] tak5 to be only a sort ( saliv>y gl& out ( place3 ov] & above ! secretion t x p\rs into ! inte/9es1 x has an int]nal secretion1 a con/itu5t ( ! blood3 x belongs n only to ! dige/ive sy/em1 b also1 l ! ?yroid gl& & ! supr>5al capsules1 to ! :ole *emi/ry ( ! blood & ! tissues4 ,s f> has physiology come1 unaid$ by anatomy1 f ! fanta/ic notions ( ,l9danus & ! m5 ( 8 "t3 & has come e in* ( ! way by ! help ( exp]im5ts on animals4 ,pr(essor ,/>l+'s obs]vations1 on ! *emical influ5ce ( ! duod5al muc\s membrane on ! fl[ ( pancreatic fluid1 h advanc$ ! subject /ill fur!r4 ,,vi ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,bone ,! "w ( du ,hamel prov$ t ! p]io/eum is "o *ief ag5t 9 ! gr[? ( bone4 ,be=e him1 ?is great fact ( physiology 0 unkn[n2 = ! exp]im5ts made by ,an?ony de ,heide 7#afhd71 :o /udi$ ! production ( callus 9 ! bones ( frogs1 7 :olly useless1 & s]ve only to %[ t m5 9 8 "t _h no cle> und]/&+ ( ! natural gr[? ( bone4 ,de ,heide says ( 8 exp]im5ts3-- ,f ^! exp]im5ts x appe>s--=san probatur--t callus is g5]at$ by extravasat$ blood1 ^: fluid p>ticles be+ sl[ly exhal$1 ! residue takes ! =m ( ! bone3 :i* process may be fur!r advanc$ by decidu\s halitus f ! ends ( ! brok5 bone4 ,& ,clopton ,hav]s1 9 8 ,o/eologia ,nova 7,london1 #afia71 goes s f> ! wrong way t he attributes to ! p]io/eum n ! production ( bone1 b ! prev5tion ( ov]-production2 ! p]io/eum1 he says1 is put r\nd ! %aft ( a bone to compress x1 le/ x gr[ too l>ge4 ,du ,hamel's discov]y 7#agci-agdc7 came out ( a *ance obs]vation1 made by ,john ,bel*i]1#d t ! bones ( animals f$ ne> dye-works 7 /a9$ ) ! dye4 ,bel*i] !re=e put a bird on food mix$ ) madd]1 & f\nd t its bones _h tak5 up ! /a94 ,!n du ,hamel /udi$ ! :ole subject by a s]ies ( exp]im5ts4 ,to e/imate ! advance t he gave to physiology1 contra/ de ,heide's fanciful language ) ! title ( "o ( du ,hamel's pap]s--,quatrime ,mmoire sur les ,os1 dans lequel on se propose de rapport] de n\velles preuves qui tabliss5t que les os croiss5t en grosseur p> l'addition de c\*es osseuses qui tir5t leur orig9e du prio/e1 comme le corps ligneux des ,arbres augm5te en grosseur p> l'addition de c\*es ligneuses qui se =m5t dans l'corce4 ,or take an example ( du ,hamel's me?od3-- ,?ree pigs 7 de/9$ to cle> up my d\bts4 ,! fir/1 six weeks old1 0 f$ = a mon? on ord9>y food1 ) an ounce daily ( madd]-juice--g>5ce grappe--put 9 x4 ,at ! end ( ! mon?1 we /opp$ ! juice1 & f$ ! pig 9 ! ord9>y way = six weeks1 & !n kill$ x4 ,! m>r[ ( ! bones 0 surr\nd$ by a fairly ?ick lay] ( :ite bone3 ?is 0 ! =mation ( bone dur+ ! fir/ six weeks ( life1 )\t madd]4 ,?is r+ ( :ite bone 0 surr\nd$ by ano!r zone ( r$ bone3 ?is 0 ! =mation ( bone dur+ ! adm9i/ration ( ! madd]4 ,f9ally1 ?is r$ zone 0 cov]$ ) a fairly ?ick lay] ( :ite bone3 ?is 0 ! lay] =m$ aft] ! madd] _h be5 left (f4444 ,we %all h no fur!r difficulty 9 und]/&+ :5ce transudes ! osse\s juice t 0 ?\ght necess>y = ! =mation ( callus & ! fill+-up ( ! w\nds ( ! bones1 n[ we see t x is ! p]io/eum t fills up ! w\nds1 or is made ?ick r\nd ! fractures1 & aft]w>d becomes ( ! consi/5ce ( c>tilage1 & at la/ acquires ! h>dness ( bones4 #d ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,bones ( ,animals be+ *ang$ to a ,r$ ,col\r by ,alim5t only1 by ,john ,bel*i]1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc41 #agce-cf4 ,!re is a lett] f ,sir ,hans ,sloane1 !n ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 to ,m4 ,ge(froy1 memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,academy3--,m4 ,bel*i]1 *irurgi51 membre de cette ,socit1 dnant un j\r *ez un ,te9turi] qui travaille en ,toiles pe9tes1 rem>qua que dans un ,porc frais qu'on avoit s]vi sur table1 et dont la *air toit de bon gt1 les os toi5t r\ges4 ,il dem&a la cause d'un effet si s+uli]1 et on lui dit que ces sortes de ,te9turi]s se s]voi5t de la rac9e de ,rubia ,t9ctorum1 ou g>5ce1 p\r fix] les c\leurs dj imprimes sur les ,toiles de coton1 qu'on appelle en ,anglet]re callicoes4 ,?is passage ( dye into ! bones ( animals _h be5 not$ s f> back z #aegc1 by ,anto9e ,mizald1 a doctor 9 ,p>is--,ery?rodanum1 vulgo rubia t9ctorum1 ossa pecudum rub5ti et s&yc9o colore imbuit4 ,^! results1 confirm$ by ,bazan 7#agdf7 & ,boehm] 7#agea71 7 f> beyond any?+ t _h yet be5 kn[n ab\t ! p]io/eum4 ,b ! gr[? ( bone is a v complex process3 ! nak$ eye sees only ! gross] *anges t come ) x2 & du ,hamel's +5i\s comp>ison betwe5 ! p]io/eum & ! b>k ( trees 0 too simple to be exact4 ,!re=e 8 "w 0 oppos$ by ,hall]1 & by ,de?leef1 ,hall]'s pupil3 & ! great au?ority ( ,hall]'s "n1 & ! difficulties ly+ beyond du ,hamel's pla9 facts1 br\ght ab\t a long p]iod ( unc]ta9ty4 ,bord5ave 7#agef7 f\nd reasons = support+ ,hall]2 & ,f\g]\x 7#agfj7 support$ du ,hamel4 ,?us m5 came to /udy ! :ole subject ) m accuracy--! gr[? 9 l5g?1 z well z ! gr[? 9 ?ickness2 ! m$ull>y cavity1 ! developm5t ( bone1 ! nutrition & absorption ( bone4 ,among ^? :o took up ! "w 7 ,bi*at1 ,hunt]1 ,troja1 & ,cruveilhi]2 & !y recognis$ ! surgical aspect ( ^! rese>*es 9 physiology4 ,aft] !m1 ! p]io/eal gr[? ( bone became1 z x 71 a "p ( ! pr9ciples ( surg]y4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ( practice1 issu$ ! exp]im5ts made by ,syme 7#ahcg7 & ,/anley 7#ahdi73 :i* prov$ ! importance ( ! epiphysial c>tilages = ! gr[? ( ! bones 9 l5g?1 & ! risk ( int]f]+ ) ^! c>tilages 9 op]ations on ! jo9ts ( *ildr54 ,f9ally1 ) ! rise ( an/hetics & ( ! antiseptic me?od1 came ! "w ( ,olli]1 ( ,lyon1 ^: good influ5ce on ! treatm5t ( ^! cases c h>dly be ov]-e/imat$4 ,,vii ,,! ,,n]v\s ,,sy/em ,z ) ! circulatory sy/em1 s ) ! n]v\s sy/em1 ! "w ( ,gal5 0 c5turies ahead ( its "t4 ,be=e him1 ,ari/otle1 :o twice ref]s to exp]im5ts on animals1 _h obs]v$ ! bra9 dur+ life3 = he says1 ,9 no animal has ! blood any feel+ :5 x is t\*$1 any m ?an ! excretions2 nor has ! bra91 or ! m>r[1 any feel+1 :5 x is t\*$3 b !re is reason = believ+ t he nei!r recognis$ ! purpose ( ! bra91 nor und]/ood ! di/ribution ( ! n]ves4 ,gal51 by ! help ( ! exp]im5tal me?od1 f\nd$ ! physiology ( ! n]v\s sy/em3-- ,gal5's me?od ( proc$ure 0 totally diff]5t to t ( an anatomi/ alone4 ,he fir/ review$ ! anatomical position1 & by dissection %[$ ! cont9uity ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 bo? c5tral & p]iph]al1 & also t "s bundles ( n]ve fibres 7 di/ribut$ to ! sk91 o!rs to ! muscles4 ,lat]1 by process ( ! physiological exp]im5t ( divid+ su* bundles ( fibres1 he %[$ t ! =m] 7 s5sory fibres & ! latt] motor fibres4 ,he fur!r trac$ ! n]ves to _! orig9s 9 ! sp9al cord1 & _! t]m9ations z a=esaid4 ,f ^! obs]vations & exp]im5ts he 0 able to d$uce ! all-important fact t diff]5t n]ve-roots suppli$ diff]5t gr\ps ( muscles & diff]5t areas ( ! sk94444 ,an excell5t illu/ration ( 8 me?od1 & ( ! fact t we ought n to treat symptoms1 b ! causes ( symptoms1 is %[n v cle>ly 9 "o ( ! cases :i* ,gal5 records z hav+ come "u 8 c>e4 ,he tells u t he 0 consult$ by a c]ta9 sophi/ call$ ,pausanias1 :o _h a sev]e degree ( an/hesia ( ! little & r+ f+]s4 ,= ?is loss ( s5sation1 etc41 ! m$ical m5 :o att5d$ him appli$ o9tm5ts ( v>i\s k9ds to ! affect$ f+]s2 b ,gal51 consid]+ t t 0 a wrong pr9ciple1 inquir$ into ! hi/ory1 & f\nd t :ile ! pati5t 0 driv+ 9 8 *>iot he _h accid5tally fall5 out & /ruck 8 sp9e at ! junction ( ! c]vical & dorsal regions4 ,gal5 recognis$ t he _h to d ) a traumatism affect+ ! eigh? c]vical & fir/ dorsal n]ve2 !re=e1 he says1 he ord]$ t ! o9tm5ts %\ld be tak5 (f ! h& & plac$ ov] ! sp9al column1 s z to treat ! really affect$ "p1 & n apply rem$ies to m]ely ! ref]r$ seat ( pa94#e #e ,f an address on ,gal51 giv5 by ,sir ,victor ,horsley be=e ! ,m$ical ,society ( ! ,middlesex ,hospital4 ,see ,middlesex ,hospital ,j\rnal1 ,may #ahii4 ,gal51 by ?is sort ( "w1 laid ! f\ndations ( physiology2 b ! m5 :o came aft] him let 8 facts be ov]:elm$ by fanta/ic doctr9es3 all ?r\gh ! ages1 f ,gal5 to ! ,r5aissance1 no great advance 0 made t[>d ! int]pretation ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,long aft] ! ,r5aissance1 8 au?ority /ill held good2 8 gho/ 0 n laid ev5 by ,p>acelsus & ,vesalius1 x haunt$ ! m$ical pr(ession s late z ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury2 b ! m5 :o wor%ipp$ 8 "n miss$ ! :ole mean+ ( 8 "w4 ,?is long neglect ( ! exp]im5tal me?od left su* a gap 9 ! hi/ory ( physiology1 t ,sir ,*>les ,bell seems to take up ! exp]im5tal /udy ( ! n]v\s sy/em at ! po9t :]e ,gal5 _h /opp$ %ort2 we g f ! "t ( ,commodus to ! "t ( ,george ! ,?ird1 & !re is ,bell1 z x 71 putt+ ! f9i%+ t\* to ,gal5's facts4 ,x is true t exp]im5ts _h be5 made on ! n]v\s sy/em by _m m52 b a dead weight ( !ories kept d[n ! :ole subject4 ,= a good in/ance1 h[ imag9ation h9d]$ sci5ce1 !re is ! foll[+ li/1 made by ,dr4 ,risi5 ,russell1 ( !ories ab\t ! c]ebellum3-- ,gal5 0 ( op9ion t ! c]ebellum mu/ be ! orig9ator ( a l>ge am\nt ( vital =ce4 ,aft] him1 & up to ! "t ( ,willis1 ! preval5t idea seems to h be5 t x 0 ! seat ( memory2 :ile ,b\rillon consid]$ x ! seat ( in/9ct & intellig5ce4 ,willis suppos$ t x presid$ ov] involunt>y movem5ts & organic functions2 & ?is view1 ?\gh refut$ by ,hall]1 cont9u$ 9 ! asc5d5cy = "s "t4 ,"s believ$ /rongly 9 its influ5ce on ! functions ( organic life2 & accord+ to "s1 diseases ( ! c]ebellum appe>$ to tell on ! movem5ts ( ! he>t4444 ,hall] believ$ x to be ! seat ( s5sations1 z well z ! s\rce ( volunt>y p[]2 & !re 7 _m support]s ( ! !ory t ! c]ebellum 0 ! seat ( ! s5sory c5tres4 ,r5zi consid]$ ?is organ ! n]v\s c5tre by :i* we p]ceive ! reality ( ! ext]nal _w1 & direct & fix our s5ses on ! ?+s r\nd u4 ,gall1 & lat] ,br\ssais1 & o!rs1 held t ?is organ presid$ ov] ! in/9ct ( reproduction1 or ! prop5sity to love2 :ile ,c>us reg>d$ x z ! seat ( ! w also4 ,rol&o look$ on x z ! s\rce ( orig9 ( all movem5ts4 ,jess5 adduc$ argum5ts 9 fav\r ( its be+ ! c5tral organ ( feel+1 or ( ! s\l1 & ! pr9cipal seat ( ! s5sations4 ,x is pla91 f ?is li/1 t physiology _h become obscur$ by fanciful notions ( no practical value4 ,if a bett] und]/&+ ( ! n]v\s sy/em c\ld h be5 got )\t exp]im5ts on animals1 :y _h m5 to wait s long = x8 ,! ,italian anatomi/s _h long ago giv5 !m all ! anatomy t 0 ne$$ to make a beg9n+2 ! hospitals1 & practice1 _h giv5 !m _m hundr$ ye>s ( cl9ical facts2 n]v\s diseases & head injuries 7 common en\gh 9 ! ,middle ,ages2 & by ! "t ( ,ambroise ,p>1 if n be=e1 po/-mortem exam9ations 7 all[$4 ,! "o ?+ want$ 0 ! exp]im5tal me?od2 &1 = want ( x1 ! sci5ce ( ! n]v\s sy/em /ood /ill4 ,exp]im5ts _h be5 made2 b ! /eady1 g5]al1 unbiass$ use ( ?is me?od _h be5 lo/ sight (1 & m5 7 m occupi$ ) logic & ) philosophy4 ,!n1 9 #ahaa1 came ,sir ,*>les ,bell's "w4 ,if any "o w\ld see h[ great 0 ! ne$ ( exp]im5ts on animals = ! int]pretation ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 let him contra/ ! physiology ( ! eighte5? c5tury ) t "o exp]im5t by ,bell :i* enabl$ him to say1 ,i n[ saw ! mean+ ( ! d\ble connection ( ! n]ves ) ! sp9al m>r[4 ,x is true t ?is me?od is b a "p ( ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e2 t exp]im5t & exp]i5ce ought to g toge!r l ! convexity & ! concavity ( a curve4 ,b x is true also t m5 owe _! deliv]ance f ignorance ab\t ! n]v\s sy/em m to exp]im5ts on animals ?an to any o!r me?od ( obs]v+ facts4 #a4 ,sir ,*>les ,bell 7#aggh-ahdb7 ,! great au?ority ( ,sir ,*>les ,bell has be5 quot$ a ?\s& times aga9/ all exp]im5ts on animals3-- ,exp]im5ts h nev] be5 ! means ( discov]y2 & a survey ( :at has be5 attempt$ ( late ye>s 9 physiology1 w prove t ! op5+ ( liv+ animals has done m to p]petuate error ?an to confirm ! j views tak5 f ! /udy ( anatomy & natural motions4 ,he wrote1 ( c\rse1 9 ! days be=e bact]iology1 be=e an/hetics2 he _h 9 8 m9d nei!r inoculations1 nor any obs]vations made "u *lor(orm or e!r1 b j ! op5+ ( liv+ animals4 ,he _h also 9 8 m9d1 & always 9 x1 a great dislike aga9/ ! s*ool ( ,mag5die4 ,let all t pass2 our only conc]n "h is to "k :e!r ^! words are true ( 8 own "w4 ,!y occur 9 a pap]1 ,on ! ,motions ( ! ,eye1 9 ,illu/ration ( ! ,uses ( ! ,muscles & ,n]ves ( ! ,orbit2 communicat$ by ,sir ,humphry ,davy to ! ,royal ,society1 & read ,m>* #bj1 #ahbc4f ,?is essay 0 "o ( a s]ies ( pap]s on ! n]v\s sy/em1 pres5t$ to ! ,royal ,society dur+ ! ye>s #ahba-ahbi4 ,9 #ahcj1 hav+ already publi%$ f\r ( ^! pap]s "u ! title1 ,! ,exposition ( ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em1 ,bell publi%$ all six ( !m1 "u ! title1 ,! ,n]v\s ,sy/em ( ! ,human ,body4 #f ,?is pap] includes an ,exp]im5tal ,enquiry into ! ,action ( ^! ,muscles1 giv+ an acc\nt ( an exp]im5t on ! eye4 ,9 8 ,preface to ?is book 7#ahcj7 he quotes ! e>lie/ ( all 8 pr9t$ writ+s on ! n]v\s sy/em1 a pamphlet1 pr9t$ 9 #ahaa1 "u ! title1 ,an ,idea ( a ,new ,anatomy ( ! ,bra91 ,submitt$ = ! ,obs]vation ( ! ,au?ors ,fri5ds4 ,we h !re=e two /atem5ts ( 8 "w1 "o 9 #ahaa1 ! o!r 9 #ahbc & #ahcj4 ,! fir/ ( !m 0 writt5 :5 8 "w 0 /ill new be=e 8 eyes4 ,^? :o say t exp]im5ts did n help ,bell 9 8 great discov]y--! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ant]ior & ! po/]ior n]ve-roots--appeal to c]ta9 passages 9 ! #ahcj volume3-- ,9 a =eign review ( my =m] pap]s1 ! results h be5 consid]$ z a fur!r pro( 9 fav\r ( exp]im5ts4 ,!y are1 on ! contr>y1 d$uctions f anatomy2 & ,i h _h rec\rse to exp]im5ts1 n to =m my own op9ions1 b to impress !m ^u o!rs4 ,x mu/ be my apology t my utmo/ ef=ts ( p]suasion 7 lo/1 :ile ,i urg$ my /atem5ts on ! gr\nds ( anatomy alone4 ,i h made few exp]im5ts2 !y h be5 simple & easily p]=m$1 & ,i hope are decisive4444 ,my conceptions ( ?is matt] arose by inf]5ce f ! anatomical /ructure2 s t ! few exp]im5ts :i* h be5 made 7 direct$ only to ! v]ification ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples on :i* ! sy/em is e/abli%$4 ,if x 7 n = ! #ahaa pamphlet1 ! oppon5ts ( all exp]im5ts on animals might claim ,sir ,*>les ,bell on _! side4 ,b :ile 8 "w 0 /ill a new ?+1 he spoke 9 ano!r way ( x3-- ,i f\nd t injury done to ! ant]ior portion ( ! sp9al m>r[ convuls$ ! animal m c]ta9ly ?an injury to ! po/]ior portion2 b ,i f\nd x difficult to make ! exp]im5t )\t injur+ bo? portions4 ,next1 consid]+ t ! sp9al n]ves h a d\ble root1 & be+ ( op9ion t ! prop]ties ( ! n]ves are d]iv$ f _! connections ) ! p>ts ( ! bra91 ,i ?\ght t ,i _h an opportunity ( putt+ my op9ion to ! te/ ( exp]im5t1 & ( prov+ at ! same "t t n]ves ( diff]5t end[m5ts 7 9 ! same cord 7n]ve-trunk7 & held toge!r by ! same %ea?4 ,on lay+ b>e ! roots ( ! sp9al n]ves1 ,i f\nd t ,i c\ld cut across ! po/]ior fasciculus ( n]ves1 :i* took its orig9 f ! po/]ior portion ( ! sp9al m>r[1 )\t convuls+ ! muscles ( ! back2 b t on t\*+ ! ant]ior fasciculus ) ! po9t ( ! knife1 ! muscles ( ! back 7 imm$iately convuls$4 ,su* 7 my reasons = conclud+ t ! c]ebrum & c]ebellum 7 p>ts di/9ct 9 function1 & t e n]ve possess+ a d\ble function obta9$ t by hav+ a d\ble root4 ,i n[ saw ! mean+ ( ! d\ble connection ( ! n]ves ) ! sp9al m>r[2 & also ! cause ( t seem+ intricacy 9 ! connections ( n]ves ?r\gh\t _! c\rse1 :i* 7 n d\ble at _! orig9s4 ,x is impossible to reconcile ! #ahcj s5t5ces ) ?is vivid p]sonal acc\nt ( himself2 ,i _h an opportunity ( putt+ my op9ion to ! te/ ( exp]im5t 444 an opportunity ( prov+ 444 ,su* 7 my reasons = conclud+ 444 ,i n[ saw4444 ,x is j :at all m5 ( sci5ce say ( _! exp]im5ts3 ! v phrase ( ,ar*im$es1 & ,asellius1 & de ,graaf4 ,if ,sir ,*>les ,bell _h be5 work+ at ! facts ( *emi/ry or ( botany1 :o w\ld h d\bt$ ! mean+ ( ^! words8 ,?is same inconsi/5cy ( s5t5ces occurs else:]e 9 8 ,n]v\s ,sy/em ( ! ,human ,body4 ,9 "o place he says t he has made few exp]im5ts3 ,!y h be5 simple1 & easily p]=m$1 & ,i hope are decisive4 ,9 ano!r he says3 ,aft] mak+ sev]al exp]im5ts on ! c]ebrum & c]ebellum1 ,i laid ! "q ( _! functions entirely aside1 & conf9$ myself to ! inve/igation ( ! sp9al m>r[ & ! n]ves2 a subject :i* ,i f\nd m )9 my p[]1 & :i* =ms ! sub/ance ( ! pres5t volume4 ,next1 take 8 acc\nt ( ! cranial n]ves3-- ,x 0 necess>y to "k1 9 ! fir/ place1 :e!r ! ph5om5a exhibit$ on injur+ ! sep>ate roots correspond$ ) :at 0 sugge/$ by _! anatomy4444 ,"h a difficulty arose4 ,an op9ion prevail$ t ganglions 7 int5d$ to cut (f s5sation2 & e "o ( ^! n]ves1 :i* ,i suppos$ 7 ! in/rum5ts ( s5sation1 h ganglions on _! roots4 ,"s v decid$ exp]im5t 0 necess>y to ov]turn ?is dogma4 7,acc\nt ( ! exp]im5t47 ,by pursu+ ! inquiry1 x 0 f\nd t a ganglionic n]ve is ! sole organ ( s5sation 9 ! head & face3 ganglions 7 !re=e no h9drance to s5sation2 & ?us my op9ion 0 confirm$4444 ,x n[ became obvi\s :y ! ?ird1 six?1 & n9? n]ves ( ! encephalon 7 s+le n]ves 9 _! roots4444 ,obs]v+ t !re 0 a portion ( ! fif? n]ve :i* did n ent] ! ganglion ( t n]ve1 & be+ assur$ ( ! fact by ! concurr+ te/imony ( anatomi/s1 ,i conceiv$ t ! fif? n]ve 0 9 fact ! upp]mo/ n]ve ( ! sp9e4444 ,?is op9ion 0 confirm$ by exp]im5t4444 7,acc\nt ( an exp]im5t on ! dead body47 ,on divid+ ! root ( ! n]ve 9 a liv+ animal1 ! jaw fell relax$4 ,?us its functions are no long] matt] ( d\bt3 x is at once a muscul> n]ve & a n]ve ( s5sibility4 ,& ?us ! op9ion is confirm$1 t ! fif? n]ve is to ! head :at ! sp9al n]ves are to ! o!r p>ts ( ! body1 9 respect to s5sation & volition4 ,! value ( ! exp]im5tal me?od c\ld h>dly be /at$ 9 m emphatic words4 ,he suppos$ some?+1 conceiv$ x1 _h an op9ion ab\t x4 ,anatomy _h sugge/$ some?+ to him4 ,he put 8 op9ion to ! te/ ( ph5om5a1 t is to say1 to ! te/ ( visible facts2 & !n 8 op9ion 0 confirm$4 ,z ) ! sp9al n]ve-roots1 s ) ! fif? cranial n]ve--8 "w 0 successful1 because he foll[$ ! way ( exp]im5t4 ,he 0 by nature ( a mo/ complex & s5sitive temp]am5t1 full ( contr>y =ces--"o man 9 #ahaa1 ano!r 9 #ahcj4 ,9 #ahaa he wrote1 ,i n[ saw ! mean+ ( ! d\ble connection ( ! n]ves2 9 #ahcj he _h come to hate ! /upid /]ile mat]ialism ( ! ,fr5* s*ool3 he beheld anatomy fall+ beh9d physiology1 & 8 ,w9dmill ,/reet s*ool p]i%+ to make way = ! ,hospital s*ools & = ! ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,he 0 be=e ev]y?+ else a great anatomi/3 he /ood up = ! hon\r ( anatomy aga9/ ! new physiology1 & = ! hon\r ( ! ,monroes & ! ,hunt]s aga9/ ,mag5die3 he hat$ ! notion t any man %\ld proce$ to exp]im5ts on function till ! v la/ secrets _h be5 got out ( /ructure4 ,he di$ a few ye>s aft]w>d4 ,! #ahcj writ+s are 8 la/ /& = ! def5ce ( 8 c\ntry1 8 s*ool1 & 8 belov$ anatomy1 aga9/ ! me?ods ( ,mag5die2 :o said ( himself1 ,i am a m]e /reet scav5g]1 *iffoni]1 ( sci5ce4 ,) my hook 9 my h& & my basket on my back1 ,i g ab\t ! /reets ( sci5ce1 collect+ :at ,i f9d4 ,?is op5 conflict betwe5 ,bell's fir/ & la/ ?\ghts is a "p ( 8 "*3 he 0 brilliant1 impulsive1 *angeable1 inconsi/5t2 &1 :at is m important1 8 hon\r kept him f try+ to evade ?is trump]y *>ge ( inconsi/5cy2 & he repr9t$ ! #ahaa ,preface 9 ! book t he publi%$ 9 #ahcj4 ,d\btless he w\ld h pick$ 8 words m c>efully if he _h =ese5 t "o ( ! #ahcj s5t5ces w\ld be wre/$ out ( its place 9 8 life's "w1 & us$ z false evid5ce aga9/ ! v me?od t he foll[$4 ,8 obs]vations on ! cranial n]ves br\ght ab\t an imm$iate *ange 9 ! practice ( surg]y3-- ,up to ! "t t ,sir ,*>les ,bell made 8 exp]im5ts on ! n]ves ( ! face1 x 0 ! common cu/om ( surgeons to divide ! facial n]ve = ! relief ( neuralgia1 tic d\leureux2 :]eas x ex]cises1 & 0 prov$ by ,sir ,*>les ,bell to ex]cise1 no influ5ce ov] s5sation1 & its division consequ5tly = ! relief ( pa9 0 a useless op]ation4 7,sir ,j4 ,eri*s547 ,! relation ( ,mag5die's "w on ! n]ve-roots to ,bell's "w ne$ n be consid]$ "h4 ,! exact dates ( ,bell's obs]vations are giv5 by "o ( 8 pupils 9 ! ,preface to ! #ahcj volume4 ,mag5die f9ally prov$ ! s5sory nature ( ! po/]ior n]ve-roots3 ,! exact & full pro( :i* he br\ght =w>d ( ! tru? :i* ,*>les ,bell _h div9$ r ?an demon/rat$1 t ! ant]ior & po/]ior roots ( sp9al n]ves h ess5tially diff]5t functions--a tru? :i* is ! v f\ndation ( ! physiology ( ! n]v\s sy/em--is en\gh by itself to m>k him z a great physiologi/4 7,sir ,m4 ,fo/]1 loc4 cit47 #b4 ,m>%all ,hall 7#agij-aheg7 ,reflex action _h be5 /udi$ long be=e ! "t ( ,m>%all ,hall4 ,! ,hon4 ,rob]t ,boyle 7#affc7 _h obs]v$ ! movem5ts & actions ( decapitat$ vip]s1 flies1 silkworms1 & butt]flies4 ,simil> obs]vations 7 made on frogs1 eels1 & o!r l[] animals1 by ,r$i1 ,woodw>d1 ,/u>t1 ,le ,gallois1 & ,sir ,gilb]t ,blane4 ,accord+ to ,ri*et1 x 0 ,willis :o fir/ gave ! "n reflex to ^! movem5ts4 ,x _c be said t ^! fir/ /udies ( reflex action did mu* = physiology4 ,b ! foll[+ translation f ,pro*aska 7#ahjj7 %[s h[ !y cle>$ ! way = ,m>%all ,hall's "w1 by ! pro( t !y gave ( ! lib]ation ( n]v\s en]gy 9 ! sp9al cord3-- ,^! movem5ts ( animals aft] decapitation mu/ ne$s be by cons5t & comm]ce betwixt ! sp9al n]ves4 ,= a decapitat$ frog1 if x be prick$1 n only draws away ! "p t is prick$1 b also creeps & jumps2 :i* _c happ5 b by cons5t betwixt ! s5sory n]ves & ! motor n]ves4 ,! seat ( :i* cons5t mu/ ne$s be 9 ! sp9al cord1 ! only rema9+ portion ( ! s5sorium4 ,& ?is reflexion ( s5sory impressions into motor impressions is n accompli%$ 9 ob$i5ce to physical laws alone--:]e9 ! angle ( reflexion is equal to ! angle ( incid5ce1 & reaction to action--b x foll[s special laws z x 7 writt5 by ,nature on ! sp9al cord1 :i* we c "k only by _! effects1 b _c fa?om ) ! und]/&+4 ,b ! g5]al law1 :]eby ! s5sorium reflects s5sory impressions into motor impressions1 is ! pres]vation ( ourselves4 ,x 0 n possible1 9 #ahjj1 to g fur!r1 or to put ! facts ( reflex action m cle>ly3 b ?is f9e s5t5ce gives no h9t ( ! tru? t guid$ ,m>%all ,hall--t ! cons5t & comm]ce ( reflex action are to be f\nd at def9ite po9ts or levels 9 ! sp9al cord2 t ! cord no m works z a :ole ?an ! bra94 ,! greatness ( ,m>%all ,hall's "w lies 9 8 recognition ( ! divisional action ( ! cord3 he prov$ ! exi/5ce ( def9ite c5tres 9 x1 he discov]$ ! facts ( sp9al localisation1 & ?us =e%ad[$ ! discov]y ( c]ebral localisation4 ,9 8 e>li] writ+s 7#ahbc-cc7 he %[$ h[ ! movem5ts ( ! trunk & ( ! limbs are only "o sort ( reflex action2 h[ ! l>ynx1 ! ph>ynx1 & ! sph9ct] muscles1 all act by ! cons5t & comm]ce ( ! sp9al cord4 ,lat]1 9 #ahcg1 he demon/rat$ ! c\rse ( n]ve-impulses along ! cord f "o level to ano!r1 ! results ( direct /imulation ( ! cord1 & o!r facts ( sp9al localisation4 ,he not$ ! diff]5t effects ( opium & ( /ry*n9e on reflex action2 & he ext5d$ ! doctr9es ( reflex action beyond physiology to ! convulsive movem5ts ( ! body 9 c]ta9 diseases4 #c4 ,fl\r5s 7#agid-ahfg7 ,beside 8 "w on ! n]v\s sy/em1 ,fl\r5s /udi$ ! p]io/eal gr[? ( bone1 & ! action ( *lor(orm2#g b he is be/ kn[n by 8 exp]im5ts on ! respiratory c5tre & ! c]ebellum4 ,! m5 :o int]pret$ ! n]v\s sy/em foll[$ ! anatomical c\rse ( t sy/em3 fir/ ! n]ve-roots1 !n ! cord1 !n ! m$ulla oblongata & ! c]ebellum1 & la/ ! c]ebral hemisph]es2 a /eady upw>d advance1 f ! obs]vation ( decapitat$ insects to ! localisation ( c5tres 9 ! human bra94 ,fl\r5s1 by 8 "w on ! m$ulla oblongata1 localis$ ! respiratory c5tre1 ! n]ve-cells = ! reflex movem5ts ( respiration3-- ,m4 ,fl\r5s a circonscrit ce c5tre avec une scrupuleuse prcision1 et lui a donn le nom de noeud vital 7,cl4 ,b]n>d47 #g ,:5 ,fl\r5s di$1 ,claude ,b]n>d 0 appo9t$ to 8 place 9 ! ,fr5* ,academy2 &1 9 ! ,disc\rs de ,reception 7,may #bg1 #ahfi71 said1 ,x is tw5ty-two ye>s s9ce ! discov]y ( an/hesia by e!r came to u f ! ,new ,_w1 & spread rapidly ov] ,europe4 ,m4 ,fl\r5s 0 ! fir/ man :o %[$ t *lor(orm is m active ?an e!r4 ,aft]w>d came ! discov]y ( c>diac & o!r c5tres 9 ! same portion ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,fl\r5s also %[$ t ! c]ebellum is conc]n$ ) ! equilibration ( ! body1 & ) ! coord9ation ( muscul> movem5ts2 t an animal1 a few days old1 depriv$ ( s5sation & consci\sness by removal ( ! c]ebral hemisph]es1 0 yet able to /& & move =w>d1 b1 :5 ! c]ebellum 0 remov$1 its muscles lo/ all co-ord9ate action4 7,re*]*es ,exprim5tales1 ,p>is1 #ahdb47 ,& f 8 "w1 & ! "w ( ^? :o foll[$ him1 on ! semicircul> canals ( ! int]nal e>1 came ! evid5ce t ^! m9ute /ructures are ! t]m9al organs ( equilibration3 t z ! special s5ses h _! t]m9al app>atus & _! c5tral app>atus1 s ! semicircul> canals & ! c]ebellum are ! t]m9al app>atus & ! c5tral app>atus ( ! s5se ( equilibrium4 #d4 ,claude ,b]n>d 7#ahac-ahgh7 ,! discov]y ( ! vaso-motor n]ves1 & ( ! control ( ! n]v\s sy/em ov] ! calibre ( ! art]ies1 0 made by ,claude ,b]n>d at ! outset ( 8 "w on ! influ5ce ( ! n]v\s sy/em on ! temp]ature4#h ,! evid5ce ( ,pr(essor ,%>pey be=e ! ,royal ,commission ( #ahge %[s h[ ?+s _h be5 misjudg$1 be=e ,b]n>d's "t1 9 ! light ( views tak5 f ! ,/udy ( ,anatomy & ,natural ,motions3-- ,i rememb] t ,sir ,*>les ,bell gave ! increas$ size ( ! vessels 9 blu%+1 & _! fulness ( blood1 z an example ( ! increas$ action ( ! art]ies 9 driv+ on ! blood4 ,x turns out to be j ! rev]se1 inasmu* z x is ow+ to a p>alysis ( ! n]ves gov]n+ ! muscul> coats ( ! art]ies4 #h ,a full acc\nt ( ?is discov]y1 & ( its relation to ! exp]im5ts ( ,br[n ,squ>d1 ,wall]1 & ,budge1 is giv5 by ,sir ,mi*ael ,fo/] 9 8 life ( ,claude ,b]n>d2 & ! "q ( priority betwe5 ,b]n>d & ,br[n ,squ>d ne$ n be consid]$ "h1 = ! exp]im5tal me?od 0 ! only way op5 to ei!r ( !m4 ,= an acc\nt ( ! "w done1 be=e ,b]n>d1 9 ?is field ( physiology1 see ,pr(4 ,/irl+'s admirable & le>n$ monograph1 ,"s ,apo/les ( ,physiology 7,wat]l[ ,sons1 ,london1 #aijb71 p4 #ajd4 ,claude ,b]n>d's fir/ acc\nt ( 8 "w 0 communicat$ to ! ,socit de ,biologie 9 ,decemb] #ahea4 ,! foll[+ description is tak5 f 8 ,leons de ,physiologie ,opratoire3-- ,i w rem9d y h[ ,i 0 l$ to ! discov]y ( ! vaso-motor n]ves4 ,/>t+ f ! cl9ical obs]vation1 made long ago1 t 9 p>alys$ limbs y f9d at "o "t an increase ( cold1 & at ano!r an increase ( heat1 ,i ?\ght ?is contradiction might be expla9$ by suppos+ t1 side by side ) ! g5]al action ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 ! sympa!tic n]ve might h ! function ( presid+ ov] ! production ( heat2 t is to say1 t 9 ! case :]e ! p>alys$ limb 0 *ill$1 ,i suppos$ ! sympa!tic n]ve to be p>alys$1 z well z ! motor n]ves2 :ile 9 ! p>alys$ limbs t 7 n *ill$1 ! sympa!tic n]ve _h reta9$ its function1 ! sy/emic n]ves alone hav+ be5 attack$4 ,?is 0 a !ory1 t is to say1 an idea lead+ me to make exp]im5ts2 & = ^! exp]im5ts ,i mu/ f9d a sympa!tic n]ve-trunk ( suffici5t size1 go+ to "s organ t 0 easy to obs]ve1 & mu/ divide ?is trunk to see :at w\ld happ5 to ! heat-supply ( ! organ4 ,y "k t ! rabbit's e>1 & ! c]vical sympa!tic n]ve ( ?is animal1 (f]$ u ! requir$ conditions4 ,s ,i divid$ ! n]ve2 & imm$iately my exp]im5t gave ! lie direct to my !ory--,je c\pai donc ce filet et aussitt l'expri5ce donna mon hypo?se le plus clatant dm5ti4 ,i _h ?\ght t ! section ( ! n]ve w\ld suppress ! function ( nutrition1 ( calorification1 ov] :i* ! sympa!tic sy/em _h be5 suppos$ to preside1 & w\ld cause ! holl[ ( ! e> to become *ill$2 & "h 0 j ! opposite1 a v w>m e>1 ) great dilatation ( its vessels4 ,i ne$ n rem9d y h[ ,i made ha/e to ab&on my fir/ !ory1 & gave myself to ! /udy ( ?is new /ate ( ?+s4 ,& y "k t "h 0 ! />t+-po9t ( all my rese>*es into ! vaso-motor & !rmic sy/em2 & ! /udy ( ?is subject is become "o ( ! ri*e/ fields ( exp]im5tal physiology4 ,wall]1 9 #ahec1 /udi$ ! vaso-motor c5tre 9 ! sp9al cord2 & ,s*iff1 9 #ahef1 f\nd evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( two k9ds ( vaso-motor n]ves--^? t con/rict ! vessels1 & ^? t dilate !m4 ,?is view 0 f9ally e/abli%$ 9 #aheh by ,claude ,b]n>d's exp]im5ts on ! *orda tympani & ! submaxill>y gl&4 ,! ,leons de ,physiologie ,opratoire 7 publi%$ 9 #ahgi4 ,tw5ty ye>s lat]1 ,sir ,mi*ael ,fo/] says ( ,b]n>d's "w3-- ,x is almo/ impossible to exagg]ate ! importance ( ^! lab\rs ( ,b]n>d on ! vaso-motor n]ves1 s9ce x is almo/ impossible to exagg]ate ! influ5ce :i* our k ( ! vaso-motor sy/em1 spr++ z x does f ,b]n>d's rese>*es z f its f\nt & orig91 has ex]t$1 is ex]t+1 & 9 wid5+ measure w cont9ue to ex]t1 on all our physiological & pa?ological conceptions1 on m$ical practice1 & on ! conduct ( human life4 ,!re is h>dly a physiological discussion ( any wid? 9 :i* we d n soon] or lat] come on vaso-motor que/ions4 ,:atev] "p ( physiology we t\*1 be x ! "w done by a muscle1 be x ! v>i\s k9ds ( secretive lab\r1 be x ! insurance ( ! bra9's well-be+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! hydro/atic vicissitudes to :i* ! *anges ( daily life subject x1 be x t ma9t5ance ( bodily temp]ature :i* is a condition ( ! body's activity2 9 all ^!1 z 9 _m o!r ?+s1 we f9d vaso-motor factors int]v5+4 ,& if1 pass+ ! insecure & wav]+ l9e :i* p>ts heal? f illness1 we f9d ourselves deal+ ) inflammation1 or ) fev]1 or ) any ( ! disord]$ physiological processes :i* con/itute disease1 we %all f9d1 :atev] be ! tissue specially affect$ by ! morbid conditions1 t vaso-motor influ5ces h to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! idea ( vaso-motor action is wov5 z a dom9ant ?read into all ! physiological & pa?ological doctr9es ( to-day2 attempt to draw out t ?read1 & all t w\ld be left w\ld appe> z a tangl$ heap4 #e4 ,c]ebral ,localisation ,f9ally1 mov+ upw>d along ! anatomy ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 physiology came to /udy ! motor-c5tres & special s5se-c5tres ( ! c]ebral hemisph]es4 ,! ye> #ahfa may fairly be said to m>k ! beg9n+ ( ! discov]y ( ^! c5tres1 :5 ,broca1 at a meet+ ( ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,p>is1 he>d ,aub]t9's pap] on ! connection betwe5 ! frontal convolutions & ! faculty ( spee*4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 "s sort ( belief 9 c]ebral localisation _h be5 9 ! air long be=e ,broca's "t4 ,willis 7#afba-afge71 :o 0 contempor>y ) ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 _h writt5 ( ! bra9 z ?\gh its convolutions1 or crankl+s z he call$ !m1 %[$ t its "w 0 dep>tm5tal3-- ,z ! animal spirits = ! v>i\s acts ( imag9ation & memory ought to be mov$ )9 c]ta9 & di/9ct limits1 or b\nd$ places1 & ^! motions to be (t5 it]at$ or repeat$ ?r\gh ! same tracts or pa?s1 = t reason ^! manifold convolutions & infold+s ( ! bra9 are requir$ = ^! div]s mann]s ( ord9ations ( ! animal spirits--to wit1 t 9 ^! cells or /oreh\ses1 sev]ally plac$1 might be kept ! species ( s5sitive ?+s1 & z occasion s]ves1 may be tak5 f !nce4#i #i ,= an acc\nt ( ,willis' "w on ! n]v\s sy/em1 see ,sir ,victor ,horsley's ,full]ian ,lectures1 #ahia4 ,willis 0 ! fir/1 or "o ( ! fir/1 to recognise ! fact t ! c]ebral v5tricles are no?+ m ?an lymph-cavities4 ,& ,gall1 a c5tury aft] ,willis1 _h collect$ & publi%$1 9 support ( 8 sy/em ( phr5ology1 _m cases & po/-mortem exam9ations %[+ ! diff]5tiation ( ! "w ( ! bra94 ,gall is a w>n+ = all "t aga9/ ! dang]s ( d$uction2 he _h b "o idea1 & he drove x to dea?2 b ! cl9ical & pa?ological facts :i* he amass$1 9 ! hope ( e/abli%+ a set ( doctr9es out ( all relation to facts1 are z true n[ z ev]2 &1 if he _h be5 cont5t to g ! way ( induction1 & to set himself to ! accumulation ( facts1 he might h become a great physiologi/4 ,9 8 k ( ! anatomy ( ! bra91 & 9 ! dissection ( ! bra91 he 0 f> ahead ( ! m5 ( 8 "t2 b he foll[$ 8 own imag9+s1 & left no?+ t c\ld la/1 except ^? cases & pa?ological in/ances t are buri$ 9 ! ru9s ( 8 sy/em4 ,b !re !y are1 & are /ill ( value4 ,= example1 ,gall's case ( loss ( spee*1 aft] an injury involv+ ! spee*-c5tres1 ought to h comm&$ ! att5tion ( all physiologi/s3 b x came to no?+1 because he us$ x to support 8 doctr9e ( organs & bumps1 & x %>$ ! fate ( t doctr9e4 ,phr5ology is gone pa/ recall2 x di$ ( t cong5ital disease1 ! d$uctive fallacy2 b !re 0 a "t :5 x might h be5 turn$ to ! s]vice ( sci5ce4 ,! excitem5t t ,gall ar\s$ by ! spread ( 8 ideas %[s t "s belief 9 c]ebral c5tres 0 wait+ = developm5t4 ,all m5 are by nature phr5ologi/s2 ! commonplace excuses t are (f]$ = lapses ( memory1 v5ial (f5ces1 & inh]it$ weaknesses1 all appeal to ! com=table notion t ! (f5d] is n :olly p]v]t$1 & t "s v small & /rictly localis$ gr\p ( cells is at fault4 ,& x is probable t ! physiology ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 ) its pres5t /rong t5d5cy t[>d psy*ology1 w "s day be back1 at a f> high] level1 above ! po9t :]e phr5ology w5t wrong4 ,z ,mme4 de ,/al said1 ,l'esprit huma9 fait progrs t\j\rs1 mais c'e/ progrs en spirale4 ,b ! "q1 :e!r ! g5]al desire = a rational sy/em ( psy*ology w ev] comm5d itself to physiology1 belongs to ! future4 ,all t is ( pres5t conc]n is ! /eady1 cont9u\s1 & successful advance1 by ! way ( induction1 & by ! help ( exp]im5ts on animals1 t[>d a cle> & accurate /atem5t ( ! dep>tm5tal "w ( ! bra94 ,x is "o ( _m in/ances h[ sci5ce & practice "w toge!r1 t ! mod]n /udy ( ^! c5tres began n 9 exp]im5t b 9 exp]i5ce4 ,! fir/ c5tres t 7 ?us /udi$ 7 ! spee*-c5tres2 & ! obs]vation ( !m arose out ( ! cases record$ by ,b\ill>d 9 #ahbe1 & ,dax 9 #ahcf4 ,cl9ical obs]vation1 & po/-mortem exam9ation1 f\nd ! spee*-c5tres2 physiological exp]im5ts _h no?+ to d ) x2 & phr5ology _h1 z x 71 f\nd !m1 & !n lo/ !m4 ,b at once1 s soon z practice gave ! ^w to sci5ce1 physiology set to "w4 ,^! cl9ical facts _h be5 !re all ! "t2 loss ( spee* _h gone ) disease or injury ( ,broca's convolution ev] s9ce man _h be5 on ! e>?1 & nobody _h se5 ! significance ( ?is sequ5ce4 ,!n1 aft] #ahfa1 ev]y?+ 0 *ang$2 & 9 a few ye>s physiology _h mapp$ out a l>ge "p ( ! surface ( ! bra91 & _h *>t$ ! motor-c5tres4 ,! /ory ( ,broca's convolution is told 9 ,hamilton's ,text-,book ( ,pa?ology3-- ,9 #ahbe1 ,b\ill>d collect$ a s]ies ( cases to %[ t ! faculty ( spee* resid$ 9 ! frontal lobes4 ,9 ! ye> #ahcf ,m4 ,dax1 9 a pap] read to ! ,m$ical ,congress ( ,montpelli]1 /at$ z a result ( 8 rese>*es t1 :]e spee* 0 lo/ f c]ebral causes1 he believ$ ! lesion 0 inv>iably f\nd 9 ! left c]ebral hemisph]e1 & t ! accompany+ p>alysis ( ! "r side ( ! body is consequ5t ^u ?is4 ,?is pap] = long lay buri$ 9 ! annals ( m$ical lit]ature1 b 0 une>!d ye>s aft]w>ds by 8 son1 & pres5t$ to ! ,fr5* ,academy4 ,b\ill>d's views 7 also dis9t]r$ by ,aub]t91 & 9 ! ye> #ahfa 7 br\ght by him be=e ! notice ( ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,p>is4 ,broca1 :o 0 pres5t at ! meet+1 _h a pati5t "u 8 c>e at ! "t :o _h be5 aphasic 7)\t p[] ( spee*7 = tw5ty-"o ye>s1 & :o 0 9 an almo/ moribund /ate4 ,! autopsy prov$ ( great int]e/1 z x 0 f\nd t ! lesion 0 conf9$ to ! left side ( ! bra91 & to :at we n[ call ! ?ird frontal convolution4 ,broca 0 /ruck ) ! co9cid5ce2 & :5 a simil> case came "u 8 c>e aft]w>ds1 unaw>e ( :at _h be5 done by ,dax1 he po/ulat$ ! conclusion t ! integrity ( ! ?ird frontal convolution1 & p]haps also "p ( ! second1 is ess5tial to spee*4 ,9 a subsequ5t s]ies ( fifte5 typical cases exam9$1 x 0 f\nd t ! lesion _h de/roy$1 among o!r p>ts1 ! po/]ior "p ( ! ?ird frontal 9 f\rte54 ,9 ! fifte5? case ! de/ruction _h tak5 place 9 ! isl& ( ,reil & ! temporal lobe4 ,aft] #ahfa1 physiology took ! lead1 & kept x4 ,b1 ?r\gh all ! "w1 sci5ce & practice h be5 held toge!r2 ! facts ( exp]im5tal physiology h be5 & are te/$1 e in* ( ! way1 by ! facts ( m$ic9e1 surg]y1 & pa?ology4 ,! inf9ite m9ut5ess & complexity ( ! inve/igation1 & its innum]able side-issues1 are pa/ all tell+4 ,!y :o are do+ ! "w1 9 sci5ce & 9 practice1 h always _h 9 _! ?\ghts ! fe> ( fallacies 9 ! int]pretation ( ^! highe/ =ms ( life4 ,sir ,william ,g[]s1 f\rte5 ye>s ago1 wrote z foll[s ( ! e>li] work]s3-- ,d\bt 0 =m]ly ent]ta9$ z to ! exi/5ce ( diff]5tiation ( function 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! cortex1 b rec5t rese>*es h e/abli%$ ! exi/5ce ( a diff]5tiation :i* has almo/ revolutionis$ c]ebral physiology1 & has va/ly ext5d$ ! range ( c]ebral diagnosis4 ,! fir/ /ep ( ! new discov]y 0 con/itut$ by ! cl9ical & pa?ological obs]vations ( ,hughl+s ,jackson1 :i* sugge/$ ! exi/5ce1 on ea* side ( ! fissure ( ,rol&o1 ( special c5tres = ! movem5ts ( ! leg1 arm1 & face4 ,^! obs]vations l$ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,f]n]1 :i* result$ 9 ! demon/ration ( ! exi/5ce 9 ! cortex ( ! l[] animals ( well-def9$ regions1 /imulation ( :i* caus$ sep>ate movem5ts1 or evid5ce ( special s5se excitation1 :ile ! de/ruction ( ! same p>ts caus$ indications ( a loss ( ! correspond+ function4 ,h5ce he came to ! conclusion t ^! regions con/itute actual motor & s5sory c5tres4 ,f]ri] _h1 h[ev]1 be5 anticipat$ 9 _m ( ^! results by two ,g]man exp]im5t]s1 ,frits* & ,hitzig1 ^: results1 diff]+ a little 9 detail1 correspond closely 9 _! g5]al significance4 ,_m o!r inve/igations ( ! same "* h s9ce be5 made1 ( :i* ^? ( ,munk are especially important4 ,! orig9al obs]vations ( ,hughl+s ,jackson left little d\bt t ! g5]al facts1 le>n$ f exp]im5ts on animals1 are true ( man2 & ?is conclusion has be5 to a l>ge ext5t confirm$ by pa?ological & cl9ical obs]vations direct$ to ! v]ification on man ( ! pa?ological results4 ,to ?is v]ification ! lab\rs ( ,*>cot & 8 coadjutors h l>gely contribut$4 ,b ! v]ification has already made x probable t "s diff]5ces exi/ betwe5 ! bra9 ( man & t ( high] animals 7ev5 ( monkeys71 & t ! conclusions f ! latt] _c be simply transf]r$ to ! =m]4 ,_m & great difficulties1 beyond ?is dang] ( ! fallacy ( simple transf]5ce1 beset e /ep ( ! "w3 x requir$ ! "r use ( ! mo/ delicate & susceptible in/rum5ts & te/s1 & ! "r und]/&+ ( anatomy1 microscopic anatomy1 comp>ative anatomy1 organic *emi/ry1 electricity1 & physics3 e mom5t ( advance mu/ be gu>d$1 e ^w mu/ be weigh$4 ,among ! e>li] difficulties1 0 ! failure ( almo/ all ! physiologi/s1 be=e ,hitzig1 to produce muscul> action by excitation ( ! c]ebral cortex4 ,longet1 ,mag5die1 ,fl\r5s1 ,matteuci1 ,van ,de51 ,web]1 ,budge1 & ,s*iff1 _h all fail$4 ,hitzig 7,unt]su*ung5 b] das ,gehirn1 ,b]l91 #ahgd7 _h obs]v$1 9 man1 t x 0 easy to produce movem5ts ( ! eyes by ! passage ( ! con/ant curr5t ?r\gh ! occipital region4#aj ,tak+ ?is fact = a />t+-po9t1 he us$ a v l[ curr5t1 & !reby succe$$ 9 produc+ c]ta9 def9ite muscul> movem5ts by /imulation ( ! cortex 9 animals4 ,( ,hitzig's "w1 ,sir ,victor ,horsley says3-- ,x 0 n till #ahgj t ! next absolute pro( 7aft] ,bell's "w 9 #ahac7 0 obta9$ ( ! localisation ( function1 s f> z ! highe/ c5tres ( ! n]v\s sy/em 7 conc]n$4 ,9 t ye> ,frits* & ,hitzig discov]$ t electrical excitation1 ) m9imal /imuli1 ( v>i\s po9ts ( ! cortex1 caus$ ^? /oreh\ses1 ( :i* ,willis spoke1 to dis*>ge1 & to reveal _! function by ! precise limitation ( ! gr\ps ( muscles :i* !y 7 able to ?r[ into action4 ,^! rese>*es 7 abundantly confirm$ & greatly ext5d$ by ,pr(essor ,f]ri]1 & ?us has be5 con/ruct$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is subject ! mo/ rec5t great plat=m or /age ( p]man5t advance4#aa #aj ,t ! surface ( ! bra9 is n s5sitive ( su* /imulation1 t x does n p]ceive its own sub/ance1 0 kn[n to ,ari/otle4 ,! fact is s famili> t !re is no ne$ to quote evid5ce ( x1 beyond t ( ,sir ,*>les ,bell3 ,i h _h my f+] deep 9 ! ant]ior lobes ( ! bra91 :5 ! pati5t1 be+ at ! "t acutely s5sible1 & capable ( express+ himself1 compla9$ only ( ! integum5t4 #aa ,horsley1 ,full]ian ,lectures1 #ahia1 loc4 cit4 ,! ?irty ye>s s9ce ,hitzig's "w _c be put "h1 = !y w\ld take a volume to !mselves4 ,!re h be5 diff]5ces ( int]pretation ( ?is or t fact1 div]sities ( results1 & problems too h>d to solve1 & o!r difficulties1 su* z befall all ! natural sci5ces2 b ^! imp]fections am\nt to v little1 :5 ! :ole result comes to be reckon$4 ,! m>vel is t ! "w is s ne>ly p]fect1 see+ its immeasurable complexity4 ,let any man1 :o has b t\*$ ! /udy ( physiology1 consid] :at is involv$ 9 ev5 ! mo/ sup]ficial obs]vation ( ! simple/ facts ( ! n]v\s sy/em3 = in/ance1 ! ord9>y n]ve-muscle prep>ation t is taught to e m$ical /ud5t1 or ! microscopic /ructure ( ! sp9al cord1 or ! ,wall]ian me?od4 ,or let him consid] h[ ! physiology ( ! n]v\s sy/em has be5 f\nd$ on ! l[] =ms ( life3 ! "w ( ,romanes & o!rs on ! ,m$usa & ! ,e*9od]mata1 & ,huxley's "w 9 biology1 & ! endless *a9 ( =ces t are alike 9 man & 9 jelly-fi%es4 ,!n let him try to e/imate ! output ( h>d ?9k+1 = ! advance f l[] to high] /ructures1 & up to man2 ! vigilant criticism ( all !ories & =egone conclusions1 ! incessant self-judgm5t & we>isome d\bts & disputes all ! way1 elusiv5ess ( facts1 & vagu5ess ( words4 ,& ! results ?us wrung out ( sci5ce _h /ill to be /at$ 9 t]ms ( practice1 & te/$ by ! facts ( m$ic9e1 surg]y1 & pa?ology1 & us$ 9 e hospital 9 ! civilis$ _w1 n only = ! sav+ ( life1 b also = ! diagnosis & m$ical or surgical treatm5t ( innum]able v>ieties ( disease or injury ( ! bra91 ! cord1 or ! n]ves4 ,sir ,mi*ael ,fo/]1 9 a %ort summ>y ( ! problems ( physiology1 puts cle>ly ^! consummate difficulties ( ! physiology ( ! n]v\s sy/em3-- ,9 ! fir/ place !re are :at may be call$ g5]al problems1 su* z1 ,h[ ! food1 aft] its prep>ation & elaboration into blood1 is built up into ! liv+ sub/ance ( ! sev]al tissues8 ,h[ ! liv+ sub/ance breaks d[n into ! dead wa/e8 ,h[ ! build+ up & break+ d[n diff] 9 ! diff]5t tissues 9 su* a way t en]gy is set free 9 diff]5t modes1 ! muscul> tissue contract+1 ! n]v\s tissue ?rill+ ) a n]v\s impulse1 ! secret+ tissue do+ *emical "w1 & ! l8 ,to ^! g5]al que/ions ! answ]s :i* we c at pres5t give c h>dly be call$ answ]s at all4 ,9 ! second place !re are :at may be call$ special problems1 su* z1 ,:at are ! v>i\s /eps by :i* ! blood is kept repl5i%$ ) food & oxyg51 & kept free f an accumulation ( wat]2 & h[ is ! activity ( ! dige/ive1 respiratory1 & excretory organs1 :i* effect ?is1 regulat$ & adapt$ to ! /ress ( circum/ances8 ,:at are ! details ( ! vascul> me*anism by :i* ea* & e tissue is = ev] ba!d ) fre% blood1 & h[ is t work+ delicately adapt$ to all ! v>i$ *anges ( ! body8 ,&1 comp>$ ) :i* all o!r problems are insignificant & prep>atory only1 h[ d n]v\s impulses s flit to & fro )9 ! n]v\s sy/em z to issue 9 ! movem5ts :i* make up :at we sometimes call ! life ( man8 ,! physiology ( ! n]v\s sy/em is wr\ght to f9] issues n[ ?an 9 ! "t ( ,bell & ,mag5die2 & ?is g5]ation ( /ud5ts may live to see ! pres5t facts & me?ods ( c]ebral localisation z ! m]e rudim5ts or elem5ts ( sci5ce4 ,happily = mank9d1 sci5ce has already s f> elucidat$ !m t !y h done good s]vice = ! diagnosis & treatm5t ( disease1 & = ! sav+ ( lives4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"s examples h be5 giv51 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s1 ( ! value ( physiological exp]im5ts on animals4 ,x w\ld be easy to l5g!n ! li/1 = !re is no g5]al subject 9 all physiology t does n owe some?+ to ?is me?od3 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 said1 9 8 evid5ce be=e ! ,royal ,commission ( #ahge1 ,i am fully conv9c$ t physiology c progress only by ! aid ( exp]im5ts on liv+ animals4 ,i _c ?9k ( any "o /ep :i* has be5 made 9 physiology )\t t aid4 ,_m examples h be5 left out altoge!r--! "w ( ,boyle1 ,hunt]1 ,lavoisi]1 ,haldane1 ,despretz1 & ,regnault1 on animal heat & on respiration2 ( ,petit1 ,dupuy1 ,bres*et1 & ,reid1 on ! sympa!tic sy/em2 ( ,galvani1 ,volta1 ,hall]1 du ,bois-,reymond1 & ,pflg]1 on muscul> contractility3 no?+ has be5 said ( ! "w lately done on ! supr>5al gl&s & adr5al91 & on ! blood-pressure 9 its relation to secretion4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 only ^? examples h be5 tak5 t occur f> back 9 ! hi/ory ( physiology3 m has be5 said ab\t ! pa/ ?an ab\t ! pres5t4 ,fir/1 because x 0 necess>y to put an end to ! false /atem5ts t are made1 by ^? :o are oppos$ to all exp]im5ts on animals1 ab\t ! "w done 9 ! pa/4 ,next1 because ! ab/ruse details ( physiology1 9 ! pres5t1 are n intelligible = g5]al read+4 ,next1 because x is impossible n[ to isolate physiology1 or to say :at belongs to physiology alone1 to h back ! simpl] problems ( ! pa/1 to discov] ! circulation ( ! blood twice4 ,b ! exp]im5tal me?od1 alike 9 ! pa/ & 9 ! pres5t1 has be5 ! *ief way ( advance4 ,& if a =eca/ may be made )\t (f5ce1 x is c]ta9 t ! "w ( physiology1 z 9 ! pa/ & ! pres5t1 s 9 ! ne> future1 w ex]cise a pr(\nd influ5ce = good on m$ical & surgical treatm5t4 ,among ! subjects t especially occupy physiologi/s n[ are1 ! m exact localisation & int]pretation ( ! special s5se-c5tres1 & ! bett] k ( ! int]nal secretions & *emical influ5ces ( ! gl&s & tissues ( ! body4 ,x w\ld be h>d to f9d two fields ( "w m sure to fav\r ! gr[? ( ! arbor vit side by side ) ! arbor sci5ti4 ,b ! la/ ^w "h mu/ be said by a physiologi/ ( ! v highe/ au?ority1 ,pr(essor ,/>l+4 ,he has k9dly giv5 me1 = ?is edition1 ! foll[+ note3-- ,among ! rese>*es ( ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 ^? be>+ on ! ,circulation ( ! ,blood mu/ take an important place1 bo? = _! physiological int]e/ & = ! weighty influ5ce !y h ex]t$ on our k & treatm5t ( disord]s ( ! vascul> sy/em1 su* z he>t disease4 ,we h le>n$ to measure accurately ! "w done by ! great he>t-pump2 & by /udy+ ! mann] 9 :i* ?is "w is affect$ by diff]5t conditions1 we are enabl$ to increase or dim9i% x1 accord+ to ! ne$s ( ! organ4 ,exp]im5ts 9 :at is (t5 reg>d$ z ! mo/ transc5d5tal dep>tm5t ( physiology--i4e4 t :i* treats ( muscle & n]ve--h ?r[n light on ! wond]ful process ( 'comp5sation1' by :i* a diseas$ he>t is able to keep up a normal circulation4 ,vaso-motor ,sy/em4--,l>gely by ! lab\rs ( ,briti% physiologi/s1 ! exquisite control ex]cis$ by ! n]v\s sy/em ov] e blood-vessel 9 ! body has be5 br\ght to light1 ! pa?s track$ out1 & ! me*anisms elucidat$1 by means ( :i* ! circulation ?r\gh ea* "p ( ! body is subord9at$ to ! ne$s ( ! :ole4 ,s9ce ! *ief vaso-motor n]ves take _! c\rse ?r\gh ! sympa!tic sy/em1 ! rese>*es on _! di/ribution h l$ to ! mapp+ out ( ! :ole ( ?is sy/em1 & to an accurate k ( its functions4 ,we are n[ acqua9t$ ) ! c\rse1 to all p>ts ( ! body1 ( ! n]ves :i* n only det]m9e ! *anges 9 ! calibre ( ! blood-vessels1 b affect also ! secretion ( sweat & ! erection ( ! hairs4 ,incid5tally1 ! mapp+ out ( ^! n]ves1 9 ! h&s ( ,mack5zie1 ,head1 & o!rs1 has l$ to m p[] ( localis+ ! seat ( visc]al disease4 ,dige/ion4--,our k ( ! processes ( dige/ion has ( late ye>s receiv$ a great accession by ! "w ( ,pr(essor ,pawl[1 ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,8 success is l>gely due to 8 recognition ( ! importance ( keep+ 8 exp]im5tal animals "u ! mo/ normal conditions possible1 & ( /udy+ ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! alim5t>y tract 9 animals :i* 7 n an/hetis$1 b :i* 7 free f any pa9 or ev5 discom=t1 ei!r ( :i* conditions mat]ially int]f]es ) ! activity ( ! dige/ive gl&s4 ,he !re=e e/abli%$ 9 dogs fi/ul 9 *os5 portions ( ! alim5t>y canal1 analog\s to ! fi/ula :i* accid5t r5d]$ s valuable 9 ! case ( ,alexis ,/4 ,m>t94 ,n only has ! k ?us ga9$ enabl$ ! physician to und]/& ! sequel ( ev5ts 9 disord]$ dige/ion1 b ! success ( ! op]ative measures und]tak5 by physiologi/s = ! elucidation ( _! sci5ce has embold5$ surgeons to attack disease 9 ! mo/ v>i\s p>ts ( ! alim5t>y canal4 ,r5ew$ /udy ( ! secretion ( pancreatic juice evok$ by ! passage ( ! acid dige/ive products f ! /oma* into ! small inte/9e1 :i* _h be5 describ$ by ,pawl[1 has result$ 9 ! discov]y ( a new class ( *emical ag5ts1 :i* act z special mess5g]s f "o "p ( ! body to ano!r1 & ex]cise an important function 9 det]m9+ ! action ( all p>ts to "o common end4 ,respiration4--,! inve/igation ( ! *emical prop]ties ( ! col\r+ matt] ( blood1 & ( its comp\nd ) c>bon monoxide1 has result$1 9 ! h&s ( ,dr4 ,haldane1 9 ! lay+ d[n ( measures = ! prev5tion ( accid5ts f *oke-damp or aft]-damp 9 m9es4 ,! same inve/igation has result$ 9 ! discov]y ( a me?od ( det]m9+ ! total am\nt ( blood circulat+ 9 ! body ( a liv+ man4 ,! application ( ?is me?od has already add$ l>gely to our k ( ! pa?ology ( diff]5t =ms ( anmia1 z well z ( ! conditions obta9+ 9 he>t disease4 ,exp]im5ts by ,hill & o!rs on ! physiological effects ( compress$ air h %[n ! precautions :i* %\ld be obs]v$ 9 all div+ op]ations4 ,a prop] appreciation ( ^! results by div+-eng9e]s w\ld n only entirely obviate ! cases ( 'caisson disease1' b w\ld enable div+ to be c>ri$ on safely to a great] dep? ?an has hi!rto be5 attempt$4 ,x is impossible1 h[ev]1 to enum]ate all ! physiological ga9s ( ! la/ tw5ty or ?irty ye>s1 or to po9t out _! manifold applications 9 ! cure & prev5tion ( disease4 ,! full control ( ! processes ( disease1 :i* is ! goal ( ! physician & ! surgeon1 c only be atta9$ ?r\gh an accurate k ( ! conditions gov]n+ ! functions ( ! heal?y body4 ,! f\ndation ( m$ic9e & surg]y is physiology3 & x is only on liv+ animals t ! processes ( life c be inve/igat$4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,exp]im5ts ,,9 ,,pa?ology1 ,,mat]ia ,,m$ica1 ,,& ,,!rapeutics ,i ,,inflammation1 ,,suppuration1 ,,& ,,blood-,,poison+ ,pa?ology1 ! /udy ( ! causes & products ( diseases1 is a y\ng] sci5ce ?an physiology3 ! use ( ! microscope 0 ! beg9n+ ( pa?ology2 & ! microscope1 ev5 s late z sixty ye>s ago1 0 v diff]5t to ! microscope n[4 ,! great pa?ologi/s ( t "t _h n ! l5ses1 microtomes1 & reag5ts t are n[ 9 daily employm5t2 !y knew no?+ ( ! pres5t me?ods ( section-cutt+ & diff]5tial /a9+4 ,b ! publication 9 #ahci ( ,s*wann's cell-!ory m>ks ! rise ( mod]n pa?ology4 ,9 #ahdc1 ,d>w9 wrote 8 fir/ draft ( ! doctr9e ( ! orig9 ( species2 & ,pa/eur1 t ye>1 0 9 = 8 exam9ation at ! cole ,normale4 ,! "w ( ,s*wann1 ,vir*[1 & ,pa/eur _h su* pr(\nd influ5ces on sci5ce t ! span ( sixty ye>s seems to cov] ! mod]n developm5t ( pa?ology3 & ?is span ( ye>s is m>k$1 half-way1 by ! rise ( bact]iology4 ,9 #ahge1 :5 ! ,royal ,commission on ,exp]im5ts on ,animals 0 held 9 ,london1 ! evid5ce 0 conc]n$ practically ) physiology alone3 v little 0 said ab\t pa?ology1 & ( bact]iology h>dly a ^w4 ,! witnesses say t !y believe !y are beg9n+ to get an idea ( ! true nature ( tub]cle3 & ! evid5ce z to ! nature ( an?rax1 giv5 by ,sir ,john ,simon1 reads n[ l a v old prophecy3-- ,we are go+ ?r\gh a progressive "w t has _m /ages1 & are n[ gett+ m precise k ( ! contagium4 ,by ^! exp]im5ts on %eep x has be5 made q cle> t ! contagium ( %eep-pox is some?+ ( :i* ! habits c be /udi$3 z ! habits ( a f]n or a moss c be /udi$3 & we look =w>d to opportunities ( ?us /udy+ ! contagium outside ! body :i* x infects4 ,?is is n a ?+ to be done 9 a day1 or p]haps 9 t5 ye>s1 b mu/ ext5d ov] a long p]iod ( "t4 ,dr4 ,kle9's pres5t pap] repres5ts "o v important /age ( a va/ special /udy4 ,he gives ! id5tification ( ! contagium z some?+ :i* he has /udi$ to ! end 9 ! infect$ body1 & :i* c n[ 9 a future /age be /udi$ outside ! body4 ,?irty ye>s ago1 !re 0 no bact]iology1 9 ! pres5t s5se ( ! ^w3 & n[ ! habits ( ^! contagia h be5 /udi$1 outside & inside ! body1 ) amaz+ accuracy4 ,x has be5 prov$1 pa/ all possibility ( d\bt1 t ! pa?og5ic bact]ia are ! cause ( infective diseases2 !y h fulfill$ ,ko*'s po/ulates--t !y %\ld be f\nd 9 ! diseas$ tissues1 be cultivat$ outside ! body1 reproduce ! same disease 9 animals1 & be f\nd aga9 9 ! tissues ( ^? animals4 ,by an immeasurable am\nt ( h>d "w cr[d$ into a few ye>s1 ?is ,new ,_w ( bact]iology has be5 subdu$4 ,! ,royal ,commission]s ( #ahge1 speak+ ( physiological exp]im5ts only1 said1 ,x w\ld require a volum9\s treatise to exhibit 9 a consecutive /atem5t ! b5efits t m$ic9e & surg]y h d]iv$ f ^! discov]ies4 ,if physiology 9 #ahge requir$ a treatise1 bact]iology 9 #aijf requires a libr>y3 & x is impossible "h to give m ?an ! fa9te/ outl9e ( "s ( ! "w t has be5 done4 ,b all pa?ology is n bact]iology2 & x w\ld take a treatise ( prodigi\s l5g? to set =? ! "w ( mod]n pa?ology 9 ! ye>s be=e any?+ 0 kn[n ( bact]ia4 ,! microscopic /ructure ( tum\rs & ( all =ms ( malignant disease1 ! nature ( amyloid1 fatty1 & o!r deg5]ative *anges1 & ! *ief facts ( g5]al pa?ology--hyp]trophy & atrophy1 necrosis1 gangr5e1 embolism1 & _m m--all ^! subjects 7 /udi$ to good purpose1 be=e bact]iology4 ,above all1 m5 7 occupi$ 9 ! /udy ( inflammation "u ! microscope4 ,x 0 ?is use ( ! microscope t revolutionis$ pa?ology2 especially1 x made visible ! :ole process ( inflammation1 ! mo/ m9ute *anges 9 ! affect$ tissues1 ! sl[+ & arre/ ( ! blood 9 ! capill>ies1 ! *ok+-up ( ! /ream1 & ! escape ( blood-cells out ( ! capill>ies into ! tissues4 ,ev]y?+ _h be5 made ready = ! full] int]pretation t 0 com+ f bact]iology3 ! old nak$-eye descriptions ( inflammation 7 left beh9d2 m5 set aside ! def9ition ( ,celsus1 t x 0 rubor et tumor cum colore et dolore--words t s\nd l ,molire's je/ ab\t ! vis dormitiva ( opium--!y wat*$ inflammation "u ! microscope1 9 su* transp>5t /ructures z ! frog's web & mes5t]y1 ! bat's w+1 & ! tadpole's tail4 ,x 0 ?us t ,:>ton ,jones discov]$ ! rhy?mical contraction ( ! ve9s 9 ! bat's w+4 ,! discov]y ( ! escape ( ! :ite blood-cells1 diap$esis1 ?r\gh ! walls ( ! capill>ies1 0 made by ,wall] & ,cohnheim4 ,to ^? :o are oppos$ to all exp]im5ts on animals1 x may seem a v small ?+ t a blood-cell %\ld be on "o side or ! o!r ( a microscopic film 9 a tadpole's tail2 b ?is diap$esis1 ! fir/ move ( ! blood 9 its fight aga9/ disease1 is n[ se51 9 ! light ( ,mets*nik(f's "w1 z a fact ( v great importance4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is transitional p]iod1 f ! /udy ( inflammation 9 transp>5t liv+ tissues to ! use1 9 surg]y1 ( ! facts ( bact]iology1 is told 9 ,"l ,li/]'s ,huxley ,lecture1 ,octob] #aijj4 ,he describes h[ ! f\ndations 7 laid 9 surgical pa?ology1 by microscopical & exp]im5tal "w on inflammation1 coagulation1 suppuration1 & pymia1 = bact]iology to build on3 h[ 8 own %>e ( ! "w began :5 he 0 h\se-surgeon to ,sir ,john ,eri*s5 at ,univ]sity ,college ,hospital1 & aft]w>d to ,mr4 ,syme 9 ,ed9burgh1 & h[ x 0 cont9u$ ?r\gh all 8 ,ed9burgh & ,glasg[ life3-- ,aft] be+ appo9t$ to ! ,*air ( ,surg]y 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[1 ,i became "o ( ! surgeons to ! ,royal ,infirm>y ( t city4 ,"h ,i _h1 too1 ample opportunities = /udy+ hospital diseases1 ( :i* ! mo/ fe>ful 0 pymia4 ,ab\t ?is "t ,i saw ! op9ion express$ by a high au?ority 9 pa?ology t ! pus 9 a pymic ve9 0 probably a collection ( leucocytes4 ,facts su* z ^? :i* ,i m5tion$ z hav+ ar\s$ my int]e/ 9 my /ud5t days 9 a case ( pymia1 made su* a view to me incr$ible2 & ,i det]m9$ to asc]ta91 if possible1 ! real /ate ( ?+s by exp]im5t4444 ,:ile ^! inve/igations into ! nature ( pymia 7 proce$+1 ,i 0 do+ my utmo/ aga9/ t deadly sc\rge4 ,pr(essor ,polli1 ( ,milan1 hav+ recomm5d$ ! int]nal adm9i/ration ( sulphite ( pota% on acc\nt ( its antiputresc5t prop]ties1 ,i gave t drug a v full trial z a prophylactic4444 ,at ! same "t1 ,i did my be/1 by local measures1 to dim9i% ! risk ( communicat+ contagion f "o w\nd to ano!r4 ,i freely employ$ antiseptic wa%es1 & ,i _h on ! tables ( my w>ds piles ( clean t[els to be us$ = dry+ my h&s & ^? ( my assi/ants aft] wa%+ !m1 z ,i insi/$ %\ld inv>iably be done 9 pass+ f "o dress+ to ano!r4 ,b all my ef=ts prov$ abortive2 z ,i c\ld h>dly wond] :5 ,i believ$1 ) *emi/s g5]ally1 t putrefaction 0 caus$ by ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ,i 0 prep>$ to welcome ,pa/eur's demon/ration t putrefaction1 l o!r true f]m5tations1 is caus$ by microbes gr[+ 9 ! putrescible sub/ance4 ,?us 0 pres5t$ a new problem3 n to exclude oxyg5 f ! w\nds1 :i* 0 impossible1 b to protect !m f ! liv+ causes ( decomposition by means :i* %\ld act ) z little di/urbance ( ! tissues z is consi/5t ) ! atta9m5t ( ! ess5tial object4444 ,to apply t pr9ciple1 s z to ensure ! greate/ safety ) ! lea/ att5dant disadvantage1 has be5 my *ief life-"w4#ab #ab ,see also ! admirable ,life ( ,pa/eur1 by ,m4 ,vallry-,radot4 ,translation by ,mrs4 ,devon%ire1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bj4 ,&1 ( c\rse1 ! application ( t pr9ciple is n limit$ to ! p]=mance ( ! major op]ations ( surg]y4 ,x is 9 daily use 9 e hospital1 & 9 e practice all ! _w ov]1 = ! safe & quick heal+ ( :ole legions ( injuries1 casualties1 & m9or op]ations4 ,b :at ( ,semmelweis1 & 8 /udy ( pu]p]al fev]8 ,did he n1 be=e ,"l ,li/]1 & )\t ! help ( exp]im5ts on animals1 discov] antiseptic surg]y8 ,8 claim is urg$ by ^? :o are oppos$ to all su* exp]im5ts4 ,& ! answ] is1 t 8 "w 0 lo/ j = want ( exp]im5ts on animals4 ,if he c\ld h demon/rat$1 z ,pa/eur did1 ! liv+ organism1 ! ?+ itself1 !re 9 ! tissues ( an infect$ rabbit1 & 9 a te/-tube1 & "u a microscope1 he might h /opp$ ! m\?s ( 8 adv]s>ies4 ,he c\ld n4 ,he c\ld only demon/rate to !m ! fact t _! pati5ts di$1 & 8 pati5ts liv$3 & t "s sort ( direct infection 0 ! cause ( ! dea?s4 ,! trag$y ( 8 life _c be told too (t51 & may be told aga9 "h4#ac ,= want ( ! f9al pro( t bact]iology1 & ! inoculation ( animals1 alone c\ld give1 he 0 unable to hold out aga9/ 8 enemies till ,pa/eur c\ld rescue him4 #ac ,?is acc\nt ( ,semmelweis1 repr9t$ by p]mission f ! ,middlesex ,hospital ,j\rnal1 is mo/ly tak5 f ,dr4 ,!odore ,duka's excell5t pap] on ,*ildb$ ,fev]4 7,lancet1 #ahhf47 ,9 #ahdf1 :5 he 0 tw5ty-?ree ye>s old1 ,ignaz ,semmelweis 0 appo9t$ assi/ant-pr(essor 9 ! mat]nity dep>tm5t ( ! huge g5]al hospital ( ,vi5na4 ,= _m ye>s1 ! mortality 9 ! ly+-9 w>ds _h be5 ab\t #a4be p] c5t41 & no m4 ,!n1 "u a new pr(essor1 x _h ris52 &1 = "s ye>s be=e ,semmelweis came on ! sc5e1 x _h be5 #e p] c5t41 or ev5 #g p] c5t4 ,9 ,octob] #ahda1 !re _h be5 an epidemic t _h la/$ till ,may #ahdc4 ,9 ^! tw5ty mon?s1 out ( #eaci wom5 deliv]$1 #hbi _h di$2 t is to say1 #af p] c5t4 ,!re 7 two sets ( w>ds 9 ! mat]nity dep>tm5t4 ,! "o set may be call$ ,cl9ique ,a1 & ! o!r ,cl9ique ,b4 ,= _m ye>s1 ! mortality _h be5 ! same 9 ea*4 ,9 #ahda a *ange 0 made3 ,cl9ique ,a 0 assign$ to ! tea*+ ( /ud5ts1 & ,cl9ique ,b to ! tea*+ ( midwives3 &1 s soon z ?is *ange _h be5 made1 ! mortality 9 ,cl9ique ,b became less1 b ! mortality 9 ,cl9ique ,a did n4 ,commissions ( inquiry 7 held1 & 9 va94 ,x 0 sugge/$ t ! =eign /ud5ts 7 someh[ to blame1 nobody knew :y2 & _m ( !m 7 s5t away4 ,/ill ! dea?s w5t on4 ,wom5 admitt$ to ,cl9ique ,a w\ld g d[n on _! knees & pray to be all[$ to g home2 almo/ e day ! bell 0 he>d r++ 9 ! w>ds1 = ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,sacram5t to a dy+ woman4 ,p talk$ ab\t atmosph]ic influ5ces1 & ov]cr[d+1 & ! ta9t$ air ( old w>ds1 & ! p[] ( ! m9d ov] ! body3 & ,semmelweis set to "w4 ,he obs]v$ t cases ( protract$ lab\r 9 ,cl9ique ,a di$1 almo/ all ( !m2 b n 9 ,cl9ique ,b4 ,he obs]v$ also t cases ( premature lab\r1 ne>ly all ( !m1 did well1 :i*ev] ,cl9ique !y 7 92 s did ^? wom5 :o 7 deliv]$ be=e !y came to ! hospital1 & 7 admitt$ aft] deliv]y4 ,he obs]v$ also t a r[ ( pati5ts1 ly+ side by side1 w\ld all be attack$ at once 9 ,cl9ique ,a2 :i* nev] happ5$ 9 ,cl9ique ,b4 ,he tri$ ev]y?+3 he alt]$ ! details ( treatm5t2 he us$ v>i\s subt]fuges to prev5t "o ( ! pr(essors f exam9+ s]i\s cases2 he en=c$ ?is or t rule 9 ,cl9ique ,a1 because x 0 ! cu/om 9 ,cl9ique ,b2 he slav$ away at ! notes ( ! cases--& at la/ ! tru? came to him1 by ! dea? ( "o ( 8 fri5ds f a dissection-w\nd4 ,he says1 ,my fri5d's fatal symptoms unveil$ to my m9d an id5tity ) ^? :i* ,i _h s (t5 notic$ at ! dea?b$s ( pu]p]al cases4 ,he saw n[ t ! /ud5ts1 com+ /raight f ! dissect+-rooms1 _h infect$ ! pati5ts dur+ exam9ation4 ,9 ,may #ahdg he gave ord]s t e /ud5t1 be=e exam9+1 %\ld ?or\ghly dis9fect 8 h&s4 ,b1 ?\gh he _h reckon$ ) dissect+-room poisons1 he _h =gott5 to reckon ) o!r s\rces ( infection4 ,9 ,octob] ( t ye>1 a woman 0 admitt$ :o _h malignant disease2 ( twelve wom5 exam9$ aft] h]1 elev5 got pu]p]al fev]1 & di$4 ,9 ,novemb]1 a woman 0 admitt$ :o _h a suppurat+ knee-jo9t1 ) s9uses2 & eight wom5 7 infect$ f h]1 & di$4 ,!re=e ,semmelweis said1 ,n only c ! p>ticles f dead bodies g5]ate pu]p]al fev]1 b any decompos$ mat]ial f ! liv+ body c also g5]ate x1 & s c air contam9at$ by su* mat]ials4 ,h5ce=? he isolat$ all infect$ cases1 he en=c$ ! /rict use ( dis9fectants3 & ! mortality 9 ,cl9ique ,a1 :i* 9 ,may #ahdg _h /ood at #ab4bd p] c5t41 fell 9 ,decemb] to #c4jd1 & 9 #ahdh 0 #a4bg4 ,8 "w 0 tak5 up ) en?usiasm by ,hebra1 ,skoda1 & ,hall]2 ! news ( x 0 s5t to e capital 9 ,europe4 ,9 ,febru>y #ahdi ,hall] read a pap] on x be=e ! ,m$ical ,society ( ,vi5na1 & said1 ,! importance ( ^! obs]vations is above all calculation1 bo? = ! mat]nity dep>tm5t & = ! hospitals 9 g5]al1 b p>ticul>ly = ! surgical w>ds4 ,a committee 0 nom9at$ to report on ! :ole matt]2 b x 0 oppos$ by ! pr(essor 9 *>ge ( ,cl9ique ,a1 & no?+ came ( x4 ,9 ,may #ahej1 ,semmelweis op5$ a great debate on pu]p]al fev]1 :i* occupi$ ?ree sitt+s ( ! ,vi5na ,m$ical ,society4 ,8 oppon5ts 7 !re 9 full =ce1 all ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees ( ! pr(ession4 ,!y br\ght ab\t a vague di/ru/ ( 8 figures & 8 facts2 !y got p to believe t !re mu/ be some?+ else 9 pu]p]al fev]1 z well z ! local infection4 ,semmelweis began to be disc\rag$4 ,! ,univ]sity au?orities made a dead set aga9/ him--!y refus$ to r5ew 8 appo9tm5t1 !y got him out ( ! hospital1 & out ( ,vi5na4 ,he w5t to ,pe/h1 & 0 ,pr(essor ( ,midwif]y !re2 b ! same opposition & ho/ility 7 at ,pe/h z at ,vi5na4 ,sl[ly he began to lose 8 hold ov] himself1 w5t d[n hill1 became excitable & odd4 ,! end came 9 ,july #ahfe4 ,at a meet+ ( ,univ]sity pr(essors1 he sudd5ly took a pap] f 8 pocket & read al\d to !m a solemn oa?1 to be en=c$ on e midwife & e doctor4 ,8 m9d _h giv5 way3 he 0 mov$ to an asylum at ,vi5na1 & di$ !re a few weeks lat]4 ,he 0 only =ty-two :5 he di$--,:at a w\nd$ "n1 ,?+s /&+ ?us unkn[n1 %all live beh9d me4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! "w ( ,semmelweis & ! "w ( ,pa/eur cuts l a knife "h4 ,! failure ( ,semmelweis' tea*+ may be e/imat$ by ! fact t x _h all to be done ov] aga94 ,! ye> ( 8 success at ,vi5na 0 #ahdh4 ,eight ye>s lat]1 9 ! ,p>is ,mat]nity ,hospital1 betwe5 #a/ ,april & #aj? ,may #ahef1 came su* an outbreak ( pu]p]al fev] t out ( #cdg pati5ts #fd di$4 ,9 #ahfd1 out ( #acej cases1 #caj dea?s4 ,9 ,jan4-,feb4 #ahff1 out ( #ajc cases1 #bh dea?s3 ,wom5 ( ! l[] classes look$ ^u ! ,mat]nit z ! ve/ibule ( dea?4 ,9 #ahgg-gh1 came ! use ( c>bolic acid & p]*loride ( m]cury at ! hospital1 ?irty ye>s aft] ,semmelweis' "w3 &1 ab\t ! same "t1 ,pa/eur's discov]y ( ! /reptococcus 9 pu]p]al fev]4#ad ,pa/eur c\ld demon/rate to 8 oppon5ts ! visible cause ( ! infection1 ! ?+ itself4 ,r\x tells ! /ory3-- ,dans le pus des abcs *auds et dans celui des furoncles on con/ate un petit organisme arrondi1 dispos en amas1 qu'on cultive facilem5t dans le b\illon4 ,on le retr\ve dans l'o/omylite infectieuse des enfants4 ,pa/eur affirme que l'o/omylite et le furoncle sont deux =mes d'une mme maladie1 et que l'o/omylite e/ le furoncle de l'os4 ,en #ahgh1 cette ass]tion a fait rire bi5 les *irurgi5s4 ,dans les infections pu]prales1 les caillots r5f]m5t un microbe gra9s arrondis se disposant en files4 ,cet aspect en *apelet e/ surt\t manife/ dans les cultures4 ,pa/eur n'hsite pas dcl>] que cet organisme microscopique e/ la cause la plus frqu5te des infections *ez les femmes acc\*es4 ,un j\r1 dans une discussion sur la fivre pu]prale l',acadmie de ,mdic9e1 un de ses collgues le plus c\ts diss]tait loquemm5t sur les causes des pidmies dans les mat]nits4 ,pa/eur l'int]rompt de sa place3 ,ce qui cause l'pidmie1 ce n'e/ ri5 de t\t cela3 c'e/ le mdec9 et son p]sonnel qui transport5t le microbe d'une femme malade une femme sa9e4 ,et comme l'orateur rpondit qu'il craignait =t qu'on ne tr\ve jamais ce microbe1 ,pa/eur s'lance v]s le tableau noir1 dess9e l'organisme en *apelet de gra9s1 en disant1 ,t5ez1 voici sa figure4 7,r\x1 ,l',o,euvre ,mdicale de ,pa/eur4 ,ag5da du ,*imi/e1 #ahif1 p4 #ebh47 #ad ,see ,pa/eur's ,life1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hi4 ,all suppuration1 & all =ms ( blood-poison+--abscesses1 boils1 c>buncles1 erysipelas1 pu]p]al fev]1 septicmia1 pymia--are due to m9ute organisms1 v>i\s k9ds ( micrococcus4 ,x has inde$ be5 %[n t suppuration may1 9 exceptional conditions1 occur )\t micro-organisms3 b practically e case ( suppuration is a case ( infection ei!r f )\t or f )9 ! body4 ,!re is no room "h = any acc\nt ( ! "w sp5t on ^! micrococci3 on _! id5tification1 isolation1 culture1 & inoculation4 ,x is ! same ) all ! pa?og5ic bact]ia--ea* k9d has its own habits1 phases & idiosyncrasies1 antagonisms & pref]5ces3 no?+ is left un/udi$--! influ5ces ( air1 light1 heat1 & *emi/ry2 all ! facts ( _! gr[?1 division1 range ( v>iation1 grades ( virul5ce1 vitality1 & products2 ! entire life & dea? ( ea* species1 & ev]y?+ t x is1 & does1 & c be made to d4 ,! difficulties ( bact]iology are writt5 across e page ( ! text-books3 above all1 ! difficulties ( att5uat+ or int5sify+ ! virul5ce ( bact]ia1 & ( immunis+ animals1 & ( procur+ f !m an immunis+ s]um ( exact & con/ant /r5g?4 ,e antitox9 is ! outcome ( an immeasurable exp5diture ( h>d int]national "w1 unsurpass$ 9 all sci5ce = ! f95ess ( its me?ods & ! clos5ess ( its argum5ts4 ,! old] !ories ( disease _h attribut$ infection to ! intemp]ature ( ! wea!r1 ! p[]s ( ! air1 or ! "w ( ! devil2 lat]1 m5 recognis$ t !re mu/ be a mat]ies morbi1 some?+ p>ticulate1 transmissible1 & p]haps alive1 b x 0 /ill a nameless some?+4 ,!re=e1 !y ov]-e/imat$ ! con/itutional1 p]sonal aspect ( a case ( infective disease1 aga9/ ! pla9 evid5ce ( case-to-case infection or inoculation3 !y /udi$ ) inf9ite c>e & m9ut5ess ! wea!r1 ! environm5t1 ! family hi/ory1 ! previ\s illnesses ( ! pati5t--ev]y?+1 except ! imm$iate cause ( ! tr\ble4 ,b mod]n pa?ology1 l ,pa/eur1 says1 ,t5ez1 voici sa figure4 ,! antiseptic me?od 0 bas$ on bact]iology1 re/+ z x did on ! pro( af=d$ by ,pa/eur t putrefaction 0 caus$ by bact]ia1 & n by ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 z _h be5 previ\sly believ$4 ,if any man w\ld measure "o v small "p ( ! lives t are sav$ by ?is me?od1 let him contra/ ! treatm5t ( empyema fifty ye>s ago ) its treatm5t n[4 ,if he w\ld measure ! sav+1 n ( lives b ( limbs1 let him take ! treatm5t ( comp\nd fractures4 ,if he w\ld measure ! sav+ ( pati5ts f pa91 fev]1 & long conf9em5t to b$1 let him take ! ord9>y run ( surgical cases1 n only ! major op]ations b all abscesses1 lac]at$ w\nds1 f\l sores1 & s =?4 ,a s]um has also be5 us$ ( late ye>s = ! treatm5t ( micrococcus-infection1 & has giv5 good results 9 _m cases4 ,x has be5 us$1 also1 to av]t ! risk ( su* infection 9 c]ta9 op]ations :]e ! antiseptic me?od _c be /rictly c>ri$ out4 ,= ! use ( a polyval5t s]um1 ref]5ce may be made to ! rec5t pap] by ,dr4 ,w4 ,s4 ,f5wick & ,dr4 ,p>k9son4 7,trans4 ,roy4 ,m$4 ,*ir4 ,soc41 #aijf47 ,,ii ,,an?rax ,9 animals1 an?rax is also call$ *>bon1 spl5ic fev]1 or spl5ic apoplexy3 9 man1 ! "n ( malignant pu/ule is giv5 to ! sore at ! po9t ( accid5tal inoculation1 & ! "n ( woolsort]'s disease is giv5 to ^? cases ( an?rax :]e ! lungs are infect$ by inhalation ( ! spores ( ! bacillus an?racis4 ,! disease occurs among hide-dress]s1 woolsort]s1 bru%mak]s1 & rag-pick]s3 among animals1 x occurs 9 %eep1 cattle1 horses1 & sw9e3-- ,_m ( ! outbreaks ( an?rax 9 ,engl& h be5 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,brad=d1 & h be5 trac$ to ! use ( infect$ wool-refuse z manure4 ,a map publi%$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture %[s t ! outbreaks ( an?rax are mo/ frequ5t 9 ^? c\nties ( ,great ,brita9 :]e dry =eign wools1 hairs1 hides1 & sk9s are manufactur$ into goods4 ,9 #ahib1 !re 7 =ty-two outbreaks ( an?rax 9 ! ,we/ ,rid+ ( ,york%ire1 z aga9/ two 9 ! ,nor? ,rid+1 & "o 9 ! ,ea/ ,rid+4 ,an und\bt$ fact 9 connection ) an?rax is its t5d5cy to recur on c]ta9 f>ms4 ,dur+ #ahie1 ! disease reappe>$ on tw5ty-?ree f>ms or o!r premises 9 ,engl&1 & six 9 ,scotl&1 :]e x _h be5 report$ 9 ! previ\s ye>4 7,dr4 ,poore's ,milroy ,lectures1 ,on ! ,e>? 9 relation to ,contagia1 #ahii47 ,an admirable acc\nt ( ! disease1 z x occurs 9 man1 is giv5 by ,dr4 ,ham] & ,dr4 ,bell1 9 ! valuable s]ies ( monographs edit$ by ,dr4 ,oliv] ( ,newca/le1 "u ! title ,dang]\s ,trades 7,london1 ,john ,murray1 #aijb74 ,happily1 ! disease is v r>e among m51 ev5 among ^? mo/ expos$ to x4 ,= its treatm5t 9 man1 an antitox9 has be5 us$ ) "s success3 b ! cases are too few to be ( mu* importance4#ae #ae ,dr4 ,legge1 9 8 ,milroy ,lectures1 #aije1 on ,indu/rial ,an?rax 7,lancet1 ,m>* & ,april #aije71 gives a full acc\nt ( ,sob]nheim's "w up to ,m>* #aijd1 & a table ( sev5ty-six cases1 treat$ ) ,sclavo's s]um4 ,! bacillus an?racis 0 fir/ se5 m ?an fifty ye>s ago3 ,an?rax has ! di/9ction ( be+ ! fir/ infecti\s disease ! bact]ial nature ( :i* 0 def9itely prov54#af ,poll5d] 9 #ahdd1 ,rog] & ,dava9e 9 #ahej1 not$ ! petits btonnets 9 ! blood ( %eep dead ( ! disease1 & ?\ght !y 7 "s sort ( microscopic blood-cry/als3 x 0 n till #ahfc1 aft] ,pa/eur's /udy ( lactic-acid f]m5tation1 t ,dava9e realis$ !y 7 liv+ organisms4 ,aft]w>d1 ,ko* succe$$ 9 mak+ cultures ( !m1 & reproduc$ ! disease by inoculat+ animals ) ^! cultures2 yet x 0 said1 s late z #ahgf1 t ! bacillus an?racis 0 n ! cause ( an?rax1 b only ! sign ( x3 ,along ) ! bacilli1 !re are blood-cells & blood-plasma1 & ^! conta9 ! true amorph\s virus ( an?rax4 ,!n came ,pa/eur's "w1 & rea*$ its end 9 ! exp]im5ts at ,*>tres1 & ! fam\s te/-inoculations 7#ahha7 at ,p\illy-le-,=t4 #af ,see ,dr4 ,flexn]'s acc\nt ( ! disease1 9 volume xix4 ( ,/$man's ,tw5tie? ,c5tury ,practice4 ,9 ! ,ag5da du ,*imi/e 7#ahif7 ,m4 ,r\x gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ?is "w1 :i* he wat*$ f fir/ to la/3-- ,vacc9ation aga9/ *>bon has n[ be5 put to ! te/ ( practice = f\rte5 ye>s4 ,:]ev] x is adopt$1 !re ! losses f *>bon h become insignificant4 ,x 0 foll[$ by vacc9ation aga9/ sw9e-measles1 r\get des porcs1 ! special /udy ( our poor fri5d ,?uilli]4 ,b ! imm$iate result ( ,pa/eur's vacc9ations is _! lea/ m]it3 !y h giv5 m5 absolute fai? 9 a sci5ce t c\ld %[ su* good works1 !y h />t$ a movem5t t is irresi/ible2 above all1 !y h set go+ ! :ole /udy ( immunity1 :i* is br++ u at la/ to a "r way ( treat+ infective diseases4 ,virul5ce is a quality t microbes c lose1 or c acquire4 ,suppose we came across ! an?rax-bacillus s f> att5uat$1 9 ! way ( ,nature1 t x _h lo/ all p[] to kill--( c\rse we %\ld fail to recognise x2 we %\ld take x = an ord9>y bacillus ( putrefaction3 y mu/ wat* x ?r\gh ea* phase ( its att5uation1 to "k t ! h>mless organism is ! desc5dant ( ! fatal virus4 ,b y c give back to x ! virul5ce t x has lo/1 if y put x1 to beg9 )1 "u ! sk9 ( a v delicate subject1 a m\se only "o day old4 ,) ! blood ( ?is m\se inoculate ano!r1 a little old]1 & x w die4 ,pass+ by ?is me?od f y\ng] to old] mice1 we come to kill adult mice1 gu9ea-pigs1 !n rabbits1 !n %eep1 etc4 ,?us1 by transmission1 ! virus ga9s /r5g? z x goes4 ,d\btless ?is increase ( virul5ce1 t we br+ ab\t by exp]im5t1 occurs also 9 ,nature2 & x is easy to see h[ a microbe1 usually h>mless to ?is or t species ( animals1 might become deadly to x4 ,is n ?is ! way t infective diseases h appe>$ on ! e>? f age to age8 ,see h[ f> we h come1 f ! old metaphysical ideas ab\t virul5ce1 to ^! microbes t we c turn ?is way or t way--/uff s pla/ic t a man c "w on x1 & fa%ion x z he likes4 ,pa/eur's note on ! att5uation ( an?rax 0 pres5t$ to ! ,acadmie des ,sci5ces on #bh? ,febru>y #ahha2 & ! te/-inoculations at ,p\illy-le-,=t 7 made 9 ,may ( t ye>4 ,x 0 h>dly to be expect$ t e c\ntry1 9 e ye>1 %\ld obta9 su* results z ,france n[ takes z a matt] ( c\rse2 & at "o "t1 ab\t tw5ty-"o ye>s ago1 !re 0 9 ,hung>y a consci5ti\s objection to ! inoculation ( h]ds aga9/ ! disease4 ,b 9 ,italy1 f #a/ ,may #ahig to #cj? ,april #ahih1 ! issue ( anti-*>bon vacc9e f "o in/itute alone1 ! ,s]o-,!rapeutic ,in/itute at ,milan1 0 #afe1jjj tubes1 en\gh to inoculate #cc1gcd cattle & #ih1gib %eep4 ,& 9 ,france1 betwe5 #ahhb & #ahic1 m ?an ?ree million %eep1 & ne>ly half a million cattle1 7 inoculat$4 ,! "w done 9 ,france 0 publi%$ by ,m4 ,*amb]l&1 9 ! ,annales de ,l',in/itut ,pa/eur1 ,m>* #ahid4 ,! foll[+ translation ( 8 memoir--,rsultats pratiques des ,vacc9ations contre le ,*>bon et le ,r\get en ,france--%[s some?+ ( ! national influ5ce ( ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute3-- #a4 ,*>bon ,aft] ! fam\s exp]im5ts at ,p\illy-le-,=t1 ,,mm4 ,pa/eur & ,r\x entru/$ to me ! :ole me?od & practice ( ! vacc9ations aga9/ *>bon4 ,twelve ye>s h pass$1 & x is n[ "t to put toge!r ! results1 & to make a f9al e/imate ( ! value ( ^! prev5tive inoculations4 ,e ye> we ask ! vet]9>y surgeons to report-- #a4 ,! numb] ( animals !y h vacc9at$4 #b4 ,! numb] t h di$ aft] ! fir/ vacc9ation4 #c4 ,! numb] t h di$ aft] ! second vacc9ation1 )9 ! twelve days foll[+ x4 #d4 ,! numb] t h di$ dur+ ! re/ ( ! ye>4 #e4 ,! av]age annual mortality be=e ! practice ( vacc9ation4 ,! sum total ( all ! reports is giv5 9 ! foll[+ tables3-- ,,vacc9ation ,,aga9/ ,,*>bon 7,,france74 ,%eep4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,mortality4 ,animals ---------------------- ,total ,vacc9at$,aft] ,aft] ,dur+ ,numb] ( ,numb] accord+ ,fir/ ,second ! re/ ,animals ( to ,reports,vacci- ,vacci- ( ! ,ye>s4,vacc9at$4,reports4receiv$4 nation4nation4 ,ye>4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #ahhb #bgj1jdj #aab #bdc1aii #gef #hdg #a1jcg #ahhc #bfh1eje #ajc #aic1aai #dcf #bgb #ghd #ahhd #caf1eec #aji #bca1fic #ggj #ddd #a1jcc #ahhe #cdb1jdj #add #bhj1ajg #hhd #gce #iij #ahhf #cac1bhh #hh #bjb1jfd #feb #cjc #ead #ahhg #bic1egb #ajg #ahg1haa #gah #gcg #ifh #ahhh #bfi1egd #ej #aja1hcd #adi #aha #cjj #ahhi #bci1igd #dc #hh1dhc #bch #bhe #eja #ahij #bbc1faa #fi #fi1hfe #cca #bfa #bdd #ahia #bah1fbi #fe #ec1fdj #aha #ajb #gg #ahib #bei1fif #gj #fc1abe #cai #ahc #abf #ahic #bha1ccc #cj #gc1ici #bcd #ef #bbd ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,total#c1bif1hae #iij #a1ghh1hgi #e1ffh #d1djf #f1gih ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ------------------------- ,av]age ,total loss ,total4 lossbe=e p] ,vacci- ,ye>s4 #ajj4nation4 ------------------------- #ahhb #b1fdj #a4jh #aj #ahhc #a1dib #j4gg #ahhd #b1bdg #j4ig #ahhe #b1fji #j4ic #ahhf #a1dfi #j4gb #ahhg #b1dbc #a4bi #ahhh #fcj #j4fb #ahhi #a1jbd #a4af #ahij #hcf #a4bj #ahia #cfj #j4fg #ahib #fbh #j4ii #ahic #ead #j4fi ------------------------- ,total#af1hgb #j4id #aj ------------------------- ,,vacc9ation ,,aga9/ ,,*>bon 7,,france74 ,cattle4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,mortality4 ,animals ---------------------- ,total ,vacc9at$ ,aft] ,aft] ,dur+ ,numb] ( ,numb] accord+ ,fir/ ,second! re/ ,animals ( to ,reports,vacci- ,vacci- ( ! ,ye>s4,vacc9at$4,reports4receiv$4 nation4nation4 ,ye>4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #ahhb #ce1fed #abg #bb1iaf #bb #ab #dh #ahhc #bf1dec #acj #bj1eja #ag #a #df #ahhd #cc1ijj #aci #bb1faf #bj #ac #eb #ahhe #cd1jjj #aib #ba1jgc #cb #h #fg #ahhf #ci1aed #ace #bb1aac #ah #g #ci #ahhg #dh1dhd #adh #bh1jhc #bc #ah #fh #ahhh #cd1dfd #fa #aj1ibj #h #d #ce #ahhi #cb1bea #fh #aa1faj #ad #g #ca #ahij #cc1ife #ga #aa1jeg #e #d #ad #ahia #dj1gcf #fh #aj1dgf #f #d #d #ahib #da1fji #ga #i1geg #h #c #ae #ahic #ch1aed #de #i1hdj #d #a #ac ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,total #dch1hbd #a1bee #bjj1ifb #agg #hb #dcb ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ------------------------- ,av]age ,total loss ,total4 lossbe=e p] ,vacci- ,ye>s4 #ajj4nation4 ------------------------- #ahhb #hb #j4ce #e #ahhc #fd #j4ca #ahhd #he #j4cg #ahhe #ajg #j4ej #ahhf #fd #j4bi #ahhg #aji #j4ci #ahhh #dg #j4dc #ahhi #eb #j4de #ahij #bc #j4ba #ahia #ad #j4ac #ahib #bf #j4bf #ahic #ah #j4ah ------------------------- ,total #fia #j4cd #e ------------------------- ,comp>+ ! figures 9 ! f\r? column ) ^? 9 ! second1 we see t a c]ta9 numb] ( vet]9>y surgeons neglect to s5d _! reports at ! end ( ! ye>4 ,! numb] ( reports t come to u ev5 t5ds to get less ea* ye>4 ,! fact is1 t _m vet]9>y surgeons :o d vacc9ations e ye> cont5t !mselves ) writ+1 ',! results are always v good2 x is useless to s5d y reports t are always ! same4' ,we h e reason to believe1 z a matt] ( fact1 t ^? :o s5d no reports are satisfi$2 = if any?+ goes wrong ) ! h]ds1 !y d n fail to let u "k x at once by special lett]s4 ,anyh[1 ?anks *iefly to new vet]9>y surgeons :o d s5d reports1 we see t 9 ! twelve ye>s1 up to #a/ ,janu>y ( ?is ye>1 we h _h exact returns z to #a1ghh1hgi %eep & #bjj1ifb cattle--ab\t half ( all ^? t 7 vacc9at$4 ,! mortality among %eep & cattle is slightly high] aft] ! fir/ vacc9ation ?an aft] ! second4 ,?is fact seems to u easy to expla94 ,! animals report$ dead include bo? ^? t di$ z ! result ( ! vacc9ations1 & ^? t1 be+ already infect$ at ! "t1 di$ ( ! actual disease4 ,b1 at ! "t ( second vacc9ation1 ! animals are already m or less protect$3 h5ce a l[] mortality f ! actual disease1 & a l[] sum total4 ,! :ole loss ( %eep is ab\t #a p] c5t43 ! av]age = ! twelve ye>s is #j4id4 ,s we may say t ! :ole av]age loss ( vacc9at$ %eep1 :e!r f vacc9ation or f ! disease itself is ab\t #a p] c5t4 ,! loss ( vacc9at$ cattle is /ill less3 = ! p]iod ( twelve ye>s1 x is #j4cd1 or ab\t #a_/c p] c5t4 ,^! results are extremely satisfactory4 ,x is to be not$ especially t ! av]age annual dea?-rate f *>bon1 be=e vacc9ation--! av]age giv5 9 ^! reports--is e/imat$ at #aj p] c5t4 among %eep1 & #e p] c5t4 among cattle4 ,b ev5 if we put x at #f p] c5t4 = %eep1 & #c-a_/c p] c5t4 = cattle1 & say t ! wor? ( a %eep is #cj francs1 & ( an ox or a c[ #aej francs--:i* is well bel[ _! real value--ev5 !n x is obvi\s t ! advantage ( ^! vacc9ations to ,fr5* agriculture is ab\t five million francs 9 %eep1 & two million 9 cattle4 ,& ^! figures are r too l[ ?an too high4 #b4 ,r\get ,"s ye>s aft] ! discov]y ( vacc9ation aga9/ *>bon1 ,m4 ,pa/eur discov]$ ! vacc9e = a disease ( sw9e kn[n "u ! "n ( r\get4 ,f #ahhf1 ^! vacc9es 7 prep>$ & s5t out "u ! same conditions z ! vacc9es aga9/ *>bon4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! reports t h come to u ( ?is disease3#ag-- ,,vacc9ation ,,aga9/ ,,r\get 7,,france74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,mortality4 ,animals ---------------------- ,total ,vacc9at$,aft] ,aft] ,dur+ ,numb] ( ,numb] accord+ ,fir/ ,second ! re/ ,animals ( to ,reports,vacci- ,vacci- ( ! ,ye>s4,vacc9at$4,reports4receiv$4 nation1nation4 ,ye>4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,= ^! two ye>s #ahhf ,france #di #g1jhg #ia #bd #ef & o!r c\ntries #ahhg are put #di #g1dfg #eg #aj #bc toge!r4 #ahhh #ae1ieh #ca #f1ifh #ca #be #ch #ahhi #ai1cch #da #aa1beg #ib #ab #dj #ahij #ag1feh #da #ad1iib #aah #fd #gc #ahia #bj1ehc #dg #ag1eef #ajb #cd #gj #ahib #cg1ijj #ch #aj1abh #dc #ai #df ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,total #aaa1dcg #bif #ge1dee #ecd #ahh #cde ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ------------------------- ,av]age ,total loss ,total4 lossbe=e p] ,vacci- ,ye>s4 #ajj4nation4 ------------------------- #ahhf #aga #b4da #bj #ahhg #ij #a4ba #ahhh #id #a4ce #ahhi #add #a4bh #ahij #bed #a4gj #ahia #bjf #a4ag #ahib #ajh #a4jg ------------------------- ,total #a1jfg #a4de #bj ------------------------- #ag ,! reports = #ahic are at pres5t too few to be utilis$ = ?is table4 ,! total av]age ( losses dur+ ! pa/ sev5 ye>s is #a4de p] c5t41 or ab\t #a-a_/b p] c5t4 ,?is av]age is appreciably high] ?an ! av]age = *>bon4 ,b x mu/ be not$ t ! mortality f r\get among sw9e1 be=e vacc9ation1 0 mu* high] ?an t f *>bon among %eep4 ,x 0 ab\t #bj p] c5t42 a c]ta9 numb] ( reports speak ( losses ( #fj & ev5 #hj p] c5t43 s t almo/ all ! vet]9>y surgeons are l\d 9 _! praises ( ! new vacc9ation4 ,! re/ ( ,m4 ,*amb]l&'s pap] is conc]n$ ) ! defects1 su* z !y are1 ( ! vacc9ations1 & ! ne$ ( absolute cleanl9ess 9 ! mak+ ( !m3 :i* is some:at difficult = ?is va/ numb] ( vacc9ations ( animals all ov] ,france1 & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! :ole /ory ( ! discov]y is told 9 ,m4 ,vallry-,radot's ,life ( ,pa/eur3 & ! :ole /ory ( r\get1 9 ! same mo/ fasc9at+ book1 vol4 ii41 p4 #ahj4 ,,iii ,,tub]cle ,be=e ,la5nec1 tub]cle _h be5 tak5 = a deg5]ative *ange ( ! tissues1 mu* l o!r =ms ( deg5]ation4 ,x 0 ,la5nec :o br\ght m5 to see t x is a disease ( itself1 diff]5t f any?+ else2 & ?is great discov]y ( ! specific nature ( tub]cle1 & 8 inv5tion ( ! /e?oscope1 place him almo/ level ) ,h>vey4 ,he f\nd$ ! facts ( tub]cle1 & on t f\ndation ,villem9 built4 ,9 #ahfe1 ,villem9 communicat$ to ! ,acadmie des ,sci5ces 8 discov]y t tub]cle is an infective disease2 t he _h produc$ x 9 rabbits1 by inoculat+ !m ) tub]cul\s matt]4 ,en voici les preuves1 he said4 ,he appeal$ to ^! inoculations to prove 8 tea*+3-- ,la tub]culose e/ une affection spcifique4 ,sa cause rside dans un ag5t inoculable4 ,l'inoculation se fait trs-bi5 de l'homme au lap94 ,la tub]culose app>ti5t donc la classe des maladies virul5tes4 ,x 0 no new ?+ to say1 or to guess1 t ph?isis 0 or might be infective4 ,s f> back z #aejj1 ,frascatorius _h said t ph?isis came by ! glid+ ( ! corrupt & noisome hum\rs ( ! pati5t into ! lungs ( a heal?y man4 ,surely1 if cl9ical exp]i5ce c\ld suffice1 m5 w\ld h made some?+ out ( ?is wisdom ( ,frascatorius4 ,!y made no?+ ( x2 !y wait$ ?ree hundr$ ye>s = ,villem9 to inoculate ! rabbits1 & !n ! ?+ 0 done--,en voici les preuves4 ,?ree ye>s lat]1 ,*auveau produc$ ! disease 9 animals1 n by inoculation1 b by ! admixture ( tub]cul\s matt] ) _! food4 ,!n1 z ! "w grew1 !re came a %ort p]iod ( unc]ta9ty3 diff]5t species ( animals are s widely diff]5t 9 _! susceptibility to ! disease t ! results ( fur!r inoculations seem$ to g aga9/ ,villem92 & x 0 n till #ahhj t ,cohnheim f9ally e/abli%$ ,villem9's tea*+1 & ev5 w5t beyond x1 mak+ inoculation ! v pro( ( tub]cle3-- ,ev]y?+ is tub]cul\s1 t c produce tub]cul\s disease by inoculation 9 animals t are susceptible to t disease3 & no?+ is tub]cul\s1 t _c d ?is4 ,!n1 9 #ahha1 came ! welcome news t ,ko* _h discov]$ ! bacillus ( tub]cle4 ,9 8 fir/ publi%$ acc\nt ( x 7#bd? ,m>* #ahhb7 he says3-- ,h5ce=?1 9 our w>f>e aga9/ ?is fe>ful sc\rge ( our race1 we h to reckon n ) a nameless some?+1 b ) a def9ite p>asite1 ^: conditions ( life are = ! mo/ "p already kn[n1 & c be fur!r /udi$4444 ,be=e all ?+s1 we mu/ %ut (f ! s\rces ( ! infection1 s f> z x is 9 ! p[] ( man to d ?is4#ah #ah ,9 ,zukunft wird man es im ,kampf geg5 diese s*reckli*e ,plage des ,m5s*5ges*le*tes ni*t mehr mit e9em unbe/immt5 ,etwas1 sond]n mit e9em fassb>5 ,p>asit5 zu ?un hab51 dess5 ,leb5sb$+ung5 zum grs/5 ,!il bekannt s9d und no* weit] er=s*t w]d54 ,es mss5 vor all5 ,d+5 die ,quell51 aus d55 d] ,infektions/(f flies/1 s weit es 9 m5s*li*] ,ma*t liegt1 v]s*loss5 w]d54 ,9 ,novemb] #ahij he ann\nc$1 9 ! ,deuts*e ,m$iz9is*e ,wo*5s*rift1 ! discov]y ( tub]cul94 ,its failure 0 "o ( ! _w's trag$ies4 ,! defeat may n be f9al1 & we may live to see ph?isis f\ght & beat5 ) its own weapons3 b1 = ! pres5t1 x is m to ! purpose to consid] :at o!r b5efits h be5 ga9$1 f ! discov]y ( ! tub]cle-bacillus 9 #ahha1 9 e civilis$ c\ntry 9 ! _w4 #a4 ,x has giv5 to ev]ybody a m reasonable & hopeful view ( ph?isis & ! diseases alli$ to x4 ,! old] doctr9e ( h]$ity1 t ! *ild inh]its ! disease itself1 has giv5 way to ! doctr9e t ! inh]itance1 9 ! va/ majority ( cases1 is n t ( ! disease itself1 b t ( a t5d5cy or increas$ susceptibility to ! disease4 #b4 ,x has br\ght ab\t an imm5se improvem5t 9 ! e>ly & accurate diagnosis ( all cases4 ,! bacillus f\nd 9 ! sputa1 or 9 ! dis*>ges1 or 9 a p>ticle ( tissue1 is evid5ce t ! case is tub]cul\s4 #c4 ,x has giv5 evid5ce1 :i* till #aija 0 h>dly call$ 9 "q1#ai t tabes mes5t]ica1 a tub]cul\s disease :i* kills ?\s&s ( *ildr5 e ye>1 is due 9 _m cases to infection f ! milk ( tub]cul\s c[s4 ,9 ,engl& alone1 9 #ahie1 ! numb] ( *ildr5 :o di$ ( ?is disease 0 #gchi1 ( :om #chee 7 "u "o ye> old4 #ai ,at ! ,briti% ,congress on ,tub]culosis1 ,london1 #aija1 ,ko* /at$ t bov9e tub]culosis & human tub]culosis are n "o & ! same disease1 & t ! risk ( milk-infection is s small t burd5some re/rictions ought n to be en=c$4 ,9 ! g5]al judgm5t ( m5 well qualifi$ to /udy ! subject1 he fail$ to prove 8 po9t4 #d4 ,x has prov$1 & has taught ev]ybody to see ! pro(1 t ! sputa ( ph?isical pati5ts are ! *ief cause ( ! dissem9ation ( ! disease4 ,by insi/+ on ?is fact1 x has pr(\ndly influ5c$ ! nurs+ & ! home-c>e ( ph?isical pati5ts2 & x has begun to influ5ce public op9ion 9 fav\r ( "s sort ( notification ( ! disease1 & 9 fav\r ( en=c+ a law aga9/ spitt+ 9 public places & conveyances4 ,9 "s ( ! pr9cipal cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 laws on ?is subject h already be5 enact$4 #e4 ,x has greatly help$ to br+ ab\t ! pres5t rigor\s control ( ! meat & milk trades4 ,! foll[+ p>agraph1 tak5 almo/ at r&om1 w suffice "h3-- ,bact]iological exam9ations dur+ ! pa/ ye> h %[n t m milks are tub]culosis-infect$ ?an is g5]ally suppos$1 & ! importance ( c>efully sup]vis+ milk supplies is becom+ m & m ackn[l$g$4 ,vet]9>y surgeons are practically agre$ t tub]cul9 is a reliable & safe te/ = diagnos+ ! pres5ce ( tub]culosis 9 animals1 b af=ds no index ( ! ext5t or degree ( ! disease4 ,! te/1 h[ev]1 w n produce tub]culosis 9 heal?y animals1 & has no delet]i\s effect ^u ! g5]al heal? ( ! animals4 ,! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil h decid$ t all c[s 9 ,london c[%$s %all be inspect$ by a vet]9>y surgeon regul>ly once 9 e ?ree mon?s1 & t a sy/ematic bact]iological exam9ation %all be conduct$ ( milks collect$ f purveyors4 7,m$ical ,annual1 #aija47 #f4 ,tub]cul9 has come into g5]al use = ! detection ( tub]culosis 9 cattle1 to %ut (f ! s\rces ( ! infection4 ,a full acc\nt ( ?is me?od 9 diff]5t c\ntries 0 giv5 by ,pr(essor ,bang1 ( ,cop5hag51 at ! ,f\r? ,congress on ,tub]culosis1 ,p>is1 #ahih4 ,! injection ( tub]cul9 is foll[$ 9 eight to twelve h\rs by a well-m>k$ rise ( temp]ature1 if ! animal be tub]cul\s4 ,( ?is te/1 ,pr(essor ,mc,fadyean1 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,royal ,vet]9>y ,college1 ,london1 says3-- ,i h no hesitation 9 say+ t1 tak+ full acc\nt ( its imp]fection1 tub]cul9 is ! mo/ valuable means ( diagnosis 9 tub]culosis t we possess4444 ,i h mo/ implicit fai? 9 x1 :5 x is us$ on animals /&+ 9 _! own premises & undi/urb$4 ,x is n reliable :5 us$ on animals 9 a m>ket or slaught]-h\se4 ,a consid]able numb] ( errors at fir/ 7 f\nd :5 ,i exam9$ animals 9 slaught]-h\ses aft] !y _h be5 convey$ !re by rail1 etc4 ,s9ce t1 us+ x on animals 9 _! own premises1 ,i h f\nd t x is practically infallible4 ,i h notes ( "o p>ticul> case1 :]e tw5ty-five animals 9 "o dairy 7 te/$1 & aft]w>ds all 7 kill$4 ,!re 0 only "o animal :i* did n react1 & x 0 ! only animal n f\nd to be tub]cul\s :5 kill$4 ,two in/ances ( ! validity ( ?is te/ w suffice4 ,9 #ahii1 x 0 appli$ to #bgj c[s on "s f>ms 9 ,lanca%ire4 ,( ^! c[s1 #ahj react$ to ! te/1 #he did n react1 & #e 7 d\btful4 ,tub]cul\s disease 0 actually f\nd1 :5 !y 7 kill$1 9 #age out ( ! #ahj #ig4b p] c5t4 7,lancet1 #e? ,augu/ #ahii47 ,9 #aija1 ,arlo+ & ,c\rmont publi%$ a critical acc\nt ( ! :ole subject1 & gave ! foll[+ facts4 ,9 #hj calves1 :i* on exam9ation aft] dea? 7 f\nd n tub]cul\s1 ! te/ 0 negative3 9 #gj old] cattle1 :i* 7 tub]cul\s1 ! te/ 0 positive 9 e case b "o1 ?\gh ! dilution ( ! s]um 0 #a 9 #aj4bj ,x w\ld be easy to add in/ances ( ! value ( ?is te/1 = x is practis$ f> & wide ov] ! _w4 #bj ,= ref]5ces to ?is pap]1 & to evid5ce put =w>d aga9/ ! validity ( ! te/1 & = criticism ( su* evid5ce1 see ,g\ld's ,ye>-,book ( ,m$ic9e & ,surg]y1 #aijb 7,philadelphia1 ,w4 ,b4 ,saund]s ,company74 #g4 ,m rec5tly1 ! discov]y ( ! opsonic index1 & its use by ,sir ,almro? ,wright & o!rs1 has giv5 a great advance to ! obs]vation & treatm5t ( cases ( tub]culosis4 ,! adm9i/ration ( ! new tub]cul9 is n[ tim$ & measur$ ) an accuracy :i* 0 absolutely impossible a few ye>s ago4 ,x is a f> cry1 f ! pres5t me?od ( c\nt+ h[ _m tub]cle-bacilli are tak5 up by a s+le blood-cell1 back to ,villem9's rabbits4 ,e in* ( ! way1 f #ahha onw>d1 ! pa?ological /udy ( e =m ( tub]culosis1 m$ical or surgical1 human or bov9e1 has be5 dep5d5t on bact]iology2 t is to say1 on exp]im5ts on animals4 ,,iv ,,diph!ria ,! bacillus ( diph!ria1 ! ,klebs-,loeffl] bacillus1 0 fir/ describ$ by ,klebs 9 #ahge1 & 0 fir/ obta9$ 9 pure culture by ,loeffl] 9 #ahhd4 ,its isolation 0 a matt] ( great difficulty1 & ! "w ( _m ye>s1 because ( its association 9 ! m\? ) o!r species ( bact]ia4 ,! foll[+ table1 f ,hewlett's ,manual ( ,bact]iology1 is a good in/ance ( "o ( _m practical difficulties4 ,out ( #cec cases ( diph!ria1 bact]iological exam9ation f\nd ! diph!ria-bacillus alone 9 #baf cases4 ,9 ! rema9+ #acg x 0 associat$ ) ! foll[+ organisms3-- ,/reptococci #f ,/aphylococci #ee ,bacilli #ai ,torul #i ,s>c9 #f ,/reptococci & micrococci #b ,micrococci & bacilli #i ,/reptococci & bacilli #a ,torul & bacilli #a ,micrococci & s>c9 #f ,micrococci & torul #d ,_m =ms pres5t toge!r #ai ---- #acg ---- ,9 ,decemb] #ahij came ! news t ,behr+ & ,kitasato _h at la/ cle>$ ! way = ! use ( an antitox93-- ,our rese>*es on diph!ria & on tetanus h l$ u to ! "q ( immunity & cure ( ^! two diseases2 & we succe$$ 9 cur+ infect$ animals1 & 9 immunis+ heal?y animals1 s t !y h become incapable ( contract+ diph!ria or tetanus4 ,arons51 ,sidney ,m>t91 ,es*]i*1 ,klem5siewicz1 & _m m1 7 work+ on ! same l9es2 & 9 #ahic1 ,behr+ & ,kossel & ,heubn] publi%$ ! fir/ cases treat$ ) antitox94 ,!n1 9 #ahid1 came ! ,congress ( ,hygi5e & ,demography at ,budape/1 & ,r\x's triumphant acc\nt ( ! good results already obta9$4 ,?us ! treatm5t is n _m ye>s old2 b1 if ! :ole _w c\ld tabulate its results1 ! total numb] ( lives sav$ w\ld already be some:]e above a qu>t] ( a million4 ,m5 f\nd x h>d at fir/ to believe ! full wond] ( ! discov]y3 ! m$ical j\rnals ( #ahie & #ahif /ill conta9 ! fossils ( criticism--all ! may be & mu/ be ( ! e>li] debates on ! new treatm5t4 ,! f9e/ ( all ^! fossils is emb$d$ 9 ! ,saturday ,review ( #bnd ,feb4 #ahie--;,x is a pity t ! ,engli% ,press %\ld cont9ue to be made ! cat's-paw ( a gang ( =eign m$ical adv5tur]s4 ,to get at ! tru?1 we mu/ reckon 9 ?\s&s3 take1 out ( a :ole mass ( evid5ce1 all j alike1 ! reports f ,london1 ,b]l91 ,muni*1 ,vi5na1 ,/rasb\rg1 ,cairo1 ,bo/on1 & ,new ,york2 ^! to beg9 )4 ,or ! foll[+ facts1 cut almo/ at r&om out ( ! m$ical j\rnals3-- ,! m$ical report ( ! ,fr5* army /ates t s9ce ! introduction ( ! s]um-treatm5t ( diph!ria1 ! mortality among cases ( t disease _h fall5 f #aa p] c5t4 to #f p] c5t4 7,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 #crd ,septemb] #ahih47 ,pr(essor ,krnle9 7,zri*7 exhibit$ /ati/ical tables1 %[+ t ! preval5ce ( diph!ria 9 ! canton ( ,zri* _h be5 ne>ly uni=m dur+ ! pa/ fifte5 ye>s2 & t ! mortality rapidly decreas$ z soon z antitoxic s]um 0 us$ on a some:at l>g] scale4 ,9 8 cl9ic1 all ! pati5ts 7 exam9$ bact]iologically1 & s]um 0 adm9i/]$ 9 e case ( diph!ria )\t exception4 ,( #accf cases treat$ be=e ! s]um-p]iod1 #eed #ci4d p] c5t4 di$2 :il/ dur+ ! s]um-p]iod !re 7 #ee dea?s among #dcg cases #ab p] c5t4 ,9 cases ( tra*eotomy1 ! dea?-rates be=e & dur+ ! s]um-p]iod 7 #ff & #ch4h p] c5t4 respectively4 7,lancet1 #g? ,may #ahih1 ,report ( ,g]man ,surgical ,congress at ,b]l947 ,dr4 ,krmn 0 entru/$ by ! ,hung>ian ,gov]nm5t ) ! task ( in/itut+ measures = prev5t+ ! spread ( diph!ria 9 a village & its neighb\rhood4 ,z g5]al hygi5ic regulations accompli%$ no?+1 he tri$ prev5tive inoculation4444 ,among #aad *ildr5 ?us treat$1 !re 0 dur+ ! next two mon?s no case ( diph!ria1 al?\gh ! disease 0 preval5t 9 ! village up to ! date at :i* inoculation comm5c$1 & cont9u$ to rage 9 ! surr\nd+ villages aft]w>ds4 ,dur+ ^? two mon?s1 only "o case ( diph!ria appe>$ 9 ! village1 & t 0 9 an un9oculat$ *ild2 :ile1 9 ! previ\s five mon?s1 #ah4c p] c5t4 ( ! village *ildr5 _h be5 attack$1 ( :om eight di$1 six n hav+ be5 treat$ ) s]um4 ,consid]+ ! wret*$ hygi5ic condition ( ! village1 ! h>mlessness ( prev5tive inoculations1 & ! cont9uance ( ! disease 9 ! neighb\r+ villages1 :]e diph!ria-vacc9ation 0 n c>ri$ out1 ! extraord9>y value ( ! inoculations1 9 ! prophylaxis ( diph!ria1 c h>dly be d5i$4 7,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 #af? ,janu>y #ahig47 ,! mo/ /rik+ confirmation ( ! value ( antitox9 has be5 af=d$ :]e ! supply ran %ort dur+ an epidemic4 ,9 ,bag9sky's cl9ic1 ! int]ruption ( ! s]um-treatm5t promptly rais$ ! mortality f #ae4f to #dh4d p] c5t4 7,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rn41 #bj? ,octob] #ahie47 ,9 an analysis ( ! ratio ( mortality 9 #bff ,g]man cities ( ab\t #ae1jjj inhabitants1 x 0 f\nd t ! ratio ( mortality p] #ajj1jjj ( ! liv+1 be=e antitox9 0 us$1 v>i$ f #acj to #hd f #ahhf to #ahic1 :ile ! ratio f #ahid to #ahig v>i$ f #aja to #ce4 ,x is a significant fact t dur+ #ahid1 :51 al?\gh antitox9 0 us$ to a c]ta9 ext5t1 x 0 n 9 g5]al use1 ! ratio 0 #aja2 t :5 antitox9 0 us$ m ext5sively1 9 #ahie1 ! ratio 0 #ec2 t 9 #ahif x 0 #dc2 t 9 #ahig1 :5 antitox9 0 v g5]ally us$1 ! rate fell to #ce4 7,trans4 ,massa*usetts ,m$4 ,soc41 #ahih47 ,dr4 ,gabrit*efski po9ts out t 9 rec5t ye>s ! numb] ( p]sons 79 ,russia7 attack$ by ! disease has increas$1 ! figures = ! :ole ( ,russia ris+ f ab\t #ajj1jjj or #abj1jjj1 t5 ye>s ago1 to consid]ably ov] #bjj1jjj 9 #ahig4 ,! introduction ( ! s]um treatm5t has1 h[ev]1 _h a m>k$ effect on ! mortality ( ! disease2 & ! actual numb] ( dea?s f diph!ria has ei!r n increas$ at all1 or has slightly dim9i%$4 7,lancet1 #e? ,aug4 #ahii47 ,( c\rse !re w /ill be bad diph!ria ye>s & good diph!ria ye>s3 = example1 ! dea?-rate ( ! population ( ,engl&1 f diph!ria1 0 high] dur+ ! ye>s #ahic-ahii ?an dur+ ! ye>s #ahhi-ahib4 ,antitox9 c no m prev5t a bad diph!ria ye> ?an an umbrella c prev5t a wet day4 ,b 9 limit$ outbreaks ( diph!ria1 su* z occur 9 a village1 an asylum1 a s*ool1 or a l>ge family ( "y *ildr51 x c be us$1 & is us$1 z a prophylactic1 & ) admirable results4 ,! example ( ,dr4 ,krmn1 j quot$1 is "o ( ! e>lie/ in/ances ( ?is prev5tive use ( antitox93 o!r in/ances1 ( equal importance1 are giv5 9 ! ,bo/on ,m$ical & ,surgical ,j\rnal1 ,decemb] #ahig & ,m>* #ahih2 & 9 ! ,lancet1 #bnd ,april #ahih1 & #bh? ,janu>y #ahii4 ,a summ>y ( lat] exp]i5ces ( ?is prev5tive use ( antitox9 9 diff]5t c\ntries is giv5 by ,dr4 ,wilcox ( ,new ,york1 & ,dr4 ,/ev5s ( ,philadelphia1 9 ,g\ld's ,ye>-,book = #aijb3-- ,at a meet+ ( ! ,socit de ,pdiatrie 7,p>is71 held ,june #aija1 a resolution 0 adopt$ affirm+ t prev5tive inoculations pres5t no s]i\s dang]s1 & conf] immunity 9 ! great majority ( cases = "s weeks1 & recomm5d+ _! employm5t 9 *ildr5's in/itutions & 9 families 9 :i* sci5tific surveillance _c be ex]cis$4 ,nett] /at$ t he _h collect$ #cb1dhd obs]vations 7cases7 ( prophylactic injections1 & aft] elim9at+ cases 9 :i* ! disease develop$ 9 less ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] injection1 or m ?an ?irty days aft]1 !re 7 #f p] c5t4 ( failures4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! au?or /at$ t he _h rec5tly made n9ety prev5tive injections ) b #b4ag p] c5t4 ( failures4 ,pott] reports a s]ies ( tw5ty-f\r families 9 :i* prev5tive injections 7 us$4 ,only "o case ( diph!ria occurr$4 ,9 ano!r s]ies ( cases1 9 :i* no prophylactic injections 7 giv51 ! disease occurr$ second>ily 9 "o-?ird ( ! h\ses1 & "o-six? ( ! inmates contract$ ! disease1 9 spite ( ! fact t a l>ge numb] ( ! prim>y cases 7 remov$ to ! hospital4 ,blake reports a s]ies ( ?irty-five prophylactic injections4 ,! treatm5t 0 in/itut$ aft] ?ree cases ( diph!ria _h develop$ 9 a *ildr5's home4 ,no second>y cases develop$4 ,vois9 & ,gu9on describe an epidemic ( diph!ria 9 ! ,salpetrire ,hospital among idiots & epileptics4 ,prophylactic injections 7 giv5 to all ^? expos$ to ! contagion4 ,aft] t1 b f\r cases appe>$1 all mild 9 "*4 ,"o sev]e case develop$1 h[ev]1 two weeks lat]1 end+ fatally 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 %[+ t ! prophylactic action ( ! antitox91 :ile efficaci\s1 is n ( v long duration4 ,x w\ld be easy to prolong ad inf9itum ! pro(s ( ! curative & prev5tive efficacy ( ! antitox93 x w\ld be impossible to f9d any evid5ce to be weigh$ = "o mom5t aga9/ ^! pro(s4 ,!re are ?ree e>ly records t ought to be quot$ m fully3 ! #ahid report f ! ,hospital = ,sick ,*ildr51 ,p>is2 ! #ahif report ( ! ,am]ican ,pdiatric ,society2 & ! #ahih report ( ! ,cl9ical ,society ( ,london4 ,i ,! report f ! ,hospital = ,sick ,*ildr51 ,p>is1 is conta9$ 9 a memoir1 ,srum-,?rapie de la ,diphtrie1 ! jo9t "w ( ,,mm4 ,r\x1 ,m>t91 & ,*aillon 7,annales de l',in/itut ,pa/eur1 ,septemb] #ahid74 ,x gives ! results ( ! s]um-treatm5t dur+ ,febru>y to ,july #ahid4 ,! cases 7 n select$3 ! antitox9 0 giv5 9 e case t 0 prov$1 by bact]iological exam9ation1 to be diph!ria--) ! exception ( #bj cases :]e ! *ildr5 7 j dy+ :5 !y 7 br\ght to ! hospital4 ,no *ange 0 made ei!r 9 ! g5]al treatm5t or 9 ! local applications to ! ?roat2 ^! 7 ! same t _h be5 us$ 9 =m] ye>s3 le srum e/ le seul lm5t n\veau introduit4 ,9 #ahij-ahic1 be=e ! s]um-treatm5t1 #ciga *ildr5 7 admitt$ to ! diph!ria w>ds1 & #bjbi ( !m di$4 ,! p]c5tage ( ^! dea?s 0-- ,9 #ahij #ee4hh #ahia #eb4de ,av]age #ea4ga4 #ahib #dg4fd #ahic #dh4dg ,! s]um 0 us$ f #a/ ,febru>y to #bd? ,july #ahid4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod #ddh *ildr5 7 admitt$1 ( :om #aji di$ #bd4e4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod 7,febru>y to ,june7 ! ,tr\sseau ,hospital1 :]e ! s]um 0 n us$1 _h #ebj cases1 ) #caf dea?s #fj4j4 ,! cases at ! ,hospital = ,sick ,*ildr5 mu/ be divid$ into ^? t requir$ tra*eotomy & ^? t did n require x3-- ,,mortality ,,among ,,cases ,,n ,,requir+ ,,tra*eotomy4 ,9 #ahij #dg4cj #ahia #df4fd ,av]age #cc4id4 #ahib #ch4h #ahic #cb4jb ,dur+ ! s]um-p]iod1 ! mortality ( ^! cases 0 #ab4j4 ,at ! ,tr\sseau ,hospital1 )\t ! s]um1 ! mortality ( ^! cases dur+ ! same p]iod 0 #cb4j4 ,,mortality ,,among ,,cases ,,requir+ ,,tra*eotomy4 ,9 #ahij #gf4ce #ahia #fh4cf ,av]age #gc4di4 #ahib #gd4f #ahic #gc4de ,dur+ ! s]um-p]iod1 ! mortality ( ^! cases 0 #di4j4 ,at ! ,tr\sseau ,hospital1 )\t ! s]um1 ! mortality ( ^! cases dur+ ! same p]iod 0 #hf4j4 ,sett+ aside1 out ( ! #ddh *ildr51 ^? cases ( membran\s sore ?roat or pseudo-diph!ria1 9 :i* ! ,klebs-,loeffl] bacillus 0 n f\nd1 !re rema9 #cbj cases :]e x 0 f\nd4 ,( ^! #cbj *ildr51 #bj 7 j dy+ on admission1 & did n receive ! s]um4 ,( ! #cjj :o receiv$ x1 #gh di$ #bf4j4 ,be=e ! s]um-p]iod1 ! mortality ( ^! cases at ! same hospital 0 ab\t #ej4j4 ,! complications ( diph!ria1 su* z p>alysis1 7 mu* less frequ5t dur+ ! s]um-p]iod ?an !y _h be5 be=e x4 ,,ii ,report ( ! ,am]ican ,pdiatric ,society's ,collective ,inve/igation into ! use ( ,antitox9 9 ! treatm5t ( diph!ria 9 private practice4 7,eigh? ,annual ,meet+1 ,montreal1 ,may #ahif47 ,f ! ,new ,york ,m$ical ,record1 #d? ,july #ahif4 ,?is va/ collection ( cases is ( special int]e/1 because !y occurr$ 9 private practice4 ,9 mo/ ( !m ! nature ( ! disease 0 prov$ by bact]iological exam9ation2 9 ! re/1 ! cl9ical evid5ce 0 decisive3 ,x is possible t among ! latt] we h admitt$ "s /reptococcus cases1 b ! numb] ( su* is c]ta9ly v small4 ,all o!r d\btful cases1 #bdd 9 numb]1 7 exclud$4 ,?ree ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & eighty-f\r cases 7 report$ by #fac physicians f #aad cities & t[ns1 9 #ae diff]5t ,/ates1 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 & ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada4 ,to ^! #cchd cases 7 add$ #idb cases f t5em5t-h\ses 9 ,new ,york1 & #adfh cases f t5em5t-h\ses 9 ,*icago4 ,! ,new ,york & ,*icago cases 71 mo/ ( !m1 treat$ by a corps ( inspectors ( ! ,heal? ,bo>d ( ! city2 & ! municipal surveillance 0 v /rict at ,*icago3-- ,!re are v few hospitals 9 ,am]ica t receive diph!ria pati5ts4444 ,x 0 ! cu/om 9 ,*icago to s5d an inspector to e t5em5t-h\se case report$1 & to adm9i/] ! s]um unless x 0 refus$ by ! p>5ts4 ,^! cases 7 !re=e treat$ mu* e>li]1 & ! results 7 correspond+ly bett] ?an 7 obta9$ 9 ,new ,york1 al?\gh ! s]um us$ 0 ! same 9 bo? cities1 viz41 t ( ! ,new ,york ,heal? ,bo>d4 ,! sum total ( results 0 #egid cases1 ) #gac dea?s #ab4c p] c5t41 includ+ e case return$2 b #bah 7 moribund at ! "t ( injection1 or di$ )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( ! fir/ injection4 ,%\ld ^! be exclud$1 !re w\ld rema9 #eegf cases 9 :i* ! s]um may be said to h _h a *ance1 ) a mortality ( #h4h p] c5t4 ,( #iif cases inject$ on ! fir/ day ( ! disease1 #di di$ #d4i #afaf on ! second #abj #g4d #aejh on ! ?ird #acd #h4h #geh on ! f\r? #adg #bj4g #fij on or aft] ! fif? #bdd #ce4c ,& 9 #bcb cases1 :]e ! day ( injection 0 unkn[n1 !re 7 #ai dea?s #h4b p] c5t4 ,no "o feature ( ! cases ( diph!ria treat$ by antitox9 has excit$ m surprise among ! physicians :o h report$ !m ?an ! prompt arre/1 by ! timely adm9i/ration ( ! s]um1 ( membrane :i* 0 rapidly spread+ d[nw>d bel[ ! l>ynx4 ,su* expressions ab\nd 9 ! reports z 'wond]ful1' 'm>vell\s1' '9 all my exp]i5ce ) diph!ria1 h nev] se5 any?+ l x be=e1' etc4 ,turn+ n[ to ! op]ative cases1 we f9d ! same rem>kable effects ( ! antitox9 noticeable4 ,op]ations 7 done 9 #efe cases1 or 9 #af4g p] c5t4 ( ! entire numb] report$4 ,intubation 0 p]=m$ #ecc times1 ) #ach dea?s1 or a mortality ( #be4i p] c5t4 ,9 ! above are includ$ #i cases 9 :i* a second>y tra*eotomy 0 done1 ) #g dea?s4 ,9 #cb1 tra*eotomy only 0 done1 ) #ab dea?s1 a mortality ( #cg4d p] c5t4 ,( ! #efe op]ative cases1 #ff 7 ei!r moribund at ! "t ( op]ation or di$ )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] injection4 ,%\ld ^! be d$uct$1 !re rema9 #dii cases op]at$ ^u1 by intubation or tra*eotomy1 ) #hd dea?s1 a mortality ( #af4i p] c5t4 ,let u comp>e ! results ( intubation1 9 cases 9 :i* ! s]um 0 us$1 ) ^? obta9$ ) ?is op]ation be=e ! s]um 0 introduc$4 ,( #eedf intubation cases 9 ! practice ( #bdb physicians1 collect$ by ,m',naughton & ,maddr5 7#ahib71 ! mortality 0 #fi4e p] c5t4 ,s9ce t "t1 /ati/ics h improv$ mat]ially by ! g5]al use 79 & ab\t ,new ,york1 at lea/7 ( calomel fumigations4 ,) ?is addition1 ! be/ results publi%$ 7^? ( ,br[n7 %[$ 9 #bgi cases a mortality ( #ea4f p] c5t4 ,b ev5 ^! figures d n adequately express ! b5efit ( antitox9 9 l>yngeal cases4 ,witness ! fact t ov] "o-half ! l>yngeal cases did n require op]ation at all4 ,=m]ly1 #aj p] c5t4 ( recov]ies 0 ! record = l>yngeal cases n op]at$ ^u4 ,surely1 if x does no?+ else1 ! s]um saves at lea/ d\ble ! numb] ( cases ( l>yngeal diph!ria t has be5 sav$ by any o!r me?od ( treatm5t4 ,,iii ,9 #ahih1 ! ,cl9ical ,society publi%$ ! ,report ( _! ,special ,committee1 bas$ on #fcc cases 7,trans4 ,cl94 ,soc41 xxxi41 #ahih1 pp4 #a-ej74 ,! :ole report %\ld be read c>efully2 b !re is room "h = no?+ m ?an ! latt] "p ( x4 ,?is is giv5 at l5g?4 ,a ,table %[+ ! ,g5]al ,mortality ( cases treat$1 on ! same day ( ! disease1 ) & )\t ,antitox94 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,metropolitan ,,asylums ,,bo>d ,,antitox9 ,,committee3 #ahid3 ,diff]5ce #fcc ,cases treat$ #cjdb ,cases treat$ )\t ( ) ,antitox94 ,antitox94 ,p]- ---------------------------------------- --------------- c5tage4 ,day ( ! ,c ,d ,m ,day ( ,c ,d ,m ,disease on a e o ,admission a e o :i* s a r to s a r ,treatm5t e t t ,hospital4 e t t 0 begun4 s4 h i s4 h a s4 l s4 l i i t t y y 4 4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a/ #bj #b #aj4j #a/ #acc #cj #bb4e #ab4e #bnd #ib #aj #aj4h #bnd #eci #adf #bg4j #af4b #crd #acc #bj #ae4j #crd #feb #aib #bi4d #ad4d #d? #acj #bf #bj4j #d? #eff #agi #ca4f #aa4f #e? #beh #ff #be4e #e? #a1aeb #cee #cj4h #e4c & aft]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,totals #fcc #abd #ai4e ,totals #c1jdb #ijb #bi4f #aj4a ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,b ,summ>y & ,conclusions ( ! ,committee's ,report ,! mat]ial = ! inve/igation ( ! cl9ical value ( ! antitox9 s]um 9 ! treatm5t ( diph!ria 0 n obta9$ f select$1 b f consecutive1 cases1 report$ f ! g5]al hospitals & ! fev] hospitals ( ! ,metropolitan ,asylums ,bo>d2 all 7 made use ( :i* fulfill$ ! requirem5ts ( ! ,committee4 ,! ,committee reject$ all cases 9 :i* satisfactory pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( true diph!ria 0 n %[n1 ei!r by ! pres5ce ( ! ,bacillus diph!ri ^u bact]iological exam9ation1 or by ! occurr5ce ( p>alysis 9 ! c\rse ( ! illness4 ,all 7 also reject$ 9 :i* ! am\nt ( antitox9 adm9i/]$ 0 /at$ 9 cubic c5timetres & n 9 normal units1 ! ,committee hav+ no means by :i* ! /r5g? ( ! antitox9 c\ld 9 ^! cases be det]m9$4 ,six hundr$ & ?irty-?ree cases =m ! basis on :i* ! report is drawn up2 #edi 7 treat$ ) antitox9 obta9$ f ! laboratory ( ! ,royal ,colleges ( ,physicians & ,surgeons2 ! rema9d]1 #hd 9 numb]1 7 inject$ ) antitox9 obta9$ f o!r s\rces4 ,9 n9e in/ances1 antitox9 f two diff]5t s\rces 0 inject$ into ! same pati5t4 ,/ati/ics ( ! disease be=e ! use ( antitox9 are introduc$ z control s]ies2 ^! 7 obta9$ f ! fev] hospitals ( ! ,metropolitan ,asylums ,bo>d1 & f ! g5]al hospitals2 &1 l ! antitox9 s]ies1 are compil$ f consecutive & n f select$ cases4 ,! g5]al mortality1 "u ! antitox9 treatm5t1 0 #ai4e p] c5t42 a r$uction ( #aj on ! p]c5tage mortality ( ! cases treat$ 9 ! hospitals ( ! ,metropolitan ,asylums ,bo>d 9 #ahid4 ,if #ae fatal cases1 9 :i* dea? took place )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( ! fir/ injection1 be d$uct$1 ! mortality falls to #ae4f p] c5t42 :i* is v little m ?an half ! mortality dur+ #ahid "u o!r =ms ( treatm5t4 ,! less5$ mortality is especially noticeable 9 ! e>li] ye>s ( life1 ! p]c5tage mortality ( *ildr5 "u five be+ #bf4c1 z oppos$ to #dg4d4 ,9 ! next p]iod ( five ye>s1 ! p]c5tage ( mortality is #af4j1 z oppos$ to #bf4j2 :il/ aft] t5 ye>s ( age ! diff]5ce 9 ! mortality is slight4#ba #ba ,aft] *ildhood1 ! disease is mu* less fatal4 ,l>yngeal diph!ria is admitt$ly ! mo/ dang]\s =m4 ,! l>yngeal cases h a p]c5tage mortality ( #bc4f 9 ! antitox91 z comp>$ ) #ff4j 9 ! non-antitox9 s]ies4 ,9 ! cases 9 :i* l>yngeal symptoms are s sev]e z to necessitate tra*eotomy1 ! sav+ ( life by ! use ( antitox9 is v m>k$1 ! mortality be+ r$uc$ "o-half1 to #cf4j z oppos$ to #ga4f p] c5t4 ,! /ronge/ evid5ce ( ! value ( ! antitox9 treatm5t is t1 9 addition to r$uc+ ! g5]al mortality by "o-?ird1 ! duration ( life 9 ! fatal cases is decid$ly prolong$4 ,^! two facts tak5 toge!r conclusively prove ! b5eficial effects ( ! antitox9 treatm5t4 ,! incid5ce ( p>alysis is great] 9 ! antitox9 ?an 9 ! control s]ies4 ,?is increas$ numb] is p>tly expla9$ by ! less5$ mortality1 & p>tly by ! long] duration ( life 9 ! fatal cases af=d+ "t = ! developm5t ( p>alytic symptoms4 ,! p]c5tage mortality ( ^? :o _h "s =m or o!r ( p>alysis is l[] 9 ! antitox9 ?an 9 ! control s]ies2 s t1 not)/&+ ! app>5t great] risk ( p>alysis sup]v5+1 ! probability ( f9al recov]y is great]4 ,no def9ite conclusion c be drawn1 = ! reasons /at$ 9 ! body ( ! report1 z to ! advantage ( adm9i/]+ ! :ole ( ! antitox9 )9 =ty-eight h\rs ( ! fir/ injection1 or cont9u+ x = a long] p]iod2 b evid5ce is af=d$ ( ! importance ( its adm9i/ration z e>ly z possible 9 ! c\rse ( ! disease2 ! p]c5tage mortality 9 cases inject$ on ! fir/ & second days ( ! disease be+ #aj4g1 z comp>$ ) #be4e = ^? fir/ receiv+ ! injection on ! fif? or "s subsequ5t day4 ,no conclusion c be drawn1 f ! cases report$ on1 z to ! am\nt ( antitox9 :i* %\ld be us$ to produce ! be/ effects2 b !y %[ t ! adm9i/ration ( v l>ge doses is foll[$ by no pron\nc$ ill effects4 ,! injection ( antitox9 is responsible = ! production ( ra%es1 jo9t-pa9s1 & possibly = ! occurr5ce ( late pyrexia4 ,9 #cd4g p] c5t4 ! injections 7 foll[$ by ra%es4 ,"s am\nt ( fev] accompani$ ! ra% 9 #fj p] c5t4 ,9 only #i4d p] c5t4 ( ^? 9 :om ra%es 7 obs]v$ did dea? ensue4 ,jo9t-pa9s 7 obs]v$ 9 #dj1 or #f4c p] c5t4 ( ! :ole numb]1 & all b five ( !m _h a ra% z well4 ,9 #bf1 or #fe p] c5t4 ( ! jo9t-pa9s1 "s rise ( temp]ature accompani$ ! pa94 ,a rise ( temp]ature dur+ convalesc5ce1 accompani$ by ei!r ra% or jo9t-pa91 occurr$ 9 #bg1 or #d4b p] c5t4 ( ! :ole numb]4 ,no connection c\ld be trac$ betwe5 ! am\nt ( antitox9 adm9i/]$ & ! occurr5ce ( ra%es or late pyrexia1 b ! pa9 9 & ab\t ! jo9ts appe>s to h a relation%ip to ! am\nt ( antitox9 us$4 ,! results ( ! ,committee's inve/igation t5d to %[ t by ! use ( antitox9-- #a4 ,! g5]al mortality is r$uc$ by "o-?ird4 #b4 ,! mortality 9 tra*eotomy falls by "o-half4 #c4 ,ext5sion ( membrane to ! l>ynx v r>ely occurs aft] ! adm9i/ration ( antitox94 #d4 ,! duration ( life 9 ! fatal cases is decid$ly prolong$4 #e4 ,! numb] ( fatal cases is less :5 antitox9 is us$ e>ly 9 ! illness ?an 9 ^? :i* d n receive x until a lat] p]iod4 #f4 ,! frequ5cy ( ! occurr5ce ( p>alysis is n dim9i%$1 b ! p]c5tage ( recov]ies 9 cases ) p>alysis is slightly increas$4#bb #g4 ,ra%es are produc$ 9 ab\t "o-?ird ( ! cases1 & are attributable to ! antitox94 #h4 ,pa91 & occasionally swell+ ab\t ! jo9ts1 are produc$ 9 a numb] ( cases4 #i4 ,ev5 :5 us$ 9 l>ge doses1 no s]i\s ill effects h foll[$ ! injection ( antitox94 #bb ,= an exhau/ive & wise /udy ( ! diph!ritic p>alyses1 see ,dr4 ,woollacott's essay 9 ! ,lancet1 #bf? ,augu/ #ahii3 ,! use ( antitoxic s]um 9 ! treatm5t ( diph!ria has1 up to ! pres5t "t1 9 ! ,london fev] hospitals1 _h two ma9 results--! dea?-rate has fall51 :ile ! p>alysis-rate has ris54 ,9 ! hospitals ( ! ,metropolitan ,asylums ,bo>d1 ! =m] has be5 r$uc$ f #bi p] c5t4 to #ae4c p] c5t41 :ile ! latt] has ris5 f #ac p] c5t4 to z high z #ba p] c5t4 9 #ahif4 ,?is increase ( p>alysis is *iefly due to ! fact t _m m pati5ts n[ recov] f ! prim>y disease1 & live long en\gh = p>alysis to %[ itself4 ,dur+ ! la/ two ye>s1 h[ev]1 ! occurr5ce ( p>alysis has begun to dim9i% 9 frequ5cy4444 ,! e>li] antitox9 is giv5 9 diph!ria1 ! less likely is p>alysis to foll[4 ,x is to be borne 9 m9d t po/-diph!ritic p>alysis1 9 ! great majority ( cases1 affects only a v small gr\p ( muscles2 ( ,dr4 ,woollacott's tabulat$ cases1 #cgg 7 ( ?is k9d1 & #ig 7 sev]e4 ,& ! type ( p>alysis has1 on ! :ole1 become less sev]e1 or at all ev5ts less dang]\s to life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! =ego+ reports belong to anci5t hi/ory4 ,let u leave !m1 & /udy ! record ( ! hospitals ( ! ,metropolitan ,asylums ,bo>d4 ,!y s]ve a city ( #aba squ>e miles1 & #d-a_/b millions ( inhabitants4 ,! use ( ! antitox9 9 ! hospitals ( ! ,metropolitan ,asylums ,bo>d began 9 #ahie4 ,x _h be5 us$ 9 #ahid on a few cases only1 dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! ye>1 & _h be5 procur$ ) mu* difficulty f v>i\s s\rces1 *iefly f ! ,in/itute ( ,prev5tive ,m$ic9e4 ,on #i? ,novemb] #ahid1 ! ,bo>d appli$ to ! ,laboratories' ,committee ( ! ,royal ,colleges ( ,physicians & ( ,surgeons1 ask+ !m to und]take ! supply4 ,arrangem5ts 7 made = ?is purpose2 & ! sum ( #ajjj 0 giv5 by ! ,goldsmi?s' ,company4 ,dr4 ,sims ,woodhead1 !n ,director ( ! ,laboratories ( ! ,conjo9t ,colleges1 n[ ,pr(essor ( ,pa?ology at ,cambridge1 0 put 9 *>ge ( ! bact]iological "w & ! prep>ation ( ! s]um1 ) a ho/ ( exp]t colleagues3 ! adm9i/ration ( ! treatm5t 0 ! "w ( ! m$ical (fic]s ( ! hospitals ( ! ,metropolitan ,asylums ,bo>d4 ,! exp]i5ces ( #ahie are giv5 9 ! foll[+ passages f ! jo9t report to ! ,bo>d f ! m$ical sup]9t5d5ts3-- ,! p]iod cov]$ by ! report ext5ds f #a/ ,janu>y #ahie to #ca/ ,decemb] ( ! same ye>4 ,dur+ ?is "t--) ! exception ( an int]val ( ?ree mon?s at ! ,ea/]n ,hospital1 :5 its use 0 susp5d$2 ( ?ree mon?s at ! ,f\nta91 & to a consid]able ext5t ?r\gh\t ! ye> at ! ,s\?-,ea/]n ,hospital1 :5 all cases 7 consecutively treat$1 irrespective ( _! sev]ity--! s]um 0 adm9i/]$ only to cases :i* at ! "t ( admission 7 sev]e1 or :i* ?reat5$ to become s4 ,9 a c]ta9 numb]1 ! pati5ts be+ moribund at ! "t ( _! arrival1 & beyond ! rea* ( any treatm5t1 no antitox9 0 giv54 ,no *ange has tak5 place dur+ ! ye> 9 ! local treatm5t ( ! cases1 nor has !re be5 any new factor 9 ! treatm5t o!r ?an ! injection ( antitox94 ,x mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood t1 ) ! exceptions previ\sly /at$1 x has be5 ! practice at ea* ( ! hospitals to adm9i/] s]um to ^? cases only 9 :i* ! symptoms on admission 7 suffici5tly pron\nc$ to give rise to anxiety1 ! mild cases n receiv+ any4 ,no less ?an #df4d p] c5t4 ( ! antitox9 cases 7 "u five ye>s ( age1 aga9/ #cb4e p] c5t4 9 ! non-antitox9 gr\p2 & only #af4a p] c5t4 9 ! =m] class 7 ov] t5 ye>s ( age1 aga9/ #cc4h p] c5t4 9 ! latt]4 ,! high fatality ( diph!ria 9 ! e>li] ye>s ( life is notori\s4 ,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t to comp>e ! mortality ( ^? treat$ ) antitox9 ) t ( ^? :i* dur+ ! same p]iod 7 n s treat$1 w\ld be to in/itute a comp>ison betwe5 ! sev]e cases & ^? ( :i* a l>ge proportion 7 mild4 ,?is w\ld cle>ly be mislead+4 ,! only me?od by :i* an accurate e/imate c be obta9$ z to ! m]its ( any p>ticul> =m ( treatm5t1 is by comp>+ a s]ies ( cases 9 :i* ! rem$y has be5 employ$ ) ano!r s]ies n s treat$1 b :i* are simil>1 s f> z c be1 9 o!r respects4 ,?is1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 is impossible2 b1 hav+ reg>d to ! fact t #fa4h ( ! #ahie cases 7 treat$ ) s]um1 an approximately accurate conclusion c be drawn by contra/+ all cases ( diph!ria complet$ dur+ #ahie1 ! antitox9 p]iod1 ) all cases complet$ dur+ #ahid4 ,! ye> #ahid has be5 select$ = ! purpose ( comp>ison1 n only because x is ! ye> imm$iately prec$+ ! antitox9 p]iod1 b because ! av]age sev]ity ( ! cases has be51 9 our op9ion1 ab\t equal4 ,moreov]1 ! dea?-rate 9 #ahid 0 slightly l[] ?an x _h be5 9 any previ\s ye>4 444 ,( #cjdb pati5ts ( all ages treat$ dur+ #ahid1 #ijb di$--a mortality ( #bi4f p] c5t42 :]eas1 ( #cebi cases treat$ dur+ #ahie1 #gif di$--a mortality ( #bb4f p] c5t42 ! diff]5ce 9 p]c5tage betwe5 ! two rates be+ !re=e #g4a4 ,?is1 assum+ t ! =m] rate w\ld o!rwise h be5 ma9ta9$1 repres5ts a sav+ ( #bej lives dur+ ! pa/ ye>4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,age4 ,table %[+ v>iations 9 r$uction ( mortality obta9$ ) ,antitox9 at diff]5t ages4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,antitox9 ,cases1 ,all ,cases1 #ahie4 #ahie4 ,ages4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,cases4,dea?s4,mortality,cases4,dea?s4,m ortality p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,"u #e #ajac #cgi #cg4d #adec #dig #cd4b #aj #ahbi #ege #ca4d #bgbj #gdd #bg4c #ae #bjef #fjf #bi4d #cadd #ggi #bd4g ,all ages #bahb #fae #bh4a #cebi #gif #bb4e ---------------------------------------- ------------ ---------------------------------------- ---- ,all ,cases1 ,diff4 9 #ahid4 ,mortalities1 ,ages4 ---------------------- #ahid ,cases4,dea?s4,mortality & p] c5t4 #ahie4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,"u #e #aaga #eef #dg4d #ac4b #aj #bbdf #hcf #cg4b #i4i #ae #bfji #hgg #cc4f #h4i ,all ages #cjdb #ijb #bi4f #g4a ---------------------------------------- -- ,= e age-gr\p1 ) ! s+le exception ( t compris+ ! ye>s #ae to #bj 7! numb]s ( :i* are small71 ! p]c5tage mortality 0 less 9 ! #ahie ?an 9 ! #ahid cases4 ,! r$uction 9 mortality 0 greate/ 9 e>ly life4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,"t ,,( ,,com+ ,,"u ,,treatm5t4 ,table %[+ p]c5tage mortality 9 relation to day ( disease on :i* cases came "u treatm5t4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,day ( ,disease4 #ahid4 #ahie4 ,diff]5ce4 ---------------------------------------- -- #a/ #bb4e #aa4g #aj4h #bnd #bg4j #ab4e #ad4e #crd #bi4d #bb4j #g4d #d? #ca4f #be4a #f4e #e? & ov] #cj4h #bg4a #c4g ---------------------------------------- -- ,total #bi4f #bb4e #g4a ---------------------------------------- -- ,x w be se5 t ! p]c5tage mortality ( cases admitt$ on ! same day ( disease is less 9 e in/ance 9 ! ye> #ahie4 ,! diff]5ce is mo/ m>k$ 9 ! case ( ^? pati5ts :o 7 admitt$ on ! fir/ & second day ( illness1 viz41 #aj4h & #ad4e respectively4 ,bo? 9 #ahid & #ahie1 no less ?an ov] #cg p] c5t4 ( ! pati5ts 7 admitt$ on1 or aft]1 ! fif? day ( disease4 ,&1 moreov]1 :ile 9 #ahid z _m z #ei4b p] c5t4 ( ! fatal cases 7 n br\ght "u treatm5t until ! f\r? day1 or lat]1 9 #ahie1 ! antitox9 ye>1 ! proportion 0 ev5 high]1 viz41 #fg4g p] c5t4 ,l>yngeal ,cases ,! tra*eotomy results at ea* hospital are m fav\rable 9 ! ye> #ahie ?an 9 #ahid1 ! mortality rang+ 9 ! latt] ye> at ! diff]5t hospitals betwe5 #ij p] c5t4 & #ei4d p] c5t41 :]eas 9 #ahie ! range 0 f #ef4b to #dj4e4 ,! comb9$ tra*eotomy mortality = all ! hospitals1 :i* 9 #ahid 0 #gj4d p] c5t41 has fall5 to #di4d p] c5t4 9 #ahie4 ,?is is a l[] dea?-rate ?an has ev] be5 record$ 9 any s+le hospital ( ! ,bo>d = a ye>'s consecutive tra*eotomies4 ,9 o!r words1 r m ?an #ej p] c5t4 ( *ildr5 on :om ! op]ation has be5 p]=m$ h be5 sav$ s9ce ! employm5t ( antitox94 ,9 "o ( ! hospitals no less ?an a fraction "u #fj p] c5t4 surviv$1 al?\gh ! recov]ies 9 t hospital 9 any previ\s ye> did n exce$ #be p] c5t41 & 9 ! prec$+ ye>--viz41 #ahid--7 z l[ z #aj p] c5t4 ,! improv$ results 9 ! tra*eotomy cases ( #ahie h also be5 %>$ by analog\s cases 9 :i* ! op]ation 0 n p]=m$4 ,! p]c5tage mortality ( all l>yngeal cases has fall5 f #fb 9 #ahid to #db4c 9 #ahie4 ,moreov]1 ! numb] ( l>yngeal cases :i* requir$ tra*eotomy has fall5 9 #ahie to #de4c p] c5t41 :]eas 9 #ahid x 0 #ef p] c5t4 ,! foll[+ tables briefly summ>ise ! =ego+ results4 ,z no returns = #ahid 7 furni%$ by ! ,f\nta9 ,hospital by reason ( ! smallness ( ! numb]s1 ! ,f\nta9 cases h also be5 omitt$ f ! #ahie figures1 9 ord] t ! two s]ies may be r5d]$ /rictly comp>able3-- #a4 ,comp>ative ,mortality ( ,l>yngeal ,cases at all ,hospitals1 except ! ,f\nta94 ---------------------------- ,ye>4,cases4,dea?s4,p]c5tage ,mortality4 ---------------------------- #ahid #dff #bhi #fb4j #ahie #dfh #aif #da4h ---------------------------- #b4 ,comp>ative ,results 9 ,tra*eotomy ,cases at all ,hospitals1 except ! ,f\nta94 ---------------------------- ,ye>4,cases4,dea?s4,p]c5tage ,mortality4 ---------------------------- #ahid #bfa #ahd #gj4d #ahie #bai #ajh #di4c ---------------------------- #c4 ,comp>ative ,numb] ( ,l>yngeal ,cases :i* requir$ ,tra*eotomy at all ,hospitals1 except ! ,f\nta94 --------------------------------------- ,ye>4,cases4,tra*eotomies4,p]c5tage ( ,tra*eotomies4 --------------------------------------- #ahid #dff #bfa #ef4j #ahie #dfh #bai #df4h --------------------------------------- ,on ^! tables fur!r comm5t seems unnecess>y4 ,summ>y ,! improv$ results 9 ! diph!ria cases treat$ dur+ ! ye> #ahie1 :i* are indicat$ by ! =ego+ /ati/ics & cl9ical obs]vations1 are-- #a4 ,a great r$uction 9 ! mortality ( cases br\ght "u treatm5t on ! fir/ & second day ( illness4 #b4 ,! l[]+ ( ! comb9$ g5]al mortality to a po9t bel[ t ( any =m] ye>4 #c4 ,! /ill m rem>kable r$uction 9 ! mortality ( ! l>yngeal cases4 #d4 ,! uni=m improvem5t 9 ! results ( tra*eotomy at ea* sep>ate hospital4 #e4 ,! b5eficial effect produc$ on ! cl9ical c\rse ( ! disease4 ,conclusions ,a consid]ation ( ! =ego+ /ati/ical tables & cl9ical obs]vations1 cov]+ a p]iod ( twelve mon?s1 & embrac+ a l>ge numb] ( cases1 9 our op9ion suffici5tly demon/rates ! value ( antitox9 9 ! treatm5t ( diph!ria4 ,x mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t to obta9 ! l>ge/ measure ( success ) antitox9 x is ess5tial t ! pati5t be br\ght "u its influ5ce at a comp>atively e>ly date--if possible1 n lat] ?an ! second day ( disease4 ,f ?is "t onw>ds1 ! *ance ( a successful issue w dim9i% 9 proportion to ! l5g? ( "t :i* has elaps$ be=e ! treatm5t is comm5c$4 ,?is1 ?\gh d\btless true ( o!r me?ods1 is ( /ill great] mom5t 9 ! case ( treatm5t by antitox94 ,c]ta9 second>y effects n unfrequ5tly arise z a direct result ( ! injection ( antitox9 9 ! =m 9 :i* x has at pres5t to be adm9i/]$1 & ev5 assum+ t ! incid5ce ( ! normal complications ( diph!ria is great] ?an c be acc\nt$ = by ! increas$ numb] ( recov]ies1 we h no hesitation 9 express+ ! op9ion t ^! drawbacks are insignificant :5 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! less5$ fatality :i* has be5 associat$ ) ! use ( ?is rem$y4 ,we are fur!r ( ! op9ion t 9 antitoxic s]um we possess a rem$y ( di/9ctly great] value 9 ! treatm5t ( diph!ria ?an any o!r ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n[ let u take ! :ole record ( all ! hospitals toge!r4 ,! disease 0 fir/ admitt$ 9 #ahhh2 ?is ye> is !re=e to be reckon$ z incomplete4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,ye>4 ,p]c5tage,ye>4 ,p]c5tage ,mortality4 ,mortality4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ahhh #ei4ce #ahig #ag4fi #ahhi #dj4gd #ahih #ae4cg #ahij #cc4ee #ahii #ac4ie #ahia #cj4fc #aijj #ab4bg #ahib #bi4ce #aija #aa4ae #ahic #cj4db #aijb #aa4jd #ahid #bi4bi #aijc #i4fi #ahie1 fir/ antitox9 ye> #bb4he #aijd #aj4jh #ahif #ba4bj #aije #h4c ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,^! results1 ( c\rse1 are b "o in/ance ( :at has happ5$1 s9ce #ahie1 9 e c\ntry all ov] ! civilis$ _w4 ,securus judicat orbis t]r>um4 ,we h ,sieg]t's tables 7#aijj71 bas$ on no less ?an #dj1jch cases admitt$ 9 n9e ye>s to sixty-n9e hospitals 9 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 ,switz]l&1 & ,p>is4 ,he divides ^! n9e ye>s into a pre-s]um p]iod1 an introduction ye>1 & a s]um p]iod4 ,9 ! pre-s]um p]iod ! g5]al mortality 0 #da4e1 & ! mortality ( cases requir+ op]ation 0 #fj2 9 ! s]um p]iod1 ! g5]al mortality 0 #af4e1 & ! mortality ( cases requir+ op]ation 0 #cg4e4 ,any bad results t h be5 record$ f ! use ( ! antitox9 are s r>e1 9 comp>ison ) ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( injections made1 t !y d n come to be consid]$ "h4 ,&1 ev5 ?\gh a few h occurr$1 we may be sure t "s ( !m 7 due1 n to ! antitox91 b to ! natural c\rse ( ! disease4#bc ,! less] drawbacks1 ! occurr5ce ( jo9t pa9s & ( ra%es1 are transi5t & 9 no way s]i\s4 #bc ,?is1 ( c\rse1 does n apply to two in/ances1 9 #aija1 ( accid5tal contam9ation ( s]um4 ,see1 = an acc\nt ( ^!1 ,! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 ,novemb] #aija4 ,x has be5 suppos$1 & said1 t ! use ( ! antitox9 increases ! complications ( ! disease4 ,on ?is po9t1 ! be/ au?ority is ,pr(essor ,woodhead's monum5tal ,report 7#aija71 deal+ ) ! ,metropolitan ,asylums ,bo>d cases = #ahie & #ahif4 ,he sums up ! matt] ?us3-- ,! free use ( antitox9 does n raise ! p]c5tage ( cases ( album9uria4 ,z reg>ds vomit+1 ! /ati/ics give little in=mation1 z vomit+ is usually met ) only 9 ! v sev]e cases4 ,?is also holds good ( anuria4 ,! numb] ( cases ( ad5itis appe>s to be di/9ctly r$uc$ by ! use ( antitox91 z ! p]c5tage ( cases falls z ! injections ( antitox9 are pu%$4 ,! use ( antitox9 has also _h a p]ceptible effect 9 dim9i%+ ! cases ( nephritis1 & x c]ta9ly has n aggravat$ ! kidney complications ( diph!ria4 ,!re c be no d\bt t 9 cases treat$ ) antitox9 !re is a great] p]c5tage ( cases 9 :i* jo9t-pa9s occur ?an 9 cases n s treat$2 ^!1 h[ev]1 are transitory1 & are probably ! result ( "s slight *ange 9 ! blood set up by ! action ( ! s]um itself1 & n by ! antitoxic sub/ance 9 ! s]um4 ,! numb] ( prim>y abscesses has und\bt$ly be5 r$uc$ by ! use ( antitox94 ,x may also be accept$ t antitoxic s]um has "s effect 9 tempor>ily rais+ ! temp]ature1 b only dur+ ! p]iods ( jo9t-pa9s & s]um ra%es2 all ^!1 h[ev]1 are ( comp>atively slight importance z comp>$ ) ! effect ! antitox9 has 9 dim9i%+ ! p]c5tage mortality & alleviat+ ! m sev]e symptoms4 ,x is ( importance to obs]ve t among/ ! cases ( p>alysis foll[+ diph!ria ! dea?-rate 7#cb p] c5t47 0 actually high] among/ ^? n inject$ ) antitox9 ?an among/ ^? :]e antitox9 0 us$ 7#cj4e p] c5t471 al?\gh ! =m] p>alyses mu/ be look$ ^u z be+ ! result ( a comp>atively mild attack ( ! disease4 ,f ?is x is evid5t t1 :5 once p>alysis sup]v5es 9 ^! cases1 x is q z fatal 9 its effects z 9 ! cases 7usually ^? ( a m sev]e type7 :]e antitox9 has be5 giv54 ,antitox9 _c cure ! deg5]ation ( ! n]ve1 b x c neutralise ! diph!ria tox91 & s put a /op to ! advance ( ! deg5]ative *anges due to its action4 ,9 #ahif1 :51 ( c\rse1 antitox9 0 giv5 mu* m freely1 ! p]c5tage ( dea?s 9 ! non-inject$ cases :]e p>alysis _h come on fell to #ah4d4 ,antitox9 ra%es occur at a comp>atively late /age ( ! disease4 ,!y _c be look$ ^u z 9 any way dang]\s1 al?\gh ! second>y rise ( temp]ature1 & ! irritation ( ! sk9 :i* usually accompany _! pres5ce are v undesirable complications1 & may ret>d some:at ! convalesc5ce ( n]v\s & irritable pati5ts4 ,antitox9 appe>s to dim9i% ! liability ( ! lungs to inflammatory *ange 9 sev]e attacks ( diph!ria4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n[ let u take ano!r po9t ( view4 ,if anybody really d\bts :e!r ! antitox9 did really save ^! lives 9 ! hospitals ( ! ,metropolitan ,asylums ,bo>d1 :at answ] has he got to ! foll[+ table8 ,x is publi%$ 9 ! ,bo>d's ,report = #aijd1 & 0 drawn up by ,dr4 ,mac,combie1 ,m$ical ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,brook ,hospital4 ,x %[s ! supreme importance ( giv+ ! antitox9 at ! v beg9n+ ( ! disease4 ,! figures 9 brackets are ! total numb]s ( ! cases 9 ! eight ye>s3-- ,p]c5tage ,mortality accord+ to ,"t ( com+ "u ,treatm5t4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,day ( ,disease4#ahig4ahih4ahii4aijj4aija4aijb4 aijc4aijd4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- 7#bjd7 #a/ #j4j #j4j #j4j #j4j #j4j #j4j #j4j #j4j 7#abgh7 #bnd #e4d #e4j #c4h #c4f #d4a #d4f #d4b #e4dc 7#acgd7 #crd #aa4e #ad4c #ab4b #f4g #aa4i #aj4e #ag4faj4fc 7#ajhf7 #d? #ai4j #ah4a #bj4j #ad4i #ab4d #ai4h #af4gai4ea 7#achb7 #e? & aft] #ba4j #bb4e #bj4d #ba4b #af4f #ai4d #ag4cac4aa ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,"h we see t 9 #adhb pati5ts1 :o got ! antitox9 )9 =ty-eight h\rs ( ! onset ( ! disease1 ! mortality 0 #b-a_/d p] c5t4 ,9 #abgh pati5ts1 :o did n get ! antitox9 till ! ?ird day1 ! mortality 0 #aa-c_/d p] c5t4 ,t is ! result ( "o day's delay ov] s5d+ ! *ild into hospital4 ,aga91 x is n only lives t are sav$1 b suff]+ t is avoid$4 ,j lately1 at a meet+ ( ! ,*elsea ,cl9ical ,society 7,may #aijf71 ref]5ce 0 made to ?is po9t by ,dr4 ,foord ,caig]1 ,m$ical ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,s\?-,we/]n ,hospital4 ,! numb] ( tra*eotomies is less ?an half :at x us$ to be2 & aga91 ,in/ead ( ! spectacle ( a numb] ( pati5ts 9 great di/ress1 ) swoll5 necks & /uff$-up noses1 fretful & cry+1 su* cases are n[ q ! exception1 &1 9 ! few "o does come across1 ! condition la/s = a comp>atively %ort "t4 ,& aga91 ,x 0 q unusual 7be=e #ahie7 = a nurse to c>e to /ay v long 9 *>ge ( "o ( ! diph!ria w>ds1 because %e f\nd ! "w s depress+4 ,b n[adays ! diph!ria w>ds are p]haps ! mo/ popul> 9 ! hospital1 a fact :i* is ma9ly ow+ to ! *ange 9 ! g5]al aspect ( ! pati5ts & ! greatly r$uc$ mortality4 7,cl9ical ,j\rnal1 ,may #bc1 #aijf47 ,v ,,tetanus ,be=e bact]iology1 ! cause ( tetanus 7lock-jaw7 0 unkn[n1 & m5 7 free to imag9e t x 0 due to inflammation travell+ up an injur$ n]ve to ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em4 ,?is false & mis*iev\s !ory 0 aboli%$ by ! exp]im5tal "w ( ,/]nb]g 7#ahhj71 ,c>le & ,rattone 7#ahhd71 & ,nicolai] 7#ahhd71 :o prov$1 once & = all1 t ! disease is an infection by a specific flagellate organism4 ,_! "w 0 ( ! utmo/ difficulty1 = _m reasons4 ,fir/1 because tetanus1 9 "s tropical c\ntries1 is s common t x may fairly be call$ endemic2 & _m ( ^! tropical cases1 !re be+ no record ( any ext]nal infection1 _h be5 tak5 z evid5ce t ! disease c occur ( itself4 ,( ?is frequ5cy ( tetanus 9 tropical c\ntries1 ,sir ,patrick ,manson1 9 8 book on ,tropical ,diseases 7#ahih71 says3-- ,tetanus is an exce$+ly common disease 9 "s tropical c\ntries4 ,9 ,we/]n ,africa1 = example1 a l>ge proportion ( w\nds1 no matt] h[ trifl+ z w\nds !y may be1 if !y are f\l$ by e>? or dirt1 result 9 tetanus4 ,! ,fr5* 9 ,s5egambia h f\nd ?is to _! co/4 ,a g5tleman :o _h travell$ mu* 9 ,congol& told me t c]ta9 tribes poison _! arr[s by simply dipp+ ! tips 9 a p>ticul> k9d ( mud4 ,a w\nd f ^! arr[s is ne>ly sure to cause tetanus4 ,9 _m c\ntries1 s g5]al & s ext5sive is ! di/ribution ( ! tetanus-bacillus t trismus neonatorum 7tetanus ( newly-born infants7 is a pr9cipal cause ( ! excessive infant mortality4 ,next1 because ! tetanus-bacillus has its natural abode 9 ! sup]ficial lay]s ( ! soil3 "h x is associat$ ) a va/ numb] ( o!r organisms1 s t its id5tification & isolation 7 a "w ( immeasurable complexity4 ,:at mix$ company x keeps1 is %[n by ,h\/on's e/imate ( ! numb] ( microbes p] gramme 9 tw5ty-"o samples ( diff]5t soils4 ,?is numb] rang$ f #hcbf 9 virg9 s&1 & #dge1bhb 9 virg9 peat1 to #aae1jad1dib 9 ! soil f ! tr5* ( a sewage-f>m4 ,9 all ri* & well-manur$ soil ! tetanus-bacillus may possibly be pres5t2 b x 0 ! "w ( ye>s to dissociate x f ! myriads ( organisms outnumb]+ x4 ,next1 because x _c be got to gr[ 9 cultures expos$ to ! air3 its prop] place is bel[ ! surface ( ! soil1 away f ! air2 x is /rictly anarobic1 & ! attempts to cultivate x by ord9>y me?ods fail$ aga9 & aga94 ,x _h to be cultivat$ bel[ ! surface ( c]ta9 nutri5t m$ia1 or 9 a special atmosph]e ( nitrog5 or hydrog54 ,^! & o!r difficulties = _m ye>s delay$ ! f9al pro( ( ! true pa?ology ( tetanus4 ,! success ( ! "w 0 ma9ly due to ,nicolai]4 ,he />t$ f ! well-kn[n fact t tetanus mo/ly comes ( w\nds or scrat*es contam9at$ ) p>ticles ( e>?--su* mis*ances z ! gr9d+ ( dirt or gravel into ! sk91 or ! te>+ ( x by a spl9t] ( wood or a ru/y nail2 z ,dr4 ,poore says1 9 8 ,milroy ,lectures 7#ahii71 ,e *ild :o falls on ! gr\nd & gets an abrasion ( ! sk91 all till]s ( ! soil :o get accid5tal w\nds 9 ! c\rse ( duty1 & e horse :i* 'breaks its knees' by fall+ 9 ! ,london /reets1 runs pot5tially a risk ( inoculation ) tetanus4 ,nicolai] !re=e /udi$ ! v>i\s microbes ( ! soil1 & made inoculations ( g>d5-m\ld "u ! sk9 ( rabbits4 ,he 0 able1 by ^! inoculations1 to produce tetanus 9 !m2 & ! dis*>ge f ! po9ts ( inoculation1 put "u ! sk9 ( o!r rabbits1 produc$ ! disease aga94 ,he also id5tifi$ ! bacillus1 & cultivat$ x2 b 9 ^! cultures x 0 mix$ ) o!r organisms1 & he fail$ to isolate x f !m4 ,c>le & ,rattone1 & ,ros5ba*1 7 able to produce tetanus 9 animals by inoculat+ !m ) dis*>ge f ! w\nds ( pati5ts attack$ by ! disease4 ,f9ally1 ,kitasato1 9 #ahhi1 f\nd a way ( obta9+ pure cultures ( ! bacillus4 ,beg9n+ ) impure cultures su* z ,nicolai] _h made1 he kept ^! at a temp]ature ( #cf ,c4 till ! bacillus _h spor$2 !n1 by repeat$ exposures ( ! cultures to a temp]ature ( #hj ,c4 = ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r at a "t1 he kill$-(f all organisms except ! spores ( ! tetanus-bacillus2 !n he kept ^! 9 an atmosph]e ( hydrog51 at a temp]ature ( #bj ,c41 & ?us got pure cultures4 ,brieg]1 ,frnkel1 ,coh51 ,sidney ,m>t91 ,kan?ack1 & o!rs1 h /udi$ ! *emical products ( ! disease1 h obta9$ !m f cultures & f infect$ tissues1 & h be5 able ) ^! tox9s to produce ! disease 9 animals4 ,z ) ! o!r infective diseases1 s ) tetanus1 !re h be5 two ma9 l9es ( rese>*es2 ! "o1 t[>d a full] k ( ! *emical *anges 9 ! blood & 9 ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em2 ! o!r1 t[>d a full] k ( ! nature & ways ( ! bacillus1 & its me?od ( invasion4 ,be=e any /udy ( immunity or immunisation1 or ( neutralisation ( ! tox9s 9 man by an antitox91 came ! /udy ( ! tox9s & ( ! bacillus4 ,x 0 prov$1 by an imm5se quantity ( h>d "w1 t ! bacillus does n t5d to invade ! blood1 or to pass beyond ! lymphatic gl&s 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! site ( inoculation2 t x /ays 9 & ab\t ! w\nd1 & !re multiplies1 & f ?is site p\rs into ! blood ! *emical products :i* cause ! disease2 & t ^! *emical sub/ances h a selective action on c]ta9 n]ve-cells 9 ! bra9 & ! sp9al cord4 ,?is is ! b>e outl9e ( ! facts2 & no acc\nt c be giv5 "h ( ! intricate problems ( bact]iology & animal *emi/ry t h be5 answ]$1 or are /ill wait+ an answ]4 ,at lea/1 x is evid5t t ! :ole pa?ology ( tetanus 0 f\nd1 prov$1 & int]pret$ by ! help ( exp]im5ts on animals2 & t ^! alone did away ) ! old false doctr9e t ! disease 0 due to rapid ext5sion ( inflammation up a n]ve to ! bra94 ,9 #ahid came ! use ( an antitox9 9 cases ( ! disease1 &1 9 #ahie1 #db cases 7 report$1 ) #bg recov]ies4 ,x _c be said t any "o ( ! div]se prep>ations ( tetanus-antitox91 up to ?is pres5t "t1 has triumph$ ov] ! disease4 ,tetanus is ( all diseases ! h>de/ to reckon )3 ! fir/ sign ( x is ! la/ /age ( x2 !re is no w>n+1 no?+1 x may be1 b a heal$ scrat*1 till ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em is affect$ ) sudd5 & rapidly advanc+ deg5]ation ( c]ta9 cells4 ,^! & o!r difficulties h /ood 9 ! way ( an antitox9 treatm5t2 & !re is no less difficulty 9 e/imat+ ! efficacy ( t treatm5t4 ,! recov]y1 "u antitox91 ( a *ronic case _c always or altoge!r be attribut$ to ! treatm5t2 & 9 a v acute case1 antitox91 l ev]y?+ else1 has b small *ance ( success4 ,v>i\s reports on ! antitox9 treatm5t1 publi%$ dur+ #ahig-ahii1 give ! foll[+ figures3-- #bf cases1 ) #ab recov]ies4 #ih #eg #cf #be #bb #aa #ea #cf #aj #g ,probably ! pap] by ,dr4 ,lamb]t ( ,new ,york1 9 ! ,m$ical ,news1 ,july #aijj1 gives fairly ! g5]al op9ion ( ! treatm5t1 s f> z ! subcutane\s adm9i/ration ( antitox9 is conc]n$3-- ,! foll[+ cases ( tetanus1 treat$ ) antitox91 comprise publi%$ & unpubli%$ cases4 ,we h a total ( #bgi cases1 ) a mortality ( #dd4jh p] c5t43 b ( ^! we mu/ rule out #ag cases--#d dea?s f int]curr5t diseases1 #h dea?s 9 cases 9 :i* ! antitox9 0 giv5 b a few h\rs be=e dea?1 & #e recov]ies 9 :i* antitox9 0 n giv5 until aft] ! twelf? day 7z !y probably w\ld h recov]$ )\t x74 ,we h left #bfb cases1 ) #aea recov]ies1 & #aaa dea?s1 a mortality ( #db4cf p] c5t4 ,divid+ ! cases into acute & *ronic1 we h #abd acute cases1 ) #ce recov]ies & #hi dea?s1 a mortality ( #ga4gg p] c5t41 & #ach *ronic cases1 ) #aaf recov]ies & #bb dea?s1 a mortality ( #ae4id p] c5t4 ,9 int]pret+ critically ^! /ati/ics1 we see t 9 acute cases ! mortality is b slightly r$uc$1 be+ b #gb p] c5t4 in/ead ( #hh p] c5t4 ,b1 9 ! less acute cases1 !re is a decid$ improvem5t1 f #dj p] c5t4 to #af p] c5t4 ,tak+ ! /ati/ics z a :ole1 !re is a di/9ct improvem5t 9 ! mortality ( tetanus s9ce ! introduction ( antitox94 ,x w\ld be =eign to ! pres5t purpose to pursue ?is matt] fur!r3 = ! o!r treatm5ts1 us$ by ,baccelli & by ,krokiewicz1 & ! sub-dural use ( antitox91 are also f\nd$ on exp]im5ts on animals2 & ! same w be true ( any bett] me?od t %all be develop$ out ( !m4 ,! prev5tive use ( ! tetanus-antitox91 = ! immunisation ( human be+s or ( animals1 has giv5 excell5t results4 ,horses are v apt to be infect$ by tetanus2 & ! antitox9 has be5 us$ 9 vet]9>y practice1 bo? = prev5tion & = cure4 ,! curative results are n1 at pres5t1 v good4 ,b1 z reg>ds protection aga9/ ! disease1 !re is evid5ce t horses c be immunis$ aga9/ tetanus by ! antitox9 ) almo/ me*anical accuracy4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! _w1 ! loss ( horses by tetanus is s common t _! immunity is a v important matt]2 & t ! antitox9 does conf] immunity on !m is %[n by /ati/ics f ,france & f ! ,unit$ ,/ates3-- #a4 ,france4--,! results ( ,noc>d's me?od ( prev5tive inoculations 9 vet]9>y practice are mo/ /rik+4 ,among #fc vet]9>ians1 !re h be5 inoculat$ #bgcg animals ) prev5tive doses ( antitox91 & n a s+le case ( tetanus develop$2 :ile dur+ ! same p]iod1 9 ! same neighb\rhoods1 #bei cases ( tetanus develop$ 9 non-inoculat$ animals4 7,m$4 ,news1 #g? ,july #aijj47 #b4 ,unit$ ,/ates4--,joseph ,mac,farland & ,e4 ,m4 ,ranck1 9 addition to a synopsis ( ! me?od ( manufacture ( tetanus-antitox91 give "s facts ( int]e/ & importance 9 reg>d to its use = prophylaxis & treatm5t4 ,! /udies 7 made ^u sev]al hundr$ horses us$ = ! production ( v>i\s immunis$ s]ums 9 "o ( ! l>ge laboratories ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! horses1 because ( ! con/ant manipulations1 frequ5tly became infect$ ) tetanus1 & 9 #ahig & #ahih1 :5 scrupul\s cleanl9ess & dis9fection 7 ! only precautions employ$ to prev5t ! disease1 ! dea?-rate v>i$ f #h to #aj p] c5t4 ,dur+ #ahii ne>ly two hundr$ horses 7 subject$ to sy/ematic immunisation ) tetanus-antitox92 &1 9 spite ( o!rwise simil> conditions1 ! dea?-rate desc5d$ to #a p] c5t4 7,m$ical ,annual1 #aija47 ,! prev5tive use ( ! antitox9 has1 ( c\rse1 a v limit$ range outside vet]9>y surg]y4 ,tetanus1 ?anks to ! use ( antiseptic or aseptic me?ods1 n only 9 hospital surg]y b also 9 amateur & dome/ic surg]y1 has become a v r>e disease1 except 9 tropical c\ntries4 ,x is no long] a hospital disease2 &1 ev5 9 w>1 x no long] has any?+ l ! frequ5cy t x _h1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,w> ( ! ,rebellion4 ,a /ud5t may n[ g all 8 "t at a l>ge hospital )\t see+ m ?an a v few cases4 ,b1 n[ & aga91 att5tion is call$ to "s :olly unsuspect$ risk ( ! disease4 ,= example1 c]ta9 cases ( tetanus occurr$ 9 ,dundee among work]s at ! jute-mills !re3-- ,! la/ victim 0 a female work] 9 ! jute-mill1 :o1 six days aft] a cru%$ & lac]at$ w\nd ( ! foot1 develop$ tetanus & di$ )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,"s ( ! du/1 tak5 f "u ! ma*9e 9 :i* ! foot 0 cru%$1 0 f\nd to conta9 an unusually l>ge numb] ( tetanus-bacilli4 ,! s\rce ( ! jute us$ is ,india4 7,m$ical ,news1 ,augu/ #aijj47 ,aga91 at ! ,geba] ,an/alt at ,prague1 9 #ahii1 an outbreak ( tetanus occurr$1 ) sev]al dea?s2 b x 0 /opp$ :5 a prev5tive dose ( ! antitox9 0 giv5 to ! new pati5ts on admission4 ,aga91 an amaz+ numb] ( dea?s f tetanus1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are due to w\nds ( ! h&s ) toy-pi/ols4 ,x is said t aft] ! ,f\r? ( ,july fe/ivities 9 #ahii1 no less ?an #hc cases ( tetanus 7 report$1 #bf ( !m 9 & ar\nd ,new ,york4 ,almo/ all ( !m 7 due to gun%ot w\nds ( ! h& ) toy-pi/ols3 ! unclean wad ( ! c>tridge1 made ( refuse pap] pick$ up 9 ! /reets1 p5etrates deep into ! tissues ( ! h&1 tak+ ! g]ms ( ! disease ) x1 out ( ! rea* ( surgical dis9fection4 ,^! cases ( tetanus 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates f toy-pi/ol w\nds are s frequ5t1 t immunisation has be5 recomm5d$ = !m4 ,! ,m$ical ,news1 #a/ ,june #aija1 has ! foll[+ note3--,h4 ,g4 ,wells /ates t tetanus is endemic 9 ,*icago1 ! specific organism be+ pres5t 9 ! dirt ( ! /reets4 ,e ,f\r? ( ,july an epidemic occurs1 because ^! bacilli are c>ri$ deeply into w\nds be=e wads f blank c>tridges4444 ,! writ] ?9ks t su* cases %\ld receive a prophylactic dose1 say1 #e c4c4 ( tetanus-antitox91 z soon z possible aft] ! w\nd is fir/ se54 ,x seems c]ta9 t if antitox9 prophylaxis 7 adopt$1 !re w\ld be no fur!r ,f\r? ( ,july epidemics1 & ?is end w\ld ju/ify ! means4 ,aga91 a man might receive a lac]at$ w\nd "u conditions especially fav\rable to infection3 he might te> 8 h& 9 a /able :]e horses _h di$ ( tetanus1 or he might cut 8 f+] :ile he 0 work+ at ! disease 9 a pa?ological laboratory1 or he might receive a poison$ arr[-w\nd out 9 ,africa4 ,9 any su* em]g5cy1 he c\ld safegu>d 8 life ) a protective dose ( antitox94 ,x rema9s to be add$1 t ! mod]n /udy ( tetanus has br\ght into m g5]al use ! old rule t ! w\nd$ tissues 9 a sev]e case ( tetanus %\ld be at once excis$4 ,be=e ,nicolai]'s "w1 :ile ! !ory /ill surviv$ t ! disease 0 due to asc5d+ inflammation ( a n]ve1 ?is rule 0 nei!r en=c$ nor expla9$4 ,! results publi%$ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s 7,m$ical ,annual1 #aije-aijf7 seem to %[ t ! antitox9 has nei!r ga9$ nor lo/ gr\nd z a rem$y4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 us$ 9 conjunction ) all o!r rem$ies4 ,p]haps1 9 a few ye>s m1 some?+ bett] w be discov]$4 ,& t discov]y1 :5 x comes1 w be1 z x 71 ,nicolai]'s gift4 ,! :ole /udy ( ! disease goes back /raight to ! rabbits inoculat$ 9 #ahhj-ahhd3 nei!r is x possible t ! disease %\ld be fur!r /udi$1 )\t ! help ( bact]iology4 ,,vi ,,rabies ,pa/eur's /udy ( rabies began 9 #ahhj2 & ! date ( ! fir/ case treat$--,joseph ,mei/]1 a %eph]d-boy ( ,alsace--is ,july #ahhe4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! "w 0 sp5t 9 a prolong$ se>* = ! specific microbe ( rabies4 ,x 0 n f\nd3 its exi/5ce is a matt] ( inf]5ce1 b n ( obs]vation4#bd ,9 8 e>li] inoculations1 ,pa/eur made use ( ! saliva ( rabid animals2 & ,m4 ,vallry-,radot tells ! /ory1 h[ ,pa/eur took him on "o ( 8 exp$itions3-- ,! rabid bea/ 0 9 ?is case a huge bull-dog1 foam+ at ! m\? & h[l+ 9 8 cage4 ,all attempts to induce ! animal to bite1 & s infect "o ( ! rabbits1 fail$4 ',b we mu/1' said ,pa/eur1 'inoculate ! rabbits ) ! saliva4' ,accord+ly a noose 0 made & ?r[n1 ! dog secur$ & dragg$ to ! edge ( ! cage1 & 8 jaws ti$ toge!r4 ,*ok+ ) rage1 ! eyes blood%ot1 & ! body convuls$ by a viol5t spasm1 ! animal 0 /ret*$ on a table1 & kept motionless1 :ile ,pa/eur1 lean+ ov] 8 foam+ head1 suck$ up into a n>r[ glass tube "s drops ( ! saliva4 #bd ,?is s5t5ce 0 writt5 be=e ! publication ( ,pr(essor ,negri's obs]vations 7see ,m$ical ,annual1 #aijf1 p4 #dah74 ,b ^! inoculations ( saliva sometimes fail$ to produce ! disease2 &1 :5 !y succe$$1 ! incubation-p]iod 0 :olly unc]ta93 x might be "s mon?s be=e ! disease appe>$4 ,?us ,pa/eur 0 l$ to use1 in/ead ( ! saliva1 an emulsion ( ! bra9 or sp9al cord2 because1 z ,dr4 ,dub\ _h sugge/$1 ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em is ! *ief seat1 ! locus electionis1 ( ! virus ( rabies4 ,b ^! inoculations also 7 n always successful1 nor did !y give a def9ite incubation-p]iod4 ,!re=e he foll[$ ) rabies ! me?od t he _h foll[$ ) an?rax4 ,z he _h cultivat$ ! virus ( an?rax1 by putt+ x :]e its developm5t c\ld be wat*$ & controll$1 s he mu/ put ! virus ( rabies 9 ! place ( its *oice4 ,x has a selective action on ! cells ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 a sort ( aff9ity ) !m2 !y are1 z x 71 ! natural home ( rabies1 ! prop] nutri5t m$ium = ! virus3 !re=e ! virus mu/ be inoculat$ n "u ! sk91 b "u ! skull4 ,^! sub-dural inoculations 7 ! turn+-po9t ( ,pa/eur's discov]y4 ,! fir/ inoculation 0 made by ,m4 ,r\x3-- ,next day1 :5 ,i in=m$ ,pa/eur t ! intracranial inoculation (f]$ no difficulty1 he 0 mov$ ) pity = ! dog4 ',poor bea/1 8 bra9 is d\btless injur$3 he mu/ be p>alys$4' ,)\t reply ,i w5t d[n to ! basem5t to fet* x1 & let x come into ! laboratory4 ,pa/eur did n l dogs1 b :5 he saw ?is "o1 full ( life1 inquisitively rummag+ ab\t 9 all directions1 he exhibit$ ! greate/ delight1 & lavi%$ mo/ *>m+ words ^u x4 ,h5ce=? all unc]ta9ty 0 at an end1 & ! way 0 cle> ahead3 ,pa/eur _h n[ to deal ) a virus t _h a def9ite p]iod ( incubation1 & a suitable m$ium = developm5t4 ,! c5tral n]v\s sy/em 0 to ! virus ( rabies :at ! te/-tube 0 to ! virus ( f[l-*ol]a or an?rax4 ,z he _h controll$ ^! diseases1 _h turn$ !m ?is way & t1 att5uat$ & int5sifi$ !m1 s he c\ld control rabies4 ,by transmitt+ x ?r\gh a s]ies ( rabbits1 by sub-dural inoculation ( ea* rabbit ) a m9ute quantity ( n]ve-tissue f ! rabbit t _h di$ be=e x1 he 0 able to int5sify ! virus1 to %ort5 its p]iod ( incubation1 to fix x at six days4 ,?us he obta9$ a virus ( exact /r5g?1 a def9ite /&>d ( virul5ce1 virus fixe3 ! next rabbit inoculat$ w\ld h ! disease 9 six days1 nei!r m nor less4 ,z he 0 able to int5sify ! virus by transmission1 s he 0 able to att5uate x by gradual dry+ ( ! tissues t conta9$ x4 ,! sp9al cord1 tak5 f a rabbit t has di$ ( rabies1 sl[ly loses virul5ce by simple dry+4 ,a cord dri$ = f\r days is less virul5t ?an "o t has be5 dri$ = ?ree1 & m virul5t ?an "o dri$ = five4 ,a cord dri$ = a =tnight has lo/ all virul5ce3 ev5 a l>ge dose ( x w n produce ! disease4 ,by ?is me?od ( dry+1 ,pa/eur 0 enabl$ to obta9 ! virus 9 all degrees ( activity3 he c\ld always keep go+ "o or m s]ies ( cords1 ( kn[n & exactly graduat$ /r5g?s1 accord+ to ! l5g? ( "t !y _h be5 dri$--rang+ f absolute non-virul5ce ?r\gh e %ade ( virul5ce4 ,&1 z ) f[l-*ol]a & an?rax1 s ) rabies2 a virus :i* has be5 att5uat$ till x has be5 r5d]$ innocu\s1 c yet conf] immunity aga9/ its m virul5t =ms3 j z vacc9ation c protect aga9/ smallpox4 ,a man1 bitt5 by a rabid animal1 has at lea/ "s weeks ( respite be=e ! disease c break out2 &1 dur+ t "t ( respite1 he c be immunis$ aga9/ ! disease1 :ile x is /ill dormant3 he beg9s ) a dose ( virus att5uat$ pa/ all p[] ( do+ h>m1 & advances day by day to m active doses1 gu>d$ ea* day by ! dose ( ! day be=e1 till he has manufactur$ )9 himself en\gh antitox9 to make him pro( aga9/ any outbreak ( ! disease4 ,! cords us$ = treatm5t are remov$ f ! bodies ( ! rabbits1 by an aseptic me?od1 & are cut into l5g?s & hung 9 glass j>s1 ) "s *loride ( calcium 9 !m1 = dry+4 ,! j>s are dat$1 & !n kept 9 glass cases 9 a d>k room at a con/ant temp]ature4 ,to make sure t ! cords are aseptic1 a small portion ( ea* cord is s[n on nutri5t jelly 9 a te/-tube1 & wat*$1 to see t no bact]ia occur 9 ! tube4 ,= ea* injection1 a c]ta9 small quantity ( cord is rubb$-up 9 /]ilis$ fluid2 & ^! subcutane\s injections give no pa9 or malaise wor? consid]+4 ,( c\rse1 ! treatm5t is adju/$ to ! gravity ( ! case4 ,a bite ?r\gh nak$ sk9 is m grave ?an a bite ?r\gh clo?+2 & bites on ! head or face1 & wolf-bites1 are wor/ ( all4 ,! numb] & "* ( ! sc>s are also tak5 into acc\nt4 ,an excell5t description ( ! treatm5t1 by a pati5t1 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,birm+ham ,m$ical ,review ( ,janu>y #ahih4 ,x gives ! foll[+ tables ( treatm5t3-- #a4 ,ord9>y ,treatm5t4 ,day ( ,days ( ,dry+ ,treatm5t4 ( ,cord4 #a #ad & #ac #b #ab & #aa #c #aj & #i #d #h & #g #e #f #f #f #g #e #h #d #i 7#a_/b dose7 #c #aj 7full dose7 #e #aa #e #ab #d #ac #d #ad 7#a_/b dose7 #c #ae 7full dose7 #c #b4 ,cases ( ,mod]ate ,gravity4 ,same treatm5t1 up to #ac? day4 ,day ( ,days ( ,dry+ ,treatm5t4 ( ,cord4 #ad #c #ae #e #af #d #ag 7#a_/b dose7 #c #ah 7full dose7 #c #c4 ,grave ,cases4 ,same treatm5t1 up to #aj? day4 ,day ( ,days ( ,dry+ ,treatm5t4 ( ,cord4 #aa #d #ab #c #ac #e #ad #e #ae #d #af #d #ag 7#a_/b dose7 #c #ah 7full dose7 #c #ai #e #bj #c #ba #d #bb #c #d4 ,v ,grave ,cases4 ,same treatm5t z #c1 & 9 addition4 ,day ( ,days ( ,dry+ ,treatm5t4 ( ,cord4 #bc #e #bd #d #be 7#a_/b dose7 #c #bf 7full dose7 #c ,furi\s criticism1 unbelief1 & flagrant mis/atem5t ( facts began at once1 & la/$ m ?an two ye>s4 ,( ,pa/eur's oppon5ts1 ! *ief 0 ,m4 ,pet]1 :o bes\ght ! ,acadmie des ,sci5ces1 ab\t once a week1 t !y %\ld close ,pa/eur's laboratory1 because he 0 n prev5t+ hydrophobia b produc+ x4 ,! value ( ,m4 ,pet]'s judgm5t may be e/imat$ by :at he _h said1 a few ye>s e>li]1 ab\t bact]iology 9 g5]al--,i d n mu* believe 9 t invasion ( p>asites :i* ?reat5s u l an elev5? plague ( ,egypt4 ,aft] s _m labori\s rese>*es1 no?+ w be *ang$ 9 m$ic9e1 !re w only be a few m microbes4 ,m4 ,pa/eur's excuse is t he is a *emi/1 :o has tri$1 out ( a wi% to be useful1 to re=m m$ic9e1 to :i* he is a complete /rang]4 ,b x does n matt] :at 0 said tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! ,report ( ! #ahhf ,committee1 & ! ,mansion ,h\se meet+ 9 ,july #ahhi1 m>k ! decl9e & fall ( all intellig5t opposition to ! "w4 ,among s _m ?\s& cases1 dur+ s _m ye>s1 x w\ld be a miracle inde$ if n a s+le case _h fail$ or gone amiss2 b we are conc]n$ "h ) ! ?\s&s4 ,take1 to beg9 )1 f\r reports f ,a!ns1 ,pal]mo1 ,rio1 & ,p>is4 ,x is to be not$ t ! pati5ts1 alike at ,p>is & at o!r ,in/itutes1 are divid$ into ?ree classes3-- ,a4 ,bitt5 by animals prov$ to h be5 rabid by ! developm5t ( rabies 9 o!r animals inoculat$ f !m4 ,b4 ,bitt5 by animals prov$ to h be5 rabid by dissection ( _! bodies by vet]9>y surgeons4 ,c4 ,bitt5 by animals suspect$ to h be5 rabid4 ,x is to be not$ also1 z a fact prov$ beyond d\bt1 t ! full b5efit ( ! treatm5t is n obta9$ at once2 ! highe/ degree ( immunity is rea*$ ab\t a =tnight aft] ! discont9uance ( ! treatm5t4 ,^? few cases1 !re=e1 :]e hydrophobia has occurr$1 n only 9 spite ( treatm5t1 b )9 a =tnight ( ! la/ day ( treatm5t1 are c\nt$ z cases :]e ! treatm5t came too late4 ,f9ally1 :at 0 ! risk f ! bite ( a rabid animal1 9 ! days be=e #ahhe8 ,x is a matt] ( guess-"w4 ,"o writ]1 & "o only1 guess$ x at #e p] c5t42 ano!r guess$ x at #ee1 & a ?ird came to ! safe conclusion t x 0 some:]e betwe5 ^! limits4 ,leblanc1 :o is probably ! be/ guide1 put x at #af2 & ,pa/eur himself put x betwe5 #ae & #bj4 ,b suppose x 7 only #aj2 t1 be=e ,pa/eur1 out ( e #ajj m5 bitt5 by rabid animals1 #ij w\ld escape & only #aj w\ld die ( hydrophobia2 !n take ?is fact1 t 9 "o ye>1 at "o ,in/itute alone1 !re 7 #adb pati5ts 9 class ,a1 bitt5 by animals t 7 prov$1 by ! unansw]able te/ ( inoculation1 to h be5 rabid2 & #a dea?4 ,& e ye> ! same ?+2 & 9 all ! twelve ye>s toge!r1 #bhgb su* cases 7,a7 & #bj dea?s--a mortality n ( #aj p] c5t41 b ( less ?an #a p] c5t4 #a4 ,a!ns ,! ,annales de l',in/itut ,pa/eur1 ,june #ahih1 conta9 ,dr4 ,pamp\kis' report ( ?ree ye>s' "w at ! ,hell5ic ,in/itute1 f ,augu/ #ahid to ,decemb] #ahig4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod #gig cases 7 treat$--#eij male & #bjg female4 ,! animals t bit !m 7--dogs1 #gcb2 cats1 #cd2 wolf1 #a2 o!r animals1 #ac2 & ! #ag o!r pati5ts _h be5 expos$ to infection f ! saliva ( hydrophobic pati5ts4 ,( ! #gig cases1 #bde 7 ( class ,a1 #aab ,b1 & #ddj ,c4 ,among ! #gig p]sons treat$1 !re are #b dea?s1 "o 9 class ,b & ! o!r 9 class ,c4 ,?us ! mortality has be5 #j4be p] c5t4 ,besides ^! #b :o di$ ( rabies !re are #e m1 9 :om ! fir/ signs ( rabies %[$ !mselves 9 less ?an fifte5 days aft] ! la/ inoculation4 ,f9ally1 beside ^! #gig cases1 !re is #a o!r case1 bitt5 by a wolf1 9 :i* ! treatm5t fail$4 ,if we reckon ?is la/ case 9 ! /ati/ics ( mortality1 we h #c dea?s 9 #gih cases #j4cg p] c5t4 ,beside ^! #gih cases treat$ at ! ,in/itute1 !re h be5 o!rs t h n und]gone ! antirabic treatm5t1 hav+ tru/$ ! assurances ( ^? :o are call$ 9 ,greece empirics4 ,among ^! non-treat$ cases !re are #dj :o h di$ ( rabies4 #b4 ,pal]mo ,! ,annales = ,april #ahif give ! report by ,dr4 de ,blasi & ,dr4 ,russo-,travali ( ! "w ( ! ,municipal ,in/itute at ,pal]mo dur+ #h-a_/b ye>s1 f ,m>* #ahhg to ,decemb] #ahie4 ,! numb] ( cases 0 #bbba2 9 #abdj 7class ,a71 ! animals 7 prov$ to h be5 rabid by ! result ( inoculations2 9 #iha1 !re 0 reason to suspect rabies4 ,sett+ aside #e pati5ts :o di$ dur+ ! c\rse ( ! treatm5t1 & #e o!rs :o di$ less ?an fifte5 days aft] ! end ( ! treatm5t1 we h _h to deplore only #i failures #j4d p] c5t4 ,ev5 if we c\nt aga9/ ourselves ! #aj o!r cases1 ! mortality is /ill only #j4he4 #c4 ,rio de ,janeiro ,! ,annales = ,augu/ #ahih give ,dr4 ,f]reira's report ( t5 ye>s' "w 7,febru>y #ahhh to ,april #ahih7 at ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute at ,rio4 ,! numb] ( cases treat$ 0 #bfdg1 ( :om #aihg 7 male & #ffj female4 ,beside ^! #bfdg !re 7 #abcd :o 7 n treat$1 because x 0 asc]ta9$ t !y 7 9 no dang] ( rabies2 #c :o 7 br\ght to ! ,in/itute1 already suff]+ f ! disease2 & #ei :o refus$ treatm5t4 ,( ! #bfdg p]sons treat$1 #aj _h prick$ _! h&s at "w 9 ! laboratory1 #c _h expos$ *ance scrat*es on _! h&s to ! saliva ( rabid animals1 & #a _h be5 bitt5 by a rabid pati5t4 ,( ! re/1 #ahhf _h be5 bitt5 on ! b>e sk91 & #gdg ?r\gh clo?+4 ,9 #bcf cases ! rabies ( ! animal _h be5 prov$ by inoculation4 ,9 #aagc x _h be5 recognis$ by ! signs ( ! disease4 ,9 #abch !re 0 good reason to suspect t ! animal _h be5 rabid4 ,( ! #bfdg pati5ts1 9 #cj cases ! treatm5t 0 /opp$1 because ! animals 7 at la/ trac$1 aft] treatm5t 0 begun1 & 7 f\nd n to be rabid4 ,9 #fe cases ! pati5ts1 aft] treatm5t 0 begun1 refus$ to g on ) x1 & #c ( !m di$ ( rabies4 ,9 #f cases rabies develop$ dur+ treatm5t2 #e ( !m _h be5 v badly bitt5 ab\t ! head1 & #a did n come = treatm5t till ! tw5ty-fir/ day aft] ! bite1 & 0 attack$ by rabies two days lat]4 ,& #e cases di$ ( o!r maladies t _h no?+ to d ) rabies4 ,sett+ aside ^! #ajf cases1 !re rema9 #beda cases1 ) #bj dea?s #j4gh p] c5t4 ,b1 ( ^! #bj dea?s1 #i occurr$ )9 fifte5 days ( ! end ( treatm5t1 be=e protection 0 fully e/abli%$4 ,if ^! #i dea?s be exclud$1 ! figures /& at #becb cases1 ) #aa dea?s #j4dc p] c5t4 #d4 ,p>is ,dr4 ,pottev9's report on ! "w ( ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute 7,p>is7 dur+ #ahig 7,annales1 ,april #ahih7 mu/ be giv5 ^w = ^w1 )\t abbreviation4 ,i ,dur+ #ahig1 #aeba pati5ts receiv$ ! anti-treatm5t at ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute3 #h di$ ( rabies4 ,! notes ( _! cases w be f\nd at ! end ( ?is pap]4 ,if we exclude #b ( ^! #h cases--! cases ( ,h5iquet & ,mor91 :]e dea? occurr$ be=e x 0 possible = ! vacc9ations to produce _! effect--! results ( ! vacc9ations 9 #ahig are ,pati5ts treat$ #aeai ,dea?s #f ,mortality p] c5t4 #j4ci ,9 ! foll[+ table ^! figures are comp>$ ) ^? ( prec$+ ye>s3-- ------------------------------------- ,ye>4 ,pati5ts ,dea?s4 ,mortality treat$4 p] c5t4 ------------------------------------- #ahhf #bfga #be #j4id #ahhg #aggj #ad #j4gi #ahhh #afbb #i #j4ee #ahhi #ahcj #g #j4ch #ahij #aedj #e #j4cb #ahia #aeei #d #j4be #ahib #agij #d #j4bb #ahic #afdh #f #j4cf #ahid #achg #g #j4ej #ahie #aebj #e #j4cc #ahif #acjh #d #j4cj #ahig #aeba #f #j4ci ------------------------------------- ,,ii ,pati5ts treat$ at ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute are divid$ into ?ree classes1 z foll[s3-- ,a4 ,! rabies ( ! animal 0 prov$ by exp]im5t1 by ! developm5t ( rabies 9 animals inoculat$ ) its bulb 7! upp] end ( ! sp9al cord74#be #be ,x is satisfactory to "k t rabbits affect$ ) rabies d n suff] 9 ! same way z dogs & "s o!r animals1 b become subject to a pa9less k9d ( p>alysis4 ,b4 ,! rabies ( ! animal 0 prov$ by vet]9>y exam9ation 7dissection ( its body74 ,c4 ,! animal 0 suspect$ ( rabies4 ,we give "h ! pati5ts treat$ 9 #ahig1 "u ^! ?ree classes3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,bites ,,( ,,! ,,bites ,,on ,,! ,,bites ,,( ,,! ,,total4 ,,head4 ,,h&s4 ,,limbs4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,p ,m p ,p ,m p ,p ,m p ,p ,m p a ,d o e a ,d o e a ,d o e a ,d o e t e r r t e r r t e r r t e r r i a t i a t i a t i a t e t a c e t a c e t a c e t a c n h l e n h l e n h l e n h l e t s i n t s i n t s i n t s i n s 4 t t s 4 t t s 4 t t s 4 t t 4 y 4 4 y 4 4 y 4 4 y 4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,a #ae #j #j #ha #j #j #df #a #b4a #adb #a #j4g ,b #ajf #j #j #eci #d #j4gd #bgc #a #j4d #iah #e #j4fe ,c #cj #j #j #bdd #j #j #ahg #j #j #dfa #j #j ---------------------------------------- -------------- #aea #j #j #hfd #d #j4df #ejf #b #j4d #aeba #f #j4ci ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,! foll[+ tables1 giv+ ! results obta9$ s9ce ! vacc9ations 7 fir/ us$1 %[ t ! gravity ( ! bites v>ies ) _! position on ! body1 & t ! mortality is always bel[ #a p] c5t4 among pati5ts bitt5 by dogs und\bt$ly rabid3-- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,pati5ts4,dea?s4,mortality4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,bites ( ! ,head #a1gei #ba #a4a ,bites ( ! ,h&s #aa1aah #ec #j4dg ,bites ( ! ,limbs #g1bhi #bb #j4cj ---------------------------------------- ----- #bj1aff #if #j4df ---------------------------------------- ----- ----------------------------- ,pati5ts4,dea?s4,mortality4 ----------------------------- ,a #b1hgb #bj #j4fi ,b #ab1edg #fa #j4dh ,c #d1gdg #ae #j4ca ----------------------------- #bj1aff #if #j4df ----------------------------- ,,iii ,9 reg>d to _! nationality1 ! #aeba pati5ts treat$ at ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute 9 #ahig 7 z foll[s3-- ,g]many #h ,engl& #hc ,belgium #ad ,egypt #b ,unit$ ,/ates #a ,greece #a ,india #cc ,switz]l& #cc ,t is1 #age =eign]s & #acdf ,fr5*4 ,,iv ,notes ( ! eight cases :]e ! treatm5t fail$3-- #a4 ,camille ,b\rg1 #bf4 ,bitt5 #aa? ,april2 treat$ at ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute1 #ac? to #cj? ,april2 di$ ( rabies at ! ,l>iboisire ,hospital1 #bf? ,may4 ,six p5etrat+ bites on ! ball ( ! left ?umb4 ,! dog 0 exam9$ by ,m4 ,gr5ot1 a vet]9>y surgeon at ,p>is1 & ! dissection gave evid5ce ( rabies4 ,ano!r p]son bitt5 & treat$ at ! same "t z ,b\rg is n[ 9 good heal?4 #b4 ,l\is ,fiquet1 #bc4 ,bitt5 #bbnd ,april2 treat$ at ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute1 #bcrd ,april to #aj? ,may2 di$ ( rabies at ! ,neck] ,hospital1 #d? ,june4 ,five bites1 two ( !m deep1 r\nd ! "r ?umb4 ,!y _h be5 caut]is$ five h\rs aft] infliction4 ,! dog 0 exam9$ by ,m4 ,causs1 a vet]9>y surgeon at ,b\logne1 & ! dissection gave evid5ce ( rabies4 ,ano!r p]son bitt5 at ! same "t z ,fiquet is n[ 9 good heal?4 #c4 ,annette ,beau=t1 #ai4 ,lick$ on ! h&s1 :i* 7 *app$1 on #ae? ,april4 ,! dog 0 kill$ next day1 exam9$1 & decl>$ to h be5 rabid by ,m4 ,la*mann1 a vet]9>y surgeon at ,sa9t-ti5ne4 ,treat$ at ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute1 #bj? ,april to #g? ,may4 ,di$ ( rabies #ad? ,octob]4 ,two o!r p]sons bitt5 by ! same dog & treat$ at ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute are n[ 9 good heal?4 #d4 ,juli5 ,h5iquet1 #ec4 ,bitt5 #aa? ,m>*1 by a dog t ,m4 ,j5vresse1 vet]9>y surgeon at ,beaumont-sur-,oise1 decl>$ aft] dissection to h be5 rabid4 ,"o bite _h torn ! l[] lip1 ! w\nd _h be5 sutur$2 ?ree o!r w\nds on ! nose4 ,! w\nds _h n be5 caut]is$4 ,treat$ at ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute1 #ah? ,may to #e? ,june4 ,fir/ symptoms ( rabies %[$ !mselves #d? ,june1 be=e ! treatm5t 0 f9i%$2 di$ #g? ,june4 ,z ! disease _h its onset dur+ ! c\rse ( ! inoculations1 ?is case %\ld be exclud$ f ! numb] ( ^? :o di$ ( rabies aft] treatm5t4 #e4 ,g]ma9 ,segond1 #g4 ,p5etrat+ bite on ! b>e "r =e-arm1 #bcrd ,may4 ,caut]is$ an h\r lat] ) a r$-hot iron4 ,treat$ #bf? ,may to #i? ,june2 di$ ( rabies #bbnd ,july4 ,! dog's bulb _h be5 s5t to ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute4 ,a gu9ea-pig inoculat$ 9 ! eye #bf? ,may 0 seiz$ ) rabies #aj? ,septemb]4 #f4 ,suzanne ,ri*>d1 #h4 ,bitt5 #ab? ,june on ! left leg by a dog1 f\nd on dissection to h be5 rabid by ,m4 ,t\ret1 vet]9>y surgeon at ,sannois4 ,! bite1 p5etrat+ #c cm4 long1 _h be5 sutur$2 x _h be5 made ?r\gh a cotton /ock+1 & _h be5 caut]is$ 9 half-an-h\r4 ,treat$ #ac? to #cj? ,june2 di$ ( rabies #bnd ,augu/4 7,notes f ,m4 le ,dr4 ,m>gny1 at ,sannois47 #g4 ,joseph ,vaudale1 #cc4 ,bitt5 on ! left h&1 #h? ,augu/4 ,six p5etrat+ bites on ! back ( ! h&2 _h n be5 caut]is$4 ,! dog 0 decl>$ rabid by ,m4 ,v]ra]t1 vet]9>y surgeon at ,o/5d4 ,treat$ at ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute1 #aa? to #bh? ,augu/2 di$ ( rabies #bg? ,septemb]4 #h4 ,paul ,mor91 #ch4 ,bitt5 #bd? ,augu/ on ! left *eek1 a s+le bite1 #b cm4 long2 no caut]isation4 ,! dog 0 s5t to ! ,al=t ,s*ool1 #be? ,augu/1 & f\nd to be rabid4 ,treat$ at ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute1 #bf? ,augu/ to #ae? ,septemb]4 ,di$ ( rabies "s days aft] ! end ( treatm5t 7?ree weeks aft] ! bite1 says a note s5t to u74 ,! int]val betwe5 ! end ( ! treatm5t & ! onset ( ! disease be+ less ?an f\rte5 days1 ,mor9 mu/ n be c\nt$ 9 ! numb] ( pati5ts inoculat$ "u conditions :i* p]mit successful inoculation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h>dly ne$ foll[ ! "w ( ! rema9+ ye>s4 ,! figures are z foll[s3-- ------------------------------------- ,ye>4 ,pati5ts ,dea?s4 ,mortality treat$4 p] c5t4 ------------------------------------- #ahih #adfe #c #j4b #ahii #afad #d #j4be #aijj #adbj #d #j4bh #aija #acah #e #j4ch #aijb #aaje #b #j4ah #aijc #fbh #b #j4cb #aijd #gee #c #j4ci ------------------------------------- ,! fall+ (f 9 ! numb] ( pati5ts at ! ,p>is ,in/itute is relat$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( simil> ,in/itutes at ,lyon1 ,m>seilles1 ,bordeaux1 ,lille1 & ,montpelli]4 ,b is x n possible t a pati5t1 aft] treatm5t at ! ,p>is ,in/itute1 %\ld die at home ( rabies1 & 8 dea? n be notifi$ to ! ,in/itute8 ,! answ] is1 t ! ,in/itute is v c>eful1 s f> z possible1 to keep 9 t\* ) its old pati5ts4 ,= in/ance1 9 #aijc1 x record$ ! case ( a c>p5t] 9 a ,wel% village1 :o _h di$ ( rabies ne>ly two ye>s aft] treatm5t4 ,&1 ( c\rse1 an ,in/itute pati5t1 :]ev] he 01 w\ld be ( int]e/ to 8 neighb\rs3 & a dea? f rabies w\ld excite att5tion1 & w\ld h>dly fail to be report$4 ,x is n impossible t "s sort ( int5sive modification ( ,pa/eur's treatm5t may be f\nd1 n = ! prev5tion1 b = ! cure ( hydrophobia2 & two successful cases ( ?is k9d h be5 report$ 9 ! ,annales ( ! ,p>is ,in/itute4 ,ap>t f ?is fa9t hope1 ! cure ( hydrophobia is :]e x 0 9 ! days ( ! ,tonqu9 m$ic9e & ! ,tanjore pills4 ,,vii ,,*ol]a ,! /udy ( *ol]a 0 ! h>de/ ( all ! h>d lab\rs ( bact]iology2 x took ye>s ( "w 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 & ! difficulty & disappo9tm5ts ov] x are pa/ all tell+4 ,ko*'s discov]y ( ! comma-bacillus 7#ahhc7 rais$ a ?\s& que/ions t 7 solv$ only by inf9ite pati5ce1 int]national unity = sci5ce1 & incessant rese>*2 & ! ,hamburg epidemic 7#ahib7 m>ks ! "t :5 ! comma-bacillus 0 at la/ recognis$ z ! cause ( *ol]a4 ,a m]e li/ ( ! m5 :o did ! "w w\ld fill page aft] page2 x 0 bact]iology 9 excelsis1 (t5 dang]\s1#bf & always labori\s4 #bf ,9 ord] to prove t ?is vibrio is ! cause ( ,asiatic *ol]a1 sev]al te/s ^u !mselves h be5 volunt>ily made by inve/igators 9 laboratories4 ,^! 7 c>ri$ out 9 ,muni* & 9 ,p>is4 ,! results to ! exp]im5t]s 7 suffici5tly sev]e to indicate positively ! pa?og5ic "* ( ! spirillum1 & its capacity to produce *ol]a-l infections4 ,su* exp]im5tation is1 ( c\rse1 to be deprecat$2 inde$1 ! occurr5ce ( accid5tal laboratory infections1 "o ( :i* end$ fatally1 furni%$ ! necess>y f9al pro( ( ! specificity ( ! *ol]a vibrio1 & r5d]$ unnecess>y any exposure to ! risks belong+ to volunt>y inoculation4 7,dr4 ,flexn]1 ,/$man's ,tw5tie? ,c5tury ,practice1 vol4 xix41 #aijj47 ,!re is ! same h]oic note 9 ! /ory ( ! prev5tive treatm5t ( *ol]a by ,haffk9e's me?od2 "o ( ! m5 9 :om ,pa/eur seems to live aga94 ,he began 9 #ahhi1 "u ,pa/eur's guidance1 to /udy ! immunisation ( animals aga9/ ! *ol]a-bacillus4 ,o!r m51 ( c\rse1 7 work+ on ! same l9es--,pfeiff]1 ,brieg]1 ,met*nik(f1 ,fis*]1 ,gamalea1 ,kle91 ,wass]mann1 & _m m--& by #ahib ! immunisation ( animals 0 prov$ up to ! hilt4 ,!n came ! advance f animals to m51 f laboratories to ,indian cities1 villages1 & cantonm5ts2 & "h ! hon\r is ,haffk9e's1 & 8 alone4 ,f]ran's inoculations 7,spa91 #ahhe7 _h fail$4 ,haffk9e1 hav+ te/$ 8 me?od on himself & 8 fri5ds1 w5t to ,india1 ) a comm5datory lett] f ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t3-- ,rese>*es on *ol]a1 ) special ref]5ce to inoculation1 7 und]tak5 & c>ri$ on 9 my laboratory1 9 ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute 9 ,p>is1 betwe5 #ahhi & #ahic4 ,! exp]im5ts result$ 9 ! elaboration ( ! pres5t me?od1 :i* :5 tri$ on animals 0 f\nd to r5d] !m resi/ant aga9/ e =m ( *ol]a-poison+ o!rwise fatal to !m4 ,! physiological & pa?ological effect on man 0 !n /udi$ on "s sixty p]sons1 mo/ly m$ical & sci5tific m5 int]e/$ 9 ! solution ( ! problem4 ,! effect 0 f\nd to be h>mless to heal?4 ,! next /ep 0 to transf] ! op]ations to ! ,ea/4 7,haffk9e's ,report to ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india1 #ahie47 ,he rea*$ ,calcutta 9 ,m>* #ahic1 & at ! reque/ ( ,mr4 ,hank9#bg 0 invit$ to ,agra2 "h1 9 ,april1 he vacc9at$ ov] #ijj p]sons1 includ+ _m ,engli% (fic]s4 ,f ,agra to ,alig>h2 & f ,alig>h he 0 ask$ to m places ?an he c\ld visit4 ,9 #ahie 8 heal? fail$1 & no wond]2 & he came back to ,europe = a %ort "t3-- ,my actual "w 9 ,india la/$ tw5ty-n9e mon?s1 betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( ,april #ahic & ! end ( ,july #ahie4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! anti-*ol]a vacc9ation has be5 appli$ to #bid ,briti% (fic]s1 #cbjf ,briti% soldi]s1 #ffbi native soldi]s1 #hfi civil ,europeans1 #abe ,eurasians1 & #ca1jef natives ( ,india4 ,! inoculat$ p belong$ to #ih localities 9 ! ,nor?-,we/ ,prov9ces & ,oudh1 9 ! ,punjab1 9 ,l[] ,b5gal & ,beh>1 9 ! ,brahmaputra ,valley1 & 9 ,l[] ,assam4 ,no (ficial pressure has be5 br\ght on ! population1 & only ^? h be5 vacc9at$ :o c\ld be induc$ to d s by free p]suasion4 ,9 e locality1 ef=ts 7 made to apply ! op]ation on p>ts ( l>ge bodies ( p liv+ toge!r "u id5tical conditions1 9 ord] to comp>e _! resi/ance 9 outbreaks ( *ol]a ) t ( non-inoculat$ p belong+ to ! same unit ( population4 ,?is object has be5 obta9$ 9 #fd ,briti% & native regim5ts1 9 #i gaols1 9 #de tea-e/ates1 9 ! fix$ agricultural population ( ! villages p>allel to ,h>dwr pilgrim road1 9 ! bu/ees ( ,calcutta1 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( bo>d+-s*ools1 :]e ! p>5ts agre$ to ! inoculation ( _! *ildr51 9 orphanages1 etc4 ,! va/ majority ( inoculat$ p liv$ ?us "u direct obs]vation ( ! sanit>y & m$ical au?orities ( ,india4 7,haffk9e1 ,lecture 9 ,london4 ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 #ba/ ,dec4 #ahie47 #bg ,mr4 ,hank91 ^: "n is _h 9 remembrance by ,cambridge m51 is ,*emical ,exam9] & ,bact]iologi/ to ! ,nor?-,we/ ,prov9ces & ,oudh1 & to ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,altoge!r1 upw>ds ( #gj1jjj injections on #db1agi p--)\t hav+ to record a s+le in/ance ( mi%ap or accid5t ( any description produc$ by our vacc9es4 ,consid] ! colossal difficulties ( ?is new treatm5t3 ! frequ5t runn+ %ort ( ! vacc9e1 prev5t+ a second injection2 ! absolute necessity1 at fir/1 ( us+ v small doses ( a weak vacc9e1 le/ "o disa/] %\ld occur2 ! impossibility ( avoid+1 n[ & aga91 "s loss ( /r5g? 9 ! vacc9e2 ! impossibility ( kn[+ h[ long ! protection w\ld la/4 ,surely 9 all sci5ce !re is no?+ to beat ?is fir/ voyage ( adv5ture s+le-h&$ to fight ! *ol]a 9 ,india4 ,lat] ?an ,haffk9e's #ahie report1 we h ,dr4 ,simpson's #ahif report3 ,two ,ye>s ( ,anti-*ol]aic ,inoculations 9 ,calcutta4 ,w4 ,j4 ,simpson1 ,m4,d41 ,m4,r4,c4,p41 ,d4,p4,h41 ,heal? ,(fic]1 ,calcutta4 ,! date ( ?is report is #h? ,july #ahif2 & x gives n only ! ,calcutta results1 b all t are ( any use = exact judgm5t3#bh-- ,! results ( ,calcutta are fully confirm$ by ^? obta9$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ,india1 :]ev] x 0 possible to make all ! necess>y obs]vations ) precision1 & :]ev] ! cases 7 suffici5tly num]\s to %[ ! effect ( ! inoculation4 ,outside ,calcutta1 s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! inoculations 9 ,india 9 ,april #ahic1 opportunities = an exact comp>ison ( ! respective p[]s ( resi/ance aga9/ *ol]a ( inoculat$ & non-inoculat$ p]sons pres5t$ !mselves2 7#a7 9 ,luckn[1 9 ! ,ea/ ,lanca%ire ,regim5t2 7#b7 9 ,gaya1 9 ! jail2 7#c7 9 ,ca*>1 among ! tea-g>d5 coolies2 7#d7 9 ,m>gh]ita1 among coolies ( ! ,assam-,burmah ,railway ,survey2 7#e7 9 ,durbhanga1 9 ! jail2 7#f7 9 ! coolie camp at ,bilaspur2 7#g7 9 ,s]ampur1 among ! g5]al population4 #bh ,= a summ>y ( ?is report1 see ! ,lancet1 #h? ,augu/ #ahif4 ,= m rec5t results1 see ,surgeon-,capta9 ,vaughan & ,assi/ant-,surgeon ,muk]ji1 9 ! ?irtie? annual report ( ! ,sanit>y ,commission] = ,b5gal 7#ahig74 ,also ! note publi%$ by ,surgeon-,capta9 ,nott1 9 ! ,indian ,m$ical ,gazette1 ,may #ahih4 ,"h1 !n1 9 ?is #ahif report1 are all ! results t give an answ] to ! "q1 ,:at w happ5 :5 *ol]a breaks out among a numb] ( p liv+ "u ! same conditions1 ( :om "s h receiv$ prev5tive treatm5t1 & ! re/ h be5 left to ,nature8 ,i4 ,calcutta 7#ahid-ahif7 ,! numb] ( p inoculat$ dur+ ! p]iod "u review 0 #gfij2 ( ^!1 #ehec are ,h9dus1 #adgf ,mahom$ans1 & #cfa o!r classes4444 ,consid]+ t ! sy/em is a new "o1 t ! inoculations are purely volunt>y1 & ev]y?+ connect$ ) !m has to be expla9$ be=e ! confid5ce ( ! p c be obta9$1 & consid]+ h[ long new ideas are 9 tak+ root among ! g5]al population--& 9 ?is case x is n m]ely ! acceptance ( an idea1 b su* fai? 9 x z to cons5t to submit to an op]ation--! numb] is c]ta9ly satisfactory = a beg9n+4 ,! pres5t problem c be comp>$ ) ! introduction ( vacc9ation aga9/ smallpox into ,calcutta4 ,x took #be ye>s be=e ! numb] ( vacc9ations rea*$ an av]age ( #bjjj2 :]eas ! inoculations aga9/ *ol]a h 9 two ye>s ne>ly d\bl$ t av]age4 ,?is is a pro( t1 9 spite ( ! difficulties :i* e new movem5t naturally has to meet )1 !re are l>ge numb]s ( p anxi\s to avail !mselves ( ! protective effect ( ! inoculations4 ,al?\gh all sorts & conditions ( individuals1 weak & /rong1 sickly & heal?y1 "y & old1 well n\ri%$ & badly n\ri%$1 & (t5 p]sons suff]+ f *ronic diseases1 h be5 inoculat$1 9 e in/ance1 )\t exception1 ! inoculations h prov$ p]fectly h>mless4 ,! inve/igations on ! effect ( ! inoculation are made exclusively 9 ^? h\ses 9 :i* *ol]a has actually occurr$1 ! object be+ to asc]ta9 & comp>e ! incid5ce ( *ol]a on ! inoculat$ & n inoculat$ 9 ^? h\ses 9 :i* inoculations _h be5 previ\sly c>ri$ out4 ,= ?is purpose1 affect$ h\ses 9 :i* inoculations h n be5 p]=m$1 & inoculat$ h\ses 9 :i* *ol]a has n appe>$1 are exclud$4 ,nature gave a demon/ration 9 #gg h\ses4 ,9 "o h\se1 & "o only1 all ! h\sehold _h be5 inoculat$2 9 #gf1 inoculat$ & non-inoculat$ 7 liv+ toge!r2 b ( ^! #gf h\ses1 #f are exclud$ f ! table ( results1 because ! inoculat$ 9 !m 7 s few--less ?an "o-t5? ( ! h\sehold--t _! escape f *ol]a might be call$ *ance4 ,! *ol]a came1 & left beh9d x ?is fact3-- #fed un9oculat$ individuals _h #ga dea?s #aj4hf p] c5t4 #djb inoculat$ 9 ! same h\seholds _h #ab dea?s #b4ii p] c5t4 ,if we add ! #f h\ses :i* ,dr4 ,simpson excludes1 we f9d t 9 #gg h\ses !re 7 #hi dea?s f *ol]a1 #gg be+ among ! un9oculat$ & #ab among ! inoculat$4 ,moreov]1 ( ^! #ab dea?s1 #e occurr$ dur+ ! fir/ five days aft] inoculation--t is to say1 dur+ ! p]iod 9 :i* ! protective influ5ce ( ! vacc9e 0 /ill incomplete4 ,!n came a p]iod ( m ?an a ye>1 dur+ :i* ! un9oculat$ _h #db dea?s1 & ! inoculat$ _h "o dea?4 ,! rema9+ #f ( ! #ab dea?s occurr$ m ?an a ye> aft] inoculation1 & #e ( ^! #f _h receiv$ only "o inoculation ( ! weak vacc9e t 0 us$ e>ly 9 #ahid4 ,take a good in/ance t came at ! v beg9n+ ( ! "w3-- ,a local epidemic took place ar\nd two tanks 9 ,kattal ,began bu/ee1 w>d #ai1 occupi$ by ab\t #bjj p4 ,9 ?is bu/ee1 ab\t ! end ( ,m>*1 #b fatal cases ( *ol]a & #b cases ( *ol]aic di>rhoea occurr$4 ,! outbreak l$ to ! inoculation ( #aaf p]sons 9 ! bu/ee out ( ! #bjj4 ,s9ce !n1 #i cases ( *ol]a1 ( :i* #g 7 fatal1 & #a case ( *ol]aic di>rhoea h appe>$ 9 ! bu/ee1 & x is a v extraord9>y fact t all ^! #aj cases ( *ol]a h occurr$ exclusively among ! un9oculat$ portion ( ! inhabitants1 :i*1 z /at$1 =ms ! m9ority 9 ! bu/ee2 :ile none ( ! inoculat$ h be5 affect$4 7,*ol]a 9 ,calcutta 9 #ahid4 ,w4 ,j4 ,simpson47 #b4 ,luckn[ 7#ahic7 ,! /ory ( ! outbreak ( *ol]a 9 ! ,ea/ ,lanca%ire ,regim5t mu/ be read c>efully3-- ,rum\r magnifi$ ! ev5ts connect$ ) ?is outbreak1 & di/ort$ ! facts connect$ ) ! inoculations2 & z a result1 ! curr5t ( public op9ion1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 9 fav\r ( inoculation1 set 9 /rongly 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! advocates ( anti-*ol]aic inoculations 7 abus$ 9 no p>ticul>ly measur$ t]ms1 & ! inoculations 7 held up to be ! s\rce ( e possible evil & dang] 444 ( ! mo/ loa?some diseases1 & ( e ill :i* man is heir to4 ,! di/ru/ eng5d]$ by ^! misrepres5tations & fulm9ations 01 h[ev]1 only ( a tempor>y nature2 & :5 ! exact circum/ances came to be kn[n & und]/ood1 ! confid5ce creat$ by ! ,calcutta exp]i5ce began to be consid]ably re/or$4 ,inoculations 7 p]=m$ 9 ,may #ahic1 9 ! ,ea/ ,lanca%ire1 ,royal ,iri%1 #af? ,lanc]s1 #g? ,b5gal ,infantry1 #g? ,b5gal ,cavalry1 & g5]al populations 9 ! ,civil ,l9es4 ,9 #ahid1 *ol]a appe>$ among ! native population ( ,luckn[1 9 ! =m ( an epidemic di/+ui%$ by its extreme virul5ce1 pati5ts succumb+ 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs4 ,x is /at$ t ! epidemic 0 ( a mo/ malignant type4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ,july x ent]$ ! cantonm5ts1 & attack$ ! ,ea/ ,lanca%ire1 almo/ exclusively conf9+ its ravages to t regim5t4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ,lanca%ire1 #ahe m5 7 inoculat$ 9 ,may #ahic4 ,f ! /ati/ical returns obta9$ f ! milit>y au?orities at ,luckn[1 x appe>s t at ! "t ( ! outbreak1 9 ,july #ahid1 ! /r5g? ( ! m51 includ+ ^? 9 hospital1 0 #ggc2 & ( ^!1 #acc _h be5 inoculat$1 z record$ 9 ! inoculation regi/]1 & #fdj _h n be5 inoculat$4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! total numb] ( attacks & dea?s 9 n inoculat$ & inoculat$3-- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,attacks4 ,dea?s4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,non-inoculat$1 #fdj #abj #ah4ge #gi #ab4cd ,inoculat$1 #acc #ah #ac4ec #ac #i4g ---------------------------------------- ------ ,! m5 7 mov$ into camp2 b ?is movem5t seem$ only to make ?+s worse3 ! epidemic 9 ! camp appe>s to h be5 twice z sev]e z 9 ! cantonm5t4#bi #bi ,! mov+ into camp1 not)/&+ ?is example1 is all ! same an excell5t measure ( def5ce1 & w\ld ) reason be adopt$ 9 e outbreak4 7,simpson1 loc4 cit47 ,luckn[ came s e>ly 9 ! "w ( inoculation1 t weak vacc9es 7 us$ 9 small doses4 ,! *ol]a1 :5 x broke out1 0 ( a mo/ malignant type1 s5ior m$ical (fic]s ( long exp]i5ce 9 ! c\ntry /at+ t su* a virul5t *ol]a _h n be5 se5 by !m = v _m ye>s pa/4 ,m ?an a ye> _h elaps$ betwe5 ! inoculations & ! outbreak ( ! *ol]a4 ,x is no wond] t ! regim5t 0 n well protect$3-- ,! small am\nt ( protection :i* ! inoculations af=d$ 9 ?is case may h dep5d$ on ! mild effects :i* ! injections produc$ on ! m5 at ! "t ( ! op]ation 9 #ahic1 9 comp>ison ) ! sev]ity ( ! epidemic :i* attack$ ! regim5t4 ,x is record$ 9 ! ,luckn[ ,inoculation ,regi/]s t only 9 two m51 out ( ! #ahe inoculat$ 9 #ahic1 a m>k$ febrile reaction 0 obta9$2 9 #gg individuals ! vacc9al fev] 0 only slight1 :ile 9 #ff !re 0 no reaction3 an effect :i* 0 due to ! weakness ( ! vacc9es procurable at t p]iod ( "w1 & to ! small doses us$4 ,! influ5ce ( ! vacc9es 0 possibly fur!r r$uc$1 at ! "t ( ! epidemic1 by a lapse ( f\rte5 to fifte5 mon?s4 7,haffk9e1 #ahie ,report47 #c4 ,gaya ,jail ,on #i? ,july #ahid1 an outbreak ( *ol]a occurr$ 9 ! ,gaya jail1 & by #ah? ,june !re _h be5 #f cases & #e dea?s4 ,on t day & ! next day1 #bae prison]s 7 inoculat$4 ,! av]age numb] ( ! prison]s dur+ ! outbreak 0 #bjg inoculat$1 & #bjb n inoculat$4 ,surgeon-,major ,macrae1 sup]9t5d5t ( ! jail1 reports3-- ,! inoculations be+ purely volunt>y1 no selection ( prison]s 0 possible1 b all classes ( ! jail 7 repres5t$--male & female1 old & "y1 habituals & less frequ5t (f5d]s1 /rong & weakly1 convalesc5t & ev5 hospital pati5ts s5t _! repres5tatives2 no diff]5ce ( any k9d 0 made betwe5 inoculat$ & non-inoculat$2 !y 7 "u absolutely id5tical conditions z reg>ds food1 wat]1 accommodation1 etc41 9 fact 9 e possible respect4 ,( c\rse1 ! be/ results c\ld h>dly be obta9$1 because ! *ol]a 0 already at "w3 x took ab\t t5 days = ! #ahid vacc9e to produce its full effect2 & two inoculations 7 g5]ally made1 "o five days aft] ! o!r4 ,?is gradual action ( ! vacc9e is well %[n 9 ,dr4 ,simpson's table3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,non-,,inoculat$1 ,,inoculat$1 #bjb4 #bjg4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,cases4 ,dea?s4 ,cases4 ,dea?s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,dur+ #e days aft] #a/ #g #e #e #d inoculation ,dur+ #c days aft] #bnd #e #c #c #a inoculation ,aft] #c days aft] #bnd #h #b #j #j inoculation ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,haffk9e's comm5t on ^! figures mu/ be not$ "h3-- ,9 ! ,gaya jail1 ! inoculations 7 = ! fir/ "t appli$ 9 a preval5t epidemic1 & v weak doses ( a relatively weak vacc9e 7 us$4444 ,f> high] results h be5 obta9$ by an application ( /rong] doses4 ,9 ! bu/ees situat$ r\nd ! tanks 9 ,calcutta1 :]e *ol]a exi/s 9 a p]man5t /ate1 ! disease occurr$ 9 #cf h\ses ) inoculat$ p4 ,9 ea* ( ^! h\ses !re 0 "o "p ( ! family inoculat$ & ano!r n4 ,! obs]vations 7 cont9u$ = #dei days1 ) ! foll[+ results3-- ,dur+ ! fir/ p]iod ( #e days1 subsequ5t to ! inoculation ) fir/ vacc9e1 *ol]a occurr$ 9 #h h\ses4 #ge non-inoculat$ _h #e cases1 ) #c dea?s4 #eb inoculat$ _h #c cases1 ) #c dea?s4 ,dur+ ! second p]iod ( #e days1 subsequ5t to ! second inoculation1 *ol]a occurr$ 9 #b h\ses4 #h non-inoculat$ _h #b cases1 ) #b dea?s4 #ag inoculat$ _h no cases4 ,aft] ! #aj days necess>y = ! prev5tive treatm5t _h expir$1 & up to ! #dei? day1 ! disease visit$ #bf h\ses4 #bfc non-inoculat$ _h #ch cases1 ) #cd dea?s4 #acg inoculat$ _h #a case1 ) #a dea?1 9 a *ild t _h n be5 br\ght up = ! second inoculation4 #d4 ,assam-,burmah ,railway ,= a good in/ance ( lives sav$ ev5 dur+ an outbreak1 take ! ,assam-,burmah ,railway coolies3-- ,?ree hundr$ & fifty#cj ,khassia ,hill coolies _h be5 collect$ = ! survey p>ty ( ! ,assam-,burmah ,railway1 & put "u ! escort ( a deta*m5t ( ,goorkhas1 :5 *ol]a broke out among/ !m4 ,! l>ge/ "p ( ! coolies imm$iately submitt$ to ! prev5tive inoculation1 ! re/ rema9$ un9oculat$4 ,! result 0 t among ! n-inoculat$ m9ority !re 7 #cd cases1 ) #cj dea?s2 :]eas ! inoculat$ _h #d fatal cases4 7,haffk9e1 #ahie1 ,lecture 9 ,london47 #cj ,! exact numb] is #cee1 ( :om #aif 7 inoculat$2 ! coolies numb]$ #cdc1 & ! ,goorkhas #ab4 7,see ,dr4 ,simpson's #ahif ,report47 #e4 ,durbhanga ,jail 7#ahif7 ,! figures 9 ?is in/ance are small3 b ,surgeon-,capta9 ,e4 ,h>old ,br[n's report is v pleasant read+4 ,*ol]a broke out 9 ! jail on #ca/ ,m>* #ahif1 & by #i? ,april !re _h be5 #h cases4 ,next day1 #agb prison]s 7 mov$ into camp #ab miles away2 & #ec 7 left beh9d1 ! sick 9 ! jail hospital1 ! pati5ts 9 ! *ol]a huts1 ) _! att5dants1 ! old & infirm1 & a few cooks & sweep]s4 ,t day1 #c cases occurr$ 9 ! camp1 & #a 9 ! jail2 & on ! #aa?1 at #b & #d ,a4,m41 #b m cases 7 report$ 9 camp4 ,at #g4cj ,a4,m41 ,haffk9e & ,dr4 ,gre5 came to ! camp3-- ,! prison]s 7 spok5 to on ! subject1 & seem$ to be pleas$ ) ! idea1 ! ^w tika 7inoculation71 :i* 0 famili> to !m f its association ) smallpox1 appe>+ to appeal to !m4 ,!y 7 accord+ly arrang$ 9 f\r r[s fac+ ! t5t1 9 front ( :i* ,dr4 ,haffk9e 0 ab\t to comm5ce op]ations4 ,i 0 ! fir/ subject to be inoculat$2 & aft] me ! jailor1 assi/ant jailor1 hospital assi/ant1 & ?ree w>d]s4 ,! fir/ prison] 9 ! front rank 0 next br\ght up & submitt$ *e]fully2 aft] :i*1 e alt]nate man 0 tak51 s t no selection ( cases 0 made1 until "o-half ( ! total numb] 7 inoculat$4 ,^? :o _h n be5 inoculat$ 7 f> f pleas$ at hav+ be5 pass$ ov]2 &1 to our surprise1 !y rose almo/ to a man1 & begg$ to be inoculat$2 nor 7 !y satisfi$ :5 told t ! m$ic9e 0 exhau/$4 ,! dose adm9i/]$ on ?is occasion 7#aa? ,april #ahif7 0 /rong] ?an ! ,gaya jail dose 7#ah? ,july #ahid73 x act$ 9 a few h\rs1 & ! reaction 0 well m>k$4 ,!re 7 fre% cases ( *ol]a t day at #ab 7noon71 #f1 #g1 & #g4cj ,p4,m41 & at midnight1 all 9 ^? :o _h n be5 inoculat$1 & all t]m9at+ fatally1 despite ! greate/ c>e & ! mo/ prompt & assidu\s treatm5t4 ,on ! #ab? two fur!r cases occurr$1 bo? among ! un9oculat$1 & bo? di$2 !re be+ ?us eight cases 9 succession1 all f ! m5 :o 7 n inoculat$1 & all prov+ fatal4 ,! inoculations 7 made at #g4cj ,a4,m4 ,surgeon-,capta9 ,br[n _h pa9 )9 half-an-h\r1 & fev] 9 ?ree h\rs1 ) temp]ature #ajd1 b ?is 0 probably due to ! fact t ,i 0 n able to re/4 ,! prison]s1 ( c\rse1 w5t to b$3 !y all react$ be=e #d ,p4,m41 b did n h s mu* tr\ble ov] x4 ,! la/ case 0 on ! #ae?4 ,! outbreak 0 a bad type ( *ol]a2 out ( #cj cases #bd di$1 "s ( !m 9 #a-a_/b to #d h\rs4 ,to summ>ise ! comb9$ results ( ! camp & ! jail1 we f9d t ( a daily av]age ( #ii non-inoculat$ !re 7 #aa cases1 all fatal #aa4aa p] c5t42 ( #aaj inoculat$ !re 7 #e cases1 ) #c dea?s #b4gc p] c5t4 #f4 ,bilaspur & ,s]ampur ,"h aga9 ! figures are small1 b wor? not+4 ,9 a coolie camp at ,bilaspur 7,c5tral ,prov9ces7 #ajj non-inoculat$ _h #e dea?s1 & #aej inoculat$ _h #a dea?4 ,9 ,s]ampur1 among ! g5]al population1 #ea non-inoculat$ _h #e cases & #c dea?s1 & #db inoculat$ _h #b cases & #a dea?4 #g4 ,! ,ca*> ,tea-,g>d5s 7#ahie7 ,?is s]ies ( inoculations 0 begun 9 ,febru>y #ahie1 = ! protection ( ! coolies on v>i\s tea-e/ates4 ,! results are excell5t1 & deal ) l>ge numb]s4#ca ,! late/ report f ,dr4 ,ar?ur ,p[ell1 ! ,m$ical ,(fic]1 is quot$ 9 ,dr4 ,simpson's #ahif report3-- ,at ,kala9-- #ajgi n inoculat$ _h #ej cases1 ) #cj dea?s4 #abej inoculat$--#c cases1 ) #b dea?s4#cb ,at ,kala9*]ra-- #fhe n inoculat$ _h #aj cases1 ) #g dea?s4 #aee inoculat$--no cases4 ,at ,degubb]-- #bed n inoculat$ _h #ab cases1 ) #aj dea?s4 #djg inoculat$--#e cases1 all recov]$4 ,at ,duna-- #aba n inoculat$ _h #d cases1 ) #b dea?s4 #bi inoculat$--no cases4 ,at ,s&ura-- #ded n inoculat$ _h #b cases1 ) #a dea?4 #ea inoculat$--#b cases1 ) #a dea?4 ,at ,k>kuri-- #aih n inoculat$ _h #ae cases1 ) #i dea?s4 #ddc inoculat$--#c cases1 ) #a dea?4 ,at ,craig ,p>k-- #ahe n inoculat$ _h #a fatal case4 #df inoculat$--no cases4 ,,total4 ,n inoculat$1 #bigf1 ) #id cases & #fj dea?s4 ,inoculat$1 #bcha1 ) #ac cases & #d dea?s4 #ca ,z a field = te/+ ! value ( inoculation1 ! tea-factories ( ,india possess _m advantages4 ,! lab\r]s be+ "u contract1 ! aft]-hi/ory ( ^? inoculat$ is easily foll[$ up4 ,ea* morn+ ! adults are p>ad$ = roll-call2 & all sick mu/ att5d hospital1 :]e a record is made ( _! disease & treatm5t4 7,dr4 ,p[ell1 ,lancet1 #ac? ,july #ahif47 #cb ,x is un=tunate t nei!r ( ! fatal cases among ! inoculat$ 0 se5 by any m$ical man1 n ev5 an unqualifi$ doctor ,babu4 ,dr4 ,p[ell does n ?9k1 f :at 0 told him1 t "o ( !m 0 *ol]a4 ,to ! prec$+ in/ances1 :i* are r old n[1 mu/ be add$ ! foll[+ m rec5t report1 f ! ,indian ,m$ical ,gazette1 ,septemb] #aija3-- ,we are glad to see1 f a p>agraph 9 ! ,report ( ! ,sanit>y ,commission] = ,b5gal 7,major ,h4 ,j4 ,dyson1 ,i4,m4,s41 ,f4,r4,c4,s471 t an increas$ numb] ( anti-*ol]a inoculations 7 p]=m$ dur+ ! ye> #aijj4 ,assi/ant-,surgeon ,g4 ,c4 ,muk]jee1 :o 0 9 *>ge ( ?is "w1 reports t 9 ! ,puralia ,coolie ,depot no less ?an #ac1bia p]sons 7 inoculat$ aga9/ *ol]a1 includ+ ov] #ajjj *ildr54 ,all ^! cases ( inoculation 7 among lab\r emigrants proce$+ to ! tea-g>d5s ( ,assam & ,ca*>4 ,! employ]s ( lab\r are beg9n+ to realise ! value ( *ol]a inoculation4 ,x is un=tunately n always easy1 or ev5 possible1 to foll[ up ! aft]-hi/ory ( p]sons inoculat$2 b ,major ,dyson has quot$ a table1 receiv$ f ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,emigration1 :i* %[s ! numb] ( cases among ! inoculat$ & ! non-inoculat$ at ,goalundo4 ,f ?is table1 x is se5 t out ( #aebg non-inoculat$ coolies1 :o pass$ ?r\gh ,goalundo1 #cc1 or #b4ji p] c5t41 got *ol]a2 :]eas ( #hgc inoculat$ coolies1 only #b1 or #j4b p] c5t41 7 attack$ by ! disease2 t is1 ! unprotect$ suff]$ ab\t t5 times z mu* z ! inoculat$4 ,assi/ant-,surgeon ,muk]jee also reports t dur+ 8 cold-wea!r t\r he pass$ ?r\gh "s villages 9 ! ,manbhum di/rict1 9 :i* he _h practis$ inoculation ! previ\s ye>3 &1 ?\gh !re _h be5 epidemics ( *ol]a 9 !m1 ! inoculat$ p]sons escap$4 ,!y came to him 9 numb]s1 /at+ t !y ow$ _! safety to ! inoculation4 ,( c\rse1 ! prev5tive treatm5t t\*es po9ts only "h & !re on ! map ( ,india1 ) its #cjj1jjj1jjj p4 ,probably x w nev] become s g5]al 9 ,india z vacc9ation4 ,*ol]a 9 ,india recalls :at ,ambroise ,p>1 m ?an #djj ye>s ago1 wrote ( ! plague1 ,"h 9 ,p>is x is always ) u4 ,b1 :]ev] prev5tive inoculation has be5 done1 !re x has done good4 ,! ,m$ical ,annual = #aije conta9s an acc\nt ( "s prev5tive inoculations rec5tly made dur+ an epidemic 9 ,japan4 ,among ! inoculat$1 ! attack-rate 0 mu* l[] ?an among ! un9oculat$2 & ! mortality 0 #de4e p] c5t41 z aga9/ #ge p] c5t4 ,ano!r mo/ important result ( ! discov]y ( ! *ol]a bacillus is its use 9 diagnosis4 ,= example1 if a case ( suspect$ *ol]a is l&$ at a ,briti% port1 ! sanit>y au?ority at once takes /eps to asc]ta9 :e!r ! specific microbe is pres5t2 &1 accord+ to ! answ] giv5 by bact]iology1 ei!r all[s ! pati5t to proce$ on 8 j\rney1 or adopts measures ( isolation to prev5t ! spread ( ! disease to o!rs4 ,?us1 ?anks to ! insul> position ( ,great ,brita91 ?is dreadful disease has = _m ye>s be5 prev5t$ f invad+ h] population4 ,,viii ,,plague ,! bacillus pe/is 0 discov]$ by ,kitasato & ,y]s91 work+ indep5d5tly1 9 #ahid4 ,y]s9's discov]y 0 made at ,hong ,kong1 :i!r ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t _h s5t him to /udy plague3 an excell5t acc\nt ( 8 "w is giv5 9 ! ,annales de l',in/itut ,pa/eur1 ,septemb] #ahid4 ,! fir/ exp]im5ts 9 prev5tive inoculation1 9 animals1 7 made by ,y]s91 ,calmette1 & ,borrel1 work+ conjo9tly1 9 #ahie4 ,!y f\nd t x 0 possible to conf] on animals a c]ta9 degree ( immunity1 by ! hypod]mic injection ( dead cultures ( ! bacillus4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 made on rabbits & gu9ea-pigs4 ,haffk9e's fluid 0 fir/ us$ on man 9 ,janu>y #ahig4 ,x is a b\illon conta9+ no liv+ bacilli1 & no?+ (f5sive to ! religi\s beliefs ( ,india4#cc ,he prov$ its efficacy on rabbits2 & !n1 on #aj? ,janu>y #ahig1 inoculat$ himself ) a l>ge dose1 f\r times z /rong z ! subsequ5t /&>d dose4 ,a few days lat]1 ,lieut4-,col4 ,hat*1 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,grant ,m$ical ,college1 ,bombay1 & o!r memb]s ( ! ,college ,/aff1 7 inoculat$4 ,^! fir/ inoculations 7 describ$ by ,haffk9e 9 a lecture 7#aija7 at ,poona3-- ,9 a %ort "t1 a numb] ( ! mo/ au?oritative physicians 9 ,bombay1 ,european & native1 (ficial m$ical (fic]s & private practition]s1 submitt$ !mselves = inoculation4 ,x is a matt] ( gratification to me to be able to quote1 among ^! au?orities1 ! ,head ( ! ,m$ical ,s]vice ( ! ,presid5cy1 ,surgeon-,g5]al ,ba9bridge1 :o n only got himself inoculat$1 b inoculat$ also ! memb]s ( 8 family4 ,previ\s to t1 ,surgeon-,g5]al ,h>vey1 ! able ,director-,g5]al ( ! ,indian ,m$ical ,s]vice1 submitt$ himself to inoculation 9 #ahic aga9/ *ol]a2 &1 9 #ahih1 aga9/ plague4 ,x 0 ! example ( ^! g5tlem51 ^: compet5ce 9 ! matt] ( heal? c\ld n be disput$1 t enc\rag$ ?\s&s ( p1 ri* & poor1 9 ,bombay & else:]e1 to come =w>d = inoculation4 ,?us 8 ,excell5cy ! ,vic]oy ?\ght x "r to tell y "h1 9 ,poona1 t previ\s to 8 />t+ = ! plague-/rick5 di/ricts he & 8 /aff _h also und]gone ! prophylactic inoculation4 ,9 due c\rse1 mo!rs br\ght _! *ildr5 to be protect$ by ! new 'vacc9ation4' #cc ,x is said t ! ,ja9s object to inoculations on ! gr\nds ( religion2 & "o or two witnesses be=e ! ,plague ,commission gave evid5ce to ! same effect4 ,b1 at ,bombay1 ! high-prie/ ( a great religi\s community address$ a meet+ ( #ejjj 9 fav\r ( ! new treatm5t2 & ! ru% ( suppliants = inoculation at ,hubli & ,gaday proves t !re is no real religi\s difficulty4 ,doctors h be5 assault$1 z at ,poona1 s at ,oporto2 9 nei!r case c we say ,tantum relligio potuit suad]e malorum4 ,)9 a few mon?s1 #hadb p]sons 9 or ne> ,bombay 7 inoculat$4 ,x 0 n possible1 9 ,bombay1 dur+ ! ru% ( plague-"w1 to foll[ up e "o ( ^! #hadb p]sons4 ,b !re is reason to believe1 mak+ "s all[ance = ov]sights1 t only #ah #j4b p] c5t4 ( !m1 7 attack$ dur+ ! epidemic2 t1 ( ^! #ah1 only #b di$3 & t ^! #b di$ )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( inoculation1 i4e41 _h ! plague 9 !m already at ! "t ( inoculation4 ,&1 ) reg>d to a small gr\p ( ! inoculat$1 !re are ! foll[+ m def9ite facts4 ,?is gr\p liv$ outside ,bombay1 across ! h>b\r1 9 a village call$ ,mora4 ,! population ( ,mora1 at ! "t ( ! epidemic1 0 e/imat$ at less ?an #ajjj4 ,out ( ?is numb] #dbi 7 inoculat$2 :i*1 if ! population be reckon$ at #ajjj exactly1 left #ega un9oculat$4 ,among ! #dbi inoculat$1 !re 7 #g cases ( plague1 ) no dea?s3 among ! un9oculat$ !re 7 #bf cases1 ) #bd dea?s4 ,j a week aft] ,haffk9e _h in=m$ ! ,indian ,gov]nm5t t he _h te/$ 8 fluid on himself1 plague broke out 9 ! ,byculla ,h\se ( ,correction1 ,bombay1 on #bcrd ,janu>y #ahig4 ,betwe5 ! #bcrd & ! aft]noon ( ! #cj?1 !re 7 #ad cases1 ) #g dea?s4 ,on ! aft]noon ( ! #cj?1 #aeb prison]s 7 inoculat$1 & #agb 7 left un9oculat$4 ,! outbreak ceas$ on #g? ,febru>y4 ,! figures1 z correct$ by ! ,plague ,commission1 are1 among ! inoculat$1 #a case1 :i* recov]$2 among ! un9oculat$1 #g cases1 ) #b dea?s4 ,= a full & sev]e exam9ation ( ! reports1 /ati/ics1 & o!r evid5ce conc]n+ ?is & o!r outbreaks 9 :i* prev5tive inoculations 7 made1 ! ,report 7#aija7 ( ! ,indian ,plague ,commission mu/ be /udi$4 ,! ,commission]s1 ,pr(essor ,t4 ,r4 ,fras]1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,hewett1 ,pr(essor 7n[ ,sir7 ,a4 ,e4 ,wright1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,cum9e1 ,dr4 ,ruff]1 & ,mr4 ,c4 ,j4 ,hallifax1 ,secret>y1 travell$ & took evid5ce 9 ,india f ,novemb] #ahih to ,m>* #ahii3 dur+ :i* "t !y held #gj sitt+s & exam9$ #bfj witnesses1 "s at great l5g?4 ,! evid5ce & ! report are publi%$ 9 five l>ge volumes4 ,! report1 #edj pages 9 all1 deals exhau/ively ) ! :ole subject4 ,x repres5ts ! v lea/--:at might almo/ be call$ ! v wor/--t c be said ( ,haffk9e's fluid3 &1 ( c\rse1 x reads r diff]5tly f ! reports ( ! m5 :o1 ) _! lives 9 _! h&s1 & work$ almo/ pa/ endurance1 f\ght plague !mselves4 ,! foll[+ p>agraphs give1 s f> z possible1 ! b>e facts ( v>i\s outbreaks ( ! disease 9 #ahig-ii1 9 :i* ,haffk9e's fluid 0 us$4 #a4 ,daman ,plague broke out 9 ,daman1 a t[n 9 ,portuguese t]ritory1 nor? ( ,bombay1 & 9 con/ant communication ) ,bombay by sea1 9 ,m>* #ahig4 ,by ! end ( ! mon?1 :5 a ,gov]nm5t cordon 0 plac$ r\nd ! t[n1 ab\t #bjjj out ( #aj1ijj _h fl$4 ,! outbreak rea*$ its height 9 mid-,april1 & 0 practically ov] by ! end ( ,may4 ,inoculations 7 begun on #bf? ,m>*4 ,! total population on t day 7#bjjj hav+ gone out1 & #fgj hav+ di$ ( plague7 is e/imat$ at #hbcj4 ,( ^!1 #baig 7 inoculat$1 & #fjcc 7 left un9oculat$4 ,among ! inoculat$ !re 7 #cf dea?s #a4f p] c5t42 among ! un9oculat$ #adhb dea?s #bd4f p] c5t4 ,! ,commission]s criticise ^! figures sev]ely1 & d n accept !m z exact4 ,b !y admit ! evid5ce z to ! results ( inoculation among ! ,p>see community ( ,daman4 ,( ?is community1 #cjf 9 numb]1 #bgg 7 inoculat$1 & only #bi 7 left un9oculat$4 ,among ! inoculat$ !re 0 #a dea? #j4cf p] c5t43 among ! un9oculat$ !re 7 #d dea?s #ac4h p] c5t4 ,!y admit1 also1 ! h\se-to-h\se inve/igations made by ,major ,lyons1 ,i4,m4,s41 ,presid5t ( ! ,bombay ,gov]nm5t ,plague ,committee4 ,at ! end ( ,may1 he visit$ #hi h\ses1 9 #fb ( :i* bo? inoculat$ & un9oculat$ 7 liv+ toge!r4 ,he f\nd t out ( #chb inoculat$1 #cf _h di$ #i4d p] c5t42 out ( #abc un9oculat$1 #ch _h di$ #cj4i p] c5t4 #b4 ,lanauli ,plague attack$ ,lanauli1 a small hill-/ation & railway depot1 dur+ ,april to ,septemb] #ahig4 ,! entire population 0 e/imat$ at ab\t #bjjj4 ,inoculations 7 begun on #bd? ,july 9 two w>ds ( ! t[n1 & a daily h\se-to-h\se inspection 0 in/itut$4 ,! figures report$1 on ! basis ( ! av]age daily /r5g? ( ! two gr\ps1 are z foll[s3-- ,inoculat$1 #cbc1 ) #ad cases1 ( :i* #g di$ #b p] c5t4 ,un9oculat$1 #cgg1 ) #gh cases1 ( :i* #eg di$ #ae p] c5t4 ,! ,commission]s criticise ! me?od on :i* ^! figures are bas$1 & d n accept !m z accurate4 ,b !y agree t inoculation ex]t$ a di/9ct prev5tive effect2 & !y admit ,major ,bak]'s evid5ce--,9 ! place :]e inoculation _h be5 made use (1 ! t[n 0 ?riv+ & full ( p2 & ! o!r "p ( ! t[n 0 absolutely empty4 ,"o side _h plague1 & ! o!r _h none4 #c4 ,kirki ,! figures "h 7 obta9$ "u especially fav\rable circum/ances2 & ! ,commission]s h1 practically1 no fault to f9d ) _! accuracy4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt is by ,surgeon-,major ,bann]man1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,plague ,rese>* ,laboratory1 ,bombay3-- ,plague broke out 9 ,kirki1 9 ! artill]y cantonm5t1 situat$ f\r miles f ,poona2 & ! foll[]s ( ! f\r batt]ies /ation$ !re suff]$ sev]ely4 ,^! m5 7 liv+ ) _! families 9 l9es on a slop+ pla91 "u milit>y discipl9e1 & 9 circum/ances f> sup]ior 9 a sanit>y s5se to ^? ( ! av]age villag]4 ,:5 ! disease appe>$1 ! l9es 7 isolat$1 s t none c\ld ent] or leave )\t ! k ( ! milit>y4 ,a special hospital 0 erect$ close by1 :]e all sick p]sons 7 s5t z !y 7 discov]$ by ! se>* p>ties ( ,european artill]ym51 :o visit$ ea* h\se ?rice daily4 ,x is !re=e probable t all cases ( plague 7 promptly discov]$ & remov$ to hospital3 & 9 ea* case ! usual dis9fection 0 ?or\ghly & sy/ematically c>ri$ out4 ,yet1 9 spite ( all ?is1 x 0 f\nd t1 9 ^? n protect$ by inoculation1 #a out ( e #f ( ! population 0 attack$1 & #b out ( e #c attack$ di$4 ,! epidemic 01 !re=e1 a sev]e "o4 ,! population ( ! l9es numb]$ #aecj2 &1 out ( ^!1 #fga volunte]$ = inoculation4 ,at ! close ( ! epidemic1 ! plague-hospital admission & dis*>ge book 0 exam9$1 & comp>$ ) ! regi/] ( ^? inoculat$1 :5 ! foll[+ result 0 got4 ,! population op]at$ on be+ "u milit>y discipl9e1 & conf9$ to _! l9es1 makes ! accuracy ( ! figures und\bt$3-- ,inoculat$1 #fga1 ) #cb cases1 ( :i* #ag di$ #b4e p] c5t4 ,un9oculat$1 #hei1 ) #adc cases1 ( :i* #ih di$ #aa4d p] c5t4 ,"h1 !n1 is se5 a body ( p divid$ into two gr\ps by ! fact t "o _h und]gone inoculation & ! o!r n1 b diff]+ 9 no o!r way1 react+ t[>ds plague 9 su* a m>k$ly diff]5t mann] t ! conclusion is =c$ on "o1 t ! inoculation mu/ be ! cause4 ,see+ ! absolute simil>ity ( conditions1 ! #fga inoculat$ %\ld h _h proportionately #aab cases & #gg dea?s1 if !y _h rema9$ z susceptible to ! disease z _! un9oculat$ bro!rs1 si/]s1 p>5ts1 wives1 husb&s1 *ildr52 b1 in/ead ( t1 !y _h only #cb cases & #ag dea?s4 ,?is dea?-rate w\ld d\btless h be5 /ill fur!r r$uc$1 b = ! fact t a v mu* weak5$ vacc9e _h to be us$1 ow+ to ! dem& hav+ got beyond ! res\rces ( ! laboratory at t "t4 #d4 ,belgaum ,9 ,belgaum1 a t[n ( ,s\!rn ,india ) a normal population ( ab\t #cj1gjj1 two outbreaks ( plague occurr$ 9 quick succession4 ,! fir/ outbreak la/$ f ,novemb] #ahig to ,may #ahih2 ! second1 f ,july #ahih to ,janu>y #ahii4 ,dur+ ! two epidemics1 #bdff p]sons 7 inoculat$4 ,( ^!1 x 0 report$ t only #fa 7or #fb7 _h be5 attack$1 ( :om #cc di$ #a4cd p] c5t4 ,b ^! figures1 9 ! judgm5t ( ! ,commission1 _c be accept$ z ev5 approximately correct4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two gr\ps ( ^! ,belgaum cases1 "o ( :i* ! ,commission admits z sub/antially accurate1 & ! o!r z absolutely accurate4 ,^! gr\ps are1 7#a7 ! ,army cases2 7#b7 ! cases report$ by ,major ,=man1 ,r4,a4,m4,c41 ,s5ior ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ! ,/ation4 7#a7 ,! ,army ,cases4-,^! cases occurr$ 9 ! #bf? ,madras ,infantry1 :i* 0 liv+ 9 l9es close to ! cantonm5t & ! city4 ,! fir/ case ( plague 9 ! regim5t 0 on #ab? ,novemb] #ahig4 ,t5 days lat]1 ! regim5t 0 mov$ out into camp4 ,inoculation 0 begun1 by ,surgeon-,major ,bann]man1 on #bcrd ,decemb]1 up to :i* "t !re _h be51 among ! regim5t & its families & foll[]s1 #gh cases1 ) #di dea?s4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! inoculations is giv5 by ,surgeon-,major ,bann]man3-- ,no difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 p]suad+ ! m5 to cons5t to inoculation1 :5 x 0 expla9$ to !m t !y w\ld be free to return to _! h\ses 9 ! l9es aft] be+ op]at$ on4 ,g5]al ,roll& 0 ! fir/ to be op]at$ on1 & 8 example1 comb9$ ) t ( ! (fic] comm&+1 & _! m$ical (fic]1 :o 7 all op]at$ on 9 front ( ! m51 suffic$ to conv9ce ! ,sepoys ( ! h>mlessness ( ! op]ation3 & ! only difficulty t !n rema9$ 0 to p]=m ! op]ation fa/ en\gh4444 ,! community 01 practically1 completely inoculat$ by ! end ( ! ye>4 ,! total op]at$ on 0 #affe1 out ( a population ( #agdf liv+ 9 ! l9es at t date4 ,! #ha n op]at$ on 7 infants1 wom5 f> advanc$ 9 pregnancy1 & ! sick 9 hospital *iefly1 ?\gh "o solit>y ,sepoy has1 up to ! pres5t "t1 refus$ to submit to op]ation4 ,f ?is "t onw>d to ! end ( ! fir/ epidemic1 ?\gh ! disease 0 at its height 9 ,janu>y 9 ! neighb\r+ city & cantonm5t1 & ?\gh ! m5 7 all[$ to g freely to ^! places aft] inoculation1 only #b out ( ! #affe 7 attack$1 & bo? recov]$4 ,:5 ! second epidemic came1 9 ,july #ahih1 ! troops1 families1 & foll[]s1 7 re9oculat$ at _! own reque/1 #ahja 9 all4 ,practically no "o 0 left 9 ! l9es unprotect$ by inoculation4 ,f ?is "t onw>d to ! end ( ! second epidemic1 ?\gh x 0 mu* m sev]e ?an ! fir/1 only #ab cases occurr$4 ,9 ! fir/ epidemic1 be=e inoculation1 #gh cases occurr$1 & #b aft] x3 9 ! second1 & mu* m sev]e1 epidemic1 ?\gh ! sanit>y measures adopt$ 9 bo? epidemics 7 simil>1 only #ab cases occurr$4 ,x w\ld h>dly appe> to be op5 to d\bt1 says ! ,commission1 t ! practical immunity ( ! regim5t1 dur+ ! second outbreak1 0 due to inoculation4 7#b7 ,major ,=man's evid5ce be=e ! ,commission is v /rik+1 ?\gh ! figures are small4 ,! foll[+ ab/ract ( x is giv5 9 ! ,report ( ! ,commission3-- ,! gr\ps ( p]sons1 conc]n+ :om ,major ,=man gave u evid5ce1 7 8 private s]vants1 & ! hospital att5dants ( ! ,belgaum ,/ation ,hospital ) _! wives & *ildr54 ,he inoculat$ ^! gr\ps :5 plague fir/ broke out 9 ! t[n1 & 0 able to keep 9 t\* ) !m cont9u\sly aft] t "t4 ,reg>d+ ! fir/ gr\p1 he says1 br++ d[n _! hi/ory to #crd ,m>* #ahii1 ',( my private s]vants !re 7 9 all1 includ+ _! wives & *ildr51 #bh p inoculat$4 ,!re h be5 no cases ( plague1 & no dea?s up to date4 ,!re 7 #c un9oculat$4 ,"o 0 a *ild ( #i ye>s ( age1 ^: fa!r refus$ to all[ x to be inoculat$4 ,x di$ ( plague #ab days aft] ! o!r p 7 inoculat$4 ,! o!r #b cases t 7 n inoculat$ 7 n s di/9ctly "u my own obs]vation4 ,"o 0 a sweep] employ$ 9 ! cantonm5t1 & sleep+ 9 my comp\nd3 he1 ,i am told1 di$ ( plague "s mon?s aft]w>ds4 ,! o!r 0 my wat]-c>ri]3 he ?rew himself into a well3 ,i 0 in=m$ t he _h buboes & fev]1 & ran away to escape segregation4 ,( ! #bh inoculat$1 none di$ ( plague3 & ( #c un9oculat$1 #b are said to h di$ ( plague1 & #a und\bt$ly di$ ( plague4' ,reg>d+ ! second gr\p ( :i* he gave u p>ticul>s1 ,major ,=man said t1 out ( #ij hospital s]vants1 #hg 7 inoculat$4 ,( ! inoculat$ p]sons1 #a di$ f fev] & endoc>ditis1 & #a di$ ( plague4 ,except+ ^! two1 ! re/ ( ! inoculat$ 7 alive & well 9 ,m>* #ahii4 ,only #c p]sons rema9$ un9oculat$4 ,( ^!1 "o 0 n op]at$ ^u1 because %e _h rec5tly be5 deliv]$2 ano!r 0 n op]at$ ^u1 because %e 0 pregnant2 & ! ?ird 0 a boy ( #af ye>s ( age1 ^: fa!r refus$ to let him be inoculat$4 ,! boy di$ ( plague1 two mon?s aft] ! inoculation ( ! re/ ( ! hospital s]vants _h be5 done4 ,"o ( ! two un9oculat$ wom5 di$ ( plague two days aft] ! boy1 %e hav+ be5 9 att5dance ^u him4 ,! o!r un9oculat$ woman rema9$ well4 #e4 ,! ,um>khadi ,jail1 ,bombay ,plague broke out 9 ?is jail on ! la/ day ( #ahig1 & #c prison]s di$4 ,next day1 #a/ ,janu>y #ahih1 all ! prison]s 7 p>ad$1 & all 7 will+ to be inoculat$4 ,b x 0 decid$ to divide !m into two equal gr\ps1 & inoculate "o gr\p4 ,!re 7 #djb altoge!r3 #b1 :5 _! turn came1 refus$ to be inoculat$3 ?us #aii 7 inoculat$1 & #bjc 7 left un9oculat$4 ,no di/9ction 0 made betwe5 ! two gr\ps3 ,!y _h ! same food & dr9k1 ! same h\rs ( "w & re/1 & ! same accommodation4 ,! plague did n come :olly to an end till ,m>*4 ,! figures1 s9ce ! inmates ( a jail are a %ift+ population1 are bas$ on ! av]age daily numb] ( ea* gr\p3 ?is 0 #adg = ! inoculat$1 & #abg = ! un9oculat$4 ,! figures are3-- ---------------------------------------- ,av]age ,daily ,numb]4 ,cases4 ,dea?s4 ---------------------------------------- ,inoculat$ #adg #c #j ,un9oculat$ #abg #i #e ---------------------------------------- ,! ,commission draw att5tion to ! important fact t1 dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( ! outbreak1 ! numb] ( attacks among ! inoculat$ 0 only "o-?ird ( ! numb] among ! un9oculat$2 & t ! disease among ! inoculat$ 0 rem>kably mild1 resembl+ mumps m ?an plague1 ?\gh ! cases among ! un9oculat$ 7 ( av]age sev]ity4 ,accord+ to ,surgeon-,major ,bann]man1 ! hospital au?orities 7 d\btful :e!r ^! ?ree cases among ! inoculat$ 7 plague at all4 #f4 ,undh]a ,! figures = ,undh]a are v valuable3 ,! conditions1 says ,surgeon-,major ,bann]man1 approa*$ v ne>ly ! /rictness ( a laboratory exp]im5t4 ,ev5 ! ,commission]s are en?usia/ic "h4 ,undh]a is an agricultural village1 #f miles f ,b>oda4 ,plague broke out 9 x1 9 ,janu>y #ahih4 ,a c>eful c5sus 0 tak51 & %[$ a population ( #ajbi4 ,by #ab? ,febru>y !re _h be5 #gf dea?s4 ,on t day ! village 0 visit$ by ,mr4 ,haffk9e1 ,surgeon-,major ,bann]man1 & o!r exp]ts1 & #eac p]sons 7 inoculat$3--,by ref]5ce to ! c5sus pap]s1 ! :ole ( ! inhabitants 7 call$ out1 h\se by h\se1 & ! half ( ea* h\sehold inoculat$4 ,9 ?is way1 an endeav\r 0 made to inoculate half ! m51 half ! wom51 & half ! *ildr5 9 ea* family1 & to arrange t a fairly equal proportion ( ! sickly-look+ %\ld be plac$ 9 ea* division4 ,! plague la/$ #db days aft] ! inoculations1 & affect$ #bh families4 ,on #d? ,april a h\se-to-h\se inve/igation 0 made by ,mr4 ,haffk9e1 ,surgeon-,g5]al ,h>vey1 ,surgeon-,major ,bann]man1 & ,capta9 ,dyson4 ,! figures are z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,population on ,cases4,dea?s4 ,mortality4 #ab? ,febru>y4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ajbi - #gf #iec ,inoculat$1 #eac #h #c #j4f p] c5t4 ,un9oculat$1 #ddj #bh #bg #f4j p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,?us1 out ( #bh families1 :]e ! protect$ & ! unprotect$ liv$ & ate & slept toge!r1 ! protect$1 #ga1 _h #c dea?s2 & ! unprotect$1 #fd1 _h #bg4 ,! p]c5tage ( attacks 0 f\r times high] among ! unprotect$2 ! p]c5tage ( dea?s 0 t5 times high]4 #g4 ,khoja ,community1 ,bombay ,! head ( ?is community1 ,h4,h4 ,sir ,sultan ,%ah1 ,aga ,khan1 ,k4,c4,i4,e41 op5$ a private /ation = ! inoculation ( ! community 9 ,m>* #ahig1 & aga9 9 ,decemb] ( t ye>4 ,he 0 himself inoculat$ ?ree times1 & _m ( ! community s (t5 z five times4 ,! "w ( inoculation w5t on daily1 & by #bj? ,april #ahih ! numb] ( p]sons inoculat$ or re9oculat$ 0 #eahd4 ,! :ole community1 accord+ to a c>eful c5sus tak5 at ! beg9n+ ( #ahih1 numb]$ #icej2 b1 s9ce _m families _h fl$ to avoid ! infection1 ?is numb] is too l[4 ,! ,commission]s guess #iggj3 ,haffk9e1 to ! disadvantage ( 8 own /ati/ics1 guesses s high z #ac1ccj4 ,! numb] ( ! inoculat$ or re9oculat$ %ift$1 ( c\rse1 z ! "w w5t on3 _! av]age daily numb] dur+ ! f\r mon?s ( plague1 ,janu>y to ,april #ahih1 0 #chad4 ,dur+ ^! f\r mon?s1 ! numb] ( dea?s f all causes 9 ! :ole community 0 #ahd4 ,accord+ to ! av]age mortality ( ! community 9 times ( no plague1 ! dea?s f all causes dur+ f\r mon?s w\ld be #ajb4 ,x may fairly be assum$ t ! extra dea?s1 #hb1 7 due to plague3 &1 inde$1 #fd plague-dea?s 7 ei!r ackn[l$g$ by ! relatives1 or c]tifi$ by ! burial-books ( ! community4 ,( ^! #hb dea?s1 #c occurr$ among ! inoculat$ or re9oculat$1 & #gg among ! un9oculat$4 ,! ,commission]s f9d fault ) ^! figures3 ,nev]!less1 q ap>t f ! /ati/ics put be=e u1 :i* we ?9k inaccurate1 we d n d\bt t inoculations _h a good effect1 especially z mu* weight mu/ be all[$ to ! op9ion ( a community s intellig5t z t ( ! ,khojas4 #h4 ,hubli ,?is1 ! greate/ & mo/ amaz+ ( all in/ances ( prev5tive plague-"w1 0 done 9 a t[n ( #ej1jjj p]sons4 ,! foll[+ report1 by ,surgeon-,capta9 ,leumann1 0 =w>d$ to ! ,plague ,commission]s by ,mr4 ,e4 ,k4 ,cappel1 ,collector ( ,dhrwr1 ) ?is comm5t3-- ,! t[n ( ,hubli--a m]cantile t[n ( ov] #ej1jjj inhabitants--0 attack$ by plague 9 an epidemic =m at ! comm5cem5t ( ! monsoon ra9s4 ,! av]age ra9fall betwe5 ,april & ,octob] am\nts to m ?an #bh in*es4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 al?\gh a l>ge & wea!r-pro( heal? camp _h be5 prep>$ = em]g5cies1 complete evacuation ( ! infect$ t[nsite 0 impossible2 & ! attempt to effect x w\ld h l$ to ! sev]e/ h>d%ips & to ! imm$iate spread ( ! disease into surr\nd+ villages & di/ricts4 ,x 0 = ?is reason t ! det]m9ation 0 =m$ to make a bold & compreh5sive exp]im5t ) ! prophylactic1 & n on any priori gr\nds4 ,if ?is exp]im5t _h fail$1 ! results1 judg$ by ! actual mortality among ! un9oculat$1 w\ld h be5 appall+4 ,all possible sanit>y measures 9 ! %ape ( dis9fection1 unro(+ ( h\ses1 & segregation1 7 appli$ concurr5tly ) inoculation1 z ,gov]nm5t are already aw>e2 b ! rate ( mortality among ^? :o held back f inoculation rose at "o "t to a height :i*1 ,i believe1 has nev] be5 approa*$ else:]e4444 ,h[ev]1 ! exp]im5t1 9 ! h&s ( ,dr4 ,leumann1 did n fail1 & x has af=d$ a demon/ration ( success :i* is ( ,imp]ial importance4 ,_m ?\s&s ( lives h und\bt$ly be5 sav$1 & at ! pres5t mom5t ! plague mortality is m]ely sporadic1 & ,hubli is /eadily rega9+ its normal population & trade1 ?\gh surr\nd$ by infect$ villages4 ,! ,hubli report mu/ be put at full l5g?1 = ! vivid picture x gives ( plague 9 ,india1 & ( ! difficulties besett+ ! magnific5t "w ( ! ,indian ,m$ical ,s]vice4 ,x is a /ory t ,mr4 ,kipl+ ought to write4 ,& x is to be not$ t ,surgeon-,capta9 ,leumann1 :o sav$ ,hubli1 recognis$ ! extreme importance ( o!r me?ods ?an inoculation--dis9fection1 isolation ( cases1 evacuation ( infect$ di/ricts4 ,he says3-- ,:ile pay+ ! highe/ tribute to ! value ( ,mr4 ,haffk9e's inoculation me?od1 :i* ,i claim1 "h 9 ,hubli1 to h put to p]haps ! sev]e/ te/ to :i* x has yet be5 subject$1 ,i am ( ! op9ion t individual protection is1 on h[ev] great a scale conduct$1 ( less importance to t ( g5]al protection & hygi5e 7consid]+ ea* me?od sep>ately1 t is to say71 = x seems to me m radical1 if n m rational1 to eradicate a disease ?an to leave x to pursue its c\rse & only protect p aga9/ its ravages4 ,sanitation1 !re=e1 0 ,dr4 ,leumann's fai?4 ,n[ = 8 works3-- ,i fir/ />t$ inoculation "h on #aa? ,may4444 ,:5 ,i began my inoculations1 ,i op]at$ fir/ ( all on "s ,european or native g5tlem5 9 front ( a cr[d ( poor & l[-ca/e p1 :om ,i _h ga!r$ toge!r 9 ! wor/-affect$ area1 & !y 7 ?us soon induc$ to ask = inoculation !mselves4444 ,!y h pres5t$ !mselves1 by ! hundr$1 at all times ( ! day1 be=e myself & o!rs1 = ! purpose ( be+ inoculat$4#cd 444 ,i h nev] exp]i5c$ ! slighte/ difficulty 9 inoculat+ ,mussulmanis or any o!r purdh wom5 9 ,hubli4444 ,! v m5 :o1 9 ,m>* la/1 creat$ a di/urbance 9 ,hubli1 7 n only ! fir/ & ! mo/ will+ to und]go inoculation1 b also to br+ _! wives & families to my hospital1 or to invite me to _! homes to inoculate !m4 #cd ,comp>e ! acc\nt ( ! inoculations at ,gaday1 9 ! ,lancet1 #aa? ,febru>y #ahih3 ,to see ! cr[d wait+ & /ruggl+ to pass ! b>ri] is a /range sight2 old m5 & wom51 "y *ildr51 & mo!rs ) babes 9 _! arms1 =m a daily cr[d numb]$ by hundr$s1 :o wait = h\rs to get _! *ance ( ! day's inoculation4 ,inoculat$ p]sons hold+ c]tificates ( d\ble inoculation h1 at my special wi% & ord]1 be5 left 9 _! homes ?r\gh\t ?is epidemic2 only _! clo!s1 h\se1 & prop]ty be+ dis9fect$ on ! occurr5ce ( a plague case or dea? 9 _! h\se4 ,z ! va/ majority ( plague cases h nev] be5 notifi$ be=e dea? 9 ,hubli 7nor1 9 my exp]i5ce ( ne>ly two ye>s1 else:]e1 if native sup]vision be l>gely resort$ to71 x w readily be und]/ood t ! majority ( ! inoculat$ h actually be5 liv+ 9 ! same h\se1 or ev5 room1 ) a plague case 7(t5 ( ! pneumonic type1 ^: t]rible p[] ( spread+ ! disease 0 fir/ %[n by ,pr(essor ,*ilde1 ,i4,m4,s41 ( ,bombay7 dur+ ! :ole ( ! "t t case 0 liv+1 probably att5d+ on ! pati5t1 brea?+ ! same /uffy air1 &1 p]haps1 %>+ ! same blanket2 & ,i atta* at ! end ( ?is report a long s]ies ( cases :]e su* conditions h occurr$1 ! non-inoculat$ dy+ ( plague1 & ! inoculat$ escap+1 almo/ to a man4 ,v>i\s critics on my "w1 n kn[+ :at ! actual facts 7 & are1 h at diff]5t times ass]t$ t ! inoculat$ inhabitants ( ,hubli left ! t[n 9 l>g] numb]s ?an ! non-inoculat$4 ,exactly ! rev]se 0 ! case4 ,! ,briti% (fic]s on plague duty "h1 & all ! ,divisional ,sup]9t5d5ts1 inv>iably repli$ 7(ficially & 9 writ+ :5 s requir$7 t ! non-inoculat$ left ,hubli 9 f> great] numb]s & proportion ?an ! inoculat$2 & my own obs]vations entirely be> out ?is /atem5t4 ,x has be5 urg$ t ^? :o receiv$ inoculation 7 ( a class or classes bett] protect$ ?an o!rs aga9/ plague by reason ( _! habits1 ! food !y eat1 ! h\ses !y live 91 etc4 ,9 reply1 ,i unhesitat+ly /ate t if !re be b "o t[n 9 ,india :]e t l9e ( argum5t w n hold good1 x c]ta9ly is ,hubli2 = n only 7 ! poor]1 dirti]1 l[]-ca/e p ! fir/ to be p]suad$ to receive inoculation1 b ,i made x my p]sonal & special duty to "w among/ !m4 ,my fir/ few ?\s& inoculations 7 almo/ entirely among/ ! l[e/ & poore/ ( ! p4 ,! ,brahm9s are1 p]haps1 ( all ca/es1 suppos$ to be ! mo/ cleanly 9 _! h\ses1 habits1 etc41 yet ! ,brahm9s ( ,hubli 7:o at fir/1 imag9+ !mselves immune1 7 ! =emo/ & greate/ p]v]t]s ( ! tru? conc]n+ its efficacy1 & ! la/ to apply = ! protection inoculation af=ds71 simply inundat$ ! v>i\s inoculation c5tres1 z soon z plague began to spread 9 _! mid/1 clam\r+ = ! v me?od ( :i* !y _h only lately tri$ to prev5t o!rs f avail+ !mselves4 ,un=tunately1 ! av]age native1 educat$ or n1 appe>s to h ! v greate/ av]sion to notify+ any case ( sickness--plague or o!r--& h5ce1 9 my op9ion1 x becomes m necess>y ?an ev] to protect ! p by inoculation1 s9ce !y w n help to protect !mselves by ! =emo/ & simple/ ( sanit>y & hygi5ic measures4#ce ,) s few police 7& ^? none too good7 to help "o2 an inadequate ,briti% ,/aff2 ) s mu* reliance plac$ 9 ,native ,sup]9t5d5ts & ,sup]visors1 & a ,municipality s bankrupt t x c\ld n app>5tly af=d to buy en\gh blankets out ( its own funds = ! pati5ts 9 ! ,plague ,hospitals--! "w ( segregation1 h\se-to-h\se inspection1 etc41 became1 f a m$ical po9t ( view1 absurdly insuffici5t4 ,! total numb] ( inoculations p]=m$ 9 ,hubli1 bo? on actual inhabitants & on p f outside 7villages7 betwe5 #aa? ,may & #bg? ,septemb]1 am\nts to "s #gh1jjj altoge!r4 #ce ,comp>e ! acc\nt giv5 by ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,haigh 7,me?odi/ ,record]1 ,decemb] #ahih71 ( ! plague at ,bangalore3 ,! native population d all !y c to elude ! vigilance ( ! au?orities4 ,9 ord] to escape segregation1 ! h\sehold]s 9 _m in/ances refra9 f report+ plague1 & n infrequ5tly bury ! corpse secretly4 ,n only is any sp>e piece ( gr\nd us$ z a burial-place1 b ! body is at times ?r[n into a well or tank1 or dropp$ ov] ! wall ( "s ,european comp\nd4 ,dur+ "o week ?ree plague corpses 7 f\nd1 badly decompos$1 9 res]voirs commonly resort$ to = dr9k+ purposes4 ,i ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,plague-dea?s among3 ,dates4 ,c5sus ( ,non- ,inoculat$4------------------ ,hubli4 ,inoculat$4 ,non- ,inocul- ,inoculat$4 at$4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,five weeks ,fell f f ,may #aaej1jjj to to ,june #ad #dg1dbg #dd1egc #b1hed #dg #a ,week end+3 ,june #ba #dg1jhb #da1did #e1ehh #bb #c ,june #bh #dg1dhe #ci1jdb #h1ddc #bi #a ,july #e #df1ecg #cf1jbj #aj1eag #ee #f ,july #ab #df1eah #cc1bee #ac1bfc #cd #f ,july #ai #de1bdj #bi1gaf #ae1ebd #hb #g ,july #bf #dc1hji #bd1aab #ai1fig #ajj #ae ,aug4 #b #dc1gjg #ba1jca #bb1fgf #adj #af ,aug4 #i #db1gfh #ae1ehd #bg1ahd #bgb #ai ,aug4 #af #dj1dda #aj1fhe #bi1gef #chf #fa ,aug4 #bc #ci1djj #f1cfg #cc1jcc #cga #da ,aug4 #cj #ch1baj #d1jid #cd1aaf #cbh #bh ,sept4 #f #ch1chb #b1gca #ce1dfi #bbg #cd ,sept4 #ac #ch1djh #a1aaf #cg1bib #ach #dg ,sept4 #bj #ci1adb #icg #ch1bje #ajf #ee ,sept4 #bg #ci1cae #fjc #ch1gab #eh #bj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,ii ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,plague dea?-rate4 ,comp>ison p] #ajjj ,p]c5tage r$uction ,dates4 betwe5 ( ,plague dea?-rate ------------------------ 9 fav\r ( ! ,non- ,inoculat$4 ,inoculat$4 ,inoculat$4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,five weeks f ,may #aa to ,june #ad #a4jbb 4#cej ,ov] #fe p] c5t4 ,week end+3 ,june #ba 4#ecj 4#ebg ,ab\t #a p] c5t4 ,june #bh 4#gdb 4#aah ,ne>ly #he p] c5t4 ,july #e #a4ebd 4#egj ,ab\t #fc p] c5t4 ,july #ab #a4jbb 4#deb ,ne>ly #ef p] c5t4 ,july #ai #b4gic 4#dej #hd p] c5t4 ,july #bf #d4adg 4#gfa #hb p] c5t4 ,aug4 #b #f4fef 4#gje #hi p] c5t4 ,aug4 #i #ag4cbe 4#fih ,ov] #if p] c5t4 ,aug4 #af #cc4fid #b4jhc #id p] c5t4 ,aug4 #bc #eg4jaa #a4bda #ih p] c5t4 ,aug4 #cj #hj4aaf 4#hbj #ih p] c5t4 ,sept4 #f #hc4aab 4#ieh #ii p] c5t4 ,sept4 #ac #aab4ijc #a4bfj ,ov] #ii p] c5t4 ,sept4 #bj #aac4abg #a4dci ,ov] #ii p] c5t4 ,sept4 #bg #if4ahe 4#eag ,ov] #ii p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,x appe>s t if ! #dg1dbg inhabitants _h rema9$1 z !y did--9 _! t[n1 )\t runn+ away by rail or o!rwise1 or )\t camp+ out 9 a mass--& if no inoculation _h be5 resort$ to--!y w\ld h lo/ #bd1hii s\ls1 or a little ov] half ( _! numb]4 ,! (ficial records %[ t ?is has actually occurr$1 dur+ ! pres5t t]rible outbreak1 9 a numb] ( l>ge villages1 ( #bjjj inhabitants & ov]1 9 ! ,hubli taluka & else:]e 9 ! ,dhrwr ,di/rict1 :]e no inoculation 0 done1 & no camp+-out 0 possible on acc\nt ( ! wet wea!r4 7,haffk9e's comm5t>y on ,dr4 ,leumann's report47 ,t is ! /ory ( ,hubli2 &1 z x /&s1 x is almo/ incr$ible4 ,! ,commission]s1 by v /rict inquiry1 r$uc$ x to cr$ibility )\t robb+ x ( glory4 ,! inquiry br\ght out m in/ances ( ! immeasurable difficulty ( ! "w4 ,natives :o wi%$ to avoid inoculation w\ld escape ?r\gh ! back door at ! sight ( a plague (fic]3 brib]y1 p]sonation1 sale or transf] ( c]tificates ( inoculation1 concealm5t ( cases & ( dea?s1 7 all practis$ by ^? :o wi%$ n to be inoculat$1 or to get ! privileges ( ! inoculat$ )\t inoculation1 or to save _! infect$ h\ses f be+ dis9fect$ & unro($4 ,aga91 ) ! p dy+ l flies1 & _m ( !m be>+ no m>k ( id5tification1 & ) ! m$ical (fic]s ov]work$ pa/ human endurance1 ! wond] is1 n t ! /ati/ics 7 faulty1 b t !re are any /ati/ics at all4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! ,commission is well )9 ! m>k 9 say+1 ,x is q cle> t a v l>ge numb] ( lives mu/ h be5 sav$ 9 ,hubli by inoculations dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( ! epidemic !re4 ,moreov]1 we may note t an ari?metical e/imate is n ! only crit]ion by :i* we c appreciate ! value ( inoculations4 ,& 9 ,hubli _! value is approv$ by ! cons5sus ( op9ions ( (fic]s :o h se5 probably f> m ( ?is process & its results 9 practice ?an any o!r p]sons 9 ,india1 & :o1 hav+ e facility = =m+ a s\nd judgm5t z to its effect :]e plague 0 really virul5t1 are satisfi$ z to its great value4 ,f9ally1 z at ,daman s at ,hubli1 !re are less] gr\ps ( /ati/ics1 ( t k9d :i* is approv$ by ! cons5sus ( op9ions ( (fic]s4 ,^! are1 7#a7 ,lieut5ant ,keelan's h\se-to-h\se inve/igation2 7#b7 ! ,s\!rn ,mahratta ,sp9n+ ,mills2 7#c7 ! ,s\!rn ,mahratta ,railway employs4 #a4 ,lieut5ant ,keelan made a h\se-to-h\se visitation ( #bjj h\ses1 9 ea* ( :i* !re 7 protect$ & unprotect$ p]sons liv+ toge!r1 & 9 ea* ( :i* !re _h be5 "o or m cases ( plague4 ,! figures = #fi ( ^! h\ses are app5d$ to ,capta9 ,leumann's report4 ,!y are z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,inmates4 ,cases4 ,dea?s4 ,mortality4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,inoculat$ #ccf #aa #d #a4ai ,un9oculat$ #add #hd #hj #ee ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,^! #fi h\ses 7 select$3 !re 0 no?+ unfair 9 ! me?od ( selection1 /ill1 !y 7 good h\ses2 !y are n1 !re=e1 exact = /ati/ics2 b1 z ! ,commission]s say1 !y are ( int]e/ z q special examples ( successful inoculation4 #b4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,mahratta ,sp9n+ & ,weav+ ,company's ,mills1 a c>eful record ( inoculation 0 kept & *eck$ by ! manag]4 ,! numb] ( ! workpeople at ! "t :5 inoculation 0 begun1 #ba/ ,june1 0 #aagc4 ,at ! end ( ! epidemic ! figures 73-- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,dea?s4 ,mortality p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,inoculat$ twice #ajdj #bb #b4aa ,inoculat$ once #eh #h #ac4gi ,un9oculat$ #ge #bj #bf4ff ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,"h1 aga91 ! figures h n a /ati/ical value3 ,we are n in=m$ :e!r ! inoculations 7 p]=m$ simultane\sly2 or at :at /age ( ! outbreak ! av]age /r5g? ( ! inoculat$ 0 rea*$4 ,all ! same1 :at ,major ,bann]man says ( !m is true--,! exp]i5ce 9 ?is company's mill at ,hubli %\ld be an object lesson to all mill-own]s 9 plague-/rick5 t[ns4 #c4 ,! figures = ! ,s\!rn ,mahratta ,railway are giv5 by ,major ,bann]man 9 8 ,/ati/ics 7#aijj73 !y are n m5tion$ 9 ! ,report ( ! ,plague ,commission4 ,!y are ( great value1 because ! daily %ift+ ( ! numb]s 0 record$ z ! "w ( inoculation w5t on1 & ! date ( ea* case ( plague 0 also not$4 ,major ,bann]man gives ! foll[+ acc\nt3-- ,! railway employs 7 liv+ 9 b>racks1 & 9 ! railway y>d1 ap>t f ! g5]al population ( ,hubli t[n4 ,!y 7 "u close daily inspection by ,engli% (ficials1 :o =m$ a committee = ?is purpose1 ) ,dr4 ,*5ai z _! m$ical advis]4 ,! results may !re=e be reg>d$ z accurate 9 a high degree1 ! numb]s dealt ) n be+ excessive1 & ! sup]vision /rict4 ,! figures1 bas$ on ! av]age numb]s 9 ea* gr\p1 are z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,cases4 ,dea?s4 ,mortality p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,twice inoculat$ #iij #f #a #j4a ,once inoculat$ #bgj #e #a #j4c ,un9oculat$ #gfj #ce #ba #b4g ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,^! eight in/ances mu/ suffice3 _m mu/ be left out--among !m1 ,dhrwr & ,gadag1 :]e ,miss ,cor?orn1 ,m4,b41 did "w z spl5did z ,leumann's "w at ,hubli2 & ,mr4 ,&]son's "w 9 ! ,ahm$nag> villages2 & _m m4 ,^! plague-reports are to be read1 n = _! record ( h]oic zeal & res\rcefulness1 b only z "o m example ( _m ?\s& lives sav$ by a me?od le>n$ f exp]im5ts on animals4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 !re is n1 & p]haps !re nev] w be1 a national acceptance & adoption ( ?is me?od ?r\gh ! l5g? & bread? ( ,india4 ,x does n "w miracles2 x is an uncom=table process to submit to2 privileges mu/ be (f]$ ) x1 or ! native w (t5 pref] to take 8 *ance2 ! protection is ( unc]ta9 duration2 all sorts ( lies are told ab\t x1 p>tly by anti-vivisectioni/ writ]s1 p>tly by native political agitators1 p>tly by ! hakims4 ,= in/ance1 at a meet+ ( hakims at ,ma/i1 ,lahore1 on #aa? ,april #ahih1 ! foll[+ resolutions 7 pass$3-- ,t 9 ! op9ion ( ?is meet+ ! bubonic plague is n a contagi\s disease4 ,x orig9ates f poison$ air1 & ?is poison is creat$ 9 ! air on acc\nt ( atmosph]ical g]ms & ! excess ( t]re/rial humidities4 ,t ?is meet+1 hav+ c>efully consid]$ ! ,resolution ( ! ,punjab ,gov]nm5t 7#aa? ,janu>y #ahih71 is ( op9ion t ! rules embodi$ 9 t ,resolution 7isolation1 dis9fection1 etc471 are unnecess>y "u ! pr9ciples ( ,unani m$ical sci5ce4 ,& among /atem5ts to be made to ! ,plague ,commission]s 0 ! foll[+1 f a native practition] 9 ,bombay 7,april #ahii73-- ,i d n ?9k ! plague 0 import$ 9 ,bombay f ,hong ,kong or any:]e else4 ,i attribute ?ree s\rces ( causes ( outbreaks ( plague 9 ,bombay3 7a7 ,! pr$ispos+ cause 0 ! ,bombay ,municipality2 7b7 ,! excit+ cause 0 ! ,nature h]self2 7c7 ,! aggravat+ cause 0 ! ,plague ,committee4 ,all ^! difficulties 7 well /at$ by ,surgeon-,g5]al ,h>vey1 ,director-,g5]al ( ! ,indian ,m$ical ,s]vice1 at ! discussion on ,haffk9e's disc\rse be=e ! ,royal ,society1 ,june #ahii3-- ,! p ( ,engl& %\ld consid] ! difficulties att5d+ ! "w ( a bact]iologi/ 9 ,india4444 ,he _h no d\bt z to ! value ( ! inoculations4 ,at ,undh]a he c>efully exam9$ ! results ( ! exp]im5t1 &1 z f> z he c\ld judge1 !re 0 no possibility ( error4 ,! results 9 t exp]im5t 7 su* z to be #ij p] c5t4 9 fav\r ( ! inoculat$ aga9/ ! un9oculat$4 ,! natives ( ,india 71 h[ev]1 a /range p1 & x 0 difficult to prophesy h[ !y w\ld act4 ,9 ,calcutta1 ! m5tion ( inoculations _h driv5 9 hot ha/e f ! city #cjj1jjj p1 _m ( :om aft]w>ds return$ & 7 inoculat$2 :ile at ,hubli he _h se5 ! inhabitants come 9 _! ?\s&s to be inoculat$ & pay = ! inoculations4 ,! m$ical (fic] 9 *>ge at ,hubli _h p]=m$ ab\t #hj1jjj inoculations1 & _h only obs]v$ "s #ab abscesses4 ,he ?\ght t #ab abscesses only1 9 #hj1jjj inoculations1 %[$ good results4 ,b1 aft] all1 :at 7 ! numb]s ( inoculations p]=m$ to ! #cjj1jjj1jjj inhabitants ( ,india8 ,he felt t ev5 if e "o cons5t$ to be inoculat$ x 0 impossible to provide ! vacc9e or ! m$ical (fic]s = su* a dem&4 ,x 0 accord+ly to sanit>y improvem5ts t he look$ ) ! mo/ confid5ce to protect ,india aga9/ ! plague4 ,!re=e1 n[ & = _m ye>s to come1 prev5tive inoculation mu/ fall into l9e ) ! o!r _w-wide ways ( fight+ plague--qu>ant9e1 notification1 isolation1 all sanit>y measures1 de/ruction ( rats--le rat1 le gnie de la pe/e--evacuation ( infect$ t[ns1 dis9fection or unro(+ ( infect$ h\ses4 ,happily1 ?is is j :at x does4 ,t admirable pap]1 ! ,indian ,m$ical ,gazette 7,septemb] #aija71 has put ?is fact v simply3 ,no "o ev] imag9$ t inoculation 0 ! only means ( fight+ plague4 ,its great value consi/s 9 its imm$iate application4 ,to sanitate1 v5tilate1 & practically rebuild a t[n or village takes "t2 & 9 ! meantime ?\s&s die4 ,= sudd5 outbur/s ( plague--s9ce rats are "o *ief s\rce ( infection1 & notification is fundam5tally abhorr5t to native cu/om1 & evacuation may ru9 trade1 or spread infection1 or be impossible by reason ( ! ra9s--s9ce ,ea/ is ,ea/1 & ,we/ is ,we/--x is n always possible to provide1 = an ,indian village smitt5 by plague1 ! excell5t arrangem5ts ( ! ,we/]n _w4 ,9 all su* cases1 & 9 all cases ( epidemic plague )9 n>r[ limits1 z 9 jails1 b>racks1 mills1 & ! l c5tres ( human life2 & 9 all inn] communities1 su* z ! ,p>see community at ,daman1 or ! ,jewi% community at ,ad5--by e te/ ( ?is k9d1 ! sav+ p[] ( prev5tive inoculation has be5 prov$1 aga9 & aga91 pa/ all d\bt4 ,z = ^? l>g] dea?-traps1 ,hubli1 ,dhrwr1 & ! re/ ( !m1 "h1 ?\gh ! /ati/ics are inexact1 we h ! ^w ( ! m5 & wom5 !mselves :o /ood betwe5 ! dead & ! liv+1 & ! plague 0 /ay$4 ,su* faults z !re 71 9 #ahii1 9 ! treatm5t--! contam9ation ( ?is or t /ock ( ! fluid1 & ! inadequate me?od ( /&>disation--h be5 duly not$ by ! ,commission4 ,! ru% = ! fluid 9 #ahii may be e/imat$ f ! foll[+ p>agraphs3-- 7i47 ,p>is4 ,! prep>ation ( anti-plague s]um is be+ rapidly proce$$ )2 up to ! pres5t "t ! ,in/itute has suppli$ x1 9 response to all ! v num]\s reque/s :i* h come f ,portugal1 ,spa91 ,italy1 & ,turkey1 )\t encroa*+ on ! res]ve kept 9 read9ess = ,p>is & ! dep>tm5ts4 7,lancet1 #af? ,septemb] #ahii47 7ii47 ,india4 ,! spread ( plague we/w>d to ,spa9 & ,portugal seems to h excit$ m or less g5]al al>m1 & ,i he> t an unprec$5t$ dem& has sudd5ly aris5 = ! plague prophylactic fluid4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india h be5 ask$ ! co/ ( supply+ f #ej1jjj to #ajj1jjj doses1 & ! e>lie/ date at :i* ?is quantity c\ld be despat*$4 ,x is also desir$ to "k if 9 case ( ne$ #ej1jjj doses a week c\ld be s5t to ,london4 ,russia desires to obta9 a consid]able /ock = ,port ,ar?ur4 ,italy has be5 mak+ inquiries = home use2 & also ,portugal1 9 ord] to inoculate at ,mozambique4 ,! pres5t laboratory is at ,gov]nm5t ,h\se1 ,p>el1 ,bombay1 & has only rec5tly be5 fitt$ up by ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india4 ,ab\t #aj1jjj doses a day c be turn$ out1 b x is ?\ght t /ill fur!r enl>gem5ts w be requir$ if ! dem& %\ld increase beyond ?is am\nt4 7,lancet1 #bcrd ,septemb] #ahii47 99 99 99 99 99 ,x w\ld take too long = ! pres5t purpose to consid] :at has be5 done1 n only = ! prev5tion ( plague1 b also = its cure by a s]um treatm5t4 ,! results obta9$ by ?is treatm5t 9 ,india h n be5 v good2 b ,y]s9 & o!rs report bett] results 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,good results are report$ f ,amoy 7#ahif71 ,nhatrang 7#ahih71 ,oporto 7#ahii71 & ,bu5os ,ayres 7#ahii-aijj74 ,9 ,glasg[1 ! prophylactic use ( ,y]s9's s]um seems to h done excell5t s]vice3 ! success ( its curative use 0 n v /rik+4 ,! curative results at ,nhatrang 7,y]s91 ,annales de l',in/itut ,pa/eur1 ,m>* #ahii7 are notable4 ,nhatrang is an ,annamese fi%+-village2 & ! plague1 :5 x 0 left to itself1 kill$ e case t x got3-- ,la pe/e s'e/ montre excessivem5t meurtrire *ez les ,annamites4 ,sur #gb cas de pe/e1 #ci p]sonnes *ez lesquelles la maladie a volu normalem5t1 ou qui n'ont t traits que p> des mdec9s indignes1 sont mortes sans exception4 ,les #cc autres cas ont pu tre traits p> le srum1 quelquefois dans de bonnes conditions1 mais le plus s\v5t quelques heures seulem5t avant la mort4 ,malgr cela1 n\s avons obt5u #ai gurisons et #ad dcs1 ce qui fait une mortalit de #db p] c5t41 *ez les traits4 ,a9si1 d'une "p1 #ajj p\r #ajj de mortalit *ez les non-traits2 de l'autre1 #db p] c5t4 *ez les malades qui ont reu du srum4 ,ces *iffres confirm5t les rsultats que j'avais obt5u en ,*9e en #ahif4 ,a long review ( ?is curative treatm5t1 fairly hopeful b no?+ m1 is giv5 9 ! ,report ( ! ,plague ,commission1 vol4 v41 pp4 #bfi-cbj4 ,! ,commission]s are ( op9ion t x ought n yet to be ext5d$1 z a g5]al measure1 ov] all ! di/ricts affect$ ) plague2 & t !re is ne$ ( m "w 9 bact]iology be=e x c be ?us ext5d$4 ,we desire to record our op9ion t1 ?\gh ! me?od ( s]um-!rapy1 z appli$ to plague1 has n be5 cr[n$ ) a !rapeutic success 9 any way comp>able to t obta9$ by ! application ( ! s]um me?od to ! treatm5t ( diph!ria1 none ! less ! me?od ( s]um-!rapy is 9 plague1 z 9 o!r infecti\s diseases1 ! only me?od :i* holds =? a prospect ( ultimate success4 ,x is a /range contra/1 betwe5 ?is op9ion & ! /atem5ts made by ! oppon5ts ( all exp]im5ts on animals4 ,"s ( ^! /atem5ts w be f\nd 9 ,"p ,,iv4 ( ?is book4 ,happily = ! _w1 no am\nt ( f\l language c h9d] ! good "w2 &1 :5 we talk ( ,empire-build+1 & ( de$s t w9 ! ,empire1 we mu/ reckon bact]iology among !m3 z ,"l ,curzon did1 9 8 spee* at ,calcutta1 ,m>* #c1 #ahii--,:at is ?is m$ical sci5ce we br+ to y8 ,x is built on ! b$-rock ( pure irrefutable sci5ce2 x is a boon :i* is (f]$ to all1 ri* & poor1 ,h9du & ,mohamm$an1 woman & man4 ,,ix ,,typhoid ,,fev]4 ,,malta ,,fev] ,,typhoid ,,fev] ,! names ( ,klebs1 ,eb]?1 & ,ko*1 are associat$ ) ! discov]y1 9 #ahhj-ha1 ( ! bacillus ( ent]ic fev]1 bacillus typhosus2 & x 0 obta9$ 9 pure culture by ,gaffky 9 #ahhd4 ,x has be5 /udi$ f e po9t ( view1 9 man & 9 animals2 9 ! blood1 tissues1 & excretions2 9 e>?1 air1 wat]1 milk1 & food2 9 its di/ribution1 me?ods ( gr[?1 & *emical products4 ,especially1 ! /udy ( its *emical products has be5 direct$ t[>d 7#a7 immunisation aga9/ ! disease1 7#b7 bact]iological diagnosis ( ! disease at an e>ly /age4 ,! date ( ! fir/ protective inoculations aga9/ typhoid is ,july to ,augu/ #ahif3 !y 7 made at ,netley ,hospital1 by ,pr(essor ,wright & ,surgeon-,major ,semple4 ,! fir/ inoculations 9 ,g]many1 made by ,pfeiff] & ,kolle1 7 publi%$ two mon?s lat]4 ,! /ory ( ^! fam\s ,netley inoculations is told 9 ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 #cj? ,janu>y #ahig4 ,eighte5 m5 (f]$ !mselves-- ,a good deal ( fev] 0 develop$ 9 all cases1 & sleep 0 a good deal di/urb$4 ,^! con/itutional symptoms _h to a great ext5t pass$ away by ! morn+1 & laboratory "w w5t on )\t int]ruption4444 ,) two exceptions1 all ^! vacc9ations 7 p]=m$ ^u ,m$ical ,(fic]s ( ! ,army or ,indian ,m$ical ,s]vices1 or ^u ,surgeons on ,probation :o 7 prep>+ to ent] ^? s]vices4 ,good luck att5d all eighte5 ( !m1 & immunity aga9/ typhoid1 :]ev] !y are4 ,! doses t !y receiv$ 7 e/imat$ 9 proportion to ! dose t w\ld kill a gu9ea-pig ( #cej-djj grammes weight2 & ! protective fluid conta9$ no liv+ bacilli3-- ,! advantages :i* are associat$ ) ! use ( su* 'dead vacc9es' are1 fir/1 t !re is absolutely no risk ( produc+ actual typhoid fev] by our inoculations2 secondly1 t ! vacc9es may be h&l$ & di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! po/ )\t incurr+ any risk ( dissem9at+ ! g]ms ( ! disease2 ?irdly1 t dead vacc9es are probably less subject to und]go alt]ations 9 _! /r5g? ?an liv+ vacc9es4 ,! fir/ use ( ! vacc9e dur+ an outbreak ( typhoid 0 9 ,octob] #ahig1 at ! ,k5t ,c\nty ,lunatic ,asylum4 ,! treatm5t 0 (f]$ to any ( ! work+ /aff :o desir$ x3-- ,all ! m$ical /aff1 & a numb] ( att5dants1 accept$ ! (f]4 ,n "o ( ^? vacc9at$--#hd 9 numb]--contract$ typhoid fev]3 :ile ( ^? unvacc9at$ & liv+ "u simil> conditions1 #af 7 attack$4 ,?is is a significant fact1 ?\gh x %\ld 9 fairness be /at$ t ! wat] 0 boil$ aft] a c]ta9 date1 & o!r precautions 7 tak51 s t ! vacc9ation _c be said to be altoge!r responsible = ! immunity4 ,/ill1 ! figures are /rik+4 7,lancet1 #ai? ,m>* #ahih2 see also ,dr4 ,tew's pap]1 9 ,public ,heal?1 ,april #ahih47 ,c]ta9ly1 !y are /rik+2 s is ! /ory ( ! eight "y subalt]ns on ! ,kh>t\m exp$ition1 ( :om six 7 vacc9at$1 & two took _! *ance4 ,! six escap$ typhoid1 ! two 7 attack$ by x1 & "o di$4 ,b ^! figures are too small to be ( mu* value4 ,! fir/ anti-typhoid inoculations on a l>ge scale 7 made among ,briti% troops 9 ,india 7,bangalore1 ,rawal ,p9di1 ,luckn[71 :5 ! ,plague ,commission1 ( :i* ,pr(essor ,wright 0 a memb]1 0 9 ,india1 ,novemb] #ahih to ,m>* #ahii4 ,^! inoculations 7 volunt>y1 at private co/1 & )\t (ficial sanction2 ?\gh ! orig9al proposal = !m1 9 #ahig1 _h come f ! ,indian ,gov]nm5t4 ,p5d+ (ficial sanction1 !y 7 /opp$4 ,!n1 on #be? ,may #ahii1 ! ,indian ,gov]nm5t made application to ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,india t !y %\ld be sanction$1 & %\ld be made at ! public co/4 ,! application is z foll[s3-- ,! annual admissions p] mille = ent]ic fev] among/ ,briti% troops 9 ,india h ris5 f #ah4e 9 #ahij to #cb4d 9 #ahig1 :ile ! dea?-rate has increas$ f #d4ja to #i4ja2 & we are ( op9ion t e practicable means %\ld be tri$ to gu>d aga9/ ! ravages made by ?is disease4 ,! anti-typhoid inoculations h be51 we believe1 on a suffici5tly l>ge scale to %[ ! actual value ( ! treatm5t1 :ile ! results appe> to af=d satisfactory pro( t ! inoculations1 :5 prop]ly c>ri$ out1 af=d an immunity equal to or great] ?an t obta9$ by a p]son :o has und]gone an attack ( ! disease2 fur!r1 ! op]ation is "o :i* does n cause any risk to heal?4 ,9 ^! circum/ances1 we are v /rongly ( op9ion t a m ext5d$ trial %\ld be made ( ! treatm5t2 & we tru/ t y\r ,lord%ip w p]mit u to approve ! inoculation1 at ! public exp5se1 ( all ,briti% (fic]s & soldi]s :o may volunt>ily submit !mselves to ! op]ation4 ,on #a/ ,augu/1 ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,india ann\nc$ 9 ,p>liam5t t ?is treatm5t1 at ! public exp5se1 _h be5 sanction$4 ,on #bj? ,janu>y #aijj1 ,pr(essor ,wright publi%$ 9 ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal an acc\nt ( ^! #ahih-ii inoculations 9 ,india4 ,!y 7 und]tak5 "u conditions :i* 7 v f> f ideal4 ,9 p>ticul>1 !re is reason to suppose t ! results obta9$ may h be5 unfav\rably influ5c$ by a weak5+ ( ! vacc9e1 br\ght ab\t by repeat$ re-/]ilisation4 ,9 no case 0 re9oculation done4 ,! /ati/ics 7 compil$ f in=mation furni%$ by (fic]s ( ! ,royal ,army ,m$ical ,corps actually 9 *>ge ( troops 9 ! v>i\s /ations2 & 7 supplem5t$ by reports receiv$ f ! comm&+ (fic]s ( ! v>i\s inoculat$ regim5ts4 ,!y are z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,numb]s "u ,cases4,dea?s4,p]c5tage,p]c5tage ,obs]vation4 ( ,cases4 ( ,dea?s4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,inoculat$ #bhce #bg #e #j4ie #j4b ,un9oculat$ #hdfj #bac #bc #b4e #j4cd ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,if ! inoculat$ _h be5 attack$ equally ) ! un9oculat$ ?r\gh\t ! p]iod ( obs]vation1 !y w\ld h _h #ga cases in/ead ( #bg4 ,^! inoculations belong to ! e>ly "p ( #ahii4 ,dur+ ! re/ ( ! ye>1 inoculations 7 made 9 ,india1 ,egypt1 & ,malta3 ! results are giv5 9 an app5dix to ! ,report ( ! ,royal ,army ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t1 #ahii4 7,see ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 #ba/ ,septemb] #aija47 ,! great majority ( ! troops tabulat$ 7 9 ,india4 ,( ! troops /ation$ at ,malta1 #fa 7 inoculat$1 #bdef n inoculat$2 among ! =m] !re 7 no cases1 among ! latt] !re 7 #ag cases & #e dea?s4 ,9 ,egypt1 ( #dhce troops1 #dfa 7 inoculat$2 among ^! !re 7 no cases1 among ! un9oculat$ !re 7 #cj cases & #g dea?s4 ,9 ,india1 ( #cj1cec troops1 #dejb 7 inoculat$1 leav+ #be1hea n inoculat$2 among ! inoculat$ !re 7 #dd cases & #i dea?s1 among ! non-inoculat$ #feg cases & #adf dea?s4 ,tak+ ! ,indian /ati/ics1 & e/imat+ p]c5tage to /r5g?1 we f9d1 among/ ! inoculat$1 admissions #j4ih1 dea?s #j4b2 among/ ! non-inoculat$1 admissions #b4e1 dea?s #j4ef4 ,! cases :i* occurr$ among/ ! inoculat$ m5 7 9 ! majority ( in/ances ( a mild "*4 ,tak+ ,malta1 ,egypt1 & ,india toge!r1 x appe>s t ! inoculat$1 if !y _h suff]$ equally ) ! non-inoculat$1 w\ld h _h #ajh cases & #bd dea?s1 in/ead ( #dd cases & #i dea?s4 ,at ! end ( #ahii1 ?is treatm5t1 only j out ( ! h&s ( sci5ce1 0 sudd5ly dem&$ = ! protection ( a huge army at w> 9 a c\ntry saturat$ ) typhoid4 ,/ill1 ! ,s\? ,african results1 & o!r results dur+ #ahii to #aija1 %[ a good balance ( lives sav$4 ,! foll[+ p>agraphs give all results publi%$ f ! beg9n+ ( #aijj to ,may #aijb4 ,!y are put 9 ord] ( publication4 ,d\btless a few o!r reports h be5 ov]look$ 9 compilation2 b ! li/ includes all t 7 easily accessible4 #a4 ,man*e/]1 ,engl&4 ,! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 #bh? ,april #aijj1 conta9s a note by ,dr4 ,m>sd51 ,m$ical ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,monsall ,fev] ,hospital1 ,man*e/]1 on ! inoculation ( #ad out ( #bb nurses engag$ 9 nurs+ typhoid pati5ts4 ,( ! rema9+ #h1 #d _h already _h typhoid4 ,! inoculations 7 made 9 ,octob] #ahii4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! subsequ5t fre$om f typhoid ( ! nurs+ /aff3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,ye>4 ,numb] ( ,cases among ,typhoid ,pati5ts4,nurs+ ,/aff4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #ahie #bbi #c #ahif #bch #c #ahig #cjb #d #ahih #dbf #h ,to end ( ,septemb] #ahii #afc #e ,f ,octob] #ahii to ,m>* #aijj #adf #j ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #b4 ,ladysmi?1 ,s\? ,africa4 ,! ,lancet1 #ad? ,july #aijj1 conta9s a %ort note by ,pr(essor ,wright1 on ! di/ribution ( typhoid among ! (fic]s & m5 ( ! milit>y g>rison1 dur+ ! siege ( ,ladysmi?4 ,! figures are z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,numb]4,no4 (,proportion,no4 ( ,proportion ,case- ,cases4( ,cases4 ,dea?s4( ,dea?s4mortality4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,n inoculat$ #aj1ebi #adhi #a 9 #g4jg #cbi #a 9 #cb #a 9 #d4eb ,inoculat$ #a1gje #ce #a 9 #dh4g #h #a 9 #bac #a 9 #d4d ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,! wide diff]5ce betwe5 ! two gr\ps1 z reg>ds ! incid5ce ( ! disease1 is well m>k$2 b ! case-mortality is practically ! same 9 ea* gr\p4 7,! /ati/ics ( ! ,g5]al ,hospital1 ,ladysmi?1 also tell 9 fav\r ( ! prev5tive treatm5t3 see ,surgeon-,major ,we/cott's lett]1 ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 #bj? ,july #aija1 9 answ] to ,dr4 ,melville's lett]1 ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 #bj? ,april #aija47 #c4 ,! ,portl& ,hospital3 ,modd] ,riv] & ,bloemfonte94 ,! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 #aj? ,novemb] #aijj1 conta9s an acc\nt by ,dr4 ,too? ( ! cases ( typhoid 9 ?is hospital4 ,conc]n+ ! prev5tive treatm5t1 he says3 ,! exp]i5ce ( my colleague ,dr4 ,calv]ley & myself may be ( int]e/1 ?\gh we fe> t ! numb]s are too few = safe g5]alisation4 ,p]sonnel ( ! ,portl& ,hospital4 ,we take fir/ ! relation ( disease & inoculation among ! p]sonnel ( ! hospital4 ,tw5ty-f\r non-commission$ (fic]s1 ord]lies1 & s]vants ( ! ,portl& ,hospital1 & #d ( ! m$ical /aff1 7 inoculat$ on ! voyage out4 ,all ^! %[$ ! local symptoms at ! "t2 t is1 pa91 /iffness1 & local ery!ma2 #ag also pres5t$ well-m>k$ con/itutional symptoms--g5]al feel+ ( illness1 fev]1 & heada*e4 ,( ! ord]lies1 #i _h ent]ic fev] subsequ5tly4 ,two _h refus$ inoculation1 & bo? ( ^! _h ! disease v sev]ely2 9 fact "o di$4 ,( ! inoculat$ cases1 #e _h ! disease lightly1 & #b fairly sev]ely4 ,"o ( ! si/]s _h ! disease r sev]ely1 & %e _h n be5 inoculat$4 ,(fic]s & m5 admitt$ to ! ,portl& ,hospital4 ,we _h "u treatm5t at ! ,portl& ,hospital #bca cases ( ent]ic fev]1 mo/ ( :i* came "u our c>e at ,bloemfonte94 ,we h n includ$ 9 ^! figures a numb] ( pati5ts :o came 9 convalesc5t = a %ort "t only1 & on _! way to ! base1 & :o w\ld !re=e appe> 9 ! admission & dis*>ge book ( ! hospital4 ,if we did s1 ( c\rse our p]c5tages w\ld be l[]4 ,( ^! #bca pati5ts1 #ec _h be5 inoculat$ at home or on ! voyage out1 & ( !m #c di$1 mak+ a p]c5tage ( dea?s among ! inoculat$ ( #e4f p] c5t42 #agh _h n be5 inoculat$1 ( :om #be di$2 t is1 a mortality among ! non-inoculat$ ( #ad p] c5t4 ,! g5]al mortality 9 ent]ic fev] ) u 0 #bh dea?s out ( #bca cases2 t is1 #ab4a p] c5t41 :i* seems to comp>e fav\rably ) ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,london hospitals4 ,x is int]e/+ to record our exp]i5ce among ! (fic]s tak5 sep>ately4 ,?irty-?ree (fic]s 7 admitt$ ) ent]ic fev]2 #ba _h be5 inoculat$2 t is1 #fc4f p] c5t42 a mu* l>g] p]c5tage ?an among ! m54 ,only "o ( ^! (fic]s di$1 & he _h n be5 inoculat$4 ,^! figures are small1 b su* z !y are !y are significant1 & !y dispose u to look ) fav\r ^u inoculation4 ,s also does our cl9ical exp]i5ce ) our pati5ts1 = among ! inoculat$ ! disease seem$ to run a mild] c\rse4 #d4 ,no4 #i ,g5]al ,hospital1 ,bloemfonte94 ,! ,m$ical ,*ronicle = ,janu>y #aija conta9s an acc\nt1 by ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,smi?1 ( ! "w ( ?is hospital4 ,he says3 ,! g5]al impression among/ ! m$ical (fic]s 9 our hospital 0 t a s+le inoculation probably did n conf] an immunity la/+ v long--! lapse ( "t diff]+ 9 individuals--& also t !re 0 a t5d5cy 9 ! cases ( ent]ic 9 inoculat$ pati5ts to abort at ! end ( t5 or f\rte5 days4 ,i %\ld say1 h[ev]1 t a v consid]able numb] ( our deta*m5t :o _h be5 inoculat$ suff]$ f ent]ic1 ( :om #d at lea/ di$4 ,( ! m$ical /aff1 ! only memb] ( ! junior /aff :o _h n be5 inoculat$ di$ ( ent]ic4 #e4 ,scotti% ,national ,r$ ,cross ,hospital1 ,kroon/adt4 ,! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 #ab? ,janu>y #aija1 conta9s an acc\nt ( ! "w ( ?is hospital by ,surgeon-,colonel ,cayley1 ,(fic] 9 ,*>ge4 ,he says3 ,! fir/ section ( ! hospital1 consi/+ ( #fa p]sons--(fic]s1 nurs+ si/]s1 & e/abli%m5t--left ,s\?ampton on #ba/ ,april #aijj4 ,dur+ ! voyage out1 all except #d 7 inoculat$ twice1 at an int]val ( ab\t t5 days2 #b 7 inoculat$ once2 & #b 7:o _h _h typhoid7 7 n inoculat$4 ,imm$iately we rea*$ ! ,cape1 ! hospital 0 s5t up to ,kroon/adt 9 ! ,orange ,riv] ,colony1 & rema9$ !re z a /ation>y hospital till ! middle ( ,octob]4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod !re 7 always _m cases ( ent]ic "u treatm5t 9 hospital4 ,fur!r1 "s ( ! m$ical (fic]s & /ud5t ord]lies _h *>ge ( ! ,kroon/adt ,hotel tempor>y hospital1 :i* 0 cr[d$ up ) ent]ic cases2 & ! nurs+ si/]s1 = ?ree weeks1 did duty 9 ! milit>y hospitals at ,bloemfonte9 9 ,may & ,june1 :5 ent]ic fev] 0 at its wor/4 ,!re 0 n a s+le case ( ent]ic among ! p]sonnel ( ?is fir/ section ( ! hospital4 ,! second section ( ! hospital--m$ical (fic]s1 nurses1 & e/abli%m5t1 #hb 9 all--left ,s\?ampton 9 ,may #aijj4 ,on bo>d %ip ne>ly all ( !m 7 inoculat$1 b _m ( !m only once4 ,! mat]ial = inoculation _h be5 on bo>d = "s "t1 & 0 n s fre% z 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,( ?is second section1 #a nurse _h ent]ic at ,kroon/adt4 ,%e 0 ! only "o1 out ( a total ( #cf nurses1 :o suff]$ f ent]ic2 & %e 0 ! only nurse :o 0 n inoculat$1 except+ ! #b :o 7 protect$ by a previ\s attack ( ent]ic4 ,a ?ird section ( ! hospital1 consi/+ ( #d m$ical (fic]s & #af nurses1 w5t out 9 ,july2 !y 7 all inoculat$1 & none ( !m _h ent]ic4 ,( ! second section1 #e ord]lies _h ent]ic fev] at ,kroon/adt1 ( :om #b di$4 ,( ^! #e1 !re 7 #b inoculat$ 7once7 & #c non-inoculat$4 ,( ! #b :o di$1 #a _h be5 once inoculat$1 ! o!r _h n be5 inoculat$4 #f4 ,me]ut1 ,india4 ,! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 #i? ,febru>y #aija1 gives a %ort note by ,pr(essor ,wright on inoculations 9 ! #ae? ,huss>s4 ,he says3 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,lieut5ant-,g5]al ,sir ,george ,luck1 comm&+ ! ,b5gal ,army1 ,i am p]mitt$ to publi% ! foll[+ (ficially compil$ /ati/ics1 deal+ ) ! effects ( anti-typhoid inoculations 9 ! case ( ! #ae? ,huss>s3-- ,f #bbnd ,octob] #ahii to #bbnd ,octob] #aijj4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,/r5g?4,inoculat$4,cases4,dea?s4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,(fic]s #bb #ai #j #j ,n4,c4,o4 & ,m5 #dha #cag #b #a ,wom5 #cf #bd #j #j ---------------------------------------- -------- --------------------------------------- ,n ,inoculat$4,cases4,dea?s4 --------------------------------------- ,(fic]s #c #j #j ,n4,c4,o4 & ,m5 #afd #aa #f ,wom5 #ab #j #j --------------------------------------- ,x w\ld ?us appe> t ! incid5ce ( ent]ic 9 ! inoculat$ 0 repres5t$ by #j4ee p] c5t41 & ! mortality by #j4bg p] c5t42 :ile ! incid5ce 9 ! un9oculat$ 0 #f4ad p] c5t41 & ! dea?-rate #c4ce p] c5t4 ,if ! inoculat$ _h suff]$ equally ) ! un9oculat$1 !y w\ld h _h #bb cases ) #aa dea?s1 in/ead ( #b cases ) #a dea?4 #g4 ,! ,ed9burgh ,hospital1 ,s\? ,africa4 ,! ,scotti% ,m$ical & ,surgical ,j\rnal1 ,m>* #aija1 conta9s an acc\nt ( ! "w ( ! ,ed9burgh ,hospital1 by ,dr4 ,francis ,boyd4 ,( ! /aff1 #eh 7 inoculat$ 7#bg once1 & #ca twice74 ,among ^! #eh1 !re 7 #i cases ( typhoid fev]1 ) ,i dea?1 9 a pati5t :o _h old mitral disease4 ,our exp]i5ce has be5 t1 :ile inoculation appe>s to modify ! disease1 completely modifi$ attacks are met ) 9 ! un9oculat$4 ,aga91 v sev]e attacks1 ) complications & relapse1 occur 9 ^? :o h be5 inoculat$4 ,"o _c f ?is conclude t inoculation has be5 valueless1 = _h n ! pati5t be5 inoculat$1 ! attack might h be5 /ill m sev]e4 #h4 ,egypt & ,cyprus4 ,! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 #d? ,may #aija1 gives a %ort note by ,pr(essor ,wright on inoculations dur+ #aija 9 ,egypt & ,cyprus4 ,he says3 ,i am indebt$ to ! k9dness ( ,colonel ,w4 ,j4 ,fawcett1 ,r4,a4,m4,c41 ,pr9cipal ,m$ical ,(fic] 9 ,egypt1 = ! foll[+ /ati/ics deal+ ) ! incid5ce ( ent]ic fev]1 & ! mortality f ! disease1 = ! ye> #aijj1 9 ! inoculat$ & un9oculat$ among ! ,briti% troops 9 ,egypt & ,cyprus3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,av]age ,annual,cases4,dea?s4,p]c5tage,p]c5tage ,/r5g?4 ( ,cases4 ( ,dea?s4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,un9oculat$ #bffi #fh #aj #b4ej #j4dj ,inoculat$ #gbj #a #a #j4ad #j4ad ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,^! figures te/ify to a n9ete5-fold r$uction 9 ! numb] ( attacks ( ent]ic fev]1 & to a ?reefold r$uction 9 ! numb] ( dea?s f t disease1 among ! inoculat$4444 ,! only case :i* occurr$ among ! inoculat$ 0 t ( a pati5t admitt$ to hospital on ! ?irty-?ird day aft] inoculation4 ,x w\ld seem t ! disease 0 9 ?is case contract$ be=e any?+ 9 ! nature ( protection _h be5 e/abli%$ by ! inoculation4 #i4 ,imp]ial ,yeomanry ,hospital1 ,pretoria4 ,dr4 ,rolle/on1 ,consult+ ,physician to ?is hospital1 writes 9 ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 #e? ,octob] #aija3 ,among ! p]sonnel ( ! hospital 7#ag m$ical (fic]s1 #ej nurs+ si/]s1 #hc ord]lies1 etc471 total1 #aej1 !re 7 #bb cases ( ent]ic fev]1 or an incid5ce ( #ad4f p] c5t4 ,( ! #aej1 #ce 7 inoculat$1 & ( ^!1 #f1 or #ag p] c5t41 suff]$ f ent]ic2 :ile1 ( #aae non-inoculat$ memb]s ( ! p]sonnel1 #af1 or #ac4i p] c5t41 suff]$ f ent]ic fev]2 ! p]c5tage is !re=e high] among ! inoculat$4 ,!re 7 #b dea?s1 bo? 9 non-inoculat$ pati5ts4 ,9 #ajj cases ( ent]ic fev] among non-commission$ (fic]s & m51 tak5 ma9ly f convalesc5t pati5ts1 only #h _h be5 previ\sly inoculat$2 !re 7 #c fatal cases1 all among non-inoculat$ pati5ts4 ,among #db (fic]s :o _h ent]ic1 no few] ?an #ai _h be5 previ\sly inoculat$2 #f ( ^! #ai cases 7 sev]e 9 "*1 b none 7 fatal2 ( ! #bc non-inoculat$ cases1 #g 7 sev]e1 & ( ^! #g1 #c end$ fatally4 ,! int]val betwe5 inoculation & ! subsequ5t incid5ce ( ent]ic fev] v>i$ betwe5 "o & tw5ty-"o mon?s1 b 9 only f\r in/ances 0 ! int]val less ?an six mon?s4 ,! av]age int]val betwe5 inoculation & ! onset ( ent]ic fev] 9 ^! #ai cases 0 ?irty-eight weeks4 ,z f> z ^! scanty figures g1 !y po9t to ! conclusion 7#a7 t anti-typhoid inoculation does n absolutely protect aga9/ a future attack ( typhoid fev]2 7#b7 t :5 ent]ic occurs 9 an inoculat$ p]son1 !re is1 z a rule1 an int]val ( ab\t six mon?s2 7#c7 t inoculation protects aga9/ a fatal t]m9ation to ! disease4 #aj4 ,ri*mond ,asylum1 ,dubl94 ,! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 #bf? ,octob] #aija1 conta9s a note by ,pr(essor ,wright on an outbreak ( typhoid 9 ?is asylum dur+ ,augu/ to ,decemb] #aijj4 ,inoculations 7 begun on #f? ,septemb]1 by ,dr4 ,cull9an1 & by #cj? ,novemb] #eaa p]sons 7 inoculat$4 ,aft] c>eful criticism ( all d\btful cases1 ,pr(essor ,wright gives ! foll[+ figures3-- ,comp>ative ,incid5ce ( ,typhoid ,fev] 9 ,inoculat$ & ,non-,inoculat$1 calculat$ ^u ! av]age /r5g? ( ! repres5tative gr\ps dur+ ! p]iod int]v5+ betwe5 ! comm5cem5t ( ! inoculations & ! t]m9ation ( ! epidemic4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,av]age ,cases4 ,dea?s4,p]c5tage,p]c5tage ,/r5g?4 ( ,cases4 ( ,dea?s4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,un9oculat$ #bih #cj7-a87 #d #aj4a #a4c ,inoculat$ #cci #e7a87 #a #a4c #j4c ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,x may be not$1 he says1 t ! result is 9 con=mity ) t ( all ! /ati/ical returns ( anti-typhoid inoculation :i* h rea*$ me4 #aa4 ,deelfonte94 ,! ,lancet1 #ah? ,janu>y #aijb1 conta9s a pap] by ,dr4 ,wa%b\rn & ,dr4 ,&rew ,elliot1 on #bfb cases ( typhoid fev] 9 ! ,imp]ial ,yeomanry ,hospital at ,deelfonte9 dur+ ! ye> ,m>* #aijj to ,m>* #aija4 7,see ,dr4 ,wa%b\rn's e>li] lett]1 ,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\r41 #af? ,june #aijj47 ,!y say3 ,9 #baa ( our cases1 x 0 def9itely record$ :e!r ! pati5t _h be5 inoculat$ or n3 #ahf ( ^! cases _h n be5 inoculat$1 ) #bj dea?s1 or a mortality ( #aj4g p] c5t42 #be _h be5 inoculat$1 ) #d dea?s1 or a mortality ( #af p] c5t4 ,! mortality 0 ?us high] among ! inoculat$ ?an among ! non-inoculat$4 ,( ! p]sonnel ( ! hospital1 !re 7 #ei inoculat$1 ) #d cases1 & #be n inoculat$1 ) #d cases4 #ab4 ,w9burg4 ,! ,lancet1 #e? ,april #aijb1 conta9s a %ort note by ,pr(essor ,wright1 on ! #e? ,battalion1 ,man*e/] ,regim5t4 ,he says3 ,9 view ( ! de>? ( /ati/ics be>+ on ! incid5ce ( typhoid fev] 9 ,s\? ,africa 9 inoculat$ & un9oculat$ p]sons respectively1 ! foll[+1 = :i* ,i am indebt$ to ,lieut5ant ,j4 ,w4 ,we/1 ,r4,a4,m4,c41 ,w9burg1 ,orange ,riv] ,colony1 may n be entirely )\t int]e/4 ,! /ati/ics "h 9 "q give ! results obta9$ 9 ! case ( ! #e? ,battalion1 ,man*e/] ,regim5t1 = ! six mon?s :i* h elaps$ s9ce _! l&+ 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,! figures1 :i* relate to a total /r5g? ( #gdg m5 & (fic]s "u obs]vation1 are z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,numb]4 ,cases4 ,dea?s4,p]c5tage,p]c5tage ( ,cases4 ( ,dea?s4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,un9oculat$ #edg #bc #g #d4b #a 9 #c4c ,inoculat$ #bjj #c #j #a4e #j ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,! ?ree attacks 9 ! inoculat$ are report$ to h be5 ( exceptionally mild type1 contra/+ 9 a /rik+ mann] ) ! sev]e attacks :i* occurr$ 9 ! un9oculat$4 ,at ! "t ( s5d+ 9 ! report1 "s ( ! un9oculat$ pati5ts 7 'n yet out ( dang]4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,c]ta9ly1 ^! in/ances %[ a good balance ( lives sav$1 n only "u ! adv]se conditions ( ! w>1 b also 9 ,egypt1 ,india1 & ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,b ! bact]iological "w on typhoid fev] has be5 direct$ also to ! work+ out ( a v diff]5t problem3 & t is ! me?od ( diagnosis :i* is call$ ,widal's reaction4 ,! practical uses ( ?is reaction are ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,x is ! outcome ( "w 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w--by ,wright & ,semple & ,durham 9 ,engl&1 ,*antemesse & ,widal 9 ,france1 ,pfeiff] & ,kolle & ,grb] 9 ,g]many1 & _m m4 ,! fir/ sy/ematic /udy ( x 0 made by ,durham & ,pfeiff]2 & ,widal's "n is especially associat$ ) ! application ( _! "w to ! uses ( practice4 ,admirable acc\nts ( ! :ole subject are giv5 by ,dr4 ,cabot 9 8 book1 ,! ,s]um-,diagnosis ( ,disease 7,longmans1 #ahii71 & by ,mr4 ,f\l]ton 9 ! ,middlesex ,hospital ,j\rnal1 ,octob] #ahii & ,july #aija4 ,widal's reaction is surely "o ( ! fairy tales ( sci5ce4 ,! bact]iologi/ works n ) any?+ s gross z a drop ( blood1 b ) a drop ( blood fifty or m times dilut$2 "o drop ( ?is dilution is en\gh = 8 purpose4 ,take1 = in/ance1 an obscure case suspect$ to be typhoid fev]3 a drop ( blood tak5 f ! f+] is dilut$ fifty or m times1 t ! p]fect delicacy ( ! te/ may be ensur$2 a drop ( ?is dilution is mix$ ) a drop ( nutri5t fluid conta9+ liv+ typhoid bacilli1 & a drop ( ?is mixture ( blood & bacilli is wat*$ "u ! microscope3-- ,! motility ( ! bacilli is in/antane\sly or v quickly arre/$1 & 9 a few m9utes ! bacilli beg9 to aggregate toge!r into clumps1 & by ! end ( ! half-h\r !re w be v few isolat$ bacilli visible4 ,9 less m>k$ cases1 ! motility ( ! bacilli does n cease = "s m9utes2 :ile 9 ! lea/ m>k$ ones ! motility ( ! bacilli may nev] be completely arre/$1 b !y are always m or less sluggi%1 :ile clump+ ought to be q di/9ct by ! end ( ! half-h\r4 ,! result ( ?is clump+ is also pla9ly visible to ! nak$ eye1 by ! subsid5ce ( ! agglut9at$ bact]ia to ! bottom ( ! conta9+ vessel3 & ?us an easy practical mode ( diagnosis is af=d$ by x4 ,z ) typhoid1 s ) ,malta fev]1 *ol]a1 & "s o!r infective diseases4 ,& ! unimag9able f95ess ( ?is reaction goes f> beyond ! "t ( ! disease4 ,mon?s1 ev5 ye>s1 aft] recov]y f typhoid1 a fiftie? "p ( a drop ( ! blood w /ill give ,widal's reaction3 & x has be5 obta9$ 9 an infant ^: "m _h typhoid be=e x 0 born4 ,a drop ( dri$ blood1 f a case suspect$ to be typhoid1 may be s5t a hundr$ miles by po/ to be te/$2 & typhoid1 l diph!ria1 may n[ be submitt$ to ! judgm5t ( an exp]t f> away1 & ! answ] telegraph$ back4 ,x w\ld be difficult to exagg]ate ! practical importance ( ?is reaction = ! e>ly diagnosis ( cases ( typhoid fev]1 especially ^? cases t appe>1 at ! onset1 n sev]e4 ,,malta ,,fev] ,! specific organism ( ,malta fev] 7,m$it]ranean fev]71 ! bacillus ,melit5sis1 0 discov]$ 9 #ahhg by ,surgeon-,major ,david ,bruce1 ( ! ,army ,m$ical ,/aff4 ,its nature & action 7 prov$ by ! inoculation ( monkeys4 ,! use ( ,widal's reaction is ( great value 9 ?is disease3-- ,! diagnosis ( ,malta fev] f typhoid is1 ( c\rse1 a highly important practical matt]4 ,x is exce$+ly difficult 9 ! e>ly /ages4 7,manson1 loc4 cit47 ,z ) typhoid1 s ) ,malta fev]1 ,netley l$ ! way to ! discov]y ( an immunis+ s]um4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! "w1 "o ( ! discov]]s 0 by accid5t infect$ ) ! disease3-- ,he 0 indispos$ :5 he w5t to ,maid/one to und]take anti-typhoid vacc9ation1 & aft] fight+ aga9/ 8 illness = "s days1 he 0 oblig$ to return to ,netley on #i? ,octob]4 ,exam9ation ( blood-s]um 7,widal's reaction7 %[$ t he 0 suff]+ f ,malta fev]4 ,x appe>s t he _h scrat*$ 8 h& ) a hypod]mic ne$le on #ag? ,septemb]1 :5 immunis+ a horse = ! prep>ation ( s]um-protective aga9/ ,malta fev]2 & 8 blood1 :5 exam9$1 _h a typical reaction on ! micrococcus ( ,malta fev] 9 #ajjj-;fold dilution4 ,! horse1 :i* has be5 immunis$ = ,malta fev] = ! la/ eight mon?s1 0 imm$iately bl$1 & we are in=m$ t ! pati5t has n[ _h two injections1 ea* ( #cj cub4 cm4 ( ! s]um4 ,he is do+ well1 & x is hop$ t ! attack has be5 cut %ort4 7,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 #af? ,octob] #ahig47 ,ab\t fifty cases _h up to ,septemb] #ahii be5 treat$ at ,netley ) m>k$ b5efit3 :]eas !y f\nd t all drug-treatm5t fail$1 ! antitox9 treatm5t _h be5 g5]ally successful4#cf ,a good in/ance ( ! value ( ! s]um-treatm5t ( ,malta fev] is publi%$ 9 ! ,lancet1 #ae? ,april #ahii4 ,= a lat] acc\nt ( ?is treatm5t & ( its efficacy1 see ! ,philadelphia ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 #bd? ,novemb] #aijj4 #cf ,= ! :ole subject1 see ,lancet1 #i? ,septemb] #ahii1 pap] by ,surgeon-,major ,birt & ,surgeon-,capta9 ,lamb4 ,two o!r cases ( accid5tal inoculation occurr$ at ,netley4 ,ano!r po9t is not$ by ,sir ,patrick ,manson1 9 8 rec5t ,lane ,lectures 7,con/able1 #aije74 ,= "s "t back1 he says1 a commission ( exp]ts1 work+ "u ! direction ( ! ,royal ,society1 has be5 /udy+ ?is disease 9 ,malta4 ,! commission has accumulat$ mu* detail$ in=mation2 b ! mo/ important obs]vation x has publi%$ is ! fact t a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! goats 9 ,malta are infect$ ) ,micrococcus melit5sis1 & t ! milk ( ! infect$ goats conta9s ! bact]ium4 ,may n ?is acc\nt = ! great preval5ce ( ,m$it]ranean fev] !re & 9 o!r places hav+ p]haps a simil> milk-supply8 ,x ,,! ,,mosquito3 ,,mal>ia1 ,,yell[ ,,fev]1 ,,fil>iasis ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s1 x has be5 prov$ t ! mosquito is an int]m$iate ho/1 betwe5 man & man1 ( mal>ia1 yell[ fev]1 & fil>iasis 7elephantiasis74#cg ,j z ! gross] p>asites1 ! tapeworms1 mu/ alt]nate betwe5 man & c]ta9 animals1 & _c o!rwise g ?r\gh _! own life-*anges & reproduce _! k9d1 s ! micro-p>asites t are ! cause ( mal>ia alt]nate betwe5 man & ! mosquito1 hav+ ! mosquito z an int]m$iate ho/4 ,^! organisms1 once !y get into ! mosquito1 pick out c]ta9 /ructures1 & !re c>ry out a def9ite cyclical phase ( _! lives1 :]eby _! prog5y make _! way into ! /ylets ( ! mosquito1 & s get back to man1 :o is _! def9ite ho/4 ,?us1 mal>ia is n1 /rictly speak+1 a disease ( man2 x is "o phase 9 man ( micro-organisms t h ano!r phase 9 mosquitoes4 ,s also ) fil>iasis2 ! fil>i 9 man1 _! ova1 & _! embryo-worms1 are "o phase ( fil>iasis2 & ! embryo-worms 9 c]ta9 /ructures ( ! mosquito are ano!r phase4 ,! plasmodium mal>i & ! fil>ia are in/ances ( a law ( animal life t holds good also ( plant life3-- ,all plants & animals possess p>asites1 & ?\s&s ( diff]5t species ( p>asites h be5 closely /udi$ by sci5ce2 we !re=e "k mu* ab\t _! g5]al ways ( life4 ,z a rule1 a p>ticul> species ( p>asite c live only 9 ! p>ticul> species ( animal 9 :i*1 by ! evolution ( ages1 x has acquir$ ! p[] ( liv+4 ,x is !re=e n en\gh = ! p>asites ( an individual animal--say a man--to be able to multiply )9 t individual1 b !y mu/ also make arrangem5ts1 s to speak1 = _! prog5y to ent] into & infect o!r individuals ( ! same species4 ,!y _c live = ev] 9 "o individual2 !y mu/ spread 9 "s way or o!r to o!r individuals4 ,! %ifts made by p>asites to meet ?is requirem5t ( _! nature are _m & v>i\s1 & con/itute "o ( ! wond]s ( nature4 ,"s scatt] _! spores & eggs broadca/ 9 ! soil1 wat]1 or air1 z x 7 9 ! hope t "s ( !m w alight by accid5t on a plant or animal suitable = _! future gr[?4 ,_m p>asites employ1 9 v>i\s ways1 a second species ( animal z a g-betwe54 ,?us1 "s tapeworms1 & ! worms :i* cause tri*9osis1 sp5d a "p ( _! lives 9 ! fle% ( sw9e1 & transf] !mselves to human be+s :5 ! latt] eat ?is fle%4 ,to complete ! cycle1 ! p>asites return to sw9e f human (fal2 s t !y propagate alt]nately f m5 to sw9e1 & f sw9e to m54 ,! blood-p>asites :i* cause ! deadly tsetse-fly disease among cattle 9 ,s\? ,africa are transf]r$ f "o ox to ano!r on ! proboscis ( ! ox-bit+ or tsetse-fly4 ,! prog5y ( ! flukes ( %eep ent] a k9d ( snail1 :i* spreads ! p>asites ^u grass4 ,! prog5y ( ! gu9ea-worm ( man ent] a wat]-flea4 ,! prog5y ( ! p>asites :i* cause ,texas cattle-fev]1 & :i* are v l ! mal>ial p>asites1 live 9 cattle-ticks1 & are transf]r$ by ! "y ( ^! ticks into heal?y cattle4 7,ross1 ,mal>ial ,fev]1 #aijb47 #cg ,= ,dr4 ,graham's exp]im5ts at ,beyr\t1 :i* seem to prove t ! mosquito c also convey d5gue or d&y-fev]1 see ! ,new ,york ,m$ical ,record1 #h? ,febru>y #aijb4 #a4 ,,mal>ia ,! plasmodium mal>i 0 discov]$ by ,lav]an 9 #ahhj1 9 ! blood ( mal>ial pati5ts4 ,= _m ye>s 8 "w /opp$ !re1 because x 0 impossible to f9d ! plasmodium 9 animals3 ! difficulties surr\nd+ ! subject 7 s great t ?is discov]y seem$ to be almo/ hopeless4 ,9 #ahid1 ,sir ,patrick ,manson--:o _h prov$ mosquitoes to be ! int]m$iate ho/ 9 ! case ( ! p>asitic nematode fil>ia--sugge/$1 z a work+ !ory ( mal>ia1 t ! plasmodium 0 c>ri$ by mosquitoes4 ,?is belief1 n itself new1 he made curr5t co94 ,he obs]v$ t !re is a flagellate =m ( ! plasmodium1 :i* only comes into exi/5ce aft] ! blood has left ! body3 & he sugge/$ t ! flagella might develop 9 ! mosquito z an int]m$iate ho/1 a halfway-h\se betwe5 man & man4 ,!n1 9 #ahie1 ,ross set to "w 9 ,india1 keep+ & fe$+ va/ numb]s ( mosquitoes on mal>ial blood2 & = two ye>s )\t any conclusive result4 ,ab\t ?is "t came ,mac,callum's obs]vations1 at ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 on a p>asitic organism1 halt]idium1 closely alli$ to ! plasmodium mal>i2 he %[$ t ! flagella ( ! halt]idium are organs ( impregnation1 hav+ obs]v$ t ! non-flagellat$ =m1 :i* he reg>d$ z ! female1 aft] receiv+ "o ( ! flagella1 *ang$ %ape1 & became motile4 ,9 ,augu/ #ahig1 ,ross f\nd bodies1 conta9+ pigm5t l t ( ! mal>ial p>asite1 9 ! out] coat ( ! /oma* ( "o k9d ( mosquito1 ! grey or dapple-w+$ mosquito1 ,anopheles maculip5nis1 t _h be5 f$ on mal>ial blood4 ,9 ,febru>y #ahih1 he 0 put on special duty "u ! ,sanit>y ,commission] ) ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india1 to /udy mal>ia1 & />t$ "w aga9 9 ,calcutta3-- ,arriv+ !re at a non-fev] season1 he took up ! /udy ( :at may be call$ 'bird mal>ia4' ,9 birds1 two p>asites h become well kn[n--7#a7 ! halt]idium1 7#b7 ! proteosoma ( ,labb4 ,bo? h flagellat$ =ms1 & bo? are closely alli$ to ! plasmodium mal>i4 ,us+ grey mosquitoes & proteosoma-infect$ birds1 ,ross %[$ by a l>ge numb] ( obs]vations t x 0 only f blood conta9+ ! proteosoma t pigm5t$ cells 9 ! grey mosquito c\ld be got2 !re=e t ?is cell is d]iv$ f ! proteosoma1 & is an evolution>y /age ( t p>asite4 ,next1 ,ross proce$$ to f9d out its exact location1 & f\nd t x lay among ! muscul> fibres ( ! wall ( ! mosquito's /oma*4 ,x gr[s l>ge 7#dj-gj micro-millimetres7 & protrudes f ! ext]nal surface ( ! /oma*1 :i* "u ! microscope appe>s z if cov]$ ) m9ute w>ts4 7,manson1 at ,ed9burgh meet+ ( ,briti% ,m$ical ,association1 #ahih47 ,^! pigm5t$ sph]ical cells give issue to innum]able sw>ms ( sp9dle-%ap$ bodies1 g]m9al rods2 & 9 infect$ mosquitoes ,ross f\nd ^! rods1 9 ! gl&s t communicate ) ! proboscis4 ,?us ! evid5ce 0 complete1 t ! plasmodium mal>i1 l _m o!r p>asites1 has a special int]m$iate ho/ = its int]m$iate /age ( developm5t2 & t ?is ho/ is ! dapple-w+$ mosquito4 ,x is impossible to ov]-e/imate ! inf9ite delicacy & difficulty ( ,ross's "w2 = in/ance1 9 8 ,ab/ract ( ,rec5t ,exp]im5ts ) ,grey ,mosquitoes1 he says t out ( #bde grey mosquitoes f$ on birds ) proteosoma1 #agh1 or #gb p] c5t41 conta9$ pigm5t$ cells2 out ( #bdi f$ on blood conta9+ halt]idium1 immature proteosoma1 c41 n "o conta9$ a s+le pigm5t$ cell4 ,ano!r "t 7,april #ahih7 he c\nt$ ^! pigm5t-cells "u ! microscope3-- ,t5 mosquitoes f$ on ! sp>r[ ) num]\s proteosoma conta9$ #ajji pigm5t$ cells1 or an av]age ( #aja ea*4 ,t5 mosquitoes f$ on ! sp>r[ ) mod]ate proteosoma conta9$ #bib pigm5t$ cells1 or an av]age ( #bi ea*4 ,! mosquitoes f$ on ! sp>r[ ) no proteosoma conta9$ no pigm5t$ cells4 ,f9ally1 he complet$ ! circle ( developm5t by infect+ heal?y sp>r[s by caus+ mosquitoes to bite !m4 ,9 #ahii1 !re w5t out a ,g]man ,commission to ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa1 a ,royal ,society's ,commission to ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa1 & an exp$ition f ! ,liv]pool ,s*ool ( ,tropical ,m$ic9e2 9 #aijj1 ano!r ,g]man ,commission1 ?is "t to ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & ano!r exp$ition f ! ,liv]pool ,s*ool2 by ,july #aija1 ! ,liv]pool ,s*ool 0 organis+ its sev5? exp$ition4 ,italy1 ( c\rse1 has giv5 inf9ite /udy to ! disease3-- ,x has be5 decid$ t1 9 addition to ! /ations ( obs]vation & exp]im5t 9 ! prov9ces ( ,rome1 ,milan1 ,cremona1 ,mantua1 ,g]c>a1 ,foggia1 ,lecce1 o!rs %all be e/abli%$ 9 ! prov9ces ( ,ud9e1 ,v]ona1 ,vic5za1 ,padua1 ,rav5na1 ,pisa1 ,basilicata1 & ,syracuse4 ,besides epidemiological rese>*es1 applications on a l>ge scale w be made ( prev5tive measures = ! protection ( ! agricultural population aga9/ ! sc\rge4 ,ano!r ext5sive exp]im5t on ! prophylaxis ( mal>ia w be made on ! ,emilian littoral4 ,moreov]1 9 all ! mal>i\s regions ( ! ,italian p59sula ! prov9cial & communal adm9i/rations & _m private p]sons w co-op]ate 9 ! application ( prev5tive measures4 ,f all ?is x may be ga!r$ t dur+ ! summ] & autumn ! w> aga9/ mal>ia w be c>ri$ on 9 ,italy ) great vig\r & ?or\ghness4 7,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 #f? ,july #aija47 ,9 ,india1 ! "w />t$ 9 #aijj by ! ,royal ,society ,commission]s1 & by ! ,nagpur ,conf]5ce1 has be5 widely ext5d$2 especially by su* rese>*es z ^? ( ,major ,bu*anan1 ,i4,m4,s41 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,c5tral ,jail1 ,nagpur4 ,! foll[+ p>agraph1 f ! report ( ! ,sanit>y ,commission] ) ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india1 ref]s to ,major ,bu*anan's publi%$ "w1 ,mal>ial ,fev]s & ,mal>ial ,p>asites 9 ,india3-- ,a rem>kable note is /ruck at ! outset1 9 ! ackn[l$gm5t made1 by ! au?or1 ( ! capable assi/ance r5d]$ 9 ^! rese>*es by sev]al ( 8 ,burmese prison]s1 :om he tra9$ to ! use ( ! microscope1 & :o soon became exp]t 9 detect+ & di/+ui%+ ! v>i\s k9ds ( p>asites4444 ,besides a sy/ematic cl9ical acc\nt ( ! diff]5t =ms ( fev] & ! associat$ p>asites1 :i* is ! fir/ attempt ( ! k9d 9 ,india1 !re are a summ>y ( ! facts %[+ ! relation ( ! seasonal preval5ce ( ,anopheles to ! incid5ce ( attacks2 exp]im5ts exhibit+ ! protective effects ( mosquito-curta9s2 inoculation-exp]im5ts2 rese>*es on ! blood-p>asites ( birds2 & _m o!r po9ts4444 ,nor c we pause to notice ! _m attempts n[ be+ made by heal? (fic]s & o!rs to pursue ! me?ods ( prophylaxis indicat$2 ^! ef=ts are necess>ily 9 ! t5tative /age1 b1 s f>1 & especially :]e c>ri$ out 9 connection ) small communities & in/itutions1 !y are giv+ promise ( gratify+ success4 ,! fam\s exp]im5t made by ,dr4 ,sambon & ,dr4 ,l[ 9 #aijj1 mu/ be recall$ "h3-- ,dr4 ,luigi ,sambon & ,dr4 ,g4 ,c4 ,l[1 bo? connect$ ) ! ,london ,s*ool ( ,tropical ,m$ic9e1 volunte]$ to live f ,june till ,octob]1 t is to say1 ?r\gh :at may be call$ ! height ( ! mal>ia season1 9 a "p ( ! ,campagna ne> ,o/ia1 :i* is s infe/$ by ! disease t no "o :o sp5ds a night !re "u ord9>y conditions escapes ! effect ( ! poison4 ,dr4 ,sambon1 ,dr4 ,l[1 ,signor ,t]zi1 & _! s]vants1 h n[ expos$ !mselves to ! pe/il5tial influ5ce ( ?is valley ( ! %ad[ ( dea? = ov] two mon?s4 ,!y live 9 a mosquito-pro( hut2 !y take no qu99e or o!r drug :i* might be reg>d$ z prophylactic4 ,n "o ( ! exp]im5t+ p>ty has ! lea/ sign ( infection4#ch444 ,:at = practical purposes may be reg>d$ z an exp]im5t ( ! same k9d is be+ conduct$ 9 ,we/ ,africa4 ,dr4 ,elliot1 a memb] ( ! ,liv]pool exp$ition s5t to ,nig]ia "s "t ago to inve/igate ! subject ( mal>ial fev]1 has rec5tly return$ to ?is c\ntry4 ,he reports t ! memb]s ( ! exp$ition h be5 p]fectly well1 al?\gh !y h sp5t f\r mon?s 9 "s ( ! mo/ mal>i\s spots4 ,!y liv$ practically among/ m>%es & o!r places hi!rto suppos$ to be ! mo/ deadly4 ,!y h n kept ! fev] (f by ! use ( qu99e1 & !y attribute _! immunity to ! c>eful use ( mosquito-nets at night4 7,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 #bbnd ,septemb] #aijj47 #ch ,sir ,patrick ,manson1 9 ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 #bi? ,septemb] #aijj1 gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ?is exp]im5t3--,a wood5 hut1 con/ruct$ 9 ,engl&1 0 %ipp$ to ,italy & erect$ 9 ! ,roman ,campagna1 at a spot asc]ta9$ by ,dr4 ,l4 ,sambon1 aft] c>eful inquiry1 to be int5sely mal>ial1 :]e ! p]man5t inhabitants all suff] f mal>ial ca*exia1 & :]e ! field-lab\r]s1 :o come f heal?y p>ts ( ,italy to reap ! h>ve/1 aft] a %ort "t all contract fev]4 ,?is fev]-haunt$ spot is 9 ! ,k+ ( ,italy's hunt+-gr\nd ne> ,o/ia1 at ! m\? ( ! ,tib]4 ,x is wat]logg$ & jungly1 & teems ) insect life4 ,! only protection employ$ aga9/ mosquito-bite & fev] by ! exp]im5t]s :o occupi$ ?is hut 0 mosquito-nett+1 wire scre5s 9 doors & w9d[s1 &1 by way ( extra precaution1 mosquito-nets r\nd _! b$s4 ,n a gra9 ( qu99e 0 tak54 ,!y g ab\t ! c\ntry q freely--always1 ( c\rse1 ) an eye on ,anopheles--dur+ ! day1 b are c>eful to be indoors f sunset to sunrise4 ,up to #ba/ ,septemb]1 ! date ( ,dr4 ,sambon's la/ lett] to me1 ! exp]im5t]s & _! s]vants _h enjoy$ p]fect heal?1 9 m>k$ contra/ to _! neighb\rs1 :o 7 all ( !m ei!r ill ) fev]1 or _h suff]$ mal>ial attacks4 ,a simil> exp]im5t1 ( ! utmo/ importance1 0 made 9 #aijj by ,pr(essor ,grassi4 ,x conc]n$ ! workm5 & _! families along ! ,battipaglia-,reggio railway1 #ajd 9 all1 includ+ #cc *ildr54 ,! great majority ( !m _h suff]$ f mal>ia 9 ! prec$+ ye>2 & only #aa1 includ+ #d *ildr51 _h nev] suff]$ f x4 ,p5d+ ! arrival ( ! mal>ial season1 qu99e 0 giv5 to all :o ne$$ x4 ,! fir/ ,anopheles ) its saliv>y gl&s infect$ 0 f\nd on #ad? ,june4 ,twelve days lat] came a case ( mal>ia outside ! zone ( exp]im5t1 9 a p]son :o _h nev] _h mal>ia be=e4 ,! twelve days correspond to ! incubation-p]iod aft] infection4 ,anopheles hav+ come1 & ! mal>ial season ) him1 ! exp]im5t 0 begun4 ,! h\ses 7 c>efully protect$ ) wire nett+1 *imneys & all2 ! sie/a 0 tak5 "u wire nett+2 ! workm51 if !y 7 out 9 ! ev5+ or at night1 wore veils & gloves2 & ,anopheles 0 to be kill$ :]ev] he 0 f\nd4 ,qu99e 0 altoge!r giv5 up & =bidd51 except = ?ree workm5 :o _h escap$ or evad$ its use be=e ,june1 & _h1 inde$1 nev] be=e be5 treat$ ) qu99e2 "o ( !m1 moreov]1 _h be5 sleep+ outside ! zone ( exp]im5t 9 ,july4 ,except ^! ?ree1 all ! #ajd & _! doctors rema9$ absolutely free f mal>ia up to #af? ,septemb]1 ! date ( ,pr(essor ,grassi's report3-- ,rightly to e/imate ! value ( ^! facts1 x is necess>y briefly to describe ! surr\nd+s ( ! protect$ area4 ,t[>ds ! nor?1 com+ f ,battipaglia1 ?ree railway cottages are situat$1 at a di/ance ( #a1 #b1 & #c kilometres respectively4 ,! #be inhabitants ( ^! cottages1 al?\gh !y 7 put "u ! tonic & qu99e treatm5t 9 ! non-mal>ial season1 all )\t exception 7 tak5 ill ) mal>ial fev]s1 9 _m cases ob/9ate4 ,exp]im5ts ( volunt>y exposure to bite f an infect$ mosquito 7 made at or ab\t ?is "t1 9 ,london1 ,new ,york1 ,italy1 & ,india4 ,! ,london consignm5t ( mosquitoes _h be5 all[$ to bite a mal>ia-pati5t 9 ,rome4 ,! exp]im5t _h to be v c>efully plann$3-- ,to h s5t mosquitoes infect$ ) malignant t]tian p>asites might h endang]$ ! life ( ! subject ( ! exp]im5t2 & qu>tan-infect$ insects might h conf]r$ a type ( disease :i*1 ?\gh n endang]+ life1 is extremely difficult to eradicate4 ,! cases1 !re=e1 on :i* ! exp]im5tal insects 7 f$ _h to be examples ( pure b5ign t]tian--a type ( case n readily met ) 9 ,rome dur+ ! height ( ! mal>ial season2 ! absolute purity ( ! infection c\ld be asc]ta9$ only by repeat$ & c>eful microscopic exam9ation ( ! blood ( ! pati5t4 7,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 #bi? ,septemb] #aijj47 ,! mosquitoes 7 =w>d$1 ?r\gh ! ,briti% ,embassy 9 ,rome1 to ! ,london ,s*ool ( ,tropical ,m$ic9e4 ,! two brave g5tlem5 :o let !mselves be bitt5 by "s ?irty ( ! mosquitoes 7 9 due "t attack$ by mal>ia1 & ! t]tian =ms ( ! p>asite 7 f\nd 9 _! blood4 ,n9e mon?s lat]1 "o ( !m _h a relapse1 & ! p>asite 0 aga9 f\nd 9 8 blood4 ,x is n possible to sum up ! weal? ( "w on mal>ia publi%$ 9 #aijj-aija4 ,good acc\nts ( x are 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,section ( ,tropical ,diseases1 at ! ,annual ,meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,association 7,*elt5ham1 #aija71 & 9 ! ,?ompson ,yates ,laboratories ,reports1 vol4 iii41 pt4 #b1 #aija4 ,ev]y?+ _h to be /udi$3 n only ! nature & action ( ! plasmodium 9 all its phases1 b also ! :ole natural hi/ory & habits ( ! ,anopheles ( diff]5t c\ntries2 &1 above all1 ! incid5ce ( ! disease on natives & on ,europeans 9 ,*9a1 ,india1 & ,africa4 ,all t c be done "h is to try to indicate ! pr9cipal l9es foll[$ 9 ! pres5t _w-wide campaign aga9/ mal>ia4 ,! foll[+ p>agraphs are tak5 mo/ly f ! acc\nts giv5 by ,dr4 ,*ri/oph]s & ,dr4 ,annett1 9 ! ,?ompson ,yates ,laboratories ,report1 #aija3-- #a4 ,elim9ation ( ! ,infection at its ,s\rce4 ,?is is ! me?od employ$ ) success by ,pr(essor ,ko* 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 viz41 to se>* out all cases ( mal>ia 7! conceal$ ones 9 p>ticul>71 & to r5d] !m h>mless by cur+ !m ) qu99e4 ,at ,/ephansort1 by ?us hunt+ up all infect$ cases1 & z x 71 /]ilis+ !m by ! sy/ematic adm9i/ration ( qu99e1 he 0 able to a*ieve a great r$uction ( ! disease 9 ! next mal>ial season1 ev5 "u adv]se conditions4 ,he says1 9 8 report to ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t3 ,! results ( our exp]im5t1 :i* has la/$ ne>ly six mon?s1 h be5 s uni=m & unequivocal t !y _c be reg>d$ z accid5tal4 ,we may assume t x is directly ow+ to ! measures we h adopt$ t mal>ia "h has1 9 a comp>atively %ort "t1 almo/ disappe>$4 ,?is me?od1 ( c\rse1 is applicable only 9 small communities2 &1 )9 ^! limits1 x may become "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( all me?ods1 be+1 l ! quality ( m]cy1 a bless+ bo? to him :o gives & to him :o take?4 ,b x _c be practis$ on a va/ scale4 ,?is difficulty is well put by ,sir ,william ,mac,gregor1 ,k4,c4,m4,g41 ,gov]nor ( ,lagos1 ,we/ ,africa3-- ,9 all probability1 ! day w come be=e long1 :5 newly-appo9t$ (fic]s = places l ,lagos w h to und]go a te/ z to :e!r !y c tol]ate qu99e or n4 ,a man t _c1 or a man t w n1 take qu99e1 %\ld n be s5t to or rema9 9 a mal>ial c\ntry1 z he w be do+ s at ! risk ( 8 own life1 & to ! dang] ( o!rs4444 ,! great difficulty is h[ to ext5d ?is treatm5t beyond ! s]vice1 m p>ticul>ly to ! un$ucat$ masses ( ! natives4 ,x is simply impossible to protect ! :ole population by qu99e adm9i/]$ z a prophylactic4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! great mass ( natives w\ld n take ! m$ic9e2 &1 9 ! second place1 ! ,gov]nm5t c\ld n af=d to pay = ! #gj tons ( qu99e a ye> t w\ld be requir$ to give ev5 a daily gra9 dose to ea* ( #c1jjj1jjj ( p4 #b4 ,segregation ( ,europeans f ,natives4 ,?is me?od is /rongly advocat$ by ! memb]s ( ! ,nig]ia ,exp$ition ( ! ,liv]pool ,s*ool 7#aijj74 ,! di/ance ( removal to half a mile is consid]$ suffici5t3 ,consid]able evid5ce has n[ be5 accumulat$ to prove t ! di/ance :i* is trav]s$ by a mosquito is nev] v great1 & extremely r>ely rea*es s mu* z half a mile4 ,! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ?is me?od ( segregation are ( s great int]e/ t !y mu/ be put "h at "s l5g?4 ,! drawback is t ! me?od _c be foll[$ ev]y:]e to its logical issue )\t "s risk ( giv+ (f5ce1 ( seem+ to ab&on ! native1 ( damag+ comm]ce1 & s =?4 ,b1 %ort ( ?is1 mu* might be done = ! protection ( ,europeans 9 ,africa3-- ,?is me?od is a coroll>y ( ! discov]y t native *ildr5 9 ,africa practically all conta9 ! mal>ia p>asite1 & are ! s\rce f :i* ,europeans d]ive mal>ia4 ,ko* %[$ 9 ,new ,gu9ea t 9 mo/ places infection 0 v preval5t 9 native *ildr51 s mu* s t 9 "s villages #ajj p] c5t4 ( ^? exam9$ conta9$ p>asites4 ,he also %[$ t1 z ! *ildr5 increas$ 9 age1 immunity 0 produc$1 s t 9 ! case ( adults a m>k$ immunity 0 pres5t1 & mal>ial infection 0 abs5t4 ,! ,mal>ia ,commission %[$1 indep5d5tly1 t a condition ( univ]sal infection exi/$ among ! *ildr5 ( tropical ,africa1 associat$ ) an immunity ( ! adults4 ,?is infection 9 *ildr5 _h _m rem>kable *>act]i/ics4 ,! *ildr5 7 9 app>5t heal?1 b (t5 conta9$ l>ge numb]s ( p>asites1 & a small proportion only ( ! *ildr5 fail$ to %[ "s degree ( infection4444 ,! ,liv]pool ,s*ool ,exp$ition f\nd a simil> condition ( affairs 9 all p>ts ( ,nig]ia visit$ by !m4 ,) a k ( ! ubiquity ( native mal>ia1 ! me?od ( infection ( ,europeans becomes abundantly cle>4 ,! reput$ unheal?9ess or heal?9ess ( /ations is se5 at once to be dep5d5t on ! proximity or non-proximity ( native huts4 ,! attack ( mal>ia aft] a t\r up-c\ntry1 ! mal>ia at milit>y /ations l ,prah-su1 ! abundance ( mal>ia on railways1 are all explicable :5 ! extraord9>y condition ( univ]sal native infection is appreciat$4 ,x is evid5t t1 c\ld ,europeans avoid ! close proximity ( native huts1 !y w\ld d away ) a v obvi\s & great s\rce ( infection4444 ,:5 x is und]/ood t ea* ( ^! huts c]ta9ly conta9s _m *ildr5 ) p>asites 9 _! blood1 & also scores or hundr$s ( ,anopheles to c>ry ! infection1 !n ! frequ5cy ) :i* ,europeans suff] f mal>ia is sc>cely to be wond]$ at4444 ,! accompany+ plan is t ( a new railway settlem5t on ! ,si]ra ,leone ,railway4 ,miles ( l& free f huts exi/ along ! l9e1 b ! close neighb\rhood ( native huts has be5 select$4 ,at ! "t ( build+ ( ^! qu>t]s1 x lay 9 ! p[] ( ! eng9e]s to h a mal>ia-free settlem5t2 in/ead ( :i*1 by ! non-obs]vance ( a simple fact1 ! /ation is mo/ mal>i\s3 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance1 mu* +5uity has be5 %[n 9 provid+ ea* set ( ,european qu>t]s ) pl5ty ( mal>ial infection4 ,9 t[ns only is !re any difficulty 9 c>ry+ out ! pr9ciple ( segregation4 ,9 two in/ances1 h[ev]1 ?is has be5 c>ri$ out 9 t[ns1 ) ! result t ! segregat$ communities ( ,europeans are notori\sly ! mo/ heal?y on ! ,we/ ,coa/4 ,ev5 :5 no s*eme ( complete segregation c be c>ri$ out1 ! pr9ciple %\ld always be borne 9 m9d1 &1 :5ev] opportunity (f]s1 huts %\ld be remov$1 & ,european h\ses built 9 ! op54444 ,x is almo/ univ]sally ! rule 9 ,we/ ,africa to f9d ,european h\ses built r\nd by native qu>t]s1 a practice :i* long exp]i5ce 9 ,india has taught ,europeans to avoid c>efully4 ,at ,old ,calab>1 _m ( ! factories are almo/ surr\nd$1 except 9 front1 by native habitations2 simil>ly1 at ,egwanga1 ! small native t[n is built by ! side & back ( "o ( ! factories4 ,also at ! ,nig] ,company's factory at ,lokoja1 ! native h\ses are v close up to ! ,company's b\nd>y rail+s4 ,akassa eng9e]s' qu>t]s may be1 aga91 m5tion$ z an example :]e ! eng9e]+ artisans1 *iefly natives ( ,lagos1 ,accra1 & ,si]ra ,leone1 are h\s$ ) _! families alongside ! ,european h\se4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ^! native *ildr5 7 f\nd by u to conta9 mal>ial p>asites4 ,simil>ly also at ,asaba1 ! proximity ( ! b>racks ( ! ,hausa soldi]s1 :o h _! wives & *ildr5 ) !m1 is a dang]\s m5ace to ! (fic]s at ! ,=ce ,h\se4 ,examples ( ! opposite condition ( affairs might also be giv54 ,= in/ance1 at ,old ,calab>1 ! ,gov]nm5t (fices & ,consulate1 ,vice-,consulate1 & m$ical h\se1 are comp>atively free f mal>ial fev]2 x hav+ be5 e/abli%$ t ! natives %all n build on ! ,european side ( ! creek sep>at+ ! two slopes on :i* ! native t[n & ,european qu>t]s are built4 ,?is creek is at a di/ance ( ab\t half a mile f ! h\ses m5tion$4 ,x is pla91 f ^! & o!r in/ances giv5 by ! memb]s ( ! ,nig]ia ,exp$ition1 t a modifi$ sort ( segregation c be effect$ 9 _m places1 )\t any injury ei!r to native feel+s1 or to politics1 or to comm]ce2 & t by su* segregation ! risk ( mal>ia among ,europeans 9 ,africa w\ld be dim9i%$4 #c4 ,protection aga9/ ,anopheles4 ,manson1 9 8 ,tropical ,diseases 7#aije71 says1 ,! "q is (t5 ask$1 ,is !re any o!r way by :i* mal>ia c be contract$ ?an ?r\gh a mosquito-bite8 ,= _m reasons1 ,i believe n4 ,x is difficult to prove a negative2 b1 s f>1 !re is no obs]vation capable ( be>+ inve/igation t w\ld lead u to suppose t mal>ia c be acquir$1 "u natural conditions1 except by mosquito-bite1 ,all au?orities are agre$ t1 practically1 ! fight aga9/ mal>ia & ! fight aga9/ ,anopheles are "o & ! same ?+2 & ! exp]im5ts by ,sambon1 ,l[1 & ,grassi1 %[ :at c be done1 9 ?is w> aga9/ ! mosquito1 by way ( def5ce4 ,b :at is practicable 9 ,italy might n be g5]ally practicable on ! ,we/ ,african coa/2 z ,sir ,william ,mac,gregor says ( ,lagos3-- ,x is n likely t 9 a place l ,lagos z good results c be obta9$ f ! use ( mosquito-pro( nett+ z 9 ,italy4 ,"o great objection to x "h is ! s]i\s & highly disagreeable way x *ecks v5tilation4 ,?is is a difficulty t _c be fully br\ght home to "o 9 a cold climate4 ,b1 9 a l[-ly+1 hot1 & moi/ locality l ,lagos1 x comes to be a *oice ( evils1 to sit inside ! nett+ /ew$ & suffocat$1 or to be worri$ & poison$ by mosquitoes outside4 ,! nett+ is h>dly a feasible rem$y z reg>ds native h\ses4 ,x is n possible to protect ev5 ,european qu>t]s completely by x4 ,few (fic]s or o!rs are s occupi$ t !y c\ld sp5d ! day 9 a mosquito-pro( room4 ,c]ta9 x is t any man t suff]s f ! s+ul> delusion t mosquitoes bite only dur+ ! night1 w\ld h a spe$y cure by sp5d+ a few days1 or ev5 a few h\rs1 9 ,lagos4 ,op]ations "h 7,septemb] #aija7 are be+ limit$ to supply+ "o mosquito-pro( room to ! qu>t]s ( ea* (fic]4 ,9 ?is he w be able to sp5d ! ev5+ free f mosquitoes if he *ooses to d s4 ,! ,european w>ds ( ! hospital are simil>ly protect$4 ,! ,european 9 ,africa1 z ,ross says1 is g5]ally neglectful ( 8 heal?2 & ! unheal?9ess ( ! ,african coa/ is to "s ext5t due to ! life t m5 lead !re3-- ,let u comp>e ! habits ( a ,european 9 a bus9ess-h\se 9 ,calcutta ) ! habits ( a ,european 9 ,we/ ,africa4 ,9 ,calcutta he sleeps "u a punkah or mosquito-net1 or bo?2 he dresses & breakfa/s "u a punkah2 9 ! ev5+ he takes vigor\s ex]cise1 & he d9es "u a punkah4 ,he we>s ! lighte/ possible clo?+1 he lives 9 a solid1 cool1 airy h\se1 & he obta9s v good food2 once 9 five or six ye>s1 he returns to ,europe = leave4444 ,9 ,africa1 ! h\ses are frequ5tly v bad2 9 ,freet[n1 = in/ance1 !y are ! same z ! h\ses ( natives1 & are m+l$ ) !m4 ,! ,anglo-,african seems to imag9e t he c live 9 ! tropics 9 ! same mann] z he lives 9 ,engl&4 ,he seldom uses a punkah1 except p]haps = an h\r at d9n]-"t1 &1 n seldom1 he neglects ev5 ! mosquito-net4 ,! food is (t51 or g5]ally1 execrable4 ,ow+ to ! frequ5t abs5ce ( gymkhanas & clubs1 ! exile obta9s little suitable ex]cise4 ,b :atev] risks ! old resid5t may *oose to take1 ! newcom] c at lea/ use a prop] & effici5t mosquito-net at night1 & avoid sleep+ 9 a native h\se1 & protect himself 9 ^! & ! l ways aga9/ mal>ia4 #d4 ,! keep+ d[n ( ,anopheles4 ,! bre$+ places ( ,anopheles are ponds1 swamps1 & puddles1 roadside dit*es1 tanks1 & ci/]ns1 old disus$ canoes1 & ! l collections ( /agnant wat]3 also ! small] receptacles t are m g5]ally occupi$ by ,culex1 su* z brok5 bottles1 old t9s1 pots1 & calaba%es1 & b>rels1 :atev] w hold wat]--all ! dbris & brok5 rubbi% r\nd huts or h\ses4 ,9 all ^! places1 ,anopheles' eggs or l>v are f\nd2 &1 ) practice1 x is easy to detect !m4 ,( c\rse1 x is n easy to wage w> aga9/ ! adult mosquito3 ! "w is1 ,v5i5ti occurr]e morbo1 to organise gangs ( workm51 or ( prison lab\r1 & mosquito brigades2 to cle> ! gr\nd ( c>tloads ( old biscuit-t9s1 brok5 g9-bottles1 & o!r du/-heap ?+s1 9 & ar\nd ! place2 to cov]-9 ! ci/]ns1 ra9-b>rels1 & wells2 to clean pools & duck-ponds ( we$1 & /ock !m ) m9n[s2 to put a film ( k]os5e to ! puddles1 or sweep !m out1 or fill !m up & turf !m ov]2 ev]y:]e1 to dra91 & level1 & clean-up ! surface soil2 & ev]y:]e1 by ^! & ! l me?ods1 to break ! cycle ( ! life ( ! plasmodium mal>i3-- ,dra9+ & cultivation :]e ! l& w repay ! exp5diture1 p]man5t & complete flood+ :]e x w n1 & su* flood+ is possible2 prop] pav+ ( unheal?y t[ns1 & ! fill+-9 ( /agnant1 swampy pools2 ^!--9 o!r words1 all measures calculat$ to keep d[n mosquitoes--are ! m important ?+s to be /riv5 = 9 attempt+ ! sanitation ( mal>i\s di/ricts4 ,9 ,engl&1 9 ,holl&1 9 ,france1 9 ,alg]ia1 9 ,am]ica1 & 9 _m o!r places1 enorm\s tracts ( c\ntry1 :i* =m]ly 7 useless & pe/il5tial1 h be5 r5d]$ heal?y & productive by su* means4 7,manson47 ,&1 %ort ( su* great ent]prises z ,gov]nm5t works ( dra9age1 mu* has already be5 done1 9 _m ,african t[ns1 & 9 ,india1 by ! "w ( a few m5 & wom53 n only by practical sanit>y improvem5ts1 b by insi/5t tea*+ & lectur+4 ,= ! admirable results rec5tly obta9$ 9 ,ismailia1 ,alg]ia1 ,=mosa1 & ! ,malay ,/ates1 see ! ,m$ical ,annual1 #aije & #aijf4ci #ci ,?is pap]1 by ,dr4 ,/eph5s1 gives also ! reasons :y equally good results 7 n obta9$ at ,mian ,mir1 ,punjab4 ,! :ole pap] is ( great int]e/4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ( mal>ia1 x mu/ be add$ t ! discov]y & /udy ( ! p>asite :i* causes x h cle>$ up ! my/]y ( ! specific action ( qu99e ^u ! disease4 ,x op]ates simply by its g]micidal effect ^u ! microbe4 ,b1 beyond ?is1 we h n[ a clue :i* we nev] _h be=e to guide u to ! mo/ advantage\s mann] ( adm9i/]+ ! drug4 #b4 ,,yell[ ,,fev] ,! specific organism ( mal>ia may become active aga9 & aga9 9 ! blood1 caus+ relapses tw5ty ye>s or m aft] ! orig9al infection4 ,! specific organism ( yell[ fev] exp5ds itself at once1 9 "o acute attack2 &1 if ! pati5t recov]s1 he is !nce=? m or less immune aga9/ infection4 ,t ! inoculation ( ! disease1 by ! application ( a s+le mosquito rec5tly contam9at$1 is calculat$ to produce a mild or abortive attack less dang]\s ?an ! av]age attack among ! non-acclimatis$1 0 kn[n to ,f9lay1 & 0 confirm$ 9 #ahii by ! ,army ,commission ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,( ! mortality ( ! disease1 ,sir ,patrick ,manson1 9 #aijj1 wrote z foll[s3-- ,x is bett] = wom5 & *ildr5 ?an = m52 bett] = old resid5ts ?an = newcom]s2 wor/ ( all = ! intemp]ate4 ,accord+ to a table ( #bic c>efully obs]v$ cases giv5 by ,/]nb]g1 ! mean mortality 9 ! :ole #bic cases 0 #bg4g p] c5t4 ,?is may be tak5 z a fairly repres5tative mortality 9 yell[ fev] among ! unacclimatis$1 some?+ betwe5 #be & #cj p] c5t41 al?\gh 9 "s epidemics x has ris5 z high z #ej or ev5 #hj p] c5t4 ( ^? attack$4444 ,"s ( ^! epidemic visitations br+ a heavy dea?-bill2 ?us1 9 ,new ,orleans1 9 #ahec1 #gigj p di$ ( yell[ fev]2 9 #ahfg1 #cjic2 9 ,rio1 9 #ahej1 x claim$ #dafj victims2 9 #aheb1 #aidc2 & 9 #ahhf1 #acig4 ,9 ,havana1 ! annual mortality f ?is cause ranges f #ejj to #afjj or ov]4 ,! e>li] attempts to reproduce ! disease1 by inoculation ) its products1 fail$ altoge!r3-- ,9 #ahaf1 ,dr4 ,*]v91 ( ,po9t--,pitre 7,antilles71 drank repeat$ly l>ge quantities ( black vomit )\t feel+ ! lea/ di/urbance4 ,"s ye>s be=e1 o!r ,nor? ,am]ican colleagues1 ,doctors ,pott]1 ,fir?1 ,catt]al1 & ,p>k]1 did ev]y?+ possible to inoculate !mselves ) yell[ fev]4 ,aft] hav+ uselessly attempt$ exp]im5ts on animals1 !y exp]im5t$ on !mselves1 inoculat+ ! black matt] at ! v mom5t 9 :i* ! moribund pati5t reject$ x1 plac+ ?is matt] 9 _! eyes1 or 9 w\nds made 9 _! arms1 inject+ x m ?an tw5ty times 9 v>i\s p>ts ( _! body 444 9 %ort1 devis+ e sort ( d>+ means = exp]im5tally transmitt+ yell[ fev]4 ,all ^! exp]im5ts 7 )\t result1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ _m ye>s x 0 believ$ t ?is t]rible malady 0 non-contagi\s4 7,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 #crd ,july1 #ahig47 ,! hi/ory ( ! subject1 f #ahab to #ahhj1 is giv5 by ,dr4 ,f9lay ( ,havana1 9 ! ,new ,york ,m$ical ,record 7#i? ,febru>y #aija74 ,9 #ahhj1 two v important reports on ! disease 7 publi%$2 "o by a ,havana ,commission ( ! ,national ,bo>d ( ,heal? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! o!r by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy ,dep>tm5t4 ,!y t5d$ to %[ t yell[ fev] is a g]m-disease2 t x is n w9d-borne2 & t !re may be "s *ange1 outside ! body ( ! pati5t1 :]eby ! virul5ce ( ! active pr9ciple ( ! disease is height5$4 ,f ^! reports1 ,dr4 ,f9lay advanc$ 8 doctr9e t ! mosquito receives & transmits ! g]ms ( ! disease3-- ,x 0 ^u ! above l9e ( reason+ 79 ^! reports71 t ,i conceiv$ ! idea t ! yell[-fev] g]m mu/ be convey$ f ! pati5t to ! non-immunes by inoculation1 a process :i* c\ld be p]=m$ 9 nature only ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( "s /++ insect ^: biological conditions mu/ be id5tical ) ^? :i* 7 kn[n to fav\r ! transmissibility ( ! disease4 ,9 #ahha he inoculat$ himself & six soldi]s ) infect$ mosquitoes1 & obta9$1 z he _h calculat$1 mild attacks & subsequ5t immunity4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #ahha-aijj he inoculat$ by ?is me?od #ajd p]sons3-- ,9 ^! inoculations1 be x rememb]$1 my pr9cipal object 0 r to avoid ?an to seek ! developm5t ( a sev]e attack2 9 po9t ( fact1 only sev5te5 %[$ any appreciable pa?og5ic effects aft] _! inoculation4 ,i felt sure1 h[ev]1 t sev]e or fatal result might foll[ an inoculation ei!r ) sev]al mosquitoes contam9at$ f sev]e cases ( ! disease1 or f a s+le insect appli$ sev]al days or weeks aft] its contam9ation1 hav+ come to ?is la/ conclusion 9 view ( ! facts connect$ ) ! ,anne ,m>ie1 & ! epidemic ( ,sa9t ,nazaire4 ,dr4 ,f9lay's discov]y t ! mosquito c convey yell[ fev]1 & t ! g]m ( ! disease is m virul5t aft] a prolong$ soj\rn+ 9 ! mosquito1 0 prov$ beyond all "q by ! "w ( #ahhi-aija4 ,b1 s f> z immunisation is conc]n$1 few p w\ld submit !mselves to be bitt5 by an infect$ mosquito1 ev5 ) p]fect assurance t ! g]ms conta9$ 9 x 7 ( a l[ degree ( virul5ce3 ! urg5t ne$1 !re=e1 0 = an immunis+ s]um4 ,9 #ahif1 at ,flores1 ,san>elli discov]$ ! bacillus ict]oides2 & by ,octob] #ahig1 he _h prep>$ an immunis+ s]um :i* 0 able to give a consid]able am\nt ( protection to animals4#dj ,next ye> 7,annales de l',in/itut ,pa/eur1 ,may #ahih7 came ! news t he _h advanc$ aga9/ yell[ fev] ) its own weapons--,premires expri5ces sur l'emploi du srum curatif et prv5tif de la fivre jaune4 ,( ! fir/ #h cases 7,rio de ,janeiro71 #d recov]$4 ,!n came ! #bb cases at ,san ,c>los d ,p9hal1 9 ,sa9t-,paul au ,brsil 7,janu>y #ahih71 ) #af recov]ies1 & only #f dea?s4 ,& x is to be not$ t he submitt$ 8 me?od ( treatm5t to ! utmo/ te/ t 0 possible2 he *ose ! bad cases1 & ! c\ntry :]e ! fev] 0 mo/ fatal3-- ,*aque cas tait *oisi de commun accord entre n\s1 dans le b de mettre bi5 en vid5ce l'action ?rapeutique du srum1 mettant t\j\rs de ct t\s les cas qui se prs5tai5t avec des symptmes vagues ou att5us ou en =me lgre ou fru/e4 ,on ne cons]vait donc que des cas o1 d'aprs la viol5ce des phnomnes d'invasion1 on devait considr] comme trs peu probable une crise spontane de la maladie4444 #dj ,x is n d5i$ "h t he made five exp]im5ts on human be+s4 ,see ,"p ,,iv4 *ap4 ii4 ,fur!rmore1 ,san>elli 0 able to %[ ! prev5tive value ( ! s]um4 ,at ! end ( ,febru>y #ahih1 yell[ fev] broke out 9 ! jail at ,san ,c>los3-- ,la premire victime fut un condamn1 qui vivait avec t\s les autres dans une salle o les conditions hyginiques tai5t assez mauvaises4 ,le l5dema91 la s5t9elle1 qui tait en rapport cont9uel avec la salle des condamns1 tombait malade4 ,quelques j\rs aprs1 un autre condamn suivait le sort du premi]1 et bi5tt un quatrime cas1 mortel aussi1 f9it p> signal] la prison comme un n\veau foy] d'infection qui v5ait s'allum] au c5tre d'un qu>ti] de la ville encore re/ indemne4 ,si on avait ab&onn la *ose elle-mme1 on aurait vu se produire le mme spectacle qu'avai5t f\rni1 dans les conditions id5tiques1 p5dant les d]nires pidmies1 les prisons de ,rio-,cl>o1 de ,limeira1 et d'autres villes de l'tat de ,sa9t-,paul4 ,e prison]1 except "o :o _h already _h ! fev]1 0 !re=e giv5 ! prev5tive treatm5t4 ,at once ! outbreak /opp$2 no m cases occurr$1 ?\gh only a weak s]um 0 us$1 ?\gh ! /ate ( ! prison & its occupants 0 unheal?y1 ?\gh ! fev]1 two mon?s lat]1 0 /ill rag+ r\nd ! prison1 9 ! t[n4 ,9 ,octob] #aijj1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission on ,yell[ ,fev] publi%$ a prelim9>y report on #aa cases ( mosquito-inoculation4 ,( ^!1 ! majority gave a negative result1 & 7 f\nd susceptible to infection1 at a lat] date1 f ! blood ( a yell[-fev] pati5t4 ,two gave a positive result4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! exp]im5ts1 ,dr4 ,laze>1 a memb] ( ! ,commission1 di$ ( ! disease4 ,9 ,febru>y #aija1 & aga9 9 ,july1 ! ,commission publi%$ fur!r reports1 emphasis+ ! fact t ! mosquito conveys ! disease1 & d5y+ t ! disease c be convey$ 9 clo?+1 b$d+1 & s =?3-- ,our obs]vations appe> to demon/rate t ! p>asite ( ?is disease mu/ und]go a def9ite cycle ( developm5t 9 ! body ( ! mosquito be=e ! latt] is capable ( convey+ infection4 ,?is p]iod w\ld seem to be n less ?an twelve days4 ,we also consid] ! "q ( h\se infection1 & are able to %[ t ?is infection is due to ! pres5ce ( mosquitoes t h previ\sly bitt5 yell[-fev] pati5ts2 & t ! dang] ( contract+ ! disease may be avoid$ 9 ! case ( non-immune individuals :o sleep 9 ?is build+1 by ! use ( a wire scre54 ,we also demon/rate1 by obs]vations made at ?is camp 7,=t ,laze>71 t clo!s & b$d+ contam9at$ by contact ) yell[-fev] cases1 or by ! excreta ( ^! cases1 is absolutely )\t effect 9 convey+ ! disease4 ,9 ,febru>y #aija1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,e4 ,durham publi%$ an ab/ract ( an int]im report ( ! ,liv]pool ,s*ool ,yell[ ,fev] ,commission4 ,he & ,dr4 ,walt] ,my]s1 ! two ,commission]s1 _h bo? ( !m be5 attack$ by ! disease1 & ,dr4 ,my]s _h di$ ( x4 ,! report gives evid5ce t ! disease is due to a bacillus :i* is n ! bacillus ict]oides2 & x does n :olly fav\r ! e>li] report 7#aijj7 ( ! ,am]ican ,commission4 ,a lat] ,commission to ,new ,orleans1 ,septemb] #aija to ,janu>y #aijb1 report$ an ext5sive s]ies ( inve/igations1 :i* seem r to support ! belief t ! bacillus ict]oides is ! cause ( ! disease4 ,lat] /ill1 ?is belief is aga9 d5i$2 &1 z 9 rabies1 s 9 yell[ fev]1 ! good "w has gone on )\t wait+ = ! id5tity ( ?is or t micro-organism4 99 99 99 99 99 ,immunisation1 by ! direct use ( an infect$ mosquito1 may be comp>$ ) ! old cu/om ( inoculation aga9/ smallpox4 ,! use ( ,san>elli's s]um-treatm5t has n gone f>4 ,!re rema9s = consid]ation ! me?od ( keep+ d[n infection by keep+ d[n ,culex4 ,?ree reports1 9 #aija-aijb1 come f ,dr4 ,guitras 7,havana71 ,surgeon-,major ,gorgas1 *ief sanit>y (fic] 7,havana71 & ! ,commission at ,new ,orleans4 ,dr4 ,guitras reports t #f cases ( yell[ fev] 7inoculation7 7 treat$ 9 a l>ge mosquito-pro( build+1 :i* also conta9$ cases ( o!r diseases4 ,no prophylaxis 0 en=c$1 save ! exclusion ( mosquitoes2 non-immunes visit$ ! yell[ fev] cases1 non-immunes nurs$ !m1 & mo/ ( ! att5dants & lab\r]s ab\t ! place 7 non-immunes2 b n a s+le case ( infection occurr$4 ,! ,new ,orleans ,commission reports t1 ( #bjj ci/]ns1 c41 exam9$ 9 ! city = ! pres5ce ( l>v1 ! l>va ( ,culex 7,/egomyia7 pr$om9at$ 9 m ?an #fj p] c5t4 ,! report ( ,surgeon-,major ,gorgas is v pleasant read+4 ,= two c5turies1 ,cuba _h be5 curs$ ) yell[ fev]2 !n1 aft] ! w> ) ,spa91 ,am]ica took x ov]3-- ,! army took *>ge ( ! heal? dep>tm5t ( ,havana1 :5 dea?s 7f all causes7 7 occurr+ at ! rate ( #ba1beb p] ye>4 ,x gives x up1 ) dea?s occurr+ at ! rate ( #egbj p] ye>4 ,x took *>ge1 ) smallpox endemic = ye>s4 ,x gives x up1 ) n a case hav+ occurr$ 9 ! city = ov] eighte5 mon?s4 ,x took *>ge1 ) yell[ fev] endemic = two c5turies--! rel5tless foe ( e =eign] :o came )9 ,havana's bord]s1 :i* he c\ld n escape1 & f ^: attack he well knew e f\r? man mu/ die4 ,! army has /amp$ out ?is disease 9 its greate/ /ronghold4 ,make fair all[ance = ! wide v>iation1 f ye> to ye>1 ( ! numb] ( yell[ fev] cases 9 any t[n )9 ! geographical belt ( ! disease2 admit t a t[n may1 9 ! c\rse ( nature1 h _m hundr$ cases 9 "o ye>1 & only half a doz5 9 ano!r ye>4 ,aga91 make fair all[ance = all o!r good influ5ces ( ! ,am]ican occupation ( ,cuba1 beside ^? t 7 conc]n$ ) ! /amp+ out ( ,culex2 admit t ! g5]al dea?-rate ( ,havana1 9 ! la/ ,febru>y ( ,spani% rule 7#ahih71 0 #hb4cb p] ?\s&1 & 9 ,febru>y #aija1 0 #ai4cb4 ,/ill1 !re is an example "h1 9 ! #aija "w 9 ,havana1 = ! _w to foll[1 :]ev] yell[ fev] exi/s4 ,! foll[+ ab/ract ( ,surgeon-,major ,gorgas' results 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,practition]1 ,may #aijb1 by ,pr(essor ,hewlett1 "o ( ! =emo/ ( ,engli% bact]iologi/s3-- ,comm5c+ 9 ,febru>y #aija1 ord]s 7 issu$ t e suspect$ case ( yell[ fev] %\ld be scre5$ ) wire gauze at ! public exp5se1 s z to r5d] ! room or rooms mosquito-pro(4 ,all mosquitoes 9 ! infect$ h\se & 9 contigu\s h\ses 7 de/roy$4 ,aft] ! middle ( ,febru>y1 #ajj m5 7 employ$ 9 c>ry+ out ! de/ruction ( ! mosquito-l>v 9 _! bre$+ places1 putt+ oil 9 ! cesspools ( all h\ses1 cle>+ ! /reams1 dra9+ pools1 & oil+ ! l>g] bodies ( wat]4 ,up to ,june1 qu>ant9e 0 en=c$1 toge!r ) dis9fection ( ! h\se & fomites4 ,aft] t1 h[ev]1 rigid qu>ant9e ( ! pati5t 0 /opp$1 & dis9fection ( fabrics & clo?+ ceas$4 ,x 0 m]ely requir$ t ! pati5t %\ld be report$1 8 h\se plac>d$ & scre5$1 & a gu>d plac$ ov] ea* case to report h[ g5]al sick-room sanitation 0 c>ri$ out1 to see t ! scre5-door communicat+ ) ! scre5$ "p ( ! h\se 0 kept prop]ly clos$1 & to see t communication ) ! sick-room 0 n too free1 f\r or five non-immunes only be+ all[$ 94 ,by ! end ( ,septemb]1 ! la/ focus ( ! disease _h be5 got rid (1 & s9ce !n1 up to ! beg9n+ ( ,janu>y1 !re has n be5 a s+le case4 ,:]eas1 = ! ye>s s9ce #ahhi1 f #a/ ,april to #a/ ,decemb]1 yell[ fev] caus$ an av]age ( #daj4ed dea?s1 ) a maximum ( #aage = #ahif1 & a m9imum ( #gi = #ahii1 x caus$ 9 #aija #e dea?s only4 ,9 ! mon?s ( ,octob] & ,novemb]1 :5 ! disease has hi!rto be5 exce$+ly rife 9 ,havana1 !re has n be5 a s+le case4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 #aej ye>s1 ,havana has be5 free f yell[ fev]4 ,sir ,patrick ,manson1 lectur+ 9 ,am]ica1 la/ ye>1 on tropical diseases1 summ$ up ! "w z foll[s3-- ,"t w n p]mit--:at to y is probably q unnecess>y--! recapitulation ( ! /ory ( ! lab\rs ( ,re$ & 8 coadjutors4 ,i _c pass on1 h[ev]1 to :at ,i h to say 9 connection ) ?is "w )\t a ^w ( admiration = ! insight1 ! en]gy1 ! skill1 ! c\rage1 & )al ! mode/y & simplicity ( ! lead] ( t rem>kable b& ( work]s4 ,if any man des]v$ a monum5t to 8 memory1 x 0 ,re$4 ,if any b& ( m5 des]ve recognition at ! h&s ( _! c\ntrym51 x is ,re$'s colleagues4 ,! pr9cipal outcome ( ! lab\rs ( ^! m5 has be5 ! demon/ration1 fir/1 t ! ultra-microscopic g]m ( yell[ fev] is pres5t 9 ! blood ( ! pati5t dur+ ! fir/ ?ree days ( ! disease4 ,second1 t ! fir/ /ep 9 ! passage ( ! g]m f ! sick to ! s\nd is made1 "u natural conditions1 9 ! /egomyia mosquito4 ,& ?ird1 t aft] ab\t twelve days & upw>ds 9 /egomyia1 ! yell[ fev] g]m1 :5 implant$ by ! said mosquito into ano!r human ho/1 is capable ( reproduction1 s t at ! end ( a fur!r p]iod ( ab\t ?ree days x has e/abli%$ itself ?r\gh\t ! blood1 is caus+ ! viol5t reaction1 ! cl9ical manife/ations ( :i* we call yell[ fev]1 & is once m 9 a condition to re-ent] ! mosquito4 ,^! are great etiological facts4 ,!y are ( supreme practical & sci5tific value4 ,act+ on !m1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates sanit>y au?orities expell$ yell[ fev] f ,havana4 ,act+ on !m1 !y %\ld be able 9 ! future to protect ! ,unit$ ,/ates !mselves f su* t]rible visitations z 9 ! pa/ h swept ?r\gh "s ( y\r cities4 #c4 ,,fil>iasis ,^! same lectures conta9 an admirable acc\nt ( ! life-hi/ory ( ,fil>ia4 ,x is n necess>y "h to describe ! loa?some de=mities :i* occur 9 ! lat] /ages ( fil>iasis4 ,^! de=mities 7elephantiasis1 ,b>badoes leg71 :i* may atta9 colossal size1 are due to ! block+ ( ! lymphatic vessels ) fil>ial worms4 ,cases ( ! disease are h>dly ev] se5 9 ?is c\ntry2 b x is v frequ5t 9 "s p>ts ( ! tropics4 ,9 ! endemic areas1 says ,manson1 #aj p] c5t4 is n an uncommon proportion ( ! population to be f\nd affect$ ) fil>iasis4 ,?irty & ev5 #ej p] c5t4 may be affect$4 ,9 _m ( ! ,pacific ,isl&s--! ,samoa gr\p = in/ance--,i believe t ev5 ?is proportion is exce$$4 ,t ,culex 7fatigans7 c c>ry ! p>asite1 has be5 prov$ pa/ all d\bt4 ,nei!r does anybody d\bt1 t ! keep+ d[n ( ?is mosquito w\ld keep d[n fil>iasis4 ,a report ( great int]e/1 f ,b>badoes1 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal = #ad? ,june #aijb4 ,x is writt5 by ,dr4 ,l[1 ^: exp]im5t on himself 9 ! ,campagna has already be5 not$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,dr4 ,l[ reports t !re is no indig5\s mal>ia 9 ! isl&1 & t nei!r he nor ,mr4 ,lefroy c\ld f9d a s+le ,anopheles l>va1 ?\gh !y hunt$ dilig5tly 9 ! swamps & o!r likely places4 ,b fil>iasis is t]ribly common1 & s is ,culex fatigans4 ,dr4 ,l[ exam9$ ! night-blood ( #fjj cases ( all k9ds 9 ! ,g5]al ,hospital1 ! ,c5tral ,alm%\se1 & else:]e1 & f\nd ! fil>ia-embryos 9 no less ?an #gf #ab4ff p] c5t4 ,he caught & dissect$ a hundr$ mosquitoes 7,culex fatigans7 f ! w>ds & corridors ( ! ,g5]al ,hospital1 & f\nd t no less ?an #bc ( !m 7 infect$4 ,if x 7 n = ,culex1 & = m5's indiff]5ce & apa?y1 fil>iasis c\ld be kept d[n all ov] ! isl&3-- ,!re is a p]fect wat] supply1 & p c get _! wat] fre% f ! /&pipes at _! doors4 ,old wells ought to be fill$ up2 no wat]-b>rels or tubs %\ld be all[$1 or1 if kept1 !y %\ld be empti$ e week or s4 ,tanks & collections ( wat] 9 g>d5s %\ld all be p]iodically treat$ ) k]os5e1 or be furni%$ ) closely-fitt+ cov]s to prev5t mosquitoes gett+ 94 ,^! me?ods are simple & inexp5sive1 & ea* h\sehold] %\ld see t !y are appli$ 9 8 g>d5 & gr\nds4 ,! difficulty beg9s :5 "o has to take into acc\nt ! inability ( ! negro to grasp any?+ ( a hygi5ic nature4 ,! only way to get ov] ?is1 w\ld be a sy/em ( sanit>y inspection by a few compet5t m54 ,= individual prophylaxis1 mosquito-nets ought always to be us$2 b _m1 ev5 educat$ p1 /ill p]si/ 9 sleep+ )\t !m2 ( c\rse1 no?+ 9 ?is l9e c be expect$ ( ! native population4 ,if su* means 7 adopt$ = ,b>badoes1 ! pres5ce ( fil>ial disease1 :i* at pres5t is q al>m+1 c\ld easily1 ) little tr\ble & exp5se1 be greatly dim9i%$1 & ?us save mu* suff]+1 z well z loss ( "t1 hide\s de=mity1 & d\btless 9 n a few in/ances loss ( life4 ,?us1 9 a few ye>s1 f exp]im5ts on mosquitoes1 sp>r[s1 & m51 has come ! pres5t plan ( campaign aga9/ mal>ia1 yell[ fev]1 & fil>iasis2 t is1 aga9/ ,anopheles & ,culex4 ,he :o w\ld "k :at is be+ done to *eck ^! diseases 9 ,italy1 ,india1 ,*9a1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica1 mu/ read ,pr(4 ,ross' ,mal>ial ,fev]1 its ,cause1 ,prev5tion1 & ,treatm5t 7#aijb71 & ,mosquito ,brigades1 & h[ to organise !m 7#aijb74 ,!re has be5 no?+ l x s9ce ,pa/eur di$4 ,f> & wide1 f ,/at5 ,isl& to ,cuba1 f ,hong ,kong to ,lagos1 ! "w ( keep+ d[n ! l>v ( ,anopheles & ,culex is go+ on4 ,h5ce=? we h to reckon n ) a nameless some?+1 b ) a def9ite p>asite1 ^: conditions ( life are kn[n4 ,be=e all ?+s1 we mu/ %ut (f ! s\rces ( ! infection4 ,= c5turies1 m5 _h believ$ 9 exhalations & miasmata ly+ all ov] ! l&3 &1 behold1 ! ag5ts ( mal>ia are 9 ! puddles r\nd a man's h\se1 & ! ag5ts ( yell[ fev] are 9 ! wat]-butt & ! brok5 bottles & old s>d9e-t9s4 ,sci5ce has giv5 ! ^w1 & n[ !re are ,anopheles brigades & ,culex brigades set go+2 lab\r]s ) brooms & rubbi%-c>ts1 sweep+ out ! /agnant pools1 dra9+ ! surface soil1 & c>ry+ (f ! odd receptacles t s]ve to hold mosquito eggs & l>v4 ,! job1 l all sanit>y jobs1 mu/ be /eady1 ye> 91 ye> out3 x mu/ be limit$ to infect$ places1 a :ole cont95t _c be treat$4 ,b !re ! "w is1 & w gr[2 & saves1 by unskill$ lab\r1 & at a trivial exp5se1 ^? non-acclimatis$ lives t h hi!rto be5 ?r[n away z recklessly z ! l>v t are n[ swept out ( ! puddles & dit*es r\nd ,african settlem5ts4 ,,xi ,,p>asitic ,,diseases ,! =ego+ *apt]s are conc]n$ ) bact]iology alone1 & ) ^? curative or prev5tive me?ods ( treatm5t t h come out ( inoculation-exp]im5ts on animals4 ,! lives t are sav$1 or safegu>d$1 by ^! me?ods1 ev5 9 "o ye>1 mu/ be _m ?\s&s 9 ea* c\ntry ( ! civilis$ _w4 ,&1 beside human lives1 !re is ! protection ( %eep & cattle aga9/ an?rax1 sw9e aga9/ r\get1 horses aga9/ tetanus1 cattle aga9/ r9d]pe/4 ,9 ,cape ,colony alone1 s f> back z #ahii1 ab\t half a million cattle _h receiv$ prev5tive treatm5t aga9/ r9d]pe/2 & ! sum total ( human & animal lives sav$ or safegu>d$1 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 mu/ be reckon$ 9 millions by ?is "t4 ,! pres5t *apt]1 & ! next two *apt]s1 are conc]n$ ) me?ods t h come out ( exp]im5ts on animals1 b n out ( bact]iology4 ,x is pla9 t ! gross] p>asites ( ! human body1 tapeworms & ! l1 c\ld n be expla9$ or und]/ood )\t ! help ( fe$+-exp]im5ts on animals4 ,by ?is me?od1 & by ?is alone1 _! life-hi/ory 0 discov]$4 ,!y 7 kn[n to ,ari/otle & to ,hippocrates2 b no?+ 0 und]/ood ab\t !m4 ,!y 7 nev] /udi$1 = ?is among o!r reasons1 t m5 believ$ 9 spontane\s g5]ation2 & ! pres5ce ( l[] =ms ( life inside human bodies 0 attribut$ to ! fault ( ! pati5t1 or ! "w ( ! devil4 ,!n1 at la/1 ,r$i 7#agab71 & ,swamm]dam 7#ageb7 9 8 ,bibel d] ,natur1 /ruck at ! doctr9e ( spontane\s g5]ation1 say+ t x did n apply to insects2 & 9 #agha ,pallas boldly decl>$ t ! int]nal p>asites ( man came out ( eggs1 l insects1 & n ( !mselves4 ,x w\ld be a good !me = an essay--,! p>alys+ effect1 on m$ic9e & surg]y1 ( ! doctr9e ( spontane\s g5]ation4 ,rudolphi 7#ahjh7 & ,brems] 7#ahai7 oppos$ ,pallas2 & von ,siebold 7#ahce7 & ,es*ri*t 7#ahcg7 support$ him4 ,!n came ! great /ud5ts ( ?is "p ( biology--,cobbold1 ,busk1 ,dava9e1 van ,b5$51 ,leuck>t1 ,k*5mei/]4 ,9 #ahdb1 ,/e5/rup _h discov]$1 9 c]ta9 insects1 ! alt]nation ( g5]ations2 9 #aheb1 ,k*5mei/] prov$ t ! g5]ations ( int]nal p>asites are simil>ly alt]nate4 ,by fe$+ c>nivor\s animals ) measly meat1 he produc$ tapeworms 9 !m2 & by fe$+ h]bivor\s animals ) ! ova ( tapeworms1 he made _! muscles measly4 ,! fe$+ ( animals 0 ! only possible way to und]/& ! bewild]+ trans=mations & transmigrations ( ! ?irty or m entozoa to :i* fle% is heir4 ,?is *apt] ( pa?ology makes up 9 trag$y :at x lacks 9 romance2 = ^! animal p>asites h kill$ :ole ho/s ( p4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! tri*9a spiralis1 a m9ute worm discov]$ 9 #ahce ency/$ 9 c\ntless numb]s 9 ! muscles ( ! human body2 x 0 /udi$ by ,vir*[1 ,leuck>t1 & o!rs1 by fe$+-exp]im5ts on animals1 & 0 prov$ to come f infect$ half-cook$ ham & pork1 & to make its way f ! alim5t>y canal all ov] ! body4 ,! "n ( tri*9iasis or tri*9a-fev] 0 giv5 to ! acute illness t came ( ! sudd5 dissem9ation ( ^! myriad p>asites into ! tissues4 ,tri*9iasis _h kill$ hundr$s ( p by a mo/ pa9ful dea?2 outbreaks ( x1 9 ,g]many & else:]e1 _h swept ?r\gh villages l *ol]a or plague3 !n ,leuck>t & ,vir*[ trac$ x to its s\rce1 & x 0 /opp$ !re--,above all ?+s1 we mu/ %ut (f ! s\rces ( ! infection--! but*]s' %ops 7 kept "u sanit>y inspection1 p 7 w>n$ aga9/ half-cook$ ham & pork1 & !re 0 an end ( x4 ,or take hydatid disease1 :i* occurs 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 & 9 "s c\ntries 7,au/ralia1 ,icel&7 is t]ribly common4 ,! nature ( ?is disease--t x is an animal p>asite transmissible betwe5 m5 & dogs--0 prov$ by fe$+-exp]im5ts on animals4 ,9 ,icel&1 :]e m5 & dogs live cr[d$ toge!r 9 huts1 !re is an appall+ numb] ( dea?s f hydatid disease2 ,leuck>t1 9 #ahfc1 ( x3-- ,at pres5t1 almo/ ! six? "p ( all ! inhabitants annually dy+ 9 ,icel& fall victims to ! e*9ococcus epidemic4 ,be=e ,k*5mei/]'s exp]im5ts 9 #aheb1 !re 0 no g5]al k ( ! exact pa?ology ( entozoic disease4 ,! advance 0 n made by ! exp]im5tal me?od alone2 o!r ?+s help$3 b among !m 0 nei!r cl9ical exp]i5ce1 nor :at ,sir ,*>les ,bell call$ ! obs]vation ( ! j facts ( anatomy & ( natural motions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,beside ! entozoa1 !re are also vegetable p>asites4 ,( ^!1 ! mo/ important is ! /repto?rix act9omyces1 ! cause ( act9omycosis 9 man & cattle4 ,israel1 9 #ahgg1 gave ! fir/ accurate acc\nt ( x 9 man2 & ,bll+]1 ! same ye>1 /udi$ x 9 cattle4 ,ponfick1 9 #ahhb1 recognis$ ! id5tity ( ! disease 9 man & animals4 ,9 #ahhe1 ,israel publi%$ ! collect$ records ( #cg cases 9 man1 tabulat$ accord+ to ! site ( ! prim>y infection4 ,bo/rm1 ab\t ?is "t1 made cultures ( ! fungus3 b all ! e>li] attempts at inoculation fail$2 & x 0 n till #ahia t ,wolff & ,israel publi%$ _! successful inoculations1 & ?us complet$ ! evid5ce t act9omycosis is a p>asitic infection1 a gr[? ( vegetable ?reads & spores1 transmissible betwe5 m5 & animals1 & able to keep its vitality outside its ho/2 s t m5 :o are employ$ ) cattle1 or h ! habit ( *ew+ /raws or e>s ( corn1 incur "s slight risk ( infection4 ,be=e #ahgg1 ! disease 0 h>dly suspect$ 9 man1 & 0 n und]/ood 9 cattle4 ,,xii ,,myxo$ema ,on #d? ,octob] #ahgc1 ,sir ,william ,gull read a %ort pap] be=e ! ,cl9ical ,society ( ,london1 ,on a ,cret9oid ,/ate sup]v5+ 9 ,adult ,life 9 ,wom54 ,?is fam\s fir/ acc\nt ( myxo$ema 0 bas$ on five cases3 x is less ?an five pages long1 x does n sugge/ a "n = ! disease1 & x says no?+ ab\t ! ?yroid gl&4 ,f\r ye>s lat] 7#bcrd ,octob] #ahgg71 ,dr4 ,ord read a pap] be=e ! ,m$ico-,*irurgical ,society ( ,london1 ,on ,myxo$ema2 a t]m propos$ to be appli$ to an ess5tial condition 9 ! ',cret9oid' ,affection occasionally obs]v$ 9 ,middle-ag$ ,wom54 ,8 "w _h begun s f> back z #ahfa2 & 9 ?is #ahgg pap] he gave n only cl9ical obs]vations1 b also pa?ological & *emical facts2 & he not$1 z "o among _m *anges1 wa/+ ( ! ?yroid gl&4 ,he also po9t$ out ! close resemblance betwe5 cases ( myxo$ema & cases ( sporadic cret9ism4 ,9 #ahhb1 ,rev]d9 /at$ be=e ! ,m$ical ,society ( ,g5eva t signs l ^? ( myxo$ema _h be5 obs]v$ 9 "s cases ( removal ( ! ?yroid gl& on acc\nt ( disease 7gtre74 ,9 ,april #ahhc1 ,ko*] ( ,b]ne read a pap] on ?is subject1 be=e ! ,congress ( ,g]man ,surgeons2 b he attribut$ ?is myxo$ema aft] removal ( ! gl& 7ca*exia /rumipriva7 n directly to ! loss ( ?yroid-tissue1 b r to "s sort ( int]f]5ce ) free respiration1 due to op]ation4 ,on #bcrd ,novemb]1 ,sir ,felix ,semon br\ght ! subject aga9 be=e ! ,cl9ical ,society2 & on #ad? ,decemb] #ahhc1 ! ,society appo9t$ a ,committee ( ,inve/igation to /udy ! :ole "q4 ,_! report1 #bae pages long1 ) tabulat$ records ( #aai cases ( myxo$ema1 0 publi%$ 9 #ahhh4 ,x is a monum5t ( good "w1 hi/orical1 cl9ical1 pa?ological1 *emical1 & exp]im5tal4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago1 ! purpose ( ! ?yroid gl& 0 unkn[n3 a few exp]im5ts _h be5 made on x1 by ,sir ,a/ley ,coop] & o!rs1 & _h fail$2 & ,claude ,b]n>d1 9 8 ,physiologie ,opratoire 7publi%$ 9 #ahgi1 soon aft] 8 dea?71 makes x cle> t no?+ 0 kn[n 9 8 "t ab\t x4 ,he is emphasis+ ! fact t anatomy _c make ! discov]ies ( physiology3-- ,! descriptive anatomy1 & ! microscopic *>act]s1 ( ! ?yroid gl&1 ! facts ab\t its blood-vessels & its lymphatics--are n all ^! z well kn[n 9 ! ?yroid gl& z 9 o!r organs8 ,is n ! same ?+ true ( ! ?ymus gl&1 & ! supr>5al capsules8 ,yet we "k absolutely no?+ ab\t ! functions ( ^! organs--we h n s mu* z an idea :at use & importance !y may possess--because exp]im5ts h told u no?+ ab\t !m2 & anatomy1 left to itself1 is absolutely sil5t on ! subject4 ,!re=e1 9 #ahhb-hc1 ?+s /ood at ?is po9t--t ! removal ( a diseas$ ?yroid gl& _h be5 foll[$1 9 "s cases1 by a tra9 ( symptoms su* z ,sir ,william ,gull _h record$ 9 #ahgc4 ,w\ld ! same symptoms foll[ removal ( ! heal?y gl&8 ,! answ] 0 giv5 by ,sir ,victor ,horsley's exp]im5ts1 begun 9 #ahhd4 ,he 0 able1 by removal ( ! gl&1 to produce 9 monkeys a *ronic myxo$ema1 a cret9oid /ate1 ! facsimile ( ! disease 9 man3 ! same symptoms1 c\rse1 tissue-*anges1 ! same physical & m5tal hebetude1 ! same alt]ations ( ! excretions1 ! temp]ature1 & ! voice4 ,x 0 n[ pa/ d\bt t myxo$ema 0 due to want ( ?yroid-tissue1 & to t alone2 & t ca*exia /rumipriva 0 due to ! loss1 by op]ation1 ( su* remnants ( ! gl& z _h n be5 r5d]$ useless by disease4 ,! advance _h /ill to be made f pa?ology to treatm5t4 ,"h1 s f> z ,engl& is conc]n$1 hon\r is aga9 due to ,sir ,victor ,horsley4 ,on #h? ,febru>y #ahij1 he publi%$ ! sugge/ion t ?yroid-tissue1 f an animal j kill$1 %\ld be transplant$ b5ea? ! sk9 ( a myxo$emat\s pati5t3-- ,! ju/ification ( ?is proc$ure re/$ on ! rem>kable exp]im5ts ( ,s*iff & von ,eisselsb]g4 ,i only became aw>e 9 ,april #ahij1 t ?is proposal _h be5 9 fact =e/all$ 9 #ahhi by ,dr4 ,bir*]1 9 ,a>au4 7,! date ( ,dr4 ,bir*]'s op]ation 0 #af? ,janu>y #ahhi47 ,ko*] _h tri$ to d ! same ?+ 9 #ahhc1 b ! graft 0 soon absorb$2 b e>ly 9 #ahhi he tri$ x aga91 9 five cases1 & "o greatly improv$4 ,! importance ( ?is treatm5t1 by transplantation ( liv+ ?yroid-tissue1 mu/ be judg$ by ! fact t 9 #ahhh no practical use _h yet be5 made ( ! sci5tific "w t _h be5 done4 ,! ,cl9ical ,society's ,report1 publi%$ t ye>1 gives b half a page to treatm5t1 ( ! old-fa%ion$ sort2 & n a ^w ( hope4 ,!n1 at la/1 9 #ahia1 came ,dr4 ,george ,murray's pap] 9 ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 ,note on ! ,treatm5t ( ,myxo$ema by ,hypod]mic ,injections ( an ,extract ( ! ,?yroid ,gl& ( a ,%eep4 ,lat]1 hypod]mic injections ( ?yroid-extract gave way to s&wi*es1 made ) ?yroid gl& 7,dr4 ,hector ,mack5zie1 & ,dr4 ,fox ( ,plym\?71 & ^! 9 _! turn 7 eclips$ by tabloids4 ,x is a /range sequ5ce1 f #ahgc onw>d3 cl9ical obs]vation1 po/-mortem "w1 calamities ( surg]y1 exp]im5tal physiology1 transplantation1 hypod]mic injections1 s&wi*es1 & tabloids4 ,& f> m has be5 a*iev$ ?an ! cure ( myxo$ema4 ,ev5 if ! discov]y /opp$ "h1 x w\ld /ill be a miracle t little bottles ( tabloids %\ld br+ m5 & wom5 back f myxo$ema to :at !y 7 be=e !y became ?ick-witt$1 sl[1 *ang$ almo/ pa/ recognition1 drift+ t[>d idiocy4 ,b x does n /op "h4 ,! same treatm5t has giv5 good results 9 c\ntless cases ( sporadic cret9ism1 re/or+ gr[? ( body & ( m9d to *ildr5 t 7 hopelessly imbecile4 ,x is ( great value also = c]ta9 diseases ( ! sk94 ,moreov]1 physiology has ga9$ k ( ! purpose ( ! ?yroid gl&1 & a cle>] insight into ! facts relat+ to int]nal secretion4 ,,xiii ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,drugs ,long aft] ! ,r5aissance1 ! practice ( m$ic9e 0 /ill "u ! influ5ce ( magic4 ,:atev] ?+s 7 r>e & preci\s 7 held to be good aga9/ disease--gold1 amb]1 coral1 pe>ls1 & ! du/ ( mummies2 :atev] took /range =ms ( life--toads1 e>?worms1 & ! l2 :atev] look$ l ! disease1 aft] ! doctr9e ( signatures--pulmon>ia = ! lungs1 because ! spots on its leaves 7 l tub]cle1 a kidney-%ap$ fruit = ! kidneys1 a he>t-%ap$ fruit = ! he>t1 & yell[ c>rots = ! yell[ jaundice4 ,among ! drugs 9 ! #afah ,ph>macopoeia are cranium humanum1 m&ibula lucii1 nidus hirund9um1 s]icum crudum1 l9um vivum1 & pilus salam&r4 ,9 ! ,ph>macopoeia ( #affg are exuvi s]p5tis1 tel arane>um1 saliva jejuni1 cranium hom9is viol5t morte ext9cti1 & worse obsc5ities4 ,soon aft] ! publication ( ?is ,ph>macopoeia1 on #ad? ,febru>y #afhe1 ,k+ ,*>les ,,ii4 di$2 & 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies !re is a manuscript acc\nt 9 ,lat91 by ,dr4 ,sc>brugh1 h[ ! case 0 treat$4 ,! ,k+ _h sixte5 physicians1 & n9e consultations 9 five days2 & to say ev]y?+ 0 done t 0 possible gives no idea ( ! vig\r ( ! treatm5t4 ,f9ally1 ! day he di$1 !y gave him1 elev5 ( !m 9 consultation--totus m$icorum *orus ab omni spe de/itutus--!y gave him1 z m g5]\s c>diacs1 ! lapis ,g1 & ! ,bezo>-/one4 ,! lapis ,g 0 a du/ ( topaz1 jac9?1 sapphire1 ruby1 pe>l1 em]ald1 bezo>1 coral1 musk1 amb]gris1 & gold1 all made into a pill & poli%$2 & ! bezo> is a calculus f\nd 9 ! inte/9es ( h]bivor\s animals4 ,half a c5tury lat]1 ! ,ph>macopoeia ( #agba /ill includ$ ants' eggs1 tee?1 lapis nephriticus1 & o!r horrors2 & 9 ! ,ph>macopoeia ( #agdf1 ?\gh ! du/ ( ,egyptian mummies 0 rul$ out1 vip]s & wood-lice 7 reta9$4 ,c]ta9ly ^! la/ en*antm5ts ( ! ,middle ,ages 7 sl[ to dep>t4 ,cl9ical obs]vation1 anatomy1 & pa?ology1 _h all fail$ to br+ ab\t a "r und]/&+ ( ! actions ( drugs4 ,x 0 ! physiologi/s1 n ! doctors1 :o fir/ =mulat$ ! exact use ( drugs2 x 0 ,bi*at1 ,mag5die1 & ,claude ,b]n>d4 ,t is ! :ole mean+ ( ,mag5die's "w on ! upas-poison & on /ry*n9e1 & ,claude ,b]n>d's "w on cur>i & digitalis4 ,( ^! f\r sub/ances1 two only are ( any use 9 practice2 yet ,mag5die's /udy ( /ry*n9e#da 0 ( immeasurable value1 n s mu* because x gave ! doctors a m g5]\s c>diac1 ?\gh t 0 a great gift1 b because x reveal$ ! selective action ( drugs4 ,contra/ 8 acc\nt ( /ry*n9e ) ,ambroise ,p>'s /ory h[ !y te/$ ! bezo>-/one on ! ?ief in/ead ( hang+ him2 contra/ ,b]n>d's *apt] on cur>i ) ,dr4 ,sc>brugh's notes on ! ,k+'s dea?1 ) all ! ,cr[n jewels inside him3 y are 9 two diff]5t worlds4 ,! selective action ( drugs--! aff9ity betwe5 /ry*n9e & ! c5tral n]ve-cells1 betwe5 cur>i & ! t]m9al filam5ts ( ! motor n]ves--t 0 ! revolution>y tea*+ ( sci5ce3 & x came1 n by exp]i5ce1 b by exp]im5t4 #da ,= a full /atem5t ( ! great value ( ?is /udy ( /ry*n9e1 see ,cl4 ,b]n>d1 ,leons de ,physiologie ,opratoire1 #ahgi1 p4 #hi4 ,take ,pr(essor ,fras]'s address on ,! ,action ( ,rem$ies1 & ! ,exp]im5tal ,me?od at ! ,int]national ,m$ical ,congress 9 ,london1 #ahha3-- ,! introduction ( ?is me?od is due to ,bi*at2 &1 by its subsequ5t application by ,mag5die1 ph>macology 0 orig9at$ z ! sci5ce we n[ recognise4 ,bi*at repres5ts a transition /ate1 9 :i* metaphysical conceptions 7 m+l$ ) ! results ( exp]i5ce4 ,mag5die m cle>ly recognis$ ! dang] ( adopt+ !ories1 9 ! exi/+ imp]fections ( k2 & devot$ himself to ! supplem5t+ ( ^! imp]fections by exp]im5ts on liv+ animals4 ,! advantages ( su* exp]im5ts he e>ly illu/rat$ by 8 inve/igation on ! upas-poison2 & aft]w>ds by a rese>* on ! !n newly-discov]$ alkaloid1 /ry*nia4444 ,he demon/rat$ ! action ( ?is sub/ance ^u ! sp9al cord1 by exp]im5ts ^u ! l[] animals1 s ?or\ghly1 t subsequ5t inve/igations h add$ b little to 8 results4 ,or take ,pr(essor ,fras]'s acc\nt ( digitalis3-- ,x 0 introduc$ z a rem$y = dropsy2 &1 on ! applications :i* 7 made ( x = ! treatm5t ( t disease1 a sl[+ action ^u ! c>diac movem5ts 0 obs]v$1 :i* l$ to its acquir+ ! reputation ( a c>diac s$ative4 ,num]\s obs]vations 7 made on man by ! orig9ators ( its application1 by ,dr4 ,s&]s & _m o!r physicians1 9 :i* special att5tion 0 paid to its effects ^u ! circulation2 b no fur!r light 0 ?r[n ^u its rem>kable prop]ties1 ) ! unimportant exception t 9 "s cases x 0 f\nd to excite ! circulation4 ,x 0 n until ! exp]im5tal me?od 0 appli$ 9 its inve/igation1 9 ! fir/ in/ance by ,claude ,b]n>d1 & subsequ5tly by ,dybk[sky1 ,pelikan1 ,mey]1 ,boehm1 & ,s*mi$eb]g1 t ! true action ( digitalis ^u ! circulation 0 discov]$4 ,x 0 %[n t ! effects ^u ! circulation 7 n 9 any exact s5se s$ative1 b1 on ! contr>y1 /imulant & tonic1 r5d]+ ! action ( ! he>t m p[]ful1 & increas+ ! t5sion 9 ! blood-vessels4 ,! indications = its use 9 disease 7 !reby revolutionis$1 & at ! same "t r5d]$ m exact2 & ! /rik+ b5efits :i* are n[ af=d$ by ! use ( ?is sub/ance 9 mo/ 7c>diac7 diseases 7 made available to humanity4 ,or take ,sir ,t4 ,laud] ,brunton's acc\nt ( ! action ( nitrite ( amyl 9 ang9a pectoris3-- ,! action ( nitrite ( amyl 9 caus+ flu%+ 0 fir/ obs]v$ by ,gu?rie1 & ,sir ,b4 ,w4 ,ri*>dson recomm5d$ x z a rem$y 9 spasmodic conditions1 f ! p[] he ?\ght x to possess ( p>alys+ motor n]ves4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahfg ,i _h opportunities ( con/antly obs]v+ a pati5t :o suff]$ f ang9a pectoris1 & ( obta9+ f him num]\s sphygmographic trac+s1 bo? dur+ ! attack & dur+ ! int]val4 ,^! %[$ t dur+ ! attack ! pulse became quick]1 ! blood-pressure rose1 & ! art]ioles contract$4444 ,x seem$ probable t ! great rise 9 t5sion 0 ! cause ( ! pa91 & x occurr$ to me t if x 0 possible to dim9i% ! t5sion by drugs in/ead ( by ble$+1 ! pa9 w\ld be remov$4 ,i knew f unpubli%$ exp]im5ts on animals by ,dr4 ,a4 ,gamgee t nitrite ( amyl _h ?is p[]1 & !re=e tri$ x on ! pati5t4 ,my expectations 7 p]fectly answ]$4 ,! pa9 usually disappe>$ 9 ?ree-qu>t]s ( a m9ute aft] ! inhalation began1 & at ! same "t ! pulse became sl[] & mu* full]1 & ! t5sion dim9i%$4 ,( c\rse x w\ld be easy to l5g!n out ! li/4 ,aconite1 adr5al91 belladonna1 calcium *loride1 col*icum1 coca91 *loral1 ergot1 morphia1 salicylic acid1 /rophan?us1 ! *ief diuretics1 ! *ief diaphoretics--all ^! drugs1 & _m m1 h be5 /udi$ & le>n$ by exp]im5ts on animals4 ,!n comes ! answ]1 t drugs act diff]5tly on animals & on m54 ,! few in/ances1 t give a wise air to ?is fooli% answ]1 7 kn[n long ago to ev]ybody3 !y d n s mu* z t\* ! facts ( daily practice3-- ,! action ( drugs on man diff]s f t on ! l[] animals *iefly 9 respect to ! bra91 :i* is s mu* m greatly develop$ 9 man4 ,:]e ! /ructure ( an organ or tissue is ne>ly ! same 9 man & 9 ! l[] animals1 ! action ( drugs ^u x is simil>4 ,?us we f9d t c>bonic oxide1 & nitrites1 produce simil> *anges 9 ! blood ( frogs1 dogs1 & man1 t cur>e p>alyses ! motor n]ves1 alike 9 !m all1 & v]atria ex]ts ^u ! muscles ( ea* its peculi> /imulant & p>alys+ action4 ,:]e diff]5ces exi/ 9 ! /ructure ( ! v>i\s organs1 we f9d1 z we w\ld naturally expect1 diff]5ces 9 _! reaction to drugs4 ,?us ! he>t ( ! frog is simpl] ?an t ( dogs or m51 & less affect$ by ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em2 we consequ5tly f9d t :ile su* a drug z digitalis has a some:at simil> action ^u ! he>ts ( frogs1 dogs1 & m51 !re are c]ta9 diff]5ces betwe5 its effect ^u ! he>t ( a frog & on t ( mammals4 ,belladonna (f]s ano!r example ( app>5t diff]5ce 9 action--a consid]able dose ( belladonna w produce almo/ no app>5t effect ^u a rabbit1 :ile a small] dose 9 a dog or a man w\ld cause ! rapidity ( ! pulse to be ne>ly d\bl$4 ,yet 9 all ?ree--rabbits1 dogs1 & m5--belladonna p>alyses ! p[] ( ! vagus ov] ! he>t4 ,! diff]5ce is t 9 rabbits ! vagus normally ex]ts b little action on ! he>t1 & ! effect ( its p>alysis is consequ5tly slight or h>dly appreciable4 7,pr(essor ,fras]47 ,x w\ld be /range inde$1 if exp]ts :o "w 9 micromillimetres & decimal milligrammes1 & /udy ! vani%+-po9t ( microscopic /ructures1 & measure & orda9 inf9itesimal *anges 9 invisible organisms1 7 bl9d to su* gross & palpable diff]5ces z exi/ betwe5 m5 & pigeons 9 _! susceptibility to a dose ( opium4 ,an/hetics mu/ be reckon$ among ! drugs t h be5 /udi$ on animals3 b1 = ! discov]y ( !m1 m5 exp]im5t$ on !mselves4 ,! fir/ use ( nitr\s oxide 7laugh+ gas7 9 surg]y 0 #aa? ,decemb] #ahdd1 :5 ,horace ,wells1 ( ,connecticut1 _h x adm9i/]$ to himself = ! removal ( a too?4 ,! fir/ use ( e!r 0 made by ,dr4 ,long1 ( ,a!ns1 ,georgia2 b he did n publi% ! case1 or foll[ up ! "w3 & ! hon\r ( ! discov]y ( e!r w5t to ,morton1 ( ,bo/on1 :o made repeat$ exp]im5ts1 bo? on animals & on himself4 ,! date :5 he fir/ r5d]$ himself absolutely unconsci\s = sev5 or eight m9utes1 is #cj? ,septemb] #ahdf2 & ! fir/ op]ation "u e!r 0 done on #af? ,octob]1 9 ! ,massa*usetts ,g5]al ,hospital4 ,! fir/ use ( *lor(orm 0 #d? ,novemb] #ahdg1 t fam\s ev5+ :5 ,simpson1 ,george ,kei?1 & ,mat!ws ,duncan took x toge!r4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( an/hesia is to be f\nd 9 ! ,practition]1 ,oct4 #ahif4 ,x is sometimes said t ! m5 :o make exp]im5ts on animals ought to make !m on !mselves4 ,b !y d1 hundr$s ( !m1 & suff] = x3 ,heav5 kn[s ! li/ is long en\gh--! discov]]s ( an/hesia1 ,hunt]1 ,g>r1 ,ko*1 ,kle91 ,moor1 ,haffk9e1 ,grassi1 ,bo*efonta9e1 ,quesada1 ,san>elli1 ,pett5k(]--^! & ho/s m1 "h or abroad1 h done x1 z "p ( ! day's "w2 & "s--by accid5tal infection1 l ,*abry & ,villa1 or by delib]ate self-inoculation1 l ,c>rion--h be5 kill$3-- ,dr4 ,angelo ,knorr1 ,privat-doc5t 9 ! ,vet]9>y ,s*ool ( ,muni*1 di$ on #bbnd ,febru>y f acute gl&]s1 contract$ 9 ! c\rse ( an exp]im5tal rese>* on malle94 ,helmann1 ! ,russian inve/igator :o discov]$ malle91 himself fell a victim to accid5tal inoculation ( ! gl&]s virus4 ,"s "t aft]w>ds ano!r ,russian1 ,protopop[1 di$ ( gl&]s contract$ 9 a ,fr5* laboratory4 ,an ,au/rian physician1 ,dr4 ,k(fman-,well5h(1 di$ ( ! same disease1 contract$ 9 ! ,in/itute ( ,hygi5e at ,vi5na4 ,on #ag? ,janu>y ( ! pres5t ye> ,dr4 ,guiseppe ,bosso1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,tur91 di$ ( infection contract$ 9 ! c\rse ( cultivations ( tub]cle-bacilli made 9 8 laboratory4 ,n long be=e1 ,dr ,lola1 assi/ant 9 ! mat]nity dep>tm5t ( ! ,cze* ,univ]sity ,hospital ( ,prague1 di$ ( tetanus caus$ by an exp]im5tal inoculation made on himself4 ,"s f\rte5 or fifte5 ye>s ago1 a m$ical /ud5t ( ,lima prov$ t 'v]ruga ,p]uana' is an infecti\s disease by inoculat+ himself ) x1 an act ( sci5tific devotion :i* co/ him 8 life4#db ,besides ^? :o h di$1 !re are _m :o h only escap$ ) _! lives aft] long & pa9ful illness4 ,pr(essor ,k\rl(f contract$ an?rax 9 a laboratory at ,muni*1 & 0 sav$ only by vigor\s surg]y4 ,dr4 ,nicolas suppli$1 9 8 own p]son1 ! fir/ example ( tetanus produc$ 9 man by inoculation ( ! pure tox9 ( ! bacillus ( ,nicolai]4 7,brit4 ,m$4 ,j\rnal1 #ah? ,m>* #ahii47 #db ,daniel ,c>rion1 born #ahei at ,c]ro de ,pasco1 prov$1 by self-inoculation1 ! id5tity ( ! two =ms ( ! disease1 #bg? ,augu/ #ahhe2 di$ ( ! disease1 #e? ,octob]4 ,see ,ann4 de l',in/4 ,pa/41 ,sept #ahih4 ,?is li/ is sev5 ye>s old n[2 x is twice ! l5g? by ?is "t4 ,typhoid1 mal>ia1 yell[ fev]1 h all tak5 toll ( ^? :o /udy !m4 ,x is a long record ( ! m5 :o fell ill1 or di$1 or kill$ !mselves ov] _! "w2 & ! dea?s ( ,b>is*1 ,dr4 ,mll]1 & ,nurse ,pe*a1 f plague at ,vi5na 7,octob] #ahih7 are ano!r in/ance t !re is dang] 9 ! con/ant h&l+ ( cultures4 ,b ^! dea?s at ,vi5na 7 due to ! great c>elessness ( "o man4 ,9 laboratories 9 all p>ts ( ! _w !re are /or$ cultures ( all sorts ( organisms1 yet no h>m comes ( x4 ,m cases ( infection occur among/ "y m$ical m5 att5d+ fev] cases1 :e!r 9 private practice or hospital w>ds1 9 a s+le mon?1 ?an h occurr$ 9 ! :ole ( ! laboratories 9 ! _w s9ce !y 7 e/abli%$4 7,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 #bi? ,octob] #ahih47 ,outside ! laboratory1 outside ! fev] hospitals1 ! risk is some?+ less ?an a negligible quantity3-- ,ap>t f plague & *ol]a1 9 all ! big laboratories /udies are un9t]rupt$ly pursu$1 f "o end ( ! ye> to ! o!r1 ^u an?rax1 gl&]s1 influ5za1 ,malta fev]1 v>i\s tropical diseases :i* d n exi/ at all or are r>e 9 ! c\ntries :]e !y are be+ /udi$4 ,! laboratories 9 "q are situat$ 9 ! l>ge/ & mo/ important t[ns ( _! respective c\ntries2 &1 )9 ^? t[ns1 v (t5 9 ! mo/ fa%ionable or mo/ popul\s c5tres4444 ,on no occasion 0 !re ev5 a suspicion ar\s$ ( an epidemic hav+ be5 produc$ by any ( ! above-m5tion$ in/itutes1 or by ^? t5s ( ?\s&s ( op]ations aga9/ *ol]a p]=m$ 9 ,india4 7,haffk9e1 ,madras ,mail1 #h? ,decemb] #ahih47 ,,xiv ,,snake-,,v5om ,! ,report ( ! #ahge ,commission said3-- ,x is n possible = u to recomm5d t ! ,indian ,gov]nm5t %\ld be prohibit$ f pursu+ its endeav\rs to discov] an antidote = snake-bites2 or t1 )\t su* an ef=t1 y\r ,maje/y's ,indian subjects %\ld be left to p]i% 9 l>ge numb]s annually f ! effects ( ^! poisons4 ,c]ta9ly x 0 n possible2 & ! numb]s are l>ge inde$4 ,dur+ #ahig1 #dbbg p]sons 7 kill$ by wild animals 9 ,india1 & #bj1iei by snakes4 7,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 #e? ,novemb] #ahih47 ,sir ,joseph ,fayr]'s "n mu/ be put 9 ! highe/ place ( all ^? :o h /udi$ ! v5om\s snakes ( ,india4 ,sewell1 9 #ahhg1 %[$ t animals c\ld be r5d]$ immune1 by repeat$ inoculation ) m9ute quantities ( rattlesnake-v5om1 to a dose sev5 times z l>ge z w\ld kill an unprotect$ animal4 ,kan?ack1 9 #ahia1 immunis$ animals 9 ! same way aga9/ cobra-v5om4 ,he also made exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 :e!r ! blood-s]um ( ^! animals act$ z an antidote to ! v5om4 ,!n came ! "w ( ,calmette1 ,fras]1 ,phisalix1 ,b]tr&1 ,m>t9 7,au/ralia71 ,/eph5s1 & ,mey]s4 ,pr(essor ,fras]'s obs]vations on ! antidotal prop]ties ( ! bile are1 ( c\rse1 ( ! utmo/ importance2 n only 9 prev5tive m$ic9e1 b also 9 physiology4 ,! results obta9$ by ,calmette are a good in/ance ( ! f95ess & accuracy ( ! exp]im5tal me?od4 ,x is to be not$ t ! animals 7 inoculat$ ) a f9e ne$le1 n ?ru/ into cages ) snakes1 z at zoological g>d5s2 & t an animal ?us poison$ has a pa9less dea?4 ,! diff]5t v5oms 7 measur$ 9 decimal milligrammes1 & _! pot5cy 0 e/imat$ accord+ to ! body-weight ( ! animal inoculat$4 ,z ) tetanus1 s ) snake-v5om1 !re mu/ be a /&>d1 or unit ( toxicity4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! relative toxicity1 = #a kilogr4 ( rabbit1 ( ! diff]5t v5oms t ,i h te/$4 ,to d5ote ?is toxicity ,i use t]ms su* z ,behr+1 ,r\x1 & ,vaill>d us$ = ! tox9 ( tetanus1 tak+ ! numb] ( grammes ( animal kill$ by "o gramme ( tox93-- #a4 ,v5om ( naja #j4be mgr4 p] kilogr4 ( rabbit4 ,"o gramme ( ?is v5om kills #djjj kilogrammes ( rabbit2 x has1 !re=e1 an activity ( #d1jjj1jjj #b4 ,v5om ( hoplocephalus #j4bi mgr #c1dej1jjj #c4 ,v5om ( pseude*is #a4be mgr #hjj1jjj #d4 ,v5om ( pelias b]us #d4jj mgr #bej1jjj ,( c\rse1 ?is e/imation ( virul5ce is n absolute2 x v>ies consid]ably accord+ to ! species ( animal te/$4 ,?us ! gu9ea-pig1 & /ill m ! rat1 are extremely s5sitive4 ,= in/ance1 #j4ae mgr4 ( vip]-v5om is en\gh to kill1 9 less ?an #ab h\rs1 #ejj grammes ( gu9ea-pig2 s t ! activity ( ?is v5om ) a gu9ea-pig is #c1ccc1jjj1 b ) a rabbit is n m ?an #fej1jjj4 ,) m resi/ant animals1 ! opposite result is obta9$2 ab\t #aj mgr4 ( cobra-v5om are necess>y to kill a dog ( #f4ej kilogrm4 weight2 b to kill ! same weight ( rabbit #a4fe mgr4 is en\gh4 ,?us ! virul5ce ( ?is v5om ) ! rabbit is #d1jjj1jjj2 b ) ! dog n m ?an #fej1jjj4 ,by exp]im5ts 9 te/-tubes1 ,calmette /udi$ ^! v5oms "u ! influ5ces ( heat & v>i\s *emical ag5ts4 ,he f\nd h[ to att5uate _! virul5ce1 & h[ to dim9i% ! local inflammation r\nd ! po9t ( inoculation2 & x 0 9 ! c\rse ( ^! te/-tube exp]im5ts & inoculations t he discov]$ ! value ( calcium hypo*lorite z a local application4 ,work+1 by v>i\s me?ods1 ) att5uat$ v5oms1 he 0 able to immunise animals3-- ,i h come to immunise rabbits aga9/ quantities ( v5om t are truly colossal4 ,i h got sev]al1 vacc9at$ m ?an a ye> ago1 :i* take1 )\t ! lea/ discom=t1 s mu* z #dj mgr4 ( v5om ( naja tripudians at a s+le injection2 t is to say1 en\gh to kill #hj rabbits ( #b kilogr4 weight1 or #e dogs4 ,five drops ( s]um f ^! rabbits :olly neutralise 9 vitro 79 a glass te/-tube7 ! toxicity ( #a mgr4 ( naja-v5om4 ,by #ahid he _h f\nd t ! s]um ( an animal1 ?us immunis$ by graduat$ doses ( "o k9d ( v5om1 neutralis$ o!r k9ds ( v5om3-- ,if #a mgr4 ( cobra-v5om1 or #d mgr4 ( vip]-v5om1 be mix$1 9 a te/-tube1 ) a small quantity ( s]um f an immunis$ rabbit1 & a fre% rabbit be inoculat$ ) ?is mixture1 x does n suff] any discom=t4 ,x is n ev5 necess>y t ! s]um %\ld come f an animal vacc9at$ aga9/ ! same sort ( v5om z t 9 ! mixture4 ,! s]um ( a rabbit immunis$ aga9/ ! v5om ( ! cobra or ! vip] acts indiff]5tly on all ! v5oms t ,i h te/$4 ,9 #ahid he _h prep>$ en\gh s]um = ! treatm5t to be tri$ by 8 own c\ntrym5 practis+ 9 "s ( ! ,fr5* colonies4 ,9 ,april #ahie1 he gave ! foll[+ acc\nt ( 8 "w3-- ,i h immunis$ two asses1 "o hav+ receiv$ #bbj mgr4 ( naja-v5om f #be? ,septemb] to #ca/ ,decemb] #ahid1 & ! o!r #afj mgr4 f #ae? ,octob] to #ca/ ,decemb]4 ,! s]um ( ! fir/ ( ^! two animals has n[ rea*$ ?is po9t1 t half a cubic c5timetre de/roys ! toxicity ( #a mgr4 ( naja-v5om4 ,f\r cubic c5timetres ( ?is s]um1 inject$ f\r h\rs be=e ! inoculation ( a dose ( v5om en\gh to kill twice ov]1 pres]ve ! animal 9 e case4 ,x is also !rapeutic1 "u ! conditions t ,i h already def9$2 t is to say1 if y fir/ inoculate a rabbit ) su* a dose ( v5om z kills ! control-animals 9 ?ree h\rs1 & !n1 an h\r aft] inject+ ! v5om1 inject "u ! sk9 ( ! abdom5 #d to #e cubic c5timetres ( s]um1 recov]y is ! rule4 ,:5 y int]f]e lat] ?an ?is ! results are unc]ta92 & 9 all my exp]im5ts ! delay ( an h\r & a half is ! mo/ t ,i h be5 able to rea*4 ,?is antiv5om\s s]um ( asses has ^! same antitoxic prop]ties ) all k9ds ( snake-v5om2 x is equally active 9 vitro1 prev5tive1 & !rapeutic1 ) ! v5oms ( c]a/es1 ( trigonocephalus1 ( crotalus1 & ( f\r k9ds ( ,au/ralian snakes t ,mr4 ,mac,garvie ,smi? has s5t to ,m4 ,r\x4 ,i am /ill inject+ ^! two animals ) v5om1 & ,i hope to give to _! s]um at la/ a mu* great] antitoxic p[]4 ,9 #ahif f\r successful cases ( ?is treatm5t 9 ! human subject 7 report$ 9 ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 ,9 #ahih ,calmette made ! foll[+ /atem5t ( 8 results3-- ,x is n[ ne>ly two ye>s s9ce ! use ( my antiv5om\s s]um 0 introduc$ 9 ,india1 9 ,alg]ia1 9 ,egypt1 on ! ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,africa1 9 ,am]ica1 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,antilles1 c4 ,x has be5 v (t5 us$ = m5 & dome/ic animals 7dogs1 horses1 ox571 & up to n[ none ( ^? t h receiv$ an injection ( s]um h succumb$4444 ,a great numb] ( obs]vations h be5 communicat$ to me1 & n "o ( !m ref]s to a case ( failure4 7,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 #ad? ,may #ahih47 ,good acc\nts ( ,fras]'s & ,calmette's "w are giv5 by ,dr4 ,/one 9 ! ,bo/on ,m$ical & ,surgical ,j\rnal1 #g? ,april #ahih1 & by ,/aff-,surgeon ,&rews1 ,r4,n41 9 ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 #i? ,septemb] #ahii4 ,= o!r cases see ! ,pione]1 #aj? ,augu/ #ahii1 ! ,lancet1 #be? ,novemb] #ahii1 & ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 #bcrd ,decemb] #ahii4 ,9 "o ( ^! cases1 record$ by ,dr4 ,r5nie1 ! pati5t 01 lit]ally1 at ! po9t ( dea?1 b recov]$ aft] ! s]um _h be5 inject$4 ,two cases h also be5 record$ ( cobra-bite dur+ "w 9 ! laboratory3 bo? ( !m recov]$ aft] injection4 ,e ,gov]nm5t or private disp5s>y1 says ,surgeon ,bev]idge1 %\ld be suppli$ ) antiv55e1 :i* is c]ta9ly ! be/ rem$y = snake-bite available4 ,! cases are few at pres5t2 b x does n appe> t ! treatm5t has fail$ 9 any case2 &1 ) a new rem$y ( ?is k9d1 x is fairly c]ta9 t failures w\ld be publi%$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f all ^! in/ances 9 physiology1 pa?ology1 bact]iology1 & !rapeutics1 we come to consid] ! ,act relat+ to exp]im5ts on animals 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,_m subjects h be5 left out2 among !m1 ! "w ( ! la/ few ye>s on ! supr>5al gl&s & adr5al91 & ,dr4 ,william ,hunt]'s admirable "w on p]nici\s anmia4 ,no attempt has be5 made to describe ! rese>*es ( exp]ts 9 _m c\ntries into ! nature ( malignant disease1 or to guess :at may come ( ! discov]y t mice c be immunis$ aga9/ t =m ( canc] :i* occurs 9 mice & is inoculable f m\se to m\se4 ,no?+ has be5 said ( ! discov]y t ! ,african sleep+-sickness is due to a blood-p>asite c>ri$ by flies f man to man4 ,no?+ has be5 said ab\t ^? discov]ies 9 bact]iology t h n yet be5 appli$ to practice1 or ( ! _m inv5tions ( m$ical & surgical practice t owe only an indirect debt to exp]im5ts on animals4 ,artificial respiration1 ! transfusion ( sal9e fluid1 ! hypod]mic adm9i/ration ( drugs1 ! use ( oxyg5 = inhalation1 ! torsion ( art]ies1 ! graft+ ( sk91 ! transplantation ( bone1 ! absorbable ligature1 ! diagno/ic & !rapeutic uses ( electricity1 ! rational employm5t ( blood-lett+--all ^! good me?ods h be5 left out ( ! li/2 only "s facts h be5 pres5t$1 ^? t m>k mo/ cle>ly ! advance ( k & ( practice1 & /& up ev5 above ! re/ ( ! "w4 ,!re !y w /&1 :5 we are all dead & gone3 & by !m1 z by l&m>ks1 all fur!r advance w be guid$4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,! ,,act ,,relat+ ,,to ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,animals ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,& ,,irel& ,,act #ci ,,& #dj ,,vic4 c4 #gg ,! ,royal ,commission ,on ! ,practice ( subject+ ,live ,animals to ,exp]im5ts = ,sci5tific ,purposes1 0 appo9t$ on #bbnd ,june #ahge4 ,its memb]s 7--,"l ,c>dwell 7*airman71 ,"l ,w9m>leigh1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,=/]1 ,sir ,john ,k>slake1 ,mr4 ,huxley1 ,mr4 7,sir ,john7 ,eri*s51 & ,mr4 ,hutton4 ,betwe5 #e? ,july & #cj? ,decemb]1 #ec witnesses 7 exam9$1 & #feea que/ions 7 put & answ]$4 ,! report ( ! ,commission be>s date #h? ,janu>y #ahgf1 & 9 t ye> ! pres5t ,act receiv$ ! ,royal ,ass5t4 ,! evid5ce be=e ! ,commission 0 all1 or ne>ly all1 conc]n$ ) physiology1 ) ! "w ( ,mag5die1 ,claude ,b]n>d1 & ,sir ,*>les ,bell1 ! action ( cur>e1 ! ,h&book ( ! ,physiological ,laboratory1 ! tea*+ ( physiology1 & s =?4 ,v little 0 said ( pa?ology2 & ( bact]iology next to no?+4 ,practically1 physiology alone came be=e ! ,commission]s2 & su* exp]im5ts 9 physiology z are n[1 ! y\nge/ ( !m1 m ?an ?irty ye>s old4 ,bact]iology1 at ! "t ( ! pass+ ( ! ,act1 _h h>dly made a beg9n+4 ,!re=e ! ,act made no special provision = inoculations1 injections1 & ! :ole /udy ( immunisation ( animals & m5 aga9/ disease4 ,exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d h to be s*$ul$ "u "o ( ! exi/+ c]tificates1 to br+ !m "u an ,act t 0 draft$ )\t =ekn[l$ge ( !m4 ,c]tificate ,a or ,c]tificate ,b has to be us$ = ?is purpose3-- ,c]tificate ,a4 ,we h]eby c]tify t1 9 our op9ion1 ins5sibility 9 ! animal on :i* any su* exp]im5t may be p]=m$ _c be produc$ by an/hetics )\t necess>ily fru/rat+ ! object ( su* exp]im5t4 ,c]tificate ,b4 ,we h]eby c]tify t1 9 our op9ion1 ! kill+ ( ! animal on :i* any su* exp]im5t is p]=m$ be=e x recov]s f ! influ5ce ( ! an/hetic adm9i/]$ to x1 w\ld necess>ily fru/rate ! object ( su* exp]im5t4 ,"u "o or o!r ( ^! c]tificates mu/ be s*$ul$ all inoculations1 injections1 fe$+-exp]im5ts1 transplantations ( p>ticles ( disease1 immunisations1 & ! l4 ,!y mu/ be s*$ul$ someh[2 & t is ! only way ( do+ x4 ,:]e ! act ( induc+ ! disease w\ld itself give any pa91 if an an/hetic 7 n adm9i/]$--z 9 ! subdural inoculation ( a rabbit1 or ! intra-p]itoneal inoculation ( an animal ) a p>ticle ( canc]\s tissue--!re ! lic5see mu/ hold1 toge!r ) ! lic5se1 ,c]tificate ,b1 because ! act ( induc+ ! disease is itself an op]ation1 done "u an an/hetic4 ,if ! animal be a dog or a cat1 he mu/ hold ,c]tificates ,b & ,,ee2 if x be a horse1 ass1 or mule1 ,c]tificates ,b & ,f4 ,:]e ! act ( induc+ ! disease is n itself pa9ful--z 9 ord9>y inoculation1 & 9 fe$+-exp]im5ts--! lic5see mu/ hold1 toge!r ) 8 lic5se1 ,c]tificate ,a1 because ! animal is n an/hetis$4 ,x is n a pa9ful op]ation2 ! exp]im5t consi/s n 9 ! act ( putt+ ! hypod]mic ne$le "u ! animal's sk91 b 9 ! subsequ5t obs]vation ( ! c\rse ( ! disease4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! inoculation ( a gu9ea-pig ) tub]cle-bacilli3 ! exp]im5t is ! production ( tub]cle2 ! exp]im5t la/s till ! animal is kill$ & f\nd to be infect$2 x is !re=e s*$ul$ "u ,c]tificate ,a4 ,or take ! te/+1 on an animal1 ( an antitox92 ! exp]im5t is n ! injection1 b ! obs]vation ( ! result2 ! animal may n suff]1 b ! injection mu/ /ill be done "u ,c]tificate ,a4 ,&1 if ! animal be a dog or a cat1 ! lic5see mu/ hold ,c]tificates ,a & ,e2 or1 if x be a horse1 ass1 or mule1 ,c]tificates ,a & ,f4 ,?is want ( a special c]tificate = inoculations is an important matt]1 because x has l$ to ! belief t pa9ful op]ations are p]=m$1 )\t an/hesia1 9 cases :]e ! only in/rum5t us$ is a ne$le4 ,x is h>dly reasonable1 = in/ance1 t ! inoculation ( a m\se %\ld be s*$ul$ z a pa9ful op]ation p]=m$ )\t an/hesia4 ,! disease1 ?us pa9lessly induc$1 may 9 _m cases be call$ pa9less2 = in/ance1 snake-v5om 9 ! rat1 septicmia 9 ! m\se1 mal>ia 9 small birds4 ,9 o!r cases1 !re are su* pa9 & fev] z are "p ( ! disease4 ,! =m t rabies take 9 rabbits may fairly be call$ pa9less4 ,inoculations n "u ! sk91 b into ! ant]ior *amb] ( ! eye1 are v seldom made2 !y s\nd cruel1 b coca9 r5d]s ! surface ( ! eye :olly ins5sitive1 & ! ant]ior *amb] is s f> ins5sitive t a man ) blood or pus 7hypopyon7 9 ! ant]ior *amb] ( ! eye may suff] no pa9 f x4 ,a horse or an ass kept = ! giv+ ( an antitoxic s]um has a m com=table life ?an an omnibus horse2 & ?is prep>ation ( ! antitox9s1 s9ce x is n an exp]im5t1 b a direct use ( animals 9 ! recognis$ s]vice ( man1 does n require a lic5se or c]tificates "u ! ,act4 ,b ! te/+ ( an antitox9 is an exp]im5t1 & mu/ be made "u a lic5se & ,c]tificate ,a4 ,x is n ! bus9ess ( ?is book to consid] :e!r ! s5sitiv5ess ( a dog1 a rabbit1 or a gu9ea-pig c fairly be /at$ 9 t]ms ( ! physical & m5tal s5sitiv5ess ( m5 & wom54 ,9 ! _w ( animals1 z 9 ! _w ( humanity1 !re are diff]5ces ( s5sitiv5ess4 ,anyh[1 ! pa9 inflict$ on animals may 9 "s cases be measur$3-- ,a gu9ea-pig t w re/ quietly 9 y\r h&s be=e y comm5ce to inject x1 w rema9 p]fectly quiet dur+ ! introduction ( ! ne$le "u ! sk92 & ! mom5t x is return$ to ! cage x resumes its int]rupt$ fe$+4 ,art]ies1 ve9s1 & mo/ ( ! p>ts ( ! visc]a1 are )\t ! s5se ( t\*4 ,we h actual pro( ( ?is 9 :at takes place :5 a horse is bl$ = ! purpose ( obta9+ curative s]um4 ,) a %>p lance a cut may be made 9 ! sk9 s quickly & easily t ! animal does no?+ m ?an twit* ! sk9-muscle ( ! neck1 or give 8 head a %ake1 :il/ ( ! fur!r proce$+ ( introduc+ a holl[ ne$le into ! ve9 ! animal takes n ! slighte/ notice4 ,"s horses1 inde$1 w /& p]fectly quiet dur+ ! :ole op]ation1 mun*+ a c>rot1 nibbl+ at a wisp ( hay1 or play+ ) a button on ! ve/ ( ! groom /&+ at its head4 ,h>r[+ details conc]n+ ! horrors ( treph9+ rabbits = ,pa/eur's antirabic treatm5t are frequ5tly suppli$ = popul> consumption1 b h[ little real exi/5ce any suff]+ 9 connection ) ! op]ation has1 may be ga!r$ f ! fact t if1 z a prelim9>y measure1 ! sk9 be b5umb$ ) c>bolic acid1 ! :ole op]ation1 f mak+ ! incision ?r\gh ! sk9 to cutt+ out ! piece ( bone ) a f9e treph9e & pass+ a ne$le "u ! dura mat]1 may be done )\t once caus+ ! animal to )draw its att5tion f ! important bus9ess ( mun*+ a bit ( cabbage-leaf or a scrap ( succul5t c>rot4 7,pr(4 ,woodhead1 ,m$ical ,magaz9e1 ,june #ahih47 ,x may be well to put "h--7#a7 ! full text ( ! ,act2 7#b7 an acc\nt ( ! an/hetics us$ = animals2 7#c7 ! late/ ,report ( ,gov]nm5t ,inspectors appo9t$ "u ! ,act4 #a4--;,,an ,,act ,,to ,,am5d ,,! ,,law ,,relat+ ,,to ,,cruelty ,,to ,,animals #ae? ,augu/ #ahgf ,:]eas x is exp$i5t to am5d ! law relat+ to cruelty to animals by ext5d+ x to ! cases ( animals :i* = m$ical1 physiological1 or o!r sci5tific purposes are subject$ :5 alive to exp]im5ts calculat$ to inflict pa93 ,be x enact$ by ! ,que5's mo/ ,excell5t ,maje/y1 by & ) ! advice & cons5t ( ! ,lords ,spiritual & ,temporal1 & ,commons1 9 ?is pres5t ,p>liam5t assembl$1 & by ! au?ority ( ! same1 z foll[s3 #a4 ,?is ,act may be cit$ = all purposes z ,! ,cruelty to ,animals ,act1 #ahgf4 #b4 ,a p]son %all n p]=m on a liv+ animal any exp]im5t calculat$ to give pa91 except subject to ! re/rictions impos$ by ?is ,act4 ,any p]son p]=m+ or tak+ "p 9 p]=m+ any exp]im5t calculat$ to give pa91 9 contrav5tion ( ?is ,act1 %all be guilty ( an (f5ce aga9/ ?is ,act1 & %all1 if x be ! fir/ (f5ce1 be liable to a p5alty n exce$+ fifty p\nds1 & if x be ! second or any subsequ5t (f5ce1 be liable1 at ! discretion ( ! c\rt by :i* he is tri$1 to a p5alty n exce$+ "o hundr$ p\nds1 or to imprisonm5t = a p]iod n exce$+ ?ree mon?s4 #c4 ,! foll[+ re/rictions are impos$ by ?is ,act ) respect to ! p]=mance on any liv+ animal ( an exp]im5t calculat$ to give pa92 t is to say1 7#a47 ,! exp]im5t mu/ be p]=m$ ) a view to ! advancem5t by new discov]y ( physiological k or ( k :i* w be useful = sav+ or prolong+ life or alleviat+ suff]+2 & 7#b47 ,! exp]im5t mu/ be p]=m$ by a p]son hold+ su* lic5se f "o ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,pr9cipal ,secret>ies ( ,/ate1 9 ?is ,act ref]r$ to z ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 z is 9 ?is ,act m5tion$1 & 9 ! case ( a p]son hold+ su* conditional lic5se z is h]e9aft] m5tion$1 or ( exp]im5ts p]=m$ = ! purpose ( in/ruction 9 a regi/]$ place2 & 7#c47 ,! animal mu/1 dur+ ! :ole ( ! exp]im5t1 be "u ! influ5ce ( "s an/hetic ( suffici5t p[] to prev5t ! animal feel+ pa92 & 7#d47 ,! animal mu/1 if ! pa9 is likely to cont9ue aft] ! effect ( ! an/hetic has ceas$1 or if any s]i\s injury has be5 inflict$ on ! animal1 be kill$ be=e x recov]s f ! influ5ce ( ! an/hetic :i* has be5 adm9i/]$2 & 7#e47 ,! exp]im5t %all n be p]=m$ z an illu/ration ( lectures 9 m$ical s*ools1 hospitals1 colleges1 or else:]e2 & 7#f47 ,! exp]im5t %all n be p]=m$ = ! purpose ( atta9+ manual skill4 ,provid$ z foll[s2 t is to say1 7#a47 ,exp]im5ts may be p]=m$ "u ! =ego+ provisions z to ! use ( an/hetics by a p]son giv+ illu/rations ( lectures 9 m$ical s*ools1 hospitals1 or colleges1 or else:]e1 on su* c]tificate be+ giv5 z 9 ?is ,act m5tion$1 t ! propos$ exp]im5ts are absolutely necess>y = ! due in/ruction ( ! p]sons to :om su* lectures are giv5 ) a view to _! acquir+ physiological k1 or k :i* w be useful to !m = sav+ or prolong+ life1 or alleviat+ suff]+2 & 7#b47 ,exp]im5ts may be p]=m$ )\t an/hetics on su* c]tificate be+ giv5 z 9 ?is ,act m5tion$1 t ins5sibility _c be produc$ )\t necess>ily fru/rat+ ! object ( su* exp]im5ts2 & 7#c47 ,exp]im5ts may be p]=m$ )\t ! p]son :o p]=m$ su* exp]im5ts be+ "u an obligation to cause ! animal1 on :i* any su* exp]im5t is p]=m$1 to be kill$ be=e x recov]s f ! influ5ce ( ! an/hetic1 on su* c]tificate be+ giv5 z 9 ?is ,act m5tion$1 t ! s kill+ ! animal w\ld necess>ily fru/rate ! object ( ! exp]im5t1 & provid$ t ! animal be kill$ z soon z su* object has be5 atta9$2 & 7#d47 ,exp]im5ts may be p]=m$ n directly = ! advancem5t by new discov]y ( physiological k1 or ( k :i* w be useful = sav+ or prolong+ life1 or alleviat+ suff]+1 b = ! purpose ( te/+ a p>ticul> =m] discov]y alleg$ to h be5 made = ! advancem5t ( su* k z la/ a=esaid1 on su* c]tificate be+ giv5 z is 9 ?is ,act m5tion$ t su* te/+ is absolutely necess>y = ! effectual advancem5t ( su* k4 #d4 ,! sub/ance kn[n z ur>i or cur>e %all n = ! purposes ( ?is ,act be deem$ to be an an/hetic4 #e4 ,not)/&+ any?+ 9 ?is ,act conta9$1 an exp]im5t calculat$ to give pa9 %all n be p]=m$ )\t an/hetics on a dog or cat1 except on su* c]tificate be+ giv5 z 9 ?is ,act m5tion$1 /at+1 9 addition to ! /atem5ts h]e9be=e requir$ to be made 9 su* c]tificate1 t = reasons specifi$ 9 ! c]tificate ! object ( ! exp]im5t w be necess>ily fru/rat$ unless x is p]=m$ on an animal simil> 9 con/itution & habits to a cat or dog1 & no o!r animal is available = su* exp]im5t2 & an exp]im5t calculat$ to give pa9 %all n be p]=m$ on any horse1 ass1 or mule except on su* c]tificate be+ giv5 z 9 ?is ,act m5tion$ t ! object ( ! exp]im5t w be necess>ily fru/rat$ unless x is p]=m$ on a horse1 ass1 or mule1 & t no o!r animal is available = su* exp]im5t4 #f4 ,any exhibition to ! g5]al public1 :e!r admitt$ on paym5t ( money or gratuit\sly1 ( exp]im5ts on liv+ animals calculat$ to give pa9 %all be illegal4 ,any p]son p]=m+ or aid+ 9 p]=m+ su* exp]im5ts %all be deem$ to be guilty ( an (f5ce aga9/ ?is ,act1 & %all1 if x be ! fir/ (f5ce1 be liable to a p5alty n exce$+ fifty p\nds1 & if x be ! second or any subsequ5t (f5ce1 be liable1 at ! discretion ( ! c\rt by :i* he is tri$1 to a p5alty n exce$+ "o hundr$ p\nds1 or to imprisonm5t = a p]iod n exce$+ ?ree mon?s4 ,& any p]son publi%+ any notice ( any su* int5d$ exhibition by adv]tisem5t 9 a newspap]1 plac>d1 or o!rwise %all be liable to a p5alty n exce$+ "o p\nd4 ,a p]son puni%$ = an (f5ce "u ?is section %all n = ! same (f5ce be puni%able "u any o!r section ( ?is ,act4 ,adm9i/ration ( ,law #g4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate may ins]t1 z a condition ( grant+ any lic5se1 a provision 9 su* lic5se t ! place 9 :i* any exp]im5t is to be p]=m$ by ! lic5see is to be regi/]$ 9 su* mann] z ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate may f "t to "t by any g5]al or special ord] direct2 provid$ t e place = ! p]=mance ( exp]im5ts = ! purpose ( in/ruction "u ?is ,act %all be approv$ by ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 & %all be regi/]$ 9 su* mann] z he may f "t to "t by any g5]al or special ord] direct4 #h4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate may lic5se any p]son :om he may ?9k qualifi$ to hold a lic5se to p]=m exp]im5ts "u ?is ,act4 ,a lic5se grant$ by him may be = su* "t z he may ?9k fit1 & may be revok$ by him on 8 be+ satisfi$ t su* lic5se ought to be revok$4 ,!re may be annex$ to su* lic5se any conditions :i* ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate may ?9k exp$i5t = ! purpose ( bett] c>ry+ into effect ! objects ( ?is ,act1 b n inconsi/5t ) ! provisions !re(4 #i4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate may direct any p]son p]=m+ exp]im5ts "u ?is ,act f "t to "t to make su* reports to him ( ! result ( su* exp]im5ts1 9 su* =m & ) su* details z he may require4 #aj4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate %all cause all regi/]$ places to be f "t to "t visit$ by inspectors = ! purpose ( secur+ a compliance ) ! provisions ( ?is ,act1 & ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate may1 ) ! ass5t ( ! ,treasury z to numb]1 appo9t any special inspectors1 or may f "t to "t assign ! duties ( any su* inspectors to su* (fic]s 9 ! employm5t ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 :o may be will+ to accept ! same1 z he may ?9k fit1 ei!r p]man5tly or tempor>ily4 #aa4 ,any application = a lic5se "u ?is ,act & a c]tificate giv5 z 9 ?is ,act m5tion$ mu/ be sign$ by "o or m ( ! foll[+ p]sons2 t is to say1 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society2 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh2 ,! ,presid5t ( ,royal ,iri% ,academy2 ,! ,presid5ts ( ! ,royal ,colleges ( ,surgeons 9 ,london1 ,ed9burgh1 or ,dubl92 ,! ,presid5ts ( ! ,royal ,colleges ( ,physicians 9 ,london1 ,ed9burgh1 or ,dubl92 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,g5]al ,m$ical ,c\ncil2 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,faculty ( ,physicians & ,surgeons ( ,glasg[2 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,vet]9>y ,surgeons1 or ! ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,vet]9>y ,college1 ,london1 b 9 ! case only ( an exp]im5t to be p]=m$ "u an/hetics ) a view to ! advancem5t by new discov]y ( vet]9>y sci5ce2 & also 7unless ! applicant be a pr(essor ( physiology1 m$ic9e1 anatomy1 m$ical jurisprud5ce1 mat]ia m$ica1 or surg]y 9 a univ]sity 9 ,great ,brita9 or ,irel&1 or 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 or 9 a college 9 ,great ,brita9 or ,irel&1 incorporat$ by royal *>t]7 by a pr(essor ( physiology1 m$ic9e1 anatomy1 m$ical jurisprud5ce1 mat]ia m$ica1 or surg]y 9 a univ]sity 9 ,great ,brita9 or ,irel&1 or 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 or 9 a college 9 ,great ,brita9 or ,irel&1 incorporat$ by royal *>t]4 ,provid$ t :]e any p]son apply+ = a c]tificate "u ?is ,act is himself "o ( ! p]sons au?oris$ to sign su* c]tificate1 ! signature ( "s o!r ( su* p]sons %all be sub/itut$ = ! signature ( ! applicant4 ,a c]tificate "u ?is section may be giv5 = su* "t or = su* s]ies ( exp]im5ts z ! p]son or p]sons sign+ ! c]tificate may ?9k exp$i5t4 ,a copy ( any c]tificate "u ?is section %all be =w>d$ by ! applicant to ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 b %all n be available until "o week aft] a copy has be5 s =w>d$4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate may at any "t disall[ or susp5d any c]tificate giv5 "u ?is section4 #ab4 ,! p[]s conf]r$ by ?is ,act ( grant+ a lic5se or giv+ a c]tificate = ! p]=mance ( exp]im5ts on liv+ animals may be ex]cis$ by an ord] 9 writ+ "u ! h& ( any judge ( ! ,high ,c\rt ( ,ju/ice 9 ,engl&1 ( ! ,high ,c\rt ( ,session 9 ,scotl&1 or ( any ( ! sup]ior c\rts 9 ,irel&1 includ+ any c\rt to :i* ! jurisdiction ( su* la/-m5tion$ c\rts may be transf]r$1 9 a case :]e su* judge is satisfi$ t x is ess5tial = ! purposes ( ju/ice 9 a crim9al case to make any su* exp]im5t4 ,legal ,proce$+s #ac4 ,a ju/ice ( ! peace1 on in=mation on oa? t !re is reasonable gr\nd to believe t exp]im5ts 9 contrav5tion ( ?is ,act are be+ p]=m$ by an unlic5s$ p]son 9 any place n regi/]$ "u ?is ,act1 may issue 8 w>rant au?oris+ any (fic] or con/able ( police to ent] & se>* su* place1 & to take ! names & addresses ( ! p]sons f\nd !re94 ,any p]son :o refuses admission on dem& to a police (fic] or con/able s au?oris$1 or ob/ructs su* (fic] or con/able 9 ! execution ( 8 duty "u ?is section1 or :o refuses on dem& to disclose 8 "n or address1 or gives a false "n or address1 %all be liable to a p5alty n exce$+ five p\nds4 #ad4 ,9 ,engl&1 (f5ces aga9/ ?is ,act may be prosecut$ & p5alties "u ?is ,act recov]$ be=e a c\rt ( summ>y jurisdiction 9 mann] direct$ by ! ,summ>y ,jurisdiction ,act4 ,9 ,engl& ,summ>y ,jurisdiction ,act means ! ,act ( ! session ( ! elev5? & twelf? ye>s ( ! reign ( ,h] pres5t ,maje/y1 *apt] =ty-?ree1 intitul$ ,an ,act to facilitate ! p]=mance ( ! duties ( ju/ices ( ! peace out ( sessions )9 ,engl& & ,wales ) respect to summ>y convictions & ord]s1 & any ,act am5d+ ! same4 ,c\rt ( summ>y jurisdiction means & includes any ju/ice or ju/ices ( ! peace1 metropolitan police magi/rate1 /ip5di>y or o!r magi/rate1 or (fic]1 by :atev] "n call$1 ex]cis+ jurisdiction 9 pursuance ( ! ,summ>y ,jurisdiction ,act3 ,provid$ t ! c\rt :5 he>+ & det]m9+ an in=mation "u ?is ,act %all be con/itut$ ei!r ( two or m ju/ices ( ! peace 9 petty sessions1 sitt+ at a place appo9t$ = hold+ petty sessions1 or ( "s magi/rate or (fic] sitt+ alone or ) o!rs at "s c\rt or o!r place appo9t$ = ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 & = ! "t be+ emp[]$ by law to d alone any act au?oris$ to be done by m ?an "o ju/ice ( ! peace4 #ae4 ,9 ,engl&1 :]e a p]son is accus$ be=e a c\rt ( summ>y jurisdiction ( any (f5ce aga9/ ?is ,act 9 respect ( :i* a p5alty ( m ?an five p\nds c be impos$1 ! accus$ may1 on appe>+ be=e ! c\rt ( summ>y jurisdiction1 decl>e t he objects to be+ tri$ = su* (f5ce by a c\rt ( summ>y jurisdiction1 & !reupon ! c\rt ( summ>y jurisdiction may deal ) ! case 9 all respects z if ! accus$ 7 *>g$ ) an indictable (f5ce & n an (f5ce puni%able on summ>y conviction1 & ! (f5ce may be prosecut$ on indictm5t accord+ly4 #af4 ,9 ,engl&1 if any p>ty ?9ks himself aggriev$ by any conviction made by a c\rt ( summ>y jurisdiction on det]m9+ any in=mation "u ?is ,act1 ! p>ty s aggriev$ may appeal !refrom1 subject to ! conditions & regulations foll[+3--- 7#a47 ,! appeal %all be made to ! next c\rt ( g5]al or qu>t] sessions = ! c\nty or place 9 :i* ! cause ( appeal has aris51 hold5 n less ?an tw5ty-"o days aft] ! decision ( ! c\rt f :i* ! appeal is made2 & 7#b47 ,! appellant %all1 )9 t5 days aft] ! cause ( appeal has aris51 give notice to ! o!r p>ty & to ! c\rt ( summ>y jurisdiction ( 8 int5tion to appeal1 & ( ! gr\nd !re(2 & 7#c47 ,! appellant %all1 )9 ?ree days aft] su* notice1 ent] into a recognizance be=e a ju/ice ( ! peace1 ) two suffici5t sureties1 condition$ p]sonally to try su* appeal1 & to abide ! judgm5t ( ! c\rt !reon1 & to pay su* co/s z may be aw>d$ by ! c\rt1 or give su* o!r security by deposit ( money or o!rwise z ! ju/ice may all[2 & 7#d47 ,:]e ! appellant is 9 cu/ody ! ju/ice may1 if he ?9k fit1 on ! appellant ent]+ into su* recognizance or giv+ su* o!r security z a=esaid1 release him f cu/ody2 & 7#e47 ,! c\rt ( appeal may adj\rn ! appeal1 & ^u ! he>+ !re( !y may confirm1 rev]se1 or modify ! decision ( ! c\rt ( summ>y jurisdiction1 or remit ! matt] to ! c\rt ( summ>y jurisdiction ) ! op9ion ( ! c\rt ( appeal !reon1 or make su* o!r ord] 9 ! matt] z ! c\rt ?9ks j1 & if ! matt] be remitt$ to ! c\rt ( summ>y jurisdiction ! said la/-m5tion$ c\rt %all !reupon re-he> & decide ! in=mation 9 accordance ) ! ord] ( ! said c\rt ( appeal4 ,! c\rt ( appeal may also make su* ord] z to co/s to be paid by ei!r p>ty z ! c\rt ?9ks j4 #ag4 ,9 ,scotl&1 (f5ces aga9/ ?is ,act may be prosecut$ & p5alties "u ?is ,act recov]$ "u ! provisions ( ! ,summ>y ,proc$ure ,act1 #ahfd1 or if a p]son accus$ ( any (f5ce aga9/ ?is ,act 9 respect ( :i* a p5alty ( m ?an five p\nds c be impos$1 on appe>+ be=e a c\rt ( summ>y jurisdiction1 decl>e t he objects to be+ tri$ = su* (f5ce 9 ! c\rt ( summ>y jurisdiction1 proce$+s may be tak5 aga9/ him on indictm5t 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,ju/ici>y 9 ,ed9burgh or on circuit4 ,e p]son f\nd liable 9 any p5alty or co/s %all be liable 9 default ( imm$iate paym5t to imprisonm5t = a t]m n exce$+ ?ree mon?s1 or until su* p5alty or co/s are soon] paid4 #ah4 ,9 ,irel&1 (f5ces aga9/ ?is ,act may be prosecut$ & p5alties "u ?is ,act recov]$ 9 a summ>y mann]1 subject & accord+ to ! provisions ) respect to ! prosecution ( (f5ces1 ! recov]y ( p5alties1 & to appeal ( ! ,petty ,sessions 7,irel&7 ,act1 #ahea1 & any ,act am5d+ ! same1 & 9 ,dubl9 ( ! ,acts regulat+ ! p[]s ( ju/ices ( ! peace or ( ! police ( ,dubl9 metropolis4 ,all p5alties recov]$ "u ?is ,act %all be appli$ 9 mann] direct$ by ! ,f9es 7,irel&7 ,act1 #ahga1 & any ,act am5d+ ! same4 #ai4 ,9 ,irel&1 :]e a p]son is accus$ be=e a c\rt ( summ>y jurisdiction ( any (f5ce aga9/ ?is ,act 9 respect ( :i* a p5alty ( m ?an five p\nds c be impos$1 ! accus$ may1 on appe>+ be=e ! c\rt ( summ>y jurisdiction1 decl>e t he objects to be+ tri$ = su* (f5ce by a c\rt ( summ>y jurisdiction1 & !reupon ! c\rt ( summ>y jurisdiction may deal ) ! case 9 all respects z if ! accus$ 7 *>g$ ) an indictable (f5ce & n an (f5ce puni%able on summ>y conviction1 & ! (f5ce may be prosecut$ on indictm5t accord+ly4 #bj4 ,9 ! application ( ?is ,act to ,irel& ! t]m ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate %all be con/ru$ to mean ! ,*ief ,secret>y to ! ,"l ,lieut5ant ( ,irel& = ! "t be+4 #ba4 ,a prosecution "u ?is ,act aga9/ a lic5s$ p]son %all n be in/itut$ except ) ! ass5t 9 writ+ ( ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate4 #bb4 ,?is ,act %all n apply to inv]tebrate animals4 ,,ii4--,,an,,/hetics ,,"u ,,! ,,act ,9 almo/ e case1 ! an/hetic us$ is *lor(orm or e!r2 sometimes x is comb9$ ) or foll[$ by morphia or *loral4 ,! nature ( ! an/hetic us$ 9 ea* case mu/1 ( c\rse1 be /at$ 9 ! returns s5t to ! ,home ,(fice4 ,( ! use ( e!r1 x ne$ only be said t animals take x well1 & t !re is no difficulty 9 r5d]+ !m unconsci\s ) x4 ,) "s animals1 *lor(orm is equally good4 ,pr(essor ,hobday1 ( ! ,royal ,vet]9>y ,college1 publi%$ 9 #ahih an acc\nt ( #ejj adm9i/rations ( *lor(orm to dogs1 = op]ations1 ) only "o dea?4 ,/ill1 = dogs & cats1 e!r is us$ 9 pref]5ce to *lor(orm4 ,o!r animals take *lor(orm well4 ,morphia is seldom us$ alone2 b1 9 "s cases1 x is us$ aft] *lor(orm or e!r4 ,t morphia is a real an/hetic is c]ta91 = !re are dea?s e ye> f an ov]-dose ( x4 ,aga91 x is c]ta9 t an animal1 s f> "u ! influ5ce ( morphia t x lies /ill1 _c be suff]+1 = ! drug does n act directly on ! muscles b on ! high] n]v\s c5tres4 ,v r>ely a dog may fail to come readily "u ! influ5ce ( morphia1 may be excit$ by x1 n n>cotiz$4 ,b ?is is altoge!r exceptional4 ,an animal 9 su* a condition w\ld n be suit$ = exp]im5t1 & ano!r an/hetic w\ld be giv54 ,except 9 ^! r>e cases1 animals take morphia well & are pr(\ndly influ5c$ by x4 ,cur>e is n an an/hetic "u ! ,act4 ,x is illegal to use x z an an/hetic4 ,9 ?is c\ntry x is seldom us$ at all1 & x is nev] us$ alone 9 any exp]im5t involv+ any sort or k9d ( pa9ful op]ation4 ,9 e su* case a recognis$ an/hetic mu/ be giv51 & is giv54#dc #dc ,see ,"p ,,iv41 ,cur>e4 ,a good acc\nt ( cur>e 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review1 ,july #ahii4 ,! ,act ( #ahgf expressly =bids its use z an an/hetic4 ,:5 x is us$1 x mu/ be supplem5t$ ) "s o!r drug to relieve pa94 ,a good deal ( misconception exi/s z to ! actual physiological effect ( cur>e4 ,claude ,b]n>d believ$ t x did n 9 any way affect ! s5sory n]ves1 & he describ$ 9 !atrical t]ms ! animal z be+ unable to /ir1 b suff]+ horrible torture4 ,x is pretty c]ta9ly kn[n n[ t ,claude ,b]n>d 0 wrong1 & t1 ?\gh cur>e acts fir/ ^u ! motor n]ves1 x also1 ?\gh less rapidly1 p>alyses ! s5sory n]ves4444 ,probably ! tru? is1 t1 l all o!r n]ve-poisons1 ! effect ( cur>e v>ies ) ! dose4 ,! muscul> n]ves are ! fir/ affect$1 !n ! s5sory1 & f9ally ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 morphia or "s o!r n>cotic is always giv5 9 addition to cur>e :5 x is us$ 9 laboratory "w 9 ,engl&4 ,,iii4--,,late/ ,,report 7#aije7 ,,( ,,inspectors ,,"u ,,! ,,act 7,! v>i\s tables ( names1 places1 c41 & ! ref]5ces to !m1 :i* are conta9$ 9 ?is ,report1 ne$ n be repr9t$ "h4 ,! ,report1 & o!r pap]s relat+ to ! ,act1 may be b\ght = a few p5ce f ,wyman ,sons1 ,ltd41 ,fett] ,lane1 ,e4,c47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,engl& ,,& ,,scotl& ,april #ag?1 #aijf4 ,,sir1--,i h ! hon\r to submit ! foll[+ ,report on ,exp]im5ts p]=m$ 9 ,engl& & ,scotl& dur+ ! ,ye> #aije1 "u ! ,act #ci #dj ,vict4 c4 #gg4444 ,six new places 7 regi/]$ = ! p]=mance ( exp]im5ts1 & "o place 0 remov$ f ! regi/] dur+ ! ye>4 ,all lic5sees 7 re/rict$ to ! regi/]$ place or places specifi$ on _! lic5ses1 ) ! exception ( ^? :o 7 p]mitt$ to p]=m inoculation exp]im5ts 9 places o!r ?an a regi/]$ place1 ) ! object ( /udy+ outbreaks ( disease occurr+ 9 remote di/ricts or "u circum/ances :i* r5d] x impracticable to p]=m ! exp]im5t 9 a regi/]$ place4 ,! total numb] ( lic5sees 0 #cha4 ,reports h be5 furni%$ by 7or1 9 a few exceptional cases1 on behalf (7 ^! lic5sees 9 ! =m requir$ by ! ,secret>y = ,/ate4 ,! reports %[ t #abb lic5sees p]=m$ no exp]im5ts4 ,! numb]s giv5 above include #bb lic5sees ^: lic5ces expir$ on ,febru>y #bh1 #aije1 & :o return$ no exp]im5ts 9 #aije4 ,tables ,i41 ,,ii41 & ,,iii4 af=d evid5ce1-- #a4 ,t lic5ces & c]tificates h be5 grant$ & all[$ only ^u ! recomm5dation ( p]sons ( high sci5tific /&+2 #b4 ,t ! lic5sees are p]sons :o1 by _! tra9+ & education1 are fitt$ to und]take exp]im5tal "w & to pr(it by x2 #c4 ,t all exp]im5tal "w has be5 conduct$ 9 suitable places4 ,table ,,iv4 %[s ! numb] & ! nature ( ! exp]im5ts return$ by ea* lic5see m5tion$ 9 ,table ,,ii41 specify+ :e!r ^! exp]im5ts 7 done "u ! lic5ce alone or "u any special c]tificate4 ,table ,,iv4 is divid$ into two p>ts1 ,a4 & ,b41 = ! purpose ( sep>at+ exp]im5ts :i* 7 p]=m$ )\t an/hetics f exp]im5ts 9 :i* an/hetics 7 us$4 ,! total numb] ( exp]im5ts includ$ 9 ,table ,,iv4 7,a47 is #bejf4 ,( ^! !re 7 p]=m$1-- ,"u ,lic5ce alone#dd #acdh ,c]tificate ,c4 #ade ,c]tificate ,b4 #ffe ,c]tificate ,b4 ,,ee #cdf ,c]tificate ,b4 ,f4 #b #dd ,9 exp]im5ts p]=m$ "u lic5ce alone1 ! animal mu/ dur+ ! :ole ( ! exp]im5t be "u ! influ5ce ( "s an/hetic ( suffici5t p[] to prev5t ! animal feel+ pa92 & ! animal mu/1 if ! pa9 is likely to cont9ue aft] ! effect ( ! an/hetic has ceas$1 or if any s]i\s injury has be5 inflict$ on ! animal1 be kill$ be=e x recov]s f ! influ5ce ( ! an/hetic :i* has be5 adm9i/]$4 ,c]tificate ,c4 all[s exp]im5ts to be p]=m$1 "u ! =ego+ provisions z to ! use ( an/hetics1 9 illu/ration ( lectures4 ,c]tificate ,b4 exempts ! p]son p]=m+ ! exp]im5t f ! obligation to cause ! animal on :i* ! exp]im5t is p]=m$ to be kill$ be=e x recov]s f ! influ5ce ( ! an/hetic2 & :5 ! animal is a dog or a cat1 ,c]tificate ,,ee4 is also necess>y4 ,c]tificate ,a4 all[s exp]im5ts to be p]=m$ )\t an/hetics2 & :5 ! animal on :i* ! exp]im5t is p]=m$ is a dog or a cat1 ,c]tificate ,e4 is also necess>y4 ,c]tificate ,f4 is requir$ 9 all cases ( exp]im5ts on a horse1 ass1 or mule4 ,table ,,iv4 7,b47 is devot$ entirely to inoculations1 hypod]mic injections1 & "s few o!r proce$+s1 p]=m$ )\t an/hetics4 ,x includes #ce1dbi exp]im5ts1 :]e( !re 7 p]=m$1-- ,"u ,c]tificate ,a4 #cd1ggh ,c]tificate ,a4 ,e4 #edi ,c]tificate ,a4 ,f4 #ajb ,! total numb] ( exp]im5ts is #cg1ice1 be+ #ecgc m ?an 9 #aijd2 ! increase 9 ! numb] ( exp]im5ts includ$ 9 ,table ,,iv4 7,a47 is #bij1 & 9 ,table ,,iv4 7,b471 #ejhc4 ,all exp]im5ts involv+ a s]i\s op]ation are plac$ 9 ,table ,,iv4 7,a474 ,! l>g] "p ( ! exp]im5ts includ$ 9 ?is ,table1 viz41 all p]=m$ "u lic5ce alone1 & "u ,c]tificate ,c41 #adic 9 numb]1 come "u ! provision ( ! ,act t ! animal mu/ be kept "u an an/hetic dur+ ! :ole ( ! exp]im5t1 & mu/1 if ! pa9 is likely to cont9ue aft] ! effect ( ! an/hetic has ceas$1 or if any s]i\s injury has be5 inflict$ on ! animal1 be kill$ be=e x recov]s f ! influ5ce ( ! an/hetic4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts p]=m$ "u ,c]tificate ,b41 or ,b4 l9k$ ) ,,ee4 or ) ,f41 #ajac 9 numb]1 ! initial op]ations are p]=m$ "u an/hetics1 f ! influ5ce ( :i* ! animals are all[$ to recov]4 ,! op]ations are requir$ to be p]=m$ antiseptically1 s t ! heal+ ( ! w\nds %all1 z f> z possible1 take place )\t pa94 ,if ! antiseptic precautions fail1 & suppuration occurs1 ! animal is requir$ to be kill$4 ,x is g5]ally ess5tial = ! success ( ^! exp]im5ts t ! w\nds %\ld heal cleanly1 & ! surr\nd+ p>ts rema9 9 a heal?y condition4 ,aft] ! heal+ ( ! w\nds ! animals are n necess>ily1 or ev5 g5]ally1 9 pa91 s9ce exp]im5ts involv+ ! removal ( important organs1 includ+ portions ( ! bra91 may be p]=m$ )\t giv+ rise to pa9 aft] ! recov]y f ! op]ation2 & aft] ! section ( a "p ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 ! result+ deg5]ative *anges are pa9less4 ,9 ! ev5t ( a subsequ5t op]ation be+ necess>y 9 an exp]im5t p]=m$ "u ,c]tificate ,b41 or ,b4 l9k$ ) ,,ee4 or ) ,f41 a condition is atta*$ to ! lic5ce requir+ all op]ative proc$ures to be c>ri$ out "u an/hetics ( suffici5t p[] to prev5t ! animal feel+ pa92 & no obs]vations or /imulations ( a "* to cause pa9 are all[$ to be made )\t ! animals be+ an/hetis$4 ,9 no case has a cutt+ op]ation m sev]e ?an a sup]ficial v5esection be5 all[$ to be p]=m$ )\t an/hetics4 ,! exp]im5ts includ$ 9 ,table ,,iv4 7,b471 #ce1dbi 9 numb]1 are all p]=m$ )\t an/hetics4 ,!y are mo/ly inoculations1 b a few are fe$+ exp]im5ts1 or ! adm9i/ration ( v>i\s sub/ances by ! m\?1 or ! ab/raction ( a m9ute quantity ( blood = exam9ation4 ,9 no in/ance has a c]tificate disp5s+ ) ! use ( an/hetics be5 all[$ = an exp]im5t involv+ a s]i\s op]ation4 ,inoculations into deep p>ts1 involv+ a prelim9>y incision 9 ord] to expose ! "p into :i* ! inoculation is to be made1 are requir$ to be p]=m$ "u an/hetics1 & are !re=e plac$ 9 ,table ,,iv4 7,a474 ,x w be se5 t ! op]ative proc$ures 9 exp]im5ts p]=m$ "u ,c]tificate ,a41 )\t an/hetics1 are only su* z are att5d$ by no consid]able1 if appreciable1 pa94 ,! ,c]tificate is1 9 fact1 n requir$ to cov] ^! proce$+s1 b to all[ ( ! subsequ5t c\rse ( ! exp]im5t4 ,! exp]im5t la/s dur+ ! :ole p]iod f ! adm9i/ration ( ! drug1 or injection1 until ! animal recov]s f ! effects1 if any1 or dies1 or is kill$1 possibly ext5d+ ov] sev]al days1 or ev5 weeks4 ,! sub/ance adm9i/]$ may give rise to poison+1 or set up a condition ( disease1 ei!r ( :i* may lead to a fatal t]m9ation4 ,to adm9i/] to an animal su* a poison z diph!ria tox91 = example1 or to induce su* a disease z tub]culosis1 al?\gh x may n be accompani$ by acute suff]+1 is held to be a proce$+ calculat$ to give pa91 & !re=e exp]im5ts ( ! k9d ref]r$ to come )9 ! scope ( ! ,act #ci #dj ,vict41 c4 #gg4 ,! ,act provides t1 unless a special c]tificate be obta9$1 ! animal mu/ be kept "u an an/hetic dur+ ! :ole ( ! exp]im5t2 & x is to all[ ! animal to be kept )\t an an/hetic dur+ ! "t requir$ = ! developm5t ( ! results ( ! adm9i/ration t ,c]tificate ,a4 is giv5 & all[$ 9 ^! cases4 ,x mu/ n be assum$ t ! animal is 9 pa9 dur+ ! :ole ( ?is "t4 ,9 cases ( prolong$ action ( an inject$ sub/ance1 ev5 :5 end+ fatally1 ! animal is g5]ally app>5tly well1 & takes its food z usual1 until a %ort "t be=e dea?4 ,! /ate ( illness may la/ only a v few h\rs1 & 9 "s cases x is n obs]v$ at all4 ,9 a v l>ge numb] ( ! exp]im5ts includ$ 9 ,table ,,iv4 7,b471 ! results are negative1 & ! animals suff] no inconv5i5ce :atev] f ! inoculation4 ,^! exp]im5ts are !re=e entirely pa9less4 ,9 ! ev5t ( pa9 ensu+ z ! result ( an inoculation1 a condition atta*$ to ! lic5ce requires t ! animal %all be kill$ "u an/hetics z soon z ! ma9 result ( ! exp]im5t has be5 atta9$4 ,! numb] ( inoculations & simil> proce$+s record$ 9 ,table ,,iv4 7,b47 cont9ues to increase 9 accordance ) ! progressive importance atta*$ to biological te/s g5]ally 9 practical m$ic9e = ! diagnosis1 treatm5t & prev5tion ( disease1 & to ! m widely recognis$ ne$ = su* exp]im5ts on ! "p ( ^? responsible = ! c>e ( ! public heal?4 ,sev]al ,c\nty ,c\ncils & ,municipal ,corporations h _! own laboratories 9 :i* bact]iological inve/igations are c>ri$ on1 includ+ ! necess>y te/s on liv+ animals2 & _m o!rs h arrangem5ts by :i* simil> obs]vations are made on _! behalf 9 ! laboratories ( ,univ]sities1 ,colleges1 & o!r ,in/itutions4 ,a sewage f>m is regi/]$ z a place 9 :i* exp]im5ts on liv+ animals may be p]=m$ 9 ord] t ! "* ( ! efflu5t may be te/$ by its effects on ! heal? ( fi%4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture has two laboratories :i* are regi/]$ = ! p]=mance ( exp]im5ts hav+ = _! object ! detection & /udy ( ! diseases ( animals4 ,9 o!r places exp]im5ts h be5 made on behalf ( ! ,home ,(fice1 ! ,w> ,(fice1 ! ,india ,(fice1 ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 ! ,(fice ( ,works1 ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture & ,fi%]ies1 & ! ,metropolitan ,asylums ,bo>d4 ,a v l>ge proportion ( ! exp]im5ts 9 ,table ,,iv4 7,b47 h ?us be5 p]=m$ ei!r on behalf ( ,(ficial ,bodies ) a view to ! pres]vation ( ! public heal?1 or directly = ! diagnosis & treatm5t ( disease4 ,=ty-"o lic5sees return ov] #hjjj exp]im5ts :i* 7 p]=m$ = ,gov]nm5t ,dep>tm5ts1 ,c\nty ,c\ncils1 or ,municipal ,corporations2 #bahg exp]im5ts 7 made by f\r lic5sees = ! ,royal ,commission on ,tub]culosis2 twelve lic5sees p]=m$ #fbfe exp]im5ts1 almo/ all inoculations1 = te/+ antitoxic s]a & vacc9es & /&>dis+ drugs2 & #ab1ahg exp]im5ts1 mo/ly inoculations into mice1 7 p]=m$ on behalf ( ! ,imp]ial ,canc] ,rese>* ,fund4 ,! numb] ( injections made dur+ ! ye> #aije = ! diagnosis ( rabies 9 dogs is #bg2 ^! are plac$ 9 ,table ,,iv4 7,a474 ,dur+ ! ye> ! usual inspections ( regi/]$ places h be5 made by ,sir ,james ,russell1 by myself1 & by ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,l4 ,trott]1 :o 0 appo9t$ tempor>y ,assi/ant ,inspector dur+ my abs5ce = ?ree mon?s4 ,we h f\nd ! animals suitably lodg$ & well c>$ =1 & ! lic5sees att5tive to ! requirem5ts ( ! ,act1 z well z to ! conditions app5d$ to _! lic5ces by ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate4 ,! irregul>ities record$ dur+ ! ye> h be5 few1 & n ( a s]i\s "*4 ,two lic5sees1 hold+ c]tificates 7,a47 entitl+ !m to p]=m inoculations )\t an/hetics1 adm9i/]$ an an/hetic dur+ "s ( _! exp]im5ts1 :]eas ! ,act prescribes ano!r =m ( c]tificate 7,b47 :5 an animal is an/hetis$ dur+ an exp]im5t & all[$ to recov] f ! an/hetic4 ,a lic5see1 ?r\gh inadv]t5ce1 p]=m$ #ed inoculation exp]im5ts 9 excess ( ! numb] all[$ by 8 c]tificate4 ,ano!r lic5see1 n und]/&+ t jo9t exp]im5ts are reckon$ to bo? ( ! lic5sees1 took "p 9 ! p]=mance ( eight exp]im5ts 9 excess ( ! numb] all[$ by 8 c]tificate4 ,by direction ( ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate a suitable admonition 0 address$ to ! lic5see 9 ea* ( ! above cases4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,april #aije ! att5tion ( ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate 0 direct$ to c]ta9 exp]im5ts :i* 7 p]=m$ 9 #aijc & ! e>ly "p ( #aijd by p]sons n hold+ a lic5ce "u ! ,act #ci #dj ,vict4 c4 #gg4 ,! exp]im5ts consi/$ 9 vacc9at+ dogs aga9/ di/emp] & !n expos+ !m to infection1 ! object be+ to te/ ! efficacy ( a me?od ( vacc9ation z a safegu>d aga9/ ?is disease4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate !reupon caus$ inquiries to be made1 & f ^! x appe>$ t ! exp]im5ts1 9 "s in/ances at lea/1 _h be5 accompani$ by pa91 & 71 !re=e1 illegal4 ,! p]sons1 :o 7 n aw>e t _! exp]im5ts 7 ( su* a k9d z to come )9 ! provisions ( ! ,act1 7 suitably admoni%$ & w>n$ aga9/ any simil> illegal action 9 ! future4 ,! matt] 0 n br\ght to ! k ( ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate until x 0 too late = fur!r proce$+s to be tak5 if su* _h be5 consid]$ necess>y4 ,x is z well to po9t out "h t to expose an animal to an infecti\s & pa9ful disease l di/emp] is a proce$+ calculat$ to cause pa9 )9 ! mean+ ( ! ,act1 & t su* exp]im5ts c only be legally p]=m$ by a p]son hold+ a lic5ce & appropriate c]tificates4--,i h ! hon\r to be1 ,sir1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,g4 ,d4 ,,?ane1 ,inspector4 ,! ,"r ,hon4 ,,h]b]t ,,john ,,glad/one1 ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ! ,home ,dep>tm5t4 ,,irel& #h ,,ely ,,place1 ,,dubl91 ,april #bf?1 #aijf4 ,,sir1--,i beg to submit ,tables %[+ ! exp]im5ts p]=m$ 9 ,irel& dur+ ! ye> #aije1 "u ! ,act #ci #dj ,vict4 c4 #gg1 toge!r ) a li/ ( ! ,regi/]$ ,places 9 ,irel&4 ,twelve lic5ces 7 9 =ce dur+ ! ye>2 ( ^! f\r expir$1 & two 7 r5ew$4 ,"o new lic5se 0 grant$4 ,! c]tificates 9 exi/5ce or all[$ 73-- ,a4 to #d lic5sees4 ,b4 #g ,c4 #c ,e4 #b ,,ee4 #c ,f4 #a lic5see4 ,"o expir$ dur+ ! ye>1 & six new ones 7 all[$4 ,! exp]im5ts p]=m$ numb] #bah2 #ajf be+ "u lic5ce alone1 & #aab "u c]tificates4 ,t5 lic5sees p]=m$ exp]im5ts4 ,tw5ty c]tificates 7 9 =ce among #ab lic5sees1 ( :om #aj p]=m$ exp]im5ts1 viz43-- ,"u ,c]tificate ,a4 #hh ,b4 #ad ,c4 #h ,f4 #b ,! animals exp]im5t$ on 73-- ,gu9ea pigs #ee ,birds #ec ,rabbits #dh ,cattle #bg ,mice #ad ,dogs #ac ,cats #b ,horses #b ,goats #b ,%eep #b ,! exp]im5ts 7 ma9ly pa?ological inoculations1 done = ! purposes ( ! inve/igation or diagnosis ( v>i\s diseases1 su* z can9e rabies1 tub]culosis1 canc]1 gl&]s1 & typhoid fev]4 ,a few 7 physiological1 = ! inve/igation ( ! functions ( ! ?ymus gl&1 & ( ! effects ( *lor(orm & e!r on r5al activity4 ,all ( ^! seem to h be5 ( a reasonable "* & int5d$ to s]ve useful purposes 9 ! elucidation ( ! ph5om5a ( disease or ( vital functions4 ,!y are report$ to h be5 free f pa94 ,exp]im5ts numb]+ eight 7 p]=m$ 9 illu/ration ( lectures1 to demon/rate ! ph5om5a ( circulation & respiration & ( n]v\s control4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts1 two dogs1 two cats1 & f\r rabbits 7 employ$4 ,"s ( ! inve/igations 7 devot$ to ! /udy ( diseases 9 cattle1 horses1 goats1 & %eep1 & seem to be useful & ( economic value4 ,! regi/]$ places 7 inspect$ & _! condition f\nd satisfactory4 ,! inspectors 9 ,belfa/ & ,cork report t 9 ^? places ! provisions ( ! ,act h be5 satisfactorily compli$ )4--,i h1 c41 ,w4 ,,?ornley ,,/ok]1 ,inspector = ,irel&4 ,to ! ,"r ,hon\rable ,! ,*ief ,secret>y to ! ,"l ,lieut5ant ( ,irel&4 ,?is ,report gives a cle> answ] to c]ta9 false /atem5ts alleg$ aga9/ exp]im5ts on animals4 ,x %[s t m ?an #ij p] c5t4 ( ^! exp]im5ts are inoculations1 ) a few fe$+ exp]im5ts1 adm9i/rations ( sub/ances by ! m\?1 or ab/ractions ( a m9ute quantity ( blood = exam9ation4 ,9 no in/ance has a c]tificate disp5s+ ) ! use ( an/hetics be5 all[$ = an exp]im5t involv+ a s]i\s op]ation4 ,9 no case has a cutt+ op]ation m sev]e ?an a sup]ficial v5esection be5 all[$ to be p]=m$ )\t an/hetics4 ,x %[s1 also1 t ! results1 9 a v l>ge numb] ( ^! inoculations1 are negative1 pa9less1 n ev5 inconv5i5t4 ,! ,report %[s1 also1 t ! va/ majority ( all exp]im5ts are inoculations made on ! small] animals2 & t ! l>g] animals 7dog1 cat1 horse1 mule1 or ass7 are seldom us$ = inoculation4 ,x %[s1 also1 t a great proportion ( ^! inoculations are made 9 ! direct practical s]vice ( ! public heal? & ! public purse3 to /&>dise drugs1 to ensure ! purity ( food & ( riv]s1 to protect flocks & h]ds1 & to decide qu>ant9e4 ,gov]nm5t ,dep>tm5ts1 ,c\nty ,c\ncils1 ,municipal ,corporations1 & a ,royal ,commission made m ?an "o-?ird ( ! total numb] ( inoculations2 & ! ,imp]ial ,canc] ,rese>* ,fund made m ?an "o-?ird1 mo/ly on mice2 & a six? 0 made ov] ! te/+ & /&>dis+ ( s]a & ( drugs4 ,! op]ations p]=m$ "u ! ,lic5se ,c]tificate ,b1 or ,b ,,ee1 or ,b ,f1 7 #c p] c5t4 ( ! :ole numb] ( exp]im5ts4 ,! majority ( ! animals 7 nei!r cats nor dogs4 ,!y c h>dly be comp>$ to ! same numb] ( ! l>g] animals mutilat$ by bre$]s & f>m]s3 = ^! mutilations may be inflict$1 & are inflict$1 )\t an an/hetic4 ,!y c h>dly be comp>$ to ! same numb] ( pheasants or rabbits w\nd$1 b n kill$1 9 sport2 = ! animals w\nd$ 9 sport get no subsequ5t c>e1 &1 if !y are 9 pa91 nobody ne$ put !m out ( x4 ,!y may fairly be comp>$ to ! same numb] ( pet animals t h und]gone surgical op]ations1 "u an/hesia1 at ! h&s ( a skill$ vet]9>y surgeon2 only ) ?is diff]5ce1 t _m ( !m lose heal?1 or suff] disablem5t or disease1 & s die or are kill$2 b1 if ! w\nd suppurates1 ! animal mu/ be kill$1 &1 aft] ! w\nd has heal$1 ! animals are n necess>ily1 or ev5 g5]ally1 9 pa94 ,& !re mu/ be no fur!r exp]im5t )\t an/hesia4 ,no obs]vations or /imulations ( a "* to cause pa9 are all[$ to be made )\t ! animals be+ an/hetis$4 ,x is evid5t t good c>e is tak5 to ensure an irr$ucible m9imum ( pa94 ,,"p ,,iv ,,! ,,case ,,aga9/ ,,anti-,,vivisection ,,! ,,case ,,aga9/ ,,anti-,,vivisection ,! foll[+ pages are tak51 ) a few *anges & omissions1 f a pamphlet :i* ,i publi%$ 9 #aijd4 ,i am glad to say t ! tone ( ! ,anti-,vivisection ,societies is n q s bad z x 0 a few ye>s ago2 b ,i ?9k t :at ,i wrote 9 #aijd is /ill fairly accurate4 #a4 ,,anti-,,vivisection ,,societies ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ! anti-vivisection movem5t is giv5 9 a pamphlet by ,dr4 ,leff+well1 ( ,brooklyn1 entitl$ ,! ,rise ( ! ,vivisection ,controv]sy2 & 9 a pamphlet publi%$ by ! ,national ,anti-vivisection ,society1 entitl$ ,dates ( ! ,pr9cipal ,ev5ts connect$ ) ! ,anti-vivisection ,movem5t4 ,dr4 ,leff+well calls att5tion to a fact n g5]ally kn[n--t ! movem5t1 9 ?is c\ntry1 0 begun by ! m$ical j\rnals4 ,! ,m$ical ,times & ,gazette 9 #aheh1 ! ,lancet 9 #ahfj1 & ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal 9 #ahfa condemn$ 9 a v outspok5 way c]ta9 exp]im5ts made on ! ,cont95t1 & rais$ ! "q :e!r ^! or any exp]im5ts on animals c\ld be ju/ifi$4 ,lat]1 9 #ahgb1 ! ,m$ical ,times & ,gazette decl>$ outright t all exp]im5ts1 f ! "t ( ,mag5die onw>d1 _h done no?+ = humanity t c\ld be comp>$ to ! discov]y & use ( cod-liv] oil & b>k4 ,9 #ahgd1 ! ,royal ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,animals took proce$+s aga9/ ^? :o _h made c]ta9 exp]im5ts at ,norwi* dur+ a meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,association4 ,^! exp]im5ts1 & ! publication ( ! ,h&book ( ! ,physiological ,laboratory1 r\s$ public comm5t2 & dur+ #ahge ! opposition to all exp]im5ts on animals took m def9ite =m4 ,on ,june #bbnd1 #ahge1 ! ,royal ,commission 0 appo9t$2 on ,janu>y #h?1 #ahgf1 its report 0 dat$2 & on ,augu/ #ae?1 #ahgf1 ! pres5t ,act receiv$ ! ,royal ass5t4 ,at ! "t :5 ! ,royal ,commission 0 appo9t$1 ! only anti-vivisection society 0 t :i* ,mr4 ,jesse _h j />t$2 & if any "o w read ,mr4 ,jesse's cross-exam9ation1 by ,pr(essor ,huxley1 be=e ! ,royal ,commission1 he w n atta* mu* importance to t society4 ,! ,national ,anti-vivisection ,society 0 f\nd$ 9 ,novemb] #ahge2 ! ,iri% ,society1 ! ,london ,society1 & ! ,int]national ,association 9 #ahgf2 ! ,*ur* ,anti-vivisection ,league 9 #ahhi1 ! ,humanit>ian ,league & ! ,national ,can9e ,def5ce ,league#de 9 #ahia1 & ! ,briti% ,union ab\t #ahih4 ,^! dates %[ t ! olde/ ( ^! societies came aft] ! ,royal ,commission1 n be=e x2 ! fir/ societies & ! ,royal ,commission 7 alike ! expression ( a widespread op9ion1 ?irty ye>s ago1 t exp]im5ts on animals ought ei!r to be =bidd5 or to be re/rict$4 ,?is same op9ion _h be5 fav\r$1 fifte5 ye>s be=e t1 by ! repres5tative j\rnals ( ! m$ical pr(ession4 ,we h se5 some?+ ( ! "w ( ! m$ical pr(ession2 let u n[ see some?+ ( ! "w ( ! societies4 #de ,^! two societies h o!r purposes beside t ( opposition to exp]im5ts on animals4 ,! *ief anti-vivisection societies 9 ?is c\ntry are ! ,national ,society1 ! ,london ,society1 ! ,briti% ,union1 ! ,*ur* ,league1 & ! ,can9e ,def5ce ,league4 ,9 ,febru>y #ahih1 ! ,national ,society decl>$ itself 9 fav\r ( re/riction2 x set be=e itself abolition z its ultimate policy1 & re/riction z its imm$iate practical policy4 ,?us1 at ! pres5t "t1 ^! societies are divid$ into two p>ties3 "o asks = re/riction1 ano!r asks = no?+ %ort ( abolition4 ,?is division betwe5 !m1 & ! tone ( ! ,national ,society t[>d ! small] ,societies1 wa/e _! en]gy & _! funds1 & h9d] !m f work+ toge!r4 ,! ,national ,society1 9 its (ficial j\rnal 7,janu>y #aijb71 speaks z foll[s ( ?is s*ism1 9 a lead] entitl$ ,! ,folly ( our ,subdivisions3-- ,nobody seems to "k h[ _m ,anti-vivisection ,societies !re are4 ,a few hundr$ ,anti-vivisectioni/s divide !mselves up into divisions1 subdivisions1 cot]ies1 & cliques1 )\t ord]1 )\t discipl9e1 )\t cohesion4 ,! ,anti-vivisectioni/s betwe5 !m all contribute b a few ?\s&s a ye>1 & dribble !m ar\nd among multitud9\s antagoni/ic associations4444 ,! pitiful absurdity ( ! disunion fo/]$ by "s ,anti-vivisectioni/s 0 illu/rat$ v =cibly la/ ye> by ! issue ( a prospectus ( a ,society ) a _w-embrac+ title1 9 :i* its promot]s decl>$ t irrep>able injury w\ld be inflict$ ^u our cause if electoral "w 7 n tak5 up by !m4444 ,! acc\nts ( ?is /up5d\s organisation %[$ t its total exp5diture = ! ye> 0 #ac1 #ais4 #d;d41 out ( :i* t5 %ill+s 0 devot$ to 'electoral "w4' 444 ,a mu* grav] injury is done to ! cause ( m]cy by ! deplorable wa/e ( money sp5t 9 p]fectly unnecess>y (fices & sal>ies4 ,we say t "o (fice w\ld amply suffice = all ! "w1 & t "o (fice w\ld n ne$ half-a-doz5 paid ,secret>ies4 ,! exi/5ce ( _m q ne$less ,societies _c be ju/ifi$ on any gr\nds ( humanity comb9$ ) common s5se4 ,no?+ ne$ be add$ to ^! v grave admissions1 writt5 by ,mr4 ,col]idge himself4 ,he proposes a v simple rem$y = ^! q ne$less societies3-- ,! ,national ,society1 z ! *ief ,anti-vivisection organisation 9 ! _w1 is always ready to put an end to ?is griev\s wa/e by receiv+ into its corporation any ( ! small] ,societies4 ,b ! lead]s ( small] societies h two gr\nds ( compla9t aga9/ ,mr4 ,col]idge's society3 !y d n believe 9 8 policy1 & !y w n submit to 8 discipl9e4 ,!y call 8 society ! weak-kne$ bre?r51 & say t its policy is mis]able1 c[>dly1 & mislead+2 & !y take x ill t he s (t5 accuses !m ( inaccuracy4 ,he ref]s aga9 & aga9 7see ! (ficial j\rnal ( ! ,national ,society7 to ?is mode ( discipl9e3-- ,decemb] #aija4--;,i decl9e to be made responsible = ! 'anti-vivisection p>ty4' ,!re happ5 to be small anti-vivisection associations ^: *ief occupation is ! dissem9ation ( q inaccurate pamphlets4 ,i h no?+ to d ) !m1 & _c prev5t any?+ !y *oose to d4 ,janu>y #aijb4--,"t aft] "t has ?is sacr$ cause be5 und]m9$ & betray$ by its pr(ess+ fri5ds by _! reckless habit ( mak+ errone\s /atem5ts4 ,m>* #aijb4--;,i am q aw>e t ) _m ( my oppon5ts 9 ! exclusive total-abolition cot]ie1 ! motives t actuate !m are f> remov$ f ! "q ( ! salvation ( ! wret*$ animals1 & h _! f\ndation 9 emotions t seem to me s+ul>ly unwor?y & petty4 ,may #aijb4--;,z repres5tative ( ! ,national ,society1 ,i h aga9 & aga9 writt5 to ! repres5tatives ( "s ( ! small] anti-vivisection societies1 prote/+ 9 pla9 t]ms aga9/ _! publication ( inaccurate /atem5ts4 ,no society c\ld submit to be ?us tak5 to task f\r times 9 six mon?s4 ,! ,*ur* ,league writes to him1 ,:at ! ,*ur* ,league may or may n ?9k fit to say does n 9 ! v lea/ conc]n y1 :o are n a memb] ( ! ,league4 ,int]f]5ce 9 su* a matt] f an outsid] is an obvi\s imp]t95ce4 ,su* rejo9d]s are met1 9 _! turn1 by angry lead]s1 ,a ,/ab 9 ! ,back1 ,/abs 9 ! ,back1 9 ! ,national ,society's (ficial j\rnal2 & ! ,hon4 ,secret>y ( ! ,london ,society1 :o is a lady1 is accus$ ( want ( *ivalry = ,mr4 ,col]idge4 ,! lead]1 ,a ,/ab 9 ! ,back 7,april #aijb71 is a curi\s in/ance ( ! tone ( "o anti-vivisection society t[>d ano!r3-- ,! "t :5 a man is assail$ by a l>ge section ( ! press1 ?reat5$ ) viol5ce by laym51 attack$ on po9ts relevant by vivisectors & po9ts irrelevant by _! support]s1 is sc>cely ! mom5t t a g5]\s rival w\ld h *os5 = hurl+ a d>t2 & yet1 incr$ible z x may appe>1 ! ,honor>y ,secret>y ( ano!r ,anti-vivisection ,society1 seiz+ an opportunity af=d$ by an article 9 ! ,globe1 ent]s ! ar5a1 &1 by a lett] repudiat+ any connection ) ,mr4 ,col]idge1 appe>s to sanction ! unfri5dly criticisms express$ 9 t pap]4 ,x ne$$ no *ivalry to refra9 f writ+ su* a lett]4 ,a small am\nt ( good ta/e w\ld h amply suffic$4444 ,?is lett]1 :i* w conv9ce ! public ( no?+ b ! writ]'s lack ( ta/e1 might well be ignor$ 7 x n t x is b "o ( ! _m attacks made by memb]s ( o!r societies1 ei!r by op5 /atem5t or innu5do1 aga9/ ! ,honor>y ,secret>y ( ! ,national ,society4 ,b we _c wond] at ^! occasional /abs4 ,= ! ,national ,society does n /op at *>g+ o!r societies ) inaccuracy4 ,x makes yet grav] *>ges aga9/ !m4 ,"h are ?ree made by ,mr4 ,col]idge's society aga9/ ,miss ,cobbe's & ,mr4 ,tri/'s societies3-- ,m>* #aija4--,! ,febru>y numb] ( ! ,abolitioni/ conta9s a lead+ article 9 :i* allusions are made to subjects t are nev] discuss$ by dec5t p ev5 9 private4 ,z ! lead+ organ ( ! ,anti-vivisection movem5t1 we ent] our solemn prote/ aga9/ ! publication ( ?is unspeakable article1 :i* mu/ inevitably inflict ! grave/ injury ^u our cause4 ,febru>y #aijc4--;,x is our duty to in=m our read]s t ,mr4 ,tri/ has publi%$ ! correspond5ce1 b t he has mutilat$ x1 omitt+ "s ( 8 own lett]s altoge!r1 & excis+ :ole p>agraphs ( ,mr4 ,/ew>t's lett]s4 ,june #aijc4--,our amiable contempor>y1 ! ,abolitioni/1 is good en\gh1 9 a long article 9 its la/ issue1 to sugge/ to ^? prep>+ ! libel action aga9/ ,mr4 ,col]idge :at are ! mo/ vuln]able po9ts 9 8 arm\r4 ,?us divid$ 9 policy1 & qu>rell+ among !mselves1 ^! societies are /ill agre$ 9 appeal+ to ! public = approval & = money4 ,"h ! ,london ,society's opposition to ! ,national ,society comes out cle>ly4 ,9 its annual report 7#aijc7 ! ,london ,society says3-- ,jo9 a really effective ,society ) a frank & /raight=w>d policy--namely1 ! ,london ,anti-vivisection ,society1 #ac ,reg5t ,/reet1 ,london1 ,s4,w4 ,?is is a ,national & ,int]national organisation4 ,x has great] m$ical support ?an any o!r4 ,x is ! mo/ 'alive' humane organisation 9 ! _w4444 ,get into t\* ) ! society4 ,write to u4 ,we %all be glad to he> f y & answ] any que/ions4 ,if y c provide = ! ,society's future 9 y\r ,w1 may we beg ( y to d s8 ,if y agree1 pray d x n[4 ,?\s&s ( p\nds h be5 lo/ to ! ,society & ! ,cause by ! fatal procra/9ation ( well-mean+ fri5ds4 ,! pity ( x6 ,legacies %\ld be left 9 ^! exact words3 ',to ! ,london ,anti-vivisection ,society4' ,,caution4 ,x is ( great importance to describe v accurately ! ,title ( ?is ,society--namely1 ,,! ,,london ,,anti-,,vivisection ,,society--o!rwise ! b5evol5t int5tions ( ! ,donor may be fru/rat$4 ,,please ,,note4--,^? *>itable p]sons :o h left money to ! ,society w\ld d well to notify ! same to ! ,secret>y4 ,contra/ ! tone ( ?is appeal = money ) ! tone ( ! ,report3---- ,y\r ,society are glad to note t ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es are becom+ al>m$ at ! pret5sions ( sci5tific au?ority4444 ,! ,*ri/ian laity has be5 l>gely un9/ruct$ or mis9=m$ on ?is grave "q4444 ,happily1 ! signs ( ! times are propiti\s2 n all ( ! lead]s ( religi\s ?\ght 9 ?is c\ntry h succumb$ to ! dictation & pret5sions ( ! pr(essors ( vivisection 444 a base & blatant mat]ialism1 a practice :i* owes its inception to b>b>ism1 & :i* has develop$ 9 mat]ialism ( ! l[e/ possible ord]4 ,surely su* eloqu5ce %\ld avail to te> ! money ev5 out ( ! h&s ( ! dy+1 le/ ! ,national ,society %\ld get x4 ,! ,national ,society1 oddly en\gh1 also says3 ,,caution4--,x is ( great importance to describe v accurately ! ,title ( ?is ,society--namely1 ,,! ,,national ,,anti-,,vivisection ,,society--o!rwise ! b5evol5t int5tions ( ! ,donor may be fru/rat$4 ,i d n "k :i* ( ^! two societies is ! inv5tor ( ?is phrase4 ,/ill1 x is n improbable t ! ,national ,society receives m money ?an all ! small] societies toge!r4 ,( c\rse1 we _c comp>e ! work+ exp5ses ( an anti-vivisection society ) ! work+ exp5ses ( ! ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,animals1 or ! ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,*ildr54 ,! =m] ( ^! two societies 9 "o ye> obta9$ #hgih convictions2 9 "o mon? alone1 #fhi convictions2 & x paid ! full co/s ( committ+ #cd ( ! #fhi to prison4 ,! ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,*ildr5 has an equally good record4 ,b an anti-vivisectioni/ society _c %[ results ( ?is k9d4 ,nor c we comp>e its work+ exp5ses to ^? ( a mission>y society2 = ! mission>ies give direct p]sonal s]vice to _! fell[-m54 ,b we c fairly comp>e an anti-vivisection society to an anti-vacc9ation society or a ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce4 ,t is to say1 x is a publi%+ body4 ,9 #aijb1 ! ,national ,society's exp5diture1 9 r\nd numb]s1 0 #igj on pr9t+ & /ation]y2 #aaic on r5t1 sal>ies1 & wages2 #abee on books1 newspap]s1 p]iodicals1 c41 includ+ ! ,illu/rat$ ,catalogue & ! ,hospital ,guide2 #achj on lectures1 meet+s1 organis+ new bran*es1 c42 & ab\t #ejj on all o!r exp5ses4 ,let u take1 to illu/rate ^! figures1 :at ! ,national ,society says f "t to "t 9 its (ficial j\rnal3-- ,june #ahii4--7;,f ! ,society's ,annual ,report73 ,! :ole controv]sy has be5 collect$ & publi%$ 9 pamphlet =m by y\r ,society1 & m ?an #aj1jjj copies h already be5 issu$ to ! public4 ,ov] #bjj p h jo9$ y\r ranks & become memb]s ( ! ,society 9 consequ5ce ( x1 :ile two *eques ( #ajjj ea* 7 receiv$ by ,mr4 ,col]idge 9 aid ( ! cause4 ,june #ahii4--,we h receiv$ m money )9 ! pa/ six mon?s ?an we got 9 any two ye>s previ\sly4 ,june #ahii4--,we _c bett] employ ! funds at our disposal ?an 9 secur+ ! con/ant help ( exp]ts to insure ! accuracy ( all our /atem5ts1 & 9 s5d+ well-in=m$ lectur]s to e city 9 ! k+dom4 ,june #aijj4--7;,f ! ,society's ,annual ,report73 ,! receipts ( ! society f subscriptions & donations %[ an increase ov] ^? ( ! previ\s ye>4 ,?is increase 9 itself1 h[ev]1 w\ld h>dly h ju/ifi$ ! increase 9 ! exp5ses :i* x has be5 f\nd necess>y to incur 9 almo/ e dep>tm5t1 & especially 9 ! di/ribution ( pamphlets & pap]s1 _h x n be5 = "s legacies :i* fell due1 notably "o f----1 ( #fchf4 ,may #aija4--,) he>tfelt gratitude we h once m to ann\nce t ! ,national ,society has receiv$ a gift ( a ?\s& p\nds f an anonym\s donor4 ,no?+ c\ld be m opportune = ! ,cause ?an ?is munific5t support1 com+ z x does j z ! issue ( #bj1jjj copies ( ,mr4 ,/eph5 ,col]idge's ,hospital ,guide has be5 made at s great a co/ to ! ,society4 ,june #aija4--,our editorial table is buri$ deep 9 press cutt+s f all p>ts ( ! k+dom4 ,m>* #aijb4--,we employ two press-cutt+ ag5cies to s5d u cutt+s f ! j\rnals ( ! :ole ,engli%-speak+ _w4 ,july #aijc4--,we />t bran*es 9 v>i\s t[ns1 & s5d lectur]s to speak at work+ m5's clubs & debat+ societies4 ,all ?is means a v l>ge exp5se4 ,we v (t5 issue a pamphlet likely to d good by ! t5s ( ?\s&s4 ,la/ ye> we issu$ #ej1jjj copies ( ! ',illu/rat$ ,g]man ,catalogue ( ,vivisectional ,in/rum5ts & ,appliances4' ,! small] societies1 ( c\rse1 sp5d _! funds 9 ! same sort ( way4 ,?us ! ,national ,can9e ,def5ce ,league says t its anti-vivisection "w1 ! mo/ important ( all its works1 is e>ne/ly c>ri$ =w>d by 7#a7 ,! ,writ]'s ,league1 9 a ceaseless fl[ ( lett]s to ! press2 7#b7 ,! circulation ( li/s ( hospitals free f ! %ameful practice2 7#c7 ,! publication ( tw5ty-"o /rong leaflets on ! subject2 7#d7 ,! circulation ( #cjj copies ( a book on ! subject4 ,?is society 9 two ye>s s5t out #fej1jjj leaflets & pamphlets2 b !y 7 n all ( !m ab\t exp]im5ts on animals4 ,ano!r ,society1 9 a report publi%$ 9 #aijb1 enum]ates ! me?ods :i* x employs = ! education ( ! public at l>ge4 ,^! include 7a7 ! publication ( lit]ature2 7b7 ! hold+ ( public meet+s 9 all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom2 7c7 ! deliv]y ( lectures ) or )\t limelight illu/rations2 7d7 p>ticipation 9 debates ev5 ) high sci5tific au?orities2 7e7 induc+ ! cl]gy & m9i/]s ( all ,*ur*es to deliv] s]mons deal+ ) ! subject2 7f7 organisation ( a press bureau1 ?r\gh :i* ! newspap] press ( ! c\ntry is wat*$1 & correspond5ce & articles contribut$4 ,?is ,society has also a van1 ! only "o ( its k9d 9 exi/5ce4 ,no soon] is our w9t] & spr+ campaign conclud$ ?an ! van takes up ! ?read ( ! "w & c>ries x on ?r\gh ! summ]1 & x may truly be said t ! track ( ! van across c\ntry is :ite ) ! lit]ature :i* ! van circulates on its educational mission4 ,x is evid5t1 f ^! & ! l /atem5ts1 t ^! ,societies1 dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury1 h publi%$ a va/ quantity ( lit]ature4 ,we mu/ exam9e ! /yle ( t lit]ature dur+ "s rec5t ye>s1 & ! argum5ts :i* x puts =w>d4 ,b1 be=e we d ?is1 let u consid] :at attitude is tak5 by ^! ,societies1 or by well-kn[n memb]s ( ?is or t ,society1 t[>d c]ta9 problems & int]e/s t closely conc]n !m4 ,i ,!y d n hesitate to take advantage ( all ^? improvem5ts ( m$ic9e & surg]y :i* h be5 made by ! help ( exp]im5ts on animals4 ,!y d5\nce ! "w ( ! pres5t2 b !y enjoy all ! results ( ! pa/1 & w enjoy all ^? ( ! ne> future4 ,if any?+ ( value to m$ic9e has be5 discov]$ by vivisection1 x w\ld be z absurd to reject x on t acc\nt z x w\ld be to ab&on ,irel& because c5turies ago we took x by =ce4 ,& aga93 ,we are no m morally b\nd to reject b5efits acquir$ by indef5sible means ?an are ! desc5dants ( slavehold]s b\nd to ab&on weal? orig9ally acquir$ by ! dete/able abom9ation ( slav]y4 ,& aga91 ! ,animal's ,fri5d 7,novemb] #aijc7 takes z fur!r in/ances ! b5efits d]iv$ f body-snat*+1 political assass9ation1 & ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,b1 9 ! matt] ( exp]im5ts on animals1 x is ! v same m5 & wom5 :o d5\nce ^! exp]im5ts & :o pr(it by !m4 ,:at %\ld we say ( an anti-slav]y re=m] :o 0 himself draw+ a va/ income out ( ! slave trade8 ,b !re is "o g5tleman1 &1 s f> z ,i "k1 only "o1 :o did c>ry 8 op9ions into practice4 ,he told ! /ory at a debat+ meet+--h[ 8 little girl _h a sore ?roat1 & ! doctor want$ to give antitox91 & he =bade x1 & ! *ild recov]$4 ,( c\rse1 he says1 x 0 only an ord9>y sore ?roat4 ,truly1 a great victory1 & a brave de$1 to make an exp]im5t on y\r own sick *ild4 ,,ii ,! attitude ( ^! ,societies t[>d sport may seem at fir/ sight purely negative2 b x is wor? /udy4 ,i h ! hon\r ( kn[+ a v em95t physiologi/ :o w nev] %oot1 because he ?9ks x cruel--a man mu* abus$ by ! ,national ,society4 ,& ,"l ,llangattock1 ! ,presid5t ( t ,society1 is well kn[n z an a ard5t sportsman4 ,?is contra/ is ( "s int]e/4 ,let u see :at ! ,national ,society says ab\t sport4 ,( c\rse1 x is n b\nd to attack sport4 ,b ! reasons :i* x gives = rema9+ neutral are to be not$4 #a4 ,x says1 v truly1 t x is 9 great "p support$ by sportsm54 #b4 ,x says1 fur!r1 t ! cruelties ( sport lie outside its own prop] "w3-- ,our oppon5ts frequ5tly ask u :y we d n attack "s =m ( cruelty o!r ?an vivisection1 :i* !y consid] m he9\s4 ,our ,honor>y ,secret>y rec5tly summ>is$ ?is argum5t 9 8 own amus+ mann] ?us3 ,we mu/ n arre/ ! man 9 ,toot+ = kick+ 8 wife till we h /opp$ ! woman 9 ,balham />v+ h] *ildr51 & we mu/ n arre/ ! woman 9 ,balham = />v+ h] *ildr5 until we h /opp$ ! man 9 ,toot+ kick+ 8 wife4 7#aija47 ,lat] 7#aijc7 ! dramatis p]son are a man 9 ,ea/ ,isl+ton jump+ on 8 wife1 & a woman 9 ,we/ ,isl+ton /abb+ h] husb&4 ,b ?is argum5t1 ( c\rse1 w n hold4 ,= x is ! same m5 :o d5\nce w\nds made 7"u an/hetics7 = physiology1 & :o make w\nds 7)\t an/hetics7 9 sport4 #c4 ,x says t ! object ( ! sportsman is to kill2 b ! object ( ! exp]im5t] is to torture3-- ,!re is a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! kill+ ( animals & ! tortur+ ( !m be=e kill+ !m4 ,! object ( ! sportsman is to kill 8 qu>ry2 ! object ( ! vivisector is to keep 8 victim alive :ile he dissects x4--,mr4 ,wood 7#aijc74 ,! object ( ! sportsman is to kill1 & ! object ( ! vivisector is to keep 8 victim alive :ile he cuts x up4--,"l ,llangattock 7#aija74 ,! vivisector is no?+ if n a torm5tor2 ! sportsman is n a true sportsman if he seeks to inflict pa9 on 8 qu>ry4444 ,"o 7! pa9 ( a horse fall+ on asphalt7 is ! result ( an accid5t to be deplor$1 ! o!r 7! pa9 f an exp]im5t7 is done ( devili% malice prep5se4--,lead] 9 ! ,society's (ficial j\rnal1 7#ahii74 ,i am n s m5tally & e?ically confus$ z to be unable to di/+ui% betwe5 ! entirely diff]5t moral acts ( kill+ & tortur+4--,mr4 ,col]idge 7#aija74 ,"h are f\r /atem5ts4 ,"o is by ,mr4 ,wood1 ! ,society's lectur]2 "o by ,"l ,llangattock1 its ,presid5t2 "o is publi%$ 9 its (ficial j\rnal2 & "o is by ,mr4 ,col]idge1 its honor>y secret>y & treasur]4 ,t is ! sort ( ?+ :i* seems good en\gh to ! ,national ,society to say to its fri5ds 9 ,p>liam5t2 ?is *ildi% nons5se ab\t ! true sportsman & 8 qu>ry4 ,,iii ,! attitude ( ^! ,societies t[>d ! m$ical pr(ession1 & t[>d ! ,hospitals1 mu/ be /udi$4 ,let u look ?r\gh "s numb]s ( ! (ficial j\rnal ( ! ,national ,society1 & see ! attitude t x sometimes takes t[>d ! m$ical pr(ession3-- ,june #ahii4--,! *>m ( ?is sort ( ?+ is t y are always sure ( ! po/-mortem if ( no?+ else4 ,july #ahii4--,!re is a disease1 well kn[n to ! ve/rym5 ( ,london1 call$ '! half-cr[n diph!ria4' ,?is is common sore ?roat1 notifi$ z diph!ria because ! ve/ry pays a fee ( half-a-cr[n to ! m$ical notifi]4 ,decemb] #ahii4--,! pati5t di$1 made mis]able by ! effect ( inoculations :i* ev5 on bact]iological gr\nds gave no promise ( success1 b ! sci5tific physician1 n[adays1 mu/ inject some?+ 9 ! way ( a s]um4 ,m>* #aija4--,!re w always be ^? :o1 unable to ?9k = !mselves or ex]cise _! indep5d5ce on !rapeutic me?ods1 are prone to b[ d[n be=e au?ority :i* is self-ass]tive en\gh to compel ! ob$i5ce ( weak m9ds4 ,su* m5 w\ld inject antitox9 ?\gh e case di$4 ,!y adm9i/] x n kn[+ :y4 ,april #aija4--7;,f ,our ,cause 9 ! ,press73 ,:at ef=t does ! m$ical pr(ession make to make cle> to its cli5ts :at is well kn[n to itself1 t disease is ! result ( wrong liv+8 ,practically none at all4 ,! m$ical pr(ession z a :ole h w9k$ at s91 & h m]ely s\ght to antidote its results4 ,septemb] #aija4--,"s day we %all h our surgeons disemb[ell+ u j to see :at daylight & fre% air w d = ! /oma*-a*e4 ,decemb] #aija4--,! new m$ic9e dem&s a m]e laboratory habit2 ! pati5t is no?+1 ! disease ev]y?+4 ,he is a te/-tube2 su* & su* reag5ts are ne$$ to produce a c]ta9 result1 & !re y are4 ,! pati5t's malady1 be x :at x may1 is due to a microbe1 a tox91 or a ptoma9e2 he mu/ be inoculat$ ) ! s]um or antitox9 :i* c\nt]acts 8 disease1 & ?is mu/ be done n secundum artem b secundum sci5tiam1 & ! sci5ce means ! inoculat+ syr+e & s _m cubic c5timetres ( fil? :]e) to poison ! man's blood & s cure 8 disease1 ?\gh ! victims die4 ,decemb] #aijc4--7;,f ,our ,cause 9 ! ,press73 ,n only did we see great call\sness 9 ! field hospitals 9 ,s\? ,africa1 b conv]sation ) ! class t f9ds its way into our hospitals 9 ,engl& w reveal t a great deal ( ref9$ cruelty is con/antly occurr+4 ,:y does ! (ficial j\rnal ( ,mr4 ,col]idge's society publi% ^! ?+s8 ,= ?is reason--t x mu/ attack ^? me?ods t 7 discov]$ by ! help ( exp]im5ts on animals4 ,! m$ical pr(ession uses ^! me?ods4 ,!re=e1 t pr(ession mu/ be attack$4 ,! same reason1 ( c\rse1 helps to expla9 ! ,national ,society's attack on ! great ,hospitals ( ,london4 ,x w\ld take too long to tell "h ! :ole /ory ( t attack4 ,?ree *>ges 7 made aga9/ ! ,hospitals3 7#a7 t !y maltreat pati5ts2 7#b7 t !y promote ! torture ( animals2 7#c7 t !y end[ ?is torture at ! co/ ( ! pati5ts4 ,!y 7 accus$1 to put x pla9ly1 ( trea*]y & fraud2 & ( c\rse ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,k+'s ,hospital ,fund got its %>e ( abuse4 ,mr4 ,col]idge said on ?is subject3-- #a4 7,annual meet+ at ,/4 ,james's ,hall1 ,may #aija73 ,h[ h ,"l ,li/]1 ! vivisector1 & 8 ,committee di/ribut$ ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales's ,hospital ,fund8 ,!y h s di/ribut$ ?is fund z to make x cle> to hospital manag]s t ! m !y connect _! hospitals ) ! torture ( animals ! l>g] w be ! grant !y may expect to get f ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales's ,fund4 ,t fund1 !re=e1 has be5 us$ z an insidi\s b p[]ful inc5tive to vivisection4 #b4 7,annual meet+ at ,/4 ,james's ,hall1 #aijb73 ,%elt]+ itself n[ 9 its mo/ repulsive =m beh9d ^? anci5t & glori\s in/itutions1 f\nd$ & su/a9$ = _! ,*ri/-l "w ( heal+ ! sick1 sapp+ _! f\ndations & smir*+ _! fair fame1 malignant cruelty has tak5 up its position 9 its la/ dit*4 ,!re x has summon$ to its aid va/ int]e/s1 anci5t prejudices1 enorm\s end[m5ts1 & "u illu/ri\s patronage x has pilf]$ ! funds subscrib$ = ! poor4 ,) ^! /atem5ts be=e u 7& x w\ld be easy to add to !m7 we _c d\bt t ! plan ( campaign aga9/ all exp]im5ts on animals is also ho/ile to ! ,hospitals1 :5ev] t ho/ility seems likely to be ( ! v lea/ use to ! cause4 99 99 99 99 99 ,surely !re are *>ities m wor?y ( subscriptions1 donations1 & legacies ?an ^! ,anti-vivisection ,societies4 ,!y qu>rel among !mselves2 !y sp5d va/ sums ( money on (fices1 sal>ies1 press-cutt+s1 repr9ts1 lectures & meet+s1 tons ( pamphlets & leaflets4 ,_! memb]s d5\nce all exp]im5ts done n[1 :ile !y enjoy ! pr(it ( all exp]im5ts done be=e n[2 !y say t ! object ( ! physiologi/ is to torture 8 victim out ( devili% malice prep5se2 !y accuse doctors ( fraud1 & ly+1 & ref9$ cruelty1 & madness1 & w9k+ at s92 !y blackli/ & boycott ! be/ ,hospitals4 ,& ! :ole co/ly bus9ess1 ^! ?irty ye>s1 has done no?+ to /op ^! exp]im5ts2 !y h increas$ rapidly4 ,surely1 if a man wi%es to help & com=t animals1 he _h bett] give 8 money to ! ,home = ,lo/ ,dogs1 or ! ,home ( ,re/ = ,horses4 ,,ii4 ,,lit]ature4 ,we h n[ to exam9e ! /yle ( ! lit]ature ( ^! societies4 ,b1 out ( su* a va/ /ore ( j\rnals1 pamphlets1 & leaflets1 we c only take "o "h or !re4 ,f "t to "t a book or a pamphlet is1 = good reasons1 )drawn4 ,?us1 9 #aijb1 ! ,london ,society )drew ,d>k ,de$s4 7,! ,%ambles ( ,sci5ce1 n[ imp\nd$1 0 publi%$ by a *airman ( committee ( ! ,national ,society1 b n by t society47 ,9 #aijj ! ,national ,society )drew "o or m pamphlets involv+ acceptance ( ,dr4 ,b[ie's mi/ranslation ( ,h>vey4 ,9 #aijb x )drew & de/roy$ a :ole /ore ( div]se pamphlets1 & appeal$ to its support]s to refra9 f circulat+ any lit]ature n issu$ f our (fice by ! pres5t committee2 t is to say1 x w>n$ !m to di/ribute no lit]ature b its own1 & n all ev5 ( t4 ,b ! )drawal ( a few books & pamphlets makes v little diff]5ce2 & mo/ ( !m are revis$ & br\ght out aga94 ,take1 = example1 ! ,n9e ,circles4 ,x 0 plann$ & compil$ = ,miss ,cobbe2 ,mr4 ,b]doe 0 urg5tly reque/$ by h] to po9t out to h] any sci5tific errors or possible inadv]t5t misrepres5tations ( fact1 & correct or expunge !m2 & he c>efully read ?r\gh ! pro(-%eets4 ,! book purport$ to be an exact acc\nt1 f orig9al s\rces1 ( c]ta9 exp]im5ts1 "s made abroad1 "s 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x 0 attack$ by ,sir ,victor ,horsley at ! ,*ur* ,congress at ,folke/one1 ,octob] #ahib1 & 0 )drawn1 revis$1 & br\ght out aga94 ,our only conc]n "h is to see :at ! (ficial j\rnal ( ! ,national ,society said ( ! revis$ issue4 ,?is (ficial j\rnal1 ! ,zoophili/ & ,animal's ,def5d]1 0 />t$ 9 ,may #ahha1 "u ! %ort] title ( ! ,zoophili/4 ,x speaks ( itself z a sci5tific j\rnal1 & z ! recognis$ organ ( ! anti-vivisection movem5t 9 ,engl&4 ,x is publi%$ mon?ly1 & may be obta9$ ?r\gh any booksell]4 ,9 #ahhc x 0 edit$ by ,miss ,cobbe2 9 #ahhd by ,mr4 ,b5jam9 ,bryan2 9 #ahih by ,mr4 ,b]doe4 ,9 #aijc1 ,mr4 ,col]idge1 apologis+ = an error made 9 x 9 #ahih1 says3 ,at t "t ,i _h n ! control ov] its pages t is at pres5t accord$ to me4 ,?us x is1 ,i believe1 /ill edit$ by ,mr4 ,b]doe1 & is1 or 0 9 #aijc1 controll$ by ,mr4 ,col]idge4 ,& we are b\nd to note "h t ,mr4 ,b]doe 0 9 great "p responsible = ! ,n9e ,circles2 & 9 #ahig 0 responsible = c]ta9 /atem5ts z to ! use ( cur>e1 :i* ! ,home ,secret>y1 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 call$ absolutely baseless4 ,let u n[ exam9e ! /yle ( ?is (ficial j\rnal4 ,&1 to beg9 )1 :at does x say ab\t ! ,n9e ,circles8 ,to make ?is po9t cle>1 let u put 9 p>allel columns :at 0 said by ,sir ,victor ,horsley ( ! orig9al edition 9 #ahib1 & :at 0 said by ! ,zoophili/ 9 #ahii ( ! revis$ edition3-- ,sir ,victor ,horsley1 ,oct4 #ahib4 ,i h tak5 ! tr\ble to collect all ! exp]im5ts 9 :i* cutt+ op]ations are describ$ z hav+ be5 p]=m$ by ,engli% sci5ti/s1 & 9 :i* ,i knew an/hetics to h be5 employ$4 ,^! exp]im5ts are #bf 9 numb]4 ,9 all ( !m *lor(orm1 e!r1 or o!r an/hetic ag5t 0 employ$4 ,b ( ^! #bf cases1 ,miss ,cobbe does n m5tion ?is fact at all 9 #bj1 & only /ates x )\t qualification 9 two out ( ! rema9+ six4 ,:5 we inquire into ^! #bj omissions 9 ! #bf cases1 we f9d 9 ! orig9al t aga9 & aga9 ,miss ,cobbe has1 9 mak+ h] extracts1 _h directly "u h] eyes ! words *lor(orm1 e!r1 e!ris$1 *lor(orm$1 an/hetis$1 dur+ e exp]im5t ! animal has be5 deeply "u ! influ5ce ( an an/hetic1 & s =?4 ,! ,zoophili/1 ,july #ahii4 ,a revis$ edition has be5 issu$1 :i* is a /rong] indictm5t aga9/ ! vivisectors ?an ! orig9al "w4 ,!re 7 "s half-doz5 omissions 9 ! fir/ edition conc]n+ ! adm9i/ration ( an/hetics 9 ! prelim9>y op]ations1 b ! cruelty ( ! exp]im5ts 0 9 no case modifi$ by ! fact t a :iff ( *lor(orm 0 possibly adm9i/]$1 z /at$ 9 ! reports1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! op]ation4 ,our oppon5ts may boa/ ( _! success 9 detect+ ! omission to dot ! i's & cross ! t's 9 ! fir/ edition ( ! ,n9e ,circles1 b !re are "s victories :i* are worse ?an a defeat4 ,we h replac$ ! lant]n ) :i* we exam9$ ! d>k de$s ( ! laboratories by ! electric se>*light4 ,! rese>*] w f9d x h>d to discov] a retreat :]e its rays w n foll[ & expose him4 ,= ano!r in/ance ( ! inaccuracy ( ! ,zoophili/ we h :at x said ab\t ,pr(essor ,san>elli's exp]im5ts 9 ,s\? ,am]ica on five human be+s4 ,nobody def5ds him "h4 ,b ! po9t is t ! ,zoophili/ 9 #ahii said t !y _h all be5 kill$2 & 9 #aijb admitt$ t !y _h all recov]$4 ,or1 = ano!r in/ance1 we h :at x said 9 #aijb ab\t ! case ( ,8 ,maje/y ! ,k+4 7,= ^! /atem5ts1 see ,zoophili/1 ,augu/ #aijb & ,septemb] #aijc2 also its report1 ,octob] #aijb1 ( ,mr4 ,wood's spee* at ,exet]47 ,b let u take a wid] view4 ,a j\rnal1 l a man1 is kn[n by ! company t x keeps4 ,^: company does ! ,zoophili/ keep8 ,:y does x talk ( ,our excell5t cotempor>y1 ,humanity--,our valiant cotempor>y1 ,le ,mdec9e--,our excell5t cotempor>y1 ,! ,h]ald ( ! ,gold5 ,age8 ,aga91 among ! j\rnals t x quotes1 "s ( !m v frequ5tly1 are ! ,topical ,times1 ,broad ,views1 ,mod]n ,society1 ,madame1 ! ,humanit>ian1 ! ,pione]1 ! ,veget>ian1 ! ,voice ( ,india1 ! ,h]ald ( ,heal?1 ! ,rock1 ! ,new ,age1 ! ,j\rnal ( ,zoophily1 ! ,homoeopa?ic ,_w1 ,m$ical ,lib]ty1 & ! ,honolulu ,humane ,educator4 ,?is may be v good company1 b x is n all ( x ! be/ company = a sci5tific j\rnal4 ,/ill1 x may be bett] company ?an ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,brief1 ! ,j\rnal de ,mdec9e de ,p>is1 & ! ,belgian ,le ,mdec9e4 ,^! j\rnals1 be+ v]itable m$ical j\rnals1 are quot$ 9 ! ,zoophili/ ) ! mo/ amaz+ frequ5cy & at great l5g?2 :i* is a complim5t t !y d n receive f o!r m$ical j\rnals4 ,!y are1 inde$1 z vehem5tly anti-,pa/eur & anti-antitox9 z ! ,zoophili/ itself4 ,take :at ! ,m$ical ,brief says3-- ,bact]iology orig9at$ 9 ,cont95tal ,europe1 :]e ! m9ds ( a sup]/iti\s race 7 fur!r unbalanc$ by con/ant delv+ 9 pa?ology1 putrefaction1 & morbid anatomy4 ,:5 x spread to ! new _w1 x also became bl9d$ ) ! revolution>y & fanatical t5d5cies ly+ ne> ! surface 9 su* a civilisation4 ,!y say if y give a calf rope en\gh1 he w hang himself4 ,bact]iology is equally clumsy & /upid4444 ,:at excuse c be f\nd = ! c[>dice & f]oci\s ignorance :i*1 "u ! %ad[ ( ! />s & /ripes1 resurrects ! s5tim5t ( ! ,middle ,ages to protect ! fraud1 seeks to rob ! individual physician ( free judgm5t1 & d5\nces him = fail+ to use ! na/y /uff8 ,all ,cont95tal ,europe is suff]+ f a sort ( leprosy ( decad5ce1 m5tal & moral4 ,! spiritual d>kness ( ! p affects all ! le>n$ pr(essions1 b m especially m$ic9e4 ,su* is ! ,m$ical ,brief1 :i* ! (ficial j\rnal ( ,mr4 ,col]idge's society quotes incessantly1 call+ x an ,am]ican mon?ly ( great ability & )\t a trace ( ! sci5tific bigotry & n>r[-m9d$ness :i* is s prom95t a feature 9 "s ( our own organs ( m$ical op9ion4 ,next we come to ! ,j\rnal de ,mdec9e de ,p>is4 ,?is is anti-,pa/eur2 ! editor1 ,dr4 ,lutaud1 came to ,london 9 #ahii1 & gave a lecture on ! ,pa/eur sup]/ition at ,/4 ,m>t9's ,t[n ,hall4 ,f a report ( x 9 ! ,/> we may take ! foll[+ s5t5ces3-- ,! result ( ! s]um craze _h be5 t ! hospital 0 neglect$ = ! laboratory4 ,microbes ( all ! diseases 7 f\nd 9 p]fectly heal?y subjects4 ,microbes exi/$1 b z a consequ5ce1 n a cause4 ,tox9s :i* ! s]opa?s pr(ess$ to f9d 7 only ! results ( normal f]m5tation4 ,! ,engli% public _h always support$ him 9 8 fifte5 ye>s' /ruggle aga9/ ,pa/eurism4 ,dr4 ,lutaud1 says ! ,national ,society1 is ! great au?ority4 ,! ,new ,engl& ,anti-vivisection ,mon?ly 9 #aijj calls him "o ( ! brighte/ sci5ti/s ( mod]n times4 ,8 ,j\rnal de ,mdec9e de ,p>is recalls ! ,m$ical ,brief3-- ,to wi% to apply ! same me?ods ( treatm5t1 :e!r prev5tive or curative1 = two morbid conditions 7a w\nd ) ! po9t ( entry abnormal & an infecti\s malady7 9 ess5ce s diff]5t1 is to commit a gross error4444 ,! sick are de/roy$ by t :i* cures _! w\nds4 ,^! two m$ical j\rnals1 ! ,m$ical ,brief & ! ,j\rnal de ,mdec9e de ,p>is1 are upheld by ! ,national ,society z ?\gh !y 7 exp]t witnesses ( irresi/ible au?ority1 & are quot$ ) a sort ( ceaseless wor%ip 9 t ,society's (ficial j\rnal4 ,also x quotes ! ,h]ald ( ,heal?2 & ,m$ical ,lib]ty1 a mon?ly publication issu$ by ! ,colorado ,m$ical ,lib]ty ,league1 ,d5v]1 ,colo41 ^: eloqu5t editor seems to be an uncompromis+ foe to m$ical bigotry & monopoly1 & humbugs ( e description4 ,su* are ! m$ical j\rnals :i* support ! ,zoophili/ z a sci5tific j\rnal4 ,n[ let u take ano!r po9t ( view4 ,let u consid] :om ! ,zoophili/ praises1 & :om x condemns4 ,t1 surely1 is a fair te/ ( an (ficial j\rnal4 ,& we get a cle> result4 ,! late ,"l ,salisbury & ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,balf\r are notori\sly pro-vivisectioni/2 ,"l ,li/] has apo/atis$ f ! anti-septic fai?2 ,m4 ,pa/eur is a remorseless tortur]2 ! late ,mr4 ,lecky 0 deg5]ate1 because he p]=m$ ! volte-face & w5t ov] to our oppon5ts2 & ! late ,pr(essor ,vir*[ 0 subject$ to sca?+ criticism by "o ,paffra?1 & 0 prov$ to be absurd4 ,b its praises are giv5 to a v diff]5t set ( m54 ,!re is no room "h to note ! light] moods ( ! ,zoophili/2 its jokes ab\t cats & catacombs1 & two-legg$ donkeys & f\r-legg$ donkeys1 & h[ to cat* mosquitoes by putt+ salt on _! tails--& x w ev5 break its je/ on ! dead--b x rebukes ano!r j\rnal = levity1 say+1 ,we regret to see our pa9ful subject treat$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,no room1 ei!r1 = its description ( anti-vivisectioni/ plays1 poems1 novels1 & s]mons4 ,let u1 to f9i% )1 take a few /atem5ts f its pages1 almo/ at r&om2 "s ( !m are repr9t$ !re f o!r s\rces4 ,! supply is endless2 let u limit ourselves to six ( !m3-- #a4 ,z o!r bact]ia 7beside ^? ( mal>ia7 7 f\nd n to be> sunlight or air1 b to habitats 9 loca scuta situ 78 to inhabit loca s5ta situ71 9 fil? & noisom5ess1 _! habits & cu/oms prea*$ aga9 ! old doctr9e1 ',let 9 sun & air & be clean1' z e>ne/ly z ^? :o ?\ght heal? 0 due to sun & air & wat] & fire1 ! f\r old elem5ts1 & act accord+ly1 )\t dissect+ hecatombs ( animals to prove a ?\s& times ov] t if y boil$ or bak$ or dr[n$ or freez$ liv+ creatures !y w\ld die1 or t microscopic p>asites did pretty mu* :at visible p>asites h be5 always kn[n to d4 7,l\d applause7--,report ( a spee* by ! ,bi%op ( ,s\?well 7#aija74 #b4 ,x is j z well t y %\ld h he>d :at ! clev] level-head$ lawy] 7,mr4 ,col]idge7 ?9ks ab\t ?is abom9able conspiracy ( cruelty & fraud & impi\s inquisitiv5ess :i* is call$ vivisection4 7,*e]s47 444 ,we are s5d+ out on ! _w 9 e direction multitudes ( "y m5 :o h be5 tra9$ z surgeons1 & !y h liv$ by cutt+ 7ref]5ce "h to ! m$ical /ud5ts 9 ,pickwick71 & we are s5d+ ^! "y m5 out ) ?is caco!s sec&i1 ?is mania = cutt+ = ! m]e sake ( cutt+4 ,i %\ld n be surpris$ if !y tackle our noses or our e>s1 & set ab\t mutilat+ u 9 t way4--,ar*deacon ,wilb]=ce 7#aija74 #c4 ,! task ( ! crusad] aga9/ vivisection is n to reason ) ! s-call$ sci5ti/1 n to truckle to p$ants 9 ! s*ools1 or palt] ) call\s doctr9aires1 b to in=m & ar\se ! p2 & :5 ,john ,bull is prodd$ f 8 apa?y1 & />tl$ f 8 /]tor\s snore1 he w rise & bell[ out a veto on ! elegant but*]ies ( p$antic lib]t9es1 & ru% full tilt ) bo? 8 horns aga9/ _! abattoirs ( cruelty & passion1 ph>isaically vaunt$ z rese>*1 until ! gates ( hell %all n prevail aga9/ him4--,! ,rev4 ,ar?ur ,mursell 7#aija74df #d4 ,x has be5 my exp]i5ce ( anti-vivisection among ,romani/s1 t no?+ suit$ my purpose bett] ?an tak+ x = grant$ t ! wor%ipp]s ( ,/4 ,francis1 ,/4 ,b]n>d1 c41 mu/1 ( c\rse1 be on our side4--7#aijb47 #e4 ,giv5 money1 & influ5tial patronage1 ! vivisector n[ expects a "t aft] 8 own he>t1 :ile pr(ess$ly engag$ 9 inve/igat+ ! suppos$ causes ( canc]1 or ! transmissibility ( tub]culosis4 ,he c inflict ! mo/ horrible & prolong$ tortures on mis]able animals1 ) su* a plausible excuse 9 res]ve1 t he is endeav\r+ all ! :ile to f9d cures = ! ailm5ts ( high p]sonages & millionaires4--7#aijb47 #f4 ,! day ( drugg+ & sci5tific but*]y is draw+ to a close4 ,already ! calm1 reassur+ voice ( ! new ,life ,sci5ce1 l\d & cle> to ! few1 is fa9tly audible to ! _m4 ,! %>p1 crucial knife1 ) its dang]\s quiv] s de> to ! he>t ( ! surgeon1 ! poison\s drug1 w be ?+s ( ! pa/4 ,wisdom1 ?y pa?s are h>mony & joy & peace4--7#aijb47 #df ,ev5 ! ,zoophili/1 :i* quotes ?is spee* f ! ,clapham ,obs]v]1 seems to feel t x might h be5 put m simply4 99 99 99 99 99 ,su* is ! frequ5t level ( ! ,zoophili/1 ! (ficial j\rnal ( ! ,national ,society1 edit$ by ,mr4 ,b]doe1 controll$ by ,mr4 ,col]idge4 ,let u n[ take "o m ( t society's publications1 a pamphlet entitl$ ,m$ical ,op9ions on ,vivisection4 ,"h1 if any:]e1 %\ld be ! society's /ronghold4 ,if x c\ld %[ a l>ge & important m9ority ( ! m$ical pr(ession oppos$ to all exp]im5ts on animals1 its p[] w\ld be greatly increas$4 ,on ?ree occasions1 _m ye>s ago1 ! m$ical pr(ession did express its op9ion4 ,at two ( ! annual meet+s ( ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,association1 & at a meet+ ( ! ,london ,int]national ,m$ical ,congress1 resolutions 7 pass$ affirm+ ! value & ! necessity ( ^! exp]im5ts4 ,at "o ( ^! meet+s !re 0 "o diss5ti5t vote2 at "o1 two2#dg at "o1 none4 ,^! ?ree meet+s 7 truly repres5tative2 !y 7 ! great meet+s ( ! clans ( ! pr(ession1 f all p>ts ( ! k+dom1 = a week ( practical "w temp]$ by fe/ivities4 ,:at m c\ld any pr(ession d ?an to g out ( its way ?ree times t x might record1 9 fulle/ assembly1 its belief8 ,& mo/ c]ta9ly x w\ld d ! same ?+ aga91 if x ?\ght t any fur!r decl>ation 7 ne$$4 #dg ,i ?9k x 0 two2 x 0 ei!r "o or two4 ,!re are 9 ?is c\ntry ab\t #dj1jjj m$ical m54 ,! ,national ,society's pamphlet quotes #ci1 or "o 9 #ajjj4 ,x c\ld quote m2 b we mu/ take :at x gives u4 ,( ^! #ci1 we may fairly exclude ,pr(essor ,ko*1 ,sir ,fr$]ick ,treves1 & ! late ,sir ,&rew ,cl>k1 :o w\ld c]ta9ly wi% to be ?us exclud$4 ,sir ,fr$]ick ,treves1 :o is quot$ ) a sort ( explanatory note1 has told u 9 ! ,times :at he ?9ks ( ! way 9 :i* 8 "n has be5 us$2 ,sir ,&rew ,cl>k is quot$1 also ) an explanatory note1 = an obit] dictum2 & ,pr(essor ,ko* = no discov]able reason4 ,t leaves #cf4 ,( ^! #cf1 at lea/ #aa 7probably m7 are dead2 "o di$ ab\t #ahch1 ano!r 0 born 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ano!r di$ m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,( ! rema9+ #be1 "o is ,dr4 ,lutaud1 "o is ,mr4 ,b]doe1 "o an ,am]ican doctor1 n fam\s ov] "h1 "o a vet]9>y surgeon1 "o 7,i ?9k7 oppos$ to vacc9ation1 & ?ree incl9$ to homoeopa?y2 "o has mi/ranslat$ ,h>vey to ! advantage ( ! ,national ,society's cause1 "o has writt5 ,h9ts to ,mo!rs1 & "o has writt5 ,h[ to ,keep ,well4 ,( ^! #be g5tlem51 "o belongs to a homoeopa?ic hospital1 two to prov9cial hospitals1 & "o to a hydropa?ic in/itute & a *ildr5's sanatorium2 ! re/ ( !m hold no hospital or s*ool appo9tm5t ( any sort or k9d4 ,i may be wrong ov] "o or two ( ^! names2 b1 s f> z ,i c see1 ,i h giv5 an exact acc\nt ( ! value ( ^! ,m$ical ,op9ions on ,vivisection4 ,&1 if we take ! dates ( ^! op9ions1 we f9d "o 9 #ahcj1 "o 9 #aheh1 & sev5 9 #ahgj-ahhj4 ,anyh[1 :at is ! value ( an op9ion t all exp]im5ts on animals are arrant & horrible ,sepoyism we>+ ! mask ( ,art & ,sci5ce8 ,let u leave ! ,national ,society1 & turn to ! ,can9e ,def5ce ,league1 & exam9e t "p ( its lit]ature :i* is conc]n$ ) exp]im5ts on animals4 ,take ! foll[+ s5t5ces f pamphlets #agi & #bjd3-- ,among ! g5]al public ! majority are "u ! impression t ^! s-call$ physiological exp]im5ts are conduct$ "u ! influ5ce ( an/hetics1 & t ! subjects are r5d]$ ins5sible to pa92 ?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case1 & ,i am in=m$ t a l>ge proportion--consid]ably m ?an half--( ! lic5ses disp5se ) an/hetics entirely4 ,! ph5om5a ( pa9 are absolutely ess5tial to any practical issue4 ,all diseases h a m5tal or spiritual orig94 ,^u ?is subject a l>ge treatise might be writt54 ,i h c>efully ?\ght ?is matt] ov]1 & c come to no o!r conclusion4 ,c we imag9e any wild bird conf9$ to its ne/ ) rheumatism1 or neuralgia1 or consumption1 or a/hma1 or any o!r affection :atev]8 ,i believe !m all to be entirely free f disease2 t is1 all :i* h reta9$ _! fre$om1 & ?us h n come "u ! baneful influ5ce ( man4 ,take1 aga91 ! fi%es1 & ask :e!r any fi%]man ev] caught a fi% f\nd to be diseas$4 ,?is subject is an int]e/+1 ?\gh a some:at melan*oly "o4 ,next1 z an example ( ! lit]ature ( ! ,london ,society1 let u take a spee* made at ,/4 ,james's ,hall1 ,may #bf1 #aijc1 by ,dr4 ,hadw51 ( ,gl\ce/]1 :o is also vehem5tly oppos$ to vacc9ation4 ,he & ,lieut5ant-,g5]al ,phelps1 at ! "t ( ! disa/r\s smallpox epidemic 9 ,gl\ce/] 9 #ahif1 7 lead]s ( ! anti-vacc9ationi/s4 ,x w\ld be easy to give o!r in/ances ( ! sympa?y betwe5 anti-vivisection & anti-vacc9ation4 ,b our bus9ess is n ) ,dr4 ,hadw5 at ,gl\ce/]1 b ) him at ,/4 ,james's ,hall4 ,he says to ! ,london ,society3-- ,we are told we mu/ pay att5tion to :at ! exp]ts tell u4 ,my op9ion is ?is3 ,if !re is "o p]son 9 ! :ole ( ,god's creation t wants look+ aft]1 x is ! exp]t4 7,laught]47 ,( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 he says3-- ,if !re is "o ?+ 9 ! _w t w move a memb] ( ,p>liam5t1 x is to "k t any p>ticul> policy w c>ry votes along ) x4 7,he>1 he>47 ,y c br+ any memb] ( ,p>liam5t to y\r knees z long z y %[ him t he has 8 con/itu5cy at 8 back2 & ) all due respect to our noble *airman1 ,i am b\nd to say t my exp]i5ce ( memb]s ( ,p>liam5t is ?is--t _! consci5ces g z f> z votes1 & d n ext5d v mu* f>!r4 7,laught] & applause47 ,he describes an imag9>y exp]im5t "u cur>e1 & is int]rupt$ by a cry ( ,demons6 ,he goes on3-- ,yes1 madam1 !y are demons4 7,applause47 ,i "k no o!r ^w to describe exp]im5t]s :o c submit s5ti5t & s5sitive creatures1 almo/ human 9 intellig5ce & fai?1 to diabolical exp]im5ts1 :il/ _! victims are r5d]$ helpless & voiceless by a helli% drug4 7,applause47 ,i _c und]/& h[ 9 a l& l ?is1 t boa/s ( h] ,*ri/ianity & ( h] lib]ty1 m51 wom51 cl]gy1 & politicians c all[ ?is c[>dly sci5ce to /& be=e u1 & ?is demoniacal "w to be c>ri$ on4 7,l\d *e]s47 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h n[ se5 some?+ ( ! /yle ( ! lit]ature ( ^! ,societies2 &1 9 ! next *apt]1 we w consid] its argum5ts4 ,i d n d5y t its /yle is sometimes at a high] level ?an ! examples :i* ,i h quot$4 ,b ,i d say t ,i c\ld fill a book ( #ajj pages ) quotations f j\rnals or pamphlets ( ! la/ few ye>s1 all ( !m on ! l[] level4 ,& 9 ?is *apt] ,i h practically quot$ nobody b ^? :o are ! lead]s ( ! opposition to all exp]im5ts on animals4 ,! (ficial j\rnal ( ?is ,society1 ! annual report ( t ,society1 ! leaflets :i* are s5t 9 answ] to a =mal reque/ = lit]ature--,i h quot$ ^!1 z !y came to h&1 j go+ ?r\gh !m & m>k+ ^? passages :i* 7 to my purpose4 ,,iii4 ,,argum5ts ,we h se5 t ! societies arose out ( ! ,act1 & n ! ,act out ( !m2 t !y are divid$ or ho/ile2 & t !y h next to no?+ to %[ = all ! va/ sums :i* !y h receiv$4 ,also we h not$ ! /yle ( lit]ature :i* !y s5d broadca/ ov] ! c\ntry2 & ! m$ical j\rnals & m$ical op9ions t are 9 fav\r ( ! cause2 & ! g5]al tone & frequ5t level ( ! (ficial j\rnal ( ! ,national ,society4 ,/ill1 a good cause may be ill s]v$2 nobody m9ds1 aft] all1 ! /yle ( a ?+1 s long z x is true4 ,let u come to ! he>t ( ! matt]4 ,:at is ! nature ( ! argum5ts & evid5ces ( ^! societies8 ,!y desire to br+ ab\t ! absolute prohibition1 z a crim9al (f5ce1 ( all exp]im5ts on animals4 ,by :at facts1 :at records1 :at /ati/ics1 d !y ma9ta9 ?is attempt to m5d or end ! pres5t ,act8 ,"h1 at ! risk ( repetition1 let me make q cle> :at !y are fight+ aga9/4 ,n9e out ( t5 exp]im5ts are bact]iological4 ,t is to say1 #ij or #ie p] c5t4 ,( ^! inoculations1 m ?an a ?ird are made 9 ! direct s]vice ( ! national heal?1 & z x 7 by ! direct ord]s ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,a va/ numb] ( !m are :olly pa9less2 no?+ happ5s2 ! result is negative2 ! ?+ does n take4 ,"s are foll[$ by disease1 & ! animal is pa9lessly kill$ at ! fir/ manife/ation ( ! disease1 or recov]s1 or dies ( ! disease4 ,! fate ( t animal is ! fate ( all ( u2 x has got to die ( some?+1 & x dies ( x4 ,anyh[1 ! talk ab\t torture-tr\ghs & cutt+-up has no place "h2 & ! ^w vivisection1 by a gross & palpable abuse1 is false n9e times out ( e t54 ,( ! rema9+ #aj p] c5t4 ( all exp]im5ts2 9 ^? t are made "u ! ,lic5se alone1 or "u ! ,lic5se plus ,c]tificate ,c1 ! "q ( pa9 does n arise4 ,! animal is an/hetis$1 & is kill$ "u t an/hetic4 ,! rema9+ #c p] c5t4 ( all exp]im5ts are ^? t are made "u ! ,lic5se plus ,c]tificate ,b 7or ,b ,,ee1 or ,b ,f74 ,! initial op]ation is done "u ! an/hetic2 ! animal is all[$ to recov]2 x may be1 practically1 none ! worse = x4 ,or x may be ! worse = x1 & !re=e die1 or be kill$4 ,b ,c]tificate ,b is n all[$ = any infliction ( pa9 on ! animal ?r\gh ! op]ation w\nd1 & nev] w be4 ,"h are two sets ( exp]im5ts3 ^? "u ,c]tificate ,a1 & ^? "u ,c]tificate ,b4 ,"o is #ij p] c5t4 ( all exp]im5ts2 ! o!r is #c p] c5t4 ,n9e out ( t5 exp]im5ts are inoculations1 & ! op]ation ( ! t5? is done "u an an/hetic4 ,t is ! fir/ fact1 :i* we mu/ fix 9 our m9ds1 be=e we consid] ! argum5ts ( ! societies4 ,next1 ! dates & ! s\rces ( _! evid5ce4 ,!y wi% to /op ! exp]im5ts t are n[ made 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!y are b\nd1 !re=e1 to produce up-to-date evid5ce1 & f home s\rces2 n t :i* is ?irty ye>s old1 or comes f s\rces f> away4 ,?is pres5t use ( animals1 "h & n[1 "u ! re/rictions ( ! ,act1 is :at !y are fight+2 !y are b\nd to draw _! in/ances f "h & n[4 ,b ?is w\ld n suit !m at all3 !y c\ld n be> to be ?us limit$ to "h & n[4 ,_! argum5ts & _! in/ances ext5d ov] ?irty or m ye>s1 & are drawn f all p>ts ( ! _w1 f ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,italy1 f e c\ntry4 ,j\rnals ( ,physiology1 text-books1 reports1 m$ical j\rnals1 ,briti% & =eign1 are ransack$ to f9d evid5ce = ! cause2 !re is a regul> sy/em1 ye> 9 ye> out1 a sort ( secret s]vice or detective =ce1 a p]si/5t hunt+-up ( all scraps & %r$s ( evid5ce4 ,"o society adv]tis$1 9 a daily pap]1 t x want$ confid5tial communications1 f m$ical /ud5ts1 z to ! practices ( ! laboratory4 ,ano!r1 see+ ! *ance ( a prosecution1 says1 ,special inquiries 7 made on ! subject1 & ! society's solicitor w5t to ,belfa/ to conduct ^! inquiries on ! spot4 ,all ?is espionage is sure n[ & aga91 9 ?irty ye>s1 to detect some?+ :i* x c magnify into a sc&al4 ,& :5 a fault is f\nd1 ev5 a little "o1 oh ! joy 9 ! ranks ( ! societies4 ,&1 at once1 ! fault1 exagg]at$1 & highly col\r$1 is made a locus classicus1 a commonplace ( e draw+-room meet+4 ,:at is ! date ( x1 :at 0 ! place ( x8 ,0 x long ago1 0 x f> f "h8 ,/ill1 nev] let x drop2 :at "o did !n1 !y are all do+ n[1 all ( !m ( malice prep5se2 let u proclaim ! bless$ news f e plat=m2 & please rememb] u 9 y\r ,wills4 ,among ! argum5ts aga9/ all exp]im5ts on animals1 is ?is v common argum5t1 t ! tru? ab\t !m is too horrible to be told4 ,we d>e n produce our brief1 says ! ,rev4 ,nevison ,lora9e1 at ! annual meet+ ( ! ,london ,society 9 #aija2 x is only ! c\rage ( a lady t d>es to produce tales s h>r[+ z ^? t h be5 briefly allud$ to to-day2 & x is "p ( ! weakness ( our cause ) ! public t we _c tell ! :ole /ory4 ,b1 n long ago1 ! c\rage ( two ladies1 (fic]s ( a ,sw$i% ,anti-vivisection ,society1 honor>y memb]s ( ,mr4 ,col]idge's society1 did produce a book full ( h>r[+ tales2 !y told ! :ole /ory to ! ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice & a jury4 ,0 n t produc+ _! brief8 ,i h "h 9 my pocket some?+ ,i h n got ! n]ve to read to y1 says ,ar*deacon ,wilb]=ce1 at ! annual meet+ ( ! ,national ,society 9 #aija2 & ! next m9ute a lady 9 ! audi5ce is cry+ out1 ,d n g on1 we _c be> x2 & he says1 ,y h got to be> x4 ,good ,god1 !y h got to suff] x4 ,is n t produc+ 8 brief8 ,mr4 ,col]idge1 9 #aijb1 s5ds out #ab1jjj copies1 j to beg9 )1 ( an illu/rat$ ,g]man catalogue ( laboratory in/rum5ts3 ,! "q ( ?us scatt]+ abroad ?is fe>ful docum5t has be5 ! subject ( v grave consid]ation4444 ,we h laun*$ ^u ! _w ?is t]rible pro( ( :at vivisection really is1 ) a full s5se ( our responsibility4 ,is n t produc+ 8 brief8 ,^! ?+s 9 ! pocket1 & fe>ful docum5ts1 & briefs t ,mr4 ,lora9e d>es n produce1 are apt to say little or no?+ ab\t an/hetics1 & to be sil5t ov] ! fact t n9e out ( e t5 exp]im5ts are bact]iological1 & to ov]-emphasise exp]im5ts made _m ye>s ago or a ?\s& miles away4 ,y br+ ! speak] d[n to n[ & "h1 to ! text ( ! ,act1 to ! reports to ,gov]nm5t1 to ! ,home ,secret>y's own words 9 ,p>liam5t2 & y are told t !y are all 9 a conspiracy1 all li>s m or less1 & t ! tru? is 9 ! societies1 especially 9 "o ( !m4 ,or y br+ him d[n to ! good t ^! exp]im5ts h done1 ! lives t !y h sav$2 & at once he is (f l ! w9d3-- ,! society does n conc]n itself ) ! results ( vivisection1 :e!r good or bad1 & ?9ks x is beside ! m>k to discuss !m4 7,report ( ! ,can9e ,def5ce ,league1 #aijc47 ,:5 ! angel ( pity is driv5 f ! he>t2 :5 ! f\nta9 ( te>s is dry1 ! s\l becomes a s]p5t crawl+ 9 ! du/ ( ! des]t4 7,colonel ,+]soll47 ,i make no pret5ce to criticise vivisectional exp]im5ts on ! gr\nd ( _! te*nical failure or success4 ,i dogmatically po/ulate human5ess z a condition ( wor?y p]sonal "*4 7,mr4 ,b]n>d ,%aw47 ,! vivisector1 :5 he /&s ov] 8 animal1 :e!r ) an/hetics or )\t an/hetics1 is creat+1 ev5 if ! physical heal? ( ! nation is enhanc$ by x1 a moral %r\d n only = himself1 b a moral %r\d ! edges ( :i* are cont9ually ext5d+ into ! ?\ght atmosph]e1 & s dead5+ ! national consci5ce at l>ge4 7,mr4 ,h]b]t ,burr[s47 ,! develop$ ta/e = blood & cruelty mu/ 9 ! end f9d its full satisfaction 9 ! vivisection ( human be+s :5 !y h ! mis=tune to come "u ! p[] ( our future doctors4 7,bi%op ,bag%awe47 ,"h1 9 ^! five s5t5ces tak5 m]ely out ( ! heap1 is ! e?ical argum5t2 s facile1 s pleasant to self1 s confid5t ( a good he>+4 ,no wond] t ! societies1 n[ t ! facts ( sci5ce are too /rong = !m1 are fall+ back on ! facts ( e?ics4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 ?irty ye>s ago1 !y 7 creat$ out ( e?ics2 !y 7 born auspici\sly4 ,:at a welcome !y _h6 ,t5nyson & ,br[n+ & ,rusk91 ,we/cott & ,m>t9eau1 ! late ,"l ,%aftesbury1 & h] ,maje/y ! late ,que5--^! all1 & _m m1 among :om 7 "s ( ! be/ m5 & wom5 ( ! ,victorian ,age1 7 _! fri5ds4 ,!re nev] 0 a cause t enjoy$ a bett] s5d-(f4 ,ev]y?+ 0 9 its fav\r4 ,mag5die & ,s*iff & ,mantegazza _h made p sick ( exp]im5ts on animals4 ,! advocates ( ! me?od _h n v mu* to %[ on its behalf2 no bact]iology1 save z a f>-(f vision2 no great discov]ies lately 9 physiology or pa?ology4 ,?irty ye>s ago1 good & true m5 f\ght a way = ! ,act2 & !re are few n[ :o ?9k ! worse ( !m = x1 or grudge !m t victory4 ,b1 ?\gh e?ics may be ! same always1 yet ! argum5ts f !m are n4 ,! e?ical argum5t n[--we try to f9d x1 & x takes all %apes1 & vani%es 9 a cl\d ( f\l language4 ,t text ab\t ! sp>r[s1 :i* is nev] quot$ 9 full2 t fe> ab\t ! vivisection ( hospital pati5ts2 & all t nons5se ab\t moral %r\ds1 & s]p5ts 9 ! des]t1 & develop$ ta/es = blood2 & ,mr4 ,b]n>d ,%aw1 :o on ,may #bbnd1 #aijj1 sugge/s to ! ,national ,society t ! lac]ation ( liv+ fle% quick5s ! blood ( ! vivisector z ! blood ( ! hunt]1 ! debau*ee1 or ! bea/ ( prey is und\bt$ly quick5$ 9 su* ways1#dh & a week lat]1 be=e ! ,london ,society1 dogmatically po/ulates human5ess z a condition ( wor?y p]sonal "*2 & ! lady :o says1 ,oh1 ,ph>isees & hypocrites6 ,oh1 cruel & ru?less egoti/s6 & ! ,fal/aff's army ( ! o/eopa?1 & ! fruit>ian1 & ! anti ?is1 t1 & ! o!r1 :o foll[ ! cause2 & all ^! discordant societies1 & ! begg+ = money--:]e1 9 all ?is confusion1 c we f9d ! e?ical argum5t8 ,m]cy is admirable1 b ,i w wait till m]cy & tru? are met toge!r4 ,let u leave ! societies to _! e?ics1 & see :at !y h to say = !mselves 9 ! l[] realms ( sci5ce4 #dh ,mr4 ,r4 ,b4 ,cunn+hame-,graham's v>iant on ?is !me1 9 ! ,daily ,news1 ,aug4 #bg1 #aijc1 is really too fil?y to be put "h4 ,l ,mr4 ,lora9e1 ,i d>e n produce my brief4 ,i ,fir/1 !re are ! g5]al argum5ts4 ,t exp]im5ts on animals are useless1 or ( v little use2 t !y contradict ea* o!r2 t y _c argue f animals to m51 or f an animal "u exp]im5t to a man n "u exp]im5t2 t ! discov]ies made by ! help ( exp]im5ts on animals might h be5 made z well1 or bett]1 )\t t help2 t ! way to advance m$ic9e & surg]y has be51 & is1 & always w be1 n by exp]im5ts on animals1 b by cl9ical & po/-mortem /udies4 ,^! & ! l argum5ts we may call g5]al2 !y are ! complem5t ( ! horrible /ories & magic-lant]n slides ( ! it9]ant lectur]4 #a4 ,! vague /atem5t t ^! exp]im5ts are ( little use1 may be answ]$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,x does n come well f ^? :o say t ! "q is e?ical1 n utilit>ian2 :o nei!r "k1 nor c>e1 nor are agre$1 :at is ! real value ( ^! exp]im5ts4 ,i *all5ge y1 says "o1 to %[ me :at good !y h done4 ,ano!r says1 ,i admit t !y may p]haps h done a little good2 b s little2 !y are a bad inve/m5t2 y w\ld get a bett] return f o!r me?ods ( "w4 ,ano!r says1 ,i don't c>e :e!r !y h or h n done good2 ?is is a matt] ( consci5ce2 we mu/ n d evil t good may come2 ,i grant all1 or ne>ly all1 y\r in/ances--mal>ia1 & diph!ria1 & c]ebral localisation1 & s =?2 b ! "q is a moral "q1 & we mu/ n inflict pa9 on animals1 save = _! own good4 ,probably ! be/ answ] is1 t good has inde$ come1 & is com+1 & s f> z we c see w come1 out ( ^! exp]im5ts2 t ! in/ances giv5 are inde$ true2 t ^! results 7 won out ( _m failures1 & contradictions1 & fallacies1 & h>k+s-back2 & t !y h /ood ! te/ ( "t1 & w und]lie all bett] results1 all sur] me?ods1 t %all take _! place4 #b4 ,! /atem5t t y _c argue f animals to man is n true4 ,:y %\ld x be8 ,take tub]cle1 tetanus1 or rabies4 ,! tub]cle-bacillus is ! same ?+ 9 a man1 a te/-tube1 or a gu9ea-pig2 ! virus ( rabies is transmitt$ f dogs to m52 oy/]s h>b\r typhoid1 fleas c>ry ! plague1 div]se mosquitoes c>ry mal>ia1 yell[ fev]1 fil>iasis1 & d5gue4 ,take ! circulation ( ! blood1 ! nature & action ( ! motor c5tres ( ! bra91 ! vaso-motor n]ves1 ! excretory organs1 ! contractility ( muscle1 ! blood-*anges 9 respiration--:]e are ! diff]5ces to support ?is /atem5t t y _c argue f animals to m58 #c4 ,! tw9 /atem5ts1 t all ! results got by ! help ( exp]im5ts might h be5 got "s o!r way1 & t cl9ical /udy & po/-mortem /udy are inf9itely m fruitful ?an exp]im5tal /udy1 may be tak5 toge!r4 ,we are told t anybody c\ld h discov]$ ! circulation by inject+ ! vessels ( a dead body4 ,well1 ,malpighi tri$ to discov] ! capill>ies by ?is me?od1 & fail$4 ,we are ask$ to admit t phr5ology1 long be=e physiology1 discov]$ ! tru? ab\t ! surface ( ! bra92 ,i h be5 told1 says ,mr4 ,col]idge at an annual meet+ ( 8 society1 t ! physiologi/s c n[ triumphantly map out ! human bra94 ,i ?9k ! phr5ologi/s h always be5 able to d t1 & :e!r !y or ! vivisectors d x be/ does n mu* matt]4 ,we are told t ! use ( ?yroid extract c\ld h be5 discov]$ "r away by m]e *emi/ry & ?9k+4 ,we he> ( a proposal = a bact]iological laboratory on anti-vivisectioni/ pr9ciples1 :]e no inoculations %all be made4 ,?is argum5t1 t ! :ole ?+ might h be5 done "s o!r way1 mu/ repair its wit1 & f9d bett] in/ances4 ,!n comes ! incessant appeal3 ,/ick to cl9ical "w2 /udy diseases at ! b$side1 9 ! po/-mortem room1 9 ! museum1 any:]e b 9 ! laboratory4 ,! ,hospital taught y to neglect ^! me?ods2 x made exp]im5ts on its pati5ts1 x *eat$ ! public1 x %elt]$ malignant cruelty 9 its mo/ repulsive =m "u illu/ri\s patronage4 ,set aside pa?ology2 j sit by y\r pati5ts long en\gh2 t is ! way ( discov]y4 ,or ! appeal takes ano!r tone3 ,/ick to sanitation4 ,if only ev]ybody 7 heal?y1 ev]ybody w\ld be well4 ,diseases are due to dirt1 to vice1 to ov]cr[d+1 to want ( common-s5se4 ,aboli% all slums1 dis9fect all mank9d1 body & s\l1 make e h\se clean & :olesome1 no bad dra9age1 or v5tilation1 or wat]1 or food4 ,leave y\r torture-*amb]s1 & op5 y\r eyes to ! bless$ tru? t1 if ev]ybody 7 heal?y1 & ev]ybody 7 good1 ev]ybody w\ld be well4 ,:at is ! use ( talk+ 9 ?is way8 ,suppose t all ! physiologi/s sudd5ly ru%$ into practice1 & all ! bact]iologi/s 7 turn$ into m$ical (fic]s ( heal?4 ,:at w\ld be ga9$8 ,:at diff]5ce w\ld x make8 ,! physiologi/s1 ( c\rse1 w\ld m]ely vivisect _! hospital pati5ts2 & ! bact]iologi/s w\ld h>dly feel ! *ange1 = _m ( !m are m$ical (fic]s ( heal? already1 public s]vants1 appo9t$ by ! ,/ate4 ,?is argum5t1 t practice is fruitful ( discov]ies1 & sci5ce is b>r5 ( !m1 rea*es its highe/ absurdity 9 ! ,national ,society's (ficial j\rnal2 :i* praises extravagantly ^? me?ods ( practice :i* 7 n discov]$ by ! help ( exp]im5ts on animals2 praises !m )\t exp]i5ce1 criticism1 or und]/&+4 ,x f9ds a /atem5t1 9 ! ,m$ical ,annual1 t a ye> has pass$ )\t any great improvem5t 9 practice2 & at once x lays ! blame n on practice b on sci5ce4 ,x fights h>d aga9/ a fact :i* began 9 sci5ce1 ?\gh x has be5 prov$ a ?\s& times ov] 9 practice4 ,x accuses ! bact]iologi/s n[ ( c>+ no?+ = human suff]+1 n[ ( ru%+ aft] e new me?od ( treatm5t & flood+ ! m>ket ) drugs4 ,!re is money 9 ! bus9ess--t is ! phrase ( ! ,zoophili/4 ,b !re is money1 also1 9 ! anti-vivisection bus9ess4 ,if y c provide = ! society's future 9 y\r w1 may we beg ( y to d s8 ,if y agree1 pray d x n[1 says ! ,london ,society3 ?is is ! mo/ alive humane organisation 9 ! _w4 ,b ! ,national ,society says1 ,a grave injury is done to ! cause ( m]cy by ! deplorable wa/e ( money sp5t 9 p]fectly unnecess>y (fices & sal>ies4 ,we say t "o (fice w\ld amply suffice = all ! "w1 & t "o (fice w\ld n ne$ half-a-doz5 paid secret>ies4 ,,ii ,let u leave ! g5]al argum5ts & come to ! special argum5ts4 ,"s ( !m are conc]n$ ) ! exp]im5ts !mselves1 "s ) ! m5 :o made !m1 "s ) ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,act4 ,^! special argum5ts mu/ be arrang$ 9 "s sort ( ord]2 b !y cross & recross1 & are ( div]se natures1 & any attempt at /rict arrangem5t w\ld fail4 ,t ! arrangem5t may be useful = imm$iate ref]5ce1 & may help anybody to answ] /atem5ts made at debates & lectures1 a sep>ate head+ has be5 giv5 to ea* argum5t4 ,^? argum5ts are put fir/ :i* are conc]n$ ) ! exp]im5ts !mselves1 or ) ! m5 :o made !m2 aft]w>d come ^? :i* are conc]n$ ) ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,act4 ,,h>vey ,x is p]fectly true1 says ,mr4 ,b]doe1 t ,h>vey aga9 & aga91 9 ! pla9e/ t]ms1 decl>es t 8 exp]im5ts on liv+ animals aid$ him 9 8 discov]ies4 ,i agree "h ) ,mr4 ,b]doe4 ,!n comes ?is s5t5ce3 ,b t is n s important z x appe>s to be4 ,:y n8 ,:at is ga9$ by ?is attempt to expla9 ,h>vey away8 ,dr4 ,b[ie mi/ranslates him2 ,dr4 ,abia?> ,wall half-quotes him2 ,mr4 ,adams says t ,h>vey did n ascribe 8 discov]ies to exp]im5ts on animals2 ,mr4 ,b]doe says t he did2 & ,mr4 ,b]doe's society )draws e pamphlet t involves acceptance ( ,dr4 ,b[ie's mi/ranslation4 ,:y %\ld we take1 on ,h>vey's "w1 any op9ion b t ( ,h>vey8 ,,sir ,,*>les ,,bell ,= ! argum5t f ,sir ,*>les ,bell's words1 & = ! tru? ab\t 8 "w1 see ,"p ,i41 ,*ap4 ,,vii4 ,,c]ebral ,,localisation ,mr4 ,b]doe says t x is pure nons5se to argue f ! motor areas ( a monkey's bra9 to ^? ( a man's bra94 ,:y is x nons5se8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! movem5t ( a gr\p ( muscles 9 a monkey's arm & ! same movem5t ( ! same gr\p ( muscles 9 a man's arm8 ,) a v weak curr5t1 s weak t x is n diffus$ beyond ! area :]e x is appli$1 ! surface ( a monkey's bra9 is /imulat$ at "o spot2 & =?) its opposite arm is flex$1 or its opposite leg is drawn up1 or :atev] ! movem5t may be1 accord+ to ! spot4 ,a man has "s disease1 acute or *ronic1 ( 8 bra92 &1 z ! disease advances1 twit*+s occur 9 "o arm or "o leg1 little irrational useless movem5ts1 or rigidity1 or loss ( p[]1 accord+ to ! case4 ,is x pure nons5se to believe t ! disease has rea*$ a c]ta9 spot on ! surface ( 8 bra98 ,!re is no "q "h ( ! m5tal diff]5ces betwe5 m5 & monkeys2 no "q ( consci\sness or ( w4 ,b ,dr4 ,hollnd]1 :o ?9ks v highly ( ,gall's sy/em ( phr5ology1 says1 ,is ! laboratory-man1 ! exp]im5tal physiologi/1 to tea* u ! m5tal functions ( ! bra9 f 8 exp]im5ts on frogs1 pigeons1 rabbits1 dogs1 cats1 & monkeys8 ,t is ! argum5t2 t we mu/ n comp>e ! monkey's motor areas ) ! man's motor areas1 = we _c f9d ! m9d ( a man 9 ! bra9 ( a frog4 ,b1 putt+ aside phr5ology1 :i* is a brok5 re$ = anti-vivisection to lean on1 :at o!r argum5ts are urg$ aga9/ ! facts ( c]ebral localisation8 ,fir/1 t ! spee*-c5tres 7 discov]$ )\t ! help ( exp]im5ts on animals4 ,t is true2 & !re1 practically1 ! "w ( discov]y /opp$1 till exp]im5ts on animals 7 made4 ,next1 t ! physiologi/s h n always be5 agre$ z to ! facts ( c]ebral localisation2 t ,*>cot d\bt$ !m1 t ,goltz criticis$ ,munk1 & s on4 ,:at is ! date ( ^! d\bts & criticisms8 ,!y are tw5ty ye>s old4 ,next1 t ! surg]y ( ! bra9 (t5 fails to save life4 ,t is true2 & ! anti-vivisection societies make frequ5t use ( ?is fact4 ,b !y are unable to sugge/ any bett] me?od4 ,mr4 ,b]doe tells u t he _c rememb] he>+1 9 8 /ud5t days1 any?+ ab\t bra9-exp]im5ts on animals3-- ,our "w 0 to obs]ve z closely z possible ! symptoms & physical signs exhibit$ by pati5ts 9 ! hospital w>ds :o suff]$ f any =m ( n]ve or bra9 disease1 & hav+ c>efully not$ !m 9 our case-books1 to avail ourselves1 :5 ! pati5t di$1 ( any opportunity t 0 (f]$ u 9 ! po/-mortem ( correct+ our diagnosis4 ,t is an exact picture ( ! /ate ( ?+s ?irty ye>s ago2 ! /ud5t tak+ notes1 wait+ = ! po/-mortem exam9ation1 !n correct+ 8 notes !re1 etc4 ,e case ( bra9-tum\r 9 ^? days di$1 b _m are sav$ n[2 & e case ( bra9-abscess 9 ^? days di$ 7"o or two 7 sav$ by a sort ( miracle ( surgical audacity72 b _m are sav$ n[4 ,,antitox9s ,,& ,,c>bolic ,,acid ,x is said by oppon5ts ( exp]im5ts on animals1 t ! active pr9ciple1 9 antitox91 is n ! antitox91 b ! c>bolic acid :i* is add$ to x4 ,!y take ?is /atem5t f ! ,m$ical ,brief2 & we h le>n$ some?+ ( ! /yle ( t j\rnal4 ,"h is a s5t5ce f ! (ficial j\rnal ( ! ,national ,society3-- ,! ,m$ical ,brief calls antitox9 '! fraud ( ! age1' & says3 ,w\ld t physicians c\ld all realise ! hide\s horror ( us+ ?is na/y /uff z a rem$ial ag5t4 ,x w\ld be no?+ less ?an gh\li%ness to inject ! matt] f an abscess into a *ild's arm1 yet antitox9 is n mu* bett]2 x is ! decompos+ fluid f a diseas$ horse1 p>tially neutralis$ by c>bolic acid4 ,= a comm5t>y on ?is s5t5ce1 take ! foll[+ lett] f an em95t bact]iologi/3-- ,z reg>ds diph!ria antitox91 ! addition ( an antiseptic is by no means necess>y or univ]sal4 ,= fully two ye>s ,i add$ none to ! s]um :i* ,i prep>$1 b cont5t$ myself ) filtration ?r\gh a ,kieselguhr filt]1 & bottl+ "u aseptic conditions4 ,at "o "t ,r\x us$ to put a small piece ( camphor 9 ea* bottle z "s sort ( safegu>d aga9/ putrefaction4 ,n[adays ,i believe t mo/ mak]s pres]ve _! s]a by add+ a trace ( trikresol--,i am n q sure ( ! am\nt1 b x is ei!r 4#jd p] c5t4 or 4#jjd p] c5t46 ,b x is probable t ! ,zoophili/ w /ill accept ! au?ority ( ! ,m$ical ,brief4 ,baccelli got good results1 9 tetanus1 f ! adm9i/ration ( c>bolic acid2 !re=e1 9 diph!ria1 ! good results f diph!ria-antitox9 are due to ! c>bolic acid 9 x4 ,t is ! argum5t4 ,b !re is no c>bolic acid 9 x8 ,oh1 !n ! pati5t got well ( himself1 ! treatm5t didn't kill him1 x 0 n diph!ria aft] all1 ! disease has alt]$ its type lately1 he 0 well nurs$1 ! back ( 8 ?roat 0 pa9t$ ) some?+1 ! doctor got half-a-cr[n by call+ x diph!ria1 ! bacillus diph!ri may be f\nd 9 heal?y m\?s1 & all bact]iology is base & blatant mat]ialism4 ,,! ,,argum5t ,,f ,,! ,,dea?-,,rate ,!re is ano!r argum5t aga9/ diph!ria-antitox92 we may call x1 = brevity1 ! dea?-rate argum5t4 ,x is ?is4 ,! doctors say t ! antitox9 does save lives2 !y give u /ati/ics f e "p ( ! _w4 ,b1 if x saves lives1 !n ! total mortality ought to g d[n4 ,b ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al's returns d n g d[n2 inde$1 !y t5d to g up4 ,!re=e diph!ria-antitox9 is useless1 or worse ?an useless4 ,by ?is k9d ( logic1 umbrellas are useless4 ,if !y 7 useful1 !n ! m umbrellas !re 71 ! less ra9 !re w\ld be4 ,b ! increase 9 umbrellas co9cides ) a positive increase ( ra94 ,!re=e umbrellas are useless1 or worse ?an useless4 ,despite ! absurdity ( ?is argum5t1 ,mr4 ,col]idge & ,mr4 ,som]ville ,wood1 ! ,national ,society's lectur]1 h work$ h>d ) x2 ,mr4 ,col]idge 9 ! press1 ,mr4 ,wood on ! plat=m4 ,surely ?is confusion betwe5 ! total mortality & ! case-mortality ( an epidemic disease is a v s]i\s (f5ce4 ,t !re may be no d\bt ( ! confusion1 let u consid] a set ( quotations1 out ( a correspond5ce publi%$ 9 ,septemb]-,octob] #aijb1 betwe5 ,g4 ,p41 ^: initials we may take to mean g5]al practition]1 & ,mr4 ,som]ville ,wood4 ,?is correspond5ce is a good in/ance ( ! argum5t 9 its usual =m3-- ,g4 ,p43 ,! antitox9 treatm5t ( diph!ria has less5$ ! mortality f t disease by ne>ly #ej p] c5t4 ,9 ! hospitals ( ! ,metropolitan ,asylums ,bo>d ! av]age case-mortality = ! la/ five ye>s ( ! pre-antitox9 p]iod1 i4e4 previ\s to #ahie1 0 #cj4f2 t = #ahie & ! successive f\r ye>s 0 #ah4a1 ! successive figures be+ #bb4h1 #ba4b1 #ag4g1 #ae4d1 & #ac4f1 ! mortality /eadily fall+ ) increas$ famili>ity ) ! use ( ! rem$y4 ,?is has n be5 ! result ( a dim9i%$ virul5ce ( ! disease1 z simil> exp]i5ce has be5 ga9$ all ov] ! _w4 ,! figures = ,*icago are ev5 m /rik+1 z ! av]ages are #ce4j & #f4gi = ! pre-& ! po/-antitox9 p]iods respectively4 ,mr4 ,,wood3 ,n[adays1 almo/ e sore ?roat is call$ diph!ritic1 antitox9 is giv51 & wond]ful /ati/ics are =mulat$ to bol/] up ! late/ m$ical craze4 ,! real te/ is :e!r ! introduction ( antitox9 has l[]$ ! dea?-rate g5]ally f diph!ria4 ,"h are ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al's figures3 ,9 #ahhg1 ! dea?-rate f diph!ria p] million p]sons 9 ?is c\ntry 0 #adj4 ,9 #ahig1 aft] ! treatm5t _h be5 us$ sev]al ye>s1 ! dea?-rate f ?is disease increas$ to #bdf p] million4 ,g4 ,p43 ,mr4 ,wood's /ati/ics d n vitiate my argum5t 9 ! v slighte/4 ,8 select$ figures1 us+ ! l[e/ rate s9ce #ahha1 m]ely %[ t diph!ria z a :ole 0 m preval5t 9 #ahig ?an 9 #ahhg4 ,he _c & does n attack ! /atem5t t ! case-mortality has be5 less5$ :]e antitox9 has be5 us$1 & 8 te/ is no te/ at all4 ,mr4 ,,wood3 ,let me give ! annual dea?-rate f diph!ria to a million liv+ p]sons f #ahha to #aijj1 tak5 f ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al's returns4 7,gives !m47 ,g4 ,p43 ,"o la/ ^w 9 answ] to ,mr4 ,wood4 ,i repeat t 8 figures %[ no?+ m ?an ! accept$ fact t diph!ria z a :ole has be5 increas+ = ! la/ #cj ye>s4 ,?is has no be>+ at all on ! also accept$ fact t :]e antitox9 is us$ ! mortality is less5$1 & ,mr4 ,wood has n1 9 fact1 d5i$ ?is4 ,8 confusion ( total mortality & case-mortality only %[s t he does n und]/& ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( /ati/ics4 ,a few weeks lat]1 at ! ,b\rnbrook & ,selly ,oak ,social ,club1 ,mr4 ,wood gives 8 ?rill+ lecture1 ) lant]n views1 ,beh9d ! ,clos$ ,doors ( ! ,laboratory3 "o ( 8 /ock lectures4 ,9 x1 he says3-- ,! pro( ( ! pudd+ 0 9 ! eat+4 ,9 #ahha ! dea?-rate f diph!ria 0 #abg p] million2 9 #aijj x 0 #bij p] million4 ,he _h b to /ate t ! antitox9 treatm5t 0 introduc$ ab\t #ahid4 ,f\r days lat]1 at an ov]fl[+ly-att5d$ ,citiz5 ,social at ,birk5head3-- ,! pro( ( ! pudd+ lay 9 ! eat+4 ,9 #ahha 9 ea* million ( ! population #aba p]sons di$ f diph!ria1 :ile 9 #aijj ! mortality f ! same disease 0 #bij p]sons 9 ea* million ( ! population1 & ! antitox9 treatm5t 0 introduc$ 9 #ahid4 ,a few weeks lat]1 at ,ipswi*1 ! same ?+4 ,?is "t1 he is *all5g$ by lett]s 9 ! ,ea/ ,anglian ,daily ,times1 & aga9 quotes ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al4 ,a few weeks lat]1 at ! ,hyde ,lab\r ,*ur*3 ! ,clos$ ,doors ( ! ,laboratory aga93-- ,he f\nd f ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al's returns t ! dea?-rate _h gone up 9 cases 9 :i* !y 7 told t wond]ful ?+s _h be5 done by exp]im5ts on liv+ animals4 ,if a l[] dea?-rate c\ld be %[n1 !n ! vivisectioni/s might h some?+ to g ^u2 b !y c\ld n %[ a l[] dea?-rate4 ,t 0 9 ,janu>y #aijc4 ,9 ,decemb] #aijc1 ,mr4 ,wood is /ill us+ ! same argum5t2 ?is "t x is a lecture at ,a%ton on ,vivisection & ! ,hospitals3 ,aga9 & aga9 _h !y defi$ ! s-call$ sci5tific _w to put _! f+] on ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al's returns1 & %[ !m a s+le in/ance :]e ! dea?-rate _h be5 l[]$ by vivisection1 & !y _h n be5 able to d x4 ,on ! contr>y1 he f\nd t ! dea?-rate _h gone up 9 ! la/ #bj ye>s1 despite ! ?\s&s ( animals t _h be5 exp]im5t$ ^u4 ,! dea?-rate 9 diph!ria 0 #ajj p] million m ?an x 0 9 #ahgh4 ,mr4 ,wood 9 ! prov9ces1 & ,mr4 ,col]idge 9 ! pap]s1 h us$ ?is argum5t h>d4 ,let u look at x well4 ,x has be5 refut$ aga9 & aga94 ,take a ?\s& cases ( diph!ria f any civilis$ "p ( ! _w1 9 ! days be=e antitox92 h[ _m ( !m di$8 ,take a ?\s& cases n[1 treat$ ) antitox92 h[ _m ( !m die8 ,:y d ,mr4 ,wood & ,mr4 ,col]idge run away f t easy "q8 ,!re is no?+ unfair 9 x2 !y h all ! reports be=e !m2 !y "k ! facts well4 ,we d n f9d any evid5ce t !y are will+ to ackn[l$ge ! tru? ( ^? facts4 ,foll[ ,mr4 ,som]ville ,wood1 f place to place1 ) 8 magic-lant]n & 8 /ock ( lectures4 ,! lant]n-pictures are _m ( !m tak5 f =eign s\rces1 & "s ( !m are ( great age2 b !y include a portrait ( ,mr4 ,col]idge1 & "s comic slides to be %[n at ! end ( ! lecture1 rabbits vivisect+ a pr(essor1 & s =?4 ,c]ta9ly1 he works h>d2 #ie lectures 9 "o ye>2 we _c bett] employ ! funds at our disposal ?an 9 s5d+ well-in=m$ lectur]s to e city 9 ! k+dom to r\se ! j indignation ( ! p4 ,! ye> aft] t1 #gd lectures2 on two occasions he has spok5 :5 unsupport$ to ov] #ajjj p1 & an audi5ce ( sev]al hundr$s is q ! rule4 ,"h he is at ,w9dsor1 ) ,bi%op ,b>ry 9 ! *air1 & he says to !m3-- ,unhappily1 ,pa/eur left 8 microscope & *emicals & took up ! vivisectioni/'s knife4 ,9 t he got utt]ly a/ray & became no?+ m ?an a m]e quack4 ,"h1 ) a diff]5t audi5ce1 at ! ,me*anics' ,lecture ,hall1 ,nott+ham1 giv+ 8 lant]n-lecture on ,pa/eurism to a mo/ respectable audi5ce ( work+ m51 _! wives1 sons1 & daught]s1 & 9 _m cases *ildr54 ,! !sis he set out to elaborate & ma9ta9 0 t ,pa/eurism produces hydrophobia r ?an cures x2 t vivisection "u any circum/ances is bo? cruel & immoral2 & t ) special ref]5ce to bact]ial toxicology & ! treatm5t by inoculation1 ! prep>ation ( tox9s by ! ,pa/eur me?ods 0 ! mo/ horrible =m ( repulsive quack]y & hide\s cruelty4 ,"h he is at ,birm+ham1 ask+ = money1 & h9t+ t1 unless all exp]im5ts on animals are /opp$1 ! poor w be ! ultimate victims4 ,"h1 at ,gl\ce/]1 say+ t x is silly to exp]im5t at all1 & t he is n go+ to take 8 views z to "r & wrong f any man ( sci5ce1 h[ev] le>n$ he may be4 ,"h1 at ,ed9burgh1 ) ! ,clos$ ,doors aga91 & ! picture ( ! rabbit roa/$ alive3 ?ree gra9s ( opium1 he tells !m1 w\ld be en\gh to kill ! /ronge/ navvy 9 ,ed9burgh1 b #af gra9s c be adm9i/]$ to a pigeon2 & ! dea?-rate has gone up e ye> 9 spite ( vivisection4 ,"h1 at a draw+-room meet+1 ask+ = money2 "h1 at a g>d5 p>ty1 ) a consid]able numb] ( p]sons rang+ !mselves on ! grass1 & he tells !m t !y h on _! side all t is be/ 9 e dep>tm5t ( public life2 "h1 at ,blackburn1 ) ! ,clos$ ,doors aga91 call+ ! law a %am & a f>ce2 "h1 at ,*elt5ham1 ) ,bi%op ,mit*9son 9 ! *air1 /ill quot+ ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al1 & say+ t he does n ?9k ! outlook 0 ev] m promis+ ?an x is to-day4 ,all ov] ! k+dom1 he & 8 magic-lant]n1 ye> aft] ye>1 goes ,mr4 ,wood4 ,he is a flu5t speak]2 he has ?+s 9 8 pocket2 !y are br\ght out1 if y contradict him2 or he *all5ges y1 or expla9s y away1 or says t y are n q play+ ! game4 ,let him alone2 to-morr[ he w pack up 8 lant]n1 & be gone4 ,mr4 ,col]idge1 9 8 use ( ! dea?-rate argum5t1 c>ries x ev5 fur!r ?an ,mr4 ,wood2 = he applies x ov] a wid] range4 ,look at myxo$ema1 he says2 ! doctors tell u t !y c cure x ) ?yroid extract1 & t ! use ( ?yroid extract 0 discov]$ by ! help ( exp]im5ts on animals4 ,v good4 ,myxo$ema is due to "s fault 9 ! ?yroid gl&4 ,v good4 ,b "h are ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al's returns ( ! annual dea?-rate = all diseases ( t gl&4 ,see1 ! dea?-rate has gone up1 /eadily1 dur+ ! la/ #bj ye>s4 ,0 !re ev] su* an argum5t8 ,x is only ( late ye>s t myxo$ema has be5 g5]ally recognis$4 ,till x 0 recognis$1 x 0 n diagnos$2 till x 0 diagnos$1 x 0 n return$ z a cause ( dea?4 ,aga91 !re are _m o!r diseases ( ! ?yroid gl&1 includ+ v>i\s =ms ( malignant disease4 ,x is canc] ( ! ?yroid gl& t decides ! dea?-rate4 ,! numb] ( dea?s f myxo$ema1 especially s9ce ! discov]y ( ?yroid extract1 mu/ be small inde$4 ,moreov]1 ap>t f ,mr4 ,col]idge's fallacy ( argum5t1 x is impossible to see h[ he c really d\bt ! efficacy ( ! ?yroid treatm5t1 bo? 9 myxo$ema & 9 sporadic cret9ism4 ,aga91 ,look at ! diseases ( ! circulation1 he says4 ,! doctors say t digitalis & nitrite ( amyl act on ! he>t2 & t ! action ( ^! drugs 0 discov]$ by ! help ( exp]im5ts on animals4 ,v good4 ,! he>t is conc]n$ ) ! circulation4 ,v good4 ,b "h are ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al's returns ( ! annual dea?-rate = all diseases ( ! circulation4 ,see h[ x has gone up1 f #acga p] million p]sons 9 #ahha to #agji 9 #aijj4 ,!re=e1 ei!r ^! two drugs are nev] us$1 or !y are useless1 or ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al's returns are false4 ,x is impossible to und]/& h[ ,mr4 ,col]idge c\ld br+ himself to write ?us4 ,digitalis has a c]ta9 effect on ! he>t-beat2 nitrite ( amyl dim9i%es art]ial t5sion4 ,! ,regi/r>-,g5]al's returns = all diseases ( ! circulation include e sort & k9d ( organic disease ( ! valves ( ! he>t2 include also p]ic>ditis1 aneurism1 s5ile gangr5e1 embolism1 phlebitis1 v>icose ve9s1 & #ce1dii dea?s f o!r & undef9$ diseases ( he>t or circulatory sy/em4 ,,rabies ,= rabies1 ,mr4 ,b]doe praises ! ,buisson ,ba? ,treatm5t = ! ,prev5tion & ,cure ( ,hydrophobia4 ,! virtues ( ?is treatm5t are proclaim$ by ! ,*airman ( ! ,can9e ,def5ce ,league1 ,f4 ,e4 ,pirkis1 ,esq41 ,r4,n41 ( ,nutfield1 ,surrey1 & x is f\nd$1 we are told1 on ! simple common-s5se pr9ciple t if poison is inject$ into a p]son's ve9s ! be/ ?+ to d is to get x out z quickly z possible4 ,?is s5t5ce1 & ! ref]5ce to ,mr4 ,pirkis = fur!r p>ticul>s1 & ! fact t !re is1 or 01 a ,buisson ,ba? at ! ,national ,anti-vivisection ,hospital1 br+ u to ! "q1 ,:at is ! value ( ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ?is treatm5t8 ,mr4 ,b]doe1 9 8 ,cate*ism ( ,vivisection 7#aijc71 gives ?is evid5ce at consid]able l5g?4 ,! treatm5t1 he says1 is simplicity itself4 ,x is m]ely ! use ( ! vap\r ba?1 :i* causes a free action ( ! sk9 to be set up1 ?is draws ! blood to ! surface ( ! body1 & s relieves ! conge/ion ( ! int]nal organs4 ,let u consid] ?is s5t5ce4 7#a47 ,suppose t ,x---- 7 bitt5 by a mad dog1 say on ,m>* #a/1 & on ,m>* #h? he took a c\rse ( ,buisson ,ba?s1 = safety's sake4 ,!re w\ld be no conge/ion1 at t p]iod1 ( 8 int]nal organs2 :at w\ld be ! good ( draw+ ! blood to ! surface ( 8 body8 ,mr4 ,pirkis says t !re w\ld be poison 9 8 ve9s2 x w\ld be a v subtle poison4 ,h[ c ,mr4 ,pirkis tell t x is all 9 8 ve9s & none ( x else:]e8 ,aga91 ,x---- w\ld be feel+ p]fectly well4 ,h[ w\ld a vap\r-ba? get ?is poison out ( 8 ve9s8 ,x c\ld n d x by reliev+ ! conge/ion ( 8 int]nal organs1 = !y w\ld n be conge/$4 ,h[ w\ld x d x8 ,& h[ w\ld ,mr4 ,pirkis "k :5 x _h done x8 7#b47 ,suppose t ,x---- 7 bitt5 by a mad dog1 &1 9 due "t1 7 seiz$ by hydrophobia4 ,has ,mr4 ,pirkis ev] se5 a case ( t disease--ev] se5 a case ( hydrophobia8 ,are !y go+ to tie ,x---- d[n1 or /eam him "u *lor(orm1 or :at8 ,& h[ _m ba?s w\ld he want8 ,b !re are cases2 !re is evid5ce2 a mass ( cures 9 ,asia4 ,let u look at !m2 & let u divide !m into cases ( prev5tion & cases ( cure4 ,let u take1 fir/1 ! cases ( cure4 ,!re are five ( ^!4 ,five1 & no m4 ,"o is ,dr4 ,buisson2 cur$ by "o ba?1 :ile he 0 try+ to commit suicide2 no?+ said ab\t ! dog4 ,"o is a case at ,kis*9eff1 ne> ,odessa1 #ah ye>s ago2 no evid5ce is giv5 t ! dog 0 rabid4 ,"o is a case at ,arl+ton1 ,new ,j]sey1 #ah ye>s ago2 no evid5ce is giv5 t ! dog 0 rabid4 ,"o is ! case ( ,paul9e ,kiehl2 no date2 no ref]5ce to say :]e ! case is publi%$2 no acc\nt ( h] symptoms4 ,& "o is a case at ! ,jaffna ,hospital1 ,ceylon2 no date2 & no?+ said ab\t ! dog4 ,( ^! five cases1 ?ree 7 a boy1 a lad1 & a little girl2 b _! ages are n giv54 ,five cases 9 #bj ye>s2 !y hail f all p>ts ( ! _w1 ,france1 ,russia1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,ceylon1 & ,france aga92 ?ree ( !m happ5$ #ah ye>s ago1 or m4 ,&1 we may be c]ta91 n "o ( !m is g5u9e4 ,spuri\s hydrophobia1 ! simulation ( ! disease out ( %e] t]ror ( x1 z 9 ,dr4 ,buisson's case1 is well kn[n4 ,n[ we come to ! cases ( prev5tion4 ,ov] #hj ( !m1 we are told2 b sev5 are especially not$4 ,f\r 9 #ahie1 "u ! c>e ( ,dr4 ,ganguli ( ,d9ajpur2 two 9 #ahif1 "u ! c>e ( ,dr4 ,dass ( ,n>a+anj2 & "o 9 #ahif1 ,mr4 ,kotwal ( ,basse94 ,( ?is mass ( cures 9 ,asia1 we all "k :at w\ld h be5 said if ,pa/eur _h be5 9 *>ge ( !m2 t ! dogs 7 n rabid1 t ! bites 7 n infect$1 t ! wond] is t ! poor delud$ victims 7 n add$ to ,pa/eur's hecatomb4 ,next1 :at does ,mr4 ,b]doe say ( ! division ( all pati5ts at ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute into classes ,a1 ,b1 & ,c8 ,does he admit t a dog is prov$ to h be5 rabid1 if a m9ute portion ( its n]v\s tissue1 tak5 f x aft] dea?1 & put into a rabbit1 causes ! rabbit to h p>alytic rabies8 ,no2 !re are /ill two ?+s left = him to say3-- #a4 ,he says1 on ! au?ority ( ! ,vet]9>y ,record ( t5 ye>s ago1 t ! dea? ( a rabbit ) c]ebral symptoms is n a positive indication ( dea? f rabies4 #b4 ,he says t ,vulpian discov]$ t heal?y human saliva 0 poison\s to rabbits1 & t x conta9$ a micro-organism :i* ,pa/eur _h also f\nd 9 ! saliva ( a rabid pati5t4 ,:at does ?is /atem5t prove or disprove8 ,x is tw5ty-five ye>s old2 b ,mr4 ,som]ville ,wood1 n long ago1 us$ x at a debat+ society ) great f]v\r4 ,also ,mr4 ,b]doe quotes ! late ,m4 ,pet]1 ,dr4 ,lutaud's =]unn]2 quotes an obit] dictum ( ,pr(essor ,billro?1 b )\t any date2 tells u t ,pa/eur himself1 9 a lett]1 ref]r+ to "o p>ticul> case1 decl>$ caut]isation to be a suffici5t prev5tive1 b does n tell u ! date ( ! lett]1 or ! facts ( ! case2 & quotes a dea?-rate1 b /ops at #ahij4 ,( c\rse1 any me?od ( treatm5t1 if y ransack its records ov] a suffici5t numb] ( ye>s1 w %[1 n[ & aga91 failures or disa/]s4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ^? me?ods ( light-treatm5t1 :i* ,mr4 ,b]doe praises s highly4 ,!y h _h _m failures1 & "o or two disa/]s4 ,if !y _h be5 discov]$ by ! help ( exp]im5ts on animals1 we might h _h a pamphlet f ! ,national ,society1 ,! ,ro5tg5 ,cure3 its li/ ( ,victims4 ,,c]tificate ,a ,,& ,,c]tificate ,b ,frequ5t use has be5 made ( "s words spok5 by ! ,home ,secret>y 9 ,p>liam5t1 on ,july #bd?1 #ahii4 ,he 0 ask$ :e!r he w\ld /ate :at rules 7 laid d[n ) reg>d to ! grant+ or sign+ ( c]tificates disp5s+ ) ! use ( an/hetics 9 exp]im5ts on animals2 & :e!r !re 0 any limit to ! numb] ( su* c]tificates :i* "o p]son might sign1 or to ! numb] ( exp]im5ts ^u diff]5t animals :i* might be p]=m$ by ! p]son hold+ "o su* c]tificate4 ,!re c be no d\bt z to ! mean+ ( ^! que/ions4 ,c]tificate ,a1 :i* is grant$ only = inoculation exp]im5ts or simil> proce$+s1 & nev] = any s]i\s cutt+ op]ation1 disp5ses :olly ) an/hetics4 ,c]tificate ,b1 :i* is grant$ = any k9d ( op]ation plus obs]vation ( ! animal aft] op]ation1 disp5ses p>tly ) an/hetics2 t is to say1 ! op]ation is done "u an an/hetic1 & ! subsequ5t obs]vation ( ! animal1 :i* is c\nt$ z "p ( ! exp]im5t1 is made )\t an an/hetic4 ,! que/ions come to ?is3 ,:5 ! ,home ,(fice grants ,c]tificate ,a1 or ,c]tificate ,b1 :at precautions does x take aga9/ any abuse ( ^! c]tificates1 & :at re/rictions does x impose on !m8 ,! ,home ,secret>y answ]$3 ,x is ! practice ( ! ,home ,(fice1 9 addition to ! fact t all c]tificates expire on ,decemb] #ca/ ( ! ye> 9 :i* !y are grant$1 to limit ! numb]1 & ?is is always done 9 ! case ( s]i\s exp]im5ts 9 :i* ! use ( an/hetics is :olly or p>tly disp5s$ )4 ,! ,times says t ! ,home ,secret>y said s]i\s exp]im5ts4 ,mr4 ,col]idge says t ,hans>d says t ! ,home ,secret>y said s]i\s op]ations4 ,we ne$ n d\bt t ,mr4 ,col]idge is "r2 b we may d\bt :e!r ,hans>d und]l9es ! ^w :olly1 z ,mr4 ,col]idge does4 ,anyh[1 x does n matt] n[ :e!r ! ,home ,secret>y1 sev5 ye>s ago1 said exp]im5ts or op]ations4 ,8 mean+ is cle> en\gh2 t1 9 all s]i\s proc$ures1 :e!r !y be "u ,c]tificate ,a or "u ,c]tificate ,b1 a limit is put to ! numb] ( exp]im5ts4 ,:i* is ! pla9 tru?1 z ev]ybody kn[s :o is conc]n$ 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,act2 & ! limit may be v /rict inde$4 ,aft] ?is /atem5t by ! ,home ,secret>y 9 #ahii1 we /ill f9d ,dr4 ,abia?> ,wall1 ! ,hon4 ,treasur] ( ! ,london ,anti-vivisection ,society1 say+ 9 #aijj t a vivisector has only to say t he has a !ory :]eby he hopes to discov] a cure =1 say1 neuralgia ( ! little f+]1 & ! ,home ,secret>y promptly arms him ) a lic5se to torture z diabolically z he pleases & z _m animals z he deems fit4 ,& ! ,national ,society has made con/ant use ( ?is phrase ab\t s]i\s exp]im5ts2 decl>+ t ! ,home ,secret>y himself has said t animals are tortur$ "u ! ,act4 ,"h are ?ree /atem5ts to t effect1 made by ! ,national ,society's ,p>liam5t>y ,secret>y1 by its ,lectur]1 & by its ,hon4 ,secret>y3-- #a4 7,annual ,meet+1 ,que5's ,hall1 ,may #aijj47--;,if y are /ill unconv9c$--if any "o is n ?or\ghly satisfi$ t !re is ample cause = ! anti-vivisectioni/ movem5t to-day--x is only necess>y = me to ref] y to ! words ( ! ,home ,secret>y1 z spok5 9 ,p>liam5t1 9 ! ye> #ahih4di ,he said3 ',!re are s]i\s op]ations :i* are p]=m$1 dur+ :i* ! use ( an/hetics is :olly or p>tially disp5s$ )4' ,c\ld !re be any m sweep+ indictm5t ?an t8 ,is !re any ne$ = me to attempt to conv9ce y t ! l[] animals are vivisect$ pa9fully1 aft] ! words (ficially spok5 by ! ,home ,secret>y 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons8 #b4 ,if y want any fur!r pro( ,i w quote f ,hans>d1 ,july #bd?1 #ahii1 :5 ! !n ,home ,secret>y /at$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons t s]i\s exp]im5ts take place "u ! law ( ,engl&1 9 :i* ! use ( an/hetics is :olly or p>tially disp5s$ )4 ,n[1 ,i affirm t s]i\s exp]im5ts 9 :i* an/hetics are :olly or p>tially disp5s$ ) mean torture pure & simple4 #c4 7,annual ,meet+1 ,/4 ,james's ,hall1 ,may #aija47--;,if ?is 7 n en\gh1 ! late ,home ,secret>y has told u ! facts4 ,i h ,hans>d "h4 ,on ,july #bd?1 #ahii1 ! late ,home ,secret>y 9 8 place 9 ,p>liam5t1 & 9 8 (ficial capacity z ,home ,secret>y1 told u t 's]i\s exp]im5ts1 9 :i* ! use ( an/hetics h be5 :olly or p>tially disp5s$ )1' d take place 9 ,engli% laboratories4 ,we "k1 !re=e1 t torture does take place4 #di ,?is %\ld be #ahii4 ,ea* ( ! ?ree speak]s uses ?is phrase z a f9al & irresi/ible argum5t4 ,if y are /ill unconv9c$4 ,if y want any fur!r pro(4 ,if ?is 7 n en\gh--!y all ( !m play ! ,home ,secret>y1 z a sure c>d3 at ,que5's ,hall1 at ,/4 ,james's ,hall1 !y produce him z ?\gh x 7 inde$ unansw]able4 ,s9ce !y are will+ to g back to ,july1 let u take !m back to ,may4 ,?is phrase ab\t s]i\s exp]im5ts 0 spok5 on ,july #bd?1 #ahii4 ,on ,may #i? ( t ye>1 a "q 0 put & answ]$ 9 ! ,h\se4 ,x 0 put by ! same g5tleman :o put ! "q 9 ,july2 x 0 answ]$ by ! same ,home ,secret>y2 & x 0 practically ! same "q4 ,! ,home ,secret>y1 9 8 answ] to x1 said3-- ,! sole use ( ?is ,c]tificate 7,b7 is to au?orise ! keep+ alive ( ! animal1 aft] ! influ5ce ( ! an/hetic has pass$ (f1 = ! purpose ( obs]vation & /udy4 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly n all[ any c]tificate involv+ dissections or pa9ful op]ations )\t ! fre% use ( an/hetics4 ,"h1 9 ,may #ahii1 we h ?is emphatic /atem5t1 t ,c]tificate ,b is n all[$ = s]i\s op]ations )\t an/hetics4 ,:y did ! ,national ,society /op at ,july8 ,if x _h only gone a few weeks fur!r back1 a surprise 0 9 /ore = x4 ,b at ,july x /uck2 ?us x 0 /ill able to say all sorts ( ?+s ab\t legalis$ torture4 ,s late z ,may #f?1 #aijb1 at ! great annual meet+ at ,/4 ,james's ,hall1 ! ,rev4 ,reg9ald ,talbot said3-- ,c]tificate ,b makes x necess>y t ! op]ator %\ld produce complete an/hesia dur+ ! initial op]ation1 b 7please m>k ?is7 aft] ! initial op]ation is ov]1 aft] ! animal has return$ to ! /ate ( semi or complete consci\sness1 !re is !n all[$ by ?is c]tificate a p]iod ( obs]vation ^u a semi-s5sible or completely s5sible animal4 ,! animal is op5$1 is disemb[ell$1 & 9 t condition 8 vital organs c be prob$ & /imulat$4 ,n[ t is some?+ m ?an pa92 x des]ves some?+ m ?an ! "n ( ev5 sev]e & prolong$ pa94 ,surely ?is comes )9 ! tract & region ( :at we may call agony4 ,z = ,c]tificate ,a1 ! inoculations-c]tificate1 :i* is us$ = inoculations only1 & !re=e is grant$ = n9e exp]im5ts out ( e t51 he said3-- ,!re is a ,c]tificate ,a1 :i*1 if x 7 grant$1 & :5 x is grant$--& pray y m>k my words1 = ,i "k :at ,i am speak+ ab\t1 & ,i want y to "k too--w\ld all[ major op]ations to be p]=m$ ^u animals1 cats1 dogs1 or any o!r animals1 )\t ! use ( any an/hetic at all4 ,i "k q well t t c]tificate has n be5 appli$ =1 or has n be5 grant$ ?is la/ ye>1 or1 s f> z ,i "k1 9 any previ\s ye>1 b ,i say ?is1 c4 ,x is impossible to und]/& ^! words4 ,c]tificate ,a is nev] grant$ = major op]ations4 ,x is nev] grant$ 7save 9 conjunction ) ano!r c]tificate7 = any sort or k9d ( exp]im5t on a cat or a dog1 or a horse1 or an ass1 or a mule4 ,x is m 9 use ?an all ! o!r c]tificates put toge!r2 x cov]s n9e exp]im5ts out ( e t54 ,we %all try 9 va9 to guess h[ ?is mi/ake arose 9 ! speak]'s m9d4 ,b1 at ! great annual meet+ ( ! *ief ( all ! anti-vivisection societies1 x is /range inde$ t nobody seems to h correct$ him4 ,?is description ( a c]tificate :i* does n exi/--,i "k :at ,i am speak+ ab\t1 he says1 & ,i want y to "k too--0 applaud$ by an audi5ce t fill$ ! :ole hall4 ,nobody on ! plat=m put him "r4 ,&1 9 ! next numb] ( its (ficial j\rnal1 ! ,national ,society report$ e ^w ( 8 spee*1 & said t he _h analys$ ! ,act & its adm9i/ration 9 a /rik+ & p[]ful mann]4 ,,cur>e ,cur>e1 says ,mr4 ,b]doe1 p>alyses ! p]iph]al ends ( motor n]ves1 ev5 :5 giv5 9 v m9ute doses4 ,t is to say1 x prev5ts all volunt>y motion4 ,!n comes ?is frank admission1 ,l>ge doses p>alyse ! vagus n]ve & ! ends ( s5sory n]ves4 ,t is to say1 x c be pu%$1 "u artificial respiration1 till x p>alyses s5sation4 ,) small doses1 ! ends ( ! motor n]ves lose t\* ) ! volunt>y muscles4 ,) l>ge doses1 "u artificial respiration1 ! ends ( ! s5sory n]ves lose t\* ) ! bra94 ,let u agree ) ,mr4 ,b]doe t cur>e does act 9 ?is way2 t x does n height5 s5sation1 & has no effect1 save 9 v l>ge doses1 on s5sation1 & !n aboli%es s5sation4 ,only1 ( c\rse1 to procure ?is an/hetic effect1 ! animal may h to be subject$ to artificial respiration4 7,! evid5ce z to ! action ( cur>e on ! s5sory n]ves re/s n on ! case ( accid5tal poison+ record$ by ,mr4 ,:ite1 ?\gh t case does po9t t way1 b on ,s*iff's exp]im5ts on ! local exclusion ( ! poison f "o leg ( ! frog by ligature ( an art]y47 ,?is1 surely1 is a true def9ition ( cur>e1 t x is a pa9less poison1 :i* 9 small doses prev5ts ! transmission ( motor impulses2 &1 9 l>ge doses1 :i* may necessitate ! use ( artificial respiration1 prev5ts ! transmission ( s5sory impulses4 ,mr4 ,b]doe c h>dly refuse to accept ?is def9ition2 inde$1 x is 8 own4 ,&1 c]ta9ly1 he w\ld be a bold man :o said t a small dose ( cur>e has any effect on s5sation2 or t ! exact /r5g? ( any "o specim5 ( cur>e is /&>dis$ z a supply ( antitox9 is /&>dis$4 ,n[ we h a p]fect "r to take a practical view ( cur>e4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 & 9 our own c\ntry1 h[ is x us$8 ,! ,act =bids its use z an an/hetic4 ,:at evid5ce does ,mr4 ,b]doe br+ t x is s us$8 #a4 ,he quotes ,pr(essor ,ru!r=d's exp]im5ts4 ,^! 7 made at lea/ #af or #ag ye>s ago4 #b4 ,he quotes ,dr4 ,port]'s pap]1 ,on ! ,results ( ,ligation ( ! ,coron>y ,art]ies4 7,j\rnal ( ,physiology1 vol4 xv4 #ahid1 p4 #aba47 ,dr4 ,port] speaks ( f\r exp]im5ts made "u morphia plus cur>e4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 made at ,b]l91 #ad ye>s ago1 by ! ,pr(essor ( ,physiology at ,h>v>d1 ,u4,s4,a4 #c4 ,he ref]s to ,pr(essor ,/ew>t's pap]s1 9 ! same volume ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,physiology4 ,! "o exp]im5t :i* he quotes at "s l5g? 0 made at ,/rasburg1 #ad ye>s ago or m4 ,b we want to "k :at is done n[ & "h "u ! ,act1 n :at 0 done at ,b]l9 or ,/rasburg #ad or m ye>s ago4 ,/ill1 ! exp]im5ts by ,pr(essor ,/ew>t h be5 9 con/ant use1 among ! oppon5ts ( all exp]im5ts on animals4 ,9 ,may #aijj1 at ! great annual meet+ ( ! ,national ,society1 at ,que5's ,hall1 ,dr4 ,re9h>dt said3-- ,i w pass on to prove to y1 by a few conclusive evid5ces1 = :i* ,i c give y *apt] & v]se1 t torture is inflict$ on animals by ,briti% vivisectors to-day4 ,n[1 if y buy ! #ae? volume ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,physiology1 & look at page #hf1 y w f9d !re1 etc4 ,to prove t animals are tortur$ 9 ,engl& to-day1 he quotes "o exp]im5t made at ,/rasburg ev] s long ago4 ,&1 9 #aija1 ,mr4 ,col]idge wrote1 9 ! ,morn+ ,lead]1 say+3 ,x is ) cur>e1 :i* p>alyses motion & leaves s5sation intact1 t all ! mo/ %ock+ vivisections are p]=m$4 ,&1 ! same ye>1 ,mr4 ,/eph5 ,smi?1 a ,m$ical ,patron ( ! ,london ,society1 wrote3 ,i /ate emphatically t :5 cur>e is us$1 prop] an/hesia is out ( ! "q4444 ,cur>e is us$ daily ?r\gh\t ,engl&4 ,m5tion ( an an/hetic 9 a report is no gu>antee t ! animal 0 an/hetis$4 ,i _c f9d1 9 all ! anti-vivisection lit]ature :i* ,i h read1 any %ad[ ( evid5ce t any exp]im5t ( any sort or k9d has be5 made 9 ?is c\ntry1 on any sort or k9d ( animal1 "u cur>e alone1 = ! la/ sixte5 or sev5te5 ye>s4 ,i believe t ,i might g fur!r back ?an t4 ,b surely t is f> en\gh4 ,c]ta9ly1 s long z any cur>e is us$ 7n z an an/hetic1 b 9 conjunction ) an an/hetic7 9 any exp]im5ts on animals 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! societies w n tr\ble to inquire h[ mu* ( x is us$4 ,i wrote1 !re=e1 to ! ,pr(essors ( ,physiology at ,ed9burgh1 ,cambridge1 & ,ox=d1 & ask$ !m to tell me h[ mu* cur>e 0 us$ 9 _! laboratories ?r\gh\t #aijc1 & :at an/hetics 7 giv5 ) x4 ,"s oppon5ts ( exp]im5ts on animals seem to ?9k t cur>e is us$ v (t54 ,"o ( !m says t x is us$ daily ?r\gh\t ,engl&4 ,s ,i wrote to ^! ,pr(essors at our ,univ]sities1 & !y k9dly s5t ! foll[+ answ]s3-- #a4 ,y\r "q re cur>e is easily answ]$4 ,we did no exp]im5ts ) x dur+ ! pa/ ye>4 ,inde$1 ,i h giv5 x up almo/ entirely = ye>s1 *iefly because x is v difficult to get a prep>ation :i*--,i suppose f impurities--does n s]i\sly affect ! he>t4 ,!re might /ill be occasions dur+ :i* x is necess>y to use x--if1 e4g4 ! lea/ muscul> movem5t w\ld vitiate ! results ( an exp]im5t4 ,b ,i f9d x possible 9 ne>ly all cases to get su* absolute quiesc5ce ) morphia or *loral 7besides e!r & *lor(orm7 t to all int5ts & purposes ,i h long giv5 up ! use ( cur>e4 ,( c\rse1 if ,i _h occasion to use x1 an an/hetic w\ld be adm9i/]$ at ! same "t4 #b4 ,i h ask$ ^? :o work$ 9 ! physiological laboratories 9 #aijc to give me a return ( ! numb] ( exp]im5ts done & ( ! numb] 9 :i* cur>e 0 us$4 ,includ+ my own exp]im5ts1 ,i f9d t #afj 9 all 7 made "u ! ,lic5se & ,c]tificates ,b1 ,,ee1 ,c4 ,cur>e 0 giv5 9 f\r cases2 9 two ( ^! ! ,a4,c4,e4 mixture 0 ! an/hetic1 9 ! o!r two e!r4 #c4 ,at ! ?ird laboratory1 dur+ #aijc1 cur>e 0 giv5 to sev5 frogs depriv$ ( _! bra9s be=e x 0 giv51 & to "o rabbit "u e!r4 ,t 0 ! :ole use ( cur>e1 dur+ a :ole ye>1 9 ?ree great ,univ]sities3 at "o1 sev5 inanimate frogs1 & "o rabbit "u e!r2 at ano!r1 f\r animals1 "u ,a4,c4,e4 or e!r2 at ano!r1 no?+4 ,,incomplete ,,an,,/hesia ,x sometimes happ5s1 at an op]ation1 t ! pati5t moves4 ,mo/ly1 ?is movem5t is at ! mom5t ( ! fir/ incision ?r\gh ! sk92 b x may be at "s lat] p]iod dur+ ! op]ation4 ,he does n rememb]1 aft] ! op]ation1 t he mov$1 or t he felt any?+4 ,t is incomplete an/hesia1 or light an/hesia4 ,! corneal reflex may be aboli%$1 & /ill ! pati5t may move4 ,sev5 ye>s ago "s exp]im5ts 7 made 9 ?is c\ntry by an ,am]ican surgeon4 ,9 ! publi%$ acc\nt ( !m1 x 0 said t "o ( ! animals 01 at "o "t1 "u incomplete an/hesia1 & t1 9 ! case ( ano!r animal1 ! an/hesia 0 at "o "t ov]look$4 ,?is latt] phrase meant n t ! an/hetic _h be5 left (f1 b t x _h be5 giv5 9 excess1 s t ! blood-pressure sudd5ly fell4 ,! "* ( ! exp]im5ts1 & ! occurr5ce ( ^! two phrases ab\t ! an/hesia1 r\s$ "s criticism1 & ! ,home ,(fice in/itut$ an inquiry into ! matt]4 ,t inquiry1 x said1 ,octob] #aa?1 #ahii1 result$ 9 %[+ no evid5ce :atev] t ! animals exp]im5t$ on by ,dr4 ,crile felt pa94 ,on ! contr>y1 all ! evid5ce %[s !y did n4 ,! ,act does n g into que/ions ( corneal reflex1 & unconsci\s muscul> movem5ts1 & all ! undef9able %ades betwe5 incomplete an/hesia & complete an/hesia & pr(\nd an/hesia4 ,! only sub/antial "q1 says ! ,home ,(fice1 is :e!r or no ! animal has be5 dur+ ! op]ation "u ! influ5ce ( an an/hetic ( suffici5t p[] to prev5t x feel+ pa94 ,?is is ! requirem5t ( ! law4 ,we _c refuse to call morphia & *loral an/hetics1 = !re are dea?s e ye> f an ov]-dose ( !m4 ,& we _c admit t an animal "u an an/hetic1 because x makes a movem5t1 is 9 pa9 or is consci\s2 = we "k t a pati5t "u op]ation may move yet feel no?+4 ,e hospital surgeon1 & e an/heti/1 :o has se5 a :ole legion ( pati5ts g "u *lor(orm or e!r & come out ( x1 & ev]ybody :o has be5 "u ^! an/hetics1 !y all "k t incomplete an/hesia is n %am an/hesia1 & t movem5ts1 ev5 purposive movem5ts1 may occur )\t consci\sness1 )\t pa91 alike 9 m5 & 9 animals4 ,,"o ,,animal ,,& ,,"o ,,exp]im5t ,:5 ! ,home ,(fice all[s a lic5see to make a c]ta9 numb] ( exp]im5ts1 x means t he may exp]im5t on t numb] ( animals & no m4 ,! ,home ,(fice1 hav+ he>d :at ! exp]im5ts are to be1 :]e !y are to be made1 on :at k9d ( animals1 & = :at purpose1 & hav+ tak5 advice ab\t !m1 all[s him to make a fix$ numb]1 & adds any re/rictions t x likes1 e4g4 t he mu/ s5d 9 a prelim9>y report :5 he has made half t numb]4 ,& "o ?+ is c]ta91 t "o exp]im5t "o animal1 & t #aj exp]im5ts #aj animals1 & no m4 ,ev]ybody kn[s t1 :o kn[s any?+ at all ab\t ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,act4 ,n[ take a false /atem5t1 :i* has be5 made aga9 & aga9 dur+ _m ye>s1 t "o exp]im5t any numb] ( animals1 & obs]ve h[ x spread4 #a4 ,9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 on ,m>* #ab?1 #ahig1 ,mr4 ,mac,neill ask$ :e!r any record 7 kept ( ! numb] ( animals us$ 9 exp]im5ts dur+ #ahie1 & said t #bjj or #cjj animals are sometimes us$ 9 a s+le exp]im5t1 & t #hj or #ij is a common numb]4 ,! ,home ,secret>y answ]$3 ,! hon\rable memb] is "u an entire misappreh5sion4 ,! numb] ( animals us$ does n exce$ ! numb] ( exp]im5ts giv5 9 ! return4 #b4 ,a ye> lat]1 ,may #ah?1 #ahih1 at ! ,annual ,meet+ ( ! ,national ,society1 ,mr4 ,mac,neill said aga93 ,any "o casually read+ t report 7! ,inspector's report to ,gov]nm5t7 w\ld imag9e t ea* exp]im5t 0 on ! body ( a s+le animal4 ,x is no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,an exp]im5t is a s]ies ( inve/igations 9 "s p>ticul> bran*1 & sometimes #bj1 #cj1 or #dj animals are sacrific$ 9 ! "o exp]im5t4 ,! ,national ,society publi%$ ?is spee* 9 its (ficial j\rnal4 #c4 ,a few weeks lat]1 an anonym\s lett] 9 ! ,brad=d ,obs]v] said1 ,any "o casually read+ ! report w\ld imag9e t ea* exp]im5t 0 on ! body ( a s+le animal4 ,x is no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,an exp]im5t is a s]ies ( inve/igations 9 "s p>ticul> bran*1 & sometimes #bj1 #cj1 or #dj animals are sacrific$ 9 ! "o exp]im5t4 #d4 ,on ,augu/ #a/1 #ahih1 ! ,national ,society publi%$ ?is lett] 9 its (ficial j\rnal1 "u ! head+1 ,our ,cause 9 ! ,press4 #e4 ,on ,octob] #ba/1 #aijb1 a lett] 9 a prov9cial pap] said t "o exp]im5t means n "o animal1 b a s]ies ( op]ations on _m animals4 #f4 ,9 ,janu>y #aijc1 ! ,national ,society admitt$ t its action 9 #ahih 7see #d7 0 un=tunate4 #g4 ,on ,june #be1 #aijc1 9 ,p>liam5t1 ,mr4 ,mac,neill aga9 said t an exp]im5t did n mean "o op]ation1 b a s]ies ( rese>*es1 (t5 p]=m$ by p]sons :o _h no m skill ?an ! *ildr5 :o broke up a wat*4 #h4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 ! same false /atem5t 0 made by an ,anti-vivisection ,society at ,man*e/]4 #i4 ,a little lat]1 x 0 made by ! ,national ,can9e ,def5ce ,league1 9 ^! words1 ,ea* exp]im5t may include any numb] ( dogs4 ,!re is no limit fix$ by law4 ,on ,janu>y #aa?1 #aijd1 9 ! ,times1 ! leaflet conta9+ ?is & o!r grossly false & mislead+ /atem5ts 0 vehem5tly d5\nc$ by ! ,national ,society4 ,x w\ld be h>d to f9d a bett] in/ance ( ! spread+ ( a false report4 ,an exp]im5t8 ,oh1 x is any numb] ( animals--#bj ( !m1 #cj ( !m2 #bjj1 #cjj ( !m2 hecatombs1 & triple hecatombs2 any "y doctor c get leave to cut !m up4 ,,c]tificates ,e ,,& ,,ee ,= all inoculations & simil> proce$+s1 ,c]tificate ,a is necess>y4 ,= all exp]im5ts :]e ! animal is all[$ to recov] f ! an/hetic1 ,c]tificate ,b is necess>y4 ,b ^! c]tificates d n ext5d to ! dog1 ! cat1 ! horse1 ! mule1 or ! ass4 ,! ?ree latt] animals are also s*$ul$ "u ,c]tificate ,f2 ! dog & ! cat "u ,c]tificates ,e & ,,ee4 ,t is to say1 to inoculate a dog1 e4g4 = ! /udy ( ! prev5tive treatm5t aga9/ di/emp]1 x is necess>y to hold a ,lic5se1 plus ,c]tificate ,a1 plus ,c]tificate ,e2 to op]ate on a dog1 & let him recov]1 x is necess>y to hold a ,lic5se1 plus ,c]tificate ,b1 plus ,c]tificate ,,ee4 ,& x is c]ta9 t ! ,home ,(fice does en=ce & emphasise "h ! _s ( ! ,act2 & t x does gu>d & re/rict & tie up ,c]tificate ,,ee ) its own h&s4 ,n[ let u take an in/ance1 :i* %[s 9 a v unfav\rable light ! me?ods ( ! ,national ,can9e ,def5ce ,league4 ,?ree ye>s ago1 c]ta9 exp]im5ts 7 made on dogs1 = ! purpose ( f9d+ ! be/ way ( resuscitat+ p]sons app>5tly dr[n$4 ,! ,home ,secret>y 0 ask$ :e!r he knew t c]ta9 ( ^! exp]im5ts 7 to be made )\t an/hetics2 & he answ]$1 ,9 view ( ! great importance ( ! subject 9 connection ) ! sav+ ( human life1 & ( ! /rong recomm5dations receiv$ 9 support ( ! exp]im5ts1 ,i h n felt ju/ifi$ 9 disall[+ ! c]tificates4 ,a great outcry 0 rais$ aga9/ ^! exp]im5ts by ! ,national ,anti-vivisection ,society & ! ,can9e ,def5ce ,league4 ,! ,national ,society1 9 its (ficial j\rnal1 ,augu/ #aijc1 said t x 0 n[ prov$1 t 9 ,engl& to-day exp]im5ts are p]=m$ )\t an/hetics :i* involve inconceivable agony to dogs1 & ?is ) ! delib]ate p]mission ( ! ,home ,secret>y4 ,mr4 ,col]idge made a public appeal to all humane societies1 to g d[n ) all _! /r5g? into ,k5t1 on t n f> di/ant day :5 ! ,home ,secret>y w\ld h to face 8 con/itu5ts1 & turn him out ( ,p>liam5t4 ,! ,can9e ,def5ce ,league s5t two memorials to ! ,home ,(fice1 circulat$ a petition1 & issu$ leaflets1 entitl$ ,a ,national ,sc&al1 ,sci5tific ,torture1 ,a ,peep beh9d ! ,sc5es1 & s =?4 ,we mu/ consid] "o ( ^! leaflets at "s l5g?2 b fir/ let u see :at is ! tru? ab\t ^! exp]im5ts4 ,!y 7 made by ! ,pr(essor ( ,physiology at ,ed9burgh2 & he has k9dly writt5 to me ab\t !m4 ,9 e exp]im5t1 except two1 ! animal 01 ?r\gh\t ! :ole exp]im5t1 "u complete an/hesia ) *lor(orm or e!r4 ,9 two cases1 & 9 two only1 a small prelim9>y op]ation1 "u an/hesia1 hav+ be5 p]=m$1 ! animal 0 all[$ to recov] f ! an/hetic1 or almo/ to recov] f x1 & 0 !n & !re subm]g$ & dr[n$1 at once & completely1 to dea?2 no attempt at resuscitation 0 made2 x became unconsci\s 9 a little m ?an a m9ute4 ,9 ! face ( ^! facts1 :at is to be said ( ! outcry rais$ by ! ,can9e ,def5ce ,league8 ,!y pres5t$ two memorials to ! ,home ,secret>y3 !y got up a mon/] petition ) ?\s&s ( signatures2 & !y issu$ ! foll[+ leaflet3--- ,,sign ,,! ,,nation',s ,,petition ,,to ,,p>liam5t ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,dissection ,,( ,,live ,,dogs ,9 ,m$ical ,laboratories 99_/ #a4 ,dogs1 on acc\nt ( _! docility & ob$i5ce to ! ^w ( comm&1 are ! animals *iefly select$ = torture4 #b4 ,?\s&s ( dogs are tortur$ ye>ly by lic5s$ exp]im5t]s4 #c4 ,! total numb] ( exp]im5ts p]=m$ 9 #aijb 0 #ad1ijf1 #ab1ggf ( :i* 7 )\t an/hetics4 #d4 ,! ,home ,secret>y /at$ 9 ,p>liam5t on ,july #bbnd1 #aijc1 t nei!r ! />v+ ( animals to dea? nor ! =c$ ov]-fe$+ ( animals 7 includ$ 9 ^! returns4 #e4 ,nor does ! numb] #ad1ijf give ! numb] ( dogs us$1 = ea* exp]im5t may include any numb] ( dogs--!re is no limit fix$ by law4 #f4 ,! ,home ,secret>y /at$ 9 ,p>liam5t on ,may #aa?1 #aijc1 t at "o laboratory alone 9 ,london #bcb dogs 7 us$ = vivisectional exp]im5ts la/ ye>4 #g4 ,!re are n[ laboratories scatt]$ ov] ! :ole ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 #h4 ,! ,home ,secret>y /at$ 9 ,p>liam5t on #aj? ,july #aijc1 t "o dog may be us$ aga9 & aga9 = vivisectional exp]im5t or demon/ration--& ?is )\t an/hetics4 ,?9k ( ! condition ( ! poor dog betwe5 ea* liv+-dissection4 ,has n ! "t come = ! nation to rise z "o man & say-- ,?is %all n be8 ,x is no wond] t ev5 ! ,national ,anti-vivisection ,society1 9 a lett] to ! ,times1 ,decemb] #aa?1 #aijc1 d5\nc$ ?is leaflet4 ,! wond] is1 t ,mr4 ,pirkis1 ,r4,n41 ! *airman ( ! ,can9e ,league1 tri$ to def5d x4 ,?is deplorable leaflet1 said ! ,national ,society3 ,x conta9s a s]ies ( grossly false & mislead+ /atem5ts4 ,let u take x p>agraph by p>agraph4 ,! fir/ two p>agraphs are grossly false4 ,! ?ird suppresses ! tru?4 ,! f\r? is grossly false2 ! ,home ,secret>y said t nei!r ! />v+ ( animals to dea? nor ! =c$ ov]-fe$+ ( animals 0 includ$ among ! exp]im5ts au?oris$ or p]=m$4 ,p>agraph five is grossly false4 ,s is p>agraph six3 n "o ^w 0 said ab\t any exp]im5ts1 ei!r by ! ,home ,secret>y or by anybody else4 ,! entire numb] ( all dogs & cats toge!r1 "u ,c]tificates ,a1 ,b1 ,e1 & ,,ee1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole k+dom1 t ye>1 0 #cdd4 ,p>agraph eight is grossly false4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= want ( space1 x is impossible to consid] all ! special argum5ts ( ! anti-vivisection societies4 ,( c\rse1 among ^! special argum5ts1 !re are a few :i* h some?+ 9 !m4 ,h[ c\ld !y all ( !m be utt]ly false8 ,!y g back ov] ?irty ye>s2 !y are drawn f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,?is incessant rummag+ ( m$ical books & j\rnals1 ,briti% & =eign2 & all ?is ev]la/+ espionage2 ! :ole elaborate sy/em ( a sort ( secret s]vice--^! me?ods1 ye> 9 ye> out1 are b\nd to f9d1 n[ & aga91 a fault some:]e4 ,b ,i d say1 hav+ read & re-read a va/ quantity ( ! publications ( ^! societies1 t !y are1 tak5 z a :ole1 a /&+ disgrace to ! cause2 t !y are ta9t$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) brutal language1 imbecile jokes1 & innum]able falsehoods2 t !y h nei!r ! hone/y1 nor ! common dec5cy1 :i* %\ld ju/ify !m4 ,/ill1 "h x is t ! money goes4 ,!re is money 9 ! bus9ess2 !re is milk 9 ! cocoa-nut2 & twop5ce m1 & up goes ! donkey4 ,^! are ! phrases us$1 by ! ,national ,anti-vivisection ,society1 ( ! bact]iologi/s1 & ! m5 :o are work+ at canc]4 ,b ^! societies1 t sp5d ?\s&s e ye>1 :at h !y got to %[ = x all8 ,!y h1 ) mu* else ( ! same k9d1 ! ,zoophili/4 ,truly1 a f9e result2 a high-class (ficial j\rnal1 ! recognis$ organ ( ! anti-vivisection movem5t 9 ,engl&4 ,take1 = a f9al in/ance1 "o or two ( ! ?+s said ab\t an/hetics4 ,on ,june #ab?1 #ahig1 9 ! ,e*o1 ,mr4 ,b]doe said t c]ta9 exp]im5ts1 involv+ sev]e op]ations1 _h be5 made on dogs "u morphia & cur>e4 ,he bas$ ?is ass]tion on ! acc\nt ( ! exp]im5ts 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,physiology4 ,on ,june #ah?1 ,mr4 ,weir1 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 call$ att5tion to ?is ass]tion2 & ! ,home ,secret>y promis$ to inquire into ! matt]4 ,on ,july #ah?1 ,mr4 ,weir ask$ :e!r ?is inquiry _h be5 made2 & ! ,home ,secret>y answ]$3-- ,yes1 ,i h made full inquiry into ! allegations conta9$ 9 ! lett] & /atem5t :i* ! hon\rable memb] =w>d$ to me1 & f9d t !y are absolutely baseless4 ,! exp]im5ts ref]r$ to 7 p]=m$ on animals "u full *lor(orm an/hesia2 ! morphia1 to :i* alone allusion 0 made 9 ! publi%$ acc\nt ( ! exp]im5ts1 be+ us$ 9 addition4 ,cur>e 0 us$1 b n z an an/hetic4 ,x is simple en\gh4 ,! g5tlem5 :o made ! exp]im5ts did n "k t ! ,national ,society buys & ransacks ! ,j\rnal ( ,physiology2 or did n c>e4 ,b ! ,national ,society call$ ?is answ] a ,fruitless ,(ficial ,d5ial2 & ,mr4 ,col]idge s5t an explanatory lett] to ! ,london daily pap]s1 accus+ all ! exp]im5t]s ( am5d+ _! publi%$ record s z to make x fit 9 ) ! ,gov]nm5t report4 ,9 #ahii1 ! ,national ,society publi%$ t s5t5ce1 :i* has already be5 quot$1 ab\t ! ,n9e ,circles1 & ! :iff ( *lor(orm possibly adm9i/]$4 ,9 #aijj1 x said1 ,! *lor(ormi/s ( ! physiological laboratories are d\btless common port]s1 ) no te*nical k ( _! "w4 ,9 #aija1 x said1 ,our read]s w rememb] t ,mr4 ,col]idge has _h m ?an "o battle ) ! ,home ,(fice on ! "q ( complete & incomplete an/hesia4 ,we ne$ h>dly say t ! victory on ea* occasion re/$ ) our ,honor>y ,secret>y4 ,& aga91 ,by _m turns ( ! anti-vivisection screw we h at la/ extract$ 7f ! ,home ,(fice7 ! admission t pa9 is n unkn[n 9 ! laboratories4 ,9 #aijb1 x said1 ,! bless$ ^w an/hesia w>ns (f ! pr(ane anti-vivisectioni/ :o w\ld rob ! alt>s ( sci5ce ( _! victims4 ,take lat] in/ances4 ,9 #aijc1 we f9d ,mr4 ,wood say+ t we may be sure ! n>cosis becomes pr(\nd :5 ! inspectors knock at ! door ( ! laboratory2 ,dr4 ,br&1 say+ t 9 all exp]im5ts1 o!r ?an inoculations1 x is probable t only a :iff ( *lor(orm is giv51 to satisfy ! exp]im5t]'s consci5ce1 & to enable him to make humane /atem5ts to ! public2 & ,mr4 ,b]doe1 say+ t vivisectors1 :]e !y use any?+ except cur>e1 employ %am an/hetics4 ,beside su* /atem5ts z ^!1 !re is ! argum5t f ! v r>e action ( morphia z a /imulant 7see ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 ,janu>y #ad?1 #ahii72 b ?is argum5t is n 9 "q4 ,! real argum5t is1 t a man :o makes exp]im5ts on animals is likely en\gh to tell lies ab\t !m4 ,z ,mr4 ,b]doe says1 ( a v explicit /atem5t ab\t an/hetics1 made by ! late ,pr(essor ,roy1 ,x is & mu/ be absolutely untrue4 ,read aga9 t s5t5ce ab\t ! :iff ( *lor(orm4 ,! phrase is ?irty ye>s old2 b1 l ,sir ,william ,f]gusson's evid5ce 9 #ahge1 x is /ill 9 use4 ,or take t "o phrase--:]e !y use any?+ b cur>e4 ,x af=ds1 9 six words1 a p]fect in/ance ( ! anti-vivisectioni/ at 8 wor/4 ,,iv4 ,,our ,,cause ,,9 ,,p>liam5t ,"u ?is head+ ! (ficial j\rnal ( ! ,national ,society reports que/ions ask$ 9 ,p>liam5t1 & ! answ]s giv5 to !m4 ,?is aspect ( ! "w ( ! anti-vivisection societies1 & ! "p tak5 by !m 9 elections1 & _! plans to am5d or aboli% ! ,act1 mu/ be not$ "h4 ,9 "o ye>1 ! ,national ,society sp5t #hhh1 #acs4 #b;d4 on purely electoral "w4 ,t is a v l>ge sum1 :5 we ?9k ( ! grave injury done to ! cause ( m]cy by ! deplorable wa/e ( money sp5t 9 p]fectly unnecess>y (fices & sal>ies4 ,! ,society's j\rnal tells u some?+ ( ?is electoral "w3-- #ahii4--,! ,p>liam5t>y ,league has aga9 be5 successful 9 its "w at bye-elections4 ,at ---- ! two c&idates 7 approa*$1 & bo? gave m or less satisfactory answ]s4 ,sir ----'s reply 0 ?\ght to be ! m satisfactory "o1 & consequ5tly our support]s gave him _! votes4 ,z our read]s are aw>e1 he 0 return$4 7,9 a lat] numb]1 ! ,zoophili/ h9ts t fur!r pressure may be appli$ to ?is g5tleman 9 ,p>liam5t47 #aijj4--,! ef=ts ( ! ,society w n be conf9$ to =w>d+ ! int]e/s ( any "o c&idate or any "o p>ty4 ,z soon z ! names ( c&idates 7 ann\nc$1 ,mr4 ,col]idge issu$ to all ( !m a circul> lett] dem&+ _! views on ! vivisection "q4 ,! num]\s replies :i* h already arriv$1 & are /ill arriv+1 af=d results m gratify+ ?an we = a mom5t anticipat$1 & %[ cle>ly t we are n[ recognis$ ?r\gh\t ,great ,brita9 to be a p[] t _c be ignor$4444 ,volunte] work]s are also be+ despat*$ f headqu>t]s to v>i\s places4 ,read]s :o h votes or :o w help 9 any way are invit$ to communicate imm$iately to ! head (fice1 :5 in=mation ab\t ! views ( _! c&idates w be at once s5t to !m4 ,! ,london ,society also1 l ! ,national ,society1 desires to h a repres5tative 9 ,p>liam5t2 & ?is desire is /at$ 9 emphatic words 9 "o ( its reports4 ,! g5]al tone ( t report has already be5 not$4 ,x loves big black headl9es1 ,,no ,,surr5d]1 ,,! ,,awak5+ ,,*ur*es1 ,a ,,trucul5t ,,sci5ce1 ,,! ,,s9ews ,,( ,,w>1 ,,! ,,appeal ,,to ,,! ,,p4 ,!y _h bett] ensure ! return ( t oppon5t ( vacc9ation :o says t y c br+ any memb] ( ,p>liam5t to y\r knees4 ,&1 ( c\rse1 ^! societies foll[ ! successful c&idates on _! subsequ5t c>e]s4 ,9 ,p>liam5t1 says ! ,london ,society1 ! ,society's "w is c>ri$ on z occasion p]mits4 ,memb]s ( ,p>liam5t are writt5 to or are p]sonally se5 at ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,que/ions are draft$ = !m to submit to ! ,home ,secret>y1 & "o or m (fic]s ( ! ,society are 9 con/ant att5dance at ! ,h\se ( ,commons :5 ! "q ( vivisection is likely to be rais$4 ,& ! ,national ,society says1 ,9 ord] to /imulate att5tion 7to ,mr4 ,col]idge's ,bill7 our lectur] has be5 assidu\s 9 8 att5dance 9 ! lobby ( ! ,h\se dur+ ! pres5t session1 & by p]sonal int]views has be5 able to ar\se a good deal ( int]e/ 9 x on bo? sides ( ! ,h\se4 ,x is evid5t t ,our ,cause 9 ,p>liam5t is urg$ ) dilig5ce1 & is n left to /& or fall accord+ to ! unsolicit$ consci5ce ( :at ! ,london ,society calls ! av]age lay memb]4 ,take1 = example1 ! sy/em ( draft+ que/ions to be put to ! ,home ,secret>y4 ,x may or may n take (f ! edge ( s9c]ity2 anyh[1 ! "q %\ld be draft$ ) great c>e4 ,on ,febru>y #bf?1 #aijj1 a "q 0 ask$ z to c]ta9 obs]vations :i* 7 alleg$ to h be5 made on liv+ animals1 b 9 fact _h be5 made on _! organs remov$ aft] dea?4 ,! ,national ,society said ( ?is mi/ake3-- ,we wi% our read]s to "k t ! "q 0 n prompt$ by any communication f our ,society1 & we ?9k x un=tunate t memb]s ( ,p>liam5t %\ld be ask$ to put que/ions 9 ! ,h\se by p]sons :o d n realise t que/ions bas$ on inaccurate premises c d no?+ b h>m to our cause4 ,x is h>d t ! :ole anti-vivisection movem5t %\ld suff] ?r\gh ! c>elessness & indol5ce ( ^? :o w nei!r be at ! pa9s to avoid inaccuracy by _! own /udy & inve/igation1 nor by consult+ ! ,national ,society's (fic]s4 ,^! c>eless1 indol5t1 inaccurate p]sons1 :o ?9k s lightly ( ! ,national ,society's (fic]s1 & draft a "q s silly t ! :ole cause is damag$1 br+ u back to ! po9t :5ce we />t$3 ! want ( unity betwe5 ! societies1 ! frequ5t j>r+ ( "o ) ano!r4 ,we h /ill to see some?+ ( ! deal+s ( ! ,national ,society ) ,gov]nm5t4 ,x is at its be/1 d\btless1 9 ! =mal lett]s f ,mr4 ,col]idge to ! ,home ,(fice2 b ^!1 aft] all1 are 8 own "w1 & ! ,society _c take ! cr$it ( !m4 ,p] contra1 we may cr$it to ! ,society1 & n to ,mr4 ,col]idge1 c]ta9 ?reats to ,m9i/]s 9 #ahih3-- 444 ,%\ld we be s un=tunate z to be left by y )\t su* an op5 assurance1 we %all feel x our duty to employ ! /r5g? & res\rces ( ?is ,society 9 an endeav\r to prev5t y\r return to ,p>liam5t at ! next election4 ,we "k ( a l>ge & increas+ numb] ( y\r con/itu5ts :o are ready1 9 ! un=tunate ev5t ( y\r be+ unable to reassure !m z to y\r attitude 9 ! matt] ( end[+ torture1 to place humanity above p>ty politics4 444 ,?is ,society w feel x to be its duty to use e means 9 its p[] to prev5t y\r return to ,p>liam5t at ! next election4 444 ,we beg leave to in=m y t at ! next election ! =ces ( ?is ,society w be us$ ) ! utmo/ vig\r to prev5t y\r return to ,p>liam5t4 ,we "k ( _m1 & %all no d\bt soon secure m ( y\r con/itu5ts1 pl$g$ to place humanity above p>ty & vote aga9/ y on ! next occasion t y pres5t y\rself4 ,:at are we to ?9k ( ^! ?ree lett]s8 ,! res\rces ( ! ,society1 giv5 ) "s vague hope ( keep+ animals out ( pa91 are to be us$ = keep+ ,m9i/]s out ( ,p>liam5t4 ,note ! bully+ tone ( ! lett]s4 ,x is ! same ?+1 two ye>s lat]1 at ! ,g5]al ,election1 ) ! heckl+ ( c&idates3 ,we are n[ recognis$ ?r\gh\t ,great ,brita9 to be a p[] t _c be ignor$4 ,a ,society t bullies ,m9i/]s ( ,/ate1 :at w x n d to ! av]age lay memb]8 ,v4 ,a ,,hi/orical ,,p>allel ,x is a long way1 f ! pla9 duty to take c>e ( animals1 to ! argum5ts & g5]al behavi\r ( ^! societies4 ,( c\rse1 we h se5 !m "h f ! mo/ unfav\rable po9t ( view4 ,f t po9t ( view1 ap>t f any m fav\rable aspect1 !y h _! p>allel 9 hi/ory4 ,! two in/ances are1 9 "s ways1 v unlike3 b ! p>allelism is wor?y ( note4 ,! hi/orical in/ance is m ?an fifty ye>s old3 we h :at 0 said1 9 #ahea1 aga9/ 8 wor/ oppon5ts1 by a man :o _h an unpopul> cause to def5d4 ,newman1 9 #ahea1 gave a set ( lectures on ,! ,pres5t ,position ( ,ca?olics 9 ,engl&3 & 8 say+s1 "s ( !m1 seem apt to our pres5t subject4 ,take ! foll[+ examples4 ,only1 "h & !re1 a ^w is alt]$1 or a phrase left out1 t all (f5ce may be avoid$3-- 444 ,we %\ld h cause to congratulate ourselves1 ?\gh we 7 able to proce$ no fur!r ?an to p]suade our oppon5ts to argue out "o po9t be=e go+ on to ano!r4 ,x w\ld be mu* ev5 to get !m to give up :at !y c\ld n def5d1 & to promise t !y w\ld n return to x4 ,x w\ld be mu* to succe$ 9 h9d]+ !m f mak+ a great deal ( an objection till x is refut$1 & !n sudd5ly consid]+ x s small t x is n wor? )draw+4 ,x w\ld be mu* to h9d] !m f elud+ a defeat on "o po9t by digress+ ^u ?ree or f\r o!rs1 & !n pres5tly runn+ back to ! fir/1 & !n to & fro1 to second1 ?ird1 & f\r?1 & treat+ ea* 9 turn z if q a fre% subject on :i* n a ^w _h yet be5 said4 444 ,no evid5ce aga9/ u is too little3 no infliction too great4 ,/atem5t )\t pro(1 ?\gh inadmissible 9 e o!r case1 is all fair :5 we are conc]n$4 ,an oppon5t is at lib]ty to br+ a *>ge aga9/ u1 & *all5ge u to refute1 n any pro( he br+s1 = he br+s none1 b 8 simple assumption or ass]tion4 ,& p]haps we accept 8 *all5ge1 & !n we f9d we h to deal ) matt]s s vague or s m9ute1 s g5]al or s p>ticul>1 t we are at our wits' end to "k h[ to grapple ) !m4 444 ,= myself1 ,i nev] %\ld h be5 surpris$1 if1 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ n9e mon?s ( p]secution1 "s sc&al 9 ?is or t "p ( our cause _h be5 br\ght to light & circulat$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry to our great prejudice4 ,no su* calamity has occurr$3 b oh6 :at w\ld n our enemies h paid = only "o real & live s9 to mock u )al4 ,_! fi]ce & unblu%+ ef=t to fix su* *>ges :]e !y 7 impossible1 %[s h[ _m eyes 7 fa/5$ on u all ov] ! c\ntry1 & h[ deep & f]v5t 0 ! aspiration t "s among u might turn out to be a brute or a villa94 444 ,we are dress$ up l a sc>ecr[ to gratify1 on a l>ge scale1 ! passions ( curiosity1 fright1 & hatr$4 ,some?+ or o!r m5 mu/ fe>1 m5 mu/ loa!1 m5 mu/ suspect1 ev5 if x be to turn away _! m9ds f _! own inw>d mis]ies4444 ,a calumny aga9/ u fir/ appe>$ 9 #ahcf1 x /ill ?rives & fl\ri%es 9 #ahea4 ,i h made inquiries1 & ,i am told ,i may safely say t 9 ! c\rse ( ! fifte5 ye>s t x has la/$1 f #bjj1jjj to #bej1jjj copies h be5 put into circulation 9 ,am]ica & ,engl&4 ,a va/ numb] ( copies has be5 sold at a *eap rate1 & giv5 away by p]sons :o ought to h kn[n t x 0 a m]e fiction4 ,i he> rum\rs conc]n+ "s ( ! di/ributors1 :i*1 f ! respect :i* ,i wi% to ent]ta9 t[>ds _! names1 ,i d n "k h[ to cr$it4 444 ,! p]petual talk aga9/ u does n become tru] because x is incessant2 b x cont9ually deep5s ! impression1 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o he> x1 t we are impo/ors4 ,!re is no increase ( logical cog5cy2 a lie is a lie j z mu* ! t5? "t x is told z ! fir/2 or r m1 x is t5 lies in/ead ( "o2 b x ga9s 9 rhetorical influ5ce4444 ,?us ! meet+s & prea*+s :i* are ev] go+ on aga9/ u on all sides1 ?\gh !y may h no argum5tative =ce :atev]1 are /ill imm5se factories = ! creation ( prejudice4 444 ,! ,prejudic$ ,man takes x = grant$ t we1 :o diff] f him1 are univ]sally impo/ors1 tyrants1 hypocrites1 c[>ds1 & slaves4 ,if he meets ) any /ory aga9/ u1 on any or no au?ority1 :i* does b fall 9 ) ?is notion ( u1 he eag]ly cat*es at x4 ,au?ority goes = no?+2 likelihood1 z he consid]s x1 does in/ead ( te/imony2 :at he is n[ told is j :at he expect$4 ,p]haps x is a r&om report1 put into circulation m]ely because x _h a *ance ( succe$+1 or ?r[n l a /raw to ! w9d2 p]haps x is a m]e publi%]'s speculation1 :o ?9ks t a n>rative ( horrors w pay well = ! pr9t+3 x matt]s n1 he is equally conv9c$ ( its tru?3 he kn[s all ab\t x be=eh&2 x is j :at he always has said2 x is ! old tale ov] aga9 a hundr$ times4 ,accord+ly he buys x by ! ?\s&1 & s5ds x ab\t ) all spe$ 9 e direction1 to 8 circle ( fri5ds & acqua9tance1 to ! newspap]s1 to ! great speak]s at public meet+s4444 ,next comes an absolute1 explicit1 total d5ial or refutation ( ! preci\s calumny1 :atev] x may be1 on unimpea*able au?ority4 ,! ,prejudic$ ,man simply discr$its ?is d5ial1 & puts x aside1 n receiv+ any impression f x at all1 or pay+ x ! slighte/ att5tion4 ,?is1 if he c3 if he _c1 if x is urg$ ^u him by "s fri5d1 or br\ght up aga9/ him by "s oppon5t1 he draws himself up1 looks /]nly at ! objector1 & !n says ! v same ?+ z be=e1 only ) a l\d] voice & m confid5t mann]4 ,he becomes m int5sely & en?usia/ically positive1 by way ( mak+ up = ! int]ruption1 ( brav+ ! confutation1 & ( %[+ ! _w t no?+ :atev] 9 ! univ]se w ev] make him ?9k "o hair-bread? m fav\rably ?an he does ?9k1 ?an he ev] has ?\ght1 & ?an 8 family ev] ?\ght be=e him4 ,ab\t our /ate ( m9d1 our views ( ?+s1 our ends & objects1 our doctr9es1 our def5ce ( !m1 he absolutely refuses to be enlight5$4444 ,! mo/ ov]:elm+ refutations ( ! calumnies br\ght aga9/ u d u no good at all4 ,we 7 tempt$1 p]haps1 to say to ourselves1 ',:at w !y h to say 9 answ] to ?is8 ,n[ at la/ ! falsehood is put d[n = ev]1 x w nev] %[ its face aga94' ,va9 hope6 ,su* is ! virtue ( prejudice--x is ev] reproductive2 future /ory-tell]s & wond]-mong]s1 z yet unkn[n to fame1 are bel[ ! horizon1 & w unfold _! tale ( horror1 ea* 9 8 day1 9 long succession4 444 ,p]haps x is wrong to comp>e s9 ) s91 b ,i decl>e to y1 ! m ,i ?9k ( x1 ! m intimately does ?is ,prejudice seem to me to corrupt ! s\l1 ev5 beyond ^? s9s :i* are commonly call$ m deadly4 ,& :y8 because x argues s a/oni%+ a want ( m]e natural *>ity or love ( our k9d4 ,!y c be consid]ate 9 all matt]s ( ?is life1 fri5dly 9 social int]c\rse1 *>itable to ! poor & outca/1 m]ciful t[>ds crim9als1 nay1 k9d t[>ds ! inf]ior creation1 t[>ds _! c[s1 & horses1 & sw9e2 yet1 z reg>ds u1 :o be> ! same =m1 speak ! same tongue1 brea! ! same air1 & walk ! same /reets1 ru?less1 rel5tless1 believ+ ill ( u1 & wi%+ to believe x4 ,!y are t5aci\s ( :at !y believe1 !y are impati5t ( be+ argu$ )1 !y are angry at be+ contradict$1 !y are disappo9t$ :5 a po9t is cle>$ up2 !y _h r t we %\ld be guilty ?an !y mi/ak52 !y h no wi% at all we %\ld n be unpr9cipl$ rogues & blood?ir/y demons4 ,!y are k9d] ev5 to _! dogs & _! cats ?an to u4 ,is x n true8 c x be d5i$8 is x n port5t\s8 does x n argue an incomplet5ess or hiatus 9 ! v /ructure ( _! moral nature8 has n some?+1 9 _! case1 dropp$ out ( ! li/ ( natural qualities prop] to man8 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! s5t5ces1 _m ( !m1 might be us$ n[ to describe ,anti-vivisection at its l[e/ level4 ,x might keep a high] level3 b we h se5 t ! lit]ature1 argum5ts1 & g5]al me?ods ( ! ,anti-vivisection ,societies fail to d t4 ,! ,p>liam5t>y int]view]1 ! it9]ant lectur]1 & ! lett]-writ]1 are n1 aft] all1 ( mu* help to any cause3 & surely x is "t1 aft] all ?is wa/e ( huge sums ( money1 t a ,royal ,commission %\ld inquire1 n only into exp]im5ts on animals1 b also into ,anti-vivisection4 ,,index ,a ,a1 ,c]tificate1 #bfh1 #bhf ,abolitioni/1 !1 #cjb ,absorbable ligature1 !1 #bfd ,act #ci #dj ,vict4 c4 #gg1 #bfg-bic ,act9omycosis1 #bdf ,adr5al91 #bfc ,aga ,khan1 ,sir1 #agi ,air1 compress$1 #ga ,alg]ia1 mal>ia 91 #bcj ,am]ica1 diph!ria 91 #aji2 tetanus 91 #acc1 #ace2 yell[ fev] 91 #bcb-bdj ,amoy1 plague 91 #aid ,amyl nitrite1 #bed2 false argum5t1 #cde ,anaemia1 #ga2 p]nici\s1 #bfc ,an/hesia1 grades (1 #ceg2 false /atem5ts1 #cff ,an/hetics1 discov]y & /udy (1 #ee1 #bef2 use "u ! ,act1 #bha ,&]son1 ,mr41 #aij ,&rews1 ,/aff-,surgeon1 #bfc ,anglo-,indians & ,anglo-,africans1 #bbh ,animal heat1 #fh ,animals1 protective inoculation (1 #hi-ie1 #aac2 action ( drugs on1 #bee ,annett1 ,dr41 #bbc ,anopheles & ,culex1 #bad-bdb ,an?rax1 #gf1 #hg-ie ,antiseptics1 #gh-hf2 use ( "u ! ,act1 #bhe ,antitox9s1 te/+ (1 #bgj2 false argum5ts aga9/1 #cch-cdb4 ,see also ,diph!ria1 ,tetanus1 c4 ,anti-vivisection ,societies1 #big sqq42 diss5sions1 #bii-cjb2 exp5diture1 #cjd-cjf1 #ccd1 #cfg2 acceptance ( all advantages f pa/ discov]ies1 #cjg2 attitude t[>d sport1 #cjh2 t[>d doctors & hospitals1 #caj2 lit]ature1 #cac-cbd2 me?od ( espionage1 #cbg2 g5]al argum5ts1 #cbf-ccd2 special argum5ts1 #cce-cfg2 electoral & p>liam5t>y tactics1 #cfg-cga ,aphasia1 #fb ,argum5ts1 anti-vivisection1 #cbf-cfg ,ari/otle1 #c1 #dd1 #bdc ,arlo+ & ,c\rmont1 #ajj ,artificial respiration1 #bfd ,asellius1 #ai ,assam-,burmah railway1 *ol]a on1 #afb ,a!ns1 ,pa/eur ,in/itute at1 #adc ,aub]t91 #fb ,b ,b1 ,c]tificate1 #bfh1 #cdi4 ,see also ,exp]im5ts ,baccelli1 ,pr(41 #acc ,bact]iology1 #gg sqq42 n be=e ! #ahge ,commission1 #ge2 ! f\ndation ( ,li/]'s "w1 #he2 h>dly recognis$ 9 ! word+ ( ! ,act1 #bfg2 ! cause ( m ?an #ij p] c5t1 ( all exp]im5ts1 #bib2 false /atem5ts1 #caf1 #cdj ,bag9sky1 ,pr(41 #aje ,bag%awe1 ,bi%op1 #cbi ,ba9bridge1 ,surgeon-,g5]al1 #afi ,bak]1 ,major1 #agb ,bang1 ,pr(41 #ii ,bann]man1 ,major1 #agc1 #age1 #agh ,b>badoes1 fil>iasis 91 #bdj ,b>ry1 ,bi%op1 #cdc ,battipaglia-,reggio railway1 & mal>ia1 #bba ,bazan1 ,dr41 #db ,beaumont1 ,dr4 ,william1 #bh ,behr+1 ,pr(41 #ajb ,bel*i]1 ,mr41 #dj ,belgaum1 plague at1 #agd ,bell1 ,sir ,*>les1 #df1 #eg1 #fe ,bell1 ,dr41 #hh ,belladonna1 action (1 #bee van ,b5$51 #bdd ,b]doe1 ,mr41 #cad sqq4 ,b]n>d1 ,claude1 #bd1 #cj1 #ef1 #bdh1 #bed1 #bhb ,b]n>d ,%aw1 ,mr41 #ccj ,bev]idge1 ,surgeon1 #bfc ,beyr\t1 exp]im5ts at1 #bad ,bezo>-/one1 !1 #beb ,bi*at1 #bec ,bilaspur1 *ol]a at1 #afd ,bir*]1 ,dr41 #bdi ,bird-mal>ia1 #bag1 #bah ,birt1 ,surgeon-,major1 #bab ,bloemfonte91 typhoid at1 #bjc ,blondlot1 #bi ,blood1 circulation ( !1 #c-aj2 blood-pressure1 #aa-af1 #gj2 collat]al circulation1 #ac ,blood-lett+1 rational use (1 #bfd ,blood-poison+1 #hd ,bo>d ( ,agriculture laboratories1 #bhh ,bo>d ,hospitals1 diph!ria 91 #aaf ,boehm]1 #db ,bohn1 #cg ,bll+]1 #bdf ,bombay1 plague 91 #agj ,bone1 gr[? (1 #dj1 #ee2 transplantation (1 #bfd ,borelli1 #be ,borrel1 #afh ,b\ill>d1 #fb ,bra91 localisation ( functions1 #ei-fg2 n s5sitive to t\*1 #fe1 #bhe2 false argum5t aga9/ exp]im5ts on1 #ccf2 surg]y (1 #ccg ,brieg]1 #aec ,broca1 #ei ,br[n1 ,capta9 ,h>old1 #afb ,br[n-,squ>d1 ,pr(41 #ef ,bruce1 ,major1 #baa ,brunton1 ,sir ,t4 ,laud]1 on nitrite ( amyl1 #bed ,bu*anan1 ,major1 #bai ,bu5os ,ayres1 plague 91 #aid ,buisson ba?1 !1 #cde ,buisson1 ,dr41 #cdg ,burr[s1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t1 #cbi ,busk1 ,pr(41 #bdd ,byculla jail1 plague 91 #agj ,c ,c1 ,c]tificate1 #bhd ,cabot1 ,dr41 #baj ,ca*> tea-g>d5s1 *ol]a 91 #afd ,ca*exia /rumipriva1 #bdg1 #bdi ,csalp9us1 #d1 #f ,caisson disease1 #ga ,calcutta1 *ol]a inoculations 91 #aef ,calmette1 on plague1 #afh2 on snake v5om1 #bei ,calv]ley1 ,dr41 #bjb ,canc]1 rec5t exp]im5ts on1 #bhh2 mice immunis$ aga9/1 #bfc2 canc] ( ?yroid gl&1 #cdd ,canc] ,rese>* ,fund1 #bhh ,capill>ies1 discov]y ( !1 #aj ,cappel1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,k41 #aha ,c>bolic acid1 #cch ,c>diograph1 !1 #ag ,c>dwell1 ,"l1 #bfg ,c>le & ,rattone1 #abh ,c>rion1 ,daniel1 dea? (1 #beg ,cayley1 ,surgeon-,colonel1 #bjc ,celsus1 #gg ,c]ebellum1 #df ,c]ebral localisation1 #fd-fg2 false argum5t1 #ccf ,*amb]l&1 ,dr41 #ij ,*antemesse1 on ,widal's reaction1 #baj ,*>bon1 #hf-ij2 inoculations aga9/1 #ij-ic ,*>les ,,ii41 treatm5t ( 8 case1 #bea ,*auveau1 #ig ,*5ai1 ,dr41 #ahi ,*icago1 diph!ria 91 #aji2 tetanus 91 #ace ,*ilde1 ,pr(41 #ahc ,*ildr51 mal>ia 9 native1 #bbe ,*oke-damp1 #gj ,*ol]a1 /udy (1 #aeb2 ,haffk9e's fluid1 #aec2 results obta9$ 9 ,india1 #aed-aff2 9 ,japan1 #afg2 bact]iology & qu>ant9e1 #afg ,*ur* ,anti-vivisection ,league1 #bih1 #cja ,cl9ical ,society1 report on diph!ria1 #aaa2 on myxo$ema1 #bdh ,cobbold1 ,pr(41 #bdd ,coca91 #bfi ,cohnheim on inflammation1 #gh2 on tub]cle1 #ig ,col]idge1 ,mr41 #cjj sqq4 ,commission on exp]im5ts on animals 7#ahge71 #gf1 #bfg1 #bih2 plague ,commission 7,india71 #agj2 ,commissions on mal>ia1 #bah2 on yell[ fev]1 #bcb2 on tub]culosis1 #bhh ,committee on rabies1 #adb2 on myxo$ema1 #bdh ,comp5satory action ( he>t1 #fi ,congress on tub]culosis1 #ih1 #ii2 ,int]national ,m$ical 7,london71 #bec1 #cba ,coop]1 ,sir ,a/ley1 #bdh ,cor?orn1 ,dr41 #aij ,c\nty ,c\ncil laboratories1 #bhg ,cret9ism1 sporadic1 treatm5t ) ?yroid extract1 #bej ,crile1 ,dr41 #ceh ,cuba1 yell[ fev] 91 #bcg-bdj ,culex & ,anopheles1 #bad-bdb ,cum9e1 ,mr4 ,a41 #agj ,cunn+hame-,graham1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,b41 #ccj ,cur>e1 action (1 #bhb1 #cec2 provision ( ! ,act1 #bgd2 facts z to its use1 #cef2 false argum5t1 #cee ,curzon1 ,"l1 #afi1 #aie ,cyprus1 typhoid 91 #bjf ,d ,daman1 plague 91 #aga ,d>k ,de$s1 #cac ,d>w91 evid5ce be=e ! #ahge ,commission1 #fh ,dava9e on an?rax1 #hh2 on entozoa1 #bdd ,dax1 #fb ,dead vacc9es1 #aig ,dea?-rate argum5t1 !1 #cci ,dea?s f exp]im5t on self1 #beg ,deelfonte91 typhoid 91 #bjh ,diabetes1 #cj-ce2 pancreatic diabetes1 #ci ,diap$esis 9 inflammation1 #gh ,dige/ion1 #bd-bi2 ,pawl['s exp]im5ts1 #gj ,digitalis1 /udy (1 #bec2 false argum5t1 #cde ,diph!ria1 #ajb-abg2 discov]y ( its antitox91 #ajc2 e>ly results & reports1 #ajc-aaf2 results at ! ,bo>d ,hospitals1 #aaf-abc2 ,sieg]t's tables1 #abc2 ,woodhead's #aija report1 #abd2 ,mac,combie's tables1 #abf2 prev5tive use ( ! antitox91 #aje-ajf2 tra*eotomy /ati/ics1 #ajd-abf2 false /atem5ts & argum5ts1 #caj1 #caf1 #cch1 #cci-cdb ,di/emp]1 inoculation aga9/1 #bhi ,draft+ ( que/ions to be put to ! ,home ,secret>y1 #cfi ,dr[n+1 exp]im5ts on dea? by1 #cfa ,drugs1 action (1 #bea-beh2 l+]+ influ5ce ( magic1 #bea2 revolution>y "w ( ,mag5die & ,claude ,b]n>d1 #beb2 discov]y ( selective action1 #bec2 effects ( drugs on animals1 #bee ,dub\1 ,dr41 #ach ,dundee1 tetanus 9 mills 91 #acd ,durbhanga jail1 *ol]a 91 #afb ,durham1 ,dr41 on ,widal's reaction1 #baj2 on yell[ fev]1 #bce ,dyson1 ,major1 #aff ,e ,e & ,,ee1 ,c]tificates1 #bhd-bhf1 #cfa ,eb]l1 #ch ,ed9burgh ,hospital1 ,s\? ,africa1 typhoid 91 #bje von ,eisselsb]g1 #bdi ,egypt1 typhoid 91 #aii1 #bjf ,electoral ,"w ( anti-vivisection societies1 #bii1 #cfg ,electricity 9 m$ic9e1 #bfd ,elephantiasis1 #bdj ,elim9ation ( infection 7mal>ia71 #bbc ,elliot1 ,dr4 ,&rew1 #bjh ,engl&1 v>iability ( diph!ria 91 #aje ,equilibration1 #ef ,erasi/ratus1 #c ,eri*s51 ,sir ,john1 #gh1 #bfg ,excision ( w\nd 9 tetanus1 #acf ,exp]im5ts on self1 #aeb1 #aec1 #afi1 #bbj1 #bbb1 #bcc1 #beg ,exp]im5ts dur+ #aije1 report to ,gov]nm5t on1 #bhc-bic ,exp]im5ts )\t an/hetics1 #bfh-bga1 #bhf1 #bib1 #ceb2 false /atem5ts1 #cbb1 #ceb1 #cfc ,exp]im5ts "u ,c]tificate ,b1 or ,b ,,ee1 or ,b ,f1 #bhe2 prohibition ( subsequ5t infliction ( pa91 #bhf1 #ceb2 ^! exp]im5ts less ?an #c p] c5t4 ( all exp]im5ts1 #bhe2 inoculation-exp]im5ts ab\t #ie p] c5t4 ( all exp]im5ts1 #bhf ,f ,f1 ,c]tificate1 #bhd ,fabricius1 #e ,fayr]1 ,sir ,joseph1 #bei ,f5wick1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,s41 #hf ,f]ran1 ,dr41 #aec ,f]ri]'s "w 9 c]ebral localisation1 #fc ,fil>iasis1 #bdj2 ,dr4 ,l['s report on1 #bda ,f9lay's "w on yell[ fev]1 #bcb ,fis*]1 #aec ,fi/ula1 artificial1 #bh1 #bi1 #gj ,fleas & plague1 #ccb ,fl\r5s1 #ee ,=man1 ,major1 evid5ce be=e ,plague ,commission1 #agf ,=/]1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,e41 #bfg ,fo/]1 ,sir ,mi*ael1 #eh1 #ff ,f\l]ton1 ,mr4 ,a41 #baj ,fox1 ,dr41 #bej ,france1 ,pa/eur ,in/itutes 91 #aej ,frascatorius1 #f1 #if ,fras]1 ,pr(41 #agj1 #bec1 #bei ,fr5* army1 diph!ria 9 !1 #ajc ,frits* & ,hitzig on c]ebral localisation1 #fe ,g ,gabrit*efski1 ,dr41 #aje ,gaffky1 ,dr41 #aif ,gal51 exp]im5t on ! art]ies1 #c2 quot$ by ,asellius1 #ai2 exp]im5ts on ! n]v\s sy/em1 #dd ,gall & phr5ology1 #fj ,gamaleia1 #aec ,gamgee1 ,dr4 ,a41 exp]im5ts on amyl nitrite1 #bed ,ga/ric juice1 #bd-ci ,gaya jail1 *ol]a 91 #afj ,g]many1 diph!ria 91 #aje ,glycog51 #cj-ce ,gmel91 #bg ,goldsmi?s' ,company1 !1 #aag ,gorgas1 ,major1 on yell[ fev]1 #bcg ,g[]s1 ,sir ,william1 #fc ,graaf1 ,regni] de1 #cf ,graham1 ,dr41 #bad ,grassi1 ,pr(41 exp]im5ts on mal>ia1 #bba1 #beg ,greece1 rabies 91 #adc ,gull1 ,sir ,william1 on myxo$ema1 #bdg ,h ,hadw51 ,dr41 #cbc ,haffk9e1 "w on *ol]a1 #aec2 on plague1 #afh2 exp]im5ts on self1 #beg ,haigh1 ,rev4 ,h41 #ahd ,haldane1 ,dr41 on respiration1 #gj ,hales1 on blood-pressure1 #aa ,hall]1 #hb ,hallifax1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,j41 #agj ,hamburg1 *ol]a at1 #aeb du ,hamel1 on gr[? ( bone1 #dj ,ham]1 ,dr41 #hh ,hank91 ,dr41 #aec ,h>ley1 ,dr41 on pancreatic diabetes1 #ci ,h>vey1 ,william1 #e-i1 #bj1 #cce ,h>vey1 ,director ,g5]al1 ,i4,m4,s41 #afi1 #aga1 #aia ,hat*1 ,lieut4-,col41 #afi ,havana1 yell[ fev] 91 #bch ,hav]s1 #dj ,head1 ,dr41 "w on ! n]v\s sy/em1 #gj ,hebra1 #hb ,hewett1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,p41 #agj ,hewlett1 ,pr(41 #ajb1 #bch ,hill1 ,dr4 ,leon>d1 #ga ,hippocrates1 #bdc ,hi/orical p>allel1 #cga ,hitzig1 "w on c]ebral localisation1 #fd ,hobday1 ,pr(41 #bha ,hollnd]1 ,dr41 #ccf ,horses immunis$ aga9/ tetanus1 #acc ,horsley1 ,sir ,victor1 #cae2 on ,gal51 #dd2 on c]ebral localisation1 #fe2 8 "w on myxo$ema1 #bdh1 #bdi ,h\/on's e/imate1 #abh ,hubli1 plague 91 #aha ,hughl+s ,jackson1 ,dr41 #fc ,hunt]1 ,john1 #g1 #ac1 #beg ,hunt]1 ,dr4 ,william1 on p]nici\s anmia1 #bfc ,hutton1 ,mr41 #bfg ,huxley1 ,pr(41 #bfg1 #bih ,hydatid disease1 #bde ,hypod]mic use ( drugs1 #bfd ,i ,icel&1 e*9ococcus 91 #bde ,immunis$ horses1 n 9 pa91 #bgj ,imp]ial ,yeomanry ,hospital1 typhoid 91 #bjg ,india1 *ol]a 91 #aec2 plague 91 #afh2 typhoid 91 #aih2 mal>ia 91 #baf ,india ,(fice1 exp]im5ts made =1 #bhh ,inflammation1 /udy (1 #gg-gi ,+]soll1 ,col41 #cbi ,inoculations1 s*$ul$ "u ,c]tificate ,a1 #bfi2 ab\t #ie p] c5t4 ( all exp]im5ts1 #bib1 #cbe2 pres5ce or abs5ce ( pa91 #bgj1 #bhg2 made by ,gov]nm5t & public bodies1 #bhh1 #bib2 false argum5ts & /atem5ts1 #cch1 #ceb ,int]nal secretion1 #cd1 #ci1 #bej ,irregul>ities "u ! ,act1 #bhh ,israel1 ,pr(41 #bdf ,italy1 mal>ia 91 #bah sqq4 ,j ,ja9s1 !1 #afh ,japan1 *ol]a 91 #afg ,jesse1 ,mr41 #bih ,jewi% community at ,ad51 plague among1 #aib ,jute mills1 tetanus 91 #acd ,k ,kan?ack1 ,pr(41 on tetanus1 #acj2 on snake v5om1 #bei ,krmn1 ,dr41 #ajd ,k>slake1 ,sir ,john1 #bfg ,keelan1 ,lieut41 on plague1 #ahg ,keep+ d[n ( ! mosquito1 #bbi1 #bdb ,k5t ,c\nty ,lunatic ,asylum1 typhoid at1 #aig ,kh>t\m ,exp$ition1 typhoid on1 #aig ,khoja community1 plague among1 #agi ,kirki1 plague at1 #agb ,kitasato1 ,pr(41 on diph!ria1 #ajb2 on plague1 #afh ,klebs1 ,pr(41 on diph!ria1 #ajb2 on typhoid1 #aif ,klebs-,loeffl] bacillus1 !1 #ajb sqq4 ,kle91 ,pr(41 on an?rax1 #gf2 on *ol]a1 #aec2 exp]im5t on self1 #beg ,ko*1 ,pr(41 on an?rax1 #hh2 on tub]cle1 #ig1 #ih2 on *ol]a1 #aeb2 on typhoid1 #aif2 on elim9ation ( infection 7mal>ia71 #bbc2 exp]im5t on self1 #beg ,ko*'s po/ulates1 #gf ,ko*]1 ,pr(41 on myxo$ema1 #bdg1 #bdi ,krokiewicz1 #acc ,krnle91 #ajd ,kroon/adt1 typhoid 91 #bjc ,k*5mei/] on entozoa1 #bdd ,l ,lacteals1 !1 #ai-bc ,labb's proteosoma1 #bag ,laboratories1 n dang]\s to public heal?1 #beh2 us$ 9 ,gov]nm5t s]vice1 #bhh2 inspect$ & approv$1 #bhh ,ladysmi?1 typhoid 91 #bja ,la5nec1 on tub]cle1 #if ,lagos1 mal>ia 91 #bbd1 #bbh ,lamb1 ,surg4-,capt41 #bab ,lamb]t1 ,dr41 on tetanus1 #acb ,lanauli1 plague at1 #agb ,lapis ,g1 giv5 to ,*>les ,,ii41 #beb ,l>yngeal diph!ria1 #aad1 #abj sqq4 ,lav]an1 on mal>ia1 #baf ,laze>1 ,dr41 dea? f yell[ fev]1 #bce ,leblanc1 on risk ( rabies1 #adb ,leff+well1 ,dr41 on hi/ory ( anti-vivisection1 #big ,lefroy1 ,mr41 #bda ,legge1 ,dr41 on indu/rial an?rax1 #hh ,leuck>t1 on tri*9iasis1 #bdd ,leumann1 ,surg4-,capt41 8 "w 9 ,hubli1 #aha-ahi ,lic5ses "u ! ,act1 #bge-bgg2 numb] grant$1 b n us$ la/ ye>1 #bhc ,li/]1 ,"l1 8 acc\nt ( 8 "w1 #gh ,lit]ature1 anti-vivisection1 #cac-cbd ,liv]pool ,s*ool ( ,tropical ,m$ic9e1 #bah1 #bbd ,llangattock1 ,"l1 #cji ,localisation 9 c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 #ed1 #ei-fg ,london ,anti-vivisection ,society1 #cjb1 #cbc1 #ccd ,london ,s*ool ( ,tropical ,m$ic9e1 #bbj ,lora9e1 ,rev4 ,nevison1 #cbg ,l[1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,c41 on mal>ia1 #bbj2 on fil>iasis1 #bdj ,luckn[1 *ol]a 91 #aeh ,lutaud1 ,dr41 #cag ,lymphatic sy/em1 !1 #bc ,lyons1 ,major1 on plague1 #agb ,m ,mac,callum1 #baf ,mc,fadyean1 ,pr(41 on tub]cul91 #ajj ,mac,garvie ,smi?1 #bfb ,mac,gregor1 ,sir ,william1 on mal>ia1 #bbd1 #bbh ,mack5zie1 ,dr4 ,hector1 on myxo$ema1 #bej ,mack5zie1 ,dr4 ,james1 on n]ve di/ribution1 #gj ,mac,neill1 ,mr41 /atem5ts 9 ,p>liam5t1 #cei ,macrae1 ,surg4-,major1 #afj ,mag5die1 on ! n]ve roots1 #eb2 on selective action ( drugs1 #beb ,magic1 l+]+ late 9 m$ic9e1 #bea ,mahratta mills & railway1 *ol]a 91 #ahh1 #ahi ,maid/one1 typhoid at1 #aig1 #bab ,mal>ia1 #bad-bca1 #bdb ,malay ,/ates1 mal>ia 91 #bcj ,malpighi on ! capill>ies1 #aj ,malta fev]1 #baa2 possibly milk-borne1 #bac ,malta1 typhoid 91 #aii ,manomet]s1 #aa-ah ,manson1 ,sir ,patrick1 #abh1 #bac1 #baf1 #bbg ,mantegazza1 #ccj ,m>ey1 #af ,m>sd51 ,dr41 on typhoid1 #bjj ,m>%all ,hall1 8 "w on reflex action1 #ec ,m>t91 ,pr(4 ,sidney1 on diph!ria1 #ajc2 on tetanus1 #acj ,meat1 infection (1 #ii ,m$ical ,brief1 !1 #caf1 #cch ,m$ical ,j\rnals1 !1 #big ,m$ical ,op9ions on ,vivisection1 #cba ,me]ut1 typhoid 91 #bje ,mei/]1 ,joseph1 ,pa/eur's fir/ case1 #acg von ,m]+1 #ch ,met*nik(f1 #gh1 #aec ,mice immunis$ aga9/ canc]1 #bfc1 #bhh ,microscope1 be=e bact]iology1 #gg ,milk1 infection (1 #ih ,m9i/]s ( ,/ate1 lett]s to1 #cgj ,m9k[ski1 #ch ,monsall ,fev] ,hospital1 typhoid 91 #bjj ,mora1 plague 91 #agj ,morphia1 a true an/hetic1 #bha2 exceptional action (1 #bhb ,mosquito1 !1 #bad-bdb ,mosquito brigades1 #bcj ,muk]ji1 ,surg41 #aff ,mll]1 ,dr41 #beh ,municipal laboratories1 #bhg ,murray1 ,dr4 ,george1 on myxo$ema1 #bej ,mursell1 ,rev4 ,a41 #cbj ,mutilations by f>m]s & bre$]s1 #bic ,my]s1 ,dr4 ,walt]1 dea? f yell[ fev]1 #bcf ,myxo$ema1 #bdg-bej2 false argum5t1 #cdd ,n ,nagpur jail1 mal>ia 91 #bai ,national ,anti-vivisection ,society1 #bii sqq4 ,national ,can9e ,def5ce ,league1 #cjf1 #cbb1 #cfj1 #cfc ,national ,society = ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,animals1 #cjd ,negative results1 frequ5t1 ( inoculations1 #bhg ,negri1 ,pr(41 #acg ,n]v\s sy/em1 !1 #dd-fg ,netley ,hospital1 "w on typhoid1 #aif2 on ,malta fev]1 #bab ,new ,gu9ea1 mal>ia 91 #bbe ,newman1 ,c>d9al1 #cga ,nhatrang1 plague 91 #aid ,nicolai]1 on tetanus1 #abi ,nig]ia1 mal>ia 91 #bbe ,n9e ,circles1 !1 #cac ,noc>d1 ,pr(41 on tetanus 9 horses1 #acc ,nott1 ,surg4-,capt41 #aee ,o ,(ficial exp]im5ts1 #bhh ,oliv]1 ,dr41 #hh ,olli]1 ,pr(41 #dc ,"o exp]im5t "o animal1 #cei ,oporto1 plague at1 #afh1 #aid ,opsonic index1 !1 #aja ,ord1 ,dr41 on myxo$ema1 #bdg ,our ,cause 9 ,p>liam5t1 #cfg ,our ,cause 9 ! ,press1 #caj1 #caa1 #cfj ,ow51 ,sir ,ri*>d1 #ad ,oxyg51 inhalation (1 #bfd ,p ,pacific ,isl&s1 fil>iasis 9 !1 #bdj ,pdiatric ,society ( ,am]ica1 report on diph!ria-antitox91 #aji ,pal]mo1 ,pa/eur ,in/itute at1 #add ,pallas1 on entozoa1 #bdd ,pancreas1 !1 #cf2 pancreatic diabetes1 #ci ,p>alyses ( diph!ria1 #aad1 #aaf1 #abe ,p>alytic rabies ( rabbits1 #adf ,p>asitic diseases1 #bdc ,p>asitism1 #bae ,p>1 ,ambroise1 #afg1 #beb ,p>is1 diph!ria 91 #ajg ,p>k9son1 ,dr41 #hf ,p>see community at ,daman1 plague among1 #aga ,pa/eur1 8 influ5ce on surg]y1 #gi1 #hd2 "w on an?rax1 #hh2 on r\get1 #id2 on rabies1 #acg ,pa/eur ,in/itutes1 #adj-aea2 false argum5t1 #cde-cdh ,pa?ology & bact]iology1 #ge-hf ,pavy1 ,dr41 on diabetes1 #ce ,pawl[1 ,pr(41 on dige/ion1 #gj ,pe*a1 ,nurse1 #beh ,pecquet1 ,jehan1 discov]y ( ! ?oracic duct1 #ba ,pdiatrie1 ,socit de1 #ajf ,p]nici\s anmia1 #bfc ,pet]1 ,dr41 #ada ,pfeiff]1 ,dr41 #aec ,phelps1 ,lieut4-,g541 #cbc ,phr5ology1 #fj1 #ccc ,ph?isis1 #if ,physiology1 #c-ga1 #bfg ,pirkis1 ,capt41 ,r4,n41 #cdf ,plague1 #afh-aie ,poiseuille's manomet]1 #ae ,poll5d]1 #hh ,polli1 ,pr(41 #gi ,polyval5t s]um1 #hf ,ponfick1 #bdf ,poore1 ,dr41 on an?rax1 #hi2 on tetanus1 #abi ,portl& ,hospital1 typhoid 91 #bjb ,pottev91 ,dr41 #ade ,p[ell1 ,dr4 ,ar?ur1 #afe ,prague1 tetanus at1 #acd ,prejudic$ ,man1 !1 #cgc ,prev5tive use ( antitox9 9 diph!ria1 #ajd1 #ajf2 9 tetanus1 #acc-ace ,pro*aska1 #ed ,protection aga9/ ,anopheles & ,culex1 #bbg1 #bda ,pu]p]al fev]1 #gi-hd ,pymia1 #gh ,q ,qu>ant9e & bact]iology1 #afg ,quesada1 #beg ,qu99e1 action (1 #bca ,r ,rabies1 #acg-aea2 te/s 9 #aije1 #bhh1 #bia2 false argum5t1 #cde ,rats & plague1 #aib1 #ccb ,realdus1 #d ,raumur1 "w on dige/ion1 #be ,r$i1 on entozoa1 #bdd ,re$1 on yell[ fev]1 #bci ,reflex action1 #ec ,regi/]$ places "u ! ,act1 #bhc ,regi/r>-,g5]al1 !1 #cci ,re9h>dt1 ,dr41 #cee ,r5nie1 ,dr41 on snake v5om1 #bfc ,report on exp]im5ts on animals1 #bhc-bic ,respiration1 #gj ,rev]d91 ,pr(41 #bdg ,ri*>dson1 ,sir ,b5jam9 ,w>d1 #bed ,ri*mond ,hospital1 ,dubl91 typhoid 91 #bjg ,rio1 ,pa/eur ,in/itute at1 #add ,rog]1 on an?rax1 #hh ,roll&1 ,g541 #age ,rolle/on1 ,dr4 ,humphry1 #bjg ,romanes1 #ff ,ross1 ,pr(4 ,ronald1 #baf1 #bbh1 #bdb ,r\get1 inoculation aga9/1 #id ,r\x1 ,pr(41 #hd1 #hi1 #ajc1 #ach ,royal ,society = ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,animals1 #cjd ,rudbeck1 #bc ,ruff]1 ,dr41 #agj ,ru% = plague-s]um 9 #ahii1 #aic ,russia1 diph!ria 91 #aje ,russell1 ,sir ,james1 #bhh ,russell1 ,dr4 ,risi51 #df ,s ,salicylic acid1 #bee ,/4 ,m>t91 ,alexis1 #bh ,sambon1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,c41 #bbj ,samoa1 fil>iasis 91 #bdj ,san>elli1 ,pr(41 #bcd1 #cae ,san ,c>los jail1 yell[ fev] 91 #bcd ,s&]s1 ,dr41 #bec ,s&]son1 ,sir ,john ,burdon1 #cb ,saturday ,review1 !1 #ajc ,sc>brugh1 ,dr41 #bea ,s*iff1 ,pr(41 #eh1 #bdi ,securus judicat1 #abc ,segregation aga9/ mal>ia1 #bbd ,selective action ( drugs1 #beb ,semmelweis1 ,ignaz1 "w on pu]p]al fev]1 #gi-hb ,semon1 ,sir ,felix1 #bdh ,semple1 ,surg4-,major1 #aif1 #baj ,s]ampur1 *ol]a at1 #afd ,s]i\s exp]im5ts1 #cdi-cec ,sewage1 exp]im5ts = te/+1 #bhh ,sewell1 ,dr41 #bfc ,%ambles ( ,sci5ce1 !1 #cac ,sieg]t's tables ( diph!ria1 #abc ,si]ra ,leone1 mal>ia 91 #bbf ,simon1 ,sir ,john1 evid5ce be=e #ahge ,commission1 #gf ,simpson1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,j41 on *ol]a1 #aee ,sk91 diseases (1 #bej2 graft+1 #bfd ,skoda1 #hb ,sleep+ sickness1 #bfd ,smi?1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w41 #bjc ,smi?1 ,mr4 ,/eph51 #cee ,snake v5om1 #bei-bfc ,society = ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,*ildr51 #cjd ,s\? ,africa1 typhoid 91 #bjj sqq4 ,s\? ,am]ica1 yell[ fev] 91 #bcb sqq4 ,s\?well1 ,bi%op (1 #cai ,spallanzani1 #bf ,spee* c5tres1 !1 #ei1 #ccg ,spontane\s g5]ation1 #bdd ,sport1 attitude ( anti-vivisection societies t[>d1 #cjh ,sphygmomet]1 !1 #ag ,spuri\s hydrophobia1 #cdg ,/anley1 ,mr41 #db ,/>l+1 ,pr(41 #ci1 #fi ,/at5 ,isl&1 #bdb ,/e5/rup1 on entozoa1 #bdd ,/]nb]g1 #abh1 #bca ,/ok]1 ,sir ,w4 ,t41 #bia ,/one1 ,dr41 #bfc ,/reptococci1 #hc ,/rophan?us1 #bee ,/ry*n9e1 /udy (1 #bec ,subdural inoculations1 #acc1 #ach1 #bga ,suppuration1 #hd ,swamm]dam1 #bdd ,syme1 #db1 #gh ,sympa!tic sy/em1 #fi ,t ,tabes mes5t]ica1 #ih ,talbot1 ,rev4 ,r41 #ceb ,t]zi1 ,signor1 exp]im5t on self1 #bbj ,tetanus1 #abh-acf ,tew1 ,dr41 on typhoid1 #aig ,?ane1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,d41 #bij ,?ompson ,yates laboratories1 #bbc ,?oracic duct1 !1 #ba ,?uilli]1 #hi ,?yroid extract1 use (1 #bej2 false argum5t1 #cdd ,ti$emann1 #bg ,too?1 ,dr41 #bjb ,torsion ( art]ies1 #bfd ,tra*eotomy 9 diph!ria1 #aad-abj ,transfusion ( sal9e fluid1 #bfd ,transplantation ( bone1 #bfd ,treves1 ,sir ,fr$]ick1 #cba ,tri*9iasis1 #bdd ,trott]1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,l41 #bhh ,tub]cle1 #if-aja ,tub]cul91 #ih ,typhoid fev]1 #aif-baa ,u ,um>khadi jail1 plague 91 #agg ,undh]a1 plague 91 #agh ,v ,val5t91 #ch ,valisni]i1 #be ,vallry ,radot1 #acg ,vaso-motor sy/em1 #ef1 #fi ,vaughan1 ,surg4-,capt41 #aee ,v5esection1 #bfd ,v5oms1 relative /r5g? (1 #bfj ,v]atria1 #bee ,vet]9>y op]ations1 #bha1 #bic ,vi]ordt1 #ag ,villem91 #if ,vir*[1 ,pr(41 #ge1 #bde ,virul5ce1 grades (1 #hi1 #aci1 #bfj ,virus fixe1 #aci ,w ,wall1 ,dr4 ,a41 #cej ,wall]1 #gh ,w> ,(fice1 exp]im5ts =1 #bhh ,wa%b\rn1 ,dr41 #bjh ,wass]mann1 #aec ,we/1 ,lieut4 ,j4 ,w41 #bji ,we/ ,africa1 mal>ia 91 #bbd1 #bbf ,:>ton ,jones1 #gg ,widal's reaction1 #baj1 #baa ,wilb]=ce1 ,ar*deacon1 #cai1 #cbh ,willis1 #ei ,w9burg1 typhoid 91 #bji ,w9m>leigh1 ,"l1 #bfg ,wolff1 #bdf ,wood1 ,mr4 ,som]ville1 #cci-cdd ,woodhead1 ,pr(41 #aag1 #abd1 #bga ,woolsort]s' disease1 #hg ,wright1 ,sir ,almro?1 #aja1 #agj1 #aif ,y ,yell[ fev]1 #bca-bdj ,y]s91 #afi1 #aid ,z ,zoophili/1 !1 #cad-cbj ,zri*1 diph!ria 91 #ajd ,transcrib]'s note3 ,9 footnote #ah ! s5t5ce ,es mss5 vor all5 ,d+5 die ,quell51 aus d55 d] ,infections-/(f flies/1 s weit es 9 m5s*li*5 ,ma*t liegt1 v]s*loss5 w]d54 0 *ang$ to read3 ,es mss5 vor all5 ,d+5 die ,quell51 aus d55 d] ,infektions/(f flies/1 s weit es 9 m5s*li*] ,ma*t liegt1 v]s*loss5 w]d54 ,?ree ov]wide tables h be5 split into two p>ts4 ,9 ea* ! fir/ r[ ( ! orig9al table has be5 repeat$ 9 ! split (f table 9 ord] to make ! table m readable4 ,^! ?ree tables appe> 93 ,,"p ,,ii-,,exp]im5ts ,,9 ,,pa?ology1 ,,mat]ia ,,m$ica1 ,,& ,,!rapeutics4 ,,vacc9ation ,,aga9/ ,,*>bon 7,,france74 ,%eep4 ,,vacc9ation ,,aga9/ ,,*>bon 7,,france74 ,cattle4 ,,vacc9ation ,,aga9/ ,,r\get 7,,france74