,transcrib]'s note3 ,?is e-text includes ,greek *>act]s & punctuation t w only display 9 ,,utf-#h 7,unicode7 text read]s1 e4g4 ,if any ( ^! *>act]s d n display prop]ly1 make sure y\r text read]'s 8"* set0 or 8file encod+0 is set to ,unicode 7,,utf-#h74 ,y may also ne$ to *ange ! default font4 ,z a la/ resort1 use ! ,,iso-#hhei-a 7,lat9-#a7 v]sion ( ?is text in/ead1 9 :i* ! ,greek words h be5 translit]at$4 ,,! ,,epi/le ,,to ,,! ,,galatians4 ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,,pr(essor ,g4 ,g4 ,,f9dlay1 ,b4,a41 ,,head+ley ,,college1 ,,le$s4 ,,new ,,york3 ,a4 ,c4 ,,arm/rong ,,son1 #ea ,,ea/ ,,t5? ,,/reet1 ,,ne> ,,broadway4 #ahic4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,! ,,prologue4 ,,*apt] i4 #a-aj4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,page ,,! ,,address #c ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,salutation #ai ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,ana!ma #cd ,,! ,,p]sonal ,,hi/ory4 ,,*apt] i4 #aa-;ii4 #ba4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,paul',s ,,gospel ,,reveal$ ,,by ,,*ri/ #ec ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,paul',s ,,div9e ,,commission #fh ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,paul ,,& ,,! ,,primitive ,,*ur* #hc ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,paul ,,& ,,! ,,false ,,bre?r5 #ih ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,paul ,,& ,,! ,,?ree ,,pill>s #aac ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,paul ,,& ,,pet] ,,at ,,antio* #abi ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,at ,,/ake #adf ,,! ,,doctr9al ,,polemic4 ,,*apt] iii4 #a-v4 #ab4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,galatian ,,folly #afe ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,abraham',s ,,bless+ ,,& ,,! ,,law',s ,,curse #ahj ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,cov5ant ,,( ,,promise #aif ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,design ,,( ,,! ,,law #baa ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,emancipat$ ,,sons ,,( ,,god #bbg ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,heir',s ,,com+ ,,( ,,age #bdb ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,return ,,to ,,bondage #beg ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,paul',s ,,entreaty #bgb ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,hag> #bhf ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,%all ,,! ,,galatians ,,be ,,circumcis$8 #cjb ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,h9d]]s ,,& ,,tr\bl]s #caf ,,! ,,e?ical ,,application4 ,,*apt] v4 #ac-vi4 #aj4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,p]ils ,,( ,,lib]ty #ccc ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,*ri/',s ,,_s ,,& ,,human ,,fle% #cdg ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,works ,,( ,,! ,,fle% #cfa ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,fruit ,,( ,,! ,,_s #cge ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,our ,,bro!r',s ,,burd5 ,,& ,,our ,,own #cij ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,s[+ ,,& ,,reap+ #dje ,,! ,,epilogue4 ,,*apt] vi4 #aa-ah4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,! ,,false ,,& ,,! ,,true ,,glory+ #dba ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,ritual ,,no?+3 ,,"* ,,ev]y?+ #dce ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,! ,,br& ,,( ,,jesus #ddh ,,! ,,prologue4 ,,*apt] i4 #a-aj4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,address4 ,paul1 an apo/le 7n f m51 nei!r ?r\gh man1 b ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ,god ! ,fa!r1 :o rais$ ,him f ! dead71 & all ! bre?r5 :i* are ) me1 unto ! ,*ur*es ( ,galatia4#a--;,,gal4 i4 #a1 #b4 #a ,! text us$ 9 ?is exposition is1 ) v few exceptions1 t ( ! ,revis$ ,engli% ,v]sion1 or its m>g94 ,antiquity has no?+ to %[ m notable 9 its k9d1 or m preci\s1 ?an ?is lett] ( ,paul to ! ,*ur*es ( ,galatia4 ,x takes u back1 9 "s respects ne>] ?an any o!r docum5t we possess1 to ! beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ian !ology & ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,9 x ! spiritual consci\sness ( ,*ri/ianity fir/ reveals itself 9 its di/9ctive "* & its full /r5g?1 free f ! trammels ( ! pa/1 realiz+ ! adv5t ( ! new k+dom ( ,god t 0 f\nd$ 9 ! dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,x is ! voice ( ! ,*ur* te/ify+ ,god ha? s5t =? ! ,_s ( ,8 ,son into our he>ts4 ,buri$ = a ?\s& ye>s "u ! weight ( ! ,ca?olic legalism1 ! tea*+ ( ?is ,epi/le came to life aga9 9 ! rise ( ,prote/antism4 ,m>t9 ,lu!r put x to 8 lips z a trumpet to bl[ ! reveill ( ! ,re=mation4 ,8 fam\s ,comm5t>y summon$ enslav$ ,*ri/5dom to recov] ! lib]ty :]e) ,*ri/ ha? made u free4 ,( all ! great ,re=m]'s writ+s ?is 0 ! wide/ 9 its influ5ce & ! de>e/ to himself4 ,= ! _s ( ,paul liv$ aga9 9 ,lu!r1 z 9 no o!r s9ce ! ,apo/le's day4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians is ! *>t] ( ,evangelical fai?4 ,! hi/orical criticism ( ! pres5t c5tury has br\ght ?is writ+ once m to ! front ( ! conflict ( fai?4 ,born 9 controv]sy1 x seems inevitably to be born = controv]sy4 ,its int]pretation =ms ! pivot ( ! mo/ ?or\ghgo+ rec5t discussions t\*+ ! beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ian hi/ory & ! au!nticity ( ! ,new ,te/am5t record4 ,! ,galatian ,epi/le is1 9 fact1 ! key ( ,new ,te/am5t ,apologetics4 ,r\nd x ! ,roman & ,cor9?ian ,lett]s gr\p !mselves1 =m+ toge!r a solid1 impregnable quat]nion1 & supply+ a fix$ />t+-po9t & an indubitable te/ = ! exam9ation ( ! critical que/ions belong+ to ! ,apo/olic age4 ,:atev] else may be disput$1 x is agre$ t !re 0 an apo/le ,paul1 :o wrote ^! f\r ,epi/les to c]ta9 ,*ri/ian societies ga!r$ out ( hea!nism1 communities num]\s1 widely scatt]$1 & conta9+ m5 ( advanc$ intellig5ce2 & ?is )9 ?irty ye>s ( ! dea? ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,e critic mu/ reckon ) ?is fact4 ,! mo/ sceptical criticism makes a respectful pause be=e our ,epi/le4 ,hopeless ( de/roy+ its te/imony1 ,rationalism treats x ) an ev5 exagg]at$ def]5ce2 & seeks to extract evid5ce f x aga9/ its companion witnesses among/ ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s4 ,?is attempt1 h[ev] misdirect$1 is a signal tribute to ! importance ( ! docum5t1 & to ! =ce ) :i* ! p]sonality ( ! writ] & ! conditions ( ! "t h /amp$ !mselves ^u x4 ,! d$uctions ( ! ,baurian criticism appe> to u to re/ on a n>r[ & arbitr>y exam9ation ( isolat$ passages2 !y spr+ f a mi/ak5 priori view ( ! hi/orical situation4 ,grant+ h[ev] to ^! inf]5ces1 :i* w meet u z we proce$1 _! utmo/ weight1 !y /ill leave ! te/imony ( ,paul to ! sup]natural "* ( ,*ri/ianity sub/antially intact4 ,( ! f\r major ,epi/les1 ?is "o is sup]latively *>act]i/ic ( its au?or4 ,x is ,paul9issima ,paul9>um--mo/ ,paul9e ( ,paul9e ?+s4 ,x is l>gely autobiographical2 h5ce its peculi> value4 ,read+ x1 we wat* hi/ory 9 ! mak+4 ,we trace ! rise ( ! new religion 9 ! typical man ( ! epo*4 ,! ma/]-build] ( ! ,apo/olic ,*ur* /&s be=e u1 at ! crisis ( 8 "w4 ,he lets u look into 8 he>t1 & le>n ! secret ( 8 p[]4 ,we come to "k ! ,apo/le ,paul z we "k sc>cely any o!r ( ! _w's great m9ds4 ,we f9d 9 him a man ( ! highe/ intellectual & spiritual p[]s1 equally great 9 passion & 9 action1 z a ?9k] & a lead] ( m54 ,b at e /ep ( our acqua9tance ! ,apo/le po9ts u beyond himself2 he says1 ,x is n ,i3 x is ,*ri/ t lives 9 me4 ,if ?is ,epi/le tea*es u ! greatness ( ,paul1 x tea*es u all ! m ! ,div9e greatness ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 be=e :om t k+ly intellect & passionate he>t b[$ 9 absolute devotion4 ,! situation :i* ! ,epi/le reveals & ! p]sonal ref]5ces 9 :i* x ab\nds are full ( int]e/ at e po9t4 ,!y furni% q ess5tial data to ! hi/orian ( ! ,e>ly ,*ur*4 ,we c\ld wi% t ! ,apo/le1 tell+ u s mu*1 _h told u m4 ,8 allusions1 cle> en\gh1 we mu/ suppose1 to ! fir/ read]s1 h l5t !mselves subsequ5tly to v conflict+ int]pretations4 ,b z !y /&1 !y are invaluable4 ,! fragm5t>y n>rative ( ! ,acts requires1 especially 9 its e>li] sections1 all ! illu/ration t c be obta9$ f o!r s\rces4 ,! conv]sion ( ,paul1 & ! ,c\ncil at ,j]usalem1 ev5ts ( capital importance = ! hi/ory ( ,apo/olic times1 are !reby set 9 a light c]ta9ly m complete & satisfactory ?an is furni%$ 9 ,luke's n>rative1 tak5 by itself4 ,& ,paul's ref]5ces to ! ,judean ,*ur* & its ?ree pill>s1 t\* ! crucial "q ( ,new ,te/am5t criticism1 namely t conc]n+ ! relation ( ! ,g5tile ,apo/le to ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity & ! connection betwe5 8 !ology & ! tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,our judgem5t respect+ ! conflict betwe5 ,pet] & ,paul at ,antio* 9 p>ticul> w det]m9e our :ole conception ( ! legali/ controv]sy1 & consequ5tly ( ! c\rse ( ,*ur* hi/ory dur+ ! fir/ two c5turies4 ,ar\nd ^! cursory allusions has ga!r$ a conte/ only less mom5t\s ?an t f :i* !y sprung4 ,! p]sonal & ! doctr9al elem5t are equally prom95t 9 ?is ,epi/le2 & appe> 9 a comb9ation *>act]i/ic ( ! writ]4 ,paul's !ology is ! !ology ( exp]i5ce4 ,x pleas$ ,god1 he says1 to reveal ,8 ,son 9 me 7*4 i4 #af74 ,8 tea*+ is ca/ 9 a psy*ological m\ld4 ,x is l>gely a record ( ! ,apo/le's spiritual hi/ory2 x is ! expression ( a liv+1 inw>d process--a p]sonal appropriation ( ,*ri/1 & a gr[+ realization ( ! fulness ( ! ,godhead 9 ,him4 ,! doctr9e ( ,paul 0 z f> z possible remov$ f be+ ! result ( ab/ract d$uction1 or any m]e comb9ation ( data ext]nally giv54 ,9 8 individual consci\sness1 illum9at$ by ! vision ( ,*ri/ & p5etrat$ by ! ,_s ( ,god1 he f\nd 8 message = ! _w4 ,we believe1 & !re=e speak4 ,we h receiv$ ! ,_s ( ,god1 t we may "k ! ?+s freely giv5 u ( ,god3 s5t5ces l ^! %[ u v cle>ly h[ ! ,apo/le's doctr9e =m$ itself 9 8 m9d4 ,8 appreh5sion ( ,*ri/1 above all ( ! cross1 0 ! focus1 ! creative & gov]n+ c5tre1 ( all 8 ?\ghts conc]n+ ,god & man1 "t & et]nity4 ,9 ! light ( ?is k he read ! ,old ,te/am5t1 he int]pret$ ! e>?ly life & tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,on ! gr\nd ( ?is p]sonal s5se ( salvation he confront$ ,pet] at ,antio*2 on ! same gr\nd he appeals to ! vacillat+ ,galatians1 %>]s ) himself 9 ! new life ( ! ,_s4 ,"h lies ! n]ve ( 8 argum5t 9 ?is ,epi/le4 ,! !ory ( ! relation ( ! ,law to ! ,abrahamic promise develop$ 9 ! ?ird *apt]1 is ! hi/orical c\nt]p>t ( ! relation ( ! legal to ! evangelical consci\sness1 z he _h exp]i5c$ ! two /ates 9 turn )9 8 own brea/4 ,! _s ( ,paul 0 a microcosm1 9 :i* ! c\rse ( ! _w's religi\s evolution 0 summ$ up1 & br\ght to ! k ( itself4 ,! ,apo/le's influ5ce ov] ! m9ds ( o!rs 0 due 9 great "p to ! extraord9>y =ce ) :i* he appreh5d$ ! facts ( 8 own spiritual nature4 ,?r\gh ! dep? & int5sity ( 8 p]sonal exp]i5ce he t\*$ ! exp]i5ce ( 8 fell[s1 he seiz$ on ^? univ]sal tru?s t are lat5t 9 ! consci\sness ( mank9d1 by manife/ation ( ! tru? comm5d+ himself to e man's consci5ce 9 ! sight ( ,god4 ,b ?is k ( ! ?+s ( ,god 0 n ! m]e fruit ( reflection & self-se>*+2 x 0 ! m9i/ration ( ! ,_s4 ,paul did n simply "k ,*ri/2 he 0 "o ) ,*ri/1 jo9$ to ! ,"l1 "o _s ) ,him4 ,he did n !re=e speak out ( ! f9d+s ( 8 own _s2 ! absolute ,_s1 ! ,_s ( tru? & ( ,*ri/1 spoke 9 him4 ,tru?1 z he knew x1 0 ! self-ass]tion ( a ,div9e life4 ,& s ?is h&ful ( old lett]s1 brok5 & casual 9 =m1 ) _! rud5ess ( spee*1 _! _m obscurities1 _! rabb9ical logic1 h /irr$ ! ?\ghts ( m5 & sway$ _! lives ) a p[] great] p]haps ?an belongs to any human utt]ances1 sav+ only ^? ( ! ,div9e ,ma/]4 ,! features ( ,paul's /yle %[ !mselves "h 9 _! mo/ pron\nc$ =m4 ,! /yle is ! man4 ,& ! :ole man is 9 ?is lett]4 ,o!r ,epi/les br+ into relief ?is or t quality ( ! ,apo/le's disposition & ( 8 mann] z a writ]2 "h all are pres5t4 ,! subtlety & tr5*ant vig\r ( ,paul9e dialectic are n[h]e m conspicu\s ?an 9 ! discussion ) ,pet] 9 *4 ii4 ,! disc\rse on ,promise & ,law 9 *4 iii4 is a ma/]-piece ( exposition1 unsurpass$ 9 its ke5ness ( insight1 bread? ( view1 & skill ( application4 ,su* passages z *4 i4 #ae1 #af2 ii4 #ai1 #bj2 vi4 #ad1 take u into ! he>t ( ! ,apo/le's tea*+1 & reveal its my/ical dep? ( intuition4 ,beh9d ! ma/]ful dialectician we f9d ! spiritual se]1 ! man ( contemplation1 ^: fell[%ip is ) ! et]nal & unse54 ,& ! emotional temp]am5t ( ! writ] has left its impress on ?is ,epi/le n less di/9ctly ?an 8 m5tal & spiritual gifts4 ,! d5unciations ( *4 i4 #f-aj2 ii4 #d1 #e2 iv4 #i2 v4 #g-ab2 vi4 #ab-ad1 burn ) a conc5trat$ int5sity ( passion1 a sublime & holy scorn aga9/ ! enemies ( ! cross1 su* z a nature l ,paul's alone is capable ( feel+4 ,nor has ! ,apo/le p5n$ any?+ on ! o!r h& m amiable & t\*+1 m w9n+ly frank & t5d] 9 appeal1 ?an ! entreaty ( *4 iv4 #aa-bj4 ,8 la/ s5t5ce1 9 *4 vi4 #ag1 is an irresi/ible /roke ( pa?os4 ,! ard\r ( 8 s\l1 8 vivacity ( m9d & quick s5sibility1 are app>5t ?r\gh\t4 ,^? sudd5 turns ( ?\ght & bur/s ( emotion t occur 9 all 8 ,epi/les & s mu* p]plex _! int]pret]s1 are especially num]\s 9 ?is4 ,& yet we f9d t ^! int]ruptions are nev] all[$ to div]t ! writ] f 8 purpose1 nor to de/roy ! sequ5ce ( 8 ?\ght4 ,!y r c>ry x =w>d ) great] vehem5ce along ! *os5 c\rse1 z /orms w a /rong & well-mann$ %ip4 ,! ,epi/le is /rictly a unity4 ,x is writt51 z "o might say1 at a s+le brea?1 z if "u pressure & 9 /ress ( m9d4 ,!re is little ( ! amplitude ( expression & ! delight 9 l+]+ ov] "s fav\rite idea t *>act]ize ! lat] ,epi/les4 ,nor is !re any passage ( su/a9$ eloqu5ce to comp>e ) ^? t are f\nd 9 ! ,roman & ,cor9?ian lett]s4 ,! bus9ess on :i* ! ,apo/le writes is too urg5t1 8 anxiety too great1 to all[ ( fre$om & discursiv5ess ( ?\ght4 ,h5ce ?is ,epi/le is to an unusual degree closely pack$ 9 matt]1 rapid 9 movem5t1 & sev]e 9 tone4 ,9 its con/ruction ! ,epi/le exhibits an almo/ dramatic "*4 ,x is full ( action & animation4 ,!re is a gradual unfold+ ( ! subject1 & a skilful comb9ation ( sc5e & incid5t br\ght to be> on ! solution ( ! crucial "q4 ,! ,apo/le himself1 ! insidi\s ,judaiz]s1 & ! wav]+ ,galatians1--^! are ! protagoni/s ( ! action2 ) ,pet] & ! ,*ur* at ,j]usalem play+ a second>y "p1 & ,abraham & ,moses1 ,isaac & ,i%mael1 appe>+ 9 ! di/ance4 ,! fir/ ,act conducts u rapidly f sc5e to sc5e till we behold ,paul lab\r+ among/ ! ,g5tiles1 & ! ,*ur*es ( ,judea li/5+ ) approval to ! reports ( 8 success4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,j]usalem op5s a new /age 9 ! hi/ory4 ,n[ ,g5tile lib]ties are at /ake2 b ,titus' circumcision is successfully resi/$1 & ,paul z ! ,apo/le ( ! ,uncircumcis$ is ackn[l$g$ by ! pill>s z _! equal2 & f9ally ,pet]1 :5 he betrays ! tru? ( ! ,gospel at ,antio*1 is correct$ by ! ,g5tile ,apo/le4 ,! ?ird *apt] c>ries u away f ! pres5t conflict into ! region ( fir/ pr9ciples1--to ! ,abrahamic ,cov5ant ) its spiritual bless+ & _w-wide promise1 oppos$ by ! condemn+ ,mosaic ,law1 an opposition f9ally resolv$ by ! com+ ( ,*ri/ & ! gift ( ,8 ,_s ( adoption4 ,at ?is po9t ! ,apo/le turns ! ga!r$ =ce ( 8 argum5t ^u 8 read]s1 & grapples ) !m front to front 9 ! expo/ulation c>ri$ on f *4 iv4 #h to v4 #ab1 9 :i* ! /ory ( ,hag> =ms a tell+ episode4 ,! fif? & clos+ ,act1 ext5d+ to ! middle ( *4 vi41 turns on ! anti!sis ( ,fle% & ,_s1 br++ home ! cont5tion to ! region ( e?ics1 & exhibit+ to ! ,galatians ! practical effect ( _! foll[+ ! ,paul9e or ! ,judai/ic lead]%ip4 ,paul & ! ,primitive ,*ur*2 ,judaism & ,g5tile-,*ri/ian lib]ties2 ! ,cov5ants ( ,promise & ( ,law2 ! circumcision or non-circumcision ( ! ,galatians2 ! dom9ion ( ,fle% or ,_s3 ^! are ! contra/s ?r\gh :i* ! ,epi/le advances4 ,its c5tre lies 9 ! decisive "q giv5 9 ! f\r? ( ^! anti!ses4 ,if we 7 to fix x 9 a s+le po9t1 v]4 #b ( *4 v4 is ! s5t5ce we %\ld *oose3-- ,behold1 ,i ,paul say unto y1 ,if ye be circumcis$1 ,*ri/ w pr(it y no?+4 ,! above analysis may be r$uc$ to ! common ?reefold division1 foll[$ 9 ?is exposition3--viz4 7#a7 ,p]sonal ,hi/ory1 *4 i4 #aa-;ii4 #ba2 7#b7 ,doctr9al ,polemic1 *4 iii4 #a-v4 #ab2 7#c7 ,e?ical ,application1 *4 v4 #ac-vi4 #aj4 ,! epi/ol>y ,introduction =ms ! ,prologue1 *4 i4 #a-aj2 & an ,epilogue is app5d$1 by way ( r5ew$ w>n+ & prote/ation1 foll[$ by ! conclud+ signature & b5$iction1--*4 vi4 #aa-ah4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,address occupies ! fir/ two v]ses ( ! ,epi/le4 ,i4 ,on ! "o side is ! writ]3 ,paul1 an ,apo/le4 ,9 8 e>lie/ ,lett]s 7to ,!ssalonica7 ! title is want+2 s also 9 ,philippians & ,philemon4 ,! la/ in/ance expla9s ! o!r two4 ,to ! ,mac$onian ,*ur*es ,paul writes m 9 ! /yle ( fri5d%ip ?an au?ority3 = love's sake he r entreats4 ,) ! ,galatians x is diff]5t4 ,he proce$s to def9e 8 apo/le%ip 9 t]ms t %\ld leave no possible d\bt respect+ its "* & rights3 n f m51 he adds1 nor ?r\gh man2 b ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ,god ! ,fa!r1 t rais$ ,him f ! dead4 ,?is reads l a contradiction ( "s /atem5t made by ,paul's oppos]s4 ,_h !y ins9uat$ t he 0 an apo/le f m51 t 8 (fice 0 d]iv$1 l _! own1 only f ! "m ,*ur* 9 ,j]usalem8 ,su* ins9uations w\ld v well s]ve _! purpose2 & if !y 7 made1 ,paul w\ld be sure n to lose a mom5t 9 meet+ !m4 ,! ^w apo/le _h a c]ta9 latitude ( mean+4#b ,x 0 already1 !re is reason to believe1 a t]m ( ,jewi% (ficial usage :5 our ,"l appli$ x to ,8 *os5 ,twelve4 ,x signifi$ a delegate or envoy1 accr$it$ by "s public au?ority1 & *>g$ ) a special message4 ,we c und]/& !re=e its application to ! emiss>ies ( p>ticul> ,*ur*es--( ,j]usalem or ,antio*1 = example--despat*$ z _! mess5g]s to o!r ,*ur*es1 or ) a g5]al commission to proclaim ! ,gospel4 ,! rec5tly discov]$ ,tea*+ ( ! ,apo/les %[s t ?is use ( ! title cont9u$ 9 ,jewi%-,*ri/ian circles to ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury1 alongside ( ! re/rict$ & high] use4 ,! l[] apo/le%ip belong$ to ,paul 9 common ) ,b>nabas & ,silas & _m o!rs4 #b ,comp>e ,acts xiv4 #d1 #ad 7,b>nabas & ,paul72 #a ,!ss4 ii4 #f 7,paul & 8 comrades72 ,rom4 xvi4 #g 7,&ronicus & ,junias72 #b ,cor4 viii4 #bc 7,titus & o!rs1 apo/les ( ! *ur*es72 #b ,cor4 xi4 #ac 7false apo/les3 ,judean emiss>ies72 also ,rev4 ii4 #b2 ,heb4 iii4 #a2 ,john xiii4 #af4 ,on ! ,n4,t4 use ( apo/le1 see ,lightfoot's ,galatians1 pp4 #ib-aja2 b especially ,huxtable's ,diss]tation 9 ! ,pulpit ,comm5t>y 7,galatians71 pp4 xxiii4-l41 ! mo/ satisfactory elucidation ( ! subject we h met )4 ,preb5d>y ,huxtable h[ev] presses 8 argum5t too f>1 :5 he insi/s t ,/4 ,paul held 8 high] commission entirely 9 abeyance until ! crisis ( ! ,judaic controv]sy4 ,9 ! e>li] p]iod ( 8 m9i/ry1 ! ,apo/le 0 seem+ly cont5t to rank 9 public e/imation ) 8 companions 9 ! ,g5tile mission4 ,b a "t came :5 he 0 compell$ to arrogate to himself ! high] dignity4 ,8 "r !reto 0 ackn[l$g$ at ! memorable conf]5ce 9 ,j]usalem by ! lead]s ( ! ,jewi% ,*ur*4 ,s we ga!r f ! language ( *4 ii4 #g-i4 ,b ! full ex]cise ( 8 au?ority 0 res]v$ = ! pres5t em]g5cy1 :5 all 8 en]gy & influ5ce 7 requir$ to /em ! tide ( ! ,judai/ic reaction4 ,we c well imag9e t ,paul g5tle 9 ! mid/ ( 8 flock & n seek+ to be ( weight 7#a ,!ss4 ii4 #f1 #g71 _h hi!rto said z little z ne$ be on ! subject ( 8 (ficial rights4 ,8 mode/y _h expos$ him to misrepres5tations bo? 9 ,cor9? & 9 ,galatia4 ,he w h ^! p to "k t 8 gospel is 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ,div9e1 & t he receiv$ 8 commission1 z c]ta9ly z any ( ! ,twelve1 f ! lips ( ,jesus ,*ri/ ,himself 7v]4 #aa74 ,n f m5 excludes human d]ivation2 n ?r\gh man1 human int]v5tion 9 ! conf]m5t ( ,paul's (fice4 ,! s+ul> numb] 7man7 replaces ! plural 9 ! latt] phrase1 because x /&s imm$iately oppos$ to ,jesus ,*ri/ 7a /rik+ witness ?is to ,8 ,div9ity74 ,! second clause c>ries ! negation f>!r ?an ! fir/2 = a call f ,god may be1 & commonly is1 impos$ by human h&s4 ,!re are1 says ,j]ome1 f\r k9ds ( ,*ri/ian m9i/]s3 fir/1 ^? s5t nei!r f m5 nor ?r\gh man1 l ! prophets ( old "t & ! ,apo/les2 secondly1 ^? :o are f ,god1 b ?r\gh man1 z x is ) _! legitimate successors2 ?irdly1 ^? :o are f m51 b n f ,god1 z :5 "o is orda9$ ?r\gh m]e human fav\r & flatt]y2 ! f\r? class consi/s ( su* z h _! call nei!r f ,god nor man1 b :olly f !mselves1 z ) false prophets & ! false apo/les ( :om ,paul speaks4 ,8 vocation1 ! ,apo/le decl>es1 0 sup]human1 alike 9 its orig9 & 9 ! *annel by :i* x 0 convey$4 ,x 0 no voice ( man t summon$ ,saul ( ,t>sus f ! ranks ( ! enemies to ^? ( ! s]vants ( ,*ri/1 & gave him ! message he proclaim$4 ,damascus & ,j]usalem 9 turn ackn[l$g$ ! grace giv5 unto him2 ,antio* _h s5t him =? on h] behalf to ! regions beyond3 b he 0 consci\s ( a call ant]ior to all ?is1 & t admitt$ ( no e>?ly validation4 ,am ,i n an apo/le8 he exclaims1 h ,i n se5 ,jesus our ,"l8 7#a ,cor4 ix4 #a74 ,truly ! signs ( ! ,apo/le 7 wr\ght 9 him1 bo? 9 ! miracul\s p[]s att5d+ 8 (fice1 & 9 ^? moral & spiritual qualities ( a m9i/] ( ,god 9 :i* he 0 inf]ior to none4#c ,= ! ex]cise ( 8 m9i/ry he 0 responsible nei!r to ^? ( repute at ,j]usalem1 nor to 8 c5sur]s at ,cor9?2 b to ,*ri/ :o _h be/[$ x 7#a ,cor4 iv4 #c1 #d74 #c #a ,cor4 xv4 #aj2 #b ,cor4 iv4 #b2 vi4 #c-aj2 xi4 #e1 #af-xii4 #ac4 ,! call ( ! ,apo/le proce$$ also f ,god ! ,fa!r1 :o rais$ ,jesus ,*ri/ f ! dead4 ,*ri/ 0 9 ?is act ! m$iator1 decl>+ ! ,supreme w4 ,9 o!r places1 m briefly1 he /yles himself ,apo/le by ! w ( ,god4 ,8 appo9tm5t took place by a ,div9e int]v5tion1 9 :i* ! ord9>y sequ5ce ( ev5ts 0 brok5 ?r\gh4 ,long aft] ! ,savi\r 9 ,8 bodily pres5ce _h asc5d$ to heav51 :5 9 ! ord] ( nature x 0 impossible t ano!r ,apo/le %\ld be elect$1 & :5 ! adm9i/ration ( ,8 ,*ur* _h be5 = sev]al ye>s c>ri$ on by human h&s1 ,he appe>$ once m on e>? = ! purpose ( mak+ ?is man ,8 m9i/] & witness2 ,he appe>$ 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 :o _h rais$ ,him f ! dead4 ,?is int]position gave to ,paul's m9i/ry an exceptional "*4 ,:ile ! mode ( 8 election 0 9 "o aspect humbl+1 & put him 9 ! position ( ! untimely "o1 ! lea/ ( ! ,apo/les1 ^: appe>ance 9 t capacity 0 unlook$ = & necess>ily op5 to suspicion2 on ! o!r h&1 x 0 glori\s & exalt+1 s9ce x s ri*ly display$ ! ,div9e m]cy & ! trans=m+ p[] ( grace4 ,b :y does he say1 :o rais$ ,him f ! dead8 ,because x 0 ! ris5 ,jesus t he saw1 & t he 0 consci\s ( see+ 9 ! mom5t ( ! vision4 ,! revelation t arre/$ him be=e ,damascus1 9 ! same mom5t conv9c$ him t ,jesus 0 ris51 & t he himself 0 call$ to be ,8 s]vant4 ,^! two convictions 7 insep>ably l9k$ 9 ,paul's recollections4 ,z surely z ,god ! ,fa!r _h rais$ ,8 ,son ,jesus f ! dead & giv5 ,him glory1 s surely _h ! glorifi$ ,jesus reveal$ ,himself to ,saul 8 p]secutor to make him ,8 ,apo/le4 ,he 01 n less truly ?an ,pet] or ,john1 a witness ( ,8 resurrection4 ,! message ( ! ,resurrection 0 ! burd5 ( ! ,apo/le%ip4 ,he adds1 & all ! bre?r5 :i* are ) me4 ,= x 0 ,paul's cu/om to associate ) himself 9 ^! (ficial lett]s 8 fell[-lab\r]s1 pres5t at ! "t4 ,f ?is expression we ga!r t he 0 att5d$ j n[ by a consid]able b& ( companions1 su* z we f9d enum]at$ 9 ,acts xx4 #b-f1 att5d+ him on 8 j\rney f ,ephesus to ,cor9? dur+ ! ?ird mission>y t\r4 ,?is circum/ance has "s be>+ on ! date ( ! lett]4 ,bi%op ,lightfoot 79 8 ,comm5t>y7 %[s reason = believ+ t x 0 writt51 n f ,ephesus z commonly suppos$1 b at a some:at lat] "t1 f ,mac$onia4 ,x is connect$ by num]\s & close l9ks ( int]nal association ) ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 :i* on ?is supposition spe$ily foll[$1 & ) #b ,cor9?ians1 imm$iately prec$+ x4 ,& ! allusion ( ! text1 ?\gh ( no decisive weight tak5 by itself1 goes to support ?is reason+4 ,^u ?is hypo!sis1 our ,epi/le 0 compos$ 9 ,mac$onia1 dur+ ! autumn ( #eg 7or possibly1 #eh7 ,a4,d4 ,! emotion :i* sur*>ges #b ,cor9?ians runs ov] into ,galatians3 :ile ! !ology :i* lab\rs = expression 9 ,galatians f9ds ampl] & calm] developm5t 9 ,romans4 ,,ii4 ,( ! read]s1 ! *ur*es ( ,galatia1 x is n necess>y to say mu* at pres5t4 ,! "* ( ! ,galatians1 & ! condition ( _! ,*ur*es1 w speak = !mselves z we proce$4 ,galatian is equival5t to ,gaul1 or ,kelt4 ,?is p 0 a deta*$ fragm5t ( ! great ,we/]n-,european race1 :i* =ms ! basis ( our own ,iri% & ,we/-,briti% populations1 z well z ( ! ,fr5* nationality4 ,!y _h conqu]$ = !mselves a home 9 ! nor? ( ,asia ,m9or dur+ ! ,gauli% invasion t p\r$ ov] ,s\?-ea/]n ,europe & into ! ,asiatic p59sula "s ?ree & a half c5turies be=e4 ,"h ! ,gallic intrud]s /ubbornly held _! gr\nd2 & only succumb$ to ! irresi/ible p[] ( ,rome4 ,defeat$ by ! ,consul ,manlius 9 #ahi ,b4,c41 ! ,galatians reta9$ _! autonomy1 "u ! rule ( native pr9ces1 until 9 ! ye> #be ,b4,c41 on ! dea? ( ,amyntas1 ! c\ntry 0 made a prov9ce ( ! ,empire4 ,! p ma9ta9$ _! di/9ctive "* & spee* despite ^! *anges4 ,at ! same "t !y readily acquir$ ,greek culture1 & 7 by no means b>b>ians2 inde$ !y 7 not$ = _! intellig5ce4 ,9 religion !y seem to h l>gely imbib$ ! ,phrygian idolatry ( ! e>li] inhabitants4 ,! ,roman ,gov]nm5t _h annex$ to ,galatia c]ta9 di/ricts ly+ to ! s\?1 9 :i* 7 situat$ mo/ ( ! cities visit$ by ,paul & ,b>nabas 9 _! fir/ mission>y t\r4 ,?is has l$ "s s*ol>s to surmise t ,paul's ,galatians 7 really ,pisidians & ,lycaonians1 ! p ( ,d]be1 ,ly/ra1 & ,pisidian ,antio*4 ,b ?is is improbable4 ,! inhabitants ( ^! regions 7 nev] call$ ,galatians 9 common spee*2 & ,luke di/+ui%es ! ,galatic c\ntry q cle>ly f its s\!rn bord]l&s4 ,besides1 ! ,epi/le conta9s no allusions1 su* z we %\ld expect 9 ! case suppos$1 to ! ,apo/le's e>li] & memorable associations ) ^! cities ( ! ,s\?4 ,else:]e he m5tions !m by "n 7#b ,tim4 iii4 #aa72 & :y n "h1 if he 7 address+ ?is circle ( ,*ur*es8 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les relates no?+ ( ,paul's soj\rn 9 ,galatia1 beyond ! fact t he twice pass$ ?r\gh ! ,galatic c\ntry 7,acts xvi4 #f2 xviii4 #bc71 on ! fir/ occasion dur+ ! second mission>y j\rney1 9 travell+ nor? & !n we/w>ds f ,pisidia2 ! second "t1 on 8 way f ,antio* to ,ephesus1 9 ! c\rse ( ! ?ird t\r4 ,galatia lay outside ! ma9 l9e ( ,paul's evangeli/ic c>e]1 z ! hi/orian ( ! ,acts describes x1 outside ! ,apo/le's own design1 z x w\ld appe> f *4 iv4 #ac4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance ,galatia foll[s 79 ! ord] ( ! ,acts71 9 ! second prec$es ,phrygia1 a *ange :i* seems to indicate "s new importance accru+ to ?is region3 ! fur!r clause 9 ,acts xviii4 #bc1 /r5g!n+ all ! disciples1 %[s t ! writ] 0 aw>e t by ?is "t a numb] ( ,*ri/ian societies 7 9 exi/5ce 9 ?is neighb\rhood4 ,no city is m5tion$ 9 ! address1 b ! c\ntry ( ,galatia only--! s+le example ( ! k9d 9 ,paul's ,epi/les4 ,! ,galatians 7 c\ntryfolk r ?an t[nsfolk4 ,& ! ,*ur* seems to h spread ov] ! di/rict at l>ge1 )\t ga!r+ itself into any "o c5tre1 su* z ! ,apo/le _h occupi$ 9 o!r p>ts ( 8 ,g5tile field4 ,/ill m significant is ! curtness ( ?is designation4 ,paul does n say1 ,to ! ,*ur*es ( ,god 9 ,galatia1 or to ! sa9ts & fai?ful bre?r5 9 ,*ri/1 z 9 o!r ,epi/les4 ,he is 9 no mood = complim5ts4 ,^! ,galatians are1 he fe>s1 remov+ f ,god :o _h call$ !m 7v]4 #f74 ,he /&s 9 d\bt ( !m4 ,x is a "q :e!r !y are n[1 or w long cont9ue1 ,*ur*es ( ,god at all4 ,he w\ld gladly comm5d !m if he c\ld2 b he mu/ in/ead beg9 ) reproa*es4 ,& yet we %all f9d t1 z ! ,apo/le proce$s1 8 /]nness gradually relaxes4 ,he rememb]s t ^! fooli% ,galatians are 8 *ildr51 once ard5tly atta*$ to him 7*4 iv4 #ab-bj74 ,8 he>t ye>ns t[>ds !m2 he travails ov] !m 9 bir? aga94 ,surely !y w n =sake him1 & r5\nce ! gospel ( ^: bless+s !y _h enjoy$ s ri* an exp]i5ce 7*4 iii4 #c2 v4 #aj74 ,he calls !m bre?r5 once & aga92 & ) ?is k9dly ^w1 hold+ out ! h& ( =giv5ess1 he concludes ! lett]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,salutation4 ,grace to y & peace f ,god ! ,fa!r1 & our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o gave ,himself = our s9s1 t ,he might deliv] u out ( ?is pres5t evil _w1 accord+ to ! w ( our ,god & ,fa!r3 to :om be ! glory = ev] & ev]4 ,am54--,,gal4 i4 #c-e4 ,! greet+s & b5$ictions ( ! ,apo/olic ,lett]s des]ve m att5tion f u ?an !y sometimes receive4 ,we are apt to pass ov] !m z if !y 7 a k9d ( pi\s =mality1 l ! conv5tional phrases ( our own epi/les4 ,b to treat !m 9 su* fa%ion is to d inju/ice to ! s]i\sness & s9c]ity ( ,holy ,scripture4 ,?is salutation ( ,grace & ,peace comes f ,paul's v he>t4 ,x brea!s ! ess5ce ( 8 gospel4 ,?is =mula appe>s to be ( ! ,apo/le's co9+4 ,o!r writ]s1 we may believe1 borr[$ x f him4 ,grace repres5ts ! common ,greek salutation1--joy to y1 *ang+ to ! k9dr$ 2 :ile ! m religi\s peace ( ! ,hebrew1 s (t5 he>d f ! lips ( ,jesus1 rema9s unalt]$1 only receiv+ f ! ,new ,cov5ant a t5d]] significance4 ,x is z ?\gh ,ea/ & ,we/1 ! old _w & ! new1 met "h & jo9$ _! voices to bless ! ,*ur* & p ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,grace is ! sum ( all bless+ be/[$ by ,god2 peace1 9 its wide ,hebraic range ( mean+1 ! sum ( all bless+ exp]i5c$ by man4 ,grace is ! ,fa!r's goodwill & b\nty 9 ,*ri/ to ,8 undes]v+ *ildr52 peace1 ! re/ & reconcilem5t1 ! recov]$ heal? & gladness ( ! *ild br\ght home to ! ,fa!r's h\se1 dwell+ 9 ! light ( 8 ,fa!r's face4 ,grace is ! f\nta9 ( r$eem+ love2 peace is ! riv] ( life proce$+ f ! ?rone ( ,god & ( ! ,lamb1 t fl[s calm & deep ?r\gh ea* believ+ s\l1 ! riv] ^: /reams make glad ! city ( ,god4 ,:at c\ld a pa/or wi% bett] = 8 p1 or fri5d = ! fri5d he loves mo/1 ?an ?is d\ble bless+8 ,paul's lett]s are p]fum$ ) its fragrance4 ,op5 !m :]e y w1 !y are brea?+ out1 ,grace to y & peace4 ,paul has h>d ?+s to write 9 ?is ,epi/le1 sorr[ful compla9ts to make1 griev\s errors to correct2 b /ill ) ,grace & peace he beg9s1 & ) ,peace & grace he w end6 ,& s ?is /]n & reproa*ful lett] to ^! fooli% ,galatians is all embalm$ & fold$ up 9 grace & peace4 ,t is ! way to be angry & s9 n4 ,s m]cy rejoices ov] judgem5t4 ,^! two b5$ictions1 we mu/ rememb]1 g toge!r4 ,peace comes ?r\gh grace4 ,! pr\d he>t nev] kn[s peace2 x w n yield to ,god ! glory ( ,8 grace4 ,x scorns to be a debtor1 ev5 to ,him4 ,! pr\d man /&s ^u 8 rights1 ^u 8 m]its4 ,& he w h !m2 = ,god is j4 ,b peace is n among/ !m4 ,no s9ful *ild ( man des]ves t4 ,is !re wrong betwe5 y\r s\l & ,god1 iniquity hidd5 9 ! he>t8 ,till t wrong is confess$1 till y submit to ! ,almighty & y\r _s b[s at ! ,r$eem]'s cross1 :at ha/ ?\ to d ) peace8 ,no peace 9 ?is _w1 or 9 any _w1 = him :o w n be at peace ) ,god4 ,:5 ,i kept sil5ce1 s ! anci5t confession runs 7,ps4 xxxii4 #c-e71 my bones wax$ old ?r\gh my moan+ all ! day long--t is :y _m a man is old be=e 8 "t6 because ( ?is cont9ual inw>d *af+1 ?is secret1 mis]able w> ( ! he>t aga9/ ,god4 ,day & night ,?y h& 0 heavy ^u me2 my moi/ure 0 turn$ into ! dr\ght ( summ]--! s\l )]$ l grass1 all ! fre%ness & pure delight ( life wa/$ & p]i%+ "u ! /eady1 unrel5t+ heat ( ! ,div9e displeasure4 ,!n ,i said--,i c\ld be> x no long]--,i said1 ,i w confess my transgression unto ! ,"l2 & ,?\ =gave/ ! iniquity ( my s94 ,& !n peace came to ! we>y s\l4 ,! bitt]ness & h>dness ( life 7 gone2 ! he>t 0 "y aga94 ,! man 0 new born1 a *ild ( ,god4 ,b :ile ,paul gives ?is salutation to all 8 ,*ur*es1 8 greet+ is ext5d$ & qualifi$ "h 9 a peculi> mann]4 ,! ,galatians 7 fall+ away f fai? 9 ,*ri/ to ,jewi% ritualism4 ,he does n !re=e wi% !m ,grace & peace 9 a g5]al way1 or z objects to be s\ght f any qu>t] or by any means t !y might *oose2 b only f ,god our ,fa!r1 & our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o gave ,himself = our s9s4 ,"h is already a note ( w>n+ & a tacit contradiction ( mu* t !y 7 tempt$ to believe4 ,x w\ld h be5 a mock]y = ! ,apo/le to desire = ^! fickle ,galatians grace & peace on o!r t]ms4 ,z at ,cor9?1 s 9 ,galatia1 he is det]m9$ to "k no?+ save ,jesus ,*ri/ & ,him crucifi$4 ,above ! pu]ilities ( _! ,jewi% ritual1 above ! pett9ess ( _! wrangl+ factions1 he directs 8 read]s' gaze once m to ! sacrifice ( ,calv>y & ! sublime purpose ( ,god :i* x reveals4 ,d we n ne$ to be recall$ to ! same sight8 ,we live 9 a di/ract$ & di/ract+ age4 ,ev5 )\t positive unbelief1 ! cross is too frequ5tly ?ru/ out ( view by ! hurry & press ( mod]n life4 ,nay1 9 ! ,*ur* itself is x n 9 dang] ( be+ practically set on "o side1 amid/ ! ?rong ( compet+ int]e/s :i* solicit1 & _m ( !m ju/ly solicit1 our att5tion8 ,we visit ,calv>y too seldom4 ,we d n haunt 9 our ?\ghts ! sacr$ spot1 & l+] on ?is !me1 z ! old sa9ts did4 ,we fail to atta9 ! fell[%ip ( ,*ri/'s suff]+s2 & :ile ! cross is outw>dly exalt$1 its inw>d mean+ is p]haps b fa9tly realis$4 ,tell u some?+ new1 !y say2 t /ory ( ! cross1 t evangelical doctr9e ( y\rs we h he>d x s (t51 we "k x all s well6 ,if m5 are say+ ?is1 if ! cross ( ,*ri/ is made ( none effect1 its message /al$ by repetition1 we mu/ be /rangely at fault ei!r 9 ! he>+ or ! tell+4 ,ah1 if we knew ! cross ( ,*ri/1 x w\ld crucify u2 x w\ld possess our be+4 ,its supremacy c nev] be tak5 f x4 ,t cross is /ill ! c5tre ( ! _w's hope1 ! pill> ( salvation4 ,let ! ,*ur* lose h] hold ( x1 & %e loses ev]y?+4 ,%e has no long] any reason to exi/4 ,i4 ,s ! ,apo/le's greet+ invites 8 read]s to contemplate anew ! ,div9e gift be/[$ ^u s9ful m54 ,x invokes bless+ ^u !m f our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o gave ,himself = our s9s4 ,to see ?is gift 9 its greatness1 let u g a little f>!r back2 let u consid] :o ! ,*ri/ is t ?us gives ,himself4 ,he is1 we are taught1 ! almon] ( all ! ,div9e b\nties4 ,he is n ! object alone1 b ! deposit>y & disp5s] ( ! ,fa!r's good pleasure to all worlds & all creatures4 ,creation is root$ 9 ! ,son ( ,god's love 7,col4 i4 #ae-ah74 ,univ]sal life has its f\nta9 9 ! ,only-begott51 :i* is 9 ! bosom ( ! ,fa!r4 ,! light t dispell$ ! welt]+ gloom ( *aos1 ! m wondr\s light t %one 9 ! dawn ( human reason1 came f ?is outbeam+ ( ! ,fa!r's glory4 ,c\ntless gifts _h ,he1 ! life ( m51 ! ,^w t 0 f ! beg9n+1 be/[$ on a _w t knew ,him n4 ,^u ! *os5 race1 ! p :om on ! _w's behalf he =m$ = ,himself1 ,he %[]$ ,8 bless+s4 ,he _h giv5 !m promise & law1 prophet & prie/ & k+1 gifts ( fai? & hope1 holy ob$i5ce & brave pati5ce & deep wisdom & prophetic fire & heav5ly rapture2 & ,8 gifts to !m h come ?r\gh !m to u1 p>tak]s ) !m ( ! root & fatness ( ! olive tree4 ,b n[1 to cr[n all1 ,he gave ,himself6 ,! ,^w became fle%4 ,! ,son ( ,god plant$ ,himself into ! /ock ( human life1 made ,himself ov] to mank9d2 ,he became ! ,son ( man4 ,s 9 ! fulness ( "t came ! fulness ( bless+4 ,e>li] be/[m5ts 7 in/alm5ts & prophecies ( ?is2 lat] gifts are its outcome & its application4 ,:at c\ld ,he h done m ?an ?is8 ,:at c\ld ! ,inf9ite ,god d m1 ev5 = ! mo/ wor?y1 ?an ,he has done = u 9 s5d+ ,8 ,son1 ! ,only-begott51 t we might live ?r\gh ,him6 ,giv+ u ,him1 surely ,he w give u grace & peace4 ,& if our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ gave ,himself1 is n t suffici5t8 ,:at c\ld ,jewi% ritual & circumcision add to ?is fulness ( ! ,godhead8 ,:y hunt aft] ! %ad[s1 :5 "o has ! sub/ance8 ,su* 7 ! que/ions :i* ! ,apo/le has to ask 8 ,judaiz+ read]s4 ,& :at1 pray1 d we want ) mod]n ,ritualism1 & its sc5ic app>atus1 & its prie/ly (fices8 ,are ^! ?+s design$ to eke out ! insuffici5cy ( ,*ri/8 ,w !y recomm5d ,him bett] ?an ,8 own gospel & ! pure influ5ce ( ,8 ,_s avail to d 9 ^! latt] days8 ,or has mod]n ?\ght1 to be sure1 & ! progress ( ! #ai? c5tury c>ri$ u beyond ,jesus ,*ri/1 & creat$ spiritual wants = :i* ,he has no supply8 ,paul at lea/ _h no anticipation ( ?is failure4 ,all ! ne$ ( hungry human he>ts & se>*+ m9ds & sorr[+ spirits1 to ! _w's late/ ages1 ! ,god ( ,paul1 ! ,fa!r ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 is able to supply 9 ,him4 ,we are complete 9 ,him1--if we b knew our complet5ess4 ,! mo/ advanc$ ?9k]s ( ! age w /ill f9d ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 advance ( !m4 ,^? :o draw ! mo/ l>gely f ,8 fulness1 leave its dep?s uns\nd$4 ,!re are res\rces /or$ = ! times to come 9 ! revelation ( ,*ri/1 :i* our age is too slight1 too ha/y ( ?\ght1 to compreh5d4 ,we are /rait5$ 9 ourselves2 nev] 9 ,him4 ,f ?is supreme gift we c argue d[n to ! humble/ necessities1 ! commone/ trials ( our daily lot4 ,x adapts itself to ! small anxieties ( a /ruggl+ h\sehold1 equally ) ! l>ge/ dem&s ( our exact+ age4 ,?\ ha/ giv5 u ,?y ,son1 says "s "o1 & wilt ,?\ n give u bread8 ,we h a g5]\s ,"l4 ,8 only compla9t is t we d n ask en\gh4 ,ye are ,my fri5ds1 ,he says3 ,i h giv5 ,my life = y4 ,ask :at ye w1 & x %all be done unto y4 ,giv+ u ,himself1 ,he has giv5 u all ?+s4 ,abraham & ,moses1 ,david & ,isaiah1 ,paul & ,apollos & ,cephas--yea ! _w itself1 life & dea?1 ?+s pres5t & to come--all are ours2 & we are ,*ri/'s & ,*ri/ is ,god's 7#a ,cor4 iii4 #bb1 #bc74 ,su* is ! *a9 ( bless+ t hangs on ?is s+le gift4 ,great z ! gift is1 x is n great] ?an our ne$4 ,want+ a ,div9e ,son ( man1 human life rema9s a baffl$ aspiration1 a pa?way lead+ to no goal4 ,lack+ ,him1 ! race is incomplete1 a body )\t its head1 a flock t has no ma/]4 ,by ! com+ ( ,*ri/ 9 ! fle% human life f9ds its ideal realiz$2 its haunt+ dream ( a ,div9e help] & lead] 9 ! mid/ ( m51 ( a spiritual & immortal p]fection br\ght )9 its rea*1 has atta9$ fulfilm5t4 ,god ha? rais$ up a horn ( salvation = u 9 ! h\se ( ,8 s]vant ,david2 z ,he spake by ! m\? ( ,8 holy prophets1 :i* h be5 s9ce ! _w began4 ,jacob's vision has come true4 ,!re is ! gold5 ladd]1 ) its foot re/+ on ! cold1 /ony e>?1 & its top on heav5's />ry plat=m1 ) its angels asc5d+ & desc5d+ ?r\gh ! d>kness2 & y may climb its /eps1 high z y w6 ,s humanity receives its cr[n ( life4 ,heav5 & e>? are l9k$1 ,god & man reunit$ 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,b ,paul w n suff] u to l+] at ,be?lehem4 ,he ha/5s on to ,calv>y4 ,! ,atonem5t1 n ! ,inc>nation1 is 9 8 view ! c5tre ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,to ! cross ( ,jesus1 r ?an to ,8 cradle1 he atta*es our salvation4 ,jesus ,*ri/ gave ,himself--:at =1 & 9 :at way8 ,:at 0 ! err& t br\ght ,him "h1 9 su* a guise1 & at su* a "t8 ,0 x to meet our ne$1 to fulfil our human aspirations1 to cr[n ! moral edifice1 to lead ! race onw>d to ! goal ( its developm5t8 ,yes--ultimately1 & 9 ! f9al issue1 = z _m z receive ,him2 x 0 to pres5t e man p]fect 9 ,*ri/4 ,b t 0 n ! prim>y object ( ,8 com+1 ( su* a com+4 ,happy = u inde$1 & = ,him1 if x c\ld h be5 s4 ,to come to a _w wait+ = ,him1 he>k5+ = ! cry1 ,behold ?y ,god1 ,o ,israel1 w\ld h be5 a pleasant & a fitt+ ?+4 ,b to f9d ,himself reject$ by ,8 own1 to be spit ^u1 to he> ! multitude %\t1 ,away ) ,him6 0 ?is ! welcome t ,he look$ =8 ,yea surely1 no?+ else b ?is4 ,= ,he gave ,himself = our s9s4 ,he came to a _w /eep$ 9 wick$ness1 see?+ ) rebellion aga9/ ,god1 hat+ ,him because x hat$ ! ,fa!r t s5t ,him1 sure to say z soon z x saw ,him1 ,we w n h ?is man to reign ov] u4 ,n !re=e by way ( inc>nation & revelation alone1 z x might h be5 = an innoc5t race2 b by way ( sacrifice1 z a victim on ! alt> ( expiation1 a lamb l$ to ! slaught]1 ,he gave ,himself up = u all4 ,to deliv] u f an evil _w1 says ! ,apo/le2 to m5d a faulty & imp]fect _w1 some?+ less & o!r w\ld h suffic$4 ,extreme diseases call = extreme rem$ies4 ,! case ) :i* our good ,physician _h to deal 0 a desp]ate "o4 ,! _w 0 sick at he>t2 its moral nature rott+ to ! core4 ,human life 0 %att]$ to its f\ndation4 ,if x 0 to be sav$1 if ! race 0 to escape p]dition1 ! fabric mu/ be recon/ruct$ ^u ano!r basis1 on ! gr\nd ( a new righte\sness1 outside ourselves & yet ak9 to u1 ne> en\gh to take hold ( u & gr[ into u1 :i* %\ld draw to itself ! brok5 elem5ts ( human life1 & z a vital organic =ce refa%ion !m1 creat+ m5 anew 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus--a righte\sness avail+ be=e ,god1 & 9 its dep? & wid? suffici5t to be> a _w's weight4 ,su* a new f\ndation ,jesus ,*ri/ has laid 9 ,8 dea?4 ,he laid d[n ,8 life = u1 ! ,%eph]d = ! %eep1 ! ,fri5d = ,8 p]i%+ fri5ds1 ! ,physician = suff]]s :o _h no o!r rem$y4 ,x _h come to ?is1--ei!r ,he mu/ die1 or we mu/ die = ev]4 ,su* 0 ! s5t5ce ( ! ,all-wise ,judge2 on t judgem5t ! ,r$eem] act$4 ,8 judgem5ts are a great deep2 & 9 ?is s5t5ce !re are dep?s ( my/]y into :i* we tremble to look1 secret ?+s t belong unto ! ,"l our ,god4 ,b s x 04 ,!re 0 no way b ?is1 no moral possibility ( sav+ ! _w1 & yet sav+ ,him ! accurs$ dea?4 ,if !re _h be51 w\ld n ! ,almighty ,fa!r h f\nd x out8 w\ld ,he n h tak5 away ! cup f ^? :ite1 quiv]+ lips8 ,no2 ,he mu/ die4 ,he mu/ cons5t to be made s91 made a curse = u4 ,he mu/ humble ,8 /a9less innoc5ce1 humble ,8 glori\s ,godhead d[n to ! du/ ( dea?4 ,he mu/ die1 at ! h&s ( ! m5 ,he creat$ & lov$1 ) ! horror ( ! _w's s9 fa/5$ on ,him2 die "u a black5$ heav51 "u ! av]t+ ( ! ,fa!r's face4 ,& ,he did x4 ,he said1 ,fa!r1 ,?y w be done4 ,smite ! ,%eph]d2 b let ! %eep escape4 ,s ,he gave ,himself = our s9s4 ,ah1 x 0 no easy m>*1 no holiday pageant1 ! com+ ( ! ,son ( ,god into ?is _w ( ours4 ,he came to save s9n]s4 ,n to help good m5--?is 7 a grateful task2 b to r$eem bad m5--! h>de/ "w 9 ,god's univ]se4 ,x task$ ! /r5g? & ! devotion ( ! ,son ( ,god4 ,witness ,ge?semane4 ,& x w co/ ,8 ,*ur* some?+1 m haply ?an we dream ( n[1 if ! "w ( ! ,r$eem] is to be made effectual1 & ! travail ( ,8 s\l satisfi$4 ,9 pity & 9 sorr[ 0 t gift be/[$2 9 deep humility & sorr[ mu/ x be accept$4 ,x is a v humbl+ ?+ to receive ! atonem5t1 to be made righte\s on su* t]ms z ^!4 ,a man :o has done well1 c ) satisfaction accept ! help giv5 him to d bett]4 ,b to "k t "o has done v ill1 to /& 9 ! sight ( ,god & tru? condemn$1 m>k$ ) ! disgrace t ! crucifixion ( ! ,son ( ,god has br&$ on our human nature1 ) e /a9 ( s9 9 ourselves reveal$ 9 ! light ( ,8 sacrifice1 is a sore abasem5t4 ,:5 "o has be5 compell$ to cry out1 ,"l1 save2 or ,i p]i%6 he has n mu* left to plume himself ^u4 ,!re 0 ,saul himself1 a p]fect morali/1 blameless 9 ! righte\sness ( ! law4 ,yet he mu/ confess1 ,h[ to p]=m t :i* is good ,i f9d n4 ,9 me1 t is 9 my fle%1 dwelle? no good ?+4 ,wret* t ,i am1 :o %all deliv] me8 ,0 n ?is mortify+ to ! pr\d "y ,ph>isee1 ! man ( /rict consci5ce & high-s\l$ moral endeav\r8 ,x 0 l dea?4 ,& :oev] has ) s9c]ity made ! same attempt to atta9 9 ! /r5g? ( 8 w to a true virtue1 has ta/$ ( ?is bitt]ness4 ,?is h[ev] is :at _m _c und]/&4 ,! pr\d he>t says1 ,no2 ,i w n /oop to t4 ,i h my faults1 my defects & errors1 n a few4 ,b z = :at y call s91 z = guilt & inborn depravity1 ,i am n go+ to tax myself ) any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,leave me a little self-respect4 ,s ) ! :ole h]d ( ! self-complac5t1 half-religi\s ,laodiceans4 ,once a week !y confess !mselves mis]able s9n]s1 b _! s9s aga9/ ,god nev] yet co/ !m "o half h\r ( mis]y4 ,& ,paul's gospel is hid to !m4 ,if !y read ?is ,epi/le1 !y _c tell :at x is all ab\t2 :y ,paul makes s mu* ado1 :y ^! ?und]+s ( judgem5t1 ^! cries ( indignation1 ^! besee*+s & prote/+s & r$\bl$ argum5ts1--all because a p>cel ( fooli% ,galatians want$ to play at be+ ,jews6 ,!y are incl9$ to ?9k ) ,fe/us1 t ?is good ,paul 0 a little beside himself4 ,alas6 to su* m51 cont5t ) ! _w's good op9ion & _! own1 ! dea? ( ,*ri/ is made ( none effect4 ,its moral gr&eur1 its inf9ite pa?os1 is lo/ ^u !m4 ,!y pay x a conv5tional respect1 b z = believ+ 9 x1 z = mak+ x _! own1 & dy+ ) ,*ri/ to live 9 ,him--!y h no idea :at x means4 ,t1 !y w tell y1 is my/icism1 & !y are practical m5 ( ! _w4 ,!y h nev] gone out ( !mselves1 nev] discov]$ _! moral insuffici5cy4 ,^! are !y ( :om ,jesus said1 ,! publicans & ! h>lots g into ! k+dom ( ,god be=e y4 ,x is our human indep5d5ce1 our moral self-conceit1 t robs u ( ! ,div9e b\nty4 ,h[ %\ld ,god give ,8 righte\sness to m5 s well furni%$ ) _! own8 ,bless$ !n are ! poor 9 _s2 bless$ are ! brok5 9 he>t--poor en\gh1 brok5 en\gh1 bankrupt en\gh to /oop to a ,savi\r :o gave ,himself = our s9s4 ,,ii4 ,s9ful m5 h made an evil _w4 ,! _w1 z ,paul knew x1 0 evil inde$4 ,! exi/+ evil age1 he says1 ! _w z x !n 01 9 contra/ ) ! glory ( ! p]fect$ ,messianic k+dom4 ,?is 0 a lead+ di/9ction ( ! rabb9ical s*ools2 & ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t adopt x1 ) ! necess>y modification1 t ! com+ age1 9 _! view1 comm5ces ) ! ,p>\sia1 ! full adv5t ( ! ,messiah ,k+4#d ,! p]iod t int]v5es s9ce ,8 fir/ appe>+ is transitional1 belong+ to bo? eras4 ,x is ! conclusion ( ?is _w1#e to :i* x app]ta9s 9 its outw>d & mat]ial relations2#f b "u ! p]i%+ =m ( ! pres5t !re lies hidd5 = ! ,*ri/ian believ] ! se$ ( immortality1 ! e>ne/ ( 8 future & complete inh]itance4#g ,h5ce ! diff]5t & seem+ly contradictory ways 9 :i* ,scripture speaks ( ! _w t n[ is4 #d #b ,!ss4 i4 #e-g2 #b ,tim4 iv4 #ah2 ,heb4 x4 #ab1 #ac2 #a ,pet4 v4 #aj4 #e #a ,cor4 x4 #aa2 ,heb4 ix4 #bf4 #f #a ,cor4 vii4 #ca2 #a ,john ii4 #ag4 #g ,rom4 viii4 #ah2 ,eph4 i4 #ac1 #ad4 ,to ,paul at ?is "t ! _w wore its d>ke/ aspect4 ,!re is a t\*+ emphasis 9 ! ord] ( ?is clause4 ,! pres5t _w1 evil z x is3 ! words are a sigh = deliv]ance4 ,! ,epi/les to ,cor9? %[ u h[ ! _w j n[ 0 us+ ! ,apo/le4 ,! wond] is t "o man c\ld be> s mu*4 ,we are made z ! fil? ( ! _w1 he says1 ! (fsc\r+ ( all ?+s4#h ,s ! _w treat$ its greate/ liv+ b5efactor4 ,& z = 8 ,ma/]--! pr9ces ( ?is _w crucifi$ ! ,"l ( glory4 ,yes1 x 0 a bad old _w1 t 9 :i* ,paul & ! ,galatians liv$--false1 lic5ti\s1 cruel4 ,& t evil _w /ill exi/s4 #h #a ,cor4 iv4 #i-ac2 xv4 #cj1 #cb2 #b ,cor4 vi4 #d1 #aj2 xi4 #af1 #cc4 ,true1 ! _w1 z we "k x1 is va/ly bett] ?an t ( ,paul's day4 ,n 9 va9 h ,apo/les taught1 & m>tyrs bl$1 & ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ witness$ & toil$ ?r\gh s _m ages4 ,o!r m5 h lab\r$2 we ent] into _! lab\rs4 ,an ,engli% home ( to-day is ! fl[] ( ! c5turies4 ,to ^? cradl$ 9 its pure affections1 end[$ ) heal? & hon\rable "w & ref9$ ta/es1 ! _w mu/ be1 & 0 meant to be1 9 _m aspects a bright & pleasant _w4 ,surely ! mo/ sorr[ful h kn[n days 9 :i* ! sky 0 all sun%9e & ! v air alive ) joy1 :5 ! _w look$ z :5 x came =? fre% f its ,creator's h&1 & behold1 x 0 v good4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! ,bible1 no?+ 9 ! _s ( true religion to damp ! pure joy ( su* days z ^!4 ,b !re are ! days ( d>kness2 & !y are _m4 ,! ,s]p5t has crept into our ,p>adise4 ,dea? brea!s on x 8 fatal bla/4 ,& :5 we look outside ! %elt]$ circles ( home-life & ,*ri/ian bro!rhood1 :at a sea ( mis]y spreads ar\nd u4 ,h[ limit$ & p>tial is ! influ5ce ( religion4 ,:at a mass ( unbelief & godlessness surges up to ! doors ( our sanctu>ies4 ,:at appall+ dep?s ( iniquity exi/ 9 mod]n society1 "u ! brilliant surface ( our mat]ial civilization4 ,& h[ev] f> ! dom9ance ( s9 9 human society may be brok5--z1 please ,god1 x %all be brok51 /ill evil is likely to rema9 9 _m tempt+ & p]il\s =ms until ! _w is burnt to a%es 9 ! fires ( ! ,la/ ,judgem5t4 ,is x n an evil _w1 :]e e morn+ newspap] s]ves up to u its mis]able tale ( disa/] & ( crime1 :]e ! ,almighty's "n is all ! day blasphem$1 & e night drunk5ness holds its horrid revels & ! daught]s ( %ame walk ! city /reets1 :]e great ,*ri/ian empires tax ! poor man's bread & make 8 life bitt] to ma9ta9 _! huge /&+ armies & _! cruel eng9es ( w>1 & :]e1 9 ?is happy ,engl& & its cities teem+ ) weal?1 !re are ?\s&s ( pati5t1 hone/ work+ wom51 ^: life "u ! fi]ce /ress ( competition is a v]itable slav]y1 a squalid1 dre>y /ruggle j to keep hung] f ! door8 ,ay1 x is a _w s evil t no good & "r-?9k+ man :o kn[s x1 w\ld c>e to live 9 x = a s+le day1 b = ! hope ( help+ to make x bett]4 ,n[ x 0 ! purpose ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 t = ^? :o believe 9 ,him ?is _w's evil %\ld be br\ght absolutely to an end4 ,he promises a full deliv]ance f all t tempts & afflicts u "h4 ,) s91 ! root ( evil1 remov$1 its bitt] fruits at la/ w disappe>4 ,we %all rise to ! life immortal4 ,we %all atta9 our p]fect consummation & bliss bo? 9 body & s\l4 ,kept f ! evil ( ! _w :ile !y rema9 9 x1 enabl$ by ,8 grace to witness & cont5d aga9/ x1 ,*ri/'s s]vants %all !n be lift$ clean out = x ( ev]4 ,fa!r1 ,i w1 pray$ ,jesus1 t !y also :om ,?\ ha/ giv5 ,me1 may be ) ,me :]e ,i am4 ,to t f9al salvation1 accompli%$ 9 ! r$emption ( our body & ! sett+ up ( ,*ri/'s heav5ly k+dom1 ! ,apo/le's words look =w>d3 t ,he might deliv] u out ( ?is pres5t evil _w4 ,?is 0 ! spl5did hope :i* ,paul (f]$ to ! dy+ & despair+ _w ( 8 day4 ,! ,galatians 7 p]suad$ ( x & embrac$ x2 he entreats !m n to let x g4 ,! self-sacrifice ( ,*ri/1 & ! deliv]ance x br+s1 are bo?1 ! ,apo/le concludes1 accord+ to ! w ( ,god1 ev5 our ,fa!r4 ,! wisdom & might ( ! ,et]nal are pl$g$ to ! "w ( human r$emption4 ,! cross ( ,jesus ,*ri/ is ! manife/o ( ,inf9ite ,love4 ,let him !re=e :o rejects x1 "k aga9/ ,:om he is cont5d+4 ,let him :o p]v]ts & falsifies x1 "k ) :at he is trifl+4 ,he :o receives & obeys x1 may re/ assur$ t all ?+s are work+ = 8 good4 ,= all ?+s are 9 ! h&s ( our ,god & ,fa!r2 to ,:om1 let u say ) ,paul1 be glory = ev]4 ,am54 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,ana!ma4 ,i m>vel t ye are s quickly remov+ f him t call$ y 9 ! grace ( ,*ri/ unto a diff]5t gospel2 :i* is n ano!r gospel3 only !re are "s t tr\ble y1 & w\ld p]v]t ! gospel ( ,*ri/4 ,b ?\gh we1 or an angel f heav51 %\ld prea* unto y any gospel o!r ?an t :i* we prea*$ unto y1 let him be ana!ma4 ,z we h said be=e1 s say ,i n[ aga91 ,if any man prea*e? unto y any gospel o!r ?an t :i* ye receiv$1 let him be ana!ma4 ,= am ,i n[ p]suad+ m51 or ,god8 or am ,i seek+ to please m58 if ,i 7 /ill pleas+ m51 ,i %\ld n be a s]vant ( ,*ri/4--,,gal4 i4 #f-aj4 ,aft] ! ,salutation 9 ,paul's ,epi/les comes ! ,?anksgiv+4 or --^! are ! words we expect fir/ to meet4 ,ev5 9 writ+ to ,cor9?1 :]e !re 0 s mu* to c5sure & deplore1 he beg9s1 ,i give ?anks to my ,god always = y4 ,?is lett] deviates f ! ,apo/le's dev\t & happy usage4 ,n ,i give ?anks1 b ,i m>vel2 n bless+1 b ana!ma is com+ f 8 lips3 a surprise t j>s all ! m ^u "o's e>s1 because x foll[s on ! sublime doxology ( ! prec$+ v]se4 ,i m>vel to see y s quickly fall+ away to ano!r gospel4444 ,b if any "o prea* unto y any gospel o!r ?an t ye receiv$--ay1 ?\gh x 7 ourselves1 or an angel f heav5--,i h said once1 & ,i say aga91 ,,let ,,him ,,be ,,ana!ma4 ,^! words 7 well calculat$ to />tle ! ,galatians out ( _! levity4 ,!y are l a lightn+-fla% :i* %[s "o to be /&+ on ! edge ( a precipice4 ,we see at once ! inf9ite s]i\sness ( ! ,judaic controv]sy1 ! pr(\nd gulf t lies betwe5 ,paul & 8 oppos]s4 ,he is = op5 w>4 ,he is 9 ha/e to fl+ 8 gage ( defiance aga9/ ^! enemies ( ! cross4 ,) all 8 tact & managem5t1 8 read9ess to consult ! susceptibilities & accommodate ! scruples ( s9c]e consci5ces1 ! ,apo/le c f9d no room = conciliation "h4 ,he kn[s ! sort ( m5 he has to deal )4 ,he p]ceives t ! :ole tru? ( ! ,gospel is at /ake4 ,n circum/antials1 b ess5tials2 n 8 p]sonal au?ority1 b ! hon\r ( ,*ri/1 ! doctr9e ( ! cross1 is involv$ 9 ?is defection4 ,he mu/ speak pla9ly2 he mu/ act /rongly1 & at once2 or ! cause ( ! ,gospel is lo/4 ,if ,i cont9u$ any long] to please m51 he says1 ,i %\ld n be a s]vant ( ,*ri/4 ,to /& on t]ms ) su* oppon5ts1 to palt] ) ?is o!r gospel1 w\ld be treason aga9/ ,him4 ,!re is b "o tribunal at :i* ?is qu>rel c be decid$4 ,to ,him :o _h call$ ! ,galatian believ]s 9 ,*ri/'s grace1 :o by ! same grace _h call$ ! ,apo/le to ,8 s]vice & giv5 him ! message he _h prea*$ to !m--to ,god he appeals4 ,9 ,8 "n1 & by ! au?ority conf]r$ ^u him & = :i* he mu/ give acc\nt1 he pron\nces ^! tr\bl]s ana!ma4 ,!y are enemies ( ,*ri/1 by _! trea*]y exclud$ f ,8 k+dom4 ,h[ev] unwelcome1 h[ev] sev]e ! c\rse ! ,apo/le takes1 he has no alt]native4 ,= n[1 he cries1 is x m5 t ,i p]suade1 or ,god8 ,he mu/ d 8 duty1 let :o w condemn4 ,paul 0 ready to g all l5g?s 9 pleas+ m5 9 consi/5ce ) loyalty to ,*ri/1 :]e he c\ld d x = _! good1 unto edification4 ,b if _! approval cla%$ ) ,god's1 !n x became a v small ?+3#i he did n he$ x "o jot4 ,su* is ! temp] ( m9d :i* ! ,epi/les to ,cor9? disclose 9 ,paul at ?is juncture4 ,9 ! same _s he indites ^! tr5*ant & displeas+ words4 #i #a ,cor4 iv4 #c1 #d2 #b ,cor4 v4 #i-ab2 xii4 #ai4 ,) a heavy he>t ,paul has tak5 up 8 p54 ,if we judge rightly ( ! date ( ?is lett]1 he _h j pass$ ?r\gh ! d>ke/ h\r ( 8 exp]i5ce1 :5 n 8 life alone1 b ! fate ( 8 ,g5tile mission hung 9 ! balance4 ,8 expulsion f ,ephesus1 com+ at ! same "t z ! ,cor9?ian revolt1 & foll[$ by a pro/rat+ attack ( sickness1 _h %ak5 8 s\l to its dep?s4 ,nev] _h 8 he>t be5 s torn ) anxiety1 nev] _h he felt himself s beat5 d[n & discomfit$1 z on t melan*oly j\rney f ,ephesus to ,mac$onia4#aj ,out ( angui% ( he>t & ) _m te>s & aft]-rel5t+s 7#b ,cor4 ii4 #d2 vii4 #h7 he wrote 8 ,fir/ lett] to ,cor9?4 ,& ?is ,epi/le is ev5 m sev]e4 ,!re runs ?r\gh x a peculi> m5tal t5sion1 an exaltation ( feel+ su* z prolong$ & deep suff]+ leaves beh9d 9 a nature l ,paul's4 ,! m>ks ( ,jesus 7*4 vi4 #ag7 are visible1 impress$ on 8 _s no less ?an on 8 body4 ,! ,apo/le's he>t is full to ov]fl[+4 ,its w>m gl[ is felt "u ! calm] c\rse ( n>rative & argum5t3 :ile at ! beg9n+ & end ( ! ,epi/le x breaks =? 9 language ( burn+ indignation & melt+ pa?os4 ,be=e advanc+ a s+le /ep1 be=e ent]+ on any sort ( explanation or discussion1 8 grief at ! fickl5ess ( 8 ,galatian *ildr5 & 8 ang] aga9/ _! s$uc]s mu/ f9d expression4 #aj #b ,cor4 i4 #h-aj2 ii4 #ab1 #ac2 iv4 #h-aa2 vii4 #e-g4 ,^! s5t5ces dem&1 be=e we proce$ fur!r1 a few words ( exegetical def9ition4 ,= ! ref]5ce ( s quickly x is ne$less to g beyond ! v]b x qualifies4 ,! ,apo/le _c surely mean1 s soon fall+ away 7aft] y\r conv]sion74 ,= ! ,galatian ,*ur*es _h be5 f\nd$ five1 if n sev51 ye>s be=e ?is "t2 & ! backslid+ ( rec5t conv]ts is less1 & n m1 surpris+ ?an ( e/abli%$ believ]s4 ,:at a/oni%es ,paul is ! sudd5ness ( ?is movem5t1 ! facility ) :i* ! ,galatians yield$ to ! ,judaiz+ p]suasion1 ! rapid spread ( ?is new leav54 ,z to ! d\ble o!r 71 diff]5t1 ,r4,v4--7 ( vv4 #f & #g1 & ! connection ( ! idiomatic only 7 1 except71--we reg>d ! second o!r z an abrupt correction ( ! fir/2 :ile ! only clause1 ext5d+ to ! end ( v]4 #g1 m$iates betwe5 ! two1 qualify+ ! /atem5t ,!re is no o!r gospel1 by %[+ 9 :at s5se ! writ] at fir/ _h spok5 ( ano!r4 ,ye are fall+ away1 says he1 to ano!r sort ( gospel--:i* is n ano!r1 except t !re are c]ta9 t tr\ble y & w\ld fa9 p]v]t ! gospel ( ,*ri/4 ,! ^w gospel is !re=e 9 ! fir/ in/ance appli$ ironically4 ,paul yields ! sacr$ title up to 8 oppon5ts1 only to snat* x out ( _! false h&s4 ,ano!r gospel6 !re is only "o2 al?\gh !re are m5 t falsify x1 & seek to foi/ some?+ else ^u y 9 its "n4 ,sev5 times 9 ?is context 7vv4 #f-aa7 does ! ,apo/le reit]ate1 9 n\n or v]b1 ?is preci\s ^w1 z ?\gh he c\ld n let x g4 ,a /range sort ( good news = ! ,galatians1 t !y mu/ be circumcis$ =soo?1 & obs]ve ! ,jewi% ,kal5d>6 7*4 v4 #b1 #c2 vi4 #ab2 iv4 #i1 #aj47 ,i4 ,9 ,paul's view1 !re is b "o gospel = mank9d4 ,! gospel ( ,jesus ,*ri/ be>s a fix$1 inviolable "*4 ,on ?is position ! :ole tea*+ ( ,paul re/s1--& ) x1 may we n add1 ,*ri/ianity itself8 ,h[ev] v>i\sly we may =mulate ! ess5tials ( a ,*ri/ian man's fai?1 we are g5]ally agre$ t !re are su* ess5tials1 & t !y are f\nd 9 ,paul's gospel to ! ,g5tiles4 ,) him ! good tid+s ab\t ,*ri/ con/itut$ a v def9ite &1 z we %\ld say1 dogmatic body ( tru?4 ,9 :atev] degree 8 gospel has be5 confus$ & ov]laid by lat] tea*+s1 to 8 own m9d its t]ms 7 p]fectly cle>1 & its au?ority inconte/able4 ,) all its bread?1 !re is no?+ nebul\s1 no?+ limp or hesitat+ ab\t ! !ology ( ,paul4 ,9 its ma9 doctr9es x is fix$ & h>d z adamant2 & at ! *all5ge ( ?is ,judai/ic p]v]sion x r+s out an in/ant & p]emptory d5ial4 ,x 0 ! ark ( ,god on :i* ! ,jewi% tr\bl]s laid _! unholy h&s4 ,*ri/'s grace is lodg$ 9 x4 ,god's call to mank9d 0 convey$ by ^! good tid+s4 ,! ,*ur*es :i* ! ,apo/le _h plant$ 7 ,god's husb&ry1 ,god's build+2 & woe to ! man :o tamp]$ ) ! "w1 or s\ght to lay ano!r f\ndation ?an t :i* _h be5 laid 7#a ,cor4 iii4 #e-aa74 ,to di/ort or mutilate ! ^w ( ! tru? ( ! gospel1 to make x mean n[ "o ?+ & n[ ano!r1 to di/urb ! fai? ( half-in/ruct$ ,*ri/ians by capti\s reason+s & self-int]e/$ p]v]sions1 0 a capital (f5ce1 a s9 aga9/ ,god & a crime aga9/ humanity4 ,paul possesses 9 8 gospel tru? ( unspeakable value to mank9d1 ! supreme revelation ( ,god's m]cy to ! _w4 ,& he is prep>$ to laun* 8 ana!ma aga9/ e wilful impugn]1 no matt] :at 8 pret5sions1 or ! qu>t] f :i* he comes4 ,well1 x may be said1 ?is is %e] religi\s intol]ance4 ,paul is do+ :at e dogmati/1 e ecclesia/ical bigot has done 9 8 turn4 ,8 beliefs are1 to be sure1 ! tru?2 & accord+ly he un*ur*es & ana!matizes ^? :o _c agree ) him4 ,) all 8 nobility ( m9d1 !re is 9 ,paul a leav5 ( ,jewi% ranc\r4 ,he falls %ort ( ! sweet reasonabl5ess ( ,jesus4 ,s "s w say1 & 9 say+ claim to repres5t ! mild & tol]ant _s ( our age4 ,b is !re n 9 e age an intol]ance t is j & necess>y8 ,!re is a logical intol]ance ( sophi/ry & trifl+4 ,!re is a moral intol]ance ( impurity & deceit4 ,& !re is a religi\s intol]ance1 :i* includes bo? ^! & adds to !m a holy jeal\sy = ! hon\r ( ,god & ! spiritual welf>e ( mank9d4 ,x is m\rnful inde$ to ?9k h[ _m crimes h be5 p]petrat$ "u ! cloak ( pi\s zeal4 ,tantum ,religio potuit suad]e malorum4 ,! corruption ( ,*ri/ianity by human pride & cruelty has furni%$ copi\s illu/rations ( ! t]rible l9e ( ,lucretius4 ,b ! p]v]sion ( ?is noble/ in/9ct ( ! s\l does n take away ei!r its reasonabl5ess or its use4 ,! quality ( a passion is "o ?+2 ! mode ( its expression is ano!r4 ,! hotte/ fires ( bigotry are cold :5 comp>$ ) ! scor*+ intol]ance ( ,*ri/'s d5unciations ( ! ,ph>isees4 ,! ana!mas ( ,jesus & ( ,paul are v diff]5t f ^? ( arrogant pontiffs1 or ( n>r[ sect>ies1 inflam$ ) ! idolatry ( _! own op9ions4 ,aft] all1 ! zeal ( ! rude/ fanatic 9 religion has m 9 x ( manly wor? & moral capability ?an ! languors ( a blas scepticism1 t sits wat*+ ) amus$ contempt ! /rife ( cre$s & ! se>* ( human he>ts aft] ! ,liv+ ,god4 ,!re is an idle1 li/less1 c[>dly tol]ance1 z !re is an intol]ance t is noble & j4 ,! "o gospel has _h _m int]pret]s4 ,_! voices1 x mu/ be confess$1 s\nd /rangely discordant4 ,:ile ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/ianity excite s int5sely a multitude ( diff]5t m9ds1 ( e v>iety ( temp] & capacity1 contradiction w inevitably arise4 ,no?+ is easi] ?an to sc(f at ! ,babel ( religi\s op9ions4 ,*ri/ian tru? is necess>ily refract$ & discol\r$ 9 pass+ ?r\gh disord]$ natures & defective m9ds4 ,&1 alas1 t ,*ur* :i* claims to hold ! tru? )\t possibility ( error or v>iation1 has p]v]t$ ,*ri/'s gospel mo/ ( all4 ,b not)/&+ all diff]5ces1 !re exi/s a l>ge & an increas+ measure ( agreem5t among/ ! great body ( e>ne/ ,*ri/ians4 ,sl[ly1 yet surely1 "o debate aft] ano!r comes to its settlem5t4 ,! noise & publicity ) :i* discussion on matt]s ( fai? is c>ri$ on 9 an age ( religi\s fre$om1 & :5 lib]ty ( ?\ght has outrun m5tal discipl9e1 %\ld n lead u to exagg]ate ! ext5t ( our disagreem5ts4 ,9 ! mid/ ( human controv]sy & error1 ! ,_s ( tru? is c>ry+ on ,8 "w4 ,he is ! supreme witness ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,& ,he abides ) u = ev]4 ,! newly awak5$ hi/orical consci5ce ( our times is visibly mak+ = unity4 ,! ,*ur* is go+ back to ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,& ! m ?or\ghly %e does ?is1 ! m directly & tru?fully %e addresses h]self to ! orig9al record & comes face to face ) ,*ri/ & ,8 ,apo/les !re1 s mu* ! m %all we realize ! on5ess & c]ta9ty ( ! fai? once deliv]$ to ! sa9ts4 ,b5ea? ! _m sup]/ructures1 faulty & *ang+ 9 _! =m1 we rea* ! "o f\ndation ( ! apo/les & prophets1 ,jesus ,*ri/ ,himself be+ ! *ief corn]-/one4 ,!re we t\* solid rock4 ,! unity ( ! fai? lies 9 ! k ( ! ,son ( ,god4 ,( ,him we %all le>n mo/ f ^? :o knew ,him be/4 ,let u transport ourselves into ! fell[%ip ( ,8 fir/ disciples2 & li/5 to ,8 gospel z x came fre% f ! lips ( ,pet] & ,john & ,paul1 & ! ,div9e ,ma/] ,himself4 ,let u bid ! voices ( ! c5turies be sil5t1 t we may he> ,him4 ,= ! ,galatian read]s1 z = ,paul1 !re c\ld be b "o gospel4 ,by 8 voice ! call ( ,god _h rea*$ _! he>ts1 7v]4 #f2 *4 v4 #h74 ,! witness ( ! ,_s ( ,god & ( ,*ri/ 9 ! sup]natural gifts !y _h receiv$1 & 9 ! manifold fruit ( a reg5]ate life 7*4 iii4 #b-e2 v4 #bb1 #bc71 0 evid5ce to !m t ! ,apo/le's message 0 ! true gospel ( ! grace ( ,god4 ,?is !y _h gratefully ackn[l$g$ at ! "t ( 8 fir/ visit 7*4 iv4 #ae74 ,! proclamation ( ! crucifi$ & ris5 ,*ri/ _h br\ght to !m unspeakable bless+4 ,?r\gh x !y receiv$ ! k ( ,god2 !y 7 made consci\sly sons ( ,god1 heirs ( life et]nal 7*4 iii4 #bf2 iv4 #f-i2 vi4 #h74 ,to ent]ta9 any o!r gospel1 aft] ?is exp]i5ce & all ^! pr(essions1 0 an act ( apo/asy4 ,ye are des]t+ 7l runaway soldi]s71 turn+ r5egades f ,god3 su* is ! language 9 :i* ,paul taxes 8 read]s4 ,9 li/5+ to ! p]suasion ( ! ,judai/s1 !y 7 disobey+ ! tru? 7*4 v4 #g1 #h74 ,!y 7 disloyal to consci5ce2 !y 7 trifl+ ) ! mo/ sacr$ convictions ( _! lives1 & ) ! te/imony ( ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,!y 7 =gett+ ! cross ( ,*ri/1 & mak+ ,8 dea? ( none effect4 ,surely !y mu/ h be5 bewit*$ to act ?us2 "s deadly spell 0 ^u !m1 :i* _h laid memory & consci5ce bo? to sleep 7*4 ii4 #ba-;iii4 #c74 ,! nature & ! cont5ts ( ! two gospels curr5t 9 ,galatia w be made cle> 9 ! fur!r c\rse ( ! ,epi/le4 ,!y 7 ! gospels ( ,grace & ( ,law respectively2 ( ,salvation by ,fai?1 & by ,works2 ( life 9 ! ,_s1 & 9 ! ,fle%2 ( ! ,cross & ! ,resurrection on ! "o h&1 & ( ,circumcision & ! ,kal5d> & ,clean meats on ! o!r2 ! gospels ( inw>dness1 & ( ext]nalism--( ,*ri/1 & ( self4 ,! conflict betwe5 ^! two 0 ! great /ruggle ( ,paul's life4 ,8 success 01 hi/orically speak+1 ! salvation ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b ?is cont5tion did n end ) 8 victory4 ,! ,judai/ic p]v]sion appeal$ to t5d5cies too p]si/5t 9 our nature to be cru%$ at "o bl[4 ,! gospel ( ext]nalism is de> to ! human he>t4 ,x may take ! =m ( culture & moralities2 or ( s]vices & sacram5ts & *ur*ly ord]2 or ( or?odoxy & philan?ropy4 ,^! & su* ?+s make !mselves our idols2 & tru/ 9 !m takes ! place ( ,fai? 9 ! liv+ ,*ri/4 ,x is n en\gh t ! eyes ( our he>t %\ld once h se5 ! ,"l1 t we %\ld 9 o!r days h exp]i5c$ ! r5ew+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,x is possible to =get1 possible to remove f ,him t call$ u 9 ! grace ( ,*ri/4 ,) little *ange 9 ! =m ( our religi\s life1 its inw>d reality ( joy 9 ,god1 ( consci\s son%ip1 ( fell[%ip 9 ! ,_s1 may be utt]ly dep>t$4 ,! gospel ( =malism w spr+ up & fl\ri% on ! mo/ evangelical soil1 & 9 ! mo/ /rictly ,paul9e ,*ur*es4 ,let x be bann$ & b>r$ out nev] s completely1 x kn[s h[ to f9d entrance1 "u ! simple/ modes ( wor%ip & ! s\nde/ doctr9e4 ,! s]ri$ def5ce ( ,articles & ,confessions con/ruct$ aga9/ x w n prev5t its entrance1 & may ev5 prove its cov] & intr5*m5t4 ,no?+ avails1 z ! ,apo/le says1 b a con/ant new creation4 ,! life ( ,god 9 human s\ls is su/a9$ by ! en]gy ( ,8 ,_s1 p]petually r5ew$1 ev] proce$+ f ! ,fa!r & ! ,son4 ,! life t ,i live 9 ! fle%1 ,i live by ! ,fai? ( ! ,son ( ,god1 :o lov$ me & gave ,himself = me4 ,?is is ! true or?odoxy4 ,! vitality ( 8 p]sonal fai? 9 ,*ri/ kept ,paul safe f error1 fai?ful 9 w & intellect to ! "o gospel4 ,,ii4 ,we h /ill to consid] ! import ( ! judgem5t pron\nc$ by ,paul ^u ^? :o p]v]t ! gospel ( ,*ri/4 ,let him be ana!ma4 ,ev5 %\ld x be ourselves1 or an angel f heav51 let him be ana!ma4 ,^! are trem5d\s words4 ,comm5tators h be5 %ock$ at ! ,apo/le's damn+ 8 oppon5ts aft] ?is fa%ion1 & h s\ght to light5 ! weight ( ?is awful s5t5ce4 ,x has be5 sometimes ton$ d[n into an act ( excommunication or ecclesia/ical c5sure4 ,b ?is explanation w n hold4 ,paul c\ld n ?9k ( subject+ an angel to a p5alty l t4 ,he pron\nc$ excommunication aga9/ disord]ly memb]s ( ! ,!ssalonian ,*ur*2 & 9 #a ,cor4 v4 #a-h he gives directions = ! c>ry+ out ( a simil> decree1 att5d$ ) sev]e bodily affliction sup]naturally adjudg$1 aga9/ a s9n] ^: pres5ce grossly /a9$ ! purity ( ! ,*ur*4 ,b ?is s5t5ce goes beyond ei!r ( ^?4 ,x contemplates ! exclusion ( ! (f5d]s f ! ,cov5ant ( grace1 _! loss ( f9al salvation4 ,?rice besides has ,paul us$ ?is om9\s ^w4 ,! cry ,jesus is ana!ma1 9 #a ,cor4 xii4 #c1 reveals ) a lurid effect ! fr5zi$ malignity t[>ds ,*ri/ ( :i* ! _s ( evil is sometimes capable4 ,9 a v diff]5t connection ! ^w appe>s 9 ,rom4 ix4 #c2 :]e ,paul c\ld wi% himself ana!ma f ,*ri/1 if t 7 possible1 = 8 bre?r5's sake2 he c\ld f9d x 9 8 he>t to be cut (f = ev] f t love ( ,god 9 ,*ri/ ( :i* he has j spok5 9 t]ms ( unb\nd$ joy & confid5ce 7,rom4 viii4 #ca-ci71 & bani%$ f ! heav5ly k+dom1 if ?r\gh 8 exclusion 8 ,jewi% k9dr$ might be sav$4 ,self-sacrifice c g no fur!r4 ,no heavi] loss ?an ?is c\ld be conceiv$ = any human be+4 ,ne>e/ to our passage is ! imprecation at ! end ( #a ,cor9?ians3 ,if any man love n ! ,"l1 let him be ana!ma1--a judgem5t proclaim$ aga9/ cold & false he>ts1 kn[+ ,8 love1 be>+ ,8 "n1 b ) no true love to ,him4 ,?is ,greek ^w 9 its ,biblical use has gr[n out ( ! *rem ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! ban decl>$ aga9/ t :i* 0 cut (f f ! ,div9e m]cies & expos$ to ! full sweep ( judgem5t4 ,?us 9 ,deut4 xiii4 #ab-ah1 ! city ^: p %\ld g & s]ve o!r gods1 is decl>$ *rem 7ana!ma71 an accurs$1 or devot$ ?+ 7,r4,v471 on :i* ensues its de/ruction by sword & fire1 leav+ x to rema9 a ru9-heap = ev]4 ,simil>ly 9 ,jo%ua vi41 vii41 ! spoil ( ,j]i*o is ana!ma1 ,a*an's !ft is !re=e ana!ma1 & ,israel is made by x ana!ma until ! accurs$ ?+ is de/roy$ f among ! p4 ,su* 7 ! recollections associat$ ) ?is ^w 9 ! ,mosaic law1 :i* x w\ld inevitably c>ry ) x to ! m9ds ( ^? aga9/ :om x 0 n[ direct$4 ,& !re is no?+ 9 lat] ,jewi% usage to mitigate its =ce4 ,n[ ! ,apo/le is n writ+ l a man 9 a passion1 :o fl+s out 8 words z missiles1 eag] only to w\nd & conf\nd 8 oppon5ts4 ,he repeats ! s5t5ce4 ,he quotes x z "o t he _h already affirm$ 9 ! he>+ ( 8 read]s4 ,! passage be>s ! m>ks ( well-weigh$ ?\ght & judicial solemnity4 ,9 pron\nc+ ?is judgem5t on ! tr\bl]s1 ,paul acts "u ! s5se ( ,apo/olic responsibility4 ,we mu/ place ! s5t5ce 9 ! same l9e z t ( ,pet] aga9/ ,ananias & ,sapphira1 & ( ,paul himself aga9/ ,elymas ! ,cypriot sorc]]1 & aga9/ ! ince/u\s ,cor9?ian4 ,9 ea* case !re is a sup]natural insight & au?orization1 ! au?ority :i* ! ,"l gave & :i* is wield$ by ,8 inspir$ ,apo/le4 ,! ex]cise ( ?is judicial function 0 "o ( ! signs ( ! ,apo/le4 ,?is 0 ! pro( ( ,*ri/ speak+ 9 him :i* ,paul 0 s lo? to give at ,cor9?1#aa b :i* at ?is crisis ( 8 m9i/ry he 0 compell$ to display4 ,& if he reckons to be bold aga9/ 8 adv]s>ies 9 ,galatia1 he kn[s well ! gr\nd on :i* he /&s4 #aa #b ,cor4 x4 #a-aa2 xiii4 #a-aj2 #a ,cor4 iv4 #ah-ba4 ,8 ana!ma /ruck at m5 :o 7 ! wor/ enemies ( ,*ri/4 ,we c d no?+ aga9/ ! tru?1 he says2 b = ! tru? he 0 ready to d & d>e ev]y?+1--to come ) a rod1 z he tells ! pr\d ,cor9?ians4 ,!re 0 no au?ority1 h[ev] l(ty1 t he 0 n w>rant$ to use on ,*ri/'s behalf1 no measure1 h[ev] sev]e1 f :i* he w\ld %r9k1 if x 7 requir$ 9 def5ce ( ! tru? ( ! ,gospel4 ,he possesses weapons1 n fle%ly1 b mighty ?r\gh ,god2 & he is prep>$ to br+ !m all into play r ?an see ! gospel p]v]t$ or ov]?r[n4 ,paul w hurl 8 ana!ma at ! pr9ce ( ! ar*angels1 %\ld ,he come prea*+ ano!r gospel1 tempt+ 8 *ildr5 f _! allegiance to ,*ri/4 ,?is bolt 0 n %ot a mom5t too soon4 ,laun*$ aga9/ ! legali/ conspiracy1 & foll[$ up by ! argum5ts ( ?is & ! ,roman ,epi/le1 x sav$ ! ,*ur* f be+ ov]p[]$ by reaction>y ,judaism4 ,! ,apo/le's judgem5t has m>k$ ! gospel ( ! cross = all "t z ,god's inviolable tru?1 gu>d$ by lightn+s4 ,! s5t5ces ( judgem5t pron\nc$ by ! ,apo/les pres5t a /rik+ contra/ to ^? t h fulm9at$ f ! ,*air ( _! self-/yl$ successors4 ,9 ! ,canons ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 = example1 we h c\nt$ "o hundr$ & ?irty-five ana!mas4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ^! are conc]n$ ) ! rights ( ! prie/hood2 o!rs ) complicat$ & second>y po9ts ( doctr9e2 "s are direct$ virtually aga9/ ! tea*+ ( ,paul himself4 ,"h is "o specim53 ,if any "o %all say t ju/ify+ fai? is no?+ else b a tru/ 9 ! ,div9e m]cy1 remitt+ s9s = ,*ri/'s sake1 or t x is ?is tru/ alone by :i* we are ju/ifi$3 let him be ana!ma4#ab ,aga91 ,if any "o %all say t ! ,canon ( ! ,mass conta9s errors1 & !re=e %\ld be abrogat$3 let him be ana!ma4#ac ,9 ! clos+ session1 ! f9al act ( ! presid+ ,c>d9al 0 to pron\nce1 ,ana!ma to all h]etics2 to :i* ! assembl$ prelates %\t$ 9 response1 ,ana!ma1 ana!ma4 ,) ?is imprecation on _! lips ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* conclud$ _! pi\s lab\rs4 ,x 0 ! ,re=mation1 x 0 ! lib]ty ( ! sons ( ,god t ,rome ana!matiz$4 ,paul's c5sure holds good aga9/ all ! ,concili> ,canons & ,papal ,bulls t contrav5e x4 ,b twice has he pron\nc$ ?is awful ^w2 once aga9/ any t love n ! ,"l1 a second "t ^u ^? :o wilfully p]v]t ,8 gospel4 ,! ,papal ana!mas s\nd l ! mal$ictions ( an angry prie/hood1 jeal\s = its pr]ogatives2 "h we h ! holy sev]ity ( an inspir$ ,apo/le1 conc]n$ only = ! tru?1 & = 8 ,ma/]'s hon\r4 ,!re speaks ! consci\s "l ov] ,god's h]itage1 we>+ ! triple cr[n1 wield+ ! p[]s ( ,int]dict & ,inquisition1 ^: ^w sets armies 9 motion & makes k+s tremble on _! seats4 ,"h a feeble1 solit>y man1 8 bodily pres5ce weak1 8 spee* contemptible1 hunt$ f place to place1 sc\rg$ & /on$1 %ut up = ye>s 9 prison1 :o c\ld n1 except = love's sake1 comm& ! meane/ s]vice4 ,h[ conspicu\s 9 ! "o case1 h[ want+ 9 ! o!r1 is ! might ( ! ,_s & ! dignity ( ! inspir$ ^w1 ! transc5d5ce ( moral au?ority4 #ab ,session vi41 ,c4 xii4 #ac ,session xxii41 ,c4 vi4 ,x is ! moral conduct ( ^? he judges t det]m9es 9 ea* case ! s5t5ce pass$ by ! ,apo/le4 ,= a man kn[+ ,jesus ,*ri/1 z we presume ! memb]s ( ! ,cor9?ian ,*ur* did "k ,him1 n to love ,him1 argues a bad he>t4 ,mu/ n we c\nt ourselves accurs$1 if ) our k ( ,*ri/ we _h no love = ,him8 ,su* a man is already virtually ana!ma4 ,he is sev]$ z a bran* f its v9e1 ready to be ga!r$ = ! burn+ 7,john xv4 #f74 ,& ^! ,galatian di/urb]s 7 some?+ worse ?an m]e mi/ak5 en?usia/s = _! native ,jewi% rites4 ,_! policy 0 di%on\rable 7*4 iv4 #ag74 ,!y made ! gospel ( ,*ri/ subs]vi5t to facti\s designs4 ,!y s\ght to w9 cr$it ) _! fell[-c\ntrym5 & to escape ! reproa* ( ! cross by impos+ circumcision on ! ,g5tiles 7*4 ii4 #d2 vi4 #ab1 #ac74 ,!y pro/itut$ religion to selfi% & p>ty purposes4 ,!y sacrific$ tru? to popul>ity1 ! glory ( ,*ri/ & ! cross to _! own4 ,!y 7 ( ^? :om ! ,apo/le describes z walk+ 9 craft9ess & h&l+ ! ^w ( ,god deceitfully1 :o traffic 9 ! gospel1 p$dl+ ) x z ) petty w>es1 *eap5+ & adult]at+ x l di%one/ huck/]s to make _! own m>ket by x 7#b ,cor4 ii4 #ag2 iv4 #b74 ,did n ,paul d well to smite !m ) ! rod ( 8 m\?8 ,ju/ly has he m>k$ ) ! br& ( ?is fi]y ana!ma ! false m9i/]1 :o s]ves n ! ,"l ,*ri/1 b 8 own belly4 ,b does ?is decl>ation preclude 9 su* a case ! possibility ( rep5tance8 ,we tr[ n4 ,x decl>es ! doom :i* is due to any1 be he man or angel1 :o %\ld d :at ^! tr\bl]s are do+4 ,x is a g5]al s5t5ce1 & has = ! individuals conc]n$ ! effect ( a w>n+1 l ! ann\ncem5t made conc]n+ ! ,traitor at ! ,la/ ,supp]4 ,h[ev] unlikely rep5tance might be 9 ei!r in/ance1 !re is no?+ to =bid x4 ,s :5 ,pet] said to ,simon ,magus1 ,?y money p]i% ) !e6 he nev]!less cont9u$1 ,rep5t1 !re=e1 ( ?is ?y wick$ness1 & pray ! ,"l1 if p]haps ! ?\ght ( ?y he>t %all be =giv5 !e 7,acts viii4 #bj-bb74 ,to 8 wor/ oppon5ts1 on any sign ( contrition1 ,paul1 we may be sure1 w\ld h gladly said ! same4 ,,! ,,p]sonal ,,hi/ory4 ,,*apt] i4 #aa-;ii4 #ba4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,paul',s ,,gospel ,,reveal$ ,,by ,,*ri/4 ,= ,i make kn[n to y1 bre?r51 z t\*+ ! gospel :i* 0 prea*$ by me1 t x is n aft] man4 ,= nei!r did ,i receive x f man1 nor 0 ,i taught x1 b x came to me ?r\gh revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,= ye h he>d ( my mann] ( life 9 "t pa/ 9 ! ,jews' religion1 h[ t beyond measure ,i p]secut$ ! *ur* ( ,god1 & made havock ( x3 & ,i advanc$ 9 ! ,jews' religion beyond _m ( m9e own age among my c\ntrym51 be+ m exce$+ly zeal\s = ! traditions ( my fa!rs4--,,gal4 i4 #aa-ad4 ,"h ! ,epi/le beg9s 9 its ma9 purport4 ,:at has gone be=e is s mu* exordium4 ,! %>p1 /]n s5t5ces ( vv4 #f-aj are l ! roll ( artill]y t u%]s 9 ! battle4 ,! mi/s rise f ! field4 ,we see ! combatants array$ on ei!r side4 ,9 due ord] & ) cool self-comm& ! ,apo/le proce$s to m>%al & deploy 8 =ces4 ,8 tru?ful n>rative corrects ! misrepres5tations ( 8 oppon5ts1 & repels _! attack ^u himself4 ,8 p[]ful dialectic wre/s f _! h&s & turns aga9/ !m _! weapons ( ,scriptural pro(4 ,he w9s ! citadel ( _! position1 by e/abli%+ ! claim ( ! m5 ( fai? to be ! sons ( ,abraham4 ,on ! ru9s ( confut$ legalism he builds up an impregnable =tress = ,*ri/ian lib]ty1 an immortal v9dication ( ! gospel ( ! grace ( ,god4 ,! cause ( ,g5tile fre$om at ?is crisis 0 b\nd up ) ! p]son ( ! ,apo/le ,paul4 ,8 ,gospel & 8 ,apo/le%ip mu/ /& or fall toge!r4 ,! =m] 0 assail$ ?r\gh ! latt]4 ,he 0 himself j n[ ! pill> & /ay ( ! tru?4 ,if 8 "* _h be5 successfully attack$ & 8 influ5ce de/roy$1 no?+1 humanly speak+1 c\ld h sav$ ,g5tile ,*ri/5dom at ?is decisive mom5t f fall+ "u ! assaults ( ,judaism4 ,:5 he beg9s 8 crucial appeal ) ! words1 ,behold1 ,i ,paul say unto y 7*4 v4 #b71 we feel t ! issue dep5ds ^u ! weight :i* 8 read]s may atta* to 8 p]sonal affirmation4 ,he pits 8 own tru?fulness1 8 k ( ,*ri/1 8 spiritual disc]nm5t & au?ority1 & ! respect due to himself f ! ,galatians1 aga9/ ! pret5sions ( ! new tea*]s4 ,! comp>ison is n inde$ s op5 & express z t made 9 #b ,cor9?ians2 none ! less x tacitly runs ?r\gh ?is ,epi/le4 ,paul is compell$ to put himself 9 ! =efront ( 8 argum5t4 ,9 ! eyes ( 8 *ildr5 9 ! fai?1 he is b\nd to v9dicate 8 ,apo/olic "*1 defam$ by ,jewi% malice & untru?4 ,! fir/ two *apt]s ( ?is ,epi/le are !re=e ,paul's ,apologia pro vita sua4 ,) c]ta9 *apt]s 9 #b ,cor9?ians1 & scatt]$ passages 9 o!r lett]s1 !y =m ! ,apo/le's autobiography1 "o ( ! mo/ p]fect self-portraitures t lit]ature conta9s4 ,!y reveal to u ! man m effectively ?an any o/5sible description c\ld h done4 ,!y furni% an indisp5sable supplem5t to ! ext]nal & cursory del9eations giv5 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,:ile ,luke skilfully pres5ts ! outw>d framework ( ,paul's life & ! ev5ts ( 8 public c>e]1 x is to ! ,epi/les t we turn--to none m frequ5tly ?an ?is--= ! necess>y subjective data1 = all t belongs to 8 inn] "*1 8 motives & pr9ciples4 ,?is ,epi/le br+s into bold relief ! ,apo/le's moral physiognomy4 ,above all1 x ?r[s a cle> & p5etrat+ light on ! ev5t :i* det]m9$ 8 c>e]--! greate/ ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity aft] ! ,day ( ,p5teco/--,paul's conv]sion to fai? 9 ! ,"l ,jesus4 ,?is 0 at once ! turn+-po9t 9 ! ,apo/le's life1 & ! bir?-h\r ( 8 gospel4 ,if ! ,galatians 7 to und]/& 8 tea*+1 !y mu/ und]/& ?is occurr5ce2 !y mu/ "k :y he became a ,*ri/ian1 h[ he _h receiv$ ! message :i* he br\ght to !m4 ,!y w\ld1 he felt sure1 ent] m sympa!tically into 8 doctr9e1 if !y 7 bett] acqua9t$ ) ! way 9 :i* he _h arriv$ at x4 ,!y w\ld see h[ well-ju/ifi$ 0 ! au?ority1 h[ ne$ful ! sev]ity ) :i* he writes4 ,accord+ly he beg9s ) a brief relation ( ! circum/ances ( 8 call to ! s]vice ( ,*ri/1 & 8 c>e] f ! days ( 8 ,judai/ic zeal1 :5 he made havoc ( ! fai?1 till ! well-kn[n occasion on :i* he became its *ampion aga9/ ,pet] himself1 ! *ief ( ! ,twelve 7*4 i4 #aa-;ii4 #ba47 ,8 object 9 ?is recital appe>s to be ?reefold3 to refute ! misrepres5tations ( ! ,circumcisioni/s2 to v9dicate 8 indep5d5t au?ority z an ,apo/le ( ,*ri/2 & fur!r1 to unfold ! nature & t]ms ( 8 gospel1 s z to pave ! way = ! !ological argum5t :i* is to foll[1 & :i* =ms ! body ( ! ,epi/le4 ,i4 ,paul's gospel 0 sup]naturally convey$ to him1 by a p]sonal int]v5tion ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,?is ass]tion is ! ,apo/le's />t+-po9t4 ,my gospel is n aft] man4 ,i receiv$ x z ,jesus ,*ri/ reveal$ x to me4 ,t ! initial revelation 0 made to him by ,*ri/ 9 p]son1 0 a fact ( incalculable importance = ,paul4 ,?is _h made him an ,apo/le1 9 ! augu/ s5se 9 :i* he claims ! title 7v]4 #a74 ,?is acc\nts = ! vehem5ce ) :i* he def5ds 8 doctr9e1 & = ! awful s5t5ce :i* he has pass$ ^u its impugn]s4 ,! ,div9e au?or%ip ( ! gospel he prea*$ made x impossible = him to temporize ) its p]v]t]s1 or to be influ5c$ by human fav\r or disfav\r 9 its adm9i/ration4 ,_h 8 tea*+ be5 accord+ to man1 he might h cons5t$ to a compromise2 he might reasonably h tri$ to hum\r & accommodate ,jewi% prejudices4 ,b ! case is f> o!rwise4 ,i am n at lib]ty to please m51 he says1 = my gospel comes directly f ,jesus ,*ri/ 7vv4 #aj1 #aa74 ,s he gives 8 read]s to "k1 z if by way ( =mal notification4#ad #ad ,comp4 ,rom4 ix4 #bb2 #a ,cor4 xii4 #c2 xv4 #a2 #b ,cor4 viii4 #a4 ,! gospel ( ,paul 0 inviolable1 !n1 because ( its sup]human "*4 ,& ?is "* 0 impress$ ^u x by its sup]human orig93 n accord+ to man1 = nei!r f man did ,i receive x1 nor 0 ,i taught x1 b by a revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! ,apo/le's k ( ,*ri/ianity did n come ?r\gh ! ord9>y *annel ( tradition & indoctr9ation2 ,jesus ,*ri/ _h1 by a miracul\s int]position1 taught him ! tru? ab\t ,himself4 ,he says1 ,nei!r did ,i1 ) an emphasis t po9ts tacitly to ! eld] ,apo/les1 :om he m5tions a few s5t5ces lat] 7v]4 #ag74 ,to ?is comp>ison 8 adv]s>ies =c$ him1 mak+ use ( x z !y freely did to 8 disp>agem5t4#ae ,b x comes 9 by implication r ?an direct ass]tion4 ,only by putt+ viol5ce ^u himself1 & ) /rong expressions ( 8 unwor?9ess1 c ,paul be br\ght to set 8 (ficial claims 9 competition ) ^? ( ! ,twelve4 ,not)/&+1 x is p]fectly cle> t he puts 8 m9i/ry on a level ) !irs4 ,he is no ,apo/le at second-h&1 no disciple ( ,pet]'s or dep5dant ( ! pill>s at ,j]usalem4 ,nei!r did ,i1 he decl>es1 any m ?an !y1 take my in/ructions f o!r lips ?an ^? ( ,jesus our ,"l4 #ae ,see *4 ii4 #f-ad2 #a ,cor4 i4 #ab2 iii4 #bb2 iv4 #i2 ix4 #a-e2 xv4 #h-aj4 ,b :at ( ?is revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 on :i* ,paul lays s mu* /ress8 ,does he mean a revelation made by ,*ri/1 or ab\t ,*ri/8 ,tak5 by itself1 ! expression1 9 ,greek z 9 ,engli%1 be>s ei!r int]pretation4 ,9 fav\r ( ! second con/ruction--viz4 t ,paul speaks ( a revelation by :i* ,*ri/ 0 made kn[n to him--! language ( v]4 #af is adduc$3 ,x pleas$ ,god to reveal ,8 ,son 9 me4 ,paul's g5]al usage po9ts 9 ! same direction4 ,) him ,*ri/ is ! object ( manife/ation1 prea*+1 & ! l4 #b ,cor4 xii4 #a is probably an in/ance to ! contr>y3 ,i w come to visions & revelations ( ! ,"l4#af ,b x %\ld be obs]v$ t :]ev] ?is g5itive is objective 7a revelation reveal+ ,*ri/71 ,god appe>s 9 ! context1 j z 9 v]4 #af bel[1 to ,:om ! au?or%ip ( ! revelation is ascrib$4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 ! gospel is ! object reveal$2 & ,jesus ,*ri/1 9 contra/ ) man1 is claim$ = its ,au?or4 ,s at ! outset 7v]4 #a7 ,*ri/1 9 ,8 ,div9e "*1 0 ! ,ag5t by :om ,paul1 z v]itably z ! ,twelve1 _h receiv$ 8 ,apo/le%ip4 ,we !re=e ass5t to ! ord9>y view1 read+ ?is passage 9 ! light ( ! vision ( ,jesus ?rice relat$ 9 ! ,acts4#ag ,we und]/& ,paul to say t no m]e man imp>t$ to him ! gospel he prea*$1 b ,jesus ,*ri/ reveal$ x4 #af ,?is g5itive is1 h[ev]1 op5 to ! o!r con/ruction1 :i* is unque/ionable 9 #a ,cor4 i4 #g2 #b ,!ss4 i4 #g2 also #a ,pet4 i4 #g1 #ac4 ,rev4 i4 #a furni%es a prom95t example ( ! subjective g5itive4 #ag ,acts ix4 #a-ai2 xxii4 #e-af2 xxvi4 #ab-ah4 ,on ! ,damascus road ! ,apo/le ,paul f\nd 8 mission4 ,! vision ( ! glorifi$ ,jesus made him a ,*ri/ian1 & an ,apo/le4 ,! act 0 a revelation--t is1 9 ,new ,te/am5t phrase1 a sup]natural1 an imm$iately ,div9e communication ( tru?4 ,& x 0 a revelation n convey$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 z 7 ! ord9>y prophetic inspirations1 ?r\gh ! ,_s2 ,jesus ,*ri/1 9 ,8 ,div9e-human p]son1 made ,himself kn[n to ,8 p]secutor4 ,paul _h se5 t ,j ,"o & he>d a voice f ,8 m\?4 ,! appe>ance ( ,jesus to ,saul ( ,t>sus 0 9 itself a gospel1 an e>ne/ ( ! good tid+s he 0 to convey to ! _w4 ,:y p]secute/ ?\ ,me8 t ,div9e voice said1 9 tones ( reproa*1 yet ( inf9ite pity4 ,! sight ( ,jesus ! ,"l1 meet+ ,saul's eyes1 reveal$ ,8 grace & tru? to ! p]secutor's he>t4 ,he 0 br\ght 9 a mom5t to ! ob$i5ce ( fai?2 he said1 ,"l1 :at wilt ,?\ h me to d8 ,he confess$ ) 8 m\? ! ,"l ,jesus2 he believ$ 9 8 he>t t ,god _h rais$ ,him f ! dead4 ,x 0 true1 aft] all1 t ,god _h made ! crucifi$ ,naz>5e bo? ,"l & ,*ri/2 = ?is 0 ,he6 ,! cross1 :i* _h be5 ,saul's /umbl+-block1 deeply affront+ 8 ,jewi% pride1 f ?is mom5t 0 trans=m$4 ,! glory ( ! exalt$ ,r$eem] ca/ back its light ^u ! tree ( %ame4 ,! curse ( ! ,law visibly re/+ ^u ,him1 ! rejection ( m51 m>k$ ,him out z ,god's *os5 sacrifice = s94 ,?is explanation at once pres5t$ itself to an in/ruct$ & ke5ly !ological m9d l ,saul's1 s soon z x 0 evid5t t ,jesus 0 n accurs$1 z he _h suppos$1 b approv$ by ,god4 ,s ,paul's gospel 0 giv5 him at a /roke4 ,jesus ,*ri/ dy+ = our s9s1 ,jesus ,*ri/ liv+ to save & to rule--behold ! good news6 ,! ,apo/le _h x on no less au?ority ?an t ( ! ris5 ,savi\r4 ,f ,him he receiv$ x to publi% wide z ! _w4 ,?us ,saul ( ,t>sus 0 born aga94 ,& ) ! ,*ri/ian man1 ! ,*ri/ian ?9k]1 ! !ologian1 0 born 9 him4 ,! ,paul9e doctr9e has its root 9 ,paul's conv]sion4 ,x 0 a s+le1 organic gr[?1 ! se$ ( :i* 0 ?is revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,its creative impulse 0 giv5 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! memorable h\r1 :5 ,god :o said1 ,light %all %9e out ( d>kness1 9 ! face ( ,jesus ,*ri/ %9$ into ,saul's he>t4 ,z ! light ( ?is revelation p5etrat$ 8 _s1 he recognis$1 /ep by /ep1 ! fact ( ! resurrection1 ! import ( ! crucifixion1 ! ,div9ity ( ,jesus1 ,8 human m$iator%ip1 ! virtue ( fai?1 ! (fice ( ! ,holy ,_s1 ! futility ( ,jewi% ritual & works ( law1 & all ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( 8 !ology4 ,giv5 ! g5ius ( ,saul & 8 religi\s tra9+1 & ! ,paul9e sy/em ( doctr9e 01 "o might almo/ say1 a necess>y d$uction f ! fact ( ! appe>ance to him ( ! glorifi$ ,jesus4 ,if t =m ( cele/ial spl5d\r 0 ,jesus1 !n ,he 0 ris5 inde$2 !n ,he 0 ! ,*ri/2 ,he 01 z ,he affirm$1 ! ,son ( ,god4 ,if ,he 0 ,"l & ,*ri/1 & yet di$ by ! ,fa!r's w on ! cross ( %ame1 !n ,8 dea? c\ld only be a propitiation1 accept$ by ,god1 = ! s9s ( m51 ^: efficacy _h no limit1 & ^: m]it left no room = legal works ( righte\sness4 ,if ?is ,jesus 0 ! ,*ri/1 !n ! assumptions ( ,saul's ,judaism1 :i* _h l$ him into blasphem\s hatr$ & outrage t[>ds ,him1 7 radically false2 he w purge himself f ! old leav51 t 8 life may become a new lump4 ,f t mom5t a _w ( life & ?\ght began = ! future ,apo/le1 ! opposite 9 all respects ( t 9 :i* hi!rto he _h mov$4 ,! old ?+s1 he cries1 pass$ away2 lo1 !y h become new 7#b ,cor4 v4 #ag74 ,paul's conv]sion 0 z complete z x 0 sudd54 ,?is intimate relation ( doctr9e & exp]i5ce gives to ,paul's tea*+ a peculi> w>m? & fre%ness1 a vividness ( human reality :i* x ev]y:]e reta9s1 despite its l(ty intellectualism & ! s*ola/ic =m 9 :i* x is l>gely ca/4 ,x is !ology alive1 trembl+ ) emotion1 speak+ words l flames1 =m+ dogmas h>d z rock1 t :5 y t\* !m are yet gl[+ ) ! heat ( ^? c5tral dep?s ( ! human _s f :i* !y 7 ca/ up4 ,! collision ( ! two great ,apo/les at ,antio* %[s h[ ! /r5g? ( ,paul's tea*+ lay 9 8 inw>d realization ( ! tru?4 ,!re 0 life beh9d 8 doctr9e4 ,he 01 & = ! "t ! ,jewi% ,apo/le 0 n1 act+ & speak+ out ( ! reality ( spiritual conviction1 ( tru? p]sonally v]ifi$4 ,( ! ,apo/le ,paul above all div9es ! say+ is true1 ,pectus facit !ologum4 ,& ?is p]sonal k ( ,*ri/1 ! ma/] light ( all 8 see+1 began :5 on ! way to ,damascus 8 eyes beheld ,jesus our ,"l4 ,8 f>ewell *>ge to ! ,*ur* ?r\gh ,timo?y 7#b ,tim4 i4 #i-ab71 :ile ref]r+ to ! g5]al manife/ation ( ,*ri/ to ! _w1 does s 9 language col\r$ by ! recollection ( ! peculi> revelation made at ! beg9n+ to himself3 ,god1 he says1 call$ u ) a holy call+1 accord+ to ,8 purpose & grace1 :i* ha? n[ be5 manife/$ by ! appe>+#ah ( our ,savi\r ,*ri/ ,jesus1 :o aboli%$ dea? & br\ght life & immortality to light#ai ?r\gh ! gospel1 :]eunto ,i 0 appo9t$ a prea*] & apo/le4 ,= :i* cause ,i also suff] ^! ?+s4 ,b ,i am n a%am$3 = ,i "k ,him 9 :om ,i h believ$4 ,?is manife/ation ( ! cele/ial ,*ri/ %$ its brightness along all 8 pa?4 #ah 1 a sup]natural appe>ance1 su* z t ( ! ,second ,adv5t4 #ai 1 comp4 #b ,cor4 iv4 #f4 ,,ii4 ,8 ass]tion ( ! ,div9e orig9 ( 8 doctr9e ,paul su/a9s by ref]r+ to ! previ\s c\rse ( 8 life4 ,!re 0 c]ta9ly no?+ 9 t to acc\nt = 8 prea*+ ,*ri/ crucifi$4 ,= y h he>d1 he cont9ues1 ( my mann] ( life a=etime1 :5 ,i foll[$ ,judaism4 ,"h ends ! *a9 ( =s rea*+ f v]4 #aj to #ac--;a succession ( explanations l9k+ ,paul's d5unciation ( ! ,*ri/ian ,judaiz]s to ! fact t he _h himself be5 a viol5t anti-,*ri/ian ,judai/4 ,! seem+ contradiction is 9 reality a consi/5t sequ5ce4 ,only "o :o _h imbib$ ! _s ( legalism z ,saul ( ,t>sus _h done1 c\ld ju/ly appreciate ! ho/ility ( its pr9ciples to ! new fai?1 & ! s9i/] motives actuat+ ! m5 :o pret5d$ to reconcile !m4 ,paul knew ,judaism by he>t4 ,he und]/ood ! sort ( m5 :o oppos$ him 9 ! ,g5tile ,*ur*es4 ,& if 8 ana!ma appe> ne$lessly sev]e1 we mu/ rememb] t no "o 0 s well able to judge ( ! necessities ( ! case z ! man :o pron\nc$ x4 ,y h he>d--f :om8 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 probably1 f ,paul himself4 ,b on ?is matt]1 we may be pretty sure1 8 oppon5ts w\ld h some?+ to say4 ,!y did n scruple to ass]t t he /ill prea*$ circumcision#bj & play$ ! ,jew ev5 n[ :5 x suit$ him1 *>g+ him ) ins9c]ity4 ,or !y might say1 ,paul is a r5egade4 ,once ! mo/ ard5t ( zealots = ,judaism1 he has pass$ to ! opposite extreme4 ,he is a man y _c tru/4 ,apo/ates are prov]bially bitt] aga9/ _! old fai?4 ,9 ^! & 9 o!r ways ,paul's ,ph>isaic c>e] 0 d\btless ?r[n 9 8 tee?4 #bj ,*4 v4 #aa2 comp4 #a ,cor4 ix4 #bj2 ,acts xvi4 #c2 xxi4 #bj-bf2 xxiii4 #f4 ,! ,apo/le sorr[fully confesses t above measure he p]secut$ ! ,*ur* ( ,god & laid x wa/e4 ,8 fri5d ,luke makes ! same admission 9 simil> language4#ba ,!re is no attempt to conceal or palliate ?is pa9ful fact1 t ! fam\s ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles _h be5 a p]secutor1 ! deadlie/ enemy ( ! ,*ur* 9 its infant days4 ,he 0 ! v type ( a det]m9$1 pitiless oppressor1 ! =]unn] ( ! ,jewi% fanatics :o aft]w>ds s\ght 8 life1 & ( ! cruel bigots ( ! ,inquisition & ! ,/>-*amb] 9 lat] times4 ,8 re/less en]gy1 8 indiff]5ce to ! feel+s ( humanity 9 ?is "w ( de/ruction1 7 due to religi\s zeal4 ,i ?\ght1 he says1 ,i ought to d _m ?+s contr>y to ! "n ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,9 him1 z 9 s _m o!rs1 ! say+ ( ,*ri/ 0 fulfill$3 ,! "t come?1 :5 :oso kille? y w ?9k t he is (f]+ a sacrifice to ,god4 ,^! ,naz>5es 7 h]etics1 traitors to ,israel1 enemies ( ,god4 ,_! lead] _h be5 crucifi$1 br&$ ) ! extreme/ m>k ( ,div9e displeasure4 ,8 foll[]s mu/ p]i%4 ,_! success meant ! ru9 ( ,mosaism4 ,god will$ _! de/ruction4 ,su* 7 ,saul's ?\ghts1 until he he>d ! prote/+ voice ( ,jesus z he approa*$ ,damascus to ravage ,8 little flock4 ,no wond] t he suff]$ remorse to ! end ( 8 days4 #ba ,acts vii4 #eh2 viii4 #a-c2 ix4 #a4 ,saul's p]secution ( ! ,*ur* 0 ! natural result ( 8 e>li] tra9+1 ( ! c\rse to :i* 9 8 y\? he committ$ himself4 ,! ,galatians _h he>d also h[ pr(ici5t he 0 9 ,judaism1 beyond _m ( 8 k9dr$ & age2 t he 0 surpass$ by none 9 zeal = _! ance/ral traditions4 ,8 bir? 7,phil4 iii4 #d1 #e71 education 7,acts xxii4 #c71 temp]am5t1 circum/ances1 all comb9$ to make him a zealot ( ! fir/ wat]1 ! p9k & patt]n ( ,jewi% or?odoxy1 ! ris+ hope ( ! ,ph>isaic p>ty1 & an in/rum5t admirably fitt$ to cru% ! hat$ & dang]\s sect ( ! ,naz>5es4 ,^! facts g to prove1 n t ,paul is a traitor to 8 own p1 /ill less t he is a ,ph>isee at he>t1 prea*+ ,g5tile lib]ty f int]e/$ motives2 b t x mu/ h be5 "s extraord9>y occurr5ce1 q out ( ! common run ( human influ5ces & probabilities1 t set him on 8 pres5t c\rse4 ,:at c\ld h turn$ ?is furi\s ,jewi% p]secutor all at once into ! *ampion ( ! cross8 ,:at inde$ b ! revelation ( ,*ri/ :i* he receiv$ at ! ,damascus gate8 ,8 previ\s c>e] up to t h\r _h be5 su* z to make x impossible t he %\ld h receiv$ 8 gospel ?r\gh human means4 ,! *asm betwe5 8 ,*ri/ian & pre-,*ri/ian life _h only be5 bridg$ by a sup]natural int]position ( ! m]cy ( ,*ri/4 ,our mod]n critics1 h[ev]1 ?9k t !y "k ,paul bett] ?an he knew himself4 ,!y hold t ! problem rais$ by ?is passage is capable ( a natural solution4 ,psy*ological analysis1 we are told1 sets ! matt] 9 a diff]5t light4 ,saul ( ,t>sus _h a t5d] consci5ce4 ,und]nea? 8 fev]$ & ambiti\s zeal1 !re lay 9 ! "y p]secutor's he>t a pr(\nd misgiv+1 a mortify+ s5se ( 8 failure1 & ! failure ( 8 p1 to atta9 ! righte\sness ( ! ,law4 ,! sev5? *apt] ( 8 ,epi/le to ! ,romans is a leaf tak5 out ( ! inn] hi/ory ( ?is p]iod ( ! ,apo/le's life4 ,?r\gh :at a /]n discipl9e ! ,t>sian y\? _h pass$ 9 ^! legal ye>s6 ,h[ 8 haughty _s *af$ & tortur$ itself "u ! gr[+ consci\sness ( its moral impot5ce6 ,! ,law _h be5 truly 8 7*4 iii4 #bd71 a sev]e tutor1 prep>+ him unconsci\sly = ,*ri/4 ,9 ?is /ate ( m9d su* sc5es z ! m>tyrdom ( ,/eph5 c\ld n b p[]fully affect ,saul1 9 spite ( himself4 ,! be>+ ( ! p]secut$ ,naz>5es1 ! words ( peace & =giv5ess t !y utt]$ "u _! suff]+s1 /irr$ que/ion+s 9 8 brea/ n always to be sil5c$4 ,self-di/ru/ & remorse 7 secretly und]m9+ ! rig\r ( 8 ,judaic fai?4 ,!y act$ l a goad 7,acts xxvi4 #ad71 aga9/ :i* he kick$ 9 va94 ,he rode to ,damascus--a long & lonely j\rney--9 a /ate ( increas+ disquiet & m5tal conflict4 ,! heat & exhau/ion ( ! des]t m>*1 act+ on a n]v\s temp]am5t naturally excitable & ov]wr\ght1 ha/5$ ! crisis4 ,saul fell f 8 horse 9 an access ( fev]1 or catalepsy4 ,8 bra9 0 on fire4 ,! convictions t haunt$ him sudd5ly took =m & voice 9 ! app>ition ( ! glorifi$ ,jesus1 :om ,/eph5 9 8 dy+ mom5ts _h address$4 ,f t figure seem$ to proce$ ! reproa*ful cry :i* ! p]secutor's consci5ce _h 9 va9 be5 /riv+ to make him he>4 ,a fla% ( lightn+1 or1 if y l1 a sun/roke1 is readily imag9$ to fire ?is tra9 ( circum/ances1--& ! explanation is complete6 ,:51 besides1 ,m4 ,r5an is good en\gh to tell u t he has himself exp]i5c$ an attack ( ?is k9d at ,byblos1 & ) o!r pr9ciples w\ld c]ta9ly h tak5 ! halluc9ations he !n _h = visions1#bb :at m c we desire8 ,nay1 does n ,paul himself admit1 9 v]4 #af ( ?is *apt]1 t 8 conv]sion 0 ess5tially a spiritual & subjective ev5t8 #bb ,les ,aptres1 p4 #ahj1 note #a4 ,su* is ! diagnosis ( ,paul's conv]sion (f]$ u by rationalism2 & x is n want+ 9 boldness nor 9 skill4 ,b ! corn]-/one on :i* x re/s1 ! h+e ( ! :ole !ory1 is imag9>y & 9 fatal contradiction ) ! facts ( ! case4 ,paul himself kn[s no?+ ( ! remorse imput$ to him previ\sly to ! vision ( ,jesus4 ,! hi/orian ( ! ,acts kn[s no?+ ( x4 ,9 a nature s upright & consci5ti\s z t ( ,saul1 ?is misgiv+ w\ld at lea/ h induc$ him to desi/ f p]secution4 ,f fir/ to la/ 8 te/imony is1 ,i did x ignorantly1 9 unbelief4 ,x 0 ?is ignorance1 ?is abs5ce ( any s5se ( wrong 9 ! viol5ce he us$ aga9/ ! foll[]s ( ,jesus1 t1 9 8 view1 acc\nt$ = 8 obta9+ m]cy 7#a ,tim4 i4 #ac74 ,if impressions ( an opposite k9d 7 previ\sly /ruggl+ 9 8 m9d1 ) su* =ce t on a m]e n]v\s %ock !y 7 ready to precipitate !mselves 9 ! %ape ( an ov]-ma/]+ halluc9ation1 *ang+ in/antly & = ev] ! curr5t ( 8 life1 h[ comes x t ! ,apo/le has told u no?+ ab\t !m8 ,t he %\ld h =gott5 impressions s poignant & s p[]ful1 is inconceivable4 ,& if he has ( set purpose ignor$1 nay1 virtually d5i$ ?is all-important fact1 :at becomes ( 8 s9c]ity8 ,! ,apo/le 0 manife/ly innoc5t ( any su* pr$isposition to ,*ri/ian fai? z ! above !ory imputes to him4 ,true1 he 0 consci\s 9 ^? ,judai/ic days ( 8 failure to atta9 righte\sness1 ( ! di%>mony exi/+ betwe5 ! law ( 8 reason & t :i* wr\ght 9 8 memb]s4 ,8 conviction ( s9 suppli$ ! moral precondition necess>y 9 e case to sav+ fai? 9 ,*ri/4 ,b ?is negative condition does n help u 9 ! lea/ to expla9 ! vision ( ! glorifi$ ,jesus4 ,by no psy*ological process :atev] c\ld ! exp]i5ce ( ,rom4 vii4 #g-bd be made to project itself 9 su* an app>ition4 ,) all 8 my/icism & emotional susceptibility1 ,paul's m9d 0 ess5tially sane & critical4 ,to call him epileptic is a calumny4 ,no man s diseas$ c\ld h gone ?r\gh ! ,apo/le's lab\rs1 or writt5 ^! ,epi/les4 ,8 discussion ( ! subject ( sup]natural gifts1 9 #a ,cor4 xii4 & xiv41 is a model ( %rewdness & good s5se4 ,he _h exp]i5ce ( trances & ec/atic visions2 & he knew1 p]haps z well z ,m4 ,r5an1 h[ to di/+ui% !m f objective realities4#bc ,! mann] 9 :i* he speaks ( ?is appe>ance all[s ( no reasonable d\bt z to ! ,apo/le's full p]suasion t 9 sob] c]ta9ty ( wak+ s5se he _h se5 ,jesus our ,"l4 #bc #a ,cor4 xiv4 #ah2 #b ,cor4 xii4 #a-f2 ,acts xvi4 #i2 xviii4 #h1 #i2 xxii4 #ag1 #ah4 ,x 0 ?is s5sible & outw>d revelation t l$ to ! inw>d revelation ( ! ,r$eem] to 8 s\l1 ( :i* ,paul goes on to speak 9 v]4 #af4 ,)\t ! latt] ! =m] w\ld h be5 purposeless & useless4 ,! objective vision c\ld only h reveal$ a ,*ri/ aft] ! fle%1 _h x n be5 ! means ( op5+ ,saul's clos$ he>t to ! influ5ce ( ! ,_s ( ,*ri/4 ,x 0 ! means to ?is1 & 9 ! giv5 circum/ances ! indisp5sable means4 ,to a hi/ory t kn[s no miracles1 ! ,apo/le ,paul mu/ rema9 an enigma4 ,8 fai? 9 ! crucifi$ ,jesus is equally baffl+ to naturalism ) t ( ! fir/ disciples1 :o _h laid ,him 9 ! grave4 ,:5 ! ,apo/le argues t 8 antec$5t relations to ,*ri/ianity 7 su* z to preclude 8 conv]sion hav+ come ab\t by natural human means1 we are b\nd to admit bo? ! s9c]ity & ! conclusiv5ess ( 8 appeal4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,paul',s ,,div9e ,,commission4 ,b :5 x 0 ! good pleasure ( ,god1 :o sep>at$ me1 ev5 f my "m's womb1 & call$ me ?r\gh ,8 grace1 to reveal ,8 ,son 9 me1 t ,i might prea* ,him among ! ,g5tiles2 imm$iately ,i conf]r$ n ) fle% & blood3 nei!r w5t ,i up to ,j]usalem to !m :i* 7 apo/les be=e me3 b ,i w5t away into ,arabia2 & aga9 ,i return$ unto ,damascus4--,,gal4 i4 #ae-ag4 ,x pleas$ ,god to reveal ,8 ,son 9 me3 ?is is aft] all ! ess5tial matt] 9 ,paul's conv]sion1 z 9 t ( e ,*ri/ian4 ,! outw>d manife/ation ( ,jesus ,*ri/ s]v$ 9 8 case to br+ ab\t ?is result1 & 0 necess>y to qualify him = 8 extraord9>y vocation4 ,b ( itself ! sup]natural vision _h no r$eem+ virtue1 & gave ,saul ( ,t>sus no message ( salvation = ! _w4 ,its glory bl9d$ & pro/rat$ ! p]secutor2 8 he>t might not)/&+ h rema9$ rebelli\s & un*ang$4 ,i am ,jesus1 said ! heav5ly ,=m1--,g1 & x %all be told !e :at ?\ %alt d2--t 0 all6 ,& t 0 n salvation4 ,ev5 ?\gh "o rose f ! dead1 /ill x is possible n to believe4 ,& fai? is possible 9 its highe/ degree1 & is ex]cis$ to-day by multitudes1 ) no cele/ial light to illum9e1 no audible voice f beyond ! grave to awak54 ,! sixte5? v]se gives u ! inw>d c\nt]p>t ( t ext]ior revelation 9 :i* ,paul's k ( ,*ri/ _h its beg9n+1--b only its beg9n+4 ,! ,apo/le does n surely mean by 9 me1 9 my case1 ?r\gh me 7to o!rs74 ,?is gives a s5se true 9 itself1 & express$ by ,paul else:]e 7v]4 #bd2 #a ,tim4 i4 #af71 b unsuitable to ! ^w reveal1 & out ( place at ?is po9t ( ! n>rative4 ,9 ! next clause--t ,i might prea* ,him among ! ,g5tiles--we le>n :at 0 to be ! issue ( ?is revelation = ! _w4 ,b 9 ! fir/ place x 0 a ,div9e c]ta9ty )9 ! brea/ ( ,paul himself4 ,8 ,g5tile ,apo/le%ip re/$ ^u ! mo/ assur$ basis ( inw>d conviction1 ^u a spiritual appreh5sion ( ! ,r$eem]'s p]son4 ,he says1 lay+ emphasis on ! la/ two words1 to reveal ,8 ,son )9 me4 ,s ,*ryso/om3 ,:y did he n say to me1 b 9 me8 ,%[+ t n by words alone he le>n$ ! ?+s conc]n+ fai?2 b t he 0 also fill$ ) ! abundance ( ! ,_s1 ! revelation %9+ ?r\gh 8 v s\l2 & t he _h ,*ri/ speak+ 9 himself4 ,i4 ,! sub/ance ( ,paul's gospel 01 !re=e1 giv5 him by ! unveil+ ( ! ,r$eem] to 8 he>t4 ,! revelation ( v]4 #af takes up & completes t ( v]4 #ab4 ,! dazzl+ appe>ance ( ,*ri/ be=e 8 eyes & ! summons ( ,8 voice address$ to ,saul's bodily e>s =m$ ! special mode 9 :i* x pleas$ ,god to call him by ,8 grace4 ,b :om ,he call$1 ,he also ju/ifi$4 ,9 ?is fur!r act ( grace salvation is fir/ p]sonally realis$1 & ! gospel becomes ! man's individual possession4 ,?is exp]i5ce ensu$ ^u ! acceptance ( ! fact t ! crucifi$ ,jesus 0 ! ,*ri/4 ,b ?is 0 by no means all4 ,z ! revelation p5etrat$ fur!r into ! ,apo/le's s\l1 he began to appreh5d its deep] significance4 ,he knew already t ! ,naz>5e _h claim$ to be ! ,son ( ,god1 & on t gr\nd _h be5 s5t5c$ to dea? by ! ,sanh$rim4 ,8 resurrection1 n[ a demon/rat$ fact1 %[$ t ?is awful claim1 in/ead ( be+ condemn$1 0 ackn[l$g$ by ,god ,himself4 ,! cele/ial maje/y 9 :i* ,he appe>$1 ! sublime au?ority ) :i* ,he spoke1 witness$ to ,8 ,div9ity4 ,to ,paul equally ) ! fir/ ,apo/les1 ,he 0 decl>$ ,son ( ,god 9 p[]1 by ! resurrection ( ! dead4 ,b ?is p]suasion 0 borne 9 ^u him 9 8 aft] reflections1 & c\ld n be adequately realis$ 9 ! fir/ %ock ( 8 great discov]y4 ,! language ( ?is v]se ?r[s no sort ( suspicion on ! reality ( ! vision be=e ,damascus4 ,q ! opposite4 ,! inw>d presupposes ! outw>d4 ,und]/&+ foll[s sight4 ,! subjective illum9ation1 ! inw>d conviction ( ,*ri/'s ,div9ity1 9 ,paul's case z 9 t ( ! fir/ disciples1 0 br\ght ab\t by ! appe>ance ( ! ris51 ,div9e ,jesus4 ,t appe>ance furni%es 9 bo? in/ances ! explanation ( ! a/\nd+ *ange t took place 9 ! m54 ,! he>t full ( blasphemy aga9/ ,8 "n has le>nt to own ,him z ! ,son ( ,god1 :o lov$ me & gave ,himself = me4 ,?r\gh ! bodily eyes ( ,saul ( ,t>sus ! revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/ _h ent]$ & trans=m$ 8 _s4 ,( ?is int]ior revelation ! ,holy ,_s1 accord+ to ! ,apo/le's doctr9e1 _h be5 ! organ4 ,! ,"l on fir/ meet+ ! ga!r$ ,apo/les aft] ,8 resurrection brea!d ^u !m1 say+1 ,receive ye ! ,holy ,gho/ 7,john xx4 #bb74 ,?is influ5ce 0 9 tru? ! p[] ( ,8 resurrection2 x 0 ! inspir+ brea? ( ! new life ( humanity issu+ f ! op5 grave ( ,*ri/4 ,! baptism ( ,p5teco/1 ) its mighty ru%+ w9d1 0 b ! full] effusion ( ! p[] ^: e>ne/ ! ,*ur* receiv$ 9 t g5tle brea?+ ( peace on ! day ( ! resurrection4 ,by ,8 ,_s ,*ri/ made ,himself a dwell+ 9 ! he>ts ( ,8 disciples1 rais$ at la/ to a true appreh5sion ( ,8 nature4 ,all ?is 0 recapitulat$ 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ,paul4 ,9 8 case ! common exp]i5ce 0 ! m %>ply def9$ because ( ! sudd5ness ( 8 conv]sion1 & ! />tl+ effect ) :i* ?is new consci\sness project$ itself ^u ! backgr\nd ( 8 e>li] ,ph>isaic life4 ,paul _h 8 ,resurrection-vision on ! road to ,damascus4 ,he receiv$ 8 ,p5teco/al baptism 9 ! days t foll[$4 ,x is n necess>y to fix ! precise occasion ( ! second revelation1 or to connect x specifically ) ! visit ( ,ananias to ,saul 9 ,damascus1 mu* less ) 8 lat] ec/asy 9 ! temple 7,acts ix4 #aj-ai2 xxii4 #ab-ba74 ,:5 ,ananias1 s5t by ,*ri/1 br\ght him ! assurance ( =giv5ess f ! injur$ ,*ur*1 & bade him recov] 8 sight1 & be fill$ ) ! ,holy ,gho/1 ?is message greatly com=t$ 8 he>t1 & po9t$ out to him m cle>ly ! way ( salvation along :i* he 0 grop+4 ,b x is ! (fice ( ! ,_s ( ,god to reveal ! ,son ( ,god2 s ,paul tea*es ev]y:]e 9 8 ,epi/les1 taught fir/ by 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,n f ,ananias1 nor f any man _h he receiv$ ?is k2 ,god reveal$ ,8 ,son 9 ! s\l ( ! ,apo/le--s5t =? ! ,_s ( ,8 ,son into 8 he>t 7*4 iv4 #f74 ,! language ( #b ,cor4 iii4 #ab-;iv4 #f is ! be/ comm5t>y on ?is v]se4 ,a veil re/$ on ! he>t ( ,saul ! ,ph>isee4 ,he read ! ,old ,cov5ant only 9 ! condemn+ lett]4 ,n yet did he "k ! ,"l :o is ! _s4 ,?is veil 0 done away 9 ,*ri/4 ,! glory ( ! ,"l t bur/ ^u him 9 8 ,damascus j\rney1 r5t x once & = ev] f 8 eyes4 ,god1 ! ,light-giv]1 _h %9$ 9 8 he>t1 9 ! face ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,su* 0 ! fur!r scope ( ! revelation :i* effect$ ,paul's conv]sion4 ,z he writes aft]w>ds to ,ephesus1 ! ,god ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,fa!r ( glory1 _h giv5 him a _s ( wisdom & revelation 9 ! k ( ,*ri/2 eyes ( ! he>t enlight5$ to "k ! hope ( ,8 call+1 & ,8 exce$+ p[] to usw>d1 accord+ to t ,he wr\ght 9 ,*ri/ :5 ,he rais$ ,him f ! dead1 & set ,him at ,8 own "r h& 7,eph4 i4 #ag-ba74 ,9 ^! words we he> an e*o ( ! ?\ghts t pass$ ?r\gh ! ,apo/le's m9d :5 fir/ x pleas$ ,god 9 him to reveal ,8 ,son4 ,,ii4 ,9 ! light ( ?is inn] revelation ,paul receiv$ 8 ,g5tile mission4 ,he spe$ily p]ceiv$ t ?is 0 ! purpose ) :i* ! revelation 0 made3 t ,i %\ld prea* ,him among ! ,g5tiles4 ,! ?ree acc\nts ( 8 conv]sion furni%$ by ! ,acts witness to ! same effect4 ,:e!r we %\ld suppose t ! ,"l ,jesus gave ,saul ?is commission directly1 at ,8 fir/ appe>ance1 z seems to be impli$ 9 ,acts xxvi41 or inf] f ! m detail$ n>rative ( *apt]s ix4 & xxii41 t ! ann\ncem5t 0 s5t by ,ananias & aft]w>ds m urg5tly repeat$ 9 ! vision at ! ,temple1 9 ei!r case ! fact rema9s ! same2 f ! beg9n+ ,paul knew t he 0 appo9t$ to be ,*ri/'s witness to ! ,g5tiles4 ,?is de/9ation 0 includ$ 9 ! ,div9e call :i* br\ght him to fai? 9 ,jesus4 ,8 ,judaic prejudices 7 swept away4 ,he 0 ready to embrace ! univ]salism ( ! ,gospel4 ,) 8 f9e logical in/9ct1 %>p5$ by hatr$1 he _h :ile yet a ,ph>isee disc]n$ m cle>ly ?an _m ,jewi% ,*ri/ians ! be>+ ( ! doctr9e ( ! cross ^u ! legal sy/em4 ,he saw t ! /ruggle 0 "o ( life & dea?4 ,! vehem5ce ) :i* he flung himself into ! conte/ 0 due to ?is p]ception4 ,b x foll[$ f ?is1 t1 once conv9c$ ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus1 ,paul's fai? at a b\nd ov]leap$ all ,jewi% b>ri]s4 ,judaism--or ! religion ( ! ,crucifi$1 0 ! alt]native ) :i* 8 /]n logic pursu$ ! ,naz>5es4 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity--?is 0 a compromise intol]able to 8 nature4 ,be=e ,saul's conv]sion he _h left t halt+-place beh9d2 he appreh5d$ already1 9 "s s5se1 ! tru? up to :i* ! eld] ,apo/les _h to be educat$1 t 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus !re is nei!r ,greek nor ,jew4 ,he pass$ at a /ep f ! "o camp to ! o!r4 ,9 ?is !re 0 consi/5cy4 ,! enlight5$1 consci5ti\s p]secutor1 :o _h debat$ ) ,/eph5 & help$ to /one him1 0 sure1 if he became a ,*ri/ian1 to become a ,*ri/ian ( ,/eph5's s*ool4 ,:5 he ent]$ ! ,*ur*1 ,paul left ! ,synagogue4 ,he 0 ripe = 8 _w-wide commission4 ,!re 0 no surprise1 no unprep>$ness 9 8 m9d :5 ! *>ge 0 giv5 him1 ,g2 = ,i w s5d !e f> h5ce among ! ,g5tiles4 ,9 ! ,apo/le's view1 8 p]sonal salvation & t ( ! race 7 objects unit$ f ! fir/4 ,n z a privileg$ ,jew1 b z a s9ful man1 ! ,div9e grace _h f\nd him out4 ,! righte\sness ( ,god 0 reveal$ to him on t]ms :i* br\ght x )9 ! rea* ( e human be+4 ,! ,son ( ,god :om he n[ beheld 0 a p]sonage va/ly great] ?an 8 national ,messiah1 ! ,*ri/ aft] ! fle% ( 8 ,jewi% dreams1 & ,8 gospel 0 correspond+ly l(ti] & l>g] 9 its scope4 ,god 0 9 ,*ri/1 reconcil+1 n a nation1 b a _w unto ,himself4 ,! grace conf]r$ on him 0 giv5 t he might prea* among ! ,g5tiles ,*ri/'s unse>*able ri*es1 & make all m5 see ! my/]y ( ! c\nsel ( r$eem+ love 7,eph4 iii4 #a-aa74 ,x 0 ! _w's r$emption ( :i* ,paul p>took2 & x 0 8 bus9ess to let ! _w "k x4 ,he _h fa?om$ ! dep?s ( s9 & self-despair2 he _h ta/$ ! utt]mo/ ( p>don+ grace4 ,god & ! _w met 9 8 s+le s\l1 & 7 reconcil$4 ,he felt f ! fir/ :at he expresses 9 8 late/ ,epi/les1 t ! grace ( ,god :i* appe>$ to him1 0 = ! salvation ( all m5 7,tit4 ii4 #aa74 ,fai?ful is ! say+1 & wor?y ( all acceptation1 t ,*ri/ ,jesus came into ! _w to save s9n]s1 ( :om ,i am *ief 7#a ,tim4 i4 #ae74 ,! same revelation t made ,paul a ,*ri/ian1 made him ! ,apo/le ( mank9d4 ,,iii4 ,= ?is vocation ! ,apo/le _h be5 de/9$ by ,god f ! beg9n+4 ,x pleas$ ,god to d ?is1 he says1 :o _h m>k$ me out f my "m's womb1 & call$ me by ,8 grace4 ,:ile ,saul 0 yet brea?+ out ?reat5+ & slaught] aga9/ ! disciples ( ,jesus1 h[ diff]5t a future 0 be+ prep>$ = him6 ,h[ little c we =eca/ ! issue ( our own plans1 or ( ^? we =m = o!rs4 ,8 ,hebrew bir?1 8 rabb9ical pr(ici5cy1 ! ?or\ghness ) :i* he _h ma/]$ ! t5ets ( ,legalism1 _h fitt$ him l no o!r to be ! be>] ( ! ,gospel to ! ,g5tiles4 ,?is ,epi/le proves ! fact4 ,only a graduate ( ! be/ ,jewi% s*ools c\ld h writt5 x4 ,paul's ma/]1 ,gamaliel1 if he _h read ! lett]1 mu/ p]=ce h be5 pr\d ( 8 s*ol>2 he w\ld h fe>$ m ?an ev] t ^? :o oppos$ ! ,naz>5e might haply be f\nd fight+ aga9/ ,god4 ,! ,apo/le foils ! ,judai/s ) _! own weapons4 ,he kn[s e in* ( ! gr\nd on :i* ! battle is wag$4 ,at ! same "t1 he 0 a born ,hell5i/ & a citiz5 ( ! ,empire1 native ( no mean city4 ,t>sus1 8 bir?place1 0 ! capital ( an important ,roman prov9ce1 & a c5tre ( ,greek culture & ref9em5t4 ,9 spite ( ! ,hebraic cons]vatism ( ,saul's family1 ! g5ial atmosph]e ( su* a t[n c\ld n b affect ! e>ly developm5t ( s s5sitive a nature4 ,he _h suffici5t t9cture ( ,greek lett]s & conv]sance ) ,roman law to make him a true cosmopolitan1 qualifi$ to be all ?+s to all m54 ,he pres5ts an admirable example ( t v]satility & suppl5ess ( g5ius :i* h di/+ui%$ = s _m ages ! sons ( ,jacob1 & enable !m to f9d a home & a m>ket = _! tal5ts 9 e qu>t] ( ! _w4 ,paul 0 a *os5 vessel1 to be> ! "n ( ,jesus be=e ,g5tiles & k+s1 & ! sons ( ,israel4 ,b 8 mission 0 conceal$ till ! appo9t$ h\r4 ,?9k+ ( 8 p]sonal election1 he rem9ds himself ( ! words spok5 to ,j]emiah t\*+ 8 prophetic call4 ,be=e ,i =m$ !e 9 ! belly ,i knew !e2 & be=e ?\ came/ out ( ! womb ,i sanctifi$ !e4 ,i appo9t$ !e a prophet unto ! nations 7,j]4 i4 #e74 ,or l ! ,s]vant ( ! ,"l 9 ,isaiah he might say1 ,! ,"l ha? call$ me f ! womb2 f ! b[els ( my "m ha? ,he made m5tion ( my "n4 ,& ,he ha? made my m\? l a %>p sword1 9 ! %ad[ ( ,8 h& ha? ,he hid me2 & ,he ha? made me a poli%$ %aft1 9 ,8 quiv] ha? ,he kept me close 7,isa4 xlix4 #a1 #b74 ,?is belief 9 a =e-orda9+ ,provid5ce1 prep>+ 9 secret its *os5 in/rum5ts1 s deeply root$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t fai?1 0 n want+ to ,paul4 ,8 c>e] is a signal illu/ration ( its tru?4 ,he applies x1 9 8 doctr9e ( ,election1 to ! hi/ory ( e *ild ( grace4 ,:om ,he =eknew1 ,he did pr$e/9ate4 ,:om ,he did pr$e/9ate1 ,he call$4 ,once m we see h[ ! ,apo/le's !ology 0 m\ld$ by 8 exp]i5ce4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,saul ( ,t>sus _h be5 prep>$ all 8 life long = ! s]vice ( ,*ri/1 magnifi$ to 8 eyes ! sov]eign grace ( ,god4 ,he call$ me ?r\gh ,8 grace4 ,! call came at precisely ! fit "t2 x came at a "t & 9 a mann] calculat$ to display ! ,div9e compassion 9 ! highe/ possible degree4 ,?is lesson ,paul c\ld nev] =get4 ,to ! la/ he dwells ^u x ) deep emotion4 ,9 me1 he writes to ,timo?y1 ,jesus ,*ri/ fir/ %[$ =? all ,8 longsuff]+4 ,i 0 a blasphem]1 a p]secutor1 insol5t & injuri\s2 b ,i obta9$ m]cy 7#a ,tim4 i4 #ac-af74 ,he 0 s dealt ) f ! beg9n+1 he _h be5 call$ to ! k ( ,*ri/ "u su* circum/ances t he felt he _h a "r to say1 above o!r m51 ,by ! grace ( ,god ,i am :at ,i am4 ,! pr$e/9ation "u :i* 8 life 0 conduct$ f 8 "m's womb1 _h = its *ief purpose1 to exhibit ,god's m]cy to mank9d1 t 9 ! ages to come ,he might %[ ! exce$+ ri*es ( ,8 grace 9 k9dness t[>d u 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus 7,eph4 ii4 #g74 ,to ?is purpose1 s soon z he disc]n$ x1 he humbly yield$ himself4 ,! ,son ( ,god1 ^: foll[]s he _h hunt$ to dea?1 :om 9 8 madness he w\ld h crucifi$ afre%1 _h appe>$ to him to save & to =give4 ,! grace ( x1 ! inf9ite k9dness & compassion su* an act reveal$ 9 ! ,div9e nature1 excit$ new wond] 9 ! ,apo/le's s\l till 8 late/ h\r4 ,h5ce=? he 0 ! bondman ( grace1 ! celebrant ( grace4 ,8 life 0 "o act ( ?anksgiv+ to ! praise ( ! glory ( ,8 grace6 ,,iv4 ,f ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 p]son ,paul _h receiv$ 8 k ( ! ,gospel1 )\t human int]v5tion4 ,9 ! revelation ( ,*ri/ to 8 s\l he possess$ ! sub/ance ( ! tru? he 0 aft]w>ds to tea*2 & ) ! revelation !re came ! commission to proclaim x to all m54 ,8 gospel-message 0 9 its ess5ce complete2 ! ,apo/le%ip 0 already 84 ,su* are ! ass]tions ! ,apo/le makes 9 reply to 8 ga9say]s4 ,& he goes on to %[ t ! c\rse he took aft] 8 conv]sion su/a9s ^! l(ty claims3 ,:5 ,god _h be5 pleas$ to reveal ,8 ,son 9 me1 imm$iately 7"r f ! fir/7 ,i took no c\nsel ) fle% & blood4 ,i avoid$ repair+ to ,j]usalem1 to ! eld] ,apo/les2 ,i w5t away into ,arabia1 & back aga9 to ,damascus4 ,x 0 ?ree ye>s be=e ,i set foot 9 ,j]usalem4 ,if t 7 s1 h[ c\ld ,paul h receiv$ 8 doctr9e or 8 commission f ! ,*ur* ( ,j]usalem1 z 8 traduc]s alleg$8 ,he act$ f ! outset "u ! s5se ( a unique ,div9e call1 t all[$ ( no human validation or supplem5t4 ,_h ! case be5 o!rwise1 _h ,paul come to 8 k ( ,*ri/ by ord9>y *annels1 8 fir/ impulse w\ld h be5 to g up to ! "m city to report himself !re1 & to ga9 fur!r in/ruction4 ,above all1 if he int5d$ to be a m9i/] ( ,*ri/1 x w\ld h be5 prop] to secure ! approval ( ! ,twelve1 & to be accr$it$ f ,j]usalem4 ,?is 0 ! c\rse :i* fle% & blood dictat$1 :i* ,saul's new fri5ds at ,damascus probably urg$ ^u him4 ,x 0 ins9uat$ t he _h actually proce$$ 9 ?is way1 & put himself "u ! direction ( ,pet] & ! ,judean ,*ur*4 ,b he says1 ,i did no?+ ( ! sort4 ,i kept cle> ( ,j]usalem = ?ree ye>s2 & !n ,i only w5t !re to make private acqua9tance ) ,pet]1 & /ay$ 9 ! city b a =tnight4 ,al?\gh ,paul did n = _m ye>s make public claim to rank ) ! ,twelve1 f ! comm5cem5t he act$ 9 consci\s indep5d5ce ( !m4 ,he calls !m ,apo/les be=e me1 by ?is phrase assum+ ! matt] 9 dispute4 ,he tacitly ass]ts 8 equality 9 (ficial /atus ) ! ,apo/les ( ,jesus1 assign+ to ! o!rs prec$5ce only 9 po9t ( "t4 ,& he speaks ( ?is equality 9 t]ms imply+ t x 0 already pres5t to 8 m9d at ?is =m] p]iod4 ,"u ?is conviction he held alo( f human guidance & approbation4 ,in/ead ( go+ up to ,j]usalem1 ! c5tre ( publicity1 ! head-qu>t]s ( ! ris+ ,*ur*1 ,paul w5t (f into ,arabia4 ,!re 71 no d\bt1 o!r reasons = ?is /ep4 ,:y did he *oose ,arabia = 8 soj\rn8 & :at1 pray1 0 he do+ !re8 ,! ,apo/le leaves u to our own conjectures4 ,solitude1 we imag9e1 0 8 pr9cipal object4 ,8 ,arabian retreat rem9ds u ( ! ,arabian exile ( ,moses1 ( ! wild]ness discipl9e ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 & ! =ty days ( ,jesus 9 ! wild]ness4 ,9 ea* ( ^! in/ances1 ! des]t retirem5t foll[$ ^u a great inw>d crisis1 & 0 prep>atory to ! entrance ( ! ,"l's s]vant on 8 mission to ! _w4 ,elijah1 at a lat] p]iod ( 8 c\rse1 s\ght ! wild]ness "u motives n dissimil>4 ,aft] su* a convulsion z ,paul _h pass$ ?r\gh1 ) a :ole _w ( new ideas & emotions p\r+ 9 ^u him1 he felt t he mu/ be alone2 he mu/ get away f ! voices ( m54 ,!re are su* times 9 ! hi/ory ( e e>ne/ s\l4 ,9 ! sil5ce ( ! ,arabian des]t1 w&]+ amid ! gr&e/ sc5es ( anci5t revelation1 & commun+ 9 /illness ) ,god & ) 8 own he>t1 ! "y ,apo/le w ?9k out ! que/ions t press ^u him2 he w be able to take a calm] survey ( ! new _w into :i* he has be5 u%]$1 & w le>n to see cle>ly & walk /eadily 9 ! heav5ly light t at fir/ bewild]$ him4 ,s ! ,_s imm$iately drive? him out into ! wild]ness4 ,9 ,arabia "o conf]s1 n ) fle% & blood1 b ) ! m\nta9s & ) ,god4 ,f ,arabia ,saul return$ 9 possession ( himself1 & ( 8 gospel4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les omits ?is ,arabian episode 7,acts ix4 #ai-be74 ,b = :at ,paul tells u "h1 we %\ld h ga!r$ t he began at once aft] 8 baptism to prea* ,*ri/ 9 ,damascus1 8 prea*+ aft] no long "t#bd excit+ ,jewi% enmity to su* a pit* t 8 life 0 imp]ill$1 & ! ,*ri/ian bre?r5 compell$ him to seek safety by flight to ,j]usalem4 ,! read] ( ,luke is c]ta9ly surpris$ to f9d a p]iod ( ?ree ye>s1#be ) a prolong$ resid5ce 9 ,arabia1 int]polat$ betwe5 ,paul's conv]sion & 8 reception 9 ,j]usalem4 ,luke's sil5ce1 we judge1 is int5tional4 ,! ,arabian retreat =m$ no "p ( ! ,apo/le's public life1 & _h no place 9 ! n>rative ( ! ,acts4 ,paul only m5tions x "h 9 ! briefe/ t]ms1 & because ! ref]5ce 0 necess>y to put 8 relations to ! fir/ ,apo/les 9 _! prop] light4 ,= ! "t ! conv]t$ ,saul _h dropp$ out ( sight2 & ! hi/orian ( ! ,acts respects 8 privacy4 #bd 1 a consid]able "t4 ,! expression is indef9ite4 #be ,v]4 #ah3 t is1 p>ts ( ?ree ye>s1 accord+ to anci5t reckon+--say f #cf to #ch ,a4,d41 possibly less ?an two 9 actual duration4 ,! place ( ! ,arabian j\rney seems to u to lie betwe5 vv4 #ba & #bb ( ,acts ix4 ,t passage gives a tw(old description ( ,paul's prea*+ 9 ,damascus1 9 its e>li] & lat] /ages1 ) a d\ble note ( "t 7vv4 #ai & #bc74 ,saul's fir/ te/imony1 tak+ place /raightway1 01 "o w\ld presume1 a m]e decl>ation ( fai? 9 ,jesus3 ,9 ! synagogues he proclaim$ ,jesus1 7say+7 t ,he is ! ,son ( ,god 7,r4,v471 language 9 /rik+ h>mony ) t ( ! ,apo/le 9 ! text 7vv4 #ab1 #af74 ,naturally ?is recantation caus$ extreme a/oni%m5t 9 ,damascus1 :]e ,saul's reputation 0 well-kn[n bo? to ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 & 8 arrival 0 expect$ 9 ! "* ( ,jewi% inquisitor-9-*ief4 ,v]4 #bb pres5ts a diff]5t situation4 ,paul is n[ prea*+ 9 8 e/abli%$ & *>act]i/ic /yle2 z we read x1 we might fancy we he> him debat+ 9 ! synagogues ( ,pisidian ,antio* or ,cor9? or ,!ssalonica3 ,he 0 conf\nd+ ! ,jews1 prov+ t ?is is ! ,*ri/4 ,nei!r ,saul himself nor 8 ,jewi% he>]s 9 ! fir/ days aft] 8 conv]sion w\ld be 9 ! mood = ! su/a9$ argum5tation & ,scriptural dialectic ?us describ$4 ,! explanation ( ! *ange lies beh9d ! op5+ words ( ! v]se3 ,b ,saul increas$ 9 /r5g?--a gr[? due n only to ! prolong$ opposition he _h to enc\nt]1 b /ill m1 z we conjecture f ?is h9t ( ! ,apo/le1 to ! p]iod ( re/ & reflection :i* he enjoy$ 9 8 ,arabian seclusion4 ,! two m>ks ( "t giv5 u 9 vv4 #ai & #bc ( ,luke's n>rative1 may be fairly di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r--c]ta9 days1 & suffici5t days 7or a consid]able "t7--z d5ot+ a brief] & a long] season respectively3 ! =m] s %ort t ! excitem5t caus$ by ,saul's decl>ation ( 8 new fai? _h n yet subsid$ :5 he )drew f ! city into ! des]t--9 :i* case ,luke's note ( "t does n really conflict ) ,paul's imm$iately2 ! latt] af=d+ a lapse ( "t suffici5t = ,saul to develope 8 argum5t = ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus1 & to provoke ! ,jews1 wor/$ 9 logic1 to resort to o!r weapons4 ,f ,luke's po9t ( view ! soj\rn 9 ,arabia1 h[ev] ext5d$1 0 simply an incid5t1 ( no public importance1 9 ,paul's e>ly m9i/ry 9 ,damascus4 ,! disappe>ance ( ,saul dur+ ?is int]val helps h[ev]1 z we ?9k1 to expla9 a subsequ5t /atem5t 9 ,luke's n>rative t is c]ta9ly p]plex+ 7,acts ix4 #bf1 #bg74 ,:5 ,saul1 aft] 8 escape f ,damascus1 0 come to ,j]usalem1 & essay$ to jo9 himself to ! disciples1 !y1 we are told1 7 all afraid ( him1 n believ+ t he 0 a disciple6 ,= :ile ! ,*ur* at ,j]usalem _h d\btless he>d at ! "t ( ,saul's m>vell\s conv]sion ?ree ye>s be=e1 8 long retirem5t & avoidance ( ,j]usalem ?rew an air ( my/]y & suspicion ab\t 8 proce$+s1 & reviv$ ! fe>s ( ! ,judean bre?r52 & 8 reappe>ance creat$ a panic4 ,9 consequ5ce ( 8 sudd5 dep>ture f ,damascus1 x is likely t no public report _h z yet rea*$ ,juda ( ,saul's return to t city & 8 r5ew$ m9i/ry !re4 ,b>nabas n[ came =w>d to act z sponsor = ! suspect$ conv]t4 ,:at induc$ him to d ?is--:e!r x 0 t 8 l>g5ess ( he>t enabl$ him to read ,saul's "* bett] ?an o!rs1 or :e!r he _h "s e>li] private acqua9tance ) ! ,t>sian--we _c tell4 ,! acc\nt t ,b>nabas 0 able to give ( 8 fri5d's conv]sion & ( 8 bold confession 9 ,damascus1 won = ,paul ! place 9 ! confid5ce ( ,pet] & ! lead]s ( ! ,*ur* at ,j]usalem :i* he nev] aft]w>ds lo/4 ,! two n>ratives--! hi/ory ( ,luke & ! lett] ( ,paul--relate ! same s]ies ( ev5ts1 b f almo/ opposite /&po9ts4 ,luke dwells ^u ,paul's connection ) ! ,*ur* at ,j]usalem & its ,apo/les4 ,paul is ma9ta9+ 8 indep5d5ce ( !m4 ,!re is no contradiction2 b !re is j su* discrepancy z w arise :]e two hone/ & compet5t witnesses are relat+ id5tical facts 9 a diff]5t connection4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,paul ,,& ,,! ,,primitive ,,*ur*4 ,!n aft] ?ree ye>s ,i w5t up to ,j]usalem to visit ,cephas1 & t>ri$ ) him fifte5 days4 ,b o!r ( ! apo/les saw ,i none1 b only ,james ! ,"l's bro!r4 ,n[ t\*+ ! ?+s :i* ,i write unto y1 behold1 be=e ,god1 ,i lie n4 ,!n ,i came into ! regions ( ,syria & ,cilicia ,& ,i 0 /ill unkn[n by face unto ! *ur*es ( ,juda :i* 7 9 ,*ri/3 b !y only he>d say1 ,he t once p]secut$ u n[ prea*e? ! fai? ( :i* he once made havock2 & !y glorifi$ ,god 9 me4--,,gal4 i4 #ah-bd4 ,= ! fir/ two ye>s ( 8 ,*ri/ian life1 ,paul held no int]c\rse :atev] ) ! ,*ur* at ,j]usalem & its *iefs4 ,8 relation ) !m 0 comm5c$ by ! visit he paid to ,pet] 9 ! ?ird ye> aft] 8 conv]sion4 ,& t relation 0 m precisely det]m9$ & made public :51 aft] successfully prosecut+ = f\rte5 ye>s 8 mission to ! hea!n1 ! ,apo/le aga9 w5t up to ,j]usalem to def5d ! lib]ty ( ! ,g5tile ,*ur* 7*4 ii4 #a-aj74 ,a cle> und]/&+ ( ?is c\rse ( ev5ts 0 ess5tial to ! v9dication ( ,paul's position 9 ! eyes ( ! ,galatians4 ,! tr\bl]s told !m t ,paul's doctr9e 0 n t ( ! "m ,*ur*2 t 8 k ( ! gospel & au?ority to prea* x came f ! eld] ,apo/les1 ) :om s9ce 8 attack ^u ,pet] at ,antio* he 0 at op5 v>iance4 ,!y !mselves _h come d[n f ,juda on purpose to set 8 pret5sions 9 _! true light1 & to tea* ! ,g5tiles ! way ( ! ,"l m p]fectly4 ,mod]n rationalism has esp\s$ ! cause ( ^! deceitful work]s 7#b ,cor4 xi4 #ac-ae74 ,x endeav\rs to rehabilitate ! ,judai/ic p>ty4 ,! critical s*ool ma9ta9 t ! opposition ( ! ,circumcisioni/s to ! ,apo/le ,paul 0 p]fectly legitimate4 ,!y hold t ! pseud-apo/les ( ,cor9?1 ! c]ta9 f ,james1 ! tr\bl]s & false bre?r5 privily br\ght 9 ( ?is ,epi/le1 did 9 tru? repres5t1 z !y claim$ to d1 ! pr9ciples ( ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ian ,*ur*2 & t !re 0 a radical div]g5ce betwe5 ! ,paul9e & ,petr9e gospels1 ( :i* ! two ,apo/les 7 fully aw>e f ! "t ( _! enc\nt] at ,antio*4 ,h[ev] ,paul may h wi%$ to disguise ! fact to himself1 ! tea*+ ( ! ,twelve 0 id5tical1 we are told1 ) t o!r gospel on :i* he pron\nces 8 ana!ma2 ! orig9al ,*ur* ( ,jesus nev] emancipat$ itself f ! trammels ( legalism2 ! ,apo/le ,paul1 & n 8 ,ma/]1 0 9 reality ! au?or ( evangelical doctr9e1 ! f\nd] ( ! ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,! conflict betwe5 ,pet] & ,paul at ,antio*1 relat$ 9 ?is ,epi/le1 supplies1 9 ! view ( ,baur & 8 foll[]s1 ! key to ! hi/ory ( ! ,e>ly ,*ur*4 ,! ,ebionite assumption ( a p]sonal rivalry betwe5 ! two ,apo/les & an intr9sic opposition 9 _! doctr9e1 hi!rto reg>d$ z ! inv5tion ( a desp]ate & decay+ h]etical sect1 ^! +5i\s critics h adopt$ = ! basis ( _! sci5tific recon/ruction ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,paul's ,judaiz+ h9d]]s & tr\bl]s are to be canoniz$2 & ! pseudo-,clem5t9e writ+s1 =soo?1 mu/ take ! place ( ! discr$it$ ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,v]ily ! :irligig ( "t ha? its rev5ges4 ,to empanel ,paul on 8 accus]s' side1 & to make ?is ,epi/le above all convict him ( het]odoxy1 is an attempt :i* dazzles by its v d>+4 ,let u endeav\r to =m a cle> conception ( ! facts t\*+ ,paul's connection ) ! fir/ ,apo/les & 8 attitude & feel+ t[>ds ! ,jewi% ,*ur*1 z !y are 9 evid5ce 9 ! fir/ two *apt]s ( ?is ,epi/le4 ,i4 ,on ! "o h&1 x is cle> t ! ,g5tile ,apo/le's relations to ,pet] & ! ,twelve 7 ^? ( p]sonal indep5d5ce & (ficial equality4 ,?is is ! aspect ( ! case on :i* ,paul lays /ress4 ,8 sceptical critics argue t "u 8 ass]tion ( indep5d5ce !re is conceal$ an opposition ( pr9ciple1 a radical div]g5ce4 ,! s5se ( indep5d5ce is unmi/akable4 ,x is on t side t ! ,apo/le seeks to gu>d himself4 ,) ?is aim he /yles himself at ! outset an ,apo/le n f m51 nor by man--nei!r man-made nor man-s5t4 ,su* apo/les !re 72 & 9 ?is "*1 we imag9e1 ! ,galatian ,judai/ic tea*]s1 l ^? ( ,cor9?1#bf pr(ess$ to appe>1 z ! emiss>ies ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,j]usalem & ! au?oris$ expon5ts ( ! tea*+ ( ! pill>s !re4 ,paul is an ,apo/le at fir/-h&1 tak+ 8 commission directly f ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,9 t quality he pron\nces 8 b5$iction & 8 ana!ma4 ,to support ?is assumption he has %[n h[ impossible x 0 9 po9t ( "t & circum/ances t he %\ld h be5 behold5 = 8 gospel to ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* & ! eld] ,apo/les4 ,s f> z reg>d$ ! mann] ( 8 conv]sion & ! ev5ts ( ! fir/ decisive ye>s 9 :i* 8 ,*ri/ian pr9ciples & vocation took _! %ape1 8 position _h be5 altoge!r deta*$ & s+ul>2 ! ,jewi% ,apo/les c\ld 9 no way claim him = _! son 9 ! gospel4 #bf #b ,cor4 xi4 #ac2 iii4 #a-c4 ,see ! rem>ks on ! ^w ,apo/le 9 ,*apt] ,i4 p4 #ab4 ,b at la/1 aft] ?ree ye>s1 ,saul did g up to ,j]usalem4 ,:at 0 x =8 ,to report himself to ! au?orities ( ! ,*ur* & place himself "u _! direction8 ,to seek ,pet]'s in/ruction1 9 ord] to obta9 a m assur$ k ( ! gospel he _h embrac$8 ,no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,n ev5 to "q ,cephas1 z "s r5d] 1 foll[+ an old] classical usage--to ga9 in=mation f him2 b ,i w5t up to make acqua9tance ) ,cephas4 ,saul w5t to ,j]usalem c>ry+ 9 8 he>t ! consci\sness ( 8 high vocation1 seek+1 z an equal ) an equal1 to make p]sonal acqua9tance ) ! lead] ( ! ,twelve4 ,cephas 7z he 0 call$ at ,j]usalem7 mu/ h be5 at ?is "t to ,paul a pr(\ndly int]e/+ p]sonality4 ,he 0 ! "o man above all o!rs :om ! ,apo/le felt he mu/ get to "k1 ) :om x 0 necess>y = him to h a ?or\gh und]/&+4 ,h[ mom5t\s 0 ?is meet+6 ,h[ mu* we c\ld wi% to "k :at pass$ betwe5 ^! two 9 ! conv]sations ( ! =tnight !y sp5t toge!r4 ,"o c imag9e ! delight ) :i* ,pet] w\ld relate to 8 li/5] ! sc5es ( ! life ( ,jesus2 h[ ! two m5 w\ld weep toge!r at ! recital ( ! ,passion1 ! betrayal1 trial & d5ial1 ! agony ( ! ,g>d51 ! horror ( ! cross2 ) :at m+l$ awe & triumph he w\ld describe ! ev5ts ( ! ,resurrection & ! ,=ty ,days1 ! ,asc5sion1 & ! baptism ( fire4 ,9 ,paul's acc\nt ( ! appe>ances ( ! ris5 ,*ri/ 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #d-h71 writt5 _m ye>s aft]w>ds1 !re are /atem5ts mo/ naturally expla9$ z a recollection ( :at he _h he>d privately f ,pet]1 & possibly also f ,james1 at ?is conf]5ce4 ,= x is 9 8 gospel message & doctr9e1 & 8 ,apo/olic commission1 n 9 reg>d to ! details ( ! biography ( ,jesus1 t ,paul claims to be indep5d5t ( tradition4 ,& ) :at deep emotion w\ld ,pet] receive 9 turn f ,paul's lips ! acc\nt ( 8 meet+ ) ,jesus1 ( ! ?ree d>k days t foll[$1 ( ! message s5t ?r\gh ,ananias1 & ! revelations made & purposes =m$ dur+ ! ,arabian exile4 ,betwe5 two su* m51 met at su* a "t1 !re w\ld surely be an entire frankness ( communication & a bro!rly ex*ange ( convictions & ( plans4 ,9 t case ,paul c\ld n fail to in=m ! eld] ,apo/le ( ! ext5t ( ! commission he _h receiv$ f _! common ,ma/]2 al?\gh he does n appe> to h made any public & =mal ass]tion ( 8 ,apo/olic dignity = a consid]able "t aft]w>ds4 ,! supposition ( a private cognizance on ,pet]'s "p ( ,paul's true /atus makes ! op5 recognition :i* took place f\rte5 ye>s lat] easy to und]/& 7*4 ii4 #f-aj74 ,b o!r ( ! ,apo/les1 ,paul goes on to say1 saw ,i none1 b only ,james ! bro!r ( ! ,"l4 ,james1 no ,apo/le surely2 nei!r 9 ! high] s5se1 = he _c be reasonably id5tifi$ ) ,james ! son ( ,alphu2 nor 9 ! l[]1 = he 01 z f> z we c le>n1 /ation>y at ,j]usalem4 ,b he /ood s ne> ! ,apo/les1 & 0 9 e way s important a p]son1 t if ,paul _h omitt$ ! "n ( ,james 9 ?is connection1 he w\ld h seem$ to pass ov] a mat]ial fact4 ,! ref]5ce to ,james 9 #a ,cor4 xv4 #g--;a h9t deeply int]e/+ 9 itself1 & l5d+ s mu* dignity to ! position ( ,james--sugge/s t ,paul _h be5 at ?is "t 9 confid5tial int]c\rse ) ,james z well z ,pet]1 ea* relat+ to ! o!r h[ he _h se5 ! ,"l4 ,s c>d9al are ! facts j /at$ 7vv4 #ae-ai71 z be>+ on ,paul's apo/le%ip1 & s contr>y to ! repres5tations made by ! ,judaiz]s1 t he pauses to call ,god to witness 8 v]acity3 ,n[ 9 :at ,i am writ+ to y1 lo1 be=e ,god1 ,i lie n4 ,! ,apo/le nev] makes ?is appeal lightly2 b only 9 support ( "s av]m5t 9 :i* 8 p]sonal hon\r & 8 /ronge/ feel+s are involv$4#bg ,x 0 alleg$1 ) "s %[ ( pro(1 t ,paul 0 an und]l+ ( ! au?orities ( ! ,*ur* at ,j]usalem1 & t all he knew ( ! gospel _h be5 le>n$ f ! ,twelve4 ,f v]4 #aa onw>ds he has be5 mak+ a circum/antial contradiction ( ^! ass]tions4 ,he prote/s t up to ! "t :5 he comm5c$ 8 ,g5tile mission1 he _h be5 "u no man's tutelage or tuition 9 respect to 8 k ( ! gospel4 ,he c say no m to prove 8 case4 ,ei!r 8 oppos]s or himself are utt]+ falsehood4 ,! ,galatians "k1 or ought to "k1 h[ incapable he is ( su* deceit4 ,solemnly !re=e he av\*es1 clos+ ! matt] s f>1 z if draw+ himself up to 8 utmo/ height3 ,behold1 be=e ,god1 ,i d n lie6 #bg ,see ,rom4 ix4 #a2 #b ,cor4 i4 #ag1 #ah1 #bc2 #a ,!ss4 ii4 #e4 ,b n[ we are confront$ ) ! n>rative ( ! ,acts 7*ap4 ix4 #bf-cj71 :i* r5d]s a v diff]5t acc\nt ( ?is passage 9 ! ,apo/le's life4 7,to vv4 #bf1 #bg ( ,luke's n>rative we h already allud$ 9 ! conclud+ p>agraphs ( ,*apt] ,v74 ,we are told !re t ,b>nabas introduc$ ,saul to ! ,apo/les2 "h1 t he saw none ( !m b ,cephas1 & only ,james besides4 ,! numb] ( ! ,apo/olate pres5t 9 ,j]usalem at ! "t is a p>ticul> t does n engage ,luke's m9d2 :ile x is ( ! ess5ce ( ,paul's affirmation4 ,:at ! ,acts relates is t ,saul1 ?r\gh ,b>nabas' int]v5tion1 0 n[ receiv$ by ! ,apo/olic fell[%ip z a ,*ri/ian bro!r1 & z "o :o _h se5 ! ,"l4 ,! object :i* ,saul _h 9 com+ to ,j]usalem1 & ! fact t j !n ,cephas 0 ! only "o ( ! ,twelve to be f\nd 9 ! city1 along ) ,james--^! are matt]s :i* only come into view f ! private & p]sonal /&po9t to :i* ,paul admits u4 ,= ! re/1 !re is c]ta9ly no contradiction :5 we read 9 ! "o report t ,paul w5t up to make acqua9tance ) ,cephas1 & 9 ! o!r1 t he 0 ) !m go+ 9 & out at ,j]usalem1 prea*+ boldly 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l2 t he spake & disput$ aga9/ ! ,hell5i/s1 mov+ _! ang] s viol5tly t 8 life 0 aga9 9 dang]1 & he _h to be c>ri$ d[n to ,cs>ea & %ipp$ (f to ,t>sus4 ,saul 0 n ! man to hide 8 head 9 ,j]usalem4 ,we c und]/& h[ greatly 8 _s 0 /irr$ by 8 arrival !re1 & by ! recollection ( 8 la/ passage ?r\gh ! city gates4 ,9 ^! v synagogues ( ! ,hell5i/s he _h himself confront$ ,/eph52 outside ^? walls he _h assi/$ to /one ! m>tyr4 ,paul's address deliv]$ _m ye>s lat] to ! ,jewi% mob t attempt$ 8 life 9 ,j]usalem1 %[s h[ deeply ^! remembrances tr\bl$ 8 s\l 7,acts xxii4 #ag-bb74 ,& !y w\ld n suff] him n[ to be sil5t4 ,he hop$ t 8 te/imony to ,*ri/1 deliv]$ 9 ! spot :]e he _h be5 s notori\s z a p]secutor1 w\ld produce a s(t5+ effect on 8 old companions4 ,x 0 sure to affect !m p[]fully1 "o way or ! o!r4 ,z ! ev5t prov$1 x did n take _m words f ,saul's lips to awak5 aga9/ him ! same fury t hurri$ ,/eph5 to 8 dea?4 ,a =tnight 0 "t q suffici5t1 "u ! circum/ances1 to make ,j]usalem1 z we say1 too hot to hold ,saul4 ,nor c we wond]1 kn[+ 8 love = 8 k9dr$1 t !re ne$$ a special comm& f heav5 7,acts xxii4 #ba71 jo9$ to ! fri5dly compulsion ( ! ,*ur*1 to induce him to yield gr\nd & quit ! city4 ,b he _h accompli%$ some?+2 he _h made acqua9tance ) ,cephas4 ,?is brief visit to ! ,holy ,city 0 a second crisis 9 ,paul's c>e]4 ,he 0 n[ ?ru/ =? ^u 8 mission to ! hea!n4 ,x 0 evid5t t he 0 n to look = success among 8 ,jewi% bre?r54 ,he lo/ no opportunity ( appeal+ to !m2 b x 0 commonly ) ! same result z at ,damascus & ,j]usalem4 ,?r\gh\t life he c>ri$ ) him ?is great sorr[ & unceas+ pa9 ( he>t1 t to 8 k9sm5 accord+ to ! fle%1 = ^: salvation he c\ld cons5t to =feit 8 own1 8 gospel 0 hid4 ,9 _! eyes he 0 a traitor to ,israel1 & mu/ c\nt ^u _! enmity4 ,ev]y?+ conspir$ to po9t 9 "o direction3 ,dep>t1 ! ,div9e voice _h said1 = ,i w s5d !e f> h5ce unto ! ,g5tiles4 ,& ,paul obey$4 ,i w5t1 he relates "h1 into ! regions ( ,syria & ,cilicia 7v]4 #ba74 ,to ,t>sus1 ! ,cilician capital1 ,saul voyag$ f ,juda4 ,s we le>n f ,acts ix4 #cj4 ,8 native place _h ! fir/ claim on ! ,apo/le aft] ,j]usalem1 & af=d$ ! be/ />t+-po9t = 8 indep5d5t mission4 ,syria1 h[ev]1 prec$es ,cilicia 9 ! text2 x 0 ! lead+ prov9ce ( ^! two1 9 :i* ,paul 0 occupi$ dur+ ! f\rte5 ye>s ensu+1 & became ! seat ( di/+ui%$ ,*ur*es4 ,9 ,antio*1 ! ,syrian capital1 ,*ri/ianity 0 already plant$ 7,acts xi4 #ai--ba74 ,! close connection ( ! ,*ur*es ( ^! prov9ces1 & _! pr$om9antly ,g5tile "*1 are bo? evid5t f ! lett] address$ to !m subsequ5tly by ! ,c\ncil ( ,j]usalem 7,acts xv4 #bc1 #bd74 ,acts xv4 #da %[s t a numb] ( ,*ri/ian societies own+ ,paul's au?ority 7 f\nd at a lat] "t 9 ?is region4 ,& !re 0 a highroad direct f ,syro-,cilicia to ,galatia1 :i* ,paul trav]s$ 9 8 second visit to ! latt] c\ntry 7,acts xviii4 #bb1 #bc72 s t ! ,galatians w\ld d\btless be aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( ^! old] ,g5tile ,*ur*es1 & ( _! relation to ,paul4 ,he has no ne$ to dwell on ?is fir/ *apt] ( 8 mission>y hi/ory4 ,aft] b a =tnight's visit to ,j]usalem1 ,paul w5t into ^! ,g5tile regions1 & !re = twice sev5 ye>s--) :at success 0 kn[n to all--prea*$ ! fai? ( :i* once he made havoc4 ,?is p]iod 0 divid$ into two p>ts4 ,= five or six ye>s ! ,apo/le lab\r$ alone2 aft]w>ds 9 conjunction ) ,b>nabas1 :o invit$ 8 help at ,antio* 7,acts xi4 #be1 #bf74 ,b>nabas 0 ,paul's s5ior1 & _h = "s "t held ! lead+ position 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,antio*2 & ,paul 0 p]sonally indebt$ to ?is g5]\s man 7p4 #hb74 ,he accept$ ! position ( help] to ,b>nabas )\t any compromise ( 8 high] au?ority1 z yet held 9 res]ve4 ,he accompani$ ,b>nabas to ,j]usalem 9 #dd 7or #de7 ,a4,d41 ) ! contribution made by ! ,syrian ,*ur* = ! relief ( ! fam9e-/rick5 ,judean bre?r5--a visit :i* ,paul seems "h to =get4#bh ,b ! ,*ur* at ,j]usalem 0 at t "t und]go+ a sev]e p]secution2 its lead]s 7 ei!r 9 prison or 9 flight4 ,! two delegates c h done little m ?an convey ! moneys entru/$ to !m1 & t ) ! utmo/ secrecy4 ,possibly ,paul on ?is occasion nev] set foot inside ! city4 ,9 any case1 ! ev5t _h no be>+ on ! ,apo/le's pres5t cont5tion4 #bh ,acts xi4 #bg-cj4 ,x is significant t ?is m9i/ration 0 s5t to ! ,eld]s4 ,betwe5 ?is j\rney & ! really important visit to ,j]usalem introduc$ 9 *ap4 ii4 #a1 ,b>nabas & ,paul und]took1 at ! prompt+ ( ! ,holy ,_s express$ ?r\gh ! ,*ur* ( ,antio* 7,acts xiii4 #a-d71 ! mission>y exp$ition describ$ 9 ,acts xiii41 xiv4 ,"u ! trials ( ?is j\rney ! asc5dancy ( ! y\ng] evangeli/ became pat5t to all4 ,paul 0 m>k$ out 9 ! eyes ( ! ,g5tiles z _! born lead]1 ! ,apo/le ( hea!n ,*ri/ianity4 ,he appe>s to h tak5 ! *ief "p 9 ! discussion ) ! ,judai/s respect+ circumcision1 :i* imm$iately ensu$ at ,antio*2 & 0 put at ! head ( ! deputation s5t up to ,j]usalem conc]n+ ?is "q4 ,?is 0 a turn+-po9t 9 ! ,apo/le's hi/ory4 ,x br\ght ab\t ! public recognition ( 8 lead]%ip 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,! seal ( man 0 n[ to be set ^u ! secret election ( ,god4 ,dur+ ?is long p]iod1 ! ,apo/le tells u1 he rema9$ unkn[n by face to ! ,*ur*es ( ,juda4 ,abs5t = s _m ye>s f ! metropolis1 aft] a =tnight's fly+ visit1 sp5t 9 private int]c\rse ) ,pet] & ,james1 & 9 controv]sy 9 ! ,hell5i/ic synagogues :]e few ,*ri/ians ( ! city w\ld be likely to foll[ him1#bi ,paul 0 a /rang] to ! bulk ( ! ,judean disciples4 ,b !y wat*$ 8 c\rse1 not)/&+1 ) lively int]e/ & ) dev\t ?anksgiv+ to ,god 7vv4 #bb1 #bc74 ,?r\gh\t ?is fir/ p]iod ( 8 m9i/ry ! ,apo/le act$ 9 complete indep5d5ce ( ! ,jewi% ,*ur*1 mak+ no report to its *iefs1 nor seek+ any direction f !m4 ,accord+ly1 :5 aft]w>ds he did g up to ,j]usalem & laid be=e ! au?orities !re 8 gospel to ! hea!n1 !y _h no?+ to add to x2 !y did n take ^u !mselves to give him any advice or injunction1 beyond ! wi% t he & ,b>nabas %\ld rememb] ! poor1 z he 0 already =w>d to d 7*4 ii4 #a-aj74 ,inde$ ! ?ree fam\s ,pill>s ( ! ,jewi% ,*ur* at ?is "t op5ly ackn[l$g$ ,paul's equality ) ,pet] 9 ! ,apo/le%ip1 & resign$ to 8 direction ! ,g5tile prov9ce4 ,f9ally at ,antio*1 ! head-qu>t]s ( ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity1 :5 ,pet] compromis$ ! tru? ( ! gospel by yield+ to ,judai/ic pressure1 ,paul _h n hesitat$ publicly to reprove him 7*4 ii4 #aa-ba74 ,he _h be5 compell$ 9 ?is way to c>ry ! v9dication ( 8 gospel to ! fur!/ l5g?s2 & he _h done ?is successfully4 ,x is only :5 we rea* ! end ( ! second *apt] t we discov] h[ mu* ! ,apo/le meant :5 he said1 ,my gospel is n accord+ to man4 #bi ,= ! m9i/ry allud$ to 9 ,acts xxvi4 #bj !re 7 o!r1 lat] opportunities1 especially 9 ! j\rney describ$ 9 ,acts xv4 #c2 see also ,acts xxi4 #ae1 #af4 ,if !re 0 any man to :om z a ,*ri/ian tea*] he 0 b\nd to def]1 any "o :o might be reg>d$ z 8 (ficial sup]ior1 x 0 ! ,apo/le ,pet]4 ,yet aga9/ ?is v ,cephas he _h d>$ op5ly to measure himself4 ,_h he be5 a disciple ( ! ,jewi% ,apo/le1 a s]vant ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*1 h[ w\ld ?is h be5 possible8 ,_h he n possess$ an au?ority d]iv$ imm$iately f ,*ri/1 h[ c\ld he h /ood out alone1 aga9/ ! pr]ogative ( ,pet]1 aga9/ ! p]sonal fri5d%ip & local influ5ce ( ,b>nabas1 aga9/ ! example ( all 8 ,jewi% bre?r58 ,nay1 he 0 prep>$ to rebuke all ! ,apo/les1 & ana!matize all ! angels1 r ?an see ,*ri/'s gospel set at n\ght4 ,= x 0 9 8 view ! gospel ( ! glory ( ! bless$ ,god1 committ$ to my tru/6 7#a ,tim4 i4 #aa74 ,,ii4 ,b :ile ,paul /\tly ma9ta9s 8 indep5d5ce1 he does ?is 9 su* a way z to %[ t !re 0 no ho/ility or p]sonal rivalry betwe5 himself & ! fir/ ,apo/les4 ,8 relations to ! ,jewi% ,*ur* 7 all ! :ile ^? ( fri5dly acqua9tance & bro!rly recognition4 ,t ,naz>5e sect :i* he _h ( old "t p]secut$1 0 ! ,*ur* ( ,god 7v]4 #ac74 ,to ! end ( 8 life ?is ?\ght gave a poignancy to ! ,apo/le's recollection ( 8 e>ly days4 ,to ! ,*ur*es ( ,juda#cj he atta*es ! epi!t 9 ,*ri/1 a phrase ( peculi> dep? ( mean+ ) ,paul1 :i* he c\ld nev] h conf]r$ z matt] ( =mal c\rtesy1 nor by way ( m]e di/9ction betwe5 ! ,*ur* & ! ,synagogue4 ,f ,paul's lips ?is title is a gu>antee ( or?odoxy4 ,x satisfies u t ! o!r gospel ( ! ,circumcisioni/s 0 v f> f be+ ! gospel ( ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ian ,*ur* at l>ge4 ,paul is c>eful to record ! sympa?y :i* ! ,judean bre?r5 *]i%$ = 8 mission>y "w 9 its e>lie/ /ages1 al?\gh _! k ( him 0 comp>atively di/ant3 ,only !y cont9u$ to he> t our old p]secutor is prea*+ ! fai? :i* once he s\ght to de/roy4 ,& 9 me !y glorifi$ ,god4 ,nor does he drop ! smalle/ h9t to %[ t ! disposition ( ! ,*ur*es 9 ! "m c\ntry t[>d himself1 or 8 judgem5t respect+ !m1 _h und]gone any *ange up to ! "t ( 8 writ+ ?is ,epi/le4 #cj ,v]4 #bb4 ,x is arbitr>y 9 ,mey] to exclude f ?is category ! ,*ur* ( ,j]usalem4 ,he speaks ( ! eld] ,apo/les 9 t]ms ( unfeign$ respect4 ,9 8 ref]5ce 9 *4 ii4 #aa-ba to ! error ( ,pet]1 !re is great pla9ness ( spee*1 b no bitt]ness4 ,:5 ! ,apo/le says t he w5t up to ,j]usalem to see ,pet]1 & describes ,james z ! ,"l's bro!r1 & :5 he ref]s to bo? ( !m1 along ) ,john1 z ^? acc\nt$ to be pill>s1 c he mean any?+ b hon\r to ^! hon\r$ m58 ,to read into ^! expressions a cov]t jeal\sy & to suppose !m writt5 by way ( disp>agem5t1 seems to u a /rangely jaundic$ & small-m9d$ sort ( criticism4 ,! ,apo/le te/ifies t ,pet] held a ,div9e tru/ 9 ! ,gospel1 & t ,god _h wr\ght = ,pet] to ?is effect1 z = himself4 ,by claim+ ! te/imony ( ! ,pill>s at ,j]usalem to 8 vocation1 he %[s 8 pr(\nd respect = !irs4 ,:5 ! un=tunate diff]5ce arose betwe5 ,pet] & himself at ,antio*1 ,paul is c>eful to %[ t ! ,jewi% ,apo/le on t occasion 0 influ5c$ by ! circum/ances ( ! mom5t1 & nev]!less rema9$ true 9 8 real convictions to ! common gospel4 ,9 view ( ^! facts1 x is impossible to believe1 z ! ,t5d5cy critics w\ld h u d1 t ,paul :5 he wrote ?is lett] 0 at feud ) ! ,jewi% ,*ur*4 ,9 t case1 :ile he taxes ,pet] ) dissimulation 7*4 ii4 #aa-ac71 he is himself ! real dissembl]1 & has c>ri$ 8 dissimulation to amaz+ l5g?s4 ,if he is 9 ?is ,epi/le cont5d+ aga9/ ! ,primitive ,*ur* & its lead]s1 he has conceal$ 8 s5tim5ts t[>d !m ) an art s crafty z to ov]rea* itself4 ,he has taught 8 read]s to rev]5ce ^? :om on ?is hypo!sis he 0 mo/ conc]n$ to discr$it4 ,! t]ms "u :i* he ref]s to ,cephas & ! ,judean ,*ur*es w\ld be j s _m te/imonies aga9/ himself1 if _! doctr9e 0 ! o!r gospel ( ! ,galatian tr\bl]s1 & if ,paul & ! ,twelve 7 rivals = ! suffrages ( ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ians4 ,! "o ^w :i* we>s a col\r ( detraction is ! p>5!sis 9 v]4 #f ( *4 ii43 :atev] a=etime#ca !y 7^? ( repute7 71 makes no diff]5ce to me4 ,god accepts no man's p]son4 ,b ?is is no m ?an ,paul has already said 9 *4 i4 #af1 #ag4 ,at ! fir/1 aft] receiv+ 8 gospel f ! ,"l 9 p]son1 he felt x to be out ( place = him to conf] ) fle% & blood4 ,s n[1 ev5 9 ! pres5ce ( ! fir/ ,apo/les1 ! e>?ly companions ( 8 ,ma/]1 he _c abate 8 pret5sions1 nor =get t 8 m9i/ry /&s on a level z exalt$ z !irs4 ,?is language is 9 precise accord ) t ( #a ,cor4 xv4 #aj4 ,! sugge/ion t ! repeat$ conveys a sne] aga9/ ! lead]s at ,j]usalem1 z seem+ to be m ?an !y 71 is an insult to ,paul t recoils ^u ! critics :o utt] x4 ,! phrase d5otes ^? ( repute1 reput$ to be pill>s1 ! ackn[l$g$ heads ( ! "m ,*ur*4 ,_! position 0 recognis$ on all h&s2 ,paul assumes x1 & argues ^u x4 ,he desires to magnify1 n to m9ify1 ! importance ( ^! illu/ri\s m54 ,!y 7 pill>s ( 8 own cause4 ,x is a maladroit int]pretation t w\ld h ,paul cry d[n ,james & ! ,twelve4 ,by s mu* z he impair$ _! wor?1 he mu/ assur$ly h impair$ 8 own4 ,if _! /atus 0 m]e seem+1 ( :at value 0 _! endorsem5t ( 88 ,b = a preconceiv$ op9ion1 no "o1 we may safely affirm1 read+ ?is ,epi/le w\ld h ga!r$ t ,pet]'s gospel ( ! circumcision 0 ! o!r gospel ( ,galatia1 or t ! c]ta9 f ,james ( *4 ii4 #ab repres5t$ ! views & ! policy ( ! fir/ ,apo/les4 ,! assumption t ,pet]'s dissimulation at ,antio* express$ ! settl$ doctr9e ( ! ,jewi% ,apo/olic ,*ur*1 is unhi/orical4 ,! ,judaiz]s abus$ ! au?ority ( ,pet] & ,james :5 !y plead$ x 9 fav\r ( _! agitation4 ,s we are told expressly 9 ,acts xv42 & a c&id int]pretation ( ?is lett] be>s out ! /atem5ts ( ,luke4 ,9 ,james & ,pet]1 ,paul & ,john1 !re 7 inde$ div]sities ( gifts & op]ations1 b !y _h receiv$ ! same ,_s2 !y s]v$ ! same ,"l4 ,!y held alike ! "o & only gospel ( ! grace ( ,god4 #ca ,we foll[ ,lightfoot 9 read+ ! z 9 *4 i4 #bc1 & ev]y:]e else 9 ,paul1 z a p>ticle ( "t4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,paul ,,& ,,! ,,false ,,bre?r54 ,!n aft] ! space ( f\rte5 ye>s ,i w5t up aga9 to ,j]usalem ) ,b>nabas1 tak+ ,titus also ) me4 ,& ,i w5t up by revelation2 & ,i laid be=e !m ! gospel :i* ,i prea* among ! ,g5tiles1 b privately be=e !m :o 7 ( repute1 ask+ !m :e!r ,i am runn+1 or _h run1 9 va93 b n ev5 ,titus :o 0 ) me1 be+ a ,greek1 0 compell$ to be circumcis$4 ,b x 0#cb because ( ! false bre?r5 privily br\ght 91 :o came 9 privily to spy out our lib]ty :i* we h 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus1 t !y might br+ u into bondage3 to :om we gave place 9 ! way ( subjection1 no1 n = an h\r2 t ! tru? ( ! gospel might cont9ue ) y4--,,gal4 ii4 #a-e4 #cb ,! writ] is compell$ 9 ?is in/ance to dep>t f ! r5d]+ ( ! ,engli% ,v]sion1 = reasons giv5 9 ! sequel4 ,see also a pap] on ,paul & ,titus at ,j]usalem1 9 ,,! ,,expositor1 #crd s]ies1 vol4 vi41 pp4 #dce-ddb4 ,! la/ ?ree words )9 ! brackets agree ) ! ,r4,v4 m>g94 ,f\rte5 ye>s _h elaps$ s9ce ,paul left ,j]usalem = ,t>sus1 & comm5c$ 8 ,g5tile mission4#cc ,dur+ ?is long p]iod--a full half ( 8 mission>y c\rse--! ,apo/le 0 lo/ to ! sight ( ! ,judean ,*ur*es4 ,= ne>ly half ?is "t1 until ,b>nabas br\ght him to ,antio*1 we h no fur!r trace ( 8 movem5ts4 ,b ^! ye>s ( obscure lab\r _h1 we may be sure1 no small influ5ce 9 %ap+ ! ,apo/le's subsequ5t c>e]4 ,x 0 a k9d ( ,apo/olic appr5tice%ip4 ,!n 8 evangeli/ic plans 7 laid2 8 p[]s 7 practis$2 8 me?ods ( tea*+ & adm9i/ration =m$ & te/$4 ,?is fir/1 unnot$ p]iod ( ,paul's mission>y life held1 we imag9e1 mu* ! same relation to 8 public m9i/ry t ! "t ( ! ,arabian retreat did to 8 spiritual developm5t4 #cc ,^! f\rte5 ye>s probably am\nt$ to some?+ less 9 our reckon+1--say1 f #ch to #ea ,a4,d4 ,"s six ye>s elaps$ be=e ,paul 0 summon$ to ,antio*4 ,we are apt to ?9k ( ! ,apo/le ,paul only z we see him 9 ! full tide ( 8 activity1 c>ry+ f ,j]usalem r\nd ab\t unto ,illyricum ! /&>d ( ! cross & plant+ x 9 "o aft] ano!r ( ! great cities ( ! ,empire1 always triumph+ 9 e place2 or issu+ ^? mighty ,epi/les ^: voice %akes ! _w4 ,we =get ! e>li] t]m ( prep>ation1 ^! ye>s ( sil5ce & pati5ce1 ( unrecord$ toil 9 a comp>atively n>r[ & humble sph]e1 :i* _h aft] all _! "p 9 mak+ ,paul ! man he 04 ,if ,*ri/ ,himself w\ld n clut* at ,8 ,div9e pr]ogatives 7,phil4 ii4 #e-aa71 nor w9 !m by self-ass]tion & be=e ! "t1 h[ mu* m did x become ,8 s]vant to rise to 8 great (fice by sl[ degrees4 ,paul s]v$ fir/ z a private mission>y pione] 9 8 native l&1 !n z a junior colleague & assi/ant to ,b>nabas1 until ! summons came to take a high] place1 :5 ! signs ( an ,apo/le _h be5 fully wr\ght 9 him4 ,n 9 a day1 nor by ! effect ( a s+le revelation did he become ! fully arm$ & all-accompli%$ ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles :om we meet 9 ?is ,epi/le4 ,aft] ! space ( f\rte5 ye>s x 0 "t = him to /& =? ! approv$ witness & m9i/] ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :om ,pet] & ,john publicly embrac$ z _! equal4 ,paul claims "h ! initiative 9 ! mom5t\s visit to ,j]usalem und]tak5 by himself & ,b>nabas1 ( :i* he is go+ to speak4 ,9 ,acts xv4 #b he is simil>ly plac$ at ! head ( ! deputation s5t f ,antio* ab\t ! "q ( circumcision4 ,! acc\nt ( ! prec$+ mission>y t\r 9 ,acts xiii41 xiv41 %[s h[ ! head%ip ( ! ,g5tile ,*ur* _h come to devolve on ,paul4 ,9 ,luke's n>rative !y are ,b>nabas & ,saul :o set out2 ,paul & ,b>nabas :o return4#cd ,"u ! trials & haz>ds ( ?is adv5ture--at ,paphos1 ,pisidian ,antio*1 ,ly/ra--,paul's native asc5dancy & 8 high] vocation irresi/ibly decl>$ !mselves4 ,age & rank yield$ to ! fire ( inspiration1 to ! gifts ( spee*1 ! spl5did p[]s ( lead]%ip :i* ! difficulties ( ?is exp$ition reveal$ 9 ,paul4 ,b>nabas return$ to ,antio* ) ! ?\ght 9 8 he>t1 ,he mu/ increase2 ,i mu/ decrease4 ,& ,b>nabas 0 too g5]\s a man n to yield *e]fully to 8 companion ! prec$5ce = :i* ,god ?us m>k$ him out4 ,yet ! %>p cont5tion 9 :i* ! two m5 p>t$ soon aft] ?is "t 7,acts xv4 #cf-dj71 01 we may conjecture1 due 9 "s degree to a l+]+ sor5ess 9 ! m9d ( ,b>nabas on ?is acc\nt4 #cd ,acts xiii4 #b1 #g1 #ac1 #dc1 #de1 #df1 #ej2 xiv4 #ab1 #ad2 xv4 #b1 #ab4 ,! ,apo/le expresses himself ) mode/y1 b 9 su* a way z to %[ t he 0 reg>d$ 9 ?is juncture z ! *ampion ( ! ,g5tile cause4 ,! revelation t prompt$ ! visit came to him4 ,! tak+ up ( ,titus 0 8 di/9ct act 7v]4 #a74 ,unless ,paul has deceiv$ himself1 he 0 q ! lead+ figure 9 ! ,c\ncil2 x 0 8 doctr9e & 8 ,apo/le%ip t ex]cis$ ! m9ds ( ! *iefs at ,j]usalem1 :5 ! delegates f ,antio* appe>$ be=e !m4 ,:atev] ,pet] & ,james may h kn[n or surmis$ previ\sly conc]n+ ,paul's vocation1 x 0 only n[ t x became a public "q = ! ,*ur*4 ,b z matt]s /ood1 x 0 a vital "q4 ,! /atus ( uncircumcis$ ,*ri/ians1 & ! ,apo/olic rank ( ,paul1 con/itut$ ! tw(old problem plac$ be=e ! *iefs ( ! ,jewi% ,*ur*4 ,at ! same "t1 ! ,apo/le1 :ile fix+ our att5tion ma9ly on 8 own position1 gives to ,b>nabas 8 me$ ( hon\r2 = he says1 ,i w5t up ) ,b>nabas1--we nev] yield$ = an h\r to ! false bre?r51--! ,pill>s gave to me & ,b>nabas ! "r h& ( fell[%ip1 t we might g to ! ,g5tiles4 ,b x is evid5t t ! eld] ,g5tile mission>y /ood 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,by ! action t he takes ,paul unmi/akably decl>es1 ,i am ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles2#ce & t claim is admitt$ by ! cons5t+ voice ( bo? bran*es ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! ,apo/le /epp$ to ! front at ?is solemn crisis1 n = 8 own rank or (fice' sake1 b at ! call ( ,god1 9 def5ce ( ! tru? ( ! gospel & ! spiritual fre$om ( mank9d4 #ce ,comp4 ,rom4 xi4 #ac2 xv4 #af1 #ag4 ,?is meet+ at ,j]usalem took place 9 #ea1 or x may be1 #eb ,a4,d4 ,we make no d\bt t x is ! same ) ! ,c\ncil ( ,acts xv4 ,! id5tification has be5 controv]t$ by sev]al able s*ol>s1 b )\t success4 ,! two acc\nts are diff]5t1 b 9 no s5se contradictory4 ,9 fact1 z ,dr4 ,pfleid]] ackn[l$ges1#cf !y admirably supplem5t ea* o!r4 ,! agreem5t z to ! *ief po9ts is 9 any case great] ?an ! discrepancies 9 ! details2 & ^! discrepancies c = ! mo/ "p be expla9$ by ! diff]5t /&po9t ( ! relat]s4 ,a difficulty lies1 h[ev]1 9 ! fact t ! hi/orian ( ! ,acts makes ?is ! ?ird visit ( ,paul to ,j]usalem subsequ5tly to 8 conv]sion2 :]eas1 f ! ,apo/le's /atem5t1 x appe>s to h be5 ! second4 ,?is discrepancy has already come up = discussion 9 ! la/ ,*apt] 7p4 #ib74 ,two fur!r obs]vations may be add$ on ?is po9t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,paul does n say t he _h nev] be5 to ,j]usalem s9ce ! visit ( *4 i4 #ah2 he does say1 t on ?is occasion he w5t up aga91 & t mean:ile he rema9$ unkn[n by face to ! ,*ri/ians ( ,juda 7*4 i4 #bb7--;a fact q compatible1 z we h %[n1 ) :at is relat$ 9 ,acts xi4 #bi1 #cj4 ,& fur!r1 ! reque/ address$ at ?is conf]5ce to ! ,g5tile mission>ies1 t !y %\ld rememb] ! poor1 & ! ref]5ce made by ! ,apo/le to 8 previ\s zeal 9 ! same bus9ess 7vv4 #i1 #aj71 are 9 agreem5t ) ! e>li] visit ( *>ity m5tion$ by ,luke4 #cf ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #ajc4 ,?is te/imony is ! m valuable z com+ f ! able/ liv+ expon5t ( ! ,baurian !ory4 ,i4 ,! emphasis ( v]4 #a re/s ^u its la/ clause1--tak+ along ) me also ,titus4 ,n ,titus z well z ,b>nabas--?is _c be ! mean+ ( ! also--= ,b>nabas 0 ,paul's colleague1 deput$ equally ) himself by ! ,*ur* ( ,antio*2 nor ,titus z well z o!rs--!re 7 o!r memb]s ( ! deputation 7,acts xv4 #b71 b ,paul makes no ref]5ce to !m4 ,! also 77 calls att5tion to ! fact ( ,paul's tak+ ,titus1 9 view ( ! sequel2 z ?\gh he said1 ,i n only w5t up to ,j]usalem at ?is p>ticul> "t1 "u ,div9e direction1 b ,i took along ) me ,titus besides4 ,! prefix$ ) 7-7 ( ! ,greek p>ticiple ref]s to ,paul himself3 comp>e v]4 #c1 ,titus :o 0 ) me4 ,z = ! c]ta9 o!rs ref]r$ to 9 ,acts xv4 #b1 !y 7 mo/ likely ,jews2 or if any ( !m 7 ,g5tiles1 /ill x 0 ,titus :om ,paul _h *os5 = 8 companion2 & 8 case /ood out f ! re/ 9 su* a way t x became ! decisive "o1 ! te/-case = ! matt] 9 dispute4 ,! m5tion ( ,titus' "n 9 ?is connection 0 calculat$ to raise a lively int]e/ 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,apo/le's read]s4 ,he is introduc$ z kn[n to ! ,galatians2 inde$ by ?is "t 8 "n 0 famili> 9 ! ,paul9e ,*ur*es1 z t ( a fell[-travell] & tru/$ help] ( ! ,apo/le4 ,he 0 ) ,paul 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ?ird mission>y t\r--s we le>n f ! ,cor9?ian lett]s--& !re=e probably 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! same j\rney1 :5 ! ,apo/le paid 8 second visit to ,galatia4 ,he belong$ to ! hea!n mission1 & 0 ,paul's true *ild aft] a common fai? 7,tit4 i4 #d71 an uncircumcis$ man1 ( ,g5tile bir? equally ) ! ,galatians4 ,& n[ !y read ( 8 go+ up to ,j]usalem ) ,paul1 to ! "m-city ( believ]s1 :]e are ! pill>s ( ! ,*ur*--! ,jewi% tea*]s w\ld say--! true ,apo/les ( ,jesus1 :]e ,8 doctr9e is prea*$ 9 its purity1 & :]e e ,*ri/ian is circumcis$ & keeps ! ,law4 ,titus1 ! unclean ,g5tile1 at ,j]usalem6 ,h[ c\ld he be admitt$ or tol]at$ !re1 9 ! fell[%ip ( ! fir/ disciples ( ! ,"l8 ,?is "q ,paul's read]s1 aft] :at !y _h he>d f ! ,circumcisioni/s1 w\ld be sure to ask4 ,he w answ] x directly4 ,b ! ,apo/le goes on to say1 t he w5t up 9 accordance ) a revelation4 ,= ?is 0 "o ( ^? supreme mom5ts 9 8 life :5 he look$ = & receiv$ ! direct guidance ( heav54 ,x 0 a mo/ critical /ep to c>ry ?is "q ( ,g5tile circumcision up to ,j]usalem1 & to take ,titus ) him !re1 into ! enemies' /ronghold4 ,moreov]1 on ! settlem5t ( ?is matt] ,paul knew t 8 ,apo/olic /atus dep5d$1 s f> z human recognition 0 conc]n$4 ,x w\ld be se5 :e!r ! ,jewi% ,*ur* w\ld ackn[l$ge ! conv]ts ( ! ,g5tile mission z bre?r5 9 ,*ri/2 & :e!r ! fir/ ,apo/les w\ld receive him1 ! untimely "o1 z a colleague ( _! own4 ,nev] _h he m urg5tly ne$$ or m implicitly reli$ ^u ,div9e direction ?an at ?is h\r4 ,& ,i put be=e !m 7! ,*ur* at ,j]usalem7 ! gospel :i* ,i prea* among ! ,g5tiles--b privately to ^? ( repute3 am ,i runn+ 7said ,i71 or h ,i run1 9 va98 ,! latt] clause we read int]rogatively1 along ) su* excell5t grammatical int]pret]s z ,mey]1 ,wiesel]1 & ,h(mann4 ,paul _h n come to ,j]usalem 9 ord] to solve any d\bt 9 8 own m9d2 b he wi%$ ! ,*ur* ( ,j]usalem to decl>e its m9d respect+ ! "* ( 8 m9i/ry4 ,he 0 n runn+ z unc]ta9ly2 nor 9 view ( ! revelation j giv5 him c\ld he h any fe> = ! result ( 8 appeal4 ,b x 0 9 e way necess>y t ! appeal %\ld be made4 ,! int]ject$ words1 b privately1 etc41 indicate t !re 7 two meet+s dur+ ! conf]5ce1 su* z ^? :i* seem to be di/+ui%$ 9 ,acts xv4 #d & #f2 & t ! ,apo/le's /atem5t & ! "q aris+ out ( x 7 address$ m po9t$ly to ^? ( repute4 ,by ?is t]m we und]/&1 "h & 9 v]4 #f1 ! apo/les & eld]s 7,acts xv471 head$ by ,pet] & ,james1 among/ :om ^? reput$ to be pill>s are di/+ui%$ 9 v]4 #i4 ,paul dwells ^u ! phrase 1 because1 to be sure1 x 0 s (t5 on ! lips ( ! ,judaiz]s1 :o 7 9 ! habit ( speak+ ) an impos+ air1 & by way ( contra/ ) ,paul1 ( ! au?orities 7at ,j]usalem7--z ! designation might appropriately be r5d]$4 ,^! v m5 :om ! ,legali/s 7 exalt+ at ,paul's exp5se1 ! v5]at$ *iefs ( ! "m ,*ur*1 _h on ?is occasion1 ,paul is go+ to say1 giv5 _! approval to 8 doctr9e2 !y decl9$ to impose circumcision on ,g5tile believ]s4 ,! ,twelve 7 n /ation>y at ,j]usalem1 & !re=e c\ld n =m a fix$ c\rt ( ref]5ce !re2 h5ce a great] importance accru$ to ! ,eld]s ( ! city ,*ur*1 ) ! rev]$ ,james at _! head1 ! bro!r ( ! ,"l4 ,! ,apo/le1 9 br++ ,titus1 _h br\ght up ! subject-matt] ( ! controv]sy4 ,! gospel ( ! uncircumcision /ood be=e ! ,jewi% au?orities1 an accompli%$ fact4 ,titus 0 !re1 by ! side ( ,paul1 a sample--& a noble specim51 we c well believe--( ! ,g5tile ,*ri/5dom :i* ! ,jewi% ,*ur* mu/ ei!r ackn[l$ge or repudiate4 ,h[ w !y treat him8 ,w !y admit ?is =eign protege ( ,paul to _! communion8 ,or w !y require him fir/ to be circumcis$8 ,! "q at issue c\ld n take a =m m crucial = ! prejudices ( ! "m ,*ur*4 ,x 0 "o ?+ to ackn[l$ge uncircumcis$ fell[-believ]s 9 ! ab/ract1 away yond] at ,antio* or ,iconium1 or ev5 at ,cs>ea2 & ano!r ?+ to see ,titus /&+ among/ !m 9 8 hea!n uncleanness1 on ! sacr$ soil ( ,j]usalem1 "u ! %ad[ ( ! ,temple1 & to he> ,paul claim+ = him--= ?is dog ( a ,g5tile--equally ) himself ! rights ( ,*ri/ian bro!rhood6 ,! dem& 0 mo/ (f5sive to ! pride ( ,judaism1 z no "o knew bett] ?an ,paul2 & we _c wond] t a revelation 0 requir$ to ju/ify ! ,apo/le 9 mak+ x4 ,! case ( ,trophimus1 ^: pres5ce ) ! ,apo/le at ,j]usalem _m ye>s aft]w>ds prov$ s ne>ly fatal 7,acts xxi4 #bg-cj71 %[s h[ exasp]at+ to ! legali/ p>ty 8 action 9 ?is in/ance mu/ h be54 ,_h n ,pet] & ! bett] spirits ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,j]usalem laid to he>t ! lesson ( ! vision ( ,joppa1 t no man mu/ be call$ common or unclean1 & _h n ! wisdom ( ! ,holy ,_s em95tly guid$ ?is fir/ ,c\ncil ( ! ,*ur*1#cg ,paul's *all5ge w\ld h receiv$ a negative answ]2 & ,jewi% & ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity mu/ h be5 driv5 asund]4 #cg ,acts xv4 #bh3 ,x seem$ good to ! ,holy ,gho/ & to u4 ,?is 0 9 ! ,e>ly ,*ur* no m]e pi\s (ficial =m4 ,! answ]1 ! triumphant answ]1 to ,paul's appeal comes 9 ! next v]se3 ,nay1 n ev5#ch ,titus :o 0 ) me1 be+ a ,greek1 0 compell$ to be circumcis$4 ,titus 0 n circumcis$1 9 po9t ( fact--h[ c we d\bt ?is 9 view ( ! language ( v]4 #e3 ,n ev5 = an h\r did we yield 9 subjection8 ,& he 0 n compell$ to be circumcis$--a mode ( putt+ ! d5ial :i* implies t 9 refus+ 8 circumcision urg5t solicitation _h to be )/ood1 solicitation address$ to ,titus himself1 z well z to ! lead]s ( 8 p>ty4 ,! k9d ( pressure br\ght to be> 9 ! case & ! qu>t] f :i* x proce$$1 ! ,galatians w\ld und]/& f _! own exp]i5ce 7*4 vi4 #ab2 comp4 ii4 #ad74 #ch ,= ?is use ( ' comp>e ,acts xix4 #b 7"h also aft] a "q72 #a ,cor4 iii4 #b2 iv4 #c4 ,we obs]ve a simil> in/ance ( ! phrase 9 s*ylus1 ,p]s1 l4 #gib4 ' opposes itself to ! expectation ( ! ,judai/ic compell]s1 pres5t to ! m9d ( ,paul & 8 read]s4 ,! attempt made to br+ ab\t ,titus' circumcision signally fail$4 ,its failure 0 ! practical reply to ! "q :i* ,paul tells u 7v]4 #b7 he _h put to ! au?orities 9 ,j]usalem2 or1 accord+ to ! m common r5d]+ ( v]4 #b;b1 x 0 ! answ] to ! appreh5sion "u :i* he address$ himself to !m4 ,on ! =m] ( ^! views ( ! connection1 :i* we decid$ly pref]1 ! au?orities are cle> ( any %>e 9 ! compulsion ( ,titus4 ,:5 ! ,apo/le gives ! /atem5t t 8 ,g5tile companion 0 n compell$ to be circumcis$ z ! reply to 8 appeal to ^? ( repute1 x is z mu* z to say3 ,! *iefs at ,j]usalem did n require ,titus' circumcision4 ,!y repudiat$ ! attempt ( c]ta9 p>ties to =ce ?is rite ^u him4 ,?is te/imony precisely accords ) ! t]ms ( ! rescript ( ! ,c\ncil1 & ) ! spee*es ( ,pet] & ,james1 giv5 9 ,acts xv4 ,b x 0 a great po9t ga9$ to h ! lib]ality ( ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ian lead]s put to ! pro( 9 ?is way1 to h ! g5]\s s5tim5ts ( spee* & lett] made good 9 ?is example ( uncircumcis$ ,*ri/ianity br\ght to _! doors4 ,to ! au?orities at ,j]usalem ! "q put by ! delegates f ,antio* on ! "o side1 & by ! ,circumcisioni/s on ! o!r1 0 p]fectly cle>4 ,if !y insi/ on ,titus' circumcision1 !y dis[n ,paul & ! ,g5tile mission3 if !y accept ,paul's gospel1 !y mu/ leave ,titus alone4 ,paul & ,b>nabas /at$ ! case 9 a mann] t left no room = d\bt or compromise4 ,_! action 0 m>k$1 z v]4 #e decl>es1 ) ! utmo/ decision4 ,& ! response ( ! ,jewi% lead]s 0 equally frank & def9ite4 ,we h no bus9ess1 says ,james 7,acts xv4 #ai71 to tr\ble ^? f ! ,g5tiles t turn to ,god4 ,_! judgem5t is virtually affirm$ 9 v]4 #c1 9 ref]5ce to ,titus1 9 ^: p]son ! ,galatians c\ld n fail to see t _! own case _h be5 settl$ by anticipation4 ,^? ( repute dis[n$ ! ,circumcisioni/s2 ! dem& t ! yoke ( circumcision %\ld be impos$ on ! ,g5tiles _h no sanction f !m4 ,if ! ,judaiz]s claim$ _! sanction1 ! claim 0 false4 ,"h ! ,apo/le pauses1 z 8 ,g5tile read]s mu/ h paus$ & drawn a long brea? ( relief or ( a/oni%m5t at :at he has j alleg$4 ,if ,titus 0 n compell$ to be circumcis$1 ev5 at ,j]usalem1 :o1 !y might ask1 0 go+ to compel !m8--,! full /op %\ld !re=e be plac$ at ! end ( v]4 #c1 n v]4 #b4 ,vv4 #a-c =m a p>agraph complete 9 itself4 ,its la/ s5t5ce resolves ! decisive "q rais$ 9 ?is visit ( ,paul's to ,j]usalem1 :5 he took ) him also ,titus4 ,,ii4 ,! op5+ words ( v]4 #d h all ! appe>ance ( comm5c+ a new s5t5ce4 ,?is s5t5ce1 conclud$ 9 v]4 #e1 is grammatically incomplete2 b t is no reason = ?r[+ x ^u ! previ\s s5t5ce1 to ! confusion ( bo?4 ,!re is a transition ( ?\ght1 m>k$ by ! introductory ,b1#ci f ! issue ( ,paul's second critical visit to ,j]usalem 7vv4 #a-c7 to ! cause :i* made x necess>y4 ,?is 0 ! action ( false bre?r51 to :om ! ,apo/le made a det]m9$ & successful resi/ance 7vv4 #d1 #e74 ,! op5+ ,b does n ref] to v]4 #c 9 p>ticul>1 r to ! entire =ego+ p>agraph4 ,! ellipsis 7aft] ,b7 is suitably suppli$ 9 ! m>g9al r5d]+ ( ! ,revis]s1 :]e we take x 0 to mean1 n ,because ( ! false bre?r5 ,titus 0 n 7or 0 n compell$ to be7 circumcis$1 b ,because ( ! false bre?r5 ?is meet+ came ab\t1 or1 ,i took ! c\rse a=esaid4 #ci ,?is p>ticle is a s]i\s ob/acle 9 ! way ( ! ord9>y punctuation1 :i* atta*es ! foll[+ clause to v]4 #c4 ,! is simil> to t ( v]4 #f 7 4 72 n ( ' 9 v]4 #b1 nor ( 7,phil4 ii4 #h71 :i* are p>5!tical qualifications4 ,& to say1 ,because ( ! false bre?r5 ,titus 0 n compell$ to be circumcis$1 is simply an inconsequ5ce4 ,w\ld he h be5 compell$ to be circumcis$ if !y _h n requir$ x8 ,?is is ! assumption impli$ by ! above con/ruction4 ,to "k :at ,paul means by false bre?r51 we mu/ turn to *4 i4 #f-i1 iii4 #a1 iv4 #ag1 v4 #g-ab1 vi4 #ab-ad1 9 ?is ,epi/le2 & aga9 to #b ,cor4 ii4 #ag-;iii4 #a1 iv4 #b1 xi4 #c1 #d1 #ab-bb1 #bf2 ,rom4 xvi4 #ag1 #ah2 ,phil4 iii4 #b4 ,!y 7 m5 be>+ ! "n ( ,*ri/ & pr(ess+ fai? 9 ,him1 b ,ph>isees at he>t1 self-seek+1 rancor\s1 unscrupul\s m51 b5t on exploit+ ! ,paul9e ,*ur*es = _! own advantage1 & reg>d+ ,g5tile conv]ts to ,*ri/ z s _m possible recruits = ! ranks ( ! ,circumcision4 ,b :]e1 & h[1 7 ^! traitors privily br\ght 98 ,br\ght 91 we answ]1 to ! field ( ! ,g5tile mission2 & d\btless by local ,jewi% sympa?is]s1 :o introduc$ !m )\t ! concurr5ce ( ! (fic]s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,!y came 9 privily--slipp$ 9 by /eal?--to spy out our lib]ty :i* we h 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,n[ x 0 at ,antio* & 9 ! pagan ,*ur*es t ?is lib]ty exi/$ 9 its normal ex]cise--! lib]ty = :i* our ,epi/le cont5ds1 ! enjoym5t ( ,*ri/ian privileges indep5d5tly ( ,jewi% law--9 :i* ,paul & 8 bro!r mission>ies _h id5tifi$ !mselves ) _! ,g5tile foll[]s4 ,! false bre?r5 7 ,jewi% spies 9 ! ,g5tile ,*ri/ian camp4 ,we d n see h[ ! ,galatians c\ld h read ! ,apo/le's words o!rwise2 nor h[ x c\ld h occurr$ to !m t he 0 ref]r+ to ! way 9 :i* ^! m5 _h be5 orig9ally br\ght into ! ,jewi% ,*ur*4 ,t conc]n$ nei!r him nor !m4 ,b _! gett+ into ! ,g5tile fold 0 ! s]i\s ?+4 ,!y are ! c]ta9 :o came d[n f ,juda1 & taught ! 7,g5tile7 bre?r51 say+1 ,except ye be circumcis$ aft] ! cu/om ( ,moses1 ye _c be sav$2 & :om _! own ,*ur* aft]w>ds repudiat$ 7,acts xv4 #bd74 ,) ,antio* = ! c5tre ( _! op]ations1 ^! mis*ief-mak]s di/urb$ ! :ole field ( ,paul & ,b>nabas' lab\rs 9 ,syria & ,cilicia 7,acts xv4 #bc2 comp4 ,gal4 i4 #ba74 ,= ! ,galatian read]s1 ! t]ms ( ?is s5t5ce1 com+ aft] ! ana!ma ( *4 i4 #f-i1 ?rew a />tl+ light on ! "* ( ! ,judean emiss>ies busy 9 _! mid/4 ,?is description ( ! =m] tr\bl]s /rikes at ! ,judaic opposition 9 ,galatia4 ,x is z if ! ,apo/le said3 ,^! false bre?r51 smuggl$ 9 among/ u1 to fil* away our lib]ties 9 ,*ri/1 wolves 9 %eep's clo?+--,i "k !m well2 ,i h enc\nt]$ !m be=e ?is4 ,i nev] yield$ to _! dem&s a s+le in*4 ,i c>ri$ ! /ruggle ) !m to ,j]usalem4 ,!re1 9 ! citadel ( ,judaism1 & be=e ! assembl$ *iefs ( ! ,judean ,*ur*1 ,i v9dicat$ once & = all1 "u ! p]son ( ,titus1 y\r imp]ill$ ,*ri/ian rights4 ,b z ! ,apo/le dilates on ! conduct ( ^! ,jewi% intrigu]s1 ! precursors ( su* an army ( tr\bl]s1 8 he>t takes fire2 9 ! ru% ( 8 emotion he is c>ri$ away f ! orig9al purport ( 8 s5t5ce1 & breaks x (f ) a bur/ ( indignation3 ,to :om1 he cries1 n ev5 = an h\r did we yield by subjection1 t ! tru? ( ! gospel might abide ) y4 ,a breakd[n l ?is--an anacolu?on1 z ! gramm>ians call x--is no?+ /range 9 ,paul's /yle4 ,despite ! %ipwreck$ gramm>1 ! s5se comes (f safely en\gh4 ,! clause1 we did n yield1 etc41 describes 9 a negative =m1 & ) height5$ effect1 ! c\rse ! ,apo/le _h pursu$ f ! fir/ 9 deal+ ) ! false bre?r54 ,9 ?is unyield+ _s he _h act$1 )\t a mom5t's wav]+1 f ! h\r :51 guid$ by ! ,holy ,_s1 he set out = ,j]usalem ) ! uncircumcis$ ,titus by 8 side1 until he he>d 8 ,g5tile gospel v9dicat$ by ! lips ( ,pet] & ,james1 & receiv$ f !m ! clasp ( fell[%ip z ,*ri/'s ackn[l$g$ ,apo/le to ! hea!n4 ,x 0 !re=e ! action ( ,jewi% int]lop]s1 m5 ( ! same /amp z ^? infe/+ ! ,galatian ,*ur*es1 :i* occasion$ ,paul's second1 public visit to ,j]usalem1 & 8 consultation ) ! heads ( ! ,judean ,*ur*4 ,?is decisive c\rse he 0 himself inspir$ to take2 :ile at ! same "t x 0 tak5 on behalf & "u ! direction ( ! ,*ur* ( ,antio*1 ! metropolis ( ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity4 ,he _h gone up ) ,b>nabas & c]ta9 o!rs--includ+ ! ,greek ,titus *os5 by himself--! company =m+ a repres5tative deputation1 ( :i* ,paul 0 ! lead] & spokesman4 ,?is measure 0 ! bolde/ & ! only effectual means ( combatt+ ! ,judai/ic propag&a4 ,x drew f ! au?orities at ,j]usalem ! admission t ,circumcision is no?+1 & t ,g5tile ,*ri/ians are free f ! ritual law4 ,?is 0 a victory ga9$ ov] ,jewi% prejudice ( imm5se significance = ! future ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! gr\nd 0 already cut f "u ! feet ( ! ,judaic tea*]s 9 ,galatia1 & ( all :o %\ld at any "t seek to impose ext]nal rites z ?+s ess5tial to salvation 9 ,*ri/4 ,to all 8 read]s ,paul c n[ say1 s f> z 8 "p is conc]n$3 ,! tru? ( ! gospel abides ) y4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,paul ,,& ,,! ,,?ree ,,pill>s4 ,b f ^? :o 7 reput$ to be some:at 7:at !y once 71 x make? no matt] to me3 ,god accepte? n man's p]son7--!y1 ,i say1 :o 7 ( repute imp>t$ no?+ to me3 b contr>iwise1 :5 !y saw t ,i _h be5 intru/$ ) ! gospel ( ! uncircumcision1 ev5 z ,pet] ) ! gospel ( ! circumcision 7= he t wr\ght = ,pet] unto ! apo/le%ip ( ! circumcision wr\ght = me also unto ! ,g5tiles72 & :5 !y p]ceiv$ ! grace t 0 giv5 unto me1 ,james & ,cephas & ,john1 !y :o 7 reput$ to be pill>s1 gave to me & ,b>nabas ! "r h&s ( fell[%ip1 t we %\ld g unto ! ,g5tiles1 & !y unto ! circumcision2 only !y w\ld t we %\ld rememb] ! poor2 :i* v ?+ ,i 0 also zeal\s to d4--,,gal4 ii4 #f-aj4 ,we h dealt by anticipation1 9 ,*apt] ,,vi41 ) sev]al ( ! topics rais$ 9 ?is section ( ! ,epi/le--t\*+ p>ticul>ly ! import ( ! phrase ^? ( repute1 & ! tone ( disp>agem5t 9 :i* ^! dignit>ies appe> to be spok5 ( 9 v]4 #f4 ,b !re /ill rema9s 9 ^! v]ses matt] 9 its weight & difficulty m ?an suffici5t to occupy ano!r ,*apt]4 ,! grammatical connection ( ! fir/ p>agraph1 l t ( vv4 #b1 #c1 is involv$ & disputable4 ,we con/rue its clauses 9 ! foll[+ way3--7#a7 ,v]4 #f beg9s ) a ,b1 contra/+ ^? ( repute ) ! false bre?r5 dealt ) 9 ! la/ s5t5ce4 ,x conta9s ano!r anacolu?on 7or incoh]5ce ( language71 due to ! surge ( feel+ rem>k$ 9 v]4 #d1 :i* /ill di/urbs ! ,apo/le's gramm>4 ,he beg9s3 ,b f ^? reput$ to be some?+--z ?\gh he int5d$ to say1 ,i receiv$ on my "p no?+1 no addition or qualification to my gospel4 ,b he has no soon] m5tion$ ^? ( repute ?an he is rem9d$ ( ! /udi$ attempt t 0 made to set up _! au?ority 9 opposition to 8 own1 & accord+ly ?r[s 9 ?is prote/3 :at !y 7 a=etime1#dj makes no diff]5ce to me3 man's p]son ,god do? n accept4 ,b 9 say+ ?is1 ,paul has laid d[n "o ( 8 fav\rite axioms1 a pr9ciple t fill$ a l>ge place 9 8 ?\ghts2#da & its enunciation deflects ! c\rse ( ! ma9 s5t5ce1 s t x is resum$ 9 an alt]$ =m3 ,= to me ^? ( repute imp>t$ no?+4 ,"h ! me receives a great] emphasis2 & = takes ! place ( b4 ,! fact t ! fir/ ,apo/les _h no?+ to imp>t to ,paul1 signally illu/rates ! ,div9e imp>tiality1 :i* (t5 makes ! la/ & lea/ 9 human eyes equal to ! fir/4 #dj ,= ?is r5d]+ ( comp4 *4 i4 #ac1 #bc2 & see ,lightfoot1 or ,beet1 9 loc44 #da ,comp4 ,rom4 ii4 #aa2 #a ,cor4 i4 #bg-ca2 xv4 #i1 #aj2 ,eph4 vi4 #i2 ,col4 iii4 #be4 7#b7 ,vv4 #g-i /ate ! positive1 z v]4 #f ! negative side ( ! relation betwe5 ,paul & ! eld] ,apo/les1 /ill keep+ 9 view ! pr9ciple laid d[n 9 ! =m] v]se4 ,nay1 on ! contr>y1 :5 !y saw t ,i h 9 *>ge ! gospel ( ! uncircumcision1 z ,pet] t ( ! circumcision 7v]4 #g7--;& :5 !y p]ceiv$ ! grace t _h be5 giv5 me1 ,james & ,cephas & ,john1 ^? r5[n$ pill>s ( ! ,*ur*1 gave ! "r h& ( fell[%ip to myself & ,b>nabas1 agree+ t we %\ld g to ! ,g5tiles1 :ile !y lab\r$ among/ ! ,jews 7v]4 #i74 7#c7 ,v]4 #h comes 9 z a p>5!sis1 expla9+ h[ ! au?orities at ,j]usalem came to see t ?is tru/ belong$ to ,paul4 ,=1 he says1 ,he t 9 ,pet]'s case display$ ,8 p[] 9 mak+ him 7above all o!rs7 ,apo/le ( ! ,circumcision1 did z mu* = me 9 reg>d to ! ,g5tiles4 ,x is n human ord9ation1 b ,div9e inspiration t makes a m9i/] ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! noble ,apo/les ( ,jesus _h ! wisdom to see ?is4 ,x _h pleas$ ,god to be/[ ?is grace on _! old ,t>sian p]secutor2 & !y frankly ackn[l$g$ ! fact4 ,?us ,paul sets =?1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! complet5ess ( 8 ,apo/olic qualifications1 put to pro( at ! crisis ( ! circumcision controv]sy2 & 9 ! second place1 ! judgem5t =m$ respect+ him & 8 (fice by ! fir/ ,apo/les & companions ( ! ,"l4 ,i4 ,to me ^? ( repute add$ no?+4 ,paul _h sp5t b a =tnight 9 ! ,*ri/ian circle ( ,j]usalem1 f\rte5 ye>s ago4 ,( its *iefs he _h met at t "t only ,pet] & ,james1 & !m 9 ! capacity ( a visitor1 n z a disciple or a c&idate = (fice4 ,he _h nev] s\ght ! opportunity1 nor felt ! ne$1 ( receiv+ in/ruction f ! eld] ,apo/les dur+ all ! ye>s 9 :i* he _h prea*$ ,*ri/ among/ ! hea!n4 ,x 0 n likely he w\ld d s n[4 ,:5 he came into conf]5ce & debate ) !m at ! ,c\ncil1 he %[$ himself _! equal1 nei!r 9 k nor au?ority a :it beh9d ! v *iefe/4 ,& !y 7 consci\s ( ! same fact4 ,on ! ess5tials ( ! gospel ,paul f\nd himself 9 agreem5t ) ! ,twelve4 ,?is is impli$ 9 ! language ( v]4 #f4 ,:5 "o writes1 ,a adds no?+ to ,b1 "o assumes t ,b has already :at belongs to ,a1 & n some?+ diff]5t4 ,paul ass]ts 9 ! mo/ positive t]ms he c comm&1 t 8 int]c\rse ) ! hold]s ( ! primitive ,*ri/ian tradition left him z a m9i/] ( ,*ri/ exactly :]e he 0 be=e4 ,on me1 he says1 !y conf]r$ no?+--r1 p]haps1 address$ no communication to me4 ,! ^w us$ appe>s to d5y _! hav+ made any motion ( ! k9d4 ,! ,greek v]b is ! same t 0 employ$ 9 *4 i4 #af1 a r>e & delicate comp\nd4#db ,its mean+ v>ies1 l t ( our conf]1 communicate1 z x is appli$ 9 a m or less active s5se4 ,9 ! =m] place ,paul _h said t he did n conf] ) fle% & blood2 n[ he adds1 t fle% & blood did n conf] any?+ ^u him4 ,=m]ly he did n br+ 8 commission to lay x be=e m52 n[ !y _h no?+ to br+ on _! "p to lay be=e him4 ,! same ^w affirms ! ,apo/le's indep5d5ce at bo? epo*s1 %[n 9 ! fir/ in/ance by 8 res]ve t[>d ! dignit>ies at ,j]usalem1 & 9 ! second by _! res]ve t[>d him4 ,consci\s ( 8 ,div9e call1 he s\ght no patronage f ! eld] ,apo/les !n2 & !y1 recognis+ t call1 (f]$ him no su* patronage n[4 ,paul's gospel = ! ,g5tiles 0 complete1 & suffici5t unto itself4 ,8 m9i/ry %[$ no defect 9 quality or compet5ce4 ,!re 0 no?+ ab\t x t laid x op5 to correction1 ev5 on ! "p ( ^? wise/ & highe/ 9 dignity among/ ! p]sonal foll[]s ( ,jesus4 #db ,we _c expla9 "h by ! ( v]4 #b1 z ?\gh ,paul wi%$ to say1 ,i imp>t$ to !m my gospel2 !y imp>t$ to me no?+ fur!r4 ,=- implies direction1 r ?an addition4 ,see ,mey] on ?is v]b 9 *4 i4 #af4 ,s ,paul decl>es2 & we c readily believe him4 ,nay1 we are tempt$ to ?9k t x 0 r ! ,pill>s :o might ne$ to le>n f him1 ?an he f !m4 ,9 doctr9e1 ,paul holds ! primacy 9 ! b& ( ! ,apo/les4 ,:ile all 7 inspir$ by ! ,_s ( ,*ri/1 ! ,g5tile ,apo/le 0 9 _m ways a m ri*ly furni%$ man ?an any ( ! re/4 ,! ,paul9ism ( ,pet]'s ,fir/ ,epi/le goes to %[ t ! debt 0 on ! o!r side4 ,_! e>li] privileges & priceless /ore ( recollections ( all t ,jesus did & taught1 7 mat*$ on ,paul's side by a p5etrat+ logic1 a bread? & =ce ( intellect appli$ to ! facts ( revelation1 & a burn+ int5sity ( _s1 :i* 9 _! comb9ation 7 unique4 ,! ,paul9e tea*+1 z x appe>s 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 be>s 9 ! highe/ degree ! m>ks ( orig9al g5ius1 ! /amp ( a m9d ^: inspiration is its own4 ,mod]n criticism ev5 exagg]ates ,paul's orig9ality4 ,x leaves ! o!r ,apo/les little m ?an a negative "p to play 9 ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ian tru?4 ,9 "s ( its repres5tations1 ! figure ( ,paul appe>s to ov]%ad[ ev5 t ( ! ,div9e ,ma/]4 ,x 0 ,paul's creative g5ius1 x is said1 8 d>+ idealism1 t deifi$ ! human ,jesus1 & trans=m$ ! sc&al ( ! cross into ! glory ( an atonem5t reconcil+ ! _w to ,god4 ,su* !ories ,paul himself w\ld h reg>d$ ) horror4 ,i receiv$ ( ! ,"l t :i* ,i deliv]$ unto y3 su* is 8 uni=m te/imony4 ,if he ow$ s little z a m9i/] ( ,*ri/ to 8 bro!r ,apo/les1 he felt ) ! mo/ s9c]e humility t he ow$ ev]y?+ to ,*ri/4 ,! agreem5t ( ,paul's tea*+ ) t ( ! o!r ,new ,te/am5t writ]s1 & especially ) t ( ,jesus 9 ! ,gospels1 proves t1 h[ev] di/9ct & individual 8 conception ( ! common gospel1 none ! less !re 0 a common gospel ( ,*ri/1 & he did n speak ( 8 own m9d4 ,! attempts made to get rid ( ?is agreem5t by po/dat+ ! ,new ,te/am5t docum5ts1 & by expla9+ away ! l>g] utt]ances ( ,jesus f\nd 9 ! ,gospels z due to ,paul9i/ int]polation1 are unavail+4 ,!y po/ulate a craft9ess ( +5uity on ! "p ( ! writ]s ( ! incrim9at$ books1 & an ignorance 9 ^? :o fir/ receiv$ !m1 alike inconceivable4 ,paul did n build up ! spl5did & imp]i%able fabric ( 8 !ology on "s speculation ( 8 own4 ,its f\ndation lies 9 ! p]son & ! tea*+ ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & 0 common to ,paul ) ,james & ,cephas & ,john4 ,:e!r ,i or !y1 he te/ifies1 s we prea*1 & s ye believ$ 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #aa74 ,paul satisfi$ himself at ?is conf]5ce t he & ! ,twelve taught ! same gospel4 ,n 9 its prim>y data1 b 9 _! logical developm5t & application1 lies ! specifically ,paul9e 9 ,paul9ism4 ,! h>mony betwe5 ,paul & ! o!r ,apo/olic lead]s has ! peculi> value :i* belongs to ! agreem5t ( m9ds ( diff]5t ord]s1 work+ indep5d5tly4 ,! ,judaiz]s1 h[ev]1 p]si/5tly ass]t$ ,paul's dep5d5ce on ! eld] ,apo/les4 ,! au?ority ( ! ,primitive ,*ur*1 ! ,apo/olic tradition ( ,j]usalem--?is 0 ! fulcrum ( _! argum5t4 ,:]e c\ld ,paul1 !y ask$1 h d]iv$ 8 k ( ,*ri/1 b f ?is f\nta9-head8 ,& ! p[] t made him1 c\ld unmake him4 ,^? :o commission$ him _h ! "r to ov]rule him1 or ev5 to revoke 8 commission4 ,0 x n kn[n t he _h f "t to "t resort$ to ,j]usalem2 t he _h once publicly submitt$ 8 tea*+ to ! exam9ation ( ! heads ( ! ,*ur* !re8 ,! words ( v]4 #f contradict ^! malici\s ins9uations4 ,h5ce ! positiv5ess ( ! ,apo/le's self-ass]tion4 ,9 ! ,cor9?ian ,epi/les 8 claim to indep5d5ce is made 9 g5tl] /yle1 & ) expressions ( humility t might h be5 misund]/ood "h4 ,b ! position ,paul takes up is ! same 9 ei!r case3 ,i am an ,apo/le4 ,i h se5 ,jesus our ,"l4 ,y--,cor9?ians1 ,galatians--are my "w 9 ! ,"l4 ,t ,pet] & ! re/ 7 9 ! old days s ne> to ! ,ma/]1 makes no diff]5ce to ,paul4 ,!y are :at !y are--_! high /&+ is univ]sally ackn[l$g$1 & ,paul has no ne$ or wi% to "q x2 b1 by ! grace ( ,god1 he also is :at he is 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #aj74 ,_! ,apo/le%ip does n exclude or d]ogate f 84 ,! self-depreciation1 ! ke5 s5se ( inf]iority 9 outw>d respects1 s evid5t 9 ,paul's allusions to ?is subject else:]e1 is aft] all n want+ "h4 ,= :5 he says1 ,god reg>ds n man's p]son1 x is evid5t t 9 respect ( visible qualifications ,paul felt t he _h few pret5sions to make4 ,appe>ances 7 aga9/ him4 ,& ^? :o glory 9 appe>ance 7 aga9/ him too 7#b ,cor4 v4 #ab74 ,su* m5 c\ld n appreciate ! might ( ! ,_s t wr\ght 9 ,paul1 nor ! sov]eignty ( ,div9e election4 ,!y reckon$ ( ! ,apo/le z ?\gh he walk$ accord+ to fle% 7#b ,cor4 x4 #b74 ,x seem$ to !m obvi\s1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t he 0 f> bel[ ! ,twelve4 ,) m5 ( worldly wisdom ! ,apo/le did n expect t 8 argum5ts w\ld prevail4 ,8 appeal 0 to ! spiritual1 :o judge all ?+s4 ,s we come back to ! decl>ation ( ! ,apo/le 9 *4 i4 #aa3 ,i give y to "k1 bre?r51 t my gospel is n accord+ to man4 ,man _h no h& ei!r 9 lay+ its f\ndation or putt+ on ! head/one4 ,paul's pr$ecessors 9 ,apo/olic (fice did n imp>t ! gospel to him at ! outset2 nor at a lat] "t _h !y attempt$ to make any addition to ! doctr9e he _h taught f> & wide among/ ! hea!n4 ,8 ,apo/le%ip 0 f fir/ to la/ a sup]natural gift ( grace4 ,,ii4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( assum+ to be 8 sup]iors1 or (f]+ to be/[ some?+ ( _! own on ,paul1 ! ?ree r5[n$ pill>s ( ! fai? at ,j]usalem ackn[l$g$ him z a bro!r ,apo/le4 ,!y saw t ,i am intru/$ ) ! gospel ( ! uncircumcision4 ,! =m ( ! v]b implies a tru/ giv5 9 ! pa/ & tak+ effect 9 ! pres5t1 a settl$ fact4 ,once = all1 ?is *>ge _h devolv$ on ,paul4 ,he is appo9t$ h]ald & apo/le ( ,*ri/ ,jesus1 :o gave ,himself a ransom = all1--tea*] ( ! ,g5tiles 9 fai? & tru? 7#a ,tim4 ii4 #f1 #g74 ,t (fice ,paul /ill holds4 ,he is ! lead] ( ,*ri/ian evangelism4 ,e new movem5t 9 hea!n mission>y ent]prise looks to 8 tea*+ = guidance & inspiration4 ,! conf]5ce at ,j]usalem 9 itself furni%$ conclusive evid5ce ( ,paul's ,apo/olic commission4 ,! circumcision controv]sy 0 a te/ n only = ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity1 b at ! same "t = its ,apo/le & *ampion4 ,paul br\ght to ?is discussion a k & insight1 a =ce ( "*1 a consci\s au?ority & unction ( ! ,holy ,_s1 t p[]fully impress$ ! ?ree great m5 :o li/5$ to him4 ,! triumvirate at ,j]usalem well knew t ,paul _h n receiv$ 8 m>vell\s gifts ?r\gh _! h&s4 ,nor 0 !re any?+ lack+ to him :i* !y felt !mselves call$ ^u to supply4 ,!y c\ld only say1 ,?is is ! ,"l's do+2 & x is m>vell\s 9 our eyes4 ,kn[+1 z ,pet] at lea/1 we presume1 _h done = _m ye>s1#dc ! hi/ory ( ,paul's conv]sion1 & see+ z !y n[ did ! conspicu\s ,apo/olic signs att5d+ 8 m9i/ry1 ,james & ,cephas & ,john c\ld only come to "o conclusion4 ,! gospel ( ! uncircumcision1 !y 7 conv9c$1 0 committ$ to ,paul1 & 8 place 9 ! ,*ur* 0 side by side ) ,pet]4 ,pet] mu/ h felt z once be=e on a l occasion3 ,if ,god gave unto him a gift equal to t ,he gave to me1 :o am ,i1 t ,i %\ld be able to h9d] ,god8 7,acts xi4 #ag74 ,x 0 n = !m because ( _! eld] rank & dignity to debate ) ,god 9 ?is matt]1 & to )hold _! recognition f ,8 *os5 vessel4 #dc ,*4 i4 #ah4 ,see ,*apt] ,v41 p4 #hg4 ,john _h n =gott5 8 ,ma/]'s repro( = bann+ ! man t foll[e? n ) u 7,luke ix4 #di2 ,m>k ix4 #ch74 ,!y recognis$1 ,paul says1 ! grace t _h be5 giv5 me2 & by t he means1 to be sure1 ! undes]v$ fav\r t rais$ him to 8 ,apo/olic (fice4#dd ,?is recognition 0 giv5 to ,paul4 ,b>nabas %>$ ! fell[%ip4 ,8 h& 0 clasp$ by ! ?ree *iefs at ,j]usalem1 n less w>mly ?an t ( 8 y\ng] comrade4 ,b x is 9 ! s+ul> numb] t ,paul speaks ( ! grace t 0 giv5 me1 & ( ! tru/ 9 ! gospel & ! work+ ( ,god unto ,apo/le%ip4 #dd ,see ,rom4 i4 #e2 #a ,cor4 xv4 #aj2 ,eph4 iii4 #b1 #g1 #h2 #a ,tim4 i4 #ac4 ,:y !n does n ,paul say outright1 !y ackn[l$g$ me an ,apo/le1 ! equal ( ,pet]8 ,"s are bold en\gh to say--,hol/5 9 p>ticul>--,because ?is is j :at ! ,j]usalem *iefs nev] did1 & nev] c\ld h done4#de ,we w only reply1 t if ?is 7 ! case1 ! passage is a cont9u$ sugge/io falsi4 ,no "o c\ld write ! words ( vv4 #g-i1 )\t int5d+ 8 read]s to believe t su* a recognition took place4 ,paul avoids ! po9t-blank ass]tion1 ) a delicacy t any man ( tol]able mode/y w und]/&4 ,ev5 ! appe>ance ( glory+ 0 hateful to him 7#b ,cor4 x4 #ag2 xi4 #a2 xii4 #a-e1 #aa74 #de ,zum ,evangeli5 d4 ,paulus und d4 ,petrus1 p4 #bgc4 ,hol/5 is ! ke5e/ & mo/ logical ( all ! ,baurian succession4 ,! ,*ur* at ,j]usalem1 z we ga!r f vv4 #g1 #h1 obs]v$ 9 ,paul signs ( ! ,apo/le resembl+ ^? borne by ,pet]4 ,8 ,g5tile commission ran p>allel ) ,pet]'s ,jewi% commission4 ,! lab\rs ( ! two m5 7 foll[$ by ! same k9d ( success1 & m>k$ by simil> displays ( miracul\s p[]4 ,! l seal ( ,god 0 /amp$ on bo?4 ,?is correspond5ce runs ?r\gh ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,comp>e1 = example1 ,paul's s]mon at ,antio* 9 ,pisidia ) t ( ,pet] on ! ,day ( ,p5teco/2 ! heal+ ( ! ,ly/ran cripple & ! puni%m5t ( ,elymas1 ) ! case ( ! lame man at ! ,temple gate & ! enc\nt] ( ,pet] & ,simon ,magus4 ,! conjunction ( ! names ( ,pet] & ,paul 0 famili> to ! ,apo/olic ,*ur*4 ,! p>allelism betwe5 ! c\rse ( ^! great ,apo/les 0 no inv5tion ( second-c5tury or?odoxy1 set up 9 ! int]e/s ( a reconcil+ hypo!sis2 x attract$ public att5tion z e>ly z #ea ,a4,d41 :ile !y 7 /ill 9 _! mid c>e]4 ,if ?is idea s /rongly possess$ ! m9ds ( ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ian lead]s & influ5c$ _! action at ! ,c\ncil ( ,j]usalem1 we ne$ n be surpris$ t x %\ld dom9ate ,luke's n>rative to ! ext5t t x does4 ,! allusions to ,pet] 9 #a ,cor9?ians#df af=d fur!r pro( t 9 ! lifetime ( ! two ,apo/les x 0 a common ?+ to l9k _! names toge!r4 #df ,*4 i4 #ab2 iii4 #bb2 ix4 #e4 ,b _h n ,pet] also a %>e 9 ! ,g5tile mission8 ,does n ! division ( lab\r made at ?is conf]5ce appe> to %ut out ! s5ior ,apo/le f a field to :i* he _h ! prior claim8 ,ye "k1 said ,pet] at ! ,c\ncil1 h[ t a good :ile ago ,god made *oice among y1 t by my m\? ! ,g5tiles %\ld he> ! ^w ( ! gospel1 & believe 7,acts xv4 #g74 ,to ,pet] 0 assign$ ! d\ble hon\r ( op5+ ! door ( fai? bo? to ,jew & ,g5tile4 ,?is exp]i5ce made him ! readi] to und]/& ,paul's position1 & gave him ! great] weight 9 ! settlem5t ( ! "q at issue4 ,& n ,pet] alone1 b ,philip ! evangeli/ & o!r ,jewi% ,*ri/ians _h c>ri$ ! gospel across ! l9e ( ,judaic prejudice1 be=e ,paul appe>$ on ! sc5e4 ,b>nabas & ,silas 7 bo? emiss>ies ( ,j]usalem4 ,s t ! "m ,*ur*1 if %e c\ld n claim ,paul z h] son1 _h nev]!less a l>ge /ake 9 ! hea!n mission4 ,b :5 ,paul came to ! front1 :5 8 miracul\s call1 8 incomp>able gifts & wond]ful success _h made !mselves kn[n1 x 0 evid5t to e disc]n+ m9d t he 0 ! man *os5 by ,god to direct ?is great "w4 ,pet] _h op5$ ! door ( fai? to ! hea!n1 & _h bravely kept x op52 b x 0 = ,paul to lead ! ,g5tile nations ?r\gh ! op5 door1 & to make a home = !m )9 ! fold ( ,*ri/4 ,! m5 :o _h lab\r$ 9 ?is field hi!rto 7 ,paul's =]unn]s4 ,& ,pet] does n hesitate to ackn[l$ge ! y\ng] ,apo/le's special fitness = ?is wid] prov9ce ( _! common "w2 & ) ! concurr5ce ( ,james & ,john he yields ! *>ge ( x to him4 ,let u obs]ve t x is two diff]5t prov9ces1 n diff]5t gospels1 t are 9 view4 ,:5 ! ,apo/le speaks ( ! gospel ( ! uncircumcision z committ$ to himself1 & t ( ! circumcision to ,pet]1 he nev] dreams ( any "o suppos+1 z "s ( 8 mod]n critics p]si/ 9 do+1 t he meant two diff]5t doctr9es4 ,h[ c t be possible1 :5 he has decl>$ ^? ana!ma :o prea* any o!r gospel8 ,he has laid 8 gospel be=e ! heads ( ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*4 ,no?+ has occurr$ !re1 no?+ is h9t$ "h1 to sugge/ ! exi/5ce ( a radical div]g5ce4 ,if ,james & ! body ( ! ,judean ,*ur* really sympa?is$ ) ! ,circumcisioni/s1 ) ^? :om ! ,apo/le calls false bre?r51 h[ c\ld he ) any s9c]ity h come to an agreem5t ) !m1 kn[+ t ?is trem5d\s gulf 0 ly+ all ! :ile betwe5 ! ,pill>s & himself8 ,zell] argues t ! transaction 0 simply a pl$ge ( reciprocal tol]ation1 a m]ely ext]nal concordat betwe5 ,paul & ! orig9al ,apo/les4#dg ,! clasp ( bro!rly fri5d%ip 0 a sorry f>ce1 if t 7 all x meant--if ,paul & ! ,?ree j cons5t$ = ! "t to slur ov] irreconcilable diff]5ces2 :ile ,paul 9 turn has gloss$ ov] ! affair = u 9 ^! artful v]ses6 ,baur1 ) *>act]i/ic f9esse1 says on ! same po9t3 ,! 0 always a division2 x c\ld only be br\ght into effect by "o p>ty go+ 1 ! o!r 4 ,z ! ,jewi% ,apo/les c\ld allege no?+ aga9/ ! pr9ciples on :i* ,paul f\nd$ 8 evangelical mission1 !y 7 oblig$ to recognise !m 9 a c]ta9 mann]2 b _! recognition 0 a m]e outw>d "o4 ,!y left him to "w on ^! pr9ciples /ill fur!r 9 ! cause ( ! gospel among ! ,g5tiles2 b = !mselves !y did n desire to "k any?+ m ab\t !m4#dh ,s t1 accord+ to ! ,tb+5 critics1 we witness 9 v]4 #i n a union1 b a divorce6 ,! ,jewi% ,apo/les recognise ,paul z a bro!r1 only 9 ord] to get rid ( him4 ,c mis9t]pretation be m unju/ ?an ?is8 ,paul does n say1 ,!y gave u ! "r h& ( fell[%ip on condition t1 b1 9 ord] t we %\ld g ?is way1 !y t4 ,z mu* z to say3 ,! two p>ties came toge!r & ent]$ into a clos] union1 s t ) ! be/ mutual und]/&+ ea* might g its own way & pursue its prop] "w 9 h>mony ) ! o!r4 ,= ,paul x w\ld h be5 a sacrilege to speak ( ! diplomatic compromise :i* ,baur & ,zell] describe z giv+ ! "r h& ( fell[%ip4 #dg ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les critically inve/igat$1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #bh1 #cj3 ,eng4 ,trans4 #dh ,paulus1 vol4 i41 p4 #acj3 ,eng4 ,trans4 ,nev] did ! ,*ur* m deeply realise ?an at h] fir/ ,c\ncil ! tru?1 t !re is "o body & "o ,_s2 "o ,"l1 "o fai?1 "o baptism2 "o ,god & ,fa!r ( all1 :o is above all1 & ?r\gh all1 & 9 all 7,eph4 iv4 #d-f74 ,paul /ill seems to feel 8 h& 9 ! w>m grasp ( ,pet] & ( ,john :5 he writes to ! ,ephesians ( ! f\ndation ( ! ,apo/les & prophets1 ) ,*ri/ ,jesus ,himself = *ief corn]-/one2 9 :om ! :ole build+ fitly fram$ toge!r1 gr[e? unto an holy temple 9 ! ,"l 7*4 ii4 #bj1 #ba74 ,alas = ! criticism t is oblig$ to see 9 words l ^! ! inv5tion ( second-c5tury *ur*man%ip1 putt+ into ! m\? ( ,paul ca?olic s5tim5ts ( :i* 9 reality he knew no?+6 ,su* writ]s "k no?+ ( ! p[] ( t fell[%ip ( ! ,_s :i* reign$ 9 ! glori\s company ( ! ,apo/les4 ,only !y w\ld h u rememb] ! poor--a circum/ance m5tion$ p>tly by way ( rem9d] to ! ,galatians t\*+ ! collection = ,j]usalem1 :i* ,paul _h already set on foot among/ !m 7#a ,cor4 xvi4 #a74 ,! reque/ 0 prompt$ by ! affectionate confid5ce ) :i* ! ,jewi% *iefs embrac$ ,paul & ,b>nabas4 ,x awak5$ an eag] response 9 ! ,apo/le's brea/4 ,8 love to 8 ,jewi% k9dr$ made him welcome ! sugge/ion4 ,moreov] e de$ ( *>ity r5d]$ by ! weal?i] ,g5tile ,*ur*es to ! poor sa9ts 9 ,j]usalem1 0 ano!r tie help+ to b9d ! two communities to ea* o!r4 ,( su* lib]ality ,antio*1 "u ! direction ( ! ,g5tile mission>ies1 _h already set ! example 7,acts xi4 #bi1 #cj74 99 99 99 99 99 ,james1 ,pet]1 ,john1 & ,paul--x 0 a memorable day :5 ^! f\r m5 met face to face4 ,:at a mighty quat]nion6 ,among/ !m !y h virtually made ! ,new ,te/am5t & ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,!y repres5t ! f\r sides ( ! "o f\ndation ( ! ,city ( ,god4 ,( ! ,evangeli/s1 ,mat!w holds aff9ity ) ,james2 ,m>k ) ,pet]2 & ,luke ) ,paul4 ,james cl+s to ! pa/ & embodies ! transition f ,mosaism to ,*ri/ianity4 ,pet] is ! man ( ! pres5t1 quick 9 ?\ght & action1 eag]1 buoyant1 susceptible4 ,paul holds ! future 9 8 grasp1 & s*ools ! unborn nations4 ,john ga!rs pres5t1 pa/1 & future into "o1 lift+ u into ! region ( et]nal life & love4 ,) ,pet] & ,james ,paul _h met be=e1 & 0 to meet aga94 ,b s f> z we c le>n1 ?is 0 ! only occasion on :i* 8 pa? cross$ t ( ,john4 ,nor is ?is ,apo/le m5tion$ aga9 9 ,paul's lett]s4 ,9 ! ,acts he appe>s b once or twice1 /&+ sil5t 9 ,pet]'s %ad[4 ,a holy res]ve surr\nds ,john's p]son 9 ! e>li] ,apo/olic hi/ory4 ,8 h\r 0 n yet come4 ,b 8 "n rank$ 9 public e/imation among/ ! ?ree =emo/ ( ! ,jewi% ,*ur*2 & he ex]cis$1 d\btless1 a p[]ful1 ?\gh quiet1 conciliatory influ5ce 9 ! settlem5t ( ! ,g5tile "q4 ,! p]sonality ( ,paul excit$1 we may be sure1 ! pr(\nde/ int]e/ 9 su* a m9d z t ( ,john4 ,he absorb$1 & yet 9 a s5se transc5d$1 ! ,paul9e !ology4 ,! ,apocalypse1 al?\gh ! mo/ ,judaic book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 is p5etrat$ ) ! influ5ce ( ,paul9ism4 ,! detection 9 x ( a cov]t attack on ! ,g5tile ,apo/le is simply "o ( ! m>e's ne/s ( a sup]-subtle & suspici\s criticism4 ,john 0 to be ! heir ( ,paul's lab\rs at ,ephesus & 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,& ,john's long life1 t\*+ ! v]ge ( ! second c5tury1 8 ca?olic position1 8 s]5e & l(ty _s1 bl5d+ 9 itself & resolv+ into a high] unity ! t5d5cies ( ,james & ,pet] & ,paul1 give u ! be/ assurance t 9 ! ,apo/olic age !re 0 inde$ ,"o1 holy1 ca?olic1 ,apo/olic ,*ur*4 ,paul's fell[%ip ) ,pet] & ) ,james 0 cordial & ende>$4 ,b to hold ! h& ( ,john1 ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$1 0 a yet high] satisfaction4 ,t clasp symboliz$ a union betwe5 m5 mo/ opposite 9 temp]am5t & tra9+1 & br\ght to ! k ( ,*ri/ 9 v diff]5t ways1 b ^: communion 9 ,him 0 deep z ! life et]nal4 ,paul & ,john are ! two ma/] m9ds ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,( all m5 t ev] liv$1 ^! two be/ und]/ood ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,paul ,,& ,,pet] ,,at ,,antio*4 ,b :5 ,cephas came to ,antio*1 ,i resi/$ him to ! face1 because he /ood condemn$4 ,= be=e t c]ta9 came f ,james1 he did eat ) ! ,g5tiles2 b :5 !y came1 he drew back & sep>at$ himself1 fe>+ !m t 7 ( ! circumcision4 ,& ! re/ ( ! ,jews dissembl$ likewise ) him2 insomu* t ev5 ,b>nabas 0 c>ri$ away ) _! dissimulation4 ,b :5 ,i saw t !y walk$ n uprightly accord+ to ! tru? ( ! gospel1 ,i said unto ,cephas be=e !m all1 ,if ?\1 be+ a ,jew1 live/ z d ! ,g5tiles1 & n z d ! ,jews1 h[ compelle/ ?\ ! ,g5tiles to live z d ! ,jews8 ,we be+ ,jews by nature1 & n s9n]s ( ! ,g5tiles1 yet kn[+ t a man is n ju/ifi$ by works ( law1 b only ?r\gh fai? 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ev5 we believ$ on ,*ri/ ,jesus1 t we might be ju/ifi$ by fai? 9 ,*ri/1 & n by ! works ( ! law3 because by ! works ( ! law %all no fle% be ju/ifi$4 ,b if1 :ile we s\ght to be ju/ifi$ 9 ,*ri/1 we ourselves also 7 f\nd s9n]s1 is ,*ri/ a m9i/] ( s98 ,god =bid4 ,= if ,i build up aga9 ^? ?+s :i* ,i de/roy$1 ,i prove myself a transgressor4--,,gal4 ii4 #aa-ah4 ,! conf]5ce at ,j]usalem issu$ 9 ! =mal recognition by ! ,primitive ,*ur* ( ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity1 & ( ,paul's pl5>y ,apo/le%ip4 ,& x br\ght ,paul into bro!rly relations ) ! ?ree great lead]s ( ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity4 ,b ?is fell[%ip 0 n to cont9ue undi/urb$4 ,! same cause 0 /ill at "w :i* _h compell$ ! ,apo/le to g up to ,j]usalem1 tak+ ,titus ) him4 ,! leav5 ( ,ph>isaic legalism rema9$ 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,inde$1 z "t w5t on & ! national fanaticism grew m viol5t1 ?is _s ( intol]ance became increas+ly bitt] & active4 ,! address ( ,james to ,paul on ! occasion ( 8 la/ visit to ! ,holy ,city1 %[s t ! ,*ur* ( ,j]usalem 0 at ?is "t 9 a /ate ( ! mo/ s5sitive jeal\sy 9 reg>d to ! ,law1 & t ! legali/ic prejudices always exi/+ 9 x _h ga9$ a /r5g? ) :i* x 0 difficult to cope 7,acts xxi4 #ag-be74 ,b = ! pres5t ! ,judaiz+ faction _h receiv$ a *eck4 ,x does n appe> t ! p>ty ev] aga9 insi/$ on circumcision z a ?+ ess5tial to salvation = ! ,g5tiles4 ,! utt]ances ( ,pet] & ,james at ! ,c\ncil1 & ! circul> address$ !refrom to ! ,g5tile ,*ur*es1 r5d]$ ?is impossible4 ,! ,legali/s made a *ange ( front2 & adopt$ a subtl] & seem+ly m mod]ate policy4 ,!y n[ prea*$ circumcision z ! pr]ogative ( ! ,jew )9 ! ,*ur*1 & z a c\nsel ( p]fection = ! ,g5tile believ] 9 ,*ri/ 7*4 iii4 #c74 ,to quote ! rescript ( ,acts xv4 aga9/ ?is alt]$ =m ( ! circumcisioni/ doctr9e1 w\ld h be5 wide ( ! m>k4 ,x is aga9/ ?is new] type ( ,judai/ic tea*+ t our ,epi/le is direct$4#di ,circumcision1 its advocates argu$1 0 a ,div9e ord9ance t mu/ h its b5efit4 ,god has giv5 to ,israel an indefeasible pre-em95ce 9 ,8 k+dom4#ej ,law-keep+ *ildr5 ( ,abraham ent] ! new ,cov5ant on a high] foot+ ?an s9n]s ( ! ,g5tiles3 !y are /ill ! elect race1 ! holy nation4 ,if ! ,g5tiles wi% to %>e ) !m1 !y mu/ add to _! fai? circumcision1 !y mu/ complete _! imp]fect righte\sness by legal sanctity4 ,s !y might hope to ent] on ! full h]itage ( ! sons ( ,abraham2 !y w\ld be br\ght into communion ) ! fir/ ,apo/les & ! ,bro!r ( ! ,"l2 !y w\ld be admitt$ to ! inn] circle ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,! new ,legali/s s\ght1 9 fact1 to sup]impose ,jewi% on ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y no long] refus$ all %>e 9 ,*ri/ to ! uncircumcis$2 !y (f]$ !m a l>g] %>e4 ,s we con/rue ! tea*+ :i* ,paul _h to combat 9 ! second /age ( 8 conflict ) ,judaism1 to :i* 8 f\r major ,epi/les belong4 ,& ! signal = ?is r5ew$ /ruggle 0 giv5 by ! collision ) ,pet] at ,antio*4 #di ,rom4 ii4 #be-;iii4 #a4 #ej ,rom4 i4 #af2 ii4 #i1 #aj2 ix4 #d1 #e2 xi4 #a1 #b4 ,?is enc\nt] did n1 we ?9k1 take place on ! return ( ,paul & ,b>nabas f ! ,c\ncil4 ,! compact ( ,j]usalem secur$ to ! ,*ur* a few ye>s ( re/ f ! ,judai/ic agitation4 ,! ,!ssalonian ,epi/les1 writt5 9 #eb or #ec ,a4,d41 g to %[1 n only t ! ,*ur*es ( ,mac$onia 7 free f ! legali/ cont5tion1 b t x did n at ?is p]iod occupy ! ,apo/le's m9d4 ,judas ,b>sabbas & ,silas--n ,pet]--accompani$ ! ,g5tile mission>ies 9 return+ to ,antio*2 & ,luke gives1 9 ,acts xv41 a tol]ably full acc\nt ( ! circum/ances :i* transpir$ !re 9 ! int]val be=e ! second mission>y t\r1 )\t ! slighte/ h9t ( any visit made at ?is "t by ! ,apo/le ,pet]4 ,we c sc>cely believe t ! circumcision p>ty _h already recov]$1 & increas$ its influ5ce1 to ! degree t x mu/ h done :5 ev5 ,b>nabas 0 c>ri$ away2 /ill less t ,pet] on ! v morr[ ( ! settlem5t at ,j]usalem & ( 8 frat]nal communion !re ) ,paul w\ld %[ himself s f> e/rang$4 ,:51 !re=e1 did ,cephas come d[n to ,antio*8 ,! ,galatians evid5tly knew4 ,! ,judaiz]s _h giv5 _! acc\nt ( ! matt]1 to ,paul's disadvantage4 ,p]haps he _h ref]r$ to x himself on 8 la/ visit to ,galatia1 :5 we "k he spoke explicitly & /rongly aga9/ ! ,circumcisioni/s 7*4 i4 #i74 ,j be=e 8 arrival 9 ,galatia on ?is occasion he _h sp5t "s "t at ,antio* 7,acts xviii4 #bb1 #bc71 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! second & ?ird mission>y j\rneys4 ,luke simply m5tions ! fact1 )\t giv+ any details4 ,?is is ! likelie/ opportunity = ! meet+ ( ! two ,apo/les 9 ! ,g5tile capital4 ,m4 ,sabati]1#ea 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 appe>s to u to put ! c\rse ( ev5ts 9 its true light3--,evid5tly ! ,apo/le _h quitt$ ,j]usalem & und]tak5 8 second mission>y j\rney full ( satisfaction at ! victory he _h ga9$1 & free f anxiety = ! future4 ,! decisive mom5t ( ! crisis !re=e necess>ily falls betwe5 ! ,!ssalonian & ,galatian ,epi/les4 ,:at _h happ5$ 9 ! meantime8 ,! viol5t discussion ) ,pet] at ,antio* 7,gal4 ii4 #aa-ba71 & all t ?is acc\nt reveals to u1--! arrival ( ! emiss>ies f ,james 9 ! pagan-,*ri/ian circle1 ! c\nt]-mission organiz$ by ! ,judaiz]s to rectify ! "w ( ,paul4 ,a new situation sudd5ly pres5ts itself to ! eyes ( ! ,apo/le on 8 return f 8 second mission>y j\rney4 ,he is compell$ to ?r[ himself into ! /ruggle1 & 9 do+ s to =mulate 9 all its rig\r 8 pr9ciple ( ! aboli%m5t ( ! ,law4 #ea ,9 8 ,l'aptre ,paul3 esquisse d'une hi/oire de sa p5se1 an admirable "w1 to :i* ! writ] is "u great obligation4 ,! tr\bl]s 9 ?is in/ance 7 c]ta9 f ,james4 ,l ! false bre?r5#eb :o appe>$ at ,antio* ?ree ye>s be=e1 !y came f ! "m ,*ur*1 ov] :i* ,james presid$4 ,! ,judaiz+ tea*]s at ,cor9? _h _! comm5datory lett]s 7#b ,cor4 iii4 #a71 d]iv$ assur$ly f ! same qu>t]4 ,9 all likelihood1 _! conf$]ates 9 ,galatia br\ght simil> cr$5tials4 ,we h already se5 t ! au?ority ( ! ,primitive ,*ur* 0 ! *ief weapon us$ by ,paul's adv]s>ies4 ,^! lett]s ( comm5dation 7 "p ( ! ma*9]y ( ! anti-,paul9e agitation4 ,h[ ! ,judaiz]s obta9$ ^! cr$5tials1 & 9 :at precise relation !y /ood to ,james1 we c only conjecture4 ,_h ! ,apo/le held ,james responsible = _! action1 he w\ld n h sp>$ him any m ?an he has done ,pet]4 ,james held a quasi-pa/oral relation to ,*ri/ian ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion4 ,& z he address$ 8 ,epi/le to !m1 s he w\ld be likely on occasion to s5d delegates to visit !m4 ,p]haps ! ,circumcisioni/s f\nd opportunity to pass !mselves (f 9 ?is "*2 or !y may h abus$ a commission really giv5 !m1 by int]f]+ ) ,g5tile communities4 ,t ! ,judai/ic emiss>ies 9 "s way or o!r adopt$ false col\rs1 is pla9ly intimat$ 9 #b ,cor4 xi4 #ac4 ,james1 liv+ always at ,j]usalem1 be+ moreov] a man ( simple "*1 c\ld h little suspect$ ! crafty plot :i* 0 c>ri$ =w>d "u 8 "n4 #eb ,see ,*apt] ,,vii4 pp4 #aji1 #aaj4 ,^! ag5ts address$ !mselves 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ! ,jews1 z _! commission f ,j]usalem probably entitl$ !m to d4 ,!y plead = ! ma9t5ance ( ! sacr$ cu/oms4 ,!y insi/ t ! ,mosaic rites c>ry ) !m an indelible sanctity2 t _! obs]vance con/itutes a ,*ur* )9 ! ,*ur*4 ,if ?is sep>ation is once e/abli%$1 & ! ,jewi% believ]s 9 ,*ri/ c be induc$ to hold !mselves alo( & to ma9ta9 ! advantage ( circumcision1 ! re/ w be easy4 ,! way w !n be op5 to compel ! ,g5tiles to ,judaize4 ,= unless !y d ?is1 !y mu/ be cont5t to rema9 on a l[] level1 9 a comp>atively m5ial position1 resembl+ t ( uncircumcis$ proselytes 9 ! ,synagogue4 ,! circul> ( ! ,j]usalem ,c\ncil may h be5 int]pret$ by ! ,judai/s 9 ?is s5se1 z ?\gh x laid d[n ! t]ms1 n ( full communion betwe5 ,jew & ,g5tile believ]s1 b only ( a p]missive1 second>y recognition4 ,at ,antio* ! new campaign ( ! ,legali/s 0 op5$1 & app>5tly ) signal success4 ,9 ,galatia & ,cor9? we see x 9 full progress4 ,! )drawal ( ,pet] & ! o!r ,jews at ,antio* f ! table ( ! ,g5tiles virtually compell$ ! latt] to ,judaize4 ,n t ! ,jewi% ,apo/le _h ?is int5tion 9 8 m9d4 ,he 0 made ! tool ( design+ m54 ,by sep>at+ himself he virtually said to e uncircumcis$ bro!r1 ,/& by ?yself1 ,i am holi] ?an ?\4 ,legal con=mity on ! "p ( ! ,g5tiles 0 made ! condition ( _! communion ) ,jewi% ,*ri/ians--a dem& simply fatal to ,*ri/ianity4 ,x re-e/abli%$ ! pr9ciple ( salvation by works 9 a m invidi\s =m4 ,to supplem5t ! righte\sness ( fai? by t ( law1 meant to supplant x4 ,to admit t ! ,israelite by virtue ( 8 legal obs]vances /ood 9 a high] position ?an s9n]s ( ! ,g5tiles1 0 to /ultify ! doctr9e ( ! cross1 to make ,*ri/'s dea? a gratuit\s sacrifice4 ,pet]'s error1 pu%$ to its logical consequ5ces1 involv$ ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,gospel4 ,?is ! ,g5tile ,apo/le saw at a glance4 ,! situation 0 "o ( imm95t dang]4 ,paul ne$$ all 8 wisdom1 & all 8 c\rage & promptitude to meet x4 ,x _h be5 ,pet]'s previ\s rule1 s9ce ! vision ( ,joppa1 to lay aside ,jewi% scruples ( diet & to live 9 free int]c\rse ) ,g5tile bre?r54 ,he 0 wont to eat ) ! ,g5tiles4 ,?\gh a born ,jew1 he liv$ 9 ,g5tile fa%ion--words unmi/akably describ+ ,pet]'s g5]al habit 9 su* circum/ances4 ,?is ,g5tile con=mity ( ,pet] 0 a fact ( no small mom5t = ! ,galatian read]s4 ,x contrav5es ! ass]tion ( a radical div]g5ce betwe5 ,petr9e & ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity1 :e!r made by ,ebionites or ,baurians4 ,! ,jewi% ,apo/le's pres5t conduct 0 an act ( dissimulation4 ,he 0 bely+ 8 kn[n convictions1 publicly express$ & act$ on = ye>s4 ,paul's *all5ge assumes t 8 fell[-,apo/le is act+ ins9c]ely4 ,& ?is assumption is expla9$ by ! acc\nt furni%$ 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les respect+ ,pet]'s e>li] relations ) ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity 7*4 x4 #a-xi4 #ah2 xv4 #f-aa74 ,! /r5g? ( ,paul's case lay 9 ! consci5ce ( ,pet] himself4 ,! conflict at ,antio*1 s (t5 appeal$ to 9 pro( ( ! root$ opposition betwe5 ! two ,apo/les1 9 reality gives evid5ce to ! contr>y effect4 ,"h ! maxim /rictly applies1 ,exceptio probat regulam4 ,pet]'s lapse is q intelligible4 ,no man :o figures 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t is bett] kn[n to u4 ,hone/1 impulsive1 ready ( spee*1 full ( contagi\s en?usiasm1 brave z a lion1 firm z a rock aga9/ op5 enemies1 he possess$ 9 a high degree ! qualities :i* m>k out a lead] ( m54 ,he 0 ( ! /uff ( :i* ,*ri/ makes ,8 mission>y h]oes4 ,b !re 0 a /ra9 ( weakness 9 ,pet]'s nature4 ,he 0 pliable4 ,he 0 too mu* at ! m]cy ( surr\nd+s4 ,8 d5ial ( ,jesus set ?is native fault 9 a light t]ribly vivid & humiliat+4 ,x 0 an act ( dissimulation4 ,9 8 s\l !re 0 a f]v5t love to ,*ri/4 ,8 zeal _h br\ght him to ! place ( dang]4 ,b = ! mom5t he 0 alone4 ,public op9ion 0 all aga9/ him4 ,a panic fe> seiz$ 8 brave he>t4 ,he =got himself2 he d5i$ ! ,ma/] :om he lov$ m ?an life4 ,8 c\rage _h fail$2 nev] 8 fai?4 ,turn$ back aga9 f 8 c[>d flight1 ,pet] _h inde$ /r5g!n$ 8 bre?r5 7,luke xxii4 #ca1 #cb74 ,he prov$ a t[] ( /r5g? to ! infant ,*ur*1 wor?y ( 8 cognom5 ( ! rock4 ,= m ?an tw5ty ye>s he _h /ood un%ak54 ,no "n 0 s hon\r$ 9 ! ,*ur* z ,pet]'s4 ,= ,paul to be comp>$ to him 0 ! highe/ possible di/9ction4 ,& yet1 aft] all ?is lapse ( "t1 & 9 ! mid/ ( s glori\s a c>e]1 ! old1 mis]able weakness betrays him once m4 ,h[ admonitory is ! lesson6 ,! sore long s9ce heal$ ov]1 ! infirmity ( nature out ( :i* we seem$ to h be5 completely tra9$1 may yet break out aga91 to our %ame & undo+4 ,_h ,pet] = a mom5t =gott5 ! sorr[ful w>n+ ( ,ge?semane8 ,be x ours to wat* & pray1 le/ we ent] into temptation4 ,we h reason to believe t1 if ,pet] ra%ly err$1 he freely ackn[l$g$ 8 error1 & hon\r$ 8 reprov]4 ,bo? ! ,epi/les t be> 8 "n1 9 diff]5t ways1 te/ify to ! high value :i* _! au?or set ^u ! tea*+ ( our belov$ bro!r ,paul4 ,tradition places ! two m5 at ,rome side by side 9 _! la/ days2 z ?\gh ev5 9 _! dea? ^! glori\s ,apo/les %\ld n be divid$1 despite ! attempts ( faction & mi/ru/ to sep>ate !m4 ,few incid5ts exhibit m /rongly ?an ?is ! griev\s consequ5ces t may ensue f a seem+ly trivial moral error4 ,x look$ a little ?+ t ,pet] %\ld pref] to take 8 meals away f ,g5tile company4 ,& yet1 z ,paul tells him1 8 )drawal 0 a virtual rejection ( ! ,gospel1 & imp]ill$ ! mo/ vital int]e/s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,by ?is act ! ,jewi% ,apo/le gave a h&le to ! adv]s>ies ( ! ,*ur* :i* !y h us$ = g5]ations & = ages aft]w>ds4 ,! dispute :i* x occassion$ c\ld nev] be =gott54 ,9 ! second c5tury x /ill drew d[n on ,paul ! bitt] reproa*es ( ! ,judaiz+ faction4 ,& 9 our own day ! rationali/ic critics h be5 able to turn x to m>vell\s acc\nt4 ,x supplies ! corn]-/one ( _! sci5tific recon/ruction ( ,biblical !ology4 ,! entire !ory ( ,baur is evolv$ out ( ,pet]'s blund]4 ,let x be grant$ t ,pet] 9 yield+ to ! c]ta9 f ,james foll[$ 8 g5u9e convictions & ! tradition ( ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity1 & we see at once h[ deep a gulf lay betwe5 ,paul & ! ,primitive ,*ur*4 ,all t ,paul argues 9 ! subsequ5t discussion only t5ds1 9 ?is case1 to make ! brea* m visible4 ,?is false /ep ( ,pet] is ! ?+ t *iefly l5ds a col\r to ! !ory 9 "q1 ) all ! f>-rea*+ consequ5ces t\*+ ! orig9 & import ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* x involves4 ,s long ! evil t m5 d lives aft] !m6 ,paul's rebuke ( 8 bro!r ,apo/le ext5ds to ! conclusion ( ! *apt]4 ,"s int]pret]s cut x %ort at ! end ( v]4 #ad2 o!rs at v]4 #af2 o!rs aga9 at v]4 #ah4 ,b ! address is consecutive & g]mane to ! occasion ?r\gh\t4 ,paul does n1 to be sure1 give a v]batim report1 b ! sub/ance ( :at he said1 & 9 a =m suit$ to 8 read]s4 ,! n>rative is an admirable prelude to ! argum5t ( *ap4 iii4 ,x =ms ! transition f ! hi/orical to ! polemical "p ( ! ,epi/le1 f ! ,apo/le's p]sonal to 8 doctr9al apology4 ,! cond5s$ =m ( ! spee* makes its int]pretation difficult & mu* conte/$4 ,we %all 9 ! rema9d] ( ?is ,*apt] trace ! g5]al c\rse ( ,paul's repro(1 propos+ 9 ! foll[+ ,*apt] to deal m fully ) its doctr9al cont5ts4 ,i4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,paul taxes ! ,jewi% ,apo/le ) ins9c]ity & unfai?fulness t[>d ! gospel4 ,i saw1 he says1 t !y 7 n hold+ a /raight c\rse1 accord+ to ! tru? ( ! gospel4 ,x is a moral1 n a doctr9al ab]ration1 t ,paul lays at ! door ( ,cephas & ,b>nabas4 ,!y did n hold a diff]5t cre$ f himself2 !y 7 disloyal to ! common cre$4 ,!y sw]v$ f ! pa? ( rectitude 9 :i* !y _h walk$ hi!rto4 ,!y _h reg>d no long] to ! tru? ( ! gospel--! supreme consid]ation ( ! s]vant ( ,*ri/--b to ! fav\r ( m51 to ! public op9ion ( ,j]usalem4 ,:at w be said ( u !re8 !y :isp]$ to ea* o!r1 if ^! mess5g]s ( ,james report t we are disc>d+ ! sacr$ cu/oms1 & mak+ no diff]5ce betwe5 ,jew & ,g5tile8 ,we %all ali5ate our ,judean bre?r54 ,we %all br+ a sc&al on ! ,*ri/ian cause 9 ! eyes ( ,judaism4 ,?is )drawal ( ! ,jews f ! common fell[%ip at ,antio* 0 a public matt]4 ,x 0 an injury to ! :ole ,g5tile-,*ri/ian community4 ,if ! repro( 0 to be salut>y1 x mu/ be equally public & explicit4 ,! (f5ce 0 notori\s4 ,e "o deplor$ x1 except ^? :o %>$ x1 or pr(it$ by x4 ,cephas /ood condemn$4 ,& yet 8 influ5ce & ! rev]5ce felt t[>d him 7 s great1 t no "o d>$ to put ?is condemnation into words4 ,8 sanction 0 ( itself en\gh to give to ?is sudd5 recrudesc5ce ( ,jewi% bigotry ! =ce ( au?oritative usage4 ,! tru? ( ! gospel 0 aga9 9 jeop>dy4 ,once m ,paul's int]v5tion foil$ ! attempts ( ! ,judaiz]s & sav$ ,g5tile lib]ties4 ,& ?is "t he /ood q alone4 ,ev5 ! fai?ful ,b>nabas des]t$ him4 ,b :at matt]$ t1 if ,*ri/ & tru? 7 on 8 side8 ,amicus ,cephas1 amicus ,b>nabas2 s$ magis amicus ,v]itas4 ,solit>y amid ! circle ( oppos+ or dissembl+ ,jews1 ,paul )/ood ! *ief ( ! ,apo/les ( ,jesus to ! face4 ,he rebuk$ him be=e !m all4 ,,ii4 ,pet]'s conduct is reprov$ by ,paul 9 ! light ( _! common k ( salvation 9 ,*ri/4 ,paul is n cont5t ) po9t+ out ! inconsi/5cy ( 8 bro!r ,apo/le4 ,he mu/ probe ! matt] to ! bottom4 ,he w br+ ,pet]'s del9qu5cy to ! t\*/one ( ! ,gospel1 9 its fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,s he passes 9 v]4 #ae f ! outw>d to ! inw>d1 f ! circum/ances ( ,pet]'s conduct to ! inn] _w ( spiritual consci\sness1 9 :i* 8 (f5ce f9ds its deep] condemnation4 ,y & ,i1 he goes on to say1 n ,g5tile s9n]s1 b m5 ( ,jewi% bir?--yet = all t1 kn[+ t !re is no ju/ification = man 9 works ( law1 only#ec ?r\gh fai? 9 ,*ri/--we too put our fai? 9 ,*ri/1 9 ord] to be ju/ifi$ by fai? 9 ,him1 n by works ( law2 = z ,scripture taught u1 9 t way no fle% w be ju/ifi$4 #ec has ! same p>tially exceptive =ce z 9 *4 i4 #g1 #ai4 ,comp4 ,rom4 xiv4 #ad2 also ,luke iv4 #bf1 #bg4 ,paul makes no d\bt t ! ,jewi% ,apo/le's exp]i5ce ( salvation correspond$ ) 8 own4 ,d\btless1 9 _! previ\s int]c\rse1 & especially :5 he fir/ made acqua9tance ) ,cephas 7*4 i4 #ah7 9 ,j]usalem1 ! he>ts ( ! two m5 _h be5 op5$ to ea* o!r2 & !y _h f\nd t1 al?\gh br\ght to ! k ( ! tru? 9 diff]5t ways1 yet 9 ! ess5ce ( ! matt]--9 respect ( ! p]sonal conviction ( s91 9 ! yield+ up ( self-righte\sness & native pride1 9 ! ab&onm5t ( e prop & tru/ b ,jesus ,*ri/--_! hi/ory _h run ! same c\rse1 & face answ]$ to face4 ,yes1 ,paul knew t he _h an ally 9 ! he>t ( 8 fri5d4 ,he 0 n fight+ z "o t beate? ! air1 n mak+ a rhetorical fl\ri%1 or a p>ade ( "s fav\rite doctr9e ( 8 own2 he appeal$ f ,pet] dissembl+ to ,pet] fai?ful & consi/5t4 ,pet]'s dissimulation 0 a return to ! ,judaic gr\nd ( legal righte\sness4 ,by refus+ to eat ) uncircumcis$ m51 he affirm$ implicitly t1 ?\gh believ]s 9 ,*ri/1 !y 7 /ill to him common & unclean1 t ! ,mosaic rites imp>t$ a high] sanctity ?an ! righte\sness ( fai?4 ,n[ ! pr9ciples ( evangelical & legal righte\sness1 ( salvation by fai? & by law-works1 are diametrically oppos$4 ,x is logically impossible to ma9ta9 bo?4 ,pet] _h long ago accept$ ! =m] doctr9e4 ,he _h s\ght salvation1 j l any ,g5tile s9n]1 on ! common gr\nd ( human guilt1 & ) a fai? t r5\nc$ e consid]ation ( ,jewi% privilege & legal p]=mance4 ,by :at "r c any ,hebrew believ] 9 ,*ri/1 aft] ?is1 set himself above 8 ,g5tile bro!r1 or presume to be by virtue ( 8 circumcision & ritual law-keep+ a holi] man8 ,su* we take to be ! import ( ,paul's *all5ge 9 vv4 #ae1 #af4 ,,iii4 ,paul is met at ?is po9t by ! /ock objection to ! doctr9e ( salvation by fai?--an objection br\ght =w>d 9 ! dispute at ,antio* n1 we %\ld imag9e1 by ,pet] himself1 b by ! ,judai/ic advocates4 ,to r5\nce legal righte\sness 0 9 effect1 !y urg$1 to promote s9--nay1 to make ,*ri/ ,himself a m9i/] ( s9 7v]4 #ag74 ,paul retorts ! *>ge on ^? :o make x4 ,!y promote s91 he decl>es1 :o set up legal righte\sness aga9 7v]4 #ah74 ,! objection is /at$ & met 9 ! =m ( "q & answ]1 z 9 ,rom4 iii4 #e4 ,we h 9 ?is %>p ?ru/ & p>ry an example ( ! sort ( f5ce :i* ,paul mu/ (t5 h c>ri$ on 9 8 discussions ) ,jewi% oppon5ts on ^! que/ions4 ,we mu/ n ov]look ! close v]bal connection ( ^! v]ses ) ! two la/4 ,! phrase seek+ to be ju/ifi$ 9 ,*ri/ c>ries u back to ! "t :5 ! two ,apo/les1 self-condemn$ s9n]s1 sev]ally s\ght & f\nd a new gr\nd ( righte\sness 9 ,him4 ,n[ :5 ,pet] & ,paul did ?is1 !y 7 !mselves also f\nd#ed to be s9n]s1--an exp]i5ce h[ abas+ to _! ,jewi% pride6 ,!y made ! great discov]y t /ripp$ !m ( legal m]it1 & br\ght !m d[n 9 _! own e/eem to ! level ( common s9n]s4 ,pet]'s confession may /& = bo?1 :5 he said1 aba%$ by ! glory ( ,*ri/1 ,dep>t f me1 = ,i am a s9ful man1 ,o ,"l4 ,n[ ?is /yle ( p5it5ce1 ?is pr(\nd self-abasem5t 9 ! pres5ce ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 revolt$ ! ,jewi% morali/4 ,to ,ph>isaic s5tim5t x 0 contemptible4 ,if ju/ification by fai? requires ?is1 if x br+s ! ,jew to s abject a po/ure & makes no diff]5ce betwe5 lawless & law-keep+1 betwe5 pi\s *ildr5 ( ,abraham & hea!n outca/s--if ?is be ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/1 all moral di/9ctions are conf\nd$1 & ,*ri/ is a m9i/] ( s96 ,?is tea*+ robs ! ,jew ( ! righte\sness he be=e possess$2 x takes f him ! b5efit & hon\r t ,god be/[$ ^u 8 race6 ,s1 we d\bt n1 _m a ,jew 0 he>d angrily exclaim+ aga9/ ! ,paul9e doctr9e1 bo? at ,antio* & else:]e4 ,?is conclusion 01 9 ! view ( ! ,legali/1 a r$uctio ad absurdum ( ,paul9ism4 #ed ,= ?is emphatic f\nd1 describ+ a process ( moral conviction & inw>d discov]y1 comp4 ,rom4 vii4 #aj1 #ah1 #ba2 ! :ole passage /rik+ly illu/rates ! rem9isc5ce ( our text4 ,! ,apo/le repels ?is inf]5ce ) ! indignant 1 ,f> be x6 ,8 reply is indicat$ by ! v =m 9 :i* he puts ! "q3 ,if we 7 f\nd s9n]s 7,*ri/ did n make u su*74 ,! compla9t 0 ?is1 z ,calv9 f9ely says3 ,has ,*ri/ !re=e come to take away f u ! righte\sness ( ! ,law1 to make u pollut$ :o 7 holy8 ,nay1 ,paul says2--he repels ! blasphemy ) dete/ation4 ,= ,*ri/ did n introduce s91 b reveal$ x4 ,he did n rob !m ( righte\sness1 b ( ! false %[ !re(4#ee ,! reproa* ( ! ,judaiz]s 0 9 reality ! same t is urg$ aga9/ evangelical doctr9e /ill--t x is immoral1 plac+ ! virtu\s & vici\s 9 ! common category ( s9n]s4 #ee ,comm5t>ii1 9 loc4 ,v]4 #ah ?r[s back ! *>ge ( promot+ s9 ^u ! ,legali/4 ,x is ! c\nt]p>t1 n ( v]4 #ai1 b r ( v]4 #ag4 ,! transgressor is ! s9n] 9 a height5$ & m specific s5se1 "o :o breaks kn[n & admitt$ law4#ef ,?is ^w be>s1 9 ,paul's vocabul>y1 a precise & /rongly m>k$ signification :i* is n satisfi$ by ! common int]pretation4 ,x is n t ,pet] 9 sett+ up ! ,law :i* he _h 9 pr9ciple ov]?r[n1 puts himself 9 ! wrong2 nor t ,pet] 9 re-e/abli%+ ! ,law1 contradicts ! purpose ( ! ,law itself 7,*ryso/om1 ,lightfoot1 ,beet74 ,?is is to anticipate ! next v]se4 ,9 ,paul's view & accord+ to ! exp]i5ce common to ,pet] ) himself1 law & transgression are concomitant1 e man "u law is ipso facto a transgressor4 ,he :o sets up ! fir/1 con/itutes himself ! second4 ,& ?is is :at ,pet] is n[ do+2 al?\gh ,paul c\rte\sly veils ! fact by putt+ x hypo!tically1 9 ! fir/ p]son4#eg ,aft] dissolv+1 s f> z 9 him lay1 ! validity ( legal righte\sness & break+ d[n ! edifice ( ju/ification by works1 ,pet] is n[ build+ x up aga91 & !reby con/ruct+ a prison-h\se = himself4 ,return+ to legal allegiance1 he returns to legal condemnation2#eh ) 8 own h&s he puts on 8 neck ! burd5 ( ! ,law's curse1 :i* ?r\gh fai? 9 ,*ri/ he _h ca/ (f4 ,by ?is act ( timid con=mity he seeks to comm5d himself to ,jewi% op9ion2 b x only s]ves1 9 ! light ( ! ,gospel1 to prove him a transgressor1 to comm5d#ei him 9 t unhappy "*4 ,?is is ,paul's retort to ! imputation ( ! ,judai/4 ,x c>ries ! w> into ! enemies' camp4 ,no1 says ,paul1 ,*ri/ is no patron ( s91 9 bidd+ m5 r5\nce legal righte\sness4 ,b ^? promote s9--9 !mselves fir/ ( all--:o aft] kn[+ ,8 righte\sness1 turn back aga9 to legalism4 #ef ,see ,grimm's ,lexicon1 or ,tr5*'s ,n4 ,t4 ,synonyms1 on ?is ^w4 ,comp4 *4 iii4 #ai2 ,rom4 ii4 #bc-bg2 iv4 #ae2 v4 #ad4 #eg ,! ,i ( ?is s5t5ce is q indef9ite4 ,on ! o!r h& v]4 #ai1 ) its emphatic 1 br+s u into a new ve9 ( ?\ght4 #eh ,comp4 *4 iii4 #aj-ab1 #ai2 ,rom4 iii4 #bj2 iv4 #ae4 #ei ,?is v]b has1 z ,s*ott sugge/s1 a t+e ( irony4 ,,iv4 ,! conviction ( ,pet] is n[ complete4 ,f ! sad bondage to :i* ! ,jewi% ,apo/le1 by 8 compliance ) ! ,judaiz]s1 0 prep>+ to submit himself1 ! ,apo/le turns to 8 own joy\s s5se ( deliv]ance 7vv4 #ai-ba74 ,^? :o resort to legalism1 he has said1 ensure _! own condemnation4 ,x is1 on ! o!r h&1 by an entire surr5d] to ,*ri/1 by realiz+ ! import ( ,8 dea?1 t we le>n to live unto ,god4 ,s ,paul _h prov$ x4 ,at ?is mom5t he is consci\s ( a union ) ! crucifi$ & liv+ ,savi\r1 :i* lifts him above ! curse ( ! law1 above ! p[] ( s94 ,to rev]t to ! ,judai/ic /ate1 to dream any m ( e>n+ righte\sness by legal con=mity1 is a ?+ = him inconceivable4 ,x w\ld be to make void ! cross ( ,*ri/6 ,& x 0 ! ,law itself t fir/ impell$ ,paul along ?is pa?4 ,?r\gh law he di$ to law4 ,! ,law drove him f itself to seek salvation 9 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,its accusations all[$ him no %elt]1 left him no secure spot on :i* to build ! edifice ( 8 self-righte\sness4 ,x said to him unceas+ly1 ,?\ art a transgressor4#fj ,he :o seeks ju/ification by its means contradicts ! ,law1 :ile he fru/rates ! grace ( ,god4 #fj ,rom4 vii4 #g-viii4 #a4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,at ,,/ake4 ,= ,i ?r\gh law di$ unto law1 t ,i might live unto ,god4 ,i h be5 crucifi$ ) ,*ri/2 & x is no long] ,i t live1 b ,*ri/ live? 9 me3 & t life :i* ,i n[ live 9 ! fle% ,i live 9 fai?1 ! fai? :i* is 9 ! ,son ( ,god1 :o lov$ me1 & gave ,himself up = me4 ,i d n make void ! grace ( ,god3 = if righte\sness is ?r\gh law1 !n ,*ri/ di$ = n\ght--,,gal4 ii4 #ai-ba4 ,paul's p]sonal apology is end$4 ,he has prov$ 8 ,apo/olic indep5d5ce1 & made good 8 decl>ation1 ,my ,gospel is n accord+ to man4 ,if he ow$ 8 commission to any man1 x 0 to ,pet]2 s 8 traduc]s p]si/5tly alleg$4 ,he has %[n t1 fir/ )\t ,pet]1 !n 9 equality ) ,pet]1 & f9ally 9 spite ( ,pet]1 he _h receiv$ & ma9ta9$ x4 ,simil>ly 9 reg>d to ,james & ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*4 ,)\t _! m$iation ,paul comm5c$ 8 "w2 :5 t "w 0 *all5g$1 !y c\ld only approve x2 & :5 aft]w>ds m5 pr(ess+ to act 9 _! "n di/urb$ 8 "w1 ! ,apo/le _h repell$ !m4 ,he act$ all along "u ! consci\sness ( a tru/ 9 ! gospel committ$ to him directly by ,jesus ,*ri/1 & an au?ority 9 its adm9i/ration second to none ^u e>?4 ,& ev5ts _h ju/ifi$ ?is confid5ce4 ,paul is compell$ to say all ?is ab\t himself4 ,! v9dication ( 8 m9i/ry is =c$ f him by ! calumnies ( false bre?r54 ,f ! "t ( ! conf]5ce at ,j]usalem1 & /ill m s9ce he )/ood ,pet] at ,antio*1 he _h be5 a m>k = ! hatr$ ( ! ,judaiz+ faction4 ,he 0 ! *ief ob/acle to _! success4 ,twice he _h foil$ !m1 :5 !y c\nt$ ^u victory4 ,!y _h n[ set on foot a sy/ematic agitation aga9/ him1 ) its head-qu>t]s at ,j]usalem1 c>ri$ on "u "s pretext ( sanction f ! au?orities ( ! ,*ur* !re4 ,at ,cor9? & 9 ,galatia ! legali/ emiss>ies _h appe>$ simultane\sly2 !y pursu$ 9 ! ma9 ! same policy1 adapt+ x to ! "* & disposition ( ! two ,*ur*es1 & appeal+ ) no little success to ! ,jewi% pr$ilections common ev5 among/ ,g5tile believ]s 9 ,*ri/4 ,9 ?is controv]sy ,paul & ! gospel he prea*$ 7 b\nd toge!r4 ,i am set1 he says1 = ! def5ce ( ! gospel 7,ph4 i4 #af74 ,he 0 ! *ampion ( ! cross1 ! imp]sonation ( ! pr9ciple ( salvation by fai?4 ,x is ! gospel ( ,*ri/1 ! tru? ( ! gospel1 he reit]ates1 t is at /ake4 ,if he w>ds (f bl[s fall+ ^u him1 x is because !y are aim$ ?r\gh him at ! tru? = :i* he lives--nay1 at ,*ri/ :o lives 9 him4 ,9 8 self-ass]tion !re is no note ( pride or p]sonal anxiety4 ,nev] 0 !re a man m completely lo/ 9 ! greatness ( a great cause1 nor :o felt himself 9 comp>ison ) x m wor?less4 ,b t cause has lift$ ,paul ) x to imp]i%able glory4 ,( all names nam$ on e>?1 none /&s ne>] ?an 8 to t :i* is above e "n4 ,:ile ,paul 9 *4 i4 & ii4 is busy ) 8 own v9dication1 he is meantime beh9d ! p]sonal def5ce prep>+ ! doctr9al argum5t4 ,8 address to ,pet] is an incisive outl9e ( ! gospel ( grace4 ,! ?ree clos+ v]ses--! 9 p>ticul>--are ! he>t ( ,paul's !ology--summa ac m$ulla ,*ri/ianismi 7,b5gel74 ,su* a te/imony 0 ! ,apo/le's be/ def5ce be=e 8 audi5ce at ,antio*2 x 0 ! sure/ means ( t\*+ ! he>t ( ,pet] & conv9c+ him ( 8 error4 ,& its recital 0 admirably calculat$ to enlight5 ! ,galatians z to ! true be>+ ( ?is dispute :i* _h be5 s mu* misrepres5t$4 ,f v]4 #ae onw>ds1 ,paul has be5 all ! :ile address+1 "u ! p]son ( ,pet]1 ! consci5ce ( 8 read]s1#fa & pav+ ! way = ! assault t he makes ^u !m ) s mu* vig\r 9 ! fir/ v]ses ( *4 iii4 ,read 9 ! light ( ! =ego+ n>rative1 ?is passage is a comp5dium ( ! ,paul9e ,gospel1 inve/$ ) ! peculi> int]e/ t belongs to a confession ( p]sonal fai?1 made at a signal crisis 9 ! au?or's life4 ,let u exam9e ?is mom5t\s decl>ation4 #fa ,h(mann is s f> "r :5 he makes ! ,apo/le turn to ! ,galatians 9 *4 ii4 #ae1 & draws at ?is po9t ! l9e betwe5 ! hi/orical & doctr9al sections ( ! ,epi/le4 ,i4 ,at ! f\ndation ( ,paul's !ology lies 8 conception ( ! grace ( ,god4 ,,grace is ! ,apo/le's wat*word4 ,! ^w occurs twice z (t5 9 8 ,epi/les z x does 9 ! re/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,outside ! ,paul9e ,luke & ,hebrews1 & #a ,pet] ) its l>ge infusion ( ,paul9ism1 x is exce$+ly r>e4#fb ,9 ?is ^w ! "*1 _s1 & aim ( ! revelation ( ,*ri/1 z ,paul und]/ood x1 are summ$ up4 ,! grace ( ,god is ! t\*/one to :i* ,pet]'s dissimulation is f9ally br\ght4 ,*ri/ is ! embodim5t ( ,div9e grace--above all1 9 ,8 dea?4 ,s t x is "o & ! same ?+ to br+ to n\ght ! grace ( ,god1 & ! dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,h5ce ,god's grace is call$ ! grace ( ,*ri/1--( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,f ,romans to ,titus & ,philemon1 grace reigns 9 e ,epi/le4 ,no "o c c\nt]feit ?is m>k ( ,paul1 or speak ( grace 9 8 /yle & acc5t4 #fb ,:at is said ( 1 applies also to its d]ivatives1 1 444 ,god's grace is n ,8 love alone2 x is r$eem+ love--love p\r$ out ^u ! undes]v+1 love com+ to seek & save ! lo/1 br++ salvation to all m5 7,rom4 v4 #a-h2 ,tit4 ii4 #aa74 ,grace decre$ r$emption1 made ! sacrifice1 proclaims ! reconciliation1 provides & be/[s ! new son%ip ( ! ,_s1 & s*ools its *ildr5 into all ! habits ( godl9ess & virtue t beseem _! reg5]ate life1 :i* x br+s f9ally to its consummation 9 ! life et]nal4#fc #fc ,eph4 i4 #e-i2 #b ,tim4 i4 #i2 ,rom4 iii4 #bd2 ,heb4 ii4 #i2 #b ,cor4 v4 #bj-vi4 #a2 ,gal4 iv4 #e2 ,tit4 iii4 #e-g2 ii4 #aa-ad2 ,rom4 v4 #ba4 ,grace 9 ,god is !re=e ! anti!sis ( s9 9 man1 c\nt]work+ & f9ally triumph+ ov] x4 ,grace belongs to ! la/ ,adam z em95tly z s9 to ! fir/4 ,! lat] ?\ghts ( ! ,apo/le on ?is !me are express$ 9 ,tit4 iii4 #d-g1 a passage s+ul>ly ri* 9 its description ( ! work+ ( ,div9e grace on human nature4 ,we 7 s5seless1 he says1 disob$i5t1 w&]+ 9 error1 9 bondage to lu/s & pleasures ( _m k9ds1 liv+ 9 envy & malice1 hateful1 hat+ ea* o!r4 ,b :5 ! k9dness & love to man ( our ,savi\r ,god %one =?1--!n all 0 *ang$3 n by works wr\ght 9 our own righte\sness1 b accord+ to ,8 m]cy ,he sav$ u1 ?r\gh ! wa%+ ( reg5]ation & r5ew+ ( ! ,holy ,_s1 t1 ju/ifi$ by ,8 grace1 we might be made heirs 9 hope ( life et]nal4 ,! vision ( ! grace ( ,god drives /ubbornness1 lu/1 & hatr$ f ! s\l4 ,x br+s ab\t1 = man & = society1 ! pal+5esia1 ! new bir? ( ,creation1 roll+ back ! tide ( evil & re/or+ ! gold5 age ( peace & innoc5ce2 & cr[ns ! joy ( a r5ovat$ e>? ) ! glories ( a recov]$ heav54 ,be+ ! antagoni/ ( s91 grace comes ( necessity into contra/ ) ! law4 ,law is intr9sically ! oppos] ( s92 s9 is lawlessness1 ) ,paul z mu* z ) ,john4#fd ,b law 0 p[]less to cope ) s93 x 0 weak ?r\gh ! fle%4 ,in/ead ( cru%+ s91 ! int]position ( law s]v$ to inflame & /imulate x1 to br+ into play its lat5t en]gy1 r$uc+ ! man mo/ loyally dispos$ to moral despair4 ,by ! law !re=e is ! k ( s92 x worke? out wra?4 ,inevitably1 x makes m5 transgressors2 x br+s ^u !m an inw>d condemnation1 a cru%+ s5se ( ! ,div9e ang] & ho/ility4#fe ,t is all t law c d by itself4 ,holy & j & good1 not)/&+1 to our p]v]se nature x becomes dea? 7,rom4 vii4 #ac2 #a ,cor4 xv4 #ef74 ,x is actually ! /r5g? ( s91 l5d+ itself to ext5d & confirm its p[]4 ,we f9d 9 x a law ( s9 & dea?4 ,s t to be "u law & "u grace are two opposite & mutually exclusive /ates4 ,9 ! latt] condition only is s9 no long] our "l 7,rom4 vi4 #ad74 ,pet] & ! ,jews ( ,antio* !re=e1 9 build+ up ! legal pr9ciple aga91 7 9 tru? aboli%+ ! grace ( ,god4 ,if ! ,galatians foll[ _! example1 ,paul w>ns !m t !y w fall f grace4 ,accept+ circumcision1 !y become debtors to p]=m ! :ole law1--& t means transgression & ! curse 7*4 v4 #a-d2 iii4 #aj-ab2 ii4 #af-ah74 #fd ,rom4 vii4 #ab1 #ad2 #b ,!ss4 ii4 #d-h2 comp4 #a ,john iii4 #d4 #fe ,rom4 iii4 #bj2 iv4 #ae2 v4 #bj2 vii4 #e1 #bd2 ,gal4 ii4 #af2 iii4 #aj1 #aa1 #ai4 ,:ile s9 is ! reply :i* man's nature makes to ! dem&s ( law1 fai? is ! response elicit$ by grace2 x is ! door ( ! he>t op5+ to grace4#ff ,grace & ,fai? g h& 9 h&1 z ,law & ,transgression4 ,limit+ ! doma9 ( fai?1 ,pet] virtually d5i$ ! sov]eignty ( grace4 ,he beli$ 8 confession made at ! ,c\ncil ( ,j]usalem3 ,by ! grace ( ! ,"l ,jesus we tru/ to be sav$1 ev5 z ! ,g5tiles 7,acts xv4 #aa74 ,) ,law are jo9$ su* t]ms z ,works1 ,debt1 ,rew>d1 ,glory+1 prop] to a righte\sness ( "o's own4#fg ,) ,grace we associate ,gift1 ,promise1 ,pr$e/9ation1 ,call1 ,election1 ,adoption1 ,inh]itance1 belong+ to ! dialect ( ! righte\sness :i* is ( ,god by fai?4#fh ,grace op]ates 9 ! region ( ! ,_s1 mak+ = fre$om2 b law1 h[ev] spiritual 9 orig91 has come to seek its accompli%m5t 9 ! sph]e ( ! fle%1 :]e x g5d]e? to bondage 7*4 iv4 #bc-v4 #e2 #b ,cor4 iii4 #f1 #ag74 #ff ,rom4 iii4 #bd1 #be2 ,eph4 ii4 #h2 etc4 #fg ,rom4 iv4 #a-d2 xi4 #f2 ,gal4 ii4 #af2 iii4 #ab4 #fh ,rom4 iv4 #af2 viii4 #bh-ci2 xi4 #e2 ,eph4 i4 #d-f2 ,tit4 iii4 #g2 ,acts xx4 #cb2 ,gal4 iii4 #ah3 ' 4 ,grace appe>s1 h[ev]1 9 ano!r class ( passages 9 ,paul's ,epi/les1 ( :i* *4 i4 #ae1 ii4 #i are examples4 ,to ! ,div9e grace ,paul ascribes 8 p]sonal salvation & ,apo/olic call4 ,! revelation :i* made him a ,*ri/ian & an ,apo/le1 0 above all ?+s a manife/ation ( grace4 ,we>+ ?is aspect1 ! glory ( ,god appe>$ to him 9 ! face ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! spl5d\r t bl9d$ & ov]:elm$ ,saul on 8 way to ,damascus1 0 ! glory ( ,8 grace4 ,! voice ( ,jesus t fell on ! p]secutor's e> spoke 9 ! acc5ts ( grace4 ,no sc\rge ( ! ,law1 no ?und]s ( ,s9ai1 c\ld h smitt5 d[n ! pr\d ,ph>isee1 & beat5 or scor*$ out ( him 8 /rong self-w1 l ! compla9t ( ,jesus4 ,all ! circum/ances t5d$ to /amp ^u 8 s\l1 fus$ into p5it5ce 9 t h\r1 ! ineffaceable impression ( ! grace ( ,god & ( our ,savi\r ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,su* confessions z ^? ( #a ,cor4 xv4 #h-aj1 & ,eph4 ii4 #g1 iii4 #g1 #h1 %[ h[ con/antly ?is remembrance 0 pres5t ) ! ,apo/le ,paul & suffus$ 8 views ( revelation1 giv+ to 8 m9i/ry its peculi> t5d]ness ( humility & ard\r ( gratitude4 ,?is s5tim5t ( b\ndless obligation to ! grace ( ,god1 ) its p]vasive effect ^u ! ,paul9e doctr9e1 is /rik+ly express$ 9 ! doxology ( #a ,tim4 i4 #aa-ag1--words :i* x is almo/ a sacrilege to put into ! m\? ( a fals>ius3 ,accord+ to ! gospel ( ! glory ( ! bless$ ,god1 :]e) ,i 0 intru/$1 444 :o 0 a=etime a blasphem] & p]secutor4444 ,b ! grace ( our ,"l ab\nd$ ev5 m exce$+ly4 ,fai?ful is ! say+1 wor?y to be receiv$ ( all1 ',*ri/ ,jesus came into ! _w to save s9n]s'--( :om ,i am *ief4444 ,9 me z *ief ,*ri/ ,jesus %[$ =? all ,8 long-suff]+4444 ,n[ to ! ,k+ ( ! ages be hon\r & glory = ev]4 ,am54 ,:o1 read+ ! ,apo/le's /ory1 does n e*o t ,am58 ,no wond] t ,paul became ! ,apo/le ( grace2 ev5 z ,john1 ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$1 mu/ p]=ce be ! ,apo/le ( love4 ,fir/ to him 0 ,god's grace reveal$ 9 its l>ge/ afflu5ce1 t ?r\gh him x might be kn[n to all m5 & to all ages4 ,,ii4 ,side by side ) ! grace ( ,god1 we f9d 9 v]4 #ba ! dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,he sets aside ! =m]1 ! ,apo/le argues1 :o by admitt+ legal righte\sness nullifies ! latt]4 ,:ile grace embodies ,paul's fundam5tal conception ( ! ,div9e "*1 ! dea? ( ,*ri/ is ! fundam5tal fact 9 :i* t "* manife/s itself4 ,s ! cross becomes ! c5tre ( ,paul's !ology4 ,b x 01 9 ! fir/ place1 ! basis ( 8 p]sonal life4 ,fai? 9 ! ,son ( ,god1 :o lov$ me & gave ,himself up = me1 is ! f\ndation ( ! life he n[ lives 9 ! fle%4 ,"h lay ! /umbl+-block ( ,judaism4 ,!ocratic pride1 ,ph>isaic tradition1 c\ld n1 z we say1 get ov] x4 ,a crucifi$ ,messiah6 ,h[ revolt+ ! b>e idea4 ,b :51 z 9 ,paul's case1 ,judai/ic pride did surm\nt ?is huge sc&al & 9 spite ( ! (f5ce ( ! cross arrive at fai? 9 ,jesus1 x 0 at ! co/ ( a sev]e fall4 ,x 0 brok5 9 pieces1--de/roy$ once & = ev]4 ,) ! eld] ,apo/les ! *ange _h be5 m gradual2 !y 7 nev] /eep$ 9 ,judaism z ,saul 04 ,= him to accept ! fai? ( ,jesus 0 a revolution ! mo/ complete & dra/ic possible4 ,z a ,judai/1 ! prea*+ ( ! cross 0 an outrage on 8 fai? & 8 ,messianic hopes2 n[ x 0 t :i* mo/ ( all subdu$ & entranc$ him4 ,its p[] 0 extreme1 :e!r to attract or repel4 ,! m he _h loa!d & mock$ at x be=e1 ! m he is b\nd h5ce=? to exalt ! cross ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,a pro( ( ! ,div9e ang] aga9/ ! ,naz>5e he _h once deem$ x2 n[ he sees 9 x ! tok5 ( ,god's grace 9 ,him to ! :ole _w4 ,= ,paul !re=e ! dea? ( ,*ri/ import$ ! end ( ,judaism4 ,i di$ to law1 he writes1--,i am crucifi$ ) ,*ri/4 ,once und]/&+ :at ?is dea? meant1 & realis+ 8 own relation to x1 on e acc\nt x 0 impossible to g back to ,legalism4 ,! cross b>r$ all return4 ,! law t put ,him1 ! s9less ,"o1 to dea?1 c\ld give no life to s9ful m54 ,! ,judaism t pron\nc$ ,8 doom1 doom$ itself4 ,:o w\ld make peace ) x ov] ! ,savi\r's blood8 ,f ! mom5t t ,paul knew ! tru? ab\t ! dea? ( ,jesus1 he _h done ) ,judaism = ev]4 ,h5ce=? he knew no?+--*]i%$ no belief or s5tim5t1 ackn[l$g$ no maxim1 no tradition1 :i* did n con=m itself to ,8 dea?4 ,! _w to :i* he _h belong$ di$1 self-sla91 :5 x slew ,him4 ,f ,*ri/'s grave a new _w 0 ris+1 = :i* alone ,paul liv$4 ,b :y %\ld ! grace ( ,god take expression 9 a fact s appall+ z ,*ri/'s dea?8 ,:at has dea? to d ) grace8 ,x is ! legal p5alty ( s94 ,! conjunction ( s9 & dea? p]vades ! tea*+ ( ,scripture1 & is a pr9ciple fix$ 9 ! consci5ce ( mank9d4 ,dea?1 z man kn[s x1 is ! inevitable consequ5ce & ! univ]sal witness ( 8 transgression4 ,he c>ries ab\t 9 8 mortality ! te/imony t ,god is angry ) ! wick$ e day 7,augu/9e74 ,! dea? ( ,jesus ,*ri/ _c be tak5 out ( ?is category4 ,he di$ a s9n]'s dea?4 ,he bore ! p5alty ( guilt4 ,! prophetic antec$5ts ( ,calv>y1 ! tra9 ( circum/ances connect$ ) x1 ,8 own explanations 9 *ief--are all 9 keep+ ) ?is purpose4 ,) amazem5t we behold ! ,s9less made s91 ! ,j dy+ = ! unju/4 ,he 0 born ( a woman1 born "u law3 "u law ,he liv$--& di$4 ,grace is no law-break]4 ,god mu/ above all ?+s be j ,himself1 if ,he is to ju/ify o!rs 7,rom4 iii4 #bf74 ,! dea? ( ,jesus decl>es x4 ,t sublime sacrifice is1 z "o might say1 ! resultant ( grace & law4 ,grace gives ,him up = u all2 x meets ! law's claims 9 ,him1 ev5 to ! extreme p5alty1 t f u ! p5alty may be lift$ (f4 ,he puts ,himself "u law1 9 ord] to buy out ^? "u law 7*4 iv4 #d1 #e74 ,9 virtue ( ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 !re=e1 m5 are dealt ) on an extra-legal foot+1 on t]ms ( grace2 n because law is ignor$ or has brok5 d[n2 b because x is satisfi$ be=eh&4 ,god has set =? ,*ri/ ,jesus a propitiation2 & 9 view ( t accompli%$ fact1 ,he proce$s 9 ! pres5t "t to ju/ify him :o is ( fai? 9 ,jesus 7,rom4 iii4 #bb-bf74 ,legalism is at an end1 = ! ,law has sp5t itself on our ,r$eem]4 ,= ^? t are 9 ,him !re is n[ no condemnation4 ,?is is to anticipate ! full] tea*+ ( *4 iii42 b ! vic>i\s sacrifice is already impli$ :5 ,paul says1 ,he gave ,himself up = me--gave ,himself = our s9s 7*4 i4 #d74 ,! resurrection ( ,*ri/ is1 9 ,paul's ?\ght1 ! o!r side ( ,8 dea?4 ,!y con/itute "o ev5t1 ! obv]se & rev]se ( ! same reality4 ,= ,paul1 z = ! fir/ ,apo/les1 ! resurrection ( ,jesus gave to ,8 dea? an aspect :olly diff]5t f t x previ\sly wore4 ,b ! trans=mation wr\ght 9 _! m9ds dur+ ! =ty days1 9 8 case came ab\t 9 a s+le mom5t1 & began f a diff]5t />t+-po9t4 ,in/ead ( be+ ! m]it$ puni%m5t ( a blasphem] & false ,messiah1 ! dea? ( ,calv>y became ! glori\s self-sacrifice ( ! ,son ( ,god4 ,! dy+ & ris+ ( ,jesus 7 bl5d$ 9 ! ,apo/le's m9d2 he always sees ! "o 9 ! light ( ! o!r4 ,! fai? t saves1 z he =mulates x1 is at once a fai? t ,*ri/ di$ = our s9s1 & t ,god rais$ ,him f ! dead on ! ?ird day4#fi ,:i*ev] ( ! two "o may fir/ appreh5d1 x br+s ! o!r along ) x4 ,! resurrection is n an express topic ( ?is ,epi/le4 ,nev]!less x meets u 9 its fir/ s5t5ce1 :]e we disc]n t ,paul's k ( ! gospel & 8 call to proclaim x1 re/$ ^u ?is fact4 ,9 ! passage be=e u ! resurrection is manife/ly assum$4 ,if ! ,apo/le is crucifi$ ) ,*ri/1--& yet ,*ri/ lives 9 him1 x is n simply ! tea*+1 or ! mission ( ,jesus t lives ov] aga9 9 ,paul2 ! life ( ! ris5 ,savi\r has itself ent]$ into 8 s\l4 #fi #a ,cor4 xv4 #c1 #d1 #aa2 ,rom4 iv4 #bd1 #be2 x4 #i2 #a ,!ss4 iv4 #ad4 ,,iii4 ,?is br+s u to ! ?\ght ( ! union ( ! believ] ) ,*ri/ 9 dea? & life1 :i* is express$ 9 t]ms ( peculi> emphasis & di/9ctness 9 v]4 #bj4 ,) ,*ri/ ,i h be5 crucifi$2 & ,i live no long]2 x is ,*ri/ t lives 9 me4 ,my e>?ly life is gov]n$ by fai? 9 ,him :o lov$ me & di$ = me4 ,*ri/ & ,paul are "o4 ,:5 ,*ri/ di$1 ,paul's =m] self di$ ) ,him4 ,n[ x is ! ,_s ( ,*ri/ 9 heav5 t lives )9 ,paul's body "h on e>?4 ,?is union is fir/ ( all a communion ) ! dy+ ,savi\r4 ,paul does n ?9k ( ! sacrifice ( ,calv>y z some?+ m]ely accompli%$ = him1 outside himself1 by a legal arrangem5t 9 :i* "o p]son takes ! place ( ano!r &1 z x 71 p]sonates him4 ,! nexus betwe5 ,*ri/ & ,paul is deep] ?an ?is4 ,*ri/ is ! c5tre & s\l ( ! race1 hold+ t[>ds x a spiritual primacy ( :i* ,adam's natural head%ip 0 a type1 m$iat+ betwe5 m5 & ,god 9 all ! relations :i* mank9d holds to ,god4#gj ,! dea? ( ,jesus 0 m ?an sub/itution>y2 x 0 repres5tative4 ,he _h e "r to act = u4 ,he 0 ! ,"o :o alone c\ld die = all2 9 ,him all di$ 7#b ,cor4 v4 #ad1 #ae74 ,he c>ri$ u ) ,him to ! cross2 ,8 dea? 0 9 effect ! dea? ( ^? :o s9s ,he bore4 ,!re 0 no legal fiction "h2 no f$]al compact extemporis$ = ! occasion4 ,! second ,man f heav51 if second 9 ord] ( "t1 0 fir/ & fundam5tal 9 ! spiritual ord]1 ! organic ,head ( mank9d1 ! root1 z well z ! (fspr+ ( humanity4#ga ,! judgem5t t fell ^u ! race 0 a summons to ,him :o held 9 ,8 h&s its int]e/s & de/9ies4 ,paul's fai? appreh5ds & endorses :at ,*ri/ has done on 8 behalf1--:o lov$ me1 he cries1 & gave ,himself up = me4 ,:5 ! ,apo/le says1 ,i h be5 crucifi$ ) ,*ri/1 he goes back 9 ?\ght to ! sc5e ( ,calv>y2 !re1 pot5tially1 all t 0 done ( :i* he n[ realises 9 himself ! issue4 ,8 pres5t salvation is1 s to speak1 a rehe>sal ( ! ,savi\r's dea?1 a lik5ess 7,rom4 vi4 #e7 ( ! supreme act ( atonem5t1 :i* took place once = all :5 ,*ri/ di$ = our s9s4 #gj ,rom4 v4 #ad2 #a ,cor4 xv4 #bb1 #de-dh2 #a ,tim4 ii4 #e4 #ga #a ,cor4 xv4 #de-di2 comp4 ,col4 i4 #ae-ag2 ,john i4 #d1 #i1 #ae1 #af4 ,fai? is ! l9k betwe5 ! pa/1 objective sacrifice1 & ! pres5t1 subjective appreh5sion ( x1 by :i* its virtue becomes our own4 ,)\t su* fai?1 ,*ri/ w\ld h di$ 9 va94 ,8 dea? mu/ !n h be5 a great sacrifice ?r[n away4 ,wilful unbelief repudiates :at ! ,r$eem] has done1 provisionally1 on our behalf4 ,?is repudiation1 z individuals1 we are p]fectly free to make4 ,! objective reconciliation effect$ 9 ,*ri/'s dea? c aft] all b5efit actually1 9 _! own p]sonal consci\sness1 only ^? :o "k & ackn[l$ge x1 & feel !mselves 9 _! solid>ity ) ,*ri/ to be s mu* "o ) ,him z to be able to appropriate inw>dly ,8 dea? & cele/ial life1 & to live ov] aga9 ,8 life & dea?2 ^? only1 9 a ^w1 :o truly believe 9 ,*ri/4 ,?us ! idea ( sub/itution 9 ,paul receives its complem5t & realisation 9 ! my/icism ( 8 conception ( fai?4 ,:ile ,*ri/ objectively repres5ts ! :ole race1 t relation becomes a subjective reality only 9 ! case ( ^? :o connect !mselves ) ,him 9 fai? 9 su* a way z to fuse toge!r ) ,him into "o _s & "o body1 z to f9d 9 ,him _! ,head1 _! s\l1 _! life & self1 & ,he 9 !m ,8 body1 ,8 memb]s & ,8 temple4 ,!reby ! idea ( '"o = all' receives ! /rict] mean+ ( 'all 9 & ) "o4'#gb #gb ,pfleid]]1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 pp4 #fe1 #f4 ,dr4 ,pfleid]]'s delicate & sympa!tic int]pretation ( ,paul's tea*+ 79 ^! ,lectures1 & /ill m 9 8 ,paul9ism7 has made all /ud5ts ( ! ,apo/le 8 debtors1 h[ev] mu* !y may qu>rel ) 8 hi/orical criticism4 ,p>tak+ ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 ,paul has come to %>e 9 ,8 ris5 life4 ,on ! cross he own$ 8 ,savi\r--own$ ,8 w\nds1 ,8 %ame1 ,8 agony ( dea?1 & felt himself !re9 %am$1 w\nd$1 sla9 to dea?4 ,?us jo9$ to 8 ,r$eem]1 z by ! nails t fa/5$ ,him to ! tree1 ,paul is c>ri$ ) ,him d[n into ! grave--into ! grave1 & out aga96 ,*ri/ is ris5 f ! dead3 s !re=e is ,paul4 ,he di$ to s9 once1 & n[ live? to ,god2 dea? lords x ov] ,him no m3 ?is ,paul reckons equally true = himself 7,rom4 vi4 #c-aa74 ,! ,ego1 ! old man t ,paul once 01 lies buri$ 9 ! grave ( ,jesus4 ,jesus ,*ri/ alone1 ! ,"l ( ! ,_s has ris5 f t sepul*re1--has ris5 9 ! _s ( ,paul4 ,if any "o %\ld come to ,paul's doors & ask1 ,:o lives "h8 he w\ld answ]1 ,n ,saul ( ,t>sus1 b ,jesus ,*ri/ lives 9 ?is body ( m9e4 ,9 ?is appropriation ( ! dea? & ris+ ( ! ,"l ,jesus1 ?is int]p5etration ( ! _s ( ,paul & t ( ,*ri/1 !re are ?ree /ages correspond+ to ! ,friday1 ,saturday1 & ,sunday ( ,ea/]tide4 ,*ri/ di$ = our s9s2 ,he 0 buri$2 ,he rose aga9 ! ?ird day3 s1 by consequ5ce1 ,i am crucifi$ ) ,*ri/2 no long] d ,i live2 ,*ri/ live? 9 me4 ,?is my/ic union ( ! s\l & its ,savi\r be>s fruit 9 ! activities ( outw>d life4 ,fai? is no m]e ab/ract & contemplative affection2 b a work+ en]gy1 dom9at+ & direct+ all our human faculties4 ,x makes ev5 ! fle% its in/rum5t1 :i* defi$ ! law ( ,god1 & betray$ ! man to ! bondage ( s9 & dea?4 ,!re is a note ( triumph 9 ! words1--! life ,i n[ live 9 ! fle%1 ,i live 9 fai?6 ,! impossible has be5 accompli%$4 ,! body ( dea? is possess$ by ! ,_s ( life 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus 7,rom4 vi4 #ab2 vii4 #bc-viii4 #a74 ,! fle%--! despair ( ! law--has become ! sanctifi$ vessel ( grace4 ,paul's entire !ology ( ,r$emption is conta9$ 9 ?is my/]y ( union ) ,*ri/4 ,! (fice ( ! ,holy ,_s1 ^: communion holds toge!r ! glorifi$ ,"l & ,8 memb]s ^u e>?1 is impli$ 9 ! tea*+ ( v]4 #bj4 ,?is is manife/1 :5 9 *4 iii4 #b-e we f9d ! believ]'s union ) ,*ri/ describ$ z receiv+ ! ,_s1 beg9n+ 9 ! ,_s2 & :5 a little lat] ! promise ( ! ,_s embraces ! ess5tial bless+s ( ! new life4#gc ,! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* is also "h4 ,= ^? 9 :om ,*ri/ dwells h !re9 a common life1 :i* kn[s no ,jew & ,greek2 all are "o man 9 ,him4#gd ,ju/ification & sanctification alike are "h2 ! =m] be+ ! realisation ( our %>e 9 ,*ri/'s propitiation = s91 ! latt] our p>ticipation 9 ,8 ris5 life1 sp5t to ,god4 ,f9ally1 ! resurrection to et]nal life & ! heav5ly glory ( ! sa9ts spr+ f _! pres5t fell[%ip ) ! ,r$eem]4 ,! ,_s t rais$ ,jesus f ! dead1 dwell+ 9 u1 %all raise our mortal body to %>e ) ! p]fect$ _s ,8 cele/ial life4 ,! resurrection ( ,*ri/ is ! e>ne/ ( t :i* all ,8 memb]s w atta91--nay1 ! mat]ial creation is to p>ticipate 9 ! glory ( ! sons ( ,god1 made l to ,him1 ! fir/born ( _m bre?r5 7,rom4 viii4 #aa1 #af-bc1 #bi1 #cj2 ,phil4 iii4 #bj1 #ba74 #gc ,*4 iii4 #ad2 iv4 #f1 #g2 v4 #e2 #a ,cor41 vi4 #ag1 #ai2 ,rom4 viii4 #i-af4 #gd ,*4 iii4 #bh2 ,col4 iii4 #aa2 ,rom4 xv4 #e-g4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 all ^! vital tru?s ,paul's gospel 0 trav]s$ by ! ,legalism c\nt5anc$ by ,pet] at ,antio*4 ,! ,judai/ic doctr9e /ruck directly1 if n av[$ly1 at ! cross1 ^: reproa* its promot]s s\ght to escape4 ,?is *>ge is ! climax ( ! ,apo/le's cont5tion aga9/ ,pet]1 & ! />t+-po9t ( 8 expo/ulation ) ! ,galatians 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,if righte\sness c\ld be obta9$ by way ( law1 !n ,*ri/ di$ = n\ght6 ,:at c\ld "o say worse ( any doctr9e or policy1 ?an t x l$ to ?is8 ,& if works ( law actually ju/ify m51 & circumcision is all[$ to make a diff]5ce betwe5 ,jew & ,greek be=e ,god1 ! pr9ciple ( legalism is admitt$1 & ! intol]able consequ5ce ensues :i* ,paul d5\nces4 ,:at did ,*ri/ die =1 if m5 are able to r$eem !mselves aft] ?is fa%ion8 ,h[ c any "o d>e to build up 9 face ( ! cross 8 paltry edifice ( self-wr\ght goodness1 & say by do+ s t ! expiation ( ,calv>y 0 sup]flu\s & t ,jesus ,*ri/ might h sp>$ ,himself all t tr\ble6 ,& s1 on ! "o h&1 ,legalism impugns ! grace ( ,god4 ,x puts human relations to ,god on ! foot+ ( a debtor & cr$itor acc\nt2 x claims = man a gr\nd = boa/+ 9 himself 7,rom4 iv4 #a-d71 & takes f ,god ! glory ( ,8 grace4 ,9 its devotion to /atute & ord9ance1 x misses ! s\l ( ob$i5ce--! love ( ,god1 only to be awak5$ by ! k ( ,8 love to u 7*4 v4 #ad2 #a ,john iv4 #g-aa74 ,x sacrifices ! ,fa!r 9 ,god to ! ,k+4 ,x =gets t tru/ is ! fir/ duty ( a rational creature t[>d 8 ,mak]1 t ! law ( fai? lies at ! basis ( all law = man4 ,on ! o!r h&1 & by ! same necessity1 ,legalism is fatal to ! spiritual life 9 man4 ,:il/ x cl\ds ! ,div9e "*1 x dw>fs & petrifies ! human4 ,:at becomes ( ! sublime my/]y ( ! life hid ) ,*ri/ 9 ,god1 if its exi/5ce is made cont+5t on circumcision & ritual p]=mance8 ,to m5 :o put meat & dr9k on a level ) righte\sness & peace & joy 9 ! ,holy ,gho/1 or 9 _! int]c\rse ) fell[-,*ri/ians set po9ts ( c]emony above ju/ice1 m]cy1 & fai?1 ! v idea ( a spiritual k+dom ( ,god is want+4 ,! religion ( ,jesus & ( ,paul reg5]ates ! he>t1 & f t c5tre regulates & hall[s ! :ole ongo+ ( life4 ,legalism gu>ds ! m\?1 ! h&s1 ! s5ses1 & imag9es t ?r\gh ^! x c drill ! man into ! ,div9e ord]4 ,! latt] !ory makes religion a me*anical sy/em2 ! =m] conceives x z an inw>d1 organic life4 ,,! ,,doctr9al ,,polemic4 ,,*ap4 iii4 #a-v4 #ab4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,galatian ,,folly4 ,o fooli% ,galatians1 :o did bewit* y1 be=e ^: eyes ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 op5ly set =? crucifi$8 ,?is only w\ld ,i le>n f y1 ,receiv$ ye ! ,_s by ! works ( ! law1 or by ! he>+ ( fai?8 ,are ye s fooli%8 hav+ begun 9 ! ,_s1 are ye n[ p]fect$ 9 ! fle%8 ,did ye suff] s _m ?+s 9 va98 if x be inde$ 9 va94 ,he !re=e t supplie? to y ! ,_s1 & worke? miracles among y1 doe? he x by ! works ( ! law1 or by ! he>+ ( fai?8--,,gal4 iii4 #a-e4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( *4 iii4 falls ! mo/ m>k$ division ( ?is ,epi/le4 ,s f>1 s9ce ! exordium1 its c\rse has be5 /rictly n>rative4 ,! ,apo/le has be5 giv+ 8 read]s to "k _m ?+s conc]n+ himself & 8 relations to ! ,judean ,*ur* ( :i* !y _h be5 ignorant or mis9=m$4 ,n[ ?is prelim9>y task is ov]4 ,f explanation & def5ce he passes sudd5ly to ! attack4 ,he turns %>ply r\nd ^u ! ,galatians1 & beg9s to ply !m ) expo/ulation & argum5t4 ,x is = _! sake t ,paul has be5 tell+ ?is /ory ( 8 pa/ c>e]4 ,9 ! light ( ! n>ration j conclud$1 !y w be able to see _! folly & to und]/& h[ mu* !y h be5 deceiv$4 ,"h also ! indignation s p[]fully express$ 9 ! ,introduction1 breaks =? aga91 direct$ ?is "t1 h[ev]1 aga9/ ! ,galatians !mselves & brea?+ grief m ?an ang]4 ,& j z aft] t =m] outbur/ ! lett] settl$ d[n into ! sob] fl[ ( n>rative1 s f ^! words ( reproa* ,paul passes on to ! measur$ c\rse ( argum5t :i* he pursues ?r\gh ! next two *apt]s4 ,9 *4 iv4 #h-bj1 & aga9 9 *4 v4 #a-ab1 doctr9e gives way to appeal & w>n+4 ,b ^! p>agraphs /ill belong to ! polemical division ( ! ,epi/le1 ext5d+ f ?is po9t to ! middle ( *4 v4 ,?is section =ms ! c5tral & pr9cipal "p ( ! lett]1 & is complete 9 itself4 ,its la/ words1 9 *4 v4 #f-ab1 w br+ u r\nd to ! position f :i* we are n[ sett+ out4 ,?is *apt] /&s1 nev]!less1 9 close connection ( ?\ght ) ! =ego+4 ,! ,apo/le's doctr9e is gr\nd$ 9 hi/orical fact & p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,! !ological argum5t has beh9d x ! weight ( 8 prov$ ,apo/le%ip4 ,! ,judai/ic dispute at ,antio*1 9 p>ticul>1 be>s imm$iately on ! subject-matt] ( ! ?ird *apt]4 ,pet]'s vacillation _h its c\nt]p>t 9 ! defection ( ! ,galatians4 ,! repro( & refutation :i* ! eld] ,apo/le br\ght ^u himself1 ,paul's read]s mu/ h felt1 t\*$ !m v ne>ly4 ,9 ! crafty intrigu]s :o made mis*ief at ,antio*1 !y c\ld see ! image ( ! ,judai/s :o _h come into _! mid/4 ,above all1 x 0 ! cross :i* ,cephas _h di%on\r$1 ^: efficacy he _h virtually d5i$4 ,8 act ( dissimulation1 pu%$ to its issue1 nullifi$ ! dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,?is is ! gravam5 ( ,paul's impea*m5t4 ,& x is ! f\ndation ( all 8 compla9ts aga9/ ! ,galatians4 ,r\nd ?is c5tre ! conflict is wag$4 ,by its t5d5cy to enhance or dim9i% ! glory ( ! ,savi\r's cross1 ,paul judges ( ! tru? ( e tea*+1 ! wor? ( e policy4 ,angel or ,apo/le1 x matt]s n--:oev] disp>ages ! cross ( ,jesus ,*ri/ f9ds 9 ,paul an unfl9*+ enemy4 ,! ?\ght ( ,*ri/ dy+ 9 va9 r\ses 9 him ! /rong emotion "u :i* he indites ! fir/ v]ses ( ?is *apt]4 ,:at great] folly1 :at /rang] bewit*m5t c !re be1 ?an = "o :o has se5 ,jesus ,*ri/ crucifi$ to turn away to "s o!r spectacle1 to seek else:]e a m pot5t & div9] *>m6 ,o s5seless ,galatians6 ,i4 ,"h !n 0 ! beg9n+ ( _! folly4 ,! ,galatians =got _! ,savi\r's cross4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ /ep 9 _! backslid+4 ,_h _! eyes cont9u$ to be fix$ on ,calv>y1 ! ,legali/s w\ld h argu$ & cajol$ 9 va94 ,let ! cross ( ,*ri/ once lose its spell = u1 let its influ5ce fail to hold & rule ! s\l1 & we are at ! m]cy ( e w9d ( doctr9e4 ,we are l sailors 9 a d>k night on a p]il\s coa/1 :o h lo/ sight ( ! ligh?\se beacon4 ,our ,*ri/ianity w g to pieces4 ,if ,*ri/ crucifi$ %\ld cease to be its sov]eign attraction1 f t mom5t ! ,*ur* is doom$4 ,?is =getfulness ( ! cross on ! "p ( ! ,galatians is ! m a/oni%+ to ,paul1 because at fir/ !y _h s vividly realis$ its p[]1 & ! sc5e ( ,calv>y1 z ,paul depict$ x1#ge _h tak5 hold ( _! nature ) extraord9>y =ce4 ,he 0 consci\s at ! "t--s 8 words seem to intimate--t x 0 giv5 him1 among/ ?is susceptible p1 to draw ! picture ) unwont$ effect4 ,! gaze ( 8 he>]s 0 rivett$ ^u ! sight4 ,x 0 z if ! ,"l ,jesus hung !re be=e _! eyes4 ,!y beheld ! ,div9e suff]]4 ,!y he>d ,8 cries ( di/ress & ( triumph4 ,!y felt ! load :i* cru%$ ,him4 ,nor 0 x _! sympa?ies alone & _! rev]5ce1 to :i* ! spectacle appeal$4 ,x /irr$ _! consci5ce to its dep?s4 ,x awak5$ feel+s ( inw>d humiliation & contrition1 ( horror at ! curse ( s91 ( angui% "u ! bitt]ness & blackness ( its dea?4 ,x 0 y1 ,paul w\ld say--y & ,i1 = :om ,he di$4 ,our s9s laid on ,him t ignom9y1 ^? agonies ( body & ( _s4 ,he di$ ! ,j = ! unju/1 t ,he might br+ u to ,god4 ,!y look$1 !y li/5$1 till _! he>ts 7 brok51 till all _! s9s cri$ out aga9/ !m2 & 9 a passion ( rep5tance !y ca/ !mselves be=e ! ,crucifi$1 & took ,him = _! ,*ri/ & ,k+4 ,f ! foot ( ! cross !y rose new m51 ) heav5's light ^u _! br[1 ) ! cry ,abba1 ,fa!r ris+ f _! lips1 ) ! ,_s ( ,god & ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! consci\sness ( a ,div9e son%ip1 fill+ _! brea/4 #ge ,! v]b 7op5ly set =?7 probably means pa9t$ up r ?an plac>d$4 ,?is m vivid mean+ belongs to 1 & !re is no suffici5t reason :y x %\ld n atta* to -4 ,x is entirely 9 place "h4 ,jesus ,*ri/ crucifi$ is n an ann\ncem5t to be made1 b an object to be del9eat$4 ,has all ?is pass$ away8 ,h ! ,galatians =gott5 ! %ame1 ! glory ( t h\r--! te>s ( p5it5ce1 ! cries ( joy & gratitude :i* ! vision ( ! cross drew f _! s\ls1 ! new creation x _h wr\ght )9 !m1 ! ard\r ( _s & high resolve ) :i* !y pl$g$ !mselves to ,*ri/'s s]vice8 ,0 ! influ5ce ( t trans=m+ exp]i5ce to prove no m endur+ ?an ! morn+ cl\d & e>ly dew8 ,fooli% ,galatians6 ,_h !y n ! wit to see t ! tea*+ ( ! ,legali/s ran c\nt] to all !y _h !n exp]i5c$1 t x made ! dea? ( ,*ri/ ( none effect1 :i* _h s mighty & sav+ an effect ^u !mselves8 ,7 !y s s5seless1 s b]eft ( reason & recollection8 ,! ,apo/le is amaz$4 ,he _c und]/& h[ impressions s p[]ful %\ld prove s transi5t1 & t tru?s ?us cle>ly p]ceiv$ & realis$ %\ld come to be =gott54 ,"s fatal spell has be5 ca/ ov] !m4 ,!y are bewit*$ to act z !y are do+4 ,a deadly fasc9ation1 l t ( ! evil eye1 has p>alyz$ _! m9ds4 ,! anci5t belief allud$ to 9 ! ^w ! ,apo/le uses "h1#gf is n altoge!r a sup]/ition4 ,! malignity t d>ts out 9 ! glance ( ! evil eye is a presage ( mis*ief4 ,n )\t reason does x cause a %udd]4 ,x is ! sign ( a demonic jeal\sy & hate4 ,satan has ent]$ into ! s\l :i* emits x1 z once into ,judas4 ,beh9d ! spite ( ! ,jewi% false bre?r5 ,paul recognis$ a pret]natural malice & cunn+1 l t ) :i* ! ,s]p5t beguil$ ,eve4#gg ,to ?is d>k] s\rce ( ! fasc9ation 8 "q1 ,:o ha? bewit*$ y8 appe>s to po9t4 #gf ,on see ! note 9 ,lightfoot's ,comm5t>y 9 loc42 also ,grimm's ,n4 ,t4 ,lexicon4 ,! ,scripture calle? envy an 'evil eye2' 444 s !re /ill seeme? to be ackn[l$g$ 9 ! act ( envy an ejaculation or irradiation ( ! eye4 ,envy ha? 9 x some?+ ( wit*craft4444 ,x is ! prop] attribute ( ! ,devil1 :o is call$ ',! envi\s man1 t s[e? t>es among ! :eat by night4'--7,"l ,bacon3 ,essay ix47 #gg ,comp4 #b ,cor4 xi4 #a-d1 a passage closely p>allel to ?is context1 conta9+ :at is express$ "h & 9 ,gal4 i4 #f1 #g2 iv4 #aa1 #ag1 #ah4 ,,ii4 ,los+ sight ( ! cross ( ,*ri/1 ! ,galatians 7 fur!rmore reject+ ! ,holy ,_s ( ,god4 ,?is heavy reproa* ! ,apo/les urges ^u 8 read]s ?r\gh ! re/ ( ! p>agraph1 paus+ only = a mom5t 9 v]4 #d to recall _! e>li] suff]+s = ,*ri/'s sake 9 fur!r witness aga9/ !m4 ,i h b "o "q to put to y1 he says--,y receiv$ ! ,_s3 h[ did t come ab\t8 ,0 x ?r\gh :at y did accord+ to law8 or :at y he>d 9 fai?8 ,y "k well t ?is great bless+ 0 giv5 to y\r fai?4 ,c y expect to reta9 ?is gift ( ,god on o!r t]ms ?an ^? on :i* y receiv$ x8 ,h y begun ) ! ,_s to be br\ght to p]fection by ! fle%8 7v]4 #c74444 ,nay1 ,god /ill be/[s on y ,8 ,_s1 ) gifts ( miracul\s en]gy2 & ,i ask aga91 :e!r ^! displays att5d on ! practice ( law-works1 or ^u fai?'s he>+8 7v]4 #e74 ,! ,apo/le wi%$ ! ,galatians to te/ ! compet+ doctr9es by _! effects4 ,! ,_s ( ,god _h put ,8 seal on ! ,apo/le's tea*+1 & on ! fai? ( 8 he>]s4 ,did any su* manife/ation accompany ! prea*+ ( ! ,legali/8 ,t is all he wants to "k4 ,8 cause mu/ /& or fall by ! demon/ration ( ! ,_s4 ,by signs & wond]s1 & div]se gifts ( ! ,holy ,_s1 ,god 0 wont to be> witness ) ! m9i/]s & witnesses ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 7,heb4 ii4 #c1 #d2 #a ,cor4 xii4 #d-aa73 0 ?is te/imony on ! side ( ,paul1 or ! ,circumcisioni/s8 ,did x su/a9 ! gospel ( ! grace ( ,god1 or ! o!r gospel ( ,legalism8 ,he1 ! ,_s ( tru?1 %all te/ify ( ,me1 ,*ri/ _h said2 & s ,john1 at ! end ( ! ,apo/olic age3 ,x is ! ,_s t be>e? witness1 because ! ,_s is tru?4 ,:5 ! ,galatians accept$ ! message ( ! cross proclaim$ by ,paul's lips1 ! ,holy ,_s fell on !m1 z on ! ,jewi% ,*ur* at ! ,p5teco/1 & ! ,g5tile believ]s 9 ! h\se ( ,cornelius 7,acts x4 #dd72 ! love ( ,god 0 p\r$ out 9 _! he>ts ?r\gh ! ,holy ,gho/ t 0 giv5 !m 7,rom v4 #e74 ,z a mighty1 ru%+ w9d ?is sup]natural influ5ce swept ?r\gh _! s\ls4 ,l fire f heav5 x k9dl$ 9 _! _s1 consum+ _! lu/s & vanities1 & fus+ _! nature into a new1 holy passion ( love to ,*ri/ & to ,god ! ,fa!r4 ,x broke f _! lips 9 ec/atic cries1 unkn[n to human spee*2 or mov$ !m to unutt]able groans & pangs ( int]cession 7,rom4 viii4 #bf74 ,!re 7 m5 9 ! ,galatian ,*ur*es on :om ! baptism ( ! ,_s conf]r$ besides miracul\s *>ismata1 sup]human p[]s ( insight & ( heal+4 ,^! gifts ,god cont9u$ to m9i/] among/ !m 7,god is unque/ionably ! ag5t 9 v]4 #e74 ,paul asks !m to obs]ve on :at conditions1 & to :om1 ^! extraord9>y gifts are di/ribut$4 ,= ! receiv+ ( ! ,_s 0 an infallible sign ( true ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,?is 0 ! v pro( :i* 9 ! fir/ in/ance _h conv9c$ ,pet] & ! ,judean ,*ur* t x 0 ,god's w to save ! ,g5tiles1 indep5d5tly ( ! ,mosaic law 7,acts xi4 #ae-ah74 ,receiv+ ! ,_s1 ! ,galatian believ]s knew t !y 7 ! sons ( ,god4 ,god s5t =? ! ,_s ( ,8 ,son into _! he>ts1 cry+1 ,abba1 ,fa!r 7*4 iv4 #f1 #g74 ,:5 ,paul speaks ( receiv+ ! ,_s1 x is ?is t he ?9ks ( mo/ ( all4 ,! miracul\s ph5om5a att5d+ ,8 visitations 7 facts ( va/ importance2 & _! occurr5ce is "o ( ! hi/orical c]ta9ties ( ! ,apo/olic age4 ,!y 7 signs1 conspicu\s1 impressive1 indisp5sable at ! "t--monum5ts set up = all "t4 ,b !y 7 9 _! nature v>iable & tempor>y4 ,!re are p[]s great] & m endur+ ?an ^!4 ,! ?+s t abide are fai?1 hope1 love2 love *iefe/ ( ! ?ree4 ,h5ce :5 ! ,apo/le 9 a lat] *apt] enum]ates ! qualities t g to make up ! fruit ( ! ,_s1 he says no?+ ( tongues or prophecies1 or gifts ( heal+2 he beg9s ) love4 ,wond]-work+ p[]s _h _! times & seasons1 _! peculi> organs2 b e believ] 9 ,*ri/--:e!r ,jew or ,greek1 primitive or m$ival or mod]n ,*ri/ian1 ! heir ( sixty g5]ations ( fai? or ! late/ conv]t f hea!nism--jo9s 9 ! te/imony1 ,! love ( ,god is %$ abroad 9 our he>t by ! ,holy ,gho/ giv5 unto u4 ,?is m>k ( ,god's indwell+ ,_s ! ,galatians _h possess$4 ,!y 7 sons ( ,god ?r\gh fai? 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus 7*4 iii4 #bf74 ,& ) ! filial title !y _h receiv$ ! filial nature4 ,!y 7 taught ( ,god to love "o ano!r4 ,be+ sons ( ,god 9 ,*ri/1 !y 7 also heirs 7*4 iv4 #g2 ,rom viii4 #ag74 ,!y possess$ ! e>ne/ ( ! heav5ly inh]itance 7,eph4 i4 #ad71 ! pl$ge ( _! bodily r$emption 7,rom4 viii4 #aj-bc71 & ( et]nal life 9 ! fell[%ip ( ,*ri/4 ,9 _! initial exp]i5ce ( ! salvation :i* is 9 ,jesus ,*ri/ !y _h ! =eta/e ( its et]nal glory1 ( ! grace belong+ to !m t love our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 :i* is 9 incorruption4#gh #gh #b ,tim4 ii4 #aj2 ,eph4 vi4 #bd 7 is incorruption ev]y:]e else 9 ,paul3 :y n "h87 ,no legal condition 0 laid d[n at ?is beg9n+ ( _! ,*ri/ian life2 no "w ( any k9d int]pos$ betwe5 ! belief ( ! he>t & ! consci\s reception ( ! new life 9 ,*ri/4 ,ev5 _! baptism1 significant & memorable z x 01 _h n be5 requir$ z 9 itself a precondition ( salvation4 ,sometimes aft] baptism1 b (t5--z 9 ! case ( ,cornelius' h\sehold--be=e ! rite 0 adm9i/]$1 ! ,holy ,gho/ fell on believ+ s\ls 7,acts x4 #dd-dh2 xi4 #ae1 #af74 ,!y confess$ ) _! m\? ! ,"l ,jesus2 !y believ$ 9 _! he>ts t ,god _h rais$ ,him f ! dead1--& !y 7 sav$4 ,baptism is1 z ,paul's tea*+ else:]e %[s1#gi ! expression1 n ! m$ium--! symbol1 & n ! cause1 ( ! new bir? :i* x might prec$e or foll[4 ,! ,ca?olic doctr9e ( ! opus op]atum 9 ! sacram5ts is radically anti-,paul9e2 x is ,judaism ov] aga94 ,! process by :i* ! ,galatians became ,*ri/ians 0 ess5tially spiritual4 ,!y _h begun 9 ! ,_s4 #gi ,*4 iii4 #bf1 #bg2 ,rom4 vi4 #b-d2 ,col4 ii4 #aa-ac2 ,tit4 iii4 #e4 ,& s !y mu/ cont9ue4 ,to beg9 9 ! ,_s1 & !n look = p]fection to ! fle%1 to suppose t ! "w ( fai? & love 0 to be consummat$ by ,ph>isaic ord9ances1 t ,moses c\ld lead !m high] ?an ,*ri/1 & circumcision effect = !m :at ! p[] ( ! ,holy ,gho/ fail$ to d--?is 0 ! height ( unreason4 ,are y s s5seless8 ! ,apo/le asks4 ,he dwells on ?is absurdity1 press+ home 8 expo/ulation ) an emphasis t %[s he is t\*+ ! c5tre ( ! controv]sy betwe5 himself & ! ,judaiz]s4 ,!y admitt$1 z we h %[n 9 ,*apt] ,,ix41 t ,g5tiles might ent] ! k+dom ( ,god ?r\gh fai? & by ! baptism ( ! ,_s4 ,?is 0 settl$ at ! ,c\ncil ( ,j]usalem4 ,)\t a =mal acceptance ( ?is evangelical pr9ciple1 we d n see h[ ! ,legali/s c\ld aga9 h f\nd entrance into ,g5tile ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es1 mu* less h c>ri$ ,pet] & ,b>nabas & ! lib]al ,jews ( ,antio* ) !m1 z !y did4 ,!y no long] attempt$ to d5y salvation to ! uncircumcis$2 b !y claim$ = ! circumcis$ a m complete salvation1 & a high] /atus 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,yes1 ,paul has laid ! f\ndation1 !y w\ld say2 n[ we h come to p]fect 8 "w1 to give y ! m advanc$ in/ruction1 d]iv$ f ! f\nta9-head ( ,*ri/ian k1 f ! fir/ ,apo/les 9 ,j]usalem4 ,if y w\ld be p]fect1 keep ! comm&m5ts2 be circumcis$1 l ,*ri/ & ,8 disciples1 & obs]ve ! law ( ,moses4 ,if y be circumcis$1 ,*ri/ w pr(it y mu* m ?an hi!rto2 & y w inh]it all ! bless+s promis$ 9 ,him to ! *ildr5 ( ,abraham4 ,su* 0 ! /yle ( p]suasion employ$ by ! ,judaiz]s4 ,x 0 well calculat$ to deceive ,jewi% believ]s1 ev5 ^? be/ affect$ to _! ,g5tile bre?r54 ,x appe>$ to ma9ta9 ! prescriptive rights ( ,judaism & to satisfy legitimate national pride1 )\t exclud+ ! ,g5tiles f ! fold ( ,*ri/4 ,nor is x difficult to und]/& ! spell :i* ! circumcisioni/ doctr9e ex]t$ ov] susceptible ,g5tile m9ds1 aft] "s ye>s ( ,*ri/ian tra9+1 ( famili>ity ) ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,israel4 ,:o is !re t does n feel ! *>m ( anci5t memories & illu/ri\s names8 ,_m a noble m9d is at ?is pres5t "t bewit*$1 _m a gift$ & pi\s _s is c>ri$ away by influ5ces precisely simil>4 ,apo/olical succession1 patri/ic usage1 ca?olic tradition1 ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*--:at words ( p[] are ^!6 ,h[ wilful & arbitr>y x appe>s to rely ^u any pres5t exp]i5ce ( ! grace ( ,god1 ^u "o's own read+ ( ! gospel ( ,*ri/1 9 contradiction to claims advanc$ "u ! patronage ( s _m rev]$ & "t-hon\r$ names4 ,! man1 or ! community1 mu/ be deeply consci\s ( hav+ receiv$ ! ,_s1 t c feel ! =ce ( attractions ( ?is nature1 & yet )/& !m4 ,x requires a cle> view ( ! cross ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 an absolute fai? 9 ! supremacy ( spiritual pr9ciples to enable "o to resi/ ! fasc9ations ( c]emonialism & tradition4 ,!y (f] u a m ornate wor%ip1 a m ref9$ type ( piety1 consecrat$ by antiquity2 !y invite u to ent] a select] circle1 & to place ourselves on a high] level ?an t ( ! vulg> religionism ( fai? & feel+4 ,x is ! ,galatian p]suasion ov] aga94 ,c]emony1 antiquity1 ecclesia/ical au?ority are aft] all poor sub/itutes = fai? & love4 ,if !y come betwe5 u & ! liv+ ,*ri/1 if !y limit & di%on\r ! "w ( ,8 ,_s1 we h a "r to say1 & we w say ) ! ,apo/le ,paul1 ,away ) !m6 ,! m5 ( tradition are well cont5t t we %\ld beg9 9 ! ,_s1 provid$ !y may h ! f9i%+ ( our fai?4 ,to prey ^u ! ,paul9e ,*ur*es is _! anci5t & natural habit4 ,an evangelical beg9n+ is too (t5 foll[$ by a rituali/ic end+4 ,& ,paul is ev] begett+ spiritual *ildr51 to see himself robb$ ( !m by ^! bewit*+ ,judaiz]s4 ,o fooli% ,galatians1 he seems /ill to be say+1 ,:at is x t *>ms y s mu* 9 all ?is ritual & ext]nalism8 ,does x br+ y ne>] to ! cross ( ,*ri/8 ,does x give y m ( ,8 ,_s8 ,is x a spiritual satisfaction t y f9d 9 ^! works ( ,*ur* law1 ^! prie/ly ord9ances & p]=mances8 ,h[ c ! sons ( ,god return to su* *ildi% rudim5ts8 ,:y %\ld a religion :i* began s spiritually seek its p]fection by means s =mal & me*anical8 ,! conflict :i* ?is ,epi/le signalis$ is "o t has nev] ceas$4 ,its elem5ts belong to human nature4 ,x is ! conte/ betwe5 ! religion ( ! ,_s & t ( ! lett]1 betwe5 ! spontaneity ( p]sonal fai? & ! rights ( usage & prescription4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* is l>gely ! record ( ?is incessant /ruggle4 ,9 e ,*ri/ian community1 9 e e>ne/ & dev\t _s1 x is repeat$ 9 "s new phase4 ,:5 ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! second & ?ird c5turies began to write ab\t ! new law & to id5tify ! ,*ri/ian m9i/ry ) ! ,a>onic prie/hood1 x 0 evid5t t ,legalism 0 rega9+ its asc5dancy4 ,already ! f\ndations 7 laid ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*-sy/em1 :i* culm9at$ 9 ! ,papacy ( ,rome4 ,:at ,paul's oppon5ts s\ght to d by means ( circumcision & ,jewi% pr]ogatives1 t ! ,ca?olic legali/s h done1 on a l>g] scale1 ?r\gh ! claims ( ! prie/hood & ! sacram5tal (fices4 ,! spiritual functions ( ! private ,*ri/ian1 "o aft] ano!r1 7 usurp$ or c>elessly ab&on$4 ,/ep by /ep ! hi]>*y int]pos$ itself betwe5 ,*ri/ & ,8 p's s\ls1 till its m$iation became ! sole *annel & organ ( ! ,holy ,_s's influ5ce4 ,s x has come to pass1 by a /range irony ( hi/ory1 t "u ! =ms ( ,paul9e doctr9e & 9 ! "n ( ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles jo9$ ) t ( ,pet]1 ca?olic ,*ri/5dom1 deliv]$ by him f ! ,jewi% yoke1 has be5 entangl$ 9 a bondage 9 "s respects ev5 heavi] & m repressive4 ,if tradition & prescription are to regulate our ,*ri/ian belief1 !y lead u infallibly to ,rome1 z !y w\ld h lead ! ,galatians to p]i%+ ,j]usalem4 ,,iii4 ,paul said he _h b "o "q to ask 8 read]s1 t :i* we h already discuss$4 ,& yet he does put to !m1 by way ( p>5!sis1 ano!r 7v]4 #d71 sugge/$ by :at he has already call$ to m9d1 t\*+ ! beg9n+ ( _! ,*ri/ian c\rse3 ,h ye suff]$ s _m ?+s 9 va98 ,_! folly 0 ! great] 9 t x ?reat5$ to deprive !m ( ! fruit ( _! pa/ suff]+s 9 ! cause ( ,*ri/4 ,! ,apo/le does n say ?is )\t a t\* ( s(t5$ feel+4 ,rememb]+ ! trials ^! ,galatians _h =m]ly endur$1 ! sacrifices !y _h made 9 accept+ ! gospel1 he _c be> to ?9k ( _! apo/asy4 ,hope breaks ?r\gh 8 fe>1 grief passes into t5d]ness z he adds1 ,if x be inde$ 9 va94 ,! l9k ( rem9isc5ce connect+ vv4 #c & #d is ! same z t we f9d 9 #a ,!ss4 i4 #f3 ,ye receiv$ ! ^w 9 mu* affliction1 ) joy ( ! ,holy ,gho/4#hj #hj ,comp4 #b ,!ss4 i4 #d-f2 ,ph4 i4 #bh-cj2 ,rom4 viii4 #ag2 #b ,tim4 i4 #h4 ,we ne$ n seek = any peculi> cause ( ^! suff]+s2 nor wond] t ! ,apo/le does n m5tion !m else:]e4 ,e infant ,*ur* _h its baptism ( p]secution4 ,no "o c\ld come out ( hea!n society & esp\se ! cause ( ,jesus1 )\t mak+ himself a m>k = ridicule & viol5ce1 )\t ! rupture ( family & public ties1 & _m pa9ful sacrifices4 ,! hatr$ ( ,paul's fell[-c\ntrym5 t[>ds him 0 an additional cause ( p]secution to ! ,*ur*es he _h f\nd$4 ,!y 7 foll[]s ( ! crucifi$ ,naz>5e1 ( ! apo/ate ,saul4 ,& !y _h to suff] = x4 ,) ! joy ( _! new life 9 ,*ri/1 !re _h come %>p pangs ( loss & grief1 he>t-w\nds deep & la/+4 ,?is slight allusion suffici5tly rem9ds ! ,apo/le's read]s ( :at !y _h pass$ ?r\gh at ! "t ( _! conv]sion4 ,& n[ 7 !y go+ to surr5d] ! fai? won by su* a /ruggle8 ,w\ld !y let !mselves be *eat$ ( bless+s :i* _h co/ !m s de>8 ,s _m ?+s1 he asks1 did y suff] 9 va98 ,he w n believe x4 ,he _c ?9k t ?is brave beg9n+ w h s mean an end+4 ,if ,god c\nts !m wor?y ( ,8 k+dom = :i* !y suff]$1 let !m n deem !mselves unwor?y4 ,surely !y h n escap$ f ! tyranny ( hea!nism1 9 ord] to yield up _! lib]ties to ,jewi% intrigue1 to ! coz5age ( false bre?r5 :o seek to exalt !mselves at _! exp5se 7*4 ii4 #d2 iv4 #ag2 vi4 #ab1 #ac74 ,w flatt]y beguile f !m ! treasure to :i* p]secution _h made !m cl+ ! m closely8 ,too (t51 alas1 ! ,galatian defection is repeat$4 ,! g5]\s devotion ( y\? is foll[$ by ! le?>gy & =malism ( a prosp]\s age2 & ! man :o at tw5ty-five 0 a patt]n ( godly zeal1 at fifty is a f9i%$ worldl+4 ,! ,*ri/ :om he ador$1 ! cross at :i* he b[$ 9 ^? e>ly days--he seldom ?9ks ( !m n[4 ,i rememb] !e1 ! k9dness ( ?y y\?1 ! love ( ?9e esp\sals2 h[ ?\ w5te/ aft] ,me 9 ! wild]ness4 ,success has spoil$ him4 ,! _w's glam\r has bewit*$ him4 ,he bids fair to end 9 ! fle%4 ,9 a broad] s5se1 ! ,apo/le's "q addresses itself to ,*ur*es & communities untrue to ! spiritual pr9ciples t gave !m bir?4 ,! fai? ( ! primitive ,*ur*1 t endur$ ?ree c5turies ( p]secution1 yield$ its purity to ,imp]ial bl&i%m5ts4 ,our fa!rs1 ,puritan & ,scotti%1 /ak$ _! lives = ! cr[n-rights ( ,jesus ,*ri/ & ! fre$om ( fai?4 ,?r\gh g5]ations !y endur$ social & civil o/racism 9 ! cause ( religi\s lib]ty4 ,& n[ t ! battle is won1 !re are ^? among/ _! *ildr5 :o sc>cely c>e to "k :at ! /ruggle 0 ab\t4 ,out ( indol5ce ( m9d or vanity ( scepticism1 !y ab&on at ! bidd+ ( prie/ or sophi/ ! spiritual h]itage bequea!d to !m4 ,did !y !n suff] s _m ?+s 9 va98 ,0 x an illusion t su/a9$ ^? h]oic s\ls1 & enabl$ !m to /op ! m\?s ( lions & subdue k+doms8 ,0 x = n\ght t s _m ( ,*ri/'s witnesses 9 ^! realms s9ce ! ,re=mation days h suff]$ ! loss ( all ?+s r ?an yield by subjection to a usurp+ & worldly prie/hood8 ,& c we1 reap+ ! fruit ( _! fai? & c\rage1 af=d 9 ^! alt]$ times to disp5se ) ! pr9ciples ^: ma9t5ance co/ our =efa!rs s de> a price8 ,o fooli% ,galatians1 ,paul 9 t case might well say to u aga96 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,abraham',s ,,bless+ ,,& ,,! ,,law',s ,,curse4 ,ev5 z ,abraham believ$ ,god1 & x 0 reckon$ unto him = righte\sness4 ,"k !re=e t !y :i* be ( fai?1 ! same are sons ( ,abraham4 ,& ! scripture1 =esee+ t ,god ju/ifie? ! ,g5tiles by fai?1 prea*$ ! gospel be=eh& unto ,abraham1 say+1 ,9 !e %all all ! nations be bless$4 ,s !n !y :i* be ( fai? are bless$ ) ! fai?ful ,abraham4 ,= z _m z are ( ! works ( ! law are "u a curse3 = x is writt51 ,curs$ is e "o :i* cont9ue? n 9 all ?+s t are writt5 9 ! book ( ! law1 to d !m4 ,n[ t no man is ju/ifi$ 9 ! law 9 ! sight ( ,god1 is evid5t3 =1 ,! righte\s %all live by fai?2 & ! law is n ( fai?2 b1 ,he t doe? !m %all live 9 !m4 ,*ri/ r$eem$ u f ! curse ( ! law1 hav+ become a curse = u3 = x is writt51 ,curs$ is e "o t hange? on a tree3 t ^u ! ,g5tiles might come ! bless+ ( ,abraham 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus2 t we might receive ! promise ( ! ,_s ?r\gh fai?4--,,gal4 iii4 #f-ad4 ,fai? !n1 we h le>nt1 n works ( law1 0 ! condition on :i* ! ,galatians receiv$ ! ,_s ( ,*ri/4 ,by ?is gate !y ent]$ ! ,*ur* ( ,god1 & _h come into possession ( ! spiritual bless+s common to all ,*ri/ian believ]s1 & ( ^? extraord9>y gifts ( grace :i* m>k$ ! ,apo/olic days4 ,9 ?is mode ( salvation1 ! ,apo/le goes on to %[1 !re 0 aft] all no?+ new4 ,! righte\sness ( fai? is m anci5t ?an legalism4 ,x is z old z ,abraham4 ,8 religion re/$ on ?is gr\nd4 ,! promise ( ! ,_s1 held by him 9 tru/ = ! _w1 0 giv5 to 8 fai?4 ,y receiv$ ! ,_s1 ,god works 9 y ,8 m>vell\s p[]s1 by ! he>+ ( fai?--ev5 z ,abraham believ$ ,god1 & x 0 reckon$ to him = righte\sness4 ,9 ! ho>y patri>*al days z n[1 9 ! "t ( promise z ( fulfilm5t1 fai? is ! root ( religion2 grace invites1 righte\sness waits ^u ! he>+ ( fai?4 ,s ,paul decl>es 9 vv4 #f-i1 & re-affirms ) emphasis 9 v]4 #ad4 ,! int]v5+ s5t5ces set =? by contra/ ! curse t hangs ov] ! man :o seeks salvation by way ( law & p]sonal m]it4 ,?us ! two /&+ types ( religion1 ! two ways by :i* m5 seek salvation1 are put 9 contra/ ) ea* o!r--fai? ) its bless+1 law ) its curse4 ,! =m] is ! pa? on :i* ! ,galatians _h ent]$1 "u ! guidance ( ,paul2 ! latt]1 t to :i* ! ,judaic tea*]s 7 lead+ !m4 ,s f> ! two pr9ciples /& only 9 antagonism4 ,! ant9omy w be resolv$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! *apt]4 ,b :y does ,paul make s mu* ( ! fai? ( ,abraham8 ,n only because x furni%$ him ) a tell+ illu/ration1 or because ! words ( ,g54 xv4 #f suppli$ a decisive pro(-text = 8 doctr9e3 he c\ld n well h *os5 any o!r gr\nd4 ,abraham's case 0 ! in/antia probans 9 ?is debate4 ,we are ,abraham's se$3#ha ?is 0 ! pr\d consci\sness t swell$ e ,jewi% brea/4 ,abraham's bosom 0 ! ,israelite's heav53 ev5 9 ,hades 8 guilty sons c\ld claim pity f ,fa!r ,abraham 7,luke xvi4 #ai-ca74 ,9 ! use ( ?is title 0 conc5trat$ all ! !ocratic pride & national bigotry ( ! ,jewi% race4 ,to ! example ( ,abraham ! ,judai/ic tea*] w\ld n fail to appeal4 ,he w\ld tell ! ,galatians h[ ! patri>* 0 call$1 l !mselves1 out ( ! hea!n _w to ! k ( ! true ,god2 h[ he 0 sep>at$ f 8 ,g5tile k9dr$1 & receiv$ ! m>k ( circumcision to be worn !nce=? by all :o foll[$ 9 8 /eps1 & :o s\ght ! fulfilm5t ( ! promise grant$ to ,abraham & 8 se$4 #ha ,matt4 iii4 #i2 ,john viii4 #cc-ei4 ,! ,apo/le holds1 z /rongly z any ,judai/1 t ! promise belongs to ! *ildr5 ( ,abraham4 ,b :at makes a son ( ,abraham8 ,bir?1 true ,jewi% blood1 ( c\rse1 repli$ ! ,judai/4 ,! ,g5tile1 9 8 view1 c\ld only come into a %>e ( ! h]itage by receiv+ circumcision1 ! m>k ( legal adoption & incorporation4 ,paul answ]s ?is "q by rais+ ano!r4 ,:at 0 x t br\ght ,abraham 8 bless+8 ,to :at did he owe 8 righte\sness8 ,x 0 fai?3 s ,scripture decl>es--,abraham believ$ ,god4 ,righte\sness1 cov5ant1 promise1 bless+--all turn$ ^u ?is4 ,& ! true sons ( ,abraham are ^? :o are l him3 ,"k !n t ! m5 ( fai?1 ^! are ,abraham's sons4 ,?is decl>ation is a bl[1 laun*$ ) /udi$ effect full 9 ! face ( ,jewi% privilege4 ,only a ,ph>isee1 only a ,rabbi1 knew h[ to w\nd 9 ?is fa%ion4 ,l ! words ( ,/eph5's def5ce1 su* s5t5ces z ^! /ung ,judaic pride to ! quick4 ,no wond] t 8 fell[-c\ntrym51 9 _! fi]ce fanaticism ( race1 pursu$ ,paul ) burn+ hate & set a m>k ^u 8 life4 ,b ! id5tity ( ,abraham's bless+ ) t enjoy$ by ,g5tile ,*ri/ians is n left to re/ on m]e inf]5ce & analogy ( pr9ciple4 ,ano!r quotation cl9*es ! argum5t3 ,9 !e1 ,god promis$ to ! patri>*1 %all be bless$--n ! natural se$1 n ! circumcis$ alone--b all ! nations 7,g5tiles76#hb ,& ! ,scripture said ?is1 =esee+ :at is n[ tak+ place1 namely1 t ,god ju/ifie? ! ,g5tiles by fai?4 ,s t 9 giv+ ?is promise to ,abraham x gave him 8 gospel be=e ! "t 774 ,good news inde$ x 0 to ! noble patri>*1 t all ! nations--( :om z a wide travell] he knew s mu*1 & ov] ^: condition he d\btless griev$--7 f9ally to be bless$ ) ! light ( fai? & ! k ( ! true ,god2 & ?us bless$ ?r\gh himself4 ,9 ?is prospect he rejoic$ to see ,*ri/'s day2 nay ! ,savi\r tells u1 l ,moses & ,elijah1 he saw x & 0 glad4 ,up to ?is po9t 9 ,abraham's hi/ory1 z ,paul's read]s w\ld obs]ve1 !re 0 no m5tion ( circumcision or legal requirem5t 7v]4 #ag2 ,rom4 iv4 #i-ac74 ,x 0 on purely evangelical pr9ciples1 by a decl>ation ( ,god's grace li/5$ to 9 ?ankful fai?1 t he _h receiv$ ! promise :i* l9k$ him to ! univ]sal ,*ur* & entitl$ e true believ] to call him fa!r4 ,s t ! m5 ( fai? are bless$1 along ) fai?ful ,abraham4 #hb ,g54 xii4 #c3 ! fir/ promise to ,abraham4 ,9 ?is text ! ,hebrew & ! ,greek 7,,lxx7 say1 ,all ! tribes 7families7 ( ! e>?4 ,! synonym\s 1 ) its special ,jewi% connotation1 suit$ ,paul's purpose bett]2 & x is us$ 9 ! repetition ( ! promise 9 ,g54 xviii4 #ah4 ,i4 ,:at !n1 we ask1 0 ! nature ( ,abraham's bless+8 ,9 its ess5ce1 x 0 righte\sness4 ,! bless+ ( vv4 #i & #ad is synonym\s ) ! ju/ification ( vv4 #f & #h1 embrac+ ) x all its fruits & consequ5ces4 ,no high] b5$iction c\ld come to any man ?an t ,god %\ld c\nt him righte\s4 ,paul & ! ,legali/s agre$ 9 designat+ righte\sness be=e ,god man's *ief good4 ,b !y & he int5d$ diff]5t ?+s by x4 ,nay1 ,paul's conception ( righte\sness1 x is said1 diff]$ radically f t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ev5 ( 8 companion writ]s 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,confess$ly1 8 doctr9e pres5ts ?is idea "u a peculi> aspect4 ,b !re is a spiritual id5tity1 a common basis ( tru?1 9 all ! ,biblical tea*+ on ?is vital subject4 ,abraham's righte\sness 0 ! /ate ( a man :o tru/fully accepts ,god's ^w ( grace1 & is !reby set "r ) ,god1 & put 9 ! way ( be+ & do+ "r !nce=w>d4 ,9 virtue ( 8 fai?1 ,god reg>d$ & dealt ) ,abraham z a righte\s man4 ,righte\sness ( "* spr+s out ( righte\sness ( /&+4 ,god makes a man righte\s by c\nt+ him s6 ,?is is ! ,div9e p>adox ( ,ju/ification by ,fai?4 ,:5 ! ,hebrew au?or says1 ,god c\nt$ x to him = righte\sness1 he does n mean 9 lieu ( righte\sness1 z ?\gh fai? 7 a sub/itute = a righte\sness n =?com+ & n[ r5d]$ sup]flu\s2 b s z to am\nt to righte\sness1 ) a view to righte\sness4 ,?is reckon+ is ! sov]eign act ( ! ,creator1 :o gives :at ,he dem&s1 :o make? alive ! dead1 & calle? ! ?+s t are n z ?\gh !y 7 7,rom4 iv4 #ag-bb74 ,he sees ! fruit 9 ! g]m4 ,!re is no?+ arbitr>y1 or m]ely =5sic 9 ?is imputation4 ,fai? is1 = su* a be+ z man1 ! spr+ ( all righte\sness be=e ,god1 ! "o act ( ! s\l :i* is prim>ily & supremely "r4 ,:at is m j ?an t ! creature %\ld tru/ 8 ,creator1 ! *ild 8 ,fa!r8 ,"h is ! root ( all "r und]/&+ & "r relations betwe5 m5 & ,god--t :i* gives ,god1 s to speak1 a moral hold ^u u4 ,& by ?is tru/ ( ! he>t1 yield+ itself 9 ! ob$i5ce ( fai? to its ,"l & ,r$eem]1 x comes into communion ) all ^? en]gies & purposes 9 ,him :i* make = righte\sness4 ,h5ce f fir/ to la/1 alike 9 ! e>li] & lat] /ages ( revelation1 man's righte\sness is n 8 own2 x is ! righte\sness t is ( ,god1 bas$ ^u fai? 7,phil4 iii4 #i74 ,fai? unites u to ! s\rce ( righte\sness1 f :i* unbelief sev]s u4 ,s t ,paul's tea*+ leads u to ! f\nta9-head1 :ile o!r ,biblical tea*]s = ! mo/ "p guide u along ! c\rse ( ! same ,div9e righte\sness = man4 ,8 doctr9e is requir$ by !irs2 _! doctr9e is impli$1 & inde$ m ?an once expressly /at$1 9 84#hc #hc ,rom4 viii4 #d2 #a ,cor4 vi4 #i2 ,eph4 v4 #i2 ,tit4 ii4 #ab-ad2 etc4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t deals ) ! mat]ials ( "*1 ) ! qualities & behavi\r con/itut+ a righte\s man1 m ?an ) ! cause or process t makes him righte\s4 ,all ! m significant !re=e are su* pron\ncem5ts z t ( ,g54 xv4 #f1 & ! say+ ( ,hab4 ii4 #d1 ,paul's o!r lead+ quotation on ?is subject4 ,?is second ref]5ce1 tak5 f ! times ( ,israel's decl5sion1 a ?\s& ye>s & m aft] ,abraham1 gives pro( ( ! vitality ( ! righte\sness ( fai?4 ,! haughty1 s5sual ,*aldean is ma/] ( ! e>?4 ,k+dom aft] k+dom he has trampl$ d[n4 ,judah lies at 8 m]cy1 & has no m]cy to expect4 ,b ! prophet looks beyond ! /orm & ru9 ( ! "t4 ,art ,?\ n f ev]la/+1 my ,god1 my ,holy ,"o8 ,we %all n die 7,hab4 i4 #ab74 ,! fai? ( ,abraham lives 9 8 brea/4 ,! p 9 :om t fai? is _c die4 ,:ile empires fall1 & races are swept away 9 ! flood ( conque/1 ,! j %all live by 8 fai?4#hd ,if fai? is se5 "h at a diff]5t po9t f t giv5 be=e1 x is /ill ! same fai? ( ,abraham1 ! grasp ( ! s\l ^u ! ,div9e ^w--!re fir/ evok$1 "h /eadfa/ly ma9ta9$1 !re & "h ! "o gr\nd ( righte\sness1 & !re=e ( life1 = man or = p4 ,habakkuk & ! remnant ( 8 day 7 bless$ ) fai?ful ,abraham2 h[ bless$1 8 spl5did prophecy %[s4 ,righte\sness is ( fai?2 life ( righte\sness3 ?is is ! doctr9e ( ,paul1 witness$ to by law & prophets4 #hd ,( fai? qualifies live 9 ! ,hebrew ( ! prophet1 & 9 ! ,,lxx1 also 9 ! quotation ( ,heb4 x4 #ch4 ,! presumption is t x does s 9 ,rom4 i4 #ag1 & ,gal4 iii4 #aa4 ,we c see no suffici5t reason 9 ^! passages to ! contr>y4 ,into :at a life ( bless+ ! righte\sness ( fai? introduc$ fai?ful ,abraham1 ^! ,galatian /ud5ts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t v well knew4 ,twice#he is he designat$ ! fri5d ( ,god4 ,! ,arabs /ill call him el khalil1--! fri5d4 ,8 image has impress$ itself ) s+ul> =ce on ! ,ori5tal m9d4 ,he is ! noble/ figure ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 surpass+ ,isaac 9 =ce1 ,jacob 9 purity1 & bo? 9 dignity ( "*4 ,! man to :om ,god said1 ,fe> n1 ,abraham3 ,i am ?y %ield & ?y exce$+ great rew>d2 & aga91 ,i am ,god ,almighty2 walk be=e me1 & be ?\ p]fect3 on h[ l(ty a plat=m ( spiritual em95ce 0 he set6 ,! sc5e ( ,g54 xviii4 ?r[s into /rik+ relief ! greatness ( ,abraham1 ! greatness ( our human nature 9 him2 :5 ! ,"l says1 ,%all ,i hide f ,abraham ! ?+ t ,i d8 & all[s him to make 8 bold int]cession = ! guilty cities ( ! ,pla94 ,ev5 ! trial to :i* ! patri>* 0 subject$ 9 ! sacrifice ( ,isaac1 0 a s+ul> hon\r1 done to "o ^: fai? 0 c\nt$ wor?y to endure ?is unexampl$ /ra94 ,8 religion exhibits an h]oic /r5g? & firmness1 b at ! same "t a l>ge-he>t$1 g5ial humanity1 an elevation & s]5ity ( m9d1 to :i* ! temp] ( ^? :o boa/$ !mselves 8 *ildr5 0 utt]ly oppos$4 ,fa!r ( ! ,jewi% race1 ,abraham 0 no ,jew4 ,he /&s be=e u 9 ! morn+ light ( revelation a simple1 noble1 ar*aic type ( man1 true fa!r ( _m nations4 ,& 8 fai? 0 ! secret ( ! greatness :i* has comm&$ = him ! rev]5ce ( f\r ?\s& ye>s4 ,8 tru/ 9 ,god made him wor?y to receive s imm5se a tru/ = ! future ( mank9d4 #he #b ,*ron4 xx4 #g2 ,isai4 xli4 #h2 comp4 ,jas4 ii4 #bc4 ,) ,abraham's fai?1 ! ,g5tiles inh]it 8 bless+4 ,!y 7 n simply bless$ 9 him1 ?r\gh 8 fai? :i* receiv$ & h&$ d[n ! bless+1--b bless$ ) him4 ,_! righte\sness re/s on ! same pr9ciple z 84 ,religion rev]ts to its e>li] pur] type4 ,j z 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews ,mel*iz$ek's prie/hood is adduc$ z belong+ to a m ,*ri/like ord]1 antec$5t to & und]ly+ ! ,a>onic2 s we f9d "h1 b5ea? ! cumbr\s /ructure ( legalism1 ! evid5ce ( a primitive religi\s life1 ca/ 9 a l>g] m\ld1 ) a happi] /yle ( exp]i5ce1 a piety broad]1 fre]1 at once m spiritual & m human4 ,read+ ! /ory ( ,abraham1 we witness ! bright dawn ( fai?1 its spr+-"t ( promise & ( hope4 ,^! morn+ h\rs pass$ away2 & ! sacr$ hi/ory %uts u 9 to ! h>d s*ool ( ,mosaism1 ) its isolation1 its me*anical r\t9e & ritual drap]y1 its yoke ( legal exaction ev] gr[+ m burd5some4 ,( all ?is ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ 0 to "k no?+4 ,x 0 call$ to ent] into ! lab\rs ( ! legal c5turies1 )\t ! ne$ ( %>+ _! burd5s4 ,9 ! ,fa!r ( ! fai?ful & ! ,fri5d ( ,god ,g5tile believ]s 7 to see _! exempl>1 to f9d ! w>rant = t suffici5cy & fre$om ( fai? ( :i* ! natural *ildr5 ( ,abraham unju/ly /rove to rob !m4 ,,ii4 ,b if ! ,galatians are resolv$ to be "u ! ,law1 !y mu/ und]/& :at ?is means4 ,! legal /ate1 ,paul decl>es1 in/ead ( ! bless+ ( ,abraham1 br+s ) x a curse3 ,z _m z are ( law-works1 are "u a curse4 ,?is ! ,apo/le1 9 o!r words1 _h told ,pet] at ,antio*4 ,he ma9ta9$ t :oev] sets up ! law z a gr\nd ( salvation1 makes himself a transgressor 7*4 ii4 #ah72 he br+s ^u himself ! mis]y ( hav+ violat$ law4 ,?is is no d\btful cont+5cy4 ,! law 9 explicit t]ms pron\nces its curse aga9/ e man :o1 b9d+ himself to keep x1 yet breaks x 9 any p>ticul>4 ,! ,scripture :i* ,paul quotes to ?is effect1 =ms ! conclusion ( ! comm9ation utt]$ by ! p ( ,israel1 accord+ to ! directions ( ,moses1 f ,m\nt ,ebal1 on _! entrance into ,canaan3 ,curs$ is e "o t cont9ue? n 9 all ?+s writt5 9 ! book ( ! law to d !m4#hf ,h[ t]ribly _h t imprecation be5 fulfill$6 ,!y _h 9 tru? pl$g$ !mselves to ! impossible4 ,! ,law _h n be5 kept--c\ld n be kept on m]ely legal pr9ciples1 by man or nation4 ,! confessions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 already cit$ 9 *4 ii4 #af1 7 pro( ( ?is4 ,t no "o _h cont9u$ 9 all ?+s writt5 9 ! law to d !m1 goes )\t say+4 ,if ,g5tile ,*ri/ians adopt ! law ( ,moses1 !y mu/ be prep>$ to r5d] an ob$i5ce complete & unfalt]+ 9 e detail 7*4 v4 #c7--or h ?is curse hang+ p]petually above _! heads4 ,!y w br+ on !mselves ! v condemnation :i* 0 ly+ s heavily ^u ! consci5ce ( ,israel aft] ! fle%4 #hf ,deut4 xxvii4 #bf2 ,jos4 viii4 #cb-ce4 ,all ?+s1 giv5 by ! ,,lxx 9 ! =m] passage1 is want+ 9 ! ,hebrew4 ,b ! phrase is true to ! _s ( ?is text1 & is read 9 ! p>allel ,deut4 xxviii4 #ae4 ,?is sequ5ce ( law & transgression belong$ to ,paul's deepe/ convictions4 ,! law1 he says1 worke? out wra? 7,rom4 iv4 #ad1 #ae74 ,?is is an axiom ( ,paul9ism4 ,human nature be+ :at x is1 law means transgression2 & ! law be+ :at x is1 transgression means ,div9e ang] & ! curse 7see p4 #adc74 ,! law is j2 ! p5alty is necess>y4 ,! consci5ce ( ! anci5t p ( ,god compell$ !m to pron\nce ! imprecation dictat$ by ,moses4 ,! same ?+ occurs e day1 & "u ! mo/ v>i$ moral conditions4 ,e man :o kn[s :at is "r & w n d x1 execrates himself4 ,! consci\sness ( transgression is a cl++1 inw>d curse1 a witness ( ill-des]t1 =ebod+ puni%m5t4 ,! law ( consci5ce1 l t ( ,ebal & ,g]izim1 admits ( no exceptions1 no int]mission4 ,9 ! maje/y ( its unb5d+ /]nness x c only be satisfi$ by our cont9u+ 9 all ?+s t x prescribes4 ,e in/ance ( failure1 att5d$ ) :atev] excuse or condonation1 leaves ^u u its m>k ( self-reproa*4 ,& ?is inw>d condemnation1 ?is consci\sness ( guilt lat5t 9 ! human brea/1 is n self-condemnation alone1 n a m]ely subjective /ate2 b x proce$s f ,god's pres5t judgem5t on ! man4 ,x is ! %ad[ ( ,8 j displeasure4 ,:at ,paul "h proves f ,scripture1 bitt] exp]i5ce _h taught him4 ,z ! law unfold$ itself to 8 y\?ful consci5ce1 he approv$ x z holy & j & good4 ,he 0 pl$g$ & resolv$ to obs]ve x 9 e po9t4 ,he mu/ despise himself if he act$ o!rwise4 ,he /rove to be--9 ! sight ( m5 inde$ he 0--t\*+ ! righte\sness :i* is 9 ! law1 blameless4 ,if ev] a man c>ri$ out to ! lett] ! legal requirem5ts1 & fulfill$ ! morali/'s ideal1 x 0 ,saul ( ,t>sus4 ,yet 8 failure 0 complete1 desp]ate6 ,:ile m5 acc\nt$ him a p>agon ( virtue1 he loa!d himself2 he knew t be=e ,god 8 righte\sness 0 wor?less4 ,! law ( s9 9 8 memb]s defi$ ! law ( 8 reason1 & made its p[] ! m s5sible ! m x 0 repress$4 ,! curse ?und]$ by ! six tribes f ,ebal res\nd$ 9 8 e>s4 ,& !re 0 no escape4 ,! grasp ( ! law 0 rel5tless1 because x 0 j1 l ! grasp ( dea?4 ,aga9/ all t 0 holie/ 9 x ! evil 9 himself /ood up 9 />k1 immitigable opposition4 ,o wret*$ man t ,i am1 groans ! pr\d ,ph>isee1 :o %all deliv] me6 ,f ?is curse ,*ri/ _h r$eem$ him4 ,& he w\ld n1 if he c\ld help x1 h ! ,galatians expose !mselves to x aga94 ,on legal pr9ciples1 !re is no safety b 9 absolute1 flawless ob$i5ce1 su* z no man ev] has r5d]$1 or ev] w4 ,let !m tru/ ! exp]i5ce ( c5turies ( ,jewi% bondage4 ,v]ses #aa1 #ab support ! ass]tion t ! ,law issues 9 condemnation1 by a fur!r1 negative pro(4 ,! argum5t is a syllogism1 bo? ^: premises are drawn f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x may be =mally /at$ ?us4 ,major premise 7evangelical maxim73 ,! j man lives ( fai?#hg 7v]4 #aa74 ,m9or3 ,! man ( law does n live ( fai? 7= he lives by do+3 legal maxim1 v]4 #ab74hh ,ergo3 ,! man ( law is n j be=e ,god 7v]4 #aa74 ,:ile !re=e ! ,scripture by its a=e-cit$ comm9ation closes ! door ( life aga9/ righte\sness ( works1 t door is op5$ to ! m5 ( fai?4 ,! two pr9ciples are logical contradictories4 ,to grant righte\sness to fai? is to d5y x to legal works4 ,?is assumption furni%es our m9or premise 9 v]4 #ab4 ,! legal axiom is1 ,he t doe? !m %all live 9 !m3 t is to say1 ,! law gives life = do+--n !re=e = believ+2 we get no sort ( legal cr$it = t4 ,! two ways h diff]5t />t+-po9ts1 z !y lead to opposite goals4 ,f fai? "o m>*es1 ?r\gh ,god's righte\sness1 to bless+2 f works1 ?r\gh self-righte\sness1 to ! curse4 #hg ,hab4 ii4 #d4 ,= ! con/ruction1 see note on p4 #ahf4 #hh ,lev4 xviii4 #e4 ,! two pa?s n[ lie be=e u--! ,paul9e & ! legal me?od ( salvation1 ! ,abrahamic & ! ,mosaic s*eme ( religion4 ,accord+ to ! latt]1 "o beg9s by keep+ s _m rules--e?ical1 c]emonial1 or :at n2 & aft] do+ ?is1 "o expects to be c\nt$ righte\s by ,god4 ,accord+ to ! =m]1 ! man beg9s by an act ( self-surr5d]+ tru/ 9 ,god's ^w ( grace1 & ,god already reckons him j on t acc\nt1 )\t 8 pret5d+ to any?+ 9 ! way ( m]it = himself4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,legali/ tries to make ,god believe 9 him3 ,abraham & ,paul are cont5t to believe 9 ,god4 ,!y d n set !mselves ov] aga9/ ,god1 ) a righte\sness ( _! own :i* ,he is b\nd to recognise2 !y commit !mselves to ,god1 t ,he may "w out ,8 righte\sness 9 !m4 ,along ?is pa? lies bless+--peace ( he>t1 fell[%ip ) ,god1 moral /r5g?1 life 9 its fulness1 dep?1 & p]man5ce4 ,f ?is s\rce ,paul d]ives all t 0 noble/ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,old ,cov5ant4 ,& he puts ! calm1 gr& image ( ,fa!r ,abraham be=e u = our patt]n1 9 contra/ ) ! n>r[1 pa9ful1 bitt] _s ( ,jewi% legalism1 inw>dly self-condemn$4 ,,iii4 ,b h[ pass f ?is curse to t bless+8 ,h[ escape f ! nemesis ( ! brok5 law into ! fre$om ( ,abraham's fai?8 ,to ?is "q v]4 #ac makes answ]3 ,*ri/ b\ght u out ( ! curse ( ! law1 hav+ become a curse = u4 ,*ri/'s r$emption *anges ! curse into a bless+4 ,we ent]$ ?is ,epi/le "u ! %ad[ ( ! cross4 ,x has be5 all along ! c5tre ( ! writ]'s ?\ght4 ,he has f\nd 9 x ! solution ( ! t]rible problem =c$ ^u him by ! law4 ,law _h l$ him to ,*ri/'s cross2 laid him 9 ,*ri/'s grave2 & !re left him1 to rise ) ,*ri/ a new1 free man1 liv+ h5ce=? to ,god 7*4 ii4 #ai-ba74 ,s we und]/& ! purpose & ! issue ( ! dea? ( ,jesus ,*ri/2 n[ we mu/ look m n>r[ly at ! fact itself4 ,*ri/ became a curse6 ,v]ily ! ,apo/le 0 n seek+ to please or p]suade m54 ,?is expression ?r[s ! sc&al ( ! cross into ! /ronge/ relief4 ,f> f veil+ x or apologiz+ = x1 ,paul acc5tuates ?is (f5ce4 ,8 exp]i5ce taught him t ,jewi% pride mu/ be compell$ to reckon ) x4 ,no1 he w\ld n h ! (f5ce ( ! cross aboli%$ 7*4 v4 #aa74 ,& did n ,*ri/ become a curse8 ,c\ld ! fact be d5i$ by any ,jew8 ,8 dea? 0 t ( ! mo/ ab&on$ crim9als4 ,by ! comb9$ v]dict ( ,jew & ,g5tile1 ( civil & religi\s au?ority1 endors$ by ! voice ( ! populace1 ,he 0 pron\nc$ a malefactor & blasphem]4 ,b ?is 0 n all4 ,! hatr$ & inju/ice ( m5 are h>d to be>2 yet _m a s5sitive man has borne !m 9 a wor?y cause )\t %r9k+4 ,x 0 a d>k] dread1 an infliction f> m cru%+1 t compell$ ! cry1 ,my ,god1 :y ha/ ,?\ =sak5 ,me6 ,aga9/ ! mal$ictions ( m5 ,jesus might surely at ! wor/ h c\nt$ on ! ,fa!r's good pleasure4 ,b ev5 t fail$ ,him4 ,!re fell ^u ,8 s\l ! dea? ( dea?1 ! v curse ( s9--ab&onm5t by ,god6 ,m5 did e/eem ,him--& = ! mom5t ,he e/eem$ ,himself--smitt5 ( ,god4 ,he hung !re abhorr$ ( m51 =sak5 ( ,8 ,god2 e>? all hate1 heav5 all blackness to ,8 view4 ,are ! ,apo/le's words too /rong8 ,deliv]+ up ,8 ,son to pass ?r\gh ?is baptism1 ,god did 9 tru? make ,him a curse = u4 ,by ,8 det]m9ate c\nsel ! ,almighty set ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 ! place ( condemn$ s9n]s1 & all[$ ! curse ( ?is wick$ _w to claim ,him = its victim4 ,! dea? t befell ,him 0 *os5 z if = ! purpose ( decl>+ ,him accurs$4 ,! ,jewi% p h ?us /igmatiz$ ,him4 ,!y made ! ,roman magi/rate & ! hea!n soldi]y _! in/rum5t 9 gibbet+ _! ,messiah4 ,%all ,i crucify y\r ,k+8 said ,pilate4 ,yes1 !y answ]$1 crucify ,him6 ,_! rul]s ?\ght to lay on ! hat$ ,naz>5e an ev]la/+ curse4 ,0 x n writt51 ,a curse ( ,god is e "o t hange? on a tree8#hi ,?is say+ atta*$ 9 ! ,jewi% m9d a peculi> loa?+ to ! p]son ( ! dead ?us expos$4 ,once crucifi$1 ! "n ( ,jesus w\ld surely p]i% f ! lips ( m52 no ,jew w\ld h]eaft] d>e to pr(ess fai? 9 ,him4 ,8 cause c\ld nev] surm\nt ?is ignom9y4 ,9 lat] times ! bitt]e/ epi!t t ,jewi% scorn c\ld fl+ aga9/ our ,savi\r 7,god =give !m671 0 j ?is ^w ( ,deut]onomy1 hattaly--! hangd "o4 #hi ,! ,hebrew ( ,deut4 xxi4 #bc reads a curse ( ,god2 ! ,,lxx1 curs$ by ,god 7 h[ev]1 n z 9 ,paul's phrase74 ,! ,apo/le omits ! two la/ words1 n inadv]t5tly1 z ,mey] supposes1 = he mu/ h _h a pa9fully vivid remembrance ( ! word+ ( ! orig9al1 b out ( a rev]5ce t made x impossible to speak ( ! ,r$eem] z accurs$ by ,god4 ,?is s5t5ce ( execration1 ) its %ame fre%ly sm>t+1 ,paul has seiz$ & tw9$ into a cr[n ( glory4 ,hang$ on a tree1 cru%$ ) reproa*--accurs$1 y say1 ,he 01 my ,"l1 my ,savi\r6 ,x is true4 ,b ! curse ,he bore 0 ours4 ,8 dea?1 unm]it$ by ,him1 0 our ransom-price1 endur$ to buy u out ( our curse ( s9 & dea?4 ,?is is ! doctr9e ( ! vic>i\s sacrifice4 ,9 speak+ ( ransom & r$emption1 us+ ! t]ms ( ! m>ket1 ,*ri/ & ,8 ,apo/les are apply+ human language to ?+s 9 _! ess5ce unutt]able1 ?+s :i* we def9e 9 _! effects r ?an 9 !mselves4 ,we "k1 we prophesy1 9 "p4 ,we "k t we 7 condemn$ by ,god's holy law2 t ,*ri/1 ,himself s9less1 came "u ! law's curse1 & tak+ ! place ( s9n]s1 became s9 = u2 & t ,8 int]position has br\ght u out ( condemnation into bless+ & peace4 ,h[ c we conceive ! matt] o!rwise ?an z x is put 9 ,8 own words3 ,he gave ,himself a ransom--,! ,good ,%eph]d give? ,8 life = ! %eep8 ,he suff]s 9 our room & /ead2 ,he be>s inflictions incurr$ by our s9s1 & due to ourselves2 ,he does ?is at ! ,div9e ,w1 & "u ! ,div9e ,law3 :at is ?is b to buy u out1 to pay ! price :i* frees u f ! prison-h\se ( dea?8 99 99 99 99 99 ,*ri/ r$eem$ u1 says ! ,apo/le1 ?9k+ que/ionless ( himself & 8 ,jewi% k9dr$1 on :om ! law weigh$ s heavily4 ,8 r$emption 0 (f]$ to ! ,jew fir/4 ,b n to ! ,jew alone1 nor z a ,jew4 ,! "t ( release _h come = all m54 ,abraham's bless+ long )held1 0 n[ to be imp>t$1 z x _h be5 promis$1 to all ! tribes ( ! e>?4 ,9 ! removal ( ! legal curse1 ,god comes ne> to m5 z 9 ! anci5t days4 ,8 love is %$ abroad2 ,8 _s ( son%ip dwells 9 human he>ts4 ,9 ,*ri/ ,jesus crucifi$1 ris51 reign+--a new _w comes into be+1 :i* re/ores & surpasses ! promise ( ! old4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,cov5ant ,,( ,,promise4 ,bre?r51 ,i speak aft] ! mann] ( m53 ,?\gh x be b a man's te/am5t1 yet :5 x ha? be5 confirm$1 no "o make? x void1 or adde? !reto4 ,n[ to ,abraham 7 ! promises spok51 & to 8 se$4 ,he sai? n1 ,& to se$s1 z ( _m1 b z ( "o1 ,& to ?y se$1 :i* is ,*ri/4 ,n[ ?is ,i say2 ,a te/am5t confirm$ be=eh& by ,god1 ! law1 :i* came f\r hundr$ & ?irty ye>s aft]1 do? n disannul1 s z to make ! promise ( none effect4 ,= if ! inh]itance is ( ! law1 x is no m ( promise3 b ,god ha? grant$ x to ,abraham by promise4--,,gal4 iii4 #ae-ah4 ,g5tile ,*ri/ians1 ,paul has %[n1 are already sons ( ,abraham4 ,_! fai? proves _! desc5t f ! fa!r ( ! fai?ful4 ,! r$emption ( ,*ri/ has expiat$ ! law's curse1 & br\ght to its fulfilm5t ! primeval promise4 ,x has conf]r$ on ,jew & ,g5tile alike ! gift ( ! ,holy ,_s1 seal+ ! ,div9e inh]itance4 ,abraham's bless+ has come ^u ! ,g5tiles 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,:at c ,judaism d = !m m8 ,except1 9 soo?1 to br+ !m "u its inevitable curse4 ,b "h ! ,judai/ might int]pose3 ,grant+ s mu* z ?is1 all[+ t ,god cov5ant$ ) ,abraham on t]ms ( fai?1 & t believ+ ,g5tiles are entitl$ to 8 bless+1 did n ,god make a second cov5ant ) ,moses1 promis+ fur!r bless+s ^u t]ms ( law8 ,if ! "o cov5ant rema9s valid1 :y n ! o!r8 ,f ! s*ool ( ,abraham ! ,g5tiles mu/ pass on to ! s*ool ( ,moses4 ,?is inf]5ce might appe> to foll[1 by p>ity ( reason+1 f :at ! ,apo/le has j advanc$4 ,& x accords ) ! position :i* ! legali/ic opposition _h n[ tak5 up4 ,! p ( ! circumcision1 !y argu$1 reta9$ )9 ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ _! peculi> call+2 & ,g5tiles1 if !y w\ld be p]fect ,*ri/ians1 mu/ accept ! cov5ant-tok5 & ! un*angeable ord9ances ( ,israel4 ,fai? is b ! fir/ /ep 9 ! new life2 ! discipl9e ( ! law w br+ x to completion4 ,release f ! curse ( ! law1 !y might cont5d1 leaves its obligations /ill b9d+1 its ord9ances unrepeal$4 ,*ri/ came n to de/roy1 b to fulfil4 ,s we are br\ght to ! "q ( ! relation ( law & promise1 :i* is ! !oretical1 z t ( ,g5tile to ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity is ! practical problem ( ! ,epi/le4 ,! rema9d] ( ! *apt] is occupi$ ) its discussion4 ,?is section is ! special contribution ( ! ,epi/le to ,*ri/ian !ology--a contribution weighty en\gh ( itself to give to x a =emo/ place among/ ! docum5ts ( ,revelation4 ,paul has writt5 no?+ m ma/]ly4 ,! bread? & subtlety ( 8 reason1 8 grasp ( ! spiritual realities und]ly+ ! facts ( hi/ory1 are conspicu\sly manife/ 9 ^! p>agraphs1 despite ! extreme difficulty & obscurity ( c]ta9 s5t5ces4 ,?is "p ( ! ,epi/le is 9 fact a piece ( inspir$ hi/orical criticism2 x is a magnific5t recon/ruction ( ! c\rse ( sacr$ hi/ory4 ,x is ,paul's !ory ( doctr9al developm5t1 cond5s+ into a few pregnant s5t5ces ! rationale ( ,judaism1 expla9+ ! me?od ( ,god's deal+s ) mank9d f ,abraham d[n to ,*ri/1 & fitt+ ! legal sy/em into its place 9 ?is ord] ) an exactness & consi/5cy t supply an effectual v]ification ( ! hypo!sis4 ,to su* a height has ! ,apo/le be5 rais$1 s completely is he emancipat$ f ! fett]s ( ,jewi% ?\ght1 t ! :ole ,mosaic economy becomes to 8 m9d no m ?an an int]lude1 a pass+ /age 9 ! m>* ( ,revelation4 ,?is passage f9ds its c\nt]p>t 9 ,romans xi4 ,"h ! pa/1 !re ! future =tunes ( ,israel are set =?4 ,toge!r ! two *apt]s =m a ,jewi% !odicy1 a v9dication ( ,god's treatm5t ( ! *os5 p f fir/ to la/4 ,rom4 v4 #ab-ba & #a ,cor4 xv4 #bj-eg supply a wid] exposition1 on ! same pr9ciples1 ( ! =tunes ( mank9d at l>ge4 ,! human m9d has conceiv$ no?+ m spl5did & yet sob]1 m humbl+ & exalt+1 ?an ! view ( man's hi/ory & de/9y ?us sket*$ out4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,apo/le seeks to e/abli%1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! fix$ness ( ! ,abrahamic cov5ant4 ,?is is ! ma9 purport ( ! passage4 ,at ! same "t1 9 v]4 #af1 he br+s into view ! ,object ( ! cov5ant1 ! p]son designat$ by x--,*ri/1 its prop] ,heir4 ,?is consid]ation1 ?\gh /at$ "h p>5!tically1 lies at ! basis ( ! settlem5t made ) ,abraham2 its importance is made manife/ by ! aft] c\rse ( ,paul's exposition4 ,at ?is po9t1 :]e ! discussion op5s out into its l>g] proportions1 we obs]ve t ! %>p tone ( p]sonal feel+ ) :i* ! *apt] comm5c$ has disappe>$4 ,9 v]4 #ae ! writ] drops into a conciliatory key4 ,he seems to =get ! w\nd$ ,apo/le 9 ! !ologian & in/ructor 9 ,*ri/4 ,bre?r51 he says1 ,i speak 9 human fa%ion--,i put ?is matt] 9 a way t e "o w und]/&4 ,he lifts himself above ! ,galatian qu>rel1 & f ! height ( 8 argum5t addresses himself to ! common intellig5ce ( mank9d4 ,b is x cov5ant1 or te/am5t1 t ! ,apo/le int5ds "h8 ,i speak aft] ! mann] ( m51 he cont9ues2 if ! case 7 t ( a man's 1 once ratifi$1 no "o w\ld set x aside1 or add to x4 ,! presumption is t ! ^w is employ$ 9 its accept$1 e-day significance4 ,& t unque/ionably 0 te/am5t4 ,x w\ld nev] occur to an ord9>y ,greek read] to int]pret ! expression o!rwise4 ,philo & ,josephus1 ! repres5tatives ( contempor>y ,hell5i/ic usage1 read ?is t]m1 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ) ! connotation ( 9 curr5t ,greek4#ij ,! context ( ?is passage is 9 h>mony ) _! usage4 ,! cov5ant ( v]4 #ae corresponds to ! bless+ ( ,abraham1 & ! promise ( ! ,_s 9 ! two prec$+ v]ses4 ,aga9 9 v]4 #ag1 promise & cov5ant are synonym\s4 ,n[ a cov5ant ( promise am\nts to a te/am5t4 ,x is ! prospective nature ( ! cov5ant1 ! bond :i* x creates betwe5 ,abraham & ! ,g5tiles1 :i* ! ,apo/le has be5 insi/+ on ev] s9ce v]4 #f4 ,x belongs to ,abraham & to 8 se$2 x comes by way ( gift & grace 7vv4 #ah1 #bb72 x inve/s ^? tak+ "p 9 x ) son%ip & rights ( inh]itance 7vv4 #ah1 #bf1 #bi1 etc47 ,^! ideas clu/] r\nd ! ?\ght ( a te/am5t2 !y are n inh]5t 9 cov5ant1 /rictly consid]$4 ,ev5 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ?is latt] designation fails to convey all t belongs to ! ,div9e engagem5ts !re record$4 ,9 a cov5ant ! two p>ties are conceiv$ z equals 9 po9t ( law1 b9d+ !mselves by a compact t be>s on ea* alike4 ,"h x is n s4 ,! disposition ( affairs is made by ,god1 :o 9 ! sov]eignty ( ,8 grace ha? grant$ x to ,abraham4 ,x 0 surely a rev]5t s5se ( ?is diff]5ce :i* dictat$ to ! m5 ( ! ,septuag9t ! use ( r ?an 1 ! ord9>y t]m = cov5ant or compact1 9 _! r5d]+ ( ! ,hebrew b]i?4 #ij ,see ! able & conv9c+ elucidation ( 9 ,crem]'s ,biblico-,!ological ,lexicon ( ,n4,t4 ,greek4 ,?is aspect ( ! cov5ants n[ becomes _! comm&+ feature4 ,our ,"l's employm5t ( ?is ^w at ! ,la/ ,supp] gave x ! affect+ ref]5ce to ,8 dea? :i* x has convey$ ev] s9ce to ! ,*ri/ian m9d4#ia ,! ,lat9 translators 7 guid$ by a true in/9ct :5 9 ! ,scriptures ( ! ,new ,cov5ant !y wrote te/am5tum ev]y:]e1 n fdus or pactum1 = ?is ^w4 ,! te/am5t is a cov5ant--& some?+ m4 ,! te/ator designates 8 heir1 & b9ds himself to grant to him at ! pr$et]m9$ "t 7*4 iv4 #b7 ! specifi$ boon1 :i* x rema9s = ! b5efici>y simply to accept4 ,su* a ,div9e te/am5t has come d[n f ,abraham to 8 ,g5tile sons4 #ia ,see ,heb4 ix4 #af-ah1 :]e s mu* +5uity has be5 exp5d$ to turn te/am5t into cov5ant4 ,sweet is ! memory ( ,8 "n1 ,:o bless$ u 9 ,8 w4 ,i4 ,n[ :5 a man has made a te/am5t1 & x has be5 ratifi$--prov$1 z we %\ld say--x /&s good = ev]4 ,no "o has aft]w>ds any p[] to set x aside1 or to atta* to x a new codicil1 modify+ its previ\s t]ms4 ,!re x /&s--a docum5t complete & un*angeable 7v]4 #ae74 ,su* a te/am5t ,god gave to ,abraham & 8 se$4 ,x 0 ratifi$ 7or confirm$7 by ! f9al atte/ation made to ! patri>* aft] ! supreme trial ( 8 fai? 9 ! sacrifice ( ,isaac3 ,by myself h ,i sworn1 sai? ! ,"l1 t 9 bless+ ,i w bless !e1 & 9 multiply+ multiply ?y se$ z ! />s ( heav52 444 & 9 ?y se$ %all all ! nations ( ! e>? be bless$4#ib ,9 human te/am5ts ! ratification takes place ?r\gh ano!r2 b ,god hav+ no great]1 yet to %[ to ! heirs ( ! promise ! immutability ( ,8 c\nsel confirm$ x by ,8 own oa?4 ,no?+ 0 want+ to m>k ! ,abrahamic cov5ant ) an indelible "*1 & to %[ t x express$ an unalt]able purpose 9 ! m9d ( ,god4 #ib ,g54 xxii4 #af-ah2 ,heb4 vi4 #ag4 ,) su* ,div9e assev]ation 7 ! promises spok5 to ,abraham1 & 8 se$4 ,?is la/ ^w div]ts ! ,apo/le's ?\ghts = a mom5t1 & he gives a side-glance at ! p]son ?us designat$ 9 ! t]ms ( ! promise4 ,!n he returns to 8 =m] /atem5t1 urg+ x home aga9/ ! ,legali/s3 ,n[ ?is is :at ,i mean3 a te/am5t previ\sly ratifi$ by ,god1 ! ,law :i* dates f\r hundr$ & ?irty ye>s lat] _c annul1 s z to abrogate ! ,promise 7v]4 #ag74 ,! be>+ ( ,paul's argum5t is n[ p]fectly cle>4 ,he is us+ ! promise to ,abraham to ov]?r[ ! supremacy ( ! ,mosaic law4 ,! ,promise 01 he says1 ! prior settlem5t4 ,no subsequ5t transaction c\ld invalidate x or disqualify ^? entitl$ "u x to receive ! inh]itance4 ,t te/am5t lies at ! f\ndation ( ! sacr$ hi/ory4 ,! ,jew lea/ ( all c\ld d5y ?is4 ,h[ c\ld su* an in/rum5t be set aside8 ,or :at "r has any "o to limit x by /ipulations ( a lat] date8 ,:5 a man among/ ourselves bequea?s 8 prop]ty1 & 8 w is publicly atte/$1 its directions are scrupul\sly obs]v$2 to tamp] ) !m is a crime4 ,%all we h less respect to ?is ,div9e settlem5t1 ?is v5]able *>t] ( human salvation8 ,y say1 ,! ,law ( ,moses has its rights3 x mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt z well z ! ,promise to ,abraham4 ,true2 b x has no p[] to cancel or re/rict ! ,promise1 old] by f\r c5turies & a half4 ,! lat] mu/ be adju/$ to ! e>li] disp5sation1 ! ,law int]pret$ by ! ,promise4 ,god has n made two te/am5ts--! "o solemnly committ$ to ! fai? & hope ( mank9d1 only to be retract$ & sub/itut$ by some?+ ( a diff]5t /amp4 ,he c\ld n ?us /ultify ,himself4 ,& we mu/ n apply ! ,mosaic enactm5ts1 address$ to a s+le p1 9 su* a way z to neutralise ! orig9al provisions made = ! race at l>ge4 ,our human in/9cts ( good fai?1 our rev]5ce = public compacts & e/abli%$ rights1 =bid our all[+ ! ,law ( ,moses to tr5* ^u ! inh]itance assur$ to mank9d 9 ! ,cov5ant ( ,abraham4 ,?is contradiction necess>ily arises if ! ,law is put on a level ) ! ,promise4 ,to read ! ,law z a cont9uation ( ! old] in/rum5t is virtually to efface ! latt]1 to make ! promise ( none effect4 ,! two in/itutes proce$ on opposite pr9ciples4 ,if ! inh]itance is ( law1 x is no long] ( promise 7v]4 #ah74 ,law prescribes c]ta9 ?+s to be done1 & gu>antees a correspond+ rew>d--s mu* pay = s mu* "w4 ,t1 9 its prop] place1 is an excell5t pr9ciple4 ,b ! promise /&s on ano!r foot+3 ,god ha? be/[$ x on ,abraham by way ( grace 71 v]4 #ah74 ,x holds out a bless+ conf]r$ by ! ,promis]'s good w1 to be convey$ at ! "r "t )\t dem&+ any?+ m f ! recipi5t ?an fai?1 :i* is j ! w to receive4 ,s ,god dealt ) ,abraham1 c5turies be=e any "o _h dream$ ( ! ,mosaic sy/em ( law4 ,god appe>$ to ,abraham 9 ,8 sov]eign grace2 ,abraham met t grace ) fai?4 ,s ! ,cov5ant 0 =m$4 ,& s x abides1 cle> ( all legal conditions & claims ( human m]it1 an ev]la/+ cov5ant 7,g54 xvii4 #g2 ,heb4 xiii4 #bj74 ,its p]man5ce is emphasiz$ by ! t5se ( ! v]b relat+ to x4 ,! ,greek p]fect describes settl$ facts1 actions or ev5ts t c>ry ) !m f9ality4 ,accord+ly we read 9 vv4 #ae & #ag ( a ratifi$ cov5ant--"o t /&s ratifi$4 ,9 v]4 #ah1 ,god ha? grant$ x to ,abraham--a grace nev] to be recall$4 ,aga9 7v]4 #ai71 ! se$ to :om ! promise ha? be5 made--once = all4 ,a p]fect p>ticiple is us$ ( ! ,law 9 v]4 #ag 771 = x is a fact ( abid+ significance t x 0 s mu* lat] ?an ! ,promise2 & 9 v]4 #bd1 ! ,law ha? be5 our tutor1--its "w 9 t respect is an endur+ b5efit4 ,o!rwise1 ! v]bs relat+ to ,mosaism 9 ?is context are pa/ 9 t5se1 describ+ :at is n[ matt] ( hi/ory1 a c\rse ( ev5ts t has come & gone4 ,mean:ile ! ,promise rema9s1 an immovable c]ta9ty1 a settlem5t nev] to be di/urb$4 ,! emphatic position ( 7v]4 #ah71 at ! v end ( ! p>agraph1 s]ves to height5 ?is effect4 ,x is ,god t ha? be/[$ ?is grace on ,abraham4 ,!re is a *all5ge 9 ! ^w1 z ?\gh ,paul ask$1 ,:o %all make x void8#ic #ic ,comp4 ,rom4 viii4 #cc1 #cd2 ,acts xi4 #ag2 #b ,cor4 i4 #ba1 = a simil> emphasis4 ,paul's *ronology 9 v]4 #ag has be5 call$ 9 "q4 ,we are n mu* conc]n$ to def5d x4 ,:e!r ,abraham prec$$ ,moses by f\r hundr$ & ?irty ye>s1 z ! ,septuag9t & ! ,sam>itan text ( ,exod4 xii4 #dj1 #da affirm1 & z ,paul's contempor>ies commonly suppos$2 or :e!r1 z x /&s 9 ! ,hebrew text ( ,exodus1 ?is 0 ! l5g? ( "t cov]$ by ! soj\rn 9 ,egypt1 s t ! entire p]iod w\ld be ab\t half z long aga91 is a problem t ,old ,te/am5t hi/orians mu/ settle = !mselves2 x ne$ n tr\ble ! read] ( ,paul4 ,! %ort] p]iod is amply suffici5t = 8 purpose4 ,if any "o _h said1 ,no1 ,paul2 y are mi/ak54 ,x 0 six hundr$ & ?irty1 n f\r hundr$ & ?irty ye>s f ,abraham to ,moses2 he w\ld h accept$ ! correction ) ! greate/ goodwill4 ,he might h repli$1 ,s mu* ! bett] = my argum5t4#id ,x is possible to /ra9 out ! gnats ( ,biblical criticism1 & yet to swall[ huge camels ( improbability4 #id ,we ga9 no?+1 & we may lose mu*1 9 try+ to settle que/ions ( ,old ,te/am5t hi/orical criticism by casual allusions 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 7,see ,mr4 ,beet's s5sible obs]vations1 9 8 ,comm5t>y ad loc47 ,,ii4 ,v]4 #af rema9s = our consid]ation4 ,9 prov+ ! /eadfa/ness ( ! cov5ant ) ,abraham1 ! ,apo/le at ! same "t directs our att5tion to ! ,p]son designat$ by x1 to :om its fulfilm5t 0 gu>ante$4 ,to ,abraham 7 ! promises spok51 & to 8 se$--'to ?y se$1' :i* is ,*ri/4 ,?is id5tification ! ,judai/ w\ld n "q4 ,he made no d\bt t ! ,messiah 0 ! legatee ( ! te/am5t1 ! se$ to :om x ha? be5 promis$4 ,:atev] p>tial & g]m9ant fulfilm5ts ! ,promise _h receiv$1 x is on ,*ri/ 9 *ief t ! inh]itance ( ,israel devolves4 ,9 its true & full int5t1 ?is promise1 l all pr$ictions ( ! triumph ( ,god's k+dom1 0 und]/ood to be wait+ = ,8 adv5t4 ,! fact t ?is ,promise look$ to ,*ri/1 l5ds additional =ce to ! ,apo/le's ass]tion ( its indelibility4 ,! words unto ,*ri/1 :i* 7 ins]t$ 9 ! text ( v]4 #ag at an e>ly "t1 are a correct gloss4 ,! cov5ant did n lie betwe5 ,god & ,abraham alone4 ,x embrac$ ,abraham's desc5dants 9 _! unity1 culm9at+ 9 ,*ri/4 ,x look$ d[n ! /ream ( "t to ! la/ ages4 ,abraham 0 its />t+-po9t2 ,*ri/ its goal4 ,to !e--& to ?y se$3 ^! words span ! gulf ( two ?\s& ye>s1 & ov]>* ! ,mosaic disp5sation4 ,s t ! cov5ant v\*saf$ to ,abraham plac$ him1 ev5 at t di/ance ( "t1 9 close p]sonal relation%ip ) ! ,savi\r ( mank9d4 ,no wond] t x 0 s evangelical 9 its t]ms1 & br\ght ! patri>* an exp]i5ce ( religion :i* anticipat$ ! privileges ( ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,god's cov5ant ) ,abraham1 be+ 9 effect ,8 cov5ant ) mank9d 9 ,*ri/1 /&s bo? fir/ & la/4 ,! ,mosaic economy holds a second & subsidi>y place 9 ! s*eme ( ,revelation4 ,! reason ! ,apo/le gives = read+ ,*ri/ into ! promise is c]ta9ly peculi>4 ,he has be5 tax$ ) false exegesis1 ) rabb9ical hair-splitt+ & ! l4 ,"h1 x is said1 is a f9e example ( ! art1 famili> to !ologians1 ( tortur+ out ( a ^w a pr$et]m9$ s5se1 =eign to its orig9al mean+4 ,he do? n say1 & to se$s1 z ref]r+ to _m2 b z ref]r+ to "o1 & to ?y se$1 :i* is ,*ri/4 ,paul appe>s to inf] f ! fact t ! ^w se$ is grammatically s+ul>1 & n plural1 t x designates a s+le individual1 :o c be no o!r ?an ,*ri/4 ,on ! surface ?is does1 admitt$ly1 look l a v]bal quibble4 ,! ^w se$1 9 ,hebrew & ,greek z 9 ,engli%1 is n us$1 & c\ld n 9 ord9>y spee* be us$ 9 ! plural to d5ote a numb] ( desc5dants4 ,x is a collective s+ul>4 ,! plural applies only to diff]5t k9ds ( se$4 ,! ,apo/le1 we may presume1 0 q z well aw>e ( ?is z 8 critics4 ,x does n ne$ philological rese>* or grammatical acum5 to e/abli% a di/9ction obvi\s to common s5se4 ,?is piece ( ^w-play is 9 reality ! vehicle ( an hi/orical argum5t1 z unimpea*able z x is important4 ,abraham 0 taught1 by a s]ies ( lessons1#ie to ref] ! promise to ! s+le l9e ( ,isaac4 ,paul else:]e lays great /ress on ?is consid]ation2 he br+s ,isaac into close analogy ) ,*ri/2 = he 0 ! *ild ( fai?1 & repres5t$ 9 8 bir? a spiritual pr9ciple & ! communication ( a sup]natural life4#if ,! true se$ ( ,abraham 0 9 ! fir/ in/ance "o1 n _m4 ,9 ! prim>y realisation ( ! ,promise1 typical ( its f9al accompli%m5t1 x receiv$ a s+ul> int]pretation2 x conc5trat$ itself on ! "o1 spiritual (fspr+1 putt+ aside ! _m1 natural & het]og5e\s 7,hag>ite or ,keturite7 desc5dants4 ,& ?is sift+ pr9ciple1 ?is law ( election :i* s+les out f ! v>ieties ( nature ! ,div9e type1 comes into play all along ! l9e ( desc5t1 z 9 ! case ( ,jacob1 & ( ,david4 ,x f9ds its supreme expression 9 ! p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,! ,abrahamic te/am5t devolv$ "u a law ( spiritual selection4 ,by its v nature x po9t$ ultimately to ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,:5 ,paul writes ,n to se$s1 z ( _m1 he virtually says t ! ^w ( inspiration 0 s+ul> 9 s5se z well z 9 =m2 9 ! m9d ( ! ,promis]1 & 9 ! int]pretation giv5 to x by ev5ts1 x bore an individual ref]5ce1 & 0 nev] int5d$ to apply to ,abraham's desc5dants at l>ge1 to ! _m & miscellane\s *ildr5 accord+ to fle%4 #ie ,g54 xii4 #b1 #c2 xv4 #b-f2 xvii4 #d-h1 #ae-ba2 xxii4 #af-ah4 #if ,*4 iv4 #ba-ca2 ,rom4 iv4 #ag-bb2 comp4 ,heb4 xi4 #aa1 #ab4 ,paul's int]pretation ( ! ,promise has abundant analogies4 ,all great pr9ciples ( human hi/ory t5d to embody !mselves 9 "s *os5 se$4 ,!y f9d at la/ _! true heir1 ! "o man de/9$ to be _! fulfilm5t4 ,moses1 ,david1 ,paul2 ,socrates & ,alex&]2 ,%akesp]e1 ,newton1 are examples ( ?is4 ,! "w t su* m5 d belongs to !mselves4 ,_h any promise assur$ ! _w ( ! gifts to be be/[$ ?r\gh !m1 9 ea* case "o might h said be=eh&1 ,x w h to be1 ,n z ( _m1 b z ( "o4 ,x is n multitudes1 b m5 t rule ! _w4 ,by "o man s9 ent]$ into ! _w3 we %all reign 9 life ?r\gh ! "o ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,f ! fir/ words ( hope giv5 to ! rep5tant pair bani%$ f ,ed51 d[n to ! late/ pr$ictions ( ! ,com+ ,"o1 ! ,promise became at e /age m det]m9ate & individualis+4 ,! f+] ( prophecy po9t$ ) increas+ di/9ctness1 n[ f ?is side1 n[ f t1 to ! veil$ =m ( ! ,*os5 ( ,god--! se$ ( ! woman1 ! se$ ( ,abraham1 ! /> out ( ,jacob1 ! ,son ( ,david1 ! ,k+ ,messiah1 ! suff]+ ,s]vant ( ! ,"l1 ! smitt5 ,%eph]d1 ! ,son ( man1 com+ 9 ! cl\ds ( heav54 ,9 ,8 p]son all ! l9es ( promise & prep>ation meet2 ! scatt]$ rays ( ,div9e light are br\ght to a focus4 ,& ! desire ( all nations1 grop+1 half-articulate1 unites ) ! inspir$ =esight ( ! se]s ( ,israel to f9d its goal 9 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,!re 0 b ,"o :o c\ld meet ! manifold conditions creat$ by ! _w's previ\s hi/ory1 & furni% ! key to ! my/]ies & contradictions :i* _h ga!r$ r\nd ! pa? ( ,revelation4 ,not)/&+1 ! ,promise _h & has a g5]ic application1 att5d+ its p]sonal accompli%m5t4 ,salvation is ( ! ,jews4 ,*ri/ belongs to ! ,jew fir/4 ,israel 0 rais$ up & consecrat$ to be ! tru/ee ( ! ,promise giv5 to ! _w ?r\gh ,abraham4 ,! vocation ( ?is gift$ race1 ! secret ( its inde/ructible vitality1 lies 9 its relation%ip to ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,!y are ,8 own1 ?\gh !y receiv$ ,him n4 ,ap>t f ,him1 ,israel is no?+ to ! _w--no?+ b a witness aga9/ itself4 ,premis+ its ess5tial fulfilm5t 9 ,*ri/1 ,paul /ill res]ves = 8 own p _! peculi> %>e 9 ! ,te/am5t ( ,abraham--n a place ( exclusive privilege1 b ( ri*] hon\r & l>g] influ5ce4 ,ha? ,god ca/ away ,8 p8 he asks3 ,nay inde$4 ,= ,i also am an ,israelite1 ( ! se$ ( ,abraham4 ,s t1 aft] all1 x is some?+ to be ( ,abraham's *ildr5 by nature4 ,despite 8 ho/ility to ,judaism1 ! ,apo/le claims = ! ,jewi% race a special (fice 9 ! disp5sation ( ! ,gospel1 9 ! work+ out ( ,god's ultimate designs = mank9d4#ig ,w\ld !y only accept _! ,messiah1 h[ exalt$ a rank among/ ! nations awaits !m6 ,! title se$ ( ,abraham ) ,paul1 l ! ,s]vant ( ,jehovah 9 ,isaiah1 has a d\ble significance4 ,! suff]+s ( ! elect p made !m 9 _! national "* a pa!tic type ( ! great ,suff]] & ,s]vant ( ! ,"l1 ,8 supreme ,elect4 ,9 ,jesus ,*ri/ ! collective de/9y ( ,israel is atta9$2 its prophetic ideal1 ! spiritual conception ( its call+1 is realis$1--! se$ to :om x ha? be5 promis$4 #ig ,rom4 xi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,paul is n alone 9 8 insi/5ce on ! relation ( ,*ri/ to ,abraham4 ,x is ann\nc$ 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ! ,new ,te/am5t3 ! book ( ! g5]ation ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 son ( ,abraham1 son ( ,david4 ,& x is set =? ) s+ul> beauty 9 ! ,gospel ( ! ,infancy4 ,m>y's song & ,za*>ias' prophecy recall ! fre$om & simplicity ( an inspiration long sil5c$1 z !y tell h[ ! ,"l ha? visit$ & r$eem$ ,8 p2 ,he ha? %[n m]cy to our fa!rs1 9 remembrance ( ,8 holy cov5ant1 ! oa? :i* ,he sw>e unto ,abraham our fa!r4 ,& aga91 ,he ha? help$ ,israel ,8 s]vant 9 remembrance ( ,8 m]cy1 z ,he spake to our fa!rs1 to ,abraham & to 8 se$ = ev]4#ih ,^! pi\s & t5d] s\ls :o wat*$ ov] ! cradle ( our ,"l & /ood 9 ! dawn+ ( ,8 new day1 in/9ctively ca/ _! ?\ghts back to ! ,cov5ant ( ,abraham4 ,9 x !y f\nd matt] = _! songs & a w>rant = _! hopes1 su* z no ritual ord9ances c\ld furni%4 ,_! utt]ances brea! a spontaneity ( fai?1 a v]nal fre%ness ( joy & hope to :i* ! ,jewi% p = ages _h be5 /rang]s4 ,! dull con/ra9t & /iffness1 ! h>% fanaticism ( ! ,hebrew nature1 h fall5 f !m4 ,!y h put on ! beautiful g>m5ts ( ,zion1 h] anci5t robes ( praise4 ,= ! "t ( ! ,promise draws ne>4 ,abraham's ,se$ is n[ to be born2 & ,abraham's fai? revives to meet ,him4 ,x breaks =? anew out ( ! dry & long-b>r5 soil ( ,judaism2 x is rais$ up to a ri*] & an endur+ life4 ,paul's doctr9e ( ,grace does b translate into logic ! poetry ( ,m>y's & ,za*>ias' an!ms4 ,! ,te/am5t ( ,abraham supplies _! common !me4 #ih ,luke i4 #ed1 #ee1 #fh-gc4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,design ,,( ,,! ,,law4 ,:at !n is ! law8 ,x 0 add$ because ( transgressions1 till ! se$ %\ld come to :om ! promise ha? be5 made2 & x 0 orda9$ ?r\gh angels by ! h& ( a m$iator4 ,n[ a m$iator is n a m$iator ( "o2 b ,god is "o4 ,is ! law !n aga9/ ! promises ( ,god8 ,god =bid3 = if !re _h be5 a law giv5 :i* c\ld make alive1 v]ily righte\sness w\ld h be5 ( ! law4 ,h[beit ! ,scripture ha? %ut up all ?+s "u s91 t ! promise by fai? 9 ,jesus ,*ri/ might be giv5 to !m t believe4 ,b be=e fai? came1 we 7 kept 9 w>d "u ! law1 %ut up unto ! fai? :i* %\ld aft]w>ds be reveal$4 ,s t ! law ha? be5 our tutor to br+ u unto ,*ri/1 t we might be ju/ifi$ by fai?4--,,gal4 iii4 #ai-bd4 ,:at !n is ! law8 ,s ! ,jew might well exclaim4 ,paul has be5 do+ no?+ b disp>age x4--,y say t ! ,law ( ,moses br+s no righte\sness or bless+1 b only a curse2 t ! cov5ant made ) ,abraham ignores x1 & does n admit ( be+ 9 any way qualifi$ by its provisions4 ,:at !n d y make ( x8 ,is x n ,god's voice t we he> 9 its comm&s8 ,h ! sons ( ,abraham ev] s9ce ,moses' day be5 w&]+ f ! true pa? ( fai?8 ,su* inf]5ces might be drawn1 n unnaturally1 f ! ,apo/le's d5unciation ( ,legalism4 ,!y 7 actually drawn by ,m>cion 9 ! second c5tury1 9 8 extreme ho/ility to ,judaism & ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,?is "q mu/ inde$ h e>ly =c$ itself ^u ,paul's m9d4 ,h[ c\ld ! doctr9e ( ,salvation by ,fai? & ! supremacy ( ! ,abrahamic ,cov5ant be reconcil$ ) ! ,div9e commission ( ,moses8 ,h[1 on ! o!r h&1 c\ld ! displacem5t ( ! ,law by ! ,gospel be ju/ifi$1 if ! =m] too 0 au?oris$ & inspir$ by ,god8 ,c ! same ,god h giv5 to m5 ^! two contra/$ revelations ( ,himself8 ,! answ]1 conta9$ 9 ! passage be=e u1 is t ! two revelations _h diff]5t ends 9 view4 ,!y are complem5t>y1 n compet+ in/itutes4 ,( ! two1 ! ,cov5ant ( ,promise has ! prior "r2 x po9ts imm$iately to ,*ri/4 ,! ,legal economy is ancill>y !reto2 x nev] pr(ess$ to accompli% ! "w ( grace1 z ! ,judai/s w\ld h x d4 ,its (fice 0 ext]nal1 b nev]!less accessory to t ( ! ,promise4 ,x gu>d$ & s*ool$ ! infant heirs ( ,abraham's ,te/am5t1 until ! "t ( its fall+ due1 :5 !y %\ld be prep>$ 9 ! manhood ( fai? to ent] on _! inh]itance4 ,! law ha? be5 our tutor = ,*ri/1 ) ! int5t we %\ld be ju/ifi$ by fai? 7v]4 #bd74 ,?is aspect ( ! ,law1 "u :i*1 in/ead ( be+ an ob/acle to ! life ( fai?1 x is se5 to subs]ve x1 has be5 sugge/$ already4 ,= ,i1 ! ,apo/le said1 ?r\gh law di$ to law 7*4 ii4 #ai74 ,! ,law fir/ impell$ him to ,*ri/4 ,x con/ra9$ him to look beyond itself4 ,its discipl9e 0 a prep>ation = fai?4 ,paul rev]ses ! relation 9 :i* fai? & ,law 7 set by ! ,judai/s4 ,!y br\ght 9 ! ,law to p]fect ! unf9i%$ "w ( fai? 7v]4 #c73 he made x prelim9>y & propdeutic4 ,:at !y gave out = m advanc$ doctr9e1 he treats z ! weak rudim5ts1 belong+ to ! infancy ( ! sons ( ,god 7*4 iv4 #a-aa74 ,up to ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 ! ,mosaic law has be5 consid]$ *iefly 9 a negative way1 z a foil to ! ,cov5ant ( grace4 ,! ,apo/le has n[ to treat ( its nature m positively & explicitly1 fir/ inde$ 9 contra/ ) ! promise 7vv4 #ai1 #bj72 & secondly1 9 its co-op]ation ) ! promise 7vv4 #bb-bd74 ,v]4 #ba is ! transition f ! fir/ to ! second ( ^! conceptions4 ,i4 ,= ! sake ( ! transgressions 7committ$ aga9/ x7#ii ! law 0 add$4 ,! ,promise1 let u rememb]1 0 complete 9 itself4 ,its te/am5t ( grace 0 seal$ & deliv]$ ages be=e ! ,mosaic legislation1 :i* c\ld n !re=e retract or modify x4 ,! ,law 0 sup]add$1 z some?+ ov] & above1 atta*$ to ! =m] revelation = a subsidi>y purpose ly+ outside ! prop] scope ( ! ,promise4 ,:at !n 0 ?is purpose8 #ii 3 ! def9ite article c sc>cely mean less ?an ?is4 #a4 ,= ! sake ( transgressions4 ,9 o!r words1 ! object ( ! law ( ,moses 0 to develope s94 ,?is is n ! :ole ( ! ,apo/le's answ]2 b x is ! key to 8 explanation4 ,?is design ( ! ,mosaic revelation det]m9$ its =m & "*4 ,"h is ! /&po9t f :i* we are to e/imate its work+1 & its relation to ! k+dom ( grace4 ,! say+ ( ,rom4 v4 #bj is ,paul's comm5t>y ^u ?is s5t5ce3 ,! law came 9 by ! way1 9 ord] t ! trespass 7( ,adam7 might multiply4 ,! same necessity is express$ 9 ! p>adox ( #a ,cor4 xv4 #ef3 ,! /r5g? ( s9 is ! law4 ,?is enigma1 z a psy*ological "q1 is resolv$ by ! ,apo/le 9 ,rom4 vii4 #ac-bd4 ,! law acts z a spur & provocative1 r\s+ ! p[] ( s9 to consci\s activity4 ,h[ev] good 9 itself1 com+ into contact ) man's evil fle%1 its promulgation is foll[$ inevitably by transgression4 ,its comm&s are s _m occasions = s9 to come into action1 to exhibit & confirm its p[]4 ,s t ! ,law practically assumes ! same relation to s9 z t 9 :i* ! ,promise /&s to righte\sness & life4 ,9 its union ) ! ,law our s9ful nature p]petually br+s =? fruit unto dea?4 ,& ?is m\rnful result ,god c]ta9ly contemplat$ :5 ,he gave ! ,law ( ,moses4 ,b are we compell$ to put s h>% a s5se on ! ,apo/le's words8 ,may we n say t ! ,law 0 impos$ 9 ord] to re/ra9 s91 to keep x )9 b\nds8 ,"s excell5t int]pret]s read ! v]se 9 ?is way4 ,x is q true t1 9 respect ( public morals & ! outw>d manife/ations ( evil1 ! ,jewi% law act$ b5eficially1 z a bridle ^u ! s9ful passions4 ,b ?is is beside ! m>k4 ,! ,apo/le is ?9k+ only ( inw>d righte\sness1 t :i* avails be=e ,god4 ,! word+ ( ! clause altoge!r excludes ! mild] int]pretation4 ,= ! sake ( 71 ,lat9 gratia7 signifies promotion1 n prev5tion4 ,& ! ^w transgression1 by its ,paul9e & ,jewi% usage1 compels u to ?is view4#ajj ,transgression presupposes law4 ,x is ! specific =m :i* s9 takes "u law--! re-action ( s9 aga9/ law4 ,:at 0 be=e a lat5t t5d5cy1 a bias ( disposition1 n[ />ts to light z a flagrant1 guilty fact4 ,by br++ ab\t repeat$ transgressions ! ,law reveals ! true nature ( s91 s t x becomes exce$+ s9ful4 ,x does n make matt]s worse2 b x %[s h[ bad !y really are4 ,x aggravates ! disease1 9 ord] to br+ x to a crisis4 ,& ?is is a necess>y /ep t[>ds ! cure4 #ajj ,comp4 ! ref]5ce to ?is ^w 9 ,*apt] ,,ix41 p4 #adc4 #b4 ,! ,law ( ,moses 0 !re=e a provisional disp5sation1--add$ until ! se$ %\ld come to :om ! promise ha? be5 made4 ,its object 0 to make itself sup]flu\s4 ,x is n made = a righte\s man2 b = ! lawless & unruly 7#a ,tim4 i4 #i74 ,l ! discipl9e & drill ( a /rictly gov]n$ boyhood1 x 0 calculat$ to produce a c]ta9 effect on ! moral nature1 aft] ! atta9m5t ( :i* x 0 no long] ne$$ & its cont9uance w\ld be injuri\s4 ,! ess5tial "p ( ?is effect lay1 h[ev]1 n s mu* 9 ! outw>d regul>ity x impos$1 z 9 ! inn] repugnancy excit$ by x1 ! consci\sness ( s9 unsubdu$ & defiant4 ,by its op]ation on ! consci5ce ! ,law taught man 8 ne$ ( r$emption4 ,x ?us prep>$ ! plat=m = ! "w ( ,grace4 ,! ,promise _h be5 giv54 ,! com+ ( ! ,cov5ant-heir 0 assur$4 ,b its fulfilm5t 0 f> (f4 ,! ,"l is n slack conc]n+ ,8 promise1--& yet x 0 two ?\s& ye>s be=e ,abraham's se$ came to bir?4 ,! deg5]acy ( ! patri>*'s *ildr5 9 ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ation %[$ h[ little ! e>li] heirs ( ! ,promise 7 capable ( receiv+ x4 ,a ?\s& ye>s lat]1 :5 ! ,cov5ant 0 r5ew$ ) ,david1 ! anci5t pr$ictions seem$ at la/ ne>+ _! fulfilm5t4 ,b no2 ! times 7 /ill unripe2 ! human consci5ce b half-discipl9$4 ,! bright dawn ( ! ,davidic mon>*y 0 ov]cl\d$4 ,! legal yoke is made m burd5some2 sore *a/isem5ts fall on ! *os5 p1 m>k$ out = suff]+ z well z hon\r4 ,prophecy has _m lessons yet to inculcate4 ,! _w's education = ,*ri/ has ano!r mill5nium to run4 ,nor :5 ,he came1 did ! ,son ( man f9d fai? 9 ! e>?6 ,! p ( ! ,law _h no soon] se5 ?an !y hat$ ,him to :om ! law & ! prophets gave witness4 ,yet1 /rangely en\gh1 ! v mann] ( _! rejection %[$ h[ complete 0 ! prep>ation = ,8 com+4 ,two features1 r>ely unit$1 m>k$ ! e?ical condition ( ! ,jewi% p at ?is "t--an int5se moral consci\sness1 & a deep moral p]v]sion2 rev]5ce = ! ,div9e law1 comb9$ ) an ali5ation f its _s4 ,! *apt] ( ,paul's autobiography to :i* we h s (t5 ref]r$ 7,rom4 vii4 #g-bd7 is typical ( ! bett] m9d ( ,judaism4 ,x is ! ne plus ultra ( self-condemnation4 ,! consci\sness ( s9 9 mank9d has rip5$4 #c4 ,& fur!r1 ! ,law ( ,moses reveal$ ,god's w 9 a veil$ & accommodat$ fa%ion1 :ile ! ,promise & ! ,gospel are its direct emanations4 ,?is is ! inf]5ce :i* we draw f vv4 #ai1 #bj4 ,we are well aw>e ( ! extreme difficulty ( ?is passage4 ,v]4 #bj has receiv$1 x is comput$1 "s f\r hundr$ & ?irty di/9ct int]pretations4 ,( all ! h>d ?+s our belov$ bro!r ,paul has writt51 ?is is ! v h>de/4 ,! words :i* make up ! s5t5ce are simple & famili>2 & yet 9 _! comb9ation mo/ enigmatic4 ,& x /&s 9 ! mid/ ( a p>agraph among ! mo/ int]e/+ & important t ! ,apo/le ev] wrote4 ,let u look fir/ at ! latt] clause ( v]4 #ai3 orda9$ ?r\gh angels1 9 ! h& 7i4e4 by means7 ( a m$iator4 ,^! circum/ances1 z ! or?odox ,jew suppos$1 enhanc$ ! glory ( ! ,law4 ,! pomp & =mality "u :i* ,mosaism 0 u%]$ 91 ! pres5ce ( ! angelic ho/ to ^: ag5cy ! t]rific manife/ations att5d+ ! ,law-giv+ 7 ref]r$1 impress$ ! popul> m9d ) a s5se ( ! incomp>able sacr$ness ( ! ,s9aitic revelation4 ,x 0 ?is assumption :i* gave its =ce to ! climax ( ,/eph5's spee*1 ( :i* we he> an e*o 9 ^! words ( ,paul3 :o receiv$ ! law at ! disposition ( angels--& h n kept x6#aja ,! simplicity & in=mality ( ! ,div9e communion ) ,abraham1 & aga9 ( ,*ri/'s appe>ance 9 ! _w & ,8 int]c\rse ) m51 af=d a /rik+ contra/ to all ?is4 #aja ,acts vii4 #ec3 comp4 & ' 4 ,/eph5's la/ words may well h l+]$ 9 ! e> ( ,saul4 ,f ! lips ( ,/eph51 !y 7 some?+ ( an argum5tum ad hom9em4 ,m is h9t$ ?an is expressly said 9 ,scripture ( ! "p tak5 by ! angels 9 ! ,law-giv+4 ,deut4 xxxiii4 #bajb & ,ps4 lxviii4 #ag give ! mo/ def9ite indications ( ! anci5t fai? ( ,israel on ?is po9t4 ,b ! ,angel ( ! ,"l is a famili> figure ( ,old ,te/am5t revelation4 ,9 ,hebrew ?\ght impressive physical ph5om5a 7 commonly associat$ ) ! pres5ce ( spiritual ag5ts4#ajc ,! language ( ,heb4 i4 #g & ii4 #b endorses ?is belief1 :i* 9 no way conflicts ) natural sci5ce1 & is 9 keep+ ) ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 #ajb ,a d\btful citation at ! be/3 ! read+ ( ! ,,lxx is m to ! po9t ?an ! ,hebrew text4 #ajc ,see ! quotations f ,jewi% writ]s to ?is effect giv5 by ,mey] or ,lightfoot4 ,b :ile su* int]m$iacy1 f ! ,jewi% /&po9t1 increas$ ! spl5d\r & au?ority ( ! ,law1 believ]s 9 ,*ri/ _h le>n$ to look at ! matt] o!rwise4#ajd ,a revelation adm9i/]$ ?r\gh angels1 spoke to !m ( a ,god di/ant & obscur$1 ( a p unfit = access to ,8 pres5ce4 ,?is is pla9ly intimat$ 9 ! add$ clause1 by means ( a m$iator1--a title commonly giv5 to ,moses1 & recall+ ! entreaty ( ,exod4 xx4 #ai2 ,deut4 v4 #bb-bh3 ,! p said1 ,speak ?\ ) u1 & we w he>2 b let n ,god speak ) u1 le/ we die4 ,^! are ! words ( s9ful m51 receiv+ a law giv51 z ! ,apo/le has j decl>$1 on purpose to convict !m ( _! s9s4 ,! =m ( ! ,mosaic revelation t5d$ !re=e 9 reality n to exalt ! ,law1 b to exhibit its diff]5ce f ! ,promise & ! di/ance at :i* x plac$ m5 f ,god4 #ajd ,comp4 ,heb4 ii4 #b-d2 also ,col4 ii4 #ae3 7scil4 ,god7 hav+ /ripp$ (f ! pr9cipalities & p[]s--! e>li] =ms ( angelic m$iation4 ,! writ] may ref] on ?is latt] passage to 8 note 9 ! ,pulpit ,comm5t>y1 also to ,! ,expositor1 #a/ s]ies1 x4 #djc-dba4 ,! same ?\ght is express$1 z ,bi%op ,lightfoot aptly %[s1 by ! figure ( ! veil on ,moses' face1 :i* ,paul employs ) s mu* felicity 9 #b ,cor4 iii4 #ac-ah4 ,9 ! ext]nal glory ( ! ,s9aitic law-giv+1 z on ! illum9at$ face ( ! ,law-giv]1 !re 0 a fad+ brightness1 a visible lu/re conceal+ its imp]fect & transitory "*4 ,! !ophanies ( ! ,old ,cov5ant 7 a magnific5t veil1 hid+ :ile !y reveal$4 ,"u ! ,law1 angels1 ,moses came betwe5 ,god & man4 ,x 0 ,god :o 9 ,8 own grace convey$ ! promise to ju/ifi$ ,abraham 7v]4 #ah74aje #aje ,b ! title m$iator belongs to ,*ri/1 giv5 by ,paul himself--! "o m$iator betwe5 ,god & m51 ! man ,*ri/ ,jesus 7#a ,tim4 ii4 #e74 7,comp4 ,heb4 viii4 #f2 ix4 #ae2 xii4 #bd47 ,*ri/ is s /yl$ h[ev] "u an aspect v diff]5t f t 9 :i* ! ^w appe>s "h4 ,!re is "o m$iator1 ! ,apo/le writes 9 #a ,timo?y1 :o gave ,himself a ransom = all1 ! "o aton+ m$iator4 ,b ,*ri/'s manife/ation ( ,god 0 direct1 z t ( ,moses 0 n4 ,8 ,p]son does n come betwe5 m5 & ,god1 l t ( ! ,s9aitic m$iator2 x br+s ,god into imm$iate contact ) m54 ,moses act$ = a di/ant ,god3 ,*ri/ is ,immanuel1 ,god ) u4 ,on ! human side ,*ri/ is m$iator 7 72 ,he acts = individual m5 ) ,god4 ,on ! ,div9e side1 ,he is m ?an m$iator1 be+ ,god ,himself4 ,! ,law employ$ a m$iator2 ! ,promise did n 7v]4 #ai474 ,) ?is contra/ 9 our m9ds we approa* v]4 #bj4 ,on ! o!r side ( x 7v]4 #ba71 we f9d ,law & ,promise aga9 9 %>p anti!sis4 ,! same anti!sis runs ?r\gh ! int]v5+ s5t5ce4 ,! two clauses ( v]4 #bj belong to ! ,law & ,promise respectively4 ,n[ a m$iator is n ( "o3 t is an axiom :i* holds good ( ! ,law4 ,b ,god is "o3 ?is glori\s tru?1 ! fir/ article ( ,israel's cre$1 applies to ! ,promise4 ,:]e a m$iator is necess>y1 unity is want+1--n simply 9 a num]ical1 b 9 a moral s5se1 z matt] ( feel+ & ( aim4 ,!re are sep>ate int]e/s1 discordant views to be consult$4 ,?is 0 true ( ,mosaism4 ,al?\gh 9 sub/ance holy & j & good1 x 0 by no means purely ,div9e4 ,x 0 n ! absolute religion4 ,n only 0 x defective2 x conta9$1 9 ! judgem5t ( ,*ri/1 positive elem5ts ( wrong1 precepts giv5 = ! h>dness ( m5's he>ts4#ajf ,x l>gely consi/$ ( c>nal ord9ances1 impos$ till ! "t ( rectification 7,heb4 ix4 #aj74 ,! !ocratic legislation ( ! ,p5tateu* is lack+ 9 ! unity & consi/5cy ( a p]fect revelation4 ,its disclosures ( ,god 7 refract$ 9 a manife/ degree by ! atmosph]e ?r\gh :i* !y pass$4 #ajf ,matt4 xix4 #h4 ,comp4 ,ezek4 xx4 #be4 ,b ,god is "o4 ,"h aga9 ! unity is moral & ess5tial--( "* & action1 r ?an ( numb]4 ,9 ! ,promise ,god spoke imm$iately & = ,himself4 ,!re 0 no scre5 to int]cept ! view ( fai?1 no g-betwe5 l ,moses1 ) ,god on ! m\nta9-top %r\d$ 9 ?und]-cl\ds & ! p t]rifi$ or wanton+ f> bel[4 ,( all diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,abrahamic & ,judaic types ( piety ?is 0 ! *ief4 ,! man ( ,abraham's fai? sees ,god 9 ,8 unity4 ,! ,legali/ gets 8 religion at second-h&1 mix$ ) undiv9e elem5ts4 ,he believes t !re is "o ,god2 b 8 hold ^u ! tru? is =mal4 ,!re is no unity1 no simplicity ( fai? 9 8 conception ( ,god4 ,he projects on to ! ,div9e image confus+ %ad[s ( human imp]fection4 ,,god ,,is ,,"o3 ?is great article ( fai? 0 ! f\ndation ( ,israel's life4 ,x =ms ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ! ,%em1 ! ,he>1 ,o ,israel 7,deut4 vi4 #d-i71 :i* e pi\s ,jew repeats twice a day1 & :i* 9 lit]al ob$i5ce to ! ,law-giv]'s words he fixes above 8 h\se-door1 & b9ds ^u 8 arm & br[ at ! "t ( pray]4 ,?ree times besides has ! ,apo/le quot$ ?is s5t5ce4 ,! fir/ ( ^! passages1 ,rom4 iii4 #bi1 #cj1ajg may help u to und]/& its application "h4 ,9 t place he employs x z a weapon aga9/ ,jewi% exclusiv5ess4 ,if !re is b "o ,god1 he argues1 !re c be only "o way ( ju/ification1 = ,jew & ,g5tile alike4 ,! inf]5ce drawn "h is ev5 m bold & s+ul>4 ,!re is "o ,god1 :o appe>$ 9 ,8 prop] "* 9 ! ,cov5ant ) ,abraham4 ,if ! ,law ( ,moses gives u a conception ( ,8 nature 9 any wise diff]5t f ?is1 x is because o!r & l[] elem5ts f\nd a place 9 x4 ,?r\gh ! :ole c\rse ( revelation !re is "o ,god--manife/ to ,abraham1 veil$ 9 ,mosaism1 reveal$ aga9 9 ,8 p]fect image 9 ! face ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 #ajg ,comp4 #a ,cor4 viii4 #f2 #a ,tim4 ii4 #e2 also ,m>k xii4 #bi1 #cj2 ,jas4 ii4 #ai4 ,,ii4 ,s f> ! ,apo/le has pursu$ ! contra/ betwe5 ! sy/ems ( ,law & ,grace4 ,:5 f9ally he has ref]r$ ! latt] r ?an ! =m] to ! "o ,god1 we naturally ask1 ,is ! ,law !n aga9/ ! promises ( ,god8 7v]4 #ba74 ,0 ! ,legal disp5sation a m]e reaction1 a retrogression f ! ,promise8 ,?is w\ld be to pu% ,paul's argum5t to an ant9omian extreme4 ,he ha/5s to prote/4--,! law aga9/ ! promises8 ,away ) ! ?\ght4 ,n on ! ,apo/le's premises1 b on ^? ( 8 oppon5ts1 did ?is consequ5ce ensue4 ,x is !y :o set ! two at v>iance1 by try+ to make law d ! "w ( grace4 ,= if a law _h be5 giv5 t c\ld br+ m5 to life1 righte\sness w\ld v]ily 9 t case h be5 ( law 7v]4 #ba74 ,t righte\sness1 & !re=e life1 is n ( law1 ! ,apo/le has abundantly %[n 7*4 ii4 #af2 iii4 #aj-ac74 ,_h ! ,law provid$ "s effici5t means ( its own = w9n+ righte\sness1 !re w\ld !n inde$ h be5 a conflict betwe5 ! two pr9ciples4 ,z matt]s /&1 !re is none4 ,law & ,promise move on diff]5t planes4 ,_! functions are di/9ct4 ,yet !re is a connection betwe5 !m4 ,! design ( ! ,law is to m$iate betwe5 ! ,promise & its fulfilm5t4 ,! trespass mu/ be multipli$1 ! k ( s9 deep5$1 be=e ,grace c d its (fice4 ,! fev] ( s9 has to come to its crisis1 be=e ! rem$y c take effect4 ,law is !re=e n ! enemy1 b ! m9i/] ( ,grace4 ,x 0 *>g$ ) a purpose ly+ beyond itself4 ,*ri/ is ! end ( ! law1 = righte\sness 7,rom4 x4 #d74 #a4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! law cuts m5 (f f all o!r hope ( salvation4 ,on ! ,judai/ic hypo!sis1 righte\sness w\ld h be5 ( law4 ,b q on ! contr>y1 ! ,scripture %uts up ev]y?+ "u s91 t ! promise might be giv5 9 ! way ( fai? 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 to !m t believe 7v]4 #bb74 ,condemnation inevitable1 univ]sal1 0 pron\nc$ by ! ,div9e ^w "u ! ,law1 n 9 ord] t m5 might rema9 cru%$ b5ea? its weight1 b t1 ab&on+ va9 hopes ( self-ju/ification1 !y might f9d 9 ,*ri/ _! true deliv]]4 ,! ,apo/le is ref]r+ "h to ! g5]al purport ( ! ,scripture4 ,8 ass]tion embraces ! :ole tea*+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t conc]n+ human s9fulness1 embodi$1 = example1 9 ! *a9 ( citations drawn out 9 ,rom4 iii4 #aj-ah4 ,:]ev] ! man look+ = legal ju/ification turn$1 ! ,scripture met him ) "s new comm& :i* drove him back ^u ! s5se ( 8 moral helplessness4 ,x f5c$ him 9 ) prohibitions2 x %[]$ on him ?reat5+s & reproa*es2 x besieg$ him 9 ev] n>r[+ circles4 ,& if he felt less ! pressure ( its outw>d burd5s1 all ! m 0 he torm5t$ by inw>d di%>mony & self-accusation4 ,n[ ! judgem5t ( ,scripture is n utt]$ aga9/ ?is class ( m5 or t1 aga9/ ?is type ( s9 or t4 ,its impea*m5t sweeps ! entire area ( human life1 s\nd+ ! dep?s ( ! he>t1 se>*+ e av5ue ( ?\ght & desire4 ,x makes ( ! _w "o va/ prison-h\se1 ) ! ,law = gaol]1 & mank9d held fa/ 9 *a9s ( s91 wait+ = dea?4 ,9 ?is position ! ,apo/le _h f\nd himself 7,rom4 vii4 #bd-viii4 #b72 & 9 8 own he>t he saw a mirror ( ! _w4 ,e m\? 0 /opp$1 & all ! _w br\ght 9 guilty be=e ,god 7,rom4 iii4 #ai74 ,?is condition he graphically describes 9 t]ms ( 8 =m] exp]i5ce1 9 v]4 #bc3 ,be=e fai? came1 "u law we 7 kept 9 w>d1 be+ %ut up unto ! fai? t 0 to be reveal$4 ,! ,law 0 all ! :ile /&+ gu>d ov] its subjects1 wat*+ & *eck+ e attempt to escape1#ajh b int5d+ to h& !m ov] 9 due "t to ! *>ge ( ,fai?4 ,! ,law po/s its ord9ances1 l s _m s5t9els1 r\nd ! prison]'s cell4 ,! cordon is complete4 ,he tries aga9 & aga9 to break out2 ! iron circle w n yield4 ,b deliv]ance w yet be 84 ,! day ( ,fai? approa*es4 ,x dawn$ long ago 9 ,abraham's ,promise4 ,ev5 n[ its light %9es into 8 dungeon1 & he he>s ! ^w ( ,jesus1 ,?y s9s are =giv5 !e2 g 9 peace4 ,law1 ! /]n gaol]1 has aft] all be5 a good fri5d1 if x has res]v$ him = ?is4 ,x prev5ts ! s9n] escap+ to a futile & illusive fre$om4 #ajh ,h5ce ! pres5t p>ticiple1 7,revis$ read+ ( v]4 #bc71 9 comb9ation ) ! imp]fect ( ! =ego+ v]b1 4 ,9 ?is dramatic fa%ion ,paul %[s h[ ! ,mosaic law by its e?ical discipl9e prep>$ m5 = a life :i* by itself x 0 incapable ( giv+4 ,:]e ,law has done its "w well1 x produces1 z 9 ! ,apo/le's e>li] exp]i5ce1 a pr(\nd s5se ( p]sonal dem]it1 a t5d]ness ( consci5ce1 a contrition ( he>t :i* makes "o ready ?ankfully to receive ! righte\sness :i* is ( ,god by fai?4 ,9 e age & condition ( life a l effect is wr\ght ^u m5 :o hone/ly /rive to live up to an exact+ moral /&>d4 ,!y confess _! failure4 ,!y lose self-conceit4 ,!y gr[ poor 9 _s1 will+ to accept ! abundance ( ! gift ( righte\sness 9 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,fai? is trebly hon\r$ "h4 ,x is ! condition ( ! gift1 ! *>act]i/ic ( its recipi5t 7vv4 #bb1 #bd71 & ! end = :i* he 0 put "u ! *>ge ( ,law 7v]4 #bc74 ,to !m t believe is giv51 z x 0 9 =eta/e to ,abraham 7v]4 #f71 a righte\sness une>n$1 & be/[$ on ,*ri/'s acc\nt 7*4 iii4 #ac2 ,rom4 v4 #ag1 #ah72 :i* br+s ) x ! indwell+ ( ! ,holy ,_s1 res]v$ 9 its consci\s possession = ,abraham's *ildr5 9 ! fai? ( ,*ri/ 7*4 iii4 #ad2 iv4 #d74 ,^! bless+s =m ! comm5cem5t ( t true life1 ^: root is a spiritual union ) ,*ri/1 & :i* rea*es on to et]nity 7*4 ii4 #bj2 ,rom4 v4 #ba2 vi4 #bc74 ,( su* life ! ,law c\ld imp>t no?+2 b x taught m5 _! ne$ ( x1 & dispos$ !m to accept x4 ,?is 0 ! purpose ( its in/itution4 ,x 0 ! =]unn]1 n ! f9i%]1 ( ,fai?4 #b4 ,paul makes use ( a second figure to describe ! (fice ( ! ,law2 "u :i* he gives 8 f9al answ] to ! "q ( v]4 #ai4 ,! metaphor ( ! gaol] is ex*ang$ = t ( ! tutor4 ,! law ha? be5 our = ,*ri/4 ,?is ,greek ^w 7boy-lead]7 has no ,engli% equival5t2 we h n ! ?+ x repres5ts4 ,! p$agogue 0 a sort ( nurs]y gov]nor1--a confid5tial s]vant 9 ! ,greek h\sehold1 commonly a slave1 :o _h *>ge ( ! boy f 8 infancy1 & 0 responsible = 8 ov]sight4 ,9 8 food1 8 clo!s1 8 home-lessons1 8 play1 8 walks--at e po9t ! p$agogue 0 requir$ to wait ^u 8 "y *>ge1 & to control 8 movem5ts4 ,among/ o!r (fices1 8 tutor might h to conduct ! boy to s*ool2 & x has be5 suppos$ t ,paul is ?9k+ ( ?is duty1 z ?\gh he meant1 ,! ,law has be5 our p$agogue1 to take u to ,*ri/1 our true tea*]4 ,b he adds1 ,t we might be ju/ifi$ ( fai?4 ,! tutor ( v]4 #bd is p>allel to ! gu>d ( ! la/ v]se2 he repres5ts a di/9ctly discipl9>y influ5ce4 ,?is figure implies n l ! la/ ! imprison$ condition ( ! subject--b 8 *ildi%1 undevelop$ /ate4 ,?is is an advance ( ?\ght4 ,! ,law 0 some?+ m ?an a sy/em ( re/ra9t & condemnation4 ,x conta9$ an elem5t ( progress4 ,"u ! tutelage ( 8 p$agogue ! boy is gr[+ up to manhood4 ,at ! end ( its t]m ! ,law w h& ov] its *>ge mature 9 capacity & equal to ! responsibilities ( fai?4 ,if !n ! ,law is a 1 x is n ho/ile to ,grace1 b its fell[-work]2 b %\ld x cont9ue to hold u fa/ :5 ,grace has come1 !n x w\ld be ho/ile 7,*ryso/om74 ,al?\gh ! highe/ function1 t ( giv+ life1 is d5i$ to ! ,law1 a wor?y "p is /ill assign$ to x by ! ,apo/le4 ,x 0 a tutor to lead m5 to ,*ri/4 ,judaism 0 an education = ,*ri/ianity4 ,x prep>$ ! _w = ! ,r$eem]'s com+4 ,x drill$ & moralis$ ! religi\s y\? ( ! human race4 ,x broke up ! fall[-gr\nd ( nature1 & cle>$ a space 9 ! we$-cov]$ soil to receive ! se$ ( ! k+dom4 ,its moral regim5 deep5$ ! conviction ( s91 :ile x multipli$ its ov]t acts4 ,its c]emonial impress$ on s5su\s natures ! idea ( ! ,div9e hol9ess2 & its sacrificial rites gave def9it5ess & vividness to m5's conceptions ( ! necessity ( atonem5t1 fail+ inde$ to remove s91 b awak5+ ! ne$ & su/a9+ ! hope ( its removal 7,heb4 x4 #a-ah74 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,law ( ,moses has =m$ 9 ! ,jewi% nation a type ( humanity l no o!r 9 ! _w4 ,!y dwell alone1 said ,balaam1 & %all n be reckon$ among/ ! nations4 ,discipl9$ = ages "u _! h>% p$agogue1 ?is wond]ful p acquir$ a /r5g? ( moral fibre & a spiritual s5sibility t prep>$ !m to be ! religi\s lead]s ( mank9d4 ,israel has giv5 u ,david & ,isaiah1 ,paul & ,john4 ,*ri/ above all 0 born "u law--( ,david's se$ accord+ to fle%4 ,! influ5ce ( ,jewi% m9ds at ?is pres5t "t on ! _w's high] ?\ght1 :e!r = good or evil1 is incalculable2 & x p5etrates ev]y:]e4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* may ) increas$ emphasis repeat ,paul's anticipation1 ,:at w ! receiv+ ( !m be1 b life f ! dead6 ,!y h a great s]vice /ill to d = ! ,"l & = ,8 ,*ri/4 ,x 0 well = !m & = u t !y h borne ! yoke 9 _! y\?4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,emancipat$ ,,sons ,,( ,,god4 ,b n[ t fai? is come1 we are no long] "u a tutor4 ,= ye are all sons ( ,god1 ?r\gh fai? 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,= z _m ( y z 7 baptiz$ into ,*ri/ did put on ,*ri/4 ,!re c be nei!r ,jew nor ,greek1 !re c be nei!r bond nor free1 !re c be no male & female3 = ye all are "o man 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,& if ye are ,*ri/'s1 !n are ye ,abraham's se$1 heirs accord+ to promise4--,,gal4 iii4 #be-bi4 ,fai? has come6 ,at ?is ann\ncem5t ,law ! tutor yields up 8 *>ge2 ,law ! gaol] sets 8 prison] at lib]ty4 ,! age ( s]vitude has pass$4 ,9 tru? x endur$ long en\gh4 ,! iron ( its bondage _h ent]$ into ! s\l4 ,b at la/ ,fai? is come2 & ) x comes a new _w4 ,! clock ( "t _c be put back4 ,! s\l ( man w nev] return to ! old tutelage1 nor submit aga9 to a religion ( rabb9ism & sac]dotalism4 ,we are no long] "u a p$agogue2 we h ceas$ to be *ildr5 9 ! nurs]y1 s*oolboys at our tasks--ye are all sons ( ,god4 ,9 su* t]ms ! newborn1 free _s ( ,*ri/ianity speaks 9 ,paul4 ,he _h ta/$ ! bitt]ness ( ! ,judaic yoke2 no man m deeply4 ,he _h felt ! weight ( its impossible exactions1 its fatal condemnation4 ,?is s5t5ce is a %\t ( deliv]ance4 ,wret* t ,i am1 he _h cri$1 :o %all deliv] me8--,i give ?anks to ,god ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/ our ,"l2 444 = ! law ( ! ,_s ( life 9 ,him ha? fre$ me f ! law ( s9 & dea? 7,rom4 vii4 #bd-viii4 #b74 ,fai? is ! true emancipator ( ! human m9d4 ,x comes to take its place z mi/ress ( ! s\l1 que5 9 ! realm ( ! he>t2 to be h5ce=? its spr+ ( life1 ! norm & guid+ pr9ciple ( its activity4 ,! life t ,i live 9 ! fle%1 ,paul te/ifies1 ,i live 9 fai?4 ,! ,mosaic law--a sy/em ( ext]nal1 repressive ord9ances--is no long] to be ! basis ( religion4 ,law itself1 & = its prop] purposes1 ,fai? hon\rs & magnifies 7,rom4 iii4 #ca74 ,x is 9 ! int]e/s ( ,law t ! ,apo/le insi/s on ! aboli%m5t ( its ,judaic =m4 ,fai? is an ess5tially j pr9ciple1 ! rightful1 orig9al gr\nd ( human fell[%ip ) ,god4 ,9 ! age ( ,abraham1 & ev5 "u ! ,mosaic rgime1 9 ! religion ( ! ,prophets & ,psalmi/s1 fai? 0 ! quick5+ elem5t1 ! well-spr+ ( piety & hope & moral vig\r4 ,n[ x is br\ght to light4 ,x assumes its sov]eignty1 & claims its inh]itance4 ,fai? is come--= ,*ri/ is come1 its au?or & f9i%]4 ,! efficacy ( fai? lies 9 its object4 ,works assume an intr9sic m]it 9 ! do]2 fai? has its virtue 9 ,him x tru/s4 ,x is ! s\l's recumb5cy on ,*ri/4 ,?r\gh fai? 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus1 ,paul goes on to say1 ye are all sons ( ,god4 ,*ri/ evokes ! fai? :i* %akes (f legal bondage1 leav+ ! age ( =malism & ritual beh9d1 & beg9n+ = ! _w an era ( spiritual fre$om4 ,9 ,*ri/ ,jesus fai? has its be+2 ,he con/itutes = ! s\l a new atmosph]e & habitat1 9 :i* fai? awak5s to full exi/5ce1 bur/s ! conf9+ %ell ( legalism1 recognises itself & its de/9y1 & unfolds into ! glori\s consci\sness ( its ,div9e son%ip4 ,we pref]1 ) ,ellicott & ,mey]1 to atta* ! complem5t 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus#aji to fai? 7s 9 ,a4,v471 r ?an to ! pr$icate1 ,ye are sons--! con/ruction endors$ by ! ,revis$ comma aft] fai?4 ,! =m] connection1 m obvi\s 9 itself1 seems to u to fall 9 ) ! ,apo/le's l9e ( ?\ght4 ,& x is su/a9$ by ! language ( v]4 #bg4 ,fai? 9 ,*ri/1 baptism into ,*ri/1 & putt+ on ,*ri/ are connect$ & correspond5t expressions4 ,! fir/ is ! spiritual pr9ciple1 ! gr\nd or elem5t ( ! new life2 ! second1 its visible atte/ation2 & ! ?ird indicates ! "* & habit prop] !reto4 #aji ,! phrase fai? 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus is a l9k betwe5 ?is ,epi/le & ^? ( ! ?ird & f\r? gr\ps4 ,comp4 ,col4 i4 #d2 ,eph4 i4 #ae2 #a ,tim4 iii4 #ac2 #b ,tim4 i4 #ac2 iii4 #ae4 ,m frequ5tly 9 ?is connection our 9 repres5ts 7into71 n z "h4 ,i4 ,x is fai? 9 ,*ri/ !n :i* con/itutes u sons ( ,god4 ,?is pr9ciple is ! f\ndation-/one ( ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ! son%ip ( believ]s lay 9 %ad[4 ,jehovah 0 ! ,k+1 ! ,"l ( ,ho/s1 ! ,%eph]d ( ,israel4 ,!y are ,8 p1 ! %eep ( ,8 pa/ure--,my s]vant ,jacob1 ,he says1 ,israel :om ,i h *os54 ,if ,he is nam$ ,fa!r1 x is ( ! collective ,israel1 n ! individual2 o!rwise ! title occurs only 9 figure & apo/rophe4 ,! promise ( ?is bless$ness _h nev] be5 explicitly giv5 "u ! ,cov5ant ( ,moses4 ,! assurance quot$ 9 #b ,cor4 vi4 #ah is piec$ toge!r f scatt]$ h9ts ( prophecy4 ,old-,te/am5t fai? h>dly d>$ to dream ( su* a privilege z ?is4 ,x is n ascrib$ ev5 to ,abraham4 ,only to ! k+ly ,son ( ,david is x said1 ,i w be a ,fa!r unto him2 & he %all be to me = a son 7#b ,sam4 vii4 #ad74 ,b belov$1 n[ are we *ildr5 ( ,god 7#a ,john iii4 #b74 ,! filial consci\sness is ! di/9ction ( ! ,*ur* ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! ,apo/olic writ+s are full ( x4 ,! unspeakable dignity ( ?is relation%ip1 ! b\ndless hopes :i* x inspires1 h left _! fre% impress on ! pages ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! writ]s are m5 :o h made a va/ discov]y4 ,!y h sail$ out into a new ocean4 ,!y h come ^u an inf9ite treasure4 ,?\ art no long] a slave1 b a son6 ,:at exultation fill$ ! s\l ( ,paul & ( ,john z !y p5n$ su* words6 ,! ,_s ( glory & ( ,god re/$ ^u !m4 ,! ,apo/le is virtually repeat+ "h :at he said 9 vv4 #b-e t\*+ ! receiv+ ( ! ,_s1 :i* is1 he decl>$1 ! di/9ctive m>k ( ! ,*ri/ian /ate1 & raises its possessor ipso facto above ! religion ( ext]nalism4 ,! anti!sis ( fle% & _s n[ becomes t ( son%ip & pupilage4 ,*ri/ ,himself1 9 ! words ( ,luke xi4 #ac1 m>k$ out ! gift ( ! ,holy ,_s z ! bond betwe5 ! heav5ly ,fa!r & ,8 human *ildr54 ,accord+ly ,paul writes imm$iately1 9 *4 iv4 #f1 #g1 ( ,god s5d+ =? ! ,_s ( ,8 ,son into our he>ts to %[ t we are sons1 :]e we f9d aga9 ! ?\ght :i* foll[s "h 9 v]4 #bg1 viz4 t union ) ,*ri/ imp>ts ?is exalt$ /atus4 ,?is is aft] all ! c5tral conception ( ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,paul has already /at$ x z ! sum ( 8 own exp]i5ce3 ,*ri/ lives 9 me 7*4 ii4 #bj74 ,i h put on ,*ri/ is ! same ?+ 9 o!r words4 ,9 *4 ii4 #bj he contemplates ! union z an inn]1 vitalis+ =ce2 "h x is view$ z matt] ( /atus & condition4 ,! believ] is inve/$ ) ,*ri/4 ,he ent]s into ! filial e/ate & end[m5ts1 s9ce he is 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,= if ,*ri/ is ,son ( ,god1 & ?\ ha/ put on ,him1 hav+ ! ,son 9 ?yself & be+ made l to ,him1 ?\ wa/ br\ght into "o k9dr$ & "o =m ( be+ ) ,him 7,*ryso/om74 ,?is 0 true ( s _m z 7 baptiz$ into ,*ri/--an expression employ$ n 9 ord] to limit ! ass]tion1 b to ext5d x co9cid5tly ) ! all ( v]4 #bf4 ,!re 0 no diff]5ce 9 ?is respect betwe5 ! circumcis$ & uncircumcis$4 ,e baptiz$ ,galatian 0 a son ( ,god4 ,baptism manife/ly presupposes fai?4 ,to imag9e t ! opus op]atum1 ! me*anical p]=mance ( ! rite ap>t f fai? pres5t or anticipat$ 9 ! subject1 clo!s u ) ,*ri/1 is to h>k back to ,judaism4 ,x is to sub/itute baptism = circumcision--a diff]5ce m]ely ( =m1 s long z ! doctr9e ( ritual reg5]ation rema9s ! same4 ,?is passage is z cle> a pro( z c\ld well be desir$1 t 9 ! ,paul9e vocabul>y baptiz$ is synonym\s ) believ+4 ,! baptism ( ^! ,galatians solemnis$ _! spiritual union ) ,*ri/4 ,x 0 ! public acceptance1 9 tru/ & submission1 ( ,god's cov5ant ( grace--= _! *ildr5 haply1 z well z = !mselves4 ,9 ! case ( ! infant1 ! h\sehold to :i* x belongs1 ! religi\s community :i* receives x to be nurs$ 9 its bosom1 /& sponsors = its fai?4 ,on !m w re/ ! blame ( brok5 v[s & responsibility dis[n$1 if _! baptiz$ *ildr5 are left to lapse into ignorance ( ,*ri/'s claims ^u !m4 ,! ,*ur* :i* practises infant baptism assumes a v s]i\s obligation4 ,if x takes no suffici5t c>e to h ! rite made good1 if *ildr5 pass ?r\gh its lav] to rema9 unm>k$ & un%eph]d$1 x is s9n+ aga9/ ,*ri/4 ,su* adm9i/ration makes ,8 ord9ance an object ( sup]/ition1 or ( contempt4 ,! baptism ( ! ,galatians signalis$ _! entrance into ,*ri/1 ! union ( _! s\ls ) ! dy+1 ris5 ,"l4 ,!y 7 baptiz$1 z ,paul phrases x else:]e1 into ,8 dea?1 to walk h5ce=? ) ,him 9 newness ( life4 ,by its v =m--! normal & mo/ expressive =m ( primitive baptism1 ! desc5t into & ris+ f ! symbolic wat]s--x pictur$ ! s\l's dea? ) ,*ri/1 its burial & its resurrection 9 ,him1 its sep>ation f ! life ( s9 & entrance ^u ! new c>e] ( a reg5]at$ *ild ( ,god 7,rom4 vi4 #c-ad74 ,?is p[] att5d$ ! ord9ance ?r\gh fai? 9 ! op]ation ( ,god :o rais$ ,*ri/ f ! dead 7,col4 ii4 #aa-ac74 ,baptism _h prov$ to !m ! lav] ( reg5]ation 9 virtue ( ! r5ew+ ( ! ,holy ,_s1 "u ^? spiritual conditions ( accept$ m]cy & ju/ification by grace ?r\gh fai?1#aaj )\t :i* x is a m]e law-"w1 z useless z any o!r4 ,x 0 ! outw>d & visible sign ( ! inw>d transaction :i* made ! ,galatian believ]s sons ( ,god & heirs ( life et]nal4 ,x 0 !re=e a putt+ on ( ,*ri/1 a v]itable assumption ( ! ,*ri/ian "*1 ! filial relation%ip to ,god4 ,e su* baptism ann\nc$ to heav5 & e>? ! passage ( ano!r s\l f s]vitude to fre$om1 f dea? unto life1 ! bir? ( a bro!r into ! family ( ,god4 ,f ?is day ! new conv]t 0 a memb] incorporate ( ! ,body ( ,*ri/1 affianc$ to 8 ,"l1 n alone 9 ! secret v[s ( 8 he>t1 b pl$g$ to ,him be=e 8 fell[-m54 ,he _h put on ,*ri/--to be worn 9 8 daily life1 :ile ,he dwelt 9 ! %r9e ( 8 _s4 ,& m5 w\ld see ,*ri/ 9 him1 z !y see ! robe ^u its we>]1 ! arm\r glitt]+ on ! soldi]'s brea/4 #aaj ,rom4 vi4 #a1 #b2 ,tit4 iii4 #d-g 7n ( works 444 t we _h done74 ,by receiv+ ,*ri/1 inw>dly accept$ 9 fai?1 visibly assum$ 9 baptism1 we are made sons ( ,god4 ,he makes u free ( ! h\se ( ,god1 :]e ,he rules z ,son1 & :]e no slave may long] /ay4 ,^? :o call$ !mselves ,abraham's se$ & yet 7 slaves ( s91 mu/ be driv5 f ! place 9 ,god's h\sehold :i* !y di%on\r$1 & mu/ =feit _! abus$ pr]ogatives4 ,!y 7 n ,abraham's *ildr51 = !y 7 utt]ly unlike him2 ! ,devil surely 0 _! fa!r1 :om by _! lu/s !y featur$4 ,s ,*ri/ decl>$ to ! unbeliev+ ,jews 7,john viii4 #ca-dd74 ,& s ! ,apo/le id5tifies ! *ildr5 ( ,abraham ) ! sons ( ,god1 by fai? unit$ to ! ,son4 ,alike 9 ! hi/orical son%ip t[>d ,abraham & ! sup]natural son%ip t[>d ,god1 ,*ri/ is ! gr\nd ( filiation4 ,our son%ip is graft$ ^u ,84 ,he is ! v9e1 we bran*es 9 ,him4 ,he is ! se$ ( ,abraham1 ! ,son ( ,god2 we1 sons ( ,god & ,abraham's se$--if we are ,*ri/'s4 ,?r\gh ,him we d]ive f ,god2 ?r\gh ,him all t is be/ 9 ! life ( humanity comes d[n to u4 ,*ri/ is ! c5tral /ock1 ! spiritual root ( ! human race4 ,8 manife/ation reveals ,god to man1 & man also to himself4 ,9 ,jesus ,*ri/ we rega9 ! ,div9e image1 /amp$ ^u u 9 ,him at our creation 7,col4 i4 #ae1 #af2 iii4 #aj1 #aa71 ! filial lik5ess to ,god :i* con/itutes man's prop] nature4 ,its atta9m5t is ! ess5tial bless+1 ! promise :i* desc5d$ f ,abraham along ! succession ( fai?4 ,n[ ?is dignity belongs univ]sally to ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,ye are all1 ! ,apo/le says1 sons ( ,god ?r\gh fai? 9 ,him4 ,son%ip is a human1 n a ,jewi% di/9ction4 ,! discipl9e ,israel _h endur$1 x endur$ = ! _w4 ,! ,g5tiles h no ne$ to pass ?r\gh x aga94 ,abraham's bless+1 :5 x came1 0 to embrace all ! families ( ! e>?4 ,! new life 9 ,*ri/ 9 :i* x is realis$1 is z l>ge 9 scope z x is complete 9 nature4 ,fai? 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus is a condition t op5s ! door to e human be+1--,jew or ,greek1 bond or free1 male or female4 ,if !n baptiz$1 believ+ ,g5tiles are sons ( ,god1 !y /& already on a level high] ?an any to :i* ,mosaism rais$ its pr(essors4 ,putt+ on ,*ri/1 !y are rob$ 9 a righte\sness bright] & pur] ?an t ( ! mo/ blameless legali/4 ,:at c ,judaism d = !m m8 ,h[ c\ld !y wi% to cov] _! glori\s dress ) its fad$1 worn-out g>m5ts8 ,to add circumcision to _! fai? w\ld be n to rise1 b to s9k f ! /ate ( sons to t ( s]fs4 ,,ii4 ,on ?is fir/ pr9ciple ( ! new life !re re/s a second4 ,! sons ( ,god are bre?r5 to ea* o!r4 ,*ri/ianity is ! p]fection ( society1 z well z ( ! individual4 ,! fai? ( ,*ri/ re/ores ! brok5 unity ( mank9d4 ,9 ,*ri/ ,jesus !re is no ,jew or ,greek2 !re is no bondman or freeman2 !re is no male & female4 ,y are all "o 9 ,him4 ,! ,galatian believ] at 8 baptism _h ent]$ a communion :i* gave him = ! fir/ "t ! s5se ( a common humanity4 ,9 ,jesus ,*ri/ he f\nd a bond ( union ) 8 fell[s1 an id5tity ( int]e/ & aim s comm&+ t 9 its pres5ce secul> diff]5ces appe>$ z no?+4 ,f ! height to :i* 8 ,div9e adoption rais$ him ^! ?+s 7 invisible4 ,di/9ctions ( race1 ( rank1 ev5 t ( sex1 :i* bulk s l>gely 9 our outw>d life & are su/a9$ by all ! =ce ( pride & habit1 are =gott5 "h4 ,^! divid+ l9es & p>ty-walls h no p[] to sund] u f ,*ri/1 nor !re=e f ea* o!r 9 ,*ri/4 ,! tide ( ,div9e love & joy :i* ?r\gh ! gate ( fai? p\r$ into ! s\ls ( ^! ,g5tiles ( _m nations1 subm]g$ all b>ri]s4 ,!y are "o 9 ! bro!rhood ( ! et]nal life4 ,:5 "o says ,i am a *ild ( ,god1 "o no long] ?9ks1 ,i am a ,greek or ,jew1 ri* or poor1 noble or ignoble--man or woman4 ,a son ( ,god6--t sublime consci\sness fills 8 be+4 ,paul1 to be sure1 does n mean t ^! diff]5ces h ceas$ to exi/4 ,he fully recognises !m2 & inde$ insi/s /rongly on ! proprieties ( sex1 & on ! duties ( civil /ation4 ,he values 8 own ,jewi% bir? & ,roman citiz5%ip4 ,b 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus he c\nts !m refuse 7,phil4 iii4 #d-h74 ,our relations to ,god1 our h]itage 9 ,abraham's ,te/am5t1 dep5d on our fai? 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus & our possession ( ,8 ,_s4 ,nei!r bir? nor (fice affects ?is relation%ip 9 ! lea/ degree4 ,z _m z are l$ by ! ,_s ( ,god1 !y are ! sons ( ,god 7,rom4 viii4 #ad74 ,?is is ! ,div9e crit]ion ( *ur*man%ip1 appli$ to pr9ce or begg>1 to ar*bi%op or sexton1 ) p]fect imp>tiality4 ,god is no respect] ( p]sons4 ,?is rule ( ! ,apo/le's 0 a new pr9ciple 9 religion1 pregnant ) imm5se consequ5ces4 ,! ,/oic cosmopolitan philosophy made a consid]able approa* to x1 tea*+ z x did ! wor? ( ! moral p]son & ! indep5d5ce ( virtue ^u outw>d conditions4 ,buddhism previ\sly1 & ,mohamm$anism subsequ5tly1 ea* 9 its own way1 address$ !mselves to man z man1 decl>+ all believ]s equal & aboli%+ ! privileges ( race & ca/e4 ,to _! recognition ( human bro!rhood ! m>vell\s victories won by ^! two cre$s are l>gely due4 ,^! religi\s sy/ems1 ) all _! errors1 7 a signal advance ^u ,paganism ) its gods _m & lords _m1 its local & national deities1 ^: wor%ip belittl$ ! idea ( ,god & turn$ religion into an eng9e ( ho/ility in/ead ( a bond ( union among/ m54 ,greek culture1 moreov]1 & ,roman gov]nm5t1 z x has (t5 be5 obs]v$1 _h greatly t5d$ to unify mank9d4 ,!y diffus$ a common atmosph]e ( ?\ght & e/abli%$ "o imp]ial law r\nd ! circuit ( ! ,m$it]ranean %ores4 ,b ^! conque/s ( secul> civilization1 ! victories ( arms & arts1 7 a*iev$ at ! exp5se ( religion4 ,poly!ism is ess5tially b>b>ian4 ,x fl\ri%es 9 division & 9 ignorance4 ,to br+ toge!r its innum]able gods & cre$s 0 to br+ !m all into contempt4 ,! "o law1 ! "o le>n+ n[ prevail+ 9 ! _w1 creat$ a void 9 ! consci5ce ( mank9d1 only to be fill$ by ! "o fai?4 ,)\t a c5tre ( spiritual unity1 hi/ory %[s t no o!r union w endure4 ,b = ,*ri/ianity1 ! ,grco-,roman civilization w\ld h p]i%$1 trampl$ out by ! feet ( ,go?s & ,huns4 ,! ,jewi% fai? fail$ to meet ! _w's dem& = a univ]sal religion4 ,x c\ld nev] h sav$ ,european society4 ,nor 0 x design$ = su* a purpose4 ,true1 its ,jehovah 0 ! ,god ( ! :ole e>?4 ,! tea*+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 z ,paul easily %[$1 _h a univ]sal import & br\ght all m5 )9 ! scope ( its promises4 ,b 9 its actual %ape & its positive in/itutions x 0 /ill tribal & exclusive4 ,mosaism plant$ r\nd ! family ( ,abraham a f5ce ( ord9ances1 fram$ ( set purpose to make !m a sep>ate p & pres]ve !m f hea!n contam9ation4 ,?is sy/em1 at fir/ ma9ta9$ ) difficulty1 9 c\rse ( "t ga9$ control ( ! ,israeliti% nature1 & its exclusiv5ess 0 aggravat$ by e device ( ,ph>isaic +5uity4 ,)\t an entire trans=mation1 )\t 9 fact ceas+ to be ,judaism1 ! ,jewi% religion 0 doom$ to isolation4 ,"u ! ,roman ,empire1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ubiquit\s disp]sion ( ! ,jews1 x spread f> & wide4 ,x attract$ num]\s & influ5tial conv]ts4 ,b ^! proselytes nev] 71 & nev] c\ld h be5 g5]ally amalgamat$ ) ! sacr$ p4 ,!y rema9$ 9 ! out] c\rt1 wor%ipp+ ! ,god ( ,israel af> (f 7,eph4 ii4 #aa-bb2 iii4 #d-f74 ,?is p>ticul>ism ( ! ,mosaic sy/em 01 to ,paul's m9d1 a pro( ( its tempor>y "*4 ,! abid+ fai?1 ! fai? ( ,abraham & 8 se$1 mu/ be broad z humanity4 ,x c\ld "k no?+ ( ,jew & ,g5tile1 ( ma/] & slave1 nor ev5 ( man & woman2 x kn[s only ! s\l & ,god4 ,! gospel ( ,*ri/ alli$ itself ?us ) ! nasc5t in/9ct ( humanity1 ! fell[-feel+ ( ! race4 ,x adopt$ ! s5tim5t ( ! ,roman poet1 himself an enfran*is$ slave1 :o wrote3 ,homo sum1 et humani a me nil ali5um puto4 ,9 our religion human k9%ip at la/ receives adequate expression4 ,! ,son ( man lays ! f\ndation ( a _w-wide frat]nity4 ,! "o ,fa!r claims all m5 = ,8 sons 9 ,*ri/4 ,a new1 t5d]]1 holi] humanity is =m$ ar\nd ,8 cross4 ,m5 ( ! mo/ di/ant climes & races1 com+ across _! anci5t battle-fields1 clasp ea* o!r's h&s & say1 ,belov$1 if ,god s lov$ u1 we ought also to love "o ano!r4 ,! practice ( ! ,*ur* has fall5 f> bel[ ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ & ,8 ,apo/les4 ,9 ?is respect ,mohamm$ans & ,buddhi/s might tea* ,*ri/ian congregations a lesson ( frat]nity4 ,! arrangem5ts ( our public wor%ip seem (t5 design$ expressly to emphasize social di/9ctions1 & to rem9d ! poor man ( 8 inequality4 ,our native hauteur & conv5tionality are n[h]e m pa9fully conspicu\s ?an 9 ! h\se ( ,god4 ,engli% ,*ri/ianity is seam$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) ca/e-feel+4 ,?is lies at ! root ( our sect>ian jeal\sies4 ,x is l>gely due to ?is cause t ! social ideal ( ,jesus ,*ri/ has be5 s deplorably ignor$1 & t a frank bro!rly fell[%ip among/ ! ,*ur*es is at pres5t impossible4 ,sac]dotalism fir/ de/roy$ ! ,*ri/ian bro!rhood by absorb+ 9 ! (ficial m9i/ry ! functions ( ! individual believ]4 ,& ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation has b p>tially re-e/abli%$ ^! pr]ogatives4 ,its action has be5 s f> too exclusively negative & prot/ant1 too little con/ructive & creative4 ,x has all[$ itself to be secul>is$ & id5tifi$ ) exi/+ national limitations & social di/9ctions4 ,h[ greatly has ! au?ority ( our fai? & ! influ5ce ( ! ,*ur* suff]$ f ?is error4 ,! filial consci\sness %\ld produce ! frat]nal consci\sness4 ,) ! =m] we may h a numb] ( private ,*ri/ians2 ) ! latt] only c we h a ,*ur*4 ,ye are all1 says ! ,apo/le1 "o 7man7 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,! num]al is mascul9e1 n neut]--"o p]son 7no ab/ract unity71#aaa z ?\gh possess+ "o m9d & w1 & t ! m9d t 0 9 ,*ri/4 ,j s f> z individual m5 are 9 ,*ri/ & ,he becomes ! s\l ( _! life1 d !y realise ?is unity4 ,! ,*ri/ )9 !m recognises ! ,*ri/ )\t1 z face answ]e? to face 9 a glass4 ,9 ?is recognition social disp>ity vani%es4 ,we ?9k ( x no m ?an we %all d be=e ! judgem5t-seat ( ,*ri/4 ,:at matt]s x :e!r my bro!r we>s velvet or fu/ian1 if ,*ri/ be 9 him8 ,! humbl5ess ( 8 bir? or occupation1 ! unc\?ness ( 8 spee*1 _c sep>ate him1 nor c ! abs5ce ( ^! peculi>ities sep>ate 8 neighb\r1 f ! love ( ,god 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus our ,"l4 ,:y %\ld ^! diff]5ces make !m /rang]s to ea* o!r 9 ! ,*ur*8 ,if bo? are 9 ,*ri/1 :y are !y n "o 9 ,*ri/8 ,a tide ( patriotic emotion1 a sc5e ( pity or t]ror--a %ipwreck1 an e>?quake--levels all classes & makes u feel & act z "o man4 ,our fai? 9 ,*ri/ %\ld d no less4 ,or d we love ,god less ?an we fe> dea?8 ,is our c\ntry m to u ?an ,jesus ,*ri/8 ,9 r>e mom5ts ( exaltation we rise1 x may be1 to ! height at :i* ,paul sets our life4 ,b until we c habitually & by settl$ pr9ciple 9 our ,*ur*-relations "k no man aft] ! fle%1 we come %ort ( ! purpose ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 7comp4 ,john xvii4 #bj-bc74 #aaa ,comp4 ,eph4 ii4 #ae2 iv4 #ac2 b neut] 9 ii4 #ad4 ,! unity ,paul desid]ates w\ld effectually c\nt]act ! ,judai/ic agitation4 ,! =ce ( ! latt] lay 9 antipa?y4 ,paul's oppon5ts cont5d$ t !re mu/ be ,jew & ,greek4 ,!y f5c$ (f ! ,jewi% pres]ve f uncircumcis$ intrud]s4 ,g5tile noncon=mi/s mu/ adopt _! ritual2 or !y w rema9 a l[] ca/e1 outside ! privileg$ circle ( ! cov5ant-heirs ( ,abraham4 ,compell$ "u ?is pressure to accept ! ,mosaic law1 x 0 anticipat$ t !y w\ld add to ! glory ( ,judaism & help to ma9ta9 its in/itutions unimpair$4 ,b ! ,apo/le has cut ! gr\nd f "u _! feet4 ,x is fai?1 he affirms1 :i* makes m5 sons ( ,god4 ,& fai? is equally possible to ,jew or ,g5tile4 ,!n ,judaism is doom$4 ,no sy/em ( ca/e1 no pr9ciple ( social exclusion has1 on ?is assumption1 any foo?old 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,spiritual life1 ne>ness & lik5ess to ! common ,savi\r--9 a ^w "*1 is ! /&>d ( wor? 9 ,8 k+dom4 ,& ! range ( t k+dom is made wide z humanity2 its *>ity1 deep z ! love ( ,god4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& if y--:e!r ,jews or ,greeks--are ,*ri/'s1 !n are y ,abraham's se$1 heirs 9 t]ms ( ! ,promise4 ,s ! ,apo/le br+s to a close ?is "p ( 8 argum5t1 & l9ks x to :at he has said be=e t\*+ ! fa!rhood ( ,abraham4 ,s9ce v]4 #ah we h lo/ sight ( ! patri>*2 b he has n be5 =gott54 ,f t v]se ,paul has be5 conduct+ u onw>d ?r\gh ! legal c5turies :i* p>t$ ,abraham f ,*ri/4 ,he has %[n h[ ! law ( ,moses int]pos$ betwe5 promise & fulfilm5t1 s*ool+ ! ,jewi% race & mank9d 9 !m = its accompli%m5t4 ,n[ ! long discipl9e is ov]4 ,! h\r ( release has /ruck4 ,fai? resumes h] anci5t sway1 9 a l>g] realm4 ,9 ,*ri/ a new1 univ]sal humanity comes into exi/5ce1 =m$ ( m5 :o by fai? are graft$ into ,him4 ,p>tak]s ( ,*ri/1 ,g5tiles also are ( ! se$ ( ,abraham2 ! wild scions ( nature %>e ! root & fatness ( ! good olive-tree4 ,all ?+s are !irs2 = !y are ,*ri/'s 7#a ,cor4 iii4 #ba-bc74 ,*ri/ nev] /&s alone4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! ,*ur*--fir/born ( _m bre?r5 ,he pres5ts ,himself1 /&+ 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god = u4 ,he has secur$ = mank9d & keeps 9 tru/ its glori\s h]itage4 ,9 ,him we hold 9 fee ! ages pa/ & to come4 ,! sons ( ,god are heirs ( ! univ]se4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,heir',s ,,com+ ,,( ,,age4 ,b ,i say t s long z ! heir is a *ild1 he diff]e? no?+ f a bonds]vant1 ?\gh he is "l ( all2 b is "u gu>dians & /ew>ds until ! t]m appo9t$ ( ! fa!r4 ,s we also1 :5 we 7 *ildr51 7 held 9 bondage "u ! rudim5ts ( ! _w3 b :5 ! fulness ( ! "t came1 ,god s5t =? ,8 ,son1 born ( a woman1 born "u ! law1 t ,he might r$eem !m :i* 7 "u ! law1 t we might receive ! adoption ( sons4 ,& because ye are sons1 ,god s5t =? ! ,_s ( ,8 ,son into our he>ts1 cry+1 ,abba ,fa!r4 ,s t ?\ art no long] a bonds]vant1 b a son2 & if a son1 !n an heir ?r\gh ,god4--,,gal4 iv4 #a-g4 ,! ma9 !sis ( ! ,epi/le is n[ e/abli%$4 ,g5tile ,*ri/ians1 ,paul has %[n1 are 9 ! true ,abrahamic succession ( fai?4 ,& ?is devolution ( ! ,promise discloses ! real int5t ( ! ,mosaic law1 z an int]m$iate & discipl9>y sy/em4 ,*ri/ 0 ! heir ( ,abraham's te/am5t2 ,he 0 !re=e ! end ( ,moses' law4 ,& ^? :o are ,*ri/'s inh]it ! bless+s ( ! ,promise1 :ile !y escape ! curse & condemnation ( ! ,law4 ,! rema9d] ( ! ,apo/le's polemic1 d[n to *4 v4 #ab1 is devot$ to ! illu/ration & en=cem5t ( ?is position4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 ! pre-,*ri/ian /ate is assign$ to ! ,jew1 :o 0 ! *ief subject ( ,div9e tea*+ 9 ! =m] disp5sation2 x is set =? "u ! fir/ p]son 7v]4 #c71 9 ! language ( recollection4 ,describ+ ! opposite condition ( son%ip1 ! ,apo/le rev]ts f ! fir/ to ! second p]son1 id5tify+ 8 read]s ) himself 7comp4 *4 iii4 #be1 #bf74 ,true1 ! ,g5tiles _h be5 9 bondage 7vv4 #g1 #h74 ,?is goes )\t say+4 ,paul's object is to %[ t ,judaism is a bondage4 ,^u ?is he insi/s ) all ! emphasis he c comm&4 ,moreov]1 ! legal sy/em conta9$ worldly1 unspiritual elem5ts1 crude & *ildi% conceptions ( tru?1 m>k+ x1 9 comp>ison ) ,*ri/ianity1 z an inf]ior religion4 ,let ! ,galatians be conv9c$ ( ?is1 & !y w und]/& :at ,paul is go+ to say directly2 !y w p]ceive t ,judaic con=mity is = !m a backslid+ 9 ! direction ( _! =m] hea!nism 7vv4 #h-aj74 ,b ! =ce ( ?is latt] w>n+ is disc\nt$ & its effect weak5$ :5 he is suppos$1 z by "s int]pret]s1 to include ,g5tile along ) ,jewi% rudim5ts already 9 v]4 #c4 ,8 read]s c\ld n h suspect$ ?is4 ,! ,s we also & ! held 9 bondage ( ?is v]se c>ry !m back to *4 iii4 #bc4 ,by call+ ! ,mosaic c]emonies rudim5ts ( ! _w he gives ,jewi% susceptibilities j su* a %ock z prep>es = ! decl>ation ( v]4 #i1 :i* puts !m on a level ) hea!n rites4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity1 hi/orically unfold$ 9 *4 iii41 is "h re/at$ 9 graphic summ>y4 ,we see1 fir/1 ! heir ( ,god 9 8 m9ority2 & aga91 ! same heir 9 possession ( 8 e/ate4 ,i4 ,"o c fancy ! ,jew reply+ to ,paul's previ\s argum5t 9 "s su* /yle z ?is4 ,y p\r contempt1 he w\ld say1 on ! religion ( y\r fa!rs4 ,y make !m out to h be5 no bett] ?an slaves4 ,abraham's inh]itance1 y pret5d1 "u ! ,mosaic disp5sation lay dormant1 & is reviv$ 9 ord] to be tak5 f 8 *ildr5 & conf]r$ on ali5s4 ,no1 ,paul w\ld answ]3 ,i admit t ! sa9ts ( ,israel 7 sons ( ,god2 ,i glory 9 ! fact--:o are ,israelites1 ^: is ! adoption ( sons & ! glory & ! cov5ants & ! law-giv+ & ! promises1 ^: are ! fa!rs 7,rom4 ix4 #d1 #e74 ,b !y 7 sons 9 _! m9ority4 ,& ,i say t z long z ! heir is 7legally7 an infant1 he diff]s 9 no?+ f a slave1 ?\gh 7by title7 "l ( all4 ,! man ( ! ,old ,cov5ant 0 a *ild ( ,god 9 posse1 n 9 esse1 9 "r b n 9 fact4 ,! infant is 8 fa!r's trueborn son4 ,9 "t he w be full own]4 ,mean:ile he is z subject z any slave on ! e/ate4 ,!re is no?+ he c comm& = 8 own4 ,he is treat$ & provid$ = z a bondman might be2 put "u /ew>ds :o manage 8 prop]ty1 & gu>dians 9 *>ge ( 8 p]son1 until ! day =e-appo9t$ ( ! fa!r4 ,?is situation does n exclude1 x implies fa!rly affection & c>e on ! "o side1 & heir%ip on ! o!r4 ,b x =bids ! recognition ( ! heir1 8 inve/m5t ) filial rights4 ,x precludes ! access to ! fa!r & acqua9tance ) him1 :i* ! boy w ga9 9 aft] ye>s4 ,he sees him at a di/ance & ?r\gh o!rs1 "u ! aspect ( au?ority r ?an ( love4 ,9 ?is position he does n yet possess ! _s ( a son4 ,su* 0 9 tru? ! condition ( ,hebrew sa9ts--heirs ( ,god1 b kn[+ x n4 ,?is illu/ration raises 9 v]4 #b an int]e/+ legal "q1 t\*+ ! latitude giv5 by ,roman or o!r curr5t law to ! fa!r 9 deal+ ) 8 heirs4 ,paul's language is good evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( ! p[] he ref]s to4 ,9 ,roman & 9 ,jewi% law ! date ( civil majority 0 fix$4 ,local usage may h be5 m ela/ic4 ,b ! case suppos$1 we obs]ve1 is n t ( a dead fa!r1 into ^: place ! son /eps at ! prop] age4 ,a grant is made by a fa!r /ill liv+1 :o keeps 8 son 9 pupilage till he sees fit to put him 9 possession ( ! promis$ e/ate4 ,!re is no?+ to %[ t pat]nal discretion 0 limit$ 9 ^! circum/ances1 any m ?an x is 9 ,engli% law4 ,! fa!r might fix eighte51 or tw5ty-"o1 or ?irty ye>s z ! age at :i* he w\ld give 8 son a settlem5t1 j z he ?\ght be/4 ,?is analogy1 l t ( ! te/am5t 9 *4 iii41 is n complete at all po9ts2 nor c\ld any human figure ( ^! ,div9e ?+s be made s4 ,! ess5tial p>ticul>s involv$ 9 x are fir/1 ! *ildi%ness ( ! infant heir2 secondly1 ! subord9ate position 9 :i* he is plac$ = ! "t2 & ?irdly1 ! "r ( ! fa!r to det]m9e ! expiry ( 8 infancy4 #a4 ,:5 we 7 *ildr51 says ! ,apo/le4 ,?is implies1 n a m]ely =mal & legal b>1 b an intr9sic disqualification4 ,to treat ! *ild z a man is prepo/]\s4 ,! responsibilities ( prop]ty are beyond 8 /r5g? & 8 und]/&+4 ,su* p[]s 9 8 h&s c\ld only be in/rum5ts ( mis*ief1 to himself mo/ ( all4 ,9 ! ,div9e ord]1 call+ is suit$ to capacity1 privilege to age4 ,! com+ ( ,*ri/ 0 tim$ to ! h\r4 ,! _w ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 at its wise/ & highe/1 0 unripe = ,8 gospel4 ,! revelation made to ,paul c\ld n h be5 receiv$ by ,moses1 or ,david1 or ,isaiah4 ,8 doctr9e 0 only possible aft] & 9 consequ5ce ( !irs4 ,!re 0 a tra9+ ( faculty1 a deep5+ ( consci5ce1 a pati5t c\rse ( in/ruction & *a/5+ to be c>ri$ out1 be=e ! heirs ( ! promise 7 fit = _! h]itage4 ,look+ back to 8 own y\?ful days1 ! ,apo/le sees 9 !m a reflex ( ! discipl9e :i* ! p ( ,god _h requir$4 ,! views he !n held ( ,div9e tru? appe> to him l[ & *ildi%1 9 comp>ison ) ! manly fre$om ( _s1 ! bread? ( k1 ! fulness ( joy :i* he has atta9$ z a son ( ,god ?r\gh ,*ri/4 #b4 ,b :at is meant by ! /ew>ds & gu>dians ( ?is ,jewi% p]iod ( infancy8 ,v]4 #c tells u ?is1 9 language1 h[ev]1 some:at obscure3 ,we 7 held 9 bondage "u ! rudim5ts 7or elem5ts7 ( ! _w--a phrase synonym\s ) ! =ego+ "u law 7*4 iii4 #bc74 ,! gu>d & tutor ( ! previ\s section re-appe>s1 ) ^! rudim5ts ( ! _w 9 8 h&4 ,!y =m ! sy/em "u :i* ! "y heir 0 s*ool$1 up to ! "t ( 8 majority4 ,!y belong$ to ! _w#aab inasmu* z !y 71 9 comp>ison ) ,*ri/ianity1 unspiritual 9 _! nature1 un9=m$ by ! ,_s ( ,god's ,son 7v]4 #f74 ,! language ( ,heb4 ix4 #a1 #aj expla9s ?is phrase3 ,! fir/ cov5ant _h a worldly sanctu>y1 ) ord9ances ( fle%1 impos$ till ! "t ( rectification4 ,! s5su\s factor t ent]$ into ! ,jewi% revelation =m$ ! po9t ( contact ) ,paganism :i* ,paul br+s into view 9 ! next p>agraph4 ,yet rude & e>?ly z ! ,mosaic sy/em 0 9 "s ( its features1 x 0 ,div9ely orda9$ & s]v$ an ess5tial purpose 9 ! progress ( revelation4 ,x %ield$ ! ,*ur*'s infancy4 ,x act$ ! "p ( a prud5t /ew>d1 a wat*ful gu>dian4 ,! h]itage ( ,abraham came into possession ( 8 heirs enri*$ by _! long m9ority4 ,mosaism !re=e1 :ile spiritually inf]ior to ! ,cov5ant ( grace 9 ,*ri/1 has r5d]$ invaluable s]vice to x 7comp4 v]4 #bd3 ,*apt] ,,xiv41 p4 #bbe74 #aab ,surely ! _w ( m51 n ! cosmical elem5ts2 comp4 ,col4 ii4 #h1 #bj 7:]e rudim5ts ( ! _w is p>allel to tradition ( m572 also ,gal4 vi4 #ad2 ,heb4 ix4 #a4 #a ,cor4 iii4 #a-c supplies an int]e/+ p>allel3 ^? :o are babes 9 ,*ri/1 are s f> c>nal & walk accord+ to man1 animat$ by ! _s ( ?is _w 7#a ,cor4 ii4 #ab74 #c4 ,! w ( ! ,fa!r det]m9$ ! p]iod ( ?is gu>dian%ip4 ,h[ev] x may be 9 human law1 ?is "r ( =e-ord9ation resides 9 ! ,div9e ,fa!rhood4 ,9 ,8 un]r+ =esight ,he fix$ ! h\r :5 ,8 sons %\ld /ep into _! filial place4 ,all su* times & seasons1 ,*ri/ decl>$1 ! ,fa!r ha? appo9t$ on ,8 own au?ority 7,acts i4 #g74 ,he impos$ ! law ( ,moses1 & annull$ x1 :5 ,he w\ld4 ,he kept ! ,jewi% p1 = _! own & ! _w's b5efit1 ti$ to ! legal rudim5ts1 held 9 ! lead+-/r+s ( ,judaism4 ,x 0 ,8 to say :5 ?is subjection %\ld cease1 :5 ! ,*ur* might receive ! ,_s ( ,8 ,son4 ,if ?is decree appe>$ to be arbitr>y1 if x 0 /range t ! ,jewi% fa!rs--m5 s noble 9 fai? & "*--7 kept 9 bondage & fe>1 we mu/ rem9d ourselves t s x seem$ good 9 ! ,fa!r's sight4 ,hebrew pride f\nd ?is h>d to brook4 ,to ?9k t ,god _h d5i$ ?is privilege 9 "t pa/ to ,8 *os5 p1 to be/[ x all at once & by m]e grace on ,g5tile s9n]s1 mak+ !m at ! elev5? h\r equal to ^? :o _h borne = s long ! burd5 & heat ( ! day6 t ! *ildr5 ( ,abraham _h be51 z ,paul ma9ta9s1 = c5turies treat$ z slaves1 & n[ ^! hea!n ali5s are made sons j z mu* z !y6 ,b ?is 0 ,god's plan2 & x mu/ be "r4 ,:o art ?\1 ,o man1 t replie/ aga9/ ,god8 ,,ii4 ,h[ev]1 ! nonage ( ! ,*ur* has pass$4 ,god's sons are n[ to be own$ = su*4 ,x is ,*ri/'s mission to con/itute m5 sons ( ,god 7vv4 #d1 #e74 ,8 adv5t 0 ! turn+-po9t ( human affairs1 ! fulness ( "t4 ,paul's glance 9 ^! v]ses takes 9 a va/ horizon4 ,he views ,*ri/ 9 ,8 relation bo? to ,god & to humanity1 bo? to law & r$emption4 ,! appe>ance ( ! ,son ( ,god1 woman-born1 completes ! previ\s c\rse ( "t2 x is ! goal ( antec$5t revelation1 unfold+ ! my/]y kept secret ?r\gh times et]nal1 b n[ made kn[n to all ! nations 7,rom4 xvi4 #be1 #bf74 ,promise & ,law bo? look$ =w>d to ?is h\r4 ,s9 _h be5 pass$ by 9 prospect ( x1 receiv+ hi!rto a p>tial & provisional =giv5ess4 ,! aspirations excit$1 ! ne$s creat$ by e>li] religion dem&$ _! satisfaction4 ,! symbolism ( type & c]emony1 ) _! rude picture-writ+1 wait$ = _! ,int]pret]4 ,! prophetic s\l ( ! wide _w1 dream+ ( ?+s to come1 wat*$ = ?is day4 ,!y t look$ = ,israel's r$emption1 ! ,simeons & ,annas ( ! "t1 ! au!ntic heirs ( ! promise1 knew by sure tok5s t x 0 ne>4 ,_! ag$ eyes 9 ! sight ( ! infant ,jesus descri$ its ris+4 ,! set "t _h come1 to :i* all times look$ s9ce ,adam's fall & ! fir/ promise4 ,at ! mom5t :5 ,israel seem$ f>!/ f help & hope1 ! horn ( salvation 0 rais$ up 9 ! h\se ( ,david1--,god s5t =? ,8 ,son4 #a4 ,! s5d+ ( ! ,son br\ght ! _w's s]vitude to an end4 ,h5ce=?1 said ,jesus1 ,i call y n s]vants 7,john xv4 #ae74 ,till n[ s]vant ( ,god _h be5 ! highe/ title m5 c\ld we>4 ,! hea!n 7 enslav$ to false gods 7v]4 #h74 ,& ,israel1 kn[+ ! true ,god1 knew ,him at a di/ance1 s]v+ too (t5 9 ! _s ( ! eld] son ( ! p>able1 :o said1 ,lo ^! _m ye>s d ,i slave = !e 7,luke xv4 #bi74 ,none c\ld ) free s\l lift 8 eyes to heav5 & say1 ,abba1 ,fa!r4 ,m5 _h great ?\ghts ab\t ,god1 high speculations4 ,!y _h le>nt imp]i%able tru?s conc]n+ ,8 unity1 ,8 hol9ess1 ,8 maje/y z ,creator & ,lawgiv]4 ,!y nam$ ,him ! ,"l1 ! ,almighty1 ! ,i ,,am4 ,b ,8 ,fa!rhood z ,*ri/ reveal$ x1 !y _h sc>cely guess$4 ,!y ?\ght ( ,him z humble bondm5 ( a rev]$ & augu/ ma/]1 z %eep might ( a good %eph]d4 ,! idea ( a p]sonal son%ip t[>ds ! ,holy ,"o ( ,israel 0 inconceivable1 till ,*ri/ br\ght x ) ,him into ! _w1 till ,god s5t =? ,8 ,son4 ,he s5t ,him z ,8 ,son4 ,to speak ( ,*ri/1 ) ! my/ical ,g]mans1 z ! ideal ,urm5s*--! ideal ,son ( man1 ! =etype ( humanity--is to express a great tru?4 ,mank9d 0 creat$ 9 ,*ri/1 :o is ! image ( ,god1 fir/born ( all creation4 ,b ?is is n :at ,paul is say+ "h4 ,! d\bly comp\nd$ ,greek v]b at ! head ( ?is s5t5ce 7repeat$ ) l emphasis 9 v]4 #f7 signifies s5t =? f ,himself3 ,he came 9 ! "* ( ,god's ,son1 br++ ,8 son%ip ) ,him4 ,he 0 ! ,son ( ,god be=e ,he 0 s5t out4 ,he did n become s 9 virtue ( ,8 mission to mank9d4 ,8 relations ) m51 9 ,paul's conception1 re/$ ^u ,8 pre-exi/+ relation%ip to ,god4 ,! ,^w :o became fle%1 0 ) ,god1 0 ,god 9 ! beg9n+4 ,he call$ ,god ,8 own ,fa!r1 mak+ ,himself equal ) ,god 7,john v4 #ah73 s ! ,jews _h ga!r$ f ,8 own decl>ations4 ,paul admitt$ ! claim :5 ,god reveal$ ,8 ,son to him1 & affirms x "h unequivocally4 ,! ,son ( ,god1 arriv+ 9 ! fulness ( "t1 ent]s human life4 ,l any o!r son ( man1 ,he is born ( a woman1 born "u law4 ,"h is ! k5osis1 ! empty+ ( ,div9ity1 ( :i* ! ,apo/le speaks 9 ,phil4 ii4 #e-h4 ,! phrase born ( woman1 does n ref] specifically to ! virg9-bir?2 ?is t]m describes human orig9 on ! side ( its weakness & dep5d5ce 7,job xiv4 #a2 ,matt4 xi4 #aa74 ,paul is ?9k+ n ( ! diff]5ce1 b ( ! id5tity ( ,*ri/'s bir? & our own4 ,we are c>ri$ back to ,be?lehem4 ,we see ,jesus a babe ly+ 9 ,8 "m's arms--,god's ,son a human infant1 draw+ ,8 life f a weak woman6#aac #aac ,comp4 ,rom4 i4 #c1 #d2 ix4 #e2 #b ,cor4 xiii4 #d2 ,eph4 iv4 #i1 #aj2 ,ph4 ii4 #f-h2 ,col4 i4 #ae1 #ah2 ii4 #i2 #a ,tim4 iii4 #af4 ,nor is born "u law a di/9ction int5d$ to limit ! previ\s t]m1 z ?\gh x meant a born ,jew1 & n a m]e woman's son4 ,?is expression1 to ! m9d ( ! read] ( *4 iii41 conveys ! idea ( subjection1 ( humiliation r ?an em95ce4 ,?\gh ,he 0 7,god's7 ,son1 ,*ri/ mu/ ne$s le>n ,8 ob$i5ce 7,heb4 v4 #h74 ,! ,jewi% p exp]i5c$ above all o!rs ! p[] ( ! law to *a/5 & humble4 ,_! law 0 to !m m s5sibly1 :at ! moral law is 9 v>y+ degree to ! _w ev]y:]e1 an in/rum5t ( condemnation4 ,god's ,son 0 n[ put "u its p[]4 ,z a man ,he 0 "u law2 z a ,jew ,he came "u its mo/ /r+5t application4 ,he decl9$ none ( ! burd5s ( ,8 bir?4 ,he submitt$ n only to ! g5]al moral dem&s ( ! ,div9e law = m51 b to all ! duties & proprieties incid5t to ,8 position z a man1 ev5 to ^? ritual ord9ances :i* ,8 com+ 0 to aboli%4 ,he set a p]fect example ( loyalty4 ,?us x become? u1 ,he said1 to fulfil all righte\sness4 ,! ,son ( ,god :o 0 to end ! legal bondage1 0 s5t into x ,himself4 ,he wore ! legal yoke t ,he might break x4 ,he took ! =m ( a s]vant1 to w9 our enfran*isem5t4 ,god s5t =? ,8 ,son1 human1 law-b\nd--t ,he might r$eem ^? "u law4 ,r$emption 0 ,*ri/'s err&4 ,we h le>n$ already h[ ,he r$eem$ u f ! curse ( ! law1 by ! sacrifice ( ! cross 7*4 iii4 #ac74 ,?is 0 ! prim>y object ( ,8 mission3 to ransom m5 f ! guilt ( pa/ s94 ,n[ we disc]n its fur!r purpose--! positive & con/ructive side ( ! ,div9e c\nsel4 ,ju/ification is ! preface to adoption4 ,! man "u law is n only curs$ by 8 failure to keep x2 he lives 9 a s]vile /ate1 deb>r$ f filial rights4 ,*ri/ b\ght u out ( ?is condition4 ,:ile ! expiation r5d]$ 9 ,8 dea? cle>s (f ! entail ( human guilt1 ,8 inc>nate life & spiritual union ) believ+ m5 su/a9 t action1 mak+ ! r$emption complete & p]man5t4 ,z enemies1 we 7 reconcil$ to ,god by ! dea? ( ,8 ,son2 n[ reconcil$1 we %all be sav$ by ,8 life 7,rom4 v4 #aj74 ,salvation is n ?r\gh ! dea? ( ,*ri/ alone4 ,! ,babe ( ,be?lehem1 ! cr[n$ ,"l ( glory is our ,r$eem]1 z well z ! ,man ( ,calv>y4 ,! cross is inde$ ! c5tre ( ,8 r$emption2 b x has a va/ circumf]5ce4 ,all t ,*ri/ is1 all t ,he has done & is do+ z ! ,inc>nate ,son1 ! ,god-man1 helps to make m5 sons ( ,god4 ,! purpose ( ,8 mission is !re=e /at$ a second "t & made complete 9 ! words ( v]4 #e b3 t we might receive ! adoption ( sons4 ,! son%ip c>ries ev]y?+ else ) x--if *ildr51 !n heirs 7v]4 #g74 ,!re is no room = any supplem5t>y (fice ( ,jewi% ritual4 ,t is left beh9d ) our babyhood4 #b4 ,s mu* = ! gr\nd ( son%ip4 ,its pro( lay 9 ! s5d+ =? ( ! ,_s ( ! ,son4 ,! mission ( ! ,son & t ( ! ,_s are spok5 ( 9 vv4 #c-f 9 p>allel t]ms3 ,god s5t =? ,8 ,son--s5t =? ! ,_s ( ,8 ,son1 ! =m] into ! _w ( m51 ! latt] into _! individual he>ts4 ,! second act mat*es ! fir/1 & cr[ns x4 ,p5teco/ is ! sequel ( ! ,inc>nation 7,john ii4 #ba2 #a ,cor4 vi4 #ai1 #bj74 ,& ,p5teco/ is repeat$ 9 ! he>t ( e *ild ( ,god4 ,! ,apo/le addresses himself to 8 read]s' exp]i5ce 7because ye are sons7 z 9 *4 iii4 #c-f1 & on ! same po9t4 ,!y _h receiv$ ! ,_s3 ?is m>k$ !m indubitably z heirs ( ,abraham 7*4 iii4 #ad7--;& :at is m1 sons ( ,god4 ,_h n ! my/ic cry1 ,abba1 ,fa!r1 s\nd$ 9 _! he>ts8 ,! filial consci\sness 0 born )9 !m1 sup]naturally inspir$4 ,:5 !y believ$ 9 ,*ri/1 :5 !y saw 9 ,him ! ,son ( ,god1 _! ,r$eem]1 !y 7 /irr$ ) a new1 ec/atic impulse2 a ,div9e gl[ ( love & joy k9dl$ 9 _! brea/s2 a voice n _! own spoke to _! _s--_! s\l leap$ =? ^u _! lips1 cry+ to ,god1 ,fa!r1 ,fa!r6 ,!y 7 *ildr5 ( ,god1 & knew x4 ,! ,_s ,himself bore !m witness 7,rom4 viii4 #ae74 ,?is s5tim5t 0 n due to _! own reflection1 n ! m]e op5+ ( a buri$ spr+ ( feel+ 9 _! nature4 ,god s5t x into _! he>ts4 ,! outw>d miracles :i* att5d$ ! fir/ be/[m5t ( ?is gift1 %[$ f :at s\rce x came 7*4 iii4 #e74 ,nor did ,*ri/ p]sonally imp>t ! assurance4 ,he _h gone1 t ! ,p>aclete might come4 ,"h 0 ano!r ,witness1 s5t by a second mission f ! ,fa!r 7,john xvi4 #g74 ,8 adv5t is signalis$ 9 cle> di/9ction f t ( ! ,son4 ,he comes 9 ! jo9t "n ( ,fa!r & ( ,son4 ,jesus call$ ,him ! ,_s ( ! ,fa!r2#aad ! ,apo/le1 ! ,_s ( ,god's ,son4 #aad ,matt4 x4 #bj2 ,luke xi4 #ac2 ,john xiv4 #af2 ,acts i4 #d1 #e4 ,to u ,he is ! ,_s ( adoption1 replac+ ! =m] _s ( bondage unto fe>4 ,= by ,8 indwell+ we are jo9$ to ! ,"l & made "o _s ) ,him1 s t ,*ri/ lives 9 u 7*4 ii4 #bj74 ,& s9ce ,*ri/ is above all ?+s ! ,son1 ,8 ,_s is a _s ( son%ip2 ^? :o receive ,him are sons ( ,god4 ,our son%ip is ?r\gh ! ,holy ,_s d]iv$ f ,84 ,till ,*ri/'s r$emption 0 effect$1 su* adoption 0 9 ! nature ( ?+s impossible4 ,?is filial cry ( ,g5tile he>ts atte/$ ! entrance ( a ,div9e life into ! _w4 ,! ,_s ( ,god's ,son _h become ! new _s ( mank9d4 ,abba1 ! ,syrian vocative = fa!r1 0 a ^w famili> to ! lips ( ,jesus4 ,! in/ance ( its use record$ 9 ,m>k xiv4 #cf1 0 b "o ( _m su*4 ,no "o _h hi!rto approa*$ ,god z ,he did4 ,8 utt]ance ( ?is ^w1 express+ ! attitude ( ,8 life ( pray] & brea?+ ! :ole _s ( ,8 religion1 pr(\ndly affect$ ,8 disciples4 ,s t ! ,abba ( ,jesus became a wat*word ( ,8 ,*ur*1 be+ ! prop] "n ( ! ,god & ,fa!r ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,g5tile believ]s pron\nc$ x1 consci\s t 9 do+ s !y 7 jo9$ 9 _s to ! ,"l :o said1 ,my ,fa!r1 & y\r ,fa!r6 ,greek-speak+ ,*ri/ians supplem5t$ x by _! own equival5t1 z we by ! ,engli% ,fa!r4 ,?is preci\s vocable is c>ri$ d[n ! ages & r\nd ! :ole _w 9 ! "m-tongue ( ,jesus1 a memorial ( ! h\r :5 ?r\gh ,him m5 le>n$ to call ,god ,fa!r4 ,because ye are sons1 ,god s5t =? ! ,_s1 ) ?is cry4 ,! witness ( son%ip foll[s on ! adoption1 & seals x4 ,! *ild is born1 !n cries2 ! cry is ! evid5ce ( life4 ,b ?is is n ! fir/ (fice ( ! ,holy ,_s to ! reg5]ate s\l4 ,_m a sil5t impulse has ,he giv51 frequ5t & long cont9u$ may h be5 ,8 visitations1 be=e ,8 pres5ce reveals itself audibly4 ,f ! fir/ ! new life ( grace is implant$ by ,8 influ5ce4 ,t :i* is born ( ! ,_s1 is _s4 ,he dwelle? ) y1 & is 9 y1#aae said ,jesus to ,8 disciples1 be=e ! ,p5teco/al effusion4 ,important & decisive z ! witness ( ! ,holy ,_s to our son%ip is1 we mu/ n limit ,8 op]ation to ?is ev5t4 ,deeply has ,he wr\ght already on ! s\l 9 :i* ,8 "w rea*es ?is issue2 & :5 x is rea*$1 ,he has /ill mu* to be/[1 mu* to accompli% 9 u4 ,all tru?1 all hol9ess1 all com=t are ,82 & into ^! ,he leads ! *ildr5 ( ,god4 ,liv+ by ! ,_s1 9 ,him we proce$ to walk 7*4 v4 #be74 #aae ,john xiv4 #ag2 ! pres5t 77 is ! pref]able read+4 ,see ,we/cott ad loc4 ,! int]*ange ( p]son 9 ! subject ( vv4 #e-h is v noticeable4 ,?is agitat$ /yle betrays high-/rung emotion4 ,writ+ fir/1 9 v]4 #c1 9 ! language ( ,jewi% exp]i5ce1 9 v]4 #f ,paul turns ^u 8 read]s & claims !m = witnesses to ! same adoption :i* ,jewi% believ]s 9 ,*ri/ 7v]4 #e7 _h receiv$4 ,in/antly he falls back into ! fir/ p]son2 x is 8 own joy\s consci\sness t breaks =? 9 ! filial cry ( v]4 #f;b4 ,9 ! m calm conclud+ s5t5ce ! second p]son is resum$2 & n[ 9 ! individualis+ s+ul>1 z ?\gh he w\ld lay hold ( 8 read]s "o by "o1 & bid !m look ea* into 8 own he>t to f9d ! pro( ( son%ip1 z he writes3 ,s t ?\ art no long] a slave1 b a son2 & if a son1 also an heir ?r\gh ,god4 ,an heir ?r\gh ,god--?is is ! true read+1 & is greatly to ! po9t4 ,x c>ries to a climax ! emphatic repetition ( ,god obs]v$ 9 vv4 #d & #f4 ,god s5t ,8 ,son into ! _w2 ,god s5t 9 turn ,8 ,son's ,_s into y\r he>ts4 ,god !n1 & no o!r1 has be/[$ y\r inh]itance4 ,x is y\rs by ,8 fiat4 ,:o d>es *all5ge x8#aaf ,words h[ suitable to reassure ,g5tile ,*ri/ians1 br[beat5 by arrogant ,judaism6 ,our reply is ! same to ^? :o at ?is day d5y our ,*ri/ian & *ur*ly /&+1 because we reject _! sac]dotal claims4 #aaf ,comp4 ,rom4 viii4 #ca-ce2 ,acts xi4 #ag4 ,:at ?is inh]itance includes 9 its f9al atta9m5t1 do? n yet appe>4 ,en\gh to "k t n[ are we *ildr5 ( ,god4 ,! r$emption ( ! body1 ! deliv]ance ( nature f its s5t5ce ( dissolution1 ! aboli%m5t ( dea?--^! are among/ its c]ta9ties4 ,its supreme joy lies 9 ! promise ( be+ ) ,*ri/1 to witness & %>e ,8 glory4#aag ,heirs ( ,god1 jo9t-heirs ) ,*ri/--a de/9y l ?is ov]:elms ?\ght & makes hope a rapture4 ,god's sons may be cont5t to wait & see h[ _! h]itage w turn out4 ,only let u be sure t we are ,8 sons4 ,doctr9al or?odoxy1 ritual obs]vance1 moral propriety d n imp>t1 & d n sup]s$e ! e>ne/ ( ! ,_s 9 our he>ts4 ,! religion ( ,jesus ! ,son ( ,god is ! religion ( ! filial consci\sness4 #aag ,john xii4 #bf2 xvii4 #bd2 ,rev4 iii4 #ba2 ,phil4 i4 #bc2 ,col4 iii4 #d2 #a ,pet4 v4 #a4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,return ,,to ,,bondage4 ,h[beit at t "t1 n kn[+ ,god1 ye 7 9 bondage to !m :i* by nature are no gods3 b n[ t ye h come to "k ,god1 or r to be kn[n ( ,god1 h[ turn ye back aga9 to ! weak & begg>ly rudim5ts1 :]eunto ye desire to be 9 bondage ov] aga98 ,ye obs]ve days1 & mon?s1 & seasons1 & ye>s4 ,i am afraid ( y1 le/ by any means ,i h be/[$ lab\r ^u y 9 va9--,,gal4 iv4 #h-aa4 ,sons ( ,god1 :om ,he made ,8 heirs 9 ,*ri/1 h[ are y turn+ back to legal bondage6 ,su* is ! appeal ) :i* ! ,apo/le foll[s up 8 argum5t4 ,fooli% ,galatians1 we seem to he> him say aga91 :o has bewit*$ y into ?is8 ,!y =get ! call ( ! ,div9e grace2 !y turn away f ! sight ( ,*ri/ crucifi$2 nay1 !y are r5\nc+ _! adoption into ! family ( ,god4 ,paul knew some?+ ( ! fickl5ess ( human nature2 b he 0 n prep>$ = ?is4 ,h[ c m5 :o h ta/$ lib]ty pref] slav]y1 or fullgr[n sons desire to return to ! rudim5ts ( *ildhood8 ,aft] kn[+ ,god z ,he is 9 ,*ri/1 is x possible t ^! ,galatians h begun to dote on c]emonial1 to make a religion ( times & seasons2 t !y are becom+ devotees ( ,jewi% ritual8 ,:at c be m frivol\s1 m irrational ?an ?is8 ,on su* p ,paul's lab\rs seem to be ?r[n away4 ,y make me fe>1 he says1 t ,i h toil$ = y 9 va94 ,9 ?is expo/ulation two pr9ciples em]ge ) especial prom95ce4 ,i4 ,fir/1 t k ( ,god1 br++ spiritual fre$om1 lays ^u u high] responsibilities4 ,!n inde$1 he says1 n kn[+ ,god1 y 7 9 bondage to false gods4 ,y\r hea!n life 0 9 a s5se excusable4 ,b n[ some?+ v diff]5t is expect$ f y1 s9ce y h come to "k ,god4 ,we are rem9d$ ( ! ,apo/le's memorable words spok5 at ,a!ns3 ,! times ( ignorance ,god ov]look$ 7,acts xvii4 #cj74 ,ye say1 ,we see1 said ,jesus2 y\r s9 rema9e? 7,john ix4 #da74 ,increas$ light br+s /rict] judgem5t4 ,if ?is 0 true ( m5 :o _h m]ely he>d ! message ( ,*ri/1 h[ mu* m ( ^? :o _h prov$ its sav+ p[]4 ,ritualism 0 well en\gh = ,pagans1 or ev5 = ,jews be=e ,*ri/'s com+ & ! outp\r+ ( ,8 ,_s--b = ,*ri/ians6 ,= ^? into ^: he>ts ,god _h brea!d ! ,_s ( ,8 ,son1 :o _h le>n$ to wor%ip ,god 9 ! ,_s & to h no confid5ce 9 ! fle%--= ,paul's ,galatians to yield to ! legali/ p]suasion 0 a fatal relapse4 ,9 pr9ciple1 & 9 its probable issue1 ?is c\rse 0 a rev]t+ t[>d _! old hea!nism4 ,! ,apo/le aga9 recalls !m1 z he does s (t5 8 *ildr5 9 ,*ri/1 to ! "t ( _! conv]sion4 ,!y _h be51 he rem9ds !m1 idolat]s2 ignorant ( ! true ,god1 !y 7 enslav$ to ?+s t by nature are no gods4 ,two def9itions ,paul has giv5 ( idolatry3 ,!re is no idol 9 ! _w2 & aga91 ,! ?+s :i* ! ,g5tiles sacrifice1 !y sacrifice to demons1 & n to ,god 7#a ,cor4 viii4 #d2 x4 #bj74 ,half lies1 half devilry3 su* 0 ! popul> hea!nism ( ! day4 ,gods _m & lords _m ! ,galatian ,pagans wor%ipp$--a /range ,pan!on4 ,!re 7 _! old1 weird ,celtic deities1 be=e :om our ,briti% =efa!rs trembl$4 ,on ?is ance/ral fai? _h be5 sup]impos$ ! frantic rites ( ! ,phrygian ,"m1 ,cybele1 ) h] mutilat$ prie/s2 & ! m g5ial & humani/ic cultus ( ! ,greek ,olympian gods4 ,b !y 7 gone1 ! :ole damnd crew1 z ,milton calls !m2 = ^? ^: eyes _h se5 ! glory 9 ! face ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 _! spell 0 brok52 heav5 0 swept cle> & e>? pure ( _! f\l pres5ce4 ,! old gods are dead4 ,no r5aissance ( humanism1 no wit*craft ( poetry c re-animate !m4 ,to u aft] ^! eighte5 c5turies1 z to ! ,galatian believ]s1 !re is "o ,god ! ,fa!r1 ( :om are all ?+s1 & we = ,him2 & "o ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 ?r\gh :om are all ?+s1 & we ?r\gh ,him4 ,a man :o knew ! ,old ,te/am5t1 to say no?+ ( ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/1 c\ld nev] sacrifice to ,jupit] & ,m]curius any m1 nor %\t ,great is ,diana ( ! ,ephesians4 ,!y 7 pa9t$ idols1 %ams2 he _h se5 ?r\gh !m4 ,!y might fright5 *ildr5 9 ! d>k2 b ! sun 0 up4 ,*ri/ianity de/roy$ ,paganism z light kills d>kness4 ,paul did n fe> t 8 read]s w\ld slide back into actual hea!nism4 ,t 0 intellectually impossible4 ,!re are w>n+s 9 8 ,epi/les aga9/ ! _s ( idolatry1 & aga9/ con=mity ) its cu/oms2 b none aga9/ return to its beliefs4 ,! old hea!n life 0 inde$ a slav]y1 full ( fe> & degradation4 ,! religi\s ,pagan c\ld nev] be sure t he _h propitiat$ 8 gods suffici5tly1 or giv5 to all _! due4 ,!y 7 jeal\s & rev5geful1 envi\s ( human prosp]ity1 capable ( inf9ite wrongdo+4 ,9 ! wor%ip ( _m ( !m acts 7 enjo9$ revolt+ to ! consci5ce4 ,& ?is is true ( ,poly!ism all ov] ! _w4 ,x is ! mo/ %ameful bondage ev] endur$ by ! s\l ( man4 ,b ,paul's read]s _h come to "k ,god4 ,!y _h t\*$ ! great ,reality4 ,! phantoms _h vani%$2 ! ,liv+ ,"o /ood be=e !m4 ,8 glory %one into _! he>ts 9 ! face ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,?is1 :5ev] x takes place1 is = any man ! crisis ( 8 life--:5 he comes to "k ,god1 :5 ! ,god-consci\sness is born 9 him4 ,l ! dawn ( self-consci\sness1 x may be gradual4 ,!re are ^?1 ! happy few1 :o 7 born aga9 s soon z !y 7 born to ?\ght & *oice2 !y _c rememb] a "t :5 !y did n love ,god1 :5 !y 7 n s5sible ( be+ kn[n ( ,him4 ,b ) o!rs1 z ) ,paul1 ! revelation is made at an in/ant1 com+ l a lightn+-fla% at midnight4 ,b unlike ! lightn+ x rema9$4 ,let ! manife/ation ( ,god come h[ or :5 x may1 x is decisive4 ,! man into ^: s\l ! ,almighty has spok5 ,8 ,i ,,am1 c nev] be ! same aft]w>ds4 ,he may =get2 he may d5y x3 b he has kn[n ,god2 he has se5 ! light ( life4 ,if he returns to d>kness1 8 d>kness is black] & guilti] ?an be=e4 ,on 8 br[ !re re/s 9 all its sadness ,sorr['s cr[n ( sorr[1 rememb]+ happi] ?+s4 ,(f5ces v5ial1 excusable hi!rto1 f ?is "t assume a grav] hue4 ,?+s t 9 a l[] /age ( life 7 innoc5t1 & ev5 possess$ religi\s value1 may n[ be unlawful1 & ! practice ( !m a decl5sion1 ! fir/ /ep 9 apo/asy4 ,:at is delightful 9 a *ild1 becomes folly 9 a gr[n man4 ,! k ( ,god 9 ,*ri/ has rais$ u 9 ! ?+s ( ! _s to man's e/ate1 & x requires t we %\ld put away *ildi% ?+s1 & among/ !m ritual display & sac]dotal (ficiations1 ,pagan1 ,jewi%1 or ,romi%4 ,^! ?+s =m no "p ( ! k ( ,god1 or ( ! true wor%ip ( ! ,fa!r4 ,! ,jewi% rudim5ts 7 design$ = m5 :o _h n kn[n ,god z ,*ri/ decl>es ,him1 :o _h nev] se5 ! ,savi\r's cross4 ,jewi% sa9ts c\ld n wor%ip ,god 9 ! ,_s ( adoption4 ,!y rema9$ "u ! _s ( s]vitude & fe>4 ,_! conceptions 7 s f> weak & poor t !y suppos$ ! ,div9e fav\r to dep5d on su* matt]s z ! wa%+ ( cups & pots1 & ! precise numb] ( feet t "o walk$ on ! ,sabba?4 ,^! ideas belong$ to a *ildi% /age ( ! religi\s life4 ,ph>isaism _h develop$ to ! utmo/ ?is l[] elem5t ( ! ,mosaic sy/em1 at ! exp5se ( ev]y?+ t 0 spiritual 9 x4 ,m5 :o _h be5 br\ght up 9 ,judaism might inde$1 aft] conv]sion to ,*ri/1 reta9 _! old cu/oms z matt]s ( social usage or pi\s habit1 )\t reg>d+ !m z vital to religion4 ,) ,g5tiles x 0 o!rwise4 ,adopt+ ,jewi% rites de novo1 !y mu/ d s on gr\nds ( di/9ct religi\s necessity4 ,= ?is v reason ! duty ( circumcision 0 press$ ^u !m4 ,x 0 a means1 !y 7 told1 ess5tial to _! spiritual p]fection1 to ! atta9m5t ( full ,*ri/ian privileges4 ,b to "k ,god by ! witness ( ! ,holy ,_s ( ,*ri/1 z ! ,galatians _h done1 0 an exp]i5ce suffici5t to %[ t ?is p]suasion 0 false4 ,x did n come ( ,him t call$ !m4 ,x introduc$ !m to a pa? ! opposite ( t !y _h ent]$ at _! conv]sion1 a way t l$ d[nw>ds & n upw>ds1 f ! spiritual to ! s5su\s1 f ! salvation ( fai? to t ( self-wr\ght "w ( law4 ,kn[n ,god1 ,paul says1--or r 7 kn[n ( ,god4 ,he ha/5s to correct himself4 ,he w n let an expression pass t seems to ascribe any?+ simply to human acquisition4 ,ye h n *os5 ,me1 said ,jesus2 ,i h *os5 y4 ,s ! ,apo/le ,john3 ,n t we lov$ ,god1 b t ,he lov$ u4 ,?is is true ?r\gh ! entire range ( ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,we appreh5d t = :i* we 7 appreh5d$ by ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,our love1 our k--:at are !y b ! s5se ( ! ,div9e love & k 9 u8 ,religion is a be/[m5t1 n an a*ievem5t4 ,x is ,god work+ 9 u to w & "w = ! sake ( ,8 good pleasure4 ,9 ?is light ! gospel pres5t$ itself at fir/ to ! ,galatians4 ,! prea*+ ( ! ,apo/le1 ! vision ( ! cross ( ,*ri/1 made !m s5sible ( ,god's liv+ pres5ce4 ,!y felt ! gaze ( an ,inf9ite purity & compassion1 ( an ,all-wise1 ,all-pitiful ,fa!r1 fix$ ^u !m4 ,he 0 call+ !m1 slaves ( idolatry & s91 into ! fell[%ip ( ,8 ,son ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! illum9at+ glance ( ,god pi]c$ to _! inmo/ be+4 ,9 t light ,god & ! s\l met1 & knew ea* o!r4 ,& n[1 aft] ?is pr(\nd1 trans=m+ revelation1 ?is sublime communion ) ,god1 w !y turn back to a life ( pu]ile =malities1 ( slavi% dep5d5ce & fe>8 ,is ! /r5g? ( _! devotion to be sp5t1 its fragrance exhal$ 9 ! drudg]y ( legal s]vice8 ,surely !y "k ,god bett] ?an to ?9k t ,he requires ?is4 ,& ,he :o knew !m1 z !y h prov$1 & kn[s :at 0 "r & ne$ful = !m1 has impos$ no su* burd54 ,he grant$ !m ! ri* gifts ( ,8 grace--! ,div9e son%ip1 ! heav5ly heir%ip--on t]ms ( m]e fai? 9 ,*ri/1 & )\t legal /ipulation ( any k9d4 ,is x n en\gh t ,god kn[s !m1 & c\nts !m = ,8 *ildr56 ,s kn[+1 & s kn[n1 let !m be cont5t4 ,let !m seek only to keep !mselves 9 ! love ( ,god1 & 9 ! com=t ( ,8 ,_s4 ,rais$ to ?is high level1 !y mu/ n decl9e to a l[]4 ,_! hea!n rudim5ts 7 excusable be=e2 b n[ ev5 ,jewi% rudim5ts are ?+s to be left beh9d4 ,,ii4 ,x fur!r appe>s t ! ,apo/le saw an elem5t exi/+ 9 ,judaism common to x ) ! e?nic religions4 ,= he says t 8 read]s1 =m]ly enslav$ to idols1 are n[ turn+ back to ! weak & begg>ly rudim5ts1 to :i* !y w\ld fa9 be 9 bondage ov] aga94 ,! rudim5ts ( v]4 #i _c1 )\t exegetical viol5ce1 be deta*$ f ! rudim5ts ( ! _w ( v]4 #c4 ,& ^! latt] pla9ly signify ! ,judaic rites 7see ,*apt] ,,xvi474 ,! ,judai/ic practices ( ! ,galatians 71 ,paul decl>es1 a backslid+ t[>d _! old idolatries4 ,we c only escape ?is con/ruction ( ! passage at ! co/ ( mak+ ! ,apo/le's remon/rance inconsequ5t & po9tless4 ,! argum5t ( ! lett] hi!rto has be5 direct$ ) conc5trat$ purpose aga9/ ,judaic con=mity4 ,to suppose t j at ?is po9t1 9 mak+ its application1 he turns aside )\t notice or explanation to an entirely diff]5t matt]1 is to /ultify 8 reason+4 ,! only gr\nd = ref]r+ ! days & seasons ( v]4 #aj to any o!r ?an a ,jewi% orig91 lies 9 ! appreh5sion t su* ref]5ce disp>ages ! ,*ri/ian ,sabba?4 ,b h[1 we ask1 0 x possible = ,paul to use language :i* id5tifies ! rev]$ law ( ,god ) rites ( hea!nism1 :i* he acc\nt$ a fell[%ip ) demons8 ,bi%op ,lightfoot has answ]$ ?is "q 9 words we _c d bett] ?an quote3 ,! ,apo/le reg>ds ! high] elem5t 9 hea!n religion z correspond+1 h[ev] imp]fectly1 to ! l[] 9 ! ,mosaic law4 ,= we may consid] bo? ! "o & ! o!r z made up ( two compon5t p>ts1 ! spiritual & ! rituali/ic4 ,n[ view$ 9 _! spiritual aspect1 !re is no comp>ison betwe5 ! "o & ! o!r4 ,9 ?is respect ! hea!n religions1 s f> z !y add$ any?+ ( _! own to t s5se ( dep5d5ce on ,god :i* is innate 9 man & :i* !y c\ld n entirely cru%1 7 :olly bad4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ! ,mosaic law ! spiritual elem5t 0 mo/ truly div9e4 ,b ?is does n ent] into our reckon+ "h4 ,= ,*ri/ianity has appropriat$ all t 0 spiritual 9 its pr$ecessor4444 ,! rituali/ic elem5t alone rema9s to be consid]$1 & "h is ! meet+-po9t ( ,judaism & ,hea!nism4 ,9 ,judaism ?is 0 z mu* l[] ?an its spiritual elem5t1 z 9 ,hea!nism x 0 high]4 ,h5ce ! two sy/ems approa* )9 su* a di/ance t !y c1 "u c]ta9 limitations1 be class$ toge!r4 ,!y h at lea/ s mu* 9 common t a lapse into ,judaism c be reg>d$ z a relapse into ! position ( unconv]t$ ,hea!nism4 ,judaism 0 a sy/em ( bondage l ,hea!nism4 ,hea!nism _h be5 a discipl9>y tra9+ l ,judaism 7,comm5t>y 9 loc474 ,?is l9e ( explanation may p]haps be c>ri$ a /ep fur!r4 ,judaism 0 rudim5t>y ?r\gh\t4 ,a religion s l>gely rituali/ic c\ld n b be spiritually & morally defective4 ,9 its p>tial appreh5sion ( ! ,div9e attributes1 its limitation ( ,god's grace to a s+le p1 its dim p]ception ( immortality1 !re 7 great defici5cies 9 ! ,jewi% cre$4 ,its e?ical code1 moreov]1 0 faulty2 x conta9$ precepts giv5 = ! h>dness ( m5's he>ts--t\*+1 = example1 ! laws ( m>riage1 & ! "r ( rev5ge4 ,!re 0 n a little 9 ,judaism1 especially 9 its ,ph>isaic =m1 t belong$ to a half-awak5$ consci5ce1 to a rude & s5su\s religi\s faculty4 ,*ri/ came to fulfil ! law2 b 9 t fulfilm5t ,he did n %r9k f correct+ x4 ,he em5d$ ! lett] ( its tea*+1 t its true _s might be elicit$4 ,= an enlight5$ ,*ri/ian :o _h le>n$ ( ,jesus ! royal law1 ! law ( lib]ty1 to con=m to ,judaism 0 unmi/akably to turn back4 ,moreov]1 x 0 j ! weake/ & lea/ spiritual "p ( ! sy/em ( ,moses t ! legali/ tea*]s inculcat$ on ,g5tile ,*ri/ians2 :ile _! own lives fell %ort ( its moral requirem5ts 7*4 vi4 #ab74 ,mosaism _h be5 9 ! days ( its inspiration & creative vig\r ! great oppon5t ( idolatry4 ,x 0 ! ,"l's witness ?r\gh\t long c5turies ( hea!n d>kness & oppression1 & by its te/imony has r5d]$ spl5did s]vice to ,god & man4 ,b f ! /&po9t ( ,*ri/ianity a c]ta9 degree ( resemblance beg9s to be se5 und]ly+ ?is antagonism4 ,! fai? ( ! ,israeliti% p combatt$ idolatry ) weapons too mu* l its own4 ,a worldly & s]vile elem5t rema9$ 9 x4 ,to "o :o has advanc$ 9 front1 positions at an e>li] /age ( 8 progress ly+ ap>t & pa?s widely div]g5t n[ assume ! same g5]al direction4 ,to resort ei!r to ,jewi% or hea!n rites1 meant to turn back f ,*ri/4 ,x 0 to adopt pr9ciples ( religion obsolete & unfit = ^? :o _h kn[n ,god ?r\gh ,him4 ,:at 9 its "t & = its purpose 0 excell5t1 nay indisp5sable1 9 doctr9e & 9 wor%ip1 9 "t also _h decay$ & wax$ old4 ,to tie ! liv+ _s ( ,*ri/ianity to dead =ms is to tie x to corruption4 ,weak & begg>ly rudim5ts--x is a h>d s5t5ce2 & yet :at else 7 ,jewi% c]emonies & rules ( diet1 9 comp>ison ) righte\sness & peace & joy 9 ! ,holy ,gho/8 ,:at 0 circumcision1 n[ t !re 0 no long] ,jew & ,greek8 ,:at 0 !re 9 ,saturday m ?an 9 any o!r day ( ! week1 if x ceas$ to be a sign betwe5 ! ,"l ( ! ,sabba? & ,8 p8 ,^! ?+s 71 z ,paul saw !m1 ! ca/-clo!s ( religion4 ,= ,g5tile ,*ri/ians ! hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ord9ances _h mu* in/ruction2 b _! obs]vance 0 no :it m b9d+ ?an t ( hea!n c]emonies4 ,ev5 9 ! anci5t times ,god valu$ !m only z !y 7 ! expression ( a dev\t1 believ+ _s4 ,y\r new moons & y\r appo9t$ fea/s1 ,he _h said to an ungodly g5]ation1 ,my s\l hate? 7,isa4 i4 #ad74 ,& 0 ,he likely to accept !m n[1 :5 !y 7 en=c$ by ambition & p>ty-_s1 at ! exp5se ( ,8 ,*ur*'s peace2 :5 _! obs]vance turn$ m5's ?\ghts away f fai? 9 ,8 ,son1 & 9 ! p[] ( ,8 life-giv+ ,_s8 ,!re is no?+ too sev]e1 too scornful = ,paul to say ( ^! v5]able rites ( ,israel1 n[ t !y /& 9 ! way ( a liv+ fai? & trammel ! fre$om ( ! sons ( ,god4 ,he tosses !m aside z ! swaddl+-b&s ( ! ,*ur*'s infancy--*ildi% fett]s1 too weak to hold ! limbs ( gr[n m54 ,he brake 9 pieces ! braz5 s]p5t t ,moses _h made2 = ! *ildr5 ( ,israel did burn inc5se to x2 & he call$ x ,nehu%tan--a piece ( brass 7#b ,k+s xviii4 #d74 ,brave ,hezekiah6 ,paul does ! same ) ! :ole c]emonial ( ,moses4 ,begg>ly rudim5ts1 he says4 ,:at div9e refre%m5t !re is 9 a bla/ ( :olesome scorn6 ,x 0 _! traditions1 _! ritual t ! ,judai/s wor%ipp$1 n ! ,holy ,"o ( ,israel4 ,!y w\ld compass sea & l& to make "o proselyte1 & !n make him tw(old m ! *ild ( hell ?an !mselves4 ,?is 0 ! only result t ! success ( ! ,judai/ic agitation c\ld h a*iev$4 ,9 ?us decry+ ,jewi% ord9ances1 ! ,apo/le by implication all[s a c]ta9 value to ! rites ( ,paganism4 ,! ,galatians 7 =m]ly 9 bondage to !m t are no gods4 ,n[1 he says1 !y are turn+ aga9 to ! l s]vitude by con=m+ to ,mosaic legalism4 ,!y wi% to come aga9 "u subjection to ! weak & poor rudim5ts4 ,9 ,galatian hea!nism ,paul appe>s to recognise rudim5ts ( tru? & a c]ta9 prep>ation = ,*ri/ianity4 ,:ile ,judaic rites am\nt$ to no m ?an rudim5ts ( a spiritual fai?1 !re 7 influ5ces at "w 9 ,paganism t come "u ! same category4 ,paul believ$ t ,god _h n left ,himself )\t witness to any4 ,he nev] treat$ hea!n cre$s ) indiscrim9ate contempt1 z ?\gh !y 7 utt]ly corrupt & wor?less4 ,witness 8 address to ! religi\s ,a!nians1 & to ! wild p ( ,lycaonia 7,acts xiv4 #ae-ag2 xvii4 #bb-ca74 ,he f9ds 8 text 9 c]ta9 ( y\r own 7hea!n7 poets4 ,he appeals to ! s5se ( a ,div9e pres5ce n f> f any "o ( u2 & decl>es t ?\gh ,god 0 unkn[n to ! nations1 !y 7 "u ,8 guidance & 7 feel+ aft] ,him4 ,to ?is ext5t ,paul admits a ,prep>atio evangelica 9 ! ,g5tile _w2 he w\ld h be5 prep>$1 ) ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria & ,orig51 & ) mod]n /ud5ts ( comp>ative religion1 to trace 9 ! poets & wise m5 ( ,greece1 9 ! lawgiv]s ( ,rome1 9 ! my/ics ( ! ,ea/1 pres5tim5ts ( ,*ri/ianity1 ideas & aspirations t po9t$ to x z _! fulfilm5t4 ,! human race 0 n left 9 total d>kness beyond ! range ( ! light %9+ on ,zion's hill4 ,! old ,pagans1 suckl$ 9 a cre$ outworn1 7 n altoge!r ,god-=sak54 ,!y too1 amid d>kness l ! %ad[ ( dea?1 _h glimpses t might make !m less =lorn4 ,& s h ! hea!n /ill4 ,we mu/ n suppose ei!r t reveal$ religion 0 p]fect f ! beg9n+2 or t ! natural religions 7 altoge!r )\t fragm5ts & rudim5ts ( sav+ tru?4 ,days y are scrupul\sly keep+1 & mon?s1 & seasons1 & ye>s1--! weekly sabba?1 ! new moon1 ! annual fe/ivals1 ! sacr$ sev5? ye>1 ! r\nd ( ! ,jewi% ,kal5d>4 ,on ^! matt]s ! ,galatians _h1 z x seems1 already fall5 9 ) ! directions ( ! ,jewi% tea*]s4 ,! ^w by :i* ! ,apo/le describes _! practice1 1 d5otes1 besides ! fact1 ! mann] & _s ( ! obs]vance--an assidu\s1 anxi\s att5tion1 su* z ! _s ( legal exaction dictat$4 ,^! prescriptions ! ,galatians w\ld ! m readily adopt1 because 9 _! hea!n life !y 7 accu/om$ to /at$ celebrations4 ,! ,pagan ,kal5d> 0 cr[d$ ) days sacr$ to gods & div9e h]oes4 ,?is resemblance ju/ifi$ ,paul all ! m 9 tax+ !m ) relaps+ t[>ds hea!nism4 ,! ,*ur* ( lat] c5turies1 bo? 9 its ,ea/]n & ,we/]n bran*1 w5t f> 9 ! same direction4 ,x made ! keep+ ( holy days a prom95t & obligatory "p ( ,*ri/ianity2 x has multipli$ !m sup]/iti\sly & beyond all reason4 ,among/ ! re/ x incorporat$ hea!n fe/ivals1 too little *ang$ by _! consecration4 ,paul's remon/rance condemns 9 pr9ciple ! en=cem5t ( sacr$ seasons z ?+s ess5tial to salvation1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! ,jewi% ,sabba? 0 ! bond ( ! anci5t ,cov5ant4 ,we may n place ev5 ! ,"l's ,day ^u ?is foot+4 ,f> diff]5t f ?is is ! un=c$ & grateful celebration ( ! ,fir/ ,day ( ! week1 :i* sprang up 9 ! ,apo/olic ,*ur*1 & is assum$ by ! ,apo/les ,paul & ,john 7#a ,cor4 xvi4 #b2 ,rev4 i4 #aj74 ,! rule ( ! sev5? day's re/ has s mu* intr9sic fitness1 & has br\ght ) x s _m b5efits1 t aft] x _h be5 en=c$ by /rict law 9 ! ,jewi% ,*ur* = s long1 its ma9t5ance c\ld n[ be left1 )\t express re-enactm5t1 z a matt] ( fre$om to ! good s5se & "r feel+ ( ,*ri/ian believ]s1 sons ( ! resurrection4 ,its legislative sanction re/s on gr\nds ( public propriety & national well-be+1 :i* ne$ n to be ass]t$ "h4 ,:]ev] ! ,"l ( ! ,sabba? rules1 ,8 ,day w be gladly kept = ,8 sake4 ,! ,apo/le 9 protect+ ,g5tile lib]ties is no enemy to ord] 9 wor%ip & outw>d life4 ,no "o c ju/ly quote 8 au?ority 9 opposition to su* appo9tm5ts z a ,*ri/ian community may make1 = reasons ( exp$i5cy & decorum1 9 ! regulation ( its affairs4 ,b he tea*es t ! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity does n lie 9 ?+s ( ?is k9d1 n 9 que/ions ( meat & dr9k1 nor ( "t & place4 ,to put ^! details1 h[ev] important 9 _! own ord]1 on a level ) righte\sness1 m]cy1 & fai?1 is to br+ a sn>e ^u ! consci5ce2 x is to introduce once m into ! ,*ur* ! leav5 ( ju/ification by works ( law4 99 99 99 99 99 ,weak & poor ! be/ =ms ( piety become1 )\t inw>d k ( ,god4 ,liturgies1 cre$s & confessions1 *ur* music & ar*itecture1 ,sundays1 fa/s1 fe/ivals1 are beautiful ?+s :5 !y are ! transcript ( a liv+ fai?4 ,:5 t is gone1 _! *>m1 _! spiritual wor? is gone4 ,!y no long] belong to religion2 !y h ceas$ to be a bond betwe5 ! s\ls ( m5 & ,god4 ,accord+ to our fai?--our actual1 n pr(essional or confessional fai?--x %all be done unto u3 su* is ! rule ( ,*ri/4 ,to cl+ to =mul>ies :i* h lo/ _! mean+ & to :i* ! ,_s ( tru? gives no pres5t witness1 is a demoralis+ bondage4 ,b ?is is n ! only1 nor ! commone/ way 9 :i* ! sons ( ,god are tempt$ to return to bondage4 ,:osoev] committe? s91 ,*ri/ said1 is ! s]vant ( s94 ,& ! ,apo/le w h to w>n 8 read]s t by _! abuse ( lib]ty1 by _! read9ess to make x an occasion to ! fle%1 !y 7 likely to =feit x4 ,!y t are ,*ri/'s h crucifi$ ! fle% 7*4 v4 #bd74 ,?is w>n+ mu/ be balanc$ aga9/ ! o!r4 ,our lib]ty f outw>d con/ra9t %\ld be /ill m a lib]ty f ! dom9ion ( self1 f pride & desire & ang]2 or x is n ! lib]ty ( ,god's *ildr54 ,inw>d s]vitude is aft] all ! vile/ & wor/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,y make me afraid1 at la/ ! ,apo/le is compell$ to say1 t ,i h lab\r$ 9 va94 ,8 enemies _h caus$ him no su* fe>4 ,:ile 8 *ildr5 9 ! fai? 7 true to him1 he 0 afraid ( no?+4 ,n[ we live1 he says 9 "o ( 8 ,epi/les1 if ye /& fa/ 9 ! ,"l6 ,b if !y %\ld fall away8 ,he trembles = 8 own "w1 = ^! wayw>d *ildr5 :o _h already caus$ him s _m pangs4 ,x is 9 a tone ( ! deepe/ solicitude t he cont9ues 8 expo/ulation 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,paul',s ,,entreaty4 ,i besee* y1 bre?r51 be z ,i am1 = ,i am z ye are4 ,ye did me no wrong3 b ye "k t because ( an infirmity ( ! fle% ,i prea*$ ! gospel unto y ! fir/ "t3 & t :i* 0 a temptation to y 9 my fle% ye despis$ n1 nor reject$2 b ye receiv$ me z an angel ( ,god1 ev5 z ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,:]e !n is t gratulation ( y\rselves8 = ,i be> y witness1 t1 if possible1 ye w\ld h pluck$ out y\r eyes & giv5 !m to me4 ,s !n am ,i become y\r enemy1 because ,i tell y ! tru?8 ,!y zeal\sly seek y 9 no good way2 nay1 !y desire to %ut y out1 t ye may seek !m4 ,b x is good to be zeal\sly s\ght 9 a good matt] at all times1 & n only :5 ,i am pres5t ) y1--my *ildr51 ( :om ,i am aga9 9 travail until ,*ri/ be =m$ 9 y4#aah ,yea1 ,i c\ld wi% to be pres5t ) y n[1 & to *ange my voice2 = ,i am p]plex$ ab\t y4--,,gal4 iv4 #ab-bj4 #aah ,= ! r5d]+ ( ?is clause1 see ! exposition :i* foll[s4 ,! repro( ( ! la/ p>agraph end$ 9 a sigh4 ,to see ,*ri/'s freem5 relaps+ into bondage1 & ex*ang+ _! ,div9e bir?right = *ildi% toys ( c]emonial1 :at c be m sadd5+ & disappo9t+ ?an ?is8 ,_! own exp]i5ce ( salvation1 ! ,apo/le's pray]s & toils on _! behalf1 are1 to all appe>ance1 wa/$ on ^! fooli% ,galatians4 ,"o res\rce is /ill left him4 ,he has refut$ & ana!matiz$ ! o!r gospel4 ,he has done :at explanation & argum5t c d to set himself "r ) 8 read]s1 & to de/roy ! web ( sophi/ry 9 :i* _! m9ds _h be5 entangl$4 ,he w n[ try to w9 !m by a g5tl] p]suasion4 ,if reason & au?ority fail1 = love's sake he w r besee* !m4 ,he _h rem9d$ !m ( _! =m] idolatry2 & ?is calls up to ! ,apo/le's m9d ! circum/ances ( 8 fir/ m9i/ry 9 ,galatia4 ,he sees himself once m a /rang] among/ ?is /range p1 a travell] fall5 sick & dep5d5t on _! hospitality1 prea*+ a gospel ) no?+ to recomm5d x 9 ! appe>ance ( its advocate1 & :i* ! sickness delay+ 8 j\rney _h compell$ him1 contr>y to 8 int5tion1 to proclaim among/ !m4 ,yet ) :at ready & g5]\s hospitality !y _h receiv$ ! infirm ,apo/le6 ,_h he be5 an angel f heav5--nay1 ! ,"l ,jesus ,himself1 !y c\ld sc>cely h %[n him m att5tion ?an !y did4 ,8 physical weakness1 :i* w\ld h mov$ ! contempt ( o!rs1 call$ =? _! sympa?ies4 ,h[ev] sev]ely he may be compell$ to c5sure !m1 h[ev] mu* _! feel+s t[>d him h *ang$1 he w nev] =get ! k9dness he !n receiv$4 ,surely !y _c ?9k him _! enemy1 or all[ him to be supplant$ by ! unwor?y rivals :o are seek+ _! reg>d4 ,s ,paul pleads ) 8 old fri5ds1 & seeks to w9 = 8 argum5ts a way to _! he>ts ?r\gh ! affection = himself :i* he fa9 hopes is /ill l+]+ !re4 ,hoc prud5tis e/ pa/oris1 ,calv9 aptly says4 ,b !re is m 9 ?is entreaty ?an a calculat$ prud5ce4 ,x is a cry ( ! he>t4 ,paul's s\l is 9 ! pangs ( travail 7v]4 #ai74 ,we h se5 ! /]nness ( 8 face relax :ile he pursues 8 mighty argum5t4 ,z he surveys ! work+ ( ,god's c\nsel 9 pa/ ages1 ! promise giv5 to ,abraham = all nations1 ! int]v5+ legal discipl9e1 ! com+ ( ,*ri/ 9 ! fulness ( "t1 ! bur/+ ( ! anci5t bonds1 ! s5d+ =? ( ! ,_s ( adoption--& all ?is = ! sake ( ^! ,galatian ,g5tiles1 & !n ?9ks h[ !y are aft] all decl9+ f grace & r5\nc+ _! ,div9e inh]itance1 ! ,apo/le's he>t a*es ) grief4 ,fooli%1 fickle z !y h prov$1 !y are 8 *ildr54 ,he w travail ov] !m 9 bir? a second "t1 if ,*ri/ may yet be =m$ 9 !m4 ,p]haps he has writt5 too h>%ly4 ,he half rep5ts ( 8 sev]ity4#aai ,fa9 w\ld he *ange 8 voice4 ,if he c\ld only be ) !m1 & see !m face to face1 haply 8 te>s1 8 entreaties1 w\ld w9 !m back4 ,a ru% ( t5d] emotion wells up 9 ,paul's s\l4 ,all 8 rel5t+s are /irr$4 ,he is no long] ! ma/] 9 ,*ri/ rebuk+ unfai?ful disciples2 he is ! "m weep+ ov] h] misguid$ sons4 #aai ,comp4 #b ,cor4 ii4 #d2 vii4 #h4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are consid]able difficulties 9 ! exegesis ( ?is passage4 ,we note !m 9 succession z !y arise3--7#a7 ,9 v]4 #ab we pref]1 ) ,mey] & ,lightfoot1 to read1 ,be z ,i1 = ,i became 7r ?an am7 z y--bre?r51 ,i besee* y4 ,! v]ses prec$+ & foll[+ bo? sugge/ ! pa/ t5se 9 ! ellipsis4 ,paul's memory is busy4 ,he appeals to ! auld lang syne4 ,he rem9ds ! ,galatians ( :at he _h be5 among/ !m = _! sake1#abj h[ he !n behav$ 9 reg>d to ! matt]s 9 dispute4 ,he assum$ no airs ( ,jewi% sup]iority4 ,he did n sep>ate himself f 8 ,g5tile bre?r5 by any practice 9 :i* !y c\ld n jo94 ,he became z !y1 plac+ himself by _! side on ! gr\nd ( a common ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,he asks = reciprocity1 = a recomp5se 9 l k9d 7#b ,cor4 vi4 #ac74 ,are !y go+ to set !mselves above _! ,apo/le1 to take _! /& on t v gr\nd ( ,mosaic privilege :i* he _h ab&on$ = _! sake8 ,he implores !m n to d ?is ?+4 ,! besee*m5t1 9 ! prop] ord] ( ! words1 comes 9 at ! close ( ! s5t5ce1 ) a pa!tic emphasis4 ,he makes himself a suppliant4 ,i beg y1 he says1 by our old affection1 by our bro!rhood 9 ,*ri/1 n to des]t me ?us4 #abj ,comp4 #a ,!ss4 i4 #e2 ii4 #g1 #h4 7#b7 ,sudd5ly ,paul turns to ano!r po9t1 accord+ to 8 wont 9 ?is emotional mood3 ,!re is no?+ 9 :i* y h wrong$ me4 ,is he contradict+ "s allegation :i* _h help$ to e/range ! ,galatians8 ,_h "s "o be5 say+ t ,paul 0 affront$ by _! conduct1 & 0 actuat$ by p]sonal res5tm5t8 ,9 t case we %\ld h look$ = a specific explanation & rebutm5t ( ! *>ge4 ,r he is anticipat+ ! ?\ght t w\ld naturally arise 9 ! m9ds ( 8 read]s at ?is po9t4 ,paul is ask+ u1 !y w\ld say1 to let bygones be bygones1 to give up ?is ,judai/ic atta*m5t = 8 sake1 & to meet him frankly on ! old foot+4 ,b suppos+ we try to d s1 he is v angry ) u1 z ?is lett] %[s2 he ?9ks we h treat$ him badly2 he w always h a grudge aga9/ u4 ,?+s c nev] be aga9 z !y 7 betwe5 ourselves & him4 ,su* feel+s (t5 arise ^u ! brea* ( an old fri5d%ip1 to prev5t ! (f5d+ p>ty f accept+ ! pr(f]$ h& ( reconciliation4 ,paul's prote/ removes ?is h9drance4 ,he replies1 ,i h no s5se ( injury1 no p]sonal grievance aga9/ y4 ,x is impossible ,i %\ld *]i% ill-w t[>ds y4 ,y "k h[ h&somely y treat$ me :5 ,i fir/ came among/ y4 ,no?+ c efface f my he>t ! recollection ( t "t4 ,y mu/ n ?9k t ,i hate y1 because ,i tell y ! tru? 7v]4 #af74 7#c7 ,because ( an infirmity ( ! fle% 7physical weakness71 is ! tru] r5d]+ ( v]4 #ac2 & y\r temptation 9 my fle% ! g5u9e read+ ( v]4 #ad1 re/or$ by ! ,revis]s4 ,sickness _h arre/$ ! ,apo/le's c\rse dur+ 8 second mission>y t\r1 & deta9$ him 9 ! ,galatic c\ntry4 ,s t he _h n only be5 ) ! ,galatians 9 weakness1 z aft]w>ds :5 dur+ ! same j\rney he prea*$ at ,cor9? 7#a ,cor4 ii4 #c72 b actually because ( weakness4 ,8 infirmities gave him occasion to m9i/] !re1 :5 he _h int5d$ to pass !m by4 ,paul _h no ?\ght ( evangeliz+ ,galatia2 ano!r goal 0 9 view4 ,x 0 pat5t to !m--inde$ he confess$ z mu* at ! "t--t if he _h be5 able to proce$1 he w\ld n h l+]$ 9 _! c\ntry4 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly an unpromis+ introduction4 ,& ! ,apo/le's /ate ( heal? made x at t "t a trial = any "o to li/5 to him4 ,!re 0 some?+ 9 ! nature ( 8 malady to excite contempt1 ev5 loa?+ = 8 p]son4 ,t :i* tri$ y 9 my fle%1 ye did n despise1 nor spit out3 su* is ,paul's vivid phrase4 ,h[ few m5 w\ld h humility en\gh to ref] to a circum/ance ( ?is k9d2 or c\ld d s )\t loss ( dignity4 ,he felt t ! condition ( ! mess5g] might well h mov$ ?is ,galatian p to d]ision1 r ?an to rev]5ce = 8 message4 ,at ! be/ ,paul's appe>ance & address 7 none ( ! mo/ prepossess+4#aba ,! ugly little ,jew ,m4 ,r5an calls him1 repeat+ ! taunts ( 8 ,cor9?ian contemn]s4 ,8 sickness 9 ,galatia1 connect$1 x w\ld appe>1 ) "s con/itutional weakness1 f :i* he suff]$ greatly dur+ 8 second & ?ird mission>y t\rs1 assum$ a humiliat+ z well z a pa9ful =m4 ,yet ?is ?orn 9 ! fle%1 a bitt] trial assur$ly to himself1#abb _h prov$ at once a trial & a bless+ to 8 un9t5d$ he>]s 9 ,galatia4 #aba #a ,cor4 ii4 #c2 #b ,cor4 iv4 #g2 x4 #a1 #aj2 xi4 #f4 #abb ,comp4 #b ,cor4 xii4 #g-aj1 ref]r+ app>5tly to ! fir/ outbreak ( ?is my/]i\s affliction4 7#d7 ,s f> f tak+ (f5ce at ,paul's un=tunate condition1 !y welcom$ him ) en?usiasm4 ,!y bless$ !mselves t he _h come 7v]4 #ae74 ,!y said "o to ano!r1 ,h[ =tunate we are 9 hav+ ?is good man among/ u6 ,:at a happy ?+ = u t ,paul's sickness oblig$ him to /ay & give u ! opportunity ( he>+ 8 good news6 ,su* 0 _! =m] gratulation4 ,! reg>d !y conceiv$ = ! sick ,apo/le 0 unb\nd$4 ,= ,i be> y witness1 he says1 t1 if possible1 y w\ld h dug out y\r eyes & giv5 !m me6 ,is ?is no m ?an a /rong hyp]bole1 describ+ ! almo/ extravagant devotion :i* ! ,galatians express$ to ! ,apo/le8 ,or are we to read ! t]ms m lit]ally8 ,s x has be5 sometimes suppos$4 ,9 ?is expression "s critics h discov]$ a clue to ! nature ( ,paul's malady4 ,! ,galatians1 z !y read ! s5t5ce1 wi%$ !y c\ld h tak5 out _! own eyes & giv5 !m to ,paul1 9 place ( 8 disabl$ ones4 ,?is hypo!sis1 x is argu$1 agrees ) o!r circum/ances ( ! case & gives %ape to a numb] ( scatt]$ intimations t\*+ ! same subject4 ,infirmity ( ! eyes w\ld expla9 ! l>ge *>act]s ( ,paul's h&writ+ 7*4 vi4 #aa71 & 8 habit ( us+ an amanu5sis4 ,x w\ld acc\nt = 8 ignorance ( ! p]son ( ! ,high ,prie/ at 8 trial 9 ,j]usalem 7,acts xxiii4 #b-e74 ,! bl9dness t /ruck him on ! way to ,damascus may h laid ! f\ndation ( a *ronic affection ( ?is k9d1 aft]w>ds develop$ & aggravat$ by ! h>d%ips ( 8 mission>y life4 ,& su* an affliction w\ld correspond to :at is said respect+ ! ?orn ( #b ,cor4 xii4 #g1 & ! temptation ( ?is passage4 ,= x w\ld be excessively pa9ful1 & at ! same "t disabl+ & disfigur+ 9 its effects4 ,?is conjecture has mu* to recomm5d x4 ,b x f9ds a v prec>i\s support 9 ! text4 ,paul does n say1 ,y w\ld h pluck$ out y\r own 7,a4,v47 eyes & giv5 !m me1 z ?\gh he 7 ?9k+ ( an ex*ange ( eyes2 b1 ,y w\ld h pluck$ out y\r eyes & giv5 !m me--z mu* z to say1 ,y w\ld h done any?+ 9 ! _w = me !n1--ev5 tak5 out y\r eyes & giv5 !m to me4#abc ,9 ! phrase dug out we may detect a t\* ( irony4 ,?is 0 ! g5u9e ,galatian /yle4 ,! ,celtic temp]am5t loves to laun* itself out 9 vehem5cies & fl\ri%es ( ?is sort4 ,^! ard5t ,gauls _h be5 p]fectly enraptur$ ) ,paul4 ,!y lavi%$ ^u him _! mo/ exub]ant metaphors4 ,!y said ^! ?+s 9 all s9c]ity2 he be>s !m record to ?is4 ,h[ev] cool !y h become s9ce1 !y 7 gu%+ en\gh & to sp>e 9 _! affection t[>ds him !n4 ,& n[ h !y s quickly turn$ aga9/ him8 ,because he crosses _! new fancies & tells !m unwelcome tru?s1 !y ru% to ! opposite extreme & ev5 ?9k him _! enemy6 #abc ,comp4 ,matt4 xviii4 #i4 7#e7 ,sudd5ly ! ,apo/le turns ^u 8 oppos]s 7v]4 #ag74 ,! ,judaiz]s _h di/urb$ 8 happy relations ) 8 ,galatian flock2 !y _h made !m half believe t he 0 _! enemy4 ,! ,galatians mu/ *oose betwe5 ,paul & 8 traduc]s4 ,let !m scrut9ise ! motives ( ^! new tea*]s4 ,let !m call to m9d ! claims ( _! fa!r 9 ,*ri/4 ,!y are c\rt+ y1 he says1--^! pres5t suitors = y\r reg>d--di%on\rably2 !y want to %ut y out & h y to !mselves1 t y may pay c\rt to !m4 ,!y pret5d to be zeal\s = y\r int]e/s2 b x is _! own !y seek 7*4 vi4 #ab74 ,s f> ! ,apo/le's mean+ is tol]ably cle>4 ,b v]4 #ah is obscure4 ,x may be con/ru$ 9 ei!r ( two ways1 z ,paul or ! ,galatians are tak5 = ! subject glanc$ at 9 ! v]b to be c\rt$ 9 its fir/ clause3 ,b x is hon\rable to be c\rt$ always 9 an hon\rable way1 & n only :5 ,i am pres5t ) y4 ,does ,paul mean t he has no objection to ! ,galatians mak+ o!r fri5ds 9 8 abs5ce8 or1 t he ?9ks !y ought n to =get him 9 8 abs5ce8 ,! latt]1 z we ?9k4 ,! ,apo/le compla9s ( _! incon/ancy t[>ds himself4 ,?is is a text = fri5ds & lov]s4 ,:]e atta*m5t is hon\rable1 x %\ld be la/+4 ,set me z a seal ^u ?9e he>t1 says ! ,bride ( ! ,song ( ,songs4 ,) ! ,galatians x seem$ to be1 ,out ( sight1 out ( m9d4 ,!y all[$ ,paul to be pu%$ out by s*em+ rivals4 ,he 0 f> away2 !y 7 on ! spot4 ,he told !m ! tru?2 ! ,judaiz]s flatt]$ !m4 ,s _! fooli% heads 7 turn$4 ,!y 7 positively bewit*$ by ^! new admir]s2 & pref]r$ _! s9i/] & design+ complim5ts to ,paul's /]l+ hon\r & prov$ fidelity4 ,! connection ( vv4 #ag1 #ah turns on ! words hon\rable & c\rt1#abd ea* ( :i* is ?rice repeat$4 ,!re is a k9d ( play on ! v]b 4 ,9 v]4 #ah x implies a true1 9 v]4 #ag a c\nt]feit affection 7an affectation74 ,paul might h said1 ,x is good "o %\ld be lov$1 foll[$ ) affection1 always1 b = ! sake ( ! v]bal anti!sis4 ,9 v]4 #ag he taxes 8 oppon5ts ) unwor?ily c\rt+ ! fav\r ( ! ,galatians2 9 v]4 #ah he intimates 8 grief t he himself 9 8 abs5ce is no long] c\rt$ by !m4 #abd 1 to h zeal t[>ds a p]son or ?+1 to affect 7,a4,v43 9 its old] ,engli% s5se ( seek+1 pay+ reg>d to any "o74 7#f7 ,9 ! next v]se ?is grief ( w\nd$ affection1 *eck$ at fir/ by a c]ta9 res]ve1 breaks out uncontrollably3 ,my *ildr51 = :om aga9 ,i am 9 travail1 till ,*ri/ be =m$ 9 y6#abe ,?is outcry is a pa!tic cont9uance ( 8 expo/ulation4 ,he _c be> ! ?\ght ( los+ ^! *ildr5 ( 8 he>t4 ,he /ret*es out 8 arms to !m4 ,te>s /ream f 8 eyes4 ,he has be5 speak+ 9 measur$1 almo/ playful t]ms1 9 comp>+ himself ) 8 supplant]s4 ,b ! possibility ( _! success1 ! ?\ght ( ! mis*ief go+ on 9 ,galatia & ( ! little p[] he has to prev5t x1 wr+s 8 v s\l4 ,he feels a "m's pangs = 8 imp]ill$ *ildr51 z he writes ^! di/ressful words4 #abe ,! full /op plac$ 9 ! ,engli% ,v]sion at ! end ( v]4 #ah1 on ?is view1 is out ( place4 ,!re is no?+ ga9$ by sub/itut+ little *ildr5 7,john's phrase7 = *ildr51 ev]y:]e else us$ by ,paul1 & atte/$ "h by ! be/ witnesses4 ,! s5tim5t is t ( #a ,!ss4 ii4 #g1 #h2 #a ,cor4 iv4 #ad-af4 ,! ,apo/le is n ?9k+ ( ! littl5ess or feebl5ess ( ! ,galatians1 b simply ( _! relation to himself4 ,8 sorr[ is ! sorr[ ( b]eavem5t4 ,y h n _m mo!rs1 he seems to say3 ,i h travail$ ov] y 9 bir?2 & n[ a second "t y br+ on me a "m's pa9s1 :i* ,i mu/ endure until ,*ri/ is =m$ 9 y & ,8 image is r5ew$ 9 y\r s\ls4 99 99 99 99 99 ,paul /&s be=e u z an injur$ fri5d1 a fai?ful m9i/] ( ,*ri/ robb$ ( 8 p's love4 ,he is w\nd$ 9 8 t5d]e/ affections4 ,= ! sake ( ! ,g5tile ,*ur*es he _h giv5 up ev]y?+ 9 life t he priz$ 7v]4 #ab2 #a ,cor4 ix4 #ba72 he _h expos$ himself to ! contempt & hatr$ ( 8 fell[-c\ntrym5--& ?is is 8 rew>d1 to be lov$ ! less1 ! m abundantly he loves6 7#b ,cor4 xii4 #ae74 ,b if he is griev$ at ?is defection1 he is equally p]plex$4 ,he _c tell :at to make ( ! ,galatians1 or 9 :at tone to address !m4 ,he has w>n$1 d5\nc$1 argu$1 prote/$1 plead$ z a "m ) h] *ildr52 /ill he d\bts :e!r he w prevail4 ,if he c\ld only see !m & meet !m z 9 =m] days1 lay+ aside ! di/ance1 ! /]nness ( au?ority :i* he has be5 =c$ to assume1 he might yet rea* _! he>ts4 ,at lea/ he w\ld "k h[ matt]s really /&1 & 9 :at language he ought to speak4 ,s 8 entreaty ends3 ,i wi% ,i c\ld only be pres5t ) y n[1 & speak 9 "s diff]5t voice4 ,= ,i am at a loss to "k h[ to deal ) y4 ,?is picture ( e/rangem5t & reproa* tells its own tale1 :5 its l9es h once be5 cle>ly m>k$4 ,we may dwell1 h[ev]1 a little long] on "s ( ! lessons :i* x tea*es3-- ,i4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is evid5t t /rong emotions & w>m affections are no gu>antee = ! p]man5ce ( religi\s life4 ,! ,galatians resembl$ ! /ony gr\nd he>]s ( our ,"l's p>able1--su* z he> ! ^w1 & imm$iately ) joy receive x2 b !y h no root 9 !mselves2 !y believe = a "t4 ,x 0 n p]secution inde$ t (f5d$ !m2 b flatt]y prov$ equally effectual4 ,!y 7 ( ! same f]vid temp] z ,pet] on ! night ( ! ,passion1 :5 he said1 ,?\gh ,i %\ld die ) ,!e1 yet w ,i n d5y ,!e 9 anywise1--)9 a few h\rs ?rice d5y+ 8 ,ma/]1 ) oa?s & curses4 ,!y lack$ s]i\sness & dep?4 ,!y _h f9e susceptibilities & a l>ge fund ( en?usiasm2 !y 7 full ( eloqu5t prote/ations2 & "u excitem5t 7 capable ( great ef=ts & sacrifices4 ,b !re 0 a flaw 9 _! nature4 ,!y 7 creatures ( impulse--soon hot1 soon cold4 ,"o _c help lik+ su* p--b z = tru/+ !m1 t is a diff]5t matt]4 ,no?+ c\ld be m delightful or promis+ ?an ! appe>ance ^! ,*ur*es pres5t$ 9 ! e>ly days ( _! conv]sion4 ,!y he>d ! ,apo/le's message ) rapt att5tion2 !y felt its ,div9e p[]1 s /rangely contra/+ ) 8 physical feebl5ess4 ,!y 7 amaz+ly wr\ght ^u4 ,! new life 9 ,*ri/ k9dl$ all ! f]v\r ( _! passionate nature4 ,h[ !y triumph$ 9 ,*ri/6 ,h[ !y bless$ ! day :5 ! gospel visit$ _! l&6 ,!y almo/ wor%ipp$ ! ,apo/le4 ,!y c\ld n d en\gh = him4 ,_! he>ts bl$ = 8 suff]+s4 ,:]e are all ^! transports n[8 ,paul is f> away4 ,o!r tea*]s h come1 ) ano!r gospel4 ,& ! cross is already =gott56 ,!y are contemplat+ circumcision2 !y are busy /udy+ ! ,jewi% ritual1 mak+ arrangem5ts = fea/-days & functions1 eag]ly discuss+ po9ts ( c]emony4 ,_! m9ds are poison$ ) mi/ru/ ( _! own ,apo/le1 ^: he>t is ready to break ov] _! folly & frivolity4 ,all ?is = ! want ( a little reflection1 = want ( ! /ead9ess ( purpose )\t :i* ! mo/ g5ial disposition & ! mo/ ard5t emotions inevitably run to wa/e4 ,_! fai? _h be5 too mu* a matt] ( feel+1 too little ( pr9ciple4 ,,ii4 ,fur!r1 we obs]ve h[ prone are ^? :o h put !mselves 9 ! wrong to fix ! blame on o!rs4 ,! ,apo/le 0 compell$ 9 fidelity to tru? to say h>d ?+s to 8 ,galatian disciples4 ,he _h previ\sly1 on 8 la/ visit1 giv5 !m a solemn w>n+ on acc\nt ( _! ,judaic proclivities 7*4 i4 #i74 ,9 ?is ,epi/le he c5sures !m r\ndly4 ,he wond]s at !m2 he calls !m s5seless ,galatians2 he tells !m !y are )9 a /ep ( be+ cut (f f ,*ri/ 7*4 v4 #d74 ,& n[ !y cry out1 ,paul is our enemy4 ,if he c>$ = u1 h[ c\ld he write s cruelly6 ,we 7 excessively fond ( him once1 we c\ld n d too mu* = him2 b t is all ov] n[4 ,if we _h inflict$ on him "s great injury1 he c\ld sc>cely treat u m r\ghly4 ,?\ghtless & excitable p commonly reason 9 ?is way4 ,p]sonalities ) !m take ! place ( argum5t & pr9ciple4 ,! sev]ity ( a holy zeal = tru? is a ?+ !y c nev] und]/&4 ,if y disagree ) !m & oppose !m1 !y put x d[n to "s petty animosity4 ,!y cr$it y ) a private grudge aga9/ !m2 & /raightway enroll y 9 ! numb] ( _! enemies1 ?\gh y may be 9 reality _! be/ fri5d4 ,flatt] !m1 hum\r _! vanity1 & y h !m at y\r bidd+4 ,su* m5 x is ! h>de/ ?+ 9 ! _w hone/ly to s]ve4 ,!y w always pref] ! kisses ( an enemy to ! fai?ful w\nds ( a fri5d4 ,,iii4 ,m5 ( ! ,galatian type are ! natural prey ( self-seek+ agitators4 ,h[ev] s\nd ! pr9ciples 9 :i* !y 7 tra9$1 h[ev] true ! fri5d%ips !y h enjoy$1 !y mu/ h *ange4 ,! accu/om$ palls ^u !m4 ,giddy ,a!nians1 !y love no?+ s mu* z to he> & tell "s new ?+4 ,!y o/racize ,ari/ides1 simply because !y are tir$ ( he>+ him always call$ ! ,j4 ,to he> ! same ?+s1 h[ev] safe x may be1 ev5 f an ,apo/le's lips is to !m intol]ably griev\s4 ,!y nev] ?9k e>ne/ly & pati5tly en\gh to f9d ! deep] spr+s1 ! fre% delight & satisfaction ly+ hidd5 9 ! great un*ang+ tru?s4 ,^! are !y :o are c>ri$ ab\t ) div]s & /range doctr9es1 :o run aft] ! newe/ ?+ 9 rituali/ic art1 or s5sational evangelism1 or well-spic$ het]odoxy4 ,tru? & pla9 deal+1 apo/olic hol9ess & godly s9c]ity1 are outmat*$ 9 deal+ ) !m by ! craft ( worldly wisdom4 ,a little judici\s flatt]y1 some?+ to please ! eye & cat* ! fancy--& !y are p]suad$ to believe almo/ any?+1 or to d5y :at !y h mo/ e>ne/ly believ$4 ,:at _h ! ,legali/s to (f] comp>$ ) ! gifts be/[$ on ^! ,*ur*es ?r\gh ,paul8 ,:at 0 !re t c\ld make !m rivals to him 9 "* or spiritual p[]8 ,& yet ! ,galatians flock r\nd ! ,judai/ tea*]s1 & accept )\t inquiry _! sl&]s & p]v]sions ( ! gospel2 :ile ! ,apo/le1 _! true fri5d & fa!r1 too true to sp>e _! faults1 /&s suspect$1 almo/ des]t$4 ,he mu/ =soo? implore !m to come d[n f ! heights ( _! w\ld-be legal sup]iority1 & to meet him on ! common gr\nd ( grace & sav+ fai?4 ,! %eep w n he> _! %eph]d's voice2 !y foll[ /rang]s1 ?\gh !y be ?ieves & hirel+s4 ,o fooli% ,galatians6 99 99 99 99 99 ,:e!r ! ,apo/le's entreaty prevail$ to recall !m or did n1 we _c tell4 ,f ! sil5ce ) :i* ^! ,*ur*es are pass$ ov] 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 & ! little t is he>d ( !m aft]w>ds1 an unfav\rable inf]5ce appe>s probable4 ,! ,judai/ic leav51 x is to be fe>$1 w5t f> to leav5 ! :ole lump4 ,paul's appreh5sions 7 only too well-gr\nd$4 ,& ^! hopeful conv]ts :o _h once run well1 7 fatally h9d]$ & fell f> beh9d 9 ! ,*ri/ian race4 ,su*1 9 all likelihood1 0 ! result ( ! dep>ture f ! tru? ( ! gospel into :i* ! ,galatians all[$ !mselves to be drawn4 ,:atev] 0 ! sequel to ?is /ory1 ,paul's prote/ rema9s to witness to ! s9c]ity & t5d]ness ( ! great ,apo/le's s\l1 & to ! disa/r\s issues ( ! levity ( "* :i* di/+ui%$ 8 ,galatian disciples4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,hag>4 ,tell me1 ye t desire to be "u ! law1 d ye n he> ! law8 ,= x is writt51 t ,abraham _h two sons1 "o by ! h&maid1 & "o by ! freewoman4 ,h[beit ! son by ! h&maid is born aft] ! fle%2 b ! son by ! freewoman is born ?r\gh promise4 ,:i* ?+s conta9 an allegory3 = ^! wom5 are two cov5ants2 "o f m\nt ,s9ai1 be>+ *ildr5 unto bondage1 :i* is ,hag>4 ,= ,s9ai is a m\nta9 9 ,arabia1 & answ]e? to ! ,j]usalem t n[ is3 = %e is 9 bondage ) h] *ildr54 ,b ! ,j]usalem t is above is free1 :i* is our "m4 ,= x is writt51 ,rejoice1 ?\ b>r5 t be>e/ n2 ,break =? & cry1 ?\ t travaile/ n3 ,= m are ! *ildr5 ( ! desolate ?an ( h] :i* ha? ! husb&4 ,n[ we1 bre?r51 z ,isaac 01 are *ildr5 ( promise4 ,b z !n he t 0 born aft] ! fle% p]secut$ him t 0 born aft] ! ,_s1 ev5 s x is n[4 ,h[beit :at sai? ! scripture8 ,ca/ out ! h&maid & h] son2 = ! son ( ! h&maid %all n inh]it ) ! son ( ! freewoman4 ,:]e=e1 bre?r51 we are n *ildr5 ( a h&maid1 b ( ! freewoman4 ,= fre$om did ,*ri/ set u free3 /& fa/ !re=e1 & be n entangl$ aga9 9 a yoke ( bondage4--,,gal4 iv4 #ba-v4 #a4 ,! ,apo/le wi%$ t he c\ld *ange 8 voice 7v]4 #bj74 ,inde$ he has *ang$ x m ?an once4 ,any "o :o looks closely may see t !re is mu* *ange & alt]ation ( feel+ 9 :at ! ,apo/le has previ\sly writt5 7,!odorus74 ,n[ he w try ano!r tone2 he proce$s 9 fact to address 8 read]s 9 a /yle :i* we f9d n[h]e else 9 8 ,epi/les4 ,he w tell 8 *ildr5 a /ory6 ,p]haps he may ?us succe$ bett] ?an by grav] argum5t4 ,_! quick fancy w readily appreh5d ! be>+ ( ! illu/ration2 x may br+ home to !m ! =ce ( 8 doctr9al cont5tion1 & ! p]il ( _! own position1 z he fe>s !y h n se5 !m yet4 ,& s1 aft] ! pa!tic appeal ( ! la/ p>agraph1 & be=e he deliv]s 8 decisive1 (ficial prote/ to ! ,galatians aga9/ _! circumcision1 he int]jects ?is allegory ( ! two sons ( ,abraham4 ,paul cites ! hi/ory ( ! sons ( ,abraham4 ,no o!r example w\ld h s]v$ 8 purpose4 ,! controv]sy betwe5 himself & ! ,judaiz]s turn$ on ! "q1 ,:o are ! true heirs ( ,abraham8 7*4 iii4 #g1 #af1 #bi74 ,he made fai? 9 ,*ri/1 !y circumcision & law-keep+1 ! gr\nd ( son%ip4 ,s ! inh]itance 0 claim$ 9 a d\ble s5se4 ,b n[1 if x %\ld appe> t ?is anti!sis exi/$ 9 pr9ciple 9 ! bosom ( ! patri>*al family1 if we %\ld f9d t !re 0 an eld] son ( ,abraham's fle% oppos$ to ! *ild ( promise1 h[ p[]fully w ?is analogy su/a9 ! ,apo/le's position4 ,judaism w !n be se5 to be play+ ov] aga9 ! "p ( ,i%mael2 & ! ,j]usalem t n[ is takes ! place ( ,hag>1 ! slave-"m4 ,! moral situation creat$ by ! ,judaic controv]sy _h be5 rehe>s$ 9 ! family life ( ,abraham4 ,tell me1 ! ,apo/le asks1 y t w\ld fa9 be subject to ! law1 d y n "k :at x relates conc]n+ ,abraham8 ,he _h two sons1 "o ( free1 & ! o!r ( s]vile bir?4 ,d y wi% to belong to ! l9e ( ,i%mael1 or ,isaac8 ,9 ?is way ,paul resumes ! ?read ( 8 disc\rse dropp$ 9 v]4 #g4 ,fai?1 he _h told 8 read]s1 _h made !m sons ( ,god4 ,!y 71 9 ,*ri/1 ( ,abraham's spiritual se$1 heirs ( 8 promise4 ,god _h s5t ,8 ,son to r$eem !m1 & ! ,_s ( ,8 ,son to atte/ _! adoption4 ,b !y 7 n cont5t4 ,!y 7 ambiti\s ( ,jewi% privileges4 ,! ,legali/s p]suad$ !m t !y mu/ be circumcis$ & con=m to ,moses1 9 ord] to be ,abraham's *ildr5 9 full title4 ,v well1 ! ,apo/le says1 y may become ,abraham's sons 9 ?is fa%ion4 ,only y mu/ obs]ve t ,abraham _h two sons4 ,& ! ,law w make y 8 sons by ,hag>1 ^: home is ,s9ai--n ,israelites1 b ,i%maelites6 ,paul's ,galatian allegory has greatly ex]cis$ ! m9ds ( 8 critics4 ,! ^w is "o ( ill repute 9 exegesis4 ,allegory 0 ! in/rum5t ( ,rabb9ical & ,alex&r9e ,scripturi/s1 an infallible device = extract+ ! pr$et]m9$ s5se f ! lett] ( ! sacr$ text4 ,! spiritualis+ ( ,*ri/ian int]pret]s has be5 c>ri$1 9 _m in/ances1 to equal excess ( riot4 ,= ! hone/ mean+ ( ! ^w ( ,god any?+ & ev]y?+ has be5 sub/itut$ t lawless fancy & v]bal +5uity c\ld read into x4 ,! mo/ arbitr>y & grotesque di/ortions ( ! facts ( ,scripture h pass$ curr5t "u cov] ( ! clause1 :i* ?+s are an allegory4 ,b ,paul's allegory1 & t ( ,philo & ! ,allegorical s*ool1 are v diff]5t ?+s1 z widely remov$ z ! words ( tru? & sob]ness f ! intoxications ( a my/ical idealism4 ,) ,paul ! spiritual s5se ( ,scripture is bas$ on ! hi/orical1 is 9 fact ! moral cont5t & import !re(2 = he sees 9 hi/ory a cont9u\s manife/ation ( ,god's w4 ,) ! ,allegori/s ! spiritual s5se1 arriv$ at by priori means1 replaces ! hi/orical1 de/roy$ to make room = x4 ,! ,apo/le po9ts out 9 ! /ory ( ,hag> a spiritual int5t1 su* z exi/s 9 e sc5e ( human life if we _h eyes to see x1 some?+ o!r ?an ! lit]al relation ( ! facts1 b n[ise ali5 f x4 ,"h lies ! diff]5ce betwe5 legitimate & illegitimate allegory4 ,! utmo/ fre$om may be giv5 to ?is employm5t ( ! imag9ation1 s long z x is true to ! moral ( ! n>rative :i* x applies4 ,9 pr9ciple ! ,paul9e allegory does n diff] f ! type4 ,9 ! type ! correspond5ce ( ! sign & ?+ signifi$ c5tres 9 a s+le figure or ev5t2 9 su* an allegory z ?is x is ext5d$ to a gr\p ( figures & a s]ies ( ev5ts4 ,b ! =ce ( ! application dep5ds on ! actuality ( ! orig9al /ory1 :i* 9 ! illicit allegory is matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,:i* ?+s are allegoriz$--s ! ,apo/le lit]ally writes 9 v]4 #bd--made matt]s ( allegory4 ,! phrase intimates1 z ,bi%op ,lightfoot sugge/s1 t ! ,hag>5e episode 9 ,g5esis 7*4 xvi41 xxi4 #a-ba7 0 commonly int]pret$ 9 a figurative way4 ,! ,galatians _h he>d f _! ,jewi% tea*]s specim5s ( ?is popul> mode ( exposition4 ,paul w employ x too2 & w give 8 own read+ ( ! fam\s /ory ( ,i%mael & ,isaac4 ,philo ( ,alex&ria1 ! greate/ allegori/ ( ! day1 has exp\nd$ ! same hi/ory4 ,^! em95t int]pret]s bo? make ,s>ah ! "m ( ! spiritual1 ,hag> ( ! worldly (fspr+2 bo? po9t out h[ ! b>r5 is exalt$ ov] ! fruitful wife4 ,s f>1 we may imag9e1 ,paul is mov+ on ! accept$ l9es ( ,jewi% exegesis4 ,b ,philo kn[s no?+ ( ! correspond5ce betwe5 ,isaac & ,*ri/1 :i* lies at ! back ( ! ,apo/le's allegory4 ,& !re is ?is vital diff]5ce ( me?od betwe5 ! two div9es1 t :]eas ,paul's comp>ison is ! illu/ration ( a doctr9e prov$ on o!r gr\nds--! pa9t+ :i* decorates ! h\se already built 7,lu!r7--) ! ,alex&r9e ideali/ x =ms ! sub/ance & /aple ( 8 tea*+4 ,"u ?is allegorical dress ! ,apo/le exp\nds once m 8 doctr9e1 already inculcat$1 ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,legal & ,*ri/ian /ate4 ,! =m] con/itutes1 z he n[ puts ! matt]1 a ba/>d son%ip l t ( ,i%mael1 conf]r+ only an ext]nal & provisional t5ure 9 ! ,abrahamic inh]itance4 ,x is contra/$ ) ! spiritual son%ip ( ! true ,israel 9 ! foll[+ respects3--,x is a /ate ( nature z oppos$ to grace2 ( bondage z oppos$ to fre$om2 & fur!r1 x is tempor>y & soon to be end$ by ! ,div9e decree4 ,i4 ,he :o is ( ! maid-s]vant is aft] ! fle%2 b he t is ( ! free-woman is ?r\gh promise4444 ,j z !n he t 0 aft] ! fle% p]secut$ him t 0 aft] ! ,_s1 s n[ 7vv4 #bc1 #bi74 ,! ,apo/le sees 9 ! diff]5t p>5tage ( ,abraham's sons ! gr\nd ( a radical div]g5ce ( "*4 ,"o 0 ! *ild ( nature1 ! o!r 0 ! son ( a spiritual fai?4 ,i%mael 0 9 tru? ! fruit ( unbelief2 8 bir? 0 due to a natural b impati5t misread+ ( ! promise4 ,! patri>*'s union ) ,hag> 0 ill-assort$ & ill-advis$4 ,x br\ght its natural p5alty by introduc+ an ali5 elem5t into 8 family life4 ,! l[-br$ insol5ce :i* ! s]v+-woman1 9 ! prospect ( becom+ a "m1 %[$ t[>d ! mi/ress to :om %e ow$ h] pref]m5t1 gave a =eta/e ( ! unhappy consequ5ces4 ,! promise ( po/]ity made to ,abraham ) a *ildless wife1 0 expressly design$ to try 8 fai?2 & he _h all[$ x to be ov]borne by ! reason+s ( nature4 ,x 0 no wond] t ! son ( ! ,egyptian slave1 born "u su* conditions1 prov$ to be ( a l[] type1 & _h to be f9ally exclud$ f ! h\se4 ,9 ,i%mael's relation to 8 fa!r !re 0 no?+ b ! ord9>y play ( human motives4 ,! son ( ! h&maid 0 born aft] ! fle%4 ,he 0 a natural son4 ,b ,i%mael 0 n on t acc\nt cut (f f ! ,div9e m]cies4 ,nor did 8 fa!r's pray]1 ,o t ,i%mael might live be=e ,!e 7,g54 xvii4 #ah71 rema9 unansw]$4 ,a great c>e] 0 res]v$ by ,div9e ,provid5ce = 8 race4 ,! ,arabs1 ! fi]y sons ( ! des]t1 ?r\gh him claim desc5t f ,abraham4 ,!y h c>v$ _! "n deeply ^u ! hi/ory & ! fai? ( ! _w4 ,b s5su\sness & lawlessness are ev]y:]e ! /amp ( ! ,i%maelite4 ,) high gifts & "s g5]\s qualities1 su* z attract$ to 8 elde/ boy ! love ( ,abraham1 _! fi]ce animal passion has be5 ! curse ( ! sons ( ,hag>4 ,mohamm$anism is a ba/>d ,judaism2 x is ! religion ( ,abraham s5sualis$4 ,i%mael /&s =? z ! type ( ! c>nal man4 ,on outw>d gr\nds ( fle% & blood he seeks inh]itance 9 ! k+dom ( ,god2 & ) fle%ly weapons passionately fights its battles4 ,to a simil> position ,judaism1 9 ! ,apo/le's view1 _h n[ r$uc$ itself4 ,& to ?is foot+ ! ,galatian ,*ur*es w\ld be br\ght if !y yield$ to ! ,judai/ic solicitations4 ,to be circumcis$ w\ld be = !m to be born aga9 aft] ! fle%1 to l9k !mselves to ,abraham 9 ! unspiritual fa%ion ( ,hag>'s son4 ,i%mael 0 ! fir/ to be circumcis$ 7,g54 xvii4 #bc-bf74 ,x 0 to r5\nce salvation by fai? & ! r5ew+ ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,?is c\rse c\ld only h "o result4 ,! ,judaic ritualism !y 7 adopt+ w\ld be> fruit aft] its k9d1 9 a worldly1 s5su\s life4 ,l ,i%mael !y w\ld claim k9%ip ) ! ,*ur* ( ,god on fle%ly gr\nds2 & _! claim mu/ prove z futile z did 84 ,! p]secution ( ! ,*ur* by ,judaism gave pro( ( ! ,i%maelite _s1 ! c>nal animus by :i* x 0 possess$4 ,a religion ( ext]nalism naturally becomes repressive4 ,x kn[s n ! demon/ration ( ! ,_s2 x has confid5ce 9 ! fle%4 ,x relies on outw>d means = ! propagation ( its fai?2 & naturally resorts to ! secul> arm4 ,! ,inquisition & ! ,auto-da-f are a n unfitt+ accompanim5t ( ! gorge\s c]emonial ( ! ,mass4 ,ritualism & prie/ly autocracy g h& 9 h&4 ,s n[1 says ,paul1 po9t+ to ,i%mael's p]secution ( ! infant ,isaac1 h9t$ at 9 ,g54 xxi4 #h-aj4 ,! laught] ( ,hag>'s boy at ,s>ah's wean+-fea/ seems b a slight (f5ce to be visit$ ) ! puni%m5t ( expulsion2 & ! incid5t "o b5ea? ! dignity ( !ological argum5t4 ,b ! pr9ciple = :i* ,paul cont5ds is !re2 & x is ! m easily appreh5d$ :5 exhibit$ on ?is homely scale4 ,! family is ! g]m & ! mirror ( society4 ,9 x are fir/ call$ into play ! motives :i* det]m9e ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 ! rise & fall ( empires or *ur*es4 ,! gravam5 ( ! *>ge aga9/ ,i%mael lies 9 ! la/ ^w ( ,g54 xxi4 #i1 r5d]$ 9 ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion mock+1 & by ! ,revis]s play+1 aft] ! ,septuag9t & ! ,vulgate4 ,?is ^w 9 ! ,hebrew is evid5tly a play on ! "n ,isaac1 i4e41 laught]1 giv5 by ,s>ah to h] boy ) g5ial mo!rly delight 7vv4 #f1 #g74 ,i%mael1 n[ a y\? ( f\rte51 takes up ! *ild's "n & turns x1 on ?is public & fe/ive occasion1 into ridicule4 ,su* an act 0 n only an insult to ! mi/ress ( ! h\se & ! "y heir at a mo/ untimely mom5t1 x betray$ a jeal\sy & contempt on ! "p ( ,hag>'s son t[>ds 8 half-bro!r :i* gravely compromis$ ,isaac's future4 ,! wild1 ungov]nable & pugnaci\s "* ascrib$ to 8 desc5dants began to display itself 9 ,i%mael1 & to appe> 9 language ( provok+ insol5ce2 (f5d$ at ! comp>ative indiff]5ce ) :i* he 0 treat$1 he indulg$ 9 mock]y1 especially aga9/ ,isaac1 ^: v "n furni%$ him ) satirical sne]s4#abf ,i%mael's je/ co/ him de>4 ,! indignation ( ,s>ah 0 reasonable2 & ,abraham 0 compell$ to recognise 9 h] dem& ! voice ( ,god 7vv4 #aj-ab74 ,! two boys1 l ,esau & ,jacob 9 ! next g5]ation1 repres5t$ opposite pr9ciples & ways ( life1 ^: c\nt]work+ 0 to run ?r\gh ! c\rse ( future hi/ory4 ,_! incompatibility 0 already manife/4 #abf ,kalis*1 ,comm5t>y1 on ,g5esis xxi4 #i4 ,! ,apo/le's comp>ison mu/ h be5 mortify+ 9 ! extreme to ! ,judai/s4 ,!y are told 9 pla9 t]ms t !y are 9 ! position ( outca/ ,i%mael2 :ile uncircumcis$ ,g5tiles1 )\t a drop ( ,abraham's blood 9 _! ve9s1 h receiv$ ! promise =feit$ by _! unbelief4 ,paul c\ld n h put 8 conclusion 9 a =m m unwelcome to ,jewi% pride4 ,b )\t ?is radical exposure ( ! legali/ position x 0 impossible = him adequately to v9dicate 8 gospel & def5d 8 ,g5tile *ildr5 9 ! fai?4 ,,ii4 ,f ?is contra/ ( bir? accord+ to fle% & ?r\gh promise is d$uc$ ! opposition betwe5 ! slave-born & free-born sons4 ,= ^! 7! slave-"m & ! free-woman7 are two cov5ants1 "o inde$ be>+ *ildr5 unto bondage--:i* is ,hag> 7v]4 #bd74 ,! o!r side ( ! anti!sis is n =mally express$2 x is obvi\s4 ,s>ah ! pr9cess1 ,abraham's true wife1 has h] c\nt]p>t 9 ! orig9al cov5ant ( promise r5ew$ 9 ,*ri/1 & 9 ! ,j]usalem above1 :i* is our "m 7v]4 #bf74 ,s>ah is ! typical "m1#abg z ,abraham is ! fa!r ( ! *ildr5 ( fai?4 ,9 ! sy/oi*ia1 or tabul> comp>ison1 :i* ! ,apo/le draws up aft] ! mann] ( ! s*ools1 ,hag> & ! ,mosaic cov5ant1 ,s9ai & ! ,j]usalem t n[ is /& 9 "o file & answ] to ea* o!r2 ,s>ah & ! ,abrahamic cov5ant1 ,zion & ! heav5ly ,j]usalem succe$ 9 ! same ord]1 opposite to !m4 ,zion is want+ 9 ! second file2 b ,s9ai & ,zion =m a /&+ anti!sis 7,heb4 xii4 #ah-bb72 ! second is impli$ 9 ! fir/4 ,x 0 to ,zion t ! words ( ,isaiah cit$ 9 v]4 #bg1 7 address$4 #abg ,comp4 ,heb4 xi4 #aa1 #ab2 #a ,pet4 iii4 #f4 ,! fir/ clause ( v]4 #be is be/ und]/ood 9 ! %ort]1 m>g9al read+ ( ! ,r4 ,v41 also pref]r$ by ,bi%op ,lightfoot 7 44474 ,x is a p>5!sis--= m\nt ,s9ai#abh is 9 ,arabia--cov5ant runn+ on 9 ! m9d f v]4 #bd z ! cont9u$ subject ( v]4 #be b3 & x answ]e? to ! pres5t ,j]usalem4 ,?is is ! simple/ & mo/ consi/5t con/ruction ( ! passage4 ,! int]ject$ geographical ref]5ce s]ves to support ! id5tification ( ! ,s9aitic cov5ant ) ,hag>1 ,arabia be+ ! well-kn[n abode ( ! ,hag>5es4 ,paul _h met !m 9 8 w&]+s !re4 ,"s s*ol>s h attempt$ to e/abli% a v]bal agreem5t betwe5 ! "n ( ! slave-"m & t locally giv5 to ! ,s9aitic range2 b ?is explanation is prec>i\s1 & aft] all unnecess>y4 ,!re 0 a real correspond5ce betwe5 place & p on ! "o h&1 z betwe5 place & cov5ant on ! o!r4 ,s9ai =m$ a visible & impos+ l9k betwe5 ! race ( ,i%mael & ! ,mosaic law-giv+4 ,t awful1 desolate m\nta91 ^: aspect1 z we c imag9e1 _h vividly impress$ itself on ,paul's memory 7*4 i4 #ag71 spoke to him ( bondage & t]ror4 ,x 0 a true symbol ( ! work+ ( ! law ( ,moses1 exhibit$ 9 ! pres5t condition ( ,judaism4 ,& r\nd ! base ( ,s9ai ,hag>'s wild sons _h f\nd _! dwell+4 #abh ,paul writes ! ,s9ai m\nta9 7 7 9 tacit opposition to ! o!r1 famili> ,m\nt ,zion 7,h(mann 9 loc474 ,9 ,heb4 xii4 #bb ! same inv]sion appe>s1 ) ! same significance4 ,j]usalem 0 no long] ! "m ( freem54 ,! boa/1 we are ,abraham's sons2 we 7 nev] 9 bondage 7,john viii4 #cc71 0 an unconsci\s irony4 ,h] sons *af$ "u ! ,roman yoke4 ,!y 7 load$ ) self-inflict$ legal burd5s4 ,above all1 !y 71 not)/&+ _! pr(ess$ law-keep+1 enslav$ to s91 9 s]vitude to _! pride & evil lu/s4 ,! _s ( ! nation 0 t ( rebelli\s1 discont5t$ slaves4 ,!y 7 ,i%maelite sons ( ,abraham1 ) none ( ! nobl5ess1 ! rev]5ce1 ! calm & elevat$ fai? ( _! fa!r4 ,9 ! ,judaism ( ! ,apo/le's day ! ,s9aitic disp5sation1 uncontroll$ by ! high] patri>*al & prophetic fai?1 _h work$ out its natural result4 ,x g5d]$ to bondage4 ,a sy/em ( repression & r\t9e1 x _h produc$ m5 punctual 9 ti!s ( m9t & anise1 b )\t ju/ice1 m]cy1 or fai?2 vaunt+ _! lib]ty :ile !y 7 s]vants ( corruption4 ,! law ( ,moses c\ld n =m a new creature4 ,x left ! ,i%mael ( nature un*ang$ at he>t1 a *ild ( ! fle%1 ) :atev] robes ( outw>d decorum 8 nak$ness 0 cov]$4 ,! ,ph>isee 0 ! typical product ( law ap>t f grace4 ,"u ! g>b ( a freeman he c>ri$ ! s\l ( a slave4 ,b v]4 #bf s\nds ! note ( deliv]ance3 ,! ,j]usalem above is free2 & %e is our "m6 ,paul has escap$ f ! prison ( ,legalism1 f ! conf9es ( ,s9ai2 he has left beh9d ! p]i%+ e>?ly ,j]usalem1 & ) x ! bitt]ness & gloom ( 8 ,ph>isaic days4 ,he is a citiz5 ( ! heav5ly ,zion1 brea?+ ! air ( a ,div9e fre$om4 ,! yoke is brok5 f ! neck ( ! ,*ur* ( ,god2 ! desolation is gone f h] he>t4 ,!re come to ! ,apo/le's lips ! words ( ! great prophet ( ! ,exile1 depict+ ! deliv]ance ( ! spiritual ,zion1 despis$ & c\nt$ b>r51 b n[ to be ! "m ( a numb]less (fspr+4 ,9 ,isaiah's song1 ,rejoice1 ?\ b>r5 t be>e/ n 7*4 liv471 ! laught] ( ! *ildless ,s>ah bur/s =? aga91 to be glori\sly r5ew$ 9 ! p]secut$ ,*ur* ( ,jesus4 ,robb$ ( all outw>d means1 mock$ & ?ru/ out z %e is by ,israel aft] ! fle%1 h] rejection is a release1 an emancipation4 ,consci\s ( ! ,_s ( son%ip & fre$om1 look+ out on ! b\ndless conque/s ly+ be=e h] 9 ! ,g5tile _w1 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,new ,cov5ant glories 9 h] tribulations4 ,9 ,paul is fulfill$ ! joy ( prophet & psalmi/1 :o sang 9 =m] days ( gloom conc]n+ ,israel's enl>gem5t & _w-wide victories4 ,no legali/ c\ld und]/& words l ^!4 ,! veil 0 ^u 8 he>t 9 ! read+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,b ) ! ,_s ( ! ,"l comes lib]ty4 ,! prophetic inspiration has return$4 ,! voice ( rejoic+ is he>d aga9 9 ! dwell+s ( ,israel4 ,if ! ,son make y free1 said ,jesus1 ye %all be free inde$4 ,?is ,epi/le proves x4 ,,iii4 ,& ! bondman abide? n 9 ! h\se = ev]2 ! ,son abide? = ev] 7,john viii4 #ce74 ,?is also ! ,"l _h te/ifi$3 ! ,apo/le repeats ,8 w>n+ 9 ! t]ms ( ?is allegory4 ,soon] or lat] ! slave-boy 0 b\nd to g4 ,he has no prop] bir?right1 no p]man5t foot+ 9 ! h\se4 ,"o day he exce$s 8 lic5ce1 he makes himself intol]able2 he mu/ begone4 ,:at sai? ! ,scripture8 ,ca/ out ! maids]vant & h] son2 = ! son ( ! maids]vant %all n inh]it ) ! son ( ! freewoman 7v]4 #cj74 ,paul has pron\nc$ ! doom ( ,judaism4 ,8 words e*o ^? ( ,*ri/3 ,behold y\r h\se is left unto y desolate 7,matt4 xxiii4 #ch72 !y are tak5 up aga9 9 ! language ( ,heb4 xiii4 #ac1 #ad1 utt]$ on ! eve ( ! fall ( ,j]usalem3 ,let u g =? unto ,jesus )\t ! camp1 be>+ ,8 reproa*4 ,we h "h no cont9u+ city1 b we seek t :i* is to come4 ,on ! walls ( ,j]usalem i*abod 0 pla9ly writt54 ,s9ce x crucifi$ our ,"l x 0 no long] ! ,holy ,city2 x 0 spiritually ,sodom & ,egypt 7,rev4 xi4 #h71--;,egypt1 ! c\ntry ( ,hag>4 ,condemn+ ,him1 ! ,jewi% nation pass$ s5t5ce on itself4 ,!y 7 slaves :o 9 bl9d rage slew _! ,ma/] :5 ,he came to free !m4 ,! ,israeliti% p %[$ m ?an ,i%mael's jeal\sy t[>ds ! infant ,*ur* ( ! ,_s4 ,no weapon ( viol5ce or calumny 0 too base to be us$ aga9/ x4 ,! cup ( _! iniquity 0 fill+ fa/4 ,!y 7 rip5+ = ! judgem5t :i* ,*ri/ pr$ict$ 7#a ,!ss4 ii4 #af74 ,ye> by ye> !y became m h>d5$ aga9/ spiritual tru?1 m malignant t[>ds ,*ri/ianity1 & m furi\s & fanatical 9 _! hatr$ t[>ds _! civil rul]s4 ,! cause ( ,judaism 0 hopelessly lo/4 ,9 ,rom4 ix4-xi41 writt5 %ortly aft] ?is ,epi/le1 ,paul assumes ?is z a settl$ ?+1 :i* he has to acc\nt = & to reconcile ) ,scripture4 ,9 ! dem& ( ,s>ah = ! expulsion ( h] rival1 compli$ ) by ,abraham aga9/ 8 w1 ! ,apo/le reads ! secret judgem5t ( ! ,almighty on ! pr\d city :i* he himself s ard5tly lov$1 b :i* _h crucifi$ 8 ,"l & rep5t$ n4 ,cut x d[n1 ,jesus cri$2 :y cumb]e? x ! gr\nd8 7,luke xiii4 #g74 ,! voice ( ,scripture speaks aga93 ,ca/ h] out2 %e & h] sons are slaves4 ,!y h no place among/ ! sons ( ,god4 ,i%mael 0 9 ! way ( ,isaac's safety & prosp]ity4 ,& ! ,judaic asc5d5cy 0 no less a dang] to ! ,*ur*4 ,! bl[ :i* %att]$ ,judaism1 at once cle>$ ! gr\nd = ! outw>d progress ( ! gospel & arre/$ ! legali/ic reaction :i* h9d]$ its int]nal developm5t4 ,! two sy/ems 7 irreconcilable4 ,x 0 ,paul's m]it to h fir/ appreh5d$ ?is contradiction 9 its full import4 ,! "t _h come to apply 9 all its rig\r ,*ri/'s pr9ciple ( combat1 ,he t is n ) ,me1 is aga9/ ,me4 ,x is ! same rule ( exclusion :i* ,paul ann\nces3 ,if any man ha? n ! ,_s ( ,*ri/1 he is none ( ,8 7,rom4 viii4 #i74 ,out ( ,*ri/ is no salvation4 ,:5 ! day ( judgem5t comes1 :e!r = m5 or nations1 ?is is ! t\*/one3 ,h we1 or h we n ! ,_s ( ,god's ,son8 ,is our "* t ( sons ( ,god1 or slaves ( s98 ,on ! latt] falls inevitably ! s5t5ce ( expulsion1 ,he w ga!r out ( ,8 k+dom all ?+s t (f5d1 & !m t d iniquity 7,matt4 xiii4 #da74 ,?is passage signalises ! def9ite brea* ( ,*ri/ianity ) ,judaism4 ,! eld] ,apo/les l+]$ 9 ! por* ( ! ,temple2 ! primitive ,*ur* clung to ! anci5t wor%ip4 ,paul does n blame !m = do+ s4 ,9 _! case ?is 0 b ! survival ( a pa/ ord]1 9 pr9ciple ackn[l$g$ to be obsolete4 ,b ! ,*ur* ( ! future1 ! spiritual se$ ( ,abraham ga!r$ out ( all nations1 _h no "p 9 ,legalism4 ,! ,apo/le b5ds all 8 ef=ts to conv9ce 8 read]s ( ?is1 to make !m s5sible ( ! impassable gulf ly+ betwe5 !m & outworn ,mosaism4 ,aga9 he repeats1 ,we are n *ildr5 ( a maids]vant1 b ( h] t is free 7v]4 #ca74 ,! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ c no m hold fell[%ip ) ,judaism ?an c\ld ,isaac ) ! spiteful1 mock+ ,i%mael4 ,paul leads ! ,*ur* across ! ,rubicon4 ,!re is no turn+ back4 ,v]4 #a ( *4 v4 is ! application ( ! allegory4 ,x is a triumphant ass]tion ( lib]ty1 a r++ summons to its def5ce4 ,its sep>ation f *4 iv4 is ill-judg$1 & runs c\nt] to ! anci5t divisions ( ! ,epi/le4 ,*ri/ set u free1 ,paul decl>es2 & x 0 = fre$om#abi--n t we might fall "u a new s]vitude4 ,/& fa/ !re=e2 d n let y\rselves be made bondm5 ov] aga94 ,bondm5 ! ,galatians _h be5 be=e 7*4 iv4 #h71 b[+ d[n to false & vile gods4 ,bondm5 !y w be aga91 if !y are beguil$ by ! ,legali/s to accept ! yoke ( circumcision1 if !y take ! ,j]usalem t n[ is = _! "m4 ,!y h ta/$ ! joys ( fre$om2 !y "k :at x is to be sons ( ,god1 heirs ( ,8 k+dom & p>tak]s ( ,8 ,_s2 :y d !y /oop f _! high e/ate8 ,:y %\ld ,*ri/'s freem5 put a yoke ^u _! own neck8 ,let !m only "k _! happ9ess & security 9 ,*ri/1 & refuse to be *eat$ out ( ! sub/ance ( _! spiritual bless+s by ! illusive %ad[s :i* ! ,judai/s (f] !m4 ,fre$om once ga9$ is a prize nev] to be lo/4 ,no c>e1 no vigilance 9 its pres]vation c be too great4 ,su* lib]ty inspires c\rage & good hope 9 its def5ce4 ,/& fa/ !re=e4 ,quit y\rselves l m54 #abi ,! read+ ( ?is clause is d\btful4 ,! anci5t witnesses disagree4 ,dr4 ,hort sugge/s t ! ,revis$ read+--! be/ atte/$1 b sc>cely grammatical--may be due to a primitive corruption1 = 774 ,?is em5dation gives an excell5t & apposite s5se3 = 7) a view to7 fre$om ,*ri/ set u free4 ,! phrase ' is f\nd 9 v]4 #ac1 & w\ld ga9 additional =ce !re1 if read z a repetition ( :at is affirm$ "h4 ,! confusion ( lett]s involv$ is a natural "o2 & once made at an e>ly "t 9 "s /&>d copy1 x w\ld acc\nt = ! extraord9>y confusion ( read+ into :i* ! v]se has fall54 ,if conjectural em5dation may be admitt$ any:]e 9 ! ,n4 ,t41 x is legitimate 9 ?is in/ance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h[ ! ,galatians respond$ to ! ,apo/le's *all5ge1 we d n "k4 ,b x has f\nd an e*o 9 _m a he>t s9ce4 ,! ,lu!ran ,re=mation 0 an answ] to x2 s 0 ! ,scotti% ,cov5ant4 ,! _s ( ,*ri/ian lib]ty is et]nal4 ,j]usalem or ,rome may /rive to imprison x4 ,!y might z well seek to b9d ! w9ds ( heav54 ,its home is ) ,god4 ,its seat is ! ?rone ( ,*ri/4 ,x lives by ! brea? ( ,8 ,_s4 ,! e>?ly p[]s mock at x1 & drive x into ! wild]ness4 ,!y d b assure _! own ru94 ,x leaves ! h\se ( ! oppressor desolate4 ,:osoev] he be--,judai/ or ,papi/1 prie/1 or k+1 or demagogue--t makes himself "l ( ,god's h]itage & w\ld despoil ,8 *ildr5 ( ! lib]ties ( fai?1 let him bew>e le/ ( him also x be spok51 ,ca/ out ! bondwoman & h] son4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,%all ,,! ,,galatians ,,be ,,circumcis$ ,behold1 ,i ,paul say unto y1 t1 if ye receive circumcision1 ,*ri/ w pr(it y no?+4 ,yea1 ,i te/ify aga9 to e man t receive? circumcision1 t he is a debtor to d ! :ole law4 ,ye are sev]$ f ,*ri/1 ye :o w\ld be ju/ifi$ by ! law2 ye are fall5 away f grace4 ,= we ?r\gh ! ,_s by fai? wait = ! hope ( righte\sness4 ,= 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus nei!r circumcision availe? any?+1 nor uncircumcision2 b fai? work+ ?r\gh love4--,,gal4 v4 #b-f4 ,%all ! ,galatians be circumcis$1 or %all !y n8 ,?is is ! decisive "q4 ,! d5unciation ) :i* ,paul beg9s 8 lett]1 ! n>rative :i* foll[s1 ! pr(\nd argum5tation1 ! t5d] entreaty ( ! la/ two *apt]s1 all conv]ge t[>d ?is crucial po9t4 ,s f> ! ,galatian ,*ur*es _h be5 only dally+ ) ,judaism4 ,!y h be5 tempt$ to ! v]ge ( apo/asy2 b !y are n yet ov] ! edge4 ,till !y cons5t to be circumcis$1 !y h n f9ally committ$ !mselves2 _! fre$om is n absolutely lo/4 ,! ,apo/le /ill hopes1 despite 8 fe>s1 t !y w /& fa/ 7v]4 #aj2 *4 iv4 #aa2 iii4 #d74 ,! fatal /ep is eag]ly press$ on !m by ! ,judaiz]s 7*4 vi4 #ab1 #ac71 ^: p]suasion ! ,galatians _h s f> ent]ta9$1 t !y _h begun to keep ! ,hebrew sabba? & fea/-days 7*4 iv4 #aj74 ,if !y yield to ?is fur!r dem&1 ! battle is lo/2 & ?is p[]ful ,epi/le1 ) all ! ,apo/le's previ\s lab\r sp5t ^u !m1 has be5 9 va94 ,to sev] ?is section f ! polemical 9 ord] to atta* x to ! practical "p ( ! ,epi/le1 z _m comm5tators d1 is to cut ! n]ve ( ! ,apo/le's argum5t & r$uce x to an ab/ract !ological discussion4 ,?is mom5t\s "q is br\ght =w>d ) ! great] emphasis & effect1 because x has hi!rto be5 kept out ( sight4 ,! allusion to ,titus 9 *4 ii4 #a-e has already indicat$ ! supreme importance ( ! matt] ( circumcision4 ,b ! ,apo/le has delay$ deal+ ) x =mally & directly1 until he is able to d s ) ! weight ( ! =ego+ *apt]s to support 8 int]dict4 ,he has %att]$ ! enemies' position ) 8 artill]y ( logic1 he has assail$ ! he>ts ( 8 read]s ) all ! =ce ( 8 burn+ indignation & subdu+ pa?os4 ,n[ he ga!rs up 8 /r5g? = ! f9al *>ge home1 :i* mu/ decide ! battle4 ,i4 ,,lo1 ,i ,,paul ,,tell ,,y6 ,:5 he beg9s ?us1 we feel t ! decisive mom5t is at h&4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds on ! next few words4 ,paul /&s l an ar*] ) 8 b[ drawn at full /ret* & ! arr[ po9t$ to ! m>k4 ,let o!rs say :at !y may2 ?is is :at ,i tell y4 ,if my ^w has any weight ) y1 give he$ to ?is3--,,if ,,y ,,be ,,circumcis$1 ,,*ri/ ,,w ,,pr(it ,,y ,,no?+4 ,n[ 8 bolt is %ot2 we see :at ! ,apo/le has _h 9 8 m9d all ?is "t4 ,language _c be m explicit4 ,"s ( 8 read]s w h fail$ to cat* ! subtl] po9ts ( 8 argum5t1 or ! f9] tones ( 8 voice ( entreaty2 b e "o w und]/& ?is4 ,! mo/ s5seless & volatile among/ ! ,galatians w surely be sob]$ by ! t]ms ( ?is w>n+4 ,!re is no escap+ ! dilemma4 ,legalism & ,paul9ism1 ! true & ! false gospel1 /& front to front1 r$uc$ to _! b>e/ =m1 & weigh$ ea* 9 ! balance ( its practical result4 ,*ri/--or ,circumcision3 :i* %all x be8 ,?is decl>ation is no less au?oritative & judicially ?reat5+ ?an ! ana!ma ( *4 i4 ,t =m] d5\ncem5t decl>$ ! false tea*]s sev]$ f ,*ri/4 ,^? :o yield to _! p]suasion1 w be also sev]$ f ,*ri/4 ,!y w fall into ! same dit* z _! bl9d lead]s4 ,! ,judaiz]s h =feit$ _! "p 9 ,*ri/2 !y are false bre?r51 t>es among ! :eat1 tr\bl]s & h9d]]s to ! ,*ur* ( ,god4 ,& ,g5tile ,*ri/ians :o *oose to be l$ a/ray by !m mu/ take ! consequ5ces4 ,if !y obey ! o!r gospel1 ,*ri/'s gospel is !irs no long]4 ,if !y re/ _! fai? on circumcision1 !y h )drawn x f ,8 cross4 ,adopt+ ! ,mosaic regim51 !y =ego ! b5efits ( ,*ri/'s r$emption4 ,*ri/ w pr(it y no?+4 ,! s5t5ce is negative1 b no less fe>ful on t acc\nt4 ,x is z ?\gh ,*ri/ %\ld say1 ,?\ ha/ no "p ) ,me4 ,circumcision w co/ ! ,galatian ,*ri/ians all !y possess 9 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,b is n ?is1 "s "o w ask1 an ov]-/ra9$ ass]tion8 ,is x consi/5t ) ,paul's pr(essions & 8 policy 9 o!r in/ances8 ,9 v]4 #f1 & aga9 9 ! la/ *apt]1 he decl>es t ,circumcision is no?+1 & uncircumcision no?+2 & yet "h he makes x ev]y?+6 ,! ,apo/le's position is ?is4 ,9 itself ! rite is valueless4 ,x 0 ! sacram5t ( ! ,old ,cov5ant1 :i* 0 br\ght to an end by ! dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,= ! new ,*ur* ( ! ,_s1 x is a matt] ( p]fect indiff]5ce :e!r a man is circumcis$ or n4 ,paul _h !re=e circumcis$ ,timo?y1 ^: "m 0 a ,jewess 7,acts xvi4 #a-c71 ?\gh nei!r he nor 8 "y disciple suppos$ t x 0 a religi\s necessity4 ,x 0 done z a social conv5i5ce2 uncircumcision 0 no?+1 & c\ld 9 su* a case be surr5d]$ )\t prejudice4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he refus$ to submit ,titus to ! same rite2 = he 0 a pure ,greek1 & on him x c\ld only h be5 impos$ on religi\s gr\nds & z a passport to salvation4 ,= ?is1 & = no o!r reason1 x 0 dem&$ by ! ,judai/ic p>ty4 ,9 ?is in/ance x 0 ne$ful to %[ t circumcision is no?+4 ,! ,galatians /ood 9 ! same position z ,titus4 ,circumcision1 if p]=m$ on !m1 mu/ h d5ot$1 n z 9 ,timo?y's case1 ! fact ( ,jewi% bir?1 b subjection to ! ,mosaic law4 ,reg>d$ 9 ?is light1 ! "q 0 "o ( life or dea? = ! ,paul9e ,*ur*es4 ,to yield to ! ,judaiz]s w\ld be to surr5d] ! pr9ciple ( salvation by fai?4 ,! attempt ( ! legali/ p>ty 0 9 effect to =ce ,*ri/ianity into ! grooves ( ,mosaism1 to r$uce ! _w-wide ,*ur* ( ! ,_s to a sect ( moribund ,judaism4 ,) :at views1 ) :at aim 7 ! ,galatians ent]ta9+ ?is ,judaic p]suasion8 ,0 x to make !m sons ( ,god & heirs ( ,8 k+dom8 ,?is 0 ! object ) :i* ,god s5t =? ,8 ,son2 & ! ,_s ( son%ip assur$ !m t x 0 realis$ 7*4 iv4 #d-g74 ,to adopt ! =m] means to ?is end 0 to r5\nce ! latt]4 ,9 turn+ _! eyes to ?is new bewit*m5t1 !y mu/ be consci\s t _! att5tion 0 div]t$ f ! ,r$eem]'s cross & _! confid5ce 9 x weak5$ 7*4 iii4 #a74 ,to be circumcis$ w\ld be to re/ _! salvation =mally & def9itely on works ( law1 9 place ( ! grace ( ,god4 ,! consequ5ces ( ?is ,paul has %[n 9 relat+ 8 discussion ) ,pet]1 9 *4 ii4 #ae-ba4 ,!y w\ld make !mselves transgressors2 !y w\ld make ,*ri/'s dea? ( none effect4 ,9 ! s\l's salvation ,*ri/ w be all1 or no?+4 ,if we tru/ ,him1 we mu/ tru/ ,him altoge!r4 ,! ,galatians _h already admitt$ a suspicion ( ! p[] ( ,8 grace1 :i* if *]i%$ & act$ on 9 ! way propos$1 mu/ sev] all communion betwe5 _! s\ls & ,him4 ,_! circumcision w\ld be ! sacram5t ( _! excision f ,*ri/ 7,huxtable74 ,! t5se ( ! v]b is pres5t4 ,paul's read]s may be 9 ! act ( mak+ ?is disa/r\s compliance4 ,he bids !m look = a mom5t at ! dep? ( ! gulf on ^: br9k !y /&4 ,/op6 he cries1 ano!r /ep 9 t direction1 & y h lo/ ,*ri/4 ,& :at w !y get 9 ex*ange8 ,!y w saddle !mselves ) all ! obligations ( ! ,mosaic law 7v]4 #c74 ,?is probably 0 m ?an !y b>ga9$ =4 ,!y wi%$ to f9d a via m$ia1 "s compromise betwe5 ! new fai? & ! old1 :i* w\ld secure to !m ! b5efits ( ,*ri/ )\t ,8 reproa*1 & ! privileges ( ,judaism )\t its burd5s4 ,?is at lea/ 0 ! policy ( ! ,judaic tea*]s 7*4 vi4 #ab1 #ac74 ,b x 0 a false & unt5able position4 ,circumcision v]ily pr(ite?1 if ?\ art a do] ( ! law 7,rom4 ii4 #be72 o!rwise x br+s only condemnation4 ,he :o receives ! sacram5t ( ,mosaism1 by do+ s pl$ges himself to keep & d e "o ( its ord9ances1 /atutes1 & judgem5ts--a yoke :i*1 hone/ ,pet] said1 ,nei!r we nor our fa!rs 7 able to be> 7,acts xv4 #aj74 ,let ! ,galatians read ! law1 & consid] :at !y are go+ to und]take4 ,he :o goes ) ! ,judai/s a mile1 w be compell$ to g twa94 ,!y w n f9d !mselves at lib]ty to pick & *oose among/ ! legal requirem5ts4 ,_! legali/ tea*]s w n raise a f+] to light5 ! yoke 7,luke xi4 #df71 :5 x is once fa/5$ on _! necks2 nor w _! own consci5ces acquit !m ( its responsibilities4 ,?is obligation ,paul1 himself a ma/] 9 ,jewi% law1 solemnly affirms3 ,i prote/ 7,i decl>e be=e ,god7 to e man t is circumcis$1 t he is a debtor to p]=m ! :ole law4 ,n[ ?is is a prov$ impossibility4 ,:oev] sets up ! law1 he _h av\*$ to ,cephas1 makes himself a transgressor 7*4 ii4 #ah74 ,nay1 x 0 e/abli%$ ( set purpose to multiply transgressions1 to deep5 & %>p5 ! consci\sness ( s9 7*4 iii4 #ai2 ,rom4 iii4 #bj2 iv4 #ae2 v4 #bj74 ,jewi% believ]s 9 ,*ri/1 plac$ "u its p[] by _! bir?1 _h ?ankfully f\nd 9 ! fai? ( ,*ri/ a refuge f its accusations 7*4 ii4 #af2 ,rom4 vii4 #bd-viii4 #d74 ,surely ! ,galatians1 kn[+ all ?is1 w n be s fooli% z to put !mselves gratuit\sly "u its p[]4 ,to d ?is w\ld be an insult to ,*ri/1 & an act ( moral suicide4 ,?is fur!r w>n+ re9=ces ! fir/1 & is utt]$ ) equal solemnity4 ,i tell y1 ,*ri/ w pr(it y no?+2 & aga9 ,i te/ify1 ! law w lay its full weight ^u y4 ,!y w be left1 )\t ! help ( ,*ri/1 to be> ?is trem5d\s burd54 ,?is d\ble ?reat5+ is bl5d$ into "o 9 v]4 #d4 ,! pregnant =ce ( ,paul's ,greek is untranslatable4 ,lit]ally 8 words run1 ,y 7 nullifi$ f ,*ri/ 7 7--br\ght to n\ght 7be+ sev]$7 f ,him1 y t 9 law are seek+ ju/ification4 ,he puts 8 ass]tion 9 ! pa/ 7aori/7 t5se1 /at+ t :i* ensues s soon z ! pr9ciple ( legal ju/ification is endors$4 ,f t mom5t ! ,galatians cease to be ,*ri/ians4 ,9 ?is s5se !y are aboli%$1 j z ! cross is virtually aboli%$ if ! ,apo/le prea*es circumcision 7v]4 #aa71 & dea? is be+ aboli%$ "u ! reign ( ,*ri/ 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #bf74 ,he has said 9 v]4 #b t ,*ri/ w be made ( none effect to !m2 n[ he adds t !y are made ( none effect 9 relation to ,*ri/4 ,_! ,*ri/ian /&+ is de/roy$4 ,! joy\s exp]i5ces ( _! conv]sion1 _! %>e 9 ,abraham's bless+1 _! ,div9e son%ip witness$ to by ! ,holy ,_s--all ?is is nullifi$1 cancell$ at a /roke1 if !y are circumcis$4 ,! deta*m5t ( _! fai? f ,*ri/ is involv$ 9 ! process ( atta*+ x to ,jewi% ord9ances1 & br+s spiritual de/ruction ^u !m4 ,! root ( ! ,*ri/ian life is fai? 9 ,him4 ,let t root be sev]$1 let ! bran* no long] abide 9 ! v9e--x is dead already4#acj #acj ,comp4 ,john xv4 #e1 #f1 :]e 9 1 1 !re is a l summ>y aori/4 ,cut (f f ,*ri/1 !y h fall5 f grace4 ,paul has already twice id5tifi$ ,*ri/ & grace1 9 *4 i4 #f & ii4 #ba4 ,! ,div9e m]cies c5tre 9 ,jesus ,*ri/2 & he :o sep>ates himself f ,him1 %uts ^! out ( 8 s\l4 ,! v]b "h us$ by ! ,apo/le 77 is commonly appli$ 7f\r times e4g4 9 ,acts xxvii47 to a %ip driv5 out ( h] c\rse4 ,"s su* image seems to be 9 ! writ]'s m9d 9 ?is passage4 ,^! rac]s made an excell5t />t1 b !y h /umbl$ 7v]4 #g2 *4 iii4 #c72 ! vessel set out f h>b\r 9 gallant /yle1 b %e is drift+ fa/ ^u ! rocks4 ,?is s5t5ce is ! exact opposite ( '/& 9 ! grace1' ,rom4 v4 #b 7,beet74#aca #aca ,comp4 #b ,pet4 iii4 #ag2 = ! figure sugge/$1 ,eph4 iv4 #ad2 #a ,tim4 i4 #ai4 ,t he :o seeks ju/ification 9 law has fall5 f grace1 ne$s no pro( aft] ! p[]ful demon/ration ( *4 ii4 #ad-ba4 ,! morali/ claims quittance on ! gr\nd ( 8 des]v+s4 ,he pleads ! quality ( 8 works1 8 punctual dis*>ge ( e /ipulat$ duty1 f circumcision onw>ds4 ,i fa/ twice a week1 he tells 8 ,div9e ,judge2 ,i ti! all my ga9s4 ,i h kept all ! comm&m5ts f my y\? up4 ,:at c ,god expect m ?an ?is8 ,b ) ^! p]=mances ,grace has no?+ to d4 ,! man is n 9 its ord]4 ,if he invokes its aid1 x is z a make-weight1 a supplem5t to ! possible %ortcom+s 9 a virtue = ! mo/ "p compet5t = itself4 ,n[ ! grace ( ,god is n to be set aside 9 ?is way2 x refuses to be treat$ z a m]e succ$aneum ( human virtue4 ,grace1 l ,*ri/1 insi/s on be+ all 9 all4 ,if salvation is by grace1 x is no long] ( works2 & if ( works1 x is no m grace 7,rom4 xi4 #f74 ,^! two me?ods ( ju/ification imply diff]5t moral temp]s1 an opposite set & direction ( ! curr5t ( life4 ,?is "q ( circumcision br+s ! ,galatians to ! p>t+ ( ! ways4 ,grace or ,law--:i* ( ! two roads w !y foll[8 ,bo? !y _c4 ,!y may become ,jewi% proselytes2 b !y w cease to be ,*ri/ians4 ,leav+ beh9d !m ! light & joy ( ! heav5ly ,zion1 !y w f9d !mselves w&]+ 9 ! gloomy desolations ( ,s9ai4 ,,ii4 ,f ?is prospect ! ,apo/le bids 8 read]s turn to t :i* he himself beholds1 & :i* !y ere:ile %>$ ) him4 ,aga9 he seems to say1 ,be ye z ,i am1 bre?r5 7*4 iv4 #ab72 n 9 outw>d condition alone1 b /ill m 9 inw>d exp]i5ce & aspiration4 ,= we by ! ,_s1 on ! gr\nd ( fai?1 are await+ ! hope ( righte\sness 7v]4 #e74 ,look on ?is picture1 & on t4 ,yond] are ! ,galatians1 all 9 tumult ab\t ! legali/ic proposals1 debat+ :i* ( ! ,hebrew fea/s !y %all celebrate & ) :at rites1 absorb$ 9 ! details ( ,mosaic c]emony1 all b p]suad$ to be circumcis$ & to settle _! scruples out ( h& by a bl9d submission to ! ,law4 ,& "h1 on ! o!r side1 is ,paul ) ! ,*ur* ( ! ,_s1 walk+ 9 ! righte\sness ( fai? & ! communion ( ! ,holy ,_s1 joyfully await+ ! ,savi\r's f9al com+ & ! hope t is laid up 9 heav54 ,h[ vex$1 h[ burd5$1 h[ n>r[ & pu]ile is ! "o condition ( life2 h[ l>ge & l(ty & secure ! o!r4 ,we1 says ! ,apo/le1 are look+ =w>ds n backw>ds1 to ,*ri/ & n to ,moses4 ,e ^w 9 ?is s5t5ce is full ( mean+4 ,fai? c>ries an emphasis simil> to t x has 9 *4 ii4 #af2 iii4 #bb2 & 9 ,rom4 iv4 #af4 ,paul supports by contra/ :at he has j said3 ,y\r %>e 9 ! k+dom ( grace is lo/ :o seek a legal righte\sness 7v]4 #d72 x is by fai? t we look = our h]itage4 ,hope is cle>ly matt] ( hope1 ! future glory ( ! r$eem$1 describ$ 9 ,rom4 viii4 #ah-be1 ,phil4 iii4 #bj1 #ba1 9 bo? ( :i* places !re appe>s ! rem>kably comp\nd$ v]b 7--7 t concludes ?is v]se4 ,x implies an int5t expectancy1 sure ( its object & satisfi$ ) x4 ,! hope is righte\sness' hope--! hope ( ! righte\s--= x has 9 righte\sness its w>rant4 ,! say+ ( ,psalm xvi41 v]ifi$ 9 ,*ri/'s ris+ f ! dead1 conta9s its pr9ciple3 ,?\ wilt n leave my s\l to dea?2 nor suff] ,?9e holy "o to see ! pit4 ,?is 0 ! secret hope ( ,israel1#acb t grew up 9 ! he>ts ( ! m5 ( fai?1 ^: accompli%m5t is ! cr[n+ glory ( ! r$emption ( ,*ri/4 ,x is ! goal ( fai?4 ,righte\sness is ! pa? t leads to x4 ,! ,galatians _h be5 p]suad$ ( ?is hope & embrac$ x2 if !y accept ! o!r gospel1 ) its phantom ( a legal righte\sness1 _! hope w p]i%4 #acb ,acts xxiii4 #f2 xxiv4 #ae2 xxvi4 #f-h2 comp4 ,john vi4 #ci1 #dj1 #dd4 ,! ,apo/le is always true to ! ord] ( ?\ght "h indicat$4 ,fai? saves f fir/ to la/4 ,! pres5t righte\sness & future glory ( ! sons ( ,god alike h _! s\rce 9 fai?4 ,! act ( reliance by :i* ! initial ju/ification ( ! s9n] 0 atta9$1 n[ becomes ! habit ( ! s\l1 ! *annel by :i* its life is f$1 root+ itself ev] m deeply into ,*ri/ & absorb+ m completely ! virtue ( ,8 dea? & heav5ly life4 ,fai? has its great v5tures2 x has also its seasons ( endurance1 its moods ( quiet expectancy1 its unwe>iable pati5ce4 ,x c wait z well z "w4 ,x re/s ^u ! pa/1 see+ 9 ,*ri/ crucifi$ its au?or2 !n x looks on to ! future1 & claims ,*ri/ glorifi$ = its f9i%]4 ,s fai? prompts h] si/] ,hope & po9ts h] to ! glory t %all be reveal$4 ,if fai? fails1 hope quickly dies4 ,unbelief is ! "m ( despair4 ,( fai?1 ! ,apo/le says1 we look out6 ,a second condition1 insep>able f ! fir/1 m>ks ! hope prop] to ! ,*ri/ian righte\sness4 ,x is su/a9$ by ! ,_s4 ,! connection ( fai? & hope respectively ) ! gift ( ! ,holy ,_s is m>k$ v cle>ly by ,paul 9 ,eph4 i4 #ac1 #ad3 ,hav+ believ$1 y 7 seal$ ) ! ,holy ,_s1 :o is ! e>ne/ ( our inh]itance4 ,! ,holy ,_s seals ! sons ( ,god--sons1 !n heirs 7*4 iv4 #f1 #g2 ,rom4 viii4 #ae-ag74 ,?is /amps on ,*ri/ian hope a spiritual "*4 ,! conception :i* we =m ( x1 ! means by :i* x is pursu$1 ! temp] & attitude 9 :i* x is expect$1 are det]m9$ by ! ,holy ,_s :o inspires x4 ,?is pure & cele/ial hope is !re=e utt]ly remov$ f ! selfi% ambitions & ! s5su\s me?ods t di/+ui%$ ! ,judai/ic movem5t 7*4 iv4 #c1 #i2 vi4 #ab-ad74 ,m5 ( worldly1 l[ design l ,paul's oppon5ts 9 ,galatia1 _h no "r to ent]ta9 ! hope ( righte\sness4 ,^! matt]s are spiritually disc]n$2 !y are ! ?+s ( ! ,_s1 ! ?+s :i* ,god ha? prep>$ = !m t love ,him 7#a ,cor4 ii4 #i-ad74 ,if fai? & hope are 9 sight1 love _c be f> (f4 ,9 ! next v]se x comes to claim its place beside ! o!r two3 fai? work+ ?r\gh love4 ,& s ! bless$ trio is complete1 ,fides1 amor1 spes3 summa ,*ri/ianismi 7,b5gel74 ,fai? waits1 b x also works2#acc & love is its work+ en]gy4 ,love gives fai? h&s & feet2 hope l5ds x w+s4 ,love is ! fire at its he>t1 ! life-blood c\rs+ 9 its ve9s2 hope ! light t gleams & dances 9 its eyes4 ,look+ back to ! ,*ri/ t ha? be5 manife/$1 fai? k9dles into a b\ndless love2 look+ onw>d to ! ,*ri/ t %all be reveal$1 x rises into an exultant hope4 #acc ,work+ ?r\gh love1 n wr\ght 7,r4,v4 m>g974 ,! latt] r5d]+ ( ! p>ticiple is f\nd 9 "s ( ! ,fa!rs1 & is pref]r$ by ,romani/ int]pret]s 9 ! int]e/ ( _! doctr9e ( fides =mata4 ,paul's !ology & 8 v]bal usage alike require ! middle s5se ( ?is v]b1 adopt$ by mod]n comm5tators ) "o cons5t4 ,! middle voice implies t ?r\gh love fai? gets into action1 is op]ative1 efficaci\s1 %[s :at x c d4 ,comp41 = ,paul9e usage1 ,rom4 vii4 #e2 #b ,cor4 i4 #f1 iv4 #ab2 ,eph4 iii4 #bj2 ,col4 i4 #bi2 #a ,!ss4 ii4 #ac2 #b ,!ss4 ii4 #g2 & see ,m\lton's ,w9]'s ,n4 ,t4 ,gramm>1 p4 #cah 7note on dynamic middle74 ,^! clos+ words are ( no little !ological importance4 ,!y bridge ov] ! gulf :i* seems to sep>ate ! language ( ,paul & ,james4 ,bo? ass]t a pr9ciple ( practical en]gy1 z oppos$ to a b>r51 inactive !ory 7,lightfoot74 ,_h ! fai? ( ,paul's read]s be5 m practical1 _h !y be5 ( a dilig5t1 ent]pris+ _s1 ready = e good ^w & "w1 !y w\ld n h felt1 to ! same degree1 ! spell ( ! ,judai/ic fasc9ation4 ,idle h&s1 va9 & re/less m9ds1 c\rt temptation4 ,a manly1 en]getic fai? w nev] play at ritualism or turn religion into a r\nd ( c]emonial1 an /hetic exhibition4 ,lov+ & self-devot+ fai? 9 ,*ri/ is ! "o ?+ ,paul covets to see 9 ! ,galatians4 ,?is is ! work+ p[] ( ! gospel1 ! =ce t w lift & reg5]ate mank9d4 ,9 comp>ison ) ?is1 que/ions ( ,*ur*-ord] & =ms ( wor%ip are no?+4 ,! body is m ?an ! raim5t4 ,*ur* organization is a means to a c]ta9 end2 & t end consi/s 9 ! life ( fai? & love 9 ,*ri/ian s\ls4 ,ea* man is wor? to ,*ri/ & to ,8 ,*ur* j s mu* z he possesses ( ?is en]gy ( ! ,_s1 j s mu* z he has ( love to ,*ri/ & to m5 9 ,him4 ,o!r gifts & qualities1 (fices & ord]s ( m9i/ry1 are b in/rum5ts = love to employ1 ma*9]y = love to en]gize4 ,! ,apo/le wi%es x to be und]/ood t he does n condemn circumcision on its own acc\nt1 z ?\gh ! opposite condition 7 9 itself sup]ior4 ,if circumcision does n avail any?+1 nei!r does uncircumcision4 ,! ,jew is no bett] or worse a ,*ri/ian because he is circumcis$2 ! ,g5tile no worse or bett]1 because he is n4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 no way affects ! man's spiritual /&+ or effici5cy4 ,let ! ,galatians dismiss ! :ole "q f _! m9ds4 ,"o ?+ is ne$ful1 to be fill$ ) ! ,_s ( love4 ,god's k+dom is n meat & dr9k2 x is n days & seasons & ye>s2 x is n circumcision1 nor rubrics & ve/m5ts & prie/ly functions2 x is righte\sness & peace & joy 9 ! ,holy ,_s4 ,^! are ! true notes ( ! ,*ur*2 by love1 said ,*ri/1 all m5 w "k t y are ,my disciples4 ,9 ^! two s5t5ces 7vv4 #e & #f7 ! religion ( ,*ri/ is summ$ up4 ,v]4 #e gives u its /atics2 v]4 #f its dynamics4 ,x is a condition1 & an occupation2 a gr& outlook1 & an int5t pursuit2 a ,div9e hope = ! future1 & a sov]eign p[] = ! pres5t1 ) an inf9ite spr+ ( en]gy 9 ! love ( ,*ri/4 ,! active & passive elem5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian life ne$ to be ju/ly balanc$4 ,_m ( ! errors ( ! ,*ur* h aris5 f "o-sid$ness 9 ?is respect4 ,"s d no?+ b sit ) fold$ h&s till ! ,"l comes2 o!rs are too busy to ?9k ( ,8 com+ at all4 ,s wait+ deg5]ates into indol5ce2 & s]v+ into fev]i% hurry & anxiety1 or me*anical r\t9e4 ,let hope give calmness & dignity1 buoyancy & brightness to our "w2 let "w make our hope sob]1 reasonable1 practical4 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! ?ree abide--fai?1 hope1 & love4 ,!y _c *ange :ile ,god is ,god & man is man4 ,=ms ( dogma & ( wor%ip h *ang$ & mu/ *ange4 ,!re is a p]petual remov+ ( ! ?+s t are %ak51 z ( ?+s t are made2 b ?r\gh all revolutions !re rema9 ! ?+s :i* are n %ak54 ,to ^! let u rally4 ,on ^! let u build4 ,new que/ions ?ru/ !mselves to ! front1 t\*+ matt]s z little ess5tial to ! ,*ur*'s life z t ( circumcision 9 ! ,apo/olic age4 ,! evil is t we make s mu* ( !m4 ,9 ! d9 ( controv]sy we gr[ bewild]$2 our eyes are bl9d$ ) its du/2 our s\ls *af$ ) its frett+4 ,we lose ! s5se ( proportion2 we fail to see :o are our true fri5ds1 & :o our foes4 ,we ne$ to return to ! simplicity t is 9 ,*ri/4 ,let u consid] ,him--,*ri/ inc>nate1 dy+1 ris51 reign+--till we are *ang$ into ! same image1 till ,8 life has wr\ght itself into ours4 ,!n ^! que/ions ( dispute w fall into _! prop] place4 ,!y w resolve !mselves2 or wait pati5tly = _! solution4 ,loyalty to ,jesus ,*ri/ is ! only solv5t ( our controv]sies4 ,w ! ,galatians be true to ,*ri/8 ,or w !y r5\nce _! righte\sness 9 ,him = a legal /atus1 morally wor?less1 & :i* w end 9 tak+ f !m ! hope ( et]nal life8 ,!y h no?+ to ga91 !y h ev]y?+ to lose 9 submitt+ to circumcision4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,h9d]]s ,,& ,,tr\bl]s4 ,ye 7 runn+ well2 :o did h9d] y t ye %\ld n obey ! tru?8 ,?is p]suasion came n ( him t calle? y4 ,a little leav5 leav5e? ! :ole lump4 ,i h confid5ce to y-w>d1 9 ! ,"l1 t ye w be none o!rwise m9d$3 b he t tr\ble? y %all be> 8 judgem5t1 :osoev] he be4 ,b ,i1 bre?r51 if ,i /ill prea* circumcision1 :y am ,i /ill p]secut$8 !n ha? ! /umbl+block ( ! cross be5 done away4 ,i w\ld t !y :i* unsettle y w\ld ev5 mutilate !mselves4--,,gal4 v4 #g-ab4 ,! ,apo/le's controv]sy ) ! ,legali/s is all b conclud$4 ,he has pron\nc$ on ! "q ( circumcision4 ,he has %[n 8 read]s1 ) an emphasis & cle>ness t leave no?+ m to be said1 h[ fe>ful is ! co/ at :i* !y w accept ! o!r gospel1 & h[ heavy ! yoke :i* x w impose ^u !m4 ,a few fur!r obs]vations rema9 to be made--( regret1 ( remon/rance1 bl5d$ ) expressions ( confid5ce m di/9ct ?an any ! ,apo/le has hi!rto employ$4 ,!n ) a la/ contemptu\s ?ru/1 a sort ( c\p de grace = ! ,circumcisioni/s1 ,paul passes to ! practical & e?ical "p ( 8 lett]4 ,?is section is made up ( %ort1 disconnect$ s5t5ces1 %ot (f 9 v>i\s directions2 z ?\gh ! writ] wi%$ to h done ) ! ,judai/ic debate1 & w\ld dis*>ge at a s+le volley ! arr[s rema9+ 9 8 quiv]4 ,its prevail+ tone is t ( conciliation t[>ds ! ,galatians 7comp4 ,*apt] ,,xviii471 ) increas+ sev]ity t[>ds ! legali/ tea*]s4 ,see h[ bitt] he is aga9/ ! deceiv]s4 ,= inde$ at ! beg9n+ he direct$ 8 c5sures aga9/ ! deceiv$1 call+ !m 's5seless' bo? once & aga94 ,b n[ t he has suffici5tly *a/5$ & correct$ !m1 = ! re/ he turns aga9/ _! deceiv]s4 ,& we %\ld obs]ve 8 wisdom 9 bo? ^! ?+s1 9 t he admoni%es ! "o p>ty & br+s !m to a bett] m9d1 be+ 8 own *ildr5 & capable ( am5dm5t2 b ! deceiv]s1 :o are a =eign elem5t & incurably diseas$1 he cuts (f 7,*ryso/om74 ,!re lie be=e u !re=e 9 ?is p>agraph ! foll[+ consid]ations3--,paul's hope conc]n+ ! ,galatian ,*ur*es1 8 prote/ on 8 own behalf1 & f9ally1 8 judgem5t respect+ ! tr\bl]s4 ,i4 ,! m hopeful /ra9 ( ! lett] at ?is po9t appe>s to be due to ! effect ( 8 argum5t ^u ! writ]'s own m9d4 ,z ! bread? & gr&eur ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? op5 out be=e him1 & he contra/s its spiritual glory ) ! ignoble aims ( ! ,circumcisioni/s1 ,paul _c ?9k t ! read]s w any long] d\bt :i* is ! true gospel4 ,surely !y w be dis5*ant$4 ,8 irrefragable reason+s1 8 plead+ entreaties & solemn w>n+s are b\nd to call =? a response f a p s intellig5t & s affectionate4 ,= my "p1 he says1 ,i am confid5t 9 ! ,"l t y w be no o!rwise m9d$ 7v]4 #aj71 t y w be fai?ful to y\r ,div9e call+1 despite ! h9drances ?r[n 9 y\r way4 ,!y w1 he is p]suad$1 come to see ! proposals ( ! ,judaiz]s 9 _! prop] light4 ,!y w ?9k ab\t ! ,*ri/ian life--its objects & pr9ciples--z he himself does2 & w p]ceive h[ fatal w\ld be ! /ep !y are urg$ to take4 ,!y w be true to !mselves & to ! ,_s ( son%ip !y h receiv$4 ,!y w pursue m e>ne/ly ! hope set be=e !m & give !mselves ) r5ew$ en]gy to ! "w ( fai? & love 7vv4 #e1 #f71 & =get z soon z possible ?is di/ract+ & unpr(itable controv]sy4 ,9 ! ,"l ,paul *]i%es ?is confid5ce4 ,9 ,*ri/'s grace ! ,galatians 7 call$ to ent] ! k+dom ( ,god 7v]4 #h2 *4 i4 #f72 & ,he 0 conc]n$ t ! "w begun 9 !m %\ld be complet$ 7,phil4 i4 #f74 ,x may be ! ,apo/le at ?is mom5t 0 consci\s ( "s assurance f 8 ,ma/] t 8 te/imony 9 ?is ,epi/le w\ld n prove 9 va94 ,! rec5t#acd submission ( ! ,cor9?ians w\ld t5d to increase ,paul's confid5ce 9 8 au?ority ov] ! ,g5tile ,*ur*es4 #acd ,see ,*apt] ,i1 pp4 #ae1 #af1 on ! date ( ! ,epi/le4 ,ano!r remembrance quick5s ! feel+ ( hope ) :i* ! ,apo/le draws ! conflict to a close4 ,he rem9ds himself ( ! good confession ! ,galatians _h a=etime witness$1#ace ! zeal ) :i* !y pursu$ ! ,*ri/ian c\rse1 until ?is deplorable h9drance arose3 ,y 7 runn+ well--f9ely4 ,y _h fix$ y\r eyes on ! heav5ly prize4 ,fill$ ) an ard5t fai?1 y 7 zeal\sly pursu+ ! great spiritual ends ( ! ,*ri/ian life 7comp4 vv4 #e1 #f74 ,y\r progress has be5 arre/$4 ,y h yield$ to influ5ces :i* are n ( ,god :o call$ y1 & admitt$ among/ y a leav5 t1 if n ca/ out1 w corrupt y utt]ly 7vv4 #h1 #i74 ,b ,i tru/ t ?is result w be av]t$4 ,y w return to bett] ?\ghts4 ,y w resume ! int]rupt$ race1 & by ,god's m]cy w be enabl$ to br+ x to a glori\s issue 7v]4 #aj74 #ace ,comp4 *4 iii4 #d3 ye suff]$ s _m ?+s4 ,!re is k9dness & true wisdom 9 ?is enc\ragem5t4 ,! ,apo/le has told !m ! tru?2 he has reprov$ ) all au?ority2 n[ t ?is is done1 _! rema9s no?+ 9 8 he>t b good-w & good wi%es = 8 ,galatian *ildr54 ,if 8 *id+ has wr\ght ! effect x 0 int5d$ to produce1 !n ^! words ( s(t5$ admonition w be grateful & heal+4 ,!y h /umbl$1 b n t !y might fall4 ,! ,apo/le holds out ! h& ( re/oration2 8 confid5ce animates !m to hope bett] ?+s = !mselves4 ,he turns 8 ang] away f !m1 & directs x altoge!r ^u _! injur]s4 ,,ii4 ,! ,judaiz]s _h tr\bl$ ! ,*ur*es ( ,galatia2 !y _h also malign$ ! ,apo/le ,paul4 ,f !m und\bt$ly ! imputation proce$$ :i* he repudiates s w>mly 9 v]4 #aa3 ,& ,i1 bre?r51 if ,i am /ill prea*+ circumcision1 :y am ,i /ill p]secut$8 ,?is supposition a mom5t's reflection w\ld suffice to refute4 ,! contradiction 0 manife/4 ,! p]secution :i* ev]y:]e foll[$ ! ,apo/le m>k$ him out 9 all m5's eyes z ! adv]s>y ( ,legalism4 ,!re 7 circum/ances1 h[ev]1 t l5t a c]ta9 col\r to ?is calumny4 ,! circumcision ( ,timo?y1 = in/ance1 might be ?\ght to look 9 ?is direction 7,acts xvi4 #a-c74 ,& ,paul valu$ 8 ,hebrew bir?4 ,he lov$ 8 ,jewi% bre?r5 m ?an 8 own salvation 7,rom4 ix4 #a-e2 xi4 #a74 ,!re 0 no?+ ( ! revolution>y or ! iconocla/ ab\t him4 ,p]sonally he pref]r$ to con=m to ! anci5t usages1 :5 do+ s did n compromise ! hon\r ( ,*ri/ 7,acts xviii4 #ah2 xxi4 #ag-bf74 ,x 0 false t he taught ! ,jews n to circumcise _! *ildr51 nor to walk by ! cu/oms 7,acts xxi4 #bj-bf74 ,he did tea* !m t ^! ?+s 7 ( no avail 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus2 t !y 7 9 no s5se necess>y to salvation2 & t x 0 contr>y to ! w ( ,*ri/ to impose !m ^u ,g5tiles4 ,b x 0 no "p ( 8 bus9ess to alt] ! social cu/oms ( 8 p1 or to bid !m r5\nce ! glories ( _! pa/4 ,:ile he insi/s t !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ,jew & ,g5tile 9 _! ne$ ( ! gospel & _! rights 9 x1 he /ill claims = ! ,jew ! fir/ place 9 ! ord] ( its manife/ation4 ,?is 0 an entirely diff]5t ?+ f prea*+ circumcision 9 ! legali/ s5se1 f h]ald+ 73 v]4 #aa7 & cry+ up ! ,jewi% ord9ance1 & mak+ x a religi\s duty4 ,?is diff]5ce ! ,circumcisioni/s affect$ n to und]/&4 ,"s ( ,paul's critics w n und]/& x ev5 n[4 ,!y argue t ! ,apo/le's ho/ility to ,judaism 9 ?is ,epi/le discr$its ! n>rative ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 inasmu* z ! latt] relates sev]al in/ances ( ,jewi% con=mity on 8 "p4 ,:at pragmatical n>r[ness is ?is6 ,paul's adv]s>ies said1 ,he d]ides ,judaism among/ y ,g5tiles1 :o "k no?+ ( 8 antec$5ts1 or ( 8 practice 9 o!r places4 ,b :5 he pleases1 ?is lib]al ,paul w be z zeal\s = circumcision z any ( u4 ,inde$ he boa/s ( 8 skill 9 'becom+ all ?+s to all m52' he trims 8 sail to e breeze4 ,9 ,galatia he is all bread? & tol]ance2 he talks ab\t our 'lib]ty :i* we h 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus2' he is ready to 'become z y are2' no "o w\ld imag9e he _h ev] be5 a ,jew4 ,9 ,judea he makes a po9t ( be+ /rictly or?odox1 & is indignant if any "o que/ions 8 devotion to ! ,law4 ,paul's position 0 a delicate "o1 & op5 to misrepres5tation4 ,m5 ( p>ty insi/ on ?is or t ext]nal cu/om z ! badge ( _! own side2 !y h _! p>ty-col\rs & _! uni=m4 ,m5 ( pr9ciple adopt or lay aside su* usages ) a fre$om :i* sc&alizes ! p>tisan4 ,:at "r1 he says1 has any "o to we> our col\rs1 to pron\nce our %ibbole?1 if he is n "o ( ourselves8 ,if ! man w n be ) u1 let him be aga9/ u4 ,_h ,paul r5\nc$ 8 circumcision & decl>$ himself a ,g5tile out & out1 ! ,judai/s might h und]/ood him4 ,_h he said1 ,circumcision is evil1 !y c\ld h endur$ x bett]2 b to prea* t ,circumcision is no?+1 to r$uce ?is all-important rite to insignificance1 vex$ !m beyond measure4 ,x 0 9 _! eyes pla9 pro( ( di%one/y4 ,!y tell ! ,galatians t ,paul is play+ a d\ble "p1 t 8 resi/ance to _! circumcision is int]e/$ & ins9c]e4 ,! *>ge is id5tical ) t ( man-pleas+ :i* ! ,apo/le repell$ 9 *4 i4 #aj 7see ,*apt] ,,iii74 ,! emphatic /ill ( t passage recurs twice 9 ?is1 be>+ ! same mean+ z x does !re4 ,its =ce is n temporal1 z ?\gh ! ,apo/le 7 ?9k+ ( a =m] "t :5 he did prea* circumcision3 no su* ref]5ce appe>s 9 ! context1 & ^! t]ms are inappropriate to 8 pre-,*ri/ian c>e]4 ,! p>ticle po9ts a logical contra/1 z e4g4 9 ,rom4 iii4 #g2 ix4 #ai3 ,if ,i /ill 7not)/&+ my pr(essions z a ,g5tile apo/le7 prea* circumcision1 :y am ,i /ill 7not)/&+ my s prea*+7 p]secut$8 ,_h ,paul be5 kn[n by ! ,jews to be 9 o!r places a promot] ( circumcision1 !y w\ld h treat$ him v diff]5tly4 ,he c\ld n !n h be51 z ! ,galatians knew him ev]y:]e to be1 9 p]ils f 8 fell[-c\ntrym54 ,! ranc\r ( ! ,legali/s 0 suffici5t pro( ( ,paul's s9c]ity4 ,!y 7 !mselves guilty ( ! bas5ess ) :i* !y tax$ him4 ,x 0 9 ord] to escape ! reproa* ( ! cross 7v]4 #aa71 to atone = _! belief 9 ! ,naz>5e1 t !y p]suad$ ,g5tile ,*ri/ians to be circumcis$ 7*4 vi4 #aa1 #ab74 ,!y 7 ! man-pleas]s4 ,! ,judaiz]s knew p]fectly well t ! ,apo/le's obs]vance ( ,jewi% usage 0 no endorsem5t ( _! pr9ciples4 ,! pr9t ( ! ,jewi% sc\rge ^u 8 back atte/$ 8 loyalty to ,g5tile ,*ri/5dom 7*4 vi4 #ag2 #b ,cor4 xi4 #bd74 ,a fur!r consequ5ce w\ld h ensu$ f ! duplicity imput$ to ,paul1 :i* he res5ts ev5 m w>mly3 ,!n1 he says1 if ,i prea* circumcision1 ! (f5ce ( ! cross is done away6 ,he is *>g$ ) treason aga9/ ! cross ( ,*ri/4 ,he has betray$ ! "o ?+ 9 :i* he glories 7*4 vi4 #ad71 to :i* ! s]vice ( 8 life 0 consecrat$6 ,= ! doctr9e ( ! cross 0 at an end if ! legal ritual 7 re-e/abli%$ & m5 7 taught to tru/ 9 ! sav+ efficacy ( circumcision--above all1 if ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles _h prea*$ ?is doctr9e6 ,! ,legali/s imput$ to him ! v la/ ?+ ( :i* he 0 capable4 ,?is 0 9 fact ! error into :i* ,pet] _h weakly fall5 at ,antio*4 ,! ,jewi% ,apo/le _h !n act$ z ?\gh ,*ri/ di$ 9 va9 7*4 ii4 #ba74 ,= himself ,paul indignantly d5ies t 8 conduct bore any su* con/ruction4 ,b he says1 ! sc&al ( ! cross--t sc&al\s1 (f5sive cross1 ! /umbl+-block ( ,jewi% pride 7#a ,cor4 i4 #bc74 ,! dea? ( ,*ri/ 0 n only revolt+ 9 its =m to ,jewi% s5tim5t2#acf x 0 a fatal ev5t = ,judaism itself4 ,x import$ ! end ( ! ,mosaic economy4 ,! ,*ur* at ,j]usalem _h n yet fully grasp$ ?is fact2 !y s\ght1 z f> z possible1 to live on good t]ms ) _! non-,*ri/ian ,jewi% bre?r51 & admitt$ p]haps too easily into _! fell[%ip m5 :o c>$ m = ,judaism ?an = ,*ri/ & ,8 cross4 ,= !m also ! f9al rupture 0 approa*+1 :5 !y _h to g =? unto ,jesus )\t ! camp4 ,paul _h se5 f ! fir/ t ! brea* 0 irrep>able4 ,he det]m9$ to keep 8 ,g5tile ,*ur*es free f ,judaic entanglem5ts4 ,9 8 view1 ,calv>y 0 ! t]m9us ( ,mosaism4 #acf ,comp4 ,*apt] ,,xii1 pp4 #aic-d4 ,?is 0 true hi/orically4 ,! crime ( national ,judaism 9 slay+ its ,messiah 0 capital4 ,its spiritual bl9dness & its moral failure _h receiv$ ! mo/ signal pro(4 ,! congregation ( ,israel _h become a synagogue ( ,satan4 ,& ^! 7 ! *os5 p1 ! _w's lite1 :o crucifi$ ! ,"l ( glory6 ,mank9d _h done ?is ?+4 ,! _w has bo? se5 & hat$ bo? ,him & ! ,fa!r4 ,n[ to set up circumcision aga91 or any k9d ( human ef=t or p]=mance1 z a gr\nd ( ju/ification be=e ,god1 is to ignore ?is judgem5t2 x is to make void ! s5t5ce :i* ! cross ( ,*ri/ has pass$ ^u all works ( righte\sness :i* we h done4 ,?is tea*+ sorely (f5ds morali/s & c]emoniali/s1 ( :atev] age or s*ool2 x is ! (f5ce ( ! cross4 ,& fur!r1 z matt] ( ,div9e appo9tm5t ! sacrifice ( ,calv>y put an end to ,jewi% ord9ances4 ,_! significance 0 gone4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews developes ?is consequ5ce at l5g? 9 o!r directions4 ,= himself ! ,apo/le views x f a s+le & v def9ite /&po9t4 ,! ,law1 he says1 _h br\ght on m5 a curse2 x /imulat$ s9 to its wor/ developm5ts 7*4 iii4 #aj1 #ai74 ,*ri/'s dea? "u ?is curse has expiat$ & remov$ x = u 7*4 iii4 #ac74 ,8 atonem5t met man's guilt 9 its culm9ation4 ,! ,law _h n prev5t$--nay1 x gave occasion to ! crime2 x necessitat$1 b c\ld n provide expiation1 :i* 0 suppli$ outside ! law 7,rom4 iii4 #ba3 74 ,! (f5ce ( ! doctr9e ( ! cross lay j "h4 ,x reconcil$ man ) ,god on an extra-legal foot+4 ,x provid$ a new gr\nd ( ju/ification & pron\nc$ ! old wor?less4 ,x fix$ ! m>k ( moral impot5ce & rejection ^u ! sy/em to :i* ! ,jewi% nature clung ) passionate pride4 ,to prea* ! cross 0 to decl>e legalism aboli%$3 to prea* circumcision 0 to decl>e ! cross & its (f5ce aboli%$4 ,?is dilemma ! ,circumcisioni/s w\ld fa9 escape4 ,!y f\ght %y ( ,calv>y4 ,l "s lat] morali/s1 !y did n see :y ! cross %\ld be always pu%$ to ! front1 & its (f5ce =c$ ^u ! _w4 ,surely !re 0 9 ! wide range ( ,*ri/ian tru? abundance ( o!r pr(itable topics to discuss1 )\t w\nd+ ,jewi% susceptibilities 9 ?is way4 ,b ?is endeav\r ( !irs is j :at ,paul is det]m9$ to fru/rate4 ,he confronts ,judaism at e turn ) t dreadful cross4 ,he insi/s t x %all be realis$ 9 its horror & its %ame1 t m5 %all feel ! trem5d\s %ock :i* x gives to ! moral conceit1 ! self-ju/ify+ _s ( human nature1 :i* 9 ! ,jew ( ?is p]iod _h rea*$ its extreme po9t4 ,if law c\ld save1 if ! _w 7 n guilty be=e ,god1 he reit]ates1 :y t dea? ( ! cross8 ,god ha? set ,him =? a propitiation4 ,& :oso accepts ,jesus ,*ri/ mu/ accept ,him crucifi$1 ) all ! (f5ce & humiliation t ! fact involves4 ,9 lat] days ! dea? ( ,*ri/ has be5 made void 9 o!r ways4 ,x is veil$ 9 ! /eam ( our inc5se4 ,x is inve/$ ) ! halo ( a s5su\s glorification4 ,! cross has be5 = _m turn$ into an arti/ic symbol1 a beautiful idol1 fe/oon$ ) g>l&s1 drap$ 9 poetry1 b robb$ ( its spiritual mean+1 its p[] to humble & to save4 ,let m5 see x op5ly set =?1 9 its nak$ t]ror & maje/y1 t !y may "k :at !y are & :at _! s9s h done4 ,we rely on bir? & good bre$+1 on art & education z in/rum5ts ( moral progress4 ,improv$ social arrangem5ts1 a high] environm5t1 ^!1 we ?9k1 w elevate ! race4 ,)9 _! limits ^! =ces are invaluable2 !y are orda9$ ( ,god4 ,b !y are only law at ! be/4 ,:5 !y h done _! utmo/1 !y leave man /ill unsav$--pr\d1 selfi%1 unclean1 mis]able4 ,to re/ human salvation on self-improvem5t & social re=m1 is legalism ov] aga94 ,to civilise is n to reg5]ate4 ,^! me?ods 7 tri$ 9 ,mosaism1 "u circum/ances 9 _m respects highly fav\rable4 ,! sc&al ( ! cross 0 ! result4 ,education & social discipl9e may produce a ,ph>isee1 no?+ high]4 ,legislation & environm5t "w f ! outside4 ,!y _c t\* ! ess5tial human he>t4 ,no?+ has ev] done ?is l ! cross ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,he :o makes x ( none effect1 :e!r 9 ! "n ( ,jewi% tradition or ( mod]n progress1 takes away ! "o practicable hope ( ! moral reg5]ation ( mank9d4 ,,iii4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to e/imate m precisely ! "* & motives ( ! ,judai/ic p>ty1 ! h9d]]s & tr\bl]s ( ?is ,epi/le4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x appe>s t !y _h ent]$ ! ,galatian communities f )\t4 ,! fact t !y are call$ tr\bl]s 7di/urb]s7 ( itself sugge/s ?is 7v]4 #aj2 *4 i4 #g74 ,!y came ) a pr(ess$ gospel1 z mess5g]s br++ new tid+s2 ! ,apo/le comp>es !m to himself1 ! fir/ ,galatian evangeli/1 or an angel f heav5 7*4 i4 #h1 #i74 ,he glances at !m 9 8 ref]5ce to false bre?r5 at an e>li] "t br\ght into 7! ,g5tile ,*ur*7 unaw>es 7*4 ii4 #d74 ,^! m5 are c\rt+ ! fav\r ( ,paul's ,galatian disciples1 endeav\r+ to ga9 !m ov] 9 8 abs5ce 7*4 iv4 #ag1 #ah74 ,!y h made mislead+ /atem5ts respect+ 8 e>ly c>e] & relations to ! ,*ur*1 :i* he is at pa9s to correct4 ,!y pr(ess$ to repres5t ! views ( ! ,pill>s at ,j]usalem1 & quot$ _! au?ority aga9/ ! ,apo/le ,paul4 ,f ^! consid]ations we inf] t ! tr\bl]s 7 ,judai/ic emiss>ies f ,pale/9e4 ,! second ,epi/le to ,cor9?1 contemporane\s ) ?is lett]1 reveals ! exi/5ce ( a simil> propag&a 9 ! ,greek capital at ! same p]iod4 ,paul _h giv5 ! ,galatians w>n+ on ! subject at 8 la/ visit 7*4 i4 #i74 ,!re 7 already1 we %\ld suppose1 9 ! ,galatian societies1 be=e ! arrival ( ! ,judaiz]s1 ,jewi% believ]s 9 ,*ri/ ( legali/ic t5d5cies1 prep>$ to welcome & support ! new tea*]s4 ,b x 0 ! com+ ( ^! agitators f )\t t ?rew ! ,*ur*es ( ,galatia into su* a f]m5t1 & br\ght ab\t ! situation disclos$ 9 ?is ,epi/le4 ,! allusion made 9 *ap4 ii4 #ab to c]ta9 f ,james1#acg tak5 9 connection ) o!r circum/ances1 po9ts1 z we ?9k1 to ! outbreak ( a sy/ematic agitation aga9/ ! ,apo/le ,paul1 :i* 0 c>ri$ on dur+ 8 ?ird mission>y t\r1 & drew f him ! great evangelical ,epi/les ( ?is epo*4 ,?is anti-,paul9e movem5t emanat$ f ,j]usalem & pret5d$ to (ficial sanction4 ,set on foot at ! "t ( ! collision ) ,pet] at ,antio*1 ! conflict is n[ 9 full progress4 ,! ,apo/le's d5unciation ( 8 oppon5ts is unsp>+4 ,!y h9d] ! ,galatians f obey+ tru? 7v]4 #g72 !y entice !m f ! pa? 9 :i* !y _h bravely set out1 & are robb+ !m ( _! h]itage 9 ,*ri/4 ,x 0 a false1 a p]v]t$ gospel t !y taught 7*4 i4 #g74 ,!y ca/ on _! he>]s an envi\s spell :i* drew !m away f ! cross & its salvation 7*4 ii4 #ba2 iii4 #a74 ,n tru?1 b self-int]e/ & p>ty-ends 7 ! objects !y pursu$ 7*4 iv4 #ag2 vi4 #ab1 #ac74 ,_! p]suasion 0 assur$ly n ( ,god1 :o _h call$ ! ,galatians ?r\gh ! ,apo/le's voice4 ,if ,god _h s5t ,paul among/ !m1 z ! ,galatians _h good reason to "k1 cle>ly ,he _h n s5t ^! m51 ) _! o!r gospel4 #acg ,comp>e ,*apt] ,,ix1 pp4 #aca-d4 ,we ref] ?is occurr5ce to ! int]val betwe5 ! second & ?ird ( ,paul's mission>y j\rneys 7,acts xviii4 #bb71 ,a4,d4 #ed4 ,! vitiat+ leav5 at "w 9 ! spiritual life ( ! ,galatians1 if n arre/$1 w\ld soon leav5 ! :ole lump4 ,! ,apo/le applies to ! ,judai/ic doctr9e ! same figure "u :i* he describ$ ! ta9t ( immorality f\nd 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,cor9? 7#a ,cor4 v4 #f-h74 ,s zeal\s & unscrupul\s1 s deadly 9 its effect on evangelical fai? & life 0 ! _s ( ,jewi% legalism4 ,! ,apo/le tru/s t 8 ,galatians w aft] all escape f ?is fatal infection1 t !y w leave ! tr\bl]s alone to be> ! judgem5t :i* mu/ fall ^u !m 7v]4 #aj74 ,! ,"l is ! ,keep]1 & ! ,av5g] ( ,8 ,*ur*4 ,no "o1 :osoev] he be1 w injure x ) impunity4 ,let ! man t makes mis*ief 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,jesus ,*ri/ take c>e :at he is ab\t4 ,! tempt$ may escape2 s9s ( ignorance & weakness c be =giv54 ,b woe unto ! tempt]6 ,aga9/ ! wilful p]v]t]s ( ! gospel ! ,apo/le at ! outset deliv]$ 8 ana!ma4 ,= ^! ,circumcisioni/s 9 p>ticul> he has "o fur!r wi% to express4 ,x is a grim sort ( sugge/ion1 to be read r by way ( s>casm ?an 9 ! /rict lett] ( fulfilm5t4 ,! devotees ( circumcision1 he means to say1 might z well g a /ep f>!r4 ,if ! physical m>k ( ,judaism1 ! m]e surgical act1 is s salut>y1 :y n cut (f ! memb] altoge!r1 l ! emasculat$ prie/s ( ,cybel8 7v]4 #ab74ach ,?is mutilation belong$ to ! wor%ip ( ! great hea!n goddess ( ,asia ,m9or1 & 0 associat$ ) h] debas+ cultus4 ,moreov] x exclud$ its victim f a place 9 ! congregation ( ,israel 7,deut4 xxiii4 #a74 #ach ,! r5d]+ ( ! ,r4,v4 m>g9 is t ( all ! ,greek int]pret]s1 & ( ,mey]1 ,lightfoot1 ,beet1 & ! /rict grammatical comm5tators among/ ! mod]ns4 ,! =m & usage ( ! v]b d n all[ ( any o!r4 ,ap>t f its unseeml9ess1 ! expression is p[]fully appropriate4 ,?is condemnation ( ! ,old-,te/am5t sacram5t is n m sev]e ?an ! language ( ,isa4 lxvi4 #c3 ,he t slaught]e? an ox is a man-slay]1 he t br+e? a meal-(f]+--x is sw9e's blood4 ,?is mock]y1 ?\gh n to be judg$ by mod]n s5tim5t1 9 any case w5t to ! v]ge ( :at *>ity & dec5cy p]mit4 ,x brea!s a burn+ contempt = ! ,judaiz+ policy4 ,x %[s h[ utt]ly circumcision _h lo/ its sacr$ness = ! ,apo/le4 ,its spiritual import be+ gone1 x 0 n[ a m]e concision 7,phil4 iii4 #b71 a cutt+ ( ! body--no?+ m4 ,su* language 0 well calculat$ to disgu/ ,g5tile ,*ri/ians ) ! rite ( circumcision4 ,x helps to acc\nt = ! implacable hatr$ ) :i* ,paul 0 reg>d$ by or?odox ,jews4 ,x accords ) :at he intimat$ 9 *4 iv4 #i1 to ! effect t ,jewi% con=mity 0 = ! ,g5tiles 9 effect hea!ni%4 ,ap>t f its relation to ! obsolete ,mosaic cov5ant1 circumcision 0 9 itself no holi] ?an ! de=mities inflict$ by ,paganism on its vot>ies4 ,! ,judaiz]s are f9ally describ$1 n m]ely z tr\bl]s & h9d]]s1 b z ^? t unsettle y--or m /rongly /ill1 ov]?r[ y4 ,! ,greek ^w 77 occurs 9 ,acts xvii4 #f1 xxi4 #ch1 :]e x is r5d]$1 turn upside d[n1 /ir to s$ition4 ,^! m5 7 c>ry+ on a treasonable agitation4 ,false !mselves to ! gospel ( ,*ri/1 !y incit$ ! ,galatians to belie _! ,*ri/ian pr(essions1 to betray ! cause ( ,g5tile lib]ty1 & to des]t _! own ,apo/le4 ,!y des]v$ to suff] "s degrad+ puni%m5t4 ,full z !y 7 ( subtlety & mis*ief1 p]v]t+ ! "r ways ( ! ,"l1 ,paul did well to d5\nce !m & to turn _! zeal = circumcision to d]isive scorn4 ,,! ,,e?ical ,,application4 ,,*apt] v4 #ac-vi4 #aj4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,p]ils ,,( ,,lib]ty4 ,= ye1 bre?r51 7 call$ = fre$om2 only use n y\r fre$om = an occasion to ! fle%1 b ?r\gh love be s]vants "o to ano!r4 ,= ! :ole law is fulfill$ 9 "o ^w1 ev5 9 ?is2 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself4 ,b if ye bite & dev\r "o ano!r1 take he$ t ye be n consum$ "o ( ano!r4--,,gal4 v4 #ac-ae4 ,our analysis has drawn a /rong l9e across ! middle ( ?is *apt]4 ,at v]4 #ac ! ,apo/le turns 8 m9d 9 ! e?ical direction4 ,he has dismiss$ ! tr\bl]s ) contempt 9 v]4 #ab2 & until ! close ( ! ,epi/le does n m5tion !m aga92 he addresses 8 read]s on topics 9 :i* !y are left out ( view4 ,b ?is ?ird1 e?ical section ( ! lett] is /ill cont9u\s ) its polemical & doctr9al argum5t4 ,x applies ! maxim ( v]4 #f1 ,fai? works ?r\gh love2 x rem9ds ! ,galatians h[ !y _h receiv$ ! ,_s ( ,god 7*4 iii4 #b1 #c2 iv4 #f74 ,! ranc\rs & jeal\sies oppos$ to love1 ! c>nal m9d t resi/s ! ,_s--^! are ! objects ( ,paul's dehortations4 ,! moral disord]s :i* ! ,apo/le seeks to correct arose l>gely out ( ! mis*ief caus$ by ! ,judaiz]s4 ,& 8 exhortations to love & good works are !mselves indirectly polemical4 ,!y v9dicate ,paul's gospel f ! *>ge ( ant9omianism1 :ile !y gu>d ,*ri/ians f giv+ occasion to ! *>ge4 ,!y protect f exagg]ation & abuse ! lib]ty already def5d$ f legali/ic encroa*m5ts4 ,! m preci\s & sacr$ is ! fre$om ( ,g5tile believ]s1 ! m on ! "o h& d ^? des]ve puni%m5t :o w\ld defraud !m ( x2 & ! m e>ne/ly mu/ !y on _! "p gu>d ?is treasure f misuse & di%on\r4 ,9 ?is s5se v]4 #ac;a /&s betwe5 ! s5t5ce aga9/ ! ,circumcisioni/s 9 v]4 #ab & ! appeal to ! ,galatians t foll[s4 ,x repeats ! proclamation ( fre$om made 9 v]4 #a1 mak+ x ! gr\nd at once ( ! judgem5t pron\nc$ aga9/ ! foes ( fre$om & ! admonition address$ to its possessors4 ,= y 7 call$ 7summon$ by ,god to ent] ! k+dom ( ,8 ,son7 ) a view to lib]ty--n to legal bondage2 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 t y might run into lic5ce & give ! re9s to self-w & appetite--n lib]ty = an occasion to ! fle%4 ,i4 ,"h lies ! dang] ( lib]ty1 especially :5 conf]r$ on a "y1 untra9$ nature1 & 9 a newly emancipat$ community4 ,fre$om is a priceless boon2 b x is a grave responsibility4 ,x has its temptations1 z well z its joys & dignities4 ,! ,apo/le has spok5 at l5g? ( ! latt]3 x is ! =m] t he has n[ to urge4 ,keep y\r lib]ties1 he seems to say2 = ,*ri/'s sake & = tru?'s sake hold !m fa/1 gu>d !m well4 ,y are ,god's reg5]at$ sons4 ,nev] =ego y\r high call+4 ,god is on y\r side2 & ^? :o assail y %all feel ! weight ( ,8 displeasure4 ,yes1 /& fa/ 9 ! lib]ty :]e) ,*ri/ made y free4 ,b take c>e h[ y employ y\r fre$om2 only use n lib]ty = an occasion to ! fle%4 ,?is significant only turns ! o!r side ( ! m$al1 & bids u read ! leg5d on its rev]se front4 ,on ! obv]se we h f\nd x writt51 ,! ,"l kn[e? !m t are ,8 7#b ,tim4 ii4 #ai2 comp4 ,gal4 iv4 #f1 #i74 ,?is is ! side ( privilege & ( grace1 ! spiritual side ( ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,on ! rev]se x be>s ! motto1 ,let e "o t name? ! "n ( ! ,"l dep>t f iniquity4 ,?is is ! second1 ! e?ical side ( our call+1 ! side ( duty1 to :i* we h n[ to turn4 ,! man1 or ! nation t has won its fre$om1 has won b half ! battle4 ,x has conqu]$ ext]nal foes2 x has /ill to prevail ov] itself4 ,& ?is is ! h>d] task4 ,m5 clam\r = lib]ty1 :5 !y mean lic5ce2 :at !y seek is ! lib]ty ( ! fle%1 n ( ! ,_s1 fre$om to indulge _! lu/s & to trample on ! rights ( o!rs1 ! fre$om ( outlaws & brig&s4 ,! natural man def9es fre$om z ! p[] to d z he likes2 n ! "r ( self-regulation1 b ! abs5ce ( regulation is :at he desires4 ,& ?is is j :at ! ,_s ( ,god w nev] all[ 7v]4 #ag74 ,:5 su* a man has ?r[n (f outw>d con/ra9t & ! dread ( puni%m5t1 !re is no inw>d law to take its place4 ,x is 8 gre$1 8 passion1 8 pride & ambition t call = fre$om2 n 8 consci5ce4 ,& to all su* lib]t>ians our ,savi\r says1 ,he t committe? s9 is ! slave ( s94 ,no tyrant is s vile1 s insatiable z our own self-indulg$ s94 ,a pitiable triumph1 = a man to h secur$ 8 religi\s lib]ty only to become ! ?rall ( 8 vices6 ,x is possible t "s m5 accept$ ! gospel "u ! delusion t x af=d$ a %elt] = s94 ,! s5suali/1 det]r$ f 8 indulg5ces by fe> ( ! ,law1 jo9$ 9 ,paul's campaign aga9/ x1 imag9+ t ,grace w\ld give him l>g] fre$om4 ,if :]e s9 ab\nd$ grace did sup]ab\nd1 he w\ld say 9 8 he>t1 ,:y n s9 ! m1 s t grace might h a great] victory8 ,?is is no fanciful inf]5ce4 ,hypocrisy has le>n$ to we> ! g>b ( evangelical zeal2 & tea*]s ( ! gospel h n always gu>d$ suffici5tly aga9/ ?is %ock+ p]v]sion4 ,ev5 ! man ^: he>t has be5 truly t\*$ & *ang$ by ,div9e grace1 :5 ! fre%ness ( 8 fir/ love to ,*ri/ has pass$ away & temptation r5ews its assaults1 is liable to ?is deception4 ,he may beg9 to ?9k t s9 is less p]il\s1 s9ce =giv5ess 0 s easily obta9$4 ,he may presume t z a son ( ,god1 seal$ by ! ,_s ( adoption1 he w n be all[$ to fall1 ev5 ?\gh he /umble4 ,he is "o ( ,god's elect2 :at %all sep>ate him f ! ,div9e love 9 ,*ri/8 ,9 ?is assurance he holds a talisman t secures 8 safety4 ,:at ne$ to wat* & pray le/ he ent] into temptation1 :5 ! ,"l is 8 keep]8 ,he is ,god's enfran*is$ son2 all ?+s are lawful to him2 ?+s pres5t z well z ?+s to come are 8 9 ,*ri/4 ,by su* reason+s 8 lib]ty is turn$ into an occasion to ! fle%4 ,& m5 :o be=e !y boa/$ !mselves sons ( ,god 7 re/ra9$ by ! _s ( bondage & fe>1 h f\nd 9 ?is assurance ! occasion1 ! />t+-po9t 77 = a m %ameless c\rse ( evil4 ,9 ! view ( ,legalism1 ?is is ! natural outcome ( ,paul9e tea*+4 ,f ! fir/ x has be5 *>g$ ) fo/]+ lawlessness4 ,9 ! ,lu!ran ,re=mation ,rome po9t$ to ! ,ant9omians1 & morali/s ( our own day speak ( cant+ ,evangelicals1 j z ! ,judai/s alleg$ ! exi/5ce ( immoral ,paul9i/s1 ^: conduct1 !y decl>$1 0 ! prop] fruit ( ! prea*+ ( emancipation f ! ,law4 ,^!1 !y w\ld say to ! ,apo/le1 are y\r spiritual *ildr52 !y d b c>ry y\r doctr9e to its legitimate issue4 ,?is reproa* ! gospel has always _h to be>2 !re h be5 ^?1 alas1 among/ its pr(essors ^: behavi\r has giv5 x plausibility4 ,s5suali/s w turn ! grace ( our ,god into lascivi\sness2 sw9e w trample "u _! feet ! pure pe>ls ( ! gospel4 ,b !y are pure & preci\s none ! less4 ,?is possibility is1 h[ev]1 a reason = ! utmo/ wat*fulness 9 ^? :o are /ew>ds 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! gospel4 ,!y mu/ be c>eful1 l ,paul1 to make x abundantly cle> t !y e/abli% & d n make void law ?r\gh fai? 7,rom4 iii4 #ca74 ,!re is an evangelical ,e?ics1 z well z an evangelical ,dogmatics4 ,! e?ics ( ! ,gospel h be5 too little /udi$ & appli$4 ,h5ce mu* ( ! confess$ failure ( evangelical ,*ur*es 9 pres]v+ & build+ up ! conv]ts t !y w94 ,,ii4 ,fai? 9 ,*ri/ gives 9 tru? a new efficacy to ! moral law4 ,= x works ?r\gh love2 & love fulfils all laws 9 "o 7vv4 #ac;b1 #ad74 ,:]e fai? has ?is op]ation1 lib]ty is safe2 n o!rwise4 ,love's slaves are ! true freem54 ,! legali/ practically takes ! same view ( human nature z ! s5suali/4 ,he kn[s no?+ ( ! desire ( ! ,_s array$ aga9/ t ( ! fle% 7v]4 #ag71 no?+ ( ! ma/]y ov] ! he>t t belongs to ! love ( ,*ri/4 ,9 8 analysis ! s\l consi/s ( s _m desires1 ea* bl9dly seek+ its own gratification1 :i* mu/ be drill$ into ord] "u ext]nal pressure1 by an intellig5t application ( law4 ,mod]n ,utilit>ians agree ) ! anci5t ,judai/s 9 _! e?ical philosophy4 ,fe> ( puni%m5t1 hope ( rew>d1 ! influ5ce ( ! social environm5t--^! are1 z !y hold1 ! factors :i* create "* & %ape our moral be+4 ,pa9 & pleasure1 !y tell u1 are ! ma/]s ( human life4 ,)\t ! fai? t man is ! *ild ( ,god1 =m$ 9 ,8 image1 we are practically %ut up to ?is suicidal !ory ( morals4 ,suicidal we say1 = x robs our spiritual be+ ( ev]y?+ di/9ctive 9 x1 ( all t raises ! moral above ! natural2 x makes duty & p]sonality illusions4 ,judaism is a pro( t ?is s*eme ( life is impracticable4 ,= ! ,ph>isaic sy/em :i* produc$ su* deplorable moral results1 0 an exp]im5t 9 ext]nal e?ics4 ,x 0 9 fact ! application ( a highly develop$ & elaborate traditional code ( law1 en=c$ by ! /ronge/ outw>d sanctions1 )\t p]sonal loyalty to ! ,div9e ,lawgiv]4 ,9 ! national consci5ce ( ! ,jews ?is 0 want+4 ,_! fai? 9 ,god1 z ! ,epi/le ( ,james decl>es1 0 a dead fai?1 a bundle ( ab/ract notions4 ,loyalty is true law-keep+4 ,& loyalty spr+s f ! p]sonal relation%ip ( ! subject & ! law-mak+ p[]4 ,?is nexus ,*ri/ian son%ip supplies1 9 its pure/ & mo/ exalt$ =m4 ,:5 ,i see 9 ! ,lawgiv] my ,almighty ,fa!r1 :5 ! law has become inc>nate 9 ! p]son ( my ,savi\r1 my he>t's ,k+ & ,"l1 x we>s a *ang$ aspect4 ,8 comm&m5ts are n griev\s4 ,duty1 requir$ by ,him1 is hon\r & delight4 ,no ab/ract law1 no /ream ( t5d5cy c comm& ! homage or awak5 ! moral en]gy t is inspir$ by ! love ( ,god 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus our ,"l4 ,"h ! ,apo/le trav]ses ant9omian d$uctions f 8 doctr9e ( lib]ty4 ,9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans 7*4 vi47 he deals at l5g? ) ! !oretical objection to 8 tea*+ on ?is subject4 ,he %[s !re t salvation by fai?1 rightly und]/ood & exp]i5c$1 r5d]s cont9uance 9 s9 impossible4 ,= fai? 9 ,*ri/ is 9 effect ! union ( ! s\l ) ,*ri/1 fir/ 9 ,8 dea?1 & !n consequ5tly 9 ,8 ris5 life1 :]e9 ,he lives only to ,god4 ,nay1 ,*ri/ ,himself lives 9 ! believ+ man 7,gal4 ii4 #bj74 ,in/ead ( our s9n+ because we are n "u ! law1 b "u grace1 ?is is precisely ! reason :y we ne$ n & mu/ n s94 ,fai? jo9s u to ! ris5 ,*ri/1 ^: life we %>e--s ,paul argues--& we %\ld n s9 any m ?an ,he4 ,"h1 f ! practical /&po9t1 he lays x d[n t fai? works by love2 & love ca/s out s91 = x unites all laws 9 itself4 ,fai? l9ks u to ,*ri/ 9 heav5 7,romans72 fai? fills u ) ,8 love on e>? 7,galatians74 ,s love1 m>k$ out 9 v]4 #f z ! en]gy ( fai?1 n[ s]ves z ! gu>d ( lib]ty4 ,nei!r legali/ nor law-break] und]/&s ! mean+ ( fai? 9 ,*ri/4 ,at ?is po9t ,paul ?r[s 9 "o ( 8 bold p>adoxes4 ,he has be5 cont5d+ all ?r\gh ! ,epi/le = fre$om1 bidd+ 8 read]s scorn ! legal yoke1 brea?+ into !m 8 own contempt = ! pett9ess ( ,judai/ic c]emonial4 ,b n[ he turns r\nd sudd5ly & bids !m be slaves3 b let love1 he says1 make y bondm5 to ea* o!r 7v]4 #ac74 ,in/ead ( break+ bonds1 he seeks to create /rong] bonds1 /rong] because de>]4 ,paul prea*es no gospel ( individualism1 ( egoti/ic salvation-seek+4 ,! self-sacrifice ( ,*ri/ becomes 9 turn a pr9ciple ( sacrifice 9 ^? :o receive x4 ,paul's own ideal is1 to be con=m$ to ,8 dea? 7,phil4 iii4 #aj74 ,!re is no?+ an>*ic or self-ass]t+ 9 8 plea = fre$om4 ,he opposes ! law ( ,ph>isaic ext]nalism 9 ! int]e/s ( ! law ( ,*ri/ian love4 ,! yoke ( ,judaism mu/ be brok51 its bonds ca/ aside1 9 ord] to give free play to ! law ( ! ,_s ( life 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,fai? transf]s au?ority f fle% to _s1 giv+ x a sur] seat1 a m effective1 & 9 reality m lawful comm& ov] man's nature4 ,x re/ores ! normal equipoise ( ! s\l4 ,n[ ! ,div9e law is writt5 on ! tablets ( ! he>t2 & ?is makes x f> m sov]eign ?an :5 engrav$ on ! /one slabs ( ,s9ai4 ,love & law = ! believ] 9 ,*ri/ are fus$ into "o4 ,9 ?is union law loses no?+ ( its holy sev]ity2 & love no?+ ( its t5d]ness4 ,unit$ !y con/itute ! ,*ri/ian s5se ( duty1 ^: /]ne/ exactions are en=c$ by gratitude & devotion4 ,& love is ev] conqu]or4 ,to x toil & endurance t mock ! a*ievem5t ( o!r p[]s1 are a light ?+4 ,ne$+ nei!r bribe nor ?reat1 love lab\rs1 waits1 braves a ?\s& dang]s1 keeps ! h&s busy1 ! eye ke5 & wat*ful1 ! feet runn+ to & fro untir$ ?r\gh ! longe/ day4 ,!re is no indu/ry1 no +5uity l t ( love4 ,love makes ! "m ! slave ( ! babe at h] brea/1 & w9s f ! fri5d = 8 fri5d s]vice t no compulsion c\ld exact1 r5d]$ 9 pure gladness & free-w4 ,its p[] alone calls =? :at is be/ & /ronge/ 9 u all4 ,love is mighti] ?an dea?4 ,9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 love has laid d[n life = its fri5ds2 ! fulness ( life has enc\nt]$ & ov]come ! utt]mo/ ( dea?4 ,love e/eems x bondage to be prev5t$1 lib]ty only to be all[$ to s]ve4 ,)\t love1 fre$om is an empty boon4 ,x br+s no ease1 no joy ( he>t4 ,x is objectless & li/less4 ,b]eft ( fai? & love1 ?\gh possess+ ! mo/ p]fect indep5d5ce1 ! s\l drifts along l a %ip rudd]less & ma/]less1 ) nei!r hav5 nor horizon4 ,wordswor?1 9 8 ,ode to ,duty1 has f9ely express$ ! we>9ess t comes ( su* lib]ty1 unguid$ by an inw>d law & a ,div9e ideal3 ,me ?is un*>t]$ fre$om tires2 ,i feel ! weight ( *ance desires3 ,my hopes no m mu/ *ange _! "n2 ,i long = a repose t ev] is ! same4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 ,s]5e w be our days & bright1 ,& happy w our nature be1 ,:5 love is an un]r+ light1 ,& joy its own security4 ,?is royal law 7,jam4 ii4 #h7 bl5ds ) its sov]eignty ( p[] ! *>m ( simplicity4 ,! :ole law1 says ! ,apo/le1 ha? be5 fulfill$ 9 "o ^w--,,love 7v]4 #ad74 ,! ,ma/] said1 ,i came n to de/roy ! law1 b to fulfil4 ,! key to ,8 fulfilm5t 0 giv5 9 ! decl>ation ( ! tw(old comm& ( love to ,god & to our neighb\r4 ,on ^! two hang all ! law & ! prophets4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le's phrase1 ha? be5 fulfill$4 ,?is unification ( ! moral code is accompli%$4 ,*ri/'s life & dea? h giv5 to ?is tru? full expression & univ]sal curr5cy4 ,love's fulfilm5t ( law /&s be=e u a positive atta9m5t1 an inconte/able fact4 ,paul does n speak "h1 z 9 ,rom4 xiii4 #i1 ( ! compreh5d+1 ! summ+ up ( all laws 9 "o2 b ( ! br++ ( law to its completion1 its realisation & consummation 9 ! love ( ,*ri/4 ,o h[ ,i love ,?y law1 said ! pur] _s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,?y love is my law1 says ! true _s ( ! ,new4 ,x is rem>kable t ?is supreme pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ian e?ics is fir/ enunciat$ 9 ! mo/ legal "p ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,leviticus is ! ,book ( ! ,prie/ly ,legislation4 ,x is *iefly occupi$ ) c]emonial & civil regulations4 ,yet 9 ! mid/ ( ! legal m9uti is set ?is sublime & simple rule1 ?an :i* ,jesus ,*ri/ c\ld prescribe no?+ m ,div9e3 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighb\r z ?yself 7,levit4 xix4 #ah74 ,?is s5t5ce is ! conclusion ( a s]ies ( directions 7vv4 #i-ah7 =bidd+ unneighb\rly conduct1 ea* ( !m seal$ ) ! decl>ation1 ,i am ,jehovah4 ,?is brief code ( bro!rly love brea!s a truly ,*ri/ian _s2 x is a beautiful expression ( ! law ( k9dness t is on ! lips & 9 ! he>t ( ! *ild ( ,god4 ,we f9d 9 ! law-book ( ,mosaism1 side by side ) elaborate rules ( sacrificial ritual & ! homelie/ details t\*+ ! life ( a rude agricultural p1 conceptions ( ,god & ( duty ( surpass+ l(t9ess & purity1 su* z meet u 9 ! religion ( no o!r anci5t nation4 ,! law1 !re=e1 oppos$ & ca/ out 9 ! "n ( fai?1 is br\ght 9 aga9 "u ! %ield ( love4 ,if ye love ,me1 said ,jesus1 keep my comm&m5ts4 ,love reconciles law & fai?4 ,law by itself c b prohibit ?is & t injury to "o's neighb\r1 :5 !y are likely to arise4 ,love excludes ! do+ ( any injury2 x worke? no ill to its neighb\r1 !re=e love is ! fulfill+ ( ! law 7,rom4 xiii4 #aj74 ,t :i* law re/ra9s or condemns aft] ! fact1 love r5d]s impossible be=eh&4 ,x is n cont5t ) ! negative prev5tion ( wrong2 x ov]comes & displaces evil ) good4 ,:at law c\ld n d1 ) all its multipli$ enactm5ts & r$\bl$ ?reats1 fai? work+ by love has accompli%$ at a /roke4 ,! righte\sness ( ! law is fulfill$ 9 ^? :o walk n aft] ! fle%1 b aft] ! ,_s 7,rom4 viii4 #c1 #d74 ,g5tile ,*ri/ians h be5 rais$ to ! level ( a righte\sness exce$+ t ( scribes & ph>isees 7,matt4 v4 #bj74 ,! fle% :i* defi$ law's t]rors & evad$ its control1 is subdu$ by ! love ( ,*ri/4 ,law creat$ ! ne$ ( salvation2 x def9$ its conditions & ! direction :i* x mu/ take4 ,b !re its p[] ceas$4 ,x c\ld n *ange ! s9ful he>t4 ,x suppli$ no motive adequate to secure ob$i5ce4 ,! morali/ errs 9 sub/itut+ duty = love1 works = fai?4 ,he w\ld make ! rule furni% ! motive1 ! pa? supply /r5g? to walk 9 x4 ,! di/9ction ( ! gospel is t x is ! p[] ( ,god unto salvation1 :ile ! law is weak ?r\gh ! fle%4 ,paul does n !re=e ov]ride ! law 9 ! int]e/ ( fai?4 ,q ! contr>y1 he e/abli%es1 he magnifies x4 ,8 !ology re/s on ! idea ( ,righte\sness1 :i* is /rictly a legal conception4 ,b he puts ! law 9 its prop] place4 ,he secures = x ! alliance ( love4 ,! legali/1 desir+ to exalt law1 9 reality /ultifies x4 ,/riv+ to make x omnipot5t1 he makes x impot5t4 ,9 ! ,apo/le's tea*+1 law is ! rule1 fai? ! spr+ ( action4 ,law m>ks ! pa?1 love gives ! w & p[] to foll[ x4 ,:o !n are ! true/ fri5ds ( law--,legali/s or ,paul9i/s1 morali/s or evangelicals8 ,,iii4 ,alas1 ! ,galatians at ! pres5t mom5t af=d a spectacle f> diff]5t f ! ideal :i* ,paul has drawn4 ,in/ead ( s]v+ ea* o!r 9 love1 !y are bit+ & dev\r+ "o ano!r4 ,! ,*ur* is 9 dang] ( be+ consum$ by _! jeal\sies & qu>rels 7v]4 #ae74 ,^! ,asiatic ,gauls 7 m5 ( a w>m temp]am5t1 quick to res5t wrong & prone to imag9e x4 ,! diss5sions excit$ by ! ,judaic controv]sy _h excit$ _! combative temp] to an unusual degree4 ,bit+ describes ! w\nd+ & exasp]at+ effect ( ! mann] 9 :i* _! cont5tions 7 c>ri$ on2 dev\r w>ns !m ( its de/ructiv5ess4 ,taunts 7 hurl$ across ! field ( debate2 vitup]ation suppli$ ! lack ( argum5t4 ,diff]5ces ( op9ion eng5d]$ private feuds & rankl+ injuries4 ,9 ,cor9? ! _s ( discord _h tak5 a facti\s =m4 ,x array$ m5 9 conflict+ p>ties1 ) _! di/9ctive wat*words & badges & sectional plat=ms4 ,9 ^! ,*ur*es x bore fruit 9 p]sonal affronts & qu>rels1 9 an angry1 v9dictive temp]1 :i* spread ?r\gh ! ,galatian societies & broke out 9 e possible =m ( cont5tion 7v4 #bj74 ,if ?is /ate ( ?+s cont9u$1 ! ,*ur*es ( ,galatia w\ld cease to exi/4 ,_! lib]ty w\ld end 9 complete dis9tegration4 ,l "s o!r communities1 ! ,galatian ,*ri/ians 7 oscillat+ betwe5 despotism & an>*y2 !y _h n atta9$ ! equilibrium ( a sob]1 ord]$ lib]ty1 ! fre$om ( a manly self-control4 ,!y _h n suffici5t respect ei!r = _! own or = ea* o!r's rights4 ,"s m5 mu/ be bridl$ or !y w bite2 !y mu/ we> ! yoke or !y run wild4 ,!y are incapable ( be+ a law unto !mselves4 ,!y h n fai? en\gh to make !m /eadfa/1 nor love en\gh to be an inw>d guide1 nor ! ,_s ( ,god 9 measure suffici5t to ov]come ! vanity & self-indulg5ce ( ! fle%4 ,b ! ,apo/le /ill hopes to see 8 ,galatian disciples wor?y ( _! call+ z sons ( ,god4 ,he po9ts out to !m ! n>r[ b sure pa? t leads betwe5 ! des]t ( legalism on ! "o h&1 & ! gulf ( an>*y & lic5ce on ! o!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! problem ( ! nature & conditions ( ,*ri/ian lib]ty occupies ! ,apo/le's m9d 9 diff]5t ways 9 all ! lett]s ( ?is p]iod4 ,! "y ,*ur*es ( ! ,g5tiles 7 9 ! grave/ p]il4 ,!y _h come out ( ,egypt to ent] ! ,promis$ ,l&1 ! h]itage ( ! sons ( ,god4 ,! ,judai/s s\ght to turn !m aside into ! ,s9aitic wild]ness ( ,mosaism2 :ile _! old habits & associations p[]fully t5d$ to draw !m back into hea!n immorality4 ,legalism & lic5ce 7 ! ,scylla & ,*>ybdis on ei!r h&1 betwe5 :i* x ne$$ ! mo/ firm & skilful pilotage to /e] ! b>k ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! helm ( ! vessel is 9 ,paul's h&s4 ,&1 ?r\gh ! grace ( ,god1 he did n fail 9 8 task4 ,x is 9 ! love ( ,*ri/ t ! ,apo/le f\nd 8 guid+ light4 ,love1 he has writt51 nev] faile?4 ,love is ! h&maid ( fai?1 & ! fir/born fruit ( ! ,_s ( ,*ri/ 7vv4 #f1 #bb74 ,bl5d+ ) ! law1 love refa%ions x1 *ang+ x into its own image4 ,?us m\ld$ & transfigur$1 law is no long] an ext]ior yoke1 a sy/em ( re/ra9t & p5alty2 x becomes an inn]1 sweet con/ra9t4 ,^u ! *ild ( ,god x acts z an organic & =mative en]gy1 ! pr9ciple ( 8 reg5]at$ be+1 :i* *>ges ) its r5ovat+ influ5ce all ! spr+s ( life4 ,evil is met no long] by a m]ely outw>d opposition1 b by a repugnance proce$+ f )94 ,! ,_s lu/e? aga9/ ! fle% 7v4 #ag74 ,! law ( ! ,_s ( life 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus becomes ! law ( ! man's new nature4 ,god kn[n & lov$ 9 ,*ri/ is ! c5tral object ( 8 life4 ,)9 ! ,div9e k+dom s creat$1 ! realm ( love & ( ! ,_s1 ! s\l h5ce=? dwells2 & "u t k+dom x places = itself all o!r s\ls1 lov$ l itself 9 ,*ri/4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,*ri/',s ,,_s ,,& ,,human ,,fle%4 ,he %[e? ! battell ( ! fle% & ! ,_s2 & ! fruits ( !m bo?4 ,head+ 9 ,g5evan ,bible4 ,b ,i say1 ,walk by ! ,_s1 & ye %all n fulfil ! lu/ ( ! fle%4 ,= ! fle% lu/e? aga9/ ! ,_s1 & ! ,_s aga9/ ! fle%2 = ^! are contr>y ! "o to ! o!r2 t ye may n d ! ?+s t ye w\ld4 ,b if ye are l$ by ! ,_s1 ye are n "u ! law4444 ,& !y t are ( ,*ri/ ,jesus h crucifi$ ! fle% ) ! passions & ! lu/s !re(4 ,if we live by ! ,_s1 by ! ,_s let u also walk4 ,let u n be va+lori\s1 provok+ "o ano!r1 envy+ "o ano!r4--,,gal4 v4 #af-bf4 ,love is ! gu>d ( ,*ri/ian fre$om4 ,! ,holy ,_s is its guide4 ,^! pr9ciples accompli% :at ! law c\ld nev] d4 ,x )held lib]ty1 & yet did n give purity4 ,! ,_s ( love & ( son%ip be/[s bo?1 e/abli%+ a happy1 ord]$ fre$om1 ! lib]ty ( ! sons ( ,god4 ,f ! fir/ ( ^! two factors ( ,*ri/ian e?ics ! ,apo/le passes 9 v]4 #af to ! second4 ,he conducts u f ! consequ5ce to ! cause1 f ! human aspect ( spiritual fre$om to ! ,div9e4 ,love1 he has said1 fulfils all laws 9 "o4 ,x ca/s out evil f ! he>t2 x /ays ! injuri\s h& & tongue2 & makes x impossible = lib]ty to give ! re9 to any wanton or selfi% impulse4 ,b ! law ( love is no natural1 automatic impulse4 ,x is a ,div9e inspiration4 ,love is ( ,god4 ,x is ! *>act]i/ic fruit ( ! ,_s ( adoption 7v]4 #bb71 implant$ & n\ri%$ f above4 ,:5 ,i bid y by love s]ve ea* o!r1 ! ,apo/le says1 ,i d n expect y to keep ?is law ( y\rselves1 by =ce ( native goodness3 ,i "k h[ contr>y x is to y\r ,galatic nature2 b ,i say1 walk 9 ! ,_s1 & ?is w be an easy yoke2 to fulfil ! desire ( ! fle% w !n be = y a ?+ impossible4 ,! ^w ,_s 77 is writt5 indef9itely2 b ! ,galatians knew well :at ,_s ! ,apo/le meant4 ,x is ! ,_s ( :om he has spok5 s (t5 9 ?is lett]1 ! ,holy ,_s ( ,god1 :o _h ent]$ _! he>ts :5 !y fir/ believ$ 9 ,*ri/ & taught !m to call ,god ,fa!r4 ,he gave !m _! fre$om3 ,he w tea* !m h[ to use x4 ,! abs5ce ( ! def9ite article 9 ,pneuma does n de/roy its p]sonal =ce1 b all[s x at ! same "t a broad1 qualitative import1 correspond+ to t ( ! oppos$ desire ( ! fle%4 ,! walk gov]n$ by ! ,_s is a spiritual walk4 ,z = ! int]pretation ( ! dative case 7r5d]$ v>i\sly by1 or 91 or ev5 = ! ,_s71 t is det]m9$ by ! mean+ ( ! n\n itself4 ,! ,_s is n ! pa? 9 :i* "o walks2 r ,he supplies ! motive pr9ciple1 ! direct+ influ5ce ( ! new life4#aci ,v]4 #af is int]pret$ by vv4 #ah & #be4 ,to walk 9 ! ,_s is to be l$ by ! ,_s2 x is s to live 9 ! ,_s t "o habitually moves 7m>*es3 v]4 #be7 "u ,8 direction4 #aci ,! con/ruction ( *4 vi4 #af2 ,rom4 iv4 #ab2 ,phil4 iii4 #af1 is n /rictly analog\s4 ,?is conception ( ! indwell+ ,_s ( ,god z ! actuat+ p[] ( ! ,*ri/ian's moral life pr$om9ates 9 ! re/ ( ?is *apt]4 ,we %all pursue ! g5]al l9e ( ! ,apo/le's tea*+ on ! subject 9 ! pres5t ,*apt]1 leav+ = future exposition ! detail$ enum]ation ( ! fruit ( ! ,_s & works ( ! fle% conta9$ 9 vv4 #ai-bc4 ,?is anti!sis ( ,fle% & ,_s pres5ts ! foll[+ consid]ations3--7#a7 ! diametrical opposition ( ! two =ces2 7#b7 ! effect ( ! pr$om9ance ( "o or ! o!r2 7#c7 ! ma/]y ov] ! fle% :i* belongs to ^? :o are ,*ri/'s4 ,9 a ^w1 ,*ri/'s ,_s is ! absolute antagoni/ & ! sure vanqui%] ( our s9ful human fle%4 ,i4 ,i say1 ,walk by ! ,_s1 & y w v]ily n fulfil ! lu/ ( ! fle%4 ,on :at gr\nd does ?is bold assurance re/8 ,because1 ! ,apo/le replies1 ! ,_s & ! fle% are opposites 7v]4 #ag74 ,ea* is b5t on de/roy+ ! asc5d5cy ( ! o!r4 ,_! crav+s & t5d5cies /& oppos$ at e po9t4 ,:]e ! =m] rules1 ! latt] mu/ succumb4 ,= ! fle% lu/e? aga9/ ! ,_s1 & ! ,_s aga9/ ! fle%4 ,! v]b lu/ 9 ,greek1 z 9 ,engli%1 be>s commonly an evil s5se2 b n necess>ily s1 nor by d]ivation4 ,x is a sad pro( ( human corruption t 9 all languages words d5ot+ /rong desire t5d to an impure significance4 ,paul ext5ds to ! desire ( ! ,_s ! t]m :i* has j be5 us$ ( ! lu/ ( ! fle%1 9 ?is way %>p5+ ! anti!sis4#adj ,words appropriat$ to ! vocabul>y ( ! fle% & degrad$ by its use1 may be turn$ sometimes to good acc\nt & employ$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,holy ,_s1 ^: influ5ce r$eems our spee* & purges ! uncleanness ( our lips4 #adj ,comp4 ,jas4 iv4 #e3 ,! ,_s :i* ,he made to dwell 9 u1 ye>ne? ev5 unto jeal\s envy 7,r4 ,v4 m>g972 also ! d\ble use ( 9 *4 iv4 #ag1 #ah 7,*apt] ,,xviii1 pp4 #bgi1 #bhj474 ,! opposition "h affirm$ exi/s on ! wide/ scale4 ,all hi/ory is a battlefield = ! /ruggle betwe5 ,god's ,_s & man's rebelli\s fle%4 ,9 ! s\l ( a half-sanctifi$ ,*ri/ian1 & 9 ,*ur*es l ^? ( ,cor9? & ,galatia ^: memb]s are yet c>nal & walk z m51 ! conflict is pat5t4 ,! ,_s ( ,*ri/ has e/abli%$ ,8 rule 9 ! he>t2 b ,8 supremacy is *all5g$ by ! insurrection ( ! c>nal p[]s4 ,! conte/ ?us reviv$ 9 ! s\l ( ! ,*ri/ian is int]nec9e2 x is t ( ! k+doms ( light & d>kness1 ( ! opposite poles ( good & evil4 ,x is an incid5t 9 ! w> ( human s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,_s ( ,god1 :i* ext5ds ov] all "t & all human life4 ,e lu/1 e act or ?\ght ( evil is direct$1 kn[+ly or unkn[+ly1 aga9/ ! au?ority ( ! ,holy ,_s1 aga9/ ! pres5ce & ! rights ( ,god imman5t 9 ! creature4 ,nor is !re any re/ra9t ^u evil1 any influ5ce c\nt]act+ x 9 man or nation or race1 :i* does n proce$ f ! ,_s ( ! ,"l4 ,! _s ( man has nev] be5 )\t a ,div9e ,p>aclete4 ,god ha? n left ,himself )\t witness to any2 & x is ! ,_s t be>e? witness1 because ! ,_s is tru?4 ,! ,_s ( tru?1 ! ,holy ,_s1 is ! ,_s ( all tru? & hol9ess4 ,9 ! tru? z x is 9 ,jesus ,he possesses ,8 highe/ in/rum5t4 ,b f ! beg9n+ x 0 ,8 (fice to be ,god's ,advocate1 to uphold law1 to convict ! consci5ce1 to inspire ! hope ( m]cy1 to imp>t moral /r5g? & fre$om4 ,we believe 9 ! ,holy ,gho/1 ! ,"l & ,giv] ( life4 ,?is w> ( ,_s & ,fle% is fir/ o/5sibly decl>$ 9 ! words ( ,g54 vi4 #c4 ,?is passage indicates ! moral reaction ( ,god's ,_s aga9/ ! _w's corruption1 & ! prote/ :i* 9 ! d>ke/ p]iods ( human depravity ,he has ma9ta9$4 ,god _h all[$ m5 to d despite to ,8 good ,_s4 ,b x _c always be s4 ,a "t comes :51 outrag$ & defi$1 ,he )draws ,8 influ5ce f m5 & f communities2 & ! ,fle% be>s !m along to swift de/ruction4 ,s x 0 9 ! _w be=e ! ,flood4 ,s l>gely among/ lat] hea!n peoples1 :5 ,god suff]$ all nations to walk 9 _! own ways4 ,ev5 ! ,mosaic law _h prov$ r a sub/itute ?an a m$ium = ! free action ( ! ,_s ( ,god on m54 ,! law 0 spiritual1 b weak ?r\gh ! fle%4 ,x d5\nc$ ! guilt :i* x 0 p[]less to av]t4 ,) ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ all ?is is *ang$4 ,! ,_s ( ,god is n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 s5t =? 9 ,8 prop] "* & ,8 full en]gy4 ,at la/ ,8 victory draws ne>4 ,he comes z ! ,_s ( ,*ri/ & ! ,fa!r1 p\r$ out ^u all fle%4 ,a new he>t w ,i give y1 & a new _s w ,i put )9 y4 ,i w put ,my ,_s )9 y 7,ezek4 xxxvi4 #be-bg73 ?is 0 ! great hope ( prophecy2 & x is realis$4 ,! ,_s ( ,god's ,son reg5]ates ! human he>t1 subdues ! fle%1 & e/abli%es ! communion ( ,god ) m54 ,! reign ( ! ,_s on e>? 0 ! imm$iate purpose ( ! manife/ation ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,b :at does ,paul really mean by ! fle%8 ,x includes ev]y?+ t is n ( ! ,_s4 ,x signifies ! entire pot5cy ( s94 ,x is ! contra-spiritual1 ! undiv9e 9 man4 ,its works1 z we f9d 9 vv4 #bj1 #ba1 are n bodily vices only1 b include e =m ( moral debasem5t & ab]ration4 ,fle% 9 ! ,apo/le's vocabul>y foll[s ! t]m _s1 & deep5s & enl>ges its mean+ precisely z ! latt] does4 ,:]e _s d5otes ! sup]s5sible 9 man1 fle% is ! s5sible1 ! bodily nature z su*4 ,:5 _s rises into ! sup]natural & sup]human1 fle% becomes ! natural1 ! human by consequ5ce4 ,:5 _s receives its highe/ signification1 d5ot+ ! holy ,efflu5ce ( ,god1 ,8 p]sonal pres5ce 9 ! _w1 fle% s9ks to its l[e/ & repres5ts unr5ew$ nature1 ! evil pr9ciple oppugnant & ali5 to ,god4 ,x is id5tical ) s94 ,b 9 ?is pr(\nd moral significance ! t]m is m ?an a figure4 ,"u its use ! body is m>k$ out1 n inde$ z ! cause1 b z ! in/rum5t1 ! vehicle ( s94 ,s9 has incorporat$ itself ) our organic life1 & ext5ds its empire ov] ! mat]ial _w4 ,:5 ! ,apo/le speaks ( ! body ( s9 & ( dea?1 & bids u mortify ! de$s ( ! body & ! memb]s :i* are ^u ! e>?1#ada 8 expressions are n to be resolv$ into metaphors4 #ada ,see ,rom4 vi4 #f1 #ab2 vii4 #d1 #e1 #bc1 #bd2 viii4 #aj-ac2 ,col4 ii4 #aa-ac2 iii4 #e4 ,on ?is def9ition ( ! t]ms1 x is manife/ t ! antagonism ( ! ,fle% & ,_s is fundam5tal4 ,!y c nev] come to t]ms ) ea* o!r1 nor dwell p]man5tly 9 ! same be+4 ,s9 mu/ be extirpat$1 or ! ,holy ,_s w f9ally dep>t4 ,! /ruggle mu/ come to a def9itive issue4 ,human "* t5ds e day to a m det]m9ate =m2 & an h\r comes 9 ea* case :5 ! victory ( fle% or _s is irrevocably fix$1 :5 ! fil?y w h5ce=? be fil?y /ill1 & ! holy1 holy /ill 7,rev4 xxii4 #aa74 ,! la/ clause ( v]4 #ag1 t ye may n d ! ?+s t ye w\ld1 has be5 v>i\sly int]pret$4 ,! r5d]+ ( ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion 7s t ye _c7 is p]il\sly mislead+4 ,is x t ! fle% prev5ts ! ,galatians do+ ! good !y w\ld8 ,or is ! ,_s to prev5t !m do+ ! evil !y o!rwise w\ld8 ,or are bo? ^! oppositions 9 exi/5ce at once1 s t !y wav] betwe5 good & evil1 lead+ a p>tly spiritual1 p>tly c>nal life1 consi/5t nei!r 9 "r nor wrong8 ,! la/ is ! actual /ate ( ! case4 ,paul is p]plex$ ab\t !m 7*4 iv4 #bj72 !y are 9 d\bt ab\t !mselves4 ,!y did n walk 9 ! ,_s1 !y 7 n true to _! ,*ri/ian pr9ciples2 ! fle% 0 too /rong = t4 ,nor w\ld !y break away f ,*ri/ & foll[ ! b5t ( _! l[] nature2 ! ,holy ,_s held !m back f do+ ?is4 ,s !y h two wills1--or practically none4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s 0 design$ by ,god1--9 ord] t ye may n d ! ?+s ye haply w\ld2 x accords ) ! me?ods ( ,8 gov]nm5t4 ,irresolution is ! necess>y effect ( ! c\rse ! ,galatians _h pursu$4 ,s f> !y /opp$ %ort ( apo/asy2 & ?is re/ra9t witness$ to ! p[] ( ! ,holy ,_s /ill at "w 9 _! mid/ 7*4 iii4 #e2 vi4 #a74 ,let ?is ,div9e h& cease to *eck !m1 & ! fle% w\ld c>ry !m1 ) ! full mom5tum ( _! w1 to spiritual ru94 ,_! condition is j n[ "o ( susp5se4 ,!y are pois$ 9 a k9d ( moral equilibrium1 :i* _c cont9ue long1 b 9 :i*1 :ile x la/s1 ! action ( ! conflict+ =ces ( ,fle% & ,_s is /rik+ly manife/4 ,,ii4 ,^! two pr9ciples 9 _! developm5t lead to entirely opposite results4 7#a7 ,! works ( ! fle%--manife/ alas1 bo? !n & n[--exclude f ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,i tell y be=eh&1 ! ,apo/le writes1 z ,i h already told y3 !y :o practise su* ?+s w n inh]it ,god's k+dom 7v4 #ba74 ,?is w>n+ is ess5tial to ,paul's gospel 7,rom4 ii4 #af72 x is good news = a _w :]e wrong s (t5 & s insult+ly triumphs1 t !re is a judgem5t to come4 ,:atev] may be our own lot 9 ! great aw>d1 we rejoice to believe t !re w be a righte\s settlem5t ( human affairs1 complete & f9al2 & t ?is settlem5t is 9 ! h&s ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,9 view ( ,8 tribunal ! ,apo/le goes ab\t w>n+ & tea*+ e man4 ,& ?is is 8 con/ant note1 among/ pr(ligate hea!n1 or hypocritical ,jews1 or backslid+ & ant9omian ,*ri/ians1--,! unrighte\s %all n inh]it ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,= t k+dom is1 above all1 righte\sness4 ,m5 ( fle%ly m9ds1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 h no place 9 x4 ,!y are bl9d to its light1 dead to its influ5ce1 at w> ) its aims & pr9ciples4 ,if we say t we h fell[%ip ) ,him--! ,fa!r ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/--& walk 9 d>kness1 we lie 7#a ,john i4 #f74 ,^? :o d su* ?+s =feit by do+ !m ! "* ( sons ( ,god4 ,8 *ildr5 seek to be p]fect z _! heav5ly ,fa!r is p]fect4 ,!y are blameless & h>mless1 imitators ( ,god1 walk+ 9 love z ,*ri/ lov$ u 7,phil4 ii4 #ae2 ,eph4 v4 #a1 #b74 ,! ,_s ( ,god's ,son is a _s ( love & peace1 ( temp]ance & g5tl5ess 7v4 #bb74 ,if ^! fruits are want+1 ! ,_s ( ,*ri/ is n 9 u & we are none ( ,84 ,we are )\t ! "o ?+ by :i* ,he said all m5 w\ld "k ,8 disciples 7,john xiii4 #ce74 ,:5 ! ,galatians bite & dev\r "o ano!r1 !y resemble ,i%mael ! p]secutor 7*4 iv4 #bi71 r ?an ! g5tle ,isaac1 heir ( ! ,cov5ant4 ,if *ildr51 !n heirs4 ,future de/9y turns ^u pres5t "*4 ,! ,_s ( ,god's ,son1 ) ,8 fruit ( love & peace1 is ! e>ne/ ( our inh]itance1 seal+ u aga9/ ! day ( r$emption 7,eph4 i4 #ad2 iv4 #cj74 ,by selfi% temp]s & fle%ly indulg5ces ,he is driv5 f ! s\l2 & ,los+ ,him1 x is %ut out f ! k+dom ( grace on e>?1 & f ! glory ( ! r$eem$4 ,!re %all 9 no wise ent] into x any?+ unclean2 su* is ! excommunication writt5 above ! gate ( ! ,heav5ly ,city 7,rev4 xxi4 #bg74 ,?is s5t5ce ( ! ,apocalypse puts a f9al seal ^u ! tea*+ ( ,scripture4 ,! ,god ( revelation is ! ,holy ,"o2 ,8 ,_s is ! ,holy ,_s2 ,8 k+dom is ! k+dom ( ! sa9ts1 ^: atmosph]e burns l fire aga9/ all impurity4 ,conc]n+ ! m5 ( ! fle% ! ,apo/le c only say1 ,^: end is p]dition 7,phil4 iii4 #ai74 ,writ+ to ! ,cor9?ians1 ,paul entreats 8 read]s n to be deceiv$ ^u ?is po9t 7#a ,cor4 vi4 #i1 #aj2 ,eph4 v4 #e74 ,x seems s obvi\s1 s necess>y a pr9ciple1 t "o wond]s h[ x %\ld be mi/ak51 :y he is compell$ to reit]ate x z he does 9 ?is place4 ,& yet ?is has be5 a common delusion4 ,no =m ( religion has escap$ be+ t\*$ by ,ant9omianism4 ,x is ! divorce ( piety f morality4 ,x is ! disposition to ?9k t c]emonial works on ! "o h&1 or fai? on ! o!r1 sup]s$e ! e?ical conditions ( h>mony ) ,god4 ,foi/+ itself on evangelical doctr9e ?is error leads m5 to assume t salvation is ! m]e p>don ( s94 ,! s9n] appe>s to imag9e he is sav$ 9 ord] to rema9 a s9n]4 ,he treats ,god's m]cy z a k9d ( bank1 on :i* he may draw z (t5 z 8 (f5ces pa/ or future may require4 ,he does n und]/& t sanctification is ! sequel ( ju/ification1 t ! evid5ce ( a true p>don lies 9 a *ang$ he>t t loa!s s94 7#b7 ,( ! opposite pr9ciple ! ,apo/le /ates n ! ultimate1 b ! m imm$iate consequ5ces4 ,l$ by ! ,_s1 ye are n "u ! law 7v]4 #ah72 & ,aga9/ su* ?+s--love1 peace1 goodness1 & ! l--!re is no law 7v]4 #bc74 ,! decl>ation ( v]4 #ah is made ) a c]ta9 abruptness4 ,paul has j said1 9 v]4 #ag1 t ! ,_s is ! appo9t$ antagoni/ ( ! fle%4 ,& n[ he adds1 t if we yield ourselves to ,8 influ5ce we %all be no long] "u ! law4 ,?is id5tification ( s9 & ! law 0 e/abli%$ 9 *4 ii4 #af-ah2 iii4 #aj-bb4 ,! law by itself1 ! ,apo/le %[$1 does n ov]come s91 b aggravates x2 x %uts m5 up ! hopeless prison]s ( _! own pa/ mis-do+4 ,to be "u law is to be 9 ! position ( ,i%mael1 ! slave-born & f9ally outca/ son1 ^: nature & temp] are ( ! fle% 7*4 iv4 #ba-ca74 ,aft] all ?is we c und]/& 8 writ+ law = s9 9 ?is passage1 j z 9 #a ,cor4 xv4 #ef he calls ! law ! p[] ( s94 ,to be "u law 01 9 ,paul's view1 to be held consci\sly 9 ! grasp ( s94 ,?is 0 ! condition to :i* ,legalism w\ld r$uce ! ,galatians4 ,f ?is calamity ! ,_s ( ,*ri/ w\ld keep !m free4 ,! phrase "u law rem9ds u once m ( ! imp]ill$ lib]ty ( ! ,galatians4 ,_! spiritual fre$om & _! moral safety 7 assail$ 9 common4 ,9 v]4 #af he _h said1 ,let ! ,holy ,_s guide y1 & y w vanqui% s92 & n[1 ,by ! same guidance y w escape ! oppressive yoke ( ! law4 ,fre$om f s91 fre$om f ! ,jewi% law--^! two lib]ties 7 virtually "o4 ,s9 %all n "l x ov] y1 because ye are n "u law1 b "u grace 7,rom4 vi4 #ad74 ,v]4 #bc expla9s ?is d\ble fre$om4 ,^? :o possess ! ,_s ( ,*ri/ be> ,8 moral fruits4 ,_! life fulfils ! dem&s ( ! law1 )\t be+ due to its compulsion4 ,law c say no?+ aga9/ !m4 ,x did n produce ?is fruit2 b x is b\nd to approve x4 ,x has no hold on ! m5 ( ! ,_s1 no *>ge to br+ aga9/ !m4 ,its requirem5ts are satisfi$2 its con/ra9ts & ?reat5+s are laid aside4 ,law !re=e1 9 its ,judai/ic s5se & application1 has be5 aboli%$ s9ce fai? has come4 ,no long] does x rule ! s\l by fe> & compulsion4 ,?is (fice1 necess>y once = ! infant heirs ( ! ,cov5ant1 x has no "r to ex]cise ov] spiritual m54 ,law _c give life 7*4 iii4 #ba74 ,?is is ! pr]ogative ( ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,law says1 ,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god2 b x nev] inspir$ su* love 9 any man's brea/4 ,if he does s love1 ! law approves him1 )\t claim+ cr$it to itself = ! fact4 ,if he does n love 8 ,god1 law condemns him & br&s him a transgressor4 ,b ! love ( ,god is %$ abroad 9 our he>ts by ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,! tea*+ ( ?is p>agraph on ! relation ( ! believ] 9 ,*ri/ to ,god's law is summ$ up 9 ! words ( ,rom4 viii4 #b3 ,! law ( ! ,_s ( life 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus made me free f ! law ( s9 & dea?4 ,law has become my fri5d1 in/ead ( my enemy & accus]4 ,= ,god's ,_s fills my s\l ) ! love 9 :i* its fulfilm5t is conta9$4 ,& n[ et]nal life is ! goal t /&s 9 my view1 9 place ( ! dea? ) ! prospect ( :i*1 z a man ( ! fle%1 ! law appall$ me4 ,,iii4 ,we see !n t deliv]ance f s9 belongs n to ! subjects ( ! law1 b to ! freem5 ( ! ,_s4 ,?is deliv]ance1 promis$ 9 v]4 #af1 is decl>$ 9 v]4 #bd z an accompli%$ fact4 ,walk by ! ,_s1 & ye %all n fulfil ! lu/ ( ! fle%4444 ,!y t are ( ,*ri/ ,jesus h crucifi$ ! fle% ) its passions & its lu/s4 ,! tyranny ( ! fle% is end$ = ^? :o are 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,8 cross has sla9 _! s9s4 ,! entrance ( ,8 ,_s imports ! dea? ( all c>nal affections4 ,!y :o are ,*ri/'s did crucify ! fle%4 ,?is is ! moral application ( ,paul's my/ical doctr9e1 c5tral to all 8 !ology1 ( ! believ]'s union ) ! ,r$eem] 7see ,*apt] ,x1 pp4 #aef-afj74 ,*ri/ 9 me--,i 9 ,him3 !re is ,paul's secret4 ,he 0 "o _s ) ,jesus ,*ri/--dy+1 ris51 asc5d$1 reign+1 return+ 9 glory4 ,8 old self1 8 old _w 0 dead & gone--sla9 by ,*ri/'s cross1 buri$ 9 ,8 grave 7*4 ii4 #bj2 vi4 #ad74 ,& ! fle%1 common to ! evil _w & ! evil self--t above all 0 crucifi$4 ,! dea? ( %ame & legal p5alty1 ! curse ( ,god _h ov]tak5 x 9 ! dea? ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,*ri/ has ris51 ! ,"l ( ! ,_s 7#b ,cor4 iii4 #ah71 :o c\ld n be hold5 by ! dea? :i* fell on ! body ( ,8 fle%4 ,!y :o are ,*ri/'s rose ) ,him2 :ile ! fle% ( s9 /ays 9 ,8 grave4 ,fai? sees x !re1 & leaves x !re4 ,we reckon ourselves dead unto s91 & liv+ unto ,god1 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,= su* m51 ! fle% t 0 once--imp]i\s1 importunate1 law-defy+--is no m4 ,x has receiv$ its dea?-/roke4 ,god1 s5d+ ,8 own ,son 9 ! lik5ess ( s9ful fle% & a sacrifice = s91 condemn$ s9 9 ! fle% 7,rom4 viii4 #c74 ,s9 is smitt5 ) ! lightn+ ( ,8 ang]4 ,doom has tak5 hold ( x4 ,de/roy$ already 9 pr9ciple1 x only waits = m5 to "k ?is & to und]/& :at has be5 done1 till x %all p]i% ev]y:]e4 ,! de/ruction ( ! s9ful fle%--m /rictly ( s9 9 ! fle%--occurr$1 z ,paul und]/ood ! matt]1 virtually & pot5tially 9 ! mom5t ( ,*ri/'s dea?4 ,x 0 our human fle% t 0 crucifi$ 9 ,him--sla9 on ! cross because1 ?\gh 9 ,him n p]sonally s9ful1 yet 9 u ) :om ,he _h made ,himself "o1 x 0 /eep$ 9 s94 ,our s9ful fle% hung ^u ,8 cross2 x has ris51 cleans$ & sanctifi$1 f ,8 grave4 ,:at 0 !n accompli%$ 9 pr9ciple :5 ,"o di$ = all1 is realis$ 9 po9t ( fact :5 we are baptiz$ into ,8 dea?--:51 t is to say1 fai? makes ,8 dea? ours & its virtue passes into ! s\l4 ,! sc5e ( ! cross is inw>dly rehe>s$4 ,! w\nds :i* pi]c$ ! ,r$eem]'s fle% & _s n[ pi]ce our consci5ces4 ,x is a v]itable crucifixion ?r\gh :i* ! s\l ent]s into communion ) its ris5 ,savi\r1 & le>ns to live ,8 life4 ,nor is its sanctification complete till x is con=m$ unto ,8 dea? 7,phil4 iii4 #aj74 ,s ) all 8 tra9 ( passions & ( lu/s1 ! old man is fa/5$ & nail$ d[n ^u ! new1 int]ior ,calv>y1 set up 9 ea* p5it5t & believ+ he>t4 ,! fle% may /ill1 z 9 ^! ,galatians1 give m\rnful evid5ce ( life4 ,b x has no "r to exi/ a s+le h\r4 ,de jure x is dead--dead 9 ! reckon+ ( fai?4 ,x may die a l+]+1 protract$ dea?1 & make convulsive /ruggles2 b die x mu/ 9 all :o are ( ,*ri/ ,jesus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,let ! ,galatians consid] :at _! call+ ( ,god signifi$4 ,let !m recall ! prospects :i* op5$ be=e !m 9 ! days ( _! fir/ fai? 9 ,*ri/1 ! love t gl[$ 9 _! he>ts1 ! en]gy ) :i* ! ,holy ,_s wr\ght ^u _! nature4 ,let !m "k h[ truly !y 7 call$ to lib]ty1 & 9 good e>ne/ 7 made sons ( ,god4 ,!y h only to cont9ue z h]et(ore to be l$ by ! ,_s ( ,*ri/ & to m>* =w>d along ! pa? on :i* !y _h ent]$1 & nei!r ,jewi% law nor _! own lawless fle% w be able to br+ !m into bondage4 ,:]e ! ,_s ( ! ,"l is1 !re is lib]ty4 ,:]e ,he is n1 !re is legalism1 or lic5ce2 or1 x may be1 bo? at once4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,works ,,( ,,! ,,fle%4 ,n[ ! works ( ! fle% are manife/1 :i* are ^!1 =nication1 uncleanness1 lascivi\sness1 idolatry1 sorc]y1 enmities1 /rife1 jeal\sies1 wra?s1 factions1 divisions1 p>ties1 envy+s1 drunk5ness1 revell+s1 & su* l3 ( ! :i* ,i =ew>n y1 ev5 z ,i did =ew>n y1 t !y :i* practise su* ?+s %all n inh]it ! k+dom ( ,god4--,,gal4 v4 #ai-ba4 ,! tree is kn[n by its fruits3 ! fle% by its works4 ,& ^! works are manife/4 ,! field ( ! _w--?is pres5t evil _w 7*4 i4 #d7--;exhibits !m 9 rank abundance4 ,p]haps at no "t 0 ! civilis$ _w s deprav$ & godless z 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 :5 ,tib]ius1 ,caligula1 ,n]o1 ,domitian1 wore ! imp]ial purple & pos$ z ma/]s ( ! e>?4 ,x 0 ! cruelty & vil5ess ( ! times :i* culm9at$ 9 ^! deifi$ mon/]s4 ,by no accid5t 0 mank9d curs$ at ?is epo* ) su* a race ( rul]s4 ,! _w t wor%ipp$ !m 0 wor?y ( !m4 ,vice appe>$ 9 its mo/ revolt+ & ab&on$ =ms4 ,wick$ness 0 rampant & triumphant4 ,! age ( ! e>ly ,roman ,empire has left a f\l m>k 9 human hi/ory & lit]ature4 ,let ,tacitus & ,juv5al speak = x4 ,paul's enum]ation ( ! curr5t vices 9 ?is passage has h[ev] a "* ( its own4 ,x diff]s f ! descriptions drawn by ! same h& 9 o!r ,epi/les2 & ?is diff]5ce is due d\btless to ! "* ( 8 read]s4 ,_! temp]am5t 0 sangu9e2 _! disposition frank & impulsive4 ,s9s ( ly+ & inju/ice1 conspicu\s 9 o!r li/s1 are n f\nd 9 ?is4 ,f ^! vices ! ,galatic nature 0 comp>atively free4 ,s5sual s9s & s9s ( passion--un*a/ity1 v9dictiv5ess1 intemp]ance--occupy ! field4 ,to ^! mu/ be add$ idolatry1 common to ! ,pagan _w4 ,g5tile idolatry 0 alli$ ) ! practice ( impurity on ! "o side2 & on ! o!r1 ?r\gh ! evil ( sorc]y1 ) enmities & jeal\sies4 ,s t ^! works ( ! fle% belong to f\r di/9ct types ( depravity2 ?ree ( :i* come "u ! head ( immorality1 :ile ! f\r? is ! univ]sal pr9ciple ( ,pagan irreligion1 be+ 9 turn bo? cause & effect ( ! moral debasem5t connect$ ) x4 ,i4 ,! works ( ! fle% are ^!--=nication1 uncleanness1 lascivi\sness4 ,a d>k beg9n+6 ,s9s ( impurity f9d a place 9 e picture ( ,g5tile morals giv5 by ! ,apo/le4 ,9 :atev] direction he writes--to ,romans or ,cor9?ians1 ,galatians1 ,ephesians1 or ,!ssalonians--x is always necess>y to w>n aga9/ ^! evils4 ,!y are equally manife/ 9 hea!n lit]ature4 ,! ext5t to :i* !y /a9 ! pages ( ! ,greek & ,roman classics sets a heavy disc\nt aga9/ _! value z in/rum5ts ( ,*ri/ian education4 ,civilis$ society 9 ,paul's day 0 /eep$ 9 sexual corruption4 ,=nication 0 practically univ]sal4 ,few 7 f\nd1 ev5 among sev]e morali/s1 to condemn x4 ,! ov]?r[ ( ! spl5did classical civilisation1 due to ! ext9ction ( manly virtues 9 ! dom9ant race1 may be trac$ l>gely to ?is cause4 ,brave m5 are ! sons ( pure wom54 ,john 9 ! ,apocalypse has writt5 on ! br[ ( ,rome1 ! great city :i* reigne? ov] ! k+s ( ! e>?1 ?is leg5d3 ,babylon ! great1 "m ( h>lots 7,rev4 xvii4 #e74 ,:atev] symbolic mean+ ! say+ has1 9 its lit]al s5se x 0 t]ribly true4 ,our mod]n ,babylons1 unless !y purge !mselves1 may e>n ! same title & ! same doom4 ,9 writ+ to ,cor9?1 ! metropolis ( ,greek lic5ti\sness1 ,paul deals v solemnly & explicitly ) ?is vice4 ,he tea*es t ?is s91 above o!rs1 is committ$ aga9/ ! man's own body4 ,x is a pro/itution ( ! physical nature :i* ,jesus ,*ri/ wore & /ill we>s1 :i* ,he claims = ! temple ( ,8 ,_s1 & w raise f ! dead to %>e ,8 immortality4 ,impurity degrades ! body1 & x affronts 9 an especial degree ! ,holy ,_s :i* we h f ,god4 ,!re=e x /&s fir/ among/ ^! works ( ! fle% 9 :i* x %[s itself ho/ile & repugnant to ! ,_s ( our ,div9e son%ip4 ,jo9$ to ! h>lot 9 "o body1 ! vile (f5d] gives himself ov] 9 compact & communion to ! dom9ion ( ! fle%1 z truly z he :o is jo9$ to ! ,"l is "o _s ) ,him 7#a ,cor4 vi4 #ac-bj74 ,on ?is subject x is difficult to speak fai?fully & yet directly4 ,!re are _m happily 9 our %elt]$ ,*ri/ian homes :o sc>cely "k ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is hea!ni% vice1 except z x is nam$ 9 ,scripture4 ,to !m x is an evil ( ! pa/1 a nameless ?+ ( d>kness4 ,& x is well x %\ld be s4 ,k ( its horrors may be suitable = season$ social re=m]s1 & necess>y to ! publici/ :o mu/ und]/& ! wor/ z well z ! be/ ( ! _w he has to s]ve2 b common dec5cy =bids its be+ put )9 ! rea* ( boys & innoc5t maid5s4 ,newspap]s & novels :i* reek ( ! divorce-c\rt & trade 9 ! g>bage ( human life1 9 ?+s ( :i* x is a %ame ev5 to speak1 are no m fit = ord9>y consumption ?an ! air ( ! pe/-h\se is = brea?+4 ,!y are %e] poison to ! "y imag9ation1 :i* %\ld be f$ on :atsoev] ?+s are hon\rable & pure & lovely4 ,b bodily self-respect mu/ be le>n$ 9 good "t4 ,mode/y ( feel+ & *a/ity ( spee* mu/ adorn our y\?4 ,let m>riage be hon\rable 9 ! eyes ( all1 let ! old *ivalr\s s5tim5ts ( rev]5ce & g5tl5ess t[>ds wom5 be r5ew$ 9 our sons1 & our c\ntry's future is safe4 ,p]haps 9 our revolt f ,m>iolatry we ,prote/ants h too mu* =gott5 ! hon\r paid by ,jesus to ! ,virg9 ,"m1 & ! sacr$ness :i* ,8 bir? has conf]r$ on mo!rhood4 ,bless$1 said ! heav5ly voice1 art ?\ among wom54 ,all our si/]s are bless$ & dignifi$ 9 h]1 ! holy "m ( our ,"l 7,luke i4 #db1 #dc74adb #adb ,comp41 #a ,tim4 ii4 #ac-ae3 sav$ ?r\gh ! *ildbe>+--i4e41 surely1 ! be>+ ( ! ,*ild ,jesus1 ! se$ ( ! woman4 ,:]ev]1 & 9 :atev] =m1 ! (f5ce exi/s :i* violates ?is relation%ip1 ,paul's fi]y int]dict is ready to be laun*$ ^u x4 ,! ang] ( ,jesus burn$ aga9/ ?is s94 ,9 ! wanton look ,he disc]ns ! crime ( adult]y1 :i* 9 ! ,mosaic law 0 puni%$ ) dea? by /on+4 ,! ,"l is an av5g] 9 all ^! ?+s--9 ev]y?+ t t\*es ! hon\r ( ! human p]son & ! sanctity ( w$d$ life 7#a ,!ss4 iv4 #a-h74 ,! int]e/s t abet :or$om %\ld f9d 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,jesus ,*ri/ an organization pl$g$ to rel5tless w> aga9/ !m4 ,! man kn[n to practise ?is wick$ness is an enemy ( ,*ri/ & ( 8 race4 ,he %\ld be %unn$ z we w\ld %un a notori\s li>--or a fall5 woman4 ,paul's rule is explicit1 & b9d+ on all ,*ri/ians1 conc]n+ ! =nicator1 ! drunk>d1 ! extortion]--) su* a "o no1 n to eat 7#a ,cor4 v4 #i-aa74 ,t ,*ur* little des]ves ! "n ( a ,*ur* ( ,*ri/1 :i* has n means ( discipl9e suffici5t to f5ce its communion f ! pollut+ pres5ce ( su* a "o4 ,uncleanness & lascivi\sness are companions ( ! m specific impurity4 ,! =m] is ! g5]al quality ( ?is class ( evils1 & includes :atev] is contam9at+ 9 ^w or look1 9 ge/ure or 9 dress1 9 ?\ght or s5tim5t4 ,lascivi\sness is uncleanness op5 & %ameless4 ,! fil?y je/1 ! ogl+ glance1 ! debau*$ & s5sual face1 ^! tell _! own tale2 !y speak ( a s\l t has roll$ 9 corruption till respect = virtue has di$ out ( x4 ,9 ?is direction ! works ( ! fle% c g no fur!r4 ,a lascivi\s human creature is loa?som5ess itself4 ,to see x is l look+ ?r\gh a door into hell4 ,a lead+ critic ( our own times has1 "u ?is ^w ( ,paul's1 put 8 f+] ^u ! plague-spot 9 ! national life ( our ,gallic neighb\rs--,aselgeia1 or ,wantonness4 ,!re may be a c]ta9 tru? 9 ?is *>ge4 ,_! disposition 9 sev]al respects resembles t ( ,paul's ,galatians4 ,b we c sc>cely af=d to reproa* o!rs on ?is score4 ,engli% society is none too clean4 ,home is = our p ev]y:]e1 ?ank ,god1 ! nurs]y ( innoc5ce4 ,b outside its %elt]1 & beyond ! rea* ( ! "m's voice1 h[ _m p]ils await ! weak & unw>y4 ,9 ! night-/reets ( ! city ! /range woman spreads h] net1 ^: feet g d[n to dea?4 ,9 work%ops & bus9ess-(fices too (t5 co>se & vile language goes on un*eck$1 & "o un*a/e m9d w infect a :ole circle4 ,s*ools1 want+ 9 moral discipl9e1 may become sem9>ies ( impurity4 ,!re are cr[d$ qu>t]s 9 l>ge t[ns1 & wret*$ t5em5ts 9 _m a c\ntry village1 :]e ! conditions ( life are su* t dec5cy is impossible2 & a soil is prep>$ 9 :i* sexual s9 gr[s rankly4 ,to cleanse ^! *annels ( social life is inde$ a task ( ,h]cules2 b ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ is l\dly call$ to x4 ,h] vocation is 9 itself a purity crusade1 a w> decl>$ aga9/ all fil?9ess ( fle% & _s4 ,,ii4 ,next to lu/ 9 ?is procession ( ! ,vices comes idolatry4 ,9 ,paganism !y 7 associat$ by _m ties4 ,"s ( ! mo/ r5[n$ & popul> cults ( ! day 7 op5 purveyors ( s5suality & l5t to x ! sanctions ( religion4 ,idolatry is f\nd "h 9 fit company 7comp4 #a ,cor4 x4 #f-h74 ,pet]'s ,fir/ ,epi/le1 address$ to ! ,galatian ) o!r ,asiatic ,*ur*es1 speaks ( ! desire ( ! ,g5tiles z consi/+ 9 lascivi\sness1 lu/s1 w9ebibb+s1 revell+s1 c>\s+s1 & abom9able idolatries 7*4 iv4 #c74 ,idolatry =ms ! c5tre ( ! awful picture ( ,g5tile depravity drawn by our ,apo/le 9 8 lett] to ,rome 7*4 i474 ,x is1 z he !re %[s1 ! outcome ( man's native antipa?y to ! k ( ,god4 ,will+ly m5 took lies 9 ! place ( tru?1 & s]v$ ! creature r ?an ! ,creator4 ,!y m]g$ ,god 9 nature1 debas+ ! spiritual conception ( ! ,deity ) fle%ly attributes4 ,?is bl5d+ ( ,god ) ! _w gave rise1 among/ ! mass ( mank9d1 to ,poly!ism2 :ile 9 ! m9ds ( ! m reflective x assum$ a ,pan!i/ic %ape4 ,! manifold ( nature1 absorb+ ! ,div9e1 broke x up into gods _m & lords _m--gods ( ! e>? & sky & ocean1 gods & goddesses ( w>1 ( tillage1 ( love1 ( art1 ( /atecraft & h&icraft1 patrons ( human vices & follies z well z ( excell5cies1 *ang+ ) e climate & ) ! v>y+ moods & conditions ( _! wor%ipp]s4 ,no long] did x appe> t ,god made man 9 ,8 image2 n[ m5 made gods 9 ! lik5ess ( ! image ( corruptible man1 & ( w+$ & f\r-foot$ & creep+ ?+s4 ,:5 at la/ "u ! ,roman ,empire ! diff]5t ,pagan races bl5d$ _! cu/oms & fai?s1 & ! ,orontes fl[$ into ! ,tib]1 !re came ab\t a p]fect *aos ( religions4 ,gods ,greek & ,roman1 ,phrygian1 ,syrian1 ,egyptian jo/l$ ea* o!r 9 ! great cities--a colluvies deorum m bewild]+ ev5 ?an ! colluvies g5tium1--ea* cultus /riv+ to outdo ! re/ 9 extravagance & lic5ce4 ,! sy/em ( classic ,paganism 0 r$uc$ to impot5ce4 ,! false gods de/roy$ ea* o!r4 ,! mixture ( hea!n religions1 none ( !m pure1 produc$ complete demoralisation4 ,! ,jewi% mono!ism rema9$1 ! "o rock ( human fai? 9 ! mid/ ( ?is dissolution ( ! old nature-cre$s4 ,its conception ( ! ,godhead 0 n s mu* metaphysical z e?ical4 ,he> ,o ,israel1 says e ,jew to 8 fell[s1 ! ,"l our ,god is "o ,"l4 ,b t "o ,"l 0 also ! ,holy ,"o ( ,israel4 ,let 8 hol9ess be sulli$1 let ! ?\ght ( ! ,div9e e?ical transc5d5ce suff] eclipse1 & ,he s9ks back aga9 into ! manifold ( nature4 ,till ,god 0 manife/ 9 ! fle% ?r\gh ! s9less ,*ri/1 x 0 impossible to conceive ( a p]fect purity alli$ to ! natural4 ,to ! m9d ( ! ,israelite1 ,god's hol9ess 0 "o ) ! alon5ess 9 :i* he held ,himself sublimely alo( f all mat]ial =ms1 "o ) ! pure spirituality ( ,8 be+4 ,!re is none holy save ! ,"l2 nei!r is !re any rock l our ,god3 su* 0 8 l(ty cre$4 ,on ?is gr\nd prophecy c>ri$ on its inspir$ /ruggle aga9/ ! trem5d\s =ces ( naturalism4 ,:5 at l5g? ! victory ( spiritual religion 0 ga9$ 9 ,israel1 unbelief assum$ ano!r =m2 ! k ( ! ,div9e unity h>d5$ into a /]ile & fanatic legalism1 into ! idolatry ( dogma & tradition2 & ,scribe & ,ph>isee took ! place ( ,prophet & ( ,psalmi/4 ,! idolatry & immorality ( ! ,g5tile _w _h a common root4 ,god's ang]1 ! ,apo/le decl>$1 blaz$ =? equally aga9/ bo? 7,rom4 i4 #ah74 ,! mon/r\s =ms ( uncleanness !n preval5t 7 a fitt+ puni%m5t1 an inevitable consequ5ce ( hea!n impiety4 ,!y m>k$ ! l[e/ level to :i* human nature c fall 9 its apo/asy f ,god4 ,self-respect 9 man is ultimately bas$ on rev]5ce = ! ,div9e4 ,dis[n+ 8 ,mak]1 he degrades himself4 ,b5t on evil1 he mu/ bani% f 8 s\l t w>n+1 prote/+ image ( ! ,supreme ,hol9ess 9 :i* he 0 creat$4 ,he tempts 8 reason to d5y ,god :om 8 passions d>e defy4 ,!y did n l to reta9 ,god 9 _! k4 ,!y lov$ d>kness r ?an light1 because _! de$s 7 evil4 ,^! are t]rible accusations4 ,b ! hi/ory ( natural religion confirms _! tru?4 ,sorc]y is ! att5dant ( idolatry4 ,a l[1 naturali/ic conception ( ! ,div9e l5ds itself to immoral purposes4 ,m5 try to op]ate ^u x by mat]ial causes1 & to make x a p>tn] 9 evil4 ,su* is ! orig9 ( magic4 ,natural objects deem$ to possess sup]natural attributes1 z ! />s & ! flight ( birds1 h div9e om5s ascrib$ to !m4 ,drugs ( occult p[]1 & ?+s grotesque or curi\s made my/]i\s by ! fancy1 are cr$it$ ) influ5ce ov] ! ,nature-gods4 ,f ! use ( drugs 9 incantations & exorcisms ! ^w ph>makeia1 "h d5ot+ sorc]y1 took its mean+4 ,! sci5ce ( *emi/ry has de/roy$ a _w ( magic connect$ ) ! virtues ( h]bs4 ,^! sup]/itions =m$ a *ief bran* ( sorc]y & wit*craft1 & h fl\ri%$ "u _m =ms ( idolatry4 ,& ! magical arts 7 common in/rum5ts ( malice4 ,! sorc]]'s *>ms 7 9 requisition1 z 9 ! case ( ,balaam1 to curse "o's enemies1 to weave "s spell t %\ld involve !m 9 de/ruction4 ,accord+ly sorc]y f9ds its place !re betwe5 idolatry & enmities4 ,,iii4 ,on ?is latt] head ! ,apo/le enl>ges ) edify+ amplitude4 ,enmities1 /rife1 jeal\sies1 rag+s1 factions1 divisions1 p>ties1 envy+s--:at a li/6 ,eight out ( fifte5 ( ! works ( ! fle% manife/ to ,paul 9 writ+ to ,galatia belong to ?is "o category4 ,! ,celt all ov] ! _w is kn[n = a hot-temp]$ fell[4 ,he has high capabilities2 he is g5]\s1 en?usia/ic1 & impressionable4 ,meanness & trea*]y are =eign to 8 nature4 ,b he is irritable4 ,& x is 9 a va9 & irritable disposition t ^! vices are eng5d]$4 ,/rife & division h be5 prov]bial 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,gallic nations4 ,_! jeal\s temp] has too (t5 neutralis$ _! engag+ qualities2 & _! quickness & clev]ness h = ?is reason avail$ !m b little 9 competition ) m phlegmatic races4 ,9 ,highl& clans1 9 ,iri% septs1 9 ,fr5* w>s & ,revolutions ! same moral features reappe> :i* are f\nd 9 ?is del9eation ( ,galatic life4 ,?is p]si/5ce ( "* 9 ! races ( mank9d is "o ( ! mo/ impressive facts ( hi/ory4 ,enmities are private hatr$s or family feuds1 :i* break out op5ly 9 /rife4 ,?is is se5 9 ,*ur* affairs1 :5 m5 take opposite sides n s mu* f any decid$ diff]5ce ( judgem5t1 z f p]sonal dislike & ! disposition to ?w>t an oppon5t4 ,jeal\sies & wra?s 7or rages7 are passions att5d+ enmity & /rife4 ,!re is jeal\sy :]e "o's antagoni/ is a rival1 ^: success is felt z a wrong to oneself4 ,?is may be a sil5t passion1 repress$ by pride b consum+ ! m9d inw>dly4 ,rage is ! op5 eruption ( ang] :i*1 :5 p[]less to inflict injury1 w f9d v5t 9 furi\s language & m5ac+ ge/ures4 ,!re are natures 9 :i* ^! tempe/s ( rage take a p]fectly demonic =m4 ,! face gr[s livid1 ! limbs move convulsively1 ! n]v\s organism is seiz$ by a /orm ( fr5zy2 & until x has pass$1 ! man is lit]ally beside himself4 ,su* exhibitions are truly appall+4 ,!y are works ( ! fle% 9 :i*1 yield+ to its own ungov]n$ impulse1 x gives itself up to be possess$ by ,satan & is set on fire ( hell4 ,factions1 divisions1 p>ties are words synonym\s4 ,divisions is ! m neutral t]m1 & repres5ts ! /ate into :i* a community is ?r[n by ! work+ ( ! _s ( /rife4 ,factions imply m ( self-int]e/ & policy 9 ^? conc]n$2 p>ties are due r to self-w & op9ionativ5ess4 ,! ,greek ^w employ$ 9 ?is la/ in/ance1 z 9 #a ,cor4 xi4 #ai1 has become our h]esies4 ,x does n imply ( necessity any doctr9al diff]5ce z ! gr\nd ( ! p>ty di/9ctions 9 "q4 ,at ! same "t1 ?is expression is an advance on ^? =ego+1 po9t+ to su* divisions z h gr[n1 or ?reat5 to gr[ into di/9ct & organiz$ p>ties 7,lightfoot74 ,envy+s 7or grudges7 complete ?is bitt] s]ies4 ,?is t]m might h f\nd a place beside enmities & /rife4 ,/&+ :]e x does1 x seems to d5ote ! rankl+ ang]1 ! p]si/5t ill-w caus$ by p>ty-feuds4 ,! ,galatian qu>rels left beh9d !m grudges & res5tm5ts :i* became invet]ate4 ,^! envy+s1 ! fruit ( old cont5tions1 7 9 turn ! se$ ( new /rife4 ,settl$ ranc\r is ! la/ & wor/ =m ( cont5ti\sness4 ,x is s mu* m culpable ?an jeal\sy or rage1 z x has n ! excuse ( p]sonal conflict2 & x does n subside1 z ! fi]ce/ outbur/ ( passion may1 leav+ room = =giv5ess4 ,x nurses its rev5ge1 wait+1 l ,%ylock1 = ! "t :5 x %all fe$ fat its anci5t grudge4 ,:]e jeal\sy & faction are1 !re1 says ,james1 is confusion & e vile de$4 ,?is 0 ! /ate ( ?+s to :i* ! ,galatian societies 7 t5d+4 ,! ,judaiz]s _h s[n ! se$s ( discord1 & x _h fall5 on cong5ial soil4 ,paul has already invok$ ,*ri/'s law ( love to exorcise ?is _s ( de/ruction 7vv4 #ac-ae74 ,he tells ! ,galatians t _! va+lori\s & provok+ attitude t[>ds ea* o!r & _! envi\s disposition are entirely contr>y to ! life 9 ! ,_s :i* !y pr(ess$ to lead 7vv4 #be1 #bf71 & fatal to ! exi/5ce ( ! ,*ur*4 ,^! 7 ! passions ( ! fle% :i* mo/ ( all !y ne$$ to crucify4 ,,iv4 ,f9ally1 we come to s9s ( intemp]ance--drunk5ness1 revell+s1 & ! l4 ,^! are ! vices ( a b>b>\s p4 ,our ,teutonic & ,celtic =efa!rs 7 alike prone to ?is k9d ( excess4 ,pet] w>ns ! ,galatians aga9/ w9e-bibb+s1 revell+s1 c>\s+s4 ,! passion = /rong dr9k1 along ) lascivi\sness & lu/s on ! "o h&1 & abom9able idolatries on ! o!r1 _h 9 ,asia ,m9or swell$ into a cataclysm ( riot1 ov]:elm+ ! ,g5tile _w 7#a ,pet4 iv4 #c1 #d74 ,! ,greeks 7 a comp>atively sob] p4 ,! ,romans 7 m notori\s = gluttony ?an = h>d dr9k+4 ,! practice ( seek+ pleasure 9 intoxication is a remnant ( savag]y1 :i* exi/s to a %ameful ext5t 9 our own c\ntry4 ,x appe>s to h be5 preval5t ) ! ,galatians1 ^: ance/ors a few g5]ations back 7 nor!rn b>b>ians4 ,a /rong & raw animal nature is 9 itself a temptation to ?is vice4 ,= m5 expos$ to cold & h>d%ip1 ! intoxicat+ cup has a pot5t fasc9ation4 ,! fle%1 buffet$ by ! fatigues ( a r\gh day's "w1 f9ds a /range ze/ 9 its trea*]\s delights4 ,! man dr9ks & =gets 8 pov]ty1 & rememb]s 8 mis]y no m4 ,= ! h\r1 :ile ! spell is ^u him1 he is a k+2 he lives "u ano!r sun2 ! _w's weal? is 84 ,he wakes up to f9d himself a sot6 ,) rack$ head & un/rung frame he returns to ! toil & squalor ( 8 life1 add+ new wret*$ness to t he _h /riv5 to =get4 ,anon he says1 ,i w seek x yet aga96 ,:5 ! crav+ has once ma/]$ him1 its indulg5ce becomes 8 only pleasure4 ,su* m5 des]ve our deepe/ pity4 ,!y ne$ = _! salvation all ! safegu>ds t ,*ri/ian sympa?y & wisdom c ?r[ ar\nd !m4 ,!re are o!rs giv5 to mu* w9e1 = :om "o feels less compassion4 ,_! convivial indulg5ces are a "p ( _! g5]al habits ( luxury & s5suality1 an op51 flagrant triumph ( ! fle% ov] ! ,_s4 ,^! s9n]s require /]n rebuke & w>n+4 ,!y mu/ und]/& t ^? :o practise su* ?+s %all n inh]it ! k+dom ( ,god1 t he :o s[e? to 8 own fle%1 %all ( ! fle% reap corruption4 ,( ^! & _! l x 0 t ,jesus said1 ,woe unto y t laugh n[2 = ye %all m\rn & weep4 ,our ,briti% ,*ur*es at ! pres5t "t are m alive to ?is ?an p]haps to any o!r social evil4 ,!y are sett+ !mselves /]nly aga9/ drunk5ness1 & none too soon4 ,( all ! works ( ! fle% ?is has be51 if n ! mo/ pot5t1 c]ta9ly ! mo/ conspicu\s 9 ! havoc x has wr\ght among/ u4 ,its ru9\s effects are manife/ 9 e prison & asylum1 & 9 ! private hi/ory ( innum]able families 9 e /ation ( life4 ,:o is !re t has n lo/ a k9sman1 a fri5d1 or at lea/ a neighb\r or acqua9tance1 ^: life 0 wreck$ by ?is accurs$ passion8 ,mu* has be5 done1 & is do+1 to *eck its ravages4 ,b m rema9s to be accompli%$ be=e civil law & public op9ion %all furni% all ! protection aga9/ ?is evil necess>y = a p s tempt$ by climate & by con/itution z our own4 ,) =nication at ! beg9n+ & drunk5ness at ! end1 ,paul's description ( ! works ( ! fle% is1 alas6 f> inde$ f be+ out ( date4 ,! dread procession ( ! ,vices m>*es on be=e our eyes4 ,races & temp]am5ts v>y2 sci5ce has trans=m$ ! visible aspect ( life2 b ! rul+ appetites ( human nature are un*ang$1 its primitive vices are ) u to-day4 ,! complicat$ problems ( mod]n life1 ! gigantic evils :i* confront our social re=m]s1 are simply ! primeval corruptions ( mank9d 9 a new guise--! old lu/ & gre$ & hate4 ,"u 8 v5e] ( mann]s1 ! civiliz$ ,european1 unt\*$ by ! grace ( ! ,holy ,_s ( ,god1 is /ill apt to be f\nd a selfi%1 cunn+1 un*a/e1 rev5geful1 sup]/iti\s creature1 di/+ui%$ f 8 b>b>ian prog5itor *iefly by 8 bett] dress & m cultivat$ bra91 & 8 inf]ior agility4 ,witness ! great ,napoleon1 a v god ( ?is _w1 b 9 all t gives wor? to "* no bett] ?an a savage6 ,) ,europe turn$ into "o va/ camp & its nations groan+ audibly "u ! weight ( _! armam5ts1 ) hordes ( degrad$ wom5 infe/+ ! /reets ( its cities1 ) discont5t & social hatr$ sm\ld]+ ?r\gh\t its indu/rial populations1 we h small reason to boa/ ( ! triumphs ( mod]n civilisation4 ,bett] circum/ances d n make bett] m54 ,james' old "q has = our day a t]rible p]t95ce3 ,:5ce come w>s & fight+s among y8 ,come !y n h5ce1 ev5 ( y\r pleasures t w> 9 y\r memb]s8 ,ye lu/1 & h n3 ye kill1 & covet1 & _c obta94 ,ye ask & receive n1 because ye ask amiss1 t ye may sp5d x on y\r pleasures4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,fruit ,,( ,,! ,,_s4 ,b ! fruit ( ! ,_s is love1 joy1 peace1 longsuff]+1 k9dness1 goodness1 fai?1 meekness1 temp]ance3 aga9/ su* !re is no law4--,,gal4 v4 #bb1 #bc4 ,! tree is kn[n by its fruits4 ,su* 0 ! crit]ion ( religi\s pr(ession laid d[n by ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is te/ ,8 religion applies 9 ! fir/ in/ance to itself4 ,x proclaims a f9al judgem5t = all m52 x submits itself to ! pres5t judgem5t ( all m5--a judgem5t re/+ 9 ea* case on ! same gr\nd1 namely t ( fruit1 ( moral issue & effects4 ,= "* is ! true summum bonum2 x is ! ?+ :i* 9 our secret he>ts & 9 our bett] mom5ts we all admire & covet4 ,! cre$ :i* produces ! be/ & pure/ "*1 9 ! greate/ abundance & "u ! mo/ v>i$ conditions1 is t :i* ! _w w believe4 ,^! v]ses conta9 ! ideal ( "* furni%$ by ! gospel ( ,*ri/4 ,"h is ! religion ( ,jesus put 9 practice4 ,^! are ! s5tim5ts & habits1 ! views ( duty1 ! temp] ( m9d1 :i* fai? 9 ,jesus ,*ri/ t5ds to =m4 ,paul's conception ( ! ideal human life at once comm5ds itself to e man's consci5ce4 ,& he ow$ x to ! gospel ( ,*ri/4 ,8 e?ics are ! fruit ( 8 dogmatic fai?4 ,:at o!r sy/em ( belief has produc$ a l result1 or has =m$ 9 m5's m9ds ideas ( duty s reasonable & graci\s1 s j1 s balanc$ & p]fect1 & above all s practicable1 z ^? inculcat$ 9 ! ,apo/le's tea*+8 ,m5 d n ga!r grapes ( ?orns1 or figs ( ?i/les4 ,?\ghts ( ?is k9d1 lives ( ?is k9d1 are n ! product ( impo/ure or delusion4 ,! works ( sy/ems ( error are manife/ 9 ! moral wrecks !y leave beh9d !m1 /rew+ ! track ( hi/ory4 ,b ! virtues "h enum]at$ are ! fruits :i* ! ,_s ( ,*ri/ has br\ght =?1 & br+s =? at ?is day m abundantly ?an ev]4 ,z a !ory ( morals1 a repres5tation ( :at is be/ 9 conduct1 ,*ri/ian tea*+ has held = #ahjj ye>s an unrivall$ place4 ,*ri/ & ,8 ,apo/les are /ill ! ma/]s ( morality4 ,few h be5 bold en\gh to (f] any improvem5ts on ! e?ics ( ,jesus2 & small] /ill has be5 ! acceptance :i* _! proposals h obta9$4 ,! new idea ( virtue :i* ,*ri/ianity has giv5 to ! _w1 ! en]gy x has imp>t$ to ! moral w1 ! imm5se & b5eficial revolutions x has br\ght ab\t 9 human society1 supply a p[]ful argum5t = its div9ity4 ,mak+ e d$uction = unfai?ful ,*ri/ians1 :o di%on\r ! wor?y "n !y be>1 /ill ! fruit ( ! ,_s ga!r$ 9 ^! eighte5 c5turies is a glori\s witness to ! virtue ( ! tree ( life f :i* x grew4 ,?is picture ( ! ,*ri/ian life takes its place side by side ) o!rs f\nd 9 ,paul's ,epi/les4 ,x recalls ! figure ( ,*>ity 9 #a ,cor4 xiii41 ackn[l$g$ by morali/s ( e s*ool to be a ma/]-piece ( *>act]ization4 ,x /&s 9 l9e also ) ! (t-quot$ enum]ation ( ,phil4 iv4 #h3 ,:atsoev] ?+s are true1 :atsoev] ?+s are rev]5d1 :atsoev] ?+s are j1 :atsoev] ?+s are *a/e1 :atsoev] ?+s are lovely1 :atsoev] ?+s are k9dly spok51 if !re be any virtue1 & if !re be any praise1 ?9k on ^! ?+s4 ,^! repres5tations d n pret5d to !oretical complet5ess4 ,x w\ld be easy to specify important virtues n m5tion$ 9 ! ,apo/le's categories4 ,8 descriptions h a practical aim1 & press on ! att5tion ( 8 read]s ! special =ms & qualities ( virtue dem&$ f !m1 "u ! giv5 circum/ances1 by _! fai? 9 ,*ri/4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ! ,apo/le's def9itions ) ,plato's celebrat$ s*eme ( ! f\r c>d9al virtues4 ,!y are wisdom1 c\rage1 temp]ance1 ) righte\sness z ! union & co-ord9ation ( ! o!r ?ree4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ca/ ( ! ,platonic & ,paul9e e?ics is mo/ in/ructive4 ,9 ! ,apo/le's catalogue ! fir/ two ( ! philosophical virtues are want+2 unless c\rage be includ$1 z x prop]ly may1 "u ! "n ( virtue 9 ! ,philippian li/4 ,) ! ,greek ?9k]1 wisdom is ! fundam5tal excell5ce ( ! s\l4 ,k is 9 8 view ! supreme desid]atum1 ! gu>antee = moral heal? & social well-be+4 ,! philosoph] is ! p]fect man1 ! prop] rul] ( ! commonweal?4 ,intellectual culture br+s 9 its tra9 e?ical improvem5t4 ,= no man is kn[+ly vici\s3 su* 0 ! dictum ( ,socrates1 ! fa!r ( ,philosophy4 ,9 ! e?ics ( ! gospel1 love becomes ! *ief ( virtues1 p>5t ( ! re/4 ,love & humility are ! two features ^: pr$om9ance di/+ui%es ! ,*ri/ian f ! pure/ classical conceptions ( moral wor?4 ,! e?ics ( ,naturalism "k love z a passion1 a s5su\s in/9ct 772 or aga91 z ! p]sonal affection :i* b9ds fri5d to fri5d ?r\gh common int]e/ or resemblance ( ta/e & disposition 774 ,love 9 its highe/ s5se 77 ,*ri/ianity has re-discov]$1 f9d+ 9 x a univ]sal law = ! reason & _s4 ,x assigns to ?is pr9ciple a l place to t :i* gravitation holds 9 ! mat]ial univ]se1 z ! attraction :i* b9ds ea* man to 8 ,mak] & to 8 fell[s4 ,its obligations neutralise self-int]e/ & create a spiritual solid>ity ( mank9d1 c5tr+ 9 ,*ri/1 ! ,god-man4 ,pre-,*ri/ian philosophy exalt$ ! intellect1 b left ! he>t cold & vacant1 & ! deep] spr+s ( w unt\*$4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ,jesus ,*ri/ to tea* m5 h[ to love1 & 9 love to f9d ! law ( fre$om4 ,if love 0 want+ 9 natural e?ics1 humility 0 positively exclud$4 ,! pride ( philosophy reg>d$ x z a vice r ?an a virtue4 ,l[l9ess is rank$ ) pett9ess & rep9+ & despond5cy z ! product ( littl5ess ( s\l4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! man ( l(ty s\l is held up to admiration1 :o is wor?y ( great ?+s & deems himself s1--:o is n giv5 to wond]1 = no?+ seems great to him1--:o is a%am$ to receive b5efits1 & has ! appe>ance inde$ ( be+ sup]cili\s 7,ari/otle74 ,h[ f> remov$ is ?is model f our ,example :o has said1 ,le>n ( ,me1 = ,i am meek & l[ly 9 he>t4 ,! classical idea ( virtue is bas$ on ! greatness ( man2 ! ,*ri/ian1 on ! goodness ( ,god4 ,be=e ! ,div9e glory 9 ,jesus ,*ri/ ! s\l ( ! believ] b[s 9 adoration4 ,x is humbl$ at ! ?rone ( grace1 *a/5$ into self-=gett+4 ,x gazes on ?is ,image ( love & hol9ess1 till x repeats itself )9 ! he>t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n9e virtues are wov5 toge!r 9 ?is gold5 *a9 ( ! ,holy ,_s's fruit4 ,!y fall into ?ree gr\ps ( ?ree1 f\r1 & two respectively--accord+ z !y ref] prim>ily to ,god1 love1 joy1 peace2 to "o's fell[-m51 longsuff]+1 k9dness1 goodness1 fai?2 & to oneself1 meekness1 temp]ance4 ,b ! successive qualities are s closely l9k$ & pass into "o ano!r ) s little di/ance1 t x is undesirable to emphasize ! analysis2 & :ile be>+ ! above di/9ctions 9 m9d1 we %all seek to give to ea* ( ! n9e graces its sep>ate place 9 ! catalogue4 #a4 ,! fruit ( ! ,_s is love4 ,t fitlie/ fir/4 ,love is ! ,alpha & ,omega ( ! ,apo/le's ?\ghts conc]n+ ! new life 9 ,*ri/4 ,?is que5 ( graces is already en?ron$ )9 ?is *apt]4 ,9 v]4 #f ,love came =w>d to be ! m9i/] ( ,fai?2 9 v]4 #ad x reappe>$ z ! rul+ pr9ciple ( ,div9e law4 ,^! two (fices ( love are unit$ "h1 :]e x becomes ! prime fruit ( ! ,holy ,_s ( ,god1 to :om ! he>t is op5$ by ! act ( fai?1 & :o enables u to keep ,god's law4 ,love is ! fulfill+ ( ! law2 = x is ! ess5ce ( ! gospel2 x is ! _s ( son%ip2 )\t ?is ,div9e affection1 no pr(ession ( fai?1 no practice ( good works has any value 9 ! sight ( ,god or intr9sic moral wor?4 ,?\gh ,i h all o!r gifts & m]its--want+ ?is1 ,i am no?+ 7#a ,cor4 xiii4 #a-c74 ,! cold he>t is dead4 ,:atev] appe>s to be ,*ri/ian t has n ! love ( ,*ri/1 is an unreality--a matt] ( or?odox op9ion or me*anical p]=mance--dead z ! body )\t ! _s4 ,9 all true goodness !re is an elem5t ( love4 ,"h !n is ! f\nta9-head ( ,*ri/ian virtue1 ! well ( wat] spr++ up into et]nal life :i* ,*ri/ op5s 9 ! believ+ s\l1 f :i* fl[ s _m b\nte\s /reams ( m]cy & good fruits4 ,?is love is1 9 ! fir/ in/ance & above all1 love to ,god4 ,x spr+s f ! k ( ,8 love to man4 ,god is love1 & love is ( ,god 7#a ,john iv4 #g1 #h74 ,all love fl[s f "o f\nta91 f ! ,"o ,fa!r4 ,& ! ,fa!r's love is reveal$ 9 ! ,son4 ,love has ! cross = its measure & /&>d4 ,he s5t ! ,only-begott5 into ! _w1 t we might live ?r\gh ,him4 ,h]e9 is love3 h]eby "k we love 7#a ,john iii4 #af2 iv4 #i1 #aj74 ,! man :o kn[s ?is love1 ^: he>t responds to ! manife/ation ( ,god 9 ,*ri/1 is born ( ,god4 ,8 s\l is ready to become ! abode ( all pure affections1 8 life ! exhibition ( all ,*ri/-l virtues4 ,= ! love ( ! ,fa!r is reveal$ to him2 & ! love ( a son is enk9dl$ 9 8 s\l by ! ,_s ( ! ,son4 ,9 ,paul's tea*+1 love =ms ! anti!sis to k4 ,by ?is opposition ! wisdom ( ,god is di/+ui%$ f ! wisdom ( ?is _w & ( its pr9ces1 :i* come to n\ght 7#a ,cor4 i4 #bc2 ii4 #h2 viii4 #a1 #c74 ,n t love despises k1 or seeks to disp5se ) x4 ,x requires k be=eh& 9 ord] to disc]n its object1 & aft]w>ds to und]/& its "w4 ,s ! ,apo/le prays = ! ,philippians t _! love may ab\nd yet m & m 9 k & all disc]nm5t 7*4 i4 #i1 #aj74 ,x is n love )\t k1 heat )\t light1 ! w>m? ( an ignorant1 untemp]$ zeal t ! ,apo/le desid]ates4 ,b he deplores ! exi/5ce ( k )\t love1 a cle> head ) a cold he>t1 an intellect ^: gr[? has left ! affections />v$ & /unt$1 ) enlight5$ appreh5sions ( tru? t awak5 no correspond+ emotions4 ,h5ce comes ! pride ( reason1 ! k t puffe? up4 ,love alone kn[s ! art ( build+ up4 ,loveless k is n wisdom4 ,= wisdom is l[ly 9 h] own eyes1 mild & graci\s4 ,:at ! man ( cold intellect sees1 he sees cle>ly2 he reasons on x well4 ,b 8 data are defective4 ,he disc]ns b ! half1 ! poor] half ( life4 ,!re is a :ole heav5 ( facts ( :i* he takes no acc\nt4 ,he has an acute & s5sitive p]ception ( ph5om5a com+ )9 ! range ( 8 five s5ses1 & ( ev]y?+ t logic c elicit f su* ph5om5a4 ,b he _c see af> (f4 ,above all1 he t love? n1 kn[e? n ,god4 ,he leaves out ! ,supreme ,factor 9 human life2 & all 8 calculations are vitiat$4 ,ha? n ,god made fooli% ! wisdom ( ! _w8 ,if k !n is ! enlight5$ eye1 love is ! ?robb+1 liv+ he>t ( ,*ri/ian goodness4 #b4 ,! fruit ( ! ,_s is joy4 ,joy dwells 9 ! h\se ( ,love2 nor else:]e w %e t>ry4 ,love is ! mi/ress bo? ( joy & sorr[4 ,wrong$1 fru/rat$1 h]s is ! bitt]e/ ( griefs4 ,love makes u capable ( pa9 & %ame2 b equally ( triumph & delight4 ,!re=e ! ,lov] ( mank9d 0 ! ,man ( sorr[s1 ^: love b>$ its brea/ to ! arr[s ( scorn & hate2 & yet = ! joy t 0 set be=e ,him1 ,he endur$ ! cross1 despis+ ! %ame4 ,!re 0 no sorr[ l t ( ,*ri/ reject$ & crucifi$2 no joy l ! joy ( ,*ri/ ris5 & reign+4 ,?is joy1 ! delight ( love satisfi$ 9 ^? x loves1 is t ^: fulfilm5t ,he has promis$ to ,8 disciples 7,john xv4 #h-aa74 ,su* joy ! selfi% he>t nev] kn[s4 ,life's *oice/ bless+s1 heav5's highe/ fav\rs fail to br+ x happ9ess4 ,s5su\s gratification1 & ev5 intellectual pleasure by itself wants ! true note ( gladness4 ,!re is no?+ t ?rills ! :ole nature1 t /irs ! pulses ( life & sets !m danc+1 l ! t\* ( a pure love4 ,x is ! pe>l ( great price1 = :i* if a man w\ld give all ! sub/ance ( 8 h\se1 he w\ld be utt]ly contemn$4 ,b ( all ! joys love gives to life1 t is ! deepe/ :i* is ours :5 ! love ( ,god is %$ abroad 9 our he>t4 ,!n ! full tide ( bless$ness p\rs into ! human _s4 ,!n we "k ( :at happ9ess our nature 0 made capable1 :5 we "k ! love t ,god ha? t[>d u4 ,?is joy 9 ! ,"l quick5s & elevates1 :ile x cleanses1 all o!r emotions4 ,x raises ! :ole temp]ature ( ! he>t4 ,x gives a new gl[ to life4 ,x l5ds a w>m] & a pur] tone to our natural affections4 ,x %$s a div9] mean+1 a bright] aspect ov] ! common face ( e>? & sky4 ,x ?r[s a radiance ( hope ^u ! toils & we>9ess ( mortality4 ,x glories 9 tribulation4 ,x triumphs 9 dea?4 ,he :o lives 9 ! ,_s _c be a dull1 or peevi%1 or melan*oly man4 ,"o ) ,*ri/ 8 heav5ly ,"l1 he beg9s already to ta/e ,8 joy1--a joy :i* none take? away & :i* _m sorr[s _c qu5*4 ,joy is ! beam+ c\nt5ance1 ! ela/ic /ep1 ! s++ voice ( ,*ri/ian goodness4 #c4 ,b joy is a ?+ ( seasons4 ,x has its ebb & fl[1 & w\ld n be itself if x 7 con/ant4 ,x is cross$1 v>i$1 %ad[$ unceas+ly4 ,on e>? sorr[ ev] foll[s 9 its track1 z night *ases day4 ,no "o knew ?is bett] ?an ,paul4 ,sorr[ful1 he says ( himself 7#b ,cor4 vi4 #aj71 yet always rejoic+3 a cont9ual alt]nation1 sorr[ ?reat5+ e mom5t to ext+ui%1 b s]v+ to enhance 8 joy4 ,joy leans ^u h] grav] si/] ,peace4 ,!re is no?+ fitful or febrile 9 ! quality ( ,peace4 ,x is a settl$ quiet ( ! he>t1 a deep1 brood+ my/]y t passe? all und]/&+1 ! /illness ( et]nity ent]+ ! _s1 ! ,sabba? ( ,god 7,heb4 iv4 #i74 ,x is !irs :o are ju/ifi$ by fai? 7,rom4 v4 #a1 #b74 ,x is ! beque/ ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 7,john xiv4 #bg74 ,he made peace = u ?r\gh ! blood ( ,8 cross4 ,he has reconcil$ u ) ! et]nal law1 ) ! ,w t rules all ?+s )\t ef=t or di/urbance4 ,we pass f ! region ( misrule & mad rebellion into ! k+dom ( ! ,son ( ,god's love1 ) its ord]$ fre$om1 its cle> & tranquil light1 its c5tral peace1 subsi/+ at ! he>t ( endless agitation4 ,aft] ! w> ( ! passions1 aft] ! tempe/s ( d\bt & fe>1 ,*ri/ has spok51 ,peace1 be /ill6 ,a great calm spreads ov] ! tr\bl$ wat]s2 w9d & wave lie d[n hu%$ at ,8 feet4 ,! demonic p[]s t la%$ ! s\l into tumult1 vani% be=e ,8 holy pres5ce4 ,! ,_s ( ,jesus takes possession ( m9d & he>t & w4 ,& ,8 fruit is peace--always peace4 ,?is "o virtue takes ! place ( ! manifold =ms ( cont5tion :i* make life a *aos & a mis]y4 ,:ile ,he rules1 ! peace ( ,god gu>ds ! he>t & ?\ghts & holds !m safe f inw>d mut9y or outw>d assault2 & ! dissolute1 turbul5t tra9 ( ! works ( ! fle% f9d ! gates ( ! s\l b>r$ aga9/ !m4 ,peace is ! calm1 unruffl$ br[1 ! pois$ & ev5 temp] :i* ,*ri/ian goodness we>s4 #d4 ,! he>t at peace ) ,god has pati5ce ) m54 ,*>ity suff]e? long4 ,%e is n provok$ by opposition2 nor s\r$ by inju/ice2 no1 nor cru%$ by m5's contempt4 ,%e c af=d to wait2 = tru? & love w conqu] 9 ! end4 ,%e kn[s 9 ^: h& h] cause is1 & rememb]s h[ long ,he has suff]$ ! unbelief & rebellion ( an ins5sate _w2 %e consid]s ,him t endur$ su* contradiction ( s9n]s aga9/ ,himself4 ,m]cy & longsuff]+ are qualities t we %>e ) ,god ,himself1 9 :i* ,god 01 & is1 manife/ 9 ! fle%4 ,9 ?is ripe fruit ( ! ,_s !re are jo9$ ! love ( ,god1 & ! pati5ce ( ,*ri/ 7#b ,!ss4 iii4 #e74 ,longsuff]+ is ! pati5t magnanimity ( ,*ri/ian goodness1 ! broad %\ld]s on :i* x be>e? all ?+s 7#a ,cor4 xiii4 #g74 #e4 ,*>ity suff]e? long & is k9d4 ,g5tl5ess 7or k9dness1 z ! ^w is m frequ5tly & bett] r5d]$17 resembles longsuff]+ 9 f9d+ its *ief objects 9 ! evil & un?ankful4 ,b :ile ! latt] is passive & self-conta9$1 k9dness is an active1 busy virtue4 ,%e is moreov] ( a humble & t5d] _s1 /oop+ to ! l[e/ ne$1 ?9k+ no?+ too small 9 :i* %e may help1 ready to give back bless+ = curs+1 b5efit = h>m & wrong4 ,k9dness is ! ?\ghtful insight1 ! delicate tact1 ! g5tle m9i/]+ h& ( ,*>ity4 #f4 ,l9k$ ) k9dness comes goodness1 :i* is its o!r self1 diff]+ f x only z tw9 si/]s may1 ea* fair] = ! beauty ( ! o!r4 ,goodness is p]haps m afflu5t1 m ca?olic 9 its b\nty2 k9dness m delicate & discrim9at+4 ,! =m] looks to ! b5efit conf]r$1 seek+ to make x z l>ge & full z possible2 ! latt] has respect to ! recipi5ts1 & /udies to suit _! necessity4 ,:ile k9dness makes its opportunities1 & seeks out ! mo/ ne$y & mis]able1 goodness ?r[s its doors op5 to all com]s4 ,goodness is ! m mascul9e & l>ge-he>t$ =m ( *>ity2 & if x errs1 errs ?r\gh blund]+ & want ( tact4 ,k9dness is ! m fem99e2 & may err ?r\gh exclusiv5ess & n>r[ness ( view4 ,unit$1 !y are p]fect4 ,goodness is ! hone/1 g5]\s face1 ! op5 h& ( ,*>ity4 #g4 ,?is procession ( ! ,virtues has conduct$ u1 9 ! ord] ( ,div9e grace1 f ! ?\ght ( a lov+1 =giv+ ,god1 ! ,object ( our love1 our joy & peace1 to t ( an evil-do+1 unhappy _w1 ) its ne$ ( longsuff]+ & k9dness2 & we n[ come to ! inn]1 sacr$ circle ( bre?r5 belov$ 9 ,*ri/1 :]e1 ) goodness1 fai?--t is1 tru/fulness1 confid5ce--is call$ into ex]cise4 ,! ,au?oris$ r5d]+ fai? seems to u 9 ?is in/ance pref]able to ! fai?fulness ( ! ,revis]s4 ,possibly1 says ,bi%op ,lightfoot31 may "h signify 'tru/fulness1 reliance1' 9 "o's deal+s ) o!rs2 comp4 #a ,cor4 xiii4 #g3 we %\ld pref] to say probably1 or ev5 unmi/akably1 to ?is4 ,! use ( pi/is 9 any o!r s5se is r>e & d\btful 9 ,paul's ,epi/les4 ,x is true t ,god or ,*ri/ is else:]e impli$ z ! object ( fai?2 b :]e ! ^w /&s1 z x does "h1 9 a s]ies ( qualities belong+ to human relation%ips1 x f9ds1 9 agreem5t ) its curr5t mean+1 ano!r application4 ,z a l9k betwe5 goodness & meekness1 tru/fulness1 & no?+ else1 appe>s to be 9 place4 ,! p>allel expression ( #a ,cor4 xiii41 ( :i* *apt] we f9d s _m e*oes 9 ! text1 we take to be decisive3 ,*>ity believe? all ?+s4 ,! fai? t unites man to ,god1 9 turn jo9s man to 8 fell[s4 ,fai? 9 ! ,div9e ,fa!rhood becomes tru/ 9 ! human bro!rhood4 ,9 ?is g5]\s attribute ! ,galatians 7 sadly defici5t4 ,hon\r all m51 wrote ,pet] to !m2 love ! bro!rhood 7#a ,pet4 ii4 #ag74 ,_! facti\sness & jeal\sies 7 ! exact opposite ( ?is fruit ( ! ,_s4 ,little 0 !re to be f\nd 9 !m ( ! love t envie? & vaunte? n1 :i* impute? n evil1 nor rejoice? 9 unrighte\sness1 :i* be>e?1 believe?1 hope?1 endure? all ?+s4 ,!y ne$$ m fai? 9 man1 z well z 9 ,god4 ,! true he>t kn[s h[ to tru/4 ,he :o d\bts e "o is ev5 m deceiv$ ?an ! man :o bl9dly confides 9 e "o4 ,!re is no m mis]able vice ?an cynicism2 no man m ill-condition$ ?an he :o c\nts all ! _w knaves or fools except himself4 ,?is poison ( mi/ru/1 ?is bit+ acid ( scepticism is a fruit ( irreligion4 ,x is "o ( ! sure/ signs ( social & national decay4 ,! ,*ri/ian man kn[s n only h[ to /& alone & to be> all ?+s1 b also h[ to lean on o!rs1 /r5g!n+ himself by _! /r5g? & support+ !m 9 weakness4 ,he delights to ?9k o!rs bett] ?an himself2 & "h meekness is "o ) fai?4 ,8 own goodness gives him an eye = ev]y?+ t is be/ 9 ^? ar\nd him4 ,tru/fulness is ! w>m1 firm clasp ( fri5d%ip1 ! g5]\s & loyal homage :i* goodness ev] pays to goodness4 #h4 ,meekness1 z we h se51 is ! o!r side ( fai?4 ,x is n tam5ess & want ( _s1 z ^? :o judge aft] ! fle% are apt to ?9k4 ,nor is meekness ! m]e quietness ( a retir+ disposition4 ,! man ,moses 0 v meek1 above all ! m5 :i* 7 ^u ! face ( ! e>?4 ,x comports ) ! highe/ c\rage & activity2 & is a qualification = public lead]%ip4 ,jesus ,*ri/ /&s be=e u z ! p]fect patt]n ( meekness4 ,i intreat y1 pleads ! ,apo/le ) ! self-ass]t+ ,cor9?ians1 by ! meekness & g5tl5ess ( ,*ri/6 ,meekness is self-repression 9 view ( ! claims & ne$s ( o!rs2 x is ! *>ity :i* seeke? n h] own1 looke? n to h] own ?+s1 b to ! ?+s ( o!rs4 ,= h]1 self is ( no acc\nt 9 comp>ison ) ,*ri/ & ,8 k+dom1 & ! hon\r ( ,8 bre?r54 ,meekness is ! cont5t & quiet mi51 ! will+ self-effacem5t t is ! m>k ( ,*ri/like goodness4 #i4 ,f9ally temp]ance1 or self-control1--?ird ( ,plato's c>d9al virtues4 ,by ?is la/ l9k ! *a9 ( ! virtues1 at its high] end atta*$ to ! ?rone ( ! ,div9e love & m]cy1 is fa/5$ firmly d[n into ! actualities ( daily habit & bodily regim54 ,temp]ance1 to *ange ! figure1 closes ! array ( ! graces1 hold+ ! po/ ( ! re>-gu>d :i* *ecks all /raggl+ & protects ! m>* f surprise & trea*]\s ov]?r[4 ,if meekness is ! virtue ( ! :ole man z he /&s be=e 8 ,god & 9 ! mid/ ( 8 fell[s1 temp]ance is t ( 8 body1 ! t5em5t & in/rum5t ( ! reg5]ate _s4 ,x is ! anti!sis ( drunk5ness & revell+s1 :i* clos$ ! li/ ( works ( ! fle%1 j z ! prec$+ graces1 f peace to meekness1 are oppos$ to ! multipli$ =ms ( enmity & /rife4 ,among/ ourselves v commonly ! same limit$ contra/ is impli$4 ,b to make temp]ance signify only or *iefly ! avoidance ( /rong dr9k is mis]ably to n>r[ its significance4 ,x cov]s ! :ole range ( moral discipl9e1 & conc]ns e s5se & passion ( our nature4 ,temp]ance is a practis$ ma/]y ( self4 ,x holds ! re9s ( ! *>iot ( life4 ,x is ! /eady & prompt control ( ! outlook+ s5sibilities & appet5cies1 & inw>dly mov+ desires4 ,! tongue1 ! h& & foot1 ! eye1 ! temp]1 ! ta/es & affections1 all require 9 turn to feel its curb4 ,he is a temp]ate man1 9 ! ,apo/le's mean+1 :o holds himself well 9 h&1 :o meets temptation z a discipl9$ army meets ! %ock ( battle1 by skill & al]tness & temp]$ c\rage baffl+ ! =ces t outnumb] x4 ,?is also is a fruit ( ! ,_s--?\gh we may c\nt x ! l[e/ & lea/1 yet z indisp5sable to our salvation z ! love ( ,god itself4 ,= ! lack ( ?is safegu>d h[ _m a sa9t has /umbl$ into folly & %ame6 ,x is no small ?+ = ! ,holy ,_s to accompli% 9 u1 no mean prize = :i* we /rive 9 seek+ ! cr[n ( a p]fect self-control4 ,?is ma/]y ov] ! fle% is 9 tru? ! rightful pr]ogative ( ! human _s1 ! dignity f :i* x fell ?r\gh s91 & :i* ! gift ( ! ,_s ( ,*ri/ re/ores4 ,& ?is virtue 9 a ,*ri/ian man is ex]cis$ = ! beho( ( o!rs1 z well z = 8 own4 ,i keep my body "u1 cries ! ,apo/le1 ,i make x my slave & n my ma/]2 le/1 hav+ prea*$ to o!rs1 ,i myself %\ld be a ca/away--t is self-reg>d1 m]e common prud5ce2 b aga91 ,x is good n to eat fle%1 nor dr9k w9e1 nor to d any?+ :]eby a bro!r is made to /umble or made weak 7#a ,cor4 ix4 #bg2 ,rom4 xiv4 #ba74 ,temp]ance is ! gu>d$ /ep1 ! sob]1 measur$ walk 9 :i* ,*ri/ian goodness keeps ! way ( life1 & makes /raight pa?s = /umbl+ & /ray+ feet4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,our ,,bro!r',s ,,burd5 ,,& ,,our ,,own4 ,bre?r51 ev5 if a man be ov]tak5 9 any trespass1 ye :i* are spiritual1 re/ore su* a "o 9 a _s ( meekness2 look+ to ?yself1 le/ ?\ also be tempt$4 ,be> ye "o ano!r's burd5s1 & s fulfil ! law ( ,*ri/4 ,= if a man ?9ke? himself to be some?+1 :5 he is no?+1 he deceive? himself4 ,b let ea* man prove 8 own "w1 & !n %all he h 8 glory+ 9 reg>d ( himself alone1 & n ( 8 neighb\r4 ,= ea* man %all be> 8 own burd54--,,gal4 vi4 #a-e4 ,! division ( ! *apt]s at ?is po9t is almo/ z un=tunate z t betwe5 *aps4 iv4 & v4 ,! introductory ,bre?r5 is n a =m ( transition to a new topic2 x calls 9 ! bro!rly love ( ! ,galatians to put an end to ! bick]+s & recrim9ations :i* ! ,apo/le has c5sur$ 9 ! prec$+ v]ses4 ,h[ unseemly = bre?r5 to be va+lori\s t[>ds ea* o!r1 to be provok+ & envy+ "o ano!r6 ,if !y are spiritual m51 !y %\ld look m consid]ately on ! faults ( _! neighb\rs1 m s]i\sly on _! own responsibilities4 ,! ,galatic temp]am5t1 z we h se51 0 prone to ! mis*iev\s vanity :i* ! ,apo/le "h reproves4 ,^? :o _h1 or fanci$ !y _h1 "s sup]iority ov] o!rs 9 tal5t or 9 "*1 prid$ !mselves ^u x4 ,ev5 spiritual gifts 7 made matt] ( o/5tation2 & display on ! "p ( ! m gift$ excit$ ! jeal\sy ( inf]ior bre?r54 ,! same disposition :i* manife/s itself 9 arrogance on ! "o side1 on ! o!r takes ! =m ( discont5t & envy4 ,! he>t-burn+s & ! social t5sion :i* ?is /ate ( ?+s creates1 make e *ance collision a dang]2 & ! slighte/ w\nd is inflam$ into a rankl+ sore4 ,! /umbl+ bro!r is pu%$ on into a fall2 & ! fall5 man1 :o might h be5 help$ to 8 feet1 is left to lie !re1 ! object ( unpity+ reproa*4 ,inde$1 ! lapse ( 8 neighb\r is to ! va+lori\s man a cause ( satisfaction r ?an ( sorr[4 ,! o!r's weakness s]ves = a foil to 8 /r5g?4 ,in/ead ( /oop+ d[n to re/ore su* a "o1 he holds /iffly alo( 9 ! em95ce ( consci\s virtue2 & be>s himself m pr\dly 9 ! lu/re add$ to 8 piety by 8 fell['s disgrace4 ,god1 ,i ?ank ,!e1 he seems to say1 t ,i am n z o!r m51--nor ev5 z ?is wret*$ backslid]6 ,! compellation ,bre?r5 is itself a rebuke to su* he>tless pride4 ,!re are two reflections :i* %\ld in/antly correct ! _s ( va9-glory4 ,! ,apo/le appeals 9 ! fir/ place to bro!rly love1 to ! claims t an err+ fell[-,*ri/ian has ^u our sympa?y1 to ! meekness & =be>ance :i* ! ,_s ( grace inspires1 9 f9e to ,*ri/'s law :i* makes compassion our duty4 ,at ! same "t he po9ts out to u our own infirmity & exposure to temptation4 ,he rem9ds u ( ! weight ( our individual responsibility & ! f9al acc\nt await+ u4 ,a prop] s5se at once ( ! rights ( o!rs & ( our own obligations w make ?is %all[ vanity impossible4 ,?is d\ble-edg$ exhortation takes %ape 9 two lead+ s5t5ces1 %>ply cla%+ ) ea* o!r 9 ! /yle ( p>adox 9 :i* ! ,apo/le loves to contra/ ! opposite sides ( tru?3 ,be> ye "o ano!r's burd5s 7v]4 #b72 & yet ,e man %all be> 8 own burd5 7v]4 #e74 ,i4 ,:at !n are ! consid]ations t comm5d ! burd5s ( o!rs = our be>+8 ,! burd5 ! ,apo/le has 9 view is t ( a bro!r's trespass3 ,bre?r51 if a man be ov]tak5 9 "s trespass4 ,"h ! "q arises z to :e!r ,paul means ov]tak5 by ! temptation1 or by ! discov]y ( 8 s9--surpris$ into committ+1 or 9 committ+ ! trespass4 ,w9]1 ,lightfoot1 & "s o!r int]pret]s1 read ! words 9 ! latt] s5se3 surpris$1 detect$ 9 ! act ( committ+ any s91 s t 8 guilt is plac$ beyond a d\bt 7,lightfoot74 ,we are p]suad$1 not)/&+1 t ! common view ( ! text is ! correct "o4 ,! mann] ( ! (f5d]'s detection has little to d ) ! way 9 :i* he %\ld be treat$2 b ! circum/ances ( 8 fall h ev]y?+ to d ) x4 ,! sudd5ness1 ! surprise ( 8 temptation is bo? a reason = m l5i5t judgm5t1 & a gr\nd = hope ( 8 re/oration4 ,! preposition 9 771 x is urg$1 /&s 9 ! way ( ?is int]pretation4 ,we might h expect$ to read 7surpris$7 by1 or p]haps into 7any s974 ,b ! ^w is trespass1 n s94 ,x po9ts n to ! cause ( ! man's fall1 b to ! condition 9 :i* x has plac$ him4 ,! ,greek preposition 7accord+ to a well kn[n idiom ( v]bs ( motion7#adc indicates ! result ( ! unexpect$ assault to :i* ! man has be5 subject4 ,a gu/ ( temptation has caught him unaw>es2 & we n[ see him ly+ ov]?r[n & pro/rate1 involv$ 9 "s trespass4 #adc ,= ?is pregnant =ce ( see ! gramm>ians3 ,m\lton's ,w9]1 pp4 #ead1 #e2 ,a4 ,buttmann1 pp4 #cbh1 #i4 7,eng4 ,v]474 ,! ,apo/le is suppos+ an in/ance--possibly an actual case--9 :i* ! s9 committ$ 0 due to weakness & surprise1 r ?an delib]ate int5tion2 l t ( ,eve1 :5 ! woman be+ beguil$ fell into transgression4#add ,su* a fall des]ves commis]ation4 ,! attack 0 unlook$ =2 ! man 0 (f 8 gu>d4 ,! ,gallic nature is he$less & impulsive4 ,m5 ( ?is temp]am5t %\ld make all[ance = ea* o!r4 ,an (f5ce committ$ 9 a ra% mom5t1 "u provocation1 mu/ n be visit$ ) implacable sev]ity1 nor magnifi$ until x become a fatal b>ri] betwe5 ! evil-do] & society4 ,& ,paul says expressly1 ,if a man be ov]tak5--a delicate rem9d] ( our human infirmity & common dang] 7comp4 #a ,cor4 x4 #ac74 ,let u rememb] t x is a man :o has err$1 ( l passions ) ourselves2 & 8 trespass w excite pity = him1 & appreh5sion = ourselves4 #add #a ,tim4 ii4 #ad3 ! expression is p>allel 9 po9t ( gramm>1 z well z s5se2 4 ,su* an effect ! occurr5ce %\ld h ^u ! spiritual1 on ! m5 ( love & peace1 :o walk 9 ! ,_s4 ,! ,apo/le's appeal is qualifi$ by ?is def9ition4 ,va9 & self-seek+ m51 ! irritable1 ! res5tful1 are o!rwise affect$ by a neighb\r's trespass4 ,!y w be angry ) him1 lavi% 9 virtu\s scorn2 b x is n 9 !m to re/ore su* a "o4 ,!y are m likely to aggravate ?an heal ! w\nd1 to pu% ! weak man d[n :5 he tries to rise1 ?an to help him to 8 feet4 ,! "w ( re/oration ne$s a k ( ! human he>t1 a self-re/ra9t & pati5t skill1 q beyond _! capability4 ,! re/oration "h signifi$1 d5otes n only1 or n s mu*1 ! man's inw>d1 spiritual r5ewal1 z 8 recov]y = ! ,*ur*1 ! m5d+ ( ! r5t caus$ by 8 removal4 ,9 #a ,cor4 i4 #aj2 #b ,cor4 xiii4 #aa2 #a ,!ss4 iii4 #aj1 :]e1 z 9 o!r places1 ! ,engli% v]b p]fect ent]s into ! r5d]+ ( 1 x gives ! idea ( re-adju/m5t1 ! "r fitt+ ( "p to "p1 memb] to memb]1 9 "s l>g] :ole4 ,writ+ to ! ,cor9?ian ,*ur* at ?is "t respect+ a flagrant trespass committ$ !re1 = :i* ! transgressor 0 n[ p5it5t1 ! ,apo/le bids its memb]s confirm _! love to him 7#b ,cor4 ii4 #e-aa74 ,s "h ! spiritual among/ ! ,galatians are urg$ to make x _! bus9ess to set "r ! laps$ bro!r1 to br+ him back z soon & safely z might be to ! fold ( ,*ri/4 ,( all ! fruits ( ! ,_s1 meekness is mo/ requir$ = ?is (fice ( re/oration1 ! meekness ( ,*ri/ ! ,good ,%eph]d--( ,paul :o 0 g5tle z a nurse among/ 8 *ildr51 & ev5 aga9/ ! wor/ (f5d]s pref]r$ to come 9 love & a _s ( meekness1 r ?an ) a rod 7#a ,!ss4 ii4 #g2 #a ,cor4 iv4 #ba74 ,to reprove )\t pride or acrimony1 to /oop to ! fall5 )\t ! air ( condesc5sion1 requires ! _s ( meekness 9 a s+ul> degree4 ,su* a be>+ l5ds peculi> grace to compassion4 ,?is g5tl5ess ( ,*ri/ is "o ( ! f9e/ & r>e/ m>ks ( ! spiritual man4 ,! moros5ess sometimes associat$ ) religi\s zeal1 ! disposition to judge h>dly ! fail+s ( weak] m5 is any?+ b accord+ to ,*ri/4 ,x is writt5 ( ,him1 ,a bruis$ re$ %all ,he n break1 & ! smok+ flax %all ,he n qu5* 7,isa4 xlii4 #c2 ,matt xii4 #bj74 ,meekness becomes s9ful m5 deal+ ) fell[-s9n]s4 ,consid]+ ?yself1 says ! ,apo/le1 le/ ?\ also be tempt$4 ,x is a noticeable ?+ t m5 morally weak 9 any giv5 direction are apt to be ! sev]e/ judges ( ^? :o err 9 ! same respect1 j z p :o h ris5 out ( pov]ty are (t5 ! h>%e/ t[>ds ! poor4 ,!y wi% to =get _! own pa/1 & hate to be rem9d$ ( a condition f :i* !y h suff]$4 ,or is ! judge1 9 s5t5c+ a k9dr$ (f5d]1 seek+ to re9=ce 8 own consci5ce & to give a w>n+ to himself8 ,"o is incl9$ sometimes to ?9k s4 ,b reflection on our own infirmities %\ld c\nt]act1 in/ead ( fo/]+ c5sori\sness4 ,e man kn[s en\gh ( himself to make him *>y ( d5\nc+ o!rs4 ,look to ?yself1 cries ! ,apo/le4 ,?\ ha/ consid]$ ?y bro!r's faults4 ,n[ turn ?9e eye inw>d1 & contemplate ?9e own4 ,ha/ ?\ nev] a=etime committ$ ! (f5ce ) :i* he /&s *>g$2 or haply yield$ to ! l temptation 9 a less degree8 ,or if n ev5 t1 x may be ?\ art guilty ( s9s ( ano!r k9d1 ?\gh hidd5 f human sight1 9 ! eyes ( ,god no less he9\s4 ,judge n1 said ! ,judge ( all ! e>?1 le/ ye be judg$4 ,) :at measure ye mete1 x %all be measur$ unto y 7,matt4 vii4 #a-e74 ,?is exhortation beg9s 9 g5]al t]ms2 b 9 ! latt] clause ( v]4 #a x passes into ! individualis+ s+ul>--look+ to ?yself1 le/ ev5 ?\ be tempt$4 ,! disa/] befall+ "o reveals ! common p]il2 x is a signal = e memb] ( ! ,*ur* to take he$ to himself4 ,! scrut9y :i* x calls = belongs to ea* man's private consci5ce4 ,& ! fai?fulness & integrity requir$ 9 ^? :o approa* ! wrongdo] ) a view to 8 recov]y1 mu/ be *a/5$ by p]sonal solicitude4 ,! fall ( a ,*ri/ian bro!r %\ld be 9 any case ! occasion ( he>t-se>*+1 & pr(\nd humiliation4 ,feel+s ( indiff]5ce t[>ds him1 mu* m ( contempt1 w prove ! prelude ( a worse ov]?r[ = ourselves4 ,! burd5 ( a bro!r's trespass is ! mo/ pa9ful t c devolve ^u a ,*ri/ian man4 ,b ?is is n ! only burd5 we br+ ^u ea* o!r4 ,!re are burd5s ( anxiety & sorr[1 ( p]sonal infirmity1 ( family difficulty1 ( bus9ess emb>rassm5t1 inf9ite v>ieties & complications ( trial 9 :i* ! res\rces ( bro!rly sympa?y are tax$4 ,! injunction ( ! ,apo/le has an unlimit$ range4 ,t :i* burd5s my fri5d & bro!r _c be o!rwise ?an a solicitude to me4 ,:atev] x be t cripples him & h9d]s 8 runn+ ! race set be=e him1 ,i am b\nd1 accord+ to ! be/ ( my judgem5t & ability1 to assi/ him to ov]come x4 ,if ,i leave him to /agg] on alone1 to s9k "u 8 load :5 my %\ld] might h eas$ x = him1 ! reproa* w be m9e4 ,?is is no "w ( sup]]ogation1 no matt] ( m]e lik+ & *oice4 ,i am n at lib]ty to refuse to %>e ! burd5s ( ! bro!rhood4 ,be> ye "o ano!r's burd5s1 ,paul says1 & s fulfil ! law ( ,*ri/4 ,?is law ! ,apo/le has already cit$ & en=c$ aga9/ ! cont5tions & jeal\sies rife 9 ,galatia 7*4 v4 #ad1 #ae74 ,b x has a fur!r application4 ,*ri/'s law ( love n only says1 ,?\ %alt n bite & dev\r2 ?\ %alt n provoke & envy ?y bro!r2 b also1 ,?\ %alt help & com=t him1 & reg>d 8 burd5 z ?9e own4 ,?is law makes ( ! ,*ur* "o body1 ) a solid>ity ( int]e/s & obligations4 ,x f9ds employm5t & discipl9e = ! en]gy ( ,*ri/ian fre$om1 9 yok+ x to ! s]vice ( ! ov]-burd5$4 ,x reveals ! dignity & privilege ( moral /r5g?1 :i* consi/ n 9 ! enjoym5t ( its own sup]iority1 b 9 its p[] to be> ! infirmities ( ! weak4 ,?is 0 ! glory ( ,*ri/1 :o pleas$ n ,himself 7,rom4 xv4 #a-d74 ,! ,giv] ( ! law is its great ,example4 ,be+ 9 ! =m ( ,god1 ,he took ! =m ( a s]vant1 t 9 love ,he might s]ve mank9d2 ,he became ob$i5t1 unto ! dea? ( ! cross 7,phil4 ii4 #a-h74 ,ju/ly is ! inf]5ce drawn1 ,we also ought to lay d[n our lives = ! bre?r5 7#a ,john iii4 #af74 ,!re is no limit to ! s]vice :i* ! r$eem$ bro!rhood ( ,*ri/ may expect f its memb]s4 ,only ?is law mu/ n be abus$ by ! indol5t & ! ov]rea*+1 by ! m5 :o are ready to ?r[ _! burd5s on o!rs & make e g5]\s neighb\r ! victim ( _! di%one/y4 ,x is ! ne$ n ! dem& ( our bro!r :i* claims our help4 ,we are b\nd to take c>e t x is 8 necessity to :i* we m9i/]1 n 8 impo/ure or 8 slo?fulness4 ,! w>n+ t ea* man %all be> 8 own burd5 is address$ to ^? :o receive1 z well z to ^? :o r5d] aid 9 ! common burd5-be>+ ( ! ,*ur*4 ,,ii4 ,! adju/m5t ( social & individual duty is (t5 f> f easy1 & requires ! nice/ disc]nm5t & moral tact4 ,bo? are br\ght into view 9 ?is p>agraph1 9 its latt] z well z 9 its =m] section4 ,b 9 vv4 #a1 #b ! ne$ ( o!rs1 9 vv4 #c-e our p]sonal responsibility =ms ! lead+ consid]ation4 ,we see on ! "o h&1 t a true self-reg>d tea*es u to id5tify ourselves ) ! moral int]e/s ( o!rs3 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 a false reg>d to o!rs is exclud$ 7v]4 #d7 :i* di/urbs ! judgem5t to be =m$ respect+ ourselves4 ,! ?\ght ( 8 own burd5 to be borne by ea* man n[ comes to ! front ( ! exhortation4 ,v]4 #c /&s betwe5 ! two c\nt]pois$ e/imates4 ,x is ano!r %aft direct$ aga9/ ,galatian va9-glory1 & po9t$ ) ,paul's ke5e/ irony4 ,= if a man ?9ke? he is some?+1 be+ no?+ he deceive? himself4 ,?is tru? is v evid5t4 ,b :at is its be>+ on ! matt] 9 h&8 ,! maxim is advanc$ to support ! =ego+ admonition4 ,x 0 _! self-conceit t l$ "s ( ! ,apo/le's read]s to treat ) contempt ! bro!r :o _h trespass$2 he tells !m t ?is op9ion ( !irs is a delusion1 a k9d ( m5tal halluc9ation 7 74 ,x betrays a melan*oly ignorance4 ,! spiritual man :o ?9ks himself to be some?+1 says to y1 ,i am q above ^! weak bre?r51 z y see4 ,_! habits ( life1 _! temptations are n m9e4 ,_! sympa?y w\ld be useless to me4 ,& ,i %all n burd5 myself ) _! feebl5ess1 nor vex myself ) _! ignorance & rud5ess4 ,if any man sep>ates himself f ! ,*ri/ian commonalty & breaks ! ties ( religi\s fell[%ip on gr\nds ( ?is sort1 & yet imag9es he is foll[+ ,*ri/1 he deceives himself4 ,o!rs w see h[ little 8 affect$ em95ce is wor?4 ,"s w hum\r 8 vanity2 _m w ridicule or pity x2 few w be deceiv$ by x4 ,! fact ( a man's ?9k+ himself to be some?+ goes f> to prove t he is no?+4 ,woe unto !m t are wise 9 _! own eyes1 & prud5t 9 _! own sight4 ,real k is humble2 x kn[s its no?+ness4 ,socrates1 :5 ! oracle pron\nc$ him ! wise/ man 9 ,greece1 at la/ discov]$ t ! response 0 "r1 inasmu* z he alone 0 aw>e t he knew no?+1 :ile o!r m5 7 confid5t ( _! k4 ,& a great] ?an ,socrates1 our ,all-wise1 ,all-holy ,savi\r1 says to u1 ,le>n ( ,me1 = ,i am meek & l[ly 9 he>t4 ,x is 9 humility & dep5d5ce1 9 self-=gett+ t true wisdom beg9s4 ,:o are we1 al?\gh ! mo/ ref9$ or highe/ 9 place1 t we %\ld despise pla91 uncultur$ memb]s ( ! ,*ur*1 ^? :o be> life's heavi] burd5s & among/ :om our ,savi\r sp5t ,8 days on e>?1 & treat !m z unfit = our company1 unwor?y ( fell[%ip ) u 9 ,*ri/8 ,!y are !mselves ! greate/ los]s :o neglect to fulfil ,*ri/'s law4 ,su* m5 might le>n f _! humbl] bre?r51 accu/om$ to ! trials & temptations ( a work+ life & a r\gh _w1 h[ to be> m wor?ily _! own burd5s4 ,h[ fooli% ( ! eye to say to ! h& or foot1 ,i h no ne$ ( !e6 ,god ha? *os5 ! poor ( ?is _w ri* 9 fai?4 ,!re are tru?s ( :i* !y are our be/ tea*]s--priceless lessons ( ! p[] ( ,div9e grace & ! deep ?+s ( ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce4 ,?is isolation robs ! poor] memb]s ( ! ,*ur* 9 _! turn ( ! manifold help due to !m f communion ) ^? m happily circum/anc$4 ,h[ _m ( ! evils ar\nd u w\ld be ameliorat$1 h[ _m ( our difficulties w\ld vani%1 if we c\ld br+ ab\t a tru] ,*ri/ian frat]nisation1 if ca/e-feel+ 9 our ,engli% ,*ur*-life 7 once de/roy$1 if m5 w\ld lay aside _! /iffness & social hauteur1 & cease to ?9k t !y are some?+ on gr\nds ( worldly di/9ction & weal? :i* 9 ,*ri/ are absolutely no?+4 ,! va9 conceit ( _! sup]iority indulg$ 9 by "s ( 8 read]s1 ! ,apo/le fur!r corrects by rem9d+ ! self-deceiv]s ( _! own responsibility4 ,! irony ( v]4 #c passes into a /]n] tone ( w>n+ 9 vv4 #d & #e4 ,let ea* man try 8 own "w1 he cries4 ,judge y\rselves1 in/ead ( judg+ "o ano!r4 ,m9d y\r own duty1 r ?an y\r neighb\rs' faults4 ,d n ?9k ( y\r wor? or tal5ts 9 comp>ison ) !irs2 b see to x t y\r "w is "r4 ,! "q = ea* ( u is n1 ,:at d o!rs fail to d8 b1 ,:at am ,i myself really do+8 ,:at w my life's "w am\nt to1 :5 measur$ by t :i* ,god expects f me8 ,?is "q %uts ea* man up )9 8 own consci5ce4 ,x anticipates ! f9al judgem5t-day4 ,e "o ( u mu/ give acc\nt ( himself to ,god 7,rom4 xiv4 #ab74 ,ref]5ce to ! conduct ( o!rs is "h out ( place4 ,! petty comp>isons :i* fe$ our vanity & our class-prejudices are ( no avail at ! b> ( ,god4 ,i may be able = e fault ( my own to f9d "s "o else m faulty4 ,b ?is makes me no :it bett]4 ,x is ! intr9sic1 n ! comp>ative wor? ( "* & daily "w ( :i* ,god takes acc\nt4 ,if we /udy our bro!r's "w1 x %\ld be ) a view to enable him to d x bett]1 or to le>n to improve our own by 8 example2 n 9 ord] to f9d excuses = ourselves 9 8 %ortcom+s4 ,& !n--if our "w abide ! te/--we %all h our glory+ 9 ourselves alone1 n 9 reg>d to our neighb\r4 ,n 8 flaws & failures1 b my own hone/ "w w be ! gr\nd ( my satisfaction4 ,?is 0 ,paul's glory+ 9 face ( ! sl&]s by :i* he 0 incessantly pursu$4 ,x lay 9 ! te/imony ( 8 consci5ce4 ,he liv$ "u ! sev]e/ self-scrut9y4 ,he knew himself z ! man only c :o kn[s ! fe> ( ! ,"l1 :o places himself e day be=e ! dread tribunal ( ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,he is made manife/ unto ,god2 & 9 ! light ( t se>*+ ,pres5ce he c affirm t he kn[s no?+ aga9/ himself4#ade ,b ?is boa/ makes him humble4 ,by ! grace ( ,god he is enabl$ to h 8 conv]sation 9 ! _w 9 hol9ess & s9c]ity com+ ( ,god4 ,if he _h seem$ to claim any cr$it = himself1 he at once corrects ! ?\ght3 ,yet n ,i1 he says1 b ,god's grace t 0 ) me4 ,i h my glory+ 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus 9 ! ?+s p]ta9+ to ,god1 9 t :i* ,*ri/ ha? wr\ght 9 me 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #aj2 ,rom4 xv4 #af-ai74 #ade #a ,cor4 iv4 #a-e2 #b ,cor4 i4 #ab2 v4 #aj-ab4 ,s t ?is boa/ ( ! ,apo/le1 9 :i* he invites ! va+lori\s ,galatians to secure a %>e1 resolves itself aft] all into 8 "o boa/1 9 ! cross ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ 7v]4 #ad74 ,if 8 "w on trial %\ld prove to be gold1 abid+ among/ ! _w's imp]i%able treasures & fix$ f\ndations ( tru? 7#a ,cor4 iii4 #aj-ae71 ,*ri/ only 0 to be prais$ = ?is4 ,paul's glory+ is ! opposite ( ! ,legali/'s1 :o presumes on 8 works z 8 own a*ievem5ts1 comm5d+ him = righte\s be=e ,god4 ,ju/ifi$ by works1 su* a man ha? :]e( to glory1 b n t[>d ,god 7,rom4 iv4 #b74 ,8 boa/+ r$\nds to himself4 ,:atev] glory belongs to ! "w ( ! ,*ri/ian mu/ be ref]r$ to ,god4 ,su* "w furni%es no gr\nd = magnify+ ! man at ! exp5se ( 8 fell[s4 ,if we praise ! /ream1 x is to comm5d ! f\nta94 ,if we admire ! lives ( ! sa9ts & celebrate ! de$s ( ! h]oes ( fai?1 x is ad majorem ,dei gloriam--t 9 all ?+s ,god may be glorifi$ ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/ 7#a ,pet4 iv4 #aa74 ,= ea* w be> 8 own load4 ,"h is ! ultimate reason = ! self-exam9ation to :i* ! ,apo/le has be5 urg+ 8 read]s1 9 ord] to re/ra9 _! vanity4 ,! emphatic repetition ( ! words ea* man 9 vv4 #d & #e br+s out impressively ! p]sonal "* ( ! acc\nt to be r5d]$4 ,at ! same "t1 ! deep] s5se ( our own burd5s ?us awak5$ w help to /ir 9 u sympa?y = ! loads "u :i* our fell[s lab\r4 ,s t ?is w>n+ indirectly fur!rs ! appeal = sympa?y ) :i* ! *apt] began4 ,fai?ful scrut9y ( our "w may give u reasons = satisfaction & gratitude t[>ds ,god4 ,b x w yield matt] ( ano!r k9d4 ,x w call to remembrance old s9s & follies1 lo/ opportunities1 wa/$ p[]s1 ) _! burd5 ( regret & humiliation4 ,x w set be=e u ! array ( our obligations1 ! manifold tasks committ$ to u by our heav5ly ,ma/]1 compell+ u to say1 ,:o is suffici5t = ^! ?+s8 ,& beside ! repro(s ( ! pa/ & ! /]n dem&s ( ! pres5t1 !re s\nds 9 ! s\l's e> ! message ( ! future1 ! summons to our f9al reckon+4 ,ea* ( u has 8 own life-load1 made up ( ?is triple burd54 ,a ?\s& v>y+ circum/ances & individual exp]i5ces g to con/itute ! ev]-gr[+ load :i* we be> ) u f y\? to age1 l ! wayf>] 8 bundle1 l ! soldi] 8 knapsack & acc\trem5ts--! individual lot1 ! peculi> untransf]able vocation & responsibility fa/5$ by ! h& ( ,god ^u our %\ld]s4 ,?is burd5 we %all h to c>ry up to ,*ri/'s judgem5t-seat4 ,he is our ,ma/]2 ,he alone c give u our dis*>ge4 ,8 lips mu/ pron\nce ! f9al ,well done--or1 ,?\ wick$ & slo?ful s]vant6 ,9 ?is s5t5ce ! ,apo/le employs a diff]5t ^w f t us$ 9 v]4 #b4 ,!re he 0 ?9k+ ( ! weight1 ! burd5som5ess ( our bro!r's tr\bles1 :i* we haply may light5 = him1 & :i* is s f> common prop]ty4 ,b ! second ^w1 7appli$ = in/ance to a %ip's lad+71 indicates t :i* is prop] to ea* 9 ! burd5s ( life4 ,!re are duties t we h no p[] to devolve1 c>es & griefs t we mu/ be> 9 secret1 problems t we mu/ "w out sev]ally & = ourselves4 ,to consid] !m aright1 to weigh well ! sum ( our duty w da% our self-complac5cy2 x w surely make u s]i\s & humble4 ,let u wake up f dreams ( self-pleas+ to an e>ne/1 manly appreh5sion ( life's dem&s--:ile1 l ! ,apo/le1 we look n at ! ?+s :i* are se51 b at ! ?+s :i* are n se5 & et]nal 7#b ,cor4 iv4 #ah74 99 99 99 99 99 ,aft] all1 x is ! m5 :o h ! highe/ /&>d = !mselves t z a rule are mo/ consid]ate 9 _! e/imate ( o!rs4 ,! holie/ are ! mo/ pitiful4 ,!y "k be/ h[ to ent] into ! /ruggles ( a weak] bro!r4 ,!y c appreciate 8 unsuccessful resi/ance to temptation2 !y c disc]n :]e & h[ he has fail$1 & h[ mu* ( g5u9e sorr[ !re is 9 8 remorse4 ,f ! fulness ( _! own exp]i5ce !y c int]pret a possibility ( bett] ?+s 9 :at excites contempt 9 ^? :o judge by appe>ance & by conv5tional rules4 ,he :o has le>n$ fai?fully to consid] himself & meekly to be> 8 own burd51 is mo/ fit to d ! "w ( ,*ri/1 & to %eph]d ,8 tempt$ & /ray+ %eep4 ,/rict ) ourselves1 we %all gr[ wise & g5tle 9 our c>e = o!rs4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian consci5ce ! s5se ( p]sonal & t ( social responsibility s]ve ea* to /imulate & gu>d ! o!r4 ,duty & sympa?y1 love & law are fus$ into "o4 ,= ,*ri/ is all 9 all2 & ^! two hemisph]es ( life unite 9 ,him4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,s[+ ,,& ,,reap+4 ,b let him t is taught 9 ! ^w communicate unto him t tea*e? 9 all good ?+s4 ,be n deceiv$2 ,god is n mock$3 = :atsoev] a man s[e?1 t %all he also reap4 ,= he t s[e? unto 8 own fle% %all ( ! fle% reap corruption2 b he t s[e? unto ! ,_s %all ( ! ,_s reap et]nal life4 ,& let u n be we>y 9 well-do+3 = 9 due season we %all reap1 if we fa9t n4 ,s !n1 z we h opportunity1 let u "w t :i* is good t[>d all m51 & especially t[>d !m t are ( ! h\sehold ( ! fai?--,,gal4 vi4 #f-aj4 ,ea* %all be> 8 own burd5 7v]4 #e7--;b let !re be communion ( disciple ) tea*] 9 all t is good4 ,! latt] s5t5ce is cle>ly int5d$ to balance ! =m]4 ,! transition turns ^u ! same anti!sis betwe5 social & individual responsibility t occupi$ u 9 ! =ego+ ,*apt]4 ,b x is n[ pres5t$ on ano!r side4 ,9 ! previ\s passage x conc]n$ ! conduct ( ! spiritual t[>d err+ bre?r5 :om !y 7 tempt$ to despise2 "h1 _! behavi\r t[>d tea*]s :om !y 7 dispos$ to neglect4 ,!re x is inf]iors1 "h sup]iors t are 9 view4 ,! ,galatian va9-glory manife/$ itself alike 9 provocation t[>d ! =m]1 & 9 envy t[>d ! latt] 7*4 v4 #bf74 ,9 bo? ways x br$ disaffection1 & ?reat5$ to break up ! ,*ur*'s unity4 ,! two effects are p]fectly consi/5t4 ,^? :o are h>% 9 _! deal+s ) ! weak1 are commonly rude & insubord9ate t[>d _! bett]s1 :]e !y d>e to be s4 ,self-conceit & self-suffici5cy eng5d] 9 ! "o direction a cold contempt1 9 ! o!r a jeal\s indep5d5ce4 ,! =m] error is correct$ by a due s5se ( our own infirmities2 ! latt] by ! consid]ation ( our responsibility to ,god4 ,we are compell$ to feel = ! burd5s ( o!rs :5 we realise ! weight ( our own4 ,we le>n to respect ! claims ( ^? plac$ ov] u1 :5 we rememb] :at we owe to ,god ?r\gh !m4 ,p]sonal responsibility is ! la/ ^w ( ! =m] p>agraph2 social responsibility is ! fir/ ^w ( ?is4 ,su* is ! contra/ m>k$ by ! transitional ,b4 ,f ?is po9t ( view v]4 #f ga9s a v compreh5sive s5se4 ,all good ?+s _c surely be limit$ to ! c>nal ?+s ( #a ,cor4 ix4 #aa4 ,z ,mey] & ,beet among/ rec5t comm5tators cle>ly %[1 ! context gives to ?is phrase a l>g] scope4 ,at ! same "t1 !re is no necessity to exclude ! ?\ght ( temporal good4 ,! ,apo/le design$ly makes 8 appeal z wide z possible4 ,! reason+ ( ! correspond+ passage 9 ! ,cor9?ian lett] is a d$uction f ! g5]al pr9ciple laid d[n "h4 ,b x is spiritual fell[%ip t ! ,apo/le *iefly desid]ates4 ,! true m9i/] ( ,*ri/ c\nts ?is va/ly m sacr$1 & has ?is int]e/ f> m at he>t ?an 8 own temporalities4 ,he lab\rs = ! unity ( ! ,*ur*2 he /rives to secure ! mutual sympa?y & co-op]ation ( all ord]s & ranks-- tea*]s & taught1 (fic]s & private memb]s--9 e good ^w & "w4 ,he mu/ h ! he>t ( 8 p ) him 9 8 "w1 or 8 joy w be fa9t & 8 success scant inde$4 ,*ri/ian tea*+ is design$ to awak5 ?is sympa!tic response4 ,& x w take expression 9 ! r5d]+ ( :atev] k9d ( help ! gifts & means ( ! he>] & ! ne$s ( ! occasion call =4 ,paul requires e memb] ( ! ,body ( ,*ri/ to make h] wants & toils 8 own4 ,we h no "r to leave ! burd5s ( ! ,*ur*'s "w to h] lead]s1 to expect h] battles to be f\ght & won by ! (fic]s alone4 ,?is neglect has be5 ! p>5t ( innum]able mis*iefs4 ,indol5ce 9 ! laity fo/]s sac]dotalism 9 ! cl]gy4 ,b :51 on ! contr>y1 an active1 sympa!tic union is ma9ta9$ betwe5 him t is taught & him t tea*e?1 t o!r matt] ( ! temporal support ( ! ,*ri/ian m9i/ry1 to :i* ?is text is s (t5 exclusively ref]r$1 comes 9 z a necess>y detail1 to be g5]\sly & prud5tly arrang$1 b :i* w n be felt on ei!r side z a burd5 or a difficulty4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds on ! fell[%ip ( _s1 on ! /r5g? ( ! bond ( love t knits toge!r ! memb]s ( ! ,body ( ,*ri/4 ,"h1 9 ,galatia1 t bond _h be5 griev\sly weak5$4 ,9 a ,*ur* s di/urb$1 ! fell[%ip ( tea*]s & taught 0 inevitably /ra9$4 ,su* communion ! ,apo/le craves f 8 *ildr5 9 ! fai? ) an int5se ye>n+4 ,?is is ! "o fruit ( ,god's grace 9 !m :i* he covets to reap = himself1 & feels he has a "r to expect4 ,be ye z ,i am1 he cries--d n des]t me1 my *ildr51 = :om ,i travail 9 bir?4 ,let me n h to toil = y 9 va9 7*4 iv4 #ab-ai74 ,s aga91 writ+ to ! ,cor9?ians3 ,x 0 ,i t begat y 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus2 ,i besee* y !n1 be foll[]s ( me4 ,let me rem9d y ( my ways 9 ! ,"l4444 ,o ye ,cor9?ians1 to y our m\? is op51 our he>t enl>g$4 ,pay me back 9 k9d 7y are my *ildr571 & be ye too enl>g$ 7#a ,cor4 iv4 #ad-ag2 #b ,cor4 vi4 #aa-ac74 ,he ?anks ,god = ! ,philippians on e remembrance ( !m1 & makes 8 supplication = !m ) joy1 because ( _! fell[%ip 9 reg>d to ! gospel f ! fir/ day until n[ 7,phil4 i4 #c-g74 ,su* is ! fell[%ip :i* ,paul wi%$ to see re/or$ 9 ! ,galatian ,*ur*es4 ,9 v]4 #aj he ext5ds 8 appeal to embrace 9 x all ! k9dly (fices ( life4 ,= ! love inspir$ by ! ,*ur*1 ! s]vice r5d]$ to h]1 %\ld quick5 all our human sympa?ies & make u readi] to meet e claim ( pity or affection4 ,:ile our sympa?ies1 l ^? ( a lov+ family1 w be conc]n$ especially ) ! h\sehold ( fai?1 & )9 t circle m especially ) our pa/ors & tea*]s 9 ,*ri/1 !y h no limit b t ( opportunity2 !y %\ld "w t :i* is good t[>d all m54 ,true zeal = ! ,*ur* wid5s in/ead ( n>r[+1 our *>ities4 ,h\sehold affection is ! nurs]y1 n ! rival1 ( love to our fa!rl& & to humanity4 ,n[ ! ,apo/le is extremely urg5t 9 ?is matt] ( communion betwe5 tea*]s & taught4 ,x conc]ns ! v life ( ! ,*ri/ian community4 ,! welf>e ( ! ,*ur* & ! progress ( ! k+dom ( ,god dep5d on ! degree to :i* its individual memb]s accept _! responsibility 9 its affairs4 ,ill-w t[>ds ,*ri/ian tea*]s is p>alyz+ 9 its effects on ! ,*ur*'s life4 ,greatly are !y to blame1 if _! conduct gives rise to discont5t4 ,only less sev]e is ! condemnation ( ^? 9 l[] place :o h>b\r 9 !mselves & fo/] 9 ! m9ds ( o!rs s5tim5ts ( disloyalty4 ,to *]i% ?is mi/ru/1 to )hold our sympa?y f him :o s]ves u 9 spiritual ?+s1 ?is1 ! ,apo/le decl>es1 is n m]ely a wrong done to ! man1 x is an affront to ,god ,himself4 ,if x be ,god's ,^w t ,8 s]vant tea*es1 !n ,god expects "s fitt+ return to be made = ! gift ,he has be/[$4 ,( t return ! pecuni>y contribution1 ! me$ ( c>nal ?+s ) :i* s _m seem to ?9k _! debt dis*>g$1 is (t5 ! lea/ & easie/ "p4 ,h[ f> h m5 a "r to be he>]s--pr(it$ & believ+ he>]s--9 ! ,*ri/ian congregation1 & yet decl9e ! duties ( ,*ur* fell[%ip8 ,!y eat ! ,*ur*'s bread1 b w n d h] "w4 ,!y expect l *ildr5 to be f$ & nurs$ & wait$ on2 !y ?9k t if !y pay _! m9i/] tol]ably well1 !y h communicat$ ) him q suffici5tly4 ,?is apa?y has mu* ! same effect z ! ,galatian bick]+s & jeal\sies4 ,x robs ! ,*ur* ( ! help ( ! *ildr5 :om %e has n\ri%$ & br\ght up4 ,^? :o act ?us are try+ 9 reality to mock ,god4 ,!y expect ,him to s[ 8 b\nties ^u !m1 b w n let ,him reap4 ,!y refuse ,him ! return t ,he mo/ requires = ,8 *oice/ b5efits4 ,n[1 ! ,apo/le says1 ,god is n to be defraud$ 9 ?is way4 ,m5 may wrong ea* o!r2 !y may grieve & affront ,8 m9i/]s4 ,b no man is clev] en\gh to *eat ,god4 ,x is n ,him1 x is !mselves !y w prove to h deceiv$4 ,va9 & selfi% m5 :o take ! be/ t ,god & man c d = !m z ?\gh x 7 a tribute to _! greatness1 envi\s & re/less m5 :o break ! ,*ur*'s fell[%ip ( peace1 w reap at la/ ev5 z !y s[4 ,! mis*ief & ! loss may fall on o!rs n[2 b 9 its full rip5ess x w come 9 ! end ^u !mselves4 ,! f9al reckon+ awaits u 9 ano!r _w4 ,& z we act by ,god & by ,8 ,*ur* n[1 9 our day1 s ,he w act h]eaft] by u 9 ,8 day4 ,?us ! ,apo/le1 9 vv4 #f & #g1 places ?is matt] 9 ! se>*+ light ( et]nity4 ,he br+s to be> ^u x "o ( ! great spiritual maxims *>act]i/ic ( 8 tea*+4 ,paul's unique influ5ce z a religi\s tea*] lies 9 8 ma/]y ( pr9ciples ( ?is k9d1 9 ! ke5ness ( insight & ! incomp>able vig\r ) :i* he applies et]nal tru?s to commonplace occurr5ces4 ,! paltr9ess & vulg>ity ( ^! local broils & disaffections l5d to 8 w>n+ a m sev]e impressiv5ess4 ,) :at a />tl+ & sob]+ =ce1 "o ?9ks1 ! rebuke ( ^! v]ses mu/ h fall5 on ! e>s ( ! wrangl+ ,galatians6 ,h[ unspeakably mean _! qu>rels appe> 9 ! light ( ! solemn issues op5+ out be=e !m6 ,x 0 ,god :om _! folly _h presum$ to mock4 ,x 0 ! h>ve/ ( et]nal life ( :i* _! facti\sness ?reat5$ to defraud !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! pr9ciple on :i* ?is w>n+ re/s is /at$ 9 t]ms t give x univ]sal application3 ,:atsoev] a man s[e?1 t %all he also reap4 ,?is is 9 fact ! po/ulate ( all moral responsibility4 ,x ass]ts ! cont9uity ( p]sonal exi/5ce1 ! connection ( cause & effect 9 human "*4 ,x makes man ! ma/] ( 8 own de/9y4 ,x decl>es t 8 future doom hangs ^u 8 pres5t *oice1 & is 9 tru? its evolution & consummation4 ,! tw(old lot ( corruption or life et]nal is 9 e case no m1 & no less1 ?an ! prop] h>ve/ ( ! k9d ( s[+ practis$ "h & n[4 ,! use made ( our se$-"t det]m9es exactly1 & ) a moral c]ta9ty great] ev5 ?an t :i* rules 9 ! natural field1 :at k9d ( fruitage our immortality w r5d]4 ,?is great axiom des]ves to be look$ at 9 its broade/ aspect4 ,x involves ! foll[+ consid]ations3-- ,i4 ,our pres5t life is ! se$-"t ( an et]nal h>ve/4 ,ea* recurr+ ye> pres5ts a mirror ( human exi/5ce4 ,! analogy is a commonplace ( ! _w's poetry4 ,! spr+ is 9 e l& a picture ( y\?--its morn+ fre%ness & innoc5ce1 its laugh+ sun%9e1 its op5+ blossoms1 its bright & buoyant en]gy2 &1 alas1 (t5times its cold w9ds & nipp+ fro/s & e>ly1 sudd5 blight6 ,summ] images a vigor\s manhood1 ) all ! p[]s 9 action & ! pulses ( life beat+ at full sw+2 :5 ! dreams ( y\? are work$ out 9 sob]1 wak+ e>ne/2 :5 manly /r5g? is te/$ & matur$ "u ! heat ( mid-day toil1 & "* is discipl9$1 & success or failure 9 life's battle mu/ be det]m9$4 ,!n foll[s mell[ autumn1 season ( %ort5+ days & slack5+ /eps & ga!r+ sn[s2 season too ( ripe exp]i5ce1 ( *a/5$ ?\ght & feel+1 ( wid5$ influ5ce & clu/]+ hon\rs4 ,& ! /ory ends 9 ! sil5ce & w9t] ( ! grave6 ,ends8 ,nay1 t is a new beg9n+6 ,?is :ole r\nd ( e>?ly vicissitude is b a s+le spr+-"t4 ,x is ! m]e *ildhood ( man's exi/5ce1 ! ?re%old ( ! va/ h\se ( life4 ,! olde/ & wise/ man among/ u is only a little *ild 9 ! reckon+ ( et]nity4 ,! ,apo/le ,paul c\nt$ himself no m4 ,we "k 9 "p1 he says2 we prophesy 9 "p--talk+1 reason+ l *ildr54 ,we %all become m51 see+ face to face1 kn[+ z we are kn[n 7#a ,cor4 xiii4 #h1 #aa1 #ab74 ,d we n ourselves feel ?is 9 our high] moods8 ,!re is an in/9ct ( immortality1 a =eca/+ ( "s ampl] exi/5ce1 a /irr+ ( bl9d life )9 ! s\l2 !re are vision>y gleams ( an une>?ly ,p>adise haunt+ at times ! busie/ & mo/ unimag9ative m54 ,we are intellig5ces 9 ! g]m1 ly+ fold$ up 9 ! *rysalis /age ( our exi/5ce4 ,eyes1 w+s are /ill to come4 ,x do? n yet appe> :at we %all be1 no m ?an he :o _h se5 b ! se$-s[+ ( e>ly spr+ & ! b>e w9try furr[s1 c\ld imag9e :at ! gold51 wav+ h>ve/ w\ld be l4 ,!re is a glori\s1 ev]la/+ k+dom ( heav51 a _w :i* 9 its duration1 its range ( action & exp]i5ce1 its /yle ( equipm5t & occupation1 w be wor?y ( ! elect *ildr5 ( ,god4 ,wor%ip1 music1 ! pure/ passages ( human affection & ( moral elevation1 may give u "s =eta/e ( its joys4 ,b :at x w be really l1 ,eye ha? n se51 nor e> he>d2 nor he>t ( man conceiv$4 ,?9k ( t1 /ruggl+ he>t1 worn ) lab\r1 brok5 by sorr[1 cramp$ & ?w>t$ by ! pressure ( an unk9dly _w4 ,! e>ne/ expectancy ( ! creation waits = y\r reveal+ 7,rom4 viii4 #ai74 ,y w h y\r enfran*isem5t2 y\r s\l w take w+ at la/4 ,only h fai? 9 ,god1 & 9 righte\sness2 only be n we>y 9 well-do+4 ,^? crippl$ p[]s w get _! full play4 ,^? baffl$ purposes & fru/rat$ affections w unfold & blossom into a complet5ess undream$ ( n[1 9 ! sun%9e ( heav51 9 ! lib]ty ( ! glory ( ! sons ( ,god4 ,:y look = y\r h>ve/ "h6 ,x is ,m>*1 n ,augu/ yet4 ,9 due season we %all reap1 if we fa9t n4 ,see to x t y s[ to ! ,_s1 t y\r life be ( ! true se$ ( ! k+dom2 & = ! re/1 h no c>e nor fe>4 ,:at %\ld we ?9k ( ! f>m] :o 9 w9t]1 :5 8 fields 7 fro/-b\nd1 %\ld g ab\t wr++ 8 h&s & cry+ t 8 lab\r 0 all lo/6 ,are we wis] 9 our despond5t moods8 ,h[ev] dre>y & unpromis+1 h[ev] poor & paltry 9 its outw>d seem+ ! e>?ly se$-"t1 y\r life's "w w h its resurrection4 ,heav5 lies hidd5 9 ^? daily acts ( humble1 difficult duty1 ev5 z ! giant oak ) its c5turies ( gr[? & all its summ] glory sleeps 9 ! acorn-cup4 ,no eye may see x n[2 b ! ,day w decl>e x6 ,,ii4 ,9 ! second place1 ! quality ( ! future h>ve/ dep5ds entirely on ! pres5t s[+4 ,9 quantity1 z we h se51 9 outw>d /ate & circum/ance1 !re is a complete contra/4 ,! h>ve/ surpasses ! se$ f :i* x sprang1 by ?irty1 sixty or a hundr$-fold4 ,b 9 quality we f9d a /rict agreem5t4 ,9 degree !y may diff] inf9itely2 9 k9d !y are "o4 ,! h>ve/ multiplies ! effect ( ! s[]'s lab\r2 b x multiplies exactly t effect1 & no?+ else4 ,?is law runs ?r\gh all life4 ,if we c\ld n c\nt ^u x1 lab\r w\ld be purposeless & useless2 we %\ld h to yield ourselves passively to nature's caprice4 ,! f>m] s[s :eat 9 8 cornfield1 ! g>d5] plants & tra9s 8 fig-tree2 & he gets :eat1 or figs1 = 8 rew>d--no?+ else4 ,or is he a slugg>d t w n pl[ by reason ( ! cold8 ,does he let we$s & ?i/l$[n h ! run ( 8 g>d5-plot8 ,!n x yields him a pl5tiful h>ve/ ( ?i/les & ( we$s6 ,:at c\ld he expect8 ,m5 d n ga!r grapes ( ?orns1 or figs ( ?i/les4 ,f ! highe/ to ! l[e/ ord] ( liv+ ?+s1 ea* gr[s & fructifies aft] its k9d4 ,?is is ! rule ( nature1 ! law :i* con/itut$ ,nature at ! beg9n+4 ,! good tree br+s =? good fruit2 & ! good se$ makes ! good tree4 ,all ?is has its moral c\nt]p>t4 ,! law ( reproduction 9 k9d holds equally true ( ! relation ( ?is life to ! next4 ,et]nity = u w be ! multipli$1 consummat$ outcome ( ! good or evil ( ! pres5t life4 ,hell is j s9 ripe--rott5 ripe4 ,heav5 is ! fruitage ( righte\sness4 ,!re w be two k9ds ( reap+1 ! ,apo/le tells u1 because !re are two diff]5t k9ds ( s[+4 ,he t s[e? to 8 fle%1 %all ( ! fle% reap corruption3 !re is no?+ arbitr>y or surpris+ 9 t4 ,corruption--! moral decay & dissolution ( ! man's be+--is ! natural retributive effect ( 8 c>nality4 ,& he t s[e? to ! ,_s1 %all ( ! ,_s reap life ev]la/+4 ,"h1 too1 ! sequ5ce is inevitable4 ,l bre$s its l4 ,life spr+s ( life2 & dea? et]nal is ! culm9ation ( ! s\l's pres5t dea? to ,god & goodness4 ,! future glory ( ! sa9ts is at once a ,div9e rew>d1 & a necess>y developm5t ( _! pres5t fai?fulness4 ,& et]nal life lies g]m9ally conta9$ 9 fai?'s e>lie/ beg9n+1 :5 x is b z a gra9 ( mu/>d se$4 ,we may expect 9 our f9al /ate ! outcome ( our pres5t conduct1 z c]ta9ly z ! f>m] :o puts :eat into 8 furr[s 9 ,novemb] w c\nt on gett+ :eat out ( !m aga9 next ,augu/4 ,"u ?is law ( ! h>ve/ we are liv+ at ?is mom5t1 & s[+ e day ! se$ ( an immortality ( hon\r or ( %ame4 ,life is ! se$-plot ( et]nity2 & y\? is above all ! se$-"t ( life4 ,:at are our *ildr5 do+ ) ^! preci\s1 v]nal ye>s8 ,:at is go+ into _! m9ds8 ,:at ideas1 :at desires are root+ !mselves 9 ^! "y s\ls8 ,if x be pure ?\ghts & true affections1 love to ,god1 self-d5ial1 pati5ce & humility1 c\rage to d :at is "r--if ^! be ! ?+s t are s[n 9 _! he>ts1 !re w be = !m1 & = u1 a glori\s h>ve/ ( wisdom & love & hon\r 9 ! ye>s to come1 & 9 ! day ( et]nity4 ,b if slo? & deceit be !re1 & unholy ?\ghts1 vanity & envy & self-indulg5ce1 !irs w be a bitt] h>ve/+4 ,m5 talk ( s[+ _! wild oats1 z ?\gh t 7 an end ( x2 z ?\gh a wild & prodigal y\? might none ! less be foll[$ by a sob] manhood & an hon\r$ old age4 ,b x is n s4 ,if wild oats h be5 s[n1 !re w be wild oats to reap1 z c]ta9ly z autumn foll[s spr+4 ,= e "t ! y\? deceives p>5t or tea*]1 let him "k t he w be deceiv$ by ! ,fa!r ( lies a hundr$ times4 ,= e impure ?\ght or di%on\rable ^w1 %ame w come ^u him sixty-fold4 ,if 8 m9d be fill$ ) tra% & refuse1 !n tra% & refuse are all x w be able to produce4 ,if ! good se$ be n timely s[n 9 8 he>t1 ?orns & nettles w s[ !mselves !re fa/ en\gh2 & 8 s\l w become l ! slugg>d's g>d51 rank ) base we$s & poison-plants1 a place :]e all vile ?+s w h _! resort1--reject$ & nigh unto a curse4 ,:o is he t s[e? to 8 own fle%8 ,x is1 9 a ^w1 ! selfi% man4 ,he makes 8 p]sonal int]e/1 & z a rule 8 bodily pleasure1 directly or ultimately1 ! object ( life4 ,! s5se ( responsibility to ,god1 ! ?\ght ( life z a /ew>d%ip ( :i* "o mu/ give acc\nt1 h no place 9 8 m9d4 ,he is a lov] ( pleasure r ?an a lov] ( ,god4 ,8 desires1 unfix$ on ,god1 /eadily t5d d[nw>ds4 ,idolatry ( self becomes slav]y to ! fle%4 ,e act ( selfi% pleasure-seek+1 unt\*$ by nobl] aims1 weak5s & wors5s ! s\l's life4 ,! selfi% man gravitates d[nw>d into ! s5sual man2 ! s5sual man d[nw>d into ! bottomless pit4 ,?is is ! m9d+ ( ! fle% :i* is dea? 7,rom4 viii4 #e-h1 #ac74 ,= x is enmity aga9/ ,god & defiance ( ,8 law4 ,x ov]?r[s ! c\rse ( nature1 ! balance ( our human con/itution2 x br+s disease into ! frame ( our be+4 ,! fle%1 unsubdu$ & uncleans$ by ! virtue ( ! ,_s1 bre$s corruption4 ,its pr$om9ance is ! sure presage ( dea?4 ,! process ( decay beg9s already1 ?is side ! grave2 & x is (t5 made visible by appall+ signs4 ,! bloat$ face1 ! s5sual le]1 ! re/less1 vici\s eye1 ! sull5 br[ tell u :at is go+ on )94 ,! man's s\l is rott+ 9 8 body4 ,lu/ & gre$ are eat+ out ( him ! capacity = good4 ,& if he passes on to ! et]nal h>ve/ z he is1 if t fatal corruption is n arre/$1 :at doom c possibly await su* a man b t ( :i* our m]ciful ,savi\r spoke s pla9ly t we might tremble & escape--! worm t die? n1 & ! fire t is n qu5*$6 ,,iii4 ,& f9ally1 ,god ,himself is ! ,"l ( ! moral h>ve/4 ,! rule ( retribution1 ! nexus t b9ds toge!r our s[+ & our reap+1 is n some?+ automatic & t comes ab\t ( itself2 x is direct$ by ! w ( ,god1 :o worke? all 9 all4 ,ev5 9 ! natural h>ve/ we look upw>ds to ,him4 ,! ord] & regul>ity ( nature1 ! fair procession ( ! seasons wait+ on ! sil5t & maje/ic m>* ( ! heav5s1 h 9 all ages direct$ ?9k+ & grateful m5 to ! ,supreme ,giv]1 to ! creative ,m9d & su/a9+ ,w t sits above ! worlds4 ,z ,paul rem9d$ ! untutor$ ,lycaonians1 ,he ha? n left ,himself )\t witness1 9 t ,he gave u ra9s f heav5 & fruitful seasons1 fill+ our he>ts ) food & gladness4 ,x is ,god t gives ! increase ( ! husb&man's toil1 ( ! m]*ant's =e?\ght1 ( ! arti/'s g5ius & skill4 ,we d n s+ our h>ve/ songs1 ) our ,pagan =efa!rs1 to sun & ra9 & we/ w9d1 to "m ,e>? & ! my/ic p[]s ( ,nature4 ,9 ^! poetic idolatries 7 yet bl5d$ high] ?\ghts & a s5se ( ,div9e b5efic5ce4 ,b to u !re is "o ,god1 ! ,fa!r1 ( :om are all ?+s1 & we = ,him2 & "o ,"l1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ?r\gh :om are all ?+s1 & we ?r\gh ,him4 ,9 ! h>ve/ ( ! e>? man is a work] toge!r ) ,god4 ,! f>m] does 8 "p1 fulfill+ ! conditions ,god has laid d[n 9 nature2 he putte? 9 ! :eat 9 r[s1 & ! b>ley 9 its appo9t$ place2 = 8 ,god do? in/ruct him aright1 & do? tea* him4 ,he tills ! gr\nd1 he s[s ! se$--& !re he leaves x to ,god4 ,he sleeps & rises night & day2 & ! se$ spr+s & gr[s up1 he kn[s n h[4 ,& ! wise/ man ( sci5ce _c tell him h[4 ,god give? x a body1 z x ha? pleas$ ,him4 ,b h[--t is ,8 own secret1 :i* ,he seems likely to keep4 ,all life 9 its gr[?1 z 9 its inception1 is a my/]y1 hid ) ,*ri/ 9 ,god4 ,e se$ s[n 9 field or g>d5 is a deposit committ$ to ! fai?fulness ( ,god2 :i* ,he hon\rs by rais+ x up aga91 ?irty1 sixty1 or a hundr$-fold1 9 ! increase ( ! h>ve/4 ,9 ! moral _w ?is ,div9e co-op]ation is ! m imm$iate1 z ! field ( action lies ne>]1 if "o may s say1 to ! nature ( ,god ,himself4 ,! e>?ly h>ve/ may1 & does (t5 fail4 ,/orms wa/e x2 blights cank] x2 dr\ght )]s1 or fire consumes x4 ,indu/ry & skill1 sp5t 9 ye>s ( pati5t lab\r1 are doom$ n unfrequ5tly to see _! rew>d snat*$ f !m4 ,! v abundance ( o!r l&s deprives our produce ( its value4 ,! natural creation 0 made subject to vanity4 ,its fru/ration & disappo9tm5t are ov]-rul$ = high] ends4 ,b 9 ! spiritual sph]e !re are no casualties1 no room = accid5t or failure4 ,"h life comes directly into contact ) ! ,liv+ ,god1 its f\nta92 & its laws p>take ( ,8 absolut5ess4 ,ea* act ( fai?1 ( wor%ip1 ( duty & integrity1 is a compact betwe5 ! s\l & ,god4 ,we commit our s\ls 9 well-do+ unto a fai?ful ,creator 7#a ,pet4 iv4 #ai74 ,by e su* volition ! he>t is yield+ itself to ! direction ( ! ,div9e ,_s4 ,x s[s unto ! ,_s1 :5ev] 9 ?\ght or de$ ,8 prompt+ is obey$ & ,8 w made ! law ( life4 ,& z 9 ! soil1 by ! ,div9e *emi/ry ( nature1 ! t9y g]m is nurs$ & fo/]$ out ( sight1 till x lifts itself f ! sod a lovely fl[]1 a p]fect fruit1 s 9 ! ord] ( grace x w prove t f ! smalle/ se$s ( goodness 9 human he>ts1 f ! feeble/ beg9n+s ( ! life ( fai?1 f ! l[lie/ acts ( love & s]vice1 ,god 9 due season w raise up a glori\s h>ve/ = :i* heav5 itself w be ! ri*]4 ,,! ,,epilogue4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 #aa-ah4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,! ,,false ,,& ,,! ,,true ,,glory+4 ,see ) h[ l>ge lett]s ,i write unto y ) m9e own h&4 ,z _m z desire to make a fair %[ 9 ! fle%1 !y compel y to be circumcis$2 only t !y may n be p]secut$ = ! cross ( ,*ri/4 ,= n ev5 !y :o receive circumcision d !mselves keep ! law2 b !y desire to h y circumcis$1 t !y may glory 9 y\r fle%4 ,b f> be x f me to glory1 save 9 ! cross ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 ?r\gh :i* ! _w ha? be5 crucifi$ unto me1 & ,i unto ! _w4--,,gal4 vi4 #aa-ad4 ,! r5d]+ ( v]4 #aa 9 ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion is cle>ly errone\s 7see h[ l>ge a lett]74 ,wickliff1 guid$ by ! ,lat9 ,vulgate--) :at man] lettris--escap$ ?is error4 ,x is a plural t]m ! ,apo/le uses1 :i* occasionally 9 ,greek writ]s d5otes an epi/le 7z 9 ,acts xxviii4 #ba71 b n[h]e else 9 ,paul4 ,moreov] ! n\n is 9 ! dative 7in/rum5tal7 case1 & _c be made ! object ( ! v]b4 ,paul draws att5tion at ?is po9t to 8 p5man%ip1 to ! size ( ! lett]s he is us+ & _! autographic =m4 ,see1 he says1 ,i write ?is 9 l>ge *>act]s1 & "u my own h&4 ,b does ?is rem>k apply to ! :ole ,epi/le1 or to its conclud+ p>agraph f ?is v]se onw>ds8 ,to ! latt] only1 z we ?9k4 ,! ^w look is a k9d ( nota b5e4 ,x m>ks some?+ new1 design$ by its =m & appe>ance 9 ! manuscript to arre/ ! eye4 ,x 0 ,paul's practice to write ?r\gh an amanu5sis1 add+ ) 8 own h& a few f9al words ( greet+ or bless+1 by way ( au!ntication4#adf ,"h ?is usage is v>i$4 ,! ,apo/le wi%es to give ^! clos+ s5t5ces ! utmo/ possible emphasis & solemnity4 ,he w\ld pr9t !m on ! v he>t & s\l ( 8 read]s4 ,?is int5tion expla9s ! language ( v]4 #aa2 & x is borne out by ! cont5ts ( ! v]ses t foll[4 ,!y are a po/script1 or ,epilogue1 to ! ,epi/le1 rehe>s+ ) incisive brevity ! burd5 ( all t x 0 9 ! ,apo/le's he>t to say to ^! tr\bl$ & %ak5 ,galatians4 #adf ,see #b ,!ss4 iii4 #ag1 #ah2 #a ,cor4 xvi4 #ba-bc4 ,9 v]4 #bb ( ! latt] passage we c trace a simil> autographic message1 on a small] scale4 ,comp4 also ,philemon #ai4 ,! pa/ t5se ( ! v]b 7lit]ally1 ,i h writt53 7 is 9 accordance ) ,greek epi/ol>y idiom4 ,! writ] associates himself ) 8 read]s4 ,:5 ! lett] comes to !m1 ,paul has writt5 :at !y n[ p]use4 ,on ! assumption t ! :ole ,epi/le is autographic x is h>d to see :at object ! l>ge *>act]s w\ld s]ve1 or :y !y %\ld be ref]r$ to j at ?is po9t4 ,v]4 #aa is 9 fact a s5sational head+4 ,! la/ p>agraph ( ! ,epi/le is p5n$ 9 l>g] type & 9 ! ,apo/le's *>act]i/ic h&1 9 ord] to fa/5 ! att5tion ( ^! impressionable ,galatians ^u 8 f9al deliv]ance4 ,?is device ,paul employs b once4 ,x is a k9d ( practice easily vulg>is$ & t loses its =ce by repetition1 z 9 ! case ( l\d pr9t+ & declamatory spee*4 ,9 ?is emphatic f9al ! int]e/ ( ! ,epi/le1 s p[]fully su/a9$ & c>ri$ ?r\gh s _m /ages1 is rais$ to a yet high] pit*4 ,its pregnant s5t5ces give u--fir/1 ano!r & /ill sev]] d5unciation ( ! tr\bl]s 7vv4 #ab1 #ac72 secondly1 a r5ew$ prote/ation ( ! ,apo/le's devotion to ! cross ( ,*ri/ 7vv4 #ad1 #ae72 ?irdly1 a repetition 9 animat$ /yle ( ! practical doctr9e ( ,*ri/ianity1 & a bless+ pron\nc$ ^u ^? :o are fai?ful to x 7vv4 #ae1 #af74 ,a pa!tic ref]5ce to ! writ]'s p]sonal suff]+s1 foll[$ by ! cu/om>y b5$iction1 br+s ! lett] to a close4 ,! fir/ two topics ( ! ,epilogue /& 9 imm$iate contra/ ) ea* o!r4 ,i4 ,! glory+ ( ! ,apo/le's adv]s>ies4 ,!y w\ld h y circumcis$1 t !y may glory 9 y\r fle% 7v]4 #ab74 ,?is is ! climax ( 8 reproa* aga9/ !m4 ,x gives u ! key to _! "*4 ,! boa/ measures ! man4 ,! aim ( ! ,legali/s 0 to get s _m ,g5tiles circumcis$1 to w9 proselytes ?r\gh ,*ri/ianity to ,judaism4 ,e ,*ri/ian bro!r p]suad$ to submit himself to ?is rite 0 ano!r trophy = !m4 ,8 circumcision1 ap>t f any moral or spiritual consid]ations involv$ 9 ! matt]1 0 ( itself en\gh to fill ^! proselytiz]s ) joy4 ,!y c\nt$ up _! cases2 !y rivall$ ea* o!r 9 ! competition = ,jewi% fav\r on ?is gr\nd4 ,to glory 9 y\r fle%--to be able to po9t to y\r bodily condition z ! pro( ( _! influ5ce & _! devotion to ! ,law--?is1 ,paul says1 is ! object = :i* !y ply y ) s _m flatt]ies & sophi/ries4 ,_! aim 0 intr9sically l[ & unwor?y4 ,!y want to make a fair %[ 7to pres5t a good face7 9 ! fle%4 ,fle% 9 ?is place 7v]4 #ab7 recalls ! contra/ betwe5 ,fle% & ,_s exp\nd$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,paul does n mean t ! ,judaiz]s wi% to make a good appe>ance 9 outw>d respects1 9 human op9ion3 ?is w\ld be little m ?an tautology4 ,! expression /amps ! ,circumcisioni/s z c>nal m54 ,!y are n 9 ! ,_s1 b 9 ! fle%2 & aft] ! fle% !y walk4 ,x is on worldly pr9ciples t !y seek to comm5d !mselves1 & to unspiritual m54 ,:at ! ,apo/le says ( himself 9 ,phil4 iii4 #c1 #d1 illu/rates by contra/ 8 e/imate ( ! ,judaiz]s ( ,galatia3 ,we are ! circumcision1 :o wor%ip by ! ,_s ( ,god1 & glory 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus1 & h no confid5ce 9 ! fle%4 ,he expla9s hav+ confid5ce 9 ! fle% by enum]at+ 8 own advantages & di/9ctions z a ,jew1 ! circum/ances :i* comm5d$ him 9 ! eyes ( 8 fell[-c\ntrym5--:i* 7 ga9 to me1 he says1 b ,i c\nt$ !m loss = ,*ri/ 7v]4 #g74 ,9 t realm ( fle%ly motive & e/imate :i* ,paul _h ab&on$1 8 oppon5ts /ill rema9$4 ,!y _h ex*ang$ ,*ri/ian fidelity = worldly fav\r4 ,& _! religion took ! col\r ( _! moral disposition4 ,to make a fair %[1 an impos+1 plausible appe>ance 9 c]emonial & legal obs]vance1 0 ! m>k !y set !mselves4 ,& !y s\ght to draw ! ,*ur* ) !m 9 ?is direction1 & to impress ^u x _! own rituali/ic type ( piety4 ,?is 0 a worldly1 & 9 _! case a c[>dly policy4 ,!y con/ra9 y to be circumcis$1 only t = ! cross ( ,*ri/ !y may n suff] p]secution 7v]4 #ab74 ,?is !y 7 det]m9$ by all means to avoid4 ,*ri/ _h s5t ,8 s]vants =? z %eep 9 ! mid/ ( wolves4 ,! man t w\ld s]ve ,him1 ,he said1 mu/ foll[ ,him1 tak+ up 8 cross4 ,b ! ,judai/s ?\ght !y knew bett] ?an ?is4 ,!y _h a plan by :i* !y c\ld be ! fri5ds ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & yet keep on good t]ms ) ! _w t crucifi$ ,him4 ,!y w\ld make _! fai? 9 ,jesus a means = w9n+ ov] proselytes to ,judaism4 ,if !y succe$$ 9 ?is design1 _! apo/asy might be condon$4 ,! circumcis$ ,g5tiles w\ld propitiate ! ang] ( _! ,israelite k9dr$1 & w\ld incl9e !m to look m fav\rably ^u ! new doctr9e4 ,^! m51 ,paul says to ! ,galatians1 are sacrific+ y to _! c[>dice4 ,!y rob y ( y\r lib]ties 9 ,*ri/ 9 ord] to make a %ield = !mselves aga9/ ! enmity ( _! k9sm54 ,!y pret5d great zeal on y\r behalf2 !y are eag] to introduce y into ! bless+s ( ! heirs ( ,abraham3 ! tru? is1 !y are victims ( a mis]able fe> ( p]secution4 ,! cross ( ,*ri/1 z ! ,apo/le has repeat$ly decl>$ 7comp4 ,*apt]s ,,xii & ,,xxi71 c>ri$ ) x 9 ,jewi% eyes a flagrant reproa*2 & its acceptance plac$ a gulf betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian & ! or?odox ,jew4 ,! dep? ( t gulf became increas+ly app>5t ! m widely ! gospel spread1 & ! m radically its pr9ciples came to be appli$4 ,to ,paul x 0 n[ sorr[fully evid5t t ! ,jewi% nation _h reject$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y w\ld n he> ! ,apo/les ( ,jesus any m ?an ! ,ma/]4 ,= ! prea*+ ( ! cross !y _h only loa?+ & contempt4 ,judaism recognis$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,crucifi$ its mo/ dang]\s enemy1 & 0 op5+ ! fire ( p]secution aga9/ x all along ! l9e4 ,9 ?is /ate ( affairs1 = ! p>ty ( m5 to compromise & make private t]ms = !mselves ) ! enemies ( ,*ri/ 0 trea*]y4 ,!y 7 surr5d]+1 z ?is ,epi/le %[s1 all t 0 mo/ vital to ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y gave up ! hon\r ( ! gospel1 ! rights ( fai?1 ! salvation ( ! _w1 r ?an face ! p]secution 9 /ore = ^? :o w live godly 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,n t !y c>$ s mu* = ! law 9 itself4 ,_! glory+ 0 ins9c]e1 z well z selfi%3 ,= nei!r d ! circumcis$ !mselves keep ! law4--,^! m5 :o pr(ess su* en?usiasm = ! law ( ,moses & insi/ s zeal\sly on y\r submission to x1 di%on\r x by _! own behavi\r4 ,! ,apo/le is d5\nc+ ! same p>ty ?r\gh\t4 ,"s int]pret]s make ! fir/ clause ( v]4 #ac a p>5!sis1 suppos+ t ! circumcis$ 7p>ticiple pres5t3 ^? be+ circumcis$7 are ,g5tile p]v]ts n[ be+ ga9$ ov] to ,judaism1 :ile ! =ego+ & foll[+ s5t5ces relate to ! ,jewi% tea*]s4 ,b ! context does n intimate1 nor inde$ all[ su* a *ange ( subject4 ,x is ! circumcis$ ( v]4 #ac a :o 9 v]4 #ac b wi% to see ! ,galatians circumcis$1 9 ord] to boa/ ov] _! fle%1--! same :o1 9 v]4 #ab1 desire to make a fair %[ 9 ! fle% & to escape ,jewi% p]secution4 ,read+ ?is 9 ! light ( ! previ\s *apt]s1 !re seems to u no mann] ( d\bt z to ! p]sons ?us designat$4 ,!y are ! ,circumcisioni/s1 ,jewi% ,*ri/ians :o s\ght to p]suade ! ,paul9e ,g5tile ,*ur*es to adopt circumcision & to receive _! own legali/ic p]v]sion ( ! gospel ( ,*ri/4 ,! pres5t t5se ( ! ,greek p>ticiple1 us$ z x is "h ) ! def9ite article1#adg has ! p[] ( becom+ a sub/antive1 dropp+ its ref]5ce to "t2 = ! act d5ot$ passes into an abid+ *>act]i/ic1 s t ! expression acquires ! =m ( a title4 ,! circumcis$ are ! m5 ( ! circumcision1 ^? kn[n to ! ,galatians 9 ?is "*4 #adg 7,revis$ ,text74 ,on ?is idiom1 see ,w9]'s ,gramm>1 p4 #ddd2 ,a4 ,buttmann's ,n4 ,t4 ,gramm>1 p4 #bif4 ,9 *4 i4 #bc1 & 9 ii4 #b 74 71 we h _h in/ances ( ?is usage4 ,! phrase is susceptible1 h[ev]1 ( a wid] application4 ,:5 ,paul writes ?us1 he is ?9k+ ( o!rs besides ! h&ful ( tr\bl]s 9 ,galatia4 ,9 ,rom4 ii4 #ag-bi he levels ?is id5tical *>ge ( hypocritical law-break+ aga9/ ! ,jewi% p at l>ge3 ,?\ :o glorie/ 9 ! law1 he exclaims1 ?r\gh ?y transgression ( ! law di%on\re/ ?\ ,god8 ,?is %ock+ inconsi/5cy1 notori\s 9 contempor>y ,judaism1 0 to be obs]v$ 9 ! conduct ( ! legali/ zealots 9 ,galatia4 ,!y broke !mselves ! v law :i* !y tri$ to =ce on o!rs4 ,_! pret5d$ jeal\sy = ! ord9ances ( ,moses 0 itself _! condemnation4 ,x 0 n ! glory ( ! law !y 7 conc]n$ ab\t1 b _! own4 ,! policy ( ! ,judaiz]s 0 di%on\rable bo? 9 _s & 9 aim4 ,!y 7 false to ,*ri/ 9 :om !y pr(ess$ to believe2 & to ! law :i* !y pret5d$ to keep4 ,!y 7 fac+ bo? ways1 /udy+ ! safe/1 n ! true/ c\rse1 anxi\s 9 tru? to be fri5ds at once ) ! _w & ,*ri/4 ,_! conduct has f\nd _m imitators1 9 m5 :o make godl9ess a way ( ga91 ^: religi\s c\rse is dictat$ by consid]ations ( worldly self-int]e/4 ,a little p]secution1 or social pressure1 is en\gh to turn !m out ( ! way4 ,!y ca/ (f _! ,*ur* obligations z !y *ange _! clo!s1 to suit ! fa%ion4 ,bus9ess patronage1 pr(essional advancem5t1 a tempt+ family alliance1 ! entre into "s select & envi$ circle--su* are ! ?+s = :i* cre$s are b>t]$1 = :i* m5 put _! s\ls & ! s\ls ( _! *ildr5 kn[+ly 9 p]il4 ,w x pay8--?is is ! "q :i* comes 9 ) a decisive weight 9 _! e/imate ( matt]s ( religi\s pr(ession & ! ?+s p]ta9+ to ,god4 ,b :at %all x pr(it8 is ! "q ( ,*ri/4 ,nor are !y less culpable :o br+ ^! motives into play1 & put ?is k9d ( pressure on ! weak & dep5d5t4 ,!re are =ms ( social & pecuni>y influ5ce1 bribes & ?reats quietly appli$ & well und]/ood1 :i* are h>dly to be di/+ui%$ morally f p]secution4 ,let weal?y & dom9ant ,*ur*es see to x t !y be cle> ( ^! (f5ces1 t !y make !mselves ! protectors1 n ! oppressors ( spiritual lib]ty4 ,! adh]5ts t a ,*ur* secures by its worldly pre/ige d n 9 tru? belong to ! k+dom t is n ( ?is _w4 ,su* successes are no triumphs ( ! cross4 ,*ri/ repudiates !m4 ,! glory+ t att5ds proselytism ( ?is k9d is1 l t ( ,paul's ,judai/ic adv]s>ies1 a glory+ 9 ! fle%4 ,,ii4 ,b z = me1 cries ! ,apo/le1 f> be x to glory1 save 9 ! cross ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ 7v]4 #ad74 ,paul kn[s b "o gr\nd ( exultation1 "o object ( pride & confid5ce--8 ,savi\r's cross4 ,be=e he _h receiv$ 8 gospel & se5 ! cross 9 ! light ( revelation1 l o!r ,jews he reg>d$ x ) horror4 ,its exi/5ce cov]$ ! cause ( ,jesus ) ignom9y4 ,x m>k$ ,him out z ! object ( ,div9e abhorr5ce4 ,to ! ,judai/ic ,*ri/ian ! cross 0 /ill an emb>rassm5t4 ,he 0 secretly a%am$ ( a crucifi$ ,messiah1 anxi\s by "s means to excuse ! sc&al & make am5ds = x 9 ! face ( ,jewi% public op9ion4 ,b n[ ?is disgraceful cross 9 ! ,apo/le's eyes is ! mo/ glori\s ?+ 9 ! univ]se4 ,its message is ! good news ( ,god to all mank9d4 ,x is ! c5tre ( fai? & religion1 ( all t man kn[s ( ,god or c receive f ,him4 ,let x be remov$1 & ! entire /ructure ( revelation falls to pieces1 l an ar* )\t its key/one4 ,! %ame ( ! cross 0 turn$ into hon\r & maje/y4 ,its fooli%ness & weakness prov$ to be ! wisdom & ! p[] ( ,god4 ,out ( ! gloom 9 :i* ,calv>y 0 %r\d$ !re n[ %one =? ! cle>e/ light ( hol9ess & love4 ,paul glori$ 9 ! cross ( ,*ri/ because x manife/$ to him ! "* ( ,god4 ,! ,div9e love & righte\sness1 ! entire range ( ^? moral excell5ces :i* 9 _! sov]eign p]fection belong to ! hol9ess ( ,god1 7 !re display$ ) a vividness & spl5d\r hi!rto inconceivable4 ,god s lov$ ! _w1 & yet s hon\r$ ! law ( "r1 t ,he sp>$ n ,8 own ,son1 b deliv]$ ,him up = u all4 ,h[ /up5d\s is ?is sacrifice1 :i* baffles ! m9d & ov]:elms ! he>t6 ,n[h]e 9 ! works ( creation1 nor 9 any o!r disp5sation ( ju/ice or m]cy t\*+ human affairs1 is !re a spectacle t appeals to u ) an effect to be comp>$ ) t ( ! ,suff]] ( ,calv>y4 ,let me look1 let me ?9k aga94 ,:o is ,he t ble$s on t tree ( %ame8 ,:y does ! ,holy ,"o ( ,god submit to ^! indignities8 ,:y ^? cruel w\nds1 ^? he>t-break+ cries t speak ( a s\l pi]c$ by sorr[s deep] ?an all t bodily angui% c inflict8 ,has ! ,almighty inde$ =sak5 ,him8 ,has ! ,evil ,"o seal$ 8 triumph 9 ! blood ( ! ,son ( ,god8 ,is x ,god's m]cy to ! _w1 or is x n r ,satan's hate & man's utt] wick$ness t /& "h reveal$8 ,! issue %[s ) :om victory lay 9 ! dread conflict f\ght out 9 ! ,r$eem]'s s\l & fle%4 ,god 0 9 ,*ri/--liv+1 dy+1 ris+4 ,& :at 0 ,he do+ 9 ,*ri/8--reconcil+ ! _w unto ,himself4 ,n[ we "k :at ! ,mak] ( ! worlds is l4 ,he t ha? se5 ,me1 said ,jesus on ,passion ,eve1 ha? se5 ! ,fa!r4 ,f h5ce=? ye "k ,him1 & h se5 ,him4 ,:at ! _w knew be=e ( ! ,div9e "* & int5tions t[>ds man 0 b poor1 weak rudim5ts4 ,n[ ! believ] has come to ,p5iel2 l ,jacob1 he has se5 ! face ( ,god4 ,he has t\*$ ! c5tre ( ?+s4 ,he has f\nd ! secret ( love4 ,moreov]1 ! ,apo/le glori$ 9 ! cross because x 0 ! salvation ( m54 ,8 love = m5 made him boa/ ( x1 no less ?an 8 zeal = ,god4 ,! gospel burn+ 9 8 he>t & on 8 lips1 0 ,god's p[] unto salvation1 bo? to ,jew & ,greek4 ,he says ?is n by way ( speculation or !ological inf]5ce1 b z ! te/imony ( 8 con/ant exp]i5ce4 ,x 0 br++ m5 by ?\s&s f d>kness into light1 rais+ !m f ! sl\gh ( hide\s vices & guilty despair1 tam+ ! fi]ce/ passions1 break+ ! /ronge/ *a9s ( evil1 driv+ out ( human he>ts ! demons ( lu/ & hate4 ,?is message1 :]ev] x w5t1 0 sav+ m51 z no?+ _h done be=e1 z no?+ else has done s9ce4 ,:at lov] ( 8 k9d w\ld n rejoice 9 ?is8 ,we are memb]s ( a weak & suff]+ race1 groan+ ea* 9 8 own fa%ion "u ! law ( s9 & dea?1 cry+ out ev] & anon ) ,paul1 ,o wret*$ man t ,i am6 ,if ! mis]y ( our bondage 0 acute its d>kness extreme1 h[ great is ! joy ) :i* we hail our ,r$eem]6 ,x is ! gladness ( an imm5se relief1 ! joy ( salvation4 ,& our triumph is r$\bl$ :5 we p]ceive t ,8 grace br+s u n deliv]ance = ourselves alone1 b commissions u to imp>t x to our fell[-m54 ,?anks be to ,god1 cries ! ,apo/le1 :o always leade? u 9 triumph1 & make? kn[n ! sav\r ( ,8 k by u 9 e place 7#b ,cor4 ii4 #ad74 ,! ess5ce ( ! gospel reveal$ to ,paul1 z we h obs]v$ m ?an once1 lay 9 its conception ( ! (fice ( ! cross ( ,*ri/4 ,n ! ,inc>nation--! basis ( ! manife/ation ( ! ,fa!r 9 ! ,son2 n ! s9less life & sup]human tea*+ ( ,jesus1 :i* h m\ld$ ! spiritual ideal ( fai? & suppli$ its cont5ts2 n ! ,resurrection & ,asc5sion ( ! ,r$eem]1 cr[n+ ! ,div9e edifice ) ! glory ( life et]nal2 b ! sacrifice ( ! cross is ! focus ( ! ,*ri/ian revelation4 ,?is gives to ! gospel its sav+ virtue4 ,r\nd ?is c5tre all o!r acts & (fices ( ! ,savi\r revolve1 & f x receive _! heal+ grace4 ,f ! h\r ( ! ,fall ( man ! manife/ations ( ! ,div9e grace to him ev] look$ =w>d to ,calv>y2 & to ,calv>y ! te/imony ( t grace has look$ backw>d ev] s9ce4 ,by ?is sign ! ,*ur* has conqu]$2 ! innum]able b5efits ) :i* h] tea*+ has enri*$ mank9d mu/ all be laid 9 tribute at ! foot ( ! cross4 ,! atonem5t ( ,jesus ,*ri/ dem&s f u a fai? l ,paul's1 a fai? ( exultation1 a b\ndless en?usiasm ( gratitude & confid5ce4 ,if x is wor? believ+ 9 at all1 x is wor? believ+ 9 h]oically4 ,let u s boa/ ( x1 s exhibit 9 our lives its p[]1 s sp5d ourselves 9 s]v+ x1 t we may ju/ly claim f all m5 homage t[>d ! ,crucifi$4 ,let u lift up ! cross ( ,*ri/ till its glory %9es _w-wide1 till1 z ,he said1 x draws all m5 unto ,him4 ,if we triumph 9 ! cross1 we %all triumph by x4 ,x w c>ry ! ,*ur* to victory4 ,& ! cross ( ,jesus ,*ri/ is ! salvation ( m51 j because x is ! revelation ( ,god4 ,x is life et]nal1 said ,jesus to ! ,fa!r1 to "k ,!e4 ,! gospel does n save by m]e pa?os1 b by k--by br++ ab\t a "r und]/&+ betwe5 man & 8 ,mak]1 a reconciliation4 ,x br+s ,god & man toge!r 9 ! light ( tru?4 ,9 ?is revelation we see ,him1 ! ,judge & ! ,fa!r1 ! ,"l ( ! consci5ce & ! ,lov] ( ,8 *ildr52 & we see ourselves--:at our s9s mean1 :at !y h done4 ,god is face to face ) ! _w4 ,hol9ess & s9 meet 9 ! %ock ( ,calv>y1 & fla% into light1 ea* illum9at$ by contra/ ) ! o!r4 ,& ! view ( :at ,god is 9 ,*ri/--h[ ,he judges1 h[ ,he pities u--once fairly se51 breaks ! he>t1 kills ! love ( s94 ,! glory ( ,god 9 ! face ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 sitt+ on t ?orn-cr[n$ br[1 clo?+ t ble$+ ,=m r5t ) ! angui% ( ,m]cy's conflict ) ,righte\sness on our behalf--x is ?is :i* %9es 9 our he>ts z 9 ,paul's1 & cleanses ! s\l by its pity & its t]ror4 ,b ?is is no dramatic sc5e1 x is ,div9e1 et]nal fact4 ,we h beheld & d te/ify t ! ,fa!r s5t ! ,son to be ! ,savi\r ( ! _w4 ,we "k & h believ$ ! love t ,god ha? to u 7#a ,john iv4 #ad1 #af74 ,su* is ! relation to ,god :i* ! cross has e/abli%$ = ! ,apo/le4 ,9 :at position does x place him t[>d ! _w8 ,to x1 he tells u1 he has bidd5 f>ewell4 ,paul & ! _w are dead to ea* o!r4 ,! cross /&s betwe5 !m4 ,9 *4 ii4 #bj he _h said1 ,i am crucifi$ ) ,*ri/2 9 *4 v4 #bd1 t 8 fle% ) its passions & lu/s _h und]gone ?is fate2 & n[ he writes1 ,?r\gh ! cross ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ ! _w is crucifi$ to me1 & ,i to ! _w4 ,lit]ally1 a _w--a :ole _w 0 crucifi$ = ,paul :5 8 ,"l di$ ^u ! cross4 ,! _w t slew ,him put an end to itself1 s f> z he is conc]n$4 ,he c nev] believe 9 x1 nev] take pride 9 x1 nor d homage to x any m4 ,x is /ripp$ ( its glory1 robb$ ( its p[] to *>m or gov]n him4 ,! dea? ( %ame t old evil _w inflict$ ^u ,jesus has1 9 ,paul's eyes1 rev]t$ to itself2 :ile = ! ,savi\r x is *ang$ into a life ( heav5ly glory & dom9ion4 ,! ,apo/le's life is )drawn f x1 to be hid ) ,*ri/ 9 ,god4 ,?is crucifixion is !re=e mutual4 ,! ,apo/le also is crucifi$ to ! _w4 ,saul ! ,ph>isee 0 a reputable1 religi\s man ( ! _w1 recognis$ by x1 alive to x1 tak+ 8 place 9 its affairs4 ,b t old man has be5 crucifi$ ) ,*ri/4 ,! pres5t ,paul is 9 ! _w's reg>d ano!r p]son altoge!r--! fil? ( ! _w1 ! (fsc\r+ ( all ?+s1 no bett] ?an 8 crucifi$ ,ma/] & wor?y to %>e ,8 puni%m5t4 ,he is dead--crucifi$ to x4 ,fai? 9 ,jesus ,*ri/ plac$ a gulf1 wide z t :i* p>ts ! dead & liv+1 betwe5 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,apo/les & m5 ar\nd !m4 ,! cross p>t$ two worlds :olly diff]5t4 ,he :o w\ld g back into t o!r _w1 ! _w ( godless self-pleas+ & fle%ly idolatry1 mu/ /ep ov] ! cross ( ,*ri/ to d x4 ,to me1 te/ifies ,paul1 ! _w is crucifi$4 ,& ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/ has /ill to witness ?is confession4 ,we read 9 x a prophecy4 ,evil mu/ die4 ,! _w t crucifi$ ! ,son ( ,god1 has writt5 its own doom4 ,) its ,satanic ,pr9ce x has be5 judg$ 7,john xii4 #ca2 xvi4 #aa74 ,morally1 x is dead already4 ,! s5t5ce has pass$ ! ,judge's lips4 ,! weake/ *ild ( ,god may safely defy x1 & scorn its boa/+4 ,its visible =ce is /ill imm5se2 its subjects multitud9\s2 its empire to appe>ance h>dly %ak54 ,x t[]s l ,golia? confront+ ! armies ( ! liv+ ,god4 ,b ! f\ndation ( its /r5g? is gone4 ,decay saps its frame4 ,despair creeps ov] its he>t4 ,! consci\sness ( its impot5ce & mis]y gr[s ^u x4 ,worldl9ess has lo/ its old s]5ity irrecov]ably4 ,! cross incessantly di/urbs x1 & haunts its v dreams4 ,anti*ri/ian ?\ght at ! pres5t "t is "o wide fev] ( discont5t4 ,x is s9k+ into ! vortex ( pessimism4 ,its mock]y is l\d] & m brilliant ?an ev]2 b !re is some?+ /rangely convulsive 9 x all2 x is ! laught] ( despair1 ! dance ( dea?4 ,*ri/ ! ,son ( ,god has come d[n f ! cross1 z !y *all5g$ ,him4 ,b com+ d[n1 ,he has fa/5$ !re 9 ,8 place ! _w t taunt$ ,him4 ,/ruggle z x may1 x _c unloose itself f its condemnation1 f ! fact t x has kill$ its ,pr9ce ( ,life4 ,! cross ( ,jesus ,*ri/ mu/ save--or de/roy4 ,! _w mu/ be reconcil$ to ,god1 or x w p]i%4 ,on ! f\ndation laid ( ,god 9 ,zion m5 w ei!r build or break !mselves = ev]4 ,! _w t hat$ ,*ri/ & ! ,fa!r1 ! _w t ,paul ca/ f him z a dead ?+1 _c endure4 ,x passe? away1 & ! lu/ !re(4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,ritual ,,no?+3 ,,"* ,,ev]y?+4 ,= nei!r is circumcision any?+1 nor uncircumcision1 b a new creation4 ,& z _m z %all walk by ?is rule1 peace be ^u !m1 & m]cy1 & ^u ! ,israel ( ,god4--,,gal4 vi4 #ae1 #af4 ,v]se #ad compreh5ds ! :ole !ology ( ! ,epi/le1 & v]4 #ae br+s to a head its practical & e?ical tea*+4 ,?is apoph!gm is "o ( ! l&m>ks ( religi\s hi/ory4 ,x ranks 9 importance ) ,*ri/'s great say+3 ,god is a ,_s2 & !y t wor%ip ,him1 mu/ wor%ip 9 _s & tru? 7,john iv4 #ba-bd74 ,^! s5t5ces ( ,jesus & ( ,paul tak5 toge!r m>k ! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! ,old & ! ,new ,economy4 ,!y decl>e ! nature ( ! absolute religion1 f ! ,div9e & human side respectively4 ,god's pure spiritual be+ is affirm$ by ,jesus ,*ri/ to be h5ce=? ! norm ( religi\s wor%ip4 ,! exclusive sacr$ness ( ,j]usalem1 or ( ,g]izim1 _h !re=e pass$ away4 ,on ! o!r h&1 & reg>d+ religion f its psy*ological side1 z matt] ( exp]i5ce & atta9m5t1 x is set =? by our ,apo/le z an inw>d life1 a spiritual condition1 dep5d5t on no outw>d =m or p]=mance :atsoev]4 ,paul's pr9ciple is a consequ5ce ( t decl>$ by 8 ,ma/]4 ,if ,god is a ,_s1 to be kn[n & approa*$ z su*1 c]emonial at once loses its pr$om9ance2 x s9ks into ! accid5tal1 ! m]ely provisional & p]i%+ elem5t ( religion4 ,fai? is no long] b\nd to mat]ial conditions2 x passes inw>d to its prop] seat 9 ! _s ( man4 ,& ! dictum t ,circumcision is no?+1 & uncircumcision no?+ 7comp4 *4 v4 #f2 #a ,cor4 vii4 #ai71 becomes a wat*word ( ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,?is ,paul9e axiom is advanc$ to ju/ify ! confession ( ! ,apo/le made 9 v]4 #ad2 x supports ! prote/ ( vv4 #ab-ad aga9/ ! devotees ( circumcision1 :o pr(ess$ fai? 9 ,*ri/ b 7 a%am$ ( ,8 cross4 ,t ,judaic rite 9 :i* y glory1 he says1 is no?+4 ,ritual qualifications & disqualifications are aboli%$4 ,life 9 ! ,_s1 ! new creation t beg9s ) fai? 9 ,*ri/ crucifi$--t is ev]y?+4 ,! boa/s ( ! ,judaiz]s 7 !re=e folly3 !y re/$ on no?+4 ,! ,apo/le's glory+ alone 0 valid3 ! new _w ( ! k+dom ( ,god1 ) its righte\sness & peace & joy 9 ! ,holy ,gho/1 0 !re to ju/ify x4 ,i4 ,= nei!r is circumcision any?+4--,judaism is aboli%$ at a /roke6 ,) x circumcision 0 ev]y?+4 ,! circumcision & ! p ( ,god 7 9 ,israeliti% phrase t]ms synonym\s4 ,uncircumcision embrac$ all t 0 hea!ni%1 outca/ & unclean4 ,! ,mosaic polity made ! /atus ( its subjects1 _! relation to ! ,div9e cov5ant1 to dep5d on ?is initiatory rite4 ,circumcis$ ! eigh? day1 ! *ild came "u ! rule & gu>dian%ip ( ! sacr$ ,law4 ,9 virtue ( ?is m>k /amp$ ^u 8 body1 he 0 ipso facto a memb] ( ! congregation ( ! ,"l1 b\nd to all its duties1 s f> z 8 age p]mitt$1 & p>tn] 9 all its privileges4 ,! con/itution ( ,mosaism--its ord9ances ( wor%ip1 its e?ical discipl9e1 its me?ods ( adm9i/ration1 & ! type ( "* :i* x =m$ 9 ! ,jewi% nation--re/$ on ?is fundam5tal sacram5t1 & took _! complexion !refrom4 ,! ,judai/s necess>ily !re=e made x _! fir/ object to en=ce circumcision4 ,if !y secur$ ?is1 !y c\ld c>ry ev]y?+2 & ! complete ,judaiz+ ( ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity 0 only a "q ( "t4 ,?is f\ndation laid1 ! entire sy/em ( legal obligation c\ld be re>$ ^u x 7*4 v4 #c74 ,to resi/ ! imposition ( ?is yoke 0 = ! ,paul9e ,*ur*es a matt] ( life & dea?4 ,!y c\ld n af=d to yield by subjection--no1 n = an h\r4 ,! ,apo/le /&s =? z ! *ampion ( _! fre$om1 & ca/s all ,jewi% pret5sions to ! w9ds :5 he says1 ,nei!r is circumcision any?+4 ,?is absolute way ( putt+ ! matt] mu/ h provok$ ! or?odox ,jew to ! la/ degree4 ,! privileges & ance/ral glories ( 8 bir?1 ! tru? ( ,god 9 ,8 cov5ants & revelations to ! fa!rs1 7 to 8 m9d wrapp$ up 9 ?is ord9ance1 & belong$ ( "r to ! ,circumcision4 ,to say t circumcision is no?+ seem$ to him z good z say+ t ! ,law & ! ,prophets 7 no?+1 t ,israel _h no pre-em95ce ov] ! ,g5tiles1 no "r to claim ! ,god ( ,abraham z h] ,god4 ,h5ce ! bitt]ness ) :i* ! ,apo/le 0 p]secut$ by 8 fell[-c\ntrym51 & ! cr$5ce giv51 ev5 by or?odox ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 to ! *>ge t he taught to ! ,jews apo/asy f ,moses 7,acts xxi4 #ba74 ,9 tru? ,paul did no?+ ( ! k9d1 z ,james ( ,j]usalem v well knew4 ,b a s5t5ce l ?is1 torn f its context1 & repeat$ among/ ,jewi% communities1 naturally gave rise to su* imputations4 ,9 8 subsequ5t ,epi/le to ! ,romans ! ,apo/le is at pa9s to correct errone\s inf]5ces drawn f ?is & simil> say+s ( 8 conc]n+ ! ,law4 ,he %[s t circumcision1 9 its hi/orical import1 0 ( ! highe/ value4 ,:at is ! advantage ( ! ,jew8 ,:at ! b5efit ( circumcision8 ,mu* e way1 he ackn[l$ges4 ,*iefly 9 t to !m 7 entru/$ ! oracles ( ,god 7,rom4 iii4 #a1 #b74 ,& aga93 ,:o are ,israelites2 ^: is ! adoption1 & ! glory1 & ! cov5ants1 & ! lawgiv+1 & ! s]vice ( ,god1 & ! promises2 ^: are ! fa!rs1--& ( :om is ! ,*ri/ z conc]n+ ! fle%1 :o is ov] all1 ,god bless$ = ev] 7,rom4 ix4 #d1 #e74 ,eloqu5tly has ,paul v9dicat$ himself f ! reproa* ( indiff]5ce to ! anci5t fai?4 ,nev] did he love 8 ,jewi% k9dr$ m f]v5tly1 nor ent]ta9 a /rong] confid5ce 9 _! ,div9e call+1 ?an at ! mom5t :5 9 t ,epi/le he pron\nc$ ! reprobation t ensu$ on _! reject+ ! gospel ( ,*ri/4 ,he repeats 9 ! fulle/ t]ms ! claim :i* ,jesus ,himself 0 c>eful to ass]t1 9 decl>+ ! ext9ction ( ,judaism z a local & tribal religion1 t ,salvation is ( ! ,jews 7,john iv4 #ba-bd74 ,9 ! ,div9e ord] ( hi/ory x is /ill to ! ,jew fir/4 ,b natural relation%ip to ! /ock ( ,abraham has 9 itself no spiritual virtue2 circumcision ( ! fle% is wor?less1 except z ! symbol ( a cleans$ & consecrat$ he>t4 ,! possession ( ?is outw>d tok5 ( ,god's cov5ant ) ,israel1 & ! h]$it>y bless+s x conf]r$1 br\ght ) !m a high] responsibility1 involv+ heavi] puni%m5t 9 case ( unfai?fulness 7,rom4 ii4 #ag-;iii4 #h74 ,?is tea*+ is p]t95t to ! case ( *ildr5 ( ,*ri/ian families1 to ^? =mally atta*$ to ! ,*ur* by _! baptism 9 infancy & by att5dance on h] public rites4 ,^! ?+s c]ta9ly h mu* advantage e way4 ,& yet 9 !mselves1 )\t a correspond+ inn] reg5]ation1 )\t a true dea? unto s9 & life unto righte\sness1 ^! also are no?+4 ,! limit+ phrase 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus is no d\bt a copyi/'s addition to ! text1 suppli$ f *4 v4 #f2 b ! qualification is 9 ! ,apo/le's m9d1 & is virtually giv5 by ! context4 ,no c]emony is ( ! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,no outw>d rite by itself makes a ,*ri/ian4 ,we are jo9$ to ! ,"l 9 "o ,_s4 ,?is is ! vital tie4 ,nor is uncircumcision any?+4 ,?is is ! c\nt]-balanc+ ass]tion1 & x makes /ill cle>] ! be>+ ( ! =m] say+4 ,paul is n cont5d+ aga9/ ,judaism 9 any anti-,judaic _s4 ,he is n = sett+ up ,g5tile 9 ! place ( ,jewi% cu/oms 9 ! ,*ur*2 he excludes bo? imp>tially4 ,nei!r1 he decl>es1 h any place 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus1 & among/ ! ?+s t accompany salvation4 ,paul has no desire to humiliate ! ,jewi% section ( ! ,*ur*2 b only to protect ! ,g5tiles f its aggressions4 ,he lays 8 h& on bo? p>ties & by ?is ev5ly balanc$ decl>ation re/ra9s ea* ( !m f encroa*+ on ! o!r4 ,0 any "o call$ circumcis$8 he writes to ,cor9?3 let him n r5\nce 8 circumcision4 ,ha? any "o be5 call$ 9 uncircumcision8 ,let him n be circumcis$4 ,! two /ates alike are no?+ f ! ,*ri/ian /&po9t4 ,! ess5tial ?+ is keep+ ! comm&m5ts ( ,god 7#a ,cor4 vii4 #ah1 #ai74 ,*ri/ian ,g5tiles reta9$ 9 "s in/ances1 d\btless1 _! =m] antipa?y to ,jewi% practices4 ,& :ile _m ( ! ,galatians 7 incl9$ to ,legalism1 o!rs *]i%$ an extreme repugnance to its usages4 ,! pret5sions ( ! ,legali/s 7 calculat$ to excite 9 ! m9ds ( enlight5$ ,g5tile believ]s a feel+ ( contempt1 :i* l$ !m to retort on ,jewi% pride ) language ( ridicule4 ,anti-,judai/s w\ld be f\nd argu+ t circumcision 0 a degradation1 ! br& ( a s]vile condition2 & t its possessor mu/ n presume to rank ) ! free sons ( ,god4 ,9 _! op9ion1 uncircumcision 0 to be pref]r$ & _h mu* advantage e way4 ,among/ ,paul's imm$iate foll[]s !re may h be5 "s :o1 l ,m>cion 9 ! second c5tury1 w\ld fa9 be m ,paul9e ?an ! ,apo/le himself1 & repli$ to ,jewi% intol]ance ) an anti-legal intol]ance ( _! own4 ,to ?is p>ty x 0 ne$ful to say1 ,nei!r is uncircumcision any?+4 ,! pagan 9 8 turn has no?+ = :i* to boa/ ov] ! man ( ,israel4 ,?is is ! caution :i* ! ,apo/le urges on 8 ,g5tile read]s s e>ne/ly 9 ,rom4 xi4 #ac-bd4 ,he rem9ds !m t !y owe an imm5se debt ( gratitude to ! anci5t p ( ,god4 ,wild bran*es graft$ into ! /ock ( ,abraham1 !y 7 p>tak+ ( ! root & fatness ( ! old olive-tree4 ,if ! natural bran*es _h be5 brok5 (f ?r\gh unbelief1 mu* m might !y4 ,x became !m n to be high-m9d$ b to fe>4 ,s ,paul seeks to protect ,israel aft] ! fle%1 9 its rejection & sorr[ful exile f ! fold ( ,*ri/1 aga9/ ,g5tile insol5ce4 ,alas6 t 8 protection has be5 s little avail+4 ,! ,*ri/ian p]secutions ( ! ,jews are a d>k blot on ! ,*ur*'s record4 ,! enemies ( bigotry & n>r[ness too (t imbibe ! same _s4 ,:5 o!rs treat u ) contempt1 we are apt to pay !m back 9 _! own co94 ,!y un*ur* u1 because we _c pron\nce _! %ibbole?s2 !y refuse to see 9 our communion ! signs ( ,*ri/'s indwell+4 ,x requires our be/ *>ity 9 t case to appreciate _! excell5cies & ! fruit ( ! ,_s manife/ 9 !m4 ,i am ( ,cephas1 say !y2 & we answ] ) ! *all5ge ,i ( ,paul4 ,sect>ianism is d5\nc$ 9 a sect>ian _s4 ,! enemies ( =m & c]emony make a religion ( _! ,anti-ritualism4 ,*ur* controv]sies are prov]bially bitt]2 ! love :i* hope? & believe? all ?+s1 "u _! influ5ce suff]s a sad eclipse4 ,on bo? sides let u be on our gu>d4 ,! _s ( p>tisan%ip is n conf9$ to ! ass]tors ( ,*ur* pr]ogative4 ,an ob/9ate & un*>itable pride has be5 kn[n to spr+ up 9 ! brea/s ( ! def5d]s ( lib]ty1 9 ^? :o deem !mselves ! expon5ts ( pure spiritual religion4 ,?us ,i trample on ! pride ( ,plato1 said ! ,cynic1 z he trod on ! philosoph]'s sumptu\s c>pets2 & ,plato ju/ly retort$1 ,y d x ) great] pride4 ,! ,apo/le w\ld fa9 lift 8 read]s above ! level ( ?is legali/ cont5tion4 ,he bids !m dismiss _! pr(itless debates respect+ ! import ( circumcision1 ! obs]vance ( ,jewi% fea/s & sabba?s4 ,^! debates 7 a mis*ief 9 !mselves1 de/roy+ ! ,*ur*'s peace & di/ract+ m5's m9ds f ! spiritual aims ( ! ,gospel2 !y 7 fatal to ! dignity & elevation ( ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,:5 m5 all[ !mselves to be absorb$ by que/ions ( ?is k9d1 & become ,circumcisioni/ or ,uncircumcisioni/ p>tisans1 eag] ,rituali/s or ,anti-rituali/s1 !y lose ! s5se ( proportion 9 matt]s ( fai? & ! poise ( a consci5ti\s & *>itable judgem5t4 ,^! controv]sies pre-em95tly m9i/] que/ions to no pr(it b to ! subv]t+ ( ! he>]s1 in/ead ( fur!r+ ! disp5sation ( ,god1 :i* is 9 fai? 7#a ,tim4 i4 #d74 ,!y di/urb ! ,city ( ,god ) inte/9e /rife1 :ile ! enemy ?und]s at ! gates4 ,c\ld we only let su* disputes alone1 & leave !m to p]i% by inanition6 ,s ,paul w\ld h ! ,galatians d2 he tells !m t ! great ,mosaic rite is no long] wor? def5d+ or attack+4 ,! be/ ?+ is to =get x4 ,,ii4 ,:at !n has ! ,apo/le to put 9 ! place ( ritual1 z ! matt] ( c>d9al importance & *ief /udy 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/8 ,he pres5ts to view a new creation4 ,x is some?+ new t he desid]ates4 ,mosaism 0 effete4 ,! que/ions aris+ out ( x 7 dy+1 or dead4 ,! old me?od ( revelation :i* dealt ) ,jew & ,g5tile z diff]5t religi\s species1 & cons]v$ ,div9e tru? by a process ( exclusion & prohibition1 _h s]v$ its purpose4 ,! middle wall ( p>tition 0 brok5 d[n4 ,! age ( fai? & fre$om _h come1 ! disp5sation ( grace & ( ! ,_s4 ,! ,legali/s m9imis$1 !y practically ignor$ ! significance ( ,calv>y4 ,race-di/9ctions & ca/e-privileges 7 out ( keep+ ) su* a religion z ,*ri/ianity4 ,! new cre$ set up a new ord] ( life1 :i* left beh9d x ! discussions ( rabb9ism & ! =mul>ies ( ! legal s*ools z survivals ( bygone c5turies4 ,! novelty ( ! religion ( ! gospel 0 mo/ conspicu\s 9 ! new type ( "* t x creat$4 ,! fai? ( ! cross claims to h produc$ n a new /yle ( ritual1 a new sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 b new m54 ,by ?is product x mu/ be judg$4 ,! ,*ri/ian is ! new creature :i* x begets4 ,:atev] ,*ri/ianity has accompli%$ 9 ! out] _w--! v>i\s =ms ( wor%ip & social life 9 :i* x is embodi$1 ! *ang$ ord] ( ?\ght & ( civilisation :i* x is build+ up--is ! result ( its influ5ce ov] ! he>ts ( individual m54 ,*ri/1 above all o!r tea*]s1 address$ ,himself directly to ! he>t1 :5ce proce$ ! issues ( life4 ,!re ,8 gospel e/abli%es its seat4 ,! ,*ri/ian is ! man ) a new he>t4 ,! prophets ( ! ,old ,te/am5t look$ =w>d to ?is z ! ess5tial bless+ ( religion1 promis$ = ! ,messianic times 7,heb4 viii4 #h-ac74 ,?r\gh !m ! ,holy ,_s utt]$ ,8 prote/ aga9/ ! me*anical legalism to :i* ! religion ( ! temple & ! prie/hood 0 already t5d+4 ,b ?is witness _h fall5 on deaf e>s2 & :5 ,*ri/ proclaim$1 ,x is ! ,_s t quick5e?1 ! fle% pr(ite? no?+1 :5 ,he said1 ,! ?+s t defile a man come out ( 8 he>t1 ,he prea*$ revolution>y doctr9e4 ,x is ! same pr9ciple t ! ,apo/le v9dicates4 ,! religion ( ,*ri/ has to d 9 ! fir/ place ) ! individual man1 & 9 man ) 8 he>t4 ,:at !n1 we fur!r ask1 is ! "* ( ?is hidd5 man ( ! he>t1 creat$ anew 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus8 ,our ,epi/le has giv5 u ! answ]4 ,9 him fai? work+ by love takes ! place ( circumcision & uncircumcision--t is1 ( ,jewi% & ,g5tile c]emonies & moralities1 p[]less alike to save 7*4 v4 #f74 ,love comes =w>d to gu>antee ! fulfill+ ( ! law1 ^: fulfilm5t legal sanctions fail$ to secure 7*4 v4 #ad74 ,& ! ,_s ( ,*ri/ assumes ,8 sov]eignty 9 ?is "w ( new creation1 call+ into be+ ,8 array ( inw>d graces to sup]s$e ! works ( ! condemn$ fle% t no long] rules 9 ! nature ( ,god's r$eem$ sons 7*4 v4 #af-bd74 ,! ,legali/s1 not)/&+ _! idolatry ( ! law1 did n keep x4 ,s ! ,apo/le has said1 )\t fe> ( contradiction 7v]4 #ac74 ,b ! m5 ( ! ,_s1 actuat$ by a p[] above law1 9 po9t ( fact d keep x1 & law's righte\sness is fulfill$ 9 !m 7,rom4 viii4 #c1 #d74 ,?is 0 a new ?+ 9 ! e>?4 ,nev] _h ! law ( ,god be5 s fulfill$1 9 its ess5tials1 z x 0 by ! ,*ur* ( ! ,crucifi$4 ,"h 7 m5 :o truly lov$ ,god ) all _! s\l & /r5g?1 & _! neighb\r z !mselves4 ,f ,love ! highe/ d[n to ,temp]ance ! humble/1 all ! fruit ( ! ,_s 9 its clu/]$ p]fection fl\ri%$ 9 _! lives4 ,jewi% discipl9e & ,pagan culture 7 bo? put to %ame by ?is new creation ( moral virtue4 ,^! graces 7 produc$ n 9 select in/ances ( individuals fav\r$ by nature1 9 s\ls dispos$ to goodness1 or aft] g5]ations ( ,*ri/ian discipl9e2 b 9 multitudes ( m5 ( e grade ( life--,jews & ,greeks1 slaves & freem51 wise & unwise--9 ^? :o _h be5 /eep$ 9 infam\s vices1 b 7 n[ wa%$1 sanctifi$1 ju/ifi$ 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l ,jesus & by ! ,_s ( our ,god4 ,su* reg5]at$ m5 7 ! cr$5tials ( ,paul's gospel4 ,z he look$ on 8 ,cor9?ian conv]ts1 drawn out ( ! v s9k ( hea!n corruption1 he c\ld say1 ,! seal ( my apo/le%ip are ye 9 ! ,"l4 ,! l answ] ,*ri/ianity has /ill to give to its que/ion]s4 ,if x ev] ceases to r5d] ?is answ]1 its day is ov]2 & all ! /r5g? ( its hi/orical & philosophical evid5ces w n avail x4 ,! ,gospel is ,god's p[] unto salvation--or x is no?+6 ,su* is ,paul's canon1 z he calls x 9 v]4 #af--! rule :i* applies to ! fai? & practice ( e ,*ri/ian man1 to ! pret5sions ( all !ological & ecclesia/ical sy/ems4 ,! true ,*ri/ianity1 ! true *ur*man%ip1 is t :i* turns bad m5 into good1 :i* trans=ms ! slaves ( s9 into sons ( ,god4 ,a true fai? is a sav+ fai?4 ,! new creation is ! sign ( ! ,creator's pres5ce4 ,x is ,god :o quick5e? ! dead 7,rom4 iv4 #ag74 ,:5 ! ,apo/le exalts "* at ! exp5se ( c]emonial1 he does ?is 9 a _s ! v opposite ( religi\s indiff]5ce4 ,8 maxim is f> remov$ f t express$ 9 ! fam\s c\plet ( ,pope3 ,= modes ( fai? let graceless zealots fight2 ,8 c't be wrong ^: life is 9 ! "r4 ,! gospel ( ,*ri/ is above all ?+s a mode ( fai?4 ,! new creature is a son ( ,god1 seek+ to be l ,god4 ,8 conception ( ! ,div9e "* & ( 8 own relation%ip !reto gov]ns 8 :ole life4 ,8 life is 9 ! "r1 because 8 he>t is "r ) ,god4 ,all attempts to divorce morality f religion1 to build up society on a secul> & non-religi\s basis1 are inde$ =$oom$ to failure4 ,! exp]i5ce ( mank9d is aga9/ !m4 ,z a nation's religion has be51 s its morals4 ,! e?ical /&>d 9 its rise or fall1 if at "s int]val ( "t1 yet inv>iably1 foll[s ! advance or decl9e ( spiritual fai?4 ,= practical purposes1 & = society at l>ge1 religion supplies ! ma9spr+ ( e?ics4 ,cre$ is 9 ! long run ! det]m9ant ( "*4 ,! "q ) ! ,apo/le is n 9 ! lea/ :e!r religion is vital to morals2 b :e!r ?is or t =mality is vital to religion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o _c help wond]+ h[ ,paul w\ld h appli$ 8 canon to ! ,*ur* que/ions ( our own day4 ,w\ld he p]*ance h said1 ,episcopacy is no?+1 & ,presbyt]ianism is no?+2--b keep+ ! comm&m5ts ( ,god8 ,or might he h int]pos$ 9 ano!r direction1 to te/ify t ,*ur* ,e/abli%m5ts are no?+1 & ,dise/abli%m5t is no?+2 *>ity is ! "o ?+ ne$ful8 ,nay1 c we ev5 be bold en\gh to imag9e ! ,apo/le decl>+1 ,nei!r ,baptism availe? any?+1 nor ! ,"l's ,supp] availe? any?+1--ap>t f ! fai? t works by love8 ,8 rule at any rate conveys an admonition to u :5 we magnify que/ions ( ,*ur* ord9ance & pu% !m to ! front1 at ! co/ ( ! weighti] matt]s ( our common fai?4 ,are !re n multitudes ( ,romani/s on ! "o h& :o h1 z we believe1 p]v]t$ sacram5ts1 & ,quak]s on ! o!r h& :o h no sacram5ts1 b :o h1 not)/&+1 a p5it5t1 humble1 lov+ fai? 9 ,jesus ,*ri/8 ,& _! fai? saves !m3 :o w d\bt x8 ,al?\gh fai? mu/ ord9>ily suff]1 & does 9 our judgem5t manife/ly suff]1 :5 depriv$ ( ^! appo9t$ & mo/ preci\s means ( its expression & n\ri%m5t4 ,b :at au?ority h we to =bid to su* believ]s a place 9 ! ,body ( ,*ri/1 9 ! bro!rhood ( r$eem$ s\ls1 & to refuse !m ! "r h& ( fell[%ip1 :o h receiv$ ! ,holy ,gho/ z well z we8 ,x is ! ,_s t be>e? witness3 :o is he t ga9saye?8 ,grace is m ?an ! means ( grace4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& z _m z %all walk by ?is rule1 peace be on !m & m]cy1 & ^u ! ,israel ( ,god4 ,"h is an ,apo/olic b5$iction = e loyal ,*ur*4 ,! walk t ! ,apo/le approves is ! measur$1 ev5 pace1 ! /eady m>*#adh ( ! r$eem$ ho/ ( ,israel4 ,on all :o are ?us m9d$1 :o are prep>$ to make spiritual p]fection ! goal ( _! endeav\rs = !mselves & = ! ,*ur*1 ,paul invokes ,god's peace & m]cy4 #adh 2 comp4 *4 v4 #be4 ,peace is foll[$ by ! m]cy :i* gu>ds & re/ores x4 ,m]cy heals backslid+s & multiplies p>dons4 ,%e loves to b9d up a brok5 he>t1 or a r5t & di/ract$ ,*ur*4 ,l ! pill> ( fire & cl\d 9 ! wild]ness1 ?is tw(old bless+ re/s day & night ^u ! t5ts ( ,israel4 ,?r\gh all _! pilgrimage x att5ds ! *ildr5 ( ,abraham1 :o foll[ 9 ! /eps ( _! fa!r's fai?4 ,) ?is t5d] supplication ,paul br+s 8 w>n+s & dissuasives to an end4 ,= ! betray]s ( ! cross he has /]n indignation & al>ms ( judgem5t4 ,t[>ds 8 *ildr5 9 ! fai? no?+ b peace & m]cy rema9s 9 8 he>t4 ,z an ev5+ calm %uts 9 a tempe/u\s day1 s ?is bless+ concludes ! ,epi/le s full ( /rife & agitation4 ,we cat* 9 x once m ! *ime ( ! old b5$iction1 :i* ?r\gh all /orm & p]il ev] r+s 9 e>s attun$ to its note3 ,peace %all be ^u ,israel 7,ps4 cxxv4 #e74 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,! ,,br& ,,( ,,jesus4 ,f h5ce=? let no man tr\ble me3 = ,i be> br&$ on my body ! m>ks ( ,jesus4 ,! grace ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ be ) y\r _s1 bre?r54 ,am54--,,gal4 vi4 #ag1 #ah4 ,! ,apo/le's p5 l+]s ov] ! la/ words ( ?is ,epi/le4 ,8 hi/orical self-def5ce1 8 !ological argum5t1 8 practical admonitions1 ) ! bl5d$ /ra9 ( expo/ulation & entreaty t runs ?r\gh ! :ole--n[ ris+ into an awful sev]ity1 n[ s9k+ into "m-l t5d]ness--h rea*$ _! conclusion4 ,! /ream ( deep & f]v5t ?\ght p\r+ itself out 9 ^! pages has sp5t its =ce4 ,?is pr9ce ( ! ,apo/les 9 ^w & doctr9e has left ! ,*ur* no m p[]ful or *>act]i/ic utt]ance ( 8 m9d4 ,& ,paul has m>k$ ! special urg5cy ( 8 purpose by 8 clos+ message conta9$ 9 ! la/ six v]ses1 an ,epi/le )9 ! ,epi/le1 p5n$ 9 l>ge1 bold /rokes f 8 own h&1 9 :i* 8 v s\l transcribes itself be=e our eyes4 ,x only rema9s = him to app5d 8 signature4 ,we %\ld expect him to d ?is 9 "s /rik+ & special way4 ,8 fir/ s5t5ce 7*4 i4 #a-aj7 reveal$ ! pr(\nd excitem5t ( _s "u :i* he is lab\r+2 n o!rwise does he conclude4 ,v]4 #ag %>ply contra/s ) ! words ( peace t hu%$ our ?\ghts at ! close ( ! la/ p>agraph4 ,p]haps ! peace he wi%es ^! tr\bl$ ,*ur*es rem9ds him ( 8 own tr\bles4 ,or is x t 9 brea?+ 8 dev\t wi%es = ! ,israel ( ,god1 he _c b ?9k ( ^? :o 7 ( ,israel1 b no sons ( peace1 9 ^: he>ts 0 hatr$ & mis*ief t[>d himself8 ,"s su* ?\ght /irs anew ! grief ) :i* he has be5 %ak52 & a pa!tic cry breaks f him l ! s\gh ( ! dep>t+ tempe/4 ,yet ! words h ! s\nd ( triumph m ?an ( sorr[4 ,paul /&s a consci\s victor1 ?\gh w\nd$ & ) sc>s ^u him t he w c>ry to 8 grave4 ,:e!r ?is lett] w s]ve its imm$iate purpose1 :e!r ! defection 9 ,galatia w be /ay$ by x1 or n1 ! cause ( ! cross is sure ( its triumph2 8 cont5tion aga9/ its enemies has n be5 9 va94 ,! =ce ( inspiration t uplift$ him 9 writ+ ! ,epi/le1 ! s5se ( insight & au?ority t p]vades x1 are !mselves an e>ne/ ( victory4 ,! v9dication ( 8 au?ority 9 ,cor9?1 :i*1 z we read ! ord] ( ev5ts1 _h v rec5tly occurr$1 gave tok5 t 8 hold on ! ob$i5ce ( ! ,g5tile ,*ur*es 0 n likely to be de/roy$1 & t 9 ! conflict ) legalism ! gospel ( lib]ty 0 c]ta9 to prevail4 ,8 c\rage rises ) ! dang]4 ,he writes z ?\gh he c\ld already say1 ,i h f\ght ! good fight4 ,?anks be to ,god1 :i* always leade? u 9 triumph 7#b ,tim4 iv4 #g2 #b ,cor4 ii4 #ad74 ,! w>n+ ( v]4 #ag has ! r+ ( ,apo/olic dignity4 ,f h5ce=? let no man give me tr\ble6 ,paul speaks ( himself z a sacr$ p]son4 ,god's m>k is ^u him4 ,let m5 bew>e h[ !y m$dle ) him4 ,he t t\*e? y1 ! ,"l said to ,8 p aft] ! sorr[s ( ! ,exile1 t\*e? ! apple ( ,m9e eye 7,ze*4 ii4 #h74 ,! ,apo/le seems to h _h a simil> feel+ respect+ himself4 ,he ann\nces t :osoev] f ?is "t lays an injuri\s h& ^u him does s at 8 p]il4 ,h5ce=?--= ! /ruggle ) ,legalism 0 ! crisis ( ,paul's m9i/ry4 ,x call$ =? all 8 p[]s1 natural & sup]natural1 into ex]cise4 ,x l$ him to 8 l>ge/ ?\ghts respect+ ,god & man1 s9 & salvation2 & br\ght him 8 heavie/ sorr[s4 ,! conclusion ( ?is lett] signalises ! culm9ation ( ! ,judai/ic controv]sy1 & ! full e/abli%m5t ( ,paul's influ5ce & doctr9al au?ority4 ,! attempt ( ,judaism to /rangle ! infant ,*ur* is foil$4 ,9 return x has receiv$ at ,paul's h&s its dea?-bl[4 ,! position won 9 ?is ,epi/le w nev] be lo/2 ! doctr9e ( ! cross1 z ! ,apo/le taught x1 _c be ov]?r[n4 ,look+ back f ?is po9t to prove 8 own "w1 he c 9 all humility claim ?is glory+ 9 reg>d to himself 7v]4 #d74 ,he /&s atte/$ 9 ! light ( ,god's approval z a good soldi] ( ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,he has done ! cause ( tru? an imp]i%able s]vice4 ,he takes 8 place h5ce=? 9 ! front rank among/ ! spiritual lead]s ( mank9d4 ,:o n[ w br+ reproa* aga9/ him1 or d di%on\r to ! cross :i* he be>s8 ,aga9/ t man ,god's displeasure w g =?4 ,"s su* ?\ghts 7 surely pres5t to ! ,apo/le's m9d 9 writ+ ^! f9al words4 ,!y _c b occur to u 9 read+ !m4 ,well done1 we say1 ?\ fai?ful s]vant ( ! ,"l6 ,ill mu/ x be = him :o h5ce=? %all tr\ble !e4 ,tr\bles inde$1 & to sp>e1 ,paul _h enc\nt]$4 ,he has j pass$ ?r\gh ! d>ke/ exp]i5ce ( 8 life4 ,! language ( ! ,second ,epi/le to ,cor9? is a /rik+ comm5t>y ^u ?is v]se4 ,we are press$ on e side1 he writes1 p]plex$1 pursu$1 smitt5 d[n 7*4 iv4 #h1 #i74 ,8 tr\bles came n only f 8 exhau/+ lab\rs & haz>d\s j\rneys2 he 0 ev]y:]e pursu$ by ! fi]ce & deadly hatr$ ( 8 fell[-c\ntrym54 ,ev5 )9 ! ,*ur* !re 7 m5 :o made x _! bus9ess to h>ass him & de/roy 8 "w4 ,no place 0 safe = him--n ev5 ! bosom ( ! ,*ur*4 ,on l& or wat]1 9 ! ?rongs ( ! city or ! solitudes ( ! des]t1 8 life 0 9 h\rly jeop>dy 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #cj2 #b ,cor4 xi4 #bf74 ,beside all ?is1 ! c>e ( ! ,*ur*es weigh$ on 8 m9d heavily4 ,!re 0 no re/ ei!r = 8 fle% or _s 7#b ,cor4 ii4 #ac2 vii4 #e74 ,rec5tly ,cor9?1 !n ,galatia 0 9 a f]m5t ( agitation4 ,8 doctr9e 0 attack$1 8 au?ority und]m9$ by ! ,judaic emiss>ies1 n[ 9 ?is qu>t]1 n[ 9 t4 ,! tumult at ,ephesus1 s graphically describ$ by ,luke1 happ5+ at ! same "t z ! broils 9 ! ,cor9?ian ,*ur* & work+ on a frame already ov]/rung1 _h ?r[n him into a pro/ration ( body & m9d s great t he says1 ,we despair$ ev5 ( life4 ,we _h ! answ] ( dea? 9 ourselves 7#b ,cor4 i4 #h1 #i74 ,! expectation t he w\ld die be=e ! ,"l's return _h n[1 = ! fir/ "t x appe>s1 def9itely =c$ itself on ! ,apo/le1 & ca/ ov] him a new %ad[1 caus+ deep pond]+s & se>*+s ( he>t 7#b ,cor4 v4 #a-aj74 ,! culm9ation ( ! legali/ic conflict 0 att5d$ ) an inn] crisis t left its ineffaceable impression on ! ,apo/le's s\l4 ,b he has ris5 f 8 sick b$4 ,he has be5 com=t$ by ! com+ ( ,titus ) bett] news f ,cor9? 7#b ,cor4 vii4 #f-af74 ,he has writt5 ^! two lett]s--! ,second to ! ,cor9?ians1 & ?is to ! ,galatians4 ,& he feels t ! wor/ is pa/4 ,he :o deliv]$ him out ( s great a dea?1 w yet deliv] 7#b ,cor4 i4 #aj74 ,s confid5t is he 9 ! au?ority :i* ,*ri/ gave & enabl$ him to ex]cise 9 utt] weakness1 s signally is he n[ /amp$ z ,god's ,apo/le by 8 suff]+s & a*ievem5ts1 t he c d>e any "o f ?is "t =? to oppose him4 ,! ana!ma ( ?is ,epi/le might well make 8 oppon5ts tremble4 ,its remorseless logic left _! sophi/ries no place ( refuge4 ,its passionate entreaties broke d[n suspicion & sull5ness4 ,let ! ,circumcisioni/s bew>e h[ !y sl&] him4 ,let fickle ,galatians cease to tr\ble him ) _! qu>rels & caprices4 ,s well assur$ is he = 8 "p ( ! rectitude ( 8 c\rse & ( ! ,div9e approval & protection1 t he feels b\nd to w>n !m t x w be ! worse = ^? :o at su* a "t lay ^u him fre% & ne$less burd5s4 ,"o cat*es 9 ?is s5t5ce too an und]tone ( entreaty1 a confession ( we>9ess4 ,paul is tir$ ( /rife4 ,woe is me1 he might say1 t ,i soj\rn 9 ,me%e*1 t ,i dwell among ! t5ts ( ,k$>6 ,my s\l ha? long _h h] dwell+ ) him t hate? peace4 ,enmities1 rag+s1 factions1 divisions--) :at a pa9ful emphasis he dwells 9 ! la/ *apt] on ^! _m =ms ( discord4 ,he has kn[n !m all4 ,= mon?s he has be5 battl+ ) ! hydra-head$ brood4 ,he longs = an int]val ( re/4 ,he seems to say1 ,i pray y1 let me be at peace4 ,d n vex me any m ) y\r qu>rels4 ,i h suff]$ en\gh4 ,! pres5t t5se ( ! ,greek imp]ative v]b 77 br+s x to be> on ! c\rse ( ?+s !n go+ on3 z mu* z to say1 ,let ^! weapons be dropp$1 ^! w>s & fight+s cease4 ,= 8 own sake ! ,apo/le begs ! ,galatians to desi/ f ! follies t caus$ him s mu* tr\ble1 & to suff] him to %>e ) !m ,god's b5$iction ( peace4 ,b :at an argum5t is ?is ) :i* ,paul en=ces 8 plea1--= ,i be> ! br& ( ,jesus 9 my body6 ,! /igmata ( ,jesus--:at does he mean8 ,x is 9 my body--"s m>ks br&$ or punctur$ on ! ,apo/le's p]son1 di/+ui%+ him f o!r m51 conspicu\s & humiliat+1 inflict$ on him z ,*ri/'s s]vant1 & :i* s mu* resembl$ ! inflictions laid on ! ,r$eem]'s body t !y are call$ ! m>ks ( ,jesus4 ,no "o c say precisely :at ^! br&s consi/$ 94 ,b we "k en\gh ( ! previ\s suff]+s ( ! ,apo/le to be satisfi$ t he c>ri$ on 8 p]son _m pa9ful m>ks ( viol5ce & injury4 ,8 p]ils endur$ by l& & sea1 8 imprisonm5ts1 8 lab\r & travail1 hung] & ?ir/1 cold & nak$ness1 8 ?ree %ipwrecks1 ! night & day sp5t 9 ! deep1 7 suffici5t to break d[n ! /r5g? ( ! /\te/ frame2 !y _h giv5 him ! look ( a worn & hagg>d man4 ,add to ^! ! /on+ at ,ly/ra1 :5 he 0 dragg$ out = dead4 ,?rice also _h he be5 beat5 ) ! ,roman rods2 five times ) ! ?irty-n9e /ripes ( ! ,jewi% sc\rge 7#b ,cor4 xi4 #bc-bg74 ,is x to ^! la/ afflictions1 cruel & %ameful !y 7 9 ! extreme1 t ! ,apo/le specially ref]s z con/itut+ ! br& ( ,jesus8 ,= ,jesus 0 sc\rg$4 ,! allusion ( #a ,pet4 ii4 #bd--;by ^: /ripes 7lit]ally1 bruise or weal7 ye 7 heal$--%[s h[ vividly ?is circum/ance 0 rememb]$1 & h[ /rongly x affect$ ,*ri/ian m9ds4 ,) ?is indignity ^u ,him--,8 body la%$ ) ! tortur+ :ip1 scor$ ) livid bruises--our ,bless$ ,"l 0 expos$ on ! cross4 ,s ,he 0 br&$ z a malefactor1 ev5 be=e ,8 crucifixion4 ,& ! same br& ,paul _h receiv$1 n once b _m times1 = 8 ,ma/]'s sake4 ,z ! /rokes ( ! sc\rge fell on ! ,apo/le's %udd]+ fle%1 he _h be5 consol$ by ?9k+ h[ ne> he 0 br\ght to 8 ,savi\r's passion3 ,! s]vant1 ,he _h said1 %all be z 8 ,"l4 ,possibly "s rec5t infliction ( ! k9d1 m savage ?an ! re/1 _h help$ to br+ on ! malady :i* prov$ s ne>ly fatal to him4 ,9 "s way he _h be5 m>k$ ) fre% & manife/ tok5s ( bodily suff]+ 9 ! cause ( ,*ri/4 ,ab\t ?is "t he writes ( himself z always be>+ ab\t 9 8 body ! dy+ ( ! ,"l ,jesus 7#b ,cor4 iv4 #aj72 = ! corpse-l /ate ( ! ,apo/le1 ) ! signs ( maltreatm5t visible 9 8 frame1 pa!tically imag$ ! suff]+ ,r$eem] :om he prea*$4 ,c\ld ! ,galatians h se5 him z he wrote1 9 physical di/ress1 lab\r+ "u ! burd5 ( r5ew$ & aggravat$ tr\bles1 _! he>ts mu/ h be5 t\*$ ) pity4 ,x w\ld h griev$ !m to ?9k t !y _h increas$ 8 afflictions1 & 7 p]secut+ him :om ! ,"l _h smitt54 ,8 sc>s 7 badges ( di%on\r to worldly eyes4 ,b to ,paul himself ^! tok5s 7 v preci\s4 ,n[ ,i rejoice 9 my suff]+s = y1 he writes f 8 ,roman prison at a lat] "t3 & am fill+ up :at is lack+ ( ! afflictions ( ,*ri/ 9 my fle% 7,col4 i4 #bd74 ,! ,"l _h n suff]$ ev]y?+ ,himself4 ,he hon\r$ ,8 s]vants by leav+ beh9d a measure ( ,8 afflictions = ea* to endure 9 ! ,*ur*'s behalf4 ,! ,apo/le 0 companion ( 8 ,ma/]'s disgrace4 ,9 him ! words ( ,jesus 7 signally fulfill$3 ,!y h hat$ ,me2 !y w also hate y4 ,he 0 foll[+1 closely z he might1 9 ! way t l$ to ,calv>y4 ,all m5 may "k t ,paul is ,*ri/'s s]vant2 = he we>s ,8 liv]y1 ! _w's contempt4 ,( ,jesus !y said1 ,away ) ,him1 crucify ,him2 & ( ,paul1 ,away ) su* a fell[ f ! e>?3 = x is n fit t he %\ld live 7,acts xxii4 #bb74 ,en\gh = ! disciple to be z 8 ,ma/]3 :at c\ld he wi% m8 ,8 condition inspir$ rev]5ce 9 all :o lov$ & hon\r$ ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,paul's ,*ri/ian bre?r5 7 mov$ by feel+s ( ! t5d]e/ respect by ! sight ( 8 wa/$ & crippl$ =m4 ,8 bodily pres5ce is weak 7#b ,cor4 x4 #aj73 he looks l a corpse6 said 8 despis]s4 ,b "u t physical feebl5ess !re lay an imm5se fund ( moral vig\r4 ,h[ %\ld he n be weak1 aft] s _m ye>s ( we>y+ toil & rel5tless p]secution & tortur+ pa98 ,out ( ?is v weakness came a new & unmat*$ /r5g?2 he glories 9 8 infirmities1 = !re re/s ^u him ! /r5g? ( ,*ri/ 7#b ,cor4 xii4 #i74 ,"u ! expression /igmata ( ,jesus !re is c\*$ a ref]5ce to ! practice ( m>k+ crim9als & runaway slaves ) a br& burnt into ! fle%1 :i* is p]petuat$ 9 our ,engli% use ( ! ,greek words /igma & /igmatize4 ,a man s m>k$ 0 call$ /igmatias1 i4e41 a br&$ sc\ndrel2 & su* ! ,apo/le felt himself to be 9 ! eyes ( m5 ( ! _w4 ,capta9 ,lysias ( ,j]usalem took him = an ,egyptian lead] ( b&itti4 ,hon\rable m51 :5 !y knew him bett]1 le>n$ to respect him2 b su* 0 ! reputation t 8 batt]$ appe>ance1 & ! report ( 8 enemies1 at fir/ sight ga9$ = him4 ,! t]m /igmata _h also ano!r & diff]5t signification4 ,x appli$ to a well-kn[n cu/om ( religi\s devotees to puncture1 or tattoo1 ^u !mselves ! "n ( _! ,god1 or o!r sign expressive ( _! devotion 7,isa4 xiiv4 #e2 ,rev4 iii4 #ab74 ,?is signification may be v naturally comb9$ ) ! =m] 9 ! employm5t ( ! figure4 ,paul's /igmata1 resembl+ ^? ( ,jesus & be+ ( ! same ord]1 7 signs at once ( reproa* & ( consecration4 ,! pr9ts ( ! _w's insol5ce 7 witnesses ( 8 devotion to ,*ri/4 ,he loves to call himself ! slave ( ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,! sc\rge has writt5 on 8 back 8 ,ma/]'s "n4 ,^? dumb w\nds proclaim him ! bondman ( ! ,crucifi$4 ,at ! l[e/ po9t ( p]sonal & (ficial humiliation1 :5 affronts 7 heap$ ^u him1 he felt t he 0 rais$ 9 ! might ( ! ,_s to ! l(tie/ dignity1 ev5 z ,*ri/ 0 crucifi$ ?r\gh weakness1 yet live? ?r\gh ! p[] ( ,god 7#b ,cor4 xiii4 #d47 ,! words ,i be>--n unit$1 z 9 our own idiom1 b /&+ ! pron\n at ! head & ! v]b at ! foot ( ! s5t5ce--h ea* ( !m a special emphasis4 ,i--9 contra/ ) 8 oppon5ts1 man-pleas]s1 %unn+ ,*ri/'s reproa*2 & be> he says exultantly--?is is my burd51 ^! are ! m>ks ,i c>ry1 l ! /&>d-be>] ( an army :o pr\dly we>s 8 sc>s 7,*ryso/om74 ,9 ! pr(\nd & sacr$ joy :i* ! ,apo/le's tribulations br\ght him1 we _c b feel ev5 at ?is di/ance t we possess a %>e4 ,!y belong to t ri*e/ treasure ( ! pa/1 ! sum ( ,sorr[ :i* is n sorr[1 b delight ,to he> (1 = ! glory t r$\nds ,!refrom to human k9d & :at we are4 ,! /igmatization ( ,paul1 8 punctur+ ) ! w\nds ( ,jesus1 has be5 reviv$ 9 lat] times 9 a mann] f> remote f any?+ t he imag9$ or w\ld h desir$4 ,francis ( ,assisi 9 ! ye> #abbd ,a4,d4 receiv$ 9 a trance ! w\nd-pr9ts ( ! ,savi\r on 8 body2 & f t "t to 8 dea?1 x is report$1 ! sa9t _h ! physical appe>ance ( "o :o _h suff]$ crucifixion4 ,o!r in/ances1 to ! numb] ( eighty1 h be5 record$ 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* ( ! reproduction1 9 m or less complete =m1 ( ! five w\nds ( ,jesus & ! agonies ( ! cross2 *iefly 9 ! case ( nuns4 ,! la/ 0 t ( ,l\ise ,lateau1 :o di$ 9 ,belgium 9 ! ye> #ahhc4 ,t su* ph5om5a h occurr$1 !re is no suffici5t reason to d\bt4 ,x is difficult to assign any limits to ! p[] ( ! human m9d ov] ! body 9 ! way ( sympa!tic imitation4 ,s9ce ,/4 ,francis' day _m ,romani/ div9es h read ! ,apo/le's language 9 ?is s5se2 b ! int]pretation has foll[$ r ?an giv5 rise to ?is fulfilm5t4 ,9 :atev] light ^! manife/ations may be reg>d$1 !y are a /rik+ witness to ! p[] ( ! cross ov] human nature4 ,protract$ m$itation on ! suff]+s ( our ,"l1 aid$ by a lively imag9ation & a susceptible physique1 has actually produc$ a rehe>sal ( ! bodily pangs & ! w\nd-m>ks ( ,calv>y4 ,?is mode ( kn[+ ,*ri/'s suff]+s aft] ! fle%1 morbid & mon/r\s z we deem x to be1 is ! result ( an aspiration :i* h[ev] misdirect$ by ,ca?olic asceticism1 is yet ! highe/ t belongs to ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,surely we also desire1 ) ,paul1 to be made con=mable to ! dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,on our he>ts ,8 w\nds mu/ be impress$4 ,along ! pa?way ( our life ,8 cross has to be borne4 ,to all ,8 disciples1 ) ! sons ( ,zeb$ee1 ,he says1 ,ye %all inde$ dr9k ( ,my cup2 & ) ! baptism t ,i am baptiz$ )al %all ye be baptiz$4 ,b x is ! ,_s t quick5e?1 said ,jesus2 ! fle% pr(ite? no?+4 ,! pa9s endur$ by ! body = ,8 sake are only ( value :51 z 9 ,paul's case1 !y are ! result & ! witness ( an inw>d communion ( ! ,_s1 a union ( ! w & ! intellig5ce ) ,*ri/4 ,! cup t ,he w\ld h u dr9k ) ,him1 is "o ( sorr[ = ! s9s ( m54 ,8 baptism is t ( pity = ! mis]y ( our fell[s1 ( ye>n+ ov] s\ls t p]i%4 ,x w n come ^u u )\t co/+ _m a pang4 ,if we receive x !re w be ease to surr5d]1 ga9 & cr$it to r5\nce1 self to be con/antly sacrific$4 ,we ne$ n g out ( our way to f9d our cross2 we h only n to be bl9d to x1 n to evade x :5 ,*ri/ sets x be=e u4 ,x may be "p ( ! cross t x comes 9 a common1 unh]oic =m2 ! s]vice requir$ is obscure2 x consi/s ( a multitude ( little1 vex+1 drudg+ sacrifices 9 place ( ! gr& & impressive sacrifice1 :i* we %\ld be pr\d to make4 ,to be m>tyr$ by in*es1 out ( sight--?is to _m is ! cruelle/ m>tyrdom ( all4 ,b x may be ,*ri/'s way1 ! fitte/1 ! only p]fect way = u1 ( putt+ ,8 br& ^u u & con=m+ u to ,8 dea?4 ,yes1 con=mity ( _s to ! cross is ! m>k ( ,jesus4 ,if we suff] ) ,him--s ! ,apo/olic ,*ur*es us$ to s+--we %all also be glorifi$ toge!r4 ,9 our recoil f ! artificial p5ances & mortifications ( =m] ages1 we are dispos$ 9 ^! days to bani% ! idea ( mortification altoge!r f our ,*ri/ian life4 ,d we n /udy our p]sonal com=t 9 an un-,*ri/like fa%ion8 ,are !re n _m 9 ^! days1 be>+ ! "n ( ,*ri/1 :o )\t %ame & )\t repro( lay out _! plans = w9n+ ! utmo/ ( selfi% prosp]ity1 & put ,*ri/ian objects 9 ! second place8 ,h[ va9 = !m to cry ,"l1 ,"l6 to ! ,*ri/ :o pleas$ n ,himself6 ,!y pr(ess at ! ,"l's ,table to %[ ,8 dea?2 b to %[ t dea? 9 _! lives1 to "k ) ,paul ! fell[%ip ( ,8 suff]+s1 is ! la/ ?+ t ent]s into _! m9ds4 ,h[ ! sc>s ( ! brave ,apo/le put to %ame ! self-indulg5ce1 ! he>tless luxury1 ! easy fri5d%ip ) ! _w1 ( fa%ionable ,*ri/ians6 ,be ye foll[]s ( me1 he cries1 z ,i also ( ,*ri/4 ,he :o %uns t pa? _c1 ,jesus said1 be ,my disciple4 ,s ! bless$ ,apo/le has put 8 m>k to ?is ,epi/le4 ,to ! ,colossians f 8 prison he writes1 ,rememb] my bonds4 ,& to ! ,galatians1 ,look on my w\nds4 ,^! are 8 cr$5tials2 ^! are ! armorial be>+s ( ! ,apo/le ,paul4 ,he places ! seal ( ,jesus1 ! sign-manual ( ! w\nd$ h& ^u ! lett] writt5 9 ,8 "n4 ,,! ,,b5$iction4 ,"o b5$iction ! ,apo/le has already utt]$1 9 v]4 #af4 ,b t 0 a g5]al wi%1 embrac+ all :o %\ld walk accord+ to ! spiritual rule ( ,*ri/'s k+dom4 ,on 8 read]s specifically he /ill has 8 bless+ to pron\nce4 ,he does x 9 language diff]+ 9 ?is in/ance v little f t he is accu/om$ to employ4 ,! grace ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ is ! di/9ctive bless+ ( ! ,new ,cov5ant4 ,x is to ! ,*ri/ian ! supreme good ( life1 includ+ or c>ry+ ) x e o!r spiritual gift4 ,grace is ,*ri/'s prop]ty4 ,x desc5d$ ) ! ,inc>nate ,savi\r into ! _w1 com+ d[n f ,god out ( heav54 ,8 life display$ x2 ,8 dea? be/[$ x on mank9d4 ,rais$ to ,8 heav5ly ?rone1 ,he has become on ! ,fa!r's behalf ! disp5s] ( its fulness to all :o w receive x4 ,!re exalt$1 !nce be/[+ on m5 ! abundance ( grace & ( ! gift ( righte\sness1 ,he is kn[n & wor%ipp$ z our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,:at ?is grace ( ,god 9 ,*ri/ designs1 :at x accompli%es 9 believ+ he>ts1 :at are ! ?+s t contradict x & make x void1 ?is ,epi/le has l>gely taught u4 ,( its pure1 life-giv+ /ream ! ,galatians already _h ri*ly ta/$4 ,f ,*ri/'s grace !y 7 n[ tempt$ to remove 7*4 i4 #f74 ,b ! ,apo/le hopes & prays t x may abide ) !m4 ,) y\r _s1 he says2 = ?is is ! place ( its visitation1 ! ?rone ( its p[]4 ,! _s ( man1 brea!d ^u by ! ,holy ,_s ( ,god1 receives ,*ri/'s grace & becomes ! subject & ! witness ( its reg5]at+ virtue4 ,?is b5$iction conta9s !re=e 9 brief all t is set =? 9 ! famili> ?ree fold =mula--! grace ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ! love ( ,god1 & ! communion ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,aft] all 8 fe>s = 8 wayw>d flock1 all 8 *id+s & repro(s1 =giv5ess & confid5ce are ! la/ ?\ghts 9 ,paul's he>t3 ,bre?r5 is ! la/ ^w t drops f ! ,apo/le's p51--foll[$ only by ! confirmation ( 8 dev\t ,am54 99 99 99 99 99 ,to 8 read]s also ! writ] ( ?is book takes leave to address ! ,apo/le ,paul's frat]nal b5$iction3 ,,! ,,grace ,,( ,,our ,,"l ,,jesus ,,*ri/ ,,be ,,) ,,y\r ,,_s1 ,,bre?r54 ,,am54 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,small capital text has be5 replac$ ) all capitals4 ,v>iations 9 spell+1 punctuation & hyph5ation h be5 reta9$ except 9 obvi\s cases ( typographical error4 ,! cov] = ! e,book v]sion ( ?is book 0 creat$ by ! transcrib] & is plac$ 9 ! public doma94 ,page #acj3 ,! transcrib] has ins]t$ an an*or = footnote numb] #di ,rom4 ii4 #be-;iii4 #a4 ,page #baj3 ,! transcrib] has *ang$ ,g54 xxii4 #h #af--a to ,g54 xxii4 #af-ah4 ,page #bea3 7,z enemies1 we 7 reconcil$ to ,god by ! dea? ( ,8 ,son27 ,miss+ op5+ d\ble quote 0 add$ by ! transcrib]4