,c>e]s 9 ,atomic ,en]gy ,u4,s4 ,,atomic ,,en]gy ,,commission ,division ( ,te*nical ,in=mation ,und]/&+ ! ,atom ,s]ies ,! ,und]/&+ ! ,atom ,s]ies ,nucle> en]gy is play+ a vital role 9 ! life ( e man1 woman1 & *ild 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates today4 ,9 ! ye>s ahead x w affect increas+ly all ! peoples ( ! e>?4 ,x is ess5tial t all ,am]icans ga9 an und]/&+ ( ?is vital =ce if !y are to dis*>ge ?\ghtfully _! responsibilities z citiz5s & if !y are to realize fully ! myriad b5efits t nucle> en]gy (f]s !m4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,atomic ,en]gy ,commission provides ?is booklet to help y a*ieve su* und]/&+4 99 ,h&writt5 signature ,edw>d ,j4 ,brun5kant1 ,director ,division ( ,te*nical ,in=mation ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,atomic ,,en]gy ,,commission ,dr4 ,gl5n ,t4 ,seaborg1 ,*airman ,james ,t4 ,ramey ,wilfrid ,e4 ,johnson ,dr4 ,!os ,j4 ,?ompson ,dr4 ,cl>5ce ,e4 ,l>son ,c>e]s 9 ,atomic ,en]gy by ,loyce ,j4 ,mc,ilhenny ,,cont5ts ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,m9d #c ,,sci5ti/s ,,are ,,p #c ,,! ,,"t ,,to ,,beg9 #c ,,college3 ,,is ,,x ,a ,,necessity8 #e ,,s*ol>%ips ,,& ,,o!r ,,f9ancial ,,assi/ance #f ,,college3 ,,h[ ,,_m ,,ye>s8 #g ,physical & ,biological ,sci5ces #g ,eng9e]+ #h ,m$ic9e #h ,vet]9>y ,sci5ce #i ,sci5tific ,writ+ #i ,support+ ,fields #i ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,atomic ,,sci5ti/ #aa ,physics #aa ,*emi/ry #ac ,biology #ad ,geology #ae ,eng9e]+ #ae ,ma!matics #ag ,m$ic9e #ah ,relat$ ,fields #ah ,,location ,,( ,,! ,,atomic ,,sci5ti/ #bj ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t #bj ,private ,indu/ry #bj ,educational ,organizations #ba ,hospitals #ba ,/ate & ,local ,gov]nm5ts #ba ,o!r ,organizations #bb ,,pr(essional ,,satisfaction #bb ,,select$ ,,read+ ,,li/ #bc ,unit$ ,/ates ,atomic ,en]gy ,commission ,division ( ,te*nical ,in=mation ,libr>y ( ,congress ,catalog ,c>d ,numb]3 #fd-fjbge #aifb2 #aifd7,rev47 ,,ab\t ,,! ,,au?or ,aft] receiv+ a degree 9 ,engli% at ! ,univ]sity ( ,h\/on1 ,mrs4 ,mc,ilhenny work$ = n9e ye>s 9 editorial capacities at ! ,oak ,ridge ,in/itute ( ,nucle> ,/udies1 :]e %e prep>$ ?is booklet4 ,%e is n[ a h\sewife 9 ,falls ,*ur*1 ,virg9ia4 ,c>e]s 9 ,atomic ,en]gy ,,loyce ,j4 ,mc,i,l,h,e,n,n,y ,today virtually e aspect ( sci5ce is conc]n$ 9 "s way ) ! atom4 ,physicians use radiation to treat disease4 ,me*anical eng9e]s design compon5ts = nucle> reactors4 ,electrical eng9e]s conv]t ! en]gy ( ! atom into electricity4 ,botani/s use radioactivity to le>n m ab\t plants1 & zoologi/s use x to /udy animals4 ,*emi/s inve/igate comp\nds ) radioisotopes4 ,physici/s & ma!maticians "w out ! intricate int]relations among ! t9y p>ticles ( ! atom4 ,agronomi/s use radioactive mat]ials to improve f]tiliz]s & crops1 & nutritioni/s use !m to improve animal diets4 ,a /ud5t--,,y--c f9d y\r c>e] 9 atomic en]gy 9 any bran* ( sci5ce y *oose because 8atomics0 is n a field unto itself divorc$ f ! re/ ( ! sci5tific _w4 ,! be/ prep>ation = a c>e] 9 nucle> en]gy beg9s ) elem5t>y ari?metic4 ,?is prep>ation advances ?r\gh g5]al sci5ce1 algebra1 biology1 *emi/ry1 physics1 geometry1 & trigonometry4 ,! aspir+ sci5ti/ w be wise to lay ! gr\ndwork = 8 future long be=e he rea*es college by /udy+ z mu* ma!matics & sci5ce z he c h&le4 ,al?\gh _m a n[-successful *emi/ ent]$ college )\t kn[+ h[ to balance an equation1 ke5 competition today dem&s t college fre%m5 h a solid f\ndation 9 ma!matics & sci5ce4 ,ev5 9 an age ( specialization1 ! int]relation ( ! sci5ces has made x necess>y = a sci5ti/ to h at lea/ a speak+ acqua9tance ) areas outside 8 own field4 ,a *emi/1 = example1 may f9d himself involv$ 9 biology2 ! rese>* int]e/s ( a biologi/ may lead him into physics4 ,moreov]1 ,engli%-speak+ peoples h no monopoly on sci5tific accompli%m5t4 ,pr(ici5cy 9 ,g]man & ,fr5*1 at lea/ a read+ k1 has long be5 consid]$ desirable & is (t5 requir$ ( ! s]i\s sci5ti/4 ,9 ! light ( mod]n developm5ts1 a read+ k ( ,russian might well be add$ to ! li/1 &1 z o!r c\ntries & cultures exp& _! te*nologies1 famili>ity ) /ill o!r languages may become necess>y4 7,inde$1 a numb] ( sci5ti/s :o complet$ doctoral degrees ye>s ago h rec5tly begun to /udy ,russian4 ,?is is n surpris+ s9ce ! education ( a true sci5ti/ nev] /ops ) an academic degree1 a job appo9tm5t1 or a significant discov]y47 ,! mo/ brilliant physici/ on e>? is ( d\btful wor? if he c't communicate 8 ideas to o!r p4 ,?us ev5 m important ?an a k ( =eign languages is a k ( "o's own4 ,almo/ too late has come ! realization t _m college graduates 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 al?\gh pr(ici5t 9 _! p>ticul> fields1 _c write a correct ,engli% s5t5ce4 ,accurate sci5ti/s _c af=d inaccurate communication4 ,pr(ici5t sci5ti/s "k _! own language4 ,! ,sci5tific ,m9d ,a widespread popul> belief exi/s t ! 8sci5tific m9d0 is a trait t "s p inh]it & o!rs don't1 l r$ hair or br[n eyes4 ,?is is bo? true & false4 ,ess5tially1 an innate 8sci5tific m9d0 does n exi/4 ,9 ! natural c\rse ( gr[+ up1 h[ev]1 "s p acquire or develop c]ta9 *>act]i/ics t are mo/ commonly f\nd 9 successful sci5ti/s4 ,^! *>act]i/ics include curiosity1 caution1 ?or\ghness1 pati5ce1 p]sev]ance1 & logical reason+ p[]4 ,^! are g5]al traits1 & all c be develop$ to "s degree4 ,sci5ti/s ,are ,p ,) increas$ national att5tion focus$ on sci5tific activities1 "s p h develop$ /range notions ab\t ! man :o we>s a lab coat4 ,sci5ti/s h a high degree ( objectivity 9 ! laboratory1 b !y usually are n diff]5t f ! re/ ( society 9 matt]s ( religion1 m>riage1 p>5?ood1 or politics4 ,(t5 !y don't adh]e to a /rict eight-h\r day1 b nei!r does a salesman4 ,!y may seem unusually d$icat$ to _! pr(ession1 b s does a ma/] *ef4 ,!y r>ely are g5iuses2 sometimes !y h sup]ior intellig5ce2 b frequ5tly !y h ord9>y intellig5ce4 ,mo/ are reasonably well balanc$1 "s are ecc5tric1 & a few are d[nright peculi>4 ,b ^! same *>act]i/ics c describe lawy]s1 bus9essm51 & secret>ies4 ,! ,"t to ,beg9 ,if y are s]i\sly plann+ a c>e] 9 sci5ce & if y are devot+ y\r "t to ! /udy ( sci5ce1 ma!matics1 ,engli%1 & =eign languages1 y are lay+ ! f\ndation 9 s*ool "r n[ = y\r future4 ,y--:e!r y are a he or a %e--c beg9 n[ )\t wait+ until ! six?1 or n9?1 or twelf? grade introduces y to fur!r c\rses4 ,illu/ration3 ,girls h no reason to feel t any bran* ( sci5ce1 includ+ nucle> te*nology & eng9e]+1 is /rictly a 8man's job40 ,beg9n+ n[1 y c supplem5t y\r /udies by explor+ sci5ce ?r\gh books4 ,y c g to y\r s*ool libr>y & to y\r public libr>y = read+ mat]ial4 ,tea*]s & libr>ians c help y select mat]ial4 ,! doors ( k c op51 h[ev]1 only z rapidly z y c read4 ,! %e] bulk ( sci5tific lit]ature 9 pr9t today is /agg]+4 ,any /ud5t :o is a sl[ read] %\ld seek imm$iate help f 8 tea*]s4 ,sl[ read+ does n prove a sl[ m9d1 nor does sl[ read+ improve compreh5sion4 ,bo? ^! ideas are false1 &1 if y mi/ak5ly cl+ to ei!r "o1 y *eat y\rself4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 probably n "o p]son 9 a million reads z rapidly z he c1 & x w\ld behoove ev5 ! exceptionally rapid read] to "w at improv+ ?is basic skill1 :i* is ess5tial to all accompli%m5t4 ,fur!r1 if y want to d s]i\s sci5tific /udy1 ask y\r tea*]s to outl9e sci5ce projects t y c und]take aft] s*ool or dur+ free p]iods4 ,_m projects t are bo? educational & fun c be und]tak5 )\t co/ly equipm5t or a complete laboratory4 ,o!r means ( improv+ sci5tific und]/&+ & compet5ce outside ! classroom include sci5ce clubs1 /ate junior academies ( sci5ce1 & p>ticipation 9 sci5ce fairs4 ,if ^! activities d n exi/ 9 y\r area1 p]haps y c :ip up en\gh int]e/ among /ud5ts1 tea*]s1 & p>5ts to />t !m4 ,if n1 y c *annel y\r sci5ce projects ?r\gh su* organizations z boys' clubs or ,sc\ts4 ,! /ud5t :o is avidly /udy+ sci5ce 9 s*ool & 9 extra-curricul> activities sometimes sets 8 sights on a summ] laboratory job4 ,al?\gh ?is is c]ta9ly wor?:ile1 (t5 x _c be realiz$4 ,_m opportunities exi/1 h[ev]1 = valuable summ] /udy & tra9+ 9 ! approximately #bjj special programs = sci5ce /ud5ts at colleges & univ]sities4 ,^! programs are sponsor$ by ! ,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation to provide out/&+ high-s*ool /ud5ts ) unusual laboratory & /udy exp]i5ces4 ,college3 ,is ,x a ,necessity8 ,_m intellig5t & successful p nev] att5d$ college1 b few ( !m are 9 ! sci5tific ranks4 ,if y want a c>e] 9 sci5ce1 y mu/ fir/ select a college or univ]sity4 ,_m factors1 ( c\rse1 det]m9e ?is *oice4 ,! fir/ "q y h to ask y\rself is a r grim "o3 :i* s*ools w admit me8 ,) ! rapid increase 9 /ud5t population1 ! %ortage ( tea*]s1 & ! physical facilities ( univ]sities /ra9$ to bur/+1 x is no long] possible = colleges to admit ev]ybody :o wants to ent]4 ,aga91 z always1 ?is is :]e h>d "w 9 elem5t>y & 9 high s*ool pays (f3 good grades 9 8solid0 subjects are ma/] keys to univ]sity gates4 ,entrance exams requir$ by _m s*ools are /iff1 b a backgr\nd ( twelve ye>s ( consci5ti\s /udy usually prep>es y to deal ) !m4 ,a college education is a co/ly bus9ess any:]e ^! days1 b exp5ses c v>y greatly f s*ool to s*ool4 ,once aga9 ! matt] ( precollege a*ievem5t crops up3 op5 to und]graduate /ud5ts ) top records are s*ol>%ips & special educational loans & o!r programs design$ to (fset or defray college exp5ses4 ,aft] y consid] entrance requirem5ts & co/1 y %\ld weigh ! location ( ! s*ool1 c\rse (f]+s 9 y\r field ( int]e/1 faculty1 & facilities4 ,y %\ld also evaluate ! size & type ( ! in/itution 9 t]ms ( y\r own p]sonality4 ,p>5ts1 tea*]s1 & local sci5ti/s c be excell5t c\nselors 9 help+ y make ! decision4 ,inevitably "s intellig5t /ud5ts :o lack motivation fail to a*ieve top grades 9 high s*ool4 ,sci5ce c>e]s are op5 ev5 to ^! /ud5ts if !y *oose _! colleges c>efully4 ,sometimes small1 less well-kn[n colleges w admit !m because ! competition = entrance is n z great z x is 9 8"n0 colleges4 ,small s*ools %\ld n be dismiss$ z 8second rate40 ,!y are usually /aff$ by f9e tea*]s1 &1 ev5 ) limit$ laboratory facilities1 su* colleges /ill (f] excell5t tra9+4 ,s*ol>%ips & ,o!r ,f9ancial ,assi/ance ,a numb] ( fell[%ips1 s*ol>%ips1 grants1 & aw>ds are available to assi/ ! aspir+ sci5ti/ 9 8 education4 ,?is f9ancial assi/ance is (f]$ by colleges2 local1 /ate1 & f$]al gov]nm5t ag5cies2 indu/ry2 private f\ndations2 & individuals4 ,lit]ally ?\s&s ( o!r educational assi/ance programs exi/4 ,a li/ ( "s publications t conta9 in=mation on curr5tly available assi/ance is pr9t$ 9 ! back z a guide4 ,"s ( ! publications are 9 mo/ libr>ies2 o!rs mu/ be ord]$ f ! publi%]4 ,s9ce f9ancial assi/ance programs are und]go+ con/ant *ange & revision1 no directory c be complete1 b ^! books w give y an indication ( ! range ( ! programs4 ,college3 ,h[ ,_m ,ye>s8 ,al?\gh x is common = a /ud5t to *ange 8 prim>y int]e/ f "o sci5ce to ano!r dur+ 8 college tra9+1 he %\ld h 9 m9d f ! beg9n+ ! sort ( broad c>e] he wants & ! am\nt ( "t t prep>ation w take4 ,= example1 a ba*elor's degree 9 "o ( ! physical or geological sci5ces su* z physics1 *emi/ry1 biology1 geology1 ar*aeology1 agriculture1 metallurgy1 or ma!matics usually requires f\r ye>s4 ,"s eng9e]+ programs require five4 ,a m$ical /ud5t1 on ! o!r h&1 sometimes takes only ?ree ye>s ( college & !n goes directly into m$ical s*ool )\t a ba*elor's degree b ) six to eight ye>s ( tra9+ /ill ahead ( him4 ,physical & ,biological ,sci5ces ,mo/ sci5tific endeavor today is und]tak5 by teams compos$ ( individuals ) doctor's1 ma/]'s1 & ba*elor's degrees 9 ! sci5ces4 ,^! teams h support+ te*nical & adm9i/rative p]sonnel to help !m function effici5tly4 ,9 ! physical & biological fields1 sci5ti/s ) doctor's degrees h probably sp5t ?ree to six ye>s 9 college aft] !y receiv$ _! ba*elor's degrees4 ,!y are likely to head ! team & to h ! responsibility = plann+ & direct+ rese>* & developm5t projects4 ,individuals ) ma/]'s degrees h sp5t ab\t two ye>s 9 graduate s*ool4 ,!y h "s rese>* tra9+ & und]take sci5tific projects "u direction1 al?\gh !y may also h "s responsibility = plann+ & sup]vis+4 ,! ba*elor's degree is n a rese>* degree1 & team memb]s )\t graduate tra9+ are n likely to direct rese>*4 ,!y probably sp5d _! "t conduct+ fairly r\t9e rese>* duties "u ! guidance ( m highly tra9$ sup]visors4 ,! above outl9e is a g5]al description ( ! typical situation2 "w conditions may v>y greatly dep5d+ on ! individual & 8 organization4 ,eng9e]+ ,traditionally eng9e]+ has be5 some:at diff]5t4 ,_m eng9e]s held responsible jobs aft] receiv+ only a ba*elor's degree4 ,"s did e>n a ma/]'s degree1 b few /udi$ = a doctorate4 ,9 ! la/ t5 ye>s1 h[ev]1 ?is tr5d has *ang$ ) _m m eng9e]s receiv+ ma/]'s & doctor's degrees4 ,advanc$ /udy is especially important = a c>e] 9 ! nucle> field because ! und]graduate ye>s are fill$ ma9ly ) basic eng9e]+1 & mo/ nucle> c\rses mu/ be tak5 at ! graduate level4 ,moreov]1 ! eng9e]+ sci5ces1 z all o!r fields1 are becom+ increas+ly complex4 ,?us graduate /udy ?r\gh at lea/ a ma/]'s degree is advisable = ! eng9e]4 ,! prospective eng9e]+ /ud5t %\ld realize t a ba*elor's degree w take f f\r to five ye>s to complete1 a ma/]'s degree w require an additional "o to two ye>s1 & a doctor's degree w involve /ill ano!r two to f\r ye>s4 ,m$ic9e ,a c>e] 9 m$ic9e is /ill a diff]5t /ory4 ,aft] ?ree to f\r ye>s 9 college prem$ical /udy1 f\r ye>s 9 m$ical s*ool1 at lea/ "o ye> ( int]n%ip1 & possibly a ye>'s m$ical resid5cy1 a doctor c become a g5]al practition]4 ,if he wi%es to specialize1 8 int]n%ip may la/ = two ye>s1 & 8 resid5cy p]iod f ?ree to f\r ye>s4 ,x is ?is latt]1 long] pa? t leads to a c>e] 9 nucle> m$ic9e & radiology1 z well z to m famili> specialization1 su* z surg]y1 pa?ology1 ob/etrics1 or p$iatrics4 ,vet]9>y ,sci5ce ,also important 9 ! field ( nucle> m$ic9e is ! vet]9>y sci5ti/4 ,a vet]9>ian sp5ds f two to f\r ye>s 9 und]graduate /udy & f\r ye>s 9 vet]9>y s*ool be=e receiv+ a ,doctor ( ,vet]9>y ,m$ic9e degree t p]mits him to practice animal m$ic9e4 ,!n1 if he wi%es to ent] nucle> vet]9>y m$ic9e1 vet]9>y pa?ology1 or "s o!r specialty1 he und]goes additional tra9+ t is comp>able to t ( ! physician :o specializes4 ,sci5tific ,writ+ ,valuable 9 all areas ( sci5ce & eng9e]+ is ! te*nical writ]4 ,sev]al ye>s ago ! typical te*nical writ] or editor _h a backgr\nd ( j\rnalism or ,engli% gramm> & "s und]graduate /udy ( "o or m ( ! sci5ces4 ,editorial ability /ill dep5ds l>gely on ability to h&le ! ,engli% language1 b m & m frequ5tly today ! successful te*nical writ] or editor has a ba*elor's degree 9 "o ( ! sci5ces4 ,sometimes he has a ma/]'s degree1 & occasionally he holds a doctor's degree4 ,support+ ,fields ,no sci5tific organization c function if x is mann$ only by sci5ti/s4 ,support+ & assi/+ p]sonnel are ess5tial to ! sci5tific team1 & tra9+ is widely available = ! nonsci5ti/ :o wants to "w 9 a sci5tific in/allation4 ,illu/ration3 ,atomic en]gy1 l fire1 is n dang]\s :5 x is "u ! control ( p :o "k h[ to use x4 ,special in/rum5ts & protective clo?+ are us$ by tra9$ te*nicians :o are responsible = radiation control4 ,a nurse is a pr(essional m$ical assi/ant4 ,%e c be c]tifi$ z a regi/]$ nurse 9 ?ree ye>s1 or %e c e>n bo? an ,,rn & a ba*elor's degree 9 f\r to five ye>s4 ,especially if %e ent]s ! field ( nucle> m$ic9e or if %e is associat$ ) a physician or organization engag$ 9 ! cl9ical use ( radiation & radioisotopes1 %e w ne$ a backgr\nd 9 physics 9 addition to h] /udy ( *emi/ry & ! life sci5ces4 ,_m colleges & univ]sities (f] two-ye> programs t lead to a c]tificate qualify+ a /ud5t z a laboratory aide4 ,! laboratory aide1 or assi/ant1 p]=ms assign$ duties "u close sup]vision4 ,he does n conduct actual rese>*1 b he supplies ! sci5ti/ ) an extra pair ( h&s4 ,sci5tific organizations also ne$ adm9i/rators1 libr>ians1 translators1 p]sonnel directors1 glassbl[]s1 in/rum5t repairm51 acc\ntants1 & a ho/ ( o!r skill$ individuals to keep ! team runn+ smoo?ly4 ,su* positions may be fill$ by p]sons ) v limit$ sci5tific backgr\nds4 ,b ! advantage--= employm5t & = advancem5t--is on ! side ( ! secret>y1 or pur*as+ ag5t1 or bookkeep] :o has made an ef=t to become famili> ) basic sci5tific pr9ciples & t]m9ology4 ,nonsci5ti/s ) sci5tific backgr\nd are suffici5tly r>e to make !m unusually valuable assets to sci5tific organizations4 ,"w ( ! ,atomic ,sci5ti/ ,aft] he completes 8 =mal education1 ! sci5ti/ sets ab\t to inve/igate ! _w1 = t's :at sci5ce is all ab\t4 ,! me?ods he uses to c>ry out 8 inve/igations dep5d on 8 p>ticul> field4 ,x is impossible to outl9e :at an individual sci5ti/ does because he may d any ( a ?\s& ?+s 9 any ( a ?\s& ways4 ,he may be conc]n$ ) nucle> en]gy almo/ totally1 or he may be conc]n$ ) x only slightly4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 to sket* examples ( "s ( ! activities und]tak5 by v>i\s memb]s ( ! sci5tific community4 ,mo/ p are famili> ) ! broad academic breakd[n ( ! sci5ces into physics1 *emi/ry1 biology1 geology1 eng9e]+1 & ma!matics4 ,x is !re=e conv5i5t to exam9e ! activities ( sci5tific p]sonnel 9 ea* ( ^! areas1 z well z m$ic9e1 ) emphasis on ! nucle> en]gy aspects ( ea*4 ,physics ,! physici/ is d$icat$ to inve/igat+ ! laws t gov]n ! univ]se4 ,he explores gravity1 motion1 mass1 en]gy1 & ! myriad int]relat$ ways t ! _w is con/ruct$ to ga9 an und]/&+ ( 8 physical surr\nd+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,! v t9y _w ( ! atom is invad$ by v l>ge tools su* z p>ticle accel]ators1 sometimes call$ 8atom sma%]s40 ,a nucle> physici/ conc5trates 8 inve/igations on ! atom4 ,! subject ( 8 rese>* is1 ( c\rse1 incr$ibly t9y1 & !re=e invisible to him1 b he /udies ! atom by f9d+ out h[ x behaves :5 c]ta9 ?+s are done to x4 ,to accompli% ?is1 ! nucle> physici/ c5t]s 8 day-to-day activities ar\nd equipm5t su* z p>ticle accel]ators & nucle> reactors1 :i* he uses to %oot nucle> p>ticles into mat]ials4 ,:at happ5s 9 ^! & _m o!r processes provides him ) in=mation on ! nature & behavior ( atomic en]gy4 ,)9 ! framework ( 8 int]e/1 ! practic+ nucle> physici/ may conduct basic or !oretical rese>* to add to ! body ( sci5tific k4 ,he may design equipm5t to c>ry out new types ( rese>*4 ,he may apply ! pr9ciples ( 8 sci5ce to improv+ ! /&>d ( liv+1 z he did by develop+ ! nucle>-p[] plants4 ,he may "w to improve nucle> weapons1 to aid space travel1 or to devise nucle> m$ical in/rum5tation = use by physicians4 ,he has a place 9 "o ( ! c\ntless ef=ts t involve nucle> reactions & radioactivity4 ,*emi/ry ,! *emi/ /udies ! composition ( sub/ances4 ,= c5turies man has kn[n t v>i\s comb9ations & recomb9ations ( sub/ances produce o!r mat]ials ) diff]5t prop]ties1 & x is ! *emi/ :o comb9es & recomb9es4 ,a nucle> *emi/1 or radio*emi/1 specializes j z 8 "n implies4 ,he /udies ! effects ( radiation on *emical sub/ances1 notes h[ *emical reactions are alt]$ by ! introduction ( radioactivity1 & analyzes ! nature ( nucle> en]gy mat]ials & products4 ,:5 an exp]im5t or a sci5tific application requires a purifi$ comp\nd1 ! *emi/ goes to "w4 ,:5 a sub/ance is to be alt]$ s t x takes on a diff]5t =m1 ! *emi/ takes ov]4 ,he develops bett] fuels = automobiles & space craft1 bett] fib]s = %irts & p>a*utes1 bett] pla/ics = kit*5s & subm>9es4 ,biology ,biology deals ) ! /ructure & behavior ( plants & animals3 ! botani/ /udies plants1 ! zoologi/ /udies animals1 & !y bo? c use radioactivity widely 9 _! rese>*4 ,radiation *anges ! patt]n ( plant behavior1 & _m botani/s are vitally int]e/$ 9 ! effect ( v>i\s types ( radiation on se$s & plant gr[?4 ,radiation c produce mutations1 or basic *anges1 9 gr[+ ?+s2 ?us1 by selective bre$+ ( desirable *anges1 x is possible to improve crops4 ,progress "h is sl[4 ,_m millions ( possibilities exi/ 9 ! relations among ! v>iety ( plants1 type & int5sity ( radiation1 r&om *ance1 & o!r gr[+ conditions1 b already sev]al new plant bre$s h em]g$1 & o!r crops are b\nd to foll[4 ,9 addition to alt]+ plants directly by radiation1 ! botani/ c improve plants indirectly by us+ radiation3 he c add radioactivity to f]tiliz] & evaluate ! effici5cy ( its uptake by ! plant to det]m9e ! mo/ effective f]tiliz] = a p>ticul> soil or crop4 ,! _m1 & sometimes seem+ly /range1 effects ( radioactivity on plants & gr[+ conditions provide a wide & fasc9at+ field = ! botani/4 ,z mo/ p "k1 radiation also affects animal tissue4 ,! zoologi/ wants to "k h[ & :y ?is is true & h[ v>y+ conditions alt] animal reactions to radiation4 ,! rese>* ( ! animal physiologi/ is basic to lat] m$ical applications ( radiation to human be+s4 ,! vet]9>y sci5ti/ has ! grave responsibility ( te/+ radioisotopes1 radiation drugs1 *emicals1 surgical proc$ures1 & v>i\s comb9ations ( ^! 9 animals to det]m9e :i* c be us$ to diagnose or cure disease 9 man4 ,he passes 8 f9d+s on to ! physician = fur!r rese>* only aft] he has made e possible te/ & evaluation4 ,sometimes he works ) *emi/s1 nutritioni/s1 bact]iologi/s1 & o!r sci5ti/s4 ,:at happ5s to animals c\ld happ5 to human be+s1 & t is :y physiologi/s wat* c>efully ! animals t eat radioactive foods & /udy ! (fspr+ ( animals t h be5 expos$ to radioactivity4 ,illu/ration3 ,animal /udies us+ radioactive mat]ials give important in=mation conc]n+ physiology1 bo? animal & human4 ,geology ,a ma9 int]e/ ( ! geologi/ is ! hi/ory ( ! e>? & its ev]-*ang+ life1 especially z reveal$ 9 fossil =mations & deposits "u ! soil4 ,! geologi/ has a vital place 9 ! field ( atomic en]gy s9ce he helps provide ! raw mat]ials = nucle> processes4 ,! atomic age has made radioactive mat]ials ess5tial to life1 & ! geologi/ mu/ locate valuable deposits1 det]m9e _! ext5t1 analyze _! purity1 & plan _! extraction4 ,eng9e]+ ,! eng9e] is ! h[-to-d-x man4 ,?is te*nical man ( action comes 9 _m v>ieties--me*anical1 electrical1 metallurgical1 c]amic1 indu/rial1 civil1 in/rum5t1 & *emical1 to "n a few4 ,9 ! field ( nucle> en]gy1 ! me*anical eng9e] %\ld]s ! responsibility = design+1 sup]vis+ con/ruction1 & guid+ ! functions ( ! giant accel]ators1 nucle> reactors1 atomic-propulsion plants1 space-%ip eng9es1 & o!r me*anical equipm5t t mu/ be con/antly devis$1 improv$1 con/ruct$1 & r$esign$4 ,! electrical eng9e] devises ! intricate circuits t keep ! va/ equipm5t work+ smoo?ly1 works out complex controls = in/rum5tations1 elim9ates malfunctions1 & =mulates electrical processes = new in/allations & devices4 ,metallurgical & c]amic eng9e]s te/ & evaluate ! /r5g?1 durability1 & o!r *>act]i/ics ( mat]ials to be us$ 9 ! fabrication ( equipm5t1 & !y produce new mat]ials = specific jobs4 ,= in/ance1 a metallurgical eng9e] might produce a space-%ip %ell t meets ! requirem5ts ( 7#a7 m9imum weight1 7#b7 maximum %ield+ f radiation1 & 7#c7 high /r5g?4 ,he may analyze v>i\s mat]ials = use 9 atomic reactors1 nucle> subm>9es1 or m$ical treatm5t rooms :]e radioactivity is us$4 ,! c]amic eng9e] tackles simil> problems1 work+ ) c]amic products r ?an metals4 ,! indu/rial eng9e] is conc]n$ ) ! effici5t use ( ma*9es1 mat]ials1 & m5 9 production4 ,! civil eng9e] takes ! plans ( ! atomic plant & designs build+s & facilities = p>ticul> processes4 ,! in/rum5t eng9e] exam9es a job to be done & !n designs ! in/rum5tation to d x4 ,he mu/ und]/& :at happ5s :5 8 in/rum5tation is integrat$ into an entire sy/em ( production & control4 ,= in/ance1 ! eng9e] :o develops an in/rum5t to be us$ 9 a gase\s-diffusion plant = ! sep>ation ( uranium isotopes mu/ und]/& ! entire process ( uranium sep>ation4 ,! *emical eng9e] works closely ) ! *emi/4 ,if ! latt] develops a new pla/ic1 ! eng9e] decides :e!r to put x into l>ge-scale production &1 if s1 h[4 ,ma!matics ,! ma!matician deals ) numb]s & _! relations to "o ano!r4 ,progress+ f ! #b-plus-#b /age into high] ma!matics1 ?is sci5ce is ess5tial to all ! o!rs--f ! simple task ( c\nt+ te/ tubes 9 a cab9et to an incr$ibly complex ma!matical idea4 ,! ma!matician speaks ! language ( all sci5ces us+ 8 special tool4 ,)\t him mod]n te*nology w\ld n exi/ because ma!matics int]prets & expla9s all o!r sci5ces4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ma!matics becomes too complex1 ! ma!matician puts aside 8 p5cil & pap] & turns to an electronic comput]4 ,s9ce comput]s c c>ry out ma!matical calculations f #ajj to #a1jjj1jjj times z fa/ z a human be+1 !y are necess>y today & w be ess5tial tomorr[4 ,illu/ration3 ,! mu*-publiciz$ electronic comput]s are vital 9 mod]n sci5ce1 b !y c't add two & two )\t tra9$ p]sonnel to op]ate !m4 ,a comput]1 h[ev]1 doesn't replace ! ma!matician any m ?an an add+ ma*9e replaces an acc\ntant4 ,! ma!matician mu/ help to design ! comput]1 und]/& :at mat]ial to /ore 9 its memory banks1 "k h[ to fe$ problems into x1 & be able to read ! results t come out4 ,m$ic9e ,! m$ical pr(ession is d$icat$ to repair+ & heal+ ! human body4 ,al?\gh _m my/]ies /ill surr\nd m$ic9e1 doctors are try+ to solve ^! my/]ies ( ! body ?r\gh rese>*4 ,a m$ical sci5ti/ may decide to specialize exclusively 9 ! use ( radioactive mat]ials4 ,if s1 he is call$ a radiologi/ & is an exp]t 9 ! use ( radiation beams1 injection ( radioisotopes1 & implantation ( radioactivity into ! body1 z well z 9 ! use ( ! m famili> radium & ,x-ray devices4 ,! practic+ physician also1 aft] receiv+ special tra9+ & lic5s+1 may use radiation & radioisotopes z ano!r tool 9 8 little black bag4 ,= in/ance1 a suspect$ ?yroid disord] c be diagnos$ by foll[+ ! behavior ( a small1 h>mless dose ( radioactive iod9e 9 ! pati5t4 ,a tumor may be br\ght "u control ) ! use ( a /rong beam ( radiation direct$ at ! diseas$ tissue4 ,beh9d ! physician /& teams ( m$ical rese>* sci5ti/s te/+ ! effects ( radiation on tissues & cultures & s]ums 9 ! laboratory4 ,!y /rive to increase k ( ! m$ical b5efits ( atomic en]gy4 ,nurses 9 nucle> m$ic9e und]/& h[ to h&le radioactivity4 ,ph>maci/s :o ent] ! field prep>e radioactive ph>maceuticals = cl9ical uses4 ,relat$ ,fields ,x is conv5i5t to discuss sci5tific activity 9 ! g5]al categories ( physics1 *emi/ry1 biology1 geology1 eng9e]+1 ma!matics1 & m$ic9e1 b /rict l9es are n actually drawn ar\nd ^! areas4 ,!re are 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates today ab\t #bjjj individuals :o are engag$ 9 a pr(ession t did n ev5 exi/ tw5ty ye>s ago3 ^! are ! heal? physici/s1 :o are nei!r m$ical m5 nor physici/s4 ,!y h backgr\nds 9 physics1 true1 & !y comb9e ?is tra9+ ) tra9+ 9 physiology1 botany1 *emi/ry1 ma!matics1 & in/rum5tation4 ,x is ! duty ( ! heal? physici/ to evaluate & control any pot5tial haz>d 9 ! use ( nucle> en]gy4 ,! heal? physici/ und]/&s ! effects ( radiation on human tissues & plants4 ,he keeps a con/ant *eck on radiation levels 9 in/allations :]e radioactivity is us$2 he =esees em]g5cies t might arise2 he elim9ates unsafe practices2 & he assures t p]sonnel work+ 9 nucle> en]gy fields are free f relat$ haz>ds4 ,! heal? physici/ is a key figure 9 mak+ ! nucle> en]gy indu/ry "o ( ! safe/ 9 ! _w4 ,ano!r pr(ession t spans ! sci5ces is t ( ! te*nical writ] or editor4 ,9 a laboratory he translates ! notebooks ( ! sci5ti/ into reports4 ,9 an editorial (fice he edits manuscripts = publication4 ,on a newspap] /aff he translates sci5tific f9d+s into articles = ! public4 ,x is difficult1 undesirable1 & usually impossible1 = a sci5ti/ to conf9e himself to 8 own field because all sci5ces affect "o ano!r4 ,a *emi/ may use ! tools ( ! physici/ & become a physical *emi/2 a physici/ may g 9 ! o!r direction & become a *emical physici/4 ,x is n uncommon = a *emical eng9e] to f9d himself do+ ! "w ( an in/rum5t eng9e]1 or ! me*anical eng9e] to f9d himself do+ ! "w ( an electrical eng9e]1 or bo? ( !m do+ ! "w ( a nucle> eng9e]4 ,! physici/1 ! *emi/1 ! physician1 & ! eng9e] :o once ?\ght t out] space 0 ! exclusive doma9 ( ! a/ronom] n[ f9d !mselves solv+ re5try problems = missiles1 /irr+ up rocket fuels1 te/+ ! effect ( weightlessness on ! body1 & exam9+ diagrams = space craft4 ,p]haps ! botani/ :o today is totally conc]n$ ) ! flora ( e>? w tomorr[ f9d himself f+]+ a bit ( fungus f ,m>s4 ,location ( ! ,atomic ,sci5ti/ ,9 ! rapidly *ang+ _w1 ea* ye> f9ds ! sci5ti/ increas+ly important4 ,he is ne$$ to ma9ta9 & improve fa/-*ang+ te*nology1 to combat disease1 to develop natural & man-made res\rces1 to improve food s\rces & production1 &1 9 g5]al1 to "w = ! bett]m5t ( mank9d4 ,! graduate sci5ti/ & ! eng9e] w f9d jobs wait+ & w be able to *oose1 to "s ext5t1 ! sort ( "w !y wi% to d & :]e !y wi% to d x4 ,x is impossible to li/ all types ( organizations op5 to sci5ce graduates1 b x is relatively simple to divide !m into g5]al gr\ps4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t ,sci5ti/s are ne$$ 9 f$]al ag5cies su* z ! ,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation1 ! ,national ,bureau ( ,/&>ds1 ! ,atomic ,en]gy ,commission1 ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration1 ! ,public ,heal? ,s]vice1 ! ,national ,in/itutes ( ,heal?1 & ! ,dep>tm5ts ( ! ,army1 ! ,navy1 & ! ,air ,=ce4 ,positions 9 ^! & o!r f$]al organizations are op5 9 program adm9i/ration1 basic rese>*1 developm5t1 & appli$ rese>*4 ,num]\s positions exi/ at ,,aec laboratories t op]ate "u contract--,ames1 ,argonne1 ,b]keley1 ,bettis1 ,brookhav51 ,han=d1 ,knolls1 ,liv]more1 ,los ,alamos1 ,oak ,ridge1 ,s&ia1 & ,savannah ,riv]1 z well z at ! ,heal? & ,safety ,laboratory 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,private ,indu/ry ,unlimit$ opportunities are f\nd 9 private indu/ry4 ,mo/ indu/ries h ext5sive rese>* & developm5t programs1 z well z production activities4 ,9 addition to ! indu/ries t are engag$ prim>ily 9 ! design & fabrication ( nucle> & electronic equipm5t1 hundr$s ( indu/ries use radioisotopes & radiation 9 trac+1 te/+1 developm5t1 inspection1 & quality control4 ,opportunities are op5 to ! sci5ti/ :o wi%es to "w = himself4 ,he may organize 8 own company to provide self-employm5t or he may s]ve z a private consultant4 ,educational ,organizations ,) ! gr[+ dem& = sci5ti/s comes an increas+ ne$ = sci5ce tea*]s--good sci5ce tea*]s--f ! elem5t>y ?r\gh ! univ]sity graduate-s*ool level4 ,! sci5ti/ :o ent]s ! tea*+ pr(ession ne$ n feel t he turns 8 back on a rese>* c>e]4 ,?\s&s ( significant inve/igations & discov]ies are made at colleges & univ]sities :]e sci5ce faculty memb]s comb9e tea*+ ) rese>*4 ,al?\gh ! basic sal>y scale = ! sci5ce tea*] is n normally z high z t ( ! indu/rial sci5ti/1 ?is situation is improv+4 ,moreov]1 _m college faculty memb]s augm5t _! sal>ies & keep 9 t\* ) new developm5ts by act+ z "p-"t consultants to indu/ry & gov]nm5t4 ,a sci5tific tea*+ c>e] (f]s c]ta9 advantages3 frequ5tly ! pr(essor enjoys great] fre$om ?an ! indu/rial sci5ti/ 9 budget+ "t & *annel+ int]e/s1 & tea*]s also exp]i5ce ! satisfaction ( develop+ human m9ds4 ,hospitals ,hospitals & m$ical rese>* in/itutions mu/ h highly compet5t sci5tific /affs4 ,besides physicians !y ne$ *emi/s1 bio*emi/s1 biologi/s1 bact]iologi/s1 & (t5 physici/s & vet]9>ians4 ,/ate & ,local ,gov]nm5ts ,sci5ti/s hold important po/s 9 /ate & local gov]nm5t rang+ f ! director ( a /ate heal? dep>tm5t to ! *emi/ 9 a police laboratory to ! radiation safety advisor on a civil-def5se commission4 ,z ! /ates assume m & m responsibility = lic5s+ & regulat+ nucle> & o!r sci5tific developm5t1 ! ne$ = /ate-employ$ sci5tific /aff memb]s w gr[4 ,o!r ,organizations ,sci5ti/s are ne$$ also 9 private rese>* f\ndations1 ph>maceutical & drug h\ses1 int]national organizations1 museums1 obs]vatories1 wea!r /ations1 & ?\s&s ( o!r in/allations4 ,pr(essional ,satisfaction ,memb]s ( ! sci5tific community are g5]ally happy 9 _! "w4 ,a sci5ti/ may exp]i5ce tempor>y discont5t ) a p>ticul> job1 or budget re/riction1 or managem5t practice1 or c[ork]s1 b seldom does he regret be+ a sci5ti/4 ,he is mu* m likely to regret t he didn't /udy ev5 m sci5ce4 ,moreov]1 sci5tific sal>ies g5]ally range f above av]age to excell5t1 opportunities = advancem5t are good1 & ! pr(ession usually enjoys high community respect4 ,atomic en]gy is revolutioniz+ life today1 & future sci5tific revolutions are beyond imag9ation4 ,b an atom does n h a bra92 x mu/ be manipulat$ by p4 ,! m5 & wom5 :o explore ! _w ( ! atom inv>iably f9d t !y are explor+ a _w m excit+ ?an ! _w 9 ! dreams ( ,m>co ,polo or ,columbus4 ,,select$ ,,read+ ,,li/ ,,f9ancial ,,aid ,am]ican ,f\ndations & ,_! ,fields4 ,by ,wilm] ,%ields ,ri*4 #g? edition1 #aiee1 #gdd pages4 ,am]ican ,f\ndations ,in=mation ,s]vice1 #ebg ,madison ,av5ue1 ,new ,york #c1 ,new ,york4 #ce4jj4 ,blue ,book ( ,aw>ds4 ,edit$ by ,h]b]t ,brook4 #aief1 #ahf pages4 ,m>quis--,:o's ,:o1 #baj ,ea/ ,ohio ,/reet1 ,*icago #aa1 ,ill9ois4 #h4jj4 ,college ,program 9 ,nucle> ,eng9e]+4 #aief1 #ajf pages1 ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,*emical ,eng9e]s1 #be ,we/ #de ,/reet1 ,new ,york #cf1 ,new ,york4 ,cr$it = ,college2 ,/ud5t ,loan ,funds 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ales4 ,by ,w4 ,w4 ,hill4 #aiei1 #cg pages4 ,! ,college ,life ,insurance ,company ( ,am]ica1 ,indianapolis1 ,indiana4 ,education ,programs & ,facilities 9 ,nucle> ,sci5ce & ,eng9e]+4 #aifj1 #gf pages4 ,fell[%ip ,(fice1 ,oak ,ridge ,in/itute ( ,nucle> ,/udies1 ,oak ,ridge1 ,t5nessee4 ,free4 ,f9ancial ,aid = ,college ,/ud5ts3 ,und]graduate4 ,by ,!resa ,bir* ,wilk9s4 #aieg1 #bcb pages4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton #be1 ,d4 ,c4 #a4jj4 ,h[ to ,f9ance a ,college ,education4 #aifj1 #aj pages4 ,funds = ,education ,inc41 #cai ,l9coln ,/reet1 ,man*e/]1 ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,h[ to ,look = ,s*ol>%ips4 ,by ,j4 ,l4 ,angel4 #bnd edition4 #aifj1 #bf pages4 ,_w ,trade ,academy ,press1 #ej ,ea/ #dbnd ,/reet1 ,new ,york #ag1 ,new ,york4 #a4be4 ,in=mation on ,sci5ce ,s*ol>%ips & ,/ud5t ,loans4 ,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation4 #aifj1 #i pages4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton #be1 ,d4 ,c4 #j4ae4 ,lovejoy-,jones ,college ,s*ol>%ip ,guide4 ,by ,cl>5ce ,e4 ,lovejoy & ,!odore ,s4 ,jones4 #aieg1 #abc pages4 ,simon & ,s*u/]1 ,inc41 #fcj ,fif? 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