,careers in ,atomic ,energy ,u4,s4 ,,atomic ,,energy ,,commission ,division of ,technical ,information ,understanding the ,atom ,series ,the ,understanding the ,atom ,series ,nuclear energy is playing a vital role in the life of every man1 woman1 and child in the ,united ,states today4 ,in the years ahead it will affect increasingly all the peoples of the earth4 ,it is essential that all ,americans gain an understanding of this vital force if they are to discharge thoughtfully their responsibilities as citizens and if they are to realize fully the myriad benefits that nuclear energy offers them4 ,the ,united ,states ,atomic ,energy ,commission provides this booklet to help you achieve such understanding4 99 ,handwritten signature ,edward ,j4 ,brunenkant1 ,director ,division of ,technical ,information ,,united ,,states ,,atomic ,,energy ,,commission ,dr4 ,glenn ,t4 ,seaborg1 ,chairman ,james ,t4 ,ramey ,wilfrid ,e4 ,johnson ,dr4 ,theos ,j4 ,thompson ,dr4 ,clarence ,e4 ,larson ,careers in ,atomic ,energy by ,loyce ,j4 ,mc,ilhenny ,,contents ,,the ,,scientific ,,mind #c ,,scientists ,,are ,,people #c ,,the ,,time ,,to ,,begin #c ,,college3 ,,is ,,it ,a ,,necessity8 #e ,,scholarships ,,and ,,other ,,financial ,,assistance #f ,,college3 ,,how ,,many ,,years8 #g ,physical and ,biological ,sciences #g ,engineering #h ,medicine #h ,veterinary ,science #i ,scientific ,writing #i ,supporting ,fields #i ,,work ,,of ,,the ,,atomic ,,scientist #aa ,physics #aa ,chemistry #ac ,biology #ad ,geology #ae ,engineering #ae ,mathematics #ag ,medicine #ah ,related ,fields #ah ,,location ,,of ,,the ,,atomic ,,scientist #bj ,the ,united ,states ,government #bj ,private ,industry #bj ,educational ,organizations #ba ,hospitals #ba ,state and ,local ,governments #ba ,other ,organizations #bb ,,professional ,,satisfaction #bb ,,selected ,,reading ,,list #bc ,united ,states ,atomic ,energy ,commission ,division of ,technical ,information ,library of ,congress ,catalog ,card ,number3 #fd-fjbge #aifb2 #aifd7,rev47 ,,about ,,the ,,author ,after receiving a degree in ,english at the ,university of ,houston1 ,mrs4 ,mc,ilhenny worked for nine years in editorial capacities at the ,oak ,ridge ,institute of ,nuclear ,studies1 where she prepared this booklet4 ,she is now a housewife in ,falls ,church1 ,virginia4 ,careers in ,atomic ,energy ,,loyce ,j4 ,mc,i,l,h,e,n,n,y ,today virtually every aspect of science is concerned in some way with the atom4 ,physicians use radiation to treat disease4 ,mechanical engineers design components for nuclear reactors4 ,electrical engineers convert the energy of the atom into electricity4 ,botanists use radioactivity to learn more about plants1 and zoologists use it to study animals4 ,chemists investigate compounds with radioisotopes4 ,physicists and mathematicians work out the intricate interrelations among the tiny particles of the atom4 ,agronomists use radioactive materials to improve fertilizers and crops1 and nutritionists use them to improve animal diets4 ,a student--,,you--can find your career in atomic energy in any branch of science you choose because 8atomics0 is not a field unto itself divorced from the rest of the scientific world4 ,the best preparation for a career in nuclear energy begins with elementary arithmetic4 ,this preparation advances through general science1 algebra1 biology1 chemistry1 physics1 geometry1 and trigonometry4 ,the aspiring scientist will be wise to lay the groundwork for his future long before he reaches college by studying as much mathematics and science as he can handle4 ,although many a now-successful chemist entered college without knowing how to balance an equation1 keen competition today demands that college freshmen have a solid foundation in mathematics and science4 ,even in an age of specialization1 the interrelation of the sciences has made it necessary for a scientist to have at least a speaking acquaintance with areas outside his own field4 ,a chemist1 for example1 may find himself involved in biology2 the research interests of a biologist may lead him into physics4 ,moreover1 ,english-speaking peoples have no monopoly on scientific accomplishment4 ,proficiency in ,german and ,french1 at least a reading knowledge1 has long been considered desirable and is often required of the serious scientist4 ,in the light of modern developments1 a reading knowledge of ,russian might well be added to the list1 and1 as other countries and cultures expand their technologies1 familiarity with still other languages may become necessary4 7,indeed1 a number of scientists who completed doctoral degrees years ago have recently begun to study ,russian4 ,this is not surprising since the education of a true scientist never stops with an academic degree1 a job appointment1 or a significant discovery47 ,the most brilliant physicist on earth is of doubtful worth if he can't communicate his ideas to other people4 ,thus even more important than a knowledge of foreign languages is a knowledge of one's own4 ,almost too late has come the realization that many college graduates in the ,united ,states1 although proficient in their particular fields1 cannot write a correct ,english sentence4 ,accurate scientists cannot afford inaccurate communication4 ,proficient scientists know their own language4 ,the ,scientific ,mind ,a widespread popular belief exists that the 8scientific mind0 is a trait that some people inherit and others don't1 like red hair or brown eyes4 ,this is both true and false4 ,essentially1 an innate 8scientific mind0 does not exist4 ,in the natural course of growing up1 however1 some people acquire or develop certain characteristics that are most commonly found in successful scientists4 ,these characteristics include curiosity1 caution1 thoroughness1 patience1 perseverance1 and logical reasoning power4 ,these are general traits1 and all can be developed to some degree4 ,scientists ,are ,people ,with increased national attention focused on scientific activities1 some people have developed strange notions about the man who wears a lab coat4 ,scientists have a high degree of objectivity in the laboratory1 but they usually are not different from the rest of society in matters of religion1 marriage1 parenthood1 or politics4 ,often they don't adhere to a strict eight-hour day1 but neither does a salesman4 ,they may seem unusually dedicated to their profession1 but so does a master chef4 ,they rarely are geniuses2 sometimes they have superior intelligence2 but frequently they have ordinary intelligence4 ,most are reasonably well balanced1 some are eccentric1 and a few are downright peculiar4 ,but these same characteristics can describe lawyers1 businessmen1 and secretaries4 ,the ,time to ,begin ,if you are seriously planning a career in science and if you are devoting your time to the study of science1 mathematics1 ,english1 and foreign languages1 you are laying the foundation in school right now for your future4 ,you--whether you are a he or a she--can begin now without waiting until the sixth1 or ninth1 or twelfth grade introduces you to further courses4 ,illustration3 ,girls have no reason to feel that any branch of science1 including nuclear technology and engineering1 is strictly a 8man's job40 ,beginning now1 you can supplement your studies by exploring science through books4 ,you can go to your school library and to your public library for reading material4 ,teachers and librarians can help you select material4 ,the doors of knowledge can open1 however1 only as rapidly as you can read4 ,the sheer bulk of scientific literature in print today is staggering4 ,any student who is a slow reader should seek immediate help from his teachers4 ,slow reading does not prove a slow mind1 nor does slow reading improve comprehension4 ,both these ideas are false1 and1 if you mistakenly cling to either one1 you cheat yourself4 ,as a matter of fact1 probably not one person in a million reads as rapidly as he can1 and it would behoove even the exceptionally rapid reader to work at improving this basic skill1 which is essential to all accomplishment4 ,further1 if you want to do serious scientific study1 ask your teachers to outline science projects that you can undertake after school or during free periods4 ,many projects that are both educational and fun can be undertaken without costly equipment or a complete laboratory4 ,other means of improving scientific understanding and competence outside the classroom include science clubs1 state junior academies of science1 and participation in science fairs4 ,if these activities do not exist in your area1 perhaps you can whip up enough interest among students1 teachers1 and parents to start them4 ,if not1 you can channel your science projects through such organizations as boys' clubs or ,scouts4 ,the student who is avidly studying science in school and in extra-curricular activities sometimes sets his sights on a summer laboratory job4 ,although this is certainly worthwhile1 often it cannot be realized4 ,many opportunities exist1 however1 for valuable summer study and training in the approximately #bjj special programs for science students at colleges and universities4 ,these programs are sponsored by the ,national ,science ,foundation to provide outstanding high-school students with unusual laboratory and study experiences4 ,college3 ,is ,it a ,necessity8 ,many intelligent and successful people never attended college1 but few of them are in the scientific ranks4 ,if you want a career in science1 you must first select a college or university4 ,many factors1 of course1 determine this choice4 ,the first question you have to ask yourself is a rather grim one3 which schools will admit me8 ,with the rapid increase in student population1 the shortage of teachers1 and the physical facilities of universities strained to bursting1 it is no longer possible for colleges to admit everybody who wants to enter4 ,again1 as always1 this is where hard work in elementary and in high school pays off3 good grades in 8solid0 subjects are master keys to university gates4 ,entrance exams required by many schools are stiff1 but a background of twelve years of conscientious study usually prepares you to deal with them4 ,a college education is a costly business anywhere these days1 but expenses can vary greatly from school to school4 ,once again the matter of precollege achievement crops up3 open to undergraduate students with top records are scholarships and special educational loans and other programs designed to offset or defray college expenses4 ,after you consider entrance requirements and cost1 you should weigh the location of the school1 course offerings in your field of interest1 faculty1 and facilities4 ,you should also evaluate the size and type of the institution in terms of your own personality4 ,parents1 teachers1 and local scientists can be excellent counselors in helping you make the decision4 ,inevitably some intelligent students who lack motivation fail to achieve top grades in high school4 ,science careers are open even to these students if they choose their colleges carefully4 ,sometimes small1 less well-known colleges will admit them because the competition for entrance is not as great as it is in 8name0 colleges4 ,small schools should not be dismissed as 8second rate40 ,they are usually staffed by fine teachers1 and1 even with limited laboratory facilities1 such colleges still offer excellent training4 ,scholarships and ,other ,financial ,assistance ,a number of fellowships1 scholarships1 grants1 and awards are available to assist the aspiring scientist in his education4 ,this financial assistance is offered by colleges2 local1 state1 and federal government agencies2 industry2 private foundations2 and individuals4 ,literally thousands of other educational assistance programs exist4 ,a list of some publications that contain information on currently available assistance is printed in the back as a guide4 ,some of the publications are in most libraries2 others must be ordered from the publisher4 ,since financial assistance programs are undergoing constant change and revision1 no directory can be complete1 but these books will give you an indication of the range of the programs4 ,college3 ,how ,many ,years8 ,although it is common for a student to change his primary interest from one science to another during his college training1 he should have in mind from the beginning the sort of broad career he wants and the amount of time that preparation will take4 ,for example1 a bachelor's degree in one of the physical or geological sciences such as physics1 chemistry1 biology1 geology1 archaeology1 agriculture1 metallurgy1 or mathematics usually requires four years4 ,some engineering programs require five4 ,a medical student1 on the other hand1 sometimes takes only three years of college and then goes directly into medical school without a bachelor's degree but with six to eight years of training still ahead of him4 ,physical and ,biological ,sciences ,most scientific endeavor today is undertaken by teams composed of individuals with doctor's1 master's1 and bachelor's degrees in the sciences4 ,these teams have supporting technical and administrative personnel to help them function efficiently4 ,in the physical and biological fields1 scientists with doctor's degrees have probably spent three to six years in college after they received their bachelor's degrees4 ,they are likely to head the team and to have the responsibility for planning and directing research and development projects4 ,individuals with master's degrees have spent about two years in graduate school4 ,they have some research training and undertake scientific projects under direction1 although they may also have some responsibility for planning and supervising4 ,the bachelor's degree is not a research degree1 and team members without graduate training are not likely to direct research4 ,they probably spend their time conducting fairly routine research duties under the guidance of more highly trained supervisors4 ,the above outline is a general description of the typical situation2 work conditions may vary greatly depending on the individual and his organization4 ,engineering ,traditionally engineering has been somewhat different4 ,many engineers held responsible jobs after receiving only a bachelor's degree4 ,some did earn a master's degree1 but few studied for a doctorate4 ,in the last ten years1 however1 this trend has changed with many more engineers receiving master's and doctor's degrees4 ,advanced study is especially important for a career in the nuclear field because the undergraduate years are filled mainly with basic engineering1 and most nuclear courses must be taken at the graduate level4 ,moreover1 the engineering sciences1 as all other fields1 are becoming increasingly complex4 ,thus graduate study through at least a master's degree is advisable for the engineer4 ,the prospective engineering student should realize that a bachelor's degree will take from four to five years to complete1 a master's degree will require an additional one to two years1 and a doctor's degree will involve still another two to four years4 ,medicine ,a career in medicine is still a different story4 ,after three to four years in college premedical study1 four years in medical school1 at least one year of internship1 and possibly a year's medical residency1 a doctor can become a general practitioner4 ,if he wishes to specialize1 his internship may last for two years1 and his residency period from three to four years4 ,it is this latter1 longer path that leads to a career in nuclear medicine and radiology1 as well as to more familiar specialization1 such as surgery1 pathology1 obstetrics1 or pediatrics4 ,veterinary ,science ,also important in the field of nuclear medicine is the veterinary scientist4 ,a veterinarian spends from two to four years in undergraduate study and four years in veterinary school before receiving a ,doctor of ,veterinary ,medicine degree that permits him to practice animal medicine4 ,then1 if he wishes to enter nuclear veterinary medicine1 veterinary pathology1 or some other specialty1 he undergoes additional training that is comparable to that of the physician who specializes4 ,scientific ,writing ,valuable in all areas of science and engineering is the technical writer4 ,several years ago the typical technical writer or editor had a background of journalism or ,english grammar and some undergraduate study of one or more of the sciences4 ,editorial ability still depends largely on ability to handle the ,english language1 but more and more frequently today the successful technical writer or editor has a bachelor's degree in one of the sciences4 ,sometimes he has a master's degree1 and occasionally he holds a doctor's degree4 ,supporting ,fields ,no scientific organization can function if it is manned only by scientists4 ,supporting and assisting personnel are essential to the scientific team1 and training is widely available for the nonscientist who wants to work in a scientific installation4 ,illustration3 ,atomic energy1 like fire1 is not dangerous when it is under the control of people who know how to use it4 ,special instruments and protective clothing are used by trained technicians who are responsible for radiation control4 ,a nurse is a professional medical assistant4 ,she can be certified as a registered nurse in three years1 or she can earn both an ,,rn and a bachelor's degree in four to five years4 ,especially if she enters the field of nuclear medicine or if she is associated with a physician or organization engaged in the clinical use of radiation and radioisotopes1 she will need a background in physics in addition to her study of chemistry and the life sciences4 ,many colleges and universities offer two-year programs that lead to a certificate qualifying a student as a laboratory aide4 ,the laboratory aide1 or assistant1 performs assigned duties under close supervision4 ,he does not conduct actual research1 but he supplies the scientist with an extra pair of hands4 ,scientific organizations also need administrators1 librarians1 translators1 personnel directors1 glassblowers1 instrument repairmen1 accountants1 and a host of other skilled individuals to keep the team running smoothly4 ,such positions may be filled by persons with very limited scientific backgrounds4 ,but the advantage--for employment and for advancement--is on the side of the secretary1 or purchasing agent1 or bookkeeper who has made an effort to become familiar with basic scientific principles and terminology4 ,nonscientists with scientific background are sufficiently rare to make them unusually valuable assets to scientific organizations4 ,work of the ,atomic ,scientist ,after he completes his formal education1 the scientist sets about to investigate the world1 for that's what science is all about4 ,the methods he uses to carry out his investigations depend on his particular field4 ,it is impossible to outline what an individual scientist does because he may do any of a thousand things in any of a thousand ways4 ,he may be concerned with nuclear energy almost totally1 or he may be concerned with it only slightly4 ,it is possible1 however1 to sketch examples of some of the activities undertaken by various members of the scientific community4 ,most people are familiar with the broad academic breakdown of the sciences into physics1 chemistry1 biology1 geology1 engineering1 and mathematics4 ,it is therefore convenient to examine the activities of scientific personnel in each of these areas1 as well as medicine1 with emphasis on the nuclear energy aspects of each4 ,physics ,the physicist is dedicated to investigating the laws that govern the universe4 ,he explores gravity1 motion1 mass1 energy1 and the myriad interrelated ways that the world is constructed to gain an understanding of his physical surroundings4 ,illustration3 ,the very tiny world of the atom is invaded by very large tools such as particle accelerators1 sometimes called 8atom smashers40 ,a nuclear physicist concentrates his investigations on the atom4 ,the subject of his research is1 of course1 incredibly tiny1 and therefore invisible to him1 but he studies the atom by finding out how it behaves when certain things are done to it4 ,to accomplish this1 the nuclear physicist centers his day-to-day activities around equipment such as particle accelerators and nuclear reactors1 which he uses to shoot nuclear particles into materials4 ,what happens in these and many other processes provides him with information on the nature and behavior of atomic energy4 ,within the framework of his interest1 the practicing nuclear physicist may conduct basic or theoretical research to add to the body of scientific knowledge4 ,he may design equipment to carry out new types of research4 ,he may apply the principles of his science to improving the standard of living1 as he did by developing the nuclear-power plants4 ,he may work to improve nuclear weapons1 to aid space travel1 or to devise nuclear medical instrumentation for use by physicians4 ,he has a place in one of the countless efforts that involve nuclear reactions and radioactivity4 ,chemistry ,the chemist studies the composition of substances4 ,for centuries man has known that various combinations and recombinations of substances produce other materials with different properties1 and it is the chemist who combines and recombines4 ,a nuclear chemist1 or radiochemist1 specializes just as his name implies4 ,he studies the effects of radiation on chemical substances1 notes how chemical reactions are altered by the introduction of radioactivity1 and analyzes the nature of nuclear energy materials and products4 ,when an experiment or a scientific application requires a purified compound1 the chemist goes to work4 ,when a substance is to be altered so that it takes on a different form1 the chemist takes over4 ,he develops better fuels for automobiles and space craft1 better fibers for shirts and parachutes1 better plastics for kitchens and submarines4 ,biology ,biology deals with the structure and behavior of plants and animals3 the botanist studies plants1 the zoologist studies animals1 and they both can use radioactivity widely in their research4 ,radiation changes the pattern of plant behavior1 and many botanists are vitally interested in the effect of various types of radiation on seeds and plant growth4 ,radiation can produce mutations1 or basic changes1 in growing things2 thus1 by selective breeding of desirable changes1 it is possible to improve crops4 ,progress here is slow4 ,many millions of possibilities exist in the relations among the variety of plants1 type and intensity of radiation1 random chance1 and other growing conditions1 but already several new plant breeds have emerged1 and other crops are bound to follow4 ,in addition to altering plants directly by radiation1 the botanist can improve plants indirectly by using radiation3 he can add radioactivity to fertilizer and evaluate the efficiency of its uptake by the plant to determine the most effective fertilizer for a particular soil or crop4 ,the many1 and sometimes seemingly strange1 effects of radioactivity on plants and growing conditions provide a wide and fascinating field for the botanist4 ,as most people know1 radiation also affects animal tissue4 ,the zoologist wants to know how and why this is true and how varying conditions alter animal reactions to radiation4 ,the research of the animal physiologist is basic to later medical applications of radiation to human beings4 ,the veterinary scientist has the grave responsibility of testing radioisotopes1 radiation drugs1 chemicals1 surgical procedures1 and various combinations of these in animals to determine which can be used to diagnose or cure disease in man4 ,he passes his findings on to the physician for further research only after he has made every possible test and evaluation4 ,sometimes he works with chemists1 nutritionists1 bacteriologists1 and other scientists4 ,what happens to animals could happen to human beings1 and that is why physiologists watch carefully the animals that eat radioactive foods and study the offspring of animals that have been exposed to radioactivity4 ,illustration3 ,animal studies using radioactive materials give important information concerning physiology1 both animal and human4 ,geology ,a main interest of the geologist is the history of the earth and its ever-changing life1 especially as revealed in fossil formations and deposits under the soil4 ,the geologist has a vital place in the field of atomic energy since he helps provide the raw materials for nuclear processes4 ,the atomic age has made radioactive materials essential to life1 and the geologist must locate valuable deposits1 determine their extent1 analyze their purity1 and plan their extraction4 ,engineering ,the engineer is the how-to-do-it man4 ,this technical man of action comes in many varieties--mechanical1 electrical1 metallurgical1 ceramic1 industrial1 civil1 instrument1 and chemical1 to name a few4 ,in the field of nuclear energy1 the mechanical engineer shoulders the responsibility for designing1 supervising construction1 and guiding the functions of the giant accelerators1 nuclear reactors1 atomic-propulsion plants1 space-ship engines1 and other mechanical equipment that must be constantly devised1 improved1 constructed1 and redesigned4 ,the electrical engineer devises the intricate circuits that keep the vast equipment working smoothly1 works out complex controls for instrumentations1 eliminates malfunctions1 and formulates electrical processes for new installations and devices4 ,metallurgical and ceramic engineers test and evaluate the strength1 durability1 and other characteristics of materials to be used in the fabrication of equipment1 and they produce new materials for specific jobs4 ,for instance1 a metallurgical engineer might produce a space-ship shell that meets the requirements of 7#a7 minimum weight1 7#b7 maximum shielding from radiation1 and 7#c7 high strength4 ,he may analyze various materials for use in atomic reactors1 nuclear submarines1 or medical treatment rooms where radioactivity is used4 ,the ceramic engineer tackles similar problems1 working with ceramic products rather than metals4 ,the industrial engineer is concerned with the efficient use of machines1 materials1 and men in production4 ,the civil engineer takes the plans of the atomic plant and designs buildings and facilities for particular processes4 ,the instrument engineer examines a job to be done and then designs the instrumentation to do it4 ,he must understand what happens when his instrumentation is integrated into an entire system of production and control4 ,for instance1 the engineer who develops an instrument to be used in a gaseous-diffusion plant for the separation of uranium isotopes must understand the entire process of uranium separation4 ,the chemical engineer works closely with the chemist4 ,if the latter develops a new plastic1 the engineer decides whether to put it into large-scale production and1 if so1 how4 ,mathematics ,the mathematician deals with numbers and their relations to one another4 ,progressing from the #b-plus-#b stage into higher mathematics1 this science is essential to all the others--from the simple task of counting test tubes in a cabinet to an incredibly complex mathematical idea4 ,the mathematician speaks the language of all sciences using his special tool4 ,without him modern technology would not exist because mathematics interprets and explains all other sciences4 ,however1 when mathematics becomes too complex1 the mathematician puts aside his pencil and paper and turns to an electronic computer4 ,since computers can carry out mathematical calculations from #ajj to #a1jjj1jjj times as fast as a human being1 they are necessary today and will be essential tomorrow4 ,illustration3 ,the much-publicized electronic computers are vital in modern science1 but they can't add two and two without trained personnel to operate them4 ,a computer1 however1 doesn't replace the mathematician any more than an adding machine replaces an accountant4 ,the mathematician must help to design the computer1 understand what material to store in its memory banks1 know how to feed problems into it1 and be able to read the results that come out4 ,medicine ,the medical profession is dedicated to repairing and healing the human body4 ,although many mysteries still surround medicine1 doctors are trying to solve these mysteries of the body through research4 ,a medical scientist may decide to specialize exclusively in the use of radioactive materials4 ,if so1 he is called a radiologist and is an expert in the use of radiation beams1 injection of radioisotopes1 and implantation of radioactivity into the body1 as well as in the use of the more familiar radium and ,x-ray devices4 ,the practicing physician also1 after receiving special training and licensing1 may use radiation and radioisotopes as another tool in his little black bag4 ,for instance1 a suspected thyroid disorder can be diagnosed by following the behavior of a small1 harmless dose of radioactive iodine in the patient4 ,a tumor may be brought under control with the use of a strong beam of radiation directed at the diseased tissue4 ,behind the physician stand teams of medical research scientists testing the effects of radiation on tissues and cultures and serums in the laboratory4 ,they strive to increase knowledge of the medical benefits of atomic energy4 ,nurses in nuclear medicine understand how to handle radioactivity4 ,pharmacists who enter the field prepare radioactive pharmaceuticals for clinical uses4 ,related ,fields ,it is convenient to discuss scientific activity in the general categories of physics1 chemistry1 biology1 geology1 engineering1 mathematics1 and medicine1 but strict lines are not actually drawn around these areas4 ,there are in the ,united ,states today about #bjjj individuals who are engaged in a profession that did not even exist twenty years ago3 these are the health physicists1 who are neither medical men nor physicists4 ,they have backgrounds in physics1 true1 and they combine this training with training in physiology1 botany1 chemistry1 mathematics1 and instrumentation4 ,it is the duty of the health physicist to evaluate and control any potential hazard in the use of nuclear energy4 ,the health physicist understands the effects of radiation on human tissues and plants4 ,he keeps a constant check on radiation levels in installations where radioactivity is used2 he foresees emergencies that might arise2 he eliminates unsafe practices2 and he assures that personnel working in nuclear energy fields are free from related hazards4 ,the health physicist is a key figure in making the nuclear energy industry one of the safest in the world4 ,another profession that spans the sciences is that of the technical writer or editor4 ,in a laboratory he translates the notebooks of the scientist into reports4 ,in an editorial office he edits manuscripts for publication4 ,on a newspaper staff he translates scientific findings into articles for the public4 ,it is difficult1 undesirable1 and usually impossible1 for a scientist to confine himself to his own field because all sciences affect one another4 ,a chemist may use the tools of the physicist and become a physical chemist2 a physicist may go in the other direction and become a chemical physicist4 ,it is not uncommon for a chemical engineer to find himself doing the work of an instrument engineer1 or the mechanical engineer to find himself doing the work of an electrical engineer1 or both of them doing the work of a nuclear engineer4 ,the physicist1 the chemist1 the physician1 and the engineer who once thought that outer space was the exclusive domain of the astronomer now find themselves solving reentry problems for missiles1 stirring up rocket fuels1 testing the effect of weightlessness on the body1 and examining diagrams for space craft4 ,perhaps the botanist who today is totally concerned with the flora of earth will tomorrow find himself fingering a bit of fungus from ,mars4 ,location of the ,atomic ,scientist ,in the rapidly changing world1 each year finds the scientist increasingly important4 ,he is needed to maintain and improve fast-changing technology1 to combat disease1 to develop natural and man-made resources1 to improve food sources and production1 and1 in general1 to work for the betterment of mankind4 ,the graduate scientist and the engineer will find jobs waiting and will be able to choose1 to some extent1 the sort of work they wish to do and where they wish to do it4 ,it is impossible to list all types of organizations open to science graduates1 but it is relatively simple to divide them into general groups4 ,the ,united ,states ,government ,scientists are needed in federal agencies such as the ,national ,science ,foundation1 the ,national ,bureau of ,standards1 the ,atomic ,energy ,commission1 the ,national ,aeronautics and ,space ,administration1 the ,public ,health ,service1 the ,national ,institutes of ,health1 and the ,departments of the ,army1 the ,navy1 and the ,air ,force4 ,positions in these and other federal organizations are open in program administration1 basic research1 development1 and applied research4 ,numerous positions exist at ,,aec laboratories that operate under contract--,ames1 ,argonne1 ,berkeley1 ,bettis1 ,brookhaven1 ,hanford1 ,knolls1 ,livermore1 ,los ,alamos1 ,oak ,ridge1 ,sandia1 and ,savannah ,river1 as well as at the ,health and ,safety ,laboratory in ,new ,york ,city4 ,private ,industry ,unlimited opportunities are found in private industry4 ,most industries have extensive research and development programs1 as well as production activities4 ,in addition to the industries that are engaged primarily in the design and fabrication of nuclear and electronic equipment1 hundreds of industries use radioisotopes and radiation in tracing1 testing1 development1 inspection1 and quality control4 ,opportunities are open to the scientist who wishes to work for himself4 ,he may organize his own company to provide self-employment or he may serve as a private consultant4 ,educational ,organizations ,with the growing demand for scientists comes an increasing need for science teachers--good science teachers--from the elementary through the university graduate-school level4 ,the scientist who enters the teaching profession need not feel that he turns his back on a research career4 ,thousands of significant investigations and discoveries are made at colleges and universities where science faculty members combine teaching with research4 ,although the basic salary scale for the science teacher is not normally as high as that of the industrial scientist1 this situation is improving4 ,moreover1 many college faculty members augment their salaries and keep in touch with new developments by acting as part-time consultants to industry and government4 ,a scientific teaching career offers certain advantages3 frequently the professor enjoys greater freedom than the industrial scientist in budgeting time and channeling interests1 and teachers also experience the satisfaction of developing human minds4 ,hospitals ,hospitals and medical research institutions must have highly competent scientific staffs4 ,besides physicians they need chemists1 biochemists1 biologists1 bacteriologists1 and often physicists and veterinarians4 ,state and ,local ,governments ,scientists hold important posts in state and local government ranging from the director of a state health department to the chemist in a police laboratory to the radiation safety advisor on a civil-defense commission4 ,as the states assume more and more responsibility for licensing and regulating nuclear and other scientific development1 the need for state-employed scientific staff members will grow4 ,other ,organizations ,scientists are needed also in private research foundations1 pharmaceutical and drug houses1 international organizations1 museums1 observatories1 weather stations1 and thousands of other installations4 ,professional ,satisfaction ,members of the scientific community are generally happy in their work4 ,a scientist may experience temporary discontent with a particular job1 or budget restriction1 or management practice1 or coworkers1 but seldom does he regret being a scientist4 ,he is much more likely to regret that he didn't study even more science4 ,moreover1 scientific salaries generally range from above average to excellent1 opportunities for advancement are good1 and the profession usually enjoys high community respect4 ,atomic energy is revolutionizing life today1 and future scientific revolutions are beyond imagination4 ,but an atom does not have a brain2 it must be manipulated by people4 ,the men and women who explore the world of the atom invariably find that they are exploring a world more exciting than the world in the dreams of ,marco ,polo or ,columbus4 ,,selected ,,reading ,,list ,,financial ,,aid ,american ,foundations and ,their ,fields4 ,by ,wilmer ,shields ,rich4 #gth edition1 #aiee1 #gdd pages4 ,american ,foundations ,information ,service1 #ebg ,madison ,avenue1 ,new ,york #c1 ,new ,york4 #ce4jj4 ,blue ,book of ,awards4 ,edited by ,herbert ,brook4 #aief1 #ahf pages4 ,marquis--,who's ,who1 #baj ,east ,ohio ,street1 ,chicago #aa1 ,illinois4 #h4jj4 ,college ,program in ,nuclear ,engineering4 #aief1 #ajf pages1 ,american ,institute of ,chemical ,engineers1 #be ,west #de ,street1 ,new ,york #cf1 ,new ,york4 ,credit for ,college2 ,student ,loan ,funds in the ,united ,stales4 ,by ,w4 ,w4 ,hill4 #aiei1 #cg pages4 ,the ,college ,life ,insurance ,company of ,america1 ,indianapolis1 ,indiana4 ,education ,programs and ,facilities in ,nuclear ,science and ,engineering4 #aifj1 #gf pages4 ,fellowship ,office1 ,oak ,ridge ,institute of ,nuclear ,studies1 ,oak ,ridge1 ,tennessee4 ,free4 ,financial ,aid for ,college ,students3 ,undergraduate4 ,by ,theresa ,birch ,wilkins4 #aieg1 #bcb pages4 ,united ,states ,government ,printing ,office1 ,washington #be1 ,d4 ,c4 #a4jj4 ,how to ,finance a ,college ,education4 #aifj1 #aj pages4 ,funds for ,education ,inc41 #cai ,lincoln ,street1 ,manchester1 ,new ,hampshire4 ,how to ,look for ,scholarships4 ,by ,j4 ,l4 ,angel4 #bnd edition4 #aifj1 #bf pages4 ,world ,trade ,academy ,press1 #ej ,east #dbnd ,street1 ,new ,york #ag1 ,new ,york4 #a4be4 ,information on ,science ,scholarships and ,student ,loans4 ,national ,science ,foundation4 #aifj1 #i pages4 ,united ,states ,government ,printing ,office1 ,washington #be1 ,d4 ,c4 #j4ae4 ,lovejoy-,jones ,college ,scholarship ,guide4 ,by ,clarence ,e4 ,lovejoy and ,theodore ,s4 ,jones4 #aieg1 #abc pages4 ,simon and ,schuster1 ,inc41 #fcj ,fifth ,avenue1 ,new ,york #bj1 ,new ,york4 #a4ie 7paperback74 ,national ,register of ,scholarships and ,fellowships4 ,by ,juvenal ,l4 ,angel4 ,volume ,i3 ,scholarships and ,loans1 #cbi pages4 ,volume ,,ii3 ,fellowships and ,grants1 #bcb pages4 ,world ,trade ,academy ,press1 #ej ,east #dbnd ,street1 ,new ,york #ag1 ,new ,york4 ,national ,science ,foundation ,annual ,report4 ,published annually4 ,united ,states ,government ,printing ,office1 ,washington #be1 ,d4 ,c4 #a4jj4 ,need ,financial ,aid for ,college8 #e pages4 ,engineers ,council for ,professional ,development1 #bi ,west #eith ,street1 ,new ,york #ah1 ,new ,york4 #j4jc4 ,need a ,lift4 #hj pages4 ,american ,legion1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #ajee1 ,indianapolis #f1 ,indiana4 #j4ae4 ,scholarships and ,fellowships ,available at ,institutions of ,higher ,education4 ,by ,theresa ,birch ,wilkins4 #aiea1 #bdh pages4 ,united ,states ,government ,printing ,office1 ,washington #be1 ,d4 ,c4 #j4gj4 ,you ,can ,win a ,scholarship4 #aieh1 #dbi pages4 ,by ,s4 ,c4 ,brownstein1 ,m4 ,weiner1 and ,s4 ,h4 ,kaplan4 ,barron's ,educational ,series1 ,inc41 #cdc ,great ,neck ,road1 ,great ,neck1 ,new ,york4 #b4ih4 ,,scientific ,,areas ,agricultural ,research ,workers4 #aifa1 #g pages4 ,careers1 ,box #ebb1 ,largo1 ,florida4 #j4be4 ,astronomer4 ,by ,gibson ,reaves 7,chronicle ,occupational ,briefs #baj74 #aifa1 #d pages4 ,chronicle ,guidance ,publications1 ,moravia1 ,new ,york4 #j4ce4 ,biochemist4 #aifj1 #h pages4 ,careers1 ,box #ebb1 ,largo1 ,florida4 #j4be4 ,biological ,scientists4 ,revised edition1 #aiei1 #d pages4 ,science ,research ,associates1 #bei ,east ,erie ,street1 ,chicago #aa1 ,illinois4 #j4de4 ,can ,i be a ,scientist or ,engineer8 7,let's ,find ,out74 ,revised edition1 #aifj1 #bd pages4 ,general ,motors ,corporation ,public ,relations ,staff1 #cjdd ,west ,grand ,boulevard1 ,detroit #b1 ,michigan4 ,single copy free4 ,careers and ,opportunities in ,chemistry4 ,by ,philip ,pollack4 #aifj1 #adg pages4 ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton and ,company1 ,inc41 #cjj ,park ,avenue ,south1 ,new ,york #aj1 ,new ,york4 #c4ej4 ,careers for ,chemical ,engineers4 ,by ,juvenal ,l4 ,angel4 #aifj1 #cj pages4 ,world ,trade ,academy ,press1 #ej ,east #dbnd ,street1 ,new ,york #ag4 ,new ,york4 #a4be4 ,careers for the ,physicist4 #aieg1 #cf pages4 ,careers ,incorporated1 #ae ,west #deth ,street1 ,new ,york #cf1 ,new ,york1 #a4jj4 ,careers for ,women in the ,physical ,sciences4 #aiei1 #gg pages4 ,united ,states ,government ,printing ,office1 ,washington #be1 ,d4 ,c4 #j4ce4 ,careers in ,animal ,biology4 ,by ,h4 ,l4 ,hamilton4 #af pages4 ,american ,society of ,zoologists1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,b4 ,moment1 ,secretary1 ,goucher ,college1 ,baltimore #d1 ,maryland4 #j4be4 ,careers in ,atomic ,energy4 ,by ,walter ,j4 ,greenleaf 7,united ,states ,department of ,health1 ,education1 and ,welfare1 ,pamphlet ,no4 #aai74 #aieg1 #cf pages4 ,united ,states ,government ,printing ,office1 ,washington #be1 ,d4 ,c4 #j4be4 ,careers in ,biochemistry4 ,by ,juvenal ,l4 ,angel4 #aieh1 #bf pages4 ,world ,trade ,academy ,press1 #ej ,east #dbnd ,street1 ,new ,york #ag1 ,new ,york4 #a4be4 ,careers in ,fishery ,science4 7,chronicle ,occupational ,briefs #aij74 #aifj1 #d pages4 ,chronicle ,guidance ,publications1 ,moravia1 ,new ,york4 #j4ce4 ,careers in ,mathematics4 #aifa1 #bh pages4 ,national ,council of ,teachers of ,mathematics1 #abja #afth ,street1 ,washington #f4 ,d4 ,c4 #j4be4 ,careers in ,medicine4 #bnd edition1 #aifj1 #bf pages4 ,by ,juvenal ,l4 ,angel4 ,world ,trade ,academy ,press1 #ej ,east #dbnd ,street1 ,new ,york #ag1 ,new ,york4 #a4be4 ,careers in ,science ,teaching4 #aiei1 #ag pages4 ,national ,science ,teachers ,association1 #abja #afth ,street1 ,n4,w41 ,washington #f1 ,d4 ,c4 ,single copy free2 quantity orders #j4aj each4 ,careers in the ,atomic ,energy ,industry4 ,by ,harold ,l4 ,walker4 #aieh1 #cb pages4 ,bellman ,publishing ,company1 ,cambridge #ch1 ,massachusetts4 #a4jj4 ,careers in the ,nuclear ,field4 ,by ,juvenal ,l4 ,angel4 #aieh1 #bf pages4 ,world ,trade ,academy ,press1 ,inc41 #ej ,east #dbnd ,street1 ,new ,york #ag1 ,new ,york4 #a4be4 ,careers in the ,scientific ,fields4 ,by ,juvenal ,l4 ,angel4 #aiei1 #df pages4 ,world ,trade ,academy ,press1 #ej ,east #dbnd ,street1 ,new ,york #ag1 ,new ,york4 #a4be4 ,college ,bound3 ,planning ,for ,college ,and ,careers4 ,by ,s4 ,c4 ,brownstein4 #aieh1 #bbf pages4 ,barron's ,educational ,series1 ,inc41 #cdc ,great ,neck ,road1 ,great ,neck1 ,new ,york4 #a4ih4 ,the ,cost of ,four ,years of ,college4 #aiei1 #ai pages4 ,career ,information ,service1 ,new ,york ,life ,insurance ,company1 ,box #ea1 ,madison ,square ,station1 ,new ,york #aj1 ,new ,york4 #j4be4 ,guide to ,career ,information4 ,by ,career ,information ,service1 ,new ,york ,life ,insurance ,company4 #aieg1 #bjc pages4 ,harper and ,brothers1 #di ,east #ccrd ,street1 ,new ,york #af1 ,new ,york4 #c4jj4 ,health ,physicist4 #aiei1 #h pages4 ,careers1 ,box #ebb1 ,largo1 ,florida4 #j4be4 ,health ,physicist4 7,chronicle ,occupational ,briefs #ahe74 #aiei1 #d pages4 ,chronicle ,guidance ,publications1 ,moravia1 ,new ,york4 #j4ce4 ,how ,to ,be ,accepted ,by ,the ,college ,of ,your ,choice4 ,by ,b4 ,fine4 #aifj1 #bia pages4 ,channel ,press1 ,inc41 #aei ,northern ,boulevard1 ,great ,neck1 ,new ,york4 #b4ie4 ,nuclear ,scientists4 7,chronicle ,occupational ,briefs ,no4 #bjc74 #aifj1 #d pages4 ,science ,research ,associates1 #bei ,east ,erie ,street1 ,chicago #aa1 ,illinois4 #j4de4 ,oceanographer4 7,chronicle ,occupational ,briefs #bjj74 #aifj1 #d pages4 ,chronicle ,guidance ,publications1 ,moravia1 ,new ,york4 #j4ce4 ,science ,futures for ,girls4 #aiei1 #g pages4 ,united ,states ,government ,printing ,office1 ,washington #be1 ,d4 ,c4 ,should ,you ,be an ,atomic ,scientist8 ,by ,lawrence ,r4 ,hafstad4 #aieg1 #aj pages4 ,new ,york ,life ,insurance ,company1 #ea ,madison ,avenue1 ,new ,york #aj1 ,new ,york4 ,free4 ,should ,you ,be a ,chemist8 ,by ,dr4 ,irving ,langmuir4 #aieg1 #f pages4 ,new ,york ,life ,insurance ,company1 #ea ,madison ,avenue1 ,new ,york #aj1 ,new ,york4 ,free4 ,sources of ,information on ,careers in the ,scientific ,fields4 #aiei1 #aa pages4 ,manufacturing ,chemists' ,association1 ,inc41 #ahbe ,connecticut ,avenue1 ,n4,w41 ,washington #h1 ,d4 ,c4 #a-f copies free2 additional copies #j4je each4 ,veterinarians4 #aifa1 #d pages4 ,science ,research ,associates1 #bei ,east ,erie ,street1 ,chicago #aa1 ,illinois4 #j4de4 ,you and ,your ,career4 #aifj1 #cj pages4 ,collier's ,encyclopedia1 #fdj ,fifth ,avenue1 ,new ,york #ai1 ,new ,york4 #j4ej4 ,your ,future in ,nuclear ,energy ,fields4 ,by ,william ,e4 ,thompson1 ,jr4 #aifa1 #afj pages4 ,richards ,rosen ,press1 #ac ,east #bbnd ,street1 ,new ,york #aj1 ,new ,york4 ,this booklet is one of the 8,understanding the ,atom0 ,series4 ,comments are invited on this booklet and others in the series2 please send them to the ,division of ,technical ,information1 ,u4 ,s4 ,atomic ,energy ,commission1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #bjede4 ,published as part of the ,,aec's educational assistance program1 the series includes these titles3 ,accelerators ,animals in ,atomic ,research ,atomic ,fuel ,atomic ,power ,safety ,atoms at the ,science ,fair ,atoms in ,agriculture ,atoms1 ,nature1 and ,man ,books on ,atomic ,energy for ,adults and ,children ,careers in ,atomic ,energy ,computers ,controlled ,nuclear ,fusion ,cryogenics1 ,the ,uncommon ,cold ,direct ,conversion of ,energy ,fallout ,from ,nuclear ,tests ,food ,preservation by ,irradiation ,genetic ,effects of ,radiation ,index to the ,,uas ,series ,lasers ,microstructure of ,matter ,neutron ,activation ,analysis ,nondestructive ,testing ,nuclear ,clocks ,nuclear ,energy for ,desalting ,nuclear ,power and ,merchant ,shipping ,nuclear ,power ,plants ,nuclear ,propulsion for ,space ,nuclear ,reactors ,nuclear ,terms1 ,a ,brief ,glossary ,our ,atomic ,world ,plowshare ,plutonium ,power from ,radioisotopes ,power ,reactors in ,small ,packages ,radioactive ,wastes ,radioisotopes and ,life ,processes ,radioisotopes in ,industry ,radioisotopes in ,medicine ,rare ,earths ,research ,reactors ,,snap1 ,nuclear ,space ,reactors ,sources of ,nuclear ,fuel ,space ,radiation ,spectroscopy ,synthetic ,transuranium ,elements ,the ,atom and the ,ocean ,the ,chemistry of the ,noble ,gases ,the ,elusive ,neutrino ,the ,first ,reactor ,the ,natural ,radiation ,environment ,whole ,body ,counters ,your ,body and ,radiation ,a single copy of any one booklet1 or of no more than three different booklets1 may be obtained free by writing to3 ,,usaec1 ,p4 ,o4 ,,box #fb1 ,,oak ,,ridge1 ,,tennessee #cghcj ,complete sets of the series are available to school and public librarians1 and to teachers who can make them available for reference or for use by groups4 ,requests should be made on school or library letterheads and indicate the proposed use4 ,students and teachers who need other material on specific aspects of nuclear science1 or references to other reading material1 may also write to the ,oak ,ridge address4 ,requests should state the topic of interest exactly1 and the use intended4 ,in all requests1 include 8,zip ,code0 in return address4 ,printed in the ,united ,states of ,america ,,usaec ,division of ,technical ,information ,extension1 ,oak ,ridge1 ,tennessee