,,the ,,medicine-,,men ,,of ,,the ,,apache4 ,,by ,,john ,g4 ,,bourke1 ,captain1 ,third ,cavalry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army4 ,,contents4 ,page4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,the medicine-men1 their modes of treating disease1 their superstitions1 paraphernalia1 etc4 #dea ,medicine-women #dfh ,remedies and modes of treatment #dga ,hair and wigs #dgd ,mudheads #dge ,scalp shirts #dgf ,the rhombus1 or bull roarer #dgf ,the cross #dgi ,necklaces of human fingers #dhj ,necklaces of human teeth #dhg ,the scratch stick #dij ,the drinking reed #dic ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,hoddentin1 the pollen of the tule1 the sacrificial powder of the ,apache2 with remarks upon sacred powders and offerings in general #dii ,the kunque of the ,zui and others #ejg ,use of the pollen by the ,israelites and ,egyptians #eag ,hoddentin a prehistoric food #eah ,hoddentin the yiauhtli of the ,aztecs #eba ,bledos of ancient writers--its meaning #ebb ,tzoalli #ebc ,general use of the powder among ,indians #ebh ,analogues of hoddentin #ecj ,the down of birds in ceremonial observances #ecc ,hair powder #ece ,dust from churches--its use #ecg ,clay-eating #ecg ,prehistoric foods used in covenants #edj ,sacred breads and cakes #eda ,unleavened bread #edc ,the hot cross buns of ,good ,friday #edd ,galena #edh ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,the izze-kloth or medicine cord of the ,apache #eej ,analogues to be found among the ,aztecs1 ,peruvians1 and others #eeh ,the magic wind-knotted cords of the ,lapps and others #efj ,rosaries and other mnemonic cords #efa ,the sacred cords of the ,parsis and ,brahmans #efc ,use of cords and knots and girdles in parturition #egj ,medidas1 measuring cords1 wresting threads1 etc4 #egb ,unclassified superstitions upon this subject #ege ,the medicine hat #ehj ,the spirit or ghost dance headdress #ehe ,amulets and talismans #ehg ,the tzi-daltai #ehg ,chalchihuitl #ehh ,phylacteries #eia ,bibliography #eif ,,illustrations4 ,,plate ,page4 ,,iii4 ,scalp shirt of ,little ,big ,man #dgf ,,iv4 ,necklace of human fingers #dhj ,v4 ,apache medicine hat used in ghost or spirit dance #ehf ,,vi4 ,apache medicine shirt #ehh ,,vii4 ,apache medicine shirt #eij ,,viii4 ,apache medicine shirt #eib ,,fig4 #dbi4 ,medicine arrow used by ,apache and ,pueblo women #dfh #dcj4 ,rhombus of the ,apache #dgg #dca4 ,rhombus of the ,apache #dgh #dcb4 ,the scratch stick and drinking reed #did #dcc4 ,bag containing hoddentin #ejj #dcd4 ,nan-ta-do-tash's medicine hat #ejc #dce4 ,single-strand medicine cord 7,zui7 #eej #dcf4 ,four-strand medicine cord 7,apache7 #eea #dcg4 ,three-strand medicine cord 7,apache7 #eeb #dch4 ,two-strand medicine cord #eec #dci4 ,four-strand medicine cord 7,apache7 #eed #ddj4 ,apache war bonnet #eha #dda4 ,ghost dance headdress #ehb #ddb4 ,apache kan or gods 7,drawn by ,apache7 #ehf #ddc4 ,tzi-daltai amulets 7,apache7 #ehg #ddd4 ,tzi-daltai amulet 7,apache7 #ehh #dde4 ,tzi-daltai amulet 7,apache7 #ehi #ddf4 ,tzi-daltai amulet 7,apache7 #ehi #ddg4 ,phylacteries #eib #ddh4 ,apache medicine sash #eic ,,letter ,,of ,,transmittal4 ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,february #bg1 #ahia4 ,,sir3 ,herewith ,i have the honor to submit a paper upon the paraphernalia of the medicine-men of the ,apache and other tribes4 ,analogues have been pointed out1 wherever possible1 especially in the case of the hoddentin and the izze-kloth1 which have never to my knowledge previously received treatment4 ,accompanying the paper is a bibliography of the principal works cited4 ,i have the honor to be1 very respectfully1 your obedient servant1 ,,john ,g4 ,,bourke1 ,captain1 ,third ,cavalry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army4 ,hon4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,powell1 ,director ,bureau of ,ethnology4 ,,the ,,medicine-,,men ,,of ,,the ,,apache4 ,,by ,,john ,g4 ,,bourke4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,the ,,medicine-,,men1 ,,their ,,modes ,,of ,,treating ,,disease1 ,,their ,,superstitions1 ,,paraphernalia1 ,,etc4 ,the ,caucasian population of the ,united ,states has been in intimate contact with the aborigines for a period of not less than two hundred and fifty years4 ,in certain sections1 as in ,florida and ,new ,mexico1 this contact has been for a still greater period2 but claiming no earlier date than the settlement of ,new ,england1 it will be seen that the white race has been slow to learn or the red man has been skillful in withholding knowledge which1 if imparted1 would have lessened friction and done much to preserve and assimilate a race that1 in spite of some serious defects of character1 will for all time to come be looked upon as the noble savage4 ,recent deplorable occurrences in the country of the ,dakotas have emphasized our ignorance and made clear to the minds of all thinking people that1 notwithstanding the acceptance by the native tribes of many of the improvements in living introduced by civilization1 the savage has remained a savage1 and is still under the control of an influence antagonistic to the rapid absorption of new ideas and the adoption of new customs4 ,this influence is the medicine-man4 ,who1 and what are the medicine-men 7or medicine-women71 of the ,american ,indians8 ,what powers do they possess in time of peace or war8 ,how is this power obtained1 how renewed1 how exercised8 ,what is the character of the remedies employed8 ,are they pharmaceutical1 as we employ the term1 or are they the superstitious efforts of empirics and charlatans1 seeking to deceive and to misguide by pretended consultations with spiritual powers and by reliance upon mysterious and occult influences8 ,such a discussion will be attempted in this paper1 which will be restricted to a description of the personality of the medicine-men1 the regalia worn1 and the powers possessed and claimed4 ,to go farther1 and enter into a treatment of the religious ideas1 the superstitions1 omens1 and prayers of these spiritual leaders1 would be to open a road without end4 ,as the subject of the paraphernalia of the medicine-men has never1 to my knowledge1 been comprehensively treated by any writer1 ,i venture to submit what ,i have learned during the twenty-two years of my acquaintance with our savage tribes1 and the studies and conclusions to which my observations have led4 ,while treating in the main of the medicine-men of the ,apache1 ,i do not intend to omit any point of importance noted among other tribes or peoples4 ,first1 in regard to the organization of the medicine-men of the ,apache1 it should be premised that most of my observations were made while the tribe was still actively engaged in hostilities with the whites1 and they cannot be regarded as1 and are not claimed to be1 conclusive upon all points4 ,the ,apache are not so surely divided into medicine lodges or secret societies as is the case with the ,ojibwa1 as shown by ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,hoffman2 the ,siouan tribes1 as related by ,mr4 ,j4 ,owen ,dorsey2 the ,zui1 according to ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,cushing2 the ,tusayan1 as shown by myself1 and other tribes described by other authorities4 ,the ,navajo1 who are the full brothers of the ,apache1 seem to have well defined divisions among their medicine-men1 as demonstrated by ,dr4 ,washington ,matthews1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army2 and ,i myself have seen great medicine lodges1 which must have contained at least a dozen ,apache medicine-men1 engaged in some of their incantations4 ,i have also been taken to several of the sacred caves1 in which solemn religious dances and other ceremonies were conducted under the same superintendence1 but never have ,i witnessed among the ,apache any rite of religious significance in which more than four or five1 or at the most six1 of the medicine-men took part4 ,the difficulty of making an accurate determination was increased by the nomadic character of the ,apache1 who would always prefer to live in small villages containing only a few brush shelters1 and not needing the care of more than one or two of their doctors4 ,these people show an unusual secretiveness and taciturnity in all that relates to their inner selves1 and1 living as they do in a region filled with caves and secluded nooks1 on cliffs1 and in deep canyons1 have not been compelled to celebrate their sacred offices in estufas1 or plazas1 open to the inspection of the profane1 as has been the case with so many of the ,pueblo tribes4 ,diligent and persistent inquiry of medicine-men whose confidence ,i had succeeded in gaining1 convinced me that any young man can become a doctor 7diyi in the ,apache language1 which is translated sabio by the ,mexican captives74 ,it is necessary to convince his friends that he has the gift1 as one of my informants expressed it2 that is1 he must show that he is a dreamer of dreams1 given to long fasts and vigils1 able to interpret omens in a satisfactory manner1 and do other things of that general nature to demonstrate the possession of an intense spirituality4 ,then he will begin to withdraw1 at least temporarily1 from the society of his fellows and devote himself to long absences1 especially by night1 in the high places which were interdicted to the ,israelites4 ,such sacred fanes1 perched in dangerous and hidden retreats1 can be1 or until lately could be1 found in many parts in our remote western territory4 ,in my own experiences ,i have found them not only in the country of the ,apache1 but two-thirds of the way up the vertical face of the dizzy precipice of ,taiyalana1 close to ,zui1 where there is a shrine much resorted to by the young men who seek to divine the result of a contemplated enterprise by shooting arrows into a long cleft in the smooth surface of the sandstone2 ,i have seen them in the ,wolf ,mountains1 ,montana2 in the ,big ,horn range1 ,wyoming2 on the lofty sides of ,cloud ,peak1 and elsewhere4 ,maj4 ,w4,s4 ,stanton1 ,corps of ,engineers1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 ascended the ,cloud ,peak twice1 and1 reaching the summit on the second attempt1 he found that beyond the position first attained and seeming then to be the limit of possible ascent1 some wandering ,indian had climbed and made his medicine4 ,while it is regarded as a surer mode of learning how to be a medicine-man to seek the tuition of some one who has already gained power and influence as such1 and pay him liberally in presents of all kinds for a course of instruction lasting a year or longer1 ,i could learn of nothing to prohibit a man from assuming the rle of a prophet or healer of the sick1 if so disposed1 beyond the dread of punishment for failure to cure or alleviate sickness or infirmity4 ,neither is there such a thing as settled dogma among these medicine-men4 ,each follows the dictates of his own inclinations1 consulting such spirits and powers as are most amenable to his supplications and charms2 but no two seem to rely upon identically the same influences4 ,even in the spirit dance1 which is possibly the most solemn function in which the ,apache medicine-men can engage1 the head-dresses and kilts adhered closely enough to the one pattern1 but the symbolism employed by each medicine-man was entirely different from that adopted by his neighbors4 ,schultze1 ,perrin du ,lac1 ,adair1 and others allude to houses of mercy1 the right of asylum in certain lodges and buildings1 or even whole villages1 to which if the pursued of the tribe or even an enemy could obtain admission his life was secure4 ,frank ,gruard and others who have lived for years among the ,sioux1 the ,cheyenne1 and other tribes of the plains have assured me that the same right of asylum obtains among them for the fugitive who takes shelter in the medicine lodge or the council lodge1 and almost parallel notions prevail among the ,apache4 ,i have heard that the first ,american who came into one of their villages1 tired and hungry1 was not molested in the slightest degree4 ,it is stated by ,kelly#a that all warriors who go through the sun dance of the ,sioux rank thereafter as medicine-men4 ,this statement seems to me to be overdrawn4 ,nothing of the kind was learned by me at the sun dance of the ,sioux which ,i noted in #ahha1 and in any event the remark would scarcely apply to the medicine-men of the ,apache1 who have nothing clearly identifiable with the sun dance1 and who do not cut1 gash1 or in any manner mutilate themselves1 as did the principal participants in the sun dance1 or as was done in still earlier ages by the galli 7the priests of ,cybele7 or the priests of ,mexico4 ,herodotus tells us that the priests of ,egypt1 or rather the doctors1 who were at one time identified with them1 were separated into classes2 some cured the eyes1 some the ears1 others the head or the belly4 ,such a differentiation is to be observed among the ,apache1 ,mohave1 and other tribes2 there are some doctors who enjoy great fame as the bringers of rain1 some who claim special power over snakes1 and some who profess to consult the spirits only1 and do not treat the sick except when no other practitioner may be available4 ,among the ,mohave1 the relatives of a dead man will consult one of these spirit-doctors and get him to interview the ghosts who respond to his call and learn from them whether the patient died from ignorance or neglect on the part of the doctor who had charge of the case4 ,if the spirits assert that he did1 then the culprit doctor must either flee for his life or throw the onus of the crime upon some witch4 ,this differentiation is not carried so far that a medicine-man1 no matter what his class1 would decline a large fee4 ,the right of sanctuary was conceded to all criminals who sought shelter in the vanquech or temple of ,chinigchinich4#b ,the castration of the galli1 or priests of ,cybele1 is described by ,dupuis4#c ,diego ,duran asserts that the ,mexican priests se endian por medio los miembros viriles y se hacian mil cosas para volverse impotentes por no ofender sus ,dioses4#d ,the hierophants at ,athens drank of the hemlock to render themselves impotent1 that when they came to the pontificate they might cease to be men4#e ,one class of the ,peruvian priests1 the ,huachus1 made auguries from grains of corn or the excrement of animals4#f ,balboa tells us#f that the ,peruvian priesthood was divided into classes1 each with its appropriate functions--the ,guacos made the idols for the temples1 or rather1 they made the idols speak2 the others were necromancers and spoke only with the dead2 the ,huecheoc divined by means of tobacco and coco2 the ,caviocac became drunk before they attempted to divine1 and after them came the ,rumatinguis and the ,huachus already mentioned4 ,the ,oregon tribes have spirit doctors and medicine doctors4#g ,the ,chinese historians relate that the shamans of the ,huns possessed the power to bring down snow1 hail1 rain1 and wind4#h ,in all nations in the infancy of growth1 social or mental1 the power to coax from reluctant clouds the fructifying rain has been regarded with highest approval and will always be found confided to the most important hierophants or devolving upon some of the most prominent deities2 almighty ,jove was a deified rain-maker or cloud-compeller4 ,rain-makers flourished in ,europe down to the time of ,charlemagne1 who prohibited these tempestiarii from plying their trade4 ,one of the first requests made of ,vaca and his comrades by the people living in fixed habitations near the ,rio ,grande was to tell the sky to rain1 and also to pray for it4#i ,the prophet ,samuel has been alluded to as a rain-maker4#aj ,there does not seem to have been any inheritance of priestly functions among the ,apache or any setting apart of a particular clan or family for the priestly duties4 ,francis ,parkman is quoted as describing a certain family among the ,miami who were reserved for the sacred ritualistic cannibalism perpetrated by that tribe upon captives taken in war4 ,such families devoted more or less completely to sacred uses are to be noted among the ,hebrews 7in the line of ,levi7 and others2 but they do not occur in the tribes of the ,southwest4 ,one of the ceremonies connected with the initiation1 as with every exercise of spiritual functions by the medicine-man1 is the ta-a-chi1 or sweat-bath1 in which1 if he be physically able1 the patient must participate4 ,the ,apache do not1 to my knowledge1 indulge in any poisonous intoxicants during their medicine ceremonies2 but in this they differ to a perceptible degree from other tribes of ,america4 ,the black drink of the ,creeks and the wisoccan of the ,virginians may be cited as cases in point2 and the ,walapai of ,arizona1 the near neighbors of the ,apache1 make use of the juice1 or a decoction of the leaves1 roots1 and flowers of the ,datura stramonium to induce frenzy and exhilaration4 ,the laurel grows wild on all the mountain tops of ,sonora and ,arizona1 and the ,apache credit it with the power of setting men crazy1 but they deny that they have ever made use of it in their medicine or religion4 ,picart#aa speaks of the drink 7wisoccan7 which took away the brains of the young men undergoing initiation as medicine-men among the tribes of ,virginia1 but he does not say what this wisoccan was4 ,in ,guiana1#ab the candidate for the office of medicine-man must1 among other ordeals1 drink fearfully large drafts of tobacco juice1 mixed with water4 ,the medicine-men of ,guiana are called peaiman4 ,i have never seen tobacco juice drank by medicine-men or others1 but ,i remember seeing ,shunca-,luta 7,sorrel ,horse71 a medicine-man of the ,dakota1 chewing and swallowing a piece of tobacco and then going into what seemed to be a trance1 all the while emitting deep grunts or groans4 ,when he revived he insisted that those sounds had been made by a spirit which he kept down in his stomach4 ,he also pretended to extract the quid of tobacco from underneath his ribs1 and was full of petty tricks of legerdemain and other means of mystifying women and children4 ,all medicine-men claim the power of swallowing spear heads or arrows and fire1 and there are at times many really wonderful things done by them which have the effect of strengthening their hold upon the people4 ,the medicine-men of the ,ojibwa thrust arrows and similar instruments down their throats4 ,they also allow themselves to be shot at with marked bullets4#ac ,while ,i was among the ,tusayan1 in #ahha1 ,i learned of a young boy1 quite a child1 who was looked up to by the other ,indians1 and on special occasions made his appearance decked out in much native finery of beads and gewgaws1 but the exact nature of his duties and supposed responsibilities could not be ascertained4 ,diego ,duran#ad thought that the priesthood among the ,mexicans was to a great extent hereditary1 much like the right of primogeniture among the people of ,spain4 ,speaking of the five assistants who held down the human victim at the moment of sacrifice1 he says3 ,los nombres de los cinco eran ,chachalmeca1 que en nuestra ,lengua quiere tanto decir como ,levita ministro de cosa divina sagrada4 ,era esta dignidad entre ellos muy suprema y en mucha tenida1 la cual se heredaba de hijos padres como cosa de mayorazgo1 sucediendo los hijos los ,padres en aquella sangrienta ,dignidad endemoniada y cruel4 ,concerning the medicine-men of ,peru1 ,dorman#ae says3 ,the priestly office among the ,peruvians appears to have been hereditary2 some attained it by election2 a man struck by lightning was considered as chosen by heaven2 also those who became suddenly insane4 ,mr4 ,southey says that among the ,moxos of ,brazil1 who worshiped the tiger1 a man who was rescued from but marked by the claws of the animal1 was set apart for the priesthood1 and none other4 ,i shall have occasion to introduce a medicine-woman of the ,apache1 ,tze-go-juni1 or ,pretty-mouth1 whose claims to preeminence among her people would seem to have had no better foundation than her escape from lightning stroke and from the bites of a mountain lion1 which had seized her during the night and had not killed her4 ,i remember the case of an old ,navajo medicine-man who was killed by lightning4 ,the whole tribe participated in the singing1 drumming1 and dancing incident to so important an event1 but no white men were allowed to be present4 ,my information was derived from the dead man's young nephew1 while ,i was among that tribe4 ,among the ,arawak of ,south ,america there are hereditary conjurers who profess to find out the enemy who by the agency of an evil spirit has killed the deceased4#af ,picart says of the medicine-men of the tribes along ,rio de la ,plata3 ,pour tre ,prtre ou ,mdecin parmi eux1 il faut avoir jen longtems souvent4 ,il faut avoir combatu plusieurs fois contre les btes ,sauvages1 principalement contre les ,tigres1 tout au moins en avoir t mordu ou gratign4 ,aprs cela on peut obtenir l',ordre1 de ,prtrise2 car le ,tigre est chez eux un animal presque divin4#ag ,the medicine-men of the ,apache are not confined to one gens or clan1 as among the ,shawnee and ,cherokee1 according to ,brinton1#ah neither do they believe1 as the ,cherokee do1 according to the same authority1 that the seventh son is a natural-born prophet with the gift of healing by touch1 but upon this latter point ,i must be discreet1 as ,i have never known an ,apache seventh son4 ,the ,cherokee still preserve the custom of consecrating a family of their tribe to the priesthood1 as the family of ,levi was consecrated among the ,jews4#ai ,the neophytes of the isthmus of ,darien were boys from ten to twelve years selected for the natural inclination or the peculiar aptitude and intelligence which they displayed for the service4#bj ,peter ,martyr says of the ,chiribchis of ,south ,america3 ,out of the multitude of children they chuse some of #aj or #ab yeeres old1 whom they know by conjecture to be naturally inclined to that service4#ba ,the peculiarity of the ,moxos was that they thought none designated for the office of medicine-man but such as had escaped from the claws of the ,south ,american tiger which1 indeed1 it is said they worshiped as a god4#bb ,contrary to what ,spencer says1 the chiefs of the tribes of the ,southwest1 at least1 are not ipso facto medicine-men2 but among the ,tonto ,apache the brother of the head chief1 ,cha-ut-lip-un1 was the great medicine-man1 and generally the medicine-men are related closely to the prominent chiefs1 which would seem to imply either a formal deputation of priestly functions from the chiefs to relatives1 or what may be practically the same thing1 the exercise of family influence to bring about a recognition of the necromantic powers of some aspirant2 but among the ,apache there is no priest caste2 the same man may be priest1 warrior1 etc4#bc ,the juice of the ,datura seed is employed by the ,portuguese women of ,goa3 they mix it1 says ,linschott1 in the liquor drank by their husbands1 who fall1 for twenty-four hours at least1 into a stupor accompanied by continued laughing2 but so deep is the sleep that nothing passing before them affects them2 and when they recover their senses1 they have no recollection of what has taken place4#bd ,the ,darien ,indians used the seeds of the ,datura sanguinea to bring on in children prophetic delirium1 in which they revealed hidden treasure4 ,in ,peru the priests who talked with the 'huaca' or fetishes used to throw themselves into an ecstatic condition by a narcotic drink called 'tonca1' made from the same plant4#be ,the medicine-men of the ,walapai1 according to ,charlie ,spencer1 who married one of their women and lived among them for years1 were in the habit of casting bullets in molds which contained a small piece of paper4 ,they would allow these bullets to be fired at them1 and of course the missile would split in two parts and do no injury4 ,again1 they would roll a ball of sinew and attach one end to a small twig1 which was inserted between the teeth4 ,they would then swallow the ball of sinew1 excepting the end thus attached to the teeth1 and after the heat and moisture of the stomach had softened and expanded the sinew they would begin to draw it out yard after yard1 saying to the frightened squaws that they had no need of intestines and were going to pull them all out4 ,others among the ,apache have claimed the power to shoot off guns without touching the triggers or going near the weapons2 to be able to kill or otherwise harm their enemies at a distance of #ajj miles4 ,in nearly every boast made there is some sort of a saving clause1 to the effect that no witchcraft must be made or the spell will not work1 no women should be near in a delicate state from any cause1 etc4 ,mickey ,free has assured me that he has seen an ,apache medicine-man light a pipe without doing anything but hold his hands up toward the sun4 ,this story is credible enough if we could aver that the medicine-man was supplied1 as ,i suspect he was1 with a burning glass4 ,that the medicine-man has the faculty of transforming himself into a coyote and other animals at pleasure and then resuming the human form is as implicitly believed in by the ,american ,indians as it was by our own forefathers in ,europe4 ,this former prevalence of lycanthropy all over ,europe can be indicated in no more forcible manner than by stating that until the reign of ,louis ,,xiv1 in ,france1 the fact of being a were-wolf was a crime upon which one could be arraigned before a court2 but with the discontinuance of the crime the were-wolves themselves seem to have retired from business4#bf ,in ,abyssinia1 at the present day1 blacksmiths are considered to be were-wolves1 according to ,winstanley4 ,the ,apache look upon blacksmiths as being allied to the spirits and call them pesh-chidin--the witch1 spirit1 or ghost1 of the iron4 ,the priestly powers conceded to the blacksmith of ,gretna ,green need no allusion here4 ,according to ,sir ,walter ,scott1#bg trials for lycanthropy were abolished in ,france by an edict of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,parkman#bh describes1 from the ,relations of ,pre ,le ,jeune1 how the ,algonkin medicine-man announced that he was going to kill a rival medicine-man who lived at ,gasp1 #ajj leagues distant4 ,the ,abipones of ,paraguay1 according to ,father ,dobrizhoffer1 credit their medicine-men with power to inflict disease and death1 to cure all disorders1 to make known distant and future events2 to cause rain1 hail1 and tempest2 to call up the shades of the dead and consult them concerning hidden matters2 to put on the form of a tiger2 to handle every kind of serpent without danger1 etc42 which powers they imagine are not obtained by art1 but imparted to certain persons by their grandfather1 the devil4 ,the medicine-men of ,honduras claimed the power of turning themselves into lions and tigers and of wandering in the mountains4#bi ,grandes ,hechiceros i ,bruxos1 porque se hacian ,perros1 ,puercos i ,ximios4#cj ,gomara also calls attention to the fact that the medicine-men1 hechiceros and brujos1 as he calls them1 of the ,nicaraguans1 possessed the power of lycanthropy2 segun ellos mismos decian1 se hacen perros1 puercos y gimias4#ca ,great as are the powers claimed by the medicine-men1 it is admitted that baleful influences may be at work to counteract and nullify them4 ,as has already been shown1 among these are the efforts of witches1 the presence of women who are sometimes supposed to be so antimedicinal1 if such a term may be applied1 that the mere stepping over a warrior's gun will destroy its value4 ,there may be other medicine-men at work with countercharms1 and there may be certain neglects on the part of the person applying for aid which will invalidate all that the medicine-man can do for him4 ,for example1 while the hoop-me-koff was raging among the ,mohave the fathers of families afflicted with it were forbidden to touch coffee or salt1 and were directed to bathe themselves in the current of the ,colorado4 ,but the whooping cough ran its course in spite of all that the medicine-men could do to check its progress4 ,when the ,walapai were about to engage in a great hunt continence was enjoined upon the warriors for a certain period4 ,besides all these accidental impairments of the vigor of the medicine-men1 there seems to be a gradual decadence of their abilities which can be rejuvenated only by rubbing the back against a sacred stone projecting from the ground in the country of the ,walapai1 not many miles from the present town of ,kingman1 on the ,atlantic and ,pacific ,railroad4 ,another stone of the same kind was formerly used for the same purpose by the medicine-men of the pueblos of ,laguna and ,acoma1 as ,i have been informed by them4 ,i am unable to state whether or not such recuperative properties were ever ascribed to the medicine stone at the ,sioux agency near ,standing ,rock1 ,s4 ,dak41 or to the great stone around which the medicine-men of ,tusayan marched in solemn procession in their snake dance1 but ,i can say that in the face of the latter1 each time that ,i saw it 7at different dates between #ahgd and #ahha71 there was a niche which was filled with votive offerings4 ,regnard1 a traveler in ,lapland1 makes the statement that when the shamans of that country began to lose their teeth they retired from practice4 ,there is nothing of this kind to be noted among the ,apache or other tribes of ,north ,america with which ,i am in any degree familiar4 ,on the contrary1 some of the most influential of those whom ,i have known have been old and decrepit men1 with thin1 gray hair and teeth gone or loose in their heads4 ,in a description given by ,corbusier of a great medicine ceremony of the ,apache-,yuma at ,camp ,verde1 it is stated that the principal officer was a toothless1 gray-haired man4#cb ,among many savage or barbarous peoples of the world albinos have been reserved for the priestly office4 ,there are many well marked examples of albinism among the ,pueblos of ,new ,mexico and ,arizona1 especially among the ,zui and ,tusayan2 but in no case did ,i learn that the individuals thus distinguished were accredited with power not ascribable to them under ordinary circumstances4 ,among the ,cheyenne ,i saw one family1 all of whose members had the crown lock white4 ,they were not medicine-men1 neither were any of the members of the single albino family among the ,navajo in #ahha4 ,it is a well known fact that among the ,romans epilepsy was looked upon as a disease sent direct from the gods1 and that it was designated the sacred disease--morbus sacer4 ,mahomet is believed to have been an epileptic4 ,the nations of the ,east regard epileptics and the insane as inspired from on high4 ,our native tribes do not exactly believe that the mildly insane are gifted with medical or spiritual powers2 but they regard them with a feeling of superstitious awe1 akin to reverence4 ,i have personally known several cases of this kind1 though not within late years1 and am not able to say whether or not the education of the younger generation in our schools has as yet exercised an influence in eradicating this sentiment4 ,strange to say1 ,i was unable to find any observance of lucky or unlucky days among the ,apache4 ,the ,romans in the period of their greatest enlightenment had their days1 both fasti and nefasti4 ,neither was ,i able to determine the selection of auspicious days for marriage2 indeed1 it was stated that the medicine-men had nothing to do with marriage4 ,among the ,zapotecs the wedding day was fixed by the priests4#cc ,in this the ,apache again stands above the ,roman who would not marry in the month dedicated to the goddess ,maia 7,may71 because human sacrifice used to be offered in that month4 ,this superstition survived in ,europe until a comparatively recent period4 ,according to ,picart the ,hebrew rabbis designated the days upon which weddings should take place4 ,herbert ,spencer#cd says that the medicine-men of the ,arawaks claimed the jus prim noctis4 ,there is no such privilege claimed or conceded among the ,north ,american tribes1 to my knowledge1 and the ,arawaks would seem to be alone among the natives of the whole continent in this respect4 ,in the town of ,cuman1 in ,amaracapanna1 apparently close to ,carthagena1 in the present republic of ,colombia1 ,south ,america1 the medicine-men1 according to ,girolamo ,benzoni1 exercised the jus prim noctis4#ce ,to recover stolen or lost property1 especially ponies1 is one of the principal tasks imposed upon the medicine-men4 ,they rely greatly upon the aid of pieces of crystal in effecting this4 ,i made a friend of an ,apache medicine-man by presenting him with a large crystal of denticulated spar1 much larger than the one of whose mystical properties he had just been boasting to me4 ,i can not say how this property of the crystal is manifested4 ,na-a-cha1 the medicine-man alluded to1 could give no explanation1 except that by looking into it he could see everything he wanted to see4 ,the name of an ,american ,indian is a sacred thing1 not to be divulged by the owner himself without due consideration4 ,one may ask a warrior of any tribe to give his name and the question will be met with either a point-blank refusal or the more diplomatic evasion that he can not understand what is wanted of him4 ,the moment a friend approaches1 the warrior first interrogated will whisper what is wanted1 and the friend can tell the name1 receiving a reciprocation of the courtesy from the other4 ,the giving of names to children is a solemn matter1 and one in which the medicine-men should always be consulted4 ,among the ,plains tribes the children were formerly named at the moment of piercing their ears1 which should occur at the first sun dance after their birth1 or rather as near their first year as possible4 ,the wailing of the children at the sun dance as their ears were slit will always be to me a most distressing memory4 ,the warriors of the ,plains tribes used to assume agnomens or battle names1 and ,i have known some of them who had enjoyed as many as four or five2 but the ,apache name once conferred seems to remain through life1 except in the case of the medicine-men1 who1 ,i have always suspected1 change their names upon assuming their profession1 much as a professor of learning in ,china is said to do4 ,the names of mothers-in-law are never mentioned and it would be highly improper to ask for them by name2 neither are the names of the dead1 at least not for a long period of time4 ,but it often happens that the child will bear the name of its grandfather or some other relative who was a distinguished warrior4 ,all charms1 idols1 talismans1 medicine hats1 and other sacred regalia should be made1 or at least blessed1 by the medicine-men4 ,they assume charge of all ceremonial feasts and dances--such as the nubile dance1 which occurs when any maiden attains marriageable age1 and war dances preceding battle4 ,nearly all preparations for the warpath are under their control1 and when on the trail of the enemy their power is almost supreme4 ,not a night passes but that the medicine-men get into the ta-a-chi1 or sweat bath1 if such a thing be possible1 and there remain for some minutes1 singing and making medicine for the good of the party4 ,after dark they sit around the fire and sing and talk with the spirits and predict the results of the campaign4 ,i have alluded quite fully to these points in a previous work4 ,when a man is taken sick the medicine-men are in the zenith of their glory4 ,one or two will assume charge of the case1 and the clansmen and friends of the patient are called upon to supply the fire and help out in the chorus4 ,on such occasions the ,apache use no music except a drum or a rawhide4 ,the drum is nearly always improvised from an iron camp kettle1 partially filled with water and covered with a piece of cloth1 well soaped and drawn as tight as possible4 ,the drumstick does not terminate in a ball1 as with us1 but is curved into a circle1 and the stroke is not perpendicular to the surface1 but is often given from one side to the other4 ,the ,american ,indian's theory of disease is the theory of the ,chaldean1 the ,assyrian1 the ,hebrew1 the ,greek1 the ,roman--all bodily disorders and ailments are attributed to the maleficence of spirits who must be expelled or placated4 ,where there is only one person sick1 the exercises consist of singing and drumming exclusively1 but dancing is added in all cases when an epidemic is raging in the tribe4 ,the medicine-men lead off in the singing1 to which the assistants reply with a refrain which at times has appeared to me to be antiphonal4 ,then the chorus is swelled by the voices of the women and larger children and rises and falls with monotonous cadence4 ,prayers are recited1 several of which have been repeated to me and transcribed2 but very frequently the words are ejaculatory and confined to such expressions as ugashe 7go away71 and again there is to be noted the same mumbling of incoherent phrases which has been the stock in trade of medicine-men in all ages and places4 ,this use of gibberish was admitted by the medicine-men1 who claimed that the words employed and known only to themselves 7each individual seemed to have his own vocabulary7 were mysteriously effective in dispelling sickness of any kind4 ,gibberish was believed to be more potential in magic than was language which the practitioner or his dupes could comprehend4 ,in ,saxon ,leechdoms1 compiled by ,cockayne1 will be seen a text of gibberish to be recited by those wishing to stanch the flow of blood4 7,see p4 #dfd47 ,in the following citations it will be observed that ,adair and ,catlin were grievously in error in their respective statements4 ,adair denies that ,indians on the warpath or elsewhere depend upon their augurs for instruction and guidance4#cf ,gomara is authority for the statement that the natives of ,hispaniola never made war without consulting their medicine-men--no sin respuesta de los dolos sin la de los sacerdotes1 que adevinan4#cg ,the medicine-men of ,chicora 7our present ,south ,carolina7 sprinkled the warriors with the juice of a certain herb as they were about to engage in battle4#ch ,in ,chicora ,mascaban los ,sacerdotes una ,ierva1 i con el umo de ella rociaban los ,soldados1 quando querian dar batalla1 que era bendecirlos4#ci ,among the ,abipones of ,paraguay the medicine-man teaches them the place1 time1 and manner proper for attacking wild beasts or the enemy4#dj ,the ,north ,american ,indians are nowhere idolaters4#da ,idols were always carried to war by the natives of ,hispaniola3 ,atanse la frente dolos chiquitos cuando quieren pelear4#db ,among the primitive ,germans 99 99 99 the maintenance of discipline in the field as in the council was left in great measure to the priests2 they took the auguries and gave the signal for onset4#dc ,in ,new ,caledonia 99 99 99 the priests go to battle1 but sit in the distance1 fasting and praying for victory4#dd ,our hunting songs and war songs may be a survival of the incantations of ,celtic or ,teutonic medicine-men4 ,the adoption or retention of obsolete phraseology as a hieratic language which has been noted among many nations of the highest comparative development is a manifestation of the same mental process4 ,gibberish was so invariable an accompaniment of the sacred antics of the medicine-men of ,mexico that ,fray ,diego ,duran warns his readers that if they see any ,indian dancing and singing1 diciendo algunas palabras que no son inteligibles1 pues es de saber que aquellos representaban ,dioses4#de ,henry ,youle ,hind says3 ,the ,dakotahs have a common and a sacred language4 ,the conjurer1 the war prophet1 and the dreamer employ a language in which words are borrowed from other ,indian tongues and dialects2 they make much use of descriptive expressions1 and use words apart from the ordinary signification4 ,the ,ojibways abbreviate their sentences and employ many elliptical forms of expression1 so much so that half-breeds1 quite familiar with the colloquial language1 fail to comprehend a medicine-man when in the full flow of excited oratory4#df ,blood may be stanched by the words sicycuma1 cucuma1 ucuma1 cuma1 uma1 ma1 a4#dg ,there are numbers of these gibberish formul given1 but one is sufficient4 ,the third part of the magic#dh of the ,chaldeans belonged entirely to that description of charlatanism which consists in the use of gestures1 postures1 and mysterious speeches1 as byplay1 and which formed an accompaniment to the proceedings of the thaumaturgist well calculated to mislead4#di ,sahagun#ej calls attention to the fact that the ,aztec hymns were in language known only to the initiated4 ,it must be conceded that the monotonous intonation of the medicine-men is not without good results1 especially in such ailments as can be benefited by the sleep which such singing induces4 ,on the same principle that petulant babies are lulled to slumber by the crooning of their nurses1 the sick will frequently be composed to a sound and beneficial slumber1 from which they awake refreshed and ameliorated4 ,i can recall1 among many other cases1 those of ,chaundezi 7,long ,ear1 or ,mule7 and ,chemihuevi-,sal1 both chiefs of the ,apache1 who recovered under the treatment of their own medicine-men after our surgeons had abandoned the case4 ,this recovery could be attributed only to the sedative effects of the chanting4 ,music of a gentle1 monotonous kind has been prescribed in the medical treatment of ,romans1 ,greeks1 and even of comparatively modern ,europeans4 ,john ,mason ,goode1 in his translation of ,lucretius' ,de ,natura ,rerum1 mentions among others ,galen1 ,theophrastus1 and ,aulus ,gellius4 ,an anonymous writer in the ,press of ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 under date of ,december #bc1 #ahhh1 takes the ground that its use should be resumed4 ,the noise made by medicine-men around the couch of the sick is no better1 no worse1 than the clangor of bells in ,europe4 ,bells1 we are told1 were rung on every possible occasion4 ,brand is full of quaint information on this head4 ,according to him they were rung in ,spain when women were in labor1#ea at weddings1#eb to dispel thunder1 drive away bad spirits1 and frustrate the deviltry of witches2#ec throughout ,europe on the arrival of emperors1 kings1 the higher nobility1 bishops1 etc41#ed to ease pain of the dead1#ee were solemnly baptized1 receiving names1#ef and became the objects of superstition1 various powers being ascribed to them4#eg ,adair1 who was gifted with an excellent imagination1 alludes to the possession of an ark by the medicine-men of the ,creeks and other tribes of the ,mississippi country1 among whom he lived for so many years as a trader4 ,the ,apache have no such things2 but ,i did see a sacred bundle or package1 which ,i was allowed to feel1 but not to open1 and which ,i learned contained some of the lightning-riven twigs upon which they place such dependence4 ,this was carried by a young medicine-man1 scarcely out of his teens1 during ,gen4 ,crook's expedition into the ,sierra ,madre1 ,mexico1 in #ahhc1 in pursuit of the hostile ,chiricahua ,apache4 ,maj4 ,frank ,north also told me that the ,pawnee had a sacred package which contained1 among other objects of veneration1 the skin of an albino buffalo calf4 ,there are allusions by several authorities to the necessity of confession by the patient before the efforts of the medicine-men can prove efficacious4#eh ,this confession1 granting that it really existed1 could well be compared to the warpath secret1 which imposed upon all the warriors engaged the duty of making a clean breast of all delinquencies and secured them immunity from punishment for the same1 even if they had been offenses against some of the other warriors present4 ,the ,sioux and others had a custom of striking the post in their dances1 especially the sun dance1 and there was then an obligation upon the striker to tell the truth4 ,i was told that the medicine-men were wont to strike with a club the stalagmites in the sacred caves of the ,apache1 but what else they did ,i was not able to ascertain4 ,under the title of hoddentin will be found the statement made by one of the ,apache as to the means employed to secure the presence of a medicine-man at the bedside of the sick4 ,i give it for what it is worth1 merely stating that ,kohl1 in his ,kitchi-,gami1 if ,i remember correctly1 refers to something of the same kind where the medicine-man is represented as being obliged to respond to every summons made unless he can catch the messenger within a given distance and kick him4 ,there is very little discrepancy of statement as to what would happen to a medicine-man in case of failure to cure2 but many conflicting stories have been in circulation as to the number of patients he would be allowed to kill before incurring risk of punishment4 ,my own conclusions are that there is no truth whatever in the numbers alleged1 either three or seven1 but that a medicine-man would be in danger1 under certain circumstances1 if he let only one patient die on his hands4 ,these circumstances would be the verdict of the spirit doctors that he was culpably negligent or ignorant4 ,he could evade death at the hands of the patient's kinsfolk only by flight or by demonstrating that a witch had been at the bottom of the mischief4#ei ,medicine-men1 called wizards by ,falkner1 sometimes were killed by the ,patagonians1 when unsuccessful in their treatment1 and were also obliged to wear women's clothing4 ,they were selected in youth for supposed qualifications1 especially if epileptic4#fj ,in ,hispaniola we are told that when a man died his friends resorted to necromancy to learn whether he had died through the neglect of the attending medicine-man to observe the prescribed fasts4 ,if they found the medicine-man guilty1 they killed him and broke all his bones4 ,in spite of this the medicine-man often returned to life and had to be killed again1 and mutilated by castration and otherwise4#fa ,herrera repeats the story about a patient who died and whose relatives felt dissatisfied with the medicine-man3 ,para saber si la muerte fue por su culpa1 tomaban el umo de cierta ,ierva1 i cortaban las vas del muerto1 i los cabellos de encima de la frente1 i los hacian polvos1 i mezclados con el umo1 se lo daban beber al muerto por la boca1 i las narices1 i luego le preguntaban muchas veces1 si el ,medico guard dieta1 hasta que hablando el demonio1 respondia tan claro1 como si fuera vivo1 i decia1 que el ,medico no hio dieta1 i luego le bolvian la sepultura4 ,then the relatives attacked the medicine-man3 ,i le daban tantos palos1 que le quebraban los braos1 i las piernas1 i otros sacaban los ojos1 i los cortaban sus miembros genitales4#fb ,alexander the ,great expressed his sorrow at the death of his friend ,hephstion by crucifying the poor physicians who had attended the deceased4#fc ,the medicine-men of the ,natchez were put to death when they failed to cure4#fd ,the ,apache attach as much importance to the necessity of laying the manes of their dead as the ,romans did4 ,they have not localized the site of the future world as the ,mohave have1 but believe that the dead remain for a few days or nights in the neighborhood of the place where they departed from this life1 and that they try to communicate with their living friends through the voice of the owl4 ,if a relative hears this sound by night1 or1 as often happens1 he imagines that he has seen the ghost itself1 he hurries to the nearest medicine-man1 relates his story1 and carries out to the smallest detail the prescription of feast1 singing1 dancing1 and other means of keeping the spirit in good humor on the journey which it will now undertake to the house of spirits1 the chidin-bi-kungua4 ,nearly all medicine-men claim the power of going there at will1 and not a few who are not medicine-men claim the same faculty4 ,the medicine-men of the ,apache are paid by each patient or by his friends at the time they are consulted4 ,there is no such thing as a maintenance fund1 no system of tithes1 nor any other burden for their support1 although ,i can recall having seen while among the ,zui one of the medicine-men who was making cane holders for the tobacco to be smoked at a coming festival1 and whose fields were attended and his herds guarded by the other members of the tribe4 ,among the ,eskimo the priest receives fees beforehand4#fe ,tous ces sorciers ne rfusaient leurs secours personne1 pourvu qu'on les payait4#ff ,among other customs was that of those who came to be cured1 giving their bow and arrows1 shoes1 and beads to the ,indians who accompanied ,vaca and his companions4#fg 7,but we must remember that ,vaca and his comrades traveled across the continent as medicine-men47 ,las sementeras que hacen los ,assenais son tambien de comunidad y comienzan la primera en la casa de su ,chemisi que es su sacerdote principal y el que cuida de la ,casa del ,fuego4#fh ,the ,asinai extended as far east as the present city of ,natchitoches 7,nacogdoches74 ,spencer quotes ,bernan and ,hilhouse to the effect that the poor among the ,arawaks of ,south ,america 7,guiana7 have no names because they can not pay the medicine-men4#fi ,as a general rule1 the medicine-men do not attend to their own families1 neither do they assist in cases of childbirth unless specially needed4 ,to both these rules there are exceptions innumerable4 ,while ,i was at ,san ,carlos ,agency1 ,surgeon ,davis was sent for to help in a case of uterine inertia1 and ,i myself have been asked in the pueblo of ,namb1 ,new ,mexico1 to give advice in a case of puerperal fever4 ,the medicine-men are accused of administering poisons to their enemies4 ,among the ,navajo ,i was told that they would put finely pounded glass in food4 ,,medicine-,,women4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dbi4--,medicine arrow used by ,apache and ,pueblo women4 ,there are medicine-women as well as medicine-men among the ,apache1 with two of whom ,i was personally acquainted4 ,one named ,captain ,jack was well advanced in years and physically quite feeble1 but bright in intellect and said to be well versed in the lore of her people4 ,she was fond of instructing her grandchildren1 whom she supported1 in the prayers and invocations to the gods worshiped by her fathers1 and ,i have several times listened carefully and unobserved to these recitations and determined that the prayers were the same as those which had already been given to myself as those of the tribe4 ,the other was named ,tze-go-juni1 a ,chiricahua1 and a woman with a most romantic history4 ,she had passed five years in captivity among the ,mexicans in ,sonora and had learned to speak ,spanish with facility4 ,a mountain lion had severely mangled her in the shoulder and knee1 and once she had been struck by lightning2 so that whether by reason of superior attainments or by an appeal to the superstitious reverence of her comrades1 she wielded considerable influence4 ,these medicine-women devote their attention principally to obstetrics1 and have many peculiar stories to relate concerning pre-natal influences and matters of that sort4 ,tze-go-juni wore at her neck the stone amulet1 shaped like a spear1 which is figured in the illustrations of this paper4 ,the material was the silex from the top of a mountain1 taken from a ledge at the foot of a tree which had been struck by lightning4 ,the fact that siliceous rock will emit sparks when struck by another hard body appeals to the reasoning powers of the savage as a proof that the fire must have been originally deposited therein by the bolt of lightning4 ,a tiny piece of this arrow or lance was broken off and ground into the finest powder1 and then administered in water to women during time of gestation4 ,i have found the same kind of arrows in use among the women of ,laguna and other pueblos4 ,this matter will receive more extended treatment in my coming monograph on ,stone ,worship4 ,mendieta is authority for the statement that the ,mexicans had both medicine-men and medicine-women4 ,the former attended to the sick men and the latter to the sick women4 las mujeres siempre las curaban otras mujeres1 y los hombres otros hombres4#gj ,some of the medicine-women seem to have made an illicit use of the knowledge they had acquired1 in which case both the medicine-woman and the woman concerned were put to death4 ,la mujer preada que tomaba con que abortar y echar la criatura1 ella y la fsica que le habia dado con que la lanzase1 ambas morian4#ga ,gomara asserts that they were to be found among the ,indians of ,chicora 7,south ,carolina74#gb ,he calls them viejas 7old women74 ,los ,medicos eran ,mugeres viejas1 i no havia otras4#gc ,in ,nicaragua1 ,las ,viejas curaban los ,enfermos4#gd ,there were medicine-women in ,goazacoalco3 ,tienen ,medicos para curar las enfermedades1 i los mas eran ,mugeres1 grandes ,herbolarias1 que hacian todas las curas con ,iervas4#ge ,bernal ,diaz1 in #aefh1 speaks of having1 on a certain occasion1 at the summit of a high mountain1 found an ,indian woman1 very fat1 and having with her a dog of that species1 which they breed in order to eat1 and which do not bark4 ,this ,indian was a witch2 she was in the act of sacrificing the dog1 which is a signal of hostility4#gf ,the office of medicine-man though generally usurped by males does not appertain to them exclusively1 and at the time of our visit the one most extensively known was a black 7or meztizo7 woman1 who had acquired the most unbounded influence by shrewdness1 joined to a hideous personal appearance1 and a certain mystery with which she was invested4#gg ,creeks have medicine-women as well as medicine-men4 ,the ,eskimo have medicine-men and medicine-women4#gh ,the medicine-men and women of the ,dakota can cause ghosts to appear on occasion4#gi ,speaking of the ,chippewa1 ,spencer says3 ,women may practice soothsaying1 but the higher religious functions are performed only by men4#hj ,the medicine-men of the ,apache do not assume to live upon food different from that used by the laity4 ,there are such things as sacred feasts among the tribes of ,north ,america--as1 for example1 the feast of stewed puppy at the sun dance of the ,sioux--but in these all people share4 ,in the mortuary ceremonies of the medicine-men there is a difference of degree1 but not of kind4 ,the ,mohave1 however1 believe that the medicine-men go to a heaven of their own4 ,they also believe vaguely in four different lives after this one4 ,cabeza de ,vaca says that the ,floridians buried their ordinary dead1 but burned their medicine-men1 whose incinerated bones they preserved and drank in water4#ha ,after they the medicine-men and women of the ,dakota have four times run their career in human shape they are annihilated4#hb ,schultze says that the medicine-men of the ,sioux and the medicine-women also1 after death may be transformed into wild beasts4#hb ,surgeon ,smart shows that among other offices entrusted to the medicine-men of the ,apache was the reception of distinguished strangers4#hc ,long asserts that the medicine-men of the ,otoe1 ,omaha1 and others along the ,missouri pretended to be able to converse with the fetus in utero and predict the sex4#hd ,nothing of that kind has ever come under my notice4 ,adair says that the medicine-men of the ,cherokee would not allow snakes to be killed4#he ,the ,apache will not let snakes be killed within the limits of the camp by one of their own people1 but they will not only allow a stranger to kill them1 but request him to do so4 ,they made this request of me on three occasions4 ,several of the most influential medicine-men whom ,i have known were blind1 among others old ,na-ta-do-tash1 whose medicine hat figures in these pages4 ,whether this blindness was the result of old age or due to the frenzy of dancing until exhausted in all seasons ,i am unable to conjecture4 ,schultze says of the shamans of ,siberia3 ,this artificial frenzy has such a serious effect upon the body1 and more particularly the eyes1 that many of the shamans become blind2 a circumstance which enhances the esteem in which they are held4#hf ,some of the medicine-men of ,peru went blind from overexertion in their dances1 although ,gomara assigns as a reason that it was from fear of the demon with whom they talked4 ,y aun algunos se quiebran los ojos para semejante hablar i4e41 talk with the devil2 y creo que lo hacian de miedo1 porque todos ellos se atapan los ojos cuando hablan con el4#hg ,dunbar tells us that the medicine-men of the ,pawnee swallowed arrows and knives1 and had also the trick of apparently killing a man and bringing him back to life4 ,the same power was claimed by the medicine-men of the ,zui1 and the story told me by old ,pedro ,pino of the young men whom they used to kill and restore to life1 will be found in ,the ,snake ,dance of the ,moquis4 ,,remedies ,,and ,,modes ,,of ,,treatment4 ,the materia medica of the ,apache is at best limited and comprehends scarcely anything more than roots1 leaves1 and other vegetable matter4 ,in gathering these remedies they resort to no superstitious ceremonies that ,i have been able to detect1 although ,i have not often seen them collecting4 ,they prefer incantation to pharmacy at all times1 although the squaws of the ,walapai living near old ,camp ,beale ,springs in #ahgc1 were extremely fond of castor oil1 for which they would beg each day4 ,the main reliance for nearly all disorders is the sweat bath1 which is generally conducive of sound repose4 ,all ,indians know the benefit to be derived from relieving an overloaded stomach1 and resort to the titillation of the fauces with a feather to induce nausea4 ,i have seen the ,zui take great drafts of lukewarm water and then practice the above as a remedy in dyspepsia4 ,when a pain has become localized and deep seated1 the medicine-men resort to suction of the part affected1 and raise blisters in that way4 ,i was once asked by the ,walapai chief1 ,sequanya1 to look at his back and sides4 ,he was covered with cicatrices due to such treatment1 the medicine-men thinking thus to alleviate the progressive paralysis from which he had been long a sufferer1 and from which he shortly afterwards died4 ,after a long march1 ,i have seen ,indians of different bands expose the small of the back uncovered to the fierce heat of a pile of embers to produce a rubefacient effect and stimulate what is known as a weak back4 ,they drink freely of hot teas or infusions of herbs and grasses for the cure of chills4 ,they are all dextrous in the manufacture of splints out of willow twigs1 and seem to meet with much success in their treatment of gunshot wounds1 which they do not dress as often as white practitioners1 alleging that the latter1 by so frequently removing the bandages1 unduly irritate the wounds4 ,i have known them to apply moxa1 and ,i remember to have seen two deep scars upon the left hand of the great ,apache chief ,cochise1 due to this cause4 ,it should not be forgotten that the world owes a large debt to the medicine-men of ,america1 who first discovered the virtues of coca1 sarsaparilla1 jalap1 cinchona1 and guiacum4 ,they understand the administration of enemata1 and have an apparatus made of the paunch of a sheep and the hollow leg bone4 ,scarification is quite common1 and is used for a singular purpose4 ,the ,apache scouts when tired were in the habit of sitting down and lashing their legs with bunches of nettles until the blood flowed4 ,this1 according to their belief1 relieved the exhaustion4 ,the medicine-men of the ,floridians1 according to ,vaca1 sucked and blew on the patient1 and put hot stones on his abdomen to take away pain2 they also scarified1 and they seemed to have used moxas4 ,ils cautrisent aussi avec le feu4#hh ,the medicine-men of ,hispaniola cured by suction1 and when they had extracted a stone or other alleged cause of sickness it was preserved as a sacred relic1 especially by the women1 who looked upon it as of great aid in parturition4#hi ,venegas speaks of a tube called the chacuaco1 formed out of a very hard black stone1 used by the medicine-men of ,california in sucking such parts of the patient's body as were grievously afflicted with pains4 ,in these tubes they sometimes placed lighted tobacco and blew down upon the part affected after the manner of a moxa1 ,i suppose4#ij ,the men of ,panuco were so addicted to drunkenness that we are told3 ,lorsqu'ils sont fatigus de boire leur vin par la bouche1 ils se couchent1 lvent les jambes en l'air1 et s'en font introduire dans le fondement au moyen d'une canule1 taut que le corps peut en contenir4#ia ,the administration of wine in this manner may have been as a medicine1 and the ,aztecs of ,panuco may have known that nutriment could be assimilated in this way4 ,it shows at least that the ,aztecs were acquainted with enemata4 ,quando la enfermedad les parecia que tenia necesidad de evacuacion1 usaban del aiuda clister clyster1 con cocimientos de ,iervas1 i polvos1 en ,agua1 i tomandola en la boca1 con yn canuto de hueso de pierna de ,gara1 la hechaban1 i obraba copiosamente3 i en esto pudo esta ,gente ser industriada de la ,ciguea1 que con su largo pico se cura1 como escriven los ,naturales4#ib ,smith says that the medicine-men of the ,araucanians are well acquainted with the proper use of emetics1 cathartics1 and sudorifics4 ,for the purpose of injection they make use of a bladder1 as is still commonly practiced among the ,chilenos4#ic ,oviedo says of the medicine-men3 ,conoian muchas hiervas de que usaban y eran apropiadas diversas enfermedades4#id ,one of the most curious remedies presented in ,bancroft's first volume is the use of a poultice of mashed poison-ivy leaves as a remedy for ringworm by the ,indians of ,lower ,california4 ,the ,indians of ,topia 7in the ,sierra ,madre1 near ,sinaloa71 were in the habit of scarifying their tired legs and aching temples4#ie ,the ,arawaks1 of ,guiana1 also scarified1 according to ,spencer4#if ,the inhabitants of ,kamchatka use enemata much in the same way as the ,navajo and ,apache do4#ig ,they also use moxa made of a fungus4#ih ,it has never been my good fortune to notice an example of trephining among our savage tribes1 although ,i have seen a good many wounded1 some of them in the head4 ,trephining has been practiced by the aborigines of ,america1 and the whole subject as noted among the primitive peoples of all parts of the globe has been treated in a monograph by ,dr4 ,robert ,fletcher1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army4#ii ,dr4 ,fordyce ,grinnell1 who was for some years attached to the ,wichita ,agency as resident physician1 has published the results of his observations in a monograph1 entitled ,the healing art as practiced by the ,indians of the ,plains1 in which he says3 ,wet cupping is resorted to quite frequently4 ,the surface is scarified by a sharp stone or knife1 and a buffalo horn is used as the cupping glass4 ,cauterizing with red-hot irons is not infrequently employed4 ,a cautery of burning pith was used by the ,araucanians4#ajj ,it may be safely affirmed that a majority of the nation ,choctaw prefer to receive the attentions of a white physician when one can be obtained4 99 99 99 ,when the doctor is called to his patient he commences operations by excluding all white men and all who disbelieve in the efficacy of his incantations4#aja ,the ,apache scouts seem to prefer their own medicine-men when seriously ill1 and believe the weird singing and praying around the couch is more effective than the medicine dealt out by our camp 'sawbones4'#ajb ,the promptness with which the ,american ,indian recovers from severe wounds has been commented upon by many authorities4 ,from my personal observation ,i could1 were it necessary1 adduce many examples4 ,the natives of ,australia seem to be endowed with the same recuperative powers4#ajc ,after all other means have failed the medicine-men of the ,southwest devote themselves to making altars in the sand and clay near the couch of the dying1 because1 as ,antonio ,besias explained1 this act was all the same as extreme unction4 ,they portray the figures of various animals1 and then take a pinch of the dust or ashes from each one and rub upon the person of the sick man as well as upon themselves4 ,similar altars or tracings were made by the medicine-men of ,guatemala when they were casting the horoscope of a child and seeking to determine what was to be its medicine in life4 ,this matter of sand altars has been fully treated by ,matthews in the report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology for #ahhc-'hd1 and there are several representations to be found in my ,snake ,dance of the ,moquis4 ,writing on sand is a mode of divination among the ,chinese4#ajd ,padre ,boscana represents the puplem or medicine-men of the ,indians of ,california as making or sketching a most uncouth and ridiculous figure of an animal on the ground1 and presumably of sands1 clays1 and other such materials4#aje ,,hair ,,and ,,wigs4 ,the medicine-men of the ,apache were1 at least while young1 extremely careful of their hair1 and ,i have often seen those who were very properly proud of their long and glossy chevelure4 ,particularly do ,i recall to mind the doctor at ,san ,carlos in #ahhe1 who would never allow his flowing black tresses to be touched4 ,but they do not roach their hair1 as ,i have seen the ,pawnee do2 they do not add false hair to their own1 as ,i have seen among the ,crow of ,montana and the ,mohave of the ,rio ,colorado2 they do not apply plasters of mud as do their neighbors the ,yuma1 ,cocopa1 ,mohave and ,pima1 and in such a manner as to convince spectators that the intent was ceremonial2 and they do not use wigs in their dances4 ,wigs made of black wool may still be found occasionally among the ,pueblos1 but the ,apache do not use them1 and there is no reference to such a thing in their myths4 ,it is to be understood that these paragraphs are not treating upon the superstitions concerning the human hair1 as such1 but simply of the employment of wigs1 which would seem in former days among some of the tribes of the ,southwest to have been made of human hair presented by patients who had recovered from sickness or by mourners whose relatives had died4#ajf ,wigs with masks attached were worn by the ,costa ,ricans1 according to ,gabb4#ajg ,some of the ,apache-,yuma men wear long rolls of matted hair behind1 which are the thickness of a finger1 and two feet or more in length1 and composed of old hair mixed with that growing on the head1 or are in the form of a wig1 made of hair that has been cut off when mourning the dead1 to be worn on occasions of ceremony4#ajh ,observations of the same kind have been made by ,speke upon the customs of the people of ,africa in his ,nile1#aji concerning the ,kidi people at the head of the ,nile2 by ,cook1 in ,hawkesworth's ,voyages1#aaj speaking of ,tahiti1 and by ,barcia1#aaa speaking of ,greenland4 ,sir ,samuel ,baker describes the peculiar wigs worn by the tribes on ,lake ,albert ,nyanza1 formed of the owner's hair and contributions from all sources plastered with clay into a stiff mass4#aab ,melchior ,diaz reported that the people of ,cibola lvent dans leurs maisons des animaux velus1 grands comme des chiens d',espagne4 ,ils les tondent1 ils en font des perruques de couleurs4 ,this report was sent by the ,viceroy ,mendoza to the ,emperor ,charles ,v4 ,exactly what these domesticated animals were1 it would be hard to say2 they may possibly have been ,rocky ,mountain sheep1#aac though ,mr4 ,cushing1 who has studied the question somewhat extensively1 is of the opinion that they may have been a variety of the llama4 ,the ,assinaboine used to wear false hair1 and also had the custom of dividing their hair into joints of an inch or more1 marked by a sort of paste of red earth and glue2#aad ,the ,mandan did the same4#aae ,in this they both resemble the ,mohave of the ,rio ,colorado4 ,the ,algonquins believed also in a malignant ,maniton4 99 99 99 ,she wore a robe made of the hair of her victims1 for she was the cause of death4#aaf ,the ,apache1 until within the last twenty years1 plucked out the eyelashes and often the eyebrows1 but only a few of them still persist in the practice4 ,kane says that the ,winnebagoes have the custom of pulling out their eyebrows4#aag ,herrera says that among the signs by which the ,tlascaltecs recognized their gods when they saw them in visions1 were vianle sin cejas1 i sin pestaas4#aah ,,mudheads4 ,reference has been made to a ceremonial plastering of mud upon the heads of ,indians4 ,when ,general ,crook was returning from his expedition into the ,sierra ,madre1 ,mexico1 in #ahhc1 in which expedition a few of the enemy had been killed1 the scouts upon reaching the ,san ,bernardino ,river made a free use of the sweat bath1 with much singing and other formulas1 the whole being part of the lustration which all warriors must undergo as soon as possible after being engaged in battle4 ,the ,apache proper did not apply mud to their heads1 but the ,apache-,yuma did4 ,capt4 ,grossman1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1#aai says of the ,pima method of purification after killing an ,apache1 that the isolation of the warrior lasts for sixteen days1 during which period no one speaks to him1 not even the old woman who brings him his food4 ,the first day he touches neither food nor drink1 and he eats sparingly for the whole time1 touching neither meat nor salt2 he bathes frequently in the ,gila ,river and nearly the whole time keeps his head covered with a plaster of mud and mesquite4 ,the boyes of the ,massagueyes of seven or eight yeeres weare clay fastned on the hayre of the head1 and still renewed with new clay1 weighing sometimes five or six pounds4 ,nor may they be free hereof till in warre or lawfull fight hee hath killed a man4#abj ,according to ,padre ,geronimo ,boscana1 the traditions of the ,indians of ,california show that they fed upon a kind of clay4#aba ,but this clay was often plastered upon their heads as a kind of ornament4 ,these were the ,indians of ,san ,juan ,capistrano1 who strongly resembled the ,mohave4 ,after all1 the mudheads of the ,mohave are no worse than those people in ,india who still bedaub their heads with the holy mud of the ,ganges4 ,up to this time the mud has been the blue mud of the ,colorado and other rivers1 but when we find ,herbert ,spencer mentioning that the heads of the ,comanche are besmeared with a dull red clay we may suspect that we have stumbled upon an analogue of the custom of the ,aztec priests1 who bedaubed their heads with the coagulating lifeblood of their human victims4 ,we know that there has been such a substitution practiced among the ,indians of the ,pueblo of ,jemez1 who apply red ocher to the mouth of the stone mountain lion1 in whose honor human blood was once freely shed4 ,the practice of so many of the ,plains tribes of painting the median line of the head with vermilion seems to be traceable back to a similar custom4 ,,scalp ,,shirts4 ,the shirt depicted on ,pl4 ,,iii1 made of buckskin and trimmed with human scalps1 would seem to belong to the same category with the mantles made of votive hair1 mentioned as being in use among the ,california tribe a little more than a century ago4 ,it was presented to me by ,little ,big ,man1 who led me to believe that it had once belonged to the great chief of the ,sioux1 ,crazy ,horse1 or had at least been worn by him4 ,of its symbolism ,i am unable to find the explanation4 ,the colors yellow and blue would seem to represent the earth and water or sky1 the feathers attached would refer to the birds1 and the round circle on the breast is undoubtedly the sun4 ,there is a cocoon affixed to one shoulder1 the significance of which ,i do not know4 ,illustration3 ,,scalp ,,shirt ,,of ,,little ,,big ,,man 7,,sioux74 ,plate ,,iii4 ,,the ,,rhombus1 ,,or ,,bull ,,roarer4 ,the rhombus was first seen by me at the snake dance of the ,tusayan1 in the village of ,walpi1 ,ariz41 in the month of ,august1 #ahha4 ,previous to that date ,i had heard of it vaguely1 but had never been able to see it in actual use4 ,the medicine-men twirled it rapidly1 and with a uniform motion1 about the head and from front to rear1 and succeeded in faithfully imitating the sound of a gust of rain-laden wind4 ,as explained to me by one of the medicine-men1 by making this sound they compelled the wind and rain to come to the aid of the crops4 ,at a later date ,i found it in use among the ,apache1 and for the same purpose4 ,the season near the ,san ,carlos ,agency during the year #ahhd had been unusually dry1 and the crops were parched4 ,the medicine-men arranged a procession1 two of the features of which were the rhombus and a long handled cross1 upon which various figures were depicted4 ,of the latter1 ,i will speak at another time4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dcj4--,rhombus of the ,apache4 ,again1 while examining certain ruins in the ,verde ,valley1 in central ,arizona1 ,i found that the ,cliff ,dwellers1 as it has become customary to call the prehistoric inhabitants1 had employed the same weapon of persuasion in their intercourse with their gods4 ,i found the rhombus also among the ,rio ,grande ,pueblo tribes and the ,zui4 ,dr4 ,washington ,matthews has described it as existing among the ,navajo and ,maj4 ,j4 ,w4 ,powell has observed it in use among the ,utes of ,nevada and ,utah4 ,as will be shown1 its use in all parts of the world seems to have been as general as that of any sacred implement known to primitive man1 not even excepting the sacred cords or rosaries discussed in this paper4 ,three forms of the rhombus have come under my own observation1 each and all apparently connected in symbolism with the lightning4 ,the first terminates in a triangular point1 and the general shape is either that of a long1 narrow1 parallelogram1 capped with an equilateral triangle1 or else the whole figure is that of a slender isosceles triangle4 ,where the former shape was used1 as at the ,tusayan snake dance1 the tracing of a snake or lightning in blue or yellow followed down the length of the rhombus and terminated in the small triangle1 which did duty as the snake's head4 ,the second pattern was found by ,dr4 ,matthews among the ,navajo1 and by myself in the old cliff dwellings4 ,the one which ,i found was somewhat decayed1 and the extremity of the triangle was broken off4 ,there was no vestige of painting left4 ,the second form was serrated on both edges to simulate the form of the snake or lightning4 ,the third form1 in use among the ,apache1 is an oblong of #g or #h inches in length1 one and a quarter inches in width by a quarter in thickness4 ,one extremity1 that through which the cord passes1 is rounded to rudely represent a human head1 and the whole bears a close resemblance to the drawings of schoolboys which are intended for the human figure4 ,the ,apache explained that the lines on the front side of the rhombus were the entrails and those on the rear side the hair of their wind god4 ,the hair is of several colors1 and represents the lightning4 ,i did not ascertain positively that such was the case1 but was led to believe that the rhombus of the ,apache was made by the medicine-men from wood1 generally pine or fir1 which had been struck by lightning on the mountain tops4 ,such wood is held in the highest estimation among them1 and is used for the manufacture of amulets of especial efficacy4 ,the ,apache name for the rhombus is tzi-ditindi1 the sounding wood4 ,the identification of the rhombus or bull roarer of the ancient ,greeks with that used by the ,tusayan in their snake dance was first made by ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor in the ,saturday ,review in a criticism upon ,the ,snake ,dance of the ,moquis of ,arizona4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dca4--,rhombus of the ,apache4 ,the ,kaffirs have the rhombus among their playthings3 ,the nodiwu is a piece of wood about #f or #h inches long1 and an inch and a half or #b inches wide1 and an eighth or a quarter of an inch thick in the middle4 ,towards the edges it is beveled off1 so that the surface is convex1 or consists of two inclined planes4 ,at one end it has a thong attached to it by which it is whirled rapidly round4 99 99 99 ,there is a kind of superstition connected with the nodiwu1 that playing with it invites a gale of wind4 ,men will1 on this account1 often prevent boys from using it when they desire calm weather for any purpose4 ,this superstition is identical with that which prevents many sailors from whistling at sea4#abb ,of the ,peruvians we are informed that their belief was that there was a man in the sky with a sling and a stick1 and that in his power were the rain1 the hail1 the thunder1 and all else that appertains to the regions of the air1 where clouds are formed4#abc ,the sacred twirler of the snake dance is found in ,greece1 ,america1 ,africa and ,new ,zealand4 ,it survives as a toy in ,england and the ,united ,states4#abd ,the same peculiar instrument has been noticed in the religious ceremonials of the ,australians1 especially in the initiatory rites of the bora4 ,it is called the tirricoty4#abe ,the twirling of the tzi-ditindi in medicine or prayer corresponds to the revolution of the prayer wheel of the ,lamas4 ,,the ,,cross4 ,the sign of the cross appears in many places in ,apache symbolism4 ,the general subject of the connection of the cross with the religion of the aborigines of the ,american continent has been so fully traversed by previous authors that ,i do not care to add much more to the subject beyond saying that my own observation has assured me that it is related to the cardinal points and the four winds1 and is painted by warriors upon their moccasins upon going into a strange district in the hope of keeping them from getting on a wrong trail4 ,in ,october1 #ahhd1 ,i saw a procession of ,apache men and women1 led by the medicine-men bearing two crosses1 made as follows3 ,the vertical arm was #d feet #aj inches long1 and the transverse between #aj and #ab inches1 and each was made of slats about #a inches wide1 which looked as if they had been long in use4 ,they were decorated with blue polka dots upon the unpainted surface4 ,a blue snake meandered down the longer arm4 ,there was a circle of small willow twigs at top2 next below that1 a small zinc-cased mirror1 a bell1 and eagle feathers4 ,nosey1 the ,apache whom ,i induced to bring it to me after the ceremony1 said that they carried it in honor of ,guzanutli to induce her to send rain1 at that time much needed for their crops4 ,it is quite likely that this particular case represents a composite idea2 that the original beliefs of the ,apache have been modified to some extent by the crude ideas of the ,mexican captives among them1 who still remember much that was taught them in the churches of the hamlets in northern ,mexico1 from which they were kidnapped years ago2 but1 on the other hand1 it is to be remembered that the cross has always formed a part of the ,apache symbolism2 that the snake does not belong to the ,christian faith1 and that it has never been allowed to appear upon the cross since the time of the ,gnostics in the second and third centuries4 ,therefore1 we must regard that as a ,pagan symbol1 and so must we regard the circle of willow twigs1 which is exactly the same as the circle we have seen attached to the sacred cords for the cure of headache4#abf ,the cross was found in full vogue as a religious emblem among the aborigines all over ,america4 ,father ,le ,clercq#abg speaks of its very general employment by the ,gaspesians3 ,ils ont parmi eux1 tout infideles qu'ils soient1 la ,croix en singuliere veneration1 qu'ils la portent figure sur leurs habits sur leur chair2 qu'ils la tiennent la main dans tous leurs voages1 soit par mer1 soit par terre2 qu'enfin ils la posent au dehors au dedans de leurs ,cabannes1 comme la marque d'honneur qui les distingue des autres ,nations du ,canada4 ,he narrates#abh that the ,gasp tradition or myth was1 that the whole tribe being ravaged by a plague1 the medicine-men had recourse to the ,sun1 who ordered them to make use of the cross in every extremity4 ,herrera relates that the followers of ,hernandez de ,cordoba found at ,cape ,catoche unos ,adoratorios 444 i ,cruces pintadas que les caus gran admiracion4#abi ,he also says that ,juan de ,grijalva on the island of ,cozumel found a number of oratories and temples1 but one in particular was made in the form of a square tower1 with four openings4 ,inside this tower was a cross made of lime1 which the natives reverenced as the god of the rain2 una ,cruz de ,cal1 de tres varas en alto1 la qual tenian por el ,dios de la lluvia4#acj ,,necklaces ,,of ,,human ,,fingers4 ,the necklace of human fingers1 an illustration of which accompanies this text 7,pl4 ,,iv71 belonged to the foremost of the medicine-men of a brave tribe--the ,cheyenne of ,montana and ,wyoming4 ,they were the backbone of the hostility to the whites1 and during the long and arduous campaign conducted against them by the late ,maj4 ,gen4 ,george ,crook1 which terminated so successfully in the surrender of #d1ejj of the allied ,sioux and ,cheyenne1 at ,red ,cloud and ,spotted ,tail agencies1 in the early spring of #ahgg1 it was a noted fact that wherever a band of the ,cheyenne was to be found there the fighting was most desperate4 ,it is a matter now well established that the ,cheyenne are an offshoot of the ,algonquian family1 speaking a dialect closely resembling that of the ,cree1 of ,british ,america4 ,illustration3 ,,necklace ,,of ,,human ,,fingers4 ,plate ,,iv4 ,it may interest some readers to listen to a few words descriptive of the manner in which such a ghastly relic of savagery came into my possession4 ,on the morning of the #beth of ,november1 #ahgf1 the cavalry and ,indian scouts 7,sioux1 ,shoshoni1 ,arapaho1 ,pawnee1 and a few of the ,cheyenne themselves71 of ,gen4 ,crook's command1 under the leadership of the late ,brig4 ,gen4 ,ranald ,s4 ,mackenzie1 then colonel of the ,fourth ,cavalry1 surprised and destroyed the main village of the ,cheyenne1 on the headwaters of the ,powder ,river1 in the ,big ,horn ,mountains1 ,wyoming4 ,the onslaught was irresistible1 the destruction complete1 and the discomfited savages were forced to flee from their beds1 half naked and with nothing save their arms and ammunition4 ,more than half of the great herd of ponies belonging to the savages were killed1 captured1 or so badly wounded as to be of no use to the owners4 ,the cold became so intense that on the night after the fight eleven papooses froze to death in their mothers' arms1 and the succeeding night1 three others4 ,this blow1 the most grievous ever inflicted upon the plains tribes1 resulted in the surrender1 first of the ,cheyenne1 and later on of the principal chief of the ,sioux1 the renowned ,crazy ,horse2 after which the ,sioux troubles were minimized into the hunt for scattered bands4 ,undoubtedly1 among the bitterest losses of valuable property suffered by the ,cheyenne on this occasion were the two necklaces of human fingers which came into my possession1 together with the small buckskin bag filled with the right hands of papooses belonging to the tribe of their deadly enemies1 the ,shoshoni4 ,these were found in the village by one of our scouts--,baptiste ,pourrier1 who1 with ,mr4 ,frank ,gruard1 was holding an important and responsible position in connection with the care of the great body of ,indian scouts already spoken of4 ,from these two gentlemen ,i afterwards obtained all the information that is here to be found regarding the ,cheyenne necklace4 ,the second necklace1 consisting of four fingers1 was buried1 as ,gen4 ,crook did not wish to have kept more than one specimen1 and that only for scientific purposes4 ,accordingly1 the necklace here depicted was sent first to the ,u4 ,s4 ,military ,academy at ,west ,point1 ,new ,york1 and later to the ,national ,museum in ,washington1 where it was believed it could better fulfill its mission of educating students in a knowledge of the manners and customs of our aborigines4 ,the buckskin bag1 with the papooses' hands1 was claimed by the ,shoshoni scouts1 who danced and wailed all night1 and then burned the fearful evidence of the loss sustained by their people4 ,the necklace is made of a round collar of buckskin1 incrusted with the small blue and white beads purchased from the traders1 these being arranged in alternate spaces of an inch or more in length4 ,there are also attached numbers of the perforated wampum shell beads of native manufacture4 ,pendant from this collar are five medicine arrows1 the exact nature of which1 it was1 of course1 impossible to determine from the owner himself4 ,both ,frank and ,baptiste agreed that an arrow might become medicine either from having been shot into the person of the owner himself or into the body of an enemy1 or even from having been picked up under peculiar circumstances4 ,the owner1 ,high ,wolf or ,tall ,wolf1 admitted as much after he had surrendered at the ,red ,cloud ,agency and had made every effort to obtain the return of his medicine1 which was this necklace4 ,the four medicine bags to be seen in the picture are worthy of attention4 ,they were carefully examined under a powerful glass by ,dr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,yarrow1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 in the city of ,washington1 and pronounced to be human scrota4 ,the first of these contained a vegetable powder1 somewhat decomposed1 having a resemblance to hoddentin2 the second was filled with killikinnick2 the third with small garnet-colored seeds like the chia in use among the ,apache1 and the fourth with a yellow1 clayey-white vegetable matter not identified4 ,the fifth1 also1 remained unidentified4 ,besides the above1 there are artificial teeth1 resembling those of the fossil animals abundant in the ,bad ,lands of ,south ,dakota1 but cut out of soft stone4 ,the fingers--eight altogether--are the left-hand middle fingers of ,indians of hostile tribes1 killed by ,high ,wolf4 ,i obtained the list and could insert it here were it worthwhile to do so4 ,the fingers have not been left in the natural state1 but have been subjected to very careful and elaborate antiseptic treatment in order thoroughly to desiccate them4 ,they were split longitudinally on the inner side and after the bone had been extracted the surface of the skin1 both inside and out1 received a treatment with a wash or paint of ocherous earth1 the same as is used for the face4 ,i was told that the bones were not replaced but that sticks were inserted to maintain the fingers in proper shape4 ,of the reason for making use of such a trophy or relic1 there is not much to be said2 even the savages know little and say less4 ,from the best information that ,i have been able to gather1 it would seem to be based partly upon a vainglorious desire to display the proofs of personal prowess1 and partly upon the vague and ill defined1 but deeply rooted1 belief in the talismanic or medicinal potency possessed by all parts of the human body1 especially after death4 ,it was such a belief which impelled the ,mandan1 ,aztecs1 and others of the ,american tribes to preserve the skulls of their dead as well as 7among the ,aztecs7 those of the victims sacrificed in honor of their gods4 ,as has been shown in another place1 the ,zui and others take care to offer food at stated periods to the scalps of their enemies4 ,the use of necklaces of human fingers or of human teeth is to be found in many parts of the world1 and besides the fingers themselves1 we find the whole arm1 or in other cases only the nails4 ,the ,cheyenne did not always restrict themselves to fingers2 they generally made use of the whole hand1 or the arm of the slaughtered enemy4 ,in a colored picture drawn and painted by one of themselves ,i have a representation of a scalp dance1 in which the squaws may be seen dressed in their best1 carrying the arms of enemies elevated on high poles and lances4 ,there is no doubt in my mind that this custom of the ,cheyenne of cutting off the arm or hand gave rise to their name in the sign language of the ,slashers1 or ,wrist ,cutters1 much as the corresponding tribal peculiarity of the ,dakota occasioned their name of the ,coupe ,gorge or ,throat ,cutters4 ,the necklace of human fingers is found among other tribes4 ,a necklace of four human fingers was seen by the members of the ,lewis and ,clarke expedition among the ,shoshoni at the headwaters of the ,columbia1 in the early years of the present century4 ,early in the spring of #aheh ,henry ,youle ,hind refers to the allies of the ,ojibwa on ,red ,river as having two fingers severed from the hands of the unfortunate ,sioux4#aca ,in ,eastman's ,legends of the ,sioux1 we read of ,harpsthinah1 one of the ,sioux women1 who wore as long as she could endure it1 a necklace made of the hands and feet of ,chippewah children4#acb ,we read that in ,new ,zealand1 ,several rows of human teeth1 drawn on a thread1 hung on their breasts4#acc ,capt4 ,cook speaks of seeing fifteen human jaw bones attached to a semicircular board at the end of a long house on the island of ,tahiti4 ,they appeared to be fresh1 and there was not one of them that wanted a single tooth2#acd and also1 the model of a canoe1 about three feet long1 to which were tied eight human jaw bones2 we had already learnt that these were trophies of war4#ace ,capt4 ,byron1 ,r4 ,n41 saw in the ,society ,islands1 in #agfe1 a chief who had a string of human teeth about his waist1 which was probably a trophy of his military prowess4#acf ,the wild ,andamanese1 who live only on the fruits of their forests and on fish1 so far revere their progenitors that they adorn their women and children with necklaces and such like1 formed out of the finger and toe-nails of their ancestors4#acg ,bancroft says#ach that the ,californians did not generally scalp1 but they did cut off and keep the arms and legs of a slain enemy or1 rather1 the hands and feet and head4 ,they also had the habit of plucking out and preserving the eyes4 ,kohl assures us that he has been informed that the ,ojibwa will frequently cut fingers1 arms1 and limbs from their enemies and preserve these ghastly relics for use in their dances4 ,sometimes the warriors will become so excited that they will break off and swallow a finger4#aci ,tanner says of the ,ojibwa3 ,sometimes they use sacks of human skin to contain their medicines1 and they fancy that something is thus added to their efficacy4#adj ,of the savages of ,virginia we read3 ,mais d'autres portent pour plus glorieuse parure une main seiche de quelqu'un de leurs ennemis4#ada ,of the ,algonkin we read3 ,il y en a qui ont une partie du bras et la main de quelque ,hiroquois qu'ils ont tu2 cela est si bien vuide que les ongles restent toutes entieres4#adb ,the ,mohawk place their foe against a tree or stake and first tear all the nails from his fingers and run them on a string1 which they wear the same as we do gold chains4 ,it is considered to the honor of any chief who has vanquished or overcome his enemies if he bite off or cut off some of their members1 as whole fingers4#adc ,the ,cenis 7,asinai7 of ,texas1 were seen by ,la ,salle's expedition in #afhg-afij1 torturing a captive squaw4 ,they then tore out her hair1 and cut off her fingers4#add ,in volume #b of ,kingsborough's ,mexican ,antiquities1 in the plates of the ,vatican manuscript1 is to be seen a representation of an ,aztec priest or other dignitary holding out in his hands two human arms4 ,in plate #gf of the same is a priest offering up a human sacrifice1 the virile member of the victim cut off4 ,teoyamaqui1 the wife of ,huitzlipochtli1 the ,aztec god of war1 was depicted with a necklace of human hands4#ade ,squier also says that ,darga or ,kali1 the ,hindu goddess1 who corresponds very closely to her1 was represented with a necklace of skulls and a girdle of dissevered human hands4 ,the ,hindu goddess ,kali was decorated with a necklace of human skulls4#adf ,in the ,propaganda collection1 given in ,kingsborough1#adg are to be seen human arms and legs4 ,on the death of any of the great officers of state1 the finger bones and hair are also preserved2 or if they have died shaven1 as sometimes occurs1 a bit of their mbg dress will be preserved in place of the hair4#adh ,their families guard their tombs4#adi ,the principal war fetiches of ,uganda consist of dead lizards1 bits of wood1 hide1 nails of dead people1 claws of animals1 and beaks of birds4 ,stanley saw them displayed before ,king ,mtesa4#aej ,some of the women in ,gippsland wear round the neck human hands1 which1 ,mr4 ,hull says1 were beautifully prepared4 ,he moreover informs me that they sometimes wear the parts of which the ',lingam' and ',priapus' were the emblems4#aea ,the ,gippsland people keep the relics of the departed4 ,they will cut off the hands to keep as a remembrance1 and these they will attach to the string that is tied round the neck4#aeb ,smyth also relates that the women of some of the ,australian tribes preserve the hands of some defunct member of the tribe--that of some friend of the woman's1 or perhaps one belonging to a former husband4 ,this she keeps as the only remembrance of one she once loved2 and1 though years may have passed1 even now1 when she has nothing else to do1 she will sit and moan over this relic of humanity4 ,sometimes a mother will carry about with her the remains of a beloved child1 whose death she mourns4#aec ,the ,australians also use the skulls of their nearest and dearest relatives for drinking vessels2 thus1 a daughter would use her mother's skull1 etc4#aed ,one of the most extraordinary of their laws is that a widow1 for every husband she marries after the first1 is obliged to cut off a joint of a finger1 which she presents to her husband on the wedding day1 beginning at one of the little fingers4#aee ,in the ,army and ,navy ,journal1 ,new ,york1 ,june #bc1 #ahhh1 is mentioned a battle between the ,crow of ,montana and the ,piegan1 in which the former obtained some of the hands and feet of dead warriors of the first-named tribe and used them in their dances4 ,catlin shows that the young ,sioux warriors1 after going through the ordeal of the sun dance1 placed the little finger of the left hand on the skull of a sacred buffalo and had it chopped off4#aef ,the sacrifices of ,american ,indians at the fasts at puberty sometimes consist of finger joints4#aeg ,in ,dodge's ,wild ,indians is represented 7,pl4 vi1 #ac7 a ,cheyenne necklace of the bones of the first joint of the human fingers1 stripped of skin and flesh4 ,i have never seen or heard of anything of the kind1 although ,i have served with the ,cheyenne a great deal and have spoken about their customs4 ,my necklace is of human fingers mummified1 not of bones4 ,fanny ,kelly says of a ,sioux chief3 ,he showed me a puzzle or game he had made from the finger bones of some of the victims that had fallen beneath his own tomahawk4 ,the bones had been freed from the flesh by boiling1 and1 being placed upon a string1 were used for playing some kind of ,indian game4#aeh ,strabo recounts in his third book that the ,lusitanians sacrificed prisoners and cut off their right hands to consecrate them to their gods4 ,dulaure says that the ,germans attached the heads and the right hands of their human victims to sacred trees4#aei ,adoni-bezek cut off the thumbs and great toes of seventy kings of ,syria4#afj ,the necklace of human fingers is not a particle more horrible than the ornaments of human bones to be seen in the cemetery of the ,capuchins in ,rome at the present day4 ,i have personally known of two or three cases where ,american ,indians cut their enemies limb from limb4 ,the idea upon which the practice is based seems to be the analogue of the old ,english custom of sentencing a criminal to be hanged1 drawn1 and quartered4 ,brand gives a detailed description of the hand of glory1 the possession of which was believed by the peasantry of ,great ,britain and ,france to enable a man to enter a house invisible to the occupants4 ,it was made of the hand of an executed 7hanged7 murderer1 carefully desiccated and prepared with a great amount of superstitious mummery4 ,with this holding a candle of the fat of a hanged man burglars felt perfectly secure while engaged in their predatory work4#afa ,the belief was that a candle placed in a dead man's hand will not be seen by any but those by whom it is used4 ,such a candle introduced into a house kept those who were asleep from awakening4 ,the superstition in regard to the hand of glory was widely diffused throughout ,france1 ,germany1 ,spain1 and ,great ,britain4 ,as late as the year #ahca it was used by ,irish burglars in the county ,meath4 ,dr4 ,frank ,baker delivered before the ,anthropological ,society of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 a lecture upon these superstitions as related to the hand of glory1 to which the student is respectfully referred4#afb ,an ,aztec warrior always tried to procure the middle finger of the left hand of a woman who had died in childbirth4 ,this he fastened to his shield as a talisman4#afc ,the great weapon of the ,aztec witches was the left arm of a woman who had died in her first childbirth4#afd ,pliny mentions still-born infants cut up limb by limb for the most abominable practices1 not only by midwives1 but by harlots even as well6#afe ,the opinions entertained in ,pliny's time descended to that of the ,reformation-- ,finger of birth-strangled babe1 ,ditch-deliver'd by a drab4#aff ,scrofula1 imposthumes of the parotid glands1 and throat diseases1 they say1 may be cured by the contact of the hand of a person who has been carried off by an early death2 but1 he goes on to say1 any dead hand will do1 provided it is of the same sex as the patient and that the part affected is touched with the back of the left hand4#afg ,a footnote adds that this superstition still prevails in ,england in regard to the hand of a man who has been hanged4 ,the use of dead men's toes1 fingers1 spinal vertebr1 etc41 in magical ceremonies1 especially the fabrication of magical lamps and candles1 is referred to by ,frommann4#afh ,grimm is authority for the statement that in both ,france and ,germany the belief was prevalent that the fingers of an unborn babe were available for magic4#afi ,in ,england witches were believed to open graves for the purpose of taking out the joints of the fingers and toes of dead bodies 444 in order to prepare a powder for their magical purposes4#agj ,saint ,athanase dit mme1 que ces parties du corps humain i4e41 hands1 feet1 toes1 fingers1 etc4 toient adores comme des dieux particuliers4#aga ,according to the sacred lore of the ,brahmans the ,tirtha sacred to the ,gods lies at the root of the little finger1 that sacred to the ,rishis in the middle of the fingers1 that sacred to ,men at the tips of the fingers1 that sacred to ,agni 7fire7 in the middle of the hand4#agb ,in the ,island of ,ceylon debauchees and desperate people often play away the ends of their fingers4#agc ,hone shows that every joint of each finger was appropriated to some saint4#agd ,,necklaces ,,of ,,human ,,teeth4 ,a number of examples are to be found of the employment of necklaces of human teeth4 ,in my own experience ,i have never come across any specimens1 and my belief is that among the ,indians south of the ,isthmus such things are to be found almost exclusively4 ,i have found no reference to such ornamentation or medicine among the tribes of ,north ,america1 but there are many to show the very general dissemination of the custom in ,africa and in the islands of the ,south ,sea4 ,gomara says that the ,indians of ,santa ,marta wore at their necks1 like dentists1 the teeth of the enemies they had killed in battle4#age ,many of the ,carib1 we are told by a ,spanish writer1 ostentatiously wear necklaces made of strings of the teeth of the enemies whom they have slain4#agf ,padre ,fray ,alonzo ,fernandez says of the ,carib3 ,traen los dientes con los cabellos de los que mataron por collares1 como hazian antiguamente los ,scitas4#agg ,the people of ,new ,granada traen al cuello dientes de los que matavan4#agh ,picart says that the natives of ,new ,granada and ,cumana portent au col les dents des ennemis qu'ils ont massacrez4#agi ,the ,spaniards found in the temple of the ,itzaes1 on the island of ,peten1 an idol made of yesso1 which is plaster1 and in the head1 which was shaped like the sun1 were imbedded the teeth of the ,castilians whom they had captured and killed4#ahj ,they strung together the teeth of such of their enemies as they had slain in battle and wore them on their legs and arms as trophies of successful cruelty4#aha ,stanley says1 referring to the natives of the ,lower ,congo country3 ,their necklaces consisted of human1 gorilla1 and crocodile teeth1 in such quantity1 in many cases1 that little or nothing could be seen of the neck4#ahb ,the necklaces of human teeth which they ,urangi and ,rubunga1 of the ,lower ,congo wore4#ahc ,again1 human teeth were popular ornaments for the neck4#ahd ,when a king dies they the ,wahma1 of the head of the ,nile cut out his lower jaw and preserve it covered with beads4#ahe ,schweinfurth#ahf speaks of having seen piles of lower jawbones from which the teeth had been extracted to serve as ornaments for the neck by the ,monbuttoo of ,africa4 ,a slaughtered foe was devoured from actual bloodthirstiness and hatred by the ,niam-,niams of ,central ,africa4444 ,they make no secret of their savage craving1 but ostentatiously string the teeth of their victims round their necks1 adorning the stakes erected beside their dwellings for the habitation of the trophies with the skulls of the men they have devoured4 ,human fat is universally sold4#ahg ,the four front teeth were extracted by the men and women of the ,latooka and other tribes of the ,white ,nile1 but no explanation is given of the custom4#ahh ,in ,dahomey1 strings of human teeth are worn4#ahi ,freycinet saw in ,timor1 ,straits of ,malacca1 a score of human jawbones1 which we wished to purchase2 but all our offers were met by the word 'pamali1' meaning sacred4#aij ,in one of the morais or temples entered by ,kotzebue in #ahah1 on the ,sandwich ,islands1 there were two great and ugly idols1 one representing a man1 the other a woman4 ,the priests made me notice that both statues1 which had their mouths wide open1 were furnished with a row of human teeth4#aia ,the ,sandwich ,islanders kept the jaw bones of their enemies as trophies4#aib ,king ,tamaahmaah had a spitbox which was set round with human teeth1 and had belonged to several of his predecessors4#aic ,among some of the ,australian tribes the women wear about their necks the teeth which have been knocked out of the mouths of the boys at a certain age4#aid ,this custom of the ,australians does not obtain among the ,north ,american tribes1 by whom the teeth1 as they fall out1 are carefully hidden or buried under some tree or rock4 ,at least1 ,i have been so informed by several persons1 among others by ,chato1 one of the principal men of the ,chiricahua ,apache4 ,molina speaks of the customs of the ,araucanians1 who1 after torturing their captives to death1 made war flutes out of their bones and used the skulls for drinking vessels4#aie ,the ,abipones of ,paraguay make the bones of their enemies into musical instruments4#aif ,the preceding practice is strictly in line with the medicinal and magical values attached in ,europe to human teeth1 human skin1 etc4 ,the curious reader may find much on this subject in the works of ,frommann1 ,beckherius1 ,etmller1 ,samuel ,augustus ,flemming1 and others of the seventeenth century1 where it will be shown that the ideas of the people of ,europe of that period were only in name superior to those of the savages of ,america1 the islands of the ,south ,seas1 and of ,central ,africa4 ,in my work upon ,the ,scatalogic ,rites of all ,nations ,i have treated this matter more in extenso1 but what is here adduced will be sufficient for the present article4 ,the skin of ,ziska1 the ,bohemian reformer1 was made into a medicine drum by his followers4 ,,the ,,scratch ,,stick4 ,when ,gen4 ,crook's expedition against the ,chiricahua ,apache reached the heart of the ,sierra ,madre1 ,mexico1 in #ahhc1 it was my good fortune to find on the ground in ,geronimo's rancheria two insignificant looking articles of personal equipment1 to which ,i learned the ,apache attached the greatest importance4 ,one of these was a very small piece of hard wood1 cedar1 or pine1 about two and a half to three inches long and half a finger in thickness1 and the other a small section of the cane indigenous to the ,southwest and of about the same dimensions4 ,the first was the scratch stick and the second the drinking reed4 ,the rule enjoined among the ,apache is that for the first four times one of their young men goes out on the warpath he must refrain from scratching his head with his fingers or letting water touch his lips4 ,how to keep this vow and at the same time avoid unnecessary personal discomfort and suffering is the story told by these petty fragments from the ,apache's ritual4 ,he does not scratch his head with his fingers2 he makes use of this scratch stick4 ,he will not let water touch his lips1 but sucks it into his throat through this tiny tube4 ,a long leather cord attached both stick and reed to the warrior's belt and to each other4 ,this was all the information ,i was able to obtain of a definite character4 ,whether these things had to be prepared by the medicine-men or by the young warrior himself2 with what ceremonial1 if any1 they had to be manufactured1 and under what circumstances of time and place1 ,i was unable to ascertain to my own satisfaction1 and therefore will not extend my remarks or burden the student's patience with incoherent statements from sources not absolutely reliable4 ,that the use of the scratch stick and the drinking reed was once very general in ,america and elsewhere1 and that it was not altogether dissociated from ritualistic or ceremonial ideas1 may be gathered from the citations appended4 ,in her chapter entitled ,preparatory ceremony of the young warrior ,mrs4 ,emerson says3 ,he does not touch his ears or head with his hand1 explaining in a footnote1 the head was sometimes made a sacrificial offering to the sun4#aig ,tanner relates that the young ,ojibwa warrior for the three first times that he accompanies a war party must never scratch his head or any other part of his body with his fingers1 but if he is compelled to scratch he must use a small stick4#aih ,kohl states that the ,ojibwa1 while on the warpath1 will never sit down in the shade of a tree or scratch their heads2 at least1 not with their fingers4 ,the warriors1 however1 are permitted to scratch themselves with a piece of wood or a comb4#aii ,mackenzie states regarding the ,indians whom he met on the ,columbia1 in #eb #ch1 ,n4 lat41 instead of a comb they the men have a small stick hanging by a string from one of the locks of hair1 which they employ to alleviate any itching or irritation in the head4#bjj ,the ,tlinkit of ,british ,north ,america use these scratchers made of basalt or other stone4 ,the pipe-stem carrier 7i4e41 the carrier of the sacred or 'medicine' pipe7 of the ,crees1 of ,british ,north ,america1 dares not scratch his own head1 without compromising his own dignity1 without the intervention of a stick1 which he always carries for that purpose4#bja ,bancroft#bjb quotes ,walker as saying that a ,pima never touches his skin with his nails1 but always with a small stick for that purpose1 which he renews every fourth day and wears in his hair4 ,as part of the ceremony of initiating youth into manhood among the ,creeks1 the young neophyte during the twelve moons 444 is also forbidden to pick his ears or scratch his head with his fingers1 but must use a small splinter to perform these operations4#bjc ,the ,apache-,yuma men carry in their hair a slender stick or bone about #h inches long1 which serves them as a comb4#bjd ,the idea that these scratch sticks replace combs is an erroneous one2 ,indians make combs in a peculiar way of separate pieces of wood1 and they are also very fond of brushing their long locks with the coarse brushes1 which they make of sacaton or other grass4 ,one other regulation1 mentioned by ,schomburgk1 is certainly quaint2 the interesting father may not scratch himself with his finger nails1 but may use for this purpose a splinter1 especially provided1 from the mid-rib of a cokerite palm4#bje ,when a ,greenlander is about to enter into conversation with the spirits no one must stir1 not so much as to scratch his head4#bjf ,in the ,new ,hebrides most of the natives wear a thin stick or reed1 about #i inches long1 in their hair1 with which they occasionally disturb the vermin that abound in their heads4#bjg ,alarcon1 describing the tribes met on the ,rio ,colorado1 in #aeda1 says3 ,they weare certaine pieces of ,deeres bones fastened to their armes1 wherewith they strike off the sweate4#bjh ,in ,german folk-lore there are many references to the practice in which the giants indulged frequently in scratching themselves1 sometimes as a signal to each other4 ,just what significance to attach to these stories ,i can not presume to say1 as ,grimm merely relates the fact without comment4#bji ,of the ,abyssinians1 ,bruce says3 ,their hair is short and curled like that of a negro's in the west part of ,africa1 but this is done by art not by nature1 each man having a wooden stick with which he lays hold of the lock and twists it round like a screw till it curls in the form he desires4#baj ,in a footnote1 he adds3 ,i apprehend this is the same instrument used by the ancients1 and censured by the prophets1 which in our translation is rendered crisping-pins4 ,possibly the constant use of the scratch stick in countries without wood suggested that it should be carried in the hair1 and hence it would originate the fashion of wearing the hair crimped round it1 and after a while it would itself be used as a crimping-pin4 ,thus far1 the suggestion of a religious or ceremonial idea attaching to the custom of scratching has not been apparent1 unless we bear in mind that the warrior setting out on the warpath never neglects to surround himself with all the safeguards which the most potent incantations and medicine of every kind can supply4 ,but ,herbert ,spencer tells us in two places that the ,creeks attach the idea of a ceremonial observance to the custom4 ,he says that the warriors have a ceremony of scratching each other as a sign of friendship2#baa and again1 scratching is practiced among young warriors as a ceremony or token of friendship4 ,when they have exchanged promises of inviolable attachment1 they proceed to scratch each other before they part4#bab ,dr4 ,j4 ,hampden ,porter remarks that this ceremonial scratching may be a survival of the blood covenant1 and that in earlier times the young warriors1 instead of merely scratching each other's arms1 may have cut the flesh and exchanged the blood4 ,the idea seems to be a very sensible one4 ,father ,alegre describes a ceremonial scratching which may have been superseded by the scratch stick1 to which the medicine-men of certain tribes subjected the young men before they set out on the warpath4 ,among the ,pima and ,opata the medicine-men drew from their quivers the claws of eagles1 and with these gashed the young man along the arms from the shoulders to the wrists4#bac ,this last paragraph suggests so strongly certain of the practices at the sun dance of the tribes farther to the north that it may be well to compare it with the other allusions in this paper to that dance4 ,it will be noticed that the use of the scratch-stick1 at least among the tribes of ,america1 seems to be confined to the male sex2 but the information is supplied by ,mr4 ,henshaw1 of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 that the ,indians of ,santa ,barbara1 ,cal41 made their maidens at the time of attaining womanhood wear pendant from the neck a scratcher of abalone shell1 which they had to use for an indefinite period when the scalp became irritable4 ,prof4 ,otis ,t4 ,mason1 of the ,national ,museum1 informs me that there is a superstition in ,virginia to the effect that a young woman enciente for the first time must1 under no circumstances1 scratch her head with her fingers1 at least while uncovered2 she must either put on gloves or use a small stick4 ,the ,parsi have a festival at which they serve a peculiar cake or bread called draona1 which is marked by scratches from the finger nails of the woman who has baked it4#bad ,no stress has been laid upon the appearance in all parts of the world of back scratchers or scratch my backs1 made of ivory1 bone1 or wood1 and which were used for toilet purposes to remove irritation from between the shoulder blades or along the spine where the hand itself could not reach4 ,they are to the present day in use among the ,chinese and ,japanese1 were once to be found among the ,romans and other nations of ,europe1 and instances of their occasional employment until a very recent date might be supplied4 ,,the ,,drinking ,,reed4 ,exactly what origin to ascribe to the drinking reed is now an impossibility1 neither is it probable that the explanations which the medicine-men might choose to make would have the slightest value in dispelling the gloom which surrounds the subject4 ,that the earliest conditions of the ,apache tribe found them without many of the comforts which have for generations been necessaries1 and obliged to resort to all sorts of expedients in cooking1 carrying1 or serving their food is the most plausible presumption1 but it is submitted merely as a presumption and in no sense as a fact4 ,it can readily be shown that in a not very remote past the ,apache and other tribes were compelled to use bladders and reeds for carrying water1 or for conveying water1 broth1 and other liquid food to the lips4 ,the conservative nature of man in all that involves his religion would supply whatever might be needed to make the use of such reeds obligatory in ceremonial observances wherein there might be the slightest suggestion of religious impulse4 ,we can readily imagine that among a people not well provided with forks and spoons1 which are known to have been of a much later introduction than knives1 there would be a very decided danger of burning the lips with broth1 or of taking into the mouth much earthy and vegetable matter or ice from springs and streams at which men or women might wish to drink1 so the use of the drinking reed would obviate no small amount of danger and discomfort4 ,water was carried in reeds by the ,dyaks of ,borneo1 according to ,bock4#bae ,the manner in which the natives of the ,new ,hebrides and other islands of the ,south ,pacific ,ocean carry water in bamboo joints recalls the ,zui method of preserving the sacred water of the ocean in hollow reeds4#baf ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dcb4--,the scratch stick and drinking reed4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,cushing shows that so far as language indicates the character of the earliest water vessels which to any extent met the requirements of the ,zui ancestry1 they were tubes of wood or sections of canes4#bag ,long after these reeds had disappeared from common use1 the priests still persisted in their use for carrying the water for the sacred ceremonies4 ,the mother of the king of ,uganda gave to ,speke a beautifully-worked pomb sucking-pipe4#bah ,for ordinary purposes these people have drinking gourds4 ,in ,ujiji1 ,cameron saw an old chief sucking pomb1 the native beer1 through a reed2#bai and1 later on in his narrative1 we learn that the reed is generally used for the purposes of drinking4 ,the ,malabars reckoned it insolent to touch the vessel with their lips when drinking4#bbj ,they made use of vessels with a spout1 which were no more and no less than the small hollow-handled soup ladles of the ,zui and ,tusayan1 through which they sipped their hot broth4 ,in an ancient grave excavated not far from ,salem1 ,massachusetts1 in #ahgc1 were found five skeletons1 one of which was supposed to be that of the chief ,nanephasemet1 who was killed in #afje or #afjf4 ,he was the king of ,namkeak4 ,on the breast of this skeleton were discovered several small copper tubes 444 from #d to #h inches in length1 and from one-eighth to one-fourth of an inch in diameter1 made of copper rolled up1 with the edges lapped4#bba ,alarcon relates that the tribes seen on the ,rio ,colorado by him in #aeda1 wore on one arm certain small pipes of cane4 ,but the object or purpose of wearing these is not indicated4#bbb ,the natives of the ,friendly ,islands carried in their ears little cylinders of reed1 although we learn that these were filled with a red solid substance4#bbc ,among the ,narrinyeri of ,australia1 when young men are to be initiated into the rank of warriors1 during the ceremonies they are allowed to drink water1 but only by sucking it up through a reed4#bbd ,admiral von ,wrangel says of the ,tchuktchi of ,siberia3 ,they suck their broth through a small tube of reindeer bone1 which each individual carries about with him4#bbe ,padre ,sahagun says that the human victim whom the ,aztecs offered up in sacrifice was not allowed to touch water with his lips1 but had to suck it through a reed4#bbf ,the ,mexicans had a forty-days' fast in memory of one of their sacred persons who was tempted forty days on a mountain4 ,he drinks through a reed4 ,he is called the ,morning ,star4#bbg ,the ,mexicans1 according to ,fray ,diego ,duran1 placed before the statues of their dead bowls of vino1 with rosas1 tobacco 7this seems to be the proper translation of the word humazos1 smokes71 and a reed called the drinker of the sun1 through which the spirit could imbibe4#bbh ,the suction pipes of steatite1 mentioned by ,schoolcraft1 as found in the mounds1 may have been the equivalents of our drinking reeds1 and made of steatite to be the more readily preserved in the ritual of which they formed part4 ,copper cylinders #a inches long and of an inch in diameter were found in the mounds of the ,mississippi ,valley by ,squier and ,davis4 ,the conjecture that they had been used for ornaments does not seem warranted4#bbi ,we should not forget that there was a semideification of the reed itself by the ,aztec in their assignment of it to a place in their calendar under the name of acatl4#bcj ,mrs4 ,ellen ,russell ,emerson speaks of the custom the warriors of the northern tribes had which suggests that she had heard of the drinking reed without exactly understanding what it meant4 ,she says that warriors carry bowls of birch bark from one side of which the warrior drinks in going to battle--from the other1 on his return4 ,these bowls are not carried home1 but left on the prairie1 or suspended from trees within a day's journey of his village4#bca ,among the ,brahmans practices based upon somewhat similar ideas are to be found3 every morning1 upon rising1 ils prennent trois fois de l'eau dans la main1 en jettent trois fois dans leur bouche1 vitant d'y toucher avec la main4#bcb ,the fundamental reason upon which the use of the drinking reed is based is that the warrior or devotee shall not let water touch his lips4 ,it is strange to find among the regulations with regard to taking water by the warrior caste3 ,he shall not sip water while walking1 standing1 lying down1 or bending forward4#bcc ,the ,dharma-stra1 traditionally connected with the ,rishi-,vasishtha1 of the ,seventh ,mandala of the ,rig-,veda1 is a relic of a ,vedic school of the highest antiquity4 ,its seat was in the present northwestern provinces of ,india1 and1 like the ,dharmasstra of ,gautama1 it is the sole surviving record from this source4#bcd ,there was another service performed by reeds or tubes in the domestic economy of nations around the north pole4 ,as the ,apache are derived from an ,arctic ancestry it does not seem amiss to allude to it4 ,lord ,lonsdale1 in describing the capture of a whale which he witnessed1 says that the ,eskimo women first of all gathered up the harpoons and then pulled out all the spears4 ,as each spear was withdrawn a blow-pipe was pushed into the wound and the men blew into it1 after which the opening was tied up4 ,when every wound had been treated in this manner the whale resembled a great windbag and floated high in the water4 ,in the ,national ,museum at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 there are many pipes made of the bones of birds1 which were used by the ,inuit as drinking tubes when water had to be taken into the mouth from holes cut in the ice4 ,these drinking tubes seem to be directly related to our subject1 although they may also have been used as ,lonsdale describes the pipes for blowing the dead whale full of air4 ,another point to be mentioned is that the eagle pipe kept in the mouth of the young warrior undergoing the torture of the sun dance among the ,sioux and other tribes on the plains is apparently connected with the bebedero del ,sol of the peoples to the south4#bce ,the use of this drinking reed1 shown to have been once so intimately associated with human sacrifice1 may have disappeared upon the introduction of labrets1 which seem1 in certain cases at least1 to be associated with the memory of enemies killed in battle1 which would be only another form of human sacrifice4 ,this suggestion is advanced with some misgivings1 and only as a hypothesis to assist in determining for what purpose labrets and drinking tubes have been employed4 ,the ,apache have discontinued the use of the labret1 which still is to be found among their congeners along the ,lower ,yukon1 but not among those living along the lower river4#bcf ,according to ,dall the custom was probably adopted from the ,inuit2 he also shows that whenever labrets are worn in a tribe they are worn by both sexes1 and that the women assume them at the first appearance of the catamenia4 ,this is to be noted1 that how many men these ,savages ,brazilians doe kill1 so many holes they will have in their visage1 beginning first in their nether lippe1 then in their cheekes1 thirdly1 in both their eye-browes1 and lastly in their eares4#bcg ,cabeza de ,vaca speaks of the ,indians near ,malhado ,island1 ,they likewise have the nether lippe bored1 and within the same they carrie a piece of thin ,cane about halfe a finger thicke4#bch ,herrera relates very nearly the same of the men of ,florida3 ,traan una tetilla oradada1 metido por el agujero un pedao de ,caa1 i el labio baxero tambien agujereado1 con otra caa en l4#bci ,but ,herrera probably obtained his data from the narrative of ,vaca4 ,in looking into this matter of labrets as connected or suspected as being in some way connected with the drinking reed1 we should not expect to find the labret adhering very closely to the primitive form1 because the labret1 coming to be regarded more and more as an ornament1 would allow greater and greater play to the fancy of the wearer or manufacturer1 much the same as the crosses now worn by ladies1 purely as matter of decoration1 have become so thoroughly examples of dexterity in filagree work as to have lost the original form and significance as a declaration of faith4 ,but it is a subject of surprise to find that the earlier writers persistently allude to the labrets in the lips of the ,mexican deities1 which probably were most tenacious of primitive forms1 as being shaped like little reeds--cautillos4 ,herrera says of ,tescatlipoca3 ,que era el ,dios de la ,penitencia1 i de los ,jubileos 444 ,tenia arcillo de ,oro1 i ,plata en el labio baxo1 con un cautillo cristalino1 de un geme de largo4#bdj ,the high priest1 he says1 was called topilin1 and in sacrificing human victims he wore debaxo del labio1 junto al medio de la barba1 una piea como cautillo1 de una piedra aul4#bda ,father ,acosta also speaks of the tube 7canon7 of crystal worn by ,tezcatlipoca in the lower lip3 ,en la leure d'embas un petit canon de crystal1 de la longueur d'un xeme ou demy pied4#bdb ,speaking of ,quetzalcoatl ,clavigero says3 ,from the under lip hung a crystal tube4#bdc ,from ,diego ,duran's account of this bezote or labret it must have been hollow1 as he says it contained a feather3 ,en el labio bajo tenia un bezote de un veril cristalino y en el estaba metida una pluma verde y otras veces azul4#bdd ,in the ,popul ,vuh is to be found a myth which gives an account of the origin of labrets4 ,it relates that two night watchers over the flowers in the garden of ,xibalba had in some manner proved derelict in duty1 and had their lips split as a punishment4#bde ,in ,paraguay a tribe called the ,chiriguanes1 se percent la levre infrieure ils y attachent un petit ,cilindre d'tain ou d'argent1 ou de ,resine transparente4 ,ce prtendu ornement s'appelle ,tembeta4#bdf ,,footnotes3 #a ,narrative of ,captivity1 ,cincinnati1 #ahga1 p4 #ada4 #b ,padre ,boscana1 ,chinigchinich1 in ,robinson's ,california1 p4 #bfa4 #c ,origine de tous les ,cultes1 vol4 #b1 pt4 #b1 pp4 #hg1 #hh4 #d ,diego ,duran1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #bcg1 #bch4 #e ,higgins1 ,anacalypsia1 lib4 #b1 p4 #gg4 #f ,balboa1 ,hist4 du ,prou1 in ,ternaux-,compans1 ,voy41 vol4 #ae4 #g ,ross1 ,fur ,hunters1 quoted by ,spencer1 ,desc4 ,soc4 #h ,max ,mller1 ,science of ,religion1 p4 #hh4 #i ,davis1 ,spanish ,conq4 of ,n4 ,m41 p4 #ih4 #aj ,i ,samuel1 ,,xii1 #ag1 #ah4 #aa ,crmonies et ,cotumes1 vol4 #f1 p4 #ge4 #ab ,everard im ,thurn1 ,indians of ,guiana1 ,london1 #ahhc1 p4 #ccd4 #ac ,tanner's ,narrative1 p4 #cij4 #ad ,diego ,duran1 lib4 #c1 cap4 #c1 p4 #bja4 #ae ,dorman1 ,primitive ,superstitions1 p4 #chd4 #af ,spencer1 ,desc4 ,sociology4 #ag ,picart1 ,crmonies et ,cotumes ,religieuses1 ,amsterdam1 #agce1 vol4 #f1 p4 #abb4 #ah ,myths of the ,new ,world1 p4 #bha4 #ai ,domenech1 ,deserts1 vol4 #b1 p4 #cib4 #bj ,bancroft1 ,nat4 ,races1 vol4 #a1 p4 #ggg4 #ba ,hakluyt1 ,voyages1 vol4 #e1 p4 #dfb4 #bb ,brinton1 ,myths of the ,new ,world1 p4 #bha4 #bc ,spencer1 ,ecclesiastical ,institutions1 cap4 ,v4 #bd ,salverte1 ,philosophy of ,magic1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #f-g4 #be ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ,london1 #ahga1 vol4 #b1 p4 #cgg4 #bf ,st4 ,patrick1 we are told1 floated to ,ireland on an altar stone4 ,among other wonderful things1 he converted a marauder into a wolf and lighted a fire with icicles4--,james ,a4 ,froude1 ,reminiscences of the ,high ,church ,revival4 7,letter ,v47 #bg ,demonology and ,witchcraft1 p4 #ahd4 #bh ,jesuits in ,north ,america1 pp4 #cd1 #ce4 #bi ,herrera1 dec4 #d1 lib4 #h1 cap4 #e1 #aei4 #cj ,ibid41 dec4 #c1 lib4 #d1 p4 #aba4 #ca ,hist4 de las ,indias1 p4 #bhc4 #cb ,american ,antiquarian1 ,november1 #ahhf1 p4 #ccd4 #cc ,dorman1 ,primitive ,superstitions1 p4 #chj1 quoting ,herrera1 dec4 #c1 p4 #bfb4 #cd ,descriptive ,sociology4 #ce ,admiral ,smyth's translation in ,hakluyt ,society1 ,london1 #aheg1 vol4 #ba1 p4 #i4 #cf ,american ,indians1 p4 #bf4 #cg ,gomara1 ,hist4 de las ,indias1 p4 #agc4 #ch ,estos mascan cierta yerba1 y con el zumo rocian las soldados estando para dar batalla4 ,gomara1 ibid41 p4 #agi4 #ci ,herrera1 dec4 #b1 lib4 #aj1 p4 #bfj4 #dj ,father ,dobrizhoffer1 quoted by ,spencer1 ,eccles4 ,institutions1 cap4 #aj1 sec4 #fcj4 #da ,catlin1 ,n4 ,a4 ,indians1 ,london1 #ahde1 vol4 #b1 p4 #bcb4 #db ,gomara1 op4 cit41 p4 #agc4 #dc ,spencer1 ,eccles4 ,institutions1 cap4 #aj1 pp4 #ghj1 #gha1 quoting ,stubb's ,constitutional ,history of ,england4 #dd ,ibid41 sec4 #fcj1 p4 #gha1 quoting ,turner 7,geo471 ,nineteen ,years in ,polynesia4 #de ,vol4 #c1 p4 #agf4 ,in every part of the globe fragments of primitive languages are preserved in religious rites4 ,humboldt1 ,researches1 ,london1 #ahad1 vol4 #a1 p4 #ig4 ,et mme ,jean ,p4 ,c41 ,prince de la ,mirande1 escrit que les mots barbares non entendus ont plus de puissance en la ,magie que ceux qui sont entendus4 ,picart1 vol4 #aj1 p4 #de4 ,the medicine-men of ,cumana 7now the ,united ,states of ,colombia1 ,south ,america7 cured their patients con palabras muy revesadas y que aun el mismo mdico no las entiende4 ,gomara1 ,hist4 de las ,indias1 p4 #bjh4 ,the ,tlascaltecs had oradores who employed gibberish--hablaban ,gerigona4 ,herrera1 dec4 #b1 lib4 #f1 p4 #afc4 ,in ,peru1 if the fields were afflicted with drought1 the priests1 among other things1 chantaient un cantique dont le sens tait inconnu du vulgaire4 ,balboa1 ,hist4 du ,prou1 p4 #abh1 in ,ternaux-,compans1 vol4 #ae4 #df ,assiniboine and ,saskatchewan ,exped41 ,london1 #ahfj1 vol4 #b1 p4 #aee4 #dg ,cockayne1 ,leechdoms1 vol4 #a1 p4 xxx4 #dh ,the belief in the magic power of sacred words1 whether religious formulas or the name of gods1 was also acknowledged i4e41 in ,egypt and was the source of a frightful amount of superstition4444 ,the superstitious repetition of names 7many of which perhaps never had any meaning at all7 is particularly conspicuous in numerous documents much more recent than the ,book of the ,dead4--,hibbert1 ,lectures1 #ahgi1 pp4 #aib1 #aic4 #di ,salverte1 ,philosophy of ,magic1 vol4 #a1 p4 #acd4 #ej ,kingsborough1 lib4 #b1 vol4 #g1 p4 #ajb4 #ea ,popular ,antiquities1 vol4 #b1 p4 #gj4 #eb ,ibid41 p4 #afj4 #ec ,ibid41 p4 #bag4 #ed ,ibid41 p4 #bah4 #ee ,ibid41 p4 #bai4 #ef ,ibid41 pp4 #bad1 #bae4 #eg ,ibid41 p4 #baf4 #eh ,when the ,carriers are severely sick1 they often think that they shall not recover1 unless they divulge to a priest or magician1 every crime which they may have committed1 which has hitherto been kept secret4--,harmon's ,journal1 p4 #cjj4 ,the ,carriers or ,ta-kully are ,tinneh4 #ei ,for identical notions among the ,arawaks of ,guiana1 ,tupis of ,brazil1 ,creeks1 ,patagonians1 ,kaffirs1 ,chiqnitos1 and others1 see the works of ,schoolcraft1 ,herbert ,spencer1 ,schultze1 and others4 #fj ,extract from the ,jesuit ,falkner's account of ,patagonia1 in ,voyages of the ,adventure and ,beagle1 ,london1 #ahci1 vol4 #b1 p4 #afc4 #fa ,nul de ces mdecins ne peut mourir si'ls ne lui enlevent les testicules4 ,brasseur de ,bourbourg1 ,trans4 of ,fra ,roman ,pane1 ,des ,antiquits des ,indiens1 ,paris1 #ahfd1 p4 #dea4 #fb ,hist4 ,gen41 dec4 #a1 lib4 #c1 p4 #fi4 #fc ,madden1 ,shrines and ,sepulchres1 vol4 #a1 p4 #ad4 #fd ,gayarre1 ,louisiana2 its ,colonial ,history1 p4 #cee4 #fe ,spencer1 ,desc4 ,sociology4 #ff ,balboa1 ,hist4 du ,prou1 ,ternaux-,compans1 vol4 #ae4 #fg ,davis1 ,conq4 of ,new ,mexico1 p4 #hf4 #fh ,crnica ,serfica y ,apostolica1 ,espinosa1 ,mexico1 #agdf1 p4 #dba4 #fi ,desc4 ,sociology4 #gj ,mendieta1 ,hist4 ,eclesistica ,indiana1 p4 #acf4 #ga ,ibid41 p4 #acf4 #gb ,hist4 de las ,indias1 p4 #agi4 #gc ,herrera1 dec4 #b1 lib4 #aj1 p4 #bfj4 #gd ,ibid41 dec4 #c1 lib4 #d1 p4 #aba4 #ge ,ibid41 dec4 #d1 lib4 #i1 cap4 #g1 p4 #ahh4 #gf ,keating's translation1 p4 #ceb1 quoted by ,samuel ,farmar ,jarvis1 ,religion of the ,indian ,tribes1 in ,coll4 ,new ,york ,historical ,soc41 vol4 #c1 #ahai1 p4 #bfb4 #gg ,smith1 ,araucanians1 pp4 #bch1 #bci4 #gh ,richardson1 ,arctic ,searching ,expedition1 vol4 #a1 p4 #cff4 #gi ,schultze1 ,fetichism1 ,new ,york1 #ahhe1 p4 #di4 #hj ,spencer1 ,desc4 ,sociology4 #ha ,ternaux-,compans1 vol4 #g1 p4 #aaj4 #hb ,schultze1 ,fetichism1 ,new ,york1 #ahhe1 p4 #di4 #hc ,smithsonian ,report for #ahfg4 #hd ,long's ,expedition1 ,philadelphia1 #ahbc1 p4 #bch4 #he ,hist4 of the ,american ,indians1 p4 #bch4 #hf ,schultze1 ,fetichism1 ,new ,york1 #ahhe1 p4 #eb4 #hg ,hist4 de las ,indias1 p4 #bcb4 #hh ,ternaux-,compans1 vol4 #g1 pp4 #aad1 #aae4 #hi ,notes from ,gomara1 ,hist4 de las ,indias1 pp4 #agb-agc4 #ij ,history of ,california1 vol4 #a1 p4 #ig4 #ia ,ternaux-,compans1 vol4 #aj1 p4 #he4 #ib ,herrera1 dec4 #d1 lib4 #i1 cap4 #h1 p4 #ahh4 #ic ,smith1 ,araucanians1 p4 #bcd4 #id ,bancroft1 ,native ,races1 vol4 #a1 p4 #ggi4 #ie ,alegre1 ,historia de la ,compaa de ,jesus en ,nueva-,espaa1 vol4 #a1 p4 #dja4 #if ,desc4 ,sociology4 #ig ,kraskenninikoff1 ,history of ,kamtchatka and the ,kurilski ,islands1 ,grieve's translation1 p4 #bai4 #ih ,ibid41 p4 #bbj4 #ii ,contributions to ,north ,american ,ethnology1 vol4 #e4 #ajj ,smith1 ,araucanians1 p4 #bcc4 #aja ,dr4 ,edwin ,g4 ,meek1 ,toner ,collection1 ,library of ,congress4 #ajb ,lieut4 ,pettit in ,jour4 ,u4 ,s4 ,mil4 ,serv4 ,instit41 #ahhf1 pp4 #ccf-ccg4 #ajc ,smyth1 ,aborigines of ,victoria1 vol4 #a1 p4 #aee4 #ajd ,dennys1 ,folk ,lore of ,china1 p4 #eg4 #aje ,chinigchinich in ,robinson's ,california1 pp4 #bga1 #bgb4 #ajf ,the reader interested in this matter may find something bearing upon it in ,diego ,duran1 lib4 #a1 cap4 #cf1 p4 #chg2 ,torquemada1 ,mon4 ,indiana1 lib4 #i1 cap4 #c2 ,venegas1 ,history of ,california1 vol4 #a1 p4 #aje2 ,gomara1 ,conq4 de ,mexico1 p4 #ddc2 ,herrera1 dec4 #d1 lib4 #h1 p4 #aeh2 ,maximilian of ,wied1 p4 #dca1 and others2 ,the pelucas mentioned of the ,orinoco tribes by ,padre ,gumilla would seem to be nothing more than feather head-dresses2 p4 #ff4 #ajg ,tribes and ,languages of ,costa ,rica1 ,proc4 ,am4 ,philos4 ,soc41 ,philadelphia1 #ahge1 p4 #ejc4 #ajh ,corbusier1 in ,american ,antiquarian1 ,sept41 #ahhf1 p4 #bgi4 #aji ,source of the ,nile1 p4 #efg4 #aaj ,vol4 #b1 p4 #aic4 #aaa ,ensayo ,cronologico1 p4 #aci4 #aab ,for the ,shamans of ,kodiak1 see ,lisiansky1 ,voyage1 ,london1 #ahad1 p4 #bjh2 for the ,mexicans1 ,padre ,jos ,acosta1 ,paris1 #afjj1 cap4 #bf1 p4 #bef2 ,society ,islands1 ,malte-,brun1 ,univ4 ,geography1 vol4 #c1 lib4 #eh1 p4 #fcd1 ,boston1 #ahbe4 ,sir ,samuel ,baker1 ,the ,albert ,n'yanza1 vol4 #a1 p4 #baa4 #aac ,ternaux-,compans1 vol4 #i1 p4 #bid4 #aad ,catlin1 ,north ,american ,indians1 ,london4 #ahde1 vol4 #a1 p4 #ee4 #aae ,ibid41 p4 #ie4 #aaf ,parkman1 ,jesuits in ,north ,america1 p4 lxxxiv4 #aag ,wanderings of an ,artist in ,north ,america1 p4 #dj4 #aah ,dec4 #b1 lib4 #f1 p4 #afa4 #aai ,smithsonian ,report for #ahga4 #abj ,purchas1 lib4 #i1 cap4 #ab1 sec4 #d1 p4 #aeee1 edition of #afbb4 #aba ,chinigchinich1 p4 #bec4 #abb ,theal1 ,kaffir ,folk-lore1 pp4 #bji-baj4 #abc ,clements ,r4 ,markham1 ,note on ,garcilasso de la ,vega1 in ,hakluyt ,soc41 vol4 #da1 p4 #ahc1 quoting ,acosta1 lib4 #e1 cap4 #d4 #abd ,andrew ,lang1 ,custom and ,myth1 ,new ,york1 #ahhe1 chapter entitled ,the bull roarer1 pp4 #bi-dd4 #abe ,john ,fraser1 ,the ,aborigines of ,australia2 their ,ethnic ,position and ,relations1 pp4 #afa-afb4 #abf ,when the rain-maker of the ,lenni ,lennape would exert his power1 he retired to some secluded spot and drew upon the earth the figure of a cross 7its arms toward the cardinal points871 placed upon it a piece of tobacco1 a gourd1 a bit of some red stuff1 and commenced to cry aloud to the spirits of the rains4--,brinton1 ,myths of the ,new ,world1 ,new ,york1 #ahfh1 p4 #if 7after ,loskiel74 #abg ,pre ,chrestien ,le ,clercq1 ,gaspesie1 ,paris1 #afia1 p4 #agj4 #abh ,ibid41 cap4 x1 pp4 #agb-aii4 #abi ,dec4 #b1 lib4 #b1 p4 #dh4 #acj ,ibid41 p4 #ei4 #aca ,assinniboine and ,saskatchewan ,expedition1 vol4 #b1 p4 #abc4 #acb ,new ,york1 #ahai1 pp4 x1 xxix1 #dg4 #acc ,forster1 ,voyage ,round the ,world1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #bai1 #eai4 #acd ,hawkesworth1 op4 cit41 vol4 #b1 p4 #afa4 #ace ,ibid41 p4 #beg4 #acf ,ibid41 vol4 #a1 p4 #aac4 #acg ,forlong1 ,rivers of ,life1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #eda1 #edb4 #ach ,nat4 ,races1 vol4 #a1 p4 #chj4 #aci ,kohl1 ,kitchi-gami1 pp4 #cde1 #cdf4 #adj ,tanner's ,narrative1 p4 #cgb4 #ada ,john de ,laet1 lib4 #c1 cap4 #ah1 p4 #ij1 quoting ,capt4 ,john ,smith4 #adb ,le ,jeune in ,jesuit ,relations1 #afcc1 vol4 #a1 ,quebec1 #aheh4 #adc ,third ,voyage of ,david ,peter ,de ,vries to ,new ,amsterdam1 in ,trans4 ,n4 ,y4 ,hist4 ,soc41 vol4 #c1 p4 #ia4 #add ,charlevoix1 ,new ,france1 ,new ,york1 #ahff1 vol4 #d1 p4 #aje4 #ade ,squier1 ,serpent ,symbol1 p4 #aig4 #adf ,coleman1 ,mythology of the ,hindus1 ,london1 #ahcb1 p4 #fc4 #adg ,vol4 #c4 #adh ,speke1 ,source of the ,nile1 ,london1 #ahfc1 p4 #ejj4 #adi ,ibid4 #aej ,stanley1 ,through the ,dark ,continent1 vol4 #a1 p4 #cbg4 #aea ,miles1 ,demigods and ,dmonia1 in ,jour4 ,ethnol4 ,soc41 ,london1 vol4 #c1 p4 #bh1 #ahed4 #aeb ,smyth1 ,aborigines of ,victoria1 vol4 #a1 p4 #cj4 #aec ,ibid41 p4 #aca4 #aed ,ibid41 p4 #cdh4 #aee ,peter ,kolben1 speaking of the ,hottentots1 in ,knox1 vol4 #b1 p4 #cid4 #aef ,o-kee-pa1 pp4 #bh-bi4 #aeg ,frazer1 ,totemism1 ,edinburgh1 #ahhg1 pp4 #ed1 #ee2 after ,maximilian4 #aeh ,kelly1 ,narrative of ,captivity1 ,cincinnati1 #ahga1 p4 #adc4 #aei ,diffrens ,cultes1 vol4 #a1 p4 #eg4 #afj ,judges1 ,i1 #g4 #afa ,brand1 ,pop4 ,ant41 ,london1 #ahhb1 vol4 #c1 p4 #bgh4 #afb ,american ,anthropologist1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,january1 #ahhh4 #afc ,kingsborough1 vol4 #h1 p4 #gj4 ,the ,aztec believed that the woman who died in childbirth was equal to the warrior who died in battle and she went to the same heaven4 ,the middle finger of the left hand is the finger used in the necklace of human fingers4 #afd ,sahagun1 in ,kingsborough1 vol4 #g1 p4 #adg4 #afe ,pliny1 ,nat4 ,hist41 lib4 #bh1 cap4 #bj4 ,holland's translation4 #aff ,shakespeare1 ,macbeth1 act #d1 scene #a4 #afg ,pliny1 ,nat4 ,hist41 lib4 #bh1 cap4 #aa4 #afh ,tractatus de ,fascinatione1 ,nuremberg1 #afge1 p4 #fha4 #afi ,teutonic ,mythology1 vol4 #c1 p4 #ajgc4 #agj ,brand1 ,pop4 ,ant41 vol4 #c1 p4 #aj4 #aga ,montfaucon1 l',antiquit explique1 vol4 #b1 liv4 #d1 cap4 #f1 p4 #bdi4 #agb ,vsishtha1 cap4 #c1 pars4 #fd-fh1 p4 #be 7,sacred ,books of the ,east1 ,oxford1 #ahhb1 ,max ,mller's edition74 #agc ,travels of ,two ,mohammedans through ,india and ,china1 in ,pinkerton's ,voyages1 vol4 #g1 p4 #bah4 #agd ,every-,day ,book1 vol4 #b1 col4 #ie4 #age ,traen los dientes al cuello 7como sacamuelas7 por bravosidad4--,gomara1 ,historia de las ,indias1 p4 #bja4 #agf ,los ,caberres y muchos ,caribes1 usan por gala muchas sartas de dientes y muelas de gente para dar entender que son muy valientes por los despojos que alli ostentan ser de sus enemigos que mataron4--,gumilla1 ,orinoco1 ,madrid1 #agda1 p4 #fe4 #agg ,padre ,fray ,alonzo ,fernandez1 ,historia ,eclesiastica1 ,toledo1 #afaa1 p4 #ag4 #agh ,ibid41 p4 #afa4 #agi ,crmonies et ,cotumes1 ,amsterdam1 #agce1 vol4 #f1 p4 #aad4 #ahj ,formada la cara como de ,sol1 con rayos de ,nacar al rededor1 y perfilada de lo mismo2 y en la boca embutidos los dientes1 que quitaron los ,espaoles1 que avian muerto4--,villaguitierre1 ,hist4 de la ,conquista de la ,provincia de el ,itza1 ,madrid1 #agja1 p4 #ejj4 7,itza seems to have been the country of the ,lacandones47 #aha ,edwards1 speaking of the ,carib1 quoted by ,spencer1 ,desc4 ,sociology4 ,the same custom is ascribed to the ,tupinambi of ,brazil4 ,ibid1 quoting from ,southey4 #ahb ,through the ,dark ,continent1 vol4 #b1 p4 #bhf4 #ahc ,ibid41 p4 #bhh4 #ahd ,ibid41 p4 #bij4 #ahe ,speke1 ,source of the ,nile1 ,london1 #ahfc1 p4 #ejj4 #ahf ,heart of ,africa1 vol4 #b1 p4 #ed4 #ahg ,ibid41 vol4 #a1 p4 #bhe4 #ahh ,sir ,samuel ,baker1 ,the ,albert ,n'yanza1 ,philadelphia1 #ahfi1 p4 #aed et seq4 #ahi ,burton1 ,mission to ,gelele1 vol4 #a1 p4 #ace et seq4 #aij ,voyage ,round the ,world1 ,london1 #ahbc1 pp4 #bji1 #baj4 #aia ,kotzebue1 ,voyage1 ,london1 #ahba1 vol4 #b1 p4 #bjb4 ,see also ,villaguitierre1 cited above4 #aib ,capt4 ,cook's ,first ,voyage1 in ,pinkerton's ,voyages1 ,london1 #ahab1 vol4 #aa1 pp4 #eac1 #eae4 #aic ,campbell1 ,voyage ,round the ,world1 ,n4 ,y41 #ahai1 p4 #aec4 #aid ,frazer1 ,totemism1 ,edinburgh1 #ahhg1 p4 #bh4 #aie ,historia de ,chile1 ,madrid1 #agie1 vol4 #b1 p4 #hj4 #aif ,spencer1 ,desc4 ,sociology4 #aig ,indian ,myths1 ,boston1 #ahhd1 p4 #bef4 #aih ,tanner's ,narrative1 p4 #abb4 #aii ,kitchi-gami1 p4 #cdd4 #bjj ,voyages1 p4 #cbc4 #bja ,kane1 ,wanderings of an ,artist in ,north ,america1 p4 #cii4 #bjb ,native ,races1 vol4 #a1 p4 #eec4 #bjc ,hawkins1 quoted by ,gatschet1 ,migration ,legend of the ,creeks1 ,philadelphia1 #ahhd1 vol4 #a1 p4 #ahe4 #bjd ,corbusier1 in ,american ,antiquarian1 ,september1 #ahhf1 p4 #bgi4 #bje ,everard ,f4 im ,thurn1 ,indians of ,guiana1 p4 #bah4 #bjf ,crantz1 ,history of ,greenland1 ,london1 #agfg1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #baj-baa4 #bjg ,forster1 ,voyage ,round the ,world1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #bge1 #bhh4 #bjh ,hakluyt1 ,voyages1 vol4 #c1 p4 #ejh4 #bji ,grimm1 ,teutonic ,mythology1 vol4 #b1 p4 #edd4 #baj ,travels to discover the source of the ,nile in the years #agfh1 etc41 ,dublin1 #agia1 vol4 #c1 p4 #daj4 #baa ,desc4 ,sociology4 #bab ,ibid41 quoting ,schoolcraft4 #bac ,saca de su carcax algunos pies y unas de guila secos y endurecidos1 con los cuales1 comienza sajarle desde los hombros hasta las muecas4--,historia de la ,compaa de ,jesus en ,nueva ,espaa1 ,mexico1 #ahdb1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #bah1 #bai4 #bad ,shyast l-shyast1 cap4 #c1 par4 #cb1 p4 #bhd 7,max ,mller edition1 ,oxford1 #ahhj74 ,when the drn has been marked with three rows of finger-nail scratches it is called a frasast4 #bae ,head-,hunters of ,borneo1 ,london1 #ahha1 p4 #aci4 #baf ,see1 for the ,new ,hebrides1 ,forster1 ,voyage ,round the ,world1 vol4 #b1 p4 #bee4 #bag ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 #ahhb-'hc1 p4 #dhb4 #bah ,speke1 ,source of the ,nile1 ,london1 #ahfc1 pp4 #cjf1 #caj4 #bai ,cameron1 ,across ,africa1 ,london1 #ahgg1 vol4 #a1 p4 #bgf4 #bbj ,de ,gama's ,discovery of the ,east ,indies1 in ,knox1 ,voyages1 ,london1 #agfg1 vol4 #b1 p4 #cbd4 #bba ,andrew ,k4 ,ober1 in the ,salem ,gazette1 ,salem1 ,mass4 #bbb ,hakluyt1 ,voyages1 vol4 #c1 p4 #ejh2 also1 ,ternaux-,compans1 ,voy41 vol4 #i1 pp4 #cjg1 #cjh4 #bbc ,forster1 ,voyage ,round the ,world1 vol4 #a1 p4 #dce #bbd ,smyth1 ,aborigines of ,victoria1 vol4 #a1 p4 #ff4 #bbe ,english edition1 ,new ,york1 #ahdb1 p4 #bga4 #bbf ,kingsborough1 vol4 #f1 p4 #ajj4 #bbg ,godfrey ,higgins1 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 #b1 book #a1 cap4 #d1 sec4 #i1 p4 #ha4 #bbh ,y pona delante un canuto grande y queso grueso8 para con que bebiese3 este canuto llamaban bebedero del ,sol4--,diego ,duran1 vol4 #a1 cap4 #ch1 p4 #chf4 #bbi ,smithsonian ,contributions1 vol4 #a1 p4 #aea4 #bcj ,the reed1 which is the proper meaning of the word acatl1 is the hieroglyphic of the element water4 ,veytia1 quoted by ,thomas1 in #crd ,ann4 ,rep41 ,bu4 ,eth41 #ahha-ahhb1 p4 #db et seq4 #bca ,indian ,myths1 ,boston1 #ahhd1 p4 #bfj4 #bcb ,picart1 ,crmonies et ,cotumes ,religieuses de tous les ,peuples du ,monde1 ,amsterdam1 #agce1 vol4 #f1 part #b1 p4 #ajc4 #bcc ,vsishtha1 cap4 #c1 pars4 #bf-cj1 pp4 #bj-ba4 ,sacred ,books of the ,east1 ,oxford1 #ahhb1 vol4 #ad1 edition of ,max ,mller4 #bcd ,ibid4 #bce ,diego ,duran1 loc4 cit4 #bcf ,see ,dall1 ,masks and ,labrets1 p4 #aea4 #bcg ,peter ,carder1 an ,englishman captive among the ,brazilians1 #aegh-aehf1 in ,purchas1 vol4 #d1 lib4 #f1 cap4 #e1 p4 #aahi4 #bch ,purchas1 vol4 #d1 lib4 #h1 cap4 #a1 sec4 #b1 p4 #aejh4 #bci ,dec4 #d1 lib4 #d1 p4 #fi4 #bdj ,dec4 #c1 lib4 #b1 p4 #fg4 #bda ,ibid41 p4 #gj4 #bdb ,histoire ,naturelle des ,indes1 ,paris1 #afjj1 lib4 #e1 cap4 #i1 p4 #bbd4 #bdc ,history of ,mexico1 ,philadelphia1 #ahag1 vol4 #b1 p4 #f4 #bdd ,duran1 op4 cit41 vol4 #c1 cap4 #d1 p4 #baa4 #bde ,brasseur de ,bourbourg's translation1 cap4 #ab1 p4 #age4 #bdf ,picart1 ,crmonies et ,cotumes ,religieuses de tous les ,peuples du ,monde1 ,amsterdam1 #agdc1 vol4 #h1 p4 #bhg4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,hoddentin1 ,,the ,,pollen ,,of ,,the ,,tule1 ,,the ,,sacrificial ,,powder ,,of ,,the ,,apache2 ,,with ,,remarks ,,upon ,,sacred ,,powders ,,and ,,bread ,,offerings ,,in ,,general4 ,trifles not infrequently lead to important results4 ,in every walk of science a trifle disregarded by incurious thousands has repaid the inquisitiveness of a single observer with unhoped-for knowledge4#bdg ,the taciturnity of the ,apache in regard to all that concerns their religious ideas is a very marked feature of their character2 probably no tribe with which our people have come in contact has succeeded more thoroughly in preserving from profane inquiry a complete knowledge of matters relating to their beliefs and ceremonials4 ,how much of this ignorance is to be attributed to interpreters upon whom reliance has necessarily been placed1 and how much to the indisposition of the ,apache to reveal anything concerning himself1 it would be fruitless to inquire1 but1 in my own experience1 when ,i first went among them in ,new ,mexico and ,arizona twenty-three years ago1 ,i was foolish enough to depend greatly upon the ,mexican captives who had lived among the ,apache since boyhood1 and who might be supposed to know exactly what explanation to give of every ceremony in which the ,apache might engage4 ,nearly every one of these captives1 or escaped captives1 had married among the ,apache1 and had raised families of half-breed children1 and several of them had become more ,apache than the ,apache themselves4 ,yet ,i was time and again assured by several of these interpreters that the ,apache had no religion1 and even after ,i had made some progress in my investigations1 at every turn ,i was met by the most contradictory statements1 due to the interpreter's desire to inject his own views and not to give a frank exposition of those submitted by the ,apache4 ,thus1 an ,apache god would be transmuted into either a santo or a diablo1 according to the personal bias of the ,mexican who happened to be assisting me4 ,assanutlije assumed the disguise of ,maria ,santissima1 while ceremonies especially sacred and beneficent in the eyes of the savages were stigmatized as brujeria and hechiceria 7witchcraft7 in open defiance of the fact that the ,apache have as much horror and dread of witches as the more enlightened of their brethren who in past ages suffered from their machinations in ,europe and ,america4 ,the interpreters had no intention to deceive2 they were simply unable to disengage themselves from their own prejudices and their own ignorance2 they could not1 and they would not1 credit the existence of any such thing as religion1 save and excepting that taught them at their mothers' knees in the petty hamlets of ,sonora and of which they still preserved hazy and distorted recollections4 ,one of the first things to be noticed among the ,apache1 in this connection1 was the very general appearance of little bags of buckskin1 sometimes ornamented1 sometimes plain1 which were ordinarily attached to the belts of the warriors1 and of which they seemed to be especially careful4#bdh ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dcc4--;,bag containing hoddentin4 ,what follows in this chapter was not learned in an hour or a day1 but after a long course of examination and a comparison of statements extracted from different authorities4 ,the bags spoken of revealed when opened a quantity of yellow colored flour or powder1 resembling cornmeal1 to which the ,apache gave the name of hoddentin1 or hadntin1 the meaning of which word is the powder or pollen of the tule1 a variety of the cat-tail rush1 growing in all the little ponds and cienegas of the ,southwest4 ,i made it the touchstone of friendship that every scout or other ,apache who wished for a favor at my hands should relate something concerning his religious belief4 ,i did not care much what topic he selected2 it might be myths1 clan laws1 war customs1 medicine--anything he pleased1 but it had to be something and it had to be accurate4 ,hoddentin having first attracted my attention1 ,i very naturally made many of my first inquiries about it1 and1 while neglecting no opportunity for independent observation1 drew about me the most responsible men and women1 heard what each had to say1 carefully compared and contrasted it with the statements of the others1 and now give the result4 ,i noticed that in the dances for the benefit of the sick the medicine-men in the intervals between chants applied this yellow powder to the forehead of the patient1 then in form of a cross upon his breast1 then in a circle around his couch1 then upon the heads of the chanters and of sympathizing friends1 and lastly upon their own heads and into their own mouths4 ,there is a considerable difference in method1 as medicine-men allow themselves great latitude1 or a large personal equation1 in all their dealings with the supernatural4 ,no ,apache would1 if it could be avoided1 go on the warpath without a bag of this precious powder somewhere upon his person1 generally1 as ,i have said1 attached to his ammunition belt4 ,whenever one was wounded1 hurt1 or taken sick while on a scout1 the medicine-man of the party would walk in front of the horse or mule ridden by the patient and scatter at intervals little pinches of hoddentin1 that his path might be made easier4 ,as was said to me3 ,when we ,apache go on the warpath1 hunt1 or plant1 we always throw a pinch of hoddentin to the sun1 saying 'with the favor of the sun1 or permission of the sun1 ,i am going out to fight1 hunt1 or plant1' as the case may be1 'and ,i want the sun to help me4' ,i have noticed that the ,apache1 when worn out with marching1 put a pinch of hoddentin on their tongues as a restorative4 ,hoddentin is eaten by sick people as a remedy4#bdi ,before starting out on the warpath1 they take a pinch of hoddentin1 throw it to the sun1 and also put a pinch on their tongues and one on the crown of the head4444 ,when they return1 they hold a dance1 and on the morning of that day throw pinches of hoddentin to the rising sun1 and then to the east1 south1 west1 and north1 to the four winds4#bej ,i am unable to assert that hoddentin is used in any way at the birth of a child2 but ,i know that as late as #ahhf there was not a babe upon the ,san ,carlos reservation1 no matter how tender its age1 that did not have a small bag of hoddentin attached to its neck or dangling from its cradle4 ,neither can ,i assert anything about its use at time of marriage1 because1 among the ,apache1 marriage is by purchase1 and attended with little1 if any1 ceremony4 ,but when an ,apache girl attains the age of puberty1 among other ceremonies performed upon her1 they throw hoddentin to the sun and strew it about her and drop on her head flour of the pion1 which flour is called by the ,chiricahua ,apache nostchi1 and by the ,sierra ,blanca ,apache op4#bea ,upon attaining the age of puberty1 girls fast one whole day1 pray1 and throw hoddentin to the sun4#beb ,when an ,apache dies1 if a medicine-man be near1 hoddentin is sprinkled upon the corpse4 ,the ,apache buried in the clefts of rocks1 but the ,apache-,mohave cremated4 ,before lighting the fire the medicine-men of the ,apache-,mohave put hoddentin on the dead person's breast in the form of a cross1 on the forehead1 shoulders1 and scattered a little about4#bec ,the very first thing an ,apache does in the morning is to blow a little pinch of hoddentin to the dawn4 ,the ,apache worship both dawn and darkness1 as well as the sun1 moon1 and several of the planets4 ,when the sun rises we cast a pinch of hoddentin toward him1 and we do the same thing to the moon1 but not to the stars1 saying ',gun-ju-le1 chigo-na-ay1 si-chi-zi1 gun-ju-le1 inzayu1 ijanale1' meaning ',be good1 ,o ,sun1 be good4' ',dawn1 long time let me live'2 or1 ',don't let me die for a long time1' and at night1 ',gun-ju-le1 chil-jilt1 si-chi-zi1 gun-ju-le1 inzayu1 ijanale1' meaning ',be good1 ,o ,night2 ,twilight1 be good2 do not let me die4' ,in going on a hunt an ,apache throws hoddentin and says ',gun-ju-le1 chigo-na-ay1 cha-ut-si1 ping1 kladitza1' meaning ',be good1 ,o ,sun1 make me succeed deer to kill4'#bed ,the name of the full moon in the ,apache language is klego-na-ay1 but the crescent moon is called tzontzose and hoddentin is always offered to it4#bee ,hoddentin is thrown to the sun1 moon 7at times71 the morning star1 and occasionally to the wagon4#bef ,the ,apache offer much hoddentin to ',na-u-kuzze1' the ,great ,bear4#beg ,our custom is to throw a very small pinch of hoddentin at dawn to the rising sun4#beh ,the women of the ,chiricahua throw no hoddentin to the moon1 but pray to it1 saying3 ',gun-ju-le1 klego-na-ay1' 7be good1 ,o ,moon74#bei ,when the ,apache plant corn the medicine-men bury eagle-plume sticks in the fields1 scatter hoddentin1 and sing4 ,when the corn is partially grown they scatter pinches of hoddentin over it4#bfj ,the eagle-plume sticks mentioned in the preceding paragraph suggests the ke-thawn mentioned by ,matthews in ,the ,mountain ,chant4#bfa ,when a person is very sick the ,apache make a great fire1 place the patient near it1 and dance in a circle around him and the fire1 at the same time singing and sprinkling him with hoddentin in the form of a cross on head1 breast1 arms1 and legs4#bfb ,in ,november1 #ahhe1 while at the ,san ,carlos agency1 ,i had an interview with ,nantadotash1 an old blind medicine-man of the ,akae or ,willow gens1 who had with him a very valuable medicine-hat which he refused to sell1 and only with great reluctance permitted me to touch4 ,taking advantage of his infirmity1 ,i soon had a picture drawn in my notebook1 and the text added giving the symbolism of all the ornamentation attached4 ,upon discovering this1 the old man became much excited1 and insisted upon putting a pinch of hoddentin upon the drawing1 and then recited a prayer1 which ,i afterwards succeeded in getting verbatim4 ,after the prayer was finished1 the old man arose and marked with hoddentin the breast of his wife1 of ,moses1 of ,antonio1 of other ,apache present1 and then of myself1 putting a large pinch over my heart and upon each shoulder1 and then placed the rest upon his own tongue4 ,he explained that ,i had taken the life out of his medicine hat1 and1 notwithstanding the powers of his medicine1 returned in less than a month with a demand for #cj as damages4 ,his hat never was the same after ,i drew it4 ,my suggestion that the application of a little soap might wash away the clots of grease1 soot1 and earth adhering to the hat1 and restore its pristine efficacy were received with the scorn due to the sneers of the scoffer4 ,in time of much lightning1 the ,apache throw hoddentin and say3 ',gun-ju-le1 ittindi1' be good1 ,lightning4#bfc ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dcd4--,nan-ta-do-tash's medicine hat4 ,tzit-jizinde1 the ,man who likes ,everybody1 who said he belonged to the ,inoschujochin--,manzanita or ,bearberry clan--showed me how to pray with hoddentin in time of lightning or storm or danger of any kind4 ,taking a small pinch in his fingers1 he held it out at arm's length1 standing up1 and repeated his prayer1 and then blew his breath hard4 ,i was once with a party of ,apache while a comet was visible4 ,i called their attention to it1 but they did not seem to care4 ,on the other hand1 ,antonio told me that the biggest dance the ,apache ever had was during the time that the stars all fell out of the sky 7#ahcc74 ,the only act of a religious character which ,i observed 444 was shortly after crossing the river they i4e41 the ,american officers were met by a small party of the ,indians1 one of whom chalked a cross on the breast of each1 with a yellow earth1 which he carried in a satchel at his belt4 ,previous to doing so he muttered some words very solemnly with his hands uplifted and eyes thrown upwards4 ,again1 on arriving at the camp of the people1 the chief and others in greeting them took a similar vow1 touching thereafter the yellow chalked cross4 ,sonora may have furnished them with some of their notions of a ,deity4#bfd ,the yellow earth1 seen by ,dr4 ,smart was1 undoubtedly1 hoddentin1 carried in a medicine bag at the belt of a medicine-man4 ,some years ago ,i went out with ,al4 ,seiber and a small party of ,apache to examine three of their sacred caves in the ,sierra ,pinal and ,sierra ,ancha4 ,no better opportunity could have been presented for noting what they did4 ,the very last thing at night they intoned a medicine song1 and at early dawn they were up to throw a pinch of hoddentin to the east4 ,moses and ,john1 two of the ,apache mentioned above1 requested permission to go off in the mountains after deer and bear1 supposed to be plentiful in the higher altitudes4 ,before leaving camp1 ,moses blew a pinch of hoddentin toward the sun1 repeating his prayer for success1 and ending it with a sharp1 snappy ek1 as if to call attention4 ,in one of the sacred caves visited on this trip1 the ,apache medicine-men assembled for the purpose of holding their snake dance4 ,this ,i have never seen among the ,apache1 but that they celebrate it and that it is fully the equal of the repulsive rite which ,i have witnessed and noted among the ,tusayan#bfe ,i am fully assured4 ,i may make reference to some of its features in the chapter upon animal worship and ophic rites4 ,from a multiplicity of statements1 the following are taken3 ,concepcion had seen the snake dance over on the ,carrizo1 near ,camp ,apache2 the medicine-men threw hoddentin upon the snakes4 ,he said3 ,after getting through with the snake1 the medicine-man suffered it to glide off1 covered with the hoddentin1 thrown by admiring devotees4 ,mike ,burns had no remembrance of seeing hoddentin thrown to the sun4 ,he had seen it thrown to the snake1 in a kind of worship4 ,nott and ,antonio stated that when they find that a snake has wriggled across the trail1 especially the trail to be followed by a war party1 they throw hoddentin upon the trail4 ,nott took a pinch of hoddentin1 showed how to throw it upon the snake1 and repeated the prayer1 which ,i recorded4 ,corbusier instances a remedy in use among the ,tonto ,apache4 ,this consisted in applying a rattlesnake to the head or other part suffering from pain4 ,he continues3 ,after a time the medicine-man rested the snake on the ground again1 and1 still retaining his hold of it with his right hand1 put a pinch of yellow pollen into its mouth with his left1 and rubbed some along its belly4#bff ,he then held his hand out to a man1 who took a pinch of the powder and rubbed it on the crown of a boy's head4 ,yellow pollen treated in this manner is a common remedy for headache1 and may frequently be seen on the crowns of the heads of men and boys4#bfg ,hoddentin is used in the same manner as a remedy for headache among the ,san ,carlos ,apache1 but the medicine-men apply a snake to the person of a patient only when their diagnosis has satisfied them that he has been guilty of some unkindness to a snake1 such as stepping upon it1 in which case they pretend that they can cure the man by applying to the part affected the portion of the reptile's body upon which he trampled4 ,the ,apache state that when their medicine-men go out to catch snakes for their snake dance1 they recite a prayer and lay their left hand1 in which is some hoddentin1 at the opening of the snake's den1 through which the reptile must crawl1 and1 after a short time the snake will come out and allow himself to be handled4 ,hoddentin is also offered to other animals1 especially the bear1 of which the ,apache1 like their congeners the ,navajo1 stand in great awe and reverence4 ,when a bear is killed1 the dance which is held becomes frenzied2 the skin is donned by all the men1 and much hoddentin is thrown1 if it can be obtained4 ,one of these dances which ,i saw in the ,sierra ,madre1 ,mexico1 in #ahhc1 lasted all night1 without a moment's cessation in the singing and prancing of the participants4 ,a great deal of hoddentin is offered to the ka-chu 7great or jack rabbit74#bfh ,the ,apache medicine-man1 ,nakay-do-klunni1 called by the whites ,bobbydoklinny1 exercised great influence over his people at ,camp ,apache1 in #ahha4 ,he boasted of his power to raise the dead1 and predicted that the whites should soon be driven from the land4 ,he also drilled the savages in a peculiar dance1 the like of which had never been seen among them4 ,the participants1 men and women1 arranged themselves in files1 facing a common center1 like the spokes of a wheel1 and while thus dancing hoddentin was thrown upon them in profusion4 ,this prophet or doctor was killed in the engagement in the ,cibicu canyon1 ,august #cj1 #ahha4 ,in a description of the altars made by the medicine-men of the ,apache-,yuma at or near ,camp ,verde1 ,arizona1 it is shown that this sacred powder is freely used4 ,figures were drawn upon the ground to represent the deities of the tribe1 and the medicine-men dropped on all1 except three of them1 a pinch of yellow powder 7hoddentin7 which was taken from a small buckskin bag4 ,this powder was put upon the head1 chest1 or other part of the body of the patient4 ,surgeon ,corbusier1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1#bfi says that the ceremony just described was a most sacred one and entered into for the purpose of averting the diseases with which the ,apache at ,camp ,verde had been afflicted the summer previous4 ,i am not sure that the ,apache-,yuma have not borrowed the use of hoddentin from the ,apache4 ,my reason for expressing this opinion is that ,i have never seen an ,apache without a little bag of hoddentin when it was possible for him to get it1 whereas ,i have never seen an ,apache-,yuma with it except when he was about to start out on the warpath4 ,the altars referred to by ,corbusier are made also by the ,apache1 ,navajo1 ,zui1 and ,tusayan4 ,those of the ,apache1 as might be inferred from their nomadic state1 were the crudest2 those of the ,navajo1 ,zui1 and ,tusayan display a wonderful degree of artistic excellence4 ,the altars of the ,navajo have been described and illustrated by ,dr4 ,washington ,matthews1#bgj and those of the ,tusayan by myself4#bga ,moses ,henderson1 wishing me to have a profitable interview with his father1 who was a great snake doctor among the ,apache1 told me that when he brought him to see me ,i should draw two lines across each other on his right foot1 and at their junction place a bead of the chalchihuitl1 the cross to be drawn with hoddentin4 ,the old man would then tell me all he knew4 ,the ,apache1 ,i learned1 at times offer hoddentin to fire1 an example of pyrodulia for which ,i had been on the lookout1 knowing that the ,navajo have fire dances1 the ,zui the ,feast of the ,little ,god of ,fire1 and the ,apache themselves are not ignorant of the fire dance4 ,hoddentin seems to be used to strengthen all solemn compacts and to bind faith4 ,i had great trouble with a very bright medicine-man named ,na-a-cha1 who obstinately refused to let me look at the contents of a phylactery which he constantly wore until ,i let him know that ,i1 too1 was a medicine-man of eminence4 ,the room in which we had our conversation was the quarters of the post surgeon1 at that time absent on scout4 ,the chimney piece was loaded with bottles containing all kinds of drugs and medicines4 ,i remarked carelessly to ,na-a-cha that if he doubted my powers ,i would gladly burn a hole through his tongue with a drop of fluid from the vial marked ,acid1 nitric1 but he concluded that my word was sufficient1 and after the door was locked to secure us from intrusion he consented to let me open and examine the phylactery and make a sketch of its contents4 ,to guard against all possible trouble1 he put a pinch of hoddentin on each of my shoulders1 on the crown of my head1 and on my chest and back4 ,the same performance was gone through with in his own case4 ,he explained that hoddentin was good for men to eat1 that it was good medicine for the bear1 and that the bear liked to eat it4 ,i thought that herein might be one clew to the reason why the ,apache used it as a medicine4 ,the bear loves the tule swamp1 from which1 in days primeval1 he sallied out to attack the squaws and children gathering the tule powder or tule bulb4 ,poorly armed1 as they then were1 the ,apache must have had great trouble in resisting him2 hence they hope to appease him by offering a sacrifice acceptable to his palate4 ,if acceptable to the chief animal god1 as the bear seems to have been1 as he certainly was the most dangerous1 then it would have been also acceptable to the minor deities like the puma1 snake1 eagle1 etc41 and1 by an easy transition1 to the sun1 moon1 and other celestial powers4 ,this opinion did not last long1 as will be shown4 ,from its constant association with all sacrifices and all acts of worship1 hoddentin would naturally become itself sanctified and an object of worship1 just as rattles1 drums1 standards1 holy grails1 etc41 in different parts of the world have become fetichistic4 ,i was not in the least surprised when ,i heard ,moses ,henderson reciting a prayer1 part of which ran thus3 ,hoddentin eshkin1 bi hoddentin ashi 7,hoddentin child1 you hoddentin ,i offer71 and to learn that it was a personification of hoddentin4 ,the fact that the myths of the ,apache relate that ,assanut-li-je spilled hoddentin over the surface of the sky to make the ,milky ,way may be looked upon as an inchoate form of a calendar1 just as the ,aztecs transferred to their calendar the reed1 rabbit1 etc4 ,so constant is the appearance of hoddentin in ceremonies of a religious nature among the ,apache that the expression hoddentin schlawn 7plenty of hoddentin7 has come to mean that a particular performance or place is sacred4 ,yet1 strange to say1 this sacred pollen of the tule is gathered without any special ceremony2 at least1 ,i noticed none when ,i saw it gathered1 although ,i should not fail to record that at the time of which ,i speak the ,apache and the ,apache-,yuma were returning from an arduous campaign1 in which blood had been shed1 and everything they did--the bathing in the sweat lodges and the singing of the ,apache and the plastering of mud upon their heads by the ,apache-,yuma--had a reference to the lustration or purgation necessary under such circumstances4 ,not only men but women may gather the pollen4 ,when the tule is not within reach our cat-tail rush is used4 ,thus1 the ,chiricahua1 confined at ,fort ,pickens1 ,florida1 gathered the pollen of the cat-tail rush1 some of which was given me by one of the women who gathered it4 ,before making an examination into the meaning to be attached to the use of hoddentin1 it is well to determine whether or not such a powder or anything analogous to it is to be found among the tribes adjacent4 ,,the ,,kunque ,,of ,,the ,,zu,i ,,and ,,others4 ,the term kunque as it appears in this chapter is one of convenience only4 ,each pueblo1 or rather each set of pueblos1 has its own name in its own language1 as1 for example1 the people of ,laguna and ,acoma1 who employ it in all their ceremonies as freely as do the ,zui1 call it in their tongue hinawa4 ,in every pueblo which ,i visited--and ,i visited them all1 from ,oraibi of ,tusayan1 on the extreme west1 to ,picuris1 on the extreme east2 from ,taos1 in the far north1 to ,isleta del ,sur1 in ,texas--,i came upon this kunque1 and generally in such quantities and so openly exposed and so freely used that ,i was both astonished and gratified2 astonished that after centuries of contact with the ,caucasian the natives should still adhere with such tenacity to the ideas of a religion supposed to have been extirpated1 and gratified to discover a lever which ,i could employ in prying into the meaning of other usages and ceremonials4 ,behind the main door in the houses at ,santa ,clara1 ,san ,ildefonso1 ,picuris1 ,laguna1 ,acoma1 ,san ,felipe1 ,jemez1 and other towns1 there is a niche containing a bowl or saucer filled with this sacred meal1 of which the good housewife is careful to throw a pinch to the sun at early dawn and to the twilight at eventide4 ,in every ceremony among the ,pueblos naturally enough1 more particularly among those who have been living farthest from the ,mexicans1 the lavish scattering of sacred meal is the marked feature of the occasion4 ,at the snake dance of the ,tusayan1 in #ahha1 the altars were surrounded with baskets of pottery and with flat plaques of reeds1 which were heaped high with kunque4 ,when the procession moved out from under the arcade and began to make the round of the sacred stone the air was white with meal1 and in my imagination ,i could see that it was a procession of ,druids circling about a sacred stone in ,ireland previous to the coming of ,st4 ,patrick4 ,when the priests threw the snakes down upon the ground it was within a circle traced with kunque1 and soon the snakes were covered with the same meal flung upon them by the squaws4 ,there was only one scalp left among the ,tusayan in #ahha1 but there were several among the ,zui1 and one or two each at ,acoma and ,laguna4 ,in every one of these towns kunque was offered to the scalps4 ,at the feast of the ,little ,god of ,fire among the ,zui1 in #ahha1 my personal notes relate that the moment the head of the procession touched the knoll upon which the pueblo is built the mass of people began throwing kunque upon the ,little ,god and those with him as well as on the ground in front of1 beside1 and behind them4 ,this kunque was contained in sacred basket-shaped bowls of earthenware4 ,the spectators kept the air fairly misty with clouds of the sacred kunque4 ,this procession passed around the boundaries of the pueblo of ,zui1 stopping at eight holes in the ground for the purpose of enacting a ceremonial of consecration suggestive of the 'terminalia' of the ,romans4 ,they visited each of the holes1 which were #ah inches deep and #ab inches square1 with a sandstone slab to serve as a cover4 ,each hole was filled with kunque and sacrificial plumes4 99 99 99 ',every morning of the year1 when the sky is clear1 at the rising of ,lucero the morning star1 at the crowing of the cock1 we throw corn flour kunque to the sun4 ,i am never without my bag of kunque2 here it is drawing it from his belt4 ,every ,zui has one4 ,we offer it to the sun for good rain and good crops4'#bgb ,subsequently ,pedro went on to describe in detail a phallic dance and ceremony1 in which there was a sort of divination4 ,the young maiden who made the lucky guess was richly rewarded1 while her less fortunate companions were presented with a handful of kunque1 which they kept during the ensuing year4 ,this dance is called ky'klu1 and is independent of the great phallic dance occurring in the month of ,december4 ,pedro also stated that until very recently the ,zui were in the habit of celebrating a fire dance at ,noche ,buena 7,christmas74 ,there were four piles of wood gathered for the occasion1 and upon each the medicine-men threw kunque in profusion4 ,this dance1 as ,pedro described it1 closely resembled one mentioned by ,landa in his ,cosas de ,yucatan4 ,high up on the vertical face of the precipice of ,taiyalana there is a phallic shrine of the ,zui to which ,i climbed with ,mr4 ,frank ,cushing4 ,we found that the place had been visited by young brides who were desirous of becoming mothers4 ,the offerings in every case included kunque4 ,in the account given in the ,national ,tribune1 ,washington1 ,district of ,columbia1 ,may #bj1 #ahhf1 of the mode of life of the ,zui woman ,wehwa while in the national capital1 and while engaged in the kirmes1 we read3 ,she also strewed sacred corn meal along on her way to the theater to bring good luck to her and the other dancers4 99 99 99 ,she has gone from her comfortable room to pray in the street at daylight every morning1 whatever the weather has been4 99 99 99 ,at such times she strews corn meal all around her until the front-door steps and the sidewalk are much daubed with dough4 ,but this is not the corn meal in common use in the ,united ,states1 but is sacred meal ground in ,zui with sacred stones4#bgc ,so long a time has elapsed since any of the ,pueblos have been on the warpath that no man can describe their actual war customs except from the dramatic ceremonial of their dances or from the stories told him by the old men4 ,the following from an eyewitness will therefore be of interest3 ,before the ,pueblos reached the heights they were ordered to scale they halted on the way to receive from their chiefs some medicine from the medicine bags which each of them carried about his person4 ,this they rubbed upon their heart1 as they said1 to make it big and brave1 and they also rubbed it upon other parts of their bodies and upon their rifles for the same purpose4#bgd ,the constant use of kunque by the different ,pueblo tribes has been noticed from the first days of ,european contact4 ,in the relation of ,don ,antonio de ,espejo 7#aehc7 we are told that upon the approach of the ,spaniards to the town of ,zaguato1 lying #bh leagues west of ,zui1 a great multitude of ,indians came forth to meete them1 and among the rest their ,caiques1 with so great demonstration of joy and gladnes1 that they cast much meale of ,maiz upon the ground for the horses to tread upon4#bge ,i am under the impression that the ruins of this village are those near the ranch of ,mr4 ,thomas ,v4 ,keam1 at ,keam's ,canyon1 ,arizona1 called by the ,navajo ,talla-hogandi1 meaning singing house1 in reference to the ,spanish mission which formerly existed there4 ,this village is1 as ,i have hitherto shown1 the ruin of the early pueblo of ,awtubi4 ,in his poem descriptive of the conquest of ,new ,mexico1 entitled ,nueva ,mejico1 ,alcala de ,henares1 #afaj1 ,villagr uses the following language3#bgf ,passando ,mohoe1 ,zibola1 y ,zuni1 ,por cuias nobles tierras descubrimos1 ,una gran tropa de ,indios que venia1 ,con cantidad harina que esparcian1 ,sobre la gente toda muy apriessa1 ,y entrando assi en los pueblos las mugeres ,dieron en arrojarnos tant della1 ,que dimos en tomarles los costales1 ,de donde result tener con ellas1 ,unas carnestolendas bien reidas4 ,it is gratifying to observe that the ,spanish writer in the remote wilds of ,america struck upon an important fact in ethnology3 that the throwing of harina or flour by the people of ,tusayan 7,mohoe or ,moqui71 ,cibola1 and ,zui 7observe the odd separation of ,zibola from either ,moqui or ,zui7 was identical with the carnestolendas of ,spain1 in which1 on ,shrove ,tuesday1 the women and girls cover all the men they meet with flour4 ,the men are not at all backward in returning the compliment1 and the streets are at times filled with the farinaceous dust4 ,harina de maiz azul is used by ,mexicans in their religious ceremonies1 especially those connected with the water deities4#bgg ,the ,peruvians1 when they bathed and sacrificed to cure themselves of sickness1 untandose primero con ,harina de ,maiz1 i con otras cosas1 con muchas1 i diversas ceremonias1 i lo mismo hacen en los ,baos4#bgh ,the kunque of the ,peruvians very closely resembled that of the ,zui4 ,we read that it was a compound of different-colored maize ground up with sea shells4#bgi ,the ,peruvians had a ,priapic idol called ,hua-can-qui1 of which we read3 ,on offre cette idole une corbeille orne de plumes de diverses couleurs et remplie d'herbes odorifrantes2 on y met aussi de la farine de mas que l'on renouvelle tous les mois1 et les femmes se lavent la figure avec celle que l'on te1 en accompagnant cette ablution de plusieurs crmonies superstitieuses4#bhj ,the tribes seen on the ,rio ,colorado in #aedj by ,alarcon carry also certaine little long bagges about an hand broade tyed to their left arme1 which serve them also instead of brasers for their bowes1 full of the powder of a certaine herbe1 whereof they make a certaine beverage4#bha ,we are at a loss to know what this powder was1 unless hoddentin4 ,the ,indians came down to receive the son of the sun1 as ,alarcon led them to believe him to be1 in full gala attire1 and no doubt neglected nothing that would add to their safety4 ,ils mirent dans leur bouche du mas et d'autres semences1 et les lancrent vers moi en disant que c'tait la manire dont ils faisaient les sacrifices au soleil4#bhb ,kohl speaks of seeing inside the medicine wigwam1 during the great medicine ceremonies of the ,ojibwa1 a snow-white powder4#bhc ,in an address delivered by ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,hoffman before the ,anthropological ,society of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,may #b1 #ahhh1 upon the symbolism of the ,mid1 ,jessakkid1 and ,wbeno of the ,ojibwa of ,minnesota1 he stated in reply to a question from me that he had not been able to find any of the snow-white powder alluded to by ,kohl in ,kitchi-gami4#bhd ,in ,yucatan1 when children were baptized1 one of the ceremonies was that the chac1 or priest in charge1 should give the youngster a pinch of corn meal1 which the boy threw in the fire4 ,these chacs were priests of the god who presided over baptism and over hunting4#bhe ,at the coronation of their kings the ,aztecs had a sacred unction1 and a holy water1 drawn from a sacred spring1 and about his neck is tied a small gourd1 containing a certain powder1 which is esteemed a strong preservative against disease1 sorcery1 and treason4#bhf ,at the entrance to one of the narrow defiles of the ,cordilleras 444 a large mass of rock with small cavities upon its surface1 into which the ,indians1 when about to enter the pass1 generally deposit a few glass beads1 a handful of meal1 or some other propitiatory offering to the 'genius' supposed to preside over the spot and rule the storm4 ,again1 on receiving a plate of broth1 an ,indian1 before eating1 spills a little upon the ground2 he scatters broadcast a few pinches of the meal that is given him1 and pours out a libation before raising the wine cup to his lips1 as acts of thanksgiving for the blessings he receives4#bhg ,when ,capt4 ,john ,smith was captured by the ,pamunkey tribe of ,virginia in #afjg he was taken to a long house1 where1 on the morning following a great grim fellow came skipping in1 all painted over with coale1 mingled with oyle4 ,with most strange gestures and passions he began his invocation1 and environed the fire with a circle of meale4 ,this priest was followed by six others1 who with their rattles began a song1 which ended1 the chiefe priest layd downe five wheat cornes4 ,this ceremony was apparently continued during the day and repeated on the following two days4#bhh ,capt4 ,smith's reception by the medicine-men of the ,virginians is described by ,picart4#bhi ,these medicine-men are called prtres1 and we are informed that they sang des chants magiques4 ,the grains of wheat 7grains de bl7 were rangez cinq cinq4 ,gomara tells us that in the religious festivals of ,nicaragua there were used certain taleguillas con polvos1 but he does not tell what these polvos were2 he only says that when the priests sacrifice themselves they cured the wounds1 curan las heridas con polvo de herbas carbon4#bij ,while the ,baron de ,graffenreid was a prisoner in the hands of the ,tuscarora1 on the ,neuse ,river1 in #agaa1 the conjurer or high priest 7the priests are generally magicians and even conjure up the devil7 made two white rounds1 whether of flour or white sand1 ,i do not know1 just in front of us4#bia ,lafitau says of one of the medicine-women of ,america3 ,elle commena d'abord par prparer un espace de terrain qu'elle ntoya bien qu'elle couvrit de farine1 ou de cendre trs-bien blutte 7je ne me souviens pas exactement laquelle des deux74#bib ,in a description of the ceremonial connected with the first appearance of the catamenia in a ,navajo squaw1 there is no reference to a use of anything like hoddentin1 unless it may be the corn which was ground into meal for a grand feast1 presided over by a medicine-man4#bic ,when a woman is grinding corn or cooking1 and frequently when any of the ,navajo1 male or female1 are eating1 a handful of corn meal is put in the fire as an offering 7to the sun74#bid ,the ,pueblos of ,new ,mexico are described as offering sacrifices of food to their idols4 ,los ,indios del ,norte tienan multitud de ,idolos1 en pequeos ,adoratorios1 donde los ponen de comer4#bie ,maj4 ,backus1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 describes certain ceremonies which he saw performed by the ,navajo at a sacred spring near ,fort ,defiance1 ,arizona1 which seems to have once been a geyser3 ,i once visited it with three other persons and an ,indian doctor1 who carried with him five small bags1 each containing some vegetable or mineral substance1 all differing in color4 ,at the spring each bag was opened and a small quantity of its contents was put into the right hand of each person present4 ,each visitor1 in succession1 was then required to kneel down by the spring side1 to place his closed hand in the water up to his elbow1 and after a brief interval to open his hand and let fall its contents into the spring4 ,the hand was then slowly withdrawn and each one was then permitted to drink and retire4#bif ,columbus in his fourth voyage touched the mainland1 going down near ,brazil4 ,he says3 ,in ,cariay and the neighboring country there are great enchanters of a very fearful character4 ,they would have given the world to prevent my remaining there an hour4 ,when ,i arrived they sent me immediately two girls very showily dressed2 the eldest could not be more than eleven years of age and the other seven1 and both exhibited so much immodesty that more could not be expected from public women4 ,they carried concealed about them a magic powder4#big ,the expedition of ,la ,salle noticed1 among the ,indians on the ,mississippi1 the ,natchez1 and others1 todos los dias1 que se detuvieren en aquel ,pueblo1 ponia la ,cacica1 encima de la ,sepultura de ,marle i4e41 a ,frenchman who had been drowned1 una ,cestilla llena de ,espigas de ,maz1 tostado4#bih ,he showed me1 as a special favor1 that which give him his power--a bag with some reddish powder in it4 ,he allowed me to handle it and smell this mysterious stuff1 and pointed out two little dolls or images1 which1 he said1 gave him authority over the souls of others2 it was for their support that flour and water were placed in small birch-rind saucers in front4#bii ,on page #bhf1 narrative of the ,jeannette ,arctic expedition1 ,dr4 ,newcomb says3 ,one day1 soon after ,new ,year's1 ,i was out walking with one of the ,indians4 ,noticing the new moon1 he stopped1 faced it1 and1 blowing out his breath1 he spoke to it1 invoking success in hunting4 ,the moon1 he said1 was ',tyunne1' or ruler of deers1 bears1 seals1 and walrus4 ,the ceremony herein described ,i have no doubt was analogous in every respect to hoddentin-throwing4 ,as the ,indians mentioned were undoubtedly ,tinneh1 my surmise seems all the more reasonable4#cjj ,tanner relates that among the ,ojibwa the two best hunters of the band had each a little leather sack of medicine1 consisting of certain roots pounded fine and mixed with red paint1 to be applied to the little images or figures of the animals we wish to kill4#cja ,in the parish of ,walsingham1 in ,surrey1 there is or was a custom which seems to refer to the rites performed in honor of ,pomona4 ,early in the spring the boys go round to the several orchards in the parish and whip the apple trees4444 ,the good woman gives them some meal4#cjb ,among the rustics of ,great ,britain down to a very recent period there were in use certain love powders1 the composition of which is not known1 a small quantity of which had to be sprinkled upon the food of the one beloved4#cjc ,attached to the necklace of human fingers before described1 captured from one of the chief medicine-men of the ,cheyenne ,indians1 is a bag containing a powder very closely resembling hoddentin1 if not hoddentin itself4 ,it is said that the ,asinai made sacrifice to the scalps of their enemies1 as did the ,zui as late as #ahha4 ,ofrecen las calaveras pinole molido y de otras cosas comestibles4#cjd ,perrot says the ,indians of ,canada had large medicine bags1 which he calls pindikossan1 which1 among other things1 contained des racines ou des poudres pour leur servir de mdecines4#cje ,in an article on the myth of ,manibozho1 by ,squier1 in ,american ,historical ,magazine ,review1 #ahdh1 may be found an account of the adventures of two young heroes1 one of whom is transferred to the list of gods4 ,he commissioned his comrade to bring him offerings of a white wolf1 a polecat1 some pounded maize1 and eagles' tails4 ,laplanders sprinkle cow and calf with flour4#cjf ,cameron met an old chief on the shores of ,lake ,tanganyika1 of whom he says3 ,his forehead and hair were daubed with vermilion1 yellow1 and white powder1 the pollen of flowers4#cjg ,in the incantations made by the medicine-men of ,africa1 near the head of the ,congo1 to preserve his expedition from fire1 ,cameron saw the sacrifice of a goat and a hen1 and among other features a use of powdered bark closely resembling hoddentin3 ,scraping the bark off the roots and sticks1 they placed it in the wooden bowl and reduced it to powder4 ,the head medicine-man soon after took up a handful of the powdered bark and blew some toward the sun and the remainder in the opposite direction4#cjh ,the magic powder1 called uganga1 used as the great weapon of divination of the mganga1 or medicine-men of some of the ,african tribes1 as mentioned by ,speke1#cji must be identical with the powder spoken of by ,cameron4 ,near the village of ,kapka1 ,cameron was traveling with a caravan in which the principal man was a half-breed ,portuguese named ,alvez4 ,on ,alvez making his entry he was mobbed by women1 who shrieked and yelled in honor of the event and pelted him with flour4 ,this was ,alvez's own home and all this was a sign of welcome4#caj ,speke describes a young chief wearing on his forehead antelope horns1 stuffed with magic powder to keep off the evil eye4#caa ,after describing an idol1 in the form of a man1 in a small temple on the ,lower ,congo1 ,stanley says3 ,the people appear to have considerable faith in a whitewash of cassava meal1 with which they had sprinkled the fences1 posts1 and lintels of doors4#cab ,according to ,consul ,hutchinson 7in his interesting work ',impressions of ,western ,africa'71 the ,botikaimon a medicine-man1 previous to the ceremony of coronation1 retires into a deep cavern1 and there1 through the intermediary of a 'rukaruka' 7snake demon71 consults the demon ,maon4 ,he brings back to the king the message he receives1 sprinkles him with a yellow powder called 'tsheoka1' and puts upon his head the hat his father wore4#cac ,in a note1 it is stated that3 ,tsheoka is a vegetable product1 obtained1 according to ,hutchinson1 by collecting a creamy coat that is found on the waters at the mouth of some small rivers1 evaporating the water1 and forming a chalky mass of the residue4#cad ,schultze says#cae that the ,congo negroes appease the hurricane by casting meal into the air4 ,the voudoo ceremonies of the negroes of ,new ,orleans1 which would seem to have been transplanted from ,africa1 include a sprinkling of the congregation with a meal which has been blessed by the head medicine-man or conjurer4 ,at the feast of ,huli1 at the vernal equinox 7our ,april fool's day71 the ,hindu throw a purple powder 7abir7 upon each other with much sportive pleasantry4 ,a writer in ,asiatick ,researches#caf says they have the idea of representing the return of spring1 which the ,romans called purple4 ,during the month of ,phalgoonu1 there is a festival in honor of ,krishna1 when the ,hindus spend the night in singing and dancing and wandering about the streets besmeared with the dolu 7a red7 powder1 in the daytime carrying a quantity of the same powder about with them1 which1 with much noise and rejoicing1 they throw over the different passengers they may meet in their rambles4 ,music1 dancing1 fireworks1 singing1 and many obscenities take place on this occasion4#cag ,on pages #dcd-dce of my work1 ,scatalogic ,rites of all ,nations1 are to be found extracts from various authorities in regard to the ,hindu feast of ,holi or ,hulica1 in which this statement occurs3 ,troops of men and women1 wreathed with flowers and drunk with bang1 crowd the streets1 carrying sacks full of bright-red vegetable powder4 ,with this they assail the passers-by1 covering them with clouds of dust1 which soon dyes their clothes a startling color4 ,red powder 7gull7 is a sign of a bad design of an adulterous character4 ,during the ,holi holidays1 the ,mahrj throws gull on the breasts of female and male devotees4#cah ,in ,india1 the devotees throw red powder on one another at the festival of the ,huli1 or vernal equinox4 ,this red powder1 the ,hindoos say1 is the imitation of the pollen of plants1 the principle of fructification1 the flower of the plant4#cai ,the women of the ,east ,indies 7,brahmins71 on the #ahth of ,january1 celebrate a feast in honor of the goddess ,parvati3 ,leur but est d'obtenir une longue vie pour leurs maris1 qu'elles ne deviennent jamais veuves4 ,elles font une ,image de ,parvati avec de la farine de riz du grain rouge qu'elles y mlent2 elles l'ornent d'habits de fleurs aprs l'avoir ainsi servie pendant neuf jours1 elles la portent le dixime dans un ,palenquin hors de la ,ville4 ,une foule de femmes maries la suivent1 on la jette ensuite dans un des tangs sacrez1 o on la laisse1 chacune s'en retourne chez elle4#cbj ,speaking of the methods in use among the ,lamas for curing disease1 ,rev4 ,james ,gilmour says3 ,throwing about small pinches of millet seed is a usual part of such a service4#cba ,dr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,rockhill described to me a ,tibetan festival1 which includes a procession of the ,god of ,mercy1 in which procession there are masked priests1 holding blacksnake whips in their hands1 and carrying bags of flour which they throw upon the people4 ,the use of these sacred powders during so many different religious festivals and ceremonies would seem to resemble closely that made by the ,apache of hoddentin and the employment of kunque by the ,zui and others2 and from ,asia it would seem that practices very similar in character found their way into ,europe4 ,of the ,spanish witches it is related3 ,when they entered people's houses they threw a powder on the faces of the inmates1 who were thrown thereby into so deep a slumber that nothing could wake them1 until the witches were gone4444 ,sometimes they threw these powders on the fruits of the field and produced hail which destroyed them4 ,on these occasions the demon accompanied them in the form of a husbandman1 and when they threw the powders they said3 ,polvos1 polvos1 ,pierda se tado1 ,queden los nuestros1 ,y abrasense otros4#cbb ,higgins says3 ,the flour of wheat was the sacrifice offered to the or ,ceres in the 4#cbc ,what relation these powders have had to the carnestolendas of the ,spanish and ,portuguese1 already alluded to1 and the throwing of confetti by the ,italians1 which is a modification1 it would be hard to say4 ,some relation would appear to be suggested4 ,,use ,,of ,,pollen ,,by ,,the ,,israelites ,,and ,,egyptians4 ,there are some suggestions of a former use of pollen among the ,israelites and ,egyptians4 ,manna1 which we are assured was at one time a source of food to the ,hebrews1 was afterward retained as an offering in the temples4 ,forlong1 however1 denies that it ever could have entered into general consumption4 ,he says3 ,manna1 as food1 is an absurdity1 but we have the well-known produce of the desert oak or ash--,fraxinus4444 ,an omer of this was precious1 and in this quantity1 at the spring season1 not difficult to get2 it was a specially fit tribute to be laid up before any ,phallic ,jah1 as it was the pollen of the tree of ,jove and of ,life1 and in this sense the tribe lived spiritually on such spiritual manna as this god supplied or was supplied with4#cbd ,the detestation in which the bean was held by the high-caste people of ,egypt does not demonstrate that the bean was not an article of food to a large part of the population1 any more than the equal detestation of the occupation of swineherd would prove that none of the poor made use of swine's flesh4 ,the priesthood of ,egypt were evidently exerting themselves to stamp out the use of a food once very common among their people1 and to supersede it with wheat or some other cereal4 ,they held a man accursed who in passing through a field planted with beans had his clothing soiled with their pollen4 ,speke must have encountered a survival of this idea when he observed in equatorial ,africa1 near the sources of the ,nile1 and among people whose features proclaimed their ,abyssinian origin1 the very same aversion4 ,he was unable to buy food1 simply because he and some of his followers had eaten the bean called maharag4 ,such a man1 the natives believed1 if he tasted the products of their cows1 would destroy their cattle4#cbe ,one other point should be dwelt upon in describing the kunque of the ,zui1 ,tusayan1 and other ,pueblos4 ,it is placed upon one of the sacred flat baskets and packed down in such a manner that it takes the form of one of the old-fashioned elongated cylindro-conical cheeses4 ,it should be noted also that by something more than a coincidence this form was adhered to by the peoples farther to the south when they arranged their sacred meal upon baskets4 ,at the festival of the god ,teutleco the ,aztecs made de harina de maiz un montecillo muy tupido de la forma de un queso4#cbf ,this closely resembles the corn meal heaps seen at the snake dance of the ,tusayan4 ,the ,zui1 in preparing kunque or sacred meal for their religious festivals1 invariably made it in the form of a pyramid resting upon one of their flat baskets4 ,it then bore a striking resemblance to the pyramids or phalli which the ,egyptians offered to their deities1 and which ,forlong thinks must have been just such ,lingham-like sweet-bread as we still see in ,indian ,sivaic temples4#cbg ,again1 the orthodox ,hislop1 in his ,two ,babylons1 tells us that 'bouns1' buns1 or bread offered to the gods from the most ancient times were similar to our 'hotcross' buns of ,good ,friday1 that 444 the buns known by that identical name were used in the worship of the ,queen of ,heaven1 the goddess ,easter 7,ishtar or ,astarti7 as early as the days of ,kekrops1 the founder of ,athens1 #aejj years ,b4 ,c4#cbh ,forlong#cbi quotes ,capt4 ,wilford in ,asiatick ,researches1 vol4 #h1 p4 #cfe1 as follows3 ,when the people of ,syracuse were sacrificing to goddesses1 they offered cakes called mulloi1 shaped like the female organ2 and ,dulare tells us that the male organ was similarly symbolised in pyramidal cakes at ,easter by the pious ,christians of ,saintogne1 near ,rochelle1 and handed about from house to house2 that even in his day the festival of ,palm ,sunday was called ,la ,fte des ,pinnes1 showing that this fte was held to be on account of both organs1 although1 of course1 principally because the day was sacred to the palm1 the ancient tree ,phallus4444 ,we may believe that the ,jewish cakes and show bread were also emblematic4 ,mr4 ,frank ,h4 ,cushing informs me that there is an annual feast among the ,zui in which are to be seen cakes answering essentially to the preceding description4 ,,hoddentin ,a ,,prehistoric ,,food4 ,the peculiar manner in which the medicine-men of the ,apache use the hoddentin 7that is1 by putting a pinch upon their own tongues72 the fact that men and women make use of it in the same way1 as a restorative when exhausted2 its appearance in myth in connection with ,assanutlije1 the goddess who supplied the ,apache and ,navajo with so many material benefits1 all combine to awaken the suspicion that in hoddentin we have stumbled upon a prehistoric food now reserved for sacrificial purposes only4 ,that the underlying idea of sacrifice is a food offered to some god is a proposition in which ,herbert ,spencer and ,w4 ,robertson ,smith concur4 ,in my opinion1 this definition is incomplete2 a perfect sacrifice is that in which a prehistoric food is offered to a god1 and1 although in the family oblations of everyday life we meet with the food of the present generation1 it would not be difficult to show that where the whole community unites in a function of exceptional importance the propitiation of the deities will be effected by foods whose use has long since faded away from the memory of the laity4 ,the sacred feast of stewed puppy and wild turnips forms a prominent part of the sun dance of the ,sioux1 and had its parallel in a collation of boiled puppy 7catullus71 of which the highest civic and ecclesiastical dignitaries of pagan ,rome partook at stated intervals4 ,the reversion of the ,apache to the food of his ancestors--the hoddentin--as a religious offering has its analogue in the unleavened bread and other obsolete farinaceous products which the ceremonial of more enlightened races has preserved from oblivion4 ,careful consideration of the narrative of ,cabeza de ,vaca sustains this conclusion4 ,in the western portion of his wanderings we learn that for from thirty to forty days he and his comrades passed through tribes which for one-third of the year had to live on the powder of straw 7on the powder of bledos71 and that afterwards the ,spaniards came among people who raised corn4 ,at that time1 ,vaca1 whether we believe that he ascended the ,rio ,concho or kept on up the ,rio ,grande1 was in a region where he would certainly have encountered the ancestors of our ,apache tribe and their brothers the ,navajo4 ,the following is ,herrera's account of that part of ,vaca's wanderings3 ,padeciendo mucha hambre en treinta i quatro ,jornadas1 pasando por una ,gente que la tercera parte del ,ao comen polvos de paja1 i los huvieron de comer1 por haver llegado en tal ocasion4#ccj ,this powder 7polvo7 of paja or grass might at first sight seem to be grass seeds2 but why not say flour1 as on other occasions8 ,the phrase is an obscure one1 but not more obscure than the description of the whole journey4 ,in the earlier writings of the ,spaniards there is ambiguity because the new arrivals endeavored to apply the names of their own plants and animals to all that they saw in the western continent4 ,neither ,castaeda nor ,cabeza de ,vaca makes mention of hoddentin1 but ,vaca does say that when he had almost ended his journey3 ,la cte ne possde pas de mas2 on n'y mange que de la poudre de paille de blette4 ,blette is the same as the ,spanish bledos4#cca ,nous parvnmes chez une peuplade qui1 pendant le tiers de l'anne1 ne vit que de poudre de paille4 ,we met with a people1 who the third part of the yeere eate no other thing save the powder of straw4#ccb ,davis1 who seems to have followed ,herrera1 says3 ,these ,indians lived one-third of the year on the powder of a certain straw4444 ,after leaving this people they again arrived in a country of permanent habitations1 where they found an abundance of maize4444 ,the inhabitants gave them maize both in grain and flour4#ccc ,the ,tusayan ,indians were formerly in the habit of adding a trifle of chopped straw to their bread1 but more as our own bakers would use bran than as a regular article of diet4 ,barcia#ccd makes no allusion to anything resembling hoddentin or polvos de bledos in his brief account of ,vaca's journey4 ,but ,buckingham ,smith1 in his excellent translation of ,vaca's narrative1 renders polvos de paja thus3 ,it was probably the seed of grass which they ate4 ,i am told by a distinguished explorer that the ,indians to the west collect it of different kinds and from the powder make bread1 some of which is quite palatable4 ,and for polvos de bledos3 ,the only explanation ,i can offer for these words is little satisfactory4 ,it was the practice of the ,indians of both ,new ,spain and ,new ,mexico to beat the ear of young maize1 while in the milk1 to a thin paste1 hang it in festoons in the sun1 and1 being thus dried1 was preserved for winter use4 ,this explanation is very unsatisfactory4 ,would not ,vaca have known it was corn and have said so8 ,on the contrary1 he remarks in that very line in ,smith's own translation3 ,there is no maize on the coast4 ,the appearance of all kinds of grass seeds in the food of nearly all the aborigines of our southwestern territory is a fact well known1 but what is to be demonstrated is the extensive use of the powder of the tule or cat-tail rush4 ,down to our day1 the ,apache have used not only the seeds of various grasses1 but the bulb of the wild hyacinth and the bulb of the tule4 ,the former can be eaten either raw or cooked1 but the tule bulb is always roasted between hot stones4 ,the taste of the hyacinth bulb is somewhat like that of raw chestnuts4 ,that of the roasted tule bulb is sweet and not at all disagreeable4#cce ,father ,jacob ,baegert#ccf enumerates among the foods of the ,indians of southern ,california the roots of the common reed 7i4e41 of the tule74 ,father ,alegre1 speaking of the tribes living near the ,laguna ,san ,pedro1#ccg in latitude #bh north--two hundred leagues north of the ,city of ,mexico--says that they make their bread of the root1 which is very frequent in their lakes1 and which is like the plant called the anea or rush in ,spain4 ,forman el pan de una raiz muy frecuente en sus lagunas1 semejante las que llaman aneas en ,espaa4#cch ,the ,indians of the ,atlantic ,slope made bread of the bulb of a plant which ,capt4 ,john ,smith#cci says grew like a flag in marshes4 ,it was roasted and made into loaves called tuckahoe4#cdj ,kalm1 in his ,travels in ,north ,america1#cda says of the tuckahoe3 ,it grows in several swamps and marshes and is commonly plentiful4 ,the hogs greedily dig up its roots with their noses in such places1 and the ,indians of ,carolina likewise gather it in their rambles in the woods1 dry it in the sun1 grind1 and make bread of it4 ,whilst the root is fresh it is harsh and acrid1 but1 being dried1 it loses the greater part of its acrimony4 ,to judge by these qualities1 the tuckahoe may very likely be the ,arum virginianum4 ,the ,shoshoni and ,bannock of ,idaho and ,montana eat the tule bulb4#cdb ,something analogous to hoddentin is mentioned by the chronicler of ,drake's voyage along the ,california coast about ,a4 ,d4 #aedj4 ,speaking of the decorations of the chiefs of the ,indians seen near where ,san ,francisco now stands1 he says another mark of distinction was a certain downe1 which groweth up in the countrey upon an herbe much like our lectuce1 which exceeds any other downe in the world for finenesse and beeing layed upon their cawles1 by no winds can be removed4 ,of such estimation is this herbe amongst them that the downe thereof is not lawfull to be worne1 but of such persons as are about the king1 444 and the seeds are not used but onely in sacrifice to their gods4#cdc ,mr4 ,cushing informs me that hoddentin is mentioned as a food in the myths of the ,zui under the name of oneya1 from oellu1 food4 ,in ,kamtchatka the people dig and cook the bulbs of the ,kamtchatka lily1 which seems to be some sort of a tuber very similar to that of the tule4 ,bread is now made of rye1 which the ,kamtchadals raise and grind for themselves2 but previous to the settlement of the country by the ,russians the only native substitute for bread was a sort of baked paste1 consisting chiefly of the grated tubers of the purple ,kamtchatkan lily4#cdd ,,hoddentin ,,the ,,yiauhtli ,,of ,,the ,,aztecs4 ,there would seem to be the best of reason for an identification of hoddentin with the yiauhtli which ,sahagun and ,torquemada tell us was thrown by the ,aztecs in the faces of victims preparatory to sacrificing them to the ,god of ,fire1 but the explanation given by those authors is not at all satisfactory4 ,the ,aztecs did not care much whether the victim suffered or not2 he was sprinkled with this sacred powder because he had assumed a sacred character4 ,padre ,sahagun#cde says that the ,aztecs1 when about to offer human sacrifice1 threw a powder named 'yiauhtli' on the faces of those whom they were about to sacrifice1 that they might become deprived of sensation and not suffer much pain in dying4 ,in sacrificing slaves to the ,god of ,fire1 the ,aztec priests tomaban ciertos polvos de una semilla1 llamada ,yauhtli1 y polvoreaban las caras con ellas1 para que perdiesen el sentido1 y no sintiesen tanto la muerte cruel1 que las daban4#cdf ,guautli1 generally spelled yuautli1 one of the foods paid to ,montezuma as tribute1 may have been tule pollen4 ,gallatin says3 ,i can not discover what is meant by the guautli4 ,it is interpreted as being semilla de ,bledo2 but ,i am not aware of any other native grain than maize having been1 before the introduction of ,european cereales1 an article of food of such general use1 as the quantity mentioned seems to indicate4#cdg ,among the articles which the king of ,atzapotzalco compelled the ,aztecs to raise for tribute is mentioned ahuauhtli 7que es como bledos74#cdh ,,bledos ,,of ,,ancient ,,writers--,,its ,,meaning4 ,lafitau#cdi gives a description of the ,iroquois mode of preparing for the warpath4 ,he says that the ,iroquois and ,huron called war n'ondoutagette and gaskenragette4 ,le terme ,ondouta signifie le duvet qu'on tire de l'py des ,roseaux de ,marais signifie aussi la plante toute entiere1 dont ils se servent pour faire les nattes sur quoi ils couchent1 de sorte qu'il y a apparence qu'ils avoient affect ce terme pour la ,guerre1 parce que chaque ,guerrier portoit avec soy sa natte dans ces sortes d'expeditions4 ,this does not seem to be the correct explanation4 ,rather1 it was because they undoubtedly made some sacrificial meal of this duvet1 or pollen1 and used it as much as the ,apache do hoddentin1 their sacred meal made of the pollen of the tule1 which is surely a species of roseaux de marais4 ,the great scarcity of corn among the people passed while en route to ,cibola is commented upon in an account of ,coronado's expedition to ,cibola1 in ,coleccion de ,documentos ,inditos1 relativos al descubrimiento1 conquista y colonizacion de las posesiones ,espaolas de ,amrica y ,oceana4#cej ,we are also informed#cea that the people of ,cibola offered to their idols polbos amarillos de flores4 ,castaeda speaks of the people beyond ,chichilticale making a bread of the mesquite which kept good for a whole year4 ,he seems to have been well informed regarding the vegetable foods of the tribes passed through by ,coronado's expedition4#ceb ,that the blettes or bledos did not mean the same as grass is a certainty after we have examined the old writers1 who each and all show that the bledos meant a definite kind of plant1 although exactly what this plant was they fail to inform us4 ,it can not be intended for the sunflower1 which is mentioned distinctly by a number of writers as an article of diet among the ,indians of the ,southwest4#cec ,,tzoalli4 ,an examination of the ,spanish writers who most carefully transmitted their observations upon the religious ceremonies of the ,aztecs and other nations in ,mexico and ,south ,america brings out two most interesting features in this connection4 ,the first is that there were commemorative feasts of prehistoric foods1 and the second that one or more of these foods has played an important part in the religion of tribes farther north4 ,the first of these foods is the tzoalli1 which was the same as bledos1 which latter would seem beyond question to have been hoddentin or yiauhtli4 ,brasseur de ,bourbourg's definition simply states that the tzoalli was a compound of leguminous grains peculiar to ,mexico and eaten in different ways3 ,le ,tzohualli tait un compos de graines lgumineuses particulires au ,mexique1 qu'on mangeait de diverses manires4#ced ,in the month called ,tepeilhuitl the ,aztecs made snakes of twigs and covered them with dough of bledos 7a kind of grain or hay seed74 ,upon these they placed figures1 representing mountains1 but shaped like young children4#cee ,this month was the thirteenth on the ,mexican calendar1 which began on our ,february #a4 ,this would put it ,october #a1 or thereabout4 ,squier cites ,torquemada's description of the sacrifices called ,ecatotontin1 offered to the mountains by the ,mexicans4 ,in these they made figures of serpents and children and covered them with dough1 named by them tzoalli1 composed of the seeds of bledos4#cef ,a dramatic representation strongly resembling those described in the two preceding paragraphs was noted among the ,tusayan of ,arizona by ,mr4 ,taylor1 a missionary1 in #ahha1 and has been mentioned at length in ,the ,snake ,dance of the ,moquis4 ,clavigero relates that the ,mexican priests all eat a certain kind of gruel which they call ,etzalli4#ceg ,torquemada relates that the ,mexicans once each year made an idol or statue of ,huitzlipotchli of many grains and the seeds of bledos and other vegetables which they kneaded with the blood of boys who were sacrificed for the purpose4 ,juntaban muchos granos y semilla de ,bledos1 y otras legumbres1 y molianlas con mucha devocion1 y recato1 y de ellas amasaban1 y formaban la dicha ,estatua1 del tamao y estatura de un ,hombre4 ,el licor1 con que se resolbian y desleian aquellas harinas era sangre de ,nios1 que para este fin se sacrificaban4#ceh ,it is remarkable the word maiz does not occur in this paragraph4 ,huitzlipotchli being the ,god of ,war1 it was natural that the ritual devoted to his service should conserve some1 if not all1 of the foods1 grains1 and seeds used by the ,mexicans when on the warpath in the earliest days of their history2 and that this food should be made into a dough with the blood of children sacrificed as a preliminary to success is also perfectly in accordance with all that we know of the mode of reasoning of this and other primitive peoples4 ,torquemada goes on to say that this statue was carried in solemn procession to the temple and idol of ,huitzlipotchli and there adorned with precious jewels 7chalchihuitl71 embedded in the soft mass4 ,afterward it was carried to the temple of the god ,paynalton1 preceded by a priest carrying a snake in the manner that the priests in ,spain carried the cross in the processions of the church4 ,con una ,culebra mui grande1 y gruesa en las manos1 tortuosa1 y con muchas bueltas1 que iba delante1 levantada en alto1 manera de ,cruz1 en nuestras ,procesiones4#cei ,this dough idol1 he says1 was afterwards broken into migajas 7crumbs7 and distributed among the males only1 boys as well as men1 and by them eaten after the manner of communion2 este era su manera de comunion4#cfj ,herrera1 speaking of this same idol of ,vitzliputzli1 as he calls him1 says it was made by the young women of the temple1 of the flour of bledos and of toasted maize1 with honey1 and that the eyes were of green1 white1 or blue beads1 and the teeth of grains of corn4 ,after the feast was over1 the idol was broken up and distributed to the faithful1 manera de comunion4 ,las ,doncellas recogidas en el templo1 dos ,dias antes de la ,fiesta1 amasaban harina de ,bledos1 i de ,maiz tostado1 con miel1 y de la masa hacian un ,idolo grande1 con los ojos de cuentas grandes1 verdes1 aules1 blancas2 i por dientes granos de maiz4#cfa ,h4 ,h4 ,bancroft speaks of the festival in honor of ,huitzilopochtli1 the festival of the wafer or cake4 ,he says3 ,they made a cake of the meal of bledos1 which is called tzoalli1 which was afterward divided in a sort of communion4#cfb ,diego ,duran remarks that at this feast the chief priest carried an idol of dough called tzoally1 which is made of the seeds of bledos and corn made into a mass with honey4#cfc ,un ydolo de masa1 de una masa que llaman tzoally1 la cual se hace de semilla de bledos y maiz amasado con miel4 ,this shows that bledos and maiz were different things4#cfd ,a few lines farther on ,duran tells us that this cake1 or bread1 was made by the nuns of the temple1 las mozas del recogimiento de este templo1 and that they ground up a great quantity of the seed of bledos1 which they call huauhtly1 together with toasted maize4 ,molian mucha cantidad de semilla de bledos que ellos llaman huauhtly juntamente con maiz tostado4#cfe ,he then shows that the honey 7miel7 spoken of by the other writers was the thick juice of the maguey4 ,despues de molido1 amasabanlo con miel negra de los magueis4 ,acosta describes a ,mexican feast1 held in our month of ,may1 in which appeared an idol called ,huitzlipotchli1 made of mays rosty1 semence de blettes1 and amassoient avec du miel4#cff ,in the above citations it will be seen that huauhtly or yuauhtli and tzoally were one and the same4 ,we also find some of the earliest if not the very earliest references to the ,american popped corn4 ,that the ,mexicans should have had such festivals or feasts in honor of their god of battles is no more extraordinary than that in our own country all military reunions make it a point to revert to the hard tack issued during the campaigns in ,virginia and ,tennessee4 ,many other references to the constant use as a food1 or at least as a sacrificial food1 of the bledos might be supplied if needed4 ,thus ,diego ,duran devotes the twelfth chapter of his third book to an obscure account of a festival among the ,tepanecs1 in which appeared animal gods made of masa de semilla de bledos1 which were afterwards broken and eaten4 ,torquemada speaks of such idols employed in the worship of snakes and mountains4#cfg ,in still another place this authority tells us that similar figures were made and eaten by bride and groom at the ,aztec marriage ceremony4#cfh ,the ceremonial manner in which these seeds were ground recalls the fact that the ,zui regard the stones used for grinding kunque as sacred and will not employ them for any other purpose4 ,idols made of dough much after the fashion of the ,aztecs are to be found among the ,mongols4 ,meignan speaks of seeing an idol1 quite open to the sky and to the desert1 representing the deity of travelers4 ,it was made of compressed bread1 covered over with some bituminous substance1 and perched on a horse of the same material1 and held in its hand a lance in ,don ,quixote attitude4 ,its horrible features were surmounted with a shaggy tuft of natural hair4 ,a great number of offerings of all kinds were scattered on the ground all around4 ,five or six images1 formed also of bread1 were bending in an attitude of prayer before the deity4#cfi ,dr4 ,edwin ,james1 the editor of ,tanner's ,narrative1#cgj cites the ,calica ,puran to show that medicinal images are employed by the people of the ,east ,indies when revenge is sought upon an enemy2 water must be sprinkled on the meal or earthen victim which represents the sacrificer's enemy4 ,in those parts of ,india where human sacrifice had been abolished1 a substitutive ceremony was practiced by forming a human figure of flour-paste1 or clay1 which they carry into the temples1 and there cut off its head or mutilate it1 in various ways1 in presence of the idols4#cga ,gomara describes the festival in honor of the ,mexican ,god of ,fire1 called ,xocothuecl1 when an idol was used made of every kind of seed and was then enwrapped in sacred blankets to keep it from breaking4 ,hacian aquella noche un dolo de toda suerte de semillas1 envolvanlo en mantas benditas1 y libanlo1 porque no se deshiciese4#cgb ,these blessed blankets are also to be seen at the ,zui feast of the ,little ,god of ,fire1 which occurs in the month of ,december4 ,it is a curious thing that the blessed blankets of the ,zui are decorated with the butterfly1 which appeared upon the royal robes of ,montezuma4 ,what other seeds were used in the fabrication of these idols is not very essential to our purpose1 but it may be pointed out that one of them was the seed of the agenjo1 which was the chenopodium or artemisia1 known to us as the sagebrush4 ,of the ,mexicans we learn from a trustworthy author3 ,tambien usaban alguna manera de comunion recepcion del sacramento1 y es que hacian unos idolitos chiquitos de semilla de bledos cenizos1 de otras yerbas1 y ellos mismos se los recibian1 como cuerpo memoria de sus dioses4#cgc ,mendieta wrote his ,historia ,eclesistica ,indiana in #aeif1 al tiempo que esto escribo 7que es por ,abril del ao de noventa y seis7#cgd and again1#cge al tiempo que yo esto escribo4 ,the ,mexicans1 in the month of ,november1 had a festival in honor of ,tezcatlipuca4 ,hacian unos bollos de masa de maz y semejante de agenjos1 aunque son de otra suerte que los de ac1 y echbanlos cocer en ollas con agua sola4 ,entre tanto que hervian y se cocian los bollos1 taian los muchachos un atabal 444 y despus comanselos con gran devocion4#cgf ,gomara's statement1 that while these cakes of maize and wormwood seed were cooking the young men were beating on drums1 would find its parallel in any account that might be written of the behavior of the ,zui1 while preparing for their sacred feasts4 ,the squaws grind the meal to be used on these occasions to the accompaniment of singing by the medicine-men and much drumming by a band of assistants selected from among the young men and boys4 ,mr4 ,francis ,la ,flche1 a nearly full-blood ,omaha ,indian1 read before the ,anthropological ,society of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 in #ahhh1 a paper descriptive of the funeral customs of his people1 in which he related that when an ,indian was supposed to be threatened with death the medicine-men would go in a lodge sweat-bath with him and sing1 and at the same time pronouncing certain incantations and sprinkling the body of the client with the powder of the artemisia1 supposed to be the food of the ghosts4#cgg ,to say that a certain powder is the food of the ghosts of a tribe is to say indirectly that the same powder was once the food of the tribe's ancestors4 ,the ,peruvians seem to have made use of the same kind of sacrificial cakes kneaded with the blood of the human victim4 ,we are told that in the month of ,january no strangers were allowed to enter the city of ,cuzco1 and that there was then a distribution of corn cakes made with the blood of the victim1 which were to be eaten as a mark of alliance with the ,inca4 ,les daban unos ,bollos de ,maz1 con sangre de el sacrificio1 que comian1 en seal de confederacion con el ,inga4#cgh ,balboa says that the ,peruvians had a festival intended to signalize the arrival of their young men at manhood1 in which occurred a sort of communion consisting of bread kneaded by the young virgins of the sun with the blood of victims4 ,this same kind of communion was also noted at another festival occurring in our month of ,september of each year4 7,un festin compos de pain ptri par les jeunes vierges du ,soleil avec le sang des victimes4#cgi7 ,there were other ceremonial usages among the ,aztecs1 in which the tule rush itself1 espadaa1 was employed1 as at childbirth1 marriage1 the festivals in honor of ,tlaloc1 and in the rough games played by boys4 ,it is possible that from being a prehistoric food the pollen of the tule1 or the plant which furnished it1 became associated with the idea of sustenance1 fertility1 reproduction1 and therefore very properly formed part of the ritual necessary in weddings or connected with the earliest hours of a child's life1 much as rice has been used so freely in other parts of the world4#chj ,among the ,aztecs the newly born babe was laid upon fresh green tule rushes1 with great ceremony1 while its name was given to it4#chj ,gomara says that the mats used in the marriage ceremonies of the ,aztecs were made of tules4 ,esteras verdes de espadaas4#cha ,they both sat down upon a new and curiously wrought mat1 which was spread in the middle of the chamber close to the fire4 ,the marriage bed was made of mats of rushes1 covered with small sheets1 with certain feathers1 and a gem of chalchihuitl in the middle of them4#chb ,the third festival of ,tlaloc was celebrated in the sixth month1 which would about correspond to our #fth of ,june4#chc ,but there was another festival in honor of the ,tlaloc1 which seems very hard to understand4 ,a full description is given by ,bancroft4#chd ,to celebrate this it was incumbent upon the priests to cut and carry to the temples bundles of the tule1 which were woven into a sacred mat1 after which there was a ceremonial procession to a tule swamp in which all bathed4 ,the ,aztecs1 like the ,apache1 had myths showing that they sprang originally from a reed swamp4 ,there was an ,aztec god1 ,napatecutli1 who was the god of the tule and of the mat-makers4#che ,this rush was also strewn as part of several of their religious ceremonies4 ,fosbrooke#chf has this to say about certain ceremonies in connection with the churches in ,europe3 ,at certain seasons the ,choir was strewed with hay1 at others with sand4 ,on ,easter sabbath with ivy-leaves2 at other times with rushes4 ,he shows that hay was used at ,christmas and the vigil of ,all ,saints1 at ,pentecost1 ,athelwold's ,day1 ,assumption of the ,blessed ,virgin1 and ,ascension1 etc4 ,the ,mexican populace played a game closely resembling our blind man's buff in their seventeenth month1 which was called ,tititl and corresponded to the winter solstice4 ,in this game1 called nechichiquavilo1 men and boys ran through the streets hitting every one whom they met with small bags or nets 7taleguillas redecillas7 filled with tule powder or fine paper 7llenas de flor de las espadaas de algunos papeles rotos74#chg ,the same thing is narrated by other early ,spanish writers upon ,mexico4 ,in the myths of ,guatemala it is related that there were several distinct generations of men4 ,the first were made of wood1 without heart or brains1 with worm-eaten feet and hands4 ,the second generation was an improvement upon this1 and the women are represented as made of tule4 ,las mugeres fueron hechas de corazon de espadaa4#chh ,picart1 enumerating the tree gods of the ,romans1 says that they had deified les ,roseaux pour les ,rivieres4#chi ,,general ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,powder ,,among ,,indians4 ,this very general dissemination among the ,indians of the ,american continent of the sacred use of the powder of the tule1 of images1 idols1 or sacrificial cakes made of such prehistoric foods1 certainly suggests that the ,apache and the ,aztecs1 among whom they seem to have been most freely used on ceremonial occasions1 were invaders in the country they respectively occupied1 comparatively recent in their arrival among the contiguous tribes like the ,zui and ,tusayan who on corresponding occasions offered to their gods a cultivated food like corn4 ,the ,tlascaltec were known in ,mexico as the bread people1 possibly because they had been acquainted with the cultivation of the cereals long before the ,aztecs4 ,similarly1 there was a differentiation of the ,apache from the sedentary ,pueblos4 ,the ,apache were known to all the villages of the ,pueblos as a corn-buying tribe1 as will presently be shown4 ,it is true that in isolated cases and in widely separated sections the ,apache have for nearly two centuries been a corn-planting people1 because we find accounts in the ,spanish chronicles of the discovery and destruction by their military expeditions of trojes or magazines of ,apache corn near the ,san ,francisco 7or ,verde7 ,river1 in the present ,territory of ,arizona1 as early as the middle of the last century4 ,but the general practice of the tribe was to purchase its bread or meal from the ,pueblos at such times as hostilities were not an obstacle to free trade4 ,there was this difference to be noted between the ,apache and the ,aztecs3 ,the latter had been long enough in the valley of ,anahuac to learn and adopt many new foods1 as we learn from ,duran1 who relates that at their festivals in honor of ,tezcatlipoca1 or those made in pursuance of some vow1 the women cooked an astonishing variety of bread1 just as1 at the festivals of the ,zui1 ,tusayan1 and other ,pueblos in our own time1 thirty different kinds of preparations of corn may be found4#cij ,i was personally informed by old ,indians in the pueblos along the ,rio ,grande that they had been in the habit of trading with the ,apache and ,comanche of the ,staked ,plains of ,texas until within very recent years2 in fact1 ,i remember seeing such a party of ,pueblos on its return from ,texas in #ahfi1 as it reached ,fort ,craig1 ,new ,mexico1 where ,i was then stationed4 ,i bought a buffalo robe from them4 ,the principal article of sale on the side of the ,pueblos was cornmeal4 ,the ,zui also carried on this mixed trade and hunting1 as ,i was informed by the old chief ,pedro ,pino and others4 ,the ,tusayan denied that they had ever traded with the ,apache so far to the east as the buffalo country1 but asserted that the ,comanche had once sent a large body of their people over to ,walpi to trade with the ,tusayan1 among whom they remained for two years4 ,there was one buffalo robe among the ,tusayan at their snake dance in #ahha1 possibly obtained from the ,ute to the north of them4 ,the trade carried on by the buffalo ,indians with the ,pueblos was noticed by ,don ,juan de ,oate as early as #aeii4 ,he describes them as dressed in skins1 which they also carried into the settled provinces to sell1 and brought back in return cornmeal4#cia ,gregg#cib speaks of the ,comancheros or ,mexicans and ,pueblos who ventured out on the plains to trade with the ,comanche1 the principal article of traffic being bread4 ,whipple#cic refers to this trade as carried on with all the nomadic tribes of the ,llano ,estacado1 one of which we know to have been the eastern division of the ,apache4 ,the principal article bartered with the wild tribes was flour1 i4e41 cornmeal4 ,in another place he tells us of ,pueblo ,indians from ,santo ,domingo1 with flour and bread to barter with the ,ki--ws and ,comanches for buffalo robes and horses4#cid ,again1 ,mexicans were seen with flour1 bread1 and tobacco1 bound for ,comanche land to trade4 ,we had no previous idea of the extent of this ,indian trade4#cie ,only one other reference to this intertribal commerce will be introduced4 ,vetancurt#cif mentions that the ,franciscan friars1 between #afcj and #afhj1 had erected a magnificent temple to ,our ,lady of the ,angels of ,porcincula1 and that the walls were so thick that offices were established in their concavities4 ,on each side of this temple1 which was erected in the pueblo of ,pecos 7situated at or near the head of the ,pecos ,river1 about #cj miles southeast of ,santa ,f1 ,new ,mexico1 on the eastern rim of the ,llano ,estacado71 were three towers4 ,at the foot of the hill was a plain about one league in circumference1 to which the ,apache resorted for trade4 ,these were the ,apache living on the plains of ,texas4 ,they brought with them buffalo robes1 deer skins and other things to exchange for corn4 ,they came with their dog-trains loaded1 and there were more than five hundred traders arriving each year4 ,observe that here we have the first and only reference to the use of dog trains by the ,apache who in every other case make their women carry all plunder in baskets on their backs4 ,in this same extract from ,vetancurt there is a valuable remark about ,quivira3 ,este es el paso para los reinos de la ,quivira4 ,,analogues ,,of ,,hoddentin4 ,in the citation from the ,spanish poet ,villagr1 already given1 the suggestion occurs that some relationship existed between the powder scattered so freely during the ,spanish carnestolendas and the kunque thrown by the people of ,tusayan upon the ,spaniards and their horses when the ,spaniards first entered that country4 ,this analogy is a very striking one1 even though the ,spaniards have long since lost all idea of the meaning of the practice which they still follow4 ,it is to be noted1 however1 that one of the occasions when this flour is most freely used is the ,eve of ,all ,saints 7,hallowe'en71 when the ghosts or ancestors of the community were to be the recipients of every attention4#cig ,in the ,east1 the use of the reddish or purple powder called the gull is widely prevalent1 but it is used at the feast of ,huli1 which occurs at the time of the vernal equinox4 ,there seems to have been used in ,japan in very ancient days a powder identical with the hoddentin1 and1 like it1 credited with the power to cure and rejuvenate4 ,in the mythical period1 from the most ancient times to about ,b4 ,c4 #bjj1 being the period of the so-called pure ,japanese medicine1 it is related that ,ona-muchi-no-mikoko gave these directions to a hare which had been flayed by a crocodile3 ,go quickly now to the river mouth1 wash thy body with fresh water1 then take the pollen of the sedges and spread it about1 and roll about upon it2 whereupon thy body will certainly be restored to its original state4#cih ,there is no indication that in the above case the pollen of the sedges had ever occupied a place in the list of foods4 ,it would appear that its magical effects were strictly dependent upon the fact that it was recognized as the reproductive agent in the life of the plant4 ,no allusion has yet been made to the hoddentin of the ,navajo1 who are the brothers of the ,apache4 ,surgeon ,matthews#cii has referred to it under the name of tqa-di-tin1 or ta-di-tin1 the pollen1 especially the pollen of corn4 ,this appears to me to be a very interesting case of a compromise between the religious ideas of two entirely different systems or sects4 ,the ,navajo1 as now known to us1 are the offspring of the original ,apache or ,tinneh invaders and the refugees from the ,rio ,grande and ,zui ,pueblos1 who fled to the fierce and cruel ,apache to seek safety from the fiercer and more cruel ,spanish4 ,the ,apache1 we have shown1 offer up in sacrifice their traditional food1 the pollen of the tule4 ,the ,zui1 as we have also shown1 offer up their traditional food1 the meal of corn1 to which there have since been added sea shells and other components with a symbolical significance4 ,the ,navajo1 the progeny of both1 naturally seek to effect a combination or compromise of the two systems and make use of the pollen of the corn4 ,kohl narrates an ,ojibwa legend to the effect that their god ,menaboju1 returning from the warpath1 painted his face with pleasant yellow stripes 444 of the yellow foam that covers the water in spring1 and he adds that this is probably the yellow pollen that falls from the pine4 ,he quotes#djj another legend of the magic red powder for curing diseases once given by the snake spirit of the waters to an ,ojibwa4 ,godfrey ,higgins#dja has this to say of the use of pollen by the ancients which he recognizes as connected with the principle of fertility3 1 the sweet smell1 means also a flower1 that is ,pushpa or ,pushto4 ,this was the language of the followers of the ,phasah or the ,lamb--it was the language of the ,flower1 of the ,natzir1 of the ,flos-floris of ,flora1 of the ,arouma1 and of the flour of ,ceres1 or the ,eucharistia4 ,it was the language of the pollen1 the pollen of plants1 the principle of generation1 of the ,pole or ,phallus4 ,again he says3 ,buddha was a flower1 because as flour or pollen he was the principle of fructification or generation4 ,he was flour because flour was the fine or valuable part of the plant of ,ceres1 or wheat1 the pollen which1 ,i am told1 in this plant1 and in this plant alone1 renews itself when destroyed4 ,when the flour1 pollen1 is killed1 it grows again several times4 ,this is a very beautiful type or symbol of the resurrection4 ,on this account the flour of wheat was the sacrifice offered to the or ,ceres in the 4 ,in this pollen we have the name of pall or pallium and of ,pallas1 in the first language meaning wisdom4444 ,when the devotee ate the bread he ate the pollen1 and thus ate the body of the ,god of generation2 hence might come transubstantiation4 ,lupton1#djb in #affj1 describes a powder of the flowers pollen8 of elder1 gathered on a midsummer day1 which was taken to restore lost youth4 ,brand1 it may be as well to say1 traces back the custom of throwing flour into the faces of women and others on the streets at ,shrovetide1 in ,minorca and elsewhere1 to the time of the ,romans4#djc ,in writing the description of the ,snake ,dance of the ,moquis of ,arizona1 ,i ventured to advance the surmise that the corn flour with which the sacred snakes were covered1 and with which the air was whitened1 would be found upon investigation to be closely related to the crithomancy or divination by grains of the cereals1 as practiced among the ancient ,greeks4 ,crithomancy1 strictly speaking1 meant a divination by grains of corn4 ,the expression which ,i should have employed was alphitomancy1 a divination by meal1 flower1 or branne4#djd ,but both methods of divination have been noticed among the aborigines of ,america4 ,in ,peru the medicine-men were divided into classes1 as were those of ancient ,egypt4 ,these medicine-men made the various means of divination specialities4 ,some of them predicted by the shapes of grains of maize taken at random4#dje ,in ,guatemala grains of corn or of chile were used indiscriminately1 and in ,guazacualco the medicine-women used grains of frijoles or black beans4 ,in ,guatemala they had what they called ahquij4 ,este modo de adivinar se llama ahquij1 malol-tzit1 malol-ixim1 esto es3 el que adivina por el sol1 por granos de maiz chile4#djf ,in ,guazacualco the medicine-women hechaban suertes con granos de ,frisoles1 a manera de ,dados1 i hacian sus invocaciones1 porque eran ,hechiceros3 i si el ,dado decia bien1 proseguian en la cura1 diciendo que sanaria3 i si mal1 no bolvian al enfermo4#djg ,herrera in the preceding paragraph recognizes the close similarity between this sacred ceremony of casting lots or divining1 and the more orthodox method of gambling1 pure and simple1 which has in every case been derived from a sacred origin4 ,les ,hachus one class of ,peruvian priests consultaient l'avenir au moyen de grains de mas ou des excrments des animaux4#djh ,the ,mexicans para saber si los enfermos habian de morir1 sanar de la enfermedad que tenian1 echaban un puado de maiz lo mas grueso que podian haber1 y lanzbanlo siete ocho veces1 como lanzan los dados los que los juegan1 y si algun grano quedaba enhiesto1 decian que era seal de muerte4#dji ,father ,brebuf relates that at the ,huron feast of the dead1 which occurred every #h or #aj years and which he saw at ,ossossane1 a few grains of ,indian corn were thrown by the women upon the sacred relics4#daj ,,the ,,down ,,of ,,birds ,,in ,,ceremonial ,,observances4 ,no exhaustive and accurate examination of the subject of hoddentin could be made without bringing the investigator face to face with the curious analogue of down throwing and sprinkling which seemingly obtains with tribes which at some period of their history have been compelled to rely upon birds as a main component of their diet4 ,examples of this are to be met with on both sides of the ,pacific as well as in remote ,australia1 and were the matter more fully examined there is no doubt that some other identifications might be made in very unexpected quarters4 ,the down used by the ,tchuktchi on occasions of ceremony had a suggestion of religion about it4#daa ,on leaving the shore1 they sung and danced4 ,one who stood at the head of the boat was employed in plucking out the feathers of a bird's skin and blowing them in the air4 ,in ,langsdorff's ,travels#dab we learn that some of the dancers of the ,koluschan of ,sitka have their heads powdered with the small down feathers of the white-headed eagle and ornamented with ermine2 also1 that the hair and bodies of the ,indians at the mission of ,saint ,joseph1 ,new ,california1 were powdered with down feathers4#dac ,the ,indians from the ,north ,pacific coast seen visiting the mission of ,san ,francisco1 by ,kotzebue in #ahaf1 had their long disordered hair covered with down4#dad ,bancroft says of the ,nootka of the northwest coast of ,british ,america3 the hair is powdered plentifully with white feathers1 which are regarded as the crowning ornament for manly dignity in all these regions4#dae ,the bird's down used by the ,haida of ,british ,north ,america in their dances seems very closely related to hoddentin4 ,they not only put it upon their own persons1 but delight to communicate it to their partners in bowing1 and also blow it into the air at regular intervals through a painted tube4 ,they also scattered down as a sign of welcome to the first ,european navigators4#daf ,in all these dances1 ceremonial visits1 and receptions of strangers the religious element can be discerned more or less plainly4 ,the ,indians west of the ,mississippi with whom ,father ,hennepin was a prisoner in #afhj1 and who appear to have been a branch of the ,sioux 7,issati or ,santee and ,nadouessan71 had a grand dance to signalize the killing of a bear4 ,on this occasion1 which was participated in by the principaux chefs et guerriers1 we learn that there was this to be noted in their dress3 ayant mme leurs cheveux frottez d'huile d'ours parsemez de plumes1 rouges blanches les ttes charges de duvet d'oiseaux4#dag ,swan's and bustard's down was used by the ,accancess i4e41 the ,arkansas of the ,siouan stock in their religious ceremonies4#dah ,of the war dress of the members of the ,five ,nations we learn from an early writer3 ,their heads previously denuded of all hair except that of the crown are painted red down to the eye-brows and sprinkled over with white down4#dai ,the ,indians of ,virginia at their war dances painted themselves to make them more terrible3 ,pour se rendre plus terriblee1 ils sment des plumes1 du duvet1 ou du poil de quelque bte sur la peinture toute fraiche4#dbj ,down was also used by the medicine-men of the ,carib4#dba ,the down of birds was used in much the same way by the tribes of ,cuman1 a district of ,south ,america not far from the mouth of the ,orinoco1 in the present territory of ,venezuela2#dbb by the ,tupinambis1 of ,brazil1 who covered the bodies of their victims with it2#dbc by the ,chiribchi1 of ,south ,america1#dbd and by the tribes of the ,isthmus of ,darien4#dbe ,this down has also been used by some of the ,australians in their sacred dances4#dbf ,the hair1 or rather the wool upon their heads1 was very abundantly powdered with white powder4444 ,they powder not only their heads1 but their beards too4#dbg ,in ,china there is a widespread superstition that the feathers of birds1 after undergoing certain incantations1 are thrown up into the air1 and being carried away by the wind work blight and destruction wherever they alight4 ,the down of birds seems not to have been unknown in ,europe4 ,to this day it is poured upon the heads of the bride and groom in weddings among the ,russian peasantry4#dbh ,this leads up to the inquiry whether or not the application of tar and feathers to the person may not at an early period have been an act of religious significance1 perverted into a ridiculous and infamous punishment by a conquering and unrelenting hostile sect4 ,the subject certainly seems to have awakened the curiosity of the learned ,buckle1 whose remarks may as well be given4 ,richard1 during his stay in ,normandy 7#aahi71 made some singular laws for regulating the conduct of the pilgrims in their passage by sea4 ,a robber1 convicted of theft1 shall be shaved in the manner of a champion2 and boiling pitch poured upon his head1 and the feathers of a pillow shaken over his head to distinguish him2 and be landed at the first port where the ships shall stop4#dbi ,the circumstances mentioned in the text respecting tarring and feathering is a fine subject for comment by the searchers into popular antiquities4#dcj ,,hair ,,powder4 ,speaking of the duvet or down1 with which many ,american savage tribes deck themselves1 ,picart observes very justly3 ,cet ornement est bizare1 mais dans le fond l'est il beaucoup plus que cette poudre d'or dont les ,anciens1 se poudroient la tte1 ou que cette poudre compose d'amidon avec laquelle nos petits maitres modernes affectent de blanchir leurs cheveux ou leurs perruques8#dca ,picart does not say1 and perhaps it would not be wise for us to surmise1 that these modes of powdering had a religious origin4 ,the custom of powdering the hair seems to be a savage survival2 at least1 it is still to be found among the ,friendly ,islanders1 among whom it was observed by ,forster4#dcb ,these islanders used a white lime powder1 also one of blue and another of orange made of turmeric4 ,the ,sandwich ,islanders plastered their hair over with a kind of lime made from burnt shells1#dcc and ,dillon speaks of the ,friendly ,islanders using lime1 as ,forster has already informed us4#dcd ,the ,hottentots made a lavish use of the medicinal powder of the buchu1 which they plastered on their heads1 threw to their sacred animals1 and used liberally at their funerals4#dce ,kolben dispels all doubt by saying3 ,these powderings are religious formalities4 ,he also alludes to the use1 in much the same manner1 of ashes by the same people4#dcf ,the use of ashes also occurs among the ,zui1 the ,apache 7at times71 and the ,abipone of ,paraguay4 ,ashes are also thrown in the way of a whirlwind to appease it4#dcg ,in the ,witches' ,sabbath1 in ,germany1 it was said that the witches burned a he goat1 and divided its ashes among themselves4#dch ,in all the above cases1 as well as in that of the use of ashes in the ,christian churches1 it is possible that the origin of the custom might be traced back either to a desire to share in the burnt offering or else in that of preserving some of the incinerated dust of the dead friend or relative for whom the tribe or clan was in mourning4 ,ashes in the ,christian church were not confined to ,lent alone2 they were worn four times a year1 as in the beginning of ,lent4#dci ,tuphramancy or divination by ashes was one of the methods of forecast in use among the priests of pagan ,rome4#ddj ,in ,northumberland the custom prevailed of making bonfires on the hills on ,st4 ,peter's day4 ,they made encroachments1 on these occasions1 upon the bonfires of the neighbouring towns1 of which they took away some of the ashes by force3 ,this they called 'carrying off the flower 7probably the flour7 of the wake4'#dda ,moresin thinks this a vestige of the ancient ,cerealia4 ,the mourning at ,iddah1 in ,guinea1 consists in smearing the forehead with wood ashes and clay water1 which is allowed to dry on4 ,they likewise powder their hair with wood ashes4#ddb ,,dust ,,from ,,churches--,,its ,,use4 ,the last ceremonial powder to be described is dust from the ground1 as among some of the ,australians who smear their heads with pipe-clay as a sign of mourning4#ddc ,the ,french writers mention among the ceremonies of the ,natchez one in which the ,great ,sun gathered dust1 which he threw back over his head1 and turned successively to the four quarters of the world in repeating the same act of throwing dust4#ddd ,mention is made of an old woman who acted as beadle of a church1 who once brought to the bedside of a dying person some of the sweepings from the floor of the altar1 to ease and shorten a very lingering death4#dde ,altar dust was a very ancient remedy for disease4 ,frommann says that1 of the four tablets found in a temple of ,esculapius1 one bore this inscription3 ,lucio affecto lateris dolore2 veniret et ex ara tollerit cinerem et una cum vino comisceret et poneret supra latus2 et convaluit1 etc4#ddf ,it seems then that the medival use of altar dust traces back to the ,roman use of altar ashes4 ,so hard is it to eradicate from the minds of savages ideas which have become ingrafted upon their nature that we need not be surprised to read in the ,jesuit relations of affairs in ,canada 7#afif-agjb7 that1 at the ,mission of ,saint ,francis1 where the ,indians venerated the memory of a saintly woman of their own race1 ,catheraine ,tagikoo-ita1 pour gurir les malades que les rmdes ordinaires ne soulagent point1 on avale dans l'eau ou dans un bouillon un peu de la poussire de son tombeau4 ,a few persons are to be found who endeavor to collect the dust from the feet of one hundred thousand ,brahmins4 ,one way of collecting this dust is by spreading a cloth before the door of a house where a great multitude of ,brahmins are assembled at a feast1 and1 as each ,brahmin comes out1 he shakes the dust from his feet as he treads upon this cloth4 ,many miraculous cures are declared to have been performed upon persons using this dust4#ddg ,a widow among the ,armenian devil-worshipers is required to strew dust on her head and to smear her face with clay4#ddh ,,clay-,,eating4 ,the eating of clay would appear to have once prevailed all over the world4 ,in places the custom has degenerated into ceremonial or is to be found only in myths4 ,the ,aztec devotee picked up a pinch of clay in the temple of ,tezcatlipoca and ate it with the greatest reverence4#ddi ,sahagun is quoted by ,squier#dej as saying that the ,mexicans swore by the sun and by our sovereign mother1 the ,earth1 and ate a piece of earth4 ,but the use of clay by the ,mexicans was not merely a matter of ceremony2 clay seems to have been an edible in quite common use4 ,edible earth was sold openly in the markets of ,mexico2 yaun tierra1 says ,gomara in the list of foods given by him4#dea ,the eating of clay was forbidden to ,mexican women during pregnancy4 ,diego ,duran describes the ceremonial eating of clay in the temples of ,mexico2 ,lleg el dedo al suelo1 y cogiendo tierra en l lo meti en la boca2 la cual ceremonia llamaban comer tierra santa4#deb ,and again he says that in their sacrifices the ,mexican nobles ate earth from the feet of the idols4 ,comian tierra de la que estaba los pies del ,ydolo4#dec ,but the ,mexicans did not limit themselves to a ceremonial clay-eating alone4 ,thomas ,gage relates that they ate a kind of earth1 for at one season in the yeer they had nets of mayle1 with the which they raked up a certaine dust that is bred upon the water of the ,lake of ,mexico1 and that is kneaded together like unto oas of the sea4#ded ,diego ,duran#dee mentions the ceremonial clay-eating at the feast of ,tezcatlipoca agreeing with the note already taken from ,kingsborough4 ,there is reference to clay-eating in one of the myths given in the ,popol-,vuh4 ,the ,quiche deities ,hunahpu and ,xbalanqu1 desiring to overcome the god ,cabrakan1 fed him upon roasted birds1 but they took care to rub one of the birds with tizate and to put white powder around it4 ,the circle of white powder was1 no doubt1 a circle of hoddentin or something analogous thereto1 intended to prevent any baleful influence being exercised by ,cabrakan4 ,mais ils frottrent l'un des oiseaux avec du tizate et lui mirent de la poussire blanche l'entour4#def ,in a footnote the word tizate is explained to be a very friable whitish earth1 used in polishing metals1 making cement1 etc43 ,terre blanchtre fort friable1 et dont ils se servent pour polir les mtaux1 faire du ciment1 etc4 ,cabeza de ,vaca says that the ,indians of ,florida ate clay--de la terre4#deg ,he says also#deh that the natives offered him many mesquite beans1 which they ate mixed with earth--mele avec de la terre4#dei ,the ,jaguaces of ,florida ate earth 7tierra74#dfj ,at the trial of ,vasco ,pocallo de ,figueroa1 in ,santiago de ,cuba1 in #aebb1 for cruelty to the natives1 he sought to make it appear that the ,indians ate clay as a means of suicide3 el abuso de los ,indios en comer tierra 444 seguian matandose de intento comiendo tierra4#dfa ,the ,muiscas had in their language the word jipetera1 a disease from eating dirt4#dfb ,whether the word dirt as here employed means filth1 or earth and clay1 is not plain2 it probably means clay and earth4 ,venegas asserts that the ,indians of ,california ate earth4 ,the traditions of the ,indians of ,san ,juan ,capistrano1 ,california1 and vicinity show that they had fed upon a kind of clay1 which they often used upon their heads by way of ornament4#dfc ,the ,ttu ,indians of ,california mix red earth into their acorn bread 444 to make the bread sweet and make it go further4#dfd ,long#dfe relates that when the young warrior of the ,oto or ,omaha tribes goes out on his first fast he rubs his person over with a whitish clay1 but he does not state that he ate it4 ,sir ,john ,franklin#dff relates that the banks of the ,mackenzie ,river in ,british ,north ,america contain layers of a kind of unctuous mud1 probably similar to that found near the ,orinoco1 which the ,tinneh ,indians use occasionally as food during seasons of famine1 and even at other times chew as an amusement4444 ,it has a milky taste and the flavour is not disagreeable4 ,father de ,smet#dfg says of the ,athapascan3 ,many wandering families of the ,carrier tribe 444 have their teeth worn to the gums by the earth and sand they swallow with their nourishment4 ,this does not seem to have been intentionally eaten4 ,some of the ,siberian tribes1 when they travel1 carry a small bag of their native earth1 the taste of which they suppose will preserve them from1 all the evils of a foreign sky4#dfh ,we are informed that the ,tunguses of ,siberia eat a clay called rock marrow1 which they mix with marrow4 ,near the ,ural ,mountains1 powdered gypsum1 commonly called 'rock meal1' is sometimes mixed with bread1 but its effects are pernicious4#dfi ,the ,jukabiri of northeastern ,siberia have an earth of sweetish and rather astringent taste1 to which they ascribe a variety of sanatory properties4#dgj ,there is nothing in the records relating to ,victoria respecting the use of any earth for the purpose of appeasing hunger1 but ,grey mentions that one kind of earth1 pounded and mixed with the root of the ,mene 7a species of ,hmadorum71 is eaten by the natives of ,west ,australia4#dga ,the ,apache and ,navajo branches of the ,athapascan family are not unacquainted with the use of clay as a comestible1 although among the former it is now scarcely ever used and among the latter used only as a condiment to relieve the bitterness of the taste of the wild potato2 in the same manner it is known to both the ,zui and ,tusayan4 ,wallace says that eating dirt was a very common and destructive habit among ,indians and half-breeds in the houses of the whites4#dgb ,los apassionados comer tierra son los ,indios ,otomacos4#dgc ,the earth which is eaten by the ,ottomacs of the ,rio ,orinoco is fat and unctuous4#dgd ,waitz#dge cites ,heusinger as saying that the ,ottomacs of the ,rio ,orinoco eat large quantities of a fatty clay4 ,clay was eaten by the ,brazilians generally4#dgf ,the ,romans had a dish called alica or frumenta1 made of the grain zea mixed with chalk from the hills at ,puteoli1 near ,naples4#dgg ,according to the myths of the ,cingalese1 their ,brahmins once fed on it earth for the space of #fj1jjj years4#dgh ,,prehistoric ,,foods ,,used ,,in ,,covenants4 ,it has been shown that the ,apache1 on several occasions1 as when going out to meet strangers1 entering into solemn agreements1 etc41 made use of the hoddentin4 ,a similar use of food1 generally prehistoric1 can be noted in other regions of the world4 ,it was a kind of superstitious trial used among the ,saxons to purge themselves of any accusation by taking a piece of barley bread and eating it with solemn oaths and execrations that it might prove poisonous or their last morsel if what they asserted or denied was not true4#dgi ,those pieces of bread were first execrated by the priest1 from which he infers that at a still earlier day sacramental bread may have been used for the same purpose4 ,at ,rome1 in the time of ,cicero and ,horace1 a master who suspected that his slaves had robbed him conducted them before a priest4 ,they were each obliged to eat a cake over which the priest had pronounced some magical words 7carmine infectum74#dhj ,the people living on the coast of ,coramandel have an ordeal consisting in the chewing of unboiled rice4 ,no harm will attach to him who tells the truth1 but the perjurer is threatened with condign punishment in this world and in that to come4#dha ,bread is bitten when the ,ostaaks of ,siberia take a solemn oath1 such as one of fealty to the ,czar4#dhb ,,sacred ,,breads ,,and ,,cakes4 ,since the employment of hoddentin1 or tule pollen1 as a sacred commemorative food would seem to have been fairly demonstrated1 before closing this section ,i wish to add a few paragraphs upon the very general existence of ritualistic farinaceous foods in all parts of the world4 ,they can be detected most frequently in the ceremonial reversion to a grain or seed which has passed or is passing out of everyday use in some particular form given to the cake or bread or some circumstance of time1 place1 and mode of manufacture and consumption which stamps it as a survival4 ,so deeply impressed was ,grimm#dhc with the wide horizon spreading around the consideration of this topic that he observed3 ,our knowledge of heathen antiquities will gain both by the study of these drinking usages which have lasted into later times and also of the shapes given to baked meats1 which either retained the actual forms of ancient idols or were accompanied by sacrificial observances4 ,a history of ,german cakes and bread rolls might contain some unexpected disclosures4444 ,even the shape of cakes is a reminiscence of the sacrifices of heathenism4 ,the first bread or cake to be mentioned in this part of the subject is the pancake1 still so frequently used on the evening of ,shrove ,tuesday4 ,in antiquity it can be traced back before the ,reformation1 before the ,crusades were dreamed of1 before the ,barbarians had subverted ,rome1 before ,rome itself had fairly taken shape4 ,there seems to have been a very decided religious significance in the preparation of pancakes on ,shrove ,tuesday4 ,in ,leicestershire1 ,on ,shrove ,tuesday a bell rings at noon1 which is meant as a signal for the people to begin frying their pancakes4#dhd ,the ,norman ,crispell 7,du ,cange7 are evidently taken from the ,fornacalia1 on the #ahth of ,february1 in memory of the method of making bread1 before the ,goddess ,fornax invented ovens4#dhe ,under ,crispell1 ,du ,cange says3 ,rustici apud ,normannos vocant ,crespes1 ova pauca mixta cum farina1 et in sartagine frixa1 and says that they are ex herba1 farina et oleo4#dhf ,these same ,crispell are to be seen on the ,rio ,grande during ,christmas week4 ,in the ,greek ,church and throughout ,russia there is to the present time a pancake feast at ,shrovetide4#dhg ,at one time a custom prevailed of going about from one friend's house to another1 masked1 and committing every conceivable prank4 ,then the people feasted on blinnies--a pancake similar to the ,english crumpet4#dhh ,in the pancake we have most probably the earliest form of farinaceous food known to the nations which derived their civilization from the basin of the ,mediterranean4 ,among these nations wheat has been in use from a time far beyond the remotest historical period1 and to account for its introduction myth has been invoked2 but this wheat was cooked without leaven1 or was fried in a pan1 after the style of the tortilla still used in ,spanish-speaking countries1 or of the pancake common among ourselves4 ,pliny#dhi says that there were no bakers known in ,rome until nearly six hundred years after the foundation of the city1 in the days of the war with ,persia2 but he perhaps meant the public bakers authorized by law4 ,the use of wheat and the art of baking bread1 as we understand it to-day1 were practically unknown to the nations of northern ,europe until within the recent historical period4#dij ,nothing would be more in consonance with the mode of reasoning of a primitive people than that1 at certain designated festivals1 there should be a recurrence to the earlier forms of food1 a reversion to an earlier mode of life1 as a sort of propitiation of the gods or goddesses who had cared for the nation in its infancy and to secure the continuance of their beneficent offices4 ,primitive man was never so certain of the power of the gods of the era of his own greatest development that he could rely upon it implicitly and exclusively and ignore the deities who had helped him to stand upon his feet4 ,hence1 the recurrence to pancakes1 to unleavened breads of all kinds1 among various peoples4 ,this view of the subject was made plain to me while among the ,zui ,indians4 ,mr4 ,frank ,h4 ,cushing showed me that the women1 when baking the loaves of bread1 were always careful to place in the adobe ovens a tortilla with each batch of the newer kind1 and no doubt for the reason just given4 ,,unleavened ,,bread4 ,the unleavened bread of the earliest period of ,jewish history has come down to our own times in the ,feast of ,unleavened ,bread1 still observed by the ,hebrews in all parts of the world1 in the bread used in the eucharistic sacrifice by so large a portion of the ,christian world1 and apparently in some of the usages connected with the half-understood fast known as the ,ember ,days4 ,brand quotes from an old work in regard to the ,ember ,days3 ,they were so called 'because that our elder fathers wolde on these days ete no brede but cakes made under ashes4'#dia ,the sacred cake or draona of the ,parsi is a small round pancake or wafer of unleavened bread1 about the size of the palm of the hand4 ,it is made of wheaten flour and water1 with a little clarified butter1 and is flexible4#dib ,a variety of the draona1 called a frasast1 is marked with the finger nail and set aside for the guardian spirits of the departed4#dic ,cakes and salt were used in religious rites by the ancients4 ,the ,jews probably adopted their appropriation from the ,egyptians4#did ,during all the ,passover week--#adth to #bast ,nisan1 i4e41 during this week's moon--,shemites fast1 only eating unleavened bread1 and most diligently--not without reason--cleansing their houses4 ,and especially had all leavened matter to be removed1 for the new leavener had now arisen1 and prayers with curses were offered up against any portions which might have escaped observation4 ,the law of their fierce ,jahveh was that1 whoever during all this festival tasted leavened bread1 'that soul should be cut off1' which ,godwyn mollifies by urging that this only meant the offender should die without children2 which was still a pretty considerable punishment for eating a piece of bread6#die ,the great day of ,pentecost is the #fth of ,sivan1 or1 say1 the #bb;d of ,may1 #ahgd4 ,from the first barley two loaves were then made1 'the offering of which was the distinguishing rite of the day of ,pentecost4'#dif ,on ,st4 ,bridget's ,eve every farmer's wife in ,ireland makes a cake1 called bairinbreac2 the neighbors are invited1 the madder of ale and the pipe go round1 and the evening concludes with mirth and festivity4#dig ,vallencey identifies this as the same kind of offering that was made to ,ceres1 and to the queen of heaven1 to whom the ,jewish women burnt incense1 poured out drink offerings1 and made cakes for her with their own hands4#dih ,,the ,,hot ,,cross ,,buns ,,of ,,good ,,friday4 ,the belief prevailed that these would not mold like ordinary bread4#dii ,in several counties in ,england a small loaf of bread is annually baked on the morning of ,good ,friday and then put by till the same anniversary in the ensuing year4 ,this bread is not intended to be eaten1 but to be used as a medicine1 and the mode of administering it is by grating a small portion of it into water and forming a sort of panada4 ,it is believed to be good for many disorders1 but particularly for a diarrha1 for which it is considered a sovereign remedy4 ,some years ago a cottager lamented that her poor neighbour must certainly die of this complaint1 because she had already given her two doses of ,good ,friday bread without any benefit4 ,no information could be obtained from the doctress respecting her nostrum1 but that she had heard old folks say that it was a good thing and that she always made it4#ejj ,brand quotes a writer in the ,gentleman's ,magazine who shows that they were formerly1 at least1 unleavened1 p4 #aef4 ,they are constantly marked with the form of the cross4 ,it is an old belief that the observance of the custom of eating buns on ,good ,friday protects the house from fire1 and several other virtues are attributed to these buns1 p4 #aef4 ,hutchinson1 in his ,history of ,northumberland1 following ,bryant's ,analysis1 derives the ,good ,friday bun from the sacred cakes which were offered at the ,arkite ,temples1 styled ,boun1 and presented every seventh day1 p4 #aee4 ,a very interesting dissertation upon these sacred cakes as used by the ,greeks1 ,egyptians1 and ,jews in the time of their idolatry1 is to be found in ,brand's work1 pp4 #aee-aef4eja ,practices analogous to those referred to are to be noted among the ,pueblo ,indians4 ,they offer not only the kunque1 but bread also in their sacrifices4 ,in the sacred rabbit hunt of the ,zui1 which occurs four times a year and is carried on for the purpose of procuring meat for the sacred eagles confined in cages1 a great fire was made on the crest of a hill1 into which were thrown piles of bread crusts and in the smoke of which the boomerangs or rabbit sticks were held while the hunter recited in an audible tone and with downcast head the prayers prescribed for the occasion4 ,one of the early ,spanish writers informs us that the women of the pueblo of ,santo ,domingo1 on the ,rio ,grande1 offered bread on bended knees to their idols and then preserved it for the remainder of the year1 and the house which did not have a supply of such blessed bread was regarded as unfortunate and exposed to danger4#ejb ,a prehistoric farinaceous food of the ,romans survives in our bridecake or wedding cake4 ,it is well understood that among the ,romans there were three kinds of marriage3 that called coemptio1 that called concubitu or usu1 and the highest form of all1 known as confarratio1 from the fact that bride and groom ate together of a kind of cake or bread made of the prehistoric flour1 the far4 ,we have preserved the custom of having bridecake1 which is still served with many superstitious ceremonies3 it must be cut by the bride herself2 it must be broken in pieces 7formerly these pieces were cast over the heads of the bridesmaids71 and1 after being passed through a wedding ring a certain number of times1 it must be placed under the pillow of the anxious maiden to serve as a basis for her dreams4#ejc ,exactly what this prehistoric food was it is now an impossibility to determine with exactness4 ,torquemada shows that long after the ,romans had obtained the use of wheat they persisted in the sacrificial use of the nola isla1 farro1 and escanda1 forms of wild grain once roasted and ground and made into bread by their forefathers4#ejd ,a similar usage prevailed among the ,greeks4 ,pliny speaks of the bearded red wheat1 named in ,latin 'far1' and tells us that rye was called secale or farrago4#eje ,the radical far is still to be found all over ,europe in the word for flour1 farina1 farine1 or harina1 while it is also possible that it may be detected in the ever-to-be-honored name of ,farragut4#ejf ,in the eight marriage rites described by ,baudhyana1 the initiatory oblation in the fourth 7that in which the father gives his daughter away7 consists of parched grain4 ,this rite is one of the four which are lawful for a ,brahman4 ,the parched grain to be used would seem to be either sesamum or barley1 although this is not clear4 ,vasishtha says1 chapter #bg1 concerning secret penances3 ,he who 444 uses barley 7for his food7 becomes pure4#ejg ,the pages of ,brand#ejh are filled with references to various forms of cake which seem properly to be included under this chapter4 ,in ,england there formerly prevailed the custom of preparing soul cakes for distribution among visitors to the family on that day and to bands of waifs or singers1 who expected them as a dole for praying and singing in the interests of the souls of the dead friends and relatives of the family4 ,on the island of ,st4 ,kilda the soul cake was a large cake in the form of a triangle1 furrowed round1 and which was to be all eaten that night4#eji ,in ,lancashire and ,hertfordshire the cake was made of oatmeal1 but in many other parts it was a seed cake#eaj and in ,warwickshire1 at the end of barley and bean seed time1 there is a custom there to give the plowmen froise1 a species of thick pancake4#eaa ,all-soul cakes were distributed at time of ,all ,souls' ,day4 ,in ,england and ,scotland the old custom#eab was to have a funeral feast1 which all friends and relations were expected to attend4 ,wine1 currant cake1 meat1 and other refreshments1 varying according to the fortune of the family1 were served liberally4 ,the bread given out was called arvil-bread4 ,there is no special reason for believing that this could be called a hoddentin custom1 except that the writer himself calls attention to the fact that in the earlier times the bread was in the form of wafers4#eac ,the ,romans had a college of priests called the ,fratres ,arvales1 nine1 or1 as some say1 twelve in number1 to whose care were committed the sacrifices in honor of ,ceres at the old limits of the city1 to propitiate that goddess and induce her to bestow fertility upon the fields4 ,these ceremonies1 which are believed by the editor of ,bohn's ,strabo to survive in the ,rogation ,day processions of the ,roman ,catholic ,church1 recall the notes already taken upon the subject of the ,arval bread of the ,scotch4#ead ,the sacrifices themselves were designated ,ambarva and ,ambarvalia4 ,in ,scotland and ,england it was customary for bands of singers to go from door to door on ,new ,year's ,eve1 singing and receiving reward4 ,in the latter country cheese and oaten cakes1 which are called farls1 are distributed on this occasion among the cryers4 ,in the former country there was a custom of distributing sweet cakes and a particular kind of sugared bread4#eae ,a fine kind of wheat bread called wassail-bread formed an important feature of the entertainment on ,new ,year's ,day in old ,england4#eaf ,among love divinations may be reckoned the dumb cake1 so called because it was to be made without speaking1 and afterwards the parties were to go backward up the stairs to bed and put the cake under their pillows1 when they were to dream of their lovers4#eag ,references to the beal-tine ceremonies of ,ireland and ,scotland1 in which oatmeal gruel figured as a dish1 or cakes made of oatmeal and carraway seeds1 may be found in ,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq41 vol4 #a1 p4 #bbf2 in ,blount1 ,tenures of ,land and ,customs of ,manors1 ,london1 #ahgd1 p4 #aca2 and in ,pennant's ,tour in ,scotland1 in ,pinkerton's ,voyages1 vol4 #c1 p4 #di4 ,in ,a ,charm for ,bewitched ,land we find the mode of making a cake or loaf with holy water4 ,the mince pie and plum pudding of ,christmas are evidently ancient preparations1 and it is not unlikely that the shape of the former1 which1 prior to the ,reformation1 was that of a child's cradle1 had a reminiscence of the sacrifice of babies at the time of the winter solstice4 ,grimm has taught that where human sacrifice had been abolished the figure of a coffin or a cradle was still used as a symbol4 ,there is a wide field of information to be gleaned in the investigation of the subject of bean foods at certain periods or festivals of the year1 and upon this point ,i have some notes and memoranda1 but1 as my present remarks are limited to prehistoric farinaceous foods1 ,i do not wish to add to the bulk of the present chapter4#eah ,kostia--boiled rice and plums--is the only thing partaken of on ,christmas ,eve4#eai ,,galena4 ,at times one may find in the medicine of the more prominent and influential of the chiefs and medicine-men of the ,apache little sacks which1 when opened1 are found to contain pounded galena2 this they tell me is a great medicine1 fully equal to hoddentin1 but more difficult to obtain4 ,it is used precisely as hoddentin is used2 that is1 both as a face paint and as a powder to be thrown to the sun or other elements to be propitiated4 ,the ,apache are reluctant to part with it1 and from living ,apache ,i have never obtained more than one small sack of it4 ,no one seems to understand the reason for its employment4 ,mr4 ,william ,m4 ,beebe has suggested that perhaps the fact that galena always crystallizes in cubes1 and that it would thus seem to have a mysterious connection with the cardinal points to which all nomadic peoples pay great attention as being invested with the power of keeping wanderers from going astray1 would not be without influence upon the minds of the medicine-men1 who are quick to detect and to profit by all false analogies4 ,the conjecture appears to me to be a most plausible one1 but ,i can submit it only as a conjecture1 for no explanation of the kind was received from any of the ,indians4 ,all that ,i can say is that whenever procurable it was always used by the ,apache on occasions of unusual importance and solemnity and presented as a round disk painted in the center of the forehead4 ,the significance of all these markings of the face among savage and half-civilized nations is a subject deserving of the most careful research2 like the sectarial marks of the ,hindus1 all1 or nearly all1 the marks made upon the faces of ,american ,indians have a meaning beyond the ornamental or the grotesque4 ,galena was observed in use among the tribes seen by ,cabeza de ,vaca4 ,ils nous donnrent beaucoup de bourses1 contenant des sachets de marcassites et d'antimoine en poudre4 7,taleguillas de margaxita y de alcohol molido47#ebj ,this word margaxita means iron pyrites4 ,the ,encyclopdia ,britannica says that the ,peruvians used it for amulets2 so also did the ,apache4 ,what ,vaca took for antimony was pounded galena no doubt4 ,he was by this time in or near the ,rocky ,mountains4#eba ,on the northwest coast of ,america we read of the natives3 ,one1 however1 as he came near1 took out from his bosom some iron or lead-colored micaceous earth and drew marks with it across his cheeks in the shape of two pears1 stuffed his nostrils with grass1 and thrust thin pieces of bone through the cartilage of his nose4#ebb ,it is more than probable that some of the face-painting with black earth1 ground charcoal1 etc41 to which reference is made by the early writers1 may have been galena1 which substance makes a deep-black mark4 ,the natives would be likely to make use of their most sacred powder upon first meeting with mysterious strangers like ,vaca and his companions4 ,so1 when the expedition of ,la ,salle reached the mouth of the ,ohio1 in #afhj1 the ,indians are described as fasting and making superstitious sacrifices2 among other things1 they marked themselves with black earth and with ground charcoal4 ,se daban con ,tierra ,negra o ,carbon molido4#ebc ,from an expression in ,burton1 ,i am led to suspect that the application of kohl or antimony to the eyes of ,arabian beauty is not altogether for ornament4 ,there are many kinds of kohl used in medicine and magic4#ebd ,corbusier says of the ,apache-,yuma3 ,galena and burnt mescal are used on their faces1 the former to denote anger or as war paint1 being spread all over the face1 except the chin and nose1 which are painted red4#ebe ,in ,coleman's ,mythology of the ,hindus1 ,london1 #ahcb1 page #afe1 may be found a brief chapter upon the subject of the sectarial marks of the ,hindus4 ,with these we may fairly compare the marks which the ,apache1 on ceremonial occasions1 make upon cheeks and forehead4 ,the adherents of the ,brahminical sects1 before entering a temple1 must mark themselves upon the forehead with the tiluk4 ,among the ,vishnuites1 this is a longitudinal vermilion line4 ,the ,seevites use several parallel lines in saffron4#ebf ,maurice adds that the ,hindus place the tiluk upon their idols in twelve places4#ebg ,among the ,kaffir the warriors are rendered invulnerable by means of a black cross on their foreheads and black stripes on the cheeks1 both painted by the ,inyanga1 or fetich priest4#ebh ,a piece of galena weighing #g pounds was found in a mound near ,naples1 ,illinois4#ebi ,occasionally with the bones of the dead are noticed small cubes of galena2 and in our collection is a ball of this ore1 weighing a pound and two ounces1 which was taken from a mound1 and which probably did service1 enveloped in raw hide1 as some form of weapon4#ecj ,galena was much prized by the former inhabitants of ,north ,america4 ,the frequent occurrence of galena on the altars of the sacrificial mounds proves1 at any rate1 that the ancient inhabitants attributed a peculiar value to it1 deeming it worthy to be offered as a sacrificial gift4#eca ,see also ,squier and ,davis4#ecb ,,footnotes3 #bdg ,deane1 ,serpent ,worship1 ,london1 #ahcc1 p4 #daj4 #bdh ,the medicine sack or bag of the ,apache1 containing their hoddentin1 closely resembles the bull of the ,romans--in which ,on y mettait des prservatifs contre les malfices4 ,muse de ,naples1 ,london1 #ahcf1 p4 #d4 ,copy shown me by ,mr4 ,spofford1 of the ,library of ,congress4 #bdi ,information of ,tze-go-juni4 #bej ,information of ,concepcion4 #bea ,see notes1 a few pages farther on1 from ,kohl2 also those from ,godfrey ,higgins4 ,the word op suggests the name the ,tusayan have for themselves1 ,opi1 or ,opika1 bread people4 #beb ,information of ,tze-go-juni4 #bec ,information of ,mike ,burns4 #bed ,information of ,mickey ,free4 #bee ,information of ,alchise1 ,mike1 and others4 #bef ,information of ,francesca and other captive ,chiricahua squaws4 #beg ,information of ,moses ,henderson4 #beh ,information of ,chato4 #bei ,information of ,tze-go-juni4 #bfj ,information of ,moses ,henderson and other ,apache at ,san ,carlos4 #bfa ,bureau of ,ethnology1 ,report for #ahhc-'hd4 #bfb ,information of ,francesca and others4 #bfc ,information of ,tze-go-juni4 #bfd ,smart1 in ,smithsonian ,report for #ahfg1 p4 #dai4 #bfe ,snake ,dance of ,moquis of ,arizona1 ,new ,york1 #ahhd4 #bff ,in the third volume of ,kingsborough1 on plate #ag 7,aztec picture belonging to ,m4 ,pejernavy1 ,pesth1 ,hungary71 an ,aztec1 probably a priest1 is shown offering food to a snake1 which eats it out of his hand4 #bfg ,corbusier1 in ,american ,antiquarian1 ,november1 #ahhf1 pp4 #ccf-cg4 #bfh ,information of ,moses ,henderson4 #bfi ,american ,antiquarian1 ,sept4 and ,nov41 #ahhf4 #bgj ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bu4 ,eth41 #ahhc-'hd4 #bga ,snake ,dance of the ,moquis4 #bgb ,interview with ,pedro ,pino4 #bgc ,kunque has added to the cornmeal the meal of two varieties of corn1 blue and yellow1 a small quantity of pulverized sea shells1 and some sand1 and when possible a fragment of the blue stone called chalchihuitl4 ,in grinding the meal on the metates the squaws are stimulated by the medicine-men who keep up a constant singing and drumming4 #bgd ,simpson1 ,expedition to the ,navajo ,country1 in ,senate ,doc4 #fd1 #cast ,cong41 #ast sess41 #ahdi-'ej1 p4 #ie4 #bge ,hakluyt1 ,voyages1 vol4 #c1 p4 #dgj4 ,echavan mucha harina de maiz por el suelo para que la pisassen los caballos4--,padre ,fray ,juan ,gonzales de ,mendoza1 ,de las ,cosas de ,chino1 etc41 ,madrid1 #aehf1 p4 #agb4 ,see also the ,relacion of ,padre ,fray ,alonso ,fernandez1 ,historia ,eclesiastica de ,nuestros ,tiempos1 ,toledo1 #afaa1 pp4 #ae1 #af4 #bgf ,p4 #afb4 #bgg ,diego ,duran1 vol4 #b1 cap4 #di1 pp4 #ejf1 #ejg4 #bgh ,herrera1 dec4 #e41 lib4 #d1 cap4 #e1 p4 #ib4 #bgi ,padre ,christoval de ,molina1 ,fables and ,rites of the ,yncas1 translated by ,markham in ,hakluyt ,soc4 ,trans41 vol4 #dh1 p4 #fc1 ,london1 #ahgc4 #bhj ,montesinos1 pp4 #afa1 #afb1 in ,ternaux-,compans1 vol4 #ag1 ,mmoires sur l'ancien ,prou4 #bha ,relation of the voyage of ,don ,fernando ,alarcon1 in ,hakluyt ,voyages1 vol4 #c1 p4 #ejh4 #bhb ,alarcon in ,ternaux-,compans1 ,voy41 vol4 #i1 p4 #ccj4 ,see also in ,hakluyt ,voyages1 vol4 #c1 p4 #eaf4 #bhc ,kitchi-gami1 ,london1 #ahfj1 p4 #ea4 #bhd ,see also on the subject ,acosta1 ,hist4 ,naturelle des ,indes1 lib4 #e1 cap4 #ai1 p4 #bda4 #bhe ,landa1 ,cosas de ,yucatan1 ,paris1 #ahfd1 page #adh4 #bhf ,bancroft1 ,native ,races1 vol4 #b1 p4 #ade4 ,see also ,clavigero1 ,hist4 of ,mexico1 ,philadelphia1 #ahag1 vol4 #b1 p4 #abh4 #bhg ,smith1 ,araucanians1 #ahee1 pp4 #bgd-bge4 #bhh ,smith1 ,true ,travels1 ,adventures and ,observations1 ,richmond1 #ahai1 vol4 #a1 p4 #afa4 #bhi ,crmonies et ,cotumes1 ,amsterdam1 #agce1 vol4 #f1 p4 #gd4 #bij ,historia de las ,indias1 p4 #bhd4 #bia ,colonial ,records of ,north ,carolina1 #ahhf1 vol4 #a1 p4 #icj4 #bib ,murs des ,sauvages1 ,paris1 #agbd1 vol4 #a1 p4 #chf4 #bic ,personal notes of ,may #bf1 #ahha2 conversation with ,chi and ,damon at ,fort ,defiance4 ,navajo ,agency1 ,arizona4 #bid ,ibid4 #bie ,barcia1 ,ensayo ,cronologico1 p4 #afj4 #bif ,schoolcraft1 ,ind4 ,tribes1 vol4 #d1 p4 #bac4 #big ,columbus ,letters1 in ,hakluyt ,soc4 ,works1 ,london1 #ahdg1 vol4 #b1 p4 #aib4 #bih ,barcia1 ,ensayo ,cronologico1 p4 #bgi4 #bii ,the medicine-men of the ,swampy ,crees1 as described in ,bishop of ,rupert's ,land's works1 quoted by ,henry ,youle ,hind1 ,canadian ,exploring ,expedition1 vol4 #a1 p4 #aac4 #cjj ,personal notes1 ,november #bb1 #ahhe1 at ,baker's ranch1 summit of the ,sierra ,ancha1 ,arizona4 #cja ,tanner's ,narrative1 p4 #agd4 #cjb ,blount1 ,tenures of ,land and ,customs of ,manors1 ,london1 #ahgd1 p4 #cee4 #cjc ,brand1 ,popular ,antiquities1 ,london1 #ahhb1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #cjg et seq4 #cjd ,crnica ,serfica1 p4 #dcd4 #cje ,nicolas ,perrot1 ,murs1 ,coustumes et ,relligion des sauvages de l',amrique ,septentrionale 7,ed4 of ,rev4 ,p4 ,j4 ,tailhan1 ,s4,j417 ,leipzig1 #ahfd4 ,perrot was a coureur de bois1 interpreter1 and donn of the ,jesuit missions among the ,ottawa1 ,sioux1 ,iowa1 etc41 from #affe to #agja4 #cjf ,leems'1 ,account of ,danish ,lapland1 in ,pinkerton's ,voyages1 ,london1 #ahad1 vol4 #a1 p4 #dhd4 #cjg ,across ,africa1 ,london1 #ahgg1 vol4 #a1 p4 #bgg4 #cjh ,ibid41 vol4 #b1 pp4 #aah1 #abj4 #cji ,source of the ,nile1 ,london1 #ahfc1 introd41 p4 xxi4 #caj ,cameron1 ,across ,africa1 ,london1 #ahgg1 vol4 #b1 p4 #bja4 #caa ,source of the ,nile1 ,london1 #ahfc1 pp4 #acj1 #bei4 #cab ,dark ,continent1 vol4 #b1 p4 #bfj4 #cac ,schultze1 ,fetichism1 ,new ,york1 #ahhe1 p4 #ec4 #cad ,ibid41 footnote1 page #ec4 #cae ,ibid41 p4 #fg4 #caf ,asiatick ,researches1 ,calcutta1 #ahje1 vol4 #h1 p4 #gh4 #cag ,coleman1 ,mythology of the ,hindus1 ,london1 #ahcb1 p4 #dd4 #cah ,history of the ,sect of the ,mahrjahs1 quoted by ,inman1 ,ancient ,faiths1 etc41 vol4 #a1 p4 #cic4 #cai ,higgins1 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 #a1 p4 #bfa4 #cbj ,picart1 ,crmonies et ,cotumes1 etc41 vol4 #f1 part #b1 p4 #aai4 #cba ,among the ,mongols1 ,london1 #ahhc1 p4 #agi4 #cbb ,wright1 ,sorcery and ,magic1 ,london1 #ahea1 vol4 #a1 p4 #cdf4 #cbc ,anacalypsis1 vol4 #b1 p4 #bdd4 #cbd ,rivers of ,life1 vol4 #a1 p4 #afa4 #cbe ,source of the ,nile1 ,london1 #ahfc1 pp4 #bje1 #bjh4 #cbf ,sahagun1 vol4 #b1 in ,kingsborough1 vol4 #f1 p4 #bi4 #cbg ,forlong1 ,rivers of ,life1 vol4 #a1 p4 #ahd4 #cbh ,ibid41 pp4 #ahe1 #ahf4 #cbi ,ibid41 p4 #ahf4 #ccj ,dec4 #f1 lib4 #a1 p4 #i4 #cca ,ternaux-,compans1 ,voyages1 vol4 #g1 pp4 #bdb1 #bej4 #ccb ,relation of ,cabeza de ,vaca in ,purchas1 vol4 #d1 lib4 #h1 cap4 #a1 sec4 #d1 p4 #aebd4 #ccc ,conquest of ,new ,mexico1 p4 #ajj4 #ccd ,ensayo ,cronologico1 pp4 #ab et seq4 #cce ,see also on this point ,corbusier1 in ,american ,antiquarian1 ,november1 #ahhf4 #ccf ,rau's translation in ,smithsonian ,ann4 ,rep41 #ahfc1 p4 #cfd4 #ccg ,probably the ,lake of ,parras4 #cch ,historia de la ,compaa de ,jesus en ,nueva-,espaa1 vol4 #a1 p4 #bhd4 #cci ,history of ,virginia4 #cdj ,see also article by ,j4 ,howard ,gore1 ,smithsonian ,report1 #ahha4 #cda ,pinkerton1 ,voyages1 ,london1 #ahad1 vol4 #ac1 p4 #dfh4 #cdb ,personal notes1 ,april #e1 #ahha4 #cdc ,drake1 ,world ,encompassed1 pp4 #abd-abf1 quoted by ,h4 ,h4 ,bancroft1 ,native ,races1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #chg-chh4 7,this chaplain stated so many things ignorantly that nothing is more probable than that he attempted to describe1 without seeing it1 the plant from which the ,indians told him that hoddentin 7or downe7 was obtained4 ,the principal chief or king would1 on such an awe-inspiring occasion as meeting with strange ,europeans1 naturally want to cover himself and followers with all the hoddentin the country afforded47 #cdd ,kennan1 ,tent ,life in ,siberia1 p4 #ff4 #cde ,quoted by ,kingsborough1 vol4 #f1 p4 #ajj4 #cdf ,torquemada1 ,monarchia ,indiana1 vol4 #b1 lib4 #aj1 cap4 #bb1 p4 #bgd4 #cdg ,gallatin1 in ,trans4 ,am4 ,ethnol4 ,soc41 vol4 #a1 pp4 #aag-aah4 #cdh ,vetancurt1 ,teatro ,mexicano1 vol4 #a1 p4 #bga4 #cdi ,murs des ,sauvages1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #aid1 #aie4 #cej ,madrid1 #ahgj1 vol4 #ad1 p4 #cbj4 #cea ,ibid4 #ceb ,ternaux-,compans1 ,voyages1 vol4 #i1 p4 #aei4 #cec ,among others consult ,crnica ,serfica y ,apostolica of ,espinosa1 ,mexico1 #agdf1 p4 #dai1 speaking of the ,asinai of ,texas in #agjj3 ,siembran tambien cantidad de ,gyrasoles que se dan muy corpulentos y la flor muy grande que en el centro tienen la semilla como de piones y de ella mixturada con el maiz hacen un bollo que es de mucho sabor y sustancia4 #ced ,brasseur de ,bourbourg1 ,hist4 ,nations ,civilises1 quoted by ,bancroft1 ,native ,races1 vol4 #c1 p4 #dba4 #cee ,sahagun1 in book #g1 ,kingsborough1 p4 #ga4 #cef ,squier1 ,serpent ,symbol1 p4 #aic1 quoting ,torquemada1 lib4 #g1 cap4 #h4 #ceg ,history of ,mexico1 ,philadelphia1 #ahag1 vol4 #b1 p4 #gi4 ,see the additional note from ,clavigero1 which would seem to show that this etzalli was related to the espadaa or rush4 #ceh ,monarchia ,indiana1 vol4 #b1 lib4 #f1 cap4 #ch1 p4 #ga4 #cei ,ibid41 p4 #gb4 #cfj ,ibid41 p4 #gc4 #cfa ,dec4 #c1 lib4 #b1 pp4 #ga1 #gb4 #cfb ,native ,races1 vol4 #c1 p4 #cbc4 #cfc ,diego ,duran1 vol4 #c1 p4 #ahg4 #cfd ,see notes already given from ,buckingham ,smith's translation of ,vaca4 #cfe ,diego ,duran1 vol4 #c1 p4 #aie4 #cff ,jos ,acosta1 ,hist4 des ,indes1 ed4 of ,paris1 #afjj1 liv4 #e1 cap4 #bd1 p4 #bej4 #cfg ,monarchia ,indiana1 lib4 #aj1 cap4 #cc4 #cfh ,ibid41 lib4 #f1 cap4 #dh4 #cfi ,from ,paris to ,pekin1 ,london1 #ahhe1 pp4 #cab1 #cac4 #cgj ,new ,york1 #ahcj1 p4 #aia4 #cga ,dubois1 ,people of ,india1 ,london1 #ahag1 p4 #dij4 #cgb ,gomara1 ,historia de ,mjico1 p4 #dde4 #cgc ,mendieta1 ,hist4 ,eclesistica ,ind41 p4 #ajh4 #cgd ,ibid41 p4 #djb4 #cge ,ibid41 p4 #eae4 #cgf ,gomara1 ,historia de ,mjico1 p4 #ddf4 #cgg ,from the account of lecture appearing in the ,evening ,star1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,may #ai1 #ahhh4 #cgh ,herrera1 dec4 #e1 lib4 #d1 cap4 #e1 p4 #ib4 #cgi ,balboa1 ,histoire du ,prou1 in ,ternaux-,compans1 ,voyages1 vol4 #ae1 pp4 #abd and #abg4 #chj ,see the explanatory text to the ,codex ,mendoza1 in ,kingsborough1 vol4 #e1 p4 #ij et seq4 #cha ,historia de ,mjico1 p4 #dci4 #chb ,clavigero1 ,history of ,mexico1 ,philadelphia1 #ahag1 vol4 #b1 p4 #aja4 #chc ,they strewed the temple in a curious way with rushes4--,ibid41 p4 #gh4 #chd ,native ,races1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #ccd-cdc4 #che ,sahagun1 in ,kingsborough1 vol4 #g1 p4 #af4 #chf ,british ,monachism1 ,london1 #ahag1 p4 #bhi4 #chg ,kingsborough1 vol4 #g1 p4 #hc1 from ,sahagun4 #chh ,ximenez1 ,guatemala1 ,translated by ,scherzer1 p4 #ac4 #chi ,crmonies et ,cotumes1 etc41 vol4 #a1 p4 #bg4 #cij ,tanta diferencia de manjares y de gneros de pan que era cosa estraa4--,diego ,duran1 vol4 #c1 cap4 #d1 p4 #bai4 #cia ,davis1 ,conquest of ,new ,mexico1 p4 #bgc4 #cib ,commerce of the ,prairies1 vol4 #b1 p4 #ed4 #cic ,pacific ,r4 ,r4 ,report1 #ahef1 vol4 #c1 pt4 #a1 p4 #cd4 #cid ,ibid41 p4 #cd4 #cie ,ibid41 p4 #ch4 #cif ,los ,apaches traian pieles de cibolas1 gamuzas y otras cosas1 hacer cambio por maz4 ,venian con sus recuas de perros cargados mas de quinientos mercaderes cada ao4--,teatro ,mexicano1 vol4 #c1 p4 #cbc4 #cig ,in burlesque survivals the use of flour prevails not only all over ,latin ,europe1 but all such portions of ,america as are now or have been under ,spanish or ,portuguese domination4 ,the breaking of eggshells over the heads of gentlemen upon entering a ,mexican ball room is one manifestation of it4 ,formerly the shell was filled with flour4 #cih ,dr4 ,w4 ,norton ,whitney1 ,notes from the ,history of ,medical ,progress in ,japan4 ,yokohama1 #ahhe1 p4 #bdh4 #cii ,the prayer of a ,navajo ,shaman1 in ,american ,anthropologist1 vol4 #a1 ,no4 #b1 #ahhh1 p4 #afi4 #djj ,kitchi-gami1 pp4 #daf1 #dbc1 #dbd4 #dja ,anacalypsis1 ,london1 #ahcf1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #bdb-bdd4 #djb ,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq41 vol4 #c1 p4 #bhe4 #djc ,ibid41 vol4 #a1 p4 #fi4 #djd ,ibid41 vol4 #c1 pp4 #cbi et seq4 #dje ,brinton1 ,myths of the ,new ,world1 ,new ,york1 #ahfh1 pp4 #bgh1 #bgi4 #djf ,ximenez1 ,guatemala1 p4 #agg4 #djg ,herrera1 dec4 #d1 lib4 #i1 cap4 #h1 p4 #ahh4 #djh ,balboa1 ,hist4 du ,prou1 in ,ternaux-,compans1 ,voy41 vol4 #ae1 p4 #bi4 #dji ,mendieta1 ,hist4 ,eclesistica ,ind41 p4 #aaj4 #daj ,henry ,youle ,hind1 ,assiniboine and ,saskatchewan ,exped41 vol4 #b1 pp4 #afe1 #aff4 #daa ,lisiansky1 ,voyage ,round the ,world1 ,london1 #ahad1 pp4 #aeh1 #bba1 #bbc4 #dab ,london1 #ahad1 pt4 #b1 pl4 ,,iii1 p4 #aac4 #dac ,ibid41 pl4 ,,iv1 pp4 #aid1 #aie4 #dad ,voyage1 vol4 #a1 p4 #bhb4 #dae ,native ,races1 vol4 #a1 p4 #agi4 #daf ,ibid41 vol4 #a1 pp4 #agj1 #aga4 #dag ,pre ,louis ,hennepin1 ,voyage1 etc41 ,amsterdam1 #agad1 pp4 #cci-bdj4 ,ibid41 translated by ,b4 ,f4 ,french1 in ,historical ,collections of ,louisiana1 pt4 #a1 #ahdf4 #dah ,joutel's ,journal1 in ,historical ,collections of ,louisiana1 tr4 by ,b4 ,f4 ,french1 pp4 #aha1 #ahdf4 #dai ,maj4 ,rogers1 ,account of ,north ,america1 in ,knox's ,voyages1 vol4 #b1 ,london1 #agfg1 p4 #afg4 #dbj ,picart1 ,crmonies et ,cotumes ,religieuses1 etc41 ,amsterdam1 #agce1 vol4 #f1 p4 #gg4 #dba ,ibid41 p4 #hi4 #dbb ,john ,de ,laet1 lib4 #ah1 cap4 #d2 ,gomara1 ,hist4 de las ,indias1 p4 #bjc2 ,padre ,gumilla1 ,orinoco1 pp4 #fh1 #if4 #dbc ,hans ,staden1 in ,ternaux-,compans1 ,voyages1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #bfi1 #bii4 #dbd ,peter ,martyr1 in ,hakluyt's ,voyages1 vol4 #e1 p4 #dfj4 #dbe ,bancroft1 ,nat4 ,races of the ,pacific ,slope1 vol4 #a1 p4 #gej4 #dbf ,smyth1 ,aborigines of ,victoria1 vol4 #a1 p4 #gc2 vol4 #b1 p4 #cjb4 ,see also ,carteret's description of the natives of the ,queen ,charlotte ,islands1 visited by him in #agfg4 #dbg ,hawkesworth1 ,voyages1 vol4 #a1 p4 #cgi4 #dbh ,perry ,s4 ,heath1 ,a ,hoosier in ,russia1 ,new ,york1 #ahhh1 p4 #aad4 #dbi ,fosbrooke1 ,british ,monachism1 p4 #ddb4 #dcj ,see works cited in ,buckle's ,common place ,book1 vol4 #b1 of ,works1 ,london1 #ahgb1 p4 #dg4 #dca ,picart1 ,crmonies et ,cotumes ,religieuses1 vol4 #f1 p4 #bj4 #dcb ,voyage ,round the ,world1 ,london1 #aggg1 pp4 #dfb1 #dfc4 #dcc ,archibald ,campbell1 ,voyage ,round the ,world1 ,n4 ,y41 #ahai1 p4 #acf4 #dcd ,voyage of ,la ,prouse1 ,london1 #ahbi1 vol4 #b1 p4 #bge4 #dce ,peter ,kolben's ,voyage to the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 in ,knox's ,voyage and ,travels1 ,london1 #agfg1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #cia1 #cie1 #djf1 #djg4 #dcf ,ibid41 p4 #djf4 #dcg ,spencer1 ,desc4 ,sociology1 art4 ,abipones4 #dch ,gubernatis1 ,zoological ,mythology1 ,london1 #ahgb1 vol4 #a1 p4 #dbc4 #dci ,fosbrooke1 ,british ,monachism1 p4 #hc4 #ddj ,gaule1 ,mag-astromancers ,posed and ,puzzel'd1 p4 #afe1 quoted in ,brand1 ,popular ,antiquities1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #cbi et seq4 #dda ,brand1 ,popular ,antiquities1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #ccg1 #cch4 #ddb ,laird and ,oldfield's ,expedition into the ,interior of ,africa1 quoted in ,buckle's ,common place ,book1 p4 #dff4 #ddc ,smyth1 ,aborigines of ,victoria1 vol4 #b1 p4 #bgc4 #ddd ,gayarre1 ,louisiana1 #ahea1 p4 #cjh4 #dde ,notes and ,queries1 #dth ser41 vol4 #h1 p4 #eje4 #ddf ,tractatus de ,fascinatione1 ,nuremberg1 #afge1 #aig4 #ddg ,southey1 quoting ,ward1 in ,buckle's ,common place ,book1 ,london1 #ahdi1 #b;d ser41 p4 #eba4 #ddh ,north ,american1 ,october #bg1 #ahhh4 #ddi ,kingsborough1 vol4 #e1 p4 #aih4 #dej ,serpent ,symbols1 p4 #ee4 #dea ,hist4 de ,mjico1 p4 #cdh4 #deb ,lib4 #b1 cap4 #dg1 p4 #dij4 #dec ,lib4 #a1 cap4 #ah1 p4 #bjh4 #ded ,new ,survey of the ,west ,indies1 ,london1 #afdh1 p4 #ea4 #dee ,op4 cit41 vol4 #c1 cap4 #d4 #def ,popol-,vuh 7,brasseur de ,bourbourg71 p4 #fe4 #deg ,ternaux-,compans1 ,voy41 vol4 #g1 p4 #adc4 #deh ,ibid41 p4 #bjb4 #dei ,purchas1 vol4 #d1 lib4 #h1 cap4 #a1 p4 #aeai2 also1 ,davis1 ,conquest of ,new ,mexico1 p4 #hd4 #dfj ,gomara1 ,hist4 de las ,indias1 p4 #ahb4 #dfa ,buckingham ,smith1 ,coleccion de ,varios ,documentos para la ,historia de ,florida1 ,london1 #aheg1 vol4 #a1 p4 #df4 #dfb ,bollaert1 ,researches in ,south ,america1 ,london1 #ahfj1 p4 #fc4 #dfc ,boscana1 ,chinigchinich1 pp4 #bde1 #bec4 #dfd ,powers1 ,contrib4 to ,n4 ,a4 ,ethnol41 vol4 #c1 p4 #adj4 #dfe ,long's ,expedition1 vol4 #a1 p4 #bdj4 #dff ,second ,expedition to the ,polar ,sea1 p4 #ai4 #dfg ,oregon ,missions1 p4 #aib4 #dfh ,gmelin1 quoted by ,southey1 in ,common place ,book1 #ast ser41 ,london1 #ahdi1 p4 #bci4 #dfi ,malte-,brun1 ,univ4 ,geog41 ,philadelphia1 #ahbg1 vol4 #a1 lib4 #hg1 p4 #dhc4 #dgj ,von ,wrangel1 ,polar ,expedition1 ,new ,york1 #ahdb1 p4 #ahh4 #dga ,smyth1 ,aborigines of ,victoria1 vol4 #a1 p4 xxxiv4 #dgb ,travels on the ,amazon1 p4 #caa4 #dgc ,gumilla1 ,orinoco1 ,madrid1 #agda1 p4 #ajb2 the ,guamas1 also1 ibid41 pp4 #ajb and #ajh4 #dgd ,malte-,brun1 ,univ4 ,geog41 ,phila41 #ahbg1 vol4 #c1 lib4 #hg1 p4 #cbc4 #dge ,anthropology1 vol4 #a1 p4 #aaf4 #dgf ,spencer1 ,desc4 ,sociology4 #dgg ,pliny1 ,nat4 ,history1 lib4 #ah1 cap4 #bi4 #dgh ,asiatick ,researches1 ,calcutta1 #ahja1 vol4 #g1 p4 #ddj4 #dgi ,blount1 ,tenures of ,land and ,customs of ,manors1 ,london1 #ahgd1 p4 #bbcc4 #dhj ,salverte1 ,philosophy of ,magic1 vol4 #b1 p4 #adj4 #dha ,voyage of ,capt4 ,amasa ,delano1 ,boston1 #ahdg1 p4 #bcj4 ,compare with the ordeal of ,scotch conspirators1 who ate a fragment of barley bread together4 #dhb ,gauthier de la ,peyronie1 ,voyages de ,pallas1 ,paris1 #agic1 vol4 #d1 p4 #ge4 #dhc ,teutonic ,mythology1 vol4 #a1 p4 #fc4 #dhd ,macaulay quoted in ,brand1 ,pop4 ,ant41 vol4 #a1 p4 #he4 #dhe ,fosbrooke1 ,british ,monachism1 p4 #hc4 #dhf ,du ,cange1 ,glossarium1 articles ,crispell and ,crespell4 #dhg ,brand1 ,pop4 ,ant41 vol4 #a1 p4 #hh4 #dhh ,heath1 ,a ,hoosier in ,russia1 p4 #aji4 #dhi ,nat4 ,hist41 lib4 #ah1 cap4 #bh4 #dij ,wheat1 which1 is now the bread corn of twelve ,european nations and is fast supplanting maize in ,america and several inferior grains in ,india1 was no doubt widely grown in the prehistoric world4 ,the ,chinese cultivated it #bgjj ,b4 ,c4 as a gift direct from ,heaven2 the ,egyptians attributed its origin to ,isis and the ,greeks to ,ceres4 ,a classic account of the distribution of wheat over the primeval world shows that ,ceres1 having taught her favorite ,triptolemus agriculture and the art of bread-making1 gave him her chariot1 a celestial vehicle which he used in useful travels for the purpose of distributing corn to all nations4 ,ancient monuments show that the cultivation of wheat had been established in ,egypt before the invasion of the shepherds1 and there is evidence that more productive varieties of wheat have taken the place of one1 at least1 of the ancient sorts4 ,innumerable varieties exist of common wheat4 ,colonel ,le ,couteur1 of ,jersey1 cultivated #aej varieties2 ,mr4 ,darwin mentions a ,french gentleman who had collected #cbb varieties1 and the great firm of ,french seed merchants1 ,vilmorin-,andrieux et ,cie1 cultivate about twice as many in their trial ground near ,paris4 ,in their recent work on ,les meilleurs bls ,m4 ,henry ,l4 de ,vilmorin has described sixty-eight varieties of best wheat1 which he has classed into seven groups1 though these groups can hardly be called distinct species1 since ,m4 ,henry ,l4 de ,vilmorin has crossbred three of them1 ,triticum vulgare1 ,triticum turgidum and ,triticum durum1 and has found the offspring fertile4 ,three small-grained varieties of common wheat were cultivated by the first lake dwellers of ,switzerland 7time of ,trojan war71 as well as by the less ancient lake dwellers of western ,switzerland and of ,italy1 by the people of ,hungary in the stone age1 and by the ,egyptians1 on evidence of a brick of a pyramid in which a grain was embedded and to which the date of #ccei ,b4 ,c4 has been assigned4 ,the existence of names for wheat in the most ancient languages confirms this evidence of the antiquity of its culture in all the more temperate parts of ,europe1 ,asia1 and ,africa1 but it seems improbable that wheat has ever been found growing persistently in a wild state1 although the fact has often been asserted by poets1 travelers1 and historians4 ,in the ,odyssey1 for example1 we are told that wheat grew in ,sicily without the aid of man1 but a blind poet could not have seen this himself1 and a botanical fact can hardly be accepted from a writer whose own existence has been contested4 ,diodorus repeats the tradition that ,osiris found wheat and barley growing promiscuously in ,palestine1 but neither this nor other discoveries of persistent wild wheat seem to us to be credible1 seeing that wheat does not appear to be endowed with a power of persistency except under culture4--,edinburgh ,review4 ,the origin of baking precedes the period of history and is involved in the obscurity of the early ages of the human race4 ,excavations made in ,switzerland gave evidence that the art of making bread was practiced by our prehistoric ancestors as early as the stone period4 ,from the shape of loaves it is thought that no ovens were used at that time1 but the dough was rolled into small round cakes and laid on hot stones1 being covered with glowing ashes4 ,bread is mentioned in the book of ,genesis1 where ,abraham1 wishing to entertain three angels1 offered to fetch a morsel of bread4 ,baking is again referred to where ,sarah has instructions to make ready quickly three measures of fine meal1 knead it and make cakes upon the hearth4 ,lot entertained two angels by giving them unleavened bread4 ,the mere mention of unleavened bread shows that there were two kinds of bread made even at that time4 ,the art of baking was carried on to a high perfection among the ,egyptians1 who are said to have baked cakes in many fantastic shapes1 using several kinds of flour4 ,the ,romans took up the art of baking1 and public bakeries were numerous on the streets of ,rome4 ,in ,england the business of the baker was considered to be one so closely affecting the interests of the public that in #abff an act of ,parliament was passed regulating the price to be charged for bread4 ,this regulation continued in operation until #ahbb in ,london and until #ahcf in the rest of the country4 ,the art of making bread has not yet reached some countries in ,europe and ,asia4 ,in the rural parts of ,sweden no bread is made1 but rye cakes are baked twice a year and are as hard as flint4 ,it is less than a century ago that bread was used in ,scotland1 the ,scotch people of every class living on barley bannocks and oaten cakes4--,chicago ,news4 #dia ,pop4 ,antiq41 vol4 #a1 p4 #if4 #dib ,shyast l-,shyast1 par4 #cb1 note #f1 pp4 #bhc1 #bhd 7,max ,mller's ed41 ,oxford1 #ahhj74 #dic ,ibid41 p4 #cae1 note #c4 #did ,and if thou bring an oblation of a meat offering baken in the oven1 it shall be unleavened cakes of fine flour 7,levit41 ,,ii1 #d72 ,with all thine offerings thou shalt offer salt 7,ibid41 #ac7--;,brand1 ,pop4 ,ant41 vol4 #b1 p4 #hb4 #die ,forlong1 ,rivers of ,life1 vol4 #a1 p4 #dda4 #dif ,ibid41 p4 #ddg4 #dig ,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq41 vol4 #a1 pp4 #cde1 #cdf1 quoting ,gen4 ,vallencey's ,essay on the ,antiquity of the ,irish ,language4 #dih ,ibid41 p4 #cde4 #dii ,ibid41 p4 #aed4 #ejj ,ibid41 pp4 #aee1 #aef4 #eja ,see also ,buns in ,inman's ,ancient ,faiths4 #ejb ,ofrecian el pan al dolo1 hincados de rodillas4 ,bendezianlo los sacerdotes1 y repartian como pan bendito1 con lo qual se acabaua la fiesta4 ,guardauan aquel pan todo el ao1 teniendo por desdichada1 y sugeta a muchos peligros la casa que sin el estaua4--,padre ,fray ,alonso ,fernandez 7,dominican74 ,historia ,eclesiastica de ,nuestros ,tiempos1 ,toledo1 #afaa1 p4 #af4 #ejc ,brand1 ,popular ,antiquities1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #ajj et seq41 quoting ,blount1 ,moffet1 and ,moresin4 #ejd ,torquemada1 ,monarchia ,indiana1 vol4 #b1 lib4 #g1 cap4 #i1 p4 #ajj4 #eje ,nat4 ,hist41 lib4 xviii1 caps #aj et seq4 and #ci4 #ejf ,var 7from the ,hebrew word var frumentum7 ,grain4 ,it not only means a particular kind of grain1 between wheat and barley1 less nourishing than the former1 but more so than the latter1 according to ,vossius2 but it means bread corn1 grain of any kind4 tius gives this application to any kind of frumentaceous grain1 decorticated1 cleansed from the husks1 and afterwards bruised and dried4 ,london ,medical ,dictionary1 ,bartholomew ,parr1 ,m4 ,d41 ,philadelphia1 #ahbj1 article ,far4 ,ador or ,athor was the most sacred wheat1 without beard1 offered at adoration of gods4 ,in ,latin ,adorea was a present of such after a victory1 and ,ad-oro is ',i adore1' from oro1 ',i pray to4'--,forlong1 ,rivers of ,life1 vol4 #a1 p4 #dgc1 footnote1 speaking of both ,greeks and ,romans4 #ejg ,sacred ,books of the ,east1 edition of ,max ,mller1 vol4 #ad1 pp4 #aca1 #bje4 #ejh ,brand1 ,popular ,antiquities1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #cia et seq41 article ,allhallow even4 #eji ,ibid41 p4 #cia4 #eaj ,ibid41 p4 #cib4 #eaa ,ibid41 p4 #cic4 #eab ,ibid41 vol4 #b1 pp4 #bcg et seq4 #eac ,ibid41 p4 #bdd4 #ead ,strabo1 ,geography1 ,bohn's edition1 ,london1 #ahed1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #cda1 #cdb1 footnote4 #eae ,brand1 ,popular ,antiquities1 vol4 #a1 p4 #dfj4 #eaf ,ibid41 p4 #g4 #eag ,strutt1 ,sports and ,pastimes1 pp4 #c1 #ahj4 ,on the same page3 ,dumb cake1 a species of dreaming bread prepared by unmarried females with ingredients traditionally suggested in witching doggerel4 ,when baked1 it is cut into three divisions2 a part of each to be eaten and the remainder put under the pillow4 ,when the clock strikes twelve1 each votary must go to bed backwards and keep a profound silence1 whatever may appear4 #eah ,a writer in the ,gentleman's ,magazine for ,july1 #aghc1 inquires3 ,may not the minced pye1 a compound of the choicest productions of the ,east1 have in view the offerings made by the wise men who came from afar to worship1 bringing spices1 etc4 ,quoted in ,brand1 ,pop4 ,ant41 vol4 #a1 p4 #ebf4 ,the mince pie was before the ,reformation made in the form of a crib1 to represent the manger in which the holy child lay in the stable4 ,ibid41 p4 #agh4 #eai ,heath1 ,a ,hoosier in ,russia1 p4 #aji4 #ebj ,alvar ,nuez ,cabea de ,vaca1 in ,ternaux-,compans1 ,voy41 vol4 #g1 p4 #bbj4 #eba ,see also ,davis1 ,conquest of ,new ,mexico1 p4 #ij4 #ebb ,william ,coxe1 ,russian ,discoveries between ,asia and ,america1 ,london1 #ahjc1 p4 #eg1 quoting ,steller4 #ebc ,barcia1 ,ensayo ,cronologico1 ,madrid1 #agbc4 #ebd ,arabian ,nights1 ,burton's edition1 vol4 #h1 p4 #aj1 footnote4 #ebe ,american ,antiquarian1 ,september1 #ahhf1 p4 #bha4 #ebf ,maurice1 ,indian ,antiquities1 ,london1 #ahja1 vol4 #e1 pp4 #hb and #hc4 #ebg ,ibid41 vol4 #e1 p4 #he4 #ebh ,schultze1 ,fetichism1 ,n4 ,y41 #ahhe1 p4 #cb4 #ebi ,paper by ,dr4 ,john ,g4 ,henderson on ,aboriginal remains near ,naples1 ,ill41 ,smith4 ,rept41 #ahhb4 #ecj ,j4 ,f4 ,snyder1 ,indian remains in ,cass ,county1 ,illinois1 ,smith4 ,rept41 #ahha1 p4 #ege4 #eca ,rau1 in ,sm4 ,rept41 #ahgb1 p4 #cef4 #ecb ,ancient monuments of the ,mississippi ,valley1 in ,smithsonian ,contributions1 vol4 #a1 p4 #afj4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,izze-,,kloth ,,or ,,medicine ,,cord ,,of ,,the ,,apache4 ,there is probably no more mysterious or interesting portion of the religious or medicinal equipment of the ,apache ,indian1 whether he be medicine-man or simply a member of the laity1 than the izze-kloth or medicine cord1 illustrations of which accompany this text4 ,less1 perhaps1 is known concerning it than any other article upon which he relies in his distress4 ,i regret very much to say that ,i am unable to afford the slightest clew to the meaning of any of the parts or appendages of the cords which ,i have seen or which ,i have procured4 ,some excuse for this is to be found in the fact that the ,apache look upon these cords as so sacred that strangers are not allowed to see them1 much less handle them or talk about them4 ,i made particular effort to cultivate the most friendly and1 when possible1 intimate relations with such of the ,apache and other medicine-men as seemed to offer the best chance for obtaining information in regard to this and other matters1 but ,i am compelled to say with no success at all4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dce4--,single-strand medicine cord 7,zui74 ,i did advance so far in my schemes that ,na-a-cha1 a prominent medicine-man of the ,tonto ,apache1 promised to let me have his cord1 but as an eruption of hostility on the part of the tribe called me away from the ,san ,carlos ,agency1 the opportunity was lost4 ,ramon1 one of the principal medicine-men of the ,chiricahua ,apache1 made me the same promise concerning the cord which he wore and which figures in these plates4 ,it was1 unfortunately1 sent me by mail1 and1 although the best in the series and really one of the best ,i have ever been fortunate enough to see on either living or dead1 it was not accompanied by a description of the symbolism of the different articles attached4 ,ramon also gave me the head-dress which he wore in the spirit or ghost dance1 and explained everything thereon1 and ,i am satisfied that he would also1 while in the same frame of mind1 have given me all the information in his power in regard to the sacred or medicine cord as well1 had ,i been near him4 ,there are some things belonging to these cords which ,i understand from having had them explained at other times1 but there are others about which ,i am in extreme doubt and ignorance4 ,there are four specimens of medicine cords represented and it is worth while to observe that they were used as one1 two1 three1 and four strand cords1 but whether this fact means that they belonged to medicine-men or to warriors of different degrees ,i did not learn nor do ,i venture to conjecture4 ,the single-strand medicine cord with the thirteen olivella shells belonged to a ,zui chief1 one of the priests of the sacred order of the bow1 upon whose wrist it was worn as a sign of his exalted rank in the tribe4 ,i obtained it as a proof of his sincerest friendship and with injunctions to say nothing about it to his own people1 but no explanation was made at the moment of the signification of the wristlet or cord itself or of the reason for using the olivella shells of that particular number or for placing them as they were placed4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dcf4--;,four-strand medicine cord 7,apache74 ,one of the four-strand cords was obtained from ,ramon and is the most beautiful and the most valuable of the lot4 ,ramon called my attention to the important fact that it was composed of four strands and that originally each had been stained a different color4 ,these colors were probably yellow1 blue1 white1 and black1 although the only ones still discernible at this time are the yellow and the blue4 ,the three-strand cord was sent to me at ,washington by my old friend1 ,al4 ,seiber1 a scout who has been living among the ,apache for twenty-five years4 ,no explanation accompanied it and it was probably procured from the body of some dead warrior during one of the innumerable scouts and skirmishes which ,seiber has had with this warlike race during his long term of service against them4 ,the two strand cord was obtained by myself so long ago that the circumstances connected with it have escaped my memory4 ,these cords1 in their perfection1 are decorated with beads and shells strung along at intervals1 with pieces of the sacred green chalchihuitl1 which has had such a mysterious ascendancy over the minds of the ,american ,indians--,aztec1 ,peruvian1 ,quiche1 as well as the more savage tribes1 like the ,apache and ,navajo2 with petrified wood1 rock crystal1 eagle down1 claws of the hawk or eaglet1 claws of the bear1 rattle of the rattlesnake1 buckskin bags of hoddentin1 circles of buckskin in which are inclosed pieces of twigs and branches of trees which have been struck by lightning1 small fragments of the abalone shell from the ,pacific coast1 and much other sacred paraphernalia of a similar kind4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dcg4--,three-strand medicine cord 7,apache74 ,that the use of these cords was reserved for the most sacred and important occasions1 ,i soon learned2 they were not to be seen on occasions of no moment1 but the dances for war1 medicine1 and summoning the spirits at once brought them out1 and every medicine-man of any consequence would appear with one hanging from his right shoulder over his left hip4 ,only the chief medicine-men can make them1 and after being made and before being assumed by the new owner they must be sprinkled1 ,ramon told me1 with heap hoddentin1 a term meaning that there is a great deal of attendant ceremony of a religious character4 ,these cords will protect a man while on the warpath1 and many of the ,apache believe firmly that a bullet will have no effect upon the warrior wearing one of them4 ,this is not their only virtue by any means2 the wearer can tell who has stolen ponies or other property from him or from his friends1 can help the crops1 and cure the sick4 ,if the circle attached to one of these cords 7see ,fig4 #dcf7 is placed upon the head it will at once relieve any ache1 while the cross attached to another 7see ,fig4 #dci7 prevents the wearer from going astray1 no matter where he may be2 in other words1 it has some connection with cross-trails and the four cardinal points to which the ,apache pay the strictest attention4 ,the ,apache assured me that these cords were not mnemonic and that the beads1 feathers1 knots1 etc41 attached to them were not for the purpose of recalling to mind some duty to be performed or prayer to be recited4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dch4--,two-strand medicine cord 7,apache74 ,i was at first inclined to associate these cords with the quipus of the ,peruvians1 and also with the wampum of the aborigines of the ,atlantic coast1 and investigation only confirms this first suspicion4 ,it is true that both the wampum and the quipu seem to have advanced from their primitive position as medicine and attained1 ethnologically speaking1 the higher plane of a medium for facilitating exchange or disseminating information1 and for that reason their incorporation in this chapter might be objected to by the hypercritical2 but a careful perusal of all the notes upon the subject can not fail to convince the reader that the use of just such medicine cords prevailed all over the world1 under one form or another1 and has survived to our own times4 ,first1 let me say a word about rosaries1 the invention of which has been attributed to ,st4 ,dominick1 in ,spain1 and to ,st4 ,bridget1 in ,ireland4 ,neither of these saints had anything to do with the invention or introduction of the rosary1 although each in his or her own province may have adapted to new and better uses a cord already in general service among all the peoples of ,europe4 ,the rosary1 as such1 was in general use in parts of the world long before the time of ,christ4 ,again1 the cords of the various religious orders were looked upon as medicine cords and employed in that manner by the ignorant peasantry4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dci4--;,four-strand medicine cord 7,apache74 ,in this chapter ,i will insert notes showing the use of such cords by other tribes1 and follow with descriptions of the uses to which the cords of ,st4 ,francis and others were put1 and with references to the rosaries of different races or different creeds2 finally1 ,i will remark upon the superstitions connected with cords1 belts1 and strings1 knotted or unknotted1 made of serpent skin1 human skin1 or human hair4 ,the strangest thing about it all is that observers have1 with scarcely an exception1 contented themselves with noting the existence of such cords without making the slightest effort to determine why they were used4 ,there are certain cords with medicine bags attached to be seen in the figures of medicine-men in the drawings of the sacred altars given by ,matthews in his account of the ,navajo medicine-men4 ,cushing also has noted the existence of such cords in ,zui1 and there is no doubt that some at least of the so-called fishing lines found in the ,rio ,verde cliff dwellings in ,arizona were used for the same purposes4 ,describing the tribes met on the ,rio ,colorado1 in #aedj-aeda1 ,alarcon says3 ,likewise on the brawne of their armes they weare a streit string1 which they wind so often about that it becommeth as broad as one's hand4#ecc ,it must be remembered that the ,indians thought that ,alarcon was a god1 that they offered sacrifice to him1 and that they wore all the medicine they possessed4 ,in #afhj1 the ,pueblos1 under the leadership of ,pop1 of the pueblo of ,san ,juan1 were successful in their attempt to throw off the ,spanish yoke4 ,he made them believe that he was in league with the spirits1 and that they directed him to make a rope of the palm leaf and tie in it a number of knots to represent the number of days before the rebellion was to take place2 that he must send this rope to all the ,pueblos in the kingdom1 when each should signify its approval of1 and union with1 the conspiracy by untying one of the knots4#ecd ,i suspect that this may have been an izze-kloth4 ,we know nothing about this rebellion excepting what has been derived through ,spanish sources2 the conquerors despised the natives1 and1 with a very few notable exceptions among the ,franciscans1 made no effort to study their peculiarities4 ,the discontent of the natives was aggravated by this fact2 they saw their idols pulled down1 their ceremonial chambers closed1 their dances prohibited1 and numbers of their people tried and executed for witchcraft4#ece ,fray ,geronimo de ,zarate ,salmeron was a striking example of the good to be effected by missionaries who are not above studying their people2 he acquired a complete mastery of the language of the pueblo of ,jemez1 and preached to the inhabitants in their native tongue4 ,he is represented as exercising great influence over the people of ,jemez1 ,sia1 ,santa ,ana1 and ,acoma4 ,in this rebellion of #afhj the ,pueblos expected to be joined by the ,apache4#ecf ,the izze-kloth of the ,apache seems to have had its prototype in the sacred string of beans with which ,tecumseh's brother1 the ,shawnee prophet1 traveled among the ,indian tribes1 inciting them to war4 ,every young warrior who agreed to go upon the warpath touched this sacred string of beans in token of his solemn pledge4#ecg ,tanner says in the narrative of his captivity among the ,ojibwa3 ,he the medicine-man then gave me a small hoop of wood to wear on my head like a cap4 ,on one-half of this hoop was marked the figure of a snake1 whose office1 as the chief told me1 was to take care of the water4#ech ,the small hoop of wood of which ,tanner speaks1 to be worn on the head1 seems to be analogous to the small hoop attached to the izze-kloth1 to be worn or applied in cases of headache 7,fig4 #dcf74 ,reference to something very much like the izze-kloth is made by ,harmon as in use among the ,carriers of ,british ,north ,america4 ,he says3 ,the lads1 as soon as they come to the age of puberty1 tie cords1 wound with swan's-down1 around each leg a little below the knee1 which they wear during one year1 and then they are considered as men4#eci ,catlin speaks of mystery-beads in use among the ,mandan4#edj ,the negro suspends all about his person cords with most complicated knots4#eda ,the female inhabitants of ,alaska1 ,unalaska1 and the ,fox ,islands were represented by the ,russian explorers of #agfh 7,captain ,krenitzin7 to wear chequered strings around the arms and legs4#edb ,these cords bear a striking resemblance to the wresting cords of the peasantry of ,europe4 ,some of the ,australians preserve the hair of a dead man4 ,it is spun into a cord and fastened around the head of a warrior4#edc ,a cord of opossum hair around the neck1 the ends drooping down on the back and fastened to the belt1 is one of the parts of the costume assumed by those attaining manhood in the initiation ceremonies of the ,australians4#edd ,again1 on pages #gb and #gd1 he calls it the belt of manhood4 ,the use of amulets was common among the ,greeks and ,romans1 whose amulets were principally formed of gems1 crowns of pearls1 necklaces of coral1 shells1 etc4#ede ,when ,i first saw the medicine cords of the ,apache1 it occurred to me that perhaps in some way they might be an inheritance from the ,franciscans1 who1 two centuries ago1 had endeavored to plant missions among the ,apache1 and did succeed in doing something for the ,navajo part of the tribe4 ,i therefore examined the most convenient authorities and learned that the cord of ,s4 ,franois1 like the cord of ,st4 ,augustine and the cord of ,st4 ,monica1 was itself a medicine cord1 representing a descent from a condition of thought perfectly parallel to that which has given birth to the izze-kloth4 ,thus ,picart tells us3 ,on appelle ,cordon de ,s4 ,franois la grosse corde qui sert de ceinture aux ,religieux qui vivent sous la ,regle de ce ,saint4444 ,cette corde ceint le corps du ,moine1 pend peu prs jusqu'aux pieds4 ,elle lui sert de discipline1 pour cet effet1 elle est arme de distance en distance de fort gros nuds4444 ,la ,corde de ,s4 ,franois a souvent gueri les malades1 facilit les accouchemens1 fortifi la sant1 procur ligne fait une infinit d'autres miracles difians4#edf ,this author says of the girdle of ,st4 ,augustine ,elle est de cuir1 and adds that the ,augustinians have a book which treats of the origin of their order1 in which occur these words3 ,il est probable que nos premiers ,peres1 qui vivoient sous la ,loi de nature1 tant habills de peau devoient porter une ,ceinture de mme toffe4#edg ,this last assumption is perfectly plausible4 ,for my part it has always seemed to me that monasticism is of very ancient origin1 antedating ,christianity and representing the most conservative element in the religious part of human nature4 ,it clings obstinately to primitive ideas with which would naturally be associated primitive costume4 ,the girdle of ,st4 ,monica had five knots4 ,the monks of the ,levant use a girdle with twelve knots1 to shew that they are followers of the twelve apostles4#edh ,among the sovereign remedies for the headache is mentioned the belt of ,st4 ,guthlac4#edi ,buckle refers to the fact that ,english women in labor wore blessed girdles4 ,he thinks that they may have been ,thomas ,aquinas's girdles4#eej ,and good ,saynt ,frances gyrdle1 ,with the hamlet of a hyrdle1 ,are wholsom for the pyppe4#eea ,some older charms are to be found in ,bale's ,interlude concerning the ,laws of ,nature1 ,moses1 and ,christ1 #dto1 #aefb4 ,idolatry says3 ,for lampes and for bottes ,take me ,saynt ,wilfride's knottes4#eeb ,the girdle of ,st4 ,bridget1 mentioned by ,mooney#eec and by other writers1 through which the sick were passed by their friends1 was simply a survival of the ,cunni ,diaboli still to be found in the ,east ,indies4 ,this girdle of ,st4 ,bridget was made of straw and in the form of a collar4 ,the custom prevailing in ,catholic countries of being buried in the habits of the monastic orders1 of which we know that the cord was a prominent feature1 especially in those of ,st4 ,francis or ,st4 ,dominick1 is alluded to by ,brand4#eed ,this custom seems to have been founded upon a prior superstitious use of magical cords which were1 till a comparatively recent period1 buried with the dead4 ,the ,roman ,catholic church anathematized those qui s'imaginent faire plaisir aux morts ou leur mettant entre les mains1 ou en jettant sur leurs fosses1 ou dans leurs tombeaux de petites cordes noues de plusieurs nuds1 d'autres semblables1 ce qui est expressement condamn par le ,synode de ,ferrare en #afab4eee ,evidently the desire was to be buried with cords or amulets which in life they dared not wear4 ,we may infer that cords and other articles of monastic raiment can be traced back to a most remote ancestry by reading the views of ,godfrey ,higgins1 in ,anacalypsis1 to the effect that there was a tradition maintained among the ,carmelites that their order had been established by the prophet ,elisha and that ,jesus ,christ himself had been one of its members4 ,massingberd1 speaking of the first arrival of the ,carmelites in ,england 7about ,a4 ,d4 #abae71 says3 ,they professed to be newly arrived in ,italy1 driven out by the ,saracens from the ,holy ,land1 where they had remained on ,mount ,carmel from the time of ,elisha the prophet4 ,they assert that 'the sons of the prophets' had continued on ,mount ,carmel as a poor brotherhood till the time of ,christ1 soon after which they were miraculously converted1 and that the ,virgin ,mary joined their order and gave them a precious vestment called a scapular4#eef ,,analogues ,,to ,,be ,,found ,,among ,,the ,,aztecs1 ,,peruvians1 ,,and ,,others4 ,according to the different authorities cited below1 it will be seen that the ,aztec priests were in the habit of consulting ,fate by casting upon the ground a handful of cords tied together2 if the cords remained bunched together1 the sign was that the patient was to die1 but if they stretched out1 then it was apparent that the patient was soon to stretch out his legs and recover4 ,mendieta says3 ,tenian unos cordeles1 hecho de ellos un manojo como llavero donde las mujeres traen colgadas las llaves1 lanzbanlos en el suelo1 y si quedaban revueltos1 decian que era seal de muerte4 ,y si alguno algunos salian extendidos1 tenanlo por seal de vida1 diciendo3 que ya comenzaba el enfermo extender los pis y las manos4#eeg ,diego ,duran speaks of the ,mexican priests casting lots with knotted cords1 con nudillos de hilo echaban suertes4#eeh ,when the army of ,cortes advanced into the interior of ,mexico1 his soldiers found a forest of pine in which the trees were interlaced with certain cords and papers which the wizards had placed there1 telling the ,tlascaltecs that they would restrain the advance of the strangers and deprive them of all strength3 ,hallaron un ,pinar mui espeso1 lleno de hilos i papeles1 que enredaban los ,arboles1 i atravesaban el camino1 de que mucho se rieron los ,castellanos2 i dixeron graciosos donaires1 quando luego supieron que los ,hechiceros havian dado entender los ,tlascaltecas que con aquellos hilos1 i papeles havian de tener los ,castellanos1 i quitarles sus fueras4#eei ,padre ,sahagun speaks of the ,aztec priests who cast lots with little cords knotted together3 ,que hechan suertes con unas cordezuelas que atan unas con otros que llaman ,mecatlapouhque4#efj ,some such method of divining by casting cords must have existed among the ,lettons1 as we are informed by ,grimm4#efa ,among the ,lettons1 the bride on her way to church1 must throw a bunch of colored threads and a coin into every ditch and pond she sees4#efb ,in the religious ceremonies of the ,peruvians vague mention is made of a very long cable1 woven in four colours1 black1 white1 red1 and yellow4#efc ,the ,inca wore a llautu4 ,this was a red fringe in the fashion of a border1 which he wore across his forehead from one temple to the other4 ,the prince1 who was heir apparent1 wore a yellow fringe1 which was smaller than that of his father4#efd ,in another place1 ,garcilaso says3 ,it was of many colours1 about a finger in width and a little less in thickness4 ,they twisted this fringe three or four times around the head and let it hang after the manner of a garland4#efe ,the ,ynca made them believe that they were granted by order of the ,sun1 according to the merits of each tribe1 and for this reason they valued them exceedingly4#eff ,the investiture was attended with imposing ceremonies4 ,when the ,grounds of the ,sun were to be tilled by the ,peruvians1 the principal men went about the task wearing white cords stretched across the shoulders after the manner of ministers of the altar#efg is the vague description to be gathered from ,herrera4 ,knotted cords were in use among the ,carib2 ce qui revient aux ,quippos des ,pruviens4#efh ,the accompanying citation from ,montfaucon would seem to show that among the ,romans were to be found sacred baldrics in use by the war priests2 such baldrics are to be seen also among the ,american aborigines1 and correspond very closely to the medicine cords4 ,montfaucon describes the ,saliens1 who among the ,romans were the priests of ,mars1 the god of war2 these priests in the month of ,march had a festival which was probably nothing but a war dance1 as that month would be most favorable in that climate for getting ready to attack their neighbors and enemies4 ,he says that these ,saliens sont vtus de robes de diverses couleurs1 ceints de baudriers d'airain4 ,these would seem to have been a sort of medicine cord with plates of brass affixed which would rattle when shaken by the dancer4#efi ,captain ,cook found that the men of the tribes seen in ,australia wore bracelets of small cord1 wound two or three times about the upper part of their arm4#egj ,whilst their the ,congo natives' children are young1 these people bind them about with certain superstitious cords made by the wizards1 who1 likewise1 teach them to utter a kind of spell while they are binding them4#ega ,father ,merolla adds that sometimes as many as four of these cords are worn4 ,bosman remarks upon the negroes of the ,gold ,coast as follows3 ,the child is no sooner born than the priest 7here called ,feticheer or ,consoe7 is sent for1 who binds a parcel of ropes and coral and other trash about the head1 body1 arms1 and legs of the infant2 after which he exorcises1 according to their accustomed manner1 by which they believe it is armed against all sickness and ill accidents4#egb ,in the picture of a native of ,uzinza1 ,speke shows us a man wearing a cord from the right shoulder to the left hip4#egc ,in the picture of ,lunga ,mndi's son1 in ,cameron's ,across ,africa1#egd that young chief is represented as wearing a cord across his body from his right shoulder to the left side4 ,on the ,lower ,congo1 at ,stanley ,pool1 ,stanley met a young chief3 ,from his shoulders depended a long cloth of check pattern1 while over one shoulder was a belt1 to which was attached a queer medley of small gourds containing snuff and various charms1 which he called his ,inkisi4#ege ,this no doubt was a medicine cord4 ,according to the custom1 which seems to belong to all ,africa1 as a sign of grief the ,dinka wear a cord round the neck4#egf ,the ,mateb1 or baptismal cord1 is de rigueur1 and worn when nothing else is4 ,it formed the only clothing of the young at ,seramba1 but was frequently added to with amulets1 sure safeguards against sorcery4#egg ,the ,abyssinian ,christians wear a blue cord as a sign of having been baptized1 and baptism and the blue cord are1 in the ,abyssinian mind1 inseparable4#egh ,the cord1#egi or mateb1 without which nobody can be really said in ,abyssinia to be respectable4#ehj ,it further resembles the ,apache medicine cord1 inasmuch as it is a blue cord around the neck4#eha ,the baptismal cords are made of blue floss silk4#ehb ,,the ,,magic ,,wind ,,knotted ,,cords ,,of ,,the ,,lapps ,,and ,,others4 ,the navigators of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries have related many wonderful stories about the magic of the ,finns or ,finno ,lappes1 who sold wind contained in a cord with three knots4 ,if the first were untied1 the wind became favourable1 if the second1 still more so1 but1 if the third were loosed1 a tempest was the inevitable consequence4#ehc ,the selling of wind knots was ascribed not only to the ,lapps and ,finns1 but to the inhabitants of ,greenland also4#ehd ,the northern shipmasters are such dupes to the delusions of these impostors that they often purchase of them a magic cord which contains a number of knots1 by opening of which1 according to the magician's directions1 they expect to gain any wind they want4#ehe ,they ,lapland witches further confessed1 that while they fastened three knots on a linen towel in the name of the devil1 and had spit on them1 c41 they called the name of him they doomed to destruction4 ,they also claimed that1 by some fatal contrivance they could bring on men disorders1 444 as by spitting three times on a knife and anointing the victims with that spittle4#ehf ,scheffer describes the ,laplanders as having a cord tied with knots for the raising of the wind2 ,brand says the same of the ,finlanders1 of ,norway1 of the priestesses of the island of ,sena1 on the coast of ,gaul1 in the time of the ,emperor ,claudius1 the witches of the ,isle of ,man1 etc4#ehg ,macbeth1 speaking to the witches1 says3 ,though you untie the winds1 and let them fight ,against the churches2 though the yesty waves ,confound and swallow navigation up4#ehh ,,rosaries ,,and ,,other ,,mnemonic ,,cords4 ,the rosary being confessedly an aid to memory1 it will be proper to include it in a chapter descriptive of the different forms of mnemonic cords which have been noticed in various parts of the world4 ,the use of the rosary is not confined to ,roman ,catholics2 it is in service among ,mahometans1 ,tibetans1 and ,persians4#ehi ,picart mentions chaplets among the ,chinese and ,japanese which very strongly suggest the izze-kloth4#eij ,father ,grbillon1 in his account of ,tartary1 alludes several times to the importance attached by the ,chinese and ,tartars to the privilege of being allowed to touch the string of beads worn by certain ,lamas met on the journey1 which corresponds very closely to the rosaries of the ,roman ,catholics4#eia ,mr4 ,astle informs us that the first ,chinese letters were knots on cords4#eib ,speaking of the ancient ,japanese1 the ,chinese chronicles relate3 ,they have no writing1 but merely cut certain marks upon wood and make knots in cord4#eic ,in the very earliest myths of the ,chinese we read of knotted cords1 which they used instead of characters1 and to instruct their children4#eid ,malte-,brun calls attention to the fact that the hieroglyphics and little cords in use amongst the ancient ,chinese recall in a striking manner the figured writing of the ,mexicans and the ,quipos of ,peru4#eie ,each combination of the quipu had1 however1 a fixed ideographic value in a certain branch of knowledge1 and thus the quipu differed essentially from the ,catholic rosary1 the ,jewish phylactery1 or the knotted strings of the natives of ,north ,america and ,siberia1 to all of which it has at times been compared4#eif ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor differs in opinion from ,brinton4 ,according to ,tylor1 the quipu is a near relation of the rosary and the wampum-string4#eig ,the use of knotted cords by natives of the ,caroline ,islands1 as a means of preserving a record of time1 is noted by ,kotzebue in several places4 ,for instance3 ,kadu kept his journal by moons1 for which he made a knot in a string4#eih ,during the years of my service with the late ,maj4 ,gen4 ,crook in the ,southwest1 ,i was surprised to discover that the ,apache scouts kept records of the time of their absence on campaign4 ,there were several methods in vogue1 the best being that of colored beads1 which were strung on a string1 six white ones to represent the days of the week and one black or other color to stand for ,sundays4 ,this method gave rise to some confusion1 because the ,indians had been told that there were four weeks1 or ,sundays 7,domingos71 in each ,luna1 or moon1 and yet they soon found that their own method of determining time by the appearance of the crescent moon was much the more satisfactory4 ,among the ,zui ,i have seen little tally sticks with the marks for the days and months incised on the narrow edges1 and among the ,apache another method of indicating the flight of time by marking on a piece of paper along a horizontal line a number of circles or of straight lines across the horizontal datum line to represent the full days which had passed1 a heavy straight line for each ,sunday1 and a small crescent for the beginning of each month4 ,farther to the south1 in the ,mexican state of ,sonora1 ,i was shown1 some twenty years ago1 a piece of buckskin1 upon which certain ,opata or ,yaqui ,indians--,i forget exactly which tribe1 but it matters very little1 as they are both industrious and honest--had kept account of the days of their labor4 ,there was a horizontal datum line1 as before1 with complete circles to indicate full days and half circles to indicate half days1 a long heavy black line for ,sundays and holidays1 and a crescent moon for each new month4 ,these accounts had to be drawn up by the overseer or superintendent of the rancho at which the ,indians were employed before the latter left for home each night4 ,,the ,,sacred ,,cords ,,of ,,the ,,parsis ,,and ,,brahmans4 ,i have already apologized for my own ignorance in regard to the origin and symbolical signification of the izze-kloth of the ,apache1 and ,i have now to do the same thing for the writers who have referred to the use by the religious of ,india of the sacred cords with which1 under various names1 the young man of the ,parsis or ,brahmans is invested upon attaining the requisite age4 ,no two accounts seem to agree and1 as ,i have never been in ,india and cannot presume to decide where so many differ1 it is best that ,i should lay before my readers the exact language of the authorities which seem to be entitled to greatest consideration4 ,a sacred thread girdle 7kstk71 should it be made of silk1 is not proper2 the hair of a hairy goat and a hairy camel is proper1 and from other hairy creatures it is proper among the lowly4#eii ,every ,parsi wears a triple coil of a white cotton girdle1 which serves to remind him of the three precepts of his morality--'good thoughts1' 'good words1' 'good deeds4'#fjj ,williams describes the sacred girdle of the ,prss as made of seventy-two interwoven woollen threads1 to denote the seventy-two chapters of the ,yasna1 but has the appearance of a long flat cord of pure white wool1 which is wound round the body in three coils4 ,the ,prs must take off this kust five times daily and replace it with appropriate prayers4 ,it must be wound round the body three times and tied in two peculiar knots1 the secret of which is known only to the ,prss4#fja ,according to ,picart1 the sudra1 or sacred cord of the ,prss1 has four knots1 each of which represents a precept4#fjb ,marco ,polo1 in speaking of the ,brahmans of ,india1 says3 ,they are known by a cotton thread1 which they wear over the shoulders1 tied under the arm1 crossing the breast4#fjc ,picart described the sacred cord of the ,brahmans1 which he calls the ,dsandhem1 as made in three colors1 each color of nine threads of cotton1 which only the ,brahmans have the right to make4 ,it is to be worn after the manner of a scarf from the left shoulder to the right side4 ,it must be worn through life1 and1 as it will wear out1 new ones are provided at a feast during the month of ,august4#fjd ,the ,brahman about the age of seven or nine 444 is invested with 'the triple cord1' and a badge which hangs from his left shoulder4#fje ,the ,upavita or sacred cord1 wound round the shoulders of the ,brahmans1 is mentioned in the ,hibbert ,lectures on the ,origin and ,growth of ,religion4 ,primarily1 the sacred cord was the distinguishing mark of caste among the ,aryan inhabitants4 ,it consisted for the ,brahmans of three cotton threads2 for the ,kshatriyas or warriors of three hempen threads2 and for the ,vaisyas or artisans and tradesmen of woollen threads4#fjf ,all coiling roots and fantastic shrubs represent the serpent and are recognized as such all over ,india4 ,in ,bengal we find at the present day the fantastically growing ,euphorbia antiquorum regularly worshipped1 as the representative of the serpent god4 ,the sacred thread1 worn alike by ,hindoo and ,zoroastrian1 is the symbol of that old faith2 the ,brahman twines it round his body and occasionally around the neck of the sacred bull1 the ,lingam1 and its altar4444 ,with the orthodox1 the serpent thread should reach down to its closely allied faith1 although this ,ophite thread idea is now no more known to ,hindoos than the origin of arks1 altars1 candles1 spires1 and our church fleur-de-lis to ,jews and ,christians4#fjg ,general ,forlong alludes to the thigh as the symbol of phallic worship4 ,the serpent on head denoted ,holiness1 ,wisdom1 and ,power1 as it does when placed on gods and great ones of the ,east still2 but the ,hindoo and ,zoroastrian very early adopted a symbolic thread instead of the ophite deity1 and the throwing of this over the head is also a very sacred rite1 which consecrates the man-child to his ,god2 this ,i should perhaps have earlier described1 and will do so now4 ,the adoption of the ,poita or sacred thread1 called also the ,zenar1 and from the most ancient pre-historic times by these two great ,bactro-,aryan families1 points to a period when both had the same faith1 and that faith the ,serpent4 ,the ,investiture is the ,confirmation or second birth of the ,hindoo boy2 until which he can not1 of course1 be married4 ,after the worship of the heavenly stone--the ,sligrma1 the youth or child takes a branch of the ,vilwa tree in his right hand1 and a mystic cloth-bag in the left1 when a ,poita is formed of three fibres of the ,sooroo tree 7for the first cord must always be made of the genuine living fibres of an orthodox tree71 and this is hung to the boy's left shoulder2 he then raises the ,vilwa branch over his right shoulder1 and so stands for some time1 a complete figure of the old faiths in ,tree and ,serpent1 until the priest offers up various prayers and incantations to ,soorya1 ,savitri or ,sot1 the ,eternal ,god4 ,the ,sooroo-,poita is then removed as not durable enough1 and the permanent thread is put over the neck4 ,it also is formed of three threads1 each #if cubits or #dh yards long1 folded and twisted together until only so long that1 when thrown over the left shoulder1 it extends half-way down the right thigh1 or a little less2 for the object appears to be to unite the ,caput1 ,sol1 or ,seat of intellect with that of passion1 and so form a perfect man4#fjh ,all ,parsis wear the sacred thread of serpent and phallic extraction1 and the investiture of this is a solemn and essential rite with both sects i4e41 the ,hindus and ,parsis1 showing their joint ,aryan origin in high ,asia1 for the thread is of the very highest antiquity4 ,the ,parsi does not1 however1 wear his thread across the shoulder1 and knows nothing of the all-but-forgotten origin of its required length4 ,he wears it next to his skin1 tied carefully round the waist1 and used to tie it round his right arm1 as is still the custom with some classes of ,brahmins who have lost purity of caste by intermarriage with lower classes4#fji ,at the baptism or investiture of the thread1 which takes the place of the ,christian confirmation ceremony1 but between the ages of #g and #i1 ,fire and ,water are the great sanctifying elements1 and are the essentials4 ,the fire is kindled from the droppings of the sacred cow1 then sprinkled over with holy water and blessed2 and when so consecrated by the priest it is called ,holy ,fire4#faj ,the ,brahmans1 the ,rajas1 and the ,merchants1 distinguish themselves from the various casts of ,sudras by a narrow belt of thread1 which they always wear suspended from the left shoulder to the opposite haunch like a sash4#faa ,but1 as ,dubois speaks of the division of all the tribes into ,right-hand and ,left-hand1 a distinction which ,coleman#fab explains as consisting in doing exactly contrariwise of each other1 it is not a very violent assumption to imagine that both the present and a former method of wearing the izze-kloth1 akin to that now followed by the ,apache1 may once have obtained in ,india4 ,the sectaries of the two ,hands are bitterly antagonistic and often indulge in fierce quarrels1 ending in bloodshed4#fac ,all the ,brahmans wear a ,cord over the shoulder1 consisting of three black twists of cotton1 each of them formed of several smaller threads4444 ,the three threads are not twisted together1 but separate from one another1 and hang from the left shoulder to the right haunch4 ,when a ,brahman marries1 he mounts nine threads instead of three4 ,children were invested with these sacred cords at the age of from #g to #i4 ,the cords had to be made and put on with much ceremony1 and only ,brahmans could make them4 ,according to ,dubois1 the material was cotton2 he does not allude to buckskin4#fad ,coleman#fae gives a detailed description of the manner in which the sacred thread of the ,brahmans is made3 ,the sacred thread must be made by a ,brahman4 ,it consists of three strings1 each ninety-six hands 7forty-eight yards71 which are twisted together3 it is then folded into three and again twisted2 these are a second time folded into the same number and tied at each end in knots4 ,it is worn over the left shoulder 7next the skin1 extending half way down the right thigh71 by the ,brahmans1 ,ketries and ,vaisya castes4 ,the first are usually invested with it at eight years of age1 the second at eleven1 and the ,vaisya at twelve4444 ,the ,hindus of the ,sutra caste do not receive the poita4 ,the ceremony of investiture comprehends prayer1 sacrifice1 fasting1 etc41 and the wearing of a preliminary poita of three threads1 made of the fibers of the suru1 to which a piece of deer's skin is fastened4#faf ,this piece of buckskin was added no doubt in order to let the neophyte know that once buckskin formed an important part of the garment4 ,the ,brahmans use three cords1 while the ,apache employ four2 on this subject we shall have more to learn when we take up the subject of numbers4 ,maurice says that the sacred cord of ,india1 which he calls the zennar1 is a cord of three threads in memory and honor of the three great deities of ,hindostan4#fag ,it can be woven by no profane hand2 the ,brahmin alone can twine the hallowed threads that compose it and it is done by him with the utmost solemnity1 and with the addition of many mystic rites4#fah ,it corresponds closely to the izze-kloth2 the ,apache do not want people to touch these cords4 ,the zennar being put upon the left shoulder passes to the right side and hangs down as low as the fingers can reach4#fai ,the izze-kloth of the ,apache1 when possible1 is made of twisted antelope skin2 they have no cord of hemp2 but when the zennar is put on for the first time1 it is accompanied with a piece of the skin of an antelope1 three fingers in breadth1 but shorter than the zennar4#fbj ,on p4 #abh of ,vining's ,an ,inglorious ,columbus1 there is a figure of worshipers offering gifts to ,buddha2 from ,buddha's left shoulder to his right hip there passes what appears to be a cord1 much like the izze-kloth of the ,apache4 ,examples of the use of such cords are to be found elsewhere4 ,in the conjuration of one of the shamans1 ,they took a small line made of deers' skins of four fathoms long1 and with a small knot the priest made it fast about his neck and under his left arm1 and gave it unto two men standing on both sides of him1 which held the ends together4#fba ,it is difficult to say whether this was a cord used on the present occasion only or worn constantly by the shaman4 ,in either case the cord was medicine4 ,hagennaar relates that he saw men wearing ropes with knots in them1 flung over their shoulders1 whose eyes turned round in their heads1 and who were called ,jammaboos1 signifying as much as conjurors or exorcists4#fbb ,the ,mahometans believe that at the day of judgment ,jesus ,christ and ,mahomet are to meet outside of ,jerusalem holding a tightly-stretched cord between them upon which all souls must walk4 ,this may or may not preserve a trace of a former use of such a cord in their medicine1 but it is well to refer to it4#fbc ,the sacred thread and garment which were worn by all the perfect among the ,cathari1 and the use of which by both ,zends and ,brahmans shows that its origin is to be traced back to a pre-historic period4#fbd ,no religious rite can be performed by a 7child7 before he has been girt with the sacred girdle1 since he is on a level with a ,sdra before his 7new7 birth from the ,veda4#fbe ,in explaining the rules of external purification--that is1 purification in which water is the medium--,baudhyana says3#fbf ,the sacrificial thread 7shall be made7 of ,kusa grass1 or cotton1 7and consist7 of thrice three strings4 7,it shall hang down7 to the navel4 7,in putting it on7 he shall raise the right arm1 lower the left1 and lower the head4 ,the contrary 7is done at sacrifices7 to the manes4 7,if the thread is7 suspended around the neck 7it is called7 nivita4 7,if it is7 suspended below 7the navel1 it is called7 adhopavita4 ,a former use of sacred cords would seem to be suggested in the constant appearance of the belief in the mystical properties and the power for good or evil of the knots which constitute the characteristic appendage of these cords4 ,this belief has been confined to no race or people2 it springs up in the literature of the whole world and survives with a pertinacity which is remarkable among the peasantry of ,europe and among many in both ,america and ,europe who would not hesitate to express resentment were they to be included among the illiterate4 ,the powers of these knots were recognized especially in strengthening or defeating love1 as aiding women in labor1 and in other ways which prove them to be cousins-german to the magic knots with which the medicine-men of the ,lapps and other nations along the shores of the ,baltic were supposed to be able to raise or allay the tempest4 ,one of the torments with which witchcraft worried men was the ,knot by which a man was withheld so that he could not work his will with a woman4 ,it was called in the ,latin of the times ,nodus and ,obligamentum1 and appears in the glossaries1 translated by the ,saxons into lyb1 drug4 ,to make a 'ligatura' is pronounced 'detestable' by ,theodoras1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 in #ffh4 ,the knot is still known in ,france1 and ,nouer l'aiguillette is a resort of ill-will4 ,then is given the adventure of ,hrut1 prince of ,iceland1 and his bride ,gunnhilld1 princess of ,norway1 by whom a knot was duly tied to preserve his fidelity during his absence4#fbg ,traces of this philosophy are to be found elsewhere1 7references are given from ,pliny and ,galens in regard to nod74#fbh ,a knot among the ancient northern nations seems to have been the symbol of love1 faith1 and friendship1 pointing out the indissoluble tie of affection and duty4 ,thus the ancient ,runic inscriptions1 as we gather from ,hickes's ,thesaurus1 are in the form of a knot4 ,hence1 among the northern ,english and ,scots1 who still retain1 in a great measure1 the language and manners of the ancient ,danes1 that curious kind of a knot1 a mutual present between the lover and his mistress1 which1 being considered as the emblem of plighted fidelity1 is therefore called a true-love knot3 a name which is not derived1 as one would naturally suppose it to be1 from the words 'true' and 'love1' but formed from the ,danish verb ,trulofa1 fidem do1 ,i plight my troth1 or faith4444 ,hence1 evidently1 the bride favors or the top-knots at marriages1 which have been considered as emblems of the ties of duty and affection between the bride and her spouse1 have been derived4#fbi ,sir ,thomas ,browne1 in his ,vulgar ,errors1#fcj says the true-lover's knot is much magnified1 and still retained in presents of love among us2 which1 though in all points it doth not make out1 had1 perhaps1 its original from ,nodus ,herculanus1 or that which was called ,hercules1 his knot resembling the snaky complications in the caduceus or rod of ,hermes and in which form the zone or woolen girdle of the bride was fastened1 as ,turnebus observes in his ,adversaria4 ,brand shows#fca that the true-lover's knot had to be tied three times4 ,another species of knot divination is given in the ,connoisseur1 ,no4 #ef3 ,whenever ,i go to lye in a strange bed1 ,i always tye my garter nine times round the bed-post1 and knit nine knots in it1 and say to myself3 'this knot ,i knit1 this knot ,i tye1 to see my love as he goes by1' etc4 ,there was also a suggestion of color symbolism in the true-lover's knot1 blue being generally accepted as the most appropriate tint4 ,i find among the illiterate ,mexican population of the lower ,rio ,grande a firm belief in the power possessed by a lock of hair tied into knots to retain a maiden's affections4 ,i find it stated that headache may be alleviated by tying a woman's fillet round the head4#fcb ,to arrest incontinence of urine1 the extremities of the generative organs should be tied with a thread of linen or papyrus1 and a binding passed round the middle of the thigh4#fcc ,it is quite surprising how much more speedily wounds will heal if they are bound up and tied with a ,hercules' knot2 indeed1 it is said that if the girdle which we wear every day is tied with a knot of this description1 it will be productive of certain beneficial effects1 ,hercules having been the first to discover the fact4#fcd ,healing girdles were already known to ,marcellus4#fce ,in our times 'tis a common thing1 saith ,erastus in his book de ,lamiis1 for witches to take upon them the making of these philters1 to force men and women to love and hate whom they will2 to cause tempests1 diseases1 c41 by charms1 spels1 characters1 knots4#fcf ,burton#fcg alludes to the inchanted girdle of ,venus1 in which1 saith ,natales ,comes1 444 all witchcraft to enforce love was contained4 ,the first general council of ,milan1 in #aefe1 prohibited the use of what were called phylacteries1 ligatures1 and reliquaries 7of heathen origin7 which people all over ,europe were in the habit of wearing at neck or on arms or knees4#fch ,king ,james#fci enumerates thus3 ',such kinde of charmes as 444 staying married folkes to have naturally adoe with each other1 by knitting so many knots upon a point at the time of their marriage4'#fdj ,tying the point was another fascination1 illustrations of which may be found in ,reginald ,scott's ,discourse ,concerning ,devils and ,spirits1 p4 #ga2 in the ,fifteen ,comforts of ,marriage1 p4 #bbe2 and in the ,british ,apollo1 vol4 #b1 ,no4 #ce1 #agji4 ,in the old play of ,the ,witch of ,edmonton1 #afeh1 ,young ,banks says1 ',ungirt1 unbless'd1 says the proverb4'#fda ,frommann speaks of the frequent appearance of knots in witchcraft1 but1 beyond alluding to the ,nodus ,cassioticus of a certain people near ,pelusia1 who seem1 like the ,laplanders1 to have made a business of fabricating and selling magic knots1 he adds nothing to our stock of information on the subject4 ,he seems to regard the knot of ,hercules and the ,gordian knot as magical knots4#fdb ,bogle mentions the adoration of the ,grand ,lama 7,teshu ,lama74 ,the ,lama's servants put a bit of silk with a knot upon it1 tied1 or supposed to be tied1 with the ,lama's own hands1 about the necks of the votaries4#fdc ,a girdle of ,venus1 possessing qualities not to be described1 was enumerated among the articles exhibited at a rustic wedding in ,england4#fdd ,in #aeai1 ,torralva1 the ,spanish magician1 was given by his guardian spirit1 ,zequiel1 a stick full of knots1 with the injunction1 shut your eyes and fear nothing2 take this in your hand1 and no harm will happen to you4#fde ,here the idea evidently was that the power resided in the knots4 ,immediately before the celebration of the marriage ceremony in ,perthshire1 ,scotland every knot about the bride and bridegroom 7garters1 shoe-strings1 strings of petticoats1 c471 is carefully loosened4#fdf ,the precaution of loosening every knot about the new-joined pair is strictly observed in ,scotland1 for fear of the penalty denounced in the former volumes4 ,it must be remarked that the custom1 is observed even in ,france1 nouer l'aiguillette being a common phrase for disappointments of this nature4#fdg ,in some parts of ,germany a bride will tie a string of flax around her left leg1 in the belief that she will thereby enjoy the full blessing of the married state4#fdh ,there was formerly a custom in the north of ,england1 which will be thought to have bordered very closely upon indecency 444 for the young men present at a wedding to strive1 immediately after the ceremony1 who could first pluck off the bride's garters from her legs4 ,this was done before the very altar 444 ,i have sometimes thought this a fragment of the ancient ceremony of loosening the virgin zone1 or girdle1 a custom that needs no explanation4 ,it is the custom in ,normandy for the bride to bestow her garter on some young man as a favour1 or sometimes it is taken from her 444 ,i am of opinion that the origin of the ,order of the ,garter is to be traced to this nuptial custom1 anciently common to both court and country4#fdi ,grimm quotes from ,hincmar of ,rheims to show the antiquity of the use for both good and bad purposes of ligatures1 cum filulis colorum multiplicium4#fej ,to undo the effects of a ligature1 the following was in high repute3 ,si quem voles per noctem cum fmina coire non posse1 pistillum coronatum sub lecto illius pone4#fea ,but a pestle crowned with flowers could be nothing more or less than a phallus1 and1 therefore1 an offering to the god ,priapus4 ,owing to a supposed connection which the witches knew between the relations of husband and wife and the mysterious knots1 the bridegroom1 formerly in ,scotland and to the present day in ,ireland1 presents himself occasionally1 and in rural districts1 before the clergyman1 with all knots and fastenings on his dress loosened1 and the bride1 immediately after the ceremony is performed1 retires to be undressed1 and so rid of her knots4#feb ,,use ,,of ,,cords ,,and ,,knots ,,and ,,girdles ,,in ,,parturition4 ,folk medicine in all regions is still relying upon the potency of mystical cords and girdles to facilitate labor4 ,the following are a few of the many examples which might be presented3 ,delivery was facilitated if the man by whom the woman has conceived unties his girdle1 and1 after tying it round her1 unties it1 saying3 ,i have tied it and ,i will untie it1 and then takes his departure4#fec ,henry1 in his ,history of ,britain1 vol4 #a1 p4 #dei1 tells us that 'amongst the ancient ,britons1 when a birth was attended with any difficulty1 they put certain girdles made for that purpose about the women in labour which they imagined gave immediate and effectual relief4 ,such girdles were kept with care till very lately in many families in the ,highlands of ,scotland4 ,they were impressed with several mystical figures2 and the ceremony of binding them about the woman's waist was accompanied with words and gestures1 which showed the custom to have been of great antiquity1 and to have come originally from the ,druids4'#fed ,but my girdle shall serve as a riding knit1 and a fig for all the witches in ,christendom4#fee ,the use of girdles in labor must be ancient4 ,ut mulier concipiat1 homo vir si solvat semicinctum suum et eam prcingat4#fef ,certum est quod partum mirabiliter facilirent1 siveinstar cinguli circumdentur corpori4 ,these girdles were believed to aid labor and cure dropsy and urinary troubles4#feg ,the following customs of childbirth are noticed in the ,trait des ,superstitions of ,m4 ,thiers1 vol4 #a1 p4 #cbj3 ',lors qu'une femme est preste d'accoucher1 prendre sa ceinture1 aller l',eglise1 lier la cloche avec cette ceinture et la faire sonner trois coups afin que cette femme accouche heureusement4 ,martin de ,arles1 ,archidiacre de ,pampelonne 7,tract4 de ,superstition7 asseure que cette superstition est fort en usage dans tout son pays4'#feh ,in the next two examples there is to be found corroboration of the views advanced by ,forlong that these cords 7granting that the principle upon which they all rest is the same7 had originally some relation to ophic rites4 ,brand adds from ,levinus ,lemnius3 ,let the woman that travels with her child 7is in her labour7 be girded with the skin that a serpent or a snake casts off1 and then she will quickly be delivered4#fei ,a serpent's skin was tied as a belt about a woman in childbirth4 ,inde puerper circa collum aut corporem apposito1 victoriam in puerperii conflictu habuerunt1 citissimeque liberat fuerunt4#ffj ,the following examples1 illustrative of the foregoing1 are taken from ,flemming3 ,the skins of human corpses were drawn off1 preferably by cobblers1 tanned1 and made into girdles1 called ,cingula or ,chirothec1 which were bound on the left thigh of a woman in labor to expedite delivery4 ,the efficacy of these was highly extolled1 although some writers recommended a recourse to tiger's skin for the purposes indicated4 ,this caro humano was euphemistically styled mummy or mumia by ,von ,helmont and others of the early pharmacists1 when treating of it as an internal medicament4 ,there was a ,cingulum ex corio humano bound round patients during epileptic attacks1 convulsions1 childbirth1 etc41 and another kind of belt described as ex cute humana conficiunt1 and used in contraction of the nerves and rheumatism of the joints1#ffa also bound round the body in cramp4#ffb ,the girdle was an essential article of dress1 and early ages ascribe to it other magic influences3 e4g41 ,thr's divine strength lay in his girdle4#ffc ,in speaking of the belief in lycanthropy he says3 ,the common belief among us is that the transformation is effected by tying a strap round the body2 this girth is only three fingers broad1 and is cut out of human skin4#ffd ,scrofulous tumors were cured by tying them with a linen thread which had choked a viper to death4#ffe ,filum rubrum seraceum silk cum quo strangulata fuit vipera si circumdatur collo angina laborantes1 eundem curare dicitur propter idem strangulationis et suffocationis4#fff ,quidam commendant tanquam specificum1 ad ,anginam filum purpureum cum quo strangulata fuit vipera1 si collo circumdetur4#ffg ,,medidas1 ,,measuring ,,cords1 ,,wresting ,,threads1 ,,etc4 ,black says3#ffh ,on the banks of the ,ale and the ,teviot the women have still a custom of wearing round their necks blue woollen threads or cords till they wean their children1 doing this for the purpose of averting ephemeral fevers4 ,these cords are handed down from mother to daughter1 and esteemed in proportion to their antiquity4 ,probably these cords had originally received some blessing4 ,black's surmise is well founded4 ,these cords were1 no doubt1 the same as the medidas or measurements of the holy images of ,spain and other parts of ,continental ,europe4 ,the ribands or serpent symbols of ,our ,lady of ,montserrat are of silk1 and exactly the span of the ,virgin's head1 and on them is printed 'medida de la cabeza de ,nuestra ,seora ,maria ,santsima de ,montserrat1' i4e41 exact head measurement of ,our ,lady of ,montserrat4#ffi ,these same medidas may be found in full vogue in the outlying districts of ,mexico to-day4 ,twenty years ago ,i saw them at the funcion of ,san ,francisco1 in the little town of ,magdalena1 in ,sonora4 ,i watched carefully to see exactly what the women did and observed that the statue of ,st4 ,francis 7which1 for greater convenience1 was exposed outside of the church1 where the devout could reach it without disturbing the congregation within7 was measured from head to foot with pieces of ribbon1 which were then wrapped up and packed away4 ,in reply to my queries1 ,i learned that the medida of the head was a specific for headache1 that of the waist for all troubles in the abdominal region1 those of the legs1 arms1 and other parts for the ailments peculiar to each of them respectively4 ,this was in a community almost1 if not absolutely1 ,roman ,catholic2 but in the thoroughly ,protestant neighborhood of ,carlisle1 ,pa41 the same superstition exists in full vigor1 as ,i know personally4 ,three years ago my second child was suffering from the troubles incident to retarded dentition and had to be taken to the mountains at ,holly ,springs1 within sight of ,carlisle4 ,i was begged and implored by the women living in the place to have the child taken to a wise woman to be measured1 and was assured that some of the most intelligent people in that part of the country were firm believers in the superstition4 ,when ,i declined to lend countenance to such nonsense ,i was looked upon as a brutal and unnatural parent1 caring little for the welfare of his offspring4 ,in ,john ,bale's ,comedye concernynge thre ,lawes1 #aech 444 ,hypocrysy is introduced1 mentioning the following charms against barrenness3 ,and as for ,lyons1 there is the length of our ,lorde ,in a great pyller4 ,she that will with a coorde ,be fast bound to it1 and take soche chaunce as fall ,shall sure have chylde1 for within it is hollowe all4#fgj ,when a person in ,shetland has received a sprain it is customary to apply to an individual practiced in casting the 'wrested thread4' ,this is a thread spun from black wool1 on which are cast nine knots1 and tied round a sprained leg or arm4 ,it is applied by the medicine-man with the usual amount of gibberish and incantation4#fga ,these wresting or wrested threads are also to be found among ,germans1 ,norwegians1 ,swedes1 and ,flemings4#fgb ,grimm quotes from ,chambers's ,fireside ,stories1 ,edinburgh1 #ahdb1 p4 #cg3 ,during the time the operator is putting the thread round the afflicted limb he says1 but in such a tone of voice as not to be heard by the bystanders1 nor even by the person operated upon3 ,the ,lord rade1 and the foal slade2 he lighted1 and he righted1 set joint to joint1 bone to bone1 and sinew to sinew4 ,heal in the ,holy ,ghost's name6#fgc ,eily ,mc,garvey1 a ,donegal wise woman1 employs a green thread in her work4 ,she measures her patient three times round the waist with a ribbon1 to the outer edge of which is fastened a green thread4444 ,she next hands the patient nine leaves of 'heart fever grass1' or dandelion1 gathered by herself1 directing him to eat three leaves on successive mornings4#fgd ,miss ,edna ,dean ,proctor1 the poet1 told me1 ,june #i1 #ahhg1 that some years ago1 while visiting relations in ,illinois1 she met a woman who1 having been ill for a long time1 had despaired of recovery1 and in hope of amelioration had consulted a man pretending to occult powers1 who prescribed that she wear next the skin a certain knotted red cord which he gave her4 ,on a previous page the views of ,forlong have been presented1 showing that there were reasons for believing that the sacred cords of the ,east ,indies could be traced back to an ophic origin1 and it has also been shown that1 until the present day1 among the peasantry of ,europe1 there has obtained the practice of making girdles of snake skin which have been employed for the cure of disease and as an assistance in childbirth4 ,the snake itself1 while still alive1 as has been shown1 is applied to the person of the patient by the medicine-men of the ,american ,indians4 ,in connection with the remarks taken from ,forlong's ,rivers of ,life on this subject1 ,i should like to call attention to the fact that the long knotted blacksnake whip of the wagoners of ,europe and ,america1 which1 when not in use1 is worn across the body from shoulder to hip1 has been identified as related to snake worship4 ,there is another view to take of the origin of these sacred cords which it is fair to submit before passing final judgment4 ,the izze-kloth may have been in early times a cord for tying captives who were taken in war1 and as these captives were offered up in sacrifice to the gods of war and others they were looked upon as sacred1 and all used in connection with them would gradually take on a sacred character4 ,the same kind of cords seem to have been used in the chase4 ,this would explain a great deal of the superstition connected with the whole subject of hangman's rope bringing luck1 curing disease1 and averting trouble of all sorts1 a superstition more widely disseminated and going back to more ancient times than most people would imagine4 ,one of the tribes of ,new ,granada1 quando iban la ,guerra llevaban ,cordeles para atar los ,presos4#fge ,this recalls that the ,apache themselves used to throw lariats from ambush upon travelers1 and that the ,thugs who served the goddess ,bhowani1 in ,india1 strangled with cords1 afterwards with handkerchiefs4 ,the ,spaniards in ,peru1 under ,jorge ,robledo1 going toward the ,rio ,magdalena1 in #aedb1 found a large body of savages que llevaban ,cordeles1 para atar los ,castellanos1 i sus ,pedernales1 para despedaarlos1 i ,ollas para cocerlos4#fgf ,the ,australians carried to war a cord1 called ,nerum1 about #b feet #f inches long1 made of kangaroo hair1 used for strangling an enemy4#fgg ,the easiest method of taking the hyena is for the hunter to tie his girdle with seven knots1 and to make as many knots in the whip with which he guides his horse4#fgh ,maj4 ,w4 ,cornwallis ,harris#fgi describes a search made for a lost camel4 ,a man was detailed to search for the animal and provided with the following charm to aid him in his search3 ,the rope with which the legs of the lost animal had been fettered was rolled betwixt his 7the ,ras el ,kfilah's7 hands1 and sundry cabalistic words having been muttered whilst the ,devil was dislodged by the process of spitting upon the cord at the termination of each spell1 it was finally delivered over to the ,dankli about to be sent on the quest4 ,stanley describes the lords of the cord at the court of ,mtesa1 king of ,uganda1 but they seem to be provost officers and executioners merely4#fhj ,in cases of quartan fever they take a fragment of a nail from a cross1 or else a piece of a halter that has been used for crucifixion1 and after wrapping it in wool1 attach it to the patient's neck1 taking care1 the moment he has recovered1 to conceal it in some hole to which the light of the sun can not penetrate4#fha ,there is a widespread and deeply rooted belief that a rope which has hanged a man1 either as a felon or suicide1 possesses talismanic powers4#fhb ,jean ,baptiste ,thiers#fhc says3 ,il y a des gens assez fous pour s'imaginer qu'ils seront heureux au jeu 444 pourvu qu'ils ayent sur eux un morceau de corde de pendu4 ,brand says3 ,i remember once to have seen1 at ,newcastle upon ,tyne1 after a person executed had been cut down1 men climb upon the gallows and contend for that part of the rope which remained1 and which they wished to preserve for some lucky purpose or other4 ,i have lately made the important discovery that it is reckoned a cure for the headache4#fhd ,a halter with which one had been hanged was regarded within recent times in ,england as a cure for headache if tied round the head4#fhe ,in the long list of articles employed by the ancients for the purpose of developing affection or hatred between persons of opposite sex1 ,burton mentions funis strangulati hominis4#fhf ,a remarkable superstition still prevails among the lowest of our vulgar1 that a man may lawfully sell his wife to another1 provided he deliver her over with a halter about her neck4 ,it is painful to observe that instances of this frequently occur in our newspapers4#fhg ,while discussing this branch of the subject1 it might be well to peruse what has already been inserted under the head of the uses to which were put the threads which had strangled vipers and other serpents4 ,,unclassified ,,superstitions ,,upon ,,this ,,subject4 ,in conclusion1 ,i wish to present some of the instances occurring in my studies which apparently have a claim to be included in a treatise upon the subject of sacred cords and knots4 ,these examples are presented without comment1 as they are1 to all intents and purposes1 survivals1 which have long ago lost their true significance4 ,attention is invited to the fact that the very same use seems to be made by the ,irish of hair cords as we have already seen has been made by the ,australians4 ,the ,jewish garment with knots at the corners would appear to have been a prehistoric garment preserved in religious ceremonial2 it would seem to be very much like the short blanket cloak1 with tufts or knots at the four corners1 still made by and in use among the ,zui1 ,navajo1 ,tusayan1 and ,rio ,grande ,pueblos4 ,but magic knots were by no means unknown to ,jews1 ,assyrians1 or other nations of ,syria and ,mesopotamia4 ,in ,memorable ,things noted in the ,description of the ,world1 we read3 ,about children's necks the wild ,irish hung the beginning of ,st4 ,john's ,gospel1 a crooked nail of a horseshoe1 or a piece of a wolve's skin1 and both the sucking child and nurse were girt with girdles finely plaited with woman's hair4#fhh ,gainsford1 in his ,glory of ,england1 speaking of the ,irish1 p4 #aej1 says3 ,they use incantations and spells1 wearing girdles of woman's haire1 and locks of their lover's4 ,camden1 in his ,ancient and ,modern ,manners of the ,irish1 says that they are observed to present their lovers with bracelets of women's hair1 whether in reference to ,venus' cestus or not1 ,i know not4#fhi ,this idea of a resemblance between the girdle of ,venus and the use of the maiden's hair may be worth consideration2 on the same page ,brand quotes from ,beaumont and ,fletcher3 ,bracelets of our lovers' hair1 ,which they on our arms shall twist1 and garters of the women were generally worn by lovers4#fij ,chaque habit qu'ils the ,jews portent doit avoir quatre pands1 chacun un cordon pendant en forme de houppe1 qu'ils nomment ,zizit4 ,ce cordon est ordinairement de huit fils de laine file exprs pour cela1 avec cinq nuds chacun1 qui occupent la moiti de la longueur4 ,ce qui n'est pas nou tant fil acheve de faire une espece de houppe1 qu'ils se fassent1 dit la ,loi1 des cordons aux pands de leurs habits4#fia ,the following is from ,black3#fib ,when ,marduk ,assyrian god wishes to comfort a dying man his father ,hea says3 ,go-- ,take a woman's linen kerchief6 ,bind it round thy left hand3 loose it from the left hand6 ,knot it with seven knots3 do so twice3 ,sprinkle it with bright wine3 ,bind it round the head of the sick man3 ,bind it round his hands and feet1 like manacles and fetters4 ,sit round on his bed3 ,sprinkle holy water over him4 ,he shall hear the voice of ,hea4 ,davkina shall protect him6 ,and ,marduk1 ,eldest ,son of heaven1 shall find him a happy habitation4 ,a variant of the same formula is to be found in ,franois ,lenormant's ,chaldean ,magic4#fic ,lenormant speaks of the ,chaldean use of magic knots1 the efficacy of which was so firmly believed in even up to the middle ages4 ,again1 he says that magic cords1 with knots1 were still very common among the ,nabathean sorcerers of the ,lower ,euphrates1 in the fourteenth century1 and in his opinion the use of these was derived from the ancient ,chaldeans4 ,in still another place he speaks of the magic knots used by ,finnish conjurors in curing diseases4 ,the ,jewish phylactery was tied in a knot1 but more generally knots are found in use to bring about some enchantment or disenchantment4 ,thus in an ancient ,babylonian charm we have-- ',merodach1 the ,son of ,hea1 the prince1 with his holy hands cuts the knots4' ,that is to say1 he takes off the evil influence of the knots4 ,so1 too1 witches sought in ,scotland to compass evil by tying knots4 ,witches1 it was thought1 could supply themselves with the milk of any neighbor's cows if they had a small quantity of hair from the tail of each of the animals4 ,the hair they would twist into a rope and then a knot would be tied on the rope for every cow which had contributed hair4 ,under the clothes of a witch who was burned at ,st4 ,andrews1 in #aegb1 was discovered 'a white claith1 like a collore craig1 with stringis1 wheron was mony knottis vpon the stringis of the said collore craig4' ,when this was taken from her1 with a prescience then wrongly interpreted1 she said3 ',now ,i have no hope of myself4' ',belyke scho thought1' runs the cotemporary account1 'scho suld not have died1 that being vpon her1' but probably she meant that to be discovered with such an article in her possession was equivalent to the sentence of death4 ,so lately as the beginning of the last century1 two persons were sentenced to capital punishment for stealing a charm of knots1 made by a woman as a device against the welfare of ,spalding of ,ashintilly4#fid ,charmed belts are commonly worn in ,lancashire for the cure of rheumatism4 ,elsewhere1 a cord round the loins is worn to ward off toothache4 ,is it possible that there is any connection between this belt and the cord which in ,burmah is hung round the neck of a possessed person while he is being thrashed to drive out the spirit which troubles him8 ,theoretically the thrashing is given to the spirit1 and not to the man1 but to prevent the spirit escaping too soon a charmed cord is hung round the possessed person's neck4 ,when the spirit has been sufficiently humbled and has declared its name it may be allowed to escape1 if the doctor does not prefer to trample on the patient's stomach till he fancies he has killed the demon4#fie ,the numerous notices in the folklore of all countries of magic stones1 holy girdles1 and other nurses' specials1 attest the common sympathy of the human race4#fif ,this is from ,brand3#fig ,devonshire cure for warts4 ,take a piece of twine1 tie in it as many knots as you have warts1 touch each wart with a knot1 and then throw the twine behind your back into some place where it may soon decay--a pond or a hole in the earth2 but tell no one what you have done4 ,when the twine is decayed your warts will disappear without any pain or trouble1 being in fact charmed away4 ,in our time1 the anodyne necklace1 which consists of beads turned out of the root of the white ,bryony1 and which is hung round the necks of infants1 in order to assist their teething1 and to ward off the convulsions sometimes incident to that process1 is an amulet4#fih ,rowan1 ash1 and red thread1 a ,scotch rhyme goes1 keep the devils frae their speed4#fii ,for the cure of scrofula1 grass was selected4 ,from one1 two1 or three stems1 as many as nine joints must be removed1 which must then be wrapped in black wool1 with the grease in it4 ,the person who gathers them must do so fasting1 and must then go1 in the same state1 to the patient's house while he is from home4 ,when the patient comes in1 the other must say to him three times1 ,i come fasting to bring a remedy to a fasting man1 and must then attach the amulet to his person1 repeating the same ceremony three consecutive days4#gjj ,forlong says3 ,on the #b;d of ,may1 fearing evil spirits and witches1 ,scotch farmers used to tie red thread upon their wives as well as their cows1 saying these prevented miscarriages and preserved the milk4#gja ,in ,scotland they hope to preserve the milk of their cows1 and their wives from miscarriage1 by tying threads about them4#gjb ,brand gives a remedy for epilepsy3 ,if1 in the month of ,october1 a little before the full moon1 you pluck a twig of the elder1 and cut the cane that is betwixt two of its knees1 or knots1 in nine pieces1 and these pieces1 being bound in a piece of linnen1 be in a thread so hung about the neck that they touch the spoon of the heart1 or the sword-formed cartilage4#gjc ,black says3#gjd ,to cure warts a common remedy is to tie as many knots on a hair as there are warts and throw the hair away4 ,six knots of elderwood are used in a ,yorkshire incantation to ascertain if beasts are dying from witchcraft4 ,marcellus commended for sore eyes that a man should tie as many knots in unwrought flax as there are letters in his name1 pronouncing each letter as he worked2 this he was to tie round his neck4 ,in the ,orkneys1 the blue thread was used for an evil purpose because such a colour savored of ,popery and priests2 in the northern counties it was used because a remembrance of its once preeminent value still survived in the minds of those who wore it1 unconsciously1 though still actively1 influencing their thoughts4 ,in perhaps the same way we respect the virtue of red threads1 because1 as ,conway puts it1 'red is sacred in one direction as symbolising the blood of ,christ4'#gje ,to cure ague ,hampshire1 ,england string nine or eleven snails on a thread1 the patient saying1 as each is threaded1 ',here ,i leave my ague4' ,when all are threaded they should be frizzled over a fire1 and as the snails disappear so will the ague4#gjf ,dr4 ,joseph ,lanzoni scoffed at the idea that a red-silk thread could avail in erysipelas2 ,neque filum sericum chermisinum parti affect circumligatum erysipelata fugat4 ,the word chermesinum is not given in ,ainsworth's ,latin-,english ,dictionary1 but it so closely resembles the ,spanish carmesi that ,i have made bold to render it as red or scarlet4#gjg ,red thread is symbolical of lightning1 and is consequently laid on churns in ,ireland to prevent the milk from being bewitched and yielding no butter4 ,in ,aberdeenshire it is a common practice with the housewife to tie a piece of red worsted thread round the cows' tails before turning them out for the first time in the season to grass4 ,it secured the cattle from the evil-eye1 elf-shots1 and other dangers4#gjh ,it blue is the sky color and the ,druid's sacred colour4#gji ,in #afce1 a man in the ,orkney ,islands was1 we are led to believe1 utterly ruined by nine knots cast on a blue thread and given to his sister4 ,in a curious old book1 #abmo41 #aeed1 entitled ,a ,short ,description of ,antichrist1 is this passage3 ',i note all their ,popishe traditions of confirmacion of yonge children with oynting of oyle and creame1 and with a ragge knitte about the necke of the younge babe4'#gaj ,a ,new ,england charm for an obstinate ague4 ,the patient in this case is to take a string made of woolen yarn1 of three colors1 and to go by himself to an apple-tree2 there he is to tie his left hand loosely with the right to the tree by the tri-colored string1 then to slip his hand out of the knot and run into the house without looking behind him4#gaa ,the dust in which a hawk has bathed itself1 tied up in a linen cloth with a red string1 and attached to the body1#gab was one of the remedies for fevers4 ,another cure for fever3 ,some inclose a caterpillar in a piece of linen1 with a thread passed three times round it1 and tie as many knots1 repeating at each knot why it is that the patient performs that operation4#gac ,to prevent nose-bleeding people are told to this day to wear a skein of scarlet silk thread round the neck1 tied with nine knots down the front2 if the patient is a man1 the silk being put on and the knots tied by a woman2 and if the patient is a woman1 then these good services being rendered by a man4#gad ,a cord with nine knots in it1 tied round the neck of a child suffering from whooping cough1 was esteemed a sovereign remedy in ,worcester1 ,england1 half a century ago4 ,again1 references will be found to the superstitious use of ligatures down to a comparatively recent period1 and ,i remember it was a custom in the north of ,england for boys that swam to wear an eel's skin about their naked leg to prevent the cramp4#gae ,,the ,,medicine ,,hat4 ,the medicine hat of the old and blind ,apache medicine-man1 ,nan-ta-do-tash1 was an antique affair of buckskin1 much begrimed with soot and soiled by long use4 ,nevertheless1 it gave life and strength to him who wore it1 enabled the owner to peer into the future1 to tell who had stolen ponies from other people1 to foresee the approach of an enemy1 and to aid in the cure of the sick4 ,this was its owner's own statement in conversation with me1 but it would seem that the power residing in the helmet or hat was not very permanent1 because when the old man discovered from his wife that ,i had made a rude drawing of it he became extremely excited and said that such a delineation would destroy all the life of the hat4 ,his fears were allayed by presents of money and tobacco1 as well as by some cakes and other food4 ,as a measure of precaution1 he insisted upon sprinkling pinches of hoddentin over myself1 the hat1 and the drawing of it1 at the same time muttering various half-articulate prayers4 ,he returned a month afterwards and demanded the sum of #cj for damage done to the hat by the drawing1 since which time it has ceased to work when needed4 ,this same old man gave me an explanation of all the symbolism depicted upon the hat and a great deal of valuable information in regard to the profession of medicine-men1 their specialization1 the prayers they recited1 etc4 ,the material of the hat1 as already stated1 was buckskin4 ,how that was obtained ,i can not assert positively1 but from an incident occurring under my personal observation in the ,sierra ,madre in ,mexico in #ahhc1 where our ,indian scouts and the medicine-men with them surrounded a nearly grown fawn and tried to capture it alive1 as well as from other circumstances too long to be here inserted1 ,i am of the opinion that the buckskin to be used for sacred purposes among the ,apache must1 whenever possible1 be that of a strangled animal1 as is the case1 according to ,dr4 ,matthews1 among the ,navajo4 ,the body of ,nan-ta-do-tash's cap 7,fig4 #dcd1 p4 #ejc7 was unpainted1 but the figures upon it were in two colors1 a brownish yellow and an earthy blue1 resembling a dirty ,prussian blue4 ,the ornamentation was of the downy feathers and black-tipped plumes of the eagle1 pieces of abalone shell1 and chalchihuitl1 and a snake's rattle on the apex4 ,nan-ta-do-tash explained that the characters on the medicine hat meant3 ,a1 clouds2 ,b1 rainbow2 ,c1 hail2 ,e1 morning-star2 ,f1 the ,god of ,wind1 with his lungs2 ,g1 the black kan2 ,h1 great stars or suns4 ,kan is the name given to their principal gods4 ,the appearance of the kan himself and of the tail of the hat suggest the centipede1 an important animal god of the ,apache4 ,the old man said that the figures represented the powers to which he appealed for aid in his medicine and the kan upon whom he called for help4 ,there were other doctors with other medicines1 but he used none but those of which he was going to speak to me4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ddj4--;,apache war bonnet4 ,when an ,apache or other medicine-man is in full regalia he ceases to be a man1 but becomes1 or tries to make his followers believe that he has become1 the power he represents4 ,i once heard this asserted in a very striking way while ,i was with a party of ,apache young men who had led me to one of the sacred caves of their people1 in which we came across a great quantity of ritualistic paraphernalia of all sorts4 ,we used to stand down here1 they said1 and look up to the top of the mountain and see the kan come down4 ,this is precisely what the people living farther to the south told the early ,spanish missionaries4 ,the ,mexicans were wont to cry out ,here come our gods6 upon seeing their priests masked and disguised1 and especially when they had donned the skins of the women offered up in sacrifice4#gaf ,the headdresses worn by the gods of the ,american ,indians and the priests or medicine-men who served them were persistently called miters by the early ,spanish writers4 ,thus ,quetzalcoatl wore en la cabea una ,mitra de papel puntiaguda4#gag ,when ,father ,felician ,lopez went to preach to the ,indians of ,florida1 in #afig1 among other matters of record is one to the effect that the chief medicine man called himself bishop4#gah ,possibly this title was assumed because the medicine-men wore miters4 ,duran goes further than his fellows4 ,in the headdress used at the spirit dances he recognizes the tiara4 ,he says that the ,mexican priests at the feast of ,tezcatlipoca wore en las cabezas tiaras hechas de barillas4#gai ,the ghost dance headdress illustrated in this paper 7,fig4 #dda7 is known to the ,chiricahua ,apache as the ich-te1 a contraction from chas-a-i-wit-te1 according to ,ramon1 the old medicine-man from whom ,i obtained it4 ,he explained all the symbolism connected with it4 ,the round piece of tin in the center is the sun2 the irregular arch underneath it is the rainbow4 ,stars and lightning are depicted on the side slats and under them2 the parallelograms with serrated edges are clouds2 the pendant green sticks are rain drops2 there are snakes and snake heads on both horizontal and vertical slats1 the heads in the former case being representative of hail4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dda4--;,ghost-dance headdress4 ,there are feathers of the eagle to conciliate that powerful bird1 turkey feathers to appeal to the mountain spirits1 and white gull feathers for the spirits of the water4 ,there are also small pieces of nacreous shells and one or two fragments of the duklij1 or chalchihuitl1 without which no medicine-man would feel competent to discharge his functions4 ,the spirit dance itself is called cha-ja-la4 ,i have seen this dance a number of times1 but will confine my description to one seen at ,fort ,marion 7,st4 ,augustine1 ,fla471 in #ahhg1 when the ,chiricahua ,apache were confined there as prisoners2 although the accompanying figure represents a ghost dance headdress seen among the ,apache in the winter of #ahhe4 ,a great many of the band had been suffering from sickness of one kind or another and twenty-three of the children had died2 as a consequence1 the medicine-men were having the ,cha-ja-la1 which is entered into only upon the most solemn occasions1 such as the setting out of a war party1 the appearance of an epidemic1 or something else of like portent4 ,on the terreplein of the northwest bastion1 ,ramon1 the old medicine-man1 was violently beating upon a drum1 which1 as usual1 had been improvised of a soaped rag drawn tightly over the mouth of an iron kettle holding a little water4 ,although acting as master of ceremonies1 ,ramon was not painted or decorated in any way4 ,three other medicine-men were having the finishing touches put to their bodily decoration4 ,they had an under-coating of greenish brown1 and on each arm a yellow snake1 the head toward the shoulder blade4 ,the snake on the arm of one of the party was double-headed1 or rather had a head at each extremity4 ,each had insignia in yellow on back and breast1 but no two were exactly alike4 ,one had on his breast a yellow bear1 #d inches long by #c inches high1 and on his back a kan of the same color and dimensions4 ,a second had the same pattern of bear on his breast1 but a zigzag for lightning on his back4 ,the third had the zigzag on both back and breast4 ,all wore kilts and moccasins4 ,while the painting was going on ,ramon thumped and sang with vigor to insure the medicinal potency of the pigments and the designs to which they were applied4 ,each held1 one in each hand1 two wands or swords of lathlike proportions1 ornamented with snake-lightning in blue4 ,the medicine-men emitted a peculiar whistling noise and bent slowly to the right1 then to the left1 then frontward1 then backward1 until the head in each case was level with the waist4 ,quickly they spun round in full circle on the left foot2 back again in a reverse circle to the right2 then they charged around the little group of tents in that bastion1 making cuts and thrusts with their wands to drive the maleficent spirits away4 ,it recalled to my mind the old myths of the angel with the flaming sword guarding the entrance to ,eden1 or of ,st4 ,michael chasing the discomfited ,lucifer down into the depths of ,hell4 ,these preliminaries occupied a few moments only2 at the end of that time the medicine-men advanced to where a squaw was holding up to them a little baby sick in its cradle4 ,the mother remained kneeling while the medicine-men frantically struck at1 upon1 around1 and over the cradle with their wooden weapons4 ,the baby was held so as successively to occupy each of the cardinal points and face each point directly opposite2 first on the east side1 facing the west2 then the north side1 facing the south2 then the west side1 facing the east2 then the south side1 facing the north1 and back to the original position4 ,while at each position1 each of the medicine-men in succession1 after making all the passes and gestures described1 seized the cradle in his hands1 pressed it to his breast1 and afterwards lifted it up to the sky1 next to the earth1 and lastly to the four cardinal points1 all the time prancing1 whistling1 and snorting1 the mother and her squaw friends adding to the dismal din by piercing shrieks and ululations4 ,that ended the ceremonies for that night so far as the baby personally was concerned1 but the medicine-men retired down to the parade and resumed their saltation1 swinging1 bending1 and spinning with such violence that they resembled1 in a faint way perhaps1 the ,dervishes of the ,east4 ,the understanding was that the dance had to be kept up as long as there was any fuel unconsumed of the large pile provided2 any other course would entail bad luck4 ,it was continued for four nights1 the colors and the symbols upon the bodies varying from night to night4 ,among the modes of exorcism enumerated by ,burton1 we find cutting the air with swords4#gbj ,picart speaks of the flches ou les baguettes dont les ,arabes ,idoltres se servoient pour deviner par le sort4 ,he says that the diviner tenoit la main these arrows1 which certainly suggest the swords or wands of the ,apache medicine-men in the spirit dance4#gba ,there were four medicine-men1 three of whom were dancing and in conference with the spirits1 and the fourth of whom was general superintendent of the whole dance1 and the authority to whom the first three reported the result of their interviews with the ghostly powers4 ,the mask and headdress of the first of the dancers1 who seemed to be the leading one1 was so elaborate that in the hurry and meager light supplied by the flickering fires it could not be portrayed4 ,it was very much like that of number three1 but so fully covered with the plumage of the eagle1 hawk1 and1 apparently1 the owl1 that it was difficult to assert this positively4 ,each of these medicine-men had pieces of red flannel tied to his elbows and a stick about four feet long in each hand4 ,number one's mask was spotted black and white and shaped in front like the snout of a mountain lion4 ,his back was painted with large arrowheads in brown and white1 which recalled the protecting arrows tightly bound to the backs of ,zui fetiches4 ,number two had on his back a figure in white ending between the shoulders in a cross4 ,number three's back was simply whitened with clay4 ,all these headdresses were made of slats of the ,spanish bayonet1 unpainted1 excepting that on number two was a figure in black1 which could not be made out1 and that the horizontal crosspieces on number three were painted blue4 ,the dominos or masks were of blackened buckskin1 for the two fastened around the neck by garters or sashes2 the neckpiece of number three was painted red2 the eyes seemed to be glass knobs or brass buttons4 ,these three dancers were naked to the waist1 and wore beautiful kilts of fringed buckskin bound on with sashes1 and moccasins reaching to the knees4 ,in this guise they jumped into the center of the great circle of spectators and singers and began running about the fire shrieking and muttering1 encouraged by the shouts and the singing1 and by the drumming and incantation of the chorus which now swelled forth at full lung power4 ,,the ,,spirit ,,or ,,ghost ,,dance ,,headdress4 ,as the volume of music swelled and the cries of the on-lookers became fiercer1 the dancers were encouraged to the enthusiasm of frenzy4 ,they darted about the circle1 going through the motions of looking for an enemy1 all the while muttering1 mumbling1 and singing1 jumping1 swaying1 and whirling like the dancing ,dervishes of ,arabia4 ,their actions1 at times1 bore a very considerable resemblance to the movements of the ,zui ,shlako at the ,feast of ,fire4 ,klashidu told me that the orchestra was singing to the four willow branches planted near them4 ,this would indicate a vestige of tree worship1 such as is to be noticed also at the sun dance of the ,sioux4 ,at intervals1 the three dancers would dart out of the ring and disappear in the darkness1 to consult with the spirits or with other medicine-men seated a considerable distance from the throng4 ,three several times they appeared and disappeared1 always dancing1 running1 and whirling about with increased energy4 ,having attained the degree of mental or spiritual exaltation necessary for communion with the spirits1 they took their departure and kept away for at least half an hour1 the orchestra during their absence rendering a mournful refrain1 monotonous as a funeral dirge4 ,my patience became exhausted and ,i turned to go to my quarters4 ,a thrill of excited expectancy ran through the throng of ,indians1 and ,i saw that they were looking anxiously at the returning medicine-men4 ,all the orchestra now stood up1 their leader 7the principal medicine-man7 slightly in advance1 holding a branch of cedar in his left hand4 ,the first advanced and bending low his head murmured some words of unknown import with which the chief seemed to be greatly pleased4 ,then the chief1 taking his stand in front of the orchestra on the east side of the grove or cluster of trees1 awaited the final ceremony1 which was as follows3 ,the three dancers in file and in proper order advanced and receded three times2 then they embraced the chief in such a manner that the sticks or wands held in their hands came behind his neck1 after which they mumbled and muttered a jumble of sounds which ,i can not reproduce1 but which sounded for all the world like the chant of the hooter at the ,zui ,feast of ,fire4 ,they then pranced or danced through the grove three times4 ,this was repeated for each point of the compass1 the chief medicine-man1 with the orchestra1 taking a position successively on the east1 south1 west1 and north and the three dancers advancing1 receding1 and embracing as at first4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ddb4--;,apache kan or gods4 7,drawn by ,apache47 ,this terminated the medicine ceremonies of the evening1 the glad shouts of the ,apache testifying that the incantations of their spiritual leaders or their necromancy1 whichever it was1 promised a successful campaign4 ,these dancers were1 ,i believe1 dressed up to represent their gods or kan1 but not content with representing them aspired to be mistaken for them4 ,illustration3 ,,apache ,,medicine ,,hat ,,used ,,in ,,ghost ,,dance4 ,plate ,v4 ,,amulets ,,and ,,talismans4 ,,the ,,tzi-,,daltai4 ,the ,apache1 both men and women1 wear amulets1 called tzi-daltai1 made of lightning-riven wood1 generally pine or cedar or fir from the mountain tops1 which are highly valued and are not to be sold4 ,these are shaved very thin and rudely cut in the semblance of the human form4 ,they are in fact the duplicates1 on a small scale1 of the rhombus1 already described4 ,like the rhombus1 they are decorated with incised lines representing the lightning4 ,very often these are to be found attached to the necks of children or to their cradles4 ,generally these amulets are of small size4 ,below will be found figures of those which ,i was permitted to examine and depict in their actual size4 ,they are all unpainted4 ,the amulet represented was obtained from a ,chiricahua ,apache captive4 ,deguele1 an ,apache of the ,klukaydakaydn clan1 consented to exhibit a kan1 or god1 which he carried about his person4 ,he said ,i could have it for three ponies4 ,it was made of a flat piece of lath1 unpainted1 of the size here given1 having drawn upon it this figure in yellow1 with a narrow black band1 excepting the three snake heads1 a1 b1 and c1 which were black with white eyes2 a was a yellow line and c a black line2 flat pearl buttons were fastened at m and k respectively and small eagle-down feathers at k on each side of the idol4 ,the rear of the tablet1 amulet1 or idol1 as one may be pleased to call it1 was almost an exact reproduction of the front4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ddc4--,tzi-daltai amulet 7,apache74 ,the owner of this inestimable treasure assured me that he prayed to it at all times when in trouble1 that he could learn from it where his ponies were when stolen and which was the right direction to travel when lost1 and that when drought had parched his crops this would never fail to bring rain in abundance to revive and strengthen them4 ,the symbolism is the rain cloud and the serpent lightning1 the rainbow1 rain drops1 and the cross of the four winds4 ,these small amulets are also to be found inclosed in the phylacteries 7,fig4 #ddg7 which the medicine-men wear suspended from their necks or waists4 ,sir ,walter ,scott1 who was a very good witness in all that related to prehistoric customs and survivals among the ,celtic ,scots1 may be introduced at this point3 ,a heap of wither'd boughs was piled ,of juniper and rowan wild1 ,mingled with shivers from the oak1 ,rent by the lightning's recent stroke4#gbb ,illustration3 ,front view4 ,rear view4 ,,fig4 #ddd4--,tzi-daltai amulet 7,apache74 ,,chalchihuitl4 ,the articles of dress depicted in this paper are believed to represent all those which exclusively belong to the office of the ,apache diyi or izze-nantan4 ,of late years it can not be said that every medicine-man has all these articles1 but most of them will be found in the possession of the man in full practice4 ,illustration3 ,,apache ,,medicine ,,shirt4 ,plate ,,vi4 ,no matter what the medicine-man may lack1 he will1 if it be possible1 provide himself with some of the impure malachite known to the whites of the ,southwest as turquoise4 ,in the malachite veins the latter stone is sometimes found and is often of good quality1 but the difference between the two is apparent upon the slightest examination4 ,the color of the malachite is a pea green1 that of the turquoise a pale sky blue4 ,the chemical composition of the former is a carbonate of copper1 mixed with earthy impurities2 that of the latter1 a phosphate of alumina1 colored with the oxide of copper4 ,the use of this malachite was widespread4 ,under the name of chalchihuitl or chalchihuite1 it appears with frequency in the old ,spanish writings1 as we shall presently see1 and was in all places and by all tribes possessing it revered in much the same manner as by the ,apache4 ,the ,apache call it duklij1 blue 7or green7 stone1 these two colors not being differentiated in their language4 ,a small bead of this mineral affixed to a gun or bow made the weapon shoot accurately4 ,it had also some relation to the bringing of rain1 and could be found by the man who would go to the end of a rainbow1 after a storm1 and hunt diligently in the damp earth4 ,it was the ,apache medicine-man's badge of office1 his medical diploma1 so to speak1 and without it he could not in olden times exercise his medical functions4 ,illustration3 ,front view4 ,rear view4 ,,fig4 #dde4--,tzi-daltai amulet 7,apache74 ,in the curious commerce of the ,indian tribes1 some possessed articles of greater worth than those belonging to their neighbors4 ,in the southwest the red paint sold by the tribes living in the ,grand ,canyon of the ,colorado was held in higher repute than any other1 and the green stone to be purchased from the ,rio ,grande ,pueblos always was in great demand1 as it is to this day4 ,vetancurt#gbc speaks of the ,apache1 between the years #afcj and #afhj1 coming to the pueblo of ,pecos to trade for chalchihuites4 ,john de ,laet speaks of petites pierres verdes worn in the lower lip by the ,brazilians4#gbd ,among the ,mexicans the chalchihuitl seems to have been the distinguishing mark or badge of the priesthood4 ,duran1 in speaking of the consecration of a sacrificial stone in ,mexico by ,montezuma the elder1 and his assistant or coadjutor1 ,tlacaclel1 says3 ,echronse las espaldas unas olletas ,i do not know what this word means hechas de piedras verdes muy ricas1 donde significaban que no solamente eran ,reyes1 pero juntamente ,sacerdotes4#gbe ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ddf4--,tzi-daltai amulet 7,apache74 ,among the tribes in ,central ,america1 a chalchihuitl was placed in the mouths of the dying to receive their souls3 que era para que recibiese su nima4#gbf ,one of the ,mexican myths of the birth of ,quetzalcoatl narrates that his mother1 ,chimalma1 while sweeping1 found a chalchihuitl1 swallowed it1 and became pregnant3 ,andando barriendo la dicha ,chimalma hall un chalchihuitl1 7que es una pedrezuela verde7 y que la trag y de esto se empre1 y que as pari al dicho ,quetzalcoatl4#gbg ,the same author tells us that the chalchihuitl 7which he calls pedrezuela verde7 are mentioned in the earliest myths of the ,mexicans4#gbh ,in ,south ,america the emerald seems to have taken the place of the chalchihuitl4 ,bollaert#gbi makes frequent mention of the use of the emerald by the natives of ,ecuador and ,peru1 a drilled emerald1 such as the ,incas wore2 large emeralds1 emblematic of their the ,incas' sovereignty4 ,from ,torquemada we learn that the ,mexicans adorned their idols with the chalchihuitl1 and also that they buried a chalchihuitl with their dead1 saying that it was the dead man's heart4#gcj ,whenever rain comes the ,indians ,pima and ,maricopa resort to these old houses ruins to look for trinkets of shells1 and a peculiar green stone4#gca ,the idols which the people of ,yucatan gave to ,juan de ,grijalva in #aeah were covered with these stones1 cubierta de pedrecicas4#gcb ,among the first presents made to ,cortes in ,tabasco were unas turquesas de poco valor4#gcc ,the fact that the ,mexicans buried a gem with the bodies of their dead is mentioned by ,squier1 but he says it was when the body was cremated4#gcd ,the people of ,cibola are said to have offered in sacrifice to their fountains algunas turquesas que las tienen1 aunque ruines4#gce ,turquesas were given to the ,spaniards under ,coronado by the people of the pueblo of ,acoma4#gcf ,the ,mexicans were accustomed to say that at one time all men have been stones1 and that at last they would all return to stones2 and1 acting literally on this conviction1 they interred with the bones of the dead a small green stone1 which was called the principle of life4#gcg ,the great value set upon the chalchihuitl by the ,aztecs is alluded to by ,bernal ,diaz1 who was with the expedition of ,grijalva to ,yucatan before he joined that of ,cortes to ,mexico4#gch ,diaz says that ,montezuma sent to ,charles ,v1 as a present a few chalchihuis of such enormous value that ,i would not consent to give them to any one save to such a powerful emperor as yours4#gci ,these stones were put in the mouth of the distinguished chiefs who died4#gdj ,illustration3 ,,apache ,,medicine ,,shirt4 ,plate ,,vii4 ,torquemada#gda repeats the ,aztec myth already given from ,mendieta4 ,he says that in #aecg ,fray ,antonio de ,ciudad-,rodrigo1 provincial of the ,franciscans1 sent friars of his order to various parts of the ,indian country2 in #aech he sent them to the north1 to a country where they heard of a tribe of people wearing clothes and having many turquoises4#gdb ,the ,aztec priesthood adopted green as the sacred color4 ,the ceremony of their consecration ended thus3 puis on l'habillait tout en vert4#gdc ,maximilian1 ,prince of ,wied1 saw some of the ,piegans of northwestern ,montana hang round their necks a green stone1 often of various shapes4 ,he describes it as a compact talc or steatite which is found in the ,rocky ,mountains4#gdd ,,phylacteries4 ,the term phylactery1 as herein employed1 means any piece of buckskin or other material upon which are inscribed certain characters or symbols of a religious or medicine nature1 which slip or phylactery is to be worn attached to the person seeking to be benefited by it1 and this phylactery differs from the amulet or talisman in being concealed from the scrutiny of the profane and kept as secret as possible4 ,this phylactery1 itself medicine1 may be employed to enwrap other medicine and thus augment its own potentiality4 ,indians in general object to having their medicine scrutinized and touched2 in this there is a wide margin of individual opinion2 but in regard to phylacteries there is none that ,i have been able to discover1 and the rule may be given as antagonistic to the display of these sacred relics1 as my ,mexican captive interpreter persisted in calling them4 ,the first phylactery which it was my good fortune to be allowed to examine was one worn by ,ta-ul-tzu-je1 of the ,kaytzentin gens4 ,it was tightly rolled in at least half a mile of orange-colored saddlers' silk1 obtained from some of the cavalry posts4 ,after being duly uncovered1 it was found to be a small piece of buckskin two inches square1 upon which were drawn red and yellow crooked lines which the ,apache said represented the red and yellow snake4 ,inside were a piece of green chalchihuitl and a small cross of lightning-riven twig 7pine7 and two very small perforated shells4 ,the cross was called intchi-dijin1 the black wind4 ,a second phylactery which ,i was also allowed to untie and examine belonged to ,na-a-cha and consisted of a piece of buckskin of the same size as the other1 but either on account of age or for some other reason no characters could be discerned upon it4 ,it1 however1 enwrapped a tiny bag of hoddentin1 which1 in its turn1 held a small but very clear crystal of quartz and four feathers of eagle down4 ,na-a-cha took care to explain very earnestly that this phylactery contained not merely the medicine or power of the crystal1 the hoddentin1 and the itza-chu1 or eagle1 but also of the shoz-dijiji1 or black bear1 the shoz-lekay1 or white bear1 the shoz-litzogue1 or yellow bear1 and the klij-litzogue or yellow snake1 though just in what manner he could not explain4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ddg4--,phylacteries4 ,it would take up too much time and space to describe the manner in which it was necessary for me to proceed in order to obtain merely a glimpse of these and other phylacteries1 all of the same general type2 how ,i had to make it evident that ,i was myself possessed of great medicine power and able to give presents of great medicine value1 as was the case4 ,i had obtained from cliff dwellings1 sacred caves1 and other places beads of talc1 of chalchihuitl1 and of shell1 pieces of crystal and other things1 sacred in the eyes of the ,apache1 and these ,i was compelled to barter for the information here given4 ,illustration3 ,,apache ,,medicine ,,shirt4 ,plate ,,viii4 ,the medicine shirts of the ,apaches1 several of which are here represented1 do not require an extended description4 ,the symbolism is different for each one1 but may be generalized as typical of the sun1 moon1 stars1 rainbow1 lightning1 snake1 clouds1 rain1 hail1 tarantula1 centipede1 snake1 and some one or more of the kan or gods4 ,the medicine sashes follow closely in pattern the medicine shirts1 being smaller in size only1 but with the same symbolic decoration4 ,similar ornamentation will be found upon the amulets 7ditzi71 made of lightning-struck pine or other wood4 ,all of these are warranted1 among other virtues1 to screen the wearer from the arrows1 lances1 or bullets of the enemy4 ,in this they strongly resemble the salves and other means by which people in ,europe sought to obtain magical impenetrability4 ,the last writer to give receipts for making such salves1 etc41 that ,i can recall1 was ,etmller1 who wrote in the early years of the seventeenth century4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ddh4--;,apache medicine sash4 ,such as the reader can imagine the medicine-man to be from this description of his paraphernalia1 such he has been since the white man first landed in ,america4 ,never desirous of winning proselytes to his own ideas1 he has held on to those ideas with a tenacity never suspected until purposely investigated4 ,the first of the ,spanish writers seem to have employed the native terms for the medicine-men1 and we come across them as cemis or zemis1 bohiti1 pachuaci1 and others2 but soon they were recognized as the emissaries of ,satan and the preachers of witchcraft1 and henceforth they appear in the documents as hechicheros and brujos almost exclusively4 ,tienan los ,apaches profetas adivinos que gozan de la mas alta estimacion4 ,esos adivinos pratican la medicina lamas rudimental1 la aplicacion de algunas yerbas y esto acompaado de ceremonias y cantos supersticiosos4#gde ,pimentel seems to have derived his information from ,cordero1 a ,spanish officer who had served against the ,apache at various times between #aggj and #agie1 and seemed to understand them well4 ,there was no class of persons who so widely and deeply influenced the culture and shaped the destiny of the ,indian tribes as their priests4 ,in attempting to gain a true conception of the race's capacities and history there is no one element of their social life which demands closer attention than the power of these teachers4444 ,however much we may deplore the use they made of their skill1 we must estimate it fairly and grant it its due weight in measuring the influence of the religious sentiment on the history of man4#gdf ,like ,old ,men of the ,sea1 they have clung to the neck of their nations1 throttling all attempts at progress1 binding them to the thraldom of superstition and profligacy1 dragging them down to wretchedness and death4 ,christianity and civilization meet in them their most determined1 most implacable foes4#gdg ,in spite of all the zeal and vigilance of the ,spanish friars1 supported by military power1 the ,indians of ,bogot clung to their idolatry4 ,padre ,simon cites several instances and says tersely3 ,de manera que no lo hay del ,indio que parece mas ,cristiano y ladino1 de que no tenga dolos quien adore1 como nos lo dice cada dia la experiencia4 7,so that there is no ,indian1 no matter how well educated he may appear in our language and the ,christian doctrine1 who has not idols which he adores1 as experience teaches us every day47#gdh ,the ,indian doctor relied far more on magic than on natural remedies4 ,dreams1 beating of the drum1 songs1 magic feasts and dances1 and howling to frighten the female demon from the patient1 were his ordinary methods of cure4#gdi ,in a very rare work by ,padre ,jos de ,arriaga1 published in ,lima1 #afba1 it is shown that the ,indians among whom this priest was sent on a special tour of investigation were still practicing their old idolatrous rites in secret4 ,this work may be found quoted in ,montesinos1 ,mmoires sur l',ancien ,prou1 in ,ternaux-,compans1 ,voyages1 vol4 #ag2 the title of ,arriaga's work is ,extirpacion de la ,idolatra de los ,indios del ,peru4 ,arriaga also states that the functions of the priesthood were exercised by both sexes4 ,it will only be after we have thoroughly routed the medicine-men from their intrenchments and made them an object of ridicule that we can hope to bend and train the mind of our ,indian wards in the direction of civilization4 ,in my own opinion1 the reduction of the medicine-men will effect more for the savages than the giving of land in severalty or instruction in the schools at ,carlisle and ,hampton2 rather1 the latter should be conducted with this great object mainly in view3 to let pupils insensibly absorb such knowledge as may soonest and most completely convince them of the impotency of the charlatans who hold the tribes in bondage4 ,teach the scholars at ,carlisle and ,hampton some of the wonders of electricity1 magnetism1 chemistry1 the spectroscope1 magic lantern1 ventriloquism1 music1 and then1 when they return to their own people1 each will despise the fraud of the medicine-men and be a focus of growing antagonism to their pretensions4 ,teach them to love their own people and not to despise them2 but impress upon each one that he is to return as a missionary of civilization4 ,let them see that the world is free to the civilized1 that law is liberty4 ,,footnotes3 #ecc ,relation of the ,voyage of ,don ,fernando ,alarcon1 in ,hakluyt's ,voyages1 vol4 #c1 p4 #ejh4 #ecd ,davis1 ,conquest of ,new ,mexico1 p4 #bhh4 #ece ,davis1 ibid41 pp4 #bhj1 #bhd1 #bhe4 #ecf ,ibid41 pp4 #bgg1 #bib4 #ecg ,catlin1 ,north ,american ,indians1 ,london1 #ahde1 vol4 #b1 p4 #aag4 #ech ,tanner's ,narrative1 p4 #ahh4 #eci ,journal1 p4 #bhi4 #edj ,north ,american ,indians1 ,london1 #ahde1 vol4 #a1 p4 #ace4 #eda ,schultze1 ,fetichism1 ,new ,york1 #ahhe1 p4 #cb1 quoting ,bastian4 #edb ,coxe1 ,russian ,discoveries between ,america and ,asia1 ,london1 #ahjc1 p4 #bed4 #edc ,smyth1 ,aborigines of ,victoria1 vol4 #a1 pp4 xxix1 #aab4 #edd ,ibid41 vol4 #a1 p4 #fh4 #ede ,pettigrew1 ,medical ,superstitions1 ,philadelphia1 #ahdd1 pp4 #fg1 #gb1 #gd4 #edf ,crmonies et ,cotumes ,religieuses1 ,amsterdam1 #agci1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #bh1 #bi4 #edg ,ibid41 p4 #bi4 #edh ,higgins1 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 #b1 book #b1 p4 #gg4 #edi ,pettigrew1 ,medical ,superstitions1 ,philadelphia1 #ahdd1 p4 #fa4 ,see also ,black1 ,folk-,medicine1 p4 #ic4 #eej ,citations1 ,common place ,book1 p4 #cie1 ,london1 #ahgb4 #eea ,brand1 ,popular ,antiquities1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #caj1 #caa4 #eeb ,brand1 ,popular ,antiquities1 vol4 #c1 p4 #caj4 #eec ,holiday ,customs of ,ireland1 pp4 #cha et seq4 #eed ,popular ,antiquities1 vol4 #c1 p4 #cbe4 #eee ,picart1 ,crmonies et ,cotumes1 etc41 vol4 #aj1 p4 #ef4 #eef ,massingberd1 ,the ,english ,reformation1 ,london1 #aheg1 p4 #aje4 #eeg ,mendieta1 p4 #aaj4 #eeh ,vol4 #c1 cap4 #e1 p4 #bcd4 #eei ,herrera1 dec4 #b1 lib4 #f1 p4 #ada4 #efj ,kingsborough1 vol4 #g1 chap4 #d4 #efa ,teutonic ,mythology1 vol4 #c1 p4 #abcc4 #efb ,ibid4 #efc ,fables and ,rites of the ,incas1 ,padre ,christoval de ,molina 7,cuzco1 #aegj-aehd71 transl4 by ,clements ,r4 ,markham1 ,hakluyt ,society trans41 vol4 #dh1 ,london1 #ahgc1 p4 #dh4 #efd ,the common people wore a black llautu4 ,see ,garcilaso1 ,comentarios1 ,markham's transl41 ,hak4 ,soc41 vol4 #da1 pp4 #hh1 #hi4 #efe ,ibid41 p4 #he4 #eff ,ibid41 p4 #hi4 #efg ,quando vn sembrar las ,tierras del ,sol1 vn solos los ,principales trabajar1 i vn con insignias blancas1 i en las espaldas unos ,cordones tendidos blancos1 modo de ,ministros del ,altar4--,herrera1 dec4 #e1 lib4 #d1 cap4 #f1 pp4 #id-ie4 #efh ,picart1 ,crmonies et ,cotumes1 etc41 ,amsterdam1 #agce1 vol4 #f1 p4 #ib4 #efi ,montfaucon1 ,l'antiquit explique1 tome #b1 pt4 #a1 p4 #cc4 #egj ,hawkesworth1 ,voyages1 vol4 #c1 p4 #bbi4 #ega ,voyage to ,congo1 in ,pinkerton's ,voyages1 vol4 #af1 p4 #bcg4 #egb ,pinkerton1 ,voyages1 vol4 #af1 p4 #chh4 #egc ,speke1 ,source of the ,nile1 ,london1 #ahfc1 p4 #abe4 #egd ,london1 #ahgg1 vol4 #b1 p4 #aca4 #ege ,stanley1 ,through the ,dark ,continent1 vol4 #b1 p4 #ccj4 #egf ,schweinfurth1 ,heart of ,africa1 ,london1 #ahgc1 vol4 #a1 p4 #aed4 #egg ,winstanley1 ,abyssinia1 vol4 #b1 p4 #fh4 #egh ,this cord is worn about the neck4 ,ibid41 p4 #beg4 #egi ,ibid41 vol4 #a1 p4 #bce4 #ehj ,ibid41 vol4 #b1 p4 #acb4 #eha ,ibid41 p4 #afe4 #ehb ,ibid41 p4 #bib4 #ehc ,malte-,brun1 ,universal ,geography1 vol4 #d1 p4 #bei1 ,phila41 #ahcb4 #ehd ,grimm1 ,teutonic ,mythology1 vol4 #b1 p4 #fdj4 #ehe ,nightingale1 quoted in ,madden1 ,shrines and ,sepulchres1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #eeg1 #eeh4 #ehf ,leems1 ,account of ,danish ,lapland1 in ,pinkerton1 ,voyages1 ,london1 #ahjh1 vol4 #a1 p4 #dga4 #ehg ,brand1 ,popular ,antiquities1 vol4 #c1 p4 #e4 ,see also ,john ,scheffer1 ,lapland1 ,oxford1 #afgd1 p4 #eh4 #ehh ,act ,,iv1 scene #a4 #ehi ,benjamin1 ,persia1 ,london1 #ahgg1 p4 #ii4 #eij ,crmonies et ,cotumes1 vol4 #g1 p4 #cbj4 #eia ,du ,halde1 ,history of ,china1 ,london1 #agcf1 vol4 #d1 pp4 #bdd1 #bde1 and elsewhere4 #eib ,higgins1 ,anacalypsis1 vol4 #b1 p4 #bah4 #eic ,vining1 ,an ,inglorious ,columbus1 p4 #fce4 #eid ,du ,halde1 ,history of ,china1 ,london1 #agcf1 vol4 #a1 p4 #bgj4 #eie ,univ4 ,geog41 vol4 #c1 book #ge1 p4 #add1 ,phila41 #ahcb4 #eif ,brinton1 ,myths of the ,new ,world1 ,n4 ,y41 #ahfh1 p4 #ae4 #eig ,early ,history of ,mankind1 ,london1 #ahgj1 p4 #aef4 #eih ,voyages1 vol4 #c1 p4 #ajb4 #eii ,shyast l-,shyast1 cap4 #d1 pp4 #bhe1 #bhf4 ,in ,sacred ,books of the ,east1 ,max ,mller's edition1 vol4 #e4 #fjj ,monier ,williams1 ,modern ,india1 p4 #ef4 #fja ,ibid41 pp4 #agi1 #ahj4 #fjb ,crmonies et ,cotumes1 vol4 #g1 p4 #bh4 #fjc ,marco ,polo1 ,travels1 in ,pinkerton's ,voyages1 vol4 #g1 p4 #afc4 #fjd ,picart1 ,crmonies et ,cotumes1 etc41 vol4 #f1 pt4 #b1 p4 #ii4 #fje ,malte-,brun1 ,univ4 ,geog41 vol4 #b1 lib4 #ej1 p4 #bce1 ,philadelphia1 #ahcb4 #fjf ,dr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,august ,von ,eye1 ,the history of culture1 in ,iconographic ,encyc41 ,philadelphia1 #ahhf1 vol4 #b1 p4 #afi4 #fjg ,forlong1 ,rivers of ,life1 vol4 #a1 p4 #abj4 #fjh ,ibid41 pp4 #bdj-bda4 #fji ,forlong1 ,rivers of ,life1 vol4 #a1 p4 #cbh4 #faj ,ibid41 p4 #cbc4 #faa ,dubois1 ,people of ,india1 p4 #i4 #fab ,mythology of the ,hindus4 #fac ,mythology of the ,hindus1 pp4 #i1 #aj1 #aa4 #fad ,ibid41 p4 #ib4 #fae ,ibid41 p4 #aee4 #faf ,ibid41 pp4 #ace1 #aed1 #aee4 #fag ,maurice1 ,indian ,antiquities1 ,london1 #ahja1 vol4 #e1 p4 #bje4 #fah ,ibid41 vol4 #d1 p4 #cge1 where a description of the mode of weaving and twining is given4 #fai ,ibid41 p4 #cgf4 #fbj ,ibid41 vol4 #e1 p4 #bjf4 #fba ,notes of ,richard ,johnson1 ,voyages of ,sir ,hugh ,willoughby and others to the northern part of ,russia and ,siberia1 ,pinkerton's ,voyages1 vol4 #a1 p4 #fc4 #fbb ,caron's account of ,japan in ,pinkerton's ,voyages1 vol4 #g1 p4 #fca4 #fbc ,rev4 ,father ,dandini's ,voyage to ,mount ,libanus1 in ,pinkerton's ,voyages1 vol4 #aj1 p4 #bhf4 #fbd ,henry ,charles ,lea1 ,history of the ,inquisition in the ,middle ,ages1 vol4 #a1 p4 #ib1 ,new ,york1 #ahhh4 #fbe ,mller1 ,sacred ,books of the ,east1 vol4 #ad1 ,vasishtha1 cap4 #b1 par #f4 #fbf ,ibid41 ,baudhyana1 prasna #a1 adhyya #e1 kandik #h1 pars4 #e-aj1 p4 #afe4 #fbg ,saxon ,leechdoms1 vol4 #a1 pp4 xli-xliii4 #fbh ,ibid41 p4 xliii4 #fbi ,brand1 ,popular ,antiquities1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #ajh1aji4 #fcj ,browne1 ,religio ,medici1 p4 #cib4 #fca ,brand1 op4 cit41 p4 #aaj4 #fcb ,pliny1 ,nat4 ,hist41 lib4 #bh1 cap4 #bb4 #fcc ,ibid41 lib4 #bh1 cap4 #ag4 #fcd ,ibid4 #fce ,grimm1 ,teutonic ,mythology1 vol4 #c1 p4 #aafi4 #fcf ,burton1 ,anatomy of ,melancholy1 ,london1 #ahbg1 vol4 #a1 p4 #ia2 vol4 #b1 pp4 #bhh1 #bij4 #fcg ,burton1 ,anatomy of ,melancholy1 ,london1 #ahbg1 vol4 #a1 p4 #ia2 vol4 #b1 p4 #bij4 #fch ,picart1 ,crmonies et ,cotumes1 etc41 vol4 #aj1 pp4 #fi-gc4 #fci ,dmonology1 p4 #ajj4 #fdj ,brand1 ,pop4 ,ant41 vol4 #c1 p4 #bii4 #fda ,ibid41 p4 #agj4 #fdb ,frommann1 ,tractatus de ,fascinatione1 ,nuremberg1 #afge1 p4 #gca4 #fdc ,markham1 ,bogle's mission to ,tibet1 ,london1 #ahgf1 p4 #he4 #fdd ,brand1 ,pop4 ,ant41 vol4 #b1 p4 #adi4 #fde ,thomas ,wright1 ,sorcery and ,magic1 ,london1 #ahea1 vol4 #b1 p4 #aj4 #fdf ,brand1 ,pop4 ,ant41 vol4 #b1 p4 #adc4 #fdg ,pennant1 in ,pinkerton1 ,voyages1 vol4 #c1 p4 #chb4 #fdh ,hoffman1 quoting ,friend1 in ,jour4 ,am4 ,folk ,lore1 #ahhh1 p4 #acd4 #fdi ,brand1 ,pop4 ,ant41 vol4 #b1 pp4 #abg et seq4 #fej ,grimm1 ,teutonic ,mythology1 vol4 #c1 p4 #aagd4 ,he also speaks of the nouer l'aiguillette1 ibid41 p4 #aage4 #fea ,saxon ,leechdoms1 vol4 #a1 p4 xliv4 #feb ,black1 ,folk-,medicine1 ,london1 #ahhc1 pp4 #ahe1 #ahf4 #fec ,pliny1 ,nat4 ,hist41 lib4 #bh1 cap4 #i4 #fed ,brand1 ,pop4 ,ant41 vol4 #b1 p4 #fg4 #fee ,ibid41 p4 #agj4 #fef ,sextus ,placitus1 ,de ,medicamentis ex ,animalibus1 ,lyons1 #aecg1 pages not numbered1 article de ,puello et ,puell ,virgine4 #feg ,etmller1 ,opera ,omnia1 ,lyons1 #afij1 vol4 #b1 p4 #bgi1 ,schroderii ,dilucidati ,zoologia4 #feh ,brand1 ,pop4 ,ant41 vol4 #b1 p4 #fh1 footnote4 #fei ,ibid41 p4 #fg4 #ffj ,paracelsus1 ,chirurgia ,minora1 in ,opera ,omnia1 ,geneva1 #affb1 vol4 #b1 p4 #gj4 #ffa ,ibid41 p4 #agd4 #ffb ,beckherius1 ,medicus ,microcosmus1 ,london1 #affj1 p4 #agd4 #ffc ,grimm1 ,teutonic ,mythology1 vol4 #c1 p4 #ajid1 footnote4 #ffd ,ibid41 p4 #ajif4 #ffe ,pliny1 ,nat4 ,hist41 lib4 #cj1 cap4 #ab4 #fff ,etmller1 ,opera ,omnia1 ,lyons1 #afij1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #bhb1 #bhc1 ,schroderii ,dilucidati ,zoologia4 #ffg ,ibid41 p4 #bgh;a4 #ffh ,black1 ,folk-,medicine1 ,london1 #ahhc1 p4 #aac4 #ffi ,forlong1 ,rivers of ,life1 ,london1 #ahhc1 vol4 #b1 p4 #cac4 #fgj ,brand1 ,pop4 ,ant41 vol4 #b1 p4 #fi4 #fga ,notes and ,queries1 #ast series1 vol4 #d1 p4 #ejj4 #fgb ,see also ,black1 ,folk-,medicine1 ,london1 #ahhc1 p4 #gi4 #fgc ,grimm1 ,teutonic ,mythology1 vol4 #c1 p4 #abcc4 #fgd ,black1 ,folk-,medicine1 ,london1 #ahhc1 p4 #aad4 #fge ,herrera1 dec4 #f1 lib4 #h1 cap4 #a1 p4 #aga4 #fgf ,ibid41 dec4 #g1 lib4 #d1 cap4 #e1 p4 #gj4 #fgg ,smyth1 ,aborigines of ,victoria1 vol4 #a1 p4 #cea4 ,see also previous references to the use of such cords by the ,australians4 #fgh ,pliny1 ,nat4 ,hist41 lib4 #bh1 cap4 #bg4 #fgi ,highlands of thiopia1 vol4 #a1 p4 #bdg4 #fhj ,through the ,dark ,continent1 vol4 #a1 p4 #cih4 #fha ,pliny1 ,nat4 ,hist41 lib4 #bh1 cap4 #aa4 #fhb ,notes and ,queries1 #dth series1 vol4 #e1 pp4 #bie1 #cij4 #fhc ,trait des ,superstitions1 tome #a1 chap4 #c1 paragraph #h4 #fhd ,pop4 ,ant41 vol4 #c1 p4 #bgf4 #fhe ,black1 ,folk-,medicine1 p4 #aji4 #fhf ,anatomy of ,melancholy1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #bhh1 #bij4 #fhg ,brand1 ,pop4 ,ant41 vol4 #b1 p4 #ajg4 #fhh ,brand1 ,pop4 ,ant41 vol4 #b1 p4 #gh4 #fhi ,ibid41 p4 #ia4 #fij ,ibid41 p4 #ic4 #fia ,picart1 ,crmonies et ,cotumes1 etc41 vol4 #a1 p4 #da4 #fib ,folk-,medicine1 ,london1 #ahhc1 pp4 #ahe1 #ahf4 #fic ,p4 #da4 #fid ,black1 ,folk-,medicine1 p4 #ahf4 #fie ,ibid41 7after ,tylor7 pp4 #agf1 #agg4 #fif ,ibid41 p4 #agh4 #fig ,pop4 ,ant41 vol4 #c1 p4 #bgf4 #fih ,salverte1 ,philosophy of ,magic1 vol4 #a1 p4 #aie4 #fii ,black1 ,folk-,medicine1 ,london1 #ahhc1 p4 #aig4 #gjj ,pliny1 ,nat4 ,hist41 lib4 #bd1 cap4 #aah4 #gja ,forlong1 ,rivers of ,life1 vol4 #a1 p4 #dea4 #gjb ,pennant1 quoted by ,brand1 ,popular ,antiquities1 vol4 #c1 p4 #ed4 #gjc ,ibid41 p4 #bhe4 #gjd ,folk-,medicine1 ,london1 #ahhc1 pp4 #ahe1 #ahf4 #gje ,folk-,medicine1 ,london1 #ahhc1 p4 #aac4 #gjf ,ibid41 p4 #eg4 #gjg ,ephemeridum ,physico-medicarum1 ,leipzig1 #afid1 vol4 #a1 p4 #di4 #gjh ,black1 ,folk-,medicine1 p4 #aab4 #gji ,black1 ,folk-,medicine1 p4 #aab4 #gaj ,brand1 ,pop4 ,ant41 vol4 #b1 p4 #hf4 #gaa ,black1 ,folk-,medicine1 p4 #ch4 #gab ,pliny1 ,nat4 ,hist41 lib4 #cj1 cap4 #ch4 #gac ,ibid4 #gad ,black1 ,folk-,medicine1 p4 #aaa4 #gae ,brand1 ,pop4 ,ant41 vol4 #c1 pp4 #bhh1 #cbd4 #gaf ,this fact is stated by ,torquemada1 ,monarchia ,indiana1 lib4 #aj1 cap4 #cc1 and by ,gomara1 ,hist4 of the ,conq4 of ,mexico1 p4 #ddf2 see also ,diego ,duran1 lib4 #a1 cap4 #bj1 p4 #bbf4 #gag ,herrera1 dec4 #c1 lib4 #b1 p4 #fg4 #gah ,john ,gilmary ,shea1 ,the ,catholic ,church in ,colonial ,days1 p4 #dgb4 #gai ,diego ,duran1 vol4 #c1 cap4 #d1 p4 #bag4 #gbj ,anatomy of ,melancholy1 ,london1 #ahbg1 vol4 #a1 p4 #ccg4 #gba ,picart1 ,crmonies et ,cotumes1 etc41 ,amsterdam1 #agbi1 vol4 #e1 p4 #ej4 #gbb ,lady of the ,lake1 canto #c1 stanza #d1 ,sir ,rhoderick ,dhu1 summoning ,clan ,alpine against the king4 #gbc ,teatro ,mexicano1 vol4 #c1 p4 #cbc4 #gbd ,lib4 #ad1 cap4 #d1 and lib4 #af1 cap4 #af4 #gbe ,lib4 #a1 cap4 #bc1 pp4 #bea-beb4 #gbf ,ximenez1 ,hist4 ,orig4 ,indios1 p4 #baa4 #gbg ,mendieta1 p4 #hc4 #gbh ,ibid41 p4 #gh4 #gbi ,researches in ,south ,america1 p4 #hc4 #gcj ,monarchia ,indiana1 vol4 #b1 lib4 #ac1 cap4 #de1 and elsewhere4 #gca ,emory1 ,reconnoissance1 p4 #hh4 #gcb ,gomara1 ,historia de la ,conquista de ,mjico1 ,veytia's edition1 p4 #bii4 #gcc ,ibid41 p4 #caj4 #gcd ,smithsonian ,contributions1 ,ancient monuments of ,new ,york1 vol4 #b4 #gce ,buckingham ,smith1 ,relacion de la ,jornada de ,coronado ,cibola1 ,coleccion de ,documentos para la ,historia de ,florida1 ,london1 #aheg1 vol4 #a1 p4 #adh4 #gcf ,ibid41 vol4 #a1 p4 #aej4 #gcg ,brinton1 ,myths of the ,new ,world1 p4 #bec4 #gch ,london1 #ahdd1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #bf1 #bi1 #cf1 #ic4 #gci ,ibid41 p4 #bgh4 #gdj ,ibid41 vol4 #b1 p4 #chi4 #gda ,monarchia ,indiana1 lib4 #f1 cap4 #de1 p4 #hj4 #gdb ,ibid41 lib4 #ai1 cap4 #bb1 pp4 #ceg-ceh4 #gdc ,ternaux-,compans1 vol4 #aj1 p4 #bdj4 #gdd ,london1 #ahdc1 p4 #bdh4 #gde ,pimentel1 ,lenguas ,indgenas de ,mxico1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #dih1 #dii4 #gdf ,brinton1 ,myths of the ,new ,world1 pp4 #bhe1 #bhf4 #gdg ,ibid41 p4 #bfd4 #gdh ,kingsborough1 vol4 #h1 sup41 p4 #bdi4 #gdi ,parkman1 ,jesuits1 introduction1 p4 lxxxiv4 ,,bibliography4 ,acosta1 ,jos4 ,histoire naturelle et moralle des ,indes1 tant ,orientalles qu',occidentalles4444 ,compose en ,castillian par ,joseph ,acosta1 traduit en ,franois par ,robert ,regnault ,cauxois4 ,paris3 #afjj4 ,adair1 ,james4 ,history of the ,american ,indians4 ,london3 #agge4 ,adventure and ,beagle4 ,narrative of the surveying voyages of his majesty's ships ,adventure and ,beagle4 ,vols4 ,i-,,iii4 ,london3 #ahci4 ,alegre1 ,francisco ,javier4 ,historia de la compaa de ,jesus en ,nueva-,espaa4 ,vols4 ,i-,,iii4 ,mexico3 #ahda-'db4 ,arriaga1 ,jos de4 ,extirpacion de la idolatra de los ,indios del ,peru4 ,lima3 #afba4 ,asiatick ,researches or transactions of the society instituted in ,bengal1 etc4 ,vols4 ,,vii and ,,viii4 ,calcutta3 #ahja-'je4 ,backus1 ,e4 ,an account of the ,navajos of ,new ,mexico4 7,in ,schoolcraft1 ,indian' ,tribes1 ,,iv1 pp4 #bji-bae1 ,philadelphia3 #ahed47 ,baegert1 ,jacob4 ,an account of the aboriginal inhabitants of the ,californian peninsula4 7,in ,smithsonian ,reports for #ahfc and #ahfd1 ,washington3 #ahfd-'fe47 ,baker1 ,frank4 ,anthropological notes on the human hand4 7,in ,american ,anthropologist1 ,i1 pp4 #ea-ge1 ,washington3 ,january1 #ahhh47 ,baker1 ,samuel ,w4 ,the ,albert ,n'yanza1 great basin of the ,nile1 and explorations of the ,nile sources4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii4 ,london3 #ahff4 ,ibid41 ,philadelphia3 #ahfi4 ,balboa1 ,miguel ,c4 ,histoire du ,prou4 7,forms ,vol4 ,,xv of ,ternaux-,compans1 ,voyages1 ,paris3 #ahdj47 ,bancroft1 ,hubert ,h4 ,native ,races4 ,vols4 ,i-,v4 ,san ,francisco3 #ahhb4 ,barcia1 ,gabriel de ,cardenas de4 ,ensayo cronologico1 para la historia general de la ,florida4 7,forms part ,,ii of ,garcilaso de la ,vega's ,la ,florida del ,inca47 ,madrid3 #agbc4 ,beckherius1 ,daniel4 ,medicus microcosmus4 ,london3 #affj4 ,benjamin1 ,g4 ,w4 ,persia4 ,london3 #ahgg4 ,benzoni1 ,girolamo4 ,history of the ,new ,world4 ,now first translated and edited by ,rear-,admiral ,w4 ,h4 ,smyth4 7,forms ,hakluyt ,society's ,works1 vol4 #ba1 ,london3 #aheg47 ,black1 ,william ,g4 ,folk-medicine2 a chapter in the history of culture4 ,london3 #ahhc4 ,blount1 ,thomas4 ,tenures of land and customs of manors4 ,london3 #ahgd4 ,bock1 ,carl4 ,the head-hunters of ,borneo4 ,london3 #ahha4 ,bogle1 ,george4 ,see ,markham1 ,clements ,r4 ,bollaert1 ,william4 ,antiquarian1 ethnological and other researches in ,new ,granada1 ,ecuador1 ,peru and ,chile4 ,london3 #ahfj4 ,boscana1 ,geronimo4 ,chinigchinich4 7,in ,robinson1 ,life in ,california1 ,new ,york3 #ahdf47 ,bourke1 ,john ,g4 ,snake dance of the ,moquis of ,arizona4 ,new ,york3 #ahhd4 ,bourke1 ,john ,g4 ,scatalogic rites of all nations4 ,washington3 #ahia4 ,brand1 ,john4 ,observations on the popular antiquities of ,great ,britain4 ,vols4 ,i-,,iii4 ,london3 #ahhb-'hc4 ,brasseur de ,bourbourg4 ,histoire des nations civilises du ,mexique et de l',amrique ,centrale4 ,vols4 ,i-,,iv4 ,paris3 #aheg-'ei4 ,brasseur de ,bourbourg4 ,see ,popol ,vuh4 ,brinton1 ,daniel ,g4 ,myths of the ,new ,world4 ,new ,york3 #ahfh4 ,browne1 ,thomas4 ,religio medici4 7,in ,vol4 ,,ii of his works47 ,london3 #ahce4 ,bruce1 ,james4 ,travels to discover the source of the ,nile1 in the years #agfh-aggc4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,dublin3 #agia4 ,buckle1 ,henry ,thomas4 ,wise and posthumous works of4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,common place books4 ,london3 #ahgb4 ,burton1 ,richard ,f4 ,a mission to ,gelele1 king of ,dahome4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii4 ,london3 #ahfd4 ,burton1 ,richard ,f4 ,a plain and literal translation of the ,arabian nights' entertainments1 now entitled the book of the thousand nights and a night4 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,london3 #ahhf4 ,burton1 ,robert4 ,the anatomy of melancholy1 what it is1 with all the kinds1 causes1 symptoms1 prognostics1 and several cures of it4 ,by ,democritus ,junior4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii4 ,london3 #ahbg4 ,cabeza de ,vaca1 ,alvar ,nuez4 ,relation et naufrages2 ,valladolid1 #aeee4 7,in ,vol4 ,,vii of ,ternaux-,compans1 ,voyages4 ,paris3 #ahcg47 ,cabeza de ,vaca1 ,alvar ,nuez4 ,see ,smith1 ,buckingham4 ,cameron1 ,verney ,l4 ,across ,africa4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii4 ,london3 #ahgg4 ,campbell1 ,archibald4 ,a voyage round the world1 from #ahjf to #ahab4 ,second ,american edition4 ,new ,york3 #ahaj4 ,catlin1 ,george4 ,illustrations of the manners1 customs1 and condition of the ,north ,american ,indians4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii4 ,london3 #ahde4 ,catlin1 ,george4 ,o-kee-pa3 ,a religious ceremony1 and other customs of the ,mandans4 ,philadelphia3 #ahfg4 ,charlevoix1 ,pierre ,f4 ,x4 de4 ,history and general description of ,new ,france4 ,translated1 with notes1 by ,john ,gilmary ,shea4 ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,new ,york3 #ahgj4 ,clavigero1 ,francisco ,saverio4 ,history of ,mexico4 ,translated by ,charles ,cullen4 ,vols4 ,i-,,iii4 ,philadelphia3 #ahag4 ,cockayne1 ,oswald4 ,leechdoms1 wortcunning1 and starcraft of early ,england4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,london3 #ahfd4 ,coleccion de documentos inditos1 relativos al descubrimiento1 conquista y organizacion de las antiguas posesiones ,espaolas de ,amrica y ,oceana4 ,vol4 ,,xiv4 ,madrid3 #ahgj4 ,coleman1 ,charles4 ,mythology of the ,hindus4 ,london3 #ahcb4 ,columbus1 ,christopher4 ,select letters of4 ,translated and edited by ,r4 ,h4 ,major4 7,forms ,vol4 ,,ii of ,hakluyt ,society's ,works1 ,london3 #ahdg47 ,corbusier1 ,william ,f4 ,the ,apache-,yumas and ,apache-,mohaves4 7,in ,american ,antiquarian1 ,chicago3 ,september and ,november1 #ahhf47 ,coxe1 ,william4 ,account of ,russian discoveries between ,asia and ,america4 ,london3 #ahjc4 ,crantz1 ,david4 ,the history of ,greenland3 containing a description of the country1 and its inhabitants4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii4 ,london3 #agfg4 ,crnica serfica y apostlica4 ,espinosa 7,mexico73 #agdf4 ,cushing1 ,frank ,h4 ,a study of ,pueblo pottery as illustrative of ,zui culture growth4 7,in ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bu4 ,ethnology1 #ahhb-'hc1 pp4 #dfg-eba1 ,washington3 #ahhf47 ,dall1 ,william ,h4 ,masks1 labrets1 and certain aboriginal customs4 7,in ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bu4 of ,ethnology1 #ahha-'hb4 ,washington3 #ahhd47 ,davis1 ,t4 ,w4 ,rhys4 ,see ,hibbert ,lectures1 #ahha4 ,davis1 ,w4 ,w4 ,h4 ,spanish conquest of ,new ,mexico4 ,doylestown 7,pa473 #ahfi4 ,deane1 ,j4 ,b4 ,serpent worship4 ,london3 #ahcc4 ,delano1 ,amasa4 ,voyage4 ,boston3 #ahdg4 ,dennys1 ,n4 ,b4 ,the folk-lore of ,china1 and its affinities with that of the ,aryan and ,semitic races4 ,london and ,hongkong3 #ahgf4 ,diaz del ,castillo1 ,bernal4 ,the memoirs of4 ,written by himself1 containing a true and full account of the discovery and conquest of ,mexico and ,new ,spain4 ,translated by ,john ,i4 ,lockhart4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii4 ,london3 #ahdd4 ,dillon1 ,p4 ,narrative and successful result of a voyage in the south seas to ascertain the actual fate of ,la ,perouse's expedition4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii4 ,london3 #ahbi4 ,dobrizhoffer1 ,martin4 ,an account of the ,abipones1 an equestrian people of ,paraguay4 ,vol4 ,i-,,iii4 ,london3 #ahbb4 ,dodge1 ,richard ,i4 ,our wild ,indians3 thirty-three years' personal experience among the red men of the great ,west4 ,hartford 7,conn473 #ahhb4 ,domenech1 ,em4 ,seven years' residence in the great deserts of ,north ,america4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii4 ,london3 #ahfj4 ,dorman1 ,rushton ,m4 ,origin of primitive superstitions4 ,philadelphia3 #ahha4 ,dubois1 ,j4 ,a4 ,description of the character1 manners1 and customs of the people of ,india4 ,london3 #ahag4 ,du ,cange1 ,charles du ,f4 ,glossarium ad scriptores medi et infirm ,latinitatis4 ,vols4 ,i-,,vi4 ,paris3 #agcc4 ,du ,halde1 ,p4 ,the general history of ,china4 ,containing a geographical1 historical1 chronological1 political1 and physical description of the empire of ,china1 ,chinese-,tartary1 ,corea1 and ,thibet4 ,vols4 ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iv4 ,london3 #ahcf4 ,dulaure1 ,j4 ,a4 ,histoire abrge de diffrens cultes4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii4 ,paris3 #ahbe4 ,dupuis4 ,origine de tons le cultes1 ou religion universelle4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii4 ,paris3 ,n4,d44 ,duran1 ,diego4 ,historia antigua de la ,nueva ,espaa con noticias de los ritos y costumbres de los ,yndios y esplicacion del calendario ,mexicano4 ,escrita en el ao de #aehe4 ,vols4 ,i-,,iii4 ,manuscript in the ,library of ,congress at ,washington4 ,eastman1 ,mary ,h4 ,dacotah2 or1 life and legends of the ,sioux around ,fort ,snelling4 ,new ,york3 #ahdi4 ,emerson1 ,ellen ,r4 ,indian myths or legends1 traditions1 and symbols of the aborigines of ,america4 ,boston3 #ahhd4 ,emory1 ,william ,h4 ,notes of a military reconnoissance from ,fort ,leavenworth1 in ,missouri1 to ,san ,diego1 in ,california4 7,senate ex4 doc4 #g2 #cjth cong41 #ast sess47 ,washington3 #ahdh4 ,etmller1 ,michael4 ,opera omnia4 ,lyons3 #afij4 ,eye1 ,j4 ,l4 ,august von4 ,see ,iconographic ,encyclopdia4 ,fernandez1 ,alonso4 ,historia eclesiastica de nuestros tiempos4 ,toledo3 #afaa4 ,flemming1 ,samuel ,augustus4 ,de remediis ex corpore humano desumtis4 ,erfurt3 #agch4 ,fletcher1 ,robert4 ,on prehistoric trephining and cranial amulets4 7,in ,contributions to ,north ,american ,ethnology4 ,vol4 ,v1 ,washington3 #ahhb47 ,forlong1 ,j4 ,g4 ,r4 ,rivers of life1 or the sources and streams of the faiths of man in all lands4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii and chart4 ,london3 #ahhc4 ,forster1 ,george4 ,a voyage round the world1 in his ,britannic majesty's sloop ,resolution4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii4 ,london3 #aggg4 ,fosbrooke1 ,thomas ,dudley4 ,british monachism2 or1 manners and customs of the monks and nuns of ,england4 ,london3 #ahag4 ,franklin1 ,john4 ,narrative of a second expedition to the shores of the ,polar sea1 in the years #ahbe1 #ahbf1 and #ahbg4 ,london3 #ahbh4 ,fraser1 ,john4 ,the aborigines of ,australia3 their ethnic position and relations4 7,in ,jour4 of ,trans4 of ,victoria ,institute1 vol4 ,,xxii1 pp4 #aed-ahf1 ,london3 #ahhi47 ,frazer1 ,j4 ,g4 ,totemism4 ,edinburg3 #ahhg4 ,french1 ,b4 ,f4 ,historical collections of ,louisiana4 ,compiled with historical and biographical notes by ,b4 ,f4 ,french1 part #a--;,historical documents from #afgh to #afia4 ,new ,york3 #ahdf4 ,freycinet1 ,louis ,c4 ,d4 de4 ,voyage round the world4 ,london3 #ahbc4 ,frommann1 ,johannes ,christianus4 ,tractatus de fascinatione4 ,nuremberg3 #afge4 ,gabb1 ,william ,m4 ,on the ,indian tribes and languages of ,costa ,rica4 7,in ,proc4 ,am4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xiv1 pp4 #dhc-fjb1 ,philadelphia3 #ahgf47 ,gage1 ,thomas4 ,the ,english-,american1 his travail by sea and land3 or1 a new survey of the ,west-,indies4 ,london3 #afdh4 ,gallatin1 ,albert4 ,notes on the semicivilized nations of ,mexico1 ,yucatan1 and ,central ,america4 7,in ,trans4 ,am4 ,ethnological ,soc41 vol4 ,i1 ,new ,york3 #ahde47 ,gatschet1 ,albert ,s4 ,migration legend of the ,creek ,indians4 ,vol4 ,i1 ,philadelphia3 #ahhd4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,st4 ,louis3 #ahhh4 ,gayarre1 ,charles4 ,louisiana3 its colonial history and romance4 ,new ,york3 #ahea4 ,gilmour1 ,james4 ,among the ,mongols4 ,london3 #ahhc4 ,gomara1 ,francisco ,l4 de4 ,historia general de las ,indias4 7,in ,vedin1 ,historiadores primitivos de ,indias1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aeg-bid1 ,madrid3 #aheb47 ,gomara1 ,francisco ,l4 de4 ,conquista de ,mjico4 ,segunda parte de la crnica general de las ,indias4 7,in ibid41 pp4 #bie-dee47 ,gore1 ,j4 ,howard4 ,tuckahoe1 or ,indian bread4 7,in ,smithsonian ,institution ,ann4 ,rep4 for #ahha1 ,washington3 #ahhc47 ,gregg1 ,josiah4 ,commerce of the prairies4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii4 ,new ,york and ,london3 #ahdd4 ,grimm1 ,jacob4 ,teutonic mythology4 ,translated from the fourth edition1 with notes and appendix by ,james ,steven ,sallybrass4 ,vols4 ,i-,,iv4 ,london3 #ahhj-'hh4 ,grinnell1 ,fordyce4 ,the healing art as practiced by the ,indians of the plains4 ,grossman1 ,f4 ,e4 ,the ,pima ,indians of ,arizona4 7,in ,smithsonian ,institution ,ann4 ,rep4 for #ahga1 pp4 #djg-dai1 ,washington3 #ahgc47 ,gubernatis1 ,angelo de4 ,zoological mythology or the legends of animals4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii4 ,london3 #ahgb4 ,gumilla1 ,joseph4 ,el ,orinoco ilustrado1 historia natural1 civil1 y geographica1 de este gran rio4 ,madrid3 #agda4 ,hakluyt1 ,richard4 ,collection of the early voyages1 travels1 and discoveries of the ,english nation4 ,vols4 ,,iii and ,v4 ,london3 #ahaj-'ab4 ,hakluyt ,society4 ,works4 ,london3 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #ahag2 vol4 ,,xvi1 #ahed2 vol4 ,,xxi1 #aheg2 vol4 ,,xli1 #ahfi2 vol4 ,,xlviii1 #ahgc4 ,harmon1 ,daniel ,w4 ,journal of voyages and travels in the interiour of ,north ,america4 ,andover3 #ahbj4 ,harris1 ,w4 ,cornwallis4 ,the highlands of thiopia4 ,vols4 ,i-,,iii4 ,london3 #ahdd4 ,hatch1 ,edwin4 ,see ,hibbert ,lectures1 #ahhh4 ,hawkesworth1 ,john4 ,an account of the voyages undertaken by the order of his present majesty for making discoveries in the southern hemisphere4 ,vols4 ,i-,,iii4 ,london3 #aggc4 ,heath1 ,perry ,s4 ,a ,hoosier in ,russia4 ,new ,york3 #ahhh4 ,henderson1 ,john ,g4 ,aboriginal remains near ,naples1 ,illinois4 7,in ,smithsonian ,institution ,ann4 ,rep4 for #ahhb1 ,washington3 #ahhd47 ,hennepin1 ,louis4 ,see ,french1 ,b4 ,f4 ,herrera1 ,antonio de4 ,historia general de los hechos de los ,castellanos en las islas i tierra firme del mar ,oceano4 ,vols4 ,i-,v4 ,madrid3 #agbf-'cj4 ,hibbert ,lectures1 #ahgi4 ,on the origin and growth of religion as illustrated by the religion of ancient ,egypt1 by ,p4 ,le ,page ,renouf4 ,london3 #ahhj4 ,hibbert ,lectures1 #ahha4 ,on the origin and growth of religion as illustrated by some points in the history of ,indian ,buddhism1 by ,t4 ,w4 ,rhys ,davis4 ,new ,york3 #ahhb4 ,hibbert ,lectures1 #ahhh4 ,the influence of ,greek ideas and usages upon the ,christian church1 by ,edwin ,hatch4 ,london3 #ahij4 ,higgins1 ,godfrey4 ,anacalypsis1 an attempt to draw aside the veil of the ,saitic ,isis4 ,vol4 ,i1 ,,ii4 ,london3 #ahcf4 ,hind1 ,henry ,youle4 ,narrative of the ,canadian ,red ,river exploring expedition of #aheg and of the ,assiniboine and ,saskatchewan exploring expedition of #aheh4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii4 ,london3 #ahfj4 ,hoffman1 ,walter ,j4 ,folk-lore of the ,pennsylvania ,germans4 7,in ,jour4 of ,am4 ,folk-,lore1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #b1 ,boston3 #ahhh47 ,hone1 ,william4 ,every-day book and table book4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,london3 #ahch4 ,humboldt1 ,alexander de4 ,researches concerning the institutions and monuments of the ancient inhabitants of ,america4 ,translated by ,helen ,maria ,williams4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,london3 #ahad4 ,icazbalecta1 ,joaquin ,g4 ,see ,mendieta1 ,gernimo de4 ,iconographic ,encyclopdia4 ,prehistoric archology by ,daniel ,g4 ,brinton4 ,history of culture translated from the ,german of ,dr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,august von ,eye4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,philadelphia3 #ahhf4 ,inman1 ,thomas4 ,ancient faiths embodied in ancient names3 or an attempt to trace the religious belief1 sacred rites1 and holy emblems of certain nations4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii4 ,london and ,liverpool3 #ahfh-'fi4 ,james1 ,edwin4 ,see ,tanner1 ,john4 ,jarvis1 ,samuel ,f4 ,discourse on the religion of the ,indian tribes of ,north ,america4 7,in ,collections of ,n4 ,y4 ,hist4 ,soc4 for #ahba1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,new ,york3 #ahba47 ,joutel4 ,see ,french1 ,b4 ,f4 ,kane1 ,paul4 ,wanderings of an artist among the ,indians of ,north ,america4 ,london3 #ahei4 ,kelly1 ,fanny4 ,narrative of my captivity among the ,sioux ,indians4 ,cincinnati3 #ahga4 ,kennon1 ,george4 ,tent life in ,siberia4 ,new ,york and ,london3 #ahhc4 ,king1 ,edward 7,lord ,kingsborough74 ,antiquities of ,mexico3 comprising facsimiles of ancient ,mexican paintings and hieroglyphics4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ix4 ,london3 #ahca-'dh4 ,king1 ,p4 ,p4 7and others74 ,narrative of the surveying voyages of the ,adventure and ,beagle1 between the years #ahbf and #ahcf4 ,vols4 ,i-,,iii1 ,london3 #ahci4 ,kingsborough4 ,see ,king1 ,edward4 ,knox1 ,j4 ,a new collection of voyages1 discoveries1 and travels4 ,printed for ,j4 ,knox4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,london3 #agfg4 ,kohl1 ,j4 ,g4 ,kitchi-gami4 ,wanderings around ,lake ,superior4 ,london3 #ahfj4 ,kotzebue1 ,otto von4 ,a voyage of discovery into the ,south ,sea and ,beering's ,straits4 ,vols4 ,i-,,iii4 ,london3 #ahba4 ,kraskenninikoff1 ,s4 ,history of ,kamtschatka1 and the ,kurilski islands1 with the countries adjacent4 ,translated by ,james ,grieve4 ,glocester3 #agfd4 ,laet1 ,joannes de4 ,l'histoire du nouveau monde ou description des ,indes ,occidentales4 ,leyde3 #afdj4 ,lafitau1 ,joseph ,franois4 ,murs des sauvages ,ameriquains1 compares aux murs des premiers temps4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii4 ,paris3 #agbd4 ,landa1 ,diego de4 ,relation des choses de ,yucatan4 7,translated and edited by ,brasseur de ,bourbourg47 ,forms vol4 ,,iii of ,collection de documents dans les langues indignes1 pour servir l'tude de l'histoire et de la philologie de l',amrique ancienne4 ,paris3 #ahfd4 ,lang1 ,andrew4 ,custom and myth4 ,new ,york3 #ahhe4 ,langsdorff1 ,g4 ,h4 von4 ,voyages and travels in various parts of the world during the years #ahjc-'jg4 ,parts ,i-,,ii4 ,london3 #ahac-ad4 ,lanzoni1 ,joseph4 ,ephemeridum physico-medicarum4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii4 ,leipsig3 #afid4 ,lea1 ,henry ,charles4 ,history of the inquisition of the middle ages4 ,vols4 ,i-,,iii4 ,new ,york3 #ahhh4 ,le ,clercq1 ,chrestien4 ,nouvelle relation de la ,gaspesie4 ,paris3 #afia4 ,le ,jeune1 ,paul4 ,see ,relations des ,jsuites4 ,lenormant1 ,franois4 ,chaldean magic3 its origin and development4 ,london3 #ahgg4 ,lisiansky1 ,urey4 ,voyage round the world1 in the years #ahjc-ahjf4 ,london3 #ahad4 ,long1 ,stephen ,h4 ,account of an expedition from ,pittsburgh to the ,rocky mountains1 performed in the years #ahai-'bj4 ,compiled by ,edwin ,james4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,philadelphia3 #ahbc4 ,mackenzie1 ,alexander4 ,voyages from ,montreal1 on the river ,st4 ,laurence1 through the continent of ,north ,america1 to the ,frozen and ,pacific oceans1 in the years #aghi and #agic4 ,london3 #ahja4 ,madden1 ,r4 ,r4 ,the shrines and sepulchres of the old and new world4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii4 ,london3 #ahea4 ,malte-,brun4 ,universal geography1 or a description of all the parts of the world1 on a new plan4 ,vols4 ,i1 ,,ii1 and ,,iii4 ,philadelphia1 #ahag2 ,ibid41 #ahbg2 ,ibid41 #ahcb4 ,malte-,brun4 ,universal geography4 ,vols4 ,i-,v4 ,boston3 #ahbe-'bf4 ,manning1 ,thomas4 ,see ,markham1 ,clements ,r4 ,markham1 ,clements ,r4 ,first part of the royal commentaries of the ,yncas by the ,ynca ,garcilasso de la ,vega4 7,forms ,vol4 #da of ,works issued by the ,hakluyt ,society1 ,london3 #ahfi47 ,markham1 ,clements ,r4 ,narratives of the rites and laws of the ,yncas4 ,translated from the original ,spanish manuscripts1 and edited by ,clements ,r4 ,markham4 7,forms ,vol4 #dh of ,hakluyt's ,society's ,works1 ,london3 #ahgc47 ,markham1 ,clements ,r4 ,narratives of the mission of ,george ,bogle to ,tibet1 and of the journey of ,thomas ,manning to ,lhasa4 ,london3 #ahgf4 ,massingberd1 ,francis ,c4 ,the ,english reformation4 ,london3 #ahdb2 ,ibid41 #aheg4 ,matthews1 ,washington4 ,the mountain chant3 a ,navajo ceremony4 7,in ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bu4 ,eth41 #ahhc-'hd1 pp4 #cgi-dfg1 ,washington3 #ahhg47 ,matthews1 ,washington4 ,the prayer of a ,navajo shaman4 7,in the ,american ,anthropologist1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #b1 ,april1 #ahhh47 ,maurice1 ,thomas4 ,indian antiquities3 or1 dissertations relative to 444 ,hindostan4 ,vols4 ,i-,v4 ,london3 #ahjj-'ja4 ,maximilian ,prince of ,wied4 ,travels in the interior of ,north ,america4 ,london3 #ahdc4 ,meignan1 ,victor4 ,from ,paris to ,pekin4 ,london3 #ahhe4 ,mendieta1 ,gernimo de4 ,historia eclesistica ,indiana2 obra escrita fines del siglo ,,xvi4 ,la publica por primera vez ,joaquin ,garcia ,icazbalceta4 ,mexico3 #ahgj4 ,miles1 ,w4 ,augustus4 ,how did the natives of ,australia become acquainted with the demigods and dmonia and with the superstitions of the ancient races8 7,in ,jour4 ,ethnological ,soc4 of ,london1 vol4 ,,iii1 ,london3 #ahed47 ,molina1 ,christoval de4 ,an account of the fables and rites of the ,yncas4 ,translated by ,c4 ,r4 ,markham4 7,in ,hakluyt ,society's ,works1 vol4 #dh1 ,london3 #ahgc47 ,molina1 ,ignacio4 ,compendio de la historia geogrfica1 natural y civil del reyno de ,chile4 7,translation of ,mendoza and ,cruz y ,bahamonde47 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii4 ,madrid3 #aghh-'ie4 ,montesinos1 ,fernando4 ,mmoires historiques sur l'ancien ,pron4 7,forms ,vol4 ,,xvii of ,ternaux-,compans1 ,voyages1 ,paris3 #ahdj47 ,montfaucon1 ,bernard de4 ,l'antiquit explique et represente en figures4 ,tom4 ,,ii1 pts4 #a and #b4 ,paris3 #agbb4 ,mooney1 ,james4 ,holiday customs of ,ireland4 ,reprinted from the ,proceedings of the ,american ,philosophical ,society 7,may #c1 #ahhi2 pp4 #cgg-dbg74 ,philadelphia3 #ahhi4 ,mller1 ,max4 ,lectures on the science of religion4 ,new ,york3 #ahgb4 ,mller1 ,max4 ,the sacred books of the ,east1 translated by various oriental scholars and edited by ,max ,mller4 ,vol4 ,v 7the ,bundahis1 ,bahman ,yast1 and ,shyast l-,shyast71 ,oxford3 #ahhj4 ,vol4 ,,xiv 7the sacred laws of the ryas--,vasishtha and ,baudhyana71 ,oxford3 #ahhb4 ,new ,york ,historical ,society4 ,collections 444 for the year #ahba4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,new ,york3 #ahba4 ,nightingale1 ,j4 ,the religions and religious ceremonies of all nations4 ,london3 #ahba4 ,north ,carolina4 ,colonial records4 ,vol4 ,i--#affb-agab4 ,raleigh3 #ahhf4 ,notes and ,queries4 ,first series4 ,london3 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,july-,december1 #ahea4 ,fourth series1 ,vol4 ,v1 ,january-,june1 #ahgj2 ,ibid41 ,vol4 ,,viii1 ,july-,december1 #ahga4 ,pane1 ,roman4 ,des antiquits des ,indiens4 ,translation of ,brasseur de ,bourbourg4 ,paris3 #ahfd4 ,parkman1 ,francis4 ,the ,jesuits in ,north ,america in the seventeenth century4 ,boston3 #ahfg4 ,parr1 ,bartholomew4 ,london medical dictionary4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,philadelphia3 #ahbj4 ,pennant1 ,thomas4 ,a tour in ,scotland1 #agfi4 7,in ,pinkerton1 ,collection of voyages and travels1 vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #a-efi1 ,london3 #ahji47 ,perrot1 ,nicholas4 ,memoire sur les murs1 coustumes et relligion des sauvages de l',amrique septentrionale4 ,leipzig and ,paris3 #ahfd4 ,pettigrew1 ,thomas ,j4 ,on superstitions connected with the history and practice of medicine and surgery4 ,philadelphia3 #ahdd4 ,pettit1 ,james ,s4 ,apache campaign notes--'#hf4 7,in ,jour4 ,military ,service ,institution1 vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #cca-cch1 ,new ,york3 #ahhf47 ,peyronie1 ,gauthier de la4 ,voyages de ,m4 ,p4 ,s4 ,pallas4 ,tome #d4 ,paris3 #agic4 ,picart1 ,bernard4 ,ceremonies et coutumes religieuses de tous les peuples du monde4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ix4 ,amsterdam3 #agcc-'ci4 ,pimentel1 ,francisco4 ,cuadro descriptivo y comparativo de las lenguas indgenas de ,mxico4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,mxico3 #ahge4 ,pinkerton1 ,john4 ,a general collection of the best and most interesting voyages and travels in all parts of the world4 ,london3 ,vol4 ,i1 #ahjh2 vol4 ,,iii1 #ahji2 vol4 ,,vii1 #ahaa2 vol4 ,x1 #ahaa2 vol4 ,,xi1 #ahab2 vol4 ,,xvi1 #ahad4 ,pliny4 ,natural history4 ,translation of ,bostock and ,riley4 ,vols4 ,i-,,vi4 ,london3 #ahee-'eg1 #ahhg4 ,popol ,vuh4 ,popol ,vuh4 ,le livre sacr et les mythes de l'antiquit amricaine4 7,translation of ,brasseur de ,bourbourg47 ,paris3 #ahfa4 ,powers1 ,stephen4 ,tribes of ,california4 7,contributions to ,north ,american ,ethnology1 vol4 ,,iii1 ,washington3 #ahgg47 ,purchas1 ,samuel4 ,haklvytvs posthumus or ,purchas his pilgrimage4 ,vols4 ,i-,v4 ,london3 #ahbe-'bf4 ,rau1 ,charles4 ,ancient aboriginal trade in ,north ,america4 7,in ,smithsonian ,institution ,ann4 ,rep4 for #ahgb1 pp4 #cdh-cid1 ,washington3 #ahgc47 ,relations des ,jsuites4 ,relations des ,jsuites contenant ce qui s'est pass de plus remarquable dans les missions des pres de la compagnie de ,jsus dans la ,nouvelle-,france4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,quebec3 #aheh4 ,renouf1 ,p4 ,le ,page4 ,see ,hibbert ,lectures1 #ahgi4 ,richardson1 ,john4 ,arctic searching expedition4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii4 ,london3 #ahea4 ,robinson1 ,a4 ,life in ,california4 ,new ,york3 #ahdf4 ,ross1 ,alexander4 ,the fur hunters of the far ,west4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii4 ,london3 #ahee4 ,salverte1 ,eusche4 ,philosophy of magic1 prodigies1 and apparent miracles4 ,with notes1 etc41 by ,anthony ,todd ,thomson4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii4 ,london3 #ahdf4 ,saxon ,leechdoms4 ,see ,cockayne1 ,oswald4 ,scheffer1 ,john4 ,the history of ,lapland wherein are shewed the original manners1 habits1 marriages1 conjurations1 etc41 of that people4 ,oxford3 #afgd4 ,schoolcraft1 ,henry ,r4 ,information respecting the history1 condition and prospects of the ,indian tribes of the ,united ,states4 ,part ,,iv4 ,philadelphia3 #ahed4 ,schultze1 ,fritz4 ,fetichism3 a contribution to anthropology and the history of religion4 ,translated by ,j4 ,fitzgerald4 7,forms ,no4 #fi of ,humboldt library of popular science literature47 ,new ,york3 #ahhe4 ,schweinfurth1 ,georg4 ,the heart of ,africa4 ,translated by ,ellen ,e4 ,frewer4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii4 ,london3 #ahgc4 ,scott1 ,walter4 ,letters on demonology and witchcraft4 ,addressed to ,j4 ,g4 ,lockhart1 esq4 ,new ,york3 #ahdb4 ,scott1 ,walter4 ,lady of the lake4 ,sextus ,placitus4 ,de medicamentis ex animalibus4 ,lyons3 #aecg4 ,shakespeare1 ,william4 ,macbeth4 ,collated with the old and modern editions by ,charles ,jennens4 ,london3 #aggc4 ,shyast l-,shyast4 ,see ,mller1 ,max4 ,shea1 ,john ,g4 ,the ,catholic church in colonial days4 ,new ,york3 #ahhf4 ,simpson1 ,j4,h4 ,report of an expedition into the ,navajo country in #ahdi4 7,forms part of senate ex4 doc4 #fd1 #cast cong41 #ast sess474 ,washington3 #ahej4 ,smart1 ,charles4 ,notes on the ,tonto ,apaches4 7,in ,smithsonian ,institution ,ann4 ,rep4 for #ahfg1 ,washington3 #ahfh74 ,smet1 ,p4 ,j4 de4 ,oregon missions and travels over the ,rocky mountains in #ahde-'df4 ,new ,york3 #ahdg4 ,smith1 ,buckingham4 ,coleccion de varios documentos para la historia de la ,florida y tierras adyacentes4 ,tom4 ,i4 ,london3 #aheg4 ,smith1 ,buckingham4 ,relation of ,alvar ,nuez ,cabea de ,vaca translated from the ,spanish4 ,new ,york3 #ahga4 ,smith1 ,edmund ,r4 ,the ,araucanians2 or1 notes of a tour among the ,indian tribes of southern ,chili4 ,new ,york3 #ahee4 ,smith1 ,john4 ,true travels1 adventures and observations4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,the generall historie of ,virginia1 ,new-,england1 and the ,summer ,iles1 vol4 ,,ii4 ,richmond3 #ahai4 ,smyth1 ,r4 ,brough4 ,aborigines of ,victoria3 with notes relating to the habits of the natives of other parts of ,australia and ,tasmania4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii4 ,london3 #ahgh4 ,snyder1 ,j4 ,f4 ,indian remains in ,cass ,county1 ,illinois4 7,in ,smithsonian ,institution ,ann4 ,rep4 for #ahha1 pp4 #efh-egi1 ,washington3 #ahhc47 ,speke1 ,john ,hanning4 ,journal of the discovery of the source of the ,nile4 ,edinburgh and ,london3 #ahfc4 ,spencer1 ,herbert4 ,descriptive sociology2 or1 groups of sociological facts1 classified and arranged4 ,nos4 ,i-,v4 ,new ,york3 #ahgc-'gf4 ,spencer1 ,herbert4 ,ecclesiastical institutions3 being part ,,vi of the principles of sociology4 ,new ,york3 #ahhf4 ,squier1 ,e4 ,g4 ,the serpent symbol1 and the worship of the reciprocal principles of nature in ,america4 ,new ,york3 #ahea4 ,squier1 ,e4 ,g4 ,aboriginal monuments of the state of ,new ,york4 7,in ,smithsonian ,contributions to ,knowledge1 vol4 ,,ii1 ,washington3 #ahea47 ,squier1 ,e4 ,g41 and ,davis1 ,e4 ,h4 ,ancient monuments of the ,mississippi valley4 7,forms ,smithsonian ,contributions to ,knowledge1 vol4 ,i1 ,washington3 #ahdh47 ,staden de ,homberg1 ,hans4 ,histoire d'un pays dans le ,nouveau ,monde1 nomm ,amrique4 ,marbourg1 #aeeg4 7,forms ,vol4 ,,iii of ,ternaux-,compans1 ,voyages1 ,paris3 #ahcg47 ,stanley1 ,h4 ,m4 ,through the dark continent4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii4 ,new ,york3 #ahgh4 ,strabo4 ,the geography of ,strabo4 ,literally translated by ,h4 ,c4 ,hamilton and ,w4 ,falconer4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,london3 #ahed4 ,strutt1 ,joseph4 ,sports and pastimes of the people of ,england4 ,london3 #ahee4 ,tanner1 ,john4 ,narrative of the captivity and adventures of ,john ,tanner 444 during three years' residence among the ,indians4 ,prepared for the press by ,edwin ,james4 ,new ,york3 #ahcj4 ,ternaux-,compans4 ,voyages1 relations et mmoires originaux pour servir l'histoire de la dcouverte de l',amrique4 ,paris3 ,vols4 ,,iii1 ,,vii1 #ahcg2 vols4 ,,ix1 ,x1 #ahch2 vols4 ,,xv1 ,,xvii1 #ahdj4 ,theal1 ,george ,mc,c4 ,kaffir folk-lore4 ,london3 #ahhb4 ,thiers1 ,jean-,baptiste4 ,trait des superstitions que regardent les sacremens4 ,vols4 ,i-,,iv4 ,paris3 #agda4 ,thomas1 ,cyrus4 ,notes on certain ,maya and ,mexican manuscripts4 7,in ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bu4 ,ethnology for #ahha-'hb1 pp4 #a-fe1 ,washington3 #ahhd47 ,thurn1 ,everard ,f4 im4 ,among the ,indians of ,guiana4 ,london3 #ahhc4 ,torquemada1 ,juan de4 ,primera -tercera parte de los veinte i un libros rituales i monarchia ,indiana4 ,vols4 ,i-,,iii4 ,madrid3 #agbc4 ,tylor1 ,edward ,b4 ,researches into the early history of mankind and the development of civilization4 ,london3 #ahgj4 ,tylor1 ,edward ,b4 ,primitive culture4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii4 ,london3 #ahga4 ,vaca4 ,see ,cabea de ,vaca2 ,smith1 ,buckingham4 ,vasishtha and ,baudhyana4 ,see ,mller1 ,max4 ,vedia1 ,enrique de4 ,historiadores primitivos de ,indias4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii4 ,madrid3 #aheb-'ec4 ,vega1 ,garcilasso de la4 ,first part of the royal commentaries of the ,yncas by the ,ynca ,garcilasso de la ,vega4 ,translated and edited by ,clements ,r4 ,markham4 7,forms vol4 ,,xli of ,hakluyt ,society's ,works1 ,london3 #ahfi47 ,venegas1 ,miguel4 ,a natural and civil history of ,california4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii4 ,london3 #agei4 ,vetancurt1 ,agustin de4 ,teatro ,mexicano4 ,descripcion breve de los sucesos ejemplares1 historicos1 politicos1 militares y religiosos del nuevo mundo occidental de las ,indias4 ,vols4 ,i-,,iii4 ,mexico3 #ahgj-'ga4 ,villagr1 ,gaspar de4 ,historia de la ,nueva ,mexico4 ,alcala3 #afaj4 ,villagutierre1 ,juan de4 ,historia de la conquista de la provincia de el ,itza4 ,madrid3 #agja4 ,vining1 ,edward ,p4 ,an inglorious ,columbus4 ,new ,york3 #ahhe4 ,waitz1 ,theodor4 ,introduction to anthropology4 ,edited by ,j4 ,frederick ,collingwood4 ,london3 #ahfc4 ,wallace1 ,alfred ,r4 ,a narrative of travels on the ,amazon and ,rio ,negro1 with an account of the native tribes4 ,london3 #ahec4 ,whipple1 ,a4 ,w4 ,reports of explorations and surveys to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the ,mississippi river to the ,pacific ocean4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,washington3 #ahef4 ,whitney1 ,w4 ,norton4 ,notes from the history of medical progress in ,japan4 ,yokohama3 #ahhe4 ,williams1 ,monier4 ,modern ,india and the ,indians4 ,london3 #ahgh4 ,winstanley1 ,w4 ,a visit to ,abyssinia3 an account of travel in modern ,ethiopia4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii4 ,london3 #ahha4 ,wrangell1 ,ferdinand ,p4 von4 ,narrative of an expedition to the ,polar ,sea4 ,new ,york3 #ahda4 ,wright1 ,thomas4 ,narratives of sorcery and magic1 from the most authentic sources4 ,vols4 ,i-,,ii4 ,london3 #ahea4 ,ximenez1 ,francisco4 ,las historias del origen de los ,indios de esta provincia de ,guatemala4 ,translated by ,c4 ,scherzer4 ,vienna3 #aheg4 ,,index4 ,a4 ,acosta1 ,jos1 cited on sacrifices of ,indian corn #ebe ,alarcon1 quoted on ,indian customs #dia1 #did1 #eaa quoted on ,indian sacred cords #eee ,albinos1 not medicine-men among the ,apaches #dfj ,alegre1 ,francisco ,j41 cited on ,indian remedies #dgb cited on ceremonial scratching among ,indians #dib ,amulets of the ,apache #ehg-ia ,arriaga1 ,jos de1 cited on ,indian medicine-men #eid ,ashes1 use of1 in religious formalities #ecf ,asylum1 right of1 among ,apache and other ,indians #dec-ded ,b4 ,backus1 ,e41 quoted on magic powder of ,indians #eac ,baker1 ,frank1 cited on hand of glory #dhf ,baker1 ,samuel1 cited on ,african customs #dhi ,baking1 origin of #edb ,balboa1 ,vasco ,nuez1 cited on ,indian medicine-men #dfg cited on ,peruvian festival #ebg ,bancroft1 ,h4 ,h41 cited on ,indian medicine-men #deg1 #eaa cited on mutilation by ,indians #dhc cited on scratching1 by ,indians #dia cited on ,indian cakes #ebd cited on ,indian use of feathers #ecd1 #ece ,barcia1 ,gabriel de ,cardenas1 cited on sacred meal of ,indians #eab quoted on magic powder of ,indians #edi ,bean1 aversion to1 by ,egyptians and ,abyssinians #eag ,beans1 string of1 used as signal by ,tecumseh #eee ,benzoni1 ,girolamo1 cited on ,indian medicine-men #dfa ,black1 ,william ,g41 cited on magic knots and cords #egj1 #egb1 #egc1 #ege1 #egf1 #egg1 #egi1 #ehj ,blankets1 blessed1 used at ,zui feasts #ebf ,bledos1 meaning of the term #ebb ,blindness among ,indian medicine-men #dgj ,blount1 ,thomas1 cited on symbolic use of meal #eac1 #ead ,bock1 ,carl1 cited on ,borneo water vessels #did ,bollaert1 ,william1 cited on emeralds of ,peruvians #eij ,brand1 ,john1 cited on bell-ringing #dfe hand of glory #dhf cited on powders #ead1 #ecb1 #ecf cited on sacred cakes #eda1 #edd1 #ede1 #edf1 #edg cited on cords and girdles #eeg1 #efa1 #efh1 #efi1 #egj1 #ega1 #egc1 #ege1 #egf1 #egh1 #egi1 #ehj ,brasseur de ,bourbourg1 cited on ,indian medicine-men #dff cited on origin of labrets #dih cited on tzoalli #ebc ,bread1 sacred #eda-edg unleavened #edc1 #edd ,brinton1 ,daniel ,g41 cited on ,indian medicine-men #deg1 #dhj1 #ecb cited on ,peruvian quipu #efb cited on chalchihuitl among ,mexicans #eij quoted on influence of ,indian medicine-men #eic1 #eid ,bruce1 ,james1 quoted on ,abyssinian hair dressing #dib ,bull-roarer1 use of among ,indians #dgf-dgi ,buns1 hot cross1 of ,good ,friday #edd-ede ,burton1 ,robert1 cited on magic cords and girdles #efh1 #efi1 #ege cited on exorcism #ehd ,c4 ,cakes1 sacred #eah1 #eda-edg ,cameron1 ,v4 ,lovett1 cited on ,african customs #did1 #ead1 #eae ,castaeda1 cited on ,indian bread #ebb ,castration of ,indian priests and medicine-men #ded ,catlin1 ,george1 cited on ,indian medicine-men #dfc cited on ,indian wigs #dge ,chalchihuitl1 an ,indian amulet #ehh-eia ,christmas foods #edg ,clavigero1 ,francisco ,s41 cited on ,indian labret #dig cited on ,indian mats of reeds #ebg-ebh cited on ,indian food #ebc ,clay-eating #ecg-edj ,coleman1 ,charles1 cited on ,hindu powders #eae cited on sacred cords #efe ,columbus1 ,christopher1 quoted on magic powder of ,indians #eac ,commerce between ,buffalo ,indians and ,pueblos #ebi1 #ecj ,confessions of patient to ,indian medicine-men #dfe1 #dff ,corbusier1 ,wm4 ,f41 quoted on galena among the ,indians #edi cited on use of pollen by ,indians #eje cited on ,indian medicine-men #dfj cited on ,indian wigs #dgd ,cord of ,st4 ,francis1 the #eef-eeg ,cords1 used in casting lots #eeh-eei magic wind1 of the ,lapps #efj-efa mnemonic #efa-efc sacred1 of the ,parsis and ,brahmins #efc-efg ,mahometan belief concerning #eff measuring #egb-egc sacred1 ophic origin of #egd formerly used in binding prisoners #egd-ege unclassified superstitions concerning #egf-ehj superstitions concerning #eec-ehj ,countercharms to ,indian medicine #dei-dfj ,coxe1 ,william1 quoted on ,indian magic powder #edh ,crantz1 ,david1 cited on scratching among ,eskimo #dia ,crispell #eda ,cross1 place of the1 in ,indian symbolism #dgi-dhj ,cushing1 ,f4 ,h41 cited on ,zui water-vessels #did cited on ,zui ,indians #deb cited on ,zui drinking tubes #did ,d4 ,dall1 ,william ,h41 cited on ,eskimo labrets #dif ,davis1 ,john1 cited on ,pueblo rebellion #eee ,diaz1 ,bernal1 cited on ,indian medicine-women #dfi cited on chalchihuitl among the ,mexicans #eia1 #eib ,diaz1 ,melchior1 cited on ,indian wig-making #dge ,disease1 method of treating by ,indian medicine-men #dfb-dfh ,divination with grains and seeds #ded-ecb1 #ecc ,dobrizhoffer1 ,father1 quoted on ,abipones medicine-men #dei-dfc ,dorman1 ,rushton ,m41 cited on ,peruvian priests #def ,dorsey1 ,j4 ,owen1 cited on ,siouan medicine #deb ,down of birds in ceremonial observances #ecc-ece ,drinking reed and tubes1 use of among ,indians #dic-dih ,drinks and drugs used by ,indian medicine-men #ded1 #dee-def ,du ,halde1 ,p41 cited on cords worn by ,lamas #efa ,dupuis1 cited on castration of priests of ,cybele #ded ,duran1 ,diego1 cited on ,mexican priests #ded1 #def1 #dfd cited on ,indian drinking tubes #die1 #dif cited on sacred meal of ,indians #eaj cited on ,indian idol of dough #ebd1 #ebe1 #ebi quoted on clay eating by ,mexicans #ech cited on cords among ,mexicans #eeh cited on ,mexican headdress #ehb ,dust from churches1 superstitions concerning #ecg ,e4 ,earth eating #ecg-edj ,emerson1 ,mrs4 ,ellen ,russell1 cited on ,indian customs #dij1 #die ,epileptic and insane1 how regarded by ,apache #dfj-dfa ,etmller1 ,michael1 quoted on girdles and cords #ega1 #egb ,f4 ,far1 radical of farina1 etc4 #ede-edf ,feathers1 use of1 in ceremonial observances #ecc-ece use of1 in medicine hat #ehb ,fernandez1 ,alonso1 quoted on sacrificial bread of ,pueblos #ede ,forlong1 ,j4 ,g4 ,r41 quoted on manna #eag quoted on sacred cakes #eah1 #edd cited on sacred cords #efd1 #efe1 #egh ,fosbrooke1 ,thomas ,d41 quoted on use of rushes at ,easter #ebh cited on symbolic use of ashes #ecf ,franklin1 ,sir ,john1 cited on earth-eating by ,eskimo #eci ,frazer1 ,j4 ,g41 cited on ,indian customs #dhe ,frommann1 ,j4 ,c41 on magic knots #efi ,g4 ,galena1 powdered1 ceremonial use of1 by ,indians #edh-edi pieces of1 used in sacrifices #edi ,gibberish always used by ,indian medicine-men #dfd ,girdles1 superstitions concerning #eeg-eeh1 #egj-egb1 #egg use of1 in parturition #egj-ega of human skin #ega ,gomara cited on ,indian medicine-men #dei1 #dfc1 #dfd1 #dgj1 #dgb1 #eab cited on ,indian medicine-women #dfi cited on ,indian necklaces #dhh cited on ,indian cakes #ebf cited on ,indian mats #ebg cited on clay-eating by ,indians #ech1 #eci cited on chalchihuitl among ,mexicans #eij ,gonzales de ,mendoza quoted on ,indians throwing meal #eaj ,graffenreid1 ,baron de1 cited on magic powder of ,indians #eab ,grimm1 ,jacob1 cited on ancient ,german superstitions #dhg1 #dia1 #eda1 #eei1 #efa1 #efh1 #egj1 #egc ,grossman1 ,capt41 cited on ,apache purification #dge ,h4 ,harris1 ,w4 ,cornwallis1 quoted on magic cords #egd-ege ,hawkins1 ----1 cited on scratching among ,indians #dia ,hair and wigs1 use of1 by ,indian medicine-men #dgd-dge ,hand of glory1 superstitions concerning #dhf ,hangman's rope1 superstitions concerning #egd1 #ege ,headdresses of ,indian gods #ehb of ,apache medicine-men #ehd ,heath1 ,perry ,s41 cited on use of down at ,russian weddings #ece cited on ,russian cakes #edb cited on ,russian kostia #edg ,hereditary priesthood among ,indians #dee-def ,herodotus1 cited on ,egyptian priests #ded ,herrera1 ,antonio1 quoted on ,indian medicine-men #dei1 #dfa1 #dfc1 #dgb1 #dge1 #eec quoted on ,indian medicine-women #dfi quoted on cross among ,indians #dhj quoted on ,indian labrets #dig quoted on sacred meal of ,indians #eaj quoted on powder of grass #eai cited on ,indian cakes #ebg quoted on cords among ,indians #eeh1 #eei1 #egd cited on ,indian headdress #ehb ,higgins1 ,godfrey1 cited on hierophants of ,athens #ded cited on ,hindu powders #eaf cited on use of flour in sacrifice #eag cited on use of pollen by the ancients #ecb cited on girdles #eeg ,hind1 ,henry ,youle1 cited on ,indian medicine-men #dfd1 #eac cited on finger necklace #dhc cited on ,indian powder #eac ,hoddentin1 employment of1 by the ,apache #dii-ejg bags for carrying #ejj offered to sun1 moon1 etc4 #eja-ejb employment in corn culture #ejb employment in sickness #ejb-eje employment as an amulet #ejc-ejf a prehistoric food #eah the yiauhtli of the ,aztecs #eba-ebb analogues of #ecj-ecb ,hoffman1 ,w4 ,j41 cited on ,ojibwa medicine #deb1 #eaa ,hutchinson1 consul1 cited on ,african magic powders #eae ,i4 ,impotence1 self-induced in ,indian medicine-men #ded ,indian corn1 sacrifice of #ebe ,insanity1 how regarded in ,apache medicine #dfj ,izze-kloth of the ,apache #eej-eeh ,izze-kloth1 analogues of other people #eeh ,j4 ,james1 ,edwin1 cited on ,indian sacrifices #ebf ,jus prim noctis claimed by ,indian medicine-men #dfa ,k4 ,kalm1 quoted on use of roots of rushes by ,indians #ebj1 #eba ,kan or ,apache gods #eha-ehb ,kane1 ,paul1 cited on scratching by ,indians #dia ,kelly1 ,fanny1 cited on ,sioux medicine-men #dec quoted on ,sioux games with bones #dhf ,kennan1 ,geo41 quoted on use of roots by ,siberians #eba ,kingsborough1 ,edward1 quoted on ,indian medical practice #eid ,knots1 magic wind1 of the ,lapps #efj-efa mnemonic use of #efb-efc magic1 preventive of sexual intercourse #efg1 #efi1 #egj true lovers #efg1 #efh-egf magic1 various powers of #efh-egj nuptial #efh-egj use of in parturition #egj-ega used in capturing hyena #egd used in finding lost animal #egd in garments #egf cure for warts1 scrofula1 epilepsy1 etc4 #egh-egi ,kohl1 ,j4 ,g41 cited on mutilation by ,indians #dhc1 #dhd cited on ,ojibwa customs #dij1 #eaa1 #eca ,kolben1 ,peter1 cited on ,hottentot customs #dhe1 #ecf ,kraskenninikoff1 cited on ,eskimo remedies #dgb1 #dgc ,kunque1 use of by the ,apache and ,pueblo #ejh-eaa analogy of to flour in ,spanish carnival #eji-eaj ,l4 ,labrets1 tubes used for1 by ,indians #dig-dih ,lafitau1 ,joseph ,franois1 cited on sacred powder of ,indians #eab ,la ,flche1 ,francis1 cited on ,indian ghost food #ebg ,la ,salle1 ,robert ,c41 quoted on use of corn by ,indians in burials #eac ,lea1 ,henry ,charles1 cited on sacred cords #efg ,le ,clerq1 ,chrestien1 quoted on cross as an ,indian symbol #dhj ,lucky days and seasons #dfa ,lycanthropy1 power of1 claimed by ,indian medicine-men #deh-dei ,m4 ,malte-,brun1 cited on earth-eating by ,siberians #eci cited on cords and girdles #efa1 #efb1 #efd ,mason1 ,otis ,t41 cited on superstition connected with scratching #dic ,maurice1 ,thomas1 cited on sacred cords #eff ,meal1 sacred1 use of1 by ,apache and ,pueblo #ejh-eaa use of1 by other people #eaj-eae ,measuring cords #egb-egc ,meat1 sacred1 of the ,zuis #ede ,medicine cord of the ,apache #eej-eeh ,medicine hat of the ,apache #ejb-ejc1 #ehj-eha symbolism of #ehb ,medicine-men of the ,indians1 who may be #dea-deg no organization of #deb manner of becoming one #dec-ded powers claimed by #ded-dei1 #dfb1 #dgj-dga penalty for failure of1 to cure disease #dff-dfg food of #dgj disposal of1 when dead #dgj ,medicine-women of the ,indians #dfh-dfi ,medidas #egb ,mendieta1 ,geronimo1 cited on ,indian medicine-women #dfi quoted on ,indian idols of flour or seeds #ebf quoted on ,indian divination with corn #ecc ,metamorphosis1 power of1 claimed by ,indian medicine-men #deh-dei ,montesinos1 ,fernando1 cited on ,peruvian sacred flour #eaa ,montfaucon1 ,bernard de1 cited on girdles of ,saliens #eei ,mud1 plastering the head with1 by ,indians #dge-dgf ,mller1 ,max1 cited on scratching among the ,parsi #dic cited on parched grain among the ,hindus #edf cited on ,hindu drinking custom #dif cited on sacred cords of ,hindus #efc1 #efg ,music1 use of1 by ,indian medicine-men #dfe ,n4 ,name of an ,american ,indian not to be divulged by himself #dfa when given #dfa-dfb battle or agnomen #dfb ,necklaces1 of human fingers #dhj-dhg of various parts of the human body #dhc-dhi of human teeth #dhg-dhi ,p4 ,painting in ,apache ceremonies #ehc ,pancakes1 superstitions concerning #eda1 #edb1 #edc ,parkman1 ,francis1 cited on ,indian medicine-men #dee1 #dei1 #dge ,parturition1 use of cords and knots in #egj-egb ,payment of ,indian medicine-men #dfg-dfh ,pennant1 ,thomas1 quoted on magic knots #efi1 #egh ,perrot1 ,nicolas1 quoted on magic powder of ,indians #ead ,pettit1 ,lieut41 cited on ,indian medicine-men #dgc ,phylacteries of the ,apache #eia-eib ,picart1 ,bernard1 cited on ,indian medicine-men #deg1 #eab cited on ,indian necklaces #dhh cited on ,indian drinking tubes #die cited on ,indian labrets #dih cited on sacred powders of ,hindus #eaf cited on reeds among the ,romans #ebh quoted on hair powder #ece quoted on cords #eef-eeg1 #eeh1 #eei1 #efa1 #efc1 #efd1 #egf cited on ,arab divination #ehd ,pimentel1 ,francisco1 quoted on ,indian medicine-men #eic ,pliny1 ,caius1 cited on ,roman superstitions #dhf1 #dhg1 #efh1 #egj1 #egb1 #egd1 #ege1 #egh1 #egi ,pollen1 use of by ,israelites and ,egyptians #eag-eah use of among ,hindus and ,romans #ecb ,polo1 ,marco1 cited on cords worn by ,brahmans #efc ,porter1 ,j4 ,hampden1 cited on ceremonial scratching among ,indians #dib ,powder1 sacred1 use of1 by various peoples #eac-eag ,powder of grass and straw used as food #eai-ebj sacred1 general use of1 among ,indians #ebh-ebi hair1 use by ,indians #ece-ecf ,prehistoric foods used in covenant #edj-eda sacrificed by ,romans #ede ,purchas1 ,samuel1 quoted on ,indian mud-heads #dgf ,q4 ,quipu of the ,peruvians #eec ,r4 ,rain-making one of the powers ascribed to ,indian medicine-men #dee-def ,rebellion of the ,pueblos #eee ,reeds or rushes1 superstitious uses of #ebg-ebh ,remedies of the ,indian medicine-men #dga-dgd ,rhombus1 or bull-roarer1 use of1 among ,indians #dgf-dgi ,richardson1 ,sir ,john1 cited on ,indian medicine-women #dfi ,rockhill1 ,w4 ,w41 cited on flour-throwing by ,tibetans #eaf ,rosary1 origin of #eed used as a mnemonic cord #efa ,s4 ,sage1 seeds and roots of1 used in tzoalli #ebf-ebg ,sahagun cited on ,aztec customs #dfd1 #dhf1 #die1 #eah1 #ebc1 #ebh1 #ech1 #eei1 #eba ,salverte1 ,eusebe1 cited on ,indian medicine-men #deh1 #dfd cited on ,roman covenant bread #edj cited on amulets #egh ,sashes1 medicine1 of the ,apache #eic ,scalp shirts in ,indian medicine #dgf ,schultze1 ,fritz1 cited on ,indian medicine-men and women #dgj1 #dga ,schweinfurth1 ,georg ,a41 cited on ,african customs #dhh1 #efj ,scott1 ,walter1 cited on lycanthropy #dei quoted on lightning-riven wood #ehg ,scratch stick1 employment of1 among uncivilized peoples #dij-dic not used for combs #dia origin of #dib ,shirts of scalps in ,indian medicine #dgf ,shirts1 medicine1 of the ,apache #eic ,simon1 ,padre1 quoted on ,indian idolatry #eid ,simpson1 ,john1 cited on use of magic powder by ,indians #eji ,smith1 ,john1 cited on sacred meal of ,indians #eaa1 #eab ,smyth1 ,brough1 cited on ,australian aboriginal customs #dhe1 #ece1 #ecg1 #edj1 #egd ,snake-killing1 prohibition of1 by ,indian medicine-men #dgj ,soul cakes #edf ,speke1 ,john ,h41 cited on ,african customs #dhh1 #did1 #ead1 #eae1 #efj ,spencer1 ,charles1 cited on ,indian medicine-men #deh ,spencer1 ,herbert1 cited on ,indian medicine-men #dee1 #deg1 #deh1 #dei1 #dfa1 #dfg1 #dfh1 #dgb cited on ancient ,german priests #dfc cited on ,indian customs #dib ,spirit dance of the ,apache #ehb-ehd1 #ehe-ehf ,stanley1 ,henry ,m41 quoted on ,african amulets #dhe1 #efj cited on ,african customs #eae1 #ege ,stolen property1 power to recover claimed by ,indian medicine-men #dfa ,strutt1 ,joseph1 quoted on magic cakes #edg ,stuart1 ,king ,james1 quoted on magic knots #efi ,sweat bath1 a necessary part of ,indian medicine #dee ,t4 ,talismans of the ,apache #ehg-eij ,tanner1 ,john1 cited on ,indian sacks of human skin #dhd cited on scratching by ,indians #dij cited on ,indian powders #eac cited on ,indian headdress #eee1 #eef ,theal1 ,geo4 ,m41 quoted on rhombus among ,kaffirs #dgi ,torquemada1 ,juan de1 quoted on ,aztec customs #ebb1 #ebc1 #ebd1 #ebe cited on ,indian headdresses #ehb ,tule or flag1 roots used as food #ebj-eba ,tylor1 ,e4 ,b41 cited on ,indian medicine-men #deh cited on bull-roarer #dgh ,tzi-daltai of the ,apaches #ehg ,tzoalli1 cakes of1 used in ,indian sacrifices #ebc-ebh idols formed of #ebe-ebf ,u4 ,unleavened bread #edc-edd ,v4 ,vaca1 ,cabeza de1 cited on ,mexican customs #dee cited on ,floridian medicine-men #dgj1 #dgb cited on clay-eating by ,indians #ech quoted on galena among the ,indians #edh ,vetancurt1 ,augustin de1 quoted on ,aztec customs #ebb cited on ,apache commerce #ecj ,villagr1 quoted on throwing meal by ,indians #eaj ,vining1 ,edward ,p41 cited on mnemonic knots of ,japanese #efb ,w4 ,wheat1 origin of #edb ,whipple1 ,a4 ,w41 cited on ,indian commerce #ecj ,whitney1 ,w4 ,norton1 cited on ,japanese medicine #eca ,wigs1 use of by ,indian medicine-men #dgd-dge ,winstanley1 ,w41 cited on cords worn by ,abyssinians #efj ,wounds by wild beasts a qualification for ,indian priesthood #deg-deh ,x4 ,ximenez1 ,francisco1 cited on myths of ,guatemala #ebh ,francisco1 quoted on divination by ,guatemalan ,indians #ecc ,francisco1 quoted on chalchihuitl among the ,mexicans #eij 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,obvious typographical errors have been repaired4 ,non-standard spellings1 including those in other languages1 were retained as in the original4 ,hyphenation and accent variants that could not be clearly resolved1 were retained4 ,the few cases of ellipses shown as asterisks were also retained4 ,latin-#a and ,,utf-#h texts3 ,footnote #dij1 ,cie indicates a ,c followed by a superscript of the characters ie4 ,latin-#a and ,,utf-#h texts3 ,underscores enclose italicised content2 ,equal signs enclose bold content4 p4 #egi1 paragraph beginning ,dr4 ,joseph ,lanzoni3 both chermisinum and chermesinum occurred in the original as shown4 p4 #ehe1 paragraph beginning ,at intervals3 ,three several times they is as in the original4