,on-,l9e ,data-,acquisition ,sy/ems 9 ,nucle> ,physics1 #aifi ,ad ,hoc ,panel on ,on-,l9e ,comput]s 9 ,nucle> ,rese>* ,committee on ,nucle> ,sci5ce ,national ,rese>* ,c\ncil ,,national ,,academy ,,( ,,sci5ces ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #aigj ,?is is a report ( "w "u ,contract ,,nsf-,c#caj1 ,t4,o4 #dg betwe5 ! ,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation & ! ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces & "u ,contract ,,at7#di-a7cbcf betwe5 ! ,u4,s4 ,atomic ,en]gy ,commission & ! ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,available f ,committee on ,nucle> ,sci5ce #baja ,con/itution ,av5ue ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #bjdah ,,preface ,! fir/ digital electronic device employ$ to collect nucle> data 0 ! b9>y electronic c\nt] 7scal]7 ( ! #aicj's4 ,9 ! next decade s+le & multi*annel pulse-height analyz]s appe>$1 /ill us+ vacuum tubes4 ,9 ! #aiej's ! developm5t ( multi*annel analyz]s cont9u$ vigor\sly1 ) va/ improvem5t ( ! analog-to-digital conv]t] sections & ) ! introduction ( comput]-type memories1 bas$ fir/ on ac\/ic delay l9es & a %ort "t lat] on f]rite cores4 ,! replacem5t ( vacuum tubes by transi/ors beg9n+ 9 ! latt] half ( ! #aiej's accel]at$ ! pace ( developm5t & application ( all types ( electronic laboratory in/rum5ts4 ,! #aifj's 0 ! decade ( ! comput]4 ,be=e ! #aifj's almo/ no on-l9e comput]s 7 us$ 9 nucle> rese>*1 b s9ce ab\t #aifb ! comput] has mov$ into ! nucle> laboratory4 ,x provides ! rese>* work] ) an imm5sely flexible1 p[]ful1 & accurate tool capable ( rais+ ! rese>* output ( a laboratory :ile elim9at+ ! mo/ t$i\s "p ( ! exp]im5tal "w4 ,! ph5om5al spe$ ( developm5t ( comput] h>dw>e1 s(tw>e1 & me?odology contributes to ! difficulty exp]i5c$ by ev]ybody involv$ 9 decision-mak+ processes reg>d+ data-acquisition sy/ems4 ,s9ce ! co/ ( a comput] sy/em is (t5 a sizable fraction ( ! total co/ ( a new laboratory1 !re is urg5t ne$ = a set ( guid+ rules or pr9ciples = use by a laboratory director plann+ a sy/em1 a review] go+ ov] a proposal = support1 or a pot5tial fund+ ag5cy consid]+ proposals & reviews4 ,! purpose ( ?is report is to assi/ 9 fill+ ?is ne$4 ,! mat]ial pres5t$ is curr5t ?r\gh #aifi4 ,al?\gh we deal ) a field t is develop+ rapidly1 we hope t a sub/antial portion ( ! mat]ial cov]$ w h long-la/+ value4 ,! report 0 prep>$ by ! ,ad ,hoc ,panel on ,on-,l9e ,comput]s 9 ,nucle> ,rese>* ( ! ,committee on ,nucle> ,sci5ce1 ,national ,rese>* ,c\ncil4 ,appo9t$ 9 ,m>* #aifh1 ! ,panel fir/ met 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 on ,april #bb1 #aifh4 ,! orig9al memb]s ( ! ,panel 7 ,h4 ,w4 ,fulbright1 ,h4 ,l4 ,gel]nt]1 ,l4 ,j4 ,lid(sky1 ,d4 ,ophir 7?r\gh late #aifh71 ,l4 ,b4 ,rob9son1 & ,m4 ,w4 ,sa*s4 ,9 ,june #aifh1 ?is gr\p prep>$ an int]im report4 ,l4 ,j4 ,lid(sky 0 on sabbatical leave 9 ,europe & !re=e c\ld n p>ticipate dur+ ! academic ye> #aifh-aifi4 ,e>ly 9 #aifi ,j4 ,f4 ,moll5au] & ,j4 ,hahn jo9$ ! ,panel4 ,! ,panel has review$ ! pres5t /ate ( ! field & has attempt$ to anticipate future ne$s4 ,we h agre$ on _m important matt]s1 includ+ especially useful design features = comput]s employ$ 9 data acquisition1 z well z types ( organization ( data-acquisition sy/ems suitable = v>i\s purposes1 types ( s(tw>e t manufactur]s %\ld supply1 & approximate co/s ( sy/ems1 & we pres5t a numb] ( recomm5dations 9 ^! areas4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,panel makes no recomm5dation on /&>ds = comput] h>dw>e1 su* z logic levels & pol>ities1 because ( a conviction t ^! are n[ rapidly be+ e/abli%$ z a result ( s\nd eng9e]+ progress & ! pressure ( economic competition 9 ! fa/-mov+ comput] bus9ess4 ,?r\gh\t ?is report we h express$ op9ions bas$ on our own exp]i5ce & on ! be/ in=mation at our disposal4 ,! nature ( ! report seem$ to dem& "s discussion ( prop]ties ( specific comput]s by "n4 ,we h tri$ to be nei!r mislead+ nor unju/ 9 our evaluations4 ,we wi% to ?ank ev]yone :o has aid$ u1 especially ,p4 ,w4 ,mc,daniel1 ,c4 ,v4 ,smi?1 & ,g4 ,rogosa ( ! ,u4,s4 ,atomic ,en]gy ,commission & ! _m sci5ti/s 9 ,,aec-& ,,nsf-sponsor$ laboratories :o suppli$ ! basic data on :i* ! economic survey *apt] is bas$4 ,we are indebt$ to sev]al memb]s ( ! /aff ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,physics & ,a/ronomy ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ro*e/] = assi/ance 9 ! prep>ation ( ! manuscript1 especially ,mrs4 ,brignall & ,mrs4 ,hughes4 ,we also receiv$ initial directions & _m helpful sugge/ions f ,d4 ,a4 ,bromley1 ,*airman ( ! ,committee on ,nucle> ,sci5ce1 ,f4 ,s4 ,g\ld+1 ,*airman ( ! ,subcommittee on ,in/rum5tation & ,me?ods1 ,w4 ,s4 ,rodney & ,p4 ,donovan ( ! ,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation1 & ,*>les ,k4 ,re$1 ,executive ,secret>y ( ! ,committee on ,nucle> ,sci5ce4 ,h4 ,w4 ,fulbright1 ,*airman ,h4 ,l4 ,gel]nt] ,j4 ,f4 ,moll5au] ,j4 ,hahn ,l4 ,b4 ,rob9son ,l4 ,j4 ,lid(sky ,m4 ,w4 ,sa*s ,,cont5ts #a4 ,,! ,,tasks ,,& ,,! ,,comput] #a ,a4 ,introduction #a ,b4 ,! ,tasks #b ,c4 ,! ,comput]s #c ,d4 ,mat*+ ,comput]s to ,tasks #e ,e4 ,on ,*>act]i/ic ,features ( ,comput]s & ,relat$ ,equipm5t #f #b4 ,,data-,,acquisition ,,sy/ems #af ,a4 ,introduction #af ,b4 ,a ,small ,"t-,%>$ ,data-,acquisition ,sy/em ,bas$ on a ,,pdp-#g ,comput] #ai ,c4 ,a ,small ,sy/em ,bas$ on a ,,pdp-#h ,comput] #bc ,d4 ,a ,m$ium-,siz$ ,on-,l9e ,comput] ,sy/em #bh ,e4 ,a ,l>ge ,sy/em ,bas$ on a ,s+le ,comput] 7,! ,yale-,,ibm ,nucle>-,data-,acquisition ,sy/em7 #cb ,f4 ,multiple-,comput] ,sy/ems #ci ,g4 ,a ,process-,control ,sy/em3 ,! ,brookhav5 ,multiple ,spectromet] ,control ,sy/em #dh ,h4 ,relation%ip to a ,remote ,comput+ ,c5t] #ed #c4 ,a ,,review ,,& ,,analysis ,,( ,,exp5ditures #eh ,a4 ,! ,nature ( ! ,data #eh ,b4 ,breakd[n ( ,data = ,analysis #ei ,c4 ,types ( ,comput]s #fa ,d4 ,"s ,total ,co/s #fa ,e4 ,breakd[n ( ,co/s by ,sy/ems #fd ,f4 ,rotat+ ,memory ,devices #fe ,g4 ,sy/ems ,on-,l9e ) ,comput+ ,c5t]s #fe ,h4 ,anticipat$ ,future ,exp5ditures #fe ,i4 ,inve/m5t 9 ,accel]ators1 ,comput] ,sy/ems1 & ,laboratory ,budgets #ff ,j4 ,process-,control ,application #fg #d4 ,,summ>y ,,& ,,recomm5dations ,,on ,,sy/em ,,plann+ #fh ,a4 ,! ,ne$ = ,on-,l9e ,comput] ,sy/ems #fh ,b4 ,:]e ,%\ld ,l>ge-,scale ,calculations ,be ,done8 #fi ,c4 ,ex]cis+ ,economic ,judgm5t 9 ,plann+ #gj ,d4 ,on ! ,utility ( ,small & ,m$ium-,siz$ ,comput]s #ga ,e4 ,gr[? ,consid]ations #ga ,f4 ,%ort ,summ>y ( ,conclusions ,reg>d+ ,sy/em ,plann+ #gc ,app5dix ,a3 ,,tables ,,( ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,small ,,& ,,m$ium-,,siz$ ,,comput]s #gi ,app5dix ,b3 ,,backgr\nd ,,in=mation ,,= ,,*apt] #c1 ,a ,,review ,,& ,,analysis ,,( ,,exp5ditures #hf ,*apt] #a ,,! ,,tasks ,,& ,,! ,,comput]s ,a4 ,,introduction ,on-l9e data-acquisition comput] sy/ems are made 9 a wide range ( types & sizes4 ,9 all cases at lea/ "o electronic comput] is involv$--a /or$-program ma*9e--because wir$-program devices su* z pulse-height analyz]s are n consid]$ to be comput]s4 ,! re/ ( ! sy/em typically consi/s ( input_/output 7,i_/,o7 devices su* z analog-to-digital conv]t]s 7,,adc's71 pr9t]s1 ca?ode-ray oscilloscopes1 plott]s1 & control devices1 :i* may include1 9 addition to ! console typewrit]1 swit* boxes to simplify ! control ( special types ( op]ations & p]haps a set ( logic circuits associat$ ) ! input sy/em1 us$ to provide prelim9>y selection ( incom+ data4 ,9 a small b increas+ numb] ( cases a comput] is se5 d$icat$ entirely to a process-control application su* z ! automatic adju/m5t ( ! %im coils ( a v>iable-en]gy cyclotron or ! control ( data acquisition 9 a nucle>-scatt]+ exp]im5t1 adju/m5ts su* z *ang+ ! angle ( obs]vation be+ made ess5tially "u direct automatic control ( ! comput]4 ,! smalle/ on-l9e sy/ems use ! smalle/ comm]cially available comput]s2 ! l>ge/ use comput]s bigg] ?an ^? :i* until rec5tly s]v$ mo/ comput+ c5t]s4 ,l>ge sy/ems sometimes include "o or m satellite comput]s4 ,! co/ ( individual sy/ems ranges f #be1jjj to #a1jjj1jjj1 approximately4 ,! total co/ ( comput] sy/ems 9 l[-en]gy nucle> laboratories is e/imat$ by n[ to h rea*$ ab\t #bj1jjj1jjj4 7,!re has be5 a l>g] exp5diture 9 ! high-en]gy nucle> field1 :]e comput] sy/ems h be5 employ$ ext5sively = "s ye>s long] & :]e exp]im5ts are s exp5sive t ! economic advantages ( comput] use 7 quickly recogniz$47 ,b4 ,,! ,,tasks ,we fir/ li/ ! ma9 uses to :i* on-l9e comput] sy/ems h be5 put4 ,we />t ) ! simple op]ations1 :i* we call ,class #a4 ,class #a op]ations3 a4 ,accept+ digital data f ext]nal devices & /or+ x 9 comput] memory4 b4 ,prelim9>y process+ ( incom+ data1 on-l9e1 be=e /orage4 ,?is usually involves only op]ations ( logic & simple ari?metic4 c4 ,controll+ ! pres5tation ( data via ca?ode-ray oscilloscope or typewrit]1 (t5 = ! purpose ( monitor+ ! progress ( an exp]im5t4 d4 ,controll+ ! record+ ( digital data on magnetic tape1 pap] tape1 or o!r /orage m$ium4 e4 ,controll+ an increm5tal plott]4 f4 ,controll+ ! output ( l>ge quantities ( data via a l9e pr9t]4 g4 ,transmission ( quantities ( data betwe5 two comput]s or betwe5 a comput] & a pulse-height analyz] or o!r device hav+ a magnetic core memory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sev]al op]ations ( int]m$iate complexity we w label ,class #b4 ,class #b op]ations3 a4 ,process+ ( data already accumulat$ & /or$ ei!r 9 memory or on tape or o!r m$ium 7(f-l9e process+74 ,?is data r$uction is (t5 m complicat$ & l5g?y ?an ! prelim9>y on-l9e process+ ref]r$ to 9 7,class #a;b74 b4 ,calculation ( in=mation requir$ by ! exp]im5t] dur+ ! exp]im5t1 = example1 k9ematics tables & p>ticle en]gies correspond+ to field /r5g?s 9 analyz] magnets4 c4 ,process-control op]ations1 9 :i* ! comput] directs or regulates a sequ5ce ( ev5ts 9 an exp]im5t4 ,"u program control ! comput] monitors ! c\rse ( ! exp]im5t & supplies signals t cause automatic *anges 9 exp]im5tal conditions1 su* z />t+ & /opp+ times ( ev5t c\nt+1 angles ( obs]vation ( scatt]$ p>ticles1 & accel]ator en]gies4 ,su* applications are design$ to relieve ! exp]im5t] ( unnecess>y labor & to r$uce ! probability ( error 9 r\t9e op]ations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our f9al class involves ev5 m complex calculations4 ,class #c op]ations3 a4 ,complicat$ treatm5t ( r$uc$ data1 includ+ lea/ squ>es & curve fitt+4 b4 ,l>ge-scale calculations su* z ^? requir$ = ! evaluation ( !oretical nucle> scatt]+ & reaction cross sections1 e4g41 ,,dwba calculations1 :i* may ea* require runn+ times ( ! ord] ( m9utes1 ev5 at a mod]n comput+ c5t]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,app>5tly ,class #c op]ations d n always h to be done dur+ ! c\rse ( ! exp]im5t2 9 fact1 !y c 9 mo/ cases be c>ri$ out lat]1 leisurely1 at ! local comput+ c5t]4 ,none!less1 calculations ( ! fir/ type1 & to a less] ext5t ! second1 are curr5tly be+ done at laboratories hav+ l>ge1 p[]ful comput]s 9 _! on-l9e data-acquisition sy/ems4 ,c4 ,,! ,,comput]s #a4 ,introduction ,because comput]s h prov$ useful 9 s _m fields1 _m v>ieties are n[ on ! m>ket1 q a few ( !m hav+ prop]ties highly suitable = nucle>-data acquisition4 ,! prop]ties p>ticul>ly useful are1 fir/1 ! ease ) :i* a great v>iety ( ext]nal input & output devices c be atta*$ 7int]fac$ to ! comput]72 second1 provisions = rapid1 effici5t response to int]rupt signals f ext]nal devices2 & ?ird1 usually a means ( transf]r+ data f ext]nal devices directly into blocks ( memory )\t use ( ! c5tral processor1 ! transf] possibly requir+ only a s+le memory cycle p] ^w4 7,?is is ref]r$ to z direct memory access ?r\gh a direct data *annel47 ,sev]al types ( small comput]s h appe>$ on ! m>ket dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 "s hav+ #h-;bit words1 b !y are too small = g5]al data-acquisition use1 al?\gh valuables = special applications4 ,= pres5t purposes1 ! smalle/ useful ma*9es h a m9imum memory size ( #djif 7#dk7 #ab-;bit words1 :i* c usually be enl>g$ to #cbk words by ! addition ( memory modules1 :ile ! l>g] ma*9es h m9imum memories ( at lea/ #hk1 ) provision = expansion to sev]al hundr$ k4 ,reg>dless ( _! size1 ! ma*9es ( ! pres5t g5]ation all h memory cycle times ar\nd #a or #b sec4 #b4 ,r\gh ,classification ( ,comput]s ,be=e proce$+ ) ! discussion x is conv5i5t to f9d a simple s*eme = classify+ comput]s4 ,! s*eme adopt$ "h is to divide !m into ?ree loosely def9$ classes--small1 m$ium1 & l>ge--ess5tially on ! basis ( ! prop]ties ( ! basic c5tral processors3 ,small ,^w l5g? #ab to #ah bits ,useful memory size #dk ,numb] ( bits 9 in/ruction #c or #d ,float+-po9t h>dw>e orally (f]$ ,approximate co/ range #hejj to #dj1jjj ,m$ium ,^w l5g? #af to #bd bits ,useful memory size #h to #afk ,numb] ( bits 9 in/ruction #d to #f ,float+-po9t h>dw>e option sometimes (f]$ ,approximate co/ range #cj1jjj to #abj1jjj ,l>ge ,^w l5g? #cb to #dh bits ,useful memory size at lea/ #afk ,numb] ( bits 9 in/ruction #g or m ,float+-po9t h>dw>e ,approximate co/ range #aej1jjj or m ,comput]s d n fall neatly into ^! ?ree classifications1 especially s9ce manufactur]s (f] _m optional features2 !re=e1 "s argum5t ab\t ! assignm5t ( a p>ticul> ma*9e to "o or ! o!r class is possible4 ,?is is especially true ) respect to ! small & m$ium types4 ,! prop]ties ( a l>ge numb] ( small & m$ium-siz$ comput]s are giv5 9 ,app5dix ,a4 ,in=mation on l>g] ma*9es c be f\nd 9 ! ,adams ,associates ,comput] ,*>act]i/ics ,qu>t]ly4 ,d4 ,,mat*+ ,,comput]s ,,to ,,tasks ,hav+ classifi$ bo? ! comput]s & ! jobs t !y may be call$ on to d1 we n[ ask ?is "q3 ,h[ suitable is ea* ( ! ?ree types ( comput]s = ea* ( ! ?ree classes ( jobs1 giv5 t 9 e case ! acquisition sy/em consi/s ( a s+le comput] c\pl$ to all necess>y input & output equipm5t8 #a4 ,l>ge ,comput]s ,we />t ) ! l>ge comput] sy/em4 ,all classes ( jobs c be h&l$ by ?is p[]ful sy/em4 ,h[ev]1 we %\ld "q ! wisdom ( assembl+ a sy/em bas$ on a l>ge ma*9e unless a sub/antial am\nt ( num]ical calculat+ is anticipat$1 because ! ess5tial advantage ( ! l>ge comput]--! advantage t co/s s mu*--is its capacity = rapidly execut+ highly accurate float+-po9t ari?metical op]ations4 #b4 ,small ,comput]s ,! small comput] sy/em c h&le ! jobs ( data acceptance1 data manipulation1 & output *>act]i/ic ( ! simple ,class #a op]ations1 b !y are suitable = v few jobs involv+ float+-po9t ari?metic4 ,9 fact1 we mu/ usually be skeptical ab\t ! use ( small ma*9es = any ( ! ,class #b op]ations except ^? ( ! process-control type1 :i* 9 _m cases w\ld involve little if any ari?metic4 7,process-control applications h be5 r few to date1 b a rapid increase c be expect$ 9 ?is field1 especially because ( ! conv5i5ce & l[ co/ ( small mod]n comput]s47 ,x is app>5t t ^! ma*9es h be5 design$ z economical in/rum5ts specifically int5d$ to h&le ,class #a jobs4 ,! smalle/ ^w l5g? ( a ma*9e 9 ?is gr\p1 #ab bits1 is suffici5t = /or+ 9 "o ^w ! output ( a #djif-;*annel ,,adc unit1 b x is n q s conv5i5t = h&l+ ! output ( a typical scal]1 :i* w\ld likely require ! use ( two words4 ,! capability ( ev5 a small comput] sy/em to conv]t exp]im5tal in=mation into digital =m1 to transf] x into memory1 to manipulate x1 & to pres5t x = inspection 9 a dige/$1 conv5i5t =m1 all at a high rate & ess5tially )\t error1 is ( imm5se value to an exp]im5t] :o has to cope ) ! abundant outfl[ ( data f a mod]n nucle> exp]im5t4 #c4 ,m$ium-,siz$ ,comput]s ,! capabilities ( m$ium-siz$ comput]s are less cle>4 ,^! ma*9es are sup]ior to ! small ones ma9ly 9 two respects3 !y h a m flexible comm& /ructure 7i4e41 !y h a l>g] set ( wir$-9 op]ations71 &1 usually1 !y h a long] ^w l5g?4 ,^! features make !m easi] to program & give !m a limit$1 b important1 capability to execute float+-po9t op]ations suffici5tly quickly & accurately = _m purposes1 ev5 ?\gh ^! op]ations mu/ 9 mo/ cases be programm$1 9 ! abs5ce ( float+-po9t h>dw>e4 ,we c reasonably conclude t ! m$ium-siz$ ma*9es w s]ve = any use li/$ 9 ,classes #a & #b4 ,c]ta9 simpl] calculations ( ,class #c;a are also expect$ to prove feasible1 b few1 if any1 ( ^? ( ,class #c;b4 ,e4 ,,on ,,*>act]i/ic ,,features ,,( ,,comput]s ,,& ,,relat$ ,,equipm5t ,! value ( any feature dep5ds on its ne$ 9 ! application involv$2 !re=e detail$1 absolute /atem5ts reg>d+ ea* *>act]i/ic usually _c be made4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,panel has discuss$ v>i\s features at "s l5g?1 & we pres5t "h "s g5]al comm5ts on ! pros & cons ( ^! features4 ,among ! items discuss$ are "s1 su* z ^w l5g? & cycle "t1 t repres5t basic1 inh]5t prop]ties ( ! comput]2 :ile a great _m o!rs1 su* z priority int]rupts1 are cu/om>ily (f]$ z options4 #a4 ,^w ,l5g? ,! %ort] ! ^w l5g? ! *eap] ! h>dw>e1 g5]ally speak+1 b ! less ! accuracy 9 calculations unless multiple precision is us$4 ,= example1 al?\gh ! #ab-;bit words ( ! ,,pdp-#h mat* ! accuracy ( data f mo/ ,,adc's1 !y are too small n to mat* ! output data f mo/ c\nt]s2 fur!rmore1 indirect address+ is (t5 requir$ because a s+le ^w is too %ort to include bo? ! op]ation code & ! absolute address ( a memory location4 ,ap>t f address+ consid]ations1 a #ab-;bit ^w is too small = _m uses1 e4g41 9 g5]al-purpose pulse-height analyz] applications :]e #af bits or1 bett]1 #ah bits %\ld be consid]$ a m9imum4 ,=tran programs = num]ical calculations are 9 g5]al be/ run on ma*9es hav+ at lea/ #cb-;bit words1 al?\gh #bd-;bit words are usually acceptable "h :5 d\ble precision c be us$4 #b4 ,numb] ( ,memory ,words ,9 g5]al ! m words t a sy/em c reta9 ! bett]2 b ! great] ! memory1 ! great] ! exp5se4 ,! co/ mu/ be weigh$ aga9/ ! ne$4 ,= simple h&l+ ( data1 a #dk memory may be adequate1 b 9 a l>ge %>$-"t g5]al-purpose ma*9e a #afk or great] memory is ess5tial4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! resid5t %>$-"t monitor w probably occupy at lea/ #fk ( ! memory1 s ) a #afk memory only #ajk w\ld be left accessible to us]s1 & exp]i5ce has %[n t ?is mu* c be tak5 up completely by "o us] compil+ a ,=tran ,,iv program4 ,a #dk memory is adequate = _m process-control applications1 b x is too small = _m o!r applications su* z g5]al-purpose pulse-height analyz] use1 :]e an #hk memory is highly desirable4 ,add+ a supplem5tal rotat+ memory device 7disk or drum71 at a co/ p] ^w ab\t #a p]c5t t ( core /orage1 is (t5 pref]able to add+ core memory4 ,see #f bel[4 #c4 ,cycle ,"t ,= mo/ purposes ! typical memory cycle "t ( #a to #b sec is q adequate4 ,"s ( ! mod]n comput]s h cycle times "u #a sec4 #d4 ,direct ,data ,*annels ,^! all[ sequ5tial deposit+ ( digital data f ext]nal devices directly into blocks ( comput] memory )\t int]v5tion ( ! c5tral processor 7direct memory access1 ,,dma74 ,su* input may require only "o comput] cycle p] ^w1 t be+ ! next cycle aft] ! "o dur+ :i* ! int]rupt signal arrives4 ,?is is ! fa/e/ means ( gett+ data into memory1 b x requires m ext]nal h>dw>e & m complex int]fac+ ?an input ?r\gh an accumulator ( ! c5tral processor4 ,mo/ data-acquisition ma*9es provide bo? possibilities4 ,direct data *annels c be valuable = int]fac+ to magnetic disks1 drums1 & tapes4 #e4 ,priority ,int]rupts 7,ne/$7 ,^! c be v useful4 ,!y may co/ z little z #abe ea*1 dep5d+ on ! ma*9e1 & c be us$ to r$uce greatly ! ov]head runn+ "t losses ( ! comput]4 ,9 complicat$ data-tak+ applications _m int]rupt l9es are desirable2 #h to #af priority levels are g5]ally adequate4 ,! usual ,=tran compil] _c compile programs t respond prop]ly to int]rupts1 al?\gh a relocatable object code g5]at$ by ! compil] c always be assembl$ ) a ma*9e-language subr\t9e design$ to h&le int]rupts4 ,enl>gem5t ( ,=tran compil]s = data-acquisition use to include /atem5ts design$ to h&le int]rupts is desirable4 7,see1 = example1 ! discussion ( ! ,yale-,,ibm sy/em1 ,*apt] #b1 ,section ,e47 #f4 ,mass ,/orage ,magnetic m$ia--drums1 disks1 & /&>d magnetic tapes--are employ$ "h4 ,,dec tapes are useful & reliable1 b !y h only a small capacity4 ,! use ( su* microtapes is also limit$ by _! incompatibility ) typical comput]-c5t] equipm5t4 ,reliable1 inexp5sive increm5tal magnetic tape units are n[ available :i* c be op]at$ asyn*ron\sly at ab\t #cjj ,hz1 too sl[ = _m purposes4 ,"s ( !m c also be run mu* fa/] 9 a syn*ron\s mode4 ,drums & disks are highly desirable because !y provide program-controll$ rapid access to great volumes ( data4 ,typically1 access times are ( ! ord] ( #ag sec4 ,9 ! pa/ few ye>s1 good & inexp5sive disks h be5 develop$ :i* are n[ on ! m>ket4 ,"s suppli]s are ,,ibm1 ,,cdc1 ,datadisk1 ,burr\ghs1 ,,dec1 & ,,sds4 ,disk /orage is *eap] p] ^w ?an core /orage by two ord]s ( magnitude2 !re=e1 x is pref]able = applications :]e data c be organiz$ s]ially & :]e access & transf] "t requirem5ts c be relax$ some:at4 ,= example1 a small ,,dec disk sy/em = ! ,,pdp-#h holds up to #abhk #ab-;bit words & has an av]age access "t ( #ag sec & a transf] rate ( #af1jjj #ab-;bit words p] sec4 ,x co/s #fjjj = ! fir/ #cbk ( capacity1 plus #cjjj = ea* additional #cbk1 includ+ int]fac+ ?r\gh ! direct data *annel4 ,l>g] & fa/] v]sions are available4 ,disks 7or drums7 %\ld be important 9 future sy/ems4 ,magnetic tapes ( ! ,,ibm-compatible type are valuable1 especially = communication ) ma*9es at comput+ c5t]s1 b tape drives & int]fac+ are usually exp5sive4 ,x (t5 co/s #be1jjj or m to get a s+le tape drive 9 s]vice1 al?\gh ! next few are usually less exp5sive4 ,! *eape/ tape drives available co/ ab\t #ejjj4 ,! co/ ( int]fac+ dep5ds greatly on ! p>ticul> comput]4 ,x may be z little z #ejjj1 b x is (t5 9 ! neighborhood ( #ae1jjj or #bj1jjj4 #g4 ,program ,input ,me?od ,because !y provide imm$iate access1 ! mo/ satisfactory program /orage m$ia are magnetic disks & drums1 foll[$ by ! ,,ibm tape4 ,! mo/ satisfactory *eap device = input ( programs is ! high-spe$1 pun*$-tape read]1 b ! advantages ( us+ small c>tridge-type magnetic tapes h rec5tly be5 emphasiz$4 ,rec5tly1 c>d read]s h appe>$ :i* are mu* *eap] ?an ! old] ,,ibm models4 ,!y c read #bjj-cjj c>ds p] m9ute4 ,!y co/ ab\t #bjjj plus int]fac+4 ,examples3 ,soroban1 ,g5]al ,devices1 ,uptime4 ,a simple means ( re/or+ ! basic load] program 7o!r ?an toggl+67 is desirable4 ,_m comput]s h ?is feature1 e4g41 ! ,,ibm #cfj s]ies2 ! ,,sds ,sigma #b1 ,sigma #e1 & #iaj ,,pdp-#i4 #h4 ,memory ,protection ,h>dw>e memory protection is necess>y 9 multiprogram sy/ems4 ,x is v helpful 9 any ma*9e ) a bat*-process+ resid5t monitor & 9 o!r special situations4 #i4 ,p>ity ,*eck ,?is feature is useful = purposes z detect+ memory failures1 b x is usually n wor? its co/ 9 comput] spe$ & 9 capital inve/m5t 9 ! case ( a small sy/em4 #aj4 ,ease & ,co/ ( ,int]fac+ ,?is is a big subject1 p>tly because ! organization ( comput]s = input & output ( data v>ies ) ! manufactur]4 ,"s comput]s su* z ! ,hewlett-,pack>d & ! ,,dec models are especially easy to int]face1 :]eas ! automatic *annels ( ! ,,sds ,sigma comput]s & ! ord9>y ,,ibm ma*9es 7e4g41 ! #cfj s]ies7 are v difficult4 ,! ,,ibm ma*9es require an exp5sive control unit4 ,x is said t be=e a compet5t eng9e] c\ld ord] plug bo>ds = ,sigma int]fac+ he w\ld h to /udy ! sy/em = a mon? or two4 ,h[ev]1 once int]fac$1 ^! ma*9es p]mit rapid input ( data4 ,int]fac+ a #ejjj ,calcomp plott] to ! automatic *annel ( an ,,ibm or ,sigma s]ies ma*9e may co/ mu* m ?an ! co/ ( ! plott]4 #aa4 ,typewrit]s ,_m small comput]s use teletype ma*9es z console typewrit]s4 ,! ,,asr-#cc teletype has n p]=m$ well1 b x has rec5tly be5 improv$4 ,! ,,asr-#ce & ,,ksr-#ce h excell5t records1 & ! new] ,,asr-#cg & ,,ksr-#cg 7#ae *>act]s_/sec7 are v good4 ,! ,,ibm ,selectric has _h a mix$ reliability record :i* is1 h[ev]1 improv+4 ,9 e case1 exp]t r\t9e ma9t5ance is requir$4 #ab4 ,index ,regi/]s ,^! are a valuable asset to effici5t programm+4 ,at lea/ "o1 & pref]ably m1 is desirable1 especially 9 ! m$ium & l>ge comput]s4 #ac4 ,l9e ,pr9t]s ,^! are ( great use = obta9+ a p]man5t 7h>d copy7 record1 especially :5 l>ge volumes ( output are produc$2 h[ev]1 !y are exp5sive1 usually co/+ #bj1jjj or m 7includ+ int]fac+74 ,9 ord] to avoid ty+ up a l>ge c5tral processor dur+ typewrit] output ( masses ( data1 a l9e pr9t] is n only v useful1 x is ess5tial = effici5t op]ation 7& to sp>e ! typewrit]74 ,a l9e pr9t] c be imm5sely helpful & c save mu* "t 9 ! process ( develop+ & debugg+ programs4 ,! co/1 h[ev]1 w (t5 preclude its addition to a mode/ sy/em4 ,if ! sy/em has an ,,ibm-compatible tape drive1 ! comput] output c be writt5 on tape & lat] c>ri$ to a comput+ c5t] = pr9t+4 ,sev]al indu/rial conc]ns are kn[n to be work+ on new types ( pr9t]s1 "s be+ dry-copy1 nonp]cussive types4 ,"o type :i* has already be5 m>ket$1 ! ,inktronic pr9t]1 op]ates by spray+ ink at ! pap] f small tubes4 ,! *>act]s are well =m$4 ,x op]ates at ab\t #abj *>act]s p] second & co/s #efjj4 ,conv5i5tly1 x requires /&>d ,teletype int]fac+1 & x c be ord]$ ) an optional keybo>d4 ,al?\gh x has exhibit$ a few new-product ailm5ts 9 its fir/ #h mon?s or s ( use1 x %[s promise ( becom+ a v useful device4 ,ano!r pr9t] op]at+ on a simil> pr9ciple has j appe>$--! ,a4,b4 ,dick ,company's ,videojet pr9t]1 pric$ at ab\t #dijj4 #ad4 ,plott]s ,! ov]:elm+ favorite is /ill ! increm5tal ma*9e call$ ! ,calcomp plott]4 ,x co/s ab\t #ejjj & is easily int]fac$ to _m comput]s4 ,x is v accurate 7ab\t #j4ja 94 9 ea* direction7 & provides valuable output to ! exp]im5t]4 ,x c be programm$ to plot exp]im5tal po9ts & !oretical curves toge!r on :ite pap] 9 ,india ink1 reliev+ draftsm5 ( consid]able "w & do+ a m precise job4 ,o!r increm5tal plott]s are n[ on ! m>ket1 e4g41 ! ,h\/on ,in/rum5ts v]sion4 ,v>ian has develop$ an electro/atic plott] to sell = ab\t #ae1jjj4 #ae4 ,ca?ode-,ray ,tube ,displays ,at lea/ f\r types are 9 use4 ,! /&>d s*eme involves ! display+ ( bright spots "u control ( ! comput]1 :i* has g5]at$ appropriate words to cause x & y deflections ( ! spot :5 ^? words h be5 trans=m$ by ,,adc's 9 ! ,,crt unit4 ,! patt]n is rewritt5 cont9u\sly4 ,a light p5 held aga9/ a p>ticul> "p ( ! display patt]n c be us$ to signal ! comput]4 ,?is s*eme works well b may produce a flick]+ image if ! comput] is int]rupt$ frequ5tly to h&le high] priority jobs or if ! display is s complicat$ t ! rewrit+ p]iod exce$s #a_/cj sec4 ,! exp5sive h>dw>e option call$ a "* g5]ator is consid]$ n wor?:ile unless l>ge am\nts ( text are to be display$4 ,on a #aj 94 x #aj 94 ra/] a matrix ( dots #ajbd x #ajbd is s5sible4 ,a second s*eme involves a disk or drum on :i* ! comput] writes ! words to g5]ate ! patt]n4 ,sep>ate read+ heads s5d ! words to ! ,,crt unit4 ,?us ! display1 automatically rewritt5 ov] & ov]1 is updat$ f "t to "t by ! comput]4 ,! light-spot cursor & joy-/ick me?od replace ! light p5 9 ?is case4 7,9 pass+1 x is wor? rem>k+ t a light p5 is only z effective z ! comput] program all[s x to be1 t ! ef=t ( programm+ = light-p5 control is usually n trivial1 & t a sub/antial am\nt ( core /orage may be requir$4 ,a means ( display control p]haps n s popul> z x %\ld be is s5se-swit* control47 ,a ?ird s*eme makes use ( a mod]n /orage ,,crt4 ,! comput] s5ds ! patt]n to ! ,,crt only once1 & ! display c p]si/ until eras$4 ,?is me?od is flick]-free & inexp5sive1 b ! patt]n is n s di/9ct & sometimes n s bright z 9 ! above s*emes4 ,h[ev]1 x is *eap4 ,fur!rmore1 ! /orage tube c be us$ alt]nately z an ord9>y ,,crt ) q satisfactory resolution4 ,a /orage v]sion is ?us possible :i* rev]ts to ! /&>d s*eme1 = high-resolution inspection1 :5 a button is pu%$4 ,! /orage-tube s*eme is probably ! be/ buy = use 9 a typical small sy/em4 ,! ,tektronix ,company has rec5tly ann\nc$ a /orage-tube device1 ,type #deja1 :i* is said to g5]ate a cont9u\s video signal suitable = driv+ l>ge-scre5 television monitors4 ,a f\r? s*eme involves ! g5]ation ( a video 7analog7 signal correspond+ to ! display1 writt5 on a disk or drum by ! comput]4 ,read+ heads !n s5d ! video in=mation to a ,,crt hav+ a ,,tv ra/] syn*roniz$ ) ! rotation ( ! m$ium4 ,?is is a good s*eme :]e _m displays are ne$$1 b x is too exp5sive = _m applications1 co/+ upw>ds ( #bj1jjj = ! fir/ unit4 7,= example1 ! ,data ,disc ,sy/em #fejj ,display co/s ab\t #bc1jjj47 ,"o display feature consid]$ desirable by _m nucle> physici/s is rotation ( isometric data plots4 ,?is c be accompli%$ 9 "o ( two ways3 recomput+ e display$ dot or us+ an appropriate analog device 7pot5tiomet]74 ,because ! latt] is s *eap1 cle>ly its use is m desirable ?an ! recomputation ( ! rotat$ view4 ,also1 us+ a light p5 on a recomput$ display is especially difficult because ! inv]se computation has to be p]=m$ 9 ord] to ma9ta9 prop] correlation ) ! orig9al data4 ,h[ev]1 x %\ld be not$ t ! ,,tv ra/] te*nique is limit$ 9 ?is respect3 rotat+ pot5tiomet]s _c be us$1 & ! image mu/ be recomput$4 ,! te*nology ( displays is develop+ rapidly4 #af4 ,! ,role ( ,ext]nal ,devices ,9 _m cases1 especially :]e typical /&>d op]ations are involv$1 x is pref]able to use ext]nal devices to h&le prelim9>y selection & sort+ ( ev5ts1 r ?an to ask ! comput] to d ! entire job4 ,= example1 p>ticle id5tification by use ( signals f two c\nt]s involves "o or two multiplications & additions1 :i* c be c>ri$ out almo/ in/antly by a fairly simple ext]nal analog device1 :]eas a small comput] w\ld likely require at lea/ #ejj sec = ! job1 assum+ calculation1 & p]haps #dj sec1 assum+ table look-up4 #ag4 ,"t ,%>+ ,comput]s z small z a ,,pdp-#h h be5 successfully "t-%>$ by sev]al us]s 9 special applications4 ,! ju/ification giv5 is t all ! p]iph]al h>dw>e c be %>$ also1 s t ! add$ con/ra9ts & programm+ difficulties are balanc$ by sav+s 9 h>dw>e co/s4 ,comput]s h also be5 %>$ = simultane\s on-l9e data-tak+ 9 l[-data-rate exp]im5ts4 ,9 work+ out ! economics ( "t-%>+1 ! add$ h>dw>e 7su* z ,,crt's & remote consoles & memory protection7 ne$$ to all[ simultane\s access by m ?an "o us]1 z well z ! extra memory space ne$$ by ! "t-%>+ monitor1 %\ld be consid]$4 ,! greate/ co/s1 h[ev]1 lie 9 ! add$ con/ra9ts plac$ on ea* ( ! us]s & 9 ! greatly increas$ co/ ( programm+4 ,9 _m cases ! use ( two or m id5tical comput]s is pref]able4 ,h[ev]1 9 l>ge1 exp5sive sy/ems "t-%>+ c be v useful4 #ah4 ,s(tw>e ,t ,%\ld ,be ,suppli$ by ,manufactur] ,complete docum5tation %\ld be provid$1 includ+ li/+s1 /ep-by-/ep us] in/ructions1 & "s fully work$ out examples4 a4 ,h>dw>e diagno/ic r\t9es3 ,to te/ memory address+1 in/ruction set & to te/ correct op]ation ( e p]iph]al & special h>dw>e feature4 b4 ,sy/ems to edit1 assemble1 & debug programs 9 symbolic ma*9e language3 ,^! %\ld effici5tly use any special ,i_/,o device su* z magnetic tape1 disk1 or l9e pr9t]4 c4 ,effici5t subr\t9es %\ld be provid$ = op]ation ( any special p]iph]al device pur*as$ f ! comput] manufactur]4 ,symbolic language s\rce tapes or c>d decks1 li/+s ) comm5ts1 & examples ( use %\ld be includ$4 d4 ,conv]sational ,=tran-type programs provid$ by "s manufactures are useful = supplem5tal calculations4 ,,note3 ,! foll[+ po9ts apply p>ticul>ly to ! m$ium & l>ge ma*9es & become increas+ly important z ! comput] becomes l>g] & m complex4 e4 ,=tran compil] & op]at+ sy/em1 ) conv5i5t me?od to ins]t ma*9e language in/ructions & subr\t9es4 ,good compile & run-"t diagno/ics are ess5tial4 f4 ,ma!matical subr\t9es %\ld be provid$ 9 b9>y & s\rce language4 g4 ,complete specifications & docum5tation = ! programm+ sy/em %\ld be suppli$1 s t programs prep>$ by us]s c be made compatible4 ,x may be object$ t ?is w co/ too mu*1 b n to d s w be v co/ly & fru/rat+ to _m us]s4 #ai4 ,note on ! ,co/ ( ,programm+ ,exp]i5ce at ,brookhav5 & ,b]keley has %[n t a programm] c produce betwe5 #aj & #bj debugg$ & docum5t$ l9es ( program p] day1 dep5d+ on su* factors z exp]i5ce1 :5 he is work+ on reasonably /raight=w>d programm+4 ,:5 work+ on a complicat$ monitor sy/em he w\ld be consid]ably less productive4 ,sy/em programm+ is obvi\sly v exp5sive1 !re=e ! av]age p]son explor+ ! comput] m>ket w\ld be well advis$ to consid] ! s(tw>e support along ) ! h>dw>e (f]$ 9 ea* case4 ,manufactur]s v>y greatly 9 ?is respect4 ,a major contribut+ factor to ! p]si/5t popul>ity ( ! ,,pdp-#h is t ! s(tw>e support is s ext5sive4 ,9 g5]al1 ! new] a comput]1 ! less s(tw>e is likely to be available4 ,*apt] #b ,,data-,,acquisition ,,sy/ems ,a4 ,,introduction #a4 ,hi/ory ,! movem5t t[>d comput] sy/ems began 9 e>ne/ ab\t #aifb4 ,mu* ( ! e>ly "w dep5d$ on ! use ( magnetic tape = /orage ( data1 ei!r raw or p>tially dige/$1 ! analysis ( data be+ c>ri$ out lat]1 (f-l9e4 ,m rec5tly1 comput]s h be5 us$ increas+ly = on-l9e process+4 ,! e>ly "w is well kn[n & w n be describ$ "h4 ,"s ( ! m rec5t sy/ems are basically v close desc5dants ( "o or ano!r ( ! e>ly sy/ems4 ,_m v>ieties are n[ 9 s]vice4 ,mo/ incorporate small or m$ium-siz$ comput]s1 h[ev]1 ext5sive new exp]i5ce has be5 ga9$ dur+ ! pa/ two or ?ree ye>s ( op]ation ( a few l>ge "t-%>$ sy/ems1 9 p>ticul> ^? 9 ! t&em ,van de ,graaff accel]ator laboratories at ,yale & at ,ro*e/]1 p]haps ! fir/ l>ge sy/ems 9 op]ation :i* 7 plann$ sy/ematically = nucle> rese>*4 ,bo? op]ate ) multiprogramm+ monitor control1 backgr\nd calculations be+ possible1 on a l[-priority basis1 simultane\sly ) data acquisition4 #b4 ,possible ,sy/ems ,simple rules = ! design ( v>i\s types ( data-acquisition sy/ems _c be /at$1 b "s examples ( possible sy/ems c be giv54 7,see ,figure #a47 a4 ,a simple sy/em = pulse-height analysis "w c be assembl$ f a small comput]1 a #e-;94 ,tektronix ,,cro1 an ,,adc unit1 & a teletype ) pap]-tape atta*m5t = a co/ ( ab\t #cj1jjj1 provid+ t a compet5t eng9e] is available1 n c\nt+ programm+ & eng9e]+ co/s4 ,a ,calcomp plott] c\ld be add$ = ab\t #fjjj4 ,to ma9ta9 & op]ate ! sy/em at lea/ a half-"t te*nician-programm] w\ld be requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #a ,basic data-acquisition sy/em4 b4 ,a g5]al-purpose sy/em = use 9 an accel]ator laboratory c be assembl$ f a m$ium-siz$ comput]1 two typewrit]s1 f\r #ac-;bit 7#j-haib7 ,,adc's1 six #ah-;bit 7#j-bfb1add7 c\nt]s1 a #aj 94 x #aj 94 ,,cro display unit ) light p51 two tape drives 7= ,,ibm tape71 a ,calcomp plott]1 & a fa/ pap]-tape read] = ab\t #age1jjj plus ! co/ ( eng9e]+ s]vice & programm+4 ,at lea/ "o full-"t te*nician-programm] w\ld be ne$$ = ma9t5ance & programm+4 c4 ,a l>ge %>$-"t sy/em ( ! smalle/ configuration :i* makes mu* s5se consi/s ( a l>ge comput] ) a #afk memory1 two typewrit]s1 a fa/ pun*$-tape read]1 f\r ,,dec tapes 7or ! equival5t71 "o ,,ibm-compatible magnetic tape1 "o ,,cro ) light p51 "o increm5tal plott]1 input devices = exp]im5tal data 7,,adc's1 c\nt]s1 etc471 plus an int]fac+ sy/em to l9k ! ext]nal input-output devices to ! comput]4 ,! int]fac+ sy/em may include a fix$-wir$ front end1 su* z t us$ at ,yale1 a small comput]1 su* z t us$ at ,ro*e/]1 or bo?4 ,! h>dw>e w\ld probably co/ ov] #djj1jjj exclusive ( eng9e]+1 & to ?is mu/ be add$ a l>ge exp5se = programm+1 ev5 if ! manufactur] supplies a satisfactory %>$-"t monitor plus all ! usual s(tw>e4 ,?ree m5 w\ld be ne$$ to assemble1 ma9ta91 & op]ate ! sy/em3 an eng9e]1 te*nician-programm]1 & a full-"t programm]1 or "s equival5t comb9ation1 assum+ use ( ! sy/em 9 a l>ge laboratory ) an active & cont9ually develop+ rese>* program4 ,?us ! co/ ( ?is /ripp$-d[n sy/em mu/ be expect$ to rea* #ejj1jjj be=e x is 9 full op]ation1 & ! co/ ( keep+ x go+1 includ+ sal>ies1 ov]head1 & replacem5t p>ts w likely exce$ #ej1jjj p] ye>1 al?\gh ?is c\ld p]haps be trimm$ some:at once ! sy/em is runn+4 ,fur!rmore1 to run effici5tly1 ! sy/em w\ld ne$ additional compon5ts3 ano!r #afk 7at lea/7 ( core memory1 ano!r ,,ibm-compatible magnetic-tape drive1 & a l9e pr9t]4 ,a rotat+ memory device w\ld also be helpful4 ,^! w\ld raise ! co/ by well ov] #ajj1jjj4 ,x is app>5t t l>ge "t-%>$ sy/ems are s exp5sive t !y c ord9>ily be ju/ifi$ only 9 ! l>ge/1 mo/ lively rese>* e/abli%m5ts4 #c4 ,small ,comput]s z ,satellites ,9 m$ium & l>ge sy/ems ! use ( small comput]s = c\pl+ input & output devices to ! ma9 comput] (f]s a numb] ( attractive advantages1 especially n[ t mass production & competition h br\ght ! prices d[n s l[ t a l>ge am\nt ( h>dw>e ne>ly ideal = ! purpose is available at a b>ga94 ,"s advantages3 7#a7 ,! small ma*9e c control data acquisition1 accumulat+ blocks ( data :ile ! l>ge ma*9e is do+ backgr\nd calculations1 int]rupt+ ^? calculations only occasionally to transf] raw or p>tially process$ data4 7#b7 ,! small ma*9e c cont9u\sly control ! monitor ,,cro4 7#c7 ,x c control output devices su* z a plott]1 l9e pr9t]1 rotat+ memory1 or tape drive4 7#d7 ,x c c>ry out _m logic op]ations on ! incom+ data4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t su* op]ations are num]\s1 & f ! economic po9t ( view !y %\ld n be all[$ to tie up ! l>g] ma*9e1 :i*1 at ! same "t1 c bett] be engag$ 9 complicat$ calculations4 ,9 "s cases ! use ( two small satellite comput]s c easily be ju/ifi$4 ,! *ief disadvantage3 ,programm+ c be complicat$4 ,h[ev]1 if ! l>g] ma*9e already has a "t-%>$ monitor :i* recognizes ! small ma*9e z a typical input-output device 7z is ! case ) ! ,,pdp-#f plus ,,pdp-#h sy/em at ,ro*e/]7 ! programm+ problem is n bad4 ,9 ! foll[+ five sections descriptions ( a numb] ( data-acquisition sy/ems ( v>i\s types & sizes w be giv5 9 ord] to illu/rate concretely "s practical sy/em configurations4 ,9 ea* case a breakd[n ( co/s & a discussion ( ! lessons le>n$ 9 connection ) plann+1 con/ruction1 & op]ation w be includ$4 ,! sy/ems are ( ! foll[+ types3 two small1 "o m$ium1 "o l>ge1 two multiple-,,cpu1 & "o process control4 ,b4 ,a ,,small ,,"t-,,%>$ ,,data-,,acquisition ,,sy/em ,,bas$ ,,on ,a ,,pdp-#g ,,comput] #a4 ,introduction ,9 #aiff1 two id5tical comput] sy/ems bas$ on ,,pdp-#g comput]s 7 set up 9 two diff]5t locations at ! ,lawr5ce ,radiation ,laboratory 7,,lrl71 to be us$ by sev]al gr\ps ( exp]im5t]s 7see ,figure #b74 ,assembly ( ! h>dw>e = ! fir/ sy/em 0 complet$ #f mon?s aft] deliv]y ( ! comput]4 ,assembly ( ! second sy/em requir$ only #c mon?s4 ,two ye>s aft] op]ation comm5c$1 ! fir/ satisfactory "t-%>+ monitor 0 complet$ & put into s]vice4 ,! basic use ( ^! sy/ems is pulse-height analysis4 ,9 pr9ciple _m o!r types ( op]ation are possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #b ,,pdp-#g data-acquisition sy/em at ,lawr5ce ,radiation ,laboratory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #c ,a swit* panel us$ = data tak+ & control ( ,,crt display 9 conjunction ) ! ,,pdp-#g comput]4 ,! swit*-sett+ codes c be read into ! ,,pdp-#g accumulator "u program control & are us$ to select bran* po9ts 9 ! program4 ,z _m z eight ( ^! units c be connect$ to ! sy/em4 ,! lights are us$ to indicate program /atus4 #b4 ,op]ational ,features ,data-r$uction jobs curr5tly possible 9 ! %>$-"t op]at+ mode include spectrum /ripp+1 normalization1 smoo?+1 /orage & retrieval ( data f magnetic tapes1 graph plott+1 pr9t\t1 en]gy calibration1 backgr\nd fitt+1 peak integration1 & transf] ( data f a remote analyz]4 ,remote control ( ! comput] f up to eight exp]im5tal locations is possible us+ inexp5sive swit* panels 7,figure #c74 ,remote slave ,,crt display is also provid$4 ,multip>amet] pulse-height acquisition & analysis c be done on a "t-%>$ basis b (t5 requires all ! comput]'s "t & memory4 #c4 ,h>dw>e ,! h>dw>e configuration is %[n 9 ,figure #b4 ,! ,,pdp-#g comput] 0 suppli$ by ! ,digital ,equipm5t ,corporation ) an #hk memory 7#ah bits7 ext5d$ ari?metic h>dw>e1 microtape 7,dectape71 pap] tape1 teletype1 & ca?ode-ray tube 7,,crt74 ,! o!r items 7 built or int]fac$ at ,,lrl4 ,automatic memory increm5t & memory-protection h>dw>e1 toge!r ) suitable programm+1 all[ a us] to c>ry out simple data-r$uction jobs ) a live ,,crt display :ile two o!r us]s are indep5d5tly acquir+ sep>ate1 #bjdh-;*annel1 pulse-height spectra 9 "p ( ! comput] memory1 ) comput]-controll$-ga9 /abilization4 ,,adc dead "t p] pulse is less t #dj sec4 ,up ,to #fadd words ( ! memory c be us$ = data 7"o ,,pha *annel p] ^w71 :ile ma*9e language programs fill ! rema9+ #bjdh words ( memory4 #d4 ,lessons ,le>n$ f ,op]at+ ,exp]i5ce ,! sy/em works well = pulse-height analysis1 b = new applications1 e4g41 nucle> magnetic resonance magnet control1 x ne$s additional h>dw>e & programs4 ,two gr\ps ( exp]im5t]s1 do+ *iefly pulse-height analysis exp]im5ts are v satisfi$ ) ! sy/em4 ,ano!r gr\p1 ) a wid] range ( int]e/s1 has be5 dissatisfi$ because ( ! "t lag to implem5t new exp]im5ts4 ,"o programm] is n[ engag$ full "t prep>+ m programs4 ,lack ( free comput] "t has become a limitation = bo? us]s & programm]s4 ,provision = programm+ at ! outset 0 inadequate4 ,"o full-"t sy/ems programm] %\ld h be5 assign$ to ^! sy/ems = #ah mon?s4 ,exp]im5t]s ne$ ,=tran or simil> language capability4 ,a disk1 or m core memory1 w\ld make ?is practical4 ,! memory size is totally inadequate = multiple us]s because ( ! l>ge am\nt ( data space ne$$ = ! high-resolution spectra n[ obta9able ) ,ge7,li7 detectors4 ,an ext]nal #hk memory is be+ acquir$ = data acquisition 9 ea* sy/em s t m ( ! comput] memory c be us$ = comput+4 ,memory ,,crt's are ne$$ to provide indep5d5t displays = ea* us]4 ,a sep>ate teletype = ea* us] w\ld be invaluable4 ,a disk memory is ne$$ = rapid ov]lay ( programs & = sort+ ( multip>amet] data4 ,a cz> %\ld h be5 appo9t$ = day-to-day assignm5t ( facilities1 consultations ) us]s1 & r\t9e ma9t5ance & upkeep ( ! h>dw>e & programs4 ,! cz> c\ld be a good electronics te*nician int]e/$ bo? 9 programm+ & 9 physics4 #e4 ,co/s ,sy/em co/s = ! ,,pdp-#g ) "t-%>+ are giv5 9 ,table #a4 ,fabrication "t is includ$ z a doll> co/4 ,eng9e]+ & programm+ times %[n are "o half ^? *>g$ aga9/ two id5tical sy/ems4 ,additional special-purpose exp]im5tal equipm5t commonly us$ ) ! sy/em includes ga9 /abiliz]s1 analog pulse d]&omiz]s1 amplifi]s1 pulse pileup rejection1 l[-noise preamplifi]s1 & ,ge7,li7 detectors4 ,,table #a ,sy/em ,co/s--,,pdp-#g ) ,"t-,%>+,a ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,items ,co/s ,man-,mon?s ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,cpu 7#hk1 ,,eae7 ,,pdp-#g1 #aiff #eb1jjj ,dual microtape #aj1cej ,calcomp plott] #d1hbe ,calcomp int]face #bjj #a_/b ,,crt controll] #b1cjj ,l>ge scre5 ,,crt #c1ejj #c small ,,crt's 7#e 947 #a1iie #a_/b ,mag tape 7#eef ,,bpi1 #cj ,,ips7 #h1fij 7) erase head7 ,mag tape int]face #bjj #d ,memory protection #b1jjj #c ,direct memory multiplex] #b1jjj #b #b ,,adc's 7#djif-;*annel1 #ce sec #e1jjj - p] c\nt7 ,,adc multiplex int]face 7automatic #b1jjj #c memory increm5t7 #h-p>amet] input to ,,adc #a1ejj #a 7analog multiplex]7 #d remote memory swit* panels #a1bjj #b ,cabl+ to exp]im5ts #a1ejj #a #hk ext]nal1 #ah-;bit1 #b-sec memory #ab1jjj #c ---------- ------ #bj ,programm+ #ah ---------- ------ #aac1bfj #ch ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,a ,! ,,pdp-#g is no long] made4 ,its mod]n equival5t is ! ,,pdp-#ae4 ,c4 ,a ,,small ,,sy/em ,,bas$ ,,on ,a ,,pdp-#h ,,comput] #a4 ,hi/ory & ,h>dw>e ,?is second example ( a small comput] sy/em is also tak5 f exp]i5ce at ,,lrl4 ,x 0 plann$ 9 ,febru>y #aifg & fir/ put into op]ation 9 ! summ] ( #aifg4 ,data 7 fir/ tak5 ) ! aid ( ! sy/em 9 ! spr+ ( #aifh1 & ! sy/em programm+ 0 complet$ 9 ,may #aifi4 ,! sy/em is us$ ext5sively 9 exp]im5ts ) ! ,bevatron4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #d ,,pdp-#h data-acquisition sy/em at ,lawr5ce ,radiation ,laboratory4 ,! comput]-sy/em h>dw>e consi/s ( ! items %[n 9 ,figure #d4 ,! ,,pdp-#h has #dk ( memory4 ,! disk is a ,data ,disc unit ) a removable disk 7#abh tracks & a movable head7 on ! same %aft z a small] disk & ?ree fix$ data heads4 ,two ( ! fix$-head tracks are devot$ to ! display3 !y drive a h>dw>e-translator cont9u\sly4 ,a s+le display track is us$ :5 ! numb] ( po9ts does n exce$ #bjjj4 ,= l>g] displays two tracks are us$ alt]nately4 ,! display is controll$ f ! swit* panel4 ,on-l9e op]at+ functions may be controll$ bo? f ! swit* panel & f ! teletype4 #b4 ,programm+ ,?ree classes ( programm+ h be5 complet$3 ,sy/em ,programs3 ,symbolic ,text ,editor1 ,assembl]1 a g5]al-purpose libr>y sy/em--all disk ori5t$4 ,data-,tak+ ,programs3 ,^! cause ! ,,adc to be read1 control elem5t>y sort+1 update hi/ograms resid5t on ! disk1 write raw data on tape1 & monitor ! beam4 ,! ,bevatron has approximately #a sec ( beam e #f sec4 ,dur+ a beam pulse ! comput] is devot$ entirely to acquir+ data1 sav+ raw data 9 core1 on ! disk1 & on tape4 ,aft] a beam pulse1 ! #ac-;disk hi/ograms are updat$1 !n ! display programs are read into core memory & ! display is updat$4 ,! sy/em is design$ to be capable ( accept+ ov] #ajjj ev5ts p] beam bur/1 & x has met ?is requirem5t4 ,simple ,data-,analysis ,programs3 ,^! compute displays 7l9e>1 log1 isometric1 & cont\r--all d\ble precision71 read out ! seal]s1 monitor ! real-"t clock1 all[ resort+ ( raw data f tape1 & g5]ate tapes = remote plott+4 #c4 ,lessons f ,op]at+ ,exp]i5ce ,! sy/em n[ functions z orig9ally int5d$ & does its job v satisfactorily4 ,! exp]im5t] relies heavily on ! ma9 comput] c5t] = data process+4 ,9 assembl+ ?is sy/em n[1 "o w\ld buy ! disk already int]fac$ by ! comput] manufactur]2 fur!rmore ! manufactur] n[ (f]s programs t w\ld greatly r$uce ! programm+ co/s4 ,a memory scope w\ld elim9ate ! ne$ = a disk-to-,,crt display int]face4 ,less-exp5sive magnetic tapes are n[ available4 ,h[ev]1 x w\ld be bett] to buy ! tape already int]fac$ by ! manufactur] ( ! comput]4 ,! add$ co/ ( buy+ a #af-or #ah-;bit comput] w\ld h be5 almo/ completely (fset by sav+s 9 ! co/ ( programm+4 ,! addition ( a fa/ pr9t] 7e4g41 ,inktronic #efjj7 w\ld h paid = itself 9 "t sav$ dur+ programm+ b w\ld n be ( mu* use 9 exp]im5t4 #d4 ,co/s ,! co/s ( ! ,,pdp-#h are giv5 9 ,table #b4 ,,table #b ,sy/em ,co/s ,,pdp-#h--aifg ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,co/s ,man-,mon?s ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,cpu1 #dk1 #ab-;bit #ah1jjj - ,data disk #h1cjj - ,disk int]face #b1ejj #f ,,crt display control #a1jjj #a ,,crt #gjj - ,mag tape 7#eef ,,bpi1 #cj ,,ips7 #h1hjj #j ,mag tape int]face #b1jjj #f ,misc4 int]faces #b1gjj #ab #h scal]s 7on loan7 - - ,,adc 7#djif-;*annel1 #ce-sec #b1ejj - dead "t7 #h-p>amet] input to ,,adc #a1ejj - 7analog multiplex]7 ,remote console 7swit* panel7 #cjj - ,"t-(-day clock #a1jjj - -------- #di1cjj ,sy/ems programs #ab ,data-h&l+ programs #ab ,eng9e]+ diagnosis1 debugg+ #i ---- #eh ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #e ,block diagram ( ,,emr #facj data-acquisition sy/em at ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,d4 ,a ,,m$ium-,,siz$ ,,on-,,l9e ,,comput] ,,sy/em #a4 ,introduction ,an ,,emr #facj comput] sy/em has be5 in/all$ & is be+ prep>$ = use ) ,columbia ,univ]sity's ,neutron ,velocity ,spectromet] data-acquisition & analysis sy/em4 ,! spectromet] is *>act]iz$ by high data rates & _m ev5ts p] bur/4 ,at pres5t1 peak arrival rates are approximately #ajf ev5ts p] second1 ) #dj-fj ev5ts p] bur/ & a bur/ rate ( #gj ,hz4 ,! arrival di/ribution is r&om2 !re=e1 #aj p]c5t ( ! int]>rival int]vals are #ajj nsec long1 & #a p]c5t are #aj nsec long4 ,9 ! future1 peak arrival rates ( #ajg ev5ts_/sec & #djj-fjj ev5ts p] bur/ are possible1 ) a bur/ rate ( #cjj ,hz4 ,) an appropriate "t-(-flight front end1 ! #facj w be able to h&le ! anticipat$ fa/] rates4 ,! ,,emr #facj is a #af-;bit1 #gge-nsec comput]4 ,! memory has a multibus /ructure :i* p]mits ea* bus to communicate simultane\sly ) a sep>ate memory module4 ,up to f\r memory buses may be pur*as$4 ,! ,columbia sy/em has two memory buses4 ,if a high-spe$ buff]$ data *annel is us$1 block transf] may occur at memory cycle spe$s4 ,) two buses1 data may be /or$ 9 two memory modules at rates up to twice memory spe$4 ,alt]natively1 "o bus1 *annel1 & "o or m memory modules may be d$icat$ to data acquisition1 :ile ! c5tral processor & /&>d p]iph]al devices1 us+ ! second bus1 simultane\sly op]ate 9 ! rema9+ memory modules4 #b4 ,description ( ! ,sy/em ,a block diagram ( ! ,columbia sy/em is giv5 9 ,figure #e4 ,! sy/em has ?ree #hk core modules4 ,memory bus #a is d$icat$ to a high-spe$ *annel s]v+ ! "t-(-flight acquisition sy/em4 ,memory bus #b s]ves bo? ! c5tral processor & a second high-spe$ *annel4 ,l[-spe$ input-output devices1 su* z ! op]ator's console1 teletype1 c>d read]1 & plott] communicate directly ?r\gh ! processor4 ,! high-spe$ input-output devices1 namely1 a magnetic tape unit1 l9e pr9t]1 fix$ head disk1 & int]active ,,crt display1 communicate ?r\gh ! *annel4 ,! box designat$ z "t-(-flight sy/em repres5ts special-purpose electronics1 includ+ a #ej-m,hz clock1 "t-quantiz+ circuits :i* clock an input ev5t f "o ( ! detectors to ! ne>e/ clock pulse foll[+ its arrival1 a #ej-m,hz c\nt]1 & a #af-^w d]&omiz+ buff] capable ( /or+ a new ^w ( data 7i4e41 arrival "t7 e #bj nsec4 ,! numb] ( *annels1 nom9ally #af1jjj1 is limit$ n by ! front end b by ! am\nt ( core available = hi/ogram /orage 9 ! #facj sy/em4 7,= ! high data rates anticipat$ 9 ! future1 ! "t-(-flight clock spe$ & d]&omiz+ buff] data acceptance rate w be increas$ to #ajj m,hz4 ,at ! same "t1 an accumulat+ buff] ( sev]al hundr$ words capacity1 ) a #bj-m,hz data acceptance rate1 w be add$ to empty ! d]&omiz+ buff] & /ore tempor>ily ! "t-(-arrival data prior to its transmission to ! #facj sy/em47 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #f ,diagram illu/rat+ mode ( utilization ( core memory 9 ! ,columbia ,sy/em %[n 9 ,figure #e4 #c4 ,h[ ! ,sy/em is ,us$ ,dur+ ! "t-(-flight exp]im5t1 memory is utiliz$ z foll[s 7see ,figure #f74 ,! *annel d$icat$ to data acquisition writes on alt]nate bur/s1 into two buff] regions1 ( approximately #ajj words ea*1 9 ! top ( memory module #c4 ,! rema9+ p>ts ( memory module #c & all module #b w be devot$ to hi/ogram /orage 7i4e41 "t-(-flight *annels74 ,module #a w conta9 a /ripp$-d[n monitor program & all data-h&l+ programs1 includ+ buff] regions = ! ext]nal devices o!r ?an ! "t-(-flight front end4 ,programs w be capable ( ref]r+ to all module #a or #b 9 full concurr5cy ) data acquisition4 ,ref]5ce to module #c w also ov]lap data acquisition1 except = a p]iod ( high input data rate ( #ajj-to #bjj-sec duration p] bur/4 ,) ! type ( memory allocation describ$1 ! sy/em w p]mit ! use ( all /&>d ,i_/,o devices1 concurr5t ) ! ess5tial op]ations ( input data buff]+ & hi/ogram g5]ation4 ,?us1 new data may be /or$ on1 or old data retriev$ f1 ! disk or magnetic tape2 ei!r new or old data may be display$ on ! ,,crt2 & ! same or o!r data may be output ) ! plott] or l9e pr9t]4 ,control in=mation w be input f ! teletype1 ! op]ator's console1 or f special-purpose swit*es4 ,! importance to ! physici/ is t h>d copy output is imm$iately available dur+ data acquisition & may be us$ to monitor1 or modify1 ! exp]im5t4 ,subsequ5t to ! input data increase1 a high-spe$ memory increm5t+ *annel w be us$ to input "t-(-flight data directly to ! hi/ogram area4 ,) ?is *annel ! buff] area 9 module #c w no long] be requir$4 ,hi/ogram data w be /or$ 9 all modules #b & #c1 & no program int]v5tion w be requir$ = hi/ogram g5]ation4 ,betwe5 data-acquisition runs1 ! sy/em w be us$ = data analysis4 #d4 ,pres5t ,/atus ,! comput]1 ) two memory modules & "o *annel & bus1 0 deliv]$ 9 ,july #aifh4 ,! rema9+ memory module *annel & bus 7 deliv]$ 9 ! fall ( #aifh1 ! ,,crt arriv$ 9 ,june #aifi1 & ! l9e pr9t] 7:i* 0 n pur*as$ f ,,emr7 came %ortly aft]w>d4 ,! fir/ "t-(-flight run ) ?is sy/em 0 s*$ul$ = ,decemb] #aifi4 ,dur+ ! p]iod f deliv]y to ! fir/ run1 "o full-"t programm] & approximately half ! "t ( "o physici/ 7 devot$ to ! debugg+ ( manufactur]-suppli$ programs & ! writ+ ( ! on-l9e programs requir$ = ! run4 ,x has be5 hop$ t ! sy/em w\ld be us$ ext5sively = ! analysis ( previ\sly acquir$ data1 beg9n+ %ortly aft] deliv]y2 h[ev]1 v little su* use has prov$ possible1 ess5tially because ( ! unreliability ( ! #ajj-;cpm c>d read] suppli$ by ,,emr4 ,! lack ( a l9e pr9t] 0 also a factor4 ,a m reliable read] has be5 pur*as$4 ,! deliv]y ( a l9e pr9t] %\ld rectify ! second ne$4 ,! developm5t ( high-spe$1 buff]$1 "t-(-flight front ends has be5 a cont9u+ int]e/ at ,columbia4 ,x is !re=e difficult to e/imate ! precise co/s ( ! "t-(-flight sy/em develop$ = use ) ! #facj4 ,a r\gh e/imate ( ! design & developm5t "t is approximately #c eng9e] man ye>s4 #e4 ,lessons f ,developm5t & ,te/+ ,exp]i5ce ,columbia *ose to ord] ! ,,emr #facj1 ev5 ?\gh at t "t 7#aiff7 x 0 n 9 production1 because x seem$ a v p[]ful ma*9e :i* mat*$ ! ne$s ( ! sy/em plann]s4 ,! alt]nate possibility op5 0 to ord] a l>g]1 mu* m exp5sive ma*9e ( prov5 capability4 ,z x turn$ out1 difficulties 9 ! developm5t ( ! #facj caus$ a delay ( ov] a ye> 9 ! deliv]y ( ! ma9 frame & ( ov] two ye>s 9 ! deliv]y ( ! ,,crt display4 7,:5 ^! delays became app>5t1 ,,emr loan$ ,columbia a #bd-;bit comput] & also a small display = use dur+ ! int]im p]iod47 ,! ,,emr #facj is p]haps ! mo/ p[]ful #af-;bit comput] available today1 9 spite ( "o or two *anges 9 ! orig9al specifications1 b 9 ord] to get x ,columbia app>5tly trad$ "t = money4 #f4 ,co/ ,! co/s ( ! ,columbia ,univ]sity ,,emr #facj sy/em are giv5 9 ,table #c4 ,,table #c ,co/ ( ,columbia ,univ]sity ,,emr #facj ,sy/em 7,prices f ,,emr ,except :]e ,indicat$7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #a ,c5tral processor ) #afk core memory #fe1ejj #a ,additional #hk core memory #ag1hej #a ,teletype1 model #ce #a1icj #b ,^w_/byte buff]$ *annels #aj1cjj #a ,additional memory bus & control #d1cjj #a ,additional cab9et assembly #e1jjj #a ,c>d read]1 #ajj cpm #d1ajj #a ,magnetic disk & control #af1hjj #a ,tape transport & control #bf1jjj #a #h levels1 priority int]rupt #a1jjj #a ,,crt display1 includ+ vector g5]ator & light p5 #bg1gej #a #cjj-lpm l9e pr9t],b #ah1jjj -------- #aih1ecj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,b ,pur*as$ f pr9t] manufactur] ) #facj int]face4 ,e4 ,a ,,l>ge ,,sy/em ,,bas$ ,,on ,a ,,s+le ,,comput] 7,,! ,,yale-,,ibm ,,nucle>-,,data-,,acquisition ,,sy/em7 #a4 ,introduction ,s9ce e>ly #aiff1 ,yale & ,,ibm ,rese>* h be5 engag$ 9 a jo9t /udy 9 ! application ( comput]s to nucle>-data acquisition4 ,! ma9 goal 0 ! production ( an integrat$ h>dw>e-s(tw>e sy/em :i* is fully "u ! control ( ! exp]im5t] 9 ! s5se t he c def9e 8 entire data acquisition & analysis process ) a ,=tran program4 ,! jo9t /udy may be divid$ into f\r areas3 7#a7 ,developm5t ( a suitable g5]al & p[]ful data-acquisition int]face & control unit 7front end7 ) a set ( compatible nucle> in/rum5tation modules 7scal]s1 ,,adc's1 & g5]al-purpose input regi/]s74 7#b7 ,developm5t ( a suitable display sy/em4 7#c7 ,developm5t ( a data-acquisition language 7z an ext5sion to ,=tran7 & ! necess>y libr>y r\t9es to support ?is language4 7#d7 ,developm5t ( a g5]al-purpose multiprogramm+ sy/em = ! select$ comput] 7! ,,ibm ,sy/em_/#cfj1 ,model #dd7 into :i* ! data-acquisition sy/em c\ld be incorporat$4 ,! fir/ ?ree areas became op]ational 9 ,july #aifg1 )9 ?ree mon?s aft] deliv]y ( ! comput]1 us+ ! /&>d bat* programm+ sy/em = ! #cfj_/dd z a basis4 ,developm5t cont9ues on ! multiprogramm+ sy/em1 :i* has n[ rea*$ a /ate :]e us]s inexp]i5c$ 9 us+ ! sy/em c compile & execute ,=tran programs1 b ! data-acquisition compon5ts are n yet op]ational4 #b4 ,description ( ! ,sy/em ,nucle> data are input by means ( a g5]al-purpose nucle>-data-acquisition int]face & control unit1 organiz$ ar\nd ! concept ( an ev5t1 an occurr5ce 9 ! real _w :i* causes ! outputs ( a gr\p ( in/rum5ts select$ by ! us] to be read into comput] memory4 ,sixte5 indep5d5t ev5ts are provid$ =1 ) ea* ( :i* may be associat$ any or all ( #cj diff]5t in/rum5ts 7scal]s1 ,,adc's1 or g5]al-purpose monitor regi/]s7 by means ( a diode plug bo>d matrix4 ,! in/rum5ts !mselves1 also design$ & built by ,,ibm1 are modul> & completely int]*angeable & enable ! exp]im5t] to configure 8 exp]im5t 9 any way desir$1 i4e41 to det]m9e n only :i* in/rum5ts are to be read b also 9 :at ord]4 ,exclusion logic is provid$ to prev5t process+ ( c]ta9 ev5ts if & :5 o!r def9$ ev5ts occur simultane\sly 7,figure #g74 ,! ca?ode-ray-tube display unit provides a #ajbd x #ajbd po9t plott+ oscilloscope ) sev5 levels ( int5sity1 "*-g5]ation h>dw>e1 a light p51 & a programm$ function keybo>d1 by means ( :i* ! us] c call 9 programs by pu%+ buttons4 ,su* programs c p]=m any function f *ang+ displays ga9s to curve-fitt+4 ,!y may be sy/em-suppli$ or us]-writt5 & may be 7& usually are7 writt5 ,=tran4 ,a p>allel1 high-resolution photographic sy/em p]mits comput] assembly ( publication quality illu/rations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #g ,block diagram ( ! ,,ibm #cfj_/dd sy/em at ,yale4 ,! data-acquisition & display-programm+ sy/em is compos$ ( a gr\p ( subr\t9es :i* may be call$ f ,=tran programs = p]=m+ ! v>i\s processes 9 data acquisition & display4 ,= ?is purpose1 a consid]able numb] ( additional /atem5ts h be5 add$ to ! ,=tran language4 ,^! /atem5ts p]=m su* functions z def9+ multidim5sional pulse-height analyz]s 9 ! comput] memory1 p]=m+ pulse-height analysis us+ incom+ data z *annel numb]s1 & def9+ sep>ate programs to process ea* ( ! #af classes ( input ev5ts4 ,all ! special /atem5ts t make up ! new data-acquisition language are implem5t$ by means ( a preprocessor :i* conv]ts !m into ,=tran cod+1 :i* ! /&>d #cfj_/dd ,=tran compil] !n processes4 #c4 ,s(tw>e ,sy/em ,! g5]al-purpose multiprogramm+ op]at+ sy/em is a multilevel priority sy/em design$ to provide access to ! sy/em simultane\sly by an1 9 pr9ciple1 unlimit$ numb] ( us]s1 ea* ) unique priority4 ,unlimit$ means t !re is no arbitr>y re/riction on ! numb] ( us]s2 ! n? us] c always get access if ! facilities 8 p>ticul> job requires are n already 9 use4 ,two types ( us] are recogniz$ by ! sy/em3 ,! basic unit ( execution is ! logical us]1 or task4 ,ea* logical us] has a unique priority level4 ,swit*+ betwe5 us]s is c>ri$ out z a response to ,i_/,o1 tim]1 or ext]nal int]rupts1 at :i* "t ! highe/ priority us] 9 a position to execute ga9s control ( ! c5tral processor4 ,! basic unit ( memory protection is ! physical us]1 compos$ ( "o or m logical us]s engag$ 9 a common cause4 ,physical us]s correspond to real p do+ indep5d5t "w simultane\sly4 ,by divid+ 8 "w up among a gr\p ( logical us]s1 a p]son may take advantage ( ! p>allel process+ capabilities ( ! sy/em 9 a natural way4 ,s9ce logical us]s )9 a physical us] are n memory-protect$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 !y may communicate rapidly1 at full ma*9e spe$4 ,communication betwe5 diff]5t physical us]s is also possible1 via real or simulat$ ,i_/,o devices4 ,:ile ?is sy/em by no means gu>antees execution "t to any b ! highe/ priority us]1 x is adequate 9 a s+le-exp]im5t environm5t4 ,! assumption is t ! exp]im5t]1 :o has actual control ( ! comput] at all times1 loads 8 logical us]s 9 ! ord] 9 :i* he requires _! priorities4 ,foll[+ ?is1 o!r us]s load _! jobs1 gett+ :atev] memory & ,i_/,o facilities rema94 ,! am\nt ( processor "t available to ! o!r us]s v>ies inv]sely ) ! exp]im5t]'s c\nt+ rate & ! am\nt ( process+ he does on 8 data4 ,9 mo/ exp]im5ts1 ! exp]im5t] uses significantly less ?an #ej p]c5t ( ! processor "t simply because ^? exp]im5ts requir+ ! sophi/ication ( ! comput] also h r l[ c\nt+ rates4 ,a priori1 x is e/imat$ t ! simple priority algori?m describ$ above is n only adequate b pays a divid5d 9 t]ms ( r$uc$ sy/em ov]head "t z comp>$ to a m elaborate algori?m4 ,x also gu>antees t no data w be lo/ due to ! l[] priority us]s be+ 9 ! ma*9e4 ,9 g5]al ! new sy/em w provide all ! facilities ( #dd,,ps )9 ! multiprogramm+ framework1 includ+ execution ( ! ,=tran compil] simultane\sly ) data acquisition4 ,,table #d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! ,basic ,sy/em ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,cpu3 ) #abhk-byte memory1 #a-sec regi/]s1 ext]nal int]rupts1 float+ po9t1 "o high-spe$ multiplex *annel1 "o l[-spe$ multiplex *annel1 & "o s+le-disk /orage drive #bia1bhj4jj ----------- ,/&>d ,i_/,o ge>3 "o #bdjc-,v tape drive & control1 #bgja data adapt] = front end1 #addb c>d read]_/pun*1 #addc pr9t]1 #ahbg data control unit1 f\r disk c>tridges #afd1bei4jj ---------- ,data-acquisition & display subsy/em,c3 ,display sy/em 7,,rpq on #ahbg7 ) function keybo>d & light p5 #ai1jjj4jj #bigb-,,vii ,sci5tific ,int]face & ,control ,unit 7front end7 #dj1jjj4jj #f ,le,croy model #aeg,m g5]al-purpose regi/]s & ,,adc int]face to #bigb1 z design$ = ,m>yl& #e1iej4jj #b ,le,croy model #aej;,b scal] banks 7ea* conta9s eight #ae-;bit scal]s ) sep>ate inhibit1 /robe1 & reset1 z modifi$ = ,m>yl&7 #c1ijj4jj #b ,le,croy int]faces to connect model #aej;,b to #bigb #b1jjj4jj #d ,nor!rn ,sci5tific #djif-;*annel ,,adc's #h1hjj4jj ---------- ,data-acquisition & display subtotal #gi1fej4jj ,,total #ece1ahi4jj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,c ,z previ\sly /at$1 ! data-acquisition & display subsy/em intall$ at ,yale is ! laboratory prototype ( ! ,,ibm equipm5t1 = :i* ,yale paid only a nom9al sum4 ,,table #e ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,additional ,items ,ne$$ to ,make a ,sy/em ,id5tical to ! ,yale ,sy/em ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,cpu & p]iph]als3 additional high-spe$ multiplex *annel ) extra sub*annel1 high-spe$ 7#a_/d sec7 g5]al regi/]s1 additional s+le-disk /orage drive1 memory protect1 additional tape drive 7#bdj;,,iv71,d #afbg 7,calcomp7 plott] & adapt]1 keypun*1 six additional disk c>tridges #aad1caf4jj ,data-acquisition subsy/em #b additional ,nor!rn ,sci5tific #dk ,,adc's #d1djj4jj #b additional ,le,croy #aeg,m regi/]s #a1djj4jj ---------- ,co/s ( extras #abj1aaf4jj ,gr& total = basic sy/em #ece1ahi4jj ---------- ,co/ to copy ! ,yale sy/em ,,total #fee1cje4jj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,d ,ab\t #bj1jjj c be sav$ on tape drives by us+ ! sl[e/ ones 7#cjk bytes_/sec7 r ?an ! #abjk bytes_/sec units %[n "h4 #d4 ,co/s ,to ! laboratory int]e/$ 9 develop+ a sy/em ( ! magnitude ( ! ,yale sy/em1 b n a copy1 x mu/ be reit]at$ t nei!r ,yale's out-(-pocket co/s nor ! co/ ( copy+ ! sy/em repres5ts ! total co/ ( developm5t4 ,,ibm's developm5t co/s are n kn[n1 b !y may be assum$ to be v l>ge4 ,f ,,ibm's viewpo9t1 ! ,,adc & scal] project is ! lea/ successful "p ( ! :ole project4 ,al?\gh ^? in/rum5ts are te*nically excell5t1 ,,ibm is ei!r unwill+ or unable to sell !m at a price competitive ) ! co/s ( front-end & int]face equipm5t available f ! traditional nucle> in/rum5t manufactur]s4 ,h[ev]1 ,,adc's & scal]s available f ! traditional s\rces c easily be int]fac$ to ! front end 7^: price is 9 keep+ ) its p[] & v]satility74 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,m>yl& has foll[$ ?is proc$ure4 ,we !re=e pres5t ! co/ ( copy+ ! ,yale sy/em by "s o!r laboratory4 ,9 ,tables #d & #e foll[+ ! example ( ,m>yl&1 we h n select$ ,,ibm ,,adc's & scal]s b r less exp5sive compon5ts f traditional manufactur]s1 toge!r ) suitable adapt]s available comm]cially4 ,! prices %[n are to be consid]$ /rictly ref]5ce numb]s & 9 no way con/itute price quotations4 #e4 ,g5]al ,comm5ts on ,exp]i5ce ) ! ,sy/em ,/>t+ by produc+ an op]ational data-acquisition s(tw>e sy/em runn+ )9 ! /&>d bat* programm+ sy/em = ! #cfj_/dd enabl$ ! sy/em to become op]ational )9 ?ree mon?s ( ! deliv]y ( ! comput]4 ,?is n only enabl$ x to d useful "w almo/ imm$iately b also enabl$ important exp]i5ce to be ga9$ :i* is be+ appli$ to ! developm5t ( ! multiprogramm$ v]sion4 ,"o ( ! ma9 lessons s f> is t a bat*-ori5t$ sy/em b>ely beg9s to tap ! real-"t pot5tials ( a comput] su* z ! #cfj_/dd4 ,9 a bat* sy/em1 :atev] analysis is ne$$ dur+ data acquisition mu/ be someh[ ti$ to ! process+ ( ev5ts4 ,if ?is is n possible1 x is necess>y to /op data acquisition 9 ord] to d analysis ev5 ?\gh1 on a millisecond "t scale1 pl5ty ( ,,cpu "t is available dur+ acquisition4 ,multiprogramm+ s(tw>e is necess>y 9 ord] to utilize ?is available "t4 ,?is means t multiprogramm+ n only makes ! ma*9e available to sev]al p at a "t1 b1 m important1 x makes l>ge am\nts ( p>allel process+ p[] available to ! exp]im5t]4 ,x has also be5 %[n q conclusively t ! ability ( ! physici/ to program 8 own exp]im5t 79 ,=tran7 gives him enorm\s p[]1 p[] :i* simply w\ld n be available on a suitable "t scale if he has to queue up = ! s]vices ( a sy/em programm]4 ,:ile ! g5]aliz$ ev5t /ructure gives ! exp]im5t] consid]able ability to deal ) complex exp]im5tal situations1 x has an ov]head associat$ ) x :i* limits x to ab\t #ejjj ev5ts p] second4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 adequate = all exp]im5ts t dem& su* an ev5t /ructure4 ,= simple pulse-height analysis1 x is unnecess>y ov]head1 b x c be turn$ (f 9 a trivial way1 by simply def9+ ! completion ( fill+ ( ! buff] z an ev5t & call+ a special pulse-height-analysis program to process ! entire buff]1 bypass+ ! ev5t sort+4 ,?is all[s = close to #ajj1jjj pulse-height analyses p] second4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 few situations t ju/ify us+ a comput] z p[]ful z ! #cfj_/dd 9 a mann] j describ$ 7i4e41 do+ no?+ b simple addition #ajj1jjj times p] second74 ,!re=e1 su* simple exp]im5ts w %ortly be h&l$ by means ( a l9k betwe5 an exi/+ multi*annel analyz] & ! comput]4 ,! sy/em does n suff] f hav+ ! front end directly connect$ to ! #cfj_/dd4 ,! data *annel on ! #cfj_/dd is suffici5tly sophi/icat$ s t x p]=ms all ! functions t "o might relegate to a small ,,cpu plac$ betwe5 ! front end & ! #cfj_/dd1 )\t any int]f]5ce ) ! program curr5tly runn+ 9 ! ,,cpu4 ,! "o application describ$ above1 :i* does w>rant a sep>ate processor1 is h&l$ be/ by atta*+ ! processor to a sep>ate input port r ?an by plac+ x betwe5 ! front end & ! comput]4 ,?is enables x to d its int5d$ job )\t act+ z a bottl5eck 9 jobs requir+ ! p[] ( ! front end4 ,x also1 incid5tally1 w function z a completely sep>ate data input t]m9al if two simultane\s t]m9als %\ld ev] be requir$4 ,! p>ticul> display sy/em employ$ has work$ v well4 ,because ! display li/ is 9 ! ma9 memory ( ! comput]1 programm+ ( light-p5 & o!r manipulative actions is extremely easy1 b at ! price ( l>ge am\nts ( memory be+ ti$ up4 ,x is cle> t ! sy/em _c support two su* t]m9als if !y are to be truly indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,x is equally cle> t ! display is z useful 9 data analysis z x is 9 data acquisition4 ,a second display t]m9al is !re=e be+ add$4 ,! select$ unit 7built by ,comput] ,displays1 ,inc47 is ori5t$ ar\nd ! ,tektronix #faa /orage oscilloscope4 ,x provides bo? alpham]ic & graphic display1 z well z an int]active device 7a cursor mov$ by means ( a joy/ick7 = a price ( #hjjj to #ab1jjj plus ! co/ ( int]fac+ to ! comput]4 ,f4 ,,multiple-,,comput] ,,sy/ems #a4 ,introduction ,at ! ,rutg]s-,bell 7,,rb7 nucle> physics laboratory1 "w has be5 done ) two diff]5t two-,,cpu sy/ems4 ,! fir/ ( ^! repres5t$ ess5tially two duplicate processors 7,figure #h71 & ! second1 n[ 9 ! process ( implem5tation1 two processors ( diff]5t size & capability 7,figure #i74 ,:ile full data are n yet available on ! actual p]=mance ( ! second sy/em1 an outl9e ( ! exp]i5ce to date w be giv54 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #h ,! two-c5tral-processor sy/em ( ,rutg]s-,bell4 #b4 ,two ,equival5t ,processors ,! initial success ( ! orig9al ,,rb ,,sds #iaj data-acquisition sy/em 0 soon temp]$ by a result ( its popul>ity3 dur+ mo/ exp]im5ts ! comput] 0 unavailable = program developm5t or data analysis4 ,s9ce mo/ exp]im5ts requir$ ! use ( displays & light p5s 9 at lea/ "o /age ( data analysis1 ! comput] c5t] c\ld n h&le ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #i ,! new ,rutg]s-,bell ,sigma #b-,sigma #e sy/em4 ,! solution adopt$ 0 to acquire ano!r comput] ) ! same in/ruction set 7an ,,sds #ibe7 & to provide swit*es su* t ! l9e pr9t]1 c>d read]1 & plott] c\ld be run f ei!r comput]4 ,no provision 0 made = direct transf] ( data f "o comput] to ! o!r4 #c4 ,lessons f ,op]at+ ,exp]i5ce ,9 practice ?is sy/em work$ out q well4 ,!re 0 complete int]*angeability ( programs f ! #iaj to ! #ibe1 :i* diff]$ only 9 be+ five times fa/]4 ,normally ! swit*able p]iph]als 7 run f ! #ibe2 :5 ! gr\p tak+ data wi%$ to pr9t or plot curr5t spectra1 !y consult$ ) ! #ibe us]s1 !n us$ ! p]iph]als ) little m difficulty ?an p]man5tly atta*$ units w\ld h involv$4 ,a fur!r advantage ( ! swit*able p]iph]als1 9 addition to ! co/ sav+1 0 t ! exp]im5ts associat$ ) ! #iaj c\ld proce$ :ile ! p]iph]als 7 be+ s]vic$4 ,! #iaj is exce$+ly reliable1 av]ag+ less t "o ma9 frame failure p] ye>1 & ! #ibe is ne>ly z reliable4 ,! va/ majority ( s]vice calls h be5 occasion$ by ! p]iph]als & h compet$ ) data analysis b n ) accel]ator utilization4 ,9 addition to ! swit*$ p]iph]als1 bo? comput]s 7 equipp$ ) two magnetic tape transports1 electric typewrit]1 & high-spe$ pap]-tape read] & pun*4 ,:ile ^! units 7 also subject to d[ntime1 ! pap]-tape sy/em & ! typewrit] c\ld be ex*ang$ betwe5 ! #iaj & #ibe4 ,only ! magnetic-tape transports requir$ ! use ( ! #iaj ,,cpu dur+ s]vic+1 & ! pres5ce ( two transports has usually meant t ! second "o c\ld c>ry ! load until ! weekly accel]ator ma9t5ance p]iod4 ,:ile ! reliability record ( ! c5tral processors has be5 excell5t1 t ( _m ( ! p]iph]als has n4 ,"h is an excell5t ju/ification = r5t+ comput+ equipm5t3 if units d n "w well1 !y c be return$4 ,= a "t1 a l[-co/ c>d read] 7#ajj c>ds p] m9ute7 built by ,,ncr = ,,sds 0 us$4 ,x 0 unacceptable 9 reliability & 0 replac$ by ! ,univac read] :i* came ) ! #ibe4 ,ano!r unit return$ 0 a c>tridge magnetic-tape sy/em built by ,,sds4 ,! ,ampex ,,tm-#d magnetic-tape transports on bo? ! #iaj & #ibe h be5 consi/5tly poor 9 reliability1 b no o!r unit has be5 available to replace !m4 ,a manufactur]'s "n does n seem to be a gu>antee ( good or bad quality--! l9e pr9t]1 also made by ,,ncr1 has be5 excell5t bo? 9 reliability & pr9t quality4 #d4 ,limitations on a ,tw9-,comput] ,sy/em ,:ile ! two-comput] sy/em g5]ally rat$ high 9 us] satisfaction1 consid]ations ( p]=mance h l$ to ! design ( a l>g] & m p[]ful sy/em ) totally new compon5ts4 ,! #ibe1 )\t wir$ multiplication or float+-po9t op]ations1 0 too sl[ = !oretical computation or = _m types ( data analysis su* z ^? us+ ,monte ,c>lo me?ods4 ,int]active me?ods ( analysis1 us+ a display & light p51 h be5 f\nd v effective 9 ! cases :]e ! #ibe c\ld accommodate !m b h n be5 available ?r\gh ei!r ! ,bell ,laboratories or ,rutg]s comput] c5t]s4 ,a fur!r limitation on ! e>li] sy/em 0 t only "o p]son c\ld use ! #ibe at a "t4 ,! g5]ation ( a display involv$ ! full "t ( ! ,,cpu1 & :ile multiprogramm+ might h be5 able to div]t "s ,,cpu "t1 ! #hk memory size did n p]mit x4 ,data acquisition on ! #iaj 0 limit$ 9 array size to ! capacity ( ! core memory4 ,= multip>amet] exp]im5ts1 ?ree1 six1 or ev5 twelve #djif-;*annel arrays h be5 /or$ 9 core1 b ! advantages ( live display available ) core /orage h disc\rag$ anyone f h&l+ l>ge arrays by logg+ raw data on magnetic tape = analysis lat]4 ,memory expansion w\ld h be5 desirable1 b ! necessity ( mak+ ! expansion on bo? ! #iaj & ! #ibe effectively d\bl$ ! co/4 ,limit$ flexibility1 !n1 is a major drawback ( ?is type ( sy/em4 ,z long z only two us]s ne$$ to be accommodat$1 & ea* c\ld adapt to exactly half ( ! total core /orage1 x 0 satisfactory & provid$ r$undant facilities to gu>d aga9/ exp]im5t d[ntime due to comput] failures4 #e4 ,new ,directions ,9 ord]+ a new comput] p[]ful en\gh to h&le mo/ ( ! nucle> physics laboratory's data analysis & !oretical comput+ tasks1 co/ rul$ out ! acquisition ( a pair ( program-compatible comput]s4 ,x 0 recogniz$ t desirable features ( ! orig9al sy/em w\ld h to be obta9$ 9 new ways4 ,accessibility ( ! sy/em = programm+ c\ld be improv$ by runn+ a simple "t-%>+ monitor on x4 ,reliability c\ld be enhanc$ by avoid+ b>ga9 p]iph]als & us+ only items ( demon/rat$ high quality & by ! capability ( runn+ ! p]iph]als on ei!r comput]4 ,! use ( a sep>ate ,,cpu = data collection /ill seem$ p>ticul>ly desirable1 h[ev]4 ,a comb9ation ( a l>ge 7by pres5t /&>ds7 comput] ) a p[]ful small comput] z a front end 0 design$4 ,x includes a display disk = refre%+ displays )\t ,,cpu att5tion1 z well z = /or+ data arrays too l>ge to be kept 9 core4 ,! comput]s select$ 7 a #cbk1 #cb-;bit ,,sds ,sigma #e & a #abk1 #af-;bit ,sigma #b4 ,! new sy/em1 ) sep>ate & nonequival5t comput]s1 w h advantages ov] ! old sy/em 9 data analysis & g5]al computation1 because ^! w be done on ! l>g] comput]1 ei!r 9 "t %>+ or bat* mode4 ,"t %>+ %\ld enhance ! flexibility ( ! sy/em by mak+ x easi] to g5]ate & debug new programs1 9 addition to improv+ ! accessibility4 ,= ! data-collection comput]1 ,,rb w lose ! advantage ( a sep>ate comput] on :i* complete debugg+ ( programs may be done4 ,?is loss c be tol]at$ s9ce ! fraction ( ! load c>ri$ by ! ,sigma #b w be less ?an t c>ri$ by ! #iaj 9 ! old sy/em4 ,9 ! old sy/em1 v few di/9ct data input or display programs 7 writt54 ,a few subr\t9es & _! call+ p>amet]s suffic$ = all ne$s = six ye>s2 ! logic & ,i_/,o op]ations unique to ea* exp]im5t 7 writt5 9 ,=tran by ! exp]im5t]s4 ,9 ! new sy/em1 ! ,sigma #b w be conc]n$ ) ! op]ations us$ 9 ! data acquisition & =mat+ ( displays2 mo/ ( ! re/ c be left 9 ! ,sigma #e1 ) r\t9es s5t ov] to ! ,sigma #b "u ! "t-%>+ sy/em4 ,if ! us] %\ld pref]1 he c op]ate ! ,sigma #b directly & make use ( ! ,sigma #e only = data /orage4 ,until v rec5tly1 program developm5t on ! ,sigma #b has be5 sl[ because x lack$ means ( gett+ program li/+s quickly4 ,we h n[ develop$ an assembl] = ! ,sigma #b :i* runs on ! ,sigma #e4 ,! availability ( c>d read] input & l9e pr9t] output has greatly spe$$ ,sigma #b s(tw>e developm5t4 ,! load+ ( ,sigma #b programs is also mu* m conv5i5t1 s9ce !y c be /or$ on ! ,sigma #e disk & load$ exactly z ,sigma #e programs4 ,x seems highly desirable to h an assembl] = any small data-acquisition comput] capable ( runn+ on ano!r ma*9e2 ! means ( transport+ ! object code to ! small comput] is ( less importance4 ,! reliability ( ! new equipm5t has be5 excell5t4 ,only ! c>d read] has _h any d[ntime ( consequ5ce1 & modifications seem to h resolv$ its problems4 ,! ,sigma #e ma9 frame has _h no failures 9 #ab mon?s1 & ! ,sigma #b has _h only "o 9 ! pa/ ye>4 ,if ?is record cont9ues1 ! loss ( ! r$undancy inh]5t 9 ! old #iaj_/ibe sy/em w n h any s]i\s effects4 #f4 ,comput]-,indep5d5t ,data ,bus ,sy/em ,"o compon5t ( ! new sy/em is tak+ on an increas+ly important role1 al?\gh x _h n be5 a "p ( ! orig9al plann+4 ,t is ! comput]-indep5d5t data bus consi/+ ( sy/em controll]1 b9 controll]1 & regi/] units4 ,only ! sy/em controll] is specific to a p>ticul> comput]2 moreov] ! same sy/em controll] design c\ld be us$ on bo? ! ,sigma #b & ,sigma #e by re/rict+ ! data pa? to #af bits4 ,! regi/] units are us$ to int]face ext]nal devices to ! comput] q *eaply2 a typical regi/] us$ "h to int]face an exi/+ ,calcomp plott] to ! new comput]s co/s ab\t #cjj 9 p>ts & labor4 ,simil> units are us$ to int]face ! ,sigma #e to ! ,sigma #b & to ! #iaj1 to drive a tempor>y core-resid5t display on ! ,sigma #e1 to read pu%button inputs1 & to read ,,adc's4 ,! display disk controll] n[ "u con/ruction uses ^! regi/]s to furni% control in=mation1 al?\gh ! data g directly to & f ! core4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ! regi/]s are read & writt5 "u program int]rupt control1 b ! design is n limit$ to program-controll$ op]ation4 ,by sub/itut+ a controll] design$ to op]ate automatically 7directly to core or to ! ,i_/,o processor7 spe$s approa*+ #a or #b sec p] ^w transf]r$ c\ld be obta9$4 ,su* int]faces h be5 built = v>i\s comput]s us+ ! ,european ,,camac bus sy/em1 :i* is conceptually simil>4 ,! sy/em is highly modul> & is built into ,,nim b9s ) modifi$ back connectors4 ,ex*ange ( modul> units has be5 v helpful 9 debugg+ ! sy/em1 & presumably x w also be helpful 9 case ( failures 9 op]ation4 ,?is is a mu* m satisfactory situation ?an t :i* 0 obta9$ ) ! ,,adc int]face on :i* ,,rb collaborat$ ) ,brookhav54 ,! latt] unit 0 built ) comput]-type con/ruction3 comm]cial logic c>ds & wire-wrapp$ back panel4 ,debugg+ ( t unit 0 exce$+ly labori\s because ( ! lack ( modul>ity 9 its compon5ts4 ,! comput]-indep5d5t bus sy/em has n be5 exp5sive 9 manp[]4 ,x has requir$ ab\t #i man-mon?s 9 design & debugg+ & some:at less "t 9 con/ruction4 ,! regi/]s co/ ab\t #cjj1 z m5tion$1 & ! controll]s #aejj to #bjjj dep5d+ on ! ne$ = cable driv]s4 #g4 ,co/s ,! co/s ( ! ,,rb multiple-comput] sy/em are giv5 9 ,table #f4 ,! figures are approximate & n ! result ( detail$ acc\nt+4 ,,table #f ,sy/ems ,co/s ( ,rutg]s-,bell ,multiple-,comput] ,sy/em ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- a4 ,orig9al #iaj_/ibe sy/em ,sy/ems_/programm+ #a man-ye> ,int]face design #iaj #f man-mon?s #ibe #c man-mon?s ,int]face con/ruction #iaj #ae1jjj includ+ display #ibe #aa1jjj ,comput] co/s #iaj #c1ejj_/mon?2 b\ght ) r5tal all[ance = #eh1jjj #ibe #d1hjj_/mon?2 includ+ l9e pr9t] & c>d read] ,ma9t5ance & updat+ #iaj #a man-ye>1 ov] #f ye>s b4 ,new sy/em 7includ+ "s compon5ts n yet acquir$7 ,plann+ & exp$it+ #a - #a_/b man-ye>s ,sy/ems programm+ #c man-ye>s to date1 #b m expect$ ,,adc int]face ,eng9e]+ design #bj1jjj ,con/ruction & te/ #i1jjj sp5t outside ,p>ts #aa1jjj ,"t sp5t locally #i man-mon?s ,data bus sy/em ,p>ts #e1jjj ,design & debug #i man-mon?s ,con/ruction #f man-mon?s ,display disk sy/em ,disk ) #fd heads & amplifi]s #bd1jjj ,int]face to ,sigma #e1 ,sigma #b1 & displays #aj1jjj 7e/imat$1 s9ce design is n complete7 #d #ad-;94 displays ) analog rotators & light p5s #ab1jjj ,?ree teletypes #e1jjj ,miscellane\s te*nical "w #a man-ye> ,comput] co/s ,sigma #b #ej1jjj ,sigma #e #ddj1jjj pur*ase equival5t1 b "p is leas$ ,,totals ,,= ,,new ,,sy/em ,,ca% ,,co/s #ehf1jjj ,,"t #h man-ye>s pr(essional #c man-ye>s te*nician ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,g4 ,a ,,process-,,control ,,sy/em3 ,,! ,,brookhav5 ,,multiple ,,spectromet] ,,control ,,sy/em 7,,mscs7 #a4 ,introduction ,9 #aife1 a sy/em bas$ on an ,,sds #ibj comput] 0 put into op]ation at ! ,brookhav5 ,national ,laboratory to control data-acquisition processes involv+ eight neutron spectromet]s & "o x-ray spectromet]4 ,! neutron spectromet]s are locat$ on ! floor surr\nd+ ! ,high ,flux ,beam ,reactor 7,,hfbr72 ! x-ray spectromet] 0 plac$ 9 ! same build+ 9 ord] to facilitate l9k+ x to ! comput]4 ,! sy/em c control ! execution ( exp]im5ts on all n9e sets ( app>atus simultane\sly1 yet ea* exp]im5t] feels t he is work+ ess5tially indep5d5tly ( all o!r us]s4 ,! sy/em controls all angul> rotations ( cry/als & c\nt]s1 all detector c\nt+1 ! data displays1 ! input & output op]ations1 & automatic error responses4 ,x c also p]=m mo/ ( ! calculations necess>y = real-"t guidance ( ! c\rse ( ! exp]im5ts4 ,= example1 ! exp]im5t] c m\nt a cry/al on a goniomet] at approximately ! correct angul> ori5tation1 !n he c specify to ! comput] :]e sev]al peaks %\ld be f\nd1 :]eupon ! comput] w direct ! execution ( a trial exp]im5t to f9d :]e ! peaks d1 9 fact1 occur1 execut+ lea/-squ>es calculations 9 ! process1 aft] :i* ! error 9 cry/al ori5tation is kn[n & ! angul> scales are automatically correct$4 ,9 ano!r example1 ! comput] is giv5 z input in=mation ! cry/al con/ants 7unit cell7 & ! zone ori5tation ( ! cry/al on ! goniomet] & is ask$ to produce a scann+ ( a giv5 "p ( reciprocal space4 ,! comput] !n calculates :]e to look1 turns to a correct angle to *eck ! int5sity ( a c5tral peak1 & p]=ms ! o!r necess>y /eps1 mak+ _m decisions z x controls ! execution ( ! entire exp]im5t4 #b4 ,description ( ,sy/em ,:5 x 0 fir/ assembl$1 ! sy/em includ$ only two teletypes1 bo? locat$ ne> ! comput]4 ,e>ly 9 #aifi1 a communications network 0 add$ to p]mit ! in/allation ( a local1 assign$ typewrit] at ea* ( ! n9e spectromet] /ations1 z well z ?ree assignable remote teletypes locat$ 9 ! ,*emi/ry & ,physics build+s4 ,?is network incorporates a ,v>ian #fbj;i comput]4 ,x p]mits any ord9>y op]ation to be c>ri$ out f any ( ! #ab remote /ations1 except program load+1 :i* /ill mu/ be done via ! high-spe$ pap]-tape read] at ! comput]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aj ,! multiple-spectromet] control sy/em at ,brookhav5 ,national ,laboratory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aa ,block diagram ( a s+le-spectromet] control /ation ( ! ,,mscs %[n 9 ,figure #aj4 ,f ,d4 ,r4 ,beaucage1 ,m4 ,a4 ,kelley1 ,d4 ,ophir1 ,s4 ,rank[itz1 ,r4 ,j4 ,sp9rad1 & ,r4 ,van ,norton1 ,nucl4 ,in/rum4 ,me?ods #dj1 #bf 7#aiff74 ,! major p>ts ( ! sy/em 7,figure #aj7 are ! ,,sds #ibj comput] ) a #afk1 #bd-;bit memory1 a bulk /orage memory section compris+ two magnetic tapes units & "o #cb1jaj-^w drum1 ! communication network1 & ! n9e local control /ations 7,,scs7 at ! spectromet]s4 ,ea* ,,scs 7,figure #aa7 conta9s ! /epp+ motors requir$ = comput] control ( angul> rotations ( cry/als & c\nt]s1 toge!r ) %aft rotation encod]s 7optional1 increm5tal type7 to fe$ in=mation back to ! comput]4 ,ea* ,,scs also includes manual controls1 ! electronic c\nt]s associat$ ) ! radiation detectors1 c\nt] displays1 a decod+ & control section1 & o!r relat$ equipm5t4 #c4 ,lessons f ,op]at+ ,exp]i5ce a4 ,! sy/em n[ does all ?+s imag9$ to be necess>y4 b4 ,! comput] has prov$ to be rem>kably reliable1 ) a record ( ab\t #dj1jjj h\rs ( use )\t a breakd[n4 c4 ,a reasonable am\nt ( prev5tive ma9t5ance is done1 mo/ly dur+ ! "o week ( f\r t ! reactor is %ut d[n4 d4 ,"o p]son s]ves z op]ator & programm] 7= simple jobs74 ,he also transports magnetic tapes to ! comput+ c5t] = (f-l9e data process+ & p]=ms small] tasks4 ,! av]age us] does n ne$ to d any programm+4 e4 ,=tunately1 ! p :o h writt5 mo/ ( ! programs h rema9$ 9 att5dance & h updat$ ! programs frequ5tly4 ,ma*9e-language programm+ has n prov$ to be a bad *ore because ! sy/em is a fix$-h>dw>e setup4 f4 ,modes ( data collection c easily be *ang$4 g4 ,! ov]all p]=mance is excell5t4 ,! only problem is an occasional wip+ out ( a program due to ! fact t !re is no h>dw>e memory-protection feature 9 ! comput]4 ,^! accid5ts are e/imat$ to co/ at mo/ a loss ( a few p]c5t ( ! runn+ "t4 #d4 ,co/s ,! co/s 9 manp[] & doll>s ( ! ,,mscs are giv5 9 ,table #g4 ,,table #g ,co/ 9 ,manp[] & ,doll>s ( ,,mscs ---------------------------------------- --------------------- a4 ,eng9e]+ ,design & ,co/s 7,pr(essional ,only7 ov] #ab ,cal5d> ,mon?s ,man-,mon?s ,co/ ---------- -------- ,electronic equipm5t ,developm5t1 design1 con/ruction1 & />tup #ae #bh1jjj ,me*anical developm5t & liaison #d #g1jjj ,sy/em coord9ation1 developm5t1 design1 cod+1 etc4 #cj #ef1jjj ,p>amet] g5]at+1 data analysis1 & programm+ #ae #bh1jjj ---- -------- ,,total #fd #aai1jjj b4 ,con/ruction ,"t & ,co/s 7,te*nical7 ov] #af ,cal5d> ,mon?s ,man-,mon?s ,co/ ---------- -------- ,sy/em con/ruction & int]connection #ae #ag1jjj ,debugg+ & />tup #f #g1jjj ,docum5tation & draft+ #ab #ad1jjj ---- -------- ,,total #cc #ch1jjj c4 ,major ,compon5ts ,co/ ---------- ,orig9al co/ ,,sds #ibj 7#afk mem41 #if int]rupts7 #adg1jjj #ae-kc mag4 tape & controll] #bj1jjj #a add'l4 #ae-kc tape #ae1jjj ,magnetic drum memory #cf1jjj #i ,spectromet] control /ations #hf1jjj ,(f-l9e pap]-tape pre4 unit #e1jjj ---------- ,,total #cji1jjj ,replacem5t3 ,! major compon5ts ( ! ,,mscs _c be replac$ by new l9e units z !y are no long] 9 production4 d4 ,op]at+ ,co/s ,normal use ,p] ,ye> --------- ,comput] op]ator_/programm] #aa1jjj ,comput] ma9t5ance #ab1jjj ,mat]ials #d1jjj ,misc4 7m9or sy/em improvem5ts7 #aj1jjj ,ov]head #e1gjj --------- ,,total #db1gjj ,manp[] requir$ ,comput] op]ator_/programm] #a ,sy/ems programm] 7z requir$7 #a ,ma9t5ance p]sonnel 7"p-"t7 #b ,note3 ,all manp[] ) ! exception ( ! on-call sy/ems programm] has be5 co/$ 9 a above4 e4 ,,mscs ,communications ,network ,! ,communications ,network adjunct to ! ,,mscs 0 />t$ ,octob] #aifg1 & x became op]ational e>ly 9 #aifi4 ,man- ,cal5d> ,co/ ,mon?s ,mon?s ------- ------ -------- #a4 ,eng9e]+ design & programm+ #be1jjj #aj #ab #b4 ,compon5ts 7comm]cially available7 #ej1jjj - - #c4 ,con/ruction #f1jjj #d4b #g ------------------------ ,,totals #ha1jjj #ad4b #ai ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,h4 ,,relation%ip ,,to ,a ,,remote ,,comput+ ,,c5t] #a4 ,! ,small ,comput] ) a ,fa/ ,data ,l9k to a ,remote ,g5]al ,comput+ ,facility ,al?\gh ! use ( a small data-acquisition & exp]im5t-control comput] on-l9e to a remote comput+ c5t] ma*9e is n uncommon 9 high-en]gy p>ticle physics applications1 we "k ( few su* sy/ems pres5tly op]at+ 9 l[-en]gy nucle> physics4 ,= ! purposes ( ?is discussion1 we def9e g5]al comput+ facility to be a relatively l>ge-scale c5traliz$ in/allation *>g$ ) ! responsibility ( s]vic+ a wide range ( comput+ ne$s4 ,! typical univ]sity comput+ c5t] is our model = su* a facility4 ,9 light ( ! fact t only a few ye>s back ! remote comput] on-l9e to a g5]al comput+ facility 0 consid]$ to be ! wave ( ! future1 ) plans = su* sy/ems "u vigor\s discussion at _m l[-en]gy physics in/allations1 x is at fir/ sight surpris+ t !re is s little progress to report at ?is "t4 ,! ,van de ,graaff accel]ator laboratory at ! ,/ate ,univ]sity ( ,new ,york at ,/ony ,brook 0 "o su* facility plann+ to c\ple a ,,pdp-#i on h& to an ,,ibm ,sy/em #cfj_/fg available at ! univ]sity comput+ c5t]4 ,x is in/ructive to exam9e :at happ5$ !re4 ,9 #aifg1 ) ! completion ( ! new accel]ator s*$ul$ )9 a ye>1 x 0 decid$ t ! be/ way to acquire ! desir$ p[] & flexibility 9 comput+ support 0 ?r\gh a c\pl$ sy/em ( ! k9d "u discussion4 ,plans 7 =mulat$ = a high-spe$ transmission l9e to a control unit on a selector *annel at ! comput] c5t]4 ,s9ce true "t-%>+ ( ! ,sy/em #cfj_/fg 0 n 9 ! (f+1 a #abhk-byte p>tition ( high-spe$ core /orage 0 to be p]man5tly d$icat$ to ! ne$s ( exp]im5tal physics 7includ+ ! p>ticle-physics gr\p71 & a high-spe$ program-swapp+ drum & at lea/ "o tape drive 7 to be assign$ to ! physics us]s z well4 ,:at actually happ5$ 0 t z funds became available to ! l[-en]gy physics gr\p to implem5t its %>e ( ! remote l9k to ! comput] c5t]1 s5tim5t %ift$ to ! po9t ( view t ! funds c\ld m usefully be inve/$ 9 a second ,,pdp-#i in/all$ at ! accel]ator1 & ! second small-to-int]m$iate class comput] 0 9 fact pur*as$4 ,! two ,,pdp-#i's are c\pl$ only by a swit*able tape drive1 ) no plans at pres5t = direct *annel-to-*annel communication4 ,plans = a remote l9k to ! comput+ c5t] h be5 completely dropp$2 any fur!r funds = comput+ w be inve/$ 9 l>g] high-spe$ core /ores = ! ,,pdp-#i's1 at lea/ 9 ! =eseeable future4 ,conv]sations ) ! pr9cipals involv$ 9 ! op]ation ( ! ,/ony ,brook l[-en]gy physics facility fail to yield a cle> & uni=m explanation ( ! *ange 9 comput+ outlook4 ,"o _c escape ! impression t ! gr\p 0 n wildly en?usia/ic ab\t ! propos$ remote l9kup 9 ! fir/ place1 & t ! evid5t imm$iate b5efits to ! gr\p ( a second ,,pdp-#i on h& = program debugg+ & exp]im5t setup :ile ! second ma*9e 0 runn+ an exp]im5t 7 irresi/ible :5 comp>$ to ! future promise ( a remote l9k to ! ,,ibm #cfj_/fg4 ,! physici/s 7 n anxi\s to und]take :at 0 expect$ to be a sub/antial sy/ems program developm5t task = ! c\pl$ sy/em1 be+ unconv9c$ t ! result w\ld be wor? ! ef=t4 ,:ile !y /ill wi% to increase ! comput+ p[] available to !m on-site1 !y h elect$ to a*ieve t end by exp&+ high-spe$ core /orage on _! ma*9es1 at lea/ until true "t-%>+ becomes available at ! c5tral comput+ facility4 ,! c\pl$ sy/em at ! ,univ]sity ( ,manitoba cyclotron is repres5tative ( :at 0 int5d$ at ,/ony ,brook4 ,at t in/allation1 ! ,,pdp-#i is l9k$ to ! comput+ c5t]'s ,,ibm #cfj_/fe by a control unit comm]cially available f ,,dec = ab\t #ae1jjj4 ,! unit connects ! ,,pdp-#i 7or its successor1 ! ,,pdp-#ae7 directly to a ,sy/em #cfj selector *annel1 )\t requir+ an additional control unit4 ,! maximum data-transf] rate at ,manitoba ov] a #bjjj-;foot twi/$ pair cable is #ejk bytes_/sec4 ,a relatively unsophi/icat$ set ( sy/em programs has be5 writt5 to control communication & transf] ( data betwe5 ! two comput]s4 ,! only exp]im5t to :i* ! c\pl$ sy/em 7z di/9ct f ! /&-alone use ( ! ,,pdp-#i7 has be5 appli$ is a p-p brems/rahlung measurem5t1 :]e ! data are develop$ 9 wire sp>k *amb]s & pla/ic sc9tillation c\nt]s4 ,in=mation f ! wire *amb]s def9es proton trajectories1 & pulse heights f ! c\nt]s det]m9e _! en]gies4 ,! ,,pdp-#i fir/ tries to recon/ruct a v]tex f ! proton trajectories4 ,if a po9t ( orig9 c be det]m9$ = ! protons to ! requir$ accuracy1 ! relevant coord9ates = ! proton trajectories & ! pulse heights are s5t to ! ,,ibm #cfj_/fe = full k9ematic & /ati/ical analysis ( ! individual ev5t2 o!rwise1 ! ev5t is reject$4 ,! l>ge comput] also prep>es displays & plots ( physical int]e/ t are return$ to ! ,,pdp-#i = display on ! local ,,crt or output on ! local x-y plott]4 ,! remote comput] op]ates 9 a multiprogramm+ r ?an 9 a "t-%>$ environm5t1 ) an assign$ p>tition ( #fek bytes4 ,because ( ! well-design$ program ov]lay feature ( ! #cfj_/fe op]at+ sy/em1 ! ,manitoba gr\p does n f9d itself re/rict$ by ?is relatively small p>tition4 ,because ( o!r dem&s on ! comput+ c5t]1 h[ev]1 !y are re/rict$ 9 ! use ( ?is p>tition to #af h\rs_/day & #e days_/week4 ,! op]ation ( ! c\pl$ sy/em is controll$ almo/ entirely f ! ,,pdp-#i teletype1 ) #cfj_/fe op]ator int]v5tion requir$ only = initial load+ ( ! p>tition1 (f-l9e pr9t\t1 &1 ( c\rse1 m\nt+ magnetic tapes at ! comput+ c5t]4 ,us]s ( ! ,manitoba sy/em are pleas$ ) ! coop]ation & s]vice !y h receiv$ f ! comput+ c5t] ?us f>1 & !y are anticipat+ no difficulties develop+ z _! dem&s on ! c5tral comput+ facility increase4 ,b :ile use ( ! c\pl$ sy/em = exp]im5ts o!r ?an t describ$ is cle>ly possible & desirable1 no in=mation 0 available on plans = ! future4 ,! ,brookhav5 on-l9e remote network 7,brooknet71 :]e a pair ( ,,cdc #ffjj ma*9es %>+ a common "o million ^w ext5d$ core /orage unit may be int]fac$ ov] a high-spe$ *annel to z _m z #fd remote data-acquisition comput]s1 c be consid]$ an extreme example ( a c\pl$ sy/em4 ,al?\gh ! s(tw>e = ,brooknet is report$ to be complete & debugg$1 ! sy/em has n yet begun r\t9e op]ation1 & ! fir/ remote comput] int5d$ = l[-en]gy physics application 7a ,,pdp-#ae7 has n yet be5 deliv]$4 7,! only ,brooknet us] at pres5t is ! ,*emi/ry ,dep>tm5t1 :i* has a remote bat* t]m9al3 teletype1 c>d read]1 & pr9t]47 #b4 ,reasons = ,lack ( ,popul>ity ,:y has l9k+ data-acquisition comput]s directly to comput+ c5t]s n prov$ z popul> z ! obvi\s advantage ( hav+ access to an extremely p[]ful comput] w\ld lead "o to expect8 ,!re are a numb] ( contribut+ factors3 #a4 ,s9ce ! remote comput] c be us$ only if x is 9 op]at+ condition & if ! necess>y p]sonnel are pres5t1 ! physici/ /&s to lose "s ( 8 indep5d5ce & flexibility ( op]ation 7(t5 n f\r-%ift op]ation74 #b4 ,mo/ remote comput]s op]ate on a multiprogramm+ basis1 h5ce prompt int]rupts are n available4 ,! wait+ "t = att5tion might typically be sev]al t5?s ( a second1 !re=e ! comput] 9 ! physics laboratory %\ld be fairly p[]ful 9 ord] to h&le ! prelim9>y process+ & buff]+4 ,) su* a comput] at "w ! necessity = fairly rapid access to ! l>ge remote ma*9e may entirely disappe>1 or else ! exp]im5t] may be able to /ore p>tly process$ data on magnetic tape = subsequ5t fur!r r$uction (f-l9e at ! comput+ c5t]4 #c4 ,! total am\nt ( "t available to "o us] ( a %>$-"t sy/em p] day is always limit$4 ,! am\nt ( access "t gu>ante$ by ! comput+ c5t] may n be suffici5t4 #d4 ,9 "s cases !re is a "q ( *>ges1 & ! total exp5se ( involvem5t ) ! comput+ c5t] may be comp>able ov] a p]iod ( sev]al ye>s ) ! extra co/ ( buy+ a suffici5tly l>ge local comput] = ! laboratory to be able to h&le all ! ess5tial on-l9e calculations4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! calculations may take long] 9 t]ms ( ma*9e "t1 !y may n require z mu* laps$ real "t if !re are /r+5t limitations on comput] c5t] access "t4 ,*apt] #c ,a ,,review ,,& ,,analysis ,,( ,,exp5ditures ,9 ?is *apt] we pres5t a review & an analysis ( total exp5ditures = on-l9e comput+ 9 a l>ge numb] ( laboratories support$ by ! ,atomic ,en]gy ,commission & ! ,national ,sci5ce ,f\ndation ?r\gh #aifh4 7,app5dix ,b gives ! backgr\nd = ?is economic survey47 ,a4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,data ,laboratory directors 7 reque/$ to supply a sep>ate report cov]+ ea* data-acquisition sy/em curr5tly 9 use or "u con/ruction &1 9 addition1 to supply an e/imate ( anticipat$ future requirem5ts = ! p]iod #aigj-aigd4 ,! high-en]gy field 0 exclud$4 ,in=mation 0 also reque/$ on process-control applications1 e4g41 sy/ems to control accel]ator op]ation or to monitor progress & to execute control functions dur+ ! c\rse ( an exp]im5t4 ,9 e case details 7 to be suppli$ reg>d+ ! nature & capability ( ! sy/em & its co/ 9 doll>s & manp[] dur+ ! design1 con/ruction1 & op]ation phases4 ,9 all1 #df diff]5t sy/ems 7 report$ by #bb diff]5t in/itutions 7li/$ 9 ,app5dix ,b74 ,b]keley1 ,brookhav51 & ,oak ,ridge toge!r report$ #ba4 ,! v>i\s sy/ems range 9 total co/ 7includ+ manp[]7 f ab\t #dj1jjj to ab\t #a1jjj1jjj4 ,mo/ are 9 op]ation1 b a few are "u con/ruction1 & a few o!rs are 9 ! advanc$ proposal or design /age4 ,plans = #af sub/antial expansions & propos$ expansions ( exi/+ sy/ems 7 also report$4 ,!re 0 a wide range ( ?or\ghness ( compliance ) ! reque/2 = example1 co/ e/imates rang$ f ! mo/ meticul\s analyses d[n to "o case :]e no co/ in=mation :atev] 0 suppli$4 ,9 assess+ ! reliability & complet5ess ( ! data ! review] conclud$ t 9 g5]al ! co/s ( manufactur$ h>dw>e items su* z c5tral processors 7,,cpu's71 l9e pr9t]s1 c>d read]s1 rotat+ memory devices1 etc4 %\ld be reg>d$ z reasonably accurate1 :ile e/imates ( ! am\nt ( manp[] us$1 & its co/1 seem$ mu* less reliable2 9 fact1 ! manp[] item 0 frequ5tly n cov]$1 especially 9 connection ) ! prep>ation ( sy/ems s(tw>e4 ,:5ev] a report 0 m or less complete1 & !re seem$ to be a reasonable good basis = do+ s1 ! review] e/imat$ appropriate values = miss+ items by mak+ use ( figures giv5 9 m complete reports on simil> sy/ems con/ruct$ or op]at$ "u simil> circum/ances4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ab ,breakd[n ( sy/em = analysis4 ,) reg>d to labor co/s1 gov]nm5t laboratory p seem to be 9 a mu* bett] position to supply figures ?an are univ]sity p4 ,! review] got ! impression t ! univ]sity respond5ts h1 on ! av]age1 a mu* less cle> idea ( ! doll> value ( p's "t & a mu* less cle> idea ( h[ to e/imate reali/ically ! man-h\rs consum$ by v>i\s projects4 ,b4 ,,breakd[n ,,( ,,data ,,= ,,analysis ,because ( ! nature ( ! data ! review] sep>at$ ea* sy/em into ?ree p>ts = ! purpose ( analysis3 7#a7 ! data-acquisition c5tral processor 7,,cpu72 7#b7 ! /&>d comput] input-output 7,i_/,o7 devices su* z magnetic tapes1 disks1 c>d read]s1 pr9t]s2 7#c7 ! complete data-acquisition subsy/em 7,,das74 7,see ,figure #ab47 ,?is breakd[n has ! advantage t ! co/s ( ! fir/ two p>ts ( ! sy/em are usually fairly accurately kn[n4 ,! co/ ( ! ,,das includes ! price ( all manufactur$ units closely involv$ 9 its assembly1 includ+ scal]s1 ,,adc's1 pulse-height analyz]s1 & ! l 7b n detection equipm5t71 toge!r ) ! exp5ses associat$ ) all special con/ruction1 includ+ eng9e]+1 fabrication1 & p>ts4 ,all eng9e]+ & fabrication co/s associat$ ) ! entire sy/em c logically be *>g$ aga9/ ! ,,das1 because ! ,,cpu & ,i_/,o p>ts1 be+ assembl$ f /&>d manufactur$ items1 g5]ally are in/all$ by ! manufactur] )\t mu* ef=t or exp5se on ! "p ( ! laboratory p]sonnel4 ,que/ions occasionally arose 9 connection ) ! assignm5t ( ! co/ ( int]fac+ ! ,,das to ! ,,cpu4 ,su* co/s 7 assign$ to ! ,,das :5 ! units involv$ 7 ( a cu/om-built nature & to ! ,,cpu :5 !y 7 manufactur]'s items incorporat$ 9 ! comput] frame4 ,! v wide range ( types ( data-acquisition equipm5t 9 use necess>ily contributes to ! spread 9 ,,das co/s4 ,al?\gh a numb] ( items ( unc]ta9 co/s are lump$ toge!r 9 ?is def9ition ( ! ,,das1 ! proc$ure adopt$ is believ$ to h l$ to a valuable ov]all picture ( ! patt]n ( exp5ditures4 ,,table #h ,types ( ,comput]s ,us$ 9 ! ,sy/ems ,report$ ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,type ,numb] ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,asi #baj #a ,,asi #bajj #b 7#c7 ,,cdc #afj;,a #b ,,cdc #cajj #a 7#c7 ,,ddp #aaf #a ,,ddp #abd #a 7#b7 ,,emr #fjej #a ,,emr #facj #a 7#b7 ,,ibm #ahjj #b ,,ibm #cfj_/dd #b ,,ibm #gjid #a 7#e7 ,,pdp-#d #b ,,pdp-#e #a ,,pdp-#f #a ,,pdp-#g1 #g;,a #f ,,pdp-#h1 #h;,i #h 7#bd7 ,,pdp-#i #f ,,scc #ffj #a 7#a7 ,,sds ,,sigma #b #a ,,sds ,,sigma #e #a ,,sds ,,sigma #g #b ,,sds #iaj #a 7#h7 ,,sds #ibj #a ,,sds #ibe #a ,,sds #icj #a ,,sel #haj;,b #b ,,sel #hdj;,a #a 7#c7 ,v>ian #fbj;,i #b 7#b7 --- ,,total #ec ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,a f\r? item ( importance 9 ! analysis is ! co/ ( sy/em s(tw>e programm+4 ,?is is almo/ entirely a manp[] item1 assum+ t program te/+ & debugg+ c be c>ri$ out )\t *>ge = ! comput] "t involv$4 ,"h !re is consid]able unc]ta9ty 9 ! e/imates1 especially ) respect to univ]sity in/allations z well z sy/ems :i* h be5 9 op]ation = a long "t1 e4g41 ! l>ge sy/em at ,argonne4 ,! total co/ ( a sy/em is tak5 to be ! sum ( ! f\r items li/$ above1 namely1 ! ,,cpu1 ! /&>d ,i_/,o sy/em1 ! ,,das1 & ! sy/em s(tw>e exp5ditures4 ,9 all likelihood ! total co/s t5d to be too small r ?an too l>ge because ( incomplete assignm5ts ( *>ges ( v>i\s sorts1 especially manp[]4 ,9 _m cases ! totals seem reliable to #aj or #bj p]c5t1 :ile 9 a few o!rs an error ( #cj or ev5 #dj p]c5t w\ld n be surpris+4 ,c4 ,,types ,,( ,,comput]s ,table #h gives a li/+ ( ! #bg diff]5t types ( comput]s incorporat$ 9 ! sy/ems report$1 toge!r ) ! numb] ( units ( ea* type m5tion$4 ,( ! #bg types1 #bd are ma*9es design$ ) ?is g5]al sort ( application 9 m9d2 ! exceptional ?ree are ! ,,cdc #afj;,a1 ! ,,cdc #cajj1 & ! ,,ibm #gjid4 ,evid5tly1 ! ,,pdp ma*9es are ! mo/ popul> 7#bd units71 foll[$ by ,,sds types 7#h units71 & ,,ibm types 7#e units74 ,d4 ,,"s ,,total ,,co/s ,( ! #df sy/em reports1 #ce 7 suffici5tly complete to be useful 9 a detail$ analysis4 ,a hi/ogram %[+ ! di/ribution ( ^! 9 total co/ is giv5 9 ,figure #ac4 ,"o imm$iately sees t few sy/ems co/ less ?an #ajj1jjj2 9 fact only f\r 7 report$ 9 ?is range4 ,h[ev]1 x mu/ be po9t$ out t in=mation 0 solicit$ reg>d+ only ^? sy/ems :i* _h co/ approximately #ej1jjj or m4 ,! mo/ common range is #ajj1jjj to #bjj1jjj1 ) #ab examples4 ,! total co/ ( ! sy/em at ! ,yale ,van de ,graaff laboratory 0 n kn[n :5 ! hi/ogram 0 prep>$1 b ! h>dw>e is report$ to co/ ab\t #gej1jjj to duplicate & ab\t #fee1jjj to copy1 s if all[ance is made = ! co/ ( develop+ ! s(tw>e & = o!r manp[] uses ! co/ w\ld rise sub/antially4 7,?is sy/em is n "o ( ! #ce4 ,! conditions "u :i* ! ,yale-,,ibm developm5t are be+ c>ri$ out are s special t manp[] co/s _c be assign$ on ! basis us$ 9 o!r cases4 ,see ,*apt] #b1 ,section ,e47 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ac ,hi/ogram %[+ ! di/ribution ( #ce data-acquisition sy/ems 9 total co/4 ,a breakd[n ( total co/s = ! #ce sy/ems is giv5 9 ,table #i1 %[+ sep>ately ! total am\nts involv$ 9 ea* ( ! f\r categories def9$ above4 ,evid5tly1 ab\t #fj p]c5t ( ! co/ goes = /&>d comput] h>dw>e1 :ile ab\t #dj p]c5t goes = special h>dw>e & s(tw>e requir$ = data acquisition4 ,table #aj %[s sep>ately ! h>dw>e & labor co/s 9 ! ,,das item4 ,evid5tly1 h>dw>e is twice z exp5sive z labor 9 ?is case1 on ! av]age4 ,,table #i ,summ>y f #ce ,complete ,reports ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,p]c5tage ,subsy/em ,co/ ( ,total ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,cpu's ) memory & ,,tty #c1icc1jjj #ch4e ,/&>d p]iph]als #b1bic1jjj #bb4d ,data-acquisition subsy/em #c1jch1jjj #cj4j ,sy/ems s(tw>e #ica1jjj #i4a ----------- ----- ,,total #aj1aie1jjj #ajj4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,table #aj ,data-,acquisition ,subsy/em ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,h>dw>e #b1jbb1jjj ,labor #a1jaf1jjj ---------- ,,total #c1jch1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ad ,co/ ( /&>d p]iph]al equipm5t plott$ aga9/ c5tral processor co/s = #cf sy/ems4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ae ,co/ ( data-acquisition subsy/em plott$ aga9/ c5tral processor co/s = #cf sy/ems4 ,e4 ,,breakd[n ,,( ,,co/s ,,by ,,sy/ems ,9 ,figure #ad ! co/ ( ! /&>d ,i_/,o equipm5t is %[n plott$ aga9/ ! co/ ( ! ,,cpu = #cf diff]5t sy/ems4 ,! high po9t label$ ,t repres5ts a sy/em hav+ _m high-spe$ magnetic tape drives4 ,! l[ po9t label$ ,r repres5ts ! ,ro*e/] sy/em1 :i* mu/ be consid]$ unbalanc$1 because its only /&>d ,i_/,o equipm5t is f\r ,dectapes1 :i* %\ld1 p]haps1 h be5 def9$ z ,,cpu items1 s9ce !y _c be us$ = communication ) mo/ comput+ c5t]s4 ,if a l9e pr9t] & two ,,ibm-compatible tape units 7 add$1 ! ,ro*e/] po9t w\ld h to be rais$ at lea/ z high z ! position ,r'4 ,! /raight l9e %[n 9 ,figure #ad 0 drawn ) a slope ( "o half4 ,x may p]haps be tak5 to repres5t a r\gh /ati/ical reflection ( ! collective exp]i5ce accumulat$ ov] ! pa/ six ye>s or s reg>d+ ! relative co/s ( ,i_/,o & ,,cpu equipm5t4 ,9 ,figure #ae ,,das co/s are plott$ aga9/ ,,cpu co/s = ! same #cf sy/ems4 ,"h ! spread ( ! po9ts is worse ?an 9 ! previ\s case1 z expect$ = ! reasons m5tion$ e>li]4 ,! exceptionally high po9t label$ ,,pha repres5ts a sy/em ) ?ree l>ge pulse-height analyz]s1 two ( !m #bj1jjj-;*annel units1 9 ! ,,das4 ,! /raight l9e %[n has ! equation y #h4j #j4gx4 ,! ov]all ,,das co/ is #gg p]c5t ( ! total ,,cpu co/4 ,f4 ,,rotat+ ,,memory ,,devices ,"o magnetic drum unit & #aa disks 7 report$ to be 9 s]vice 79 eight diff]5t laboratories74 ,plans 7 report$ = ! in/allation ( six m disk units & "o drum 79 five diff]5t laboratories74 ,recognition ( ! importance ( rotat+ memory devices 9 display applications is evid5t 9 ! reports4 ,g4 ,,sy/ems ,,on-,,l9e ,,) ,,comput+ ,,c5t]s ,two sy/ems 7 cle>ly /at$ to be 9 successful on-l9e op]ation ) ext]nal comput+ c5t]s4 7,at lea/ "o m example1 at ! ,univ]sity ( ,manitoba1 is kn[n3 !re a ,,pdp-#i sy/em is l9k$ to an ,,ibm #cfj_/fe47 ,!re are plans 9 v>i\s /ages ( developm5t to connect n9e diff]5t data-acquisition sy/ems on-l9e ) comput+ c5t] ma*9es1 9 mo/ cases to op]ate on a delay$-access basis4 ,h4 ,,anticipat$ ,,future ,,exp5ditures ,9 cases :]e updat+ or enl>g+ ( exi/+ sy/ems 0 said to be 9 progress1 ! co/s report$ 7 usually assign$ by ! review] to ! pres5t sy/em1 especially :5 money = ! expansion seem$ already available or v likely to become available4 ,9 _m cases plans 7 9 a less advanc$ /ate1 b a fairly def9ite idea ( ! am\nt ( money to be reque/$ = expansion or = completely new sy/ems 0 express$4 ,table #aa summ>izes ^! anticipat$ co/s4 ,,table #aa ,anticipat$ ,future ,exp5ditures ---------------------------------------- -- ,= expansion ( sy/ems #c1bhj1jjj ,= additional sy/ems #a1dee1jjj ---------- ,,total #d1gce1jjj ---------------------------------------- -- ,i4 ,,inve/m5t ,,9 ,,accel]ators1 ,,comput] ,,sy/ems1 ,,& ,,laboratory ,,budgets ,c4 ,v4 ,smi? & ,george ,rogosa h k9dly made available approximate ,,aec budget figures = n9e typical univ]sity laboratories *os5 f ^? :i* _h return$ in=mation 9 response to ,dr4 ,mc,daniels' reque/4 7,! laboratories are ,colorado1 ,kansas1 ,m>yl&1 ,m9nesota1 ,texas1 ,wiscons91 ,wa%+ton1 ,yale ,l9ac1 & ,yale ,van de ,graaff47 ,aft] add+ simil> in=mation = ,ro*e/]1 x 0 possible to get a r\gh idea ( ! relative capital inve/m5ts 9 accel]ators & 9 comput] sy/ems & to comp>e ^? figures ) ! annual op]at+ budgets 7= #aifi74 total annual budget ------------------------ #j4cc co/ ( b>e accel]ator total comput] co/ #j4bb #j4jf by av]ag+ ------------------------ #j4bc - sep>ate ratios = ea* co/ ( b>e accel]ator sy/em total comput] co/ ------------------------ #j4gj total annual budget ,if ! ratio ( ! total comput] co/ to ! annual budget is calculat$ = ea* ( ! t5 cases1 & !n ! results are av]ag$1 "o gets #j4f #j4c4 ,if "o q unusual set ( data 7f a laboratory ) a small ,,aec budget7 is elim9at$ ! la/ result becomes #j4ef #j4ba1 :ile ! e>li] results rema9 ess5tially unalt]$4 ,= ! same n9e examples we f9d t ! av]age ( ! ratios ( total comput] sy/em co/s to b>e accel]ator co/s is #j4bb #j4jfb1 ?us ?is ratio is significantly m consi/5t4 ,x is emphasiz$ t ! results giv5 9 ?is p>agraph ref] only to exp]i5ce at univ]sities4 ,j4 ,,process-,,control ,,application ,tables #ab & #ac give a summ>y ( pres5t & anticipat$ process-control applications disclos$ by ! survey4 ,,table #ab ,curr5t ,process-,control ,applications ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,laboratory ,sy/ems ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,anl ,van de ,graaff accel]ator2 l>ge scatt]+ *amb] setup2 x-ray & neutron diffractomet]s2 automatic plate scann] ,,bnl ,neutron spectromet]s2 x-ray & neutron spectromet]s1 n9e 9 all ,mi*igan ,/ate ,cyclotron %im coils ,,ornl ,sl[ neutron "t-(-flight to measure capture & fission cross sections ,yale ,electron l9ac & beam optics2 exp]im5ts ) ! l9ac ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,table #ac ,future ,process-,control ,applications ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,laboratory ,sy/ems ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,mi*igan ,/ate ,control ( entire accel]ator sy/em ,m9nesota ,t&em ,van de ,graaff accel]ator & beam transport sy/em ,/an=d ,nucle> reaction exp]im5ts ,,ucla ,limit$ control ( cyclotron ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,*apt] #d ,,summ>y ,,& ,,recomm5dations ,,on ,,sy/em ,,plann+ ,a4 ,,! ,,ne$ ,,= ,,on-,,l9e ,,comput] ,,sy/ems ,! ultimate ju/ification = assembl+ & us+ on-l9e data-acquisition sy/ems mu/ be made 9 t]ms ( rese>* output4 ,! same consid]ations und]ly+ judgm5ts on ! support ( exp]im5tal rese>* 9 o!r ways mu/ !re=e apply to comput] sy/ems4 ,"s reasons (t5 giv5 = ! use ( on-l9e comput] sy/ems are ^!3 #a4 ,mod]n exp]im5ts produce va/ quantities ( data :i* c be h&l$ effici5tly only by automatic calculat+ ma*9]y4 ,! exp]im5t] ga9s greatly 9 effectiv5ess :5 ! data are imm$iately conv]t$ into ma*9e language1 r$uc$ by ! comput]1 & pres5t$ to ! exp]im5t] 9 a conv5i5t =m4 ,comm5t3 ,und\bt$ly true4 ,=tunately a small sy/em c satisfy ?is requirem5t 9 _m cases4 #b4 ,"s exp]im5ts _c be done by o!r means4 ,comm5t3 ,m likely true 9 practice ?an 9 pr9ciple4 #c4 ,inve/m5t 9 a comput] sy/em is sometimes s\nd because x leads to a net r$uction 9 ! ov]all co/ ( p]=m+ exp]im5ts1 ei!r by elim9at+ "s ( ! labor co/1 by r$uc+ ! consumption ( accel]ator "t1 or 9 "s o!r way4 ,comm5t3 ,true 9 _m cases4 ,mak+ e/imates ( project$ sav+s is easi] 9 ad hoc cases ?an 9 g5]al4 #d4 ,hav+ facilities imm$iately accessible = calculat+ nucle>-reaction k9ematics1 magnetic analyz] field /r5g?s1 & o!r ph5om5a dur+ ! c\rse ( exp]im5ts saves "t & promotes effici5cy4 ,comm5t3 ,true1 h[ev]1 mu* ( ?is "w c be done ahead ( "t1 & mu* ( x requires only a relatively %ort1 simple calculation :i* c be execut$ on a m$ium-siz$ comput]1 sometimes on a small "o4 #e4 ,giv5 a suffici5tly l>ge comput] sy/em 9 ! laboratory1 its use = complicat$ data r$uction & = !oretical calculations may produce an important sav+ ( funds :i* might o!rwise h be5 sp5t at ! comput+ c5t]4 ,comm5t3 ,?is po9t may sometimes be valid1 dep5d+ on a numb] ( conditions1 b ! in/allation ( a l>ge comput] z "p ( ! data-acquisition sy/em ess5tially on ! basis ( ?is argum5t is que/ionable1 9 view ( ! excell5t facilities (f]$ by mod]n comput+ c5t]s4 #f4 ,"s exp5se = ! developm5t ( comput] sy/ems & comput] sy/ems me?ods is ju/ifiable z an inve/m5t 9 me?odology4 ,comm5t3 ,true1 al?\gh !re is "s "q ab\t ! *oice ( places :]e su* "w %\ld be done & ab\t ! correct s\rce ( funds to support x4 ,b4 ,,:]e ,,%\ld ,,l>ge-,,scale ,,calculations ,,be ,,done8 ,at ! v outset ( plann+ "o %\ld exam9e v closely ! "q ( ! l>ge-scale calculat+ requir$ 9 ! ov]all execution ( ! rese>* program ( ! laboratory2 !n1 if1 z usual1 x turns out t a sub/antial am\nt ( complex calculat+ is anticipat$1 "o %\ld consid] c>efully ! feasibility ( plann+ to d t "p ( ! "w at ! mo/ readily accessible comput] c5t] 9 ! vic9ity1 s z to be able to conc5trate "o's own en]gies & res\rces1 especially capital inve/m5t1 on ! data-acquisition sy/em4 ,! use ( a mod]n comput] c5t] (f]s enorm\s advantages1 & mo/ comput+ c5t]s w\ld welcome support4 ,if ?is c\rse ( action is *os51 provisions mu/ be plann$ f ! />t = comput]-language communication betwe5 ! comput] c5t] & ! nucle> rese>* laboratory via a m$ium su* z magnetic tape4 7,direct wire transmission w (t5 n prove feasible47 ,"s key que/ions are3 #a4 ,h[ mu* l>ge-scale comput+ is anticipat$8 #b4 ,h[ mu* wait+ "t = results is tol]able8 #c4 ,c ! local comput+ c5t] h&le ! ne$s1 & at :at co/8 #d4 ,if ! local comput+ c5t] c h&le all ! ne$s1 b only aft] acquir+ c]ta9 additional support = equipm5t or manp[]1 might n ! bett] c\rse ( action be to provide t support r ?an to set up sep>ate facilities8 #e4 ,c sett+ up a l>ge sy/em truly be ju/ifi$8 ,h all ! extra co/s & complexities ( ! l>ge sy/em be5 tak5 into acc\nt1 includ+ ^? associat$ ) input & output devices1 op]ation1 ma9t5ance1 programm+1 managem5t1 & space8 ,c4 ,,ex]cis+ ,,economic ,,judgm5t ,,9 ,,plann+ ,s9ce ! ultimate crit]ion is rese>* output1 ! role assign$ to a comput] sy/em mu/ dep5d on ! nature ( ! "w be+ plann$4 ,9 "s cases :]e a v specific use is int5d$1 = example1 9 ! case ( a process-control application su* z ! ,argonne plate scann] or an accel]ator controll]1 ! conditions are simple en\gh to make economic judgm5t relatively easy to apply4 ,9 ! case enc\nt]$ 9 sett+ up an accel]ator laboratory :]e a wide v>iety ( exp]im5ts is to be p]=m$1 conditions are mu* m complex4 ,x is n[ widely accept$ t any su* laboratory %\ld h a comput] sy/em1 b :at is n s cle> is h[ ext5sive & exp5sive x %\ld be4 ,9 o!r words1 po9ts #a-d 9 ,b are accept$1 & po9t #e is conc$$ possibly to be applicable4 ,if suffici5t funds are available1 "o s5sible way to proce$ is to use ! accumulat$ collective exp]i5ce outl9$ above4 ,= example1 "o c say t exp]i5ce has %[n t ! total inve/m5t 9 ! comput] sy/em w be 9 reasonable balance ) ! capital inve/m5t 9 ! b>e accel]ator if ! ratio ( co/s is ab\t "o to five4 ,dep>tures f ! rule may !n be made to adju/ to special circum/ances4 ,foll[+ ?is proc$ure means extrapolat+ f pa/ exp]i5ce1 :i* may n prove a good guide1 b ?is approa* is simil> to t (t5 us$ 9 o!r matt]s be>+ on ! support ( rese>*4 ,probability is involv$4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! actual exp5ditures = on-l9e equipm5t = nucle> rese>* h f> exce$$ ^? project$ at ! ,gross+] ,conf]5ce on ! ,utilization ( ,multip>amet] ,analyz]s 9 ,nucle> ,physics 9 #aifb4 ,9 times ( economic /r+5cy x may be necess>y to take a h>d look at po9ts #c-e 9 ,b above be=e decid+ h[ l>ge a comput] c be ju/ifi$4 ,a m$ium-siz$ comput] is suffici5t = mo/ data-acquisition dem&s b n = l>ge-scale calculations ( a !oretical nature or = an occasional complicat$ piece ( data r$uction4 ,(t5 x w be advisable to plan on c>ry+ out all l>ge calculations at ! comput+ c5t]1 9 :i* case a m$ium-siz$ comput] w probably suffice = data acquisition1 & a sav+ ( ab\t half 9 capital inve/m5t & op]at+ exp5ses c be a*iev$4 ,d4 ,,on ,,! ,,utility ,,( ,,small ,,& ,,m$ium-,,siz$ ,,comput]s ,if economic realities & good judgm5t %\ld dictate ! *oice ( a small] sy/em1 ! laboratory w /ill be well (f4 ,!re is a t5d5cy n to recognize ! full capabilities ( mod]n m$ium-siz$ & small comput]s1 :i*1 giv5 intellig5t programm+1 are v p[]ful4 ,al?\gh programm+ is 9 g5]al exp5sive1 ! return = a mode/ am\nt ( x 9 t]ms ( data-acquisition p]=mance may be v impressive4 ,= example1 ! use ( tables calculat$ ahead ( "t1 /or$ on magnetic tape at ! comput+ c5t]1 & read into ! data-acquisition ma*9e along ) its control program (f]s a way to bypass ! ne$ = v>i\s sorts ( calculations :i* might h be5 done on-l9e on a l>g] sy/em4 ,increas$ effici5cy ( data acquisition (t5 comes f ! use ( su* me?ods1 reflect$ 9 increas$ data-h&l+ rates4 ,e4 ,,gr[? ,,consid]ations ,! sy/em plann] %\ld try to anticipate a possible future expansion4 ,9 ! case ( a cut-&-dri$ process-control application x w (t5 be safe to assume t ! sy/em w n h to gr[1 b rec5t hi/ory %[s t 9 ! case ( g5]al-purpose sy/ems gr[? is ! rule4 ,9 fact1 sy/ems h sometimes _h to be replac$ by entirely new ones4 ,! sy/em plann] mu/ bew>e ( pitfalls4 ,if1 9 anticipation ( a great] future ne$1 a mu* l>g] ,,cpu is ord]$ ?an curr5t use dem&s1 ! anticipat$ ne$ may n develop4 ,or1 if x happ5s t ! money initially available = capital inve/m5t is s limit$ t x is all exhau/$ 9 buy+ ! ,,cpu1 leav+ ! sy/em badly %ort ( conv5tional ,i_/,o equipm5t1 !n ! sy/em w rema9 pa9fully unbalanc$ until sub/antial additional funds appe>4 ,if ^? funds d n appe>1 ! capability ( ! sy/em w rema9 f> less ?an ! pres5ce ( ! l>ge ,,cpu w\ld sugge/4 7,?is is :at happ5$ at ,ro*e/]1 :]e ?ree ye>s aft] ! sy/em 0 in/all$ !re is /ill no c>d read]1 l9e pr9t]1 or conv5tional magnetic tape drive sy/em2 9 fact1 !re is no comput]-language m$ium = communication ) ! ,univ]sity ( ,ro*e/] ,comput+ ,c5t]47 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #af ,a data-acquisition sy/em bas$ on a m$ium-siz$ comput]4 ,prices are actual co/s = equipm5t suppli$ by a well-kn[n manufactur]4 ,?is sy/em is p[]ful en\gh to satisfy mo/ data-acquisition ne$s at a typical l[-en]gy accel]ator laboratory4 ,! correct /rategy to employ 9 e case %\ld be consi/5t ) ! size ( ! laboratory & ) ! capabilities ( its /aff4 ,a laboratory ) a small eng9e]+ /aff & ) mode/ comput+ ne$s = ! imm$iate future %\ld c]ta9ly n plan to set up a l>ge sy/em4 ,in/ead x c\ld s5sibly beg9 ) a manufactur]-assembl$1 trimm$-d[n v]sion ( ! ,comp>ison ,sy/em 7,figure #af71 :i* c\ld be enl>g$ lat] z occasion dem&$ & funds p]mitt$4 ,f4 ,,%ort ,,summ>y ,,( ,,conclusions ,,reg>d+ ,,sy/em ,,plann+ #a4 ,plann+ & ,procur+ a ,data-,acquisition ,sy/em ,today ,x is no long] necess>y to develop "o's own sy/em4 ,times h *ang$ greatly4 ,_m sy/ems n[ exi/ :i* "w well & are wor? copy+4 ,manufactur]s & suppli]s are prep>$ to deliv] entire sy/ems assembl$ & ready to op]ate1 complete ) all ! necess>y sy/em s(tw>e & v>y+ am\nts ( utility s(tw>e4 ,al?\gh x may at fir/ sight seem m economical to assemble a sy/em )9 ! laboratory1 by use ( laboratory p]sonnel1 9 mo/ cases x is n[ bett] to buy ! sy/em f a s+le suppli]1 completely in/all$ & op]able1 sav+ "o's own res\rces = matt]s m directly conc]n$ ) rese>*4 ,! co/s 9 "t & ef=t to develop a new comput] sy/em h be5 mu* l>g] ?an pr$ict$1 9 almo/ e case kn[n to ! au?ors4 ,l>ge laboratories hav+ /rong eng9e]+ /affs are an exception2 outside ( indu/rial plants !y are ! places :]e new sy/em developm5t & assembly makes ! mo/ s5se4 #b4 ,l>ge-,scale ,computations & ,comput+ ,c5t]s ,9 g5]al x is be/ to plan to d all v l>ge-scale comput+ jobs 7e4g41 %ell model & scatt]+ !ory calculations7 at a l>ge comput+ c5t] & to set up 9 ! laboratory a sy/em :i* is j l>ge en\gh to h&le com=tably ! data-acquisition jobs4 ,usually a m$ium-siz$ or small sy/em w suffice4 ,h[ev]1 9 "s circum/ances ?is w n be true4 #c4 ,remote ,l>ge ,comput+ ,c5t] ,on-,l9e = ,data ,acquisition ,direct transmission-l9e c\pl+ to a l>ge1 remote comput+ c5t] may prove practical = h&l+ occasional l[-priority bur/s ( data process+1 = example1 :5 "o c be satisfi$ ) gu>ante$ access )9 ab\t #ajj sec1 say1 & a maximum gu>ante$ total access duration ( no m ?an a few p]c5t ( any day4 ,su* a hookup may also be valuable = ! h&l+ ( data input & output 9 ! remote bat* mode ( op]ation1 especially if a c>d read] 7or high-spe$ pap] tape or /orage device7 & a l9e pr9t] are available = ?is use1 9 ! laboratory4 ,h[ev]1 !re are few if any examples ( successful high-priority prompt-int]rupt op]ation4 ,"o %\ld be extremely skeptical ab\t ! feasibility ( rely+ on ?is la/ mode ( op]ation4 #d4 ,buy+ v]sus ,r5t+ ,r5tal rates h typically be5 set s t if ! anticipat$ use p]iod exce$s ab\t ?ree ye>s1 economic prud5ce sugge/s pur*as+ a comput] r ?an r5t+1 provid+ t ! necess>y funds = capital inve/m5t are available4 ,?is c only be true1 ( c\rse1 because ! life expectancy ( mod]n comput]s is q long1 c]ta9ly ov] five ye>s4 7,also1 "o hesitates to trade 9 an old comput] = :i* an excell5t s(tw>e collection exi/s67 ,! argum5t aga9/ r5t+ /&>d p]iph]als is weak]1 because !y are electrome*anical 9 nature & !re=e h %ort] lifetimes2 fur!rmore1 !y t5d to become outmod$4 ,r5t+ c be especially attractive 9 special circum/ances4 ,= example1 a l9e pr9t] c be r5t$ = ! e>ly p]iod ( op]ation ( a sy/em1 :ile ext5sive program developm5t "w is 9 progress1 & return$ lat]1 :5 ! "w has be5 f9i%$4 #e4 ,new ,comput] or ,curr5t ,model8 ,comput]s are rapidly gett+ bett] & *eap]4 ,?is mon?'s ma*9e is mu* m p[]ful ?an la/ mon?'s1 doll> = doll>4 ,new ma*9es w always be appeal+1 b ! prospective pur*as] mu/ balance _! appeal aga9/ consid]ations ( probable deliv]y date1 s(tw>e availability1 complet5ess ( docum5tation = bo? s(tw>e & h>dw>e1 & 9 g5]al ! manufactur]'s support capability4 ,un=tunately1 ^! factors usually weigh aga9/ a new ma*9e4 ,z a rule1 ev5 a m$ium-siz$ sy/em bas$ on a new model ma*9e w n be 9 full op]ation = approximately "o ye> aft] deliv]y1 unless bo? ! h>dw>e & ! s(tw>e h be5 tri$ & prov5 9 a previ\s in/allation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! case ( an old] model ! same factors may all be favorable1 b n[ ! ma*9e probably gives less comput+ p] doll>1 & ! advantage ( an e>ly return on ! inve/m5t mu/ be weigh$ c>efully aga9/ ! likelihood ( some:at e>li] obsolesc5ce4 ,at "s "t dur+ ! life ( a comput] ! manufactur] w v likely cease to support its s(tw>e &1 usually lat]1 its h>dw>e4 #f4 ,importance ( ,s(tw>e ,s(tw>e is all-important1 & x is v exp5sive to develop1 bo? 9 "t & money2 h5ce a sy/em plann] %\ld favor a c5tral processor = :i* a l>ge am\nt ( s(tw>e is suppli$ by ! manufactur]1 especially sy/em s(tw>e4 ,9 g5]al1 :5 a p>ticul> type ( ma*9e has already be5 deliv]$ to _m cu/om]s ! manufactur] may be reli$ ^u to supply ! ess5tial s(tw>e ne$$ to run a sy/em3 an assembl]1 ,i_/,o r\t9es = /&>d devices1 & usually a ,=tran compil]4 ,! l>g] ma*9es w be suppli$ ) "s sort ( op]at+ sy/em 7monitor71 ei!r = bat* or "t-%>$ op]ation4 ,h[ev]1 ! specializ$ s(tw>e ne$$ = data acquisition w usually n be available unless x has already be5 develop$ by ano!r us]4 ,a laboratory ) limit$ programm+ res\rces %\ld !re=e give great weight to obta9+ a sy/em already provid$ ) all ess5tial s(tw>e & %\ld direct its own programm+ ef=ts to specific data-acquisition problems4 ,contract+ ) an outside company = developm5t ( ! specializ$ s(tw>e is also possible1 al?\gh ! co/ w probably exce$ ! sal>ies ( 9-h\se p]sonnel hir$ to d ! same job1 & communication ) an outside gr\p is inconv5i5t4 #g4 ,utility ( ,mod]n ,small ,comput]s ,_m small1 p[]ful comput]s are n[ on ! m>ket4 ,!y are inexp5sive b v reliable4 ,= _m data-tak+ purposes !y are q suffici5t1 :5 equipp$ ) appropriate p]iph]al devices & an adequate program libr>y4 #h4 ,utility ( ,disks & ,drums ,magnetic disk & drum bulk /orage devices h also und]gone mu* developm5t rec5tly4 ,_m good1 small v]sions are n[ on ! m>ket at r l[ prices4 ,! capabilities ( ^! units mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,atta*+ a mod]n disk unit to a mod]n1 small or m$ium-siz$ comput] produces a p[]ful b economical comb9ation4 #i4 ,ne$ = ,adequate ,p]iph]al ,devices ,unless an appropriate set ( /&>d input-output devices is provid$1 ! comput] w n be us$ effici5tly4 ,a balanc$ sy/em ) a small comput] is likely to prove mu* m useful ?an an unbalanc$ sy/em ) a m$ium-siz$ comput]4 ,:at is necess>y w1 ( c\rse1 dep5d ^u ! uses ( ! sy/em4 ,= example1 if a l>ge am\nt ( program developm5t is anticipat$1 ! inclusion ( a l9e pr9t] %\ld c]ta9ly be consid]$1 because univ]sal exp]i5ce has %[n t l9e pr9t]s are imm5sely valuable dur+ program developm5t2 on ! o!r h&1 z a rule !y are n s important 9 mo/ data-tak+ op]ations4 #aj4 ,p]iph]als 7,br& ,x7 ,x is (t5 *eap] initially to use p]iph]al devices f a sep>ate manufactur]1 ) int]fac+ provid$ ei!r by ! us] or by an outside comm]cial firm4 ,9 ?is case difficulties lie 9 guess+ ! reliability ( ! devices & 9 a*iev+ s(tw>e compatibility4 ,s(tw>e develop$ by a comput] manufactur] usually takes advantage ( ! peculi>ities ( 8 own p]iph]als4 ,if an outside device is pur*as$1 ! additional co/ = programm+ dur+ ! lifetime ( ! sy/em %\ld be consid]$4 ,if compet5t eng9e]+ ef=t is available1 an int]face compatible ) ! comput] manufactur]'s s(tw>e may be built1 ) a possible sav+ 9 programm+ co/4 #aa4 ,input-,output ,bus ,/ructures ,/&>diz$ input-output bus /ructures design$ to simplify int]fac+ to comput]s h rec5tly be5 develop$4 ,conspicu\s among !m is ! ,,camac sy/em already accept$ z /&>d 9 _m ,european laboratories4 ,x is n[ be+ introduc$ into a few ,am]ican laboratories4 ,be=e x c be accept$ z a /&>d sy/em "h1 a numb] ( que/ions mu/ be answ]$4 ,= example1 :at types ( ext]nal devices %\ld be int]fac$ 9 ?is way1 j ,,adc's data regi/]s1 c\nt]s1 & ! l1 or %\ld l9e pr9t]s1 c>d read]s1 & relat$ devices be includ$8 ,also1 h[ mu* tr\ble w be enc\nt]$ ) manufactur]s' ,i_/,o s(tw>e1 & h[ mu* w any necess>y rewrit+ co/8 ,also w all comput] ,i_/,o /ructures l5d !mselves to su* a sy/em2 specifically1 are multiport sy/ems suitable8 ,a national committee is n[ /udy+ ! ,,camac sy/em to see if x1 or some?+ simil>1 %\ld be recomm5d$ z /&>d 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ev5 aft] be+ recomm5d$ z /&>d1 h[ev]1 any su* sy/em _c be consid]$ successful unless manufactur]s accept x & m>ket a wide v>iety ( compatible devices4 ,f ! manufactur]'s po9t ( view ! risks "h may seem consid]ably great] ?an !y 7 9 ! case ( ! ,,nim b9s4 ,x seems wise to keep wat*+ = ! outcome ( ?is int]e/+ developm5t4 #ab4 ,necessity = ,compet5ce 9 ,ma*9e-,language ,programm+ ,:5ev] a new type ( device is int]fac$ to a sy/em1 "s =m ( ma*9e-language programm+ mu/ almo/ always be done 9 ord] to p]mit ! h&l+ ( input-output op]ations involv+ ! new device4 ,?is is true ev5 9 places su* z ,yale1 :]e ! design emphasizes a maximum use ( ,=tran4 ,= ?is & o!r reasons1 !re %\ld be at lea/ "o p]son on call :o is skill$ 9 ma*9e-language programm+ & :o und]/&s ! sy/em4 #ac4 ,manp[] = ,programm+ & ,ma9t5ance ,! manp[] requir$ to ma9ta9 ! h>dw>e & s(tw>e ( any sy/em naturally dep5ds on ! size ( ! in/allation & ! uses to :i* x is put4 ,typically1 a cont9u+ ef=t mu/ be exp5d$ on ! improvem5t ( sy/em s(tw>e & ! writ+ ( new data-acquisition programs4 ,! exi/+ h>dw>e mu/ be giv5 prev5tive ma9t5ance & repairs4 ,fur!rmore f "t to "t a h>dw>e *ange mu/ be made4 ,also1 !re are adm9i/rative matt]s2 ev5 ! smalle/ sy/em %\ld h )9 ! laboratory at lea/ "o p]son :o w devote a l>ge "p ( 8 "t to adm9i/ration1 to ! education ( us]s1 & to relat$ matt]s4 ,9 _m cases ! laboratory has a contract ) an outside firm1 (t5 ! comput] manufactur]1 = ma9t5ance ( ! comput]1 & sometimes ! re/ ( ! sy/em z well4 ,9 o!r cases all or "p ( ?is "w is done by laboratory p]sonnel4 ,sometimes sev]al laboratory p are compet5t bo? 9 ma*9e-language programm+ & 9 diagnos+ & repair+ h>dw>e ills4 ,su* p are v valuable1 especially if !y are also compet5t to d int]fac+ ( new devices4 ,9 "s cases ! exp]im5t]s d mu* ( _! own data-acquisition programm+1 9 o!rs ess5tially all programm+ is done by pr(essionals4 ,9 "s univ]sity laboratories mu* use is made ( "p-"t /ud5t programm]s1 ( :om !re is n[ a consid]able supply because ( ! gr[? ( education 9 programm+1 bo? 9 high s*ools & at colleges4 ,/ud5ts are sometimes rem>kably good at ?is "w & /& to pr(it lat] f ! exp]i5ce1 b !y are transi5ts1 & ef=t exp5d$ 9 tra9+ !m is lo/ :5 !y leave4 ,v r\ghly speak+1 a small sy/em w require a good fraction ( ! "t ( a te*nician-programm]1 a m$ium sy/em w require at lea/ "o full-"t te*nician-programm]1 & a full-"t programm]1 or "s equival5t comb9ation1 assum+ an active rese>* program4 ,app5dix ,a ,,tables ,,( ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,small ,,& ,,m$ium-,,siz$ ,,comput]s ,! compreh5sive tables ( prop]ties ( small & m$ium-siz$ comput]s appe>+ on ! next #f pages are f ,d4 ,j4 ,!is & ,l4 ,c4 ,hobbs1 ,m9i-,comput]s = ,real-,"t ,applications1 ,datamation1 ,vol4 #ae1 ,no4 #c1 p4 #ci 7,m>* #aifi7 & are repr9t$ "h by p]mission ( ! publi%]1 ,f4 ,d4 ,?ompson ,publications1 ,inc41 #ce ,mason ,/reet1 ,gre5wi*1 ,conn4 #jfhcj4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,digital ,digital ,data ,mate ,decade ,electronic ,equipm5t ,equipm5t ,comput] ,control ,data ,data ,comput] ,comput] ,assoc4 ,corp4 ,corp4 ,automation ,corporation ,g5]al ,sy/ems1 ,inc4 ,corp4 ,inc4 ,,emr ,hewlett-,pack>d ,hewlett-,pack>d ,hewlett-,pack>d ,honeywell ,,manufactur]_/,,model ,,numb] ,,pdp-#i ,,pdp-#i_/,l ,,pdc-#haf #agjj ,nova ,data ,mate-#af #gj_/b #fdj #facj #baad;,a #baae;,a #baaf;,b ,,ddp-#daf ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,memory ,memory cycle "t 7s7 #a4j #a4e #h #a4a #b4f #a4j 4#hfj #a4fe #j4gge #b4j #b4j #a4f #j4if ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,memory ^w l5g? 7bits7 #ah #ah #af #ah #af #af #ah #af #ah #af #af #af #af ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,m9imum memory size 7words7 #h,k #d,k #d,k #d,k #a,k #d,k #d,k #d,k #h,k #d,k #d,k #h,k #d,k ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,memory increm5t size 7words7 #h,k #d,k #d,k #d,k #a,k1 #b,k1 #d,k #d,k #d,k #d,k #h,k #d,k #d,k #h,k #d,k ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,maximum memory size 7words7 #cb,k #af,k #af,k #cb,k #cb,k #cb,k #af,k #cb,k #cb,k #h,k #h,k #cb,k #af,k ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,p>ity *eck 7/d41 opt41 no7 opt4 opt4 no /d4 no opt4 /d4 no /d4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,memory protect 7/d41 opt41 no7 opt4 opt4 no /d4 no /d4 /d4 /d4 /d4 no opt4 opt4 opt4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,cpu ,,features ,in/ruction ^w l5g? 7s7 #ah #ah #af #af_/cb #af #af #af_/cb #af_/cb #af_/cb #af #af #af #af_/cb ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,numb] ( accumulators 7or #a /d4 #a /d4 #a #b #d #b #a #b #b #b #b #b #a g5]al purpose regi/]s t #a opt4 #a opt4 c be us$ z accumulators7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,numb] ( h>dw>e regi/]s #a /d4 #a /d4 #f #h #aj #f #e #i #d #g #g #g #d 7n includ+ index regi/]s7 #a opt4 #a opt4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,numb] ( index regi/]s #g 7auto4 #g 7auto4 #a h>dw>e #a h>dw>e #b h>dw>e #a h>dw>e #a memory #a h>dw>e #c h>dw>e none none none none 7indicate :e!r !y are index mem4 index mem4 #a memory #af memory h>dw>e1 memory or o!r reg47 reg47 te*niques7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,h[ _m bits = op]ation code #d #d #e #d #e #e #f #d #e #d #d #d #f ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,h[ _m bits = address modes #a #a #c #d #c #c #c #c #c #b #b #b #a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,numb] ( address+ modes #b #b #h #g #h #h #e #c-h #g #d #d #d #b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,h[ _m bits = address #ac #ac #h #h_/ae #h #h #g_/ad #i_/ae #h_/ae #aj #aj #aj #i_/ad ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,9 ?is ma*9e "o c directly address words 9 #h1aib #d1jif #gfh #bef #a1jbd #bef #af1chd #eab #cb1gfh #b1jdh #b4jdh #b1jdh #a1jbd s & indirectly #b4j #c4j #af4j #a4a #e4b #b4j #a4i #a4fe #a4i #b4j #b4j #a4f #j4if address words 9 #cb,k #af,k #af,k #cb,k #cb,k #cb,k #af,k #cb,k #cb,k #h,k #h,k #cb,k #af,k s #c4j #d4e #bd4j #c4c #g4h #c4j #a4i #c4c #b4i #d4j #d4j #c4b #a4ib ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,indirect address+ ,s+le- ,s+le- ,multi- ,multi- ,multi- ,multi- ,s+le- ,multi- ,multi- ,multi- ,multi- ,multi- ,multi- 7multi-level1 s+le-level1 no7 level level level level level level level level level level level level level ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,ari?metic ,,op]ations ,/ore "t = full ^w 7s7 #b4j #c4j #af4j #b4b #e4e #b4j #a4i #c4c #a4i #d4j #d4j #c4b #a4ib ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,add "t = full ^w 7s7 #b4j #c4j #af4j #b4b #e4i #b4j #a4i #c4c #a4i #d4j #d4j #c4b #a4ib ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,fix$-po9t h>dw>e mult_/divide opt4 opt4 no /d4 no /d4 opt4 /d4 /d4 no opt4 opt4 no 7/d41 opt41 no7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,multiply "t h>dw>e 7s7 #c4j to #aa4j #d4e to #af4e -- #g -- #f4j #f4e #ah4ae #d4e to #h4c #bd4j #ai4b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,divide "t h>dw>e 7s7 #c4j to #ab4j #d4e to #ah4j -- #i -- #g4j #ab4e #ah4ige #g4i to #aa4d #bf4j #bj4h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,multiply "t s(tw>e 7s7 #bha max4 #dba max4 #ajb -- #cbi4c to #ccd4a ,n_/,a #ahg #ahg #aej #aed4f ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,divide "t s(tw>e 7s7 #ceb max4 #ebh max4 #agh -- #dbd4h to #eai4b ,n_/,a #chg #chg #caj #bbj4h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,i_/,o ,,capability ,data pa? wid? 7bits7 #ah #ah #h_/af #af #af #af #af #af #af #af #af #af #af ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,direct memory access 7,,dma7 /d4 no /d4 opt4 /d4 opt4 opt4 opt4 /d4 no opt4 opt4 opt4 *annel 7/d41 opt41 no7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,maximum ,,dma ^w transf] rate #a ,,mhz -- #abe ,,khz #ijj ,,khz #cab ,,khz #a ,,mhz #a4a ,,mhz #fjj ,,khz #a4bf ,,mhz -- #ejj ,,khz #fbe ,,khz #a ,,mhz ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,numb] ( ext]nal priority #a #a #c #af #af #h #a #g none #h #h #af #b int]rupt levels provid$ 9 basic sy/em ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,maximum numb] ( ext]nal #bef #bef #bef #af #fb #fd #cb #fd #abf #ef #dj #dh #dh int]rupts ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,response "t 7s7 includ+ #d4j #f4j #dh4j #ej4j #ch4f #e4j #h4j #e4h #ac4b #aj4j #aj4j #h4j #d4h "t to save regi/]s ( int]rupt$ program & initiate new program execution ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,o!r ,,features ,p[] failure protect opt4 opt4 opt4 /d4 /d4 /d4 opt4 /d4 /d4 opt4 opt4 /d4 /d4 7/d41 opt41 no7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,automatic re/>t aft] p[] opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 /d4 opt4 no opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 failure 7/d41 opt41 no7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,real-"t clock or int]nal tim] /d4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 7/d41 opt41 no7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,s(tw>e ,assembl] 7#a pass1 #b pass1 bo?7 #b pass #b pass #b pass #b pass #b pass #b pass #a pass #b pass bo? #b pass #b #b pass #b pass bo? ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,relocatable assembl] 7yes1 no7 yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,m9imum core size necess>y to use #h,k #d,k #d,k #d,k -- #d,k #d,k #h,k #h,k #d,k #d,k #d,k -- ?is relocatable assembl] ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,macro assembl] capability yes yes no yes no yes no no yes no no no no ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,compil]s available 7specify ,=tran ,=tran none ,,asa ,basic none none ,=tran ,=tran ,,asa ,basic ,algol1 ,,asa ,algol1 ,,asa ,algol1 ,,asa none explicitly1 e4g41 ,=tran ,,ii1 ,,iv ,,iv ,=tran ,,iv ,,iv ,=tran ,basic ,=tran ,basic ,=tran ,basic ,=tran ,,iv1 ,,asa ,basic ,=tran1 etc47 ,=tran ,,iv ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,conv]sational compil]s 7e4g41 ,,focal none none none none none ,,*at ,,doi none ,,basic ,,basic ,,basic none ,,focal1 ,,basic1 ,,cal1 etc47 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,real-"t executive monitor yes yes no yes no no no no yes no no yes no available 7yes1 no7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,disc op]at+ sy/em available yes yes no yes no no no yes yes no yes yes yes 7yes1 no7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,basic ,,ma9frame ,,co/s ,basic sy/em price ) #d,k words ,n_/,a #ai1jjj #aa1ijj #bi1jjj #g1fjj #ac1ijj #ab1hjj #bf1ejj ,n_/,a #i1iej #ad1ejj ,n_/,a #ae1gjj includ+ p[] supplies ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,price ( ,,asr-#cc ,teletype 7if n -- #ijj #a1ijj #f1jjj #a1djj #b1jjj #a1bjj #a1bjj -- #b1jjj #b1jjj -- #a1bjj already includ$ 9 ,basic ,sy/em 7,,asr-#ce7 ,price7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,total sy/em price1 includ+ -- #ai1ijj #ac1hjj #ce1jjj #i1jjj #ae1ijj #ad1jjj #bg1gjj -- #aa1iej #af1ejj -- #af1ijj ,,asr-#cc ,teletype & ,,cpu 7,,asr-#ce7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,basic sy/em price ) #h,k words #ce1jjj #be1jjj #ag1ijj #cg1jjj #aj1hhe #bj1djj #ah1fjj #ce1ejj #df1jjj #ac1iej #ai1ejj #bd1jjj #bc1gjj includ+ adequate p[] supplies1 enclosure1 control panel ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,price ( ,,asr-#cc ,teletype 7if n ,includ$ #ijj #a1ijj #f1jjj #a1djj #b1jjj #a1bjj #a1bjj #c1ajj #b1jjj #b1jjj #b1jjj #a1bjj already includ$ 9 ,basic ,sy/em 7,,asr-#ce7 ,price7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,total sy/em price includ+ #ce1jjj #be1ijj #ai1hjj #dc1jjj #ab1bhe #bb1djj #ai1hjj #cf1gjj #di1ajj #ae1iej #ba1ejj #bf1jjj #bd1ijj ,,asr-#cc ,teletype & ,,cpu 7,,asr-#ce7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,p]iph]als ,,available ,magnetic tape available 7yes1 no7 yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,approximate price = #bb1jjj #bb1jjj #e1gjj #bb1ejj #ab1jjj #ai1ejj #ab1jjj #cj1jjj #ce1bjj #ab1ejj #ae1ejj #ae1ejj #bc1cee op]ational unit 7includ+ to to to to to to to to to controll]1 comput] options #bc1jjj #bc1jjj #aj1jjj #cb1jjj #fg1bjj #ae1jjj #ba1ejj #ba1ejj #ce1dcj necess>y1 etc47 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,mass /orage device available yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes 7yes1 no7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,approximate price ( op]ational #i1gej #i1gej #f1ejj #bg1ejj #f1ejj #ah1jjj #ae1jjj #bd1ejj #bj1bjj -- #bf1ejj #bf1ejj #bb1cjj unit 7includ+ controll]1 to to to to to to to comput] options necess>y1 etc47 #i1iej #i1bej #de1jjj #ed1gjj #ca1ejj #ca1ejj #cf1jjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,high spe$ pap] tape read] yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 7yes1 no7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,spe$ 7*>_/sec7 #cjj #cjj #cjj #cej #cjj_/aej #cjj #cjj #cjj #cjj #cjj #cjj #cjj #cjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,includ$ ,comb9ation #b1bjj #d1ejj #b1fej_/b1aej #b1jjj #b1ejj ,comb9ation ,comb9ation #b1ajj #b1ajj #b1ajj #c1hjj ,approximate price ( op]ational unit #d1hjj #h1djj #aj1ajj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,high spe$ pap] tape pun* yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 7yes1 no7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,spe$ 7*>_/sec7 #ej #ej #fj #abj #fc4c #abj #abj #abj #fj #abj #abj #abj #aaj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,includ$ ,comb9ation #c1cjj #e1ajj #b1bjj #d1jjj #d1jjj ,comb9ation ,comb9ation #d1ajj #d1ajj #d1ajj #d1ejj ,approximate price ( op]ational unit #d1hjj #h1djj #aj1ajj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,note3 ,n_/,a ,n ,ann\nc$--or ,n ,available ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,in=mation ,sci5tific ,sci5tific ,sy/ems ,sy/ems ,te*nology1 ,inc4 ,lockhe$ ,control ,data ,eng9e]+ ,eng9e]+ ,honeywell ,,iti-#dijj ,int]data ,int]data ,,ibm ,,ibm ,electronics ,ray!on ,ray!on ,corp4 ,sy/ems ,laboratories ,laboratories ,,manufactur]_/,,model ,,numb] ,,ddp-#eaf 7,model #bj7 ,model #c ,model #d #aacj #ahjj ,,mac-#af #gjc #gjf #dgjj ,sigma #b #haj;,a #haj;,b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,memory ,memory cycle "t 7s7 #j4if #j4ige_/a4ge 4#ihj_/a4e 4#ihj_/a4e #b4b_/c4f #b_/d #a #a4ge #j4i 4#ibj 4#i #a4ge 4#gej ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,memory ^w l5g? 7bits7 #af #af #af #af #af #af #af #af #af #af #af #af #af ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,m9imum memory size 7words7 #d,k #d,k #b,k #b,k #d,k #d,k #d,k #d,k #d,k #d,k #h,k #d,k #h,k ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,memory increm5t size 7words7 #d,k #d,k #b,k1 #d,k #b,k1 #d,k #d,k #d,k #d,k #d,k #d,k #d,k #d,k #d,k #h,k ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,maximum memory size 7words7 #cb,k #cb,k #cb,k #cb,k #cb,k #cb,k #fe,k #cb,k #cb,k #fe,k #fe,k #cb,k #cb,k ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,p>ity *eck 7/d41 opt41 no7 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 /d4 /d4 opt4 no opt4 opt4 /d4 opt4 /d4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,memory protect 7/d41 opt41 no7 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 no /d4 opt4 no opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,cpu ,,features ,in/ruction ^w l5g?7s7 #af_/cb #af_/cb #af_/cb #af_/cb #af_/cb #af_/cb #af #af #af #af_/cb #af #af #af ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,numb] ( accumulators 7or #b #h #af #af #b #b #a #a #a #c #b #b #b g5]al purpose regi/]s t c be us$ z accumulators7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,numb] ( h>dw>e regi/]s #e #af #ah #cc #g #g #f #f #f #aj #f #b #b 7n includ+ index regi/]s7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,numb] ( index regi/]s #a #f #ae #ae #c #c #d #a #a #a #b #a #b 7indicate :e!r !y are h>dw>e h>dw>e memory h>dw>e memory h>dw>e h>dw>e h>dw>e h>dw>e h>dw>e h>dw>e h>dw>e1 memory or o!r te*niques7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,h[ _m bits = op]ation code #e #h #h #h #e #e #d #d #d #d_/i #d #d #d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,h[ _m bits = address modes #b #b #b #b #b #b #c #a #a #c #d #b #b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,numb] ( address+ modes #d #d #c #c #c #c #h #b #b #e #af #d #d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,h[ _m bits = address #i_/ad #f_/af #f_/af #f_/af #i_/af #i_/af #i #aa #aa #i_/af #h #aj #aj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,9 ?is ma*9e "o c directly address words 9 #a1jbd #cb1gfh #cb1gfh #cb1gfh #cb1gfh #cb1gfh #eab #cb1gfh #cb1gfh #cb1gfh #a1jbd #a1jbd #a1jbd s & indirectly #j4if 4#ige_/a4ge #j4ih_/a4e #j4ih_/a4e #b4b #b4j #b4j #c4e #a4h 4#ib 4#i #a4ge 4#gej address words 9 #cb,k #cb,k -- -- #cb,k #cb,k #fe,k -- -- #fe,k #fe,k #cb,k #cb,k s #a4ib #a4ie_/c4e -- -- #b4b #b4j #c4j -- -- #a4hd #a4h #c4e #a4e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,indirect address+ ,multi- ,multi-level no no ,s+le- ,s+le- ,multi-level no no ,s+le- ,s+le- ,multi-level ,multi-level 7multi-level1 s+le-level1 no7 level level level level level ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,ari?metic ,,op]ations ,/ore "t = full ^w 7s7 #a4ib #a4ie_/c4e #f4j #f4j #d4fd #d4be #b4j #c4e #a4h #a4hd #b4b #c4e #a4ej ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,add "t = full ^w 7s7 #a4ib #a4ie_/c4e #c4b #c4b #d4hh #d4be #b4j #c4e #a4h #a4hd #b4b #c4e #a4ej ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,fix$-po9t h>dw>e mult_/divide opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 /d4 /d4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 /d4 /d4 7/d41 opt41 no7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,multiply "t--h>dw>e 7s7 #e4bh #aj #bc #bc #ae4fg #ae4be #i #ab4be-ag4e #f4c to #i4j #f4dd #aj4c #g #d4e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,divide "t--h>dw>e 7s7 #aj4jj #be #ch #ch #df4cf #db4ge #ab #bd4j #i4j #f4ij #aj4h #aj4e #h4be ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,multiply "t--s(tw>e 7s7 #aed4f #ej #ijj #ijj -- -- #aej #adg #ge -- #ajc -- -- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,divide "t--s(tw>e 7s7 #bbj4h #ajj #a1jbj #a1jbj -- -- #cjj #bii4be #aed -- #big -- -- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,i_/,o ,,capability ,data pa? wid? 7bits7 #af #af #h #h #af #af #af #af #af #h_/af #h #af #af ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,direct memory access 7,,dma7 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 /d4 /d4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 /d4 opt4 opt4 *annel 7/d41 opt41 no7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,maximum ,,dma ^w transf] rate #a ,,mhz #a ,,mhz #dej ,,khz #dej ,,khz #dfj ,,khz #ejj ,,khz #hjj ,,khz #ega ,,khz #a4a ,,mhz #a4a ,,mhz #bjj ,,khz #egb ,,khz #a4cc ,,mhz ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,numb] ( ext]nal priority #b #h #b #b #f #ab #d #a #a #b #b #c #c int]rupt levels provid$ 9 basic sy/em ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,maximum numb] ( ext]nal #dh #bef #bee #bee #if #chd #fd #af #af #bef #acb #if #if int]rupts ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,response "t 7s7 includ+ #i4f #e4j #i4j-af4j #i4j-af4j #ajj4j #ajj4j #f4j #e4be #b4g #g4cf #f4j #aj4e #f4ge "t to save regi/]s ( int]rupt$ program & initiate new program execution ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,o!r ,,features ,p[] failure protect /d4 opt4 opt4 opt4 no opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 /d4 opt4 /d4 /d4 7/d41 opt41 no7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,automatic re/>t aft] p[] opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 no opt4 opt4 /d4 /d4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 failure 7/d41 opt41 no7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,real "t clock or int]nal tim] opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 no /d4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 7/d41 opt41 no7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,s(tw>e ,assembl] 7#a pass1 #b pass1 bo?7 bo? #a pass bo? bo? #b pass #b pass #b pass bo? bo? #b pass #b pass #b pass #b pass ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,relocatable assembl] 7yes1 no7 yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,m9imum core size necess>y to use ,n_/,a #d,k #d,k #d,k #d,k #d,k #d,k #h,k #h,k #d,k #h,k #h,k #h,k ?is relocatable assembl] ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,macro assembl] capability no yes no no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,compil]s available 7specify ,=tran ,,iv ,=tran ,,iv none none ,,asa ,basic ,,asa ,basic ,,asa ,=tran ,,iv ,=tran ,,iv ,,asa ,basic ,=tran ,,iv ,=tran ,,iv ,=tran ,,iv explicitly e4g41 ,=tran ,,ii1 ,,iv1 ,ext5d$ ,ext5d$ ,/&>d ,=tran ,,asa ,basic ,=tran ,,asa ,basic ,,asa ,basic ,=tran1 etc47 ,=tran ,=tran ,=tran ,,iv ,,asa ,basic ,=tran ,=tran ,,iv ,=tran ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,conv]sational compil]s 7e4g41 ,=tran ,,iv none ,=tran ,=tran ,,apl none none none none none none none none ,,focal1 ,,basic1 ,,cal1 etc47 ,,basic ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,real-"t executive monitor yes yes no no no yes no yes yes yes yes no yes available 7yes1 no7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,disc op]at+ sy/em available yes no no no yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes yes 7yes1 no7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,basic ,,ma9frame ,,co/s ,basic sy/em price ) #d,k words #bc1hjj #i1iej #aj1hjj #ac1hjj #be1hhj #dg1cjj #aa1iej #ae1jjj #ai1jjj #ad1hjj ,n_/,a #ah1jjj ,n_/,a includ+ p[] supplies ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,price ( ,,asr-#cc ,teletype 7if n #a1bjj #b1ejj #a1ijj #a1ijj ,includ$ #b1icj ,includ$ ,includ$ ,includ$ #a1gjj -- ,includ$ -- already includ$ 9 ,basic ,sy/em ,price7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,total sy/em price1 includ+ #be1jjj #ab1dej #ab1gjj #ae1gjj #be1hhj #ej1bcj #aa1iej #ae1jjj #ai1jjj #af1ejj -- #ah1jjj -- ,,asr-#cc ,teletype & ,,cpu ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,basic sy/em price ) #h,k words #ca1hjj #ae1iej #ag1gjj #bj1gjj #cd1jcj #ee1gjj #ae1ijj #bc1jjj #bd1fjj #bb1cjj #cd1jjj #bc1jjj #cj1jjj includ+ adequate p[] supplies1 enclosure1 control panel ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,price ( ,,asr-#cc ,teletype 7if n #a1bjj #b1ejj #a1ijj #a1ijj ,includ$ #b1icj ,includ$ ,includ$ ,includ$ #a1gjj #g1jjj ,includ$ ,includ$ already includ$ 9 ,basic ,sy/em 7,,asr-#ce7 ,price7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,total sy/em price includ+ #cc1jjj #ah1dej #ai1fjj #bb1fjj #cd1jcj #eh1fcj #ae1ijj #bc1jjj #bd1fjj #bd1jjj #da1jjj #bc1jjj #cj1jjj ,,asr-#cc ,teletype & ,,cpu 7,,asr-#ce7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,p]iph]als ,,available ,magnetic tape available 7yes1 no7 yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,approximate price = #bc1cee #ah1jjj #i1ijj #i1ijj -- #ae1fbj ,n_/,a #aj1ejj #aj1ejj #bd1jjj #be1jjj #bd1jjj #bd1jjj op]ational unit 7includ+ to to to controll]1 comput] options #ce1dcj #bh1jjj #bh1jjj necess>y1 etc47 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,mass /orage device available yes ,n_/,a yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes yes 7yes1 no7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,approximate price ( op]ational #bb1cjj -- #ag1djj #ag1djj ,includ$ #ac1ejj -- #ba1ejj #ba1ejj #ai1ejj #bf1jjj #cj1jjj #cj1jjj unit 7includ+ controll]1 to comput] options necess>y1 etc47 #cf1jjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,high spe$ pap] tape read] yes yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 7yes1 no7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,spe$ 7*>_/sec7 #cjj #cjj #cjj #cjj #fj -- #cjj #cjj #cjj #cjj #cjj #cjj #cjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- #c1hjj #b1ejj #b1ejj #b1ejj #a1gbj -- ,n_/,a #c1cjj #c1jjj #c1jjj ,comb9ation #d1jjj #d1jjj ,approximate price ( op]ational unit #ab1jjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,high spe$ pap] tape pun* yes yes yes yes no no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 7yes1 no7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,spe$ 7*>_/sec7 #aaj #ej #fj #fj -- -- #fj #aaj #aaj #abj #abj #ajj #ajj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- #d1ejj #c1jjj #c1hjj #c1hjj -- -- ,n_/,a #d1bjj #d1jjj #d1jjj ,comb9ation #d1jjj #d1jjj ,approximate price ( op]ational unit #ab1jjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,note3 ,n_/,a ,n ,ann\nc$--or ,n ,available ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,tempo ,digital ,digital ,digital ,spe> ,bus9ess ,comput]s1 ,equipm5t ,equipm5t ,equipm5t ,g5]al ,comput]s1 ,in=mation ,comput] ,data ,g5]al ,inc4 ,v>ian ,corp4 ,corp4 ,corp4 ,automation ,motorola ,inc4 ,te*nology ,automation ,te*nology ,automation ,v>ian ,,manufactur]_/,,model ,,numb] ,tempo #a #fbj i ,,l9c-#h ,,pdp #h_/a ,,pdp #h_/,l ,,spc-#ab ,,mdp-#ajjj ,micro ,l9c #dhj_/dhb ,,pdc-#hjh ,,dt-#afjj ,,spc-#h #ebj i ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,memory ,memory cycle "t 7s7 #j4i #a4h #a4e #a4e #a4f #b4j #b4af #a #c4j #h4j #h4j #b4j #a4e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,memory ^w l5g? 7bits7 #af #af_/ah #ab #ab #ab #h #h #ab #h #h #h #h #h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,m9imum memory size 7words7 #d,k #d,k #d,k #d,k #d,k #d,k #d,k #d,k #a,k #d,k #d,k #d,k #d,k ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,memory increm5t size 7words7 #d,k #d,k #d,k #d,k #d,k #d,k #d,k #d,k #a,k1 #b,k1 #d,k #d,k #d,k #d,k #d,k ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,maximum memory size 7words7 #fe,k #cb,k #cb,k #cb,k #h,k #af,k #af,k #cb,k #fe,k #af,k #af,k #h,k #cb,k ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,p>ity *eck 7/d41 opt41 no7 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 no opt4 opt4 no no opt4 opt4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,memory protect 7/d41 opt41 no7 opt4 opt4 no /d4 /d4 no no no no no opt4 no /d4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,cpu ,,features ,in/ruction ^w l5g?7s7 #af_/cb #af_/cb #ab #ab_/bd #ab_/bd #h1ab1af #ab #ab #h_/af #h_/af #h_/af #h1ab1af #h_/af ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,numb] ( accumulators 7or #b #b #b #a #a #d #f #a #a #a #a #b #g g5]al purpose regi/]s t c be us$ z accumulators7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,numb] ( h>dw>e regi/]s #g #f #aj #d #d #h #i #ab #h #h #h #f #g 7n includ+ index regi/]s7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,numb] ( index regi/]s #a h>dw>e #b h>dw>e #h memory #h memory #h memory #c h>dw>e #c h>dw>e #af memory none none none #a h>dw>e #a h>dw>e 7indicate :e!r !y are h>dw>e1 memory or o!r te*niques7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,h[ _m bits = op]ation code #d #d #b1c1g #c #c #h #h #g #h #f #d #h1ab #c ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,h[ _m bits = address modes #c #c #c #a #a #c #c #e none #b #b #c #c ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,numb] ( address+ modes #h #d #f #b #b #e #f #d #a #d #b #d #e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,h[ _m bits = address #i_/af #i_/aa #ab1 #aj1 #h1 #d #h_/ae #h_/ac #ab #ab #ab #h_/af #h #h #ab #ae ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,9 ?is ma*9e "o c directly address words 9 #eab #b1jdh #a1jbd #bef #bef #d1jif #d1jif #a1jbd #bef #eab #eab #d1jif #d1jif s & indirectly #j4i #c4f #c4j #a4i #a4f #d4b #d4cb #b4j #c4j #bd4j #af4j #d4b #b4e address words 9 #fe,k #cb,k #d,k #cb,k #h,k #d,k #d,k #a,k #fe,k #af,k #af,k #d,k #cb,k s #a4h #e4d #d4e #c4j #c4b #f4c #aj4h #c4j #bc4be #dj4j #cb4j #f4c #e4be ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,indirect address+ ,multi-level ,multi-level ,s+le-level ,s+le-level ,s+le-level ,s+le-level ,s+le-level ,s+le-level ,s+le-level ,multi-level ,multi-level ,s+le-level ,multi-level 7multi-level1 s+le-level1 no7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,ari?metic ,,op]ations ,/ore "t = full ^w 7s7 #a4h #c4f #c4j #c4j #c4b #d4b #d4cb #b4j #ad4be #bd4j #bd4j #d4b #d4e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,add "t = full ^w 7s7 #a4h #c4f #c4j #c4j #c4b #d4b #d4cb #b4j #ad4be #bd4j #bd4j #d4b #d4e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,fix$-po9t h>dw>e mult_/divide opt4 opt4 mult4-/d4 opt4 no no no mult4-/d4 opt4 no no no no 7/d41 opt41 no7 div4-opt4 div4-no ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,multiply "t--h>dw>e 7s7 #g #aj #cd ,n_/,a -- -- -- #ad ,n_/,a -- -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,divide "t--h>dw>e 7s7 #i #aj-ad #cg ,n_/,a -- -- -- -- ,n_/,a -- -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,multiply "t--s(tw>e 7s7 -- #bjj -- #cfj #cfj ,n_/,a ,n_/,a #cjj ,n_/,a #a1ajj #a1bjj #djj ,n_/,a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,divide "t--s(tw>e 7s7 -- #bjj #dfj #dfj #dfj ,n_/,a ,n_/,a #agjj ,n_/,a #a1hhj #a1ejj #ejj ,n_/,a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,i_/,o ,,capability ,data pa? wid? 7bits7 #h_/af #af_/ah #ab #ab #ab #h_/ab #ab #ab #h #h #h #h_/ab #h_/af ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,direct memory access 7,,dma7 opt4 opt4 /d4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 /d4 /d4 no no opt4 opt4 *annel 7/d41 opt41 no7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,maximum ,,dma ^w transf] rate #hjj ,,khz #bjj ,,khz #fff ,,khz #fff ,,khz #fbe ,,khz #dcj ,,khz #dcj ,,khz #a ,,mhz #bej ,,khz -- -- #dcj ,,khz #ffj ,,khz ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,numb] ( ext]nal priority #d none #a #a #a #b #a #a #a #c #c #b #c int]rupt levels provid$ 9 basic sy/em ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,maximum numb] ( ext]nal #bef #fd #a #fd #fd #bef #fd #a #a #fd #cb #bef #aa int]rupts ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,response "t 7s7 includ+ #c4f #ad4j #ad4j #ah4f #bj4j ,n_/,a #h4j #ej4j #hh4j #cb4j #bj4j #a4e "t to save regi/]s ( int]rupt$ program & initiate new program execution ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,o!r ,,features ,p[] failure protect /d4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 /d4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 7/d41 opt41 no7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,automatic re/>t aft] p[] opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 no opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 failure 7/d41 opt41 no7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,real-"t clock or int]nal tim] opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 /d4 /d4 opt4 opt4 opt4 opt4 /d4 opt4 7/d41 opt41 no7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,s(tw>e ,assembl] 7#a pass1 #b pass1 bo?7 bo? #bb pass bo? bo? bo? #a pass #b pass #b pass #c pass #b pass #b pass #a pass #b pass ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,relocatable assembl] 7yes1 no7 yes no yes yes yes yes yes no no no yes yes yes ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,m9imum core size necess>y to use #d,k -- #h,k #h,k #h,k #d,k #d,k -- -- -- #d,k #d,k #d,k ?is relocatable assembl] ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,macro assembl] capability yes no yes yes yes no yes no no no no no no ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,compil]s available 7specify ,,asa ,=tran ,,ii ,=tran ,,ii ,=tran ,,ii ,=tran ,,ii none none none ,,asa none none none none explicitly1 e4g41 ,=tran ,,ii1 ,basic ,algol ,algol ,algol ,basic ,,iv1 ,,asa ,basic ,=tran1 etc47 ,=tran ,=tran ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,conv]sational compil]s 7e4g41 none none ,,basic ,,focal ,,focal no no no no no no no no ,,focal1 ,,basic1 ,,cal1 etc47 ,,focal ,,basic ,,basic ,,lap-#f ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,real-"t executive monitor no no no no no yes yes yes yes no no yes no available 7yes1 no7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,disc op]at+ sy/em available no no yes yes yes no no no no no yes no no 7yes1 no7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,basic ,,ma9frame ,,co/s ,basic sy/em price ) #d,k words #ae1jjj #ab1ajj #ch1ejj #ab1hjj #h1ejj #f1djj #h1ejj #df1ejj;,a #i1caj #f1fjj #f1fjj #f1djj #g1ejj includ+ p[] supplies ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,price ( ,,asr-#cc ,teletype 7if n ,includ$ #a1hjj ,includ$ ,includ$ ,includ$ #a1ajj #a1bjj ,includ$ ,includ$ #a1ejj #a1ijj #a1ajj #a1djj already includ$ 9 ,basic ,sy/em ,price7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,total sy/em price1 includ+ #ae1jjj #ac1ijj #ch1ejj #ab1hjj #h1ejj #g1ejj #i1gjj #df1ejj;,a #i1caj #h1ajj #h1ejj #g1ejj #h1ijj ,,asr-#cc ,teletype & ,,cpu ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,basic sy/em price ) #h,k words #ai1jjj #ah1ejj #dg1ejj #af1cjj #ac1bjj #i1fjj #aa1ejj #ef1ejj;,a #aa1bej #h1hjj #h1hjj #i1fjj #aj1jjj includ+ adequate p[] supplies1 enclosure1 control panel ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,price ( ,,asr-#cc ,teletype 7if n ,includ$ #a1hjj ,includ$ ,includ$ ,includ$ #a1ajj #a1bjj ,includ$ ,includ$ #a1ejj #a1ijj #a1ajj #a1djj already includ$ 9 ,basic ,sy/em ,price7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,total sy/em price includ+ #ai1jjj #bj1cjj #dg1ejj #af1cjj #ac1bjj #aj1gjj #ab1gjj #ef1ejj;,e #aa1bej #aj1cjj #aj1gjj #aj1gjj #aa1djj ,,asr-#cc ,teletype & ,,cpu ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,p]iph]als ,,available ,magnetic tape available 7yes1 no7 yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,approximate price = #ab1jjj ,n_/,a #bd1gjj #bd1gjj #bd1gjj #aa1jjj ,n_/,a ,n_/,a #ah1gjj #e1gjj #i1iej #i1hjj #i1jjj op]ational unit 7includ+ to to controll]1 comput] options #bb1ejj #aj1jjj necess>y1 etc47 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,mass /orage device available yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 7yes1 no7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,approximate price ( op]ational ,n_/,a ,n_/,a #f1jjj #h1gjj #h1gjj #f1jjj ,n_/,a ,n_/,a #g1cij #i1iej #aj1jjj #f1jjj ,n_/,a unit 7includ+ controll]1 to to to to to comput] options necess>y1 etc47 #ae1gjj #ae1gjj #ae1jjj #af1ejj #ae1jjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,high spe$ pap] tape read] yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 7yes1 no7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,spe$ 7*>_/sec7 #cjj #cjj #cjj #cjj #cjj #cjj #cjj #cjj #cjj #cjj #cjj #cjj #cjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,approximate price ( op]ational unit ,n_/,a ,n_/,a #b1ejj #b1jjj #b1jjj #c1jjj ,n_/,a ,n_/,a #b1cjj #b1bjj #c1cjj #c1jjj #b1ijj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,high spe$ pap] tape pun* yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 7yes1 no7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,spe$ 7*>_/sec7 #fj_/abj #fj_/abj #ej #ej #ej #abj #abj #abj #fj #fj #fj #fj_/abj #fj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,n_/,a ,n_/,a #b1jjj #b1jjj #b1jjj #d1jjj ,n_/,a ,n_/,a #c1jjj #c1cjj #b1ijj #c1fjj- #c1cjj ,approximate price ( op]ational unit #d1jjj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,note3 ,n_/,a ,n ,ann\nc$--or ,n ,available ,e ,price includes #b mag tapes & crt ) keybo>d ,app5dix ,b ,,backgr\nd ,,in=mation ,,= ,,*apt] #c1 ,a ,,review ,,& ,,analysis ,,( ,,exp5ditures ,at ! ,novemb] #aifb ,gross+] ,conf]5ce on ! ,utilization ( ,multip>amet] ,analyz]s 9 ,nucle> ,physics a pap] by ,w4 ,f4 ,mill] & ,h4 ,w4 ,fulbright 0 pres5t$ 9 :i* data-analysis sy/ems !n 9 use 9 ,,aec-sponsor$ laboratories 9 ! fields ( high-& l[-en]gy nucle> physics 7 review$4 ,by t "t _m applications ( comput]s _h already be5 made 9 ! high-en]gy field1 :ile !re 7 only a few examples ( comput] sy/ems to be f\nd 9 l[-en]gy laboratories1 & ^? 7 r simple4 ,*apt] #c gives a simil> review1 b 9 ?is case ! high-en]gy field is exclud$2 ! emphasis is conc5trat$ on ! economic aspects ( data-acquisition sy/ems us$ 9 l[-& m$ium-en]gy physics4 ,9 ! e>li] pap]1 only ,,aec-sponsor$ laboratories 7 cov]$1 b 9 ! pres5t case "s ,,nsf-support$ laboratories are also includ$4 ,*apt] #c is a cond5s$ v]sion ( a pap] pres5t$ by ,h4 ,w4 ,fulbright at ! ,skytop ,conf]5ce on ,comput] ,sy/ems 9 ,exp]im5tal ,nucle> ,physics 9 ,m>* #aifi4 ,! fir/ "p ( ,*apt] #c pres5ts a review & a simple analysis ( ! exp5ditures = on-l9e comput+ 9 a total ( #cf diff]5t laboratories support$ by ! ,,aec & ,,nsf4 ,! second "p pres5ts a discussion ( tr5ds visible 91 or sugge/$ by ! analysis1 along ) "s o!r rem>ks ab\t ! support ( on-l9e comput+ facilities 9 nucle>-physics rese>* laboratories4 ,mo/ ( ! in=mation 0 suppli$ by ! ,,aec4 ,x 0 reque/$ by ,paul ,w4 ,mc,daniel 9 lett]s s5t 9 ,decemb] #aifh4 ,in=mation 0 receiv$ f ab\t #ij p]c5t ( ^? f :om x 0 reque/$4 ,x 0 !n =w>d$ to ! au?or ,c4 ,v4 ,smi?1 arriv+ 9 ! fir/ two weeks ( ,febru>y #aifi4 ,! ,,nsf f\nd t c]ta9 adm9i/rative regulations made ! s5d+ out ( a que/ionnaire a complicat$ proc$ure1 s a diff]5t approa* _h to be adopt$ 9 _! case4 ,lett]s reque/+ ! in=mation 7 s5t by ! review] himself directly to laboratory directors1 ! appropriate names & addresses hav+ be5 k9dly suppli$ by ,william ,rodney ( ! ,,nsf4 ,"h ! response 0 less complete4 ,mo/ ( ! returns arriv$ by ,febru>y #ba1 #aifi4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( in=mation 0 available = analysis4 ,9 _m cases ! laboratory involv$ _h done a ?or\gh job1 & ! numb]s pres5t$ 9 ^? cases 7 especially valuable 9 provid+ a basis = e/imat+ exp5ses = v>i\s items omitt$ 9 less complete reports f o!r laboratories1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( manp[]4 ,9 "s ways1 ! 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