,,expository ,,writing ,,by ,,mervin ,,james ,,curl ,,formerly ,,instructor ,,in ,,english ,,university ,,of ,,illinois ,illustration3 ,publisher's ,device ,,houghton ,,mifflin ,,company ,,boston ,,new ,,york ,,chicago ,,copyright1 #aiai1 ,,by ,,mervin ,,james ,,curl ,,all ,,rights ,,reserved ,,the ,,riverside ,,press ,,cambridge1 ,,massachusetts ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,to ,,the ,,students ,,in ,,rhetoric ,,iii ,,at ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,illinois ,,with ,,whom ,i ,,had ,,pleasant ,,association ,,from #aiad ,,to #aiah ,,acknowledgments ,since one of the pleasures of life is in being indebted to friends for kindnesses so generously given that the givers were unaware of the indebtedness which they were creating1 the author is happy to set forth several acknowledgments of most helpful counsel and aid4 ,to ,dr4 ,emerson ,g4 ,sutcliffe1 with whom a complete text on the whole subject of rhetoric had been projected1 only to be set aside1 and to result1 for the present1 in the text now published1 the author wishes to express his thanks for advice1 criticism1 and general wise help throughout the preparation of this text4 ,dr4 ,herbert ,l4 ,creek read many sections of the book in manuscript1 and made valuable suggestions4 ,at the suggestion of ,dr4 ,jacob ,zeitlin the chapter on the ,informal ,essay was rewritten1 with much improvement4 ,helpful advice was given concerning different sections of the book by ,dr4 ,frank ,w4 ,scott1 ,dr4 ,harold ,n4 ,hillebrand1 ,dr4 ,clarissa ,rinaker1 and ,miss ,ruth ,kelso4 ,dr4 ,robert ,c4 ,whitford and ,mr4 ,bruce ,weirick read a part of the book and kindly commented upon it4 ,all these kind friends were members1 at the time of giving aid1 of the faculty of the ,university of ,illinois4 ,to ,professor ,fred ,l4 ,pattee1 of the ,pennsylvania ,state ,college1 the author feels an especial debt of gratitude for unfailing interest and cheer and much wise counsel4 ,to ,mr4 ,warner ,g4 ,rice1 a student in the ,university of ,illinois1 the author wishes to make acknowledgment for reading one chapter in manuscript and making valuable suggestions4 ,so many friends have helped at one time and another that whatever of good the book may contain is doubtless due largely to them4 ,for its faults the author alone is responsible4 ,due credit is made in the proper places to the several publishers who with unfailing kindness and courtesy allowed the use of material drawn from their publications4 ,boston1 ,massachusetts ,august #i1 #aiai ,,contents ,i4 ,,the ,,nature ,,and ,,material ,,of ,,exposition #a ,,ii4 ,,how ,,to ,,write ,,exposition #aa ,,iii4 ,,definition #gc ,,iv4 ,,analysis #aac ,v4 ,,mechanisms1 ,,processes1 ,,and ,,organizations #aeg ,,vi4 ,,criticism #aij ,,vii4 ,,the ,,informal ,,essay #bca ,,viii4 ,,expository ,,biography #beg ,,ix4 ,,the ,,gathering ,,of ,,material ,,for ,,writing #big ,,index #cje ,,expository ,,writing ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,nature ,,and ,,material ,,of ,,exposition ,the ,anglo-,saxons1 ,emerson said1 are the hands of the world--they1 more than any other people1 turn the wheels of the world1 do its work1 keep things moving4 ,without lingering to quarrel with ,emerson1 or to justify him1 we may safely assert that ,expository ,writing is the hands of literature4 ,in a world which man even as yet only slightly understands1 surrounded as he is by his fellows who constantly baffle his intelligence1 and shut up within the riddle of himself1 ,exposition attempts to explain1 to make clear1 to tear away the clouds of mystery and ignorance4 ,exposition attempts to answer the endless curiosity of man4 ,what is this8 man asks1 of things and of ideas4 ,who are you8 he addresses to his fellows4 ,how did this originate1 what caused it1 where is it going1 what will it do1 how is it operated8 he repeats from birth to grave4 ,perhaps the most interesting question in the world is the never-ending ,what does this mean to me1 how does it affect me1 how can ,i use it8 ,these are the questions--and there are more of them--which ,exposition tries to answer4 ,obviously1 in making the answers the writing will often be garbed in the sack suit of business1 will sometimes roll up its sleeves1 will pull on the overalls or tie the apron4 ,then it may explain the workings of a machine1 the wonders of a printing press1 or may show the mysteries of ,congressional action1 or the organization of a department store1 or even tell how to bake a lemon pie4 ,but it may also appear in the opulence of evening costume1 and criticize the ensemble of an orchestra1 discuss the diplomacy of ,europe1 address us in appreciation of the ,arts4 ,it may assume the fine informality of the fireside and give us of its most delightful charms in discussing the joys of living and learning1 the whimsicalities of the world4 ,in any case it will be answering the endless curiosity of man4 ,it would not be rash to say that more expository thinking is done than any other kind of mental activity4 ,the child who dismantles a clock to find its secret is doing expository thinking2 the official1 of however complicated a business1 who ponders ways and means1 is trying to satisfy his business curiosity2 the artist who studies the effect of balance1 of light and shade1 of exclusion or inclusion1 is thinking in exposition2 politicians are ceaselessly active in explaining to themselves how they may1 and to their constituents how they did4 ,we cannot escape ,exposition4 ,the question then arises1 since this form of writing is always with us how can we make it effective and enjoyable8 ,all writing should be interesting2 all really effective writing does interest4 ,it may not be required that every reader be interested in every bit of writing--that would be too much to hope for in a world where sympathies are unfortunately so restricted4 ,to peruse a directory of ,bangkok1 if one has no possible acquaintance in that city1 might become tedious1 though one might draw pleasure from the queer names and the suggestions of romance4 ,but if one has a lost friend somewhere in ,new ,york1 and hopes that the directory will achieve discovery1 the bulky and endless volume immediately takes on the greatest interest4 ,lincoln1 driven at length to write a recommendation for a book1 to escape the importunities of an agent1 wisely1 whimsically1 wrote1 ,this is just the right kind of book for any one who desires just this kind of book4 ,wide though his sympathies were1 he recognized that not every one enjoys everything4 ,the problem of the writer of exposition is to make as wide an appeal as he can4 ,interest in reading is of two kinds3 satisfaction and stimulation4 ,and each of these may be either intellectual or emotional or both4 ,the interest of satisfaction largely arises when the questions which the reader brings with him to his reading are answered4 ,a reader who desires to know what is done with the by-products in a creamery1 where the skim milk goes to1 will be satisfied--and interested--when he learns the complete list of uses1 among them the fact that skim milk is largely made into the white buttons that make our underclothing habitable4 ,the reader who leaves an article about these by-products with the feeling that he has been only half told is sure to be dissatisfied1 and therefore uninterested4 ,in the same way1 when a reader picks up an article or a book with the desire to be thrilled with romance or wonder1 to be taken for the time away from the business of the world1 to be wrenched with pity for suffering or with admiration for achievement--in other words1 when a reader brings a hungry emotion to his reading--if he finds satisfaction1 he is interested4 ,the interest of stimulation may include that of satisfaction1 but not necessarily4 ,it is the interest that drives a person to further thinking or acting for himself1 that loosens his own energies and makes him aware of desire for satisfaction that he did not know he had4 ,a reader may1 for example1 peruse an editorial in a daily paper and find a complete array of facts1 setting forth in detail the subject1 and may be satisfied about the subject4 ,he may read another editorial which will not leave him cold1 indifferent1 but will set his brain to churning with ideas1 or may even make him clap on his hat and start forth to change things in the world4 ,the second editorial has given him the interest of stimulation4 ,writing that makes the interest of stimulation is the writing of power3 to the mere satisfaction of hunger1 such as one can get from eating dry oatmeal1 it adds the stimulation1 the joy in life that a fragrant cup of coffee would add to the oatmeal4 ,exposition that satisfies is adequate2 that which stimulates is powerful4 ,obviously1 some expository writing would suffer from being filled with the power to rouse the reader4 ,much legal writing must be addressed to the intellect alone2 often the entrance of stimulation1 the rousing of the emotions1 will destroy the chance for justice4 ,obviously1 again1 some subjects can be treated to contain both kinds of interest3 an account of the devastation of northern ,france may be as cold as a ledger in its array of facts which are to be added2 it may also be so treated as to rouse a vitriolic hatred for the government that caused such devastation to be made4 ,each treatment is allowable1 and each necessary for a perfectly proper purpose4 ,let us admit1 without debate1 that much expository writing is stupid4 ,why is it thus8 ,largely for two reasons3 the writer has not made his material mean anything to himself1 and he has not made it significant for his reader4 ,in writing exposition there is no place for him who draws his pen along like a quarry slave who is soon to be scourged to his dungeon and does not care for anything4 ,a person who finds no interest in his subject should do one of two things3 consult a physician to see if his health is normal so that he may expect reasonably vivid reactions to life and things2 or choose a new subject4 ,interest1 in other words1 enters at the moment when the writing becomes related vitally to human beings1 and not until that moment4 ,why do students enjoy reading the writings of ,william ,james8 ,simply because the author made his facts relate to himself and to everybody else4 ,if a writer feels like saying1 ,i don't see anything interesting in this6 and yet he feels duty pointing a stern finger at composition1 he should examine the subject more nearly1 should see if it does not in some way affect him1 does not present a front that he is really concerned with4 ,suppose1 for example1 that the task presents itself of accounting for the use of skim milk1 and suppose that the writer thinks skim milk of all things the stupidest4 ,well1 buttons1 they say1 are made from it--but who cares what buttons are made from2 their purpose is to hold clothes together1 and that's all6 ,but wait a bit3 here are some hundreds of gallons of skim milk1 from which thousands of buttons can be made4 ,without the milk1 the buttons will be cut from shells1 perhaps1 at a much larger cost4 ,ah1 the pocketbook is affected1 is it--well1 let's have the milk used1 then4 ,and when one stops to think of it1 is it not remarkable that from a soft thing like milk a hard thing like a button should be made8 ,isn't man1 after all1 rather ingenious8 ,who in the world ever thought of milk buttons8 ,some such process the mind often passes through in its approach to a subject4 ,at length it finds interest1 and then it can write--and not before4 ,here is the difference1 then1 between being a dumb beast of a reporter of facts1 and a free agent of an interpreter4 ,some facts1 to be sure1 are in themselves so startling that mere report is sufficient4 ,slight comment is needed to horrify an audience at ,turkish atrocities in the war4 ,perhaps comment would even weaken the effect4 ,the terrible poignancy of such facts so fires the imagination that more is perhaps positively harmful4 ,many facts are not thus immediately translated into human experience4 ,at first thought the fact that a new hotel will be supplied with indirect lighting seems a mere fact of trade3 instead of ordering hanging chandeliers of one kind1 the builder will order another kind4 ,but thought of more fully1 this fact takes on both the interest of satisfaction and that of stimulation3 why did the builder decide to install the indirect system8 and what will the effect be8 ,imagining one's self in that hotel at the end of a long and bewildering journey1 with nerves on edge and eyes aflame with dust1 will relate the fact of choice at once to human feelings and needs--and the subject is interesting4 ,a reader can be made to understand the workings of the engine in a super-six automobile1 and also to feel the power of it2 to understand a cream separator and also to thrill to the economy of time and strength which it brings2 to understand a clarinet and also to rouse to the beauty of its voice2 to understand an adding machine and also to marvel at the uncanny weirdness of the invention4 ,the writer interprets as soon as he brings his subject into relation with human life and shows its real value4 ,as already mentioned1 care is to be exercised to use the treatment which the subject demands4 ,an explanation1 for practical purposes1 of a machine lathe will be dangerous if it attempts too much imaginative stimulation3 there would lurk too great a danger to material fingers4 ,an essay1 on the other hand1 such as those of ,lamb and ,stevenson1 depends largely on its imaginative interpretation1 on its appeal to the interest of stimulation4 ,for a neutral newspaper account of a football game the following heading was used3 ,yesterday's game between the ,university of ,illinois and the ,university of ,chicago resulted in no score for either side4 ,that is a bald report of the facts1 for a neutral audience4 ,the interpreting spirit1 as it appeared at the two universities1 colored the tale3 ,fighting ,illini tie ,maroons #j-j2 and1 ,maroons hold ,illini to #j-j score4 ,these two headings1 if expanded into complete articles1 would color the story with interpretation for a specific audience that is vitally interested4 ,the accounts would probably be more interesting than that of the newspaper1 but they would also run the chance of being less fair4 ,for ,webster's ,new ,international ,dictionary art is defined as follows3 ,application of skill and taste to production according to sthetic principles2 an occupation having to do with the theory or practice of taste in the expression of beauty in form1 color1 sound1 speech1 or movement4 ,george ,gissing1 making a definition of the same subject for his book1 ,the ,private ,papers of ,henry ,ryecroft1 writes as follows3 ,it has occurred to me that one might define ,art as3 an expression1 satisfying and abiding1 of the zest for life4 ,this is applicable to every form of ,art devised by man1 for1 in his creative moment1 whether he produce a great drama or carve a piece of foliage in wood1 the artist is moved and inspired by supreme enjoyment of some aspect of the world about him2 an enjoyment keener in itself than that experienced by another man1 and intensified1 prolonged1 by the power--which comes to him we know not how--of recording in visible or audible form that emotion of rare vitality4 ,art1 in some degree1 is within the scope of every human being1 were he but the ploughman who utters a few would-be melodious notes1 the mere outcome of health and strength1 in the field at sunrise2 he sings or tries to1 prompted by an unusual gusto in being1 and the rude stave is all his own4 ,another was he1 who also at the plough1 sang of the daisy1 or the field mouse1 or shaped the rhythmic tale of ,tam o' ,shanter4 ,not only had life a zest for him incalculably stronger and subtler than that which stirs the soul of ,hodge1 but he uttered it in word and music such as go to the heart of mankind1 and hold a magic power for ages4#a #a ,george ,gissing3 ,the ,private ,papers of ,henry ,ryecroft4 ,by permission of the publishers1 ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton ,co41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,of these two definitions obviously the first attempts merely to satisfy the intellectual curiosity of the reader1 is a mere report of facts1 and the second is interested in making an interpretation1 in stimulating the reader4 ,for most readers the words of ,gissing would be more interesting2 though1 since a dictionary is not primarily an amusement1 it is a bit unfair to mention the fact4 ,interesting our expository writing must be2 it must also be truthful4 ,nothing worse can be imagined than the kind of writing that forgets the facts1 that remembers only the desire to please4 ,under the pleasing phraseology of any bit of expository writing there must be the firm structure of thought1 and the close weave of fact4 ,expository writing is commonly divided into ,definition and ,analysis4 ,definition attempts to set bounds to the subject1 to say thus far and no farther1 to tell what the subject is4 ,analysis regards the subject as composed of parts1 mutually related1 which together form the whole1 and attempts to divide the subject into as many parts as it contains4 ,analysis is divided into classification and partition4 ,classification groups individual members according to likeness1 as one might classify ,americans according to color or birthplace or education or health1 in every case placing those who are alike together4 ,partition divides an organic whole into its parts1 as one might divide the ,united ,states ,government into its three branches of legislative1 judicial1 and executive1 or the character of ,george ,washington into its components4 ,now definition and analysis often intermingle and help each other1 and are often informally treated1 but somehow1 in every piece of exposition1 the underlying thought must have a sound basis of one or the other or both4 ,this will be the nucleus of the thinking2 it may then be treated as a bald report or as an interpretation1 aiming merely to give information or to rouse the further interest of the reader4 ,the method of treatment will be determined by the nature of the facts and the purpose of the author in writing4 ,it cannot be too strongly stated that the underlying thought and the interest are really one1 after all4 ,as you approach a subject1 and learn its character and meaning1 you will be at the same time learning whether it is a subject capable of great appeal or only of slight attraction4 ,interest is not something laid on1 but is a development from the nature of the facts themselves4 ,the first question should be1 ,is this interesting8 and then the second question may follow1 ,how shall ,i bring out the interest8 ,remember that interest depends on relation to human beings2 the closer the relation1 the greater the interest4 ,mr4 ,henry ,labouchere1 ,english statesman and for many years editor of ,truth1 had an ideal reaction to life1 so far as interest is concerned4 ,if1 scanning the horizon for interest1 he had bethought himself of the rather impolite advice of the ,muse to ,sir ,philip ,sidney1 ',fool1' said my ,muse to me1 'look in thine heart and write1' he would have found1 upon following the advice1 a heart full of eager curiosity and readiness to be attracted to anything4 ,the following account of one of his qualities1 as related in his biography1 is worth remembering when you feel like saying1 ,oh1 ,i don't see anything interesting in that63 ,if he had encountered a burglar in his house already loaded with valuables1 his first impulse would have been1 not to call the police1 but to engage the intruder in conversation1 and to learn from him something of the habits of burglars1 the latest and most scientific methods of burgling1 the average profits of the business1 and so forth4 ,he would have been delighted to assist his new acquaintance with suggestions for his future guidance in his profession1 and to point out to him how he might have avoided the mistake which had on this occasion led to his being caught in the act4 ,in all this he would not by any means have lost sight of his property2 on the contrary1 the whole force of his intellect would have been surreptitiously occupied with the problem of recovering it with the least amount of inconvenience to his friend and himself4 ,he would have maneuvered to bring off a deal4 ,if by sweet reasonableness he could have persuaded the burglar to give up the 'swag1' he would have been delighted to hand him a sovereign or two1 cheer him with refreshment1 shake hands1 and wish him better luck next time2 and he would have related the whole story in the next week's ,truth with infinite humor and profound satisfaction4 ,to make clear1 to explain1--that is the task of exposition4 ,such writing does not have the excitement of the fighting-ring1 which we find in argument1 nor does it attain the lyric quality of impassioned description1 or the keen wild flight of narrative4 ,it keeps its feet on the earth1 tells the truth--but tells it in such a way1 with so much of reaction on the writer's part1 and with so strong an appeal to the reader's curiosity or imagination or sympathy1 that it is interesting1 that it is always adequate1 and may be powerful4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,how ,,to ,,write ,,exposition ,the ,problem ,all writing--except mere exercise and what the author intends for himself alone--is a problem in strategy4 ,the successful author will always regard his writing as a problem of manipulation of material wisely chosen to accomplish an objective against the enemy4 ,the enemy is the reader4 ,he is armed with two terrible weapons1 lack of interest and lack of comprehension4 ,sometimes one weapon is stronger than the other1 but a wise author always has an eye for both4 ,the strategic problem is1 then1 so to choose material1 and so to order and express it1 that the reader will be forced to become interested1 to comprehend1 to arrive1 in other words1 at the point in his feeling and thinking to which the author wishes to lead him4 ,the author's objective is always an effect in the reader's mind4 ,in so far as the author creates this effect he is successful4 ,and the time to consider the effect1 to make sure of its accomplishment1 is before the pen touches the paper4 ,sometimes the author makes a mistake in his planning1 as did the composer ,handel when he wrote the oratorio of ,the ,messiah4 ,he placed the ,hallelujah ,chorus at the end of the oratorio4 ,but when1 toward the end of the second section1 he saw from his place on the stage that the audience was not so enthusiastic as he had expected it to be at that point1 he changed his plan1 with practical shrewdness rushed to the front and shifted the famous chorus from the end of the third section to the end of the second1 and had the satisfaction of seeing the audience so moved that first the ,king rose1 and then1 of course1 the audience with him4 ,the chorus has stood at the end of the second part to this day2 that is the place for it--it brings about the effect that ,handel desired much better there than if it were saved for the end of the oratorio4 ,the oratorio is1 in other words1 a greater work than it would have been had not the author kept a keen eye for the audience1 for the effect1 and a willingness to change his plans whenever the gaining of the effect required a change4 ,just so the writer should constantly scan the horizon of the reader's mind for signs of interest and for shafts of intelligence4 ,the effect that the writer desires in the reader's mind may be of different natures4 ,in ,baedeker's ,guide-,book the aim is largely to satisfy the understanding1 to meet the reader's desire for compact information4 ,in some of ,poe's tales the effect is of horror4 ,patrick ,henry aimed primarily to rouse to vigorous action4 ,shakespeare wished to shed light upon the great truths of existence1 to satisfy the reader's groping curiosity1 and also to thrill the reader with pity and terror or with high good humor or the unrestrained laughter of roaring delight4 ,in so far as the author accomplishes his purpose1 in just so far he is successful4 ,when friends complimented ,cicero1 telling him that he was the greatest orator1 he replied somewhat as follows3 ,not so1 for when ,i give an oration in the ,forum people say1 ',how well he speaks6' but when ,demosthenes addressed the people they rose and shouted1 ',come1 let us up and fight the ,macedonians6' ,if ,cicero was correct in his estimate1 ,demosthenes was the greater orator--of that there can be no doubt--for he gained his effect4 ,president ,wilson's great war messages had as one of their objects1 certainly1 the rousing in ,american hearts of a high thrill to the lofty object for which they fought1 the overcoming of might with right4 ,the remarkable success of the messages attests the author's power4 ,now the author will accomplish this effect in the reader's mind only if his writing takes hold1 and it will take hold only if it is weighty1 that is1 only if it bears toward the desired end in every part and in every implication4 ,this is as true in writings that aim at light1 frivolous effects as in those that stir the deeper emotions1 in writing that aims at the understanding almost alone as in that which strives not only to make clear but to infuse with deathless appeal to the heart4 ,a treatise on the fourth dimension must bear1 in every stroke1 toward the complete satisfaction of the reader's intellectual curiosity2 a comedy must lay down each word in the intention of liberating the silver laughter of humor2 a tragedy must leave us in every implication serious1 even in its introduction of comical material to heighten the tragic nature of the whole4 ,to make every word bear in the one general direction--that is the writer's task4 ,in no other way can he move the reader's mind and heart as he wishes to4 ,an author finds1 however1 that to gain the desired effect requires skillful manipulation on his part4 ,he confronts a mass of refractory material1 often full of contradictions1 in which any potential effect seems almost as difficult to discover as the proverbial needle in the well-known haystack4 ,for example1 when a historian sits down1 one hundred years hence1 to the task of explaining the ,great ,war1 he will be confronted with an amazing welter of endless facts1 tendencies1 personal1 national1 and racial ambitions1 enmities1 competitions in trade1 language1 customs1 indiscretions of diplomats1 inscrutable moves of controlling powers1 checks and counter checks1 assertion and denial1 accusation and assurance of innocence1 bribery and plots and spy systems1 amateur comment in newspaper and magazine1 defenses by people who have retained their poise and other defenses by those whose faculties have been unseated by the awful strain of war--and everywhere he will find the endless array of events and detailed facts of organization of civil and military life to mold somehow into a consistent1 intelligible whole4 ,well may he say that the task is too great for mortal man4 ,yet somehow the history is to be written1 somehow the effect that he wishes is to be gained4 ,obviously the great prime task is to unify1 to bring order out of chaos1 to create from formless material a real edifice of thought4 ,exactly the same task awaits the writer of any kind of literature2 in a short theme no less1 the first great duty is to find some principle whereby the author can exclude the useless and include what is of value4 ,the first question to ask is--and it is also the last and the intervening question--,what am ,i trying to accomplish8 ,at first thought this question may seem the most obvious1 the most elementary1 and the least helpful query possible4 ,but upon its being successfully met depends the whole success of the writing1 whether of choosing or ordering or proportioning the material1 or of expressing the selected ideas4 ,for1 since the chief task before the writer is to make his thoughts and his expression drive in one direction1 so that the whole composition is simplified in the reader's mind1 is unified and given an organic existence1 even the choice of words1 upon which depends so much of the tone of the composition1 is largely settled by the answer to this question of what the author hopes to accomplish4 ,in ,exposition1 the explaining the relations among things and ideas1 we are commonly told that we must cover the ground1 must stick to the subject1 must include whatever is valuable and reject the rest4 ,but such directions are insufficient4 ,until ,i have some touchstone1 some applicable standard1 ,i cannot tell whether material is valuable or not4 ,it is as if one were brought into the presence of multifarious building material1--wood both hard and soft1 cement and the other ingredients of concrete1 bricks1 stucco1 and steel beams1 and terra cotta tiles1--and then were requested to build a house1 using whatever of the material might be of value1 and removing the rest4 ,the builder would be nonplussed4 ,he cannot build1 now with wood1 now with stone1 and again with tile2 if he did1 the saying would be all too true1 ,there's no place like home6 ,he can do nothing reasonable until he has been informed as to the kind of house desired1 until he is given a principle of selection4 ,then1 if he has been bidden to make a brick house1 he at once knows what his object is1 and can then reject whatever does not help him1 in the accomplishment4 ,in the same way1 if ,i am asked to write five thousand words about ,horticulture1 ,i am at a loss to choose from the history of the science1 or the present status1 or the still unsolved problems1 or the relative advancement in different countries1 or the possibility of the pursuit of horticulture as a profession1 or the poetic1 the imaginative stimulus of working among apple blossoms1 or the value to health of working in the open air4 ,perhaps any one of these divisions of the total subject would require five thousand words2 certainly with so limited an amount of material of expression ,i cannot cover all2 and if ,i choose a bit of each1 the result will hopelessly confuse the reader as to the science1 for ,i shall perforce write a series of mere disjuncta membra4 ,i must1 then1 choose at once some guiding principle of selection that will make clear whether1 for instance1 the poetic appeal of the science has anything to do with my object4 ,then1 and only then1 shall ,i be able to write an article that will take hold1 that will bear in every part toward some definite goal1 that will leave my reader with a well-organized1 easily understood piece of writing4 ,only thus can ,i escape making a mere enumeration about as sensible as to add potatoes and church steeples and treasurers' reports and feather boas and card parties and library paste in the hope of making an integral whole4 ,this guiding idea1 which avoids such selections1 may perhaps best be called the controlling purpose of the theme or article or book4 ,the ,controlling ,purpose ,what1 then1 is the controlling purpose8 ,it is the answer to the question1 ,what am ,i trying to accomplish8 ,it is the intelligent determination on the writer's part to make the material of his writing march straight toward a definite goal which he wishes the reader to perceive4 ,it is the actively operating point of view of the writer1 the positive angle of vision that he takes toward the subject4 ,the controlling purpose in ,lincoln's mind as he rode up to ,gettysburg must have been to bring home to the civilians of the country1 with a great humble thrill toward accomplishment1 the fact that after the soldiers had done all they could1 the civilians must reverently take up the fight for freedom and union4 ,his address is immortal4 ,but suppose1 for a moment1 that he had ascended the platform with the vague idea of saying something about ,america1 the war1 you know1 and the soldiers1 and liberty1--oh1 yes1 ,liberty1 of course1--and1 oh1 things in general4 ,though he had thundered for hours his words would likely have been ineffective4 ,only an intense realization of the purpose in one's mind1 and a consistent bending of one's efforts to gain this end1 bring simplicity1 weightiness1 and the powerful effect in the reader's mind4 ,from the reader's point of view1 in fact1 we might say that the controlling purpose is the means of making writing interesting1 since nothing so holds a reader's mind as to feel that he is getting somewhere1 that he is accomplishing something by his efforts4 ,in no other way can he be made so clearly to see his progress1 for only thus can he be prevented from undirected wandering4 ,source of the ,controlling ,purpose a4 ,the ,subject itself ,when we ask how we shall find and choose the controlling purpose1 we discover that it is determined by three things2 the subject itself1 the personality of the writer1 and the character of the reader4 ,just how these three operate to determine the cast of the writing we shall now attempt to discover4 ,the first thing for the writer to do is to look at the subject itself and learn what it is1 really understand it4 ,he must know its exact nature before he can be allowed to proceed with the development4 ,now this often requires much honesty1 for it is necessary to put aside prejudice and bias of all kinds and to look at the subject just as it is1 with a passionate desire to learn its exact nature4 ,for example1 if you are to write about the value of a college education1 and you are an idealist1 you may be tempted to overlook the fact that such a training does actually help a man to earn more money than he otherwise would4 ,you may think that such a consideration is beneath your dignity4 ,but you must put aside your prejudice for the time being and must look the fact honestly in the face4 ,and1 if you are a hard-headed1 practical person1 you must nevertheless admit that a college education is broadening1 chastening1 in its influence4 ,in either case you will not stop until you have looked at all possible sides of the subject4 ,you will amass such facts1 then1 as that a college education is broadening1 that it increases earning capacity1 that it puts a person in touch with the world1 that it makes him more able to be a useful citizen4 ,other facts also will occur to you1 but let us suppose that these are the most important4 ,if you carefully examine them you will perhaps come to the conclusion that a college education is valuable in that it helps a person to realize his best possibilities in every way1 as a citizen1 a friend1 a personality4 ,or1 if you are to write about the aeroplane1 you will discover that it is heavier than air1 that it is propelled by motor-power1 that it attains certain speeds1 that it has definite lifting power1 that it is self-stabilizing to a remarkable degree1 that it is made of certain kinds of material1 of certain weight1 and that it has one1 or two1 or even three planes4 ,in addition you will note the qualities of efficiency1 of triumphing over winds1 of beautiful poise1 and smoothness of execution4 ,in both these cases you have been seeking the core of your subject1 the real meaning of it1 its essence4 ,you must1 before you begin to write a word1 be able to say what all the noticed facts amount to1 to say1 ,all told1 this subject1 this machine1 or whatever it is1 means so-and-so4 ,perhaps of the aeroplane you would say1 ,this machine stands for wonderful potential efficiency1 not yet completely understood4 ,in the same way we say of people and things1 ,he is a bore1 or a tyrant1 or1 ,that is a great social menace1 or some other such comment4 ,in each case we have tagged the person or thing with what we think it is at its heart1 with its total significance4 ,and not until we have done this are we at all ready to begin writing4 b4 ,the ,writer's ,attitude ,the second influence in determining the controlling purpose is the reaction of the writer to the subject4 ,in the following estimate of ,lord ,morley1 the great ,english statesman1 you will notice that1 though the treatment seems to be1 at first1 purely objective1 quite impersonal1 the author cannot keep himself out3 he enters with the fifth word1 thrilling1 in which he shows where he stands himself in regard to truth1 and he appears more at length in the last two clauses of the selection1 where he definitely set the approval of his own heart upon ,lord ,morley's attitude4 ,the third influence1 that of the reader1 appears also1 for when you consider that the article was written for ,englishmen to read1 you see the molding for the national temper1 different of necessity from that which would have been made for ,frenchmen1 for example4 ,the author relies upon a knowledge of ,morley among his readers1 and upon a certain definite attitude among them toward the truth4 ,you will catch that thrilling note in the oratory of ,lord ,morley at all times1 for he touches politics with a certain spiritual emotion that makes it less a business or a game than a religion4 ,he lifts it out of the street on to the high lands where the view is wide and the air pure and where the voices heard are the voices that do not bewilder or betray4 ,he is the conscience of the political world--the barometer of our corporate soul4 ,tap him and you will see whether we are at foul or fair4 ,he has often been on the losing side3 sometimes perhaps on the wrong side3 never on the side of wrong4 ,he is ,true as a dial to the sun1 ,although it be not shined upon4 ,there is about him a sense of the splendid austerity of truth--cold but exhilarating4 ,it is not merely that he does not lie4 ,there are some other politicians of whom that may be said4 ,it is that he does not trifle with truth4 ,it is sacred and inviolate4 ,he would not admit with ,erasmus that there are seasons when we must even conceal truth1 still less with ,fouch that les paroles sont faites pour cacher nos penses4#b ,his regard for the truth is expressed in the motto to the essay ,on ,compromise3 ,it makes all the difference in the world whether we put truth in the first place or in the second4 ,this inflexible veracity is the rarest and the most precious virtue in politics4 ,it made him1 if not1 as ,trevelyan says of ,macaulay1 the worst popular candidate since ,coriolanus1 at least a severe test of a constituency's attachment4 ,it is ,lord ,morley's contribution to the common stock4 ,truth and ,justice--these are the fixed stars by which he steers his barque1 and even the ,prayer ,book places ,religion and ,piety after them1 for indeed they are the true foundation of religion and piety4#c #b ,words were made to conceal our thoughts4 #c ,a4 ,g4 ,gardiner3 ,prophets1 ,priests1 and ,kings4 ,by permission of the publishers1 ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton ,co41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,the second consideration1 then1 is1 ,what does this subject mean to me8 ,of course there are subjects in which this question is of slight importance3 in writing a treatise on mathematics1 for instance1 one might be quite indifferent to any personal reaction1 though in even such a piece of writing there might appear a thrill at the neat marshaling of forces for the inevitable waiting answer to the problem4 ,in general1 however1 this question is of great importance4 ,stevenson goes so far as even to say that the author's attitude is more important than the facts themselves4 ,certainly a writer cannot tell what is the truth for himself unless he expresses his ideas in the light of his own personality4 ,suppose that in the case of the aeroplane1 though you believe the central fact as we expressed it above1 you are primarily appealed to by the fact that the motor is of the utmost importance1 and that at present it is not so highly developed as it should be for perfect flying4 ,you are1 in other words1 impressed with the problem that confronts engineers of making the motor more efficient4 ,your controlling purpose would now be modified1 then1 and would perhaps read1 ,the aeroplane is a machine of wonderful potential efficiency not yet completely understood1 especially as regards the driving power4 ,in the same way you would modify the purpose of the treatment of college education and might say1 ,a college education is valuable in that it helps a person to realize his best possibilities in every way1 but especially as an heir of all the wisdom of the ages gone4 ,the relative importance of this second consideration depends on whether the subject is much or little affected by personal interpretation4 ,in the personal essay1 as written by ,lamb1 for example1 we may care more for the man than for the facts1 or more for the facts as seen by the man than for the mere facts alone4 ,in questions of society1 of morality1 of taste1 in which the answer is not absolute in any case1 in all matters that affect the well-being of humanity and in which there is a shifting standard1 the attitude of the writer is important4 ,the writer who wishes to have a voice of authority must cling to the fact as to a priceless jewel1 but he must also remember that if1 for example1 he is writing on ,feminism1 or ,socialism1 or ,church ,attendance1 or ,the ,short ,ballot1 or ,the ,new ,poetry1 or ,the ,value of ,social ,clubs in the ,country1 or any such subject1 we1 the readers1 eagerly wait on his words as being primarily an expression of his personal reaction to the matter4 ,and the final value of the treatment will depend on whether the personality is well-poised1 largely sympathetic1 able to take an elastic view of the subject and to bring it home to the reader as a piece of warmly felt and honestly stated conviction4 ,in exposition1 as well as in argument1 we must ask the witness1--that is1 the writer1--whether he is prejudiced or not4 ,especially must we do this when we happen to be the author ourselves4 ,violent condemnation of ,capital by a man who has become embittered by mistreatment at the hands of employers must be taken with somewhat of caution1 just as sweeping arraignment of ,socialism by an arrogant capitalist must be eyed askance4 ,it might not be amiss to remark here that the writer in a college class who declares that he has no reaction to his subject1 that he is quite indifferent to it1 should do one of two things1 either choose a new subject1 or drop from college and go to work at some vitalizing effort with other people which will bring home realities to him in such a way that he cannot fail to react4 ,in the following brief incident it is interesting to note how the author shows his own personality4 ,another would have thought of the problem of dietetics involved1 or of the absence of coffee or parritch or the rasher of bacon1 or of the austerity of the meal4 ,to ,gissing#d the incident was significant as showing a national characteristic both admirable and amusing4 #d ,george ,gissing3 ,the ,private ,papers of ,henry ,ryecroft1 ,summer1 ,,xxi4 ,by permission of the publishers1 ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton ,co41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,at an inn in the north ,i once heard three men talking at their breakfast on the question of diet4 ,they agreed that most people ate too much meat1 and one of them went so far as to declare that1 for his part1 he rather preferred vegetables and fruit4 ,why1 he said1 will you believe me that ,i sometimes make a breakfast of apples8 ,this announcement was received in silence2 evidently the two listeners didn't quite know what to think of it4 ,thereupon the speaker1 in rather a blustering tone1 cried out1 ,yes1 ,i can make a very good breakfast on two or three pounds of apples4 ,wasn't it amusing8 ,and wasn't it characteristic8 ,this honest ,briton had gone too far in frankness4 ',t is all very well to like vegetables and fruit up to a certain point2 but to breakfast on apples6 ,his companions' silence proved that they were just a little ashamed of him2 his confession savoured of poverty or meanness2 to right himself in their opinion1 nothing better occurred to the man than to protest that he ate apples1 yes1 but not merely one or two2 he ate them largely1 by the pound6 ,i laughed at the fellow1 but ,i thoroughly understood him2 so would every ,englishman2 for at the root of our being is a hatred of parsimony4 ,this manifests itself in all manner of ludicrous or contemptible forms1 but no less is it the source of our finest qualities4 ,an ,englishman desires1 above all1 to live largely2 on that account he not only dreads but hates and despises poverty4 ,his virtues are those of the free-handed and warm-hearted opulent man2 his weaknesses come of the sense of inferiority 7intensely painful and humiliating7 which attaches in his mind to one who cannot spend and give2 his vices1 for the most part1 originate in loss of self-respect due to loss of secure position4 c4 ,the ,reader ,the third consideration is1 ,who is my reader1 and what are his characteristics8 ,the counter-question1 ,what difference does it make who my reader is8 can be summarily answered with the statement that it makes a great deal of difference4 ,as soon as you note what a large part temperament plays in the forming of opinions in politics and religion and social questions1 and remember that no two people ever react to any truth in exactly the same way--that what seems to one sensible person monstrous will appear to another equally sensible person as highly virtuous--you will see that in all writing1 where either the understanding or the emotions are involved1 this question assumes importance4 ,if we believe the theory with which we set out1 that all writing is done to accomplish an object1 that is1 a certain effect in the reader's mind1 and then remember that different readers take different trails to the same objective1 and that some must be even coaxed back from one trail into another1 we shall see that it is vital that the reader do not select the wrong way1 and1 like a futile dog1 bark up the wrong tree4 ,a hasty glance at current magazines will at once show how operative this consideration is in practical writing3 ,the ,atlantic ,monthly uses a different set of subjects and a different style of expression from that of ,the ,scientific ,american or ,the ,black ,cat or ,the ,parisienne4 ,the editors1 in other words1 are remembering who their readers are and are trying to meet them with gifts1 not with weapons of offense4 ,after all1 the reader is always the destination of all writing2 the place where the effect will be made is the reader's mind4 ,to apply this third consideration to our two subjects1 the value of a college education and the aeroplane1 let us see how the treatment should differ according to the differing readers4 ,if1 in the treatment of the first subject1 we are presenting our statements to a body of educators1 even though the facts of college education remain unmoved1 and though our personal leaning toward the supreme value in dowering the student with the wisdom of the past is unchanged1 we shall yet see that these educators have already thought as we have about the matter1 that merely to repeat to them will be futile and wearying2 and we shall1 if we are wise1 change the point of attack and develop the value as enabling the student to apply to practical problems the wisdom of the past4 ,or1 if the readers are to be politicians whom we wish to enlist in sympathy with larger endowments1 we shall perhaps treat the subject as being increased political insight and sympathy with all people4 ,in the treatment of the aeroplane1 if we are presenting our words to engineers1 we shall probably analyze the present lack of proper engine power and try to suggest means of correction4 ,and we shall make our presentation in language that has not been stripped of its technicalities but has been allowed to stand in engineering terms4 ,but if we address a body of benevolent women who are trying to organize an ,airmen's ,relief ,fund1 and who look upon the machine with horror as a potential destroyer of life1 we shall simply show that accidents may be caused through faulty engines which may often result in loss of life4 ,the original controlling purpose will now appear1 ,the value of a college education lies in its offering the best chance for personal development through showing to the student his heirship to all the wisdom of the ages past1 especially as this is applied to present-day problems1 or1 ,the aeroplane is a machine of great potential efficiency not yet completely understood1 especially as regards the driving power1 through which lack of understanding grave accidents may occur4 ,now if we scan these two statements carefully1 ,i believe that we shall be persuaded of their inadequacy4 ,to explain to the benevolent women who are interested in saving lives the fact that we do not yet fully understand the aeroplane1 is like attempting to persuade a man from the path of an oncoming thunderous locomotive by telling him of the lack of laws to regulate public safety4 ,in other words1 we have forgotten that a wedge makes the easiest entrance1 and we have attacked on far too broad a front1 have failed to whittle away the chips that are of no value to the reader4 ,perhaps we need a complete restatement of the controlling purpose1 occasioned by the nature of the reader4 ,we may say that the value of a college education is in enabling a student to be of service to the state by applying the wisdom of the past1 or that the aeroplane1 partly through our ignorance of it1 is causing terrible accidents4 ,these purposes are far different from those with which we started out4 ,all are perfectly true2 these are better adapted to our particular readers1 are more useful in helping to accomplish our selected aim4 ,the gist of the matter is this3 wisdom in writing demands that we discover the special loophole through which our readers regard the subject and then bring our material within the view from that loophole1 bearing in mind always the training and the prejudices of the reader1 and conforming material to suit the special needs4 ,one large reason why college themes are liable to dullness is the fact that few students write for any one in particular4 ,they merely put down colorless facts which do not stir a reader in the slightest4 ,they forget that facts exist1 really1 only as they relate to people1 individual people1 and that they must be clothed attractively1 as is virtue for a child's consumption1 or the reader will have none of them4 ,even the patient writer of themes should regard a specially chosen reader as at the same time his best friend and his potentially worst enemy3 friend in the sense of recipient of literary gifts1 and enemy in the sense of possible foiler of all the author's good intentions4 ,as enemy the reader must be conquered1 must be made to read and understand2 as friend he is to be sympathetically met and smiled upon4 ,and if there be no reader determined by the circumstances1 the writer should choose some well-known friend and adapt his material to that friend1 or should select any ordinarily intelligent being and use the widest appeal that he can4 d4 ,relative ,value of ,sources ,now the relative value of these three sources of the controlling purpose is variable4 ,in an article for the encyclopdia the writer's reaction should be subordinated1 since the reader comes to the encyclopdia for facts and not for opinion4 ,likewise the reader1 in such an article1 will be of minor importance1 for the article is addressed to general ordinary intelligence that desires a straightforward statement4 ,but as we have seen1 an article on ,feminism must with the greatest care watch the reader and the writer--the reader because the subject rouses both assent and opposition2 the writer because the subject is of the kind that depend largely on opinion4 ,so a theme on the problem of the hired man1 or ,tennyson's attitude toward science1 or the reasons for attending one university rather than another1 or the value of mechanical stokers1 or the application of ,mendel's ,law to human beings will vary its purpose according to the varying importance of the three sources4 ,only one great caution needs to be made4 ,never falsify or mistreat the facts3 they are the supreme thing4 ,it is for this fault that the newspapers are most blameable3 they consider their readers and their own points of view1 but all too often they treat the facts cavalierly4 ,a high reverence for the truth1 and an unflinching determination to tell it are prime essentials4 ,the ,controlling ,purpose and the ,emotional ,reaction ,so far we have been concerned with the problem of placing the facts before the reader1 of appealing to his intelligence4 ,but writing consists of vastly more than that alone4 ,after the understanding1 sometimes before1 must be considered the emotions4 ,we have the facts1 we know what we think of them1 and we are reasonably sure of the reader's attitude4 ,now we must discover how to set the reader's emotions afire in so far as we desire such an effect4 ,in listening to a great tragedy we perceive the cold analysis of a great truth of life2 but that is not all3 far out beyond the bounds of understanding our emotions are profoundly stirred and we feel pity and terror4 ,so in the account of a tremendous battle1 of a fire1 of anything that touches human life at all nearly and with power1 our emotions are called into play4 ,now different pieces of writing1 just like different subjects1 call for different degrees of emotional reaction4 ,drama always rouses us1 lyric poems depend upon their emotional quality1 the informal essay has much emotional appeal1 fiction of any sort stirs our feelings1 and the more powerful the writing is1 the more sure the appeal4 ,at first thought most expository writing might be considered to make slight appeal1 if any1 to emotions4 ,that is not necessarily true2 the more effective the exposition1 the more real is usually the call to feeling4 ,often this call is subtle1 usually it is subordinate to the appeal to the understanding1 but in most effective expository writing it will be found4 ,in an explanation of the ,panama ,canal certainly there would be roused the reader's admiration and wonder at the magnitude of the operation4 ,the mere analysis of the facts in a criminal trial often settles the case1 so great is the emotional appeal4 ,in didactic writing the call to emotion is less strong1 though such a writer as ,jonathan ,edwards could explain the writhing of man like a spider before the ,almighty in a profoundly moving way4 ,in axiomatic mathematical propositions we find perhaps the least strong appeal3 that the sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to two right angles might seem to be divorced from all excitement4 ,but in most exposition when emotional appeal is overlooked the writing suffers4 ,in an account of the ,american ,civil ,war1 for example1 the writer might set out to show that the conflict was the culmination of the struggle between yeoman and cavalier begun long since in ,england4 ,but the war meant more than that4 ,the author will then see the emotional significance of the fight and will add to his purpose the intention to thrill the reader at the magnificent exhibition1 on both sides1 of devotion to an idea4 ,so ,emerson1 in his essay on ,fate in ,the ,conduct of ,life1 fills the reader with gloom for page after page1 detailing how thoroughly the individual is bound down by conditions of birth1 sex1 breeding1 wealth--and then in two wonderful sentences he turns the whole course of thought and emotion by saying1 ,intellect annuls fate4 ,so far as a man thinks1 he is free1 and the reader is stirred as with a trumpet call to renewed courage1 which1 to use ,emerson's words1 neither brandy1 nor nectar1 nor sulphuric ether1 nor hell-fire1 nor ichor1 nor poetry1 nor genius can overcome4 ,and the historian ,greene1 in his well-known account of ,queen ,elizabeth1 states his controlling purpose in the words1 ,elizabeth was at once the daughter of ,henry and of ,anne ,boleyn4 ,but these words are not the whole of his purpose2 he intends1 besides the intellectual grasping of the ,queen's character1 an intense admiration and wonder at the resourcefulness1 the shrewd judgment1 and a reaction of amusement to the strange outbreaks of unwomanly freaks or of feminine wiles4 ,the controlling purpose1 then1 is almost always of a dual nature2 it aims at both the understanding and the emotions4 ,whenever there is any real possibility of making it thus double the writer should so express it to himself4 ,in the following magazine article such a double purpose obviously exists4 ,first of all there are the facts of the marching of ,american troops through ,london4 ,these facts are unchangeable4 ,baldly stated1 the significance of the fact is that the ,new ,world is coming to the help of the ,old ,world against the monster of unrestrained militarism4 ,to a person who regards life coldly1 as the mere interplay of calculable forces1 one whose emotions are not concerned1 this would be a sufficient statement of the whole truth1 of the total significance4 ,but such writing would miss the chance of power1 would be forever less valuable than it ought to be1 for a great warming of the heart answers those footfalls in ,london streets4 ,in other words1 just as we have seen that there are two kinds of exposition--mere noting of facts and interpreting of facts--so we now see that interpretation can be either lifeless1 or moving1 charged with power4 ,it is the old difference between the drama and a sermon3 the play thrills and the sermon convinces4 ,either may add the other quality--a fine drama or a well-made sermon does4 ,in this account of ,american soldiers in ,london the truth is made clear1 but far more than that it is made alive1 pulsating with emotion of national pride1 of racial solidarity1 of high moral purpose4 ,in so far as the writer succeeds in stirring us1 in just so far he is more likely to make the truth take hold upon us and bind us firmly in its grasp4 ,it is the writing that both convinces and moves us that is lasting1 that is really powerful4 ,,solemn-,,looking ,,blokes#e #e ,stacy ,aumonier1 in ,the ,century ,magazine1 ,december1 #aiag4 ,by courtesy of the publisher1 ,the ,century ,company1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,at midday on ,august #ae ,i stood on the pavement in ,cockspur ,street and watched the first contingent of ,american troops pass through ,london4 ,i had been attracted thither by the lure of a public show1 by the blare of a band1 and by a subconscious desire to pay tribute in my small way to a great people4 ,it was a good day for ,london1 intermittently bright1 with great scurrying masses of cumuli overhead1 and a characteristic threat of rain1 which fortunately held off4 ,cockspur ,street1 as you know1 is a turning off ,trafalgar ,square1 and ,i chose it because the crowd was less dense there than in the square itself4 ,by getting behind a group of shortish people and by standing on tiptoe ,i caught a fleeting view of the faces of nearly every one of the passing soldiers4 ,london is schooled to shows of this kind4 ,the people gather and wait patiently on the line of route4 ,and then some genial policemen appear and mother the people back into some sort of line1 an action performed with little fuss or trouble4 ,then mounted police appear1 headed by some fat official in a cockade hat and with many ribbons on his chest4 ,and some one in the crowd calls out3 ,hullo1 ,percy6 ,mind you don't fall off yer 'orse6 ,then the hearers laugh and begin to be on good terms with themselves1 for they know that the show is coming4 ,then follows the inevitable band1 and we begin to cheer4 ,it is very easy and natural for a ,london crowd to cheer4 ,i have heard ,kaiser ,william ,,ii cheered in the streets of ,london6 ,we always cheer our guests1 and we love a band and a show almost as much as our republican friends across the channel4 ,i have seen royal funerals and weddings1 processions in honor of visiting presidents and kings1 the return of victorious generals1 processions of ,canadian1 ,australian1 ,indian1 ,french and ,italian troops and bands4 ,i wouldn't miss these things for worlds4 ,they give color to our social life and accent to our everyday emotions4 ,it is1 moreover1 peculiarly interesting to observe national traits on a march3 the ,french1 with their exuberant lan1 throwing kisses to the women as they pass2 our own ,tommies1 who have surprised the world with their gayety1 and keep up a constant ragging intercourse with the crowd and cannot cease from singing2 the ,indians1 who pass like a splendidly carved frieze2 the ,canadians1 who move with a free and independent swing and grin in a friendly way2 the ,scotch1 who carry it off better than any one4 ,but ,i had never seen ,american troops1 and ,i was anxious to see how they behaved4 ,i said to myself1 ,the ,american is volatile and impressionable1 like a child4 ,i had met ,americans who within an hour's acquaintance had told me their life-story1 given me their views on religion1 politics1 and art1 and invited me to go out to ,iowa or ,wisconsin or ,california1 and spend the summer with them4 ,moreover1 the ,american is above all things emotional and--may ,i say it8--sentimental4 ,it would therefore be extremely interesting to see how he came through this ordeal4 ,the first band passed1 and the people were waving flags and handkerchiefs from the windows4 ,we could hear the cheers go up from the great throng in the square4 ,and there at last1 sure enough1 was ,old ,glory1 with its silken tassels floating in the ,london breeze1 carried by a solemn giant1 with another on either side4 ,and then they came1 marching in fours1 with their rifles at the slope1 the vanguard of ,uncle ,sam's army4 ,and we in ,cockspur ,street raised a mighty cheer4 ,they were solemn1 bronzed men1 loose of limb1 hard1 and strong1 with a curious set expression of purpose about them4 ,tramp1 tramp1 tramp1 tramp4 ,and they looked neither to the right nor the left2 nor did they look up or smile or apparently take any notice of the cheers we raised4 ,we strained forward to see their faces1 and we cried out to them our welcome4 ,tramp1 tramp1 tramp1 tramp4 ,they were not all tall2 some were short and wiry4 ,some of the officers were rather elderly and wore horn spectacles4 ,but they did not look at us or raise a smile of response4 ,they held themselves very erect1 but their eyes were cast down or fixed upon the back of the man in front of them4 ,there came an interval1 and another band1 and then ,old ,glory once more1 and we cheered the flag even more than the men4 ,fully a thousand men passed in this solemn procession1 not one of them smiling or looking up4 ,it became almost disconcerting4 ,it was a thing we were not used to4 ,a fellow-cockney near me murmured3 ,they're solemn-looking blokes1 ain't they8 ,tramp1 tramp1 tramp1 tramp4 ,the band blared forth once more1 a drum-and-fife corps with a vibrant thrill behind it4 ,we strained forward more eagerly to see the faces of our friends from the ,new ,world4 ,we loved it best when the sound of the band had died away and the only music was the steady throb of those friendly boots upon our ,london streets4 ,and still they did not smile4 ,i had a brief moment of some vague apprehension1 as though something could not be quite right4 ,some such wave1 ,i think1 was passing through the crowd4 ,what did it mean8 ,tramp1 tramp1 tramp1 tramp4 ,the cheers died away for a few moments in an exhausted diminuendo4 ,among those people1 racked by three years of strain and suffering1 there probably was not one who had not lost some one dear to them4 ,even the best nerves have their limit of endurance4 ,suddenly the ready voice of a woman from the pavement called out3 ,god bless you1 ,sammy6 ,and then we cheered again in a different key1 and ,i noticed a boy in the ranks throw back his head and look up4 ,on his face was the expression we see only on the faces of those who know the finer sensibilities--a fierce1 exultant joy that is very near akin to tears4 ,and gradually ,i became aware that on the faces of these grim men was written an emotion almost too deep for expression4 ,as they passed it was easy to detect their ethnological heritage4 ,there was the ,anglo-,saxon type1 perhaps predominant2 the ,celt2 the ,slav2 the ,latin2 and in many cases definitely the ,teuton3 and yet there was not one of them that had not something else1 who was not preminently a good ,united ,states man4 ,it was as though upon the anvil of the ,new ,world all the troubles of the ,old1 after being passed through a white-hot furnace1 had been forged into something clear and splendid4 ,and they were hurrying on to get this accomplished4 ,for once and all the matter must be settled4 ,tramp1 tramp1 tramp1 tramp4 ,there was a slight congestion1 and the body of men near me halted and marked time4 ,a diminutive officer with a pointed beard was walking alone4 ,a woman in the crowd leaned forward and waved an ,american flag in his face4 ,he saluted1 made some kindly remark1 and then passed on4 ,tramp1 tramp1 tramp1 tramp4 ,the world must be made safe for democracy4 ,and ,i thought inevitably of the story of the ,titan myth1 of ,prometheus1 the first real democrat1 who held out against the gods because they despised humanity4 ,and they nailed him to a rock1 and cut off his eyelids1 and a vulture fed upon his entrails4 ,but ,prometheus held on1 his line of reasoning being3 ,after ,uranus came ,cronus4 ,after ,cronus came ,zeus4 ,after ,zeus will come other gods4 ,it is the finest epic in human life1 and all the great teachers and reformers who came after told the same story--,christ1 ,vishnu1 ,confucius1 ,mohammed1 ,luther1 ,shakespeare4 ,the fundamental basis of their teaching was love and faith in humanity4 ,and whenever humanity is threatened1 the fires which ,prometheus stole from the gods will burn more brightly in the heart of man1 and they will come from all quarters of the world4 ,he is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored2 ,he hath loosed the fateful lightning of his terrible1 swift sword4 ,there is no quarter1 no mercy1 to the enemies of humanity4 ,there is no longer a war2 it is a crusade4 ,and as ,i stood on the flags of ,cockspur ,street1 ,i think ,i understood the silence of those grim men4 ,they seemed to epitomize not merely a nation1 not merely a flag1 but the unbreakable sanctity of human rights and human life4 ,and ,i knew that whatever might happen1 whatever the powers of darkness might devise1 whatever cunning schemes or diabolical plans1 or whatever temporary successes they might attain1 they would ultimately go down into the dust before the fateful lightning4 ,after ,zeus will come other gods4 ,tramp1 tramp1 tramp1 tramp4 ,nothing could live and endure against that steady and irresistible progression4 ,and we know how you can do things1 ,america4 ,we have seen your workshops1 your factories1 and your engines of peace4 ,and we have seen those young men of yours at the ,olympic ,games1 with their loose1 supple limbs1 their square1 strong faces4 ,when the ,spartans1 lightly clad1 but girt for war1 ran across the hills to ,athens and1 finding the ,persian hosts defeated1 laughed1 and congratulated the ,athenians1 and ran back again--since those days there never were such runners1 such athletes1 as these boys of yours from ,yale and ,harvard1 ,princeton and ,cornell4 ,and so on that day1 if we cheered the flag more than we cheered the men1 it was because the flag was the symbol of the men's hearts1 which were too charged with the fires of ,prometheus to trust themselves expression4 ,at least that is how it appeared to me on that forenoon in ,cockspur ,street1 and ,i know that later in the day1 when ,i met a casual friend1 and he addressed me with the usual formula of the day3 ,any news8 ,i was able to say3 ,yes1 the best news in the world4 ,and when he replied3 ,what news8 ,i could say with all sincerity3 ,i have seen a portent4 ,the world is safe for democracy4 ,proper ,use of the ,controlling ,purpose ,despite whatever of good has been said here about the controlling purpose1 there may lurk the suspicion that it is1 after all1 dangerous1 that perhaps it gives to a piece of writing a tendency toward bias1 partial interpretation1 even unfairness1 and that it makes toward incompleteness4 ,in the first place1 in answering this charge1 we must remember that facts as related to people are eternally subject to different interpretations according to shifting significance1 which is determined largely by the individual to whom the facts are related4 ,in the second place we have to remind ourselves that seldom does a writer try to say all that can be said about his subject4 ,much is always either implied or left to another piece of writing4 ,and finally1 even when an author attempts perfect completeness and objectivity1 he usually addresses his work to some one in particular1 even though the some one is as vague as the general reading public2 and that some one has a particular attitude that must be borne in mind4 ,in ,solemn-,looking ,blokes not everything about the subject is said4 ,from one point of view the tramp of ,american feet in ,london streets signified that the ,united ,states had emerged from its traditional aloofness and had joined the main current of the world2 from another1 that a tremendous military preparation was going on in ,america1 the first fruits of which were those solemn ringing steps2 from another1 that however ,europe had professed to despise ,american power1 she was now willing1 eager1 to accept ,american aid2 from another1 that the old enmity between ,england and ,america has been forgotten in the common bond of like ideals and racial traditions4 ,each of these possible meanings--and there are more not listed here--is implied in the treatment actually given to the subject4 ,no one of them is really developed4 ,instead1 we have flowering before us the idea that the world is to be made safe for democracy4 ,no one would presume to declare that the total possibilities of the subject are here met and explained2 yet no one can rightly say that the chosen treatment is unfair4 ,considering the facts1 the author1 and the people who would read the article1 and their emotional connection with the facts1 we see that the author chose the purpose that seemed most useful--to make ,american hearts warm to the fact that their country was helping to make the world safer for all men everywhere4 ,in other words1 facts are useful only in so far as they accomplish some definite end1 which1 in writing1 is to make the reader see the truth as the author thinks that he should try to make the reader see it4 ,now1 of course1 if the writer makes an unfair analysis1 if he blindly or willfully falsifies in seeing or expressing his subject1 his writing is not only useless but actually vicious4 ,the analysis must be correct4 ,every subject has its center of truth1 which can be discovered by patient clear thinking2 if the thinking be either unclear or impatient1 the interpretation will be false4 ,if the author of ,solemn-,looking ,blokes has made an incorrect estimate1 his writing is futile4 ,there is no more challenging quest than the search for the real truth at the core of a chosen subject4 ,perhaps the very difficulty of attaining success is what has stayed many minds in floundering1 timid1 fogginess4 ,as to the charge that infusion of emotional quality into the writing produces bias1 first of all it must be said that if the subject contains no emotion1 none should be attempted in the writing4 ,in a report1 for example1 of the relative value of different woods for shingles1 an author will hardly try to infuse emotion1 for the reader wishes to learn1 quickly and easily1 just what kind of wood is the best4 ,but most subjects are not thus aloof2 even the report about shingles becomes of vast significance to the owner of extensive timber lands which are suddenly found to be of high value4 ,all subjects which concern the prosperity and happiness of humanity are charged with emotion2 the nearer to the great facts of life1 such as birth1 marriage1 death1 food1 shelter1 love1 hatred1 the keener the emotion4 ,who shall write of problems of heredity and leave us unstirred8 ,who shall treat of our vast irrigation projects1 which turn the deserts into fair gardens and give food to millions of people1 without firing the imagination8 ,the writer's task is to look so clearly at his subject that he discovers its true value to both brain and heart4 ,as a matter of fact1 in writing of such subjects a writer finds that words will be emotional1 whether he will have them so or not1 that they take sides1 are charged with tendency and fly toward or away from an emotional quality with all the power of electricity4 ,now1 this emotional quality1 when it is uncontrolled1 is dangerous4 ,words that show tendency must be guided with the firm hand lest they lead the reader into wrong impressions and into the confusion that comes from counter emotions1 the strong impression of disunion4 ,it is only by relating these cross-tendencies to a guiding idea that they can be made to serve the author's purpose4 ,to choose wisely a controlling purpose that recognizes and handles the inherent emotions of words is merely to organize inescapable material4 ,in the following selection from ,emerson's ,fate we find the emotional quality both high and well-organized4 ,such a paragraph might easily be made to confuse a reader hopelessly1 but ,emerson drives the chargers of his thought straight to his goal1 intellectual and emotional1 and holds tight his reins3 ,nature is no sentimentalist1--does not cosset or pamper us4 ,we must see that the world is rough and surly1 and will not mind drowning a man or a woman1 but swallows your ship like a grain of dust4 ,the cold1 inconsiderate of persons1 tingles your blood1 benumbs your feet1 freezes a man like an apple4 ,the diseases1 the elements1 fortune1 gravity1 lightning1 respect no persons4 ,the way of ,providence is a little rude4 ,the habit of snake and spider1 the snap of the tiger and other leapers and bloody jumpers1 the crackle of the bones of his prey in the coil of the anaconda1--these are in the system1 and our habits are like theirs4 ,you have just dined1 and however the slaughter-house is concealed in the graceful distance of miles1 there is complicity1 expensive races--race living at the expense of race4 ,the planet is liable to shocks from comets1 perturbations from planets1 rendings from earthquake and volcano1 alterations of climate1 precessions of equinoxes4 ,rivers dry up by opening of the forest4 ,the sea changes its bed4 ,towns and counties fall into it4 ,at ,lisbon an earthquake killed men like flies4 ,at ,naples three years ago ten thousand persons were crushed in a few minutes4 ,the scurvy at sea1 the sword of the climate in the west of ,africa1 at ,cayenne1 at ,panama1 at ,new ,orleans1 cut off men like a massacre4 ,our western prairies shake with fever and ague4 ,the cholera1 the small-pox1 have proved as mortal to some tribes as a frost to crickets1 which1 having filled the summer with noise1 are silenced by the fall of the temperature of one night4 ,without uncovering what does not concern us1 or counting how many species of parasites hang on a bombyx1 or groping after intestinal parasites or infusory biters1 or the obscurities of alternate generation1--the forms of the shark1 the labrus1 the jaw of the sea-wolf paved with crushing teeth1 the weapons of the grampus1 and other warriors hidden in the sea1 are hints of ferocity in the interior of nature4 ,let us not deny it up and down4 ,providence has a wild1 rough1 incalculable road to its end1 and it is of no use to try to whitewash its huge1 mixed instrumentalities1 or to dress up that terrific benefactor in a clean shirt and white neck-cloth of a student in divinity4#f #f ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson3 ,fate1 ,the ,conduct of ,life4 ,houghton ,mifflin ,company1 publishers1 ,boston4 ,now this controlling purpose1 including both the appeal to the understanding and that to the emotions1 should be stated1 clearly1 before the author begins his actual writing1 in one sentence4 ,the value of this is at once apparent3 our minds tend all too much to wander from subject to subject1 browsing here and there1 without any really directed feeding4 ,now such procedure1 though difficult to avoid1 is nevertheless harmful to our writing4 ,the edge of the writing is never so keen1 the telling of the message1 whatever it may be1 is never so well done1 until we thoroughly organize and direct all that we are to say4 ,in phrasing the controlling purpose in one sentence1 we make just such an organization4 ,and we have one which is most easily handled1 most easily remembered1 least likely to allow us to escape into empty wandering4 ,even in a long work this should be done1 this unifying knot should be tied in the writer's mind4 ,those readers who rise from the last pages of a long historical work1 covering several volumes and hundreds or thousands of pages1 with a clear central conception of the whole work are profoundly grateful to the author4 ,it is safe to say that such a conception could not have been given to the reader had not the writer1 before he wrote a word1 formulated in a few words the goal1 the aim of his writing4 ,this sentence should include the emotional appeal either as stated in a separate clause or phrase1 or as expressed in the choice of words to present the facts4 ,the amount of machinery that seems to be required for using the controlling purpose may appear too much for practical purposes in one short lifetime4 ,the truth is that the actual finding of the purpose will require much less time1 often1 than the explanation of the process here has needed4 ,in a short theme you will often be able to scan the subject itself1 to estimate your own reaction to the subject1 and to determine upon your reader with remarkable quickness4 ,more frequently you will find difficulty in determining the emotional quality of the material and your desires4 ,but a little practice will enable you to do the preliminary thinking with rapidity and comfort4 ,but if your subject is difficult1 and if the effect is of great importance1 by no means allow yourself to be swerved from determination to find the real object which you are seeking1 but even at the expense of time and trouble state the center of your intentions as related to the subject1 yourself1 and your reader4 ,practical ,use of the ,controlling ,purpose ,we have yet to answer the practical question3 when ,i sit down to write1 of just what value will the controlling purpose be to me in the actual task of expressing my ideas8 ,how can it really serve me in my writing8 ,the answer is clear3 the controlling purpose is of the utmost strategic value in helping to select and arrange material for attack upon the objective1 which is the effect to be created in the reader's mind4 ,now the best strategy always combines the line of greatest advantage to the writer1 the line of least resistance from the reader1 and the necessities of the subject4 ,in other words1 what point can ,i attack easiest1 where is my opponent weakest1 what demands of the ground--gullies1 hills1 swamps1 etc4--must ,i allow for8 ,sometimes these three are more or less mutually antagonistic2 sometimes they unite with the greatest helpfulness1 as we shall see4 ,selection of ,material ,the first question is1 ,what1 and how many1 forces shall ,i choose for the attack8 ,remember1 we do not now merely attack in general1 wherever we find an enemy4 ,instead1 we decide that our objective is1 perhaps1 a hill ten miles across the enemy's frontier4 ,the taking of that hill is our controlling purpose4 ,it would be easiest for us to use several regiments of fresh young troops4 ,but the terrain is strewn with gullies and hillocks1 with boulders and tangled timber4 ,so we shall use two regiments of veteran troops who are accustomed to rough country1 and follow these with some fresh youngsters who are endowed with sense and a desire to outdo the veterans4 ,since the enemy has a strong battery1 we shall use heavy artillery4 ,and since the enemy lacks machine guns1 we shall use many of them and catch him where he is weak and may be terrified4 ,we could easily send thirty camp kitchens to the fighting lines1 but strategy demands that they be kept back4 ,in exactly the same way ,mr4 ,burroughs plans the essay which follows this discussion4 ,his controlling purpose is obviously to make the reader understand the process of bee-hunting in such a way as to be attracted to it as a delightful sport4 ,the nature of the subject demands that the several steps in the process be explained4 ,well1 that suits ,mr4 ,burroughs1 because he knows these steps4 ,the easiest method for him is to narrate his own experiences4 ,of course he could investigate the authorities on bee-hunting1 and write a treatise1 but that would be more difficult1 and moreover1 it would not meet the line of least resistance from the reader4 ,to be successful1 the essay must overcome the reader's inertia and make him feel that he is actually sharing in things that he enjoys4 ,the selection is thus determined4 ,from his personal experience1 as giving the writer the greatest advantage1 ,mr4 ,burroughs chooses4 ,he selects details about the beauty of nature because a reader would prefer to have fine surroundings4 ,he mentions traits of the bee that are interesting or necessary to know4 ,he narrates two special experiences of his own for added attractiveness4 ,and all the while1 lest inertia raise its head1 he lures the reader with the glimpses of pails full of rich golden honey4 ,in other words1 keeping his eye for his controlling purpose1 ,mr4 ,burroughs can easily select the things that will accomplish that purpose to his own greatest advantage1 the reader's greatest ease1 and according to the demands of the subject4 ,you do not find in the essay a discussion of the lucrative value of bees1 nor of the complicated life of the hive1 nor of the present standing of the science of bee-keeping4 ,these topics1 however interesting1 are not useful to the controlling purpose4 ,the standard is1 not connection1 but usefulness4 ,any road1 says ,carlyle1 this simple ,entepfuhl road1 will lead you to the end of the world1 and if you follow mere connection with your subjects1 you will find yourself at the end of the world4 ,the practical helpfulness of the controlling purpose is seen when you ask yourself the question1 ,does the matter that ,i am putting in this paragraph1 this sentence1 actually advance my reader in thought or emotion or both1 nearer the point to which ,i wish to lead him8 ,thus the question of selection is answered4 ,the ,ordering of the ,material ,if we could have our own sweet will in attacking the hill ten miles beyond the border1 we should ask the enemy to stack his arms1 and then1 with trumpet and drum and flag we should sweep in and take possession4 ,but our sweet will must give way to necessity4 ,since unscalable crags lie ahead1 we shall have to go round to the rear of the hill4 ,since we must cross a swamp1 engineers must precede and build a road4 ,though we should like to crawl up a wide valley on the other side1 we must choose a smaller one1 because the enemy could wither us away in the larger one4 ,and1 to trick the enemy1 we shall perhaps open fire far off on the left1 while we are stealing out to the right1 and thus we may take him off his guard4 ,our purpose of securing that hill makes these things necessary4 ,similarly1 in writing1 we may sometimes employ the order of greatest advantage1 but more often we must modify this order to meet the requirements of the subject and to rouse the least resistance from the reader4 ,in ,stevenson's essay1 ,pulvis et ,umbra1 part of which follows the essay by ,mr4 ,burroughs1 the author used the method of greatest advantage4 ,his object is to thrill the reader at the thought that mankind constantly strives in spite of all his failures4 ,several orders are possible3 he could treat of the striving alone1 neglecting the failure2 he could treat the striving first and then the failure1 or vice versa1 and so on4 ,he saw that he would gain his purpose best if he treated failure first1 until he had fairly overwhelmed the reader1 and then suddenly shifted and showed that in spite of all this failure man still strives4 ,he had to run the risk of offending the reader at the beginning by his insistence upon failure1 and thus rousing the reader's possible great resistance4 ,for we do not like to read unpleasant things4 ,but he took the chance1 knowing that if1 by skillful use of words he could persuade the reader through the first part1 he could easily thrill him with the reaction4 ,for it makes a great difference whether we say1 ,in spite of striving1 man always fails1 or ,in spite of failure1 man always strives4 ,the selection from the essay which appears here is taken from the middle4 ,it is interesting to note that the first two sentences of the essay read3 ,we look for some reward of our endeavors and are disappointed2 not success1 not happiness1 not even peace of conscience1 crowns our ineffectual efforts to do well4 ,our frailties are invincible1 our virtues barren2 the battle goes sore against us to the going down of the sun4 ,and the words of the final sentence of the essay are3 ,let it be enough for faith1 that the whole creation groans in mortal frailty1 strives with unconquerable constancy3 surely not all in vain4 ,in the essay by ,mr4 ,burroughs the author's advantage and the reader's acquiescence largely coincide1 so that the author can at once begin with remarks about the attractiveness of the hunt1 the delights of its successful conclusion4 ,to discuss at once the possibility of being stung would have been unwise1 because unpleasant1 and the controlling purpose of the essay is to attract4 ,later1 this topic can safely be tucked in4 ,mr4 ,wilson's war messages showed a combination of the lines of greatest advantage and of least resistance with the nature of the historical events4 ,these messages began with a series of facts which1 obviously true1 would rouse no resistance and would at the same time insert some resentment against ,germany1 the very thing that the author wished to do4 ,then they followed the strict chronological order1 as if the author were pursuing a course already mapped for him--which1 of course1 he was not doing4 ,with the controlling purpose of showing that ,america's entrance into the war was occasioned entirely by ,germany's actions1 he then proceeded to base the proposals of the messages upon the very facts that the readers had already accepted in accordance with his ultimate point of view4 ,such skillful manipulation deserved the success that the messages met4 ,all three of these examples gain their point1 their objective4 ,they do this largely because the authors knew exactly what they wished to do1 what their controlling purposes were1 and then marshaled their material so as to accomplish this end4 ,some of the topics that are subordinated1 such1 for example1 as the possibility of being stung1 are as important as others which are magnified1 such as the beauty of nature--that is1 they are as important in an impersonal way4 ,as soon as the controlling purpose is known1 however1 they immediately become dangerous unless so placed as to bring the reader nearer the goal and not to push him from it4 ,the point is that knowing the controlling purpose1 that is1 having thought out beforehand exactly what you wish to do with subject and reader1 you are at once aware of both helps and obstacles1 and can make use of the one1 avoid the other4 ,thus you will consider both the reader's ease and his prejudices4 ,if you are to write of abstruse matters1 of some question in philosophy or ethics or religion1 in order to carry your reader with you you will begin with things that he can understand1 and thus pave a highway into the misty lands where you desire to take him4 ,failure of some eminent philosophers to receive recognition has been due to their lack of a comprehensive controlling purpose1 to their restricting attention to the subject alone regardless of the reader4 ,in setting forth the principle of the machinery that digs tunnels under rivers ,mr4 ,brooks in ,the ,web-foot ,engineer first shows how a boy digs a tunnel into a sand bank1 and then proceeds1 with the reader's understanding assured1 to the more complex but still similar operation under the river4 ,in explaining inductive reasoning1 with the controlling purpose of making it seem both frequent and natural1 ,huxley showed first how we reason practically about the nature of apples in a basket at the grocer's4 ,the reader's resistance is thus avoided and the writer's advantage is increased4 ,a shrewd controlling purpose also makes allowance for the reader's prejudices4 ,you ought to take as much care to cajole your reader into following you as the cook does to make us happy to the final morsel4 ,after ices and cakes and coffee a roast or a soup is positively offensive2 the cook wisely wins the battle of the spit and the dripping pan while the epicure is still receptive4 ,so1 if you are to explain democracy in a state where the recall of judges is practiced to an aristocrat who distrusts the common herd and is easily ruffled1 you will do well to preface discussion of this recall with words about the general excellence of life in the state and then1 when your reader is in a mood of acceptance1 pass to the possibly offensive topic4 ,without knowing just what you wish to accomplish1 you are likely to write in what may seem a dogged1 defiant mood that intends to strike right and left1 hoping to wallow through to victory4 ,if between us and the enemy's fort is a stream which needs pontoons for crossing1 and we blindly start out marching up toward victory with no pontoons1 we shall perhaps sail away to sea1 but shall also probably not win the fort4 ,if we insist upon keeping our platoon as rigidly straight1 even while we climb hills through the woods1 as ever a line was kept at ,west ,point1 we shall come to grief4 ,so1 if the logic of the subject has imperious demands1 the controlling purpose must make count of them4 ,william ,james in his essay1 ,the ,moral ,equivalent of ,war1 saw that before a reader could understand how civic work could be a moral equivalent1 he must see what the morality of war is4 ,the subject demands this4 ,in an account of the ,united ,states ,government it might be logically necessary to state and explain first the theory of checks and balances before the relations of executive1 legislative1 and judicial branches could be properly estimated4 ,wisely chosen1 the controlling purpose of such an account would make this fact at once evident4 ,constantly keeping in mind1 in planning and composing an article1 what the objective is1 makes even the individual paragraphs and sentences more successful4 ,if you will examine the paragraphs in ,pulvis et ,umbra1 you will observe1 pretty uniformly1 at the beginning and end of each1 a strong statement of the message of the paragraph1 sentences of high emotional value4 ,each paragraph definitely advances the cause of the controlling purpose4 ,even the sentences--an example of a sentence uncontrolled occurs in ,mr4 ,hamlin ,garland's book1 ,a ,son of the ,middle ,border3 ,it stood on the bank of a wide river and had all the value of a seaport to me1 for in summer-time great hoarsely bellowing steam-boats came and went from its quay1 and all about it rose high wooded hills4 ,the final item about the hills is in no way necessary1 does not even help to give the feeling of a seaport1 which more often than not lacks high hills4 ,a sentence from ,stevenson is in contrast3 ,the sun upon my shoulders warmed me to the heart1 and ,i stooped forward and plunged into the sea4 ,in this sentence facts1 rhythm1 even the sound of the words drive in one direction4 ,without being too dogmatic--for every problem in writing is new and not infrequently a law to itself--you may be sure that if you have a definite controlling purpose1 and know well what it is1 you will be more likely to attain success with subject and with reader when you come to the ordering of your material4 ,finally1 since strategy suggests that we attack the weakest places in the enemy's defense1 we shall do well1 unless the logic of the subject or the reader's prejudice demand otherwise1 to make our strongest blows when the enemy1 the reader1 is least prepared1 that is1 at the beginning and the end4 ,success in writing depends so much upon the freshness of the reader's mind1 that an attaque brusque at first to insert important things1 and a strong reinforcement at the end1 when the reader is pricking up his ears at the coming final period1 form a wise strategy4 ,if1 in order to understand one point1 another is necessary1 or to avoid irritation1 a roundabout method is advisable1 the path is plain4 ,when these accidents do not obtain1 the reader's understanding will be most easily won at the beginning and the end4 ,at these points you must see to it that the reader is guided1 with the first word1 toward the emotional tone that your controlling purpose demands1 and toward some important idea that bolsters this purpose1 even if1 as we have seen ,stevenson do1 you seem to be at first flying away from the purpose which we later discover4 ,thus ,mr4 ,taft1 in an article entitled ,present ,relations of the ,learned ,professions to ,political ,government1 places the ministry at the beginning and the law at the end4 ,his controlling purpose is to make the reader believe that every profession offers large chance for the conscientious man to be of use to the political government4 ,consequently he chooses the two that he thinks most important1 and of these places the less important at the beginning and the more important at the end4 ,in this way he succeeds at once in turning the reader as he wishes1 and leaves him also with the strongest possible bias toward belief4 ,and since these two professions offer the greatest chance for victory for his controlling purpose1 he gives them much more space than to the others1 almost three times as much to law1 for instance1 as to teaching4 ,moreover1 since the emotions are affected in much writing1 the skilled strategist will instantly bear in mind just what emotion he wishes to rouse1 and will see that the ideas of greater moving value receive larger development4 ,mr4 ,burroughs gives much more space to the sections that deal with the excitement and the joy of bee-hunting than to those that deal with the less pleasant side4 ,to the difficulty of detecting the flight of a bee he gives the single sentence3 ,sometimes one's head will swim following it1 and often one's eyes are put out by the sun4 ,to the interesting actions of the bee when it is caught he gives at least ten times as much space4 ,in this way he guides the reader's emotions in the way he wishes them to go--and makes successful writing4 ,the chief strategic problem in exposition1 then1 is that of so choosing and arranging the material that the point of the writing is made with the proper emphasis4 ,for the accomplishment of this purpose the writer must be able to answer the question1 ,what do ,i wish to do in this piece of writing8 ,then he must bring all the material and its expression to bear upon the reader's mind so that the desired end may be inevitable4 ,to determine what his purpose is the writer must consult the subject itself1 his own personality1 and the reader4 ,he must also bear in mind the reader's intellect and his emotions4 ,and he must unify the approach to both intellect and emotions4 ,the firmly held conception of what his purpose is will determine what material he is to choose--what is useful and what is not--and also how to arrange this material and how to proportion the space that different sections shall have4 ,he will arrange the material for the greatest advantage to himself and the least resistance from the reader4 ,in other words1 to make his writing successful in the sense of accomplishing its end1 the writer must1 before he sets down a single word1 decide upon what his controlling purpose is to be and just how he intends to make material and expression--even in the individual sentence--unite to drive in the one direction of that controlling purpose4 ,,an ,,idyl ,,of ,,the ,,honey-,,bee#g ,john ,burroughs #g ,john ,burroughs3 ,pepacton4 ,houghton ,mifflin ,company1 publishers1 ,boston4 ,one looks upon the woods with a new interest when he suspects they hold a colony of bees4 ,what a pleasing secret it is2 a tree with a heart of comb-honey1 a decayed oak or maple with a bit of ,sicily or ,mount ,hymettus stowed away in its trunk or branches2 secret chambers where lies hidden the wealth of ten thousand little free-booters1 great nuggets and wedges of precious ore gathered with risk and labor from every field and wood about4 ,but if you would know the delights of bee-hunting1 and how many sweets such a trip yields beside honey1 come with me some bright1 warm1 late ,september or early ,october day4 ,it is the golden season of the year1 and any errand or pursuit that takes us abroad upon the hills or by the painted woods and along the amber colored streams at such a time is enough4 ,so1 with haversacks filled with grapes and peaches and apples and a bottle of milk1--for we shall not be home to dinner1--and armed with a compass1 a hatchet1 a pail1 and a box with a piece of comb-honey neatly fitted into it--any box the size of your hand with a lid will do nearly as well as the elaborate and ingenious contrivance of the regular bee-hunter--we sally forth4 ,our course at first lies along the highway1 under great chestnut-trees whose nuts are just dropping1 then through an orchard and across a little creek1 thence gently rising through a long series of cultivated fields toward some high1 uplying land1 behind which rises a rugged wooded ridge or mountain1 the most sightly point in all this section4 ,behind this ridge for several miles the country is wild1 wooded1 and rocky1 and is no doubt the home of many wild swarms of bees4 ,after a refreshing walk of a couple of miles we reach a point where we will make our first trial--a high stone wall that runs parallel with the wooded ridge referred to1 and separated from it by a broad field4 ,there are bees at work there on that goldenrod1 and it requires but little manoeuvring to sweep one into our box4 ,almost any other creature rudely and suddenly arrested in its career and clapped into a cage in this way would show great confusion and alarm4 ,the bee is alarmed for a moment1 but the bee has a passion stronger than its love of life or fear of death1 namely1 desire for honey1 not simply to eat1 but to carry home as booty4 ,such rage of honey in their bosom beats1 says ,virgil4 ,it is quick to catch the scent of honey in the box1 and as quick to fall to filling itself4 ,we now set the box down upon the wall and gently remove the cover4 ,the bee is head and shoulders in one of the half-filled cells1 and is oblivious to everything else about it4 ,come rack1 come ruin1 it will die at work4 ,we step back a few paces1 and sit down upon the ground so as to bring the box against the blue sky as a background4 ,in two or three minutes the bee is seen rising slowly and heavily from the box4 ,it seems loath to leave so much honey behind and it marks the place well4 ,it mounts aloft in a rapidly increasing spiral1 surveying the near and minute objects first1 then the larger and more distant1 till having circled about the spot five or six times and taken all its bearings it darts away for home4 ,it is a good eye that holds fast to the bee till it is fairly off4 ,sometimes one's head will swim following it1 and often one's eyes are put out by the sun4 ,this bee gradually drifts down the hill1 then strikes away toward a farm-house half a mile away1 where ,i know bees are kept4 ,then we try another and another1 and the third bee1 much to our satisfaction1 goes straight toward the woods4 ,we could see the brown speck against the darker background for many yards4 ,a bee will usually make three or four trips from the hunter's box before it brings back a companion4 ,i suspect the bee does not tell its fellows what it has found1 but that they smell out the secret2 it doubtless bears some evidence with it upon its feet or proboscis that it has been upon honey-comb and not upon flowers1 and its companions take the hint and follow1 arriving always many seconds behind4 ,then the quantity and quality of the booty would also betray it4 ,no doubt1 also1 there are plenty of gossips about a hive that note and tell everything4 ,oh1 did you see that8 ,peggy ,mel came in a few moments ago in great haste1 and one of the up-stairs packers says she was loaded till she groaned with apple-blossom honey which she deposited1 and then rushed off again like mad4 ,apple blossom honey in ,october6 ,fee1 fi1 fo1 fum6 ,i smell something6 ,let's after4 ,in about half an hour we have three well-defined lines of bees established--two to farm-houses and one to the woods1 and our box is being rapidly depleted of its honey4 ,about every fourth bee goes to the woods1 and now that they have learned the way thoroughly they do not make the long preliminary whirl above the box1 but start directly from it4 ,the woods are rough and dense and the hill steep1 and we do not like to follow the line of bees until we have tried at least to settle the problem as to the distance they go into the woods--whether the tree is on this side of the ridge or in the depth of the forest on the other side4 ,so we shut up the box when it is full of bees and carry it about three hundred yards along the wall from which we are operating4 ,when liberated1 the bees1 as they always will in such cases1 go off in the same directions they have been going2 they do not seem to know that they have been moved4 ,but other bees have followed our scent1 and it is not many minutes before a second line to the woods is established4 ,this is called cross-lining the bees4 ,the new line makes a sharp angle with the other line1 and we know at once that the tree is only a few rods into the woods4 ,the two lines we have established form two sides of a triangle of which the wall is the base2 at the apex of the triangle1 or where the two lines meet in the woods1 we are sure to find the trees4 ,we quickly follow up these lines1 and where they cross each other on the side of the hill we scan every tree closely4 ,i pause at the foot of an oak and examine a hole near the root2 now the bees are in this tree and their entrance is on the upper side near the ground1 not two feet from the hole ,i peer into1 and yet so quiet and secret is their going and coming that ,i fail to discover them and pass on up the hill4 ,failing in this direction1 ,i return to the oak again1 and then perceive the bees going out in a small crack in the tree4 ,the bees do not know they are found out and that the game is in our hands1 and are as oblivious of our presence as if we were ants or crickets4 ,the indications are that the swarm is a small one1 and the store of honey trifling4 ,in taking up a bee-tree it is usual first to kill or stupefy the bees with the fumes of burning sulphur or with tobacco smoke4 ,but this course is impracticable on the present occasion1 so we boldly and ruthlessly assault the tree with an axe we have procured4 ,at the first blow the bees set up a loud buzzing1 but we have no mercy1 and the side of the cavity is soon cut away and the interior with its white-yellow mass of comb-honey is exposed1 and not a bee strikes a blow in defense of its all4 ,this may seem singular1 but it has nearly always been my experience4 ,when a swarm of bees are thus rudely assaulted with an axe1 they evidently think the end of the world has come1 and1 like true misers as they are1 each one seizes as much of the treasure as it can hold2 in other words1 they all fall to and gorge themselves with honey1 and calmly await the issue4 ,when in this condition they make no defense and will not sting unless taken hold of4 ,in fact they are as harmless as flies4 ,bees are always to be managed with boldness and decision4 ,any halfway measures1 any timid poking about1 any feeble attempts to reach their honey1 are sure to be quickly resented4 ,the popular notion that bees have a special antipathy toward certain persons and a liking for certain others has only this fact at the bottom of it2 they will sting a person who is afraid of them and goes skulking and dodging about1 and they will not sting a person who faces them boldly and has no dread of them4 ,they are like dogs4 ,the way to disarm a vicious dog is to show him you do not fear him2 it is his turn to be afraid then4 ,i never had any dread of bees and am seldom stung by them4 ,i have climbed up into a large chestnut that contained a swarm in one of its cavities and chopped them out with an axe1 being obliged at times to pause and brush the bewildered bees from my hands and face1 and not been stung once4 ,i have chopped a swarm out of an apple-tree in ,june and taken out the cards of honey and arranged them in a hive1 and then dipped out the bees with a dipper1 and taken the whole home with me in pretty good condition1 with scarcely any opposition on the part of the bees4 ,in reaching your hand into the cavity to detach and remove the comb you are pretty sure to get stung1 for when you touch the business end of a bee1 it will sting even though its head be off4 ,but the bee carries the antidote to its own poison4 ,the best remedy for bee sting is honey1 and when your hands are besmeared with honey1 as they are sure to be on such occasions1 the wound is scarcely more painful than the prick of a pin4 ,when a bee-tree is thus taken up in the middle of the day1 of course a good many bees are away from home and have not heard the news4 ,when they return and find the ground flowing with honey1 and piles of bleeding combs lying about1 they apparently do not recognize the place1 and their first instinct is to fall to and fill themselves2 this done1 their next thought is to carry it home1 so they rise up slowly through the branches of the trees till they have attained an altitude that enables them to survey the scene1 when they seem to say1 ,why1 this is home and down they come again2 beholding the wreck and ruins once more they still think there is some mistake1 and get up a second or a third time and then drop back pitifully as before4 ,it is the most pathetic sight of all1 the surviving and bewildered bees struggling to save a few drops of their wasted treasures4 ,presently1 if there is another swarm in the woods1 robber-bees appear4 ,you may know them by their saucy1 chiding1 devil-may-care hum4 ,it is an ill-wind that blows nobody good1 and they make the most of the misfortune of their neighbors2 and thereby pave the way for their own ruin4 ,the hunter marks their course and the next day looks them up4 ,on this occasion the day was hot and the honey very fragrant1 and a line of bees was soon established ,s4,s4,w4 ,though there was much refuse honey in the old stub1 and though little golden rills trickled down the hill from it1 and the near branches and saplings were besmeared with it where we wiped our murderous hands1 yet not a drop was wasted4 ,it was a feast to which not only honey-bees came1 but bumble-bees1 wasps1 hornets1 flies1 ants4 ,the bumble-bees1 which at this season are hungry vagrants with no fixed place of abode1 would gorge themselves1 then creep beneath the bits of empty comb or fragment of bark and pass the night1 and renew the feast next day4 ,the bumble-bee is an insect of which the bee-hunter sees much4 ,there are all sorts and sizes of them4 ,they are dull and clumsy compared with the honey-bee4 ,attracted in the fields by the bee-hunter's box1 they will come up the wind on the scent and blunder into it in the most stupid1 lubberly fashion4 ,the honey-bee that licked up our leavings on the old stub belonged to a swarm1 as it proved1 about half a mile farther down the ridge1 and a few days afterward fate overtook them1 and their stores in turn became the prey of another swarm in the vicinity1 which also tempted ,providence and were overwhelmed4 ,the first mentioned swarm ,i had lined from several points1 and was following up the clue over rocks and through gulleys1 when ,i came to where a large hemlock had been felled a few years before and a swarm taken from a cavity near the top of it2 fragments of the old comb were yet to be seen4 ,a few yards away stood another short1 squatty hemlock1 and ,i said my bees ought to be there4 ,as ,i paused near it ,i noticed where the tree had been wounded with an axe a couple of feet from the ground many years before4 ,the wound had partially grown over1 but there was an opening there that ,i did not see at the first glance4 ,i was about to pass on when a bee passed me making that peculiar shrill1 discordant hum that a bee makes when besmeared with honey4 ,i saw it alight in the partially closed wound and crawl home2 then came others and others1 little bands and squads of them heavily freighted with honey from the box4 ,the tree was about twenty inches through and hollow at the butt1 or from the axe mark down4 ,this space the bees had completely filled with honey4 ,with an axe we cut away the outer ring of live wood and exposed the treasure4 ,despite the utmost care1 we wounded the comb so that little rills of the golden liquid issued from the root of the tree and trickled down the hill4 ,the other bee-tree in the vicinity1 to which ,i have referred1 we found one warm ,november day in less than half an hour after entering the woods4 ,it also was a hemlock1 that stood in a niche in a wall of hoary1 moss-covered rocks thirty feet high4 ,the tree hardly reached to the top of the precipice4 ,the bees entered a small hole at the root1 which was seven or eight feet from the ground4 ,the position was a striking one4 ,never did apiary have a finer outlook or more rugged surroundings4 ,a black1 wood-embraced lake lay at our feet2 the long panorama of the ,catskills filled the far distance1 and the more broken outlines of the ,shawangunk range filled the near4 ,on every hand were precipices and a wild confusion of rocks and trees4 ,the cavity occupied by the bees was about three feet and a half long and eight or ten inches in diameter4 ,with an axe we cut away one side of the tree and laid bare its curiously wrought heart of honey4 ,it was a most pleasing sight4 ,what winding and devious ways the bees had through their palace6 ,what great masses and blocks of snow-white comb there were6 ,where it was sealed up1 presenting that slightly dented1 uneven surface1 it looked like some precious ore4 ,when we carried a large pail of it out of the woods1 it seemed still more like ore4 ,in lining bees through the woods1 the tactics of the hunter are to pause every twenty or thirty rods1 lop away the branches or cut down the trees1 and set the bees to work again4 ,if they still go forward1 he goes forward also and repeats his observations till the tree is found or till the bees turn and come back upon the trail4 ,then he knows he has passed the tree1 and he retraces his steps to a convenient distance and tries again1 and thus quickly reduces the space to be looked over till the swarm is traced home4 ,on one occasion1 in a wild rocky wood1 where the surface alternated between deep gulfs and chasms filled with thick1 heavy growths of timber and sharp1 precipitous1 rocky ridges like a tempest-tossed sea1 ,i carried my bees directly under their tree1 and set them to work from a high1 exposed ledge of rocks not thirty feet distant4 ,one would have expected them under such circumstances to have gone straight home1 as there were but few branches intervening1 but they did not2 they labored up through the trees and attained an altitude above the woods as if they had miles to travel1 and thus baffled me for hours4 ,bees will always do this4 ,they are acquainted with the woods only from the top side1 and from the air above2 they recognize home only by landmarks here1 and in every instance they rise aloft to take their bearings4 ,think how familiar to them the topography of the forest summits must be--an umbrageous sea or plain where every mark and point is known4 ,another curious fact is that generally you will get track of a bee-tree sooner when you are half a mile from it than when you are only a few yards4 ,bees1 like us human insects1 have little faith in the near at hand2 they expect to make their fortune in a distant field1 they are lured by the remote and the difficult1 and hence overlook the flower and the sweet at their very door4 ,on several occasions ,i have unwittingly set my box within a few paces of a bee-tree and waited long for bees without getting them1 when1 on removing to a distant field or opening in the woods ,i have got a clue at once4 ,bees1 like the milkman1 like to be near a spring4 ,they do water their honey1 especially in a dry time4 ,the liquid is then of course thicker and sweeter1 and will bear diluting4 ,hence1 old bee-hunters look for bee-trees along creeks and near spring runs in the woods4 ,i once found a tree a long distance from any water1 and the honey had a peculiar bitter flavor imparted to it1 ,i was convinced1 by rain water sucked from the decayed and spongy hemlock tree1 in which the swarm was found4 ,in cutting into the tree1 the north side of it was found to be saturated with water like a spring1 which ran out in big drops1 and had a bitter flavor4 ,the bees had thus found a spring or a cistern in their own house4 ,wild honey is as near like tame as wild bees are like their brothers in the hive4 ,the only difference is that wild honey is flavored with your adventure1 which makes it a little more delectable than the domestic article4 ,,pulvis ,,et ,,umbra#h ,robert ,louis ,stevenson #h ,r4 ,l4 ,stevenson3 ,across the ,plains4 ,copyright1 #ahib1 by ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,what a monstrous specter is this man1 the disease of the agglutinated dust1 lifting alternate feet or lying drugged with slumber2 killing1 feeding1 growing1 bringing forth small copies of himself2 grown upon with hair like grass1 fitted with eyes that move and glitter in his face2 a thing to set children screaming2--and yet looked at nearlier1 known as his fellows know him1 how surprising are his attributes6 ,poor soul1 here for so little1 cast among so many hardships1 filled with desires so incommensurate and so inconsistent1 savagely surrounded1 savagely descended1 irremediably condemned to prey upon his fellow lives3 who should have blamed him had he been of a piece with his destiny and a being merely barbarous8 ,and we look and behold him instead filled with imperfect virtues1 infinitely childish1 often admirably valiant1 often touchingly kind2 sitting down1 amidst his momentary life1 to debate of right and wrong and the attributes of the deity2 rising up to do battle for an egg or die for an idea2 singling out his friends and his mate with cordial affection2 bringing forth in pain1 rearing with long-suffering solicitude1 his young4 ,to touch the heart of his mystery1 we find in him one thought1 strange to the point of lunacy3 the thought of duty2 the thought of something owing to himself1 to his neighbor1 to his ,god2 an ideal of decency1 to which he would rise if it were possible2 a limit of shame1 below which1 if it be possible1 he will not stoop4 ,the design in most men is one of conformity2 here and there1 in picked natures1 it transcends itself and soars on the other side1 arming martyrs with independence2 but in all1 in their degrees1 it is a bosom thought4 ,it sways with so complete an empire that merely selfish things come second1 even with the selfish3 that appetites are starved1 fears are conquered1 pains supported2 that almost the dullest shrinks from the reproof of a glance1 although it were a child's2 and all but the most cowardly stand amidst the risks of war2 and the more noble1 having strongly conceived an act as due to their ideal1 affront and embrace death4 ,strange enough if1 with their singular origin and perverted practice1 they think they are to be rewarded in some future life3 stranger still1 if they are persuaded of the contrary1 and think this blow1 which they solicit1 will strike them senseless for eternity4 ,i shall be reminded what a tragedy of misconception and misconduct man at large presents3 of organized injustice1 cowardly violence1 and treacherous crime2 and of the damning imperfections of the best4 ,they cannot be too darkly drawn4 ,man is indeed marked for failure in his efforts to do right4 ,but where the best consistently miscarry1 how tenfold more remarkable that all should continue to strive2 and surely we should find it both touching and inspiriting1 that in a field from which success is banished1 our race should not cease to labor4 ,if the first view of this creature1 stalking in his rotatory isle1 be a thing to shake the courage of the stoutest1 on this nearer sight he startles us with an admiring wonder4 ,it matters not where we look1 under what climate we observe him1 in what stage of society1 in what depth of ignorance1 burthened with what erroneous morality2 by campfires in ,assiniboia1 the snow powdering his shoulders1 the wind plucking his blanket1 as he sits1 passing the ceremonial calumet and uttering his grave opinions like a ,roman senator2 in ships at sea1 a man inured to hardship and vile pleasures1 his brightest hope a fiddle in a tavern and a bedizened trull who sells herself to rob him1 and he for all that simple1 innocent1 cheerful1 kindly like a child1 constant to toil1 brave to drown1 for others2 in the slums of cities1 moving among indifferent millions to mechanical employments1 without hope of change in the future1 with scarce a pleasure in the present1 and yet true to his virtues1 honest up to his lights1 kind to his neighbors1 tempted perhaps in vain by the bright gin-palace1 perhaps long-suffering with the drunken wife that ruins him2 in ,india 7a woman this time7 kneeling with broken cries and streaming tears as she drowns her child in the sacred river2 in the brothel1 the discard of society1 living mainly on strong drink1 fed with affronts1 a fool1 a thief1 the comrade of thieves1 and even here keeping the point of honor and the touch of pity1 often repaying the world's scorn with service1 often standing firm upon a scruple1 and at a certain cost1 rejecting riches3 everywhere some virtue cherished or affected1 everywhere some decency of thought and carriage1 everywhere the ensign of man's ineffectual goodness3--ah6 if ,i could show you this6 if ,i could show you these men and women1 all the world over1 in every stage of history1 under every abuse of error1 under every circumstance of failure1 without hope1 without help1 without thanks1 still obscurely fighting the lost fight of virtue1 still clinging1 in the brothel or on the scaffold1 to some rag of honor1 the poor jewel of their souls6 ,,outlines ,the ,value of ,outlines ,it has been thought that the old ,scotchman who said1 ,a man's years are three score and ten1 or maybe by good hap he'll get ten more1 but it's a weary wrastle all the way through6 came to his final words as the result of writing outlines4 ,if this be true1 surely it is unfortunate1 for the writing of outlines brings exceeding great reward4 ,an outline is not an ancient form of blind discipline1 but rather a helping hand across the bogland of facts and ideas4 ,it is a most useful instrument toward good writing2 its justification is its practical usefulness4 ,this usefulness1 helpfulness1 is double in its value--to the writer and to the instructor1 when there is one4 ,as to the value of an outline for the writer--without an outline you face in your writing a complicated problem1 more complicated1 in fact1 than is justifiable4 ,at one and the same time you must make your thinking logical and your expression adequate--distinguished if possible4 ,either of these tasks is sufficient to demand all your powers2 together1 they offer a really overwhelming problem4 ,stevenson1 to whom style was of the greatest importance1 as bone of the bone and blood of the blood of the writing1 wrote to a friend1 ,problems of style are 7as yet7 dirt under my feet2 my problem is architectural1 creative--to get this stuff joined and moving4 ,it was only after he had fitted his material together that he felt able to devote himself to making the beautiful prose that is so much admired4 ,a noted ,frenchman is quoted as exclaiming1 when first he beheld the famous ,brooklyn ,bridge1 ,how beautiful it is61 then1 ,how well made it is6 and finally1 after a moment's reflection1 ,how well planned it is6 ,a good piece of writing should have the same comments made2 but they cannot be made1 usually1 without the carefully planned outline4 ,you face the problem1 without an outline1 of answering the two questions about every detail that presents itself for treatment3 first1 shall ,i include or exclude this detail2 and secondly1 how shall ,i make this detail help the general flow of my writing1 and how shall ,i express it so that it shall contribute to the proper tone of the work8 ,and while you thus judge each small detail1 you must also keep your critical faculties active to estimate your total course1 whether you are cleaving your way clearly1 steadily1 and with sufficient directness to your goal1 whether the work as a whole is answering your desires4 ,now to ask the unaided brain1 unless it has had long years of training1 to perform all this critical work during the actual process of expression1 is nothing short of cruel--and almost sure of failure4 ,for in any writing which enlists from you even a spark of interest the fervor of creative work1 the stimulating effect of seeing the work grow under your pen1 tends often to unseat the critical powers1 to destroy perspective1 to make a detail seem more valuable or less valuable than it should1 on the whim of the momentary interest or repulsion4 ,thus the logic of the writing is impaired1 for details are included which should not enter1 and others are excluded which ought to be welcomed1 and proportions are bad4 ,and the expression is so liable to unevenness as to be less worthy than it should be4 ,bad logic and uneven expression beget failure4 ,the outline helps to overcome these difficulties4 ,in the first place1 it is not final1 can be changed at will1 and makes no extraordinary demands on the powers of expression4 ,in the second place1 as regards logic1 the outline shows the relation of ideas to each other and to the whole subject2 you can estimate rather easily whether a detail is of sufficient value to warrant inclusion1 and1 if so1 how much space it deserves4 ,for in the outline you have the bare fact1 succinctly expressed1 which enables you to focus your attention upon the thought4 ,but since logic is more than mere inclusion and order and spacing1 and deals also with the logic of attitude1 the outline is again of service4 ,for it shows what should be the tone of the complete piece of writing1 and how this tone should be modified by the individual section of the writing4 ,suppose that you are to write of the attitude of a politician toward party principles4 ,if a heading in your outline reads1 ,he never feared to modify principles to meet inevitable conditions1 the attitude which you take in writing will be radically different from that which you would assume if the heading read1 ,he never hesitated to warp principles to outwit unfavorable conditions4 ,both the logic of structure and that of attitude1 then1 are aided by the use of an outline4 ,and1 at any point in the actual completed writing1 you can easily determine by referring to the outline1 whether you are gaining the effect that you desire and what progress you have made4 ,and in the third place1 as regards expression1 the outline relieves you of the necessity of doing the constructive thinking of the subject1 and enables you to apply all your powers to the actual saying of your message4 ,shakespeare might have written1 instead of the multitudinous seas incarnadine1 make all the ocean1 that's full of fishes1#i look red--but he did not4 ,had he done so1 where would now have been the power and the charm8 ,expression is of utmost value1 and you can ill afford to slight it4 ,for this reason1 and especially since distinguished expression is so difficult to form1 to be released from the attendant worry of constructive thinking is of the greatest help to the writer4 ,both logic and expression1 then1 are dependent on the outline3 with it they are more sure4 #i ,if this be the meaning of multitudinous4 ,instead1 then1 of feeling that dim dread of failure1 which ever dogs the writer's steps1 with a well-constructed outline you can feel comparative safety in the possession of a safe guide in case of perplexity4 ,you will be initiated1 will know the secrets of your subject1 will have a grip with your facts and ideas1 and can apply your powers to putting the intangible thoughts into tangible words4 ,as for being of value to the instructor1 often he too can estimate more surely and easily the worth of the writing if he has the skeleton to examine4 ,for there the structural defects are more apparent1 are not concealed by the pleasant flow of words1 just as the structure of a skyscraper is more apparent before the wall-tiles or bricks are laid on to conceal the girders4 ,the instructor can therefore often point out insufficiencies in the thought1 or wrong relations1 which might otherwise stand as defects in the finished work4 ,the ,form of the ,outline ,shall an outline be written in words and phrases or in complete sentences8 ,in the first place1 so far as any reader except the author is concerned1 complete sentences are necessary for understanding4 ,often they are necessary for the writer himself4 ,in an outline of a theme explaining gas engines the isolated heading ,speed means nothing definite to any one but the author1 if indeed to him4 ,a reader cannot tell from such a word whether speed is important or insignificant1 or whether the author intends to give to gas engines credit for comparative excellence in this property4 ,if1 however1 the heading reads1 ,in the important property of ,speed gas engines are the equal of steam engines1 the reader knows at once what is meant1 whether he may agree with the statement or not4 ,he can definitely tell from an outline of complete sentences what the course of thought is to be and what will be the tone of the theme4 ,the reader1 then1 needs complete sentences4 ,the writer1 on the other hand1 might seem to be sufficiently helped by mere words or phrases1 since he naturally knows what he means4 ,but does he know8 ,the chances are that when an author puts down such a heading as ,speed he has only a large general notion of what he means1 without being sure of the immediate connection and application1 and with perhaps no idea at all of the tone which he intends to catch4 ,if the author will write the sentence quoted above1 he will complete his thought1 make it really definite1 and be pretty sure to know what he is talking about1 what he intends to do4 ,furthermore1 even though he know1 when he sets down a phrase1 what he means by it1 the chance is strong that when he arrives at the expansion of the phrase he will have forgotten some of the implications and may give the heading a cast that he did not intend4 ,whether he knows definitely what he means or not1 the writer is more safe if he uses complete sentences1 and for any other reader of the outline complete sentences are quite necessary4 ,outlines are of three kinds3 those that show the topic relations by division into indented headings2 those that show the sequence of paragraphs by statement of the topic sentence2 and those that combine these two forms4 ,the primary object of the first form1 which is illustrated by the first outline of ,an ,idyl of the ,honey-,bee which follows1 is to aid in the thinking1 to plot out the ground and to group the material4 ,in this first outline a glance at the five main headings makes the plan of the essay at once apparent--first a statement of the effect of bees upon us2 then an account of a hunt2 then some specific examples to drive things home2 then some special directions that might be overlooked1 and finally a tribute to the joy of the hunting4 ,the benefit of this kind of outline is that the general relationships among topics are made clear1 the large divisions of thought appear1 and the writer can with comparative ease tell whether he has covered the subject1 and whether he has chosen the best order of thought4 ,it avoids the invertebrate flow of thought that is unaware of structure4 ,in other words1 it is of value chiefly to the thinking4 ,it does not show which topics shall be grouped into paragraphs together1 and it does not1 of course1 phrase the topic sentences1 usually4 ,in such an outline care should be taken to make each heading a complete sentence1 and to make headings that are of the same rank fairly parallel in structure of expression unless this interferes with the tone of the heading4 ,for example1 ,a1 ,b1 and ,c under ,,iii are made similar in structure since they bear the same general relation to ,,iii4 ,the second type of outline1 that in which a list of the topic sentences is given1 and which is illustrated by the second outline of ,an ,idyl of the ,honey-,bee which follows1 is of value1 especially if used with an outline of the first type1 in that it shows just how much of the thought should go into the various paragraphs1 and thereby establishes the divisions of expression4 ,comparison of the two outlines of ,an ,idyl of the ,honey-,bee will show that paragraph #e in the second outline includes all the material in the four headings1 #b1 a1 #a1 and b1 under ,,ii in the first outline4 ,now for the writer to know beforehand how he intends to divide his material into paragraphs is of great value2 otherwise he might be giving to some comparatively minor point--which for the moment assumes interest for him--a separate paragraph1 as if1 for example1 ,mr4 ,burroughs had dwelt at length on the interesting location of trees on ledges4 ,in other words1 this second kind of outline is valuable chiefly in its arrangement and placing of material4 ,its service in making the original choice is not so immediately apparent4 ,it has also the advantage that it indicates pretty well what kind of expression is to be used in the expanded form4 ,the third type of outline1 which many writers prefer to either of the others1 indicates both the topics to be treated and the division into paragraphs4 ,it may be constructed in either of two ways3 first1 the topic sentences may be stated in their regular order1 with the subdivisions of the thought as they appear in the indented outline grouped under the topic sentences2 or in the indented outline the paragraphs may be indicated by the regular sign for the paragraph at any point where a new division is to be made4 ,that is1 in the first of the two outlines that follow1 the first paragraph might be indicated in the first outline as including ,i and ,i1 ,a2 the second as including ,,ii and ,,ii1 ,a2 the third as including ,,ii1 ,b1 #a1 a1 b1 etc4 ,or1 in the second outline the subheadings of the first might be indicated under the various topic sentences4 ,the value of this type of outline is obviously that it both shows the logic of the thought and the divisional arrangement for presentation in paragraphs4 ,with such an outline the chances that you could go wrong1 in even a long theme on a difficult subject1 are slight4 ,do not fail1 therefore1 when your theme is to be of any considerable length1 or when the subject is at all difficult1 to make an outline4 ,there is no greater pleasure in the world than that of creative effort when the creator knows what he is about4 ,but when the ideas are hazy1 when the writer does not know exactly what he wishes to do and what impression he wishes to make--then the process of creation is anything but pleasant4 ,and since the outline presents a pattern of your work1 since with it you cannot fail to see what your intentions are and what the requirements of your subject1 regard it as your best writing friend--and make use of the rights of friendship and require service4 ,,first ,,outline ,,of ,,an ,,idyl ,,of ,,the ,,honey-,,bee ,i4 ,a colony of bees increases our interest in a wood4 ,a4 ,the secret of the hidden golden store of honey is pleasing4 ,,ii4 ,the hunt is most interesting1 especially in the autumn4 ,a4 ,nature1 as we tramp with luncheon and with bait1 is in her greatest glory4 ,b4 ,we are stimulated by the odds against our finding the tree4 #a4 ,determining the direction of the tree is a problem4 a4 ,it is easy to catch the first bee and watch it devour the bait4 b4 ,but to be sure of its rapid flight home requires sharp eyes and concentrated watching4 c4 ,only after three or four trips of the first bee do others discover the secret of our bait and join in establishing the necessary line to the tree4 #b4 ,determining the distance of the tree requires skill4 a4 ,from another point we make a new line that meets the first at the tree4 #a4 ,this is called cross-lining4 b4 ,it is easy to pass by the tree even when we know about where it is4 ,c4 ,once found1 the tree must be attacked boldly4 #a4 ,bees do not sting a bold person4 #b4 ,but when a sting is touched1 even on a dead bee1 it hurts4 #c4 ,honey is the best cure for the sting4 ,d4 ,the actions of the bees are interesting4 #a4 ,those which are away from home do not recognize the ruins of their own hive1 and begin to eat4 a4 ,at last they pathetically understand4 #b4 ,robber bees come for plunder4 a4 ,bumble-bees arrive in large numbers4 #a4 ,compared with honey-bees they are clumsy4 ,,iii4 ,two examples from experience show the chances for missing and the delights of triumph4 ,a4 ,both trees were hemlocks4 ,b4 ,both were in interesting situations4 ,c4 ,both yielded good store of honey4 ,,iv4 ,special facts1 occasioned by the habits of bees1 need to be remembered4 ,a4 ,in the woods1 the hunter must stop1 every little while1 to test his line4 #a4 ,sometimes he is baffled1 because the bees do not know the woods from the ground side4 ,b4 ,bees hunt for honey far from home4 #a4 ,usually it is easier to find a tree half a mile away than from only a few yards4 ,c4 ,since bees like water1 a careful hunter looks along creeks and near springs4 ,v4 ,wild honey is better than tame because it tastes of the adventure of finding it4 ,,second ,,outline ,,of ,,an ,,idyl ,,of ,,the ,,honey-,,bee #a4 ,the presence of a colony of bees in a wood gives it interest4 #b4 ,the fall is the best time to start with luncheon and bait off across the fields a-hunting4 #c4 ,after two miles we catch several bees and watch them start for home with our honey4 #d4 ,after several trips1 other bees that have discovered the secret arrive4 #e4 ,with one line established1 we move on1 establish another1 find the tree and attack it4 #f4 ,boldness in handling bees is essential4 #g4 ,bees that are away from home when their tree is attacked have considerable difficulty in recognizing it4 #h4 ,robber bees join the plundered to eat all the remnants of honey4 #i4 ,a neighbor honey-bee leads to another store in a hemlock4 #aj4 ,another tree in the vicinity1 also a hemlock1 had a superb situation4 #aa4 ,the honey in this tree was most pleasing to see and to carry home4 #ab4 ,in lining bees one must stop every little while and test his line2 bees puzzle sometimes by their actions since they know the woods only from above4 #ac4 ,bees discover their home to the hunter better when they are caught at some distance from the tree4 #ad4 ,since bees like water1 it is well to hunt along brooks and near springs4 #ae4 ,wild honey is sweeter than tame4 ,,exercises ,i4 ,select the words and phrases in the selection from ,pulvis et ,umbra which immediately help to accomplish the controlling purpose of the essay4 ,,ii4 ,from what grade in the intellectual and social world does ,stevenson select his examples in the paragraph beginning3 ,if the first view of this creature1 etc48 ,why8 ,from what grade would you select examples for a similar paragraph if you intended the creation of despair as your controlling purpose8 ,what common qualities are found in all ,stevenson's examples through the selection8 ,why does he strive for this quality8 ,,iii4 ,make an outline of ,an ,idyl of the ,honey-,bee1 using the material which now appears1 but placing the accent of the essay upon the difficulty of obtaining the honey1 instead of upon the pleasures of the hunt1 as it is now placed--in other words1 outline the essay with change of controlling purpose4 ,,iv4 ,write the first paragraph of the essay1 and the last one1 as you would wish them to appear if your intention were to make difficulty rather than joy the controlling purpose4 ,v4 #a4 ,make an outline for ,solemn-,looking ,blokes with the controlling purpose of bringing out the romantic nature of the presence of ,american troops in ,england4 #b4 ,make an outline such as would suit the expression of an ,american who had been living in ,england since the declaration of war in #aiad and had been taunted with the apathy of the ,united ,states government1 and now was supremely proud to see ,united ,states troops in ,england4 ,,vi4 ,write a final paragraph of ,solemn-,looking ,blokes to express any of the following controlling purposes3 #a4 ,joy at the union of the old and the new worlds in a common cause4 #b4 ,heartache at the awfulness of soldiers' sailing #cjjj miles to die because an autocratic government precipitated war4 #c4 ,the pride of an ,american resident in ,london over the physique of the ,united ,states soldiers4 #d4 ,the astonishment of a ,london school-boy who has just read in his history how the ,american colonies rebelled4 #e4 ,the apprehension of a ,british ,tory lest aristocracy be doomed when the troops of a great democracy appear so far away from home to battle against autocracy4 ,,vii4 ,write outlines and themes on any of the following subjects to accomplish the different controlling purposes3 #a4 ,the ,scientific ,reduction of ,noise4 #a4 ,to show the social duty of engineers4 #b4 ,to show the wonder of man's analytical powers4 #c4 ,to show the seriousness of the difficulties that must be faced4 #b4 ,the ,growing ,appreciation of ,good ,architecture in ,america4 #a4 ,to show the good educative work of our architects4 #b4 ,to show the influence of ,european travel4 #c4 ,to show the effect of the general rise in standards of education4 #c4 ,the ,popular ,magazines4 #a4 ,to show the general looseness of thinking4 #b4 ,to show the senseless duplication of material and ideas4 #c4 ,to show the opportunity for a host of authors4 #d4 ,the ,effects of the ,big ,mail-,order ,houses4 #a4 ,to show how they ruin the small country store4 #b4 ,to show how they increase the opportunities of the small buyers4 #c4 ,to show how they help give employment in the large cities4 #e4 ,is ,religion ,declining8 #a4 ,to show the shifting of responsibility from creeds to deeds4 #b4 ,to show the changed status of the church4 #c4 ,to show the effect of increased education on religion4 #f4 ,best ,sellers4 #a4 ,to show the relation of their immediate popularity to their final valuation4 #b4 ,to indicate the qualities necessary to a best seller4 #c4 ,to show the effect upon the thinking of a nation that has many best sellers4 #g4 ,results of the ,farm ,credit ,legislation4 #a4 ,to show the relief gained for the farmers4 #b4 ,to show the effect on increased production4 #c4 ,to show the fairer economic distribution4 #h4 ,the ,use of ,concrete4 #a4 ,to show the general economic value4 #b4 ,to show the general lightening of toil that it may have caused4 #c4 ,to show the variety of its service4 #i4 ,the ,american ,spirit4 #a4 ,to show its idealism4 #b4 ,to show its indebtedness to ,england1 or ,france1 or ,germany4 #c4 ,to show how it may help the world4 #aj4 ,beethoven's ,piano-forte ,sonatas4 #a4 ,to show them as the culmination of the sonata development4 #b4 ,to show their romantic nature4 #c4 ,to show the development of ,beethoven's genius as he matured4 #aa4 ,heredity in ,plants4 #a4 ,to show the similarity to heredity in man4 #b4 ,to show how knowledge of heredity in plants may serve an economic purpose4 #c4 ,to show the wonderful consistency of the laws of heredity in plants4 #ab4 ,glacial ,action in the ,mississippi ,valley4 #a4 ,to show the economic result4 #b4 ,to indicate the sweep of time consumed in the formation4 #c4 ,to show the picturesque qualities in the gradual action4 ,,viii4 ,what is the controlling purpose in the following selection8 ,point out the influence upon the writer of knowing that ,bostonians would read his words4 ,indicate how the selection would differ if the controlling object were to be bitter jealousy expressed by a resident in a newer1 larger1 envious city4 ,boston has a rather old-fashioned habit of speaking the ,english language4 ,it came upon us rather suddenly one day as we journeyed out ,huntington ,avenue to the smart new gray and red opera house4 ,the very coloring of the foyer of that house--soft and simple--bespoke the refinement of the ,boston of to-day4 ,in the ,metropolitan ,opera ,house1 ,new ,york1 in every other one of the glib opera houses that are springing up mushroom-fashion across the land1 our ears would have been assailed by ,librettos6 ,get your ,librettos6 ,not so in ,boston4 ,at the ,boston ,opera ,house the young woman back of the foyer stand calmly announced at clocklike intervals3 ,translations4 ,translations4 ,and the head usher1 whom the older ,bostonians grasped by the hand and seemed to regard as a long-lost friend1 did not sip out1 ,checks1 please4 ,locations1 he requested1 as he condescended to the hand-grasps of the socially elect4 ,the nearer door for those stepping out1 announces the guard upon the elevated train1 and as for the surface and trolley-cars1 those wonderful green perambulators laden down with more signs than nine ordinary trolley-cars would carry at one time1 they do not speak of the newest type in ,boston as ,pay-as-you-enter-cars1 after the fashion of less cultured communities4 ,in the ,hub they are known as ,prepayment cars--its precision is unrelenting4#aj #aj ,edward ,hungerford3 ,the ,personality of ,american ,cities4 ,by courtesy of the publisher1 ,robert ,m4 ,mc,bride ,co41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,ix4 ,what is the controlling purpose in the following selection from ,mr4 ,john ,masefield's volume of ,gallipoli8 ,analyze this controlling purpose as to the subject itself1 the author's personal reaction1 and the intended readers--largely perhaps1 the ,american people4 ,let the reader imagine himself to be facing three miles of any very rough broken sloping ground known to him1 ground for the most part gorse-thyme-and-scrub-covered1 being poor soil1 but in some places beautiful with flowers 7especially a spiked yellow flower with a whitish leaf7 and on others green from cultivation4 ,let him say to himself that he and an army of his friends are about to advance up the slope towards the top1 and that as they will be advancing in a line1 along the whole length of the three miles1 he will only see the advance of those comparatively near to him1 since folds or dips in the ground will hide the others4 ,let him1 before he advances1 look earnestly along the line of the hill1 as it shows up clear1 in blazing sunlight only a mile from him1 to see his tactical objective1 one little clump of pines1 three hundred yards away1 across what seem to be fields4 ,let him see in the whole length of the hill no single human being1 nothing but scrub1 earth1 a few scattered buildings1 of the ,levantine type 7dirty white with roofs of dirty red7 and some patches of dark ,scotch pine1 growing as the pine loves1 on bleak crests4 ,let him imagine himself to be more weary than he has ever been in his life before1 and dirtier than he has ever believed it possible to be1 and parched with thirst1 nervous1 wild-eyed and rather lousy4 ,let him think that he has not slept for more than a few minutes together for eleven days and nights1 and that in all his waking hours he has been fighting for his life1 often hand to hand in the dark with a fierce enemy1 and that after each fight he has had to dig himself a hole in the ground1 often with his hands1 and then walk three or four roadless miles to bring up heavy boxes under fire4 ,let him think1 too1 that in all those eleven days he has never for an instant been out of the thunder of cannon1 that waking or sleeping their devastating crash has been blasting the air across within a mile or two1 and this from an artillery so terrible that each discharge beats as it were a wedge of shock between the skull-bone and the brain4 ,let him think too that never1 for an instant1 in all that time1 has he been free or even partly free from the peril of death in its most sudden and savage forms1 and that hourly in all that time he has seen his friends blown to pieces at his side1 or dismembered1 or drowned1 or driven mad1 or stabbed1 or sniped by some unseen stalker1 or bombed in the dark sap with a handful of dynamite in a beef-tin1 till their blood is caked upon his clothes and thick upon his face1 and that he knows1 as he stares at the hill1 that in a few moments1 more of that dwindling band1 already too few1 ,god knows how many too few1 for the task to be done1 will be gone the same way1 and that he himself may reckon that he has done with life1 tasted and spoken and loved his last1 and that in a few minutes more may be blasted dead1 or lying bleeding in the scrub1 with perhaps his face gone and a leg and an arm broken1 unable to move but still alive1 unable to drive away the flies or screen the ever-dropping rain1 in a place where none will find him1 or be able to help him1 a place where he will die and rot and shrivel1 till nothing is left of him but a few rags and a few remnants and a little identification-disc flapping on his bones in the wind4 ,then let him hear the intermittent crash and rattle of the fire augment suddenly and awfully in a roaring1 blasting roll1 unspeakable and unthinkable1 while the air above1 that has long been whining and whistling1 becomes filled with the scream of shells passing like great cats of death in the air2 let him see the slope of the hill vanish in a few moments into the white1 yellow1 and black smokes of great explosions shot with fire1 and watch the lines of white puffs marking the hill in streaks where the shrapnel searches a suspected trench2 and then1 in the height of the tumult1 when his brain is shaking in his head1 let him pull himself together with his friends1 and clamber up out of the trench1 to go forward against an invisible enemy1 safe in some unseen trench expecting him4#aa #aa ,john ,masefield3 ,gallipoli4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,the ,macmillan ,company1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,what light does the following paragraph which appears at the beginning of the book throw upon the controlling purpose8 ,later1 when there was leisure1 ,i began to consider the ,dardanelles ,campaign1 not as a tragedy1 nor as a mistake1 but as a great human effort1 which came1 more than once1 very near to triumph1 achieved the impossible many times1 and failed1 in the end1 as many great deeds of arms have failed1 from something which had nothing to do with arms nor with the men who bore them4 ,that the effort failed is not against it2 much that is most splendid in military history failed1 many great things and noble men have failed4 ,to myself1 this failure is the second grand event of the war2 the first was ,belgium's answer to the ,german ultimatum4#ab #ab ,john ,masefield3 ,gallipoli4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,the ,macmillan ,company1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,x4 ,explain what would be your controlling purpose in a theme on any of the following subjects1 and how you would arrange your material to accomplish this purpose4 #a4 ,what is the ,primary ,function of a ,successful ,novel8 #b4 ,the ,philosophy of ,woman ,suffrage4 #c4 ,lynch ,law and ,law ,reform4 #d4 ,the ,conservatism of the ,american ,college ,student4 #e4 ,intellectual ,bravery4 #f4 ,a ,medival ,free ,city4 #g4 ,mr4 ,roosevelt's ,career as an ,index of the ,american ,character4 #h4 ,practical ,efficiency as an ,enemy to ,sweetness and ,light4 #i4 ,the sthetics of the ,skyscraper4 #aj4 ,possibilities for the ,small ,farmer in ,america4 #aa4 ,the ,future of ,civil ,engineering4 #ab4 ,housekeeping as an ,exact ,science4 ,,xi4 ,indicate what your controlling purpose would be in writing of the following subjects1 if you chose your purpose from the subject-matter alone4 ,then show how the purpose might be affected by the different sets of readers as they are indicated in the subheadings4 #a4 ,the ,intelligence of the ,average ,voter4 a4 ,for a woman who eagerly desires woman suffrage4 b4 ,for a refined but narrow aristocrat1 descendant of an old family4 c4 ,for an agitating member of the ,i4,w4,w4 #b4 ,the ,value of ,courses in ,literature for the ,technical ,student4 a4 ,for a hard-headed civil engineer4 b4 ,for a white-haired1 kindly old professor of ,greek1 who resents the intrusion of science and labor4 c4 ,for a mother who wants her son to get everything good from his technical course4 #c4 ,the ,delights of ,fishing4 a4 ,for a woman who cannot understand why her husband wants to be always going on silly fishing trips4 b4 ,for a group of city men who are devotees of the sport4 c4 ,for a small boy who hopes some day to go with ,dad on his trips4 #d4 ,the ,value of the ,civic ,center4 a4 ,for a man who resents the extra taxation that would be necessary to make one in his city4 b4 ,for a prominent1 public-spirited architect4 c4 ,for a young woman graduate from college who eagerly desires to do something for her city4 #e4 ,the ,spirit of the ,middle ,west1 the ,old ,south or any other section of the country4 a4 ,for a proud resident4 b4 ,for a sniffy resident of another section4 c4 ,for a person who has never thought of such a thing4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,definition ,definition is the process of explaining a subject by setting bounds to it1 enclosing it within its limits1 showing its extent4 ,the ocean is properly defined by the shore2 a continent or island is defined by its coastline3 shores set limits to the ocean2 coastlines bound the island or continent4 ,so1 when a child asks1 ,what is ,switzerland8 you show on the map the pink or yellow or green space that is included within certain definite boundaries4 ,these boundaries set a limit to the extent of that country2 in other words1 they define it4 ,as soon as a traveler steps beyond the limit of that country1 he is at once in another realm1 has become identified with a quite different set of conditions and circumstances--he is1 in fact1 in a country that has a different definition from that of ,switzerland4 ,in the same way1 when some one asks what truth is1 or nickel steel1 or a grand piano1 or humanism1 or art1 or rotation of crops1 or a rocking chair1 or the forward pass1 you attempt1 in your reply1 to set bounds to the thing in question1 to restrict it1 to fence it off1 to state the line beyond which if it goes it ceases to be one thing and becomes another4 ,it is by no means always an easy task to find this line4 ,many a child has come to grief in his attempts to keep safely within the limits of truth and yet be close up to the realm of desirable falsehood4 ,likewise many witnesses in court have been beguiled or browbeaten into crossing the line without knowing that they were getting into the country of the enemy4 ,but though the quest for the line may be difficult1 a true definition must set off the thing being defined from other things1 must set bounds to it1 enclose it within its limits1 show its extent4 ,the ,process of ,definition ,the logical process of defining consists of two steps3 first1 stating the class or group to which the object of definition belongs1 as to say that ,switzerland is a country1 the forward pass is a strategic device in football1 humanism is a philosophy of personal development2 and second1 pointing out the difference between the object of definition and other members of the class1 showing how it is distinguished from them4 ,since the purpose of definition is to limit the thing defined1 the practical value of the first step is at once apparent4 ,if1 in total ignorance1 a resident of ,india asks you1 ,what is ragtime8 the most helpful thing in the world that you can do for him is to cleave away with one stroke everything else in the world but music--absolute exclusion of all other human interests--and place ragtime in that comparatively narrow field4 ,that is the first thing of great help4 ,however many qualities you may attribute to ragtime1--whether you call it inspiring1 invigorating1 pleasing1 detestable1 or what not1--you are making at best only slow progress toward defining1 really limiting ragtime4 ,the number of pleasing things1 for example1 is so endless1 and the things are so diverse in character that your listener is almost as ignorant after such a quality has been attributed as he was before4 ,but the moment that you limit ragtime to music you scatter untold clouds of doubt and place the inquirer in the comfortable position of having a fairly large working knowledge4 ,what is left for the inquirer to do is merely to distinguish ragtime from other kinds of music--after all1 a rather simple task4 ,likewise in any definition1 such as that of rotation of crops1 the first necessity is to place the subject in its proper field1 in this case agriculture2 the grand piano in the class of musical instruments2 the rocking chair in the class of furniture4 ,now sometimes the task of discovering to what class your subject belongs is difficult4 ,is a believer in ,unitarianism a ,christian8 ,he follows the ethical teachings of ,jesus but denies him any special divinity4 ,in this case obviously the question of classification will depend on the definition that we make of ,christianity4 ,is a man who serves the state in legislative or judicial capacity and at the same time writes novels to be called a statesman or a man of letters8 ,governments have fallen into difficulty with each other over such things as contraband of war1 there being great doubt at times whether a particular thing is properly contraband or not4 ,the question is sometimes doubtful--you will be inclined to say1 ,i don't know what to call this1 but in making a definition call it you must4 ,the ,united ,states ,government1 facing the problem of discovering the proper class for frogs' legs1 in determining customs duties after much perturbation placed them under the heading poultry4 ,ordinarily you will find slight difficulty in determining the class2 but in every case you must patiently search until you have found some class into which your subject naturally fits4 ,until you have done this you obviously cannot set it apart from other members1 because you will not really know what the other members are1 you will be forced to run through the total list of human ideas and things4 ,until you know that oligarchy is one form of political society you cannot know whether to set it off from democracy and monarchy or from ,christianity and ,buddhism4 ,first1 then1 however difficult1 discover the class to which your subject belongs4 ,in the following definition of a clearing-house1 you will find that in the course of time the class to which the subject belongs has changed1 has come to include more space1 needs a larger fence to surround it1 and therefore the definition has been changed4 ,what is a clearing-house8 ,the ,supreme ,court of the ,state of ,pennsylvania has defined it thus3 ,it is an ingenious device to simplify and facilitate the work of the banks in reaching an adjustment and payment of the daily balances due to and from each other at one time and in one place on each day4 ,in practical operation it is a place where all the representatives of the banks in a given city meet1 and1 under the supervision of a competent committee or officer selected by the associated banks1 settle their accounts with each other and make or receive payments of balances and so 'clear' the transactions of the day for which the settlement is made4 ,but we must go farther than this1 for though originally designed as a labor-saving device1 the clearing-house has expanded far beyond those limits1 until it has become a medium for united action among the banks in ways that did not exist even in the imaginations of those who were instrumental in its inception4 ,a clearing-house1 therefore1 may be defined as a device to simplify and facilitate the daily exchange of items and settlements of balances among the banks1 and a medium for united action upon all questions affecting their mutual welfare4#ac #ac ,francis ,m4 ,burdick3 ,the ,essentials of ,business ,law4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,copyright #aijb1 #aijh1 by ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 ,the second step in the logical process of definition is to show how the subject for definition differs from other members of its class4 ,once ,i am told that the piano is a musical instrument ,i must next learn wherein it differs from the violin1 the kettle-drum1 and the ,english horn4 ,the surname ,tomlinson partly defines a person as a member of the ,tomlinson family1 but the definition is not complete until the name is modified and the person is distinguished by ,george or ,charles or whatever name may belong to him4 ,a skillful shepherd knows not only his flocks but also the characteristics of the different members of the flocks1 so that he can say1 ,this sheep is the one in ,x flock that is always getting into the clover4 ,here ,x flock is the class1 and the quality of abusing the clover is the distinguishing individual tag4 ,since the desire in this part of the process of defining is to set individuals apart1 no mention will be made of qualities that are shared in common but only of those that are peculiar to the individual4 ,these qualities that distinguish individual members of classes from each other are called the differentia1 just as the class is commonly called the genus4 ,for convenience in keeping the list of differentia reasonably small1 to avoid unwieldiness of definition1 care must be exercised in choosing the class4 ,when a class which itself contains other possible classes is chosen1 a long list of differentia will be necessary4 ,it is well1 therefore1 to choose a relatively small class to begin with4 ,for example1 if ,i put the piano into the large class of musical instruments1 ,i shall then be under the necessity of amassing sufficient differentia to set it apart from wind instruments whether of brass or wood1 from instruments of percussion1 and from other stringed instruments that do not use metal strings4 ,if ,i restrict the class to stringed instruments1 ,i thereby exclude the differentia of both wind instruments and instruments of percussion4 ,if ,i further restrict the class1 at the beginning1 to instruments with metal strings1 ,i need then to employ only such differentia as will set it off1 perhaps1 from instruments that do not have a sounding board for their metal strings4 ,such restriction of the class is advisable chiefly for purposes of economy of effort in discovering the differentia1 and is usually accomplished1 in expression1 by preceding the class name with a limiting adjective or by using a limiting phrase4 ,this adjective or this phrase is likely to be the expression of differentia among smaller classes1 the differentia among individual members being stated more at length later in the definition4 ,the process of definition will be complete1 then1 when the subject of definition has been assigned to a class1 which for convenience should be relatively small1 and the qualities that distinguish the subject from other members of the class have been found4 ,the ,two ,main ,classes of ,definitions ,two main classes of definition exist3 first1 the rigidly logical1 scientific kind such as is found in dictionaries1 textbooks1 and other such writings which are not concerned with emotional values2 and second1 the less rigid1 more expanded1 more informal kind which aims to please as well as to instruct1 and which is found in essays and all forms of writing with a strong human appeal4 ,the two kinds are alike in the presence of both genus and differentia2 they differ chiefly in the presence1 in the less formal1 of the qualities of pleasingness and stimulation as opposed to the quality1 in the formal1 of scientific impersonality1 cold intellectuality4 ,for example1 the ,standard ,dictionary defines a correspondent as one who communicates by means of letters2 specifically one who sends regular communications from a distant place to a newspaper or a business house4 ,the author of the volume entitled ,famous ,war ,correspondents#ad defines1 with much the same fundamental ideas1 if not indeed exactly the same1 a war correspondent as follows3 #ad ,f4 ,l4 ,billiard3 ,famous ,war ,correspondents4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,little1 ,brown ,co41 ,boston4 ,copyright1 #aiad4 ,the war correspondent is a newspaper man assigned to cover a campaign4 ,he goes into the field with the army1 expecting to send his reports from that witching region known as the front4 ,he is a special correspondent commissioned to collect intelligence and transmit it from the camp and the battle ground4 ,a non-combatant1 he mingles freely with men whose business it is to fight4 ,he may be ten thousand miles from the home office1 but he finds competition as keen as ever it is in ,fleet ,street or ,newspaper ,row4 ,he is engaged in the most dramatic department of a profession whose infinite variety is equalled only by its fascination4 ,if he becomes a professional rather than an occasional correspondent1 wandering will be his business and adventure his daily fare4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,g4 ,hales is of the opinion that the newspaper man who is chosen as a war correspondent has won the ,victoria ,cross of journalism4 ,for the making of a first-rate war correspondent there are required all the qualifications of a capable reporter in any other branch of the profession1 and others besides4 ,perhaps it is true that the regular hack work of the ordinary newspaper man is the best training for the scribe of war4 ,the men who had reported fires and train wrecks in ,american cities proved themselves able to describe vigorously and clearly the campaign in ,cuba4 ,william ,howard ,russell had been doing a great variety of descriptive writing before he was sent to the ,crimea4 ,the prime requisites for a satisfactory war correspondent are those fundamental to success in any kind of newspaper work1 the ability to see straight1 to write vividly and accurately1 and to get a story on the wire4 ,occasionally a brilliant workman appears from nowhere1 the happy possessor of an almost uncanny intuition of movements and purposes4 ,such a man was ,archibald ,forbes4 ,but ,forbes1 no less than the average special1 had to have the physical capacity to march with the private soldier1 to ride a hundred miles at a clip at top speed over rough country1 to sleep in the open1 to stand the heat of the desert and the cold of the mountain height1 to endure hunger and thirst and all the deprivations of a hard campaign4 ,every correspondent at times must keep going until his strength is utterly spent4 ,he must have the tenacity which does not yield to exhaustion until his messages are written and on the way to his paper4 ,when the soldier ceases fighting1 the correspondent's work is only begun4 ,he needs also to have a degree of familiarity with the affairs of the present and the history of the past which will secure him the respect of the officers with whom he may associate4 ,along with the courage of the scout he should possess the suavity and tact of the diplomat1 for he will have to get along with men of all types1 and occasionally1 indeed1 his own influence may overlap into the field of international diplomacy4 ,british correspondents1 having covered many wars1 small and great1 since #ahgj1 usually are acquainted with several languages1 and often have acquired a knowledge of the technicalities of military science4 ,of the two kinds of definition--formal and informal--you will more often have occasion to write the second4 ,you must guard against the danger1 in such writing1 of allowing the interest to cloud the truth1 of being led into inaccurate partial statements by your desire to please4 ,at the root of every good definition is still the accurate statement of genus and differentia4 ,it is chiefly of the second kind that we shall treat here4 ,if you can write a definition that is pleasing and stimulating and also accurate1 you can always boil it down into the more bald formal statement such as the dictionary offers4 ,whatever powers of grace or neatness in expression you possess1 whatever powers of saying things in a pleasing manner1 it is your privilege to employ in the writing of definitions4 ,general ,cautions ,for the sake of clearness and general effectiveness a few cautions need to be made4 ,in the first place1 be sure to exclude everything from your definition that does not properly belong in it4 ,for example1 if you define the aeroplane as a machine that journeys through the air under its own power1 you include dirigible balloons1 which are not aeroplanes4 ,you must introduce both the characteristics of being heavier than air and of having a plane or planes before your definition can stand4 ,you will make this exclusion by choosing both class and differentia with the greatest care4 ,in the second place1 include everything that does properly belong in the definition4 ,if you define a bridge as a roadway over a stream1 either resting on piers or hanging on cables strung over towers1 you exclude pontoon bridges certainly1 and all bridges across dry chasms1 if not other kinds4 ,not until you include all varieties of things crossed and all the methods of support and the various materials used will your definition be sound and complete4 ,this does not mean that you will have to make an endless list of all possible forms1 but that you will make a comprehensive statement which will allow of being distributed over all the different forms and kinds of bridges4 ,in the third place1 use simple and familiar diction4 ,since the first purpose of a definition is to explain1 one that is obscure or difficult makes confusion worse confounded4 ,the famous--or notorious--definition which ,dr4 ,johnson made of so simple a thing as network1 anything reticulated or decussated at equal distances with interstices between the intersections1 is worse than useless because it positively throws dust upon a comparatively easy matter to perceive--unless the reader take time out for meditation4 ,remember that the ,gettysburg ,address and many of ,shakespeare's sonnets are largely in words of one syllable4 ,and then do not be afraid that you will be understood2 the fire is always presumably somewhat more uncomfortable than the frying-pan4 ,in the fourth place1 do not use the term that you are defining1 or any derivative of it4 ,when college freshmen1 in mortal combat with a quiz question1 define a description as something that describes1 they use words that profit them nothing4 ,that a cow is a cow is fairly obvious4 ,the temptation to make this mistake1 which1 in the intellectual world1 occupies the relative space of the saucy old advice1 ,chase yourself round the block6 occurs usually when a long definition is being written1 in which the writer forgets to keep the horizon clear1 and finally falls into the formula x is x4 ,to avoid yielding to such temptation1 you will do well1 after a definition is complete1 to phrase it in a single sentence which shall include both differentia and genus1 and in which you can easily discover the evil formula x is x4 ,bardolph1 in ,shakespeare's ,king ,henry ,,iv1 yields to the temptation--for which we are glad as to humor but not made wise as to meaning--when ,shallow puts him to the test3 ,shallow3 ,better accommodated6 it is good2 yea1 indeed1 it is3 good phrases are surely1 and ever were1 very commendable4 ,accommodated6 it comes of accommodo3 very good2 a good phrase4 ,bardolph3 ,pardon me1 sir2 ,i have heard the word4 ,phrase call you it8 by this good day1 ,i know not the phrase2 but ,i will maintain the word with my sword to be a soldier-like word1 and a word of exceeding good command1 by heaven4 ,accommodated2 that is1 when a man is1 as they say1 accommodated2 or when a man is1 being1 whereby 'a may be thought to be accommodated2 which is an excellent thing4 ,in the fifth place1 be sure that you define1 and do not merely talk about the subject4 ,any amount of however interesting comment that fails to accomplish the two necessities of definition1 statement of the genus and the differentia1 is futile2 it is not definition4 ,this temptation1 like the former one1 will be overcome if you take the trouble to phrase the actual material of your definition in one sentence that really includes both genus and differentia4 ,as a minor suggestion1 do not begin your definition with the words1 ,x is when or ,x is where1 unless you are defining either a unit of time or a place--and even then you will do well to avoid these too frequently used phrases4 ,finally1 do not make your definition too mechanical1 too much lacking in real life4 ,thinking of how you must deal with genus and differentia1 you are liable to be overwhelmed with the grim duty of being logical1 and to forget that you should also be human1 that people read definitions1 as other kinds of writing1 in the double hope of information and pleasure4 ,no real antagonism exists between logic of the strictest kind and pleasurable presentation1 as is proved by the examples quoted during the course of this chapter and at the end4 ,while you remember your subject1 remember also your reader2 then you will be unlikely to make a dull definition4 ,methods of ,defining ,you may use various methods of defining4 ,sometimes you will choose only one1 and sometimes you will combine4 ,there is no special virtue in one method more than another except as sometimes one happens to be more useful for a given case1 as we shall see4 ,in selecting your method1 then1 select on the basis of practical workability for the effect that you desire to create1 adhering to one or using several as seems most effective4 a4 ,the ,method of ,illustration ,one of the most useful1 natural1 and easy methods is that of giving an example or illustration of the thing that is being defined4 ,the great usefulness of this method lies in the stimulating quality that the concrete example always has4 ,if you wish to define an abstract quality1 for example1 such as patriotism1 or honor1 or generosity1 you will often find advantage1 for the first1 in calling up the figure of ,washington1 of ,lincoln1 of ,cromwell2 in citing1 for the second1 the case of some man who1 after bankruptcy1 has set himself to pay all his former debts1 or of ,regulus who1 though he had the chance not to keep his promise to return to ,carthage as prisoner1 yet bade ,rome farewell and returned to unspeakable torture2 in presenting1 for the third1 a specific set of conditions1 such as possession of only one dime1 which is then shared with another person who is even less fortunate1 or showing a known person1 like ,sir ,philip ,sidney1 who1 though at death's door on the field of battle1 urged that the exquisite joy of cold water be given to a comrade who was even more terribly in need4 ,in every one of these cases the quality under definition is presented in an easily grasped1 concrete form that has the great advantage of human interest1 of stimulating the reader's thought4 ,that using such a method is natural is apparent as soon as we remember that we think largely in concrete forms1 specific cases4 ,that it is rather easy is obvious1 because so many instances are always at hand to be used4 ,the danger in this method is that the example chosen will not be entirely fair4 ,such lack of fairness may occur if the example covers too little ground of the definition or if it too highly accentuates one phase of the subject of definition4 ,if1 for instance1 you cite the example of the man who gave away his only pair of shoes1 as an example of generosity1 you may run the risk of making the reader think that nothing but an extreme act has the real stamp of the generous giver1 or that generosity is expressed only in material ways1 forgetting that it is generous to acknowledge a fault or to overlook unintended affront4 ,to avoid this danger be sure that your example is fair and sufficiently comprehensive1 and if it is not1 choose other examples to add to it until you are convinced of the all-round fitness of your definition4 ,in the following examples you may feel that ,gissing does not wholly define poverty1 whereas ,shaw is more complete in his approach to defining ability that gives value for money1 and ,mr4 ,morman by taking a typical example and working it out arrives at complete understanding with perhaps less of piquant interest4 ,blackberries hanging thick upon the hedge bring to my memory something of long ago4 ,i had somehow escaped into the country and on a long walk began to feel mid-day hunger4 ,the wayside brambles were fruiting2 ,i picked and ate1 and ate on1 until ,i had come within sight of an inn where ,i might have made a good meal4 ,but my hunger was satisfied2 ,i had no need of anything more1 and1 as ,i thought of it1 a strange feeling of surprise1 a sort of bewilderment1 came upon me4 ,what6 ,could it be that ,i had eaten1 and eaten sufficiently1 without paying8 ,it struck me as an extraordinary thing4 ,at that time1 my ceaseless preoccupation was how to obtain money to keep myself alive4 ,many a day ,i had suffered hunger because ,i durst not spend the few coins ,i possessed2 the food ,i could buy was in any case unsatisfactory1 unvaried4 ,but here nature had given me a feast1 which seemed delicious1 and ,i had eaten all ,i wanted4 ,the wonder held me for a long time1 and to this day ,i can recall it1 understand it4 ,i think there could be no better illustration of what it means to be poor in a great town4#ae #ae ,george ,gissing3 ,the ,private ,papers of ,henry ,ryecroft1 ,autumn4 ,by permission of the publishers1 ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton ,co41 ,new ,york ,city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in business1 as a rule1 a man must make what he gets and something over into the bargain4 ,i have known a man to be employed by a firm of underwriters to interview would-be insurers4 ,his sole business was to talk to them and decide whether to insure or not4 ,salary1 #djjj a year4 ,this meant that the loss of his judgment would have cost his employers more than #djjj a year4 ,other men have an eye for contracts or whatnot1 or are born captains of industry1 in which cases they go into business on their own account1 and make ten1 twenty1 or two hundred per cent where you or ,i would lose five4 ,or1 to turn back a moment from the giants to the minnows1 take the case of a woman with the knack of cutting out a dress4 ,she gets six guineas a week instead of eighteen shillings4 ,or she has perhaps a ladylike air and a figure on which a mantle looks well4 ,for these she can get several guineas a week merely by standing in a show-room letting mantles be tried on her before customers4 ,all these people are renters of ability2 and their ability is inseparable from them and dies with them4 ,the excess of their gains over those of an ordinary person with the same capital and education is the rent of the exceptional fertility4 ,but observe1 if the able person makes #ajj1jjj1 and leaves that to his son1 who1 being but an ordinary gentleman1 can get only from two and a half to four per cent on it1 that revenue is pure interest on capital and in no sense whatever rent of ability4#af #af ,george ,b4 ,shaw3 ,socialism and ,superior ,brains4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,john ,lane ,company1 ,new ,york ,city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,by amortization is meant the method of paying a debt by regular semi-annual or annual installments4 ,to illustrate3 ,suppose a farmer gives a mortgage on his farm of #ajjj1 with interest at #e per cent4 ,in addition to the interest1 he agrees to pay #b per cent a year on the principal4 ,this makes a total of #g per cent a year1 or a payment of #gj1 which may be paid in two semi-annual installments of #ce each4 ,the first year's interest and payment on the principal are taken as the amount to be paid annually4 ,but of the first payment1 #ej represents the interest and #bj the payment on the principal4 ,after the first year's payment1 therefore1 instead of owing #ajjj1 the farmer owes only #ihj1 with interest at #e per cent4 ,for the sake of simplicity1 let us suppose that payments are made annually4 ,when the next time of payment comes round1 the farmer pays his #gj4 ,since his debt is less1 the interest the second year amounts to #di instead of #ej1 and therefore the payment on the principal is #ba instead of #bj as it was the first year4 ,in the second year the debt is reduced to #iei4 ,on the return of the third time of payment the farmer pays another #gj1 of which amount #dg4ie represents the interest and #bb4je the payment on the principal4 ,this reduces the farmer's mortgage debt to #icf4ie4 ,now1 this system of payment and method of reducing the debt continues until the mortgage has been lifted by a gradual process4 ,thus1 while the annual payments are always the same1 the amount of interest is always decreasing and the amount of the payments on the debt is always increasing4 ,consequently1 the mortgage is paid off in ten to forty years according to the rate of payment on the loan that the debtor himself elects to pay when the contract is made4 ,this is the simple principle of amortization1 and it is recognized in ,europe as the safest1 easiest1 and best method of reducing land-mortgage indebtedness hitherto conceived and put into practice4#ag #ag ,j4 ,b4 ,morman3 ,principles of ,rural ,credit4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,the ,macmillan ,company1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,if1 then1 you have a subject that is abstract and perhaps difficult to understand in abstract explanation2 if you wish1 to stimulate your readers and make their reading pleasant2 if1 for any reason1 you wish to write informally1 then you may well decide to employ the useful1 natural1 and easy method of definition by illustration4 b4 ,the ,method of ,comparison or ,contrast ,a second method1 closely akin to that by illustration1 is the method of defining by comparison or contrast4 ,the value of this method lies in its liveliness and the ease with which it makes an idea comprehended4 ,the liveliness derives largely from the usual presence of specific facts or things with which the subject of definition is compared or to which it is contrasted1 and from the imaginative stimulus that perception of similarity in function creates4 ,the implied definition of leader in politics in ,lincoln's famous remark about changing political parties in war time1 ,don't swap horses while crossing a stream1 is not only true1 but more1 it is interesting4 ,the ease of comprehension is due largely to employing the method of proceeding from the known to the unknown in that comparison is usually made to things already familiar4 ,if contrast is used1 there is the added interest of dramatic presentation found especially in oratorical definitions4 ,liveliness and ease in comprehension make this method a valuable one in addressing a popular or an unlearned body of readers2 it presents the truth and it enlists interest4 ,in the following examples you will not be aware of dramatic quality in the first but you will find picturesque qualities in both4 ,lord ,cromer describes a responsible statesman in a democracy as very much in the position of a man in a boat off the mouth of a tidal river4 ,he long has to strive against wind and current until finally a favorable conjunction of weather and tide forms a wave upon which he rides safely into the harbor4 ,there is an essential truth in this which no man attempting to play the part of leader in a democracy can forget except at his peril4 ,government by public opinion is bound to get a sufficient body of public opinion on its side4 ,but withal it is manifestly the duty of a leader to help form a just public opinion4 ,he must dare to be temporarily unpopular1 if only in that way he can get a temporary hearing for the truths which the people ought to have presented to them4 ,he is to execute the popular will1 but he is not to neglect shaping it4 ,it is his duty to be properly receptive1 but his main striving ought to be that virtue should go out of him to touch and quicken the masses of his citizens4 ,if their minds and imaginations are played upon with sufficient persistence and sufficient skill1 they will give him back his own ideas with enthusiasm4 ,a man who throws a ball against a wall gets it back again as if hurled by the dead brick and mortar2 but the original impulse is in his own muscle4 ,so a democratic leader may say1 if he chooses1 that he takes only what is pressed upon him by the people2 but his function is often first to press it upon them4#ah #ah ,gustav ,pollak3 ,fifty ,years of ,american ,idealism4 ,houghton ,mifflin ,company4 ,by courtesy of ,the ,nation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the quack novel is a thing which looks like a book1 and which is compounded1 advertised1 and marketed in precisely the same fashion as ,castoria1 ,wine of ,cardui1 ,alcola1 ,mrs4 ,summers's free-to-you-my-sister ,harmless ,headache ,remedy1 ,viavi ,tablettes1 and other patent medicines1 harmful and harmless4 ,as the patent medicine is made of perfectly well-known drugs1 so the quack novel of course contains perfectly familiar elements1 and like the medicine1 it comes wrapped in superlative testimonials from those who say they have swallowed it to their advantage4 ,instead of ,after twenty years of bed-ridden agony1 one bottle of your ,fosforo cured every ache and completely restored my manhood1 we have ,the secret of his powers is the same ,god-given secret that inspired ,shakespeare and upheld ,dickens4 ,this1 from the ,philadelphia ,sunday ,dispatch1 accompanies a quack novel by ,mr4 ,harold ,bell ,wright1 of whom the ,portland1 ,oregon1 ,journal remarks1 ,it is this almost clairvoyant power of reading the human soul that has made ,mr4 ,wright's books among the most remarkable works of the present age4 ,similar to that aroma of piety and charity which accompanies the quack medicines1 an equally perceptible odor of sanctity is wafted to us with ,mr4 ,wright2 and just as imitators will make their boxes and bottles to resemble those of an already successful trade article1 so are ,mr4 ,wright's volumes given that red cloth and gold lettering which we have come to associate with the bindings of ,mr4 ,winston ,churchill's very popular and agreeable novels4 ,lastly--like the quack medicines--the quack novel is 7mostly7 harmful2 not always because it is poisonous 7though this occurs71 but because it pretends to be literature and is taken for literature by the millions who swallow it year after year as their chief mental nourishment1 and whose brains it saps and dilutes4 ,in short1 both these shams--the book and the medicine--win and bamboozle their public through methods almost identical4#ai #ai ,owen ,wister3 ,quack ,novels and ,democracy4 ,by courtesy of ,the ,atlantic ,monthly ,company1 ,boston4 ,for complete truth you need to present both resemblance and difference4 ,this necessity is apparent as soon as we remember that the differentia are of vital importance1 that we understand the subject only when we see how it differs from other members of the same class4 ,when these differences are obvious1 of course they need no mention4 ,but in defining wit and humor1 for example1 or immorality and unconventionality1 we must know not only the parallelisms but also the divergencies4 ,the best method of procedure is to discover in each of the subjects compared the vital things1 the heart without which it could not exist1 and then to observe how these work out in the particulars of the subject4 ,in defining ,state and ,nation in the following selection ,mr4 ,russell takes care to show both resemblances and differences4 ,nation is not to be defined by affinities of language or a common historical origin1 though these things often help to produce a nation4 ,switzerland is a nation1 in spite of diversities of race1 religion1 and language4 ,england and ,scotland now form one nation1 though they did not do so at the time of our ,civil ,war4 ,this is shown by ,cromwell's saying1 in the height of the conflict1 that he would rather be subject to the dominion of the royalists than to that of the ,scotch4 ,great ,britain was one state before it was one nation2 on the other hand1 ,germany was one nation before it was one state4 ,what constitutes a nation is a sentiment and an instinct--a sentiment of similarity and an instinct of belonging to the same group or herd4 ,the instinct is an extension of the instinct which constitutes a flock of sheep1 or any other group of gregarious animals4 ,the sentiment which goes with this is like a milder and more extended form of family feeling4 ,when we return to ,england after having been on the ,continent1 we feel something friendly in the familiar ways1 and it is easy to believe that ,englishmen on the whole are virtuous while many foreigners are full of designing wickedness4 ,such feelings make it easy to organize a nation into a state4 ,it is not difficult1 as a rule1 to acquiesce in the orders of a national government4 ,we feel that it is our government1 and that its decrees are more or less the same as those which we should have given if we ourselves had been the governors4 ,there is an instinctive1 and usually unconscious1 sense of a common purpose animating the members of a nation4 ,this becomes especially vivid when there is a war or a danger of war4 ,any one who1 at such a time1 stands out against the orders of his government feels an inner conflict quite different from any that he would feel in standing out against the orders of a foreign government1 in whose power he might happen to find himself4 ,if he stands out1 he does so with a more or less conscious hope that his government may in time come to think as he does2 whereas1 in standing out against a foreign government1 no such hope is necessary4 ,this group instinct1 however it may have arisen1 is what constitutes a nation1 and what makes it important that the boundaries of nations should also be the boundaries of states4#bj #bj ,bertrand ,russell3 ,national ,independence and ,internationalism4 ,by courtesy of ,the ,atlantic ,monthly ,company1 ,boston4 c4 ,the ,method of ,division ,a third method1 often used1 and similar in its general form to analysis1 divides the subject into its various headings1 the sum of which must equal the whole4 ,this method differs from analysis1 perhaps1 in that it treats the subject throughout as a unit rather than as a congregation of parts4 ,this method may be used to define a subject like mathematics1 in stating that it is the pure science which includes arithmetic1 algebra1 geometry1 etc41 or to define a quality like patriotism1 by enumerating the qualities that patriotism has4 ,these qualities may be1 also1 the uses to which the subject can be put1 as in defining a tool or a machine4 ,the method consists in establishing the genus and then1 from a mental map of the subject1 selecting the various parts that constitute the whole1 whether these parts be of physical extent1 as in defining the ,united ,states by giving the various sections of the country1 or of spiritual significance1 as in defining an honest man by stating the qualities that he should possess4 ,one danger from this method is lack of completeness2 great practical value attaches here to the caution to be sure that the definition includes all that properly belongs under it4 ,another danger is in the temptation to talk about the subject without actually defining it1 merely saying some pleasant things and then ceasing4 ,the caution against this danger in general must be remembered4 ,properly used1 this method1 though it is sometimes rather formal1 should result in great clearness through completeness of definition4 ,the following celebrated definition of a classic is a good example of compact definition by this method1 and the definition of moral atmosphere of a more leisurely1 informal breaking-up4 ,a classic is an author who has enriched the human mind1 who has really added to its treasure1 who has got it to take a step further2 who has discovered some unequivocal moral truth1 or penetrated to some eternal passion1 in that heart of man where it seemed as though all were known and explored1 who has produced his thought1 or his observation1 or his invention1 under some form1 no matter what1 so it be large1 great1 acute1 and reasonable1 sane and beautiful in itself2 who has spoken to all in a style of his own1 yet a style which finds itself the style of everybody1--in a style that is at once new and antique1 and is the contemporary of all ages4#ba #ba ,sainte-,beuve4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the moral atmosphere of the office was ideal4 ,i mean more in the extended and not alone in our specific ,english sense1 though in the latter it was even perhaps more marked4 ,there was not only no temporizing1 compromising1 compounding with candor1 in either major matters or trifling2 there was no partiality or ingenuity or bland indifference by which the devil may be1 and so often is1 whipped round the stump4 ,there was in the ,nation's field and conception of its function no temptation to anything of this sort1 to be sure1 which consideration may conceivably qualify its assessment of merit on the ,day of ,judgment--a day when we may hope the sins of daily journalism will1 in consequence of the same consideration1 be extended some leniency--but certainly cannot obscure the fact of its conspicuous integrity4 ,there were people then--as now--that complained of its fairness2 which involved1 to my mind1 the most nave attitude imaginable1 since it was the ,nation's practice that had provided the objector with his criterion of fairness in journalism4 ,of course he might assert that this was only a way of saying that the paper made extraordinary claims which in his estimation it failed to justify2 but this was verbiage1 the fact being as ,i have stated it4 ,but ,i also mean by moral atmosphere the peace1 the serenity1 the gentleness1 the self-respect1 the feeling of character1 that pervaded the office4 ,we seemed1 to my sense1 so recently filled with the reactions of ,park ,row phenomena1 to lie at anchor in the stream of ,time1 as ,carlyle said of ,oxford--which1 actually1 we were very far from doing2 there was never any doubt of the ,nation's being what is now called a live wire1 especially among those who took hold of it unwarily--as now and then some one did4 ,mr4 ,garrison shared the first editorial room with me4 ,mr4 ,godkin had the back office4 ,the publication offices were in front1 occupied by the amiable ,mr4 ,st4 ,john and his staff1 which included a gentle and aristocratic colored bookkeeper who resembled an ,east ,indian philosopher--plainly a ,garrisonian protg4 ,the silence ,i especially remember as delightful1 and ,i never felt from the first the slightest constraint2 ,mr4 ,garrison had the courtesy that goes with active considerateness4 ,the quiet was broken only by the occasional interchange of conversation between us1 or by the hearty laugh of ,mr4 ,godkin1 whose laugh would have been the most noteworthy thing about him if he had not had so many other noteworthy characteristics2 or by a visit now and then from ,arthur ,sedgwick1 in my time not regularly on the paper1 who always brought the larger world in with him 7the office was perhaps a little cloistral as a rule71 or the appearance of ,earl ,shinn with his art or dramatic criticism--both the best written1 if not also the best we have ever had in this country1 and the latter so distinguished1 ,i think1 as to be unique4 ,of course1 there were visitors1 contributors and candid friends1 but mainly we worked in almost ,quakerish tranquillity five days in the week during my incumbency4#bb #bb ,gustav ,pollak3 ,fifty ,years of ,american ,idealism4 ,houghton ,mifflin ,company4 ,by courtesy of ,the ,nation4 d4 ,the ,method of ,repetition ,a fourth method1 which may be used in connection with any other1 consists in repeating the definition over and over in different words1 from different points of view1 driving home by accumulated emphasis4 ,the value of this method lies in its feeling of absolute sureness in the reader's mind3 once completed1 the definition seems quite settled1 quite tamped down1 quite clinched4 ,it is a difficult method to employ1 for the writer is in great danger of saying exactly the same thing again and again1 forgetting to assume different points of view4 ,from such a definition tediousness is of course the result4 ,the subjects treated by this method are likely to be abstract matters upon which light is shed from various angles1 as if one poured spot lights from all sides upon some object which remains the same but which delivers up all its phases4 ,emerson often used this method1 as in the following example where both the method of repetition and that of comparison are used3 ,the two parties which divide the state1 the party of ,conservatism and that of ,innovation1 are very old1 and have disputed the possession of the world ever since it was made4444 ,it is the counteraction of the centripetal and the centrifugal forces4 ,innovation is the salient energy2 ,conservatism the pause on the last movement4 ,that which is was made by ,god1 says ,conservatism4 ,he is leaving that1 he is entering this other1 enjoins ,innovation4 ,there is always a certain meanness in the argument of conservatism1 joined with a certain superiority in its fact4 ,it affirms because it holds4 ,its fingers clutch the fact1 and it will not open its eyes to see a better fact4 ,the castle which conservatism is set to defend is the actual state of things1 good and bad4 ,the project of innovation is the best possible state of things4 ,of course conservatism always has the worst of the argument1 is always apologizing1 pleading a necessity1 pleading that to change would be to deteriorate3 it must saddle itself with the mountainous load of the violence and vice of society1 must deny the possibility of good1 deny ideas1 and suspect and stone the prophet2 whilst innovation is always in the right1 triumphant1 attacking1 and sure of final success4 ,conservatism stands on man's confessed limitations1 reform on his indisputable infinitude2 conservatism on circumstance1 liberalism on power2 one goes to make an adroit member of the social frame1 the other to postpone all things to the man himself2 conservatism is debonair and social1 reform is individual and imperious4 ,we are reformers in the spring and summer1 in autumn and winter we stand by the old2 reformers in the morning1 conservers at night4 ,reform is affirmative1 conservatism negative2 conservatism goes for comfort1 reform for truth4 ,conservatism is more candid to behold another's worth2 reform more disposed to maintain and increase its own4 ,conservatism makes no poetry1 breathes no prayer1 has no invention2 it is all memory4 ,reform has no gratitude1 no prudence1 no husbandry4 ,it makes a great difference to your figure and your thought whether your foot is advancing or receding4 ,conservatism never puts the foot forward2 in the hour when it does that1 it is not establishment1 but reform4 ,conservatism tends to universal seeming and treachery1 believes in a negative fate2 believes that men's temper governs them2 that for me it avails not to trust in principles1 they will fail me1 ,i must bend a little2 it distrusts nature2 it thinks there is a general law without a particular application1--law for all that does not include any one4 ,reform in its antagonism inclines to asinine resistance1 to kick with hoofs2 it runs to egotism and bloated self-conceit2 it runs to a bodiless pretension1 to unnatural refining and elevation which ends in hypocrisy and sensual reaction4 ,and so1 while we do not go beyond general statements1 it may be safely affirmed of these two metaphysical antagonists1 that each is a good half but an impossible whole4 ,each exposes the abuses of the other1 but in a true society1 in a true man1 both must combine4#bc #bc ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson3 ,the ,conservative1 in ,nature1 ,addresses1 and ,lectures4 ,houghton ,mifflin ,company1 ,boston4 e4 ,the ,method of ,elimination ,two methods1 which are perhaps less frequently found1 but which are none the less useful1 remain to be mentioned4 ,the first is the method of elimination1 that is1 the method of defining a thing by telling what it is not1 by eliminating all things with which it might become confused4 ,this method is of great value in defining an idea which is often considered to mean what it actually does not4 ,by shutting out the erroneous interpretations1 one by one1 the errors are finally disposed of4 ,this method is most effective when not only are the wrong interpretations excluded1 but the correct idea1 interpretation1 is positively stated at some point4 ,if this is not done there lingers in the reader's mind a taint of suspicion that either the author did not know exactly the correct meaning1 or that the subject is really too difficult to bear real definition4 ,and with a reader who does not think clearly in original ways a positive statement is almost essential lest he be unable to tell what the subject really is1 after all1 being unable to supply the residue after the process of elimination has been completed4 ,following this method ,mr4 ,cross defines ,socialism by showing that it is not anarchy1 is not single tax1 is not communism1 and is not other systems with which it is often confused4 ,the result is to leave socialism standing out by itself with clearness4 ,in the following definition of college spirit the author has followed the method of elimination to clear away the haze that in many minds surrounds the subject3 ,college spirit is like ancestry3 we are all supposed to have it1 but few of us know intimately what it is4 ,the freshman in whose heart beats desire to show loyalty1 the graduate whose pulse stirs as the train nears the little old college1 the alumnus who unties his purse-strings at the clarion call of a deficit--do these show loyalty by mere desire or by deeds8 ,and if by deeds1 by what kind of action shall their loyalty be determined8 ,in the first place1 college spirit is not mere voice culture4 ,the man who yells until his face is purple and his throat is a candidate for the rest cure is not necessarily displaying college spirit--though he may possess it4 ,yelling is not excluded2 it is merely denied the first place4 ,for1 to parody ,shakespeare1 a man can yell and yell and still be a college slacker4 ,cheering1 indiscriminate noise making1 even singing the college song with gusto at athletic games--none of these will stamp a man as necessarily loyal4 ,nor will participation in athletic sports or in college activities of other natures be sufficient to declare a man1 for the participation may be of a purely selfish nature4 ,the man who makes a record in the sprints chiefly for his own glory1 or the man who edits the college paper because by so doing he can make a good thing out of it for himself1 is not possessed of true college spirit1 for college spirit demands more than mere selfishness4 ,in the same way1 taking part in celebrations1 marching down ,main ,street with a flag fluttering round his ears1 a sunflower in his buttonhole1 an inane grin on his face1 a swagger in his gait1 and a determination to tell the whole world that his dear old ,alma ,mater is the finest little college in the world--this1 too1 is without avail1 though it is not necessarily opposed to college spirit4 ,for this exhibition1 also1 is largely selfish4 ,likewise1 becoming a grind1 removing one's self from the human fellowship that college ought to furnish in its most delightful form1 and becoming determined to prepare for a successful business career without regard to the warm flow of human emotion through the heart--this is not college spirit4 ,all these harmless things are excluded because they are primarily selfish1 and college spirit is primarily opposed to selfishness4 ,true college spirit is found in the man whose heart has warmed to the love of his college1 whose eyes have caught the vision of the ideals that the college possesses1 whose brain has thought over and understood these ideals until they have become very fibre of his being4 ,this man will yell not for the selfish pleasure of wallowing in sentimentality1 but for the solid glory of his college2 will run and leap1 will edit the paper with the desire to make and keep the college in the front rank of athletic1 social1 and intellectual life2 will study hard that the college may not be disgraced through him2 will conduct himself like a gentleman that no one may sneer at the institution which has sponsored him2 will resent any slurs upon the fair name of the college2 will be willing to sacrifice himself1 his own personal glory1 for the sake of the college2 will be willing to give of his money and his time until1 perhaps1 it hurts4 ,and above all1 he will never forget the gleam of idealism that he received in the old halls1 the vision of his chance to serve his fellows4 ,the man who does these things1 who thinks these things1 has true college spirit4 f4 ,the ,method of ,showing ,origin1 ,cause1 ,effect ,the other of these two methods is that of defining by showing the origin or causes of the subject or by showing its effects4 ,if we can be made to see what forces went to the making of anything1 or what has resulted from it1 we shall have a fairly clear idea of the nature of the thing4 ,thus we may perhaps best understand the nature of cabinet government by showing how the system came into being1 what need it filled1 what forces produced it4 ,the same method might make clear primitive ,greek drama1 the ,hanseatic ,league1 fertilization of land1 the ,federal ,reserve ,system of ,banking1 the modern orchestra4 ,and by showing the effects we might define such matters as the ,montessori method of education1 the ,feudal ,system1 anarchy1 militarism4 ,the writer of a definition after this method needs to take care that when he has shown the various causes or effects1 he surely binds them somehow together and vitally to the subject of definition4 ,there must be no dim feeling in the mind of the reader that1 after all1 the subject is not yet clearly limned1 not yet set off from other things4 ,the definition which follows makes clear the origin of the mechanical engineer1 and by showing what he does1 what need there was for him1 what lack he fills1 makes clear what he is4 ,the period of systematic and scientific power development is coincident with the true progress of the most basal of the several branches of natural philosophy1 chemistry1 physics1 mechanics1 thermodynamics1 and the theory of elasticity of materials of construction2 and there is no doubt that the steam engine1 which was designed and built by workmen before these were formulated1 attracted the attention of philosophers who1 in attempting to explain what took place in it1 created a related body of principles by which future development was guided1 and which are now the fundamental bases for the design of the future4 ,those men who became familiar with the natural sciences1 and also with the shop methods of making machinery1 and who brought both to bear on the problem of the production of machinery for specified conditions1 combining the special knowledge of the scientist and the shop mechanic1 were the first mechanical engineers2 and the profession of mechanical engineering1 which is the term applied to this sort of business1 was created out of the efforts to improve power systems1 so as to make them more efficient and adapted to all classes of service1 and to render that service for the least cost4#bd #bd ,c4 ,e4 ,lucke3 ,power4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 the ,columbia ,university ,press4 ,emerson makes a definition of the civilization of ,america in the following selection wherein he describes the effect of ,american society and life upon the individual4 ,the true test of civilization is1 not the crops1 not the size of cities1 not the census1--no1 but the kind of man the country turns out4 ,i see the vast advantages of this country1 spanning the breadth of the temperate zone4 ,i see the immense material prosperity1--towns on towns1 states on states1 and wealth piled in the massive architecture of cities3 ,california quartz1 mountains dumped down in ,new ,york to be repiled architecturally alongshore from ,canada to ,cuba1 and thence westward to ,california again4 ,but it is not ,new ,york streets1 built by the confluence of workmen and wealth of all nations1 though stretching out toward ,philadelphia until they touch it1 and northward until they touch ,new ,haven1 ,hartford1 ,springfield1 ,worcester1 and ,boston1--not these that make the real estimation4 ,but when ,i look over this constellation of cities which animate and illustrate the land1 and see how little the government has to do with their daily life1 how self-helped and self-directed all families are1--knots of men in purely natural societies1 societies of trade1 of kindred blood1 of habitual hospitality1 house and house1 man acting on man by weight of opinion1 of longer or better-directed industry2 the refining influence of women1 the invitation which experience and permanent causes open to youth and labor3 when ,i see how much each virtuous and gifted person whom all men consider1 lives affectionately with scores of people who are not known far from home1 and perhaps with greatest reason reckons these people his superiors in virtue and in the symmetry and force of their qualities1--,i see what cubic values ,america has1 and in these a better certificate of civilization than great cities or enormous wealth4#be #be ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson3 ,civilization1 in ,society and ,solitude4 ,houghton ,mifflin ,company1 ,boston4 ,these1 then1 are the various methods that are in common use4 ,the list might be extended1 but perhaps enough varieties have been discussed to be of practical value4 ,the choice of method will depend on the result that the writer wishes to accomplish2 at times he will wish to please the reader's fancy with an illustration1 and again he may wish to contrast the subject to something else4 ,if at any time more methods than one are useful1 there is not the slightest objection to combining2 in fact1 most definitions of any length will be found to have more than one method employed4 ,remember that the methods were made for you1 not you for the methods4 ,and so long as you make your subject clear1 so long as you set it off by itself in a class1 distinct from other members of the class1 you can be sure of the value of your definition4 ,,exercises ,i4 ,discover the restricting adjectives or phrases that will reduce the number of differentia required by the genus in the following definitions3 #a4 ,vaudeville is an entertainment4 #b4 ,pneumonia is a disease4 #c4 ,the ,browning gun is a machine4 #d4 ,landscape gardening is an occupation4 #e4 ,smelting is an operation4 #f4 ,lyrics are writing4 #g4 ,a college diploma is a statement by a body of men4 #h4 ,rotation of crops is a system4 #i4 ,the ,republican party is an organization4 #aj4 ,anglo-,saxon is a language4 #aa4 ,an axe is a tool4 #ab4 ,a printing press is a steel structure4 #ac4 ,a hair-net is weaving4 #ad4 ,literature is writing4 #ae4 ,militarism is an attitude of mind4 ,,ii4 ,write a definition of any of the following1 showing how the subject has shifted its genus by its development1 as the clearing-house 7page #ge7 has4 #a4 ,the ,temperance ,movement 7sentimental crusade2 sensible campaign for efficiency74 #b4 ,war4 #c4 ,incantation 7means of salvation2 curiosity74 #d4 ,household ,science 7drudgery2 occupation74 #e4 ,aristocracy 7through physical strength2 through birth2 through property74 #f4 ,justice 7,b4,c42 ,a4,d474 #g4 ,chemistry 7magic2 utility74 #h4 ,the ,presidency of the ,united ,states 7as changed by ,mr4 ,wilson's procedure with ,congress74 #i4 ,the ,theater 7under ,puritan and ,cavalier74 #aj4 ,electricity 7curiosity2 fearsome thing2 utility74 ,of course any one of these ten subjects can be defined with a changeless genus1 but such a genus is likely to be in the realm of the abstract1 pretty thoroughly divorced from practical life4 ,,iii4 ,from the following definitions taken from ,webster's ,new ,international ,dictionary construct definitions of a more amplified1 pleasing nature1 after the manner of the definition of war correspondents4 #a4 ,laziness is the state of being disinclined to action or exertion2 averse to labor2 indolent2 idle2 slothful4 #b4 ,efficiency is the quality of being efficient1 of producing an effect or effects2 efficient power or action4 #c4 ,a department store is a store keeping a great variety of goods which are arranged in several departments1 especially one with dry goods as the principal stock4 #d4 ,metabolism is the sum of the processes concerned in the building up of protoplasm and its destruction incidental to the manifestation of vital phenomena2 the chemical changes proceeding continually in living cells1 by which the energy is provided for the vital processes and activities and new material is assimilated to repair the waste4 #e4 ,judgment is the faculty of judging or deciding rightly1 justly1 or wisely2 good sense2 as1 a man of judgment2 a politician without judgment4 #f4 ,puddling is the art or process of converting cast iron into wrought iron1 or1 now rarely1 steel by subjecting it to intense heat and frequent stirring in a reverberatory furnace in the presence of oxidizing substances1 by which it is freed from a portion of its carbon and other impurities4 #g4 ,overhead cost is the general expenses of a business1 as distinct from those caused by particular pieces of traffic4 #h4 ,a joke is something said or done for the sake of exciting a laugh2 something witty or sportive 7commonly indicating more of hilarity or humor than jest74 #i4 ,a diplomat is one employed or skilled in the art and practice of conducting negotiations between nations1 as in arranging treaties2 performing the business or art of conducting international discourse4 #aj4 ,a visionary is one who relies1 or tends to rely1 on visions1 or impractical ideas1 projects1 or the like2 an impractical person4 #aa4 ,an entrepreneur is an employer in his character of one who assumes the risk and management of business4 #ab4 ,loyalty is fidelity to a superior1 or to duty1 love1 etc4 #ac4 ,a prig is one narrowly and self-consciously engrossed in his own mental or spiritual attainments2 one guilty of moral or intellectual foppery2 a conceited precisian4 #ad4 ,heresy is an opinion held in opposition to the established or commonly received doctrine1 and tending to promote division or dissension4 #ae4 ,eugenics is the science of improving stock1 whether human or animal1 or of improving plants4 ,,iv4 ,compare the definitions of the following which you find in the ,century ,dictionary1 the ,standard ,dictionary1 the ,webster's ,new ,international ,dictionary and the ,new ,english ,dictionary2 find the common elements1 and make a definition of your own4 #a4 ,literature4 #b4 ,living wage4 #c4 ,capillary attraction4 #d4 ,sympathy4 #e4 ,classicism4 #f4 ,inertia4 #g4 ,fodder4 #h4 ,religion4 #i4 ,introspection4 #aj4 ,individuality4 #aa4 ,finance4 #ab4 ,capital4 #ac4 ,soil physics4 #ad4 ,progress4 #ae4 ,narrow-mindedness4 ,v4 ,look up the definitions of the following terms and estimate the resulting amount of increase in your knowledge of the subject which includes the terms4 ,do you find any stimulus toward thinking about the subject8 ,what would you say1 as the result of this investigation1 about the value of definitions8 ,what does ,coleridge mean by his statement ,language thinks for us8 #a4 ,religion3 awe1 reverence1 duty1 mystery1 peace1 priest1 worship1 loyalty1 prayer1 supplication1 trust1 divinity1 god1 service1 church1 temple1 heaven1 fate4 #b4 ,socialism3 property1 social classes1 economic rights1 capital1 labor1 wages1 the masses1 aristocracy1 envy1 self-respect1 economic distribution1 labor union1 boycott1 strike1 lock-out1 materialism1 profit-sharing4 #c4 ,ability3 genius1 wit1 talent1 insight1 judgment1 perseverance1 logic1 imagination1 originality1 intellectuality1 vitality4 #d4 ,music3 sound1 rhythm1 melody1 harmony1 orchestra1 interval 7musical71 key1 beat1 tonic1 modulation1 musical register1 polyphony1 monophony1 sonata1 oratorio1 musical scale1 diatonic1 chromatic1 tempo4 #e4 ,democracy3 independence1 suffrage1 representation1 equality1 popular1 coperation4 ,,vi4 ,are the two statements which follow definitions8 ,if not1 why not8 ,what would be the effect of the use of definitions of this type in argument8 ,write a defining theme with such a definition as its nucleus1 and test its value4 #a4 ,beauty is its own excuse for being4 #b4 ,virtue is its own reward4 ,,vii4 ,in the following definitions#bf what are the genera8 ,are the definitions fair8 ,how would you criticize them in general8 ,write a theme using the differentia noted1 and trying to catch in the theme the spirit that is shown in the lists4 #bf ,from ,b4 ,l4 ,t4's ,the ,line o' ,type ,column4 ,by courtesy of the ,chicago ,tribune4 ,highbrow3 ,browning1 anthropology1 economics1 ,bacon1 the up-lift1 inherent sin1 ,gibbon1 fourth dimension1 ,euripides1 eyether1 pt de fois gras1 lemon phosphate1 ,henry ,cabot ,lodge1 ,woodrow ,wilson4 ,low-highbrow3 ,municipal government1 ,kipling1 socialism1 ,shakespeare1 politics1 ,thackeray1 taxation1 golf1 grand opera1 bridge1 chicken la ,maryland1 eether1 stocks and bonds1 gin rickey1 ,theodore ,roosevelt1 chewing gum in private4 ,high-lowbrow3 ,musical comedy1 euchre1 baseball1 moving pictures1 small steak medium1 whiskey1 ,robert ,w4 ,chambers1 purple socks1 chewing gum with friends4 ,lowbrow3 ,laura ,jean ,libbey1 ham sandwich1 haven't came1 pitch1 ,i and her1 melodrama1 hair oil1 the ,duchess1 beer1 ,george ,m4 ,cohan1 red flannels1 toothpicks1 ,bathhouse ,john1 chewing gum in public4 ,,viii4 ,expand the following definition#bg into a theme1 using the combined methods of illustration and comparison4 ,what is the value of having the heart of the definition stated before the theme is begun8 #bg ,george ,bernard ,shaw3 ,the ,sanity of ,art4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,boni ,liveright4 ,the worthy artist or craftsman is he who serves the physical and moral senses by feeding them with pictures1 musical compositions1 pleasant houses and gardens1 good clothes and fine implements1 poems1 fictions1 essays1 and dramas which call the heightened senses and ennobled faculties into pleasurable activity4 ,the great artist is he who goes a step beyond the demand1 and1 by supplying works of a higher beauty and a higher interest than have yet been perceived1 succeeds1 after a brief struggle with its strangeness1 in adding this fresh extension of sense to the heritage of the race4 ,,ix4 ,see ,poverty 7page #hd74 #a4 ,in view of the fact that ,gissing uses so slight an illustration to fix his ideal1 what makes the definition valuable8 ,compare the value of this definition with another of the same subject such as you might find in a text on ,sociology or ,economics4 #b4 ,define by illustration any of the following3 ,homesickness1 ,jealousy1 ,despair1 ,discouragement1 ,vulgarity1 ,opulence1 ,misery1 ,cheapness1 ,tenacity1 ,anger1 ,adaptability1 ,man of action1 ,man of executive ability1 ,statesman1 ,ward boss1 ,man of learning1 ,luck1 ,courage1 ,business success1 ,bonehead ,play1 ,political shrewdness1 ,the ,college ,widow1 ,perfect technique1 ,up-to-date factory1 ,social tact1 ,a ,snob1 ,some ,kid1 ,other-worldliness1 ,a ,gentleman1 ,a ,lady1 ,a real meal1 ,a fighting chance1 ,good breeding1 ,a ,social climber1 ,community music1 ,poetic justice1 ,a wage-slave1 ,a political ring1 ,good team-work1 ,elasticity of mind1 ,bigotry4 ,how far is definition by illustration concerned with morality8 ,could you1 for example1 so illustrate courage as to seem to exclude a really courageous person8 ,what necessity in employing this method does your answer to the preceding question indicate8 ,define any of the following3 ,the ideal leader of the gang1 ,the ideal ward boss1 ,the ideal town librarian1 ,the ideal teacher1 ,the ideal military general1 captain1 corporal1 ,the ideal headwaiter1 ,the ideal foreman in a factory1 ,the ideal soda-clerk1 ,the ideal athletic coach1 ,the ideal intellectual leader1 ,the ideal orchestra conductor1 ,the ideal mayor1 ,the ideal boss in a steel mill1 on a farm1 of an engineering gang1 of cotton pickers1 of lumberjacks4 ,is the definition of a ,responsible ,statesman any the less sound because the differentia are duties rather than facts8 ,write a theme explaining why an executive too far ahead of his times fails of immediate results4 #c4 ,in the manner of the definition of ,amortization1 write a definition of the following3 ,collective buying1 ,sabotage1 ,montessori method of education1 ,dry cleaning1 ,dry farming4 ,x4 ,what is the chief value of the following selection as a real definition8 ,which is of greater value1 this selection or the kind of definition that would be found in a text on geography8 ,define1 in a manner similar to that of the selection3 ,new ,england1 ,the ,middle ,west1 ,the ,old ,dominion1 ,the ,cradle of ,liberty1 ,gotham1 ,the ,gold ,coast1 ,dixie1 ,the ,old ,south1 ,the ,auld ,sod1 ,the ,corn ,belt1 ,the ,wheat ,belt1 ,the ,anthracite ,region1 ,the ,land of ,big ,game1 ,the ,land of ,heart's ,desire1 ,the ,cockpit of ,europe1 ,the ,vacation ,land4 ,between the ,seine and the ,rhine lay once a beautiful land wherein more history was made1 and recorded in old monuments full of grace and grandeur and fancy1 than in almost any other region of the world4 ,the old names were best1 for each aroused memory and begot strange dreams3 ,flanders1 ,brabant1 the ,palatinate2 ,picardy1 ,valois1 ,champagne1 ,franche-,comt2 ,artois1 ,burgundy1 and ,bar4 ,and the town names ring with the same sonorous melody1 evoking the ghosts of a great and indelible past3 ,bruges1 ,ghent1 ,louvain1 and ,lige2 ,aix-la-,chapelle1 ,coblenz1 and ,trves2 ,ypres and ,lille1 ,tournai and ,fontenoy1 ,arras and ,malplaquet2 ,laon1 ,nancy1 ,verdun1 and ,varennes2 ,amiens1 ,soissons1 and ,reims4 ,csar1 ,charlemagne1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,napoleon1 with proconsuls1 paladins1 crusaders1 and marshals unnumbered2 kings1 prince-bishops1 monks1 knights1 and aureoled saints take form and shape again at the clang of the splendid names4 ,it is not a large land1 this ,heart of ,europe2 three hundred and fifty miles1 perhaps1 from the ,alps to the sea1 and not more than two hundred and fifty from the ,seine at ,paris to the ,rhine at ,cologne2 half the size1 shall we say1 of ,texas2 but what ,europe was for the thousand years following the fall of ,rome1 this little country--or the men that made it great--was responsible4 ,add the rest of ,normandy1 and the spiritual energy of the ,holy ,see1 and with a varying and sometimes negligible influence from the ,teutonic lands beyond the ,rhine1 and you have the mainsprings of medivalism1 even though for its full manifestation you must take into account the men in the far countries of the ,italian peninsula and the ,iberian1 in ,france and ,england1 ,bavaria1 ,saxony1 ,bohemia4#bh #bh ,ralph ,adams ,cram3 ,the ,heart of ,europe4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,copyright1 #aiae4 ,,xi4 ,note the two selections that follow1 in comparison with the definitions of a responsible statesman and quack novels on pages #hg and #hh1 and write a definition of any of the following groups1 using the method of comparison and contrast4 ,a sale of personal property is the transfer of its general ownership from one person to another for a price in money4 ,it is almost always the result of a contract between the seller and the buyer4 ,if the contract provides for the transfer of ownership at once the transaction is called a present sale1 or a bargain and sale1 or an executed contract of sale4 ,if it provides for the transfer of ownership at some future time it is called a contract to sell1 or an executory contract of sale4 ,the business transaction most nearly resembling a sale is that of barter1 or the transfer of one article of personal property for another1 as when ,a and ,b trade horses1 or wagons1 or oats1 or cows4 ,it differs from a sale only in this1 that the consideration for each transfer is the counter-transfer of a chattel instead of money4 ,next to barter in its likeness to sale is a mortgage of personal property1 usually called a chattel mortgage4 ,this1 in form1 is a sale1 but it contains a proviso that if the mortgagor pays a certain amount of money1 or does some other act1 at a stipulated time1 the sale shall be void4 ,even though the mortgagor does not perform the act promised at the agreed time1 he still has the right to redeem the property from the mortgage by paying his debt with interest4 ,in other words1 a chattel mortgage does not transfer general ownership1 or absolute property in the chattels1 while a sale does4 ,a sale differs from a bailment4444 ,the former is the transfer of title to goods1 the latter of their possession4 ,a bailee undertakes to restore to the bailor the very thing bailed1 although it may be in a changed form1 while the buyer is to pay money to the seller for the subject-matter of their contract4#bi #bi ,francis ,m4 ,burdick3 ,the ,essentials of ,business ,law4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,copyright1 #aijb and #aijh4 ,the familiar distinction between the poetic and the scientific temper is another way of stating the same difference4 ,the one fuses or crystallizes external objects and circumstances in the medium of human feeling and passion2 the other is concerned with the relations of objects and circumstances among themselves1 including in them all the facts of human consciousness1 and with the discovery and classification of these relations4 ,there is1 too1 a corresponding distinction between the aspects which conduct1 character1 social movement1 and the objects of nature are able to present1 according as we scrutinize them with a view to exactitude of knowledge1 or are stirred by some appeal which they make to our various faculties and forms of sensibility1 our tenderness1 sympathy1 awe1 terror1 love of beauty1 and all the other emotions in this momentous catalogue4 ,the starry heavens have one side for the astronomer1 as astronomer1 and another for the poet1 as poet4 ,the nightingale1 the skylark1 the cuckoo1 move one sort of interest in an ornithologist1 and a very different sort in a ,shelley or a ,wordsworth4 ,the hoary and stupendous formations of the inorganic world1 the thousand tribes of insects1 the great universe of plants1 from those whose size and form and hue make us afraid as if they were deadly monsters1 down to the meanest flower that blows1 all these are clothed with one set of attributes by scientific intelligence1 and with another by sentiment1 fancy1 and imaginative association4#cj #cj ,john ,morley3 ,miscellanies1 vol4 ,i4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,the ,macmillan ,company1 ,new ,york ,city4 #a4 ,autocracy and ,democracy4 #b4 ,fame and ,notoriety4 #c4 ,cribbing and ,lying4 #d4 ,immorality and ,unconventionality4 #e4 ,musician and ,music ,lover4 #f4 ,popularity and ,cheapness4 #g4 ,enthusiast and ,crank4 #h4 ,an ,irish ,bull and a ,paradox4 #i4 ,puppy ,love and ,real ,love4 #aj4 ,boiling and ,broiling4 #aa4 ,honesty and ,truthfulness4 #ab4 ,white ,lies and ,falsehoods4 #ac4 ,liberty and ,license4 #ad4 ,wages and ,unearned ,increment4 #ae4 ,knowledge and ,scholarship4 #af4 ,religion and ,superstition4 #ag4 ,broadmindedness and ,spinelessness4 #ah4 ,architecture and ,architectural ,engineering4 #ai4 ,socialism and ,anarchy4 #bj4 ,wit and ,humor4 #ba4 ,enough and ,sufficient4 #bb4 ,genetic ,heredity and ,social ,heredity4 #bc4 ,lying and ,diplomacy4 #bd4 ,theology and ,religion4 #be4 ,force1 ,energy1 and ,power4 #bf4 ,sanitary ,engineers and ,plumbers4 #bg4 ,business1 ,trade1 and ,commerce4 #bh4 ,kidding and ,taunting4 #bi4 ,eminence and ,prominence4 #cj4 ,realism and ,romanticism4 #ca4 ,kinetic and ,potential ,energy4 #cb4 ,popular and ,permanent ,literature4 #cc4 ,a ,gentleman ,farmer and a ,producer4 #cd4 ,an ,employer and a ,slave-driver4 #ce4 ,a ,practical ,joke and a ,mean ,trick4 ,is the following selection properly a definition by the method of comparison8 ,what is defined8 ,are the general statements that serve as background true8 ,in how far does the whole selection depend for its validity upon the truth of these general statements8 ,there is a difference between boys and men1 but it is a difference of self-knowledge chiefly4 ,a boy wants to do everything because he does not know he cannot2 a man wants to do something because he knows he cannot do everything2 a boy always fails1 and a man sometimes succeeds because the man knows and the boy does not know4 ,a man is better than a boy because he knows better2 he has learned by experience that what is a harm to others is a greater harm to himself1 and he would rather not do it4 ,but a boy hardly knows what harm is1 and he does it mostly without realizing that it hurts4 ,he cannot invent anything1 he can only imitate2 and it is easier to imitate evil than good4 ,you can imitate war1 but how are you going to imitate peace8 ,so a boy passes his leisure in contriving mischief4 ,if you get another fellow to walk into a wasp's camp1 you can see him jump and hear him howl1 but if you do not1 then nothing at all happens4 ,if you set a dog to chase a cat up a tree1 then something has been done2 but if you do not set the dog on the cat1 then the cat just lies in the sun and sleeps and you lose your time4 ,if a boy could find out some way of doing good1 so that he could be active in it1 very likely he would want to do good now and then2 but as he cannot1 he very seldom wants to do good4#ca #ca ,william ,dean ,howells3 ,a ,boy's ,town4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,harper ,brothers1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,copyright1 #ahij4 ,,xii4 ,does the style of the definition of moral atmosphere 7page #i7 fit well with the subject8 ,would the definition be more effective if written in a more formal style8 ,define3 #a4 ,the scholarly atmosphere of a university4 #b4 ,the business atmosphere of the ,stock ,exchange4 #c4 ,the holy atmosphere of a large church4 #d4 ,the inhuman atmosphere of an ordinary criminal court4 #e4 ,the human atmosphere of a reunion 7of a class1 a family1 a group of friends74 #f4 ,the majestic atmosphere of ,niagara ,falls4 #g4 ,the beautiful atmosphere of a pond of skaters4 inspiring #h4 ,the overpowering atmosphere of a steel mill4 brutal beautiful #i4 ,the calm atmosphere of a dairy farm4 ,,xiii4 ,does the following selection serve to define honor as too difficult of attainment1 as too closely bound up with fighting8 ,is any definition of privilege implied8 ,define honor as taught in a college and honor as taught in the business world4 ,can a ,state ,university afford to maintain the kind of honor that forces it to remain loyal to unpopular causes and painful truths8 ,is the honor that seeks to maintain faith even with the devil foolish8 ,write a report on the state of honor in your college or university such as ,washington or ,lincoln would have written after investigating conditions in the student politics of the institution1 or conditions in examinations and quizzes4 ,honor1 perhaps because it is associated in the public mind with old ideas of dueling and paying gambling debts1 and in general with the habits1 good and bad1 of a privileged class1 is not in high repute with a modern industrial community1 where bankruptcy laws1 the letter of the statute book1 the current morality of an easy-going1 good-natured1 success-loving people1 mark out a smoother path4 ,but the business of a college is not to fit a boy for the world1 but to fit him to mould the world to his ideal4 ,honor is not necessarily old-fashioned and antiquated2 it will adapt itself to the present and to the future4 ,if it is arbitrary1 or at least has an arbitrary element1 so are most codes of law4 ,if honor belongs to a privileged class1 it is because it makes a privileged class2 a body of men whose privilege it is to speak out in the scorn of consequence1 to keep an oath to their own hurt1 to remain loyal to unpopular causes and painful truths1 to maintain faith even with the devil1 and not swerve for rewards1 prizes1 popularity1 or any of the blandishments of success4 ,because it is arbitrary1 because it has rules1 it needs to be taught4 ,to teach a code of honor is one of the main purposes of education2 a college cannot say1 ,we teach academic studies1 and throw the responsibility for honor on parents1 on preliminary schools1 on undergraduate opinion1 on each boy's conscience4 ,honor is taught by the companionship1 the standards1 the ideals1 the talk1 the actions of honorable men2 it is taught by honoring honorable failure and turning the back on all manner of dishonorable success4#cb #cb ,henry ,dwight ,sedgwick3 ,the ,new ,american ,type4 ,houghton ,mifflin ,company1 ,boston1 publishers4 ,,xiv4 ,define1 by showing the origin1 any of the following3 ,highway ,engineering1 ,the ,county ,agricultural ,adviser1 ,customs ,officer1 ,a private secretary1 ,the linotype machine1 ,national public opinion1 ,the ,federal ,reserve ,board1 ,the ,spoils ,system1 ,the ,american ,federation of ,labor1 ,american ,moral ,leadership in #aiah1 ,the ,caste ,system1 ,the mechanical stoker1 ,the canal lock1 ,the trial balance sheet1 ,the ,babcock ,test4 ,,xv4 ,are the following statements true definitions8 ,wherein does their worth consist8 ,what causes any weakness that they may have8 #a4 ,life is one long process of getting tired4 #b4 ,life is the distribution of an error--or errors4 #c4 ,life is eight parts cards and two parts play2 the unseen world is made manifest to us in the play4 #d4 ,life is the art of drawing sufficient conclusions from insufficient premises4 #e4 ,the body is but a pair of pincers set over a bellows and a stewpan and the whole fixed upon stilts4 #f4 ,morality is the custom of one's country and the current feeling of one's peers4 ,cannibalism is moral in a cannibal country4 #g4 ,heaven is the work of the best and kindest men and women4 ,hell is the work of prigs1 pedants and professional truth-tellers4 ,the world is an attempt to make the best of both4 #h4 ,going to your doctor is having such a row with your cells that you refer them to your solicitor4 ,sometimes you1 as it were1 strike against them and stop their food1 when they go on strike against yourself4 ,sometimes you file a bill in chancery against them and go to bed4#cc #cc ,all these are from ,the ,note-,books of ,samuel ,butler1 published by ,a4 ,c4 ,fifield1 ,london4 ,,xvi4 ,in the light of the following definition of ,superiority of ,status write a definition of any of the following3 ,superiority of birth1 ,superiority of training1 ,superiority of vitality1 ,superiority of environment1 ,superiority of patronage4 ,there is another sort of artificial superiority which also returns an artificial rent3 the superiority of pure status4 ,what are called superiors are just as necessary in social organization as a keystone is in an arch2 but the keystone is made of no better material than any other parts of a bridge2 its importance is conferred upon it by its position1 not its position by its importance4 ,if half-a-dozen men are cast adrift in a sailing-boat1 they will need a captain4 ,it seems simple enough for them to choose the ablest man2 but there may easily be no ablest man4 ,the whole six1 or four out of the six1 or two out of the six1 may be apparently equally fit for the post4 ,in that case1 the captain must be elected by lot2 but the moment he assumes his authority1 that authority makes him at once literally the ablest man in the boat4 ,he has the powers which the other five have given him for their own good4 ,take another instance4 ,napoleon gained the command of the ,french army because he was the ablest general in ,france4 ,but suppose every individual in the ,french army had been a ,napoleon also6 ,none the less a commander-in-chief1 with his whole hierarchy of subalterns1 would have had to be appointed--by lot if you like--and here1 again1 from the moment the lot was cast1 the particular ,napoleon who drew the straw for the commander-in-chief would have been the great1 the all-powerful ,napoleon1 much more able than the ,napoleons who were corporals and privates4 ,after a year1 the difference in ability between the men who had been doing nothing but sentry duty1 under no strain of responsibility1 and the man who had been commanding the army would have been enormous4 ,as the defenders of the system of ,conservatism well know1 we have for centuries made able men out of ordinary ones by allowing them to inherit exceptional power and status2 and the success of the plan in the phase of social development to which it was proper was due to the fact that1 provided the favored man was really an ordinary man1 and not a duffer1 the extraordinary power conferred on him did effectually create extraordinary ability as compared with that of an agricultural laborer1 for example1 of equal natural endowments4 ,the gentleman1 the lord1 the king1 all discharging social functions of which the laborer is incapable1 are products as artificial as queen bees4 ,their superiority is produced by giving them a superior status1 just as the inferiority of the laborer is produced by giving him an inferior status4 ,but the superior income which is the appanage of superior status is not rent of ability4 ,it is a payment made to a man to exercise normal ability1 in an abnormal situation4 ,rent of ability is what a man gets by exercising abnormal ability in a normal situation4#cd #cd ,george ,bernard ,shaw3 ,socialism and ,superior ,brains4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,john ,lane ,company4 ,,xvii4 ,in the following selection how many definitions occur1 or how many things are defined8 ,do you understand what the author says8 ,how many words do you have to look up in the dictionary before you understand the article8 ,could the author have made the subject clear in a sensible extent of space8 ,what would you say is the chief virtue of the selection8 ,how is it gained8 ,for what kind of audience was the article written8 ,what was the author's controlling purpose8 ,point out how he attains it4 ,do you find any pattern-designers among novelists1 poets1 architects1 landscape gardeners8 ,name a novel1 a poem1 a building1 a park1 which is primarily a pattern-design4 ,name one which is not a pattern-design so much as a dramatic expression4 ,which is the more significant8 ,which is more difficult to make8 ,define3 ,futurist painting1 ,free verse1 ,social morality1 in relation to their preceding forms4 ,explain1 through definition1 the controversy between ,paganism and ,christianity1 between ,monarchy and ,democracy1 between ,classical ,education and ,industrial ,education1 between ,party ,politics and ,independent ,politics1 between ,established ,religion and ,non-,conformist ,views4 ,music is like drawing1 in that it can be purely decorative1 or purely dramatic1 or anything between the two4444 ,you can compose a graceful1 symmetrical sound-pattern that exists solely for the sake of its own grace and symmetry4 ,or you can compose music to heighten the expression of human emotion2 and such music will be intensely affecting in the presence of that emotion1 and utter nonsense apart from it4 ,for examples of pure pattern-designing in music ,i should have to go back to the old music of the thirteenth1 fourteenth1 and fifteenth centuries 444 designed to affect the hearer solely by its beauty of sound and grace and ingenuity of pattern2 absolute music1 represented to-day in the formal sonata and symphony4444 ,the first modern dramatic composers accepted as binding the rules of good pattern-designing in sound2 and this absurdity was made to appear practicable from the fact that ,mozart had such an extraordinary command of his art that his operas contain numbers which1 though they seem to follow the dramatic play of emotion and character1 without reference to any other consideration whatever1 are seen1 upon examining them from the point of view of the absolute musician1 to be perfectly symmetrical sound-patterns4444 ,even ,mozart himself broke away in all directions1 and was violently attacked by his contemporaries for doing so1 the accusations levelled at him being exactly those with which the opponents of ,wagner so often pester ourselves4 ,wagner completed the emancipation of the dramatic musician from these laws of pattern-designing2 and we now have operas1 and very good ones1 too1 written by composers not musicians in the old sense at all3 that is1 they are not pattern-designers2 they do not compose music apart from drama4 ,the dramatic development also touched purely instrumental music4 ,liszt tried hard to extricate himself from pianoforte arabesques1 and become a tone poet like his friend ,wagner4 ,he wanted his symphonic poems to express emotions and their development4 ,and he defined the emotion by connecting it with some known story1 poem1 or even picture3 ,mazeppa1 ,victor ,hugo's ,les ,preludes1 ,kaulbach's ,die ,hunnenschlacht1 or the like4 ,but the moment you try to make an instrumental composition follow a story1 you are forced to abandon the decorative pattern forms1 since all patterns consist of some form which is repeated over and over again1 and which generally consists in itself of a repetition of two similar halves4 ,for example1 if you take a playing-card 7say the five of diamonds7 as a simple example of pattern1 you find not only that the diamond pattern is repeated five times1 but that each established form of a symphony is essentially a pattern form involving just such symmetrical repetitions2 and1 since a story does not repeat itself1 but pursues a continuous chain of fresh incident and correspondingly varied emotions1 ,liszt invented the symphonic poem1 a perfectly simple and fitting common-sense form for his purpose1 and one which makes ,les ,preludes much plainer sailing for the ordinary hearer than ,mendelssohn's ,melusine overture or ,raff's ,lenore or ,im ,walde symphonies1 in both of which the formal repetitions would stamp ,raff as a madman if we did not know that they were mere superstitions4#ce #ce ,george ,bernard ,shaw3 ,the ,sanity of ,art1 ,wagnerism4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,boni ,liveright4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,analysis ,suppose that the president of a railroad asked you to report on the feasibility of a proposed line through a range of hills2 or that you found it necessary to prove to an over-conservative farmer that he should erect a hollow-tile silo at once2 or that your duty as chairman of the town playground committee led you to examine an empty lot for its possibilities2 or that1 as an expert in finance1 you were trying to learn the cause of the deficit in a country club's accounts4 ,in the first case you would examine the proposed route for its practicability1 would estimate the grades to be reduced1 would look into the question of drainage1 would consider the possibility of landslides1 would survey the quality of the road-bed3 all with a view to making a complete report on the practicability of the route proposed4 ,in the other cases you would determine the conditions in general that you confronted1 would answer the questions3 what is the value of a hollow-tile silo8 why is this site suitable for a playground8 what is wrong with the finances of this club8 ,such tasks as these occur in life all the time2 in college they confront one whenever an inconsiderate instructor asks for a term paper on1 say1 ,conditions in ,new ,york that ,made the ,tweed ,ring ,possible1 or ,the ,influence of the ,great ,war on ,dyestuffs1 or ,tennyson's ,early ,training as an ,influence on his ,poetry1 or some other subject4 ,in every one of these cases the writer who attempts to answer the questions involved is writing analysis1 for ,analysis is the breaking up of a subject into its component parts1 seeing of what it is composed4 ,in every such case you would wish1 first of all1 to tell the truth4 ,of what use would your analysis be if you incorrectly estimated the drainage of the proposed railway route and the company had to expend thousands of dollars in fighting improper seepage8 ,unless the analysis was accurate1 it would be useless or worse4 ,but suppose that you told the truth about the site for the playground1 its central position1 its wealth of shade1 its proper soil conditions1 and yet forgot to take into account the sluggish1 noisome stream that flowed on one side of the plot and bred disease8 ,your report would be valueless because it would be1 in a vital point1 quite lacking4 ,in other words1 it would be incomplete4 ,for practical purposes it would therefore1 of course1 be untrue4 ,if you wish to write an analysis1 then1 your path is straight1 and it leads between the two virtues of truth and thoroughness4 ,your catechism should be3 ,have ,i hugged my fact close and told the truth about it81 and1 ,have ,i really covered the ground8 ,the question of truth enters into every analysis2 none may falsify4 ,completeness1 on the other hand1 is a more relative matter4 ,in the report of a tariff commission it is essential2 all the ground must be covered4 ,in a thorough survey of ,beethoven's music no sonata or quartette may be omitted4 ,in determining the causes of an epidemic no clue is to be left unexamined until all possibilities have been exhausted4 ,in the case of the term paper mentioned above1 on the other hand1 ,tennyson's ,early ,training as an ,influence on his ,poetry1 not everything in his early life can be considered in anything short of a volume4 ,in such a case you may well be puzzled what to do until you are suddenly cheered by the thought that your task is primarily one of interpretation1 that what you are seeking is the spirit of the training4 ,there would seem1 therefore1 to be various degrees of completeness in analysis4 ,on the basis of completeness1 then1 we may divide analysis into the two classes of the ,formal and the ,informal4 ,the ,two ,classes of ,analysis ,formal analysis is sometimes called logical analysis--that is1 complete1 as in the report of a tariff commission--because it continues its splitting into subheadings until the demands of the thought are entirely satisfied4 ,such thorough meeting of all demands might well occur in an analysis of trades-unions1 or methods of heating houses1 or such subjects4 ,informal analysis1 on the other hand1 which is sometimes called literary analysis1 does not attempt to be so thorough1 but aims rather at giving the core of the subject1 at making the spirit of it clear to the reader4 ,for example1 ,mr4 ,p4 ,e4 ,more in an essay on ,tennyson1 which is primarily an informal analysis1 makes one main point1 that ,tennyson was the ,victorian ,age4 ,this he divides into three headings3 7#a7 ,tennyson was humanly loved by the great ,victorians2 7#b7 ,tennyson was the poet of compromise2 7#c7 ,tennyson was the poet of insight4 ,now in these three points ,mr4 ,more has not said all that he could say1 in fact he has omitted many things that from some angle would be important1 but he has said those things truthfully that are needed for a proper interpretation of the subject1 for a sufficient illumination of it1 for showing its spirit4 ,it is1 therefore1 a piece of informal analysis4 ,the two examples which follow illustrate formal and informal analysis1 the first one classifying rock drills thoroughly1 and the second very informally discussing some odds against ,shakespeare4 ,hammer drills may be classed under several heads1 as follows3 7#a7 ,those mounted on a cradle like a piston drill and fed forward by a screw2 7#b7 those used and held in the hand2 and 7#c7 those used and mounted on an air-fed arrangement4 ,the last two classes are often interchangeable4 ,mr4 ,leyner1 though now making drills of the latter classes1 was the pioneer of the large #c-;inch diameter piston machine to be worked in competition with large piston drills4 ,the smaller ,leyner ,rock ,terrier drill was brought out for stopping and driving2 it could not1 apparently1 compete with machines of other classes4 ,when the drills are thus divided we have3 #a4 ,cradle drills--,leyner1 ,leyner ,rock ,terrier1 ,stephens ,imperial hammer drills and the ,kimber4 #b4 ,drills used only with air feed--,gordon drill and the large sizes of the ,murphy1 ,little ,wonder1 and others4 #c4 ,drills used held in the hand or with air feed--,murphy1 ,flottman1 ,cleveland1 ,little ,wonder1 ,shaw1 ,hardy ,nipper1 ,sinclair1 ,sullivan1 ,little ,jap1 ,little ,imp1 ,traylor1 and others4 ,again1 they may be divided into those that are valveless1 with the differential piston or hammer itself acting as a valve4 ,the ,murphy1 ,sinclair1 ,little ,wonder1 ,shaw1 ,little ,imp1 ,leyner ,rock ,terrier1 and ,kimber drills belong to this class4 ,the large ,leyner drill is worked by a spool valve resembling that of the ,slugger drill2 the ,flottman by a ball valve2 the ,little ,jap by an axial valve2 the ,gordon drill1 by a spool valve set at one end of the cylinder at right angles to it2 the ,waugh and ,sullivan drills by spool valves set in the same axial line as the cylinder2 the ,hardy ,nipper1 and the ,stephens ,imperial hammer drills by an air-moved slide-valve set midway on the side of the cylinder2 the ,cleveland by a spool set towards the rear of the cylinder4 ,they may again be divided into those drills in which the piston hammer delivers its blow on the end of the steel itself4 ,a collar is placed on the drill to prevent its entering the cylinder4 ,the other class has an anvil block or striking pin4 ,this anvil block fits into the end of the cylinder between the piston and the steel4 ,it receives and transmits the blow1 and also prevents the drill end from entering the cylinder4#cf #cf ,eustace ,m4 ,weston3 ,rock ,drills4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,mc,graw-,hill ,publishing ,company4 ,copyright4 99 99 99 99 99 ,powerful among the enemies of ,shakespeare are the commentator and the elocutionist2 the commentator because1 not knowing ,shakespeare's language1 he sharpens his faculties to examine propositions advanced by an eminent lecturer from the ,midlands1 instead of sensitizing his artistic faculty to receive the impression of moods and inflexions of being conveyed by word-music2 the elocutionist because he is a born fool1 in which capacity1 observing with pain that poets have a weakness for imparting to their dramatic dialog a quality which he describes and deplores as sing-song1 he devotes his life to the art of breaking up verse in such a way as to make it sound like insanely pompous prose4 ,the effect of this on ,shakespeare's earlier verse1 which is full of the nave delight of pure oscillation1 to be enjoyed as an ,italian enjoys a barcarolle1 or a child a swing1 or a baby a rocking-cradle1 is destructively stupid4 ,in the later plays1 where the barcarolle measure has evolved into much more varied and complex rhythms1 it does not matter so much1 since the work is no longer simple enough for a fool to pick to pieces4 ,but in every play from ,love's ,labour's ,lost to ,henry ,v1 the elocutionist meddles simply as a murderer1 and ought to be dealt with as such without benefit of clergy4 ,to our young people studying for the stage ,i say1 with all solemnity1 learn how to pronounce the ,english alphabet clearly and beautifully from some person who is at once an artist and a phonetic expert4 ,and then leave blank verse patiently alone until you have experienced emotion deep enough to crave for poetic expression1 at which point verse will seem an absolutely natural and real form of speech to you4 ,meanwhile1 if any pedant1 with an uncultivated heart and a theoretic ear1 proposes to teach you to recite1 send instantly for the police4#cg #cg ,george ,bernard ,shaw3 ,dramatic ,opinions and ,essays4 ,archibald ,constable ,co41 ,ltd41 ,london1 publishers4 ,analyses are to be divided also upon the basis of whether the subject is an individual or a group of individuals1 that is1 whether the subject is1 for example1 the quality of patriotism1 which is to be analyzed into its components1 or1 in the second place1 shade trees1 which are to be grouped into the classes which together constitute such trees4 ,of these two kinds of analysis we call the first ,partition and the second ,classification4 ,the logical process is the same in the two cases1 in that it divides the subject2 the difference lies in the fact that in the first case the subject is always single1 though it may of course be complicated1 and in the second it is always plural1 and may contain a very large number of individuals1 as for example the human race--all the billions of all the ages gone and yet to come4 ,in this treatment of analysis you will find the main divisions made on the basis of formality and the matter of single or plural subject treated under each of the other headings4 ,formal ,analysis ,formal analysis1 which requires completeness of division1--which is not well done until every individual case is accounted for1 or1 in ,partition1 every quality or factor or part1--is found in reports to corporations1 in estimates of conditions for some society1 in government documents1 in textbooks1 and in other kinds of writing where detailed and complete information is necessary for judgment4 ,a report to the city of ,chicago on the subject of the smoke nuisance will be valuable largely as it entirely covers the ground1 discovers all the conditions that the city has to face4 ,such a report will be primarily a partition of the question1 though it may employ classification of various like situations or conditions4 ,likewise an account of the game birds of ,north ,america will be a formal analysis only if every kind of game bird is given a place in the account4 ,the object of formal classification and partition is to give information1 to array facts completely4 ,the following classification of oriental rugs1 which in its course also employs definition1 or a close approach to it1 will be finally sufficient only if no rug can be found which is not included within the classes named4 ,the partition of the character of ,queen ,elizabeth will be of lasting value as formal partition only if it really accounts for the total character of the subject4 ,that it makes only two main divisions is in no way indicative of its completeness2 the question is merely1 are all the qualities included under those two headings8 ,it is a common impression that oriental rugs are as difficult to know as the #cbj1jjj specimens of plants1 and the #bj1jjj1jjj forms of animal life that ,herbert ,spencer advised for the teaching of boys4 ,this impression is wrong4 ,there are only six groups or families of oriental rugs1 and less than fifty common kinds4 ,the novice can learn to distinguish the six families in sixty minutes4 ,he would confuse them occasionally on so short acquaintance1 but a college examiner would give him a passing grade4 ,persian rugs are the rugs that are profusely decorated with a great variety of flowers1 leaves1 vines1 and occasional birds and animals1 woven free hand1 with purely decorative intent4 ,india rugs are those in which flowers1 leaves1 vines1 and occasional animals are woven as they appear in nature4 ,early ,indian weavers transcribed flowers to rugs as if they were botanists2 modern ,indian weavers are copyists of ,persian patterns and their copies are plainly not originals4 ,in broad generalization1 therefore1 the two families of oriental rugs that are decorated almost exclusively with flowers have distinct styles that render their identification comparatively easy4 ,the ,turkoman and ,caucasian families of oriental rugs also pair off by themselves4 ,they are the rugs of almost pure geometric linear design4 ,turkoman rugs1 comprising the products of ,turkestan1 ,bokhara1 ,afghanistan1 and ,beluchistan1 are red rugs with web or open ends1 woven in the patterns of the kindergarten--squares1 diamonds1 octagons1 etc4 ,that wild tribes should dye their wools in the shades of blood and weave the designs of childhood is fitting and logical4 ,caucasian rugs differ from ,turkoman rugs in being dyed in other colors than blood red1 in omitting the apron ends1 and in being more crowded1 elaborate1 and pretentious in geometric linear pattern4 ,the ,caucasian weaver's distinction as the oriental cartoonist1 the expert in wooden men1 women1 and animals1 is well deserved4 ,he holds the oriental rug patent on ,noah's ark designs4 ,incidentally ,mount ,ararat and ,noah's grave1 shown near ,nakhitchevan1 are located on the southern border of his country4 ,chinese and ,turkish rugs pair off almost as logically as the other rug families1 although they are totally unlike in appearance4 ,they contain both geometric linear and floral designs2 the designs of the very early rugs of both groups generally are geometric1 and the later ones floral4 ,but these facts are not identifying4 ,chinese rugs can be recognized instantly by their colors1 which are determined by their backgrounds1 the reverse of the ,persian method1 which is to make the design the principal color medium4 ,the ,chinese colors are probably best described as the lighter and softer colors of silk--dull yellows1 rose1 salmon red1 browns1 and tans1 the design usually being blue4 ,the ,chinese were the original manufacturers and dyers of silk1 and they applied their silk dyes to their rugs4 ,turkish rugs that are ornamented with flowers and leaves can be distinguished from ,persian and ,indian products by the ruler-drawn character of their patterns4 ,a keen observer describes them as quasi-botanical forms angularly treated4 ,turkish rugs that contain the patterns common to the ,caucasian and ,turkoman families can be recognized by their brighter1 sharper1 and more contrasting colors4 ,the key to the identification of this most difficult rug family is to be found in the ,turkish prayer rugs4 ,to know ,turkish rugs1 one must see many of them2 to know the other families one need see only a few4 ,reduced to a minimum statement1 the identification of the six oriental rug families amounts to this3 ,persian rugs--floral designs drawn free hand4 ,india rugs--floral designs photographed and copied4 ,turkoman rugs--geometric linear design1 blood red1 web ends4 ,caucasian rugs--geometric linear designs1 numerous blended colors4 ,chinese rugs--floral and geometric linear designs1 silk colors4 ,turkish rugs--floral designs1 angular1 ruled2 and geometrical designs1 bright contrasting colors4 ,to be able to identify an oriental rug as a particular kind of ,persian1 ,indian1 ,turkish1 ,turkoman1 ,caucasian or ,chinese weaving is somewhat more of an accomplishment4 ,the way to begin is to study first the rugs that have distinct or fairly constant characteristics4 ,take ,persian rugs1 for example3 ,bijar--rugs as thick as two or even three ordinary rugs4 ,fereghan--small leaf design1 usually with green border4 ,gorevan or ,scrapi--huge medallions1 strong reds and blues4 ,herat or ,ispahan--intricate1 stately design on claret ground4 ,hamadan--a camel hair rug4 ,kashan--dark1 rich1 closely patterned1 extremely finely woven4 ,kermanshah--the parlor rug1 soft cream1 rose1 and blue4 ,khorassan--plum colored1 small leaf design1 long1 soft1 wool4 ,kurd--colored yarn run through the end web4 ,meshed--soft rose and blue with silver cast4 ,polonaise--delicately colored antique silk rug4 ,saraband--palm leaf or ,india shawl design on rose or blue ground4 ,sehna--closest woven small rug1 minute pattern4 ,shiraz--limp rug1 the sides overcast with yarns of various colors4 ,tabriz--reddish yellow1 the design sometimes resembling a baseball diamond4 ,to extend this list would make wearisome reading4 ,let it suffice to indicate that many oriental rugs1 like people1 have marked facial distinctions1 and that many others have marked peculiarities of body and finish1 that make them easy to recognize4 ,ease of naming1 however1 ceases with distinct markings1 and rugs that are out-and-out hybrids1 the cross-bred products of wars1 migrations1 and trade1 are not named1 but attributed4 ,hybrid oriental rugs--the bane of the novice and the joy of the collector--are largely an epitome of the wars of ,asia4 ,cyrus the ,great1 heading a host of ,persians1 conquered the ,babylonians #ejj years before ,christ4 ,of course the ,babylonians became interested in ,persian rugs and appropriated some of their patterns4 ,two hundred years later ,alexander the ,great invaded ,asia and conquered it1 except the distant provinces of ,india and ,china4 ,the ,mohammedan ,arabs mastered the ,persians in the ,east and the ,spaniards in the ,west in the sixth century4 ,genghis ,khan1 out of ,china with warriors as numerous as locusts1 made a single nation of ,central ,asia in the thirteenth century2 and ,tamerlane later made subject farther dominions4 ,even #bjj years ago the ,afghans conquered the ,persians2 and as recently as #agga1 #fjj1jjj ,tartars fled from eastern ,russia to the frontiers of ,china under conditions to make ,de,quincey's essay1 ,revolt of the ,tartars1 a contribution to rug literature4 ,the wonder is not1 therefore1 that ,chinese patterns are found in ,turkestan1 ,persian1 and ,turkish rugs2 that ,persian patterns are found in ,indian1 ,caucasian and ,turkish rugs2 that ,turkish-,mohammedan patterns reach from ,spain to ,china2 and that ,european designs are found wherever oriental invention bent the knee to imitation4 ,the wonder is rather that there are so many oriental rugs with distinct or fairly constant characteristics4#ch #ch ,arthur ,u4 ,dilley3 ,oriental ,rugs1 in ,the ,new ,country ,life1 ,november1 #aiag4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,doubleday1 ,page ,co4 99 99 99 99 99 ,she was at once the daughter of ,henry and of ,anne ,boleyn4 ,from her father she inherited her frank and hearty address1 her love of popularity and of free intercourse with the people1 her dauntless courage and her amazing self-confidence4 ,her harsh1 manlike voice1 her impetuous will1 her pride1 her furious outbursts of anger1 came to her with her ,tudor blood4 ,she rated great nobles as if they were school-boys2 she met the insolence of ,essex with a box on the ear2 she would break now and then into the gravest deliberations to swear at her ministers like a fishwife4 ,but strangely in contrast with the violent outlines of her ,tudor temper stood the sensuous1 self-indulgent nature she derived from ,anne ,boleyn4 ,splendour and pleasure were with ,elizabeth the very air she breathed4 ,her delight was to move in perpetual progresses from castle to castle through a series of gorgeous pageants1 fanciful and extravagant as a caliph's dream4 ,she loved gaiety and laughter and wit4 ,a happy retort or a finished compliment never failed to win her favour4 ,she hoarded jewels4 ,her dresses were innumerable4 ,her vanity remained1 even to old age1 the vanity of a coquette in her teens4 ,no adulation was too fulsome for her1 no flattery of her beauty too gross4 ,to see her was ,heaven1 ,hatton told her1 the lack of her was hell4 ,she would play with her rings that her courtiers might note the delicacy of her hands2 or dance a coranto that the ,french ,ambassador1 hidden dexterously behind a curtain1 might report her sprightliness to his master4 ,her levity1 her frivolous laughter1 her unwomanly jests1 gave colour to a thousand scandals4 ,her character1 in fact1 like her portrait1 was utterly without shade4 ,of womanly reserve or self-restraint she knew nothing4 ,no instinct of delicacy veiled the voluptuous temper which had broken out in the romps of her girlhood and showed itself almost ostentatiously throughout her later life4 ,personal beauty in a man was a sure passport to her liking4 ,she patted handsome young squires on the neck when they knelt to kiss her hand1 and fondled her sweet ,robin1 ,lord ,leicester1 in the face of the court4#ci #ci ,j4 ,r4 ,green3 ,short ,history of the ,english ,people4 ,informal ,analysis ,the formal analyses are in general far less frequent than the informal1 which are found constantly in the weekly and monthly magazines and in the editorials of our daily papers4 ,these analyses aim at giving the core of the subject1 the gist of the matter1 with sufficient important facts or points as background4 ,thus you will read an account of our relations with ,mexico during the revolution in that country4 ,not everything is said2 only the vital things4 ,a study of the character of ,mr4 ,roosevelt or of ,mr4 ,wilson1 an article explaining the problems that had to be faced in the building of the ,keokuk or the ,shoshone dams1 a treatment of the question of conscription in ,england--these and thousands of others flood upon us with the object of illuminating our approach to the subject1 of interpreting for us the heart of the matter4 ,mr4 ,more1 in the essay already mentioned1 says little about ,tennyson's verse form1 about his zeal for the tale of ,arthur1 about the influence upon him of the classics of ,greece and ,rome4 ,into a complete treatise these would of course enter2 here ,mr4 ,more's object is not all-inclusiveness1 as one should examine the ,pyramids for not only their plan and size but also for their minute finish1 their varying materials1 their methods of jointure1 and the thousand other details2 rather he estimates what his subject is1 as one should journey round the ,pyramids1 view them in general1 find their significance1 and discover the few essentials that make them not cathedrals1 not ,roman circuses1 but ,pyramids4 ,in other words1 interpretation is the object rather than completeness of fact4 ,obviously an informal analysis must be complete as far as it goes1 must be complete for its author's purpose1 is not good writing if it gives only a partial interpretation which gets nowhere4 ,it is at once apparent1 then1 that the controlling purpose which has been discussed at length in an earlier chapter is in informal analysis of the utmost importance4 ,only as it is clearly held in mind will the author know when to stop1 what to choose4 ,in formal analysis1 where his object is to say all that there is to say1 he chooses and ceases to choose by the standard of completeness of fact2 in informal analysis he must choose and cease to choose by the standard of whether he has accomplished the desired effect1 made the desired interpretation4 ,his analysis1 therefore1 is valuable only when he has chosen the proper interpretation and has made it effective and clear4 ,if he wishes to analyze a period of history for the purpose of showing the romance of the period1 he will choose and cease to choose largely in so far as his material helps to establish the romance1 and he will not hesitate to neglect many a fact that would be otherwise important4 ,in the following selection from ,george ,eliot's ,mill on the ,floss you will find an analysis of the effect of the ,rhone scenery on the author written purposely with the intention of driving home the dreariness of the subject1 and therefore with material chosen for that end3 ,journeying down the ,rhone on a summer's day1 you have perhaps felt the sunshine made dreary by those ruined villages which stud the banks in certain parts of its course1 telling how the swift river once rose1 like an angry1 destroying god1 sweeping down the feeble generations whose breath is in their nostrils1 and making their dwellings a desolation4 ,strange contrast1 you may have thought1 between the effect produced on us by these dismal remnants of commonplace houses1 which in their best days were but the sign of a sordid life1 belonging in all its details to our own vulgar era2 and the effect produced by those ruins on the castled ,rhine1 which have crumbled and mellowed into such harmony with the green and rocky steeps1 that they seem to have a natural fitness1 like the mountain-pine2 nay1 even in the day when they were built they must have had this fitness1 as if they had been raised by an earth-born race1 who had inherited from their mighty parent a sublime instinct of form4 ,and that was a day of romance6 ,if these robber barons were somewhat grim and drunken ogres1 they had a certain grandeur of the wild beast in them--they were forest boars with tusks1 tearing and rending3 not the ordinary domestic grunter2 they represented the demon forces forever in collision with beauty1 virtue1 and the gentle uses of life2 they made a fine contrast in the picture with the wandering minstrel1 the soft-lipped princess1 the pious recluse1 and the timid ,israelite4 ,that was a time of color1 when the sunlight fell on glancing steel and floating banners2 a time of adventure and fierce struggle--nay1 of living1 religious art and religious enthusiasm2 for were not cathedrals built in those days1 and did not great emperors leave their ,western palaces to die before the infidel strongholds in the sacred ,east8 ,therefore it is that these ,rhine castles thrill me with a sense of poetry3 they belong to the grand historic life of humanity1 and raise up for me the vision of an epoch4 ,but these dead-tinted1 hollow-eyed1 angular skeletons of villages on the ,rhone oppress me with the feeling that human life--very much of it--is a narrow1 ugly1 grovelling existence1 which even calamity does not elevate1 but rather tends to exhibit in all its bare vulgarity of conception2 and ,i have a cruel conviction that the lives these ruins are the traces of were part of a gross sum of obscure vitality1 that will be swept into the same oblivion with the generations of ants and beavers4#dj #dj ,george ,eliot3 ,mill on the ,floss4 ,houghton ,mifflin ,company1 ,boston1 publishers4 ,informal analysis is not only less complete1 but also less strict in adherence to pure analysis alone4 ,it employs whatever is of value1 believing that the material1 the message1 is greater than the form4 ,outside really formal analysis1 which is likely to be fairly dull to all except those who are eager for the particular information given1 most analytical articles make free use of definition whenever it will serve well to aid the reader's understanding or to move his emotions toward a desired goal2 of description if it1 like definition1 proves of value2 even of anecdote and argument if these forms are the fittest instruments for the fight4 ,thus ,hawthorne1 analyzing ,english weather1 does not hesitate to dress out his analysis in the charms of personal experience and anecdote and description1 which in no way obscure the facts of the weather1 but merely take away the baldness of a formal statement and add the relish of actual life4 ,one chief condition of my enjoyment was the weather4 ,italy has nothing like it1 nor ,america4 ,there never was such weather except in ,england1 where1 in requital of a vast amount of horrible east wind between ,february and ,june1 and a brown ,october and black ,november1 and a wet1 chill1 sunless winter1 there are a few weeks of incomparable summer scattered through ,july and ,august1 and the earlier portion of ,september1 small in quantity1 but exquisite enough to atone for the whole year's atmospherical delinquencies4 ,after all1 the prevalent sombreness may have brought out those sunny intervals in such high relief that ,i see them1 in my recollection1 brighter than they really were3 a little light makes a glory for people who live habitually in a gray gloom4 ,the ,english1 however1 do not seem to know how enjoyable the momentary gleams of their summer are2 they call it broiling weather1 and hurry to the seaside with red1 perspiring faces1 in a state of combustion and deliquescence2 and ,i have observed that even their cattle have similar susceptibilities1 seeking the deepest shade1 or standing midleg deep in pools and streams to cool themselves1 at temperatures which our own cows would deem little more than barely comfortable4 ,to myself1 after the summer heats of my native land had somewhat effervesced out of my blood and memory1 it was the weather of ,paradise itself4 ,it might be a little too warm2 but it was that modest and inestimable superabundance which constitutes a bounty of ,providence1 instead of just a niggardly enough4 ,during my first year in ,england1 residing in perhaps the most ungenial part of the kingdom1 ,i could never be quite comfortable without a fire on the hearth2 in the second twelvemonth1 beginning to get acclimatized1 ,i became sensible of an austere friendliness1 shy1 but sometimes almost tender1 in the veiled1 shadowy1 seldom smiling summer2 and in the succeeding years1--whether that ,i had renewed my fibre with ,english beef and replenished my blood with ,english ale1 or whatever were the cause1--,i grew content with winter and especially in love with summer1 desiring little more for happiness than merely to breathe and bask4 ,at the midsummer which we are now speaking of1 ,i must needs confess that the noontide sun came down more fervently than ,i found altogether tolerable2 so that ,i was fain to shift my position with the shadow of the shrubbery1 making myself a movable index of a sundial that reckoned up the hours of an almost interminable day4 ,for each day seemed endless1 though never wearisome4 ,as far as your actual experience is concerned1 the ,english summer day has positively no beginning and no end4 ,when you awake1 at any reasonable hour1 the sun is already shining through the curtains2 you live through unnumbered hours of ,sabbath quietude1 with a calm variety of incident softly etched upon their tranquil lapse2 and at length you become conscious that it is bedtime again1 while there is still enough daylight in the sky to make the pages of your book distinctly legible4 ,night1 if there be any such season1 hangs down a transparent veil through which the bygone day beholds its successor2 or1 if not quite true of the latitude of ,london1 it may be soberly affirmed of the more northern parts of the island1 that ,to-morrow is born before its ,yesterday is dead4 ,they exist together in the golden twilight1 where the decrepit old day dimly discerns the face of the ominous infant2 and you1 though a mere mortal1 may simultaneously touch them both with one finger of recollection and another of prophecy4 ,i cared not how long the day might be1 nor how many of them4 ,i had earned this repose by a long course of irksome toil and perturbation1 and could have been content never to stray out of the limits of that suburban villa and its garden4 ,if ,i lacked anything beyond1 it would have satisfied me well enough to dream about it1 instead of struggling for its actual possession4 ,at least1 this was the feeling of the moment2 although the transitory1 flitting1 and irresponsible character of my life there was perhaps the most enjoyable element of all1 as allowing me much of the comfort of house and home1 without any sense of their weight upon my back4 ,the nomadic life has great advantages1 if we can find tents ready pitched for us at every stage4#da #da ,nathaniel ,hawthorne3 ,our ,old ,home4 ,houghton ,mifflin ,company1 ,boston1 publishers4 ,an extension of this willingness to make grist of whatever comes to the writer's mill lies in the close approach1 at times1 that analysis makes to the informal essay4 ,of course the line is difficult to draw--and perhaps not necessarily drawn--and most informal essays are to some extent1 at least1 analytical4 ,the more you desire your analysis to become interesting1 the more you wish to take hold of your reader1 the more you will make use of the close approach unless your subject and its facts are of a kind to repel such intimacy4 ,an analysis of the nebular hypothesis deals with facts of so august a nature1 on so nearly an unimaginable plane1 that intimacy seems out of place1 impudent1 like levity in cathedrals4 ,but if you have such a subject as ,george ,gissing#db chose in the following analysis of the sportswoman's attitude and character1 you may well1 as he did1 throw aside the formalities of expression and at once make truce of intimacy with your reader4 ,so long as you do not obscure the facts of the analysis1 make it unclear or blurred1 so long you are safe4 #db ,george ,gissing3 ,the ,private ,papers of ,henry ,ryecroft1 ,spring4 ,by permission of the publishers1 ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton ,co41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,i found an article1 by a woman1 on ,lion ,hunting1 and in this article ,i came upon a passage which seemed worth copying3 ,as ,i woke my husband1 the lion--which was then about forty yards off--charged straight towards us1 and with my 4#cjc ,i hit him full in the chest1 as we afterwards discovered1 tearing his windpipe to pieces and breaking his spine4 ,he charged a second time1 and the next shot hit him through the shoulder1 tearing his heart to ribbons4 ,it would interest me to look upon this heroine of gun and pen4 ,she is presumably quite a young woman2 probably1 when at home1 a graceful figure in drawing-rooms4 ,i should like to hear her talk1 to exchange thoughts with her4 ,she would give one a very good idea of the matron of old ,rome who had her seat in the amphitheatre4 ,many of those ladies1 in private life1 must have been bright and gracious1 highbred and full of agreeable sentiment2 they talked of art and of letters2 they could drop a tear over ,lesbia's sparrow2 at the same time1 they were connoisseurs in torn windpipes1 shattered spines1 and viscera rent open4 ,it is not likely that many of them would have cared to turn their own hands to butchery1 and1 for the matter of that1 ,i must suppose that our ,lion ,huntress of the popular magazine is rather an exceptional dame2 but no doubt she and the ,roman ladies would get on well together1 finding only a few superficial differences4 ,the fact that her gory reminiscences are welcomed by an editor with the popular taste in view is perhaps more significant than appears either to editor or public4 ,were this lady to write a novel 7the chances are she will7 it would have the true note of modern vigour4 ,of course her style has been formed by her favourite reading2 more than probably1 her ways of thinking and feeling owe much to the same source4 ,if not so already1 this will soon1 ,i dare say1 be the typical ,englishwoman4 ,certainly1 there is no nonsense about her4 ,such women should breed a terrible race4 ,kinds of ,informal ,analysis a4 ,enumeration ,informal analysis may appear in various forms1 not all of which are at once apparent as analysis until we disabuse our minds of thinking that analysis must be1 always1 complete in facts4 ,for example1 informal analysis often appears in the form of enumeration1 in which the author has some things to say--always for a definite purpose--and says them in some reasonable order4 ,thus ,mr4 ,herbert ,croly1 in his article ,lincoln as ,more than ,american1 analyzes ,lincoln's character as related to the characters of other ,americans through the qualities of intellectuality1 humanness1 magnanimity1 and humility4 ,more might be said2 the analysis is not complete in fact1 but it serves the purpose of the author4 ,it is distinctly in the enumerative order1 the progression being determined by the controlling purpose of delineating ,lincoln as worthy of not only respect but even true awe1 the awe that we give only to those great souls who1 in spite of all their mental supremacy1 are yet beautifully humble4 b4 ,equation ,informal analysis often appears in the form of equation3 the subject of analysis is stated as equal to something else--a quality1 an instrument from another field of human knowledge1 the same thing in other more common or well-known words4 ,for example1 ,william ,james1 in his essay ,the ,social ,value of the ,college ,bred1 first states that the value of a college education is to help you to know a good man when you see him1 and then explains what he means by this phrase4 ,this form of analysis1 then1 is usually in the nature of a double equation3 x is equal to y1 which1 in turn1 can be split up into a1 b1 c4 ,the method really consists in arriving at an easily comprehended statement of the significance of the subject through the medium of a more immediately workable or attractive or simple synonymous statement4 ,it is an application of the old formula of going from the known to the unknown1 except that in this case we proceed from the unknown to the known and then return to the unknown with increased light4 c4 ,statement of ,significance ,a third form of informal analysis is the showing of the significance of the subject1 its root meaning4 ,in this case the writer attempts not so much to break the subject into its obvious parts as to set before the reader the meaning of it as a whole1 in so short a compass1 often1 that it will not need further explanation1 or if it does1 that it may be then divided after the statement in easier form has been made4 ,the following explanation of the philosophy of ,nietzsche illustrates this form of analysis3 ,the central motive of ,nietzsche seems to me to be this4 ,it is clear to him that the moral problem concerns the perfection1 not of society1 not of the masses of men1 but of the great individual4 ,and so far he1 indeed1 stands where the standard of individualistic revolt has so often been raised4 ,but ,nietzsche differs from other individualists in that the great object toward which his struggle is directed is the discovery of what his own individuality itself means and is4 ,a ,titan of the type of ,goethe's or ,shelley's ,prometheus proclaims his right to be free of ,zeus and of all other powers4 ,but by hypothesis ,prometheus already knows who he is and what he wants4 ,but the problem of ,nietzsche is1 above all1 the problem4 ,who am ,i1 and1 ,what do ,i want8 ,what is clear to him is the need of strenuous activity in pressing on toward the solution of this problem4 ,his aristocratic consciousness is the sense that common men are in no wise capable of putting or of appreciating this question4 ,his assertion of the right of the individual to be free from all external restraints is the ardent revolt of the strenuous seeker for selfhood against whatever hinders him in this task4 ,he will not be interrupted by the base universe in the business--his life-business--of finding out what his own life is to mean for himself4 ,he knows that his own will is1 above all1 what he calls the will for power4 ,on occasion he does not hesitate to use this power to crush1 at least in ideal1 whoever shall hinder him in his work4 ,but the problem over which he agonizes is the inner problem4 ,what does this will that seeks power genuinely desire8 ,what is the power that is worthy to be mine8#dc #dc ,josiah ,royce3 ,nietzsche4 ,by courtesy of ,the ,atlantic ,monthly ,company4 d4 ,relationship ,a fourth class of informal analytical writing is the showing the relationship that exists between two ideas or things1 as cause and effect1 as source and termination1 as contrary forces1 or as any relation that has real existence4 ,under this heading will be found the large group of articles that answer the question why81 as for example1 ,why the ,quebec ,bridge ,collapsed1 ,causes of the ,strike among the ,garment ,workers1 ,popular ,opinion as ,affecting ,government ,action1 and other such subjects4 ,in the following analysis of the relation existing between human action as result1 and impulse and desire as causes1 you will find such an informal presentation of material4 ,all human activity springs from two sources3 impulse and desire4 ,the part played by desire has always been sufficiently recognized4 ,when men find themselves not fully contented1 and not able instantly to procure what will cause content1 imagination brings before their minds the thought of things which they believe would make them happy4 ,all desire involves an interval of time between the consciousness of a need and the opportunity for satisfying it4 ,the acts inspired by desire may in themselves be painful1 the time before satisfaction can be achieved may be very long1 the object desired may be something outside our own lives1 and even after our own death4 ,will1 as a directing force1 consists mainly in following desires for more or less distant objects1 in spite of the painfulness of the acts involved and the solicitations of incompatible but more immediate desires and impulses4 ,all this is familiar1 and political philosophy hitherto has been almost entirely based upon desire as the source of human actions4 ,but desire governs no more than a part of human activity1 and that not the most important but only the more conscious1 explicit1 and civilized part4 ,in all the more instinctive part of our nature we are dominated by impulses to certain kinds of activity1 not by desires for certain ends4 ,children run and shout1 not because of any good which they expect to realize1 but because of a direct impulse to running and shouting4 ,dogs bay the moon1 not because they consider that it is to their advantage to do so1 but because they feel an impulse to bark4 ,it is not any purpose1 but merely an impulse1 that prompts such actions1 as eating1 drinking1 love-making1 quarrelling1 boasting4 ,those who believe that man is a rational animal will say that people boast in order that others may have a good opinion of them2 but most of us can recall occasions when we have boasted in spite of knowing that we should be despised for it4 ,instinctive acts normally achieve some result which is agreeable to the natural man1 but they are not performed from desire for this result4 ,they are performed from direct impulse1 and the impulse often is strong even in cases in which the normal desirable result cannot follow4 ,grown men like to imagine themselves more rational than children and dogs1 and unconsciously conceal from themselves how great a part impulse plays in their lives4 ,this unconscious concealment always follows a certain general plan4 ,when an impulse is not indulged in the moment in which it arises1 there grows up a desire for the expected consequences of indulging the impulse4 ,if some of the consequences which are reasonably to be expected are clearly disagreeable1 a conflict between foresight and impulse arises4 ,if the impulse is weak1 foresight may conquer2 this is what is called acting on reason4 ,if the impulse is strong1 either foresight will be falsified1 and the disagreeable consequences will be forgotten1 or1 in men of heroic mold1 the consequences may be recklessly accepted4 ,when ,macbeth realizes that he is doomed to defeat1 he does not shrink from the fight2 he exclaims3-- ,lay on1 ,macduff1 ,and damned be he that first cries1 ,hold1 enough6 ,but such strength and recklessness of impulse is rare4 ,most men1 when their impulse is strong1 succeed in persuading themselves1 usually by a subconscious selectiveness of attention1 that agreeable consequences will follow from indulgence of their impulse4 ,whole philosophies1 whole systems of ethical valuation1 spring up in this way2 they are the embodiment of a kind of thought which is subservient to impulse1 which aims at providing a quasi-rational ground for the indulgence of impulse4 ,the only thought which is genuine is that which springs out of the intellectual impulse of curiosity1 leading to the desire to know and understand4 ,but most of what passes for thought is inspired by some non-intellectual impulse1 and is merely a means of persuading ourselves that we shall not be disappointed or do harm if we indulge this impulse4 ,when an impulse is restrained1 we feel discomfort1 or even violent pain4 ,we may indulge the impulse in order to escape from this pain1 and our action is then one which has a purpose4 ,but the pain only exists because of the impulse1 and the impulse itself is directed to an act1 not to escaping from the pain of restraining the impulse4 ,the impulse itself remains without a purpose1 and the purpose of escaping from pain only arises when the impulse has been momentarily restrained4 ,impulse is at the basis of our activity1 much more than desire4 ,desire has its place1 but not so large a place as it is seemed to have4 ,impulses bring with them a whole train of subservient fictitious desires3 they make men feel that they desire the results which will follow from indulging the impulses1 and that they are acting for the sake of these results1 when in fact their action has no motive outside itself4 ,a man may write a book or paint a picture under the belief that he desires the praise which it will bring him2 but as soon as it is finished1 if his creative impulse is not exhausted1 what he has done grows uninteresting to him1 and he begins a new piece of work4 ,what applies to artistic creation applies equally to all that is most vital in our lives3 direct impulse is what moves us1 and the desires which we think we have are a mere garment for the impulse4 ,desire1 as opposed to impulse1 has1 it is true1 a large and increasing share in the regulation of men's lives4 ,impulse is erratic and anarchical1 not easily fitted into a well-regulated system2 it may be tolerated in children and artists1 but it is not thought proper to men who hope to be taken seriously4 ,almost all paid work is done from desire1 not from impulse3 the work itself is more or less irksome1 but the payment for it is desired4 ,the serious activities that fill a man's working hours are1 except in a few fortunate individuals1 governed mainly by purposes1 not by impulses toward these activities4 ,in this hardly any one sees an evil1 because the place of impulse in a satisfactory existence is not recognized4 ,an impulse1 to one who does not share it actually or imaginatively1 will always seem to be mad4 ,all impulse is essentially blind1 in the sense that it does not spring from any prevision of consequences4 ,the man who does not share the impulse will form a different estimate as to what the consequences will be1 and as to whether those that must ensue are desirable4 ,this difference of opinion will seem to be ethical or intellectual1 whereas its real basis is a difference of impulse4 ,no genuine agreement will be reached1 in such a case1 so long as the difference of impulse persists4 ,in all men who have any vigorous life1 there are strong impulses such as may seem utterly unreasonable to others4 ,blind impulses sometimes lead to destruction and death1 but at other times they lead to the best things the world contains4 ,blind impulse is the source of war1 but it is also the source of science1 and art1 and love4 ,it is not the weakening of impulse that is to be desired1 but the direction of impulse toward life and growth rather than toward death and decay4 ,the complete control of impulse by will1 which is sometimes preached by moralists1 and often enforced by economic necessity1 is not really desirable4 ,a life governed by purposes and desires1 to the exclusion of impulses1 is a tiring life2 it exhausts vitality1 and leaves a man1 in the end1 indifferent to the very purposes which he has been trying to achieve4 ,when a whole nation lives in this way1 the whole nation tends to become feeble1 without enough grasp to recognize and overcome the obstacles to its desires4 ,industrialism and organization are constantly forcing civilized nations to live more and more by purpose rather than impulse4 ,in the long run such a mode of existence1 if it does not dry up the springs of life1 produces new impulse1 not of the kind which the will has been in the habit of controlling or of which thought is conscious4 ,these new impulses are apt to be worse in their effects than those which have been checked4 ,excessive discipline1 especially when it has been imposed from without1 often issues in impulses of cruelty and destruction2 this is one reason why militarism has a bad effect on national character4 ,either lack of vitality1 or impulses which are oppressive and against life1 will almost always result if the spontaneous impulses are not able to find an outlet4 ,a man's impulses are not fixed from the beginning by his native disposition3 within certain wide limits1 they are profoundly modified by his circumstances and his way of life4 ,the nature of these modifications ought to be studied1 and the results of such study ought to be taken account of in judging the good or harm that is done by political and social institutions4#dd #dd ,bertrand ,russell3 ,why ,men ,fight4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,the ,century ,company1 ,new ,york ,city4 e4 ,statement of a ,problem ,a fifth form in which analysis often appears is as a statement of a problem4 ,an engineer who is asked by a city to investigate the conditions that confront the municipality as regards water supply will have such a problem to state4 ,the statement will presumably consist of several divisions4 ,first of all1 of course--and this will be essential in all such statements--will be an analysis of the conditions themselves4 ,in this particular case he will find out how much water is needed1 how great the present supply is1 what sources are available for increased supply1 what the character of the water in these other sources is1 and anything else that may be of value to the city4 ,if any former attempts at solution have been made1 he may mention them4 ,if he is asked to recommend a plan of procedure1 he will make an analysis of the details of this plan and will present them4 ,now obviously the nature of the audience will determine somewhat the manner of approach to the conditions4 ,if1 for example1 the problem is to be stated to the financial committee of the city1 the angle of approach will be that of cost2 if to a prospective constructing engineer1 from that of difficulties of construction of reservoirs or from that of availability of sources4 ,if you are to state the problem of lessening the illiteracy in a given neighborhood1 you will approach the subject for the school committee from the angle1 perhaps1 of the establishment of night schools1 or from that of the necessary welding of nationalities2 for the charitable societies from that of the poverty that compels child labor in the community4 ,and in the recommendations for meeting the conditions1 if such recommendations are made1 attention must be paid to the particular people who will read the analysis4 ,of course if you make an abstract1 complete survey1 you will cover the ground in whatever way seems most suitable4 ,such an analysis1 when it is in the nature of a report1 will presumably be in brief1 tabulated form4 ,if1 on the other hand1 it is not a report1 the subject may be treated more informally1 made more pleasing4 ,the following statement of the problem of the development of power machinery is made rather formally from the angle of the constructive engineer with an eye also to the financial conditions4 ,the problem of power-machinery development is1 therefore1 divisible into several parts3 ,first1 what processes must be carried out to produce motion against resistance1 from the energy of winds1 the water of the rivers1 or from fuel4 ,second1 what combinations of simply formed parts can be made to carry out the process or series of processes4 ,these two steps when worked out will result in some kind of engine1 but it may not be a good engine1 for it may use up too much natural energy for the work it does2 some part may break or another wear too fast2 some part may have a form that no workman can make1 or use up too much material or time in the making2 in short1 while the engine may work1 it may be too wasteful1 or do its work at too great a cost of coal or water1 attendance in operation1 or investment1 or all these together4 ,there must1 therefore1 be added several other elements to the problem1 as follows3 ,third1 how many ways are there of making each part1 and which is the cheapest1 or what other form of part might be devised that would be cheaper to make1 or what cheaper material is there that would be equally suitable4 ,fourth1 how sensitive to care are all these parts when in operation1 and how much attendance and repairs will be required to keep the machine in good operating condition4 ,fifth1 how big must the important parts of the whole machine be to utilize all the energy available1 or to produce the desired amount of power4 ,sixth1 how much force must each part of the mechanism sustain1 and how big must it be when made of suitable material so as not to break4 ,seventh1 how much work can be produced by the process for each unit of energy supplied4#de #de ,charles ,e4 ,lucke3 ,power4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 the ,columbia ,university ,press4 ,principles of ,analysis ,the problem that confronts you1 then1 in either kind of analysis1 however formal or informal it may be1 is1 ,how shall ,i go to work8 ,the first necessity is the choosing of a basis for division of the subject1 whether it be in classification or partition4 ,the necessity for this arises from the demand of the human mind for logical consistency4 ,life seems often wildly inconsistent1 but we demand that explanation of it or any phase of it be arranged according to what seems to us some logical law of progression1 some consistent point of view4 ,and in truth without some such law or basis the mind soon becomes hopelessly enmeshed and bewildered4 ,i cannot expect my reader to understand my treatise on locomotive engines1 my classification of them1 if ,i regard them now as engines of speed1 now as means of conveyance1 now as potential destroyers of life1 and now as instruments whereby capitalists become rich and workmen become poor4 ,as often as ,i change my point of view1 so often ,i shall be under the necessity of making a new arrangement of the engines1 a new alignment4 ,it is like skimming past a cornfield with the platoons of green spears constantly shifting their number1 their direction1 and their general appearance4 ,if ,i station myself at one point1 ,i can soon make reasonable estimates1 but so long as ,i whirl from point to point my estimate must whirl likewise and ,i shall be confused rather than helped4 ,if1 then1 you are to analyze1 say1 our present-day domestic architecture1 it is not enough to heap together everything that occurs to you about houses3 their size1 material1 color1 arrangement1 finish1 beauty1 convenience1 situation as regards sidewalks1 their heating and upkeep4 ,to prevent your reader from becoming hopelessly muddled1 from seeming to deal with the valley of the unorganized dry bones of fact1 you must have some guiding principle1 some basis1 some point of view4 ,suppose that you take beauty as your basis4 ,then at once you have a standard by which you can judge all houses1 to which you can relate questions of position1 arrangement1 convenience1 lighting1 heating1 etc4 ,each of these questions is now significant as affecting the cause of beauty4 ,you could1 of course1 choose convenience as your basis1 to which1 then1 beauty would be subordinate as contributing or opposing4 ,asked to analyze the architecture of a railroad terminal1 you will not do well to plant dynamite under it and make an architectural rummage sale of its parts2 rather you will choose1 perhaps1 serviceability as your basis1 and will then examine tracks1 offices1 waiting rooms1 etc4 to see what the whole is4 ,no part will thereby be overlooked2 each will be significant1 and the whole will be unified by your single point of view4 ,an analysis of ,mac,dowell's music might be based on emotional power2 of the currency problem on that of general distribution2 of universities on that of proportion of cultural to so-called practical courses4 ,notice1 also1 that the choosing of a basis of division is just as necessary in one kind of analysis as in another1 that formality and informality do not affect the logic of the situation in the least1 that whatever the subject or the proposed method of treatment1 you must be consistent in your point of view1 must make a pivot round which the whole can turn4 ,sometimes more than one principle will be necessary1 in a complicated analysis1 as in judging a route for a railway we saw the necessity for considering grades1 drainage1 landslides1 etc41 as we might interweave the bases of cost1 beauty1 convenience1 etc41 but--like the reins of the ten-span circus horses--all will be found to run back finally to the single driver--in the case of the railway1 practicability4 ,in classifying dredges1 for example1 we may use as basis the action of the machine upon the bottom of the body of water1 that is1 whether the action is continuous or intermittent2 in this case we shall find four types of continuous dredges3 the ladder1 the hydraulic1 the stirring1 and the pneumatic2 and we shall find two classes of intermittent3 the dipper and the grapple dredges4 ,or we may divide all dredges on the basis of whether they are self-propelling or non-propelling4 ,finally1 we may take as basis for the classification the manner of disposing of the excavated materials1 in which case we shall find several groups4 ,in the following example we have two bases used for classifying clearing-houses4 ,the use of more than one basis will depend on whether we can by such use make more easily clear to a reader the nature of the subject and on whether different readers will need different angles of approach4 ,the clearing-houses in the ,united ,states may be divided into two classes1 the sole function of the first of which consists in clearing-notes1 drafts1 checks1 bills of exchange1 and whatever else may be agreed upon2 and the second of which1 in addition to exercising the functions of the class just mentioned1 prescribes rules and regulations for its members in various matters1 such as the fixing of uniform rates of exchange1 interest charges1 collections1 etc4 ,clearing-houses may also be divided into two classes with reference to the funds used in the settlement of balances3 ,first1 those clearing-houses which make their settlements entirely on a cash basis1 or1 as stated in the decision of the ,supreme ,court above referred to1 by such form of acknowledgment or certificate as the associated banks may agree to use in their dealings with each other as the equivalent or representative of cash2 and second1 those clearing-houses which make their settlements by checks or drafts on large financial centers4#df #df ,james ,g4 ,cannon3 ,clearing-,houses4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,copyright1 #aijj4 ,sometimes1 also1 the minor sections may have a different basis from the main one1 a different principle of classification4 ,for example1 a general basis for an analysis of the ,mexican situation during ,mr4 ,wilson's administration might be general world progress4 ,this might cover our immediate relations with ,mexico1 our less close relations with ,south ,america1 and our rather more remote relations with ,europe4 ,the first division might then possibly choose for its principle fundamental causes for inter-irritation2 the second1 our trade relations with ,south ,america2 and the third1 the possibility of trouble through the ,monroe ,doctrine4 ,all would unite under the one heading of general progress1 and so long as they were kept distinct would be serviceable4 ,for the uniting into one main principle is the important thing4 ,it is by this1 and this only1 that the reader will easily receive a clear understanding of the subject4 ,having selected this unifying basis1 you must then be careful lest your subdivisions be only the subject restated in other words4 ,if you are analyzing a railroad route for practicability1 do not name one division general serviceability1 for you will merely have made a revolution of #cfj degrees and be facing exactly as you faced before4 ,in analyzing ,scott's works for humor do not name one division ability to see the funny side of life1 for again you will have said only that two equals two4 ,each section must be less than the whole4 ,even more caution is required to keep the divisions from overlapping4 ,the man who wrote an enthusiastic account of the acting of ,sir ,johnston ,forbes-,robertson with subheadings as follows3 7#a7 emotional power1 7#b7 effect on audience1 7#c7 intellect1 7#d7 appealing qualities1 saw that his divisions--like a family of young kittens--overlapped and sprawled generally4 ,when he had selected moving power as his main principle1 and had then divided the treatment into the following headings3 7#a7 appearance1 7#b7 voice1 7#c7 general handling of the situation1 7#d7 effect at the time1 and 7#e7 memories of the performance1 he found that his kittens had become well-mannered little beasties and sat each in his place4 ,the overlapping of subdivisions is likely to occur because of one or both of two causes3 lack of clear thinking1 and lack of clear expression4 ,be sure1 then1 first to cut neatly between parts in dividing your apple1 and then to label each part carefully so that the reader will not say1 ,why1 three is just like two6 ,finally1 be sure that the sum of your divisions equals the whole4 ,this means that in logical analysis you must continue the process of dividing until nothing is left4 ,you must follow the old advice3 ,cut into as small pieces as possible1 and then cut each piece several times smaller6 ,such would be the process in analyzing and classifying types of cathedral architecture2 your work will not be complete until you have included all possible forms4 ,the same would hold true in a thorough analysis of bridges2 all forms would demand entrance4 ,when you write informal or literary analysis1 on the other hand1 since here the object is illumination rather than exhaustion1 almost suggestiveness rather than completeness1 choose the significant vital divisions and let the rest go4 ,this does not mean that in informal analysis you may be careless2 any old thing is far from being the motto2 strict thinking and shrewd selection are quite as necessary as in formal analysis4 ,the point is that the divisions will be fewer in number1 as in an article on the subject of the failure of freshmen in the first semester your object1 in informal analysis1 would be to group the causes1 for the convenience of the reader1 into a few general divisions which should give him a clear idea of the subject without necessitating long and painful reading4 ,in literary analysis especially it is often well to express in one sentence the gist of your thought1 as ,mr4 ,more says1 ,tennyson was the ,victorian ,age4 ,it is always well to be able to express this sentence4 ,of course care must be exercised not to make the structure of the article too evident by the presence of such a sentence1 but its judicious use will help to unify the thought for the reader4 ,for most minds analysis is difficult4 ,whatever you can do1 therefore1 to make it easy will be worth while in gaining success4 ,,exercises ,i4 ,why1 from the point of view of analysis1 is it difficult to select a list of the greatest ten living men1 or women8 ,make such a list and then examine its foundations4 ,is a similar list of novels or plays or symphonies as difficult to make8 ,,ii4 ,use any of the following sentences as a nucleus sentence on which to build an informal analysis4 #a4 ,the attitude of scientific efficiency is incompatible with feelings of humanity4 #b4 ,a college career does not always develop1 but in fact often kills1 intellectual integrity4 #c4 ,the worst enemy of the ,american ,public is the newspaper that for political or business reasons distorts news4 #d4 ,studies are the least valuable of college activities except as they stimulate the imagination4 #e4 ,our ,country is so large that a citizen is really justified1 mentally and morally1 in being provincial4 #f4 ,the study of literature in college is1 except for the person of no imagination1 deadening to the spirit4 #g4 ,the fifteen-and twenty-cent magazine is a menace to ,american life in that its fiction grossly distorts the facts of life4 #h4 ,the farmer who wishes to keep his soil in good condition should use legumes as increasers of fertility4 #i4 ,the effect of acquisition of land property is always to drive the possessors into the ,tory camp4 #aj4 ,the engineer is a poet who expresses himself in material forms rather than words4 ,,iii4 ,make a formal classification1 in skeleton form1 of any of the following subjects4 ,then determine what qualities the subject has that indicate how such a classification can be made interesting1 either by material or treatment4 ,then write an analytical theme which shall thoroughly cover the skeleton classification and shall also be attractive4 7,compare the classification of ,rock ,drills 7page #aae7 and ,oriental ,rugs 7page #aai7 to note the difference in the amount of interest47 #a4 ,building materials for houses4 #b4 ,china dinner-ware4 #c4 ,forms of democratic government4 #d4 ,methods of irrigation in the ,united ,states4 #e4 ,types of lyric poetry4 #f4 ,chairs4 #g4 ,commercial fertilizers4 #h4 ,tractors for the farm4 #i4 ,contemporary philosophies of ,europe and ,america4 #aj4 ,american dances4 #aa4 ,elevators4 #ab4 ,filing systems4 #ac4 ,races of men in ,europe4 #ad4 ,gas ranges4 #ae4 ,pianos4 #af4 ,contemporary short stories of the popular magazines4 ,indicate1 in any given subject1 how many possible bases for classification you could choose1 as1 for example1 you might classify chairs on the basis of comfort1 expense1 presence of rockers1 upholstery1 adaptation to the human figure1 material for the seat1 shape of back1 etc4 ,,iv4 ,analyze any of the following problems1 first without recommendation of solution1 and second with recommendation as if you were making a report to a committee or employer or officer4 #a4 ,summer work for college students4 #b4 ,keeping informed of world affairs while doing one's college work faithfully4 #c4 ,outside activities for college students4 #d4 ,faculty or non-faculty control of college politics4 #e4 ,choosing a college course with relation to intended career in life4 #f4 ,selecting shrubbery for continuous bloom with both red and blue berries in winter4 #g4 ,the mail-order houses4 #h4 ,preventing money panics4 #i4 ,dye-manufacture in the ,united ,states4 #aj4 ,gaining foreign markets4 #aa4 ,the farmer and the commission merchant4 #ab4 ,the brand of flour selected for use in large hotels4 #ac4 ,color photography4 #ad4 ,wind pressure in high buildings4 #ae4 ,street pavement4 #af4 ,electrification of railroads4 #ag4 ,heating system for an eight-room house4 #ah4 ,choice of cereal for children of six1 nine1 and eleven--two boys1 one girl4 #ai4 ,lighting the farmhouse4 #bj4 ,creating a high class dairy or sheep herd4 #ba4 ,creating an apple 7or other fruit7 orchard4 #bb4 ,method of shipping potatoes to a distant point1 in boxes1 barrels1 sacks4 #bc4 ,best use of a twenty-acre farm near a large city4 #bd4 ,investment of #ejj4jj4 #be4 ,best system of bookkeeping for the farmer4 #bf4 ,kind of life insurance for a man of twenty4 #bg4 ,location of a shoe factory with capital of #bej1jjj4jj4 #bh4 ,cash system in a large general store4 #bi4 ,reconciling ,shakespeare's works with the known facts of his life4 #cj4 ,the secret of ,thomas ,hardy's pessimism4 #ca4 ,reconciling narrow religious training with the increased knowledge derived from college4 #cb4 ,the failure of college courses in ,english composition to produce geniuses4 #cc4 ,the creation of a conscientious political attitude in a democracy4 #cd4 ,selection of #aj1jjj worth of books as the nucleus for a small town library4 ,v4 ,decide upon a controlling purpose for an informal analysis of any of the following subjects1 indicate how you hope to make the analysis interesting1 state why you choose the basis that you do--and then write the theme4 #a4 ,prejudices1 ,flirts1 ,entertainments1 ,shade-trees1 ,methods of advertising1 ,languages1 ,scholastic degrees1 ,systems of landscape gardening for small estates1 ,migratory song birds of ,north ,america1 ,laces4 #b4 ,causes of the ,return-to-the-,soil movement1 ,origins of our dairy cattle1 ,benefits of intensive agriculture1 ,imported plant diseases1 ,legumes4 #c4 ,opportunities for the ,civil 7or ,mechanical or ,electrical1 etc47 ,engineer1 ,difficulties of modern bridge-building1 ,the relation of the engineer to social movements1 ,the contribution of the engineer to intellectual advance4 #d4 ,changes in the ,united ,states system of public finance since ,hamilton's time1 ,the equitable distribution of taxation1 ,the benefits of the ,federal ,reserve ,movement in ,finance1 ,forms of taxation1 ,systems of credit4 #e4 ,possibilities for ,physiological ,chemistry1 ,obstacles to color photography1 ,the chemistry of the kitchen1 ,the future of the telescope1 ,the battle against disease germs1 ,theories of the atom1 ,heredity in plants or animals1 ,edible fresh-water fish4 #f4 ,bores1 ,the terrors of childhood1 ,the vanities of young men1 ,methods of coquetry1--of becoming popular1--of always having one's way1 ,the idiosyncrasies of elderly bachelors1 ,books to read on the train1 ,acquaintances of the dining-car4 ,,vi4 ,write a #bej word analysis of whatever type you choose on any of the following subjects3 ,the dishonesty of college catalogues1 ,the prevalence of fires in the ,united ,states1 ,causes of weakness in ,i beams1 ,effect of fairy stories on children1 ,religious sectarianism1 ,public attitude toward an actress1 ,the business man's opinion of the college professor1 ,the tyranny of the teaching of our earliest years1 ,the state of ,american forests1 ,municipal wastefulness1 ,opportunities for lucrative employment at ---- college or university1 ,the effect of oriental rugs in a room1 ,the attitude of people in a small town toward their young people in college1 ,people who are desolate without the ,movies four or five times a week4 ,,vii4 ,write a #aejj-bjjj word analytical theme on any of the following subjects3 #a4 ,the ,responsibilities of ,individualism4 #b4 ,american ,slavery to the ,printed ,word4 #c4 ,the ,ideal ,vacation4 #d4 ,what ,shall ,we ,do with ,sunday8 #e4 ,the ,value of ,reading ,fiction4 #f4 ,why ,i am a ,republican1 or ,democrat1 or ,pessimist1 or ,agnostic1 or ,humanist1 or ,rebel in general1 or ,agitator or--whatnot8 #g4 ,the ,classics and the ,american ,student in the ,twentieth ,century4 #h4 ,the ,chief ,function of a ,college4 #i4 ,the ,decline of ,manners4 #aj4 ,a ,defense of ,cheap ,vaudeville4 #aa4 ,the ,workingman ,should ,know ,his ,place and ,keep ,it4 #ab4 ,the ,study of ,history as an ,aid to a ,critical ,estimate of the ,present4 #ac4 ,the ,relation of ,friendship to ,similarity in ,point of ,view4 #ad4 ,intellectual ,leadership in ,america4 #ae4 ,the ,present ,situation in the ,world of ,baseball4 #af4 ,the ,reaction of ,war upon the ,finer ,sensibilities of ,civilians4 #ag4 ,patriotism and ,intellectual ,detachment4 #ah4 ,the ,breeding ,place of ,social ,improvements4 #ai4 ,organization in ,modern ,life4 #bj4 ,the ,conflict of ,political and ,moral ,loyalty4 #ba4 ,why ,has ,epic ,poetry ,passed from ,favor8 #bb4 ,the ,stability of ,american ,political ,opinion4 #bc4 ,the ,shifting ,geography of ,intellectual ,leadership in the ,world4 ,,viii4 ,in the following selection what does ,mr4 ,shaw analyze8 ,on what basis8 ,is he thorough8 ,if not1 what does he omit8 ,does the omission1 if there is any1 vitally harm the analysis8 ,passion is the steam in the engine of all religious and moral systems4 ,in so far as it is malevolent1 the religions are malevolent too1 and insist on human sacrifices1 on hell1 wrath1 and vengeance4 ,you cannot read ,browning's ,caliban upon ,setebos2 or1 ,natural ,theology in the ,island1 without admitting that all our religions have been made as ,caliban made his1 and that the difference between ,caliban and ,prospero is not that ,prospero has killed passion in himself whilst ,caliban has yielded to it1 but that ,prospero is mastered by holier passions than ,caliban's4 ,abstract principles of conduct break down in practice because kindness and truth and justice are not duties founded on abstract principles external to man1 but human passions1 which have1 in their time1 conflicted with higher passions as well as with lower ones4 ,if a young woman1 in a mood of strong reaction against the preaching of duty and self-sacrifice and the rest of it1 were to tell me that she was determined not to murder her own instincts and throw away her life in obedience to a mouthful of empty phrases1 ,i should say to her3 ,by all means do as you propose4 ,try how wicked you can be3 it is precisely the same experiment as trying how good you can be4 ,at worst you will only find out the sort of person you are4 ,at best you will find that your passions1 if you really and honestly let them all loose impartially1 will discipline you with a severity which your conventional friends1 abandoning themselves to the mechanical routine of fashion1 could not stand for a day4 ,as a matter of fact1 we have seen over and over again this comedy of the emancipated young enthusiast flinging duty and religion1 convention and parental authority1 to the winds1 only to find herself1 for the first time in her life1 plunged into duties1 responsibilities1 and sacrifices from which she is often glad to retreat1 after a few years' wearing down of her enthusiasm1 into the comparatively loose life of an ordinary respectable woman of fashion4#dg #dg ,george ,bernard ,shaw3 ,the ,sanity of ,art4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,boni ,liveright4 ,analyze the relation of sincerity to teaching1 of intellectual bravery to reading1 of subservience to politics1 of vitality to creative writing1 of broadmindedness to social reform1 of sympathy to social judgment4 ,rewrite ,mr4 ,shaw's article so as to place the sentence which now begins the selection at the end4 ,is the result an improvement or a drawback8 ,what difference in the reader might make this change advisable8 ,,ix4 ,in the light of the following statement of the philosophy of ,mr4 ,arthur ,balfour1 the ,english statesman1 analyze1 into one word if possible1 the philosophy of ,lincoln1 of ,bismarck1 of ,mr4 ,wilson1 of ,robert ,e4 ,lee1 of ,webster1 of ,william ,pitt1 of ,burke1 of any political thinker of whom you know4 ,in the same way analyze the military policy of ,napoleon or ,grant or any other general2 the social philosophy of ,jane ,addams1 ,rousseau1 ,carlyle1 ,jefferson1 or any other thinker2 the creed of personal conduct of ,browning1 ,whitman1 ,thackeray 7as shown in ,vanity ,fair71 or of any other person concerned with the individual4 ,analyze the effect of such a philosophy as ,mr4 ,balfour's4 ,analyze the relation of such a philosophy as this to the actively interested personal conduct of the holder of it toward definite personal ends4 ,balfour is essentially a sceptic4 ,he looks out on life with a mingled scorn and pity--scorn for its passionate strivings for the unattainable1 pity for its meanness and squalor4 ,he does not know the reading of the riddle1 but he knows that all ends in failure and disillusion4 ,ever the rosy dawn of youth and hope fades away into the sadness of evening and the blackness of night1 and out of that blackness comes no flash of revelation1 no message of cheer4 ,the ,worldly ,hope men set their hearts upon ,turns ,ashes--or it prospers2 and anon ,like ,snow upon the ,desert's dusty ,face ,lighting a little ,hour or two--is gone4 ,why meddle with the loom and its flying shuttle8 ,we are the warp and weft with which the great ,weaver works ,his infinite design--that design which is beyond the focus of all mortal vision1 and in which the glory of ,greece1 the pomp of ,rome1 the ambition of ,carthage1 seven times buried beneath the dust of the desert1 are but inscrutable passages of glowing color4 ,all our schemes are futile1 for we do not know the end1 and that which seems to us evil may serve some ultimate good1 and that which seems right may pave the path to wrong4 ,in this fantastic mockery of all human effort the only attitude is the wise passiveness of the poet4 ,let us accept the irrevocable fate unresistingly4 ,in a word1 ,drift4 ,that is the political philosophy of ,mr4 ,balfour4#dh #dh ,a4 ,g4 ,gardiner3 ,prophets1 ,priests1 and ,kings4 ,by permission of the publishers1 ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton ,co41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,x4 ,analyze the method of treatment that the author uses in the following selections about ,king ,edward ,,vii and ,mr4 ,thomas ,hardy1 and in the one just quoted about ,mr4 ,balfour4 ,would the result in the reader's mind be as good1 or better1 if the author specified a larger number of qualities8 ,why8 ,what feeling do you have as to the fairness of the three treatments8 ,does any one of the three seem to claim completeness8 ,which is most nearly complete8 ,write a similar analysis1 reducing to one or two main qualities or characteristics1 the ,american ,civil ,war1 the ,french ,revolution1 the ,industrial ,revolution1 the ,romantic ,movement in ,literature1 the ,celtic ,spirit1 the ,puritan ,spirit1 ,socialism1 ,culture4 ,now1 ,king ,edward is1 above everything else1 a very human man4 ,he is not deceived by the pomp and circumstance in the midst of which it has been his lot to live1 for he has no illusions4 ,he is eminently sane4 ,he was cast for a part in the piece of life from his cradle1 and he plays it industriously and thoroughly2 but he has never lost the point of view of the plain man4 ,he has much more in common with the ,president of a free ,state than with the ,king by ,divine right4 ,he is simply the chief citizen1 primus inter pares1 and the fact that he is chief by heredity and not by election does not qualify his views of the reality of the position4 ,unlike his nephew1 he never associates the ,almighty with his right to rule1 though he associates ,him with his rule4 ,his common sense and his gift of humor save him from these exalted and antiquated assumptions4 ,nothing is more characteristic of this sensible attitude than his love for the ,french people and ,french institutions4 ,no ,king by ,divine right could be on speaking terms with a country which has swept the whole institution of ,kingship on to the dust-heap4 ,and his saving grace of humor enables him to enjoy and poke fun at the folly of the tuft-hunter and the collector of ,royal cherry stones4 ,he laughingly inverts the folly4 ,you see that chair1 he said in tones of awe to a guest entering his smoking room at ,windsor4 ,that is the chair ,john ,burns sat in4 ,his ,majesty has a genuine liking for ,j4 ,b4 who1 ,i have no doubt1 delivered from that chair a copious digest of his ,raper lecture1 coupled with illuminating statistics on infantile mortality1 some approving comments on the member for ,battersea1 and a little wholesome advice on the duties of a ,king4 ,this liking for ,mr4 ,burns is as characteristic of the ,king as his liking for ,france4 ,he prefers plain1 breezy men who admit him to the common humanities rather than those who remind him of his splendid isolation4 ,he would have had no emotion of pride when ,scott1 who1 with all his great qualities1 was a deplorable tuft-hunter1 solemnly put the wine glass that had touched the ,royal lips into the tail pocket of his coat1 but he would have immensely enjoyed the moment when he inadvertently sat on it4#di #di ,a4 ,g4 ,gardiner3 ,prophets1 ,priests1 and ,kings4 ,by permission of the publishers1 ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton ,co41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,thomas ,hardy lives in the deepening shadow of the mystery of this unintelligible world4 ,the journey that began with the bucolic joy of ,under the ,greenwood ,tree has reached its close in the unmitigated misery of ,jude the ,obscure1 accompanied by the mocking voices of those aerial spirits who pass their comments upon the futile struggle of the ,dynasts1 as they march their armies to and fro across the mountains and rivers of that globe which the eye of the imagination sees whirling like a midge in space4 ,napoleon and the ,powers6 ,what are they but puppets in the hand of some passionless fate1 loveless and hateless1 whose purposes are beyond all human vision8 ,o ,immanence1 ,that reasonest not ,in putting forth all things begot1 ,thou buildest ,thy house in space--for what8 ,o ,loveless1 ,hateless6--past the sense ,of kindly-eyed benevolence1 ,to what tune danceth this ,immense8 ,and for answer comes the mocking voice of the ,spirit ,ironic-- ,for one ,i cannot answer4 ,but ,i know ',t is handsome of our ,pities so to sing ,the praises of the dreaming1 dark1 dumb ,thing ,that turns the handle of this idle ,show4 ,night has come down upon the outlook of the writer as it came down over the somber waste of ,egdon ,heath4 ,there is not a cheerful feature left1 not one glint of sunshine in the sad landscape of broken ambitions and squalor and hopeless strivings and triumphant misery4 ,labor and sorrow1 a little laughter1 disillusion and suffering--and after that1 the dark4 ,not the dark that flees before the cheerful dawn1 but the dark whose greatest benediction is eternal nothingness4 ,other men of genius1 most men of genius1 have had their periods of deep dejection in which only the mocking voice of the ,spirit ,ironic answered their passionate questionings4 ,shakespeare himself may be assumed to have passed through the valley of gloom in that tremendous period when he produced the great tragedies2 but he came out of the shadow1 and ,the ,winter's ,tale has the serenity and peace of a cloudless sunset4 ,but the pilgrimage of ,thomas ,hardy has led us ever into the deeper shadow4 ,the shades of the prison-house have closed around us and there is no return to the cheerful day4 ,the journey we began with those jolly carol-singers under the greenwood tree has ended in the hopeless misery of ,jude4#ej #ej ,a4 ,g4 ,gardiner3 ,prophets1 ,priests1 and ,kings4 ,by permission of the publishers1 ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton ,co41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,xi4 ,on what basis is the following analysis of the farmer's life made8 ,do you discover any overlapping of parts8 ,is the analysis so incomplete as to be of slight value8 ,at what point can you draw the line between analysis and mere remarks about a subject8 ,over and above the hardiness which the farm engenders1 and of a far higher quality1 is the moral courage it calls into play4 ,courage is the elemental virtue1 for life has been and will forever be a fight4 ,a farmer's life is one incessant fight4 ,think what he dares6 ,he dares to try to control the face of this planet4 ,in order to raise his crops he pits himself against the weather and the seasons2 he forces the soil to his wishes2 he wars against the plant world1 the bacterial world4 ,is not that a fight1 looked at philosophically1 to make one stand aghast8 ,after ,i had been on the farm seven years1 the tremendousness of the fight that my fellow farmers were waging disclosed itself to me with a force no figure of speech can convey4 ,until one can be brought to some realization of this aspect of the farmer's life1 he has no adequate grounds for comprehending the discipline and development which is the very nature of the case that life must receive4 ,i often contrast the life of the clerk at his books1 or the mechanic at his bench1 or the professional man at his desk1 with the lot of the farmer4 ,the dangers and uncertainties they confront seem to me extraordinarily mild compared with the risk the farmer runs4 ,that the former will be paid for their work is almost certain2 it is extremely uncertain whether the farmer will be paid for his4 ,he must dare to lose at every turn2 scarcely a week passes in which he does not lose1 sometimes heavily1 sometimes considerably4 ,those moments in a battle when it seems as if every plan had gone to smash1 which so test the fortitude of a general1 are moments which a farmer experiences more frequently and more strenuously than men in most occupations4 ,if he sticks to his task successfully his capacity for courage must grow to meet the demands2 if he will not stick1 he is sifted out by force of circumstance1 leaving the stronger type of man to hold the farm4#ea #ea ,arthur ,m4 ,judy3 ,from the ,study to the ,farm4 ,by courtesy of ,the ,atlantic ,monthly ,company4 ,analyze the life of the iron-worker1 the country doctor1 the head-nurse of a city hospital1 the college professor1 the private detective4 ,,xii4 ,would you classify the following selection as formal or informal classification or partition8 ,write a similar treatment of fuel power1 moral power1 physical strength1 intellectual power4 ,wherever rain falls streams will form1 the water of which represents the concentrated drainage of all the land sloping toward that particular valley at the bottom of which the stream flows4 ,this stream flow consists of the rainfall over the whole watershed less the amount absorbed by the earth or evaporated from the surface1 and every such stream is a potential source of power4 ,the possible water-power of a country or district is1 therefore1 primarily dependent on rainfall1 but also1 of course1 on absorption and surface evaporation4 ,in places where the land is approximately flat1 the tendency to concentrate rainfall into streams would be small1 as the water would tend to lie rather in swampy low pools1 or form innumerable tiny1 slowly moving brooks4 ,on the contrary1 if the country were of a rolling or mountainous character1 there would be two important differences introduced4 ,first1 water would concentrate in a few larger and faster-moving streams1 the water of which would represent the collection from perhaps thousands of square miles2 and secondly1 it would be constantly falling from higher to lower levels on its way to the sea4 ,while1 therefore1 all streams are potential1 or possible sources of power1 and water-power might seem to be available all over the earth1 yet1 as a matter of fact1 only those streams that are large enough or in which the fall of level is great enough1 are really worth while to develop2 and only in these districts where the rainfall is great enough and the earth not too flat or too absorbent1 or the air too dry1 may any streams of useful character at all be expected4 ,the power represented by all the water of a stream1 and its entire fall from the source to the sea1 is likewise only partly available4 ,no one would think of trying to carry water in pipes from the source of a stream a thousand miles to its mouth for the sake of running some water-wheels4#eb #eb ,charles ,e4 ,lucke3 ,power4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 the ,columbia ,university ,press4 ,,xiii4 ,for what kind of reader do you judge that the following partition of the orchestra was written8 ,is the partition complete8 ,what is the basis on which it is made8 ,how does it differ from an appreciative criticism of the orchestra as a musical instrument8 7,see chapter on ,criticism47 ,make a similar partition of the brass band1 the feudal system1 the ,united ,states ,government1 the ,united ,states ,army1 the ,hague ,conference1 the pipe organ1 the printing press1 a canal lock1 a ,greek drama1 a large modern circus1 mathematics1 etc4 ,the modern orchestra is the result of a long development1 which it would not be profitable to trace in this book4 ,it is a body of instruments1 selected with a view to their ability to perform the most complex music4 ,it will be readily understood that such an instrumental body must possess a wide range of timbres1 a great compass1 extensive gradations of force1 the greatest flexibility1 and a solid sonority which can be maintained from the finest pianissimo to the heaviest forte4 ,of course the preservation of some of these qualities1 such as flexibility and solidity1 depend largely upon the skill of the composer1 but they are all inherent in the orchestra4 ,they are gained by the use of three classes of instruments1 grouped under the general heads of wood1 brass1 and strings1 which have special tone-colors and individuality when heard in their distinct groups1 but which combine admirably in the ensemble4 ,it is the custom to name the three groups in the order given because1 for the sake of convenience1 composers place the flute parts at the top of the page of the score where the wide margin gives room for their high notes4 ,the other wood-wind instruments follow the flutes1 so as to keep the wood-choir together4 ,the brass is placed under the wood because its members are so often combined with some of the wood instruments in sounding chords4 ,this brings the strings to the bottom of the page1 the instruments of percussion 7drums1 cymbals1 etc47 being inserted between them and the brass4 ,the instruments of the conventional symphonic orchestra of the classic period1 then1 are flutes1 oboes1 clarinets1 bassoons in the wood department1 horns1 trumpets1 and trombones in the brass1 and violins1 violas1 violoncellos1 and double-basses for strings4 ,modern composers have added for special reasons the ,english horn1 which is the alto of the oboe1 the bass-clarinet1 the contrabassoon 7which sounds an octave lower than the ordinary bassoon71 the bass-tuba1 a powerful double-bass brass instrument1 and the harp4 ,the piccolo1 a small1 shrill flute sounding an octave higher than the ordinary flute1 was introduced into the symphony orchestra by ,beethoven1 though it had frequently been used before in opera scores4#ec #ec ,w4 ,h4 ,henderson3 ,what is ,good ,music8 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,copyright1 #ahih4 ,,xiv4 ,criticize the following analysis of the indispensability of ,law4 ,write an analysis of the necessity for conformity to current style in dress1 the necessity for theaters1 of the reason why ultimate democracy is inevitable for the whole world2 of the inevitability of conflict between advancing thought and established religion2 of the unavoidability of struggle between capital and labor4 ,the truth is1 laws1 religions1 creeds1 and systems of ethics1 instead of making society better than its best unit1 make it worse than its average unit1 because they are never up to date4 ,you will ask me3 ,why have them at all8 ,i will tell you4 ,they are made necessary1 though we all secretly detest them1 by the fact that the number of people who can think out a line of conduct for themselves even on one point is very small1 and the number who can afford the time for it is still smaller4 ,nobody can afford the time to do it on all points4 ,the professional thinker may on occasion make his own morality and philosophy as the cobbler may make his own boots2 but the ordinary man of business must buy at the shop1 so to speak1 and put up with what he finds on sale there1 whether it exactly suits him or not1 because he can neither make a morality for himself nor do without one4 ,this typewriter with which ,i am writing is the best ,i can get2 but it is by no means a perfect instrument2 and ,i have not the smallest doubt that in fifty years' time authors will wonder how men could have put up with so clumsy a contrivance4 ,when a better one is invented ,i shall buy it3 until then1 not being myself an inventor1 ,i must make the best of it1 just as my ,protestant and ,roman ,catholic and ,agnostic friends make the best of their imperfect creeds and systems4 ,oh1 ,father ,tucker1 worshiper of ,liberty1 where shall we find a land where the thinking and moralizing can be done without division of labor8 ,besides1 what have deep thinking and moralizing to do with the most necessary and least questionable side of law8 ,just consider how much we need law in matters which have absolutely no moral bearing at all4 ,is there anything more aggravating than to be told1 when you are socially promoted1 and are not quite sure how to behave yourself in the circles you enter for the first time1 that good manners are merely a matter of good sense1 and that rank is but the guinea's stamp3 the man's the gowd for a' that8 ,imagine taking the field with an army which knew nothing except that the soldier's duty is to defend his country bravely1 and think1 not of his own safety1 nor of home and beauty1 but of ,england6 ,or of leaving the traffic of ,piccadilly or ,broadway to proceed on the understanding that every driver should keep to that side of the road which seemed to him to promote the greatest happiness to the greatest number6 ,or of stage managing ,hamlet by assuring the ,ghost that whether he entered from the right or the left could make no difference to the greatness of ,shakespeare's play1 and that all he need concern himself about was holding the mirror up to nature6 ,law is never so necessary as when it has no ethical significance whatever1 and is pure law for the sake of law4 ,the law that compels me to keep to the left when driving along ,oxford ,street is ethically senseless1 as is shown by the fact that keeping to the right serves equally well in ,paris2 and it certainly destroys my freedom to choose my side2 but by enabling me to count on every one else keeping to the left also1 thus making traffic possible and safe1 it enlarges my life and sets my mind free for nobler issues4 ,most laws1 in short1 are not the expression of the ethical verdicts of the community1 but pure etiquette and nothing else4 ,what they do express is the fact that over most of the field of social life there are wide limits within which it does not matter what people do1 though it matters enormously under given circumstances whether you can depend on their all doing the same thing4 ,the wasp1 who can be depended on absolutely to sting if you squeeze him1 is less of a nuisance than the man who tries to do business with you not according to the custom of business1 but according to the ,sermon on the ,mount1 or than the lady who dines with you and refuses1 on republican and dietetic principles1 to allow precedence to a duchess or to partake of food which contains uric acid4 ,the ordinary man cannot get through the world without being told what to do at every turn1 and basing such calculations as he is capable of on the assumption that every one else will calculate on the same assumptions4 ,even your man of genius accepts a hundred rules for every one he challenges2 and you may lodge in the same house with an ,anarchist for ten years without noticing anything exceptional about him4 ,martin ,luther1 the priest1 horrified the greater half of ,christendom by marrying a nun1 yet was a submissive conformist in countless ways1 living orderly as a husband and father1 wearing what his bootmaker and tailor made for him1 and dwelling in what the builder built for him1 although he would have died rather than take his ,church from the ,pope4 ,and when he got a ,church made by himself to his liking1 generations of men calling themselves ,lutherans took that ,church from him just as unquestioningly as he took the fashion of his clothes from the tailor4 ,as the race evolves1 many a convention which recommends itself by its obvious utility to every one passes into an automatic habit like breathing4 ,doubtless also an improvement in our nerves and judgment may enlarge the list of emergencies which individuals may be entrusted to deal with on the spur of the moment without reference to regulations2 but a ready-made code of conduct for general use will always be needed as a matter of overwhelming convenience by all members of communities4 ,the continual danger to liberty created by law arises1 not from the encroachments of ,governments1 which are always regarded with suspicion1 but from the immense utility and consequent popularity of law1 and the terrifying danger and obvious inconvenience of anarchy2 so that even pirates appoint and obey a captain4 ,law soon acquires such a good character that people will believe no evil of it2 and at this point it becomes possible for priests and rulers to commit the most pernicious crimes in the name of law and order4 ,creeds and laws come to be regarded as applications to human conduct of eternal and immutable principles of good and evil2 and breakers of the law are abhorred as sacrilegious scoundrels to whom nothing is sacred4 ,now this1 ,i need not tell you1 is a very serious error4 ,no law is so independent of circumstances that the time never comes for breaking it1 changing it1 scrapping it as obsolete1 and even making its observance a crime4 ,in a developing civilization nothing can make laws tolerable unless their changes and modifications are kept as closely as possible on the heels of the changes and modifications in social conditions which development involves4 ,also there is a bad side to the very convenience of law4 ,it deadens the conscience of individuals by relieving them of the ethical responsibility of their own actions4 ,when this relief is made as complete as possible1 it reduces a man to a condition in which his very virtues are contemptible4 ,military discipline1 for example1 aims at destroying the individuality and initiative of the soldier whilst increasing his mechanical efficiency1 until he is simply a weapon with the power of hearing and obeying orders4 ,in him you have legality1 duty1 obedience1 self-denial1 submission to external authority1 carried as far as it can be carried2 and the result is that in ,england1 where military service is voluntary1 the common soldier is less respected than any other serviceable worker in the community4 ,the police constable1 who is a civilian and has to use his own judgment and act on his own responsibility in innumerable petty emergencies1 is by comparison a popular and esteemed citizen4 ,the ,roman ,catholic peasant who consults his parish priest instead of his conscience1 and submits wholly to the authority of his ,church1 is mastered and governed either by statesmen and cardinals who despise his superstition1 or by ,protestants who are at least allowed to persuade themselves that they have arrived at their religious opinions through the exercise of their private judgment4 ,the moral evolution of the social individual is from submission and obedience as economizers of effort and responsibility1 and safeguards against panic and incontinence1 to willfulness and self-assertion made safe by reason and self-control1 just as plainly as his physical growth leads him from the perambulator and the nurse's apron strings to the power of walking alone1 and from the tutelage of the boy to the responsibility of the man4 ,but it is useless for impatient spirits 7like you and ,i1 for instance7 to call on people to walk before they can stand4 ,without high gifts of reason and self-control3 that is1 without strong common-sense1 no man yet dares trust himself out of the school of authority4 ,what he does is to claim gradual relaxations of the discipline1 so as to have as much liberty as he thinks is good for him1 and as much government as he thinks he needs to keep him straight4 ,if he goes too fast he soon finds himself asking helplessly1 ,what ought ,i to do8 and so1 after running to the doctor1 the lawyer1 the expert1 the old friend1 and all the other quacks for advice1 he runs back to the law again to save him from all these and from himself4 ,the law may be wrong2 but anyhow it spares him the responsibility of choosing1 and will either punish those who make him look ridiculous by exposing its folly1 or1 when the constitution is too democratic for this1 at least guarantee that the majority is on his side4#ed #ed ,george ,bernard ,shaw3 ,the ,sanity of ,art4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,boni ,liveright4 ,,chapter ,v ,,mechanisms1 ,,processes1 ,,and ,,organizations ,the problem of giving directions for making or doing something1 or of explaining the working of an organization1 is not always easy to solve4 ,most difficulties1 however1 occur through lack of considering just what the problem involves1 and through lack of sufficiently simplifying the material4 ,thus1 when you ask an old man in a strange city where the post-office is1 he is likely to reply somewhat as follows3 ,you keep on just as you are going for a little ways1 and then turn down a narrow street on the right and go along for four blocks1 and then turn to your left and go until you come to a square1 and then go across it and down a side street and through an office building1 and then it's the stone building on the corner of the second street to your right4 ,you stroke your chin1 meditate a bit1 and1 if you are polite1 thank your informant for his kind intentions4 ,then you ask the next person whom you meet to tell you where the post-office is4 ,the old man meant well1 of course1 but he failed to simplify4 ,so did the author of the little book that ,johnny received for ,christmas mean well when he explained how to make a beautiful chemical effect4 ,but ,johnny1 who was a fairly impetuous youth1 did not stop to read the footnote at the end which warned against working near a fire4 ,when he was seraphically pouring his chemicals together near the old oil lamp in the shop there came a flash1 a deafening roar--and little ,johnny had no time either to examine footnotes or1 after the smoke had cleared1 for post-mortem complaints4 ,the trouble lay in the fact that the author did not give ,johnny the necessary information at the essential time4 ,it seems that neither piety nor wit will suffice to locate post-offices or direct experiments or explain machines4 ,better than either of these is the ability to make the mechanism1 the process1 the organization transparently clear1 with each bit of information given at exactly the proper moment4 ,for1 since the object of such explanation as attempts to make clear is primarily information1 the main quality of the writing should be clearness4 ,everything that stands in the way of this quality should be made to surrender to explanation4 ,if the subject is itself interesting or remarkable1 the facts may speak for themselves1 as in an account of the nebular hypothesis2 if the subject is merely common1 as for example the force pump1 the primary aim should be clearness4 ,pleasing presentation1 however desirable1 is secondary4 ,no amount of pleasant reading on the subject of making photographs1 the working of periscopes1 the organization of literary societies will be of value if at the end the reader has not a well-ordered idea of how to go to work or of how the thing of which you treat is operated4 ,general ,cautions ,for these reasons certain principles of caution can be laid down4 ,the first caution is1 do not take too much for granted on the reader's part4 ,first of all take stock of your reader and his knowledge of the subject and then write in accordance with your discoveries4 ,if1 in explaining the bicycle to a ,fiji ,islander1 you fail to note that the two wheels are placed tandem rather than parallel1 he may form a thoroughly queer notion of the machine4 ,and your protest1 ,why1 ,i supposed he would know that6 is in vain4 ,this caution does not mean that you must adopt a tone of condescension1 must say1 ,now children1 and patter on1 but that you will not omit any important part of the explanation unless you are sure that your reader is acquainted with it4 ,the second caution1 which is corollary with the first1 is that you do not substitute for the gaps in the written information the silent knowledge that is in your own mind4 ,the danger here lies in the fact that1 knowing your subject well1 you will write part of it and think the rest4 ,having for a long time practiced the high hurdles1 for example1 when you come to explain them you will run the paradoxical risk of being so thoroughly acquainted with the subject that you will actually omit much vital information and thus make your treatment thin4 ,and the third caution is1 avoid being over technical4 ,an expert can always understand plain ,english2 a layman1 on the other hand1 can soon become hopelessly bewildered in a sea of technicalities4 ,treatment of technicalities demands sense1 therefore2 when a term is reasonably common its presence can do no harm1 but when a term is known only to the few1 substitute for it1 when writing for the many1 plain ,english1 or define your terms4 ,centralization ,perhaps the greatest lack in expositions of this type is centralization4 ,a reader rises from the account of a cream separator or a suspension bridge or the feudal system with the feeling that many cogs and wires and wheels and spouts and lords and vassals are involved1 but without a clear correlation of all these elements into a clear and simple whole4 ,now a suspension bridge is much more organic than a scrap heap1 and the feudal system than a city directory4 ,it is for you as the writer to make this clear1 to show that all the things are related1 that they affect each other and interact4 ,for this purpose you will find the greatest help in the device of ascertaining what the root principle is1 the fundamental notion or purpose of the subject that you are explaining4 ,for example1 to make your reader see the relation of the various parts of the tachometer you should discover and present the fact that the machine relies primarily on the principle of centrifugal force as affecting the mercury that whirls as the automobile moves4 ,once this principle is grasped by the reader1 the various parts of the mechanism assume their proper places and relations and become clear4 ,now obviously this root principle is to be sought in the subject itself2 here is no place for an author to let his fancy roam where it will without keeping an eye steadily upon the machine or process4 ,you are trying to explain the machine1 not some vague or fanciful idea of what the machine might be if it were like what your fancy says2 therefore1 in the words of the good old advice1 which comes handy in most writing1 keep your eye on the object1 which in this case will be the machine or the process or the organization4 ,and the more complicated the mechanism or process1 the more necessary will be the discovery of the root principle--a printing machine1 for instance1 with its amazing complexity1 will be helped wonderfully by such a device1 and the reader will welcome the device even more than he would in an explanation of how1 for example1 a fountain pen works--though he will be glad for it in any case4 ,this root principle1 nucleus1 core1 kernel can often be stated in one sentence4 ,you can say1 for instance1 in speaking of bridges like those across the ,east ,river1 ,a suspension bridge consists of a roadway hung by wires from huge cables which are anchored at the ends and are looped up over one or more high supports in the stream4 ,this sentence may not be immediately and entirely clear1 but it serves to show quickly what relations parts have to each other1 and to it the reader may refer in his mind when detailed treatment of the maze of wires and bolts becomes bewildering4 ,often this sentence need not be expressed alone2 it should always be thought out in the writer's mind4 ,if it is expressed1 such a sentence may stand at the beginning as a sort of quick picture1 or it may come at the end as a collecting statement of what has preceded1 or at any point where it seems to be of the most value to the reader4 ,it may take various forms as1 for example1 it may state in essence how the machine or process works1 is operated1 or what it is for1 or of what it consists4 ,if it occurs at the end as a summary1 it may be a summary of facts in which the points made or the parts described are enumerated1 or it may be a summary of essence1 in which the significance or the principle of the thing is stated4 ,in the following examples the sentence will be found near the beginning in both cases1 and in the nature of a statement of the principle of operation4 ,of tools used for cutting1 perhaps the most remarkable of all is the oxygen blow-pipe4 ,this is a little tool something the shape of a pistol--which a workman can easily hold in one hand4 ,it is connected by a flexible tube to a cylinder of compressed oxygen1 and by another tube to a supply of coal-gas4 ,thus a jet of oxygen and a jet of coal-gas issue from the nozzle at the end of the blow-pipe1 and1 mingling there1 produce a fine point of flame burning with intense heat4 ,if this be directed upon the edge of a thick bar or plate of steel it will in a few seconds melt a tiny groove in it1 and1 if the pipe be moved along1 that groove can be developed into a cut and in that way very thick pieces of steel can be severed quite easily4 ,the harder the steel1 too1 the more easily it is cut1 for hard steel contains more carbon than soft1 and that has a tendency to burn with oxygen1 actually increasing the heat of the flame4 ,a bar of iron a foot long can be cut right down the center in fifty seconds4 ,it is said that scientific burglars have been known to use blow-pipes to open safes with2 but a very strange thing about them is that1 while they will cut hard steel of almost any thickness almost like butter1 they are completely baffled by a thin sheet of copper4 ,the reason of this is that copper is such a good conductor of heat that the heat of the flame is conducted quickly away1 and so the part in contact with the flame never becomes hot enough to melt4#ee #ee ,thomas ,w4 ,corbin3 ,engineering of ,to-day4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,seeley1 ,service ,co41 ,london4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there is another very efficient substitute for the dynamite cartridge1 which may abolish blasting even in hard-rock mines4 ,it is a hydraulic cartridge1 or an apparatus that works on the principle of the hydraulic jack4 ,unlike dynamite1 which consists of a lot of stored and highly concentrated energy that is let fly to do what destruction it may1 the hydraulic cartridge is absolutely inert and devoid of potential energy when placed in the blast-hole4 ,only after it is in place is the energy applied to it4 ,this it gradually accumulates until it acquires enough to burst open the rock without wasting a lot of energy in pulverizing it4 ,the apparatus is under the direct control of the miner all the time4 ,there is nothing haphazard about its operation4 ,the cartridge consists of a strong steel cylinder1 made in various sizes4 ,disposed at right angles to the length of the cylinder are a number of pistons1 or rams1 that may be forced out laterally by pumping water into the cylinder4 ,the cartridge is introduced into the blast-hole with the rams retracted4 ,then a quick-action pump is operated to move the rams out so that they come in contact with the rock4 ,after this1 by means of a screw-lever a powerful pressure is exerted upon the water1 which forces out the rams until the rock gives way under the strain4#ef #ef ,taken from ,the ,century ,magazine by permission of the publishers1 ,the ,century ,co4 ,processes ,the development of this kind of exposition will vary somewhat according to the nature of the subject4 ,if you are explaining a process--how to make a campfire1 or how to find the width of an unbridged river1 or how to make bread--you will naturally follow the chronological order and tell what to do first1 what second1 and so on4 ,if several materials are to be used in the process1 you may enumerate them all at the beginning1 for collection1 or state them piece by piece as they are needed4 ,for example1 you may say1 ,in making a kite you will need so many pieces of such wood of such and such sizes1 with paper or cloth1 strong twine1 glue1 nails1 etc4 ,you may cast the whole process into a personal mood by telling how some one1 perhaps yourself1 did it on a previous occasion4 ,this method1 if it is judiciously used1 adds interest4 ,you must take care not to seem to encumber obviously simple directions1 however1 with the machinery of personal narrative so that the whole account is longer than it should be4 ,in case you are treating some process in which mistakes are easily made1 you can often help the reader by showing how some one--preferably yourself--did it wrongly and thereby came to grief4 ,or you can state concisely what not to do if there is chance for mistake4 ,in developing films1 for example1 you may warn the reader not to mix any of the ,hypo with the ,fixing ,bath2 in picking his apples not to break the twigs of the tree2 in paddling a canoe through rapids not to become excited4 ,note how1 in the account which follows of how to handle a punt1 the author makes the material quite human and personal--to the reader's pleasure4 ,you may get yourself a tub or a working-boat or a wherry1 a rob-roy or a dinghy1 for every craft that floats is known on the ,thames2 but the favorite craft are the ,canadian canoe and the punt4 ,the canoe you will be familiar with1 but your ideas of a punt are probably derived from a farm-built craft you have poled about ,american duck-marshes--which bears about the same relationship to this slender1 half-decked cedar beauty that a canal-boat bears to a racing-shell4 ,during your first perilous lessons in punting1 you will probably be in apprehension of ducking your mentor1 who is lounging among the cushions in the bow4 ,but you cannot upset the punt any more than you can discompose the ,englishman2 the punt simply upsets you without seeming to be aware of it4 ,and when you crawl dripping up the bank1 consoled only by the fact that the ,humane ,society man was not on hand with his boat-hook to pull you out by the seat of the trousers1 your mentor will gravely explain how you made your mistake4 ,instead of bracing your feet firmly on the bottom and pushing with the pole1 you were leaning on the pole and pushing with your feet4 ,when the pole stuck in the clay bottom1 of course it pulled you out of the boat4 ,steering is a matter of long practice4 ,when you want to throw the bow to the left1 you have only to pry the stern over to the right as you are pulling the pole out of the water4 ,to throw the bow to the right1 ground the pole a foot or so wide of the boat1 and then lean over and pull the boat up to it4 ,that is not so easy1 but you will learn the wrist motion in time4 ,when all this comes like second nature1 you will feel that you have become a part of the punt1 or rather that the punt has taken life and become a part of you4 ,a particular beauty of punting is that1 more than any other sport1 it brings you into personal contact1 so to speak1 with the landscape4 ,in a few days you will know every inch of the bottom of the ,char1 some of it perhaps by more intimate experience than you desire4 ,over there1 on the other curve of the bend1 the longest pole will not touch bottom4 ,fight shy of that place4 ,just beyond here1 in the narrows1 the water is so shallow that you can get the whole length of your body into every sweep4 ,as for the shrubbery on the bank1 you will soon learn these hawthorns1 if only to avoid barging into them4 ,and the ,magdalen chestnut1 which spreads its shade so beautifully above the water just beyond1 becomes quite familiar when its low-reaching branches have once caught the top of your pole and torn it from your hands4#eg #eg ,john ,corbin3 ,an ,american at ,oxford4 ,houghton ,mifflin ,company1 ,boston1 publishers4 ,mechanisms ,if you are explaining a mechanism1 you may follow different orders4 ,you may explain chronologically1 showing what happens first1 what next1 and so on1 as in the printing press you would show what happens first to the paper1 and then what processes follow4 ,here you must be careful not to give a long list at the beginning of all the different parts of the machine4 ,such a list bewilders and is rarely of any real value4 ,instead of saying1 for example1 that a reaper and binder consists of a reel1 a knife1 a canvas platform and belt1 etc41 you will do well to simplify at the beginning1 and say1 perhaps1 that from the front the machine looks like a dash with an inverted ,v at one end3 thus3 ,greek3 ,l and then go on to relate the various parts to this simple scheme4 ,the brief paragraph which follows illustrates the principle in a slight space4 ,the stone-boat is a peculiar vehicle incidental to ,america1 and has nothing whatsoever to do with the water4 ,it resembles a huge metal tray or shovel hauled by a team of horses4 ,and its special path is as novel as the boat itself4 ,it is only two wooden lines fashioned from tree-logs adzed roughly flat on the upper side1 well greased1 and laid promiscuously and roughly parallel on the ground4 ,the stone is prized and levered on to the tray1 and hauled with a speed1 which1 bearing in mind the primitive road1 is astonishing1 to the dump1 where a sharp swing round on the part of the horses pitches the mass down the bank4#eh #eh ,f4 ,a4 ,talbot3 ,the ,making of a ,great ,canadian ,railway4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,seeley1 ,service ,co41 ,london4 ,if you prefer1 you can use1 instead of the chronological order1 the device of showing what the need was for the machine and how it fills the need1 or what the object of the machine is and how it accomplishes that object4 ,an explanation of the cotton gin might present the woeful waste of time before the gin was invented and then show how the invention annuls that waste4 ,one of the periscope might state the object of invisible observation and then show how1 by tubes and mirrors1 this object is accomplished4 ,or finally1 as a third general method1 you may state the root principle and then expand in detail4 ,with this scheme you might state that the piano is an instrument in which felt hammers strike metal strings that are stretched across a sounding board1 and then go on to show the significance1 as related to this notion1 of keys1 pedals1 music rest1 and other details4 ,often this method is the most helpful for a reader1 since it gives him at once a nucleus of theory round which he can group the details with immediate or rapid understanding of their relations and significance4 ,in so simple a machine as the ice cream freezer to introduce names like dasher without previous warning may result in momentary confusion1 whereas if the principle is stated at the beginning1 and the reader knows that the object is to bring the cream into contact with the coldest possible surface so as to produce speed in freezing1 the dasher1 when mentioned1 is at once significant4 ,the description and explanation of a track-layer1 which follows1 is so made as to be both clear and interesting4 ,the track-layer is one of the most interesting tools with which the railway-builder carries out his epoch-making work4 ,it is a cumbersome1 ungainly1 and fearsome-looking implement1 but with a convincing1 grim1 and business-like appearance4 ,from the front it resembles a gallows1 and for this reason has earned the sinister sobriquet of the gibbet among certain members of the engineering fraternity4 ,on the front of the truck there is a lofty rectangular scaffolding of rigid construction1 strongly based and supported for the hard1 heavy work it has to perform4 ,a jib runs forward into the air from the bottom of either leg to meet at the outer extremity and to form a derrick4 ,the car on which the structure is mounted carries a number of small steam-engines1 each of which has to perform a particular function1 while at the commanding point high up on the rectangular construction is a small bridge1 from which the man in control of the machine carries out his various tasks and controls the whole machine4 ,ropes1 hooks1 and pulleys are found on every side1 and though1 from the cursory point of view1 it appears an intricate piece of mechanism1 yet its operation is absurdly simple4 ,this machine constitutes the front vehicle of the train1 with the bridge facing the grade and the projecting boom overhanging the track4 ,immediately behind are several trucks piled high with steel rails1 fish-plates to secure connection between successive lengths of rails1 spikes1 and other necessaries4 ,then comes the locomotive1 followed by a long train of trucks laden with sleepers4 ,on the right-hand side of the train1 level with the deck of the trucks1 extends a continuous trough1 with its floor consisting of rollers4 ,it reaches from the rearmost car in the train to #dj or #ej feet in advance of the track-layer1 the overhanging section being supported by ropes and tackle controlled from the track-layer truck whereby the trough can be raised and lowered as desired4 ,the appliance is operated as follows4 ,the engine pushes the fore-part of the train slowly forward until the end of the last rail laid is approached4 ,the rollers in the trough1 which is in reality a mechanical conveyor1 are set in motion4 ,then the gangs of men stationed on the rear trucks with might and main pitch the bulky sleepers into the trough4 ,caught up by the rollers1 the ties are whirled along to the front of the train1 and tumble to the ground in a steady1 continuous stream4 ,as they emerge1 they are picked up by another gang of men who roughly throw them into position on to the grade4 ,other members of the gang1 equipped with axes and crowbars1 push1 pull1 haul1 and prize the ties into their relative positions and at equal distances apart4 ,when thirty or forty sleepers have been deposited in this manner1 a pair of steel rails are picked up by the booms from the trucks behind the track-layer1 are swung through the air1 and lowered4 ,as they near the ground ready hands grasp the bar of steel1 steady it in its descent1 and guide it into its correct position4 ,the gauge is brought into play dexterously1 and before one can realize what has happened the men are spiking the pair of rails to the sleepers1 have slipped the bolts into the fish-plates connecting the new rail with its fellow already in position1 and the track-layer has moved slowly forward some #ac or #af feet over a new unit of track1 meanwhile disgorging further sleepers from the mouth of the trough4 ,the noise is deafening1 owing to the clattering of the weighty baulks of timber racing over the noisy rollers in the conveyor1 the rattle of metal1 and the clang-clang of the hammers as the men with powerful strokes drive home the spikes fastening the rail to its wooden bed1 and the hissing and screeching of steam4 ,amid the silence of the wilderness the din created by the track-layer at work is heard for some time before you can gain a glimpse of the machine train4 ,the men speak but little1 for the simple reason that they could scarcely make themselves heard if they attempted conversation4 ,each moves with wonderful precision1 like a part of an intricate machine4 ,in this way the rail creeps forward relentlessly at a steady1 monotonous pace4 ,the lines of sleepers and rails on the track disappear with amazing rapidity1 and the men engaged in the task of charging the conveyor-trough and swinging the rails forward1 appear to be in a mad race with steam-driven machinery4 ,the perspiration rolls off their faces in great beads1 and they breathe heavily as they grasp and toss the weighty strips of timber about as if they were straws4 ,there is no pause or diminution in their speed4 ,if they ease up at all the fact becomes evident at the front in the course of a few seconds in a unanimous outcry from the gangs on the grade for more material1 which spurs the lagging men on the trucks behind to greater effort4 ,the only respite from the exhausting labor is when the trucks have been emptied of all rails or sleepers and the engine has to run back for a further supply1 or when the hooter rings out the time for meals or the cessation of labor4 ,the track-layer at work is the most fascinating piece of machinery in the building of a large railway4 ,the steam-shovel may be alluring1 and the sight of a large hill of rock being blown sky-high may compel attention1 but it is the mechanical means which have been evolved to carry out the last phase--the laying of the metals--that is the most bewitching4 ,one can see the railway growing in the fullest sense of the word--can see the thin1 sinuous ribbon of steel crawling over the flat prairie1 across spidery bridges1 through ravine-like rock-cuts1 gloomy tunnels1 and along lofty embankments4 ,now and again1 when the apparatus has secured a full complement of hands1 and every other factor is conducive1 the men will set to work in more deadly earnest than usual1 bent on setting up a record4 ,races against time have become quite a craze among the crews operating the track-layer on the various railways throughout ,america1 and consequently the men allow no opportunity to set up a new record1 when all conditions are favorable1 to slip by4#ei #ei ,f4 ,a4 ,talbot3 ,the ,making of a ,great ,canadian ,railway4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,seeley1 ,service ,co41 ,london4 ,organizations ,if you are explaining an organization you may again use the chronological order and show how the organization came about as it is1 how for example the ,federal ,reserve ,board was appointed for certain reasons each of which has its correspondent in the constitution of the board4 ,such a method is useful in explaining the feudal system1 the college fraternity1 the national convention of a political party4 ,or1 finally1 you can state the root idea1 sometimes appearing as purpose or significance1 and then expand it4 ,a labor union1 thus treated1 is a body of men who individually have slight power of resisting organized capital1 but can collectively obtain their rights and demands4 ,aids in ,gaining ,clearness ,clearness then1 through centralization1 is the all-important necessity of expositions of this type4 ,to aid in gaining this quality you will do well to avoid technical terms1 as has already been mentioned4 ,you can make use of graphic charts when they will be useful1 so long as they are not merely a lazy device for escaping the task of writing clearly4 ,some machines1 such as the printing press or the rock drill1 defy explanation without charts and plates4 ,textbooks often wisely make use of this device4 ,you can also use familiar illustrations1 as the one here used of the reaper and binder or the one likening ,brooklyn ,bridge to a letter ,h with the sides far apart1 the cross piece extended beyond the sides1 and a cable looped over the tops of the sides4 ,such illustrations at the beginning of the whole or sections are useful in helping the reader to visualize4 ,another important aid to clearness is to take care that nothing is mentioned for which the way has not been prepared4 ,just as in a play we insist that the action of a character be consistent1 that a good man do not suddenly commit wanton murder1 and that the villain do not suddenly appear saintly1 so we rightly demand that we be not suddenly confronted with a crank1 wheel1 office1 or step in a process which bewilders us4 ,you ought to write so that your reader will never pucker his brow and say1 ,what is this8 ,and when a detail has some special bearing1 introduce it at the significant point4 ,to have told little ,johnny in the beginning that he must keep his chemicals away from flame would have avoided explosion and death2 to declaim loudly after the explosion is of no value4 ,and finally1 from a purely rhetorical standpoint1 make careful transition from section to section so that the reader will know exactly where divisions occur1 and make liberal use of summaries whenever they may be useful without being too cumbersome4 ,notice how1 in the following paragraph1 the writer has given the gist of the machines so that1 if he wishes to expand and make a full treatment1 he will still have a nucleus which will considerably facilitate the reader's understanding4 ,continuous dredges are of four types--the ladder1 the hydraulic1 the stirring1 and the pneumatic dredges4 ,the ladder dredge excavates the bottom by means of a series of buckets running with great velocity along a ladder4 ,the buckets scrape the soil at the bottom1 raise the dbris to the surface and discharge it into barges or conveyors so as to send it to its final destination4 ,the hydraulic dredge removes the material from the bottom by means of a large centrifugal pump which draws the materials1 mixed with water1 into a suction tube and forces them to distant points by means of a long line of pipes4 ,the stirring dredges are those employed in the excavation of soils composed of very finely divided particles2 they agitate the soils and the material thus brought into suspension is carried away by the action or current of water4 ,the pneumatic dredges are those in which the material from the bottom is forced into the suction tube and thence into the discharging pipe1 by the action of continuous jets of compressed air turned upward into the tube4#fj #fj ,charles ,prelini3 ,dredges and ,dredging4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,d4 ,van ,nostrand ,company1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,notice also the care with which the author of the paragraph which follows and explains the phonopticon states early in his treatment the scientific basis for the operation of the machine1 without knowing which a reader would be hopelessly confused to understand how the machine could possibly do what the author says it does4 ,the element selenium1 when in crystalline form1 possesses the peculiar property of being electro-sensitive to light4 ,it is a good or bad conductor of electricity according to the intensity of the light that falls upon it1 and its response to variations of illumination is virtually instantaneous4 ,this interesting property has been utilized in a wide variety of applications1 ranging from the transmission of a picture over a telegraph line to the automatic detection of comets2 but by far the most marvelous application is that of the phonopticon4444 ,it is an apparatus that will actually read a book or a newspaper1 uttering a characteristic combination of musical sounds for every letter it scans4 ,the principle of operation is not difficult to understand4 ,a row of1 say1 three tiny selenium crystals is employed1 each crystal forming part of a telephone circuit leading to a triple telephone-receiver4 ,in each circuit there is an interrupter that breaks up the current into pulsations1 or waves1 of sufficient frequency to produce a musical note in the receiver4 ,the frequency differs in the three circuits1 so that each produces its characteristic pitch4 ,although the conductivity of selenium is increased by intensifying its illumination1 the electrical connections in this apparatus are so chosen that while the crystals are illuminated no sounds are heard in the telephone1 but when the crystals are darkened1 there is an instant audible response4 ,the apparatus is placed upon the printed matter that is to be read1 with the row of crystals disposed at right angles to the line of type4 ,the paper directly under the crystals is illuminated by a beam of light4 ,this is reflected from the unprinted part of the paper with sufficient intensity to keep the telephone quiet1 but when the crystals are moved over the black printing1 the light is diminished1 and the crystals lose their conductivity1 causing the telephone to respond with a set of sounds which vary with the shape of the letter4 ,suppose the apparatus was being moved over the letter ,v1 the upper crystal would encounter the letter first1 then the middle one would respond1 next the lower one would come into action for an instant1 followed by a second response of the middle crystal and a final response of the upper crystal4 ,a set of notes would be sounded somewhat after this fashion3 me1 re1 do1 re1 mi4 ,the sound combination with such letters as ,s and ,o is more complicated but it is distinguishable4 ,when we read with the natural eye we do not spell out the words letter by letter1 but recognize them by their appearance as a whole4 ,in the same way with the mechanical eye entire words can be recognized after a little practice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,of course the phonopticon is yet in the laboratory stages1 but it offers every prospect of practical success1 and its possibilities are untold4 ,it is quite conceivable that the apparatus may be elaborated to such an extent that a blind man may see 7by ear7 where he is going4 ,his world may never be bathed in sunshine1 but he may learn to admire the beauties of nature as translated from light into music4#fa #fa ,taken from ,the ,century ,magazine by permission of the publishers1 ,the ,century ,co4 ,aids in ,gaining ,interest ,if mere clearness alone were the only quality to strive for1 this kind of writing might remain1 however useful1 eternally dull except to one who is vitally interested in the facts1 however they are treated4 ,but for this there is no need2 no reason exists why you should not make this kind of writing attractive4 ,for you can1 in addition to making a machine clear1 endow it with life2 in addition to enumerating the steps in a process1 make it a fascinating adventure4 ,suppose that you are explaining how to learn to swim--is not the thought of waving one's arms and legs in dreamy or frantic rhythm as he lies prone across the piano bench humorous8 ,why1 then1 exclude the humor8 ,and is not the person who is trying to learn much alive1 with the pit of his stomach nervously aware of the hardness of the bench8 ,why1 then1 make him a wooden automaton1 or worse1 a dead agent8 ,so long as you do not obscure the point that the reader should note1 all the life1 all the humor of which you and the process are capable should be introduced4 ,just so with a machine4 ,you can explain the engine of an airship so that the reader will exclaim1 ,i see2 what you ought to do is so to explain the engine that he will say1 ,i see1 and bless you1 ,i'd like to see one go6 ,you ought to make the beautiful efficiency1 the exquisite humming life of the thing1 its poise1 its athletic trimness so take hold of the reader that his imagination will be fired1 his interest thoroughly aroused4 ,now this you cannot do by thrusting in extraneous matter to leaven the lump4 ,webster in the ,senate did not introduce vaudeville to enliven his ,reply to ,hayne1 but he found in the subject itself the interest4 ,first of all1 then1 study your machine1 your process1 your organization1 until you see what its quality is1 its spirit1 until you are yourself aware of its life1 and then make this live for your reader4 ,a railroad locomotive should be made thrilling with its pomp and power1 a military movement should be made an exquisitely quick piece of living constructive work1 a submarine should have all the craft and the romance of a haunting redskin1 the roasting of a goose should be made a process to rouse the joys of gluttony forevermore4 ,now to do this will require exercise of the imagination1 and if you find yours weak your first duty is to develop it4 ,if it is strong and active1 on the other hand1 allow it free play1 only watching lest it may obscure the subject--for clearness is always first4 ,there need1 however1 be no discrepancy between the two qualities4 ,the following extract from an essay by ,mr4 ,dallas ,lore ,sharp illustrates the possibilities of both interest and truth4 ,,any ,,child ,,can ,,use ,,it ,,the ,,perfect ,,automatic ,,carpet-,,layer ,no more carpet-laying bills4 ,do your own laying4 ,no wrinkles4 ,no crowded corners4 ,no sore knees4 ,no pounded fingers4 ,no broken backs4 ,stand up and lay your carpet with the ,perfect ,automatic4 ,easy as sweeping4 ,smooth as putting paper on the wall4 ,you hold the handle and the ,perfect ,automatic does the rest4 ,patent ,applied ,for4 ,price ---- --but it was not the price6 ,it was the tool--a weird hybrid tool1 part gun1 part rake1 part catapult1 part curry-comb1 fit apparently for almost any purpose1 from the business of blunderbuss to the office of an apple-picker4 ,its handle1 which any child could hold1 was somewhat shorter and thicker than a hoe-handle1 and had a slotted tin barrel on its ventral side along its entire length4 ,down this barrel1 their points sticking through the slot1 moved the tacks in single file to a spring-hammer close to the floor4 ,this hammer was operated by a lever or tongue at the head of the handle1 the connection between the hammer at the distal end and the lever at the proximal end being effected by means of a steel-wire spinal cord down the dorsal side of the handle4 ,over the fist of a hammer spread a jaw of sharp teeth to take hold of the carpet4 ,the thing could not talk2 but it could do almost anything else1 so fearfully and wonderfully was it made4 ,as for laying carpets with it1 any child could do that4 ,but we didn't have any children then1 and ,i had quite outgrown my childhood4 ,i tried to be a boy again just for that night4 ,i grasped the handle of the ,perfect ,automatic1 stretched with our united strength1 and pushed down on the lever4 ,the spring-hammer drew back1 a little trap at the end of the slotted tin barrel opened for the tack1 the tack jumped out1 turned over1 landed point downward upon the right spot in the carpet1 the crouching hammer sprang1 and-- ,and then ,i lifted up the ,perfect ,automatic to see if the tack went in1--a simple act that any child could do1 but which took automatically and perfectly all the stretch out of the carpet2 for the hammer did not hit the tack2 the tack really did not get through the trap2 the trap did not open the slot2 the slot--but no matter4 ,we have no carpets now4 ,the ,perfect ,automatic stands in the garret with all its original varnish on4 ,at its feet sits a half-used can of ,beesene1 the ,prince of ,floor ,pastes4#fb #fb ,dallas ,lore ,sharp3 ,the ,hills of ,hingham1 ,the ,dustless ,duster4 ,houghton ,mifflin ,company1 ,boston1 publishers4 ,besides the devices that have been mentioned you can use that of making the agents in the action definite1 real persons1 and you can make a process seem to be actually going on before the eyes of the reader4 ,you can suffuse the whole theme with a human spirit1 for everything has a human significance if only you will find it4 ,finally1 use tact in approaching your reader4 ,do not talk down to him1 and do not over-compliment his intelligence or wheedle him4 ,rather regard him as a person desirous of knowing1 your subject as a thing capable of interest1 and yourself as a really enthusiastic devotee4 ,take this attitude1 and as long as you make clear1 so long your chances for success will be good4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,indicate other practical root principles beside the one mentioned which a theme on any of the following subjects might well try to express4 #a4 ,how to teach a dog tricks--the patience required4 #b4 ,how to learn to swim--the humor1 or the grim determination4 #c4 ,how to manage an automobile--the cool-headedness required4 #d4 ,how to find the trouble with a balky engine--the careful1 patient1 unangered searching4 #e4 ,how to make an exquisite angel cake--the delicacy necessary4 #f4 ,a steel mill--the power displayed4 #g4 ,the aeroplane motor--its concentrated energy4 #h4 ,the reaper and binder--the coperation of parts4 #i4 ,the camera--its sensitiveness4 #aj4 ,the adding machine--the uncanny sureness of it4 #aa4 ,the ,united ,states ,supreme ,court--its deliberateness4 #ab4 ,the feudal system--its picturesque injustice4 #ac4 ,the college literary society--its opportunities4 #ad4 ,the ,grange--its sensible usefulness4 #ae4 ,the ,federal ,reserve ,board--its safety4 #b4 ,make two or more outlines for each subject1 choosing your material to indicate different root principles4 ,wherein does the difference in material consist8 ,how much material is common to all the outlines on the same subject8 ,is this common material made of essential or non-essential facts8 ,,ii4 ,find some simplifying device such as the one suggested for the reaper and binder1 for any of the following mechanisms1 and indicate how you would relate the parts of the machine to the device4 #a4 ,a concrete mixer4 #b4 ,a derrick4 #c4 ,a vacuum cleaner4 #d4 ,a lawn-mower4 #e4 ,a rock-crusher4 #f4 ,a pile-driver4 #g4 ,a ,dover egg-beater4 #h4 ,a hay-tedder4 #i4 ,a printing-press4 #aj4 ,an apple-sorter4 ,,iii4 ,state1 in one complete sentence1 the nucleus from which a theme treatment of any of the following subjects would grow4 ,be sure that this sentence is sufficiently inclusive1 has much meat4 ,mr4 ,wilson1 in writing of the ,national ,house of ,representatives1 evidently had a sentence like the following in mind3 ,the ,house of ,representatives is an efficient business body the work of which is accomplished largely through committees1 and centralized round a powerful speaker4 #a4 ,the operation of a sewing machine4 #b4 ,the explanation of a pulley4 #c4 ,the explanation of a cream separator4 #d4 ,the principle of the fireless cooker4 #e4 ,the principle of the steam turbine4 #f4 ,the principle of the bread mixer4 #g4 ,the principle of the piano4 #h4 ,the principle of the electric car4 #i4 ,the principle of the steel construction of sky scrapers4 #aj4 ,the principle of the metal lathe4 #aa4 ,the ,interstate ,commerce ,commission4 #ab4 ,the college fraternity4 #ac4 ,a national political convention4 #ad4 ,the ,roman ,catholic ,church1 or any other church4 #ae4 ,the modern orchestra4 #af4 ,the ,boy ,scout ,movement4 #ag4 ,the ,international ,workers of the ,world4 #ah4 ,an ,american ,state ,university4 #ai4 ,a stock exchange4 #bj4 ,a national bank4 #ba4 ,how to play tennis4 #bb4 ,how to detect the tricks of fakirs at county fairs4 #bc4 ,how to make a symmetrical load of hay4 #bd4 ,how to run the quarter4 #be4 ,how to pack for camping4 #bf4 ,how to rush a freshman4 #bg4 ,how to make money from poultry4 #bh4 ,how to make a successful iron casting4 #bi4 ,how to plan a railroad terminal yard4 #cj4 ,how to use the slide rule4 ,,iv4 ,the ,track ,layer 7page #aff74 #a4 ,in view of the fact that the text suggests avoidance of a beginning list of parts of a machine1 what is your opinion of the list in this selection8 ,could the explanation have been made as well without this list8 ,better8 #b4 ,would this explanation be as well done if the author began with hearing the machine at a distance1 and then approached1 described the appearance of the machine1 and finally stated its principle8 ,does the method1 the order1 have any really close connection with the value of the explanation8 ,v4 ,write themes on the following subjects1 bearing in mind that the facts of the subject remain constant even though the readers may vitally differ and therefore need widely varying treatments4 #a4 ,the adding machine4 a4 ,for a business man who wishes to reduce expenses in his office4 b4 ,for a woman who has worked painfully at figures in an office for thirty years and regards the process of figuring as sacred4 c4 ,for a person who says1 ,i just never could get figures straight anyway6 #b4 ,the typewriter4 a4 ,for a person who complains that people haven't brains enough to read his perfectly plain handwriting4 b4 ,for a person who thinks that the clicking sound of the machine will be terribly disagreeable4 c4 ,for an old gentleman who for years clung to the use of a quill1 and has only within a few years brought himself to use a fountain pen4 #c4 ,fruit farming 7limited to one kind of fruit74 a4 ,for a city man of not too robust health but of considerable wealth who wishes a reasonably quiet pleasant existence4 b4 ,for a young man who has just inherited #aej acres of fine apple land but is half inclined toward becoming a bank clerk4 c4 ,for a person who has read ,burroughs and thinks that the poetic appeal of fruit trees and birds must be delightful4 #d4 ,the ,process of ,canvassing for a ,book4 a4 ,for a college student who wishes to make much money4 b4 ,for a person who always buys books from canvassers and whom you wish to enlighten as to their methods4 c4 ,for a young man who possesses a glib tongue which he wishes to turn to good financial use4 #e4 ,the ,commission ,form of ,city ,government4 a4 ,for a man who wishes to improve the rgime in his city4 b4 ,for a person who contends that our municipal government is hopelessly behind that of ,european cities4 c4 ,for a politician of doubtful character who has served several terms as mayor under the old system4 #f4 ,the ,hague ,peace ,conference4 a4 ,for a person who declares that international coperation is impossible4 b4 ,for a person who is seeking a precedent for a ,league to ,enforce ,peace4 c4 ,for a militarist4 ,,vi4 ,compare the two selections which follow1 and determine which is the more interesting1 and why4 ,would the kind of treatment that the second receives be fitting for the first8 ,rewrite each1 in condensed form1 in the style of the other4 ,it will1 ,i believe1 be more interesting if1 instead of talking of launches in general1 ,i describe the launch of the great ,british battleship ,neptune which ,i witnessed recently at the famous naval dockyard at ,portsmouth4 ,it will1 however1 be necessary to commence with a short general explanation4 ,as we already know1 the keel of a vessel is laid upon a row of blocks1 and from the keel it grows upwards plate by plate4 ,as it thus gets higher and higher it has to be supported laterally1 in order to keep it in an upright position1 and for this reason strong props or shores are placed along the sides at frequent intervals4 ,now it is easy to see that the vessel cannot move until these shores have been taken away1 yet1 if they are removed1 what is to prevent the ship from falling over8 ,this dilemma is avoided by putting the vessel on what is called a cradle4 ,it is to my mind best described by comparison with a sledge4 ,a sledge has a body on which the passenger or load is placed1 while under it are runners1 smooth strips which will slide easily over the slippery surfaces of the snow1 and finally there is the smooth snow to form the track4 ,in the same way the ship1 when it starts on its first journey1 rests upon the body of the cradle1 which in turn rests upon runners which slide upon the launching ways1 the counterpart of the smooth snow4 ,these ways are long narrow timber stages1 one on each side of the ship and parallel with the keel4 ,they are several feet wide1 and long enough to reach right down into the water4 ,needless to say1 they are very strong1 and the upper surface is quite smooth so that the runners will slide easily1 and there is a raised edge on each to keep them from gliding off sideways4 ,grease and oil are plentifully supplied to these ways1 and then the runners are placed upon them4 ,these1 too1 are formed of massive baulks of timber1 and their underside is made smooth so as to present as good a sliding surface as possible to the ways4 ,finally upon the runners is built up the body of the cradle itself4 ,timber is again the material1 and it is carefully fitted to the underside of the ship so that1 when the weight is transferred from the blocks under it to the cradle1 it will rest evenly and with the least possible strain2 for it must be borne in mind that a ship is designed to be supported on the soft even bed which the water affords and not on a timber framework4 ,there is a danger1 therefore1 of the hull becoming distorted while resting upon the cradle1 so it is stayed and strengthened inside with temporary timber work4 ,so far all seems easy1 but the weight of the ship is still on the blocks1 while the cradle is as yet doing practically nothing4 ,there remains the stupendous task of transferring the weight of the ship1 thousands of tons1 from one to the other4 ,how can it be done8 ,this is left until the morning of the day appointed for the launch1 and it is then done by a method which is quite startling in its simplicity4 ,the power to be obtained by means of a wedge has been known for ages1 yet it is that simple device which enables this seemingly impossible work to be accomplished with ease4 ,between the runners1 as ,i have termed them1 and the body of the cradle itself1 a large number of wedges are inserted1 perhaps as many as a thousand4 ,but of course they cannot be driven one at a time1 as a single wedge would simply crush into the timber without lifting the cradle at all2 they are therefore all driven at once4 ,an army of men are employed1 and they all stand with heavy hammers ready to strike4 ,at the sound of a gong a thousand hammers fall as one1 and a thousand wedges begin to raise the ship with the cradle on it4 ,then a second sound on the gong1 and a second time a thousand hammers strike together2 then again and again1 until all the wedges have been driven home and the weight of the ship has been lifted partly off the blocks on to the cradle4 ,then the blocks are gradually removed1 a proceeding which is rendered easy by the fact that it has for one of the layers which compose it a pair of wedges which can be easily withdrawn so as to leave all the other timbers free4 ,there are an enormous number of these blocks to be removed from under a big ship1 and the operation takes considerable time4 ,they are removed1 too1 gradually1 so that the whole of the weight of the ship1 which will ultimately rest upon the cradle1 may come on to it by degrees1 and so if there should be anything wrong--with the cradle1 for instance--the operation of removing the blocks could be suspended before it had gone too far2 for the engineer1 though he sometimes does very daring things1 and none more daring than the launching of a big ship1 is really a very cautious man1 and always likes to keep on the safe side4 ,at ,portsmouth there is an old custom in connection with the removal of the blocks from under the ship which prescribes that the men shall sing at their work4 ,this is a matter in which they take a pride1 so that while the blocks are being taken away sounds of excellent male voice part-singing float out from the invisible choir underneath the ship4 ,the removal of the blocks is so arranged that it shall be completed just before the time for the ceremony1 since when they are all gone the ship is all alive1 straining1 as it were1 to get away down the slippery ways into the water1 and a very slight mishap would be sufficient to bring about a premature launch4 ,indeed1 during these last moments the vessel is only held back by a few blocks left under the bow--it must be understood that a ship commences its career by entering the water backwards--and one timber prop on each side1 called the dog-shores4 ,these dog-shores are1 in effect1 huge catches which keep the ship from moving1 and which are released at the right moment by the falling of two weights4 ,the launch of the ,neptune took place at eleven o'clock in the morning1 and for an hour or so previously spectators had been assembling4 ,picture to yourself a great steel vessel--merely the hull1 of course--#ejj feet long and as high as a three-story house4 ,close to the bow is a gaily decorated platform1 crowded with people1 while thousands occupy stands on either side1 and still more stand on the open ground and on every point from which a view can be obtained4 ,on the bow of the vessel there is hung a festoon of flowers with a bottle of wine concealed in it1 while round the bow passes a cord1 the ends of which are supporting the weights which hang just over the dog-shores4 ,as the clock strikes1 the lady who is to perform the ceremony1 a royal duchess1 arrives upon the scene and takes her place on the elevated platform close to the bow of the ship4 ,a short religious service is conducted by the chaplain of the dockyard assisted by the choir of the dockyard church1 and then the duchess leans forward1 takes hold of the wine bottle suspended by the floral festoon1 draws it towards her and lets it go again4 ,as the bottle swings back and dashes to pieces against the steel stem of the vessel1 she says1 ,success to the ,neptune and all who sail in her4 ,then an official steps forward with a mallet and chisel4 ,the former he hands to the lady1 while the latter he holds with its edge upon the cord4 ,now is the critical moment1 and among all the thousands of spectators not a sound is to be heard4 ,a few blows of the mallet upon the chisel and the cord is severed2 exactly at the same moment the two weights fall1 the dog-shores are knocked out of the way1 and the great vessel begins slowly and majestically to glide down to the water4 ,the few remaining blocks under the bow are pulled over by the motion of the ship1 and fall with a crash1 which is soon drowned by the cheers of the people and sounds of patriotic airs played by the band4 ,there are a large number of sailors and workmen upon the ship1 and as soon as she is in the water they drop the anchors and bring her to rest1 while tugs rush to her and take her in tow to the dock where she is to be fitted up4 ,but what becomes of the cradle8 ,it is made in two halves1 the part on each side being connected to that on the other by chains passing under the keel1 and in these chains there is a connection which can be released by pulling a cord from the deck of the ship4 ,when the ship has reached the water1 therefore1 and the cradle has done its work1 the cord is pulled and the two halves of the cradle1 being mainly of timber1 float off1 to be captured and towed back to shore4 ,the grease upon the launching ways and cradle is melted by the heat due to friction1 and much of it is to be found floating upon the water immediately after the launch1 so numbers of small boats immediately put off and men with scoops collect it4#fc #fc ,thomas ,w4 ,corbin3 ,engineering of ,to-day4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,seeley1 ,service ,co41 ,london4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the word head affords a good example of radiation4 ,we may regard as the central meaning that with which we are most familiar1--a part of the body4 ,from this we get 7#a7 the top of anything1 literally or figuratively1 whether it resembles a head in shape 7as the head of a cane1 a pin1 or a nail71 or merely in position of preminence 7as the head of a page1 the head of the table1 the head of the hall72 7#b7 figuratively1 leadership1 or concretely1 a leader 7the head of the army1 the head of the school72 7#c7 the head of a coin 7the side on which the ruler's head is stamped72 7#d7 the source of a stream1 spring1 well-head1 fountain-head2 7#e7 the hydraulic sense 7head of water72 7#f7 a promontory1 as ,flamborough ,head1 ,beechy ,head2 7#g7 an armed force1 a troop 7now obsolete72 7#h7 a single person or individual1 as in five head of cattle2 7#i7 the main points1 as in the heads of a discourse 7also notes of such points72 7#aj7 mental power1 intellectual force4 ,here again there is no reason for deriving any of our ten special senses from any other4 ,they are mutually independent1 each proceeding in a direct line from the central primary meaning of head4 ,the main process of radiation is so simple that it is useless to multiply examples4 ,we may proceed1 therefore1 to scrutinize its operations in certain matters of detail4 ,in the first place1 we observe that any derived meaning may itself become the source of one or more further derivatives4 ,it may even act as a center whence such derivatives radiate in considerable numbers1 precisely as if it were the primary sense of the word4 ,thus1 in the case of head1 the sense of the top of anything immediately divides into that which resembles a human head in 7#a7 shape1 or 7#b7 position merely4 ,and each of these senses may radiate in several directions4 ,thus from 7#a7 we have the head of a pin1 of a nail1 of a barrel1 of an ulcer1 a bud 7in ,shakespeare72 from 7#b7 the head of a table1 of a hall1 of a printed page1 of a subscription-list4 ,and some of these meanings may also be further developed4 ,the head of the table1 for instance1 may indicate position1 or may be transferred to the person who sits in that position4 ,from the head of an ulcer1 we have the disagreeable figure 7so common that its literal meaning is quite forgotten71 to come to a head1 and ,prospero's ,now does my project gather to a head1 in ,the ,tempest4 ,sense ,no4 #b1 the forefront of a body of persons1 the leader1 cannot be altogether separated from ,no4 #a4 ,but it may come perfectly well from the central meaning4 ,in every animal but man the head actually precedes the rest of the body as the creature moves4 ,at all events1 the sense of leadership or leader 7it is impossible to keep them apart7 has given rise to an infinity of particular applications and idiomatic phrases4 ,the head of a procession1 of an army1 of a class1 of a revolt1 of a reform movement1 of a new school of philosophy--these phrases all suggest personal leadership1 but in different degrees and very various relations to the persons who are led1 so that they may all be regarded as radiating from a common center4 ,by a succession of radiations the development of meanings may become almost infinitely complex4 ,no dictionary can ever register a tithe of them1 for1 so long as a language is alive1 every speaker is constantly making new specialized applications of its words4 ,each particular definition in the fullest lexicon represents1 after all1 not so much a single meaning as a little group of connected ideas1 unconsciously agreed upon in a vague way by the consensus of those who use the language4 ,the limits of the definition must always be vague1 and even within these limits there is large scope for variety4 ,if the speaker does not much transgress these limits in a given instance1 we understand his meaning4 ,yet we do not and cannot see all the connotations which the word has in the speaker's mind4 ,he has given us a conventional sign or symbol for his idea4 ,our interpretation of the sign will depend partly on the context or the circumstances1 partly on what we know of the speaker1 and partly on the association which we ourselves attach to the word in question4 ,these considerations conduct us1 once more1 to the principle on which we have so often insisted4 ,once more we are forced to admit that language1 after all1 is essentially poetry4 ,for it is the function of poetry1 as ,sainte-,beuve says1 not to tell us everything1 but to set our imaginations at work3 ,la posie ne consiste pas tout dire1 mais tout faire rver4 ,besides the complexity that comes from successive radiation1 there is a perpetual exchange of influences among the meanings themselves4 ,thus when we speak of a man as the intellectual head of a movement1 head means leader 7,no4 #c71 but has also a suggestion of the tenth sense1 mind4 ,if two very different senses of a word are present to the mind at the same moment1 the result is a pun1 intentional or unintentional4 ,if the senses are subtly related1 so that they enforce or complement each other1 our phrase becomes imaginatively forcible1 or1 in other words1 recognizable poetry as distinguished from the unconscious poetry of language4 ,so1 too1 the sudden re-association of a derived sense with the central meaning of a word may produce a considerable change in effect4 ,head for leader is no longer felt as metaphorical1 and so of several other of the radiating senses of this word4 ,yet it may1 at any moment1 flash back to the original meaning1 and be revivified as a conscious metaphor for the nonce4 ,he is not the head of his party1 but their mask2 ,the leader fell1 and the crowd was a body without a head4 ,radiation is a very simple process1 though its results may become beyond measure complicated4 ,it consists merely in divergent specialization from a general center4 ,it is always easy to follow the spokes back to the hub4#fd #fd ,greenough and ,kittredge3 ,words and ,their ,ways in ,english ,speech4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,the ,macmillan ,company1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,write a theme on any of the following subjects1 adapting your style to the character of the subject--formal or informal1 impersonal or personal1 etc4 ,in each of these subjects discover the root principle which will serve as your controlling object1 and state it in a sentence4 ,state also how you expect to make the theme interesting4 #a4 ,how to handle a swarm of bees4 #b4 ,how a publicity campaign is managed4 #c4 ,the process of inoculation4 #d4 ,the process of fumigation4 #e4 ,how an ingot of steel is made4 #f4 ,the physiological process of stimulation4 #g4 ,the process of reforming criminals4 #h4 ,how to break into society4 #i4 ,how to memorize a long sonata4 #aj4 ,how to make a well4 #aa4 ,the process of civilization4 #ab4 ,how a locomotive is assembled4 #ac4 ,how a torpedo is launched4 #ad4 ,how good literary taste is acquired4 #ae4 ,the process of naturalization4 #af4 ,the process of simplification in language4 #ag4 ,the process of organizing a clean up campaign4 #ah4 ,how big steel beams are put in place on the twentieth story4 #ai4 ,the process of fertilization of land4 #bj4 ,the process of inoculating land for alfalfa4 #ba4 ,the process of making a trial balance sheet4 #bb4 ,how to audit the accounts of a club1 store1 treasurer1 or organization4 #bc4 ,the process of pasteurization4 #bd4 ,the process of modulation in music4 #be4 ,how to fire a blast furnace4 ,,vii4 ,write the material contained in the explanations of the blow-pipe and the hydraulic cartridge 7page #afa7 in the more picturesque form of a personal experience1 showing how you1 or some one1 used the mechanism for a particular purpose4 ,which method of treatment is more effective8 ,why8 ,would you be willing to lay down a general rule about the method of treatment8 ,if not1 why not8 ,,viii4 ,use the method employed to explain dredges 7page #agj7 to write a theme that shall discriminate briefly the various types of the following3 #a4 ,valves4 #b4 ,tractors4 #c4 ,egg-beaters4 #d4 ,styles in landscape painting4 #e4 ,systems of bookkeeping4 #f4 ,methods of learning a foreign language4 #g4 ,churns4 #h4 ,methods of packing apples4 ,,ix4 ,in the following selection you will find an account of how an engineering problem was solved4 ,with this as a model1 write an account of any of the following3 #a4 ,the ,shoshone1 or ,keokuk1 or ,roosevelt ,dam4 #b4 ,the ,panama ,canal4 #c4 ,the ,cape ,cod ,canal4 #d4 ,the ,chicago ,drainage ,canal4 #e4 ,the ,chicago ,breakwater4 #f4 ,the ,galveston ,sea ,wall4 #g4 ,the ,key ,west ,railroad4 #h4 ,the ,mississippi ,levees4 #i4 ,an ,army ,cantonment4 #aj4 ,a ,shipyard4 #aa4 ,a ,big ,city ,subway4 #ab4 ,some ,development in ,your ,own ,town4 ,the construction of the reservoirs and aqueduct for bringing a daily supply of five hundred million gallons into ,new ,york from the ,catskill ,mountains has involved engineering work of great magnitude1 and in some cases of considerable perplexity and difficulty4 ,as it turned out1 the most serious problem was encountered at the ,hudson ,river1 where the engineers had to determine upon the best method for conducting the water past that great natural obstacle4 ,four alternative plans were considered3 first1 to lay steel pipes in trenches dredged across the river bottom2 second1 to drive a tunnel through the glacial deposit in the river bottom2 third1 to carry the aqueducts across the river on a bridge2 and lastly1 to build a huge inverted siphon at a depth sufficient to bring it entirely within the solid underlying rock4 ,the last was the plan adopted4 ,to determine the depth and character of the rock1 fifteen vertical holes were drilled from the surface of the river1 and two inclined holes1 of different degrees of inclination1 were driven from each shore4 ,six of the vertical holes reached bed rock1 and one of them in the center of the river reached an ultimate depth of #gfh feet1 when it had to be abandoned without reaching bed rock4 ,this boring developed the fact that the present ,hudson ,river flows in an old glacial gorge which has been filled up with deposits of silt1 sand1 gravel1 clay1 and boulders to a depth of over #hjj feet4 ,now it was realized that a deep-pressure tunnel1 to be perfectly reliable1 must lie in absolutely sound and unfissured rock2 and since it was impossible to test the rock by vertical borings made from scows anchored in the river1 the engineers determined to explore the underlying material by means of inclined borings driven from either shore4 ,accordingly1 two shafts were sunk to a depth of between two and three hundred feet1 and from them two diamond drill borings were started1 which ultimately crossed at a depth of #aejj feet below the surface of the river4 ,a good rock was found at that level4 ,to make the survey more reliable1 a second pair of holes was drilled at a less inclination1 which crossed at a depth of #iej feet below the river surface4 ,the rock was found to be perfectly satisfactory1 and such water as was found was limited in extent and due to well-understood geologic causes4 ,it was therefore determined to sink the east and west shafts to a depth of from #aaej to #abjj feet below ground surface1 and connect them by a tunnel #cjbb feet in length at a depth of #aajj feet below the river surface4 ,the shafts have been sunk1 that on the ,west ,shore to #aaec feet1 the ,east ,shore shaft to #aahe feet1 and the boring of the tunnel toward the center of the river has made good progress1 the easterly section having advanced at the present writing about #bfj feet1 and the westerly section #agj feet from their respective shafts4 ,both the shafts and the tunnel will be lined with a high grade of ,portland cement concrete which will give them a finished internal diameter of #ad feet4 ,the aqueduct reaches the ,hudson ,river at an elevation of #djj feet above mean water level4 ,hence the total head of water is about #aejj feet1 and the total pressure on each square foot of the tunnel is #df #a_/b tons1 which is balanced with a wide margin of safety by the weight of the super-incumbent mass of rock1 silt1 and water4#fe #fe ,the ,catskill ,water ,supply ,tunnel1 in the ,scientific ,american1 vol4 #ajd4 ,by courtesy of ,the ,scientific ,american ,publishing ,company4 ,x4 ,in the following account of an emotional and mental process what root principle do you find8 ,does the author show traces of influence from the intended readers1 the ,american public8 ,does the author take too much for granted in the reader1 or not enough8 ,does she show tact in approaching the reader8 ,write the account in an impersonal1 abstract way1 as if you were reporting a case for a statistician1 and then give your estimate of the two4 ,what light does your estimate throw upon the advice to make the actors in a process specific8 ,how long would you say1 wise reader1 it takes to make an ,american8 ,by the middle of my second year in school ,i had reached the sixth grade4 ,when1 after the ,christmas holidays1 we began to study the life of ,washington1 running through a summary of the ,revolution1 and the early days of the ,republic1 it seemed to me that all my reading and study had been idle until then4 ,the reader1 the arithmetic1 the song book1 that had so fascinated me until now1 became suddenly sober exercise books1 tools wherewith to hew a way to the source of inspiration4 ,when the teacher read to us out of a big book with many bookmarks in it1 ,i sat rigid with attention in my little chair1 my hands tightly clasped on the edge of my desk2 and ,i painfully held my breath1 to prevent sighs of disappointment escaping1 as ,i saw the teacher skip the parts between bookmarks4 ,when the class read1 and it came my turn1 my voice shook and the book trembled in my hands4 ,i could not pronounce the name of ,george ,washington without a pause4 ,never had ,i prayed1 never had ,i chanted the songs of ,david1 never had ,i called upon the ,most ,holy1 in such utter reverence and worship as ,i repeated the simple sentences of my child's story of the patriot4 ,i gazed with adoration at the portraits of ,george and ,martha ,washington1 till ,i could see them with my eyes shut4 ,and whereas formerly my self-consciousness had bordered on conceit1 and ,i thought myself an uncommon person1 parading my schoolbooks through the streets1 and swelling with pride when a teacher detained me in conversation1 now ,i grew humble all at once1 seeing how insignificant ,i was beside the ,great4 ,as ,i read about the noble boy who would not tell a lie to save himself from punishment1 ,i was for the first time truly repentant of my sins4 ,formerly ,i had fasted and prayed and made sacrifice on the ,day of ,atonement1 but it was more than half play1 in mimicry of my elders4 ,i had no real horror of sin1 and ,i knew so many ways of escaping punishment4 ,i am sure my family1 my neighbors1 my teachers in ,polotzk--all my world1 in fact--strove together1 by example and precept1 to teach me goodness4 ,saintliness had a new incarnation in about every third person ,i knew4 ,i did respect the saints1 but ,i could not help seeing that most of them were a little bit stupid1 and that mischief was much more fun than piety4 ,goodness1 as ,i had known it1 was respectable1 but not necessarily admirable4 ,the people ,i really admired1 like my ,uncle ,solomon1 and ,cousin ,rachel1 were those who preached the least and laughed the most4 ,my sister ,frieda was perfectly good1 but she did not think the less of me because ,i played tricks4 ,what ,i loved in my friends was not inimitable4 ,one could be downright good if one really wanted to4 ,one could be learned if one had books and teachers4 ,one could sing funny songs and tell anecdotes if one traveled about and picked up such things1 like one's uncles and cousins4 ,but a human being strictly good1 perfectly wise1 and unfailingly valiant1 all at the same time1 ,i had never heard or dreamed of4 ,this wonderful ,george ,washington was as inimitable as he was irreproachable4 ,even if ,i had never1 never told a lie1 ,i could not compare myself to ,george ,washington2 for ,i was not brave--,i was afraid to go out when snowballs whizzed--and ,i could never be the ,first ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,so ,i was forced to revise my own estimate of myself4 ,but the twin of my new-born humility1 paradoxical as it may seem1 was a sense of dignity ,i had never known before4 ,for if ,i found that ,i was a person of small consequence1 ,i discovered at the same time that ,i was more nobly related than ,i had ever supposed4 ,i had relatives and friends who were notable people by the old standards1--,i had never been ashamed of my family1--but this ,george ,washington1 who died long before ,i was born1 was like a king in greatness1 and he and ,i were ,fellow ,citizens4 ,there was a great deal about ,fellow ,citizens in the patriotic literature we read at this time2 and ,i knew from my father how he was a ,citizen1 through the process of naturalization1 and how ,i also was a citizen1 by virtue of my relation to him4 ,undoubtedly ,i was a ,fellow ,citizen1 and ,george ,washington was another4 ,it thrilled me to realize what sudden greatness had fallen on me2 and at the same time it sobered me1 as with a sense of responsibility4 ,i strove to conduct myself as befitted a ,fellow ,citizen4 ,before books came into my life1 ,i was given to star-gazing and day-dreaming4 ,when books were given me1 ,i fell upon them as a glutton pounces on his meat after a period of enforced starvation4 ,i lived with my nose in a book1 and took no notice of the alternations of the sun and stars4 ,but now1 after the advent of ,george ,washington and the ,american ,revolution1 ,i began to dream again4 ,i strayed on the common after school instead of hurrying home to read4 ,i hung on fence rails1 my pet book forgotten under my arm1 and gazed off to the yellow-streaked ,february sunset1 and beyond1 and beyond4 ,i was no longer the central figure of my dreams2 the dry weeds in the lane crackled beneath the tread of ,heroes4 ,what more could ,america give a child8 ,ah1 much more6 ,as ,i read how the patriots planned the ,revolution1 and the women gave their sons to die in battle1 and the heroes led to victory1 and the rejoicing people set up the ,republic1 it dawned on me gradually what was meant by my country4 ,the people all desiring noble things1 and striving for them together1 defying their oppressors1 giving their lives for each other--all this it was that made my country4 ,it was not a thing that ,i understood2 ,i could not go home and tell ,frieda about it1 as ,i told her other things ,i learned at school4 ,but ,i knew one could say my country and feel it1 as one felt ,god or myself4 ,my teacher1 my schoolmates1 ,miss ,dillingham1 ,george ,washington himself could not mean more than ,i when they said my country1 after ,i had once felt it4 ,for the ,country was for all the ,citizens1 and ,i was a ,citizen4 ,and when we stood up to sing ,america1 ,i shouted the words with all my might4 ,i was in very earnest proclaiming to the world my love for my newfound country4 ,i love thy rocks and rills1 ,thy woods and templed hills4 ,boston ,harbor1 ,crescent ,beach1 ,chelsea ,square--all was hallowed ground to me4 ,as the day approached when the school was to hold exercises in honor of ,washington's ,birthday1 the halls resounded at all hours with the strains of patriotic songs2 and ,i1 who was a model of the attentive pupil1 more than once lost my place in the lesson as ,i strained to hear1 through closed doors1 some neighboring class rehearsing ,the ,star-,spangled ,banner4 ,if the doors happened to open1 and the chorus broke out unveiled-- ,o6 say1 does that ,star-,spangled ,banner yet wave ,o'er the land of the free1 and the home of the brave8 delicious tremors ran up and down my spine1 and ,i was faint with suppressed enthusiasm4#ff #ff ,mary ,antin3 ,the ,promised ,land4 ,houghton ,mifflin ,company1 ,boston1 publishers4 ,write an account of any of the following processes as processes4 #a4 ,the high school star learns in college that other bright people exist4 #b4 ,the first realization of death4 #c4 ,becoming loyal to a school4 #d4 ,discovering pride of ancestry4 #e4 ,finding that classical music is interesting4 #f4 ,a despised person becomes1 on acquaintance1 delightful4 #g4 ,becoming reconciled to a new town1 or system of government1 or catalogue system in a library4 #h4 ,learning that not everything was discovered by an ,american4 #i4 ,becoming aware that there is a life of thought4 #aj4 ,becoming reconciled to a great loss of money or friends4 #aa4 ,deciding upon a new wall-paper4 #ab4 ,fitting into the town circles after a year away at college4 #ac4 ,discovering that some beliefs of childhood must be abandoned4 #ad4 ,perceiving that you really agree with some one with whom you have been violently squabbling4 #ae4 ,the literary person finds attractiveness in engineering and agriculture--and vice versa4 #af4 ,working out a practical personal philosophy of life4 #ag4 ,finding a serious motive in life4 #ah4 ,determining upon a tactful approach to a touchy person4 #ai4 ,acquiring the college point of view in place of the high-school attitude4 #bj4 ,discovering one's provincialism4 #ba4 ,discovering one's racial or national loyalty4 #bb4 ,finding out that the world does not depend on any individual1 but goes ahead1 whether he lives or dies4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,criticism ,few of us pass a day without answering such questions as1 ,what do you think of the ,hudson car8 or1 ,how did ,kreisler's playing strike you8 or1 ,what is your opinion of the work of ,thackeray or ,alice ,brown or ,booth ,tarkington8 or1 ,do you like the ,x disc harrow8 ,when we are among intimate friends we give our opinions1 based on our personal reaction to the subject of inquiry or on our impartial estimate of it as an automobile1 a musical performance1 a collection of books1 or an agricultural machine4 ,many of us give a large space in our conversation to such estimates on all conceivable subjects4 ,and1 for purposes of insignificant conversation1 there is no reason why we should not4 ,accused of making ,criticism in the formal sense1 however1 many of us should recoil with terrified denial4 ,but that is exactly what we are doing1 whether we praise or blame1 accept or reject1 so long as we base our opinion on sincere personal or sound principles1 we criticize4 ,for criticism is the attempt to estimate the worth of something--object or idea--either abstractly on a basis of principles and relations1 or personally on the basis of our reactions to the subject of criticism4 ,that is1 we may1 for example1 criticize the roads of ,new ,york ,state on the basis of what a road is for and how well these roads serve their purpose1 or we may take as basis the inspiration1 the keen ecstasy that we feel as we skim over the smooth boulevard4 ,so long as our notions of good roads are sound1 so long as we react sensibly1 with balance1 to the smooth rounding way1 we make good criticism1 we judge the worth of the subject of criticism and find it either good or bad4 ,it is to be noted that this criticism is something more than mere comment1 than mere off-hand remarks4 ,the old saying is1 ,anybody can say something about anything6 ,an off-hand utterance may tell the truth2 we cannot be sure that it will4 ,only when we have a well-considered basis of either principle or personal feeling can we be at all certain of our opinions4 ,now the range in which our opinions1 our criticisms1 may be expressed1 is as wide as human thought and accomplishment4 ,we sometimes think of criticism as being confined to literature and art1 and speak of literary criticism1 musical criticism1 dramatic criticism1 and art criticism1 as if these were all4 ,the term criticism has actually been so restricted in common practice that unless otherwise noted it is taken for granted as applying to these subjects4 ,but criticism is much more comprehensive than such restriction indicates3 any object or subject is capable of criticism4 ,just as we might arrive at the conclusion that ,booth ,tarkington's stories about ,penrod are either good or bad1 so we might say that a make of piano1 a type of bridle1 a new kind of fertilizer1 a method of bookkeeping1 a recipe for angel cake is good or is sufficient or is valueless4 ,we might have--in fact we do have--,engineering ,criticism1 ,carpenter ,criticism1 ,needlework ,criticism1 ,poultry ,criticism1 and as many kinds as there are classes of subjects4 ,in this treatment we shall use the term in this broad sense and include all subjects in our scope4 ,of course we are to remember that the criticism becomes of more value as the subject of criticism is of more moment3 criticism of the drama is nobler1 perhaps1 than criticism of egg beaters and picture hooks4 ,we must also remember that the less high orders of criticism are neither useless nor undesirable but often most helpful4 ,requirements demanded of the ,critic ,since1 then1 the brand of the critic is on us all1 since we practice the habit1 consciously or not1 most of the time1 and since the range is so wide1 no reason exists why we should be terrified at the thought of writing criticism1 of making formal estimate4 ,certain requirements are demanded1 to be sure2 not every one can dive into the sea of criticism without making an awkward splash and receiving a reddening smart4 ,but these requirements are in no way beyond the possibility of acquiring by any one who will set himself to the task4 a4 ,ability to analyze ,in the first place1 a critic must have the power to analyze4 ,we have seen that analysis consists in breaking a subject into its components1 in discovering of what it is made4 ,this is the first great necessity in criticizing4 ,you wish1 for example1 to make a criticism of a new rifle for your friends4 ,it is not enough that you should with gusto enunciate1 ,it's just great6 ,oh1 it's fine1 fine and dandy6 ,golly but it's a good one6 ,your friends are likely to ask ,why8 or to say1 ,the gentleman doth protest too much6 ,if1 on the other hand1 you remark that the rifle is admirable because of its sights1 its general accuracy1 its cartridge chamber1 its comparative freedom from recoil1 then you will be giving your friends definite and useful criticism1 for you will have analyzed the virtue of the object into its components4 ,now this necessity for analysis exists in criticism of literature and art just as in criticism of rifles4 ,before you can properly estimate the value of a novel or a play you must divide the impression it makes into the various heads1 such as emotional power1 convincingness in the message of the book or play1 truth to life1 and whatever heading you may think necessary4 ,until you do this your impressions1 your judgments will of necessity be vague and dim in their outlines1 and though they may seem to be comprehensive1 will be found actually to be insufficient to give your reader or listener a firm notion of the subject--he will have no nucleus of thought round which his total estimate will center4 ,as soon1 however1 as you analyze1 and make definite1 so soon he will receive real enlightenment4 ,in the following account of the work of ,james ,russell ,lowell at the ,court of ,saint ,james we find at once this careful breaking of the subject into parts which can be treated definitely4 ,had the writer merely uttered general impressions of the diplomacy of our ambassador we who read should have been comparatively unhelped4 ,to those who hold the semi-barbarous notion that one of the duties of a foreign minister is to convey a defiant attitude toward the people to whom he is accredited--that he should stick to his post1 to use the popular phrase1 with his back up1 and keep the world that he lives in constantly in mind that his countrymen are rough1 untamable1 and above all things quarrelsome1 ,mr4 ,lowell has not seemed a success4 ,but to them we must observe1 that they know so little of the subject of diplomacy that their opinion is of no sort of consequence4 ,the aim of diplomacy is not to provoke war1 but to keep the peace2 it is not to beget irritation1 or to keep it alive1 but to produce and maintain a pacific temper2 not to make disputes hard1 but easy1 to settle2 not to magnify differences of interest or feeling1 but to make them seem small2 not to win by threats1 but by persuasion2 not to promote mutual ignorance1 but mutual comprehension--to be1 in short1 the representative of a ,christian nation1 and not of a savage tribe4 ,no foreign minister1 it is safe to say1 has ever done these things so successfully in the same space of time as ,mr4 ,lowell4 ,if it be a service to the ,united ,states to inspire ,englishmen with respect such as they have never felt before for ,american wit and eloquence and knowledge1 and thus for ,american civilization itself1 nobody has rendered this service so effectually as he has done4 ,they are familiar almost ad nauseam with the material growth of the ,united ,states1 with the immense strides which the country has made and is making in the production of things to eat1 drink1 and wear4 ,what they know least of1 and had had most doubts about1 is ,american progress in acquiring those gifts and graces which are commonly supposed to be the inheritance of countries that have left the ruder beginnings of national life far behind1 and have had centuries of leisure for art1 literature1 and science4 ,well1 ,mr4 ,lowell has disabused them4 ,as far as blood and training go1 there is no more genuine ,american than he4 ,he went to ,england as pure a product of the ,american soil as ever landed there1 and yet he at once showed ,english scholars that in the field of ,english letters they had nothing to teach him4 ,in that higher political philosophy which all ,englishmen are now questioning so anxiously1 he has spoken not only as a master1 but almost as an oracle4 ,in the lighter but still more difficult arts1 too1 which make social gatherings delightful and exciting to intellectual men1 in the talk which stimulates strong brains and loosens eloquent tongues1 he has really reduced the best-trained and most loquacious ,london diners-out to abashed silence4 ,in fact1 he has1 in captivating ,english society1--harder1 perhaps1 to cultivate1 considering the vast variety of culture it contains1 than any other society in the world1--in making every ,englishman who met him wish that he were an ,englishman too1 performed a feat such as no diplomatist1 we believe1 ever performed before4#fg #fg ,gustav ,pollak3 ,fifty ,years of ,american ,idealism4 ,houghton ,mifflin ,company4 ,by courtesy of ,the ,nation4 b4 ,knowledge of the ,general ,field ,besides the ability to analyze the critic must have some knowledge of the general field in which the subject lies4 ,for a man who has never thought about musical form to attempt criticism of a sonata is foolish--he can at best merely comment4 ,it is this fact that vitiates much of the cracker-barrel criticism of the country store--subjects are estimated about which the critic is largely ignorant4 ,when an uneducated person makes shrewd comment1 as he often does1 on a play1 he will usually be found to have criticized a character such as he has known or the outcome of a situation the like of which he is familiar with rather than the play as a whole4 ,now perfect criticism would demand perfect knowledge1 but since that is impossible1 a good working knowledge will suffice1 the wider the better4 ,knowledge of the general principles of piano playing will enable a critic to estimate1 in the large1 the work of a performer2 he cannot criticize minutely until he has added more detailed knowledge to his mental equipment4 c4 ,common ,sense ,however much knowledge and ability to analyze a critic may have1 he is a will-o'-the-wisp unless he have common sense and balance4 ,since a critic is in many ways a guide1 he must guard as sacred his ability to see the straight road and to refuse the appeal of by-paths1 however attractive4 ,as critic1 you must not be overawed by a name1 be it of artist or manufacturer1 nor allow much crying of wares in the street to swerve you from your fixed determination to judge and estimate only on the worth of the subject as you find it4 ,this is far from meaning that the critic should give no weight to the opinions of others2 you should always do that2 but1 having examined the subject1 and knowing your opinions1 you should then speak the truth as you see it4 ,your one final desire should be to go to the heart of the matter accurately1 and then to state this clearly4 ,and just as you do not blindly accept a great name1 so do not be wheedled by gloss and appearance1 but keep a steady aim for the truth4 d4 ,open-mindedness ,finally1 this balance1 this passion for the truth1 will lead the critic to strive always for open-mindedness4 ,i would rather be a man of disinterested taste and liberal feeling1 wrote ,hazlitt1 to see and acknowledge truth and beauty wherever ,i found it1 than a man of greater and more original genius1 to hate1 envy1 and deny all excellence but my own4444 ,and he was right when he said it3 the willingness to accept a new idea or object if it is worthy1 whether it go against the critic's personal desires or not1 is one of the great qualities that he will find indispensable4 ,i never heard of such a thing6 is not a sufficient remark to condemn the thing4 ,in fact1 almost a sufficient answer to such an exclamation would be1 ,well1 what of it8 or1 ',t is time you did4 ,methods of ,criticism ,armed with open-mindedness1 then1 with balance and common sense1 with knowledge of the field1 and with ability to analyze1 you are ready to begin4 ,what method shall you pursue8 ,though no absolutely sharp line can be drawn between kinds of criticism1 we may treat of three that are fairly distinct3 the historical method1 the method by standards1 and the appreciative4 ,in most criticism we are likely to find more than one method employed1 often all three4 ,you need not confine yourself to one any more than a carpenter need refuse to use any but one tool1 but for purposes of comprehension and presentation we shall keep the three here fairly distinct4 ,we shall examine the three now1 briefly1 in the order named4 a4 ,the ,historical ,method ,suppose that you are asked to criticize one of ,cooper's novels1 say ,the ,last of the ,mohicans4 ,you find in it red men idealized out of the actual1 red men such as presumably never existed4 ,you may1 then1 in disgust throw the book down and damn it with the remark1 ,the man does not tell the truth6 ,but you will not thereby have disposed of ,cooper4 ,much better it would be to ask1 ,how came this man to write thus8 ,when did he write8 ,for whom8 ,how did men at that time regard the ,indian8 ,in answering these questions you will relate ,cooper's novel to the time in which it was written1 you will see that before that time the ,indian was regarded with unmixed fear1 as too often since with contempt1 and that at only that time could he have been idealized as ,cooper treats him4 ,you would relate the novel to the whole movement of ,sentimentalism1 which thought that it believed the savage more noble than civilized man1 and you would then1 and only then1 get a proper perspective4 ,your original judgment1 that ,cooper's ,indians are not accurate portraits of their kind1 would not be modified2 for the whole work1 however1 you would have a new attitude4 ,in the same way1 asked for an opinion of the old-style bicycle with enormous front wheel and tiny trailer1 you would not summarily reply1 ,i prefer a chainless model of my own day1 but would discover the place that the old style occupied in the total development of the bicycle1 would look at it as related to the preceding absence of any bicycle1 and would see that1 though it may to-day be useless1 in its time it was remarkable4 ,likewise you will discover that the old three-legged milking stool has been in immemorial use in rude byres and stables1 since three points--the ends of the legs--always make a firm plane1 which four points do not necessarily do4 ,and one hundred years hence1 when a critic comes to judge the nature faking of the early twentieth century1 he will relate this sentimental movement to the times in which it appeared1 and1 though he may well finally be disgusted1 he will understand what the thing was and meant1 how it came about1 what causes produced it4 ,illustration of the value of this method is found in the following historical account of the ,american business man4 ,to a ,european this man sometimes is inexplicable--until he reads some illuminating setting forth of the facts as here4 ,as long as the economic opportunities of ,american life consisted chiefly in the appropriation and improvement of uncultivated land1 the average energetic man had no difficulty in obtaining his fair share of the increasing ,american economic product2 but the time came when such opportunities1 although still important1 were dwarfed by other opportunities1 incident to the development of a more mature economic system4 ,these opportunities which were1 of course1 connected with the manufacturing1 industrial1 and technical development of the country1 demanded under ,american conditions a very special type of man--the man who would bring to his task not merely energy1 but unscrupulous devotion1 originality1 daring1 and in the course of time a large fund of instructive experience4 ,the early ,american industrial conditions differed from those of ,europe in that they were fluid1 and as a result of this instability1 extremely precarious4 ,rapid changes in markets1 business methods1 and industrial machinery made it difficult to build up a safe business4 ,a manufacturer or a merchant could not secure his business salvation1 as in ,europe1 merely by the adoption of sound conservative methods4 ,the ,american business man had greater opportunities and a freer hand than his ,european prototype2 but he was too beset by more severe1 more unscrupulous1 and more dangerous competition4 ,the industrious and thrifty farmer could be fairly sure of a modest competence1 due partly to his own efforts1 and partly to the increased value of his land in a more populous community2 but the business man had no such security4 ,in his case it was war to the knife4 ,he was presented with choice between aggressive daring business operations1 and financial insignificance or ruin4 ,no doubt this situation was due as much to the temper of the ,american business man as to his economic environment4 ,the business man in seeking to realize his ambitions and purposes was checked neither by government control nor social custom4 ,he had nothing to do and nothing to consider except his own business advancement and success4 ,he was eager1 strenuous1 and impatient4 ,he liked the excitement and risk of large operations4 ,the capital at his command was generally too small for the safe and conservative operation of his business2 and he was consequently obliged to be adventurous1 or else to be left behind in the race4 ,he might well be earning enormous profits one year and be skirting bankruptcy the next4 ,under such a stress conservatism and caution were suicidal4 ,it was the instinct of self-preservation1 as well as the spirit of business adventure1 which kept him constantly seeking for larger markets1 improved methods1 or for some peculiar means of getting ahead of his competitors4 ,he had no fortress behind which he could hide and enjoy his conquests4 ,surrounded as he was by aggressive enemies and undefended frontiers1 his best means of security lay in a policy of constant innovation and expansion4 ,moreover1 even after he had obtained the bulwark of sufficient capital and more settled industrial surroundings1 he was under no temptation to quit and enjoy the spoils of his conquests4 ,the social1 intellectual1 or even the more vulgar pleasures1 afforded by leisure and wealth1 could bring him no thrill which was anything like as intense as that derived from the exercise of his business ability and power4 ,he could not conquer except by virtue of a strong1 tenacious1 adventurous1 and unscrupulous will2 and after he had conquered1 this will had him in complete possession4 ,he had nothing to do but to play the game to the end--even though his additional profits were of no living use to him4#fh #fh ,herbert ,croly3 ,the ,promise of ,american ,life4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,the ,macmillan ,company1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,in criticizing literature and art this method is often difficult1 for we must take into account race1 geography1 and other conditions4 ,we must see that only in ,new ,england1 of all the sections of the ,united ,states1 could ,hawthorne have written1 that ,tolstoi could not have written in ,illinois as he did in ,russia1 that ,norse ,sagas could not have appeared among tropical peoples1 that among the ,french alone1 perhaps1 could ,racine have come to literary power as he did4 ,and in examining the work of two writers who treat the same subject in general1 as ,miss ,jewett and ,mrs4 ,freeman treat ,new ,england life1 we shall find the influence of ancestry and environment and training largely determining1 on the one hand the quaint fine sunshine1 on the other hand the stern hard ,puritanism4 ,we shall also have to learn what incidents in an author's life have helped to determine his point of view1 how early poverty1 or sorrow1 or a great experience of protracted agony or joy have made him sympathetic1 or how aristocratic breeding and the early introduction into exclusive circles have made him naturally unresponsive to some of the squalor1 the sadness of lowly life4 ,we shall perceive that the early removal of ,scott to the country began his intense love for ,scottish scenery and history1 that the bitter laughter of ,byron's mother turned part of the poet's nature to gall4 ,in other words1 when we are dealing with the exquisitely fine products of impassioned thought we have a difficult task because so many influences mold these thoughts1 so many lines of procedure are determined by conditions outside the particular author or artist1 all of which must be considered if we wish our work to be really of value4 ,the following illustration shows in brief space the attempt to link a movement in literature to the times in which it appeared1 to show that it is naturally a product of the general feeling of the times4 ,yet1 after all1 it is not the theories and formul of its followers that differentiate the new poetry2 the insistence upon certain externalities1 the abandonment of familiar traditions1 even the new spirit of the language employed1 none of these are more than symptoms of the deep inner mood which lies at the roots of the whole tendency4 ,this tendency is in line with the basic trend of our times1 and represents the attempt in verse1 as in many other branches of expression1 to cast off a certain passionate illusionment and approach the universe as it actually is--the universe of science1 perhaps1 rather than that of the thrilled human heart4 ,this is the kernel of the entire new movement1 as has already been clearly pointed out by several writers on the subject4 ,everywhere in the new verse we are conscious of a certain objective quality1 not the objective quality of ,the ,divine ,comedy or ,faust1 which is achieved by the symbolic representation in external forms of inner spiritual verities1 but an often stark objectivity accomplished by the elimination of the feeling human medium1 the often complete absence of any personal reaction4 ,we are shown countless objects and movements1 and these objects and movements are glimpsed panoramically from the point of view of outline1 color1 and interrelation1 as through the senses merely2 the transfiguring lens of the soul is seldom interposed or felt to be present4 ,to the new poet the city street presents itself in terms of a series of sense-impressions vividly realized1 a succession of apparently aimless and kaleidoscopic pageantries stripped of their human significance and symbolic import4 ,they have ceased to be signs of a less outward reality1 they have become that reality itself--reality apprehended from a singly sensuous standpoint untainted by any of the human emotions of triumph or sorrow1 pity or adoration4 ,love is thus frequently bared of its glamour and death of its peculiar majesty1 which may now be regarded as deceitful and fatuous projections of the credulous soul1 and not to be tolerated by the sophisticated mood of the new and scientific poet1 for it is exactly with these beautiful sentimentalities that the analytic mind of science is not concerned4#fi #fi ,from ,scribner's ,magazine1 ,september1 #aiag4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,copyright1 #aiag4 ,this method seeks1 then1 to place a work1 whether of art or science or industry1 in its place in the whole course of development of such ideas4 ,it examines causes such as commercial demands1 general prosperity1 war1 and only after this examination gives the work its estimate of value4 ,now this method may seem uninteresting1 dry1 dull4 ,not always does it escape this blame4 ,for it is inevitably impersonal1 it looks at the thing perhaps coldly--at least without passion4 ,but in so doing1 and in considering the precedents and surroundings of the object of criticism1 it largely escapes the superficiality of personal whim1 and it avoids silly reaction to unaccustomed things4 ,much of our empty criticism of customs in dress and manners of architecture such as that of ,southern ,california1 of other religions such as those of the ,chinese and the ,hindoos1 would be either done away or somewhat modified if we used this method4 ,one reason1 perhaps1 why the ,goths destroyed the beautiful art works of ,rome was the fact that they had not the critical spirit1 did not relate these works to their development and race4 ,of course there were other reasons4 ,by linking the object of criticism to the race as a whole1 by seeing how and why it became created1 the critic is largely broadened and the reader is kept from superficiality4 ,moreover1 when this method is not too abstractly pursued1 it gives to things1 after all1 a human meaning1 for it links them to humanity4 ,that it may be misleading in literature and art is obvious1 for a creation may be accounted for in an attractive way as the result of certain forces that had their beginnings in sense and wisdom1 and so be made to seem admirable1 whereas it really has little worth on a basis of lasting usefulness and significance4 ,but1 properly and thoroughly used1 this method1 even though it gives us an account of a work rather than finally settling its value1 scatters away the vague mists of superficial generalization and drives deeply into causes and results4 b4 ,the ,method by ,standards ,as the historical method is generally impersonal1 objective1 so is the method of criticizing by standards4 ,in using this method we try to determine whether the object of criticism fulfills the demands of its type1 whether its quality is high or low4 ,for example1 we thus judge a tennis court as to its firm footing1 its softness1 its retention of court lines1 its position as regards the sun4 ,in all these qualities an ideal tennis court would be satisfactory2 the question is1 is this one4 ,so a headache powder should relieve pain without injuring with evil drugs2 if this one does1 we shall not condemn it4 ,if the rocks in a landscape painting look like those which the heroic tenor in grand opera hurls aside as so much puffed wheat1 we must condemn the artist1 for rocks should look solid4 ,an evangelist should have certain qualities of piety and reverence1 and should accomplish certain lasting results2 we shall judge ,billy ,sunday1 for example1 according to whether he does or does not fulfill these demands4 ,likewise a lyric poem should have certain qualities of freshness1 grace1 passion1 by which we rate any given lyric4 ,in fact1 we ask1 in any given case1 does this work do what such a thing is supposed to do1 does it have the qualities that such a thing is supposed to have8 ,and on our answer will depend our judgment4 ,this is the kind of criticism that business men use constantly2 they rate a cash system or a form of order blank or an arrangement of counters in a store on the basis of the presence or absence of the qualities that distinguish an ideal system1 blank1 arrangement4 ,in the following example we have a combination of the historical and the standards methods1 finally accounting for and judging the value of the common kinds of cargo steamers4 ,a trip round any busy seaport will show the reader1 if he has not noticed it already1 that there are many different types of the ordinary cargo steamer4 ,the feature which displays the difference most noticeably is the arrangement of the structures on the deck1 and it may be reasonably asked why there are these varieties1 and how it is that a common type has not come to be agreed upon4 ,the answer to that question is that the differences are not merely arbitrary1 but are due to a variety of influences1 and it will be interesting to look briefly at these1 as the reader will then be able1 the next time he sees a cargo steamer1 to understand something of the ideas underlying its design4 ,the early steamers had flush decks1 which means that the deck ran from end to end without any structures of considerable size upon it2 a light bridge was provided1 supported upon slender uprights1 for lookouts purposes1 and that was all4 ,on the face of it this seems a very simple and admirable arrangement4 ,it had many disadvantages1 however1 as we shall see4 ,in the first place1 it permitted a wave to come on board at the bow and sweep right along the deck1 often doing great damage4 ,this was mitigated somewhat by building the ships with shear1 that is1 with a slope upwards fore and aft1 so as to make the ends taller than the middle4 ,that1 however1 was not sufficient1 so ships were built with an upper deck1 so that the bow should be high enough to cut through the waves instead of allowing the water to come on board4 ,owing1 however1 to the method by which the tonnage of a ship is reckoned1 as will be explained later1 that had the effect of adding largely to the tonnage on which dues have to be paid without materially increasing the carrying capacity of the ship4 ,the difficulty was therefore got over in this way4 ,the bow was raised and covered in1 forming what is known as a top-gallant forecastle1 which not only had the effect of keeping the water off the deck1 but provided better accommodation for the crew as well4 ,that did not provide1 however1 against a wave overtaking the ship from the rear and coming on board just where the steering wheel was1 so a hood or covering over the wheel became usual1 called the poop4 ,nor did either of these sufficiently protect that very important point1 the engine-room4 ,for it needs but a moment's thought to see that there must be openings in the deck over the engines and boilers1 and if a volume of water should get down these1 it might extinguish the fires and leave the ship helpless1 absolutely at the mercy of the waves4 ,the light navigating bridge was therefore developed into a substantial structure the whole width of the ship1 surrounding and protecting the engine-and-boiler-room openings1 and incidentally providing accommodation for the officers4 ,ships of this type answered very well indeed1 for if a wave of exceptional size should manage to get over the forecastle1 the water fell into the well or space between the forecastle and bridge-house1 and then simply ran overboard1 so that the after part of the ship was kept dry4 ,then troubles arose with the loading4 ,the engines1 of course1 need to be in the center1 for they represent considerable weight1 which1 if not balanced1 will cause one end of the ship to float too high in the water4 ,thus the hold of the ship is divided by the engine-room into two approximately equal parts1 but out of the after-hold must be taken the space occupied by the tunnel through which the propeller shaft runs1 from the engine to the screw4 ,thus the capacity of the after-hold becomes less than the forward one1 and if both are filled with a homogeneous cargo such as grain 7and1 as we shall see presently1 such a cargo must always entirely fill the hold71 the forward part of the ship would float high in the water4 ,the trouble could not be rectified by placing the engines further forward1 for then the ship would not float properly when light4 ,shipowners overcame this trouble1 however1 by raising the whole of the quarter-deck--the part of the deck1 that is1 which lies behind the after end of the bridge-house--and by that means they made the after-hold deeper than the other4 ,thus the commonest type of all1 the raised quarter-deck1 well-decker1 came into existence1 a type of which many examples are to be seen on the sea4#gj #gj ,thomas ,w4 ,corbin3 ,engineering of ,to-day4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,seeley1 ,service ,co41 ,london4 ,in the following paragraphs ,professor ,thomas ,r4 ,lounsbury of ,yale ,university criticizes the use of final e in ,english words4 ,you will note that he uses a combination of the historical method and the method by standards4 ,there seems to be something peculiarly attractive to our race in the letter e4 ,especially is this so when it serves no useful purpose4 ,adding it at random to syllables1 and especially to final syllables1 is supposed to give a peculiar old-time flavor to the spelling4 ,for this belief there is1 to some extent1 historic justification4 ,the letter still remains appended to scores of words in which it has lost the pronunciation once belonging to it4 ,again1 it has been added to scores of others apparently to amplify their proportions4 ,we have in our speech a large number of monosyllables4 ,as a sort of consolation to their shrunken condition an e has been appended to them1 apparently to make them present a more portly appearance4 ,the fancy we all have for this vowel not only recalls the wit but suggests the wisdom of ,charles ,lamb's exquisite pun upon ,pope's line that our race is largely made up of the mob of gentlemen who write with ease4 ,the belief1 in truth1 seems to prevail that the final e is somehow indicative of aristocracy4 ,in proper names1 particularly1 it is felt to impart a certain distinction to the appellation1 lifting it far above the grade of low associations4 ,it has the crowning merit of uselessness2 and in the eyes of many uselessness seems to be regarded as the distinguishing mark of any noble class1 either of things or persons4 ,still1 ,i have so much respect for the rights of property that it seems to me every man ought to have the privilege of spelling and pronouncing his own name in any way he pleases4 ,the prevalence of this letter at the end of words was largely due to the fact that the vowels1 a1 o1 and u of the original endings were all weakened to it in the break-up of the language which followed the ,norman conquest4 ,hence1 it became the common ending of the noun4 ,the further disappearance of the consonant n from the original termination of the infinitive extended this usage to the verb4 ,the ,anglo-,saxon tellan and helpan1 for instance1 after being weakened to tellen and helpen1 became telle and helpe4 ,words not of native origin fell under the influence of this general tendency and adopted an e to which they were in no wise entitled4 ,even ,anglo-,saxon nouns which ended in a consonant--such1 for instance1 as hors and ms and stn--are now represented by horse and mouse and stone4 ,the truth is1 that when the memory of the earlier form of the word had passed away an e was liable to be appended1 on any pretext1 to the end of it4 ,the feeling still continues to affect us all4 ,our eyes have become so accustomed to seeing a final e which no one thinks of pronouncing1 that the word is felt by some to have a certain sort of incompleteness if it be not found there4 ,in no other way can ,i account for ,lord ,macaulay's spelling the comparatively modern verb edit as edite4 ,this seems to be a distinction peculiar to himself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the chaos which came over the spelling in consequence of the uncertainty attached to the sound of the vowels1 the final e was seized upon as a sort of help to indicate the pronunciation4 ,its office in this respect was announced as early as the end of the sixteenth century2 at least1 then it was announced that an unsounded e at the end of a word indicated that the preceding vowel was long4 ,this1 it need hardly be said1 is a crude and unscientific method of denoting pronunciation4 ,it is a process purely empirical4 ,it is far removed from the ideal that no letter should exist in a word which is not sounded4 ,yet1 to some extent1 this artificial makeshift has been1 and still is1 a working principle4 ,were it carried out consistently it might be regarded as1 on the whole1 serving a useful purpose4 ,but here1 as well as elsewhere1 the trail of the orthographic serpent is discoverable4 ,here as elsewhere it renders impossible the full enjoyment of even this slight section of an orthographic paradise4 ,here1 as elsewhere1 manifests itself the besetting sin of our spelling1 that there is no consistency in the application of any principle4 ,some of our most common verbs violate the rule 7if rule it can be called71 such as have1 give1 love1 are1 done4 ,in these the preceding vowel is not long but short4 ,there are further large classes of words ending in ile1 ine1 ite1 ive1 where this final e would serve to mislead the inquirer as to the pronunciation had he no other source of information than the spelling4 ,still1 in the case of some of these words1 the operation of this principle has had1 and is doubtless continuing to have1 a certain influence4 ,take1 for instance1 the word hostile4 ,in the early nineteenth century1 if we can trust the most authoritative dictionaries1 the word was regularly pronounced in ,england as if spelled hs-t7il4 ,so it is to-day in ,america4 ,but the influence of the final e has tended to prolong1 in the former country1 the sound of the preceding i4 ,consequently1 a usual1 and probably the usual1 pronunciation there is hos-tile4 ,we can see a similar tendency manifested in the case of several other adjectives4 ,a disposition to give many of them the long diphthongal sound of the i is frequently displayed in the pronunciation of such words as agile1 docile1 ductile1 futile1 infantile4 ,save in the case of the last one of this list1 the dictionaries once gave the ile nothing but the sound of il2 now they usually authorize both ways4 ,were the principle here indicated fully carried out1 pronunciations now condemned as vulgarisms would displace those now considered correct4 ,in accordance with it1 for instance1 engine1 as it is spelled1 should strictly have the i long4 ,one of the devices employed by ,dickens in ,martin ,chuzzlewit to ridicule what he pretended was the ,american speech was to have the characters pronounce genuine as gen-u-ine1 prejudice as prej-u-dice1 active and native as ac-tyve and na-tive4 ,doubtless he heard such pronunciations from some men4 ,yet1 in these instances1 the speaker was carried along by the same tendency which in cultivated ,english has succeeded in turning the pronunciation hos-t7il into hos-tile4 ,were there any binding force in the application of the rule which imparts to the termination e the power of lengthening the preceding vowel1 no one would have any business to give to it in the final syllable of the words just specified any other sound than that of long i4 ,the pronunciations ridiculed by ,dickens would be the only pronunciations allowable4 ,accordingly1 the way to make the rule universally effective is to drop this final e when it does not produce such an effect4 ,if genuine is to be pronounced gen-u-7in1 so it ought to be spelled4#ga #ga ,thomas ,r4 ,lounsbury3 ,english ,spelling and ,spelling ,reform4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,harper ,brothers1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,copyright4 ,now it is evident that unless the critic's standards are fair and sensible1 unless they are known to be sound and essential1 his criticism is likely to be valueless4 ,if my ideas of the qualities of ideal tennis courts are erratic or queer1 my judgment of the individual court will be untrustworthy4 ,your first duty as critic1 then1 is to look at your standards4 ,in judging such things as ice cream freezers1 motorcycles1 filing systems1 fertilizers1 rapid-firing guns1 and other useful devices1 you will find no great difficulty in choosing your standards4 ,when you come to literature and the arts1 however1 you find a difficult task4 ,for who shall say exactly what a lyric poem shall do8 ,or who shall bound the field of landscape painting8 ,no sooner does ,reynolds begin painting1 after he has formulated the laws of his art and stated them with decision1 than he violates them all4 ,no sooner did musicians settle just what a sonata must be than a greater musician appeared who transcended the narrower form4 ,moreover1 in the field of literature and the arts we often find great difficulty in surmounting the cast of our individual minds2 we like certain types and are unconsciously led to condemn all others4 ,the great critic rises superior to his peculiar likes and prejudices1 but most of us are hindered by them4 ,one great benefit to be derived from writing this particular kind of criticism is in gaining humility--humility at the greatness of some of the works of the past1 before which1 when we really look at them1 we are moved to stand uncovered1 and humility at the lack of real analysis that we have made before we attempt the criticism1 and finally humility at the tremendous effort we must make to write criticism at all worthy of the subjects4 ,but the difficulty of writing such criticism well should make you exert yourself to the utmost to acquire skill before you attempt this form4 ,this method1 like the historical1 makes against superficiality1 for it necessitates real knowledge of the class to which the object of criticism belongs1 the purposes of the class1 its bearings1 and then a sure survey of the individual itself4 ,and in forcing the critic to examine his standards to determine their fairness and soundness it makes against hasty judgment4 ,properly used1 this method should result in something like finality of judgment4 c4 ,the ,appreciative ,method ,there come occasions when you are not primarily interested in the historical significance of the subject of criticism1 and when you are indifferent to objective standards1 when1 in fact1 you are almost wholly interested in the individual before you1 in what it is or in the effect it has on you4 ,you rather feel toward it than care to make a cold analysis of it2 you are moved by it1 are conscious of a personal reaction to it4 ,in such cases you will make use of what is called appreciative criticism4 ,this method consists in interpreting1 often for one who does not know the work1 the value of the work1 the good things in it1 either as they appear to one who studies or as they affect the critic4 ,after reading a new book1 for example1 or attending a concert1 or driving a wonderfully smooth running automobile1 or watching the team work in a football game1 you are primarily interested in the phenomena shown as they are in their picturesque individuality or in your own emotional reaction to them4 ,in the following example ,george ,gissing makes an appreciative criticism of ,english cooking1 not by coldly tracing the historical influences that have made this cooking what it is1 nor by subjecting it to certain fixed standards to which admirable cooking should attain1 but rather by telling us what ,english cooking is and by giving us the flavor of his own emotional delight in it4 ,as so often when my praise has gone forth for things ,english1 ,i find myself tormented by an after-thought--the reflection that ,i have praised a time gone by4 ,now1 in this matter of ,english meat4 ,a newspaper tells me that ,english beef is non-existent2 that the best meat bearing that name has merely been fed up in ,england for a short time before killing4 ,well1 well2 we can only be thankful that the quality is still so good4 ,real ,english mutton still exists1 ,i suppose4 ,it would surprise me if any other country could produce the shoulder ,i had yesterday4 ,who knows8 ,perhaps even our own cookery has seen its best days4 ,it is a lamentable fact that the multitude of ,english people nowadays never taste roasted meat2 what they call by that name is baked in the oven--a totally different thing1 though it may1 ,i admit1 be inferior only to the right roast4 ,oh1 the sirloin of old times1 the sirloin which ,i can remember1 thirty or forty years ago6 ,that was ,english1 and no mistake1 and all the history of civilization could show nothing on the tables of mankind to equal it4 ,to clap that joint into a steamy oven would have been a crime unpardonable by gods and men4 ,have ,i not with my own eyes seen it turning1 turning on the spit8 ,the scent it diffused was in itself a cure for dyspepsia4 ,it is a very long time since ,i tasted a slice of boiled beef2 ,i have a suspicion that the thing is becoming rare4 ,in a household such as mine1 the round is impracticable2 of necessity it must be large1 altogether too large for our requirements4 ,but what exquisite memories does my mind preserve6 ,the very coloring of a round1 how rich it is1 yet how delicate1 and how subtly varied6 ,the odor is totally different from that of roast beef1 and yet it is beef incontestable4 ,hot1 of course1 with carrots1 it is a dish for a king2 but cold it is nobler4 ,oh1 the thin broad slice1 with just its fringe of consistent fat6 ,we are sparing of condiments1 but such as we use are the best that man has invented4 ,and we know how to use them4 ,i have heard an impatient innovator scoff at the ,english law on the subject of mustard1 and demand why1 in the nature of things1 mustard should not be eaten with mutton4 ,the answer is very simple2 this law has been made by the ,english palate--which is impeccable4 ,i maintain it is impeccable4 ,your educated ,englishman is an infallible guide to all that relates to the table4 ,the man of superior intellect1 said ,tennyson--justifying his love of boiled beef and new potatoes--knows what is good to eat2 and ,i would extend it to all civilized natives of our country4 ,we are content with nothing but the finest savours1 the truest combinations2 our wealth1 and happy natural circumstances1 have allowed us an education of the palate of which our natural aptitude was worthy4 ,think1 by the bye1 of those new potatoes1 just mentioned4 ,our cook1 when dressing them1 puts into the saucepan a sprig of mint4 ,this is genius4 ,no otherwise could the flavour of the vegetable be so perfectly1 yet so delicately1 emphasized4 ,the mint is there1 and we know it2 yet our palate knows only the young potato4#gb #gb ,gissing3 ,the ,private ,papers of ,henry ,ryecroft1 ,winter4 ,by permission of the publishers1 ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,appreciative criticism may on the one hand approach criticism by standards1 since1 for example1 to praise a pianist for melting his tones one into another implies that such melting is a standard4 ,it may1 again1 consist largely in telling what the thing is1 as to say that the ,progressive ,party was one that looked forward rather than backward1 planned reforms for the people1 insisted on clean politics1 etc4 ,it may1 in the third place1 consist in giving a transcript of the writer's feelings as he is in the presence of the subject of criticism1 as one might picture the reaction of inspiration to a view from a mountain peak1 or express his elation in listening to a famous singer1 or show his wild enthusiasm as he watches his team slowly fight its way over the goal line4 ,in all three of these cases the criticism answers the question1 ,what does this work seem to be1 what do ,i find in it1 and wherein do ,i think it is good8 ,that is appreciative criticism4 ,now since you can adequately estimate in this way only when you are aware of the qualities of the subject1 the first requirement for success in this kind of criticism is keen and intelligent sympathy with the work1 an open-minded1 sensible hospitality to ideas and things4 ,if ,i am quite unmoved by music1 ,i cannot make reliable appreciative criticism of it4 ,if ,i have no reaction to the beauty of a big pumping station1 when asked for criticism of it1 ,i shall perforce be silent4 ,if my mind is closed to new ideas1 ,i can never appreciate a new theory in science1 in sociology1 in art or in religion4 ,in the next place1 ,i must refrain from morbid personal effusion4 ,certain of our sentimental magazines have published1 at odd times1 extremely personal rhapsodies about symphonies and poems4 ,the listener has been wafted away1 has heard the birdies sing1 the brooks come purling over their stones1 has seen the moon come swimming through the clouds--but the reader of such criticism need not be too harshly censured if he mildly wonders whether the critic ought not to consult a physician4 ,sometimes this fault occurs through the endeavor to make the criticism attractive1 one of the strong demands of the appreciative kind4 ,since the personal note exists throughout1 and since you wish to make your reader attracted to the object that you criticize1 your writing should be as pleasing as is legitimately possible4 ,allow yourself full rein to express the beauties of your subject with all the large personal warmth of which you are capable1 with as neatly turned expression as you can make1 always remembering to keep your balance1 to avoid morbidness in any form4 ,it is in this way that you will give to your criticism one of its most valued qualities1 appealing humanness4 ,less final1 perhaps1 in some ways1 than the historical method or the method by standards1 the appreciative is likely to be of more immediate value in re-creating the work for your reader1 in giving him a real interpretation of it4 ,and this method1 like the other two1 fights against superficiality4 ,such a silly saying--silly in criticism--as ,i like it but ,i don't know why can have no place here4 ,one may well remember the answer attributed to the artist ,whistler1 when the gushing woman remarked1 ,i don't know anything about art but ,i know what ,i like6 ,so1 ,madam1 does a cow6 ,if you guard against the morbid or sentimental effusive style1 and really tell1 honestly and attractively1 what you find good in the subject1 your criticism is likely to be of value4 ,note that in the selection which follows1 though the author feels strongly toward his subject1 he does not fall1 at any time1 into gushing remarks that make a reader feel sheepish1 but rather keeps a really wholesome tone throughout4 ,to-day ,i have read ,the ,tempest4 ,it is perhaps the play that ,i love best1 and1 because ,i seem to myself to know it so well1 ,i commonly pass it over in opening the book4 ,yet1 as always in regard to ,shakespeare1 having read it once more1 ,i find that my knowledge was less complete than ,i supposed4 ,so it would be1 live as long as one might2 so it would ever be1 whilst one had the strength to turn the pages and a mind left to read them4 ,i like to believe that this was the poet's last work1 that he wrote it in his home in ,stratford1 walking day by day in the fields which had taught his boyhood to love rural ,england4 ,it is ripe fruit of the supreme imagination1 perfect craft of the master hand4 ,for a man whose life business it has been to study the ,english tongue1 what joy can there be to equal that of marking the happy ease wherewith ,shakespeare surpasses1 in mere command of words1 every achievement of these even1 who1 apart from him1 are great8 ,i could fancy that1 in ,the ,tempest1 he wrought with a peculiar consciousness of this power1 smiling as the word of inimitable felicity1 the phrase of incomparable cadence1 was whispered to him by the ,ariel that was his genius4 ,he seems to sport with language1 to amuse himself with new discovery of its resources4 ,from king to beggar1 men of every rank and of every order of mind have spoken with his lips2 he has uttered the lore of fairyland2 now it pleases him to create a being neither man nor fairy1 a something between brute and human nature1 and to endow its purposes with words4 ,those words1 how they smack of the warm and spawning earth1 of the life of creatures that cannot rise above the soil6 ,we do not think of it enough2 we stint our wonder because we fall short in appreciation4 ,a miracle is worked before us1 and we scarce give heed2 it has become familiar to our minds as any other of nature's marvels1 which we rarely pause to reflect upon4 ,the ,tempest contains the noblest meditative passage in all the plays2 that which embodies ,shakespeare's final view of life1 and is the inevitable quotation of all who would sum the teachings of philosophy4 ,it contains his most exquisite lyrics1 his tenderest love passages1 and one glimpse of fairyland which--,i cannot but think--outshines the utmost beauty of ,a ,midsummer ,night's ,dream2 ,prospero's farewell to the elves of hills1 brooks1 standing lakes and groves4 ,again a miracle2 these are things which cannot be staled by repetition4 ,come to them often as you will1 they are ever fresh as though new minted from the brain of the poet4 ,being perfect1 they can never droop under that satiety which arises from the perception of fault2 their virtue can never be so entirely savoured as to leave no pungency of gusto for the next approach4 ,among the many reasons which make me glad to have been born in ,england1 one of the first is that ,i read ,shakespeare in my mother tongue4 ,if ,i try to imagine myself as one who cannot know him face to face1 who hears him only speaking from afar1 and that in accents which only through the laboring intelligence can touch the living soul1 there comes upon me a sense of chill discouragement1 of dreary deprivation4 ,i am wont to think that ,i can read ,homer1 and1 assuredly1 if any man enjoys him1 it is ,i2 but can ,i for a moment dream that ,homer yields me all his music1 that his word is to me as to him who walked by the ,hellenic shore when ,hellas lived8 ,i know that there reaches me across the vast of time no more than a faint and broken echo2 ,i know that it would be fainter still1 but for its blending with those memories of youth which are as a glimmer of the world's primeval glory4 ,let every land have joy of its poet2 for the poet is the land itself1 all its greatness and its sweetness1 all that incommunicable heritage for which men live and die4 ,as ,i close the book1 love and reverence possess me4 ,whether does my full heart turn to the great ,enchanter1 or to the ,island upon which he has laid his spell8 ,i know not4 ,i cannot think of them apart4 ,in the love and reverence awakened by this voice of voices1 ,shakespeare and ,england are but one4#gc #gc ,george ,gissing3 ,the ,private ,papers of ,henry ,ryecroft1 ,summer4 ,by permission of the publishers1 ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,practical ,helps ,we have said that criticism of literature and art seems to be more difficult than criticism of machines and buildings and commercial systems4 ,it is4 ,literature and art1 as being the expression of the high thought of the human heart about the world1 man1 and his relations to the world1 demand in a critic who attempts to estimate them at least some underlying philosophy of life1 at least some insight into the affairs of the human soul4 ,and such philosophy1 such insight1 does not come without being eagerly sought or without much thinking4 ,i can soon tell whether a force pump is efficient2 ,i may for some time pause before ,i estimate a picture or a lyric poem4 ,for the field of the pump is small and definite1 its relations are simple1 whereas the lyric is intimately bound up with the whole of life4 ,but we need not1 therefore1 despair of writing criticism of literature and art4 ,the more sensible thing is to simplify our task4 ,this we can do1 in large measure1 by asking the famous three questions of ,coleridge3 ,first1 ,what did the author intend to do8 second1 ,how did he accomplish his purpose1 well or ill8 third1 ,was the purpose worth striving for8 ,these three questions1 sensibly considered and properly answered1 will make a by no means paltry criticism4 ,still the problem remains1 how shall ,i write this criticism1 whatever method ,i may be pursuing4 ,certain points of advice may be of use4 ,in the first place1 be sure of your attitude1 that it is fair and sincere1 that it is honest and as unprejudiced as possible4 ,then do not browbeat your reader into accepting this attitude4 ,allow him the right to make final decision1 and1 moreover1 credit him with the right to some brains--he will be thus much happier4 ,in the second place1 be sure that you know what you are talking about1 that you are sure of the facts1 whether you treat literature or machinery or government or rotation of crops4 ,without proper facts you can never reach a sound conclusion4 ,and keep your eye on the object4 ,in no kind of writing is there a greater tendency to fritter off into related subjects which are still not exactly the one in hand4 ,be sure that you write about the subject1 then1 and not about some other4 ,in the next place1 since many remarks apply equally well to a host of subjects1 as1 for instance1 that it is efficient or inspiring1 aim first of all1 before you write a word1 to find the one characteristic that your subject possesses that distinguishes it from others4 ,ask yourself wherein it is itself1 wherein it differs from other like things1 what it is without which this particular subject would not be itself4 ,and having determined this point1 be sure to make your reader see it4 ,whatever else you do1 prize that characteristic as the jewel of your criticism's soul1 and so sharply define1 limit1 characterize that your reader's impression will be not the slightest blurred4 ,a student whose theme in criticism received from the instructor the verdict that it was not distinguishing1 that it might apply as well to another poet1 replied that the theme had originally been written about another1 and in the press of circumstance had been copied with only a change in the title4 ,the point is that the criticism had not been a good estimate of the original subject4 ,it was worthless in both cases1 because it was not distinguishing4 ,finally1 when you come to the expression1 be sure that what you say means something1 and that you know what it means4 ,ask yourself1 ,what does this mean that ,i have written8 and1 if you have to admit that you do not know1 in all conscience suppress it4 ,avoid the stock phrases that are colorless4 ,you can fling interesting at almost any book1 or its opposite1 stupid1 just as you can apply true to life1 good style1 suggestive1 gripping1 vital1 red-blooded1 imaginative1 and hosts of other words and phrases equally well to scores of subjects4 ,the reviewer through whose mind a constant stream of subjects passes1 is forced to fall into this cant unless he be a genius1 but you have no business to do so4 ,the trouble here1 again1 is in not knowing exactly what you wish to say and are saying1 lack of thorough knowledge of your subject1 for you do not know it until you have reached its heart4 ,the result of half-knowledge is always flabbiness and ineffectiveness4 ,be careful1 moreover1 in making the structure of your total criticism1 especially in criticism by standards1 that you do not make the form of your work seem mechanical and wooden4 ,do not1 for example1 except in a report1 give a dry list of the qualities which the subject should possess1 and then one by one apply them to see if it will pass muster4 ,such writing may be true1 but it is awkward4 ,the form of critical writing should be as neat as that of any other kind of writing4 ,and in all your attitude and expression try to treat the subject as far as possible in its relation to humanity1 to keep it from being a mere abstraction1 to make it seem of real significance to the lives of men1 if possible to the life of your reader4 ,the value of writing criticism should by this time be apparent4 ,it forces our minds out of the fogginess of vague thinking1 it makes us see things sharply1 it guides us away from the taint of superficiality1 it makes a solid base for our opinions4 ,through criticism we discover why we are interested1 and then naturally we desire more interest1 and by feeding grow to a larger appreciation and conception of the realm in which our minds are at work4 ,we thus do away with the mere chance whim of like and dislike1 and understand why we like what we do4 ,in other words1 criticism increases our intelligent reaction to life4 ,,exercises ,i4 ,mr4 ,lowell's ,work in ,england 7page #aic74 #a4 ,by what standards is the work of ,lowell as ,united ,states ,minister to ,england criticized8 #b4 ,do these standards exhaust the qualifications of an admirable minister8 #c4 ,if not1 what other standards would you suggest8 #d4 ,what is the controlling purpose of the criticism8 #e4 ,in view of this controlling purpose1 are the standards which the criticism includes sufficient8 #f4 ,write a similar criticism on any of the following subjects3 ,the presidency of ,theodore ,roosevelt4 ,the presidency of ,woodrow ,wilson4 ,the work of ,mr4 ,goethals on the ,panama ,canal4 ,the career of ,mr4 ,bryce as ,british ,ambassador to the ,united ,states4 ,the career of ,james ,j4 ,hill1 or of ,cecil ,rhodes1 as ,empire-builders4 #g4 ,write a historical criticism of ,lowell's career in ,england1 accounting for the attitude he assumed as determined by the understanding of ,america which the ,english nation of the time had1 and by ,lowell's character4 ,,ii4 ,the ,american ,business ,man 7page #aig74 #a4 ,criticize any of the following by accounting for their rise and their characteristics3 ,the athletic coach in ,american colleges4 ,the present-day university president4 ,the information man at the railway station4 ,the county adviser in agriculture4 ,the reference librarian4 ,the floorwalker in department stores4 #b4 ,write an appreciative criticism of the ,american ,business ,man as he might seem to an ,englishman on his first trip to ,america2 as he might seem to ,plato2 to ,napoleon2 to the poet ,shelley2 to ,shakespeare2 to a ,turkish rug merchant4 ,,iii4 ,the ,new ,poetry 7page #bjj74 #a4 ,is this criticism fair and unbiased8 #b4 ,what attitude does the author try to create in the reader8 ,how would the choice of material have differed had the author desired an opposite effect8 #c4 ,criticize1 by relating to the times in which the subject appeared1 the following3 ,cubist ,art1 ,sentimentalism1 ,the ,renaissance of ,wonder1 ,the ,dime ,novel1 ,the ,wild-,west ,moving ,picture ,film4 ,,iv4 ,cargo ,steamers 7page #bjc74 #a4 ,criticize1 by the method used in this example3 ,gang ,plows1 ,electric ,street ,cars1 ,football ,fields1 ,art ,galleries 7their architecture71 ,adding ,machines1 ,systems of ,bookkeeping4 ,v4 ,the ,english ,language 7page #bje74 #a4 ,criticize1 by the method of standards1 the following3 ,american ,costumes as ,candidates for ,universal ,use1 ,the ,metric ,system1 ,the ,american ,monetary ,system1 ,the ,gary ,schools1 ,the ,civic ,center ,idea4 ,,vi4 ,english ,cooking 7page #baj74 #a4 ,if ,gissing had been criticizing ,english cooking from the point of view of a dietitian1 what standards would he have chosen8 #b4 ,criticize modern ,american cooking by showing its rise and the influences that have controlled it4 #c4 ,write an appreciative criticism of any of the following subjects3 ,thanksgiving ,dinner in the ,country1 ,a ,wienie ,roast1 ,the ,first ,good ,meal after an ,illness1 ,the ,old ,swimmin' ,hole1 ,the ,fudge that ,went ,wrong1 ,american ,hat ,trimming1 ,the ,florist's ,shop1 ,grandmother's ,garden1 ,the ,old ,orchard4 ,,vii4 ,the ,tempest 7page #bac74 #a4 ,does ,gissing here allow his natural bias as an ,englishman to sway him too much8 ,do you know as much about ,the ,tempest1 from this criticism1 as you would like to8 #b4 ,criticize1 as an ,american1 with yet due restraint3 ,lincoln's ,addresses1 ,mr4 ,wilson's ,leadership in ,idealism1 ,walt ,whitman's ,captain1 ,my ,captain1 ,mac,dowell's ,indian ,suite or ,sea ,pieces or ,woodland ,sketches1 ,st4 ,gaudens' ,lincoln1 ,o4 ,henry's ,stories of ,new ,york1 ,john ,burroughs' ,nature ,essays1 ,patrick ,henry's ,speeches1 ,mrs4 ,wharton's ,short ,stories4 ,,viii4 ,make a list of trite or often used expressions that you find in criticisms in the weekly literary page of an ,american newspaper4 ,try to substitute diction that is more truly alive4 ,,ix4 ,when next you hear a symphony1 listen so that you can write an ,appreciative ,criticism4 ,then look up the history of symphonic music and the life of the composer1 and write a ,historical ,criticism4 ,do this with any piano composition which you admire4 ,x4 ,rock ,drills4 ,tappet valve drills were the earliest design made for regular work1 and are now the only type really suitable for work with steam1 as the condensation of the steam interferes with other valve actions4 ,they have also special advantages for certain work which have prevented them from becoming obsolete4 ,the valve motion is positive and not affected by moisture in compressed air4 ,the machine will keep on boring a hole that may offer great frictional resistance where some other drills would stick4 ,disadvantages4 ,these drills cannot deliver a perfectly free or dead blow4 ,in other words1 there is always some exhaust air from the front of the piston1 caught between it and the cylinder by the reversal of the valve just before the forward stroke is finished4 ,in some ground this is by no means a defect1 for where the ground is dead or sticky this cushion helps to pick the drill up for a rapid and sure return stroke1 preventing its sticking and insuring a maximum number of blows per minute4 ,the length of stroke must be kept long enough for the movement of the piston to knock over the valve4 ,the valve on the ,rio ,tinto machine is a piston1 or spool valve2 on other machines the valve is of the plain ,d-slide valve type4 ,the ,rand giant drill has a device to reduce the total air pressure on the back of the valve4 ,this of course makes the valve take up its own wear and form its own bearing surface1 thus reducing leakage4 ,the seats generally require periodical cleaning and are raised to give material to allow scraping up4 ,where the lubrication is deficient1 as it generally is1 the coefficient of friction may reach #be per cent1 especially in the presence of grit4 ,taking a valve area of #f sq4 in4 exposed to #hj-lb4 pressure1 it might require a force of #abj lbs4 to move the valve4 ,this means that the blow struck by the piston is retarded to a corresponding degree1 and in some cases the valve tends to wear its seat into an irregular surface4 ,some writers have contended that the turning movement of the piston is also hindered2 but as the blow of the tappet occurs at the beginning and end of the stroke1 while the turning movement is a positive and continuous one along all the length of the back stroke1 this effect is not noticeable4 ,as the tappet is struck #djj to #fjj times per minute1 the wear and stress is great4 ,specially hardened surfaces on pistons and tappets are needed as well as large wearing surfaces1 or renewable bushings1 for the tappet to rock on4 ,when wear takes place the throw of the valve is reduced2 cushioning becomes greater and the stroke is shortened4 ,the resistance and pressure of the tappet tends to throw increased and unequal wear on the opposite side of the cylinder4#gd #gd ,eustace ,m4 ,weston3 ,rock ,drills4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,mc,graw-,hill ,publishing ,company4 #a4 ,if you were writing an appreciative criticism of the working of a rock drill1 how would you change the style of writing8 #b4 ,write a criticism by standards of the ,water-,tube ,boiler1 of the ,diesel ,engine1 of ,oil as ,fuel for ,ships1 of one particular make of ,corn ,planter or ,wheel ,hoe1 or ,piano1 or ,motorcycle1 or ,machine ,gun1 or ,mining ,explosive1 or of one method of ,advertising1 or of the ,german ,army1 or of the ,dreadnaught as a ,fighting ,machine4 ,,xi4 ,jingo ,morality4 ,captain ,mahan's chosen example is the ,british occupation of ,egypt4 ,to discuss the morality of this1 he says1 is as little to the point as the morality of an earthquake4 ,it was for the benefit of the world at large and of the people of ,egypt--no matter what the latter might think about it1 or how they would have voted about it--and that is enough4 ,tacitly1 he makes the same doctrine apply to the great expansion of the foreign power of the ,united ,states1 which he foresees and for which he wants a navy developed in proportion to the reasonable possibilities of the future political4 ,what these possibilities are he nowhere says1 and he gives the reader no chance of judging whether they are reasonable or not4 ,but he speaks again and again of the development of the nation and of national sentiment as a natural force1 moving on to its desired end1 unconscious and unmoral4 ,what he says of ,british domination over ,egypt1 ,captain ,mahan would evidently and logically be ready to say of ,american domination of any inferior power--that it has no more to do with morality than an earthquake4 ,of course1 this really means the glorification of brute force4 ,the earthquake view of international relations does away at once with all questions of law and justice and humanity1 and puts everything frankly on the basis of armor and guns4 ,finerty could ask no more4 ,no one could accuse ,captain ,mahan of intending this1 yet he must follow the argument4 ,he speaks approvingly of international interference with ,turkey on account of the ,armenian atrocities4 ,but has not the ,sultan a complete defense1 according to ,captain ,mahan's doctrine8 ,is he not an earthquake1 too8 ,are not the ,turks going blindly ahead1 in ,armenia1 as a natural force1 and is anybody likely to be foolish enough to discuss the morality of a law of nature8 ,of course1 the powers tell the ,sultan that he is no earthquake at all1 or1 if he is1 that they will bring to bear upon him a bigger one which will shake him into the ,bosphorus4 ,but if there is no question of morality involved1 the argument and the action are simply so much brute force2 and that1 we say1 is what ,captain ,mahan's doctrine logically comes to4 ,another inadvertent revelation of the real implications of his views is given where he is dwelling on the fact that the ,united ,states will never seek war except for the defense of her rights1 her obligations1 or her necessary interests4 ,there is a fine ambiguity about the final phrase1 but let that pass4 ,no one can suspect that ,captain ,mahan means to do anything in public or private relations that he does not consider absolutely just4 ,but note the way the necessity of arguing for a big navy clouds his mind when he writes of some supposed international difficulty3 ,but the moral force of our contention might conceivably be weakened1 in the view of an opponent1 by attendant circumstances1 in which case our physical power to support it should be open to no doubt4 ,that is to say1 we must always have morality and sweet reasonableness on our side1 must have all our quarrels just1 must have all the precedents and international law in our favor1 but must be prepared to lick the other fellow anyhow1 if he is so thick-headed and obstinate as to insist that morals and justice are on his side4 ,this earthquake and physical-power doctrine is a most dangerous one for any time or people1 but is peculiarly dangerous in this country at this time4 ,the politicians and the mob will be only too thankful to be furnished a high-sounding theory as a justification for their ignorant and brutal proposals for foreign conquest and aggression4 ,they will not be slow1 either1 in extending and improving the theory4 ,they will take a less roundabout course than ,captain ,mahan does to the final argument of physical power4 ,if it comes to that in the end1 what is the use of bothering about all these preliminaries of right and law8 ,they will be willing to call themselves an earthquake or a cyclone1 if only their devastating propensities can be freely gratified without any question of morals coming in4 ,with so many signs of relaxed moral fiber about us1 in public and in private life1 it is no time to preach the gospel of force1 even when the preacher is so attractive a man and writer as ,captain ,mahan4#ge #ge ,gustav ,pollak3 ,fifty ,years of ,american ,idealism4 ,houghton ,mifflin ,company4 ,by courtesy of ,the ,nation4 #a4 ,in the light of this criticism1 write an estimate1 on the standard of high moral international relations1 of ,mr4 ,wilson's policy toward ,mexico4 #b4 ,write a criticism by standards of the remark of ,mr4 ,lloyd ,george and ,mr4 ,george ,creel that they are thankful that ,england1 that ,america1 were not prepared for war in #aiad4 #c4 ,write an appreciative criticism of ,captain ,mahan's doctrine from the point of view of a man who thumps his chest and cries ,america ber ,alles6 ,compare the sanity of your criticism with that of the article above4 #d4 ,would the criticism of ,captain ,mahan's doctrine be sounder if he had been a ,german8 #e4 ,criticize the statement that what young people need is industrial education1 something to teach them how to earn a living4 ,then criticize the other statement that the necessary thing is to make young people into fine personalities1 into true gentlemen and gentlewomen4 ,,xii4 ,vegetarianism4 ,there is to me an odd pathos in the literature of vegetarianism4 ,i remember the day when ,i read these periodicals and pamphlets with all the zest of hunger and poverty1 vigorously seeking to persuade myself that flesh was an altogether superfluous1 and even repulsive1 food4 ,if ever such things fall under my eyes nowadays1 ,i am touched with a half humorous compassion for the people whose necessity1 not their will1 consents to this chemical view of diet4 ,there comes before me the vision of certain vegetarian restaurants1 where1 at a minimum outlay1 ,i have often enough made believe to satisfy my craving stomach2 where ,i have swallowed savory cutlet1 vegetable steak1 and ,i know not what windy insufficiencies tricked up under specious names4 ,one place do ,i recall where you had a complete dinner for sixpence--,i dare not try to remember the items4 ,but well indeed do ,i see the faces of the guests--poor clerks and shopboys1 bloodless girls and women of many sorts--all endeavoring to find a relish in lentil soup and haricot something-or-other4 ,it was a grotesquely heart-breaking sight4 ,i hate with a bitter hatred the names of lentils and haricots--those pretentious cheats of the appetite1 those tabulated humbugs1 those certificated aridities calling themselves human food6 ,an ounce of either1 we are told1 is equivalent to--how many pounds8 of the best rump-steak4 ,there are not many ounces of common sense in the brain of him who proves it1 or of him who believes it4 ,in some countries1 this stuff is eaten by choice2 in ,england only dire need can compel to its consumption4 ,lentils and haricots are not merely insipid2 frequent use of them causes something like nausea4 ,preach and tabulate as you will1 the ,english palate--which is the supreme judge--rejects this farinaceous makeshift4 ,even as it rejects vegetables without the natural concomitant of meat2 as it rejects oatmeal-porridge and griddle-cakes for a midday meal2 as it rejects lemonade and ginger-ale offered as substitutes for honest beer4 ,what is the intellectual and moral state of that man who really believes that chemical analysis can be an equivalent for natural gusto8--,i will get more nourishment out of an inch of right ,cambridge sausage2 aye1 out of a couple of ounces of honest tripe2 than can be yielded me by half a hundredweight of the best lentils ever grown4#gf #gf ,george ,gissing3 ,the ,private ,papers of ,henry ,ryecroft1 ,winter4 ,by permission of the publishers1 ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton ,co41 ,new ,york ,city4 #a4 ,write a criticism by standards of this appreciative criticism4 ,is ,gissing fair or sensible in his attitude8 #b4 ,write an appreciative criticism of ,feminism1 ,temperance1 ,socialism1 ,open-,air ,sleeping1 ,the ,bahai ,movement in ,america1 ,community ,singing1 ,the ,moving ,picture as ,substitute for the ,novel1 ,drinks that ,do ,away with ,coffee1 ,systems for ,growing ,strong without ,effort4 #c4 ,how far ought a writer to allow purely personal reaction to determine his judgment in criticism8 ,,xiii4 ,emerson's ,literary ,quality4 ,emerson's quality has changed a good deal in his later writings4 ,his corn is no longer in the milk2 it has grown hard1 and we that read have grown hard too4 ,he has now ceased to be an expansive1 revolutionary force1 but he has not ceased to be a writer of extraordinary gripe and unexpected resources of statement4 ,his startling piece of advice1 ,hitch your wagon to a star1 is typical of the man1 as combining the most unlike and widely separate qualities4 ,because not less marked than his idealism and mysticism is his shrewd common sense1 his practical bent1 his definiteness1--in fact1 the sharp ,new ,england mould in which he is cast4 ,he is the master ,yankee1 the centennial flower of that thrifty and peculiar stock4 ,more especially in his later writings and speakings do we see the native ,new ,england traits1--the alertness1 eagerness1 inquisitiveness1 thrift1 dryness1 archness1 caution1 the nervous energy as distinguished from the old ,english unction and vascular force4 ,how he husbands himself1--what prudence1 what economy1 always spending up1 as he says1 and not down6 ,how alert1 how attentive2 what an inquisitor2 always ready with some test question1 with some fact or idea to match or verify1 ever on the lookout for some choice bit of adventure or information1 or some anecdote that has pith and point6 ,no tyro basks and takes his ease in his presence1 but is instantly put on trial and must answer or be disgraced4 ,he strikes at an idea like a falcon at a bird4 ,his great fear seems to be lest there be some fact or point worth knowing that will escape him4 ,he is a close-browed miser of the scholar's gains4 ,he turns all values into intellectual coin4 ,every book or person or experience is an investment that will or will not warrant a good return in ideas4 ,he goes to the ,radical ,club1 or to the literary gathering1 and listens with the closest attention to every word that is said1 in hope that something will be said1 some word dropped1 that has the ring of the true metal4 ,apparently he does not permit himself a moment's indifference or inattention4 ,his own pride is always to have the ready change1 to speak the exact and proper word1 to give to every occasion the dignity of wise speech4 ,you are bartered with for your best4 ,there is no profit in life but in the interchange of ideas1 and the chief success is to have a head well filled with them4 ,hard cash at that2 no paper promises satisfy him2 he loves the clink and glint of the real coin4 ,his earlier writings were more flowing and suggestive1 and had reference to larger problems2 but now everything has got weighed and stamped and converted into the medium of wise and scholarly conversation4 ,it is of great value2 these later essays are so many bags of genuine coin1 which it has taken a lifetime to hoard2 not all gold1 but all good1 and the fruit of wise industry and economy4#gg #gg ,john ,burroughs3 ,birds and ,poets4 ,houghton ,mifflin ,company1 ,boston1 publishers4 #a4 ,would you describe this as appreciative criticism or criticism by standards8 ,if it is appreciative1 has it any of the value that we commonly attribute to criticism by standards8 ,why8 ,if it is criticism by standards1 does it approach the appreciative8 ,why8 #b4 ,criticize1 in the method that ,mr4 ,burroughs uses1 the literary quality and message of ,carlyle1 ,walt ,whitman1 ,william ,james1 ,john ,dewey1 ,macaulay1 ,hawthorne1 ,arnold ,bennett1 and others4 #c4 ,criticize1 in the same manner1 ,beethoven's ,fifth ,symphony1 the ,cathedral of ,rheims1 the ,parthenon1 the ,capitol at ,washington1 ,michigan ,boulevard in ,chicago1 the ,skyline of ,lower ,new ,york1 the ,sweep of the ,mississippi ,river1 the ,quality of ,niagara ,falls1 the ,quality of ,harold ,bell ,wright's ,works4 ,of course any other individual can be substituted for any of these4 ,,xiv4 ,military ,drill4 ,a lettered ,german1 speaking to me once of his year of military service1 told me that1 had it lasted but a month or two longer1 he must have sought release in suicide4 ,i know very well that my own courage would not have borne me to the end of the twelvemonth2 humiliation1 resentment1 loathing1 would have goaded me to madness4 ,at school we used to be drilled in the playground once a week2 ,i have but to think of it1 even after forty years1 and there comes back upon me that tremor of passionate misery which1 at the time1 often made me ill4 ,the senseless routine of mechanical exercise was in itself all but unendurable to me2 ,i hated the standing in line1 the thrusting out of arms and legs at a signal1 the thud of feet stamping in constrained unison4 ,the loss of individuality seems to me sheer disgrace4 ,and when1 as often happened1 the drill-sergeant rebuked me for some inefficiency as ,i stood in line1 when he addressed me as ,number ,seven6 ,i burned with shame and rage4 ,i was no longer a human being2 ,i had become part of a machine1 and my name was ,number ,seven4 ,it used to astonish me when ,i had a neighbor who went through the drill with amusement1 with zealous energy4 ,i would gaze at the boy1 and ask myself how it was possible that he and ,i should feel so differently4 ,to be sure1 nearly all my schoolfellows either enjoyed the thing1 or at all events went through it with indifference2 they made friends with the sergeant1 and some were proud of walking with him out of bounds4 ,left1 right6 ,left1 right6 ,for my own part1 ,i think ,i have never hated man as ,i hated that broad-shouldered1 hard-visaged1 brassy-voiced fellow4 ,every word he spoke to me ,i felt as an insult4 ,seeing him in the distance1 ,i have turned and fled1 to escape the necessity of saluting1 and1 still more1 a quiver of the nerves which affected me so painfully4 ,if ever a man did me harm1 it was he2 harm physical and moral4 ,in all seriousness ,i believe that some of the nervous instability from which ,i have suffered from boyhood is traceable to those accursed hours of drill1 and ,i am very sure that ,i can date from the same wretched moments a fierceness of personal pride which has been one of my most troublesome characteristics4 ,the disposition1 of course1 was there2 it should have been modified1 not exacerbated4#gh #gh ,george ,gissing3 ,the ,private ,papers of ,henry ,ryecroft1 ,spring4 ,by permission of the publishers1 ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton ,co41 ,new ,york ,city4 #a4 ,draw up a list of the headings that might appear in a criticism of military drill by standards1 in a criticism by the historical method1 and in a less purely personal appreciative criticism than the example here4 ,which of the criticisms1 as judged from these headings1 would be of most value to a reader of intelligence8 #b4 ,in a subject like this is so strong a personal reaction justified8 ,is it possibly of real value8 ,does the criticism prove anything about military drill8 #c4 ,write an appreciative criticism of a thoroughly personal nature of any of the following3 ,carpentry1 ,rug-beating1 ,chapel-attendance1 ,memorizing ,poetry1 ,repairing ,automobiles in the ,mud1 ,fishing in the ,rain1 ,cleaning ,house1 ,getting up ,early1 ,being ,polite to ,people ,whom ,you ,dislike1 ,being ,made to ,do ,one's ,duty1 ,college ,politics4 ,,xv4 ,national ,sentiment4 ,national sentiment is a fact and should be taken account of by institutions4 ,when it is ignored1 it is intensified and becomes a source of strife4 ,it can be rendered harmless only by being given free play so long as it is not predatory4 ,but it is not1 in itself1 a good or admirable feeling4 ,there is nothing rational and nothing desirable in a limitation of sympathy which confines it to a fragment of the human race4 ,diversities of manners and customs and traditions are on the whole a good thing1 since they enable different nations to produce different types of excellence4 ,but in national feeling there is always latent or explicit an element of hostility to foreigners4 ,national feeling1 as we know it1 could not exist in a nation which was wholly free of external pressure of a hostile kind4 ,and group feeling produces a limited and often harmful kind of morality4 ,men come to identify the good with what serves the interest of their own group1 and the bad with what works against those interests1 even if it should happen to be in the interest of mankind as a whole4 ,this group morality is very much in evidence during war1 and is taken for granted in men's ordinary thought4 ,although almost all ,englishmen consider the defeat of ,germany desirable for the good of the world1 yet most of them honor a ,german fighting for his country1 because it has not occurred to them that his action ought to be guided by a morality higher than that of the group4 ,a man does right1 as a rule1 to have his thoughts more occupied with the interests of his own nation than with those of others1 because his actions are more likely to affect his own nation4 ,but in time of war1 and in all matters which are of equal concern to other nations and to his own1 a man ought to take account of the universal welfare1 and not allow his survey to be limited by the interest1 or supposed interest1 of his own group or nation4#gi #gi ,bertrand ,russell3 ,national ,independence and ,internationalism4 ,by courtesy of ,the ,atlantic ,monthly ,company4 #a4 ,write a criticism of any of the following1 judging by the results produced3 ,school ,spirit1 ,capitalism1 ,living in a ,small ,town1 ,national ,costume1 ,giving up ,one's ,patriotism1 ,family ,loyalty1 ,race ,loyalty1 ,class ,distinction1 ,restriction of ,reading to the authors of ,one ,nation4 #b4 ,would ,mr4 ,russell's criticism be of more value if it showed more emotion1 if it were less detached8 ,can a writer profitably criticize such a reality as national sentiment without introducing emotion8 ,,xvi4 ,a constitutional statesman is in general a man of common opinions and uncommon abilities4 ,the reason is obvious4 ,when we speak of a free government1 we mean a government in which the sovereign power is divided1 in which a single decision is not absolute1 where argument has an office4 ,the essence of the gouvernement des avocats1 as the ,emperor ,nicholas called it1 is1 that you must persuade so many persons4 ,the appeal is not to the solitary decision of a single statesman1--not to ,richelieu or ,nesselrode alone in his closet1--but to the jangled mass of men1 with a thousand pursuits1 a thousand interests1 a thousand various habits4 ,public opinion1 as it is said1 rules2 and public opinion is the opinion of the average man4 ,fox used to say of ,burke1 ,burke is a wise man1 but he is wise too soon4 ,the average man will not bear this3 he is a cool1 common person1 with a considerate air1 with figures in his mind1 with his own business to attend to1 with a set of ordinary opinions arising from and suited to ordinary life4 ,he can't bear novelty or originalities2 he says1 ,sir1 ,i never heard of such a thing before in my life1 and he thinks this a reductio ad absurdum4 ,you may see his taste by the reading of which he approves4 ,is there a more splendid monument of talent and industry than the ,times8 ,no wonder that the average man--that any one--believes in it4 ,as ,carlyle observes3 ,let the highest intellect1 able to write epics1 try to write such a leader for the morning newspapers3 it cannot do it2 the highest intellect will fail4 ,but did you ever see anything there that you had never seen before8 ,out of the million articles that every one has read1 can any one person trace a single marked idea to a single article8 ,where are the deep theories and the wise axioms and the everlasting sentiments which the writers of the most influential publication in the world have been the first to communicate to an ignorant species8 ,such writers are far too shrewd4 ,the two million or whatever number of copies it may be they publish1 are not purchased because the buyers wish to know the truth4 ,the purchaser desires an article which he can appreciate at sight2 which he can lay down and say1 ,an excellent article1 very excellent--exactly my own sentiments4 ,original theories give trouble2 besides1 a grave man on the ,coal ,exchange does not desire to be an apostle of novelties among the contemporaneous dealers in fuel1--he wants to be provided with remarks he can make on the topics of the day which will not be known not to be his1 that are not too profound1 which he can fancy the paper only reminded him of4 ,and just in the same way1 precisely as the most popular political paper is not that which is abstractly the best or most instructive1 but that which most exactly takes up the minds of men where it finds them1 catches the fleeting sentiment of society1 puts it in such a form as society can fancy would convince another society which did not believe2 so the most influential of constitutional statesmen is the one who most felicitously expresses the creed of the moment1 who administers it1 who embodies it in laws and institutions1 who gives it the highest life it is capable of1 who induces the average man to think1 ,i could not have done it any better if ,i had had time myself4 ,it might be said that this is only one of the results of that tyranny of commonplace which seems to accompany civilization4 ,you may talk of the tyranny of ,nero and ,tiberius2 but the real tyranny is the tyranny of your next-door neighbor4 ,what law is so cruel as the law of doing what he does8 ,what yoke is so galling as the necessity of being like him8 ,what espionage of despotism comes to your door so effectually as the eye of the man who lives at your door8 ,public opinion is a permeating influence1 and it exacts obedience to itself2 it requires us to think other men's thoughts1 to speak other men's words1 to follow other men's habits4 ,of course1 if we do not1 no formal ban issues2 no corporeal pain1 no coarse penalty of a barbarous society is inflicted on the offender3 but we are called eccentric2 there is a gentle murmur of most unfortunate ideas1 singular young man1 well-intentioned1 ,i dare say2 but unsafe1 sir1 quite unsafe4 ,the prudent of course conform3 ,the place of nearly everybody depends on the opinion of every one else4 ,there is nothing like ,swift's precept to attain the repute of a sensible man1 ,be of the opinion of the person with whom at the time you are conversing4 ,this world is given to those whom this world can trust4 ,our very conversation is infected3 where are now the bold humor1 the explicit statement1 the grasping dogmatism of former days8 they have departed1 and you read in the orthodox works dreary regrets that the art of conversation has passed away4 ,it would be as reasonable to expect the art of walking to pass away3 people talk well enough when they know to whom they are speaking2 we might even say that the art of conversation was improved by an application to new circumstances4 ,secrete your intellect1 use common words1 say what you are expected to say1 and you shall be at peace2 the secret of prosperity in common life is to be commonplace on principle4 ,whatever truth there may be in these splenetic observations might be expected to show itself more particularly in the world of politics3 people dread to be thought unsafe in proportion as they get their living by being thought to be safe4 ,literary men1 it has been said1 are outcasts2 and they are eminent in a certain way notwithstanding4 ,they can say strong things of their age2 for no one expects they will go out and act on them4 ,they are a kind of ticket-of-leave lunatics1 from whom no harm is for the moment expected2 who seem quiet1 but on whose vagaries a practical public must have its eye4 ,for statesmen it is different3 they must be thought men of judgment4 ,the most morbidly agricultural counties were aggrieved when ,mr4 ,disraeli was made ,chancellor of the ,exchequer3 they could not believe he was a man of solidity1 and they could not comprehend taxes by the author of ,coningsby or sums by an adherent of the ,caucasus4 ,there is1 said ,sir ,walter ,scott1 a certain hypocrisy of action1 which1 however it is despised by persons intrinsically excellent1 will nevertheless be cultivated by those who desire the good repute of men4 ,politicians1 as has been said1 live in the repute of the commonalty4 ,they may appeal to posterity2 but of what use is posterity8 ,years before that tribunal comes into life1 your life will be extinct2 it is like a moth going into chancery4 ,those who desire a public career must look to the views of the living public2 an immediate exterior influence is essential to the exertion of their faculties4 ,the confidence of others is your fulcrum3 you cannot--many people wish you could--go into ,parliament to represent yourself2 you must conform to the opinions of the electors1 and they1 depend on it1 will not be original4 ,in a word1 as has been most wisely observed1 under free institutions it is necessary occasionally to defer to the opinions of other people2 and as other people are obviously in the wrong1 this is a great hindrance to the improvement of our political system and the progress of our species4#hj #hj ,walter ,bagehot3 ,the ,character of ,sir ,robert ,peel1 ,works1 vol4 ,,iii4 ,travelers ,insurance ,company1 ,hartford1 ,conn4 #a4 ,apply ,bagehot's criticism of the effects of a democratic average to the fate of ,socrates1 ,jesus1 ,columbus1 ,galileo1 ,roger ,williams1 ,benjamin ,franklin1 ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,do your results justify ,bagehot's statements8 #b4 ,if ,bagehot's theory is true1 how do you account for any advance in a democracy1 for woman suffrage1 for example1 or the election of senators by popular vote1 or the inaugurating of an income tax8 #c4 ,apply his remarks about literary men to the career of ,thomas ,carlyle1 ,heine1 ,galsworthy1 and others who have criticized their times4 #d4 ,does the ,christian religion tend to make a man act on his own original ideas8 ,,xvii4 ,do you believe the following statement by a well-known musical critic8 ,if the statement is true1 how far is it possible to extend it1 to how many forms of art or business8 ,while the lover of music may often be in doubt as to the merit of a composition1 he need never be so in regard to that of a performance4 ,here we stand on safe and sure ground1 for the qualities that make excellence in performance are all well known1 and it is necessary only that the ear shall be able to detect them4 ,there may1 of course1 be some difference of opinion about the reading of a sonata or the interpretation of a symphony2 but even these differences should be rare4 ,differences of judgment about the technical qualities of a musical performance should never exist4 ,whether a person plays the piano or sings well or ill is not a question of opinion1 but of fact4 ,the critic who is acquainted with the technics of the art can pronounce judgment upon a performance with absolute certainty1 and there is no reason in the world why every lover of music should not do the same thing4 ,there should not be any room for such talk as this3 ,i think ,mrs4 ,blank sang very well1 didn't you8 ,well1 ,i didn't like it much4 ,and there should be no room for the indiscriminate applause of bad performances which so often grieve the hearts of judicious listeners4 ,bad orchestral playing1 bad piano playing1 bad singing are applauded every day in the course of the musical season by people who think they have a right to an opinion4 ,i repeat that it is not a matter of opinion but a matter of fact2 and a person might just as well express the belief that a short fat man was finely proportioned as to say that an ill-balanced orchestra was a good one1 and he might as well say that in his opinion a fire-engine whistle was music as to say that a throaty voice-production was good singing4#ha #ha ,w4 ,h4 ,henderson3 ,what is ,good ,music8 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,copyright1 #ahih4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,the ,,informal ,,essay ,it is a fine thing to be serious1 to draw one's self up to a formal task of explaining a machine or analyzing an idea or criticizing a novel2 and it is just as fine1 and often more pleasurable1 to banish the grim seriousness of business and take on pliancy1 smile at ,life--even though there be tears--and chuckle at ,care4 ,life is more than mere toil2 there are the days of high feast and carnival1 the days of excursion1 and then the calm quiet days of peaceful meditation1 sometimes even the days of gray sadness shot through with the crimson thread of sacrifice and sorrow4 ,often in the least noisy days we see most clearly1 with most balance1 and with the keenest humor1 the finest courage4 ,like an athlete who cannot be forever in the life of stern rigor but must stray at times into the ways of the drawing-room and the library1 so we at times take our ways into the realm of whim and sparkle and laughter1 of brooding contemplation1 of warm peace of soul4 ,i want a little breathing-space to muse on indifferent matters1 says ,hazlitt1 and1 ,give me the clear blue sky over my head1 and the green turf beneath my feet1 a winding road before me1 and a three hours' march to dinner--and then to thinking6 ,in such moods we look for a good friend to talk with1 and when the friend is not at hand--why1 we may write informal essays to make record of our thoughts and feelings4 ,for the ,informal ,essay is the transcript of a personal reaction to some phase or fact of life1 personal because the author does not regard life with the cold eye of the scientific thinker1 and because he does not1 on the other hand1 insist1 as does the reformer1 that others than himself accept the views he sets forth4 ,he will not force his belief upon others1 will not even hold it too feverishly himself1 but1 if we cannot accept1 will even smile urbanely--though he may think we are quite wrong--and bow1 and go his own way4 ,the greatest charm of the informal essay is its personal nature4 ,there is little1 if indeed anything1 personal about the analysis of problems or situations1 slight revelation of the author in a treatise on dietetics or party politics or bridge building4 ,this kind of writing is essentially the writing of our business4 ,but what need of ceremony among friends8 ,lamb asks1 and hits the heart of the informal essay4 ,we are with friends1 and with them1 if the mood is on us1 we chat about the delights of munching apples on snappy ,october mornings1 or the humor of the scramble for public office1 or the romance of spanning a stream in the hills1 or1 at times1 the mysteries of life and death4 ,and then the chat is thoroughly personal1 we feel no grim duty1 but only the quiet pleasure of uttering whatever we may think or feel1 about things in which we find our personal interests aroused4 ,it is as the counterpart in literature of such talk in living that the informal essay reveals the personal note1 is really the lyric of prose4 ,for the informal essay does not affirm1 ,this must be done6 or1 ,i will defend this with my life6 or1 ,this is undeniable truth6 ,rather it says1 ,this is how ,i feel about things to-day1 and if the essayist be aware that he has not always felt thus1 that he may even feel differently again1 he is unabashed4 ,he will make you his confidant1 will tell you what he thinks and how he feels1 will banish the cold front of business1 and will not be secretive and niggardly of himself1 but only duly reticent4 ,as soon as we turn to informal essays we find this personal note4 ,here is ,cowley's essay ,of ,myself1 frankly telling of his life4 ,our eye falls upon ,hazlitt's words1 ,i never was in a better place or humor than ,i am at present for writing on this subject4 ,i have a partridge getting ready for my supper1 my fire is blazing on the hearth1 the air is mild for the season of the year1 ,i have had but a slight fit of indigestion to-day 7the only thing that makes me abhor myself71 ,i have three hours good before me1 and therefore ,i will attempt it4 ,such intimacy1 such personal contact is to be found only in the informal essay4 ,only in a form of writing that we frankly acknowledge as familiar would ,samuel ,johnson write ,the ,scholar's ,complaint of ,his ,own ,bashfulness4 ,and once in the writing1 the author cannot keep himself out4 ,steele1 not ,addison1 wrote the words1 ,he is said to be the first that made ,love by squeezing the ,hand--honest1 jovial1 garrulous ,dick ,steele1 thinking1 perhaps1 of his ,darling ,prue4 ,if1 then1 you have some random ideas that interest you1 if the memory of your kite-flying days comes strong upon you1 or of your early ambitions to be a sailor or a prima donna1 if you can see the humor of rushing for trains or eluding taxes1 or reciting without study1 if you feel keenly the joy of climbing mountains1 or canoeing1 or gardening1 or fussing with engines1 or making things with hammer and nails or flour and sugar1 if you see the beauty in powerful machinery or in the deep woods and streams and flowers1 or the patient heroism--modest heroism--of the men in ,information booths at railway stations1 if you find pathos in the world1 or humor1 or any personal significance1 and are able to understand without being oppressed with seriousness or poignant reality1 even of humor1--if you remember or see or feel such things1 and wish to talk quite openly about them as they appeal to you1 write an informal essay4 ,now you can write a personal essay that will be enjoyable only if your personality is attractive4 ,and you cannot draw a reader to you unless you have a keen reaction to the facts of life4 ,writing informal essays is impossible for the man whose life is neutral1 who goes unseeing1 unhearing through the world2 it is most natural to the man who touches life at many points and touches with pleasure4 ,those magic initials1 ,r4 ,l4 ,s41 which the world1 especially the young world1 loves1 mean to us a personality that reveled in playing with lead soldiers1 in hacking a way through the tropical forests of ,samoa1 in pursuing streams to their sources1 in cleaning crystal1 in talking with all living men1 in reading all living books1 in whiling the hours with his flageolet4 ,i have1 says ,lamb1 an almost feminine partiality for old china4 ,we think1 perhaps1 of ,bacon as a cold austere figure1 until we know him1 but is he cold when1 writing of wild thyme and water mints he says1 ,therefore you are to set whole alleys of them1 to have the pleasure when you walk or tread of sniffing their sweet fragrance8 ,and is a man uninterested who writes1 ,i grant there is one subject on which it is pleasant to talk on a journey2 and that is what one shall have for supper when we get to our inn at night8 ,when we consider the loves of that bright flower of ,english young manhood1 ,rupert ,brooke1 we can the more keenly feel the loss that the essay1 as well as poetry1 had in his untimely death4 ,these have ,i loved3 ,white plates and cups1 clean-gleaming1 ,ringed with blue lines2 and feathery1 fary dust2 ,wet roofs1 beneath the lamplight2 the strong crust ,of friendly bread2 and many-tasting food2 ,rainbows2 and the blue bitter smoke of wood2 ,and radiant raindrops couching in cool flowers2 ,and flowers themselves1 that sway through sunny hours1 ,dreaming of moths that drink them under the moon2 ,then1 the cool kindliness of sheets1 that soon ,smooth away trouble2 and the rough male kiss ,of blankets2 grainy wood2 live hair that is ,shining and free2 blue-massing clouds2 the keen ,unpassioned beauty of a great machine2 ,the benison of hot water2 furs to touch2 ,the good smell of old clothes2 and other such-- ,the comfortable smell of friendly fingers1 ,hair's fragrance1 and the musty reek that lingers ,about dead leaves and last year's ferns4444 ,dear names1 ,and thousand other throng to me6 ,royal flames2 ,sweet water's dimpling laugh from tap or spring2 ,holes in the ground2 and voices that do sing2 ,voices in laughter1 too2 and body's pain1 ,soon turned to peace2 and the deep-panting train2 ,firm sands2 the little dulling edge of foam ,that browns and dwindles as the wave goes home2 ,and washen stones1 gay for an hour2 the cold ,graveness of iron2 moist black earthen mould2 ,sleep2 and high places2 footprints in the dew2 ,and oaks2 and brown horse-chestnuts1 glossy-new2 ,and new-peeled sticks2 and shining pools on grass2-- ,all these have been my loves4#hb #hb ,rupert ,brooke3 ,collected ,poems4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,john ,lane ,company4 ,lamb's young ,bo-bo was in the right of it1 the right frame of mind1 when he cried1 ,o1 father1 the pig1 the pig1 do come and taste how nice the burnt pig eats6 ,the true writer of informal essays can see that ,card ,catalogues are humorous1 that ,the ,feel of ,leather ,covered ,books is sufficiently interesting to deserve treatment1 that ,shaving1 and ,going to ,bed ,last1 and ,wondering if the ,other ,man ,knows ,more1 and ,manners1 and ,politeness1 and ,the ,effect of ,office-holding upon ,personality1 and ,intellectual ,deviltry1 and ,the ,humility of ,sinners1 and ,the ,arrogance of ,saints1 and ,the ,joys of ,calling ,names1 and ,city ,chimney-pots1 and ,the ,woman's ,page1 and ,keeping ,up1 and ,the ,pleasures of ,having a ,besetting ,sin1 and ,the ,absurdities of ,education1 and ,when ,shakespeare ,nods1 and thousands of other subjects are all waiting to have their essays4 ,can there be any possible interest in a carpet layer8 ,mr4 ,dallas ,lore ,sharp1 as we have seen1#hc finds it quite wonderful4 ,is he not to be envied that his reaction was too keen to leave the tool lifeless8 ,an informal essayist would even1 we think1 find taste in the white of an egg4 ,and without this delight in life his essays will not be read1 for they will not present a pleasing personality1 and the life of the essay is its personal note4 #hc ,see ,chapter ,v4 ,a personality that is quite alive and thoroughly interested in all sorts of things almost necessarily sees the concrete4 ,most informal essays are full of individual instances1 of anecdotes and scraps from life4 ,the author of ,the ,privileges of ,age in the ,atlantic ,monthly does not vaguely talk about age in general4 ,she begins1 ,i have always longed for the privileges of age--since the days when it seemed to me that the elderly people ate all the hearts out of the watermelons1 and she continues with the misfortunes of being young1 ,in coaching1 our place was always between the two fattest6 ,o ,isabella is thin6 ,she can sit there6 ,in sheer delight at the memory ,hazlitt writes1 ,it was on the tenth of ,april1 #agih1 that ,i sat down to a volume of the ,new ,eloise1 at the inn of ,llangollen1 over a bottle of sherry and a cold chicken4 ,so ,addison1 when he will tell us of ,sir ,roger de ,coverley1 confides to us his habit of standing up in church service1 even in prayer time1 to look round him and see if all his tenants are there1 or shows him calling out lustily to ,john ,matthews1 to mind what he was about and not disturb the congregation when ,john was kicking his heels for diversion4 ,concrete again1 is ,sir ,roger's remark at the theater1 ,and let me tell you 444 though he speaks but little1 ,i like the old ,fellow in ,whiskers as well as any of them4 ,all such detailed bits of life the essayist relishes1 and in turn they enrich his personality and make him able to give the personal note that is the heart of the informal essay4 ,this mood of human interest is illustrated1 of course1 by other writers than the informal essayists4 ,the historian ,parkman filled his volumes with the intimate details of personal experience that keep them warm and forever alive4 ,as distinct from the dry-as-dust chroniclers1 who eschew all of the throbbing incidents of life1 he was eager to include whenever inclusion would help the reader's true imagination1 such details as that1 back in colonial times1 the thunderous praying of a member of the ,general ,court of ,massachusetts1 who had retired to his room for ,heavenly counsel1 revealed the secret of the proposed attack upon the fortress of ,louisbourg to a landlady--and hence to all the world4 ,nor does he fail to mention that when the ,grand ,battery at ,louisbourg was captured1 ,william ,tufts1 of ,medford1 a lad of eighteen1 climbed the flagstaff with his red coat in his teeth and made it fast to the pole for a flag4 ,as we read ,parkman's words1 we can feel his heart glow with the joy of the climbing lad1 we know that in the historian there was beating the throb of human love such as would have made him an admirable essayist had he turned his hand to the form4 ,if1 then1 you feel like confidential writing1 what may your subjects be8 ,essayists have written about three main classes of subjects3 first always1 people1 their glory1 their pathos1 their sadness1 and their whims2 second1 nature as it appeals to the writers in a personal way1 reflecting their joys and sorrows1 or contributing to their sense of pleasure1 beauty1 and companionship in the world2 and third1 matters of science1 industry1 art1 literature1 as the essayists think these affect the emotions of humanity4 ,if you are in wonderment and desire to speak of the bravery of men fighting the battle of life1 you may write with ,stevenson the somber but inspiring ,pulvis et ,umbra4 ,if you are tempted to smile at the tendency of people to announce beliefs militantly1 you may write with ,mr4 ,crothers ,on ,being a ,doctrinaire4 ,if man's ceaseless quest of the perfect appeals1 you may write with ,mr4 ,sharp ,the ,dustless ,duster4 ,the interesting old custom of having an awesome spare chamber1 the hurly-burly and humor of moving1 the fascinating process of shaving that ,grandfather performs on ,sunday1 the ways in which some people make themselves lovable1 others hateful1 others pitiful1 and still others ridiculous--these are your rightful field if you but care to use them4 ,the informal essayist loves humanity not blindly but wisely4 ,there is something about a boy that ,i like1 ,charles ,dudley ,warner wrote1 and thereby proved himself worthy to write such essays4 ,lamb1 thinking of chimney-sweeps1 cries out1 ,i have a kindly yearning toward these dim specks--poor blots--innocent blacknesses4 ,nor is the essayist restricted to the lives of others2 the true informal essayist never forgets his own boyhood4 ,the swimming and fishing larks1 the tramp for the early chestnuts1 the machines that you built at ten years1 the tricks you played on friends and enemies1 human and four-footed--these await your essay4 ,especially your grown-up self offers a fertile meadowland of essays4 ,what are your hobbies--and have you any follies8 ,if you can but poke fun at yourself1 we will listen4 ,finally1 if you have an interesting acquaintance1 a rosy corner grocer1 or a maiden aunt of the old school1 or a benignant grandfather1 or a quaint laundress1 or hired man1 or anybody who is worth the words--and who is not8--and who really interests you1 you may make a character sketch4 ,thus ,stevenson in ,a ,scotch ,gardener1 ,leigh ,hunt in ,the ,old ,lady1 ,the ,old ,gentleman1 ,the ,maidservant1 and ,john ,brown in ,jeems the ,doorkeeper4 ,remember only one thing--you must1 for some reason1 see attractiveness in the character1 even the paradoxical attractiveness of repulsion4 ,remember that ,hazlitt wrote an essay on ,the ,pleasures of ,hating4 ,when people do not offer subjects1 turn to nature1 as ,mr4 ,burroughs and ,mr4 ,sharp and ,john ,muir have turned in our day1 and as others have turned at times ever since there was an essay4 ,do you admire the cool deep woods1 the songs of the thrushes1 the clouds that roll into queer shapes1 the endlessly talking brooks1 the bugs that strive and fight and achieve1 the queer hunted live things that you see everywhere8 ,there is your essay4 ,mr4 ,warner wrote a delightful series about gardening in which he makes fun--partly of himself1 partly of nature4 ,richard ,jefferies found a subject in ,july ,grass4 ,mr4 ,belloc gives the spirit of the primeval currents of air that bore the ships of our forefathers in his essay1 ,on a ,great ,wind4 ,california sequoias1 red-eyed vireos1 the pig in his pen1 the silly hens in their yard1 friendly dogs1 a group of willows1 a view from a mountain-top1 trees that rush past as you skim the road in your car1 there's hardly a phase of nature that does not offer an essay1 have you but the eyes to see and the heart to warm4 ,one caution must be given4 ,this kind of essay will try to lure you into words that seem poetic but really lie2 beware that you tell the truth1 for a sunset1 glorious though it is1 is still a sunset4 ,for the higher imaginative flights we reserve our verse4 ,on the other hand1 scientific analysis is not for the essay2 it is too impersonal4 ,nature1 as seen in the informal essay1 is the nature of emotion that keeps its balance through humor and sanity4 ,do not1 then1 write an essay about nature unless you are sure of your balance1 unless you are sure that you can tell the truth4 ,but the essayist does not stop with the creations in nature2 he goes on to the works of man4 ,he sees the exquisite beauty of a deftly guided mathematical problem1 the answer marshaled to its post in order1 he feels the exultation of a majestic pumping station1 he knows the wonder of the inspiration of artists4 ,as you pass the steel skeleton of the skyscraper1 or see the liner gliding up the harbor1 or thrill to the locomotive that paws off across the miles1 or stand in awe and watch the uncanny linotype machine at its weird mysteries1 you may find your subject all ready for the expression4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,husband finds the romance of these4#hd ,books1 too1 chats with your favorite authors1 trips through art galleries1 listening to concerts1 finding the wonders of the surgeon1--all these1 as they appeal to you1 as you react to them1 as they disclose a meaning1 are fit subjects for your essay4 ,thus ,mr4 ,crothers writes in ,the ,hundred ,worst ,books4 #hd ,america at ,work4 ,men1 nature1 things1 all are at your beck if you but keenly feel their appeal1 if you have an honest thought about them4 ,as you treat them do not hesitate to use the word ,i2 in the essay we expect the word1 we look for it1 we miss it when it eludes us1 for the great charm of the informal essay is its personal note1 its revelation of the heart of the writer4 ,since the essay is urbanely personal1 it does not take itself too seriously4 ,our definition declared that the essayist will not try to force his views upon his reader nor hold them too feverishly himself4 ,if you are militant about a subject1 you should write1 not an informal essay1 but a treatise or an argument in which full play will be given to your cudgels4 ,if you violently believe in woman-suffrage--as you well may--so that you can be only dead-serious about it1 do not write an informal essay4 ,for the essay aims at the spirit as well as the intellect1 hopes to create a glow in the reader as well as to convince him of a truth4 ,you should write an informal essay when you are in the mood of ,sir ,roger de ,coverley as he remarked1 ,there is much to be said on both sides4 ,this does not mean that you should write spinelessly--not in the least2 it means only that you should be an artist rather than a blind reformer4 ,sometimes the mind wishes to go upon excursion1 to give play to the wanton heed and giddy cunning that are in the heart4 ,the essay1 says ,richard ,middleton1 should have the apparent aimlessness of life1 and1 like life1 its secret purpose4 ,it may be mere exuberant capering round a discovered truth1 to borrow ,mr4 ,chesterton's phrase4 ,again1 it may feel the length of the shadows1 the cold breath of the mists of the still1 unpierced places4 ,the essay does not deny the shadows2 it rather believes in riding up to the guns with a smile and the gesture of courtesy4 ,it sees the truth always1 but it also prefers not to be a pest in declaring the truth disagreeably4 ,therefore we choose to dally with visions4 ,many an informal essay has been written on ,death1 but not in the mood of the theologian4 ,the essay has about it the exquisite flavor of personality such as we find in the cavalier lads who rode to feasting or to death with equal grace and charm4 ,the real essay ought not to leave its reader uncomfortable2 it leaves to the militant writers to work such mischief4 ,do not1 therefore1 ever allow your essay to become a sermon1 for to the sermon there is only one side4 ,and do not try to wrench a moral from everything4 ,if you do1 the moral will be anmic and thin4 ,do not1 after watching brooks1 be seized with a desire to have your reader content as they are4 ,nor1 after the locomotive has melted into the distance shall you buttonhole your reader and bid him1 like the engine1 be up and doing6 ,better is it to play pranks with respectability and logic4 ,stevenson's ability to write charming essays came partly from the fact that1 as ,barrie has said of him1 ,he was the spirit of boyhood tugging at the skirts of this old world of ours and compelling it to come back and play4 ,mr4 ,chesterton often inspires us to do some really new thinking by his ridiculous contentions4 ,where but in the essay could a man uphold the belief that ,faith is ,nonsense and perhaps ,nonsense is ,faith8 ,in fact1 humor is always present in the informal essay4 ,it may be grave or even sad1 it is never really boisterous1 it is best subtle and quiet1 but of whatever kind it should be present4 ,meredith said humor is the ability to detect ridicule of those we love without loving them the less4 ,note1 in the light of these words1 ,john ,brown's description of his friend ,jeems3 ,jeems's face was so extensive1 and met you so formidably and at once1 that it mainly composed his whole2 and such a face6 ,sydney ,smith used to say of a certain quarrelsome man1 ',his very face is a breach of the peace4' ,had he seen our friend's he would have said that he was the imperative mood on two 7very small7 legs1 out on business in a blue greatcoat4 ,lamb had the gentle humor in exquisite degree1 kindly and shrewd4 ,when the little chimney-sweep laughed at him for falling in the street ,lamb thought1 there he stood 444 with such a maximum of glee and minimum of mischief1 in his mirth--for the grin of a genuine sweep hath absolutely no malice in it--that ,i could have been content1 if the honor of a gentleman might endure it1 to have remained his butt and mockery till midnight4 ,the humor is often ironic1 frequently dry and lurking1 but kindly still1 for the essayist loves his fellow man4 ,since the essay is not super-serious1 it need not be too conscientiously thorough and exhaustive4 ,it must1 to be sure1 have some point1 some core of thought1 must meditate1 but it need not reach a final conclusion4 ,it often believes1 with ,stevenson1 that to travel hopefully is better than to arrive1 and it spends its time on the pleasant way4 ,it takes conclusions about as seriously as we take them when we sit with pipe and slippers by the fireside and chat4 ,its view of the subject is limited also4 ,it is not a piece of research1 it need not cover the whole ground with all the minuti4 ,the essayist1 first of all1 will admit that he does not say all that might be said4 ,very likely he will declare that he is merely making suggestions rather than giving a treatment4 ,think how endless a real treatise on old china would be1 and then how brief and sketchy ,lamb's essay is4 ,the beauty of writing an informal essay is that you can stop when you please1 you do not feel the dread command of the subject4 ,just as the conclusion may be dodged1 so the strict laws of rhetoric may be winked at4 ,de ,quincey remarks1 ,here ,i pause for a moment to exhort the reader 444 etc41 and for a whole page talks about a different subject6 ,but we do not mind1 for1 as has been said of him--and the remark is equally true of many essayists--he is like a good sheep dog1 he makes many detours1 may even disappear behind a knoll1 but finally he will come eagerly and bravely back with his flock and guide the sheep home4 ,digressions are allowable1 so long as safe return is made4 ,the formlessness of the essay is to be held by an invisible web that is none the less binding1 like the bonds of the ,fenris wolf4 ,we may go round the subject or stand off and gaze at it1 may introduce anecdotes1 bits of conversation1 illustrations of various sorts1 may even cast the essay largely in narrative form1 so long as at the heart of it there is our idea4 ,you may tack and drift1 only so you tack and drift round the buoy4 ,hazlitt1 in ,on ,persons ,one ,would ,wish to ,have ,seen1 uses much conversation4 ,thackeray1 in ,tunbridge ,toys1 clings to the narrative medium4 ,mr4 ,richard ,burton1 in the foreword to his ,little ,essays in ,literature and ,life1 sums up the informal essay thus3 ,the way of the familiar essay is one1 of the formal essay another4 ,the latter is informational1 it defines1 proves2 the former1 seeking for friendlier and more personal relations with the reader1 aims at suggestion1 stimulation4 ,the familiar essay can be an impressionistic reflection of the author's experience in the mighty issues of living1 or it may be the frank expression of a mere whim4 ,it should touch many a deep thing in a way to quicken the sense of the charm1 wonder1 and terror of the earth4 ,the essayist can fly high1 if he but have wings1 and he can dive deeper than any plummet line of the intellect1 should it happen that the spirit move him4 ,it is thus the ambition of the familiar essayist to speak wisdom albeit debonairly1 to be thought-provoking without heaviness1 and helpful without didacticism4 ,keenly does he feel the lachrym rerum1 but1 sensible to the laughing incongruities of human expression1 he has a safeguard against the merely solemn and can smile at himself or others1 preserving his sense of humor as a precious gift of the high gods4 ,and most of all1 he loves his fellow men1 and would come into fellowship with them through thought that is made mellow by feeling4444#he #he ,richard ,burton3 ,little ,essays in ,literature and ,life4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,the ,century ,company1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,and so we return to our definition3 the essay is the transcript of personal reaction to some phase or fact of life1 not weighted with an over-solemn feeling of responsibility1 charged with never-failing balance and humor and liberty to wander without necessarily arriving1 frankly individual in its treatment of life1 life as it seems to the writer1 whether the essay be about people or things or nature4 ,of the length of the essay we may not be too definite4 ,it may be only a page in duration2 it may cover fifty4 ,when the writer has said what he wishes to say1 he blithely ceases1 and leaves the work to the reader4 ,in style all the graces1 all the lightness1 the daintiness1 the neatness that he can command the author uses4 ,he loves words for their sound1 their suggestiveness1 their color4 ,and since he is frequently expressing a mood1 he will1 so far as he can1 adapt the style to the mood4 ,so ,lamb1 in the exquisite reverie1 ,dream ,children1 casts his vision into the dreamy cadence that lures us into his very mood4 ,so1 finally1 ,mr4 ,belloc1 describing the wind1 says3 ,when a great wind comes roaring over the eastern flats toward the ,north ,sea1 driving over the ,fens and the ,wingland1 it is like something of this island that must go out and wrestle with the water1 or play with it in a game or battle2 and when1 upon the western shores1 the clouds come bowling up from the horizon1 messengers1 out-riders1 or comrades of the gale1 it is something of the sea determined to possess the land4 ,the rising and falling of such power1 its hesitations1 its renewed violence1 its fatigue and final repose--all these are symbols of a mind2 but more than all the rest1 its exultation6 ,it is the shouting and hurrahing of the wind that suits a man4#hf #hf ,hilaire ,belloc3 ,on a ,great ,wind4 ,from ,first and ,last4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,,the ,,privileges ,,of ,,age#hg #hg ,from ,the ,contributors' ,club4 ,by courtesy of ,the ,atlantic ,monthly ,company4 ,i have always longed for the privileges of age1--since the days when it seemed to me that the elderly people ate all the hearts out of the watermelons4 ,now it suddenly occurs to me that ,i am at last entitled to claim them4 ,surely the shadow on the dial has moved around it1 the good time has come1 and the accumulated interest of my years shall be mine to spend4 ,have you not had the same experience8 ,for many years1 as you may have noticed1 the majority of the inhabitants of the earth were old4 ,even those persons over whom we were nominally supposed to exercise a little brief authority were older than we1 and we approached the dragons of our kitchen with a deprecating eye4 ,but now the majority has moved behind us2 most people1 even some really quite distinguished people1 are younger than we4 ,no longer can we pretend that our lack of distinction is due to immaturity4 ,no longer can we privately assure ourselves that some day we1 too1 shall do something1 and that it is only the becoming modesty of youth which prevents our doing it at once4 ,one thing1 willy-nilly1 we have done1--or rather nature has done it for us4 ,she is like von ,moltke4 ,without haste1 without rest1 is her motto1 and knowing our tendency to dally1 she quietly takes matters into her own hands4 ,suddenly1 unconscious of the effort1 we awake one morning and find ourselves old4 ,if we can only succeed in being old enough1 we shall also be famous1 like old ,parr1 who never did anything1 so far as ,i am aware1 but live to the age of one hundred and forty-five4 ,in order properly to appreciate our present privileges1 let us consider the days of old and the years that are past4 ,it was in the time before motors1 and we rode backwards in the carriage4 ,we did not like to ride backwards4 ,in traveling1 we were always allotted the upper berths4 ,there was no question about it4 ,we couldn't expect our venerable aunt1 or our delicate cousin1 or our dignified grandmother to swing up into an upper berth1 could we8 ,and in those days they cost just as much as lower ones and we paid our own traveling expenses4 ,how expert we grew at swinging up and swinging down6 ,naturally the best rooms at the hotels went to the elder members of the party4 ,in coaching1 our place was always between the two fattest6 ,o ,isabella is thin6 she can sit there6 ,and what did we ask in return for these many unnoticed renunciations8 ,only the privilege of getting up at five to go trout-fishing1 or the delight of riding all morning cross-saddle to eat a crumby luncheon in a buggy forest at noon4 ,we wondered what the others meant when they said that the beds were not comfortable1 and we marveled why the whole machinery of heaven and earth should be out of gear unless1 at certain occult and punctually recurring hours1 they had a cup of tea4 ,and why was it necessary to make us unhappy if they didn't have a cup of tea8 ,young people are supposed to be mannerly1 at least they were in my day1 but old people may be as rude as they please1 and no one reproves them4 ,if they do not like a thing1 they promptly announce the fact4 ,the privilege of self-expression they share with the very young4 ,which reminds me1 ,i detest puddings4 ,henceforth ,i shall decline to eat them1 even in the house of my friends4 ,mine is the prerogative no longer to dissemble1 for hypocrisy is abhorrent to the members of the favored class to which ,i now belong4 ,they are like a dear and honored servitor of mine who used1 on occasion1 to go about her duties with the countenance of a thunderstorm4 ,elizabeth1 said ,i1 once1 reprovingly1 you should not look so cross4 ,but ,miss ,isabella1 she remarked with reason1 if you don't look cross when you are cross1 how is any one to know you are cross8 ,speaking of thunderstorms1 ,i am afraid of them4 ,i have always been afraid since the days when ,i used to hide under the nursery table when ,i felt one coming4 ,but was ,i allowed to stay under the table8 ,certainly not4 ,all these years have ,i maintained a righteous and excruciating self-control4 ,but old ladies are afraid and unashamed4 ,i have heard of one who used to get into the middle of a featherbed4 ,i shall not insist on the featherbed1 but ,i shall close the shutters and turn on the lights and be as cowardly as ,i please4 ,the two ends of life1 infancy and age1 are indulged in their little fancies4 ,for a baby1 we get up in the night to heat bottles1 and there are certain elderly clergymen whose womenkind always arise at four in the morning to make coffee for them4 ,that is not being addicted to stimulants4 ,but the middle span of life is like a cantilever bridge3 if it can bear its own weight it is expected to bear anything that can possibly be put upon it4 ,old age deferred has no attractions for me4 ,i decline to be middle-aged4 ,i much prefer to be old4 ,youth is haunted by misgivings1 by hesitancies1 by a persistent idea that1 if only we dislike a thing enough1 there must be some merit in our disliking it4 ,not so untrammeled age4 ,from now on1 ,i practice the philosophy of ,montesquieu and pursue the general good by doing that which ,i like best4 ,absolutely and unequivocally1 that which ,i like best4 ,for there is no longer any doubt about it3 ,i have arrived4 ,i do not have to announce the fact4 ,others realize it4 ,my friends' daughters give me the most comfortable chair4 ,they surround me with charming1 thoughtful1 delicate little attentions4 ,mine is the best seat in the motor1 mine the host's arm at the feast1 mine the casting vote in any little discussion4 ,o rare ,old ,age6 ,how hast thou been maligned6 ,o blessed land of privilege6 ,true paradise for the disciples of ,nietzsche1 where at last we dare appear as selfish as we are6 ,a ,,breath ,,of ,,april#hh #hh ,john ,burroughs3 ,leaf and ,tendril4 ,houghton ,mifflin ,company1 ,boston1 publishers4 ,these still1 hazy1 brooding mid-,april mornings1 when the farmer first starts afield with his plow1 when his boys gather the buckets in the sugar-bush1 when the high-hole calls long and loud through the hazy distance1 when the meadow-lark sends up her clear1 silvery shaft of sound from the meadow1 when the bush sparrow trills in the orchard1 when the soft maples look red against the wood1 or their fallen bloom flecks the drying mud in the road1--such mornings are about the most exciting and suggestive of the whole year4 ,how good the fields look1 how good the freshly turned earth looks6--one could almost eat it as does the horse2--the stable manure just being drawn out and scattered looks good and smells good2 every farmer's house and barn looks inviting2 the children on the way to school with their dinner-pails in their hands--how they open a door into the past for you6 ,sometimes they have sprays of arbutus in their button-holes1 or bunches of hepatica4 ,the partridge is drumming in the woods1 and the woodpeckers are drumming on dry limbs4 ,the day is veiled1 but we catch such glimpses through the veil4 ,the bees are getting pollen from the pussy-willows and soft maples1 and the first honey from the arbutus4 ,it is at this time that the fruit and seed catalogues are interesting reading1 and that the cuts of farm implements have a new fascination4 ,the soil calls to one4 ,all over the country1 people are responding to the call1 and are buying farms and moving upon them4 ,my father and mother moved upon their farm in the spring of #ahbh2 ,i moved here upon mine in ,march1 #ahgd4 ,i see the farmers1 now going along their stone fences and replacing the stones that the frost or the sheep and cattle have thrown off1 and here and there laying up a bit of wall that has tumbled down4 ,there is a rare music now in the unmusical call of the phoebe-bird--it is so suggestive4 ,the drying road appeals to one as it never does at any other season4 ,when ,i was a farm-boy1 it was about this time that ,i used to get out of my boots for half an hour and let my bare feet feel the ground beneath them once more4 ,there was a smooth1 dry1 level place in the road near home1 and along this ,i used to run1 and exult in that sense of light-footedness which is so keen at such times4 ,what a feeling of freedom1 of emancipation1 and of joy in the returning spring ,i used to experience in those warm ,april twilights6 ,i think every man whose youth was spent on the farm1 whatever his life since1 must have moments at this season when he longs to go back to the soil4 ,how its sounds1 its odors1 its occupations1 its associations1 come back to him6 ,would he not like to return again to help rake up the litter of straw and stalks about the barn1 or about the stack on the hill where the grass is starting8 ,would he not like to help pick the stone from the meadow1 or mend the brush fence on the mountain where the sheep roam1 or hunt up old ,brindle's calf in the woods1 or gather oven-wood for his mother to start again the big brick oven with its dozen loaves of rye bread1 or see the plow crowding the lingering snowbanks on the side-hill1 or help his father break and swingle and hatchel the flax in the barnyard8 ,when ,i see a farm advertised for rent or for sale in the spring1 ,i want to go at once and look it over4 ,all the particulars interest me1--so many acres of meadow-land1 so many of woodland1 so many of pasture--the garden1 the orchard1 the outbuildings1 the springs1 the creek--,i see them all1 and am already half in possession4 ,even ,thoreau felt this attraction1 and recorded in his ,journal3 ,i know of no more pleasing employment than to ride about the country with a companion very early in the spring1 looking at farms with a view to purchasing1 if not paying for them4 ,blessed is the man who loves the soil6 ,,the ,,amateur ,,chessman#hi #hi ,by ,frances ,lester ,warner1 from ,the ,point of ,view in ,scribner's ,magazine4 ,i used to envy chess-players4 ,now ,i play4 ,my method of learning the game was unprincipled4 ,i learned the moves from the encyclopdia1 the traditions from ,morphy1 ,on ,chess1 and the practice from playing with another novice as audacious as ,i4 ,later1 finding some people who could really play1 ,i clove to them until they taught me all that ,i could grasp4 ,my ultimate ambition is1 ,i suppose1 the masterly playing of the game4 ,its austere antiquity rebukes the mildest amateur into admiration4 ,i therefore strive1 and wistfully aspire4 ,meanwhile1 however1 ,i am enjoying the gay excitement of the unskilled player4 ,there is nobody like the hardy apprentice for getting pleasure out of chess4 ,we find certain delights which no past-master can know2 pleasures exclusively for the novice4 ,give me an opponent not too haughty for my unworthy steel1 one who may perhaps forget to capture an exposed bishop of mine1 an opponent who1 like me1 will know the early poetry of mad adventure and the quiet fatalism of unexpected defeat4 ,with this opponent ,i will engage to enjoy three things which1 to ,mr4 ,morphy1 immortality itself shall not restore--three things3 a fresh delight in the whimsical personality of the various chessmen2 the recklessness of uncertainty and of unforeseen adventure2 the unprecedented thrill of checkmating my opponent by accident4 ,mr4 ,morphy1 ,i admit1 may perhaps have retained through life a personal appreciation of the characters of the pieces3 the conservative habits of the king2 the politic1 sidelong bishop2 the stout little roundhead pawns4 ,but since his forgotten apprenticeship he has not known their many-sided natures4 ,to ,mr4 ,morphy they long since became subject--invariably calculable4 ,with a novice1 the men and women of the chess-board regain their individuality and their ,old ,world caprices1 their medival greatness of heart4 ,like ,aragon and the ,plantagenets1 they have magnificent leisure for the purposeless and aimless quest4 ,the stiff1 kind1 circular eyes of my simple boxwood knight stare casually about him as he goes4 ,irresponsibly he twists among his enemies1 now drawing rein in the cross-country path of an angry bishop1 now blowing his horn at the very drawbridge of the king4 ,and it is no cheap impunity that he faces in his errant hardihood4 ,my opponent seldom lapses4 ,my knights often die in harness1 all unshriven4 ,that risk lends unfailing zest4 ,most of all1 ,i love my gentle horsemen4 ,my opponent1 too1 has her loyalties1 quixotic and unshaken4 ,blindly1 one evening1 ,i imperiled my queen4 ,only the opposing bishop needed to be sacrificed to capture her4 ,the spectators were breathless at her certain fate4 ,but my opponent sets high value upon her stately bishop4 ,rather this man saved for defense than risked for such a captive1 feminist though she be1 and queen4 ,with ecclesiastical dignity the bishop withdrew1 and my queen went on her tranquil way4 ,of all the men1 the king reveals himself least readily4 ,a noncommittal monarch at best4 ,at times imperial and menacing1 my king may conquer1 with goodly backing from his yeomen and his chivalry4 ,sometimes1 again1 like ,lear1 he is no longer terrible in arms1 his royal guard cut down4 ,and at his death he loves always to send urgently for his bishop1 who is solacing1 though powerless to save4 ,all this is typical of our second pleasure1 the exhilaration of incautious and unpremeditated moves4 ,inexplicable1 for example1 this pious return of the outbound bishop at the last battle-cry of the king4 ,at times1 however1 a move may well be wasted to the end that all may happen decently and in order4 ,my opponent shares with me this respect for ceremony4 ,together we lament the ruins when a lordly castle falls4 ,our atrocities are never heartless2 we never recriminate4 ,my opening moves1 in general1 are characterized by no mean regard for consequences4 ,let my men rush forth to the edge of the hostile country4 ,once there1 there will be time enough to peer about and reconnoitre and see what we shall see4 ,meanwhile1 the enemy is battering gloriously at my postern-gate1 but at least the fight is on6 ,part of our recklessness in these opening moves consists in our confidential revelations to each other of all our plans and disquieting problems4 ,this needn't worry you at present1 ,i remark1 planting my castle on an irrational crag4 ,i'm only putting it there in case4 ,that saves much time4 ,my opponent might otherwise have found it necessary to waste long minutes in trying to fathom the unknowable of my scheme4 ,without this companionable interchange chess is the most lonely of human experiences4 ,there you sit1 a being solitary and unsignaled--a point of thought1 a mere center of calculation4 ,you have no partner4 ,all the world is canceled for the time1 except1 perched opposite you1 another hermit intellect implacably estranged and sinister4 ,oh1 no6 ,as yet we discuss our plots4 ,poor journeymen players of the royal game6 ,strange clues to character appear around the friendly chess-board4 ,there is the supposedly neutral observer of the game1 who must murmur warnings or lament the ill-judged moves2 without him1 how would life and chess be simplified8 ,there is the stout-hearted player who refuses to resign though his defeat is demonstrably certain1 but continues to jog about the board1 eluding actual capture2 in life would he resign8 ,there is the player who gives little shrieks at unexpected attacks2 the player who explains his mistakes and what he had intended to do instead2 the player who makes no sign whether of gloating or of despair4 ,most striking of all is the behavior of all these when they face the necessity of playing against the handicap of past mistakes2 a wrong move may never be retracted by the thoroughbred4 ,no apology1 no retracting of the path2 we must go on as if the consequences were part of our plan4 ,it lures to allegory1 this checkered board1 these jousts and far crusades4 ,then1 on to checkmate1 the most perfect type of utter finality1 clear-cut and absolute4 ,shah-mat6 ,checkmate6 ,the king is dead4 ,in most conclusions there is something left ragged2 something still in abeyance1 in reserve4 ,here1 however1 is no shading1 no balancing of the scales4 ,we win1 not by majority1 as in cards2 success or failure is unanimous4 ,there was one ballot1 and that is cast4 ,no matter how ragged the playing that went before1 the end of a game of chess is always perfect4 ,it satisfies the spirit4 ,always at last comes contentment of soul1 though it be our king that dies4 ,the following subjects are suggested as suitable for treatment in informal essays4 ,they can1 in many cases1 be changed to suit individual experience1 can be made either broader or more restricted4 ,perhaps they will suggest other somewhat similar but more usable subjects4 ,,people #a4 ,the ,pleasures of ,selfishness4 #b4 ,wondering if the ,other ,person ,knows ,more4 #c4 ,pipe and ,slippers and ,dreams4 #d4 ,middle-aged ,kittens4 #e4 ,being ,tough4 #f4 ,early ,rising4 #g4 ,scientific ,eating4 #h4 ,the ,joys of the ,straphanger4 #i4 ,vicarious ,possessions in ,shop ,windows4 #aj4 ,shopping with the ,bargain ,hunter4 #aa4 ,new ,year's ,resolutions4 #ab4 ,the ,gossip of the ,waiting-,room 7of a ,railroad ,station1 ,doctor's ,office1 etc474 #ac4 ,the ,stimulation of ,closet ,skeletons4 #ad4 ,planning ,houses4 #ae4 ,keeping an ,expense ,book4 #af4 ,the ,millinery of the ,choir4 #ag4 ,the ,joys of ,being ,profane before the ,consciously ,pious4 #ah4 ,darius ,greens4 #ai4 ,tellers of ,dreams4 #bj4 ,making the ,most of ,misfortunes4 #ba4 ,the ,moral ,value of ,carrying a ,cane4 #bb4 ,souvenir ,hunting4 #bc4 ,the ,person ,who ,has ,always ,had ,the ,same ,experience ,myself4 #bd4 ,prayer-meeting ,courtships4 #be4 ,the ,exhaustion of ,repose4 #bf4 ,see the ,birdie1 ,darling6 #bg4 ,politeness to ,rich ,relatives4 #bh4 ,it must be so2 ,i ,read it in a ,book6 #bi4 ,anyway1 as ,stevenson said1 ,i did my darndest4 #cj4 ,the ,moral ,rigor of the ,nightly ,setting-up ,exercises4 #ca4 ,hooking ,rides4 #cb4 ,a ,society to ,forbid ,learning to ,play the ,trombone 7or ,cornet or ,piano or anything else74 #cc4 ,a ,sophomore for ,life4 #cd4 ,country ,auctions4 #ce4 ,the ,virtues of ,enviousness4 #cf4 ,the ,melancholy of ,old ,bachelors4 #cg4 ,village ,cut-ups4 #ch4 ,early ,assurances of ,doleful ,dying4 #ci4 ,failing1 to make ,money1 through ,failure to make ,money4 #dj4 ,people who never ,did ,wrong as ,children4 #da4 ,just ,wait till ,i'm ,grown-up6 #db4 ,philosophers' ,toothaches4 #dc4 ,the ,morality of ,stubbing ,one's ,toe in the ,dark4 #dd4 ,the ,dolefulness of ,celebrations4 #de4 ,what to ,do with ,bores4 #df4 ,the ,young and the ,still-young ,woman4 #dg4 ,the ,satisfaction of ,intolerance4 #dh4 ,the ,struggle to be an ,intellectual4 #di4 ,church ,socials4 #ej4 ,the ,revelations of ,food ,sales4 #ea4 ,white-haired ,enthusiasm4 #eb4 ,i have ,it in my ,card ,index4 #ec4 ,the ,rigors of ,shaving4 #ed4 ,the ,right to a ,beauty ,box4 #ee4 ,hopelessly ,sane4 #ef4 ,the ,job ,after ,graduation4 #eg4 ,the ,stupidity of ,heaven4 #eh4 ,the ,boon ,companions of ,hell4 #ei4 ,people ,who ,remember ,when ,you ,were ,only ,so ,high6 #fj4 ,being a ,gentleman though ,rich4 #fa4 ,great ,men ,one ,might ,wish to ,have ,thrashed4 #fb4 ,the ,awful ,servant4 #fc4 ,morality ,when the ,thermometer ,reads #ie4 #fd4 ,the ,technique of ,teas4 #fe4 ,dangers of ,criticism4 #ff4 ,starvation or a ,new ,cook8 #fg4 ,superior ,profanity4 #fh4 ,the ,logic of the ,movies4 #fi4 ,the ,woman's ,page4 #gj4 ,the ,neatness of ,men4 #ga4 ,on ,taking ,off ,one's ,hat4 #gb4 ,fashions in ,slang4 #gc4 ,ambitions at ,thirteen4 #gd4 ,the ,joys of ,whittling4 #ge4 ,learning1 without ,education4 ,,things #a4 ,individuality in ,shoes4 #b4 ,alarm ,clocks4 #c4 ,rail ,fences4 #d4 ,chimney ,pots4 #e4 ,illuminated ,mottoes4 #f4 ,fresh ,paint4 #g4 ,social ,caste of ,tombstones4 #h4 ,the ,lure of ,banks4 #i4 ,the ,witchery of ,seed ,catalogues4 #aj4 ,colonial ,windows4 #aa4 ,fishing ,tackle in the ,attic in ,january4 #ab4 ,the ,invitation of the ,label4 #ac4 ,stolen ,umbrellas4 #ad4 ,the ,dolefuless of the ,comic ,supplement4 #ae4 ,the ,humorousness of ,card ,catalogues4 #af4 ,the ,sweets and ,dregs of ,tin ,roofs4 #ag4 ,the ,tyranny of ,remembered ,melodies4 #ah4 ,friendly ,old ,clothes4 #ai4 ,the ,age of the ,pennant4 #bj4 ,the ,upper ,berth4 #ba4 ,bills in ,dining ,cars4 #bb4 ,pound ,cake4 #bc4 ,the ,toothsome ,drumstick4 #bd4 ,cravats ,one ,might ,wish to ,have ,worn4 #be4 ,spite ,fences4 #bf4 ,personality of ,teapots4 #bg4 ,all ,you ,have to ,do ,is-- #bh4 ,smoke on the ,skyline4 #bi4 ,the ,first ,long ,trousers4 #cj4 ,the ,new ,pipe4 #ca4 ,the ,old ,springboard4 #cb4 ,drinking ,fountains4 #cc4 ,the ,work-savers--now in the ,attic4 #cd4 ,candlesticks4 #ce4 ,the ,cantankerousness of ,gas ,engines4 #cf4 ,weeds4 #cg4 ,the ,pride of ,uniforms4 #ch4 ,leather-covered ,books4 #ci4 ,the ,pursuit of ,oriental ,rugs4 #dj4 ,wedding ,presents4 #da4 ,bird ,baths4 #db4 ,the ,charm of ,oil-,heaters4 #dc4 ,the ,coquetry of ,gift ,shops4 #dd4 ,the ,passing of the ,hitching ,post4 #de4 ,names ,one ,might ,wish to ,have ,had4 #df4 ,hall ,bedrooms4 #dg4 ,the ,lure of ,historic ,tablets4 #dh4 ,the ,futility of ,diaries4 #di4 ,squeaking ,boards at ,midnight4 #ej4 ,the ,caste of ,letter ,heads4 ,,nature #a4 ,walking in the ,rain4 #b4 ,skylines4 #c4 ,the ,personified ,trees of ,childhood4 #d4 ,coffee in the ,woods4 #e4 ,the ,psychology of ,hens4 #f4 ,the ,humanity of ,barnyards4 #g4 ,the ,smell of ,spring4 #h4 ,the ,perfume of ,bonfires4 #i4 ,the ,sounds of ,running ,water4 #aj4 ,tracks in the ,snow4 #aa4 ,the ,spectrum of ,autumn4 #ab4 ,the ,mellowness of ,gardens4 #ac4 ,the ,clamor of the ,silent ,stretches4 #ad4 ,the ,innocent ,joy of ,not ,knowing the ,birds4 #ae4 ,the ,rigors of the ,sleeping ,porch4 #af4 ,inspiration of ,mountain-tops4 #ag4 ,noises on ,cold ,winter ,nights4 #ah4 ,cherries or ,robins8 #ai4 ,the ,airedale ,pal4 #bj4 ,snakes ,i ,have ,never ,met4 #ba4 ,the ,exhilaration of ,winds4 #bb4 ,spring ,fever4 #bc4 ,the ,philosophy of ,campfires4 #bd4 ,birds in a ,city ,yard4 #be4 ,the ,majesty of ,thunderstorms4 #bf4 ,the ,music of ,snow ,water4 #bg4 ,hedges4 #bh4 ,mountain ,springs4 #bi4 ,the ,deep ,woods4 #cj4 ,summer ,clouds4 #ca4 ,the ,companionable ,birds4 #cb4 ,the ,dignity of ,crows4 #cc4 ,trout ,pools4 #cd4 ,muskrat ,trails4 #ce4 ,the ,first ,flowers of ,spring4 #cf4 ,the ,squirrels in the ,park4 #cg4 ,the ,dry ,sounds in ,nature4 #ch4 ,the ,honk of the ,flying ,wedge4 #ci4 ,the ,pageant of the ,warblers4 #dj4 ,the ,challenge of ,crags and ,ledges4 #da4 ,the ,white-birch ,country4 #db4 ,apple ,blossom ,time4 #dc4 ,the ,majesty of ,rivers4 #dd4 ,old ,orchards4 #de4 ,dried ,herbs4 #df4 ,friendly ,roadside ,bushes4 #dg4 ,the ,exultant ,leap of ,waterfalls4 #dh4 ,the ,wind in ,hemlock1 ,pine1 and ,spruce4 #di4 ,tree ,houses4 #ej4 ,the ,collection of ,pressed ,flowers4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,expository ,,biography ,biography is of three kinds4 ,first there is the purely dramatic1 such as we find in the plays of ,shakespeare1 ,barrie1 and others1 and often in novels of the more dramatic kind1 which sets the subject to marching up and down before our eyes1 with the gestures and the speech of life4 ,such biography sometimes covers a whole life1 more often only a fraction from which we are to judge of the whole4 ,from this kind of biography we draw our own conclusions of the hero2 the producer sweeps aside the curtain1 displays his people1 bows1 and leaves us to our comment4 ,this is a most stimulating form of writing4 ,the reader vicariously treads the ,roman ,forum1 or fights under the banner of the great ,alfred1 or perhaps jostles in the surge of politics1 or dreams an artist's dream1 or even performs the humble chores of a lonely farmhouse4 ,the personalities may never have lived except in the writer's brain1 yet who that has read of ,colonel ,newcome ever lets fade from his list of friends that delightful gentleman8 ,who that has once met ,falstaff forgets the roaring1 jolly old knave8 ,stevenson gave witness that almost more than from any one else his courage and good cheer in dark days had caught fire from the personality of ,shakespeare's heroine ,rosalind4 ,if these persons of the imagination can stimulate1 how much more ought the subjects of the other two forms of biography to fire the brain1 for they are usually taken from real life1 are people who have faced the actual problems such as the reader is meeting1 people who have perhaps flamed in a glorious career from birth to death or perhaps have gone quietly all their days4 ,the second form of biography is purely analytical4 ,it watches its subject1 follows him through life1 and only after this study sets down its words1 which aim to state for the reader the meaning of the life4 ,such biography is illustrated in the brief analyses of ,mr4 ,balfour and ,mr4 ,hardy on page #adh4 ,here the author is the logical thinker who draws the conclusions of careful meditation and says3 such was the significance of this man1 this woman4 ,the third kind of biography1 the expository1 the kind with which we are here concerned1 attempts to combine the other two1 hopes to present the pageant of life which the hero lived1 and especially to make an estimate of its importance1 its significance4 ,some novels approach this form when the author stops1 as ,thackeray often does1 to comment on the meaning of his people and their deeds4 ,this kind of biography attempts to accomplish what ,carlyle thought should be attempted1 the ability to say1 ,there is my hero1 there is the physiognomy and meaning of his appearance and transit on this earth2 such was he by nature1 so did the world act on him1 so he on the world1 with such result and significance for himself and us4 ,the ,problem ,the primary object of expository biography is so to build up before the reader's eyes the figure of the hero1 so to cast against the background of life the warm personality1 so to recreate the lineaments and so to give perspective to the whole that the reader will know the hero1 will be able to grasp his hand as a fellow human being with the game of life to play1 and will be aware of the significance of the personality to his times and to the reader himself4 ,to paint the man is the pleasurable adventure before the writer4 ,sir ,christopher ,wren bade us1 if we wished a memorial of him1 to look around upon the arches and the high dim places of his cathedral4 ,so the writer of expository biography must plant himself in the deeds and desires of his hero1 must gaze steadily into his eyes until he discovers the center of his being1 and must then set down the words1 which1 if well enough chosen1 wisely enough fitted1 will outlast the toughest stone4 ,it is in lack of true comprehension of the hero's life that so many expository biographies fail to inspire the reader1 in the failure to remember that the writer is not merely silently expressing old mortality1 the ruins of forgotten times1 but is trying to catch and record a living force1 to live as long as men understand it and are moved by it4 ,the chief duty of the biographer1 then1 is to discover the life-problem of his hero1 to understand it1 to learn how the hero came by it1 how he tried to solve it1 and what its significance is4 ,now this is much more easily accomplished with the personalities who have closed their span of existence than with those whom we know still living1 with their answer to their problem yet incomplete4 ,few of us have what ,mary ,lamb said she possessed1 a knack ,i know ,i have of looking into peoples' real character and never expecting them to act out of it--never expecting another to do as ,i would in the same case4 ,all the facts of personality1 the hints and gleams and shadows1 bewilder us at times with our friends1 and we regret the lack of perspective that reveals the central life-problem4 ,but when we turn to ,julius ,csar1 to ,jeanne d',arc1 to ,george ,washington1 or to some humble dweller of past days1 we can see the life whole1 can discover the heredity1 the natural endowment1 the surroundings1 the changing deeds and the shifting acquaintances and friends that determined for the hero what the life-problem should be4 ,with the truly remarkable advantage1 then1 of this central conception1 we can fall into cadence with the stride of our hero marching against his problem and can picture forth the struggle and its significance4 ,in every biography there is this problem4 ,your hero is at that game of consequences to which we all sit down1 the hanger-back not least1 as ,stevenson called life1 and the manner in which the hero perceives the imperious desires and staggering consequences will determine the flavor of his life4 ,to turn to ,stevenson himself we find a white-hot flame of romance cased in a feeble wraith of a body1 the heart of the man daring all things1 romping through life a deathless youth before the problem of adjustment between body and spirit4 ,or take the compounding of that tremendous figure1 ,george ,washington--adamant integrity1 the zeal which1 if unchecked1 would often have brought the house tumbling about his ears1 the endless capacity for indignation1 and with these the patience that left men well-nigh dazed and the self-control that made him god-like4 ,set him in the midst of the hurly-burly of a young nation as doubtful of itself as youth1 as eager1 as impetuous1 as contradictory1 with the forces of the ,old ,world pitted against it and with many traitors in its fold4 ,then conceive the problem of forming wise conjunction between vision and accomplishment1 between desire and restraint1 and the life of the man is at once unified1 centered1 illuminated1 and made significant4 ,the same result follows searching to the heart of any hero1 high or low1 and failure thus to reach the heart causes the pallid uninteresting heaping of details that mean nothing to the reader4 ,no architect can glorify the horizon with the silhouette of a cathedral1 nor can he even give a meaning to his accumulation of stone and mosaic and mortar1 if he heaps here a pile and there a pile1 rears here a chapel1 somewhere else as fancy directs lays out an aisle1 with no central problem of relationship4 ,nor can you dignify your hero's nature with a mere basket collection of the flying chips of life--a deed here1 a word there1 a desire at another time4 ,first1 then1 discover the problem that your hero faced in the relation of his character to itself and to its times4 ,the ,chief ,aid in ,solving the ,problem ,to discover the problem1 really to understand it1 requires as your chief tool imaginative sympathy4 ,without this your writing will leave your hero as flat and shiny as any conscientiously laundered piece of linen4 ,you are to picture him in relief1 in the round1 to make him live again1 step down from his pedestal1 and put his shoulder alongside ours and speak to us4 ,we read in a history that faces the necessity of condensation how ,william the ,conqueror consolidated his domains--and it means nothing at all to us of stimulating individual value4 ,we do not think of the recalcitrant underlings whose necks he had to force to bow1 of the weary eyes that gladly closed at the end of a terrible day's work1 of the frequent desire1 which at times must be suppressed1 perhaps at times gratified1 to run a sword through an opposing subject4 ,we forget1 in other words1 that ,william was a man1 a personality1 a bundle of nervous reactions and desires4 ,but the writing fails1 as biography1 unless we do remember these things4 ,it is in the discovery and understanding of these details and in combining them into a personality that our sympathy is required4 ,no one should set pen to paper in the service of biography who has not a lively personal interest in his hero1 who has not an open1 loving feeling for him--saint or villain whichever he may be--and desires to make his reader1 in turn1 feel the hero's personality4 ,the ideal biographer is he who can peep out through the eyes of his hero at the sights which he saw1 can feel the surge of ambition1 of love1 of hate1 the quickening of the heart at success1 and the cold pallor of defeat4 ,we have seen a grown person watch with cold eyes a child who wrestles with a problem of digging a ditch or building a dam or making a harness for the dog1 gradually lose the coldness of indifference1 forget the gulf of years1 kindle to the problem1 and finally with delight catch up spade or leather and give assistance4 ,until you feel a similar thrill of sharing experience with your hero1 do not write about him4 ,most of us really have this interest but we browbeat ourselves into a belief that a biography1 especially an expository biography1 must be dull4 ,and1 sad though we may be to admit it1 most such biographies written for courses in literature or history1 are--well1 plain stupid4 ,the lives are1 to use ,samuel ,johnson's words1 begun with a pedigree and ended with a funeral1 and the dull stretch between is a mere series of events which find unity only in that they all happen to the same person4 ,such writing is1 truly1 inexcusable2 it is like the railway journey of the unfortunate soul who sees nothing but the clambering aboard and then the folding of the hands for a long dull jouncing until lethargy can be thrown off and it is time to clamber down again4 ,had the traveler but the insight1 or the inclination1 he would perceive that his journey is a high adventure spiced with a delicious flavor of challenge and reply4 ,just so you may find that the writing of expository biography has the charm of life itself4 ,the patient clerk bends over his record sheet and attests the arrival1 the departure1 of lifeless baggage tossed from hand to hand1 from car to car1 piled up1 taken down and set finally to rest at its destination4 ,but you deal not with lifeless baggage but with the fascinating compound of flesh and blood1 of desire and of will1 that changes the face of the world4 ,no mere matter-of-fact attitude here1 but the perpetual wonder and joy at the turns and flashes of human personality4 ,rather than be a matter-of-fact man ,lamb wisely preferred being a matter-of-lie man2 the writer of expository biography finds that his material is of such a nature as to be more interesting even than lies4 ,as ,sir ,thomas ,browne said of his not remarkable life1 which to relate were not a history but a piece of poetry and would sound to common ears a fable4 ,most of us find that the most fascinating study for man is ,man4 ,not only do we believe that man is a noble animal1 splendid in ashes1 and pompous in the grave1 but that while alive he is more alluring than anything else4 ,we might conceivably even argue that ,socrates advised ,know thyself out of fear lest our curiosity about our fellows absorb all our effort4 ,but so great is our fear of the formality of biography that we often belie our sympathy and think that only the large dim figures of the past1 kings and potentates1 who stride through mighty events1 are possible for treatment4 ,our fear is false4 ,stevenson was again correct in saying1 ,the man who lost his life against a hen roost is in the same pickle with the man who lost his life against a fortified place of the first order4 ,no life ever existed--absolutely not one--that was not capable of an absorbing expository biography4 ,the true biographer never takes the point of view of the philosopher who said1 ,most men and women are merely one couple more4 ,rather he knows that1 however slight in the sweeping cycle of time a stick of striped candy may be1 to the child who drops it into the gutter it is of more weight than a royal scepter4 ,he knows1 too1 that the ordinary1 respectable citizen1 one of the common people1 though he never is subject to scandal like a villain and never molds kingdoms like the great figures of history1 is nevertheless1 in his quiet sphere1 a fit hero for biography4 ,he sees that to such a person the gaining1 through patient years of toil1 of a little homestead1 is as great a victory as for an emperor to conquer a country1 that to be elected moderator of the town meeting or president of the literary club is a large adventure4 ,barrie had the imagination to see that the day when the six haircloth chairs entered his mother's parlor as the culmination of a long campaign1 was a day to her of thrilling adventure1 of conquest1 of triumph4 ,and yet we are afraid that biography ought to be dull6 ,fear of the formality of writing is often the cause of our making expository biography a mere combination of the succession of events which history shows and a few dull comments about the subject1 instead of a real interpretation illuminated with the magic of sympathetic understanding4 ,with this fear upon us we write as awkwardly1 as lifelessly1 as we deport ourselves at a reception where we forget the pulse of humanity and are clutched by the fear of--we know not what4 ,such a fear would palsy the hand of him who should attempt to weave even the treasury of facts in the following statement with an estimate of their significance4 ,writing of ,general ,judah ,p4 ,benjamin1 of the ,american ,civil ,war1 ,mr4 ,gamaliel ,bradford says3 ,benjamin was a ,jew4 ,he was born a ,british subject4 ,he made a brilliant reputation at the ,louisiana ,bar and was offered a seat in the ,united ,states ,supreme ,court4 ,he became ,united ,states senator4 ,when his state seceded1 he went with it1 and filled three cabinet positions under the ,confederacy4 ,he fell with the immense collapse of that dream fabric4 ,then1 at the age of fifty-four1 he set himself to build up a new fortune and a new glory1 and he died one of the most successful and respected barristers in ,london4#ij #ij ,gamaliel ,bradford3 ,judah ,p4 ,benjamin4 ,by courtesy of ,the ,atlantic ,monthly ,company4 ,but with fear thrown off1 with enthusiastic desire really to understand sympathetically1 we find no lack of interest4 ,to any one the terrible storm in the harbor of ,apia1 when ships were wrecked like straws and lives were spilled out by scores1 would offer material because of the horror of the events4 ,but only with imaginative sympathy could we write an expository biography of a humble ,jackie on a ,united ,states boat in the harbor4 ,with such sympathy1 as we read that after the gruelling agony of long fruitless fighting against the storm the sailors of the ,united ,states ,steamship ,trenton1 which was pounding its wooden hull to splinters on the reef1 climbed into the rigging and cheered while the more lucky ,british boat ,calliope steamed past on her way to safety in the open sea1 we are thrilled with the fact that of those gallant seamen every one is worthy of record4 ,some quiet lad from perhaps a white farmhouse tucked into a little valley1 who was honestly doing his duty and hoping for the glory of the time when he should be a petty officer1 now while the teeth of death are already bared gloriously lifts up his young voice in gallant recognition of his more successful fellows of the ,calliope6 ,and yet the official record of the event would imply no possibility of finding romance in this humble individual life4 ,the meanest flower that blows moved the poet's heart2 we need not be poets1 but only sympathetic human beings1 with the great gift of comradeship1 to be moved by even the lowliest man or woman4 ,and the objection that rises unbidden and declares us unfit to write expository biography because we have not ourselves known great men is false4 ,quite truly ,carlyle demolishes such objection3 ,what make ye of ,parson ,white of ,selborne8 ,he had not only no great men to look on1 but not even men2 merely sparrows and cockchafers2 yet has he left us a ,biography of these2 which1 under its title ,natural ,history of ,selborne1 still remains valuable to us2 which has copied a little sentence or two faithfully from the ,inspired ,volume of ,nature1 and is itself not without inspiration4 ,go ye and do likewise4 ,certainly if you face the setting forth of the life of some large figure of the past you have a fascinating pageant to unriddle1 to centralize4 ,and just as surely if you turn to the familiar figures of your home town1 of your family history1 and really lay your spirit alongside1 you will find deep significance for yourself and for your reader4 ,for every human being has its ,waterloo4 ,sometimes we play ,wellington1 sometimes ,bonaparte1 but whether winning or losing we all tread the same way1 and the fight is as significant to each as ever the victory or defeat of ,waterloo was to ,wellington or ,napoleon4 ,the ,process of ,solving the ,problem ,with this great requisite of imaginative sympathy that sees value in all human beings1 then1 we set out on our chief task1 to find the life-problem of our particular hero4 ,this necessitates definition and analysis4 ,somehow we must find the sphere in which our hero moved1 the group to which he belonged1 and must then discover the qualities that he showed in the group which made him a real individual4 ,such definition and analysis will appear when we examine the character of the hero and the events in his life4 #a4 ,defining the ,character ,in placing the subject of biography in a group we must take care to unify the character and at the same time to escape making him merely typical4 ,a biography is a portrait1 and if it omits the peculiar lineaments that distinguish the hero from all others1 if it overlooks the little details of personality1 it is valueless1 and certainly uninteresting4 ,the names of characters in old dramas1 such as ,justice ,clement1 ,justice ,shallow1 ,fastidious ,brisk1 ,sir ,politick ,would-be1 and of some of ,scott's characters such as ,poundtext1 ,rev4 ,gabriel ,kettledrummle1 ,mr4 ,holdenough1 indicate the central point of view of the characters but do not individualize them4 ,before we are really interested in these people we must see the personal traits that give charm4 ,the unifying and centralizing of the character will be accomplished through discovering the fundamental nature4 ,when ,cavour wrote1 ,i am a son of ,liberty1 and it is to her that ,i owe all that ,i am1 he classified himself at once through revealing the inner heart of his being4 ,mr4 ,george ,whibley gives both outward action and inward attitude when he writes1 ,george ,buchanan was the type and exemplar of the wandering ,scot4 ,so a writer in the ,new ,york ,nation#ia classifies ,william ,james by finding the controlling motives of his life4 ,he was a force of expansion1 not a force of concentration4 ,he 'opens doors and windows1' shakes out a mind that has long lain in the creases of prejudice4 ,he is the most vital and gifted exemplar of intellectual sympathy4 ,again1 ,mr4 ,bradford1 in characterizing ,general ,sherman1 writes1 ,sherman is like one of our clear blue ,january days1 with a fresh north wind4 ,it stimulates you4 ,it inspires you4 ,but crisp1 vivid1 intoxicating as it is1 it seems to me that too prolonged enjoyment of such weather would dry my soul till the vague fragrance of immortality was all gone out of it4 ,and when some one asked ,goldsmith1 referring to ,boswell1 ,who is this ,scotch cur at ,johnson's heels8 ,goldsmith replied1 ,he is not a cur1 he is only a bur4 ,tom ,davies flung him at ,johnson in sport1 and he has the faculty of sticking4 ,each of these characterizations classifies the subject2 no one of them makes him a distinct personality1 for thousands have been wandering ,scots1 forces of expansion1 burs4 ,the typifying is of great value in establishing the central point of view of the subject1 but it cannot be left to stand alone in a real portrait4 #ia ,vol4 #id1 p4 #cfc4 ,it is necessary that we define our hero by determining the class to which he belongs1 but such definition brings a great danger1 the danger of making a warped interpretation4 ,at once we must take care1 when we discover the type of a man1 not to overwork the type qualities1 not to make everything conform to this inner core1 whether the detail properly fits or not4 ,for example1 once we have called a man a liberal we shall need to guard against denying the conservative acts which are in themselves contradictory of the general nature though in the large they fuse with it4 ,such a tag is likely1 if not guarded against1 to make the writer the victim of a kind of color-blindness in character1 so that he can see only the crimson of liberal1 the lavender of conservative4 ,in a sentence like the following there lurks the possibility of overworking a point of view1 of riding rough-shod over details that do not immediately swing into line4 ,speaking of ,general ,hooker1 ,general ,walker observes shrewdly1 ',he was handsome and picturesque in the extreme1 but with a fatally weak chin' 444 ,bear it in mind in our further study4 ,spontaneity of reaction to the hero is in possible danger of extinction when the biographer has solidly set down the class name4 ,the same danger is at hand when we find and state the controlling motive of the hero's life1 as when we say that he was primarily ambitious1 or exhibited above everything else courage4 ,we need be careful lest trivial matters be made to appear ambitious1 thrillingly courageous1 and lest we deny what seems contradictory4 ,in the following characterization of the historian ,green by his friend the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,haweis we find no such cramping effect1 but a welling forth of creative impression that makes ,green live before our eyes4 ,that slight nervous figure1 below the medium height2 that tall forehead1 with the head prematurely bald2 the quick but small eyes1 rather close together2 the thin mouth1 with lips seldom at rest1 but often closed tightly as though the teeth were clenched with an odd kind of latent energy beneath them2 the slight1 almost feminine hands2 the little stoop2 the quick alert step2 the flashing exuberance of spirits2 the sunny smile2 the torrent of quick invective1 scorn1 or badinage1 exchanged in a moment for a burst of sympathy or a delightful and prolonged flow of narrative--all this comes back to me vividly6 ,and what narrative1 what anecdote1 what glancing wit6 ,what a talker6 ,a man who shrank from society1 and yet was so fitted to adorn and instruct every company he approached1 from a parochial assembly to a statesman's reception6 ,but how enchanting were my walks with him in the ,victoria ,park1 that one outlet of ,stepney and ,bethnal ,green6 ,i never in my life so lost count of time with any one before or since4444 ,i have sometimes1 after spending the evening with him at my lodgings1 walked back to ,st4 ,philip's ,parsonage1 ,stepney1 towards midnight1 talking2 then he has walked back with me in the summer night1 talking2 and when the dawn broke it has found us belated somewhere in the lonely ,mile ,end ,road1 still unexhausted1 and still talking4#ib #ib ,haweis3 ,music and ,morals4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,longmans1 ,green ,co41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,but when we have inveighed as much as we need against the dangers of classification1 we must swing round to the first statement that for unifying the character and giving it fundamental significance such classification is of great importance4 ,merely to find the type to which a character belongs is not sufficient2 such a process leaves the character stamped1 to be sure1 but without interest4 ,we care for living people not chiefly because of their type but because of their individuality1 the little traits that set them apart from their fellows4 ,the next step1 therefore1 is to discover and reveal the individuality4 ,the type to which a character belongs is shown by the large sweep of his whole life2 his individuality is revealed often most clearly in the slight incidents by the way4 ,for this reason the personal anecdote assumes importance as adding both interest and completeness that consists in filling in the broad expanses of the portrait with the lines of individual expression4 ,this does not mean that all anecdotes are of value for expository biography2 only those which are truly in the stream of personality1 which help to establish either the type or the individual4 ,the whimsical nature of the little incident which ,mr4 ,george ,whibley#ic relates of the scoundrel ,tom ,austin is of value not because it makes a picturesque note at a hanging1 but because it really helps to establish the full picture of the man3 ,when ,tom ,austin was being haltered for hanging1 the ,chaplain asked him had he anything to say4 ',only1 there's a woman yonder with some curds and whey1 and ,i wish ,i could have a pennyworth of them before ,i am hanged1 because ,i don't know when ,i shall see any again4' ,it is easily said that ,lincoln was a great democratic soul and a great humorist4 ,these are two useful tags4 ,but when we know that to the ,englishman who remarked1 ,in ,england1 you know1 no gentleman blacks his own shoes1 he replied1 ,whose does he black1 then8 we feel the peculiar tang of the ,lincoln personality along with the type qualities of democrat and humorist4 ,after we have classified ,washington as an austere1 cold1 unemotional being1 we find both corrective for a too narrow classification1 and insight into the peculiar qualities of the man when we read how he swore like an angel from ,heaven on the famous occasion of the encounter with ,lee4 ,for the anecdote is1 we see1 really in the main flow of ,washington's nature4 ,general ,wolfe is tagged as a romantic young warrior but takes on both interest and personality when we read of his repeating ,gray's ,elegy ,written in a ,country ,churchyard as his men silently rowed him to the battle on the ,heights of ,abraham4 ,the personality of ,madame de ,stal's father is largely illuminated when we learn that though the little daughter sat primly at table as long as her mother remained in the room1 as soon as she retired1 with a cry of delight the child flung her napkin at her father's head4 ,anecdote is highly useful so long as we remember that it is not for adornment but for revelation1 not primarily for interest--though that is an important function--but rather for proving in dramatic particular the quality which we claim for our hero4 ,properly chosen anecdotes should be the high lights in the proof of qualities which the writer's exposition establishes in more sober manner4 ,and of course they also serve to show the differentia which make the character an individual1 and thus help to complete the definition4 #ic ,a ,book of ,scoundrels4 #b4 ,analyzing the ,character a4 ,heredity ,when once we have defined the character1 have found its class and to some extent its differentia1 we can by analysis add to our comprehension of it and to the distinguishing personal traits4 ,we must break up the character and see its manifestations and the results of the influences that molded it4 ,heredity at once demands recognition4 ,it is not insignificant that ,emerson was the descendant of a long line of ,new ,england clergymen4 ,the bravery of ,stevenson is accounted for partly by the doughty old builder of lighthouses1 his grandfather ,robert ,stevenson4 ,descent holds often1 apparently1 a guiding rein in directing a character into its life-problem4 ,emerson's problem was comparatively simplified1 so far as personal integrity concerned him1 for he was by nature good4 ,lowell testified that it was perfectly natural for himself to turn to literature1 since in his childhood he had become so accustomed to the smell of ,russia leather in the bindings of his father's books4 ,the following sentence#id shows the grip of descent through the centuries which is not disguised by the man's name3 ,the ,mr4 ,balfour of those days has been altogether outgrown by the ,admiralty ,first ,lord of the existing coalition1 a ,balfour in name only1 in breadth of shoulders1 thickness of frame1 heaviness of jaw1 and proportions of forehead a ,cecil marvelously recalling1 not only his illustrious uncle1 but that relative's ,elizabethan ancestors4 ,men are what their mothers made them1 says ,emerson4 ,you may as well ask a loom which weaves huckabuck why it does not make cashmere1 as expect poetry from this engineer1 or a chemical discovery from that jobber4 ,partly1 at least1 the life-problem is determined by the heredity2 to each there is but one future1 and that is already determined in his lobes and described in that little fatty face1 pig-eye1 and squat form1 to quote ,emerson again even though he lays undue stress1 perhaps1 upon the power of descent4 ,in the paragraph which follows you will find an interesting account of the ancestry of ,o4 ,w4 ,holmes1 with a statement also of the essential quiet of his life1 which is nevertheless so often thought of as worthy of biographical treatment4 #id ,t4 ,h4 ,s4 ,escott3 ,great ,victorians4 ,t4 ,fisher ,unwin1 ,london4 ,dr4 ,holmes came of this good1 old1 unmixed ,new ,england stock that ran back to ,hell on the one side in the severest orthodoxy and up to ,heaven on the other in large liberality4 ,he discovered that the title deeds were all in ,heaven--while all other claims were by squatters' rights outside the ,garden of ,eden4 ,so ,dr4 ,holmes grew into a ,unitarian and proceeded to cultivate the descent which lies outside ,paradise4 ,his father was a minister1 so beautiful in countenance1 ,holmes tells us1 that he could never have believed an unkind thing1 and his mother of different line was a ,liberal by descent4 ,holmes was born1 too1 to the conflicting traditions of ,yale and ,harvard2 but beyond being born1 practically nothing ever happened to him afterwards4 ,he had a little group of friends who were actually companions4 ,during his whole life1 except the two years of medical study in ,europe in the beginning of his career1 and the hundred days in ,europe celebrated in one of his later books1 he was never further away from ,boston1 for the most part1 than ,salem or ,beverly1 that ,beverly1 to which he referred in replying to a friend who had addressed a letter to him from ,manchester-by-the-,sea1 as ,beverly-by-the-,depot4 ,he went some summers to ,pittsfield where he had a summer house1 and where the sparkling ,berkshire air seemed to suit his effervescent mind4 ,but he was never quite at home beyond the smell of the ,charles ,river4#ie #ie ,thomas ,r4 ,slicer3 ,from ,poet to ,premier4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,the ,grolier ,society1 ,london4 b4 ,interests ,then when your hero grows up1 what are his interests8 ,to what profession or kind of work does he turn8 ,where does he find the satisfaction for his energy that searches an outlet8 ,does he1 like ,thomas ,carlyle1 try one and another profession only to fail and be driven1 finally1 into the one work in which he could find the answer to the life-problem that his personality presents8 ,when his profession is chosen1 what are his interests8 ,does he work out his problem in a narrowly restricted field1 or does he call in the powers of a wide range of significant pursuits8 ,no expository biography of ,leonardo da ,vinci can overlook the astounding breadth of the man's activity1 especially as shown in the remarkable document which he presented to ,ludovico ,sforza arranging his attainments under nine different headings in military engineering and adding a tenth for civil engineering and architecture1--and finally throwing in1 as a suggestion1 his worth as painter and sculptor6 ,there were the compounds of a life-problem sufficiently complex to satisfy the most captious4 ,or if the hero never moves from a tiny hamlet1 treads only one path--as ,pericles is said to have done between house and office during the great days of his power--the fact is significant4 ,the grasp of ideas within whatever field the hero may choose is also important4 ,the distinction between the personality that is merely efficient in handling facts1 and the personality that dominates the facts and drives them at his bidding1 that shows real power1 has direct bearing on the nature and the solution of the life-problem4 c4 ,beliefs ,nor can you overlook the hero's beliefs1 whether in ethics or religion1 in politics1 in the laws of society4 ,in the analysis of ,mr4 ,balfour1 on page #adh1 at once is apparent the large influence on his answer that is caused by his sophistication4 ,the bravery of the ,stoic1 the voluptuous sentimentality of many religious people of modern times1 vitally affect the nature of the character which possesses them4 ,if your hero is by nature an aristocrat1 if his sympathies are limited to the few choice people of the world1 his life-problem is radically different from that of the natural democrat like ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,finally1 whatever ideas he may hold about the relation in society of man to man1 of man to woman1 will inevitably influence his solution of his particular question1 just as his beliefs are themselves partly determined by his physical being4 d4 ,friends ,closely allied with his beliefs will be his choice of friends4 ,has he the gift of familiarity1 or does he struggle in vain to break through the bars of personality1 or is he terrified at the gulf between himself and another8 ,does he regard friends as useful instruments1 as pleasant companions1 or as objects of devoted affection8 ,and how do his friends react to him8 ,it is worth remembering that the boy ,tennyson wrote1 in grief1 ,byron is dead6--not only the boy but the older poet is illuminated by the words4 ,stephen ,a4 ,douglas holding ,lincoln's hat beside the platform while the ,gettysburg ,address was being delivered showed not only the mellowness of his own nature but the commanding power of friendship that ,lincoln possessed4 ,the number of friends and the range of their activity--whether selected from all sections of human activity or from the hero's own more limited field--are important4 e4 ,deeds ,finally1 the deeds of the hero are of the greatest significance in indicating how he met his life-problem4 ,did he greet the unknown with a cheer or did he like a doubtful bather shrink back from plunging into the stream of activity8 ,were his deeds actuated by generous motives1 or by petty8 ,if1 says ,stevenson1 it is for fame that men do brave actions1 they are only silly fellows after all4 ,macbeth strode through large events1 as did ,robert ,e4 ,lee1 yet the dominating motives were quite different1 and these motives throw the utmost light on the fundamentals of character4 ,before you write1 then1 first define your hero1 find his type and his individuality1 and then analyze his character to determine his descent1 his intellectual interests1 his beliefs1 his friends1 and his deeds4 ,and remember that these are not in water-tight compartments1 separated from each other1 but that they fuse together to make the personality1 to create the life-problem1 and to answer it4 ,the ,use of ,events in the ,life ,dramatic biography is almost wholly the moving events of life4 ,the evil of cheap fiction is partly that it will be nothing but events1 that only dust will be raised1 no meaning found4 ,expository biography may err in the opposite direction and exclude the moving show1 become only abstract analysis and definition4 ,you must guard against this1 because absence of events both complicates the writer's task and makes his success with the reader more problematic4 ,moreover1 since so largely the positive personality of the hero will express itself in action1 since largely through events we shall discover what the life-problem is and especially how it is met1 to omit the flow of events is to lame the interpretation4 ,all readers1 it is well to remember1 have the child's desire for more than mere information about the machine2 they wish to see it go4 ,the vitality of fiction is always increased by dramatic presentation4 ,since you have a real character to make vital1 bring to your writing the devices that make characters real4 ,carlyle#if well characterizes the denatured style of treating living beings3 #if ,thomas ,carlyle3 ,biography1 in ,critical and ,miscellaneous ,essays4 ,houghton ,mifflin ,company1 ,boston1 publishers4 ,those modern ,narrations1 of the ,philosophic kind1 where ,philosophy1 teaching by ,experience1 has to sit like owl on housetop1 seeing nothing1 understanding nothing1 uttering only1 with solemnity enough1 her perpetual and most wearisome hoo-hoo3--what hope have we1 except the for the most part fallacious one of gaining some acquaintance with our fellow-creatures1 though dead and vanished1 yet dear to us2 how they got along in those old days1 suffering and doing2 to what extent1 and under what circumstances1 they resisted the ,devil and triumphed over him1 or struck their colors to him1 and were trodden under foot by him2 how1 in short1 the perennial ,battle went1 which men name ,life1 which we also in these new days1 with indifferent fortune have to fight1 and must bequeath to our sons and grandsons to go on fighting4444 a4 ,choice of ,events ,the question at once arises1 what events shall the writer select8 ,the total course is mapped for you3 there is the pedigree1 there the birth1 and finally there the funeral4 ,these are inescapable4 ,just so1 for most heroes1 marriage4 ,but to choose only those facts that are common to all1 to make your hero do only the conventionally unavoidable things1 will leave him without personality4 ,the question is1 what did he do that was peculiar to himself1 what reaction to life did he alone1 of all the myriads1 make8 ,it is true that most men and women spend their time at their profession or appointed task1 whatever it may be1 but what the reader cries for is how did they spend their time and energy8 ,it is not sufficient that you tell your reader that ,robert ,franz labored at his profession of music4 ,what you must do is to show how1 in poverty1 which1 but for the inexhaustible kindness of ,liszt1 would have been unrelieved1 with total deafness upon him1 with his musician's-fingers twisted and useless with paralysis1 and with only slight recognition from the world for his efforts1 he quite beautifully subordinated his own personality for the sake of his art and for years labored in unremunerative love at the unwritten harmonies of ,bach and ,handel that the public might have complete realization of the otherwise crippled productions4 ,when you tell that1 your reader will understand ,robert ,franz1 not merely a somebody4 ,choose1 then1 the events that all share in common if they are of value in giving a framework for your narrative presentation1 but especially choose those events that in their nature illuminate the personality and complement your analysis4 ,we think of events as being public4 ,there is also the hero's private life4 ,often1 especially with the more humble heroes1 the home life is more important than the public deeds1 brings out more clearly the real man than any amount of marching in the market place or discussing in the public square4 ,the incident related of ,robert ,e4 ,lee when he was ,president of ,washington ,college is more revealing1 almost1 of his greatness of heart than a far more important deed of the great ,general4 ,when a sophomore to whom ,lee had recommended more intense application to work1 with the warning of possible failure1 remarked1 ,but1 ,general1 you failed1 ,lee quietly replied1 ,i hope that you may be more fortunate than ,i4 ,to neglect either public or private life makes the biography less valuable2 light upon the personality from whatever honest source is to be eagerly sought4 b4 ,relation of ,events to ,personality ,with your choice made1 you yet face the difficulty of uniting events and personality4 ,it is not that you have parallel lines1 one of action and one of character2 the two lines join and become one4 ,you have the choice of observing the personality through the medium of events1 or events through the medium of personality4 ,of the two1 the latter is to be preferred4 ,to understand the personality we heed to know whether it controls and directs events1 or merely receives them4 ,into every life a large measure of chance enters4 ,does the personality merely receive the events1 or does it master chance8 ,suppose that the following analysis#ig of two widely different characters is correct1 just3 #ig ,amiel's ,journal4 ,mozart--grace1 liberty1 certainty1 freedom1 and precision of style1 and exquisite and aristocratic beauty1 serenity of soul1 the health and talent of the master1 both on a level with his genius2 ,beethoven--more pathetic1 more passionate1 more torn with feeling1 more intricate1 more profound1 less perfect1 more the slave of his genius1 more carried away by his fancy or his passion1 more moving1 and more sublime than ,mozart4444 ,one is serene1 the other serious4444 ,the first is stronger than destiny1 because he takes life less profoundly2 the second is less strong1 because he has dared to measure himself against deeper sorrows4444 ,in ,mozart the balance of the whole is perfect1 and art triumphs2 in ,beethoven feeling governs everything and emotion troubles his art in proportion as it deepens it4 ,now we know that ,mozart's attitude toward patrons was sweetly deferential and graceful1 whereas ,beethoven rushed into the courtyard of his patron ,prince ,lobkowitz1 shouting1 ,lobkowitz donkey6 ,lobkowitz donkey66 and when1 in the company of ,goethe1 he once met an archduke1 though ,goethe made a profound bow with bared head1 ,beethoven reached up1 jammed his hat down tighter upon his head1 and1 rigidly erect1 stalked by without recognition of rank4 ,these actions of ,beethoven are emotionally tempestuous4 ,we have our choice of interpreting them as resulting from his personality or of determining his personality as revealed by the deeds4 ,in general it is better to view deeds and events in the light of personality4 c4 ,relation to ,society and ,times ,events happen to more than the hero alone2 he is a member of society4 ,it is necessary1 therefore1 to link the events of his life to the current of his times1 to fit him into the background against which his life was played4 ,how was he affected1 what influence did he exert1 what offices or positions of trust did he hold8 ,often1 of course1 estimate of the personality will be considerably determined by his relations with his contemporaries4 ,you need to bear two cautions in mind3 first1 not to misjudge a man because moral or social standards have shifted since his times2 and second1 not to introduce so much matter about his relationships as to obscure the outlines of his personality or as to relegate him to less than the chief position4 ,imaginative sympathy will be sufficient to prevent the first4 ,if you really look through your hero's eyes at the life that he saw1 with his standards in mind1 though you may have to condemn his attitude from a more modern point of view1 you will be able to see that his deeds are quite comprehensible1 that perhaps1 had you been in his place1 you would have acted likewise4 ,we no longer decorate important bridges with the heads of criminals set on pikes1 as our ancestors did1 nor do we burn supposed witches4 ,but though we condemn ,edward the ,first of ,england for the one and the ,salem ,puritans for the other1 we can still love both ,edward and the ,puritans--if we have imaginative sympathy4 ,the second caution requires simply that you make your hero dominate the scene4 ,now this is not an easy task when you are reviewing1 in many pages1 the gorgeous pageant of an age4 ,we can easily imagine that if ,parr had written the ,life of ,johnson which he said would have been so much superior to that by ,boswell1 and had included the threatened view of the literature of ,europe1 the poor old hero would have been roughly jostled away behind the furniture4 ,mr4 ,barrett ,wendell paid ,carlyle a tribute of the highest kind in writing of his ,frederick the ,great3 ,such a mass of living facts--for somehow ,carlyle never lets a fact lack life--,i had never seen flung together before2 and yet the one chief impression ,i brought away from the book was that to a degree rare in even small ones it possessed as a whole the great trait of unity4 ,in one's memory1 each fact by and by fell into its own place2 the chief ones stood out2 the lesser sank back into a confused but not inextricable mass of throbbing vitality4 ,and from it all emerged more and more clearly the one central figure who gave his name to the whole--,frederick of ,prussia4 ,it was as they bore on him from all quarters of time and space1 and as he reacted on them far and wide1 that all these events and all these people were brought back out of their dusty graves to live again4#ih #ih ,barrett ,wendell3 ,english ,composition4 ,by courtesy of the publishers1 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,copyright1 #ahia4 ,make your hero stand near the footlights1 then1 and take care that he be not in the shadows of the wings4 d4 ,rhetorical ,value of ,events ,from a purely rhetorical point of view the inclusion of the events in the hero's life is important because it offers a useful structural scheme for the writing1 the chronological order4 ,the exact succession of events need not be followed1 surely2 sometimes the intended effect will demand a reversal of actual order1 but the relation in time will be found valuable for showing the growth of personality1 of intellectual grasp1 of influence upon the world4 ,do not1 then1 neglect the active life of your hero4 ,by presenting it you will find the task of composition lightened1 you will help to establish the personality1 and you will give to the writing the dramatic vitality that is so much desired by the reader4 ,the ,problem of ,telling the ,truth ,however imaginatively sympathetic you may be in interpreting your hero1 however carefully you may try to find his life-problem1 and however well you may attempt to define and analyze his personality1 you will be confronted with one almost insuperable problem--how to tell the truth4 ,in no form of exposition is this problem more difficult4 ,for we are more moved by human personality than by anything else1 more drawn to a person than to a machine1 more affected by the comparatively parallel problem of another human being than by the inanimate existence of wood and steel4 ,long observation and study of our heroes seems often to make us even less fitted to estimate their worth1 for we reach the state of companionship with them where we resent any fact that does not tally with our formed judgment1 and are tempted to exclude it4 ,mr4 ,gamaliel ,bradford divides biographers into those who think they are impartial and those who know they are not4 ,partiality operates1 of course1 both for and against personalities4 ,to quote ,mr4 ,bradford again1 ,gardiner1 for all his fairness1 obviously praises the ,puritans because they were ,puritans1 the ,cavaliers although they were ,cavaliers4 ,adulation and damnation are the logical extremes which result from a too operative blind spot on the retina of judgment4 ,you must remember and cling to the fact that no man is perfect and no man wholly bad4 ,much as ,boswell loved ,johnson he had the good sense to write1 of his biography1 ,and he will be seen as he really was1 for ,i profess to write1 not his panegyric1 which must be all praise1 but his ,life2 which1 great and good as he was1 must not be supposed to be entirely perfect4 ,george ,washington has terribly suffered in the estimates of later times because of the desire to make him perfect4 ,the true expository biographer will conceal nothing that is significant1 whether he wishes1 in spite of himself1 perhaps1 that it did not exist4 ,the best cure for the errors of falsity from over-love or over-condemnation is still sane imaginative sympathy4 ,stevenson made perhaps the greatest personal triumph in his portraiture when he drew ,weir of ,hermiston1 the dour old hanging judge who so outraged by his life all the author's feelings and is yet so presented that the reader loves him despite his inhumanity1 really perceives that an honest1 even if tough1 heart beat in his breast4 ,another safeguard is absence of desire to make rhetorical effect4 ,an aureole is picturesque1 horns and hoofs add piquancy2 the hand itches to deck the hero as saint or to fit him out as devil4 ,but you must subordinate any such cheap desire1 must write with the restraint that comes from seeing your hero steady and seeing him whole4 ,balance is the golden word4 ,this thing is true1 wrote ,emerson1 but that is also true4 ,the vulgarity of the superlatives of political campaigns has no place in your pages4 ,this imaginatively sympathetic attitude must not rely on itself alone1 but must employ the other safeguard against untruth1 must passionately pursue facts1 and facts1 and still facts to make the conception of the hero complete and to give the writing that so much desired quality of fullness4 ,the very greatest care is necessary to determine what facts are true and what are fallacious4 ,you are largely at the mercy of your second or third or tenth-hand sources when you write of historical characters4 ,when your hero is a living person you must challenge the report of your own senses and general experience lest you admit what is false or omit what is significant4 ,the ,danger of ,making a ,lesson ,and when you have assembled all your facts1 and have determined upon your interpretation of the hero1 take the greatest caution that you do not try to make the life a lesson4 ,presumably a child never more earnestly desires to commit murder than when some little ,willie or ,susie has been held up as a model4 ,if ,willie and ,susie escape with only kicked shins1 they may count luck benevolent4 ,your duty is to understand and love1 not to preach about the character4 ,you are to give us an estimate of the great adventure of this person through life1 and leave to us to make the moral1 if any is to be made4 ,if the life has a message1 the reader will catch it2 if it has not1 silence is virtuous4 ,the ,rhetorical ,form ,finally1 the rhetorical problem of forming your material presents itself4 ,first of all do not forget that all the charms of style of which you are capable should be summoned to your aid4 ,since you deal with the fascinating subject of human personality your writing should not be dull4 ,all too many biographical essays begin stupidly4 ,when a first sentence reads1 ,augustine was born at ,tagaste1 near ,carthage 7about forty miles south of it71 ,north ,africa1 ,november #ac1 ,a4,d4 #ced1 seven years after the birth of ,chrysostom1 a reader hardly finds a warmly inviting gleam in the writer's eye2 he continues to read only if he brought determination with him4 ,but when ,mr4 ,charles ,whibley begins1 of ,captain ,hind1 ,james ,hind1 the ,master ,thief of ,england1 the fearless ,captain of the ,highway1 was born at ,chipping ,norton in #afah2 or of ,haggart1 ,david ,haggart was born at ,canonmills1 with no richer birthright than thievish fingers and a left hand of surpassing activity2 or of ,sir ,thomas ,overbury1 ,thomas ,overbury1 whose haggard ghost still walks in the secret places of the ,tower1 was born a squire's son1 in #aeha1--when he uses such sentences to introduce the hero to the reader1 the ejaculatory ,eh8 takes voice and the reader canters down the new delightful lane where a finger beckons4 ,whether you use anecdote1 or quotation1 or important fact1 or statement of birth1 or description1 let your beginning invite and not dismay4 ,the chief structural problem is1 without doubt1 to fuse the analyzed elements of deeds and friends and interests and others into one organic whole4 ,if you use the chronological sequence of events1 which has already been discussed1 showing how each event or group of events indicates the character1 you will have an easily followed plan4 ,such a plan1 or that of treating the whole life from the point of view of the central1 controlling motive1 is the ideal method4 ,if you choose to unify the whole by showing how events1 friends1 interests of various kinds1 and the other manifestations of the hero's life all establish the central motive1 you will have a more difficult1 though more elastic form4 ,with this plan you can distribute the details in the points where they will be of most value1 can1 for example1 indicate a change in the hero's nature by approaching through an event1 a friendship1 a turning of tastes in reading or in general interests4 ,the difficulty here lies in the tendency toward such dispersion of details as to destroy unity even though to gain this is the chief intention4 ,in the face of this difficulty you may use a third method1 which is likely to be less pleasing1 less artistic1 but more easily applied4 ,you can divide your material under the headings events1 friends1 heredity1 interests1 and then can treat each group1 by itself1 from the central point of view4 ,this is a useful method1 and in complicated lives it is sometimes the only method that is reasonably easy to handle4 ,closely similar to this method is that of dividing your material under the headings of the ways in which your hero affected his times1 the ways in which he was known4 ,thus you might treat of the reputation as converser1 as organizer1 as literary man1 as public servant1 as friend of the poor1 or whatever heading your hero's life affords4 ,whatever method you may employ1 you should remember that a human life does not appear in separate1 distinct phases1 that a man does not seem to be now this1 now that1 but rather all details1 of whatever nature1 mingle and fuse into a unit1 however complicated it may be4 ,you should attempt1 then1 to make one main thread1 of however many colors it may be woven1 rather than a series of parallel threads4 ,note how ,thackeray neatly unites various phases and forms of interest in ,goldsmith's life1#ii so neatly that as you casually read you are not aware of the diversity of material--though it is there--but think rather of the total effect4 #ii ,at the end of the chapter4 ,if1 then1 you assume the attitude of imaginative sympathy1 and study your hero until you know what his particular life-problem was1 what his type and what his individuality1 and with love and yet restraint make your estimate1 aiming at truth to character and to facts of his life1 you will produce writing that will be more than a mere scholar's document1 writing that will warm the heart of your reader to a new personality and will be a friend of a winter evening fireside4 ,,oliver ,,goldsmith#ajj #ajj ,william ,makepeace ,thackeray3 ,the ,english ,humorists of the ,eighteenth ,century4 ,houghton ,mifflin ,company1 ,boston1 publishers4 ,jet sur cette boule1 ,laid1 chtif et souffrant2 touff1 dans la foule1 ,faute d'tre assez grand2 ,une plainte touchante ,de ma bouche sortit4 ,le bon ,dieu me dit3 ,chante1 ,chante1 pauvre petit4 ,chanter1 ou je m'abuse1 ,est ma tche ici-bas4 ,tous ceux qu'ainsi j'amuse1 ,ne m'aimeront-ils pas8 ,in these charming lines of ,branger1#aja one may fancy described the career1 the suffering1 the genius1 the gentle nature of ,goldsmith1 and the esteem in which we hold him4 ,who of the millions whom he has amused doesn't love him8 ,to be the most beloved of ,english writers1 what a title that is for a man6 ,a wild youth1 wayward1 but full of tenderness and affection1 quits the country village where his boyhood has been passed in happy musing1 in idle shelter1 in fond longing to see the great world out of doors1 and achieve fame and fortune2 and after years of dire struggle and neglect and poverty1 his heart turning back as fondly to his native place as it had longed eagerly for change when sheltered there1 he writes a book and a poem1 full of the recollections and feelings of home2 he paints the friends and scenes of his youth1 and peoples ,auburn and ,wakefield with remembrances of ,lissoy4 ,wander he must1 but he carries away a home-relic with him1 and dies with it on his breast4 ,his nature is truant2 in repose it longs for change1--as on the journey it looks back for friends and quiet4 ,he passes to-day in building an air-castle for to-morrow1 or in writing yesterday's elegy2 and he would fly away this hour1 but that a cage and necessity keep him4 ,what is the charm of his verse1 of his style and humor8--his sweet regrets1 his delicate compassion1 his soft smile1 his tremulous sympathy1 the weakness which he owns8 ,your love for him is half pity4 ,you come hot and tired from the day's battle1 and this sweet minstrel sings to you4 ,who could harm the kind vagrant harper8 ,whom did he ever hurt8 ,he carries no weapon save the harp on which he plays to you and with which he delights great and humble1 young and old1 the captains in the tents or the soldiers round the fire1 or the women and children in the villages1 at whose porches he stops and sings his simple songs of love and beauty4 ,with that sweet story of ,the ,vicar of ,wakefield he has found entry into every castle and hamlet in ,europe4 ,not one of us1 however busy or hard1 but once or twice in our lives has passed an evening with him1 and undergone the charm of his delightful music4 #aja ,for translation1 see page #bif4 ,goldsmith's father was no doubt the good ,doctor ,primrose1 whom we all of us know4 ,swift was yet alive1 when the little ,oliver was born at ,pallas1 or ,pallasmore1 in the county of ,longford1 in ,ireland4 ,in #agcj1 two years after the child's birth1 ,charles ,goldsmith removed his family to ,lissoy1 in the county ,westmeath1 that sweet ,auburn which every person who hears me has seen in fancy4 ,here the kind parson brought up his eight children2 and loving all the world1 as his son says1 fancied all the world loved him4 ,he had a crowd of poor dependants besides those hungry children4 ,he kept an open table1 round which sat flatterers and poor friends1 who laughed at the honest rector's many jokes1 and ate the produce of his seventy acres of farm4 ,those who have seen an ,irish house in the present day can fancy that one at ,lissoy4 ,the old beggar still has his allotted corner by the kitchen turf2 the maimed old soldier still gets his potatoes and buttermilk2 the poor cottier still asks his honor's charity and prays ,god bless his reverence for the sixpence2 the ragged pensioner still takes his place by right of sufferance4 ,there's still a crowd in the kitchen1 and a crowd round the parlor table2 profusion1 confusion1 kindness1 poverty4 ,if an ,irishman comes to ,london to make his fortune1 he has a half-dozen of ,irish dependants who take a percentage of his earnings4 ,the good ,charles ,goldsmith left but little provision for his hungry race when death summoned him2 and one of his daughters being engaged to a ,squire of rather superior dignity1 ,charles ,goldsmith impoverished the rest of his family to provide the girl with a dowry4 ,the small-pox1 which scourged all ,europe at that time1 and ravaged the roses off the cheeks of half the world1 fell foul of poor little ,oliver's face when the child was eight years old1 and left him scarred and disfigured for his life4 ,an old woman in his father's village taught him his letters1 and pronounced him a dunce4 ,paddy ,byrne1 the hedge-schoolmaster1 then took him in hand2 and from ,paddy ,byrne he was transmitted to a clergyman at ,elphin4 ,when a child was sent to school1 in those days1 the classic phrase was that he was placed under ,mr4 ,so-and-,so's ferule4 ,poor little ancestors6 it is hard to think how ruthlessly you were birched1 and how much of needless whipping and tears our small forefathers had to undergo6 ,a relative--kind ,uncle ,contarine--took the main charge of little ,noll2 who went through his school-days righteously doing as little work as he could1 robbing orchards1 playing at ball1 and making his pocket-money fly about whenever fortune sent it to him4 ,everybody knows the story of that famous ,mistake of a ,night1 when the young schoolboy1 provided with a guinea and a nag1 rode up to the best house in ,ardagh1 called for the landlord's company over a bottle of wine at supper1 and for a hot cake for breakfast in the morning1--and found1 when he asked for the bill1 that the best house was ,squire ,featherstone's1 and not the inn for which he mistook it4 ,who does not know every story about ,goldsmith8 ,that is a delightful and fantastic picture of the child dancing and capering about in the kitchen at home1 when the old fiddler gibed at him for his ugliness1 and called him sop2 and little ,noll made his repartee of3-- ,heralds proclaim aloud this saying3 ,see sop dancing and his monkey playing4 ,one can fancy a queer1 pitiful look of humor and appeal upon that little scarred face1 the funny little dancing figure1 the funny little brogue4 ,in his life and writings1 which are the honest expression of it1 he is constantly bewailing that homely face and person2 anon he surveys them in the glass ruefully1 and presently assumes the most comical dignity4 ,he likes to deck out his little person in splendor and fine colors4 ,he presented himself to be examined for ordination in a pair of scarlet breeches1 and said honestly that he did not like to go into the ,church because he was fond of colored clothes4 ,when he tried to practise as a doctor1 he got by hook or by crook a black velvet suit1 and looked as big and as grand as he could1 and kept his hat over a patch on the old coat4 ,in better days he bloomed out in plum-color1 in blue silk1 and in new velvet4 ,for some of those splendors the heirs and assignees of ,mr4 ,filby1 the tailor1 have never been paid to this day2 perhaps the kind tailor and his creditor have met and settled their little account in ,hades4 ,they showed until lately a window at ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin1 on which the name of ,o4 ,goldsmith was engraved with a diamond4 ,whose diamond was it8 ,not the young sizar's1 who made but a poor figure in that place of learning4 ,he was idle1 penniless1 and fond of pleasure2 he learned his way early to the pawn-broker's shop4 ,he wrote ballads1 they say1 for the street-singers1 who paid him a crown for his poem2 and his pleasure was to steal out at night and hear the verses sung4 ,he was chastised by his tutor for giving a dance in his rooms1 and took the box on the ear so much to heart that he packed up his all1 pawned his books and little property1 and disappeared from college and family4 ,he said he intended to go to ,america2 but when his money was spent1 the young prodigal came home ruefully1 and the good folks there killed their calf 7it was but a lean one7 and welcomed him back4 ,after college he hung about his mother's house1 and lived for some years the life of a buckeen1--passed a month with this relation and that1 a year with one patron1 and a great deal of time at the public-house4 ,tired of this life1 it was resolved that he should go to ,london1 and study at the ,temple2 but he got no farther on the road to ,london and the woolsack than ,dublin1 where he gambled away the fifty pounds given him for his outfit1 and whence he returned to the indefatigable forgiveness of home4 ,then he determined to be a doctor1 and ,uncle ,contarine helped him to a couple of years at ,edinburgh4 ,then from ,edinburgh he felt that he ought to hear the famous professors of ,leyden and ,paris1 and wrote most amusing pompous letters to his uncle about the great ,farheim1 ,du ,petit1 and ,duhamel du ,monceau1 whose lectures he proposed to follow4 ,if ,uncle ,contarine believed those letters2 if ,oliver's mother believed that story which the youth related1 of his going to ,cork with the purpose of embarking for ,america1 of his having paid his passenger money and having sent his kit on board1 of the anonymous captain sailing away with ,oliver's valuable luggage in a nameless ship1 never to return1--if ,uncle ,contarine and the mother at ,ballymahon believed his stories1 they must have been a very simple pair1 as it was a very simple rogue indeed who cheated them4 ,when the lad1 after failing in his clerical examinations1 after failing in his plan for studying the law1 took leave of these projects and of his parents and set out for ,edinburgh1 he saw mother and uncle1 and lazy ,ballymahon1 and green native turf and sparkling river for the last time4 ,he was never to look on ,old ,ireland more1 and only in fancy revisit her4 ,but me not destined such delights to share1 ,my prime of life in wandering spent and care1 ,impelled1 with steps unceasing1 to pursue ,some fleeting good that mocks me with the view ,that like the circle bounding earth and skies ,allures from far1 yet1 as ,i follow1 flies2 ,my fortune leads to traverse realms alone1 ,and find no spot of all the world my own4 ,i spoke in a former lecture of that high courage which enabled ,fielding1 in spite of disease1 remorse1 and poverty1 always to retain a cheerful spirit and to keep his manly benevolence and love of truth intact1--as if these treasures had been confided to him for the public benefit1 and he was accountable to posterity for their honorable employ2 and a constancy equally happy and admirable ,i think was shown by ,goldsmith1 whose sweet and friendly nature bloomed kindly always in the midst of a life's storm and rain and bitter weather4 ,the poor fellow was never so friendless but he could befriend some one2 never so pinched and wretched but he could give of his crust1 and speak his word of compassion4 ,if he had but his flute left1 he could give that1 and make the children happy in the dreary ,london court4 ,he could give the coals in that queer coal-scuttle we read of to his neighbor2 he could give away his blankets in college to the poor widow1 and warm himself as he best might in the feathers2 he could pawn his coat1 to save his landlord from jail4 ,when he was a school-usher he spent his earnings in treats for the boys1 and the good-natured schoolmaster's wife said justly that she ought to keep ,mr4 ,goldsmith's money as well as the young gentlemen's4 ,when he met his pupils in later life1 nothing would satisfy the ,doctor but he must treat them still4 ,have you seen the print of me after ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds8 he asked of one of his old pupils4 ,not seen it6 ,not bought it6 ,sure1 ,jack1 if your picture had been published1 ,i'd not have been without it half-an-hour4 ,his purse and his heart were everybody's1 and his friend's as much as his own4 ,when he was at the height of his reputation1 and the ,earl of ,northumberland1 going as ,lord ,lieutenant to ,ireland1 asked if he could be of any service to ,doctor ,goldsmith1 ,goldsmith recommended his brother and not himself to the great man4 ,my patrons1 he gallantly said1 are the booksellers1 and ,i want no others4 ,hard patrons they were1 and hard work he did2 but he did not complain much4 ,if in his early writings some bitter words escaped him1 some allusions to neglect and poverty1 he withdrew these expressions when his ,works were republished1 and better days seemed to open for him2 and he did not dare to complain that printer and publisher had overlooked his merit or left him poor4 ,the ,court's face was turned from honest ,oliver2 the ,court patronized ,beattie4 ,the fashion did not shine on him2 fashion adored ,sterne2 fashion pronounced ,kelly to be the great writer of comedy of his day4 ,a little--not ill-humor--but plaintiveness--a little betrayal of wounded pride which he showed renders him not the less amiable4 ,the author of the ,vicar of ,wakefield had a right to protest when ,newbery kept back the manuscript for two years2 had a right to be a little peevish with ,sterne1--a little angry when ,colman's actors declined their parts in his delightful comedy1 when the manager refused to have a scene painted for it and pronounced its damnation before hearing4 ,he had not the great public with him2 but he had the noble ,johnson and the admirable ,reynolds and the great ,gibbon and the great ,burke and the great ,fox1--friends and admirers illustrious indeed1 as famous as those who1 fifty years before1 sat round ,pope's table4 ,nobody knows1 and ,i dare say ,goldsmith's buoyant temper kept no account of1 all the pains which he endured during the early period of his literary career4 ,should any man of letters in our day have to bear up against such1 ,heaven grant he may come out of the period of misfortune with such a pure1 kind heart as that which ,goldsmith obstinately bore in his breast6 ,the insults to which he had to submit were shocking to read of1--slander1 contumely1 vulgar satire1 brutal malignity1 perverting his commonest motives and actions4 ,he had his share of these2 and one's anger is roused at reading of them1 as it is at seeing a woman insulted or a child assaulted1 at the notion that a creature so very gentle and weak1 and full of love1 should have to suffer so4 ,and he had worse than insult to undergo1--to own to fault1 and deprecate the anger of ruffians4 ,there is a letter of his extant to one ,griffiths1 a bookseller1 in which poor ,goldsmith is forced to confess that certain books sent by ,griffiths are in the hands of a friend from whom ,goldsmith had been forced to borrow money4 ,he was wild1 sir1 ,johnson said1 speaking of ,goldsmith to ,boswell1 with his great1 wise benevolence and noble mercifulness of heart1--,dr4 ,goldsmith was wild1 sir2 but he is no more4 ,ah6 if we pity the good and weak man who suffers undeservedly1 let us deal very gently with him from whom misery extorts not only tears but shame2 let us think humbly and charitably of the human nature that suffers so sadly and falls so low4 ,whose turn may it be to-morrow8 ,what weak heart1 confident before trial1 may not succumb under temptation invincible8 ,cover the good man who has been vanquished1--cover his face and pass on4 ,for the last half-dozen years of his life ,goldsmith was far removed from the pressure of any ignoble necessity1 and in the receipt1 indeed1 of a pretty large income from the booksellers1 his patrons4 ,had he lived but a few years more1 his public fame would have been as great as his private reputation1 and he might have enjoyed alive part of that esteem which his country has ever since paid to the vivid and versatile genius who has touched on almost every subject of literature1 and touched nothing that he did not adorn4 ,except in rare instances1 a man is known in our profession and esteemed as a skilful workman years before the lucky hit which trebles his usual gains1 and stamps him a popular author4 ,in the strength of his age and the dawn of his reputation1 having for backers and friends the most illustrious literary men of his time1 fame and prosperity might have been in store for ,goldsmith had fate so willed it1 and at forty-six had not sudden disease taken him off4 ,i say prosperity rather than competence2 for it is probable that no sum could have put order into his affairs1 or sufficed for his irreclaimable habits of dissipation4 ,it must be remembered that he owed #bjjj when he died4 ,was ever poet1 ,johnson asked1 so trusted before8 ,as has been the case with many another good fellow of his nation1 his life was tracked and his substance wasted by crowds of hungry beggars and lazy dependents4 ,if they came at a lucky time 7and be sure they knew his affairs better than he did himself1 and watched his pay-day71 he gave them of his money2 if they begged on empty-purse day1 he gave them his promissory bills1 or he treated them to a tavern where he had credit1 or he obliged them with an order upon honest ,mr4 ,filby for coats1--for which he paid as long as he could earn1 and until the shears of ,filby were to cut for him no more4 ,staggering under a load of debt and labor2 tracked by bailiffs and reproachful creditors2 running from a hundred poor dependents1 whose appealing looks were perhaps the hardest of all pains for him to bear2 devising fevered plans for the morrow1 new histories1 new comedies1 all sorts of new literary schemes2 flying from all these into seclusion1 and out of seclusion into pleasure1--at last1 at five-and-forty death seized him and closed his career4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the younger ,colman has left a touching reminiscence of him3 ,i was only five years old1 he says1 when ,goldsmith took me on his knee one evening whilst he was drinking coffee with my father1 and began to play with me1--which amiable act ,i returned1 with the ingratitude of a peevish brat1 by giving him a very smart slap on the face3 it must have been a tingler1 for it left the marks of my spiteful paw on his check4 ,this infantile outrage was followed by summary justice1 and ,i was locked up by my indignant father in an adjoining room to undergo solitary imprisonment in the dark4 ,here ,i began to howl and scream most abominably1 which was no bad step toward my liberation1 since those who were not inclined to pity me might be likely to set me free for the purpose of abating a nuisance4 ,at length a generous friend appeared to extricate me from jeopardy2 and that generous friend was no other than the man ,i had so wantonly molested by assault and battery4 ,it was the tender-hearted ,doctor himself1 with a lighted candle in his hand and a smile upon his countenance1 which was still partially red from the effects of my petulance4 ,i sulked and sobbed as he fondled and soothed1 till ,i began to brighten4 ,goldsmith seized the propitious moment of returning good-humor1 when he put down the candle and began to conjure4 ,he placed three hats1 which happened to be in the room1 and a shilling under each3 the shillings1 he told me1 were ,england1 ,france1 and ,spain4 ',hey1 presto cockalorum6' cried the ,doctor2 and lo1 on uncovering the shillings1 which had been dispersed each beneath a separate hat1 they were all found congregated under one6 ,i was no politician at five years old1 and therefore might not have wondered at the sudden revolution which brought ,england1 ,france1 and ,spain all under one crown2 but as also ,i was no conjuror1 it amazed me beyond measure4444 ,from that time1 whenever the ,doctor came to visit my father1 ',i plucked his gown to share the good man's smile2 a game at romps constantly ensued1 and we were always cordial friends and merry playfellows4 ,our unequal companionship varied somewhat as to sports as ,i grew older2 but it did not last long3 my senior playmate died in his forty-fifth year1 when ,i had attained my eleventh4444 ,in all the numerous accounts of his virtues and foibles1 his genius and absurdities1 his knowledge of nature and ignorance of the world1 his 'compassion for another's woes' was always predominant2 and my trivial story of his humoring a forward child weighs but as a feather in the recorded scale of his benevolence4 ,think of him reckless1 thriftless1 vain1 if you like1--but merciful1 gentle1 generous1 full of love and pity4 ,he passes out of our life1 and goes to render his account beyond it4 ,think of the poor pensioners weeping at his grave2 think of the noble spirits that admired and deplored him2 think of the righteous pen that wrote his epitaph1 and of the wonderful and unanimous response of affection with which the world has paid back the love he gave it4 ,his humor delighting us still1 his song fresh and beautiful as when he first charmed with it1 his words in all our mouths1 his very weaknesses beloved and familiar1--his benevolent spirit seems still to smile upon us1 to do gentle kindnesses1 to succor with sweet charity2 to soothe1 caress1 and forgive2 to plead with the fortunate for the unhappy and the poor4 ,,exercises ,i4 ,list the chief qualities that you find in some historic figure1 such as ,oliver ,cromwell1 ,louis ,,xiv1 ,alexander ,hamilton4 ,then make a chronological list of the dates in the life4 ,compare the two lists and determine how many members of the second list need to be included to make an expository account intelligible4 ,do you find other members which1 though not really necessary1 are so interesting as to be worth including8 ,can you establish any final general law about the relation of dates and qualities8 ,make the same experiment upon the life of some one of your acquaintances4 ,,ii4 ,what was the character of ,michael ,henchard1 the chief figure in ,thomas ,hardy's novel ,the ,mayor of ,casterbridge1 that enabled him to write the following as his epitaph8 ,on the basis of the epitaph write a life of ,michael ,henchard4 ,michael ,henchard's ,will ,that ,elizabeth--,jane ,farfrae be not told of my death1 or made to grieve on account of me4 that ,i be not bury'd in consecrated ground4 that no sexton be asked to toll the bell4 that nobody is wished to see my dead body4 that no murners walk behind me at my funeral4 that no flours be planted on my grave4 that no man remember me4 ,to this ,i put my name4 ,michael ,henchard4 ,,iii4 ,write an obituary notice of an acquaintance of yours2 of the political boss of your town1 county1 state2 of ,abraham ,lincoln2 of ,ulysses ,s4 ,grant before he awoke to his opportunities1 in the ,civil ,war1 and another of him at the time of his death2 of ,theodore ,roosevelt before he formed the ,progressive ,party and another of him after the election of #aiaf4 ,try in each case to give the reader a knowledge of the character and of the events in the life4 ,,iv4 ,how much basis have you for making an estimate of the people of whom the following were said1 if you limit your knowledge to the remark8 #a4 ,to know her was a liberal education4 #b4 ,he was the homeliest man that came up before ,troy4 #c4 ,no man ever came out of his presence without being braver than when he went in4 #d4 ,he never said a stupid thing and never did a wise one4 #e4 ,he was a very perfect gentle knight4 #f4 ,i never knew him to do a mean act4 ,what conclusion do you draw as to the usefulness of general remarks about character8 ,v4 ,what relation do you find between personality and character8 ,on which can you more surely depend for making a just estimate8 ,which do contemporaries of a subject for biography usually emphasize8 ,,vi4 ,explain how the mistake was possible by which ,daniel ,webster's celebrated ,seventh of ,march ,speech was interpreted at the time of delivery as a betrayal of ,webster's principles1 although later it was regarded as a speech of real integrity4 ,,vii4 ,explain how a man like ,thomas ,jefferson can be regarded by many as a great statesman and by others1 such as ,mrs4 ,gertrude ,atherton for example1 as a disgustingly vulgar person1 almost a rascal4 ,what light does your explanation throw upon the duties and dangers of writing biography8 ,,viii4 ,what light do the following remarks throw upon the speakers8 ,how much justification would you feel in using the remarks as basis for biographical estimate8 #a4 ,i would rather be right than ,president6 #b4 ,the state8 ,i am the state6 #c4 ,the public be damned6 #d4 ,if they appoint me street scavenger ,i will so dignify the office by dutiful service that every one will clamor for it4 #e4 ,gentlemen1 ,i am an unconscionable time a-dying4 #f4 ,when you find something that you are afraid to do1 do it at once6 #g4 ,i never asked a favor of any man4 #h4 ,we haven't begun to fight6 ,,ix4 ,make the outline for an expository biography of one of the large figures of history1 including the important events and showing the relations with contemporaries and the effect upon them4 ,then make a similar outline for the biography of some comparatively humble person of whom you know who has affected a more restricted group of contemporaries4 ,compare the two with a view to making this statement3 ,as the great man was to his large group1 so the lesser man was to his smaller group4 ,what light does this shed on the individual life without regard to station in society8 ,x4 ,write a life of ,napoleon from the point of view of ,wellington1 of ,prince ,metternich1 of ,louis ,philippe2 a life of ,robert ,burns from the point of view of a country parson1 of ,franois ,villon 7supposing that ,villon knew ,burns71 of ,william ,shakespeare2 a life of ,michael ,angelo from the point of view of an art student1 of a humble worshiper in ,st4 ,peter's2 a life of ,richard ,croker from the point of view of a ward boss1 of a widow who has received coal for years from ,tammany ,hall1 of an old-time gentleman in ,new ,york ,city2 a life of ,andrew ,carnegie from the point of view of a laborer in the steel mills1 of a spinster librarian in a small quiet town1 of a college senior who is a member of the ,i4,w4,w41 of a holder of shares in the steel trust2 a life of ,edison from the point of view of an artist who prefers candles to electricity1 of a farmer's wife who no longer has to clean a multitude of lamps2 a life of ,jane ,addams from the point of view of a political gangster1 of a poor ,italian woman whom ,miss ,addams has befriended1 of a college girl who has a vision of woman's larger usefulness4 ,,xi4 ,write the life of a man who has just been elected to some office of prominence1 such as a seat in the state senate or perhaps to the national house of representatives1 and who is expected by all his friends and acquaintances to make a brilliant record4 ,then write another of the same man who has ignominiously failed to meet expectations and who has come back to his home town with a ruined reputation4 ,try to take the point of view of a person who does not know that the career is to fail1 and then see how you will modify the whole account in the second life4 ,,xii4 ,what is the central motive in ,goldsmith's life as found by ,thackeray8 ,how does he bring out his conception of ,goldsmith8 ,make an outline of the article in which you will list the various events in ,goldsmith's life4 ,make another outline to show wherein the character and quality of the man are shown4 ,is enough given in each case to make sufficient knowledge on the reader's part8 ,do you think that ,thackeray overemphasizes the sentimental appeal of ,goldsmith's weaknesses and his mellow kindness8 ,do you find any element of information about the man conspicuously lacking1 as1 for instance1 a statement of ,goldsmith's friendships1 his effect upon his times1 or his beliefs8 ,is there any lack of imaginative sympathy on the part of ,thackeray8 ,suppose that an efficient business man had written the article1 would ,goldsmith's lack of responsibility have escaped so easily8 ,in the light of your answer to the preceding question do you think that the article is really fair8 ,translation of ,branger's poem 7page #bhe7 ,cast upon this ball1 plain1 insignificant and suffering2 choked in the crowd1 through not being tall enough2 my lips utter a piteous complaint4 ,god says to me1 ,sing1 child1 sing4 ,to sing1 or ,i mistake1 is my task here below4 ,will not all those whom ,i thus amuse love me8 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,the ,,gathering ,,of ,,material ,,for ,,writing ,two main sources exist from which you can get the material for expository themes3 books1 including magazines and papers2 and lectures or interviews of any kind4 ,libraries differ greatly in the degree of convenience1 and some lecturers are much more readily intelligible than others1 and their lectures much more easily codified in notes4 ,even the most conveniently arranged library1 with the most accommodating librarian1 is rather formidable unless one knows the method of approach4 ,and until one has thought out the problem of taking notes from lectures1 even the most intelligible speaker presents great difficulties4 ,perhaps a few words here will be of some use in unriddling the mysteries4 ,first of all a word needs to be said about the greatest slavery of modern times--slavery to the printed word4 ,i read it in a book6 is still for many people sufficient reason for believing anything1 however untrue1 illogical1 impossible it may be4 ,it is well to remember that nearly everybody writes books and yet very few of us are wise4 ,obviously1 not everything can be authoritative1 especially when it is contradicted in the next book4 ,a reader without a good steadying sense of balance1 a shrewd determination to weigh what he reads and judge of its value for himself is as helpless as a man in a whirlpool4 ,you need not be too stiff-necked toward a book1 need not deny for the mere sake of denial1 but you do need to stand off and regard every book with reasonable caution4 ,sometimes you can see for yourself that what is said is not true4 ,sometimes you can at once feel that the spirit of the book is unsafe1 wild1 unthinking4 ,sometimes you will detect at once a blinding prejudice4 ,then be cautious4 ,if the subject is unknown to you1 so that you have no safe basis for judgment about it1 you are1 to look the matter squarely in the face1 at the mercy of the book4 ,but shrewd inquiries as to the author's reputation1 his opportunities for knowledge of the subject1 and an ever-watchful eye for reasonableness and good judgment1 will save you from many mistakes4 ,and always remember that the mere fact of a statement's being in print does not make it more true than it was when merely oral4 ,don't1 then1 believe a printed statement which you would hotly deny if you heard it from the lips of some one4 ,it is a matter of intellectual self-respect to read and judge1 not to read and blindly swallow4 ,whether you read or listen1 you will need to make notes4 ,it would be delightful if our flattering feeling that we can remember whatever we read or hear were true--the trouble is1 it is not4 ,it is better to play safe and have the record in notes1 than to be too independent and find a blank in your mind when time to write arrives4 ,the chief virtue in note-taking is economy4 ,economy saves time1 space1 effort4 ,the three interweave and are inextricable1 in the total1 but may be somewhat distinguished4 ,as to time3 there is no virtue whatever in slaving for hours over notes that need only a few minutes4 ,notes are tools3 their object is temporary1 to be of service for composition or future reference2 they are not an object in themselves4 ,do not worship them4 ,on the other hand1 since dull tools will not cut1 don't slight them4 ,no greater pity can exist than for the pale student who wrinkles her brow--it usually is her brow--and attempts to make of notes a complete transcription of a lecture or a book1 with each comma and every letter in proper sequence joined--only to pack the notes away in a box in the attic--or perhaps burn them6 ,a builder who should have too meticulous care for his scaffolding is in danger of never seeing his building completed4 ,notes seek essentials1 and therefore time should not be wasted on non-essentials4 ,but1 since slovenly1 ill-assorted1 illegible notes require extraordinary time for deciphering and arranging1 it is of the greatest importance that you conserve your future minutes by making your notes neat1 ordered1 legible4 ,any abbreviations that you can surely remember are most useful4 ,a complete sentence--which really has no special need for completeness--that you cannot read is worthless1 but a few words that indicate the gist of the thought1 and are immediately legible1 are most valuable4 ,moreover1 if you take time enough for every word1 you are in danger of becoming so engrossed in penmanship as to lose the broad sweep of the lecture or book4 ,notes must drive toward unity and away from chaos4 ,your first principle1 then1 should be to set down neatly what will be of real service1 and let the rest go4 ,as to space--any one who has made manuscripts from notes has learned how irritating1 how bewildering a huge mass of material can be4 ,some subjects require such a mass1 and in such a case the note-taker will use as much space as he needs4 ,but economy1 which is the cardinal virtue1 will require as little diffusion1 as great concentration as possible4 ,if you can succeed in including everything of value on one sheet1 instead of scattering it over several1 you are to be congratulated4 ,only1 be sure that you do not neglect something of real value4 ,you can often save much space and effort and the use of stores of connecting words and phrases if you will indent and subordinate sub-topics so that the eye will show the relation at once4 ,such practice is admirable mental training1 also1 for it teaches the listener or reader to keep his brain detached for seeing relationships1 for grasping the parts in relation to the whole and to each other4 ,if interesting remarks which do not bear directly upon the main subject attract with sufficient intensity to make record worth while1 set them down in brackets1 to indicate their nature4 ,remembering1 then1 that a concentrated barrage is of more value in attack than scattered fire1 use as little space as may suffice for the essentials4 ,that is the second principle4 ,as to effort1 remember that the old sea-captain whose boat was so leaky that he declared he had pumped the whole ,atlantic through it on one voyage would have entered port more easily with a better boat4 ,if you do not take time and pains for grouping and ordering as you make your notes1 be sure that you will have much pumping to do when the article is to be made4 ,grouping and ordering require concentration in reading or listening--but there is no harm in that4 ,you ought to be able to write one thing and listen to another at the same time4 ,watch especially for any indication in a lecture of change in topic4 ,and don't be bothered by the demands of formal rhetoric3 if a complete sentence stands in your way1 set your foot on it and get the stuff4 ,and1 of course1 avoid a feverish desire to set down every word that may be uttered2 any one who has seen the notebooks of students in which reports of lectures begin with such records as ,this morning1 in pursuance of our plan1 we shall consider the topic mentioned last time1 namely1--etc4 become aware of the enormous waste of energy that college students show4 ,essentials1 set down in athletic leanness--that is the ideal4 ,in taking notes from books1 people differ greatly4 ,some use a separate slip for each note1 and much can be said in commendation of this system4 ,some are able to heap everything together and then divine where each topic is4 ,in any case1 strive for economy1 catch the high spots1 and as far as possible keep like with like1 notes on the same topic together4 ,it is always well1 often imperative1 to jot down the source of each note1 so that you can either verify or later judge of the value in the light of the worth of the source4 ,note-taking1 in other words1 is a matter of brains and common sense3 brains to see what is important1 and sense to see that neatness and order are essential to true economy1 the great virtue of notes4 ,with the best of intentions1 then1 you enter the library4 ,since each library is arranged on a somewhat individual scheme1 and different collections have different materials1 you will need to examine the individual library4 ,a wise student will inquire at the desk for any pamphlet that may help to unriddle the special system4 ,librarians are benevolent people1 do not wish to choke you1 and are glad to answer any reasonable question4 ,if your questions are formless1 if you really do not know what you want1 sit down on the steps and think it over until you do1 and then enter boldly and politely ask for information4 ,don't1 if you wish to learn about ship subsidies1 for example1 stroll in and inquire for ,some'n 'bout boats8 ,the complimentarily implied power of reading your mind is not especially welcome to even a librarian who is subject to vanity--and incidentally he may think that you are irresponsible4 ,any one who has been connected with a college library knows that the notorious questions such as ,have you ,homer's ,eyelid8 are not uncommon--and seldom bring desired results4 ,since you have entered for information1 summon all your resourcefulness to try every possibility before you agree that there is no help for you there4 ,you can use the ,card ,catalogue1 the ,reference ,books1 the ,indexes1 ,year-,books and ,magazine ,guides1 and finally1 if every other source fails1 can lay your troubles before the librarian--but not until you have fought bravely4 ,too many students are faint-hearted3 if they wish for information about1 let us say1 employers' liability1 and do not at once find a package of information ready-wrapped1 they sigh1 and then smile1 and then brightly inform the instructor1 ,the library hasn't a single word about that subject6 ,the ,card ,catalogue does not list employers' liability1 let us say1 and you do not know any authors who have written on the subject4 ,do not despair2 look up insurance1 workmen1 accidents1 social legislation1 government help1 and other such titles until your brain can think of nothing more4 ,only then resort to outside help4 ,the ,card ,catalogue will contain a card for each book in the library3 if you know the title1 look for it4 ,if you know the author but not the title1 look for the author card4 ,if you know neither author nor title1 look for the general subject heading4 ,for each book will usually have the three cards of subject1 author1 and title4 ,if the subject is a broad one1 such1 for example1 as ,engineering1 do not set yourself the task of looking through every card1 but1 if you wish for a treatise on the history of engineering1 look for the word ,history1 in the engineering cards1 and then examine what books may be collected under that heading4 ,if you find cross references1 that is1 a recommendation to see other individual cards1 or other subject headings1 do not overlook the chance to gain added information4 ,most of us too often forget the encyclopdias4 ,if the catalogue has been exhausted1 then see what the encyclopdias may contain4 ,look in the volume that contains the index1 first1 for often a part of an article will tell you exactly what you wish1 but the article as a whole will not be listed under the subject that you are seeking4 ,the ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 the ,new ,international1 the ,nelson's ,loose ,leaf will be of service on general topics4 ,for agriculture consult ,bailey's ,encyclopdia4 ,for religion see the ,encyclopdia of ,religion and ,ethics 7,scribner71 the ,jewish ,encyclopdia1 the ,new ,schaff-,herzog ,encyclopdia of ,religious ,knowledge 7,funk and ,wagnalls71 the ,catholic ,encyclopdia 7,robert ,appleton74 ,for dictionaries you will find the ,murray's ,new ,english ,dictionary1 often called the ,oxford ,dictionary1 ,the ,standard ,dictionary1 ,the ,century1 ,webster's ,new ,international1 ,black's ,law ,dictionary and others4 ,often you will wish to find contemporary1 immediate material4 ,the magazines are regularly catalogued in the ,reader's ,guide1 month by month1 with a combined quarterly and yearly and then occasional catalogue1 with the articles listed under the subject and the title or author4 ,use your resourcefulness here1 as you did in the card catalogue1 and do not give up4 ,poole's ,index will also help4 ,many annuals are of value4 ,the ,world ,almanac has a bewildering mass of information1 as does the ,eagle ,almanac for ,new ,york ,city and ,long ,island especially4 ,the ,canadian ,annual ,review1 the ,statesman's ,year-,book1 ,heaton's ,annual 7,canadian71 the ,new ,international ,year ,book1 which is a compendium of the world's progress for the year1 the ,annual ,register 7,english71 the ,navy ,league ,annual 7,english1 but inclusive71 and the ,american ,year-,book1 among others1 will be of service4 ,often these books will give you the odd bit of information that you have hunted for in vain elsewhere4 ,for engineering1 the ,engineering ,index 7monthly and collected7 is useful4 ,for biography you will find ,stephen's ,dictionary of ,national ,biography useful1 and ,lamb's ,biographical ,dictionary of the ,united ,states4 ,do not forget the ,who's ,who1 the ,who's ,who in ,america1 and the corresponding foreign books for brief information about current people of note4 ,for what may be called scattered information you can go to the ,american ,library ,association ,index to general literature1 ,the ,information ,quarterly 7,bowker71 ,the ,book ,review ,digest 7,wilson71 ,the ,united ,states ,catalog 7with its annual ,cumulative ,book ,index71 and the 7annual7 ,english ,catalogue of ,books4 ,in using a book1 employ the ,table of ,contents and the ,index to save time4 ,for example1 you will thus be referred to page #aeg for what you want4 ,if instead you begin to hunt page by page1 you will find that after you have patiently run your eyes back and forth over the first #aef pages1 your brain will be less responsive than you would wish when you finally arrive at page #aeg4 ,moreover1 there is all that time lost6 ,often individual libraries have compiled lists of their own books on various subjects4 ,if you can find such lists1 use them4 ,in other words1 the search for material and the taking of notes is a matter of strategy3 it requires that the seeker use his wits1 plan his campaign1 find what is available1 and in the briefest time compatible with thoroughness assimilate whatever of it is of value4 ,caution and indefatigable zeal and resourcefulness--these are almost sure to win the day4 ,,index ,,of ,,illustrative ,,selections ,amiel's ,journal1 ,mozart and ,beethoven1 #bgg-bgh ,antin1 ,mary1 ,the ,promised ,land1 ,the ,making of an ,american1 #ahf-ahi ,atlantic ,monthly1 ,the ,contributor's ,club1 ,the ,privileges of ,age1 #bde-bdg ,aumonier1 ,stacy1 ,solemn-,looking ,blokes 7,century ,magazine71 #bi-cc ,bagehot1 ,walter1 ,works1 vol4 ,,iii1 ,a ,constitutional ,statesman1 #bbg-bbi ,belloc1 ,hilaire1 ,first and ,last1 ,on a ,great ,wind1 #bdd ,bradford1 ,gamaliel1 ,confederate ,portraits1 ,judah ,p4 ,benjamin1 #bfd ,brooke1 ,rupert1 ,collected ,poems1 ,the ,great ,lover1 #bcd-bce ,bullard1 ,f4 ,lauriston1 ,famous ,war ,correspondents1 ,a ,definition of the ,correspondent1 #gh ,burdick1 ,francis ,m1 ,the ,essentials of ,business ,law-- ,definition of the ,clearing-,house1 #gf ,definition of ,sale1 #aje ,burroughs1 ,john1 ,birds and ,bees1 ,an ,idyl of the ,honey-,bee1 #dh-ee ,outline of ,an ,idyl of the ,honey-,bee1 #fd-ff ,birds and ,poets1 ,emerson's ,literary ,quality1 #bbd ,leaf and ,tendril1 ,a ,breath of ,april1 #bdg-bdi ,burton1 ,richard1 ,little ,essays in ,literature and ,life1 ,the ,nature of the ,informal ,essay1 #bdc-bdd ,butler1 ,samuel1 ,the ,note-,books of ,samuel ,butler1 ,a ,group of ,definitions1 #aji ,cannon1 ,j4 ,g1 ,clearing-,houses1 ,classification of ,clearing-,houses1 #adj ,carlyle1 ,thomas1 ,essay on ,biography1 ,selection from1 #bge-bgf ,sartor ,resartus1 ,the ,entepfuhl ,road1 #dj ,century ,magazine1 ,the ,hydraulic ,cartridge1 #afa-afb ,the ,phonopticon1 #aga-agb ,corbin1 ,john1 ,an ,american at ,oxford1 ,how to ,handle a ,punt1 #afc-afd ,corbin1 ,t4 ,w1 ,engineering of ,to-day1 ,cargo ,steamers1 #bjc-bje ,the ,oxygen ,blow-,pipe1 #afa ,launching the ,neptune1 #agh-aha ,cram1 ,r4 ,a41 ,the ,heart of ,europe1 ,definition of the ,heart1 #ajd ,croly1 ,herbert1 ,the ,promise of ,american ,life1 ,the ,american ,business ,man1 #aig-aii ,dilley1 ,arthur ,u1 ,oriental ,rugs1 ,a ,classification of ,rugs1 #aai-abb ,eliot1 ,george1 ,the ,mill on the ,floss1 ,the ,scenery of the ,rhone1 #abd-abe ,emerson1 ,ralph ,waldo1 ,conduct of ,life1 ,fate1 #bg-bh2 #cf-cg ,nature1 ,addresses1 and ,lectures1 ,a ,definition of ,conservative and ,innovator1 #ic-ie ,society and ,solitude1 ,definition of ,civilization in ,america1 #ih-ii ,escott1 ,t4 ,h4 ,s1 ,great ,victorians1 ,balfour1 #bga ,gardiner1 ,a4 ,g41 ,prophets1 ,priests1 and ,kings1 ,balfour1 #adh ,king ,edward ,,vii1 #adh-adi ,lord ,morley1 #ai ,thomas ,hardy1 #adi-aej ,garland1 ,hamlin1 ,a ,son of the ,middle ,border1 a sentence from1 #de ,gissing1 ,george1 ,the ,private ,papers of ,henry ,ryecroft-- ,apples for ,diet1 #ba-bb ,a ,definition of ,art1 #g ,a ,definition of ,poverty1 #hd-he ,english ,cooking1 #baj-baa ,military ,drill1 #bbe-bbf ,the ,sportswoman1 #abh-abi ,the ',tempest'1 #bac-bad ,vegetarianism1 #bbb-bbc ,green1 ,j4 ,r41 ,short ,history of the ,english ,people1 ,estimate of the ,character of ,elizabeth1 #abb-abc ,greenough and ,kittredge1 ,words and ,their ,ways in ,english ,speech1 ,the ,process of ,radiation1 #aha-ahc ,haweis1 ,rev4 ,mr41 ,music and ,morals1 ,the ,character of ,j4 ,r4 ,green1 #bfh-bfi ,hawthorne1 ,nathaniel1 ,our ,old ,home1 ,english ,weather1 #abf-abh ,henderson1 ,w4 ,h41 ,what is ,good ,music-- ,criticism of ,musical ,performances1 #bcj ,the ,modern ,orchestra1 #aeb-aec ,howells1 ,w4 ,d41 ,a ,boy's ,town1 ,the ,difference ,between ,boys and ,men1 #ajg ,hungerford1 ,edward1 ,the ,personality of ,american ,cities1 ,boston1 #fh-fi ,judy1 ,a4 ,m41 ,from the ,study to the ,farm1 ,the ,farmer's ,life1 #aej-aea ,lounsbury1 ,t4 ,r41 ,english ,spelling and ,spelling ,reform1 ,final e1 #bje-bjh ,lucke1 ,c4 ,e41 ,power1 ,the ,mechanical ,engineer1 #ih ,the ,problem of ,power ,machinery1 #acg ,water ,power1 #aea-aeb ,masefield1 ,john1 ,gallipoli1 ,the ,horror of the ,fight1 #fi-gj ,morley1 ,john1 ,miscellanies1 vol4 ,i1 ,the ,distinction ,between the ,poetic and the ,scientific ,spirit1 #aje-ajf ,morman1 ,j4 ,b41 ,the ,principles of ,rural ,credit1 ,amortization1 #he-hf ,pollak1 ,gustav1 ,fifty ,years of ,american ,idealism-- ,jingo ,morality1 #bbj-bbb ,lowell at ,st4 ,james1 #aic-aid ,moral ,atmosphere1 #ia-ic ,responsible ,statesman1 #hg ,prelini1 ,charles1 ,dredges and ,dredging1 ,the ,operation of ,dredges1 #agj ,royce1 ,josiah1 ,nietzsche 7,atlantic ,monthly71 #aca ,russell1 ,bertrand1 ,national ,independence and ,internationalism-- ,national ,sentiment1 #bbf-bbg ,state and ,nation1 #hi-ij ,why ,men ,fight1 ,impulse and ,desire1 #acb-ace ,sainte-,beuve1 ,definition of a ,classic1 #ia ,scientific ,american1 ,the ,catskill ,water ,supply1 #ahe-ahf ,scribner's ,magazine1 ,the ,point of ,view1 ,the ,new ,poetry1 #bjj-bja ,sedgwick1 ,h4 ,d41 ,the ,new ,american ,type1 ,honor1 #ajh ,shakespeare1 ,william1 ,king ,henry ,,iv1 ,bardolph on ',accommodate'1 #ha-hb ,sharp1 ,dallas ,lore1 ,the ,hills of ,hingham1 ,the ,carpet ,layer1 #agc-agd ,shaw1 ,g4 ,b41 ,dramatic ,opinions and ,essays-- ,the ,odds ,against ,shakespeare1 #aaf-aag ,sanity of ,art1 ,definition of ,artist1 #ajc ,indispensability of ,law1 #aec-aef ,passion1 #adf-adg ,pattern ,designers and ,dramatic ,composers1 #aaa-aab ,society and ,superior ,brains-- ,ability that ,gives ,value for ,money1 #he ,superiority of ,status1 #aji-aaj ,slicer1 ,t4 ,r41 ,from ,poet to ,premier1 ,o4 ,w4 ,holmes1 #bgb ,standard ,dictionary1 ,definition of ,correspondent1 #gh ,stevenson1 ,r4 ,l41 ,pulvis et ,umbra1 #ee-eg ,the sun upon my shoulders1 #de ,talbot1 ,f4 ,a41 ,the ,making of a ,great ,canadian ,railway-- ,the ,stone ,boat1 #afe ,the ,track ,layer1 #aff-afh ,taylor1 ,b4 ,l41 ,the ,line o' ,type ,column1 ,highbrow1 etc41 #ajb ,thackeray1 ,w4 ,m41 ,the ,english ,humorists of the ,eighteenth ,century1 ,oliver ,goldsmith1 #bhe-bid ,warner1 ,frances ,l41 ,the ,amateur ,chessman 7,from ,the ,point of ,view1 ,scribner's ,magazine71 #bdi-beb ,webster's ,new ,international ,dictionary1 ,definition of ,art1 #f ,a series of definitions1 #ajj-aja ,wendell1 ,barrett1 ,english ,composition1 ,carlyle's ,frederick the ,great1 #bgi-bhj ,weston1 ,e4 ,m41 ,rock ,drills1 ,hammer ,drills1 #aae-aaf ,tappet ,valve ,drills1 #bai-bbj ,wister1 ,owen1 ,quack ,novels and ,democracy1 ,the ,quack ,novel1 #hh-hi ,,index ,ability of the critic to analyze1 #aib-aid4 ,adaptation of treatment to subject1 #f4 ,addison1 ,joseph1 #bcc-bcf4 ,aids in gaining clearness in ,mechanisms1 ,processes1 and ,organizations1 #afi-agb4 ,aids in gaining interest in ,mechanisms1 ,processes1 and ,organizations1 #agb-age4 ,aids in solving the problem in ,expository ,biography1 #bfa-bfe4 ,amiel1 ,frederic1 #bgg4 ,amount of expository writing1 #b4 ,analysis1 #h1 #aac-adc2 definition of1 #aac2 enumeration as one kind of informal analysis1 #abi2 equation as one kind of informal analysis1 #acj2 formal analysis1 #aah2 informal analysis1 #abi-acg2 kinds of analysis1 the two1 #aae-aah2 kinds of informal 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interest1 #g-h4 ,unification1 #ac-ad4 ,warner1 ,c4 ,d41 #bch1 #bci4 ,warner1 ,frances ,l41 #bdi4 ,webster1 ,daniel1 #agc4 ,weston1 ,e4 ,m41 #aaf1 #bbj4 ,whibley1 ,charles1 #bff1 #bfi1 #bhc4 ,whistler1 #bab4 ,wilson1 ,woodrow1 #ab1 #agf4 ,wister1 ,owen1 #hi4 ,transcriber's ,note ,obvious typographical errors were repaired1 as listed below4 ,other apparent inconsistencies or errors have been retained4 ,missing1 extraneous1 or incorrect punctuation has been corrected4 ,most of the inconsistent hyphenation has been retained as many appear in quoted passages4 ,text enclosed by underscores is in italics 7italics74 ,text enclosed by equal signs is in bold 7bold74 ,although oe ligatures have been expanded1 other diacritical marks are enclosed by square brackets4 ,for example1 7i represents a breve over the letter i1 and y represents a macron over the letter y4 ,page #hg1 wihe changed to with4 7,the value of this method lies in its liveliness and the ease with which it makes an idea comprehended47 ,page #ig1 aboveall changed to above all for consistency4 7,and above all1 he will never forget the gleam of idealism that he received in the old halls1 the vision of his chance to serve his fellows47 ,page #bjc1 froward changed to forward4 7444 and my trivial story of his humoring a forward child weighs but as a feather in the recorded scale of his benevolence47