,,transcrib]',s ,,note3 ,words t 7 pr9t$ 9 italics are m>k$ ) 4 ,pr9t+ & spell+ errors h be5 correct$4 ,a li/ ( ^! corrections c be f\nd at ! end ( ! docum5t4 ,inconsi/5cies 9 spell+1 hyph5ation & betwe5 ! ,li/ ( ,illu/rations & ! actual titles ( ,plates h n be5 correct$4 ,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution----,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology4 ,,art ,,9 ,,%ell ,,( ,,! ,,anci5t ,,am]icans4 ,,by ,,william ,h4 ,,holmes4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page4 ,introductory #ahe ,implem5ts & ut5sils #ahi ,unwork$ %ells #ahi ,vessels #aib ,spoons #aih ,knives #bja ,celts #bjc ,scrap]s #bje ,agricultural implem5ts #bjg ,fi%+ appliances #bjg ,weapons #baj ,tweez]s #baa ,ornam5ts #bac ,p9s #bac ,beads #bai ,p]=at$ %ells #bai ,discoidal beads #bba ,massive beads #bbc ,tubul> beads #bbf ,runtees #bbh ,beads z ornam5ts #bcj ,beads z curr5cy #bcd ,mnemonic use ( beads #bdj ,p5dants #bee ,p]=at$ plates #bfd ,engrav$ gorgets #bfg ,! cross #bfh ,! scallop$ disk #bgc ,! bird #bhj ,! spid] #bhf ,! s]p5t #bhi ,! human face #bic ,! human figure #big ,,illu/rations4 ,page4 ,,plate ,,xxi4--,natural %ells z vessels #aib ,,xxii4--,vessels artificially %ap$ #aid ,,xxiii4--,vessel ) engrav$ surface #aif ,,xxiv4--,spoons #bjj ,,xxv4--,celts #bjd ,,xxvi4--,cutt+ & scrap+ implem5ts #bjf ,,xxvii4--,weapons1 agricultural implem5ts1 etc4 #bjh ,,xxviii4--,fi%+ appliances #baj ,,xxix4--,manufacture ( p9s & beads #bad ,,xxx4--,p9s1 ,atlantic coa/ =ms #baf ,,xxxi4--,p9s1 ,pacific coa/ =ms #bah ,,xxxii4--,beads1 p]=at$ %ells #bbj ,,xxxiii4--,beads1 discoidal 9 =m #bbb ,,xxxiv4--,beads1 massive 9 =m #bbd ,,xxxv4--,beads1 tubul> 9 =m #bbf ,,xxxvi4--,beads1 ,runtees #bbh ,,xxxvii4--,! wampum belt 9 treaties #bdj ,,xxxviii4--,wampum belts #bdb ,,xxxix4--,wampum belts #bdd ,,xl4--,wampum belt #bdf ,,xli4--,wampum belt #bdh ,,xlii4--,wampum belt #bej ,,xliii4--,! ,p5n belt #beb ,,xliv4--,/r+s ( wampum #bed ,,xlv4--,anci5t p5dant ornam5ts #bef ,,xlvi4--,pla9 p5dants1 ,atlantic coa/ =ms #beh ,,xlvii4--,pla9 p5dants1 ,pacific coa/ =ms #bfj ,,xlviii4--,pla9 p5dants1 ,pacific coa/ =ms #bfb ,,xlix4--,pla9 p5dants1 ,pacific coa/ =ms #bfd ,l4--,p]=at$ plates #bff ,,li4--,engrav$ gorgets1 ! cross #bfh ,,lii4--,engrav$ gorgets1 ! cross #bgj ,,liii4--,engrav$ gorgets1 ! cross #bgb ,,liv4--,engrav$ gorgets1 scallop$ disks #bgd ,,lv4--,engrav$ gorgets1 scallop$ disks #bgf ,,lvi4--,engrav$ gorgets1 scallop$ disks #bgh ,,lvii4--,scallop$ disks1 etc4 #bhj ,,lviii4--,engrav$ gorgets1 ! bird1 etc4 #bhb ,,lix4--,engrav$ gorgets1 ! bird1 etc4 #bhd ,,lx4--,engrav$ gorgets1 ! bird #bhf ,,lxi4--,engrav$ gorgets1 ! spid] #bhh ,,lxii4--,engrav$ gorgets1 ! rattlesnake #bij ,,lxiii4--,engrav$ gorgets1 ! rattlesnake #bij ,,lxiv4--,engrav$ gorgets1 ! rattlesnake #bib ,,lxv4--,engrav$ gorgets1 ! rattlesnake #bib ,,lxvi4--,! s]p5t #bib ,,lxvii4--,engrav$ gorgets1 ! human face #bid ,,lxviii4--,engrav$ gorgets1 ! human face #bid ,,lxix4--,engrav$ gorgets1 ! human face #bif ,,lxx4--,engrav$ gorgets1 ! human face #bif ,,lxxi4--,engrav$ gorgets1 ! human figure #bih ,,lxxii4--,engrav$ gorgets1 ! human figure #bih ,,lxxiii4--,engrav$ gorgets1 ! human figure #cjj ,,lxxiv4--,engrav$ gorgets1 ! human figure #cjj ,,lxxv4--,engrav$ gorgets1 ! human figure #cjb ,,lxxvi4--,! human figure #cjb ,,lxxvii4--,sculptur$ frogs #cjd ,,art ,,9 ,,%ell ,,( ,,! ,,anci5t ,,am]icans4 ,,by ,,william ,h4 ,,holmes4 ,,introductory4 ,! /ud5t w f9d scatt]$ ?r\gh\t a wide range ( ar*ologic lit]ature frequ5t b casual m5tion ( works ( art 9 %ell4 ,individual uses ( %ell h be5 dwelt ^u at consid]able l5g? by a few au?ors1 b up to ?is "t no "o has und]tak5 ! task ( br++ toge!r 9 "o view ! works ( primitive man 9 ?is mat]ial4 ,works ( anci5t peoples 9 /one1 clay1 & bronze1 9 all c\ntries1 h be5 pretty ?or\ghly /udi$1 describ$1 & illu/rat$4 ,/one w\ld seem to h ! wide/ range1 z x is employ$ ) almo/ equal read9ess 9 all ! arts4 ,clay is widely us$ & takes a =emo/ place 9 works ( utility & ta/e4 ,metals are too intractable to be readily employ$ by primitive peoples1 & until a high grade ( culture is atta9$ are b little us$4 ,animal sub/ances ( compact "*1 su* z bone1 horn1 ivory1 & %ell1 are also re/rict$ 9 _! use1 & ! m de/ructible sub/ances1 bo? animal & vegetable1 h[ev] ext5sively employ$1 h comp>atively little ar*ologic importance4 ,all mat]ials1 h[ev]1 are made subs]vi5t to man & 9 "o way or ano!r become ! ag5ts ( culture2 "u ! magic influ5ce ( 8 g5ius !y are m\ld$ into new =ms :i* rema9 aft] 8 disappe>ance z ! only records ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,ea* mat]ial1 9 ! =m ( conv5i5t natural objects1 is appli$ to su* uses z x is by nature be/ fitt$1 & :5 artificial modifications are f9ally made1 !y foll[ ! sugge/ions ( nature1 improvem5ts be+ c>ri$ =w>d 9 l9es h>moni\s ) ! initiatory /eps ( nature4 ,_h ! mat]ials plac$ at ! disposal ( primitive peoples be5 z uni=m z are _! wants & capacities1 !re w\ld h be5 b little v>iation 9 ! art products ( ! _w2 b ! utilization ( a p>ticul> mat]ial 9 ! natural /ate gives a /rong bias to artificial products1 & its =ms & functions impress !mselves ^u art products 9 o!r mat]ials4 ,?us unusual res\rces eng5d] unique arts & unique cultures4 ,su* a result1 ,i appreh5d1 has 9 a measure be5 a*iev$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,9 a broad region at "o "t occupi$ by ! m\nd-build+ tribes we obs]ve a peculi> & an orig9al ef=t--an art di/9ctive 9 ! mat]ial employ$1 9 ! =ms develop$1 & to "s ext5t 9 ! ideas repres5t$4 ,x is an age ( %ell1 a sort ( supplem5t to ! age ( /one4 ,x is n my int5tion "h to attempt at ext5d$ discussion ( ! be>+s ( ?is art ^u ! v>i\s int]e/+ que/ions ( an?ropologic sci5ce1 b r to pres5t c]ta9 ( its phases 9 ! concrete1 to /udy ! embodim5t ( ! art ( ! anci5t ,am]ican 9 ?is "o mat]ial1 & to pres5t ! results 9 a tangible mann]1 n z a catalogue ( objects1 b z an elem5t>y "p ( ! :ole body ( human art1 illu/rat+ a p>ticul> phase ( ! evolution ( culture4 ,?is pap] is to be reg>d$ simply z an outl9e ( ! subject1 to be foll[$ by a m exhau/ive monograph ( ! art 9 %ell ( all ! anci5t ,am]ican peoples4 ,art _h its beg9n+ :5 man fir/ ga!r$ clubs f ! woods1 /ones f ! riv] b$1 & %ells f ! sea-%ore = weapons & ut5sils4 ,9 8 h&s ^! simple objects became modifi$ by use into new =ms1 or 7 int5tionally alt]$ to increase _! conv5i5ce4 ,?is 0 ! infancy1 ! inception ( culture--a p]iod f :i* a t$i\s b /eady advance has be5 made until ! rem>kable a*ievem5ts ( ! pres5t h be5 rea*$4 ,rude clubs h become weapons ( curi\s con/ruction & ma*9]y ( m>vel\s complication1 & ! pebbles & %ells are ! prototypes ( num]\s works 9 all mat]ials4 ,rude rafts :i* s]v$ to cross primeval riv]s h become huge %ips1 & ! orig9al h\se ( b>k & leaves is repres5t$ by palaces & temples1 glitt]+ ) light & gl[+ ) color4 ,! /eps :i* l$ up to ^! results are by no means cle> to u2 !y h n be5 built 9 any "o place or by any "o p4 ,nations h ris5 & fall51 & h giv5 place to o!rs t 9 turn h left a heap ( ru9s4 ,we f9d x impossible to trace back ?r\gh ! hi/oric ages into & beyond ! prehi/oric %ad[s1 ! pa?way to culture foll[$ by any "o p4 ,! necessity = grop+ increases ) e backw>d /ep1 & we pick up "o by "o ! scatt]$ l9ks ( a *a9 t has a ?\s& times be5 brok54 ,s f> our in=mation is meag] & fragm5t>y1 & c5turies ( rese>* w be requir$ to r\nd up our k to su* a fullness z to enable u to rehabilitate ! anci5t races1 a result to be rea*$ only by an exhau/ive comp>ative /udy ( ! art products ( all peoples & ( all ages4 ,by collect+ ! v>i\s relics ( art 9 %ell ,i %all be able to add a fragm5t to ?is great "w4 ,de/ructible 9 _! "* ^! relics are seldom pres]v$ f remote p]iods1 & x is only by reason ( _! inhumation ) ! dead t !y appe> among antiquities at all4 ,a majority ( su* objects1 tak5 f graves & tumuli1 kn[n to po/-date ev5 ! adv5t ( ! :ite race 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 are s f> decay$ t unless mo/ c>efully h&l$ !y crumble to p[d]4 ,x is impossible to demon/rate ! great antiquity ( any ( ^! relics4 ,_m ( ^? obta9$ f ! %ell heaps ( ! ,atlantic coa/ are d\btless v anci5t1 b we _c say ) c]ta9ty t !y ant$ate ! discov]y m ?an a few hundr$ ye>s4 ,specim5s obta9$ f ! m\nds ( ! ,mississippi ,valley h ! appe>ance ( great antiquity1 b beyond ! int]nal evid5ce ( ! specim5s !mselves we h no reliable data ^u :i* to base an e/imate ( "t4 ,! age ( ^! relics is r5d]$ /ill less c]ta9 by ! pres5ce ( intrusive int]m5ts1 :i* place side by side works ( v widely sep>at$ p]iods4 ,! antiquity ( ! relics !mselves is n1 h[ev]1 ( fir/ importance2 ! art ideas embodi$ 9 !m h a mu* deep] int]e/4 ,! tablets ^u :i* ! designs are engrav$ may be nev] s rec5t1 yet ! conceptions !mselves h _! orig9 f> back 9 ! =gott5 ages4 ,deifi$ ance/ors & my?ical creatures t 7 9 ! e>li] /ages rudely depict$ on b>k & sk9s & rocks 71 aft] a c]ta9 ma/]y ov] mat]ials _h be5 a*iev$1 engrav$ on tablets ( fl9ty %ell2 & x is probable t 9 ^! r>e objects we h1 if n a full repres5tation ( ! art ( ! anci5t peoples1 at lea/ a l>ge numb] ( _! mo/ important works1 9 po9t ( execution z well z ( conception4 ,man 9 8 mo/ primitive condition mu/ h resort$ to ! sea-%ore = ! food :i* x af=ds4 ,weapons or o!r appliances 7 n necess>y 9 ! capture ( mollusks2 a /one to break ! %ell1 or "o ( ! massive valves ( ! %ells !mselves1 suffic$ = all purposes4 ,! %ells ( mollusks probably came into use z ut5sils at a v e>ly date1 & mutually ) products ( ! vegetable _w af=d$ natural vessels = food & wat]4 ,= a long p]iod ! idea ( modify+ ! =m to increase ! conv5i5ce may n h be5 sugge/$ & ! natural %ells 7 us$ = :atev] purpose !y 7 be/ fitt$4 ,9 "t1 h[ev]1 by accid5tal sugge/ions x w\ld be f\nd t modifications w\ld enhance _! usefulness1 & ! break+ away ( useless p>ts & ! %>p5+ ( edges & po9ts w\ld be resort$ to4 ,f>!r on1 z x became necess>y to c>ry !m f po9t to po9t1 *anges w\ld be made = conv5i5ce ( transportation4 ,p]=ations :i* occur naturally 9 "s species ( %ell1 w\ld be produc$ artificially1 & ! %ells w\ld be /rung on v9es or cords & susp5d$ ab\t ! neck2 9 ?is way1 9 "t1 may h orig9at$ ! cu/om ( we>+ p5dants = p]sonal ornam5t4 ,foll[+ ?is w\ld be ! transportation ( su* articles to di/ant places by w&]+ tribes1 ex*anges w\ld take place ) o!r tribes1 & f9ally a trade w\ld be develop$ & a future comm]ce ( nations be inaugurat$4 ,results simil> to ! =ego+ w\ld spr+ d\btless f ! employm5t ( sub/ances o!r ?an %ell1 b t mat]ial mo/ closely associat$ ) ! acquisition ( food w\ld come fir/ prom95tly into use4 ,! f>!r ^! useful articles 7 c>ri$ f ! s\rce ( supply ! great] ! value t w\ld atta* to !m1 & f> inl& ! %ell ( ! sea might easily become an object ( unusual consid]ation4 ,hav+ an orig9 m or less %r\d$ 9 my/]y1 x w\ld 9 "t become d\bly de> to ! he>t ( ! sup]/iti\s savage1 p]haps an object ( actual v5]ation1 or at lea/ "o ( su* high e/eem t x w\ld be treasur$ by ! liv+ & buri$ ) ! dead4 ,! mat]ial s pl5tiful on ! sea-%ore t x 0 ?\ght ( only z x prov$ useful = vessels & implem5ts1 became a valu$ treasure 9 ! int]ior2 its functions 7 gradually enl>g$ & diff]5tiat$2 x 0 work$ into v>i$ %apes1 su* z p5dants = ! e>s1 beads = ! neck1 p9s = ! hair1 & elaborate gorgets = ! brea/2 x s]v$ its turn z feti* & *>m2 & 0 frequ5tly us$ 9 ! c]emonial juggl]y ( ! my/ic dance4 ,! slighte/ modification ( ^! relics by ! h& ( man attracts our att5tion1 & f t infant /age ( ! art until ! highe/ & mo/ elaborate =ms are rea*$ !y h ! deepe/ int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( human progress4 ,,implem5ts ,,& ,,ut5sils4 ,,unwork$ ,,%ells4 ,"s writ]s h sugge/$ t ! anci5t peoples ( ! int]ior di/ricts mu/ h held %ells f ! sea 9 especial e/eem1 n only on acc\nt ( _! r>ity1 b also by reason ( "s sacr$ prop]ties t _h1 f ! my/]y ( _! orig91 become atta*$ to !m4 ,x w\ld appe>1 h[ev]1 t %ells 7 valu$ *iefly = _! utility & beauty1 & t fre% wat] z well z m>9e v>ieties 7 con/antly employ$4 ,9 _! unwork$ /ate1 = _! beauty alone1 !y are treasur$ by peoples 9 all grades ( culture1 f ! savage up ?r\gh ! b>b>ian /ages to ! mo/ civiliz$ /ate4 ,z !y are mo/ conv5i5tly %ap$ = ut5sils & implem5ts1 !y h be5 ( great s]vice 9 ! arts1 & 7 ?us ( ! greate/ importance to primitive peoples4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! natural %ells f\nd 9 graves 7 always de/9$ = use 9 an unwork$ /ate1 b !y %\ld d\btless 9 _m cases be reg>d$ z highly-valu$ raw mat]ial int5d$ = use 9 ! manufacture ( articles ( utility & ta/e1 9 ! temp]+ ( pott]'s clay1 or 9 effect+ ex*anges ) neighbor+ tribes4 ,z vessels = food & dr9k1 & z cups = pa9t1 _m species are mo/ conv5i5tly %ap$4 ,good examples may be f\nd 9 ! ,haliotis1 s pl5tiful on ! ,pacific coa/1 ! ,helcioniscus ( ! ,pacific isl&s1 ! ,pattelid ( ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica1 or ! ,pect5 ( _m seas4 ,9 _! natural /ate !y h a tw(old int]e/ to u--z ut5sils !y are ! =]unn]s ( _m m elaborate =ms t h be5 evolv$ 9 m advanc$ /ages ( culture1 & 9 _! di/ribution !y give u important insight into ! comm]ce & migrations ( _! aborig9al own]s4 ,pect5s4--,! ,pect5s are v widely di/ribut$1 & on acc\nt ( _! beauty ( =m & color h be5 9 great favor ) all peoples4 ,!y figure 9 ! h]aldic devices ( ! ,middle ,ages & 9 ! symbolic pa9t+s ( ! anci5t ,mexicans4 ,!y h be5 employ$ ext5sively by ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,am]ica z ornam5ts & rattles1 & _m examples exhum$ f graves1 m\nds1 & refuse heaps appe> to h be5 us$ z ut5sils1 cups = pa9t1 & vessels = food & dr9k4 ,!y are especially pl5tiful 9 ! cemet]ies ( ! anci5t ,cali=nians1 f :i* ,s*uma*] & ,b[]s h made excell5t collections1 & specim5s may be f\nd 9 ! great museums ( ! c\ntry4 ,a v good example ( ?is %ell 7,janira d5tata7#a is %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,xxi1 :i* repres5ts a pa9t cup f ,santa ,b>b>a1 ,cal4 ,?is cup is /ill p>tially fill$ ) d>k1 purpli%1 indurat$ pa9t4 ,"s 7 receptacles = asphaltum1 :ile o!rs1 :i* are q empty1 7 employ$ probably = dome/ic purposes4 ,! species *iefly us$ on ! ,atlantic coa/ are ! ,pect5 irradians & ,p4 conc5tricus4 ,on ! ,pacific coa/ ! ,pect5 caur9us & ,p4 ha/atus are employ$ by ! ,makah & o!r ,indians = rattles1 & x is probable t "s ( ! rudely p]=at$ specim5s f\nd 9 our collections 7 int5d$ = ! same purpose4 ,clams4--,clams =m$ a v important "p ( ! food ( ! anci5t seabo>d tribes1 & ! empti$ %ells h be5 utiliz$ 9 a great v>iety ( ways4 ,! valves ( _m species are l>ge & deep1 & are available = cups & di%es1 & z su* are n scorn$ ev5 by ! mod]n clam-bak]1 :o1 l ! anci5t inhabitant1 makes p]iodical visits to ! sea-%ore to fi% & fea/4 ,!y 7 also us$ z knives1 scrap]s1 & hoes1 & 9 hi/oric times h be5 ext5sively us$ 9 ! manufacture ( wampum4 ,! h>d-%ell clam1 ,v5us m]c5>ia1 on acc\nt ( ! purpli% color ( portions ( ! valves1 has be5 mo/ ext5sively us$ = ?is purpose4 ,a s\!rn v>iety1 ! ,m]c5>ia prp>ca1 is mu* l>g] & furni%es excell5t di%es4 ,! s(t-%ell clam1 ,mya ar5>ia1 has be5 an important article ( food1 b ! valves are n s]viceable 9 ! arts4 ,! h5 clam1 ,mactra pond]osa1 :i* has l>ge h&some valves1 has also be5 us$ to "s ext5t = ut5sils4 ,on ! ,pacific coa/ ! l>ge clam1 ,pa*ydesma crassatelloides1 is kn[n also to be simil>ly us$4 ,unios4--,%ells ( ! great family ( ! ,unios h always held an important place 9 ! dome/ic & me*anical arts ( ! savages ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,_! *alky rema9s are among ! mo/ pl5tiful relics ( ! m\nds & o!r anci5t burial-places1 & !y come f kit*5 midd5s & ! m rec5t graves ) all ! pe>ly delicacy ( ! fre%ly empti$ %ell4 ,! valves ( _m v>ieties ( ^! %ells are well adapt$ to ! use ( man4 ,n l>ge en\gh = food vessels1 !y make mo/ satisfactory spoons & cups1 & are frequ5tly f\nd to reta9 portions ( ! pigm5ts left f ! la/ toilet ( ! primeval w>rior & de/9$ = use 9 ! _s l&4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t !y 7 mu* m frequ5tly employ$ z knives & scrap]s1 & z su* h play$ _! "p 9 ! b>b>ic fea/ ( ! primitive village1 or h assi/$ 9 ! bloody "w ( scalp-tak+ & torture4 ,!y are pretty g5]ally di/ribut$ ov] ! c\ntry1 & _! occurr5ce 9 ! m\nds w probably h b little importance 9 ! /udy ( artificial di/ribution4 ,v little tr\ble has be5 tak5 by explor]s & writ]s to id5tify ! num]\s species collect$4 ,haliotis4--,! ,haliotis af=ds "o ( ! be/ examples ( ! v>i$ uses to :i* ! natural %ell has be5 appli$ by savage peoples4 ,rec5t explorations conduct$ by ! gov]nm5t explor+ p>ties 9 ,cali=nia h br\ght to ! notice ( ar*ologi/s & ! _w ! exi/5ce ( a new field ( rese>*--! burial-places ( ! anci5t tribes ( ! ,pacific coa/4 ,_m ( ! int]m5ts ( ?is region are probably po/-,columbian4 ,sev]al species ( ?is beautiful %ell 7 us$ & are tak5 f ! graves 9 great numb]s1 ! pe>ly lu/]s be+ almo/ p]fectly pres]v$4 ,_m 7 us$ z pa9t-cups1 & /ill reta9 d>k pigm5ts1 probably o*]s2 "o ( ^!1 a f9e example ( ! ,haliotis cali=nianus1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 ,plate ,,xxi4 ,"s _h conta9$ food1 & 9 a few cases /ill reta9$ ! mu*-e/eem$ *ia se$1 :ile 9 o!rs 7 f\nd asphaltum1 :i* 0 employ$ by ^! peoples 9 a v>iety ( arts1 ! r[s ( eyes 9 ! ,haliotis usually be+ /opp$ ) x1 & 9 "o case1 z %[n 9 a specim5 9 ! ,national ,museum1 x has be5 us$ to deep5 a cup by build+ up a rim ar\nd ! edge ( a %all[ %ell4 ,_m o!rs are q empty1 & d\btless s]v$ z b[ls1 di%es1 & spoons1 or 7 ready at h& = ! manufacture ( implem5ts & ornam5ts4 ,buri$ ) ! dead1 !y 7 design$ to s]ve ! purposes = :i* !y 7 us$ 9 life4 ,?is %ell probably =m$ z important a factor 9 ! comm]ce ( ^! tribes z did ! l>ge con*s ( ! ,atlantic coa/ 9 t ( ! m\nd-build]s & _! neighbors4 ,9 rec5t times !y are kn[n to h a high value atta*$ to !m1 & ,pr(essor ,putnam /ates#b t a few ye>s ago a horse c\ld be _h 9 ex*ange = a s+le %ell ( ! ,haliotis rufesc5s4 ,?is species is a great favorite t[>d ! s\?1 & ! ,haliotis ,kams*atkana1 :i* furni%es a d>k gre5i% nacre1 is mu* us$ f>!r nor?4 ,! r\gh] & m homely oy/]-%ell has also enjoy$ ! favor ( ! m\nd-build+ tribes1 & has probably s]v$ _m useful purposes1 su* z w\ld only be sugge/$ to peoples unacqua9t$ ) ! use ( metal4 ,_m species ( ! ,fissurella & ,d5talium %ells 7 9 common use1 advantage be+ tak5 ( ! natural p]=ations = /r++1 ! latt] be+ q ext5sively us$ = money on ! ,pacific slope4 ,9 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxi1 a cut is giv5 ( a ,mytilus %ell pa9t-cup f an anci5t ,p]uvian grave4 ,x is copi$ f ,plate #hc ( ! ,necropolis ( ,ancon4#c ,x is repres5t$ z /ill conta9+ r$ pa9t1 probably c9nab>4 ,a great v>iety ( ! l>g] univalve sea-%ells 7 us$ 9 ! unalt]$ /ate1 ! ,busycons probably tak+ ! mo/ important place1 species ( ! ,/rombus1 ! ,cassis1 ! ,nautilus & ,fasciol>ia foll[+ 9 ab\t ! ord] nam$4 ,! ,busycon p]v]sum has be5 m ext5sively us$ ?an any o!r %ell1 & consequ5tly its di/ribution 9 "o =m or o!r is v wide4 ,x is obta9$ along ! ,atlantic & ,gulf coa/s f ,massa*usetts to ,mexico1 & )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x is artificially di/ribut$ ov] ! great] "p ( ! ,atlantic slope4 ,! uses to :i* ?is %ell has be5 put by ! anci5t ,am]icans are s num]\s & v>i$ t ,i %all n attempt to enum]ate !m "h4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 pretty ?or\ghly br\ght out 9 ! subsequ5t pages ( ?is pap]4 ,f ! employm5t ( %ells 9 _! complete /ate _! modification = conv5i5ce is b a slight /ep1 & :5 once sugge/$ is easily accompli%$--holes are bor$1 h&les are c>v$ or add$1 m>g9s are gr\nd d[n1 useless p>ts are brok5 away1 & surfaces are poli%$4 ,! columell are remov$ f ! l>ge univalves1 & ! p>ts us$ = a great v>iety ( purposes4 ,! me*anical devices employ$ h be5 v simple1 su* z fl9t implem5ts = cutt+1 & r\gh /ones = break+ & gr9d+4 ,h&-drills 7 at fir/ us$ = p]=at+2 b lat] me*anically revolv+ drills 7 devis$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxi--,,%ell ,,vessels4 #a4 ,f a plate 9 ,de ,bry4 #b4 ,f a ,p]uvian grave4 #c4 ,pect51 ,cali=nia grave4 7#a_/a7 #d4 ,haliotis1 ,cali=nia grave4 7#c_/d7 ,,vessels4 ,i %all n attempt to take up ! v>i\s classes ( objects 9 %ell 9 ! ord] ( _! developm5t1 z x w\ld be h>d to say :e!r food ut5sils1 weapons1 or ornam5ts 7 fir/ us$4 ,x is also difficult to di/+ui% weapons prop] f implem5ts employ$ 9 ! arts1 su* z celts1 knives1 hamm]s1 etc41 z x is probable !y 7 all v>i\sly us$ accord+ to ! ne$s ( _! possessors4 ,hav+ briefly treat$ ( natural vessels1 x seems conv5i5t to g on ) vessels %ap$ by art4 ,e>ly explor]s 9 _m portions ( ! ,am]ican cont95t record1 9 _! writ+1 ! use by ! natives ( %ells ( v>i\s k9ds z vessels4 ,we h 9 ?is case hi/oric evid5ce :i* be>s directly ^u prehi/oric cu/oms4 ,inde$1 x is n impossible t ! v %ells us$ by ! natives fir/ enc\nt]$ by ,europeans1 are ! id5tical ones exhum$ s rec5tly f burial places1 z _m ( ! f9] specim5s ( %ell objects h associat$ ) !m articles ( und\bt$ ,european manufacture4 ,a notice ( ! e>lie/ record$ use ( ^! objects naturally introduces ! prehi/oric use4 ,) _m nations t 7 b\ntifully suppli$ ) conv5i5t e>!n & /one vessels1 z well p]haps z o!rs ( ! h>d %ells ( fruits1 ! sea-%ell 0 nev]!less a favorite vessel = dr9k+4 ,h]r]a describes ! use ( silv]1 gold1 %ell1 & g\rd cups at ! banquets ( ! elegant mon>* ,montezuma ,,ii1 :o sometimes drank out ( cocoas & natural %ells ri*ly set ) jewels4 ,o!r au?ors make simil> /atem5ts4 ,clavig]o says t beautiful sea-%ells or naturally =m$ vessels1 curi\sly v>ni%$1 7 us$4 ,9 _m ( ! p]iodical fea/s ( ! ,florida ,indians %ells 7 9 high favor1 & x is relat$ h[ at a c]ta9 /age ( "o ( ! dances two m5 came 91 ea* be>+ v l>ge con*-%ells full ( black dr9k1 :i* 0 an infusion ( ! "y leaves ( ! cass9e 7probably ,ilex ,cass9e1 ,l474 ,aft] prolong$ c]emonies1 ?is dr9k 0 (f]$ to ! k+1 to ! :ites pres5t1 & !n to ! entire assembly4#d ,x is a rem>kable fact t a simil> cu/om has be5 notic$ among ! ,moquis ( ,arizona4 ,lieut5ant ,b\rke witness$ ! snake dance ( t tribe a few ye>s ago1 & /ates t 9 front ( ! alt> conta9+ ! snakes 0 a cov]$ e>!n vessel1 :i* conta9$ f\r l>ge sea-%ells & a liquid ( "s unkn[n composition1 ( :i* ! m5 :o h&l$ ! snakes freely drank4 ,vessels ?us associat$ ) important c]emonial cu/oms ( savages w\ld naturally be ( fir/ importance 9 _! sepul*ral rites4 ,de ,bry1 9 ! rem>kable plates ( 8 ,brevis ,n>ratio1 furni%es two in/ances ( su* use4 ,plate #ai %[s a procession ( nude females :o scatt] locks ( _! hair ^u a r[ ( graves1 on ea* ( :i* has be5 plac$ a l>ge univalve %ell1 probably conta9+ food or dr9k = ! dead1 & 9 ,plate #dj we h ano!r illu/ration ( ?is cu/om1 ! %ell be+ plac$ on ! heap ( e>? rais$ above ! grave ( a dep>t$ *iefta94 ,9 ,plate ,,xxi1 ,fig4 #a1 an outl9e ( ! %ell repres5t$ is giv52 x resembles mo/ ne>ly ! pe>ly nautilus1 b1 be+ drawn by ! arti/ f memory or description1 we are at lib]ty to suppose ! %ell actually us$ 0 a l>ge ,busycon f ! neighbor+ coa/1 probably m or less alt]$ by art4 ,haywood1 ,hakluyt1 ,tonti1 ,b>tram1 ,adair1 & o!rs m5tion ! use ( %ells = dr9k+ vessels1 & 9 mu* m rec5t times ,indians are kn[n to h put !m to a simil> use4 ,on acc\nt ( ! rapidity ) :i* !y decay1 we c "k no?+ ( surface deposits ( %ells by prehi/oric or ev5 by comp>atively rec5t peoples4 ,x is only ?r\gh ! cu/om ( bury+ valu$ articles ) ! dead t any ( ^! relics are pres]v$ to u4 ,:5 we consid] ! quantity ( su* objects necess>ily de/roy$ by "t1 exposure1 & use1 we m>vel at ! va/ numb]s t mu/ h be51 )9 a limit$ p]iod ( ye>s1 c>ri$ inl&4 ,9 ! m rec5t m\nds !re may be f\nd specim5s obta9$ by ! ,indians ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( :ite trad]s1 b ! va/ majority 7 d]iv$ d\btless f purely aborig9al s\rces4 ,_m in/ances c\ld be cit$ to %[ t ! :ites h engag$ 9 ! trade 9 %ells4 ,kohl1 9 speak+ ( e>ly trade ) ! ,ojibways ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 /ates t :5 ! trad]s exhibit$ a f9e l>ge %ell & held x to ! e>s ( ! ,indians1 ^! latt] 7 a/oni%$1 say+ !y he>d ! ro>+ ( ! ocean 9 x1 & paid = su* a m>vel\s %ell furs to ! value ( #cj or #dj1 & ev5 m4#e ,cabea de ,vaca#f trad$ 9 sea-%ells & he>ts ( sea-%ells among ! ,*>ruco ,indians ( ! ,gulf coa/ ne>ly ?ree hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago4 ,! =m ( vessel ( mo/ frequ5t occurr5ce is made by remov+ ! :orl1 columella1 & ab\t "o-half ( ! out] %ell ( ! l>ge univalves4 ,! body ( ! l[] :orl is cut longitud9ally1 ne>ly opposite ! lip & p>allel ) x4 ,! spire is divid$ on ! same plane1 a little above ! apex1 giv+ a result well illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxii4 ,a v conv5i5t & capaci\s b[l is ?us obta9$1 ! l>g] specim5s hav+ a capacity ( a gallon or m4 ,! "w ( divid+ ! %ell & remov+ neatly ! int]ior p>ts mu/ h be5 "o ( no little difficulty1 consid]+ ! compactness ( ! %ell & ! rud5ess ( ! tools4 ,= nomadic peoples ^! vessels w\ld h a great sup]iority ov] ^? ( any o!r mat]ial1 z !y 7 n heavy & c\ld be transport$ )\t dang] ( break+4 ,9 ! manufacture ( ^! vessels ! ,busycon p]v]sum seems to h be5 a great favorite2 ?is may be ! result ( ! less massive "* ( ! %ell1 :i* p]mits m ready manipulation4 ,! sp9es are less prom95t & ! walls m uni=m 9 ?ickness ?an 9 %ells ( mo/ o!r v>ieties f\nd along ! ,atlantic seabo>d4 ,specim5s ( ! ,/rombus1 ,cassis1 & ,fasciol>ia 7 occasionally us$4 ,! specim5 illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxii1 is f a m\nd at ,rit*]ville1 ,ind41 & is n[ 9 ! ,national ,museum at ,wa%+ton4 ,x is made f a ,busycon p]v]sum1 & is t5 & "o-half in*es 9 l5g? by six & "o-half 9 wid? at ! mo/ di/5d$ "p4 ,! body & spire h be5 cut 9 ! mann] describ$ above1 & ! int]ior :orl & columella h be5 skillfully tak5 out4 ,! rim is n v ev5ly cut1 b is q smoo?4 ,! out] surface ( ! %ell has be5 well poli%$1 b is n[ worn & sc>r$ by use4 ,! sub/ance ( ! %ell is v well pres]v$4 ,a second example1 n[ 9 ! national collection1 is f an anci5t m\nd at ,naples1 ,ill4 ,x is v simil> to ! prec$+1 be+ made f ! same species ( %ell4 ,x is elev5 in*es 9 l5g? by sev5 9 wid?4 ,! body ( ! %ell is well pres]v$1 ! apex1 h[ev]1 be+ brok5 away4 ,a small specim51 also 9 ! ,national ,museum1 0 obta9$ f a m\nd at ,na%ville1 ,t5n41 by ,pr(essor ,p[ell4 ,x is ?ree & a half in*es 9 l5g?1 & v %all[1 be+ b a small portion ( ! l[] :orl ( a ,busycon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxii--,,vessels4 #a4 ,%ell vessel made f a ,busycon p]v]sum1 ,ind4 7#b_/e7 #b4 ,e>!n vessel made 9 imitation ( %ell1 ,mo4 7#c_/d7 ,among ! m rec5t acquisitions to ! national collection are two v f9e specim5s ( ^! ,busycon vessels4 ,"o ( ^! 0 obta9$ f a m\nd at ,ea/ ,dubuque1 ,ill4 ,x is elev5 in*es 9 l5g? by sev5 9 wid? at ! wide/ "p2 ! ext]ior surface is highly poli%$2 ! int]ior is less s1 hav+ suff]$ some:at f decay2 ! beak is v long & sl5d]1 & has be5 us$ z a h&le4 ,! :ole vessel has a dipp]-l appe>ance4 ,! f9e/ example ( ^! vessels yet br\ght to my notice 0 obta9$ f a m\nd at ,h>risburg1 ,ark41 by ,dr4 ,palm]1 9 ,octob]1 #ahhb4 ,x diff]s f ! o!r specim5s describ$ 9 hav+ an elaborate ornam5tal design engrav$ on ! ext]ior surface4 ,9 %ape x corresponds pretty closely to ! fir/ specim5 figur$1 no "p ( ! spire1 h[ev]1 be+ cut away2 ! int]ior p>ts h be5 remov$1 z usual4 ,! surface is q smoo?1 & ! ridges on ! inn] surface ( ! spire are neatly r\nd$ & poli%$4 ,its l5g? is elev5 in*es1 & its wid? sev54 ,plate ,,xxiii is devot$ to ! illu/ration ( ?is specim54 ,! entire ext]ior surface1 f apex to base1 is cov]$ ) a design ( engrav$ l9es & figures1 :i* are appli$ 9 su* a mann] z to accord rem>kably well ) ! exp&+ spiral ( ! %ell4 ,! upp] surface ( ! spire is unusually flat1 & has be5 gr\nd q smoo?4 ,x w be se5 by ref]5ce to ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxiii1 t a s]ies ( l9es1 int]rupt$ at ne>ly regul> int]vals by %ort cross l9es & rectangul> intaglio figures1 has be5 c>ri$ f ! apex outw>d t[>d ! lip4 ,ano!r s]ies ( l9es beg9s on ! upp] m>g9 next ! inn] lip ( ! %ell1 passes ar\nd ! circumf]5ce ( ! upp] surface1 & ext5ds d[nw>d ov] ! c>9a1 cov]+1 z %[n 9 ! o!r figure1 ! entire body ( ! vessel1 except+ ! extreme po9t ( ! h&le4 ,! base ( ! %ell1 :i* is p]=at$1 has a small additional gr\p ( l9es4 ,! l9es ( ! pr9cipal s]ies are1 on ! m exp&$ portion ( ! body ( ! %ell1 ab\t eight in*es long1 & are int]rupt$ by two r[s ( %ort l9es & two r[s ( incis$ rectangul> figures4 ,! space betwe5 ! latt] conta9s ! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( ! design4 ,?ree arr[-head %ap$ figures1 two in*es 9 l5g? by "o & "o-half 9 wid?1 are plac$1 "o ne> ! out] lip1 ano!r ne> ! inn] lip1 & ! ?ird 9 ! middle ( ! body1 a little bel[ ! c5t]4 ,^! figures are neatly cut & symmetrical1 & resemble a b>b$ & blunt-po9t$ arr[-head4 ,ne> ! c5t] ( ea* is a small circle1 :i* gives ! figure a close resemblance to a v>iety ( p]=at$ /one implem5ts1 "o specim5 ( :i* has be5 f\nd ne> ,osceola1 ,ark4 ,:atev] may be ! significance ( ?is design1 & x is und\bt$ly significant1 x is at lea/ a v rem>kable piece ( "w & a highly successful ef=t at decoration4 ,! pott]y ( ?is region :i* is g5]ally highly decorat$ ) pa9t$ & incis$ l9es1 conta9s no?+ ( a "* simil> to ?is1 & x is probable t :at ,i h come to consid] a rule 9 su* matt]s applies 9 ?is case2 ! design on ! %ell is significant or ideographic1 t on ! pott]y is purely ornam5tal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxiii--,,engrav$ ,,vessel4 ,h>risburg1 ,ark4 ,= ! purpose ( %[+ ! v wide di/ribution ( vessels made f l>ge sea%ells1 especially ! ,busycon p]v]sum1 ,i introduce "h descriptions ( mo/ ( ! specim5s h]et(ore report$4 ,dr4 ,rau1 9 8 pap] on anci5t aborig9al trade 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 /ates t 9 ! collection ( ,colonel ,jones1 ( ,brooklyn1 !re is a vessel =m$ f a ,cassis :i* is eight & a half in*es long1 & has a diamet] ( sev5 in*es :]e its p]iph]y is wide/4 ,x 0 obta9$ f a /one grave ne> ,cl>ksville1 ,hab]%am ,c\nty1 ,georgia4#g ,two f9e specim5s ( ! ,cassis flammea 7 tak5 f m\nds 9 ,nacoo*ee ,valley1 ,georgia4 ,!y 7 ne>ly t5 in*es 9 l5g? & ab\t sev5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! int]ior :orls & columell _h be5 remov$1 s t !y answ]$ ! purpose ( dr9k+ cups or receptacles ( "s sort4#h ,f a /one grave m\nd ne> ,frankl91 on ! ,big ,h>pe? ,riv]1 ,pr(4 ,joseph ,jones took two l>ge sea-%ells1 "o ( :i* 0 mu* decay$4 ,! int]ior surface ( ^! %ells _h be5 pa9t$ r$1 & ! ext]ior _h be5 m>k$ ) ?ree l>ge circul> spots4#i ,9 ! grave ( a *ild1 ne> ! grave j m5tion$1 ! foll[+ relics 7 f\nd3 ,f\r l>ge sea-%ells1 "o on ea* side ( ! skeleton1 ano!r at ! foot1 & ! f\r?1 a l>ge specim51 ) ! int]ior ap>tm5ts cut out & ! ext]ior surface c>v$1 cov]$ ! face & =ehead ( ! skull4#aj ,9 a small m\nd opposite ! city ( ,na%ville1 ,t5n41 ,pr(essor ,jones f\nd a l>ge sea-con*4 ,! int]ior portion or spiral ( :i* _h be5 c>efully cut out2 x 0 probably us$ z a dr9k+ vessel1 or z ! %r9e ( an idol z 9 a case obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,troo/4#aa ,two l>ge %ells ( ,busycon1 f :i* ! columell _h be5 remov$1 7 obta9$ f ! ,l9dsley m\nds1 sixty miles ea/ ( ,na%ville1 by ,pr(essor ,putnam4#ab ,pr(essor ,wyman1 writ+ ( ! m\nds ( ,ea/]n ,t5nessee1 says t among ! implem5ts are well-pres]v$ cups or di%es1 made ( ! same species ( %ell ,busycon p]v]sum z ! prec$+1 b ( mu* m gigantic size ?an ^? n[ f\nd4 ,"o ( !m measures a foot 9 l5g?1 ?\gh ! beak has be5 brok5 (f4 ,:5 entire its l5g? c\ld n h be5 less ?an f\rte5 or fifte5 in*es4 ,^! %ells probably came f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & f\nd _! way into ,t5nessee z articles ( traffic4 ,! di%es are made 9 ! same way1 & n to be di/+ui%$ f ^? f\nd 9 ,florida at ! "t ( ! fir/ visit ( ! ,europeans1 or f ^?1 z w be se5 fur!r1 f\nd 9 ! anci5t burial m\nds4 ,! great simil>ity 9 ! /yle & make ( ^! di%es r5d]s x q probable t !y 7 manufactur$ 9 ,florida4#ac ,a numb] ( simil> di%es1 made f ! same %ell1 7 obta9$ f m\nds at ,c$> ,keys1 ,florida1 by ,pr(essor ,wyman4#ad ,francis ,clevel&1 ,c4 ,e41 :o1 9 #ahbh1 _h *>ge ( ! excavation kn[n z ! deep cut on ! ,ohio ,canal1 in=m$ ,colonel ,:ittlesey t at ! dep? ( tw5ty-five feet 9 ! alluvium sev]al %ells belong+ to ! species ,busycon p]v]sum 7 tak5 out4#ae ,dr4 ,drake1 writ+ ( ! ,c9c9nati m\nds1 m5tions sev]al l>ge m>9e %ells1 belong+1 p]haps1 to ! g5us ,bucc9um1 cut 9 su* a way z to s]ve = dome/ic ut5sils1 & ne>ly conv]t$ into a /ate ( *alk4#af ,mr4 ,atwat] /ates t sev]al m>9e %ells1 probably ,bucc9um1 cut 9 su* a mann] z to be us$ = dome/ic ut5sils1 7 f\nd 9 a m\nd on ! ,little ,miami ,riv]1 ,w>r5 ,c\nty1 ,ohio4#ag ,a ,cassis ( l>ge size1 f :i* ! inn] :orls & columella _h be5 remov$ to adapt x = use z a vessel1 0 f\nd 9 ,cl>k's m\nd1 on ,pa9t ,creek1 ,scioto ,valley1 ,ohio4#ah ,?is specim5 is elev5 & a half in*es 9 l5g? by tw5ty-f\r 9 circumf]5ce at ! l>ge/ "p4 ,x is fur!r /at$ t fragm5ts ( ^! & o!r %ells are f\nd 9 ! tumuli & ^u ! alt>s ( ! m\nd-build]s4 ,9 digg+ ! ,ohio & ,erie ,canal1 !re 0 f\nd1 ne> ,portsm\?1 its s\!rn t]m9us on ! ,ohio ,riv]1 a clu/] ( five or six l>ge %ells1 :i* appe>$ to h be5 ?us c>efully deposit$ by ! h& ( man4 ,!y 7 ab\t ?ree feet b5ea? ! surface4 ,! columell ( "s l>ge %ells1 probably ! ,/rombus gigas1 7 also discov]$4#ai ,sev]al l>ge m>9e %ells 7 f\nd 9 a m\nd ne> ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*4 ,!y 7 all holl[$ out1 app>5tly = c>ry+ or /or+ wat]1 & 9 "o case p]=at$ at ! upp] edge on opposite sides = susp5sion by a cord or ?ong4#bj ,mr4 ,f>quh>son m5tions a vessel made f a ,busycon p]v]sum1 obta9$ f a m\nd ne> ,dav5port1 ,i[a4 ,! %ell has be5 cut ?r\gh ab\t an in* above ! c5t]2 x is ?irte5 in*es 9 l5g? by sev5 9 wid?1 & has a capacity ( ne>ly two p9ts4#ba ,he also describes a l>ge specim5 ( ,cassis f a m\nd 9 ,muscat9e ,c\nty1 ,i[a4#bb ,long1 9 8 exp$ition f ,pittsburgh to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 9 #ahai1 speaks ( a l>ge %ell :i* seems to h be5 rev]5c$ z a k9d ( oracle4 ,?is may h be5 "o ( ! l>ge1 brilliantly-color$ fossil ,baculites s common 9 ! upp] ,miss\ri region4 ,8 description w be giv5 9 full 9 treat+ ( ! sac]dotal uses ( %ells4 ,9 ! ,naturali/ = ,octob]1 #ahgi1 ,mr4 ,frey describes a sea-%ell dr9k+ vessel1 some:at modifi$ by art1 hav+ a l5g? ( f\r & "o-half in*es4 ,?is1 ) o!r relics1 among :i* 7 _m %ell beads1 0 f\nd 9 an anci5t grave 9 ea/]n ,new ,york1 probably 9 ! ,mohawk ,valley4 ,^! vessels ( %ell h also s]v$ z models = ! primitive pott]4 ,! anci5t peoples ( ! middle ,mississippi di/rict 7 extremely skillful 9 ! reproduction ( natural objects 9 clay1 & x is n surpris+ t !y %\ld imitate ! =m ( ! %ell4 ,9 ! ,peabody ,museum is an e>!n vessel copi$ f a %ell vessel ( ! class j describ$1 ! *>act]i/ic features be+ all well imitat$4 ,x is ab\t n9e in*es wide1 elev5 long & f\r deep4 ,x is neatly made1 & ornam5t$ ) ! r$ & :ite designs peculi> to ! pott]y ( ?is region4 ,x 0 tak5 f "o ( ! ,/anley m\nds1 ,sa9t ,francis ,riv]1 ,ark4 ,a small e>!n vessel made 9 imitation ( ^! %ell vessels is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxii4 ,x is ( ! ord9>y blacki% w>e s common 9 ! middle ,mississippi di/rict4 ,! g5]al %ape ( ! %ell is well repres5t$2 ! sides1 h[ev]1 are ne>ly symmetrical & ! spire is repres5t$ by a c5tral node1 surr\nd$ by f\r inf]ior nodes4 ,x is f\r in*es wide & five & "o-half long4 ,?ree o!rs repres5t %ell vessels1 some:at less closely1 ! spires & beaks be+ add$ to ! opposite sides ( ord9>y cups4 ,,spoons4 ,z dome/ic ut5sils bivalve %ells h held a place h>dly inf]ior 9 importance to t ( ! l>ge univalves4 ,m>9e & fluviatile v>ieties h be5 us$ indiscrim9ately1 & g5]ally 9 ! natural /ate1 b occasionally alt]$ by art to enhance _! beauty or add to _! conv5i5ce4 ,! artificial ut5sils d n1 h[ev]1 pres5t a v great v>iety ( =m1 ! alt]ation consi/+ *iefly 9 ! c>v+ out ( a k9d ( h&le1 by :i* device hot food c\ld be eat5 )\t dang] ( burn+ ! f+]s4 ,! h&le1 :i* may be se5 9 all /ages ( developm5t1 is produc$ by cutt+ away portions ( ! ant]ior & basal m>g9s ( ! %ell1 leav+ ! sali5t angle project+2 ?is angle is !n und]cut f ! opposite sides s t x is connect$ ) ! body ( ! valve by a m or less re/rict$ neck4 ,! out] edge ( ! h&le is frequ5tly ornam5t$ ) not*es1 & 9 a few cases a r\nd p]=ation has be5 made ne> ! ant]ior tip = ! purpose ( susp5sion4 ,9 "o case a rude design ( small circul> depressions has be5 add$ to ! upp] surface4 ,9 ! f9i%$ implem5t ! h+e1 ligam5t1 & tee? h be5 cut away1 ! ?ick dorsal m>g9 c>efully gr\nd d[n1 leav+ a smoo?1 neat edge1 & ! ant]ior po9t1 :i* 0 pres5t$ to ! lips 9 eat+ or dr9k+1 0 well r\nd$ & poli%$4 ,! :ole surface ( ! %ell 9 ! m f9i%$ specim5s has be5 mo/ c>efully dress$4 ,altoge!r1 ! fa%ion+ ( ^! spoons mu/ be reg>d$ z a v +5i\s p]=mance = savages1 & has co/ mu* m labor ?an w\ld ! atta*m5t ( a h&le1 = :i* purpose x is n improbable ! lat]al not*es may at times h be5 us$4 ,our collections furni% no examples ( m>9e univalves work$ 9 ?is mann]2 a few slightly alt]$ specim5s1 h[ev]1 h be5 report$4 ,ne>ly all ! specim5s ( c>v$ spoons t h come to my notice are made f a few species ( ,unio4 ,x is a curi\s fact t mo/ ( ^! ut5sils h be5 made f ! left valve ( ! %ell1 :i* gives su* a position to ! h&le t !y are mo/ conv5i5tly us$ by ! "r h&1 ?us indicat+ "r-h&$ness on ! "p ( ^! peoples4 ,9 ! national collection !re are two left-h&$ specim5s1 "o f ,na%ville1 ,t5n41 & "o f ,union ,c\nty1 ,ky4 ,pr(essor ,putnam /ates t he has exam9$ ov] ?irty ( ^! %ell-spoons n[ 9 ! museum ,peabody1 & all are made f ! "r left valves ( ,unionid1 & s %ap$ z to be mo/ conv5i5tly us$ ) ! "r h&4#bc ,by ref]5ce to ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxiv1 ! probable mann] ( grasp+ & us+ ! spoon w be se54 ,x w also be obs]v$ t ! left valve ( ! %ell is us$ to make ! "r-h&$ spoon1 suppos+ ( c\rse t ! po9t ( ! spoon is pres5t$ to ! lips1 ! h+e corn] be+ mu* less conv5i5t = t purpose4 ,9 reg>d to ! use ( ^! objects1 :i* h occasionally be5 tak5 = ornam5ts1 x %\ld be m5tion$ t v _m ( !m h be5 f\nd )9 e>!n vessels plac$ 9 ! graves ) ! dead4 ,! vessels1 9 all probability1 7 ! receptacles ( food1 ! spoons be+ s plac$ t !y c\ld be us$ by ! dead z !y _h be5 us$ by ! liv+4 ,! specim5 %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,xxiv1 0 obta9$ by ,pr(essor ,p[ell1 f a m\nd ne> ,na%ville1 ,t5n4 ,x is made f ! left valve ( a v delicate specim5 ( ! ,unio ovatus1#bd & has be5 f9i%$ ) m ?an usual c>e4 ,! entire rim is artificially %ap$1 ! natural %ell be+ mu* r$uc$1 & six not*es ornam5t ! outside ( ! h&le4 ,! b[l ( ! spoon is ne>ly f\r in*es 9 l5g? & two & "o-half 9 wid?4 ,eight o!r specim5s 7 obta9$ f ! same locality by ,pr(essor ,p[ell4 ,all are made f ! ,unio ovatus1 "o only be+ left-h&$4 ,all are inf]ior 9 f9i% to ! specim5 illu/rat$4 ,! h&les ( a numb] are rudim5t>y1 & ! m>g9s & surfaces are b slightly work$4 ,! spoon illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #d1 ,plate ,,xxiv1 is made f ! left valve ( a ,unio alatus 787 & 0 obta9$ f a m\nd at ,madisonville1 ,ohio4 ,x is an unusually well-f9i%$ & h&some specim51 & not)/&+ its fragile "*1 is well pres]v$4 ,a portion ( ! po9t has1 un=tunately1 be5 brok5 away4 ,! h&le is ornam5t$ ) f\r %all[ not*es1 ! ant]ior po9t be+ neatly r\nd$ & p]=at$ = susp5sion4 ,! edges ( ! ut5sil h be5 c>efully f9i%$1 & bo? ! inn] & out] surfaces h be5 gr\nd d[n & poli%$ s t all ! natural m>k+s are oblit]at$1 & ! surface %[s ! pe>ly m>bl+ ( ! foliation4 ,?is specim5 is figur$ 9 an int]e/+ pap]1#be prep>$ by ,mr4 ,*>les ,f4 ,l[1 z an ornam5t1 ?is use be+ sugge/$ by its f9i% & decoration2 b z x 0 f\nd 9 :at 0 presumably a food vessel1 & at ! same "t resembles s closely ! spoons ( o!r localities1 ,i take ! lib]ty ( classify+ x ) !m4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ collections ( ^! ut5sils 0 made 9 ,union ,c\nty1 ,ky41 by ,s4 ,s4 ,lyon4 ,our in=mation 9 reg>d to ?is lot ( specim5s is1 un=tunately1 q meag]1 z ,mr4 ,lyon's report gives !m b casual m5tion4 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxiv1 illu/rates ! f9e/ ( ^! specim5s on a scale ( "o-half4 ,! %ell us$ is a l>ge specim5 ( ,unio ovatus1 ! b[l ( ! spoon be+ ab\t f\r in*es long & ?ree wide4 ,z ! "r valve has be5 us$1 ! ut5sil is left-h&$4 ,! h&le is ornam5t$ ) two m>g9al not*es2 ! basal po9t is long & sp9e-l1 & is deeply und]cut4 ,! ant]ior po9t is beak-l 9 %ape1 ! nicely made p]=ation hold+1 9 relation to x1 ! position ( an eye1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! comb-l not*es above1 gives a pretty close resemblance to a bird's head4 ,! po9t ( ! spoon is brok5 away4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxiv--,,%ell ,,spoons4 #a4 ,mann] ( grasp+ spoon4 #b4 ,f a m\nd 9 ,k5tucky4 7#a_/b7 #c4 ,f a m\nd ne> ,na%ville4 7#a_/a7 #d4 ,f a m\nd 9 ,ohio4 7#a_/a7 ,! sev5 rema9+ spoons f ?is locality h a v>iety ( h&les1 all ( :i* are not*$ on ! out] m>g91 :ile a few only are deeply und]cut2 all h be5 made f ! left valve ( ! ,unio ovatus 787 & are ( m$ium size & ord9>y f9i%4 ,ano!r specim5 9 ! national collection comes f ,h5d]son ,c\nty1 ,ky4 ,! %ell us$ is ! ,unio ovatus2 ! h&le is not*$ on ! out] m>g91 b is only slightly "u-cut2 ! ?ick m>g9 ( ! %ell ab\t ! h+e has n be5 remov$4 ,a spoon made f ! left valve ( a ,unio silignoid5s 787 has rec5tly be5 obta9$ f a m\nd at ,osceola1 ,ark42 x is b slightly work$1 hav+ a s]ies ( small not*es cut 9 ! basal m>g91 t[>d ! front4 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum ( ,new ,york conta9s a specim5 ( ?is class1 label$ z com+ f ,georgia4 ,x has a r\nd$ h&le1 )\t ei!r p]=ation or not*es4 ,! ,peabody ,museum conta9s a v sup]ior collection1 consi/+ ( specim5s f sev]al localities4 ,six ( ^!1 made f ,unionid1 mo/ly f ! ,unio ovatus1 7 obta9$ f "o ( ! ,b[l+ m\nds ne> ,na%ville1 ,t5n42 o!rs crumbl$ on be+ h&l$ & 7 lo/4 ,sev]al o!rs 7 obta9$ 9 ! same region4#bf ,two m 7 f\nd 9 an e>!n vessel betwe5 two skeletons1 9 "o ( ! ,l9dsley m\nds at ,lebanon1 sixty miles ea/ ( ,na%ville4#bg ,9 a /one-ci/ m\nd on ! ,big ,h>pe? ,riv]1 ,pr(4 ,joseph ,jones f\nd a few l>ge fre%-wat] mussel-%ells1 :i* 7 mu* alt]$ by "t4 ,^! mussel-%ells appe>$ f _! %ape to h be5 artificially c>v$1 & to h be5 us$ z ornam5ts & also z spoons or cups = dipp+ up food & dr9k4#bh ,?ree f9e specim5s h rec5tly be5 obta9$ f graves at ,h>risburg1 ,ark4 ,!y are b slightly work$ z comp>$ ) ! m elaborate specim5s4 ,! h+e1 tee?1 & ligam5ts h be5 gr\nd d[n & a portion ( ! po/]o-dorsal m>g9 remov$1 leav+ ! po/]ior po9t & basal m>g9 project+ = a h&le4 ,! surfaces are well smoo!d4 ,! g5]al outl9e ( ! %ell is subtriangul>2 x is ?ree in*es wide by f\r & "o-half 9 l5g? & is probably made f ! ,unio cuneatus4 ,bev]ly gives a plate illu/rat+ two ,virg9ia ,indians1 man & wife1 at d9n]2 on ! mat by ! woman is a ,cockle-,%ell1 :i* !y sometimes use in/ead ( a ,spoon4 ,! ,spoons :i* !y eat )1 d g5]ally hold half a ,p9t2 & !y laugh at ! ,engli% = us+ small ones1 :i* !y mu/ be =c'd to c>ry s (t5 to _! ,m\?s1 t _! ,arms are 9 ,dang] ( be+ tir'd1 be=e _! ,belly4#bi ,,knives4 ,f a v e>ly date %ells mu/ h be5 employ$ q ext5sively by ! anci5t ,am]icans z implem5ts1 z weapons = w> & ! *ase1 z appliances = fi%+1 z agricultural implem5ts1 & z knives1 g\g]s1 scrap]s1 p]=ators1 etc41 9 a v>iety ( arts4 ,x is a notewor?y fact1 h[ev]1 t our collections d n ab\nd 9 objects ( ^! classes1 & our lit]ature furni%es b little in=mation on ! subject4 ,our int]e/ lies *iefly 9 su* ( ^! objects z h be5 %ap$ by ! h& ( man1 b to illu/rate _! use we w f9d x in/ructive to /udy ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* ! natural %ells h be5 employ$4 ,9 ?is mann] we may trace ! orig9 & developm5t ( artificial =ms4 ,z we h se5 9 ! e>ly modification ( food ut5sils ! beg9n+ ( ! art ( cutt+ & %ap+ %ell1 :i* 9 "t l$ to ! manufacture ( objects ( ta/e1 & probably prov$ an important /ep 9 ! evolution ( native ,am]ican art1 s 9 ?is conv5i5t & workable mat]ial1 z employ$ 9 ! me*anical arts1 we witness ! inception ( _m important human indu/ries1 & 9 ! rude ma*9es con/ruct$ f %ell probably behold ! prototypes ( num]\s works 9 /one & metal4 ,x _c be suppos$ t su* ( ^! objects z we d possess are ( v anci5t date1 z ! mat]ial is n suffici5tly endur+4 ,x is also improbable t su* objects w\ld1 z a rule1 be s frequ5tly deposit$ 9 graves1 z food vessels or objects ( p]sonal display1 & objects n s deposit$ mu/ soon h disappe>$4 ,! e>ly explor]s ( ! ,am]ican coa/ make occasional m5tion ( ! employm5t ( %ells 9 ! v>i\s arts4 ,z _m ( ^! notices are int]e/+1 & h an important be>+ ^u ! subject "u consid]ation1 ,i w pres5t a numb] ( !m "h4 ,among a majority ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 knives ( /one1 obsidian1 jasp]1 & fl9t 7 9 g5]al use1 b x w\ld seem t %ells artificially %ap$ & %>p5$ 7 also sometimes us$ = %ap+ objects 9 wood & clay1 9 prep>+ food1 9 dress+ game1 & 9 human but*]y4 ,/ra*ey in=ms u1 9 volume ,,vi ( ! ,hakluyt ,society1 t :5 ! omnipot5t ,p[hatan w\ld puni% any notori\s enemy or trespass]1 he cause? him to be ty$ to a tree1 & ) muscle %ells or re$es ! execution] cutte? (f 8 jo9ts "o aft] ano!r1 ev] ca/+ :at is cutt (f into ! fi]2 !n do? he proce$e ) %ells & re$es to case ! skyn f 8 head & face4#cj ,su* knives 7 also us$ by ,p[hatan's wom5 = cutt+ (f _! hair4#ca ,a numb] ( au?ors m5tion ! use ( %ells z scalp+-knives4 ,kalm1 speak+ ( ! ,indians ( ,new ,j]sey1 says t in/ead ( knives1 !y 7 satisfi$ ) little %>p pieces ( fl9t or qu>tz1 or else "s o!r h>d k9d ( a /one1 or ) a %>p %ell1 or ) a piece ( bone1 :i* !y _h %>p5$4#cb ,! ,indians enc\nt]$ by ,h5ry ,hudson dur+ 8 fir/ voyage1 9 mak+ him welcome1 kill$ a fat dog1 & sk9n$ x 9 great ha/e ) %ells :i* !y _h4#cc ,bev]ly ass]ts t be=e ! ,engli% suppli$ ! ,virg9ia ,indians ) metallic tools1 _! ,knives 7 ei!r %>p5'd ,re$s1 or ,%ells1 & _! ,axes %>p ,/ones b\nd to ! end ( a ,/ick1 & glu$ 9 ) ,turp5t9e4 ,by ! help ( ^! !y made _! ,b[s ( ! ,locu/ ,tree4#cd ,drake1 9 8 ,_w ,encompass$1 speak+ ( "s ( ! s\!rn tribes ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 probably ! ,patagonians1 says t _! hat*etts & knives are made ( mussel-%ells1 be+ great & a foot 9 l5g?1 ! brickle "p :]e( be+ brok5 (f1 !y gr9d !m by great labor to a f9e edge & v %>pe1 & z x seeme?1 v durable4#ce 99 99 99 ,_! work+ tools1 :i* !y use 9 cutt+ ^! ?+s & su* o!r1 are knives made ( mo/ huge & mon/r\s mussell %ells 7! l :]e( h n be5 se5 or he>d ( lightly by any travel]s1 ! meate !re( be+ v sav\rie & good 9 eat+71 :i*1 aft] !y h brok5 (f ! ?9ne & brittle sub/ance ( ! edge1 !y rub & gr9d !m ^u /ones _h = ! purpose1 till !y h temp]$ & set su* an edge ^u !m1 t no wood is s h>d b !y w cut x at pleasure ) ! same4#cf ,accord+ to ,sproat1 %ell knives 7 us$ by ! ,indians ( ,vanc\v]'s ,isl& 9 c>v+ ! curi\s wood5 images plac$ ov] graves4#cg ,anci5t %ell knives are v r>ely f\nd 9 collections4 ,su* specim5s z h come to my notice c\ld z well be class$ z scrap]s or celts4 ,we w probably n be f> wrong 9 conclud+ t su* implem5ts 7 us$ = scrap+ & digg+ z well z = cutt+4 ,z a rule1 knives prop] 7 simply %>p5$ bivalve %ells4 ,! scrap]s s frequ5tly m5tion$ 7 d\btless (t5 ! same1 b probably m frequ5tly portions ( ! l[] :orl ( ! l>ge univalves4 ,,celts4 ,implem5ts ( ?is class are g5]ally made f ! l[] "p ( l>ge univalves4 ,!y 7 probably us$ 9 a v>iety ( ways1 ) h&les & )\t4 ,! sp9e-l base ( ! %ell =ms ! %aft1 ! blade be+ cut f ! broadly exp&$ wall ( ! l[] :orl4 ,ne>ly all ! specim5s 9 ! national collection h be5 obta9$ 9 ?is way4 ,9 ,plate ,,xxv ?ree v f9e examples are figur$4 ,! specim5 illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #a is m ?an usually well fa%ion$1 & is extremely massive1 hav+ ! proportions & almo/ ! weight ( typical /one celts4 ,x is five in*es 9 l5g?1 two & ?ree-f\r?s 9 wid?1 & ne>ly "o in* ?r\gh at ! ?icke/ "p4 ,! edge is ev5 & %>p1 & b slightly r\nd$2 ! bevel$ faces are q symmetrical1 & meet at an angle ( ab\t #ce2 ! faces are curv$ slightly1 foll[+ ! orig9al curvature ( ! %ell1 & ! sides are ev5ly dress$ & tap] g5tly t[>d ! upp] end :i* %[s "s evid5ce ( batt]+4 ,! surface ( ! specim5 is slightly *alky f decay4 ,x has be5 made f a ,/rombus gigas1 or "s equally massive %ell4 ,x 0 collect$ at ,orange ,bluff1 ,fla41 by ,t4 ,s4 ,b>b]4 ,a pr(ile view ( ! same specim5 is pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,! specim5 %[n 9 ,fig4 #c 0 f\nd 9 ,madison ,c\nty1 ,ky41 & is ! only "o 9 ! national collection f ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,x 0 obta9$ f a m\nd1 b 9 :at relation to ! human rema9s ,i h n le>n$4 ,x is fa%ion$ mu* l ! specim5 j describ$2 x is "o & a half in*es 9 wid? at ! upp] end1 & two in*es wide ne> ! cutt+ edge4 ,x has also be5 made f a v massive %ell4 ,fig4 #d illu/rates a specim5 f ,/4 ,mi*ael's ,p>i%1 ,b>badoes1 ,we/ ,indies4 ,x is made f ! basal portion ( a ,busycon p]v]sum4 ,! h&le is curv$ & neatly r\nd$1 & ! edge is bevel$ or %>p5$ on ! inside only4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxv--,,%ell ,,celts4 #a4 ,orange ,bluff1 ,fla4 7#c_/d7 #b4 ,orange ,bluff1 ,fla4 7#c_/d7 #c4 ,madison ,c\nty1 ,ky4 7#c_/d7 #d4 ,b>badoes1 ,w4 ,i4 7#c_/d7 ,9 ! national collection !re are ab\t tw5ty ( ^! objects2 six are f ,tampa1 ,fla42 f\r ( ^! are fragm5t>y2 ! rema9+ two are %ort & triangul>1 & h be5 made1 "o f a ,busycon p]v]sum1 ! o!r f a ,busycon or ,/rombus4 ,! cutt+ edge is wide & well %>p5$4 ,two are f ,c$> ,keys1 ,fla41 & are made f ?9-wall$ specim5s ( ! ,busycon p]v]sum4 ,! l>g] is six & "o-half in*es 9 l5g? by ?ree 9 wid? t[>d ! base2 ! o!r is ab\t "o-half z l>ge4 ,bo? are rudely made1 & %[ ! effects ( use4 ,five came f ,ea/ ,pass1 ,*octa:at*ie ,bay1 ,fla4 ,two ( !m are fragm5t>y2 "o ( ! entire specim5s is v well made1 & has a regul>ly bevel$1 oblique edge1 :ile ano!r is rem>kable 9 hav+ a curi\sly worn edge1 :i* is deeply s]rat$ by use or wea!r+4 ,! majority ( ^! specim5s are f anci5t %ell heaps4 ,?ree are f ,/4 ,mi*ael's ,p>i%1 ,b>badoes1 ,we/ ,indies1 "o ( :i* has already be5 describ$4 ,pr(essor ,wyman1 9 ! ,naturali/ = ,octob]1 #ahfh1 illu/rates two ( ^! celt-l implem5ts f ! fre%-wat] %ell heaps ne> ,/4 ,johns1 ,fla4 ,"o is made f a triangul> piece cut f a ,busycon c>ica1 s z to comprise a portion ( ! ro/rum1 :i* s]ves z a h&le1 & a portion ( a swoll5 "p ( ! body1 :i* t]m9ates 9 ! cutt+ edge ( ! tool4 ,! sides & apex are smoo!d & r\nd$1 :ile ! base is regul>ly r\nd$ & gr\nd to an edge l t ( a g\ge1 b ) ! bevel on ! inside4 ,?is au?or /ates t ano!r specim51 obta9$ at ,old ,ent]prise1 %[s cle>ly t x 0 deta*$ f ! %ell by fir/ cutt+ a groove & !n break+ (f ! fragm5t4 ,he also gives two views ( a small %ell celt :i*1 f ! ext]ior m>k+s & ! ?ick ridge on ! inside1 is ?\ght to h be5 cut f ! base ( a ,/rombus gigas4 ,! broad end is gr\nd to a blunt edge l t se5 9 mo/ ( ! /one *isels f ! o!r ,/ates1 & ! o!r is gr\nd to a blunt po9t4 ,^! implem5ts are frequ5tly m5tion$ by e>ly explor]s4 ,9 ,plate #ab ( ! ,admir&a ,n>ratio1 an ,indian is repres5t$#ch ) a %ell implem5t1 scrap+ away ! *>r$ portions f ! int]ior ( a canoe :i* is be+ holl[$ out by fire4 ,! same implem5t 0 employ$ = remov+ ! b>k f ! tree trunks us$4 ,catl91 9 speak+ ( ! ,klahoquat ,indians ( ,vanc\v]'s ,isl&1 says t a species ( mussel-%ell ( a l>ge size1 f\nd 9 ! v>i\s inlets :]e fre% & salt wat] meet1 are %>p5$ at ! edge & set 9 )es ( t\gh wood1 =m+ a sort ( adze1 :i* is us$ ) "o h& or bo?1 accord+ to its size2 & ! fly+ *ips %[ ! facility ) :i* ! excavation is made 9 ! s(t & yield+ c$>1 no d\bt design$ & made = infant man to "w & ride 94#ci ,wood1 speak+ ( ! ,indians ( ,new ,engl&1 says t _! ,cann[s be made ei!r ( ,p9e-trees1 :i* be=e !y 7 acqua9t$ ) ,engli% tooles1 !y burn$ holl[1 scrap+ !m smoo? ) ,clam-%els & ,oy/]-%els1 cutt+ _! out-sides ) /one-hat*ets4#dj ,! me?od ( haft+ ^! implem5ts1 :5 us$ = axes & adzes1 0 d\btless ! same z t employ$ = /one implem5ts ( simil> %apes4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxvii1 ! h&le be+ securely fa/5$ by cords or s9ews4 ,x w be se5 t b "o ( ! specim5s m5tion$ comes f ! int]ior1 & t f ,madison ,c\nty1 ,ky4 ,,scrap]s4 ,! great majority ( ! scrap+ implem5ts obta9$ f ! m\nds1 graves1 & %ell heaps are simply valves ( ,unio or clam-%ells1 unalt]$ except by use2 yet !re is a widely di/ribut$ class ( work$ specim5s1 :i* h be5 alt]$ by mak+ a r\gh p]=ation ne> ! c5t] ( ! valve1 & by ! gr9d+ d[n & not*+ ( ! edges4 ,a v f9e specim5 is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,xxvi4 ,x is =m$ ( ! left valve ( a ,unio tub]culosus4 ,x 0 tak5 f a m\nd at ,madisonville1 ,ohio1 & is n[ 9 ! national collection4 ,a simil> specim5 f ! same locality is illu/rat$ 9 an acc\nt ( ! exploration conduct$ by ! ,sci5tific & ,lit]>y ,society ( ,madisonville4#da ,i h se5 f\r o!r f9e specim5s f ! same locality2 all are made ( ! %ell ( ! ,unio tub]culosus 7874 ,x w be se5 by ref]5ce to ,fig4 #c t ! po/]ior po9t ( ! %ell is mu* worn1 z if by use1 :ile at ! opposite end1 ne> ! h+e1 ! m>g9 has be5 slightly not*$4 ,! l>ge specim51 figur$ 9 ! ,madisonville pamphlet1 z well z all o!r examples f ?is locality1 are also mu* worn at ! po/]ior end1 & slightly not*$ on ! ant]ior m>g94 ,! p]=ations are r\ghly made1 & ne>ly "o-half an in* 9 diamet]4 ,i h c>efully exam9$ all ! specim5s ( ?is class )9 my rea*1 probably tw5ty-five 9 all1 mo/ ( :i* are 9 ! national collection1 & ,i f9d !m all v mu* alike4 ,!y are f two to five in*es 9 l5g?1 h rude c5tral p]=ations1 & are worn by use at ! po/]ior po9t1 & not*$ on ! ant]ior m>g94 ,! blunt+ ( "o end by use calls = no explanation1 b ! purpose ( ! p]=ation is a little obscure4 ,x may h be5 us$ = conv5i5ce 9 transportation1 b m probably = atta*+ a h&le4 ,on discov]+ t a not* _h 9 all cases be5 made at ! upp] end1 ,i became conv9c$ t ! latt] use 0 int5d$4 ,:e!r ! suppos$ h&le has be5 long or %ort1 or atta*$ longitud9ally or transv]sely1 ,i am unable to det]m9e4 ,9 ,plate ,,xxvi1 ,figs4 #d & #e1 two me?ods ( haft+ are illu/rat$4 ,if us$ = /rik+1 ! long h&le w\ld be ! m suitable1 b if = scrap+1 dress+ sk9s1 scal+ fi%1 or %ap+ wood or clay1 ! h&le sugge/$ 9 ,fig4 #e w\ld be ! mo/ conv5i5t4 ,! clam-%ell agricultural implem5ts1 s frequ5tly m5tion$ by explor]s along ! ,atlantic coa/1 7 atta*$ to h&les 9 ! mann] ( hoes or adzes1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,x is possible t ! specim5s "u consid]ation may h be5 haft$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,a p]=at$ valve ( a ,unio gibbosus1 :i* has probably be5 us$ z a knife or scrap]1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxvii4 ,x 0 obta9$ f a cave ne> ,na%ville1 & is n[ 9 ! national collection4 ,ano!r int]e/+ v>iety ( %ell implem5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxvi4 ,x 0 obta9$ f ! ,oconee ,riv]1 ne> ,mill$geville1 ,ga41 & is made f ! left valve ( a ,unio v]icosus4 ,its p]fect /ate ( pres]vation indicates t x is ( q rec5t manufacture4 ,a deep1 %>ply cut groove encircles ! beak & h+e ( ! %ell1 & ! po/]ior m>g9s are consid]ably worn4 ,a few %all[ l9es h be5 engrav$ on ! smoo? convex surface ( ! valve4 ,! position ( ! groove sugge/s ! me?od ( haft+ %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #f1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 repres5ts a p]=at$ ,pect51 :i* may h be5 us$ z an implem5t or z "p ( a rattle4 ,x 0 collect$ by ,mr4 ,webb on ! we/ coa/ ( ,florida4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxvi--,,%ell ,,implem5ts4 #a4 ,scrap]1 ,georgia4 7#a_/a7 #b4 ,probable mann] ( haft+4 #c4 ,implem5t f a m\nd1 ,ohio4 7#a_/a7 #d4 ,probable mann] ( haft+4 #e4 ,probable mann] ( haft+4 #f4 ,p]=at$ ,pect51 ,florida4 7#a_/b7 ,,agricultural ,,implem5ts4 ,! fir/ explor]s ( ! ,atlantic seabo>d f\nd _m ( ! tribes cultivat+ ! soil to a limit$ ext5t1 corn be+ ! *ief product4 ,! me?ods & appliances 7 exce$+ly primitive1 & ! implem5ts employ$1 :e!r wood1 bone1 /one1 or %ell1 possess b little int]e/ to art4 ,unwork$ %ells1 la%$ to rude h&les1 s]v$ all ! purposes z well z if wr\ght out 9 ! mo/ fanciful mann]4 ,! l>ge1 firm valves ( clam-%ells 7 mo/ frequ5tly us$1 z ! foll[+ extracts w %[4 ,be=e ! ,indians le>n$ ( ! ,engli% ! use ( a m conv5i5t in/rum5t1 !y till$ _! corn ) hoes made ( ^! %ells1 to :i* purpose !y are well adapt$ by _! size4#db ,a fur!r ref]5ce to ?is %ell is f\nd 9 ,wood's ,new ,engl& ,prospect3 ,! fir/ pl[man 0 c\nt$ little bett] ?an a ,juggl]3 ! ,indians see+ ! pl[ te>e up m gr\nd 9 a day1 ?an _! ,clamme %els c\ld scrape up 9 a mon?1 desir$ to see ! workeman%ip ( x1 & view+ well ! c\lt] & %>e1 p]ceiv+ x to be iron1 told ! pl[man1 hee 0 almo/ ,abamo*o1 almo/ z cunn+ z ! ,devill4#dc ,& aga9 ! same au?or says3 ,an o!r "w is _! plant+ ( corne1 :]e9 !y exce$e our ,engli% husb&-m51 keep+ x s cle>e ) _! ,clamme %ell-hooes1 z if x 7 a g>d5 r ?an a corne-field1 n suff]+ a *ok+ we$e to advance 8 audaci\s head above _! infant corne1 or an und]m9+ worme to spoile 8 spurnes4#dd ,o!r writ]s make b ! mo/ casual m5tion ( ?is subject4 ,de ,bry gives1 9 ,plate ,,xxi1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 a picture 9 :i* a numb] ( natives are engag$ 9 cultivat+ _! fields4 ,9 ,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,xxvii1 ,i give an enl>g$ cut ( "o ( ! implem5ts employ$2 ! orig9al draw+ has probably be5 made f memory by ! arti/1 & ! cut s]ves no purpose except to give an idea ( ! g5]al %ape ( ! implem5t & to sugge/ ! mann] ( haft+1 if inde$ ! implem5t is n made :olly f a crook$ /ick4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxvii--,,%ell ,,implem5ts4 #a4 ,%ell implem5t1 ,t5nessee4 #b4 ,probable mann] ( haft+ celt4 #c4 ,implem5t illu/rat$ 9 ,de ,bry4 #d4 ,%ell club-head1 ,florida4 #e4 ,%ell implem5t1 ,p]u4 ,,fi%+ ,,appliances4 ,! use ( %ell 9 ! manufacture ( fi%+ implem5ts seems to h be5 almo/ unkn[n among ! tribes ( ! ,atlantic coa/1 & ) ! exception ( a few p5dant-l objects1 resembl+ plummets or s9k]s ( /one1 no?+ has be5 obta9$ f ! anci5t burial m\nds ( ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,hooks ( %ell1 h[ev]1 are v pl5tiful 9 ! anci5t burial-places ( ! ,pacific coa/1 & are frequ5tly s well %ap$ z to excite our admiration4 ,hooks & o!r fi%+ app>atus1 9 :ole or 9 "p made ( %ell1 are ext5sively employ$ by ! pres5t natives ( ! ,pacific isl&s & among ! num]\s tribes ( ! nor?we/ coa/1 al?\gh bone & ivory are 9 mu* high] favor = ^! purposes4 ,we _c say ) c]ta9ty = :at purpose ! v>i\s s9k]-l objects ( %ell 7 us$4 ,9 all cases !y are s p]=at$ or groov$ z to be susp5d$ by a /r+2 b x is ! cu/om ( all savage peoples to employ v heavy p5dants z ornam5ts = ! e>s or = susp5sion ab\t ! neck1 & :]e /one c\ld be secur$ = su* ord9>y uses z ! s9k+ ( nets or l9es1 x seems improbable t objects ( %ell1 :i* =m sup]b ornam5ts1 w\ld be s employ$4 ,t hooks 7 us$ to "s ext5t by ! ,atlantic coa/ ,indians is prov$ by ! association ( bone hooks ) o!r anci5t relics4 ,i am n aw>e t _! use has be5 notic$ by e>ly writ]s1 :o describe at l5g?1 h[ev]1 ! capture ( fi% by means ( arr[s1 spe>s1 & nets4 ,! anci5t ,mexican manuscripts conta9 _m draw+s %[+ ! use ( nets 9 fi%+1 b ! use ( hooks & l9es is n sugge/$4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( positive pro( z to ! exact mann] 9 :i* ! plummet-l objects 7 utiliz$1 ,i %all = ! pres5t foll[ ! cu/om ( ! be/ au?ors & classify ! heavi] specim5s z s9k]s4 ,! small] specim5s w be describ$ z p5dant ornam5ts4 ,9 ,fig4 #h1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 a v h&some specim5 f a refuse heap on ,bl5n]hasset ,isl&1 ,ohio ,riv]1 is %[n4 ,x has be5 cut f ! columella ( a ,busycon p]v]sum1 ! rev]se :orl be+ indicat$ by ! well-pres]v$ spiral groove1 & 0 susp5d$ by means ( a small1 well-made p]=ation ne> ! upp] end4 ,! surface is wea!r$ & *alky ) age4 ,ano!r specim51 f ! same locality1 diff]s b slightly f ?is2 ! p]=at$ end is brok5 away2 ! surface is deeply wea!r$1 & ! m compact lam9 /& out 9 high relief4 ,two specim5s f ,s>asota ,bay1 ,fla41 resemble ^! v closely 9 %ape & size2 in/ead ( a p]=ation1 h[ev]1 !y are groov$ ne> ! upp] end4 ,!y are made f ! columell ( ! ,busycon p]v]sum4 ,"o ( !m is %[n 9 ,fig4 #i1 ,plate ,,xxviii4 ,x is possible t a numb] ( ! small %ells usually suppos$ to be p]=at$ = use z ornam5ts h be5 us$ = s9k]s4 ,"o su* specim51 collect$ by ,pr(essor ,velie 9 ,florida1 is pres]v$ 9 ! national collection4 ,x is made f an almo/ entire specim5 ( a small b compact univalve--a dextral-:orl$ ,busycon or a ,/rombus4 ,a %all[ groove has be5 cut ne> ! basal po9t = ! purpose ( atta*+ a l9e4 ,a f\r? specim51 f ,florida1 is repres5t$ by a ca/ pres5t$ by ,pr(essor ,velie2 x is ?ree in*es 9 l5g? & ne>ly "o in* 9 diamet]1 & has be5 d]iv$ f ! columella ( a ,busycon p]v]sum4 ,x has a broad groove ne> ! upp] end1 ) a long1 slop+ %\ld]1 ! body be+ some:at conical bel[4 ,o!r specim5s ( simil> "* h rec5tly be5 add$ to ! national collection4 ,a groov$ specim5 ( m$ium size 0 obta9$ f a m\nd at ,madisonville1 ,ohio1 & is figur$ by ! explor]s4#de ,a few small] specim5s come f ,new ,york1 & o!rs f ,k5tucky1 b !y 7 probably int5d$ = ornam5ts1 & z su* ,i pref] to class !m4 ,f ! ,pacific coa/ we h a l>ge numb] ( examples1 "o ( ! f9e/ be+ illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #g1 ,plate ,,xxviii4 ,x is a flatti%1 some:at pe>-%ap$ p5dant1 & has a neatly cut groove ne> ! upp] end4 ,x 0 collect$ by ,b[]s on ! isl& ( ,santa ,rosa1 ,cal41 & 0 probably made f a ,pa*ydesma or ,amiantis4 ,a new-look+ specim5 f ,santa ,b>b>a1 c>v$ f a flat bit ( pe>ly ,haliotis1 repres5ts a fi%1 ! m\?1 gills1 body1 & tail be+ di/9ctly %[n4 ,x may h be5 us$ z a bait4 ,by f> ! mo/ int]e/+ examples ( fi%+ implem5ts ( anci5t date h be5 obta9$ f graves 9 ,cali=nia2 ^! are well repres5t$ 9 ! collections made by ,s*uma*] & ,b[]s4 ,a numb] ( specim5s may be se5 9 ! ,national ,museum2 "o s9k] f ?is collection has already be5 describ$4 ,fi%-hooks1 h[ev]1 con/itute ! great majority ( ! specim5s1 & _m ( !m are ( su* unprec$5t$ =ms t !y h be5 mi/ak5 = ornam5ts4 ,! m>k$ peculi>ity consi/s 9 ! great wid? ( ! body ( ! hook1 & ! deeply involut$ "* ( ! b>bless po9t1 mak+ x seem impossible t a fi% %\ld be impal$ at all4 ,x may be t ?is hook 0 int5d$ only z a contrivance = secur+ bait1 & t ! fi%1 hav+ swall[$ ?is1 0 unable to disgorge x1 & 9 ?is way 0 secur$ by ! fi%]man4 ,9 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ?ree ( ^! hooks are illu/rat$4 ,! me?od ( fa/5+ !m to ! l9e is n well kn[n1 & ! =m does n sugge/ x1 except 9 a few cases 9 :i* ! %aft is enl>g$ slightly at ! upp] end4 ,! head is nev] p]=at$1 b is frequ5tly po9t$1 & may h be5 ins]t$ 9 a head ( "s o!r mat]ial & secur$ by means ( asphaltum4 ,! fact t portions ( ?is mat]ial /ill adh]e to ! upp] "p ( ! %aft confirms ?is conjecture4 ,none ( ^! hooks are b>b$4 ,simil> hooks ( bone1 exhibit$ 9 ! national collection1 h b>bs on ! outside1 ne> ! po9t4 ,hooks resembl+ ^! are us$ by "s tribes to secure ! ends ( /r+s ( beads4 ,pr(4 ,f4 ,w4 ,putnam has describ$ a numb] ( ^! hooks :i* belong to ! ,peabody ,museum4 ,! l>ge/ is two & ?ree-f\r?s in*es 9 l5g? & "o in* wide at ! middle ( ! %ank4 ,^! came f ,san ,clem5te1 ,san ,miguel1 & ,santa ,cruz isl&s1 & ! ma9l& ab\t ,santa ,b>b>a1 & are accompani$ by /one implem5ts us$ 9 _! manufacture4#df ,! natives ( ,tahiti _h fi%-hooks made ( "m-(-pe>l1 & e fi%]man made !m = himself4 ,!y g5]ally s]v$ = ! d\ble purpose ( hook & bait4 ,! %ell is fir/ cut into squ>e pieces1 by ! edge ( ano!r %ell1 & wr\ght into a =m correspond+ ) ! outl9e ( ! hook by pieces ( coral1 :i* are suffici5tly r\gh to p]=m ! (fice ( a file2 a hole is !n bor$ 9 ! middle2 ! drill be+ no o!r ?an ! fir/ /one !y pick up t has a %>p corn]2 ?is !y fix into ! end ( a piece ( bamboo & turn x betwe5 ! h&s l a *ocolate mill2 :5 ! %ell is p]=at$1 & ! hole suffici5tly wide1 a small file ( coral is introduc$1 by ! application ( :i* ! hook is 9 a %ort "t complet$1 few co/+ ! artific] m "t ?an a qu>t] ( an h\r4#dg ,! specim5s illu/rat$ are made f ! ?ick] portions ( species ( ! ,haliotis or ( ! valves ( ! d>k purpli% ,mytilus cali=nianus4 ,!y are h&some objects1 _! surfaces be+ well r\nd$ & poli%$4 ,9 ! collection !re are specim5s :i* illu/rate v well ! process ( manufacture4 ,a s]ies ( ^! is giv5 9 ,plate ,,xxviii4 ,fig4 #a %[s a small fragm5t brok5 out r\ghly f ! %ell1 probably by a /one or %ell implem5t4 ,fig4 #b %[s a simil> specim5 9 :i* an irregul> p]=ation has be5 made4 ,9 ,fig4 #c we see a consid]able advance t[>d completion2 ! hole has be5 enl>g$ by rubb+ or fil+ ) "s small implem5t1 & ! outl9e approximates t ( ! f9i%$ hook4 ,figs4 #d1 #e1 & #f repres5t typical examples ( ! complet$ hooks4 ,^! range 9 size f "o-half to ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 ! wid? be+ b slightly less4 ,! skill acquir$ 9 ! manufacture ( su* objects ( use is ( ! greate/ importance 9 ! developm5t ( art4 ,x is only ?r\gh ! ma/]y ( mat]ial ?us eng5d]$ t ! arts ( ta/e become possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxviii--,,%ell ,,fi%+ ,,appliances4 #a1 #b1 #c4 ,manufacture ( hooks4 #d1 #e1 #f4 ,hooks f graves1 ,cali=nia4 #g4 ,p5dant or s9k]1 ,cali=nia4 #h1 #i4 ,p5dants1 ,atlantic slope4 7#a_/a7 ,,weapons4 ,x w\ld h>dly seem at fir/ glance t %ells or %ell sub/ance c\ld be utiliz$ = weapons to any advantage4 ,a close exam9ation1 h[ev]1 ( "s ( ! m massive v>ieties w conv9ce u t !y c\ld be made available4 ,! specific gravity ( "s v>ieties1 su* z ! ,/rombus & ,busycon1 is equal to t ( mod]ately compact /one1 & ) _! long1 %>p beaks !y w\ld1 ) little modification1 c]ta9ly make =midable weapons4 ,dr4 ,*>les ,rau seems to h be5 ! fir/ to call att5tion to ! use ( %ells z club-heads by ! tribes ( ,florida4 ,9 8 valuable pap] on ! ar*ological collections ( ! ,national ,museum he gives a v good description1 :i* ,i copy 9 full3 ,x fur!r appe>s t ! ,florida ,indians appli$ %ells ( ! ,busycon p]v]sum z clubs or casse-tetes by adapt+ !m to be us$ ) a h&le1 :i* 0 made to pass transv]sely ?r\gh ! %ell4 ,?is 0 effect$ by a hole pi]c$ 9 ! out] wall ( ! la/ :orl 9 su* a mann] z to be some:at to ! left ( ! columella1 :ile a not* 9 ! out] lip1 correspond+ to ! hole1 conf9$ ! h&le or /ick betwe5 ! out] edge ( ! lip & ! inn] edge ( ! columella4 ,! ant]ior end ( ! canal1 brok5 (f until ! m solid "p 0 rea*$1 0 !n br\ght to a cutt+ edge ne>ly 9 ! plane ( ! ap]ture4 ,a hole 0 also made 9 ! po/]ior surface ( ! spire beh9d ! c>9a 9 ! la/ :orl1 evid5tly = receiv+ a ligature by means ( :i* ! %ell 0 m firmly la%$ to ! h&le4#dh ,m5tion ( ^! objects is also made by ,knight 9 a rec5t pamphlet1 ! me?od ( haft+ be+ illu/rat$4#di ,pr(essor ,wyman1 9 ! ,naturali/ = #ahgh1 describes & illu/rates an object ( ?is class1 made f a ,busycon1 :i* he is incl9$ to reg>d z "o ( ! con*-%ells said to h be5 us$ by ! ,indians = trumpets4 ,x is presumably f "o ( ! %ell heaps on ! ,/4 ,johns ,riv]1 ,fla4#ej ,9 ,fig4 #d1 ,plate ,,xxvii1 ,i illu/rate "o ( ! ,national ,museum specim5s4 ,! po/]ior po9t is mu* r$uc$ by gr9d+1 ! apex & nodes are some:at batt]$1 & ! :ole surface ( ! %ell is worn & discolor$4 ,!re are ab\t a doz5 specim5s 9 ! ,national collection2 9 ne>ly all cases !y are made f heavy wall$ specim5s ( ! ,busycon p]v]sum1 & range f ?ree to eight in*es 9 l5g?4 ,!y are describ$ z com+ f ?ree localities1 ,/4 ,johns ,riv]1 ,cle>wat] ,riv]1 & ,s>asota ,bay1 ,fla4 ,all 7 probably obta9$ f %ell heaps1 & al?\gh anci5t1 two ( ! specim5s /ill reta9 rude & insignificant-look+ h&les ( wood4 ,x w be se5 f ! =ego+ t %ells h actually be5 employ$ z weapons1 a use1 h[ev]1 :i* w\ld probably nev] h be5 sugge/$ b = ! great sc>city ( /one along ! s\!rn coa/4 ,,tweez]s4 ,a r novel use ( %ells by ! anci5t ,indians is m5tion$ by e>ly writ]s4 ,! two valves ( small mussels or clams 7 made to d s]vice z tweez]s = pull+ out _! hair4 ,adair1 speak+ ( ! ,*octaws1 says t bo? sexes pluck all ! hair (f _! bodies ) a k9d ( tweez]s1 made =m]ly ( clam %ells4#ea ,/ra*ey /ates t %ells 7 us$ by ! ,virg9ian ,indians = cutt+ hair4 ,bev]ly says ( ! ,virg9ia ,indians t !y pull _! ,be>ds up by ! ,roots ) ,muscle-%ells1 & bo? ,m5 & ,wom5 d ! same by ! o!r ,p>ts ( _! ,body = ,cleanl9ess sake4#eb ,heckeweld] /ates t ,be=e ! ,europeans came into ! c\ntry _! app>atus = p]=m+ ?is "w consi/$ ( a pair ( mussel-%ells1 %>p5$ on a gritty /one1 :i* answ]$ ! purpose v well1 be+ some:at l p9c]s4#ec ,fig4 #e1 ,plate ,,xxvii1 reproduc$ f a plate 9 ! ,necropolis ( ,ancon#ed repres5ts two small ,mytilus %ells pi]c$ at ! beak & b\nd toge!r ) a cord4 ,!y 7 f\nd 9 "o ( ! anci5t graves ( ,p]u1 & may h be5 us$ = a simil> purpose4 ,,ornam5ts4 ,,p9s4 ,hav+ /udi$ ! application ( %ell mat]ial to ! v>i\s utilit>ian arts1 ,i turn to ! consid]ation ( :at may1 ) m or less propriety1 be call$ ! arts ( ta/e4 ,! skill acquir$ by ! primitive artisan 9 %ap+ ! homely spoon or ! rude celt s]v$ a good purpose 9 ! m elegant arts1 & op5$ ! way to a new & unique field = ! developm5t & display ( ! rem>kable art in/9cts ( ^! savages4 ,x probably requir$ no great skill & no v ext5d$ labor to fa%ion ! v>i\s ut5sils & implem5ts ( ! out] walls ( ! univalves or ! ?9 valves ( clams & mussels2 b to cut out1 gr9d d[n1 & poli% ! columell ( ! l>ge con*s requir$ a protract$ ef=t & no little me*anical skill4 ,( ! v>i\s objects %ap$ f ! columell1 beads are probably ! mo/ important2 b a l>ge class ( p9-%ap$ articles naturally come fir/1 z !y consi/ ( entire or ne>ly entire columell dress$ d[n to ! desir$ %ape4 ,! use ( ^! objects is /ill problematical4 ,z !y are f\nd 9 mo/ cases deposit$ ) human rema9s1 !y 7 d\btless highly valu$4 ,!y mu/ h s]v$ a def9ite purpose 9 well-e/abli%$ & wide-spread cu/oms1 z !y are f\nd di/ribut$ ov] a di/rict almo/ co-ext5sive ) t occupi$ by o!r %ell ve/igia ( m>9e orig94 ,let u fir/ /udy ! process ( manufacture4 ,a consid]able numb] ( ! l>g] species ( m>9e univalves h be5 br\ght into requisition4 ,v>i\s species ( ,busycon1 ,/rombus1 & ,fasciol>ia (f] almo/ equal facilities2 ! =m]1 h[ev]1 seems to h be5 decid$ly ! favorite1 ! ,busycon p]v]sum hav+ furni%$ at lea/ ?ree-f\r?s ( ! columns us$4 ,?is result may be attribut$1 h[ev]1 to ! fact t1 = reasons already m5tion$1 ! p]v]sum 0 s univ]sally employ$ = vessels1 ! axes extract$ f ^! be+ !n ready = fur!r manipulation4 ,! out] case ( ! %ell be+ some:at fragile x is probable t ! sea has v frequ5tly brok5 x away1 leav+ ! dismantl$ columella to be wa%$ a%ore 9 a %ape conv5i5t = manufacture or = inl& trade4 ,if ! dem& = ^! objects 0 v great1 x is to be presum$ t on %ores :]e !y ab\nd ^! %ells 7 brok5 op5 & ! columns extract$ = purposes ( traffic4 ,! ,/ate ( ,t5nessee is f\nd to be ! great /ore-h\se ( ^! z well z o!r anci5t objects ( %ell4 ,?is is probably ow+ to two causes3 fir/1 t f> inl&1 :]e !y 7 difficult to procure1 & v co/ly1 !y 7 highly e/eem$1 & h5ce consecrat$ to ! use ( ! dead2 &1 second1 ! conditions "u :i* !y 7 buri$ _h mu* to d ) pres]v+ !m f rapid decay1 :ile on ! coa/ or :5 expos$ to ! atmosph]e !y soon disappe>$4 ,an int]e/+ s]ies ( specim5s illu/rat+ ! v>i\s /ages ( manufacture ( articles f ! columella is pres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,xxix4 ,9 ,fig4 #a a section ( a ,busycon p]v]sum is giv54 ,! position ( ! columella & its relations to ! ext]ior p>ts may be cle>ly se54 ,! rev]se :orl ( ! spire w be notic$1 & ! consequ5t s9i/ral "* ( ! groove4 ,fig4 #b illu/rates ! extract$ columella 9 its untrimm$ /ate4 ,a simil> specim5 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,xxxi4 ,x 0 obta9$ f ! site ( an old ,indian lodge on ! isl& ( ,m>?a's ,v9ey>d4 ,?is1 ) a numb] ( small] specim5s1 may be se5 9 ! ,national ,museum4 ,!y %[ no signs ( use1 & 7 probably de/9$ = manufacture into p9s or beads4 ,columell 9 ?is /ate are v frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! m\nds & graves ( ! int]ior ,/ates2 a majority probably belong to ! ,busycons1 b a consid]able numb] are d]iv$ f ! ,/rombid4 ,a few specim5s ( l>ge size may be se5 9 ! national collection4 ,fig4 #c repres5ts a r\ghly dress$ p91 ( a type peculi> to ! ,pacific coa/4 ,fig4 #d illu/rates a complet$ p9 ( ! =m mo/ common 9 ! middle ,mississippi prov9ce4 ,fig4 #e %[s a r r>e =m ( p91 po9t$ at bo? ends4 ,bone p9s ( ?is =m are q common4 ,fig4 #f repres5ts a ne>ly symmetrical cyl9d]4 ,fig4 #g illu/rates ! mann] ( divid+ ! cyl9d]s into sections = beads4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxix--,,manufacture ,,( ,,implem5ts ,,& ,,ornam5ts4 #a4 ,section ( ,busycon p]v]sum4 #b4 ,r\ghly trimm$ columella4 #c4 ,headless p91 we/]n =m4 #d4 ,t5nessee =m4 #e4 ,p9 po9t$ at bo? ends4 #f4 7,omitt$47 #g4 ,mann] ( cutt+ into beads4 #h4 ,d]ivation ( a celt f ,busycon4 #i4 ,d]ivation ( ornam5ts f ,haliotis4 #aj4 ,d]ivation ( ornam5ts f ,busycon4 #aa4 ,bead ) cyl9drical1 c\nt]sunk p]=ation4 #ab4 ,bead ) conical p]=ation4 #ac4 ,bead ) bi-conical p]=ation4 #ad4 ,bead imp]fectly p]=at$4 ,9 #ahha "s v important additions to ! ,national ,museum 7 made1 f ! m\nds ( ,t5nessee4 ,^! include a great weal? ( objects 9 %ell4 ,f ! ,mc,mahan m\nd at ,sevi]ville1 ,t5n41 !re are a doz5 %ell p9s1 all made f ! ,busycon p]v]sum4 ,! entire specim5s range f ?ree to six in*es 9 l5g?2 two are fragm5t>y1 hav+ lo/ _! po9ts by decay4 ,9 %ape ^! objects are q uni=m1 be+1 h[ev]1 z a rule1 m sl5d] 9 ! %aft ?an ! av]age p94 ,! heads range f "o-half to "o in* 9 l5g?1 & are g5]ally less ?an "o in* 9 diamet]4 ,!y are some:at v>i$ 9 %ape1 "s be+ cyl9drical1 o!rs be+ conical above4 ,! %aft is pretty ev5ly r\nd$1 b is seldom symmetrical or /raight4 ,x is r>ely above "o-half an in* 9 diamet]1 & tap]s gradually to a m or less r\nd$ po9t4 ,! groove ( ! canal %[s di/9ctly 9 all ! heads1 & may (t5 be trac$ f> d[n ! %aft4 ,9 a numb] ( cases ! surface reta9s ! f9e poli% ( ! newly-f9i%$ object1 b x is usually some:at wea!r$1 & frequ5tly discolor$ or *alky4 ,^! specim5s 7 f\nd 9 ! m\nds along ) deposits ( human rema9s1 & g5]ally 9 close proximity to ! head2 ?is fact sugge/s _! use z ornam5ts = ! hair4 ,two illu/rations are giv5 9 ,plate ,,xxx4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts a f9e example1 six & a qu>t] in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! head is deeply groov$1 & is app>5tly cut f ! middle "p ( ! columella1 ! %aft be+ =m$ f ! sp9e-l basal po9t4 ,! spiral canal1 :i* is cle>ly def9$1 makes b "o revolution 9 ! entire l5g? ( ! p94 ,9 ,fig4 #e a some:at simil> specim5 is repres5t$4 ,two f9e specim5s come f a m\nd on ,fa9's ,isl&1 ,t5nessee ,riv]4 ,! l>g] "o is made f ! columella ( "s heavy %ell1 probably ! ,/rombus gigas4 ,! head is cyl9drical1 & ! %aft l>ge1 b imp]fect4 ,! small] is a little m ?an two in*es 9 l5g?1 ! head be+ small & conical1 & ! po9t m ?an usually blunt4 ,ano!r specim5 0 obta9$ f a m\nd at ,taylor's ,b5d1 ne> ,d&ridge1 ,t5n4 ,! head is almo/ sph]ical1 & ! po9t brok5 (f2 ! :ole surface is new look+ & highly poli%$4 ,a numb] ( bone p9s po9t$ at bo? ends 7 obta9$ f ,fa9's ,isl&1 besides _m p]=ators & o!r well-made implem5ts ( bone4 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,c4 ,jones describes#ee a numb] ( %ell p9s )\t m5tion+ localities1 /at+1 h[ev]1 t su* p9s h be5 obta9$ f a m\nd on ! ,*attahoo*ie ,riv]1 bel[ ,columbus1 ,ga4 ,he publi%es illu/rations ( two v>ieties4 ,"o1 ( ! ord9>y type1 is five & a half in*es 9 l5g?1 "o in* ( t di/ance be+ occupi$ by ! head1 :i* is an in* & a qu>t] 9 diamet]4 ,! %ank is an in* & a half 9 circumf]5ce1 &1 :ile tap]+ some:at1 is q blunt at ! po9t4 ,! o!r is ( some:at r>e occurr5ce1 be+ po9t$ at bo? ends4 ,an example ( ?is v>iety is giv5 9 ,fig4 #d1 ,plate ,,xxx4 ,!y are usually small & %ort1 seldom exce$+ ?ree in*es 9 l5g?4 ,9 ! national collection !re are t5 f9e p9s1 obta9$ by ,c4 ,l4 ,/ratton f a m\nd on ! ,fr5* ,broad ,riv]1 fifte5 miles above ,knoxville1 ,t5n4 ,f\r only are made f ! ,busycon p]v]sum4 ,! l>ge/ specim5 has a v l>ge1 cyl9drical head1 ) an extremely deep groove4 ,! %aft has be5 at lea/ five in*es long1 & is ne>ly "o-half an in* 9 diamet]4 ,ano!r f9e specim5 is five in*es long1 v sl5d]1 & ne>ly symmetrical4 ,a small1 almo/ headless p91 n q "o & a half in*es 9 l5g?1 is peculi> 9 hav+ a longitud9al p]=ation4 ,x has probably be5 /rung z a bead4 ,a f\r? specim5 is five & ?ree-qu>t]s in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! head is well r\nd$ above1 & ! %aft tap]s gradually to a sl5d] symmetrical po9t4 ,! o!r specim5s f ! same locality are 9 an advanc$ /age ( decay1 ! po9ts be+ entirely de/roy$4 ,! ,peabody ,museum conta9s a l>ge numb] ( v f9e specim5s ( ?is class4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! 7 obta9$ f ! ,brakebill1 ,lick ,creek1 & ,turn] m\nds ( ,t5nessee1 by ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,o4 ,dunn+4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! is upw>d ( six in*es 9 l5g?4 ,an unusually symmetrical & well-pres]v$ specim5 f ! ,lick ,creek m\nd is ne>ly sev5 in*es 9 l5g?4 ,"o specim5 only 9 ?is collection diff]s f ! type already describ$2 ?is has be5 made f a dextral-:orl$ %ell2 ! head is some:at sph]ical1 b is unusual 9 hav+ an umbonate projection at ! top4 ,x is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #f1 ,plate ,,xxx4 ,ano!r small p91 :i* is ab\t "o & "o-half in*es 9 l5g?1 has a poorly def9$ head1 & w\ld seem useless = ! purposes ord9>ily sugge/$ = ! l>g] specim5s4 ,a rec5t collection f ,pikeville1 ,t5n41 includes a numb] ( specim5s made f ! spike-l base ( ! ,busycon p]v]sum4 ,!y are r\ghly f9i%$1 & tap] to a po9t at bo? ends4 ,! l>g] ones are six in*es 9 l5g? & ne>ly "o in* 9 diamet]4 ,all are p]=at$ longitud9ally4 ,?is p]=ation is neatly made & ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,9 "o specim5 :i* has be5 brok5 op5 two p]=ations may be se5 runn+ almo/ p>allel ) ea* o!r1 z if !y _h be5 bor$ f opposite ends & _h fail$ to meet4 ,! l5g? ( ^! p]=ations is q rem>kable1 & x is difficult to und]/& h[1 ) ! primitive tools at ! disposal ( ^! p1 a uni=m diamet] c\ld be giv5 ?r\gh\t4 ,"o ( ^! objects is %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,xxx4 ,o!r ,/ates besides ,t5nessee h furni%$ a limit$ numb] ( %ell p9s4 ,_! occurr5ce 9 a m\nd ne> ,columbus1 ,ga41 has already be5 m5tion$4 ,! national collection conta9s a f9e specim5 f ,macon1 ,ga41 collect$ by ,j4 ,c4 ,plant4 ,! ,peabody ,museum has a numb] f m\nds on ! ,sa9t ,francis ,riv]1 ,ark4 ,"o ( ^! is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #h1 ,plate ,,xxx4 ,!y diff] f ! p9s h]et(ore describ$1 be+ 9 all cases unsymmetrical4 ,! %aft is flat & some:at curv$1 & jo9s ! mu%room-%ap$ head ne> "o edge4 ,?is results f ! peculi> %ape ( ! portion ( ! %ell f :i* ! p9 is d]iv$1 ! head be+ cut f ! p]iph]al ridge & ! %aft f ! body bel[ or ! %\ld] above4 ,two specim5s ( ?is class h rec5tly be5 obta9$ f a m\nd at ,osceola1 ,ark4 ,a pr(ile view ( "o is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj1 ,plate ,,xxx4 ,a p9 ( ?is class1 f a burial m\nd at ,black ,hammock1 ,fla41 is describ$ & illu/rat$ by ,pr(essor ,wyman4#ef ,f ! fact ( its be+ p]=at$ at ! po9t1 he reg>ds x z a p5dant ornam5t4 ,he /ates t x is cut f ! suture1 :]e a :orl jo9s ! prec$+ "o4 ,9 ?is respect x resembles ! specim5s f ,arkansas4 ,x is made f a ,busycon p]v]sum4 ,9 ! ,national ,museum we h two specim5s f ,florida4 ,"o ( ^!1 f ,p5sacola1 is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxx1 & is ( ! ord9>y =m4 ,! o!r is a %ort1 broad-head$ specim51 illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #g1 ,plate ,,xxx4 ,9 ! ,peabody ,museum are two small specim5s ( ! ord9>y type1 f a m\nd ne> ,jame/[n1 ,va4 ,"o ( ^!1 a small1 po9t$ v>iety1 is giv5 9 ,fig4 #i1 ,plate ,,xxx4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxx--,,p9s--,,ea/]n ,,=ms4 ,9 ,volume ,,vi ( ,s*oolcraft's ,indian ,tribes1 a p91 probably ( %ell1 is %[n 9 a plate illu/rat+ relics f ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,a few localities h furni%$ bone1 /one1 & clay p9s simil> to ^! 9 %ape4 ,specim5s ( ! latt] may be f\nd bo? 9 ! ,national & ,peabody museums4 ,!y 7 probably int5d$ z /opp]s = bottle-%ap$ e>!n vessels4 ,bone p9s are g5]ally headless1 & h 9 mo/ cases be5 int5d$ z implem5ts = p]=at+ & = sew+4 ,mr4 ,s*uma*] f\nd a p9-l object ( bone on ! isl& ( ,san ,clem5te1 ,cal4 ,x resembles ! %ell p9s pretty closely1 hav+ a some:at sph]ical head4 ,x is figur$ by ,pr(essor ,putnam 9 a rec5t "w4#eg ,z already /at$1 ! exact uses to :i* ^! p9s 7 appli$ by ! m\nd-build+ tribes are unkn[n2 v>i\s uses h be5 sugge/$ by ar*ologi/s4 ,! favorite idea seems to be t !y 7 hair-p9s1 us$ by ! savages to dress & ornam5t ! hair4 ,x w\ld seem t _m ( !m are too clumsy = su* use1 al?\gh :5 new !y mu/ h be5 v pretty objects4 ,! %ort] & headless v>ieties w\ld c]ta9ly be q useless4 ,simil> objects ( bone or ivory1 (t5 ta/efully c>v$1 are us$ by ! natives ( ,alaska = scrat*+ ! head1 al?\gh x seems improbable t ?is %\ld h be5 _! mo/ important function4 ,pr(essor ,dall sugge/s t "s ( ! %ell p9s may h be5 us$ z 7 ! blood-p9s ( ! ,indians ( ! nor?we/ coa/4 ,:5 game is kill$ by an arr[ or bullet1 ! p9 is ins]t$ 9 ! w\nd1 & ! sk9 drawn & /it*$ ov] ! flat head1 s t ! mu* valu$ blood may be prev5t$ f escap+4 ,a small1 v ta/efully c>v$ specim5 ( ^! p9s is giv5 9 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #d4 ,x 0 obta9$ f ! ,indians ( ,oregon4 ,a simil> specim5 comes f ,san ,miguel ,isl&1 ,cal4 ,x is possible t !y may h s]v$ "s purpose 9 ! arts or games ( ! anci5t peoples2 yet :5 we come to consid] ! v great importance giv5 to ornam5ts by all b>b>ians1 we return naturally to ! view t !y 7 probably design$ = p]sonal decoration4 ,f ! ,pacific coa/ we h %ell p9s ( a v diff]5t type4 ,!y also are made f ! columell ( l>ge m>9e univalves1 & 7 probably us$ z ornam5ts1 d\btless to a great ext5t z p5dants4 ,^! objects h be5 obta9$ 9 great numb]s f ! anci5t graves ( ! ,cali=nia coa/1 at ,santa ,b>b>a1 at ,dos ,pueblos1 & on ! neighbor+ isl&s ( ,santa ,cl>a1 ,santa ,catal9a1 ,san ,clem5te1 & ,santa ,rosa4 ,pr(essor ,dall is ( ! op9ion t ! %ell mo/ly us$ is ! ,purpura crispata1 ! small] specim5s probably be+ d]iv$ f ! ,mitra maura4 ,su* a v concise description ( ^! objects is giv5 by ,pr(4 ,f4 ,w4 ,putnam 9 a rec5t pap] t ,i beg leave to quote x "h1 omitt+ 8 ref]5ces to figures3 ,a columella 0 gr\nd d[n to ! requir$ size & %ape1 & made into a p5dant by bor+ a hole ?r\gh ! l>g] end4 ,9 ord] to make ?is p5dant /ill m attractive1 ! spiral groove is fill$ ) asphaltum1 or a mixture ( t mat]ial & a r$ pigm5t4 ,sometimes ! spiral groove 0 s ne>ly1 or ev5 :olly1 oblit]at$ 9 ! process ( gr9d+ ! columella into %ape z to make x necess>y to enl>ge or ev5 recut ! groove 9 ord] to make a place = ! mu*-lov$ asphaltum4 ,ano!r =m1 made f ano!r %ell1 is describ$1 ! :orls ( :i* are loose & op51 s t a natural tube exi/s ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! spire2 at ! same "t ! spiral groove 9 ! c5tral portion is v n>r[2 consequ5tly x has to be artificially enl>g$ = ! ins]tion ( ! asphaltum1 :i* ?us w9ds spirally ab\t ! %ell4 ,z ! natural orifice at ! l>ge end ( ! %ell seems to h be5 too l>ge = prop]ly adju/+ & conf9+ ! ornam5t z desir$1 ?is difficulty 0 ov]come by ins]t+ a small %ell ( ,d5talium1 or by mak+ a little plug ( %ell1 :i* is c>efully fitt$ & bor$4#eh ,! national collection conta9s upw>d ( fifty ( ^! p9s1 :i* come f anci5t graves at ,santa ,b>b>a & ,dos ,pueblos1 ,cal41 & f ! isl&s ( ,santa ,cruz & ,san ,miguel4 ,^! v>y 9 l5g? f "o to five in*es1 ! well-f9i%$ specim5s seldom rea*+ "o half an in* 9 diamet]4 ,at ! upp] end !y r\nd (f some:at abruptly to an obtuse po9t1 b tap] to a %>p po9t at ! l[] end1 some?+ l a cig>4 ,two f9e examples are %[n 9 ,figs4 #a & #b1 ,plate ,,xxxi4 ,all %[ ! spiral groove1 & ne>ly all h portions ( ! asphaltum rema9+4 ,! columell f :i* !y are made may be to "s ext5t naturally p]=at$1 b are c]ta9ly n suffici5tly s to p]mit ! ready passage ( a cord4 ,! po9ts are seldom %>p1 & are (t5 brok5 (f4 ,a bit ( ,d5talium ins]t$ into ! p]=ation & set ) asphaltum helps to en=ce ! po9t & to gu>d aga9/ fur!r breakage4 ,! l>g] specim5s are seldom p]=at$ transv]sely at ei!r end1 :ile ! small] ones are almo/ always p]=at$ at ! l>g] end1 :i* is slightly flatt5$4 ,a good example is %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 ,plate ,,xxxi4 ,a peculi> bulb-po9t$ specim5 is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #f1 ,plate ,,xxxi4 ,! bulb is made f ! upp] end ( ! columella4 ,!re are six ( ^! p9s 9 ! collection4 ,! consid]ation ( ^! p9s leads naturally to ! pres5tation ( o!r classes ( objects manufactur$ f ! columell ( m>9e univalves among :i* beads are ! mo/ num]\s & important4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxxi--,,p9s--,,pacific ,,coa/ ,,=ms4 #a4 ,%ell p9 f ,san ,miguel ,isl&4 #b4 ,%ell p9 f ,dos ,pueblos1 ,cal4 #c4 ,an untrimm$ columella4 #d4 ,bone p9 f ,oregon4 #e4 ,%ell p9 f ,san ,miguel ,isl&4 #f4 ,%ell p9 f ,san ,miguel ,isl&4 7#a_/a7 ,,beads4 ,i %all n attempt )9 ! limits ( ?is pap] to give m ?an an outl9e ( ?is important division ( my subject4 ,! use ( beads seems to h be5 almo/ univ]sal ) peoples ( all times & ( all grades ( culture1 & ! cu/om ( we>+ !m is a relic ( b>b>ism t promises to be c>ri$ a long way into ! future4 ,all suitable natural objects h be5 br\ght into requisition--animal1 vegetable1 & m9]al4 ,%ells f ! sea1 preci\s /ones f ! m\nta9s1 & fruits f ! =e/ h be5 utiliz$2 & claws ( birds1 tee? ( animals1 & ev5 ! nails ( ! human h& h be5 work$ into ornam5ts to gratify ! b>b>ic vanity ( ! untutor$ savage4 ,! fl9ty sub/ance ( ! %ells ( mollusks has be5 a favorite mat]ial at all times & ) all peoples4 ,especially is ?is true ( ! %ell-lov+ natives ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 among :om %ell beads h be5 9 use f> back into ! prehi/oric ages1 & :o to-day1 f ,oregon to ,florida1 burd5 !mselves to discom=t ) multiple /r+s ( _! favorite ornam5t2 & ?is1 too1 )\t ref]5ce to _! value z money or _! s]vice z *>ms4 ,on ! necks ( brawny & unkempt savages ,i h se5 necklaces made ( ! highly glaz$ ,oliva1 or ( ! iridesc5t nacre ( ! pe>ly ,haliotis1 t w\ld n %ame a regal w>drobe1 & h m>vel$ at ! untaught appreciation ( beauty display$4 ,beads made ( %ell may h ?ree divisions bas$ ^u d]ivation1 & ?ree bas$ ^u function4 ,fir/1 !y consi/ ( all small] v>ieties ( natural %ells1 pi]c$ = susp5sion1 or only slightly alt]$1 to add to beauty or conv5i5ce2 second1 !y are made ( ! %ells ( bivalves & ! out] walls ( univalves2 or1 ?ird1 ( ! columell ( ! l>g] univalves cut to ! desir$ sizes1 & %ap$ & poli%$ to suit ! savage ta/e4 ,z to function1 !y may be class$ z p]sonal ornam5ts1 z money1 & z mat]ial = mnemonic records4 ,,p]=at$ ,,%ells4 ,"u ?is head ,i %all exam9e briefly ! mann] ( pi]c+ or alt]+ ! small] v>ieties ( %ells prep>atory to /r++4 ,! multitudes ( p]=at$ %ells exhum$ f ! graves ( our anci5t tribes af=d a fruitful field ( /udy1 & our l>ge collections ( m rec5t specim5s s]ve to illu/rate ! mann] 9 :i* !y 7 employ$4 ,9 ,plate ,,xxxii illu/rations are giv5 %[+ ! v>i\s me?ods ( manipulation & p]=ation4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica ! ,m>g9ella1 ! ,oliva1 & ! ,cyprea seem to lead 9 importance4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts an ,oliva1 ! apex ( :i* has be5 brok5 away & ! r\gh edge gr\nd d[n1 produc+ a passage = a ?read1 :i* may be introduc$ ?r\gh ! natural ap]ture bel[4 ,?is is a common me?od ( p]=ation 9 _m widely sep>at$ di/ricts1 & ) a consid]able v>iety ( %ells4 ,! specim5 figur$ is f a m\nd 9 ,cocke ,c\nty1 ,t5n4 ,x is an ,oliva lit]ata f ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,fig4 #b %[s a v usual me?od ( treat+ small univalves4 ,! mo/ prom95t "p ( ! l[] :orl is gr\nd d[n until ! wall is q ?91 & a small r\nd hole is !n drill$ ?r\gh x4 ,! specim5 illu/rat$ is a l>ge ,olivella biplicata1 obta9$ f ! isl& ( ,santa ,rosa1 ,cal4 ,figs4 #c & #d illu/rate specim5s f ,mexico4 ,"s ?9-blad$ implem5t1 probably ( /one1 has be5 us$ to saw a slit or not* 9 ! fir/ convolution ( ! %ell ne> ! inn] lip4 ,fig4 #c has "o ( ^! p]=ations1 & ,fig4 #d has two4 ,! %ell is ! ,oliva lit]ata1 f ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,fig4 #e is simply "o-half ( an ,olivella biplicata ) ! int]ior p>ts extract$4 ,x is made by cutt+ ! %ell longitud9ally & drill+ a c5tral p]=ation4 ,! specim5 figur$ is f ,san ,miguel ,isl&1 ,cal4 ,fig4 #f illu/rates ! mann] ( break+ out a disk prep>atory to mak+ a bead4 ,?is disk1 :5 p]=at$1 is frequ5tly us$ by ! ,indians ( ! ,pacific coa/ )\t additional f9i%4 ,fig4 #g %[s two examples ( beads made f small specim5s ( ! ,olivella biplicata2 bo? extremities are gr\nd (f1 leav+ a r clumsy cyl9d]4 ,! orig9als are f graves on ! isl& ( ,santa ,rosa4 ,su* beads are frequ5tly worn at ! pres5t "t4 ,"o ( ! specim5s %[n 9 ,fig4 #h is f a grave 9 ,monroe ,c\nty1 ,new ,york1 & ! o!r is f a m\nd 9 ,p]ry ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,! %ell is ! ,m>g9ella conoidalis1 :i* has a wide di/ribution 9 ! anci5t burial-places ( ! ,atlantic slope4 ,9 mak+ ! p]=ation ! %\ld] is (t5 gr\nd s deeply z to expose ! entire l5g? ( ! int]ior spiral4 ,fig4 #i repres5ts a p]=at$ ,c]ri?idea sacrata1 f ,santa ,rosa ,isl&1 ,cal4 ,! me?od ( p]=at+ employ$ is a usual "o ) small %ells ( ?is =m4 ,simil> specim5s come f _m p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,beads ( ?is & ! prec$+ v>iety are said to h con/itut$ ! orig9al wampum ( ! ,atlantic seabo>d4 ,fig4 #aj illu/rates a rude bead made f ! spire ( a univalve1 probably a small specim5 ( ,busycon p]v]sum4 ,mo/ ( ! body ( ! %ell has be5 remov$ & a p]=ation made ne> ! bord]4 ,?ree ( ^! specim5s 7 f\nd 9 a burial m\nd at ,murphysboro1 ,ill4 ,fig4 #aa illu/rates a p]=at$ ,cyprea f ! ,pacific coa/4 ,?is is a rec5t specim51 :i* illu/rates an anci5t z well z a mod]n me?od ( p]=ation4 ,fig4 #ab %[s a r peculi> me?od ( treat+ ,cyprea %ells by ! tribes ( ! ,pacific coa/ & ! ,pacific isl&s4 ,! prom95t "p ( ! back is cut or gr\nd away1 & ! columella is p>tially or :olly remov$1 a passage ! full size ( ! natural ap]ture be+ ?us secur$4 ,?is is also an anci5t z well z a mod]n me?od ( treatm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxxii--,,p]=at$ ,,%ell ,,beads4 7#a_/a7 ,small bivalve %ells are prep>$ = /r++ by drill+ "o or m holes 9 ! c5t] or ne> ! m>g91 accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* !y are to be /rung4 ,su* beads h be5 9 almo/ univ]sal use by primitive peoples1 bo? anci5t & mod]n4 ,%ells ) natural p]=ations1 su* z ! ,fissurellas & ,d5talia1 are ext5sively employ$ by ! we/ coa/ peoples1 & =eign v>ieties ( ! latt] h be5 l>gely import$ by ,europeans1 & f v e>ly times h be5 us$ by ! tribes ( all sections4 ,! natural p]=ation ( ! ,fissurella is (t5 artificially enl>g$1 & additional p]=ations are made ne> ! m>g94 ,examples may be se5 9 ,plate ,,xlix4 ,i %all include "u ! head ( beads all small objects hav+ a c5tral or ne>ly c5tral p]=ation1 made = ! purpose ( /r++ !m 9 numb]s4 ,9 %ape1 !y range f /raw-l cyl9d]s1 ?ree1 f\r1 & ev5 five in*es long1 ) longitud9al p]=ations1 to ?91 button-l disks1 two or m in*es 9 diamet]4 ,9 g5]al ! cyl9d]s are made f ! columell ( univalves1 & ! disks f ! out] walls ( ! same1 or f ! %ells ( bivalves4 ,( c\rse1 !re are =ms t fall "u no classification1 su* z disks ) p]=ations p>allel ) ! faces1 or cyl9drical =ms ) transv]se p]=ations1 :ile _m small1 p5dant-l objects1 ( v>i$ %apes1 are /rung ) ! beads1 & might be class$ ) !m2 b ^! are exceptions1 & c be describ$ along ) ! classifi$ objects mo/ ne>ly resembl+ !m4 ,! gr9d+ d[n & ! p]=at+ ( natural %ells is easily accompli%$1 s t any savage c\ld af=d to decorate 8 p]son ) ?is jewelry 9 pr(usion4 ,b ! class ( beads illu/rat$ 9 ,plates ,,xxxiii1 ,,xxxiv1 & ,,xxxv c\ld n h be5 made )\t ! exp5diture ( mu* "t & labor1 & d\btless owe _! exi/5ce1 9 a measure1 to m]c5>y motives4 ,z !y 7 made f ! walls or columell ( massive %ells1 !y mu/ h be5 brok5 or cut out1 gr\nd smoo? ab\t ! edges1 & p]=at$2 ?is1 too1 ) mo/ primitive tools4 ,,discoidal ,,beads4 ,9 %ape discoidal beads range f ! concavo-convex sections ( ! curv$ walls ( ! %ell to totally artificial outl9es1 9 su* =ms z d\bly-convex disks1 cyl9d]s1 & sph]oids4 ,9 size ! disks v>y f v m9ute =ms1 "o-t5? ( an in* 9 diamet] & "o-?irtie? ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 to two in*es 9 diamet] & ne>ly "o-half an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,! ?ickness ( ! f9i%$ beads is gov]n$ 9 a great measure by ! ?ickness ( ! %ell f :i* !y are manufactur$4 ,! ,v5us m]c5>ia ( ! ,atlantic coa/ & ! heavi] ,unios ( ! ,mississippi ,valley give a g5]al ?ickness ( f "o-eigh? to ?ree-eigh?s ( an in*1 :ile o!rs1 su* z ! heavy clams ( ! ,pacific1 are v mu* ?ick]4 ,! walls ( univalves1 especially ne> ! base1 are (t5 extremely heavy1 :ile ! small] v>ieties ( %ells furni% specim5s ( waf]-l ?9ness4 ,9 ,plate ,,xxxiii a s]ies ( beads ( ?is class is giv51 beg9n+ ) ! small] disks & end+ ) ^? ( l>ge1 ?\gh n ! l>ge/1 size4 ,9 ,fig4 #a ,i pres5t two views ( a m9ute disk1 obta9$1 ) _m o!rs ( simil> %ape & size1 f a m\nd on ,lick ,creek1 ,t5n4 ,! p]=ations 9 ^! specim5s1 z well z 9 mo/ ( ^? t foll[1 are bi-conical1 & suffici5tly irregul> 9 =m to indicate t !y are h&-made4 ,beads ( ?is g5]al appe>ance h be5 f\nd 9 a multitude ( graves & m\nds1 di/ribut$ ov] a l>ge "p ( ,nor? z well z ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,a va/ majority ( ^! beads are d\btless ( aborig9al make1 z !y are f\nd 9 ! olde/ m\nds4 ,fig4 #b repres5ts a m9ute =m f ,santa ,cruz ,isl&1 ,cal4 ,! p]iph]al surface is ornam5t$ ) a net-"w ( incis$ l9es4 ,fig4 #c illu/rates a small cyl9drical bead1 ) l>ge p]=ation1 f a m\nd ne> ,prairie du ,*i51 ,wis4 ,x 0 f\nd1 ) a numb] ( o!rs1 ne> ! neck ( ! skeleton ( a *ild4 ,fig4 #d repres5ts a small sph]oidal bead f ! great m\nd ne> ,sevi]ville1 ,t5n42 x is neatly made & well pres]v$4 ,figs4 #e & #f illu/rate specim5s ( r\ghly f9i%$ concavo-convex disks1 mu* us$ by bo? anci5t & mod]n tribes ( ,cali=nia1 ,arizona1 & ,new ,mexico4 ,i essay$ at "o "t to pur*ase a long necklace ( ^! homely ornam5ts f a ,navajo ,indian 9 ,arizona1 b soon discov]$ t x 0 beyond my rea*1 z my be/ mule 0 h>dly consid]$ a fair ex*ange = x4 ,^! beads are made f ! ,oliva *iefly1 b to "s ext5t f small bivalves4 ,?is bead is n common 9 ! m\nds ( ! ,mississippi ,valley1 b is us$ by _m mod]n savages4 ,x seems to be ! =m call$1 by ! ,indians ( ,virg9ia1 ro5oke1 :i*1 accord+ to ,bev]ly1 is made ( ! cockle-%ell1 brok5 into small bits1 ) r\gh edges1 & drill$ ?r\gh 9 ! same mann] z beads4 ,fig4 #g repres5ts a smoo?ly cut bead ( m$ium size1 said to h be5 obta9$ f a grave at ,lynn1 ,mass4 ,x has be5 cut f ! curv$ wall ( "s l>ge univalve1 & is v simil> to mod]n specim5s 9 use ov] a great] "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,fig4 #h belongs to a necklace br\ght f ! nor?we/ coa/1 & is v mu* l ! specim5 %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,fig4 #i is a well-made specim5 f ,sevi]ville1 ,t5n4 ,! sides are gr\nd p]fectly flat & ! edges are well r\nd$4 ,! %ell is v compact1 & well pres]v$1 & be>s a close resemblance to bone or ivory4 ,fig4 #aj repres5ts a ?91 fragile disk1 f a m\nd 9 ,s\!rn ,ill9ois4 ,x is made ( a ,unio1 & sep>ates into ?9 %eets or flakes1 l mica4 ,figs4 #aa & #ab illu/rate two compact1 ne>ly symmetrical specim5s f a m\nd at ,pa9t ,rock ,f]ry1 ,t5n4 ,fig4 #ac is f ! same locality1 & is hemisph]ical 9 %ape4 ,fig4 #ad repres5ts a button-l disk1 ) l>ge conical p]=ation1 f a m\nd at ,pa9t ,rock ,f]ry1 ,t5n4 ,x has probably be5 made f ! wall ( a l>ge m>9e univalve4 ,! f9e specim5 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae comes f a m\nd 9 ,cocke ,c\nty1 ,t5n41 & is unusually well pres]v$4 ,x is v compact1 hav+ ! appe>ance ( ivory1 & has probably be5 made f ! basal portion ( a l>ge univalve4 ,! p]=ation is extremely l>ge1 & is conical1 hav+ be5 bor$ entirely f "o side4 ,figs4 #af & #ag repres5t two f9e specim5s f ,cali=nia4 ,!y are ne>ly symmetrical1 ! faces be+ flat or slightly convex4 ,! small] "o has be5 coat$ ) "s d>k sub/ance--! result1 probably1 ( decay--:i* has brok5 away 9 places1 expos+ ! *alky %ell4 ,! edges are ornam5t$ ) %all[ l9es or not*es4 ,su* disks1 :5 us$ z ornam5ts1 probably =m$ ! c5tral piece ( a necklace1 or 7 fix$ s+ly to ! hair1 e>s1 or co/ume4 ,z long z ^! l>g] specim5s reta9$ ! color & iridesc5ce ( ! orig9al %ell1 !y 7 extremely h&some ornam5ts1 b 9 _! pres5t *alky & discolor$ /ate !y are n prepossess+ objects4 ,?is plate w s]ve z a sort ( key = ref]5ce 9 ! /udy ( beads ( ?is class1 z ! specim5s are typical4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxxiii--,,discoidal ,,beads4 7#a_/a7 ,,massive ,,beads4 ,beads made f ! columell ( univalves h g5]ally a numb] ( di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics4 ,!y are l>ge & massive1 & r>ely symmetrical 9 outl9e1 be+ sections ( r\ghly dress$ columns4 ,!y are some:at cyl9drical1 & (t5 reta9 ! spiral groove z well z o!r portions ( ! natural surface4 ,9 cases :]e ! =m is entirely artificial !y may be di/+ui%$ by ! s9u\s "* ( ! foliation4 ,! p]=ation is ne>ly always ) ! axis ( ! bead1 & is 9 mo/ cases bi-conical4 ,9 ,plate ,,xxix a s]ies ( cuts is giv5 :i* illu/rates ! v>i\s me?ods ( p]=ation & %[s v di/9ctly ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! rude "w ( savages & ! me*anically p]fect "w ( mod]n manufactur]s4 ,beads ( ?is class are m decid$ly aborig9al 9 "* ?an ^? ( any o!r gr\p1 & are )\t d\bt ( v anci5t orig94 ,!y are widely di/ribut$1 & h be5 f\nd 9 graves & m\nds cov]+ an area outl9$ by ,massa*usetts1 ,canada ,we/1 ,m9nesota1 ,miss\ri1 & ! ,gulf & ,atlantic coa/s4 ,figs4 #a1 #f1 #g1 #aa1 & #ad ( ,plate ,,xxxiv repres5t typical specim5s ( ?is class4 ,9 e case !y are consid]ably alt]$ by decay1 r>ely reta9+ any ( ! orig9al poli%4 ,all come f anci5t burial m\nds1 "s ( ! int]m5ts ( :i* probably ant$ate1 :ile o!rs po/-date1 ! com+ ( ! :ites4 ,! bead %[n 9 ,fig4 #a is made f ! columella ( a ,busycon p]v]sum4 ,x is a rude1 tap]+ cyl9d]1 ) r\nd$ ends & deep spiral groove4 ,! p]=ation is bi-conical & some:at irregul>4 ,?is1 ) _m simil> beads1 made ( bo? dextral & s9i/ral %ells1 0 associat$ ) human rema9s 9 ! great m\nd at ,sevi]ville1 ,t5n4 ,! bead illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #f has be5 made f ! column ( "s dextral :orl$ %ell4 ,x 0 obta9$ f a m\nd on ,lick ,creek1 ,ea/ ,t5n4 ,x is a typical specim5 ( av]age size1 & illu/rates v well ! l>ge collection ( ?is class ( relics made by ,dr4 ,troo/4 ,fig4 #g 0 obta9$ f a m\nd at ,frankl91 ,t5n4 ,x is cut f ! columella ( a ,busycon p]v]sum1 & is ( ! usual =m1 be+ a heavy1 %ort cyl9d]1 r\nd$ at ! ends until x is some:at globul>4 ,! p]=ation is v l>ge1 & has be5 made almo/ entirely f "o end4 ,! surface is mu* wea!r$1 ! firm] lam9 be+ di/9ctly reliev$4 ,o!r specim5s f ! same locality are mu* small]4 ,fig4 #aa is f a grave 9 an anci5t cemet]y at ,swanton1 ,vt41 & is simil> to ! prec$+1 hav+ be5 cut1 h[ev]1 if correctly repres5t$1 f a dextral :orl$ %ell4 ,! cut is copi$ f a pap] by ,g4 ,h4 ,p]k9s4#ei ,fig4 #ad illu/rates a v l>ge specim5 ( ^! beads f ! ,lick ,creek ,m\nd1 ,ea/ ,t5n4 ,! surface is encru/$1 /a9$1 & decay$4 ,x has be5 made f ! broad beak ( a ,/rombus or dextral :orl$ ,busycon4 ,! p]=ation is symmetrical & bi-conical4 ,specim5s upw>ds ( two in*es 9 l5g? & "o & "o-f\r? 9 wid? come f ! same place4 ,! l>g] p]=ations are ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet] at ! ends & q small 9 ! middle4 ,fig4 #ab repres5ts a l>ge bead ( symmetrical outl9e1 made f ! columella ( a ,busycon p]v]sum4 ,! %ape is artificial1 ) ! exception ( a small portion ( ! spiral canal4 ,! surface reta9s mu* ( ! orig9al poli%1 b exfoliation has comm5c$ on "o side4 ,! p]=ation is ab\t ?ree-sixte5?s ( an in* 9 diamet] at ! ends & "o-sixte5? 9 ! middle4 ,!re is a slight (fset :]e ! p]=ations meet4 ,x is f a burial m\nd at ,h>risburg1 ,ark4 ,! bead %[n 9 ,fig4 #i is "o ( a l>ge numb] obta9$ f a m\nd at ,ea/ ,/4 ,l\is1 ,ill4 ,x is a symmetrical1 well-poli%$ cyl9d]4 ,! small portion ( ! spiral groove :i* rema9s indicates t x is d]iv$ f a ,busycon p]v]sum4 ,! p]=ation is neatly made & d\bly conical 9 %ape4 ,! symmetry1 f9i%1 & f9e condition ( ?is bead lead to ! suspicion t x may be ( rec5t manufacture4 ,its =m is by no means a common "o among anci5t m\nd relics4 ,! bead repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #aj is describ$ & illu/rat$ by ,squi] & ,davis4#fj ,?is1 ) _m simil> specim5s1 0 tak5 f a m\nd 9 ! ,ohio ,valley4 ,x is made f ! columella ( "s m>9e univalve1 & is well wr\ght & symmetrical4 ,fig4 #e is a flatti%1 highly poli%$ bead f ,monroe ,c\nty1 ,new ,york4 ,! mat]ial1 :i* resembles ivory1 may h be5 obta9$ f ! tusk ( "s animal4 ,x is slightly concave on "o side & convex on ! o!r4 ,! p]=ation is neatly made & ( uni=m diamet] ?r\gh\t4 ,9 ,fig4 #d ,i pres5t a bead ( unusual %ape2 x is made f ! basal portion ( "s heavy univalve4 ,! axis & p]=ation are at "r angles to ! plane ( lam9ation4 ,! middle portion ( ! bead has be5 excavat$1 produc+ a =m resembl+ a labret or lip-block1 9 common use by _m tribes4 ,x is f a m\nd on ,fr5* ,broad ,riv]1 ,t5n4 ,we h a bead ( simil> %ape1 b :i* has a lat]al p]=ation1 f a m\nd at ,na%ville1 ,t5n4 ,fig4 #b illu/rates a sph]oidal bead obta9$ f an anci5t grave on ,santa ,rosa ,isl&1 ,cal4 ,! =m is unusually symmetrical & ! p]=ation neatly made1 be+ small1 d\bly conical1 & slightly c\nt]sunk at "o end4 ,! surface is smoo? & reta9s a little ( ! orig9al purpli% hue ( ! %ell1 probably a ,h5nites giganteus4 ,o!rs ( ! same %ape f ?is locality exhibit l *>act]i/ics4 ,a few simil> specim5s come f ,san ,miguel ,isl&4 ,ano!r l>ge specim5 f ?is locality is %[n 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,x is some:at flat1 & is q wide 9 ! middle portion1 tap]+ rapidly t[>ds ! ends4 ,! p]=ation is small & regul>4 ,! l9es ( foliation are di/9ctly m>k$1 b are n suffici5tly *>act]i/ic to indicate ! "p ( ! %ell f :i* ! bead is d]iv$4 ,pe>ls4--,two ( ! mo/ rem>kable beads 9 ! national collection are illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #c & #ac4 ,! latt] is an enorm\s pe>l1 probably d]iv$ f ! ,haliotis ,cali=nianus4 ,x is some:at pe>-%ap$1 ! base be+ r\nd$ & ! apex a little b5t4 ,! transv]se section is subtriangul>4 ,hav+ be5 buri$ = an unkn[n p]iod 9 ! soil or s&1 x has suff]$ greatly f decay1 & has probably lo/ consid]ably by exfoliation4 ,! ?91 *alky lamell come away readily 9 conc5tric scales1 expos+ ! iridesc5t nacre b5ea?4 ,! p]=ation is ab\t "o-sixte5? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & seems to pass ?r\gh a natural cavity 9 ! int]ior ( ! pe>l4 ,! small] specim5 giv5 9 ,fig4 #c is 9 _m respects1 simil> to ! l>ge "o4 ,ano!r1 ( ab\t ! same size z ,fig4 #c be>s q a m>k$ resemblance to a lima bean1 & is pi]c$ lat]ally1 giv+ a button l appe>ance4 ,^! specim5s 7 obta9$ f graves on ,san ,miguel ,isl&1 by ,/eph5 ,b[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxxiv--,,massive ,,beads ,,& ,,pe>ls4 7#a_/a7 ,,tubul> ,,beads4 ,9 ,plate ,,xxxv ,i h arrang$ a numb] ( cyl9drical beads1 toge!r ) a few o!rs ( unclassifi$ =m4 ,figs4 #a & #b illu/rate ! mo/ common =m ( ! anci5t wampum1 ! :ite example be+ made f ! columella ( a small univalve1 & ! d>k "o f ! purple portion ( a ,v5us m]c5>ia4 ,! specim5s repres5t$ belong to ! celebrat$ ,p5n belt1 pres]v$ 9 ! rooms ( ! ,hi/orical ,society ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,x is n kn[n positively t beads ( ?is p>ticul> %ape 7 employ$ 9 pre-,columbian times2 b x is c]ta9ly "o ( ! e>lie/ hi/orical =ms1 & "o :i* has be5 manufactur$ ext5sively by ! ,indians z well z by ! :ites4 ,!y may be f\nd bo? 9 v old & 9 v rec5t graves1 9 widely sep>at$ p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,briti% ,am]ica1 & h always =m$ an important "p ( ! /ock ( ! ,indian trad]4 ,figs4 #c & #d repres5t a v l>ge class ( ,pacific coa/ =ms4 ,^! are f ! isl& ( ,san ,miguel4 ,!y are simple :ite cyl9d]s1 ) some:at irregul> bi-conical p]=ations4 ,_m examples may be f\nd :i* tap] slightly t[>d ! ends4 ,!y are coat$ ) a ru/y-look+ deposit1 :i* breaks away easily1 expos+ ! *alky sub/ance ( ! %ell4 ,!y range f "o-half to ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 & f "o-eigh? to ?ree-eigh?s 9 diamet]4 ,!y are probably made f ! ?ick valves ( ! ,pa*ydesma crassatelloides or ! ,amiantis callosa4 ,!y 7 probably us$ z beads = ! neck & z p5dant ornam5ts = ! e>s4 ,! long] specim5s may h be5 worn 9 ! nose4 ,x is also said t beads ( ?is class 7 us$ z money4 ,fig4 #e illu/rates a v long1 tubul> bead f\nd at ,piscataway1 ,md4 ,x has be5 made f ! columella ( "s l>ge univalve4 ,x is f\r & a half in*es long & "o-f\r? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! surface is smoo?1 b a little unev51 & ! ends tap] slightly4 ,! p]=ation :i* has app>5tly be5 made f bo? ends1 z !re is an (fset ne> ! middle1 is q regul>1 ?\gh slightly enl>g$ ne> ! ends4 ,a l>ge numb] ( beads ( ! class illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #f1 ,plate ,,xxxv1 7 obta9$ f ! anci5t graves ( ,san ,miguel ,isl&1 ,cal4 ,!y h be5 made f "o ( ! l>ge bivalve %ells ( ! ,pacific coa/1 probably ! ,pa*ydesma crassatelloides4 ,! curvature ( ! bead is ! result ( ! natural curve ( ! valve f :i* x is fa%ion$4 ,! l>g] specim5s are ne>ly five in*es 9 l5g?4 ,9 ! middle portion !y are ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,!y tap] gradually t[>ds ! ends to ! size ( ! p]=ation1 :i* av]ages ab\t "o-sixte5? ( an in*4 ,! curvature ( ! bead is s great t !re has be5 mu* difficulty 9 mak+ ! p]=ations f opposite ends meet1 & none ( ! l>g] specim5s w p]mit ! passage ( a wire1 al?\gh ! p]=ations lap consid]ably & wat] passes ?r\gh q freely4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! surface ( ^! objects is coat$ ) a d>k1 r\gh film1 :i*1 :5 brok5 away1 exposes ! natural %ell4 ,su* beads may h be5 us$ z nose ornam5ts1 b m probably =m$ p>ts ( "s composite ornam5t = ! neck or e>4 ,fig4 #g repres5ts a bone nose ornam5t obta9$ f ! ,pai-,ute ,indians by ,pr(essor ,p[ell4 ,its %ape is n unlike t ( ! curv$ bead j describ$4 ,! l>ge rude bead giv5 9 ,fig4 #h is made f ! ?ick lip or rim ( ! ,haliotis ,cali=nianus4 ,?is1 ) a numb] ( simil> specim5s1 0 obta9$ f an anci5t grave at ,dos ,pueblos1 ,cal4 ,! p]=ations are all l>ge & symmetrical4 ,9 "o case ! hole has be5 r$uc$ at ! ends by ins]t+ small bits ( %ell1 ?r\gh :i* m9ute passages h be5 made4 ,9 ,figs4 #i & #aj ,i give two illu/rations ( a bead ( r rem>kable =m4 ,a l>ge numb] ( simil> specim5s h be5 br\ght f ,dos ,pueblos1 ,la ,pat]a1 & ! isl&s ( ,san ,miguel & ,santa ,cruz4 ,!y are made f ! h+e ( ! ,h5nites giganteus1 a l>ge bivalve1 hav+ a delicate purpli% t+e4 ,! %ape results f ! =m ( ! h+e2 ! curve is ! natural curve ( ! %ell2 & ! not* ne> ! middle ( ! convex side is ! natural pit1 (t5 some:at alt]$ by art to add to ! appe>ance or to assi/ 9 complet+ ! p]=ation4 ,! holes are g5]ally v small1 & h be5 made ) mu* difficulty1 ow+ to ! curvature ( ! bead4 ,:]e by accid5t ! p]=ation has become enl>g$ at ! end1 x has be5 bu%$ by sett+ 9 a small piece ( %ell4 ,! specim5 figur$ is p]=at$ ne> ! end = susp5sion1 no longitud9al p]=ation hav+ be5 attempt$4 ,fig4 #aa %[s "o ( ^! beads 9 an unf9i%$ /ate1 ! portion ( ! h+e us$ be+ r\ghly brok5 out & slightly r\nd$4 ,we h 9 ! national collection specim5s ( ?is class 9 all /ages ( manufacture4 ,pr(essor ,haldeman has describ$ & illu/rat$ a numb] ( simil> beads4 ,he describes ! r\nd$ not* ne> ! middle z artificial1 & consid]s x a device to help out ! p]=ation or facilitate ! /r++4 ,pr(essor ,putnam1 9 ! same "w1#fa /ates t ! not*es 7 subsequ5tly fill$ ) asphaltum ev5 ) ! surface ( ! %ell4 ,! curv$ bead illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ab is made f a ,d5talium indianorum 787 by remov+ ! conical po9t4 ,^! %ells1 ei!r entire or 9 sections1 are mu* us$ by ! ,indians ( ! nor?we/1 bo? z ornam5ts & z a m$ium ( ex*ange4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxxv--,,beads4 #a1 #b4 ,beads f ! ,p5n ,belt4 #c1 #d4 ,pacific coa/ =ms4 #e4 ,bead f ,m>yl&4 #f4 ,a ,pacific coa/ =m4 #g4 ,a ,pai-,ute nose ornam5t 7bone74 #h4 ,bead made f a ,haliotis4 #i1 #aj1 #aa4 ,beads made f h+e ( ,h5nites4 #ab4 ,bead made f a ,d5talium4 #ac4 ,bead f m\nd1 ,t5n4 7#a_/a7 ,,runtees4 ,9 ,plate ,,xxxvi ,i pres5t a numb] ( illu/rations ( a class ( relics :i* h occasionally be5 m5tion$ 9 lit]ature1 & :i* are repres5t$ to "s ext5t 9 our collections4 ,z ^! objects resemble beads r m closely ?an p5dants1 ,i %all ref] to !m 9 ?is place1 al?\gh ,mr4 ,s*oolcraft consid]s !m badges ( honor or rank1 & treats !m z gorgets4 ,he describes !m z consi/+ ( a circul> piece ( flat %ell1 f "o & a half to two in*es 9 diamet]1 qu>t]$ ) d\ble l9es1 hav+ ! devices ( dots betwe5 !m4 ,?is k9d 0 d\bly p]=at$ 9 ! plane ( ! circle4#fb ,9 ,notes on ! ,iroquois1 by ! same au?or1 we h a mu* full] description4 ,he says t ?is article is g5]ally f\nd 9 ! =m ( an exact circle1 r>ely a little ovate4 ,x has be5 gr\nd d[n & repoli%$1 app>5tly1 f ! con*4 ,its diamet] v>ies f ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* to two in*es2 ?ickness1 two-t5?s 9 ! c5t]1 ?9n+ out a little t[>ds ! edges4 ,x is d\bly p]=at$4 ,x is figur$ on ! face & its rev]se1 ) two p>allel latitud9al & two longitud9al l9es cross+ 9 its c5t]1 & divid+ ! area into f\r equal p>ts4 ,its circumf]5ce is m>k$ ) an inn] circle1 correspond+ 9 wid? to ! c>d9al p>allels4 ,ea* division ( ! circle ?us qu>t]$ has five circles1 ) a c5tral dot4 ,! latitud9al & longitud9al b&s or fillets h ea* f\r simil> circles & dots1 & "o 9 its c5t]1 mak+ ?irty-sev54 ,! numb] ( ^! circles v>ies1 h[ev]1 on v>i\s specim5s4 ,9 ! "o figur$ !re are fifty-two4#fc ,figs4 #a & #b are copi$ f ,plate #be ( ,s*oolcraft4 ,! small] 0 obta9$ f an anci5t grave at ,upp] ,s&usky1 ,ohio1 & ! l>g] f an ,indian cemet]y at ,onondaga1 ,n4 ,y4 ,o!rs h be5 f\nd at ,jamesville1 ,lafayette1 & ,manlius1 9 ! latt] ,/ate4 ,! ,indians1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,s*oolcraft1 h no traditions respect+ ?is class ( objects1 & we are q 9 ! d>k z to _! significance or ! mann] 9 :i* !y 7 us$4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,beau*amp1 ( ,baldw9sville1 ,n4 ,y41 has v k9dly s5t me sket*es ( two ( ^! objects4 ,! orig9als 7 obta9$ f an anci5t village site at ,pompey1 ,n4 ,y4 ,"o is almo/ a duplicate ( ! small] specim5 copi$ f ,s*oolcraft1 b ! o!r1 :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #d1 ,plate ,,xxxvi1 pres5ts "s novel features4 ,! c5tral portion ( ! face is occupi$ by a rosette-l design1 :i* consi/s ( six %>ply oval figures t radiate f ! c5t] l ! spokes ( a :eel4 ,^! rays are ornam5t$ ) a s]ies ( oblique l9es1 arrang$ 9 c\plets4 ,! m>g9 is encircl$ by a n>r[ b&1 simil>ly figur$4 ,mr4 ,beau*amp expresses ! op9ion t ^! specim5s are ( ,european orig94 ,! specim5 %[n 9 ,fig4 #c belongs to a necklace n[ 9 ! national collection4 ,?is necklace 0 obta9$ f ! ,indians ( ,new ,mexico by ,lieut5ant ,:ipple1 & consi/s ( ?ree ( ^! %ell ornam5ts1 toge!r ) ab\t fifty small porcela9 beads4 ,! %ell beads are /rung at regul> int]vals4 ,! specim5 illu/rat$ is ornam5t$ ) a design 9 m9ute conical pits1 arrang$ precisely z are ! circlets 9 ! crosses & encircl+ b&s ( ! ,new ,york & ,ohio specim5s4 ,! edges & surfaces are mu* worn by use4 ,! sub/ance ( ! %ell is well pres]v$1 & has an ivory-l appe>ance al?\gh 9 ! specim5 %[n 9 ! cut ! lam9ation ( ! %ell is di/9ctly se54 ,! p]=ations 9 ^! ?ree specim5s are q symmetrical1 & sugge/ ! use ( ma*9]y4 ,! me?od ( p]=ation is id5tical 9 all ^! specim5s1 & w be readily und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! two sections giv5 9 ,figs4 #e & #f4 ,all ( ^! specim5s are ne>ly circul>2 b ! regul>ity ( ! outl9e is 9 "s cases m>r$ by %all[ not*es produc$ by we> at ! p]=ations4 ,?is we> has be5 accel]at$ by ! abrasion ( ! small beads ) :i* ! disks h probably be5 /rung4 ,x w be notic$ t !re is q a close resemblance betwe5 ^! objects & ! runtees ( ! e>ly writ]s4 ,bev]ly gives an illu/ration ( an ,indian boy :o is describ$ z we>+ a necklace ( ^! runtees1 :i* are made ( ! ,con* ,%ell1 z ! ,peak is1 only ! ,%ape is flat & l a ,*eese1 & drill'd ,edge-ways4#fd ,a portion ( ?is illu/ration is copi$ 9 ,fig4 #e1 ,plate ,,xxxvi4 ,x w be se5 by ref]5ce to ?is cut t ! mann] ( /r++ corresponds ) ! me?od 9 :i* ! objects "u consid]ation w\ld h to be /rung4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxxvi--,,runtees4 #a4 ,new ,york4 #b4 ,new ,york4 #c4 ,arizona4 #d4 ,new ,york4 #e1 #f4 ,sections4 #g4 ,mann] ( we>+4 7#a_/a7 ,x is probable t ! signification ( ! designs engrav$ ^u ^! ornam5ts w rema9 =ev] a matt] ( conjecture4 ,x _c be affirm$ t ! cross1 :i* occurs on ! faces ( mo/ ( ! specim5s1 has any p>ticul> significance1 al?\gh x may repres5t ! po9ts ( ! compass4 ,t x may h "s emblematic mean+ is1 h[ev]1 n impossible4 ,i h c\nt$ ! numb] ( circlets on all ( ! specim5s ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$4 ,! result is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,9 ! cross4 ------------------------- ,9 ! ,total4 ,longitud9al ,transv]se circle1 exclusive arm4 arm4 ( cross4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,no4 #a 7,fig4 #a7 #aj #i #bc #da ,no4 #b 7,fig4 #c7 #aj #ab #bg #dh ,no4 #c 7,fig4 #b7 #aa #i #bc #db ,no4 #d;,a #i #i #bj #cg ,no4 #e;,a #ab #aa #bi #ea ,no4 #f;,b #i #i #bj #cg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,a ,s*oolcraft3 ,notes on ,iroquois1 p4 #bcc4 ,b ,f sket* by ,mr4 ,beau*amp4 ,! c5tral circlet hav+ be5 c\nt$ ) ea* arm ( ! cross1 ! total numb] ( circlets 9 ea* specim5 w be "o less ?an ! sum ( ! ?ree columns4 ,^! circlets may be num]als4 ,! design may be significant ( "s rank1 ! badge ( a secret ord]1 or ! totem ( a clan4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! figures ^u ! face ( ^! disks sugge/s an incipi5t cal5d>4 ,^! beads are d\btless ,am]ican 9 orig91 z no?+ ( a simil> =m1 s f> z ,i c le>n1 occurs 9 ,european c\ntries4 ,! fact t !y are f\nd 9 widely sep>at$ localities indicates t !y 7 probably us$ 9 trade s9ce ! adv5t ( ! :ites4 ,?is is possibly "s =m ( bead held 9 high e/eem by tribes ( ! ,atlantic coa/ :5 fir/ enc\nt]$ by ! :ites :o h tak5 up its manufacture = purposes ( trade4 ,,beads ,,z ,,ornam5ts4 ,i h already spok5 casually ( ! use ( beads = p]sonal ornam5t1 b x w probably be bett] to enl>ge a little ^u ! subject at ?is po9t4 ,beads are g5]ally f\nd 9 ! graves ( anci5t peoples 9 a loose or disconnect$ /ate1 ! /r+s on :i* !y 7 secur$ hav+ long s9ce decay$4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 ) c]ta9ty1 re/ore ! anci5t necklaces & o!r composite ornam5ts2 b we c =m "s idea ( _! "* by a /udy ( ! objects ( :i* !y 7 made & ! positions held by ^! objects at ! p]iod ( exhumation4 ,mu* c also be le>n$ by a /udy ( ! ornam5ts ( mod]n peoples 9 simil> /ages ( culture4 ,z a rule1 ! comb9ations 9 ! p5dant ornam5ts ( ! anci5t ,am]ican seem to h be5 q simple4 ,be+ )\t glass1 & practically )\t metals1 !y _h few ( ! res\rces ( ! mod]n savage4 ,_! ta/es 7 simple & congru\s1 n hav+ be5 di/urb$ by ! debas+ influ5ce ( =eign innovation1 :i* is ! cause ( s mu* t is tawdry & incongru\s 9 ! art ( mod]n b>b>ians4 ,a curi\s example ( a mod]n necklace is giv5 by ,pr(essor ,haldeman1#fe :o _h 9 8 possession an ,abyss9ian necklace compos$ ( ,european beads1 c[ries 7,cyprea %ell71 a triangul> plate ( glass1 two small copp] co9s1 small sph]ic brass buttons1 cornelian1 date-se$s1 num]\s cloves pi]c$ ?r\gh ! sides1 a fragm5t ( wood1 a bit ( cane1 & an ,arab phylact]y4 ,some?+ c be le>n$ ( ! practices ( ! anci5t ,am]icans 9 ! use ( beads & p5dant ornam5ts g5]ally1 by a /udy ( ! rema9s ( _! pa9t+s & sculptures--su*1 = in/ance1 z may be f\nd 9 ! ,goldsbor\gh manuscripts or ! sup]b li?ographs ( ,waldeck1 examples ( :i* are giv5 9 ,plate ,,xlv4 ,9 a numb] ( cases necklaces ( ! m\nd-build]s h be5 f\nd ^u ! necks ( skeletons1 j z !y 7 plac$ at ! "t ( burial4 ,capta9 ,atwat] 9 describ+ ! cont5ts ( a m\nd at ,m>ietta1 ,ohio1 makes ! /atem5t t on ! brea/ ( a skeleton lay a /one ornam5t1 ) two p]=ations1 "o ne> ea* end1 ?r\gh :i* pass$ a /r+1 by means ( :i* x 0 susp5d$ ar\nd ! we>]'s neck4 ,on ! /r+1 :i* 0 made ( s9ew1 & v mu* injur$ by "t1 7 plac$ a great _m beads made ( ivory or bone4#ff ,a simil> necklace is describ$ by ,mr4 ,matson1 9 ! ,ohio ,c5t5nial ,report1 p4 #abg4 ,x 0 f\nd on ! skeleton ( a little girl1 & 0 s made z to be l>g] 9 ! c5t] ( ! neck 9 front1 tap]+ almo/ to a po9t at ! middle ( ! back4 ,on page #abi ( ! same volume mu* m v>i$ uses ( bead ornam5ts are sugge/$4 ,mr4 ,matson describes f\r skeletons1 on ea* ( :i* %ell beads 7 f\nd4 ,9 ?ree cases !y _h be5 plac$ ab\t ! neck only2 9 ! f\r?1 ne>ly ?irty y>ds ( beads _h be5 us$4 ,!re 7 f\r /r&s ab\t ! neck1 cross+ ov] on ! brea/ & back & pass+ d[n betwe5 ! legs4 ,/r+s pass$ d[n ! legs to ! feet1 & 7 also f\nd along ! arms & ar\nd ! wri/s4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( a necklace or /r+ ( p5dants is f\nd to be mu* alike ! _w ov]1 consi/+ ( a /r& ( beads1 small t[>d ! ends & increas+ 9 size t[>d ! middle1 :]e a c5tral bead or p5dant ( peculi> =m or unusual size is plac$4 ,! practices ( mod]n b>b>ians 9 ! employm5t ( beads z ornam5ts are extremely v>i$4 ,!y are employ$ 9 dress+ ! hair1 9 head-dresses & plumes1 & p5dants to ^!2 z p5dants to ! hair1 e>s1 nose1 & lips2 z necklaces & bracelets2 z belts = ! wai/ & sa%es to be ?r[n across ! %\ld]s2 & z anklets & p5d5t ornam5ts to all p>ts ( ! co/ume4 ,fa!r ,rasles1 writ+ ( ! ,abnaki ,indians ( ,canada 9 #agbc1 says3 ,if y wi% to see him 9 all 8 f9]y1 y w f9d he has no o!r ornam5ts b beads2 ^! are a k9d ( %ell or /one1 :i* !y =m into ! %ape ( little gra9s1 "s :ite & o!rs black1 :i* !y /r+ toge!r 9 su* a way z to repres5t diff]5t %[y figures ) great exactness4 ,x is ) ^! beads t our ,indians b9d up & plait _! hair on _! e>s & beh9d2 !y make ( !m p5dants = ! e>s1 coll>s1 g>t]s1 l>ge sa%es ( five or six in*es 9 bread?1 & on ^! k9ds ( ornam5ts !y pride !mselves mu* m ?an a ,european w\ld on all 8 gold & jewelry4#fg ,x is relat$ ( ! ,new ,engl& ,indians t m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago1 !y hung /r+s ( money ab\t _! necks & wri/s1 z also ^u ! necks & wri/s ( _! wives & *ildr54 ,!y also curi\sly make girdles1 ( "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 & five in*es ?ickness1 & m1 ( ?is money2 :i*1 sometimes1 to ! value ( t5 p\nds or m1 !y we> ab\t _! middle1 & z a sc>f ab\t _! %\ld]s & brea/s4 ,yea1 ! pr9ces make ri* caps & aprons1 or small bree*es ( ^! beads1 ?us curi\sly /rung into _m =ms & figures2 _! black & :ite f9ely mix$ toge!r4#fh ,x is fur!r record$ t ! ,new ,engl& ,indians wore e>-r+s & nose-jewels2 bracelets on _! arms & legs1 r+s on _! f+]s1 necklaces made ( highly poli%$ %ells f\nd 9 _! riv]s & on _! coa/s4 ,! females ti$ up _! hair beh9d1 work$ b&s r\nd _! heads & ornam5t$ !m ) %ells & fea!rs1 & wore /r+s ( beads r\nd sev]al p>ts ( _! bodies4 ,r\nd _! moccas9s !y _h %ells & turkey spurs1 to t9kle l little bells z !y walk$4#fi ,! ,indian wom5 ( ! ,new ,ne!rl&s also gave great att5tion to p]sonal decoration4 ,"o writ] /ates t !y ornam5t$ ! l[] bord] ( _! skirts ) great art1 & ne/le ! same ) /rips1 :i* are ta/efully decorat$ ) wampum4 ,! wampum ) :i* "o ( ^! skirts is ornam5t$ is frequ5tly wor? f "o to ?ree hundr$ guild]s4 99 99 99 ,_! head-dress =ms a h&some & lively appe>ance4 ,ar\nd _! necks !y we> v>i\s ornam5ts1 :i* are also decorat$ ) wampum4 ,^? !y e/eem z highly z our ladies d _! pe>l necklaces4 ,!y also we> bead h&-b&s1 or bracelets1 curi\sly wr\ght1 & int]wov5 ) wampum4 ,_! brea/s appe> ab\t half cov]$ ) an elegantly wr\ght dress4 ,!y we> beautiful girdles1 ornam5t$ ) _! favorite wampum1 & co/ly ornam5ts 9 _! e>s4#gj ,smi? /ates1 9 writ+ ( ,p[hatan1 t he f\nd him recl9+ pr\dly ^u a ,b$/ead a foote high1 ^u t5ne or twelve ,mattes1 ri*ly hung ) manie ,*aynes ( great ,pe>les1 ab\t 8 necke1 & cov]$ ) a great ,c\v]+ ( ,rahaughcums1#ga & ! "y wom5 :o surr\nd$ him wore a great ,*a9e ( :ite ,beades ov] _! %\ld]s4#gb ,! foll[+ is f ,wood1 ^: qua9t & graphic descriptions ( ! ,new ,engl& ,indians are always int]e/+3 ,b a ,sagamore ) a ,humb]d 9 8 e>e = a p5dant1 a black hawk on 8 occiput = 8 plume1 ,m[hackees = 8 gold *a9e1 a good /ore ( ,wampompeage begirt+ 8 loynes1 8 b[ 9 8 h&1 8 quiv] at 8 back1 ) six nak$ ,indian spatt]la%es at 8 heels = 8 gu>d1 ?9kes himselfe little inf]ior to ! great ,*am2 he w n /ick to say he is all "o ) ,k+ ,*>les4 ,hee ?9kes hee c bl[ d[n ,ca/les ) 8 brea? & conqu] k+domes ) 8 conceit4#gc ,du ,pratz1 9 speak+ ( ! ,l\isiana ,indians1 says3 ,! wom5's e>-r+s are made ( ! c5t] "p ( a l>ge %ell call$ b+o1 :i* is ab\t ! ?ickness ( "o's little f+]1 & !re is a hole 9 ! e> ab\t t size = hold+ x4#gd ,lewis & ,cl>k f\nd ! ,%o%one ,indians ( ! ,upp] ,miss\ri us+ %ells ( ! pe>l oy/] to decorate ! coll>s ( _! fur tippets4 ,! *ildr5 wore beads ar\nd _! necks2 gr[n p]sons susp5d$ !m 9 little bun*es f ! e>s1 & ! coll>s ( ! m5 7 =m$ ei!r ( sea-%ells f ! s\?we/ or f twi/$ grass ) porcup9e quills4#ge ,among ! ,c>ri] ,indians ( ! ,nor?we/ bo? sexes p]=ate _! noses1 & f !m ! m5 (t5 susp5d an ornam5t consi/+ ( a piece ( an oy/] %ell or a small piece ( brass or copp]4 ,! wom51 p>ticul>ly ^? :o are "y1 run a wood5 p9 ?r\gh _! noses1 ^u ea* end ( :i* !y fix a k9d ( %ell bead1 :i* is ab\t an in* & a half long1 & ne>ly ! size ( ! /em ( a common clay pipe4 ,^! beads !y obta9 f _! neighbors1 ! ,at-e-ns1 :o pur*ase !m f ano!r tribe t is said to take !m f ! sea-%ore1 :]e !y are report$ to be f\nd 9 pl5ty4 ,x is also /at$ ( ! same ,indians t ! "y wom5 & girls we> a p>cel ( ,european beads1 /rung toge!r & ti$ to a lock ( hair directly beh9d ea* e>4 ,! m5 h a sort ( coll> ( ! %ell beads already m5tion$1 :i* !y w9d ab\t _! heads or ?r[ ar\nd _! necks4#gf ,! absurd extreme to :i* ?is passion = ornam5t is c>ri$ is well illu/rat$ by an example giv5 by ,swan1 :o1 speak+ ( ! tribes nor? ( ! ,columbia ,riv]1 says t "s ( ^! girls ,i h se5 ) ! :ole rim ( _! e>s bor$ full ( holes1 into ea* ( :i* w\ld be ins]t$ a /r+ ( ^! %ells t rea*$ to ! floor1 & ! :ole weigh+ s heavy t1 to save _! e>s f be+ pull$ (f1 !y 7 oblig$ to we> a b& across ! top ( ! head4#gg ,:51 h[ev]1 beads are f\nd 9 ! graves 9 quantity1 by ?\s&s or t5s ( ?\s&s1 we %all probably h to attribute to !m o!r ?an ornam5tal uses4 ,capta9 ,tom1 ( ! ,ni%9am tribe ( ,cali=nia1 accord+ to ,p[]s1#gh _h ne>ly a half bu%el ( %ell beads & tr9kets4 ,"o /r+ ( ^!1 worn by 8 wife on special occasions1 conta9$ sixte5 hundr$ pieces2 b ^! treasures 7 ho>d$ because ( _! value z money r ?an z ornam5ts4 ,! wampum belts us$ by _m ( ! tribes ( ,indians are kn[n to conta9 enorm\s numb]s ( beads4 ,"o ( ! hi/orical belts kept by ! ,onondagas among _! treasures conta9s ne>ly t5 ?\s& beads4 ,! fam\s belt ( ,william ,p5n has ab\t ?ree ?\s&4 ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 9 8 ,prehi/oric ,times1 expresses surprise at ! great numb] ( beads sometimes f\nd1 in/anc+ ! ,grave ,creek m\nd ( ,virg9ia1 :i* conta9$ betwe5 ?ree & f\r ?\s&4 ,?is numb] w1 h[ev]1 appe> v insignificant :5 comp>$ ) a collection su* z ! co/ume ( ! great ,k+ ,philip c\ld h furni%$4 ,drake relates t ,philip _h a coat made all ( wampampeag1 :i*1 :5 9 ne$ ( money1 he cuts to pieces1 & di/ributes x pl5tifully among ! ,nipmoog sa*ems & o!rs1 z well to ! ea/w>d z s\?w>d1 & all r\nd ab\t4#gi ,by add+ to ?is /ore ( beads ! cont5ts ( two belts1 "o ( :i* 0 n9e in*es 9 bread?1 & s long t :5 plac$ ^u ! %\ld]s x rea*$ to ! ankles1 we conclude t ! greate/ collection ev] tak5 f a prehi/oric m\nd c\ld n comp>e = a mom5t ) ! treasure ( ?is "o hi/oric *iefta94 ,a great deal ( art is %[n 9 ! /r++ & m\nt+ ( beads4 ,! simple/ =m is a s+le /r&1 a twi/$ /r+ ( vegetable fib]1 a /rip ( bucksk91 or a bit ( s9ew be+ pass$ ?r\gh ! p]=ations4 ,aga91 r[s ( /r&s are plac$ side by side & fa/5$ at int]vals 9 su* a mann] z to keep !m approximately p>allel1 or ! beads :5 long are put on equidi/ant cross /r&s1 ! longitud9al /r&s s]v+ to keep !m 9 place2 !y are also wov5 into ! fabric by be+ m\nt$ ^u "o ( ! /r&s be=e twi/+4 ,x is also a v usual practice to sew !m on /rips ( clo? or bucksk91 patt]ns be+ produc$ by us+ beads ( diff]5t colors4 ,! mann] ( /r++ 9 ! manufacture ( belts w be giv5 9 detail "u ,mnemonic ,uses ( ,beads4 ,,beads ,,z ,,curr5cy4 ,x w probably be impossible to prove t ! prehi/oric peoples ( ,nor? ,am]ica employ$ a m$ium ( ex*ange 9 a mann] correspond+ to our use ( money4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact1 h[ev]1 t a curr5cy ( %ell beads 0 9 g5]al use ?r\gh\t ! ,atlantic coa/ region v e>ly 9 ! hi/oric p]iod4 ,( all objects )9 ! rea* ( savage peoples1 %ells1 ei!r 9 _! natural =ms or 9 fragm5ts artificially fa%ion$ = conv5i5ce ( use1 are ! be/ adapt$ = su* a purpose4 ,9 exam9+ ! cont5ts ( anci5t cemet]ies & m\nds :]e all objects ( value 7 to "s ext5t deposit$1 we f9d no o!r relics t c\ld h be5 conv5i5tly us$ = su* a purpose4 ,x is n probable t objects subject to rapid decay1 su* z wood1 fruits1 & se$s1 c\ld ev] h come into g5]al use = money1 al?\gh su* objects are employ$ to "s ext5t by savages 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! unlimit$ supply or easy manufacture ( ^! objects w\ld be aga9/ _! use = ?is purpose1 :]eas ! difficulty ( %ap+ & p]=at+ ! fl9ty sub/ance ( %ells w\ld prev5t su* a pl5tiful production z to de/roy ! /&>d ( value4 ,objects & sub/ances hav+ a fairly uni=m value1 result+ f _! utilit>ian attributes1 h be5 employ$ by primitive peoples z /&>ds ( value2 z1 = in/ance1 cattle1 9 anci5t ,rome2 salt1 9 ,assyria2 t91 9 ,brita91 & cocoa1 9 ,mexico4 ,b su* m$iums ( ex*ange are local 9 use4 ,) ^! articles ?is function is only accid5tal4 ,! utilization ( %ells = money w\ld naturally orig9ate f ! trade aris+ f _! use z ut5sils & ornam5ts 9 di/ricts remote f ! s\rce ( supply4 ,yield+ 9 ! work$ /ate a limit$ supply1 & at ! same "t fill+ a con/ant dem&1 !y =m$ a natural curr5cy1 _! univ]sal employm5t = purposes ( ornam5t giv+ !m a fix$ & uni=m value4 ,!y h und\bt$ly be5 greatly priz$ by ! anci5t peoples1 b on ! "p ( ! op5-h&$ savage !y 7 probably valu$ m z p]sonal ornam5ts ?an z a means ( gratify+ av>ici\s prop5sities4 ,lewis ,h4 ,morgan1 :o _h access to all ! s\rces ( in=mation on ! subject1 says t wampum has frequ5tly be5 call$ ! money ( ! ,indian2 b !re is no suffici5t reason = suppos+ t !y ev] made x an exclusive curr5cy1 or a curr5cy 9 any s5se1 m ?an silv] or o!r ornam5ts4 ,all p]sonal ornam5ts1 & mo/ o!r articles ( p]sonal prop]ty1 pass$ f h& to h& at a fix$ value2 b !y appe> to h _h no common /&>d ( value until !y f\nd x 9 our curr5cy4 ,if wampum _h be5 _! curr5cy x w\ld h _h a settl$ value1 to :i* all o!r articles w\ld h be5 ref]r$4 ,!re is no d\bt t x came ne>] to a curr5cy ?an any o!r species ( prop]ty among !m1 because its uses 7 s g5]al1 & its transit f h& to h& s easy1 t ev]yone c\ld be said to ne$ x4 ,yet he admits t ! use ( wampum rea*es back to a remote p]iod ^u ?is cont95t2 & fur!r1 t x 0 an orig9al ,indian notion :i* prevail$ among ! ,iriquois z e>ly at lea/ z ! =mation ( ! ,league4 ,he goes on to /ate t ! primitive wampum ( ! ,iriquois consi/$ ( /r+s ( a small fre%-wat] spiral %ell call$ 9 ! ,s5eca dialect ,ote ko-1 ! "n ( :i* has be5 be/[$ ^u ! mod]n wampum4#hj ,loskiel says t be=e ! ,europeans came to ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! ,indians us$ to make /r+s ( wampom *iefly ( small pieces ( wood ( equal size1 /a9$ ei!r black or :ite4 ,few 7 made ( muscle1 :i* 7 e/eem$ v valuable & difficult to make2 =1 n hav+ prop] tools1 !y sp5t mu* "t 9 f9i%+ !m1 & yet _! "w _h a clumsy appe>ance4#ha ,hut*9son is ( ! op9ion t ! ,indians resid5t nor!a/w>d ( ! prov9ce ( ,new ,york _h orig9ally no k ( ?is sort ( money or m$ium ( trade4#hb ,! great body ( our hi/orical evid5ce goes to %[1 h[ev]1 t a curr5cy ( %ell 0 9 use among ! ,atlantic coa/ tribes :5 fir/ enc\nt]$ by ! ,europeans4 ,?omas ,morton1 9 speak+ ( ! ,indians ( ,new ,engl& z f> back z #afcj1 says t !y h a k9de ( beads 9 /e$e ( money to buy )al su* ?+s z !y want1 :i* !y call wampampeak2 & x is ( two sorts1 ! "o is :ite & ! o!r is a violet col\re4 ,^! are made ( ! %ells ( fi%e2 ! :ite ) !m is z silv] ) u1 ! o!r z our g\ld1 & = ^! beads !y buy & sell1 n only among/ !mselves1 b ev5 ) u4 ,we h us$ to sell !m any ( our commodities = ?is wampampeak1 because we "k we c h beav] aga9 f !m = x3 & ^! beads are curr5t 9 all p>ts ( ,new ,engl&1 f "o end ( ! coa/ to ! o!r1 & al?\gh "s h endeav\r$ by example to h ! l made1 ( ! same k9de ( %els1 yet none has ev]1 z yet1 obta9$ to any p]fection 9 ! composure ( !m1 b ! ,savages h f\nd a great diff]5ce to be 9 ! "o & ! o!r2 & h kn[ne ! c\nt]fett beads f ^? ( _! owne mak+ & doe slight !m4#hc ,accord+ to ,rog] ,williams also1 ! ,indians ( ,new ,engl&1 z f> back z 8 obs]vations ext5d1 7 engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( %ell money z a well-e/abli%$ indu/ry4 ,x seems altoge!r impossible t su* a cu/om %\ld h be5 successfully introduc$ by ! ,engli%1 z ! ,indian is well kn[n to be av]se to any?+ l labor except+ 9 8 traditional occupations ( w> & ! *ase1 & if ! :ites _h introduc$ x1 w\ld c]ta9ly h look$ to !m = a supply by means ( trade 9 sk9s & game r ?an apply himself to a new & /range art4 ,rog] ,williams says t !y t live ^u ! ,sea side g5]ally make ( x1 & z _m z !y w4 ,! ,indians br+ d[ne all _! sorts ( ,furs1 :i* !y take 9 ! c\ntrey1 bo? to ! ,indians & to ! ,engli% = ?is ,indian ,money3 ?is ,money ! ,engli%1 ,fr5* & ,dut*1 trade to ! ,indians1 six hundr$ miles 9 sev]all ports 7nor? & s\? f ,new ,engl&7 = _! ,furres1 & :atsoev] !y /& 9 ne$ ( f !m4 ,_! me?ods 7 also aborig9al1 ano!r indication t ! art 0 n ( ,european introduction2 & ,williams /ates t be=e ev] !y _h awle blades f ,europe1 !y made %ift to bore _! %ell money ) /ones4#hd ,t wampum 0 also manufactur$ f>!r s\? we le>n f ,l9d/rm1 :o is writ+ ( ! ,indians ( ,new ,sw$53 ,_! money is made ( %ells1 :ite1 black1 & r$1 work$ into beads1 & neatly turn$ & smoo!d2 "o p]son1 h[ev]1 _c make m 9 a day ?an ! value ( six or eight /iv]s4 ,:5 ^! beads are worn out1 s t !y _c be /rung neatly1 & ev5 on "o ?read1 !y no long] consid] !m good4 ,_! way ( /r++ !m is to rub ! :ole ?read full ( !m on _! noses2 if !y f9d x slides smoo? & ev51 l glass beads1 !n !y are consid]$ good1 o!rwise !y break & ?r[ !m away4#he ,al?\gh ,bev]ly did n write until ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 8 /atem5ts are probably bas$ ^u accurate in=mation4 ,speak+ ( ! ,virg9ia ,indians1 he says t !y _h no?+ :i* !y reckon$ ri*es be=e ! ,engli% w5t among !m1 except ,peak1 ,ro5oke1 & su*-l trifles made out ( ! ,cunk ,%ell4 ,^! pa/ ) !m in/ead ( ,gold & ,silv]1 & s]v'd !m bo? = ,money & ,ornam5t4 ,x 0 ! ,engli% alone t taught !m fir/ to put a value on _! ,sk9s & ,furs1 & to make a ,trade ( !m4#hf ,f ,lawson1 :o wrote 9 #agad1 b ^: /atem5ts des]ve consid]ation1 we also le>n t ! money ( ! ,c>ol9a ,indians is all made ( %ells :i* are f\nd on ! coa/ ( ,c>ol9a1 :i* are v l>ge & h>d s t !y are v difficult to cut4 ,"s ,engli% smi?s h tri$ to drill ?is sort ( %ell-money1 & !reby ?\ght to get an advantage2 b x prov$ s h>d t no?+ c\ld be ga9$4#hg ,speak+ ( its use & value 9 ,new ,york1 he rem>ks t an ,engli%man c\ld n af=d to make s mu* ( ?is wampum = five or t5 times ! value2 = x is made out ( a va/ great %ell1 ( :i* t c\ntry af=ds pl5ty2 :]e x is gr\nd small] ?an ! small end ( a tobacco pipe1 or a l>ge :eat /raw4 99 99 99 ,?is ! ,indians gr9d on /ones & o!r ?+s until !y make x curr5t1 b ! drill+ is ! mo/ difficult to ! ,engli%man1 :i* ! ,indians manage ) a nail /uck 9 a cane or re$4 ,?us !y roll x cont9ually on _! ?ighs ) _! "r h&1 hold+ ! bit ( %ell ) _! left2 s1 9 "t1 !y drill a hole q ?r\gh x :i* is a v t$i\s "w2 b especially 9 mak+ _! ronoak1 f\r ( :i* w sc>ce make "o l5g? ( wampum4 ,! ,indians are a p t nev] value _! "t1 s t !y c af=d to make !m1 & nev] ne$ to fe> ! ,engli% w take ! trade out ( _! h&s4 ,?is is ! money ) :i* y may buy sk9s1 furs1 slaves1 or any?+ ! ,indians h2 x be+ _! mammon 7z our money is to u7 t entices & p]suades !m to d any?+1 & "p ) ev]y?+ !y possess1 except _! *ildr5 = slaves4 ,z = _! wives1 !y are (t5 sold & _! daught]s violat$ = x4 ,) ?is !y buy (f murd]s2 & :atsoev] a man c d t is ill1 ?is wampum w quit him ( & make him1 9 _! op9ion1 good & virtu\s1 ?\gh nev] s black be=e4#hh ,adair confirms ! /atem5ts made by ^! writ]s1 & adds emphasis to ! fact t ! %ell beads _h1 among ! ,*]okees & o!r s\!rn ,indians1 a fix$ value z curr5cy4 ,) ^! !y b\ght & sold at a /at$ curr5t rate1 )\t ! lea/ v>iation = circum/ances ei!r ( "t or place2 & n[ !y w he> no?+ pati5tly ( loss or ga91 or all[ u to height5 ! price ( our goods1 be our reasons ev] s /rong1 or ?\gh ! exig5cies & *anges ( "t may require x4#hi ,we f9d pl5tiful evid5ce 9 ! /ories ( ! e>ly ,spani% adv5tur]s t beads made f sea %ells 7 held 9 high e/eem by ! ,indians ( ! s\?1 b1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 !re is no /atem5t indicat+ t !y =m$ a well-regulat$ m$ium ( ex*ange4 ,9 reg>d to ! manufacture ( wampum by ! :ites1 ! foll[+ quotations w be in/ructive3 ,_m p at ,albany make ! wampum ( ! ,indians1 :i* is _! ornam5t & _! money1 by gr9d+ "s k9ds ( %ells & muscles2 ?is is a consid]able pr(it to ! inhabitants4#ij ,besides ! ,europeans1 _m ( ! native ,indians come annually d[n to ! sea %ore1 9 ord] to cat* clams1 proce$+ ) !m aft]w>ds 9 ! mann] ,i h j describ$4 ,! %ells ( ^! clams are us$ by ! ,indians z money1 & make :at !y call _! wampum3 !y likewise s]ve _! wom5 z an ornam5t1 :5 !y int5d to appe> 9 full dress4 ,^! wampums are prop]ly made ( ! purple p>ts ( ! %ells1 :i* ! ,indians value m ?an ! :ite p>ts4 ,a travell]1 :o goes to trade ) ! ,indians1 & is well /ock$ ) !m1 may become a consid]able ga9]2 b if he take gold co91 or bullion1 he w und\bt$ly be a los]2 = ! ,indians1 :o live f>!r up ! c\ntry1 put little or no value ^u ^! metals :i* we reckon s preci\s1 z ,i h frequ5tly obs]v$ 9 ! c\rse ( my travels4 ,! ,indians =m]ly made _! own wampums1 ?\gh n )\t a deal ( tr\ble3 b at pres5t ! ,europeans employ !mselves t way2 especially ! inhabitants ( ,albany1 :o get a consid]able pr(it by x4 ,9 ! sequel ,i int5d to relate ! mann] ( mak+ wampum4#ia ,! article 0 highly priz$ z an ornam5t1 & z su* con/itut$ an article ( trafic betwe5 ! sea-coa/ & ! int]ior tribes4 99 99 99 ,! old wampum 0 made by h&1 & 0 an exce$+ly rude article4 ,aft] ! discov]y1 ! ,dut* introduc$ ! la! 9 its manufacture1 poli%$ & p]=at$ x ) exactness1 & soon _h ! monopoly ( ! trade4 ,! pr9cipal place ( its manufacture 0 at ,hack5sak1 9 ,new ,j]sey4 ,! pr9cipal deposit ( sea %ells 0 ,long ,isl&1 :]e ! ext5sive %ell banks left by ! ,indians1 on :i* x is difficult to f9d a :ole %ell1 %[ ! imm5se quantities t 7 manufactur$4#ib ,! "n wampum is (t5 appli$ to %ell beads indiscrim9ately1 b frequ5tly has a m re/rict$ significance1 ref]r+ to ! small cyl9drical v>ieties us$ 9 /r+s & belts4 ,x 0 kn[n fir/ 9 ,new ,engl& z wampumpeag1 wampompeage1 peag1 wompam & wampum2 ! ,dut* ( ,new ,sw$5 knew x z seawan1 sewant1 & seawant1 :ile on ! ,virg9ia coa/1 x 0 call$ peak1 a r\ghly made discoidal v>iety be+ kn[n z ronoak or ro5oke1 & heavy flatti% beads pi]c$ edgeways 7 call$ runtees4 ,x is probable t all ( ^! names are ,am]ican 9 orig91 al?\gh !re is "s diff]5ce ( op9ion z to _! d]ivation4 ,loskiel says t wampom is an ,iroquois ^w mean+ muscle1 b accord+ to ,morgan1 :o is probably ! be/ mod]n au?ority on ?is subject1 ! ^w wampum is n ,iroquois 9 orig9 b ,algonk91 z x 0 fir/ kn[n 9 ,new ,engl& z wampumpeage4 ,rog] ,williams1 speak+ ( ! money ( ! ,new ,engl& ,indians1 probably ! ,n>ragansetts 7,algonk971 says t _! :ite !y call ,wompam 7:i* signifies :ite72 _! black ,suckanhock 7,scki1 signify+ black74 ,9 ano!r place he gives ! ^w wompi = :ite4 ,wood m5tions two v>ieties ( beads kn[n 9 ,new ,engl& wampompeage & m[hackees4 ,! latt] is probably d]iv$ f m[su1 :i*1 accord+ to ,williams1 also signifies black4 ,x w\ld seem t we h b little evid5ce ( ! anci5t use ( %ell money among/ ! tribes ( ! ,mississippi ,valley or ! ,pacific coa/2 yet we are n )\t pro(s t x came into use at a v e>ly date ?r\gh\t ! entire ,we/1 & ev5 today ! cu/om is by no means obsolete4 ,! anci5t burial places ( ! ,pacific coa/ are f\nd to conta9 l>ge quantities ( beads precisely simil> to ^? n[ us$ z money by ! coa/ tribes4 ,lewis & ,cl>k1 speak+ ( traffic among ! ,indians ( ! ,columbia ,riv]1 /ate t %ell beads are held 9 v high e/eem by ^! p1 & t to procure !m !y w sacrifice _! la/ article ( clo?+ or _! la/ m\?ful ( food4 ,indep5d5tly ( _! fondness = !m z an ornam5t ^! beads are ! m$ium ( trade by :i* !y obta9 f ! ,indians /ill high] up ! riv]1 robes1 sk9s1 *appel$ bread1 be> grass4#ic ,! ,d5talium %ell has always be5 ! favorite curr5cy ( ! peoples ( ! ,nor?we/ & is highly valu$1 especially by ! inl& tribes4 ,x is frequ5tly f\nd 9 anci5t graves at great di/ances f ! sea-%ore4 ,a few specim5s h be5 f\nd 9 burial places 9 ! ,ohio ,valley1 b we h no means ( det]m9+ ! s\rce f :i* !y 7 d]iv$4 ,z ! mod]n use ( ?is curr5cy has b little ar*ologic int]e/1 ,i w n enl>ge ^u ! subject "h4 ,= fur!r in=mation ! read] is ref]r$ to ! foll[+ au?ors3 ,j4 ,k4 ,"l1 ,! ,naturali/ 9 ,briti% ,columbia1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bj to #bf2 ,r4 ,e4 ,c4 ,/e>ns 9 ! ,am]ican ,naturali/1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,no4 #a1 & 9 proce$+s ( ! ,cali=nia ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,vol4 ,v1 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #aac2 ,w4 ,h4 ,pratt 9 proce$+s ( ! ,dav5port ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,"p ,i1 p4 #ch2 & ,/eph5 ,p[]s 9 ,vol4 #c1 ,contributions to ,nor? ,am]ican ,e?nology1 pp4 #ba1 #bd1 #cj4 ,,mnemonic ,,use ,,( ,,beads4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable cu/oms practic$ by ! ,am]ican ,indians is f\nd 9 ! mnemonic use ( wampum4 ,?is cu/om _h 9 x a g]m ( great promise1 "o :i* mu/ 9 "t h become a p[]ful ag5t 9 ! evolution ( art & le>n+4 ,x 0 a nucleus ab\t :i* all ! elem5ts ( culture c\ld arrange !mselves4 ,i %all n at pres5t und]take to dive/ ! cu/om ( adv5titi\s features su* z h be5 introduc$ by contact ) ,european influ5ce4 ,yet !re is no reason to fe> t any ( ! important or ess5tial features h be5 d]iv$ f outside s\rces4 ,x is n possible f any kn[n records to demon/rate ! great antiquity ( ?is use ( wampum4 ,x does n seem probable1 h[ev]1 t a cu/om s unique & s wide-spread c\ld h gr[n up )9 ! hi/oric p]iod2 nor is x probable t a practice =eign to ! g5ius ( tradition-lov+ races c\ld h become s well e/abli%$ & s de> to _! he>ts 9 a few g5]ations4 ,mnemonic records are kn[n to h come into use among _m nations at a v e>ly /age ( culture4 ,picture writ+ z develop$ 9 ! nor? is b ano!r =m ( mnemonic record1 a fact1 a ?\ght1 a v]se ( a song be+ associat$ ) an ideographic design1 m or less sugge/ive ( ! subject4 ,! ,p]uvians _h _! quipus1 9 :i* ! record 0 made by associat+ ?+s to be rememb]$ ) knots made 9 cords ( diff]5t colors1 ea* comb9ation hav+ a fix$ association4 ,! ,mexicans _h gone fur!r & _h a*iev$ a sy/em ( picture writ+ t 0 v unique & curi\s1 9 :i* a phonetic elem5t _h already made its appe>ance1 :ile ! ,mayas c\ld boa/ ! discov]y ( a true phonetic sy/em ) an alphabet ( tw5ty-sev5 s\nds4 ,! mnemonic use ( wampum is "o :i*1 ,i imag9e1 might readily develop f ! practice ( gift giv+ & ! ex*ange ( tok5s ( fri5d%ip1 su* mem5tos be+ pres]v$ = future ref]5ce z rem9d]s ( promises ( assi/ance or protection4 ,9 "t ! use ( su* mem5tos w\ld develop into a sy/em capable ( record+ affairs ( v>i$ & complicat$ nature2 p>ticul> facts or features ( treaties w\ld be assign$ to p>ticul> objects1 or portions ( objects4 ,) ?is mu* accompli%$1 b "o /ep 0 necess>y to ! atta9m5t ( a hi]oglyphic sy/em--! p]man5t association ( a s+le object or sign ) a p>ticul> idea4 ,! wampum records ( ! ,iroquois 7 g5]ally 9 ! =m ( belts1 ! beads be+ /rung or wov5 into patt]ns =m$ by ! use ( diff]5t colors4 ,by association simply !y 7 made to record hi/ory1 laws1 treaties1 & spee*es--a fact1 a law1 a /ipulation1 or a decl>ation be+ talk$ into a p>ticul> "p or patt]n ( ! design ) :i* x 0 ev] aft]w>ds associat$1 ?us giv+ additional p]man5cy to tradition & br++ x "o /ep fur!r =w>d 9 ! direction ( writt5 records4 ,su* records 71 ( c\rse1 q useless )\t ! ag5cy ( an int]pret]4 ,among ! ,iroquois1 accord+ to ,morgan1 "o ( ! ,onondaga sa*ems 0 made h]$it>y keep] ( wampum1 ^: duty x 0 to be ?or\ghly v]s$ 9 its int]pretation4 ,b k ( ! cont5ts ( ^! records 0 n conf9$ to ! keep]1 or ev5 to ! sa*ems4 ,at a c]ta9 season ea* ye> ! belts 7 tak5 f ! treasure-h\se & expos$ to ! :ole tribe1 :ile ! hi/ory & import ( ea* 0 publicly recit$4 ,?is cu/om is kept up to ! pres5t day4 ,x is record$ by ,rutt5b] t among ! ,mohicans a c]ta9 sa*em _h *>ge ( ! bag ( peace :i* conta9$ ! wampum belts & /r+s us$ 9 e/abli%+ peace & fri5d%ip ) ! diff]5t nations4#id ,aside f records wampum 0 us$ 9 ! =m ( /r+s & belts = a v>iety ( purposes2 "s ( !m 7 probably mnemonic1 o!rs only p>tially s1 be+ bas$ ei!r ^u its association ) ! "n ( "s *ief or clan1 or ^u a semi-sacr$ "* result+ f its important uses4 ,x 0 employ$ 9 summon+ c\ncils1 & ! mess5g] :o j\rney$ f tribe to tribe f\nd 9 x a well recogniz$ passport4 ,:5 a c\ncil 0 call$ x 0 pres5t$ by ! delegates f ! v>i\s tribes z _! cr$5tials2 x 0 us$ 9 ! c]emony ( op5+ & clos+ c\ncils1 z 0 also ! calumet2 x assi/$ 9 solemniz+ oa?s & 9 absolv+ f !m2 :ite1 x 0 a mess5g] ( peace2 black1 x ?reat5$ w>1 & cov]$ ) clay1 x express$ grief4 ,:ite wampum 0 ! ,iroquois emblem ( purity & fai?1 x 0 hung ar\nd ! neck ( ! :ite dog be=e x 0 burn$2 x 0 us$ be=e ! p]iodical religi\s fe/ivals = ! confession ( s9s1 no confession be+ reg>d$ z s9c]e unless record$ ) :ite wampum2 fur!r ?an ?is1 x 0 ! cu/om>y (f]+ 9 condonation ( murd]1 al?\gh ! purple 0 sometimes employ$4 ,six /r+s 0 ! value ( a life1 or ! quantity s5t 9 condonation1 = ! wampum 0 r s5t z a regretful confession ( ! crime1 ) a petition = =giv5ess1 ?an z ! actual price ( blood4#ie ,we readily recognize ! influ5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian mission>y 9 a numb] ( ^! symbolic uses ( wampum4 ,! lit]ature ( wampum w\ld fill a volume1 b ,i =be> pres5t+ m ?an w give an outl9e ( ! subject1 conf9+ myself to su* quotations z w s]ve to %[ cle>ly ! ext5t & importance ( ?is anci5t cu/om & its att5dant practices4 ,! me?od ( h&l+ ! belts ( wampum 9 ! pres5ce ( c]emonial assemblies is extremely int]e/+1 & _c be bett] pres5t$ ?an 9 ! words ( eye-witnesses4 ,! foll[+ is quot$ f ,brice1 :o is describ+ a c\ncil held 9 ! ,musk+um ,valley 9 #agfd3 ,an ,indian c\ncil1 on solemn occasions1 0 always op5$ ) prelim9>y =ms1 suffici5tly we>isome & t$i\s1 b made indisp5sable by immemorial cu/om1 = ?is p are z mu* b\nd by _! conv5tional usages z ! mo/ artificial *ildr5 ( civilization4 ,! =ms 7 v>i$1 to "s ext5t1 accord+ to ! imag9ation ( ! speak]1 b 9 all ess5tial respects !y 7 closely simil> ?r\gh\t ! tribes ( ! ,algonk9 & ,iroquois l9eage4 ,!y run some:at z foll[s1 ea* s5t5ce be+ pron\nc$ ) great solemnity1 & confirm$ by ! deliv]y ( a wampum belt3 ',bro!rs1 ) ?is belt ,i op5 y\r e>s t y may he>2 ,i remove grief & sorr[ f y\r he>ts2 ,i draw f y\r feet ! ?orns t pi]c$ !m z y j\rney$ ?i!r2 ,i clean ! seats ( ! c\ncil-h\se1 t y may sit at ease2 ,i wa% y\r head & body1 t y\r spirits may be refre%$2 ,i condole ) y on ! loss ( ! fri5ds :o h di$ s9ce we la/ met2 ,i wipe out any blood :i* may h be5 spilt betwe5 u4' ,?is c]emony1 :i*1 by ! deliv]y ( s _m belts ( wampum1 entail$ no small exp5se1 0 nev] us$ except on ! mo/ important occasions2 & at ! c\ncils ) ,colonel ,b\quet ! angry w>riors seem :olly to h disp5s$ ) x4 99 99 99 ,& 8 memory 0 refre%$ by belts ( wampum1 :i* he deliv]$ aft] e clause 9 8 h>angue1 z a pl$ge ( ! s9c]ity & tru? ( 8 words4 ,^! belts 7 c>efully pres]v$ by ! he>]s z a sub/itute = writt5 records1 a use = :i* !y 7 ! bett] adapt$1 z !y 7 (t5 work$ 9 hi]oglyphics express+ ! mean+ !y 7 design$ to pres]ve4 ,?us at a treaty ( peace ! pr9cipal belt (t5 bore ! figure ( an ,indian & a :ite man hold+ a *a9 betwe5 !m4#if ,f an acc\nt ( a c\ncil held by ! ,five ,nations at ,onondaga ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s ago1 to :i* ! gov]nor ( ,canada s5t f\r repres5tatives1 ,i make ! foll[+ extract3 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ! proce$+s ,cannehoot1 a ,s5eca sa*em1 pres5t$ a propos$ treaty betwe5 ! ,wagunhas & ! ,s5ecas1 speak+ z foll[s3 ',we come to jo9 ! two bodies into "o4 99 99 99 ,we come to le>n wisdom ( ! ,s5ecas 7giv+ a belt74 ,we by ?is belt wipe away ! te>s f ! eyes ( y\r fri5ds1 ^: relations h be5 kill$ 9 ! w>4 ,we likewise wipe ! pa9t f y\r soldi]s' faces 7giv+ a second belt74 ,we ?r[ aside ! ax :i* ,yonondio put into our h&s by ?is ?ird belt4' ,a r$ m>ble sun is pres5t$--a pipe made ( r$ m>ble4 ',yonondio is drunk2 we wa% our h&s clean f 8 actions 7giv+ a f\r? belt74 99 99 99 ,we h twelve ( y\r nation prison]s2 !y %all be br\ght home 9 ! spr+ 7giv+ a belt to confirm ! promise74 ,we w br+ y\r prison]s home :5 ! /rawb]ries %all be 9 blossom1 at :i* "t we int5d to visit ,corle> 7! gov]nor ( ,new ,york71 & see ! place :]e wampum is made4' ,! belts 7 accept$ by ! ,five ,nations1 & _! acceptance 0 a ratification ( ! treaty4 ,a l>ge belt 0 also giv5 to ! mess5g]s f ,albany z _! %>e4 ,a wampum belt s5t f ,albany 01 9 ! same mann]1 hung up & aft]w>ds divid$4#ig ,?is indicates a mo/ extravagant use ( belts2 b s9ce x is probable t z _m 7 receiv$ 9 return ?is 0 a matt] ( little importance4 ,! great pr(usion ( wampum us$ 9 "s ( ! lat] treaties is a matt] ( surprise4 ,9 a c\ncil held betwe5 f\r ,indian ambassadors f ,new ,engl& & ! ,fr5* ?irty-six f9e l>ge belts 7 giv5 by ! ambassadors to ?ank !m t _! p _h n be5 treat$ ) ho/ility4#ih ,! app5dix to ! second volume ( ,pr\d's ,hi/ory ( ,p5nsylvania conta9s ! j\rnals ( ,fr$]ick ,*ri/ian ,po/1 :o 0 s5t by ,gov]nor ,d5ny1 9 #ageh1 to make a treaty ) ! ,alleghany ,indians2 & 9 deliv]+ ! gov]nor's answ] to ! *iefs1 on 8 second visit 9 ! same ye>1 aft] propos+ to !m to unite 9 a treaty ( peace :i* _h lately be5 conclud$ ) ! ,indians at ,ea/on1 & produc+ sundry belts1 "o ( :i* 0 m>k$ ) figures repres5t+ ! ,engli% & ! ,indians deliv]+ ! peace-belt to "o ( ! commission]s1 he proce$s to say3 ',bre?r5 on ! ,ohio1 if y take ! belts we j n[ gave y1 z we d n d\bt y w1 !n by ?is belt'--produc+ ano!r & us+ _! figurative /yle ( spee*--',i make a road = y1 & invite y to come to ,philadelphia1 to y\r fir/ old c\ncil-fire1 :i* we rek9dle up aga91 & remove disputes1 & r5ew ! fir/ old treaties ( fri5d%ip4 ,?is is a cle> & op5 road = y2 !re=e1 fe> no?+1 & come to u ) z _m z c be ( ! ,delaw>es1 ,%awanese1 or ! ,six ,nations2 we w be glad to see y2 we desire all tribes & nations ( ,indians :o are 9 alliance ) y may come4' ,:]eupon a l>ge :ite belt1 ) ! figure ( a man at ea* end & /reaks ( black repres5t+ ! road f ! ,ohio to ,philadelphia1 0 !n giv5 to !m4#ii ,lafitau1 ^: /atem5ts are consid]$ unusually tru/wor?y1 z !y 7 bas$ *iefly on p]sonal obs]vation ( ! ,indian tribes ( ,canada1 gives ! foll[+ v in/ructive acc\nt ( ! mnemonic use ( wampum3 ,all affairs are conduct$ by means ( bran*es /r+s & necklaces belts ( porcela9 wampum :i* ) !m take ! place ( compacts1 writt5 agreem5ts1 & contracts4 99 99 99 ,! %ell1 :i* is us$ = affairs ( /ate1 is work$ into little cyl9d]s ( a qu>t] ( an in* 9 l5g? & l>ge 9 proportion4 ,!y are di/ribut$ 9 two ways1 9 /r+s & 9 belts4 ,! /r+s are compos$ ( cyl9d]s ?read$ )\t ord] "o aft] ano!r1 l ! beads ( a ros>y2 ! beads are usually q :ite1 & are us$ = affairs ( little consequ5ce1 or z a prep>ation = o!r m consid]able pres5ts4#ajj ,! belts are l>ge b&s1 9 :i* little :ite & purple cyl9d]s are dispos$ 9 r[s1 & ti$ d[n ) small ?ongs ( lea!r1 :i* makes a v neat fabric4 ,! l5g? & size & color are proportion$ to ! importance ( ! affair4 ,! usual belts are ( elev5 r[s ( a hundr$ & eighty beads ea*4 ,! 'fisk1' or public treasure1 consi/s pr9cipally ( ^! belts1 :i*1 z ,i h said1 ) !m1 take ! place ( contracts1 ( public acts1 & ( annals or regi/]s4 ,= ! savages1 hav+ no writ+ or lett]s1 & !re=e f9d+ !mselves soon =gett+ ! transactions t occur among !m f "t to "t1 supply ?is defici5cy by mak+ = !mselves a local memory by means ( words :i* !y atta* to ^! belts1 ( :i* ea* "o ref]s to "s p>ticul> affair1 or "s circum/ance1 :i* x repres5ts :ile x exi/s4 ,!y are s mu* consecrat$ to ?is use t besides ! "n ,gaonni1 :i* is _! "n = ! k9d ( belts mo/ us$1 !y be/[ t ( ,g>ihona1 :i* means a transaction2 t ( ,ga\5da1 voice or ^w1 & ( ,gai&]5f]a1 :i* means gr&eur or nobility2 because all ! affairs dignifi$ by ^! belts are ! end[m5t & prov9ce ( ! ago&]s or nobles4 ,x is !y :o furni% !m2 & x is among !m t !y are r$ivid$ :5 pres5ts are made to ! village1 & :5 replies to ! belts ( _! ambassadors are s5t4 ,! ago&]s & ! anci5ts h1 besides ?is1 ! cu/om ( look+ ov] !m (t5 toge!r1 & ( divid+ among !mselves ! c>e ( not+ c]ta9 ones1 :i* are p>ticul>ly assign$ to !m2 s t 9 ?is way !y d n =get any?+4 ,_! wampum w\ld soon be exhau/$ if x did n circulate2 b 9 almo/ all affairs1 ei!r )9 or )\t1 ! law requires a reply1 ^w = ^w1 t is to say1 = "o belt "o mu/ give ano!r1 to be ( ab\t ! same value1 obs]v+1 h[ev]1 a slight diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( beads1 :i* mu/ be proportion$ to ! rank ( ! p]sons or nations ) :i* !y treat4 ,!y d n believe t any transaction c be conclud$ )\t ^! belts4 ,:atev] proposition is made to !m1 or reply giv5 !m1 by ^w ( m\? alone1 ! affair falls ?r\gh1 !y say1 & !y let x fall ?r\gh v effectually1 z ?\gh !re _h be5 no "q ab\t x4 ,europeans little in=m$ or little conc]n$ ab\t _! usages h slightly inconv5i5c$ !m on ?is po9t 9 reta9+ _! belts )\t giv+ !m a simil> response4 ,to avoid ! inconv5i5ce :i* might arise f ?is !y acquir$ ! /yle ( giv+ only a small quantity1 excus+ !mselves on ! plea t _! wampum 0 exhau/$2 & !y suppli$ ! re/ ) packages ( de]-sk91 9 return = :i* !y 7 giv5 tr9kets ( small value1 s t transactions betwe5 ! ,europeans & !m h become a sort ( trade4 ,al?\gh all ! savage nations ( ,am]ica make v>i\s k9ds ( ornam5ts ( %ells1 ,i believe t x is only ^? ( ,nor? ,am]ica :o employ !m 9 transactions4 ,i _c ev5 affirm t all ( ^! d4#aja ,a v complete acc\nt ( wampum is giv5 by ,loskiel1 f ^: "w ! foll[+ extract is made3 ,f\r or six /r+s jo9$ 9 "o bread?1 & fa/5$ to ea* o!r ) f9e ?read1 make a belt ( wampom1 be+ ab\t ?ree or f\r in*es wide1 & ?ree feet long1 conta9+1 p]haps1 f\r1 eight1 or twelve fa?om ( wampom1 9 proportion to its requir$ l5g? & bread?4 ,?is is det]m9$ by ! importance ( ! subject :i* ^! belts are int5d$ ei!r to expla9 or confirm1 or by ! dignity ( ! p]sons to :om !y are to be deliv]$4 ,ev]y?+ ( mom5t transact$ at solemn c\ncils1 ei!r betwe5 ! ,indians !mselves or ) ,europeans1 is ratifi$ & made valid by /r+s & belts ( wampom4 ,=m]ly1 !y us$ to give sanction to _! treaties by deliv]+ a w+ ( "s l>ge bird2 & ?is cu/om /ill prevails among ! m we/]n nations1 9 transact+ bus9ess ) ! ,delaw>es4 ,b ! ,delaw>es !mselves1 ! ,iroquois1 & ! nations 9 league ) !m1 are n[ suffici5tly provid$ ) h&some & well-wr\ght /r+s & belts ( wampom4 ,^u ! deliv]y ( a /r+1 a long spee* may be made & mu* said ^u ! subject "u consid]ation1 b :5 a belt is giv5 few words are spok52 b !y mu/ be words ( great importance1 frequ5tly requir+ an explanation4 ,:5ev] ! speak] has pron\nc$ "s important s5t5ce1 he deliv]s a /r+ ( wampom1 add+1 ',i give ?is /r+ ( wampom z a confirmation ( :at ,i h spok5'2 b ! *ief subject ( 8 disc\rse he confirms ) a belt4 ,! answ]s giv5 to a spee* ?us deliv]$ mu/ also be confirm$ by /r+s & belts ( wampom1 ( ! same size & numb] z ^? receiv$4 ,nei!r ! col\r nor ! o!r qualities ( wampom are a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 b h an imm$iate ref]5ce to ^? ?+s :i* !y are meant to confirm4 ,! br[n or deep violet1 call$ black by ! ,indians1 always means some?+ ( sev]e or d\btful import2 b ! :ite is ! col\r ( peace4 ,?us1 if a /r+ or belt ( wampom is int5d$ to confirm a w>n+ aga9/ evil1 or an e>ne/ repro(1 x is deliv]$ 9 black4 ,:5 a nation is call$ ^u to g to w>1 or w> decl>$ aga9/ x1 ! belt is black1 or m>k$ ) r$1 call$ by !m1 ! col\r ( blood1 hav+ 9 ! middle ! figure ( an hat*et 9 :ite wampom4 99 99 99 ,!y ref] to !m z public records1 c>efully pres]v+ !m 9 a *e/ made = t purpose4 ,at c]ta9 seasons !y meet to /udy _! mean+1 & to r5ew ! ideas ( :i* !y 7 an emblem or confirmation4 ,on su* occasions !y sit d[n ar\nd ! *e/1 take out "o /r+ or belt aft] ! o!r1 h&+ x ab\t to e p]son pres5t1 & t !y may all compreh5d its mean+1 repeat ! words pron\nc$ on its deliv]y 9 _! :ole conv5tion4 ,by ^! means !y are enabl$ to rememb] ! promises reciprocally made by ! diff]5t p>ties2 & x is _! cu/om to admit ev5 ! "y boys1 :o are relat$ to ! *iefs1 to _! assemblies2 !y become e>ly acqua9t$ ) all ! affairs ( ! ,/ate2 ?us ! cont5ts ( _! docum5ts are transmitt$ to po/]ity1 & _c be easily =gott54#ajb ,x is to be presum$ t if a treaty or a promise 7 brok51 ! belt w\ld be releas$ f its (fice & 9 ! same =m1 or work$ into ano!r1 c\ld aga9 be us$4 ,o!rwise ! records1 if prop]ly kept1 w\ld 9 "t become extremely cumb]some4 ,! repudiation ( a treaty & ( ! wampum :i* accompani$ x is record$ by ,brice4 ,x 0 at a c\ncil held at ,miami1 9 #agij1 betwe5 ,mr4 ,gamel9 & a numb] ( tribes4 ,mr4 ,gamel9 9 beg9n+ 8 spee* pres5t$ ea* nation ) /r+s ( wampum1 b ! ,indians 7 displeas$ ) ! treaty1 & aft] consultation return$ ! wampum1 say+3 ',f all qu>t]s we receive spee*es f ! ,am]icans & n "o is alike4 ,we suppose t !y int5d to deceive u4 ,!n take back y\r bran*es ( wampum4' ,! ,pottawatomies 7 bett] pleas$ ) ! spee*es & accept$ ! wampum4#ajc ,ano!r good example :i* illu/rates ! mann] ( cancel+ treaties1 confirm$ by wampum1 is giv5 by ,mr4 ,gilp93 ,:5 ,wa%+ton1 !n b a y\? ( tw5ty-"o1 0 intru/$ by ! colonial gov]nor ( ,virg9ia ) a mission to ! we/]n wilds ( ,p5nsylvania1 :]e ! ,fr5* f ,canada 7 !n p5etrat+ & _h already e/abli%$1 z 0 believ$1 f\r po/s )9 our limits & 7 seek+ to unite ! natives 9 alliance aga9/ u1 99 99 99 he f\nd t su* an alliance _h inde$ be5 =m$4 ,he f\nd t !y _h ex*ang$ ) ! ,fr5*1 z its symbol1 a wampum belt on :i* f\r h\ses 7 rudely embroid]$--! repres5tations ( ! po/s :i* 7 to be def5d$1 ev5 at ! risk ( w>4 ,influ5c$ by 8 remon/rances1 ! ,indian sa*ems cons5t$ to )draw f ! alliance2 b !y decl>$ t ! belt ( wampum mu/ be return$ be=e ! agreem5t c\ld be aboli%$2 & "o ( ! sa*ems repair$ to ! ,fr5* comm&] 9 ord] to re/ore to him ! tok5 ( ! w>like compact1 & to proclaim ! int5tion ( ! r$ m5 to take no "p 9 ! imp5d+ /ruggle4#ajd ,heckeweld] relates t x once happ5$ t w> mess5g]s endeavor$ to p]suade & compel a nation to accept ! belt by lay+ x on ! %\ld]s or ?igh ( ! *ief1 :o1 h[ev]1 aft] %ak+ x (f )\t t\*+ x ) 8 h&s1 aft]w>ds1 ) a /ick1 ?rew x aft] !m1 z if he ?rew a snake or toad out ( 8 way4#aje ,x is rem>kable t o!r objects 7 n m frequ5tly us$ = mnemonic records4 ,we c only expla9 ! p>tiality %[n to wampum on ! supposition t ! idea ( value 0 n entirely lo/ sight ( & t importance 0 atta*$ to a record :i* 9 itself m]it$ pres]vation4 ,yet in/ances ( ! use ( o!r objects are (t5 met )4 ,p>kman /ates t ! figures on wampum belts ( ! ,iroquois 7 = ! mo/ "p simply mnemonic4 ,s also 7 ^? c>v$ 9 wood5 tables1 or pa9t$ on b>k or sk91 to pres]ve 9 memory ! songs ( w>1 hunt+1 or magic4#ajf ,at "o ( ! c\ncils at ,onondaga 9 #afij1 a treaty 0 pl$g$ & record$ 9 wampum by all ! contract+ p>ties b ! ,new ,engl& colonies1 :i* s5t a wood5 model ( a fi% z a tok5 ( _! adh]5ce to ! t]ms ( ! treaty4#ajg ,hunt]1 speak+ ( ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! ,osages1 /ates t !y use significant emblems1 su* z ! w+ ( ! swan & wild goose1 wampum1 & pipes1 9 ov]tures = peace1 :ile arr[s1 w> clubs1 & black & r$ pa9t+1 are us$ z indications or decl>ations ( w>4 ,any article1 su* z a sk9 pa9t$ black1 or ! w+ ( a rav51 repres5ts ! dea? ( fri5ds1 & :5 color$ or /rip$ ) r$1 t ( enemies4 ,among/ ! ,canada ,indians :5 peace 0 conc$$1 a r$d5$ hat*et 0 buri$ z a symbol ( ! oblivion ( all pa/ ho/ility betwe5 ! contract+ p>ties4 ,a mutual ex*ange ( neck ornam5ts seal$ ! treaty aft] its t]ms 7 debat$ & det]m9$4 ,b all 0 n yet ov]1 = ! *iefs on ea* side pr(f]$ & accept$ pres5ts ( r>e articles1 su* z calumets ( peace1 embroid]$ de] sk9s1 c4 ,?is k9d ( c]emonial b>t] be+ t]m9at$ to _! mutual satisfaction1 or o!rwise1 ! conf]5ce broke up4#ajh ,gumilla says t ! ,oronoco ,indians ratify _! treaties ) /icks :i* !y give reciprocally1#aji & ! ,araucanians1 accord+ to ,mol9a1 c>ry 9 _! h&s1 :5 !y conclude a peace1 ! bran*es ( a tree1 reg>d$ z sacr$ by !m1 :i* !y pres5t to ea* o!r4#aaj ,i h already enum]at$ ! v>i\s k9ds ( beads & %[n ! s\rces f :i* !y 7 d]iv$ & ! uses to :i* !y 7 appli$4 ,i h yet to describe ! mann] 9 :i* !y are /rung or comb9$ 9 /r+s & belts4 ,! beads *os5 z mo/ conv5i5t = /r++ or weav+ into fabrics 7 small cyl9d]s f "o-eigh? to "o-qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & f "o-qu>t] to "o-half an in* 9 l5g?4 ,:ite /r+s or belts 7 suffici5t = ! expression ( simple ideas or ! association ( simple facts1 b ! comb9ations ( colors 9 patt]ns r5d]$ x possible to record mu* m complicat$ affairs4 ,9 belts us$ = mnemonic purposes ! colors 7 g5]ally arrang$ )\t ref]5ce to ! "* ( ! facts or ?\ghts to be intru/$ to !m1 b 9 a few cases ! figures are ideographic1 & are significant ( ! ev5t to be memoriz$4 ,/r+s _c be utiliz$ 9 ?is way4 ,wampum 9 /r+s4--,f ,mr4 ,beau*amp's notes ,i h compil$ ! foll[+ brief acc\nt ( ! use ( /r+s ( wampum among ! mod]n ,iroquois4 ,six /r+s ( purple beads unit$ 9 a clu/] repres5t ! six nations4 ,:5 ! tribes meet ! /r&s are arrang$ 9 a circle1 :i* signifies t ! c\ncil is op5$4 ,! ,onondagas are repres5t$ by sev5 /r+s1 :i* conta9 a few :ite beads2 ! ,cayugas by six /r&s1 all purple1 & ! ,tusc>oras by sev5 /r&s1 ne>ly all purple4 ,! ,mohawks h six /r+s1 on :i* !re are two purple beads to "o :ite4 ,^! are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xliv4 ,!re are f\r /r+s 9 ! ,oneida clu/]2 ^! conta9 two purple to "o :ite bead4 ,! ,s5ecas h f\r /r+s1 ) two purple beads to "o :ite4 ,! ?ree nations :i* 7 bro!rs are repres5t$ by simil> clu/]s4 ,:5 a new *ief is in/all$ ! address deliv]$ on ! occasion is talk$ into t5 v long /r+s ( :ite wampum4 ,?ree /r+s1 mo/ly :ite1 repres5t ! "n ( ! new *ief4 ,"o ( ^! clu/]s is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xliv4#aaa ,:5 a *ief dies he is m\rn$ on t5 /r+s ( black wampum4 ,if he has m]ely lo/ 8 (fice1 six %ort /r+s are us$4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,beau*amp1 possession ( beads gives au?ority1 & !y are also us$ z cr$5tials1 or1 z ! ,indians express x1 ,*ief's wampum all same z y\r lett]4 ,su* ( ^! /r+s z rema9 9 exi/5ce are /ill 9 use among ! ,iroquois1 & are consid]$ v preci\s by !m1 be+ made ( antique h&-made beads4 ,9 ! lit]ature relat+ to our ,indian tribes we f9d occasional ref]5ce to ! use ( /r+s ( wampum 9 ways t indicate t !y 7 inve/$ ) c]ta9 protective & au?oritative qualities1 d\btless f _! association ) ! "n ( "s *ief1 clan1 or tribe4 ,x is record$ t on "o occasion ,logan1 ! ,m+o *ief1 sav$ a captive :ite f torture by ru%+ ?r\gh ! circle ( ,indians & ?r[+ a /r+ ( wampum ab\t ! prison]'s neck4 ,?r\gh ! virtue ( ?is /r+ he 0 enabl$ to lead him away & adopt him into 8 family4 ,a some:at diff]5t use is m5tion$ by ,pike1 to :om a ,*ippewa *ief made a spee*1 dur+ :i* he pres5t$ 8 pipe to ,mr4 ,pike to be> to ! ,si\x4 ,atta*$ to ! pipe 7 sev5 /r+s ( wampum1 :i* signifi$ t au?ority 0 giv5 by sev5 *iefs ( ! ,*ippewa to conclude peace or make w>4#aab ,wampum belts4--,9 ! manufacture ( belts a great deal ( skill & ta/e h be5 %[n4 ,! l>ge figur$ v>ieties 7 intricate 9 design & extremely pleas+ 9 color4 ,belts ( wampum beads 7 probably us$ simply z a "p ( ! co/ume long be=e !y became ! vehicles ( tradition1 & beads 7 d\btless us$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! co/ume 9 a simil> mann]4 ,x is said t 9 ,new ,engl& !y 7 made by ! wom52 9 lat] times x is probable t ! :ites engag$ to "s ext5t 9 _! manufacture4 ,mr4 ,morgan gives su* a good acc\nt ( ! details ( belt mak+ t ,i beg leave to quote him 9 full3 ,9 mak+ a belt no p>ticul> patt]n 0 foll[$2 sometimes !y are ( ! wid? ( ?ree f+]s & ?ree feet long1 9 o!r in/ances z wide z ! h& & ov] ?ree feet 9 l5g?2 sometimes !y are all ( "o color1 9 o!rs v>iegat$1 & 9 /ill o!rs wov5 ) ! figures ( m5 to symbolize1 by _! attitudes1 ! objects or ev5ts !y 7 design$ to commemorate4 ,! mo/ common wid? 0 ?ree f+]s1 or ! wid? ( sev5 beads1 ! l5g? rang+ f two to six feet4 ,9 belt mak+1 :i* is a simple process1 eight /r&s or cords ( b>k ?read are fir/ twi/$1 f filam5ts ( slipp]y elm1 ( ! requisite l5g? & size2 aft] :i* !y are pass$ ?r\gh a /rip ( de]-sk9 to sep>ate !m at equal di/ances f ea* o!r 9 p>allel l9es4 ,a piece ( spl9t is !n sprung 9 ! =m ( a b[1 to :i* ea* end ( ! sev]al /r+s is secur$1 & by :i* all ( !m are held 9 t5sion1 l w>p ?reads 9 a weav+ ma*9e4 ,sev5 beads1 ^! mak+ ! int5d$ wid? ( ! belt1 are !n run ^u a ?read by means ( a ne$le1 & are pass$ "u ! cords at "r angles1 s z to br+ "o bead l5g?wise betwe5 ea* cord & ! "o next 9 position4 ,! ?read is !n pass$ back aga9 along ! upp] side ( ! cords & aga9 ?r\gh ea* ( ! beads2 s t ea* bead is held firmly 9 its place by means ( two ?reads1 "o pass+ "u & "o above ! cords4 ,?is process is cont9u$ until ! belt rea*es its int5d$ l5g?1 :5 ! ends ( ! cords are ti$1 ! end ( ! belt cov]$ & aft]w>d trimm$ ) ribbons4 ,9 anci5t times bo? ! cords & ! ?read 7 ( s9ew4#aac ,9 ano!r place ,mr4 ,morgan /ates t belts 7 also made by cov]+ "o side ( a de]-sk9 belt ) beads1 probably by sew+ !m on2#aad a me?od :i* is ev]y:]e common 9 ! use ( glass beads 9 mod]n "w1 b is n notic$ 9 any ( ! mnemonic belts n[ extant4 ,x is a rem>kable z well z a lam5table fact t none ( ! great collections ( ! c\ntry c boa/ ! possession ( a wampum belt4 ,consid]+ _! importance 9 our e>ly hi/ory1 & ! great numb]s t at "o "t mu/ h be5 9 exi/5ce1 ?is is r extraord9>y4 ,i h tak5 consid]able pa9s to collect accurate repres5tations ( a numb] ( examples ( ! anci5t belts = ?is "w1 & am only sorry t ,i am unable to pres5t !m 9 color--! only me?od by :i* !y c be adequately %[n4 ,z ^? :i* h come to my notice repres5t b a few localities1 ,i %all ins]t descriptions ( a numb] f regions z remote z possible4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 great uni=mity 9 design & me?od ( con/ruction2 ! result1 probably1 ( _! int]national "*4 ,f ,heckeweld] ,i quote ! foll[+3 ,_! belts ( wampum are ( diff]5t dim5sions1 bo? z to ! l5g? & bread?4 ,:ite & black wampum are ! k9ds !y use2 ! =m] d5ot+ t :i* is good1 z peace1 fri5d%ip1 good-w1 c42 ! latt] ! rev]se2 yet occasionally ! black also is made use ( on peace err&s1 :5 ! :ite _c be procur$2 b previ\s to its be+ produc$ = su* purpose1 x mu/ be daub$ all ov] ) *alk1 :ite clay1 or any?+ :i* *anges ! color f black to :ite4 99 99 99 ,a black belt ) ! m>k ( a hat*et made on x ) r$ pa9t is a w> belt1 :i*1 :5 s5t to a nation1 toge!r ) a twi/ or roll ( tobacco1 is an invitation to jo9 9 a w>4 99 99 99 ,roads f "o fri5dly nation to ano!r are g5]ally m>k$ on ! belt by "o or two r[s ( :ite wampum int]wov5 9 ! black1 & runn+ ?r\gh ! middle1 & f end to end4 ,x means t !y are on good t]ms1 & keep up a fri5dly int]c\rse ) ea* o!r4#aae ,a belt accept$ by ! ,indians ( ,we/]n ,p5nsylvania f ! ,fr5* 9 a treaty :i* secur$ to ! latt] f\r =ts )9 ,engli% t]ritory _h embroid]$ ^u x f\r h\ses1 pictographic repres5tations ( ! =ts4 ,ano!r example ( ! belts us$ 9 ,p5nsylvania1 upw>ds ( a c5tury ago1 is describ$ 9 ,beatty's ,j\rnal4 ,! ,delaw>es1 9 expla9+ to ,beatty a =m] treaty ) ,sir ,william ,johnson1 %[$ a l>ge belt ( wampum ( fri5d%ip :i* ,sir ,william ,johnson _h giv5 !m4 ,on ea* edge ( ?is 7 sev]al r[s ( black wampum1 & 9 ! middle 7 sev]al r[s ( :ite wampum4 ,9 ! middle ( ! belt 0 a figure ( a diamond1 9 :ite wampum1 :i* !y call$ ! c\ncil fire4 ,! :ite /reak !y call$ ! pa? f him to !m & !m to him4#aaf ,loskiel /ates t ! ,indian wom5 are v dext]\s 9 weav+ ! /r+s ( wampom into belts1 & m>k+ !m ) diff]5t figures1 p]fectly agree+ ) ! diff]5t subjects conta9$ 9 ! spee*4 ,^! figures are m>k$ ) :ite wampom ^u black1 & ) black ^u ! :ite belts4 ,= example1 9 a belt ( peace1 !y v dext]\sly repres5t1 9 black wampom1 two h&s jo9$4 ,! belt ( peace is :ite1 a fa?om long & a h&'s bread?4#aag ,9 ,plate ,,xxxvii ,i pres5t a fac-simile reproduction ( a plate f ! well kn[n "w ( ,lafitau1#aah 9 :i* we h a graphic yet highly conv5tional repres5tation ( a c\ncil or treaty 9 :i* wampum belts 7 us$4 ,x is probably drawn f description & is f> f tru?ful 9 detail4 ,! m important facts are1 h[ev]1 v cle>ly pres5t$4 ,no in=mation is giv5 ei!r ( ! p or ! locality4 ,! sc5e is laid 9 ! middle ( a broad featureless pla91 ! monotony ( :i* is brok5 by ?ree highly conv5tionaliz$ trees4 ,! p>ties to ! treaty are rang$ 9 two r[s1 plac$1 face to face4 ,! *ief :o speaks /&s at ! f>!r end hold+ a belt 9 8 "r h&4 ,?ree o!r belts lie ^u ! mat at 8 feet1 :ile a fif? is %[n on a l>ge scale 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,! patt]ns c n be cle>ly made out1 b 9 a g5]al way resemble v closely ! designs wov5 into ! belts ( ! ,iroquois4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxxvii--,,use ,,( ,,wampum ,,belts ,,9 ,,indian ,,c\ncil4 ,facsimile ( a plate 9 ,lafitau4 ,! small belt %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,plate ,,xxxviii1 is probably "o ( ! mo/ rec5t examples4 ,! cut is copi$ f ,plate #a ( ! ,fif? ,annual ,report ( ! ,reg5ts ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,new ,york on ! condition ( ! ,/ate ,cab9et ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 p4 #gb4 ,! beads ( :i* x is compos$ =m]ly belong$ to ! celebrat$ ,mohawk *ief1 ,joseph ,brant4 ,!y 7 aft]w>ds pur*as$ f 8 daught] by ,mr4 ,morgan4 ,9 #ahej !y 7 tak5 to ,tonaw&a1 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 & made into ?is belt4 ,! trimm+s are app>5tly ( ribbons1 & ! symmetry & uni=mity ( ! :ole "w give x a new look n noticeable 9 ! o!r specim5s4 ,! design consi/s ( a r[ ( d>k diamond-%ap$ figures ^u a :ite gr\nd4 ,x is n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,/ate ,cab9et ( ,natural ,hi/ory at ,albany4 ,a belt ( unusual =m is %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxxviii4 ,x 0 k9dly l5t by ,mrs4 ,e4 ,a4 ,smi?1 ( ,j]sey ,city1 by :om x 0 obta9$ f ! ,mohawks4 ,x is #bf in*es 7#bea beads7 9 l5g? & 9 wid? v>ies f ?ree in*es 7#aa beads7 at "o end to ab\t "o in* 7#e beads7 at ! o!r4 ,x is bifurcat$ at ! wide end1 five r[s hav+ be5 omitt$ f ! middle ( ! belt = ab\t "o-?ird ( ! l5g?4 ,ne> ! middle ( ! belt "o r[ ( beads is dropp$ f ea* side4 ,betwe5 ?is & ! small] end at ne>ly equal int]vals x is twice deplet$ 9 a l mann]4 ,! beads are q irregul> 9 %ape & size1 b r new look+ & are /rung 9 ! usual mann]1 ! longitud9al /r+s be+ bucksk9 & ! transv]se small cords ( vegetable fib]4 ,! ends & edges are all neatly f9i%$ by wrapp+ ! m>g9al /r+s ) a ?9 fillet ( bucksk94 ,! figures are 9 :ite beads ^u a gr\nd ( purple4 ,! =m ( ?is belt indicates t x has be5 adapt$ to "s p>ticul> use1 ! plac+ ( cords at ! corn]s & %\ld]s sugge/+ its atta*m5t 9 a fix$ position to "s "p ( ! p]son or co/ume4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxxviii--,,wampum ,,belts4 #a4 ,mohawk ,belt4 #b4 ,mohawk ,belt4 ,9 ,plates ,,xxxix1 ,,xl1 ,,xli & ,,xlii1 ,i pres5t a s]ies ( illu/rations ( ! wampum belts belong+ to ! ,onondagas4 ,!y are pres]v$ z a mo/ preci\s treasure by ^! p at _! ag5cy 9 ,onondaga ,c\nty1 ,new ,york4 ,! draw+s 7 made by ,mr4 ,trill f a s]ies ( m9ute photographs made f ! orig9al belts by ,g5]al ,j4 ,s4 ,cl>k1 ( ,auburn1 ,new ,york4 ,^! 7 obta9$ = me by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,m4 ,beau*amp1 ( ,baldw9sville1 ,new ,york1 :o has also v k9dly furni%$ _m ( ! facts embodi$ 9 ! foll[+ descriptions4#aai ,^! belts are made 9 ! usual mann]1 & pres5t a great v>iety ( %apes1 sizes1 & designs4 ,_! full hi/ory has nev] be5 obta9$ by ! :ites1 & x is n probable t ! ,indians !mselves h pres]v$ a v full acc\nt ( _! orig9 & significance4 ,!y are all anci5t1 &1 judg+ by _! appe>ance1 mu/ date f> back 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,league4 ,_m ( !m are q fragm5t>y1 & fe>s are ent]ta9$ t !y w gradually fall to pieces & be lo/4 ,x is to be hop$ t measures w be tak5 to h !m pres]v$ at lea/ 9 ! =m ( accurate *romo-li?ographs4 ,mr4 ,beau*amp /ates t !y are ye>ly wa/+ away1 z a little wampum is annually ca/ into ! fire at ! burn+ ( ! :ite dog1 & ^! belts are ! s\rce ( supply4 ,! small belt pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxxix1 is some:at fragm5t>y1 an unkn[n numb] ( beads hav+ be5 lo/ f ! ends4 ,x is sev5 r[s wide & at pres5t two hundr$ beads long4 ,! design consi/s ( a s]ies ( five d\ble diamonds work$ 9 d>k wampum ^u :ite4 ,at "o end a few r[s ( an additional figure rema91 & at ! o!r a small :ite cross is work$ ^u a gr\nd ( d>k beads4 ,! numb] ( figures may be significant ( ! numb] ( p>ties to a treaty4 ,fig4 #b repres5ts a well pres]v$ belt1 sev5 r[s 9 wid? & ab\t ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty 9 l5g?4 ,! gr\nd is ( d>k wampum1 on :i* are work$ five hexagonal figures ( :ite wampum4 ,= a %ort space at ! ends alt]nate r[s are :ite4 ,z 0 sugge/$ 9 reg>d to ! prec$+ belt1 ! figures 9 ?is may repres5t ! p>ties to a treaty4 ,! belt %[n 9 ,fig4 #c diff]s f ! o!rs 9 be+ pictographic4 ,x is also q p]fect1 al?\gh ! "* ( ! beads indicates consid]able age4 ,x is sev5 r[s 9 wid? & ?ree hundr$ & fifty beads 9 l5g?4 ,! figures are :ite1 on a d>k gr\nd1 & consi/ ( a cross ne> "o end1 connect$ by a s+le r[ ( beads ) ! head ( ! figure ( a man t[>d ! o!r end4 ,b5ea? ! feet ( ! elem5t>y man ! figure ( a diamond is work$4 ,! cross is probably significant ( ! mission ( ! man :o comes f a long di/ance to ! lodge or c\ncil ( ! r$ man4 ,?is is probably a ,fr5* belt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xxxix--,,wampum ,,belts ,,belong+ ,,to ,,! ,,onondagas4 ,! remnant ( a v h&some belt is %[n 9 ,plate ,,xl4 ,consid]able wampum has be5 lo/ f bo? ends1 b ! design appe>s to be ne>ly p]fect1 & consi/s ( a tr[el or he>t-%ap$ figure 9 ! c5t] ) two rectangul> figures on ! "r & two on ! left4 ,^! are 9 :ite ^u a d>k gr\nd4 ,mr4 ,beau*amp /ates t x is said to be v old1 & is ?\ght to repres5t ! =mation ( ! ,iroquois league & to signify "o he>t = all ! nations4 ,he d\bts its great antiquity z ! beads are too regul> = h&-made cyl9d]s4 ,! belt is ?irty-eight r[s wide & ab\t two hundr$ beads 9 l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xl--,,wampum ,,belt ,,belong+ ,,to ,,! ,,onondagas4 ,! l>ge elaborately figur$ belt %[n 9 ,plate ,,xli is almo/ p]fect4 ,! lat]al m>g9s are :ite2 a broad not*$ b& ( d>k wampum occupies ! middle ( ?is belt2 ?r\gh ?is f end to end runs a *a9 ( :ite diamonds1 sixte5 9 numb]1 :i* may repres5t ,/ates or nations4 ,x is =ty-five r[s wide & two hundr$ & =ty beads long4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xli--,,wampum ,,belt ,,belong+ ,,to ,,! ,,onondagas4 ,! magnific5t belt %[n 9 ,plate ,,xlii1 is probably ! f9e/ example 9 exi/5ce4 ,x is fifte5 r[s wide & six hundr$ & fifty 9 l5g?1 mak+ ! enorm\s total ( n9e ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & fifty beads4 ,mr4 ,beau*amp believes t ?is belt1 or "o l x1 has be5 describ$ z repres5t+ ! =mation ( ! ,league4 ,f ,web/]'s#abj /atem5t1 t x 0 made by ,george ,wa%+ton1 he surmises t x is a belt memoriz+ a cov5ant betwe5 ! ,indians & ! gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! c5t] is a h\se :i* has ?ree gables & ?ree comp>tm5ts4 ,next ! h\se on ei!r side are two pictographic m51 :o appe> to /& b5ea? protect+ arms :i* pass ov] _! heads1 connect ) ! h\se1 & grasp ! h&s ( ! fir/ p]sonages imm$iately on ! "r & left4 ,9 all !re are fifte5 figures ( m51 two be+ connect$ ) ! h\se2 ( ! o!rs1 six /& on ! "r & sev5 on ! left ( ! c5tral gr\p4 ,x is sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,beau*amp t ^! figures may repres5t ! ?irte5 colonies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xlii--,,wampum ,,belt ,,belong+ ,,to ,,! ,,onondagas4 ,six o!r belts are %[n 9 ! photographs procur$ by ,g5]al ,price4 ,"o ( !m is ?irte5 r[s wide & two hundr$ & fifty beads 9 l5g?4 ,! light gr\nd is decorat$ ) gr\ps ( triple *evrons4 ,?is belt is some:at fragm5t>y4 ,ano!r is =ty-n9e r[s wide1 be+ ! wide/ example kn[n4 ,! orig9al l5g? _c be det]m9$1 b at pres5t x is two hundr$ & =ty beads 9 l5g?1 & h5ce conta9s ab\t twelve ?\s& beads4 ,! patt]n is simple1 consi/+ ( a d>k gr\nd not*$ at ! edges ) triangul> figures ( :ite4 ,z ! f\r rema9+ belts ( ?is f9e collection h no features ( especial int]e/1 !y ne$ n be describ$ "h4 ,! rem>kable belt %[n 9 ,plate ,,xliii has an extremely int]e/+1 al?\gh a some:at incomplete1 hi/ory atta*$ to x4 ,x is believ$ to be ! orig9al belt deliv]$ by ! ,l5i-,l5ape sa*ems to ,william ,p5n at ! celebrat$ treaty "u ! elm tree at ,%ackamaxon 9 #afhb4 ,al?\gh !re is no docum5t>y evid5ce to %[ t ?is id5tical belt 0 deliv]$ on t occasion1 x is conc$$ on all h&s t x came into ! possession ( ! great f\nd] ( ,p5nsylvania at "s "o ( 8 treaties ) ! tribes t occupi$ ! prov9ce c$$ to him4 ,up to ! ye> #aheg ?is belt rema9$ 9 ! keep+ ( ! ,p5n family4 ,9 ,m>*1 #aheg1 x 0 pres5t$ to ! ,p5nsylvania ,hi/orical ,society by ,granville ,john ,p5n1 a great gr&son ( ,william ,p5n4 ,mr4 ,p5n1 9 8 spee* on ?is occasion1#aba /ates t !re c be no d\bt t ?is is ! id5tical belt us$ at ! treaty1 & pres5ts 8 views 9 ! foll[+ language3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 its dim5sions are great] ?an ( ^? us$ on m ord9>y occasions1 ( :i* we h "o /ill 9 our possession--?is belt be+ compos$ ( eighte5 /r+s ( wampum--:i* is a pro( t x 0 ! record ( "s v important negotiation4 ,9 ! next place1 9 ! c5t] ( ! belt1 :i* is ( :ite wampum1 are del9eat$ 9 d>k-color$ beads1 9 a rude b graphic /yle1 two figures--t ( an ,indian grasp+ ) ! h& ( fri5d%ip ! h& ( a man evid5tly int5d$ to be repres5t$ 9 ! ,european co/ume1 we>+ a hat2 :i* c only be int]pret$ z hav+ ref]5ce to ! treaty ( peace & fri5d%ip :i* 0 !n conclud$ betwe5 ,william ,p5n & ! ,indians1 & record$ by !m 9 _! own simple b descriptive mode ( express+ _! mean+1 by ! employm5t ( hi]oglyphics4 ,!n ! fact ( its hav+ be5 pres]v$ 9 ! family ( ! f\nd] f t p]iod to ! pres5t "t1 hav+ desc5d$ ?r\gh ?ree g5]ations1 gives an au!nticity to ! docum5t :i* leaves no d\bt ( its g5u95ess2 & z ! *a9 & m$al :i* 7 pres5t$ by ! ,p>liam5t to 8 fa!r1 ! admiral1 = 8 naval s]vices1 h desc5d$ among/ ! family ar*ives unaccompani$ by any writt5 docum5t1 b is record$ on ! j\rnals ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 equal au!nticity may be claim$ = ! wampum belt confirmatory ( ! treaty made by 8 son ) ! ,indians2 :i* ev5t is record$ on ! page ( hi/ory1 ?\gh1 l ! old] relic1 x has be5 unaccompani$ 9 its desc5t by any docum5t 9 writ+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xliii--,,! ,,p5n ,,belt4 7#a_/d7 ,x w be se51 by ref]5ce to ! accompany+ illu/ration1 t beside ! two figures ( m5 !re are ?ree oblique b&s ( d>k wampum1 "o on ! left & two on ! "r4 ,! "o next ! c5tral gr\p on ! "r is some:at brok51 & consi/s ( two long b&s & "o %ort "o4 ,x is probable t ^! b&s 7 us$ to record1 by association1 "s important features ( ! treaty 9 :i* ! belt 0 us$4 ,! beads are /rung ^u cords made ( s9ew or vegetable fibre1 :ile ! longitud9al fillets are ( bucksk94 ,?is belt may be se5 at ! rooms ( ! ,hi/orical ,society ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xliv--,,/r+s ,,( ,,wampum4 #a4 ,"n ( ,new ,*ief4 #b4 ,mohawk4 ,,p5dants4 ,x w\ld probably be va9 to attempt to det]m9e h[ p5dant ornam5ts fir/ came into use1 :e!r f "s utilit>ian practice or ?r\gh "s sup]/iti\s notion4 ,x matt]s n1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! fir/ p5dant 0 an implem5t1 a ut5sil1 or a feti*itic talisman2 x has develop$ by sl[ /ages into an ornam5t ^u :i* has be5 lavi%$ ! be/ ef=ts ( culture & skill4 ,! simple gorget ( %ell susp5d$ ^u ! nak$ brea/ ( ! preadamite is ! prototype ( _m a co/ly jewel & _m a pr9cely decoration4 ,) ! ,am]ican savage x 0 a gu>dian _s1 inve/$ ) ! my/]y & ! p[] ( ! sea1 & among ! m cultur$ tribes became 9 "t ! receptacle ( ! mo/ ambiti\s ef=ts ( a ph5om5al art4 ,! important place ! gorget has tak5 9 ornam5t & z a means ( display+ p]sonal aggr&izem5t has made x a mo/ p[]ful ag5t 9 ! evolution ( ! arts ( ta/e4 ,z a rule ! l>g] & m important p5dants are employ$ z gorgets1 b va/ numb]s ( ! small] specim5s are /rung ) beads at int]vals along ! /r+s1 atta*$ z auxili>y p5dants to ! l>g] gorgets1 susp5d$ f ! nose1 e>s1 & wri/s1 or =m t9kl+ bord]s to head-dresses & g>m5ts4 ,^! p5dants consi/ ei!r ( entire %ells1 or ( p>ts ( %ells1 pi]c$ or groov$ to facilitate susp5sion4 ,! purely artificial =ms are inf9itely v>i$4 ,! "* ( ! %ell1 h[ev]1 has mu* to d ) ! =m ( ! f9i%$ ornam5ts1 decid+ _! ?ickness & (t5 _! outl9e4 ,9 size !y range f extremely m9ute =ms to plates six or m in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! p]=ations1 9 position & numb]1 are greatly v>i$1 b z a rule ! l>g] discoidal p5dants w be f\nd to h two m>g9al p]=ations = susp5sion4 ,^! nicely-poli%$ %ell-disks af=d$ tempt+ tablets = ! primitive arti/1 & reta9 _m specim5s ( 8 "w z an engrav]4 ,! engrav$ specim5s1 h[ev]1 %\ld be treat$ sep>ately1 accord+ to ! class ( design :i* !y conta94 ,pla9 p5dants ne$ b a brief notice1 & may be treat$ toge!r z "o gr\p1 ) su* subdivisions only z may be sugge/$ by _! =m1 _! d]ivation1 or _! geographical di/ribution4 ,pla9 p5dants4--,x w be unnecess>y to cite au?orities to %[ t our anci5t peoples 7 fond ( p5dant ornam5ts1 & wore !m )\t /9t1 b to illu/rate ! mann] 9 :i* !y 7 us$ & ! me?ods ( comb9+ !m ) o!r articles ( jewelry 9 necklaces1 bracelets1 c41 ,i %all ref] briefly to ! lit]ature ( ! p]iod ( ,am]ican discov]y4 ,! inhabitants ( ,mexico are said to h be5 v simple 9 ! matt] ( dress1 b display$ mu* vanity 9 _! pr(use employm5t ( p]sonal ornam5t4 ,besides fea!rs & jewels1 ) :i* !y adorn$ _! clo!s1 !y wore p5dants to ! e>s1 nose1 & lips1 z well z necklaces1 bracelets1 & anklets4 ,! e> ornam5ts ( ! poor 7 %ells1 pieces ( cry/al1 amb]1 & o!r brilliant /ones1 b ! ri* wore pe>ls1 em]alds1 ame?y/s1 or o!r gems1 set 9 gold4#abb ,! prie/ly p]sonages s graphically del9eat$ 9 ! anci5t ,aztec manuscripts are z a rule load$ d[n ) p5dant ornam5ts4 ,9 travel+ nor? along ! we/ coa/ ( ,mexico ! ,fri> ,niza enc\nt]$ ,indians :o wore _m l>ge %ells ( "m ( pe>l ab\t _! necks1 & f>!r up t[>d ,cibola ! inhabitants wore pe>l %ells ^u _! =eheads2#abc & ,cabea de ,vaca :5 among ! pueblos ( ,new ,mexico notic$ beads & corals t came f ! ,s\? ,sea4 ,ornam5ts made f m>9e %ells are f\nd 9 _m ( ! anci5t ru9s to-day4 ,!y are also highly valu$ by ! mod]n ,indians ( ?is region4 ,9 ! e>lie/ acc\nts ( ! ,indians ( ! ,atlantic coa/ we f9d frequ5t m5tion ( ! use ( p5dants & gorgets1 & ! mann] ( we>+ !m z ornam5ts4 ,bev]ly1 aft] hav+ describ$ beads made ( a %ell resembl+ ! ,engli% buglas1 says t !y also make runtees ( ! same %ell1 & gr9d !m z smoo? z peak4 ,^! are ei!r l>ge l an oval ,bead1 drill'd ! l5g? ( ! ,oval1 or else !y are circul> & flat1 almo/ an ,in* ov]1 & "o ,?ird ( an ,in* ?ick1 & drill'd edgeways4 ,( ?is ,%ell !y also make r\nd ,tablets ( ab\t f\r ,in*es ,diamet]1 :i* !y poli% z smoo? z ! o!r1 & sometimes !y et* or grave !reon ,circles1 ,/>s1 a half ,moon1 or any o!r ,figure suitable to _! ,fancy4 ,^! !y we> in/ead ( ,m$als be=e or beh9d _! ,neck1 & use ! ,peak1 ,runtees1 & ,pipes = ,coronets1 ,bracelets1 ,belts1 or long ,/r+s hang+ d[n be=e ! ,brea/1 or else !y lace _! ,g>m5ts ) !m1 & adorn _! ,tomahawks1 & e o!r ?+ t !y value4#abd ,! ,pipes "h spok5 ( 7 probably long1 heavy cyl9drical beads4 ,9 ref]r+ to ?is class ( ornam5ts1 ,lafitau says3 ,! coll>s :i* ! savages sometimes we> ar\nd ! neck are ab\t a foot 9 diamet]1 & are n diff]5t f ^? :i* "o n[ sees on "s antiques1 on ! necks ( /atues ( b>b>ians4 ,! nor!rn savages we> on ! brea/ a plate ( holl[ %ell1 z long z ! h&1 :i* has ! same effect z t :i* 0 call$ ,bulla among ! ,romans4#abe ,wood1 speak+ ( ! ,indians ( ,nor!rn ,new ,engl&1 9 #afcd1 says3 ,al?\gh !y be ?us poore1 yet is !re 9 !m ! sp>kes ( naturall pride1 :i* appe>es 9 _! long+ desire aft] _m k9ds ( ornam5ts1 we>+ p5dants 9 _! e>es1 z =mes ( birds1 bea/s1 & fi%es c>v$ out ( bone1 %els1 & /one1 ) long bracelets ( _! curi\s wampompeag & m[hackees1 :i* !y put ab\t _! necks & loynes4#abf ,kalm says ( ! ,indians ( ,lorette1 ne> ,quebec1 ,canada1 t r\nd _! necks !y h a /r+ ( violet wampums1 ) little :ite wampums betwe5 !m4 ,^! wampums are small1 ( ! figure ( oblong pe>ls1 & made ( ! %ells :i* ! ,engli% call clams4 ,at ! end ( ! wampum /r+s _m ( ! ,indians we> a l>ge ,fr5* silv] co91 ) ! k+'s effigy1 on _! brea/s2 o!rs h a l>ge %ell on ! brea/1 ( a f9e :ite col\r1 :i* !y value v high1 & is v de>2 o!rs1 aga91 h no ornam5t at all r\nd ! neck4#abg ,p5dants ( metal & m$als ( ,european manufacture soon replac$ 9 a great measure ! primitive gorgets ( %ell2 & e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! tribes a het]og5e\s collection ( native beads1 silv] crosses1 & trad]s' m$als1 ornam5t$ ! brea/s ( ! simple savages4 ,9 /udy+ ! habits & cu/oms ( our native peoples we look ) a great deal ( int]e/ ^u ! e>lie/ hi/orical records1 b g5]ally f9d x prud5t to rememb] t ! p]sonal equation 0 unusually l>ge 9 ^? days1 & 9 /udy+ ! illu/rations giv5 9 ! works ( e>ly writ]s we mu/ make due all[ance = ! well-kn[n t5d5cy to exagg]ate z well z = ! fact t ! arti/ has m frequ5tly drawn f descriptions ?an f sket*es made on ! spot4 ,9 ,plate ,,xlv two examples are giv5 :i* seem to me to be tru/wor?y1 z !y agree ) ! descriptions giv51 & are 9 a g5]al way *>act]i/ic ( ! ,am]ican aborig9es4 ,fig4 #a is reproduc$1 orig9al size1 f ,plate #b1 ,volume ,,ii1 ( ,lafitau1 & %[s a broad necklace ornam5t$ ) figures t resemble arr[ heads4 ,f ?is1 by means ( a cord1 is susp5d$ a l>ge circul> disk ) concave front1 :i* und\bt$ly repres5ts a %ell gorget4 ,9 front ( ?is & susp5d$ f ! necklace are two long /r&s ( beads ( v>i\s sizes & %apes1 :i* give complet5ess to a v ta/eful ornam5t4 ,9 ! same plate is a pretty fair draw+ ( a native 9 co/ume4 ,he is repres5t$ we>+ a necklace simil> to ! "o j describ$4 ,an enl>g$ draw+ ( ?is ornam5t is giv5 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,9 ,fig4 #c ,i reproduce a necklace f a plate 9 ,de ,bry1 :i* consi/s ( a /r+ ( beads ) two l>ge disks t look m l metal ?an %ell4 ,a simil> ornam5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 b ) figur$ disks & second>y p5dants4 ,x is copi$ f ! ,codex ( ! ,vatican4 ,a common =m ( necklace among ! anci5t ,aztecs consi/$ ( small univalve %ells susp5d$ f a /r+4 ,"o ( ^!1 ) o!r p5dants1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,x is also copi$ f ! ,vatican ,codex4 ,o!rs ( a mu* m complex nature may be f\nd 9 ! same manuscript4 ,( ev5 great] int]e/ are ! beautiful necklaces1 ) _! p5dants1 f\nd 9 ! sculptures ( ,mexico & ,yucatan4#abh ,?ree ( ^! are %[n 9 ,figs4 #f1 #g1 & #h4 ,"o has a disk ) human features engrav$ ^u x1 ano!r has a cross ) equal arms1 & ano!r a ,t-%ap$ cross4 ,all h m or less auxili>y ornam5tation4 ,9 ,fig4 #i ,i pres5t a bracelet ( beads & p5dants f ,p]u :i* illu/rates "o ( ! simpl] uses ( p5dants4 ,i h n le>n$ :e!r ! p>ts ( ?is ornam5t 7 orig9ally arrang$ z giv5 9 ! cut or n2 ! orig9al /r++ may h be5 some:at diff]5t4 ,! beads are mo/ly ( %ell1 & are ( a v>iety ( colors1 :ite1 r$1 yell[1 & gray4 ,! discoidal & cyl9drical =ms are bo? repres5t$4 ,! =m] range f "o-eigh? to ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet]2 ! latt] are "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 ?ickness & ?ree-eigh?s 9 l5g?4 ,! l>g] p5dants1 made ( :iti% %ell1 are c>v$ to repres5t "s life =m1 probably a bird2 a l>ge p]=ation ne> ! upp] end passes ?r\gh ! head1 two oblique not*es ) deep l9es at ! sides1 def9e ! w+s1 & a s]ies ( not*es at ! wide end repres5t ! tail4 ,two small] p5dants are /ill simpl] 9 =m1 :ile ano!r1 ) two ne>ly c5tral p]=ations & not*$ edges1 resembles a button4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xlv--,,anci5t ,,p5dants4 #a1 #b4 ,necklaces1 f ,lafitau4 #c4 ,f ,de ,bry4 #d1 #e4 ,f ,mexican ,pa9t+s4 #f1 #g1 #h4 ,f anci5t sculptures4 #i4 ,bracelet f a ,p]uvian grave4 ,ea/]n =ms4--,! great numb] ( elaborately c>v$ & engrav$ gorgets ( %ell f\nd among ! antiquities ( ! ,atlantic slope1 all ( :i* ne$ c>eful descriptions1 s ov]%ad[ ! simple =ms illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,,xlvi1 t only a brief description ( ! latt] ne$ be giv54 ,rud5ess ( workman%ip & simplicity ( =m d n 9 any s5se imply great] antiquity or a less advanc$ /ate ( art4 ,! simpl] =ms ( pla9 p5dants con/itut$ ! e-day jewelry ( ! av]age p &1 l beads1 7 probably us$ freely by all :o desir$ to d s4 ,_m =ms are f\nd--circul>1 oval1 rectangul>1 triangul>1 pe>-%ap$1 & annul>4 ,! m ord9>y =ms are f\nd 9 m\nds & graves 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry2 o!r =ms are m re/rict$ geographically1 & probably exhibit features peculi> to ! works ( a p>ticul> clan1 tribe1 or gr\p ( tribes4 ,ev5 ^! simple =ms may h possess$ "s totemic or my/ic significance2 x is n impossible t ! pla9] disks may h _h significant figures pa9t$ ^u !m4 ,su* ( ! =ms z are f\nd to h def9ite geographic limits become ( consid]able int]e/ to ! ar*ologi/4 ,9 me?od ( manufacture !y d n diff] f ! mo/ ord9>y implem5ts or beads1 ! m>g9s be+ trimm$1 ! surfaces poli%$ & ! p]=ations made 9 a precisely simil> mann]4 ,9 ,plate ,,xlvi ,i pres5t a numb] ( pla9 circul> disks4 ,! l>g] specim5s are (t5 z mu* z f\r or ev5 five in*es 9 diamet] & ! small] frat]nize ) beads1 z ,i h %[n 9 ,plate ,,xlv4 ,figs4 #a & #b are f a m\nd at ,pa9t ,rock ,f]ry1 ,t5n4 ,!y are neat1 mod]ately ?91 concavo-convex disks1 ) smoo? surfaces & r\nd$ edges4 ,! fir/ has two p]=ations at ! upp] edge1 :ile ! o!r has simil>ly plac$ b mu* small] ones1 besides a small c5tral p]=ation surr\nd$ by an incis$ circle4 ,! national collection conta9s simil> specim5s f mo/ ( ! ,atlantic ,/ates2 !y diff] f ! l>g] discoidal beads only 9 ! me?od ( p]=ation4 ,a typical specim5 ( ?is class1 f\r & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,x 0 associat$ ) ! rema9s ( a numb] ( *ildr5 9 a m\nd 9 ,h>d9 ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,disks ( ?is class 7 usually susp5d$ ^u ! brea/ ) ! concave side out4 ,t _m ( ! specim5s describ$ 7 susp5d$ 9 ?is way is indicat$ by ! "* ( ! abrasion produc$ by ! cords4 ,on ! concave side ! cord ( susp5sion has worn deep grooves betwe5 ! p]=ations1 & on ! opposite or convex side simil> grooves ext5d obliquely upw>d f ! holes t[>d ! m>g9 ( ! disk1 indicat+ ! passage ( ! cord upw>d & outw>d ar\nd ! neck ( ! we>]4 ,a l>ge :ite disk1 simil> to ! "o j describ$1 0 obta9$ f a grave at ,accot9k1 ,va4 ,x is five in*es 9 diamet] & has "o c5tral & ?ree m>g9al p]=ations4 ,x is made f a ,busycon p]v]sum1 & is neatly %ap$ & well poli%$4 ,a f9e specim5 two in*es 9 diamet] 0 obta9$ f a m\nd on ! ,fr5* ,broad ,riv]1 ,t5n41 &1 ) _m o!r simil> specim5s1 is n[ 9 ! national collection4 ,! c5tral p]=ation is (t5 v mu* enl>g$4 ,a numb] ( specim5s1 rec5tly s5t to ! ,national ,museum1 f a m\nd 9 ,auglaize ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 %[ sev]al /ages ( ?is enl>gem5t4 ,"o specim5 five in*es across has a p]=ation ne>ly "o in* 9 diamet]1 :ile 9 ano!r ! p]=ation is enl>g$ until ! disk has become a r+4 ,^! gorgets %[ evid5ces ( long use1 ! surfaces & edges be+ worn & ! p]=ations mu* ext5d$ 9 ! mann] describ$ above4 ,!y h be5 d]iv$ f ! ,busycon p]v]sum4 ,9 ,fig4 #d ,i illu/rate an annul> gorget f a m\nd 9 ,alex&] ,c\nty1 ,ill4 ,x 0 f\nd associat$ ) ornam5ts ( copp] by ! side ( a human skull1 & is h5ce suppos$ to h be5 an e> ornam5t4 ,x is fragm5t>y & has suff]$ greatly f decay1 ! surface be+ mo/ly cov]$ ) a d>k film ( decompos$ %ell sub/ance1 :i* :5 brok5 away1 exposes ! *alky surface ( ! %ell4 ,^! %ell r+s1 s f> z ,i c le>n1 h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,/ates ( ,ohio & ,ill9ois only4 ,rectangul> p5dants are mu* m r>e4 ,! national collection conta9s "o rude specim5 f ,texas4 ,x is ab\t two in*es wide by two & a half long1 & is made f ! base ( "s l>ge dextral-:orl$ %ell4 ,a simil> b mu* m f9i%$ specim5 comes f ,georgia1 & is pres]v$ 9 ! ,new ,york ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum4 ,a l>ge key/one-%ap$ gorget ) r\nd$ corn]s 0 obta9$ f an anci5t burial place at ,bev]ly1 ,canada4 ,x is illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,l1 ,fig4 #a4 ,! small p5dant %[n 9 ,fig4 #e is giv5 by ,s*oolcraft 9 ,notes on ! ,iroquois4 ,x repres5ts rudely ! human figure1 & is ornam5t$ ) eight p]p5dicul> & f\r or five transv]se dots4 ,x 0 f\nd on ! site ( an old =t ne> ,jamesville1 ,n4 ,y4 ,9 ! same "w ,mr4 ,s*oolcraft illu/rates ano!r small p5dant1 :i* is reproduc$ 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,! body is he>t-%ap$1 ! p]=ation be+ made ?r\gh a rectangul> projection at ! upp] end4 ,x 0 f\nd at ,onondaga1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! small p5dant pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #g is f ,we/ ,bloomfield1 ,n4 ,y4 ,x has be5 susp5d$ by means ( a %all[ groove ne> ! upp] end4 ,x is made f ! basal po9t ( a dextral-:orl$ %ell4 ,! h&some little p5dant %[n 9 ,fig4 #h 0 f\nd ) simil> specim5s 9 ,monroe ,c\nty1 ,new ,york--probably on "s anci5t village site4 ,x is well pres]v$ & has be5 made f ! columella ( a dextral-:orl$ %ell4 ,an ornam5tal design1 consi/+ ( l9es & dots1 is engrav$ ^u ! face4 ,a small1 deeply c\nt]sunk p]=ation has be5 made ne> ! upp] end4 ,^! objects h app>5tly be5 /rung ) beads1 z ! p]=ations %[ evid5ce ( su* abrasion z beads w\ld produce4 ,_m ( ! ,new ,york specim5s h a new look1 & _! =m sugge/s ! possibility ( civiliz$ influ5ce4 ,!y are c]ta9ly m rec5t ?an ! we/]n & s\!rn specim5s4 ,a small cyl9drical p5dant is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,a l>ge1 neat p]=ation has be5 made at ! upp] end1 & ! middle portion ( ! body is ornam5t$ by a s]ies ( encircl+ grooves4 ,?is specim5 has be5 made f a l>ge ,unio & 0 obta9$ f a m\nd 9 ,union ,c\nty1 ,ky4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xlvi--,,p5dant ,,ornam5ts--,,ea/]n ,,=ms4 ,we/]n =ms4--,9 v>iety ( =m ! pla9 p5dants ( ! ,cali=nia coa/ excel all o!rs4 ,specim5s f ! graves are g5]ally well pres]v$1 n hav+ lo/ _! orig9al iridesc5ce1 al?\gh s mu* decay$ z to suff] consid]ably f exfoliation4 ,z indicat$ by ! pres5t well pres]v$ condition ( ^! %ell ornam5ts1 !y are probably n ( v anci5t date2 inde$ x is highly probable t _m ( !m are po/-,columbian4 ,cabrillo visit$ ! isl& ( ,santa ,rosa 9 #aedb & f\nd a num]\s & ?riv+ p4 ,9 #ahaf only a small remnant ( ! inhabitants rema9$1 & ^! 7 remov$ to ! ma9-l& by ,ca?olic prie/s4 ,_! de/ruction is attribut$ to bo? w> & fam9e4 ,! hi/ory ( ! o!r isl&s is d\btless some:at simil>4 ,articles made f %ell are f\nd to resemble ea* o!r v closely1 :e!r f ! isl&s or ! ma9-l&4 ,all probably belong to ! same "t1 & al?\gh ! peoples ( ! isl&s are said to h spok5 a diff]5t language f ^? ( ! ma9-l&1 _! arts 7 app>5tly pretty mu* ! same4 ,!y d n diff]1 z f> z works 9 %ell are conc]n$1 f ! mod]n tribes ( ! ma9-l&4 ,!re is also a noticeable resemblance betwe5 ! art ( ! anci5t ,cali=nia ,isl&]s & t ( ! pres5t inhabitants ( ! great ,pacific ar*ipelagoes4 ,! record ( _m ( ! specim5s obta9$ f ^! isl&s seems to be v incomplete1 sc>cely m be+ kn[n ?an ! fact t !y 7 obta9$ f ! anci5t graves4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 !y are almo/ exclusively ornam5ts belong+ probably to a s+le p]iod1 detail$ acc\nts ( _! me?ods ( occurr5ce w\ld n add greatly to _! value4 ,9 previ\s *apt]s vessels1 hooks1 & beads made ( ! ,haliotis h be5 describ$1 & ! high e/imation 9 :i* !y are ev]y:]e held briefly not$4 ,! v>iety ( ways 9 :i* ?is %ell is utiliz$ is inde$ rem>kable & ! multitude ( =ms into :i* x is work$ = ornam5t is a matt] ( surprise4 ,all are neatly & effectively work$1 & ev9ce no little skill & ta/e on ! "p ( ! mak]s4 ,! ,haliotis is n ! only %ell us$1 b x has no rival 9 po9t ( beauty4 ,bivalve %ells are utiliz$ to a consid]able ext5t1 _m ta/eful ?+s be+ made f ! ,fissurella1 ! ,mytilus1 ! ,pa*ydesma1 & ! ,pect54 ,! p]=ations are g5]ally neatly made & are m num]\s ?an 9 simil> ea/]n specim5s2 besides ^? = susp5sion !re are frequ5tly _m o!rs = ! atta*m5t ( second>y p5dants & = fa/5+ to ! co/ume4 ,_m specim5s are ornam5t$ ) edg+s ( not*es & cross$ l9es b v few h be5 f\nd on :i* significant *>act]s h be5 engrav$1 & we look 9 va9 = p>allels to ! curi\s designs *>act]i/ic ( ! gorgets ( ! m\nd-build]s4 ,a glance at ! num]\s examples giv5 9 ,plates ,,xlvii1 ,,xlviii1 & ,,xlix w give a good idea ( ! multiplicity ( =ms into :i* ^! ornam5ts are wr\ght4 ,a r rem>kable gr\p ( p5dants is repres5t$ by ,fig4 #a4 ,!y are *>act]iz$ by a deep scallop at ! left1 ) a long curv$ hook-l projection above4 ,!y take _! =m f ! %ape ( ! lip ( ! ,haliotis1 f :i* !y are made--! hook be+ ! upp] po9t ( ! out] lip :]e x jo9s ! body1 & ! scallop ! l9e ( ! suture4 ,! body ( ! ornam5t is =m$ f ! lip ( ! %ell4 ,9 size !y v>y to "s ext5t ) ! %ells f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,! body is at times q oval & aga9 sl5d] & hook$ l ! blade ( a sickle4 ,! p]=ations are g5]ally v num]\s1 a fact t indicates _! use z c5tral pieces = composite p5dants4 ,x is app>5t t ! we>]s ?\ght m ( ! exquisite color+ ( ^! ornam5ts ?an ( ! outl9e or surface f9i%4 ,?is is only "o ( _m in/ances t prove ! innate & univ]sal appreciation ( beauty ( color by savage peoples4 ,9 ,fig4 #b a f9e example ( ! subtriangul> or key/one-%ap$ p5dants is pres5t$4 ,! edges are v neatly cut & ! corn]s slightly r\nd$4 ,! back is gr\nd smoo?1 b on ! front ! orig9al surface ( ! %ell is pres]v$1 ! colors be+ extremely ri* & brilliant4 ,a s+le p]=ation has be5 drill$ ne> ! upp] end4 ,x is made f a ,haliotis rufesc5s1 & 0 obta9$ f ! isl& ( ,santa ,rosa4 ,! h&some specim5 %[n 9 ,fig4 #c 0 obta9$ f a grave on ! isl& ( ,san ,miguel4 ,x has suff]$ mu* f decay4 ,!re are f\r neatly made p]=ations ne> ! c5t]4 ,x has app>5tly be5 cut f ! same %ell z ! prec$+4 ,fig4 #d is a small key/one-%ap$ specim5 hav+ two p]=ations4 ,fig4 #e repres5ts a small1 delicate specim5 ( rectangul> %ape1 hav+ two m9ute p]=ations4 ,?is1 z well z ! prec$+1 0 obta9$ f a grave on ! isl& ( ,san ,miguel4 ,fig4 #f illu/rates a small oval1 waf]-l specim51 ! edges ( :i* h be5 ornam5t$ ) a s]ies ( cross$ l9es4 ,x has ?ree neat p]=ations on ! l9e ( ! long] axis4 ,x is f ! isl& ( ,santa ,cruz4 ,fig4 #g repres5ts a small button-l disk ) a c5tral p]=ation2 ! m>g9 is ornam5t$ ) a s]ies ( radiat+ l9es4 ,x 0 obta9$ f ,santa ,b>b>a4 ,a p5dant ( v peculi> =m is %[n 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,! oval body has ?ree m>g9al projections1 all ( :i* are p]=at$2 !re is also a p]=ation ne> ! c5t]4 ,! surface reta9s a heavy coat+ ( "s d>k sub/ance1 :i* gives ! ornam5t mu* ! appe>ance ( corrod$ metal4 ,x 0 obta9$ f ,san ,miguel ,isl&4 ,9 a numb] ( cases advantage has be5 tak5 ( ! natural p]=ations ( ! %ell1 bo? to give v>iety to ! outl9e ( small p5dants & to save ! labor ( mak+ artificial p]=ations4 ,a v h&some little specim5 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,! two ind5tations above & bel[ repres5t two ( ! natural p]=ations ( ! %ell2 artificial p]=ations are made 9 ea* ( ! f\r corn]s or w+s4 ,x 0 also obta9$ f ! isl& ( ,san ,miguel4 ,fig4 #aj repres5ts a leaf-%ap$ p5dant ) not*$ edges & a s+le p]=ation4 ,x comes f ! isl& ( ,santa ,cruz4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xlvii--,,pla9 ,,p5dants--,,pacific ,,coa/ ,,=ms4 7#a_/a7 ,! examples giv5 are typical ( ! v l>ge class ( ornam5ts d]iv$ f ! ,haliotid4 ,! /rik+ specim5s %[n 9 ,plate ,,xlviii are1 ) "o exception1 made f %ells ( ?is class4 ,! two sickle-%ap$ p5dants illu/rat$ 9 ,figs4 #a & #b are made f ! broad5$ inn] lip ( ! ,haliotis cali=nianus 7874 ,9 "o a s+le p]=ation has be5 made ne> ! upp] end2 9 ! o!r !re are two1 "o ne> ea* end4 ,! faces h be5 neatly dress$ & ! corn]s ornam5t$ ) m9ute not*es4 ,!y are f graves on ,santa ,cruz ,isl&4 ,two exquisite specim5s1 also f ,santa ,cruz ,isl&1 are pres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #c & #d4 ,!y h be5 cut f ! body ( a ,haliotis spl5d5s 7871 & f9i%$ ) mu* c>e4 ,two p]=ations h be5 made ne> ! upp] m>g91 :i* is ar*$ or curv$ :ile ! l[] is ne>ly /raight4 ,! edges are neatly not*$4 ,al?\gh some:at alt]$ by exposure ^! objects are /ill v pretty4 ,a v neat1 well pres]v$ little p5dant is %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,! specim5 pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #f is peculi> 9 hav+ a s]ies ( five p]=ations1 "o ne> ! middle & ! o!rs ne> ! ends4 ,! example giv5 9 ,fig4 #g has two p]=ations1 "o at ea* end4 ,^! are all made f species ( ! ,haliotis4 ,! specim5 pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #h is made f ! lip ( a ,cyprea spadicea ) v little *ange except ! c>efully made p]=ation4 ,x is f ! isl& ( ,san ,miguel4 ,! idea ( beautify+ ornam5ts made f ! ,haliotis & o!r %ells by not*+ ! edges may h be5 sugge/$ by ! natural not*es *>act]i/ic ( ! ,cypreas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xlviii--,,p5dant ,,ornam5ts ,,( ,,! ,,pacific ,,coa/4 #a-g4 ,p5dants made ( ! ,haliotis4 7#a_/a7 #h4 ,p5dant made ( a ,cyprea4 7#a_/a7 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 & #c1 ,plate ,,xlix1 illu/rate a gr\p ( small1 delicate1 ladle-%ap$ p5dants4 ,! p]=ation = susp5sion is at ! upp] end ( ! h&le & ! body has an oval or circul> p]=ation1 :i* is (t5 s enl>g$ z to leave only a n>r[ r+1 l ! rim ( an eyeglass4 ,! specim5 %[n 9 ,fig4 #c has two lobes1 ) a l>ge p]=ation or op5+ 9 ea*4 ,9 "o in/ance ! h&le is q wide at ! upp] end & ornam5t$ by two deep lat]al not*es4 ,! edges ( ^! specim5s are ne>ly always adorn$ ) not*es or cross$ l9es4 ,all are fa%ion$ f ! ,haliotis1 & al?\gh consid]ably /a9$ are /ill well en\gh pres]v$ to %[ ! pe>ly lu/]s ( t %ell4 ,circul> & oval disks are also num]\s & v>y mu* 9 f9i%2 "s h a great numb] ( p]=ations or ind5tations1 & ne>ly all are neatly not*$ ar\nd ! m>g9s4 ,examples are giv5 9 ,figs4 #d & #e4 ,! national collection conta9s a numb] ( r+s & pieces ( r+s made f ! valves ( a l>ge clam1 probably a ,pectunculus1 "o example ( :i* is %ewn 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,! convex back ( ! %ell is gr\nd (f until a m>g9al r+ only rema9s4 ,a p]=ation is made ne> ! angle ( ! beak4 ,! %ell is f ! ,cali=nia coa/1 b ! r+s 7 collect$ mo/ly if n entirely f ,arizona & ,new ,mexico4 ,x is n impossible t ! tribes ( ! int]ior procur$ ^! articles f :ite trad]s1 z !y are kn[n to h secur$ o!r %ell ornam5ts 9 ?is way4 ,! natives ( ! ,cali=nia coa/ 7 n sl[ 9 tak+ advantage ( natural =ms to aid _! art or to save labor4 ,! %ells ( ! ,fissurellid z well z ( ! ,haliotid h be5 9 great favor4 ,!y h be5 us$ z beads & p5dants 9 _! natural /ate or ! natural p]=ations h be5 enl>g$ until only a r+ has be5 left1 or ! m>g9 & sides h be5 gr\nd d[n until no?+ ( ! orig9al =m or surface rema9$4 ,two ( ^! =ms are %[n 9 ,figs4 #g & #h4 ,!y are f graves on ,san ,miguel ,isl&1 & are made f ! ,lucup9a cr5ulata2 o!rs come f ,santa ,cruz ,isl&2 & probably also f ! adjo9+ isl&s z well z f ! ma9-l&4 ,r+s are also made f o!r %ells4 ,examples made f ! ,acma mitra & ,cyprea spadicea are %[n 9 ,figs4 #i1 #aj1 & #aa4 ,!y come f ,san ,miguel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,xlix--,,pla9 ,,p5dants--,,pacific ,,coa/ ,,=ms4 7#a_/a7 ,,p]=at$ ,,plates4 ,we f9d t p5dant gorgets grade imp]ceptibly into ano!r gr\p ( objects1 ! use or significance ( :i* h n be fully det]m9$4 ,^! objects are m frequ5tly made ( /one or copp]1 b good examples 9 %ell h be5 f\nd4 ,z a rule !y take ! =m ( ?9 oblong plates :i* exhibit great v>iety ( outl9e4 ,! p]=ations are peculi>1 & h n be5 design$ = ord9>y susp5sion1 b are plac$ ne> ! middle ( ! specim5 z if = fix+ x to ! p]son or co/ume by means ( cords4 ,_m !ories h be5 advanc$ 9 attempt+ to det]m9e _! use4 ,!y h be5 class$ z gorgets1 badges ( au?ority1 %uttles1 armor plates1 wri/ protectors1 & z implem5ts = siz+ s9ews & twi/+ cords4 ,objects ( ?is class 9 /one h be5 frequ5tly illu/rat$ & describ$4 ,!y are made ( _m v>ieties ( /one1 "s ( :i* seem to h be5 select$ on acc\nt ( _! beauty4 ,!y h be5 neatly %ap$ & (t5 well-poli%$4 ,! edges are occasionally not*$ & ! surfaces ornam5t$ ) patt]ns ( incis$ l9es4 ,! p]=ations v>y f "o to f\r1 ! great] numb] ( specim5s1 h[ev]1 hav+ only two4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( m\nd exploration objects ( ?is class 7 ev5 great] enigmas1 if possible1 ?an !y are to-day4 ,ev5 ! mat]ial ( :i* a numb] ( !m 7 =m$ rema9$ = a long "t undet]m9$4 ,s*oolcraft has publi%$ an illu/ration ( a l>ge specim5 f ! ,grave ,creek ,m\nd1 ,va4 ,?is draw+ is reproduc$ 9 ,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,l4 ,! orig9al 0 six in*es long1 "o & ?ree-t5?s in*es wide1 & ?ree-t5?s ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,he expresses ! op9ion t x 0 "o ( ^? anci5t badges ( au?ority =m]ly 9 su* g5]al use among ! ,indians4#abi ,ano!r specim51 v mu* l ! la/ 9 size & %ape1 b made ( %ell1 suppos$ at ! "t ( discov]y to be ivory1 0 f\nd associat$ ) human rema9s 9 ! ,grave ,creek ,m\nd4 ,x is describ$ by ,mr4 ,toml9son 9 ! ,am]ican ,pione]1#acj & ! cut giv5 9 ,plate ,l1 ,fig4 #d1 is copi$ f t "w4 ,a rem>kable specim5 ( ?is class is giv5 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,x is made f ! body ( a l>ge ,busycon p]v]sum1 & is n9e & a half in*es long by ?ree in*es 9 wid? at ! wide/ "p4 ,! concave surface has be5 highly poli%$1 b is n[ some:at r\gh5$ by wea!r+2 ! back has be5 slightly gr\nd to take (f ! r\gh] ridges ( gr[?2 ! edges are ev5 & r\nd$ & 9 _m places q ?94 ,! peculi>ity ( its %ape is su* z to give x v mu* ! appe>ance ( ! sole ( a s&al4 ,! p]=ations are ?ree 9 numb]1 "o be+ ne> ! middle & ! o!rs ne> ! broad] end1 ab\t "o & a half in*es ap>t2 !y are v neatly made & are slightly bi-conical & a little c\nt]sunk4 ,!re appe>s to be no evid5ce :atev] ( abrasion by use4 ,x 0 f\nd associat$ ) human rema9s 9 a m\nd at ,%>psburg1 ,m]c] ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,a simil> specim5 f ! same locality is ne>ly n9e in*es 9 l5g?1 & lacks b a little ( ?ree & a half in*es 9 wid?4 ,z 9 ! specim5 illu/rat$1 "o p]=ation is plac$ ne> ! middle & two o!rs ne> ! broad] end4 ,?is specim5 is highly poli%$ on ! broad] "p ( ! back1 & is ev5ly smoo!d on ! concave side4 ,x be>s evid5ce ( consid]able use1 & ! two holes are mu* worn by a /r+ or cord1 :i*1 pass+ f "o hole to ! o!r on ! concave side ( ! plate1 gradually work$ a deep groove betwe5 !m4 ,on ! back or convex side1 ! p]=ations %[ no evid5ce ( we>4 ,! c5tral p]=ation is n worn on ei!r side4 ,! lett] ( ,mr4 ,:itney1 transmitt+ ?is relic to ! ,national ,museum1 /ates t !re 7 9 ! m\nd ab\t t5 pairs ( ! %ell s&als ( diff]5t sizes1 & made to fit ! "r & left feet4 ,f ! latt] rem>k ,i %\ld inf] t "s 7 made f dextral & o!rs f s9i/ral %ells2 ! two describ$ are made f ! ,busycon p]v]sum4 ,an extremely f9e specim51 mu* l ! prec$+1 0 exhum$ f an anci5t m\nd 9 ,h>d9 ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,x 0 f\nd on ! head ( a skeleton :i* occupi$ a sitt+ po/ure ne> ! c5t] ( ! m\nd4 ,x is n9e in*es 9 l5g? by ?ree & "o-half in*es 9 wid?1 & 9 %ape resembles ! sole ( a moccas91 be+ some:at broad] & less po9t$ ?an ! specim5 pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,x _h be5 plac$ ^u ! skull ) ! wid] end t[>d ! back1 b :e!r laid !re z a burial (f]+ simply or z con/itut+ a "p ( ! head-dress ( ! dead savage we h no means ( det]m9+4 ,! p]=ations are ?ree 9 numb]1 & are plac$ simil>ly to ^? 9 ! specim5 illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,two o!r skeletons _h simil> plates associat$ ) !m1 :i* diff]$ f ! "o describ$ 9 size only1 ! small] "o be+ less ?an six in*es 9 l5g?4 ,li?ographs ( two ( ^! specim5s are giv5 by ,mr4 ,matson1 9 ^: v excell5t report !y 7 fir/ describ$4#aca ,! gorget pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #a ( ?is plate is copi$ f ,s*oolcraft4#acb ,x 0 tak51 along ) _m o!r int]e/+ relics1 f "o ( ! ossu>ies at ,bev]ly1 ,canada ,we/4 ,x is =m$ f "s l>ge sea %ell1 & is ?ree in*es 9 wid? by ?ree & ?ree-f\r?s in*es 9 l5g?4 ,its p]=ations are f\r 9 numb]1 & are s plac$ z to be conv5i5tly us$ ei!r = susp5sion by a s+le cord or = fix+ firmly by means ( two or m cords4 ,x seems to hold a middle place betwe5 p5dants prop] & ! pi]c$ tablets "u consid]ation4#acc ,! unique specim5 giv5 9 ,fig4 #b is f ,c$> ,keys1 ,florida1 b :e!r f a grave or a %ell-heap ,i am at pres5t unable to /ate4 ,9 its p]=ations1 :i* are l>ge & d\bly conical1 x resembles v closely ! typical tablet ( /one4 ,! outl9e is peculi>2 be+ r\nd$ at ! top1 x gr[s broad] t[>d ! base l a celt1 & t]m9ates at ! out] corn]s 9 well-r\nd$ po9ts1 ! edge betwe5 be+ ornam5t$ ) a s]ies ( not*es or tee?4 ,x has be5 cut f ! wall ( a ,busycon p]v]sum1 & is %>ply curv$4 ,! surface is r\gh5$ by "t1 b !re is no evid5ce ( we> by use ei!r 9 ! p]=ations or 9 ! not*es at ! base4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,l--,,p]=at$ ,,plates4 #a4 ,ornam5t f ,bev]ly1 ,c4 ,w4 #b4 ,ornam5t f ,florida4 #c1 #d4 ,objects f ! ,grave ,creek ,m\nd1 ,va4 #e4 ,p]=at$ plate f ,ohio4 ,9 /udy+ ^! rem>kable specim5s ! fact t !y s seldom %[ m>ks ( use pres5ts itself = explanation4 ,dr4 ,*>les ,rau1 ^: op9ions 9 su* matt]s are always wor?y ( consid]ation1 rem>ks t at fir/ sight "o might be incl9$ to consid] !m z objects ( ornam5t1 or z badges ( di/9ction2 b ?is view is n corroborat$ by ! appe>ance ( ! p]=ations1 :i* exhibit no trace ( t peculi> abrasion produc$ by con/ant susp5sion4 ,! classification ( ! tablets z 'gorgets1' !re=e1 appe>s to be errone\s4#acd ,! same argum5t c\ld1 h[ev]1 be br\ght ) equal =ce aga9/ _! use = any ( ! o!r purposes sugge/$4 ,! p]=ations1 if n us$ = susp5sion or atta*m5t1 w\ld be subject to we> f any o!r use to :i* !y c\ld be put4 ,b1 z we h already se51 "o ( ! specim5s 9 %ell exhibits well-def9$ evid5ce ( we>1 & t ( su* a "* z to indicate ! passage ( a cord betwe5 ! p]=ations 9 a position t w\ld produce abrasion betwe5 ! holes on ! concave side ( ! plate1 b w\ld leave ! back entirely unworn4 ,?is peculi> result c\ld only be produc$ by atta*m5t 9 a fix$ position1 concave side out1 to "s object p]=at$ l ! plate1 ! cord pass+ directly ?r\gh bo?4 ,! p]=ations ( p5dants necess>ily %[ we> on bo? sides2 a l result w\ld foll[ f ! use ( ^! plates 9 any ( ! o!r ways m5tion$4 ,^? made ( %ell c\ld n1 on acc\nt ( _! w>p$ %ape1 be us$ = %uttles2 besides1 !y %[ no evid5ce ( m>g9al we>1 su* z w\ld result f ?is use4 ,! fact1 too1 t ! mat]ial _h to be br\ght f ! di/ant sea-%ore w\ld seem to r5d] x too r>e & preci\s to be employ$ 9 ! ord9>y arts :5 wood1 /one1 & bone w\ld s]ve ! purpose z well4 ,ow+ to ! c>elessness or neglig5ce ( collectors we h b little in=mation 9 reg>d to _! relation to ! human rema9s ) :i* !y 7 deposit$4 ,su* facts z we h1 h[ev]1 t5d1 ,i believe1 to %[ t !y 7 us$ = p]sonal decoration4 ,aga91 ! mat]ial ( :i* !y are =m$ is1 on acc\nt ( its beauty1 especially adapt$ = ornam5t1 & = ?is use x has be5 almo/ exclusively res]v$ by peoples z di/ant f ! sea z 7 ! anci5t peoples ( ! ,ohio ,valley4 ,,engrav$ ,,gorgets4 ,x has already be5 sugge/$ t ! simpl] =ms ( p5dants ) pla9 surfaces may h _h p>ticul> significance to _! possessors1 z insignia1 amulets1 or symbols1 or t !y may h receiv$ pa9t$ designs ( su* a "* z to give significance to !m4 ,= ornam5t ! natural or pla9ly poli%$ surface ( ! %ell possess$ suffici5t beauty to satisfy ! mo/ fa/idi\s ta/e--a beauty t c\ld h>dly be enhanc$ by ! addition ( pa9t$ or incis$ figures4 ,b we f9d t _m ( ! l>g] gorgets obta9$ f ! m\nds & graves ( a l>ge di/rict h designs ( a mo/ int]e/+ nature engrav$ ^u !m1 :i* are s rem>kable 9 conception & execution z to comm& our admiration4 ,su* is ! "* ( ^! designs t we are at once impress$ ) ! idea t !y are n products ( ! idle fancy1 nei!r is x possible t !y _h no high] (fice ?an ! gratification ( b>b>ian vanity4 ,i h giv5 mu* "t to _! exam9ation1 &1 day by day1 h become m /rongly impress$ ) ! belief t no s+le design is )\t its significance1 & t _! production 0 a s]i\s art :i* dealt ) matt]s closely int]wov5 ) ! hi/ory1 my?ology & polity ( a p gradually develop+ a civilization ( _! own4 ,al?\gh ^! objects 7 worn z p]sonal ornam5ts !y probably _h specializ$ uses z insignia1 amulets1 or symbols4 ,z insignia1 !y 7 badges ( (fice or di/9ction4 ,! devices engrav$ ^u !m 7 d]iv$ f _m s\rces & 7 probably sometimes supplem5t$ by num]al records repres5t+ enemies kill$1 prison]s tak51 or o!r de$s accompli%$4 ,z amulets1 !y 7 inve/$ ) protective or rem$ial attributes & conta9$ my/ic devices d]iv$ f dreams1 visions1 & _m o!r s\rces4 ,z symbols !y possess$1 9 mo/ cases1 a religi\s "*1 & 7 g5]ally us$ z totems ( clans4 ,!y 7 inscrib$ ) *>act]s d]iv$ *iefly f my?ologic s\rces4 ,a few examples conta9 geometric designs :i* may h be5 "t-symbols1 or !y may h indicat$ ! ord] ( c]emonial ex]cises4 ,t ^! objects %\ld be class$ "u "o ( ^! heads & n z simple ornam5ts engrav$ ) intricate designs = embelli%m5t alone is app>5t :5 we consid] ! s]i\s "* ( ! "w1 ! great am\nt ( labor & pati5ce %[n1 ! frequ5t recurr5ce ( ! same design1 ! wide di/ribution ( p>ticul> =ms1 ! pres]vation ( ! idea 9 all cases1 no matt] :at %ortcom+s occur 9 execution or detail1 & ! app>5t abs5ce ( all l9es1 dots1 & figures n ess5tial to ! pres5tation ( ! conception4 ,9 describ+ ^! gorgets ,i h arrang$ !m 9 gr\ps di/+ui%$ by ! designs engrav$ ^u !m4#ace ,!y are pres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,! ,cross1 ,! ,scallop$ ,disk1 ,! ,bird1 ,! ,spid]1 ,! ,s]p5t1 ,! ,human ,face1 ,! ,human ,figure3 & to ^! ,i app5d ,! ,frog1 :i* is f\nd 9 ,arizona only1 & al?\gh c>v$ 9 %ell does n appe> to h be5 us$ z a p5dant1 z no p]=ations are visible4 ,)9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates anci5t tablets conta9+ engrav$ designs are app>5tly conf9$ to ! ,atlantic slope1 & are n f\nd to any ext5t beyond ! limits ( ! di/rict occupi$ by ! /one-grave peoples4 ,e>ly explor]s along ! ,atlantic coa/ m5tion ! use ( engrav$ gorgets by a numb] ( tribes4 ,mod]n examples may be f\nd occasionally among ! ,indians ( ! nor?we/ coa/ z well z ^u ! isl&s ( ! c5tral ,pacific4 ,,! ,,cross4 ,! discov]]s & e>ly explor]s ( ! ,new ,_w 7 fill$ ) surprise :5 !y beheld _! own sacr$ emblem1 ! cross1 m+l+ ) ! pagan devices ( ! we/]n b>b>ian4 ,writ]s h speculat$ 9 va9--! my/]y yet rema9s unsolv$4 ,attempts to connect ! use ( ! cross by prehi/oric ,am]icans ) its use 9 ! ,ea/ h signally fail$1 & we are compell$ to look on its occurr5ce "h z "o ( ^? /range co9cid5ces s (t5 f\nd 9 ! practices ( peoples totally =eign to ea* o!r4 ,if writt5 hi/ory does n e/abli% beyond a d\bt ! fact t ! cross _h a place 9 our aborig9al symbolism1 we h b to turn to ! pages ( ! great ar*ologic record1 :]e we f9d t x occupies a place 9 anci5t ,am]ican art s intimately int]wov5 ) conceptions peculi> to ! cont95t t x _c be sep>at$ f !m4 ,x is f\nd associat$ ) o!r prehi/oric rema9s ?r\gh\t ne>ly ! entire l5g? & bread? ( ,am]ica4 ,i h ! pleasure ( pres5t+ a few new examples ( ?is emblem1 obta9$ f ! di/rict at "o "t occupi$ by ! m\nd-build]s4 ,! examples are c>v$ 9 %ell or engrav$ ^u disks ( %ell :i* h be5 employ$ z p5dant gorgets4 ,9 ! /udy ( ^! p>ticul> relics1 "o important fact 9 rec5t hi/ory mu/ be kept con/antly 9 m9d4 ,! fir/ explor]s 7 accompani$ by ,*ri/ian zealots1 :o sp>$ no ef=t to root out ! native sup]/itions & introduce a =eign religion1 ( :i* ! cross 0 ! all-important symbol4 ,?is emblem 0 g5]ally accept$ by ! savages z ! only tangible feature ( a new sy/em ( belief t 0 fill$ ) subtleties too pr(\nd = _! compreh5sion4 ,z a result1 ! cross 0 at once introduc$ into ! regalia ( ! natives2 at fir/ probably 9 a ,european =m & mat]ial atta*$ to a /r+ ( beads 9 precisely ! mann] t !y _h be5 accu/om$ to susp5d _! own tr9kets & gorgets2 b soon1 no d\bt1 del9eat$ or c>v$ by _! own h&s ^u tablets ( /one & copp] & %ell1 9 ! place ( _! own peculi> conceptions4 ,f ! "t ( ,la ,salle d[n to ! ext9ction ( ! savage 9 ! middle ,mississippi prov9ce1 ! cross 0 kept con/antly be=e him1 & its pres5ce may ?us be acc\nt$ = 9 su* rema9s z po/-date ! adv5t ( ! :ites4 ,ye> aft] ye> articles ( ,european manufacture are be+ discov]$ 9 ! mo/ unexpect$ places1 & we %all f9d x impossible to assign any s+le example ( ^! crosses to a prehi/oric p]iod1 ) ! assurance t our /atem5ts w n "s day be *all5g$4 ,x is c]ta9ly un=tunate t ! ,am]ican orig9 ( any "w ( art resembl+ ,european =ms mu/ re/ =ev] "u a cl\d ( suspicion4 ,z long z a d\bt exi/s 9 reg>d to ! orig9 ( a relic1 x is useless to employ x 9 a discussion :]e important d$uctions are to be made4 ,at ! same "t x %\ld n be =gott5 t ! cross 0 und\bt$ly us$ z a symbol by ! prehi/oric nations ( ! ,s\?1 & consequ5tly t x 0 probably also kn[n 9 ! ,nor?4 ,a great majority ( ! relics associat$ ) x 9 anci5t m\nds & burial places are und\bt$ly aborig9al4 ,9 ! case ( ! %ell gorgets1 ! tablets !mselves belong to an ,am]ican type1 & are highly *>act]i/ic ( ! art ( ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,a majority ( ! designs engrav$ ^u !m are also *>act]i/ic ( ! same di/rict4 ,we f9d at r>e int]vals designs t are *>act]i/ically =eign2 ^!1 :e!r ,mexican or ,european1 are objects ( special int]e/ & m]it ! close/ possible exam9ation4 ,t ! design "u consid]ation1 z well z e o!r engrav$ ^u ^! tablets1 is symbolic or o!rwise significant1 ,i d n = a mom5t d\bt2 b ! probabilities z to ! ,european or ,am]ican orig9 ( ! symbol ( ! cross f\nd 9 ?is region are pretty ev5ly balanc$4 ,9 its del9eation !re is c]ta9ly no?+ to indicate its orig94 ,by ref]5ce to ,plate ,,liii x w be se5 t 9 all ! examples giv5 x is a simple & symmetrical cross1 :i* might be duplicat$ a ?\s& times 9 ! religi\s art ( any c\ntry4 ,a /udy ( ! designs associat$ ) ! cross 9 ^! gorgets is in/ructive1 b does n lead to any def9ite result4 ,9 "o case ! cross is inscrib$ ^u ! back ( a great spid]2 9 ano!r x is surr\nd$ by a rectangul> framework ( l9es1 loop$ at ! corn]s1 & gu>d$ by f\r my/]i\s birds1 :ile 9 o!rs x is )\t att5dant *>act]s2 b ! workman%ip is purely aborig9al4 ,i h n se5 a s+le example ( engrav+ ^u %ell t sugge/$ a =eign h&1 or a design1 ) ! exception ( ?is "o1 t c\ld claim a ,european d]ivation4 ,"s v +5i\s !ories h be5 elaborat$ 9 attempt+ to acc\nt = ! pres5ce ( ! cross among ,am]ican symbols4 ,br9ton believes t ! great importance atta*$ to ! po9ts ( ! compass--! f\r qu>t]s ( ! heav5s--by savage peoples has giv5 rise to ! sign ( ! cross4 ,) o!rs ! cross is a phallic symbol1 d]iv$1 by "s obscure process ( evolution1 f ! v5]ation accord$ to ! reciprocal pr9ciple 9 nature4 ,x is also frequ5tly associat$ ) sun-wor%ip1 & is recogniz$ z a symbol ( ! sun--! f\r arms be+ rema9+ rays left aft] a gradual process ( elim9ation4 ,:atev] is f9ally det]m9$ 9 ref]5ce to ! orig9 ( ! cross z a religi\s symbol 9 ,am]ica w probably result f ! exhau/ive /udy ( ! hi/ory1 language1 & art ( ! anci5t peoples1 comb9$ ) a ?or\gh k ( ! religi\s conceptions ( mod]n tribes1 & :5 ^! s\rces ( in=mation are all exhau/$ x is probable t ! writ] :o ass]ts m ?an a probability w ov]rea* 8 pro(s4 ,su* del9eations ( ! cross z we f9d embodi$ 9 anci5t aborig9al art repres5t only ! f9al /ages ( its evolution1 & x is n to be expect$ t its orig9 c be trac$ ?r\gh !m4 ,9 "o in/ance1 h[ev]1 a direct d]ivation f nature is sugge/$4 ,! anci5t ,mexican pictographic manuscripts ab\nd 9 repres5tations ( trees1 conv5tionaliz$ 9 su* a mann] z to resemble crosses2 ^! app>5tly take an important "p 9 ! sc5es depict$4 ,by a comp>ison ( ^! curi\s trees ) ! rem>kable cross 9 ! ,pal5que tablet1 ,i h be5 l$ to ! belief t !y mu/ h a common significance & orig94 ,! analogies are inde$ rem>kable4 ,! tree-cross 9 ! pa9t+s is (t5 ! c5tral figure ( a gr\p 9 :i* prie/s (f] sacrifice1 or engage 9 "s simil> religi\s rite4 ,! cross holds ! same relation 9 ! ,pal5que gr\p4 ,! bran*es ( ^! cross-%ap$ trees t]m9ate 9 clu/]s ( symbolic fruit1 & ! arms ( ! cross are load$ d[n ) symbols :i*1 al?\gh highly conv5tionaliz$1 h n yet entirely lo/ _! vegetable "*4 ,! mo/ rem>kable feature1 h[ev]1 is n t ! crosses resemble ea* o!r 9 ^! respects1 b t !y p]=m l functions 9 giv+ support to a symbolic bird :i* is p]*$ ^u ! summit4 ,?is bird appe>s to be ! important feature ( ! gr\p1 & to x1 or ! deity :i* x repres5ts1 ! homage or sacrifice is (f]$4 ,^! analogies g /ill f>!r2 ! bases ( ! cross 9 ! tablet & ( ! crosses 9 ! pa9t+s are made to re/ ^u a highly conv5tionaliz$ figure ( "s my?ical creature4 ,a consid]ation ( ^! facts seems to me to lead to ! conclusion t ! my?s repres5t$ 9 all ( ^! gr\ps are id5tical1 & t ! cross & cross-l trees h a common orig94 ,:e!r t orig9 is 9 ! tree on ! "o h& or 9 a cross o!rwise evolv$ on ! o!r ,i %all n attempt to say4 ,! gorget pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,li1 belongs to ! collection ( ,mr4 ,f4 ,m4 ,p]r9e1 & 0 obta9$ f a m\nd 9 ,union ,c\nty1 ,ill4 ,x is a little m ?an ?ree in*es 9 diamet] & has be5 gr\nd d[n to a uni=m ?ickness ( ab\t "o-twelf? ( an in*4 ,! surfaces are smoo? & ! m>g9 c>efully r\nd$ & poli%$4 ,ne> ! upp] edge are two p]=ations = susp5sion4 ,! cord us$ pass$ betwe5 ! holes on ! concave side1 we>+ a %all[ groove4 ,on ! convex side1 or back1 ! cord m>ks ext5d upw>d & outw>d1 indicat+ ! usual me?od ( susp5sion ab\t ! neck4 ,! cross :i* occupies ! c5t] ( ! concave face ( ! disk1 is q simple4 ,x is p>tially inclos$ on "o side by a semicircul> l9e1 & at pres5t has no o!r def9ition ?an t giv5 by f\r triangul> p]=ations :i* sep>ate ! arms4 ,! face ( ! cross is ornam5t$ ) six c>elessly drawn incis$ l9es1 :i* int]lace 9 ! c5t]1 z %[n 9 ! cut--?ree ext5d+ along ! arm to ! "r & ?ree pass+ d[n ! l[] arm to ! inclos+ l9e4 ,i h n be5 able to le>n any?+ ( ! "* ( ! int]m5ts ) :i* ?is specim5 0 associat$4 ,fig4 #b ( ! same plate repres5ts a l>ge %ell cross1 ! encircl+ rim ( :i* has be5 brok5 away4 ,! p]=ations are /ill intact4 ,! cross is q pla94 ,?is specim5 is v mu* decay$1 & came to ! ,national ,museum inside ( a skull obta9$ f a grave at ,*>le/on1 ,mo4 ,beyond ?is !re is no record ( ! specim54 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,li--,,%ell ,,gorgets--,,! ,,cross4 #a4 ,f a m\nd1 ,union ,c\nty1 ,ill4 #b4 ,f ,*>le/on1 ,mo4 7#a_/a7 ,9 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,lii1 ,i pres5t a l>ge fragm5t ( a circul> %ell ornam5t1 on ! convex surface ( :i* a v curi\s ornam5tal design has be5 engrav$4 ,! design1 inclos$ by a circle1 repres5ts a cross su* z w\ld be =m$ by two rectangul> tablets or slips1 slit longitud9ally & int]lac$ at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,betwe5 ! arms ( ! cross 9 ! spaces inclos$ by ! circul> bord] l9e are f\r annul> nodes1 hav+ small conical depressions 9 ! c5t]4 ,^! nodes h be5 reliev$ by cutt+ away portions ( ! %ell ar\nd !m4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! cross is ano!r small node or r+ simil>ly reliev$4 ,! l9es are neat & deeply incis$4 ,! edge ( ! %ell has be5 brok5 away ne>ly all ar\nd4 ,! accompany+ cut repres5ts ! ornam5t natural size--"o & a half in*es 9 diamet] & "o-sixte5? ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,x 0 obta9$ f a m\nd on ,fa9's ,isl&1 ,t5nessee4 ,! small gorget pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,lii1 is ( inf]ior workman%ip & ! l9es & dots seem to h a some:at haphaz>d arrangem5t4 ,! cross1 :i* may or may n be significant1 consi/s ( two %all[ irregul> grooves :i* cross ea* o!r at "r angles ne> ! c5t] ( ! disk & t]m9ate ne> ! bord]4 ,!re are indications ( an irregul>1 some:at brok51 conc5tric l9e ne> ! m>g94 ,a numb] ( %all[ conical pits h be5 drill$ at r irregul> int]vals ov] mo/ ( ! surface4 ,"o pair ( p]=ations seems to h be5 brok5 away & o!rs drill$1 "o ( ! latt] has also be5 brok5 out4 ,a triangul> fragm5t is lo/ f ! l[] m>g9 ( ! disk4 ,?is specim5 0 obta9$ f a m\nd on ,lick ,creek1 ,ea/ ,t5nessee1 by ,mr4 ,dunn+4 ,! gorget %[n 9 ,fig4 #c conta9s a typical example ( ! cross ( ! m\nd-build]4 ,! cut 0 made f a p5cil sket* & is probably n q accurate 9 detail4 ,! bord] ( ! disk is pla91 ) ! exception ( ! usual p]=ations at ! top4 ,! cross is inclos$ 9 a c>elessly drawn circle1 & ! spaces betwe5 ! arms1 :i* 9 o!r crosses are entirely cut out1 or are fill$ ) rays or o!r figures1 are "h decorat$ ) a patt]n ( cross$ l9es4 ,! l9es :i* def9e ! arms ( ! cross int]sect 9 ! middle ( ! disk4 ,! squ>e figure ?us produc$ 9 ! c5t] conta9s a device t is probably significant4 ,a d\bly-curv$ or ,s-%ap$ incis$ l9e1 wid5$ at ! ends1 ext5ds obliquely across ! squ>e f ! "r upp] to ! left l[] corn]4 ,?is figure appe>s to be an elem5t>y or unf9i%$ =m ( ! device f\nd 9 ! c5t] ( _m ( ! m elaborate disks4 ,int]sect$ by a simil> l9e x w\ld =m a cross l t ^u ! back ( "o ( ! spid]s %[n 9 ,plate ,,lxi1 or some:at m ev5ly curv$1 x w\ld resemble ! involut$ figure 9 ! c5t] ( ! circul> disks giv5 9 ,plate ,,liv4 ,?is specim5 0 obta9$ f a m\nd on ,lick ,creek1 ,t5n41 & is n[ 9 ! ,peabody ,museum4 ,9 ,fig4 #d a l>ge copp] disk f an ,ohio m\nd is repres5t$4 ,! specim5 is eight in*es 9 diamet]1 is v ?91 & has suff]$ greatly f corrosion4 ,a symmetrical cross1 ! arms ( :i* are five in*es 9 l5g?1 has be5 cut out ( ! c5t]4 ,two conc5tric l9es h be5 impress$ 9 ! plate1 "o ne> ! m>g9 & ! o!r t\*+ ! ends ( ! cross4 ,x is n[ 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum at ,new ,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,lii--,,! ,,cross ,,( ,,! ,,m\nd-,,build]s4 #a4 ,%ell gorget1 ,fa9's ,isl&1 ,t5n4 #b4 ,%ell gorget1 ,lick ,creek1 ,t5n4 #c4 ,%ell gorget1 ,lick ,creek1 ,t5n4 #d4 ,copp] plate1 ,ohio4 ,9 ,plate ,,liii ,i pres5t a l>ge numb] ( crosses1 mo/ ( :i* h be5 obta9$ f ! m\nds1 or f anci5t graves1 )9 ! di/rict occupi$ by ! m\nd-build]s4 ,eight are engrav$ ^u %ell gorgets 7illu/rations ( :i* are giv5 9 ! accompany+ plates71 "o is cut 9 /one1 ?ree are pa9t$ ^u pott]y1 & f\r are execut$ 9 copp]4 ,) two exceptions !y are inclos$ 9 circles1 & are h5ce symmetrical ,greek crosses1 ! ends be+ r\nd$ to con=m to ! circle2 ! rema9+ two 7,figs4 #ad & #ae7 repres5t =ms ( ! ,lat9 cross1 & resemble ! crosses atta*$ to ! ros>ies ( ! ,ca?olic prie/hood4 ,a silv] cross simil> to ! la/ giv5 0 obta9$ f a m\nd 9 ,ohio4 ,! plate itself is in/ructive1 & may be pres5t$ )\t fur!r rem>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,liii--,,! ,,cross4 ,,scallop$ ,,disks4 ,9 mak+ a ha/y classification ( ! _m engrav$ gorgets1 ,i h f\nd x conv5i5t to place 9 "o gr\p a num]\s & some:at extraord9>y class ( designs :i* h be5 engrav$ ^u scallop$ disks4 ,l ! cross1 ! symbol "h repres5t$ is "o t _c ) c]ta9ty be ref]r$ to an orig9al4 ,! g5]al %ape ( ! disks is su* z to sugge/ to mo/ m9ds a lik5ess to ! sun1 ! scallops be+ sugge/ive ( ! rays4 ,z ?is orb is kn[n to be an object ( fir/ importance 9 ! economy ( life--! s\rce ( light & heat--x is naturally an object ( v5]ation among _m primitive peoples4 ,x is well kn[n t ! b>b>ian tribes ( ,mexico & ,s\? ,am]ica _h well-develop$ sy/ems ( sun-wor%ip1 & t !y employ$ symbols ( _m =ms1 "s ( :i* /ill reta9$ a lik5ess to ! orig9al1 :ile o!rs _h assum$ ! g>b ( animals or fanciful creatures4 ,^! facts be+ kn[n1 x seems natural t su* a symbol z ! "o "u consid]ation %\ld be ref]r$ to ! great orig9al :i* x sugge/s4 ,! well-kn[n fact t ! di/rict f :i* ^! gorgets come1 01 at ! "t ( discov]y by ! :ites1 inhabit$ by a race ( sun-wor%ip]s--! ,nat*ez--gives to ?is assumption a %ad[ ( confirmation4 ,s f> z ,i am aw>e1 h[ev]1 no "o has v5tur$ a positive op9ion 9 reg>d to _! significance1 b su* sugge/ions z h be5 made incl9e t[>d ! view indicat$ above4 ,i feel ! great necessity ( caution 9 su* matt]s1 & :ile combat+ ! idea t ! designs are ornam5tal or fanciful only1 ,i am f> f attribut+ to !m any deeply my/]i\s significance4 ,!y may 9 "s way or o!r indicate political or religi\s /ation1 or !y may ev5 be cosmog5ic1 b ! probabilities are mu* great] t !y are "t symbols4 ,be=e v5tur+ fur!r1 h[ev]1 x w be well to describe "o ( ^! disks1 a typical example ( :i* is pres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,liv4 ,! specim5 *os5 z a type ( ^! rosette-l disks 0 obta9$ f a m\nd ne> ,na%ville1 ,t5n41 by ,pr(essor ,p[ell4 ,x 0 f\nd ne> ! head ( a skeleton1 :i* 0 mu* decay$1 & _h be5 s di/urb$ by rec5t movem5ts ( ! soil z to r5d] x difficult to det]m9e its orig9al position4 ,! %ell us$ is app>5tly a l>ge specim5 ( ! ,busycon p]v]sum1 al?\gh ! l9es ( gr[? are n suffici5tly well pres]v$ to p]mit a positive det]m9ation ( ! species4 ,! sub/ance ( ! %ell is well pres]v$2 ! surface 0 once highly poli%$1 b is n[ pitt$ & discolor$ by age4 ,! design is engrav$ on ! concave surface z usual1 & ! l9es are accurately drawn & cle>ly cut4 ,! v>i\s conc5tric circles are drawn ) geometric accuracy ar\nd a m9ute %all[ pit z a c5t]4 ,^! circles divide ! surface into five p>ts--a small circle at ! c5t] surr\nd$ by f\r zones ( unequal wid?4 ,! c5tral circle is ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & is surr\nd$ by a zone "o-half an in* 9 wid?1 :i* conta9s a rosette ( ?ree involut$ l9es2 ^! beg9 on ! circumf]5ce ( ! inn] circle 9 ?ree small equidi/ant p]=ations1 & sweep outw>d to ! second circle1 mak+ upw>ds ( half a revolution4 ,^! l9es are some:at wid] & m deeply engrav$ ?an ! o!r l9es ( ! design4 ,9 _m specim5s !y are s deeply cut 9 ! middle "p ( ! curve z to p5etrate ! disk1 produc+ cresc5t-%ap$ p]=ations4 ,! second zone is "o-f\r? ( an in* 9 wid?1 & 9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r specim5s1 is q pla94 ,! ?ird zone is "o-half an in* 9 wid?1 & exhibits "s v int]e/+ features4 ,plac$ at almo/ equal int]vals we f9d six circul> figures1 ea* ( :i* incloses a circlet & a small c5tral pit2 ! spaces betwe5 ! circul> figures are ?ickly dott$ ) m9ute conical pits1 some:at irregul>ly plac$2 ! numb] ( dots 9 ea* space v>ies f ?irty-six to =ty1 :i* gives a total ( ab\t two hundr$ & ?irty4 ,! out] zone is subdivid$ into ?irte5 comp>tm5ts1 9 ea* ( :i* a ne>ly circul> figure or boss has be5 c>v$1 ! out] edges ( :i* =m ! scallop$ outl9e ( ! gorget4 ,two m$ium siz$ p]=ations = susp5sion h be5 made ne> ! inn] m>g9 ( "o ( ! bosses next ! dott$ zone2 ^! %[ slight indications ( abrasion by ! cord ( susp5sion4 ,^! p]=ations1 z well z ! ?ree ne> ! c5t]1 h be5 bor$ ma9ly f ! convex side ( ! disk4 ,:atev] may be ! mean+ ( ?is design1 we _c fail to recognize ! important fact t x is significant--t an idea is express$4 ,7 ! design ornam5tal1 we %\ld expect v>iation 9 ! p>ts or details ( diff]5t specim5s result+ f diff]5ce ( ta/e 9 ! design]s2 if simply copi$ f an orig9al example = sale or trade to ! inhabitants we might expect a c]ta9 numb] ( exact reproductions2 b 9 su* a case1 :5 v>iations did occur1 !y w\ld h>dly be f\nd to foll[ uni=m or fix$ l9es2 !re w\ld also be v>iation 9 ! relation ( ! p>ts ( ! conception z well z 9 ! numb] ( p>ticul> p>ts2 ! zones w\ld n foll[ ea* o!r 9 exactly ! same ord]2 p>ticul> figures w\ld n be conf9$ to p>ticul> zones2 ! rays ( ! volute w\ld n always h a s9i/ral turn1 or ! =m ( ! tablet be always circul> & scallop$4 ,x _c be suppos$ t ( ! :ole numb] ( ^! objects at "o "t 9 use1 m ?an a small numb] h be5 rescu$ f decay1 & ^! h be5 obta9$ f widely scatt]$ localities & d\btless repres5t c5turies ( "t1 yet no v>iants appe> to indicate a lead+ up to or a div]g5ce f ! "o p>ticul> type4 ,a design ( purely ornam5tal "*1 ev5 if execut$ by ! same h&1 c\ld n1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 exhibit ! uni=mity 9 v>iation "h %[n4 ,fancy1 unfett]$ by ideas ( a fix$ nature1 su* z ^? p]ta9+ to religi\s or sociologic cu/oms1 w\ld v>y ) ! locality1 ! day1 ! ye>1 or ! life4 ,i h exam9$ upw>ds ( ?irty ( ^! scallop$ disks1 ! majority ( :i* are made ( %ell4 ,i %all n attempt to describe ea* specim51 b %all call att5tion to su* important v>iations f ! type z may be notic$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,liv--,,scallop$ ,,%ell ,,disk4 ,na%ville1 ,t5n4 7#a_/a7 ,9 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,lv1 we h a well-pres]v$ disk :i* has f\r involute l9es1 ! o!rs hav+ ?ree only2 ^! l9es are deeply cut &1 = ab\t "o-?ird ( _! l5g?1 p5etrate ! %ell1 produc+ f\r cresc5t-%ap$ p]=ations4 ,! circles 9 ! ?ird or dott$ zone are neatly made & ev5ly spac$1 & inclose circlets & conical pits4 ,! dots 9 ! int]v5+ spaces are closely & irregul>ly plac$1 & 9 numb] range f =ty to =ty-five1 giv+ a total ( ab\t ?ree hundr$ & =ty4 ,o!r features are z usual4 ,! specim5 0 obta9$ f a /one grave 9 ,kane's ,field1 ne> ,na%ville1 ,t5n41 & is n[ 9 ! ,peabody ,museum4 ,x is possible t ! specim5 pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,lv1 %\ld n be plac$ 9 ?is gr\p2 b z !re are _m po9ts ( resemblance to ! type1 x may be describ$ "h4 ,at fir/ sight x appe>s t "o ( ! out] zones is lack+1 b x w be se5 t ?r\gh "s unkn[n cause ! two h be5 m]g$ toge!r1 alt]nat+ bosses ( ! out] l9e be+ c>ri$ across bo? zones4 ,! :ole design has be5 c>elessly laid out & rudely engrav$4 ,! l9es ( ! involute are arrang$ 9 f\r gr\ps ( two ea* & occupy an unusually wide belt4 ,!re are ne> ! m>g9 two sets ( p]=ations = susp5sion4 ,! specim5 0 obta9$ f ! ,brakebill m\nd1 ne> ,knoxville1 ,t5n41 & is 9 an advanc$ /age ( decay4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,lv--,,%ell ,,disks4 #a4 ,f a m\nd ne> ,na%ville4 7#a_/a7 #b4 ,f ! ,brakebill ,m\nd4 7#a_/a7 ,t5nessee4 ,9 ,plate ,,lvi1 ,fig4 #d1 ,i pres5t a small specim51 :i* has ! appe>ance ( be+ unf9i%$4 ,! zones are all def9$1 b1 ) ! exception ( ! out]1 :i* has ?irte5 bosses1 are q pla94 ,! l9es are deeply b rudely cut4 ,x 0 obta9$ f a /one grave at ,oldt[n1 ,t5n41 & is n[ 9 ! ,peabody ,museum4 ,besides ! type specim5 already pres5t$1 !re may be se5 9 ! ,national ,museum two v good examples1 f a m\nd ne> ,frankl91 ,t5n4 ,! small] is ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet] & is ne>ly circul>2 x has suff]$ mu* f decay1 b ne>ly all ! design c be made out4 ,! l9es ( ! involute p5etrate ! disk produc+ %ort cresc5t-%ap$ p]=ations2 ! circles 9 ! dott$ zone are sev5 9 numb] & inclose ! usual circlets & conical pits2 ! dots 9 ! int]v5+ spaces are too obscure to be c\nt$4 ,! specim5 has sixte5 m>g9al scallops4 ,! l>g] specim5 is some:at fragm5t>y1 portions be+ brok5 away f opposite sides4 ,x is ne>ly f\r & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! design has be5 drawn & engrav$ ) m ?an ord9>y precision4 ,! c5tral circle incloses a p]=at$ circlet1 & ! involute l9es are long & %all[4 ,! dott$ zone has sev5 circles ) inclos$ circlets & pits4 ,! out] zone conta9s fifte5 oval figures4 ,ano!r example ( ^! %ell disks is illu/rat$ by ,pr(essor ,putnam1 9 ! elev5? annual report ( ! ,peabody ,museum1 page #caj4 ,x is said to h be5 f\nd ne> ,na%ville1 ,t5n41 al?\gh its p$igree is n well e/abli%$4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,putnam1 x is made f ! %ell ( a ,busycon1 & is app>5tly 9 a v good /ate ( pres]vation4 ,x is ab\t f\r in*es 9 diamet] & is inscrib$ ) ! usual design1 a c5tral circle & dot surr\nd$ by a triple involute & ?ree conc5tric zones4 ,! n>r[ inn] zone is pla91 z usual2 ! middle dott$ zone has six circles ) c5tral dots1 ! spaces betwe5 be+ closely dott$1 & ! out] zone conta9s ?irte5 ( ! oval figures1 ! out] edges ( :i* =m ! scallop$ m>g9 ( ! disk4 ,! p]=ations = susp5sion are plac$ z usual ne> ! inn] m>g9 ( ! out] zone 9 ! spaces betwe5 ! oval figures4 ,a f9e example ( engrav$ disks has be5 figur$ by ,dr4 ,joseph ,jones1 f ^: "w ! illu/rations giv5 9 ,figs4 #a & #b1 ,plate ,,lvi1 h be5 tak54 ,z 8 description is "o ( ! fir/ giv5 & q graphic1 ,i make ! foll[+ quotation3 ,9 a c>efully con/ruct$ /one s>cophagus1 9 :i* ! face ( ! skeleton 0 look+ t[>d ! sett+ sun1 a beautiful %ell ornam5t 0 f\nd re/+ ^u ! brea/-bone ( ! skeleton4 ,?is %ell ornam5t is #d4d in*es 9 diamet]1 & x is ornam5t$ on its concave surface1 ) a small circle 9 ! c5t]1 & f\r conc5tric b&s1 diff]5tly figur$1 9 relief4 ,! fir/ b& is fill$ by a triple volute2 ! second is pla91 :ile ! ?ird is dott$1 & has n9e small r\nd bosses c>v$ at unequal di/ances ^u x4 ,! out] b& is made up ( f\rte5 small elliptical bosses1 ! out] edges ( :i* give to ! object a scallop$ rim4 ,?is ornam5t on its concave figur$ surface _h be5 cov]$ ) r$ pa9t1 mu* ( :i* 0 /ill visible4 ,! convex smoo? surface is highly poli%$ & pla91 ) ! exception ( ?ree conc5tric m>ks4 ,! mat]ial out ( :i* x is =m$ 0 evid5tly d]iv$ f a l>ge flat sea-%ell4 99 99 99 ,! =m ( ! circles or 'suns' c>v$ ^u ! concave surface is simil> to t ( ! pa9t+s on ! high rocky cliffs on ! banks ( ! ,cumb]l& & ,h>pe?4 99 99 99 ,?is ornam5t1 :5 f\nd1 lay ^u ! brea/-bone1 ) ! concave surface upp]mo/1 z if x _h be5 worn 9 ?is position susp5d$ ar\nd ! neck1 z ! two holes = ! ?ong or /r+ 7 9 t portion ( ! bord] :i* po9t$ directly to ! *9 or c5tral portion ( ! l[] jaw ( ! skeleton4 ,! m>ks ( ! ?ong by :i* x 0 susp5d$ are manife/ ^u bo? ! ant]ior & po/]ior surfaces1 & 9 addition to ?is ! pa9t is worn (f f ! circul> space b\nd$ bel[ by ! two holes4#acf ,fig4 #b repres5ts ! back or convex side ( ! disk1 ! long curv$ l9es indicate ! lam9ations ( ! %ell1 & ! ?ree n>r[ cresc5t-%ap$ figures ne> ! c5t] are p]=ations result+ f ! deep engrav+ ( ! ?ree l9es ( ! volute on ! concave side4 ,! /one grave 9 :i* ?is ornam5t 0 f\nd occupi$ ! summit ( a m\nd on ! banks ( ! ,cumb]l& ,riv] opposite ,na%ville1 ,t5nessee4 ,pr(essor ,jones1 also repres5ts 9 ! same "w1 page #aji1 a l>ge fragm5t ( a simil> ornam5t :i* has app>5tly _h sev5 circlets 9 ! dott$ zone & ?irte5 m>g9al bosses4 ,?is specim51 :i* is ?ree & "o-half in*es 9 diamet]1 0 exhum$ by ,dr4 ,grant1 f a small rock m\nd ne> ,pulaski1 ,giles ,c\nty1 ,t5nessee4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,lvi--,,scallop$ ,,%ell ,,disks4 #a4 ,na%ville1 ,t5n4 #b4 ,na%ville1 ,t5n4 7rev]se74 #c4 ,na%ville1 ,t5n4 #d4 ,oldt[n1 ,t5n4 #e4 ,na%ville1 ,t5n4 #f4 ,pulaski1 ,t5n4 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,c4 ,jones describes a numb] ( /one disks conta9+ designs :i* evid5tly belong to ! class "u consid]ation4 ,he incl9es to ! op9ion t !y 7 design$ = "s sacr$ (fice1 & sugge/s t !y 7 us$ z plates to (f] food to ! sun god4 ,! specim5 ( :i* ,i pres5t an outl9e 9 ,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,lvii1 is figur$ by ,mr4 ,jones1 & 8 description is z foll[s3 ,x is circul> 9 =m1 elev5 in*es & a half 9 diamet]1 an in* & a qu>t] 9 ?ickness1 & weigh+ ne>ly sev5 p\nds4 ,x is made ( a close-gra9$1 sea-gre5 slate1 & be>s ^u its surface ! /a9s ( c5turies4 ,betwe5 ! rim1 :i* is scallop$1 & ! c5tral portion1 are two circul> depress$ r+s1 runn+ p>allel ) ! circumf]5ce & incis$ to ! dep? ( a t5? ( an in*4 ,?is circul> bas91 ne>ly eight in*es 9 diamet]1 is surr\nd$ by a m>g9 or rim a little less ?an two in*es 9 wid?1 trav]s$ by ! incis$ r+s & bevel$ f ! c5t] t[>d ! edge4 ,! l[] surface or bottom ( ! plate is flat1 bevel$ upw>d1 h[ev]1 z x approa*es ! scallop$ edge1 :i* is n m ?an a qu>t] ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 99 99 99 ,! use ( ^! plates f ! ,et[ah ,valley may1 we ?9k1 be conjectur$ ) at lea/ "s degree ( probability4 ,x is n likely t !y 7 employ$ = dome/ic or cul9>y purposes4 ,_! weight1 v>iety1 ! c>e evid5c$ 9 _! con/ruction1 & ! am\nt ( "t & labor necess>ily exp5d$ 9 _! manufacture1 =bid ! belief t !y 7 int5d$ z ord9>y di%es f :i* ! daily meal 0 to be eat51 & sugge/ ! impression t !y 7 design$ to fulfill a m unusual & important (fice4 ,! common vessels f :i* ! natives ( ?is region ate _! prep>$ food 7 b[ls & pans fa%ion$ ( wood & bak$ clay1 calaba%es1 pieces ( b>k1 & l>ge %ells4 ,flat platt]s1 made ( an admixture ( clay & p\nd$ %ells1 well knead$ & burnt1 7 ord9>ily employ$ = bak+ corn-cakes & fry+ meat2 b x does n any:]e appe> t ornam5tal /one plates 7 9 g5]al use4#acg ,?is specim51 or "o id5tical ) x1 is 9 ! possession ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum 9 ,new ,york4 ,x 0 pl[$ up 9 #ahei on ! l[] t]race ( a l>ge m\nd ne> ,c>t]sville1 ,ga4 ,o!r specim5s some:at simil> to ! "o describ$ by ,pr(essor ,jones h be5 obta9$ f ! same region1 two ( :i* are n[ 9 ! ,national ,museum4 ,"o ( ^! f a m\nd on ! ,w>rior ,riv4 is made ( gray slate1 & is ab\t eight in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x is smoo?1 symmetrical1 & d\bly convex4 ,!re are ?ree %all[1 irregul> l9es ne> ! bord]1 & ! p]iph]y is ornam5t$ ) tw5ty-"o scallops4 ,ano!r specim51 a cut ( :i* has already be5 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,rau 9 ,! ,ar*ological ,collection ( ! ,national ,museum1 p4 #cg1 is illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,,lvii1 ,fig4 #a4 ,x is ne>ly "o-half an in* 9 ?ickness1 & ab\t t5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,a s+le incis$ l9e runs p>allel ) ! circumf]5ce1 :i* is ornam5t$ ) n9e r irregul>ly plac$ not*es4 ,! /one disk1 ( :i* an outl9e is giv5 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,lvii1 0 obta9$ f ! ,lick ,creek m\nd1 9 ,ea/ ,t5nessee4 ,its resemblance to ! %ell disks is s /rik+ t x mu/ be reg>d$ z hav+ a simil> orig9 if n a simil> use4 ,! division into zones is ! same z 9 ! %ell disks2 ! out] is divid$ into twelve lobes1 & ! cross 9 ! c5t] takes ! place ( ! involute rosette ) its c5tral circle4 ,! fact t ?is p>ticul> design is engrav$ on heavy plates ( /one z well z ^u %ell gorgets is suffici5t pro( t its orig9 _c be attribut$ to fancy alone4 ,i h se5 at ! ,national ,museum a curi\s specim5 ( /one disk1 :i* %\ld be m5tion$ 9 ?is place1 al?\gh !re is n suffici5t assurance ( its g5u95ess to all[ x undisput$ claim to a place among antiquities4 ,x is a p]fectly circul>1 neatly-dress$ s&/one disk1 twelve in*es 9 diamet] & "o-half an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,^u "o face we see ?ree m>g9al incis$ l9es1 z 9 ! example j describ$1 :ile on ! o!r !re is a well-engrav$ design :i* repres5ts two entw9$ or r knott$ rattlesnakes4 ,an outl9e ( ?is curi\s figure is giv5 9 ,plate ,,lxvi4 ,)9 ! circul> space inclos$ by ! bodies ( ! s]p5ts is a well-drawn h& 9 ! palm ( :i* is plac$ an op5 eye2 ?is w\ld probably h be5 omitt$ by ! arti/ _h he fully appreciat$ ! skeptical t5d5cies ( ! mod]n ar*ologi/4 ,! m>g9 ( ! plate is divid$ into sev5te5 sections by small semicircul> ind5tations4 ,?is object is said to h be5 obta9$ f a m\nd ne> ,c>?age1 ,ala4 ,! rev]se is %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 ,plate ,,lvii4 ,a simil> specim5 f a m\nd ne> ,lake ,wa%+ton1 ,mississippi1 is describ$ by ,mr4 ,&]son4#ach ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,lvii--,,scallop$ ,,disks4 #a4 ,/one1 ,w>rior ,riv]1 ,ala4 #b4 ,/one1 ,lick ,creek ,m\nd1 ,t5n4 #c4 ,/one1 ,et[ah1 ,valley1 ,ga4 #d4 ,/one1 ,c>?age1 ,ala4 #e4 ,/one1 ,sun symbol1 ,uxmal4 ,! %ort "t at my disposal has b>ely p]mitt$ me to collect ! facts1 & ,i %all h to leave x to ! future or to o!rs to foll[ out fully ! sugge/ions "h pres5t$4 ,i _h expect$ to f9d "s uni=mity 9 ! numb]s or ratios ( ! v>i\s zones1 circles1 & dots1 & by t means possibly to h arriv$ at "s conclusion z to _! significance4 ,i h already %[n t c]ta9 elem5ts ( ! design are fix$ 9 position & numb]1 :ile o!rs v>y1 & ! foll[+ table is pres5t$ t ^! facts may be made app>5t4 ,! li/ is q incomplete4 ,x w be se5 by ref]5ce to ! f\r? column t ! involute symbol ( ! inn] zone is1 ) "o exception1 divid$ into ?ree p>ts4 ,! second zone is n giv5 9 ! table1 z x is always pla94 ,! ?ird or dott$ zone conta9s circlets :i* range f six to n9e1 :ile ! dots1 :i* h be5 c\nt$ 9 a few cases only1 h a wide range1 ! total numb] 9 "s cases rea*+ ?ree hundr$ & =ty4 ,! bosses ( ! out] zone range f ?irte5 to eighte54 ,! examples 9 /one seem to h a diff]5t s]ies ( numb]s4 ,! /ud5t w h>dly fail to notice ! resemblance ( ^! disks to ! cal5d>s or "t symbols ( ,mexico & o!r s\!rn nations ( antiquity4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no absolute id5tity ) s\!rn examples4 ,! involute design 9 ! c5t] resembles ! ,aztec symbol ( day1 b is peculi> 9 its division into ?ree p>ts1 f\r be+ ! numb] almo/ univ]sally us$4 ,! only division into ?ree t ,i h notic$ occurs 9 ! cal5d> ( ! ,muyscas1 9 :i* ?ree days con/itute a week4 ,! circlets & bosses ( ! out] zones gives !m a pretty close resemblance to ! mon? & ye> zones ( ! s\!rn cal5d>s4 ,my sugge/ion t ^! objects may be cal5d> disks w n seem unreasonable :5 x is rememb]$ t "t symbols d v (t5 make _! appe>ance dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( b>b>ism4 ,!y are ! result ( attempts to fix accurately ! divisions ( "t = ! regulation ( religi\s rites1 & among ! nations ( ! s\? con/itut$ ! great body ( art4 ,no well-develop$ cal5d> is kn[n among ! wild tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! highe/ a*ievem5ts 9 ?is l9e consi/+ ( simple pictographic symbols ( ! ye>s1 b !re is no reason :y ! m\nd-build]s %\ld n h a*iev$ a pretty accurate division ( "t resembl+1 9 its ma9 features1 ! sy/ems ( _! s\!rn neighbors4 ,column head]s3 ,a ,illu/rat$ 9-- ,b ,collection4 ,c ,locality4 ,d ,divisions ( involute4 ,e ,circlets 9 #b;d zone4 ,f ,bosses 9 m>g9al zone4 ,g ,dots 9 #b;d zone4 ,h ,peculi> features4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,%ell4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,h ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,pl4 ,,liv ,n4 ,m41 #cbjfj,t5n4 #c #f #ac #cdj787,?ree c5tral p]=ations4 ,pl4 ,,lv1 #a ,p4 ,m41 #aebdg d #d #h #ad ,pl4 ,,lvi1 #a;,j4 ,jones d #c #i #ad ,?ree incisions4 ,pl4 ,,lvi1 #c,p4 ,m41 #aahja d #c #f #ac ,pl4 ,,lvi1 #d,p4 ,m41 #aeifi d #c ,pla9#ac ,unf9i%$ 787 ,p4 ,m41 #aehif d #c #h #ag ,p4 ,m4 d #c #f #af ,p4 ,m41 #aeijf d #c #h #ac #ajj787,two c5tral p]=ations4 ,p4 ,m41 #aehce d #c #f #ad #bej787 ,p4 ,m41 #aeiaf d #c #f #ah ,?ree cresc5t p]=ations4 ,n4 ,m41 #aiigf d #c #g #f ,n4 ,m41 #aiige d #c #g #ae #bhj787 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,/one4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,pl4 ,,lvii1#a,n4 ,m41 #iccd ,ga4 ,pla9 #i ,pl4 ,,lvii1#b,p4 ,m41 #bifb d d #ab ,cross 9 c5t]4 ,pl4 ,,lvii1#c,n4 ,y4 ,nat4 d d #bd ,hi/4 ,m4 ,n4 ,m41 #iccb d d #ba ,pl4 ,,lxvi ,n4 ,m4 ,ala4 d #ag ,s]p5t1 obv]se4 ,&]son ,miss4 d #ah ,s]p5t1 c5t]4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,n4 ,m41 ,national ,museum4 ,p4 ,m41 ,peabody ,museum4 ,,! ,,bird4 ,) all peoples ! bird has be5 a mo/ important symbol4 ,possess+ ! my/]i\s p[] ( flight1 by :i* x c\ld rise at pleasure into ! realms ( space1 x naturally came to be associat$ ) ! ph5om5a ( ! sky--! w9d1 ! /orm1 ! lightn+1 & ! ?und]4 ,9 ! f]vid imag9ation ( ! r$ man x became ! actual rul] ( ! elem5ts1 ! gu>dian ( ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! heav5s4 ,z a result ! bird is embodi$ 9 ! my?s1 & is a prom95t figure 9 ! philosophy ( _m savage tribes4 ,! eagle1 :i* is an important emblem ) _m civiliz$ nations1 is f\nd to come mu* ne>] ! he>t ( ! sup]/iti\s savage2 its plumes are ! badge ( ! successful w>rior2 its body a sacr$ (f]+ to 8 deities1 or an object ( actual v5]ation4 ,! swan1 ! h]on1 ! woodpeck]1 ! p>oquet1 ! owl1 & ! dove 7 creatures ( unusual consid]ation2 _! flight 0 not$ z a matt] ( vital importance1 z x c\ld bode good or evil to ! hunt] or w>rior :o consult$ x z an oracle4 ,! dove1 ) ! ,hurons1 is ?\ght to be ! keep] ( ! s\ls ( ! dead1 & ! ,navajos are said to believe t f\r :ite swans dwell 9 ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! heav5s & rule ! w9ds4 ,! /orm-bird ( ! ,dakotas dwells 9 ! upp] air1 beyond ! range ( human vision1 c>ry+ ^u its back a lake ( fre% wat]2 :5 x w9ks its eyes !re is lightn+2 :5 x flaps its w+s we he> ! ?und]2 & :5 x %akes out its plumage ! ra9 desc5ds4 ,my?s l ?is ab\nd 9 ! lore ( _m peoples1 & ! /ory ( ! my/]i\s bird is int]wov5 ) ! traditions :i* tell ( _! orig94 ,a creature :i* has suffici5t p[] to guide & rule a race is con/antly embodi$ 9 its songs1 its art1 & its philosophy4 ,?us highly reg>d$ by ! mod]n tribes1 x mu/ h be5 equally an object ( consid]ation among prehi/oric races4 ,we "k t ! ,nat*ez & ! ,creeks includ$ ! bird among _! deities1 & by ! relics plac$ )9 8 sepul*]s we "k t x held an important place 9 ! e/eem ( ! m\nd-build]4 ,our prehi/oric peoples seem to h tak5 special delight 9 c>v+ its =m 9 wood & /one1 9 model+ x 9 clay1 9 fa%ion+ x 9 copp] & gold1 & 9 engrav+ x ^u %ell4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all ! specim5s pres]v$ to u is illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,,lviii4 ,! design ) :i* ?is relic is embelli%$ possesses no little arti/ic excell5ce1 & d\btless embodies "s "o ( ! _m *>m+ my?s ( ! heav5s4 ,i am p]fectly well aw>e t a sci5tific writ] %\ld gu>d aga9/ ! t5d5cy to indulge 9 flights ( fancy1 b z ! my?s ( ! ,am]ican aborig9es are highly poetical1 & ab\nd 9 l(ty rhetorical figures1 !re c be no good reason :y _! graphic art %\ld n e*o "s ( ^! rhy?mical passages4 ,to ! ?\ghtful m9d x w be app>5t t1 al?\gh ?is design is n necess>ily full ( occult my/]ies1 e l9e has its purpose & e figure its significance4 ,yet ( ^! v works "o writ] has v5tur$ ! op9ion t !y d b express ! individual fancy ( ^? by :om !y 7 made2 t !y are ev5 )\t indications ( any intellig5t design or pictographic idea4 ,i d n assume to int]pret ^! designs2 !y are n to be int]pret$4 ,besides1 !re is no advantage to be ga9$ by an int]pretation4 ,we h hundr$s ( primitive my?s )9 our easy rea* t are z int]e/+ & in/ructive z ^! c\ld be4 ,all ,i desire is to elevate ^! works f ! category ( tr9kets to :at ,i believe is _! rightful place--! s]i\s art ( a p ) great capacity = l(ti] works4 ,:at ! gorgets !mselves 71 or ( :at p>ticul> value to _! possessors1 aside f simple ornam5t1 mu/ be1 9 a measure1 a matt] ( conjecture4 ,!y 7 h>dly less ?an ! totems ( clans1 ! insignia ( rul]s1 or ! pot5t *>ms ( a prie/hood4 ,! gorget 9 "q is un=tunately )\t a p$igree4 ,x rea*$ ! ,national ,museum ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ,mr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,williams1 & is label$ ,mississippi4 ,on its face1 h[ev]1 !re is suffici5t evid5ce to e/abli% its aborig9al orig94 ,! =m ( ! object1 ! "* ( ! design & ! evid5t age ( ! specim51 all bespeak ! m\nd-build]4 ,x 0 9 all probability obta9$ f "o ( ! multitude ( anci5t sepul*]s t ab\nd 9 ! ,/ate ( ,mississippi4 ,! disk is f\r & a qu>t] in*es 9 diamet]1 & is made f a l>ge1 heavy specim5 ( ! ,busycon p]v]sum4 ,x has be5 smoo?ly dress$ on bo? sides1 b is n[ consid]ably /a9$ & pitt$4 ,! design has 9 ?is case be5 engrav$ ^u ! convex side1 ! concave surface be+ pla94 ,! p]=ations are plac$ ne> ! m>g9 & are consid]ably worn by ! cord ( susp5sion4 ,9 ! c5t] is a ne>ly symmetrical cross ( ! ,greek type inclos$ 9 a circle "o & "o-f\r? in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! arms are emblazon$ ) gr\ps ( radiat+ l9es4 ,plac$ at regul> int]vals on ! outside ( ! circle are twelve po9t$ pyramidal rays ornam5t$ ) transv]se l9es4 ,! :ole design pres5ts a rem>kable comb9ation ( ! two symbols1 ! cross & ! sun4 ,surr\nd+ ?is int]e/+ symbol is ano!r ( a some:at my/]i\s nature4 ,a squ>e framework ( f\r cont9u\s p>allel l9es1 symmetrically loop$ at ! corn]s1 incloses ! c5tral symbol1 ! inn] l9e t\*+ ! tips ( ! pyramidal rays4 ,outside ( ?is aga9 are ! f\r symbolic birds plac$ aga9/ ! side ( ! squ>e opposite ! arms ( ! cross4 ,^! birds1 or r birds' heads1 are c>efully drawn aft] :at1 to ! arti/1 mu/ h be5 a well recogniz$ model4 ,! m\? is op5 & ! m&ibles long1 sl5d]1 & /raight4 ,! eye is repres5t$ by a circlet :i* incloses a small conical pit int5d$ to repres5t ! iris1 a /riat$ & po9t$ cre/ spr+s f ! back ( ! head & neck1 & two l9es ext5d f ! eye1 d[n ! neck1 to ! base ( ! figure4 ,9 seek+ an orig9al = ?is bird we f9d t x has p]haps m po9ts ( resemblance to ! ivory-bill$ woodpeck] ?an to any o!r species4 ,x is n impossible1 h[ev]1 t ! h]on or swan may h be5 int5d$4 ,t "s p>ticul> bird s]v$ z a model is atte/$ by ! fact t o!r specim5s1 f m\nds 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,t5nessee1 exhibit simil> figures4 ,i h be5 able to f9d six ( ^! specim5s1 all ( :i* v>y to "s ext5t f ! type describ$1 b only 9 detail1 workman%ip1 or f9i%4 ,! specim5 pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,lix1 0 obta9$ by ,mr4 ,cross f a /one grave on ,mr4 ,ov]ton's f>m ne> ,na%ville1 ,t5n4 ,pr(essor ,putnam1 :o secur$ x f ,mr4 ,cross1 has publi%$ a cut ( x 9 ! ,elev5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,peabody ,museum4 ,x is made f a l>ge m>9e %ell1 probably a ,busycon1 & is repres5t$ natural size bo? by ,mr4 ,putnam & myself4 ,! design is ess5tially ! same z t %[n 9 ! type specim51 b is mu* m rudely execut$4 ,a circlet ) a c5tral pit takes ! place ( ! cross & sun4 ,! loop$ rectangul> figure has b two l9es & ! birds' heads are n s full ( "* z ^? on ! o!r specim5s2 !y resemble ! heads ( *icks ) a few p9-fea!rs spr\t+ f ! back & top ( ! head r ?an full-fl$g$ birds4 ,! design is engrav$ on ! concave side4 ,! p]=ations are mu* worn4 ,?is specim5 is n[ 9 ! ,peabody ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,lviii--,,%ell ,,gorget--,,! ,,bird4 ,mississippi4 7#a_/a7 ,! same collection conta9s a l>ge fragm5t ( ano!r small disk ab\t two in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! c5tral "p seems to be pla91 b ! loop$ figure1 :i* has f\r l9es1 resembles v closely t engrav$ on ! o!r plates4 ,x is m5tion$ by ,pr(essor ,putnam1 on page #cji ( ! ,elev5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,peabody ,museum4 ,x is said to h be5 f\nd on ! surface 9 ,humphrey ,c\nty1 ,t5nessee4 ,a mu* l>g] specim51 :i* resembles my type specim5 v closely1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,lix4 ,x 0 obta9$ by ,pr(essor ,putnam & ,dr4 ,curtis f a /one grave on ,mrs4 ,williams' f>m1 ,cumb]l& ,riv]1 ,t5nessee4 ,x is ne>ly circul>1 & ab\t two & a half in*es 9 diamet]4 ,a small piece has be5 lo/ f ! upp] m>g94 ,x is neatly made & q smoo?1 & ! l9es ( ! design are cle>ly & ev5ly engrav$4 ,! small cross 9 ! c5t] is inclos$ by a pla9 n>r[ zone1 & is def9$ by f\r triangul> p]=ations betwe5 ! arms4 ,9 ?is respect x resembles o!r %ell crosses f\nd )9 ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,surr\nd+ ! pla9 zone are eight pyramidal rays ) cross-b>s2 9 ?is feature1 & 9 ! draw+ ( ! loop$ squ>e & ! birds' heads1 !re is b little v>iation f ! type specim54 ,! surface ^u :i* ! engrav+ is made seems to be slightly convex4 ,ano!r specim5 ( ?is class 0 obta9$ f a /one grave ne> ,gray's m\nd1 at ,oldt[n1 ,t5n4 ,x is %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,lix4 ,! design is v mu* l t ( ! type specim51 f :i* x diff]s 9 hav+ f\r l>ge p]=ations ne> ! c5t]4 ,al?\gh ! engrav$ design :i* once occupi$ ! c5tral space is almo/ totally effac$1 "o or two ( ! tips ( ! pyramidal rays may be detect$4 ,x is probable t ! f\r r\nd p]=ations correspond to ! f\r triangul> ones by :i* ! arms ( ! cross 9 ! prec$+ example are def9$4 ,! p]=ations = susp5sion are ne> "o m>g91 & seem to be v mu* worn by use4 ,! :ole object is fragile f decay4 ,?is specim5 is also 9 ! ,peabody ,museum4 ,"o m v imp]fect specim5 obta9$ f a /one grave 9 ! ,cumb]l& ,valley is ne>ly five in*es 9 diamet] & v irregul> 9 outl9e4 ,b>ely en\gh ( ! engrav$ design rema9s to %[ t x belongs to ! class "u consid]ation4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! specim5s ( ?is class obta9$ f ,t5nessee are conf9$ to a limit$ area4 ,x ?us seems especially un=tunate t s little is kn[n ( ! hi/ory ( ! type specim5 giv5 9 ,plate ,,lviii1 z )\t assurance ( ! correctness ( ! /atem5t t x is f ,mississippi we _c make use ( x to %[ geographical di/ribution4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 we h a few v int]e/+ facts :i* make ! occurr5ce ( specim5s 9 localities z widely sep>at$ z ! ,cumb]l& ,riv] & ,mississippi seem inconsequ5tial4 ,i ref] n[ to two specim5s describ$ by ,dr4 ,abbott 9 ,primitive ,indu/ry4 ,"o ( ^! is a rem>kable slate knife1 ! /rik+ features ( :i* are a s]ies ( et*+s & deeply incis$ l9es ( p]haps no mean+4 ,tak5 9 ord]1 x w be notic$ t at ! back ( ! knife are f\r %ort l9es at uni=m di/ances ap>t1 & a fif? ne> ! end ( ! implem5t4 ,besides ^! are fifte5 %ort] p>allel l9es ne> ! broad] end ( ! knife & ab\t ! middle ( ! blade4 ,a s]ies ( five zigzag l9es are also cut on ! opposite end ( ! blade4 99 99 99 ,m prom95t ?an ! num]\s l9es to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made1 are ! cle>ly def9$1 unmi/akable birds' heads1 plac$ midway betwe5 ! two s]ies ( l9es4 99 99 99 ,did we n le>n f ! writ+s ( ,heckeweld]1 t ! ,l5ap _h '! turkey totem1' we might suppose t ?is draw+ ( su* bird heads orig9at$ ) ! intrusive s\!rn ,%awnees1 :o1 at "o "t1 occupi$ l&s 9 ! ,delaw>e ,valley1 & :o are suppos$ by "s writ]s to h be5 closely relat$ to ! e>lie/ inhabitants ( ! ,s\!rn & ,s\?we/]n ,/ates4 ,inasmu* z we %all f9d t1 n only on ?is slate knife1 b ^u a bone implem5t also1 simil> heads ( birds are engrav$1 x is probable t ! id5tity ( ! design is n a m]e co9cid5ce1 b t x mu/ be expla9$ ei!r 9 accordance ) ! /atem5ts ( ,heckeweld]1 or be consid]$ z ! "w ( s\!rn ,%awnees aft] _! arrival 9 ,new ,j]sey4 ,9 ! latt] ev5t1 ! !ory t ^! disks 7 ! "w ( a p diff]5t f & ant]ior to ! ,indians f\nd 9 ! ,cumb]l& ,valley at ! "t ( ! discov]y ( t region by ! :ites is1 app>5tly1 n su/a9$ by ! facts4#aci ,a cut ( ! bone implem5t ref]r$ to above is reproduc$ f ,dr4 ,abbott's "w1 9 ,plate ,,lix1 ,fig4 #d4 ,x has probably be5 made f a portion ( a rib ( "s l>ge mammal & is ?\ght to be some:at fragm5t>y4 ,! n>r[ portion has be5 cut or gr\nd away to "s ext5t1 & ! edges are q smoo?ly poli%$4 ,ne> ! end ( ?is h&le-l portion1 !re is a c\nt]sunk p]=ation1 & ^u ! concave side ( ! wid] "p !re are rudely outl9$ ! heads ( two birds4#adj ,^! resemble some:at closely ! heads depict$ on ! o!r specim5 describ$ by ,dr4 ,abbott4 ,! specim5s ref]r$ to are bo? f ,new ,j]sey1 & are probably surface f9ds4 ,al?\gh ! heads repres5t$ on ^! specim5s d c]ta9ly 9 "s respects sugge/ t ( ! turkey1 ! *>act]s are n suffici5tly pron\nc$ to make x impossible t "s o!r bird 0 int5d$1 s t ! orig9al 9 ! m9d ( ! anci5t arti/ may h be5 ! same z t f :i* ! examples on %ell 7 drawn4 ,9 comp>+ ! nor!rn examples ) ^? ( ,t5nessee ,i obs]ve ano!r feature t is m conclusive z to ! id5tity ( orig9 ?an ! r obscure resemblance ( ! birds' heads del9eat$4 ,i h n _h ! opportunity ( exam9+ ! specim5 illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #d2 b 9 ! cut giv5 by ,dr4 ,abbott a r indef9ite figure c be trac$ :i* has a /rik+ resemblance to ! loop$ rectangle *>act]i/ic ( ! designs on %ell4 ,?is resemblance c\ld h>dly be ow+ to accid5t1 & if ! peculi> figure m5tion$ is actually f\nd 9 conjunction ) ! birds' heads ^u ! ,new ,j]sey specim51 x w c]ta9ly be safe to conclude t ! bone1 /one1 & %ell objects belong$ to ! same p1 & t !y con/itut$ ! totems ( ! same clan1 or 7 ! insignia ( correspond+ (fices or ord]s4#ada ,z be>+ ^u ! "q ( ! species ( bird repres5t$ 9 ! prec$+ specim5s1 ,i pres5t 9 ,plate ,,lx an illu/ration publi%$ by ,dr4 ,rau 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,report = #ahgg4 ,?is rem>kable ornam5t 7repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #c7 0 obta9$ f a m\nd 9 ,manatee ,c\nty1 ,florida4 ,x is a ?9 blade ( gold1 po9t$ at "o end & t]m9at+ at ! o!r 9 a highly conv5tionaliz$ repres5tation ( a bird's head1 ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( :i* are mu* l ^? ( ! examples engrav$ ^u %ell4 ,! cre/ is especially *>act]i/ic1 &1 z po9t$ out by ,dr4 ,rau1 sugge/s a prototype 9 ! ivory-bill$ woodpeck]1 an inhabitant ( ! ,gulf ,/ates4 ,! significance ( ! loop$ figure :i* =ms s prom95t a feature 9 ! designs 9 "q has n be5 det]m9$4 ,i w\ld (f] ! sugge/ion1 h[ev]1 t1 f ! mann] ( its occurr5ce1 x may repres5t an inclosure1 a limit1 or b\nd>y4 ,x may be well to po9t out ! fact t a simil> loop$ rectangle occurs sev]al times 9 ! anci5t ,mexican manuscripts4 ,"o example1 f ! ,vi5na ,codex1#adb is pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #e1 ,plate ,,lix4 ,x is n a little rem>kable t a cross occupies ! inclos$ area 9 all ^! examples4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,lix--,,! ,,bird4 #a4 ,%ell gorget f /one grave1 ,t5n4 #b4 ,%ell gorget f /one grave1 ,t5n4 #c4 ,%ell gorget f /one grave1 ,t5n4 #d4 ,bone implem5t1 ,n4 ,j4 #e4 ,design f ,aztec pa9t+4 ,i %all close ?is v ha/y review ( ! bird 9 ! art ( ! ,m\nd ,build]s by pres5t+ ! rem>kable example ( %ell c>v+ %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,lx4 ,l s _m ( ! ,national ,museum specim5s1 x is practically )\t a record--a /ray4 ,x is label$ ,b4 ,pybas1 ,tuscumbia1 ,ala4 ,x is old & fragm5t>y1 ! %ell sub/ance be+1 h[ev]1 q well pres]v$4 ,x is ! "r-h& half ( a gorget :i* repres5ts an eagle's head 9 pr(ile4 ,! skill ( ! anci5t arti/ is %[n to great advantage2 no?+ c be f\nd1 ev5 9 ! mo/ elaborately c>v$ pipes1 equal to ! treatm5t ( ?is rem>kable head4 ,to ov]come ! difficulty ( cutt+ ! fl9ty & massive %ell 0 no small triumph = a p /ill 9 ! /one age4 ,to conceive & execute su* a graphic "w is a /ill m m>vel\s a*ievem5t4#adc ,! l9es ( ! m&ibles & protrud+ tongue are /rongly & correctly drawn4 ,! eye & ! m>k+s ( ! head are execut$ 9 smoo?1 deeply incis$ l9es1 & are conv5tionaliz$ 9 a mann] peculi> to ! ,am]ican aborig9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,lx--,,! ,,bird4 #a4 ,fragm5t ( %ell gorget1 ,alabama4 7#a_/a7 #b4 ,gold ornam5t1 ,florida4 7#a_/b7 #c4 ,head ( ivory-bill$-woodpeck]4 ,,! ,,spid]4 ,among insects ! spid] is p]haps be/ calculat$ to attract ! att5tion ( ! savage4 ,! t>antula is 9 _m respects a v extraord9>y creature1 & is end[$ ) p[]s ( ! mo/ deadly nature1 :i* naturally places x along ) ! rattlesnake 9 ! category ( creatures possess+ sup]natural attributes4 ,its curi\sly con/ruct$ h\se ) ! h+$ door & smoo?ly pla/]$ *amb] mu/ ev] elicit ! admiration ( ! behold]4 ,b ! spid]1 :i* sp9s a web & projects 9 mid-air a gossam] /ructure ( m>vel\s symmetry & beauty1 & builds an ambu% f :i* to spr+ ^u 8 prey1 0 probably "o ( ! fir/ in/ructors ( adolesc5t man1 & mu/ h seem$ to him a v deity4 ,x is n /range1 !re=e1 t ! spid] appe>s 9 ! my?s ( ! savages4 ,) ! great ,%o%one family1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,p[ell1 ! spid] 0 ! fir/ weav]1 & taught t important art to ! fa!rs4 ,! ,*]okees1 9 _! leg5d ( ! orig9 ( fire1 repres5t a portion ( x z hav+ be5 br\ght ) !m & sacr$ly gu>d$4 ,o!rs say t aft] cross+ wide wat]s !y s5t back = x to ! ,man ( ,fire f :om a little 0 convey$ ov] by a spid] 9 8 web4#add ,! spid] occurs b r>ely 9 aborig9al ,am]ican art1 occasionally x seems1 h[ev]1 to h rea*$ ! dignity ( religi\s consid]ation & to h be5 adopt$ z a totemic device4 ,_h a s+le example only be5 f\nd we w\ld n be w>rant$ 9 giv+ x a place among religi\s symbols4 ,f\r examples h come to my notice2 ^! are all engrav$ on %ell gorgets & are illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,,lxi4 ,two are f ,ill9ois1 "o f ,miss\ri1 & ! o!r f ,t5nessee4#ade ,! example %[n 9 ,fig4 #a 0 obta9$ by ,mr4 ,croswell f a m\nd ne> ,new ,madrid1 ,mo4 ,x is describ$ z a circul> ornam5t1 ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 t _h1 app>5tly1 be5 cut f a ,busycon4 ,mr4 ,croswell says t ! convex face 0 entirely pla91 b ! concave side be>s ! figure ( a t>antula1 or l>ge spid]1 v skillfully engrav$1 ! body be+ =m$ by a circle inclos+ a cross1 %[+ beyond d\bt its sacr$ & symbolic "*4 ,?is ornam5t1 :5 f\nd1 lay on ! brea/-bone ( a skeleton1 ) ! concave or ornam5t$ side upp]mo/4 ,two holes 9 ! upp] "p 7 evid5tly int5d$ = ! ?ong or /r+ by :i* x _h be5 susp5d$ f ! neck4 ,a circum/ance t r5d]s ?is relic /ill m int]e/+ is ! fact t two o!r %ell ornam5ts1 be>+ precisely simil> devices1 h rec5tly be5 f\nd 9 ,ill9ois )9 sev5 miles ( ?is city1 ?us prov+ t ! figures 7 n a m]e fanciful inv5tion1 b _h "s symbolic mean+4#adf ,! disk ?us briefly describ$ by ,mr4 ,croswell is s mu* l ! example %[n 9 ,fig4 #c t ,i %all n describe x fur!r1 b %all ref] to its peculi>ities 9 ! descriptions ( o!rs t foll[4 ,! h&some gorget illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #c 0 obta9$ f a m\nd 9 ,sa9t ,clair ,c\nty1 ,ill9ois1 sev5 miles f ! city ( ,sa9t ,l\is4 ,x 0 f\nd ^u ! brea/ ( a skeleton1 & 0 v mu* discolor$ & q fragile f decay1 b no "p ( ! design1 :i* is engrav$ ^u ! concave side1 has be5 oblit]at$4 ,ne> ! m>g9 & p>allel ) x ?ree l9es h be5 engrav$4 ,! spid] is drawn ) consid]able fidelity to nature & cov]s ne>ly ! entire disk1 ! legs1 m&ibles1 & abdom5 rea*+ to ! out] m>g9al l9e4 ,z 9 ! specim5 describ$ above1 ! ?orax is plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! disk1 & is repres5t$ by a circle2 )9 ?is a cross has be5 engrav$1 ! ends ( :i* h be5 enl>g$ on "o side1 produc+ a =m mu* us$ 9 h]aldry1 b "o v r>ely met ) 9 aborig9al ,am]ican art4 ,! head is some:at he>t-%ap$ & is arm$ ) palpi & m&ibles1 ! latt] be+ ornam5t$ ) a zigzag l9e & prolong$ to ! m>g9al l9es ( ! disk4 ,! eyes are repres5t$ by two small circles ) c5tral dots4 ,! legs are correctly plac$ 9 f\r pairs ^u ! ?orax1 & are v graphically drawn4 ,! abdom5 is l>ge & he>t-%ap$1 & is ornam5t$ ) a numb] ( l9es & dots1 :i* repres5t ! natural m>k+s ( ! spid]4 ,! p]=ations = susp5sion are plac$ ne> ! po/]ior extremity ( ! abdom54 ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is is also ! case ) ! ?ree o!r specim5s4 ,hav+ describ$ ?is specim5 some:at c>efully1 x w be unnecess>y to give a detail$ description ( ! v simil> specim5 %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,! latt] 0 f\nd 9 a /one grave 9 ,sa9t ,clair ,c\nty1 ,ill9ois1 & does n diff] 9 any ess5tial feature f ei!r ( ! o!r specim5s1 "o ( :i* 0 f\nd ne> by1 & ! o!r ab\t "o hundr$ miles f>!r s\?4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! cross x has be5 sugge/$ t x may h be5 d]iv$ f ! well-def9$ cross f\nd ^u ! backs ( "s species ( ! g5us ,atta1 b !re appe>s to be good reason = believ+ o!rwise4 ,! cross "h %[n has a v highly conv5tionaliz$ "*1 q out ( keep+ ) ! reali/ic draw+ ( ! insect1 &1 :at is /ill m decisive1 x is id5tical ) =ms f\nd ^u _m o!r objects4 ,! conclusion is t ! cross "h1 z else:]e1 has a purely symbolic "*4 ,spid] gorgets are also m5tion$ by ,a4 ,j4 ,conant 9 ! ,kansas ,city ,review1 ,vol4 ,i1 page #djj1 & 9 8 "w on ! ,commonweal? ( ,miss\ri1 page #if1 b no details are giv54 ,x is probable t ! objects ref]r$ to by ,mr4 ,conant are ! same z ^? m def9itely plac$ by ,pr(4 ,hild]4 ,! specim5 %[n 9 ,fig4 #d 0 obta9$ f a m\nd on ,fa9's ,isl&1 ,t5nessee4 ,! disk is some:at m convex on ! front ?an is indicat$ 9 ! engrav+4 ,x is two & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 & is q ?9 & fragile1 al?\gh ! surface has n suff]$ mu* f decay4 ,! m>g9 is ornam5t$ ) tw5ty-f\r v neatly made not*es or scallops4 ,imm$iately inside ! bord] on ! convex side are two incis$ circles1 on ! out] ( :i* two small p]=ations = susp5sion h be5 made2 inside ( ^!1 & less ?an half an in* f ! m>g91 is a circle ( sev5te5 sub-triangul> p]=ations1 ! inn] angle ( ea* be+ mu* r\nd$4 ,inside ( ?is aga9 is ano!r incis$ circle1 ab\t "o & "o-f\r? in*es 9 diamet]1 :i* incloses ! highly conv5tionaliz$ figure ( an insect resembl+ a spid]4 ,9 a g5]al way--9 ! numb] & arrangem5t ( ! p>ts--?is figure corresponds pretty closely to ! v reali/ic spid]s ( ! ?ree o!r disks2 9 detail h[ev]1 x is q unlike !m4 ,x is mu* m highly conv5tionaliz$--! natural m>k+s ( ! body be+ ne>ly all omitt$1 & ! legs be+ )\t jo9ts & squ>e at ! tips4 ,! cross does n appe> on ! body1 b its place is tak5 by a l>ge conical p]=ation1 made entirely f ! convex side4 ,! c5tral segm5t ( ! body is r\nd1 z 9 ! o!r cases2 to ?is ! f\r pairs ( legs are atta*$4 ,)\t ref]5ce to ! o!r specim5s1 x w\ld be difficult to di/+ui% ! ant]ior f ! po/]ior extremity1 & ev5 ) ?is aid we _c be q c]ta94 ,! l>g] extremity is some:at triangul> 9 outl9e & is ornam5t$ ) two cross l9es & two eyes4 ,7 x n = ! fact t ^! eyes resemble s closely ^? f\nd 9 ! o!r specim5s ,i %\ld call ?is ! po/]ior extremity1 z ! opposite end t]m9ates 9 a pair ( well-%ap$ m&ibles1 ! triangul> space betwe5 !m be+ cut q ?r\gh ! disk4 ,! section ( ! body betwe5 ?is & ! c5tral circle also resembles ! head1 :i* sugge/s ! conclusion ei!r t ! eyes are misplac$ or t1 z drawn1 !y are only int5d$ to repres5t ! bright spots ( ! insect's body4 ,! r>ity ( ^! spid] gorgets makes x seem r rem>kable t specim5s %\ld occur 9 localities s widely sep>at$ z ,fa9's ,isl& & ,sa9t ,l\is1 b ! races inhabit+ ?is entire region1 are kn[n to h _h _m arts 9 common1 & besides ?is x is n impossible t ! same tribe or clan may1 at diff]5t times1 h occupi$ bo? ( ^! localities4 ,! m>k$ diff]5ces 9 ! design & execution ( ^! specim5s1 h[ev]1 indicate a pretty wide di/9ction 9 ! "t or art ( ! mak]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,lxi--,,spid] ,,gorgets4 #a4 ,f a m\nd1 ,miss\ri4 #b4 ,f a /one-grave1 ,ill9ois4 #c4 ,f a m\nd1 ,ill9ois4 #d4 ,f a m\nd1 ,t5nessee4 7#a_/a7 ,,! ,,s]p5t4 ,! s]p5t has _h a fasc9ation = primitive man h>dly surpass$ by its reput$ p[] ov] ! animals on :i* x preys4 ,9 ! m9ds ( ne>ly all savages x has be5 associat$ ) ! deepe/ my/]ies & ! mo/ pot5t p[]s ( nature4 ,no o!r creature has figur$ s prom95tly 9 ! religi\s sy/ems ( ! _w1 few ( :i* are free f x2 & z art1 9 a great measure1 owes its exi/5ce to an attempt to repres5t or embelli% objects :i* are suppos$ to be ! inc>nations ( spirits1 ! s]p5t is an important elem5t 9 all art4 ,:]ev] ! *ildr5 ( nature h w&]$ its image may be f\nd engrav$ ^u ! rocks1 or pa9t$ or sculptur$ ^u monum5ts ( _! own con/ruction4 ,x is f\nd 9 a ?\s& =ms2 beg9n+ ) ^? s reali/ic t ! species c be det]m9$1 we may pass d[n ?r\gh innum]able /ages ( v>iation until all semblance ( nature is lo/4 ,beyond ?is x becomes embodi$ 9 ! conv5tional =ms ( art or looks back f its obscure place 9 an alphabet ?r\gh a p]spective ( metamorphism z m>vel\s z t visible to ! creature itself c\ld x view ! c\rse ( its evolution f ! elem5ts ( nature4 ,s well is ! s]p5t kn[n z a religi\s symbol among ! ,am]ican peoples t x seems h>dly necess>y to pres5t examples ( ! curi\sly int]e/+ my?s relat+ to x4 ,we are n surpris$ to f9d ! bird1 ! wolf1 or ! be> plac$ among repres5tatives ( ! ,great ,_s1 & h5ce to f9d !m embodi$ 9 art2 b x w\ld be a matt] ( surprise if ! s]p5t 7 ev] abs5t4 ,) ! m\nd-build]s x seems to h be5 ( z mu* importance z to o!r divisions ( ! r$ race1 anci5t or mod]n4 ,x is ( v frequ5t occurr5ce among ! designs engrav$ ^u gorgets ( %ell1 a multitude ( :i* h be5 ?us d$icat$ to ! s]p5t-god4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t ! rattlesnake is ! v>iety almo/ univ]sally repres5t$1 & we f9d t ^! engrav+s on %ell pres5t no exception to ?is rule4 ,f a v e>ly date 9 m\nd exploration ^! gorgets h be5 br\ght to light1 b ! coil$ s]p5t engrav$ ^u _! concave surfaces is s highly conv5tionaliz$ t x 0 n at once recogniz$4 ,pr(essor ,wyman appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ to po9t out ! fact t ! rattlesnake 0 repres5t$2 o!rs h s9ce made brief allusion to ?is fact4 ,two examples only h be5 illu/rat$2 "o by ,pr(essor ,jones1#adg :o reg>ds x z be+ )\t intellig5t design1 & ! o!r by ,dr4 ,rau1#adh :o does n sugge/ an int]pretation4 ,among ! ?irty or =ty specim5s t ,i h exam9$1 ! engrav+ ( ! s]p5t is1 ) "o exception1 plac$ ^u ! concave side ( ! disk1 :i* is1 z usual1 cut f ! mo/ di/5d$ "p ( ! ,busycon p]v]sum1 or "s simil> %ell4 ,! great uni=mity ( ^! designs is a matt] ( mu* surprise4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 !re is no exact duplication2 !re are always diff]5ces 9 position1 detail1 or numb] ( p>ts4 ,! s]p5t is always coil$1 ! head occupy+ ! c5t] ( ! disk4 ,) a v few exceptions ! coil is s9i/ral4 ,! head is s plac$ t :5 ! gorget is susp5d$ x has an erect position1 ! m\? op5+ t[>d ! "r h&4 ,z at fir/ glance x w be some:at difficult = ! read] to make out cle>ly ! figure ( ! s]p5t1 ev5 ) ! well def9$ l9es ( ! draw+ be=e him1 ,i w pres5t ! description pretty mu* 9 ! ord] 9 :i* ! design reveal$ itself to me 9 my fir/ attempt to deciph] x4 ,! sauc]-l disks are almo/ circul>1 ! upp] edge be+ mo/ly some:at /raight5$--! result ( ! natural limit ( ! body ( ! %ell above4 ,all are gr\nd d[n to a fairly uni=m ?ickness ( f "o-eigh? to "o-f\r? ( an in*4 ,! edges are ev5ly r\nd$ & smoo?4 ,two small holes = susp5sion occur ne> ! rim ( ! /raight] edge1 & g5]ally on or ne> ! outl9e ( ! engrav$ design1 :i* cov]s ! middle portion ( ! plate4 ,! diamet] ranges f "o to six in*es4 ,to "o :o exam9es ?is design = ! fir/ "t x seems a mo/ inexplicable puzzle2 a mean+less gr\p+ ( curv$ & /raight l9es1 dots & p]=ations4 ,we notice1 h[ev]1 a rem>kable simil>ity 9 ! designs1 ! idea be+ radically ! same 9 all specim5s1 & ! conclusion is soon rea*$ t !re is no?+ haphaz>d 9 ! arrangem5ts ( ! p>ts & t e l9e mu/ h its place & purpose4 ,! design is 9 all cases inclos$ by two p>allel bord] l9es1 leav+ a pla9 belt f "o-f\r? to ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 wid? ar\nd ! edge ( ! disk4 ,all simple l9es are firmly trac$1 al?\gh some:at scrat*y1 & are seldom m ?an "o-tw5tie? ( an in* 9 wid? or dep?4 ,9 /udy+ ?is design ! att5tion is fir/ attract$ by an eye-l figure ne> ! left bord]4 ,?is is =m$ ( a s]ies ( conc5tric circles1 ! numb] ( :i* v>ies f ?ree 9 ! mo/ simple to twelve 9 ! m elaborate =ms4 ,! diamet] ( ! out] circle ( ?is figure v>ies f "o-half to "o in*4 ,9 ! c5t] !re is g5]ally a small conical depression or pit4 ,! s]ies ( circles is p>tially inclos$ by a loop$ b& "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 wid?1 :i* op5s d[nw>d to ! left2 ! free ends ext5d+ outw>d to ! bord] l9e1 gradually ne>+ ea* o!r & =m+ a k9d ( neck to ! circul> figure4 ,?is b& is 9 mo/ cases occupi$ by a s]ies ( dots or conical depressions v>y+ 9 numb] f "o to ?irty4 ,! neck is decorat$ 9 a v>iety ( ways2 by dots1 by /raight & curv$ l9es1 & by a cross-hat*+ t gives a semblance ( scales4 ,a curi\s gr\p ( l9es occupy+ a cresc5t-%ap$ space at ! "r ( ! circul> figure & inclos$ by two bord] l9es1 mu/ receive p>ticul> att5tion4 ,?is is really ! front "p ( ! head--! jaws & ! muzzle ( ! creature repres5t$4 ,! m\? is always cle>ly def9$ & is mo/ly 9 pr(ile1 ! upp] jaw be+ turn$ abruptly upw>d1 b1 9 "s examples1 an attempt has be5 made to repres5t a front view1 9 :i* case x pres5ts a wide ,v-%ap$ figure4 ,x is1 9 mo/ cases1 furni%$ ) two r[s ( tee?1 no attempt hav+ be5 made to repres5t a tongue4 ,! spaces above & bel[ ! jaws are fill$ ) l9es & figures1 :i* v>y mu* 9 ! diff]5t specim5s2 a gr\p ( plume-l figures1 ext5ds backw>d f ! upp] jaw to ! cr[n1 or o!rwise ?is space is occupi$ by an elongat$ p]=ation4 ,! body is repres5t$ encircl+ ! head 9 a s+le coil1 :i* appe>s f b5ea? ! neck on ! "r1 passes ar\nd ! front ( ! head1 & t]m9ates at ! back 9 a po9t$ tail ) well def9$ rattles4 ,x is engrav$ to repres5t ! well-kn[n scales & spots ( ! rattlesnake1 ! conv5tionaliz$ figures be+ q graphic4 ,9 ! gr\p ( specim5s repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,lxiv areas ( cross-hat*$ l9es1 repres5t+ scales1 alt]nate ) circul> figures1 conta9+ two or ?ree conc5tric circles & a c5tral dot4 ,9 "s cases "o or m incis$ b&s cross ! body 9 ! upp] "p ( ! curve4 ,! examples %[n 9 ,plate ,,lxv h _m di/9ctive features4 ,! m>k+s ( ! body consi/ ( alt]nat+ areas ( scales & *evrons or ( *evrons alone4 ,^! figures are int]rupt$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! coil by a numb] ( l9es :i* cross ! body at "r angles4 ,! body is 9 _m cases ne>ly sev]$ f ! rim ( ! disk by f\r oblong p]=ations1 :i* foll[ ! bord] l9e ( ! design4 ,9 mo/ cases ?ree o!r p]=ations occur ab\t ! head2 "o repres5ts ! m\?1 "o def9es ! =ehead & upp] jaw1 & ! ?ird is plac$ aga9/ ! ?roat4 ,^! may be int5d$ m]ely to def9e ! =m m cle>ly4 ,! curi\s plume-l figures t occur ^u ! heads ( bo? v>ieties may indicate ! natural or reput$ m>k+s ( ! animal repres5t$4 ,x is possible t ! gr\p %[n 9 ?is plate may be int5d$ to repres5t ! common yell[ rattlesnake1 ! ,crotalus horridus1 ( ! ,atlantic slope1 ! *>act]i/ic m>k+s ( :i* are alt]nat+ light & d>k *evrons1 :ile ! diamond rattlesnake1 ! ,crotalus adamanteus1 ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates may h s]v$ z a model = ! o!r gr\p4 ,9 ,plate ,,lxii ,i pres5t two ( ^! rattlesnake gorgets4 ,! specim5s %[n 9 ,fig4 #a is f ,georgia & is ! smalle/ example t has come to my notice4 ,x is repres5t$ natural size4 ,! design is q obscure1 b en\gh rema9s to %[ t x does n diff] ess5tially f ! type already pres5t$4 ,!re appe> to be no holes = susp5sion1 b x is probable t two ( ! oblong p]=ations ^u ! bord] ( ! design _h be5 us$ = t purpose4 ,! h&some specim5 giv5 9 ,fig4 #b 0 obta9$ f ! great m\nd at ,sevi]ville1 ,t5n41 & is 9 a v good /ate ( pres]vation4 ,x is a deep1 some:at oval plate1 made f a ,busycon p]v]sum4 ,! surface is nicely poli%$ & ! m>g9s neatly bevel$4 ,! m>g9al zone is less ?an half an in* wide & conta9s at ! upp] edge two p]=ations1 :i* h be5 consid]ably abrad$ by ! cord ( susp5sion4 ,f\r long curv$ slits or p]=ations almo/ sev] ! c5tral design f ! rim2 ! f\r n>r[ segm5ts t rema9 are ea* ornam5t$ ) a s+le conical pit4 ,! s]p5t is v neatly engrav$ & belongs to ! *evron$ v>iety4 ,! eye is l>ge & ! neck is ornam5t$ ) a s+le rectangul> intaglio figure4 ,! m\? is m ?an usually well def9$4 ,! upp] jaw is turn$ abruptly upw>d & is ornam5t$ ) l9es peculi> to ?is v>iety ( ! designs4 ,! body opposite ! p]=ations = susp5sion is int]rupt$ by a r my/]i\s cross b&1 consi/+ ( "o broad & two n>r[ l9es4 ,z ?is is a feature common to _m specim5s x probably has "s important (fice or significance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,lxii--,,rattlesnake ,,gorgets4 #a4 ,%ell gorget f ,georgia4 7#a_/a7 #b4 ,mc,mahan ,m\nd1 ,t5n4 7#a_/a7 ,9 ,plate ,,lxiii ,i pres5t two ( ! be/ examples ( ^! s]p5t gorgets yet br\ght to light4 ,!y 7 obta9$ f ! ,mc,mahan ,m\nd1 at ,sevi]ville1 ,t5n41 9 #ahga1 & are 9 an excell5t /ate ( pres]vation4 ,bo? are made f l>ge heavy specim5s ( ! ,busycon p]v]sum4 ,! example giv5 9 ,fig4 #a is b slightly alt]$ by decomposition1 ! transluc5cy ( ! %ell be+ /ill p]ceptible4 ,! back reta9s ! /rongly m>k$ ridges ( gr[?4 ,! int]ior has be5 highly poli%$1 b is n[ some:at m>k$1 app>5tly by "s f9e textile fabric :i* has be5 buri$ ) x & has1 9 decay+1 left its impress ^u ! smoo? surface ( ! %ell4 ,! design is v mu* l ! type describ$1 b has "s peculi> features ab\t ! neck & "u ! head ( ! s]p5t4 ,! specim5 %[n 9 ,fig4 #b may be reg>d$ z a type ( ^! gorgets1 & is ! "o *iefly us$ 9 ! g5]al description giv5 on a prec$+ page4 ,x is six in*es long by five wide1 & has be5 neatly dress$ & poli%$ on bo? sides4 ,z e detail is cle>ly & correctly %[n 9 ! cut ,i %all n describe x f>!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,lxiii--,,rattlesnake ,,gorgets4 #a4 ,mc,mahan ,m\nd1 ,t5n4 #b4 ,mc,mahan ,m\nd1 ,t5n4 7#c_/d7 ,= conv5i5ce ( comp>ison ,i h arrang$ two plates ( outl9es4 ,! specim5 %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,lxiv1 is almo/ id5tical ) ! "o la/ m5tion$ 9 size & %ape4 ,?is1 ) ! simil> b some:at small] specim5 giv5 9 ,fig4 #b1 is also f ! ,mc,mahan ,m\nd4 ,figs4 #c & #d are outl9es ( ! specim5s already giv5 9 ,plate ,,lxiii4 ,! f9e specim5 %[n 9 ,fig4 #e is f ! ,brakebill ,m\nd1 ne> ,knoxville1 ,t5n41 & is n[ 9 ! ,peabody ,museum4 ,x is five in*es 9 l5g? & a little m ?an f\r & "o-half 9 wid?4 ,x is v mu* l ! ,sevi]ville specim5s & is made ( ! same species ( %ell4 ,! m>k+s ( ! space b5ea? ! head are peculi>1 & 9 "s o!r details x diff]s f ! o!r specim5s4 ,fig4 #f illu/rates a l>ge specim5 n[ 9 ! ,national ,collection4 ,x is also f ,t5nessee1 & resembles ! prec$+ examples q closely4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,lxiv--,,rattlesnake ,,gorgets4 #a4 ,mc,mahan ,m\nd4 #b4 ,mc,mahan ,m\nd4 #c4 ,mc,mahan ,m\nd4 #d4 ,mc,mahan ,m\nd4 #e4 ,brakebill ,m\nd4 #f4 ,williams ,isl&4 ,t5nessee4 ,! specim5s illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,,lxv repres5t a some:at diff]5t type ( design1 b are f\nd associat$ ) ! o!rs4 ,! ?ree %[n 9 ,figs4 #b1 #f1 & #g belong to ! ,peabody ,museum1 & are f m\nds 9 ,ea/ ,t5nessee4 ,! o!rs are 9 ! ,national ,collection1 & come f ! same region4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,lxv--,,rattlesnake ,,gorgets4 #a4 ,mc,mahan ,m\nd4 #b4 ,lick ,creek ,m\nd4 #c4 ,mc,mahan ,m\nd4 #d4 ,mc,mahan ,m\nd4 #e4 ,gre5 ,c\nty ,m\nd4 #f4 ,lick ,creek ,m\nd4 ,t5nessee4 ,x 0 my int5tion to pursue ?is /udy some:at fur!r1 & ! illu/rations pres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,lxvi 7 p>tially prep>$ = ! purpose ( in/itut+ comp>isons betwe5 ^! nor!rn =ms & o!rs ( ! s\?1 b ! "t at my disposal w n p]mit ( x4 ,fig4 #a is an outl9e ( a rattlesnake gorget1 probably f ,georgia1 :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum ( ,new ,york4 ,x is f\r in*es 9 l5g? by ?ree & "o-half 9 wid?4 ,! same specim5 is figur$ by ,jones 9 ,plate ,,xxx ( 8 ,antiquities ( ! ,s\!rn ,indians4 ,fig4 #b repres5ts a l>ge specim5 f ,t5nessee1 :i* is n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,national ,collection4 ,! design is plac$ ^u ! gorget some:at diff]5tly f ! o!r specim5s1 ! m\? ( ! s]p5t be+ ne> ! top & ! neck bel[ at ! "r4 ,!re is also a dott$ belt at ! "r ( ! head :i* is n f\nd 9 any ( ! specim5s describ$4 ,figs4 #c & #d repres5t draw+s ( s]p5ts' heads f\nd 9 ! anci5t city ( ,*imu1 ,p]u4#adi ,fig4 #e is copi$ f "o ( ! codices ( ,goldsbor\gh1 & is a v spirit$ repres5tation ( a plum$ & spott$ rattlesnake4 ,! tablet %[n 9 ,fig4 #f has already be5 describ$ "u scallop$ disks4 ,! rem>kable plum$ & fea!r$ s]p5t giv5 9 ,fig4 #g is pa9t$ ^u ! rocks at ,lake ,nijapa1 ,nic>agua4#aej ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,lxvi--,,! ,,s]p5t4 #a4 ,%ell gorget1 ,georgia4 #b4 ,%ell gorget1 ,t5nessee4 #c1 #d4 ,pa9t+1 ,p]u4 #e4 ,f an ,aztec pa9t+4 #f4 ,/one disk1 ,c>?age1 ,ala4 #g4 ,pa9t$ on rock1 ,nic>agua4 ,,! ,,human ,,face4 ,a v important gr\p ( %ell ornam5ts repres5t1 m or less di/9ctly1 ! human face4 ,by a comb9ation ( engrav+ & sculpture a rude resemblance to ! features is produc$4 ,! objects are g5]ally made f a l>ge pe>-%ap$ section ( ! l[] :orl ( heavy m>9e univalves4 ,! l[] portion1 :i* repres5ts ! neck & *91 is cut f ! some:at re/rict$ "p ne> ! base ( ! %ell1 :ile ! broad outl9e ( ! head rea*es ! fir/ suture ( ! nod$ %\ld] ( ! body :orl4 ,! simple/ =m is repres5t$ by a specim5 f a m\nd at ,sevi]ville1 ,t5n4 ,x is a pla91 pe>-%ap$ fragm5t1 ) ev5ly dress$ m>g9 & two p]=ations1 :i* take ! position ( ! eyes4 ,a sket* ( ?is is pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,lxix4 ,simil> specim5s h be5 obta9$ f m\nds 9 o!r ,/ates4 ,a little fur!r advance is made :5 ! surface ( ! mo/ convex "p is gr\nd away1 ) ! exception ( a l[ v]tical ridge1 :i* repres5ts ! nose4 ,fur!r on a boss or node appe>s bel[ ! nose1 :i* takes ! place ( ! m\?1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,f ! elem5t>y /ages exhibit$ 9 ^! specim5s a gradual advance is made by ! addition ( details & ! elaboration ( all ! features4 ,a corona encircles ! head1 ! e>s are outl9$ 7,fig4 #e1 ,plate ,,lxx71 ! eyes are elaborat$ by add+ "o or m conc5tric circles or ovals1 br[s are plac$ above1 & gr\ps ( not*$ & zigzag l9es ext5d d[nw>d ^u ! *eeks4 ,! node at ! m\? is p]=at$ or cut 9 intaglio 9 circul> or oblong figures1 & ! *9 is embelli%$ by a v>iety ( incis$ designs4 ,illu/rations ( ! v>i\s =ms are giv5 9 ,plates ,,lxix & ,,lxx4 ,^! objects are especially num]\s 9 ! m\nds ( ,t5nessee1 b _! range is q wide1 examples hav+ be5 report$ f ,k5tucky1 ,virg9ia1 ,ill9ois1 ,miss\ri1 & ,arkansas1 & small] ones ( a some:at diff]5t type f ,new ,york4 ,9 size !y range f two to t5 in*es 9 l5g?1 ! wid? be+ consid]ably less4 ,!y are g5]ally f\nd associat$ ) human rema9s 9 su* a way z to sugge/ _! use z ornam5ts = ! head or neck4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 no holes = susp5sion except ^? made to repres5t ! eyes1 & ^!1 s f> z ,i h obs]v$1 %[ no abrasion by a cord ( susp5sion4 ,_! %ape sugge/s ! idea t !y may h be5 us$ z masks1 & z su* may h be5 plac$ ^u ! faces ( ! dead 9 ! same mann] t metal masks 7 us$ by "s ori5tal nations4 ,among ! l>ge numb] ( int]e/+ objects ( %ell obta9$ f ! ,mc,mahan ,m\nd at ,sevi]ville1 ,t5n41 7 a numb] ( ^! %ell masks4 ,9 ! notes ( ! collector !y are m5tion$ z hav+ be5 f\nd on ! brea/ or ab\t ! heads ( skeletons4 ,! example %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,lxvii1 is a m$ium-siz$1 r pla9 specim5 f ! above-nam$ locality4 ,x is sev5 & "o-f\r? in*es long & ne>ly six in*es wide1 & has be5 made f a ,busycon p]v]sum4 ,! m>g9s are mu* decay$1 & ! convex surface is pitt$ & discolor$4 ,! inside is smoo?1 & has a slight design rudely engrav$ ^u x4 ,( a v diff]5t type is ! specim5 %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,x is new look+1 & well pres]v$4 ,! slightly transluc5t surface is highly poli%$1 & ! engrav$ l9es are q fre% look+4 ,x 0 collect$ by ,j4 ,d4 ,lucas1 & is label$ ,aquia ,creek1 ,va4 ,x is five & "o-half in*es 9 l5g? by five 9 wid?1 & is app>5tly made f "s dextral-:orl$ %ell4 ,! outl9e is some:at rectangul>1 ! upp] surface be+ pretty well r\nd$ & ornam5t$ ) a corona ( incis$ l9es1 :i* are arrang$ 9 six gr\ps ( f\r ea*4 ,inside ( ^! a s+le incis$ l9e runs p>allel ) ! edge1 f temple to temple4 ,! eyes are repres5t$ by small circles ) small c5tral pits1 & ! lids are indicat$ by long1 po9t$ ellipses4 ,f ea* ( ! eyes a gr\p ( ?ree zigzag l9es ext5ds d[nw>d across ! *eek1 t]m9at+ ne> ! edge ( ! plate1 opposite ! m\?4 ,^! l9es may be int]pret$ 9 two ways3 ,fir/1 if ! object is a m\rn+ mask1 made ) especial ref]5ce to its use 9 burial1 !y may signify te>s1 s9ce1 9 ! pictographic language ( _m tribes1 te>s are repres5t$ by l9es desc5d+ f ! eyes1 &1 ) o!r nations1 runn+ wat] is symboliz$ by curv$ or zigzag l9es2 9 ! second place1 ^! l9es may repres5t figures pa9t$ ^u ! face dur+ ! p]iod ( m\rn+1 or !y may simply repres5t ! *>act]i/ic l9es ( ! pa9t+ or tattoo+ ( ! clan or tribe to :i* ! deceas$ belong$4 ,x is n at all improbable t ^! objects 7 fur!r embelli%$ by pa9t$ designs :i* h be5 oblit]at$4 ,! nose is repres5t$ by a flat ridge1 :i* t]m9ates abruptly bel[1 ! no/rils be+ indicat$ by two small excavations4 ,! m\? is repres5t$ by an oval node1 9 :i* a horizontal groove has be5 made4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,lxvii--,,! ,,human ,,face4 #a4 ,mask-l ornam5t1 ,t5nessee4 7#a_/b74 #b4 ,mask-l ornam5t1 ,virg9ia4 7#c_/d74 ,! mo/ elaborately engrav$ example ( ^! masks yet br\ght to ! notice ( ! public is %[n 9 ,plate ,,lxviii4 ,x 0 obta9$ by ,mr4 ,luci5 ,c>r f a l>ge m\nd1 kn[n z ! ,ely ,m\nd1 ne> ,rose ,hill1 ,lee ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia1 & is describ$ & illu/rat$ by t g5tleman 9 ! t5? annual report ( ! ,peabody ,museum4#aea ,wi%+ to pres5t ?is f9e specim5 to ! be/ advantage possible1 ,i h _h a l>ge cut made f a photograph furni%$ by ,pr(essor ,putnam1 curator ( ! ,peabody ,museum4 ,p>ts ( ! design :i* 7 obscure ,i h /r5g!n$1 foll[+ ! guidance ( su* fragm5ts ( l9es z 7 /ill traceable1 or by simply duplicat+ ! l9es ( ! opposite side1 z ^! designs are 9 all cases bi-symmetrical4 ,hav+ describ$ a great numb] ( relics exhum$ f ?is m\nd1 ,mr4 ,c>r goes on to say t ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! articles tak5 f ?is grave 0 an engrav$ %ell made f ! mo/ dilat$ portion ( ! ,/rombus gigas1 & c>v$ on ! convex side into ! lik5ess ( a human face4 ,x measures #ach millimet]s 9 l5g?1 by #abj 9 bread?4 ,x is p]=at$ ) ?ree holes1 ! two upp] ( :i* are surr\nd$ ) circles1 & repres5t eyes2 betwe5 ^! is a rais$ ridge ( %ell1 9 place ( ! nose1 & bel[ ?is is a ?ird hole1 :i* is j above a s]ies ( l9es t 7 probably int5d$ z ! m\?4 ,f\r l9es1 p>allel to ea* o!r dur+ ?ree-f\r?s ( _! l5g?1 beg9 at ! out] corn] ( ! eye & are zigzag$ to ! l[] jaw1 :]e !y are drawn to a po9t4 ,! concave side ( ! %ell is p]fectly pla91 & /ill pres]ves its high poli%1 ?\gh ! "r portion ( ! face on ! c>v$ or convex side %[s ! sad effects ( "t & exposure4 ,al?\gh ,i h n _h an opportunity ( exam9+ ?is specim5 closely1 ,i am incl9$ to ! op9ion1 judg+ by its outl9es1 t ! %ell f :i* x 0 made has be5 s9i/rally :orl$1 & h5ce a ,busycon p]v]sum4 ,i %\ld also pref] to consid] ! hole b5ea? ! nose z repres5t+ ! m\?1 z x c]ta9ly does 9 _m o!r cases1 & ! peculi> figure--! ?ree v]tical l9es :i* ext5d d[nw>d f ! hole & ! two b&$ figures t cross !m at "r angles--z a repres5tation ( "s pa9t$ or tattoo$ design *>act]i/ic ( ! build]s ( ! m\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,lxviii--,,%ell ,,mask4 ,virg9ia4 7#a_/b7 ,o!r examples ( ^! objects are repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,lxix4 ,( especial int]e/ ,i may m5tion ! specim5 %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 obta9$1 ) o!r simil> examples1 by ,pr(essor ,putnam1 f ! ,lick ,creek m\nd1 9 ,ea/ ,t5nessee4 ,! p]=ations :i* repres5t ! eyes are surr\nd$ by two conc5tric circles1 & ! zigzag l9es b5ea? are supplem5t$ by two sets ( p5dant figures =m$ ( not*$ l9es1 ! two long] ( :i* ext5d d[n ! sides ( ! nose1 ! o!rs be+ connect$ ) ! l[] m>g9 ( ! eye4 ,9 "o example f\r p>allel l9es pass f ! m\? d[nw>d ov] ! *94 ,fig4 #c repres5ts a specim5 f ! ,brakebill ,m\nd1 ,ea/ ,t5nessee4 ,! m\? is n indicat$1 & ! nose is b slightly reliev$4 ,ea* eye1 h[ev]1 is inclos$ by a figure :i* ext5ds d[nw>d ov] ! *eek1 t]m9at+ 9 ?ree %>p po9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,lxix--,,! ,,human ,,face4 #a4 ,mc,mahan ,m\nd1 ,t5n4 #b4 ,mc,mahan ,m\nd1 ,t5n4 #c4 ,brakebill ,m\nd1 ,t5n4 #d4 ,lick ,creek ,m\nd1 ,t5n4 #e4 ,aquia ,creek1 ,va4 #f4 ,m\nd1 ,ely ,c\nty1 ,va4 ,s f> z ! specim5s at h& %[1 ?is peculi> embelli%m5t ( ! eyes & m\? is *>act]i/ic ( ,virg9ia & ,ea/ ,t5nessee4 ,a small specim5 f ,georgia1 n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum at ,new ,york1 has a some:at simil> ornam5tation ( ! eyes4 ,?is specim5 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #f1 ,plate ,,lxx4 ,9 ,fig4 #h ( ! same plate we h ! repres5tation ( a face model$ 9 clay1 on :i* a numb] ( incis$ l9es1 simil> to ^? engrav$ on %ell1 h be5 drawn4 ,! cr[n ( not*es is also pres5t4 ,! specim5 has be5 illu/rat$ by ,pr(essor ,jones4#aeb ,x is n[ 9 ! museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory at ,new ,york1 & 0 probably obta9$ f ! ,et[ah ,valley1 ,georgia4 ,examples 9 /one are also num]\s1 & %[ c]ta9 features 9 common ) ^? 9 %ell4 ,fig4 #i is f ,nor!rn ,ohio1 & is c>v$ f a nodule ( iron ore4 ,! v beautiful little head %[n 9 ,figs4 #a & #b is f a cave at ,mussel ,%oals1 ,ala4 ,x is made ( %ell1 & is some:at alt]$ by decay4 ,! cr[n is peculi>ly not*$1 & resembles a v common ,mexican =m4 ,! not* 9 ! middle ( ! =ehead c be trac$ to a division 9 ! head-dress notic$ 9 ! m elaborately c>v$ ,mexican specim5s4 ,! example %[n 9 ,figs4 #c & #d is copi$ f a r rude cut giv5 by ,s*oolcraft1 :o describes x z foll[s3 ,?is well-sculptur$ article 0 discov]$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,kasauda ,creek1 ,onondaga ,c\nty4 ,! mat]ial is a compact piece ( sea-%ell4 ,x /ill pres]ves 9 a consid]able degree ! smoo?ness & lu/] ( its orig9al f9i%4 99 99 99 ,at ! angle ( ! temples are two small orifices = susp5d+ x ar\nd ! neck4 ,! entire article is f9i%$ ) mu* skill & delicacy4#aec ,! v rude specim5 pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #g is f a m\nd at ,frankl91 ,t5n4 ,x seems to h be5 "s natural =m1 b slightly *ang$ by art4 ,a some:at simil> specim5 f a m\nd 9 ,t5nessee may be se5 9 ! ,peabody ,museum4 ,! cut pres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #e is tak5 f ,jones's ,antiquities ( ,t5nessee1 page #dh4 ,! specim5 0 obta9$ f ! /one grave ( a *ild at ! foot ( a m\nd ne> ,na%ville1 ,t5n4 ,x has diamond-%ap$ eyes1 a feature ( v r>e occurr5ce 9 ! art ( ?is region4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,lxx--,,! ,,human ,,face4 #a1 #b4 ,%ell ornam5t f a cave1 ,alabama4 7#a_/a7 #c1 #d4 ,%ell ornam5t f ,new ,york4 7#a_/a7 #e4 ,%ell ornam5t1 /one grave1 ,t5nessee4 #f4 ,%ell ornam5t f ,georgia4 7#a_/a7 #g4 ,%ell ornam5t f ,t5nessee4 7#a_/a7 #h4 ,face model$ 9 clay1 ,georgia4 #i4 ,face c>v$ 9 iron ore1 ,ohio4 ,,! ,,human ,,figure4 ,i n[ come to a class ( works :i* are new & unique1 & 9 m ?an "o respect are ! mo/ important objects ( aborig9al art yet f\nd )9 ! limits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! relics are f\r 9 numb]1 & come f t "p ( ! m\nd-build+ di/rict occupi$ at "o "t by ! /one grave peoples--?ree f ,t5nessee & "o f ,miss\ri4 ,simil> designs are n f\nd 9 o!r mat]ials1 &1 inde$1 no?+ at all resembl+ !m c be f\nd1 s f> z ,i "k1 ei!r 9 /one or 9 clay4 ,if su* h be5 pa9t$ or engrav$ on less endur+ mat]ials !y are totally de/roy$4 ,i %all fir/ describe ! specim5s !mselves1 & subsequ5tly dwell at "s l5g? ^u _! au!nticity1 _! significance1 & _! place 9 art4 ,fir/1 ,i pres5t1 9 ,plate ,,lxxi1 a %ell gorget on :i* is engrav$ a r rude del9eation ( a human figure4 ,! design occupies ! concave side ( a l>ge %ell disk cut f a ,busycon p]v]sum4 ,ne> ! upp] m>g9 are ! usual holes = susp5sion4 ,! engrav$ design fills ! c5tral portion ( ! plate & is inclos$ by two approximately p>allel l9es1 betwe5 :i* & ! edge ( ! %ell !re is a pla9 belt ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* wide4 ,a casual obs]v] w\ld probably n recognize any design :atev] 9 ! jumble ( half oblit]at$ l9es t occupies ! inclos$ space4 ,x w fir/ be notic$ t a column ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 wid? /&s erect 9 ! c5t] ( ! picture2 f ?is spr+ a numb] ( l9es1 =m+ s]p5t9e arms1 :i* give ! figure z mu* ! appe>ance ( an octopus cr[d$ into a collector's alcohol j> z ( a human creature4 ,a little /udy w conv9ce "o1 h[ev]1 t ! c5tral column repres5ts ! human body1 & ! tangle ( l9es surr\nd+ x w be f\nd to repres5t ! arms1 legs1 h&s1 feet1 & _! app5dages--no l9e )9 ! bord] be+ )\t its (fice4 ,! upp] extremity ( ! body is occupi$ by a circle "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 :i* repres5ts ! eye4 ,! head is n di/+ui%$ f ! body by any sort ( con/riction = ! neck1 b has evid5tly be5 cr[n$ by a rude aurora-l cre/ simil> to t f\nd 9 s _m aborig9al designs4 ,?is does n appe> 9 ! engrav+ giv51 z x1 z well z o!r features1 0 s ne>ly oblit]at$ z to escape obs]vation until ! idea 0 sugge/$ by ! /udy ( o!r simil> designs4 ,! m\? is b>ely sugge/$1 be+ repres5t$ by ?ree %all[ l9es plac$ s l[ on ! trunk t !y occupy :at %\ld be ! *e/4 ,f ! side ( ! head a numb] ( l9es1 probably meant = plumes1 ext5d across ! bord]+ l9es almo/ to ! edge ( ! %ell2 bel[ ?is are two p]=at$ loops1 :i* seem to take ! place ( e>s2 ! "o on ! "r is d\bly p]=at$ & has a peculi> ext5sion1 9 a b5t or elb[$ l9e1 across ! bord]4 ,! arms are atta*$ to ! sides ( ! body ne> ! middle 9 a haphaz>d sort ( way & are curi\sly d\ble jo9t$2 !y t]m9ate1 h[ev]1 9 well-def9$ h&s aga9/ ! "r & left bord]s1 ! ?umb & f+]s be+1 9 ea* case1 di/9ctly repres5t$4 ,! legs & feet are at fir/ exce$+ly h>d to make out1 b :5 once trac$ are z cle> z ne$ be4 ,! body t]m9ates abruptly bel[ )9 an in* ( ! base ( ! inclos$ space4 ,"o leg ext5ds directly d[nw>d1 ! foot re/+ ^u ! bord] l9e2 ! o!r ext5ds backw>d f ! base ( ! trunk & re/s aga9/ ! bord] l9e at ! "r2 ! legs h id5tical m>k+s1 :i* probably repres5t ! co/ume4 ,ea* foot t]m9ates 9 a s+le well-def9$ talon or claw1 :i* folds upw>d aga9/ ! knee4 ,?is is a mo/ int]e/+ feature1 & "o :i* ?is design possesses 9 common ) ! ?ree o!r draw+s ( ! human figure f\nd 9 ,t5nessee4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! figure are fill$ 9 ) ornam5tal app5dages1 :i* seem to be atta*$ to ! h&s & feet1 & probably repres5t plumes4 ,! num]\s p]=ations 9 ?is specim5 are wor?y ( att5tion3 )9 ! bord] l9e !re are tw5ty-six1 :i* v>y f "o-f\r? to "o-sixte5? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,!y are plac$ mo/ly at ! jo9ts ( ! figure or at ! junction ( two or m l9es4 ,su* p]=ations are ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ?is class ( gorgets & may h _h "s p>ticul> significance to _! possessors4 ,?is specim5 0 f\nd 9 ! great m\nd at ,sevi]ville1 ,t5n41 ^u ! brea/ ( a skeleton1 & is n[ 9 ! ,national ,collection4 ,x has suff]$ consid]ably f decay1 ! surface be+ deeply furr[$1 pitt$1 & discolor$4 ,! holes are mu* enl>g$ & ! l9es 9 places are almo/ oblit]at$4 ,i began ! /udy ( ?is design ) ! ?\ght t1 9 ref]5ce to ?is specim5 at lea/1 ,pr(essor ,jones 0 "r1 & t ! confus$ gr\p ( l9es might be ! mean+less product ( an idle fancy1 b end$ by be+ fully satisfi$ t no s+le l9e or m>k is )\t its place or its significance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,lxxi--,,%ell ,,gorget--,,! ,,human ,,figure4 ,mc,mahan ,m\nd1 ,t5nessee4 7#b_/c7 ,aft] hav+ exam9$ ?is design s critically1 x w be an easy matt] to int]pret t engrav$ ^u ! tablet illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,,lxxii4 ,al?\gh f\nd 9 widely sep>at$ localities1 & engrav$ 9 a some:at diff]5t /yle1 !y are id5tical 9 type1 & exhibit b slight diff]5ces 9 detail4 ,at ! top ( ! plate we h ! two d\bly conical p]=ations = susp5sion1 b ! d\ble bord] l9e is n complet$ above1 be+ int]rupt$ by ! plumes f ! head4 ,! head itself is decorat$ ) ! usual cr[n ( radiat+ l9es1 a small circle ) a c5tral pit repres5ts ! eye1 & bel[ ?is is a well-def9$ m\? ) a d\ble r[ ( tee?4 ,ext5d+ to ! "r f ! m\? is an app5dage consi/+ ( "o /raight & two int]rupt$ l9es1 :i* may be a "p ( ! co/ume1 or1 s9ce x issues f ! m\?1 may possibly symbolize spee*4 ,! body1 :i* is %ort & /raight1 is divid$ v]tically into ?ree p>ts2 ! c5tral space conta9s a l>ge conical p]=ation1 & is cov]$ ) a lace-"w ( l9es2 ! lat]al spaces are ornam5t$ ) r[s ( buttons or scales1 :i* consi/ ( meag]ly outl9$ circles ) c5tral dots4 ,! curi\sly fold$ arms h precisely ! same relative positions z ! correspond+ memb]s 9 ! o!r specim51 & ! f+]s t\* ! bord]+ l9e on ! "r & left1 ! ?umb be+ turn$ backw>d aga9/ ! elb[4 ,! legs are repres5t$ 9 a mann] t sugge/s a sitt+ po/ure1 ! r\nd$ knees com+ 9 front ( & jo9+ ! base ( ! body2 9 position & decoration !y repeat ! o!r specim54 ,! feet1 or ! r\nd$ extremities t repres5t !m1 re/ ^u ! bord] l9e1 z 9 ! case previ\sly describ$1 & t]m9ate 9 upturn$ talons t are long1 curv$1 & jo9t$1 & t]m9ate 9 squ>e or blunt tips4 ,plume-l app5dages are atta*$ to ! arms & legs1 & fill ! spaces n occupi$ by ! memb]s ( ! body2 ^! plumes or p5dants are always repres5t$ by fold$ b&s or fillets :i* are ornam5t$ on "o side ) dots4 ,a plume atta*$ to ! left side ( ! head is repres5t$ by two curv$ l9es1 :i* rea* to ! edge ( ! %ell4 ,!re are five p]=ations1 two = susp5sion1 two at ! sides ( ! face1 & "o ne> ! middle ( ! trunk4 ,?is specim5 is 9 a v p]fect /ate ( pres]vation1 ! surface be+ smoo? & b little /a9$4 ,x is some:at pe>-%ap$1 resembl+ 9 ?is respect ! mask-l gorgets previ\sly describ$4 ,x is ab\t sev5 in*es 9 height & five 9 wid?1 & has be5 made f a v ?ick & compact %ell1 probably a ,busycon4 ,x 0 obta9$ f a m\nd 9 ,meigs ,c\nty1 ,t5nessee1 & is pres]v$ 9 ! ,peabody ,museum4 ,9 me*anical execution ?is specim5 is mu* sup]ior to ! prec$+ "o2 ! edges & surface ( ! %ell are nicely dress$1 al?\gh ! l9es ( ! design are indiff]5tly cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,lxxii--,,%ell ,,gorget--,,! ,,human ,,figure4 ,m\nd1 ,t5nessee4 7#c_/d7 ,ano!r unique %ell gorget is pres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,lxxiii4 ,x 0 obta9$ f a m\nd 9 ,s\!a/]n ,miss\ri1 & is n[ 9 ! possession ( ,pr(essor ,pott]1 ( ,sa9t ,l\is4 ,! disk is ab\t f\r & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 & 0 orig9ally ne>ly circul>1 b ! edges are n[ mu* decay$ & batt]$4 ,a cut ) a brief description is giv5 by ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,conant 9 8 rec5t "w1 ,foot-pr9ts ( ,vani%$ ,races1 page #ie4 ,my cut is made f a photograph obta9$ f ,pr(essor ,putnam1 ( ! ,peabody ,museum4 ,?is is probably ! same photograph us$ by ,mr4 ,conant4 ,! engrav$ design is ( a totally di/9ct type f ! la/1 & ev9ces a mu* high] grade ( skill 9 ! arti/4 ,x is encircl$ by six ne>ly p>allel l9es1 :i* occupy ab\t half an in* ( ! bord] ( ! disk4 ,portions ( ^! /ill rema91 ! inn] "o be+ ne>ly entire4 ,betwe5 ?is & ! second l9e are two p]=ations = susp5sion4 ,! idea fir/ sugge/$ by a glance at ! engrav$ design is t x /rongly resembles ! "w ( ! anci5t ,mexicans1 & ! second idea ( _m ar*ologi/s w probably be t !re may be a d\bt ( its g5u95ess4 ,sett+ ?is "q aside = ! pres5t1 let u exam9e ! engrav+ 9 detail4 ,plac+ ! plate s t ! two p]=ations are at ! left1 we h ! pr9cipal figure 9 an upright po/ure4 ,?is figure app>5tly repres5ts a p]sonage ( "s importance1 z he is deck$ f head to foot ) a pr(usion ( ornam5ts & symbols4 ,he is %[n 9 pr(ile ) ! arms ext5d$ 9 action1 & ! feet sep>at$ z if 9 ! act ( /epp+ =w>d4 ,! head is l>ge1 occupy+ ab\t "o-?ird ( ! height ( ! design4 ,! elaborate head-dress fills ! upp] "p ( ! inclos$ space1 p5dant plumes desc5d to ! %\ld]s be=e & beh9d1 & circul> ornam5ts are atta*$ to ! hair & ! e>4 ,! conv5tionaliz$ eye is loz5ge or diamond %ap$1 ) a small conical pit = ! pupil4 ,! pr(ile %[s a full =ehead1 a /rong nose1 & a prom95t *94 ,two l9es ext5d across ! *eek f ! bridge ( ! nose to ! base ( ! e>4 ,9 & project+ f ! m\? is a symbolic figure1 ! mean+ ( :i* c only be conjectur$4 ,! %\ld]s & body are b meag]ly repres5t$4 ,f ! wai/ a peculi> apron-l object is susp5d$1 :i* rea*es to ! knees2 x may be a "p ( ! co/ume or a prie/ly symbol4 ,! legs & feet are dw>f$1 b q well outl9$4 ,!re are encircl+ b&s at ! knees & ankles1 & a fan-l ext5sion ( ! co/ume1 some:at resembl+ ! tail ( a bird1 desc5ds betwe5 ! legs4 ,atta*$ to ! back1 is a figure ( a r extraord9>y "*4 ,simil> figures may be se5 9 "s ( ! ,mexican pa9t+s1 & seem to repres5t a contrivance = c>ry+ burd5s1 9 :i* at times elfi% figures are accommodat$4 ,! "r arm is ext5d$ =w>d1 & ! h& grasps a s+ul> %aft1 ) :i* a bl[ is aim$ at ! sev]$ head ( a victim1 :i* is held face d[nw>d by ! left h& ( ! /&+ figure4 ,! sev]$ head /ill reta9s ! plum$ cap1 f :i* a long p5dant desc5ds 9 front ( ! face4 ,! eye is loz5ge-%ap$4 ,a zigzag l9e crosses ! *eek f ! e> to ! bridge ( ! nose1 & a curi\s symbolic figure is repres5t$ z issu+ f ! m\?4 ,! %aft held 9 ! "r h& seems to issue f a circul> figure1 d\btless ( symbolic "*1 :i* occupies ! space 9 front ( ! head ( ! /&+ figure4 ,x is possible t ! figure :i* issues f ! m\? ( ! victim repres5ts ! po9t ( ?is my/ic %aft :i* has p5etrat$ ! head1 al?\gh we %\ld h to all[ "s inaccuracies 9 ! draw+ if ?is 7 ! case4 ,any "o at all famili> ) ! curi\s pictographic manuscripts ( ! anci5t ,mexicans w see at a glance t we h "h a sacrificial sc5e1 9 :i* a prie/ seems to be engag$ 9 ! sacrifice ( a human be+4 ,9 ! extraord9>y manuscripts ( ! anci5t ,aztecs we h _m p>allels to ?is design4 ,s closely does x approa* ! ,aztec type t1 al?\gh no duplicate c be f\nd 9 any ( ! codices1 !re is n a s+le idea1 a s+le memb] or ornam5t t has n its analogue 9 ! ,mexican manuscripts4 ,to make ?is cle> to e "o ,i pres5t1 9 ,plate ,,lxxv1 ,fig4 #d1 a s+le example = comp>ison4 ,?is "o is select$ f ! manuscript ( ,m4 ,de ,fj]vry1 pres]v$ at ,budape/1 ,hung>y4#aed ,=tunately = ! cr$it ( ?is ,miss\ri relic we d n f9d its duplicate--!re are only family resemblances2 !re are simil> plumes1 ) simil> ornam5ts & p5dants1 simil> co/ume & attitudes2 !re are simil> features & simil> symbols2 b !re is no absolute id5tity1 except 9 motive & conception4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,lxxiii--,,%ell ,,gorget--,,! ,,human ,,figure4 ,miss\ri4 7#a_/a7 ,among ! multitude ( works ( art collect$ )9 ! la/ decade v few w be f\nd to surpass 9 int]e/ ! fragm5t ( a %ell gorget f ! ,mc,mahan ,m\nd1 at ,sevi]ville1 ,t5n4 ,! disk1 :5 entire1 has be5 ne>ly five in*es 9 diamet]4 ,a little m ?an "o-?ird _h crumbl$ away1 & ! rema9+ portion 0 only pres]v$ by ! mo/ c>eful h&l+1 & by imm$iate imm]sion 9 a ?9 solution ( glue4 ,?is specim5 is ! fir/ ( ! k9d ev] br\ght to light 9 ?is c\ntry1 & mu/ c]ta9ly be reg>d$ z ! highe/ example ( aborig9al art ev] f\nd nor? ( ,mexico4 ,! design1 z 9 ! o!r cases1 has be5 engrav$ on ! convex surface ( a poli%$ %ell disk1 & repres5ts two human figures1 plum$ & w+$ & arm$ ) eagles' talons1 engag$ 9 mortal combat4 ,z 9 ! la/ specim5 describ$1 ?is has1 at fir/ sight1 an exotic look1 be>+ c]ta9ly 9 its conception a g5]al resemblance to ! m>vel\s bas-reliefs ( ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica2 b ! resemblance goes no fur!r1 & we are at lib]ty to consid] x a nor!rn "w sui g5]is4 ,! design has app>5tly cov]$ ! entire tablet1 leav+ no space = encircl+ l9es4 ,! two figures are 9 pr(ile & face ea* o!r 9 a fi]ce onset4 ,( ! "r-h& figure only ! body1 "o arm1 & "o leg rema94 ,! left-h& figure is almo/ complete2 ! outl9e ( ! face1 "o arm1 & "o foot be+ oblit]at$4 ,! "r h& is rais$ above ! head 9 ! act ( br&i%+ a long d\ble-po9t$ knife4 ,at ! same "t ?is d\ghty w>rior seems to be receiv+ a bl[ 9 ! face f ! "r h& ( ! o!r combatant1 9 :i* is clut*$ a savage-look+ blade1 ) a curv$ po9t4 ,! h&s are vigor\sly drawn1 ! jo9ts are correctly plac$1 & ! ?umb presses d[n ^u ! outside ( ! =ef+] 9 its natural ef=t to tight5 & secure ! grasp4 ,two b&s encircle ! wri/s & probably repres5t bracelets4 ,! arms & %\ld]s are pla94 ,! head is decorat$ ) a s+le plume1 :i* spr+s f a circul> ornam5t plac$ ov] ! e>2 an angul> figure ext5ds =w>d f ! base ( ?is plume & probably repres5ts :at is left ( ! head-dress prop]2 =w>d ( ?is1 on ! v edge ( ! crumbl+ %ell1 is "o-half ( ! loz5ge-%ap$ eye1 ! dot int5d$ to repres5t ! pupil be+ almo/ oblit]at$4 ,x is c]ta9ly a great mis=tune t bo? faces are completely gone2 _! exact "* mu/ rema9 conjectural4 ,a neat p5dant ornam5t is susp5d$ ^u ! well-=m$ brea/1 & a broad belt encircles ! wai/1 b5ea? :i*1 cov]+ ! abdom51 is a design t sugge/s ! scales ( a coat ( mail4 ,! legs are well-def9$ & p]fectly proportion$2 ! left knee is b5t =w>d & ! foot is plant$ firmly on ! gr\nd1 :ile ! "r is ?r[n gracefully back aga9/ ! rim at ! left4 ,d\ble belts encircle ! knees & ankles4 ,! legs t]m9ate 9 wond]fully well-drawn eagle's feet1 arm$ ) vigor\sly curv$ talons4 ,a v int]e/+ feature ( ! design is ! highly conv5tionaliz$ w+1 :i* is atta*$ to ! %\ld] beh9d1 & fills ! space b5ea? ! uplift$ arm4 ,a broad _m-fea!r$ tail is spread out l a fan beh9d ! legs4 ,! "r h& figure1 s f> z se51 is an exact duplicate ( ! left4 ,a design ( undet]m9$ significance occupies ! space betwe5 ! figures b5ea? ! cross$ arms2 x may repres5t conv5tionaliz$ drap]y1 b is m probably symbolic 9 its "*4 ,! heads h probably be5 a little too l>ge = good proportion1 b ! details ( ! anatomy are excell5t4 ,! muscles ( ! %\ld]1 ! brea/ & nipple1 ! wai/1 ! buttock1 & ! calves ( ! legs are 9 excell5t draw+4 ,! :ole gr\p is mo/ graphically pres5t$4 ,a highly ideal design1 x is made to fill a giv5 space ) a directness ( execution & a unity ( conception t is truly surpris+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,lxxiv--,,engrav$ ,,gorget--,,fight+ ,,figures4 ,t5nessee4 7#a_/a7 ,let u turn = a mom5t f ?is /rik+ ef=t ( ! m\nd-build]s to ! e>ly ef=ts ( o!r peoples 9 ! engrav]'s art4 ,"h are ! draw+s ( ! ,troglodytes ( ,france1 sc9tillations ( paleoli?ic g5ius1 :i* appe> z a fla% ( light 9 ! mid/ ( a midnight sky4 ,!y are truly rem>kable4 ,! cle>-cut l9es t %ad[ =? ! hairy mammo? sugge/ ! graphic & =cible "w ( ! ,p>isian ( to-day4 ,! rude ,esquimaux ( our own "t engraves images ( a great v>iety ( natural objects on 8 ornam5ts & implem5ts ( ivory 9 a mann] t comm&s our admiration4 ,b ^! %ell tablets h designs ( a mu* high] grade4 ,!y n only repres5t natural objects ) precision1 b !y del9eate conceptions ( my?ical creatures ( composite "* = :i* nature af=ds no model4 ,9 execution ! be/ ( ^! tablets w n comp>e ) ! wond]ful works 9 /ucco & /one ( ,pal5que1 or ! elaborate sculptures ( ! ,aztecs1 b !y are1 l !m1 vigor\s 9 action & complete 9 conception4 ,9 case ! au!nticity ( ^! relics be que/ion$1 ! facts 9 reg>d to !m1 s f> z kn[n1 are "h pres5t$ = ref]5ce4 ,z to ! two specim5s f ,sevi]ville1 ,t5n4 7,plates ,,lxxi & ,,lxxii71 ! %ad[ ( a d\bt _c be atta*$ to !m4 ,7 !re no record :atev] ( ! "t or place ( discov]y1 ! evid5ce ^u ! faces ( ! relics !mselves w\ld %[ satisfactorily t !y are g5u9e4 ,!y 7 tak5 f ! great m\nd1 :i* ,i h call$ ! ,mc,mahan ,m\nd1 at ,sevi]ville1 ,t5n4 ,?is m\nd 0 op5$ 9 #ahha by "o ( our mo/ exp]i5c$ collectors1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,palm]4 ,! specim5s :5 f\nd 7 9 a v advanc$ /age ( decay1 pitt$1 discolor$1 & crumbl+1 & _h to be h&l$ ) ! utmo/ c>e to prev5t total dis9tegration4 ,!y 7 dri$ by ! collector1 imm]s$ 9 a weak solution ( glue1 & =w>d$ imm$iately to ! ,national ,museum at ,wa%+ton4 ,9 ?is m\nd a multitude ( relics 7 f\nd1 a l>ge numb] be+ ( %ell1 _m ( :i* are figur$ & describ$ 9 ?is pap]4 ,^! two gorgets1 z well z _m o!rs ( m ord9>y types 7 f\nd on or ne> ! brea/s ( skeletons1 & x is highly probable t !y 7 susp5d$ ab\t ! necks ( ! dead j z !y _h be5 worn by ! liv+4 ,by accurately asc]ta9+ ! au!nticity ( "o ( ^! specim5s we e/abli%1 s f> z ne$ be1 ! g5u95ess ( all ( ! same class4 ,if "o is g5u9e t is suffici5t2 ! o!rs may or may n be s1 )\t s]i\sly effect+ ! que/ions at issue1 yet ! occurr5ce ( duplicate or closely relat$ specim5s 9 widely sep>at$ localities furni%es confirmatory evid5ce ( no little importance4 ,i d n wi% to be und]/ood z ca/+ a d\bt ^u any ( ! f\r specim5s describ$1 z ,i am ?or\ghly conv9c$ t !re is no cause = suspicion4 ,! ,miss\ri gorget1 :i* has already be5 describ$ & figur$1 0 obta9$ by unkn[n p]sons 9 ,s\!a/]n ,miss\ri4 ,sev]al ye>s back x came into ! h&s ( ,colonel ,:itley1 & f him x 0 obta9$ by its pres5t own]1 ,pr(essor ,pott]1 ( ,sa9t ,l\is4 ,!re has nev] be5 a "q z to its g5u95ess1 & accord+ to ,pr(essor ,hild]1 :o saw x %ortly aft] its discov]y1 ! appe>ance & condition ( ! specim5 7 su* t x c\ld n h be5 ( fraudul5t manufacture4 ,x 0 *alky & crumbl+ f decay1 ! l9es ( ! design be>+ equal evid5ce ) ! g5]al surface ( ! %ell ( great age4 ,beside ?is1 ev5 if x 7 possible to produce su* a condition 9 a rec5tly c>v$ %ell1 !re exi/$ no motive = su* an attempt4 ,no?+ 0 to be made by x2 no b5efit c\ld accrue to ! p]petrator to rew>d him = 8 pa9s1 &1 fur!r1 !re 0 no prec$5t1 !re 0 extant no?+ t c\ld s]ve z a model = su* a "w4 ,9 ,plate ,,lxxv ,i h arrang$ a numb] ( figures = conv5i5ce ( comp>ison1 ,figs4 #a1 #c1 #e1 & #f1 be+ outl9es ( ! f\r examples j describ$4 ,9 reg>d to ! re/or$ "p ( ! outl9e 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,i wi% to say t my only object 9 fill+ out ! figure on ! "r 0 to secure z f> z possible ! full effect ( ! complete orig9al4 ,obs]v+ t all t rema9s ( ! "r h& figure--! arm1 ! body1 ! leg & foot1 is a duplicate ( ! left1 x is safe to conclude t ! design has be5 approximately bi-symmetrical1 slight discrepancies probably occurr+ 9 ! details ( head & arm1 9 ! expression ( face1 or 9 ! "* ( ! weapon4 ,x is mu* to be regrett$ t ! faces are totally de/roy$4 ,9 ,fig4 #b ,i pres5t a gr\p ( two figures f ! s-call$ sacrificial /one f\nd 9 ! ,plaza ,mayor1 city ( ,mexico4 ,x seems to repres5t ! submission ( "o w>rior or rul] to 8 victori\s oppon5t1 & is "o ( _m designs t might be pres5t$ to illu/rate ! analogies ( ! ,t5nessee relic ) ! int]e/+ works ( ! f> ,s\?4 ,!re is :at might be call$ a family resemblance1 a simil>ity 9 idea & action1 b little analogy ( detail4 ,! nor!rn "w is by f> ! m spirit$1 & is app>5tly sup]ior 9 all ! ess5tials ( arti/ic excell5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,lxxv--,,! ,,human ,,figure4 #a4 ,%ell gorget1 ,mc,mahan ,m\nd1 ,t5n4 #b4 ,sculptur$ 9 /one1 ,mexico4 #c4 ,%ell gorget1 m\nd1 ,miss\ri4 #d4 ,figure f an ,aztec pa9t+4 #e4 ,%ell gorget1 ,mc,mahan ,m\nd1 ,t5n4 #f4 ,%ell gorget1 ,lick ,creek ,m\nd1 ,t5n4 ,9 ! composite "* ( ! p]sonages repres5t$ ?is picture f9ds no p>allel4 ,composite figures are ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ,p]uvian art1 z 9 ! runn+ figures sculptur$ on ! great monoli? at ,tiahuanuco1 or ! my?ical combats ( ! gods ( ! e>? & sea pa9t$ on ! pott]y ( ,*imu4 ,!y are also f\nd 9 ! manuscripts ( ! anci5t ,mexicans1 z well z 9 ! pa9t+s ( ! mod]n ,pueblos ( ,new ,mexico 7,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,lxxvi71 & 9 ! totemic art ( ! ,haidahs 7,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,lxxvi74 ,! mo/ frequ5t comb9ations are ( birds ) m51 ! inspiration ( ! "w 9 all cases be+ d]iv$ f ! my?ology ( ! p4 ,! we>+ ( masks has d\btless giv5 rise to _m su* conceptions1 & :]e ! head alone ( ! human creature has und]gone metamorphosis1 we may suspect t a mask has orig9at$ ! conception2 b ! ,t5nessee example appe>s to be ! only "o 9 :i* w+s are add$ indep5d5tly ( ! arms or 9 :i* bird's feet are atta*$ to ! o!rwise p]fect human creature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,lxxvi--,,composite ,,figures4 #a4 ,design on ,zui w>-%ield1 pa9t+4 #b4 ,?und]-bird ( ! ,haidahs1 pa9t+4 ,& n[ we come to ! "q ( ! orig9 ( ^! objects1 & especially ( ! example mo/ closely resembl+ ,mexican "w4 ,! ,miss\ri gorget is 9 _m respects q isolat$ f kn[n works ( ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,mu/ x be reg>d$ z an exotic1 z an importation f ! ,s\?1 or does x belong to ! soil f :i* x 0 exhum$8 ,9 ord] to answ] ?is "q we mu/ n only det]m9e its relations to ! art ( ,mexico1 b we mu/ "k j :at aff9ities x has to ! art ( ! m\nd-build]s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 gorgets ( %ell are a m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ! p]sonal embelli%m5t ( ! nor!rn peoples4 ,!y may h be5 9 use among ! ,aztecs1 b d n appe> among s\!rn antiquities1 & no evid5ce c be d]iv$ f hi/ory4 ,?is gorget belongs1 9 its g5]al "* z an ornam5t1 to ! ,nor?4 ,x is circul> 9 =m1 x has two small p]=ations ne> ! m>g9 = susp5sion1 & is made f ! wall ( a l>ge univalve4 ,! design occupies ! c5tral portion ( ! convex side ( ! disk & is inclos$ by a numb] ( incis$ l9es4 ,9 all ( ^! features1 toge!r ) its te*nical execution & its mann] ( inhumation1 x is id5tical ) ! well-kn[n "w ( ! m\nd-build]s4 ,^! analogies c\ld h>dly occur if x 7 an exotic4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 z we h already se51 t ! design itself has a clos] aff9ity to ,mexican art ?an to t ( ! ,nor?4 ,x repres5ts a sacrificial sc5e1 & has _m p>allels 9 ! pa9t+s & sculpture ( ! ,s\?1 :]eas no su* design is kn[n 9 ! art ( any nation nor? ( ,mexico4 ,! engrav+s ( ! m\nd-build]s repres5t leg5d>y creatures d]iv$ f ! my?s ( ! fa!rs1 & 9 ?is respect h _! p>allels 9 ! bird-man ( ! ,haidahs1 ! w>-god ( ! ,zuis1 & ! my?ical deities ( o!r c\ntries2 b !y are nev] illu/rative ( ! cu/oms or c]emonies ( ! peoples !mselves4 ,z an ornam5t ?is ,miss\ri gorget is a memb] ( a great family t is peculi>ly nor!rn1 b ! design engrav$ ^u x affiliates ) ! art ( ,mexico1 & s close & /rik+ are ! resemblances1 t accid5t _c acc\nt = !m1 & we are =c$ to ! conclusion t x mu/ be ! (fspr+ ( ! same beliefs & cu/oms & ! same culture z ! art ( ,mexico4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pl4 ,,lxxvii--,,frogs1 ,,arizona4 ,c>v$ f pectunculus %ells4 7#a_/a7 ,,footnotes3 #a ,i am greatly indebt$ to ,pr(4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dall1 ( ! ,coa/ ,survey1 = assi/ance 9 ! id5tification ( ,pacific coa/ v>ieties4 #b ,putnam3 9 ,surveys ,we/ ( ! #ajj? ,m]idian1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #bea4 #c ,reiss & ,/bel3 ,necropolis ( ,ancon1 ,p]u1 ,plate #hc4 #d ,de ,bry3 ,collectio ,p>s #b4 ,brevis ,n>ratio1 #aeia1 ,plate #bi4 #e ,kohl3 ,kits*i-,gami1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #ahf1 ,rau1 trans4 #f ,cabea de ,vaca3 ,relation et ,naufrages4 ,p>is1 #ahcg1 p4 #aba4 ,spani% ed41 #aeee4 #g ,rau1 9 ,smi?sonian ,report = #ahgb1 p4 #cgf4 #h ,jones3 ,antiquities ( ! ,s\!rn ,indians1 p4 #bcc4 #i ,jones3 ,aborig9al ,rema9s ( ,t5nessee1 p4 #ei4 #aj ,ibid41 p4 #fj4 #aa ,ibid41 p4 #de4 #ab ,putnam1 9 ,elev5? ,annual ,report1 ,peabody ,museum1 p4 #cee4 #ac ,wyman1 9 ,?ird ,annual ,report1 ,peabody ,museum1 p4 #g4 #ad ,wyman1 9 ,?ird ,annual ,report1 ,peabody ,museum1 p4 #h4 #ae ,fo/]3 ,prehi/oric ,races ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 p4 #gh4 #af ,s9ce ! %ell "h nam$ is q small x is probable t ! specim5s f\nd 7 ,busycons4 #ag ,long's ,exp$ition to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cfa4 #ah ,atwat]1 9 ,transactions ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian ,society1 ,vol4 ,i4 #ai ,squi] & ,davis3 ,anci5t ,monum5ts ( ! ,mississippi ,valley1 p4 #bhc4 #bj ,ibid41 p4 #bhd4 #ba ,f>quh>son1 9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am4 ,association1 #ahge1 page #bif4 #bb ,ibid41 p4 #big4 #bc ,putnam1 9 ,elev5? ,annual ,report1 ,peabody ,museum1 p4 #bce4 #bd ,i am indebt$ to ,dr4 ,*>les ,a4 ,:ite1 ( ! ,geological ,survey1 = ! id5tification ( ! num]\s specim5s ( ,unionid m5tion$ 9 ?is pap]4 #be ,ar*ological ,explorations by ! ,lit]>y & ,sci5tific ,society ( ,madisonville1 #ahgi4 #bf ,putnam1 9 ,elev5? ,annual ,report1 ,peabody ,museum1 p4 #ccd4 #bg ,ibid41 p4 #cdd4 #bh ,jones3 ,antiquities ( ,t5nessee1 p4 #fd4 #bi ,bev]ly3 ,hi/ory ( ,virg9ia1 #agbb1 pl4 #aj1 p4 #aed4 #cj ,/ra*ey1 9 ,hakluyt ,society ,publications1 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #eb4 #ca ,ibid41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #fg4 #cb ,kalm's ,travels1 ,london1 #aggb1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #cda4 #cc ,collections ,new ,york ,hi/orical ,society1 vol4 ,i1 #bnd s]ies1 p4 #aih4 #cd ,bev]ly3 ,hi/ory ( ,virg9ia1 #agbb1 p4 #aig4 #ce ,drake1 9 ,hakluyt ,society ,publications1 vol4 ,,xvi1 p4 #gd4 #cf ,ibid41 p4 #gh4 #cg ,sproat's ,savage ,life1 p4 #hf4 #ch ,de ,bry3 ,collectio ,p>s #a4 ,admir&a ,n>ratio1 ,plate #ab4 #ci ,catl93 ,indians ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ,&es1 page #aja4 #dj ,wood3 ,new ,engl& ,prospect1 p4 #ajb4 #da ,ar*ological ,explorations by ! ,lit]>y & ,sci5tific ,society ( ,madisonville1 ,ohio1 ,"p ,i1 p4 #ag4 #db ,mass4 ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,coll41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #aic4 #dc ,wood3 ,new ,engl& ,prospect1 p4 #hg4 #dd ,wood3 ,new ,engl& ,prospect1 p4 #ajf4 #de ,ar*ological ,explorations by ! ,lit]>y & ,sci5tific ,society1 "p ,,ii1 p4 #ch1 fig4 #ca4 #df ,putnam1 9 ,explorations ,we/ ( ! #ajj? ,m]idian1 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #bbc4 #dg ,cook3 ,voyage ,ar\nd ! ,_w1 #aggj1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bah4 #dh ,rau3 ,ar*ological ,collection ( ! ,national ,museum1 page #fg4 #di ,knight3 ,savage ,weapons at ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition1 page #aj4 #ej ,wyman3 ,am]ican ,naturali/ = ,octob]1 #ahgh1 p4 #dec4 #ea ,adair3 ,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 p4 #f4 #eb ,bev]ly3 ,hi/ory ( ,virg9ia1 p4 #adj4 #ec ,heckeweld]'s ,indian ,nations1 p4 #bje4 #ed ,reiss & ,/bel3 ,necropolis ( ,ancon1 ,plate #hc1 fig4 #ag-a_/b4 #ee ,jones3 ,antiquities ( ! ,s\!rn ,indians1 pp4 #bcd1 #eah4 #ef ,wyman1 9 ! ,am]ican ,naturali/1 ,novemb]1 #ahfh1 ,plate ,x1 p4 #dee4 #eg ,putnam1 9 ,surveys ,we/ ( ! #ajj? ,m]idian1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #bcj4 #eh ,putnam1 9 ,surveys ,we/ ( ! #ajj? ,m]idian1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #bei4 #ei ,p]k9s1 on ,an ,anci5t ,burial-,gr\nd 9 ,swanton1 ,vt41 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,association1 #ahgc4 #fj ,squi] & ,davis3 ,anci5t ,monum5ts ( ! ,mississippi ,valley1 p4 #bcb4 #fa ,putnam1 9 ,surveys ,we/ ( ! #ajj? ,m]idian1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #bff4 #fb ,s*oolcraft3 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,tribes1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #gi1 ,plate #be4 #fc ,s*oolcraft3 ,notes on ! ,iroquois1 p4 #bcc4 #fd ,bev]ly3 ,hi/ory ( ,virg9ia1 p4 #ade1 ,plate ,,vi4 #fe ,haldeman1 9 ,surveys ,we/ ( ! #ajj? ,m]idian1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #bfc4 #ff ,atwat]3 ,we/]n ,antiquities1 p4 #hf4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( m\nd exploration %ell 0 usually mi/ak5 = bone or ivory4 #fg ,kip3 ,jesuit ,missions1 p4 #be4 #fh ,collections ( ! ,massa*usetts ,hi/orical ,society1 #agid1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #bca1 #bcb4 #fi ,worsley3 ,a ,view ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 p4 #fe4 #gj ,collections ( ! ,new ,york ,hi/orical ,society1 #ahda2 vol4 ,i1 #bnd ,s]ies1 p4 #aid4 #ga ,?\ght to be raccoon sk9s4 #gb ,smi?3 ,true ,relation ( ,virg9ia1 pp4 #cc1 #cd4 #gc ,wood3 ,new ,engl& ,prospect1 p4 #gd4 #gd ,du ,pratz3 ,hi/ory ( ,l\isiana1 p4 #cfd4 #ge ,lewis & ,cl>k3 ,exp$ition up ! ,miss\ri1 c41 p4 #ecg4 #gf ,h>mon's ,j\rnal1 p4 #bhg4 #gg ,swan3 ,! ,nor?we/ ,coa/1 p4 #aeh4 #gh ,p[]s3 ,contributions to ,nor? ,am]ican ,e?nology1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bfc4 #gi ,drake3 ,book ( ,indians1 p4 #bg4 #hj ,morgan1 9 ,fif? ,annual ,report on ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,cab9et ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 pp4 #ga1 #gc4 #ha ,loskiel3 ,mission ( ! ,unit$ ,bre?r51 ,latrobe trans41 p4 #cd4 #hb ,hut*9son3 ,hi/ory ( ,mass41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #djf4 #hc ,?omas ,morton1 9 ,hi/orical ,tracts1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bi4 #hd ,williams3 ,a ,key into ! ,language ( ,am]ica1 p4 #add4 #he ,p5na3 ,hi/orical ,society1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #aca4 #hf ,bev]ly3 ,hi/ory ( ,virg9ia1 p4 #aie4 #hg ,lawson3 ,hi/ory ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a2 ,raleigh repr9t1 #ahfj1 p4 #cae4 #hh ,on ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 ! au?or quot$ is app>5tly at fault1 z !re is abundance ( pro( t ! :ites (t5 engag$ successfully 9 ! manufacture ( ?is %ell money4 #hi ,adair3 ,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 p4 #agj4 #ij ,kalm's ,travels1 ,london1 #aggb1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ajj4 #ia ,ibid41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aij1 #aia4 #ib ,rutt5b]3 ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,hudson ,riv]1 p4 #bf4 #ic ,lewis & ,cl>k3 ,exp$ition up ! ,miss\ri1 p4 #gc4 #id ,rutt5b]3 ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,hudson ,riv]1 page #dc4 #ie ,morgan1 9 ,fif? ,annual ,report on ! condition ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,cab9et ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 page #gc4 #if ,brice3 ,hi/ory ( ,=t ,wayne1 #ahfh1 page #bh4 #ig ,ev5ts 9 ,indian ,hi/ory1 ,lanca/]1 ,pa41 #ahda1 page #adc4 #ih ,hi/ory & description ( ,new ,france1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 page #bef4 #ii ,p5n1 9 ,memoirs ,hi/4 ,soc4 ,p5n'a1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #bbb4 #ajj ,9 ord] to make ! au?ors mean+ q cle>1 a free translation has be5 giv5 ( su* words z porcela9e1 bran*es1 colli]s1 etc41 z 8 use ( !m is some:at confus+4 #aja ,lafitau3 ,moeurs des ,sauvages ,am]iqua9s1 #agbd1 tom4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ejb-'c & #ejf-'g4 #ajb ,loskiel3 ,missions ( ! ,unit$ ,bre?r54 ,trans4 by ,la ,trobe1 ,book ,i1 p4 #bf4 #ajc ,brice3 ,hi/ory ( ,=t ,wayne1 p4 #aah4 #ajd ,gilp91 9 ,memoirs ( ! ,hi/4 ,soc4 ( ,p5na4 ,vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #bdh4 #aje ,heckeweld]3 ,indian ,nations1 #ahgf1 p4 #aaj4 #ajf ,p>kman3 ,jesuits 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 xxxiii4 #ajg ,ev5ts 9 ,indian ,hi/ory1 ,lanca/]1 ,pa41 #ahda1 p4 #adc4 #ajh ,hunt]3 ,indian ,mann]s & ,cu/oms1 p4 #aib4 #aji ,gumilla3 ,hi/oire de ,or9oque1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ia4 #aaj ,mol9a3 ,hi/ory ( ,*ili1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aai4 #aaa ,f an orig9al sket* by ,mr4 ,beau*amp4 #aab ,pike3 ,travels ?r\gh ! ,we/]n ,t]ritories ( ,n4 ,a41 #ahje-'g1 p4 #ajc4 #aac ,morgan1 9 ,fif? ,annual ,report on ! ,condition ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,cab9et ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 #aheb1 p4 #gb4 #aad ,morgan3 ,league ( ! ,iroquois1 p4 #chg4 #aae ,heckeweld]3 ,indian ,nations1 #ahgf1 pp4 #ajh-'i-'aj4 #aaf ,beatty3 ,j\rnal ( ,two ,mon?s ,t\r1 #agfh1 p4 #fg4 #aag ,loskiel3 ,missions ( ! ,unit$ ,bre?r54 ,trans1 by ,la ,trobe1 #agid4 ,book ,i1 p4 #bf4 #aah ,lafitau3 ,moeurs des ,sauvages ,am]iqua9s1 ,tome ,,ii1 p4 #cad4 #aai ,mr4 ,beau*amp has publi%$ _m int]e/+ facts 9 reg>d to ^! belts 9 ! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #c4 #abj ,pres5t *ief ( ! ,onondagas4 #aba ,! proce$+s att5d+ ! pres5tation are fully record$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,hi/orical ,society ( ,p5nsylvania1 volume iii1 page #bjg4 ,a full size li?ographic illu/ration ( ! belt pr9t$ 9 color is also giv54 #abb ,clavig]o3 ,hi/ory ( ,mexico1 ,trans4 by ,cull51 vol4 ,i1 p4 #dcg4 #abc ,davis3 ,spani% ,conque/ ( ,new ,mexico1 p4 #aba4 #abd ,bev]ly3 ,hi/ory ( ,virg9ia1 p4 #aif4 #abe ,lafitau3 ,moeurs des ,sauvages ,am]iqua9s1 p4 #fa4 #abf ,wood3 ,new ,engl& ,prospect1 p4 #gd4 #abg ,kalm3 ,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 #aggb1 vol4 ii1 p4 #cbj4 #abh ,vide ,k+sbor\gh1 ,waldeck1 ,bancr(t1 c4 #abi ,s*oolcraft1 9 ,trans4 ,am4 ,e?4 ,soc41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,plate #a4 #acj ,toml9son1 9 ,! ,am]ican ,pione]1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bjj4 #aca ,matson1 9 ,ohio ,c5t5nial ,report1 p4 #aca4 #acb ,s*oolcraft3 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,tribes1 c41 "p ,i1 plate ,,xix4 #acc ,! ossu>ies "h m5tion$ are 9 ! t[n%ip ( ,bev]ly1 tw5ty miles f ,dundas1 at ! head ( ,lake ,ont>io4 ,!y are situat$ 9 a primitive =e/1 & 7 discov]$ upw>ds ( ?irty ye>s ago ?r\gh ! uproot+ ( a tree4 ,l>ge numb]s ( skeletons _h be5 deposit$ longitud9ally 9 tr5*es1 ) _m implem5ts1 ut5sils1 & ornam5ts4 ,two brass kettles 7 f\nd 9 "o ( ! graves4 7,s*oolcraft3 ,r$ ,races ( ,am]ica1 p4 #cbf47 #acd ,rau3 ,ar*ological ,collection ( ! ,national ,museum1 p4 #cc4 #ace ,! h&some illu/rations pres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ plates 7 mo/ly drawn by ,miss ,kate ,c4 ,osgood1 :o has no sup]ior 9 ?is class ( "w4 #acf ,jones3 ,aborig9al ,rema9s ( ,t5nessee1 pp4 #db-c4 #acg ,jones3 ,antiquities ( ! ,s\!rn ,indians1 pp4 #cgc-e4 #ach ,&]son1 9 ! ,c9c9nati ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,octob]1 #ahge1 p4 #cgh4 #aci ,abbott3 ,primitive ,indu/ry1 pp4 #gj1 #gb1 & #gc4 #adj ,ibid41 p4 #bjg4 #ada ,s9ce ?is p>agraph has be5 9 type ,i h se5 ! specim51 & f9d t ! loop$ figure is cle>ly def9$4 #adb ,k+sbor\gh3 vol4 ,,ii1 ,plate #bj4 #adc ,let any "o :o ?9ks lightly ( su* a "w und]take1 )\t ma*9]y or well-adapt$ appliances1 to cut a groove or not* ev51 9 a mod]ately compact specim5 ( ,busycon1 & he w probably increase 8 good op9ion ( ! skill & pati5ce ( ! anci5t workman if he does no?+ else4 #add ,e4 ,g4 ,squi]3 ,s]p5t ,symbol1 page #fi1 quot+ ,,mss4 ( ,j4 ,h4 ,payne4 #ade ,i am v mu* indebt$ to ,pr(4 ,f4 ,f4 ,hild]1 ( ,sa9t ,l\is1 = photographs ( ?ree ( ^! specim5s z well z = mu* in=mation 9 reg>d to _! hi/ory4 #adf ,croswell1 9 ,transactions ,academy ( ,sci5ce ( ,sa9t ,l\is1 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ecg4 #adg ,jones3 ,antiquities ( ! ,s\!rn ,indian1 plate ,,xxx4 #adh ,ar*ological ,collection ( ! ,national ,museum1 p4 #fi4 #adi ,squi]3 ,p]u1 p4 #ahf4 #aej ,bancr(t3 ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 vol4 ,,iv41 p4 #cg4 #aea ,c>r1 9 ,t5? ,annual ,report ,peabody ,museum1 p4 #hg4 #aeb ,jones3 ,antiquities ( ! ,s\!rn ,indians1 p4 #dcj4 #aec ,s*oolcraft3 ,notes on ! ,iroquois1 p4 #bce4 #aed ,k+sbor\gh1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pl4 #bb4 ,,index4 ,abbott1 ,c4 ,c41 describes bird totems #bhd ,adair1 ,james1 describes %ell tweez]s #bab 1 on use ( %ell money #bcg ,agricultural implem5ts4 7,see ,implem5ts47 ,amiantis %ells1 ,manufacture ( beads f #bbf ,art1 ,antiquity ( %ell works ( #ahg 1 ,burial ( %ell works ( #ahg 1 ,evolution ( #ahe1 #aib1 #bjb1 #baj1 #bac1 #bbe 1 ,inception ( #ahf 1 ,mat]ials employ$ 9 #ahe1 #ahh 1 ,pres]vation ( %ell works ( #ahf ,asphaltum us$ by ,cali=nia ,indians #aia1 #bji1 #bah ,atwat]1 ,caleb1 describes %ell necklace #bca vessel #aig ,beads ( o!r mat]ials #bai1 #bcb1 #bce %ell #bai 1 ,classification ( #bai discoidal 9 =m #bba 1 ,k9ds (1 us$ 9 belts #bdg 1 ,mann] ( /r++ #bcd1 #bcf1 #bdd1 #bdh 1 ,manufacture ( #bcf 1 by :ites #bch massive 9 =m #bbc 1 ,mnemonic use ( #bdj1 #bed or ,runtees #bbh 1 ,p]=at$ #bai tubul> 9 =m #bbf us$ z money #bai1 #bcc ornam5ts #bai1 #bcj1 #bcd ,beatty1 ,*>les1 describes wampum belts #bej ,beau*amp1 ,w4 ,m41 ,beads sket*$ by #bbh 1 on belts ( wampum #beb /r+s ( wampum #bdh ,belts1 wampum1 ,"* ( ! patt]ns wov5 into #bdj1 #bdf1 #bdh 1 ,dim5sions ( #bej1 #bec 1 ,keep] ( ! ,iroquois #bda1 #bdd made by ,indian wom5 #bdi 1 ,manufacture ( #bdh 1 ,me?od ( h&l+1 9 c\ncils #bda1 #bdf 1 ,numb] ( beads 9 #bcc1 #bea 1 ,pr(use use ( #bdb 1 ,r>ity (1 9 collections #bdi 2 ! ,p5n belt #bec 1 ,use (1 z mnemonic records #bdj1 #bed 1 ,w4 ,a4 ,brice on use & repudiation ( #bdb1 #bdf ,bev]ly1 ,r41 describes %ell beads #bbi money #bcg p5dants #bef spoon #bja 1 m5tions %ell knives #bjb tweez]s #bab ,bird2 c>v+ ( eagle's head #bhe 1 ,embodim5t ( !1 9 art #bhj engrav$ on bone #bhd /one #bhd %ell gorgets #bhj 1 ,examples ( !1 engrav$ on %ell gorgets #bha 1 ,gold ornam5t repres5t+ head ( #bhe 1 ,my?s ( ! #bhj 1 ,significant "* ( !1 9 engrav$ designs #bha1 #bhd 1 ,species (1 repres5t$ #bhb1 #bhd 1 ,sup]/itions 9 reg>d to ! #bhj 1 ,! ,dakotas' ?und] #bha 1 ,totemic use ( ! #bhd ,b\rke1 ,lieut4 ,john ,g41 on ,moqui %ell vessels #aic ,b[]s1 ,/eph51 ,%ell objects collect$ by #bji1 #bbf ,brakebill m\nd #bae1 #bge1 #bib1 #bif ,brice1 ,w4 ,a41 on repudiation ( wampum #bdf use ( wampum belts #bdb ,br9ton1 ,d4 ,g41 on ! orig9 ( ! cross #bgj ,busycon %ells1 ,columell (1 us$ z p5dants #bji1 #beh p9s #bac 1 ,gorgets d]iv$ f #bgc1 #bgf1 #bhb1 #bij1 #bib1 #bid1 #bif 1 ,p5dants d]iv$ f #bji1 #bei 1 ,p]=at$ plates d]iv$ f #bfe us$ z beads #bbj1 #bbd celts #bjd vessels #aid1 #aig weapons #baa 9 ! arts #aia ,cabea de ,vaca on trade 9 %ells #aid ,cabrillo1 ,joo1 visits ,isl& ( ,santa ,rosa #bfj ,cal5d>s1 ,pictographic symbols ( ! ,si\x #bgi 1 ,probable use ( %ell disks z #bfh1 #bgc1 #bgh us$ by anci5t ,mexicans #bgi mod]n tribes #bgi ,c>r1 ,luci51 describes %ell gorget #bie ,cassis %ells us$ z vessels #aia1 #aid1 #aif ,catl91 ,george1 describes %ell adze #bje ,celts1 ,examples ( #bjc 1 ,manufacture ( #bjc ( %ell #bjc1 #bje ,clam %ells us$ z implem5ts #aij1 #bje1 #bjg ut5sils #aij 9 manufacture ( ornam5ts #bfc wampum #aij1 #bbf1 #bch1 #beg ,cl>k1 ,j4 ,s41 ,photographs made by #beb ,clavig]o1 ,f4 ,x41 on use ( %ell ornam5ts #bef vessels 9 ,mexico #aic ,clevel&1 ,f41 describes %ell vessels #aig ,columell1 ,mann] ( extract+1 f %ell #bad us$ 9 manufacture ( heads #bai1 #bbc p9s #bac1 #bah ,conant1 ,a4 ,j41 describes %ell gorgets #cjj 1 m5tions %ell gorgets #bhg ,cross design associat$ ) o!rs #bgj comb9$ ) spid] design #bhh 9 ,aztec pa9t+s #bhe engrav$ on %ell gorgets #bfh 1 ,evolution or d]ivation ( ! #bgj 1 ,examples ( !1 comb9$ ) birds #bhb1 #bhc 1 ,examples ( !1 f m\nds #bga1 #bgc 1 ,introduction ( ! ,*ri/ian #bfi 1 ,occurr5ce ( !1 9 anci5t ,mexican art #bgj ,yucatan #bgj 1 ,orig9 ( !1 among m\nd build]s #bfi 1 ,prehi/oric use ( !1 9 ,am]ica #bfh1 #bgj 1 ,symbolic "* ( ! #bfi ,croswell1 ,c41 describes %ell gorgets #bhf ,curtis1 ,dr41 ,%ell gorgets collect$ by #bhc ,cyprea %ells us$ z beads #bai ornam5ts #bfc ,dall1 ,w4 ,h41 use ( p9s #bag 1 ,%ells id5tifi$ by #aij ,davis1 ,w4 ,h4 ,h41 m5tions %ell p5dants #bef ,d5talium %ells us$ = money #aia1 #bbj1 #bbg1 #bci ornam5t #aia1 #bah1 #bbj1 #bbg 9 bu%+ #bah1 #bbg ,disks1 ,scallop$1 probably "t symbols #bgc 1 ,relation (1 to human rema9s #bgf %ell1 f m\nds #bge1 #bgh 1 ,%ell gorgets 9 ! %ape ( #bfh1 #bgc1 #bgi /one #bgg ) engrav+s ( knott$ s]p5ts #bgh 1 ,table ( #bhj 1 ,! sun sugge/$ by #bgc 1 ,type example ( #bgc 2 use ( sun symbols ( simil> %ape #bgc ,drake1 ,daniel1 describes %ell vessel #aig ,dunn+1 ,e4 ,o41 ,%ell ornam5ts collect$ by #bgb p9s collect$ by #bae ,ely m\nd 9 ,virg9ia #bie ,engrav$ gorgets4 7,see ,gorgets47 ,face1 ,human1 ,description ( %ell gorgets repres5t+ ! #bid engrav$ & c>v$ on %ell gorgets #bic1 #big model$ 9 clay #bif 1 ,portions ( %ell us$ = repres5t+ #bic 1 ,use or significance ( %ell gorgets repres5t+ #bie ,fa9's ,isl& m\nd #bae1 #bgb1 #bhh ,f>quh>son1 ,b4 ,j41 describes %ell vessel #aig ,fasciol>ia %ells1 ,columell (1 us$ = p9s #bac us$ z vessels #aid ,figure1 ,human4 7,see ,human figure47 ,fi%+ appliances1 ,%ell #bjg 2 hooks #bjh 1 ,manufacture ( #baj 2 s9k]s #bjh ,fissurella %ells us$ z ornam5ts #aia1 #bbj1 #bfa1 #bfc ,frey1 ,s4 ,l41 describes %ell vessel #aih ,gilp91 ,h4 ,d41 on ! use ( wampum belts #bdf ,gorgets1 ,engrav$1 ,classification ( #bfg design on1 "* ( #bfg describ$ by ,bev]ly #bef 1 ,mod]n examples ( #bfh ( %ell #bfg1 #cje 1 ,significance ( designs on #bfg1 #bgd1 #bgh1 #bhb us$ z amulets #bfg insignia #bfg1 #bgc symbols #bfh1 #bgc totems #bfh ,grave ,creek m\nd #bcd1 #bfd ,gray's m\nd1 ,oldt[n1 ,t5n4 #bhc ,gumilla1 ,joseph1 conc]n+ emblems 9 treaties #bdg ,haft+ ( implem5ts ( %ell #bjc1 #bje1 #baa ,haldemann1 ,s4 ,s41 describes %ell beads #bbg1 #bcj ,haliotis %ells us$ z vessels #ahi1 #aia 9 manufactur+ beads #bbe1 #bbg fi% hooks #bji p5dants #bji1 #bfa trade #aia ,heckeweld]1 ,johann1 describes %ell tweez]s #bab wampum belts #bej 1 on ! use ( wampum belts #bdf ,h5nite %ells us$ 9 manufacture ( beads #bbe1 #bbg ,hild]1 ,f4 ,f41 describes %ell gorgets #bhf1 #bhh1 #cjc 1 photographs ( gorgets procur$ by #bhf ,human figure engrav$ on %ell gorgets #big 1 ,comp>ison (1 ) o!r examples #cjb s\!rn examples #cja ,hunt]1 ,j4 ,d41 conc]n+ emblems 9 treaties #bdg ,hut*9son1 ,?omas1 on ! antiquity ( wampum #bce ,implem5ts ( %ell1 ,agricultural #bjg ,insignia or badges ( %ell #bfd1 #bff1 #bgc ,jones1 ,c4 ,c41 describes %ell p9s #bae vessel #aif /one disks #bgg 1 m5tions %ell gorgets #bhg1 #bic1 #bih ,jones1 ,joseph1 describes %ell disk #bgf gorgets #big spoons #bja vessel #aif ,kalm1 ,pet]1 m5tions %ell knives #bjb 1 on %ell money #bch p5dants #beg ,knight1 ,e4 ,h41 describes %ell weapons #baa ,knives ( %ell #bja 1 r>ity (1 9 collections #bjc us$ by ,honda ,indians #bjb ,pacific ,coa/ tribes #bjc ,patagonians #bjc ,kohl1 ,j4 ,g41 on trade 9 %ells #aid ,lafitau1 ,j4 ,f41 on ! use ( %ell p5dants #bef wampum #bdc wampum belts #bej ,lawson1 ,john1 on ! use ( %ell money #bcg ,le ,moyne1 d',ib]ville1 on ! use ( %ell vessels #aic ,lewis & ,cl>k describe %ell ornam5ts #bcc on value ( beads #bci ,lick ,creek m\nd #bae1 #bbd1 #bgb1 #bgh1 #bif ,l9d/rm1 ,p41 on ! use ( %ell money #bcf ,"l1 ,j4 ,k41 on %ell money #bci ,loskiel ,g4 ,h41 gives an acc\nt ( wampum #bde 1 on ! antiquity ( use ( wampum #bce manufacture ( wampum #bce orig9 ( ! ^w wampum #bci wampum belts #bej ,l[1 ,c4 ,p41 ,%ell spoons collect$ by #bjj describ$ by #bjj ,lyon1 ,s4 ,s41 ,%ell spoons collect$ by #bjj ,mc,mahan m\nd #bad1 #bib1 #bid1 #bih1 #cja1 #cjc ,manufacture ( %ell objects #bjd1 #baj1 #bab1 #baf1 #bah1 #bbj1 #bbh1 #bcf1 #bee1 #bfa1 #bfc1 #bhf1 #bic ,m>g9ella %ells us$ z beads #bai ,matson1 ,j4 ,s4 ,b41 ,beads discov]$ by #bca 1 describes %ell plates #bfe ,mnemonic records1 ,int]pretation ( #bda1 #bdd1 #bdf 1 ,iroquois keep] ( #bda1 #bdd ( ,mexicans #bdj ,n4 ,a4 ,indians #bdj ,p]uvians #bdj 1 ,orig9 ( #bdj 1 ,use ( mat]ials o!r ?an %ell = #bde1 #bdg 1 ,use ( wampum = #bdj1 #bed ,mol9a1 ,g4 ,i41 conc]n+ emblems 9 treaties #bdg ,morgan1 ,l4 ,h41 on ! antiquity ( wampum #bce orig9 ( ! ^w wampum #bci uses ( wampum #bce wampum belts #bdi records #bda ,morton1 ,?omas1 on ! use ( %ell money #bcf ,my?1 ,spid]1 obta9$ by ,j4 ,w4 ,p[ell #bhf ,mytilus1 %ells us$ z ut5sils #aia1 #bab 9 manufacture ( fi% hooks #baj ornam5ts #bfa ,oliva %ells us$ z beads #bai1 #bbb ,olivella %ells us$ z beads #bbj ,ornam5ts ( %ell #bac1 #cje ,osgood1 ,kate ,c41 ,draw+s made by #bfh ,oy/] %ells us$ z ut5sils #aia ,pa*ydesma %ells us$ z ut5sils #aij 9 manufacture ( beads #bbf ornam5ts #bfa p5dants #bji ,palm]1 ,e41 ,collections by #cjc ,p>kman1 ,francis1 on ! use ( wampum #bdg ,pe>ls p]=at$ = beads #bbe us$ by ,p[hatan #bcb ,pect5 %ells us$ z implem5ts #bjf ornam5ts #ahi1 #bfa rattles #aij1 #bjf vessels #ahi 9 art #ahi ,pectunculus %ells1 ,manufacture ( r+s f #bfc ,p5dants1 ,beads us$ z #bcj 1 ,classification ( #bee1 #bjg 1 ,engrav$ #bfg1 #cje 1 ,=ms & sizes ( #bee1 #beh1 #bfa1 #bfc 1 ,hi/oric use ( #bee1 #bfh illu/rat$ by ,lafitau #beg 9 ,de ,bry #beg ,mexican pa9t+s #beg sculptures ( ,mexico & ,yucatan #beh 1 ,importance (1 9 evolution ( art #bee ( %ell #bji1 #bee ! ,atlantic coa/ #beh 1 ,orig9 ( use ( #bee 1 ,ornam5tal not*+ ( edges ( #bfb 1 ,p]=ations ( #bee1 #bfa 1 ,pla91 ( ! ,pacific coa/ #bfj ,atlantic coa/ #beh 1 ,v>i\s uses ( #bee1 #bfa1 #bfg ,p5n1 ,j4 ,g41 describes ,p5n belt #bei ,p]=at$ tablets4 ,see ,tablets4 ,p]=ations ( objects ( %ell #baf1 #bbj1 #bbc1 #bbg1 #bcf1 #bfb ,p]k9s1 ,g4 ,h41 ,%ell beads illu/rat$ by #bbd ,p]r9e1 ,f4 ,m41 ,%ell gorgets belong+ to #bgj ,p9s1 cut f body ( %ell #baf 1 ,examples ( #bac1 #bah made f collumell ( %ell #bac1 #bah obta9$ f m\nds #bac1 #bah ( %ell #bac1 #bah 1 ,use ( bone #bag 1 problematicals #bac1 #bag ,pott]1 ,w4 ,b41 ,%ell gorget own$ by #bii1 #cjc ,p[ell1 ,j4 ,w41 ,nose ornam5t collect$ by #bbg 1 ,%ell disk collect$ by #bgc spoon collect$ by #aii 1 ,spid] my? obta9$ by #bhf ,p[]s1 ,/eph51 describes %ell beads #bci ornam5ts #bcc ,pratt1 ,h4 ,w41 on %ell money #bci ,pratz1 ,lepage du1 describes %ell ornam5ts #bcb ,putnam1 ,f4 ,w41 describes bone p9s #bag %ell fi%-hooks #bji gorgets #bgf1 #bhb1 #bie p9s #bah spoons #aie vessels #aif 1 on use ( asphaltum #bbg value ( ,haliotis %ells #aia ,rasle1 ,fa!r ,seba/ian1 on ! use ( %ell beads #bca ,rau1 ,*>les1 describes gold ornam5t #bhe %ell gorget #bhi vessel #aif weapon #baj 1 on classification ( p]=at$ plates #bff cut ( /one disk #bgh ,records4 7,see ,mnemonic records47 ,runtees1 a v>iety ( %ell beads #bbh 1 ,mann] ( /r++ #bbi 1 ,orig9 ( #bcj 1 ,signification ( figures engrav$ ^u #bbh ,rutt5b]1 ,e4 ,m41 on ! ,keep] ( wampum #bda manufacture ( %ell money #bch ,scallop$ disks4 7,see ,disks47 ,s*oolcraft1 ,h4 ,r41 describes %ell beads #bbh ornam5ts #big p5dants #bfj plates #bfd ,s*uma*]1 ,paul1 ,%ell objects collect$ by #bji1 #bag ,scrap]s ( %ell #bje 1 ,examples ( #bje ,s]p5t *>act]i/ics t attract ! savage #bhi design1 ,discov]y ( %ell gorgets ornam5t$ ) #bhi engrav$ ^u %ell gorgets #bfh1 #bhi1 #bic /one disks #bgh 1 ,examples ( gorgets ornam5t$ ) #bij ( ,mexico & ,p]u #bic 2 ! rattlesnake #bhi 1 ,embodim5t ( !1 9 art #bhi 2 rattlesnake species repres5t$ on %ell #bia1 #bic 1 ,sup]/itions 9 reg>d to #bhi 1 ,use ( !1 z a religi\s symbol #bhi ,%ells1 ,artificial di/ribution ( #aif1 #bje1 #bac1 #bcj 1 ,trade 9 #ahh1 #aia1 #aic1 #aif1 #bcf us$ z models = ! pott] #aih 9 natural /ate #ahg1 #aia ,smi?1 ,erm9nie ,a41 ,wampum belt loan$ by #bea ,smi?1 ,john1 describes %ell ornam5ts #bcb ,spid] *>act]i/ics t attract savages #bhf design engrav$ ^u %ell gorgets #bhf1 #bhi 1 ,examples (1 on %ell gorgets #bhf 9 art #bhf 1 ,my?s conc]n+ ! #bhf ,spoons ( %ell deposit$ ) ! dead #aii 1 ,examples ( #aii 1 ,manufacture ( #aih ! ,unio %ell #aih1 #bja ,squi]1 ,e4 ,g41 m5tions spid] my?s #bhf ,squi] & ,davis describe %ell beads #bbe ,/e>ns1 ,r4 ,e4 ,c41 on %ell money #bci ,/ra*ey1 ,william1 m5tions %ell knives #bjb ,/ratton1 ,c4 ,l41 ,%ell p9s collect$ by #bae ,/rombus %ells1 ,columell (1 us$ 9 manufacture ( beads #bbd p5dants #bjh p9s #bac1 #bae us$ z vessels #aia1 #aid1 #aig 9 manufacture ( celts #bjd gorgets #bie ,swan1 ,j4 ,g41 describes %ell ornam5ts #bcc ,tablets1 ,p]=at$1 ,=ms ( #bfd 1 made ( %ell #bfd1 #bfg 1 ,mann] ( burial ( #bfe 1 ,me?od ( atta*m5t ( #bff 1 ,p]=ations ( #bfe 1 ,!ories ( use ( #bfd 1 ,undet]m9$ "* ( #bfd ,"t symbols1 ,probable use ( %ell disks z #bfh1 #bgc1 #bgh ,toml9son1 ,a4 ,b41 describes %ell plate #bfd ,trill1 ,c4 ,f41 ,draw+s made by #bea ,troo/1 ,dr4 ,g]>d1 ,%ell objects collect$ by #bbd ,tweez]s ( %ell #bab ,unio %ells obta9$ f m\nds #aij us$ z implem5ts #aij1 #bje ut5sils #aij1 #aii 9 manufacture ( beads #bbc ornam5t #bfj spoons #aii ,velie1 ,j4 ,w41 ,%ell p5dants collect$ by #bjh ,vessels1 artificially %ap$ #aib 1 ,engrav$ %ell #aic 9 clay imitat+ %ells #aih 1 ,manufacture ( %ell #aid1 #aif 1 ,natural %ells #aij ( ! ,m\nd ,build]s #aid1 #aif us$ by ! ,florida ,indians #aic ,moquis ,indians #aic 9 ,mexico #aib ,wampum1 ,antiquity ( use ( z curr5cy #bcd z curr5cy #bcd 1 ,d]ivation ( ! ^w #bch 9 co/umes #bcb1 #bcd 1 ,lit]ature ( #bda1 #bdh 1 ,manufacture ( #bbf1 #bcf 1 by :ites #bch 1 ,mnemonic use ( #bdj1 #bed 1 ,mod]n use ( #bci1 #beb 1 ,orig9 ( mnemonic use ( #bdj 1 ,symbolic uses ( #bda1 #bdh 1 ,use (1 9 /r+s #bdc1 #bdh treaties & c\ncils #bdb 1 on ,pacific ,coa/ #bci 1 ,v>ieties ( beads us$ z #bdg ,weapons ( %ell #baj 1 ,mann] ( haft+ #baa ,:ipple1 ,lieut4 ,e4 ,w41 ,necklace obta9$ by #bbj ,:iteley1 ,colonel1 ,%ell gorgets procur$ by #cjc ,:itney1 ,j4 ,l41 describes %ell plate #bfe ,williams1 ,c4 ,f41 ,%ell gorgets collect$ by #bhb ,williams1 ,rog]1 on ! "n wampum #bci use ( %ell money #bcf ,wood1 ,william1 describes %ell p5dants #bef 1 m5tions %ell implem5ts #bje1 #bjg ornam5ts #bcb ,wyman1 ,jeffries1 describes %ell celt #bjd gorgets #bhi p9s #baf vessel #aif weapons #baa ,,corrections3 page orig9al text correction #ahf ( curions con/ruction ( curi\s con/ruction #aih 9 anci5t grave 9 an anci5t grave #aii ,fig4 ,i1 ,plate ,,xxiv ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxiv ,plate ,,xxvi #f4 ,p]=at$ pect51 #f4 ,p]=at$ ,pect51 #bjc n #cf ,ibid ,ibid4 #bad1 #bid1 #cja1 #cjc ! ,mc,mahon m\nd ! ,mc,mahan ,m\nd #bag v diff]5t type v diff]5t type4 #bah collumell ( m>9e columell ( m>9e ,plate ,,xxxi ,an untrimm$ columela4 ,an untrimm$ columella #bai ! ,mag9ella ! ,m>g9ella #bbb ,9 fig4 #a ,i pres5t ,9 ,fig4 #a ,i pres5t #bbe ,ea/ ,/4 ,l\is1 ,ills4 ,ea/ ,/4 ,l\is1 ,ill4 #bcb n #fi ,view ! ,am]ican ,a ,view ( ! ,am]ican #bcf ! ,salvages h f\nd ! ,savages h f\nd #bcf ( ,new ,swe$53 ( ,new ,sw$53 #bch ( mak+ wampum4 ( mak+ wampum4 #bdj w\ld be ass+$ to w\ld be assign$ to #bdb ,algonk9 & & ,iroquois ,algonk9 & ,iroquois #bdb ,cannehoot1 a ,s5eca sa*em ,cannehoot1 a ,s5eca sa*em1 #bdf n #ajb ,book #a1 p4 #bf4 ,book ,i1 p4 #bf4 #bdf by 8 remontrances by 8 remon/rances #bdh *iefs ( ! ,*ippeway *iefs ( ! ,*ippewa #bej n #aah ,tome1 ,,ii1 p4 #cad4 ,tome ,,ii1 p4 #cad4 #bea belts ( ! ,irq\ois belts ( ! ,iroquois #beb & be lo/ & be lo/4 #beb ,mr4 ,beau*amp1 /ates ,mr4 ,beau*amp /ates #beb ,! belt %[n 9 ,fig #c ,! belt %[n 9 ,fig4 #c #bee a ph5om9al art4 a ph5om5al art4 #bfd z f ! ma9 l&4 z f ! ma9-l&4 #bga 9 ,fig4 #a41 ,plate ,,li1 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,li1 #bhb ,on x face1 h[ev] ,on its face1 h[ev] #bhb ! ,/ate ( ,missisippi ! ,/ate ( ,mississippi #bhf illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,,lx4 illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,,lxi4 #bhg #bx ,mr4 ,crosswell ,mr4 ,croswell ,plate ,,lxii #a4 ,mc,mahan ,m\nd1 ,t5n4 #b4 ,mc,mahan ,m\nd1 ,t5n4 #bif pa9t$ or tatoo$ design pa9t$ or tattoo$ design ,plate ,,lxix ,acquia ,creek1 ,va4 ,aquia ,creek1 ,va4 #bih h&s aga9/! h&s aga9/ ! #cjb broad _m-fea!rd tail broad _m-fea!r$ tail #cjc 7,plates ,,lxxi & ,,lxxiii71 7,plates ,,lxxi & ,,lxxii71 #cjd ,9 ,fig4 #c ,i pres5t ,9 ,fig4 #b ,i pres5t ,,mod]n ,,spell+ ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,names ,,( ,,%ell ,,species ,,m5tion$3 orig9al text mod]n "n ,pag5umb]s ,c]ri?idea ,c]i?idea #bbj ,cyprea ,cypraea #bai1 #bbj #bx1 #bcj1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 #bfc #bx1 #bfd ,h5nites ,h9nites #bbe1 #bbg1 ,plate ,,xxxv ,lucup9a ,lucap9a #bfd silignoid5s silig9eoides #bjj v]icosus v]rucosus #bjf